FE 211

ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

EXPERIMENT-3

NEUTRALIZATION TITRATIONS IN
A AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS

Uğur ASİT

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PURPOSE:

In this experiment we are going to study basis of volumetric analysis and

basic applications acid-base titrations. We’ll carry out titrations for standardization of
NaOH solution, determination of acetic acid in vinegar and analysis of HCl&HAc
solution.

THEORY:

Titrations that we’ll carry out in this experiment are nothing than acid-base
reactions. In acid-base titrations acidic/basic analyte is neutralized with a strong
base/acid. Acid or base solution that is run from burette is called titrant. When the all
acid and base used up in neutralization reaction this means it has been reached to
the equivalence point.

In order to visualize pH change indicator is used. Indicator is a weak acid or

base that gives different color at different pH range. The point at which indicator
changes color is called end point. End point must match with equivalence point,
indicator must be chosen by this manner.

Standardization of titrants is very important for accuracy. Simply

standardization is the titration of standart solution with a primary standard solution.
Primary standard compound must have some properties. It must be pure,
soluble, stable in pure form and in solution, and also must be easy to dry.

MATERIALS:

 NaOH solution.
 Methyl orange.
 Phenolphthalein.
 KHP (potassium hydrogen phthalate).
 Distilled water.
 Burette.
 Flask.

PROCEDURE:

First part:

 10 ml of KHP sample was taken in flask.

 2 drops of Phenolphthalein was added.

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  This sample was titrated with NaOH solution until color turned pink.
 Finally normality of NaOH was calculated.

Second part:

 5 ml of vinegar sample was taken in flask.

 This sample was diluted 100 ml with distilled water.
 A few drops of Phenolphthalein was added in solution.
 Then solution was titrated with 0,1 M NaOH.
 Finally, HAc was calculated.

Third part:

 15 ml sample was taken and diluted 100 ml with distilled water.

 2 – 3 drops of methyl orange was added.
 Solution was titrated with 0,1M NaOH.
 When color change titration was stopped and volume was recorded.
 After that, 2 – 3 drops of phenolphthalein was added.
 Then solution was titrated again with 0,1M NaOH solution.
 Finally, volume was recorded.

RESULTS:

First part:

Volume of NaOH: 21,2 ml.

Second part:

Volume of NaOH : 42 ml.

Third part:

First step ( titration with methyl orange ) : 7,9 ml.

Second step ( titration with phenolphthalein ) : 8,9 ml.

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CALCULATIONS:

Molarity of HCI in first part:

40 g KHP 1 mol KHP = 21,2 ml NaOH * M

10 ml KHP * *
1 lt. 204.2 g KHP
M = 0.09 M NaOH
Second part:

5 ml HAc * M = 42 ml NaOH * 0.1 M  M = 0.84 M

DISCUSSION:

In this experiment we studied the volumetric analysis and carried out several acid-
base titrations.
Volumetric analysis are based on measurement of volume and they have a
very common use especially in food sector (remember that we’ve just used this
method for vinegar analysis.). Volumetric method is chosen because it is easy,
cheap, rapid and gives accurate results. But it is vulnerable for errors causing from
reagents.

For this reason standardization is done. The CO2 in the air dissolves in water.
Mostly in negligible amounts but distillated pure water can become supersaturated
and acidity of solution increases. If the solution is prepared with this water this may
lead error. To eliminate this error solutions used in titrations must be standardized to
a primary standard solution which is discussed in theory section.

We estimated end points are at equivalence point so we supposed that results

have acceptable errors. But we must keep in mind that this method is vulnerable to
personal errors.