Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Developing correlations for the properties of petroleum fuels and their fractions
Tareq A. Albahri
Chemical Engineering Department, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 5969, Safat 13060, Kuwait
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history:
Received 9 August 2011
Received in revised form 5 November 2011
Accepted 20 November 2011
Available online 1 December 2011
Keywords:
Specic gravity
API gravity
Petroleum fraction
Petroleum Fuel
Characterization
Correlation
ASTM D86 distillation
a b s t r a c t
A new method is presented for developing correlations to calculate the properties of petroleum fuels
and their fractions. The method is based on a theory that the shape of the boiling point distribution
curve of a petroleum fuel is representative of the components within and when coupled with an appropriate mathematical model it can be used to calculate its properties. The fuels ASTM D86 distillation
temperature-distribution is divided into equal-volume pseudo-component cuts each of which is assigned
a property volume blending index the aggregation of which provides an accurate estimation of the global
property of the whole petroleum fuel, or portions thereof. The methods predictive ability is demonstrated
by predicting the specic gravity (SG) of 206 petroleum fuels with an average percentage error of about
0.87% which is more accurate than other published methods. Several correlations are developed based
on the fuels available boiling temperatures. The method was further used to predict the SG of light and
heavy naphtha splits from the parent fuels boiling temperatures with an average error of 3.2% which is
more accurate than the API published method.
2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Petroleum products typically consist of thousands of chemical
compounds with undened composition. These products are generally identied and classied based on their bulk properties such
as the range of distillation, density, viscosity and the like. These
data are useful for the design and operation of petroleum rening
processes for production of such fuels and during delivery to the
end-user. Ideally, fuels properties are determined experimentally
in the laboratory on actual uid samples taken from the process
under study.
Sophisticate analytical equipments such as GC, IR, NMR, HNMR,
CNMR, and FTIR have been used to estimate the properties of
petroleum fuels indirectly. However, these extensive experimental programs can be complex, expensive and time consuming and
thus undermine the motivation for analyzing each feedstock, hence
these analytical methods did not nd wide acceptance in daily
renery operation. Because of the expense of the experimental
determination of such data, there is interest in their accurate prediction. A series of simplied correlations has been proposed during
the last ve decades for the evaluation of the physical properties of
petroleum fuels [1].
One of the most important physical characteristics of a
petroleum product that sets its price is density. Density is expressed
in the rening industry in terms of API gravity through the
114
(x) dx
n
i (x)xi
(2)
i=1
where n is the number of increments (or the number of the pseudocomponents), x is the increment size (i.e. volume fraction of
the pseudocomponents), i (x) is the property value or a function
thereof for the increment xi (or the pseudocomponent). Since
some pure component properties do not mix linearly, mixing rules
may be applied to estimate the properties of the dened mixture.
It is therefore possible to predict analytical results for multicomponent mixtures through simple accounting or methods for
aggregating the components into lumped fractions with respect to
composition. In the proposed model, a petroleum fuel is divided
into a number of increments along the true boiling point (TBP)
curve as shown in Fig. 1 equal to the number of pseudocomponents in that fraction. The average property is computed using
weight, mole, or volume fractions as appropriate, where f()i may
be the property of pseudocomponent i or a function thereof [15].
=
n
f (i )xi
(3)
i=1
2. Theory
=
(1)
where x is the fraction of volume vaporized in a TBP distillation, and (x) is the property value at x. For a nite number of
increments (components), the solution of the integral term in the
above equation may be attained by calculating the area under the
SG =
SG(x) dx
(4)
n
(SG)i (xv )i
(5)
i=1
115
(6)
i1
xvj +
xvi
2
(7)
j=1
The mathematical tting of the TBP curve in the form of Eq. (6) is
a source of unlimited number of boiling point values for an unlimited number of pseudo-components, the property volume blending
index for which can be calculated.
The volume blending index is not a real property value but rather
a blending value that when aggregated for the pseudocomponents
produces the real property value of the whole petroleum fuel. Thus,
a property of a petroleum fuel, in general, may be calculated by the
following equation,
Fig. 2. ASTM D86 boiling point distribution and the specic gravity volume blending
index distribution.
Property =
(xv )i (PVBI)i ,
where i = 1, 2, 3, . . . , n
(8)
(9)
(SGVBI)i ,
where i = 1, 2, 3, . . . , 100
(10)
(11)
116
Table 1
Experimental API gravities and ASTM D86 & D1160 tests distillation temperatures ( C) for petroleum oil samples.
Sample no.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
Sample name
Unit 11 naphtha
Unit 11 kerosen
Unit 11 diesel
Unit 17 naphtha
Unit 15 kerosen
Unit 17 sat naphtha
Unit 11 naphtha
Unit 11 kerosen
Unit 11 diesel
Unit 17 naphtha
Unit 15 kerosen
Unit 17 sat naphtha
Unit 17 unsat naphtha
Unit 11 naphtha
Unit 11 kerosen
Unit 11 diesel
Unit 17 naphtha
Unit 15 kerosen
Unit 17 sat naphtha
Unit 17 unsat naphtha
Unit 11 naphtha
Unit 11 kerosen
Unit 11 diesel
Unit 17 naphtha
Unit 15 kerosen
Unit 17 sat naphtha
Unit 11 naphtha
Unit 11 kerosen
Unit 11 diesel
Unit 17 naphtha
Unit 15 kerosen
Unit 16 diesel
Unit 17 sat naphtha
Unit 17 unsat naphtha
Unit 11 naphtha
Unit 11 kerosen
Unit 11 diesel
Unit 17 naphtha
Unit 15 kerosen
Unit 17 sat naphtha
Unit 17 unsat naphtha
Unit 11 naphtha
Unit 11 kerosen
Unit 11 diesel
Unit 17 naphtha
Unit 15 kerosen
Unit 16 diesel
Unit 17 sat naphtha
Unit 11 naphtha
Unit 11 kerosen
Unit 11 diesel
Unit 17 naphtha
Unit 15 kerosen
Unit 17 sat naphtha
Unit 17 unsat naphtha
Unit 11 naphtha
Unit 11 kerosen
Unit 11 diesel
Unit 17 naphtha
Unit 15 kerosen
Unit 17 sat naphtha
Unit 17 unsat naphtha
Unit 11 naphtha
Unit 11 kerosen
Unit 11 diesel
Unit 17 naphtha
Unit 15 kerosen
Unit 17 sat naphtha
Unit 11 naphtha
Unit 11 kerosen
Unit 11 diesel
Unit 17 naphtha
Unit 15 kerosen
Unit 17 sat naphtha
API
70.8
47.3
34.1
64.9
46.6
61.1
71
47.5
34.2
64.8
46.7
61.6
63.6
71.2
47.6
34.6
64.8
46.6
58.5
63.2
70.8
47.4
34.1
65
46.6
63.3
71
47.6
34.4
64.6
45.4
36.9
61.4
63.5
71.1
42.1
34.5
64.5
46.9
61.5
63.3
71.4
47.8
34.4
64.4
47
33.3
61.6
70.7
47.1
34.1
64.8
46.4
61.4
63.1
70.9
47.6
34.7
64.8
46.6
61
63.3
70.8
47.6
34.3
65
46.4
62.3
70.6
47.5
34.1
64.4
45
62.1
Test
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
10
30
50
70
90
95
100
32
156
228
62
149
50
36
146
236
62
147
49
66
32
147
237
63
151
47
64
33
146
225
63
154
67
32
148
212
64
151
232
48
79
36
149
233
67
147
49
70
37
163
221
67
160
234
52
38
152
234
61
155
48
64
34
144
232
67
148
49
67
34
159
233
65
149
46
35
114
191
67
149
48
44
170
228
79
168
78
48
167
256
79
169
74
82
45
168
257
80
169
72
81
46
166
258
79
171
81
44
164
258
79
169
258
75
81
48
169
256
82
166
78
82
48
167
254
83
173
261
79
49
170
259
81
172
75
79
46
166
254
82
169
74
80
48
173
259
81
171
72
48
167
251
82
169
71
51
174
269
82
173
86
53
172
267
83
173
83
84
52
172
267
83
173
81
83
52
172
269
83
175
84
50
169
267
83
174
268
83
84
53
172
266
85
171
85
84
53
172
259
86
176
270
86
52
175
269
84
177
83
82
51
168
267
84
173
82
83
54
177
271
84
174
80
54
172
264
86
174
81
76
190
287
94
188
108
76
187
286
95
188
105
93
77
187
284
93
188
103
92
77
188
286
93
190
93
74
187
285
92
189
291
105
91
74
187
284
94
188
106
93
76
184
283
97
189
292
107
77
188
286
95
191
105
92
76
186
286
95
189
104
92
77
191
288
95
189
102
77
187
283
96
189
102
96.1
201
303
106
200
122
97.8
198
302
107
200
119
104
98.9
203
299
104
200
118
102
101
199
302
105
202
103
97.8
198
302
104
201
309
119
102
96.7
197
301
104
201
118
102
97.8
196
299
109
201
311
121
100
199
302
106
203
120
103
98.9
197
302
107
202
118
103
99.4
201
303
106
201
117
99.4
198
299
106
201
116
119
214
326
121
214
133
118
211
324
119
214
132
117
121
209
321
117
213
130
115
122
211
324
119
216
114
119
211
324
118
215
332
132
114
118
209
323
118
215
133
115
119
208
322
123
214
334
132
119
211
322
119
216
132
116
121
208
324
122
216
131
117
121
212
326
118
214
129
121
211
322
119
214
128
142
231
363
138
232
145
142
228
360
139
233
144
133
143
226
353
133
231
142
131
144
228
363
136
233
132
142
228
366
137
233
365
143
132
142
226
359
136
235
144
132
141
224
358
139
232
366
145
145
226
355
136
234
143
132
145
224
361
138
236
143
135
144
228
362
136
233
140
143
227
356
134
232
138
151
237
381
146
238
149
149
233
376
147
240
149
143
152
231
367
138
237
146
137
153
233
382
141
239
138
151
235
383
144
241
381
148
140
151
232
376
144
243
149
140
150
229
375
147
239
379
150
154
230
367
142
241
147
141
156
229
376
147
244
148
147
153
233
377
143
240
144
152
256
367
139
239
142
181
251
397
162
246
155
159
240
395
171
251
172
157
166
237
382
144
243
151
144
166
248
394
152
249
146
178
238
388
161
253
391
169
156
169
238
396
159
263
172
157
154
236
390
166
252
394
167
172
234
382
153
250
153
158
159
234
396
166
263
152
169
174
240
396
159
251
150
169
341
384
147
248
145
Recovery
SG
98.6
99
98.1
98.8
98.9
98.8
98.8
98.9
99
98.8
98.9
98.9
98.9
98.9
98.9
98.9
99
99
98.9
99
98.9
98.5
98.5
98.9
98.9
99
97.7
98.9
98.9
98.7
98.9
98.9
98.9
98.8
98.6
98.9
98.8
98.9
98.6
98.9
98.7
98.8
99
98.1
98.9
98.9
98.9
98.6
98.9
98.9
99
98.9
98.9
98.9
98.9
98.7
98.9
99
98.9
98.9
98.7
98.9
98
98.9
98.6
99
98.8
98.9
98.9
98.9
98.9
99
99
98.9
0.6995
0.7914
0.8545
0.7205
0.7945
0.7347
0.6988
0.7905
0.8540
0.7208
0.7941
0.7328
0.7253
0.6981
0.7901
0.8519
0.7208
0.7945
0.7447
0.7268
0.6995
0.7909
0.8545
0.7201
0.7945
0.7264
0.6988
0.7901
0.8529
0.7216
0.7999
0.8403
0.7335
0.7256
0.6984
0.8151
0.8524
0.7219
0.7932
0.7332
0.7264
0.6974
0.7892
0.8529
0.7223
0.7927
0.8586
0.7328
0.6998
0.7923
0.8545
0.7208
0.7954
0.7335
0.7271
0.6991
0.7901
0.8514
0.7208
0.7945
0.7351
0.7264
0.6995
0.7901
0.8534
0.7201
0.7954
0.7301
0.7001
0.7905
0.8545
0.7223
0.8017
0.7309
117
Table 1 (Continued)
Sample no.
Sample name
API
Test
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
63.7
70.7
47.6
34.1
64.8
46.8
61.9
63.1
70.8
47.7
34.4
64.8
45.8
61.3
70.9
47.6
34.4
64.8
46.7
61.2
62.4
71.5
47.5
34.1
64.5
46.6
61.4
62.7
71.4
47.5
34.3
64.9
46.8
61.5
70.8
47.3
34.1
64.9
46.6
62.2
62.9
70.8
47.1
34
65.1
46.9
62.2
63.3
73.2
55.5
42.5
37.1
75.1
56.1
43.3
37.3
63.1
30.1
64.8
61.2
32.1
61.5
31.6
25.1
25
25.3
25.3
25
24.9
25
25
25.2
25.6
25.6
25.6
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
10
30
50
70
90
95
100
67
34
151
232
64
153
53
68
32
137
230
64
130
43
38
148
229
67
142
52
73
32
152
235
63
153
51
67
37
151
233
62
147
47
32
148
231
64
139
49
68
33
138
221
67
154
46
69
40
107
139
254
41
106
151
262
71
257
62
48
188
51
200
233
236
246
271
268
269
243
277
250
252
260
249
85
47
167
257
80
170
79
81
45
165
248
80
168
59
48
169
257
82
167
76
84
44
168
257
81
169
78
81
44
168
257
80
168
73
46
170
257
79
169
76
82
47
169
248
82
173
72
83
51
108
164
292
49
108
166
283
84
277
76
74
213
77
220
347
349
354
352
358
344
354
347
354
354
359
356
82
52
173
268
84
174
85
84
51
171
268
83
173
69
53
173
265
85
172
83
87
51
174
268
84
174
86
82
49
173
266
83
173
81
52
173
269
83
173
84
86
53
175
262
86
176
81
87
53
112
169
302
52
109
169
291
86
284
77
84
228
83
238
377
375
377
374
379
369
378
371
379
378
381
377
91
76
188
287
94
190
105
93
73
187
287
94
188
96
76
188
284
94
188
106
95
74
189
285
95
189
108
89
72
188
284
94
188
104
75
190
287
94
189
104
95
76
188
282
97
190
100
95
61
115
189
320
57
111
187
311
95
302
87
107
287
105
291
421
421
426
416
420
418
420
418
418
419
419
423
101
98.3
199
303
105
201
118
104
96.1
197
301
107
200
115
98.3
198
300
106
200
121
106
97.8
199
300
107
201
123
98.3
94.4
198
299
105
199
120
97.8
200
302
104
201
121
106
97.8
200
298
109
202
116
106
68.9
118
211
337
64.4
114
208
328
112
319
97.8
122
318
119
321
448
448
454
443
447
446
447
444
446
447
451
449
114
120
211
325
119
216
131
116
118
210
326
122
214
131
121
210
323
120
215
134
121
119
211
320
121
216
137
112
117
210
319
119
213
133
118
211
324
118
216
133
119
120
213
320
123
216
127
116
78
122
235
353
73
119
231
346
119
341
112
133
343
131
345
473
473
486
471
474
473
473
471
474
474
474
475
129
87
228
362
137
234
142
134
142
227
362
143
233
145
143
226
359
138
234
146
139
143
227
352
138
234
147
131
139
226
350
136
231
144
143
229
360
136
234
147
139
141
231
355
140
234
139
132
88
129
265
374
84
126
259
369
134
370
132
147
372
143
373
510
508
135
151
233
378
143
242
146
141
153
233
376
186
240
150
153
231
375
145
241
149
149
154
232
366
146
241
151
141
147
231
361
144
237
148
153
236
374
144
241
153
149
149
237
367
148
241
143
138
92
132
276
382
89
129
269
378
143
384
142
151
384
147
383
526
522
509
514
509
508
504
510
511
512
511
524
524
521
521
514
524
526
524
527
142
168
241
396
160
254
150
156
175
239
391
188
249
159
156
236
393
158
252
157
173
183
238
381
163
252
170
153
159
238
377
161
245
153
176
246
392
174
254
166
167
157
243
381
160
250
147
143
92.8
139
288
389
92.8
135
282
384
159
397
163
180
391
153
394
535
534
531
532
534
526
526
524
536
537
536
537
Recovery
SG
99
98.9
98.8
99
98.9
98.9
98.9
98.9
98.9
98.9
98.8
98.7
99
98.7
98.6
98.9
98.9
98.9
98.9
98.9
98.6
98.8
98.9
98.9
98.9
98.9
98.8
98.8
98.4
98.8
98.9
98.9
98.9
98.9
98.9
98.9
99
98.9
98.9
98.1
98.9
98.9
98.8
98.7
98.9
98.8
98.9
98.9
96.4
98.9
98.9
98.9
98.7
98.9
98.9
98.8
98.9
98.9
98.5
98.9
98.8
98.9
98.9
98.5
99
89
98.5
98
97.5
97.5
99
98.9
98.5
98.5
98.5
0.7249
0.6998
0.7901
0.8545
0.7208
0.7936
0.7316
0.7271
0.6995
0.7896
0.8529
0.7208
0.7981
0.7339
0.6991
0.7901
0.8529
0.7208
0.7941
0.7343
0.7298
0.6970
0.7905
0.8545
0.7219
0.7945
0.7335
0.7286
0.6974
0.7905
0.8534
0.7205
0.7936
0.7332
0.6995
0.7914
0.8545
0.7205
0.7945
0.7305
0.7279
0.6995
0.7923
0.8550
0.7197
0.7932
0.7305
0.7264
0.6913
0.7567
0.8132
0.8393
0.6849
0.7543
0.8095
0.8383
0.7271
0.8756
0.7208
0.7343
0.8649
0.7332
0.8676
0.9036
0.9042
0.9024
0.9024
0.9042
0.9047
0.9042
0.9042
0.9030
0.9007
0.9007
0.9007
118
Table 1 (Continued)
Sample no.
Sample name
API
Test
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
25.2
25
25.8
25.9
25.1
25.4
25
25.4
25.3
24.9
12.4
19.1
12.3
18.8
12.4
18.9
12.3
19.2
12.8
18.8
13.1
19.7
12.8
18.8
12.3
12.7
13
18.7
13.1
19
13
19.2
13.4
19.2
27.4
21.9
22.1
21.8
21.5
22
22.4
22.2
22.2
22.4
22.2
22.3
22
22.2
22.6
22.3
22
22.8
22.4
22.2
22.8
22.9
22.2
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
10
30
50
70
90
95
100
277
230
262
262
308
261
282
262
280
251
281
304
278
297
275
297
281
306
277
314
266
308
269
276
273
314
276
327
283
284
282
336
281
331
198
202
207
203
206
204
194
210
211
198
209
242
214
218
207
199
203
203
202
203
194
221
204
345
344
354
359
357
359
365
361
349
354
366
394
365
387
364
393
365
394
362
389
356
387
360
408
359
390
362
396
355
391
357
393
359
398
298
303
307
291
294
302
296
303
303
299
298
319
294
296
299
305
302
301
298
299
301
291
302
371
371
376
379
383
395
381
382
376
377
397
421
398
413
395
418
399
422
394
414
387
410
393
430
392
412
395
421
392
416
394
419
393
422
331
334
334
330
327
337
331
337
330
333
331
346
332
332
336
347
331
333
329
332
332
332
336
418
419
420
422
425
419
427
422
422
421
479
479
477
472
474
478
480
480
479
474
470
467
476
481
472
467
478
479
474
474
475
477
473
479
386
390
393
387
388
389
386
387
387
387
387
396
387
389
389
398
389
387
386
390
389
389
386
446
447
448
451
451
447
449
451
448
450
538
541
473
472
474
477
477
467
477
477
476
477
507
507
514
513
511
511
514
514
513
514
522
518
526
528
522
526
522
529
524
527
528
524
536
533
525
538
537
537
528
538
549
566
528
523
523
534
543
564
529
554
525
537
549
561
522
534
551
561
542
536
543
539
542
545
495
498
523
520
520
518
497
490
488
493
496
498
496
501
510
507
507
499
507
531
505
498
498
544
539
532
523
541
541
521
543
538
531
535
536
413
418
422
419
421
421
414
413
416
416
415
422
416
419
417
419
418
416
414
422
418
416
418
437
442
450
446
453
448
440
438
440
439
438
444
441
446
442
449
444
440
440
453
442
441
444
465
472
489
480
489
486
468
469
469
468
466
473
470
479
472
475
476
470
476
504
472
472
476
477
485
508
497
511
504
481
483
479
479
477
489
482
491
497
490
489
483
489
531
486
487
488
Recovery
SG
99
97.5
98.9
97.5
97
98.9
98
98.5
97.5
99
50.5
58
46
48
44
49
50.5
57.5
45
57.5
49.5
55
52.5
57
48.5
53.5
51
57.5
50
0.9030
0.9042
0.8996
0.8990
0.9036
0.9018
0.9042
0.9018
0.9024
0.9047
0.9833
0.9396
0.9840
0.9415
0.9833
0.9408
0.9840
0.9390
0.9806
0.9415
0.9786
0.9358
0.9806
0.9415
0.9840
0.9813
0.9792
0.9421
0.9786
0.9402
0.9792
0.9390
0.9765
0.9390
0.8905
0.9224
0.9212
0.9230
0.9248
0.9218
0.9194
0.9206
0.9206
0.9194
0.9206
0.9200
0.9218
0.9206
0.9182
0.9200
0.9218
0.9170
0.9194
0.9206
0.9170
0.9165
0.9206
50
51.5
49.5
53
99
98.5
98
98.9
97.5
97.5
98.5
98
98
98.5
99
97
98.5
98
98.5
98.5
98.9
98.5
98.5
95
98.5
98
98.5
Unit 11 = crude oil distillation unit, Unit 12 = atmospheric residue distillation unit, Unit 14 = gas oil hydrocracking, Unit 15 = naphtha hydrotreating unit, Unit 16 = kerosene
Hydrotreating unit, Unit 17 = diesel hydrotreating unit, and Unit 20 = delayed coking unit.
average absolute deviation is 0.0091 and the absolute average percentage error is 1.12% which is well within the error obtained in
tting the experimental data suing Eq. (6). The maximum deviation
and error are 0.0647% and 8.16%, respectively. Although the model
parameters in Eq. (11) were determined using the experimental
data of only six petroleum fuels, yet the model compared with the
experimental data when tested on the other 200 petroleum fuels
with remarkable accuracy.
Eq. (6) was able to t the experimental data for all types of
distillation curves shown in Table 1 ranging from light naphtha
to desulfurized fractionator bottoms with a correlation coefcient
ranging from 0.9300 (for sample no. 70) to 0.9999 (for sample no.
43) with an average of 0.9900 for all samples. Sample no. 70 mentioned above was characterized by more complex distillation curve
with certain regions having abrupt change in slope. Although tting
of the distillation curve for that sample was less accurate than others (with a correlation coefcient of 0.9300), yet the method was
able to predict the specic gravity of that sample very accurately
with a percentage error of 0.01% as shown in Table 2. Apparently the
errors in tting Eq. (6) and using Eqs. (10) and (11) even out and the
overall error is small. Eq. (6) was also capable of tting sample 127
for light naphtha characterized by a small slope and slight change in
119
Table 2
Experimental and calculated specic gravities using different equations for petroleum oil samples.
Sample no.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
Sample name
Test
SG exp.
Eq. (10)
% error
Eq. (14)
% error
Eq. (15)
% error
Unit 11 naphtha
Unit 11 kerosen
Unit 11 diesel
Unit 17 naphtha
Unit 15 kerosen
Unit 17 sat naphtha
Unit 11 naphtha
Unit 11 kerosen
Unit 11 diesel
Unit 17 naphtha
Unit 15 kerosen
Unit 17 sat naphtha
Unit 17 unsat naphtha
Unit 11 naphtha
Unit 11 kerosen
Unit 11 diesel
Unit 17 naphtha
Unit 15 kerosen
Unit 17 sat naphtha
Unit 17 unsat naphtha
Unit 11 naphtha
Unit 11 kerosen
Unit 11 diesel
Unit 17 naphtha
Unit 15 kerosen
Unit 17 sat naphtha
Unit 11 naphtha
Unit 11 kerosen
Unit 11 diesel
Unit 17 naphtha
Unit 15 kerosen
Unit 16 diesel
Unit 17 sat naphtha
Unit 17 unsat naphtha
Unit 11 naphtha
Unit 11 kerosen
Unit 11 diesel
Unit 17 naphtha
Unit 15 kerosen
Unit 17 sat naphtha
Unit 17 unsat naphtha
Unit 11 naphtha
Unit 11 kerosen
Unit 11 diesel
Unit 17 naphtha
Unit 15 kerosen
Unit 16 diesel
Unit 17 sat naphtha
Unit 11 naphtha
Unit 11 kerosen
Unit 11 diesel
Unit 17 naphtha
Unit 15 kerosen
Unit 17 sat naphtha
Unit 17 unsat naphtha
Unit 11 naphtha
Unit 11 kerosen
Unit 11 diesel
Unit 17 naphtha
Unit 15 kerosen
Unit 17 sat naphtha
Unit 17 unsat naphtha
Unit 11 naphtha
Unit 11 kerosen
Unit 11 diesel
Unit 17 naphtha
Unit 15 kerosen
Unit 17 sat naphtha
Unit 11 naphtha
Unit 11 kerosen
Unit 11 diesel
Unit 17 naphtha
Unit 15 kerosen
Unit 17 sat naphtha
Unit 17 unsat naphtha
Unit 11 naphtha
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
0.6995
0.7914
0.8545
0.7205
0.7945
0.7347
0.6988
0.7905
0.8540
0.7208
0.7941
0.7328
0.7253
0.6981
0.7901
0.8519
0.7208
0.7945
0.7447
0.7268
0.6995
0.7909
0.8545
0.7201
0.7945
0.7264
0.6988
0.7901
0.8529
0.7216
0.7999
0.8403
0.7335
0.7256
0.6984
0.8151
0.8524
0.7219
0.7932
0.7332
0.7264
0.6974
0.7892
0.8529
0.7223
0.7927
0.8586
0.7328
0.6998
0.7923
0.8545
0.7208
0.7954
0.7335
0.7271
0.6991
0.7901
0.8514
0.7208
0.7945
0.7351
0.7264
0.6995
0.7901
0.8534
0.7201
0.7954
0.7301
0.7001
0.7905
0.8545
0.7223
0.8017
0.7309
0.7249
0.6998
0.7176
0.7919
0.8548
0.7266
0.7913
0.7340
0.7181
0.7900
0.8551
0.7268
0.7916
0.7325
0.7253
0.7188
0.7902
0.8535
0.7250
0.7912
0.7310
0.7240
0.7195
0.7902
0.8558
0.7256
0.7925
0.7242
0.7176
0.7896
0.8557
0.7254
0.7923
0.8579
0.7325
0.7240
0.7177
0.7895
0.8545
0.7259
0.7918
0.7329
0.7244
0.7182
0.7884
0.8534
0.7286
0.7923
0.8588
0.7336
0.7192
0.7903
0.8545
0.7265
0.7932
0.7325
0.7243
0.7189
0.7884
0.8552
0.7274
0.7927
0.7317
0.7251
0.7194
0.7917
0.8562
0.7263
0.7922
0.7303
0.7192
0.7906
0.8531
0.7263
0.7919
0.7295
0.7233
0.7134
2.59
0.06
0.04
0.85
0.40
0.09
2.77
0.06
0.13
0.83
0.31
0.04
0.00
2.96
0.01
0.18
0.58
0.41
1.84
0.38
2.86
0.10
0.16
0.77
0.25
0.30
2.70
0.05
0.33
0.52
0.95
2.10
0.15
0.23
2.76
3.14
0.25
0.55
0.18
0.04
0.27
2.98
0.10
0.05
0.87
0.05
0.02
0.11
2.77
0.25
0.00
0.78
0.27
0.14
0.39
2.83
0.21
0.44
0.91
0.22
0.45
0.18
2.85
0.21
0.32
0.86
0.40
0.02
2.72
0.01
0.16
0.55
1.22
0.19
0.22
1.94
0.7120
0.7938
0.8557
0.7224
0.7932
0.7312
0.7127
0.7919
0.8548
0.7228
0.7934
0.7295
0.7208
0.7134
0.7920
0.8535
0.7208
0.7931
0.7278
0.7196
0.7141
0.7922
0.8554
0.7215
0.7945
0.7199
0.7120
0.7914
0.8553
0.7211
0.7942
0.8573
0.7294
0.7196
0.7121
0.7913
0.8543
0.7217
0.7936
0.7299
0.7199
0.7126
0.7902
0.8530
0.7248
0.7942
0.8581
0.7306
0.7135
0.7923
0.8545
0.7224
0.7952
0.7295
0.7197
0.7133
0.7901
0.8550
0.7233
0.7946
0.7285
0.7206
0.7141
0.7936
0.8559
0.7222
0.7940
0.7269
0.7139
0.7918
0.8534
0.7223
0.7938
0.7262
0.7184
0.7037
1.80
0.30
0.14
0.27
0.16
0.48
1.99
0.18
0.10
0.27
0.08
0.45
0.62
2.19
0.25
0.19
0.01
0.18
2.27
0.99
2.10
0.15
0.11
0.19
0.01
0.90
1.90
0.17
0.27
0.07
0.71
2.03
0.56
0.84
1.95
2.91
0.22
0.03
0.06
0.45
0.89
2.18
0.13
0.01
0.34
0.18
0.06
0.29
1.96
0.00
0.00
0.22
0.02
0.55
1.02
2.03
0.00
0.43
0.34
0.01
0.90
0.80
2.09
0.45
0.29
0.29
0.17
0.44
1.96
0.17
0.13
0.00
0.99
0.64
0.89
0.55
0.7124
0.7948
0.8545
0.7212
0.7941
0.7344
0.7139
0.7929
0.8537
0.7217
0.7941
0.7326
0.7193
0.7149
0.7959
0.8526
0.7197
0.7941
0.7312
0.7178
0.7163
0.7933
0.8537
0.7202
0.7952
0.7183
0.7139
0.7925
0.8537
0.7193
0.7948
0.8572
0.7326
0.7173
0.7129
0.7921
0.8532
0.7197
0.7944
0.7312
0.7178
0.7139
0.7910
0.8523
0.7236
0.7944
0.8582
0.7335
0.7159
0.7933
0.8537
0.7212
0.7959
0.7330
0.7183
0.7149
0.7918
0.8540
0.7217
0.7952
0.7316
0.7183
0.7154
0.7944
0.8545
0.7207
0.7944
0.7302
0.7154
0.7925
0.8523
0.7212
0.7944
0.7293
0.7168
0.7144
1.85
0.43
0.01
0.10
0.06
0.03
2.17
0.30
0.03
0.12
0.00
0.03
0.83
2.41
0.75
0.08
0.15
0.06
1.82
1.23
2.41
0.30
0.09
0.02
0.09
1.11
2.17
0.31
0.09
0.32
0.63
2.01
0.13
1.15
2.08
2.82
0.09
0.30
0.16
0.27
1.18
2.37
0.23
0.07
0.18
0.22
0.05
0.10
2.29
0.13
0.09
0.05
0.07
0.07
1.22
2.26
0.21
0.30
0.12
0.09
0.47
1.11
2.28
0.55
0.13
0.08
0.12
0.01
2.17
0.26
0.25
0.15
0.91
0.22
1.11
2.08
120
Table 2 (Continued)
Sample no.
Sample name
Test
SG exp.
Eq. (10)
% error
Eq. (14)
% error
Eq. (15)
% error
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
Unit 11 kerosen
Unit 11 diesel
Unit 17 naphtha
Unit 15 kerosen
Unit 17 sat naphtha
Unit 17 unsat naphtha
Unit 11 naphtha
Unit 11 kerosen
Unit 11 diesel
Unit 17 naphtha
Unit 15 kerosen
Unit 17 sat naphtha
Unit 11 naphtha
Unit 11 kerosen
Unit 11 diesel
Unit 17 naphtha
Unit 15 kerosen
Unit 17 sat naphtha
Unit 17 unsat naphtha
Unit 11 naphtha
Unit 11 kerosen
Unit 11 diesel
Unit 17 naphtha
Unit 16 diesel
Unit 17 sat naphtha
Unit 17 unsat naphtha
Unit 11 naphtha
Unit 11 kerosen
Unit 11 diesel
Unit 17 naphtha
Unit 15 kerosen
Unit 17 sat naphtha
Unit 11 naphtha
Unit 11 kerosen
Unit 11 diesel
Unit 17 naphtha
Unit 15 kerosen
Unit 17 sat naphtha
Unit 17 unsat naphtha
Unit 11 naphtha
Unit 11 kerosen
Unit 11 diesel
Unit 17 naphtha
Unit 15 kerosen
Unit 17 sat naphtha
Unit 17 unsat naphtha
Unit 14 light naphtha
Unit 14 havy naphtha
Unit 14 ATK
Unit 14 gas oil
Unit 14 light naphtha
Unit 14 havy naphtha
Unit 14 ATK
Unit 14 gas oil
Unit 20 havy naphtha
Unit 20 diesel
Unit 20 havy naphtha
Unit 12 naphtha
Unit 12 diesel
Unit 12 naphtha
Unit 12 diesel
Unit 14 feed VGO
Unit 14 feed VGO
Unit 14 feed VGO
Unit 14 feed VGO
Unit 14 feed VGO
Unit 14 feed VGO
Unit 14 feed VGO
Unit 14 feed VGO
Unit 14 feed VGO
Unit 14 feed VGO
Unit 14 feed VGO
Unit 14 feed VGO
Unit 14 feed VGO
Unit 14 feed VGO
Unit 14 feed VGO
Unit 14 feed VGO
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
0.7901
0.8545
0.7208
0.7936
0.7316
0.7271
0.6995
0.7896
0.8529
0.7208
0.7981
0.7339
0.6991
0.7901
0.8529
0.7208
0.7941
0.7343
0.7298
0.6970
0.7905
0.8545
0.7219
0.7945
0.7335
0.7286
0.6974
0.7905
0.8534
0.7205
0.7936
0.7332
0.6995
0.7914
0.8545
0.7205
0.7945
0.7305
0.7279
0.6995
0.7923
0.8550
0.7197
0.7932
0.7305
0.7264
0.6913
0.7567
0.8132
0.8393
0.6849
0.7543
0.8095
0.8383
0.7271
0.8756
0.7208
0.7343
0.8649
0.7332
0.8676
0.9036
0.9042
0.9024
0.9024
0.9042
0.9047
0.9042
0.9042
0.9030
0.9007
0.9007
0.9007
0.9030
0.9042
0.8996
0.8990
0.7904
0.8557
0.7260
0.7926
0.7322
0.7250
0.7172
0.7893
0.8552
0.7294
0.7916
0.7283
0.7188
0.7898
0.8543
0.7269
0.7916
0.7334
0.7277
0.7178
0.7906
0.8536
0.7271
0.7924
0.7348
0.7226
0.7158
0.7900
0.8528
0.7260
0.7911
0.7323
0.7179
0.7911
0.8554
0.7258
0.7922
0.7333
0.7272
0.7182
0.7914
0.8524
0.7285
0.7930
0.7293
0.7256
0.6972
0.7345
0.7991
0.8710
0.6945
0.7323
0.7974
0.8668
0.7274
0.8637
0.7213
0.7337
0.8553
0.7323
0.8574
0.9205
0.9202
0.04
0.14
0.72
0.13
0.07
0.29
2.54
0.04
0.27
1.19
0.82
0.77
2.81
0.03
0.16
0.84
0.30
0.12
0.28
2.98
0.01
0.10
0.71
0.27
0.17
0.83
2.64
0.06
0.08
0.77
0.31
0.12
2.63
0.04
0.11
0.74
0.28
0.38
0.10
2.69
0.11
0.31
1.21
0.02
0.16
0.11
0.86
2.93
1.73
3.78
1.40
2.91
1.50
3.40
0.04
1.36
0.07
0.08
1.11
0.12
1.17
1.87
1.78
0.7924
0.8554
0.7220
0.7944
0.7290
0.7207
0.7115
0.7912
0.8554
0.7237
0.7934
0.7246
0.7132
0.7917
0.8541
0.7228
0.7935
0.7304
0.7236
0.7122
0.7926
0.8537
0.7230
0.7943
0.7321
0.7177
0.7100
0.7920
0.8530
0.7218
0.7930
0.7292
0.7123
0.7929
0.8552
0.7216
0.7941
0.7303
0.7230
0.7128
0.7934
0.8526
0.7246
0.7949
0.7259
0.7214
0.6887
0.7318
0.8009
0.8689
0.6854
0.7291
0.7990
0.8652
0.7232
0.8624
0.7163
0.7310
0.8544
0.7291
0.8566
0.9044
0.9042
0.29
0.11
0.16
0.10
0.36
0.89
1.73
0.19
0.28
0.40
0.58
-1.27
2.02
0.20
0.14
0.27
0.07
0.53
0.84
2.17
0.26
0.09
0.15
0.03
0.20
1.49
1.81
0.18
0.05
0.18
0.07
0.54
1.84
0.19
0.09
0.16
0.05
0.03
0.67
1.90
0.14
0.28
0.67
0.22
0.63
0.69
0.37
3.29
1.52
3.53
0.08
3.33
1.29
3.21
0.54
1.51
0.63
0.46
1.21
0.56
1.26
0.09
0.00
0.9194
0.9212
0.9194
0.9204
0.9190
0.9205
0.9208
0.9215
0.9213
0.9196
0.9193
0.9209
0.9219
1.89
1.88
1.62
1.80
1.64
1.94
2.23
2.31
2.29
1.84
1.68
2.37
2.55
0.9035
0.9046
0.9035
0.9043
0.9033
0.9043
0.9044
0.9048
0.9046
0.9036
0.9036
0.9043
0.9049
0.12
0.05
0.14
0.02
0.09
0.14
0.41
0.45
0.44
0.07
0.06
0.53
0.66
0.7933
0.8542
0.7202
0.7948
0.7316
0.7193
0.7124
0.7918
0.8534
0.7217
0.7941
0.7288
0.7144
0.7925
0.8529
0.7212
0.7941
0.7340
0.7212
0.7139
0.7937
0.8529
0.7217
0.7948
0.7354
0.7144
0.7109
0.7929
0.8523
0.7202
0.7937
0.7330
0.7139
0.7941
0.8540
0.7197
0.7948
0.7335
0.7207
0.7139
0.7941
0.8518
0.7236
0.7956
0.7293
0.7207
0.6876
0.7312
0.8012
0.8698
0.6834
0.7284
0.7993
0.8660
0.7260
0.8621
0.7139
0.7349
0.8613
0.7321
0.8628
0.9044
0.9044
0.9056
0.9033
0.9042
0.9039
0.9042
0.9037
0.9039
0.9042
0.9051
0.9046
0.9040
0.9042
0.9044
0.9049
0.41
0.03
0.08
0.15
0.00
1.08
1.85
0.27
0.06
0.12
0.50
-0.69
2.19
0.31
0.00
0.05
0.00
0.04
1.17
2.42
0.40
0.19
0.04
0.04
0.25
1.95
1.94
0.30
0.13
0.03
0.01
0.02
2.07
0.34
0.06
0.10
0.04
0.41
0.98
2.07
0.22
0.37
0.54
0.30
0.17
0.78
0.53
3.37
1.48
3.64
0.22
3.44
1.26
3.31
0.16
1.55
0.96
0.08
0.42
0.14
0.55
0.09
0.03
0.35
0.10
0.00
0.09
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.38
0.48
0.43
0.12
0.00
0.54
0.66
121
Table 2 (Continued)
Sample no.
Sample name
Test
SG exp.
Eq. (10)
% error
Eq. (14)
% error
Eq. (15)
% error
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
D1160
0.9036
0.9018
0.9042
0.9018
0.9024
0.9047
0.9833
0.9396
0.9840
0.9415
0.9833
0.9408
0.9840
0.9390
0.9806
0.9415
0.9786
0.9358
0.9806
0.9415
0.9840
0.9813
0.9792
0.9421
0.9786
0.9402
0.9792
0.9390
0.9765
0.9390
0.8905
0.9224
0.9212
0.9230
0.9248
0.9218
0.9194
0.9206
0.9206
0.9194
0.9206
0.9200
0.9218
0.9206
0.9182
0.9200
0.9218
0.9170
0.9194
0.9206
0.9170
0.9165
0.9206
0.9223
0.9213
0.9225
0.9222
0.9210
0.9215
2.07
2.16
2.03
2.26
2.05
1.85
0.9054
0.9052
0.9053
0.9051
0.9045
0.9047
0.20
0.38
0.12
0.37
0.23
0.00
0.9049
0.9042
0.9046
0.9049
0.9044
0.9048
0.9150
0.9151
0.15
0.26
0.05
0.34
0.22
0.01
6.95
2.60
0.9152
0.9151
6.99
2.54
0.9151
2.80
0.9144
0.9151
0.9151
2.29
6.68
2.80
0.9142
6.84
0.9150
2.87
0.9148
2.70
0.9149
2.56
0.9150
0.8960
0.8973
0.8985
0.8976
0.8982
0.8982
0.8965
0.8960
0.8968
0.8969
0.8966
0.8984
0.8969
0.8978
0.8971
0.8978
0.8975
0.8969
0.8965
0.8985
0.8973
0.8969
0.8975
2.55
0.62
2.72
2.47
2.75
2.88
2.56
2.50
2.67
2.59
2.45
2.61
2.36
2.70
2.48
2.30
2.42
2.64
2.20
2.50
2.40
2.15
2.13
2.51
0.9031
0.9053
0.9083
0.9054
0.9071
0.9074
0.9036
0.9044
0.9043
0.9041
0.9036
0.9082
0.9042
0.9059
0.9054
0.9079
0.9056
0.9045
0.9043
0.9090
0.9051
0.9046
0.9055
1.42
1.85
1.41
1.91
1.91
1.57
1.72
1.76
1.78
1.67
1.85
1.29
1.91
1.60
1.40
1.31
1.76
1.37
1.65
1.26
1.31
1.30
1.64
0.8934
0.8947
0.8962
0.8947
0.8954
0.8960
0.8937
0.8943
0.8939
0.8941
0.8937
0.8966
0.8941
0.8951
0.8947
0.8969
0.8948
0.8942
0.8939
0.8964
0.8945
0.8944
0.8949
0.32
3.00
2.71
3.07
3.19
2.81
2.80
2.86
2.90
2.76
2.92
2.55
3.01
2.77
2.56
2.51
2.94
2.49
2.78
2.63
2.45
2.41
2.80
90% distillation temperatures (T10 , T30 , T50 , T70 , and T90 ). This conveniently utilizes the usually reported ASTM standard 10, 30, 50,
70 and 90 vol.% boiling point temperatures and ignores the IBP and
FBP that are usually not as accurately determinable.
In this case the specic gravity is calculated from Eq. (8) by simply adding the volume weighted (averaged) SG blending indices
(SGVBI)i for the 5 pseudocomponent cuts evaluated at the boiling point temperatures corresponding to the 10, 30, 50, 70, and 90
cumulative mid-volume percentages as follows,
SG =
(xv )i (SGVBI)i ,
(12)
where SG is the specic gravity of the petroleum fuel, xvi is the volume fraction of each pseudocomponent which is 20% or 0.2 volume
fraction and (SGVBI)i is the specic gravity volume blending index
given by the following quadratic equation obtained by regression
122
Feed 1
Feed 2
Feed 3
Distillation IBP
5% recovered
10% recovered
30% recovered
50% recovered
70% recovered
90% recovered
95% recovered
Distillation FBP
Recovery (vol.%)
43
58
62
73
85
97
109
113
118
98.9
45
60
64
76
89
100
112
117
128
98.9
38
47
52
68
84
100
113
120
130
98.9
SG (feed)
SG (light naphtha product)
SG (heavy naphtha product)
0.7040
0.6757
0.7393
0.708
0.6542
0.728
0.7067
0.6692
0.7283
(13)
in C
Average %
error
Maximum
% error
Riazi [7]
Valderrama and Abu-Sharkh [9]
Al-Mehaideb et al. [12]
Albahri (proposed method; Eq. (14))
Albahri (proposed method; Eq. (15))
2.2
3
1.8
0.93
0.87
5.7
5
4.82
3.53
3.64
(15)
123
Table 5
Comparison of model predicted SG with experimental for light and heavy naphtha cuts using naphtha feed distillation temperatures.
Light naphtha
Feed 1
Feed 2
Feed 3
Heavy naphtha
SG (exp.)
SG (est.)
% error
SG (exp.)
SG (est.)
% error
0.6757
0.6542
0.6692
0.6976
0.6998
0.6923
3.2
6.97
3.4
0.7393
0.728
0.7283
0.7197
0.7221
0.7220
2.6
0.80
0.87
Another way to forecast the SG of portions of a petroleum fraction cut from the parent fuel is by using Eq. (1) which can be
rewritten in the following form in terms of volume percent instead
of mole fraction, and property volume blending index (V) instead
of the properties of the pure components (x),
V2
=
V1
(V ) dV
(16)
(V2 V1 )
V2
SG =
V1
SGVBI(V ) dV
(V2 V1 )
(17)
For the complete distillation range for the whole petroleum fraction V1 = 0 and V2 = 100, then above equation becomes,
100
SG =
SGVBI(V ) dV
100
(18)
(19)
(20)
Combining Eqs. (18)(20) and integrating, the following expression is obtained for the SG of the naphtha feed,
SGcut =
100
SGheavy =
47.5
SG(V ) dV
(100 47.5)
(23)
Integration of Eq. (23) using Eqs. (19) and (20) leads to the same
expression as that of Eq. (21). To calculate the SG for the heavy
naphtha product the initial and nal volume percent are used;
V1 = 47.5 and V2 = 100 (which is the vol.% of the heavy naphtha). The
SG is estimated as 0.7215 which is 2.4% less than the experimental
value of 0.7393 shown in Table 4.
Higher errors obtained in this case may have been due to the
simplifying approximation using linear instead of quadratic function for the SG volume blending index using Eq. (19) in addition to
the conventional inaccuracy in the experimental determination of
the boiling point distribution closer to the initial and nal boiling
point regions of the boiling point diagram. However, this method is
more accurate than the API adopted method which is not only more
complicated but is also reported to occasionally produce serious
errors, because of the lack of standardization and other inherent
inadequacies in the API method due to insufciently precise or
consistent data to develop good correlations [17].
The above procedure can be applied to predict other properties of the petroleum fraction such as the freezing point, the Reid
vapor pressure, the molecular weight, and the like, and in particular to predict the mass, mole or volume specic properties such
as enthalpy, heat capacity, molecular weight, heat of combustion,
heat of vaporization by calculating through regression from appropriate experimental data the values of the constants of Eq. (9); a, b,
and c or any other appropriate equation including non-quadratic.
The boiling point distribution may as well be the true boiling point
distribution or any boiling point distribution obtainable from a distillation device, a gas chromatograph, or infrared spectroscopy or
the like since inter-conversion between these is well established in
the literature or can be easily developed.
0.6882 (V2 V1 ) + 6.2755 104 (V22 V12 ) 1.0367 105 (V23 V13 ) + 9.891 108 (V24 V14 ) 3.314 1010 (V25 V15 )
(V2 V1 )
47.5
SGlight =
For the heavy cut of the naphtha (heavy naphtha product) the
SG is calculated using Eq. (17) in the following form
SGVBI(V ) dV
47.5
(21)
One practical advantage of the present method is that it can
be incorporated into any standard ASTM distillation test apparatus
to provide accurate measure of the various properties of petroleum
fractions. As such the properties of petroleum fractions can be accurately measured from a small volume of oil sample in a short period
of time with less cost and energy for the analysis. The distillation
apparatus may comprise a computer equipped with the property
estimation model for evaluating the property value outputted from
the property estimation model.
(22)
Integration of Eq. (22) using Eqs. (19) and (20) leads to the same
expression as that of Eq. (21). To calculate the SG for the light naphtha product the initial and nal volume percent are used; V1 = 0 and
V2 = 47.5 (which is the vol.% of the light naphtha). The SG is estimated as 0.7035 which is 4% higher than the experimental value of
0.6767 shown in Table 4.
5. Conclusions
The objective of this work was to develop a theoretically based
method to characterize undened multicomponent mixtures such
as petroleum fuels in a simple mathematical correlation that
would allow for accurate prediction of the physical and chemical properties of such fuels utilizing a single test (the ASTM D86
124
average % error than Eq. (10) requiring only the boiling point temperatures at 10, 30, 50, 70, and 90 vol.% vaporized of the sample.
Eq. (15) produces comparable accuracy to Eq. (14) but requires only
the middle boiling point temperature (at 50 vol.% vaporized), however, the equations predictions for heavy oils such as unit 12 feed
(high sulfur atmospheric residue) and unit 12 fractionator bottoms
(desulfurized residue) were not accurate enough to generalize the
method to such heavy oils.
Out of all the equations discussed, Eqs. (14) and (15) are more
recommended because they are more accurate and simpler to use
than Eq. (10) with Eq. (15) more favorable when only the mid boiling point is available. Calculating the specic gravity using Eq. (14)
or (15) require only a hand calculator whereas calculating the same
using Eq. (10) requires a computer. For all Eqs. (10), (14) and (15)
the recommended ranges for the IBP, FBP, and SG are 32308 C,
93538 C, and 0.68490.9248 respectively. For Eq. (15) the method
was further tested to higher SG, IBP, FBP of 336 C, 566 C, and
0.9840 respectively, but with higher error (6%). Caution should
be practiced because the method has not been tested outside the
recommended ranges.
List of symbols
xi
increment size of pseudocomponent i on the distillation
curve
API
API gravity
FBP
nal boiling point
IBP
initial boiling point
n
total number of pseudocomponents in the petroleum fuel
PVBI
property volume blending index
RVP
Reid vapor pressure
SG
standard specic gravity for liquid at 15 C
SGVBI
Specic gravity volume blending index
mid-volume boiling point at the10% distillation temperT10
ature
T30
mid-volume boiling point at the 30% distillation temperature
mid-volume boiling point at the 50% distillation temperT50
ature
T70
mid-volume boiling point at the 70% distillation temperature
mid-volume boiling point at the 90% distillation temperT90
ature
boiling point temperature on petroleum fuels curve corTbj
responding to mid volume percent of pseudocomponent
j
TBP
true boiling point curve
V
volume of pseudocomponent
x
mole fraction
xv
volume fraction
any thermo-physical property
(x)
property value at x volume percent
i (x)
property value of pseudocomponent i
j
cumulative volume fraction at the mid-volume percent of
component j on the TBP curve
Acknowledgments
This work was done during sabbatical leave sponsored by
Kuwait University. Experimental data were obtained from Kuwait
National Petroleum Company.
References
[1] American Petroleum Institute, in: R.P. Daubert, T.E. Danner (Eds.), API Technical
Data BookPetroleum Rening, API, Washington, DC, 1989.
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17]
125