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valdebulebiTi
samarTali
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sarCevi:
Sesavali ............................................................................................................... 4
nawili I. valdebulebiTi urTierTobebis momwesrigebeli
normebis gamoyenebis zogierTi Tavisebureba
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis mixedviT
(avtori _ mzia Todua) ....................................................................................... 5
1. sanivTo da valdebulebiTi samarTlis urTierTmimarTeba ............. 5
2. valdebulebis arsi da struqtura, misi warmoSobis safuZvlebi...12
3. valdebulebis Sesrulebis samarTlebrivi problemebi .................. 19
4. valdebulebis darRveva da samoqalaqo-samarTlebrivi
pasuxismgeblobis saxeebi, pirobebi da safuZvlebi (e.w. `Tanabari~
da àraTanabari~ pasuxismgeblobis principi, zianis
anazRaurebis samarTlebrivi problemebi) .......................................... 35
5. xelSekrulebidan gasvla (moSla) da masTan dakavSirebuli
samarTlebrivi problemebi ...................................................................... 52
nawili II. qarTuli da holandiuri valdebulebiTi

samarTlis SedarebiTi analizi
(avtori _ mosamarTle J.H.M. huub vilemsi) ............................................. 60
Tavi 1. zogadi nawili: qarTuli da holandiuri valdebulebiTi
samarTlis SedarebiTi analizi ...................................................................... 60
Tavi 2. gansxvavebebi sanivTo samarTalsa
da valdebulebiT samarTals Soris ............................................................. 72
Tavi 3. gansxvavebebi saxelSekrulebo
da arasaxelSekrulebo valdebulebebs Soris ......................................... 79
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Tavi 4. valdebulebiTi samarTlis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi .............. 84

Tavi 5. arasaxelSekrulebo valdebulebebi .............................................. 93
Tavi 6. saxelSekrulebo samarTali ............................................................ 103
Tavi 7. pasuxismgebloba saxelSekrulebo
valdebulebaTa darRvevisTvis ................................................................... 114
Tavi 8. zianis anazRaurebis moTxovna
valdebulebis darRvevisTvis ...................................................................... 127
Tavi 9. sasamarTlo precedentebi da komentarebi ................................. 133
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5
Sesavali
samoqalaqo brunva qonebrivi gadaadgilebebis
meSveobiT viTardeba. valdebulebiTi samarTali ki, romelic sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis yvelaze did nawils aregulirebs, warmoadgens mTavar
mamoZravebel sistemas am urTierTobebSi.
praqtikaSi valdebulebiTi samarTlis normebisa da institutebis gamoyeneba garkveul sirTuleebTanaa dakavSirebuli. yovel
xelSekrulebas, romlis meSveobiTac ZiriTadad mimdinareobs
qonebrivi
gadaadgilebebi,
Tan axlavs rogorc sanivTo, ise valdebulebiTi efeqti, rac iwvevs sakiTxis mTel sirTules.
winamdebare naSromis idea daibada 2005 wels, roca saerTaSoriso
samarTlebrivi daxmarebis centris (CILC) finansuri mxardaWeriT,
saias iuridiuli swavlebisa da informaciis centrma samoqalaqo
saqmeTa ganmxilvel TiTqmis yvela mosamarTles SesaZlebloba misca, monawileoba mieRoT SexvedrebSi, romlebic valdebulebiTi samarTlis problematur sakiTxebs Seexeboda.
SexvedrebSi, qarTvel eqspertebTan erTad, romlebic warmodgenilni iyvnen Tbilisis saolqo da saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTloebidan, monawileobda amsterdamis saapelacio sasamarTlos
Tavmjdomaris moadgilec.
Sexvedrebis dros ZiriTadad yuradReba iyo gamaxvilebuli valdebulebiTi samarTlis normebis praqtikaSi gamoyenebaze. am mizniT,
gaanalizebul iqna Tbilisis saolqo sasamarTlosa da uzenaesi sasamarTlos praqtika _ is xarvezebi da araerTgvarovneba, romelic
calkeul SemTxvevebsa Tu gadawyvetilebebs exeboda.
holandieli eqspertis mier Sexvedrebze keTdeboda SedarebiTi
analizi imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu rogori gadawyvetileba gamohqonda holandiis sasamarTlos da ras eyrdnoboda igi identuri
SemTxvevis dros.
Sexvedrebis Sedegad dagrovda sakmaod kargi masala rogorc qarTuli, aseve holandiuri
praqtikidan imisaTvis, rom wignis gamocemaze gvefiqra.
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gvsurs, udidesi madloba gamovucxadoT saerTaSoriso samarTlecentrs ideis mxardaWerisa da finbrivi TanamSromlobis (CILC)
ansuri daxmarebisaTvis.
udides madlobas movaxsenebT wignis avtorebs _ qalbaton mzia
Toduas da baton huub
vilemss,
romlebmac, miuxedavad drois deficitisa, gamonaxes saSualeba da Sexvedrebze ganxilul yvela sakiTxze mogvawodes rogorc Teoriuli, aseve praqtikuli analizi,
ramac safuZveli daudo naSromis gamocemas.
naSromi gankuTvnilia rogorc praqtikosi iuristebis, aseve pedagogebisa da studentebisaTvis.
Tamar metreveli
saqarTvelos axalgazrda iuristTa asociaciis
iuridiuli swavlebisa da informaciis centris direqtori
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nawili I
valdebulebiTi urTierTobebis
momwesrigebeli normebis gamoyenebis
zogierTi Tavisebureba saqarTvelos
samoqalaqo kodeqsis mixedviT
avtori: mzia Todua
Tbilisis saolqo sasamarTlo,

samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeTa saapelacio palata,
yofili Tavmjdomare
1. sanivTo da valdebulebiTi samarTlis

urTierTmimarTeba (sakuTrebis dinamika, anu
sakuTreba da samoqalaqo brunva)
sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis samoqalaqo-samarTlebrivi
regulirebis procesSi misi monawileebis aRWurva gansazRvruli subieqturi uflebebiTa da movaleobebiT ganapirobebs SemdgomSi maT qcevas arsebuli samarTlebrivi urTierTobis farglebSi.
subieqturi ufleba gulisxmobs uflebamosili piris SesaZlo qcevis samarTlebrivad uzrunvelyofil saSualebas, xolo subieqturi valdebuleba _ valdebuli piris samarTlebrivad ganpirobebuli aucilebeli
qcevaa konkretuli samoqalaqo-samarTlebrivi urTierTobis farglebSi.
uflebamosili piris interesebis dakmayofileba, rogorc wesi, sanivTo an
valdebulebiTi samarTalurTierTobis meSveobiT xdeba.
sanivTo (qonebriv) samarTalurTierTobebSi uflebamosili piris interesebis dakmayofilebas adgili aqvs nivTis sasargeblo Tvisebebis xarjze,
am nivTze uSualo zemoqmedebis gziT. valdebulebiTi samarTalurTierTobebis dros ki piris interesebis dakmayofileba valdebuli piris gansazRvruli moqmedebebis xarjze mimdinareobs. aseTi klasifikaciis praqtikuli arsi sanivTo da valdebulebiTi samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis
monawile pirTa qcevis sxvadasxva samarTlebriv reglamentaciaSia.
praqtikaSi sanivTo da valdebulebiTi samarTlis normebisa da institutebis gamoyeneba garkveul sirTuleebTanaa dakavSirebuli, rasac uTuod
ganapirobebs piris subieqturi uflebis (sanivTo Tu valdebulebiTi) orsaxovani buneba (dualizmi).
dualizmis arsi mis udrek simtkiceSia. yoveli darRveuli uflebis, yoveli davis bedi damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogoria es ufleba _ sanivTo Tu
valdebulebiTi. xSirad am or uflebas Soris mSvidobis Camogdebis, maTi
diskretulobis aRmofxvris mcdelobas gadaulaxav winaaRmdegobamde
mivyavarT.
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iuridiul mecnierebaSi gavrcelebuli Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, sanivTo

(qonebrivi) samarTali im normaTa erTobliobas warmoadgens, romlebic
aregulireben pirTa batonobas nivTebze, anu romlebic uflebamosil
pirebs saSualebas aZleven, nivTebze zemoqmedebis gziT daikmayofilon
sxvadasxva moTxovnilebebi. Tumca, sanivTo samarTlis amgvari gageba srulad da amomwuravad ar asaxavs sakiTxis arss. samoqalaqo kodeqsis (SemdgomSi sk) 147-e muxlis mixedviT, qoneba ara marto nivTebi, aramed aramaterialuri qonebrivi sikeTeebicaa (ùsxeulo nivTebi~), romelTa floba,
sargebloba da gankargva isevea SesaZlebeli, rogorc sxeulebrivi sagnebisa (nivTebisa).
sanivTo uflebis dasaxasiaTeblad xSirad gamoyofen sxvadasxva niSnis erTobliobas. maT Soris, yvelaze gavrcelebulia: sanivTo uflebis absoluturi xasiaTi, misi uvadooba, nivTze midevnebis Tviseba, sanivTo uflebidan gamomdinare moTxovnebis upiratesi dakmayofileba valdebulebiTi
uflebidan gamomdinare moTxovnebTan SedarebiT da a.S.
valdebulebiTi samarTali ki awesrigebs pirebs Soris urTierTobebs, anu
saubaria `pirad` uflebebze, romlebic SeZenilia xelSekrulebis, deliqtis, usafuZvlo gamdidrebis an kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli sxva safuZvliT.
es uflebebi SeiZleba sadavo gaxdes mxolod garkveul pirTa mimarT,
moTxovna SesaZloa mimarTuli iyos mxolod konkretuli pirisadmi. Sesrulebis moTxovna, marTalia, qonebrivi interesis dakmayofilebasTanacaa dakavSirebuli, magram igi mimarTulia ara nivTis, aramed konkretuli
pirisadmi. Tumca, rodesac moTxovnis ufleba ganixileba, rogorc uflebis obieqti, SesaZlebelia am uflebis mimarT sanivTo samarTlis reJimis
gamoyenebac. zogjer es gza sakmaod efeqturia, magram, umetes SemTxvevaSi, dualizmi am gziT araTu aRmoifxvreba, aramed piriqiT _ Zlierdeba.
uflebis `piradi~ xasiaTi vlindeba imaSi, rom gansazRvruli piris (movalis) gareSe uflebis realizacia ar SeiZleba, da rom uflebasa da nivTs
Soris movalis avtonomiuri neba, misi moqmedeba dgas, romelzedac damokidebulia TviT uflebis arsebobac.
amdenad, piradi uflebis sanivTo uflebad ganxilvam ar SeiZleba ar migviyvanos ama Tu im formiT movalis avtonomiur sferoSi SeWramde.
vindikaciuri sarCeli esaa sanivTo uflebis realizacia, rac imas niSnavs,
rom misi wardgenis pirobaa piradi, valdebulebiTi kavSiris ararseboba
nivTis mesakuTresa da mflobels Soris.
magaliTad: Tu gamqiravebelma nivTi droebiT sargeblobaSi gadasca damqiravebels (sk muxli 531), mas ara aqvs ufleba, SemdgomSi vindikaciuri
sarCeliT daibrunos es nivTi, aramed man unda ixelmZRvanelos mxolod
qiravnobis xelSekrulebiT gansazRvruli qonebis gadacemisa da dabrunebis pirobebiT.
am wesis praqtikuli azri aSkaraa: Tu mesakuTres nebismier SemTxvevaSi
(rogorc saxelSekrulebo, ise sxva SemTxvevebSic) eqneba vindikaciuri
sarCelis wardgenis ufleba, anu, Tu davuSvebT erTdroulad sanivTo da
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valdebulebiTi urTierTobebis momwesrigebeli normebis gamoyenebis zogierTi Tavisebureba...
valdebulebiTi sarCelis wardgenis SesaZleblobas, maSin mesakuTre aSkarad privilegirebul mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndeba, xolo samoqalaqo brunva
ar ganviTardeba da igi mxolod martivi yidva-gayidvebiT iqneba Semofargluli.
samoqalaqo brunva qonebrivi gadaadgilebebis meSveobiT viTardeba da
valdebulebiTi samarTali, romelic aregulirebs sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis yvelaze did nawils, `warmoadgens sisxlZarRvTa sistemas, romlis meSveobiTac samoqalaqo-samarTlebriv organizmSi mimdinareobs nivTierebaTa cvla~ (ix. n.egorovi, samoqalaqo samarTlis saxelmZRvanelo,
1996 weli, gv. 415).
qonebrivi gadaadgilebebi ZiriTadad xorcieldeba saxelSekrulebo samarTlis saSualebiT. yovel xelSekrulebas uTuod axlavs rogorc sanivTo, ise valdebulebiTi samarTlis efeqti. swored amaSi mdgomareobs sakiTxis mTeli sirTule!
isini
ar emTxveva erTmaneTs arc SinaarsiT, arc uflebis warmoSobis momentiT, arc safuZvliTa da arc Sewyvetis samarTlebrivi SedegebiT.
magaliTi:
Sps
`sinaTlesa~ da s/s
`gordas~ Soris daido arasacxovrebeli
farTis nasyidobis xelSekruleba. s/s `gordas~ sakuTrebis ufleba kanoniT

dadgenili wesiT aRiricxa sajaro reestrSi da mas gadaeca farTi mflobelobaSi.
Sps
`sinaTlem~ sarCeli aRZra sasamarTloSi da moiTxova nasyidobis xelSekrulebis gauqmeba (Sewyveta) im motiviT, rom mopasuxem ar
gadaixada uZravi qonebis Rirebuleba. pirveli instanciis sasamarTlom
Sewyvita xelSekruleba da arasacxovrebeli farTi daubruna mosarCeles.
saapelacio sasamarTlom gaauqma aRniSnuli gadawyvetileba da ar daakmayofila sarCeli im safuZvliT, rom myidveli davis dawyebis droisaTvis ukve mesakuTre iyo da ar arsebobda xelSekrulebis Sewyvetis samarTlebrivi safuZveli.
aSkaraa, rom xelSekrulebis Sewyveta niSnavs sakuTrebis SenarCunebas manam, sanam ar aris Sesrulebuli nivTze sakuTrebis gadacemis movaleoba.
amis Semdeg nivTis dabruneba SesaZlebelia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu es
gaTvaliswinebulia xelSekrulebiT, rac imas niSnavs, rom qonebis dabruneba xdeba ara avtomaturad, aramed maSin, Tu amaze arsebobs mxareTa
specialuri SeTanxmeba. sk-is 188-e muxlis pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad, Tu
gamsxvisebelma
pirobad daTqva sakuTrebis gadasvla SemZenze mxolod nivTis safasuris gadaxdis Semdeg, ivaraudeba, rom sakuTreba gadava SemZenze
safasuris srulad gadaxdis Semdeg.
Tu gamsxvisebeli
uars ityvis xelSekrulebaze, ukve ormxrivad ganxorcielebuli Sesruleba mxareebma unda daabrunon. amis sawinaaRmdego SeTanxmeba baTilia.
mocemul SemTxvevaSi gamyidvelis sarCeli myidvelis mimarT unda daemyaros sk-is 508-e muxlis pirvel nawils da ara sk-is 172-e
muxlis pirvel nawils, Tumca, sasamarTlo praqtika aseT SemTxvevebSi
swored vindikaciur sarCels aniWebs upiratesobas.
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dualizmis Temis amowurva SeuZlebelia, Tu ar SevexeT uflebis `statikisa da `dinamikis~ sakiTxsac.

samoqalaqo uflebaTa dualizmi zogjer warmodgenilia, rogorc erTgvari `statika~ da `dinamika~, sadac `statika~ gaigivebulia sakuTrebasTan,
xolo `dinamikis~ qveS moiazreba gacvla, brunva, anu xelSekrulebebi da
saerTod valdebulebebi. sakiTxisadmi aseT midgomas problemis mxolod
moCvenebiT gadawyvetamde mivyavarT. rogorc vindikacia, ise vindikaciis
SezRudva _ es erTi uflebis (sakuTrebis) dacvis ori saSualebaa. kerZo
subieqturi uflebebis umetesi nawilis ganxilvisas, swored maTi orsaxovani mdgomareoba
warmoCindeba
_ uflebebi erTdroulad, rogorc uZravni (`mdgradi~), ise moZraobaSi myofni. sakuTrebis uflebis uzrunvelyofa
da samoqalaqo brunvis usafrTxoebis dacva garkveulwilad urTierTsawinaaRmdego cnebebia. xSirad erTi meores xarjze miiRweva. iq sadac, es
ori dacvis interesi erTmaneTs ejaxeba, kanonmdebeli rTuli problemis
winaSe dgas.
sanivTo (absoluturi) uflebis uzrunvelyofa mdgomareobs imaSi, rom
piris samoqalaqo samarTlebrivi mdgomareobis arasasurveli cvlileba
ar unda xdebodes misi nebis gareSe.
samoqalaqo brunvis usafrTxoebis dacva ki mdgomareobs imaSi, rom piris
samoqalaqo samarTlebrivi mdgomareobis dasaxuli cvlileba ar unda
wydebodes misTvis ucnobi garemoebebis gamo. iseT konfliqtur situaciebSi, rogoricaa, sakuTrebis SeZena xandazmulobiT (sk-is 165-e da 167-e
muxlebi) an keTilsindisieri SemZenis mier arauflebamosili
gamsxvise
blisagan qonebis SeZena (sk-is 187-e muxlis pirveli nawili), warmoiSoba
swored zemoT aRwerili winaaRmdegoba sakuTrebis SigniT da is ganixileba, rogorc gadaulaxavi `statikasa da `dinamikas Soris.
samoqalaqo kodeqsis is normebi, romlebic icaven keTilsindisier SemZens,
iuristebs Soris xSirad polemikis sagania. maTi azriT, es normebi `mZime
dartymas ayeneben sakuTrebis uflebas da arsebul qonebriv wesrigSi
SeaqvT winaaRmdegobisa da rRvevis marcvlebi. am winaaRmdegobis daZlevis mcdeloba `naklebi borotebis paliativis saSualebiT sulac ar aris
problemis gadawyveta, xolo im Rrma mizezebis arseboba, romlebic samoqalaqo brunvaSi sanivTo uflebebis arsSia, ufro aSkarad warmoCindeba.
samoqalaqo brunvis monawileebs yovelTvis ar SeuZliaT, namdvili uflebebis Sesaxeb zusti da amomwuravi informacia miiRon maSin, rodesac brunvam ukve upirovno formebi SeiZina. Sesabamisad, isini mudmivi saSiSroebis
winaSe dganan, Tu daujereben faqtobriv viTarebas, magaliTad imas, rom
moZravi nivTis mflobeli namdvilad misi mesakuTrea (sk-is 158-e muxlis
pirveli nawili), sinamdvileSi ki, nivTze mflobeloba SeiZleba titu
lovanma mesakuTrem dakarga misi nebis sawinaaRmdegod.
problemas SesaZlebelia sami ukiduresi gadawyveta hqondes:
1. SesaZlo Secdomis yvela riskis gadatana moxdes mesakuTreze;
2. yvela riski gadatanil iqnes myidvelze; an
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3. yvela SesaZlo riskis Tavidan asacileblad, SemoRebul iqnes

yoveli uflebis registraciisa da aRricxvis reestrebi.
gasagebia, rom nebismieri maTganisaTvis upiratesobis miniWeba samoqalaqo
brunvis paraliCs gamoiwvevda.
mesakuTris nebis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi, sakuTrebis mkacrad
ganusxviseblobis principis dacva dasaSvebia mxolod sustad ganviTarebuli
sasaqonlo brunvis pirobebSi. brunvis swraf ganviTarebas, rac TavisTavad gulisxmobs
upirovno
dinamikis zrdas, mivyavarT
sagamonakliso
wesebis rigorizmTan Sejaxebamde. gamosavali am dapirispirebis SerbilebaSia
da, swored amitom, kanonmdebeli mimarTavs e.w.
or borotebas Soris `naklebi borotebis~ arCevanis gzas, rac keTilsindisieri SemZenis institutis SemoRebas ukavSirdeba (sk-is 185-e da 187-e muxlebi).
sasamarTlo praqtikis winaSe metad mwvaved dgas mesakuTrisaTvis im ba
Tili
garigebis samarTlebrivi Sedegebis sakiTxi, roca saTanado uflebamosilebis gareSe asxviseben mis qonebas. zogierTi avtoris mosazrebiT,
ìs garemoeba, rom myidveli SeiZleba aRmoCndes keTilsindisieri SemZenis
rolSi, romlis mimarTac kanonmdebeli ar uSvebs vindikacias, ar unda
uSlides mesakuTres xels, waradginos sarCeli baTili (arara) garigebis
Sedegebidan gamomdinare~ (ix. m.braginski, v.vitrianski saxelSekrulebo
samarTali. moskovi. 1997 weli,
gv.
654). mesakuTres unda mieces SesaZlebloba, Searyios sakuTrebis warmoSobis samarTlebrivi safuZveli _
xelSekruleba, Tu is dadebulia sk 54-59 muxlebis moTxovnaTa darRveviT.
arara garigebebi samarTlebriv Sedegebs ar warmoSobs da, Sesabamisad,
realurad ar moxdeba amgvari nasyidobis dros sakuTrebis uflebis gadacema myidvelze; anu, aseT SemTxvevebSi, myidvelis keTilsindisiereba
damabrkolebeli garemoeba ar unda iyos titulovani mesakuTrisaTvis.
Tumca, am poziciis momxreebs aviwydebaT is, rom
kondiqciuri
valdebulebebis momwesrigebeli normebis mixedviT, usafuZvlod miRebuli ubrundeba garigebis mxares da ara mesakuTres, radganac usafuZvlo gamdidrebis restituciasTan dakavSirebul moTxovnas ara aqvs sanivTo xasiaTi,
igi mkacrad fardobiTia (piraduli), anu exeba mxolod baTili garigebis
mxareebs da ar qreba nivTis dakargvis (mesame piris mflobelobaSi gadasvlis) SemTxvevaSi, ar mihyveba nivTs, rogorc es sanivTo samarTlisaTvisaa
damaxasiaTebeli, aramed gardaiqmneba fuladi kompensaciis moTxovnad
(sk-is 979-e muxlis meore nawili).
ufro naklebia myidvelis arakeTilsindisierebis albaToba maSin, rodesac igi iZens sakuTrebas im pirisagan, romelic marTalia, mesakuTre ar
aris, magram moZrav nivTs flobs garkveuli samarTlebrivi urTierTobis,
magaliTad, mibarebis an Txovebis xelSekrulebis safuZvelze. am dros myidveli sk-is 158-e muxlis pirveli nawiliT varaudobs, rom gamyidvelia
nivTis mesakuTre da igi keTilsindisierebis safuZvelze xdeba mesakuTre.
Sesabamisad,
titulovan
mesakuTres aRar SeuZlia, Tavisi uflebis dasacavad mimarTos
vindikaciur
sarCels. keTilsindisieri SemZeni sakanonmdeblo fiqciis safuZvelze xdeba mesakuTre, rac imas niSnavs, rom misi
ufleba daculia, radganac igi iwyebs nivTis flobas xandazmulobiT sa-
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kuTrebis uflebis SesaZenad da am momentidan mas gaaCnia kanoniT gansazRvruli da daculi pozicia.
marTalia, `keTilsindisieri SemZenis~ samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba
sanivTo samarTlis normebiT wesrigdeba, magram igi ufro samoqalaqo brunvis
(valdebulebiTi samarTlis) produqtia, vidre sanivTo samarTlisa.
rac Seexeba, xelSekrulebis dadebas, aqac, brunvis TvalsazrisiT,
keTilsindisierebas (SeZenasTan kavSiris gareSe) iuridiuli mniSvneloba
aqvs; magaliTad, sk-is
346-e
muxlis Sesabamisad,
baTilia
xelSekrulebaTa standartuli piroba, miuxedavad xelSekrulebaSi misi CarTvisa, Tu
igi ndobisa da keTilsindisierebis principebis sawinaaRmdegod sazianoa
xelSekrulebis meore mxarisaTvis.
aranakleb sainteresoa iseTi problema, rogoricaa xelSekrulebis Sesrulebis `SeuZlebloba, romelic saxezea misi dadebis momentSi an SemdgomSi iCens Tavs.
magaliTad, ori sameurneo sawarmos xelmZRvaneli debs xelSekrulebas
xorblis salewi kombainis ijaraze. mogvianebiT irkveva, rom ijaris sagani ekuTvnoda mesame pirs, romelmac vindikaciuri sarCeliT daibruna
nivTi. amis Semdeg moijare iTxovs
meijaresagan
Sesrulebas. magram Sesruleba xom obieqturad SeuZlebelia! samarTlebrivad, moijare kombainis mesakuTresTan araviTar kavSirSi araa da, Sesabamisad, mas ar SeuZlia
arc sanivTo da arc valdebulebiTi moTxovnis wayeneba mesakuTrisaTvis.
mocemul SemTxvevaSi, gamosavali SeiZleba iyos keTilsindisieri saqmiani
brunvis principis gamoyeneba da im mxaris gansazRvra, romelmac unda aiRos xelSekrulebis Sesrulebis SeuZleblobisTvis braleuli
pasuxismgeblobis riski.
`xelSekrulebis Sesrulebis dabrkolebis warmoqmnaSi is mxare iqneba pasuxismgebeli, romlis qmedebebSic (an im pirebis, vinc mas exmareba) ar arsebobs saqmiani brunvisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli gonivruli windaxedulobis
xarisxi.~ amgvarad udgeba aRniSnul sakiTxs germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsi
(ix.
k.cvaigerti,
h.kotci,
`SedarebiTi
samarTalmcodneobis
Sesavali kerZo samarTlis sferoSi, tomi 2 `jisiai, gv.180).
amasTan dakavSirebiT, SeiZleba metad saintereso magaliTis moyvana
sasamarTlo praqtikidan: (ix. saqme #as-57-756-03 uzenaesi sasamarTlos
gadawyvetilebani samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeebze. #11
s.f.3134)
a-s
sakuTrebas warmoadgenda TbilisSi mdebare uZravi nivTi (miwa da sacxovrebeli saxli), romelic man notarialurad damowmebuli xelSekrulebiT
mihyida b-s
2000 wlis 18 marts da es ukanaskneli aRiricxa nivTis mesakuTred sajaro reestrSi imave wlis 25 marts. myidveli ver daeufla binas, radganac gairkva, rom 1999 TebervalSi a-s igive bina miuyidia kanoniT
dadgenili wesiT vinme g-saTvis, romelmac droulad ar moaxdina Tavisi
sanivTo uflebis registracia sajaro reestrSi. pirvelma myidvelma (g)
mflobelobis dros daangria Zveli sacxovrebeli saxli da aaSena axali.
b-m sarCeli aRZra sasamarTloSi g-s winaaRmdeg da, rogorc mesakuTrem,
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moiTxova uZravi nivTis ukanono mflobelisaTvis CamorTmeva da misTvis

gadacema.
mopasuxem Segebebuli sarCeli aRZra a-sa da b-s winaaRmdeg, romliTac
moiTxova 2000 wlis 18 martis nasyidobis xelSekrulebis baTilad cnoba,
sajaro reestrSi ganxorcielebuli Canaweris gauqmeba da sadavo uZrav
nivTze sakuTrebis uflebis misTvis gadacema.
pirveli instanciis sasamarTlom b-s sarCeli ar daakmayofila, xolo
Segebebuli sarCeli daakmayofila; baTilad iqna cnobili a-sa da b-s
Soris dadebuli nasyidobis xelSekruleba Tavisi samarTlebrivi SedegebiT.
sasamarTlom gamoiyena analogiiT sk-is 485-e muxli, romlis mixedviTac,
Tu gamyidvelma erTi da igive nivTi ramdenime pirs mihyida, upiratesoba
eZleva im myidvels, romlis mflobelobaSic pirvelad gadavida igi; Sesabamisad, sasamarTlom gaakeTa araswori daskvna imis Sesaxeb, rom meore
nasyidobis dadebis dros a ukve aRar iyo nivTis mesakuTre da sakuTrebis
uflebas ver gadascemda b-s.
sasamarTlom ar gaiTvaliswina is garemoeba, rom uZrav nivTze sakuTrebis
uflebis SeZenisaTvis mxolod valdebulebiT-samarTlebrivi
urTierTobis (xelSekrulebis) arseboba ar aris sakmarisi, aramed sk-is 183-e muxlis

mixedviT, uZravi nivTis SesaZenad aucilebelia sanotaro wesiT damowmebuli sabuTi da SemZenis registracia sajaro reestrSi. g konstituciurad ar gamxdara sadavo nivTis mesakuTre imis gamo, rom man ar Seasrula
kanoniT dadgenili iuridiuli moqmedeba da ar gaatara Tavisi ufleba
reestrSi, e.i. ar gamoiCina saTanado windaxeduleba da amiT SesaZlebloba
misca urTierTobis arakeTilsindisier monawile a-s, xelmeored moexdina
nivTis gayidva! amitomac, saxelSekrulebo riski swored mas awevs da ar SeiZleba am riskis gadatana b-ze,
romelic am ukanasknelTan saxelSekrulebo (valdebulebiT) urTierTobaSi ar imyofeboda da, amasTan, mas ar aqvs
darRveuli samoqalaqo brunvaSi monawileobis dros keTilsindisierebis
principi. b-m ar icoda da arc SeiZleboda scodnoda, rom ufro adre a-m
saxli mihyida g-s. rac Seexeba, sk-is 485-e muxlis analogiiT gamoyenebas,
mocemuli davis gadawyveta am normis safuZvelze ar SeiZleboda, radganac
es norma gamoiyeneba moZravi nivTebis (`saqonlis) da ara uZravi nivTebis
mimarT.
am saqmeze dadgenil iqna aseve is garemoeba, rom pirvelma SemZenma, g-m
mflobelobis dros Zvelis adgilze axali saxli aaSena da, rasakvirvelia,
aramarTlzomierad moaxdina sadavo nivTis gaumjobeseba. vis da ra saxis
materialur-samarTlebrivi moTxovnebi SeiZleba wauyenos g-m?
valdebulebiTi samarTlebrivi urTierTobidan gamomdinare, man Sesrulebis
moTxovna a-s unda wauyenos, radganac 1999 wlis Tebervlis nasyidoba namdvilia, magram gamyidvels nivTze sakuTrebis uflebis gadacema ukve aRar
SeuZlia. amitomac man meoradi _ zianis anazRaurebis _ moTxovna unda
daayenos.
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2. valdebulebis arsi da struqtura, misi

warmoSobis safuZvlebi
valdebulebis arsi
samoqalaqo-samarTlebrivi
valdebuleba _ es aris gansazRvruli samar
TalurTierToba,
romlis ZaliTac, erTi piri _ movale _ valdebulia, meore piris _ kreditoris _ sasargeblod gansazRvruli moqmedeba Seasrulos (gadasces qoneba, Seasrulos samuSao, gadaixados vali da a.S.), an Tavi
Seikavos misi Sesrulebisagan, xolo kreditors ufleba aqvs, mosTxovos
movales valdebulebis Sesruleba.
valdebulebiTi samarTlis mowesrigebis sferos warmoadgens iseT valdebulebebTan dakavSirebuli urTierTobebi, romelTa darRvevisTvisac
movales sasamarTlos meSveobiT SeiZleba daekisros Sesruleba an zianis
anazRaureba.
kiTxvaze, Tu ra aris moTxovnis samarTlebrivi safuZveli, pasuxs iZleva sk-is 316-e muxlis pirveli nawili. ar SeiZleba ar daveTanxmoT Cvens
germanel kolegebs imaSi, rom es norma àr aris sworad moTavsebuli
valdebulebiTi samarTlis dasawyisSi (ix. h.biolingi, p.lutringhausi,
l.SatberaSvili saqarTvelos sk-is calkeuli moTxovnis safuZvlebis
sistemuri analizi, Tbilisi, 2005 weli,
gv.166),
radganac moTxovnis safuZvlebs Seicavs ara marto valdebulebiTi samarTlis normebi, aramed
sanivTo, saojaxo da memkvidreobiTi samarTlis normebic.
kanonmdeblis mier samoqalaqo kodeqsis
316-e
muxlis pirvel nawilSi mocemuli valdebulebis definicia, rasakvirvelia, srulyofili ar aris da
mxolod mianiSnebs movalis valdebulebasa da kreditoris uflebaze.
moqmedeba da umoqmedoba (Tavis Sekaveba) marTlzomieri nebiTi aqtia
mkacrad gansazRvruli farglebiT. aramarTlzomieri, anu marTlsaw
inaaRmdego moqmedebebi ar SeiZleba valdebulebis sagani iyos. samoqalaqo
kodeqsi awesrigebs pirTa Tanasworobaze damyarebul kerZo xasiaTis
qonebriv, saojaxo da pirad urTierTobebs, magram 316-e muxlis pirveli
nawiliT gaTvaliswinebuli valdebulebis cneba praqtikulad SeiZleba
gamoyenebul iqnes nebismieri (fardobiTi) relatiuri samarTalurTier
Tobis
mosawesrigeblad. maT Soris: SromiTi, korporaciuli da a.S. samar
TalurTierTobis mosawesrigebladac.
garda amisa, sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi samoqalaqo brunvaSi gamoiyeneba valdebulebis ufro rTuli samarTlebrivi konstruqciebi, vidre amas
sk-is 316-e muxli iTvaliswinebs.
jer erTi, movalisa da kreditoris mxareze SeiZleba pirTa simravles
hqondes adgili (ramdenime kreditori an movale
sk-is
455 da
463-e
muxlebi), meorec, samoqalaqo urTierTobebSi ormxrivi valdebulebebi Warbobs,
rodesac samarTalurTierTobis
monawileebi erTdroulad kreditorebic da movaleebic arian. magaliTad, nasyidobis xelSekrulebiT, gamyidveli movalea, gadasces myidvels sakuTrebis ufleba qonebaze masTan
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dakavSirebuli sabuTebiT da miawodos saqoneli (477 nawili pirveli); imavdroulad, mas ufleba aqvs, mosTxovos myidvels fasis gadaxda da nayidi
qonebis miReba (477-e muxlis meore nawili); Tavis mxriv, myidvels ufleba
aqvs, mosTxovos gamyidvels xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli qonebis
gadacema masTan dakavSirebul sabuTebTan erTad, magram, amave dros, igi
valdebulia, uzrunvelyos nayidi qonebis miReba da misi Rirebulebis (fasis) gadaxda.
an kidev, aviRoT iseTi xelSekrulebebis konstruqciebi, rodesac am
xelSekrulebebiT gaTvaliswinebuli sikeTe, sargebeli, Sesruleba sxva
pirs xmardeba, mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs mesame piris sasargeblod dadebuli
xelSekrulebebi
(sk-is
349-351-e
muxlebi). am tipis urTierTobebSi samarTlebrivi Sedegi dgeba im pirisaTvis, romelic urTierTobis monawile
araa ( mesame piri). Tu es is mesame piria, romelsac, xelSekrulebidan
gamomdinare, damoukidebeli moTxovnis ufleba aqvs miniWebuli, maSin is
ikavebs kreditoris adgils, e.i. masac aqvs ufleba, moiTxovos movalisagan
Sesruleba.
magaliTad, sk-is 836-e muxlis Tanaxmad, damzRvevs SeuZlia mzRvevelTan
dados dazRvevis xelSekruleba Tavisi saxeliT sxva piris sasargeblod.
sxva piris sasargeblod dazRvevisas is uflebebi, romlebic warmoiSoba am
xelSekrulebidan, ekuTvnis am pirs. mas SeuZlia, isargeblos Tavisi uflebebiT damzRvevTan SeTanxmebis gareSe da Tavisi uflebebis ganxorcieleba
moiTxovos sasamarTlos meSveobiT mxolod maSin, Tu sadazRvevo mowmoba
mis xelTaa (sk-is muxli 837).
samoqalaqo kodeqsi awesrigebs iseT urTierTobebsac, romelSic mesame
pirebi monawileoben da, erTi SexedviT, TiTqos saxezea maT sasargeblod
dadebuli xelSekruleba, magram sinamdvileSi es ase araa; magaliTad, sagarantio xelSekrulebiT,
garanti
kisrulobs movalis (mesame piris) valdebulebis Sesrulebas, Tuki es ukanaskneli droulad ar Seasrulebs kreditoris winaSe nakisr valdebulebas (sk-is muxli 879). aseT SemTxvevaSi,
movales (mesame pirs) ar SeuZlia garantisagan moiTxovos Sesruleba. amis
ufleba aqvs kreditors (beneficiars) garantis mimarT. igive SeiZleba
iTqvas moTxovnis daTmobis Sesaxebac (sk-is muxli 199). marTalia, am dros
kreditori Tavisi moTxovnis gamoyenebis uflebas gadascems mesame pirs,
magram mesame piri ara Tavidanve (moTxovnis warmoSobisTanave), aramed mxolod SemdgomSi daikavebs kreditoris adgils.
valdebulebis warmoSoba
xelSekruleba _ valdebulebis warmoSobis yvelaze gavrcelebuli safuZvelia, romelic, upirveles yovlisa, samoqalaqo urTierTobis monawileTa
nebis Tavisufali gamovlenis Sedegia, mxareTa avtonomiurobis principis
gamoxatulebaa, romlis ZaliTac mxareebi kisruloben valdebulebas, Seasrulon an ar Seasrulon esa Tu is moqmedeba. misi arsi mdgomareobs imaSi,
rom yoveli piri Tavisufalia, visTanac unda, imasTan Sevides gacvliT
urTierTobebSi da gansazRvros am urTierTobis Sinaarsi. amasTan, mxare-
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Ta `nebis avtonomia ar aTavisuflebs monawileebs valdebulebebisagan,

gaiTvaliswinon erTurTis dasacavi interesebi.
marTlwesrigis umTavresi amocanac swored is aris, rom samoqalaqo kanonebma unda uzrunvelyos samoqalaqo brunvis Tavisufleba, Tu am Tavisuflebis ganxorcieleba ar xelyofs mesame pirTa uflebebs (sk-is muxli 9).
moqmedebis Tavisufleba uTuod gulisxmobs saxelmwifos an sxva saxelisuflebo struqturaTa zegavlenisagan damoukideblad moqmedebis SesaZleblobas. am ukanasknelis uzrunvelyofis garantiaa saqarTvelos konstitucia da samoqalaqo kanonebi (sk-is muxli 10).
amrigad, samoqalaqo kodeqsi (muxli 317), valdebulebis warmoSobis safuZvlebs Soris, miuxedavad imisa, rom zogadad garigebaa valdebulebis
warmoSobis safuZveli (magaliTad, saanderZo
danakisri
/legati/,
muxli 1383), upiratesobas aniWebs jer xelSekrulebas, xolo Semdeg aras
axelSekrulebo valdebulebebs.
kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli valdebulebebis arasruli CamonaTvali ase
gamoiyureba:

Tu uflebamosili piri ibrunebs nivTs, igi valdebulia, mpovnels

aunazRauros Senaxvis xarjebi da gadauxados sapovneli /jildo/
(muxli 191, nawili mesame);
saziaro uflebebi (sk-is953-968 muxlebi);
davalebis gareSe sxvisi saqmeebis Sesruleba (sk-is
969-975
muxlebi);
jildos sajarod dapireba. konkursi ( sk-is 755- 762 muxlebi);
zianis miyeneba (deliqti, sk-is 992 1008-e muxlebi);
usafuZvlo gamdidreba (kondiqciuri valdebulebebi sk-is 976-991

-e muxlebi);
uxarisxo produqtiT gamowveuli zianis anazRaureba (sk-is

1009-1016-e muxlebi);
inteleqtualuri sakuTrebiTi urTierTobebi;
iuridiuli faqtebi, romelTac kanoni ukavSirebs samoqalaqo

uflebebis warmoSobas, Secvlas an Sewyvetas (dabadeba, gardacvaleba, stiqiuri ubedurebebi, samxedro moqmedebebi da a.S.).
garda aRniSnulisa, valdebulebis warmoSobis safuZveli SeiZleba iyos

kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebac, romliTac dadgenilia mxareTa uflebebi da movaleobebi. amasTan dakavSirebiT sasamarTlo praqtika araerTgvarovania.
magaliTad, saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2001 wlis 27 ivnisis gadawyvetilebiT, foTis sazRvao navsadgurs Sps `tamanis sasargeblod
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daekisra fuladi valdebulebis SeusruleblobisaTvis ZiriTadi davalianebis saxiT 140000 laris, xolo pirgasamtexlos saxiT _ 122000 laris
gadaxda. movalem valdebuleba mainc ar Seasrula jerovnad da gadaacila
Sesrulebis vadas. kreditorma moiTxova kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli gadawyvetilebis SeusruleblobiT miyenebuli zianis anazRaureba.
sakasacio instancia daeTanxma mosarCeles imaSi, rom mas ufleba hqonda,
moeTxova vadis gadacilebis gamo zianis anazRaureba, Tumca, moTxovna
CaTvala dausabuTeblad da miuTiTa Semdegi:
`sakasacio
sasamarTlo
kasatoris yuradRebas miaqcevs amave kodeqsis 412-e muxlze da miuTiTebs,
rom anazRaurebas eqvemdebareba mxolod is ziani, romelic movalisaTvis
winaswar iyo savaraudo da warmoadgens zianis gamomwvevi moqmedebis uSualo Sedegs. kasators
ZalaSi Sesuli gadawyvetilebis iZulebiTi aRsruleba ar mouTxovia... aRniSnuli

sakasacio
sasamarTlos aZlevs safuZvels miiCnios, rom movalisaTvis SeuZlebeli iyo im SesaZlo zianis varaudi, rac
mohyveboda mis qmedebas...~ (ix.
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos administraciuli da sxva kategoriis saqmeTa palatis 2005 wlis 11 Tebervlis
gadawyvetileba # bs-929-788-k).
vfiqrobT, am davis mosawesrigeblad sasamarTlos unda gamoeyenebina
403-e
muxlis pirveli nawili, romlis mixedviTac, movale yvela saxis fuladi Tanxis gadaxdis vadagadacilebisaTvis agebs pasuxs. kanoniT gansazRvruli procenti am SemTxvevaSi warmoadgens im minimalur zians,
romelic mtkicebas ar saWiroebs. ZiriTadi Tanxis _ 140000 laris vadaSi
daubrunebloba
aniWebda kreditors uflebas, moeTxova vadis gadacilebiT gamowveuli zianis anazRaureba miuxedavad imisa, rom mas iZulebiT
aRsruleba ar mouTxovia. kanonier ZalaSi Sesulma gadawyvetilebam gansazRvra mxareTa ufleba-movaleobani, saxeldobr, movalis valdebuleba
_ gadaexada vali. movale ar unda dalodeboda kreditoris moqmedebas
(iZulebiTi aRsrulebis moTxovnas), radganac es mis uflebas, da ara valdebulebas, warmoadgens!
movale mxolod maSin gaTavisufldeboda pasuxismgeblobisagan, Tu kreditori ar miiRebda mis mier SeTavazebul Sesrulebas an ar Seasrulebda
misi mxridan savaldebulo raime saxis moqmedebas (sk-is 390-e muxli).
valdebulebis struqtura
valdebulebis struqtura Tavis gamoxatulebas poulobs sk-is
316-e
muxlis pirvel nawilSi da SeiZleba iyos rogorc martivi _ rodesac erT movales upirispirdeba erTi kreditori, ise rTuli _ rodesac erT-erT an
orive mxares SeiZleba monawileobdes ramdenime piri. saxeldobr:
ori an meti movale da erTi kreditori _ am konstruqciasTan gvaqvs
saqme, rodesac dazaralebulisaTvis zianis miyenebaSi monawileobs erTdroulad ramdenime piri (sk-is 463-e, 998-e, 701-e, 703-e muxlebi da a.S.).
ori an meti kreditori da erTi movale _ aseT SemTxvevasTan gvaqvs saqme,
rodesac, magaliTad, ramdenime banki an sxva sakredito dawesebuleba
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iRebs Tavis Tavze garantias movalis mier aRebuli kreditis droul dabrunebaze (sk-is 455-e, 879-e muxlebi).
or an met movales upirispirdeba aseve ori an meti kreditori _ magaliTad, erToblivi saqmianobis monawileebi deben nardobis xelSekrulebas
mSeneblobis warmoebaze or an met samSeneblo firmebTan.
solidaruli valdebuleba warmoadgens gamonakliss zogadi wesidan da
albaT aman ganapiroba is garemoeba, rom kanonmdeblis mier mocemuli valdebulebis cneba ar Seicavs valdebulebebSi pirTa simravlis SesaZleblobas. Tumca, praqtikaSi am saxis valdebulebebi xSiria. maT dasaxasiaTeblad ramdenime Taviseburebas SeiZleba xazi gaesvas:

solidaruli valdebuleba, valdebulebis sagnis ganuyoflobiT,

xelSekrulebiT an kanoniT warmoiSoba.
am saxis valdebuleba maqsimalurad uzrunvelyofs kreditoris

dakmayofilebas.
solidaruli valdebulebis dros moqmedebs Semdegi principi:

èrTi yvelasaTvis da yvela erTisaTvis~.
TeoriaSi cnobilia pirTa simravle valdebulebebSi pasiuri da aqtiuri valdebulebebis saxiT. aqtiuri solidaruli valdebulebis
dros saxezea kreditorTa simravle da TiToeul maTgans SeuZlia,
movales mosTxovos Sesruleba (sk-is 455-e muxli).
pasiuri solidaruli valdebulebis dros kreditori erTia da mas SeuZlia, nebismier movales mosTxovos Sesruleba.
valdebulebebSi pirTa simravles adgili aqvs ara marto sk-is 455-e da
463-e muxlebiT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi, aramed maSinac, rodesac
saxezea wilobrivi an subsidiuri valdebulebebi.
wilobrivi valdebulebebi warmoiSoba:
a) Tu erT-erTi solidaruli kreditori movalisagan iRebs valdebulebis
mTlian Sesrulebas, maSin mas danarCeni kreditorebis mimarT warmoeSoba
valdebuleba, gadauxados danarCen solidarul kreditorebs maTi kuTvnili wili. solidarul kreditorebs erTmaneTTan urTierTobaSi aqvT Tanabari wili, Tu maT Soris sxva ram ar aris dadgenili (sk-is 462-e muxli).
b) Tu solidarul kreditors hyavs ramdenime memkvidre, maSin TiToeul
memkvidreze gadadis valze uflebis mxolod is nawili, romelic mis samkvidro wils Seesabameba (sk-is 461-e muxli). am normis konkretizacias warmoadgens 1484-e muxlis pirveli nawili, romlis mixedviTac, memkvidreebi
valdebulni arian, mTlianad daakmayofilon mamkvidreblis kreditorTa
interesebi, magram miRebuli aqtivis farglebSi TiToeulis wilis proporciulad.
g) movales, romelmac solidaruli valdebuleba Seasrula, aqvs ukumoTxovnis ufleba danarCen movaleTa mimarT wilTa Tanabrobis kvalobaze,
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oRond Tavisi wilis gamoklebiT, Tuki xelSekrulebiT an kanoniT sxva ram

ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli (sk-is 473-e muxlis pirveli nawili).
amrigad,
wilobrivi
valdebulebis dros TiToeuli movale moqmedebs TavisTvis. SeiZleba TiToeuli maTganis valdebuleba damoukidebel valdebulebad iqnes ganxiluli.
subsidiuri valdebulebebis warmoSobis sakvanZo momentebi:
a)
am saxis valdebulebis warmoSobis safuZvelia xelSekruleba an kanoni. amis magaliTad SeiZleba moviyvanoT sk-is 994-e muxlis mesame nawili,
romlis mixedviTac, aT welze meti asakis, magram arasrulwlovani piri pasuxs agebs im zianisaTvis, romelic man sxvas miayena; magram Tu misi qoneba ar iqneba sakmarisi zianis asanazRaureblad, maSin kreditors SeuZlia
damatebiTi pasuxismgebloba daakisros mis kanonier warmomadgenels.
b)
movale asrulebs valdebulebas mxolod im nawilSi, romelic ar Seasrula ZiriTadma movalem.
g) kreditori, pirvel rigSi, moTxovnas ZiriTad movales uyenebs da es
misi movaleobaa da ara ufleba! mxolod movalis saxsrebis arasakmarisoba
aniWebs mas uflebas, valdebulebis darCenili nawilis Sesruleba moiTxovos
subsidiuri
movalisagan. magaliTad, Tu Tavdebi kisrulobs pasuxismgeblobas subsidiurad, maSin mas daekisreba valis im nawilis gadaxda,
romelic ver gadaixada ZiriTadma movalem (sk-is 895-e muxli).
d)
pirebi, romlebic
subsidiuri
pasuxismgeblobis matarebelni arian, imave wesiT ageben pasuxs, rogorc ZiriTadi movaleebi.
amitomac, maT SeuZliaT, kreditors wauyenon ZiriTadi movalis
Sesageblebi (xandazmulobaze, bralis ar arsebobaze da a.S. mag. 899-e muxli).
kreditori ar aris damokidebuli movalis keTil nebaze, rac imas niSnavs,
rom Tu movale nebayoflobiT ar Seasrulebs nakisr valdebulebas, mas
316(1)-iT
miniWebuli aqvs ufleba, movales mosTxovos Sesruleba sasamarTlos meSveobiT, Tumca, es yovelTvis ar gulisxmobs wayenebuli moTxovnis
dakmayofilebis SesaZleblobas. aucilebelia, moTxovna iuridiulad vargisi, anu namdvili iyos.
aranamdvilia moTxovna, Tu gasulia vada, romlis ganmavlobaSic kreditors SeuZlia movalisagan raime moqmedebis Sesrulebis an moqmedebisagan
Tavis Sekavebis moTxovnis wardgena.
xandazmulobis momwesrigebeli normebi zogjer mkafiod ar aregulireben calkeuli samarTlebrivi urTierTobidan gamomdinare xandazmulobis sakiTxebs.
magaliTad, samoqalaqo kodeqsis
145-e
muxli mTavari moTxovnis xandazmulobis vadis gasvlasTan erTad gasulad miiCnevs am vadas damatebiTi moTxovnebisTvisac (pirgasamtexlo, Tavdeboba, movalis garantia da a.S.).
MYTOPBOOK.ORG
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rac Seexeba aqcesoruli uflebidan (aqcesorulia ufleba, romelic isea

dakavSirebuli sxva uflebasTan, rom mis gareSe arc SeiZleba arsebobdes,
ix.
sk-is
153-e
muxlis pirveli nawili) gamomdinare moTxovnebis beds ZiriTadi moTxovnis xandazmulobis SemTxvevaSi, amaze pasuxs samoqalaqo kodeqsi ar iZleva.
sk-is 143-e muxlis moSvelieba am SemTxvevaSi ar SeiZleba, radganac igi
awesrigebs mxolod nivTis mflobelobis xandazmulobas.
mecnierTa nawili miiCnevs, rom `moTxovnis xandazmuloba ar iwvevs
sanivTo uzrunvelyofis saSualebebis xandazmulobas. `marTalia, moTxovnis
xandazmulobiT kreditori movalisagan Sesrulebis moTxovnis uflebas
kargavs, magram mas SeuZlia, valdebulebis uzrunvelsayofad dagiravebuli nivTis realizacia moiTxovos da am gziT daikmayofilos moTxovna~
(ix. ss kodeqsis komentarebi, wigni mesame, Tbilisi, 2001 weli, gv.40).
arsebobs am mosazrebis sawinaaRmdego mosazrebac, romelic Cveni azriT, ufro mkafiod esadageba kanonmdeblis nebas, ar gaavrcelos sanivTo
uflebaze sk-is 129-e muxlis pirveli nawilis meore winadadeba, romlis
mixedviTac, uZrav nivTebze saxelSekrulebo moTxovnaTa xandazmulobis
vada Seadgens eqvs wels.
ìpoTekis dadgenis winapirobas ara mxolod sajaro reestrSi registracia, aramed, sk-is
289-e
muxlis pirveli nawilis meore da mesame winadadebebis Tanaxmad, mxareTa Sesabamisi saxelSekrulebo SeTanxmebis arseboba
warmoadgens.
amdenad, am debulebam SesaZloa migviyvanos xandazmulobis eqvswlian
vadamde. aq saubari aRar aris uZrav nivTze valdebulebiT-samarTlebrivi

xelSekrulebis safuZvelze warmoSobil moTxovnaze, magaliTad, saxlis
nasyidobis xelSekrulebaze an
sanivTo
datvirTvis
dadgenis valdebulebaze, aramed uflebebze, romlebic warmoiSobian ukve xelSekrulebiT

dadgenili sanivTo uflebidan. sk-is 129-e muxlis pirveli nawilis meore
winadadeba sityvasityviT da viwrod unda ganimartos da uZrav nivTze
valdebulebiT-samarTlebrivi SeTanxmebiT Semoifarglos... uflebebze,
romlebic warmoiSobian
sanivTo
datvirTvis safuZvelze, sk-is
128-e
muxlis mesame nawilis Tanaxmad, vrceldeba xandazmulobis saerTo, 10 wliani
vada. es vada ki jer ar gasula.
sk-is 291-e muxlidan gamomdinareobs, rom mesakuTres, romelic ar aris
ipoTekaris
piradi movale, SeuZlia mas daupirispiros yvela is
Sesagebeli, romelic valdebulebiT-samarTlebriv urTierTobas emyareba da
romlis wardgenis uflebac pirad movales aqvs. amgvar Sesageblebs aseve
miekuTvneba Sesagebeli moTxovnis xandazmulobis gamo.
Tu mesame pirs, romelic ipoTekis safuZvelze sakuTari qonebiT agebs pasuxs sxvisi valebis gamo, SeuZlia waradginos valdebulebiTi garigebidan
gamomdinare piradi
Sesagebeli
ipoTekis
sanivTo
uflebis mimarT, bunebrivia, rom igive ufleba im mesakuTresac eniWeba, romelic Tavad aris
movale. es debuleba,
me-5
muxlis pirveli nawilis Sesabamisad, gamoyenebuli unda iqnes analogiiT.
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amdenad, valdebulebiTi moTxovnis xandazmulobis gamo piradi

Sesagebeli mimarTulia sk-is 291-e muxlis winaaRmdeg da pirvel mopasuxes ufleba
aqvs, uari Tqvas kuTvnili miwis nakveTis realizaciaze (ix. h.boelingi,
l.Wanturia, samoqalaqo saqmeebze sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis
meTodika, gamocema meore, Tbilisi 2004 weli. gv.177-179).
erT-erTi solidaruli movalis mimarT moTxovnis baTilobas ara aqvs
Zala sxva movaleTa mimarT.
magaliTi: sami iuridiuli piri (a, b, g) erToblivad Tavdebad daudga bankis
(d) winaSe mesame pirs (e)
am ukanasknelis fuladi valdebulebis Sesasruleblad. banki kredits _
250000
lars _
gascems mesame pirze. mogvianebiT dgindeba, rom a-s mxridan Tavdeboba xelmowerilia arauflebamosili piris
mier da igi namdvili ar aris. miuxedavad amisa, banks SeuZlia, Sesrulebis
moTxovna wauyenos danarCen or TanaTavdebs (b da g).
erT-erTi solidaruli movalisadmi wayenebuli moTxovnis xandazmulobis vadis SeCerebas an Sewyvetas ara aqvs Zala sxva movaleTa mimarT, rac
imas niSnavs, rom xandazmulobis vadis gamoTvla cal-calke unda moxdes
TiToeuli solidaruli movalis mimarT.
aviRoT igive magaliTi: firmebi: a, b da g arian
Tanamovaleebi
da mopasuxeebi, xolo mosarCeles warmoadgens banki d. sasamarTlo ganxilvis dros
samive mopasuxem waradgina Sesagebeli xandazmulobaze. dadginda, rom ori
Tavdebis mimarT moTxovna marTlac xandazmuli iyo, magram mesame Tavdebis mimarT banks adre hqonda sarCeli wardgenili, rac imas niSnavs, rom
sk-is
138-e
muxlis ZaliT mis mimarT adgili hqonda

sasarCelo
xandazmulobis vadis denis Sewyvetas da amitomac bankis moTxovna mesame Tavdebis
mimarT namdvili iqneba.
valdebuleba moralis, tradiciisa da Cveulebis ZaliTac SeiZleba arsebobdes, magram aseTi valdebuleba samarTlebrivad uvargisi iqneba.
magaliTad, ar SeiZleba dakmayofildes moTxovnebi, romlebic TamaSobidan da sanaZleodan gamomdinareoben (sk-is muxli 951).
3. valdebulebis Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofis

samarTlebrivi problemebi
Tanamedrove, swrafad ganviTarebadi sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi
yoveli valdebuleba saWiroebs erTgvar `dacvas, romelsac civilisti
kaSi ùzrunvelyofas uwodeben.
am mizniT kanonmdebelma SeimuSava specialuri zomebi, romlebic mimarTulia
iqiTken,
raTa movale aiZulos, Seasrulos Sesabamisi samoqalaqo-sa
marTlebrivi valdebuleba.
bunebrivad Cndeba kiTxva, vis mier da rogor xdeba valdebulebis Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofis saSualebebis arCeva?
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konkretuli pasuxi yovel konkretul valdebulebaze, xelSekrulebis

individualur debulebebze, kreditorisa da movalis pirad urTierTobebze iqneba damokidebuli. bolos da bolos, kreditors SeiZleba sulac
ar ainteresebdes TviT movale, Tundac rogorc iuridiuli piri, magram
mas ar SeiZleba, ar ainteresebdes, magaliTad, Tavdebobisas Tavdebis
pirovneba, misi gadaxdisunarianoba da a.S.
sapirispiro suraTsac SeiZleba hqondes adgili: kreditors SeiZleba
ufro aRelvebdes movalis imiji, misi keTilsindisiereba saqmian urTierTobebSi da bolos, ara marto misi materialur _ finansuri sakuTreba,
aramed zogjer `
maRal likviduri~
inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis arseboba.
amitom, zemoT dasmul kiTxvaze pasuxi mxolod zogadi xasiaTis SeiZleba
iyos: valdebulebis Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofis saSualebebi ganisazRvreba kanoniT da/an
dgindeba mxareTa SeTanxmebiT. ganasxvaveben valdebulebis Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofis qonebriv da pirovnul saSualebebs.
qonebrivi uzrunvelyofis saSualebebia: giravnoba/ipoTeka/
254,286-e muxlebi), pirgasamtexlo da be (sk-is 417-423-e muxlebi).
(sk-is
pirovnuli uzrunvelyofis saSualebebs warmoadgenen: movalis garantia

(sk-is
424-426-e
muxlebi), Tavdeboba (sk-is
891-905-e
muxlebi) da sabanko garantia (sk-is 879-890-e muxlebi).
zogjer valdebulebis Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofis saSualebas kanoni
gansazRvravs, maT Soris:
valdebulebis uzrunvelyofis
sanivTo-samarTlebrivi
saSu
alebebiT:

qiravnobis urTierTobebidan gamomdinare, moTxovnebis uzrunvelsayofad, miwis nakveTis, saxlis an binis gamqiravebels aqvs giravnobis ufleba damqiraveblis mier iq Setanil nivTebze (sk-is
568-e). igive reJimi gamoiyeneba saijaro urTierTobebSic (sk-is
586-e da 596-e muxlebi).
menardes, Tavisi moTxovnebis uzrunvelsayofad, SeuZlia gamoiyenos giravnobis ufleba mis mier damzadebul an SekeTebul moZrav nivTze, Tu es nivTi, damzadebis an SekeTebis mizniT, menardis
mflobelobaSia (634).
gadamzidvels gadazidvis xelSekrulebidan warmoSobili xarjebis

gamo aqvs tvirTze giravnobis ufleba, vidre igi uflebamosilia,
gankargos es nivTi (685).
Semnaxvels Senaxvis xarjebis gamo warmoeSoba saqonlis giravnobis

ufleba manamde, sanam igi mis mflobelobaSia (796).
valdebulebaTa gaqviTvis SesaZlebloba (uzrunvelyofa farTo

gagebiT, 442-e da momdevno muxlebi).
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amasTan, kanonis safuZvelze warmoSobili giravnobisa da

garigebiTi
giravnobis uflebaTa konkurenciis dros gamoiyeneba
sk-is
267-e
muxlis mesame nawili, romlis mixedviTac: `kanonismieri giravnobis uflebis mqone

mogiravnes
aqvs giravnobis sagnidan Tavisi moTxovnebis upiratesi dakmayofilebis ufleba sxva mogiravnesTan SedarebiT.
magaliTi: a qiriT cxovrobs b-sTan da ixdis yovelTviurad 800 lars. mas
bankis g-s vali aqvs, romelsac ar ixdis. banksa da damqiravebels Soris
ideba SeTanxmeba, romlis mixedviTac, a agiravebs binaSi arsebul sxvadasxva moZrav nivTebs. dagiravebuli nivTebi gadaecema banks. b bankis am
moqmedebas ukanonod miiCnevs da iTxovs binaSi nivTebis dabrunebas im safuZvliT, rom a mas ar uxdis qiras da Tavisi moTxovnis dakmayofileba man
unda moaxdinos dagiravebuli nivTebis realizaciis xarjze (davalianeba
Seadgens 4000 lars). g SesagebelSi
miuTiTebs, rom nivTebi kanonierad imyofeba mis (bankis) mflobelobaSi, radganac nivTebis daqiravebuli farTobidan mocilebasTan erTad b-s giravnobis uflebam Zala dakarga.
bankis aseT pozicias mxolod maSin eqneboda samarTlebrivi safuZveli,
Tu nivTebis mocileba ganxorcieldeboda Cveulebrivi cxovrebiseuli
urTierTobebis Sesabamisad. bankidan kreditis aReba ar SeiZleba aseTad
CaiTvalos, rac imas niSnavs, rom b-s giravnobis ufleba upiratesia bankis
giravnobis uflebasTan mimarTebiT da bankma nivTebi unda daabrunos.
giravnobis uflebis realizacia kreditorma unda moaxdinos im wesiTa da
saSualebebiT, rogorc amas iTvaliswinebs samoqalaqo kodeqsis normebi.
kerZod:
a)
giravnobis sagnis realizaciis ufleba mogiravnes
aqvs movalis giravnobiT uzrunvelyofili moTxovnis Seusruleblobis an arajerovani

Sesrulebis SemTxvevaSi (sk-is muxli 278);
b)
mogiravne
valdebulia, realizaciamde ori kviriT adre giravnobis sagnis realizaciis Taobaze werilobiT gaafrTxilos damgiravebeli da sxva
mogiravneebi. werilobiTi gafrTxilebis valdebuleba ar iarsebebs, Tu:
giravnobis sagani malfuWebadia, anda arsebobs giravnobis sagnis sabazro
an sabirJo fasis dacemis realuri safrTxe ( muxli 282-e, pirveli da mesame
nawilebi);
g)
Tu mogiravne
uSualod TviTon axdens giravnobis sagnis realizacias, maSin igi valdebulia, giravnobis sagani gaasxvisos samarTlian da gonivrul
fasSi Tavisi, damgiraveblisa da sxva mogiravneebis
interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT. am valdebulebis Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi igi pasuxs agebs

damgiraveblisa da sxva
mogiravneebisaTvis
miyenebuli zianisaTvis. (muxli 283, nawili pirveli);
d) realizaciis ganmaxorcielebeli mogiravne valdebulia, realizaciis
ganxorcielebidan gonivrul vadaSi, gaumarTlebeli dayovnebis gareSe
warudginos damgiravebels werilobiTi angariSi giravnobis sagnis realizaciis Sesaxeb, romelic unda Seicavdes informacias realizaciis xarjebis, realizaciidan amonagebi Tanxisa da am Tanxis gamoyenebis Taobaze
(sk-is 285 prima muxli).
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valdebulebis Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofis

valdebulebiT-samarTlebrivi saSualebebiT:
Sesrulebis moTxovnis ufleba.
Tu xelSekrulebis sagania nageboba an am nagebobis calkeuli
nawilebi, maSin menardes SeuZlia, xelSekrulebidan gamomdinare,
Tavisi moTxovnebisaTvis moiTxovos ipoTeka samSeneblo miwis nakveTze (sk-is 635-e muxli).
SemkveTs SeuZlia, eqspeditors mosTxovos dazRvevis xelSekrulebis dadeba (Tu SemkveTi aSkarad ar gamoTqvams uars werilobiT, eqspeditori movalea, SemkveTis xarjze daazRvios is ziani, romelic
SekveTis Sesrulebisas eqspeditoris moqmedebiT SemkveTs SeiZleba
miadges (sk-is 735-e muxli).
kreditis gamcems SeuZlia, kreditis amRebs mosTxovos damatebiTi
uzrunvelyofis gamoyeneba (Tu kreditis gacemisas SeTanxmebulia sanivTo an pirovnuli uzrunvelyofa, maSin kreditis gamcems
kreditis arasrulad dafarvisas SeuZlia moiTxovos damatebiTi
uzrunvelyofis gamoyeneba. muxli 870 nawili pirveli).
lizingis mimRebs ufleba aqvs, lizingis gamcems mosTxovos, dauTmos qonebis momwodeblisagan Sesrulebis moTxovnis ufleba (mxareebi SeiZleba SeTanxmdnen, rom lizingis mimRebma lizingis gamcemisaTvis pretenziis wayenebamde unda moiTxovos dakmayofileba
qonebis mimwodeblisagan. muxli 578 nawili meore).
rwmunebuls SeuZlia, mosTxovos marwmunebels avansi im xarjebisaTvis, romlebic mas unda aunazRaurdes (sk-is 717 muxlis nawili
mesame).
Sesrulebaze uaris ufleba. am uflebis gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia
erTdroulad sami winapirobis arsebobisas:
pirveli _ misi sagania movalis kuTvnili nivTi, romelic kreditorma unda gadasces mas an mesame pirs.
meore _ misiT xdeba im valdebulebis uzrunvelyofa, romlis mixedviTac, movale valdebulia, gadaixados nivTis safasuri an aanazRauros masTan dakavSirebuli xarjebi da sxva ziani.
mesame _ dakavebiT uzrunvelyofili valdebuleba ar unda iyos
movalis mier droSi Sesrulebuli.
Sesrulebaze uari, rodesac igi gamoyenebulia valdebulebis uzrunvelyofis saSualebad, SeiZleba TviTdaxmarebis magaliTadac gamodges,
romelic moqmedi kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, darRveuli an sadavod gamxdari samoqalaqo uflebis dacvis saSualebaa.
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im pirs, romelsac valdebuleba akisria ormxrivi xelSekrulebidan gamomdinare, SeuZlia uari Tqvas valdebulebis Sesrulebaze
sapasuxo moqmedebis ganxorcielebamde, garda im SemTxvevebisa, roca igi valdebuli iyo, Tavisi valdebuleba winaswar Seesrulebina (sk-is 369-e da 406-e muxlebi).
gamyidvelis ufleba aqvs, daakavos nivTi. Tu myidveli droulad
ar miiRebs nivTs an Tavis droze ar gadaixdis mis fass, gamyidveli
valdebulia, Seinaxos nivTi; gamyidvels ufleba aqvs, daitovos nivTi an daakavos gzaSi manam, vidre myidveli ar aunazRaurebs Sesabamis
xarjebs (sk-is muxli 500).
samomxmareblo kreditis mimRebis ufleba _ uari Tqvas Sesrulebaze (samomxmareblo kreditis dros kreditis mimRebs SeuZlia, uari
Tqvas kreditis dabrunebaze, Tu, am kreditTan dakavSirebuli sasy
idliani
xelSekrulebidan gamomdinare,
Sesagebeli
gamyidvelis mimarT mas mianiWebda Tavisi valdebulebis Sesrulebaze uaris Tqmis
uflebas. muxli 370, nawili pirveli).
Semnaxvelis ufleba _ uari Tqvas nivTis dabrunebaze (kuTvnili
sazRauris miRebamde da SenaxvisaTvis gaweuli xarjebis anazRaurebamde Semnaxvels SeuZlia, uari Tqvas mibarebuli nivTis dabrunebaze. muxli 776). analogiuri uflebiT sargeblobs
sasawyobo
Semnaxvelic.
miTiTebuli uzrunvelyofis saSualebebi gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan
movaleze zemoqmedebis xarisxiTa da mTavari miznis _ aiZulon movale,
Seasrulos valdebuleba _ miRwevis meTodebiT.
rogorc wesi, valdebulebis Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofis saSualebebi
kreditoris interesebSi dgindeba. rasakvirvelia, uzrunvelyofis yvela
saSualeba ar warmoadgens sanqcias
pasuxismgeblobis TvalsazrisiT, magram isini pirdapir an iribad uqmnian gamousworebel movales sirTuleebs.
valdebulebis qonebrivi uzrunvelyofis saSualebas _ bes _ kanonmdebeli miiCnevs (sk-is
421-e
muxli) fulad Tanxad, romelsac xelSekrulebis erTi mxare aZlevs meore mxares da amiT dasturdeba xelSekrulebis
dadebis faqti. am ganmartebidan gamomdinare, be ara marto uzrunvelyofs momavali valdebulebis Sesrulebas, aramed igi imavdroulad adasturebs xelSekrulebis dadebasac, rac imas niSnavs, rom movalis mier
xelSekrulebis pirobebis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi, kreditors SeuZlia,
moiTxovos Sesruleba im xelSekrulebidan gamomdinare, romlis dadebasac adasturebs be!
be gansxvavdeba sxva uzrunvelyofis saSualebebisagan (pirgasamtexlo,
movalis garantia, sabanko garantia, ipoTeka, Tavdeboba) imiTac, rom igi
SeiZleba zepiradac daidos. Tumca, sasamarTlo praqtika bes xelSekrulebas miiCnevs winare xelSekrulebad _ momavali xelSekrulebis dadebis
valdebulebis warmomSob SeTanxmebad _ da, Sesabamisad, masze avrcelebs
sk-is
327-e
muxlis mesame nawilis moTxovnas, romlis Tanaxmadac, momaMYTOPBOOK.ORG
26
valSi dasadebi xelSekrulebisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli forma vrceldeba

aseve winare xelSekrulebazec. aseTi midgomis gamo, umetes SemTxvevaSi,
rTuldeba misi gamijvna àvansisagan,~ romelic warmoadgens valdebulebis sruli an nawilobrivi Sesrulebis mizniT gadacemul fulad Tanxas.
magaliTi: gigaursa da buTiaSvils Soris daido am ukanasknelis kuTvnili maRaziis nasyidobis xelSekruleba. misi gadaformeba myidvelze unda
momxdariyo 30 dRis Semdeg. gigaurma, gamyidvelis TxovniT, werilobiTi
dokumentis gareSe gadasca mas winaswar 2000
aSS
dolari, romelic CaiTvleboda nasyidobiT gaTvaliswinebuli Tanxis nawilad. nasyidoba ar
daido. mogvianebiT, buTiaSvilma, romlis braliTac ar daido garigeba,
werilobiT aRiara valdebulebis arseboba. gigaurma moiTxova bes ormagad dabruneba.
pirveli instanciis sasamarTlom sesxis kvalifikacia misca mxareTa urTierTobas da mopasuxes daavala
mosarCelesaTvis
2000 aSS
dolaris dabruneba.
saapelacio sasamarTlom gadacemuli Tanxa CaTvala momavali
xelSekrulebis Sesrulebis angariSSi avansis saxiT gadaxdilad, radganac mxareTa Soris bes Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba ar akmayofilebda sk-is 327-e
muxlis mesame nawilis da 323-e muxlis moTxovnebs. sakasacio sasamarTlo
daeTanxma saapelacio sasamarTlos daskvnas bes Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis ba
TilobasTan dakavSirebiT, magram moTxovnis materialur-samarTlebriv
safuZvlad miuTiTa garigebis baTilobidan gamomdinare normebze (976-e
muxlis pirveli nawilis à~ qvepunqtze da 979-e muxlis pirvel nawilze) da
ara sk-is 361-e muxlis meore nawilze, romelic gamoiyeneba movalis mier
keTilsindisierebis zogadi principis darRvevisas (ix. saqme #3k/865 24
ianvari 2001 weli).
bes funqcia (praqtikuli arsi) mdgomareobs SemdegSi:
mas gaaCnia mtkicebiTi funqcia _ igi adasturebs xelSekrulebis
dadebis faqts.
uzrunvelmyofi funqcia _ be CaiTvleba ZiriTadi valdebulebiT
gaTvaliswinebuli gadasaxdelis angariSSi da amiT garantirebuls
xdis mxolod im valdebulebas, romelic am xelSekrulebiTaa gaTvaliswinebuli.
sagadasamxdelo funqcia (igi gaicema mxolod Sesrulebis angariSSi,
Tu SeTanxmebiT sxva ram ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli).
sakompensacio funqcia _ xelSekrulebis is mxare, romelic pasuxs
agebs misi SeusruleblobisaTvis, valdebulia, meore mxares aunazRauros amiT gamowveuli ziani, romlis drosac be CaiTvleba zianis
anazRaurebis angariSSi.
MYTOPBOOK.ORG
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bes odenoba ganisazRvreba mxareTa SeTanxmebiT. igi ar SeiZleba

aRematebodes gadasaxdeli Tanxis odenobas. Tu mainc daido aseTi
SeTanxmeba, maSin sasamarTlos SeuZlia, analogiiT gamoiyenos sk-is
420-e muxli da Seamciros igi.
be kreditors gadaecema winaswar, momavali xelSekrulebis dadebis
uzrunvelsayofad im mxaris mier, romelsac momavali xelSekrulebiT
daekisreba fuladi valdebulebis Sesruleba.
Tu valdebuleba Sewydeba misi Sesrulebis dawyebamde, an Tu
xelSekruleba ar daideba misi bunebrivi, ekonomikuri an iuridiuli
SeuZleblobis gamo, be ubrundeba mis mimcems.
valdebulebis Sesrulebis bunebrivi (fizikuri) SeuZlebloba gulisxmobs individualurad gansazRvruli sagnis ganadgurebas, dazianebas an valdebuli piris gardacvalebas. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, bunebrivi `SeuZlebloba~ unda dadges obieqturi garemoebebis
gamo.
valdebulebis Sesrulebis ìuridiuli~ SeuZleblobis qveS igulisxmeba kompetenturi saxelmwifo organoebis mier iseTi aqtis
gamocema, romlis Sedegadac Sesruleba mTlianad an nawilobriv
SeuZlebeli xdeba.
aseT garemoebebs kanonmdebeli ar miakuTvnebs movalis kontragentis mxridan valdebulebebis darRvevas, bazarze saWiro saqonlis
ararsebobas, movalis gadaxdisuunarobas da a.S.
valdebulebis Sesrulebisas movalis muSakebis arajerovani qceva
ganixileba movalis arajerovan qcevad. movale pasuxs agebs im pirTa
moqmedebisaTvis, romelTac igi iyenebs sakuTar valdebulebaTa Sesasruleblad iseTive moculobiT, rogorc sakuTari braleuli
moqmedebis dros (sk-is 396-e muxli).

bes bedi mTlianadaa damokidebuli xelSekrulebis monawileTa jerovan qcevaze.
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu bes mimcemis braliT ar daideba xelSekruleba, be
rCeba mis mimRebs, xolo mimRebis braleuli moqmedebis SemTxvevaSi,
be ormagad ubrundeba mimcems (sk-is 423- e muxli).
misi gamoyeneba SeiZleba nebismieri sasyidliani garigebis dadebis
dros.
valdebulebis Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofis erT-erT uZveles saSualebas pirgasamtexlo (sk-is 417-420-e muxlebi) warmoadgens.
MYTOPBOOK.ORG
28
pirgasamtexlos
daniSnuleba zianis anazRaurebaa da igi damokidebulia ZiriTadi valdebulebis arsebobaze (valdebulebis uzrunvelyofis damatebiTi saSualebaa).
pirgasamtexlos
forma werilobiTia. formas
materialur-samarTlebrivi daniSnuleba aqvs, rac niSnavs imas, rom formis daucveloba
pirgasamtexloze mxareTa SeTanxmebis ucilod baTilobas iwvevs.
maSinac ki, rodesac ZiriTadi valdebuleba ar moiTxovs werilobiT
formas, pirgasamtexlo aucileblad werilobiT unda gaformdes.
Tu ZiriTadi valdebuleba rTul sanotaro formas moiTxovs,
pirgasamtexloze
kanonis es moTxovna ar gavrceldeba, magram Tu ZiriTadi valdebuleba gabaTildeba, es avtomaturad gamoiwvevs
pirgasamtexloze SeTanxmebis baTilobasac.
kreditori Tavisufldeba zianis arsebobisa da moculobis mtkicebis movaleobisagan. pirgasamtexlos dasakisreblad sakmarisia
xelSekrulebis darRvevis faqtis arseboba. amasTan, sasamarTlos
SeuZlia, saqmis garemoebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT, Seamciros Seusabamod
maRali pirgasamtexlo. am gziT sasamarTlo axdens samarTlianobis
principidan gamomdinare mxareTa urTierTvaldebulebebis balansirebas.
pirgasamtexlo, misi warmoSobis safuZvlis mixedviT, ori saxisaa:
kanonismieri da saxelSekrulebo. misi daricxva warmoebs jarimisa
da sauravis saxiT.
pirgasamtexlo
zianisagan sruliad damoukidebelia, rac imas niSnavs, rom igi maSinac unda anazRaurdes, rodesac damdgari ziani naklebia an saerTod ar damdgara.
zianTan dakavSirebiT, TeoriaSi ganasxvaveben: sagamonakliso,
sajarimo, alternatiul da CaTvliT pirgasamtexlos.

jarima warmoadgens araerTjeradad gadasaxdel Tanxas, romelic
winaswar dadgenili Tanxis proporciulad procentebSi gamoixateba.
sauravi warmoadgens pirgasamtexlos, romelic gamoiangariSeba
ganuwyvetliv, mzardi SedegiT. ufro xSirad sauravi gamoiyeneba
valdebulebis vadis gadacilebisaTvis. sauravi ericxeba yoveldRiurad Sesrulebis vadis gadacilebis SemTxvevaSi. misi daricxva,
rogorc wesi, procentis saxiT xdeba.
kanonismieri pirgasamtexlo kreditors SeuZlia moiTxovos yvela
SemTxvevaSi, miuxedavad mxareTa Soris arsebuli SeTanxmebis Sinaarsisa. misi odenoba mxareebma SeiZleba gazardon, Tu es akrZaluli ar
aris kanoniT.
saxelSekrulebo pirgasamtexlo _ misi gamoyenebis pirobebi mxolod
mxareTa SeTanxmebiT dgindeba.
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sagamonakliso
pirgasamtexlos
dros ar SeiZleba zianis anazRaurebis moTxovna. kreditors SeuZlia, mxolod

pirgasamtexlo
moiTxovos. am saxis pirgasamtexlos gamoyenebas adgili aqvs satransporto
urTierTobebSi.
sajarimo (kumulatiuri)
pirgasamtexlo,
romlis drosac mxares ekisreba erTdroulad zianis anazRaurebac da pirgasamtexloc,
samoqalaqo kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli ar aris, radganac igi ukiduresad amZimebs movalis mdgomareobas da, rogorc wesi, kreditors
gaumarTleblad privilegirebul mdgomareobaSi ayenebs.
CaTvliTi pirgasamtexlo _ dadgenili pirgasamtexlos gadaxdasTan
erTad movales SeiZleba zianic moeTxovos, oRond pirgasamtexlo
CaiTvleba asanazRaurebeli zianis odenobaSi.
zogadi wesis mixedviT, kreditors ar SeuZlia, erTdroulad moiTxovos valdebulebis Sesruleba da pirgasamtexlos gadaxdevinebac.
mas SeuZlia airCios an Sesruleba an
pirgasamtexlo.
magram Tu pir
gasamtexlo
gaTvaliswinebulia im SemTxvevebisaTvis, roca valdebuleba ar sruldeba droSi, maSin aseTi moTxovna dasaSvebia. sasamarTlo praqtika, am TvalsazrisiT, Tanmimdevrulia.
magaliTad, erT-erT gadawyvetilebaSi saqarTvelos uzenaesma sasamarTlom aRniSna: `...xelSekrulebis arajerovnad Sesrulebisas, kerZod, vadis
gadacilebisaTvis, kreditors ufleba aqvs, moiTxovos rogorc valdebulebis Sesruleba, ise pirgasamtexlos gadaxdevineba.
pirgasamtexlo Sesrulebis aRmatebuli moTxovnaa, igi damoukidebelia
zianis anazRaurebisagan.
Tu kreditors
pirgasamtexlosTan
erTad dayenebuli aqvs zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnac, ar SeiZleba orive moTxovna dakmayofildes, vinaidan
pirgasamtexlo
TavisTavad TviTon warmoadgens zianis anazRaurebis minimalur Tanxas. am SemTxvevaSi, kreditors TviTon SeuZlia gamoiyenos upiratesi interesis ufleba, anu airCios moTxovna zianis anazRaurebis Tu
pirgasamtexlos Sesaxeb. dauSvebelia erTdroulad pirgasamtexlosa da
mTliani zianis anazRaurebis dakisreba, vinaidan es iqneba sajarimo sanqcia, romelic ukiduresad daamZimebda movalis mdgomareobas da gamoiwvevda kreditoris usafuZvlo gamdidrebas.
analogiuri SeiZleba iTqvas valdebulebis Sesrulebis vadis gadacilebis
gamo procentis gadaxdasTan dakavSirebiT.
sk-is 403-e muxlis pirveli nawilis Sesabamisad, movale, romelic fuladi
Tanxis gadaxdis vadas gadaacilebs, valdebulia, gadacilebuli droisaTvis gadaixados kanoniT gansazRvruli procenti, Tuki kreditors, sxva
safuZvlidan gamomdinare, ufro metis moTxovna ar SeuZlia.
sakasacio
sasamarTlo ganmartavs, rom vadis gadacilebisaTvis dawesebuli procenti valdebulebis drouli Sesrulebis prevenciuli funqciis matarebelia, anu moTxovnis uzrunvelyofis erT-erTi saSualebaa.
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igi, rogorc pirgasamtexlo, minimaluri zianis anazRaurebis saSualebas

warmoadgens. am SemTxvevaSic dauSvebelia erTdroulad movalisaTvis
xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli
pirgasamtexlosa
da gadaxdis vadis gadacilebisaTvis kanoniT gansazRvruli procentis gadaxdevineba, rameTu,
rogorc pirgasamtexlo, ise gadaxdis vadis gadacilebisaTvis kanoniT
gaTvaliswinebuli procenti warmoadgens zianis anazRaurebis Tanxas da ar
SeiZleba erTsa da imave darRvevisaTvis movales daekisros gadaxda gaormagebuli standartiT, miTumetes maSin, roca sk-is 403-e muxlis pirveli
nawilis bolo winadadebis Sesabamisad, vadis gadacilebis gamo kanoniT
gaTvaliswinebuli procenti movales daekisreba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi,
Tuki sxva safuZvlidan gamomdinare, mas ufro metis moTxovna ar SeuZlia.
am muxlis moTxovna movales saSualebas aZlevs, airCios xelSekrulebiT
gaTvaliswinebuli pirgasamtexlos
an mis nacvlad gadaxdis vadis gadacilebis gamo kanoniT gansazRvruli procentis anazRaureba.
mocemul SemTxvevaSi, movales xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli pir
gasamtexlos saxiT gadasaxdeli aqvs 376856 lari, rac sk-is 420-e muxlis
Sesabamisad, rogorc Seusabamod maRali pirgasamtexlo,
saolqo sasamarTlom sworad gaanaxevra. valdebulebis Sesrulebis vadis gadacilebis gamo kanoniT gaTvaliswinebulma procentma ki Seadgina 490 909 lari.
aseT SemTxvevaSi, valdebulebis Sesrulebis vadis gadacilebis gamo
kanoniT gaTvaliswinebulma procentma Seadgina ufro meti Tanxa, vidre
xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebulma pirgasamtexlom.
aqedan gamomdinare, movales valdebulebis darRvevisaTvis unda daekisros im Tanxis gadaxda, romelic ufro metia
(ix.
saqme #3k-422-03.
uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebani samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis

saqmeebze. #11 s.f.3024-3025).
rogorc vxedavT, samoqalaqo kodeqsiT, movales fuladi Tanxis gadaxdis
vadis gadacilebis dros zianisa da pirgasamtexlos anazRaurebis garda,
SeiZleba kanonismieri procentis anazRaurebac daekisros.
sk-is
403-e
muxlis pirveli nawili iTvaliswinebs pasuxismgeblobis specialur zomas. am normas universaluri xasiaTi aqvs da SemoRebulia im
mizniT, rom daicvas samoqalaqo brunvis monawileebis uflebebi da kanonieri interesebi arakeTilsindisieri movaleebis ukanono da zogjer TaRliTuri qmedebebisagan. Tavisi bunebiT, pasuxismgeblobis es zoma ar SeiZleba gaigivebul iqnes pirgasamtexlosTan da zogadad zianTan. fulad
valze kanonismieri
procentis daricxva ar abrkolebs movaleze pirgasam

texlos dakisrebas, radganac procenti da pirgasamtexlo erTmaneTisagan
damoukidebel pasuxismgeblobis zomas warmoadgens.
kanonismieri procentisa da pirgasamtexlos urTierTmimarTeba Semdegia:
pirgasamtexlo (fuladi Tanxa) valdebulebis Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofis damatebiTi saSualebaa, rasac ar warmoadgens sk-is 403-e
muxliT gansazRvruli procenti, romelic fuladi valdebulebis
drouli Sesrulebis prevenciulobasTanaa dakavSirebuli.
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kanonismieri procentis odenoba ganisazRvreba kanoniT, magaliTad, sabanko kreditis dros davalianebis Tanxas unda daericxos
bankTaSorisi sakredito auqcionis Sesabamisi periodisaTvis fiqsirebuli saprocento (an sadiskonto) ganakveTis 3%-is gadidebuli Tanxa (sk-is 869-e muxlis pirveli nawili).
kanoniT gansazRvruli procenti movales SeiZleba gadasaxdelad
daekisros gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebamdec mxolod maSin, rodesac fuli gadaxdis saSualebaa da ara xelSekrulebis sagani, anu
rodesac adgili aqvs sxvisi fuliT ukanono sargeblobas maSin,
rodesac pirgasamtexlo SeiZleba gaTvaliswinebuli iqnes nebismieri saxis valdebulebis Seusruleblobis an arajerovani SesrulebisaTvis.
praqtikaSi araerTgvarovani midgomaa ZiriTadi davalianebisa da sesxiT
sargeblobis procentis gadaxdis rigiTobasTan dakavSirebiT. erT-erT
saqmeze saapelacio sasamarTlom arasworad ganmarta sk-is 387-e muxli
da daadgina, rom erTsa da imave valdebulebTan dakavSirebuli moTxovnebidan gamomdinare, jer ifareba ZiriTadi davalianeba da Semdeg sesxiT sargeblobis procenti. amaze uzenaesma sasamarTlom miuTiTa Semdegi: `387-e muxli gansazRvravs sxvadasxva valdebulebidan gamomdinare
erTmaneTis msgavs ramdenime Sesrulebis Tanmimdevrobas. 387-e muxli ar
adgens erTi valdebulebidan gamomdinare Sesrulebis gaangariSebis da
dadgenis princips. Tu movales kreditorisaTvis unda gadaexada 100 lari
sesxis vali da 200 lari binis qira, movalis es ori Sesruleba erTmaneTis
msgavsi Sesrulebaa da 387-e muxlis safuZvelze unda gadawydes maTi Sesrulebis Tanmimdevroba.
samoqalaqo kodeqsis miTiTebuli norma adgens sxvadasxva safuZvlidan (xelSekrulebidan) gamomdinare fuladi valdebulebis Sesrulebis
rigiTobas da ara erTi samarTlebrivi urTierTobidan warmoSobili fuladi valdebulebis odenobis dadgenisa da gaangariSebis wess. mocemuli
muxli aregulirebs im SemTxvevas, roca sxvadasxva valdebulebidan gamomdinare moTxovnaTa Sesrulebis vada erTdroulad dadga... mopasuxes unda
daekisros Tanxa principiT: jer ifareba saprocento ganakveTi, romelic
mxareTa mier SeTanxmebuli da aRiarebulia, Semdeg ki ifareba ZiriTadi
vali~ (ix. saqme #3k/321-02 13 marti 2002 weli. saq. uzenaesi sasamarTlos
gadawyvetilebani samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeebze. #5
s.f.834).
kreditoris mxridan valdebulebis Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofis saWiro
(optimaluri) saSualebis arCeva metad problemuri SeiZleba iyos. igi
garkveulwilad damokidebulia ara marto movalis, aramed mesame pirebis
qcevazec (Tavdebi, banki).
magaliTad, Tavdebs kanoniT miniWebuli aqvs ufleba, uari Tqvas kreditoris dakmayofilebaze (Tu moTxovna ar gamomdinareobs movalis mier
Sesrulebis vadis gadacilebidan an misi gadaxdisuunarobidan), vidre es
ukanaskneli ar Seecdeba ZiriTadi movalis mimarT iZulebiT aRsrule-
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32
bas (sk-is 894-e muxli), an kidev mas SeuZlia wamoayenos ZiriTadi movalis
kuTvnili Sesageblebi (sk-is muxli 899).
Tavdebobisa da sabanko garantiis Sedarebis sqema ase gamoiyureba:
Tavdeboba (sk-is 891-905)
garantia (sk-is 879-890)
1.
Tavdebi.
1.
garanti.
2.
movale.
2.
principali.
3.
kreditori.
3.
beneficiari.
4.
Tavdebi SeiZleba iyos

nebismieri piri.
4.
garantoria banki an sxva

sakredito dawesebuleba.
5.
xelSekruleba ideba Tavdebsa

da kreditors Soris.
5.
xelSekruleba ideba
principalsa da garants Soris.
6.
valdebulebis sagani
nebismieri qonebaa.
6.
valdebulebis sagania fuladi

Tanxa.
7.
Tavdeboba rogorc usasyidlo,

ise sasyidliania.
7.
garantia mxolod sasyidliania.
8.
Tavdeboba valdebulebas
damatebiT uzrunvelyofs.
8.
garantia ar aris ZiriTad

valdebulebaze damokidebuli.
9.
Tavdeboba gaicema
valdebulebis Sesrulebis
vadiT.
9.
garantia nebismieri vadiT

gaicema.
10. kreditori ar aris SezRuduli,

daTmos moTxovna.
10. beneficiars ar SeuZlia,

daTmos moTxovna.
11. movalis mimarT regresuli

moTxovna yovelTvis saxezea.
11. garantis regresi

principalTan SeTanxmebazea
damokidebuli.
12. Tavdebobis ukan gamoTxovna

dasaSvebia.
12. sabanko garantiis ukan

gamoTxovna ar SeiZleba, Tu sxav
ram ar aris SeTanxmebuli.
13. Tavdeboba kauzaluri

valdebulebaa.
13. garantia abstraqtuli

valdebulebaa.
rogorc warmodgenili sqemidan Cans, sabanko garantiis dros kreditori

(beneficiari) ufro daculad gamoiyureba.
MYTOPBOOK.ORG
33
garantis pasuxismgeblobis farglebi ganisazRvreba Semdegi garemoebebiT:

a) Tavdapirvelad misi pasuxismgebloba Semoifargleba im TanxiT, romelic miTiTebulia garantiaSi.
b) Tu garantma nakisri valdebuleba beneficiarisaTvis Tanxis gadaxdis
Taobaze ar Seasrula droulad an jerovnad, igi pasuxs agebs ukve sakuTari da principalis moqmedebebisaTvis saerTo safuZvlebiT (sk-is
886-e muxlis meore nawili).
sabanko garantia Zalas inarCunebs ZiriTadi valdebulebis Sewyvetis (an
baTilad cnobis) Semdegac ki! Tumca, kreditors am `daculobisaTvis~
gansazRvruli safasuris gadaxda uwevs principalisaTvis (sk-is 880 muxli)

maSin, rodesac Tavdebobis dros, rogorc wesi, es urTierToba usasyidlo
xasiaTs atarebs!
amitomac, kreditori valdebulebis uzrunvelyofis saSualebebis arCevisas unda iTvaliswinebdes konkretuli saSualebebis Taviseburebebsa da
maTi gamoyenebis mizanSewoniloba-aucileblobis urTierTmimarTebas.
pirgasamtexlo da be erTdroulad samoqalaqo-samarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis zomas warmoadgens. maTi arseboba aiZulebs movales valdebulebis naturiT (realur) Sesrulebas, radganac fiqsirebulad jarimis
an sauravis gadaxdevinebis moTxovna kreditorisaTvis raime sirTulesTan
ar iqneba dakavSirebuli, maSin, rodesac sxva saxis zianis arseboba man ara
marto unda daasabuTos, aramed procesualurad unda daamtkicos.
girao, Tavdeboba, sabanko garantia kreditorisaTvis zrdis imis albaTobas, rom movalis mier valdebulebis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi, igi SeZlebs,
daikmayofilos Tavisi moTxovna.
valdebulebis Sinaarsi bevrad ganapirobebs valdebulebis Sesrulebis
uzrunvelyofis saSualebis arCevans.
magaliTad, sakredito da sesxis xelSekrulebidan gamomdinare, valdebulebebisaTvis ufro mniSvnelovania ipoTekis/giravnobis, Tavdebobisa
da sabanko garantiis gamoyeneba. magram Tu laparakia iseT valdebulebebze, romlebic gamomdinareobs gansazRvruli samuSaos Sesrulebis
an momsaxurebis gawevis samarTlebrivi urTierTobebidan, upiratesoba
unda mieniWos pirgasamtexlos gamoyenebas, radganac kreditoris interesi mdgomareobs movalisagan garkveuli Sedegis da ara fulis miRebaSi.
valdebulebis Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofis saSualebebi, rogorc wesi,
ZiriTadi valdebulebis gareSe ar arsebobs. am saxis urTierTobebis
Tavisebureba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom im valdebulebis aranamdviloba,
romlis uzrunvelsayofadac isini arsebobs, avtomaturad iwvevs maT
aranamdvilobas! (amis sailustraciod SegiZliaT ixiloT zemoT ganxiluli magaliTi ipoTekis aranamdvilobis Sesaxeb ZiriTadi valdebulebis
xandazmulobis gamo).
MYTOPBOOK.ORG
34
Tumca, rogorc ukve iyo aRniSnuli, am zogadi wesidan gamonaklisi mainc

arsebobs!
sabanko garantiis dros garantis valdebuleba beneficiaris winaSe maT
Soris urTierTobisas ar aris damokidebuli im ZiriTad valdebulebaze,
romlis Sesrulebis uzrunvelsayofadac aris is gacemuli, maSinac ki,
roca garantia Seicavs miTiTebas am valdebulebaze (muxli 881). vfiqrobT,
interesmoklebuli ar iqneba, amasTan dakavSirebiT, sasamarTlo praqtikidan erT-erTi saqmis moSvelieba:
korporacia `deu~-m ss èqsportimportbankis~ winaaRmdeg aRZra sarCeli
sabanko garantiiT nakisri valdebulebis Sesrulebis moTxovniT. sarCelis safuZvlad miTiTebuli iqna is faqtobrivi garemoeba, rom 1998 wlis
29 aprils mopasuxem (garanti) Sps `veilmotors~-is (principali) TxovniT
korporacia `deus~ (beneficiari) saxelze gasca sabanko garantia 178 000
aSS dolarze. gacemuli garantiis mixedviT, principalis mier Tanxis
droulad gadauxdelobis SemTxvevaSi, garanti kisrulobda valdebulebas, gadaexada jarima wliuri 24%-is odenobiT.
Sps `veilmotorsis~ mier Tanxis gadauxdelobis gamo, korporacia `deum~
mimarTa garants, romelmac 1999 wlis 27 dekembers uari ganacxada nakisri
valdebulebis Sesrulebaze.
mosarCelem
sarCeliT moiTxova
garantisagan
rogorc ZiriTadi davalianebis Tanxis, ise jarimis anazRaureba.
mopasuxem sarCeli ar cno im safuZvliT, rom sabanko garantia gacemuli
iyo eqvsi Tvis vadiT, xolo
beneficiari
valdebulebis Sesrulebas iTxovda am vadis gasvlis Semdeg.
mesame pirma `Sps veilmotorsma~ ganmarta, rom sadavo Tanxis nawili-155600
aSS dolari mis mier gadaxdili iqna mosarCelesaTvis.
saqarTvelos uzenaesma sasamarTlom mocemul saqmeze gaauqma saapelacio
sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba da gamoitana axali gadawyvetileba sarCelis srulad dakmayofilebis Sesaxeb Semdeg garemoebebze miTiTebiT:
sakasacio sasamarTlom gaiziara saapelacio palatis mier dadgenili
faqtobrivi garemoebebi imis Sesaxeb, rom 1998 wlis 29 aprils mopasuxem
gasca sabanko garantia 178000 aSS dolarze da manve ikisra valdebuleba
darCenili Tanxis 24 procentis yovelwliurad gadaxdis Taobaze Tanxis
srul gadaxdamde.
sakasacio
sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom saapelacio palatam araswori samarTlebrivi Sefaseba misca saqmis faqtobriv garemoebebs; kerZod, man miuTiTa, rom saapelacio sasamarTlom garantiiT nakisri valdebuleba arasworad daukavSira ZiriTad (nasyidobis) valdebulebas da, Sesabamisad,
masze arasworad gaavrcela beneficiarsa da principals Soris dadebuli
xelSekrulebis vadebi;
sakasacio sasamarTlom aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT ganmarta, rom sk-is
881-e
muxlis
imperatiuli
moTxovniT sabanko garantiiT gaTvaliswinebMYTOPBOOK.ORG
35
uli garantis valdebuleba beneficiaris winaSe ar aris damokidebuli im

ZiriTad valdebulebaze, romlis Sesrulebis uzrunvelsayofadac is aris
gacemuli; maSinac ki, roca garantia Seicavs miTiTebas am valdebulebaze;
sakasacio palatis ganmartebiT, samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobis mixedviT,
pretenziis wardgenis vadis gasvla ar iwvevs sagarantio vadis Sewyvetas
an moTxovnis uflebis gauqmebas.
palatam miiCnia, rom 1998 wlis 29 aprilis sabanko garantia gacemuli
iqna
sk-is
879-e
da
884-e
muxlebis moTxovnaTa dacviT; misi moqmedebis vadad ganisazRvra ra garantiaSi miTiTebuli Tanxis srulad gadaxda, rac
saqmis masalebiT ar iqna dadasturebuli, samoqalaqo kodeqsis
889-e
muxlis pirveli nawilis `b~ punqtiT garantiis moqmedebis vada Sewyvetilad
ar unda mieCnia saapelacio sasamarTlos; Sesabamisad, sk-is 888-e muxlis
moTxovniT, garanti valdebulia Sesrulebaze beneficiaris mimarT im
Tanxis gadaxdiT, razec gasca garantia.
sakasacio palatam aseve miiCnia, rom saqmis masalebiT ar iyo dadgenili
is garemoeba, riTac garants
sk-is
887-e
muxlis ZaliT
beneficiaris
moTxovnis dakmayofilebaze uaris Tqma SeeZlo (ix. saqme #3k-62-01, 17 ianvari
2001 weli, saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos biuleteni).
aRniSnuli Taviseburebis gamo sabanko garantia valdebulebis Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofis damoukidebel saxed unda iqnes miCneuli.
sk-is
879-e
muxls rTuli samarTlebrivi konstruqcia aqvs. am urTierTobaSi erTdroulad sami subieqti mainc monawileobs:
principali _ piri, romelic beneficiaris
movalea (ZiriTadi valdebulebis mixedviT) da sTxovs banks an sxva sakredito dawesebulebas, daudges valdebulebis Sesrulebis garantad.
beneficiari _ principalis kreditoria, xolo garanti _ iuridiuli piria
(banki an sxva sakredito dawesebuleba).
am saxis samarTlebrivi urTierTobis warmoSobisaTvis, Cveni azriT,
saWiroa sul cota oTxi iuridiuli moqmedebis Sesruleba:
moqmedeba #1 _ principali TxovniT mimarTavs banks, sxva sakredito
dawesebulebas an sadazRvevo organizacias, daudges
garantad
benefi
ciaris winaSe arsebuli valdebulebis Sesrulebis procesSi. kanoni ar
iZleva pasuxs Txovnis formis Taobaze. Sesabamisad, is SeiZleba gakeTdes
rogorc werilobiT, ise zepiri formiTac. Tumca, praqtikaSi principalis
Txovna, rogorc wesi, werilobiTia.
moqmedeba #2 _
principalsa
da
garants
Soris ideba werilobiTi SeTanxmeba imis Sesaxeb, rom moxdeba garantiis gacema TviT garantis da ara mesame
piris mier.
valdebulebis ZiriTadi subieqti beneficiari ar aris da amitomac
kanoni ar moiTxovs misgan garantiis miRebas an sxva saxis Tanxmobas. es
xelSekruleba anazRaurebiTi
xasiaTisaa _ garants
principali
SeTanxmeMYTOPBOOK.ORG
36
bul sazRaurs uxdis, radganac garanti principalis mier valdebulebis

Seusruleblobis risks iRebs Tavis Tavze da aseTi samsaxuris gawevisaTvis man garkveuli sazRauri unda miiRos (sk-is 880-e muxli).
moqmedeba #3 _ sabanko garantiis xelSekruleba dadebulad iTvleba garantiis gacemis momentidan, e.i. mas Semdeg, rac
garanti
gascems werilobiT valdebulebas (realuri xelSekrulebaa).
moqmedeba #4 _
beneficiari
werilobiT moTxovnas warudgens garants
fuladi Tanxis gadaxdis Sesaxeb.

saxelmwifo am saxis urTierTobebSi SeiZleba monawileobdes, rogorc
beneficiari.
amis sailustraciod mogvyavs saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos administraciuli da sxva kategoriis saqmeTa palatis 2004 wlis
9 ivnisis gadawyvetileba saqmeze # bs-573-k-03.
saqarTvelos prezidentis 1999 wlis 26 agvistos gankargulebis Sesabamisad, wlis yurZnis mosavlis dabinavebisa da gadamuSavebisaTvis finansTa saministros mier sakredito resursad aSS-dan Semotanili xorblis
realizaciidan amonagebi Tanxa iqna gamoyenebuli. aRniSnuli gankargulebis safuZvelze, finansTa saministros
satrasto-sainvesticio
korporacias, tenderSi gamarjvebul sesxis amReb TiToeul subieqtTan sesxis dabrunebis uzrunvelyofis finansuri garantiebis gaTvaliswinebiT,
daevala xelSekrulebebis gaformeba. Sps àlazanTan gaformda am saxis
xelSekruleba
300 000
larze 24 TviT wliuri
10%-is
sargebliT.
ss
ìnteleqtbankma
sasesxo
xelSekrulebiT nakisri valdebulebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT gasca sabanko garantia kreditis ZiriTad Tanxaze.
Sps
àlazanma~ finansuri valdebuleba ar Seasrula da beneficiarma _ finansTa
saministrom _ garants mosTxova Tanxis dafarva. saapelacio sasamarTlom
moTxovnili Tanxa procentebTan erTad solidarulad daakisra orive mopasuxes.
sakasacio
instancia ar daeTanxma saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebas da miuTiTa: `sagarantio weriliTa da sakredito xelSekrulebiT ori
damoukidebeli valdebuleba warmoiSva, romliTac mxareTa ufleba-movaleobani konkretulad ganisazRvra da valdebulebis solidarul xasiaTze saubari ar SeiZleba iyos, radgan saxeze ar gvaqvs valdebulebis
ganuyofloba. miT ufro, rom
ss
ìnteleqtbanks
gacemuli garantiiT mxolod kreditis ZiriTad Tanxaze aqvs valdebuleba aRebuli da mas swored
rom gacemuli Tanxa _
300000
lari _ unda daekisros, maSin, roca sakredito xelSekrulebis Sesabamisad, kreditis wliuri procentisa da sauravis gadaxda xelSekrulebis uSualo mxaris, damoukideblad warmoSobili
urTierTobis monawiles
_ Sps
àlaznis _ valdebulebaa...
sakasacio
sasamarTlo aqve moixmobs samoqalaqo kodeqsis 888-e
muxls, romlis mixedviTac, sabanko garantiiT gaTvaliswinebuli garantis
valdebuleba
beneficiaris mimarT Semoifargleba mxolod im Tanxis gadaxdiT, romelzec
gaica sabanko garantia.
sabanko garantiis subieqtTa wre kanonmdebelma mkacrad SezRuda. (banki,
sxva sakredito dawesebuleba) sxva subieqtebis mier gacemuli garantiis
MYTOPBOOK.ORG
37
samarTlebrivi regulireba specialuri kanonmdeblobiT warmoebs. ganasxvaveben saxelmwifo da samTavrobo garantias.

am saxis garantiis gacemis wessa da pirobebs aregulirebs kanoni `saxelmwifo valis Sesaxeb~.
saxelmwifo da samTavrobo garantia warmoadgens pirobiT valdebulebas im SemTxvevebisaTvis, Tu kreditis amRebi, sakredito xelSekrulebis
mixedviT, uunaro aRmoCndeba, dafaros krediti Sesabamisi procentebiT.
saqarTvelos finansTa saministro riskis fondSi gansazRvruli da gadaricxuli saxsrebis farglebSi (finansuri riskisaTvis) winadadebas warudgens mTavrobas da es ukanaskneli kreditisaTvis saxelmwifo garantiis
gacemasTan dakavSirebiT xelSekrulebis dadebis Taobaze Tanxmobis misaRebad saqarTvelos prezidents mimarTavs. am xelSekrulebis iuridiul
dasabuTebas axdens saqarTvelos iusticiis saministro. kreditisaTvis
saxelmwifo garantiis gacemasTan dakavSirebiT prezidentis Tanxmoba
gankargulebis saxiT gaicema.
samTavrobo garantia warmoadgens pirobiT valdebulebas im SemTxvevebisaTvis, Tu kreditis amRebi, sakredito xelSekrulebis Sesabamisad, uunaro aRmoCndeba, dafaros krediti Sesabamisi procentebiT.
4. valdebulebis darRveva da samoqalaqo-samarTlebrivi
pa
suxismgeblobis saxeebi, pirobebi da safuZvlebi.
e.w.
`Tana
bari~ da àraTanabari~ pasuxismgeblobis principi, zianis
anazRaurebis samarTlebrivi problemebi
valdebulebis darRvevisaTvis
pasuxismgebloba gamoxatulebas povebs movaleze kanoniT dadgenili qonebrivi
zemoqmedebis zomebSi.
samoqalaqo urTierTobis monawile, romelic arRvevs valdebulebas, pasuxs agebs dazaralebuli piris winaSe.
samoqalaqo brunvaSi samoqalaqo urTierTobis monawileTa mier valdebulebis darRvevas aucileblad mohyveba urTierTobis sxva monawileTa
uflebebis darRveva. amitomac, qonebrivi sanqcia, romelic gamoiyeneba
valdebulebis darRvevisaTvis, yovelTvis miznad isaxavs dazaralebulis
darRveuli uflebis aRdgenas an kompensacias (ìm pirma, romelic valdebulia, aanazRauros ziani, unda aRadginos is mdgomareoba, romelic iarsebebda, rom ar damdgariyo anazRaurebis mavaldebulebeli garemoeba.~
sk-is 408-e muxlis pirveli nawili). Tu pirvandeli mdgomareobis aRdgena
SeuZlebelia an amisaTvis saWiroa araTanazomierad didi danaxarjebi, maSin moxdeba zianis kompensireba fuliT (sk-is 409-e muxli).
amrigad, samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobas yvela SemTxvevaSi Semxebloba aqvs
samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobis ZiriTad institutTan _ sakuTrebasTan. jaMYTOPBOOK.ORG
38
rimis, sauravis, procentis gadaxdas an, zogadad, zianis anazRaurebas

Sedegad mohyveba mesakuTris qonebis Semcireba.
valdebulebis marTlsawinaaRmdego darRvevisas adgili aqvs: obieqturi
an subieqturi uflebis darRvevas, uflebis borotad gamoyenebasa da
xelSekrulebis darRvevas.
saxelSekrulebo valdebulebebis darRvevisaTvis samoqalaqo-samarTle
brivi pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebis winapirobebia:
1. mxareTa namdvili SeTanxmeba xelSekrulebis arsebiT pirobebze
(daculi unda iyos garigebis namdvilobis zogadi pirobebi).
2. adgili unda hqondes erT-erTi mxaris mxridan
marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebis Cadenas xelSekrulebis debulebebis darRvevis gziT.
3. saxeze unda iyos faqtobrivad damdgari ziani.
4. damdgari ziani mizezobriv kavSirSi unda iyos damrRvevis marTl
sawinaaRmdego qmedebasTan.
5. rogorc wesi, valdebulebis darRveva braleuli unda iyos.
moTxovnis safuZvlebis mixedviT, kreditori uflebamosilia, movales
warudginos Semdegi saxis moTxovnebi:

pirveladi moTxovna _ rodesac kreditori iTxovs valdebulebis

Sesrulebas (SesaZlebelia kombinacia zianis anazRaurebasTan erTad).
meoradi moTxovna _ rodesac kreditori moiTxovs im zianis anazRaurebas, romelic warmoiSva movalis qmedebis gamo.
kreditors surs xelSekrulebidan gasvla (SesaZlebelia kombinacia zianis anazRaurebasTan erTad).
damxmare, anu araZiriTadi moTxovnebi _ rodesac kreditori iseT

moTxovnebs ayenebs, romlebic uSualod ZiriTadi valdebulebebisagan ar gamomdinareobs, magram damoukideblad warmoadgens
xelSekrulebis Sesrulebis aucilebel winapirobas (gansakuTrebuli valdebulebebis darRveva).
pirveladi moTxovnebi
sk-is 316-e muxlis pirveli nawilis Sesabamisad, valdebulebis Sesrulebis
umTavresi kanonismieri
saSualebaa kreditoris ufleba, mosTxovos movales Sesruleba, romelic pirvelad moTxovnas warmoadgens.
Tavisi bunebiT, moTxovnis ufleba relatiuria da am uflebis gamoyeneba
kreditors mxolod movalis mimarT SeuZlia. Tumca, es ufleba ar aniWebs
mas imis uflebas, rom mimarTos TviTnebobas da sasamarTlosaTvis mi-
MYTOPBOOK.ORG
39
marTvis gareSe movaleze fizikuri an sxvagvari zemoqmedebis saSualebiT

miaRwios Sesrulebas, garda sk-is
118-e
muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli SemTxvevebisa (TviTdaxmareba).

Tu Sesrulebis sagans individualurad gansazRvruli sagani warmoadgens,
movalem swored es nivTi unda gadasces kreditors. am ukanasknelis nebaze
iqneba damokidebuli, miiRebs Tu ara sxva Sesrulebas, Tundac nivTi ufro
didi Rirebulebis iyos ( sk-is muxli 379).
movales ekrZaleba, damoukideblad Secvalos Sesrulebis sagani. movalis
mxridan SeTanxmebuli moqmedebis nacvlad sxva moqmedebis ganxorcieleba niSnavs valdebulebis Seusruleblobas da kreditori uflebamosilia, valdebulebis darRvevisaTvis movalis qonebrivi pasuxismgeblobis
sakiTxi dasvas.
Tu Sesrulebis sagani Secvladia, anu gvarovnulia, movalem valdebuleba
yovelTvis unda Seasrulos (sk-is muxli 382). igi mxolod im SemTxvevaSi
Tavisufldeba pirveladi Sesrulebis valdebulebisagan, rodesac mocemuli gvaris nivTebi samoqalaqo brunvidan saerTod gaqreba, anda maTi
SeZena dakavSirebuli iqneba uzomod did danaxarjebTan. saintereso iqneba am TvalsazrisiT sk-is 490-e muxlis mesame nawilis danawesis moyvana,
romlis Tanaxmadac, gamyidvels SeuZlia, uari Tqvas nivTis Secvlaze, Tu
es moiTxovs Seusabamod did xarjebs. kanonmdebels am SemTxvevaSi mxedvelobaSi aqvs mxareTa urTierTvaldebulebebis ekvivalenturobisa da
samarTlianobis principis dacva.
ganasxvaveben valdebulebis Sesrulebis faqtobriv da iuridiul SeuZleblobas.
faqtobriv SeuZleblobas eqneba adgili iseTi garemoebis arsebobis dros,
romlisTvisac arc erTi mxare ar agebs pasuxs. movale ar agebs pasuxs iseTi SeusruleblobisTvis, romelic gamowveulia kreditoris braleuli
moqmedebebiT, am ukanasknels ar eqneba aseT SemTxvevaSi Sesrulebis moTxovnis ufleba (sk-is 390-393 muxlebi).
valdebulebis Sesrulebis iuridiul SeuZleblobasTan gveqneba saqme
iseTi obieqturi viTarebis arsebobisas, romlis gaTvaliswineba movales
ar SeeZlo. zogjer politikuri motiviT, saxelmwifo aqtis safuZvelze,
ikrZaleba gansazRvruli saxis produqciis gatana an Semotana (magaliTad, am ukanasknel dros ruseTis aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis aqtiT
aikrZala saqarTvelodan Rvinis produqtebis importi). aseT SemTxvevaSi,
mxareebs SeuZliaT, miyenebuli zianis anazRaureba moiTxovon saxelmwifosagan. saxelmwifo aqtis baTilad
cnobis (gauqmebis) SemTxvevaSi, valdebuleba kvlav SeiZleba namdvili gaxdes, Tu kreditoris mxridan Sesrulebis interesi kidev iarsebebs.
valdebulebis Tavdapirvel SeuZleblobas adgili aqvs mis warmoSobamde.
aq SeiZleboda romauli samarTlis doqtrinis moSvelieba da xelSekruleba yovelTvis da yvela garemoebaSi
baTilad
CagveTvala, Tu gamovlindeboda, rom dadebis momentisTanave
misi Sesruleba obieqturad SeuZlebeli iyo, magram Tu xelSekrulebis monawilem Tavidanve icoda (an unda
MYTOPBOOK.ORG
40
scodnoda) amis Sesaxeb, maSin man pasuxi unda agos xelSekrulebis meore
mxaris winaSe garantiis Tavis Tavze aRebisaTvis.
valdebulebis Sesrulebis SeuZleblobas adgili aqvs xelSekrulebis
dadebis Semdeg. Tu valdebulebis Sesrulebis vadis gadacilebis Semdeg
gaxda SeuZlebeli Sesruleba, movale yovelTvis agebs pasuxs.
pirveladi moTxovnis (naturiT Sesruleba) wardgena yovelTvis ar aris
SesaZlebeli. amis mizezi SeiZleba iyos Sesrulebis sagnis gadacemis SeuZlebloba misi ganadgurebis, dazianebis an CamorTmevis gamo, anda rodesac saxezea e.w. `gadaucemeli Sesruleba. mxedvelobaSia iseTi Sesruleba,
romelic mxolod movalis nebazea damokidebuli. zogjer aseTi Sesruleba mTlianad mis nebaze SeiZleba arc iyos damokidebuli, magram pirveladi
moTxovna mainc ar iyos warmatebuli.
magaliTi: gamomcemlobasa da avtors Soris daido xelSekruleba mxatvruli nawarmoebis Seqmnaze. miuxedavad mcdelobisa, avtori ver asrulebs
nakisr valdebulebas, radganac ar gaaCnia sakmarisi warmosaxva, ganwyoba
sulieri nawarmoebis Sesaqmnelad. kreditori aseT SemTxvevaSi mxolod
meoradi moTxovniT _ zianis anazRaurebiT _ unda Semoifarglos.
gadawyvetileba movalis mier valdebulebis naturiT Sesrulebis Sesaxeb
sasamarTlos mxolod maSin SeuZlia miiRos, Tu movales gadawyvetilebis
aRsrulebis (ganxorcielebis) SesaZlebloba gaaCnia.
magaliTi: mewarmesa da muSaks (kosmetologs)
Soris daido SromiTi kontraqti, romlis mixedviTac, muSaki valdebuli iyo, garkveuli saxis momsaxureba gaewia damqiraveblis klientebisaTvis. erTi Tvis Semdeg muSakma
uari Tqva xelSekrulebiT nakisri movaleobebis Sesrulebaze. damqiravebels (kreditors) ar SeuZlia, valdebulebis iZulebiT Sesruleba moiTxovos, radganac daqiravebul muSaks kanoniT miniWebuli aqvs sakuTari samuSao Zalis gamoyenebis adgilisa da drois Tavisufali arCevanis ufleba.
am uflebis CamorTmeva ar SeiZleba im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu uflebis ganxorcielebiT irRveva SromiTi xelSekruleba. msgavs garemoebebSi mewarme
iZulebuli iqneba, dakmayofildes sarCeliT zianis anazRaurebis Sesaxeb
(meoradi moTxovna).
kiTxva:
ra SemTxvevaSia SesaZlebeli dapirebis Sesrulebis moTxovna?
pasuxi:
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu amgvari dapireba gakeTda gansazRvruli formiT da arsebobs udavo mtkicebulebebi dampireblis ganzraxvis seriozulobis Sesaxeb.
gavrcelebuli mosazrebis mixedviT, damavaldebulebeli dapirebebis
micema xdeba Semxvedri samsaxuris gawevis pirobiT. magram Tu aseTi piroba ar arsebobs, an Tu dapireba calmxrivi xasiaTisaa, maSin zedmiwevniT
unda iqnes garkveuli amgvari uangaro garigebis dadebis ganzraxvis seriozuloba _ aris Tu ara igi kargad mofiqrebuli, Tu nebis gamomvlenis
MYTOPBOOK.ORG
41
gamoucdelobis, qarafSutobis an sxva garemoebebis Sedegia (sk-is 525-e

muxlis mesame nawili da 628-e muxli). Tumca, Sempirebels SeuZlia, uari
Tqvas Tavis dapirebaze, Tu arsebobs amis sapatio mizezi. aseT SemTxvevaSi,
pirveladi moTxovnis wardgena dauSvebelia. kreditors SeuZlia, mxolod
meoradi moTxovna (zianis anazRaurebis) waradginos.
meoradi moTxovnebi
valdebulebis darRvevis erTian cnebas kanonmdebeli ar iZleva. rodesac erTi mxare raime mizeziT xelSekrulebas jerovnad ar asrulebs,
anda asrulebs dagvianebiT an mxareebis mier SeuTanxmebel adgilze, an
kidev sxvagvarad arRvevs xelSekrulebis pirobebs, adgili aqvs urTierTvaldebulebaTa normaluri realizaciis darRvevas, rac bunebrivia,
iwvevs movalis pasuxismgeblobas. aseTi pasuxismgeblobis dasakisreblad
aucilebelia subieqtur da obieqtur garemoebaTa erToblioba (qmedebis
marTlwinaaRmdegoba, ziani, mizezobrivi kavSiri qmedebasa da damdgar
Sedegs Soris da brali).
zogadi wesis Tanaxmad, zianis miyenebas adgili aqvs movalis marTlsaw
inaaRmdego
moqmedebiT. gamonakliss warmoadgens
sk-is
116 _
118-e
muxlebi.
zianis ararseboba gamoricxavs samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobas. Tu ar arsebobs ziani, arc qonebrivi pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi SeiZleba dadges. ziani
samarTlebrivad mniSvnelovani da daculi unda iyos. umniSvnelo ziani ar
anazRaurdeba.
magaliTad, sk-is 536-e muxlis pirveli nawilis mixedviT, Tu gaqiravebul
nivTs nakli aRmoaCndeba, maSin damqiravebels qiris Semcirebis moTxovnis
ufleba aqvs, mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu nivTis nakli mniSvnelovani iqneba.
zianis anazRaureba yovelTvis gulisxmobs samoqalaqo samarTlebrivi
urTierTobis erTi monawiles pasuxismgeblobas meore monawiles winaSe.
zianis anazRaurebaSi ganmsazRvreli (universaluri) roli eniWeba aRiarebul princips, romlis mixedviTac, am saxis moTxovna zogierTi gamonaklisis garda (Tu sxva ram araa gaTvaliswinebuli kanoniT an xelSekrulebiT),
SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnes valdebulebis darRvevis yvela SemTxvevisaTvis da amitomac mas samoqalaqo-samarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis saerTo
formad miiCneven. swored amaSia misi upiratesoba samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis sxva formebTan mimarTebiT.
saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebSi samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb
debulebebis Setanis dros monawileebma unda gaiTvaliswinon samoqalaqo
brunvis principebi da samoqalaqo kodeqsis fuZemdebluri moTxovnebi:
monawileTa Tanasworuflebianobis principi, rac imas niSnavs, rom
mxareTa pasuxismgebloba ekvivalenturi da Tanazomieri unda iyos
(sk-is muxli pirveli).
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valdebulebis darRvevisaTvis erTi

kontrahentisaTvis
Seusabamod maRali samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis daweseba meore kont
rahentis mxridan pasuxismgeblobis saerTod araRebis pirobebSi
(xelSekrulebis araTanabari pirobebi) sxva araferia, Tu ara uflebaTa borotad gamoyeneba mxolod im mizniT, rom ziani miadges sxvas
(sk-is
me-10
muxlis mesame nawili).
sk-is
346-e
muxlis Sesabamisad, ba
Tilia
ndobisa da keTilsindisierebis sawinaaRmdego pirobebi, romlebic sazianoa xelSekrulebis meore mxarisaTvis.
mewarmeTa samoqalaqo-samarTlebrivi
pasuxismgebloba samoqalaqo brunvis sxva monawileTa pasuxismgeblobasTan SedarebiT maRalia, amitomac,

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sk-is pirvel muxls marTalia mxedvelobaSi aqvs
monawileTa iuridiuli Tanasworoba, magram sinamdvileSi es Tanasworoba
zogjer irRveva komerciul pirebTan mimarTebiT da maTi pasuxismgebloba ufro aRmatebulia, vidre mometebuli wyaros mflobelisa, Tundac im
SemTxvevaSi, rodesac mflobeli aramewarmea. iuridiuli Tanasworobis
aRiarebis miuxedavad, kanonmdebeli uSvebs subieqtebis sxvadasxva qonebriv damoukideblobasa da pasuxismgeblobas.
mewarmeTa Sesaxeb kanonis pirveli muxlis mixedviT, samewarmeo saqmianobad miiCneva marTlzomieri da araerTjeradi saqmianoba, romelic
xorcieldeba mogebis mizniT, damoukideblad da organizebulad. Tu am
normas da samoqalaqo kodeqsis
24-e
muxlis pirvel nawils, romelic iZleva iuridiuli piris definicias, erTmaneTs SevadarebT, davinaxavT, rom
samewarmeo saqmianobiT dakavebuli pirebis samoqalaqo pasuxismgebloba
faqtobrivad bralis gareSec dgeba, garda im SemTxvevebisa, rodesac ziani
dauZleveli Zalis Sedegia.
mewarme subieqti maSinac agebs pasuxs, rodesac man Sesrulebis sagani
ver miiRo sxva pirisagan (397), igi pasuxs agebs maSinac, rodesac bazarze
saqoneli ar iyo, an kidev, roca mas droebiTi gadaxdisuunarobis (fuladi
saxsrebis uqonlobis) gamo, ar SeeZlo Seesrulebina saxelSekrulebo valdebuleba.
Tanamedrove marTlwesrigisaTvis metad mniSvnelovania, ekonomikuri
urTierTobebis swraf komercializacias daupirispiros `susti~ mxaris
samarTlebrivi dacvis efeqturi saSualebebi, maT Soris, `Zlieri~ mxaris
mometebuli samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis SemoRebis gziTac.
gansakuTrebiT, es Seexeba momxmareblebTan dadebul standartuli debulebebis Semcvel xelSekrulebebs, rodesac mewarmeebi cdiloben
saxelSekrulebo
riskebis
mTlianad klientebze gadatanas da am gziT pasuxismgeblobisagan Tavis daRwevas. samoqalaqo kodeqsi Seicavs normebs,
romlebic icaven fizikur pirebs aseTi mewarmeebisagan (sk-is 346-e,
347-348-e muxlebi).
1993 wlis 5 aprils evropulma Tanamegobrobam miiRo direqtiva daTqmebis
aramarTlzomieri gamoyenebis Sesaxeb. direqtivis Tanaxmad, xelSekrulebis pirobebi baTilad icnoba ara mxolod maSin, roca igi `specialurad ar
aris SeTanxmebuli, aramed maSinac, Tu igi `winaswar aris Sedgenili da
amitom momxmarebeli ver moaxdens zegavlenas mis Sinaarsze.~
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43
uaxlesi sasamarTlo praqtika sakmaod mravalferovania samoqalaqo urTierTobis `sust~ da `Zlier~ monawileebs Soris davebze miRebuli gadawyvetilebebiT:
1. fizikurma pirebma s/s `saqarTvelos banks~ Sesanaxad miabares fuli da
Zvirfaseuloba. mibarebuli nivTebi inaxeboda bankis kuTvnil
#79
seifSi, romelic iReboda erTdroulad ori gasaRebiT, romelTagan TiTo
cali inaxeboda mxareebTan. seifidan daikarga Senaxuli nivTebi. saketis
mTlianoba daculi iyo. xelSekrulebiT, banki pasuxismgeblobas iRebda
zianis anazRaurebaze mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu seifi dazianebuli iqneboda. igi sasarCelo moTxovnisagan Tavs swored am garemoebaze miTiTebiT
icavda.
sakasacio
sasamarTlom daakmayofila ra mosarCeleTa moTxovna, gadawyvetileba daamyara Semdeg faqtobriv da samarTlebriv safuZvlebze:
mxareTa Soris arsebobda gansakuTrebuli saxis samarTlebrivi urTierToba, romelic marTalia, mowesrigebuli ar aris kanoniT, magram Seesabameba samoqalaqo kodeqsis 319-e muxlis pirveli nawiliT
gaTvaliswinebul xelSekrulebis dadebis Tavisuflebis princips.
xelSekrulebis mixedviT, bankma droebiTi sargeblobisaTvis gadasca mis SenobaSi ganTavsebuli depozituri seifi kreditorebs ise,
rom masSi Senaxuli nivTis Tvisebisa da Rirebulebis Sesaxeb zusti
informacia bankisaTvis cnobili ar iyo.
am urTierTobis mosawesrigeblad sasamarTlom analogiiT
sasyidliani
mibarebis xelSekrulebis momwesrigebeli normebi gamoiyena da dadgenilad miiCnia is garemoeba, rom bankis pasuxismgebloba
ufro maRalia, vidre es usasyidlo SeTanxmebisas iqneboda. sasamarTlom miuTiTa Semdegi: `nivTis sasyidliani
Senaxvisas Semnaxvels gaZlierebuli gulisxmiereba da pasuxismgebloba unda moeTxovebodes, vidre usasyidlo Senaxvisas miuxedavad imisa, mxareebi
SeTanxmebuli arian Tu ara valdebulebis farglebze.~
ndobisa da keTilsindisierebis principebis sawinaaRmdego standartuli pirobebi, romelsac xelSekruleba Seicavs da romelic
sazianoa kreditorebisaTvis, baTilia sk-is 346-e muxlis Sesabamisad.
àmdenad, banks mxaresTan SeTanxmebiT kidevac rom SeezRuda Tavisi
pasuxismgeblobis farglebi, xelSekrulebis es piroba, dasaxelebuli normidan gamomdinare, baTilia, vinaidan mocemul SemTxvevaSi
iqneboda swored ndobisa da keTilsindisierebis principebis sawinaaRmdego daTqma~.
is garemoeba, rom banki mewarme subieqti iyo, romelsac sabanko
saqmianobis ganxorcielebis ufleba saxelmwifosagan gacemuli
specialuri nebarTvis safuZvelze hqonda mopovebuli, fizikur
pirebs aZlevda saSualebas, evaraudaT, rom misi saqmianoba saamisod
arsebuli wesebis dacviT warimarTeboda; e.i. maTi bankisadmi ndoba
Tavidanve iyo prezumirebuli kontrahentis saimedoobiTa da maTi
qonebis mometebulad dacvis varaudiT (ix. saqme #as-722-1045-05
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44
2005 wlis 5 dekembris samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeTa

palatis gadawyvetileba).
`2. TbilisSi, erT-erT quCaze a.laziaSvilis sacxovrebeli saxlis win
dazianda saxlis mkvebavi 20 mm-iani wyalsadenis ganStoeba. dazianebuli
wyalsadenidan gamonadeni wylis zemoqmedebiT dazianda a.laziaSvilis
kuTvnili saxli, romelic aRniSnulis gamo saWiroebda seriozul sarekonstruqcio samuSaoebs. saxlis mesakuTrem moiTxova miyenebuli zianis
anazRaureba
Sps
`Tbilwyalkanali~-sagan.
am ukanasknelma waradgina Ses
agebeli,
romelSic miuTiTa, rom misi pasuxismgebloba wylis Sida qselebis dazianebiT miyenebuli zianisaTvis winaswar iyo gamoricxuli mosarCelesTan dadebuli xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad.
sakasacio
sasamarTlom gaiziara saapelacio sasamarTlos daskvna
mopasuxis braleulobis Sesaxeb da miuTiTa Semdegi:
`..mxareTa Soris warmoSobilia valdebulebiT-samarTlebrivi
urTierToba wyliT momaragebasTan dakavSirebiT. kasatori
mxare warmoadgens ra mewarme subieqts, abonentebTan debs
xelSekrulebebs standartuli
pirobebiT
wylis garkveul safasurad miwodebis Sesaxeb... sakasacio sasamarTlo Tvlis, rom
ana laziaSvilisaTvis miyenebuli ziani gamowveulia Sps
`Tbilwyalkanalis~ braleuli umoqmedobiT.~

samoqalaqo kodeqsi mxareebisagan moiTxovs ra urTierTpativiscemasa
da gulisxmierebas kontrahentTan
mimarTebiT, orive mxares am TvalsazrisiT SeTanxmebulze met valdebulebas akisrebs. swored es valdebulebaa dawesebuli samoqalaqo kodeqsis 316-e muxlis meore nawiliT, romlis
ZaliTac, Tavisi Sinaarsisa da xasiaTis gaTvaliswinebiT, valdebuleba
SeiZleba yovel mxares akisrebdes meore mxaris uflebebisa da qonebisadmi
gansakuTrebul gulisxmierebas. Sps
`Tbilwyalkanali~
sarCelSi miTiTebuli garemoebis sawinaaRmdego argumentacias amyarebs im garemoebaze,
rom Sida qselis dazianeba mis pasuxismgeblobas ar iTvaliswinebs. mxareTa
Soris urTierToba warmoSobilia ra standartuli xelSekrulebis safuZvelze, samoqalaqo kodeqsis 346-e
muxlis Tanaxmad, baTilia
xelSekrulebaTa standartuli piroba, miuxedavad xelSekrulebaSi misi CarTvisa, Tu

igi ndobisa da keTilsindisierebis principebis sawinaaRmdegod sazianoa
xelSekrulebis meore mxarisaTvis.
amdenad, Sps
`Tbilwyalkanals~
mxaresTan SeTanxmebiT an Tavisi samoqmedo debulebiT kidevac rom SeezRuda Tavisi pasuxismgeblobis farglebi
_ aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi Sida qselebis dazianebis aRkveTasTan mimarTebiT, xelSekrulebis es piroba, dasaxelebuli normidan gamomdinare,
baTilia, vinaidan am SemTxvevaSi swored keTilsindisierebis principebis
sawinaaRmdego daTqma iqneboda~ (ix. saqme #as-992-1245-05 2006 wlis 14
Tebervlis uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis
saqmeTa palatis ganCineba):
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mxareTa mier gansazRvruli jarima da sauravi ar
Seesabameba valdebulebis darRvevis Sedegebs, sasamarTlo uflebamosilia, Seamciros isini (sk-is 420-e muxli).
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Tu xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebul Sesrulebasa da am SesrulebisaTvis gaTvaliswinebul anazRaurebas Soris aSkara Seusabamobaa

da rodesac aSkaraa, rom xelSekrulebiT erT-erTi monawile misTvis uaRresad araxelsayrel pirobebSia (kabalur mdgomareobaSi),
kanoniT aseTi SeTanxmeba dadebisTanave baTilia da ar warmoSobs
samarTlebriv Sedegebs (sk-is 56-e muxli).
valdebulebis arajerovani Sesrulebisas pirgasamtexlos an
zianis gadaxda ar aTavisuflebs movales valdebulebis naturiT
Sesrulebisagan, Tu sxva ram ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli kanoniT an
xelSekrulebiT (sk-is 419-e muxli).
sainteresoa samoqalaqo kodeqsis
410-e
muxlisa (dauSvebelia valdebulebis darRvevis gamo zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnis uflebaze uaris
Tqma winaswari SeTanxmebiT) da kodeqsis sxva normebis urTierTmimarTeba.
Tu am normas ganvixilavT sk-is 395-e muxlis meore nawilTan mimarTebiT,
maSin misi ganmarteba unda moxdes imgvarad, rom dauSvebeli iyos mxareTa
winaswari SeTanxmeba movalis mier
ganzrax
moqmedebiT valdebulebis darRvevisas zianis anazRaurebisagan misi gaTavisuflebis Sesaxeb. rac Seexeba, gaufrTxilebeli moqmedebiT miyenebul zians, misi anazRaurebis valdebuleba SeiZleba ar warmoiSvas, Tu amaze iarsebebs mxareTa winaswari
SeTanxmeba (mag. sk-is 497-e muxli) an Tu kanoni gamoricxavs mas (mag. sk-is
527-e muxli).
amgvarad, erTi SexedviT gaugebaria
410-e
muxlis
danawesi
da bunebrivad Cndeba kiTxva, SemTxveviTia Tu ara kanonmdeblis mxridan impera
tiuli normis SemoReba da mxareebis SezRudva, Tavisuflad gansazRvron
saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgeblobis farglebi?
Tu moviSveliebT samoqalaqo urTierTobis monawileebisaTvis kanoniT
dadgenil umTavres princips, romelic gulisxmobs imas, rom maT keTilsindisierad unda ganaxorcielon samoqalaqo uflebebi da movaleobebi (skis merve muxlis mesame nawili), yvelaferi naTeli gaxdeba.
saxelSekrulebo urTierTobis monawileebis iuridiuli Tanasworobis
miuxedavad, SeiZleba adgili hqondes romelime maTganis faqtobriv uTanasworobas. aRniSnuli SeiZleba gamoixatos imaSi, rom zogjer erT-erTi
mxare imdenad aRematebodes meores Tavisi finansuri da ekonomikuri siZlieriT, rom Tavs moaxvios meore mxares misTvis saziano daTqmebi,
SeiZleba mxareebs Soris arsebulma gadaWarbebulma ndobam ganapirobos msgavsi situacia an erT-erTi mxaris fizikuri mdgomareoba (xandazmuloba,
avadmyofoba), gamoucdeloba, gaWirveba ar aZlevdes mas gadawyvetilebis
mofiqrebis saSualebas da a.S.
amrigad, am normis SemoReba aucilebeli iyo imis sailustraciod, rom
kanonmdebeli arakeTilsindisieri mxaris pirispir marto ar tovebs `sust
mxares da ar uwyobs xels araekvivalentur
brunvasa da mxareTa mier nakisri valdebulebebis aSkara disbalanss.

magaliTad, sk-is
497-e
muxli SesaZleblobas aZlevs gamyidvels, SezRudos an gamoricxos misi pasuxismgebloba nakliani nivTis gayidvis SemTxMYTOPBOOK.ORG
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vevaSi, magram mas ar SeuZlia, fizikur pirTan xelSekrulebis dadebis

dros standartuli pirobis saxiT gamoiyenos es ufleba, radganac, sk-is
348-e muxlis ~z~ punqtis Sesabamisad, aseTi SeTanxmeba baTili iqneba.
zianis saxeebia: materialuri, moraluri, pirdapiri, arapirdapiri, nominaluri da realuri.
materialuri ziani qonebrivia
(materializirebuli),
xolo aramaterial
izirebuli, araqonebrivi ziani warmoadgens movalis qmedebiT miyenebul
tanjvasa da gancdebs, romelsac dazaralebuli ganicdis ama Tu im sikeTis, rogorc wesi, aramaterialur faseulobaTa xelyofiT.
pirdapiri ziani warmoadgens movalis qmedebis uSualo Sedegs (dadebiTi
ziani), romelic anazRaurdeba srulad.
arapirdapiri ziani warmoadgens movalis, mesame pirebis moqmedebis da/an
sxva faqtorebis Sedegs. am saxis ziani anazRaurdeba ganzraxvis an uxeSi
gaufrTxileblobis dros (mag. sk-is 742-e muxlis meore nawili).
nominaluri ziani simboluri Tanxaa, romelic dgindeba da ekisreba movales kreditoris uflebis dasadastureblad.
realuri (miuRebeli) ziani warmoadgens im xarjebis erTobliobas, romelic gaswia dazaralebulma movalis marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebis gamo,
anda is Semosavalia, romelic ar miuRia pirs da romelsac igi miiRebda,
valdebuleba jerovnad rom Sesrulebuliyo.
Tu ziani saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis darRvevis Sedegia, maSin misi SesaZlo moculoba (sidide) saxelSekrulebo Sesrulebis farglebiT ganisazRvreba, Tumca,
arasaxelSekrulebo
ziani zogjer SeiZleba saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebidan momdinareobdes (mag. sk-is 696-e muxli uSvebs,
gadazidvis xelSekrulebidan gamomdinare, arasaxelSekrulebo
valdebulebis warmoSobis SesaZleblobas). mxedvelobaSia ziani, romelic relatiuri uflebis darRvevis Sedegi ki araa, aramed absoluturi uflebisa.
ufro zustad, rodesac ziani adgeba erTdroulad sxvadasxva uflebas,
rogorc relatiurs, iseve absoluturs, maSin upiratesoba eniWeba am ukanasknels, radganac aseTi zianis winaswar Sefaseba SeuZlebelia da igi dgindeba xelyofili sikeTis faseulobis mixedviT.
amis sailustraciod SeiZleba sasamarTlo praqtikidan aseTi magaliTis
moyvana:
qoqaSvili muSaobda borjomis #2 Camosasxmel qarxanaSi da 1988 wlidan
iRebda sarCos janmrTelobisaTvis vnebis miyenebis gamo. man vagonidan
kaustikuri sodis gadmosxmis dros moixsna damcavi saTvale, ris gamoc
TvalSi moxvda sodis wveTi da dauzianda marjvena Tvali. saaqcio sazogadoebis administraciam, 2002 wlis 11 noembris brZanebiT, mosarCeles Seuwyvita sarCos gadaxda 2002 wlis 1 noembridan im safuZvliT, rom janmrTelobis dazianeba mosarCeles miRebuli aqvs sakuTari gaufrTxileblobiT
da, amis gamo, ar arsebobda maTi mxridan mosarCelesaTvis
zianis anazRaurebis valdebuleba.
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47
pirveli da saapelacio instanciis sasamarTloebma mosarCeles moTxovna

sarCos anazRaurebis Taobaze ar daakmayofiles. amgvari samarTlebrivi
daskvnis safuZveli gaxda is garemoeba, rom sasamarTloebis mier damdgari ziani ganxilul iqna, rogorc relatiuri da ara absoluturi uflebis darRvevis Sedegi (mosarCele saxelSekrulebo /SromiT-samarTlebriv/
urTierTobaSi iyo movalesTan).
sakasacio sasamarTlom damdgari ziani Seafasa, rogorc absoluturi
uflebis darRvevis Sedegi da daakmayofila qoqaSvilis
sakasacio
saCivari Semdegi motivebiT:
`sakasacio sasamarTlos miaCnia, rom sazogadoebis administraciis mier
gamocemuli brZaneba arRvevs kanoniT dadgenil wessa da akrZalvebs. roca
kanoni imperatiulad awesebs mometebuli safrTxis wyaroTi miyenebuli
dazianebis dros administraciis aucilebel pasuxismgeblobas (garda
dauZleveli Zalis moqmedebiT da im SemTxvevaSi, Tu dazianeba gamowveulia dazaralebulis ganzraxviT), sazogadoebis administraciam saqarTvelos prezidentis 1999 wlis 9 Tebervlis #48
brZanebulebis moSveliebiT, maSin, roca es brZanebuleba amgvar miTiTebebs ar Seicavs, moaxdina

kanonis
imperatiul
danawesTan
nebis gamovlenis aSkara Seusabamoba, gaauqma SromiTi movaleobis SesrulebisaTvis muSakis janmrTelobis vnebis
miyenebis Sedegad zianis anazRaurebis Taobaze daniSnuli sarCos gacema.
amiT sazogadoebis administraciam mxolod urTierTobis konkretuli
monawiles
uflebebi ki ar Selaxa, aramed vneba miayena saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis interesebs.
vinaidan kaustikuri sodis mflobeli (mometebuli safrTxis Semcveli
nivTierebis mflobeli) sawarmo iyo da muSakis sxeulis dazianeba swored
am nivTierebis gadmotvirTvis dros nivTierebis muSakis TvalSi moxvedris Sedegad moxda, axali samoqalaqo kodeqsis mixedviTac, sawarmo valdebuli iyo, aenazRaurebina ziani, vinaidan samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-1000
muxlis me-3 nawilis Sesabamisad, am muxlis pirveli da meore nawilebiT
gaTvaliswinebuli zianis anazRaurebis valdebuleba gamoricxulia, Tu
ziani gamowveulia dauZleveli ZaliT, garda im SemTxvevebisa, roca ziani
gamowveulia eleqtrogadamcemi xazebis avariiT, anda navTobis, gazis, wylis an navTobproduqtebis mimwodebeli mowyobilobis dazianebiT~ (ix.
saqme
#as-477-1110-03.
saq.
uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebani samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeebze , 2003 weli gv. 2736-2741).
Tu adgili aqvs piris absoluturi uflebis darRvevas da saxezea samoqalaqo kodeqsis 999-e da 1000-e muxlebiT gaTvaliswinebuli ziani, maSin
ar SeiZleba winaswar gamoiricxos an SeizRudos aseTi zianis anazRaurebis valdebuleba.
meoradi moTxovna (zianis anazRaureba) zogjer sakompensacio xasiaTisaa.
am dros valdebuleba saerTod ar sruldeba. Tu kreditori iTxovs zians,
maSin mas ar SeuZlia, valdebulebis Sesrulebac mosTxovos movales (sk-is
394-e muxlis pirveli nawili da 419-e muxli).
im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac valdebulebis SesrulebisaTvis dadgenilia vada
da kreditors ziani adgeba Sesrulebis vadis gadacilebis gamo, maSin mas
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SeuZlia SesrulebasTan erTad moiTxovos zianis anazRaurebac (morato

riuli ziani).
amasTan, aseT SemTxvevebSi unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli pasuxismgeblobis
farglebi, raTa ukiduresad ar damZimdes movalis mdgomareoba kreditoris usafuZvlo gamdidrebis xarjze. mxedvelobaSia kanoniT gansazRvruli procentisa da mTliani zianis erTdroulad moTxovna.
srul anazRaurebas eqvemdebareba faqtobrivad damdgari qonebrivi danaklisi (dadebiTi ziani), romelic gulisxmobs: a)
gaweul xarjebs,
b)
qonebis dazianebas an mis danakargs (am dros SeiZleba adgili hqondes rogorc
aqtivebis Semcirebas, ise valdebulebebis (pasivebi) zrdas.
garda amisa, anazRaurebas eqvemdebareba aseve miuRebeli zianic, romelic, Tumca,
aramaterializirebulia,
magram warmoadgens im SesaZlo (savaraudo) Semosavals, romelsac piri miiRebda, valdebuleba jerovnad rom
Sesrulebuliyo (sk-is 411 muxli).
samwuxarod, zianis moculobisa da odenobis gansazRvris meTodologiis
ganmsazRvreli zogadi xasiaTis normatiuli aqti ar arsebobs, Tu ar CavTvliT `SromiTi movaleobis Sesrulebisas muSakis janmrTelobisaTvis
vnebis miyenebis Sedegad zianis anazRaurebis wesis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos
prezidentis 1999 wlis 9 Tebervlis brZanebulebas, rac garkveul sirTuleebs qmnis sasamarTloebisaTvis konkretul saqmeze gadawyvetilebis
miRebisas.
pasuxismgebloba ori ZiriTadi funqciis matarebelia: igi uzrunvelyofs kreditoris qonebrivi interesis dakmayofilebas da, agreTve, mowodebulia, acilebul iqnes momavalSi samoqalaqo samarTaldarRvevis Cadena.
pasuxismgeblobis ùzrunvelmyofma~ da `gamafrTxilebelma~ funqciam
SeiZleba erTgvarad Seaferxos kidec samoqalaqo brunvis monawileTa (mewarmeTa) saqmiani aqtiuroba.
swored amitomac, kanonmdebelma daadgina zogadi wesi, romlis mixedviTac, samoqalaqo pasuxismgebloba dgeba bralis arsebobisas. movales
pasuxismgebloba daekisreba mxolod
ganzraxi
an gaufrTxilebeli moqmedebiT miyenebuli zianisaTvis (395-e muxlis pirveli nawilis pirveli
winadadeba).
amasTan, kanonmdebels iqve Semoaqvs bralis gareSe pasuxismgeblobis cnebac, rodesac miuTiTebs: `Tu sxva ram ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli da valdebulebis arsidanac sxva ram ar gamomdinareobs~ (sk-is 395-e muxlis pirveli
nawilis bolo winadadeba).
kodeqsi movalis
arabraleulobis
prezumfciulobis
principsac amkvidrebs. dazaralebuli ki ar amtkicebs piris braleulobas,
aramed piriqiT, movales ekisreba valdebuleba, daamtkicos, rom mas brali ar miuZRvis
zianis dadgomaSi. magaliTad, sk-is 687-e muxlis mixedviT, gadamzidvels
ekisreba imis mtkicebis tvirTi, rom tvirTis dakargva, dazianeba an mi-
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tanis vadis darRveva gamoiwvia 686-e muxlis meore nawilSi aRniSnulma

garemoebebma.
Tumca, gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoebac, rom saproceso samarTlis
mixedviT, mtkicebis tvirTi mxareebs Soris sxvagvarad nawildeba. procesis monawile TiToeulma mxarem unda daamtkicos garemoebani, romlebzedac igi amyarebs Tavis moTxovnebsa da Sesagebels (ssk-is 102-e muxlis
pirveli nawili). miTiTebuli norma SejibrebiTobis principis pirdapiri
gamoxatulebaa. saproceso da materialuri samarTlis normebs Soris arsebuli winaaRmdegoba, rogorc wesi, am ukanasknelis sasargeblod wydeba.
magaliTad, erT-erT saqmeze mxareTa Soris arsebobda samedicino momsaxurebis xelSekruleba. pacienti moiTxovda araswori mkurnalobis Sedegad miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebas. kreditori (mosarCele) valdebuli
iyo, daemtkicebina movalis moqmedebiT miyenebuli zianis arseboba. movale Tavis Sesagebels imyarebda im garemoebaze, rom kreditorma, ssk 102-e
muxlis Sesabamisad, ver warudgina sasamarTlos misi
braleulobis
damadasturebeli mtkicebulebebi.
amasTan dakavSirebiT,
sakasacio
instanciam aRniSna:
`...mopasuxes
(stacionars) samoqalaqo pasuxismgebloba daekisreba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu arsebobs
zianis miyenebisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebis pirobebi, kerZod, Tu
saxezea ziani, is miyenebulia
marTlsawinaaRmdego
moqmedebiT, marTlsaw
inaaRmdego
moqmedebasa da damdgar zians Soris arsebobs
mizez-Sedegobrivi
kavSiri da zianis mimyenebels miuZRvis brali. amasTan, zianis miyenebisas arsebobs braleulobis prezumfcia _ zianis mimyenebeli miiCneva
braleulad,
Tu ar daamtkicebs misi bralis ararsebobis faqts... mtkicebis tvirTi marTlwinaaRmdegobis da bralis ararsebobis Taobaze awevs
mopasuxes~ (ix. saqme #as-33-406-05 uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba,
13 aprili, 2005 weli).
sasamarTlom am SemTxvevaSi upiratesoba mianiWa ara saproceso, aramed
materialuri samarTlis normas, saxeldobr, sk-is 1007-e muxlis bolo
winadadebis Sesabamisad, zianis mimyenebeli mxolod maSin Tavisufldeba
pasuxismgeblobisagan, Tu daamtkicebs, rom zianis dadgomaSi mas brali ar
miuZRvis.
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom am wesidan arsebobs gamonaklisic. magaliTad, uxarisxo produqtiT gamowveuli zianisaTvis pasuxismgeblobisas mtkicebis
tvirTi ekisreba dazaralebuls (1012).
metad mniSvnelovania samoqalaqo urTierTobis monawileTa pasuxismgeblobisaTvis damaxasiaTebel Taviseburebebze yuradRebis gamaxvileba.
ganasxvaveben
e.w.
`SezRudul~ da ZiriTadad mewarmisa da mometebuli safrTxis mflobeli piris `mometebul~ pasuxismgeblobas.
`SezRuduli~ pasuxismgebloba, rogorc wesi, gaufrTxileblobiT Cadenil moqmedebasTanaa dakavSirebuli. moqmedi kanonmdebloba icnobs uxeS
(am dros piri Tavisi moqmedebiT aucilebeli yuradRebianobis moTxovnebs
arRvevs uCveulod maRali xarisxiT) da martiv (am dros yuradRebianobis
darRveva SedarebiT dabali xarisxisaa) gaufrTxileblobas.
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samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis
dasakisreblad
erT-erTis arsebobac sakmarisia. Tumca, calkeul SemTxvevebSi, rodesac movalis qmedebaSi martivi
gaufrTxileblobis elementebia, is SeiZleba saerTod gaTavisufldes
pasuxismgeblobisagan an, uares SemTxvevaSi, minimalizirebul iqnes misi
pasuxismgebloba (SezRuduli pasuxismgebloba rogorc kanoniT, ise mxareTa SeTanxmebiT SeiZleba dawesdes):

kreditoris mier vadis gadacilebisas movale mxolod maSin aris pasuxismgebeli valdebulebis SeusruleblobisaTvis, Tuki Sesruleba
SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda movalis ganzraxvis an uxeSi gaufrTxileblobis gamo (sk-is 392-e muxli).
gamnaTxovrebeli
pasuxs agebs mxolod ganzrax an uxeSi gaufrTxileblobiT miyenebuli zianisaTvis (sk-is 616-e muxli).
Tu mibareba usasyidloa, maSin Semnaxveli valdebulia, iseTive

keTilsindisierebiT Seinaxos nivTi, rogoriTac sakuTar nivTs Seinaxavda (sk-is 765-e muxli).
Tu mibarebuli nivTis wasaRebad gansazRvrulia vada, am vadis

dadgomis Semdeg Semnaxveli pasuxs agebs mxolod ganzraxvis an uxeSi
gaufrTxileblobisaTvis (sk-is 774-e muxli).
mogzaurobis momwyobs turistTan SeTanxmebiT SeuZlia SezRudos

Tavisi pasuxismgebloba momsaxurebis Rirebulebis sammagi odenobiT,
Tu:
a. turistisaTvis miyenebuli ziani ar iyo gamowveuli ganzrax an uxeSi gaufrTxileblobiT, an
b. mogzaurobis momwyobi erTpirovnulad mTlianad ar agebs pasuxs
turistis winaSe im zianisaTvis, romelic warmoiSva mogzaurobis
momwyobis valdebulebis SemsrulebelTagan erT-erTis bralis
Sedegad (sk-is 664-e muxli).
Tu gadacilebulia tvirTis mitanis vada da uflebamosili piri

daamtkicebs, rom amis gamo warmoiSva ziani, gadamzidvelma unda
aanazRauros igi mxolod am tvirTis Rirebulebis odenobamde (sk-is
692 muxlis meoTxe nawilis pirveli winadadeba).
gadamzidveli pasuxs agebs zednadebSi aRniSnuli da masze darTuli

an gadamzidvelisaTvis
gadacemuli sabuTebis dakargvis an maTi araswori gamoyenebisaTvis; mas ar SeiZleba imaze meti pasuxismgebloba
daekisros, vidre tvirTis dakargvis dros dadgeboda.
Tu rwmunebuli usasyidlod asrulebs misTvis davalebul moqmedebebs, igi pasuxs agebs mxolod ganzrax an uxeSi gaufrTxileblobiT
gamowveuli zianisaTvis (sk-is 719-e muxli).
Tu mindobili mesakuTre mimndobis interesebis sawinaaRmdegod ar

iCens iseT gulisxmierebas, rogoric mas sakuTari saqmeebis mimarT
unda gamoeCina, igi valdebulia, aanazRauros am moqmedebiT gamowveuli ziani (sk-is 725 muxlis meore nawilis bolo winadadeba).
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mzRveveli ar aris valdebuli, gadauxados damzRvevs warmoSobili

zianis odenobaze meti Tanxa im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu sadazRvevo Tanxa
sadazRvevo SemTxvevis dadgomis momentisaTvis aRemateba sadazRvevo Rirebulebas (sk-is 826-e muxli).
gadaxda arauflebamosili
pirisaTvis, romelmac Tavisi ufleba daadastura Tanamimdevruli indosamentebis meSveobiT, aTavisuflebs

movales, Tu igi ar moqmedebda ganzrax an uxeSi gaufrTxileblobiT
(sk-is 925-e muxlis nawili meore).
Tu saqmeebis Sesruleba mimarTulia im safrTxis Tavidan acilebisaken, romelic emuqreba mepatrones, Semsrulebeli pasuxs agebs mxolod
ganzraxvis an uxeSi gaufrTxileblobisaTvis ( sk-is 970-e muxli).
saxelmwifo mosamsaxuris mier sxva pirTa mimarT Tavisi samsaxurebrivi movaleobis ganzrax an uxeSi gaufrTxileblobiT darRvevis
SemTxvevaSi, dadgeba saxelmwifosa da mosamsaxuris solidaruli pasuxismgebloba (1005-e muxlis pirveli da meore nawilebi).
garda aRniSnulisa, zogierT SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba uxeSi gaufrTxileblobiT valdebulebis darRvevis drosac moxdes pasuxismgeblobis gamoricxva. es gamomdinareobs sk-is
395-e
muxlis meore nawilis Sinaarsidan, romlis Tanaxmadac, dauSvebelia mxareTa winaswari SeTanxmeba movalis mier
ganzraxi moqmedebiT valdebulebis darRvevisas zianis anazRaurebisagan
misi gaTavisuflebis Sesaxeb.

xelSekrulebiT SeiZleba gamoiricxos an SeizRudos gamyidvelis pasuxismgebloba naklis mqone nivTis gayidvisas, Tu gamyidveli gaufrTxileblad moqmedebda (sk-is 497-e muxli). aseTive wesi moqmedebs
qiravnobis drosac (sk-is 539-e muxli).
mCuqebeli pasuxs agebs mxolod maSin, Tu mis mier gaCuqebuli nivTis

naklis boroti ganzraxviT damalvas mohyveba dasaCuqrebulisaTvis
zianis miyeneba ( sk-is 527-e muxli).
Tu gamnaTxovrebeli Segnebulad ar umxels monaTxovres uflebis

xarvezs an naTxovari nivTis nakls, maSin igi valdebulia, aanazRauros miyenebuli ziani (sk-is 617-e muxli).
Tu xelmyofma ganzrax ar gaiTvaliswina sxva piris uflebamosileba,

maSin am ukanasknels SeuZlia, moiTxovos is mogeba, romelic aRemateba qonebriv danakliss (sk-is 985-e muxlis nawili pirveli).
braleuli
pasuxismgeblobis principebze sruli warmodgena rom Segveqmnas, aucilebelia, SevexoT or garemoebas. esaa SemTxveva (kazusi) da
dauZleveli Zala samoqalaqo-samarTlebriv urTierTobebSi.
miTiTebuli garemoebebi TiTqmis yovelTvis aTavisuflebs samoqalaqo
brunvis subieqts pasuxismgeblobisagan.
SemTxveva _ es iseTi garemoebaa, romlis winaswar gaTvaliswineba SeuZlebelia, rac imas niSnavs, rom aseTi garemoeba arc erT SemTxvevaSi ar Seva
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mxareTa riskis sferoSi. SemTxveviToba gamoricxavs pasuxismgeblobas,

Tumca, es ar Seexeba movalis pasuxismgeblobas vadis gadacilebisas.
sk-is 402-e muxlis mixedviT, movale vadis gadacilebis dros pasuxs agebs
SemTxveviTobisTvisac, Tu ar daamtkicebs, rom ziani SeiZleba damdgariyo
valdebulebis drouli Sesrulebis drosac.
dauZleveli Zala _ gansakuTrebuli da, mocemul pirobebSi, aucdeneli
(gadaulaxavi) garemoebaa. dauZleveli Zalisa da SemTxveviTobis urTierTmimarTeba aseTia: Tu SemTxveviToba subieqturi gadaulaxavobaa,
dauZleveli Zala obieqturi gadaulaxavobaa.
rogorc TeoriaSi, ise praqtikaSi dauZlevel Zalas miekuTvneba bunebrivi movlenebi (miwisZvra, qariSxali, wyaldidoba, Stormi, zvavi da a.S.) da
sazogadoebrivi movlenebi (omi, gaficva, aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis
moratoriumi da a.S.). amasTan, imisaTvis, rom garemoeba namdvilad CaiTvalos valdebulebis Sesrulebis damabrkolebel garemoebad, mas yovelTvis unda axasiaTebdes ori niSani: gansakuTrebuloba da gadaulaxavoba.
amitomac, dauZleveli Zalis cnebas gansazRvruli fardobiToba (pirobiToba) axasiaTebs. es imas niSnavs, rom valdebulebis Sesrulebisas sxvadasxva pirobebis arseboba uTuod gavlenas moaxdens dauZleveli Zalis
gamoyenebaze. erTi da igive garemoeba erT SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba aseTad
iqnes miCneuli, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi Cveulebriv movlenad iqnes ganxiluli.
magaliTad, Tu gemi mosalodneli Stormis Sesaxeb gafrTxilebisas napiridan sakmaod Sors, Sua zRvaSia da xomaldis mflobels saTanado manevrirebis Casatareblad sakmao dro ar gaaCnia, raTa Tavi Seafaros uaxloes
ports, saqme swored dauZlevel ZalasTan gveqneba, magram Tu gemi mosalodneli Stormis Sesaxeb Setyobinebis miRebisas napirTan axlosaa da misma
mflobelma droulad ar miiRo saTanado zomebi gemis portSi Sesayvanad,
maSin Stormi misTvis dauZlevel Zalad ar CaiTvleba.
Tu ziani gamowveulia dauZleveli ZaliT saaviacio transportis eqspluataciis Sedegad an eleqtrogadamcemi xazebis avariiT, anda navTobis,
gazis, wylis an navTobproduqtebis momwodebeli mowyobilobebis dazianebebiT, maSin ar gamoiricxeba zianis anazRaurebis valdebuleba (sk-is
999-e da 1000-e muxlis mesame nawilebi).
piris bralis gareSe pasuxismgeblobas kanonmdebeli gamonaklisis saxiT
dasaSvebad miiCnevs, rogorc saxelSekrulebo, ise arasaxelSekrulebo
valdebulebebis darRvevisaTvis.
saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebSi, rogorc ukve iyo
aRniSnuli,
bralis gareSe pasuxismgebloba gaTvaliswinebulia vadis gadacilebisaTvis.
kreditori vadis gadacilebisas bralis miuxedavad, valdebulia, aunazRauros movales sagnis Senaxvis gamo zedmetad warmoSobili xarjebi,
aseve, mas ekisreba nivTis SemTxveviTi daRupvis riski; garda amisa, igi kargavs procentis miRebis uflebas (sk-is 393-e muxli).
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sxva SemTxvevebi:
Tu Sesrulebis sagania gvarovnuli nivTi, romlis Secvlac SeiZleba,
movalem valdebuleba yovelTvis unda Seasrulos (382).
myidvels, gamyidvelis bralis miuxedavad, SeuZlia, uari Tqvas
xelSekrulebaze (Tu ufro mniSvnelovan samarTlebriv Sedegs,
magaliTad, zianis anazRaurebas ar iTxovs) nivTis naklis gamo (sk-is
491-e muxli).
marwmunebeli movalea, aanazRauros misi bralis gareSe damdgari
zianic, romelic
warmoeSva
rwmunebuls davalebuli moqmedebis Sesrulebisas, Tu ziani dadga davalebuli moqmedebis SesrulebasTan
dakavSirebuli mniSvnelovani safrTxis Sedegad marwmuneblis miTiTebis gamo (sk-is 718-e muxli).
bralis gareSe pasuxismgeblobis SedarebiT meti SemTxvevebia aras
axelSekrulebo
samarTalSi; aseTi viTareba imiT aixsneba, rom zianis miyenebis wyaroa mometebuli safrTxis Semcveli sagani, romlis mflobeli
valdebulia, aanazRauros `saSiS~ obieqtTan Tu moqmedebasTan dakavSirebuli ziani (umetes SemTxvevaSi, igi kanoniTaa valdebuli, daazRvios mesame pirebi aseTi zianisagan.)
bralis miuxedavad, anazRaurebas eqvemdebareba:
ukiduresi aucileblobis dros miyenebuli ziani, Tu miyenebuli
ziani acdenil zianze mniSvnelovania (sk-is 117).
piris mier mcdari varaudiT
118-e
muxlSi gaTvaliswinebuli moqmedebis ganxorcielebis dros miyenebuli ziani (120).
satransporto saSualebaTa eqspluataciis Sedegad miyenebuli
ziani ( muxli 999).
nagebobidan gamomdinare, mometebuli safrTxiT gamowveuli ziani
(muxli 1000).
reabilitirebuli pirisaTvis ukanono msjavrdadebis, sisxlis samarTlis pasuxisgebaSi ukanonod micemis, aRkveTis RonisZiebis saxiT patimrobis an gausvlelobis xelwerilis ukanonod gamoyenebis,
patimrobis an gamasworebeli samuSaoebis saxiT administraciuli
saxdelis arasworad dakisrebis Sedegad miyenebuli ziani anazRaurdeba saxelmwifos mier (1005-e muxlis mesame nawili).
Tu ziani miyenebulia Senobidan sagnis gadagdebiT, gadavardniT an
gadaRvriT, pasuxs agebs piri, romelsac dakavebuli aqvs sadgomi,
garda im SemTxvevebisa, rodesac ziani dadga dauZleveli Zalis moqmedebiT an dazaralebulis braliT (1004-e nawili meore).
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5. xelSekrulebidan gasvla (moSla) da masTan

dakavSirebuli samarTlebrivi problemebi
samoqalaqo brunvis stabiluroba da marTlwesrigi uTuod gulisxmobs umTavresi principis _ valdebulebis Sesrulebaze calmxrivad uaris Tqmis
dauSvebloba da valdebulebis realuri Sesruleba _ ganuxrel dacvas.
magram am principis dacva yovelTvis ar aris SesaZlebeli da amis mizezi
SeiZleba sxvadasxva iyos.
zogjer monawileebi, miuxedavad imisa, rom isini ar arRveven xelSekrulebis pirobebs, iZulebuli xdebian, obieqturi viTarebis gamo, uari Tqvan
xelSekrulebaze (magaliTad, sk-is 398-399 muxlebi).
SesaZlebelia erT-erTma mxarem mniSvnelovnad daarRvios valdebuleba,
romelic meore mxares mianiWebs uflebas, uari Tqvas xelSekrulebaze.
kanonmdebeli miiCnevs, rom aseTi uari dasaSvebia mxolod kanoniT an
xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi.
saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis darRvevisas, kreditori uflebamosilia,
uari Tqvas xelSekrulebaze da moiTxovos im zianis anazRaurebac, romelic mas miadga xelSekrulebis SeusruleblobiT.
xelSekrulebidan gasvlis ufleba aRmWurveli uflebaa da gansxvavebiT
moTxovnis uflebebisagan, masze ar vrceldeba xandazmuloba.
gasvla calmxrivi nebis gamovlenaa (meore mxaris Tanxmoba saWiro araa),
romelic SeiZleba zianis momtani iyos ara marto xelSekrulebis monawilesaTvis, aramed mesame pirebisTvisac da amitomac, gasvlis dros am ukanasknelTa uflebebi mkacrad unda iyos daculi.
xelSekrulebidan gasvlis kanonismieri safuZvlebi mocemulia sk-is 352-e
_ 360-e, 405-e muxlebSi.
monawileebs SeuZliaT, gamoiyenon xelSekrulebis Sinaarsis gansazRvris
Tavisuflebis principi da TviTonac gansazRvron xelSekrulebidan gasvlis pirobebi. amasTan dakavSirebiT, sasamarTlo praqtikidan aseTi
SemTxveva SeiZleba moviyvanoT:
2000 wlis 22 ivniss Sps ìasonsa~ da saqarTvelos avtorTa da SemsrulebelTa sazogadoebas Soris erTi wliT gaformda salicenzio xelSekruleba
#5/7, romliTac Sps ìasonma~ ikisra valdebuleba, saqarTvelos avtorTa da SemsrulebelTa sazogadoebis angariSze yovelTviurad Caericxa
saavtoro honorari 80 lari. 2000 wlis 5 agvistos Sps ìasonma~ weriliT
acnoba xelSekrulebis meore mxares imis Taobaze, rom profilaqtikuri
samuSaoebis CatarebasTan dakavSirebiT wyvetda salicenzio SeTanxmebis
Sesrulebas.
2001 wlis 22 noembridan Sps ìasonma ganaaxla muSaoba, Tumca, finansuri
valdebulebebi saqarTvelos avtorTa da SemsrulebelTa sazogadoebis
winaSe ar Seusrulebia. xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, mxareebs SeTanxmebuli
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hqondaT pirgasamtexlo valdebulebis Sesrulebis yovel vadagadacilebul dReze 1%-is odenobiT.

mxareebs aseve SeTanxmebuli (xelSekrulebis 7.2. punqti) hqondaT
xelSekrulebis moSlis (uaris) da Secvlis pirobebic. misi moqmedebis vada
avtomaturad gagrZeldeboda kidev erTi wliT, vidre erT-erTi mxare
werilobiTi formiT ar Seatyobinebda meore mxares SeTanxmebis moSlis
Sesaxeb, magram araugvianes 30 dRisa im TariRidan, romlidanac SeTanxmeba
eqvemdebareboda moSlas.
mosarCele saqarTvelos avtorTa da SemsrulebelTa sazogadoeba moiTxovda mopasuxesagan saxelSekrulebo ZiriTadi Tanxisa da pirgasamtexlos
gadaxdas.
pirveli instanciis sasamarTlom sarCeli nawilobriv daakmayofila da
Sps ìasons~ daakisra gadasaxdelad 6602 lari. mopasuxe ar daeTanxma sasamarTlos daskvnas imis Taobaze, rom xelSekrulebis moqmedebis vada gagrZelda 2001 wlis 22 noembridan, igi miuTiTebda im garemoebaze, rom 2000
wlis 5 agvistos weriliT mxareTa Soris urTierToba Sewyvetili iyo da,
Sesabamisad, mas ar ekisreboda Tanxis gadaxdis valdebuleba.
sakasacio sasamarTlom daakmayofila mopasuxes saCivari, gaauqma gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetileba da miiRo axali gadawyvetileba, romelSic aRniSna: `samoqalaqo kodeqsis 352-e muxlis pirveli nawilis Sesabamisad, Tu
xelSekrulebis erT-erTi mxare 405-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli pirobebis arsebobisas uars ityvis xelSekrulebaze, maSin miRebuli Sesruleba
da sargebeli ubrundebaT mxareebs... palata Tvlis, rom Sps ìasonis 2000
wlis 2 agvistos werili aris xelSekrulebis moSlis, xelSekrulebidan
gasvlis winadadeba; xelSekrulebidan gasvlis safuZvlebi da motivebi SeiZleba ganisazRvros rogorc kanoniT, ise xelSekrulebiT, xelSekrulebidan gasvlis kanonismieri safuZvlebi gansazRvrulia sk-is 352-e, 405-e
muxlebiT. xelSekrulebis dadebis Tavisuflebis principidan gamomdinare, kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli pirobebis garda, xelSekrulebis mxareebs
ufleba aqvT, TviTonac gansazRvron xelSekrulebidan gasvlis pirobebi. movales, iseve rogorc kreditors, SeuZlia uari Tqvas xelSekrulebaze, Tuki mas, misgan damoukidebeli mizezis gamo, ar SeuZlia Seasrulos
xelSekrulebiT nakisri valdebuleba...
mxareebma gamoiyenes xelSekrulebidan gasvlis wesis gansazRvris ufleba
da xelSekrulebis me-2 da me-3 muxlebSi SeTanxmdnen salicenzio SeTanxmebis moSlis an Secvlis pirobebze... mopasuxes mier gagzavnili Setyobineba
xelSekrulebidan gasvlis Sesaxeb mxares miuvida da mas raime pretenzia
ar gamouTqvams...
SeTanxmeba xelSekrulebidan gasvlis Sesaxeb aris mxareTa garigeba da
masze vrceldeba zogadad xelSekrulebis dadebis wesebi. mopasuxes mier
gakeTebul ofertze (xelSekrulebidan gasvlis Sesaxeb) mopasuxes dumili
unda CaiTvalos aqceptad samoqalaqo kodeqsis 335-e muxlis Sesabamisad...
vinaidan mosarCeles xelSekrulebidan gasvlis Sesaxeb ecnoba 2000 wlis 7
agvistos, xelSekruleba damTavrebulad unda CaiTvalos xelSekrulebiT
gansazRvruli 30 dRiani vadis gasvlis Semdeg, 7 seqtembers~ (ix. saqme
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#as-760-1396-03 uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebani samoqalaqo,

samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeebze, biuleteni #3, gv. 614, 2004 weli).
xelSekrulebidan gasvlis moTxovnis kanonismieri winapirobebia:

xelSekrulebis namdviloba (unda akmayofilebdes garigebis namdvilobis zogad pirobebs).
zogadi wesis mixedviT, movalis mxridan xelSekrulebis mniSvnelovani (arsebiTi) darRveva (arsebiTi xasiaTisaa darRveva, Tu
movalis mxridan ZiriTadi valdebulebis darRvevis gamo, faqtobrivi Sesrulebis daniSnulebisamebr gamoyeneba SeuZlebeli xdeba an ikargeba momavalSi misi Sesrulebis imedi, anda kreditors
ekargeba Sesrulebis interesi da a.S.).
xelSekrulebidan gasvlis Sesaxeb gancxadebis gakeTebiT monawile

mTlianad gadis xelSekrulebidan, radganac kanoniT dauSvebelia
xelSekrulebidan nawilobrivi gasvla.
miuxedavad valdebulebis mniSvnelovani darRvevisa, movales ar

SeuZlia, kreditors mosTxovos xelSekrulebis ZalaSi datoveba.
valdebulebis darRvevisaTvis mTlianad da umTavresad kreditori ar aris pasuxismgebeli (mag. Tu ormxriv xelSekrulebaSi movalis mier valdebulebis darRveva ganapiroba kreditoris mxridan
sapasuxo moqmedebis ganuxorcieleblobam, muxli 369).
moTxovnas ar upirispirdeba movalis Sesagebeli, romelic ukve

wardgenilia an wardgenili iqneba dauyonebliv xelSekrulebaze uaris Tqmis Semdeg (mag. Sesagebeli xandazmulobaze an valis
gaqviTvaze).
saxezea kreditoris mier Sesrulebuli iuridiuli moqmedeba _

xelSekrulebidan gasvlisaTvis micemuli gonivruli vada, Tu
xelSekrulebiT aseTi vada ar yofila dadgenili _ anda, Tu valdebulebis darRvevis xasiaTidan gamomdinare, ar gamoiyeneba vada _
gafrTxileba.
am zogadi wesidan gamonakliss warmoadgens grZelvadiani valdebulebiTi urTierTobidan gasvla, romelic dasaSvebia valdebulebis darRvevis gareSec pativsadebi safuZvlis arsebobisas (pativsadebia safuZveli,
roca xelSekrulebis momSlel mxares konkretuli viTarebis, maT Soris,
dauZleveli Zalisa da ormxrivi interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT, ar SeiZleba moeTxovos saxelSekrulebo urTierTobis gagrZeleba).
xelSekrulebidan gasvla monawileTa Soris axali valdebulebis warmoSobis safuZvelia: xelSekrulebis Sesrulebis Sedegad miRebuli Sesruleba
da sargebeli mxareebma erTmaneTs unda daubrunon (ormxrivi restitucia).
praqtikaSi garkveul sirTuleebTanaa dakavSirebuli xelSekrulebidan gasvlis, xelSekrulebaze uaris Tqmis, xelSekrulebis moSlis,
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xelSekrulebis gauqmebisa da xelSekrulebis Sewyvetis erTmaneTisagan

gamijvna. samoqalaqo urTierTobis monawileebi xSirad arasworad iyeneben am cnebebs maTi mkafio gaumijnaobis gamo.
xelSekrulebidan gasvla da uari xelSekrulebaze, rogorc wesi, erTsa
da imave samarTlebriv Sedegebs iwvevs; am dros ormxriv restitucias aqvs
adgili, mxareebi axdenen xelSekrulebis dadebamde arsebuli mdgomareobis aRdgenas.
amasTan, Tu grZelvadian urTierTobaze mxare pativsadebi mizezis gamo
ambobs uars, maSin saxeze gveqneba xelSekrulebis moSla (Sewyveta) da ara
gasvla, rac imas niSnavs, rom manamde ganxorcielebuli Sesruleba ZalaSi
darCeba.
xelSekrulebidan gasvla Tavisi samarTlebrivi SedegebiT emsgavseba usafuZvlo gamdidrebas (976-e da 979-e muxlebi), radganac, orive SemTxvevaSi, adgili aqvs garigebiT miRebulis dabrunebas, Tumca, es ori instituti
mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan: gasvlis dros garigeba namdvilia, xolo usafuZvlo gamdidrebis dros _ aranamdvili, baTili. garda
amisa, gasvlis dros pasuxismgeblobis gansazRvrisas movales SeiZleba
daekisros zianis anazRaurebac (sk-is 407-e muxli), rasac, rogorc wesi,
usafuZvlo gamdidrebisas adgili ar aqvs.
sasamarTlo praqtikaSi am ori institutis msgavseba zogjer ganapirobebs
cnebebis aRrevas da davis mosawesrigeblad orive maTganis normebis
gamoyenebas. magaliTad, saqmeze #as-222-521-04 sakasacio instanciam davis mosawesrigeblad gamoiyena rogorc xelSekrulebidan gasvlis, ise usafuZvlo gamdidrebis momwesrigebeli normebi.
Sps `kavuniteqssa da T.muxuraZes Soris daido xelSekruleba, romlis
Tanaxmadac, kompania am ukanasknels mSenebare saxlSi sakuTrebaSi gadascemda oTxoTaxian binas 2001 wlamde, sanacvlod es ukanaskneli Caabarebda
kompanias Tavis kuTvnil oTaxnaxevrian binas, riTac mas gadaxdilad CaeTvleboda asaSenebeli binis Rirebuleba. man kompaniis miTiTebiT Tavis
kuTvnil binaze sakuTrebis ufleba gadasca vinme m.javaxiSvils, romlis
meuRlem samSeneblo masalebi miawoda `kavuniteqss~ da am masalis sanacvlod gadaeca mas muxuraZis kuTvnili bina.
kompaniam daTqmul vadaSi ver SeZlo muxuraZisaTvis binis aSeneba. mxareebma dades axali SeTanxmeba, romlis Tanaxmadac, muxuraZes kompania gadascemda xuToTaxian binas 2001 wlis bolomde. arc es SeTanxmeba Seasrula
kompaniam. muxuraZem sarCeliT uari Tqva `kavuniteqsTan da javaxiSvilTan dadebul xelSekrulebebze da moiTxova Tavisi binis dabruneba.
kompania daeTanxma xelSekrulebidan gasvlaze mosarCeles, xolo javaxiSvilma sarCeli ar cno. man miuTiTa, rom nasyidobis xelSekruleba namdvilia da ar arsebobda misi moSlis safuZveli.
pirveli instanciis sasamarTlom sarCelis dakmayofilebis samarTlebriv
safuZvlad miiCnia sk-is 56-e muxlis meore nawili, 352-e da 405-e muxlis
pirveli nawilebi.
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saapelacio da sakasacio sasamarTloebma gaiziares pirveli instanciis

mosazrebebi. sakasacio palatam aRniSna Semdegi: `nasyidobis xelSekruleba Sewyvetilia, radgan myidveli Rirebulebas ar ixdis, xolo gamyidveli,
sk-is 352-e muxlis safuZvelze, iTxovs gadacemuli nivTis dabrunebas.
miTiTebuli normiT, xelSekrulebaze uaris Tqmas Sedegad unda mohyves
qonebis naturiT dabruneba (restitucia).~ am sakiTxs mTlianad aregulirebs sk-is 352-360-e muxlebi.
miuxedavad amisa, sakasacio instancia usafuZvlo gamdidrebis normebsac
iSveliebs da agrZelebs:
`sk-is 976-e muxlis pirveli nawiliT, mimRebs _ viTom-kreditors,
kondiqciuri valdebulebidan gamomdinare, pasuxismgebloba ekisreba, daabrunos is, rac usafuZvlod miiRo... urTierTdakavSirebuli xelSekrulebebis Sewyvetis SemTxvevaSi, garda zemoaRniSnuli normebisa, moTxovnis
safuZvlad SeiZleba miCneul iqnes aseve sk-is 989-e muxlic, radgan viTomkreditorisaTvis an misi miTiTebiT sxvisTvis raimes gadacemisas kanoni
iTvaliswinebs gadacemulis ukan dabrunebas~ (ix. saqarTvelos uzenaesi
sasamarTlos biuleteni gadawyvetilebani samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeebze 2004 weli, #6 gv. 1352-1355).
am saxis davebze miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi sasamarTlo praqtikaSi sakmaod xSiria.
zemoaRniSnuli samSeneblo kompaniis saqmianobidan gamomdinare, sxva
fizikuri pirebis sarCelebze miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi, miuxedavad
faqtobrivi garemoebebis msgavsebisa, samarTlebrivad araerTgvarovan
dasabuTebas Seicaven.
magaliTad, n. WeliZem imave sqemiT gadasca sakuTrebis ufleba vinme a.
zubaSvils kompania `kavuniteqsis miTiTebiT. sakasacio instanciam ar
daakmayofila WeliZis moTxovna xelSekrulebaze uaris Tqmisa da gadacemulis dabrunebis Taobaze da miuTiTa Semdegi: `garigebis miznis Seusrulebloba ar SeiZleba gaxdes garigebis baTilobis safuZveli sk-is
373-e muxlis meore nawilis mixedviT, Tu valdebulebis Sesruleba miiRo
im pirma, romelic ar iyo uflebamosili, valdebuleba CaiTvleba Sesrulebulad, maSin, roca kreditorma misca amis Tanxmoba an am Sesrulebisagan
miiRo sargebeli. d.WeliZem Sps `kavuniteqsis TanxmobiT, a. zubaSvilis
mimarT valdebulebis SesrulebiT miiRo sargebeli, riTac man kompaniasTan nakisri valdebuleba Seasrula~ (ix. saqme #as-659-1306-03. uzenaesi
sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebani, 2004 wlis biuleteni #2, gv.543-547).
Cemi azriT, samarTlebrivad es ukanaskneli SemTxveva ufro sworad iqneboda dasabuTebuli, Tu sasamarTlo gamoiyenebda sk-is 371-e muxlis
pirvel nawils, romlis mixedviTac, `Tu kanonidan, xelSekrulebidan an
valdebulebis bunebidan ar gamomdinareobs, rom movalem piradad unda
Seasrulos valdebuleba, maSin es valdebuleba SeiZleba Seasrulos mesame pirmac~. samSeneblo kompaniis mier valdebulebis darRveva ar SeiZleba
safuZvlad daedos WeliZesa da zubaSvils Soris dadebuli nasyidobis
xelSekrulebis baTilobas an am xelSekrulebidan gasvlas. zubaSvili ar
yofila kompaniasa da WeliZes Soris arsebuli samarTlebrivi urTierMYTOPBOOK.ORG
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Tobis monawile da, Sesabamisad, man ar SeiZleba pasuxi agos `kavuniteqsis~ moqmedebisaTvis. WeliZes samSeneblo kompaniisagan unda moeTxova
zianis anazRaureba, radganac pirveladi moTxovna (Sesrulebis Sesaxeb) am
SemTxvevaSi warumatebeli iqneboda.
xelSekrulebis moSla da xelSekrulebis Sewyveta, umetes SemTxvevaSi,
erTsa da imave samarTlebriv SedegebTanaa dakavSirebuli. monawileTa Soris arsebuli urTierToba momavali droisaTvis wyvets Tavis arsebobas.
rogorc xelSekrulebaze uaris (gasvlis), ise moSlis (Sewyvetis) dros, mxareTa Soris arsebuli samarTlebrivi urTierToba (ufleba-movaleobebi)
jer kidev ZalaSia.
rac Seexeba xelSekrulebis gauqmebas, am SemTxvevaSi monawileTa Soris
urTierToba dasrulebulia da gauqmebis moTxovnis wardgenas adgili
aqvs momavalSi gansazRvruli pirobebis dadgomis gamo.
magaliTad, sk 529-e muxlis pirveli nawilis Sesabamisad, Cuqeba SeiZleba
gauqmdes, Tu dasaCuqrebuli mZime Seuracxyofas miayenebs an did umadurobas gamoiCens mCuqeblis an misi axlo naTesavis mimarT.
xelSekrulebidan gasvlisa da Sewyvetis SemTxvevebis arasruli CamonaTvali, samoqalaqo kodeqsis mixedviT, aseTia:
xelSekrulebis yovel mxares SeuZlia, uari Tqvas Tavisi valdebulebis Sesrulebaze, Tu xelSekrulebis dadebis Semdeg aRmoCndeba, rom arsebobs realuri saSiSroeba imisa, rom meore mxare
Tavis movaleobaTa mniSvnelovan nawils ar Seasrulebs (sk-is 484-e
muxli). am SemTxvevaSi, kanonmdebels mxedvelobaSi aqvs realuri
da ara moCvenebiTi saSiSroeba.
myidvels SeuZlia, nivTis naklis gamo moiTxovos xelSekrulebis
moSla (sk-is 491-e muxli).
Tu gamyidveli itovebs uflebas, uari Tqvas xelSekrulebaze im
SemTxvevebisaTvis, roca myidveli ar asrulebs dakisrebul valdebulebebs, uaris Tqmisas yoveli mxare valdebulia, daubrunos
erTmaneTs is, rac xelSekrulebiT miiRes ( sk-is 508 muxli).
Tu daqiravebuli nivTi mTlianad an nawilobriv gadaecema damqiravebels dagvianebiT an, Tu SemdgomSi mas waerTva sargeblobis
ufleba, maSin damqiravebels SeuZlia, uari Tqvas xelSekrulebaze
im vadis dacvis gareSe, rac gaTvaliswinebulia xelSekrulebis
moSlisaTvis. magram damqiravebels mxolod maSin aqvs uaris ufleba, Tu gamqiravebeli am ukanasknelis mier gansazRvrul vadaSi ar
aRkveTs sargeblobisaTvis xelSemSlel garemoebebs (541 nawili
pirveli).
Tu sacxovrebeli an adamianTa samyoflad gaTvaliswinebuli sxva
sadgomi iseT mdgomareobaSia, rom misi gamoyeneba mniSvnelovan safrTxes uqmnis maT janmrTelobas, damqiravebels SeuZlia, moSalos qiravnobis xelSekruleba vadis dacvis gareSe. es ufleba damqiravebels aqvs maSinac, Tu xelSekrulebis dadebisas man icoda
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safrTxis Taobaze, magram ar ganucxadebia pretenzia (sk-is 542-e

muxli).
sacxovrebeli sadgomis damqiravebeli uflebamosilia, qiravnobis xelSekruleba vadamde moSalos, Tu igi erTi TviT adre gaafrTxilebs amis Sesaxeb gamqiravebels da SesTavazebs mas gadaxdisunarian da misaReb damqiravebels, romelic Tanaxmaa, qiravnobis
darCenil droSi iyos damqiravebeli (sk-is 555-e muxli).
gamqiravebels SeuZlia, xelSekruleba moSalos (Sewyvitos) vadamde, Tu damqiravebeli: Tavis saxelSekrulebo valdebulebebs
braleulad mniSvnelovnad arRvevs, ar ixdis qiras sami Tvis ganmavlobaSi, an gamqiraveblis gafrTxilebis miuxedavad, igi gaqiravebul nivTs mniSvnelovnad azianebs an qmnis aseTi dazianebis
realur saSiSroebas, anda gamqiraveblis mimarT Caidens iseT marTlsawinaaRmdego an amoralur moqmedebas, romelic SeuZlebels
xdis maT Soris urTierTobis Semdgom gagrZelebas (sk-is 557-558,
562-e muxlebi).
gamqiravebels SeuZlia, moSalos qiravnobis xelSekruleba damqiraveblis mxridan valdebulebis mniSvnelovani darRvevis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSic, Tu saxeze iqneba sk-is 562-e muxliT gansazRvruli pativsadebi mizezebi (gamqiravebels sadgomi sWirdeba
uSualod TviTon an axlo naTesavebisaTvis).
Tu qiravnobis sagans Seadgens avejiT gawyobili bina, maSin gamqiravebels yovelTvis SeuZlia xelSekrulebis moSlis vadis
dacviT moSalos qiravnobis xelSekruleba (sk-is 562-e nawili 3).
gamsesxebels ufleba aqvs, dauyonebliv (vadamde) Sewyvitos
xelSekruleba da moiTxovos valis dabruneba, Tu msesxeblis qonebrivi mdgomareoba arsebiTad gauaresdeba, riTac safrTxe Seeqmneba sesxis dabrunebis moTxovnas (sk-is 627-e muxli).
SemkveTs SeuZlia, samuSaos dasrulebamde nebismier dros Tqvas
uari xelSekrulebaze, magram man unda aunazRauros menardes Sesrulebuli samuSao da xelSekrulebis moSliT miyenebuli ziani (skis 636-e muxli).
nakeTobis naklis gamo, SemkveTs SeuZlia, 405-e muxlis mixedviT,
uari Tqvas xelSekrulebaze. am SemTxvevaSi, igi valdebulia, aunazRauros SemkveTs xelSekrulebasTan dakavSirebuli xarjebi
(sk-is 644-e muxli).
turists mogzaurobis dawyebamde nebismier dros SeuZlia, uari
Tqvas xelSekrulebaze (sk-is 665-e muxli).
Tu mogzauroba xarveziania da misi momwyobi ar aRmofxvris am
xarvezebs turistis mier miTiTebul vadaSi, maSin am ukanasknels
SeuZlia, Sewyvitos xelSekruleba (sk-is 661-e muxli).
davalebis xelSekrulebis Sewyveta mxareebs nebismier dros SeuZliaT (sk-is 720-e muxlis pirveli nawili).
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saSuamavlo xelSekruleba SeiZleba nebismier dros moiSalos raime

vadis daucvelad, Tuki xelSekrulebis vada ar aris gansazRvruli
(sk-is 747-e muxlis nawili pirveli).
Tu damzRvevi mzRvevels ar miawvdis informacias arsebiTi garemoebebis Sesaxeb, an miwodebuli informacia araswori an arazustia,
maSin am ukanasknels SeuZlia, uari Tqvas xelSekrulebaze (muxlebi
808-810, 813).
Tu damzRvevma Tavis droze ar Seitana sadazRvevo Sesatani,
mzRvevels SeuZlia, erTTviani gafrTxilebis vadis dacviT moSalos xelSekruleba (sk-is 818-e muxli).
mzRvevels ufleba aqvs, dazRveuli qonebis gasxvisebis Setyobidan erTi Tvis vadaSi Sewyvitos sadazRvevo urTierToba SemZenTan.
aseTive ufleba gaaCnia SemZensac (sk-is 835-e muxli).
zogadi wesis Tanaxmad, sabanko angariSsworebis xelSekruleba SeiZleba Sewydes orive mxaris mier nebismier dros. Tumca, sakredito
dawesebulebas SeuZlia am uflebis gamoyeneba mxolod ise, rom ar
daazaralos meore mxare _ angariSis mflobeli _ am ukanasknelma
sxvagvarad unda SeZlos saangariSsworebo momsaxurebis miReba,
garda im SemTxvevebisa, roca SewyvetisaTvis arsebobs mniSvnelovani safuZveli (sk-is 864-e muxli).
movales SeuZlia, nebismier dros Sewyvitos cvalebadi saprocento ganakveTiT aRebuli sesxi Sewyvetis samTviani vadis dacviT (skis 871-e muxlis meoTxe nawili).
kreditis gamcems SeuZlia, orkviriani damatebiTi vadis micemiT Sewyvitos sakredito urTierToba, Tu gaTvaliswinebulia
kreditis dabruneba nawil-nawil da kreditis amRebma gadaacila
zedized, sul cota, or vadas (sk-is 873-e muxli).
Tu Tavdeboba uvadoa, Tavdebs SeuZlia, Sewyvitos xelSekruleba samTviani vadis dacviT. vadiani Tavdebobisas xuTi wlis gasvlis Semdeg xelSekruleba SeiZleba Sewydes aseve samTviani vadis
dacviT (sk-is 903-e muxlis pirveli da meore nawilebi).
Tu ar aris gansazRvruli erToblivi saqmianobis vada, maSin yovel monawiles SeuZlia gavides xelSekrulebidan, Tu misi gasvla
ar daazaralebs erTobliv saqmianobas. Tu vada gansazRvrulia, maSin gasvla daiSveba pativsadebi mizezebis arsebobisas (sk-is 938-e
muxlis pirveli da meore nawilebi).
rogorc marCenals, ise sarCens SeuZliaT, uari Tqvan samisdReSio
rCenis xelSekrulebaze, Tuki saxelSekrulebo movaleobaTa darRvevis Sedegad mxareTa Soris urTierToba autaneli gaxda, anda
sxva arsebiTi mizezebi ukiduresad aZnelebs an SeuZlebels xdis
mis gagrZelebas (sk-is 949-e muxlis pirveli nawili).
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nawili II
qarTuli da holandiuri valdebulebaTa
samarTlis SedarebiTi analizi
avtori: mosamarTle J.H.M. huub vilemsi
amsterdamis saapelacio sasamarTlos Tavmjdomaris moadgile
niderlandebis samewarmeo saqmeTa sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare
Tavi 1
zogadi nawili
1. Sesavali
1.1. am wignSi ganxiluli valdebulebaTa samarTali, rogorc saqarTveloSi, ise holandiaSi samoqalaqo samarTlis zogad nawilSi Sedis. orive
qveynis SemTxvevaSi, valdebulebaTa samarTlis zogadi nawili da misi saerTo struqtura da principebi mocemulia samoqalaqo kodeqsSi, kerZod,
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis SemTxvevaSi _ me-3 wignSi, xolo holandiis samoqalaqo kodeqsis SemTxvevaSi _ me-6, me-7, me-7A da me-8 wignebSi
(SemdgomSi saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqss movixseniebT rogorc ssk-s,
xolo holandiis samoqalaqo kodeqss rogorc hsk-s).
1.2. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTveloc da holandiac miekuTvnebian
dawerili samarTlis qveynebis ojaxs, gansxvavebiT inglisisa da amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebisagan, romlebic saerTo samarTlis qveynebis ojaxSi
Sedian.
1.3. am or ojaxs Soris arsebuli sakmaod didi gansxvavebebi erTi SexedviTac SesamCnevia. sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom saerTo samarTlis qveynebSi
samarTali gamomdinareobs saqmeebze gamotanili gadawyvetilebebidan,
xolo dawerili samarTlis qveynebSi samarTali, maT Soris, maRali donis
zogadi abstraqciuli wesebi, ipoveba samoqalaqo kodeqsSi da mosamarTle
am zogad wesebs iyenebs mis winaSe warmodgenili konkretuli saqmeebis mimarT. amgvarad, saerTo samarTlis qveynebSi mosamarTlem unda gamoarkvios, ra aris moqmedi samarTali, zogjer ki Tavadac Seqmnas igi da es samarTali gamorkveuli da Camoyalibebuli iqneba mxolod mocemul saqmesTan
mimarTebiT. samarTlis calkeuli sferos aucilebeli konkretika iqmneba
Sesasruleblad savaldebulo precedentis gamoyenebiT. dawerili samarTlis qveynebSi ki mosamarTle konkretuli saqmis pasuxs poulobs samoqalaqo kodeqsis Sesabamis normaSi. saqmeebis gadawyvetisas mosamarTlis
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inteleqtualuri saqmianobis gamosaxatavad xSirad iyeneben gamoTqmas,

rom saerTo samarTlis mosamarTle mimarTavs induqciis meTods, xolo
dawerili samarTlis mosamarTle deduqciis meTods.
1.4. sinamdvileSi saqme ase ioladac ar aris da Tu yuradRebiT davakvirdebiT, davinaxavT, rom, saboloo jamSi, praqtikaSi didi gansxvaveba araa
dawerili samarTlis mosamarTlisa da saerTo samarTlis mosamarTlis
mier saqmis ganxilvasa da gadawyvetaSi, Tu ar CavTvliT Teoriul gansxvavebebs. amis TvalsaCinoebisaTvis erTi martivi magaliTi SeiZleba moviyvanoT. a aris kargi manqanis amayi mflobeli, magram mas saswrafod sWirdeba
fuli. amgvarad, man gadawyvita, gayidos manqana. aRniSnuli mizniT, man
miswera b-s werili 2006 wlis 11 ivniss, romelSic igi sTavazobs b-s, rom am
ukanasknelma iyidos misi manqana 10 000 larad. b-m werili miiRo 2006 wlis
12 ivniss. b-m, romelmac ar icoda a-s ganzraxva manqanis gayidvis Sesaxeb,
magram didi xania surda, hqonoda a-s mflobelobaSi arsebulis msgavsi
manqana, miswera a-s werili 2006 wlis 11 ivniss, romelSic SesTavaza, rom
igi a-sgan SeiZenda manqanas 10 000 larad. a-m b-s werili miiRo 2006 wlis 12
ivniss. a-m, miiRo ra b-s werili da nanobs ra Tavis gadawyvetilebas, rom
2006 wlis 11 ivnisis weriliT mas SesTavaza manqanis miyidva, dauyovnebliv daureka b-s da uTxra, rom igi aRar yidis manqanas da igi ukan ixmobs
b-sTvis gakeTebul oferts. b-s azriT, a-s mier ofertis ukan gamoxmobas
Zala ar aqvs da radgan, erTi mxriv, a-m 2006 wlis 11 ivnisis weriliT gaakeTa oferti misi kuTvnili avtomobilis gayidvaze da, meore mxriv, b-m
imave TariRis weriliT gaakeTa oferti manqanis yidvaze da vinaidan orive
werilSi, SemTxveviT, erTi da igive fasi iyo miTiTebuli, a valdebulia,
mihyidos manqana b-s.
1.5. zemoaRniSnul SemTxvevaSi, sul cota, ori SekiTxva Cndeba. pirveli,
dadebulia Tu ara xelSekruleba da meore _ Tuki dadebulia, SeuZlia Tu
ara b-s moiTxovos a-sgan konkretuli Sesruleba, anu valdebulia Tu ara
a, mihyidos b-s manqana.
1.6. zemoT xsenebuli Teoriuli TvalsazrisiT, dawerili samarTlis qveynis mosamarTle kiTxvaze pasuxs samoqalaqo kodeqsSi ipovis, xolo saerTo samarTlis qveynis mosamarTles mouwevs gonivruli msjelobis safuZvelze gadawyvetilebis gamotana, adre gamotanil gadawyvetilebebze
miTiTebiT.
1.7. albaT gasagebia, rom arc qarTul da arc holandiur samoqalaqo kodeqsSi mosamarTle iol pasuxs ver ipovis. piriqiT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
orive qveyanaSi kodeqsi mosamarTles didad ver exmareba am saqmis gadawyvetaSi da man TviTon unda gamoZebnos logikuri da dasabuTebuli gadawyveta.
1.8. ssk-s 327-e muxlis pirveli punqtis Tanaxmad: `xelSekruleba dadebulad iTvleba, Tu mxareebi mis yvela arsebiT pirobaze SeTanxmdnen
saamisod gaTvaliswinebuli formiT~, xolo 329-e muxlis pirveli punqtis Tanaxmad: `xelSekrulebis dadebis Sesaxeb winadadeba (oferti) iTvleba SeTavazebulad, Tu am winadadebaSi, romelic mimarTulia erTi
an ramdenime pirisadmi, gamoxatulia, rom winadadebis mimcemi (ofe-
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renti), Tanxmobis (aqceptis) SemTxvevaSi, mzadaa, Seasrulos Tavisi winadadeba~. hsk-s 6:213 muxlis mixedviT: àm Tavis miznebisTvis, xelSekruleba niSnavs mravalmxriv (iuridiul) moqmedebas, rodesac erTi an meti
mxare valdebulebas iRebs erTi an meti mxaris mimarT~, xolo 6:217 muxlis
mixedviT: `xelSekrulebas qmnis oferti da misi aqcepti~.
1.9. am SemTxvevaSi naTelia, rom 2006 wlis 11 ivniss orive mxares hqonda
iseTi ganzraxvebi, romlebic erTmaneTTan srul TanxvedraSi iyo: a-s
surda, b-sTvis mieyida Tavisi manqana 10 000 larad, xolo b-s surda, igive
manqana eyida a-sgan aseve 10 000 larad. amgvarad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mxareebi yvela arsebiT pirobaze SeTanxmdnen ssk-s 327-e muxlis pirveli punqtis gagebiT, rac niSnavs imas, rom xelSekruleba dadebulad iTvleba. magram, advokati, albaT, idavebda, rom saqme ase iolad ar aris da imisaTvis,
rom xelSekruleba dadebulad CaiTvalos, saWiroa ara marto mis arsebiT
pirobebze SeTanxmeba, aramed isic, rom es xelSekruleba ar iyos SemTxveviTi Sedegi, aramed warmoadgendes oferts da am konkretul ofertze
gakeTebul gaazrebul aqcepts, razec laparakia hsk-s 6:217 muxlSi. axla
ki ukve mosamarTlis gadasawyvetia, romeli mosazrebaa upiratesi da, mocemul SemTxvevaSi, a-s da b-s werilebi unda CaiTvalos Tu ara ofertad,
romelic unda iyos an ar iyos aqceptirebuli b-s mier a-sTan mimarTebiT.
1.10. Tu vivaraudebT, da albaT ase moxdeboda mocemul SemTxvevaSi, rom
mosamarTle meore mosazrebas miiCnevda samarTlebrivad sworad, es mainc
ar niSnavs, rom man gamoitana gadawyvetileba pirvel SekiTxvasTan dakavSirebiT. SekiTxva SeiZleba asec daisvas: CaiTvalos Tu ara a-s mier 2006
wlis 12 ivniss b-s werilis miReba a-s mier b-sTvis gakeTebuli ofertis
aqceptad. dadebiTi pasuxis SemTxvevaSi, xelSekruleba dadebulad CaiTvleba da a-s satelefono zars iuridiuli Sedegi ar eqneba.
1.11. magram Tu aRniSnul SekiTxvaze uaryofiT pasuxs gavcemT, maSin saqmisTvis gadawyveta jer ar mogviZebnia. am SemTxvevaSi, Semdegi SekiTxva
aseTia: a-s kanoniT SeuZlia Tu ara mis mier gakeTebuli ofertis gamoxmoba, rogorc faqtobrivad moiqca kidec. am sakiTxs garkveulwilad aregulirebs ssk-is 331-e muxli: `Tu oferentma aqceptisaTvis gansazRvra
vada, maSin aqcepti SeiZleba ganxorcieldes mxolod am vadaSi.~ marTalia, es norma SedarebiT sityvamwiria, igi mainc gulisxmobs, rom oferents
ar SeuZlia ofertis gamoxmoba manam, sanam aqceptisTvis gansazRvruli
vada ar amoiwureba. es muxli da ssk-is arc erTi sxva muxli ar gansazRvravs, SeuZlia Tu ara oferents ofertis gamoxmoba nebismier dros, Tu
aqceptisTvis vada ar yofila gansazRvruli. logikurad, SeiZleba vamtkicoT, rom ofertis gamkeTebels am ofertis gamoxmobis ufleba ar aqvs
gonivruli periodis ganmavlobaSi. mocemul SemTxvevaSi, es niSnavs, rom
xelSekruleba dadebulad iTvleba a-sa da b-s satelefono saubrisas,
radgan aSkaraa, rom b Tanaxmaa a-s ofertze. aseve unda aRiniSnos, rom Tu
mosamarTle aseT gadawyvetilebas gamoitans, mas sxva gadawyvetilebac gamoaqvs, rac SeiZleba sadavoc iyos, rom b-s gancxadeba, rom a-s mier ofertis gamoxmobas iuridiuli Zala ar aqvs, kanoniT niSnavs aqcepts, Tumca, es
sityva saerTod ar yofila naxsenebi. es aseve aris mosamarTlis gadawyvetileba da pasuxi, romelic uSualod gamomdinareobs samoqalaqo kodeqsis normebidan.
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1.12. holandiis samoqalaqo kodeqsi pirdapir aregulirebs sakiTxs, SeuZlia Tu ara oferents ofertis gamoxmoba, Tu aqceptisTvis vada ar yofila gansazRvruli. hsk-s muxli 6:219 adgens: òferti SeiZleba gamoxmobil
iqnes, garda im SemTxvevisa, Tu gansazRvrulia misi aqceptirebis vada an
misi argamoxmoba sxvagvarad gamomdinareobs.~ Tumca, aqve davamateb, rom
SekiTxvebi mainc Cndeba. anu, mainc gaugebaria, ra niSnavs `misi argamoxmoba
sxvagvarad gamomdinareobs.
1.13. rac Seexeba meore kiTxvas mocemul magaliTTan mimarTebiT, kerZod,
SeuZlia Tu ara b-s, moiTxovos a-sgan konkretuli Sesruleba, Tu xelSekruleba dadebulia aqac sxvadasxva pasuxis gacema SeiZleba. Zvel
romaul samarTalSi pasuxi naTeli iyo: erTaderTi dacvis saSualeba xelSekrulebis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi iyo zianis anazRaurebis moTxovna.
holandiuri samarTlis mixedviT, romelic 1992 wlamde am wels amJamindeli samoqalaqo kodeqsi Sevida ZalaSi aRniSnuli sakiTxis maregulirebel sakanonmdeblo normebs ar Seicavda, mosamarTleebma Tavad daadgines, rom zog SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebeli iyo konkretuli Sesrulebis Sesaxeb
brZanebis gacema, gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu es kreditoris samarTliani interesebis dakmayofilebis erTaderTi saSualeba iyo. magaliTad, uZravi
qonebis gayidvis SemTxvevaSi, gamyidveli SeiZleba iZulebuli gaexadaT,
moexdina konkretuli Sesruleba da gadaeca uZravi qoneba myidvelisTvis.
dResdReobiT ki es sakiTxi uSualod regulirebulia kodeqsiT. hsk-s
muxli 3:296-is pirveli punqtis mixedviT: `Tu kanonidan, valdebulebis
xasiaTisa an samarTlebrivi aqtidan sxvagvarad ar gamomdinareobs, piri,
romelic valdebulia, meore mxares miawodos raime, mis mimarT Seasrulos
raime an Seikavos Tavi mis mimarT moqmedebis ganxorcielebisagan, CaiTvleba movaled mosamarTlis mier meore mxaris Suamdgomlobis safuZvelze.
1.14. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsSi amgvari konkretuli norma ar
moipoveba, amitom sakiTxis gadawyveta damokidebuli iqneba samosamarTlo kanonSemoqmedebaze SeiZleba Tu ara valdebulebis konkretuli
Sesruleba.
1.15. amitom zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinareobs pirveli da yvelaze mniSvnelovani daskvna, rom ra samarTlebriv sistemasTanac ar unda gvqondes
saqme, SeuZlebelia, icode, ra aris an ras niSnavs samarTali, sanam mosamarTle ar gamoitans gadawyvetilebas konkretul saqmeze konkretul
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. meore daskvna is aris, rom rogoric ar unda iyos
samarTlebrivi sistemis struqtura, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis gamotana arasodes Semoifargleba mxolod kodeqssa an kanonSi mocemuli
teqstis avtomaturi misadagebiT. nebismier saqmeze mosamarTles aqvs ramdenime varianti, Tu ra da rogor gadawyvitos. sabolood, man unda airCios, Tu romeli varianti gamoiyenos.
1.16. amitom, arCevanis gakeTeba mosamarTlis erT-erTi valdebulebaa. aqve
unda aRniSnos, rom samosamarTlo kanonSemoqmedebis legitimurobisTvis
arsebiTad mniSvnelovania, rom mosamarTlem gasagebi mizezebiT daasabuTos misi gadawyvetilebebi, raTa SesaZlebeli iyos maTi gakritikeba, magaliTad, zemdgomi saapelacio mosamarTlis mier da rom SesaZlebeli iyos
Seusabamobebis acileba samarTlebrivi sistemis SigniT.
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1.17. Tumca, amasTan, Tavidan ver avicilebT imas, rom kanonmdebeli ar aris
erTaderTi kanonSemoqmedi, maT Soris, saqarTvelos da niderlandebis
msgavs qveynebSi, sadac kanoni Cawerilia kodeqsebsa da kanonebSi. samosamarTlo samarTali, romelzec, Tavis mxriv, sasamarTlo xelisuflebaa
pasuxismgebeli, Seadgens qveynis kanonmdeblobis ganuyofel nawils.
2. kanonmdeblobisa da samosamarTlo
kanonSemoqmedebis urTierTmimarTeba
2.1. is, rac zemoT aRvniSne, iwvevs kidev sxva sakiTxze msjelobas, kerZod,
rac exeba kanonmdeblis mier kanonSemoqmedebasa da samosamarTlo kanonSemoqmedebas Soris urTierTobas. sul cota, ori radikaluri mosazreba
SeiZleba arsebobdes amasTan dakavSirebiT, Tumca, aqve unda aRiniSnos,
rom aseTi radikaluri sistemebi sinamdvileSi SeiZleba ar arsebobdes,
arc erTi da arc meore saxis.
2.2. erTi mosazreba aris is, rom kanonmdebeli unda ecados, rac SeiZleba
yovlismomcveli kanoni Seqmnas da, Sesabamisad, rac SeiZleba detalurad
ganumartos mosamarTles, rogor gamoitanos gadawyvetileba, rodesac
samoqalaqo kodeqsidan deduqciis meTodiT miRebuli pasuxi ar aris calsaxa. am mosazrebis gamoxatuleba mocemulia ssk-is me-2 muxlSi, romelic
(ramdenadac Cem mier aRniSnul mosazrebas adasturebs) adgens Semdegs:
`2. erTi da imave donis samarTlis normaTa koliziis dros gamoiyeneba
specialuri da ufro axali kanoni. am kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebul zogad normebsa da specialur normebs Soris koliziisas gamoiyeneba specialuri normebi. (...) 4. Cveulebani gamoiyeneba mxolod maSin, Tu isini ar ewinaaRmdegeba samarTlisa da zneobis sayovelTaod aRiarebul
normebs an sajaro wesrigs.~ am mosazrebis mixedviT, kanonSemoqmedebis
procesSi umTavres rols kanonmdebeli asrulebs.
2.3. meore mosazrebis mixedviT, kanonmdebeli aRiarebs da iZulebulia
aRiaros, rom samarTlis gawera kodeqsis an kanonis abstraqtuli cnebebiT
SeuZlebelia da rom samarTali ganisazRvreba yoveli calkeuli saqmis
konkretuli garemoebebiT. am mosazrebis gamoxatuleba mocemulia ssk-is
me-5 muxlis pirvel da meore nawilebSi, romlebSic naTqvamia: `1. kanonSi
pirdapir gauTvaliswinebeli urTierTobis mosawesrigeblad gamoiyeneba
yvelaze ufro msgavsi urTierTobis maregulirebeli samarTlis norma
(kanonis analogia). 2. Tu kanonis analogiis gamoyeneba SeuZlebelia, urTierToba unda mowesrigdes samarTlis zogadi principebis safuZvelze,
agreTve, samarTlianobis, keTilsindisierebisa da zneobis moTxovnebis
Sesabamisad (samarTlis analogia).~ amis msgavsi norma moipoveba hsk-is 6:2
muxlis meore punqtSi, romlis Tanaxmad: `kanonis, Cveulebis an samarTlebrivi aqtis norma, romelic sxva SemTxvevaSi savaldebulo iqneboda movalisa da kreditorisTvis, ar gamoiyeneba, Tu arsebul garemoebebSi misi
gamoyeneba miuRebelia gonivrulobisa da samarTlianobis principebidan
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gamomdinare.~ am mosazrebis mixedviT, kanonSemoqmedebis procesSi umTavres rols mosamarTle asrulebs.

2.4. rogorc aRvniSneT, sinamdvileSi ar arsebobs samarTlis sistema, romelic mxolod erT radikalur mosazrebas an mxolod meore radikalur
mosazrebas misdevs. samarTliani iqneba, Tu vityviT, rom rogorc qarTul,
ise holandiur samarTlis sistemaSi (romlebic dawerili samarTlis qveynebia) kanonSemoqmedeba upirveles yovlisa kanonmdeblis funqciaa, romelic cdilobs, rac SeiZleba detalurad daadginos (kerZo) samarTali da
daareguliros, Tu rogor unda gadawyvitos mosamarTlem saqme, rodesac
saqmis gadawyveta iolad an uSualod ar deduqcirdeba samoqalaqo kodeqsidan, rasac Zalian xSirad aqvs adgili.
sxva SemTxvevaSi, kanonmdebeli srulad aRiarebs, rom SeuZlebelia momavalSi warmosaSobi da samarTalsa da samarTlebriv urTierTobebTan dakavSirebuli yvela SesaZlo sakiTxis ganWvreta da maTi abstraqtuli terminologiiT daregulireba da, rom amis gamo, mosamarTles aqvs garkveuli
Tavisufleba da sakuTari pasuxismgebloba imis gadawyvetisas, Tu ra aris
samarTali da, Sesabamisad, kanonis Seqmnis ufleba da pasuxismgebloba.
aqedan gamomdinareobs daskvna, rom yovel calkeul SemTxvevaSi, samarTali aris kanonmdeblisa da mosamarTlis erToblivi qmedebis Sedegi da
imisaTvis, rom vicodeT samarTali, unda SeviswavloT rogorc kodeqsi,
ise sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebi.
2.5. amasTan dakavSirebiT, sainteresoa Semdegis aRniSvna. amJamad moqmedi
holandiis samoqalaqo kodeqsi ZalaSi Sevida 1992 wlis 1 ianvars, 45-wliani sakanonmdeblo muSaobis Semdeg, dawyebuli 1947 wlis samefo dekretidan, romelic adgenda, rom unda daweriliyo samoqalaqo kodeqsi. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi SemuSavda da ZalaSi Sevida SedarebiT mokle
xanSi, 1992 wlidan 1997 wlamde periodSi. qarTvelma kanonmdebelma saWirod CaTvala, rom kodeqsis sxvadasxva nawilebs win uZRodes aTi muxli saTauriT `samoqalaqo kodeqsis zogadi debulebani Sesavali debulebani~, romlebic exeba sakanonmdeblo kanonSemoqmedebasa da samosamarTlo
kanonSemoqmedebas Soris urTierTobas. es aTi muxli SeiZleba miviCnioT,
rogorc `kerZo samarTlis konstitucia~, romelic cdilobs, daareguliros kanonis ganmartebisa da dadgenis samomavlo sakiTxebi da aseve cdilobs, mosamarTles ganusazRvros, Tu rogor unda Seasrulos man masze
dakisrebuli funqciebi samarTlis dadgenisas. amiT, kanonmdebloba, rogorc samarTlis pirvelwyaro, cdilobs, daareguliros kanonSemoqmedeba
samomavlo calkeuli saqmeebisTvis. holandiaSi kanonmdebeli swored ase
moiqca, rodesac pirveli samoqalaqo kodeqsi iqna miRebuli mas Semdeg,
rac frangebma datoves qveyana 1815 wels. 1838 wels SemoRebul iqna kanoni
zogadi debulebebis Sesaxeb, romelic Sedgeboda 14 muxlisgan da exeboda
met-naklebad imave sakiTxebs, romlebic ssk-is 1-10 muxlebSia aRniSnuli.
amis SemCneva SesaZlebelia am muxlebisTvis erTi Tvalis gadavlebisTanave. magaliTad, ssk-is me-4 muxlis pirvel da meore nawilebSi naTqvamia: `1.
sasamarTlos ara aqvs ufleba, uari Tqvas samoqalaqo saqmeebze marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebaze im SemTxvevaSic, Tu samarTlis norma ar arseMYTOPBOOK.ORG
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bobs, an igi bundovania. 2. sasamarTlos ara aqvs ufleba, uari Tqvas kanonis gamoyenebaze im motiviT, rom mas kanonis norma usamarTlod an araz
neobrivad miaCnia.~ zustad aseTive normebi moipoveba zemoaRniSnuli
zogadi debulebebis Sesaxeb kanonis me-11 da me-13 muxlebSi. holandieli
kanonmdebeli ufro Sors wavida da 1838 wlis zogadi debulebebis Sesaxeb
kanonis me-12 muxlSi Cawera, rom mosamarTles ekrZaleba gadawyvetilebis
gamotana mxolod zogadi wesebis safuZvelze. am normis mixedviT, magaliTad, uzenaes sasamarTlos, romelic sakasacio sasamarTloa, ekrZaleba
faqtebze msjeloba; igi valdebulia, Camoayalibos, ras ambobs kanoni am
konkretul SemTxvevaSi da ar Semoifarglos mxolod imis TqmiT, rom xelSekrulebis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi erTaderTi samarTlebrivi saSualebaa
(rogorc Zvel romaul samarTalSi) damrRvevis mier fuliT anazRaureba
da sxva samarTlebrivi saSualeba meore mxares ar gaaCnia. ra Tqma unda, es
anomaluri gadawyvetileba iqneboda.
2.6. holandiis axali samoqalaqo kodeqsis Seqmnis procesSi ganzraxuli
iyo, rom kodeqsis sxvadasxva nawilebs win gauZRveboda imgvari zogadi debulebebi, romlebic zogadi debulebebis Sesaxeb 1838 wlis kanonSi moipoveboda _ am normebis axleburi moTxovnebis mixedviT CamoyalibebiT.
daiwera TerTmetiode muxli, romlebic ssk-is 1-10 muxlebis msgavsi
iyo. magram, saboloo jamSi, holandielma kanonmdebelma gadawyvita, ar
SemoeRo aseTi xasiaTis normebi da samoqalaqo kodeqsis proeqtidan amoiRo am normebis Semcveli Tavi. kanonmdebelma daaskvna, rom faqtobrivad
SeuZlebelia momavlis da mosamarTlis mier gadawyvetilebis gamotanis
procesis marTva im saqmeebze, romelTa gadawyvetac mas mouwevs. marTlac,
ismis SekiTxva: ra sargeblobisaa zogadi debulebebis Sesaxeb 1838 wlis kanonis da ssk-is 1-10 muxlebSi Sesuli normebi. es normebi asaxavs samosamarTlo kanonSemoqmedebisa da kanonganmartebis sayovelTaod aRiarebul
principebs, magram isini, realurad, naklebad gamosadegia, rodesac konkretuli sakiTxebis gadawyvetaa saWiro.
2.7. zemoaRniSnuli SeiZleba ufro dawvrilebiT avxsnaT Semdegi magaliTis safuZvelze. vTqvaT, a-s surs, Tavisi manqana, romelic 10 000 lari
Rirs, mihyidos b-s, romelsac aseve unda am manqanis yidva, magram saamisod
fuli ar hyofnis. ra Tqma unda, a-m da b-m SeiZleba dadon xelSekruleba
ssk-is 505-e muxlSi aRniSnuli wesiT. es muxli exeba nasyidobas ganvadebiT da adgens, rom gamyidveli, Cven SemTxvevaSi a, valdebulia, myidvels,
Cven SemTxvevaSi b-s, gadasces manqana fasis gadaxdamde, xolo myidveli
b valdebulia, nivTis fasi gadaixados nawil-nawil drois gansazRvrul
SualedSi. marTalia, es SesaZlebelia, magram nakleb savaraudoa, rom fizikuri piri a daTanxmdeba imaze, rom erTbaSad ar miiRos nasyidobis fasi.
amitom Cndeba kiTxva: rogor unda moxdes, rom, erTi mxriv, b-m marTos kargi manqana da a-m miiRos Tavisi 10 000 lari. ra Tqma unda, SesaZlebelia, a-m
da b-m dadon ori xelSekruleba. maT SeuZliaT, gaaformon nasyidobis xelSekruleba gaTvaliswinebuli ssk-is 477-e muxliT, romlis ZaliTac a valdebulia, gadasces b-s sakuTrebis ufleba manqanaze, xolo b valdebulia,
gadauxados mas mTliani fasi. es rom SesaZlebeli gaxdes, a-m unda asesxos
b-s 10 000 lari, rac gansazRvrulia ssk-is 623-e muxlSi. am SemTxvevaSi, a da
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b SeiZleba aseve SeTanxmdnen, rom b sesxis uzrunvelyofis saSualebad a-s

mimarT gamoiyenebs manqanas, rac gansazRvrulia ssk-is 254-e muxlis pirveli nawiliT, sanam b srulad ar dafaravs sesxis Tanxas. sxva alternativa
aris is, rom a-m da b-m dadon ssk-is 576-e muxlis pirveli nawiliT gansazRvruli lizingis xelSekruleba. es naklebad savaraudoa, radgan, rogorc
zemoT aRiniSna, a-s TviTon sWirdeba fuli da is ar aris banki. amitom, savaraudod, yvelaze realuri gamosavali aris is, rom a da b dadeben manqanis nasyidobis xelSekrulebas, xolo b dadebs sesxis xelSekrulebas bank
g-sTan 10 000 laris sesxebis Taobaze. albaT banki moiTxovs uzrunvelyofis saSualebas da, TavisTavad cxadia, rom manqana saukeTesod gamodgeba
am SemTxvevaSi. magram banks urCevnia finansuri lizingis xelSekruleba
gaaformos, ra SemTxvevaSic a dadebs nasyidobis xelSekrulebas bankTan,
xolo banki finansuri lizingis xelSekrulebas dadebs b-sTan.
2.8. aqedan Cans, rom arsebobs ramdenime gza, romlebiTac garkveuli
Sedegis miRweva SeiZleba yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi da xSirad mxolod
SemTxveviTobazea damokidebuli, mxareebi romel gzas amoirCeven. da Tu
profesionali mxare, magaliTad, banki, ar monawileobs, mxareebi ar dadeben Zalian detalur xelSekrulebas. amitom bevri samsjelo Tema SeiZleba
warmoiSvas iuridiul urTierTobasTan dakavSirebiT, magaliTad, manqanis
xarisxis an b-s
mier valis nawil-nawil gadaxdasTan dakavSirebiT. mosamarTlisTvis yovelTvis dResaviT naTeli ar aris, ras izraxavdnen mxareebi. man unda Seamowmos yvela zemoaRniSnuli xelSekruleba. naklebad savaraudoa, rom samoqalaqo kodeqsis zogadi debulebani daexmareba mas yvelasaTvis damakmayofilebeli da martivi pasuxis gacemaSi. agreTve, arc is
ikveTeba, rom qarTveli mosamarTlis Sroma, romelsac saxelmZRvanelod
ssk-is 1-10 muxlebi aqvs, ioli iqneba holandieli mosamarTlis SromasTan
SedarebiT, radgan mas ar aqvs aseTi sakanonmdeblo saxelmZRvanelo.
2.9. es imas ar niSnavs, rom holandiis samoqalaqo kodeqsSi ar moipoveba
ssk-is 1-10 muxlebis msgavsi saxelmZRvanelo wesebi. magram niderlandebSi
aris farTod gavrcelebuli tendencia, rom samoqalaqo kodeqsis arseboba ar niSnavs, TiTqos samosamarTlo kanonSemoqmedebisTvis
adgili darCenili araa; agreTve, realurad, mniSvnelobamoklebulia
kanonis
mosamarTlebrivi ganmartebisa da gamoyenebis reglamentireba da instruqtaJi.
3. qarTuli da holandiuri samoqalaqo kodeqsebis

zogadi struqtura
3.1. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi eqvsi wignisgan Sedgeba: wigni pirveli samoqalaqo kodeqsis zogadi debulebani, wigni meore sanivTo
(qonebrivi) samarTali, wigni mesame valdebulebiTi samarTali, wigni
meoTxe
inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis samarTali, wigni mexuTe
saojaxo samarTali da wigni meeqvse memkvidreobis samarTali. holandiis

samoqalaqo kodeqsi cxra wignisgan Sedgeba: wigni pirveli pirebisa da
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saojaxo samarTali, wigni meore
iuridiuli pirebi, wigni mesame
saqonelTan da uflebebTan dakavSirebuli samarTlis zogadi nawili, wigni

meoTxe memkvidreobis samarTali, wigni mexuTe sakuTrebiTi xasiaTis
uflebebi, wigni meeqvse valdebulebiTi samarTlis zogadi nawili, wigni
meSvide calkeuli xelSekrulebebi, wigni meSvide A gagrZeleba, wigni
merve satransporto saSualebebi da satransporto samarTali da wigni
mecxre inteleqtualuri sakuTreba (jer ar Sesula ZalaSi).
3.2. erTi SexedviT, am or kodeqss Soris bevri sxvaobaa, magram, Cemi azriT,
es araswori warmodgenaa. ufro marTebuli iqneba, Tu vilaparakebT èrTi
da igive sakiTxebis sxvadasxvagvar reglamentaciaze~. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi, magaliTad, aerTianebs holandiis samoqalaqo kodeqsis
meoTxe, meSvide, meSvide A da merve wignebs erT mesame wignSi. xolo Tu am
wignebis Sinaarss SevadarebT, davinaxavT, rom Tavebis da sakiTxebis Tanamimdevroba metnaklebad erTnairia.
3.3. Tumca, sxvadasxva struqtura imavdroulad niSnavs imas, rom am ori
samarTlis Sedarebisas kodeqsis sxvadasxva adgilebi unda moiSvelio. magaliTad, Tu dainteresebuli xarT
holandiuri
valdebulebaTa samarTliT, unda gaecno ara marto hsk-is
meeqvse wigns, aramed mesame wignsac, romelSic mocemuli zogadi normebi valdebulebebis mimarTac gamoiyeneba.
3.4. Semdegma magaliTma SeiZleba ufro naTlad warmoaCinos es Tema. ssk-is
709-e muxli gansazRvravs davalebis xelSekrulebas. am xelSekrulebiT,
rwmunebuli valdebulia, Seasrulos misTvis davalebuli (mindobili)
erTi an ramdenime iuridiuli an sxva moqmedeba marwmuneblis saxeliT
da xarjze. magram davaleba aramarto davalebis xelSekrulebis Sedegia,
aramed SeiZleba saxelSekrulebo samarTals an TviT valdebulebiT samarTalsac ki scildebodes. magaliTad, muSaks SeiZleba hqondes rwmuneba
misi SromiTi xelSekrulebis safuZvelze. magaliTad, muSaki muSaobs su
namoebis
maRaziaSi da aqvs rwmuneba, dados xelSekruleba momxmarebelTan damqiraveblis saxeliT. aseve, magaliTad, saxazino SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoebis direqtors, misi daniSvnisa da Tanamdebobis
safuZvelze, aqvs sazogadoebis saxeliT moqmedebis rwmuneba. amgvarad,
holandielma kanonmdebelma, gansxvavebiT wina samoqalaqo kodeqsisgan,
gadawyvita, davalebis sakiTxi daeregulirebina ara xelSekrulebebis
wignSi, aramed mesame wignSi, romelic warmoadgens samoqalaqo samarTlis
zogad nawils da romelic ar exeba saojaxo samarTals.
3.5. igive komentari SeiZleba gamoiTqvas qarTul valdebulebiT samarTalTan mimarTebiT. magaliTad, iuridiul moqmedebebTan da garigebebTan, agreTve, maT namdviloba-baTilobasTan
dakavSirebuli zogadi normebi, romlebic, rasakvirvelia, gamoiyeneba valdebulebiTi samarTlis

da, ufro konkretulad, saxelSekrulebo samarTlis mimarT, mocemulia
ara valdebulebebis wignSi, aramed ssk-is
50-62
muxlebSi saTauriT `garigebani zogadi normebi~. am mxriv, imave wesiTaa dalagebuli holandiis
samoqalaqo kodeqsi. iuridiul moqmedebebTan da garigebebTan dakavSirebuli zogadi normebi mocemulia hsk-is 3:32 - 3:59 muxlebSi da ara meeqvse
an meSvide wignebSi.
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3.6. marTalia, holandieli kanonmdebeli ecada, maqsimaluri sistematizacia moexdina samarTlis sxvadasxva sferoebisaTvis saerTo samarTlebrivi cnebebis da normebis dalagebiT, magram man es srulad mainc ver moaxerxa. magaliTad, marTalia, daqorwineba, iuridiuli TvalsazrisiTac,
gansxvavdeba nasyidobis xelSekrulebis dadebisgan, igi mainc garkveulwilad iseTive iuridiuli moqmedebaa, rogorc nasyidobis xelSekrulebis dadeba. amitom holandielma kanonmdebelma axal samoqalaqo kodeqsSi
Semoitana iseTi fenomeni, rogoricaa `normis gamoyeneba mutatis mutandis.~1
magaliTad,
hsk-is
3:59
muxlSi naTqvamia: `saqonelTan da uflebebTan dakavSirebuli samarTlis garda, am Tavis aRniSnuli muxli gamoiyeneba mu
tatis mutandis, Tu samarTlebrivi aqti an samarTlebrivi urTierToba
SeusabamobaSia mis gamoyenebasTan.~ magaliTad, sulier avadmyofobasTan
dakavSirebuli norma, romelic gamoxatulia hsk-is
3:34
muxlis pirvel nawilSi, gamoiyeneba qorwinebis mimarTac.
3.7. aqedan gamomdinareobs daskvna, rom samarTlis sistemis an misi nawilis (rogoricaa, magaliTad, valdebulebaTa samarTali) Sedarebisas sxva
samarTlis sistemasTan an mis nawilTan, ar unda dagvabnios am sistemebis
sxvadasxva struqturam da unda vicodeT, rom xSirad sakanonmdeblo `gemovnebazea~ damokidebuli kanonmdeblobaSi sxvadasxva sakiTxebis Camoyalibeba.
4. ramdenime SeniSvna kanonmdeblobebis Sedarebis

Sesaxeb
4.1. is, rac qarTuli da
holandiuri
samoqalaqo kodeqsebis zogadi struqturis Sesaxeb iTqva, iwvevs sam, Cemi azriT, sakmaod mniSvnelovan SeniSvnas, romlebic ar unda dagvaviwydes sxvadasxva qveynebis kanonmdeblobebis Sedarebisas.
4.2. pirveli _ rogorc adre aRvniSneT, xSirad kanonmdebloba aris an gamoiyureba sxva qveynis kanonmdeblobis msgavsad, oRond sxvagvari saTaurebiT. magram arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs imis garkvevas, praqtikaSic erTnairi gamoyeneba aqvs Tu ara kanonmdeblobebs. sakmarisi ar aris
mxolod kanonebis teqstebis Sedareba, romlebic, magaliTad, samoqalaqo kodeqsebSi weria. rogorc mogvianebiT iqneba am wignSi aRniSnuli,
teqstobrivi TvalsazrisiT, kanonebSi didi gansxvaveba ar aris qarTul
da holandiur valdebulebiT samarTals Soris. vinaidan imaSi garkveva,
Tu samarTali rogor aris praqtikaSi gamoxatuli, SeiZleba mxolod precedentuli samarTlis da akademiuri naSromebis SeswavliT da radganac,
wignis am nawilis avtorisTvis mainc, gamotanili gadawyvetilebebi da saxelmZRvaneloebi qarTul samarTalze ar moipoveba farTod cnobil ucxo
enaze, mkafio ar aris da verc vimsjelebT darwmunebiT, rom saqarTvelos
valdebulebiTi samarTali da holandiis valdebulebiTi samarTali namdvilad metnaklebad igivea.
1
laTinurad niSnavs `Sesabamisi gansxvavebebis gaTvaliswinebiT~.

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4.3. meore, Tu davaskvniT, rom or Sedarebul samarTlis sistemas Soris arsebobs gansxvavebebi, radganac ver vipoveT erTi da igive wesebi am sistemebis kanonebSi, es sulac ar niSnavs, rom samarTlis pirveli sistema meoresgan marTla gansxvavdeba. es gasagebi gaxdeba, Tu SevxedavT, magaliTad,
saqarTvelos iuridiul normebs xelSekrulebis standartuli pirobebis
Sesaxeb da SevadarebT am sakiTxis regulirebas qarTul samarTalSi holan
diur
samarTals. ssk-is
348-e
muxlSi aRniSnulia: `xelSekrulebis standartul pirobebSi, romlebsac SemTavazebeli iyenebs im fizikuri pirebis
mimarT, romlebic ar misdeven samewarmeo saqmianobas, (...) miiCneva baTilad:
(...) v.
debuleba, romelic gamoricxavs an zRudavs pasuxismgeblobas im zianisaTvis, rac gamowveulia

SemTavazeblis
an misi warmomadgenlis mier uxeSi gaufrTxileblobiT valdebulebis darRvevis gamo (pasuxismgebloba
gaufrTxileblobis gamo); z.
debuleba, romliTac
SemTavazeblis
mier ZiriTadi valdebulebis darRvevisas: xelSekrulebis meore mxares erTmeva
an ezRudeba ufleba, uari Tqvas xelSekrulebaze (...).~ axla Tu CavixedavT
inglisur samarTalSi, ufro konkretulad ki, usamarTlo saxelSekrulebo pirobebis Sesaxeb inglisis kanonSi, iq ver vipoviT saxelSekrulebo
pirobis cnebas, romelic baTilia
sakanonmdeblo normis safuZvelze. magram, inglisSi arsebobs cneba, romelic qarTul samarTalSi ar moipoveba,
magram imave mizans emsaxureba, rasac zemoaRniSnuli ssk-is 348-e muxli.
inglisSi mosamarTleebma precedentuli samarTlis meSveobiT Camoayalibes cneba `xelSekrulebis arsebiTi darRveva~. mosamarTleebi ar amboben,
rom Tu xelSekruleba Seicavs
ssk-is
348-e
muxlSi aRniSnulis msgavs pirobas, maSin es piroba
baTilia.
magram isini am pirobis ganmartebis safuZvelze amboben, rom es piroba ganekuTvneba arsebiT darRvevas, rac aris ofer
entis ZiriTadi valdebulebis darRveva. saboloo jamSi, Sedegi qarTul
samarTalSic da imave samarTalSic erTi da igivea: Tu oferenti arRvevs
Tavis ZiriTad valdebulebas, mas ar SeuZlia daeyrdnos xelSekrulebaSi
gaTvaliswinebul pirobas, rom mas pasuxismgebloba ar ekisreba.
4.4. mesame da yvelaze saxifaTo aris situacia, rodesac sxvadasxva qveyanaSi gamoiyeneba erTi da igive cneba, magram mas sxvadasxva mniSvneloba aqvs
TiToeul am qveyanaSi. cnobil magaliTad gamodgeba inglisis saapelacio
sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba saqmeze aluminis sawarmo Vaasen B.V. Sps
ro
malpas winaaRmdeg. am saqmeze, holandiurma aluminis kompaniam alumini,
nedleuli masalis saxiT, mihyida inglisur kompanias. xelSekrulebaSi,
rogorc xSirad xdeba, ido debuleba, rom sanam myidveli SeTanxmebul
fass srulad ar gadaixdida, holandiuri kompania aluminis mesakuTred
rCeboda. es midgoma, rogorc Cans mocemulia ssk-is 188-e muxlis pirvel
punqtSi. gamomdinare romauli samarTlebrivi cnebidan `fiducia
cum

credi
tore, myidveli, romelic ver gaxdeba saqonlis mesakuTre fasis srulad
gadauxdelobis gamo, iwodeba `fiduciair eigenaar, romelsac, Tu inglisuridan sityvasityviT gadavTargmniT, miviRebT `fiduciarul mesakuTres~.
zemoaRniSnul saqmeSi xelSekrulebaSi SeTanxmebuli iyo, rom gamoyenebad kanonmdeblobas warmoadgenda holandiuri kanonmdebloba. amgvarad,
inglisel mosamarTles unda gamoeyenebina holandiuri kanonmdebloba,
rac, rogorc TviTon gadawyvetilebaSi aRniSna, gaakeTa kidec. magram inglisur samarTalSi sityvebi `fiduciaruli mesakuTre niSnavs `qonebis
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meurves.2 amgvarad, ingliselma mosamarTlem, romelmac, rogorc TviTon

ambobda, gamoiyena holandiuri
kanonmdebloba, faqtobrivad gamoitana gadawyvetileba, romelsac is verasodes gamoitanda holandiuri samarTlis

mixedviT, radgan holandiuri samarTali ar icnobs inglisuri `qonebis
meurvis cnebas dualuri sakuTrebisTvis (erTi mxriv, `qonebis meurvis
samarTlebrivi uflebebi da, meore mxriv, `qonebis meurveobis
beneficiaris sargeblis miRebis anu equitable3 uflebebi) da `sameurveo qonebis
nayofis gakontrolebis~ doqtrinisTvis damaxasiaTebeli mTeli rigi specifikuri niSnebiT. mocemul saqmeSi inglisurma kompaniam nayofi miiRo
im nedleulisgan, romelic mas holandiurma kompaniam mihyida; es nayofi
inglisurma kompaniam, Tavis mxriv, mihyida sacalo movaWreebs, romlebsac SeTanxmebuli fasi jer kidev ar gadaexadaT inglisuri kompaniisTvis.
holandiuri kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, gamyidvelis sakuTrebis ufleba
mTavrdeba maSin, rodesac qoneba aRar aris myidvelis, rogorc `fiduci
aruli mesakuTris mflobelobaSi am frazis holandiuri samarTlis
gagebiT anu, mocemul saqmeSi, rodesac myidvelma Sesabamisi qonebidan
axali nayofi miiRo da mihyida es qoneba mesame pirebs. es niSnavs, inglisuri kompania rom gakotrebuliyo, holandiuri kompania iqneboda, sxva
araferi, Tu ara Cveulebrivi kreditori, yovelgvari upiratesi uflebebis gareSe. inglisuri samarTlis mixedviT ki, rodesac inglisuri kompania
xdeba
`fiduciaruli
mesakuTre~
am frazis inglisuri samarTlis gagebiT da, Sesabamisad, `qonebis meurve~ rogorc ingliselebs esmiT am
cnebis mniSvneloba maSin holandieli gamyidveli xdeba `beneficiari~,
romelsac aqvs zemoxsenebuli `gakontrolebis~ inglisuri doqtrinis
upiratesoba, rac mocemul saqmeSi niSnavda, rom mas hqonda mesakuTris da,
Sesabamisad, upiratesi uflebebi inglisuri kompaniis moTxovnis uflebebze sacalo movaWreebis mimarT, romelTac fasi jer ar gadaexadaT, rac, ra
Tqma unda, zians ayenebda
Sps
`romalpas~
sxva kreditorebs. am ambis dasasruli gaxlavT Semdegi: holandiurma kompaniam daumsaxurebeli sargebeli
miiRo imis gamo, rom ingliselma mosamarTlem dauSva Secdoma romelic
gasagebicaa roca erTsa da imave termins holandiur samarTalSic da
inglisur samarTalSic erTi da igive mniSvneloba mianiWa, maSin, rodesac,
sinamdvileSi, am termins am or qveyanaSi sxvagvarad igebdnen.
2
inglisuri sityvis (trustee) es Targmani pirobiTia, radgan mas anglo-saqsonur samarTlis
sistemaSi am sistemisTvis specifikuri samarTlebrivi datvirTva aqvs da SeiZleba ar
Seesabamebodes ssk-iT gaTvaliswinebul sakuTrebis mindobas mTargmnelis SeniSvna.
3
am sityvas, romelic araiuridiuli gagebiT `samarTlians~ niSnavs, qarTuli samarTlis
sistemaSi zusti Sesatyvisi ar moepoveba.
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Tavi 2
gansxvavebebi sanivTo samarTalsa da valdebule
baTa samarTals Soris
1. Sesavali
1.1. rogorc holandiur, ise qarTul samarTalSi mkafiod aris gamijnuli
sanivTo samarTali da valdebulebiTi samarTali, Tumca, orive maTgani
exeba adamianebis ekonomikur saqmianobas, magram ara rogorc maT mdgomareobas da urTierTobas saojaxo samarTlis sferoSi.
1.2. samarTlis TvaliT, nivTi aris realuri qoneba, rogoricaa, magaliTad,
miwis nakveTi an saxli an piradi qoneba, romelic iyofa xelSesaxeb qonebad magaliTad, Rvinis boTli da araxelSesaxeb qonebad magaliTad,
wili saaqcio sazogadoebaSi an moTxovnis ufleba mesame piris mimarT. sanivTo samarTali samarTlis is nawilia, romelic exeba nivTTan dakavSirebul samarTlebriv ufleba-movaleobebs. igi Seexeba urTierTobas pirsa
da nivTs Soris da fokusirdeba am urTierTobaze.
1.3. valdebulebiTi samarTali ki exeba samarTlebriv urTierTobebs or an
met konkretulad gansazRvrul adamianebs Soris da gansazRvravs erTi piris ufleba-movaleobebs meore piris mimarT. valdebulebiTi samarTali
exeba iseT sakiTxebs, rogoricaa, magaliTad is, rom mZRols aqvs valdebuleba sagzao moZraobis sxva monawileebis mimarT, ar miayenos maT ziani,
anda myidveli valdebulia, gadauxados SeTanxmebuli fasi gamyidvels,
an kidev, damqiravebels aqvs ufleba, isargeblos daqiravebuli farTiT,
agreTve, samuSaos mimcems aqvs ufleba muSakis Sromaze.
2. sanivTo samarTlis valdebulebiTi samarTlisgan

ganmasxvavebeli zogierTi Tavisebureba
2.1. zogadad, sanivTo uflebas pativi unda sces yvelam. magaliTad, saxlis
mesakuTres SeuZlia uCivlos yvelas, vinc arRvevs mis sakuTrebis uflebas. aseve, unda vicodeT, vis ekuTvnis sanivTo ufleba da amitom, rogorc
minimum, uZravi qonebis SemTxvevaSi, sanivTo uflebebi registrirebuli
unda iyos reestrSi, romelic yvelasaTvis sajaro unda iyos. valdebulebiTi samarTliT gaTvaliswinebuli ufleba ki SeiZleba ganxorcieldes
mxolod mocemuli samarTlebrivi urTierTobis meore mxaris mimarT, romelic xSirad movaled iwodeba da romelsac aqvs valdebuleba kreditoris mimarT.
2.2. samarTlis sistemaTa umetesobaSi, im principis Sedegad, rom sanivTo
ufleba SeiZleba ganxorcieldes yvelas mimarT, es uflebebi SesaZloa
dadgindes mxolod kanoniT. am sistemas uwodeben `sanivTo uflebebis
Caketil sistemas, anu qonebrivi uflebebis numerus clausus.
valdebulebaTa samarTali ki Ria sistemaa. kanoniT dadgenili garkveuli sazRvrebis
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farglebSi pirs SeuZlia, Sevides nebismier samarTlebriv urTierTobaSi,

romelsac moisurvebs.
2.3. sanivTo uflebas aqvs, rogorc xSirad frangulad amboben, droit de suite:
sanivTo ufleba Tan sdevs nivTs, vis xelSic ar unda iyos igi. magaliTad,
Tu ipoTekiT datvirTuli saxlis mesakuTre saxls gadascems mesame pirs,
amiT ar ilaxeba ipoTekaris uflebebi, romelsac SeuZlia, Tavisi ipoTekiT
gansazRvruli ufleba gamoiyenos am mesame piris mimarT. amisgan gansxvavebiT, piradi ufleba, Tumca is qonebas exeba, ar aris am qonebis Tanmdevi.
magaliTad, Tu a debs misi manqanis nasyidobis xelSekrulebas b-sTan da
manqanis b-sTvis gadacemamde igi am manqanas gadascems c-s, xelSekruleba
a-sa da b-s Soris mainc arsebobs da mainc ZalaSia Tumca a veRar SeZlebs
valdebulebis Sesrulebas b-s mimarT magram b-s
ar SeuZlia misi saxelSekrulebo ufleba manqanasTan dakavSirebiT gamoiyenos c-s mimarT.
2.4. sanivTo samarTalSi arsebobs principi prior tempore potior iure: mas, visac
yvelaze adre hqonda sanivTo ufleba, aqvs upiratesoba im pirTan SedarebiT, vinc ufleba mogvianebiT moipova. magaliTad, Tu saxlis mesakuTre
ipoTekiT datvirTavs mis saxls 2006 wlis 2 marts b-s sasargeblod da 2006
wlis 2 aprils c-s sasargeblod, maSin b-s upiratesi ufleba eqneba g-sTan
SedarebiT. xolo Tu a mis kuTvnil velosipeds jer gadascems b-s, xolo
Semdeg g-s, b gaxdeba mesakuTre da g-s
ar eqneba sanivTo ufleba velosipedis mimarT. rac Seexeba valdebulebiT samarTals, aq aseTi upiratesobis
wesi ar arsebobs. Tu a dadebs misi kuTvnili saxlis nasyidobis xelSekrulebas b-sTan 2006 wlis 2 marts da g-sTan 2006 wlis 2 aprils, am SemTxvevaSi
b-s g-sTan SedarebiT upiratesi ufleba ar eqneba. SeiZleba piriqiTac, Tu
mesakuTre saxls gadascems g-s da ara b-s,
saxlze uflebis TvalsazrisiT, g-s ukeTesi pozicia eqneba b-sTan SedarebiT, radgan mas aqvs sanivTo
ufleba, ra SemTxvevaSic moqmedebs principi: vinc ufro adre iyo, mas upiratesi ufleba aqvs.
2.5. sanivTo samarTalsa da valdebulebiT samarTals Soris am gansxvavebis Sedegis yvelaze kargad danaxva SeiZleba gakotrebis magaliTze. Tu,
magaliTad, a-m Tavisi velosipedi miaqirava b-s da b gakotrda, a-s
SeuZlia, Tavisi velosipedi ukan daibrunos gakotrebis mmarTvelisgan. meore
mxriv, Tu 2006 wlis 4 ivliss a-m asesxa b-s 4 000 lari da b Tavisi braliT
2006 wlis 4 agvistos mohyva
sagzao-satransporto
SemTxvevaSi, riTac daSavda g da manve ganicada ziani 2 000 laris odenobiT, xolo amis Semdeg b
gakotrda 2006 wlis 4 seqtembers, a ar aris g-sTan
SedarebiT ukeTes poziciaSi mxolod im mizeziT, rom misi moTxovna ufro adre dadga. vTqvaT, b-s
qoneba Sedgeba 3 000 larisgan; a miiRebs 2 000 lars, xolo g miiRebs 1 000
lars. amitom, valdebulebaTa samarTalSi ar arsebobs upiratesobis wesi,
magram arsebobs e.w. paritas creditorum principi: yvela kreditors Tanaswori
mopyroba unda hqondes. es principi niderlandebis SemTxvevaSi Cadebulia
hsk-is
3:277
muxlSi. 1992 wlis kanonmdeblobaSi am principis winaaRmdegobrivi normacaa Cadebuli 3:298 muxlSi, romlis Tanaxmad, Tu ori an meti
kreditori sasamarTlo wesiT iTxovs konkretul Sesrulebas qonebis
maTTvis gadacemis saxiT, upiratesoba eniWeba yvelaze adreul uflebas,
Tu kanoni, uflebaTa xasiaTi an gonivrulobis
an samarTlianobis principi sxvagvarad ar moiTxovs.

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2.6. sanivTo samarTalSi moqmedebs principi nemo plus iuris ad alium transferre
potest quam ipse habet, rac imas niSnavs, rom aravis SeuZlia imaze upiratesi
ufleba gadasces sxvas nivTze, romelic Tavad mas aqvs. magaliTad, me maqvs
ssk-is
233-e
muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli aRnagobis ufleba 20 wlis vadiT, me SemiZlia es ufleba gadavce mesame pirs, magram ar SemiZlia gadavce
mTlianad uZravi nivTi an aRnagobis ufleba 20 welze meti vadiT. valdebulebiTi samarTlis SemTxvevaSi ki, kanonierad SemiZlia davdo xelSekruleba saxlze, romelic me ar mekuTvnis. ra Tqma unda, aq wamoiWreba
sakiTxi, SevZleb Tu ara am xelSekrulebis pirobebis Sesrulebas, magram
es gavlenas ver moaxdens kanoniT xelSekrulebis arsebobaze. magaliTad,
Cemi mezoblis saxli mivyide mesame mxares garkveul fasad imitom, rom me,
vici ra Cemi mezoblis finansuri problemebi, darwmunebuli var, rom igi
sixaruliT daTanxmdeba misi saxlis CemTvis moyidvas ufro dabal fasad,
riTac me karg sargebels miviReb. am tipis xelSekrulebebi, kerZod, im qonebis nasyidobasTan dakavSirebiT, romelic gamyidvels ar ekuTvnis, sakmaod gavrcelebulia saaqcio sazogadoebebis aqciebiT vaWrobaSi. magaliTad, bankma SeiZleba gayidos aqciebi dRes moqmedi sabirJo fasiT da aiRos
valdebuleba, rom es aqciebi myidvels gadasces erTi kviris Semdeg. bankma
SeiZleba ispekuliros, rom am erTi kviris Semdeg aqciebis fasi daeca da
erTi kviris Semdeg gadasacemi aqciebi iyidos imaze ufro dabal fasad,
vidre is Tavis myidvels SeuTanxmda da amiT miiRos mogeba. xelSekrulebebi im qonebis Taobaze, romelic gamyidvels ar ekuTvnis, aseve sakmaod
gavrcelebulia sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebaSi. magaliTad, kartofilis
gamyidveli yidulobs fermerisgan yvela kartofils mosavlis aRebamde
erTi wliT adre, rodesac jer erTi kartofilis Teslic ar aris miwaSi
Carguli. aseTi xelSekrulebis namdviloba eWvs ar iwvevs, magram aCens
rTul SekiTxvebs im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mogvianebiT gairkva, rom gamyidvels
ar SeuZlia Sesruleba, radgan zedmetad wvimiani zamTris gamo kartofilis mTeli mosavali ganadgurda. amitom, aqedan gamodis daskvna, rom me
ver gadavcem qonebas, romelic Cemi ar aris, magram me SemiZlia gavyido
qoneba, Tundac is, jerjerobiT, me ar mekuTvnodes.
2.7. xSirad amboben, rom sanivTo samarTali `statikaa~, xolo valdebulebiTi samarTali `dinamika~. sanivTo samarTali gamoxatavs garkveul
statuss mocemul momentSi. ase vTqvaT, is gamoxatavs, rogorc aris msoflioSi saqoneli da keTildReoba ganawilebuli adamianebs Soris an kompaniebis msgavs iuridiul pirebs Soris mocemul momentSi. nebismier sazogadoebaSi, viRacebs ufro meti qoneba aqvT, vidre sxvebs. valdebulebiTi
samarTali ki asaxavs dinamiur process, romlis drosac sazogadoebaSi
xdeba an moxdeba saqonlisa da keTildReobis ganawileba an am ganawilebis Secvla. is, rac am wuTSi maRaziis mflobels ekuTvnis, SeiZleba meore
wuTSi ekuTvnodes momxmarebels, Tu misi gadacema moxda namdvili nasyidobis xelSekrulebis safuZvelze.
2.8. amitom sanivTo samarTali asaxavs mdgomareobas, romelic aris moqalaqeTa Soris saqonlisa da keTildReobis ganawilebis da am urTierTobis
Sedegi (da, Sesabamisad, pasuxobs iseT SekiTxvebs, rogoricaa, magaliTad _
vis ekuTvnis konkretuli avtomobili), xolo valdebulebiTi samarTali
asaxavs am Sedegis da aseTi ganawilebis mizezs (da, Sesabamisad, pasuxobs
iseT SekiTxvebs, rogoricaa, magaliTad _ rogor moxda, rom esa da es avMYTOPBOOK.ORG
77
tomobili ekuTvnis ama da am pirovnebas). sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT: sanivTo samarTali asaxavs mdgomareobas, romelic gamiznulia darCenaze
(magaliTad, velosipedis mesakuTris uflebebis dacviT, romlis uflebebic Seilaxa mesame piris mier), xolo valdebulebiTi samarTali asaxavs
imas, Tu rogor aris SesaZlebeli arsebuli mdgomareobis dasruleba da
axlis dadgena (magaliTad, imis meSveobiT, rom a-m da b-m
dadon xelSekruleba, romlis ZaliTac, a-s mier velosipedis mflobeloba dasruldeba da
dadgindeba axali mflobeloba b-s mier).
2.9. nivTTan dakavSirebuli uflebebis gansazRvrisaTvis aucilebelia,
gansazRvruli iyos Tavad es nivTi. SeuZlebelia, vinme iyos ganusazRvreli
nivTis mflobeli. Tu me myavs ori manqana, romelTagan erT-erTs viyeneb
sanivTo xasiaTis garigebis miznebisTvis, magaliTad, igi unda gamoyenebul iqnes
ssk-is
254-e
da 255-e
muxlebSi aRniSnuli moTxovnis uzrunvelyofis saSualebad, aucilebelia, mkafiod iyos ganmartebuli, romel
manqanazea laparaki, radgan sxva SemTxvevaSi uzrunvelyofis ufleba ar
warmoiSoba. saxelSekrulebo samarTalSi ki, piriqiT, ar aris aucilebeli,
rom saqoneli gansazRvruli iyos. es sakiTxi ufro gasagebi rom gaxdes,
SeiZleba aseTi magaliTis moyvana. qarxanas, romelic awarmoebs ladas
markis avtomobilebs, sawyobSi aqvs 100 000 lada, romlebic gaCerebulia
mis teritoriaze. qarxana debs nasyidobis xelSekrulebas TbilisSi myof
ladas dilerTan. dileri yidulobs 1 000 ladas qarxnis sawyobidan, nayidi
avtomobilebis gansazRvris gareSe. nasyidobis xelSekrulebaSi SeTanxmebuli da Cawerilia, rom 1 000 cal gayidul ladas avtomobilze sakuTrebis ufleba dauyovnebliv gadadis myidvelze. xelSekrulebis dadebidan
meore dRes ladas qarxnis TanamSromels 500 cali avtomobili lada qarxnis gasaCerebeli adgilidan gadahyavs baTumis rkinigzis sadgurSi, sadac
xdeba am avtomobilebis markireba, rom isini matarebliT unda gaegzavnos
dilers. erTi dRis Semdeg, rodesac aRniSnuli 500 cali avtomobili jer
kidev baTumSia Tbilisis mimarTulebiT transportirebis molodinSi da,
imavdroulad, danarCeni 500 cali lada kvlav gaCerebulia qarxnis avtosadgomze, ladas qarxana kotrdeba. am SemTxvevaSi, misi dadebis momentidan
moyolebuli, arsebobs namdvili xelSekruleba 1 000 ladaze, Tumca, gansazRvruli ar aris, romel 1 000 ladazea laparaki ladas qarxnis sawyobSi
myofi 100 000 ladadan. da miuxedavad imisa, rom, xelSekrulebis mixedviT,
xelSekrulebis dadebis momentidanve dileri xdeba 1 000 gayiduli ladas
mesakuTre, qarxnis gakotrebis momentisTvis igi mesakuTrea mxolod baTumis rkinigzis sadgurSi arsebuli 500 cali avtomobilisa, radgan mxolod es 500 cali avtomobilia ise saTanadod gansazRvruli, rom maT mimarT SesaZlebelia dileris sakuTrebis uflebis gamoyeneba.
3. sanivTo uflebebis saxeebi

3.1. rogorc zemoT aRiniSna (paragrafi 2.2.), im principis Sedegad, rom
sanivTo ufleba SeiZleba ganxorcieldes yvelas mimarT, es uflebebi
SeiZleba dadgindes mxolod kanoniT da maT xSirad uwodeben `sanivTo
uflebebis Caketil sistemas~. umetesoba samarTlis sistemebSi, qarTli
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78
da
holandiuri
samarTlis sistemebis msgavsad, sanivTo uflebebi sam kategoriad iyofa.
3.2. yvelaze mniSvnelovani, bevris momcveli da sruli ufleba aris (dautvirTavi) sakuTrebis ufleba. hsk-is 5:1 muxli gansazRvravs sakuTrebis
cnebas, rogorc yvelaze srul uflebas, rac pirs SeiZleba hqondes saqonelTan dakavSirebiT. ssk-is 170-e muxlis pirveli punqti, marTalia, ar
Seicavs cnebas, magram adgens, ra uflebebi aqvs saqonlis mesakuTres. holandiis samoqalaqo kodeqsSi aseTi aRweriloba mocemulia 5:1 muxlis
me-2 punqtSi. ra Tqma unda, es gansxvaveba mxolod sakanonmdeblo teqnikis
sakiTxia da mas ara aqvs iseTi Sedegi, rom sakuTrebis cnebas sxvadasxva
mniSvneloba hqondes sxvadasxva qveyanaSi.
3.3. kanonis mier sakuTrebis uflebis, rogorc sruli da, faqtobrivad,
SeuzRudavi uflebis aRiarebas is Sedegi aqvs, rom mesakuTres SeuZlia,
saqonelze sakuTrebis uflebis SenarCunebis paralelurad, gadasces am
saqonelze garkveuli SezRuduli uflebebi mesame pirs. nebismieri samarTlis sistema aRiarebs kanoniT dadgenili SezRudvebiT sxvisi
sakuTrebiT sargeblobis rig uflebebs. qarTuli samarTali icnobs aRnagobis (memkvidreobiT) uflebas (ssk-is 233-e muxli), uzufruqts (ssk-is
242-e
muxli) da servituts
(ssk-is
247-e
muxli).
holandiuri
samarTali icnobs
uzufruqts
(hsk-is
muxli
3:201),
servituts
(hsk-is
5:70
muxlis pirveli), uZravi qonebis ijaras (hsk-is
5:85
muxlis pirveli nawili) da aRnagobis (memkvidreobiT) uflebas (hsk-is 5:101 muxlis pirveli nawili).
3.4. sanivTo uflebebis am ori kategoriis garda, romlebic qonebas ZiriTadad ganixilavs, rogorc saqonels, romelic SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes
mesakuTris an SezRuduli uflebebiT mosargebles sasargeblod, qoneba
aseve SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes moTxovnis uzrunvelyofis saSualebad,
rac gaTvaliswinebulia ssk-is 254-e muxlis pirveli nawiliT da hsk-is
3:227
muxliT. radgan es uzrunvelyofis saSualeba sanivTo xasiaTisaa, Sedegi gaxlavT is, rom mis mimarT gamoiyeneba sanivTo samarTlis wesebi, rogoricaa magaliTad, wesi, rom ufro adrindel uflebas upiratesoba aqvs
ufro axal uflebasTan SedarebiT, rom movale ver gadascems saqonelze
imaze met uflebas, rac TviTon aqvs da rom uflebas pativi unda sces yvelam. ukanaskneli wesi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, radgan igi niSnavs,
rom gakotrebis SemTxvevaSi kreditorze gakotreba uaryofiT gavlenas
ar moaxdens, radgan am uflebas pativi unda sces gakotrebis mmarTvelmac
da sxva kreditorebmac. es garkveviT aris gamoxatuli ssk-is 254-e muxlis
pirvel nawilSi.
3.5. rogorc uZravi nivTi, ise moZravi nivTic SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes
uzrunvelyofis saSualebad. uZravi nivTis uzrunvelyofis saSualebad
gamoyenebas hqvia ipoTeka, romelic moipoveba ssk-is 286-e muxlis pirvel
da meore nawilebSi da hsk-is 3:260 muxlis pirvel nawilSi. moZravi nivTis
SemTxvevaSi uzrunvelyofas, Cveulebriv, hqvia giravnoba,4 romelic, marssk-is inglisur TargmanSi sityva `giravnobis~ (pledge) nacvlad, erTiani komerciuli
kodeqsis terminologiasTan Sesabamisobis mizniT, gamoyenebulia sxva termini ùzrunvelyofis ufleba~ (security interest). amitomac avtori aRniSnavs, rom `Cveulebriv, hqvia
giravnobao~, Tumca, ssk-Si swored termini `giravnobaa~ gamoyenebuli mTargmnelis SeniSvna.
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Talia, zustad am sityviT ara, magram moipoveba ssk-is 254-e muxlis pirvel
nawilSi da hsk-is 3:236 muxlSi.
4. mesame pirebis dacva

4.1 zemoT aRiniSna, rom sanivTo samarTalSi moqmedebs principi nemo
plus iuris ad alium transferre potest quam ipse habet, rac imas niSnavs, rom aravis
SeuZlia imaze ukeTesi ufleba gadasces sxvas nivTze, rac TviTon mas aqvs.
amis Sedegi aris is, rom Tu b gadascems c-s saqonels, romlis mesakuTre
aris ara TviTon, aramed a, g ver gaxdeba am saqonlis mesakuTre. Tu g dauflebulia aRniSnul saqonels, a-s SeuZlia, aRZras warmoeba g-s mimarT da
amoiRos saqoneli. erTaderTi ufleba, rac g-s kanoniT aqvs, aris ufleba,
uCivlos b-s,
magaliTad, miyenebuli zianis gamo. principSi da sanivTo samarTlis xisti wesebis mixedviT, mniSvneloba ar aqvs, g-m icoda Tu ara, rom
a iyo misTvis gadacemuli saqonlis mesakuTre da ara b.
4.2. miuxedavad amisa, yvela samarTlis sistemaSi arsebobs problema, rom
interesTa SeuTavseblobas SeiZleba hqondes adgili, erTi mxriv, nivTis
mesakuTresa (romelsac sanivTo samarTlis mixedviT, SeuZlia amoiRos Tavisi nivTi, roca unda da visganac unda) da, meore mxriv, keTilsindisieri SemZeni mesame mxaris dacvas Soris. am konteqstSi keTilsindisiereba
niSnavs imas, rom am mesame mxarem ar icoda da arc SeiZleboda scodnoda,
rom misTvis gadacemuli qoneba ar ekuTvnoda im pirovnebas, vinc mas igi
gadasca, xolo es mesame piri varaudobda, rom gadamcemi pirovneba mesakuTre iyo.
4.3. rogorc zemoT (paragrafi 2.1) aRiniSna, sanivTo uflebebi SeiZleba da
Zalian xSirad eqvemdebareba registracias, rac gaTvaliswinebulia sskis 311-e muxlis pirveli nawiliT da hsk-is 3:16 muxlis pirveli nawiliT.
registraciis valdebuleba uSualod aris dakavSirebuli im principTan,
rom sanivTo uflebebi SeiZleba ganxorcieldes nebismieri piris mimarT,
rac marTebulicaa, radgan icis an, rogorc minimum, aqvs SesaZlebloba
icodes, namdvilad aris Tu ara nivTis gadacemis mosurne piri am nivTis
mesakuTre. amitom registraciiT xdeba mesame mxaris keTilsindisierebis
acileba, zemoT mocemuli TvalsazrisiT.
4.4. magram registraciis SesaZlebloba da zogjer valdebulebac, ZiriTadad, uZrav qonebas exeba. ar arsebobs reestri velosipedebis, Zroxebis,
leptopebis
da sxva aseTi sagnebisTvis. amasTan, xSirad mesakuTris fizikur mflobelobaSi ar imyofeba mis sakuTrebaSi arsebuli nivTi. xSirad
nivTs fizikurad flobs sxva piri, megobari, mezobeli, adamiani, vinc wigni
gaanaTxovra, maRaziis mflobeli, romelsac jer ar gadauxdia mis Taroebze dawyobili saqonlis fasi, ris gamoc saqonlis mwarmoebeli inarCunebs
am saqonelze uflebas, vidre mas srulad ar gadauxdis maRaziis mflobeli da a.S.
4.5. umetesoba samarTlis sistemebSi aRniSnuli SeuTavseblobis gadaWra
xdeba amgvarad: xelSesaxebi sagnebis SemTxvevaSi, mxare, romelic keTilsindisierad SeiZens nivTs, iqneba daculi, rac niSnavs, rom igi gaxdeba nivMYTOPBOOK.ORG
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Tis kanonieri mesakuTre, xolo Tavdapirveli mesakuTre kargavs sakuTrebis uflebas da rCeba arakeTilsindisieri gamyidvelis winaaRmdeg zianis
anazRaurebis moTxovnis amara. magaliTad, b-m iqirava velosipedi Tavisi
axlo megobari a-sgan,
raTa gaiseirnos mzian dRes Tbilisis irgvliv mTebSi, magram dRis bolos man es velosipedi mihyida c-s, rom iSovos cota
fuli da iyidos ludi, radgan mas Zalian moswyurda mTeli dRe velosipedze seirnobis Semdeg. Tu c keTilsindisierad moqmedebs, maSin is gaxdeba velosipedis mesakuTre da igi valdebuli ar iqneba, daubrunos velosipedi a-s. a-s ki rCeba erTaderTi SesaZlebloba, rom ziani ainazRauros
b-sgan, romelmac daarRvia Tavisi valdebuleba a-s mimarT, dRis bolos
daebrunebina misTvis velosipedi, amasTan mTlianad daxarja fuli, rac
velosipedis gayidviT moipova, riTac a ugergilo moTxovnis uflebis
amara datova.
5.6. im mesame pirTa dacvis wesebi, romlebic keTilsindisierad SeiZenen
nivTs aramesakuTresgan, qarTul samarTalSi regulirebulia ssk-is 158-e,
159-e da 160-e muxlebiT. holandiur samarTalSi es wesebi mocemulia hskis
3:86
muxlis pirvel nawilSi. unda aRiniSnos, rom, sul cota, ori mniSvnelovani gansxvavebaa qarTul da holandiur kanonmdeblobebs Soris:
holandiuri samarTali ar icavs mesame pirs, Tu mas nivTi saCuqris saxiT
gadaeca (hsk-is
3:86
muxlis pirveli nawili) an Tu man nivTi miiRo imis Sedegad, rom Tavdapirvel mesakuTres es nivTi mohpares
(hsk-is
3:68
muxlis mesame nawili). orive SemTxvevaSi, Tavdapirvel mesakuTres SeuZlia,

amoiRos nivTi mesame pirisgan, Tundac mesame piri keTilsindisierad moqmedebda. saqme cota rTuldeba imiT, rom holandielma kanonmdebelma 3:68
muxlis mesame nawilSi gaiTvaliswina gamonaklisis gamonaklisi da Cawera,
rom mesame piri, romelic, rogorc momxmarebeli, keTilsindisierad SeiZens xelSesaxeb nivTs pirisgan, romelic misi Cveulebrivi samewarmeo saqmianobis farglebSi yidis am nivTs (magaliTad, Tu momxmarebeli SeiZens
velosipeds Cveulebriv velosipedebis maRaziaSi), aseTi myidveli daculia da igi xdeba saqonlis mesakuTre.
5.7. ra Tqma unda, yovelTvis ioli ar aris imis dadgena, mesame piri moqmedebda Tu ara keTilsindisierad. magaliTad, Tu pirma iTxova wigni biblioTekidan da wignze StampiT gamosaxulia biblioTekis saxeli, maSin
SeiZleba amtkicos, rom mesame piri, romelsac monaTxovre sTavazobs am
wignis miyidvas, ar imoqmedebs keTilsindisierad, Tu ise iyidis wigns, rom
jer ar gaarkvevs biblioTekaSi, es wigni ekuTvnis Tu ara am biblioTekas.
meore mxriv, keTilsindisierad moqmedi mesame pirebis dacvis erT-erTi
safuZveli aris is, rom Tavidan iqnes acilebuli normaluri samoqalaqo
brunvisTvis xelSeSla,
rasac mivyavarT daskvnamde, rom, principSi, mesame pirs ar evaleba imis gamoZieba, aqvs Tu ara gamsxvisebels gasxvisebis
ufleba, Tundac am mesame pirs hqondes garkveuli eWvebi amasTan dakavSirebiT.
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Tavi 3
gansxvavebebi saxelSekrulebo da
arasaxelSekrulebo valdebulebebs Soris
1. Sesavali
1.1. rogorc niderlandebis, ise saqarTvelos kerZo samarTalSi arsebobs
ori kategoriis valdebuleba, kerZod, erTi, romelic iqmneba xelSekrulebiT da meore, romelic wesdeba samoqalaqo kodeqsiT. saxelSekrulebo
valdebulebebis SemTxvevaSi adgili aqvs Ria sistemas: garkveuli SezRudvebis farglebSi mxareebs SeuZliaT dadon nebismieri xelSekruleba, romelsac moisurveben, maT Soris, iseTi xelSekrulebac, romelic pirdapir
ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli samoqalaqo kodeqsiT. rac Seexeba arasaxelSekrulebo valdebulebebs, aseTi valdebuleba SeiZleba warmoiSvas mxolod
samoqalaqo kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi. rogorc sanivTo
uflebebis SemTxvevaSi, aqac adgili aqvs arasaxelSekrulebo valdebulebebis `Caketil sistemas~, anu numerus clausus.
saqarTveloSic da
niderlandebSic
arasaxelSekrulebo valdebuleba SeiZleba warmoiSvas deli
qtidan (tort),5 davalebis gareSe sxvisi saqmeebis SesrulebiT (negotiorum
gestio), usafuZvlo gadaxdiT da usafuZvlo gamdidrebiT.
1.2. saxelSekrulebo da arasaxelSekrulebo valdebulebebs Soris mTavari gansxvaveba, ra Tqma unda, aris is, rom saxelSekrulebo valdebuleba
warmoiSoba nebayoflobiT, xolo arasaxelSekrulebo valdebuleba ekisreba kanoniT, movalis nebis sawinaaRmdegod. es idea asaxulia ssk-is 317-e
muxlis pirvel nawilSi da hsk-is 6:1 muxlSi da 213 muxlis pirvel nawilSi.
1.3. am gansxvavebis Sedegi aris is, rom saxelSekrulebo valdebulebebisas
mxareebi TviTon irCeven, Tu rogori Sinaarsis unda iyos maTi uflebebi
da valdebulebebi. es niSnavs, rom uTanxmoebis SemTxvevaSi, mosamarTlem
unda ganmartos mxareTa ganzraxva da gadawyvitos, raze SeTanxmebas izraxavdnen mxareebi. mosamarTlis saqme ar aris is, Tu ra miaCnia piradad mas
samarTlianad da gonivrulad. arasaxelSekrulebo valdebulebis SemTxvevaSi ki, meore mxriv, valdebulebis Sinaarsi gamomdinareobs samoqalaqo
kodeqsidan. uTanxmoebis SemTxvevaSi mosamarTlem unda gadawyvitos, ase
vTqvaT, ra ganzraxva hqonda kanonmdebels an ras niSnavs kanonis sityvebi.
2. xelSekrulebebis ganmarteba
2.1. imis ganmarteba, rasac saxelSekrulebo valdebulebebis SemTxvevaSi
mxareebi izraxavdnen, xSirad ioli ar aris. umetesad mxareebi faqtobrivad bevrs arafers izraxavdnen da maT, ubralod, surdaT xelSekrulebis
dadeba. da maSinac ki, rodesac mxareebi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi Tanxmdebian
anglo-saqsonur sistemaSi gamoiyeneba termini tort, rac niSnavs samoqalaqo samarTaldarRvevas, deliqts mTargmnelis SeniSvna.
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molaparakebis gziT da sabolood dadeben mravalgverdian da

mravalmuxlian werilobiT xelSekrulebas, ioli ar aris mxareTa saerTo nebis povna.
piriqiT, TiToeul mxares Taviseburad esmis xelSekruleba. amitom, mosamarTlis gadawyvetileba, Tu raze SeTanxmdnen mxareebi, ufro obieqturia,
vidre is, rom vTqvaT, TiTqos mosamarTlem daadgina mxareTa Tavdapirveli ganzraxva.
2.2. amitom kanonmdeblobebi xSirad Seicavs wesebs, romlebic mosamarTles exmareba xelSekrulebis ganmartebaSi. qarTuli samarTlis SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba aRiniSnos Semdegi. ssk-is 337-e muxlSi naTqvamia: `Tu
xelSekrulebis calkeuli gamonaTqvamebi SeiZleba gagebul iqnes sxvadasxvanairad, maSin upiratesoba unda mieniWos imas, romelic, Cveulebriv,
miRebulia xelSekrulebis damdebi mxareebis sacxovrebel adgilze. Tuki
mxareebs sxvadasxva sacxovrebeli adgili aqvT, gadamwyvetia aqceptantis
sacxovrebeli adgili.~ ssk-is 338-e muxlis Tanaxmad: `xelSekrulebaSi
urTierTgamomricxveli an mravalmniSvnelovani gamonaTqvamebis dros
upiratesoba unda mieniWos im gamonaTqvams, romelic yvelaze metad Seesatyviseba xelSekrulebis Sinaarss.~
ssk-is
339-e
muxlis mixedviT: `xelSekrulebis mxareTa uflebebisa da movaleobebis gansazRvrisas SeiZleba

mxedvelobaSi iqnes miRebuli savaWro Cveulebebi da tradiciebi.~ holan
diur samarTalSi moipoveba erTi sakanonmdeblo norma ganmartebasTan/
interpretaciasTan dakavSirebiT; 6:248 muxlis pirvel nawilSi naTqvamia:
`xelSekrulebas aqvs ara marto mxareTa Soris SeTanxmebuli iuridiuli
Sedegi, aramed sxva Sedegic, romelic, xelSekrulebis xasiaTis mixedviT,
SeiZleba gamomdinareobdes kanonidan,
CveulebiTi
xmarebidan an gonivru
lobisa da samarTlianobis moTxovnebidan.
2.3. zemoxsenebuli debulebebi cxadyofen, rom saboloo jamSi mosamarTlis gadasawyvetia an misi gadasawyveti SeiZleba iyos, ra TamaSobs mniSvnelovan da gadamwyvet rols imis dadgenaSi, Tu ra iyo mxareTa neba da raze
SeTanxmdnen isini. amitom, Teoriul-samarTlebrivad, didi gansxvaveba ar
aris saxelSekrulebo valdebulebebis ganmartebasa da arasaxelSekrulebo valdebulebebis ganmartebas Soris.
3. valdebulebebis Sesruleba
3.1. saxelSekrulebo valdebulebebis SemTxvevaSi, mxareebi xSirad TviTon iqmnian valdebulebebs, romlebic gamiznulia maT mier Sesrulebaze
da amiT, am valdebulebebis Sewyvetaze. magaliTad, Tu a debs nasyidobis
xelSekrulebas b-sTan
da ivaldebulebs, rom miawodos gayiduli saqoneli, maSin igi ar izraxavs valdebulebis arSesrulebas, aramed piriqiT,
misi ganzraxva aris is, rom Seasrulos valdebuleba da amiT Sewyvitos igi.
igive iTqmis b-ze. igi ar ivaldebulebs, rom gadaixados SeTanxmebuli fasi
im ganzraxviT, rom daarRvios xelSekruleba, aramed im ganzraxviT, rom
Seasrulos igi da amgvarad gaTavisufldes valdebulebisgan.
3.2. meore mxriv ki, xSirad arasaxelSekrulebo valdebuleba warmoiSoba
swored im faqtidan, rom valdebuli piri arRvevs pirobas. magaliTad,
arsebobs zogadi valdebuleba, rom Sens mezobels ar unda Caartya muSti
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mucelSi, magram Tu ganzrax ase moiqcevi da am saqcieliT zians miayeneb mezobels, maSin moqmedebas iwyebs swored am valdebulebis Seusruleblobis, deliqtis Sedegi, rac gamoixateba mezoblisTvis miyenebuli zianis
anazRaurebaSi.
3.3. mosamarTlis gadasawyvetia, ra Sedegi eqneba arSesrulebas. Tu deliqturi qmedebiT fizikuri ziani miadga mesame pirs, mosamarTle gadawyvets:
ekisreba Tu ara damrRvevs pasuxismgebloba, raSi gamoixateba ziani, ziani
gamowveulia Tu ara deliqturi qmedebiT, kanonis mixedviT, damrRvevi
srulad agebs pasuxs Tu nawilobriv, magaliTad, ziani nawilobriv TviT
dazaralebulis gamowveuli Tu aris da a.S. Tumca, ra Tqma unda, mxareebma
SeiZleba kompromiss miaRwion am sakiTxebze da TviTon SeTanxmdnen Cadenili samarTaldarRvevis Sedegebze, magram ase, rogorc wesi, ar xdeba.
3.4. igive SeiZleba iTqvas saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis arSesrulebazec,
magram gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom Zalze xSirad mxareebs xelSekrulebaSi
TviTon aqvT gaTvaliswinebuli xelSekrulebis darRvevis SemTxvevebi da
darRvevis Sedegebic. am SemTxvevaSi, mosamarTles ar SeuZlia, gadauxvios
xelSekrulebas. am sakiTxs konkretulma magaliTma SeiZleba ufro naTeli
mohfinos. Tu taqsis mZRoli manqanas marTavs uyuradRebod da daazianebs fexiT mosiarules, romelic elodeba SuqniSans da romelsac xelSi
uWiravs Cemodani, romelSic mas aqvs Zvirfasi saaTi da ori boTli kargi
qarTuli Rvino da es nivTebi dazianda, maSin taqsis mZRolma srulad unda
aunazRauros fexiT mosiarules, ara marto fizikuri (janmrTelobisTvis
miyenebuli) ziani, aramed saaTisa da ori boTli RvinisTvis miyenebuli zianic. xolo Tu a debs gadayvanis xelSekrulebas taqsis mZRolTan Tbilisis centridan Tbilisis aeroportSi misi transportirebis Sesaxeb, a da
taqsis mZRoli SeiZleba SeTanxmdnen iseT pirobaze xelSekrulebaSi, rom
taqsis mZRolis uyuradRebobiT bargisadmi miyenebuli zianis gamo taqsis mZRolis pasuxismgebloba gamoiricxeba. Tu amis Semdeg taqsis mZRoli manqanas atarebs uyuradRebod da Seejaxeba sxva manqanas, riTac mZime
ziani miadgeba Zvirfas saaTs da or boTl karg qarTul Rvinos, romelic
a-s saCuqrad miaqvs misi axlo megobrisTvis niderlandebSi, a veRar SeZlebs zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnas taqsis mZRolisgan misi bargisTvis
miyenebuli zianis gamo, Tumca, ssk-is 669-e muxlis pirveli nawilis mixedviT, a-s SeeZleboda aseTi moTxovnis wayeneba, winaswar taqsis mZRolTan
rom ar SeTanxmebuliyo taqsis mZRolis pasuxismgeblobis gamoricxvis
Sesaxeb. es magaliTi gulisxmobs, rom kanoni mxareebs aZlevs saSualebas,
SeTanxmdnen garkveuli pirobis gamoricxvaze an SezRudvaze. holandiuri
samarTali namdvilad iZleva amis SesaZleblobas. qarTuli samarTali ki,
rogorc Cans, ar iZleva pasuxismgeblobis gamoricxvis an SezRudvis SesaZleblobas gadazidvis xelSekrulebis SemTxvevaSi. kerZod, ssk-is 669-e
muxlis mesame nawilSi naTqvamia: `gadamzidvelis pasuxismgebloba ar SeiZleba gamoiricxos an SeizRudos xelSekrulebiT.~ Cemi azriT, gaugebaria,
ratom zRudavs qarTuli samarTali pasuxismgeblobis SezRudvis pirobas
maSin, rodesac es farTod miRebuli praqtikaa samarTlis sistemebis umetesobaSi.
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4. `konkursi~ saxelSekrulebo da
arasaxelSekrulebo valdebulebebs Soris
4.1. mniSvnelovania aRvniSnoT, rom saxelSekrulebo da arasaxelSekrulebo valdebulebebi, principSi, urTierTgamomricxavia da es ori erTmaneTSi ar unda agverios. xelSekrulebisas, mxolod saxelSekrulebo pirobebia
gadamwyveti mxareTa Soris samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis dasadgenad. iuridiul praqtikaSi xSirad mxare cdilobs miaRwios misTvis sasurvel Sedegs arasaxelSekrulebo normebze da wesebze miTiTebiT, magram mosamarTle aman ar unda daabnios. movixmob zemoT aRniSnul magaliTs (paragrafi
3.4). ra Tqma unda, Tu a, romelmac xelSekruleba dado taqsis mZRolTan
Tbilisis aeroportSi wayvanaze, Tavis moTxovnas daafuZnebda deliqtze,
maSin mas SeeZlo, moeTxova saaTisTvis da Rvinis boTlebisTvis miyenebuli
zianis anazRaureba. magram Tu a uCivis taqsis mZRols da ambobs, rom taqsis mZRols srulad ekisreba pasuxismgebloba misi deliqturi qmedebis
Sedegze da uyuradRebod manqanis tareba namdvilad aris deliqturi
qmedeba xelSekrulebis miRma, rogorc es Cans magaliTSi, rodesac taqsis
mZRolma daaziana fexiT mosiarule, romelic SuqniSans elodeboda
mosamarTlem ar unda daakmayofilos sarCeli da unda gadawyvitos, rom
radgan sagzao SemTxveva moxda a-sa da taqsis mZRols Soris dadebuli
xelSekrulebis Sesrulebisas, romelSic daTqmuli iyo, rom a ar uCivlebda taqsis mZRols uyuradRebobiT bargisadmi miyenebuli zianis gamo,
amitom, xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, uari unda eTqvas a-s deliqturi pasuxismgeblobis safuZvliT moTxovnis wayenebis uflebaze.
4.2. es `konkursis~ problema saxelSekrulebo da arasaxelSekrulebo
valdebulebebs Soris, romelic TeoriaSi TiTqos `mogvarebulia~, SeiZleba martivad gadawydes, Tu, rogorc zemoT moyvanil magaliTSi, arsebobs saxelSekrulebo urTierToba or mxares Soris. viTareba rTuldeba,
rodesac mesame mxarec monawileobs. magram me ar CavuRrmavdebi am problemas winamdebare TavSi da masze yuradRebas gavamaxvileb satransporto samarTlis sakiTxebze msjelobisas, radgan swored satransporto
urTierTobebSi monawileobs xolme bevri mxare da am urTierTobebs did
yuradRebas uTmobs kanonmdebelic da samarTlis Teoriac, romelic
cdilobs daareguliros saxelSekrulebo da arasaxelSekrulebo pasuxismgeblobas Soris `konkursis~ CaxlarTuli sakiTxebi.
es problema rom ufro naTeli gaxdes, moviyvan zemoaRniSnul magaliTs,
roca taqsis mZRols a mihyavs aeroportSi, magram saaTi da Rvinis boTlebi ekuTvnis ara a-s, aramed g-s, romelic aris a-s qarTveli megobari,
romelmac a-s sTxova, es saaTi da Rvinis boTlebi Caitanos niderlandebSi
da gadasces a-s megobar gogonas. aq Cndeba SekiTxva, SeuZlia Tu ara g-s
uCivlos taqsis mZRols deliqtis safuZvelze. gasagebia, rom g-s ar daudvia xelSekruleba taqsis mZRolTan da g ar SeTanxmebula masTan pasuxismgeblobis gamoricxvaze. am SemTxvevaSi, niderlandebSi mainc, farTod gavrcelebulia praqtika, rom g-s, principSi, mainc SeuZlia uCivlos taqsis
mZRols deliqtis safuZvelze. magram aseve gavrcelebulia, rom, taqsis
mZRols, romelmac saerTod ar icoda g-s arsebobis Sesaxeb, SeuZlia miuTiTos pasuxismgeblobis gamomricxav pirobaze da ar aunazRauros g-s.
amis Teoriuli axsna aris is, rom mocemul magaliTSi a CaiTvleba g-s rwMYTOPBOOK.ORG
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munebulad da, davalebis wesebis mixedviT, g xdeba xelSekrulebis mxare,

sul cota, pasuxismgeblobis gamomricxavi debulebis miznebisTvis.
4.4. satransporto urTierTobebSi normaluric kia, rom saqoneli, romlis
transportirebazec dadebulia xelSekruleba, ar ekuTvnis xelSekrulebis arc erT mxares. magaliTad, Tu me msurs, Cemi roiali gadavitano Tbilisidan amsterdamSi, me vdeb xelSekrulebas satransporto firmasTan
TbilisSi, romelic uSualod TviTon ar moaxdens roialis transportirebas. SesaZlebelia, roiali gadaitanon baTumSi avtomobilis meSveobiT, Semdgom gagzavnon baTumidan roterdamSi zRviT, Semdeg rkinigziT Caitanon
roterdamidan amsterdamSi da, bolos, moitanon amsterdamSi mdebare Cems
saxlSi manqaniT. gasagebia, rom arc erT am gadazidvis xelSekrulebas
uSualod me ar vdeb, maT Soris, arc s/s `tvirTebis sazRvao gadazidvis
baTumis gaerTianebul satransporto kompaniasTan~. aseve gasagebia, gamgzavnma kompaniam icis, rom roiali ar ekuTvnis im mxares, romelTanac debs
roialis zRviT gadazidvis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebas; agreTve, cnobilia,
rom konosamentSi uamravi piroba iqneba pasuxismgeblobis gamoricxvebis
da SezRudvebis Sesaxeb. davuSvaT, transportirebisas roiali dazianda
xmelTaSua zRvaSi da es dazianeba Sedis pasuxismgeblobis SemzRudvel
saxelSekrulebo pirobaSi; SemiZlia Tu ara me, amis miuxedavad, mainc vuCivlo gamgzavn kompanias deliqturi samarTlis safuZvelze, radgan
misma romeliRac TanamSromelma dauSva Secdoma. SemiZlia Tu ara, vamtkico, rom pasuxismgeblobis gamomricxveli da SemzRudveli pirobebi Cemi
problema ar aris, radgan me ar var gadazidvis xelSekrulebis mxare? am
kiTxvaze saerTaSorisod aRiarebuli pasuxi, rasakvirvelia, iqneba uaryofiTi: sayovelTaod miRebulia Tumca, Teoriulad rTuli samsjeloa
rom gamgzavn kompanias SeuZlia, miuTiTos aRniSnul pirobebze mesame
mxareebTan urTierTobaSic.
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Tavi 4
valdebulebiTi samarTlis ZiriTadi
maxasiaTeblebi
1. Sesavali
1.1. vidre qarTul da holandiur valdebulebiTi samarTlis sistemebs
ufro detalurad Sevadareb, manamde ufro dawvrilebiT aRvwer qarTuli
da
holandiuri
samoqalaqo kodeqsebis sistemas. rogorc zemoT iqna aRniSnuli, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsSi valdebulebaTa samarTlis
zogadi nawili, maT Soris, saxelSekrulebo samarTlisa da konkretuli
xelSekrulebebis Sesaxeb zogadi wesebi mocemulia mxolod erT mesame
wignSi, xolo holandiis samoqalaqo kodeqsSi meeqvse, meSvide, meSvide
A da merve wignebSi. amasTan, valdebulebiTi samarTlis wesebi, rogorc
saqarTveloSi, ise holandiaSi, moipoveba agreTve kodeqsis im nawilebSi,
romlebSic zogadad iuridiul moqmedebebzea laparaki.
1.2. amgvarad, struqtura Semdegnairad gamoiyureba. qarTuli samarTlis
SemTxvevaSi: wigni pirveli, kari meore garigebani; wigni mesame, zogadi
debulebani, kari pirveli, saxelSekrulebo samarTali, nawili pirveli,
kari meore valdebulebis Sesruleba, kari mesame valdebulebis
darRveva, kari meoTxe zianis anazRaurebis movaleoba, kari mexuTe
moTxovnis uzrunvelyofis damatebiTi saSualebani, kari meeqvse
valdebulebis Sewyveta, kari meSvide kreditorTa an movaleTa simravle

valdebulebaSi, kerZo nawili, kari pirveli
saxelSekrulebo samarTali, nawili meore, kari meore,

kanonismieri
valdebulebiTi urTierTobebi, kari mesame deliqturi valdebulebebi. holandiuri sqema Semdegia:
wigni mesame, kari meore
iuridiuli qmedebebi, wigni meeqvse, valdebulebiTi samarTlis zogadi nawili, kari pirveli valdebulebebi zogadad,
kari meore, moTxovnebis da valebis gadacema da moTxovnis daTmoba, kari 3
deliqti,
kari 4
sxva
kanonismieri
valdebulebebi, kari 5
xelSekrulebebi zogadad, wigni meSvide, konkretuli xelSekrulebebi, wigni meSvide A, konkretuli xelSekrulebebi, gagrZeleba, wigni merve satransporto
saSualebebi da satransporto samarTali.
1.3. amboben, rom qarTul samoqalaqo kodeqsze gavlena iqonia ara marto
germanulma samoqalaqo kodeqsma, aramed holandiurma kanonmdeblobamac.
ra Tqma unda, ver vityviT, rom es udavod asea da Tu asea, maSin ramdenad
Sors wavida es gavlena. Tumca, Tavisuflad SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom orive
samarTlis sistemaSi moipoveba bevri msgavsi an SedarebisTvis SesaZlebeli norma da rom, mTlianobaSi, qarTuli da holandiuri samoqalaqo
kodeqsebi erTsa da imave samarTlebriv sistemas miekuTvneba, romelzec
laparakia rene davidis cnobil wignSi `Tanamedrove msoflios ZiriTadi
samarTlebrivi sistemebi~. am TavSi me ufro metad Sevexebi valdebulebiTi samarTlis ZiriTad maxasiaTeblebs da, ramdenadac SesaZlebelia, Sevadareb qarTul da holandiur samarTals.
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2. ramdenime fuZemdebluri principi

2.1. hsk-is
6:1
muxlSi naTqvamia, rom valdebuleba SeiZleba warmoiSvas mxolod kanonis safuZvelze. analogiuri principi, metnaklebad igive, moipoveba ssk-is 317-e muxlis pirvel nawilSi, romlis Tanaxmad: `valdebulebis
warmoSobisaTvis aucilebelia monawileTa Soris xelSekruleba, garda im
SemTxvevebisa, roca valdebuleba warmoiSoba zianis miyenebis (deliqtis),
usafuZvlo gamdidrebis an kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli sxva safuZvlebidan.~
2.2. amitom, swored kanoni wyvets, warmoiSvas Tu ara valdebuleba. magram,
meore mxriv, kanoni aRiarebs xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis doqtrinas,
rac kanoniT gansazRvrul garkveul farglebSi niSnavs, rom: a) pirs
(fizikursac da iuridiulsac) Tavisuflad SeuZlia dados xelSekruleba
an ar dados xelSekruleba da b) mxareebis gadasawyvetia, ra xelSekruleba
unda dadon maT da ra unda iyos xelSekrulebis Sinaarsi. es bolo principi
gulisxmobs, rom: a) mxareebs SeuZliaT dadon nebismieri xelSekruleba,
romelic regulirebulia samoqalaqo kodeqsiT da SeuZliaT srulad miiRon yvela is wesi aseT xelSekrulebasTan dakavSirebiT, rac dadgenilia
samoqalaqo kodeqsiT; b)
mxareebs SeuZliaT, dadon nebismieri xelSekruleba, romelic regulirebulia samoqalaqo kodeqsiT, magram am xelSekrulebaSi gadauxvion kanoniT dadgenil saxelSekrulebo pirobebs da
TviTon daadginon saxelSekrulebo pirobebi TavianTi survilisamebr; g)
mxareebs SeuZliaT, dadon xelSekruleba, romelic ar aris regulirebuli
samoqalaqo kodeqsiT an sxva kanoniT.
2.3. xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis es principi konkretuli aspeqtebiT
gamoxatulia
319-e
muxlis pirvel nawilSi, romlis Tanaxmad: `kerZo samarTlis subieqtebs SeuZliaT, kanonis farglebSi Tavisuflad dadon xelSekrulebebi da gansazRvron am xelSekrulebaTa Sinaarsi. maT SeuZliaT,
dadon iseTi xelSekrulebebic, romlebic kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli ar
aris, magram ar ewinaaRmdegeba mas.~
2.4. 1992 wlamde xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis principi moipoveboda holandiis samoqalaqo kodeqsSic. igi mocemuli iyo Zveli
hsk-is
1374-e
muxlis pirvel nawilSi. es debuleba aRar moipoveba axal kanonmdeblobaSi.

igi imdenad TavisTavad cxadad miiCneoda, rom kanonmdebelma aRar CaTvala saWirod misi Cawera kodeqsSi. amdenad, dResdReobiT, es principi gamomdinareobs holandiis moqmedi samoqalaqo kodeqsidan.
2.5. rogorc zemoT iTqva, xelSekrulebis Tavisufleba SeuzRudavi ar
aris. kanonmdebelma garkveuli SezRudvebi daawesa sazogadoebrivi zneobis, sajaro wesrigis da sajaro interesis dacvis mizniT, agreTve, sazogadoebis im nawilis dacvis mizniT, romelTac gansakuTrebuli dacva
esaWiroeba kanonmdeblisgan, raTa an nawilis mimarT adgili ar hqondes
uflebamosilebis borotad gamoyenebas ufro Zlieri mxaris mxridan. es
SezRudvebi SeiZleba gamoixatos im formiT, rom ar SeiZlebodes zogierTi xelSekrulebis dadeba an zogierT saxelSekrulebo pirobaze SeTanxmeba. SezRudvebi SeiZleba imaSic gamoixatos, rom xelSekrulebas, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba aRniSnul SezRudvebs, iuridiuli Zala saerTod ar
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hqondes an ar hqondes im nawilSi, rac exeba akrZalul konkretul saxelSekrulebo pirobas. am fenomenis samarTlebrivad gamosaxatavad amboben,
rom xelSekruleba mTlianad an nawilobriv
baTilia.
aRniSnuli SezRudvebi SeiZleba da, Zalze xSirad, rodesac SezRudvis mizania susti mxaris
dacva, aris kidec gamoxatuli im formiT, rom xelSekruleba mTlianad an
misi nawili ar aris
baTili.
magram im mxares, romlis interesebSic dawesebulia SezRudva, SeuZlia moiTxovos xelSekrulebis baTiloba. am mxaris
gadasawyvetia, moiTxovs Tu ara im xelSekrulebis baTilobas, romelic,
principSi, namdvilia. amis samarTlebrivad gamosaxatavad amboben, rom arsebobs xelSekrulebis baTilobis safuZveli.
2.6. holandiis samoqalaqo kodeqsSi baTilobis
Sesaxeb zogadi wesi mocemulia 3:40 muxlSi, romlis Tanaxmad: ìuridiuli qmedeba baTilia, Tu
igi Tavisi SinaarsiT an mizniT ewinaaRmdegeba sazogadoebriv zneobas an
sajaro wesrigs.~ zogadi wesi baTilobis safuZvlebis Sesaxeb moipoveba
hsk-is 3:44 muxlis pirvel nawilSi, romlis Tanaxmad: ìuridiuli qmedeba
SeiZleba baTilad CaiTvalos, Tu igi ganxorcielda muqaris, motyuebis an
arasaTanado zemoqmedebis ganxorcielebiT.~ am wesis qarTuli
ekvivalenti,
rogorc Cans, gamoxatulia ssk-is
54-e
muxlSi, romlis Tanaxmad: `ba
Tilia garigeba, romelic arRvevs kanoniT dadgenil wessa da akrZalvebs,
ewinaaRmdegeba sajaro wesrigs an zneobis normebs.~ hsk-is 44-e muxlis
pirveli nawilis ekvivalenti
ki, Cemi azriT, aris ssk-is
55-e
muxli, romlis Tanaxmad: `1. garigeba SeiZleba baTilad CaiTvalos, Tu garigebiT gansazRvrul Sesrulebasa da am SesrulebisTvis gaTvaliswinebul anazRaurebas Soris aSkara Seusabamobaa da garigeba daido mxolod imis wyalobiT,
rom xelSekrulebis erT-erTma mxarem borotad gamoiyena Tavisi sabazro
Zalaufleba an isargebla xelSekrulebis meore mxaris mZime mdgomareobiT an gamoucdelobiT (gulubryvilobiT). 2. baTilia garigeba, romelic
dadebulia erTi mxaris mier meoreze gavlenis borotad gamoyenebiT, roca
maTi urTierToba dafuZnebulia gansakuTrebul ndobaze.~
2.7. unda aRiniSnos, rom zemoxsenebuli debulebebi baTilobis Sesaxeb da
baTilobis
safuZvlebis Sesaxeb gamoiyeneba ara mxolod xelSekrulebebis, aramed, zogadad, iuridiuli qmedebebis mimarT.
2.8. Zveli romauli samarTlis msgavsad, holandiur samarTalSi arsebobs
sami tipis valdebuleba, romlebic laTinurad ase gamoixateba: dare, facere
valdebuleba SeiZleba Seicavdes raimes gadacemis an miwodeda non facere.
bis movaleobas, magaliTad, nasyidobis xelSekrulebis safuZvelze wignis
gadacema. an SeiZleba Seicavdes raimes gakeTebis an damzadebis valdebulebas, magaliTad, mSeneblobis xelSekrulebis safuZvelze saxlis aSeneba.
anda valdebuleba SeiZleba gulisxmobdes, rom pirma Tavi Seikavos raimes
gakeTebisgan, xelSekrulebis an kanonis safuZvelze. magaliTad, pirs, Tu
igi miwveuli ar aris an saamiso nebarTva ar aqvs, ar SeuZlia Sevides mezoblis saxlSi, anda SromiTi xelSekrulebis mxareebis SeiZleba SeTanxmdnen,
rom xelSekrulebis moqmedebis vadis amowurvis Semdeg muSaks garkveuli
drois ganmavlobaSi an garkveuli teritoriis farglebSi ufleba ar aqvs,
ganaxorcielos saqmianoba, romliTac konkurencias gauwevs yofil damqiravebels.
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2.9. es gansxvaveba am sami tipis valdebulebas Soris hsk-Si moipoveba 3:296

muxlis saxiT, romlis Tanaxmad, `pirs, romelsac sxva piris mimarT aqvs
valdebuleba, gadasces raime, gaakeTos raime an Tavi Seikavos raimes gakeTebisgan, SeiZleba, am sxva piris (kreditoris) Suamdgomlobis safuZvelze, mosamarTlem daakisros am valdebulebis Sesruleba.~ rogorc Cans,
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi pirdapir ar asaxelebs valdebulebis
aRniSnul sam tips, magram masSi CaRrmaveba iZleva safuZvels, davaskvnaT,
rom qarTuli samarTalic aRiarebs am sami tipis valdebulebas da ar icnobs raime gansxvavebul tips.
2.10. nebismieri samarTlis sistemaSi erT-erTi yvelaze rTuli sakiTxia,
rogori reagireba unda moxdes valdebulebis Seusruleblobaze. Zvel
romaul samarTalSi valdebulebis darRvevisagan Tavis dacvis erTaderTi saSualeba iyo fuladi jarima. kreditors SeeZlo, moeTxova zianis
anazRaureba fuladi saxiT. laTinurad es wesi ase gamoixateba: omnis
con
demnatio pecuniaria est. Tanamedrove samarTlis sistemebi ixreba iqiTken, rom,

Tu SesaZlebelia, mosamarTlem movales unda daakisros Tavdapirveli
valdebulebis Sesruleba da kanoni amis ganxorcielebis saSualebebs unda
iZleodes maSin mainc, roca valdebulebis sagani konkretuli nivTi an momsaxurebaa. Tu me viyide saxli imitom, rom me Zalian msurs am konkretul
saxlSi cxovreba, CemTvis samarTlis qmna ver iqneba, Tu gamyidveli valdebuli ar iqneba, gadmomces me saxli, aramed SeeZleba, gadamixados kompensacia. amdenad, dResdReobiT, pirveladi saSualeba aseT SemTxvevebSi
aris konkretuli Sesruleba da kanoni iTvaliswinebs saTanado meqanizms,
romliTac me faqtobrivad SemiZlia, gavxde nayidi saxlis mflobeli. am
sakiTxs ufro detalurad me-7 TavSi Sevexebi.
2.11. Tanamedrove maRalganviTarebul
qveynebSi, sadac yoveldRe aTasobiT xelSekruleba ideba, romelTagan umetesoba erTi da igive tipisaa da,
bevr SemTxvevaSi, oferenti igive fizikuri an iuridiuli piria, azri ar
aqvs TiToeul xelSekrulebaze molaparakebis warmoebas. naklebad warmosadgenia, rom Sps `saqarTvelos aviaxazebi~ cal-calke molaparakebas
gamarTavs TiToeul mis SesaZlo mgzavrTan ucxo qveynis mimarTulebiT
sahaero transportirebis xelSekrulebis dasadebad. amitom, oferenteb
ma
da, ufro konkretulad, maT, visac dominanturi
an monopoliuri mdgomareoba ukaviaT bazarze, daiwyes xelSekrulebis standartuli pirobebis

gamoyeneba, romlebsac isini ar gadauxveven da romlebic molaparakebas
ar eqvemdebareba. ubralod rom vTqvaT, es pirobebi ùnda miiRo an unda
uaryo~. am fenomens bevrma kanonmdebelma dauTmo yuradReba.
2.12. dominanturi mxare, romelic, Cveulebriv, molaparakebis ukeTes
poziciaSia an ukeTesi saSualebebi da codna gaaCnia, SeiZleba ecados
misi mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebas xelSekrulebaSi iseTi standartuli pirobebis CadebiT, romlebic ufro misTvisaa sasargeblo, vidre meore mxarisTvis, romelic, Cveulebriv, momxmarebelia. swored amitom, am TvalsazrisiT kanonmdebeli awesebs SezRudvebs xelSekrulebis
Tavisuflebaze, rasac momxmareblis dacva ewodeba da rac gulisxmobs,
rom xelSekrulebis Sinaarsi srulad Tavisufal dadgenas ar eqvemdebareMYTOPBOOK.ORG
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ba. qarTul samarTalSi moipoveba erTi zogadi norma am sakiTxze. zemoT

aRniSnuli
ssk-is
319-e
muxlis meore nawilis Tanaxmad: `mas ar SeuZlia kon
trahents usafuZvlod SesTavazos xelSekrulebis araTanabari pirobebi.~
magram am zogadi normis garda, qarTulic da holandiuri samarTalic
ufro konkretulad uTmobs yuradRebas xelSekrulebis standartul pirobebs. marTalia, am or samarTlis sistemas Soris arsebobs teqnikuri xasiaTis gansxvavebebi, arsebiTad maTi wesebi igivea. es sakvirvelia ar aris,
radgan qarTul da
holandiur
samoqalaqo kodeqsebSi
met-naklebad gadmoRebulia germanuli samoqalaqo kodeqsidan Algemeine Geschfts Bedingungen.

rac Seexeba qarTul samarTals, Sesabamisi wesebi mocemulia ssk-is 346-e,
347-e da 348-e muxlebSi. am wesebis holandiuri ekvivalentebi moipoveba
hsk-is muxlebSi 6:223, 6:236 da 6:237. am sistemis Tavisebureba aris is, rom
zogierTi standartuli piroba baTilad iTvleba (ssk-is muxlebi 346-347)
an iTvleba imdenad usamarTlod, rom dominantur mxares ar SeuZlia maTi
sawinaaRmdego mtkicebulebis moyvana
(hsk-is
muxli 6:236),
xolo sxva pirobebi SeiZleba baTilad iqnes miCneuli meore mxaris Suamdgomlobis safuZvelze (ssk-is
348-e
muxli), anda es pirobebi baTilad SeiZleba iqnes miCneuli meore mxaris Suamdgomlobis safuZvelze, Tu dominanturi mxare ar
moiyvans mtkicebulebebs, rom sadao pirobis gamoyeneba samarTliani iyo
(hsk-is
muxli
6:237).
garda amisa, kanoni am konteqstSi ganasxvavebs momxmarebels (gansazRvruli ssk-is 347-e da 348-e muxlebiT da hsk-is muxlebiT
6:236 da 6:237, rogorc fizikuri piri, romelic ar moqmedebs samewarmeo
saqmianobis farglebSi an romelic ar misdevs samewarmeo saqmianobas) da
sxva xelSemkvrel
mxareebs, ra SemTxvevaSic kanoni momxmarebels ufro metad icavs, vidre

profesional
mxares. profesional
mxares SeuZlia miuTiTos mxolod zogad normaze ssk-is 346-e muxlze qarTuli samarTlis,
xolo hsk-is 6:233 muxlze holandiuri samarTlis SemTxvevaSi.
2.13. mxolod is idea, rom TiToeul xelSekrulebaze molaparakebas azri
ar aqvs, xelSekrulebis standartuli pirobebis gamogonebas safuZvlad
ar dasdebia. es is mizezia, ris gamoc kanonmdebelma yvelaze xSiri xelSekrulebebi TviTon daaregulira samoqalaqo kodeqsiT. isev da isev, Zneli
warmosadgenia, rom puris yovel yidvaze myidvelma gamarTos detaluri
molaparakeba puris maRaziasTan nasyidobis xelSekrulebaze, magaliTad,
sayideli puri Seesabameba Tu ara im xarisxs, romelic myidvelisTvis misaRebia.
2.14. amgvarad, SeiZleba iTqvas, calkeuli sakiTxebis maregulirebeli kanonmdebloba igive mizans emsaxureba, rasac xelSekrulebis standartuli
pirobebi. es moqalaqeebisTvis aadvilebs yoveldRiur cxovrebas, saqmis keTebas, muSaobas da a.S. xelSekrulebis standartuli pirobebisgan gansxvavebiT, konkretuli xelSekrulebebis maregulirebeli kanonmdebloba ar
Seicavs Tandayolil safrTxes, rom xelSekrulebis mxareTa interesebi
SeiZleba
daubalansebeli
darCes, anu rom erTi mxare meore mxaresTan SedarebiT gacilebiT upirates mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndes. sxvagvarad rom
vTqvaT, konkretuli xelSekrulebebis maregulirebeli kanonmdebloba
asaxavs, ra aris saxelSekrulebo samarTalSi misaRebi da samarTliani, Tu
mxareebi dadeben aseT xelSekrulebas. amitom konkretuli xelSekruleMYTOPBOOK.ORG
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bebis maregulirebeli kanonmdebloba aseve gzamkvlevis rols asrulebs

maSin, rodesac sadavoa, rogor unda moxdes xelSekrulebis an xelSekrulebis calkeuli pirobis interpretacia konkretul saqmeze, romelSic
mosamarTles SeuZlia gadawyvetileba gamoitanos
gonivrulobis
safuZvelze analogiis gziT.
2.15. rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, qarTuli da holandiuri valdebulebiTi
samarTlis sistemebi sakmarisad urTierTSedarebadia. valdebulebebi
warmoiSoba xelSekrulebis safuZvelze an arasaxelSekrulebo xasiaTisaa, kerZod, rodesac adgili aqvs deliqts,
davalebis gareSe sxvisi saqmeebis Sesrulebas (negotiorum gestio) da usafuZvlo gadaxdasa da usafuZvlo
gamdidrebas. am konteqstSi erTaderTi gansxvaveba, romelic aRniSvnas
imsaxurebs, aris is, rom
holandiur
kanonismieri
valdebulebebis samarTalSi gansxvavebaa usafuZvlo gadaxdas (zogadad, valdebulebis Sesrulebas) (gadaxda sine causa) da usafuZvlo gamdidrebas Soris. hsk-is 6:203
muxli, valdebulebis usafuZvlo SesrulebasTan dakavSirebiT, ambobs:
`1. pirs, romelmac sxvas gadasca qoneba samarTlebrivi safuZvlis gareSe,
ufleba aqvs, gamoiTxovos igi mimRebisgan, rogorc usafuZvlo Sesruleba.
2. Tu usafuZvlo Sesruleba exeba fulad Tanxas, restituciis moTxovna
SeiZleba wayenebul iqnes imave Tanxaze. 3. pirs, romelmac samarTlebrivi
safuZvlis gareSe moaxdina sxva xasiaTis Sesruleba, agreTve aqvs ufleba,
moiTxovos misi dabruneba mimRebisgan.~ usafuZvlo gamdidrebasTan dakavSirebiT, hsk-is 212-e muxlSi naTqvamia: `piri, romelic usafuZvlod
gamdidrda sxvis xarjze, valdebulia,
gonivrulobis
farglebSi gamoasworos ziani misi gamdidrebis farglebSi.~ saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsSi es ori tipis valdebuleba gaerTianebulia da reglamentirebulia
ssk-is 996-991 muxlebSi.
2.16. marTalia, garkveulwilad, samarTlebrivi teqnikis da ara arsebiTi
gansxvavebis sakiTxia, rodesac saqme exeba kanonmdeblobas mocemul Temaze, magram, Cemi azriT, mniSvnelovania gansxvavebis danaxva or situacias
Soris: erTi mxriv, rodesac gadaxda moxda im xelSekrulebis safuZvelze,
romlidanac moxda gasvla an romelic moiSala an romelic saerTod ar
arsebobda, magram ivaraudeboda, rom igi dadebuli iyo; meore mxriv, sxvisi moqmedebiT piri ufro gamdidrda, magram am ors Soris saerTod ar
arsebobda aranairi samarTlebrivi urTierToba. am or situacias Soris
gansxvavebis mniSvneloba is aris, rom samarTlebrivad es ori situacia absoluturad identuri araa da maTi gadawyveta yovelTvis erTi da igive
samarTlebrivi principebiT ver moxdeba. am gansxvavebis danaxva erTi martivi magaliTiT SeiZleba.
saxlis mesakuTre debs xelSekrulebas mebaResTan, romlis safuZvelzec
mebaRem, SeTanxmebuli fasis sanacvlod, mesakuTris baRi unda gaamSvenieros. Tu mesakuTre kanonierad Tvlis, rom mebaRem dakisrebuli movaleoba
jerovnad ver Seasrula, mesakuTres SeuZlia, moSalos xelSekruleba. maSin warmoiSoba kiTxva: ra Sedegebi aqvs xelSekrulebis moSlas da aqvs Tu
ara ufleba mebaRes, miiRos gasamrjelos nawili mainc im sargeblisTvis,
rac mesakuTrem mebaRis SromiT miiRo, radgan Tu mesakuTre axal mebaRes
daiqiravebs, am axal mebaRes ar mouwevs yvelafris Tavidan dawyeba. pirvel mebaRes ukve eqneba garkveuli samuSao Sesrulebuli, romelic raMYTOPBOOK.ORG
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Rac fasi mainc Rirs. es saqme aris usafuZvlo gadaxdis magaliTi da saqme
unda gadawydes xelSekrulebis arSesrulebis wesebis mixedviT. meore
mxriv, Tu gvaqvs igive situacia (mesakuTre debs xelSekrulebas mebaResTan maszed, rom SeTanxmebuli fasis sanacvlod mebaRe gaamSvenierebs
mesakuTris baRs), magram mebaRe SecdomiT gaamSvenierebs mezoblis baRs,
ris Sedegadac mezoblis baRi gacilebiT ukeTesi gaxdeba, am SemTxvevaSi,
saqme gvaqvs usafuZvlo gamdidrebasTan. pirvel SemTxvevaSi, saxlis mesakuTre, miuxedavad imisa, rom man marTlzomierad moSala xelSekruleba,
mainc iqneba valdebuli, gadauxados mebaRes garkveuli Tanxa. mas, ra Tqma
unda, surda misi baRis gaumjobeseba da mas SeuZlia, moSalos xelSekruleba, magram man unda gadaixados im sargeblis safasuri, rac man mebaRis
SromiT miiRo. meore SemTxvevaSi, Zalzed sadaoa, mezobelma unda gadauxados Tu ara raime mebaRes. Tumca, SeiZleba imis mtkicebac, rom, marTalia,
mezobelma miiRo sargebeli mebaRis Sromis Sedegad, magram es Sroma mas ar
mouTxovia da amitom kanoniT mas ar unda daekisros raimes gadaxda.
3. Sesruleba, darRveva da dacvis saSualebebi

3.1. valdebulebiTi samarTlis sferoSi bevri problema warmoiSoba imis
ganxilvisas, Sesrulda Tu ara valdebuleba, SeiZleba Tu ara arSesruleba
CaiTvalos valdebulebis darRvevad da ra dacvis saSualebebis gamoyeneba
SeiZleba darRveuli valdebulebis gamosworebisTvis.
3.2. mTavari idea aris is, rom valdebuleba unda Sesruldes. es principi Cadebulia
ssk-is 361-e muxlis meore nawilSi, romlis mixedviT: `valdebuleba unda Sesruldes jerovnad, keTilsindisierad, daTqmul drosa da adgilas.~ es principi exeba rogorc saxelSekrulebo, ise arasaxelSekrulebo
valdebulebebs. amasTan, ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom xelSekrulebis
safuZvelze warmoSobili valdebuleba unda Sesruldes imiT, rom piri
(movale) akeTebs imas, rac man unda gaakeTos, magaliTad, gadasces qoneba.
meore mxriv ki, arasaxelSekrulebo valdebuleba warmoiSoba imiT, rom
piri arRvevs valdebulebas, rac niSnavs imas, rom is akeTebs imas, rac ar
unda gaakeTos. deliqturi valdebuleba, romelic zianis anazRaurebiT
unda Sesruldes, warmoiSoba, magaliTad, imiT, rom piri arRvevs valdebulebas, daudevrobiT ar miayenos fizikuri ziani meore pirs. amitom
SeiZleba iTqvas: arasaxelSekrulebo valdebuleba warmoiSoba valdebulebis darRveviT. magram es ar niSnavs imas, rom ssk-is 361-e muxlis meore nawilSi mocemuli principi ar gamoiyeneba orive saxelSekrulebo
da arasaxelSekrulebo valdebulebebis mimarT.
3.3. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsSi muxlebi 361-371 eZRvneba valdebulebis Sesrulebis Temas da Seicavs zogad wesebs amasTan dakavSirebiT.
magram am muxlebSi mocemuli debuleba imdenad konkretulia, magaliTad,
ssk-is 370-e muxli, rom sistematizirebis mizniT, albaT, ukeTesi iqneboda,
Tu isini Sevidoda nasyidobasTan dakavSirebul nawilSi. holandiis samoqalaqo kodeqsSi valdebulebis SesrulebasTan dakavSirebuli zogadi
wesebi mocemulia muxlebSi 6:27 6:51.
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3.4. nebismieri valdebulebis Seusrulebloba, kanoniT, ar CaiTvleba iseT

darRvevad, romelic kreditors samarTlebrivi RonisZiebebis gatarebaze uflebamosils xdis. pasuxi kiTxvaze, aris Tu ara Seusrulebloba
darRveva, umTavresad damokidebuli iqneba Seusruleblobis xasiaTsa
da valdebulebis xasiaTze. Tu, magaliTad, yvavilebis maRaziam lamazi
yvavilebi unda miitanos qorwilSi 2006 wlis 5 ivliss, maSin azri daekargeba Sesrulebas, Tu maRazia yvavilebs 2006 wlis 6 ivliss miitans. 2006
wlis 5 ivliss arSesruleba warmoadgens valdebulebis darRvevas. magram
xSirad valdebulebis arSesruleba darRvevas warmoadgens mxolod mas
Semdeg, rac valdebulebis SesrulebisTvis damatebiTi vada dainiSneba
da am vadaSic ar Sesruldeba. kerZod, ssk-is 405-e muxlis Tanaxmad: `1. Tu
xelSekrulebis erTi mxare arRvevs ormxrivi xelSekrulebidan gamomdinare valdebulebas, maSin xelSekrulebis meore mxares SeuZlia, uari
Tqvas xelSekrulebaze valdebulebis SesrulebisaTvis mis mier damatebiT gansazRvruli vadis uSedegod gasvlis Semdeg.~ igive wesi moipoveba
holandiur kanonmdeblobaSi. hsk-is 6:82 muxlis pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad: `darRveva iwyeba maSin, rodesac movales miecema werilobiTi Setyobineba darRvevis Sesaxeb, romliTac mas uwesdeba gonivruli vada Sesasruleblad da an vadaSi Sesruleba ar moxdeba.~ es principi, ra Tqma unda,
ar gamoiyeneba, Tu mxareebma dro arsebiT pirobad daTqves an Tu damatebiTi vadis daweseba gonivruli ar aris; es gamonaklisebi asaxulia ssk-is
405-e muxlis meore nawilSi da 394-e muxlis mesame nawilSi, agreTve, hsk-is
6:83 muxlis pirvel nawilSi.
3.5. unda aRiniSnos, rom valdebulebis Seusrulebloba ar warmoadgens
valdebulebis darRvevas, Tu sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebiT dadgenilia,
rom movale, garemoebebis arsebiTi cvlilebis gamo, ver Seasrulebs Tavdapirvel valdebulebas. es fenomeni, rogorc qarTuli, ise holandiuri
samarTlisTvis cnobilia. ssk-is 398-e muxlis pirvel nawilSi naTqvamia:
`Tu is garemoebebi, romlebic xelSekrulebis dadebis safuZveli gaxda,
xelSekrulebis dadebis Semdeg aSkarad Seicvala da mxareebi ar dadebdnen
am xelSekrulebas an dadebdnen sxva SinaarsiT, es cvlilebebi rom gaeTvaliswinebinaT, maSin SeiZleba moTxovnil iqnes xelSekrulebis misadageba
Secvlil garemoebebTan. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, calkeul garemoebaTa
gaTvaliswinebiT, xelSekrulebis mxares ar SeiZleba moeTxovos Seucvleli xelSekrulebis mkacrad dacva.~ holandiuri analogis, ssk-is 6:258 muxlis pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad: èrT-erTi mxaris moTxovnis safuZvelze,
sasamarTlos SeuZlia Secvalos an gaauqmos xelSekrulebis Sedegebi
mTlianad an nawilobriv, iseTi xasiaTis gauTvaliswinebeli garemoebebis
gamo, romelTa arsebobisas meore mxares, gonivrulobisa da samarTlianobis normebiT, ar SeiZleba moeTxovos xelSekrulebis Seucvlelad dacva.
amgvarad, Secvlas an gauqmebas SeiZleba hqondes ukuZala.~
3.6. valdebulebis Seusrulebloba ar CaiTvleba valdebulebis darRvevad, Tu Seusrulebloba aris movalis gaufrTxileblobis Sedegi. xSirad,
Seusrulebloba miiCneva darRvevad, magram darRvevad ar SeiZleba miCneul iqnes, Tu movalem ver Seasrula iseTi mizeziT, romlis Tavidan
acilebac mas ar SeeZlo. Tu am SemTxvevaSic Seusrulebloba darRvevad
iTvleba, maSin saqme gvaqvs e.w. mkacr pasuxismgeblobasTan. holandiis
samoqalaqo kodeqsSi zogadi wesi mocemulia 6:75 muxlSi, romelic exMYTOPBOOK.ORG
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eba Seusruleblobas da ambobs, rom Seusrulebloba aris darRveva, Tu

igi gamowveulia movalis gaufrTxileblobiT an movalis braliT. mkacri
pasuxismgeblobis magaliTi mocemulia hsk-is 6:77 muxlSi, romlis Tanaxmad: `rodesac valdebulebis Sesrulebisas gamoiyeneba mizanTan Seusabamo nivTi, amiT gamowveul Seusruleblobaze pasuxismgebloba ekisreba
movales...~ saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsSi mkacri pasuxismgeblobis
magaliTi moipoveba 396-e muxlSi, romlis mixedviT: `movalem Tavisi kanonieri warmomadgenlis da im pirTa moqmedebisaTvis, romelTac igi iyenebs
sakuTar valdebulebaTa Sesasruleblad, iseTive moculobiT unda agos
pasuxi, rogorc sakuTari braleuli moqmedebis dros.~
3.7. mas Semdeg, rac dadgindeba, rom valdebuleba dairRva, Cndeba kiTxva:
ra dacvis (gamosworebis) saSualebebi unda iqnes gamoyenebuli. es sakiTxi
ufro detalurad iqneba ganxiluli me-7 da me-8 TavebSi, magram aqve ramdenime SeniSvnas gavakeTeb.
3.8. rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, Cndeba kiTxva, uzrunvelyofs Tu ara kanoni
konkretul Sesrulebas, kerZod, valdebulebis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi,
SeiZleba Tu ara movales daekisros Tavdapirveli valdebulebis Sesruleba, rac isedac ekisreboda. TviT valdebulebis xasiaTidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos da holandiis sasamarTloebma SeiZleba daakisron konkretuli Sesruleba, valdebulebis Sesrulebis SedegiT.
3.9. yvelaze gavrcelebuli dacvis saSualeba kreditorisTvis, ra Tqma
unda, aris fuladi kompensacia, rac niSnavs, rom movalem unda aanazRauros ziani, romelic gamowveulia valdebulebis darRveviT. unda aRiniSnos, rom zianis anazRaurebasTan erTad sasamarTlom SeiZleba daakisros
konkretuli Sesrulebac, kerZod, im saqmeebze, romlebSic darRveviT
gamowveulia ziani, romelic srulad ver anazRaurdeba konkretuli SesrulebiT.
3.10. rac Seexeba zianis anazRaurebas, xSirad gansxvaveba keTdeba zianis
saxeebs Soris. Cveulebriv, fizikuri ziani da qonebrivi ziani anazRaurdeba srulad, yvela garemoebaSi da yvela SemTxvevaSi. xSirad, sxvagvaradaa saqme e.w. aramaterialur anu moralur zianTan mimarTebiT. amasTan
dakavSirebiT, qarTuli da holandiuri samarTali erTmaneTs kvlav sakmaod waagavs: moraluri zianis anazRaureba SeiZleba moTxovnil iqnes
gansazRvrul SemTxvevebSi, ZiriTadad, Tu pirs miadga fizikuri an sxva
ziani. ssk-is 413-e muxlis mixedviT: `2. sxeulis dazianebis an janmrTelobisaTvis vnebis miyenebis SemTxvevebSi, dazaralebuls SeuZlia moiTxovos
anazRaureba araqonebrivi zianisTvisac.~ hsk-is 106-e muxlis pirveli nawilis mixedviT: `1. nebismieri iseTi zianis SemTxvevaSi, romelic ar gulisxmobs qonebis, uflebis an interesis dakargvas, pirs, romelsac aseTi ziani
miadga, aqvs ufleba, aunazRaurdes ziani, ra SemTxvevaSic samarTlianad
unda Sefasdes: (...) b. miadga Tu ara pirs fizikuri ziani, Seilaxa Tu ara
piris pativi an reputacia, anda sxvagvarad dazaralda Tu ara piri: (...).~
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Tavi 5
arasaxelSekrulebo valdebulebebi
1. Sesavali
1.1. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, valdebuleba SeiZleba warmoiSvas mxolod
kanonis safuZvelze. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 317-e muxlis
pirveli nawilis Sesabamisad, valdebulebis warmoSobisaTvis aucilebelia monawileTa Soris xelSekruleba. saxelSekrulebo urTierTobis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi, mxareebs Soris valdebuleba ver warmoiSoba garda im SemTxvevebisa, roca dadgeba movlena an piri Caidens qmedebas (rac
SeiZleba gamoixatos moqmedebasa an umoqmedobaSi), rasac kanonmdebloba
ganixilavs, rogorc valdebulebis warmoSobis safuZvels.
1.2. maSasadame, saxelSekrulebo da arasaxelSekrulebo valdebulebaTa
Soris Teoriuli gansxvaveba aris is, rom arasaxelSekrulebo
valdebulebebi warmoiSoba kanoniT pirdapir gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi da valdebuli piris survilis damoukideblad, roca saxelSekrulebo valdebulebebi warmoiSoba mxolod piris nebis safuZvelze da kanonis im mboWavi
moTxovnebis farglebSi, rasac TviTon piri gansazRvravs.
1.3. Sedegad, arasaxelSekrulebo valdebulebaTa SemTxvevaSi, kanoni ara
mxolod valdebulebis warmoSobas, aramed mis zust Sinaarssac gansazRvravs. rac Seexeba saxelSekrulebo valdebulebebs, mxareebi ara marto
valdebulebis warmoSobas, aramed mis Sinaarssac gansazRvraven.
1.4. zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, saxelSekrulebo da arasaxelSekrulebo
valdebulebebi urTierTgamomricxavia. piri, romelsac miadgeba ziani,
ver mimarTavs sasamarTlos saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis darRvevis
gamo, iseve, rogorc im valdebulebis darRvevis gamo, romelic gamomdinareobs kanonidan. es Zalian xSirad arasworad aris gagebuli da TvalsaCinoebisaTvis mcire magaliTs moviyvanT. warmovidginoT, rom a-m da b-m
dades gadazidvis xelSekruleba, romliTac a kisrulobs valdebulebas,
satvirTo manqaniT gadazidos 120000 boTli qarTuli Rvino Tbilisidan
baTumSi, misi evropaSi transportirebis mizniT. a da b SeiZleba SeTanxmdnen, rom a ar agebs pasuxs
transportirebisas
miyenebul zaralze, romelic warmoiSoba daudevrobiT. marTlac, Tu zarali dadgeba imitom, rom mZRolma Tavisi uyuradRebobiT moaxdina avtosagzao SemTxveva, a ar iqneba
pasuxismgebeli b-s winaSe kontraqtis aRniSnuli debulebis Sesabamisad.
xolo Tu b uCivlebs a-s
sasamarTloSi kontraqtis pirobebis darRvevisaTvis, mosamarTlem ar unda daakmayofilos b-s moTxovna, rameTu mxareebi
SeTanxmdnen, rom a pasuxismgebeli ar iqneboda aseT SemTxvevaSi damdgari
zianisaTvis. Sedegi SesaZloa iyos igive, Tu b Tavis moTxovnas deliqtze
daamyarebs, radganac a daudevrobiT moqmedebda. Tu mosamarTle b-s
sarCels miiRebs deliqtis safuZvelze, is amiT daarRvevs saxelSekrulebo
SeTanxmebas da ugulebelyofs xelSekrulebaTa Tavisuflebis princips.
es sakiTxi dawvrilebiT me-4 Tavis me-3 nawilSi iqneba ganxiluli.
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2. arasaxelSekrulebo valdebulebaTa amomwuravi

CamonaTvali Numerus Clausus
2.1. saxelSekrulebo da
kanonismier
valdebulebaTa Soris arsebuli gansxvavebis erT-erTi Sedegi aris is, rom xelSekrulebaTa formasa da Sinaarss irCeven Tavad mxareebi, garda im SemTxvevisa, rodesac kanoni pirdapir krZalavs garkveuli saxisa Tu Sinaarsis xelSekrulebis gaformebas,
xolo arasaxelSekrulebo valdebulebaTa regulireba mxolod kanonis
safuZvelzea SesaZlebeli. valdebulebaTa saxelSekrulebo sistema aris
`Ria~ maSin, roca
arasaxelSekrulebo
valdebulebaTa sistema aris `daxuruli~. magaliTad, rogorc ukve vnaxeT, uZrav qonebasTan dakavSirebul
arasaxelSekrulebo
valdebulebaTa mimarT SegviZlia visaubroT valdebulebaTa àmomwurav~ CamonaTvalze.
2.2. am TvalsazrisiT, SegviZlia erTmaneTs SevadaroT sxvadasxva samarTlis sistemebi. Tu yuradRebas ar gavamaxvilebT umniSvnelo detalebze,
maTi umetesoba erTmaneTis msgavsia. yvela samarTlis sistema aRiarebs im
valdebulebebs, romlebic warmoiSoba ukanono qmedebebis an
deliqtisagan,
rac warmoadgens
arasaxelSekrulebo
valdebulebaTa warmoSobis umniSvnelovanes safuZvels. deliqturi valdebulebebis maregulirebel
normebs Cven vxvdebiT saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis mesame wignis
specialuri nawilis me-3 TavSi, xolo niderlandebSi samoqalaqo kodeqsis
me-6 wignis me-6 TavSi.
2.3. arasaxelSekrulebo valdebulebaTa kidev erTi kategoria, iseve,
rogorc deliqturi
valdebulebebi, romelic romauli samarTlidan momdinareobs, Seexeba davalebis gareSe sxvisi saqmeebis Sesrulebidan warmoSobil valdebulebebs. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsSi am sakiTxs
eTmoba 969 975 muxlebi, niderlandebis samoqalaqo kodeqsSi ki _ me-6
wignis 198 202 muxlebi.
2.4. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces im valdebulebebs, romlebic
warmoiSoba, rodesac erTi piri meores gadascems garkveul saqonels an
fulad Tanxas, an ganaxorcielebs mis mimarT iseT qmedebas, romliTac meore piri mdidrdeba da ar arsebobs amgvari saqonlisa Tu fuladi Tanxis
gadacemis an qmedebis ganxorcielebis aranairi samarTlebrivi safuZveli.
amgvari urTierTobebis maregulirebeli muxlebi Tavmoyrilia saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-3 wignis me-2 karis me-3 TavSi saTauriT
ùsafuZvlo gamdidreba~. Cveni azriT, ukeTesi iqneboda, saqarTvelos
samoqalaqo kodeqsSi, rogorc samoqalaqo
kodeqsebis
umetesobaSia, gancalkevebuli yofiliyo, erTi mxriv, ùsafuZvlo gadacema da Sesruleba~
da, meore mxriv, ùsafuZvlo gamdidreba~. pirvel SemTxvevaSi, valdebuli
piri ixdis fulad Tanxas, an gadascems saqonels, an axorcielebs qmedebas meore piris mimarT, vinaidan mas miaCnia, rom valdebulia am piris mimarT. Tumca, Semdeg naTeli xdeba, rom amgvari valdebuleba realurad
ar arsebobs, radganac is an saerTod ar arsebobda, an arsebobda, magram
mogvianebiT mosamarTlis mier Zaladakargulad gamocxadda kontraqti,
romlis safuZvelzec warmoiSva es valdebuleba. am SemTxvevaSi, pirma,
romelmac usafuZvlo gadacemiT an SesrulebiT garkveuli sargebeli miiRo, unda daabrunos yvelaferi da aRadginos pirvandeli mdgomareoba the
status quo ante. romauli samarTlis mixedviT, valdebul pirs, romelsac SeuZlia pirvandeli mdgomareobis aRdgenis moTxovna, aqvs condicio indebiti. meMYTOPBOOK.ORG
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ore mxriv, pretenzia usafuZvlo gamdidrebasTan dakavSirebiT, SeiZleba

waredginos im mesame pirs, romelic qmedebis Semsrulebel pirTan aranair
samarTlebriv urTierTobaSi ar imyofeba, magram miiRo garkveuli sargebeli. ùsafuZvlo gadacemisa da Sesrulebisagan gansxvavebiT, mesame pirma, ùsafuZvlo gamdidrebis SemTxvevaSi, ar aris aucilebeli, aRadginos
the status quo ante, Tumca, valdebulia, gadaixados kompensacia im odenobis
farglebSi, ra odenobis sargebelic man amgvari SesrulebiT miiRo. nid
erlandebis samoqalaqo samarTalSi, iseve, rogorc germanul samoqalaqo
samarTalSi, es gansxvaveba naTlad Cans.
niderlandebis
samoqalaqo samarTlis
me-6
wignis
me-2
karis
me-3
Tavi
(6:203
6:211)
exeba ùsafuZvlo gadacemas~, xolo me-3 kari (6:212) ùsafuZvlo gamdidrebas~ aregulirebs. Tu
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqss yuradRebiT davakvirdebiT, msgavsi gansxvavebebis povna SesaZlebelia. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 987-e
muxli exeba ùsafuZvlo gamdidrebas, xolo
976-e
muxli, miuxedavad saTaurisa _ ùsafuZvlo gadacemasa da Sesrulebas~. amiT naTeli efineba
imas, Tu ratom unda aunazRauros mopasuxem, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo
kodeqsis 987-e
muxlis mixedviT, mosarCeles im SemTxvevaSi, Tu is `gamdidrda~, xolo 976-e muxlis mixedviT, man unda `daabrunos~ is, rac miiRo.
usafuZvlo gadacemasa da usafuZvlo gamdidrebas Soris arsebul gansxvavebaze ufro mogvianebiT gavamaxvilebT yuradRebas.
2.5. rac Seexeba samoqalaqo samarTlis arasaxelSekrulebo valdebulebebs,
rogorc ukve mogaxseneT, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis mesame wignis kerZo nawilis meore kari exeba kanoniT dadgenil arasaxelSekrulebo
valdebulebebs. aRniSnuli karis pirveli Tavis saTauri aris `saziaro
uflebebi~. Cveni azriT, es kanonmdeblis Secdomaa. saziaro uflebebi
warmoadgens ara valdebulebiTi samarTlis, aramed sanivTo samarTlis
ganuyofel nawils, rameTu isini aregulirebs Tu aRniSnuli Tavis sa
Taurs yuradRebiT waikiTxavT uZravi qonebis TanamesakuTre ori an
meti piris uflebebsa da movaleobebs. marTalia, es uflebebi da movaleobebi asaxulia kanonSi, Tumca, es sruliad ar niSnavs, rom saziaro
uflebebis samarTlebrivi subieqti warmoadgens samarTlis nawils,
romelic kanoniT dadgenil valdebulebebs Seexeba.
3. deliqturi valdebulebebi: deliqturi samarTali

3.1. ukanono qmedebis Cadena mesame piris mimarT arasaxelSekrulebo
samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis yvelaze gavrcelebuli safuZvelia. azri, rom

erTi pirovneba meores winaSea pasuxismgebeli, mis mimarT ukanonod ganxorcielebuli qmedebis gamo, SeiZleba Camoyalibdes zogadi wesis safuZvelze an sxvadasxva saxis ukanono saqcielis CamoTvliT. dResdReobiT,
samarTlebrivi sistemebis umetesoba or mosazrebaze Tanxmdeba: maT, erTi
mxriv, Camoayalibes deliqturi valdebulebis Sesaxeb erTi zogadi wesi
da, meore mxriv, SemoiRes konkretuli wesebi ukanono qmedebaTa konkretuli saxeobebisaTvis, romlebic samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobas iwvevs.
3.2. samarTlebrivi sistemebis umetesobaSi zogadi wesi Zalze SedarebiTi
cnebaa. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 992-e
muxlis Tanaxmad, deliq

turi valdebulebis Sesaxeb zogadi wesi 992-e muxlSia Camoyalibebuli. am
muxlis Tanaxmad: `piri, romelic sxva pirs marTlsawinaaRmdego, ganzraxi
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an gaufrTxilebeli moqmedebiT miayenebs zians, valdebulia, aunazRauros mas es ziani.~

3.3. holandiur
samoqalaqo kodeqsSi zogadi wesis ganmartebas 6:162
muxlis 1-l nawilSi vxvdebiT. am muxlis Tanaxmad: `pirovnebas, romlis mimarT

Caidines ukanono qmedeba, SeuZlia moiTxovos miyenebuli zianis anazRaureba.~
3.4. Tu gavaanalizebT orive qveynis samoqalaqo samarTalSi arsebul
zogad wess da cota metad CavuRrmavdebiT kodeqsis sxva wesebs, aRmoCndeba, rom, rogorc saqarTveloSi, ise niderlandebSi, dazaralebulma
pirovnebam _ mosarCelem _ sasamarTlos winaSe unda daadasturos xuTi
pirobis arseboba. upirveles yovlisa, samarTaldamrRvevis qmedeba unda
iyos kanonsawinaaRmdego, meore _ kanondamrRvevis qmedeba gaufrTxileblobiT mainc unda iyos Cadenili, mesame _ qmedeba samarTaldamrRvevs
unda miewerebodes, meoTxe _ mopasuxem unda ganicados ziani da mexuTe _
ziani samarTaldamrRvevis qmedebiT unda iyos ganpirobebuli.
3.5. ziani da winapiroba, rom ziani samarTaldamrRvevis qmedebiT unda iyos
ganpirobebuli, me-8 TavSi iqneba ganxiluli.
3.6. imisaTvis, rom pirvel kiTxvas gaeces pasuxi, unda avxsnaT, Tu ras
warmoadgens kanonsawinaaRmdego qmedeba. upirveles yovlisa, unda aRiniSnos, rom `qmedeba~ agreTve ùmoqmedobasac~ gulisxmobs, Tuki mopasuxes akisria samarTlebrivi valdebuleba, imoqmedos da is Tavs Seikavebs
aseTi qmedebis ganxorcielebisagan. amdenad, holandiasa da, albaT,
saqarTveloSic pirovnebas ekisreba movaleoba, yvela garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiT, keTilsindisierad daexmaros safrTxeSi aRmoCenil pirs.
magaliTad, Tu manqana daejaxeba fexiT mosiarules da mZRoli gaiqceva
SemTxvevis adgilidan, axlomaxlo gamvleli pirovneba, romelic dainaxavs, rom trotuarze mwoliare piri sisxlisagan icleba, kanonis Tanaxmad,
movalea, daexmaros dazaralebuls Tavisi SesaZleblobis farglebSi da,
sul mcire, gaafrTxilos policia da dauZaxos saswrafo daxmarebas. mas
ufleba ar aqvs, ubralod, gverdze Cauaros mgzavrs da ise moiqces, TiTqos
araferi daunaxavs.
3.7. meore, sabolood mosamarTlem unda gadawyvitos, Tu ras niSnavs kanonsawinaaRmdego qmedeba. zog SemTxvevaSi, es naTelia. gansakuTrebiT maSin,
roca arsebobs kanoniT gansazRvruli qcevis wesebi. magaliTad, nider
landebSic da saqarTveloSic moZraobis wesebi sxvadasxva satransporto
aqtiTa da wesiT regulirdeba. manqanis mZRoli, romelic arRvevs am aqtebsa da wesebs, ssk-is
992-e
muxlis da
hsk-is
6:162
muxlebis Tanaxmad, ukanonobas sCadis. Tumca, qcevis wesebi dauwerel kanonebsa da CveulebebSic gvxvdeba. magaliTad, holandiaSi deliqturi valdebulebis Sesaxeb kanonSi
zogadi wesis formulireba im farTo gagebiT, rogorc amJamadaa miRebuli,
ukavSirdeba 1919 wels uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebaSi mocemul
Sesabamis ganmartebas. uzenaesma sasamarTlom gadawyvita, rom dadgenili
socialuri qcevis sawinaaRmdego qmedeba ukanonobas warmoadgenda. am
SemTxvevaSi, dadgenili socialuri qcevis sawinaaRmdegod iqna miCneuli
damqiraveblis mier sxva konkurenti damqiraveblis TanamSromelTan saidumlo molaparakebebis warmoeba im mizniT, rom am ukanasknels daerRvia
arsebuli xelSekruleba da masTan daewyo muSaoba. niderlandebSi es iyo
arasamarTliani konkurenciis pirveli precedenti, romelic dauwereli
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kanonis wesebs efuZneboda. msgavs SemTxvevas londonSic vxvdebiT, sadac

1932 wels lordTa palatam cnobil saqmesTan _ donogu
stivensonis
wi
naaRmdeg _ dakavSirebiT SemoiRo sifrTxilis dacvis movaleoba, rogorc
deliqturi valdebulebis zogadi cneba.
3.8. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsisagan gansxvavebiT, niderlandebSi
kanonmdebelma dawvrilebiT ganmarta ukanono qmedebis cneba, Tumca, sakmaod bundovnad, magram mainc aRniSna, rom ZiriTadad mosamarTlem unda
gadawyvitos, Tu ra warmoadgens ukanono qmedebas. hsk-is 6:162 muxlis me-2
nawilis Tanaxmad: ìm SemTxvevis garda, roca arsebobs mtkicebis safuZveli, ukanonod SeiZleba miviCnioT Semdegi qmedeba: uflebis Selaxva da
qmedeba an umoqmedoba, romelic arRvevs kanoniT dakisrebul movaleobas
an dadgenili socialuri qcevis Sesabamis dauwerel wesebs.~
3.9. rogorc aRiniSna, imisaTvis, rom dadges kanondamrRvevis samoqalaqo
pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi, aucilebelia, misi moqmedeba gaufrTxileblobiT iyos ganpirobebuli. pirs, romelic SemTxveviT miayenebs vnebas sxva
pirs, ar SeiZleba daekisros zianis anazRaurebis valdebuleba, Tu aseTi
qmedebis Tavidan acileba SeuZlebeli iyo. iseT sazogadoebaSi cxovreba,
romelTa wevrebic TavianTi bunebiT srulyofilebamde Sors arian da
bevr Secdomas sCadian, SeuZlebeli iqneboda, Tu am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT sxva midgoma ar iqneboda. amdenad, unda vivaraudoT, rom aRniSnuli
wesis ukan garkveuli argumentaciaa, romlis miRmac sxva samarTlebrivi
wesi igulisxmeba, kerZod is, rom sazogadoebis yvela wevrma TviTon unda
ataros Tavisi ziani. es wesi da principi jer kidev romaul samarTalSi arsebobda.
3.10. im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca piris qmedeba kanonsawinaaRmdegoa da, amave
dros, gaufrTxileblobiT ganpirobebuli, riTac mesame pirs miadga ziani,
aucilebeli ar aris, dadges piris pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi. calke winapirobaa, rom qmedeba mas miewerebodes. miuxedavad am winapirobis arsebobisa, hss-is 6:162 muxlis I nawilisagan gansxvavebiT, ssk-is 992-e muxlSi mas ar
vxvdebiT, Tumca, is mainc deliqturi valdebulebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos
zogadi wesis nawils warmoadgens. es SegviZlia vnaxoT ssk-is 993-e _ 996-e
muxlebis magaliTze, romlis Tanaxmad, aTi wlis asaks miuRweveli piri,
Wkuasusti an suliT avadmyofi an droebiT ugono an sulieri moSlilobis
mdgomareobaSi myofi piri pasuxs ar agebs miyenebuli zianisaTvis. msgavsi debuleba niderlandebSic moqmedebs, Tumca, midgoma gansxvavebulia.
holandiuri samarTlis mixedviT, dauSvebelia, dadges ToTxmeti wlis
asaks qvemoT bavSvis pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi (muxli 6:164). rac Seexeba
ToTxmeti wlis zemoT piris Wkuasustobas an invalidobas, holandiuri
samoqalaqo
kodeqsi, am SemTxvevaSi, samoqalaqo samarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas ar gamoricxavs (hsk-is 6:165, nawili 1-li).
3.11. rogorc qarTul, ise holandiur
samarTalSi arsebobs deliqtu

ri valdebulebis konkretuli wesebi, romlis saerTo damaxasiaTebeli
Tviseba aris is, rom piri pasuxismgebelia deliqturi valdebulebisTvis
maSinac, Tu qmedeba gulgrilobiT ar iyo ganpirobebuli, an is saerTod
ar moqmedebda. es is magaliTebia, romelsac inglisSi `mkacr pasuxismgeblobas~ uwodeben. amdenad, mosarCeles ar sWirdeba amtkicos, rom mopasuxe gulgrilobiT moqmedebda. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli wesebi exeba
konkretul SemTxvevebs, romelSic, marTalia, miRebulia deliqturi val-
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debulebis Sesaxeb zogadi cnebidan amosvla, radganac zianis gamomwvevi

moqmedeba konkretuli safrTxis matarebelia, an radganac arsebobs urTierToba delikventsa da pasuxisgebaSi micemul pirs Soris, romelic amtkicebs, rom mesame pirisaTvis miyenebuli ziani mesame pirisaTvis ar iyo
gamiznuli.
3.12. rac Seexeba safrTxis gamomwvevi qmedebisaTvis mkacr pasuxismgeblobas, sxvadasxva samarTlebriv sistemas bevri saerTo moepoveba, Tumca, detalebSi gansxvavebebsac vxvdebiT. magaliTad, saqarTveloSi, iseve
rogorc holandiaSi, mkacri pasuxismgebloba moqmedebs
Senoba-nagebobebis
(ssk-is
1004-e
muxli da
hsk-is
6:174
muxli), mometebuli safrTxis matarebeli nagebobebis (ssk-is me-1000 muxli da hsk-is 6:175 muxli), cxovelebis
(ssk-is 1003-e muxli da hsk-is 6:179 muxli) da uxarisxo produqtiT (sskis 1009-e muxli da hsk-is 6:179 muxli) gamowveuli zianisaTvis. am msgavsi
magaliTebis garda, saqarTvelos kanonSi mkacri pasuxismgeblobis doqtrina moqmedebs satransporto saSualebebis moqmedebaze (ssk-is 999-e
muxli) da holandiur samarTalSi _ maRaroelTa saqmianobaze.
3.13. mkacr pasuxismgeblobas sxva piris mier Cadenili qmedebis an umoqmedobisaTvis, am pirsa da realur samarTaldamrRvevs Soris arsebuli
gansakuTrebuli urTierTobis gamo, xSirad `sxva piris magivrad aRebul
pasuxismgeblobas~ uwodeben. rogorc qarTul, ise holandiur
samarTalSi, amis naTeli magaliTia mSoblis pasuxismgebloba Svilis mier Cadenil

saqcielze, romlis pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxic ver dadgeba (ssk-is 994-e
muxlis meore punqti,
hsk-is
6:169
muxli). holandiuri
samarTlisagan gansxvavebiT, saqarTvelos kanonSi mSoblebi pasuxs ar ageben, Tu maT am zianis

acileba ar SeuZliaT. holandiur samarTalSi es wesi mxolod mSoblebis
solidaruli pasuxismgeblobis SemTxvevaSi moqmedebs, rodesac maTi
Svili ukanono qmedebas sCadis (is unda iyos ToTxmeti wlis, magram ara
Teqvsmet wels zemoT) (hsk-is 6:169 muxli, nawili me-2). sxva piris magivrad
aRebuli pasuxismgeblobis meore magaliTia damqiraveblis solidaruli
pasuxismgebloba samsaxurebrivi movaleobis Sesrulebisas daqiravebulis
mier ganxorcielebuli ukanono qmedebisaTvis (ssk-is muxli 997 da hsk-is
muxli 170, nawili 1-li). aRsaniSnavia, rom holandiisagan gansxvavebiT,
qarTul kodeqsSi ar arsebobs calke debuleba, romelic daaregulirebs
saxelmwifos pasuxismgeblobas misi mosamsaxuris mier Cadenili ukanono
qmedebisaTvis (ssk-is 1005 muxli). es exeba mxolod iseT SemTxvevas, roca
saxelmwifo mosamsaxure ganzrax an uxeSi gaufrTxileblobiT moqmedebda.
4. davalebis gareSe sxvisi saqmeebis Sesruleba

4.1. ra Tqma unda, miuRebelia, roca pirovneba nebarTvis gareSe ereva sxvis
saqmeebSi, magram Tu es sapatio mizeziT aris ganpirobebuli, kanoni aseT
qmedebas mxars uWers. amdenad, gamarTlebuli da dasaSvebia, Tu saxls xanZari gauCnda saxlis mepatronis SvebulebaSi yofnis dros, mezobeli ecados cecxlis Caqrobas da mimarTos yvela saWiro RonisZiebas, raTa saxli
da aveji Semdgomi zianisagan gadaarCinos, miuxedavad imisa, rom saxlis
mepatrones misTvis aseTi brZaneba ar miucia.
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4.2. amasTan dakavSirebiT, or sakiTxze unda gavamaxviloT yuradReba.

pirveli: rogorc qarTuli, ise holandiuri samarTali ambobs, rom Tuki
pirovnebas aseT dros sxvisi saqmeebis Sesruleba uxdeba, mas ekisreba valdebuleba, isini keTilsindisierad Seasrulos (ssk-is 969-e muxli da hskis muxli 6:199, nawili 1-li). holandiis samoqalaqo kodeqsis Sesabamisi
debuleba ganavrcobs am azrs da ambobs, rom piri, romelic sxvis saqmeSi
CaerTo, valdebulia, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, gaagrZelos sxvisi saqmeebis
marTva.
4.3. meore: orive samarTlebriv sistemaSi pirs, romlis saqmesac asruleben, ekisreba arasaxelSekrulebo valdebuleba, aunazRauros misi saqmis
Semsrulebel pirovnebas. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 973-e muxlis
Tanaxmad: `Semsrulebels ufleba aqvs, moiTxovos gaweuli xarjebis anazRaureba, romelic, saqmis garemoebebidan gamomdinare, aucileblad iqna
miCneuli.~ holandiuri samoqalaqo kodeqsis 6:200 muxlis, 1-li nawilis
Tanaxmad ki: `dainteresebulma mxarem unda aunazRauros sxvisi saqmeebis Semsrulebels im zianisaTvis, romelic mas miadga am mxaris saqmeebis
Sesrulebisas, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom misi interesic saTanadod iyos
daculi.~ am muxlidan aSkarad Cans, rom arc erTi samarTlebrivi sistema
sxvisi saqmeebis Semsrulebels ar aniWebs uflebas, moiTxovos anazRaureba. mizezi ki, udavod mdgomareobs SemdegSi: unda aRikveTos erTi piris
mier meores saqmeSi Carevis waxaliseba im imediT, rom, kanonis ZaliT, mas
sargeblis miRebis saSualeba eqneba.
5. usafuZvlo anazRaureba an Sesruleba

5.1. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, erTmaneTisagan unda ganvasxvaoT usafuZvlo
anazRaureba an Sesruleba, rogorc arasaxelSekrulebo valdebulebis
Sedegi da usafuZvlo gamdidreba, rogorc
arasaxelSekrulebo
valdebulebis Sedegi. pirvel SemTxvevaSi, movaleoba warmoiSoba im mizeziT, rom
pirovnebam gadasca sxvas qoneba, an gadauxada Tanxa, anda Seasrula valdebuleba im rwmeniT, rom is kanonis moTxovnis an sxva raime mizezis gamo ase
unda moqceuliyo, Tumca, realurad ar arsebobda, an ukve aRar arsebobda
aseTi mizezi Tu valdebuleba. sakiTxis TvalsaCinoebis mizniT, ganvixilavT ramdenime magaliTs.
5.2. ganvixiloT yvelaze gavrcelebuli da martivi magaliTi. a-m da b-m
gadawyvites meorad manqanebze nasyidobis xelSekrulebis dadeba. a Tanxmdeba, rom b-sgan manqana 2,500 larad SeiZinos. garigebis dasrulebis Semdeg,
romlis Tanaxmadac, a-m manqanis Tanxa gadaixada, xolo b-m sanacvlod mas
manqana gadasca, a aRmoaCens, rom manqana Zalian cud mdgomareobaSia da b-m
is SecdomaSi Seiyvana. es warmoadgens xelSekrulebidan gasvlis an misi baTilad cnobis safuZvels. xelSekrulebidan gasvlis an misi baTilad cnobis SemTxvevaSi, es niSnavs, rom, erTi mxriv, manqanis b-dan a-sTvis gadacema
da, meore mxriv, a-s mier b-sTvis 2,500 laris gadaxda kanonier safuZvels
moklebulia (sine causa, rogorc es romaul samarTalSia mocemuli). a-m
unda daubrunos b-s manqana, xolo b-m, arasaxelSekrulebo valdebulebis
safuZvelze, daubrunos ukan a-s 2,500 lari. Tu b uars ganacxadebs Tanxis
ukan dabrunebaze, maSin a-s SeuZlia uCivlos b-s usafuZvlo anazRaurebis
safuZvelze.
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5.3. ganvixiloT kidev erTi magaliTi. fostalions SecdomiT miaqvs saukeTeso qarTuli Rvinis boTlebis Sekvra baraTaSvilis aRmarTze, #12-Si
mcxovreb mSvenier qalbaton c-sTvis. realurad, es Rvino a-m mis megobar
gogona b-s
dabadebis dReze saCuqrad gaugzavna, romelic aseve baraTaSvilis aRmarTze, #10-Si cxovrobs. ra Tqma unda, c-m
es Sekvra, samarTlebrivi safuZvlis gareSe, SecdomiT miiRo. Sesabamisad, a-s
ufleba aqvs, moiTxovos Rvinis dabruneba an c-s mier b-sTvis am Sekvris gagzavna. amrigad,
c-s akisria arasaxelSekrulebo valdebuleba, rom daabrunos Sekvra. am
SemTxvevaSi, qoneba gadaecema iseT pirs, romelic ar aris kreditori.
5.4. davuSvaT, rom irakli abaSiZem gadawyvita, sadResaswaulod imogzauros
holandiaSi saqarTvelos aviaxazebiT. Tumca, aviaxazebis erT-erTi TanamSromlis daudevrobiT, igi aRmoCndeba sxva TviTmfrinavSi da ukana gzaze
iaponiaSi uxdeba wasvla. mas, ra Tqma unda, SeuZlia gavides kontraqtidan, an moiTxovos Tanxis ukan dabruneba (rom aRaraferi vTqvaT Semdgomi
zianis Sesaxeb) usafuZvlo anazRaurebis gamo. meore mxriv, saqarTvelos
aviaxazebs ufleba aqvs, daibrunos misi Sesruleba (ukana gzaze iaponiaSi
mgzavroba), radgan misi Sesruleba samarTlebriv safuZvels moklebulia.
cxadia, am SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelos aviaxazebis Sesrulebis dabruneba
SeuZlebelia, amdenad, abaSiZem aviakompanias unda aunazRauros TanxiT.
Tumca, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom saqarTvelos aviaxazebis Sesruleba
abaSiZisaTvis usargebloa, aRniSnuli aviakompaniis mxridan kompensaciis
moTxovna ar dakmayofildeba. magram warmovidginoT, rom abaSiZe unda wasuliyo holandiaSi (rogorc es mas surda), magram saqarTvelos aviaxazebis erT-erTi TanamSromlis gulgrilobiT Cadenili Secdomis gamo abaSiZe
Tbilisis
aeroportidan
holandiis samefo aviaxazebiT gafrinda amster
damSi.
imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom mas ar sWirdeba saqarTvelos aviaxazebisaTvis Tanxis gadaxda, holandiis samefo aviaxazebs ufleba aqvs, abaSiZisagan moiTxovos Sesrulebis dabruneba, radgan es qmedeba samarTlebriv
safuZvels moklebuli iyo. xolo, vinaidan qmedebis naturiT dabruneba
SeuZlebelia, abaSiZem unda gadaixados sakmao Tanxa savaraudod, man es
Tanxa saqarTvelos aviaxazebisagan unda miiRos sanacvlod.
5.5. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, arasaxelSekrulebo valdebuleba, romelic
ukavSirdeba usafuZvlo anazRaurebas an valdebulebis Sesrulebas, exeba
iseT SemTxvevebs, roca mxareebs hgoniaT, an erT-erT mxares iseTi warmodgena aqvs Seqmnili, rom mas akisria gadaxdis, gadacemis an moqmedebis
Sesrulebis samarTlebrivi valdebuleba, rac realurad ar arsebobs. usafuZvlo anazRaurebis an moqmedebis Sesrulebis dros
arasaxelSekrulebo
valdebulebis ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli aris is, rom pirovnebam, vinc ganaxorciela gadaxda, gadacema an Sesruleba, ufleba aqvs, ukan miiRos misi
Tanxa an Sesrulebis Sedegad miRebuli qoneba. Tuki saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqss Tvals gavadevnebT, mivxvdebiT, rom kodeqsic am struqturiTaa agebuli. Tumca, Cveni azriT, arc ise gamarTlebulia, rom es aras
axelSekrulebo valdebuleba regulirdeba TavSi, romelsac ùsafuZvlo
gamdidreba~ ewodeba. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 976-e Tavis 1-li
nawilis Tanaxmad: pirs, romelmac sxvas valdebulebis Sesasruleblad
raime gadasca, SeuZlia mosTxovos fsevdo kreditors (mimRebs) misi ukan
dabruneba, Tu: à) valdebuleba garigebis baTilobis an sxva safuZvlis
gamo ar arsebobs, ar warmoiSoba an Sewyda SemdgomSi.~ igive principia gatarebuli samoqalaqo kodeqsis
978-e
muxlSi, romlis mixedviT, pirovnebas, romelic meore pirs iZulebis an muqaris safuZvelze gadascems raimes,
ufleba aqvs, moiTxovos misi ukan dabruneba.
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5.6. zemoT ganxilul SemTxvevebSi, mosarCeles ufleba eniWeba, daibrunos

gadaxdili Tanxa an gadacemuli qoneba, anda, Tu Sesrulebis dabruneba
SeuZlebelia, sanacvlod miiRos Tanxa. es azri gatarebulia ssk-is 979-e
muxlis
1-l
da me-2
nawilebSi, romelTa Tanaxmad: `1. ukan dabrunebis moTxovna vrceldeba SeZenilsa da miRebul sargebelze (....) 2. Tu ukan dabruneba SeuZlebelia gadacemuli sagnis mdgomareobis gamo, an Tu mimRebs raime
mizeziT ar SeuZlia sagnis ukan dabruneba, maSin man unda aanazRauros misi
saerTo Rirebuleba.~ wesi, romlis Tanaxmadac, Sesrulebis ganxorcieleba sruliad usargebloa fsevdo kreditorisaTvis, rogorc es abaSiZisa da
saqarTvelos aviaxazebis SemTxvevaSi iyo da ar arsebobs sxva mxarisTvis
anazRaurebis valdebuleba, mocemulia ssk-is 979-e muxlis me-3 nawilSi,
romlis Tanaxmad: `3. ar arsebobs anazRaurebis movaleoba, Tu mimRebi, sagnis moxmarebis, sxvisTvis gadacemis, daRupvis, gauaresebis an sxva safuZvlis gamo, arc sagniT da arc misi RirebulebiT ar gamdidrebula.~
5.7.
holandiuri
samarTali am aspeqtSi gansxvavdeba qarTuli samarTlisagan. hsk-is 6:203 muxli, anazRaurebis valdebulebasTan dakavSirebiT,
ambobs: `1. pirs, romelmac sxvas gadasca qoneba samarTlebrivi safuZvlis gareSe, ufleba aqvs, gamoiTxovos igi mimRebisagan, rogorc usafuZvlo anazRaureba. 2. Tu usafuZvlo anazRaureba exeba fulad Tanxas,
restituciis moTxovna SeiZleba wayenebul iqnes imave Tanxaze. 3. pirs,
romelmac samarTlebrivi safuZvlis gareSe moaxdina sxva xasiaTis Sesruleba, aseve ufleba aqvs, moiTxovos misi dabruneba mimRebisagan.~ hsk-is
6:210 muxli exeba iseT SemTxvevas, roca Sesrulebis dabruneba naturiT
SeuZlebelia, agreTve, problemas, roca pirovnebam sxvas unda aunazRauros misTvis usargeblo Sesrulebis safasuri: `Tuki, valdebulebis xasiaTidan gamomdinare, SeuZlebelia moqmedebis dabruneba, misi Rirebulebis
anazRaureba, miRebis droisaTvis gonivrulobis farglebSi, SeiZleba sxva
saxiT moxdes, Tuki mimRebi valdebulebis SesrulebiT gamdidrda, an Tu
valdebulebis Sesruleba SeiZleba mas mieweros sanacvlo valdebulebis
Sesrulebaze Tanxmobis SemTxvevaSi.~
6. usafuZvlo gamdidreba
6.1. usafuZvlo gamdidrebis doqtrina exeba iseT SemTxvevebs, roca mesame
piri iRebs raimes (fuls, qonebas an sxva Sesrulebas) samarTlebrivi safuZvlis gareSe. Tumca, zemoT ganxiluli SemTxvevebisagan gansxvavebiT,
piri, romelic mesame piris mdgomareobas aumjobesebs, ar aris informirebuli mesame piris arsebobis Sesaxeb da, Sesabamisad, arc am mesame piris
mdgomareobis gaumjobesebas isaxavda miznad. es SemTxvevebi, ra Tqma unda,
moicavs usafuZvlo gadaxdas, qonebis gadacemas an valdebulebis Sesrulebas, Tumca, gansxvaveba usafuZvlo gamdidrebasa da zemoT ganxilul
SemTxvevebs Soris samarTlebriv SedegebSi mdgomareobs. ZiriTadi sxvaoba isaa, rom usafuZvlo gamdidrebis dros mosarCeles ufleba ara aqvs,
moiTxovos misi Sesrulebis sruli anazRaureba. am SemTxvevaSi, ZiriTadi
kriteriumia, Tu ramdenad gaumjobesda mopasuxes mdgomareoba. da Tu ase
moxda, mas ekisreba valdebuleba, meore mxares aunazRauros maqsimum mxolod im raodenobiT, ra raodenobiTac misi qonebis Rirebulebam moimata
da ara imaze meti, vidre mosarCele Tavisi SesrulebiT `gaRaribda~. garda
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vaSi ekisreba anazRaurebis valdebuleba, Tu kompensacia gonivrulia.

miuxedavad mdgomareobis gaumjobesebisa, mopasuxem ar unda gadauxados
mosarCeles, Tu Sesrulebis Sedegi misTvis arasasurveli aRmoCnda, miuxedavad imisa, rom am Sesrulebis dabruneba SeuZlebelia. ganvixiloT Sesabamisi magaliTi:
6.2. Tamaz gersamia aris TbilisSi, ninoSvilis quCa #46-Si mdebare saxlis
mepatrone. man mebaResTan dado xelSekruleba, misi Svebulebis periodSi
baRis movla-galamazebis
Taobaze. mebaRem, SecdomiT, ninoSvilis gamzirze #46-Si
mdebare SoTa arvelaZis baRi gaalamaza, romelsac lamaz baRiani sacxovrebeli aqvs da Svebulebis gamo agreTve ar imyofeboda saxlSi,
roca mebaRem es saqmianoba ganaxorciela. mebaRis mier Catarebuli saqmianobis Sedegad, arvelaZis sacxovrebeli saxlis Rirebuleba arsebiTad
gaizarda. Tuki arvelaZes TviTon eqneboda survili, rom misi baRi ise
gaumjobesebuliyo, rogorc am SemTxvevaSi misi mezoblis mebaRem gaakeTa,
gonivruli iqneboda, rom arvelaZes misi mezoblis mebaRisaTvis gadaexada
saxlis gazrdili Rirebuleba, magaliTad, 5,000 lari. magram, Tuki Tamaz
gersamiasa da mebaRes Soris dadebuli xelSekruleba
4,000
larze iyo, maSin arvelaZes ar sWirdeba gadaixados 4,000 larze meti, miuxedavad imisa,
rom Sesrulebuli samuSaoTi saxlis Rirebuleba 5,000 lariT gaizarda.
meore mxriv, Tuki xelSekruleba
6,000
larze iqneboda dadebuli, ar SeiZleba arvelaZes daekisros 5,000 larze metis gadaxdis valdebuleba. Tu
arvelaZes saerTod ar moewona baRi da baRis gaumjobesebisTvis fuls ar
xarjavs, mas ver daakisreben aseT valdebulebas.
6.3. usafuZvlo gamdidrebis es principi asaxulia samoqalaqo kodeqsis
987-e muxlSi, romlis Tanaxmad: `pirs, romelmac Segnebulad an SecdomiT
xarjebi gaswia meore piris qonebaze, SeuZlia misgan moiTxovos Tavisi
danaxarjebis anazRaureba, Tuki meore piri amiT gamdidrda. holandiur
samarTalSi analogis povna SesaZlebelia 6:212
muxlSi, romlis Tanaxmadac: `sxvis xarjze usafuZvlod gamdidrebulma pirma, gonivrulobis

farglebSi, unda aanazRauros is Tanxa, rac misi usafuZvlo gamdidrebiT
sxva pirma izarala.~ rogorc vnaxeT, holandiur samarTalSi anazRaurebis
valdebuleba gonivrulobis farglebSi unda eqceodes. miuxedavad imisa,
rom termins `gonivruli~ saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsSi ar vxvdebiT,
rogorc Cans da rogorc magaliTebi cxadyofs, sadavo ar unda iyos, rom
anazRaurebis wesSi es piroba igulisxmeba. ase rom ar iyos, cota ucnauri
iqneboda, pirovnebas aenazRaurebina im gamdidrebisaTvis, romelic misi
nebis miuxedavad moxda. paraleli SeiZleba gaivlos davalebis gareSe
sxvisi saqmeebis SesrulebasTan. usafuZvlo gamdidrebis doqtrinasTan
mimarTebiT, kanonma ufleba ar unda misces pirebs, Caerion sxva pirebis
saqmianobaSi im imediT, rom kanoni maT sanacvlo anazRaurebis miRebis
uflebas miscems.
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Tavi 6
saxelSekrulebo samarTali
1. xelSekrulebis Tavisufleba
1.1. rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, saxelSekrulebo samarTlis mTavari principia xelSekrulebis Tavisufleba. es principi, sul cota or rames niSnavs
an, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, or qve-princips moicavs. pirveli, Tavisufal
da demokratiul sazogadoebaSi nebismier pirs, fizikurs Tu iuridiuls,
mag., SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoebas, aqvs ufleba, dados
xelSekruleba an Tavi Seikavos xelSekrulebis dadebisgan. da meore,
xelSemkvrel mxareebs Tavisuflad SeuZliaT gadawyviton, rogori tipis
xelSekrulebis dadeba surT da ra unda iyos am xelSekrulebis Sinaarsi.
mxareebs SeuZliaT dadon xelSekrulebebi, romlebic gaTvaliswinebulia
samoqalaqo kodeqsiT, magaliTad,
nardobis
xelSekruleba da xelSekrulebaSi Caweron pirobebi, romlebsac samoqalaqo kodeqsi iTvaliswinebs
mocemuli tipis xelSekrulebisTvis, xolo Tu pirobebs ar Caweren, igulisxmeba, rom isini SeTanxmdnen samoqalaqo kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebul
pirobebze. agreTve, mxareebs SeuZliaT, mTlianad an nawilobriv, gadauxvion samoqalaqo kodeqsiT dadgenil pirobebs da Tavad SeTanxmdnen
maTTvis sasurvel pirobebze. mxareebs aseve SeuZliaT dadon iseTi xelSekruleba, romelic konkretulad regulirebuli ar aris samoqalaqo
kodeqsiT. samoqalaqo kodeqsSi reglamentirebul xelSekrulebebsa da
samoqalaqo kodeqsiT arareglamentirebul xelSekrulebebs, Cveulebriv,
uwodeben
saxeldebul
xelSekrulebebs (romlebic regulirebulia kodeqsiT) da
arasaxeldebul
xelSekrulebebs (romlebic ar aris regulirebuli kodeqsiT). xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis es fundamenturi principi
mocemulia ssk-is 319-e muxlis pirvel punqtSi.
1.2. xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis principis ganuyofeli nawilia is, rom
mosamarTles ar SeuZlia Caerios saxelSekrulebo urTierTobaSi da TviT
xelSekrulebaSi Tavisi mosazrebiT, Tu ra aris samarTliani an gonivruli. xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis principi gulisxmobs, rom mxareebi
TviTon wyveten am sakiTxs da mosamarTlem unda miiRos is, razec mxareebi
SeTanxmdnen. SeiZleba, mosamarTle calkeul SemTxvevaSi Tvlides, rom
xelSekruleba arasamarTliania, magram man unda daicvas iuridiuli principi, rom misi movaleoba da amocana ar aris am saqmeSi Careva. mxareebma
TviTon unda gadawyviton, rogori urTierToba iqonion erTmaneTTan. rogorc SemdgomSi iqneba ganxiluli, imavdroulad yovelTvis gasagebi araa,
ras izraxavdnen mxareebi an raze SeTanxmdnen isini, ra SemTxvevaSic ikveTeba mosamarTlis roli gadawyvitos, ra aris xelSekrulebis Sinaarsi.
1.3. rogorc me-4 TavSi ukve aRiniSna, nebismier samarTlis sistemaSi, maT
Soris qarTulSi, zemoxsenebuli xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis principi
ar aris SeuzRudavi. am sakiTxs mokled Sevexebi.
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2. xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis SezRudva

2.1 pirvel rigSi, unda iTqvas, rom zogierTi xelSekruleba saerTod ar
SeiZleba daidos anu zogierT saxelSekrulebo pirobaze saerTod ar SeiZleba SeTanxmeba. xelSekruleba an saxelSekrulebo piroba ar unda arRvevdes sajaro wesrigs, ewinaaRmdegebodes sajaro interess an kanoniT gansazRvrul interesebs. xolo Tu xelSekruleba an saxelSekrulebo piroba
warmoadgens aseT darRvevas an aseT winaaRmdegobas, maSin kanoni ar aRiarebs moqalaqeTa Soris msgavsi SeTanxmebis savaldebulo Zalas, Tundac
orive mxares ewados SeTanxmeba.
Teoriul-samarTlebrivi
saxelwodeba xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis amgvari SezRudvisa aris is, rom xelSekruleba an calkeuli saxelSekrulebo piroba, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba, magaliTad, sajaro wesrigs, baTilia. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsSi zogadi
wesi amasTan dakavSirebiT mocemulia 54-e muxlSi: `baTilia
garigeba, romelic arRvevs kanoniT dadgenil wessa da akrZalvebs, ewinaaRmdegeba
sajaro wesrigs an zneobis normebs.~
2.2. zog SemTxvevaSi, mxareebs SeuZliaT dadon raime konkretuli xelSekruleba, magram Tavisuflad ar SeuZliaT gansazRvron misi Sinaarsi. anu
xelSekrulebis dadebisas maT ar SeuZliaT daadginon kanoniT gansazRvrulisgan gansxvavebuli pirobebi. savaldebulo xasiaTis aseTi pirobebi umTavresad moipoveba im xelSekrulebebSi, romlebSic, kanonmdeblis
azriT, erTi mxare ufro Zlier poziciaSi, ris gamoc ufro sust poziciaSi
myof meore mxares esaWiroeba gansakuTrebuli dacva kanoniT. holandiis
samoqalaqo kodeqsSi yvelaze xSiri magaliTebi moipoveba SromiT xelSekrulebebTan da sacxovrebeli farTis qiravnobis xelSekrulebebTan dakavSirebiT. magaliTad, hsk-is
7:617
muxlis pirveli nawili, SromiT xelSekrulebasTan dakavSirebiT, adgens: `1. SeTanxmebuli fasis gadaxdis forma
SeiZleba iyos mxolod: a. fuladi ...~ aseTi debulebebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia
baTilobis
specifikuri Tviseba: Tu, magaliTad, mxareebi SeTanxmdnen, rom SeTanxmebuli fasis gadaxdis forma iqneba is, rom muSaks eqneba
damqiraveblis manqaniT sargeblobis ufleba, maSin
baTili
iqneba ara mTlianad xelSekruleba, aramed mxolod akrZaluli piroba da am akrZalul
pirobas Caenacvleba kanoniT dadgenili piroba, romelic gaxdeba xelSekrulebis nawili da uflebas miscems muSaks, SeTanxmebuli formis miuxedavad, miiRos gasamrjelo fuladi saxiT.
2.3. xelSekrulebis dadebisTvis, zogadad, raime forma gansazRvruli ar
aris. mxolod is faqti, rom ori mxare zepirad SeTanxmdnen, niSnavs, rom
xelSekruleba daido. amitom, xelSekruleba, zogadad, rogorc laTinurad ewodeba, aris nudum pactum. am principidan SeiZleba, sxvaTa Soris,
warmoiSvas problema, rom, radgan xelSekruleba SeiZleba iolad daidos,
mxarem SesaZloa xelSekruleba dados winaswar saTanadod gauazreblad,
anu SemdgomSi SeiZleba inanos, rom ase moiqca. magram es sinanuli gviani
iqneba. garda amisa, Tu mxareebs Soris uTanxmoebaa, maT SeiZleba daiwyon
kamaTi, daido Tu ara xelSekruleba. da Tu xelSekruleba zepirad daido,
ra Tqma unda, SeiZleba sadavo iyos, Tu ra pirobebze SeTanxmdnen mxareebi.
swored am sirTulis Tavidan asacileblad, kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs
garkveul formas zog SemTxvevaSi. amis naTeli magaliTi moipoveba sskis 323-e muxlSi, romlis Tanaxmad: `xelSekruleba, romliTac erTi mxare
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iRebs valdebulebas, uZrav nivTze sakuTreba gadasces sxvas an SeiZinos

igi, unda damowmdes sanotaro wesiT.~ agreTve, magaliTad, ssk-is 506-e
muxlis pirvel nawilSi naTqvamia: `1. ganvadebiT nasyidobis xelSekruleba
unda daidos werilobiT.~ es debuleba niSnavs imas, rom Tu xelSekruleba
ar aris dadebuli werilobiTi formiT, maSin xelSekruleba dadebuli ar
aris, Tundac gamyidvelma daamtkicos, rom mxareebi SeTanxmdnen an Tundac
meore mxarem daadasturos, rom is daeTanxma gamyidvelis SeTavazebas. aseTi tipis debulebebi gansxvavdeba iseTi debulebebisgan, rogoricaa, magaliTad, ssk-is 624-e muxli, romlis Tanaxmad: `sesxis xelSekruleba ideba
zepirad. mxareTa SeTanxmebiT SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes werilobiTi
formac. zepiri xelSekrulebis dros misi namdviloba ar SeiZleba dadgindes mxolod mowmeTa CvenebebiT.~ Teoriulad, es debuleba ar moiTxovs
raime formalobas xelSekrulebis dadebisTvis. Teoriulad, igi mxolod
mtkicebis wess Seicavs. magram praqtikaSi gansxvaveba naklebia, radgan am
debulebis praqtikuli Sedegi iqneba is, rom Tu sesxis xelSekruleba werilobiT ar iqna dadebuli, didi albaTobiT, misi aRsruleba SeuZlebeli
gaxdeba.
2.4. xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis SezRudvis kidev erTi saxesxvaoba adre
ukve aRniSnuli ssk-is 319-e muxlis meore nawilia. dominanti mxare ar
aris Tavisufali xelSekrulebis dadebisas pirTan, romelsac surs misgan
saqonlis an momsaxurebis SeZena. am wesis gavrcelebuli konkretuli magaliTi mocemulia ssk-is 670-e muxlSi, romlis mixedviT, piri, romelic
sajarod sTavazobs tvirTis gadazidvas an mgzavrebis gadayvanas, principSi, valdebulia, dados gadazidvis/gadayvanis xelSekruleba Tanabari
pirobebiT.
2.5. magram xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis SezRudva mocemulia ara mxolod saxelSekrulebo samarTlis sferoSi, aramed iuridiuli
qmedunarianobis Sesaxeb zogad wesebSic. amis magaliTia ssk-is me-12 muxlis pirveli
da meore nawilebiT gansazRvruli wesi, rom piri unda iyos 18 wlis asaks
miRweuli, rom SeeZlos sakuTari Tavis SeboWva xelSekrulebis dadebiT.
msgavsi wesi mocemulia, agreTve, ssk-is
58-e
muxlis pirvel nawilSi: `1. ba

Tilia mcirewlovnis an sasamarTlos mier qmeduunarod aRiarebuli piris
nebis gamovlena.~ am wess, rasakvirvelia, bevri gamonaklisi aqvs, romlebic
gawerilia saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis pirveli wignis meore karis
meore TavSi, magram amas ar Sevexebi.
2.6. iuridiuli qmedunarianobis
fenomenis, ase Tu ise, msgavsia piris mdgomareoba, rodesac, is, marTalia, iuridiulad qmedunariania, dados xelSekrulebebi, magram ama Tu im mizeziT moklebulia unars, srulad gaigos,
ras akeTebs xelSekrulebis dadebiT, anu srulad Tavisufali ar aris xelSekrulebis dadebisas an srulad Tavisufali ar aris, dados im Sinaarsis
xelSekruleba, rogoric mas surs. xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis idea gulisxmobs imas, rom xelSekrulebis damdebi piri Tavisufalic aris, dados
xelSekruleba da esmis kidec, ras moqmedebs. kanoni iTvaliswinebs sxvadasxva mdgomareobas, rodesac es moTxovnebi srulad dakmayofilebuli
ar aris da icavs xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis doqtrinas ubralod imiT,
rom ar cnobs xelSekrulebas dadebulad, Tu piri realurad Tavisufali
ar iyo sakuTari survilebis da interesebis SefasebaSi. aseTi SemTxvevebi,
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Cveulebriv, warmoadgens xelSekrulebis baTilobis safuZvels da SeiZleba moSlil iqnes kanoniT daculi piris mier, Tumca, zog SemTxvevaSi, kanoni imdenad miuReblad miiCnevs samarTlebrivi urTierTobis warmoSobas,
rom igi xelSekrulebas baTilad acxadebs.
2.7. aRniSnuli SezRudvis saxeebi mocemulia samoqalaqo kodeqsis ara xelSekrulebebis wignSi, aramed (rogorc saqarTvelos, ise niderlandebis
SemTxvevaSi) kodeqsis im nawilSi, romelic zogadad iuridiul qmedebebs
an garigebebs exeba. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsSi es wesebi mocemulia pirveli wignis meore karSi. niderlandebis SemTxvevaSi ki _ kodeqsis
mesame wignis meore karSi, romelic zogadad iuridiul qmedebebs exeba.
2.8. saqarTveloSic da niderlandebSic
baTils
uwodeben xelSekrulebas, Tu erT-erTi xelSemkvreli
mxare suliT avadmyofia (ssk-is
58-e
muxlis meore nawili, hsk-is 3:34 muxlis pirveli nawili). hsk-is 3:34 muxlis
meore nawilis mixedviT, dasaSvebia suliT avadmyofi piris mier dadebuli
xelSekrulebis moSla. ssk-is
58-e
muxlis meore nawilis teqsti aseT xelSekrulebaze ambobs, rom igi `baTilad SeiZleba CaiTvalos.~ marTalia,
sruli damajereblobiT ver vityvi, magram SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qarTuli
samarTlis mixedviTac, aseTi xelSekruleba aris ara baTili,
aramed SeiZleba baTilad CaiTvalos.

2.9. xelSekrulebis baTilad cnobis cnobili safuZvlebia iZuleba da motyueba, gaTvaliswinebuli saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 85-89
muxlebiT da holandiis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 81-84 muxlebiT (muxli 3:44). igi,

vinc muqariT an motyuebiT aiZula piri, daedo xelSekruleba, ver aiZulebs am meore pirs, rom misTvis savaldebulo Zala hqondes xelSekrulebas. am meore pirzea damokidebuli, moiwonebs xelSekrulebas, Tu moiTxovs mis baTilobas.
2.10. qarTuli samarTalic da holandiuri
samarTalic icnobs cnebas, romelic warmoiSva inglisur samarTalSi saxelwodebiT àrasaTanado gavlena.~ xelSekrulebis Tavisufleba gulisxmobs, rom mxareebi Tanasworni
arian. magram, sinamdvileSi, sruli Tanasworoba da srulad Tanaswori molaparakeba ar arsebobs. garkveuli xarisxis uTanasworobis arseboba xelSekrulebas sadavod ar xdis, ramdenadac kanoni misaRebad miiCnevs uTanasworobis garkveul xarisxs. magram Tu uTanasworoba, ama Tu im mizezis
gamo, metad didia, maSin sust mxares SeiZleba mieniWos dacva im saSualebiT, rom mas SeeZlos im xelSekrulebis moSla, romelic man arsebuli uTanasworobis gavlenis qveS dado. hsk-is 3:44 muxlis me-4 nawilis mixedviT,
arasaTanado gavlenis qveS dadebulad iTvleba xelSekruleba, Tu pirma
igi dado `gansakuTrebuli garemoebebis, rogorc gadaudebeli mdgomareobis, damokidebulebis, qarafSutobis (araseriozulobis), aranormaluri
sulieri mdgomareobis an gamoucdelobis gamo.~ ssk-is
55-e
muxlSi miTiTebulia daculi piris mxolod mZime mdgomareoba an gamoucdeloba, magram aseve miTiTebulia meore piris mier sargeblis miReba `Tavis sabazro
Zalauflebis borotad gamoyenebiT~, rac warmoadgens baTilobis
safuZvels. arasaTanado gavlenis TvalsazrisiT, qarTul samarTalsa da holan

diur samarTals Soris kidev ori mniSvnelovani gansxvavebaa. pirveli,
ssk-is 55-e muxlis pirveli nawilis mixedviT, garigeba SeiZleba baTilad
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CaiTvalos arasaTanado gavlenis gamo, Tu Zlieri mxaris mier gansazRvrul Sesrulebasa da SesrulebisTvis gaTvaliswinebul anazRaurebas
Soris aSkara Seusabamobaa. amgvarad, qarTul samarTalSi ori winapirobaa:
mxareTa Soris unda iyos uTanasworoba da, aseve, aSkara uTanasworoba unda
iyos Sesrulebasa da anazRaurebas Soris. niderlandebSi ki, aucilebeli
ar aris, uTanasworobis arseboba Sesrulebebs Soris. da meore, qarTuli
samarTali, holandiurisgan gansxvavebiT, ganasxvavebs xelSekrulebebs,
romlebic SeiZleba baTilad CaiTvalos arasaTanado gavlenis gamo da
xelSekrulebebs, romlebic baTilia arasaTanado gavlenis gamo. kerZod,
55-e
muxlis meore nawilis mixedviT:
`baTilia
garigeba, romelic dadebulia erTi mxaris mier meoreze gavlenis borotad gamoyenebiT, roca maTi
urTierToba dafuZnebulia gansakuTrebul ndobaze.~ aseT dros, ssk-is
55-e muxlis pirveli nawiliT gansazRvruli SemTxvevisgan gansxvavebiT,
Tanasworoba-uTanasworoba, rogorc Cans, araviTar rols ar asrulebs.
2.11. zogadad, xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis SezRudvad miCneuli, magram arsebiTad sxva xasiaTis, aris Secdoma. es sakiTxi mowesrigebulia
ssk-is 72-80 muxlebiT, anu mocemulia kodeqsis zogad nawilSi, romelic
zogadad iuridiul qmedebebs exeba. holandiis samoqalaqo kodeqsSi ki,
piriqiT, es sakiTxi gansazRvrulia saxelSekrulebo samarTlis zogad nawilSi, kerZod, im nawilSi, romelic xelSekrulebis dadebas exeba. hsk-is
228-e muxlis pirveli nawilis mixedviT: `1. xelSekruleba, romelic daido
Secdomis gavleniT da romelic ar daideboda, faqtebi rom sworad Sefasebuliyo, SeiZleba baTilad iqnes cnobili: a. Tu Secdoma gamowveulia
meore mxaris mier miwodebuli informaciiT, garda im SemTxvevisa, Tu meore mxare varaudobda, rom xelSekruleba daideboda aseTi informaciis miuxedavad; b. Tu meore mxares, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rac man icoda an unda
scodnoda, unda ecnobebina SecdomaSi Sesuli mxarisTvis; g.
Tu meore mxarem xelSekrulebis dadebisas gaakeTa iseTive araswori varaudi, rogorc

SecdomaSi Sesulma mxarem, garda im SemTxvevisa, Tu meore mxare, Tundac
faqtebi sworad Sefasebuliyo, ver mixvdeboda, rom SecdomaSi Sesuli mxare amis gamo xelSekrulebas ver dadebda.~
2.12.
Secdomisas
ar warmoiSoba iseTi sakiTxebi, rogoricaa mxareTa
qmeduunaroba,
mxareTa uTanasworoba an erT-erTi mxaris cudi saqcieli. Secdomis regulireba ubralod exeba imas, Tu ra reagireba unda moaxdinos
samarTalma, Tu xelSekrulebis dadebis Semdeg gairkva, rom erT-erTma
mxarem an Tundac orive mxarem aRmoaCina, rom faqtebi ar Seesabameba maT im
warmodgenebs, romliTac dades xelSekruleba. samarTalma gamyofi xazi
unda gaavlos or Secdomas Soris: pirveli, romelic SecdomaSi Sesuli
mxaris riskia da meore, romelic SecdomaSi Sesul mxares xelSekrulebis
baTilobis moTxovnis uflebas aZlevs. martivi magaliTia, rodesac b Sedis maRaziaSi da surs, iyidos wiTeli Rvinis dekantatori. Tu b-s surs,
iyidos damuSavebul
kristaliani
dekantatori,
magram amis Sesaxeb ar acnobebs maRaziis mflobel a-s da iyidis Cveulebrivi SuSisgan damzadebul
dekantators,
arada,
hgonia, rom iyida damuSavebul kristaliani
dekantatori, maSin b-s marTlac SecdomiT daudia xelSekruleba. magram mxolod

es faqti ar aZlevs b-s
xelSekrulebis baTilobis
moTxovnis uflebas; amisaTvis saWiroa, sul cota, maRaziis mflobel a-sTvis b-s daezustebina,
rom mas kristaliani
dekantatoris
yidva surda. amdenad, Secdomis fenoMYTOPBOOK.ORG
110
meni xelSekrulebis ganmartebasTanac aris kavSirSi. ormxrivi Secdomis

cnobili magaliTia inglisuri saqme, romelic `pierlisis~
saxeliTaa cnobili. a daTanxmda, eyida da b daTanxmda, gaeyida kotonis (bambis) partia,

romelic unda Camosuliyo
`pierlisze
bombeidan~. sinamdvileSi ki bombeidan gamovida ori gemi da orive maTganis saxelwodeba iyo `pierlisi~,
pirveli gamovida oqtomberSi, meore gamovida dekemberSi. mogvianebiT
damtkicda, rom myidveli gulisxmobda oqtomberSi gamosul gems, xolo
gamyidveli gulisxmobda dekemberSi gamosul gems. mosamarTlem gadawyvita, rom myidvels pasuxismgebloba ar daekisreboda dekemberSi gamosul
gemze datvirTuli saqonlis miRebaze uaris Tqmis gamo. gayiduli saqonlis aRweriloba iseTi iyo, rom orive tvirTs miesadageboda da radgan ar
arsebobda sxva garemoeba, romelic mkafiod miuTiTebda mesame dainteresebul mxares, romel tvirTze iyo laparaki, SeuZlebeli gaxda Sepirebis
Sinaarsis dadgena. SeTanxmebuli pirobebis orazrovnebis gamo sasamarTlom daadgina, rom igi moklebuli iyo SesaZleblobas, gamoerkvia, saerTod arsebobda Tu ara raime SeTanxmeba mxareebs Soris.
3. xelSekrulebis ZalaSi Sesvla

3.1. xelSekruleba ZalaSi Sedis, Tu ori an meti mxare nebayoflobiT SeTanxmdeba, rom isini iqnebian
urTierTvaldebuli
im saganze, razec SeTanxmdnen. Cveulebriv, es gamoixateba gamoTqmiT, rom xelSekruleba dadebulia, rodesac arsebobs oferti da am ofertis aqcepti. xelSekruleba
aris ofertis da aqceptis Tanxvedris Sedegi. amitom, imis gadawyvetisas,
dadebulia Tu ara xelSekruleba, mosamarTlem unda daadginos, gaakeTa
Tu ara erTma mxarem SeTavazeba, romelSic gamovlenili iyo am ofertis
SinaarsiT iuridiulad SeboWvis neba da gamoTqva Tu ara meore mxarem am
ofertis
aqceptis
da misi SinaarsiT iuridiulad SeboWvis neba. amitom, xelSekruleba Taviseburad ori Tanxvedri azris iuridiuli damTxvevaa, anu
consensus ad idem rogorc mas romaul samarTalSi ewodeba.
3.2. es idea gamoxatulia ssk-is
327-e
muxlis pirvel nawilSi, romlis Tanaxmad: `xelSekruleba dadebulad iTvleba, Tu mxareebi mis yvela arsebiT
pirobaze SeTanxmdnen saamisod gaTvaliswinebuli formiT.~ igive idea gamoxatulia
hsk-is
6:217
muxlis pirvel nawilSi Semdegi teqstiT: `xelSekrulebas qmnis oferti da misi aqtepti.~
3.3. amitom, aucilebelia dadgindes, arsebobs Tu ara oferti da aqcepti.
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsSi iuridiuli termini òferti~ metnaklebad gansazRvrulia
329-e
muxlis pirvel nawilSi. meore mxriv, iuridiuli termini àqcepti~, marTalia, moipoveba saqarTvelos samoqalaqo
kodeqsSi, magaliTad, 331-e muxlSi, magram mis gansazRvrebas kodeqsi ar
Seicavs.
holandiur
kanonmdeblobaSi arc
oferti
da arc
aqcepti
gansazRvruli ar aris.
3.4. zogjer SeiZleba naTlad iyos gasagebi, dgindeba Tu ara ofertis da
aqceptis arseboba. Tu uZravi qonebis mesakuTre SesTavazebs misi kuTvnili saxlis miyidvas 60 000 larad konkretul pirs, romelmac gamoTqva am
saxlisadmi interesi da daazustebs, rom oferti ZalaSia erTi kviris vaMYTOPBOOK.ORG
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diT da saxlis gadacema moxdeba ofertis gakeTebidan erTi Tvis Semdeg,

am SemTxvevaSi sirTules ar warmoadgens am ofertis gageba. amasTan, Tu es
konkretuli piri am erTi kviris vadaSi calsaxad da upirobod acnobebs
oferents, rom igi Tanaxmaa yvela SemoTavazebul pirobaze da surs, iyidos saxli ofertSi aRniSnuli pirobebiT, am SemTxvevaSic ueWvelad
gasagebia, rom es aris aqcepti. magram, Tu, magaliTad, saxlis mesakuTre
daiqiravebs uZravi qonebis agents, romelic adgilobriv gazeTSi gamoaqveynebs sareklamo gancxadebas saxlis 60 000 larad gayidvis Taobaze,
am SemTxvevaSi gadaWriT ver vityviT, rom es aris oferti. holandiuri
samarTlis mixedviT, uZravi qonebis agentis mier sareklamo gancxadebis
gamoqveyneba gazeTSi ar niSnavs oferts, aramed iTvleba yvelas mimarT
gagzavnil mowvevad ofertis gakeTebaze. amitom, holandiuri samarTlis
mixedviT, Tu dainteresebuli piri telefoniT daurekavs agents da etyvis, rom is moxaruli iqneba saxli SeiZinos dasaxelebul 60 000 larad, es ar
niSnavs xelSekrulebis dadebas, radgan saxlis mesakuTrem jer kidev unda
moaxdinos an ar moaxdinos aqcepti. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qarTul samarTalSic igive wesia, Tanaxmad 329-e muxlis meore nawilisa: `2. winadadeba,
romelic mimarTulia pirTa ganusazRvreli wrisadmi, warmoadgens mowvevas ofertze, Tu am winadadebaSi sxva ram ar aris pirdapir miTiTebuli.~
amasTan, unda aRiniSnos, rom, rodesac uZravi qonebis nasyidobaze gvaqvs
laparaki, ofertisa da aqceptis TanxvedrasTan erTad, daculi unda iyos
xelSekrulebis werilobiTi formac, Tanaxmad ssk-is 323-e muxlisa.
3.5. oferti SeiZleba iyos oferti, da aqcepti SeiZleba iyos aqcepti, Tundac mxareebma es sityvebi sulac ar axsenon. xelSekrulebebis umetesoba
ideba ise, rom mxareebi ar iyeneben iuridiul terminologias. Tu piri Sedis supermarketSi, iRebs Tarodan sam boTl Rvinos, midis salarosTan,
ixdis fass da gamodis maRaziidan RviniT xelSi, maSin iurists gamoaqvs
daskvna, rom xelSekruleba daido da Sesrulda kidec, Tumca, mxareebma
SeiZleba erTi sityvac ar uTxres erTmaneTs. marTlac, am SemTxvevaSi, iuridiuli gagebiT, adgili hqonda oferts da mis aqcepts, Tumca, SeiZleba
sxva sakiTxi iyos, vin aris oferenti da vin aqceptanti.
3.6. rogorc qarTul, ise holandiur samarTalSi garkveuli problemebi SeiZleba warmoiSvas ofertTan da aqceptTan dakavSirebiT, rasac me
mokled Sevexebi. pirvel rigSi, ismis kiTxva, nebis gamoxatvis ofertad
miCnevisTvis aucilebelia Tu ara, rom neba miuvides meore mxares. qarTuli samarTlis mixedviT, pasuxi dadebiTia, radgan ssk-is 51-e muxlis
pirveli nawilis mixedviT: `1. nebis gamovlena, romelic moiTxovs meore
mxaris mier mis miRebas, namdvilad CaiTvleba im momentidan, roca igi meore mxares miuva.~ holandiur samarTalSi msgavsi debuleba ar moipoveba,
magram es ar niSnavs, rom nebis gacxadeba, romelic ar misvlia meore mxares, uSedegod darCeba.
3.7. sirTuleebTan aris dakavSirebuli sakiTxi, SeiZleba Tu ara ofertis gamoxmoba. SesaZlebelia oferts ganesazRvros moqmedebis vada, ris
Sedegadac dauSvebeli iqneba ofertis gamoxmoba am vadaSi. qarTul samarTalSi es wesi met-naklebad iribad gadmocemulia ssk-is 331-e muxlSi,
romlis Tanaxmad, Tu oferentma aqceptisTvis gansazRvra vada, maSin aqcepti SeiZleba ganxorcieldes mxolod am vadaSi. holandiur samarTalSi
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es wesi ufro pirdapiraa Camoyalibebuli 6:219 muxlis pirvel nawilSi,

romlis Tanaxmad: òferti SeiZleba gamoxmobil iqnes, garda im SemTxvevisa, Tu gansazRvrulia misi aqceptirebis vada an misi gamoxmoba sxvagvarad gamomdinareobs.~ Tu oferts vada gansazRvruli ar aqvs, maSin ofertis gamoxmoba dasaSvebia, Tu ara es sakiTxi yovelTvis gasagebi ar aris.
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi amaze raime konkretul debulebas ar
Seicavs. gonivrulobis principidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba vivaraudoT,
rom xelSekruleba dadebuli iqneba, Tu ofertis aqceptireba moxdeba ofertis gakeTebidan gonivrul vadaSi. holandiuri samarTali ganasxvavebs
ofertis formebs: `1. zepiri ofertis aqceptireba unda moxdes dauyovnebliv; werilobiTi ofertis aqceptireba unda moxdes gonivrul vadaSi.~
ofertis gamoxmoba misi aqceptirebis Semdeg, ra Tqma unda, dauSvebelia
da xels ar SeuSlis xelSekrulebis ZalaSi Sesvlas.
3.8. rogorc zemoT iTqva, xelSekruleba dadebulad CaiTvleba, Tu aqcepti zust TanxvedraSia ofertTan, anu Tu òTxive kuTxeSi emTxveva.~
saxelSekrulebo molaparakebebis dros, rogorc wesi, xdeba ise, rom meore
mxare ofertis zog pirobas eTanxmeba, zogs ki _ ara, anda TviTon sTavazobs mocemuli pirobebis Secvlas. umetesoba samarTlis sistemebSi, aseT
SemTxvevaSi, SemTavazeblisa da meore mxaris rolebi icvleba. ssk-is 333-e
muxlis meore nawilSi es Semdegnairadaa Camoyalibebuli: `2. roca pasuxSi
gamoTqmulia Tanxmoba xelSekrulebis dadebaze, oRond sxva pirobebiT,
vidre amas oferti iTvaliswinebda, aseTi pasuxi CaiTvleba uarad ofertze da, amave dros, _ axal winadadebad.~ igive wesia gansazRvruli hsk-is
6:225 muxlis pirvel nawilSi: `1. Secvlili ofertis aqcepti miiCneva axal
ofertad da Tavdapirvel ofertze uarad.~ magram, amave dros, amave muxlis meore nawili azustebs: `2. Tu oferenti dauyovnebliv uars ar ganacxadebs SemoTavazebul cvlilebebze da ofertis aqceptisTvis gamiznuli
pasuxi umniSvnelod gansxvavdeba ofertisgan, maSin es pasuxi warmoadgens
xelSekrulebaze Tanxmobas am aqceptis Sesabamisad.~
3.9. me ukve Sevexe Semxvedri ofertis fenomens, romlis magaliTi moyvanilia pirveli Tavis 1.4 paragrafSi. am sakiTxs detalurad arc saqarTvelos da arc holandiis samoqalaqo kodeqsebi ar aregulirebs, magram samarTliani iqneba Tu vityviT, rom, gonivruli ganmartebiT, Semxvedri
oferti ar qmnis saxelSekrulebo valdebulebas, aramed esa Tu is oferti
eqvemdebareba aqcepts.
4. xelSekrulebis Sinaarsis dadgena

4.1. mas Semdeg, rac dadgindeba, rom xelSekruleba dadebulia, ismis kiTxva: ra aris xelSekrulebis Sinaarsi da ra ufleba-movaleobebi warmoiSoba. ra Tqma unda, mxareebs SeiZleba maTi samarTlebrivi urTierTobis
yvela detali ise hqondeT gawerili, rom eWvs araferi badebdes, magram es
mxolod TeoriaSi. praqtikaSi ki mxareebs Soris Zalzed xSirad uTanxmoebaa im sakiTxze, Tu konkretulad ra pirobebze SeTanxmdnen. amis Semdgom
mosamarTlis dasadgenia, ra pirobebze SeTanxmdnen mxareebi.
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4.2. xelSekrulebis ganmartebisas mosamarTle, pirvel rigSi, unda ecados, gamoarkvios, hqondaT Tu ara mxareebs saerTo ganzraxva. rogorc
zemoT iTqva, mosamarTlis gadasawyveti ar aris, ra miaCnia mas gonivrulad, aramed mosamarTlem unda gamoarkvios, ras gulisxmobdnen mxareebi,
romlebic xelSekrulebis dadebisas Tavisufalni arian urTierTSoris
samarTlebrivi urTierTobis arCevasa da gansazRvraSi. es ki, umTavresad,
mtkicebulebebs ukavSirdeba. mxareTa an mowmeTa mosmeniT SeiZleba dadgindes, visi argumentebia swori.
4.3. magram xSirad (Tu yovelTvis ara), rodesac mxareebs Soris davaa,
SeuZlebelia mxareTa saerTo ganzraxvis dadgena faqtebis analizis
safuZvelze. am SemTxvevaSi xelSekruleba obieqturad unda ganmartos
mesame mxarem, mosamarTlem, romelmac unda gadawyvitos, ras niSnavs
mocemuli xelSekruleba kanonis mixedviT. am kuTxiT, xelSekrulebis ganmartebas bevri aqvs saerTo kanonis ganmartebasTan.
4.4. qarTvelma kanonmdebelma mizanSewonilad CaTvala, daedgina
xelSekrulebis ganmartebis ramdenime saxelmZRvanelo wesi im SemTxvevisTvis, rodesac saerTo ganzraxva ver dgindeba. es wesebi, romlebic sskis 337-340 muxlebSia Camoyalibebuli, msgavsia ssk-is 2-5 muxlebSi mocemuli kanonis ganmartebis wesebisa. amasTan dakavSirebiT, mivuTiTebdi imas,
rac zemoT aRvniSne pirveli Tavis meore nawilSi kanonmdeblis kanonSemoqmedebasa da samosamarTlo kanonSemoqmedebas Soris urTierTobaze.
amitom, xelSekrulebis ganmartebasTan dakavSirebiTac, daskvna aris is,
rom ZiriTadad mosamarTlis gadasawyvetia xolme, ra aris samarTliani da
gonivruli.
4.5. holandiis Zveli samoqalaqo kodeqsic Seicavda bevr wess xelSekrulebis ganmartebasTan dakavSirebiT, magram es wesebi axal samoqalaqo kodeqsSi gamotovebul iqna im safuZvliT, rom sakmaod rTulia, gansazRvro
da daareguliro, rogor unda ifunqcioniros sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis miRebam an rogor funqcionirebs igi faqtobrivad. amitom, Tavad
mosamarTlis prerogativaa, gamoZebnos xelSekrulebebis ganmartebis
sakuTari gza. xelSekrulebis SinaarsTan da, Sesabamisad, xelSekrulebis
ganmartebasTan dakavSirebiT mxolod erTi zogadi wesisTvis moiZebna
adgili 1992 wlis kodeqsSi. hsk-is 6:248 muxlis mixedviT: `1. xelSekrulebas aqvs ara marto mxareTa Soris SeTanxmebuli iuridiuli Sedegi, aramed sxva Sedegic, romelic, xelSekrulebis xasiaTis mixedviT, SeiZleba
gamomdinareobdes kanonidan, CveulebiTi xmarebidan an gonivrulobisa da
samarTlianobis moTxovnebidan. 2. wesi, romelic mxareTaTvis savaldebuloa xelSekrulebis ZaliT, ar gamoiyeneba imdenad, ramdenadac, mocemuli
garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, misi gamoyeneba iqneba miuRebeli gonivrulobisa da samarTlianobis moTxovnebidan gamomdinare.~
4.6. meoTxe Tavis 2.11 da 2.12 paragrafebSi me ukve Sevexe xelSekrulebis
standartul pirobebs. kerZod, im sakiTxs, es pirobebi, maTze SeTanxmebis da maTi xelSekrulebis nawilad qcevis Semdeg, mainc SeiZleba iyos
Tu ara baTili an baTilad cnobili im mizeziT, rom susti mxare daculi
unda iyos ekonomikurad Zlieri mxarisgan. am sakiTxs win uZRvis kiTxva, xelSekrulebis standartul pirobebze SeTanxmdnen Tu ara mxareebi
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da iqca Tu ara es pirobebi xelSekrulebis nawilad. am kuTxiTac, kanoni

iTvaliswinebs susti mxaris dacvas. kanoni ganasxvavebs Cveulebriv momxmareblebs meore mxarisgan, romelic sakmarisad Zlieria imisaTvis, rom
daicvan TavianTi interesebi (gansakuTrebiT biznesmenebisgan). rac Seexeba momxmareblebs, maT SemTxvevaSi moqmedebs principi, rom xelSekrulebis standartuli pirobebi xelSekrulebis nawilad iqceva, Tu momxmarebelma (visac sTavazoben): a) icis, rom SemTavazebels surs, xelSekrulebis
standartuli pirobebi iqces xelSekrulebis nawilad; b) icis am pirobebis
Sinaarsi da g) aSkarad gamoxatavs Tanxmobas imaze, rom es pirobebi iqces
xelSekrulebis nawilad. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, dumili ar iTvleba Tanxmobad xelSekrulebis standartul pirobebze.
4.7. es wesi asaxulia ssk-is 343-e muxlis pirvel nawilSi: `xelSekrulebis standartuli pirobebi mxolod maSin iqceva maT SemTavazebelsa da
xelSekrulebis meore mxares Soris dadebuli xelSekrulebis Semadgenel
nawilad, roca: a. SemTavazebeli xelSekrulebis dadebis adgilze TvalsaCino warweras gaakeTebs da miuTiTebs am pirobebze da b. xelSekrulebis
meore mxares SesaZlebloba aqvs, gaecnos am pirobebis Sinaarss da, Tu Tanaxmaa, miiRos es pirobebi.~ holandiuri samarTali am sakiTxze gansxvavebuli poziciisaa, radgan hsk-is 6:232 muxlis mixedviT: `meore mxarisTvis
zogadi pirobebi savaldebuloa maSinac, Tundac xelSekrulebis dadebis
momentisTvis SemTavazebels scodnoda an SeiZleba scodnoda, rom meore
mxarem ar icoda am pirobebis Sinaarsi.~ magram, Tu ufro kargad davakvirdebiT, SevamCnevT, rom holandiuri samarTalic icavs sust mxares imasTan dakavSirebiT, xelSekrulebis standartuli pirobebi unda iqces
Tu ara xelSekrulebis nawilad; hsk-is 6:233 muxlSi naTqvamia: `zogadi
pirobebiT gaTvaliswinebuli norma SeiZleba baTilad iqnes cnobili: (...)
b. Tu SemTavazebelma misca meore mxares zogadi pirobebis gacnobis SesaZlebloba.~
5. mesame pirebis sasargeblod dadebuli

xelSekrulebebi
5.1. ra Tqma unda, xelSekruleba ufleba-movaleobebs qmnis mxolod maTTvis, vinc dado es xelSekruleba xelSekrulebis mxareebisTvis. es principi, romelic, uZravi qonebis samarTlisgan gansxvavebiT, aris valdebulebiTi samarTlis zogadi principi, iseve Zvelia, rogorc Tavad
saxelSekrulebo samarTali. Zvel romaul samarTalSi igi gamoxatuli iyo
Semdegi maqsimiT: res inter alios acta aliis neque nocere neque prodesse potest. am principiT, mesame mxare ver iqneba im xelSekrulebiT SeboWili, romlis mxarec
TviTon ar aris da ar SeuZlia aseTi xelSekrulebiT miiRos sargebeli.
5.2. magram am wesidan arsebobs gamonaklisebi, romelTagan yvelaze mniSvnelovani da xSiri aris is, rom xelSekrulebis mxareebma SeiZleba
sargebeli gadascen mesame mxares. amis cnobili magaliTebia dazRvevis
xelSekruleba da sapensio sqemis xelSekruleba. magaliTad, qmarma SeiZleba dados sicocxlis dazRvevis xelSekruleba, romelic Seicavs debulebas, rom misi gardacvalebis Semdeg mis qvrivs SeuZlia, moiTxovos
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Tanxis garkveuli nawili sadazRvevo kompaniisgan. an damqiravebelma SeiZleba dados xelSekruleba sicocxlis mzRvevel kompaniasTan maszed,
rom SromiTi xelSekrulebis dasrulebis Semdeg muSakebs ufleba eqnebaT,
mzRvevelma maT gadauxados garkveuli yovelTviuri fuladi Tanxa pensiis saxiT.
5.3. rogorc qarTuli, ise holandiuri samarTali aRiarebs aseTi
xelSekrulebebis kanonierebas. orive samarTlis sistema Seicavs wesebs
aRniSnul Temaze samoqalaqo kodeqsebSi. ssk-is 349-351 muxlebi Seicavs
zogad debulebebs mesame pirTa sasargeblod dadebul xelSekrulebebTan
dakavSirebiT. niderlandebSi msgavsi normebi moipoveba 6:253 6:256 muxlebSi.
5.4. TavisTavad cxadia, mesame mxaris nebazea damokidebuli, miiRebs Tu
ar miiRebs sargebels aseTi xelSekrulebidan da mas veravin aiZulebs,
moiqces Tavisi nebis sawinaaRmdegod. aq ismis ori kiTxva: pirveli, sargeblis miRebis SemTxvevaSi mesame mxares aqvs Tu ara ufleba, TviTon uCivlos
xelSekrulebis mxares, romelmac ivaldebula mesame pirisTvis sargeblis gadaxda, Tu mxolod im mxaresTan erTad SeiZleba uCivlos, romelmac
mas sargebeli dauwesa, Tu mxolod am xelSekrulebis mxares aqvs Civilis
ufleba Sesrulebis moTxovniT. meore, sargeblis damwesebel mxares SeuZlia Tu ara, uCivlos xelSekrulebis im mxares, romelmac ivaldebula
sargeblis gadaxda.
5.4. holandiuri samarTlis mixedviT, Cans, orive kiTxvaze pasuxi mkafio da
gasagebia. hsk-is 6:253 muxlis pirveli nawilis mixedviT: `xelSekrulebiT
mesame pirs eniWeba ufleba, moiTxovos valdebulebis Sesruleba
xelSekrulebis nebismieri mxarisgan an sxvagvarad miuTiTos xelSekrulebaze maT winaaRmdeg, Tu xelSekruleba Seicavs Sesabamis normas da Tuki mesame piri Tanaxmaa am uflebis ganxorcielebaze.~ amgvarad, xelSekrulebiT
gaTvaliswinebuli sargeblis miRebis Semdeg mesame pirs ufleba aqvs, TviTon uCivlos movales sasamarTloSi. hsk-is 6:256 muxlis Tanaxmad: `mxares,
romelmac daTqma gaakeTa mesame piris sasargeblod, SeuZlia moiTxovos
Sesruleba am mesame pirisTvis, Tu es mesame piri Tanaxmaa.~ amdenad, sargeblis damwesebelsac aqvs, principSi, ufleba, uCivlos movales.
5.5. qarTuli samarTlis mixedviT, pirvel SekiTxvaze pasuxi met-naklebad
igivea. ssk-is 349-e muxlis Tanaxmad: `mesame piris sasargeblod dadebuli xelSekrulebis Sesruleba SeiZleba moiTxovos rogorc kreditorma,
aseve mesame pirma, Tu kanoniT an xelSekrulebiT sxva ram ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli, anda TviT valdebulebis arsidan sxva ram ar gamomdinareobs.~
sakanonmdeblo norma ar iTvaliswinebs mesame piris Tanxmobas, rogorc
winapirobas, magram, Cemi azriT, amiT didi gansxvaveba holandiur samarTalTan ar vlindeba. ssk-is 351-e muxlis Tanaxmad: `Tu mesame piri uars
ambobs xelSekrulebiT SeZenil uflebaze, maSin kreditors SeuZlia TviTon moiTxovos valdebulebis Sesruleba, Tu xelSekrulebidan an valdebulebis arsidan sxva ram ar gamomdinareobs.~ vfiqrobT, es wesi srul
TanxvedraSia mis holandiur ekvivalentTan.
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Tavi 7
pasuxismgebloba saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis
darRvevisaTvis
1. Sesavali
1.1. im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki debitori ar asrulebs masze dakisrebul valdebulebas da, Sesabamisad, arRvevs mas, wamoiWreba sakiTxi, Tu ra saxis
samarTlebrivi dacvis saSualebebi gaaCnia, kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad,
kreditors Tavisi interesebis dasacavad. Teoriulad SesaZlebelia gamovyoT oTxi saxis samarTlebrivi dacvis saSualeba. pirvel rigSi, kreditors SeuZlia konkretuli qmedebis Sesrulebis moTxovna, meore rigSi,
mas SeuZlia moiTxovos finansuri anazRaureba zianisaTvis, mesame rigSi,
ormxrivi uflebebisa da valdebulebebis SemTxvevaSi, romlebic gaaCnia
orive mxares, kreditors ufleba aqvs, ar Seasrulos masze dakisrebuli
movaleoba manam, sanam meore mxare arRvevs dakisrebul valdebulebas da
bolos, ukidures SemTxvevaSi mas SeuZlia, uari ganacxados xelSekrulebaze an Sewyvitos igi da amgvarad wertili dausvas mxareebs Soris arsebul saxelSekrulebo urTierTobas. xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom samarTlebrivi dacvis xsenebuli saSualebebi principSi ar aris ormxrivad
eqskluziuri xasiaTis. magaliTad, SesaZloa saxeze iyos SemTxveva, rodesac kreditors eniWeba samarTlebrivi dacvis saSualebis saxiT garkveuli moqmedebis Sesrulebis ufleba iseve, rogorc zianis anazRaurebasTan
dakavSirebuli ufleba, Tuki debitoris gamo moxdeba moqmedebis Sesrulebis gaWianureba.
1.2. aseve xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom pasuxismgeblobis dadgena
saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis darRvevisaTvis, moiazrebs gadawyvetilebis miRebas imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ra warmoadgens kanonSi arsebuli valdebulebis Sinaarss da rogor unda iqnes kanonSi arsebuli
valdebuleba gansazRvruli. moqmedebis yoveli Seusrulebloba ar warmoadgens samarTlis Tanaxmad valdebulebis darRvevas. magaliTad, Tuki
klienti orSabaTs yidulobs maRaziaSi lamaz avejs da maRaziis gamyidveli pirdeba mas, rom miutans avejs myidvels saxlSi meore dRes, anu samSabaTs, raRa Tqma unda, maRaziis gamyidveli ar Seasrulebs Tavis danapirebs,
Tuki igi samSabaTs daurekavs myidvels da acnobebs mas, rom ar SeuZlia
misTvis avejis mitana, radganac is manqana, romliTac dagegmili iyo avejis mitana gamovida mwyobridan da saWiroebs SekeTebas, ase rom, avejis
miwodeba moxerxdeba mxolod oTxSabaTs. aseT SemTxvevaSi, adgili ar aqvs
saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis darRvevas am debulebis samarTlebrivi
gagebiT da myidvels ar SeuZlia _ warmatebulad _ wavides sasamarTloSi
da moiTxovos samarTlebrivi dacvis saSualeba gamyidvelis mier masze
dakisrebuli movaleobis Seusruleblobis gamo.
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2. darRvevis dadgena
2.1. Sesabamisad, pirvel rigSi, unda dadgindes, saxelSekrulebo danapirebis Seusrulebloba warmoadgens Tu ara darRvevas samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT. mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki zemoxsenebul kiTxvasTan dakavSirebiT pozitiur pasuxs miviRebT, wamoiWreba sakiTxi, Tu samarTlebrivi
dacvis ra saSualebebi iqneba xelmisawvdomi.
2.2. sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT zogadi wesis povna SesaZlebelia saqarTvelos
samoqalaqo kodeqsis 394-e muxlis me-2 nawilsa da 405-e muxlis 1-l nawilSi da, aseve, niderlandebis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 683-e muxlSi. danapirebis Seusrulebloba, samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT, mxolod maSin iTvleba valdebulebis darRvevad, Tuki damatebiTi vada, romelic daTqmulia
kreditoris mier valdebulebis SesrulebasTan dakavSirebiT, gavida da
debitors gagrZelebuli vadis ganmavlobaSic ar Seusrulebia masze dakisrebuli valdebuleba.
2.3. rogorc Cans, saqarTvelos da niderlandebis samarTlebriv sistemaSi
ar arsebobs normebi im sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ra formiT unda daadginos kreditorma damatebiTi dro moqmedebis SesrulebisaTvis. raRa Tqma
unda, xsenebuli niSnavs, rom mas SeuZlia am vadis dadgena zepirad, magram
naxsenebi ar aris, rekomendirebulia Tu ara werilobiTi forma, raTa Tavidan iqnes acilebuli kamaTi imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu rodis moxda kerZod
gagrZelebuli vadis amowurva.
2.4. kreditori ar aris valdebuli, daadginos drois damatebiTi vada
im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac naTelia, rom es ver gamoiRebs Sedegs da amitomac damatebiTi vadis gansazRvra ar emsaxureba raime sasargeblo mizans. kreditori aseve ar aris valdebuli, daadginos damatebiTi vada im
SemTxvevebSi, rodesac dro dadgenilia mxareebis mier an, xelSekrulebis
xasiaTidan gamomdinare, drois faqtors didi mniSvneloba aqvs. xsenebuli wesebi gamomdinareobs da asaxulia saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis
394-e muxlis me-3 nawilsa da 405-e muxlis me-2 nawilSi. aRniSnuli wesebi
SesaZloa ganmartebul iqnes garkveuli magaliTebis moyvaniT.
2.5. Tuki A-m mihyida B-s cnobili qarTveli mxatvris tilo da SeuTanxmda B-s, rom tilos miutanda 2006 wlis 1-l ivliss, ar SeiZleba saqmis sxva
detalebis gareSe iTqvas, rom A-m daarRvia valdebuleba, Tuki igi ver SeZlebs tilos gadacemas SeTanxmebul dRes. B-m unda daadginos gonivruli
damatebiTi vada tilos miwodebisaTvis. magram im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki A 2006
wlis 30 ivnisisaTvis naTels xdis B-saTvis, rom igi ar gadascems mas tilos
im mizeziT, rom aRmoaCina tilos unikaluroba da surs misi SenarCuneba,
maSin A daarRvevs Tavis valdebulebas, rodesac 2006 wlis 1-li ivlisi
Caivlis da A ar gadascems tilos B-s.
2.6. SemTxveva, rodesac damatebiTi vadis daniSvna ver gamoiRebs veranair
Sedegs, iqneba maSin, rodesac A-m mihyida Tavisi manqana B-s, magram gadacemamde A-s gadasacemi manqaniT mouvida avaria da manqana gamousadegari
gaxda.
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2.7. im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki A qiraobs oTaxs binaSi B-sagan (romelic aris

rusTavelis gamzirze mdebare saxlis mesakuTre) im dRisaTvis, rodesac saqarTvelos axlad arCeulma prezidentma unda gaiaros parlamentisaken inauguraciisaTvis da qiravnobis mizans warmoadgens is, rom A-m
kargad dainaxos prezidenti, maSin, raRa Tqma unda, drois faqtors didi
mniSvneloba aqvs xelSekrulebisaTvis. aucilebeli ar aris xsenebulis
garkveviT gansazRvra xelSekrulebaSi. Tuki SemdegSi B inauguraciis
dRes ar aris saxlSi, ar miucia gasaRebi A-sTvis da, amgvarad, A-s ar SeuZlia oTaxis gamoyeneba SeTanxmebul dRes, B daarRvevs xelSekrulebas da
A-s aRar sWirdeba damatebiTi vadis dadgena moqmedebis SesrulebisaTvis.
2.8. zogierT SemTxvevaSi, SesaZlebelia darRvevis dadgena moqmedebis
SesrulebisaTvis daTqmul dRemde. magaliTad, qarTuli kartofiliT
movaWre 2006 wlis maisSi yidulobs 100 000 kilogram holandiur kartofils, romelic Camotanil unda iqnes gemiT 2006 wlis 1 seqtembers da, im
SemTxvevaSi, Tuki niderlandebis mTavroba 1 agvistos daadgens, rom kartofilis mTeli eqsporti 2006 wlisaTvis akrZalulia sasoflo-sameurneo
avadmyofobis gamo, maSin myidveli ar aris valdebuli, icados 2006 wlis 1
seqtembramde, raTa dadgindes, rom gamyidvelma daarRvia xelSekruleba.
2.9. xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos da ar unda daviviwyoT, rom sakiTxi, dadgenilia Tu ara darRveva an moTxovnilia Tu ara damatebiTi drois dadgena
moqmedebis SesrulebisaTvis, sul sxva sakiTxia, vidre pasuxismgebloba,
Tu aseTi saxezea, romelic ekisreba debitors darRvevis SemTxvevaSi. gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac vexebiT xelSekrulebis darRvevisaTvis zianis
anazRaurebas, is sakiTxi, unda aanazRauros Tu ara debitorma ziani, unda
gadawydes calke. ase rom, im SemTxvevaSi, romelic naxsenebia 2.8. punqtSi,
TavisTavad, cxadi ar aris, rom holandieli gamyidveli pasuxismgebelia
qarTveli kartofiliT movaWresaTvis zianis anazRaurebaze. aRniSnuli
sakiTxi ganxilul iqneba qvemoT.
3. konkretuli qmedebis Sesrulebis moTxovna,

rogorc samarTlebrivi dacvis saSualeba
3.1. im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki debitori ar asrulebs masze dakisrebul
saxelSekrulebo valdebulebas, samarTlebrivi dacvis pirveli saSualeba, romelsac kreditorma SeuZlia mimarTos, aris konkretuli moqmedebis
Sesruleba. sakiTxi mdgomareobs imaSi, saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis
darRvevisas SeuZlia da ubrZanebs Tu ara sasamarTlo debitors, ganaxorcielos masze dakisrebuli valdebuleba da eqneba Tu ara am sasamarTlos
brZanebas zegavlenis moxdenis SesaZlebloba, rom valdebuleba Sesrulebuli iqneba keTilsindisierad.
3.2. rogorc es adrec iqna aRniSnuli, warsulSi romis samarTalSi konkretuli qmedebis ganxorcieleba, rogorc samarTlebrivi dacvis meqanizmi,
ar arsebobda. samarTlebrivi dacvis erTaderT saSualebas warmoadgenda
zianis anazRaureba: omnis condemnatio pecuniaria est. niderlandebSi 1966 wels
uzenaesma sasamarTlom miiRo gadawyvetileba, rom im SemTxvevebSi, rode-
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sac zianis anazRaureba ar warmoadgenda samarTlebrivi dacvis adekvatur

saSualebas, sasamarTlos SeeZlo ebrZanebina debitorisaTvis masze dakisrebuli konkretuli valdebulebis Sesruleba. dResdReobiT samarTlebrivi dacvis es saSualeba gansazRvrulia niderlandebis samoqalaqo
kodeqsiT. imave kodeqsis 3:296-e muxli gansazRvravs, rom is piri, romelic, kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, valdebulia, gasces raime, ganaxorcielos an
Tavi Seikavos raime qmedebis ganxorcielebisagan, kreditoris mimarTvis
safuZvelze gamotanili sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebiT, iZulebuli iqneba
ase moiqces `garda im SemTxvevisa, rodesac kanoni, valdebulebis xasiaTi
an samarTlebrivi aqti sxvagvar wesebs adgens.~
3.3. zogadad daSvebulia, rom mosamarTle gascems brZanebas konkretuli
qmedebis SesrulebasTan dakavSirebiT im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac zianis
anazRaureba, romelic unazRaurebs kreditors gancdil zians, ar aris
adekvaturi. xsenebuls adgili aqvs maSin, Tuki xelSekrulebis sagans warmoadgens konkretuli saqoneli. Tuki pirma SeiZina qarTuli Suasaukuneebis mxatvrobis tilos erTaderTi nimuSi, an Tuki pirma SeiZina konkretuli
saxli Tbilisis lamaz nawilSi, romelSi dasaxlebac wlebis ganmavlobaSi surda, aseTi myidvelisaTvis aranairi mniSvneloba ar aqvs, Tuki mas
miscemen fulad kompensacias gamyidvelis uaris SemTxvevaSi. aseT dros
konkretuli qmedebis ganxorcieleba, kreditoris azriT, warmoadgens
samarTlebrivi dacvis erTaderT Sesaferis saSualebas. meores mxriv, im
SemTxvevaSi, Tuki pirma SeiZina 100 aslidan erT-erTi igive Suasaukuneebis tiloebidan da gamyidveli uars ambobs gadacemaze, zogadad, myidveli
sakmarisad iqneba daculi kanonmdeblobiT, Tuki mas zians aunazRaureben fuladi kompensaciiT da, Sesabamisad, mas SeeZleba iyidos tilos sxva
asli, Tuki es mas surs.
3.4. calke sakiTxia sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba (romelic brZanebs
garkveuli qmedebis Sesrulebas) unda aRsruldes Tu ara imgvarad, rom
kreditorma sinamdvileSi miiRos nayidi saqoneli an Sesrulebul iqnes is
samuSao, romelTan dakavSirebiTac daido xelSekruleba. niderlandebSi,
im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki debitorma unda gadasces moZravi nivTebi, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis aRsruleba SesaZlebelia. niderlandebis samoqalaqo
saproceso kodeqsSi gansazRvrulia, rom sasamarTlo aRmasrulebels sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze SeuZlia CamoarTvas saqoneli Sesabamis pirs da gadasces igi kreditors. im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki xelSekruleba warmoadgens uZravi qonebis gayidvis xelSekrulebas, imisaTvis, rom
qonebaze mesakuTreoba gadavides myidvelze, saWiroa, Sedges notariuli
aqti, romelic daregistrirebul unda iqnes sajaro reestrSi. rac Seexeba
saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobas, xsenebuli wesis povna SeiZleba samoqalaqo
kodeqsis 83-e muxlis 1-l nawilSi. niderlandebis samoqalaqo kodeqsis
3:300 da 3:301 muxlebis Tanaxmad, im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki debitori uars acxadebs notariusTan misvlasa da qonebis gadacemasTan dakavSirebuli aqtis
xelmoweraze, mosamarTles SeuZlia, miiRos gadawyvetileba, rom mis mier
miRebul gadawyvetilebas gaaCnia igive samarTlebrivi Zala, rogoric debitoris mier xelmoweril sanotaro aqts da rom gadawyvetileba SesaZloa
registrirebul iqnes sajaro reestrSi im efeqtiT, rom mesakuTreoba
sakuTrebaze gadava gamyidvelidan myidvelze.
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3.5. im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki debitoris piradi TanamSromloba aucilebelia

valdebulebis Sesasruleblad, magaliTad, im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac eqimi
gamoTqvams Tanxmobas pacientisaTvis neiroqirurgiuli operaciis Catarebaze, sasamarTlos brZanebas ar eqneba aranairi pirdapiri efeqti,
Tuki debitori mainc uars acxadebs valdebulebis Sesrulebaze. aseT
SemTxvevaSi ganaCenis aRsruleba SesaZlebelia mxolod iribi gziT, magaliTad, mosamarTlis brZanebis saSualebiT, rom debitori valdebulia,
gadaixados fulis garkveuli odenoba im yoveli dRisaTvis, rodesac igi
uars acxadebs sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis damorCilebaze.
3.6. marTalia saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsSi, rogorc es gamomdinareobs kodeqsis 361-389-e muxlebidan, sawyis wertils warmoadgens
debitoris movaleoba, Seasrulos masze dakisrebuli valdebuleba da,
miuxedavad imisa, rom bevria detaluri wesebi qmedebis SesrulebasTan
dakavSirebiT (rogorc es gvxvdeba niderlandebis samoqalaqo kodeqsSi, romlis 6:27-5:51-e muxlebi detalurad awesrigeben xelSekrulebis
Sesrulebas), rogorc Cans, ar arsebobs wesi, rom mosamarTles SeuZlia,
brZanos xelSekrulebasTan dakavSirebiT konkretuli qmedebis Sesruleba, Tuki debitori arRvevs valdebulebas. yovel SemTxvevaSi, aranairi
msgavsi norma ar moipoveba samoqalaqo kodeqsSi. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo
kodeqsis nawili valdebulebis darRvevasTan dakavSirebiT, me-3 karis me-3
Tavi, exeba mxolod zianis anazRaurebas, rogorc xelSekrulebis darRvevisagan samarTlebrivi dacvis saSualebas.
4. zianis anazRaureba, rogorc samarTlebrivi

dacvis saSualeba
4.1. umetes SemTxvevaSi, kreditori, romelic waawydeba xelSekrulebis
darRvevas, iRebs kompensacias im danakargisaTvis, romelsac igi ganicdis darRvevis Sedegad. Semdgom TavSi ganxilul iqneba sakiTxi, Tu
rogor unda iqnes gadawyvetili, ra ziani miadga pirs valdebulebis, maT
Soris, saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis darRveviT. winamdebare punqtSi
yuradReba ZiriTadad gamaxvilebuli iqneba im sakiTxze, Tu ra warmoadgens gansasazRvr niSnebsa da wesebs debitoris pasuxismgeblobis dadgenisaTvis mis mier saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis darRvevis gamo, rac iwvevs
zianis anazRaurebis valdebulebas.
4.2. pirveli principis povna SesaZlebelia saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 394-e muxlis 1-l punqtSi, romlis Tanaxmadac: `movalis mier valdebulebis darRvevisas kreditors SeuZlia moiTxovos amiT gamowveuli
zianis anazRaureba. es wesi ar moqmedebs maSin, rodesac movales ar ekisreba
pasuxismgebloba valdebulebis darRvevisaTvis~. Sesabamisad, warmoiSoba
kiTxva _ rodis aris pasuxismgebeli piri, romelsac akisria valdebulebis
Sesruleba ar asrulebs saxelSekrulebo danapirebs. im SemTxvevaSi, magaliTad, rodesac gamyidveli yidis Zalian ZviradRirebul tropikul
Tevzs da gadaaqvs Tevzi wyliT savse avziT, ra drosac Tevzebi ixocebian
miwodebisas wylis dabali temperaturis gamo, iqneba Tu ara gamyidveli
pasuxismgebeli da unda aanazRauros Tu ara man ziani, Tuki dadgenilia,
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rom igi ver akontrolebda wylis temperaturas? pasuxi gamomdinareobs

saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 395-e muxlis 1-li nawilidan, romlis
Tanaxmadac: `1. movales pasuxismgebloba daekisreba mxolod ganzraxi an
gaufrTxilebeli moqmedebiT miyenebuli zianisaTvis, Tu sxva ram ar aris
gaTvaliswinebuli da valdebulebis arsidanac sxva ram ar gamomdinareobs.~ Semdegi sakiTxia, gamyidveli moqmedebda ganzrax Tu gaufrTxileblad. pasuxi aris is, rom tropikuli Tevzis gamyidvelma unda Seamowmos
wylis temperatura, romelSic Tevzia moTavsebuli transportirebisas
da, im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki mas es ar ganuxorcielebia, igi moqmedebda gaufrTxileblad. Sesabamisad, igi iqneba pasuxismgebeli. is principi, rom
debitori pasuxismgebelia mxolod qmedebis Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi
da qmedebis Seusrulebloba gamowveulia gaufrTxileblobiT, SesaZloa
amovikiTxoT saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 401-e muxlSi, romlis
Tanaxmadac: `vada gadacilebulad ar CaiTvleba, Tuki valdebuleba ar
Sesrulda iseTi garemoebebis gamo, rac movalis braliT ar aris gamowveuli.~
4.3. ase rom, qmedebis SeusruleblobisaTvis pasuxismgeblobasTan dakavSirebuli kanonmdebloba SesaZloa ganmartebul iqnes, rogorc braleul
qmedebasTan dakavSirebuli pasuxismgebloba. analogiuri xdeba niderlandebis kanonmdeblobaSic. magram am ukanasknelSi aris xsenebuli principidan garkveuli gamonaklisebi. ra moxdeba, magaliTad, Tuki avejis
gadamtani daTanxmdeba klients avejis gadatanaze erTi saxlidan meoreSi
da gadatanis momsaxure personals, gaufrTxileblobiT, xelidan gauvardeba antikvaruli minis Zvirfasi sagani, romelic iatakze dacemisas
srulad daimsxvreva? aseve, am SemTxvevaSi, debitori, romelic avejis
gadamtans warmoadgens, pasuxismgebeli iqneba, miuxedavad imisa, rom mis
braleul qmedebas ar hqonia adgili. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis
396-e muxlis Tanaxmad, `movalem Tavisi kanonieri warmomadgenlis da im
pirTa moqmedebisaTvis, romelTac igi iyenebs sakuTar valdebulebaTa
Sesasruleblad, iseTive moculobiT unda agos pasuxi, rogorc sakuTari
braleuli moqmedebis dros.~ xsenebuli pasuxismgebloba ar emyareba braleuli qmedebis Sedegad warmoSobil pasuxismgeblobas, aramed warmoadgens e.w. mkacr pasuxismgeblobas.~
4.4. magram warmovidginoT, rom avejis gadamtans TokiT aaqvs antikvaruli tumbo meore sarTulze da uecrad Toki gawydeba or nawilad. Sedegad, tumbo davardeba quCaSi da mTlianad usargeblo gaxdeba. iqneba Tu
ara am SemTxvevaSi avejis gadamtani pasuxismgebeli? pasuxi, ra Tqma unda,
dadebiTia, Tuki avejis gadamtani sargeblobda cudi xarisxis TokiT. aseT
SemTxvevaSi, xelSekrulebis Sesrulebisas igi moqmedebs gaufrTxileblad, vinaidan jerovani gulmodginebiT ar arCevs Sesabamis aRWurvilobas, romelsac iyenebs xelSekrulebis Sesasruleblad. magram ra iqneba
pasuxi im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki avejis gadamtanma SearCia saukeTeso xarisxis
Toki da Toks gaaCnia defeqti, romlis aRmoCenac SeuZlebelia da, Sedegad,
igi gawydeba? aseT SemTxvevaSi, adgili ar aqvs gaufrTxileblobas avejis
gadamtanis mxridan. pasuxi kiTxvaze _ ekisreba Tu ara mas pasuxismgebloba,
naTeli ar aris da misi moZieba SesaZlebelia ukve xsenebuli saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 395-e muxlis 1-li nawilis interpretaciis
safuZvelze, romlis Tanaxmadac: `movales pasuxismgebloba daekisreba
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mxolod ganzraxi an gaufrTxilebeli moqmedebiT miyenebuli zianisaTvis,

Tu sxva ram ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli da valdebulebis arsidanac sxva
ram ar gamomdinareobs.~ SesaZlebelia imis gonivruli mtkiceba, rom aseT
SemTxvevaSi avejis gadamtani, miuxedavad imisa, rom igi ar moqmedebda
gaufrTxileblad, pasuxismgebelia, radganac xelSekrulebis xasiaTidan
gamomdinareobs, rom gamosayenebel aRWurvilobaSi arsebul defeqtebze
pasuxismgebelia avejis gadamtani, romelic iyenebs am aRWurvilobas. yovel SemTxvevaSi, es aris is pasuxi, romelic holandielma mosamarTleebma gasces aRniSnul kiTxvaze. ase rom, arsebuli wesis Tanaxmad, zogadad
xelSekrulebis mxare, romelic gamoTqvams Tanxmobas iseTi qmedebis Sesrulebaze, romliTac garkveuli Sedegi iqneba miRweuli, rogoric aris,
magaliTad, avejis gadatana erTi saxlidan meoreSi, mkacrad pasuxismgebelia im aRWurvilobaze, romelsac igi iyenebs.
4.5. Semdgom magaliTs kidev ufro SeuZlia gaarTulos siZneleebi, romlebic SesaZloa warmoiSvas imis gadawyvetisas, pasuxismgebelia Tu ara
debitori, romelic ar asrulebs valdebulebas da samarTlebrivad
unda aanazRauros Tu ara man ziani. warmovidginoT, rom A-s gaaCnia manqanaTmSenebeli qarxana. A debs SeTanxmebas B-sTan _ romelic dakavebulia
samanqano biznesiT _ Tormeti manqanis gayidvis Sesaxeb, romlebic miwodebul unda iqnes 2006 wlis 1 agvistosaTvis, maSin, rodesac A da B aseve Tanxmdebian, rom drois faqtors didi mniSvneloba gaaCnia. B-s aRar mouxdeba
damatebiTi drois dadgena da amitomac A daarRvevs valdebulebas, Tuki
manqanebi ar iqneba miwodebuli 2006 wlis 1 agvistosaTvis. rogori iqneba
samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba, Tuki A ar gadascems manqanebs B-s im mizeziT,
rom italiurma kompania Pirelli-m,
romlisganac A
yidulobs saburavebs manqanisaTvis, ar miawoda A-s
saburavebi Tavis droze? pasuxi savaraudod iqneba is, rom A-m, miuxedavad imisa, rom igi ar moqmedebda gaufrTxileblad,
unda aunazRauros B-s
gancdili ziani da italieli saburavebis mwarmoeblis mier moqmedebis Sesruleba-arSesrulebaze
riski ekisreba
A-s.
amitomac
A
mkacrad iqneba pasuxismgebeli. magram analogiuri Sedegi dadgeba Tu ara, Tuki, magaliTad, italiel saburavebis mwarmoebels ar SeuZlia
Tavis droze moamaragos A saburavebiT im mizezis gamo, rom saqarTvelos
kanonmdebelma, im mizniT, rom daecva da xeli Seewyo qarTuli ekonomikis
ganviTarebisaTvis, SemoiRo kanoni, romelic ukrZalavs qarTvel manqanis
mwarmoeblebs saburavebis Semotanas sazRvrebs garedan da avaldebulebs
maT, gamoiyenon mxolod saqarTveloSi warmoebuli saburavebi. Tuki aseTi
ram moxdeba, gadawyvetileba savaraudod iqneba, yovel SemTxvevaSi, nider
landebSi,
rom
A
ar iqneba pasuxismgebeli xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli qmedebis SeusruleblobisaTvis imgvarad, rom ar iqneba gamoyenebuli
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis
395-e
muxlis 1-li
nawili da kanonmdeblis Careva A-sTvis imoqmedebs, rogorc e.w. fors-maJoruli situacia.

4.6. pasuxi bolo SemTxvevaze, savaraudod, gansxvavebuli iqneba, Tuki
A-s ecodineboda, rom saqarTvelos parlamentSi midis msjeloba imaze,
miRebul iqnes Tu ara kanoni, romelic ukrZalavs qarTvel manqanis mwar
moeblebs
saburavebis Semotanas sxva qveynidan, Tu
B
A-sTan
molaparake
bis dros wamoWris sakiTxs zemoxsenebul msjelobebTan dakavSirebiT da
hkiTxavs A-s, SeZlebs Tu ara es ukanaskneli manqanebis miwodebas daTqmul
dros, xolo A daamSvidebs B-s, ar inerviulos, radganac darwmunebulia,
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rom 2006 wlis 1 agvistosaTvis manqanebis miwodebas SeZlebs. aseT SemTxvevaSi, Tuki kanoni miRebul iqneba da A ver SeZlebs manqanebis miwodebas
daTqmul dRes, igi pasuxismgebelia xelSekrulebis darRvevaze. argumenti iqneba is, rom A-m sakuTar Tavze aiRo riski, rom SesaZloa kanonmdebeli
Careuliyo da amitomac, im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki kanonmdebeli namdvilad
Caereoda, xsenebuli Careva ar SeiZleboda A-sTvis
miCneuliyo
fors-maJorul
situaciad. ase rom, A
pasuxismgebeli iqneba,
B-sTvis
zianis anazRaurebaze.
4.7. saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis darRvevaze pasuxismgeblobasTan
dakavSirebuli normis moZieba SesaZlebelia saqarTvelos samoqalaqo
kodeqsis 402-e muxlis me-2 winadadebaSi, romelic exeba iseT situacias,
rodesac debitori gadaaWarbebs valdebulebis SesrulebisaTvis gansazRvrul dros. xsenebuli winadadeba Semdegnairad ikiTxeba: ìgi (debitori)
pasuxs agebs SemTxveviTobisTvisac, Tu ar daamtkicebs, rom ziani SeiZleboda damdgariyo valdebulebis drouli Sesrulebis drosac.~ xsenebuli
winadadeba niSnavs Semdegs: mizezi, romelic valdebulebis Sesrulebis
daTqmul dRemde xels uSlis debitors masze dakisrebuli valdebulebis
SesrulebaSi da rac ar aris gamowveuli debitoris gaufrTxileblobiT,
warmoadgens fors-maJors
im
Tanmdevi
SedegiT, rom debitori ar aris pasuxismgebeli SeusruleblobisaTvis. xsenebuli ar CaiTvleba fors-maJo
rad, Tuki igi ganxorcieldeba daTqmuli dRis gasvlis Semdgom. Tanmdevi
Sedegi iqneba is, rom debitors daekisreba pasuxismgebloba SeusruleblobisaTvis im SemTxvevaSic, Tuki Seusrulebloba ar iyo gamowveuli
misi braleuli
qmedebiT. xsenebuli wesi moicavs saxelSekrulebo riskis tvirTs da, raRa Tqma unda, misi gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia mxolod im
SemTxvevebSi, rodesac drois faqtors ar gaaCnia gadamwyveti mniSvneloba saxelSekrulebo valdebulebisaTvis da kreditorma unda daadginos
drois damatebiTi vada manam, sanam daiwyebs imis mtkicebas, rom debitori
pasuxismgebelia xelSekrulebis darRvevaze. mocemul magaliTs kidev
ufro naTeli SeuZlia gaxados xsenebuli. Tuki, magaliTad, kartofilis
gamyidveli gamoTqvams Tanxmobas 100 000 kilogrami kartofilis miwodebaze 2006 wlis 1 seqtembrisaTvis da mas ar SeuZlia kartofilis miwodeba, radganac kartofili inficirebulia gadamdebi uCveulo sasoflosameurneo daavadebiT, romelic gavrcelda 2006 wlis 1 maiss, savaraudod,
gamyidveli ar iqneba pasuxismgebeli kreditoris winaSe. Tuki adgili eqneba SemTxvevas, roca kartofilis gamyidveli ar miawvdis kartofils 2006
wlis 1 seqtembers da amitomac igi arRvevs saxelSekrulebo valdebulebas,
myidvels ar SeuZlia, dauyovnebliv gawyvitos xelSekruleba an iCivlos
zianis anazRaurebis moTxovniT. radganac drois faqtors ar gaaCnia gadamwyveti mniSvneloba, pirvel rigSi man unda daadginos damatebiTi vada
qmedebis SesrulebisaTvis. Tuki myidveli daadgenda kartofilis miwodebisaTvis axal dRed 2006 wlis 1 oqtombers da kartofilis mimwodebeli
ver SeZlebda miewodebina misTvis kartofili 2006 wlis 1 oqtombrisaTvis
uCveulo gadamdebi sasoflo-sameurneo daavadebis gamo, romelic gavrcelda 2006 wlis 15 seqtembers, kartofilis gamyidveli pasuxismgebeli
iqneba da daekisreba zianis anazRaurebis valdebuleba miuxedavad imisa,
rom kartofilis armiwodeba,
raRa Tqma unda, ar ganxorcielda misi gaufrTxileblobiT, aramed sasoflo-sameurneo avadmyofobiT.
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5. qmedebis Seusrulebloba, rogorc samarTlebrivi

dacvis saSualeba
5.1. raRa Tqma unda, ucnauri iqneboda, Tuki ormxrivi xelSekrulebis
SemTxvevaSi, romelic akuTvnebs orive mxares uflebas da akisrebs valdebulebebs, rogorc, magaliTad, iseT SemTxvevaSi, rodesac saqme gvaqvs gayidvasTan, erTi mxare isev iqneboda valdebuli, Seesrulebina masze dakisrebuli valdebuleba, rodesac meore mxare arRvevs valdebulebas.
5.2. amitomac, im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki A SeuTanxmda B-s, rom miawvdida 30 Rors
2006 wlis 25 ivlisisaTvis da mTavroba 2006 wlis 24 ivliss akrZalavs nebismieri cxovelis transportirebas 2 Tvis ganmavlobaSi
jilexis
gavrcelebis gamo, raRa Tqma unda, B ar aris valdebuli, 2006 wlis 25 ivliss
gadauxados SeTanxmebuli safasuri A-s.
Tuki A
aRZravs samarTalwarmoebas B-s winaaRmdeg, am ukanasknels SeuZlia, daeyrdnos Tavis uflebas, ar

ganaxorcielos qmedeba manam, sanam A ar Seasrulebs masze dakisrebul
valdebulebas. amas Zvel romis samarTalSi ewodeboda exceptio non adimpleti
contractus.
5.3. niderlandebSi xsenebuli ufleba gansazRvrulia 6:262-e muxlis 1-l
nawilSi, romlis Tanaxmadac: `rodesac erT-erTi mxare ar asrulebs masze
dakisrebul valdebulebas, meore mxares SeuZlia masze dakisrebuli valdebulebis Sesrulebisagan Tavis Sekaveba.~ aRsaniSnavia, rom, rogorc es
aRniSnuli muxlidan gamomdinareobs, imisaTvis, rom kreditors warmoeSvas ufleba, Tavi Seikavos qmedebis ganxorcielebisagan meore mxaris mier
masze dakisrebuli valdebulebis Seusruleblobis gamo, kavSiri unda arsebobdes valdebulebebs Soris ise, rom erTi valdebuleba pirdapir iyos
dakavSirebuli sxva valdebulebasTan. kreditors ar SeuZlia, Tavi Seikavos gadaxdisagan im velosipedisaTvis, romelic man iyida debitorisagan
im safuZvelze, rom debitors ar daubrunebia misTvis wigni, romelic eTxova kreditors.
5.4. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsSi, rogorc Cans, ar arsebobs mkafio
debuleba, romelic uflebas aniWebs kreditors, Tavi Seikavos qmedebis
ganxorcielebisagan im momentamde, sanam debitori ar Seasrulebs valdebulebas. Tumca, TavisTavad cxadia, rom mosamarTle ar ubrZanebs myidvels,
Seasrulos masze dakisrebuli valdebuleba da, magaliTad, gadaixados
gasayid nivTebze SeTanxmebuli fasi, Tuki gamyidvels ar miuwodebia myidvelisaTvis saqoneli. is gancxadeba, rom aRniSnuli norma aseve arsebobs
saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobaSi, SesaZloa daSvebul iqnes saqarTvelos
samoqalaqo kodeqsis 484-e
muxlis
1-l
nawilze miTiTebiT, romelic ganTavsebulia samoqalaqo kodeqsis konkretul nawilSi da exeba gayidvasTan
dakavSirebul xelSekrulebas. xsenebuli muxlis Tanaxmad, xelSekrulebis TiToeul mxares SeuZlia, uari ganacxados valdebulebis Sesrulebaze, Tuki arsebobs imis realuri safrTxe, rom meore mxare ar Seasrulebs
masze dakisrebul valdebulebas. xsenebuli naTlad warmoadgens zogadi
wesis ganxorcielebas, romelic exeba mxaris mier qmedebis ganxorcielebaze Tavis Sekavebis uflebas, meore mxaris mier valdebulebis darRvevis
gamo.
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6. xelSekrulebaze uaris gancxadeba, rogorc

samarTlebrivi dacvis saSualeba
6.1. TavisTavad, darRveva an qmedebis ganxorcielebaze Tavis Sekaveba ar
warmoadgens xelSekrulebis Sewyvetas. im dromde, sanam xelSekruleba ar
iqneba Sewyvetili, am xelSekrulebidan warmoSobili valdebulebebi kvlav ZalaSi rCeba ara mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac sxva mxare valdebulebis darRvevis gamo pasuxismgebelia kreditorisaTvis kompensaciis
gadaxdaze, aramed aseve im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac mxare ar aris pasuxismgebeli, radganac mas SeuZlia, daeyrdnos fors-maJors. amitom, rodesac
kreditori, romelic waawydeba mis mimarT gansaxorcielebeli valdebulebis Seusruleblobas sxva mxarisagan, ar aqvs mniSvneloba, aris Tu
ara es mxare pasuxismgebeli, moisurvebs, rom gaTavisufldes masze dakisrebuli valdebulebisagan, man unda Sewyvitos xelSekruleba da amiT
uari Tqvas masze dakisrebuli valdebulebis Sesrulebaze. rogorc ukve
aRvniSneT, xelSekrulebaze uaris gancxadebis samarTlebrivi saSualeba ar arTmevs kreditors uflebas, moiTxovos zianis anazRaureba iseT
SemTxvevebSi, rodesac meore mxare pasuxismgebelia aseT darRvevebze.
6.2. niderlandebis kanonmdeblobaSi ormxriv xelSekrulebaze uaris
gancxadebis ufleba formulirebulia samoqalaqo kodeqsis
6:265-e
muxlis
1-l
nawilSi, romlis Tanaxmadac: `1. erTi mxaris mier masze dakisrebuli valdebulebis yoveli Seusrulebloba aZlevs meore mxares uflebas, srulad an nawilobriv Sewyvitos xelSekruleba (...)~. saqarTvelos
samoqalaqo kodeqsSi xsenebuli ufleba gansazRvrulia met-naklebad im
moculobiT, ra moculobiTac uflebis formulireba ukavSirdeba kreditoris movaleobas, gansazRvros qmedebis ganxorcielebisaTvis damatebiTi vada, Tuki debitori arRvevs xelSekrulebas. samoqalaqo kodeqsis
405-e muxlis Tanaxmad: `Tu xelSekrulebis erTi mxare arRvevs ormxrivi
xelSekrulebidan gamomdinare valdebulebas, maSin xelSekrulebis meore
mxares SeuZlia, uari Tqvas xelSekrulebaze valdebulebis SesrulebisaTvis mis mier damatebiT gansazRvruli vadis uSedegod gasvlis Semdgom.~ 405-e muxli exeba, Tavis mxriv, or gansxvavebul rames da amitomac
xelSekrulebaze uaris gancxadebis ufleba gaxda am muxlis nawili da exeba sakiTxs, rodesac debitori arRvevs xelSekrulebas da pasuxismgebelia
darRvevisaTvis.
6.3. rogorc saqarTvelos, ise niderlandebis kanonmdebloba aRiarebs,
rom saqmis yvela garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiT, SesaZloa ar iyos samarTliani, kreditori wyvetdes xelSekrulebas, Tundac debitori arRvevdes
xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebul valdebulebebs. aRniSnulis naTelsayofad moviyvanT martiv magaliTs: rZis qarxana A-m SesaZloa xelSekruleba
gaaformos supermarketebis kompaniasTan 1000 boTli axali rZis yoveldRiur miwodebasTan dakavSirebiT. xelSekruleba moicavs debulebas, romlis
Tanaxmadac, xelSekrulebis Sewyveta SesaZlebelia mxolod 6 TviT adre
Setyobinebis Semdgom. xsenebuli debuleba Cadebul iqna xelSekrulebaSi
rZis qarxnis interesebidan gamomdinare, radganac man, Tavis mxriv, daudo
xelSekruleba qveyanaSi moqmed ramdenime fermers qarxnisaTvis Zroxis
rZis miwodebasTan dakavSirebiT da romlebTanac rZis qarxana daTanxmda,
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ar Seewyvita xelSekruleba 6 Tviani Setyobinebis vadis gasvlamde. rZis

qarxana yoveldRiurad awvdis 1000 boTls daTqmul dros, magram 8 Tvis
Semdgom erT-erT dRes, rZis qarxnis erT-erTi muSis Secdomis gamo, 970
boTli iqna miwodebuli, rac aRmoCenil iqna miwodebis Semdgom. miuxedavad imisa, rom xsenebuli warmoadgens darRvevas, razec pasuxismgebelia
rZis qarxana, radganac drois faqtors, savaraudod, gaaCnia mniSvneloba
(anu mniSvneloba ar aqvs 1030 boTli miewodeba meore dRes Tu ara), aragonivruli iqneba, Tuki supermarketebis kompanias SeeZleba xelSekrulebis
Sewyveta am mizeziT dauyovnebliv. aseTi SemTxvevebi, rodesac kreditors
ar gaaCnia ufleba, Sewyvitos xelSekruleba, daregulirebulia saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 405-e muxlis me-3 nawiliT, romlis Tanaxmadac:
`xelSekrulebaze uari dauSvebelia, Tu:
a)
valdebulebis darRveva umniSvneloa.~ me-3 nawili aseve moicavs SemTxvevebs, rodesac xelSekrulebaze
uari dauSvebelia. niderlandebSi
wesi, rom garkveul pirobebSi kreditors ar gaaCnia xelSekrulebaze uaris Tqmis ufleba, Camoyalibebulia
zemoxsenebuli 6:265-e muxlis 1-l nawilSi, romlis Tanaxmadac: `(...) garda
im SemTxvevisa, rodesac, darRvevis konkretuli xasiaTidan gamomdinare
da mcire mniSvnelobis gamo, gamarTlebuli ar aris xelSekrulebisa da
misgan gamomdinare Sedegebis Sewyveta.~
6.4. im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki xelSekrulebaze uari iqna gacxadebuli da
xelSekrulebis erT-erT mxares ganxorcielebuli aqvs mTlianad an nawilobriv qmedeba, raRa Tqma unda, mas aqvs ufleba, moiTxovos mis mier ganxorcielebuli qmedebis retrospeqcia. magaliTad, im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki A-m
gadasca saxli myidvels _ B-s
da am ukanasknels ar SeuZlia an ar surs, gadaixados safasuri, xelSekrulebaze uaris Tqmis Semdgom A-s ufleba aqvs,
ukan daibrunos saxli. xsenebulidan gamomdinare, B-s
ekisreba valdebuleba, ukan daubrunos saxli

A-s.
xsenebuli wesi gansazRvrulia saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 352-e muxlSi. aRniSnuli muxlis Tanaxmad: `1.
im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki xelSekrulebis erT-erTi mxare, 405-e muxlSi mocemul
garemoebebSi, uars ambobs xelSekrulebaze, ukve ganxorcielebuli qmedebebis Sedegad warmoqmnili sargebeli ukan unda daubrundeT mxareebs
(restitucia).~
igive wesia gansazRvruli
niderlandebis
samoqalaqo kodeqsis 271-e muxlSi, romlis Tanaxmadac: `mxareebis mier ganxorcielebuli
valdebulebebisagan warmoSobili sargebeli im moculobiT, ra moculobiTac xsenebuli valdebulebebi Sesrulebul iqna, samarTlebrivi safuZvlebi maTi SesrulebisaTvis igive rCeba, magram warmoiSoba mxareebisaTvis
valdebuleba, rom ukan iqnes dabrunebuli valdebulebis ganxorcielebis
Sedegad warmoSobili sargebeli.~
6.5. rogorc Cans, orive qveynis kanonmdebloba moqmedebs imis safuZvelze,
rom xelSekrulebaze uaris Tqmas TavisTavad ar gaaCnia samarTlebrivi
efeqti, da rom gadacema (magaliTad saxlis gadacema), romelic ganxorcielda, samarTlebrivi meqanizmis saSualebiT, ar iTvleba ganxorcielebulad. Tuki es iqneboda samarTlebrivi wesi, amas eqneboda mniSvneloba da
xsenebul magaliTSi, sadac A-m gadasca saxli myidvels, xelSekrulebaze
uaris Tqmis Semdgom CaiTvleba, rom
A-s
arasodes daukargavs ufleba saxlze da igi rCeba mesakuTred samarTlebrivi meqanizmis Tanaxmad. radganac
es ar aris samarTlebrivi wesi, B-saTvis valdebuleba warmoiSoba, rogorc
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es zemoT iqna naxsenebi, A -sTvis saxlis ukan dabrunebasTan dakavSirebiT.

xsenebuli, ra Tqma unda, wamoWris B-s valdebulebis sakiTxs, gadasces
saxli A-s. mxolod am SemTxvevaSi gaxdeba A isev saxlis mesakuTre.
6.6. SesaZlebelia imis damatebiT aRniSvna, rom xelSekrulebaze uaris
Tqmis Semdgom ganxorcielebuli qmedebis Sedegad warmoSobili sargeblis
ukan dabrunebis valdebulebasTan dakavSirebuli muxlebi ar warmoadgens
saxelSekrulebo valdebulebas, aramed isini warmoiSoba kanonidan da
amitomac isini arasaxelSekrulebo xasiaTisaa. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo
kodeqsis 352-e muxlis 1-li nawili gansazRvravs zogadi wesis gamoyenebas,
romlis povnac SesaZlebelia kodeqsis 976-e muxlis 1-l nawilSi, romeli
muxlic moTavsebulia usafuZvlo gamdidrebis TavSi. niderlandebis
samoqalaqo kodeqsis 271-e muxli warmoadgens zogadi wesis gamoyenebas.
es wesi gansazRvrulia
niderlandebis
samoqalaqo kodeqsis
6:203-e
muxlSi, romelic moTavsebulia umizezo gadaxdis TavSi. SegviZlia mivuTiToT
me-4
Tavis 2.15 da
2.16
punqtebze da gavimeoroT, rom, Cveni azriT, sasurvelia iseTi SemTxvevebis gamijvna, romlebic ukavSirdeba umizezo gadaxdas
da usafuZvlo gamdidrebas. pirveli tipis SemTxvevebSi, mniSvneloba ar
aqvs, myidveli usafuZvlod gamdidrda Tu ara, man mxolod unda daabrunos
ganxorcielebuli qmedebis Sedegad miRebuli sargebeli.
6.7. bolos, SesaZlebelia imis naTlad warmoCena, rom xelSekrulebaze
uaris Semdgom ukve ganxorcielebuli qmedebis Sedegad miRebuli sargeblis ukan dabruneba, rogorc samarTlebrivi dacvis saSualeba, xelmisawvdomia mxolod maSin, Tuki qmedebis ganxorcieleba, rogorc aseTi,
SeiZleba dadgenil da gansxvavebul iqnes. Zalian xSirad es ase ar xdeba:
magaliTad, myidvels SeuZlia SeWamos saWmeli, romelic man iyida da, aseve,
manqanaTmSenebelma qarxanam SesaZloa daamzada manqanebi iseTi metalisagan, romelic mas miewoda metalurgiuli qarxnis mier, magram ar gadauxdia amisaTvis. aseT SemTxvevebSi, raRa Tqma unda, kreditors ufleba aqvs,
miiRos kompensacia zianis anazRaurebasTan dakavSirebiT. saqarTvelos
kanonmdeblobaSi xsenebuli wesis moZieba SesaZlebelia saqarTvelos
muxlis me-2
nawilSi, romlis Tanaxmadac: `naturiT dabrunebis nacvlad movales ekisreba fuladi anazRaureba Tu: a)
SeZenilis xasiaTidan gamomdinare gamoricxulia misi dabruneba (...).~ nid
erlandebis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 6:272-e muxlis 1-li nawilis Tanaxmad: `1.
rodesac Sesruleba an valdebuleba, Tavisi xasiaTidan gamomdinare, ar
SeiZleba dabrunebul iqnes im droisaTvis, misi Rirebulebis kompensaciiT
unda iqnes Canacvlebuli.~
7. xelSekrulebis Secvla garemoebebis Secvlis

paralelurad
7.1. mas Semdgom, rac mxare dadebs xelSekrulebas, igi valdebulia, kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, Seasrulos igi, Tundac SemdgomSi inanos xelSekrulebis dadeba an miiCnios, rom man dado cudi xelSekruleba da Zalian cudi
garigeba an garemoebebi Seicvala an
gansxvavebulia
imisagan, rac arsebobda xelSekrulebis dadebis periodSi. Tuki igi ar asrulebs xelSekrulebas, igi daarRvevs mas da pasuxismgebeli iqneba amaze. myidveli, romelic
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yidulobs im kompaniis wilebs, romelzec fiqrobs, rom es ukanaskneli did

mogebas naxavs, ar SeuZlia Sewyvitos xelSekruleba Tu xelSekrulebis
dadebidan mcire xnis ganmavlobaSi kompania ucabedad did danakargs ganicdis. Tuki mas es ar
ganuxorcielebia
aseT momentamde, piri kvlavac valdebulia, gadauxados daTqmuli fasi wilisaTvis gamyidvels da, Tuki man
ukve gadaixada fasi, aRar SeuZlia uari ganacxados xelSekrulebaze da
moiTxovos gadaxdili safasuris ukan dabruneba.
7.2. magram xsenebul princips gaaCnia erTi gamonaklisi. orive _ saqarTvelosa da niderlandebis _ kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs debulebas,
romlis Tanaxmadac, xelSekruleba SeiZleba Seicvalos mosamarTlis
mier, Tuki xelSekrulebis dadebis momentSi gansazRvruli garemoebebi
imdenad Seicvala, rom SesaZlebelia imis miCneva, rom orive mxare, mxedvelobaSi miiRebdnen ra Secvlil garemoebebs, savaraudod, ar dadebdnen
xelSekrulebas. xsenebuli wesis povna saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobaSi SesaZlebelia samoqalaqo kodeqsis
398-e
muxlis 1-l
nawilSi, romlis Tanaxmadac: `Tu is garemoebebi, romlebic xelSekrulebis dadebis safuZveli

gaxda, xelSekrulebis dadebis Semdeg aSkarad Seicvala da mxareebi ar
dadebdnen am xelSekrulebas an dadebdnen sxva SinaarsiT, es cvlilebebi
rom gaeTvaliswinebinaT, maSin SeiZleba moTxovnil iqnes xelSekrulebis
misadageba Secvlili garemoebebisadmi. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, calkeul
garemoebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT, xelSekrulebis mxares ar SeiZleba moeTxovos Seucvleli xelSekrulebis mkacrad dacva.~ niderlandebis
kanonmdeblobaSi aseTi wesi gansazRvrulia samoqalaqo kodeqsis 6:258 muxlis

1-l
nawilSi, romlis Tanaxmadac: `1. erT-erTi mxaris moTxovnis safuZvelze, sasamarTlos SeuZlia Secvalos xelSekrulebis debulebebi an
gaauqmos isini mTlianad an nawilobriv, gauTvaliswinebeli garemoebebis dadgomis safuZvelze, romlebsac iseTi xasiaTi gaaCniaT, rom meore
mxares, gonivrulobisa da samarTlianobis standartebidan gamomdinare,
ar SeuZlia moelodes, rom xelSekruleba SenarCunebul iqneba ucvlelad. xelSekrulebis Secvlas an gauqmebas SesaZloa gaaCndes ukuqceviTi
Zala.~
7.3. xsenebuli muxlebis gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia mxolod Zalze gamon
aklis SemTxvevebSi. magaliTad, A germaniaSi 2004 wlis zafxulSi yidis
Soreuli aRmosavleTidan Semotanil navTobis nedleuls B-ze
nider
landebSi da SeTanxmebaa miRweuli 12 Tvis ganmavlobaSi miwodebaze. im
SemTxvevaSi, Tuki ucabedad politikuri krizisi warmoiSoba Soreul aRmosavleTSi, romlis gamoc navTobis nedleulis fasi uecrad avardeba da
ormag fasze meti gaxdeba, xsenebuli ver gaxdeba mosamarTlisaTvis imis
mizezi, rom Secvalos xelSekruleba. analogiuri tipis SemTxvevebi ar
xvdeba sakiTxTa iseT sferoSi, romlis gaTvaliswinebac mxareebs ar SeeZloT, radganac aseTi tipis krizisis moxdena SesaZlebelia. magram, im
SemTxvevaSi, Tuki navTobis fasis zrda gamowveuli iqneboda cunamis gamo,
romelic Tavs daatyda mTel Soreul aRmosavleTs 2004 wlis dekemberSi,
kiTxvaze pasuxi SesaZloa gansxvavebuli iyos _ gonivrulad SeiZleba imis
mtkiceba, rom xsenebuli fenomeni iseTi moulodneli da gansakuTrebuli iyo, rom winaaRmdegobaSi movidoda keTilsindisierebis principTan,
Tuki A miawvdida navTobs B-s adre SeTanxmebul fasSi. amitomac dasaSvebi
iqneba, rom mosamarTlem Secvalos xelSekrulebis pirobebi, garemoebebis
Secvlis Sesabamisad.
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Tavi 8
zianis moTxovna valdebulebis darRvevisas
1. Sesavali
1.1. upirveles yovlisa, unda aRiniSnos, rom valdebulebis darRvevisas
zianis anazRaurebis movaleobasTan dakavSirebuli wesebi Seexeba yvela
SemTxvevas, sadac dadgenilia zianis anazRaurebis movaleoba. amdenad,
mniSvneloba ar aqvs, zianis anazRaurebis movaleoba (Tuki es dadasturebulia) ukavSirdeba saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis darRvevas Tu arasaxelSekrulebo valdebulebis darRvevas, rogoricaa deliqti. amdenad,
es wesebi ZiriTadad valdebulebiT samarTalSi moqmedebs. saqarTvelos
samoqalaqo kodeqsis am principze 326-e
muxlic msjelobs: `wesebi saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis Sesaxeb gamoiyeneba aseve sxva arasaxelSekrulebo valdebulebaTa mimarT, Tuki valdebulebis xasiaTidan sxva ram ar
gamomdinareobs.~
1.2. am zogad wesebs vxvdebiT saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 408-e
415-e
muxlebSi da holandiuri
110-e
muxlebSi.
2. zogadi wesi
2.1. zianis anazRaurebis movaleobasTan dakavSirebuli zogadi wesebi,
romlebsac vxvdebiT rogorc qarTul, ise holandiur
samarTalSi, ZiriTadad martivia. ukanono qmedebis gamo zianis dadgomas, iqneba es saxelSekrulebo Tu arasaxelSekrulebo valdebulebis darRveva, unda mohyves im pirvandeli mdgomareobis aRdgena, romelic iarsebebda, rom ar
damdgariyo anazRaurebis mavaldebulebeli garemoeba. sxvagvarad rom
vTqvaT, movalem unda aRadginos, rogorc es laTinurad JRers, status quo
ante. am zogad wess saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis
408-2
muxlis 1-l
nawilSi vxvdebiT.
2.2. Tumca, Tavisi arsiT, es zogadi wesi martivia da yvela saxis konkretuli da, zogjer, rTuli kiTxvebis dasmis safuZvelsac iZleva. vecdebiT,
ganvixiloT zogierTi maTgani.
3. Lucrum cessans et dam num emergens

3.1. erTi cnobili kiTxva, romelsac xSirad laTinurad svamen, ase JRers:
movalem kreditors mxolod is ziani unda aunazRauros, rac man realurad ganicada, Tu, agreTve, is mogebac, rac kreditorma movalis mxridan
valdebulebis darRvevis gamo veRar miiRo? magaliTad, 2005-2006 wlebis
zamTris periodSi a-m b-s mihyida 100,000 kilogrami kartofili, fasi: 10
kilogrami 1 lari, romelic mas 2006 wlis agvistosTvis unda miewodebina.
a-m ver Seasrula micemuli piroba maSin, roca 2006 wlis 1 agvistosaTvis
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kartofilis sabazro Rirebuleba 1,2 lars Seadgenda. udavoa, rom b veRar

miiRebda yovel 10 kilogramze 20 TeTris mogebas kartofilis mesame pirze miyidviT.
3.2. rogorc qarTuli, ise holandiuri samarTali adgens, rom b-s
ufleba aqvs, moiTxovos ara marto faqtobrivad damdgari zianis anazRaureba,
aramed is miuRebeli Semosavalic, romelsac b yoveli 10 kg kartofilis
1,2 larad mesame pirisaTvis miyidviT miiRebda. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo
kodeqsis 411-e
muxli adgens: `ziani unda anazRaurdes ara mxolod faqtobrivad damdgari qonebrivi danaklisisTvis, aramed miuRebeli SemosavlisTvisac. miuReblad iTvleba Semosavali, romelic ar miuRia pirs da
romelsac igi miiRebda, valdebuleba jerovnad rom Sesrulebuliyo.~
analogiur wess holandiur samarTalSi 6:96 muxlis 1-l nawilSi vxvdebiT:
`qonebis, uflebisa da interesebisaTvis miyenebul zians warmoadgens rogorc faqtobrivi danaklisi, ise miuRebeli Semosavalic.~
4. zianis abstraqtuli da konkretuli kalkulacia

4.1. ganvixiloT, movaleobis darRveviT gamowveuli ziani unda daangariSdes konkretuli saqmis gansakuTrebuli garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT,
Tu zianis kalkulaciisTvis zogadi meTodi unda gamoviyenoT.
4.2. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT,
holandiuri
samarTali mosamarTlis gadawyvetilebas eyrdnoba. samoqalaqo kodeqsSi aRniSnul kiTxvaze pasuxi
ar moiZebneba. precedentuli samarTlis mixedviT, holandiel mosamarTleebs am sakiTxze orgvari midgoma aqvT. upirveles yovlisa, zianis daangariSeba konkretul safuZvelze unda moxdes. magaliTad, Tu kartofilis SemZens mesame pirTan dadebuli aqvs am kartofilis sabazro fasTan
SedarebiT ufro sarfianad miyidvis xelSekruleba, radganac is moxerxebuli gamyidvelia, maSin, xelSekrulebis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi, pirvelma gamyidvelma myidvels unda aunazRauros im sarfiani kontraqtis
gaTvaliswinebiT, rac man mesame pirTan dado. da Tu, magaliTad, manqanis
mZRoli daudevrobiT daazianebs fexiT mosiarules, man pirovnebas unda
aunazRauros yvela, maT Soris, sxeulis dazianebiT damdgari ziani, im SemTxvevaSic, Tuki aRniSnuli ziani dazaralebulis susti janmrTelobis
gamo ufro Zlieria, vidre, Cveulebriv, aseT viTarebaSi SeiZleboda yofiliyo. rogorc inglisis deliqtur samarTalSia aRniSnuli: damnaSavem
unda miiRos dazaralebuli iseTi, rogorsac SemTxvevis adgilas naxavs.
4.3. meore mxriv,
holandiuri
samarTali mxedvelobaSi ar iRebs kreditoris mier ganxorcielebuli moqmedebis Sedegebs, romlis saSualebiTac
kreditorma SeZlo zianis Semsubuqeba (igulisxmeba mogebis miRebac), romelic man movalis mier valdebulebis darRvevis Sedegad ganicada da, amdenad, saqmis gansakuTrebuli garemoebebidan gamoaklo. es SemTxveva 3.1.
nawilSi aRniSnuli 100.000 kilogrami kartofilis miyidvis magaliTze
SeiZleba ganvixiloT. Tuki, am SemTxvevaSi, myidveli b yovel 10 kilogram
kartofils mesame pirs 1,25 larad mihyidida, romelic sabazro fasTan
SedarebiT 0.05 TeTriT metia, pirveli gamyidvelis _ a-s mier b-sTvis
asanazRaurebeli ziani daiTvleboda yovel aT kilogramze 1, 25 laris daangariSebiT. a-s valdebuleba, aenazRaurebina b-sTvis
aseTi saxiT daTMYTOPBOOK.ORG
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vlili ziani, ar gaiqviTeboda, Tu b a-s mier kartofilis miuwodeblobis

gamo moelaparakeboda mesame pirs xelSekrulebis moSlis Sesaxeb. a-s
mouwevda, imave odenobiT aenazRaurebina ziani b-sTvis, ra odenobiTac
mas b-s mier mesame pirTan dadebuli xelSekrulebis arsebobis pirobebSi
unda aenazRaurebina ziani. meore magaliTia, roca mZRoli a daudevrobiT
b-s manqanas ejaxeba. a-s
daekisreboda gonivrul farglebSi manqanis SekeTebis xarjebi, miuxedavad imisa, b-s manqana SekeTebuli iyo Tu ara. maSinac
ki, Tu manqana SekeTebuli ar iqneboda, mas, abstraqtuli kalkulaciis safuZvelze, unda aunazRauron ziani ise, TiTqos manqana SekeTebuli iyo.
4.4. rogorc Cans, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsSi ar moiZebneba zusti
pasuxi kiTxvaze, zianis daangariSeba konkretuli kalkulaciis safuZvelze unda moxdes Tu abstraqtuli. ase rom, am sakiTxze gadawyvetileba mosamarTlem unda miiRos.
5. kauzacia
5.1. erT-erTi yvelaze rTuli problema, romelic exeba valdebulebis
darRvevisas zianis anazRaurebis movaleobas, aris kauzaciis sakiTxi.
anazRaurebis movaleoba vrceldeba mxolod iseTi zianze, romelic valdebulebis darRvevis gamo dadga.
5.2. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 412-e
muxlis Tanaxmad, ànazRaurebas eqvemdebareba mxolod is ziani, romelic movalisaTvis winaswar iyo
savaraudo da warmoadgens zianis gamomwvevi moqmedebis uSualo Sedegs.~
holandiis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 6:98
Tavis Tanaxmad ki: `zianis anazRaurebis moTxovna dasaSvebia mxolod iseTi zianis dros, romelic movalis samoqalaqo samarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas iwvevs, rac, pasuxismgeblobisa
da zianis xasiaTis gaTvaliswinebiT, SeiZleba mas mieweros, rogorc aseTi
moqmedebis Sedegi.~
5.3. rogorc qarTul, ise holandiur
kodeqsSi mocemuli debuleba naTlad ganmartavs, Tu ra saxis zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnis ufleba aqvs
kreditors. ase rom, bolos, mosamarTlesa da precedentul samarTalzea
damokidebuli, gansazRvros anazRaurebis valdebulebis farglebi im pirebis mimarT, visac daurRvies aRebuli valdebuleba.
5.4. Tu CavuRrmavdebiT am debulebebs, ori calke kiTxvis gamoyofa iqneba SesaZlebeli: pirveli kiTxva _ faqtTan dakavSirebiT, xolo meore _
ubralod, normatiuli xasiaTis. Tavdapirvelad, unda dadgindes, ramdenad iyo damdgari ziani valdebulebis darRvevis uSualo Sedegi. evropuli kontinenturi Teoriis Tanaxmad, pirveli kiTxva yalibdeba, rogorc:
conditio sine qua non. pirovnebas SeiZleba daevalos kompensaciis anazRaureba, Tuki, pirvel rigSi, dasturdeba, rom kreditoris mier dasaxelebulma mizezma an danaSaulebrivma qmedebam namdvilad gamoiwvia ziani.
magaliTad, Tu eqimi operaciis dros Caidens Secdomas da amis Semdeg pacienti Sromisuunaro gaxdeba, eqimis pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi mxolod
im SemTxvevaSi dadgeba, Tu dadgindeba, rom Sromisuunaroba, sityvis samedicino gagebiT, eqimis SecdomiT iyo gamowveuli. Tu, magaliTad, mosamarTle daaskvnis, rom uunaroba pacientis susti Zvlovani sistemis Sedegi
iyo, rasac araviTari kavSiri ar aqvs eqimis mier operaciis dros Cadenil
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SecdomasTan, eqimis pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi ar dadgeba kauzaciis
ararsebobis gamo. kauzaciasTan dakavSirebiT, pirveli kriteriumi, conditio sine

qua non doqtrinis winapiroba, maSasadame, aris Semdegi: dadgeboda Tu ara
ziani valdebulebis darRvevis gareSe.
5.5. Tuki dadgindeba, rom ziani valdebulebis darRvevis uSualo Sedegia,
daismeba normatiuli saxis meore SekiTxva: zustad ras niSnavs saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 412-e
muxlis winadadeba: `ziani, romelic movalisaTvis winaswar iyo savaraudo da warmoadgens zianis gamomwvevi moqmedebis uSualo Sedegs~ da ra igulisxmeba holandiis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 6:98
muxlSi: `ziani, romelic ukavSirdeba iseT qmedebas, romelic, pasuxismgeblobisa da zianis xasiaTis gaTvaliswinebiT, movalis samoqalaqo samarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas iwvevs da romelic SeiZleba mas mieweros?~ problemis naTelsayofad, martiv magaliTs ganvixilavT. daudevrobis gamo,
sawvaviT datvirTuli satvirTo avtomobilis mZRoli avariaSi xvdeba. Sedegad, 10,000 litr sawvavze meti gadmoiRvreba satvirTo avtomanqanidan
da daabinZurebs rogorc quCis zedapirs, aseve asfaltis safaris qvemo fenas, miwas. quCis dasufTavebas 100,000 lari sWirdeba. udavoa, rom mZRolma
es Tanxa unda gadaixados, radganac aseTi ziani winaswar SeiZleboda yofiliyo savaraudo. magram, warmovidginoT, rom aseTi SemTxveva moxdes
iq, sadac quCis safaris qvemoT wylis sacavebia ganTavsebuli, saidanac
mTeli qalaqi maragdeba. dazianda es sacavebi, ris gamoc wylis miwodeba
qalaqs ramdenime kviriT SeuCerda. am SemTxvevaSi, miyenebuli ziani uzarmazaria da milionobiT lars utoldeba. saeWvoa, rom satvirTo avtomanqanis mZRols unda daekisros aseTi zianis anazRaureba, radganac nakleb
realuria, mas evarauda, rom mis daudevrobas SeiZleboda Tbilisis mosaxleobis ramdenime kviriT uwylod darCena mohyveboda. samoqalaqo kodeqsSi am kiTxvaze pasuxi ar moiZebneba da, Sesabamisad, mosamarTlem unda
daadginos, erTi mxriv, zianis anazRaurebis xarisxi, romelic piris mier
valdebulebis darRvevas mohyva da, meore mxriv, ar dauSvas usazRvro,
aragonivruli da ararealuri pasuxismgeblobis daweseba. holandiuri
samarTlebrivi praqtikis Tanaxmad, am TvalsazrisiT, mniSvnelovani kriteriumia, Tu ramdenad SeiZleba garkveuli riskisagan Tavis dazRveva da
ramdenad Cveulebrivi movlenaa am riskis arseboba.
5.6. SesaZloa es iyos SemTxveva, roca, zianis dadgomis gamowveva, savaraudod, SeeZlo or an met movlenas, roca mosarCeles ar SeuZlia daadginos,
Tu visi braleulobiT moxda es. magaliTad, gias stkiva Tavi da dalevs or
afTiaqSi nayid sxvadasxva wamals. is imdenad avad xdeba, rom ToTxmeti
dRis ganmavlobaSi ar SeuZlia samuSaoze wasvla. Tu dadgindeba, rom orive
wamali sazianoa, xolo SeuZlebelia imis dadgena, romelma wamalma gamoiwvia gias avadmyofoba, gasarkvevia, Tu romeli afTiaqis pasuxismgeblobis
sakiTxi unda dadges. rogorc Cans, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsSi am
kiTxvaze pasuxi ar moiZebneba. rac Seexeba holandiur samoqalaqo kodeqss,
6:99 muxli Semdegnairad aregulirebs sakiTxs: `roca SeiZleba ziani ori
an meti mizeziT damdgariyo, romlebzec ori sxvadasxva pirovneba agebs
pasuxs da dadgenilia, rom ziani erTi am mizezTaganis arsebobiT mainc iyo
ganpirobebuli, zianis anazRaurebis movaleoba ekisreba TiToeul aseT
pirovnebas, Tuki erT-erTi ar daamtkicebs, rom damdgari ziani im moqmedebis uSualo Sedegs ar warmoadgens, raSic mas brals sdeben.~
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5.7. ra Tqma unda, 5.6 nawilSi ganxiluli SemTxveva unda ganvasxvaoT im SemTxvevisagan, roca naTelia, rom ziani saqmeSi arsebuli orive mizezis uSualo Sedegia. magaliTad, ori avtomanqana daudevrobiT trotuarze mimaval fexiT mosiarules daejaxeba, romelic seriozul dazianebebs miiRebs.
arc am SemTxvevaSi arsebobs zogadad aRiarebuli konkretuli debuleba,
romelic am kiTxvas upasuxebda, Tumca, swori gadawyvetileba iqneboda,
rom orive mZRols fexiT mosiarulesaTvis miyenebuli zianisaTvis erToblivad da mkacrad egoT pasuxi da orives gaeyo zianis asanazRaureblad
aucilebeli Tanxa im proporciulobiT, ra zianic maT fexiT mosiarules
miayenes. am SemTxvevaSi, qmedeba, romelmac ziani gamoiwvia, warmoadgens
deliqts
rogorc am magaliTSia ganxiluli. solidaruli pasuxismgeblobisaTvis miyenebuli zianis sakiTxi ganxilulia ssk-is 998 Tavis 1-l
nawilSi. igive principia gatarebuli ssk-is
1013-e
muxlSi, romelic uxarisxo produqciis mwarmoebelTa solidarul pasuxismgeblobas exeba.
5.8. meore kiTxva exeba iseT SemTxvevebs, roca zianis warmoSobas garkveulwilad mesame pirma da TviT dazaralebulis moqmedebamac Seuwyo xeli, romelic, gamomdinare aqedan, damnaSavea. ganvixiloT yvelaze gavrcelebuli
magaliTi: manqanis mZRoli a ejaxeba b-s,
radganac man, SecdomiT, ar dauTmo am manqanas maSin, roca meore manqanis mZRoli b dadgenil standartze
gacilebiT swrafad moZraobda. amrigad, damdgari ziani gacilebiT meti
iyo, vidre im SemTxvevaSi iqneboda, b-s siCqaris dadgenil standartebSi
rom emoZrava. sakiTxs saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 415-e muxlis
pirveli punqti aregulirebs. Tumca, es muxli arc ise gasagebadaa Camoyalibebuli. Cans, rom Seicavs wess, romlis mixedviTac, an msxverplma b-m
SeiZleba moiTxovos damnaSave a-sgan zianis srulad anazRaureba, an mas
saerTod ar SeuZlia a-sgan raime saxis anazRaurebis moTxovna, kerZod, Tu
dadgindeba, rom misi brali aRemateba a-s brals. ssk-is 415-e muxlis 1-li
nawili adgens, rom: `Tu zianis warmoSobas xeli Seuwyo dazaralebulis
moqmedebamac, maSin zianis anazRaurebis valdebuleba da am anazRaurebis
moculoba damokidebulia imaze, Tu ufro metad romeli mxaris braliT
aris ziani gamowveuli.~ amrigad, muxli Seicavs `yvelafris an arafris~
anazRaurebis wess. holandiur samarTalSi es wesi ufro dabalansebulia,
radganac dazaralebulis bralis an misi daudevrobis SemTxvevaSi, dazaralebulma SeiZleba moiTxovos zianis anazRaureba imis mixedviT, Tu ra
wvlili miuZRvis orive mxares am zianis dadgomaSi. kerZod, holandiuri
samoqalaqo kodeqsis 6:101
muxlis Tanaxmad: `1. Tuki, arsebuli garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, zianis warmoSobas dazaralebulis moqmedebamac
Seuwyo xeli, mis mimarT zianis anazRaurebis movaleoba mcirdeba, gadanawildeba ra damdgari ziani dazaralebulsa da im pirs Soris, vinc es ziani
unda aanazRauros.~
6. moraluri ziani
6.1. arsebobs zianis sul mcire sami saxesxvaoba: pirovnebis sxeulis dazianeba, uZrav qonebaze miyenebuli ziani da ziani, romelic piris ekonomikur
interesebs SeiZleba miadges. zemoT ganxiluli SemTxvevebi swored am sami
saxis zians Seexeba. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom CamoTvlili zianis saxeobebi xiluli da xelSesaxebia da realurad maTi gazomva Tu daTvla arcTu ise
Znelia.
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6.2. samarTlebrivi sistemebis umetesobaSi ganixileba sakiTxi, Tu ramdenad aris SesaZlebeli àramaterialuri zianis~, romelsac agreTve, moralur zians uwodeben, anazRaureba. magaliTad, pirs RamiT jibis qurdi
daesxa Tavs. amis Semdeg is veRar bedavs Ramis saaTebSi quCaSi gasvlas imis
SiSiT, rom mas kvlav gaZarcvaven. an ganvixiloT SemTxveva, romelsac pirs
travmuli SegrZnebebi uCndeba mas Semdeg, rac avtokatastrofis dros
sxeulis mZime dazianebebs miiRebs, an rodesac sajaro Seuracxyofis miyenebis Semdeg pirs mudmivi kardiologiuri Civilebi aqvs. samarTlebrivi
sistemebis umetesoba cdilobs, Tavi aaridos moraluri zianis anazRaurebis SesaZleblobis gafarToebas, imdenad, ramdenadac Znelia aseTi zianis arsebobis dadastureba da zianis Rirebulebis zusti gaangariSeba.
amitom, samarTlebrivi sistemebis umetesobaSi gamoiyeneba iseTi modeli,
romlis mixedviTac, aramaterialuri zianis anazRaureba dasaSvebia, magram mxolod zustad gansazRvrul SemTxvevebSi da SezRuduli raodenobiT, ZiriTadad, roca msxverpli agreTve sxeulis dazianebasac miiRebs.
saqarTvelo da holandia, am TvalsazrisiT, gamonakliss ar warmoadgens.
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 413-e muxlis pirveli nawili adgens,
rom: àraqonebrivi
zianisaTvis fuladi anazRaureba SeiZleba moTxovnil iqnes mxolod kanoniT zustad gansazRvrul SemTxvevaSi gonivruli
da samarTliani anazRaurebis saxiT~, xolo imave muxlis
me-2
nawili dasZens, rom: `sxeulis dazianebis an janmrTelobisTvis vnebis miyenebis SemTxvevebSi, dazaralebuls SeuZlia moiTxovos anazRaureba araqonebrivi
zianisTvisac.~ holandiur samoqalaqo kodeqsSic moiZebneba analogiuri
muxli
6:106,
nawili 1, punqti
b):
`nebismieri zianisaTvis, romelic ar warmoadgens qonebriv zians (qonebis dakargva, uflebebi da interesebi) pirovnebas ufleba aqvs, moiTxovos miyenebuli zianis samarTliani Sefaseba,
Tuki dazaralebulma miiRo sxeulis dazianeba, an Seilaxa misi saxeli da
Rirseba, an Tu sxvagvarad moxda misi Seuracxyofa.~
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Tavi 9
kazusebi da komentarebi
kazusi 1
qeTi melua aris Tbilisis gareubanSi, gazafxulis quCa #12-Si mdebare
mSvenieri saxlis mepatrone. radganac qeTi saqarTvelos datovebas da
inglisSi cxovrebis dawyebas apirebs, is avalebs uZravi qonebis agents
Sps `saukeTeso gayidvebis saagentodan~, rom misi saxeliT gayidos aRniSnuli saxli. Sps `saukeTeso gayidvebis saagento~ 2005 wlis 22 oqtombers
gancxadebas Tbilisis yoveldRiur gazeTSi aTavsebs, romelic mkiTxvels acnobs, rom sacxovrebeli saxlis gasayidi Rirebuleba 300,000 laria. jon fosteri, amerikeli, romelic TbilisSi, amerikis saelCoSi iwyebs
muSaobas da romelic qarTveli megobrebisagan Seityobs, rom TbilisSi,
gazafxulis quCa #12-Si mdebare saxli qeTi meluas sakuTrebaa, swers mas
werils, sadac aRniSnavs, rom quCidan danaxvisas moixibla misi saxliT da
sTavazobs mas 300,000 lars. werili qeTi meluas safosto yuTSi 2005 wlis
22 oqtombers aRmoCndeba. imave dRes jon fosteri kiTxulobs gancxadebas
gazeTSi, rekavs Sps `saukeTeso gayidvebis saagentoSi~ da ucxadebs, rom
kontraqti ukve Sedga. uZravi qonebis agenti saswrafod acnobebs qeTi meluas SemoTavazebis miRebis Sesaxeb, Tumca, qeTi melua, romelsac cudi
gamocdileba aqvs amerikelebTan urTierTobis TvalsazrisiT, winaaRmdegia, rom saxlis momavali mflobeli jon fosteri gaxdes.
kiTxva:
jon fosteri iwyebs samoqalaqo warmoebas pirveli instanciis sasamarTloSi da iTxovs konkretul Sesrulebas, anu saxlis misTvis gadacemas.
ramdenad warmatebuli iqneba misi mcdeloba?
pasuxi:
am SemTxvevaSi, pirvel sayuradRebo faqts uZravi qonebis agentis mier
gazeTSi gancxadebis ganTavseba warmoadgens. ibadeba kiTxva am gancxadebis
samarTlebrivi xasiaTis Sesaxeb. unda ganvixiloT ori Tvalsazrisi: pirveli, ramdenad warmoadgens gazeTSi ganTavsebuli gancxadeba oferts da,
meore, warmoadgens Tu ara is mowvevas ofertis gakeTebaze. pirveli versiis SemTxvevaSi, Tuki mesame piri, rogoric jon fosteria, naTlad daafiqsirebs sakuTar ganzraxvas, anu gamoTqvams survils, iyidos saxli aRniSnul fasad, magaliTad, darekavs da ganacxadebs, rom Tanaxmaa, SeiZinos
saxli SemoTavazebul fasad, maSin SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom kontraqti
daido. problemas warmoadgens is, rom, rodesac uZravi qonebis gayidvaze vsaubrobT, fasi kontraqtis mxolod da mxolod erT-erTi pirobaa.
xelSekrulebis pirobebSi TanabarmniSvnelovania qonebis gadacemasa da
Tanxis anazRaurebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi. amdenad, SegviZlia vidavoT, rom, roca mxolod fasze xdeba SeTanxmeba, sanam kontraqti dadebulad CaiTvleba, sxva pirobebis dakonkretebac unda moxdes.
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Tuki meore versias mivemxrobiT, kerZod imas, rom gazeTSi gancxadebis

ganTavseba sxva araferia, Tu ara mowveva ofertze, jon fosteris mier
ganxorcielebuli satelefono zari, kanonis Tanaxmad, ofertad CaiTvleba, romelsac qeTi meluas mxridan unda mohyves aqcepti, sanam daideba xelSekruleba. radganac am ukanasknelis mxridan aqcepts adgili ar
hqonia, kontraqtic dadebulad ar CaiTvleba da davac imaze, rom unda
momxdariyo xelSekrulebis sxva pirobebze SeTanxmeba, uadgiloa. holandiis uzenaesma sasamarTlom imsjela saqmeze da gadawyvita, rom uZravi
qonebis agentis mier gazeTSi saxlis gayidvis Taobaze gakeTebuli gancxadeba ar warmoadgens oferts, Tumca, kanonis Tanaxmad, unda ganixilebodes, rogorc mowveva ofertze.
garda amisa, ibadeba kiTxva, ramdenad aris am SemTxvevaSi fasze SeTanxmeba
miRweuli, radganac, imave dRes, roca gamoqveynda gancxadeba, qeTi meluas
uZravi qonebis agentma miiRo jon fosteris werili, rom mas surda SeeZina
saxli im fasad, rasac gamyidveli daasaxelebda. am kiTxvaze pasuxi uaryofiTia, radgan jon fosteris werili ar aris qeTi meluas ofertze pasuxi. miuxedavad imisa, rom gazeTSi gasul gancxadebasa da jon fosteris
werilSi identuri fasebia miTiTebuli, imisaTvis, rom kontraqtis arseboba dadasturdes, aucilebelia, dadgindes kavSiri ofertsa da aqcepts
Soris. SemTxveviTi faqti, roca or mxares identuri mosazreba gauCnda, ar
SeiZleba kontraqtis dadebis safuZvlad CaiTvalos.
rac Seexeba kiTxvas, Tu ramdenad SeuZlia jon fosters, moiTxovos naturiT Sesruleba, pasuxi ase Camoyalibdeba: faqtobrivad, masze unda gaices
naturiT Sesrulebis brZaneba, radganac saxli konkretuli nivTia da jon
fosteri ver miiRebs imas, rac mas realurad surda. ase rom, am SemTxvevaSi,
fuladi kompensacia misaRebi ekvivalenti araa. Tumca, moTxovna ar unda
dakmayofildes, radganac, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, ar yofila dadebuli
samarTlebrivad aRsrulebadi xelSekruleba.
kazusi 2
Sps `Tbilisis meoradi manqanebis kompania~ awyobs meoradi iaponuri manqanebis partiis auqcions. auqcionze stanislav petrovi mzadaa, gadaixados yvelaze maRali fasi Tormetcilindriani micubiSis markis avtomanqanaSi. is ixdis 30,000 lars. Sps `Tbilisis meoradi manqanebis kompania~ nebas
rTavs stanislavs, auqcionis damTavrebisTanave, dauyovnebliv waiyvanos
manqana da gasaRebsac aZlevs. auqcionis datovebis Semdeg, stanislavi
Tbilisidan baTumisken saval gzaze maRali siCqariT moZraobs, ra drosac manqanebis saval nawils kveTs fexiT mosiarule. stanislavi cdilobs,
SeaCeros manqana, Tumca, uSedegod, radganac muxruWebi, teqnikuri mizezebis gamo, aRmoCndeba gafuWebuli. stanislavi manqaniT ejaxeba fexiT mosiarule mamakacs, romelsac hyavs coli da Tormeti arasrulwlovani
bavSvi. axalgazrda kaci iRupeba avtokatastrofaSi. ori dRis Semdeg stanislavi Sps `Tbilisis meoradi manqanebis kompaniisagan~ iRebs angariSfaqturas 30,000 larze, romlis pirvel gverdzec weria, rom auqcionze
manqanis SeZenis SemTxvevaSi, aucilebelia yuradReba mieqces furclis
ukan daweril standartul debulebebs. erT-erTi debulebis Tanaxmad ki:
gamyidveli ixsnis Semdgom pasuxismgeblobas nebismieri teqnikuri nakliT
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gamowveuli zianisaTvis, ganurCevlad am zianis gamomwvevi mizezisa da ar

aanazRaurebs am naklis gamosworebisaTvis saWiro Tanxebs. gamonakliss
warmoadgens SemTxveva, Tuki teqnikuri naklis aRmoCenis Sesaxeb myidveli
gamyidvels ori Tvis vadaSi acnobebs.
kiTxva:
SeuZlia Tu ara stanislavs, Sps `Tbilisis meoradi manqanebis kompanias~
mosTxovos zianis anazRaureba, rac 500,000 lars Seadgens da mas sasamarTlom qvrivisa da misi arasrulwlovani bavSvebisaTvis miyenebuli zianis
asanazRaureblad daakisra?
pasuxi:
pasuxi, savaraudod, uaryofiTia. romc davuSvaT, rom am pirobaze mxareebi
SeTanxmebuli iyvnen, es SeTanxmeba unda momxdariyo xelSekrulebis dadebis momentSi. ra Tqma unda, xelSekrulebis arc erTi mxare ar aris aRWurvili iseTi uflebamosilebiT, rom daamatos xelSekrulebaSi pirobebi, roca
xelSekruleba ukve dadebulia. arsebobs sxva mosazrebac, romlis Tanaxmad, xelSekrulebis erT-erTi mxaris uflebaa, ara marto erTpirovnulad
gadawyvitos xelSekrulebis Sinaarsi, aramed erTpirovnulad Secvalos
xelSekrulebis dadebis Semdeg misi Sinaarsi. es ukanaskneli, ra Tqma unda,
ewinaaRmdegeba princips, rom xelSekruleba ori mxaris SeTanxmebaa, romlebic, kanonis Tanaxmad, Tanasworuflebianni arian da Tavisufali nebis
gamoxatvis safuZvelze Tavs iboWaven saxelSekrulebo valdebulebebiT.
saqme sxvagvarad gadawydeboda, Tuki dadgindeboda, rom, standartuli
praqtikis da Cveulebis Tanaxmad, am saxis yvela xelSekruleba gamonaklisi pirobis arsebobis safuZvelze ideba da myidvelma es icoda an, savaraudod, unda scodnoda. Tumca, am saqmeSi am varaudis mxardamWer faqtebs
ver vxvdebiT.
kazusi 3
rejent strit hotelis mepatrone TbilisSi, sastumros saxuravis SekeTebis mizniT, xelSekrulebas debs Sps `Tbilisis samSeneblo kompaniasTan~.
xelSekrulebis nawilis Tanaxmad, saxuravze unda daidgas qvis moZravi
lomebi, romelTa drodadro Camotanac SesaZlebeli iqneba sastumros
baRSi gamarTul wveulebebze, roca saqarTvelos parlamenti yovelwliur
festivalebs umaspinZlebs. xelSekrulebis saerTo Rirebuleba 2,000,000
laria. samuSaoebis dasrulebis Semdeg sastumros xelmZRvaneloba aRmoaCens, rom samuSao arasaTanadod da araprofesionalurad ganxorcielda.
wvimebis dros sastumros zeda sarTulis iataki mTlianad sveldeba, xolo
saxuravs nawilebi ise scviva, rom sakmaod saxifaToa sastumros nangrevebs
Soris aRmoCnde. sastumrom xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli Rirebulebis naxevari winaswar gadaixada. danarCeni Tanxa kvlav gadasaxdelia.
sastumro, romelic uars ambobs xelSekrulebaze, misi ZiriTadi nawilis
darRvevis gamo, iwyebs warmoebas sasamarTloSi da iTxovs, rom samSeneblo
kompaniam aanazRauros sastumros saxuravis SekeTebisaTvis saWiro Tanxa
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da sastumros bolo sarTulis dazianebiT gamowveuli xarjebi. samSeneblo

kompania, Segebebuli sarCeliT, sasamarTlosagan iTxovs xelSekrulebiT
gaTvaliswinebuli gadauxdeli Tanxis 1,000,000 laris anazRaurebas da
qvis lomebis dabrunebas, romlebic sastumros avtofarexSi inaxeba da
maTi Rirebuleba 30,000 lars Seadgens.
kiTxva:
ras gadawyvets sasamarTlo sastumros sarCelsa da samSeneblo kompaniis
Segebebul sarCelTan mimarTebiT?
pasuxi:
saqmeSi arsebuli faqtebis mixedviT, mosamarTlem dava sastumros sasargeblod unda gadawyvitos. samSeneblo kompaniam romelic mSeneblobis
kontraqts debs, unda uzrunvelyos Sesrulebuli samuSaos xarisxi, Sesabamisad, Sesrulebul saqmianobaSi arsebuli nebismieri xarvezi kontraqtis
darRvevas niSnavs. es ki, Tavis mxriv, iwvevs imas, rom xelSekrulebis arsebiTi darRvevis gamo, sastumros ufleba aqvs, uari Tqvas xelSekrulebaze,
samSeneblo samuSaoebis Sesasruleblad sxva kompania daiqiravos da ziani
ainazRauros. sastumros, agreTve, ufleba aqvs, moiTxovos xelSekrulebis darRveviT gamowveuli sxva mosalodneli zianis anazRaurebac da, amdenad, samSeneblo kompaniam unda aanazRauros sxva samSeneblo kompaniis daqiravebiT gamowveuli zedmeti xarjebi. kanonSi ar aris miTiTebuli zusti
safuZveli, Tu ratom unda daabrunos sastumrom lomebi, Tuki is mzad
aris, gadaixados maTi fasi, magram Tu sastumro ar dafaravs maT xarjebs,
lomebi unda daubrundes samSeneblo kompanias, radganac xelSekrulebaze
uaris Tqmis Semdeg qonebis gadacema lomebis saxiT samarTlebriv safuZvels moklebulia da, amdenad, sastumros ekisreba lomebis dabrunebis arasaxelSekrulebo valdebuleba.
rac Seexeba Segebebul sarCels, Tuki samSeneblo kompaniis mier
xelSekrulebis darRvevis faqts gaviTvaliswinebT, sastumros ufleba
aqvs, Tavi Seikavos Tavisi Sesrulebisagan da ar gadaixados darCenili
Tanxa. magram, vinaidan sastumro irCevs xelSekrulebaze uaris Tqmas,
faqtobrivad, is kargavs uflebas, Tavi Seikavos Sesrulebisagan. man unda
gadaixados samSeneblo kompaniis mier ukve Sesrulebuli samuSaos Rirebuleba. magram Tuki am safuZvelze sastumros daekisreba valdebuleba,
samSeneblo kompanias gadauxados xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli jer
kidev gadauxdeli Tanxis garkveuli odenoba, man, ra Tqma unda, samSeneblo kompaniis winaaRmdeg SeiZleba gaqviTos Tavisi movaleoba Tavisive
moTxovnis mimarT damdgari zianisa da zedmeti xarjebisaTvis, rac man
sxva samSeneblo kompanias unda gadauxados saxuravisa da sastumros zeda
sarTulis SesakeTeblad da im damatebiTi xarjebisTvisac, rac man unda
gadaixados Semdgomi zianis Tavidan asacileblad.
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kazusi 4
muxuraZe TbilisSi flobs samoTaxian binas, romlis Rirebuleba 40,000
laria. is 1999 wlis 2 marts xelSekrulebas debs samSeneblo kompania `kavuniteqsTan~. kontraqtis Tanaxmad, `kavuniteqsi~ valdebulia, muxuraZes
2001 wlis bolomde auSenos oTxoTaxiani bina. muxuraZem, binis mSeneblobis safasurad, `kavuniteqss~ sakuTari sacxovrebeli bina unda dauTmos.
muxuraZem `kavuniteqsis~ winaSe dadebuli valdebuleba dauyovnebliv,
pirnaTlad Seasrula da `kavuniteqsis~ instruqciis Tanaxmad, bina vinme m.
javaxiSvils gadasca. binis javaxiSvilisTvis gadacemis safuZveli aris is,
rom javaxiSvili `kavuniteqss~ samSeneblo masalebiT amaragebs, romelic
am samSeneblo kompanias muxuraZisaTvis binis asaSeneblad sWirdeba. amrigad, yovelive amis gaTvaliswinebiT da samSeneblo kompaniisaTvis miwodebuli masalebis safasurad, javaxiSvili muxuraZis binis mesakuTre xdeba.
2001 wels cnobili xdeba, rom `kavuniteqsi~ ver axerxebs daTqmul vadaSi muxuraZisaTvis binis Cabarebas. muxuraZe da `kavuniteqsi~ deben axal
xelSekrulebas, romlis Tanaxmadac, `kavuniteqsi~ muxuraZisaTvis 2002
wlisaTvis xuToTaxiani binis aSenebas kisrulobs. `kavuniteqsma~ verc es
valdebuleba Seasrula da, maSasadame, axali kontraqtic daarRvia. muxuraZem aRZra sarCeli `kavuniteqsisa~ da javaxiSvilis winaaRmdeg. is acxadebs, rom javaxiSvilisaTvis samoTaxiani binis miyidvis xelSekruleba
baTilad unda gamocxaddes da iTxovs misi binis dabrunebas. javaxiSvili
ar scnobs sarCels da, sakuTari Tavis dacvis mizniT, acxadebs, rom marTalia, mas binis Tanxa 40,000 lari muxuraZisaTvis ar gadauxdia, magram samoTaxiani binis miRebis faqti mainc namdvilia.
kiTxva:
rogor unda gadawydes es dava?
pasuxi:
rogorc Cans, saqarTvelos uzenaes sasamarTlos sakmaod xSirad umsjelia aseTi tipis saqmeebze. es kazusi sakmaod gavrcelebul SemTxvevebs
exeba. miuxedavad amisa, swori pasuxi am kiTxvaze sakmaod martivia. Tuki
dakvirvebiT ganvixilavT am kazuss, aRmovaCenT, rom, pirveli: muxuraZesa
da `kavuniteqss~ Soris pirvelad dadebuli xelSekruleba, kanonis Tanaxmad, WeSmaritad namdvilia. meore, usafuZvloa vivaraudoT, rom `kavuniteqssa~ da javaxiSvils Soris samSeneblo masalebis CamotanasTan dakavSirebiT dadebuli xelSekruleba ar aris namdvili. amdenad, gvaqvs ori
namdvili xelSekruleba: erTi _ dadebuli muxuraZesa da `kavuniteqss~
Soris, romelic iTvaliswinebs `kavuniteqsis~ mier binis aSenebas, xolo
muxuraZis mxridan SeTanxmebuli Tanxis gadaxdis valdebulebas da meore
xelSekruleba _ dadebuli `kavuniteqssa~ da javaxiSvils Soris, romlis
safuZvelzec, javaxiSvilma samSeneblo kompanias unda miawodos masalebi
da `kavuniteqsma~ gadaixados Tanxa am masalebSi. kanonSi ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli raime winaaRmdegoba, rac Seaferxebda am ori xelSekrulebis
erTmaneTTan dakavSirebas, anu SemdgomSi mxareebis SeTanxmebas imasTan
dakavSirebiT, rom muxuraZe `kavuniteqsisaTvis~ gadaxdis valdebulebas,
Tanxis gadaxdis magivrad, Seasrulebda javaxiSvilisaTvis binis gadace-
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miT. Tu muxuraZe javaxiSvils gadascems binas, is javaxiSvils aRar uxdis

fuls, Tumca, ubrunebs vals `kavuniteqss~. meore mxriv, kanoni arc `kavuniteqssa~ da javaxiSvils Soris arsebul SeTanxmebas ewinaaRmdegeba, roca
isini Tanxmdebian, rom javaxiSvili miiRebs muxuraZis binas, rogorc `kavuniteqsis~ mxridan mis mimarT arsebuli valis anazRaurebas. muxuraZis
mier javaxiSvilisaTvis binis gadacema ar niSnavs, rom muxuraZe javaxiSvils vals unazRaurebs, aramed imas, rom `kavuniteqsi~ uxdis vals muxuraZes. am SemTxvevaSi, saqme gvaqvs kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevasTan,
rom nebismier mesame mxares SeuZlia gadaixados vali da xelSekrulebis
mxareebi SeiZleba SeTanxmdnen pirveladi xelSekrulebis pirobebidan
gadaxvevaze, rac imaSi gamoixateba, rom valdebulebis Sesruleba SeiZleba gansxvavdebodes Tavdapirveli SeTanxmebisagan. es xelSekrulebis
Tavisuflebis doqtrinis nawils warmoadgens.
miuxedavad imisa, rom es ori xelSekruleba, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT,
samkuTxeds qmnis, kanoniT mainc ar arian erTmaneTTan kavSirSi. swored
aqedan gamomdinare, marTalia, `kavuniteqsma~ muxuraZesTan dadebuli
valdebuleba ver Seasrula, maTi xelSekrulebis Sewyveta SesaZlebelia
muxuraZis mxridan xelSekrulebaze uaris TqmiT, Tumca, es ar niSnavs, rom
muxuraZis mier javaxiSvilisaTvis binis gadacemis faqti amieridan aranamdvilia. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom javaxiSvilma marTlac miawoda `kavuniteqss~ samSeneblo masalebi, mas sruli ufleba aqvs, moiTxovos `kavuniteqsisagan~ sanacvlod anazRaureba, rac gamoixata misTvis samoTaxiani
binis gadacemiT. amdenad, sadavo aRar aris, rom muxuraZis mier javaxiSvilisaTvis binis gadacema kanonieria. es kanonieri iyo imdenad, ramdenadac `kavuniteqss~ unda daefara misi vali samSeneblo masalebis mowodebisaTvis. amis anazRaureba ganxorcielda muxuraZis mier kavuniteqsis
saxeliT. javaxiSvilis mier muxuraZisaTvis 40,000 laris gadauxdelobis
faqti aq mniSvnelobas moklebulia, radganac mas bina muxuraZisagan ar
SeuZenia, Tumca, `kavuniteqss~ namdvilad miawoda samSeneblo masalebi,
rac binis safasurs warmoadgenda.
am msjelobis Sedegia is, rom muxuraZe dgas `kavuniteqsis~ mxridan mis mimarT Sesrulebis ararsebobis riskis winaSe. magram, radganac javaxiSvils
araferi esaqmeba muxuraZesa da `kavuniteqss~ Soris dadebul xelSekrulebasTan, arc maT Soris arsebul saxelSekrulebo valdebulebaTa darRvevis gamo unda ganicados danaklisi.
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1

wigni dafinansebulia saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi TanamSromlobis

2006, saqarTvelos axalgazrda iuristTa asociacia

nawili II. qarTuli da holandiuri valdebulebiTi

Tavi 4. valdebulebiTi samarTlis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi .............. 84

praqtikidan imisaTvis, rom wignis gamocemaze gvefiqra.

Tbilisis saolqo sasamarTlo,

1. sanivTo da valdebulebiTi samarTlis

iuridiul mecnierebaSi gavrcelebuli Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, sanivTo

valdebulebiTi urTierTobebis momwesrigebeli normebis gamoyenebis zogierTi Tavisebureba...

`gordas~ Soris daido arasacxovrebeli

farTis nasyidobis xelSekruleba. s/s `gordas~ sakuTrebis ufleba kanoniT

dualizmis Temis amowurva SeuZlebelia, Tu ar SevexeT uflebis `statikisa da `dinamikis~ sakiTxsac.

valdebulebiTi urTierTobebis momwesrigebeli normebis gamoyenebis zogierTi Tavisebureba...

3. yvela SesaZlo riskis Tavidan asacileblad, SemoRebul iqnes

valdebulebiTi urTierTobebis momwesrigebeli normebis gamoyenebis zogierTi Tavisebureba...

moiTxova uZravi nivTis ukanono mflobelisaTvis CamorTmeva da misTvis

urTierTobis (xelSekrulebis) arseboba ar aris sakmarisi, aramed sk-is 183-e muxlis

2. valdebulebis arsi da struqtura, misi

valdebulebiTi urTierTobebis momwesrigebeli normebis gamoyenebis zogierTi Tavisebureba...

Ta `nebis avtonomia ar aTavisuflebs monawileebs valdebulebebisagan,

Tu uflebamosili piri ibrunebs nivTs, igi valdebulia, mpovnels

saziaro uflebebi (sk-is953-968 muxlebi);

davalebis gareSe sxvisi saqmeebis Sesruleba (sk-is

jildos sajarod dapireba. konkursi ( sk-is 755- 762 muxlebi);

zianis miyeneba (deliqti, sk-is 992 1008-e muxlebi);

usafuZvlo gamdidreba (kondiqciuri valdebulebebi sk-is 976-991

uxarisxo produqtiT gamowveuli zianis anazRaureba (sk-is

inteleqtualuri sakuTrebiTi urTierTobebi;

iuridiuli faqtebi, romelTac kanoni ukavSirebs samoqalaqo

garda aRniSnulisa, valdebulebis warmoSobis safuZveli SeiZleba iyos

valdebulebiTi urTierTobebis momwesrigebeli normebis gamoyenebis zogierTi Tavisebureba...

ZalaSi Sesuli gadawyvetilebis iZulebiTi aRsruleba ar mouTxovia... aRniSnuli

solidaruli valdebuleba, valdebulebis sagnis ganuyoflobiT,

am saxis valdebuleba maqsimalurad uzrunvelyofs kreditoris

solidaruli valdebulebis dros moqmedebs Semdegi principi:

valdebulebiTi urTierTobebis momwesrigebeli normebis gamoyenebis zogierTi Tavisebureba...

oRond Tavisi wilis gamoklebiT, Tuki xelSekrulebiT an kanoniT sxva ram

rac Seexeba aqcesoruli uflebidan (aqcesorulia ufleba, romelic isea

vadamde. aq saubari aRar aris uZrav nivTze valdebulebiT-samarTlebrivi

dadgenis valdebulebaze, aramed uflebebze, romlebic warmoiSobian ukve xelSekrulebiT

valdebulebiTi urTierTobebis momwesrigebeli normebis gamoyenebis zogierTi Tavisebureba...

amdenad, valdebulebiTi moTxovnis xandazmulobis gamo piradi

muxlis ZaliT mis mimarT adgili hqonda

3. valdebulebis Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofis

konkretuli pasuxi yovel konkretul valdebulebaze, xelSekrulebis

pirovnuli uzrunvelyofis saSualebebs warmoadgenen: movalis garantia

gadamzidvels gadazidvis xelSekrulebidan warmoSobili xarjebis

Semnaxvels Senaxvis xarjebis gamo warmoeSoba saqonlis giravnobis

valdebulebaTa gaqviTvis SesaZlebloba (uzrunvelyofa farTo

valdebulebiTi urTierTobebis momwesrigebeli normebis gamoyenebis zogierTi Tavisebureba...

amasTan, kanonis safuZvelze warmoSobili giravnobisa da

muxlis mesame nawili, romlis mixedviTac: `kanonismieri giravnobis uflebis mqone

aqvs movalis giravnobiT uzrunvelyofili moTxovnis Seusruleblobis an arajerovani

interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT. am valdebulebis Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi igi pasuxs agebs

valdebulebis Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofis

valdebulebiTi urTierTobebis momwesrigebeli normebis gamoyenebis zogierTi Tavisebureba...

muxlis mesame nawilis moTxovnas, romlis Tanaxmadac, momaMYTOPBOOK.ORG

valSi dasadebi xelSekrulebisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli forma vrceldeba

valdebulebiTi urTierTobebis momwesrigebeli normebis gamoyenebis zogierTi Tavisebureba...

bes odenoba ganisazRvreba mxareTa SeTanxmebiT. igi ar SeiZleba

moqmedebis dros (sk-is 396-e muxli).

sajarimo, alternatiul da CaTvliT pirgasamtexlos.