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2 0 Electricity
2 0 Electricity
2.1
Chapter 2- Electricity
GCKL 2011
Van de Graaf
1.
What is a Van de Graaff generator? Fill in each of the boxes the name of the part shown.
A device that ...................... and ........................................ at high voltage on its dome.
dome
+
+
2.
You will feel a brief _________ shock when your finger is brought close to the dome of the
generator.
(B)
EXPLANATION
i.
When the motor of the Van de Graaff generator is switched on, it drives the rubber belt. This
cause the rubber belt to rub against the roller and hence becomes _______ charged. The
charge is then carried by the moving belt up to the metal _______ where it is collected. A
large amount of _________ charge is built up on the dome.
ii. The electric field around the metal dome of the generator can produced a strong force of
___________ between the opposite charges. ___________ will suddenly accelerate from the
finger to the dome of the generator and causes a spark.
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Chapter 2- Electricity
GCKL 2011
iii. When the wire touches the dome, the microammeter needle is deflected. This shows that a
__________ is flowing through the galvanometer.
iv.
The electric current is produced by the flow of ____________ from earth through the
galvanometer to the metal dome to neutralize the positive charges on its surface.
v.
The metal dome can be safely touched with the finger as all the positive charges on it have
been ________________.
+ + +
microammeter? Explain.
There is a ................of the pointer of the
meter.
This indicates an electric current ..............
The microammeter needle is returned
to its .................................. position when the
Van de Graaf is switched off.
+ + +
+
+
occurs.
An electric current ....................
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Chapter 2- Electricity
GCKL 2011
Electric Current
1. Electric current is defined as the ................................................................................................
2. In symbols, it is given as:
I=Q
t
where I = ...............................
Q = ...............................
t = ...............................
/ I
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Chapter 2- Electricity
GCKL 2011
Electric Field
a. An electric field is a ................in which an ......................... experiences a .........................
b. An electric field can be represented by a number of lines indicate both the ................ and
....................of the field.
c. The principles involved in drawing electric field lines are :
(i) electric field lines always extend from a .............................................. object to a
.........................-charged object to infinity, or from ................. to a ..................-charged object,
(ii) electric field lines never ..................... each other,
(iii) electric field lines are ...................in a ....................... electric field.
EFFECT OF AN ELECTRIC FIELD ON A PING PONG BALL
Observation:
(a) The ball will still remain ..........................
This is because the force exert on the ball by the
............................ plate is .................. to the
force exerted on it by the ........................ plate.
(a)
(b) If the ping pong ball is displaced to the right
to touch the ............................... plate, it will
then be charged with ........................... charge
and
will
be
pushed
..........................
the
.......................... plate.
(b)
(c) When the ping pong ball touches the
........................... plate, it will be charged with
........................... charge and will be pushed
........................... the ............................. plate.
This process repeats again and again, causes the
ping pong ball ............................ to and fro
continuously between the two plates.
(c)
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Chapter 2- Electricity
GCKL 2011
Conclusion
1. Electric field is a ......................................................................................................
2. Like charges .................. each other but opposite charges ........................ each other.
3. Electric field lines are ...................... in an electric field. The direction of the field lines is
from ................... to ..........................
EXERCISE 2.1
1. 5 C of charge flows through a wire in 10 s. What is the current in the wire?
2.
A charge of 300 C flow through a bulb in every 2 minutes. What is the electric current in the
bulb?
3.
The current in a lamp is 0.2 A. Calculate the amount of electric charge that passes through
the lamp in 1 hour.
4.
If a current of 0.8 A flows in a wire, how many electrons pass through the wire in one
minute? (Given: The charge on an electron is 1.6 x 10-19 C)
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Chapter 2- Electricity
GCKL 2011
An electric current of 200 mA flows through a resistor for 3 seconds, what is the
(a)
electric charge
(b)
2.2
(a)
(b)
X
Y
Q
pressure at point Q
Water will flow from .... to .....when the
valve is opened.
This due to the ............... in the pressure of
is released.
This due to the ................... in the gravitational
water
potential energy.
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Chapter 2- Electricity
GCKL 2011
(c) Similarly,
Point A is connected to .............terminal
Point B is connected to ..............terminal
Electric potential at A is ......................... than the electric
potential at B.
Bulb
W
Work
V = Quantityofch arge = Q
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Chapter 2- Electricity
GCKL 2011
(a)
(b)
Figure (a) and figure (b) show two electrical circuits. Why do the ammeters show different readings?
Why do the bulbs light up with different intensity?
Referring to the figure (a) and (b) complete the following table:
(a) Inference
(b) Hypothesis
(c) Aim
(d) Variables
The current flowing through the bulb is influenced by the potential difference
across it.
Apparatus / materials :
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Chapter 2- Electricity
GCKL 2011
:
1. Set up the apparatus as shown in the figure.
2. Turn on the switch and adjust the rheostat so that the ammeter reads
the current, I= 0.2 A.
3. Read and record the potential difference, V across the wire.
Tabulation of
data
Analysis of data
Current,I/A
Volt, V/V
0.2
1.0
0.3
1.5
0.4
2.0
0.5
2.5
0.6
3.0
0.7
3.5
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Chapter 2- Electricity
GCKL 2011
......................................................................................................................I
is a straight line that passes through origin
(b) What is the relationship between V and I?
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
2.
Ohms Law
(a)
Ohms law states
that the electric current, I flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the
potential difference across the ends of the ohmic conductor,
V
= constant
I
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Chapter 2- Electricity
GCKL 2011
Hypothesis
The temperature of
the conductor
The cross-sectional
area of the
conductor, A
Length of the
conductor, l
Factors
2-11
Graph
So
5.
i) Electric charge,
Chapter 2- Electricity
or
R=
Q = ( It /
GCKL 2011
I
t
/
)
t
I
V Q
/
)
Q V
EXERCISE 2.2
1. If a charge of 5.0 C flows through a wire and the amount of electrical energy converted into heat
is 2.5 J. Calculate the potential differences across the ends of the wire.
2. A light bulb is switched on for a period of time. In that period of time, 5 C of charges passed
through it and 25 J of electrical energy is converted to light and heat energy. What is the potential
difference across the bulb?
3. The potential difference of 10 V is used to operate an electric motor. How much work is done in
moving 3 C of electric charge through the motor?
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Chapter 2- Electricity
GCKL 2011
Bulb
2-13
3A
A
20 V
Chapter 2- Electricity
GCKL 2011
5
12 V
V/V
conductors, X and Y.
8
Y
2
0
0
2-14
I/A
2.3
Chapter 2- Electricity
PARALLEL CIRCUIT
1. Effective Resistance:
R=
2. Current:
1. Effective Resistance:
R=
3. Potential Difference:
V=
2. Current:
3. Potential Difference:
V=
Effective resistance, R
(a)
(b)
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GCKL 2011
Chapter 2- Electricity
(d)
(c)
(e)
(f)
(h)
(g)
EXERCISE 2.3
1.
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Chapter 2- Electricity
GCKL 2011
2.
3.
4.
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2.4
Chapter 2- Electricity
GCKL 2011
Electromotive force
Figure (a)
Figure (b)
Voltmeter reading,
Voltmeter reading,
potential difference, V < e.m.f., E
e.m.f.
E,r
R
Current flowing
No current flow
1. An electrical circuit is set up as shown in figure (a). A high resistance voltmeter is connected
across a dry cell which labeled 1.5 V.
a) Figure (a) is (an open circuit / a closed circuit)
b) There is (current flowing / no current flowing) in the circuit. The bulb (does not light up /
lights up)
c) The voltmeter reading shows the (amount of current flow across the dry cell / potential difference
across the dry cell)
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Chapter 2- Electricity
GCKL 2011
3.
a) Why is the potential difference across the resistor not the same as the e.m.f. of the battery?
The potential drops as much as
Since
=
r
Ir
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Chapter 2- Electricity
GCKL 2011
EXERCISE 2.4
1
2 A circuit contains a cell of e.m.f 3.0 V and internal resistance, r. If the external resistor has a
value of 10.0 and the potential difference across it is 2.5 V, find the value of the current, I in the
circuit and the internal resistance, r.
A simple circuit consisting of a 2 V dry cell with an internal resistance of 0.5. When the
switch is closed, the ammeter reading is 0.4 A.
Calculate
(a) the voltmeter reading in open circuit
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Chapter 2- Electricity
GCKL 2011
e.m.f.
A cell of e.m.f., E and internal resistor, r is connected to a rheostat. The ammeter reading, I and
the voltmeter reading, V are recorded for different resistance, R of the rheostat. The graph of V
against I is as shown.
/V
2
2
b)
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/A
2.5
Chapter 2- Electricity
GCKL 2011
Electrical Energy
Electrical Energy and Electrical Power
1. Potential difference, V across two points is the energy,E dissipated or transferred by a
coulomb of charge, Q that moves across the two points.
2. Therefore,
Potential difference, V =
Charge, Q
3. Hence,
E = VQ
Power, P =
Energy dissipated, E
time, t
Electrical Energy, E
Electrical Power, P
potential difference, V
energy,
; where Q = It
Hence,
; where V = IR
Hence,
; where I = V
R
SI unit :
SI unit :
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Chapter 2- Electricity
GCKL 2011
Power rating
Pt
where
Time
energy, E is in Joules
power, P is in watts
time, t is in seconds
COST OF ENERGY
Appliance
Quantity
Power / W
Power / kW
Time
Energy
Consumed
(kWh)
Bulb
60
8 hours
Refrigerator
400
24 hours
Kettle
1500
3 hours
Iron
1000
2 hours
Cost
=
=
kWh
kWh x RM 0.28
= RM
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Chapter 2- Electricity
EXERCISE 2.5
1. How much power dissipated in the bulb?
R = 10
(a)
5V
(b)
R = 10
R = 10
5V
2.
V= 15V
R1=2
R2=4
R3=4
Calculate :
(a) the current, I in the circuit
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GCKL 2011
Chapter 2- Electricity
GCKL 2011
3. An electric motor is used to lift a load of mass 2 kg to a height 5 m in 2.5 s. If the supply voltage is
12 V and the flow of current in the motor is 5.0 A, calculate
(a) Energy input to the motor
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Chapter 2- Electricity
GCKL 2011
5.
2 400 J
C
D
14 400 J
144 000 J
2.
6.
Diagram 1
6W
12 W
20 W
50 W
60 J
360 J
600 J
3600 J
resistors
A 3.84 x 1011
B 1.67 x 1014
C 1.35 x 1018
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0.45 A
0.40 A
0.25 A