.

,


.

.


.

.

.

- -


USDA (United States Department of Agriculture)

0.05 - 2.00 mm

0.002 - 0.05 mm

< 0.002
0 002 mm

USDA Textural Triangle

S, sand
LS, loamy sand
SL sandy loam
SL,
L, loam
SiL, silt loam
SCL, sandy clay loam
CL, clay loam
SiCL silty clay loam
SiCL,
SC, sandy clay
LiC, light clay
SiC, silty clay
HC, heavy clay.

.


( )

. (
)

()

.
(
)

( )

( )

M
V

Vo

( )
.

Mo
M M
o

Vo V V V
(Bulk Density)

M
M
b

Vo V V V

[1.1 1.7]

g
3
ccm

((Particle Density)
y)

M

V

2 6 2.7
2 7 2.65
2 65
2.6

g
3
cm

 ()

V V V

Vo
Vo
V

b
1

100

: [25 60]%

(BulkDensity)
(ParticleDensity)


(Masswatercontent) v

M
w
M

M
M

gr H 2 O
ggr of dryy soil

( 24 hours 105oC)

(Volume water content)

(Volumewatercontent)

V
v
Vo

cm3 H 2 O
cm3 soil

v s

V V V

V
V
V
V

V V V

V Vo V

[ 0 - 1]

(V 0)


(d)
V I A
I
v

Vo D A D

I v D

I =
D = ()
A =

D=8 mm

v =0.15
8 cm :

I v D 0.15 8 mm 1.2 mm

I v D

 _1


.

,

.

 _2

2
P P
R

P 0 P 2
R

r R R

P gH

2
P
r

2
H
g r


:
1.
2
2.

 (h)
WB g
dV z
WB
:
g z B
dV

W P dA P (dV)

W
P
dV

dV

gz P
gz P

g g g

z0

h zH

P
P g H

 Darcy
H H2
Q KA 1
(1)

Q:

1,
2:

: (

))

(1)

h1 H1 z1
:

h
h
z

h 2 H2 z2

Q k A

h1 h 2
h
k A
z1 z 2
z

Q
h
u K
A
z
u =

z=0

z1 z 2

 Darcy

Re 1

Re<1

Re>10

u k h d

u
1 Re 10

d
Re

:
:
u :
d :

slope

h d

Darcy
D

Reynolds
R
ld R
Re < 1
1-10
10