Introduction

What is Engineering Graphics

Language used for accurate description of physical objects
Definition of Engineering Graphics: A graphic representation of physical objects
and relationships.
The graphic representation is accomplished by describing both shape and size
Objective of Engineering Graphics
To be able to express ourselves clearly and be able to understand what is written by
others
Two fundamental methods used in Engineering Graphics
Freehand
With instruments

Main Constituents of Engineering Graphics

Shape Description
Shape is described by means of projection a process of causing an image to be
formed by lines (projectors) taken in a particular direction from an object to a
particular plane
Two main types of projections are used
Orthographic
Separate views are made and properly arranged to show all the details
of the 3D object on mutually perpendicular planes. Each projection
represents two dimensions of the object
Pictorial
The 3D object is represented on a plane by one view only

Size Description
Size is shown by dimensions which show linear distances, diameters, radii, angles
Need to show only those dimensions which convey the information in the best
possible way
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Orthographic Projection
Projectors are parallel to each other and perpendicular to the plane of projection

Two reference or principal

planes of projection
V.P. vertical (frontal) plane
H.P. horizontal plane
Projection on V.P. front view
or elevation
Projection on H.P. top view
or plan
Intersection of the V.P. and the
H.P. is called the reference line
and is denoted by xy
Ref: Engineering Drawing by N. D. Bhatt et. al3

Methods of Orthographic Projects

First Angle Projection
Third Angle Projection

Basic Four Quadrants

Only the 1st and the 3rd quadrants are opened out
Ref: Engineering Drawing by N. D. Bhatt et. al

First Angle Projection

Object is assumed to be situated
in the first quadrant
Object lies between the observer
and the plane of projection
The top view comes below the
front view
Each projection shows the view
of the surface which is remote
from the plane on which it is
projected
The view of the of the object as
observed from the left-side is
drawn to the right side of the
front view and vice versa

Recommended by the Bureau of Indian Standards (B.I.S)

Ref: Engineering Drawing by N. D. Bhatt et. al

Third Angle Projection

Object is assumed to be situated
in the third quadrant
Plane of projection lies between
the observer and the object
The top view comes above the
front view
Each projection shows the view
of the surface which is nearest
to the plane on which it is
projected
The view of the of the object as
observed from a particular side is
drawn to the same side of the
front view

Ref: Engineering Drawing by N. D. Bhatt et. al

Symbols for Method of Projections

On any drawing it essential to indicate the method of projection adopted

Ref: Engineering Drawing by N. D. Bhatt et. al

Six Views of an Object

In some cases two views (front and top) may not be sufficient to describe the object
completely
Need to use additional views (right hand side view, left hand side view, bottom view
and back view)
Method: Assume that the object is enclosed in a square box and carry out the
projections on the faces of the box using either first angle or third angle method

Ref: Engineering Drawing by N. D. Bhatt et. al

Dimensioning
Size is shown by dimensions which show linear distances, diameters, radii, angles
Need to show only those dimensions which convey the information in the best
possible way

Placing of Dimensions
Aligned System
Unidirectional System

Ref: Engineering Drawing by N. D. Bhatt et. al

Rules for Dimensioning

Dimensioning should be done completely

Each dimension should be given only once
Dimensions should be placed outside the views
Mutual crossing of the dimension lines should be avoided
Dimensioning of hidden lines should be avoided
Dimension lines should not cross any other lines of the drawing
An outline or a center line should not be used as a dimension line
A zero is should always precede the decimal when the dimension is less than
one, i.e. write 0.5 instead of .5.

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Dimensioning of Some Common Features

Dimensioning of Circles

Dimensioning of Radii

Dimension figure should be preceded

Dimension figure should be preceded
by
by R
Holes should be dimensioned in the view Arcs of circles should be dimensioned
in which they appear as circles
by respective radii
Hole center should be located by center Dimension line of the radius should
lines
pass through the center of the arc

Ref: Engineering Drawing by N. D. Bhatt et. al

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Types of Lines
Outline/Object lines (thick)
Hidden lines (thin)
(dash space dash space .)

Dimension lines (thin)

Leader lines (thin)
Center lines (thin)
(long dash space short dash space long dash ....)

Extension lines (thin)

Section lines (thin)
(inclined at 450)
Break lines (thick)
Cutting plane lines (thick)
Each line has a definite meaning

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Ref: Engineering Drawing by N. D. Bhatt et. al

Precedence of Lines
Coincident lines may exist in the same view. In such a case, use the following
order to establish the precedence
Visible object lines
Hidden lines
Center line or cutting plane lines
Break lines
Dimension and extension lines
Crosshatch/section line

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Problem 1
Draw the front view, top view and the left hand side view of the object

Ref: Engineering Drawing by N. D. Bhatt et. al

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Problem 1 - Solution

Important to indicate the

projection method used. Has
to be there in all your drawings
Ref: Engineering Drawing by N. D. Bhatt et. al

15

Problem 2
Draw the front view, top view and the left hand side view of the object

Ref: Engineering Drawing by N. D. Bhatt et. al

16

Problem 2 - Solution

Important to indicate the

projection method used. Has
to be there in all your drawings
Ref: Engineering Drawing by N. D. Bhatt et. al

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