Formula Booklet Physics XII

Formula Booklet Physics XII
Dear students
It is the dream of every one of you to make a mark in this arena called life. The IITJEE is one of
the most rigorous test that you have to clear to take firm steps towards achieving this. All of you
want to do well in this examination or some other engineering entrance competition in order to
realize your dreams and also to see those tears of satisfaction in the eyes of your parents who
are proud of your success.
To succeed in any endeavour what a person needs is velocity. Yes, the same velocity that you
study in physics. Velocity is a combination of speed and direction.
Speed is the ability to do our work with utmost efficiency and negligible wastage of resources
such as time. At this stage of our career speed is very important for all of us.
I would like to take the help of an example to explain the term direction.
A young guy was lost on a road and he asked an elderly fellow, Sir, could you tell me where
this road will take me?
Without a moments hesitation the elderly chap said, Son, this road will take you anywhere in
the world you want to go, if you are moving in the right direction.
So direction is the right path towards our aim. You can tread on that path only when you have
your goal clearly in front of your eyes and you are working for that goal intensely with a strong
desire and an unshakable determination level, always believing that youll do it. Your attitude
and motivation are of utmost importance. Remember, this test that you are taking is not just a
test of your knowledge but also of how strong are you, mentally.
In this booklet we have made a sincere attempt to keep your velocity of preparations to the
maximum. The formulae will help you revise your chapters in a very quick time and the
motivational quotes will help you move in the right direction.
Hope youll benefit from this book and all the best for your examinations.
Praveen Tyagi
Gaurav Mittal
Prasoon Kumar
QUEST - Power Coaching for IITJEE

1, Vigyan Vihar, Near Anand Vihar, Delhi 92. Ph: 55270275, 55278916
E-16/289, Sector 8, Rohini, Delhi 85, Ph: 55395439, 30911585
CONTENTS
Description
Page Number
1.
Elecrotstatics and Capacitance
03
2.
Current Electricity
12
3.
Magnetic Effects of Current
15
4.
Magnetic Properties of Current
18
5.
Electromagnetic Induction
20
6.
Alternating Current
22
7.
Light
26
8.
Modern Physics
35
9.
Some Study Tips
43

ELECTROSTATICS & CAPACITANCE

ELECTROSTATICS
1.
(a)
Coulombs Law
1 q 1q 2
, K = Dielectric constant or relative permittivity of the medium
Fm =
4 0 K r 2
(b)
Fm =
(c)
(d)
F0
[F0 Force between point charges placed in vacuum]
K
1 3 4 2
[0] = [M L T A ]
Fe
=2.4 x 1039 [For electronproton pair)
Fg
=1.2 x 1036 (For protonproton pair)

2.
(a)
(b)
Electric field
E=
F
q0
Electric field due to a point charge: (i) E =

(ii)
1 q ^
. r (if charge q is placed at the origin)
4 0 r 2
1 q( r r 0)
(if
charge
q
is
placed
at
some
point
having
position
vector
E=
r0)
4 0 3
| r r0|
(c)
[E] = [M1L1T3A1]
3.
(a)
Electric field on the axis of a uniformly charged ring

1
qx
Eaxial =
(R = radius of the ring)
4 0 R 2 + x 2 3 / 2
(b)
Ecentre = 0
4.
(a)
Electric dipole
dipole moment p = q(2l) (where 2l = length of the dipole)
1
2pr
Eaxial =
(r = distance of axial point w.r.t. centre of dipole)
4 0 r 2 l 2 2
(b)
1 2p
4 0 r 3
(if r >>l)
p
1
2
4 0 r + l 2
1 p
4 0 r 3
(c)
Eequat. =
(d)
(e)
(Eaxial/Eequat.) = 2/1
Dipole field at an arbitrary point (r, )
1 2p cos
1 p sin
(i)
Er =
;
(ii)
E =
3
4 0
4
r
r3
0
1 p
1 + 3 cos 2
(iii)
E = E 2r + E 2 =
4 0 r 3
(f)
Dipole field component at (x, y, z) point

1 3xz p
1 3yz p
; (ii) Ey =
;
(i)
Ex =
s
40 r 5
4 0 r
3/ 2
(if r >>l)

(iii)
(g)
Ez =
1 p 3z 2 r 2
4 0
r5
(ii) = pE sin
Torque on a dipole : (i) = p x E ;

(h)
Potential energy of a dipole: (i) U = p . E = pE cos

(ii)
Work done in rotating a dipole from angle 1 to angle 2
W = U2 U1 = pE (cos 1 cos 2)
5.
Electric flux
(a)
d = E . dS
(b)
E . dS = EA cos
(If electric field is constant over the whole surface)
(c)
(d)
Unit of = (Nm /Coulomb) = J.m/Couplomb

1 3 3 1
[]= [M L T A ]
6.
Gausss Law:
7.
q
0
Electric field due to various systems of charges
(a)
Isolated Charge:
E . dS =
r
q
E
(b)
Electric dipole:
1 q
4 0 r 2
E=
Fig. 1 P
+q
2a
E||
1 2p
(i) E || =
4 0 x 3
(ii) E =
1 p
4 0 y 3
Fig. 2
+q
(iii)E =
1 p
1 + 3 cos 2
4 0 r 3
Fig. 3
(c)
+++
+
+ q
+ R
+
+
+
A ring of charge:+
+
x
+
+
+
+
+
+ + ++
Fig. 4
+
E=
1
qx
4 0 R 2 + x 2
3/ 2

(d)
(e)
+ ++
+
+q
+ R
+
+
+
A disc of charge:
+
+
x
+
+
+
+
+
+ Fig. 5
++ +
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Infinite sheet of charge:

x
1
2
2 0
x + R2
E=
E=
2 0
Fig. 6
(f)
+
+
+
+
Infinitely long line of charge:
E=
2 0 x
Fig. 7
(g)
+
+
+
Finite line of charge:
+
+
+
E=
P
E||=
4 0
(sin + sin )
4 0 x
(cos +cos )
x
Fig. 8
(h)
(i)
+
+
Charged spherical shell: +
+
+
Solid sphere of charge:
+ + +
R
+ q
+
+
+ + +
Fig. 9
+ +
+ R
+
++ + + +
+ + ++
Fig. 10
(i) Inside: 0 r R
E=0
(ii) Outside: r R
E=
q
4 0 r 2
(i) Inside: 0 r r
E = r/30
(ii) Outside : r R
E=
R
3 0
R

r

8.
Force on a charged conductor: The force per unit area or electric pressure
Pelec. =
9.
10.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Charged soap bubble: (a) Pin Pout =
4T 2
r
2 0
(b)
If air pressure inside and outside are assumed equal then: Pin = Pout and
or
r=
or
r = [Q /128 0T]
8 0 T
or T =
2
2
2r
8 0
or = (80T/r)
E = VV
1 q
4 0 r
(f)
Potential due to a group of charges, V =
(g)
Potential due to a dipole:
(k)
Q = 8r(20rT)
Electric potential:
V = (W/q)
Unit of V = Volt
2 3 1
[V] = [ML T A ]
Potential due to a point charge, V =
(i)
(j)
or
4T 2
=
r
2 0
1/3
(e)
(h)
dF 2
=
dA 2 0
1 p
; (ii) equatorial point, V = 0;
4 0 r 2
p cos
(i)
Axial point, V =
(iii)
V (r, ) =
1
4 0
1 q1 q 2 q 3
+
+
4 0 r1 r2
r3
Potential due to a charged spherical shell

1 q
1 q
(ii) surface: V =
;
4 0 r
4 0 R
(i)
outside: V =
(iii)
inside : V = Vsurface =
1 q
4 0 R
Potential due to a charged spherical conductor is the same as that due to a charged spherical shell.
Potential due to a uniformly charged nonconducting sphere
(i)
outside: V=
(iii)
inside: V=
1 q
;
4 0 r
(ii) surface: V =
1 q
40 R
1 q 3 R 2 r2
; (iv) centre: V = 3 x 1 q = 1.5 Vsurface
3
40
2 4 0 R
2R
Common potential (Two spheres joined by thin wire)

(i)
common potential V=
(ii)
q1 =
1
4 0
r1 (Q1 + Q 2 )
rQ
= 1 ;
(r1 + r2 )
r1 + r2
Q1 + Q2
r +r
1 2
q2 =
r2 Q
r1 + r2

(iii)
11.
q1 r1
=
q 2 r2
or
1 r2
=
2 r1
(a)
Potential energy
1 q1 q 2
= q1V1
U=
4 0 r
(b)
U=
(c)
U = p .E
12.
(a)
If n drops coalesce to form one drop, then

1/3
2/3
(c) V = n Vsmall ;
Q = nq; (b) R=n r ;
1/3
1/3
(e) E=n Esmall
(d) = n small
13.
Energy density of electrostatic field: u =
(For a system of two charges)
1 q1q 2
1 q1q 3
1 q 2 q3
+
+
4 0 r12
4 0 r13
4 0 r23
(For a system of three charges)
(For an electric dipole)
1
0E 2
2
CAPACITANCE
14.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Capacitance:
C = (q/V)
Unit of C = farad (F)
1 2 4 2
Dimensions of C = [M L T A ]
15.
Energy stored in a charged capacitor

U=
1
CV2 ;
2
17.
1
1 Q2
U= QV;
(c) U =
2
2 C
1
1 2
2
Energy density: (a) u = 0E ; (b) u =
2 0
2
Force of attraction between plates of a charged capacitor
(a)
F=
1
2A
0E2A; (b) F =
;
2 0
2
18.
(a)
Capacitance formulae
Sphere: (i) Cair = 4 0R;
(b)
Spherical capacitor: (i) Cair =
(c)
Parallel plate capacitor: (i) Cair =
(d)
Cylindrical capacitor: (i) Cair =
(e)
Two long parallel wires: C=
(a)
16.
(b)
(c)
F=
Q2
2 0 A
(ii) Cmed = K (4 0R)

4 0ra rb
;
rb ra
0A
;
d
(ii) Cmed =
(ii) Cmed =
4 0 K ra rb
(rb ra )
K 0 A
d
2K 0 l
2 0l
; (ii) Cmed =
loge (rb / ra )
log e (rb / ra )
0 l
where d is the separation between wires and a radius of
log e (d/a )
each wire (d>>a)

19.
(a)
(b)
Series Combination of Capacitors

(Charge remains same)
q1 = q2 = q3 = q
q
q
q
V1 =
(Potential difference is different)
, V2 =
, V3 =
C1
C2
C3

(d)
(e)
1
1
1
1
=
+
+
C C1 C 2 C 3
For two capacitors in series: C = C1C2/(C1 + C2)
Energy stored: U = U1 + U2 + U3
20.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Parallel Combination of Capacitors

(Potential difference remains same)
V1 = V2 = V3 = V
(Charges are different)
q1 = C1V, q2 = C2V, q3 = C3V
C = C1 + C2 + C3
U = U1 + U2 + U3
21.
(a)
(b)
Effect of dielectric
Field inside dielectric, Ed = E0/K
Polarization charges on surface of dielectric:
Qp
1
1
(ii) p =
= 1
(i)
Qp = Q 1 ;
A
K
K
(c)
Polarization vector: (i) | P | =Qp/A ;
22.
Capacitance formulae with dielectric
(a)
(b)
C=
0 A
dt
(c)
C=
0 A K1 + K 2
d
2
(c)
K 0 A
0 A
=
1 K d t (K 1)
d t 1
K
(ii) | P | =0Ed
(For a dielectric slab of thickness t)
(For a metallic slab of thickness t)
K1
K2
A/1
A/2
Fig. 11
(d)
2 A K K
C = 0 1 2
d K1 + K 2
d/2
K1
K2
A/2
d/2
A/2
Fig. 12
(e)
C=
2K 2 K 3
0 A
K1 +
4d
K 2 + K 3
K1
K2
K3

Fig. 13
(f)
For n plates with alternate plates connected: C = (n1) 0A/d
(g)
C=
0A
K1 K2 K3
t1
t2
t3
K + K + K
2
3
1
t1
t2
t3
Fig. 14
23.
Spherical capacitor with inner sphere grounded
(a)
C=
(b)
Charge on inner sphere = q1, while charge on outer sphere = +q2
(c)
24.
(a)
4 0 r1 r2
(r2 r1 )
+ 4 0 r2
r
Magnitude of charge on inner sphere: q1 = 1 q2
r2
Insertion of dielectric slab
Battery remains connected when slab is introduced
(i)
V = V; (ii) C = KC ; (iii) Q = KQ ; (iv) E = E; (v) U = KU
(b)
Battery is disconnected after charging the capacitor and slab is introduced

(i)
Q = Q; (ii) C = KC ; (iii) E = E/K; (iv) V = V/K; (v) U = U/K
25.
(a)
Charge transfer, Common potential and energy loss when two capacitors are connected
C V + C 2 V2 q1 + q 2
=
Common potential: V = 1 1
C1 + C 2
C1 + C 2
(b)
Charge transfer: q =
(c)
26.
(a)
(b)
C1C 2
(V1 V2 )
C1 + C 2
1 C1C 2
(V1 V2 )2
2 C1 + C 2
Charging and discharging of a capacitor
t/RC
) ; (ii) V = V0 (1et/RC); (iii) I = I0et/RC;
Charging: (i) q = q0 (1e
(iv) I0 = V0/R
t/RC
t/RC
t/RC
; (ii) V = V0e
; (iii) I = I0e
Discharge: (i) q = q0e
(b)
Time constant: = RC
Energy loss: U =
Whether you think you can

or you think you cant
either ways you are right!
CURRENT ELECTRICITY
1.
(a)
Electric Current
I = (q/t); (b) I = (dq/dt); (c) I = (ne/t); (d) q = IdT
2.
(a)
Ohms law, Resistivity and Conductivity

V = IR ; (b) R= (l/A) ; (c) = (1/) (d) vd = (eE/m); (e) I = neAvd;
ne 2
m
m l
R = 2 ; (g) =
;
(h)
=
m
ne 2
ne A
(f)
3.
(a)
Current density
J = (I/A); (b) J = nevd; (c) J = E; (d) = (vd/E); (e) =ne
4.
Temperature Coefficient of Resistance
(a)
R = R0[1 + (TT0)] ; (b) =
(d)
5.
Cell: (a) E =
6.
(a)
(c)
Series Combination of Resistances

(b)
V = V1 + V2 + V3;
R = R1 + R2 + R3;
V1 = IR1, V2 = IR2, V3 = IR3
I = constant = I1 = I2 = I3; (d)
7.
Parallel Combination of resistances

1
1
1
1
=
+
+
;
R R1 R 2 R 3
I= I1 + I2 + I3;
V = constant = V1 = V2 = V3;
V
V
V
I1 =
, I2 =
, I3 =
R1
R2
R3
For a parallel combination of two resistances:
R 1R 2
R2
R=
; (ii) I1 =
I; (iii)
(i)
R1 + R 2
R1 + R 2
Heating effect of current
W = VI t;
P = VI ;
2
2
P = I R = V /R;
I 2 Rt
H = I2 Rt Joule =
Calorie
J
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
8.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
R R0
; (c) = 0 [1+(TT0)] ;
R 0 (T T0 )
0
0 (T T0 )
W
;
Q
(b) I =
E
; (c) V = E Ir
r+R
(where V = IR)
I2 =
R1
I
R1 + R 2
9.
Electric bulb: (a) Resistance of filament R = V2/P;

(b) Maximum current that can be allowed to pass through
bulb, Imax = (P/V)
10.
(a)
Total Power Consumed

Parallel combination: P = P1 + P2 + P3
1 1
1
1
Series combination:
= +
+
P P1 P2 P3
(b)

10
11.
Effect of stretching a resistance wire

2
r
R 2 l 1 A1 l 2 A1
= 1
=
x
= =
R 1 l 2 A 2 l 1 A 2
r2
E
nE
=
nr + R R
12.
Cells in series: I =
13.
Cells in parallel: I =
(r / n ) + R
[ Q l1A1 = l2A2]
(if n r <<R)
E
(if r << R)
R
nE
(if r >>R)
r
Mixed Combination (m rows with each containing n cells in series)
nE
mnE
I=
=
;
(nr / m) + R nr + m R
I is maximum when n r = m R ;
mnE
Imax =
2 mnrR
=
14.
(a)
(b)
(c)
15.
(a)
(b)
Chemical effect of current:

Faradays first law of electrolysis: m = Zq = ZIt
Faradays second law of electrolysis:
(i)
m W (W = ECE)
or m/W = constant (where W = atomic weight/valency)
(ii)
(c)
(d)
As
m1 Z1
=
and
m 2 Z2
m1 W1
Z
W
=
; so 1 = 1
m 2 W2
Z 2 W2
Faraday : 1 Faraday = 96,500 Coulomb

W
= F = Faradays constant
Z
2
2
16.
Thermo e.m.f. : e = +
17.
Neutral temperature: N =
18.
Temperature of inversion: =
19.
Thermoelectric power or Seebeck Coefficient: S =
20.
(i)
(ii)
Peltier effect:
Heat absorbed per second at a junction when a current I flows = I (where = Peltier coefficient)
Peltier coefficient, = SH
21.
(i)
Thomson Coefficient:
Heat absorbed/ sec =

I
(where = H = C)
de
= 0
1 + C
[ Q I N = N C]
2
de
= +
d

11
(ii)
Thomson coefficient, =
Q/time
I

12
MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT

0 I dl sin
4
r2
22.
BiotSavart law : dB =
23.
Field due to a long straight wire: B =
24.
Field due to a circular coil:

NI
at centre: B = 0
;
2a
0 N I a 2
at an axial point: B =
3/ 2
2 a2 + x2
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
on axis when x >> a : B =
0 I
2 r
0 N I a 2
2 x3
point of inflexion: It occurs at x = a/2
4 N I
= 0.716 Bcentre
Field at the point of inflexion: B = 0
5 5a
25.
Magnetic moment of circular coil: (a) M = NIA ; (b) Field: B=
26.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Field due to an arc of current:

B = (0Il/4R2) ;
B = (0I/4R)
At the centre of a semicircular coil: B = (0I/4R)
27.
Field due to finite length of wire: B =
28.
0 2M
4 x 3
0I
(sin 1 + sin 2)
4a
2 2 0I
Field at the centre of a square loop: B =

l
29.
Amperes law: (a)
30.
Field due to a current in cylindrical rod:
(a)
outside: B = (0 I/2r) ; (b) surface: B = (0 I/2R); (c) inside: B=
31.
(a)
Field due to a current carrying solenoid:

inside: B = 0n I ; (b) at one end : B = (0n I/2)
nI
at an axial point: B = 0 (cos 2 cos 1)
2
(c)
B . d l = 0 I ; (b)
H. d l =1
0I r
2 R 2
32.
Field due to a toroid: (a) inside: B=0nI 0NI/2R ; (b) outside: B = 0
33.
Force on electric current: F = H x B
34.
Force between two parallel conductors:
35.
Comparison of magnetic and electric forces between two moving charges: (Fmagnetic/Felectric) =
2 2
(v /c )
F 0 I1 I 2
=
l
2d

13
36.
Force on a current loop in a magnetic field: F = 0 (any shape)
37.
Torque on a current loop in a magnetic field: = M x B
38.
(a)
(b)
Moving coil galvanometer:

NIAB;
=K ;
(c)
I=
(d)
Current sensitivity = (/I) = (NaB/K) ; (e) Voltage sensitivity = (/V) = (/IR) = (NAB/KR)
39.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Ammeter:
Shunt resistance S = (IgG/ I Ig);
Length of shunt wire, l = S r2/;
Effective resistance of ammeter, RA = GS/(G+S);
For an ideal ammeter, RA = 0
40.
Voltmeter:
(a)
V
High resistance in series, R = G ;
(b)
(c)
For converted Voltmeter, RV = R + G;

For an ideal Voltmeter, RV =
41.
Force on a moving charge:

F = q v x B ; (b) F = q v B sin
(a)
or M B sin
K
;
N AB
Ig
42.
Path of a moving charge in a magnetic field
(a)
When v is to B :
(i) path = circular;
(ii) r = (mv/qB) ;
(iii) = (qB/2m);
(iv) T = (2m/qB) ;
(v) = qB/m)
(b)
When angle between v and B is :

(i)
path=helical ; (ii) r = (mv/qB) = (mv sin /qB);
2m
(iii)
= (qB/2m); (iv) T =
; (v) = (qB/m);
qB
(vi)
pitch p = 2r/tan (where tan = (v/v ||)
43.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
Cyclotron:
T = (2m/qB) ;
= (qB/2m) ;
= (B/m) ;
radius of particle acquiring energy E, r = [(2mE)/qB];
velocity of particle at radius r, v = qBr/m;
the maximum kinetic energy (with upper limit of radius = R)
K max =
1 q 2 B2 R 2
2
m

14
44.
(a)
(b)
Magnetic field produced by a moving charge:
q (v x r )
B= 0
;
4
r3
B=
0 q v sin
4
r2

15
MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF CURRENT

45.
(a)
46.
(a)
(c)
Magnetic field:
F
B = max ;
qv
1 dF
B=
I dl max
(b)
Atomic magnetic moments:

eL
eS
L =
;
(b)
S =
;
2m
m
eh
eJ
J = g
;
(d)
B =
= 0.927 x 1023 J/T
4m
2m
47.
Intensity of magnetization: I = (M/V)
48.
Magnetizing field:
B
I;
H=
0
B
;
For vacuum, H =
0
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
For medium, h = B/;

H =nI (solenoid);
H = I/2 r (straight wire);
(f)
H=
(g)
49.
Magnetic susceptibility: = (I/H)
50.
Magnetic permeability:
(a)
= (B/H) ; (b) r = (/0) ; (c) r = (B/B0)
51.
(a)
(c)
Other relations:
= 0 (1+) ;
(b)
(d)
B = B0 (1+ ) :
52.
53.
Pole strength: m = F/B

Magnetic moment of dipole : M = m x 2l
54.
Field due to a pole: B =
I dl sin
r2
(Biot-Savart law) ;
H . d l = Ifree
r = 1 + or = r 1;
B = 0 (H + I)
55.
0 m

4 r 2
Field due to a bar magnet:
(a)
Axial point: B =
(b)
Equatorial point: B =
0
M
4 r 2 + l 2
(c)
At arbitrary point: B =
0 M
1 + 3 cos 2
3
4 r
0 2 Mr
4 r 2 l 2
0 2M
4 r 3
3/ 2
(if r > > l)
0 M

4 r3

16
56.
Force and torque on a dipole in uniform magnetic field

(a)
F = 0;
(b)
= M x B ; (c) MB sin

57.
Potential energy of a dipole in magnetic field: U = M . B = MB cos
58.
Tangent galvanometer:
(a)
B = BH tan ;
(b)
I = K tan ,
59.
Vibration magnetometer: T = 2
where K =
2r B H
0n
I
M BH
Nothing will happen

until
you generate the will to
make it happen!
The most powerful weapon on earth is

human soul on fire!

17
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
60.
Magnetic flux:
(a)
d = B. d A = BdA cos ;
(b) = B . d A ;
(c)
= BA cos ;
(d) B . d S = 0 ;
61.
(a)
(c)
Faradays laws of e.m. induction:

Induced e.m.f., e = (d/dt);
e
1 d
Induced current, I =
=
;
R
R dt
Induced charge, q = (1 2)/R
62.
Motion of a conducting rod:
(b)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(e)
V. B = 0
F = e ( v x B) ;
Induced e.m.f., e = B/v

For a rod rotating with angular frequency or rotating disc, induced e.m.f.,
e=
1 2
Bl = fl 2 = Ba
2
63.
(a)
(c)
(e)
(f)
Motion of conducting loop in a magnetic field:

Induced e.m.f. e = Blv ; (b) Induced current, I = (e/R) = (Blv/R)
F = IlB = B2l2v/R ;
(d) P = Fv = IlBv = B2l2v 2R;
H = I2R = (B2l2v2/R);
In non uniform magnetic field, e = (B1B2) lv and I = (B1B2)lv/R
64.
(a)
(b)
Rotating loop:
= NAB cos t = 0 cos t, with 0 = NAB;
e = e0 sin t, where e0 = NaB; (c) I = (e0 sin t/R) = I0 sin t, with I 0 = e0/R
65.
Induced electric field: Induced e.m.f. =
66.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Self Inductance:
L = / I ;
e = (LdI/dt);
2
2
L = 0N A/l = 0n Al
L = r0N2A/l
2
L = 0N R/2
67.
(a)
Mutual inductance:
M = (2/ I1) ; (b) e2 = M(dI 1/dt); (c) M = 0NsNp A/lp
68.
(a)
(b)
Series and parallel combination

L = L1 + L2 (if inductors are kept far apart and joined in series)
L = L1 + L2 2M (if inductors are connected in series and they have mutual inductance M)
LL
1
1
1
L= 1 2
or
=
+
L1 + L 2
L L1 L 2
(if two inductors are connected in parallel and are kept for apart)
(c)
E . dl
(For a solenoid with air core);

(For a solenoid with a material core);
(For a plane circular coil)

18
(d)
69.
(a)
70.
(a)
(b)
M = K(L1L2)
(if two coils of self inductances, L1 and L2 are over each other)
Energy stored in an inductor:

1
2
U = LI 2 ;
(b) uB = (B /20)
2
Growth and decay of current in LR circuit
t/
(for growth),
where = L/R
I = I0 (1e )
t/
(for decay),
where = L/R
I = I0 e
The heights by great men reached and kept

were not attained by sudden flight,
but they, while their companions slept
were toiling upwards in the night.

19
ALTERNATING CURRENT
71.
(a)
(b)
A.C. Currrent and e.m.f. :

I = I0 sin (t ) ;
e= e0 sin (t );
(c)
< I > = 0, < I >1/2 =
(d)
(e)
(f)
< I 2 > I 02 / 2 ;
2I 0
=0.637 I0 ;
Irms = (I0/2) = 0.707 I0 ;

form factor = /22
72.
(a)
A.C. response of R, L, C and their series combinations

Resistance only:
(i)
e = e0 sin t;
(ii)
I = I0 sin t ;
(iii)
phase difference = 0;
(iv)
e0 = I0R;
(v)
erms = Irms R
(b)
Inductance only:
(i)
e = e0 sin t;
(ii)
I = I0 sin (t/2) ;
(iii)
current lags the voltage or voltage leads the current by a phase /2;
I0XL;
(iv)
(c)
erms = Irms XL ;
(iv)
e0 =
(vi) XL = L
Capacitance only:
(i)
e = e0 sin t ;
(ii)
I = I0 sin (t + /2);
(iii)
current leads the voltage or voltage lags the current by a phase /2 ; (iv)
(v)
erms = Irms XC ;
(vi)
XC = (1/C)
e0 = I0XC;
(d)
Series LR circuit:
(i)
e = e0 sin t ;
(ii)
I = I0 sin (t + );
1
(iii)
the current lags the voltage or voltage leads the current by a phase = tan (XL/R);
(iv)
cos = (R/Z) and sin = (XL/Z);
2
2
(v)
Impedance, Z = [R +(L) )] ;
(vi)
e0 = I0Z;
(vii) erms = Irms Z
(e)
Series RC circuit:
(i)
e = e0 sin t ;
(ii)
I = I0 sin (t + );
1
(iii)
The current leads the voltage or voltage lags behind the current by a phase = tan (XC/R)
(iv)
cos = (R/Z);
2
2
(v)
Impedance, Z = [R + (1+C) )];
(vi)
e0 = I0Z ;
(vii) erms = Irms Z
(f)
Series LCR circuit:

20
(i)
(ii)
e = e0 sin t ;
I = I0 sin (t );
(iii)
=tan
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
current lags and circuit is inductive if XL < XC ;

current leads and circuit is capacitive if XL < XC ;
2
2
Impedance, Z = [R + (XL XC) ];
(viii)
cos = (R/Z) and sin =
XL XC
, is positive for XL > XC, is negative for XL<XC;
XL XC
Z
(vi) e0 = I0Z;
73.
Resonance
(a)
Resonance frequency, r =
(b)
At resonance, XL = XC, = 0, Z = R (minimum), cos = 1, sin = 0 and

current is maximum (=E0/R)
74.
Half power frequencies
(a)
lower, 1 = r
(b)
2 LC
R
4 L
R
upper, 2 = r +
4 L
or
or
R
2 L
R
2L
R
2 = r +
2L
1 = r
R
L
75.
Band width: =
76.
Quality factor
L
Q= r = r ;
R
1
1
1
As r =
, hence QL, Q and Q
;
R
C
LC
1
Q=
;
r CR
(a)
(b)
(c)
(X L )res
(X C )res
or
(d)
Q=
(e)

Q = r

77.
(a)
At resonance, peak voltages are

(VL)res = e0Q; (b) (VC)res = e0Q ; (c) (VR)res = e0
78.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Conductance, susceptance and admittance

Conductance, G= (1/R);
Susceptance, S = (1/X);
SL = (1/XL) and SC=(1/XC) =C;
admittance Y = (1/Z);
Impedance add in series while admittance add in parallel
79.
Power in AC circuits
1
Pav = E0I0 cos = Erms Irms cos ;
2
Pav
Re al power
=
Power factor, cos =
Virtual power E rms I rms
(a)
(b)
or
or f =
r
Q

21
(c)
Cos = (R/Z)
(d)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
e 2rms
R
0
C only : = 90 = /2, cos = 0, Pav = 0
0
L only : = 90 = /2, cos = 0, Pav = 0
(iv)
Series RL or RC: = tan1
R only : = 0, cos = 1, Pav = I2rms R =
XL
1 X
or = tan C
R
R
Pav = Erms Irms cos =

(iv)
80.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
1
=
Z
1
1
;
+
R
X L XC
1
Y = G 2 + (S L SC ) ;
2
I0 = E0Y;
S SC
;
tan = L
G
1
R 2
LC L2 ;
LC
in parallel resonance circuit, impedance is maximum, admittance is minimum and current is

minimum.
r =
or r =
(a)
Cp = Np
(b)
ep
e
s
(f)
82.
83.
= I 2rms R
Parallel LCR circuit
Transformer:
(d)
(e)
Z2
E2 R
1
1 X X C
2
Series LCR: = tan = tan L
, PAV = rms2 = I rms R,
R
Z
At resonance, = 0, cos = 1 and Pav = I2rms R = E2rms/R
81.
(c)
E 2rms R
d
d
and es = Ns
dt
dt
Np
=
N
s
I ep Np
Q ep Ip = es Is, so s = =
Ip
es Ns
Step down: es < ep, Ns < Np and Is > Ip
Step up : es > ep, Ns > Np and Is < Ip
e I
Efficiency, = s s
ep Ip
AC generator: e = e0 sin (2t), (where e0 = NBA)
DC motor:
Ee
I=
(a)
R
(b)
IE = Ie = I2R
(c)
Back emf
e
efficiency, =
E Applied emf

22
LIGHT
1.
Intensity of light
(a)
Spherical wave front: (i) I =
(b)
(c)
2.
3.
4.
(a)
P
2
, (ii) amplitude
1
r
1
4 r
1
Cylindrical wave front: (i) I , (ii) amplitude
r
r
Plane wave front: (i) I r0, (i) A r0
(i.e. I and A are both constants)
Law of reflection: Angle of incidence (i) = Angle of reflection (r)

sin i
Law of reflection: Snells law: =
sin r
Other relations
v
c
21 = 1 and =
v2
v
(c)
air
or
1 sin i = 2 sin r
5.
Electromagnetic nature of light
(a)
The magnitude of E and B are related in vacuum by: B=
(b)
(b)
(c)
medium =
vmedium =
(Q medium = air)
v air
E
C
E and B are such that E x B is always in the direction of propagation of wave

1
1
and v=
c=
00
(d)
Refractive index, = (r r)
(r = /0 and r = /0)
For nonmagnetic material, r 1 and = (r)
(e)
The EM wave propagating in the positive xdirection may be represented by:

Ey = E0 sin (kx t) and Bz = B0 sin (kx t)
6.
Energy transmitted by an electromagnetic wave
(a)
Energy density of electromagnetic wave is: u = ue + um =
(b)
As for EM wave, B =
u=
1
1 B2
0 E2 +
2
2 0
E
1
and = (0 0), hence
C
c
1
1 E2 1
1
0E 2 +
= 0 E 2 + 0 E 2 = 0E 2
2
20 c 2
2
2
(c)
Time averaged value of energy density is: u =
7.
Intensity of an electromagnetic wave
(a)
In a medium: I = 0 E02 v
(b)
In free space: I = 0 E02 c

2
8.
Pointing vector
1
2
1
0 E 0 2
2

23
(a)
S = ExH=
2

1
( E x B ) = c 2 0 ( E x B )
0
2
(b)
(c)
(d)
S = c0E = (0/0)E
I = S and S = cu
Impedance of free space, Z = (0/0) 377 ohm
9.
(a)
Pressure of EM Radiation
Change in momentum (normal incidence)
(b)
(c)
p =
U S At
=
c
c
p =
2 U S At
(reflector)
=
c
c
(absorber)
Pressure (normal incidence)

P=
S
=u
c
(absorber)
P=
2S
= 2u
c
(reflector)
Pressure for diffused radiation

P=
1S 1
= u
3 c 3
(absorber)
2 S 2
= u
(reflector)
3 c 3
Quantum theory of light:
Energy of photon, E = h = hc/
E h
=
Momentum, p =
c
Rest mass of photon = 0
2
Mass equivalent of energy, m = (E/c )
P=
10.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
11.
(a)
Inclined mirrors: number of images

When 3600 is exactly divisible by 0 and 3600/0 is an even integer then the number of images
formed is
n=
(b)
360
1 (whatever may be location of the object)
0
0
When 360 is exactly divisible by and 360/) is an odd integer, then the number of images
formed is
360
1 (for symmetrical placement)
360
(for unsymmetrical placement)
=
n=

24
(c)
0
When 360 is not exactly divisible by , then the number of images formed is
= integer value of n
(where n = 360/)
12.
(a)
Reflection amplitude and intensity

When a ray of light is incident (with angle of incidence i 0) from a medium 1 of refractive index 1
to the plane surface of medium 2 of refractive index 2, then reflection amplitude is
2
R= 1
1 + 2
(b)
The ratio of the reflected intensity and the incident intensity is:
13.
Refraction of light
sin i
=
;
(b)
sin r
1
1
2 =
;
(d)
21
(a)
(c)
2 =
I r 1 2
=
I i 1 + 2
sin 1
;
sin 2
Cauchys relation: = A +
B
2
14.
(a)
(b)
Parallel slab
Angle of incidence, i = Angle of emergence, e
Lateral shift = [t sin (i r)/cos r]
15.
Composite block: 1 sin 1 = 2 sin 2 = 3 sin 3 = constant
16.
Apparent depth
R t
a=
(where R = Real depth)
=

If there is an ink spot at the bottom of a glass slab, if appears to be raised by a distance
(a)
(b)
x=ta=t
(c)
1
t
= t 1 , where t is the thickness of the glass slab
If a beaker is filled with immissible transparent liquids of refractive indices 1, 2, 3 and individual
depths t1, t2, t3 respectively, then the apparent depth of the beaker is:
t
t
t
a= 1 + 2 + 3
1 2 3
18.
For a luminous body at a depth d inside a liquid: Radius of bright circular patch at the surface
d
r = d tan iC =
2 1
19.
20.
(a)
(b)
For optical fibre: sin i

Prism:
i+e=A+
r1 + r2 = A;
17.
(c)
(d)
Total internal reflection: Critical angle iC is given by: sin iC =
[(n
/ n1 ) 1
2
A + m
sin
2
At minimum deviation: i = e and r1 = r2. Hence, =
A
sin
2
For small angle prism: = (1) A

25
21.
(a)
(b)
Dispersion:
red < violet because red < violet
Angular dispersion: = V R = (VR)A
(c)
Dispersive power: =
(d)
Dispersion without deviation: (i) C + F = 0
V R V R B R
(In practice)
=
=
Y
Y 1
Y 1
or
( 1)
AF
= C
AC
( F 1)
(ii) Also, angular dispersion, =AC (C1) (CF)

(e)
Deviation without dispersion: (i) C + F = 0

(ii) Also,
or,
AF
CR
= CV
AC
FV FR
F
= CY
FY
C
22.
Principle of superposition: y = y1 + y2
23.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Superposition of waves of equal frequency and constant phase difference

Resultant wave amplitude, a = (a12 + a22 + 2a1a2 cos )
Resultant wave intensity, I = I1 + I2 + 2(I1I2) cos
2
If a1 = a2 = a0, and I1 = I2 = I0, then a = 2a0 cos (/2) and I = 4I0 cos (/2)
24.
(a)
Constructive interference
conditions: = 2n 0, 2, 4, 6,..
or, = n 0, , 2, 3,
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
amax = a1 + a2
2
Imax (a1 + a2)
2
Imax = I1 + I2 + 2 (I1I2) = (I1 + I2)
Imax = 4I0 ; If I1 = I2 = I0
25.
Destructive interference
(a)
conditions: = (2n 1) , 3, 5, or, = (2n1)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
amin = a1 a2
2
Imin (a1 a2)
2
Imin = I1 + I2 2(I1I2) = (I1 I2)
Imin = 0 if I1 I2 = I0
26.
Youngs double slit experiment

2
2
Phase difference, =
(S2P S1P) =
x path difference
A = 2a0 cos (/2) and I 4I0 cos2 (/2)

Position of nth fringe on the screen:
nD
(i)
for bright fringe, x n =
d
(
2 n 1) D
(ii)
for dark fringe, x n =
2d
(a)
(b)
(c)
27.
Fringe width:
(a)
Linear fringe width, =
3 5
= , , ,.........
2 2 2 2
D
d

26
(b)
Angular fringe width, =
(c)
liquid =
(d)
water =
28.
(a)
When a thin shit is introduced in the path of one of the interfering waves:
(1) t = n
( 1) t
Shift of the central fringe =
(b)
air
air
liquid
or liquid =
Fringe visibility: V =
30.
(a)
(c)
Frensels biprism:
d = 2a (1) ; (b)
= (D/d);
I max I min
I max I min
d = (d1d2)
(d)
dliquid < dair, for example, dwater = dair/4
g 1
liquid > air ; liquid = air

g t
(e)
(b)
32.
Newtons rings:
Diameter of nth dark fringe, Dn = (4nR)
D 2n +p D 2n
D 2 D 2n
and = n2+ p
=
4 pR
D' n + p D' 2n
Thin films: For reflected light
2t cos r = n
(Dark fringe)
1
2t cos r = (n )
2
33.
(a)
(b)
liquid
3
air
4
29.
31.
(a)
air
air
(Bright fringe)
Diffraction:
a sin = n
(a = width of slit)
Half angular width of central maxima, = sin1 (/a)
2
(c)
(d)
(e)
sin
Intensity distribution of the screen I = I0

a y
where, =
and I0 = Intensity at central point of screen
D
1.22
Limit of resolution of telescope: =
a
1
a
Resolving power of telescope = =
1.22
34.
(a)
Spherical mirrors:
Focal length: = (R/2)
(b)
Mirror formula:
(c)
Newtons formula: 2 = xy
1 1 1
= +
v u
(x and y are the distances of the object and image from the principal
focus respectively)

27
I
v
v
= =
=
o
u u
(d)
Linear magnification: m =
(e)
Longitudinal magnification: m =
35.
(c)
Spherical lenses:
A single spherical surface:
2 1 ( 2 1 )
=
[For an object placed in a medium of refractive index 1]
(i)
v
u
R
1 2 (1 2 )
=
[For an object placed in a medium of refractive index 2]
(ii)
v
R
u
R
(iii)
First principal focus: 1 =
where = 2/1
( 1)
R
(iv)
Second principal focus: 2 =
( 1)
v / 2
(v)
Magnification: m =
u/1
(d)
Lens Makers formula:

(i)
1
1 2
1
or,
=
1
1
R
R
2
1
v2
u2
1
1 1
1
= (2 1 )
v
u
R
R
2
1
[When medium is same on both sides of the lens]

(ii)
3 1 2 1 3 2
+
=
v
u R 1 R 2
[When different medium exist on two sides of the lens]

(e)
Biconvex or biconcave lens of the same radii for two surfaces:
(f)
Linear magnification: m =
(g)
Power of lens: P=
(h)
Lenses in contact:
(i)
(iii)
I v v
= =
=
O u
+u
1
1
1
;
=
+
1 2
(ii)
P = P1 + P2
For lenses separated by a distance d =
1
1
1
d
=
+
1 2 1 2
(i)
Achromatic lens combinations: Condition of achromatism,
36.
Silvering at one surface:
(a)
1 2 ( 1)
=
1
1
1
1
2 2 ( - 1)
=
+
+
=
=
F l m l l
R
'
=
y
'y
R
Fig. 1

28
(b)
(c)
1 2
1
( 1) 2 2n
=
+
=2
+ = R
F l m
R R
Fig. 2
R1
1
1 2
1
1 2
+
=
+
= 2( 1)
+
F l m
R1 R 2 R 2
R2
Fig. 3
37.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Optical Instruments
Astronomical Telescope:
0
e
(i)
For normal adjustment: m =
(ii)
For nearpoint adjustment: m =
0

1 + e
e
D
Simple Microscope:
D
(i)
(ii)
For nearpoint adjustment = m = 1+
Compound Microscope:
(i)
(ii)
D

e
v
D
For nearpoint adjustment: m = 0 1 +
u0 e
v0
u0
I do not ask to walk smooth paths, nor bear an easy load.

I pray for strength and fortitude to climb rock-strewn road.
Give me such courage I can scale the hardest peaks alone,
And transform every stumbling block into a stepping-stone.
Gail Brook Burkett

29
MODERN PHYSICS
CATHODE RAYS AND POSITIVE RAYS
1.
(a)
(b)
Cathode rays
Thomson identified cathode rays as an electron beam.
11
Specific charge q/m as measured by Thomson is: (q/m) = 1.759 x 10 Coulomb/Kg
2.
(a)
(b)
Positive rays
Positive rays were discovered by Goldstein.
(q/m) for positive rays is much less than that of electrons.
3.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
Motion of charge particle through electric field (Field to initial velocity)

2 2
The path is parabolic: y = (qE/2mu )x
The time spent in the electric field: t = (L/u)
The ycomponent of velocity acquired: vy = (qEL/mu)
2
The angle at which particle emerges out tan = qEL/mu
The displacement in y-direction, when the particle emerges out of the field: y1=(qEL2/2mu2)
2
The displacement on the screen = Y = (qELD/mu )
4.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Motion of charged particle through magnetic field (Field to initial velocity)

The path is circular with radius: r = (mu/qB)
Momentum of the particle: p = qBr
The deflection on the screen: X = (qBLD/mu)
5.
(a)
Mass spectrographs
Thomsons mass spectrograph
(i)
Traces on the screen are parabolic in nature
(ii)
Inner parabola corresponding to heavy M white outer parabola to light M.
(iii) The upper portion of parabola is due to small v ions, while lower portion is due to high v ions.
(iv) Only v = ions can reach vertex of parabola.
2
2
(v) Equation of parabola: X = (B LD/E) (q/M) Y = K (q/M) Y
(b)
Brain bridge mass spectrograph

(i)
Velocity selector: v = (E/B)
(ii)
Other relations:
r = (Mv/qB) = (ME/qBB) (whre B is the magnetic field in dome);
d =2r; (d2 d1) (M2M1) ; M1 : M2 = d1 : d2 [where d1 and d2 are the
distances of traces 1 and 2 from the slit S2 of velocity selector].

30
PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT
6.
7.
Work function W
=
h
h
c
hc
hc
Threshold wavelength: 0 =
=
=
v 0 hv 0 W
Threshold frequency: v0 =
(To calculate 0, use hc = 1240 (eV) (nm) = 1.24 x 106 eV) (m)
8.
(a)
(b)
9.
10.
(a)
(c)
11.
(a)
(b)
(c)
12.
Maximum kinetic energy of emitted photoelectrons

1
Kmax = mv2max = eV0
2
1 1
Kmax = hv W = h (v v0) = hc
0
h
Slope of (V0 v) graph =
e
Energy, momentum and mass of a photon
hc
Rest mass of photon = 0 (b) E = hv =
E h
E
h
p=
=
(d) m = 2 =
c
c
c
Number of photons:
Intensity Watt/m 2
hv
Power (Watt )
number of photons incident per second, np =
hv
number of electrons emitted per second = (efficiency of surface) x number of photons incident per
second.
2
number of photons per sec per m , np =
(a)
Compton wavelength:
h
=2.426 pm
c =
m0C
(b)
Change in wavelenth, ( ) = c (1 cos )

31
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
13.
(a)
Rutherfords particle scattering

4
N() cosec (/2)
(b)
Impact parameter, b =
14.
Distance
15.
Bohrs atomic model

nh
L = mvr =
2
hc
hv = Ei = Ef =
Radius of nth orbit:
(a)
(b)
(c)
of
(Ze )cot (/ 2) ,
2
(4 0 ) E
closest
approach:
(where E =
r0 =
1
mu2 = KE of the particle)
2
2 Ze2
(where
(4 0 )E
(iii)
(iv)
Ratio of radii: r1:r2 : r3 = 1 : 4 : 9 ; rN : rHe+ : rLi++ = 1 :
rn
n2
,
Z
1
mu2
2
KE
(ii) rn =
1 1
: =6:3:1
2 3
Velcotiy of electron in nth orbit:

2 Ke 2
1
Z c Z
(where =
=
= fine structures constant)
(i)
vn =
= c
n 137 n
ch
137
1 1
(ii)
v1 : v 2 ; v3 = 1 : : = 6 : 3 : 2
2 3
st
(iii) v1 = velocity of electron is 1 orbit of Hatom = (c/137)
(e)
Total energy of electron:

2
(i)
Potential energy, U = (kZe /r)
1
(ii)
K = mv2 = (kZe2/2r)
2
2
(iii)
E = K + U = (kZe /2r) = (U/2) = K
(iv)
K = (U/2) or U = 2K = 2E
(f)
En =
13.6 Z 2
the
n2
Z
(d)
(v)
of
particle)
h2
4 2 m ke 2
2
2
2
Bohrs radius: a0 = (h /4 mke ) = 0.529
(i)
eV =
Z 2 2 2 m k 2e 4
h2
n2
n 2
2
Ionization energy = E1 = + (13.6Z )eV
(i)
For Hatom, I.E. = 13.6 eV
+
(ii)
For He ion, I.E = 54.4 eV
++
(iii)
For Li ion, I.E. = 122.4 eV
(g)
Ionization potential:
(i)
For Hatom, I.P. = 13.6 V
+
(ii)
For He ion, I.P. = 54.42
(h)
Series formula (wave number v = 1/
2.18 x 10-18 Z2
n2

32
1
1
1
= RZ 2 2 2
n
1 n2
(i)
2 2 m k 2 e 4
ch
= 1.097 x 10 7 m -1
Series formula for Hatom

(i)
Lyman series:
1
1
= R 1 2 , n = 2, 3, 4, ......
1
1
1
= R 2 2 , n = 3, 4, 5....
2
n
1
1
1
(iii) Paschen series: = R 2 2 , n = 4, 5, 6....
n
3
1
1
1
(iv) Brackett series:
= R 2 2 , n = 5, 6, 7.
n
4
1
1
1
(v) Pfund series: = R 2 2 , n = 6, 7, 8 .
n
5
Series limits (min)
(i)
Lyman: min = 912
(ii)
Balmer: min = 3645
(iii)
Paschen: min = 8201
(ii)
(j)
where R =
Balmer series:
16.
Number of emission lines from excited state n = n(n1)/2
17.
(a)
Time period of revolution

Tn (n3/Z2) ;
(b) T1 = 1.5 x 1016 sec ; (c) T1 : T2 : T3 = 1 : 8 : 27
18.
Frequency of revolution
(a)
vn (Z2/n3);
19.
(a)
Current due to orbital motion

2 3
In (Z /n ) ; (b) I1 = 1 mA
20.
(a)
Magnetic field at nucleus due to orbital motion of electron

Bn (Z3/n5) ; (b) B1 = 12.5 Tesla
21.
(a)
(b)
Magnetic moment:
Mn = (eL/2m) = (nhe/4m);
24
2
M1 = (eh/4m) = B = Bohr Magneton = 9.27 x 10 Am
22.
Magnitude of angular momentum: L = [l(l+1)] (h/2)
23.
(a)
Angle of angular momentum vector from zaxis

cos = [ml{l(l+1)}]; (b) the least angle is for ml = l i.e. cos min = [l/{l(l+1})]
24.
Magnitude of spin angular momentum
(b) v1 = 6.6 x 1015 Hz ; (c) v1 : v2 : v3 = 1 :
S = [s (s+1)] (h/2) =
25.
(a)
3
(h/2)
2
1 1
:
8 27
XRAYS
Continuous Xrays:
vmax = (eV/h) ; (b) min = (hc/eV) = (12400/V)

33
26.
(a)
28.
Characterictic Xrays:
K < L < M ; (b) vK > vL > vM
3cR
Frequency of K line : v (K) =
(Z1)2 = 2.47 x 1015 (Z1)2
4
2
2
Wavelength of K line: (K) = [4/3R(Z1) ] = [1216/(Z1) ]
29.
2
Energy of K Xray photon: E(K) = 10.2 (Z1) eV
30.
(a)
(b)
Mosleys law:
2
5
v = a (Zb) , where a = (3cR/4) = 2.47 x 10 Hz
For K line, b = 1; (c) v Z
31.
Braggs law: 2d sin = n
32.
Absorption formula: I = I0 e
33.
Halfvalue thickness: x1/2 = (0.693/)
34.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
For photons:
E = hv = (hc/) ;
p = (hv/c) = (E/c) = (h/) ;
2
2
m = (E/c ) = (hv/c ) = h/c
rest mass = 0, charge = 0, spin = 1 (h/2)
35.
Matter waves:
(a)
de Broglie wavelength, = h = h =
(b)
(i)
For electron e =
(ii)
For proton, p =
(iii)
For alpha particle =
27.
MATTER WAVES
(c)
(g)
V
0.286
V
h
2m E
h
2mqV
[Q E =
1
2
mv 2 = qV ]
0.101
V
h
3 m KT
E = kT
2
For neutron or proton: = (25.2/T) [if E = (3/2) kT, average energy]

30.8
[if E = kT, most probable energy]
but
=
T
The wavelength of electron accelerated by potential difference of V volts is: e =
12.27
v
Hence, accelerating potential required for obtaining de Broglie wavelength for as electron is:
V=
(e)
(f)
12.27
For particle at temperature T : =

(i)
(d)
mv
150.6
2e
volt
Condition for obtaining stable orbit: 2rn = n

The phase velocity of a de Broglie wave of wavelength and frequency v is
h
mc 2
h
c2
=
=
i.e. v p > c.
v p = v = x
x
h mv
h
mv v
Group velocity, vg = (d/dk). It is found that group velocity is equal to particle velocity i.e., v g = v

34
RADIOACTIVITY
36.
Decay law: (a) (dN/dt) = N ; (b) N = N0 e ; (c) (N/N0) = (1/2)
37.
Half life and decay constant:

(dN/dt ) ; (b) T = log 2 or T = (0.693/)
=
e
N
(a)
t/T
or = (0.693/T)
38.
(a)
Mean life:
= (1/) or =(1/);
39.
(a)
(e)
(g)
Activity:
t
t/T
R = |dN/dt| ; (b) R = N ; (c) R = R0e ; (d) (R/R0) = (1/2) ;
10
1 Becquerel = 1 dps ; (f) 1 curie = 1 ci = 3.7 x 10 dps;
6
6
1 Rutherford = 1Rd = 10 Rd = 10 dps
40.
Decay of active mass:
(a)
m = m0 e
41.
Radioactive equilibrium: NAA = NBB
42.
Decay constant for two channels: (a) = 1 + 2 ; (b) T =
43.
Gamma intensity absorption: (a) I = I0e
(b) T = 0.693 or = 1.443 T
; (b) (m/m0) = (1/2)t/T ; (c) N =
6.023 x 10 23 x m
A
T1 T2
T1 + T2
; (b) Half value thickness, x1/2 = (0.693/)
NUCLEAR PHYSICS
44.
Atomic mass unit: (a) 1 amu = 1.66 x 1027 kg ; (b) 1 amu 1u 931.5 MeV
45.
(a)
(c)
Properties of nucleus
1/3
where R0 = 1.2 fermi
Radius: R = R0A
4
4
3
3
Volume: V A
Q V = 3 R = 3 R 0 A
17
3
Density: = 2.4 x 10 Kg/m ( is independent of A)
46.
Mass defect: M = Zmp + (AZ) mn M
47.
48.
Packing fraction: = /A = mass excess per nucleon [ = M = mass excess]

2
Binding energy: E = BE = (M)c
49.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Binding energy per ncuelon:

BEN = (BE/A);
BEN for Helium = 7.1 MeV/nucleon
BEN for Deuterium = 1.1 MeV/nucleon
(b)
ELECTRONICS
50.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Richarson equation
2 W/KT
where A = 60 x 104 A/K2m2
J = AT e
2 11600 W/T
23
5
J = AT e
[ K = Boltzmanns constant = 1.38 x 10 J/K = 8.62 x 10 eV/K
Hence, 1/K = 11600 kelvin/eV]
I = AT2SeW/KT

35
3/2
51.
Childs law: Ip = KVp
52.
(a)
Diode resistance
1/2
(iii) Rp I p 1 / 3
Static plate resistance: (i) Rp = (Vp/ Ip); (ii) Rp Vp
(b)
Dynamic plate resistance: (i) rp = (Vp/ Ip); (ii) rp v p 1 / 2 ; (iii) rp I p 1 / 3 .
53.
(a)
Triode Constants:
Vp
rp =
;
I p
Vg = constant
(b)
I p
gm =
Vg
(c)
Vp
=
Vg
(d)
= rp x gm ; (e) rp Ip
I p =consant
[K = constant of proportionality]
1/3
55.
Vp
Plate current equation: Ip = K Vg +

Cut off voltage: Vg = (Vp/)
56.
Triode as an amplifier:
(a)
Ip = (Vg/RL + rp); (b)
54.
(c)
57.
Vp =cons tan t
3/ 2
A = (RL/RL + rp)
rp
;
(d) = A 1 +
(e) A = /2 if RL = rp
Amax = ;
RL
Conductivity of semi conductors
E / 2 KT
(b)
Intrinsic: (i) = e (nee + nh h) ; (ii) = 0e g

Extrinsic: (i) ntype : = enee; (ii) ptype : = enhh
58.
(a)
Transistor:
IE = IC + IB
(a)
(b)
(IB << IE, IB << IC)

(i ) = C , ac = IC
Current gains:
E
(ii )
(c)
1/3
; (f) gm Ip
C
IC
, ac =
IB
IB
Relation between and : =
1+
or

36
STUDY TIPS
Combination of Subjects
Study a combination of subjects during a day i. e. after studying 23 hrs of mathematics shift to
any theoretical subject for 2 horrs. When we study a subject like math, a particular part of the
brain is working more than rest of the brain. When we shift to a theoretical subject, practically the
other part of the brain would become active and the part studying maths will go for rest.
Revision
Always refresh your memory by revising the matter learned. At the end of the day you must revise
whatever youve learnt during that day (or revise the previous days work before starting studies
the next day). On an average brain is able to retain the newly learned information 80% only for 12
hours, after that the forgetting cycle begins. After this revision, now the brain is able to hold the
matter for 7 days. So next revision should be after 7 days (sundays could be kept for just
revision). This ways you will get rid of the problem of forgetting what you study and save a lot of
time in restudying that topic.
Use All Your Senses

Whatever you read, try to convert that into picture and visualize it. Our eye memory is many times
stronger than our ear memory since the nerves connecting brain to eye are many times stronger
than nerves connecting brain to ear. So instead of trying to mug up by repeating it loudly try to
see it while reapeating (loudly or in your mind). This is applicable in theoritical subjects. Try to use
all your senses while learning a subject matter. On an average we remember 25% of what we
read, 35% of what we hear, 50% of what we say, 75% of what we see, 95% of what we read,
hear, say and see.
Breathing and Relaxation

Take special care of your breathing. Deep breaths are very important for relaxing your mind and
hence in your concentration. Pranayam can do wonders to your concentration, relaxation and
sharpening your mined (by supplying oxygen to it). Aerobic exercises like skipping, jogging,
swimming and cycling are also very helpful.
The most powerful weapon on earth is

human soul on fire!

37
Never say Quit!

When things go wrong, as they sometimes will,
When the road you are trudging seems all uphill.
When the funds are low and debts are high,
And you want to smile, but you have to sigh.
When care is pressing, youre down a bit.
Rest if you must, but never quit.
Life is queer, with its twists and turns,
As every one of us, sometimes learns.
And many a fellow turns about,
When he might have won, if he had stuck it out.
Stick to your task, though the pace seems slow,
You may succeed with just another blow.
Often the goal is nearer than,
It seems to a faint and faltering man.
Often the struggler has given up.
When he might have captured the victors cup.
And he learned too late, when the night slipped down,
How close he was to the golden crown.
Success is failure turned inside out,
The silver tints of the clouds of doubt.
And you never can tell how close you are,
It may be near when it seems afar.
So stick to the fight when you are hardest hit,
Its when things seem worst, that you must never quit!
Edwin Markham

38
Put Forth Your Best

And Youve Already Won!
The contest last for just moments,
though the trainings taken years.
It wasnt the winning alone
that was worth the work and tears.
The applause will be forgotten,
the prize will be misplaced.
But the long hours of practise
will never be a waste.
For in trying to win, you build a skill.
You learn that winning depends on will.
You never grow by how much you win,
you only grow by how much you put in.
So any new challenge youve just begun,
Put forth your best and youve already won!

39
You can
if you think
you can!
If you think you are beaten, you are;
If you think that you dare not, you dont;
If youd like to win, but think you cant,
Its almost certain you wont.
If you think youll lose, youve lost,
For out in the world you find,
Success begins with a fellows will,
Its all in the state of mind.
Often many a race is lost,
Before even a step is run,
And many a coward fails,
Before even his works begun.
Think big, and your deeds will grow
Think small, and youll fall behind.
Think that you can, and you will,
Its all in the state of mind.
If you think youre outclassed, you are;
Youve got to think high to rise;
Youve got to be sure of yourself,
Befoe you can ever win a prize.
Lifes battles dont always go,
To the stronger or faster man,
BUT SOONER OR LATER THE MAN WHO WINS,
IS THE ONE WHO THINKS HE CAN.
Edwin Markham

40

Formula Booklet Physics XII

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Formula Booklet Physics XII

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Formula Booklet Physics XII

QUEST - Power Coaching for IITJEE