Viscerosomatic Reflexes

System/Organ

Sympathetic

Head and neck

Phrenic nerve

T1-T5
C3-C5 right

Myocardium
Coronary artery
Cardiac rate/rhythm

Cardiac
T1-T5 left
C3-C5 (sympathetic?)
T1-T2
Respiratory

Upper respiratory tract

T1-T5

Lung
Bronchomotor reflex
Asthma reflex
Bronchial mucosa reflex
Lung parenchyma reflex
Parietal pleura

T1-T4
T1-T3 ipsilateral
T2 left
T2-T3 ipsilateral
T3-T4 ipsilateral
T1-T12
Gastrointestinal
T3-T6 right
T5-T10 left [cardiac T4 right, fundus T5
left, pylorus T6 left]

Esophagus
Stomach
Duodenum
Small intestine
Appendix and Cecum
Ascending colon
Descending / Rectum
Pancreas
Liver/Gallbladder
Spleen
Kidney
Proximal ureter
Distal ureter
Bladder
Urethra
External Genitalia
Fallopian tubes
Seminal Vescicles
Prostate
Ovaries
Testis
Uterus
Pituitary
Thyroid
Adrenal glands

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T6-T8 right
T8-T10 bilateral or right
T9-T12 right
T11-L1 right
L1-L3 left
T5-T9 bilateral or right
T5-T10 right
T7-T9 left
Urinary Tract
T9-L1 ipsilateral
T11-L3 ipsilateral

Parasympathetic

Occiput, C1, C2
C2 left (vagus)
Trigeminal: final common pathway,
temporalis muscles, occiput, C1, C2

Occiput, C1, C2

Occiput, C1, C2

S2-S4
Occiput, C1, C2

Occiput, C1, C2
Occiput, C1, C2
S2-S4
S2-S4

T11-L2 ipsilateral
Genital Tract
T12 bilateral
T10-L2 ipsilateral

S2-S4

T0-T11 ipsilateral
T9-L2 bilateral

S2-S4

Endocrine
C1-C2 (midcervical, upper thoracic)
T2 (upper thoracic flexion hump)
T8-T10 ipsilateral

cranial
C2 (vagus)

COMBANK Medical, Inc. 2012

Viscerosomatic Reflexes
Nelson KE, Glonek T, eds. Viscerosomatic and Somatovisceral Reflexes. In: Somatic Dysfunction in Osteopathic Family Medicine. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott,
Williams & Wilkins; 2007: 33-35.
Ward R, eds. Foundations for Osteopathic Medicine. 2nd Ed. Philadelphia, PA; Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2003: 508.
Savarese R, Capobianco J, Cox J. OMT Review: A Comprehensive Review in Osteopathic Medicine. 3rd Ed. OMT Publishing; 2003: 104.
Nye Z, Lavelle J, Mayer S, et al. First Aid for the COMLEX: An Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine Review. 2nd Ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2009: 151-3.

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COMBANK Medical, Inc. 2012