Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Insurance
Insurance
1. Every individual business faces risks. It could be the risk of loss and
damage to property, vehicles and stock due to fire, burglary, flood, accident
and even theft by its own employees. It could be the risk of being sued for
claims by members of the public, its customers and even by its own
employees due to damages and losses suffered by these people as a result
of its negligence. It could also be the risk of financial loss due to bad
business decisions or unanticipated changes in demand for the business'
goods.
2. In return for a small premium, insurance underwriters are willing to offer a
wide variety of insurance cover to the ordinary business to protect it against
some of these eventualities. Should the insured risk occur, the business will
be indemnified and protected.
3. It must be realized, however, that not all risks faced by the business is
insurable. Some, such as loss due to bad business decisions and
unanticipated changes in demand, are non-insurable.
4. The insurance premiums collected by the various insurance companies
in the country forms a very important pool of liquid funds in the country.
Apart from setting a certain proportion aside to meet the claims of those
who do eventually suffer loss as a result of the insured risk occurring, the
rest of the funds provide an important source of finance for the development
of the national economy.
NATURE OF INSURANCE: POOLING OF RISKS
Insurance is a pooling of risks to enable people to share risks. In life,
everyone including businessmen, faces risks, resulting in losses.
1. Those who wish to insure against loss in the event of a risk materializing,
will contribute periodical payments called premiums to a central pool which
is managed by an insurance
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$100,000
Insurance
did suffer a loss due to fire). This is the whole principle of 'pooling of risks'.
INSURABLE AND NON-INSURABLE RISKS
1. Insurers (i.e. insurance companies and insurance underwriters) will only
undertake to cover anyone against insurable risks.
2. Insurable risks are those whose chances of occurring can be
mathematically calculated by statisticians and actuaries from available
statistical records.
3. The calculated risk is then used as a basis for computing the premium to
be charged. This must be high enough to ensure that the insurance
company will not run at a loss in the long run, in order to meet the various
claims from the central pool.
4. The insurer is able to cover such a risk because:
(a) a large number of people who are subjected to the risk, are willing to
pool their risks, by contributing premiums to a central fund
(b) only a small number actually suffers loss
(c) claims in the long run are less than the funds available to meet them
5. Examples of insurable risks are perils at sea, fire, burglary, personal
liability, motor accident and flood.
6. Some risks are non-insurable because it is not possible to calculate the
chances of their occurring as no statistical records of their occurrence are
available. Hence, no insurer can calculate the premium.
7. Examples of non-insurable risks are war and trade risks like business
losses due to bad management, failure of demand, rise in costs, changes in
fashion and bad debt.
8. Examples of some risks involved in dispatch of goods by the foreign
traders through airways and seaways, risks involved with cargo can assist
foreign traders.
PRINCIPLES OF INSURANCE:
1. Utmost Good Faith
When an insurance policy is to be taken, the applicant must fill in a proposal
form, answering all the questions it contains, truthfully. This will form part of
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a legal contract between the applicant and the insurance company. The
contract will become invalid if the applicant hides any information, which
comes to light later. The company likewise must have good faith in its
clients by explaining all the terms of the insurance policy.
2. Insurable Interest
Insurance policies can be taken only if the applicant is to suffer directly from
the loss or liability. For example, if the applicants car were stolen he would
suffer a loss and so can insure his car. But if the applicants neighbours car
were stolen, the applicant will not suffer a loss and so cannot insure his
neighbours car.
3. Indemnity
The aim of the insurance company is to restore the insured to the position
he was in before the loss had occurred. The principle of indemnity prevents
the insured from making any loss or profit out of the accident. For example,
if the insureds 6 year old car is damaged, the insurance company will give
the insured money to buy another 6 year old car.
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4. Proximate Cause
The root cause of the event is known as the proximate cause. The
insurance company will first determine if the root cause is within the terms
of the policy and then make a payment. For example, a person might insure
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Insurance
contract is based on utmost good faith'. It can be declared null and void if
one of the parties is not acting in 'good faith', that is, he has lied or
misrepresented or concealed the material facts.
Cover Note
Sometimes while the policy is being prepared, the company will confirm that
the risks have been accepted, by issuing a temporary document called the
cover note.
The key information in a cover note are as follows:
1. The name and address of the Insurance company
2. The insurance policy number
3. The cover note number (it is called a certificate of insurance for a
motor policy)
4. The name and address of the policy holder, including his identity
card number
5. Details concerning the property insured (in the case of motor policy:
vehicle registration number, its make and model; the year of manufacture;
the engine number; the chassis number; its cubic capacity and estimated
value)
6. The period of cover
7. Any limitations as to the use of the property (in the case of a motor
policy, it will be clearly stated that the vehicle is only for social domestic or
pleasure use only. Cover will not be given if the vehicle is used for other
purposes such as for business, racing, etc.)
8. Any other conditions as set by the insurance company (in the case of
a motor policy, the person (s) who are allowed to drive the vehicle will be
clearly spelt out)
9. The signature of the General Manager of the insurance company
10. The amount of premium paid
Insurance
made of glass, the chances of damage are high and so the premium
will be high.
Recent claims record: If the owner has already claimed money from
the insurance company, the chances of him claiming again will be
high and so the premium will be high. If the owner has never claimed,
the premium will be low.
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Insurance
PREMIUM CALCULATION:
The following information is extracted from an insurance company:
Number of motorcycles
12000
8000
Percentage of accidents
4.5%
You are required to calculate the quarterly premium for each motorcycle.
Number of accidents
= 12000 x 4.5
100
= 540 motorcycles
Total compensation
= 540 x 8000
= 4320000
= 360 x
= 90.
CLAIM FORM
When the insured incurs a capital loss, he is entitled to claim compensation
from the insurance company. A claim form must be filled when the insured
is claiming compensation. This form facilitates accurate compensation from
the insurance company.
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