nd an approximate value for the total charge enclosed in an incremental volume of

10
-9

m
3

located at the origin, if D = e

-x

sin y a
x

-e
Solution. We rst evaluate the three partial derivatives in (8):

D
x

x
=-e
-x

sin y
D
y

y
=e
D
z

z
=2
-x

sin y
-x

cos y a
y

+ 2za
At the origin, the rst two expressions are zero, and the last is 2. Thus, we nd that
the charge enclosed in a small volume element there must be approximately 2_.If
_ is 10
-9

m
3

, then we have enclosed about 2 nC.

z

C/m
2

.
EXAMPLE 3.3
64 ENGINEERING ELECTROMAGNETICS

D3.6. In free space, let D = 8xyz

4

a
x

+4x
2

z
4

a
y

+16x
2

yz
3

a
z

pC/m
.(a) Find
the total electric ux passing through the rectangular surface z = 2, 0 <

x < 2, 1 < y < 3, in the a

direction. (b) Find E at P (2, -1, 3). (c) Find
an approximate value for the total charge contained in an incremental sphere
located at P (2, -1, 3) and having a volume of 10
Ans. 1365 pC; -146.4a
x
z

+ 146.4a
y

- 195.2a
z
-12

m
3

.
V/m; -2.38 10

3.5 DIVERGENCE AND MAXWELLS

FIRST EQUATION
-21

We will now obtain an exact relationship from (7), by allowing the volume element
_ to shrink to zero. We write this equation as
_
D
x

x
+
D
y

y
+
in which the charge density,
z
_
D

= lim
_0
S

DdS
_
= lim
_0

Q
_
C

=
,isidentied in the second equality.
The methods of the previous section could have been used on any vector A to
nd
S

A d S for a small closed surface, leading to

_
A
x

x
+
A

y
+
z
_
A
z

= lim
_0
S

A dS
_
where A could represent velocity, temperature gradient, forc