Chapter-1: Intell Engineering College

Solution For Short Term Hydro Thermal Scheduling Problem By Using Classical Method
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
1.1Introduction
Hydro -Thermal scheduling of a power system is concerned with thermal units
commitment and dispatch, and the hourly generation of hydro units. The objective is to
minimize the total operating cost of thermal units over a period of up to one week,
subject to system wide demand and reserve requirements and individual units constraints.
because of potential cost saving, this class of mixed integer programming problem has
been an active research subject for several decades.
Recently impressive results have been obtained by using the lagrangian relaxation
technique for generating near optimal solutions. Lagrangian relaxation is a mathematical
technique for solving constrained optimization problems. Its basic ideas is to use
lagrangian mutlipliers to relax system- wide demand and reserve requirements. The
problem can then be decomposed into the scheduling of individual water sheds. The
multipliers are then adjusted iteratively the high level, the so called dual problem , the
disadvantage of the approach is that the dual solution is generally infeasible, i.e., the once
relaxed system wide constraints are not satisfied. Some techniques, usually heuristics,
are needed to modify the dual solution to obtain a good feasible schedule.
The hydro-thermal scheduling is possible used to continuity supply of the loads it
connected to the two power plants are thermal and hydro power generating stations. The
hydro power generation, the fuel cost is zero and the thermal power generation the fuel
cost more comparing to the hydro power generation.
The two plants output power is connected to the power grid, the power transfer to
loads demands. The basically the thermal power plant operated to the base load, and the
hydro power plant is operated to the peak load period. The thermal power plant at
initially started at take the more time above the 8 hours, to generate the power in MW. To
flow through the load it cannot operated to the suddenly changing loads period. So it is
not possible peak load periods, and we go to the hydro power generating station.
The hydro power station initially started in very high speed in comparing to the
thermal power plant it use full to the sudden changing loads, the hydro power stations
INTELL ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Page 1
operated at the peak load period. The two power plants is operated at the continuously
load give the power in hydro station. The hydro-thermal co-ordination to reduce unit cost
In the increasing in the hydro power generation, the thermal power generation could be
decreasing and the hydro power generation there is no fuel cost, and thermal power
generation demand decreases and the fuel cost could be decreases. The hydro-thermal
scheduling classified in to two types there are long term and short term scheduling.
Typical long term co-ordination may be extended from one week to one year or
several years the co-ordination of the operation of reservoir hydro-power plants and
steam plants involves the best utilization of available water inters of scheduling of water
released in the other words since the operating cost of hydro plants are very low hydro
power can be generated very little incremental cost in combined operational system the
generation at very little incremental cost.
The long terms scheduling problem involves the long term forecasting of water
available and the scheduling of reservoir water releases for an interval of time that
depends on the reservoir capacity and chronological load curve of the system. Based on
these factors during different times of the year the hydro and steam plants can be operated
as based load plants and peak load plants and vies verse long term scheduling is made on
the optimizing policy in view of statistically treated unknown such as load, hydraulic
inflows and unit availability.
The economic system operation of thermal units depends only under conditions
that exist from instant to instant. However, the economic scheduling I f combined
hydrothermal systems depends in the conditions existing over the entire operating period
In this type of hydro thermal scheduling is require for one day or one week, which
involutes the hour by hour scheduling of all available generations on a system to get the
minimum production cost for the given time. Such types of scheduling problems, the
load, hydraulic inflows, and unit availabilities are assumed to be known.
Here also, the problem is how to supply load, as per the load cycle during the
period of operation so that generation by thermal plants will be minimum. This condition
will be satisfied when the value of hydro power generation rather than its amount is a
minimum over a certain period. The basic problem is that determining the degree to
which the minimized economy of operating the hydro unit at other than the maximum
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efficiency loading may be tolerated for an increased economy with an increased load or
vice versa to result in the lowest total thermal power production costs over the specified
operating period.
CHAPTER-2
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EXISTING METHOD
2.1. Introduction
The previous sections have dealt with the problem of optimal scheduling of a
power system with thermal plant only. optimal operating policy in this case can be
completely determined at any instant without reference to operation at other times and is
thus a static optimization problem. However a modern power system consisted of a large
number of thermal and hydro
plants connected at various load centers through a
transmission network.
An important objective in the operation of such a power system is to generate and
transmit power to meet the system load demand at minimum fuel cost by an generation at
various plants in a power system is of paramount importance ,particularly where the
hydel source are scarce and high cost of thermal generation has to be relied upon to meet
the power demand. The hydel resources being extremely limited, the worth of water is
greatly increased. If optimum use is made of their limited resources in conjunction with
the thermal sources, huge saving in fuel and the associated cost can be made.
In certain sectors, however, the hydel source is sufficiently large, particularly in
rainy seasons as the inflows into the hydel reservoirs exhibit an annual cyclicity.
Furthermore, there may be a seasonal various in power demand on the system, and this
too exhibits an annual cyclicity .the optimization interval of one year duration is thus a
natural choice for long range optimal generation scheduling studies.
The solution to the scheduling problem in this case consists of determination of
water quantities to be drawn from the reservoirs for hydel generation in each sub-interval
and the corresponding thermal generations to meet the load demand over each subinterval utilizing the entire quantity of water available for power generation during the
total interval. The long range scheduling (generally persisting from months to year)
involves mainly the scheduling of water release .long range scheduling also involves
meteorological and statistical analysis. The benefit of this scheduling is to save the cost of
generations, in additional to meeting the agricultural and irrigational requirement .long
range scheduling involves optimization of the operating policy in the context of major
unknown such as load, hydroelectric inflows, unit availability etc.
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The short range problem usually has an optimization interval of a day or a week .
this period normally divided into sub-intervals for scheduled purposes. Here, the load,
water inflows and unit availabilities are assumed to be known. A set of starting conditions
(i.e. reservoir levels ) being given, the optimal hourly schedule can be prepared that
minimizes a desired objective while meeting system constraints successfully.
Cost optimisation of hydro stations can be achieved by assuming the water heads
constant
and converting the incremental water (i.e. fuel) rate
characteristics into
incremental fuel cost curves by multiplying it with cost of water per cubic metre and
applying the conventional technique of minimizing the cost function .
The following section illustrates the analytical aspects of long and short range
energy scheduling problem in a mix system (i.e. hydro-thermal system) when the share
of hydro power is high, but, due to some reasons, unable to cater the entire load.
2.2 Classification According to Quantity of Water Available
On the basis of quantity of water available Hydro plants can be classified as:
2.2.1. Run-off- River Plants without Poundage
These plants do not store water; the plant uses water as it comes. The plant can
use water as and when available. Since these plants depend for their generating capacity
primarily on the rate of flow of water, during rainy season high flow rate may mean some
quantity of water to go as waste while during low run-off periods, due to low flow rates
the generating capacity will be low.
2.2.2 Run-off River Plants with Poundage
In these plants poundage permits storage of water during off peak periods and use
of this water during peak periods. Depending on the size of poundage provided it may be
possible to cope with hour to hour fluctuations. This type of plant can be used on parts of
the load curve as required, and is more useful than a plant without storage or poundage.
When providing poundage tail race conditions should be such that floods do not raise tailrace water level, thus reducing the head on the plant and impairing its effectiveness. This
type of plant is comparatively more reliable and its generating capacity is less dependent
on available rate of flow of water.
2.2.3 Reservoir Plants
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A reservoir plant is that which has a reservoir of such size as to permit carrying
over storage from wet season to the next dry season. Water is stored behind the dam and
is available to the plant with control as required. Such a plant has better capacity and can
be used efficiently throughout the year. Its firm capacity can be increased and can be used
either as a base load plant or as a peak load plant as required. It can also be used on any
portion of the load curve as required.
2.3 Classification of Hydrothermal Scheduling Problem
1. Long range problem
2. Short range problem
2.3.1. Long Range Problem
Long range problem includes the yearly cyclic nature of reservoir water inflows
and seasonal load demand and correspondingly a scheduling period of one year is used.
The solution of the long range problem considers the dynamics of head variations
through the water flow continuity equation. The coordination of the operation of
hydroelectric plants involves, of course, the scheduling of water releases. The long-range
hydro-scheduling problem involves the long-range forecasting of water availability and
the scheduling of reservoir water releases (i.e., drawdown) for an interval of time that
depends on the reservoir capacities.
Typical long-range scheduling goes anywhere from 1 week to 1 year or several
years. For hydro schemes with a capacity of impounding water over several seasons, the
long-range problem involves meteorological and statistical analysis. Nearer-term water
inflow forecasts might be based on snow melt expectations and near-term weather
forecasts. For the long-term drawdown schedule, a basic policy selection must be made.
Should the water be used under the assumption that it will be replaced at a rate based on
the statistically expected (i.e., mean value) rate, or should the water be released using a
worst-case prediction. In the first instance, it may well be possible to save a great deal
of electric energy production expense by displacing thermal generation with hydrogeneration If, on the other hand, a worst-case policy was selected, the hydro plants
would be run so as to minimize the risk of violating any of the hydrological constraints
(e.g., running reservoirs too low, not having enough water to navigate a river).
Conceivably, such a schedule would hold back water until it became quite likely that
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even worst-case rainfall (runoff, etc.) would still give ample water to meet the
constraints.
Usually, long-term hydrothermal scheduling is used for breaking down the longterm problem into a number of midterm (e.g., monthly) problems. Long-term produces a
near optimal cost estimation while the mid-term case can use a more detailed cost
representation (short-term cases use the most detailed cost formulation).
The purpose of the long-term scheduling is to provide a good feasible solution
that is close to the long-term cost minimization of the whole system. The problem is
usually very difficult to solve due to its size, the time span (up to several years) and the
randomness of the water inflows over the long term
Long-range scheduling involves optimizing a policy in the context of unknowns
such as load, hydraulic inflows, and unit availabilities (steam and hydro). These
unknowns are treated statistically, and long-range scheduling involves optimization of
statistical variables.
Useful techniques include:
*Dynamic programming, where the entire long-range operation time period is simulated
(e.g., 1 year) for a given set of conditions.
*Composite hydraulic simulation models, which can represent several reservoirs.
*Statistical production cost models.
2.3.2 Short Range Problem
In it, the load demand on the power system exhibits cyclic variation over a day or
a week and the scheduling interval is either a day or a week. As the scheduling interval of
short range problem is small, the solution of the short-range problem can assume the head
to be fairly constant. The amount of water to be utilized for the short-range scheduling
problem is known from the solution of the long-range scheduling problem. Short-range
hydro-scheduling (1 day to 1 week) involves the hour-by-hour scheduling of all
generation on a system to achieve minimum production cost for the given time period.
In such a scheduling problem, the load, hydraulic inflows, and unit availabilities
are assumed known. A set of starting conditions (e.g. reservoir levels) is given, and the
optimal hourly schedule that minimizes a desired objective, while meeting hydraulic
steam, and electric system constraints, is sought. Part of the hydraulic constraints may
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involve meeting end-point conditions at the end of the scheduling interval in order to
conform to a long-range, water-release schedule previously established
The short term hydrothermal scheduling problem is classified in to two groups
a)Fixed head hydro thermal scheduling
b)Variable head hydro thermal scheduling
2.4 Scheduling problem
In the operation of a hydro electric power system, three general categories of
problems araise. these depend on the balance between the hydroelectric generation, the
thermal generation on the load System without any thermal generation is fairly rare. they
economic scheduling of these system is really a problem in scheduling water release to
satisfy all the hydraulic constraints and meet the demand for electrical energy techniques
developed for scheduling hydro thermal system may be used in some systems by
assigning a preside-fuel cost to some hydro electric plant
The largest category of hydro thermal system includes those were there is a closer
balance between the hydro electric and thermal generation resources and those
were the hydro electric system is a small fraction of the total capacity.
Scheduling problem consists of
Problem characteristics
Problem formulation
Solution approach
The objective of hydro thermal scheduling is to determine the sequence of hydro
release which will minimize the expected thermal operation cost along the
planning this problem can be represented as a decision tree with the help of
decision tree the operator option of using hydro today are stored in the hydro
energy for using next period.
2.5 Scheduling energy

Suppose as in figure we have two sources of electrical energy to supply a load one
hydro another steam. The hydro power plant can supply the load by itself for a
limited time.
Pth
Ph
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Hydro
Thermal
Load (PL)
Fig. 2.1: Hydro-Thermal coupling to the same grid

2.6 Hydro-thermal co-ordination
No state or country is endowed with plenty of water sources or abundant coal and
nuclear fuel. For minimum environmental pollution, thermal generation should be
minimum. Hence, a mix of hydro and thermal-power generation is necessary. The states
that have a large hydro potential can supply excess hydro-power during periods of high
water run-off to other states. The states, which have allow hydro-potential and large coal
reserves, can use the small hydro power for meeting peak load requirements. This makes
the thermal stations to operate at high load factors and to have reduced installed capacity
with the result economy. In states, which have suitable hydro as well as thermal-power
generation, power co-ordination to obtain a most economical operating state is essential.
Maximum advantage of cheap hydro-power should be taken so that the coal reserves can
be conserved and environmental pollution can be minimized. The whole or a part of the
base load can be supplied by the run-off river hydro-plants, and the peak or the remaining
load is then met by proper mix of reservoir-type hydro-plants and thermal plants.
Determination of this by a proper mix is the determination of the most economical
operating state of a hydro-thermal system. The hydro-thermal co-ordination is classified
into long-term co-ordination and short term co-ordination.
Initially, there were mostly thermal power plants to generate electrical power.
There is a need for the development of hydro-power plants due to the following reasons.
(i)
Due to the increment of power in the load demand from all sides such as
(ii)
(iii)
industrial, agricultural, commercial, and domestic.

Due to the high cost of fuel (coal).
Due to the limited range of fuel.
The hydro-plants can be started easily and can be assigned a load in very short
time. However, in the case of thermal plants, it requires several hours to make the boilers,
super heater, and turbine system ready to take the load. For this reason, the hydro-plants
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can handle fast-changing loads effectively. The thermal plant is contrast is slow in
response. Hence, due to this, the thermal plants are more suitable to operate as base load
plants, leaving hydro-plants to operate as peak load plants.
Water inflow
PGH
PGT
Thermal Plant
Reservoir Storage
PD
Water discharge
Fig. 2.2: Hydro-Thermal power flow through the load demand
The maximum advantage of cheap hydro-power should be taken so that the coal
reserves can be conserved and environmental pollution can be minimized. In a hydrothermal system, the whole or a part of the base load can be supplied by the run- river
hydro-plants and the peak or the remaining load is then met by a proper co-ordination of
reservoir type hydro-plant and plants.
The operating cost of thermal plants is very high and at the same time is capital
cost is low when compared with a hydro-electric plant. The operating cost of a hydroelectric plant is low and its capital cost is high such that it has become economical as well
as convenient to run both thermal as well as hydro plant in the same grid.
In the case of thermal plant, the optimal scheduling problem can be completely
saved at any desired instate without referring to the operation at other times. It is a static
optimization problem.
The operation of a system having both hydro and thermal plants is more complex
as hydro-plants have a negligible operating cost but are required to run under the
constraint of availability of water for hydro-generation during a given period of time.
This problem is the dynamic optimization problem where the time factor is to be
considered.
The optimal scheduling problem in a hydro-thermal system can be stated as to
minimize the fuel cost of thermal plants under the constraint of water availability for
hydro generation over a given period of operation.
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Consider a simple hydro-thermal system, shown in Fig: 1, which consists of one
hydro and one thermal plant supplying power to load connected at the centre in between
the plants and is referred to as the fundamental system.
To solve the optimization problem in this system, consider the real power
generations of two plants
P and
PGH
as control variables.The transmission power
loss is expressed in terms of the B coefficient as

n
PL
PGP B PQ P GQ
p=1 q=1
2.1
2.7 Co-ordination of run-off river plant and steam plant:A run of river hydro plant operates as the water is available in needed quantities
these plants are provide with a small poundage or reservoir which makes it possible to
meet the hourly variation of load.
The ratio of run-off during the rainy season to the run of during the dry season
may be as largest as 100.as such the run of river plants have very little from capacity.
The usefulness of the run of river plants can be considerable increased if such a
plant is properly co-ordinated with a thermal plant.
The load met by a thermal plant can be adjusted to confirm to the available river
flow. This type of co-ordination of a run of river hydro plant with a thermal plant results
in a grater utilization factor of the river flow and a saving in the amount of fuel consumed
in the thermal plant.
2.8 Long term co-ordination
Typical long term co-ordination may be extended from one week to one year or
several years the co-ordination of the operation of reservoir hydro-power plants and
steam plants involves the best utilization of available water inters of scheduling of water
released in the other words since the operating cost of hydro plants are very low hydro
power can be generated very little incremental cost in combined operational system the
generation at very little incremental cost.
Page 11
The long terms scheduling problem involves the long term forecasting of water
available and the scheduling of reservoir water releases for an interval of time that
depends on the reservoir capacity and chronological load curve of the system. Based on
these factors during different times of the year the hydro and steam plants can be operated
as based load plants and peak load plants and vies verse long term scheduling is made on
the optimizing policy in view of statistically treated unknown such as load, hydraulic
inflows and unit availability.
The useful techniques employed for this type of scheduling problems include
I.
II.
III.
The simulation of an entire long term operation time period for a given set
of operating conversion by using dynamic programming method.
Composite hydraulic simulation model, and
Statistical production cost models.
For the long term scheduling of a hydro thermo al system, there should be
required generation to meet the requirements of load demand and both hydro and thermal
generations should be so scheduled so as to maintain the minimum fuel cost. This
requires that the available water should be put to an optimum use.
2.9 Short term co-ordination
The economic system operation of thermal units depends only under conditions
that exist from instant to instant. However, the economic scheduling I f combined
hydrothermal systems depends in the conditions existing over the entire operating period
In this type of hydro thermal scheduling is require for one day or one week, which
involutes the hour by hour scheduling of all available generations on a system to get the
minimum production cost for the given time. Such types of scheduling problems, the
load, hydraulic inflows, and unit availabilities are assumed to be known.
Here also, the problem is how to supply load, as per the load cycle during the period
of operation so that generation by thermal plants will be minimum. This condition will be
satisfied when the value of hydro power generation rather than its amount is a minimum
over a certain period. The basic problem is that determining the degree to which the
minimized economy of operating the hydro unit at other than the maximum efficiency
loading may be tolerated for an increased economy with an increased load or vice versa
to result in the lowest total thermal power production costs over the specified operating
period.
Page 12
The factors on which the economic operation of a combined hydrothermal system
depends are as following:
Load cycle.
Incremental fuel costs of thermal power station.
Expected water in flow in hydro power stations.
Water head that is a function of water storage in hydro power stations.
Hydro power generation.
Incremental transmission loss (ITL).
The following are the few important methods for short term hydro-thermal coordination:
Constant hydro-generation method.

Constant thermal generation method.
Maximum hydro-efficiency method.
Kirchmayers method.
2.10 Short Term Hydro Thermal Scheduling

The basic idea of hydro thermal coordination in the scheduling of hydro electric
system and thermal system coordinated to meet the load demand at every interval hydro
thermal scheduling is achieved by optimally scheduling the generation of hydro thermal
system with optimal constraints fully imposed are satisfied the systematic coordination of
the operation of the system of hydro electric generation plant is usually more complex
than the scheduling of an all thermal generation system.
The primary object of short term hydro thermal scheduling is to determine the
amount of hydro and thermal generation to meet the load demand in a schedule horizon
such that the fuel cost required to run the thermal generation can be minimized.
In short term hydro thermal scheduling the load demand on the power system
exhibits cyclic variation over a day or a week and the scheduling interval is either a day
or a week. As the scheduling interval of short-range problem is small the solution of short
range problem can assume the head to be fairly constant the amount of water to be
utilized for the short range problem can assume the head to be fairly constant. Shortrange hydro scheduling involves the hour-by-hour scheduling of all generation on a
system to achieve minimum production cost for the given time period.
2.11 Scheduling of hydro units in a hydro thermal system
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I.
In case of hydro units without thermal units in the system, the problem in simple.
The economic scheduling consists of scheduling water release to satisfy the
II.
hydraulic constraints and to satisfy the electrical demand

Where hydro thermal systems are predominantly hydro scheduling may be done
III.
by scheduling the system to produce minimum cost for in the thermal systems
In systems where there is a close balance between hydro and thermal generation
and in systems where the hydro capacity is only a fraction of the total capacity it
is generally desired to schedule generation such that thermal generating cost are
minimized.
Page 14
CHAPTER-3
PROPOSED METHOD
3.1 Hydro-Thermal Scheduling Of Pumped Storage Plants
A Pumped storage plants, in its simplest form, consists of an upper reservoir and a
lower reservoir with arrangements of pumping water from lower to the upper reservoir
during light load hours and recharging water from the upper reservoir to the lower one
through a turbine during peak load hours it is designed to save the fuel cost by catering
the peak load with hydro energy and then pumping back the water into the upper
reservoir when the load demand is low various combinations of pumps turbine generator
and motor are used for this purpose in order to minimise the total capital cost the same
electrical machine can be used as a generator and also as a motor for pumping reversible
pump turbine can be used to act as a generator during generator interval or as a pumped
during pumping interval there are two type of equipment arrangement fir pumped storage
plants in the first arrangements separate pumps and turbines are coupled to a common
electrical machine that can serve as either generator are motor in the second scheme
reversible pump turbine units are used with the electrical machine. The electrical machine
in this case is very similar to the design and construction of conventional hydro-electric
generators. However, since a single runner serves for both turbine and pump the unit
should be operated and synchronised by external means. Also, the generator or the motor
must operate satisfactorily in both direction of rotation and the machine should be having
the capability of frequent load cycling.
The object is to minimise the hourly cost of thermal generation for the entire day
taking into consideration different constraints. The total fuel cost for the entire day is
max
F n F ( Pth( ) )
1
3.1
max
n 1
In this particular problem of scheduling,
1 hr and
This gives
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=24 hrs.
24
F F ( Pth( ) )
1
... 3.2
Let us now consider the generation and pumping intervals separately.

Generation interval (period
t1
Objective function being minimisation of the cost, the electrical constraint equation is
given by
Pload(t1 ) Pl (t1 ) Pth(t1 ) Ph (t1 ) 0
... 3.3
And the hydraulic constraint question is
vt1 vl ( t1 ) qt1 Wt1 0
... 3.4
The lagrangian function is then given by (for the generation interval)
Lt1 F( t1 ) t1 ( Pload ( t1 ) Pl ( t1 ) Pth( t1 ) Ph ( t1 ) ) t1 (vt1 vt1 1 qt1 Wt1 )
.... (1.4)
Lt1
In order to find minimum cost, the partial derivative of
must be zero for each
independent variable.
F ( F )
I.e. for
Lt1
Pth( t1 )
Lt1
Ph ( t1 )
to be minimum
Pl ( t1 )
0 t1 1
Pth( t1 )
Pl ( t1 )
0 t1 1
Ph ( t1 )
dF( t1 )
dPth( t1 )
t
1
3.5
dW( t1 )
dPh ( t1 )
... 3.6
t2
Pumping interval (period )
The objective function is again to minimise the cost while the electrical constraint
equation is
Page 16
Pload(t2 ) Pl (t2 ) Pth(t2 ) Ph (t2 ) 0
That
Ph(t )
2
...
3.7
Ph (t2 )
[Note that
is now demand on the system as the plant is in pumping mode.]
The hydraulic constraint equation is given by

vt 2 vt2 1 qt2 wt 2 0
... 3.8
The Lagrangian function is then given by
Lt 2 F t 2 t 2 Pload t 2 Pl t 2 Pth t 2 Ph t 2 t 2 vt 2 vt 2 1 qt 2 wt2
... 3.9
As in the case of generation interval, the conduction for minimum cost function
can all so be obtained here by setting partial derivative of
Lt2
Pt t 2
0 t 2 1
P
Pth t2
th t 2
Lt2
Ph t2
Pl t2
0 t 2 1
Ph t2
Lt
to zero
dF t2
dPth t2
... 3.10
t dw t 2
2
dPh t 2
... 3.11
The total lagrangian function L is given by for the entire period of scheduling,
L Lt Lt 2
If reservoir constraints are added, the initial and final volumes being given by
vin v0
And
v fin v 24
The constraint equation can be written as
vin v0
And
fin
v 24 0
Finally the system lagrangian (L) is then given by
Page 17
L Lt1 Lt2 vin v0 24 v fin v 24
3.12
v
0
in
v 0 24 v fin v 24
Here
are called end point storage constraints and may be
neglected for eliminating complexity in scheduling problem.

For economisation with volume parameter for the i-th interval in the day (i
0t h24h our ),
We can write
L
0 i i 1
vi
For i=0
L
0 1 0
v 0
L
0 24 24
v 24
While for i=24,

Computer programs using
iteration can this be developed in the conventional
way and is left for the Reade as an exercise. The following assumptions can by state with
require attention while developing computer program:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Hydro reservoir has constant head during operation,

The thermal plant represents equivalent unit for all steam plants in the system,
Operating schedule is for 24 hours while each time interval is for one hour,
During any interval of time either the plant is generating or pumping [the plant
may all so be taken as idle keeping
5.
6.
7.
8.
P h (t )
1
Ph (t )=0
2
Beginning and ending storage volumes are specified,

Pump and generator rating are identical,
Pumping can be done continuously, and
Cycle efficiency remains constant.
Page 18
],
3.2 Classical Method
Let use consider a power system containing N number thermal units and M
number of hydro units supplying total load
Pload
for
-Th subinterval. The fuel
cost curve of each thermal generation is given by
Fc i thi Pth i
thi Pth i thi
Unit of cost/hr
3.13
For I = 1, 2, 3......, N
Assuming the constrained with on spillage, he total water discharge for each
hydro generator is given by
max
Wtotal j n W j
1
3.14
For j=1, 2, 3, M
W j
Where
is the predefined volume of water available in
m3
function of hydro-power generation. For j-th hyrdo-generator and for

W
/hr and this is a

-th subinterval
can be expressed as follows:
W j h j Ph j
h j Ph j h j m 3
/hr
3.15
For j = 1, 2, 3,......, M
The transmission line loss for
-th subinterval can be represented using B-
coefficients as given below:
Pl
N M N M
k 1
Pk Bkm Pm
m 1
N M
B
k 1
k0
Pk B00
... 3.16
The fixed head hydro-thermal scheduling problem can be defined considering the
combined operation cost over optimization interval to meet the load demand in each
Page 19
Pload
interval (
). Each hydroplant is constained by the amount of water available for

-th interval. The problem of hydro-thermal scheduling can be
draw down in the

stated as
max N
max N
1 i 1
1 i 1
Fctotal Fc i thi P 2 th i thi Pth i thi

Min
unit of cost/hr
... 3.17
Subjected to
(1). Load balance in the network
N
i 1
j 1
P load Pl Pth i Ph j
max
For
= 1, 2 , ..... ,
3.18
Pload
Where
=total power during
-th interval,
Pl
= transmission line loss during
-th
(2) Water balance for each hydro plants

max
n W
1
Wtotalj
3.19
For j=1, 2, 3, M
It has further been assumed that limits are maintained in all real power
generations (both hydro and thermal), i.e.
P i
min
P i P i
max
For i=1, 2, 3..... (N+M)

Application of lagrangian technique yields
N
M
n
F
P
Ph j
c i th i load l
th i
1 i 1
i
1
j
max
3.20
Page 20
, ax
j 1
n W
P W
h j

totalj
j
is the constant which converts an incremental water flow into an equalent
incremental fuel cost (IFC) for j-th hydro generator.

The above optimisation problem is solved only in the following equations are
optimally satisfied. Form equation (3.20)
Pl
Fc i
L
n

1
Pth
Pth i
Pth i
i
For i = 1, 2, 3, N
W j
L
l

1 j n
Ph
Ph j
Ph j
j
Also
For j = 1, 2, 3, M
Pl
W m
L

1 m n
Ph
Ph m
Ph m
m
3.21
3.22
3.23
Where m=j+N; all the generators are numbered together for the ease of computer
algorithm, thermal generators are i=1,2,3,..... N and hydro generator are
m=(N+1),(N+2),...,(N+M)
N M
L
Pload Pl Pk
k 1
3.24
L max
n W j Wtotalj
j 1
And
3.25
Different values of farts order differential equations required for equations (3.21
to 3.23) are given below.

From equation (3.13), we have
Fc i
Pth i
2 thi Pth i th i
For i = 1, 2, 3, N
3.26
Page 21
From equation (3.16) we get
Pl
Pth i
N M
2B
k 1
ik
Pk Bi 0
For i=1, 2, 3, N
3.27
N M
Pl
2 B jk Pk B j 0
Ph j
k 1
And
for i=1, 2, 3, M
3.28
N M
Pl
2 Bmk Pk Bm 0
Ph m
k 1
Also,
for m=N+j, j=1, 2, 3, M
3.39
From equation (3.15), we can write

W j
Ph j
2 h j Ph j h j
For j = 1, 2, 3, M
3.40
In equations (3.21 to 3.24) any small variation in control variables
Pth , P h ,
about their initial values are obtained by forming total differentials as
given below.
From equation (3.21)
M
2L
2L
2L
L
th k
h k
Pth i
Pth i
k 1 Pth i Pth k
k 1 Pth j
N
N
M
2L
2L
2L
2L
L
th i
th k
h k
2
Pth i
Pth i
Pth i
k 1 Pth i Pth k
k 1 Pth j Ph k
k 1
Or
Or, in general form we can write
N M
2L
2L
2L
L
Pth i
Pk
2
Pth i
Pth i
Pth i
k 1 Pth j Pk
k i
... 3.41
For i=1, 2, 3, N
Page 22
Or
2 Fc i
Pth2 i
2 Pl

Pth2 i
Pth
i
N M
k 1
k i
Pl
2 Pl
L
Pk
1
Pth i Pk
Pth i
Pth i
3.42
For i=1, 2, 3, N
M
2L
2L
2L
L
th k
h k
Ph j
Ph j
k 1 Ph j Pth k
k 1 Ph j Ph k
N
For
j=1, 2,
3, M
N M
2L
2L
2L
L
k
2
m
Ph m
Ph m
Ph m
k 1 Ph m Pk
k m
Or, in general form,

Where, m= (N+j)
... 3.43
Or
2
2W m
Pl m n
Ph2 m
Ph2 m
Ph
m
Pl
2 Pl
L
Pk
1
Ph m Pk
Ph m
k 1
Ph m
k m
N M
3.44
M
2L
2L
2L
L
Pth k
Ph k 2

k 1 Pth k
k 1 Ph k
N
Or, in general form

N M
k 1
2L
2L
L
Pk
Pk
Or,
Page 23
3.45
N M
Pl
L
1 Pk
Pk

k 1
3.46
Let us differentiate equations( 3.21 to 3.23 )with respect to control variables, i.e
Pth , Ph ,
to get the second order partial derivates required for equations
(3.41,3.43,and 3.45).Second order partial derivatives required for equation (3.41)are
obtained by differentiating equation (3.21)with respect to control variables and are as
follows (some derivatives obtained earlier have not been repeated here).
2 Fc i
P 2 th i
2 thi
For i=1, 2, 3, N
3.47
2 Pl
2 Bii
P 2 th i
For i=1, 2, 3, N
3.48
Also, from equation (3.27) we can write
2 Pl
2 Bik
Pth i Pk
3.49
For k=1, 2, and 3, (N + M), k i
Similarly, second order partial derivatives required for equation (3.43) are
obtained by differentiating equation (3.22) with respect to the specified control variables
and are as follows.
2 Pl
2 Bmm
P 2 h m
3.50
For m= (N+1), (N+2), (N+M)
From equation (3.30), we get
Page 24
2W m
2 hm
P 2 h m
For m= (N+1), (N+2), (N+M)
3.51
Fromm equation (3.29), we have

2 Pl
2 Bmk
Ph m Pk
For k=1, 2, and 3, (N + M), k
3.52
Next, second order partial derivatives required for equation (3.45) are obtained by
differentiating equation (3.24) with respect to specified control variables.
Substituting all derivatives in equations (3.42,3.44 and 3.46), we get,
n 2 thi Pthi thi
N M
2B
k 1
mk
N M
2B
ik
k 1

Pk Bi 0 1

For i=1, 2, 3, N
Pk Bm 0 1 j n 2 hm Ph m h
m
3.53
For m= (N+M), (N+2), (N+M)

3.54
N M
k 1
and
N M
2 B
n 1
N M
P Bk 0 1 Pk Pload Pl Pk
k 1
kn n
3.55
Equations (3.41,3.43 and 3.45) can also be written in a matrix form as shown below
2L
Pth i Pth k
2L
Ph m Pth i
L
Pth i
2L
Pth i Ph m
2L
Ph m Ph
k
L
Ph m
2L
Pth i
2L
Ph m
L
Pth i
L
Ph m
L
P th i
Ph m

Page 25
3.56
H Pth Pth
H Pth Ph
H Ph Pth
H P
th
H Ph Ph
Or,
Or,
H Pth P th
H Ph Ph
H Ph
J Pth
H [ C h angecontrol variables ]
Where
and
Pth Pth
Order of
matrix and their interrelationships are given below.
Pth
Ph P h
Order of
M
=N
Pth Ph
Pth
=
M
=M
Order of
=M
H H
Ph
and
( N + M + 1)
Ph
( N + M + 1)
The order of different sub-matrices of
J
J
matrix are given below.
=N
1
Ph
Pth
=M
1
Order of
=N
Ph
Order of
Ph Pth
and
1
Order of
... 3.58
pth Ph
Order of
Order of
=N
H
Order of
3.57
are the Hessian and Jacobean matrices, respectively. The
order of different sub matrices of
J Ph
J

=N
Page 26
Order of
( N + M + 1) 1
=
Starting from initial data of a mixed power system, optimal hydro-thermal

scheduling may be achieved by solving equation (3.56 or 3.58)
Deferent partial
derivatives required to solve equation (3.56 to 3.58) have already been derived in
respective sections.
, h , Pi
Initial guess for
Let us assume that there is no transmission line loss, and generators are equally sharing
the load.
Pi 0
Therefore
Pload
N M
( N +M )
for i=1, 2, 3,.....,
Fc i
Pth i
3.59
For thermal plants,

Or
2 thi Pth i thi

3.60
Where i (for any thermal plant) = 1, 2, 3, N
Assuming no transmission line loss in hydro-plants also, from equation (3.22) we get
m n
W m
Ph m
m n 2 hm Ph m hm
Or,
n 2 h Ph h
m
... 3.61
Where
m N 1 , N 2 ,...., N M
Page 27
The flowchart for the solution of the short-term fixed head hydro-thermal
scheduling problem considering transmission line loss and involving a number of
thermal and hydro generators using classical method.
Start
Read
1.1, 2(1 = Tol.for iterations, 2=tol.for
iterations)
2. Total no. of thermal power planting
3. Total no. of hydro power plant, M
4. No. of hours in each scheduling sub intervals,
n
5. Time length of each scheduling intervals,Tmax
6. Total no. Of scheduling intervals,max
7. Thermal plant data, thi ,thi ,thi for i=1,
2,3....., N
8. Hydro plant hj ,hj ,hj Wtotal jfor j=1,2,
3,.....,M
9. Load demand for each scheduling interval
,Pload ,for =1,2,3....,max
10. [B] matrix of the system
11. Maximum number of iterations allowed,ITMAX
3.3 Flow Chart
Total no. of generator name=N+M
Set iteration count kg=0
Set scheduling interval count =1
Page 28
A
Set iteration count k=0
Is there any transmission
line loss?
Compute transmission line loss,Pltk
Calculate the elements of jacobian and hessian matrix using equations((3.53)-(3.55))
k 1
t
l l
k
t
Ptol
N M
P
i 1
k
t
Pload Pl
k
i
KK+1
Is k >ITMAX ?
C
Page 29
Pl o a d
Fcto ta l
1
max
kg 1
j j

kg
j
Page 30
dW j
Wtotal j
Set Hydro Genreator count=1
kg kg 1
cdW j
j j 1
Is kg
Is ?
Display and/or store ,
For hydro plants,
i.e. for j=1,2,3......,M
Page 31
Stop
Fig. 3.1: Flowchart to find optimal power flow solution using classical method.
3.4 Problem
To provide effective results for the classical method we had implemented the
above flowchart for a problem and obtained the results using this method.
Here we have taken a problem consisting, the following data
W= (Xph2+hph+h) = (0.2ph2+2.5ph+1.5*104)
Value of water available=42*10-4 m2
Thermal Plant face= (thpth2+thpth+th) = (0.002pth2+10pth+1000) unit of cost/mw.
B11
B
21
B10
B12
B22
B20
B10 4.5
0.05 0.23
B20 0.05 4.45

0.15 10 5
B30 0.23
0.15 0.094
Page 32
P11(0)[i.e;pth(0)]=p21(0)[i.e;ph1(0)]=
Pload1
M N
350
2
=175 MW
2 * th Pth th
(0)
1 =>
1(0)=10.7
1( 0 )
10.7
(0)
n[2 * h1 * Ph (0)]
=
10.7
2 * 0.2 * 175 2.5
1(0)=0.1475862
2L
(0)
( P11 ) 2
2L
P21( 0) P11( 0 )
2L
P11( 0 ) 1( 0 )
2L
(0)
P11 1( 0 )
2L
P21( 0 ) 1( 0 )
2L
(1( 0 ) ) 2
2L
(0)
( 0)
P11 P21
2L
(P22( 0 ) ) 2
2L
P21( 0 ) 1( 0 )
P11
P
21
P11
L
P21
L
2
L
(0)
[n1 (2 * th P11 th ) 1( 0 ) ( 2 * BK 1 * Pk1( 0) B10 1)
P11
K 1
=>-[1*(2*0.02*175+10)+10.7*(2*4.5*10-5*175+2*(-0.05)*10-5*175+0.23*10-5-1
L
0.166677
P11
2
L
[1( 0 ) ( B2 K * P2(k0 ) B20 1) 1n1 (2 * h1 * Ph( 0 ) h1 )]
P21
K 1
= - 0.164781
2
L
(0)
[
P
PK( 01)
load1
L1
10
K 1
]
(0)
PL( 0) B11( 0 ) * P112 2 * B12 * P11( 0 ) * P21( 0) B21
* P21( 0 ) B10 * P11( 0 ) B20 * P21( 0) B00
P0L =2.710978
Page 33
L
1( 0 )
=-[350+2.71097844-350]
L
1( 0 )
=-2.710978
2L
2 * [ th 1( 0) B11
(0)
P11
]
5
=2[0.002+10.7*4.5* 10 ]
2L
P11( 0)
103
=4.963*
2L
P11P21 1( 0 )
=
*2*
B21
5
=10.7*2*(-0.05)* 10
2L
P11P21
=-1.07*10-5
2L
P1111
B11 P11
B21 * P21 B10
=2* * +2*
+ -1
5
=2*4.5* 10
*175+2*(-0.05)* 10
=-0.9844227
2L
P1111
105
=-1.07*
2L
(P22( 0) ) 2 1( 0 )
=
h1
B21 1( 0)
*2* +
*2*
*175+0.23* 10
Page 34
-1
5
= 10.7*2*4.45* 10
+0.147586*2*0.2
2L
(P22( 0) ) 2
=0.0599867
2L
P21( 0) 1(0 )
=
B11 P11
B21 * P21 B10
2* * +2*
+ -1
=2*4.5*10-5*175+2*(-0.05)*10-5*175+0.15*10-5-1
2L
P21( 0 ) 1(0 )
=0.9845385
2L
(1( 0 ) ) 2
=0
4.963 10 3
5
1.07 10
0.9844227 P11
0.9845985 P21
0.98442277 0.9845985

0
1
1.07 10 5
0.0599867
P11(1) P11( 0 ) P11(0 )
P11(1)
=> 175+2.508057802
=177.512832
P21(1) P21( 0 ) P21( 0 )
=175+0.2408069
P21(1) 175.2408069
1(1) 1( 0 ) 1( 0 ) 10.7 0.18201003

1(1) 10.88201003
(0 )
(0 )
( 0)
Maximum among ( P11 , P21 , 1 )
Maximum
(0 )
P11 =2.512882 >
Page 35
0166677
0.164781
2.710978
(0)
PL(1) B11( 0) * P112 2 * B12 * P11( 0 ) * P21( 0 ) B21
* P21( 0 ) B10 * P11( 0 ) B20 * P21( 0) B00
PL(11) 2.75411
2
P
The power tolerance Ptol =
i 1
i1
( Pload1 PL1 )
Ptol = 0.00042
Cost of thermal generation
Fc =0.002Pth2+10Pth+1000 = 0.002(177.512832)2+10(1770512832)+1000
=2838.149931 unit cost/MW
Water release by hydro power generation

W= 0.2PH2+2.5PH+1.5*104
W=0.2(175.2408069)2+2.5(175.2408069)+1.5*104
W=21579.888 m3/hr
P12(0)[i.e;pth2(0)]=p22(0)[i.e;ph2(0)]=
Pload2
M N
750
2
=350MW
2(0)=2*th2pth2+12
2(0)=11.4
11.4
n( 2 * P h )
( 0 ) (1)
h
11
1(0)=
1(0)=0.147586
2L
(0) 2
( P122 )
L
P ( 0 ) P ( 0 )
22 2 12
L
P ( 0 ) ( 0 )
2
12
2L
( 0)
2L
(0)
P12 P22
2L
(P22( 0 ) ) 2
2L
P22( 0 ) (20 )
P12
2L
P21( 0 ) (20)
2L
((20) ) 2
L
P12
(0)
(0)
2
B
=-[n1*(2*th pth(0)+th )+2(0)(
K 1
k2
P12

P22

2

P12
L
P22
L
Pk(20 )
+B10-1)]
Page 36
=-[1*(2* 0.002*350+10)+11.4(2*(-0.05)*10-5*350+2*4.45*10-5*350+0.25*10-5-1)]
L
P12
=-0.3551385
2
L
[(20 ) ( 2 * BK 2 PK( 02) B20 1) 1n1 ( 2 * h Pk(20 ) h ]
P22
K 1
L
9.9821421
P22
2
L
(0)
(0)
[
P
PK 2 ]
load 2
l2
(0)
2
K 1
P121 B11 P21( 0 ) 2 B12 P12 P22 B22 P222 B10 P12 B20 B22 B00
P12=4.5*10-5*3502+2*(-0.05)*10-5*3502+4.45*10-5*3502+0.23*10-5*350+0.15*105
*10*350+0.094*10-5
P12=10.842580
L
[700 10.84258094 700]
(20 )
L
10.842580
(20 )
2L
2 th2 2(20 ) B11
(0) 2
(P12 )
2L
(2 * 0.02) (2 * 11.4 * 4.5 * 10 5 )
(0) 2
(P12 )
2L
5.026 * 10 3
(0) 2
(P12 )
Page 37
2 L
P12 P22
(0)
2
*2* B 21
2 L
=11.42(0.05 )105
P12 P22
2 L
2 L
5
=
=1.1410
P12 P22 P 22 P 12
2L
2 B11 P12 2 B12 P22 B10 1
P12( 0 ) (20 )
2L
2 * 4.5 * 10 5 * 350 2 * (0.05) * 10 5 * 350 0.23 * 10 5 1
( 0)
(0)
P12 2
2L
0.9688477
P12( 0 ) (20 )
2L
2(20 ) B22 2 1 n1 h
(0) 2
(P22 )
2L
11.4 2 4.45 10 5 0.147586 1 2 0.2
(0) 2
(P22 )
2L
0.060049
(P22( 0 ) ) 2
2L
2 * (0.05) * 10 5 * 350 2 * 4.45 * 10 5 * 350 0.15 * 10 5 1
0
0
P22 2
2L
P220 02
2L
02 P220
=
=-0.969198
2L
P220 10
=0.984598
Page 38
2L
02 P120
=0.968847
2L
P210 10
=0.9845985
2L
(10 ) 2
=0
5.026 * 10 2
1.14 * 10 5
1.14 * 10
0.9688477
0.060049
0.969198
0.9688477 P12
0.969198 P22

0
2

0.355138
9.982142
10.842580
Det =-0.06110850267
P12(0) =158.2530981
P22(0) =-147.0087321
(0)
2
=1.18924
P12(1)=P12(0)+P12(0)
P12(1)=350+158.2530981
P12(1)=508.2530981
P22(1)= P22(0)+P22(0)
P22(1)=350-147.0087321
P22(1)=202.9912679
(1)
(0)
(0)
2 = 2 + 2
(1)
2 =1.189241+11.4
(1)
2 =12.589241
Maximum power P12(1)=508.20261>e1
P12(1)=B11 P121+ 2B12P12 P22+ B22 P222+ B10 P12+ B20 B22+ B00
Page 39
=4.5*10-5*(508.2530981)2+2*(0.05)*10-5*508.2530981*202.991269+4.45*105
*(202.9912)2+0.23*10-5*508.2530981+0.15*10-5*202.991+0.094*10-5
P12(1)=13.35646449
2
P
Pto1=
i2
i 1
( Pload 2 Pl 2 )
=(508.253098+202.9912)-(700+13.35287)
Pto1=-2.112306392
Fc21=0.02*(508.253098)2+10*508.253098+1000
Fc21=6598.973403
w21=02.(202.991)2+2.5*202.911+1.5*104
w21=23748.54672
2
n j Wl 1
j 1
wtotal=12
=12(2.1579.88+23748.54672)
Wtotal=543941.1206
Water available=42*104m3
w1= wtotal-water available
w1=543887.2286-42* 104
w1=123941.1206
1(10)=
W
123887.2286
wateravailable
42 10 4
1(10)=0.295097
1(0)= 1(0)+ 1(0)
1(1)=0.4426839063
Iteration-2 of load 350 MW
P11(1)=177.512832
1(1)=10.88201003
P21(1)=175.2408069
1(1)=0.4426839063
Page 40
th=0.002,
th=10
th =0.2,
th =2.5
2
L
(1)
(1)
[
n
(
2
(
2 B1k Pk(11) B10 1)]
1
th h
th
1
P21(1)
k 1
L
[( 2 0.002 177.512832 10) 10.88201003(2 4.5 10 5 177.512832 2 (0.05)
(1)
P21
10 5 175.2408069 0.23 10 5 1
L
2.489867734 10 3
(1)
P21
2
L
(1)
(
2 B2 k Pk(10) B20 1) 1(1) n1 (2 th P21( 0 ) th )]
1
(1)
P21
k 1
L
21.4240813
P21(1)
2L
P21(1) 1(1)
2 B21 P11(1) 2 B22 P21(1) B20 1
2L
P21(1) 1(1)
=2*(-0.05)*10-5*177.512832+2*4.45*10-5*175.2408069+0.15*10-5-1
2L
P21(1) 1(1)
=-0.984581081
2L
(1) 2
21
21(1) B22 2 1(1) n1 h

=0.1780420614
2L
2 B11 P11(1) 2 B12 P21(1) B10 1
(1)
(1)
P11 1
=-0.9841965
2 L
P11P21 10
=
*2*
B21
= -1.088201003*10-5
Page 41
2L
n1 * 2 th1 21(1) B11
(1) 2
11
2L
1(1)
= 4.979380903*10-3
Pload1 Pl (1)
=-[
K 1
(0)
K1
]
2
Pl (1) Pk(11) Bkm Pm(11) Bk 0 Pk1 B00

K 1 m 1
(1) 2
11
Pl (1)
k 1
B11 2 B12 P11(1) P21(1) B22 P12(1) B10 P11(1) B 20 P21(1) B00
= 2.7541523MW
2L
10
=-[350+2.754167964-(177.512832+175.2408069)]
2L
10
=-5.13399845*10-4
P11(2)= P11(1)+ P11(1)=177.512832+117.0739833
P11(2)=294.5868153
P21(2)= P21(1)+ P21(1)=175.2408069-117.02773223
P21(2)=58.2130746
1(2)= 1(1)+ 1(1)=10.88201003+0.5961464267
1(2)=11.47815046
The maximum power in tolerance is
P11(1)=117.0739833>1
Pl2(1)=4.5*10-5+(294.5868153)2+2(-0.05*10-5)*594.5868153*58.2130746+4.45*105
*(58.2130746)2+0.23*10-5+294.5868153+0.15*10-5*58.2130746+0.694*10-5
Ploss=4.039585533
Power tolerance:
2
P
Pto1=
i 1
il
( Pload1 Ploss )
Page 42
=294.5868153+58.2130746-(350+4.0395853)
Pto1=1.239695633
fc=(0.002(294.5868153)2+10(294.5868153)+1000
fc= 4119.444313Rs./MWHr
W=(0.2(58.2130746)2+2.5(58.2130746)+1.4*104
W=14823.2851
CHAPTER-4
RESULT AND ANALYSIS
4.1 Result
For the problem we have considered in the previous chapter, the computerized
solution is obtained by writing a program in MATLAB software. The program can be
utilized to solve any type of problems relating to this classical method whose algorithm
was used in creating the program.
Here we have just implemented it on a two plant model consisting of one thermal
and one hydro units. For this program, we have considered the same data which was
produced in the previous chapter.
Table. 4.1: Hydro-Thermal powers, power loss, fuel cast and lamda with respect to
Iteration count
Iteration
1
Interval
Power
Ploss
175.2408
2.7541
2.8381e+03
10.8820
509.7591
203.6780
13.4371
6.6172 e+03
12.6152
350
295.9971
58.0791
4.0763
4.1352 e+03
11.4894
700
650.5633
68.6487
19.2121
8.3520 e+03
13.3850
350
280.5509
73.2964
3.7606
3.9629 e+03
11.4094
700
632.0745
86.1813
18.2559
8.1197 e+03
13.2827
Pth
Ph
350
177.5132
700
Page 43
350
265.5016
87.9924
3.4940
3.7959 e+03
11.3318
700
614.1009
103.2822
17.3832
7.8952 e+03
13.1837
350
257.5757
95.7941
3.3699
3.7084 e+03
11.2909
700
604.6506
11.2296
16.9469
7.7777 e+03
13.1317
350
256.3108
97.0403
3.3511
3.6944 e+03
11.2844
700
603.1434
11.3735
16.8787
7.7589 e+03
13.1234
350
256.2841
97.0666
3.3508
3.6942 e+03
11.2843
700
603.1116
113.7657
16.8773
7.7586 e+03
13.1233
The above results have been explained using the graphical analysis. The graphs
plotted for different parameters are shown below.
P th
350
300
250
P th
200
150
100
50
0
iter1
iter2
iter3
iter4
iter5
iter6
iter7
Fig. 4.5: Thermal power at load 350MW

The graph is drawn between the Thermal Power VS Iteration count. Iteration
count is taken as abscissa and Thermal power is taken as ordinate. The Thermal Power is
linearly increasing in first Iteration to second Iteration. After that the Thermal Power is
slowly decreases at Iteration-7 because the change in power level is goes on reducing.
Page 44
P th
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
iter-1
P th
iter-2
iter-3
iter-4
iter-5
iter-6
iter-7
Fig. 4.6: Thermal power at load 700MW

The graph is drawn between the Thermal Power VS Iteration count. Iteration
count is taken as abscissa and Thermal power is taken as ordinate. The Thermal Power is
linearly increasing in first Iteration to second Iteration. After that the Thermal Power is
slowly decreases at Iteration-7 because the change in power level is goes on reducing.
Ph
200
150
Ph
100
50
0
iter-1
iter-2
iter-3
iter- 4
iter-5
iter-6
iter-7
Fig. 4.7: Hydro power at load 350MW

The graph is drawn between the Hydro Power VS Iteration count. Iteration count
is taken as abscissa and Thermal power is taken as ordinate. The Hydro Power is linearly
decreases in first Iteration to second Iteration. After that the Hydro Power is slowly
increases at Iteration-5. In the iteration-5 to iteration-7 the power is constant. Because
initially the power taken to the off of the total power after that the power changing to the
each iteration.
Page 45
250
200
150
100
Ph
50
0
iter-1
iter-2
iter-3
iter-4
iter-5
iter-6
iter-7
Fir. 4.8: Hydro power at load 700MW

The graph is drawn between the Hydro Power VS Iteration count. Iteration count
is taken as abscissa and Thermal power is taken as ordinate. The Hydro Power is linearly
decreases in first Iteration to second Iteration. After that the Hydro Power is slowly
increases at Iteration-5. In the iteration-5 to iteration-7 the power is constant. Because
initially the power taken to the off of the total power after that the power changing to the
each iteration.
lamd-1
11.6
11.4
11.2
lamd-1
11
10.8
10.6
10.4
iter-1
iter-2
iter-3
iter-4
iter-5
iter-6
iter-7
Fig. 4.9: Lamda value at load 350MW

The graph is drawn between the Lamda values VS Iteration count. Iteration count
is taken as abscissa and Thermal power is taken as ordinate. The Lamda value is linearly
Page 46
increasing in first Iteration to second Iteration. After that the Lamda value is slowly
decreases at Iteration-7 because starting the lamda value is constant and nest the lamda
value goosed on decreases.
lamd-2
13.6
13.4
13.2
lamd-2
13
12.8
12.6
12.4
12.2
iter-1
iter-2
iter-3
iter-4
iter-5
iter-6
iter-7
Fig. 4.10: Lamda value at load 700MW

The graph is drawn between the Lamda values VS Iteration count. Iteration count
is taken as abscissa and Thermal power is taken as ordinate. The Lamda value is linearly
increasing in first Iteration to second Iteration. After that the Lamda value is slowly
decreases at Iteration-7 because starting the lamda value is constant and nest the lamda
value goosed on decreases.
Page 47
Power loss
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
iter-1
Power loss
iter-2
iter-3
iter-4
iter-5
iter-6
iter-7
Fig. 4.1: Power loss at load 350 MW

The graph is drawn between the Power loss VS Iteration count. Iteration count is
taken as abscissa and Thermal power is taken as ordinate. The Power loss is linearly
increasing in first Iteration to second Iteration. After that the Power loss is slowly
decreases at Iteration-7. Starting the thermal and hydro power generation is constant off
of the total load and nest the power generation is changes.
power loss
25
20
power loss
15
10
5
0
iter-1
iter-2
iter-3
iter-4
iter-5
iter-6
iter-7
Fig. 4.2: Power loss at load 700MW

Page 48
decreases at Iteration-7. Starting the thermal and hydro power generation is constant off
of the total load and nest the power generation is changes.
cost
5000
4000
cost
3000
2000
1000
0
iter-1
iter-2
iter-3
iter-4
iter-5
iter-6
iter-7
Fig. 4.3: Cost at load 350MW

decreases at Iteration-5 after that the cost could be constant. Because the hydro power
station is fixed head.
cost
10000
8000
cost
6000
4000
2000
0
iter-1
iter-2
iter-3
iter-4
iter-5
iter-6
Fig. 4.4:Cost at load 700MW
Page 49
iter-7
decreases at Iteration-5 after that the cost could be constant. Because the hydro power
station is fixed head.
Page 50
CHAPTER-5
CONCLUSION
The short term hydro-thermal scheduling using classical method for fixed head
hydro thermal problem under important operating constraints is presented and tested on a
test system of hydro and equivalent thermal plant. The results showed that with this
approach the production cost for a unit is reduced without the addition of any controllers
and compensators. With the effective use of any other controllers and compensators we
can improve the reduction of unit cost to some more extent. However the method can be
used for more number of hydro and thermal plants combination.
Future Scope
Here we have considered and solved a fixed head problem however it can be
extended for a variable head problem and any other plant combinations like hydronuclear, hydro-gas, solar-thermal etc.
Page 51
REFERENCES
1. Power system analysis operation and control-A.Chakravarthy and S.Halder,3 rd
edition,PHI,2012.
2. AI-Agtash,S. and S.Renjeng,1998,Augmented lagrangian approach too hydro
thermal scheduling,1392-1400,IEEE Transactions on power systems,13(4):13921400.
3. Chang,G.W.,M.Aganagic,J.G.Waight ,J.Medina,T.Burton,
S.Reeves and M.Christoforidis,2001,Experience with mixed integer linear
programming based approach on short term hydrothermal scheduling,IEEE
transaction on power systems,16(4):743-749.
4. Kothari,D.P. and J.S.Dhillon,2006,power system optimization(2 nd edition),New
Delhi:prentice-hall.
5. Liang ,R.H.,M-H ke and Y.T.chen,2009,coevaluationary algorithm based on
lagrangian method for hydrothermal generation scheduling,IEEE transactions on
power systems,24(2):499-507.
6. Sivanagaraju ,A. and G.sreenivasan,2009,power
system
operation
and
control,New Delhi:Pearson publishing Co.Ltd.

7. Wood,A.J. and B.F.Wollenberg,1984,power generation,operation and control,New
York:wiley-interscience.
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Solution For Short Term Hydro Thermal Scheduling Problem By Using Classical Method

plants connected at various load centers through a

INTELL ENGINEERING COLLEGE

and converting the incremental water (i.e. fuel) rate

INTELL ENGINEERING COLLEGE

2.5 Scheduling energy

INTELL ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Fig. 2.1: Hydro-Thermal coupling to the same grid

industrial, agricultural, commercial, and domestic.

as control variables.The transmission power

loss is expressed in terms of the B coefficient as

INTELL ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Constant hydro-generation method.

2.10 Short Term Hydro Thermal Scheduling

INTELL ENGINEERING COLLEGE

hydraulic constraints and to satisfy the electrical demand

INTELL ENGINEERING COLLEGE

INTELL ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Let us now consider the generation and pumping intervals separately.

In order to find minimum cost, the partial derivative of

must be zero for each

INTELL ENGINEERING COLLEGE

is now demand on the system as the plant is in pumping mode.]

The hydraulic constraint equation is given by

Lt 2 F t 2 t 2 Pload t 2 Pl t 2 Pth t 2 Ph t 2 t 2 vt 2 vt 2 1 qt 2 wt2

The constraint equation can be written as

Finally the system lagrangian (L) is then given by

INTELL ENGINEERING COLLEGE

L Lt1 Lt2 vin v0 24 v fin v 24

are called end point storage constraints and may be

neglected for eliminating complexity in scheduling problem.

While for i=24,

iteration can this be developed in the conventional

Hydro reservoir has constant head during operation,

Beginning and ending storage volumes are specified,

INTELL ENGINEERING COLLEGE

-Th subinterval. The fuel

cost curve of each thermal generation is given by

thi Pth i thi

is the predefined volume of water available in

function of hydro-power generation. For j-th hyrdo-generator and for

/hr and this is a

can be expressed as follows:

-th subinterval can be represented using B-

coefficients as given below:

). Each hydroplant is constained by the amount of water available for

draw down in the

Fctotal Fc i thi P 2 th i thi Pth i thi

=total power during

= transmission line loss during

(2) Water balance for each hydro plants

For i=1, 2, 3..... (N+M)

INTELL ENGINEERING COLLEGE

is the constant which converts an incremental water flow into an equalent

incremental fuel cost (IFC) for j-th hydro generator.

to 3.23) are given below.

INTELL ENGINEERING COLLEGE

for m=N+j, j=1, 2, 3, M

From equation (3.15), we can write

Or, in general form,

Or, in general form

INTELL ENGINEERING COLLEGE

From equation (3.27)