Modul Al-Kimiya Chap. 06 - Electrochemistry 6.1 Understanding properties of electrolytes and non-electrolytes 6.2 Analysing electrolysis of molten compounds 6.3 Analysing the electrolysis of aqueous solutions 6.4 Evaluating electrolysis in industry 6.5 Analysing voltaic cell 6.6 Synthesising electrochemical series 6.7 Develop awareness and responsible practices when handling chemicals used in electrochemical industries Page 139 | update: Jan 2011 Jeikguadura wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 06 ~ Electrolysis 6.1 Understanding properties of electrolytes and non-electrolytes A student is able to: state the meaning of electrolytes + classify substances into electrolytes and non-electrolytes + relate the presence of freely moving ions to electrical conductivity. 1. Definition of electrolysis is . A. ELECTROLYTES AND NON-ELECTROLYTES ‘An electrolyte can conduct electricity because of the presence of free moving ions, 1. Definition of an electrolyte is a substance that can conduct . state or solution and undergo chemical changes. 2. Ionic compounds in molten state or in aqueous solution are electrolytes because these substances contain freely 3. A non-electrolyte is a substance that cannot conduct. either in state or solution. 4. Covalent compounds are non-electrolytes and these substances contain neutral and no freely However, certain covalent compounds such as hydrogen chloride, ammonia and ethanoic acid when dissolved in water are electrolytes. This is because these compounds react with water to produce freely Page 140 | update: Jan 2011 Jeikguadura wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 06 ~ Electrolysis Activity 1: Classify the substances in the text box below into electrolyte and non-electrolyte Solid lead({1) chloride, molten aluminium oxide, lead(I1) nitrate solution, solid sodium chloride, sodium chloride solution, magnesium, silver, molten lead (M1) chloride, glucose solution, glacial ethanoic acid, dilute ethanoic acid, molten naphthalene, ethanol, tetrachloromethane, sodium hydroxide solution, aqueous ammonia Electrolyte Non-electrolyte 6.2 Analysing electrolysis of molten compounds A student is able to: describe electrolysis, describe electrolytic cell, identify cations and anions in a molten compound, describe evidence for the existence of ions held in a lattice in solid state but move freely in molten state, describe electrolysis of a molten compound, write half equations for the discharge of ions at anode and cathode, predict products of the electrolysis of molten compounds. Page 141 | update: Jan 2011 Jeikguadura wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 06 ~ Electrolysis Electrolysis of Molten Compounds 1, Electrolysis is a process whereby compounds in .d) into the or . states are broken down (or decompos « by pai constituent ing .. .. through them, 2. Anode is the electrode which is connected to the .. terminal of a battery. 3. Cathode is the electrode which is connected to the ... .. terminal of a battery. 4, Carbon or platinum is chosen as electrodes as they are chemically inert or unreactive. 5. The diagram below shows the set-up of apparatus of electrolysis of molten lead (Il) bromide. Activity : Name the main apparatus and materials in the diagram. NOTE: During electrolysis eations are attracted to the cathode and anions are attracted to the anode. Solid sodium chloride contains sodium ions and chloride ions which are in fixed position and not freely moving. In solid state, sodium ions and chloride ions are strongly attracted by electrostatic forces in a lattice. Electric circuit is complete due to the flow of electrons along the connecting wires and movement of ions in the solution. Page 142 | update: Jan 2011 [cikguadura wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 06 - Electrolysis « If the electrodes are placed further apart, the ammeter reading will decrease because there will be an increase in internal resistance. * Aqueous sodium chloride contains freely moving ions to conduct electricity. Activity cation and anion in each electrolyte. : Given below is a list of ionic compounds in molten state. Identify the Electrolyte (Molten) Cation Anion Formula Name Formula Sodium chloride Lead(Il) oxide Potassium bromide Activity Given below is a list of electrolytes and products discharged at both electrodes. Based on the given substance discharged at the electrode, write a half equation to represent the reaction occurring at the electrode. Electrolyte ‘Substance discharged at the electrodes (molten) and the half equation Anode Cathode (j Aluminium Oxygen gas Aluminium oxide, Half equation: Half equatio: AlLOs (i) Potassium iodide, KI Iodine Half equation: Potassium Half equation: (ii) Sodium chloride, NaCl (iv) Zinc bromide, ZnBr2 Chlorine gas Bromine gas Half equation: Half equation: Sodium Half equation: Zine Half equation: Page 143 | update: Jan 2011 [eikguadura.wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 06 - Activity 5: The flow chart (lons that are present) below is used to predict the products formed at the electrodes during the electrolysis of molten lead(II) bromide, PbBr2. Molten lead(t!) bromide a |¢——_(Movement of ions) Toanode ————* (Half equation) | AtAnode (Products formed) ‘At Anode >| Try Thi 1. In the spaces below, draw a similar flow chart (as in question 1) to predict the products formed at the electrodes from the electrolysis of molten lead(II) chloride, PbCl, (lons that are present) Molten Lead{{!) chloride | Consists of |¢—_(Movement of ions) Toanode ———" a (Half equation) [a AtAnode ———! , (Products formed) i ‘At Anode ———*Modul Al-Kimiya Chap. 06 - Electrolysis 2. Predict the products formed at the electrodes during the electrolysis of molten Zinc Chloride, ZnCl. Molten Zinc Chloride NN (Movement of ions) (lons that are present) |}~-—_* To anode ———— ¥ + (Half equation) — AtAnode 1 ¥ (Products formed) ¥ — ‘At Anode ————>| Try Thi In the spaces below, draw a similar flow chart (as in question 1) to predict the products formed at the electrodes from the electrolysis of molten Aluminium oxide, Al2Os. Molten Aluminium Oxide | Consists of (lons that are present) a ( Movement of ions) Toanode ———*. = (Half equation) as — AtAnode ———* Y (Products formed) + —— — 5 At Anode ——*} FModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 06 - Electrolysis 6.3 Analysing the electrolysis of aqueous solutions A student is able to: identify cations and anions in an aqueous solution, describe the electrolysis of an aqueous solution, explain using examples factors affecting electrolysis of an aqueous solution, ‘write half equations for the discharge of ions at the anode and the cathode, predict the products of electrolysis of aqueous solutions, (i). Aqueous Solutions 1. Molten contains only solute. That means 2 ions exist. The positive ion and the negative ion, from a solute. 2. But an aqueous, contain solute that have two ions and solution - water, also have two ions. ‘Molten (solute only) ‘Aqueous Solute 1 +ve ion 1 -ve ion Solute Leveion | 1-veion [Sotation |] ayo, ieveion’ (Water) accel Ou" 3. That mean, the aqueous solution contains 4 ions present in it. Two positive ions and two negative ions. 4. When the switch is on, (i) The two positive ions will attract to cathode (ii) the two negative ions will attract to anode. 5. Based on the situation, the factor affecting electrolysis are: (a). The position of ions in the Electrochemical Series (b). The concentration of electrode (solution used) (c}. The type of electrode Page 146 | update: Jan 2011 [eikguadura.wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 06 - Electrolysis (ii). Electrochemical Series 1, The list used to determine the ions will be selected and discharge at anode and cathode. ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES Cation Anion Formula Name Memorize | Formula Name Memorize Ke F Na® S01? Ca NOs- Mg Ci AL Br Zn E Fee On ‘Sn ee a cu Ag* {a). The affect of the position of ions in the Electrochemical Series 1, Based on the Electrochemical Series, arrange the ions in aqueous solution according the position. The ions that will be selected at anode and cathode will be choosing in the LOWER position in the Electrochemical Series. Example 1: The lead(II) bromide solution, PbBr, (Solution mean aqueous - contains solute and solution) Ions present in solution anode Cathode Ion that move to Ion that choose Reason Page 147 | update: Jan 2011 [eikguadura.wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 06 - Electrolysis Example 2: The lead(Il) chloride solution, PbCl Ions present in solution Anode Cathode Ion that move to Ion that choose Reason Example 3: The Copper(II) Sulphate solution, CuSO, Ions present in solution anode Cathode Ion that move to Ion that choose Reason Example 4: The Silver bromide solution, AgBr Tons present in solution Anode Cathode Ion that move to Ton that choose Reason Example 5: Hydrochloric acid (Hydrogen chloride), HCl Tons present in solution anode Cathode Ton that move to Ion that choose Reason Page 148 | update: Jan 2011 [eikguadura.wardpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 06 - Electrolysis (b). The affect of the concentration of electrode (solution used) 1. Concentration means the solution contains more solute than water. The indicator to show concentration is MOLDM-3 and CONCENTRATED. 2. Example: Concentrated Copper(ti) sulphate | 1.0 moldm-* Copper(tl) sulphate Example 1: 1.0 moldm® of lead(II) bromide solution, PbBr, Ions present in solution anode Cathode Ion that move to Ion that choose Reason Example 2: Concentrated of lead(II) chloride solution, PbCl2 Tons present in solution anode Cathode Ion that move to Ion that choose Reason Example 3: 1.0 moldm* of Silver bromide solution, AgBr Ions present in solution anode Cathode Ton that move to Ion that choose Reason Conclusion for cathode: Page 149 | update: Jan 2011 [eikguadura.wardpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 06 - Electrolysis Example 4: Concentrated of hydrochloric acid, HCL Ions present in solution anode Cathode Ion that move to Ion that choose Reason Note! If the aqueous contains ion Positive ions : Fe?* to Ke The ions will be NOT selected. The Negative ions : NOs-, SO, ? and F- | other ion will be chosen. Example 5: 1.0 moldm* of Copper(l!} Sulphate solution, CuSO Ions present in solution anode Cathode Ton that move to Ion that choose Reason Example 6: 1.0 moldm* of Sulphuric acid, H2SO1 Ions present in solution anode Cathode Ion that move to Ion that choose Reason (c). The affect of type of electrode 1. In the discussion before, the electrode used is carbon or platinum. This unreactive electrode. 2. If used electrode other than carbon or platinum, the electrode will react. Page 150 | update: Jan 2011 [eikguadura.wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 06 - Electrolysis Anode Cathode * The electrode will dissolve into the solution * The electrode produce ions * The electrode become thinner The electrode act as “middle person” Choose the concentrated ions or the lower position of ions in the solution The electrode will be coated or thicker Example 1: Copper(ll) sulphate solution with (i) carbon electrode (ii) copper electrode Diagram Tons present Tons attract to anode Ion chosen Reason Tons attract to Cathode Ion chosen Reason Page 151 | update: Jan 2011 [eikguadura wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 06 ~ Electrolysis Example 2: Silver nitrate solution with (i) carbon electrode (ii) silver electrode Diagram Tons present Tons attract to anode Ion chosen Tons attract to Cathode Ion chosen Reason Example 3: Silver nitrate solution with silver electrode and spoon Ions present Jon attract to anode Jon chosen Ion attract to cathode Jon chosen Diagram Page 152 | update: Jan 2017 |cikguadura wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 06 - Electrolysis Try This! 1 Dilute magnesium chloride salution bcetrode P Plestrode @ The apparatus above is used to electrolyse dilute magnesium chloride solution. 1. (aJName electrode (J PB: [1M] (iQ: [iM] (b) Write formula of all ions present in the solution. [2 M] (c) (i) Name the product X. [1 M] (ii)State a chemical test to confirm your answer to (c) (i) above. [1 M] (iii) Write a half ionic equation for the reaction occurring at electrode P. [1 M] (d) (i) Name the product Y. [1 M] (ii) State a chemical test to confirm your answer to (dj (i) above. [1 M] (iii) Write a half ionic equation for the reaction occurring at electrode Q. [1 M] Page 153 | update: Jan 2011 [eikguadura.wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 06 - Electrolysis 2. Concentrated sodium chloride —} solution Electrode P 4 Electrode Q The apparatus above is used to electrolyse concentrated sodium chloride solution. (a) Name electrode () Ps LM) (i) Qo (b) Write formula of all ions present in the solution. [2 M] (c) (i) Name the product X. [1 M] (ii) State a chemical test to confirm your answer to (c) (i) above. [1 M] (iii) Write a half ionic equation for the reaction occurring at electrode P. [1 M] (@) (i) Name the product Y. [1 M] (ii) State a chemical test to confirm your answer to (d) (i) above.[1 M] (iii) Write a half ionic equation for the reaction occurring at electrode Q.[1 M] Page 154 | update: Jan 2011 [eikguadura.wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 06 - Electrolysis 3. Copper electrodes Copper(Il) sulphate solution ‘The apparatus above is used in electrolysis of copper(tl) sulphate solution using copper electrodes. (a]Write the formula of all ions present in the solution. [2 M] (b) Write half ionic equation for the reaction at the: (i) anode: uM (iiJcathode : tM (c) Explain why the concentration of the copper(II) sulphate solution does not change as electrolysis proceeds. [2 M] (a) If the experiment is repeated but with the copper electrodes being replaced with carbon electrodes, name the products formed at the: (i) anode: — [1M (iiJcathode : tM (c) Write half ionic equation for the reaction at the: (i) anode when the carbon electrodes are used. [1 M] (ii) cathode when the carbon electrodes are used. [1 M] Page 155 | update: Jan 2011 [eikguadura.wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 06 - Electrolysis Exercise 1: 1. Diagram 1.1 shows the set-up of apparatus to investigate the electrolysis of molten Lead (II) bromide. i} A) Carbon electrode X Carbon electrode ¥ Crucible | ‘Molten lead{(I!) bromide Bunsen burner DIAGRAM 1.1 (a) Based on Diagram 6.1, identify : [1M] Anode Cathode (b) Write the formulae for the ions present in molten lead (II) bromide. [1M] (c) State the ion that is attracted to: [1M] () X: (i) Ys. (d) In Diagram 1.2 below, draw arrows (~>) to show the movement of ions in (c). [2M] . : il i] ® @ =) e ©®e © e © ® Positiveion © Negative ion CE Molten lead{(Il) bromide Diagram 1.2 (e) Write the half equations of the reaction at electrodes: [2M] (J X: (ii) Y: Page 156 | update: Jan 2011 [ikguadura.wardpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 06 - Electrolysis (g) What would you observe at electrodes? [2M] (J X: (ii) Y: 2. Diagram 2 shows the set-up of apparatus to investigate the electrolysis of a dilute aqueous sodium chloride solution using carbon electrodes. Electrode Q Electrode P *|__ pilute sodium chloride solution rt a Diagram 2 (a) What is meant by cation? [1M] (b) What is the energy change that occurs in the electrolysis process? [1M] (c) (i) State all the ions present in the electrolyte. [2M] (ii) In the table below, write the formulae of the ions in (¢) (i) which moved to electrodes P and Q. [2M] Electrode P Electrode Q (d) Name the gas collected in the test tube at electrodes P and Q. [2M] Electrode P Electrode (c) If a concentrated sodium chloride solution is used in the above electrolysis, name the gas collected in the test tube at electrode Q. Explain why.[2M] Page 157 | update: Jan 2011 [eikguadura.wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 06 - Electrolysis 3. Diagram 3 show the set-up of apparatus to electrolysis copper (II) sulphate solution using carbon electrodes. Gas V Carbon electrode T Carbon electrode U: Copper(Iljsulphate solution 1.0 mol nan od Diagram 3 (a) What is meant by electrolysis? [1M] (b) State which electrode acts as the anode? [1M] (cJName all the anions present in the solution. [1M] (@)(i) What would you observe at electrode T? [1M] (ii) Write the half equation for the reaction at the electrode T. [1M] (e) (i) Name gas V. [1M] (ii) Describe a chemical test to identify the gas V. [2M] (f) What is the process occurring at electrode carbon T? Explain your answer.[2M] Page 158 | update: Jan 2011 [eikguadura.wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 06 - Electrolysis 4. The diagram 4 below shows the set-up of apparatus of an electrolytic cell containing concentrated copper (Il) sulphate solution. Two test tubes filled with copper (Il) sulphate solution were placed over the electrodes J and K to collect any gas evolved. The switch is then turned on so that electrolysis of copper (II) sulphate solution can occur. Carbon electrode Carbon electrode H 1 Copper(II) sulphate solution Wy KY Diagram 4 (a) Identify the cations and the anions present in the aqueous solution. Cations : Anions : (b) Identify which electrode (J or K ) is the anode and the cathode: Anode : . Cathode : (c) (i) Which ion is selectively discharge at the anode? (ii) Give a reason for your answer in (¢) (i). (iii) What do you observe at the anode? (iv) Give one test to confirm the gas released at K. Page 159 | update: Jan 2011 [ikguadura.wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 06 - Electrolysis (v) Write a half equation to represent the discharge of ions at anode. (d) (i) Which ion is selectively discharge at the cathode? (ii). Give a reason for your answer in (d) (i) (iii). Which do you observe at the cathode? (v) Write a half equation to represent the discharge of ions at the cathode. (e) What do you observe about the copper (Il) sulphate solution? 6.4 Evaluating electrolysis in industry A student is able to: + state uses of electrolysis in industries, * explain the extraction, purification and electroplating of metals involving electrolysis in industries, + write chemical equations to represent the electrolysis process in industries, * justify uses of electrolysis in industries, + describe the problem of pollution from electrolysis in industry. Page 160 | update: Jan 2011 [eikguadura.wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 06 - Electrolysis Electrolysis in Industries 1. The application of electrolysis in industries are . > and 2. In the extraction of aluminium from its ore, electrodes are used and is added to aluminium oxide to lower its melting point 3. In purification of metals, the pure metal is made the and the impure metal is made the . . The electrolyte used is an aqueous salt solution of the metal ions. 4. In electroplating of metals, the is made the anode and the to be is made the cathode. The electrolyte used is an aqueous salt solution of the electroplating metal. 5. The purposes of electroplating metals are to make the electroplated object more . and .. .. to corrosion. 6. Below are shown the three uses of electrolysis in industries. Fill in the blanks. Extraction of Purification of Electroplating of aluminium from | copper from impure | iron spoon with bauxites mined copper silver 1, Substance used | Cathode: Cathode: Cathode: as cathode and anode Anode: Anode: Anode: 2. electrolyte used 3. Half equation representing the process. Cathode: Cathode: Cathode: Anode: Anode: Anode: Page 161 | update: Jan 2011 [cikguadura.wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 06 - Electrolysis 6.5 Analysing voltaic cell A student is able to: describe the structure of a simple voltaic cell and Daniell cell, explain the production of electricity from a simple voltaic cell, explain the reactions in a simple voltaic cell and Daniell cell, compare and contrast the advantages and disadvantages of various voltaic cells, describe the differences between electrolytic and voltaic cells. Voltaic Cells 1. A simple voltaic cell can be constructed by immersing two metals in an connected by 2. In a voltaic cell, . . energy is converted to .. energy. 3, THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES is an arrangement of metals based on the tendency of each metal atom to donate electrons. Complete the table below. Cation formed and number of electron(s) Electrochemical series of metals released during the process Potassium, K K-->Kr+e ‘Aluminium, Al Tendency of > AP + 3e metal atoms to donate electrons to form ions Copper, Cu * Note: Hydrogen is not a metal, but it is included in the Electrochemical Series. Page 162 | update: Jan 2011 [eikguadura.wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 06 - Electrolysis 4. The diagram below shows an example of a simple voltaic cell. Volemeter Blecton flow 4. Electron flow Magnesium Hydrogen molecule, Ty ‘Magnesium ribbon: ‘Copper plate A Sodium chloride. SS NaCl solution Explanation: * An example of a simple voltaic cell is a magnesium strip and a copper strip immersed in dilute sodium chloride solution. * The electrons then flows from the magnesium ribbon to the copper plate through the wire and this results in the flow of electrical current. * Hence magnesium atom releases electrons more easily than a copper atom and the magnesium act as the negative terminal of the cell. + The overall equation for the reaction is given as follows. Mg{(s) + 2H*{aq) --> Mg’(aq) + Hol(g) * Magnesium is placed higher than copper in the electrochemical series. * At the negative terminal, each magnesium atom releases two electrons and the Mg?* formed moved into the solution. Mg{(s) --> Mg (aq) + 2e * At the positive terminal which is the copper plate, the electrons are accepted by the H* ions in sodium chloride solution. 2H* + 2e--> Hi (g) Page 163 | update: Jan 2011 [eikguadura.wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 06 - Electrolysis Exercise 2: 1, Diagram 1 shows a chemical cell with iron and aluminium metals acting as electrodes which are immersed in the iron({) sulphate solution and aluminium, nitrate solution respectively. Salt bridge tron ‘Aluminium {ron (Il) sulphate solution—__| | aluminium nitrate solution Diagram 1 (a) State the energy change in the cell above. [1M] (b) State the negative terminal. Explain your answer. [2M] (c) (i) State one observation at the aluminium electrode. [1M] (ii) Write the half equation for the reaction in c (i). [1M] (d) Mark the direction of the flow of electrons in the diagram above. [1M] (e) (i) What is the function of the salt bridge? {1M] (ii) Suggest a suitable chemical substance to be used as salt bridge. [1M] () Voltage value of the cell is 0.8 V. If the iron is replaced by copper, predict the voltage value produced. Explain your answer. [2M] Page 164 | update: Jan 2011 [eikguadura.wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 06 - Electrolysis 2. Diagram 2 represents a Daniell cell where strips of copper and zinc are used. Copper strip Zine strip Copper =] 1__Porous pot sulphate solution |— Zinc sulphate solution Diagram 2 (a) State the metal which acts as [1M] positive terminal : and negative terminal : (b) In Diagram, draw arrows (—) to show the direction of the flow of electrons.[1M] (c) What is the energy change that occurs in the cell? [1M] (d) What is the function of the porous pot? [1M] (e) Write the half equations of the reaction take place at: [2M] (i) positive terminal (ii) negative terminal (After 30 minutes, what is the colour change of the copper(II) sulphate solution? Explain why. [2M] (g) The voltage of the cell in Diagram 8 is 1.1 volts. If the zinc strip is replaced by magnesium ribbon and dipped in magnesium sulphate solution, predict the voltage of the cell formed. Explain why. [2M] Page 165 | update: Jan 2011 [eikguadura.wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 06 ~ Electrolysis Act 7: The table below listed are five types of voltaic cells commonly used in our daily lives, Each voltaic cell has its advantages and disadvantages. Complete the table by stating the advantages and disadvantages of each voltaic cell. Voltaic cell Advantages Disadvantages 1. Lead-acid accumulator 2. Dry cell 3. Mercury cell 4, Alkaline cell 5. Nickel- cadmium cell 6.6 Synthesising electrochemical series A student is able to: construct the electrochemical series, explain the importance of electrochemical series, predict the ability of a metal to displace another metal from its salt solution, write the chemical equations for metal displacement reactions. describe the principles used in constructing the electrochemical series, Page 166 | update: Jan 2017 |cikguadura wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 06 - Electrolysis The Electrochemical Series 1, THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES is an arrangement of metals based on the tendency of each metal atom to donate electrons. 2. The higher the position of a metal in the Electrochemical Series, the greater the tendency of metal atoms to donate electrons, 3. The Electrochemical Series can be constructed based on (i) The potential difference between two metals (ii) The ability of a metal to displace another metal - Displacement reaction (i) The potential difference between two metals 1. The voltaic cell, two different metals are used to create a potential difference, which is shown by the reading on the voltmeter. 2. The further the two metals are in the electrochemical series, the greater the voltage produced by the cell. 3. The metal which is higher in the electrochemical series will be the negative terminal. 4. The electrons are released and flow through the external circuit to the other electrode, which is the positive terminal. (ii). The ability of a metal to displace another metal - Displacement reaction 1. The higher metal in Electrochemical Series can displace metal below in electrochemical series from its salt solution. [Other word- Metal on the top, can displace the metal solution below it in Ecs] Page 167 | update: Jan 2011 [eikguadura.wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 06 ~ Electrolysis Example: Reaction between Magnesium and Copper(li) sulphate Metal Metal solution Substance Position in Electrochemical series Can React? Activity 8: Solve the question below a, Reaction between Copper and Silver nitrate Metal Metal solution Substance Position in Electrochemical series Can React? b. Reaction between Zinc and Magnesium sulphate Metal Metal solution Substance Position in Electrochemical series Can React? c. Reaction between Silver and Copper{ll) sulphate Metal Metal solution ‘Substance. Position in Electrochemical series Can React? Page 168 | update: Jan 2011 [cikguadura.wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 06 - Electrolysis Activity 9: Three experiments were conducted to investigate the potential differences between three pairs of metals in a voltaic cell. An electrochemical series for four metals P, Q, S and T is then constructed based on the potential difference obtained. Three pair of metals used as electrodes in different voltaic cells are: P and Q, Q and S and S and T. All the metals are cleaned with sandpaper before used. 50 cm® of 1.0 mol dm sodium nitrate solution is poured into a beaker as electrolyte. Experiment I The electrodes P and Q are immersed into the solution. The two electrodes are connected to a voltmeter using copper wires. Electrode Q is the positive terminal. The voltmeter reading is recorded. Experiment II ‘The electrodes Q and S are immersed into the solution. The two electrodes are connected to a voltmeter using copper wire. Electrode Q is the positive terminal. The voltmeter reading is recorded. Experiment III ‘The electrodes S and T are immersed into the solution. The two electrodes are connected to a voltmeter using copper wire. Electrode T is the positive terminal. The voltmeter reading is recorded. Based on Experiment I, II and III, answer the questions below. (a) Record the voltmeter reading of each experiment in the spaces provided. Experiment 1 Experiment II Experiment III Voltmeter reading: Voltmeter reading: . Voltmeter reading: Page 169 | update: Jan 2011 [eikguadura.wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 06 - Electrolysis (b) Construct a table to record the data from the above experiments. (c) List the apparatus and materials that you will need to carry out this experiment. Apparatus: . Materials: (c) State all the variables: Manipulated variable Responding variable Controlled variable (d) State the hypothesis: (e) Based on the information obtained in Experiment 1, what can you infer about metal P and Q? Page 170 | update: Jan 2011 [eikguacura. wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 06 - Electrolysis (f) Write a half equation for the reaction occurring in negative of Experiment 1, assuming the cation has a +2 charge. (g) Arrange the metals P, Q, S and T in descending order of their tendency to donate electrons (h) Another voltaic cell is set-up using metals T and Q as electrodes. Predict the potential difference produced in the cell. (i) Given that metal X is placed between metal S and metal Q in the electrochemical series, can metal X displace metal S from its salt solution? Give an explanation for your answer (j) Given that copper is more electropositive than metal T, a displacement reaction will occur when copper is immersed into a salt solution of metal T, TNOs. Write the chemical equation for this reaction. (k) State three important uses of the electrochemical series Page 171 | update: Jan 2011 [eikguadura.wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 06 - Electrolysis Objective Question: 1. The table shows information about three simple cells. Pair of metals | Potential difference/ V__ Metal at negative terminal X and copper 0.45 x Y and copper 1.30 I Y Z and copper 0.56 Cu What is the potential difference of the pair of metals Y and Z? 0.85 1.01 1.86 2.31 vow> 2. The table shows the results of an experiment on chemical cell using different pairs of metal electrodes immersed in a copper (II) sulphate solution. Electrodes Voltmeter reading/ V Positive | Negative cn) 73] 0} 0. 2. Is i R\O}0|~ ivlo}S| The ascending arrangement according to the tendency of releasing electrons is A P B »R Cc PROS Die ESOL Res 3. Table 1 shows the potential difference of two cells. W, X and Y are metal. The relative position the metals in electrochemical series with the most electropositive metal first, is Cell | Electrodes | Positive terminal | Negative terminal | Potential difference I | Wand x W x 1.1 volt | Wandy W. i 0.8 volt Table 1 2 LX ,W, 1X, w, 2, BOOU> xe aetK< Page 172 | update: Jan 2011 [eikguadura.wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 06 - Electrolysis 4. Table 3 shows the results of an experiment from four chemical cells. Arrangement of the metals in decreasing order of the tendency to release electron is... Chemical cell Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3 Cell 4 Metal J J Q Q Metal R Q_|_R M Potential difference/ V | 2.8 L7 Ld 0.6 Positive terminal R Q R M Table 3 A J,Q,R,M B J,Q,M,R Cc RQMJ D RM,QJ 5. The table shows the voltmeter readings when a pair of different metal electrodes are dipped into the copper(ll) nitrate solution. Metal electrode Voltmeter Reading/ V Positive terminal | Negative terminal P Ss 2.8 P. Q 0.8 R Ss 1.2 Q R Y What is the value of Y? voUE Ped eet Saom 6.Table 3 shows the results of an experiment for three chemical cells. Chemical cell | Metal pairs | Negative terminal_| Cell voltage/V xX PandR R 1.9 Mi Rands | s I 0.8 Zz. QandR R 0.3 Table 3 Which the following can be deduced from table 3? 1 the cell voltage is 1.6 V when P and Q are used as electrodes 0 the cell voltage is 1.1 V when P and S are used as electrode Ill electrons flows from terminal Q to terminal S in the metal pair Q and S IV P functions as a positive terminal when it is paired with Q, R or S in a cell Page 173 | update: Jan 2011 [eikguadura.wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 06 - Electrolysis Land IV only Tl and Ill only 1, and Ill only 1, Hi, Hand IV vouw> Exercise 3: The diagram below shows a simple chemical cell that was set up to investigate the arrangement of metals P, Q, R and S. — Electrodes Electrolyte The table below shows the pair of metals used for each experiment. Experiments | Pairs of metals | Negative electrodes | Voltmeter readings (V) I Rand Q Q I SandR Ss mm PandS | P IV Sand Q The voltmeter readings for each experiment are shown in the diagram below. witwhg» 2 bo on My, studing? AL Experiment | Experiment Il 1 Mos 2 ati h anwhithy, bo a iy, Experiment Ill Experiment IV (a) Read and record the voltmeter readings in the table above. [3M] (b) State the variables for this experiment. [3M] ‘The manipulated variable Page 174 | update: Jan 2011 [eikguadura.wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 06 - Electrolysis ‘The responding variable The fixed variable (c) State the hypothesis for this experiment. [3M] (d) Predict the negative terminal in experiment IV. [3M] (c) Based on the voltmeter reading, arrange the metals of P,Q, R, and S according to ascending order of electropositivity. [3M] (f) What is the inference that can be made for the mass of the negative electrode and the positive electrode in each experiment after a certain time interval? [3M] (g) Why is the voltmeter reading for experiment II bigger than experiment IV? [3M] (h) In experiment |, if Q is copper metal, R is silver metal, and sulphuric acid is used as the electrolyte, (i) State two observations that can be made in the experiment. [3M] (ii) Write the half equation for the reaction that occurs at the copper metal. [3M] Page 175 | update: Jan 2011 [eikguadura.wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 06 ~ Electrolysis (i) Classify the metals that can displace and cannot displace metal Q from the salt solution of Q. [3M] Metals that can displace metal Q Metals that eannot displace from salt solution of Q. metal Q from salt solution of Q. Page 176 | update: dan 2017 |cikguadura wordpress.com