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Financial Reporting and Analysis: Mark Hendricks
Financial Reporting and Analysis: Mark Hendricks
September 2012
Outline
Financial Reporting
Financial Analysis
Hendricks,
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Financial Reporting
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Financial reporting
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Financial statements
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Balance equation
The central idea behind the balance sheet is an accounting identity:
assets = liabilities + shareholders equity
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Current assets/liabilities
The first section of the balance sheet lists the assets of the firm.
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Billions $
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
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Accounting rules
Book values in the balance sheet differ from market values:
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Mark-to model
With mark-to-market accounting, assets are valued according to
three categories:
1. Assets with observable market prices, and these are used on
the books.
2. Assets are not actively traded, but similarly traded assets can
be used for market valuations, perhaps with the aid of a
pricing model.
3. Assets without market quotes. Thus, the values depend on
pricing models.
These model-based values are known as mark-to-model, and the
choice of model may leave room for manipulation.
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Criticisms
The role of fair value accounting in the financial crisis is
controversial.
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Income statement
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Earnings
Earnings, (or net income,) are simply revenues minus costs. They
are an accounting measure of profits.
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Retained earnings
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Share of
Operating
Income or
Expenses (%)
Amount
($ billions)
Operating Income
Interest income
Noninterest income
Service charges on deposit accounts
Other noninterest income
Total operating income
Operating Expenses
Interest expenses
Noninterest expenses
Salaries and employee benefits
Premises and equipment
Other
Provisions for loan losses
Total operating expense
Net Operating Income
Gains (losses) on securities
Extraordinary items, net
Income taxes
Net Income
603.3
207.4
39.5
167.9
_____
810.7
74.4
25.6
4.9
20.7
245.6
367.9
151.9
43.4
172.6
_____
100.0
31.1
46.6
19.2
5.5
21.9
175.9
789.4
22.3
100.0
21.3
-15.3
5.3
-6.2
5.1
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Billions $
100
50
0
50
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Billions $
200
150
100
50
0
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Cash-flow statement
The statement of cash flows is the third major financial
statement.
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Notes to statements
Aside from the three major financial statements, firms often attach
notes.
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The notes for AIG explained that their CDS position was not
hedged.
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Earnings management
Earnings management refers to the practice of taking actions in
order to manipulate reported earnings.
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Off-balance-sheet holdings
The financial crisis has brought much attention to a certain kind of
accounting manipulation: off-balance-sheet assets and
liabilities.
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Capital leases
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World Com
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Hendricks,
This removed the asset and liability from the banks balance
sheet.
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Beyond earnings
The lesson is that earnings are not a sufficient statistic for the
financial health of a firm.
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Hendricks,
The budget for the SEC was increased so that it could better
supervise securities markets.
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Disclosure requirements
Disclosure requirements are a key element of financial regulation.
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The share of new corporate bonds initially sold in the U.S. has
fallen below the share sold in European debt markets.
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Financial Reporting
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Outline
Financial Reporting
Financial Analysis
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Measuring profit
Hendricks,
ROE will not be the same as the firms stock return over the
period.
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Return on assets
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Understanding ROE
ROE =
Sales
|Assets
{z }
Asset Turnover
{z
ROA
Assets
Book Value of Equity
|
{z
}
Leverage
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10
5
0
5
10
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
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Profit margin
The profit margin measures the fraction of each dollar of sales
that ends up as earnings, adding to the balance sheet.
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earnings
,
sales
Financial Reporting
EBIT
sales
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Earnings
EBIT
EBIT
|Sales
{z }
Sales
|Assets
{z }
Asset Turnover
{z
ROA
Assets
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Asset turnover
Asset turnover measures the sales generated per dollar of assets
the firm owns.
Asset Turnover =
Hendricks,
Sales
Assets
Notice that assets reduce asset turnover and thus reduce ROA
and ROE.
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ROA
ROA captures the combined effects of margins and asset turnover:
ROA =(Net) profit margin Asset turnover =
Earnings
Assets
A high profit margin and a high asset turnover is ideal, but can be
expected to attract considerable competition. Conversely, a low
profit margin combined with a low asset turn will attract only
bankruptcy lawyers. Higgins (2009).
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ROA %
1
0.5
0
0.5
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
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Leverage
Leverage refers to how much of the firms capital comes from
equity holders versus debt holders.
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Debt-to-assets =
Liabilities
Assets
Debt-to-equity =
Liabilities
Equity
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book (assets/equity)
20
15
10
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EBIT
interest expense
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Rollover risk
There are many other ways to measure the extent to which a firm
is financing with debt.
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Hendricks,
This left them very little flexibility to deal with asset declines.
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Capital requirements
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Losses mean little, while the upside from the gains gets larger.
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The capital requirements take two forms: the first is based on the
leverage ratio.
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Basel
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ROA shows the return that comes from the operation of the
business
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Table of ROE
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Hendricks,
Banks argue that this will lower their returns; they are
definitely right!
They say that this will cause investors to withdraw, which will
cause big problems in financial markets.
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Liquidity measures
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current assets
current liabilities
Quick ratio. Also known as the acid test ratio. It is like the
current ratio, but does not include inventory in the numerator.
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We have noted that the book value of firm equity may be much
different than its market value.
Hendricks,
Recall that the ratio can be much different than one given
that book-values tend to be based on historical transactions
while market values look forward to future growth.
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Hendricks,
The P/E ratio takes the market price at a given time, and it
divides by the earnings generated over some period.
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Hendricks,
Mutual funds are offered for both growth and value stocks
and have become very popular.
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References
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