Tp ch KHOA HC HSP TPHCM

Nguyn Kim Hng v tgk

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DY HC TCH HP TRONG TRNG PH THNG AUSTRALIA

NGUYN KIM HNG*, HUNH CNG MINH HNG**

TM TT
Chng trnh tch hp l c im then cht ca nn gio dc Australia hin nay.
Bi vit tm hiu s pht trin ca dy hc tch hp trong trng ph thng, ng thi
trnh by cc m hnh dy hc tch hp, so snh chng trnh dy hc tch hp vi dy hc
truyn thng v bn lun v cc ng dng thc tin ca chng trnh tch hp trong nn
gio dc Australia.
T kha: chng trnh tch hp, m hnh a mn, m hnh da trn chui vn ,
m hnh da trn ch .
ABSTRACT
Integrated teaching in Australian Schools
Integrated curriculum is a key characteristic in current Australian education. The
paper investigates the development of integrated teaching in Australian schools. Also, this
paper presents some curriculum models for integration, compares integrated and
traditional curricula, and discusses the practical applications of integrated curricula in
Australian education.
Keywords: integrated curriculum, interdisciplinary model, problem-based model,
theme-based model.

1.
C s l lun
1.1. nh ngha
Trn th gii v ti Vit Nam, dy
hc tch hp tr thnh mt tro lu s
phm hin i. Thng 9-1968, Hi ngh
tch hp v vic ging dy cc khoa hc
c Hi ng Lin quc gia v ging
dy khoa hc t chc ti Varna (Bungari),
vi s bo tr ca UNESCO. Hi ngh nu
ra hai vn l v sao phi dy hc tch
hp v tch hp cc khoa hc l g [3].
Theo , dy hc tch hp c UNESCO
nh ngha nh sau: Mt cch trnh by
cc khi nim v nguyn l khoa hc cho
php din t s thng nht c bn ca t
tng khoa hc, trnh nhn qu mnh hoc
*
**

PGS TS, Trng i hc S phm TPHCM

NCS, i hc New South Wales, Australia

qu sm s sai khc gia cc lnh vc

khoa hc khc nhau [3]. nh ngha ca
UNESCO cho thy dy hc tch hp xut
pht t quan nim v qu trnh hc tp hnh
thnh hc sinh (HS) nhng nng lc
trnh cao, p ng yu cu ca x hi.
Qu trnh dy hc tch hp bao gm nhng
hot ng tch hp gip HS bit cch phi
hp cc kin thc, k nng v thao tc mt
cch c h thng.
Nh vy, c th hiu tch hp bao
hm c ni dung v hot ng. Khoa s
phm tch hp nhn mnh dy cch pht
huy sng to v cch vn dng kin thc
vo cc tnh hung khc nhau, c nh
ngha nh sau: Khoa s phm tch hp
l mt quan nim v qu trnh hc tp
trong ton th qu trnh hc tp gp
phn hnh thnh HS nhng nng lc r
7

Tp ch KHOA HC HSP TPHCM

S 42 nm 2013

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rng, c d tnh trc, nhng iu cn

thit cho HS, nhm phc v cho cc qu
trnh hc tp tng lai, hoc nhm ha
nhp HS vo cuc sng lao ng [17,
tr.24].
Ni mt cch khc, dy hc tch
hp l dy cho HS cch s dng kin thc
v k nng ca mnh gii quyt v ng
dng trong nhng tnh hung c th, v vi
mc ch pht trin nng lc ngi hc.
Ngoi ra, dy hc tch hp cn to nn mi
lin h gia kin thc v k nng ca cc
chuyn ngnh hoc cc mn hc khc
nhau bo m cho HS pht huy c
hiu qu nhng kin thc v nng lc ca
mnh trong vic gii quyt cc tnh hung
tch hp c th.
Ti Australia, cc nh nghin cu
a ra cc tiu ch quan trng ca dy
hc tch hp, bao gm: vic hc v
nghin cu cc mn hc khc nhau, c
thi kha biu linh ng, gio vin (GV)
ging dy theo nhm, qu trnh hc ly
HS lm trung tm, c s tng tc v
trnh gia HS vi HS, gia HS v GV,
v gia GV vi nhau. [14, tr.148]
Trong dy hc tch hp, cc nh
gio dc hc phn chia ra tch hp dc
(vertical integration) v tch hp ngang
(horizontal integration). Tch hp dc l
loi tch hp da trn c s lin kt hai
hoc nhiu mn hc thuc cng mt lnh
vc hoc mt s lnh vc gn nhau, cn
tch hp ngang l tch hp da trn c
s lin kt cc i tng hc tp, nghin
cu thuc cc lnh vc khoa hc khc
nhau xung quanh mt ch . [2, tr.384385]

Ngy nay, trn th gii, ngi ta chp

nhn quan im phn chia dy hc tch
hp thnh tch hp dc v tch hp ngang
trong gio dc ph thng t nh tr n
lp 12 (K-12).
1.2. Cc m hnh chng trnh dy
hc tch hp
Hin nay, trn th gii, 3 m hnh
chng trnh dy hc tch hp ph bin
nht,
l:
M
hnh
a
mn
(interdisciplinary model), m hnh da
trn chui vn (problem-based model)
v m hnh da trn cc ch (themebased model). [10]
1.2.1. M hnh a mn (interdisciplinary
model)

Hnh 1. M hnh a mn
(interdisciplinary model) [6]
M hnh ny xy dng chng trnh
hc tp theo nhng kin thc, k nng
thuc mt s mn hc khc nhau. [6]
Hnh 1 cho thy s tch hp gia
kin thc cc mn hc nh ting Anh
(English), Khoa hc (Science), Lch s
(History) v a l (Geography) trong
mt mn hc ti trng ph thng ca
M.
V d. Ti mt trng trung hc ca
M, ging dy chng trnh tch hp,
thng c 4 GV ph trch 110 HS.
Nhng mn hc chnh, gm: Ngn ng,
Ton, Khoa hc, X hi. M hnh ny rt
thch hp cho bc trung hc ph thng.

Tp ch KHOA HC HSP TPHCM

Nguyn Kim Hng v tgk

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

u im ca m hnh ny l GV c
thi gian lm vic cng nhau, s lng
HS va phi.
1.2.2. M hnh da trn chui vn
(problem-based model)

Hnh 2. M hnh da trn chui vn [10]

M hnh ny i hi ni dung hc
tp c thit k thnh mt chui vn ,
mun gii quyt phi huy ng tng hp
kin thc k nng ca nhng mn hc
khc nhau. [10]
Mt v d cho m hnh ny l d n
ging dy v Cng ngh, Khoa hc v
Ton ca hai nh gio dc Laporte v
Sanders vo nm 1996. Mc ch ca d
n ny l gip cc trng trung hc ti
M c hc Ton v Khoa hc thng
qua cc hot ng cng ngh. [10]
Hnh 2 cho thy mt vn c th
lin quan n nhiu mn hc khc nhau
nh Ngh thut (Arts), X hi (Social
Studies), Ngn ng (Language Arts), Ton
(Mathematics) v Khoa hc (Science)
M hnh ny cho thy qu trnh hc
tp xoay quanh nhng mc tiu chung
cho mt nhm mn, to thnh mn hc
tch hp. V d nh mn X hi bc
tiu hc ti Australia tch hp kin thc
t nhiu mn hc khc nhau bao gm cc
kin thc v con ngi, sc khe lin
quan n mi trng x hi.

1.2.3. M hnh da trn ch (Themebased model)

Hnh 3. M hnh da trn ch [6]

M hnh ny ging dy theo cc
ch i hi GV v HS vn dng kin
thc ca nhiu mn hc khc nhau. [6]
u im ca m hnh ny l GV
vn dy mt mn hc, nhng trong qu
trnh dy hc, GV cn vn dng v m
rng kin thc ca nhiu mn hc lin
quan khc. [10]
M hnh ny c p dng cho
nhng mn hc gn nhau v bn cht v
mc tiu. Trong trng hp ny, mn
hc tch hp c cng mt GV ging
dy [17]. M hnh ny rt thch hp i
vi bc tiu hc. Hnh 3 cho thy ch
trong mt mn hc c th lin quan n
nhiu mn hc khc nhau nh: Ton,
Gio dc Th cht, a l
2. So snh gia chng trnh dy
hc tch hp v chng trnh dy hc
truyn thng (dy mt mn)
2.1. So snh cc c trng
Cc tc gi Zhbamova, Rule,
Montgomery v Nielsen [18] sau khi tin
hnh kho st v nghin cu v dy hc
tch hp dc, a ra bng so snh - i
chiu gia dy hc tch hp dc v dy
hc theo kiu truyn thng (dy mt mn
hc n thun) nh bng 1 di y:
9

S 42 nm 2013

Tp ch KHOA HC HSP TPHCM

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Bng 1. So snh gia dy hc tch hp v dy hc truyn thng

c th
Hot ng trong gi hc
Phng php ging dy
Phng php phn hi
Cu hi
Vai tr ca GV

Vai tr ca HS

Dy hc tch hp
Lm vic theo nhm
Nhiu phng php ci
tin ging dy thng qua
phng tin k thut
Nhiu phn hi tch cc t
GV
Da theo s la chn ca
HS
Hot ng theo nhm, lin
mn, v ci thin cc hot
ng ca HS
c la chn, quyt nh,
v hc tp nh l mt
thnh vin trong nhm

Bng 1 cho thy u th ni bt ca

chng trnh dy hc tch hp so vi dy
hc truyn thng. Wraga [16] nhn mnh
rng dy hc tch hp lm cho vic hc
c nhiu ngha hn khi xt theo gc
lin kt HS v HS, HS v GV, lin kt
cc mn hc, phc hp v gii quyt
vn . Trn bnh din ca HS, HS cm
thy hng th hn v c th hin nng
lc ca chnh mnh.
Mt u im khc ca chng trnh
dy hc tch hp l khuyn khch HS c
ng c hc tp (motivation). Marshall
cho rng chng trnh tch hp ch trng
nhu cu tip thu kin thc ph hp vi
nhu cu ca HS; HS s c hc ci
mnh cn v yu thch, ngi ta gi l
ng c ni ti (intrinsic motivation).
Chnh v c ng c hc tp (ng c ni
ti) m vic hc tr nn nh nhng v
thch th hn. [11]

10

Dy hc truyn thng
(mt mn)
Lm vic c nhn
Ging dy trc tip, t
dng phng tin k thut
t phn hi tch cc t GV
Ch tp trung vo s kt
ni t kin thc hc
Kt ni kin thc mi vi
kin thc trc
Theo hng dn ca GV,
nh cc kin thc c
hc, lm vic mt mnh

Ngoi ra, chng trnh dy hc tch

hp c phc hp cao hn so vi
chng trnh dy hc truyn thng, cho
nn, nh phn tch trn, vai tr ca
GV tr nn nng ng v quan trng hn.
Trong dy hc truyn thng, vai tr
ngi GV tng i n gin vi vic
son gio n. Cn i vi dy hc tch
hp, vai tr ca GV nng n hn rt
nhiu v phi thc hin nhiu cng on,
khng ch son gio n m cn phi thit
k ni dung dy hc nh th no to
s lin kt cc mn hc mt cch ph
hp theo nhu cu ca HS. Tuy nhin,
khng phi GV no cng c th lm c
nh vy trong dy hc tch hp. Vy th
phi lm sao GV thch nghi vi dy
hc tch hp? Cu hi ny c cc nh
khoa hc gio dc nh Virtue, Wilson,
Ingram [15] nghin cu v a ra cc
gii php nh sau: Nu nh GV cha
quen vi dy hc tch hp, GV cn bt

Tp ch KHOA HC HSP TPHCM

Nguyn Kim Hng v tgk

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

u vi nhng bi ging ngn, lin kt

vi vn n gin t cc mn hc. Da
trn nh gi ca HS, GV tip tc pht
trin v hon thin hn chng trnh dy
hc tch hp ca mnh vi phc hp
cao hn.
Mt u im khc ca chng trnh
dy hc tch hp chnh l p ng
ng c ni ti ca HS, GV cn c nhng
phn hi tch cc (positive feedback) i
vi HS, gip HS c thm nhiu trng thi
tch cc trong hc tp. Chng trnh dy
hc tch hp gip HS c nhiu c hi lm
vic theo nhm, vic hc tp v lm vic
theo nhm to nn bu khng kh thn
thin, on kt, hc hi ln nhau (sharelearning).
2.2. Gio vin p ng nh th no i
vi dy hc tch hp?
Nh nu phn so snh gia
dy hc tch hp v dy hc truyn thng
(bng 1), vai tr ca GV ng yu t ht
sc quan trng trong dy hc tch hp.
D dy hc tch hp dc hay tch hp
ngang, GV cng cn p ng nhng yu
cu sau:
- GV cn chuyn t dy hc truyn
thng sang dy hc tch hp, tc thay i
phng php dy hc truyn thng sang
dy hc tch hp, GV khng ch lm vic
vi tng HS m lm vic vi tng nhm
HS.
- GV cn bi dng thm kin thc
lin ngnh, b sung kin thc giao thoa
gia cc mn hc.
- GV cn nm phng php hc v
dy theo nhm truyn t kin thc c
hiu qu.

- GV cn xc nh vic chuyn i
chin lc nh gi HS t dy hc truyn
thng sang dy hc tch hp nh ra
thi, chm thi, nh gi v kim tra s tin
b ca HS.
3. Dy hc tch hp trong gio dc
ph thng Australia
3.1. Mc tiu
Australia l mt quc gia pht trin,
dn s khng ng (22 triu ngi), c
mt nn gio dc pht trin hi ha cc
bc hc: ph thng, i hc v dy ngh.
Chng trnh gio dc tch hp
c p dng trong h thng gio dc
Australia t nhiu thp nin cui th k
XX v u th k XXI [4], [7], [9]. Mc
tiu ca chng trnh gio dc tch hp
(tch hp ngang v dc) cho gio dc ph
thng Australia c xc nh r nh
sau: Chng trnh gio dc tch hp l h
thng ging dy tch hp a ngnh, trong
h thng tm quan trng ca vic pht
trin v ng dng k nng c ch
trng; qu trnh dy hc tch hp ny
bao gm vic dy, hc v kim tra - nh
gi nng lc tip thu kin thc cng nh
ng dng ca HS ph thng. [5]
3.2. Vai tr ca gio vin ti Australia
GV m nhim chng trnh tch
hp cn c kinh nghim v kin thc ca
nhiu mn hc. Kinh nghim v kin
thc ca GV gip vic ging dy cc k
nng, kin thc cho hc vin lun ti u
trong thi gian dy hc tch hp c
thit k. [5]
Chng trnh dy hc tch hp lun
c t hai GV tr ln m trch, do ,
GV cn c k nng lm vic theo nhm
(team work) cng ng nghip nng

11

Tp ch KHOA HC HSP TPHCM

S 42 nm 2013

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cao hiu sut ging dy cng nh thit k

chng trnh. Lm vic theo nhm ca
cc gio vin i hi nhiu thi gian
cng tc vi nhau. Do , vic c nhiu
thi gian cng tc gip cc gio vin t
hiu qu cao trong vic hp tc, cng trao
i kinh nghim, thit k chng trnh,
kim tra, nh gi v chun b ngun ti
liu. Thc t ca lm vic theo nhm
trong thit k chng trnh dy hc tch
hp l ht sc quan trng v mang yu t
quyt nh.
Dy hc tch hp khng ch cn lm
vic theo nhm gia cc GV cng trng
m cn vi GV cc trng khc. Vic
chia s v hp tc trong chng trnh dy
hc tch hp, c bit gia cc GV cc
trng vng su, vng xa ca
Australia, mang li nhiu li ch cho HS
sng trong cc khu vc ny.
3.3. u tin ca dy hc tch hp vi
cc loi trng ph thng c th
Hin nay ti hu ht cc trng ph
thng ca Australia, chng trnh ging
dy tch hp c thit k v thng
xuyn thay i cho ph hp. Tuy nhin,
chnh quyn lin bang c bit u tin v
nhn mnh tm quan trng ca ging dy
tch hp vi cc loi trng ph thng
c th: l cc trng khu vc nng
thn, xa thnh th; k n l cc trng
dnh cho HS con em ca th dn
Australia (Aboriginal schools) v cc
trng dnh ring cho HS khuyt tt. [5]
Do c th a l lnh th qu rng
ln (ng th su trn th gii), t b
Ty sang b ng Australia trn
4000km, t Bc xung Nam trn
3200km, cho nn c kh nhiu trng

12

ph thng nm trong khu vc nng thn

tha tht dn c hoc bit lp trong
nhng vng hoang vu, ho lnh. i vi
cc trng khu vc ny, chng trnh
dy hc tch hp tht s rt quan trng, v
n gip cho HS tip thu mt lng kin
thc tng hp trong mt thi gian nht
nh; cng nh nh hng cho HS tip
tc con ng ca mnh trong tng lai
sau khi tt nghip t ti (Higher School
Certificate: HSC).
Hin nay, ti Australia, s lng
th dn (Aborigines) l 517.000 ngi
(theo thng k ca Chnh ph Australia
nm 2006), cc o lut ca Chnh ph
Lin bang Australia quy nh kh nhiu
u tin i vi cc trng dnh cho con
em th dn (Aboriginal schools), chng
trnh dy hc tch hp c bit ch trng
n vic dy hc ting Anh cho con em
th dn; v l do lch s, nn nhiu con
em th dn khng thng tho ngn ng
th hai l ting Anh. Ngoi ra, dy hc
tch hp cn nng cao vic truyn t s
giao thoa vn ha ca th dn vi cng
ng x hi Australia ng i.
i vi cc trng dnh cho HS
khuyt tt, chng trnh dy hc tch hp
pht huy rt tt vic tch ly kin thc
cho HS, v c bit ch trng n vic
nh hng cho HS hc tip mt ngnh
ngh ph hp sau khi tt nghip t ti.
Vi vn kin thc tch ly c, HS
khuyt tt c th hc tip cc trng
dy ngh (Technical And Further
Education: TAFE) hoc hc tip i
hc
3.4. Cc c th trong chng trnh
gio dc tch hp ti Australia

Tp ch KHOA HC HSP TPHCM

Nguyn Kim Hng v tgk

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3.4.1. c th vn ha chu
Do c im ca x hi Australia
gn gi v mt a l v vn ha ca chu
, nn t nm 2000, chng trnh dy
hc ti cc trng ph thng Australia
lun c tch hp vi cc yu t ca
chu nh:
- Cc chng trnh dy hc tch hp
lin quan n mt s nc chu tiu
biu;
- Yu t vn ha v trit hc mang
mu sc chu ;
- Yu t giao thoa bt cu gia vn
ha Australia v chu , bao gm cc
yu t ging v khc nhau gia vn ha
Australia v chu ;
- Cc chng trnh dy hc tch hp
gip HS hiu thm v chu thng qua
cc yu t tch hp v lch s, a l, vn
hc ca chu . [8]
3.4.2. c th a ngn ng
Do c th ca x hi Australia l
a vn ha v a ngn ng, nn s lng
HS ph thng c ngun gc nc
ngoi (tc l cha m t nc ngoi n
nh c ti Australia v cc HS ny sinh
ra v ln ln v hc tp ti Australia)
chim t l ngy cng cao. V vy,
chng trnh dy hc tch hp cho i
tng ny cng c t ra nhm gip
cc HS ny nm vng ting Anh - ngn
ng chnh ca Australia - trong s giao
thoa vi ngn ng m ca cha m
HS. [12]
Mc d ting Anh l ngn ng
chnh thc Australia, nhng trong thp
nin 60 ca th k XX, chng trnh dy
hc tch hp cc ngn ng ngoi ting
Anh (Language Other Than English:

LOTE) cc trng ph thng cng lp

v t thc ca Australia bc u c
trin khai, ch yu dy ting Php v
ting c. n th k XXI, nhiu ngn
ng khc c a vo ging dy. Ti
tiu bang Queensland c 10 trng
ph thng p dng chng trnh dy hc
tch hp t cc ngn ng m ca HS
nh cc th ting: Php, c, Ty Ban
Nha, , Nht, Indonesia v Trung Quc.
Chng trnh dy hc tch hp ny c
ph huynh ti Queensland phn hi kh
tch cc v ang c nhn rng. [12]
V d, ti mt trng ph thng
cng lp ti tiu bang Queensland,
chng trnh tch hp dy bng ting c
vi ba mn hc chnh l Ton, Khoa hc,
Khoa hc - X hi v Mi trng cho cc
lp 8, 9, v 10 c a vo ging
dy v t nhiu thnh cng. [12]
4. Chng trnh tch hp gio dc
bn vng trong cc mn hc (Lch s
v Khoa hc - Cng ngh)
4.1. Gio dc bn vng Australia
(Sustainability Education)
Gio dc bn vng Australia
c xy dng trn cc lnh vc ca gio
dc mi trng hn 30 nm qua, bao
gm cc yu t v mi trng, x hi v
kinh t.
Gio dc bn vng Australia
c B Gio dc Australia quy nh dy
thng nht t nh tr cho n lp 12 (K12). Gio dc bn vng c a vo
ging dy thng qua cung cp kin thc
v mi trng v h thng lin quan n
con ngi. Tuy nhin, vi ch trng dy
hc tch hp, gio dc bn vng c
tch hp thng qua s lng ghp vo cc
mn hc khc nhau.
13

S 42 nm 2013

Tp ch KHOA HC HSP TPHCM

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4.2. Tch hp gio dc bn vng vi

mn Lch s (lp 10-11)
c th tm hiu mt cch c th
vic dy hc tch hp, chng ti cung cp
mc tiu tch hp gio dc bn vng vo
mn Lch s nh sau:
- Trng ph thng cung cp kin
thc lin ngnh v c h thng cho HS,
ng thi xem y l mt phn ca
chng trnh gio dc ph thng thng
nht v hon chnh t nh tr n 12 (K12);
- Xy dng k nng cho php HS s
dng kin thc v gio dc bn vng
(mi trng x hi) nghin cu, lp

cng, thuyt trnh cho mn Lch s;

- Cho php HS c c cc quan
im ring v lch s da trn cc kin
thc v mi trng v x hi;
- To iu kin cho HS c hc v
th dn Australia, mi quan h gia th
dn vi x hi, di sn v vn ha
Australia;
- Gip HS tm hiu cc mi quan h
gia cc cng ng dn c vi mi
trng thin nhin ca Australia, c
nhng tng cho cc gii php pht
trin bn vng;
- Gip tng tnh hp tc v tng tr
ca HS trong cng ng dn c.

Bng 2. Mt phn khung chng trnh mn Lch s lp 10 11

ca tiu bang NSW, Australia
Ni dung
mn
Lch s

K nng v kin thc

- nh gi
v mt lch
s v qu
trnh thay
i lch s

- HS xc nh cc thi k chnh ca cc thi i lch s thng qua con

ngi v cc s kin trong thi im lch s c th
V d: Sng Nile l trung tm ca x hi Ai Cp, cung cp nc ngt, giao
thng v ti nguyn. HS s dng cc ngun ti liu tham kho tr li cc
cu hi sau:
+ Cc c im t nhin v ti nguyn no gip cho Ai Cp ng vai tr
ni bt khu vc Trung ng?
+ Cc ti nguyn khong sn no Ai Cp?
HS sau khi kim tra i chiu cc cu tr li s:
+ Lp cc gi thuyt da trn tm quan trng ca a l, a hnh v ti
nguyn ca Ai Cp thi c i t cc chng c
+ Xc lp mt ci nhn tng quan v mt a l da trn tm quan trng ca
sng Nile i vi x hi Ai Cp c i
+ Xc nh cc ngun ti liu tham kho cng c lp lun nu trn
+ HS miu t nhng nt c trng quan trng ca vn ha th dn trc khi
ngi da trng n Australia. Gii thch cc phng cch th dn v nhng
tc ngi khc lin h vi nhau
V d: HS thit k cc bi thuyt trnh miu t cc mi e da i vi vn
ha v di sn ca th dn. HS cn dng nhng gi cho thuyt trnh nh
sau:
+ Di sn truyn thng ca ngi th dn
+ S xi mn v kinh t v tinh thn
+ S bin i v vn ha

14

Kin thc
ca gio dc
bn vng

- Nghin cu
v bo tn di
sn vn ha,
v
mi
trng thin
nhin

Tp ch KHOA HC HSP TPHCM

Nguyn Kim Hng v tgk

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4.3. Bi hc tch hp
4.3.1. Bi hc tch hp c th ti Australia
minh ha cho bi hc tch hp c th, chng ti s dng bng miu t ni
dung bi hc a dng sinh hc (Biodiversity) thuc mn hc Khoa hc - Cng ngh
(Science and Technology) tch hp vi gio dc bn vng (Sustainability education).
Bng 3. Ni dung mn hc a dng sinh hc (lp 4-5)
Mc tiu

- Pht trin tm
hiu bit ca HS
v a dng sinh
hc v s suy
thoi ca a
dng sinh hc
- nh gi tm
quan trng ca
a dng sinh hc
v con ngi c
th gip lm
gim nhng mi
e da n a
dng sinh hc
- Bi hc c
xy dng bng
cc hot ng,
tr chi nhm
gip HS hiu
c tm quan
trng ca a
dng sinh hc

Ni dung bi hc
1. Quan st v khm ph (t cu hi, nu vn , tm ti kin
thc):
- c/nghin cu nhng vn mi trng c mi lin quan n
a dng sinh hc, v d nh nhim mi trng, t ai suy kit
- Lp khi nim v a dng sinh hc
- HS su tp cc ng vt sng trong ao h v lp bng thng tin
tm hiu
2. Lp gi thuyt
- HS d on ni no HS s tm c sinh vt nh nht trong mi
trng ca mnh
- Lp gi thuyt v a im c nhiu a dng sinh hc nht
3. Thu thp v bo co
- HS c a n mt a im c th kho st
- Kho st cc loi su b trn cc cy ci sn trng
- Cc kt qu kho st c ghi chp li, km theo cc mu vt
nh km
4. Phn tch v a ra kt lun
5. Tin hnh thit k bo co nu ra khi nim v a dng sinh
hc
6. Cc bc kim tra bi hc:
- Thc hin thuyt trnh trc lp (oral presentation) v bo co
lm c
- Phn hi v a dng sinh hc: Tr li cc cu hi trc nghim v
a dng sinh hc
- Pht trin k hoch cho vic ci thin a dng sinh hc ti a
phng ca HS: Trnh by cng cho vic ci thin a dng
sinh hc a phng HS v cc bc kh thi thc hin
cng
- Tng kt ni dung bi hc: HS tng hp li kin thc thu thp
c trong bn bo co. HS thuyt trnh nhng g hc trc lp.

Ghi ch

- Bi hc
ny c
thit k
cho
trng
hc nh,

nng
thn
Australia
- Bi hc
ny c
thit k
hc trong
khong 10
tun

15

Tp ch KHOA HC HSP TPHCM

S 42 nm 2013

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Cc kin thc lin quan n a

dng sinh hc c GV hng dn cho
HS t tm hiu thng qua mt lot cc
hot ng nh miu t trong bng 3.
Cc k nng ca HS c pht huy ti a
nh k nng thuyt trnh trc lp hc, k
nng vit bo co, lp cng, k nng
phn tch - tng hp tr li cu hi trc
nghim, k nng kho st ngoi thin
nhin...
Bi hc nu trn, ngoi phn luyn
tp k nng, c c phn hnh thnh khi
nim v a dng sinh hc thng qua
cc hot ng t tm ti v khm ph ca
HS. Bi hc nh th s to cho HS hng
th v ng c hc tp, khng b nhm
chn vi thy c - tr chp hoc thy
ging - tr nghe ca lp hc truyn
thng.
Nh vy, kin thc t gio dc bn
vng c tch hp xuyn sut trong
bi hc a dng sinh hc, gip HS tip
thu kin thc qua s hng dn ca GV
da trn ni dung bi hc.
4.4. Hiu qu ca chng trnh tch
hp
Qua hai chng trnh dy hc tch
hp minh ha trn, chng ta thy
chng trnh dy hc tch hp gio dc
bn vng vi mn Lch s v mn Khoa
hc - Cng ngh chng minh s phi
hp nhng mn hc khc nhau bng cch
1.
2.
3.
4.
16

thit k cc ch hc thch hp vi HS
v c GV ging dy. Chng trnh ny
hon ton thch hp vi gio dc ph
thng, v ni dung ging dy lun c
b sung ln nhau gia cc mn hc bng
cc hot ng ca HS cng tm hiu
v ch bi hc. c bit i vi tch
hp gia gio dc bn vng v mn
Khoa hc - Cng ngh tiu hc (lp 45) rt c ch i vi HS, v ch hc
kh n gin, d hiu v d ng dng.
5. Kt lun
Qu trnh dy hc tch hp trong
gio dc ph thng ti Australia c
xy dng trn nn tng x hi a vn ha,
a chng tc. Chnh quyn Lin bang
Australia rt ch cc c th v vn
ha, ngn ng, x hi ring bit ca
Australia thit k chng trnh dy
hc tch hp hiu qu nhm nng cao
cht lng o to bc ph thng. Vi
nhng thnh tu ca dy hc tch hp ti
Australia, chng ta c th tham kho
xy dng m hnh dy hc tch hp ph
hp v hiu qu i vi nn gio dc
Vit Nam. Dy hc tch hp l rt cn
thit cho vic i mi phng php dy
hc, bao gm c thay i ng b v bin
son gio trnh, nh gi, kim tra, t
chc thi, o to GV cc trng s
phm.

TI LIU THAM KHO

Mnh Cng (2011), Nng lc thc hin v dy hc tch hp trong o to ngh,
Vin Nghin cu Pht trin Gio dc Chuyn nghip.
Bi Hin (2001), T in gio dc hc, Nxb T in bch khoa, H Ni.
Trn B Honh (2002), Dy hc tch hp, http://ioer.edu.vn.
Bea

Tp ch KHOA HC HSP TPHCM

Nguyn Kim Hng v tgk

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5.
6.
7.
8.

9.
10.

11.
12.
13.
14.
15.

16.
17.
18.
19.

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Dufficy, P. (2005), Designing learning for diverse classrooms, Chapter 3 Guiding
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(Ngy Ta son nhn c bi: 10-12-2012; ngy phn bin nh gi: 25-12-2012;
ngy chp nhn ng: 28-12-2012)

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