The document summarizes major events in the US during the 1960s, including the presidencies of John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson. It discusses Kennedy's New Frontier programs, foreign policy challenges like the Bay of Pigs invasion and Cuban Missile Crisis, and his assassination in 1963. It then covers LBJ's Great Society domestic reforms relating to civil rights, poverty, education and healthcare. It also discusses growing social movements and divisions over the Vietnam War that escalated during this transformative decade.
The document summarizes major events in the US during the 1960s, including the presidencies of John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson. It discusses Kennedy's New Frontier programs, foreign policy challenges like the Bay of Pigs invasion and Cuban Missile Crisis, and his assassination in 1963. It then covers LBJ's Great Society domestic reforms relating to civil rights, poverty, education and healthcare. It also discusses growing social movements and divisions over the Vietnam War that escalated during this transformative decade.
The document summarizes major events in the US during the 1960s, including the presidencies of John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson. It discusses Kennedy's New Frontier programs, foreign policy challenges like the Bay of Pigs invasion and Cuban Missile Crisis, and his assassination in 1963. It then covers LBJ's Great Society domestic reforms relating to civil rights, poverty, education and healthcare. It also discusses growing social movements and divisions over the Vietnam War that escalated during this transformative decade.
The 1960’s John F. Kennedy’s New Frontier The Election of 1960 • Republicans – Nixon • Democrats – Kennedy • This was the first election in which television campaigns were utilized • Kennedy won :) Domestic Policy • Kennedy was the youngest president • New Frontier Programs – Most aid programs were stopped by congress – Brought down inflation Foreign Affairs • Bay of Pigs Invasion (1961) – Kennedy allowed the CIA to overthrow Fidel Castro – Troops were forced to surrender on the beaches of Cuba – Kennedy declined to rescue them • Berlin Wall – Khrushchev continued to demand US evacuation – A great wall was built around West Berlin, to stop East Germans from running to West Germany Foreign Affairs • Cuban Missile Crisis – Russia was building missiles in Cuba – Kennedy blockaded Cuba until Russia left Cuba – Russia left, and a hotline was created so that the US and Russia could talk instantly Assassination in Dallas • Lee Harvey Oswald assassinated Kenned on November 22, 1963 Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society The War On Poverty • The Other Americans – By Michael Harrington – Focused on poverty • Congress created the Office of Economic Opportunity and gave it a billion dollar budget The Election of 1964 • Democrats – Lyndon Johnson • Republicans – Barry Goldwater – Wanted to end welfare • Johnson won (duh) Great Society Reforms • Medicare – Health insurance for 65 or older • Medicaid – Health insurance for the poor and disabled • Elementary and Secondary Education Act – Provided schools for poor towns • Immigration – Quotas were abolished • National Foundation of the Arts and Humanities – Federal fund for artists • Department of Transportation and Dept. Housing • Increased funding for education, housing, and crime prevention Civil Rights Acts of 1964 and 1965 • Segregation was made illegal • Equal Employment Opportunity Commission • 24th amendment outlawed Poll Taxes • Voting Rights Act ended literacy tests Civil Rights and Conflict The Leadership of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. • March on Washington (1963) – I Have A Dream speech made • March to Montgomery (1965) – Protest in police beatings Black Muslims and Malcolm X • Malcolm X advocated more violent protests than King did (The ballot or the bullet) • Assassinated in 1965 (By black people) Black Power and Race Riots • MLK Jr was assassinated in Memphis • 46 people died in riots across 168 cities The Warren Court and Individual Rights Criminal Justice • Mapp vs. Ohio (1961) – Evidence seized illegally is illegal :P • Gideon vs. Wainwright (1963) – Attorney’s must be provided to poor people • Escobedo vs. Illinois (1964) – Police were required to inform of Miranda Rights • Miranda vs. Arizona (1964) – A lawyer could be present during questioning Reapportionment • Baker vs. Carr (1962) – Houses of state legislature being based on biased district lines was UNCONSTITUTIONAL – ‘One man, one vote’ Freedom of Expression and Privacy • Yates vs. United States (1957) – 1st amendment protected communistic speech • Engel vs. Vitale (1962) – Prayer readings in school was illegal • Griswold vs. Connecticut (1965) – Contraception was not able to be illegal Social Revolutions and Cultural Movements Student Movement and the New Left • Students for a Democratic Society – Tom Haden – Port Huron Statement • Supporters became known as the New Left – Students protested free speech Sexual Revolution • Premarital sex became more common, as well as infidelity and homosexuality • Moral codes were loosened because of increase in illegitimate births The Women’s Movement • The Feminine Mystique (1963) – Betty Friedan – New directions for women • National Organization for Women • Equal Pay Act (1963) • Civil Rights Act (1964) • Equal Rights Amendment The Vietnam War – to 1969 Early Stages • Buildup Under Kennedy – ‘Domino theory’ – Trained south Vietnamese army – Buddhists set themselves on fire – South Vietnamese dictator assassinated 2 weeks before Kennedy • Tonkin Gulf Resolution – Helped secure south Vietnamese shores Escalating the War • Rolling Thunder – Long air attack that utilized bomber planes – Search and destroy tactics – Under General William Westmoreland Controversy • Johnson refused to speak frankly to the American people • Hawks vs. Doves – Hawks supported the war – Doves condemned the war (And supported communism) • Tet Offensive – The Vietcong attacked all capitals and bases in South Vietnam (During a national holiday) – Pacifists condemned Johnson because he retaliated, and saved lives. • LBJ then decided to withdraw troops Coming Apart at Home, 1968 The Second Kennedy Assassination • Robert Kennedy was assassinated by an Arab nationalist after winning in California’s primary (1968) The Election of 1968 The democrats were divided, and everyone fought among themselves. Through it all, Richard Nixon rose above everyone and won the election (Though this many not have been the best idea for him)