To provide an idea about what this book contains, only few pages taken randomly from the book are shown here. KEY SYMBOLS To niece mie OVERVIEW ‘oF TL TORE To seancr FoR KEY*POINTS SERIES ABOUT PHYSICS KEY* POINTS a This book covers the newly revised syllabus for GCE ‘O" LEVEL PHYSICS. Aiming to provide students with an effective a yet easy-to-follow guide, each chapter in this book consists of following learning skills: earning Objectives Learning objectives based on the latest syllabus are given in this part. Students should make sure they are able to ‘meet all the expectations before taking the examinations, iseful Websites ‘Some useful websites are listed for students’ reference and further research. The Java Applets and animations in some websites can be helpful in understanding concepts. Wverview OF The Topi Overview of the topic gives students a full picture of the topic, The table shows the structure and all the key areas of the chapter. ey Points This partis featured by concise study notes. All key concepts ‘and formulae are presented to help students consolidate their knowledge learnt in class ‘xamTips ExamTips summarizes all of students’ common mistakes, ‘weaknesses and misconceptions shown in the past exami- rations. Some important reminders are also listed here. top & Think These are useful exam-type MCOs provided after each sub: topic to help students identify and enhance the learning of key concepts. ‘hallenging Questions With Solutions & Explanations Exam-type structured questions provided at the end of each chapter enable students to apply what they have learnt. L. Poon (B. Sc. (Hons), Dip. Ed.)( CONTENTS \ N J Seonon (I) MEASUREMENT No.1 Physical Quawmes, Uns avo Messurevent 5 Secnon (II) NEWTONIAN MECHANICS No.2 Kmewanes a No.8 Dynamics. 39 No.4 Mass, Wea ano Density 53 No.8 Tunwne Estect oF Forces 66 No.6 Pressure 82 No.7 Enerey, Work ano Power 7 Seonon (III) THERMAL PHYSICS No.8 — Kineni¢ Mose. of Marten ttt No.9 Trawsren oF THENMAL Enenay 126 No.10 TerenaTuRe 140 No.1 THenwat Propsrnes oF MATTER 149 ‘Secon (IV) WAVES No.12 Genera, Wave ProrenTies 168 No.3 Liorr 184 No.14 Exectrowsanene Specrau 207 0.15 Souno 25 Stonon (V) ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM nNo.16 Sranc Exectmery Bi No.17 Gunner oF Eiccrmary. 249 No.8 D.C. Circus mn No.9 Pracneat Euecrrcity 298 No.20 Macnerisu 3S 0.21 Euectrowacuernison 331 No.2 Euccrmowsavene INouerion 353 No.23 IntRooucrory Exsctrowes 378 Stonon (VI) NUCLEAR PHYSICS 0.24 Nuceus 391 No.25 Raswoxcrurry 398(GCE O LEVEL PiyeisKEYe POINTS, ENERGY, WORK AND POWER LEARNING OBJECTIVES Candidates should be able tor 1 | show understanding that kinetic energy, elastic potential energy, gravitational potential energy and chemical potential energy are examples of different forms of energy B Sate the principle ofthe conservation of energy {2 | Apply the principle of the conservation of energy to new situations orto solve related problems @ | State that kinetic energy E, = '4 mo® and gravitational potential energy E, = mgh (for potential energy changes near the Earth’s surface) 12 | Apply the relationships for kinetic energy and potential energy to new situations or to solve related problems 2 | Recall and apply the relationship work done = force x distance moved in the direction of the force to new situations or to solve related problems 2 | Recall and apply the relationship power = work dane / time taken to new situations oF to solve related problems[SCE LEVEL PSIGKEYSPOINTS] No.7 Exeney, Work ano Powen 98) USEFUL WEBSITES C1 http://www. glenbrook.k12.jLus/gbss0\/phys/Claes/energyiuSI1a.himl (Definition and Mathematics of work) C1 httpsliwww.glenbrook 1 2.i.u8/gbeeci/phys/Claes/energy/uSI1 9a, html (Calculating the amount of work done by a force) C1_httpsifwwv.glonbrook.k12.iLusigbssoi/physiClaes/energyluS!1b.htmisolastio (Potential energy) C1 httpsifwww.glonbrook-k12.iLusigbssci/phys/Class/energy/uSI1c-htrl (Kinetic energy! 11 http:shwwv.glenbrook.k12.jLus/abssei/phys/Class/energy/uS!14d.himl (Mechanical energy) 11 http:ifwww.glenbrook-k12.iLusigbssci/phys/Class/energy/uSI1-htrl (Power! C1_httpsifvww.glonbrook.k12.iLusigbssoi/phys/Claes/energyiuSi2e.html (Work ~ energy Theorem) C1 http:/fmavw.bbe.co.uk/schoolsiksdbitesize/science/physios/eneray_transter_intra.shtml (Re on notes and quizzes on energy resources and energy tanster) OVERVIEW OF THE TOPIC ENERGY, WORK WORK | @ pvenay * Different forms of energy * Kinetic Energy 8 5 key ares * Gravitational Potential Energy * Conservation of energy @ work @ Power(GCE LEVEL PRySGKEVPOINTS) No.7 Enero, Wonk ato Powen a ENERGY @ Dirsnet Forusor Exencr Baan g a Definition | Energy is the eapacity to do work, ENERGY HAS THE ABILITY TO CHANGE FROM ONE FORM TO ANOTHER. It has no direction s0 itis a scalar. SI unit of energy: joule (}) Forms of energy: Everything around us has energy which exists in different forme, ‘Some common examples ©| Chemical energy Fuels (oil, coal, petrol), electric cells, food, explosives, © | Electrical energy ‘The energy associated with the current in an electric drill, electric motors, an immersion heater and electrical appliances © | Mechanical energy © Kinotic energy (KE) © Potential energy (PE) (Gravitational potential energy i) Elastic potential energy All objects in motion have kinetic energy, e.g. a moving car, a flying aeroplane. (a waterfall, raised objects Gi) compressed or stretched springs or rubber ‘bands © | Nuclear energy ‘The energy released from nuclear reactions like fission and fusion. ‘STOP & THINK A. melting a fuse B charging an accumulator starting a car D Exam > 1Q] Which example best illustrates the conversion of electrical energy to chemical energy? generating hydro-electric power [Ans] B_ Charging an accumulator is to convert the electrical energy ftom the power source to the chemical energy stored inside the accumulator. ‘Aocumulator is @ kind of ba(GCE LEVEL PRySGKEVPOINTS) No.7 Enero, Wonk ato Powen © Keene Boe a a All moving objects have ENERGY OF MOTION cated kinetic energy Kinetic energy is the energy about movement, When an object is AT REST, it has NO kinetic energy. Take note | Kinetic energy depends on an object's MASS and SPEED. 2. Arunning elephant has more kinetic energy than a running man because it has more mass. ‘A racing car has more kinetic energy thane family car because it hae a higher speed. To measure kinetic energy, apply the following, equation: where KE, Kinetic energy (in Equation] KE. = An? sm mass (in kg) vi speed (inms 7) 6 Graviranowat Porentiat ENERGY The ENERGY OF POSITION is called poten When an object is lifted to a higher postion, it gains gravitational. potential energy © _ This is stored energy which can be converted to kinetic energy when the object falls down. a, Water stored behind a dam. A polewauiter at his maximum height 13 [Take note [Potential enengy depends on an object's MASS and HEIGHT. To measure potential energy, apply the following equation: ‘where PE: potential energy Gnd Favaton] PE = meh feta eld stg i Rg) fh: height (rm) Examlip > Potential energy is the energy about position. When we calculate potential energy, there must be a reference level. It is very often that we use the ground level for PLE ‘STOP & THINK [Q] A pendulum bob of mass m, allached to a light string, is released from rest al a height Js above its lowest point, The speed of the bob al its lowest point is 1 What will be the kinetic energy of the bob when if reaches a height fon the ‘other side? A ze Bomgh [continued](GCE LEVEL PRySGKEVPOINTS) No.7 Enero, Wonk ato Powen [Ans] A AL the highest point, the bob is momentarily at rest and so the kinetic energy is Examdip > Kinotic eneray ie the energy of motion, There is no kinetic is at rest, It is potential energy at h, ray if the object @ Conservation oF ENercy a a a ‘When energy changes from one form to another, the total amount of energy always stays the We say itis conserved. This fact i known as the Principle of Conservation of Energy Principle of Energy can be changed from one form to another, Conservation of Energy | but it can neither be created nor destroyed. [An example: We accume that a diver hae 6000, of gravitational potential energy before the dive, There ie ro kinetic energy yet. Total energy is 60004. [As the diver take off, there le only one direction, Le. downwards, so he loses potential energy and gains kinotic energy. At midway, if potential energy is assumed to drop to 30004, kinetic energy must be increased to 300041. The total amount of energy is still 6000 J. At ground level water surfacel, potential energy becomes Ov. Kinetic energy i 6000. ‘The form of energy has changed, but there is no change in the total amount of energy throughout his action PLE, = 3000] K.E, = 3000) Total energy = 6000) Total energy = 6000)(GCE LEVEL PRySGKEVPOINTS) No.7 Enero, Wonk ato Powen ‘STOP & THINK [0] A car accelerates up a hill. What happens to its kinetic energy and to ils potential energy? Kinetic energy | potential energy A | decreases increases B | _ increases decreases © | _ increases increases D | unchanged | decreases [Ans] The speed of the car increases and so the kinetic energy is increasing, Accelerating up a hill implies an increase in vertical height and so the potential enengy increases. Examlip > In some questions, the potential energy increases when Kinetic energy decreases 0 that the total energy is conserved. However it does not apply to this question ‘as the car engine continues to supply energy to the car & work Ifyou exert a FORCE on an object and make it MOVE in the SAME DIRECTION as the applied force, we say WORK IS DONE on the object. (Energy is converted during the process.) ‘The amount of work done by a constant force is the product of Definition SF [Pet she force and the distance moved in the direction ofthe force. where W: work done by a constant force (in J) Equation] w= Fas |i mores : distance moved in the direction of the force (in m) © SI -unit of work done: newton metre (Nm) oF joule () @ 1)=1Nm Exanlip-> No work is done when (a) The force is applied on the object but the object doas not move (b} The direction of the applied force and the direction in which the object moves are perpendicular to one another Er Low gly ——anctone sean remains at rest direction of movement(GCE LEVEL PRySGKEVPOINTS) No.7 Enero, Wonk ato Powen ‘STOP & THINK [0] The diagram shows a log being pulled up an earth slope from X to ¥. How much work is done against friction? total pul ge lant 30° raised ‘sanee em ‘orce due te ticion *000N. weight tog ‘000 A 60007 B 9600 J © 50000 7 D_ 80000 J [Ans] © Work done against friction = friction «distance moved 1000.50 50000 J Examlip 1S Work done sgsinettrstion is the energy used to overcome frstion, Ie = eaual to the work done by the fiction & POWER |_IFtwo cars of the same weight climb up the same hill, they have same amount of WORK DONE, But if car A climbs the hill in a shorter TIME than car B, we say it has a greater POWER. [Definition | Power is the rate of work done (or rate of converting energy) workdone _ energy converted time taken time taken J Hence, power Where P. power W. work done (in J) E: energy converted (in J) 1 ime taken (ins) a |enaton] n= © ST unit of power: joule per second (Js) oF watt (W) @ west Exanlip > Power is not energy. Many candidates misuse the term ‘Power! when they deseribe changes in enorgy. Powor is not a thing that can be transferred like onergy. It is merely a rate(GCE LEVEL PRySGKEVPOINTS) No.7 Enero, Wonk ato Powen STOP & THINK 1] When a 300 N force is applied to a box weighing, 600 N, the box moves 3.0 m horizontally in 20s, +2008 : 0 00N What is the average power? A Bw cc 900W BOW D_ 1s00W Tans] a p= orkdone time ox 2 w Fxanp > Wom done Ie te force x dotonco roved In the dveotin of force 600 N Jo th woloht of th box which fe a vereal Toten Nis not mold ihe Calouaton ot work, done by the 800° N force, ‘STOP & THINK 1] A windmill is used to raise water from a well. The depth of the well is 5 m. The windmill raises 200 kg of waler every day. Wha is the useful power extracted from the wind? & = 1ON/kg) gq 210A xy 3 5m 200105 2005 w v 24x60 x 60 a 24x60 [ans] B_ Power? Examlip > Candidates need to convert 1 day to 24 x 60 x 60 seconds, The force is the ‘weight of the water 200 x 10,