co 1 a ust ' 20-131:5916 ) Design of laterally loaded piles 3 REPORT 10:2is the Construction Industry Research and Information Association. I is 2 nonprotdstdbuting organisation ‘caning out research on behalf ofits members, ‘Membership incudes al types of firms and organisations which have an involvement with construction, including elients, designers, consultants, ‘contractors and suppliers “The members collaborate in eserch aimed atimproving the etisincy of ign, constuction sod management, andthe pevformance and ‘Seay of ui on engine wns They int {ate partin he research programme, and bae preferential access othe reat of rexearch projec CCIRIA. obtains cost effectiveness by contracting out the detsiled and specialist aspects of research othe most suitable external bodies. The cost ‘of research is met from member subseriptions and special contributions, ‘supplemented in some eases by publle funds Fo: futher dul and subi rte apply to Te Secretary, CTRIA, (Store's Gate, Westminster, london SWIP SAU, Telephone 01-2228591 anvane ‘TeCHNOLOGICAL instore TUBRARY or9920 80 ocr. 85 Dae Of Ae ree | canna 5287 omREPORT 103, 1804 Design of laterally-loaded piles W. K-ELSON PhD CEng MICE Lim wer ex Price £50 (610 CHUA Members ator free allocation) ISON: osso17 2163 '6n 0208400 x oma 1964 { Gurata) comes ete towne rt aa? MOMATEN sstocuToN ee DL elo 22a4 Mant ts 283“The projet ean to ths Report formed part of he lat Bang Reso Etblishnes a: (BRE) and CIRIA programe of eearcton pling The wrk wescavid out ander cour i ‘foe toCIRIA st rghtonPtecinic where Dr cnet Senor Latur, D:C, | Phafed sade 1 Shares, buh of ene Witon Kieiptsk & Pater, conbutod to the Report on eds ta techs sapect, espe Flowing CIRLA's usual pace, eStexng Group ws eae which, troughou the js vedo bcm ofthe Rept ane aby sion Toa resp | Someta A. Gieen BS¢DIC ACGI CEng FICE FOS (Chatman) [W.G.K. Fleming PAD BS CEng MICE R.M.C. Dro BSeCng MICE B.A. Lech BSe(Eag) CEng FICE Fistect MASCE [W..3. Price Me(Eng) CEng MICE, Tinie 1. Tout Cag MSc 4L.M, Head MS CEag MIMS ‘Seat WikonKnkpetrick & Parnes | Cements Ping snd Foundations ‘Bulag Research Esahshneat Allott Loni tors & Parnes ‘TranportandRoadReearchLabomory |) omIA, 1' Contents UST OF ILLUSTRATIONS UST OF TABLES NoTATION SUMMARY 1. INTRODUCTION 2, LATERALLYLOADED PILE DESIGN 21 Gener 3. RECOMMENDED ANALYTICAL METHOD FOR THE DESIGN OF LATERALLY-LOADED PILES 3.4 Utimate lateral recistanco of piles 32. Deformation of single piles 33 Deformation of pile groups 4. ASSESSMENT OF SOIL PROPERTIES 4.1 Modulus of elasticity 42 Cootficiant of subgrade reaction 43 Discussion of stifmers parameters 5. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS 5.1 Single ites 52 Pile groups REFERENCES APPENDIXA. Ultimate laters ana groups APPENDIXB Analysis of late 3 displaceront of single piles APPENDIX Analysis of pile groups APPENDIXD Case histories APPENDIXE Computer program referencesList of illustrations Figure Figure2 Figure Figure a Figures Figure 6 Figure? Figures Figures Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14 Figure 15 Figure 16 Figure 17 Figure 18 Figure 19 gure20 Figure2t Figuez2 Figure23 Figure 24 ‘Common occurrences of incidental lateral loading for bridge foundations andsubstructures Flow chart for design of pile group Coeffciontof subgrade reaction for sands 98a function ofthe relative density Earth pressure cootllons for overburden pressure and cohesion Detection, sol reaction and bending moment cistribution fora Tong froe-headed pile In eohesive sol LUtimate lateral resistance of short piles in cohesive soll Utimate lateral resistance of long pile in cohesive soi! Defaction, soll resetion and bending moment astibution for @ long estrined plein cahesionlass soll Ulimate loteral resistance of shor ples in cohesionlss Sol timate lateral esistonce of ong piles in cohesiontass soll Foundation response models for elastic continuum and Winklor spring medium ‘Soitfpile interaction madel used in Winkler spring ideaisation Lateral deflection at ground surface of aterally-loaded pile in cohesive soi! Effect of «superficial rust, definition ofparametors Influence of euet thickness on deflection at ground surface of ‘reeheaded ple subjected to lateral load Influence of cust thickness on deflection at ground surface of freo-headed ple subjected to moment oading Influence of layer coefilent on deflection at ground surface of fixed. headed ple subjected fo lateral oad Deflection coafclet for range of fixity conditions fora pile subjected io moment and lateral loading in non-homogeneous follith moduive increasing linewly with dopth ‘Schematic representation of p-y curves and their elation tothe ‘geometry of pile displacomont Values of deformation factor, hy for fraerheaded pile in homo ‘geneous toi! Vues of deformation factor, i, for freesheaded pilin homo- ‘geneous soi! Values of deformation factor, by for froe-headed ile in homo- geneous sol Values of deformation factor, I for free-heaced pilin non homogeneous sail with modulus increasing linearly with depth Values of deformation factor, Pru for fre-headed pile in rnon-homogensous soll with modulus nereasing nearly with depth ) ‘cma neg | id| corns Figure 25 Figure 26 Figure27 Figure 28 Figure 29 Figure 20 Figure31 Figure 32 Figure 33 Figure 34 Figure 35 Figure 36 Figure 37 Figure 33 Figure 39 Figure so Figure at Figure a2 Figure 43 igure Figure 45 Figure 46 Volues of deformation factory, for reesheaded pile in non ‘homogensous so with modulis nereasing nearly with depth Values of deformation factor, by, for fixsd-headed ple homox seneous si! Values of deformation factor, ny for ixscneaded plein on-homegeneous sll with moduli increasing linearly with depth Gonerlised eurves giving defected pile shape and bending ‘moment profile for lateral fore loading Generalised curves giving defected pit shape and bending ‘moment profile for mament loading Yield displacement factor for ree-headed pllein homogeneous soll with constant yet resistance. Viola rotation factor for froe-hesded pile n homogeneous soit with constant yield resistance Yla dlsplacement factor for free headed pile in non-homo= {goneous soll with modulus and veld resistance increaslg Tineariy wih dopth Viele rotation factor for fee-headed pile in non-homogencous ‘Soil with modulus and yiotd resistance incraesing nearly with eepth Uttimate lateral resistance of unrestrained free-headed rigid piles Graphical determination of pile iad within otoraly-toaded pile ‘rau, ‘Schematic representation of tatiload dlstribution in pile group Dafntion of parameters for siness method of pile group anaiysie Extract rom Naviae DM7 concorning pile group analysis ‘Reduction factors forthe later deflection of square pile groups in homogensous sols Interaction factor.ay, for groups of fee-headed ples subjected to laterel toad in homogeneous sols Interaction factors, any aden for foe-headed ples subjected to ‘moment in homogeneous sols Interaction factor, ay, for free headed piles subjected to moment Inhomogeneous sot Interaction factor, oy, for flxed-headed piles in homogeneous sole Discreistion of piles interface used in PGROUP program Newhaven overbridge: abutment details and borehole log Newhaven overbridge: bridge dead loedingList of tables Tablet Table t0 Table tt Table rz Tablets Tablets Tables Table 8 Teblet7 Tobie 18 Tablets Table20 Tabie21 Tabiez2 Summary ofthe output of method af analysis Typical values of Young’s modulus and Poisson's ratio for various ‘sell types considered os homogeneous laste solide Values ofthe coetiiont of subgrade reaction fr clays Values ofthe rate of increase of cooficient of subgrade reaction with depth for sands Values at the elastic iit of groundine deflection ‘Single pila: summary ofaleulsted and measured deformation ‘endmomert Computed and measured axl load in pla at tha ancof ‘onstruction, Newhaven overbrigge Computed and measured deformstion of ple cap, Newhaven overbridge Expressions for deflection coefficients A and 8 fora constant subgrade reaction Groundiline values of defection coeficiontsA and for 8 single pilin Winkser meat (long piles, uniform sol) Deflection cveficients A and B fora pile na Winkler medium Cane 10) Deflection coeficients A and B fora pile a Winkler medlum Znoe= 18) Deflection coefiients A and B fora pile na Winkler medium ran 20) Deflection cootiients A and B fora pile in a Winkler medium 2non= 25) Detection coeticients A and B fora pile na Winkler madum nas = 20) Detection coeticients A and B fora pile na Winkler medium Pnan= 88) Deflection coefficients A and B fore pile na Winkler medium aoe = 40 Detection coeteients A and B for pllen 8 Winkler medium Ban" 50) Datlection coefiients& and B for lle a Winkler medium aan = 10.0) Reduction factors for group action Unitalepiacement of ateraly-loaded pile Group efficiency factors for lateral loading ]on -imensonaopetlent eating sn appli ltl fore o deletion, ope, momert sear sndsod section, epecely ‘eos sesonal are of ple a [romesre mat i a ‘retathofthe lone ares }) natimensonl cout an api mentale, a Alpe, moment shear andl eacto, respectively G ‘ntlineasiona coetcent giving the deetion of le, depending oa | ‘edepee oats undid shear stenghf soi ffi cohesion ofa plledianeter elie density ofsaad Younes modelo ety oo lntal Younes mods flatity of the si ‘Young's modulo elasty ofthe? ple ‘Your's mous felt ofthe oi at base ile nea alec ressuremeter modulus elaicty over caraterte Iengh ote “Young: edulis of atiy athe ric of ei, “Young modus of tc of pest suivalert Youngs moduls of elastic of tbe pile adaiged Younes mad fs “Youngs modalis ef estisy ofc at depth = tron of ple above mudi Rog? problem, ‘ecaaty whine os fore ate eteton ca otto aor which low for iyi (Freer to ‘om bomopnesussois) ‘son-dinensonal pile group foxy matrix components ep o pati hinge over which ther is sol eatin rom & Ineallsowdea pe Sexy coetieet, ‘Geer modal fell ‘odiied shear molar of ail (~G(1+20)) smosted shear nol oft ata depth 2 ozo ond ‘orzntl lod on pile group orzo loadat gourd ine imate ateral oad capaty of pile ts nteralioad capac of sige pleating wit group ‘moment ofineraof= ple Z nunc acorn verte pit test Thlia ho} deinen oma acs tele {refer te nonhomogeneous 0) rs scp denoting inal ae { hie ‘bsenpe denoting ical members of oup 7 ape actor ‘ecient subgrade reson rated tale (K=Hy8) oefcet of atv zi pressure TO PRED propels 3 HS EREFSOQOS RR cmapK “erage oborsntal had reaction sted toe inde % coctivient ofcath presre at est KE cout ofp si rere (Brac Hee’ ert presse ae Scrsea . . esi ator= piety ator= Ze secant yl of he cooicet of wade eacton ‘sndiined vaieot selceat of sbgrae reason apled ta beam “Teragh's content of orient subgrade reaction ‘Trzagh'scoeticien of horzotl subgrade reaction rated tox 305-2 Sure late Ieogt of pe ‘hares lent of pile (UP) RESEEre meena § vie Seg cme poise atten mec atrastgce {Sera RRS eagrmatewt ip cures > Somes 5 Saclay 0 Serer ERS aecaret > orate opie ace cL aanapnerin nti S00 Gegeagccey Shona i eet FSS 2 ESET nena * eeesoeene earieeeact : oe § Kemimnhelin opens {Sota co neater pape etme : or car BERETS apettomgace + [Be cine icesing brad mod) oF conser nit + tent er neen ere , SatesSE EF ' te! Bones SP epog % anv) 306 i032 2 (desea pats) (Nat) aswi2 1224 maa ‘Table 4 Values of the rate of ingrease of cooficent of subgrade reaction with dopth for sands co toon [a Noemie) wo [wow |» sence Vosamanamn |? | «| meter 1 fe [fwso | ue ‘i deme | do ‘esttntemi monn woes Ccethartotstoate ——*T | reaction for sands as2 ——— fection othe relts oe a ee Stray YGaratng ool) en.) Forrottnormaly-comliated cls, ves of ho confi of subyrade reaction, K, have beer relied tothe uncalned sen renghf te nator, ade vice angeol res boon recorded. These range from te general ecormentaton by TeanghP™ ff =e, {0 cent work by Jamis and Lancelot shoving R= S00 esas Pona soe lata. Apai, the values quoted by Temaght ar far longer udag. Foraernal donor pote, reasonably conservative vac shold be adept For srt iemfonting, Tolowing ater are proposed Ki se010400 Fortonpterm losing and sess up to 08 of uate oad one third of he above aes ay be cooscared apopeats. The uses ales ese ta te undrine cosas ‘Teng ofthe depont wae eexine sing an vst eth rom igh ual Siarbed samples ecoere tea hnomod pling devs, ‘Toacoount for the mntnearbessour fils et bigher loads, Gara eta oggest tae following relationship: : nom (2) ® “ ’ an (3) ” ee the exponent bin the ange -0'5 to ~07 for normal consoidted lyst snd, sd ithe ting deforton ofthe le to wich mor pli he into ne enctous ‘Typical aloes of gare pean Table. ius (8) tt) ave te faite paced, nt ial for mand422 Aasassmentof ‘thecoetcant of ‘subgrade reation from inteatests 425. Assessment irom pile tests Table 5 Values at tho elastic limit of groundsiine deflection ‘Saltape lB) ‘saad o2w10 Normalysomotiandeays | 0.2005 (Over comalotadcays 2.01004 “Te tro consion produced by a peseurometer, partly the some ‘rons tohe soles ater laded pe, Ateapsbve bse ede oe ‘Ropsturcnter nodule cocisen’ fabgade eacionsopeic to tneatonded pe Mesa, Bourdon snd Gana propose the orl hen in Egon (101 cleat thetaluofthe cnet of obra eaten #°& FE (EY +] oan) a0) Re ‘where R= 0.3m reference rads), isa holo fatr vying om 1.010 0.50 for ‘Says 0.7 190.5 frit and 0.5 90.3 forsnde and the anv ofthe prossemer modula fst overte characters egth othe pile ‘Typical, K= 1.6102.5Eq using thi relation. Baguetis pd Jzequel™® suet thatthe nit soi modal of sbyrade enon may be ‘elated othe slong pressuremete daly the empirical actor Ki= 1.610206, and lamiokovok an Lanett fod nar values for sel boring presruemte, ‘Basedon a comping of ales using be Winker sil model andthe elt coninoun ‘model safos authors compared he cots ofeabpade reaction wth Young’ ‘modulus Such tes show elton of form Kelst0l8e pending on te method of comparison (eleanor men) an the le sodcondions Adopted. However, oso suelghforeardrlaioebetreesE and K canbe expeced to ‘holdin general wea consideration inentened to paaes for he beteoa of lesa ple ‘Verte burn tests may als be edt ses the conficen of ubgadere sor folowing Tezagh™ ¥ 7 Faly instrumented est ples maybe used to ass ales ofthe modulus ofrubgrade faction oro determine acorpreensve set py curves, Asati procedure [ssrument el pe with trun gauge ory pce intra The mearere Seng ‘moment thea belateeated toe ocala he cellocn, end erent twits a Getermin th lag pean length. Those ccltiows re uly cared ou ng ered techgues, ogee with acove ting produ tombs the ele of experiment Such est ar expensive andthe are got conser sable fo evalsting design dats, Instramenaionofcoerete ps or such puss betes fic, ecrse the ‘matt ot aly tse, ad because a high baste letra athe pe change ‘Py carves orreunsble values K may te eae eo et es, for whic ol the ‘rouhdlinedeboation nd rotation ae measured. Resse and Cox" drctbetsalution the problem ia whichis osoaserytasume a varalon of & with depth i ama Reset‘The offen of rade reaction ay ao be determined rm tess in whch ony the rou detestontnensures. Te vues oe ccticent of aoa escion {etrmined rom unasturested et pes are ot ae scart as thse seem lye instrament ext pes. Any experimental enor inthe ents plied caus the, sharatersilenth, 7, isa power foncieg of, andthe ree are forced totenssaned ‘alton with depth However, provided tat th test ples sre enerinallropets othe ‘esgn per and we intl by Sle eqipmeny, tne lave nl tee ed tts rondeadeqate exe da, 43. DISCUSSION OF STIFFNESS PARAMETERS ‘As unusted at the telaniag of Seton 6 he selection of appropriate ol parapet for ‘esign of nterlly oeded ples in prose inl proces: Telia aes shouldbe ‘rofl conaeres on fle ‘In comin wit many geotechnical cleans, because ofthe gest smpliestons made {in th svadaie tore! models, appropriate yaamcters are suongy dependent on te stu caleation mes employed, her thar being re fanmentl el propery. incl, this shouldbe les te cass for late metas than fraud recon methods Stenclaon. ‘Te lowing pints semmars consierton which maybe sped when vant pateeten in thigh of representative ales reeiedinissecton, 4, Rorsinge ples, ancontant materi, Yous’ moe, End subgraderextion parameter K, were found tobe roughly comparable. For sing ps proportional intel atoaficease of Youngscmodule with depth, (= dE) and eae of incense ofragrae reaction with éepth ma) smry be egnded tg 2, Forgiven si conditions, Zand dis shod be relately independent of ile group se However, ease comtinoum modelsever roti iterttion elec, parla in he «ast of proportional sols. Value of Ks my efetve tle grope ne petal) ‘comsdrably ls tan eingle pe values, nd dependent os pon within he Bou Assumption ofonstant Eo of oatant Kis sldom the mel apropit ideslsation ‘Thus ors oy apd for granaar ol atnear increas olives with depth steal rcommende ste best spprcinaton. Even or sffove cnseieccty, $Kmaywellbetatalthough ol sffe as be onideed mor norm wn cep he ‘fest ofall atthe ie headend sare weathering ay ake the proper! ‘tbessmade! more stale. Hameve, crey sya ets of a or gaps ‘amonly beagle to eativey simple ol proses, an a compromie tod has seal ‘obescerpedn pace,5. Results and conclusions - ‘Severs analyte! model are sommended so tht be designer ma set he technique ‘posted fo particule problem benign mand the isos ste wets, | “The methods of aa suse range tom single anva clelatons 0 comples computer programs The cot ofthe den ofp groupcan ane froma ew bored 9 ‘ver! thoumnd pound titharimporantsvbalnce the depres ofsophatenton othe | Soar the Sura of he aoe Sa J Some cate histori taten om he erature were analy using the asin methods verted in he Rap toindat the ality athe cautions. The tae eleuatins| ‘represented Append , pe ctpu os vasou methods fanaa ssa ‘atl below to ante dln Inthe aocson ofan epeopit enue. i i 54 SINGLE PILES “The anal two cn store preset in Tele. The ol tt data for enh ofthe Tessar somebat led, sock wes acer to etinat te ses a the sl inert, ep conned omg um slik ergs, | thsclasiecontinaum luton ging lower snes, Allhe mod of anu unde tute te manmum Sending moment inthe ples by up t020%. However the sets abe falalstionsis largely depesdent onthe corte leon of the so sibs. 52 PILE GROUPS | ‘The reuse of the pled foundations tothe es abutment of Newhaven | ‘Grecsdge tee posated nfl nd& CIRLA undertook a somprebesve sta: ‘mension programme to moat te beviour ost” ‘Tae compute and measured il on nthe ples ae giren a Table 7. The sities f ‘etd over stints he don tem ies cf the group. Apobed loads were 9 ‘neared, apd so there some uncertainty sof magnitude othe boriontal ah prseote sd the volume of ck wi acts mith the sume. “The sities atin nt snerpctedy opr predicted he lateral movement, Ite ely the Poulos amalys™ gives igh computed ansaton, bron of 1. thestitfening effet of he rakng piles ot being ally acon for 2. theove prediction of ie teraction inertia the mato 2. telex ofthe desiete ute rst he lnm ad pssve reas othe ‘locap ‘The PGROUP (20) program we coud only secommoate on si ayes anda check ofthe ‘cst ofthe foundation tocnging the modsar of ssa ns ad Douslng (Secreted the compoted ister satin by La, tating atthe Pe yout chosen as ie insnstve othe sstmed sol roperies. The ouipatol the PEROUP prog Tncuced bending moments and hea fove dsubutn for euch pe ‘These ote stores some of iuiescig the dese of pied fou Anton. Esablsting rlable sl proper ithe mort prem prosem. Currey avalnbe ] techiguer are retin detain his Report However as aie of te Sacures ae nec to ge conidnce othe values essed fl & » ewan‘Table 6 Single pile: Summary of esleulated and measured deformation ea ae | es compte [Pitot | fm | ¢| ado aterat | Masmum | cater Maxi | sranton| “eg | ata] ta tomy _| am | tom | covey mee | Ee «© pom | sp | ess of a | (eens | Scones ' ae om | fate) | (essere, j ry | frmun | sopne rr retin | Seas | fa | ager : Wee, | Pernt, I jesse | Scat 3pm ee ete | iy ind ; lea oe a ce | ee, tsaiton a so frm [ome Be | ce | Bs nw | BE bee estat | sitgaae | an a | feet | seers sen | Se“able 7 Computed and measured ai Joads in ples at and of onstruction, Newhaven 0 Ttwaman | peeies | eae | Bak wes | See | Sis cm | Me | a a ea aoe | aos ores sam aa ao || os Below. aera) Table @ Computed and messured deformation of pile cap, Newhaven sere, Tete |i a Eitition | Sotmson J = s (nn) ‘Static method [Not applicable | Not applicable] Not applicable ] Suton 7 : nae io Pair ton | Nealoed | serotedand (saingiesey J Soames metus ponour ‘ 5 wun | tf) eer, Sco) — Se } 7References 1, 1, WELIMAN, A review aftening pies types PSAICIRIA Repor PG 1,977 POULOS, H.G. sn4 DAVIS, AG. Pie foundaton asian das ‘Wey, 1580 HAMBLY,E.c. Brge foundations wedsubstrctres DaBBRE, HMSO CiSI3, 198 INSIETUTION OF CIVIL ENGINEERS Emtbretanng strstr (Gui Engiening Cove of Practice 2,151 SAWKO,, Stnpliiedepicah oth ansysiof pling tems Sruotra Ener ar, 188463), #1086 MATLOCK, Han REESE, LC ‘Generates vues or teri onde pie Poem Soe. Cit rs J Sa Mech Found. Di. Oct 1860 6915), 1051 POULOS, HG Bebasow’ itera Joudod ples: sala pis ‘roe dim Soe Cl. Engrs = Sol Meh Fund. Di. May 1971 sri) Ato POULOS, #H.G. ‘Behav oisteraly oxo pia: pie rope roe Aon Soe Che ngre "J Soi Mesh Found Di. May 197) STM), TIO TL POULOS, #4. Design of pi fendations ‘Reswurah Rept 71, Univers of Sidney, Setoo of Eaglaesog, 1978 POLLOS.H. 6. {tert od detestion prediction ope gcups Proc. drm Soe. Che Engrs =I. Grouch: Eng. Di. Sa, 978 mer, 91038 [BANNERJEE, P.K. end DRISCOLL, RLM. ‘Tren cimensional anaes of raked ple songs Proc Iram Co. Engr Dee 1516612), 88957, BUTTERFIELD, R aod DOUGLAS, R.A. ‘laity coeffi for te cain of i nd pte groups ‘GHRIA Tose Note 108, 1082 ONEILL,M.W, GHAZZALY,O.1 and:tA, HB ‘Arla of tioe denersional 5 rou wih none si esponse and plesoi-ie teraion ro Sth Ofshore Teh. Conf, Houston, Teas, 197, Vol. 224510256 ROMS, 8.8 Designo eratyoaded ies Prot Soe. Co Engr 7 Sol Meck. ound. Div Mat. 1965 Ss), 79099. MATLOCK. (Celcom fr dec of tral toad ls in sot ly ‘rod tore osh Cont, Hone, Tes, 197, Vo. 1, 57710354Fs ro 8 2. 2, aL REESE, LC, COX, W.R. end KOOP, .D, ‘Anas ofatalfoaed pls insane roe th Ofsore Tech. Cot, Henson, Texas, 1974, Paper 2080, $7310 483 REESE, LC, COX, W.R. and KOOP, F.D, el tog and naj flateraly-londe pin til tay Poe. Mh Ofenore Tesh. Coat Houston, Teka, 1973, Vol 12, 6731650 REESE, 1. sera bade: progam documentation Proc. Am Soe Civ, Engr 1. Geoteck. Engng. Div. Apel 977 103{6T) 25710308 PARRY, 8... [ies pe ioandasons (Oster Si sacha ‘Hoy Repater, Cambridge Uniersty Engineering Deparment, 1975, 1789223 BANNERIEE, P.K and DAVIES,T.G, ‘The bebavioar fail ap terally oad singh ples embeded a nor-homogsnous onebwigu Sept WRIA), 519505. NAVFACDMT Deg mann silmesbanic,fomdstion and earth structures US New, 311 RANDOLPH, M.F FIGLES- scope program forthe amb nd eign of ttre loaded plas ‘der general lwdigconstons ‘Clie Univers Revere Report CUEDID ~Soils TR 911960 ‘YOSHIDA, ad VOSHINAKA,R. ‘Ainetiogt enim mods of orzo brace reaction or pie Sole andFoundaons Sept. 1970120), 32918 PARRY, RG. H, ‘N dret eto of eimstigstement in saadsrom SPT values oe, Symp.o Interaction of Sactures nd Foundations, Mdlend Sl Mecanics nd ‘Foonton Engineering Society, Birmingham, 1971291037 Inroeuctory oteon tate one penewation testing Fogro,Breslapser Rend, Rust, Eagan, asated MENARD, L., BOURDON, G. snd GAMBIN, M. (Geowal ub clest «ple ora Sphngm aber toborimetalloating ines tpresuemete tess Sole Sel 96 1228, 16040 SWINDLE, D. sod WROTH, CP. ‘The we of self orng presente to determine he udslned properties clays Ground Engnering Sep 1977106), 371046 [MARSLAND, A. and RANDOLPH, M. F (Compson te tent om proses tes larger nite in London (Geechee 1971270), 21710268 LAWRENCE, 6.5.1. "Tene wll jp’ a appara esse the equal: elaicmedlas of si ‘Tamgor and Rosa Resear Laborstory Report SI 34,1977 ‘TERZAGHI K. ‘Evlonion fount a subgrade reaction (Geoteinigue Dee 88850), 297 10308, (GARASSINO, A, JAMIOLKOWSKI, M and PASQUALIN, E Sctmod te taeal-loades pes snar and NC cays ‘Proc eth European Coe on Soll Meares snd Foundation Fnglcetiog, Ven, 1996,Val Las wt 1 } J \in ~ 2, 2 8. 4. a GILL, H.L and DEMARS,K.R Dispidereat of tral osdedstructre fc fneary esomsiv sil ‘eah. Report om, US Naval Gl Eaginerng Laboratory, Pot Hiseome, Califa, 0 JAMIOLKOWSKA, M so LANCELOTTA, . Remarks on he us ofthe self boing presenter eta hee Tan ces Gn ts) ‘is Ba, Geotcies 1977 (03) BAGUBLIN,F. nd JEZEQUEL, JF. ‘Etude experiential du comportement e peux ole oszotleent Bull tab, Pons et Chnosacs 2 2 (COX, W.R., REESE, L Can GRUBBS, B.R idestng of aterallosded peri sand Pot th Otshore Tech. Con, Mouson, Text, 174, Paper 207945910472 REESE, LC. sn COK,W.R. ‘Sollbshivou tom ames of est f aninerumented ples unernteal aang “American Sccety for Testing Materia, pei! Tec Pusbention #4, 193, 16010 te REDDAWAY, A. Land ELSON, W.K. ‘he pearance af pls bridge sbutinet st Newhaven (CHRIA Tectia Nove 109, 1968 MECLELLAND,B. and FOCHT, J, Sallmodia oraterlloned pes Tran~Am. Soc. Cb Eng, 198 BN Paper 2854), 1089 0086 HANSEN, 3.2 ‘Uliate sistance ofp ples asin rane res Danis Geotechnical Is Reprt 2,196), 5109 BROMS,B. 8. Tiered estan of pies incobeive sis Proc. Arm Soc Ci. Engrs. J Sa Meck Found, Di, Mar, 196490 (SM), 271668, BROMS,B.B “Lateral esstanee opis in cobesonesssu Prom. Soe Cv Err. Soll Mech, Found, Div. May 1964 (8M), 1210156 (end Discusion Tne 196 91S), 210 022 : HETENYI, Beans on eastietoundatons Univesty of Mica Pres, An Arbor, 1846 DAVISSON,M.J. snd ILL, HL Larliplonied isin ered system Proc. Am Soc. Gv Bags So Mech Found. Div, May 96S 8NSMS), 64054 REESE, LC snd MATLOCK, 1, "Nosdesonal oations for terall-Toue pis with soil mea sed ‘propotosl 0 depth ‘roe. Cont oa Son Mecbanis and Foundtoe Esginerng, Austin, Tex, 1956, Boa LEE, LK, WHITE, W. and INGLES, 0.6. (Geotshnalengiecsne Prana Pres, 198 MATLOCK, H, and REESE, LC Foundation isi ofan ie supped sracures Pre Sh Con on Sl Mesa oun Engioeing, Pat, 151, ol.2, REESE, LC. ‘The ans pes nde ister oning rc, Symp. on ntact of Stuctres and Foundations, Midland Saif Mechs ae FomnitonSaginoerng Sst), Birmingham 17148. RANDOLPH. F, ‘Tasvespone of onble pit toll oading Goreng lore 198431}, 207 1029 . 48. OTTAVIANL M. sso - “Paeesimensonl ite sleent anal of vee loaded pl groups (Gotcha Sane 1975250), 1591914 SO, RANDOLPH, M. ‘Atheoresca study ote pcfomance of ples Pa Thos, Comabeidae Ui 1977 Si. TURZYNSKL,LD. Groups a ples wader mone pla forces ‘Shuctral Ergiee ep 980349}, 255t0255, 2! PRAKASH, S.L. and SARAN,D. ‘Behaviour ofatrly onde pain cabesie sol Pros rd Asin Cont on Sei Mest, Ha 1967, 23810238, HAIR GRAY I md DONOVAN.AC irckpte oi behaviour ‘Rien Sey to Teng Water, Spec UDI 444,194, 0239 54 BANNERIEE, PK apd DRISCOLL, R.M. Progr forthe naj of le roap ot ny oeomety subjected to santa and ‘ere oad and omens HEchanpcrour at, Higiwy Enpnoeting Compute rane, 17s 5. MINDLIN, RD. ore a pln i th itera semifinal Pier 9567 158, 56 OTEO, Cs ‘Brest siternting tral ods on ie groups Pow thn. Con on Sell Meshase sod Foundation Engineering, Moscow, 1973, Tess 57. FOCHT,J.A. and KOCH, Kt ‘avon sal ofthe tral pexormance ofr ile groups ‘Pro sth Osthoee Tes Coat, Houston, Texas, 197, Paper 1855, VoL. 2, 7010708 58 WOOD. L.A. ‘Aprogr fo th aay of tray onde ile rus, thet lesan aphragm wale ‘Pro, stot Conf. on Engines Software, Southampton Universty, 11, VoL, ieeoss jsreuioGRAPHY ADAMS, 1.1 and RADHAKRISHNA,H.S. ‘reer opty of ep aed nis Pre Binin Conon Sal Mecsas und Foundation Engineering Moscow, 1973, Vl 3, ROMS, 8.5. (General eport Pe foundatons pie gros ‘os at Exropean Cont on Soi Messunies and Foundstioe Eginesng, Vesna, 1976, Voi 1030152 HEALY, P. and WELTMAN, A.J. Survey ofthe poblems suited wih he ints of placement le PSAICIRIA Report PG 8, 1881 MoCLELLAND, B Dasigat deep pectstion es for ocean suctres Pro fim Soe Gi. Enger 1. eatech, Engng Dv Sly 174 1O(GT7), 731977 cures]PADFIELD, C.J. snd SHARROCK, MJ. Setiement of sractre os ey sl (CERIA Special Putlcsson 27198, RANDOLPH, M. and WROTE, . ‘Analysis of the verteat deformation ple groups ‘Geoteaique Doe 197929(0), 310488 VESIC, A.B, esgn fpile foundations ‘Transportation Reseash Boas, Washington DC. Rept TRB/NCHRPSYN, 1977 WELTMAN, A. iad procedures PSAICIRIA Report PO, 080 WELTMAN, A.J. s04 HEAD, 1.M. Sieimeriation mane (GRA Spe Putlestion 25, 1983 aAppendix A Ultimate lateral resistance of single piles and | groups ; 1. GENERAL CASE The unseat esistance of pile ent moma obi simple desan procedures ‘Sie provid they ae Keown a beconsereatve "The ni esistnce which my be mobled aay depth by laterally wansating ple an be enimated by conten ta alure mechani votes Ner te srace, passe dpe dover. nsing fete. At depth ple ow ocean aousd te plea mode of [tee star that" deep oon. The unser esance any depths ven Pex yeBK{+€BKE (Nim) ay “The eons of rts restate Kfand K stan sbitrary depth maybe taken fom Rue’ | “Euston (1) may te ep to layered ol provided ysis crated ecrdigly. The Intent esting and mata bending moment fava ple may thea becleited trom atts The ptt of oan of ig ple eal below he lower gare oi. 2, PILES IN COHESIVE SOILS Incokesve oe Fue) th imatresiane devlped on le my be R2NpGP Nn) ry wher Np ste teresting cae yinor es wo |] heed sthe shape stor Figures Ewrthpressre conto foroverburdenressurandcohesion Hansen)Equation (15) eso for adhesin nthe sides ta ie. The ity ifecent fom ives to ‘his Eaton by Reese ea” ors clays does et sieicay fe te conpeted uate ‘estanes Equation (13) sald ace dept of o a fee" 7330, nd hough to vary rm 0.25 tf sft clay, Below the itl pth, lsc ‘pochasin onl the iat tral estanee and besos costant is he SBE Som A simpleton othe vation of ulinat ter esitance with depth wes proposed by ‘Biome inthe fom UD=00015,F=0 UD” > 15,7, 250. ‘This approsinstion maybe wedi desi im From tts, he following formule may be dered, depending onthe ity constionsof ‘he lees ad the fre mechan ales 1: Forthn een as enh i he csp), wih aly won | Sonspamocre sas cohesive so rome”) (@) Detection (©) So rexciony= 9e,D{E~ 15D) a9, rovied the head ofthe pil oes ot seldinbeding 3. Forlong ples (greater than four tines the caractersicength) ffl, on or moe paste pe eer | | | Smumentumeimemon | ya th feeste ga] a. here Mais the elé moment te pile section restrained is | 4 Forlong restrained piles | 1 Me he y= 5 | 075+ a) Sy~ Ss [ovse se] “Tes oguions ae prs nh moe har niga and7 3. PILES IN COHESIONLESS SOILS enspplteione te real rition tpn rest dep inceil ih ‘Bromuggetd at te earner nou ken ace teste Wansne as 608 gure, pee 3), Ths aumpion contrive, ara fore vals of, ‘Ste tie noe eens sp, Ung poe ‘te he flowing tomas ae, I Ay= LDU Ky ay fees i J [ron] 1 a id Mone Ms | ne © |I ere ADR, Reccgeesereyestteantetenctesranadisttcattcs |) ‘har in gars and 0, pape 4, PILE GROUPS Forde spacd ples in a proup, th ubinat trl estance of the group maybe cla {stds totum of theatre eens of he ada pls | or rugs of dost spaced pies (/D<), the les and si alr lock. Hence tbe ] soup ct Be considered sa le rg il nd Patios (11) oF (15)20(18) wed ‘Eioutethe ulate esitaee, Brom esimpfeston of dscoumtng tetera resets ‘ofthe top LSD of oir, misc, be entelt Alteratel he ality aginst 1 ‘lat ature ofthe sof covtlnng th es aod pe eapnay be cloned wang mo3ge ma u ‘Unaly, acomsideraionof he above wo mingcatesisaulcen for design purposes, |Nosolton forintamedite cer are stall, nthe use ol een far 20 in ‘eonmeno teem erie pind flats ust to eebabremonte ve cnn)Faure | Utimet eter cesiconce ong ple tncoheste a J Tarome) ‘Bem —rennenel— Moo Mee Gahesonias so (Sroms'*) (2) Defcon (0) Sol eescton Beadiagnonear |" |shor ‘ohosonles 00 (rams! Faure 10 URimete tera reitance ‘il Grom") omaAppendixB Analysis of lateral displacement of single piles Eninaon te area of py ike nye En ovate png etosa stave ete fsa ae SS ipl Clic cp i staat, sinh eps wing angina map ea) SR CEIRE cuaazhec nae tpearats eos Derinulimechese ouicaayemnee opiate erty ocee | T] Eo | 1. WINKLER MEDIUM | “The concept of team suppetd bya series of dct springs (ee Fg) to represent ‘omnes a nrodooed by Witlr This model as ben wcely used to analy the bea ioocot foundation, sodsiay be applied to epee sued be waver esc 1 ‘i The sins ts Winer founbaton wa ened by Teragh™ at J} ke an @ where kis te cote of subgrade reaction pple oa supported beam, the etcton app te reel easing remo Wake ode deakepreeat | ee enters etre eee, Seoeteeeertncrene cota ata ae neers eS kets £ com) ao “nbesp hos unite of Fan (cect of agra ention has ni of es 8 “nso FL In Amerie iterture™thecoeticent ical oi most andix ‘noted by the symbol. This detain ead to conan witb Young's mobos of tase, whieh tho hasan ofFL. However, iota materal constant, ut vse with ‘ostinen and Seat of the pile and with he ing contin In genera varies ih Sephora he forme sees os eena(3) 9 nt nr nant ungeeci suuismasnorecmmemets | (eat (Winke) springs (©) Basic ontnaan } fews\1Pondninrpoer oe esata sé ret edn . = cxareet| |]Te rat oqton pening te etecon ple shel tanec and somata | ff ceo : , et rE oan en 1 For pile of practi densions, buckling nt wus a problen, and the sil ond has j ‘oghgll fs on the Hera obo. The em eotong Pay be ted ean Bug St + u=0 Co o Ft +600 ay ftemee ey ‘where the moment floes of he ie {loser slntions to these treat equstionsare aval only when Kis onsant andor ape boundaycondions. More eral sion re vale in dais iference {rm for whic variations of K with depth an with election, and lpered soe have ec conldeed 114 Constant cooffiiant The sinpies station require Kto be sone constant with depth The slaton™, citsubgrade reaction Equtions 280 (30) ben takesthe form - 4 expe) (A con + Bing) + p(B) (Cong + D sings) ‘her the constants ofintpraton, A,B, Cand D maybe determined for various boundary Sondons ad p= eo ‘8s meas of he nes of he sirelave to thatthe ple Beem has itso" ) fsinverse nay De thought of sea characteris length ol hele _—" ) igure 12 i {Sale ineracton mode used ; In Winker spring iaesteation‘he bound condition aly considered ar for ued and eeheaded ier nbjecto | rab. ‘aera fads moments. The pls maybe log ort, ad they says ef. Thee ‘rious destin enw wut of andar forme re) Matosk an Reet are ot x mension] analy ofthe problem sn developed a 4 series of equtions cotsnng irrosp partes eral election, oe HT § pe neo on 4 bending moment, M= HoT Ag + eBay ey) eo LT on | LD Ie * on be Pesaro ehompenn (a) Lee nefits ‘theses ibestcenea ste praise deaesaates | Mtepouboutaesrpreemtaeie ‘poesia pi > 13. om ida se eoheteaatiepaiaratr as Lars erat SRN Es (3 0m sneer tone a tg o Fol vt edits } 1“ ona @ 4 Soviet tine oder ct att <0 free matiedp opae) te Smite retin sitter ameeti mts | een conta stIr | ple 8 tone for eton cots A nd 8 or conn eubgraderston iI oni ing } ozo ioad Moment 1 Ae VEEP B= © (fe a) |] see oogpz + sine) VE costs) Teme | ae 2a || Seay costs ~ sng yn -V Te singe siren, p os bene A snd 8 for a single pile in Winkler ‘medium (long piles, uniform soll) 10. Ground-lins values of defection coefficients Panmeter | Laertond Moment etectonn | 4, = ua | a = 10 Sop. 8 A= 200 fa = -La Monest. | ay = 000 | By = 10 shuar,¥ A= 10 | = om12 coeticient ot subgradereaction increasing with dopth 2 Forthe parila case fount ine deletion, sbsttuton ofthe aes forthe o> ‘ioente ane shen in Tale 10 to Equation (3) es” ld 2h » wR TE hich rides with that of Brows, A design chr bse on hs xpresion, together ‘th thea or aod ob gps, shown i gue 1, inwieh Brome nas sketched ‘eiaonaipfor pes of itermedite eat, ‘Davison and Gilstad he problem of twodajer poe nd found thatthe upper layer of sola mina auane onthe besaiou a terlly-eaded ple. The dep (varnish uch special lige ar partes tong lfvens irony 27, ora ew fle diameter Ths ones tel) wo be subject 9 seseal ations stfess, Values fo {screen for delecion and moment, clea ty Davison a ily Infigures 141017. Tse cutlery be wed nsonencon with Bqattone (3) and (G5), Aberetely, for penta conservative ds, the contobuton of tend sa may ‘mpl be nesected oer he wet ew pe nee Forthe scesshl desig ofa neal load pe the sl hou be horoghly ines suena caper stou fossa Televi oftecoemcen of bate ‘Eason, Ovecomolated Gaye maybe represented by aconsae vue of K with Sot, Flgwees, te sumption ofsonsam value of Kay en to erou under estimate of he ett ad omen nh ven hat esr pote oy Sestheing, Convene theater rerstane fs ple maybe agaeatd bythe pretence of {upertelre ory te placement of tia jer of UE aroun the pe Fornormaly-cometidted ay and sands, where the oefcent of grade reaction maybe onsredo vary eal wah ep Kenz @ ‘Core.ormsltions to gunn (25 to GO) arent mabe, but ttl ston i tom dase form ave been bine wing He Siferenceecniges. Tse saltons {li tomo Egan (2) and) vanes he vi tet we Bren ‘Eiubie ito. The velesre expremedin mm ofa mesinls depts parameter (Gomi) an asilar ple ngs parameter Zu LI), where, for hisease the ‘Sate eng Ek, « “Tales 111019 sho ta te betaviou of ength xcedng 47s etetvel in Uinguiobl rom ato ttl lang merbare, Convers, ples ith length olen aT behave ushort cfd member. Varstion of Cw he dees of ity, MT, stated pe “The defection of shot ilesmay be cleltd fom tai. Fortes beaded ples, rom stand seta, ELBE wo Um snd forSuestened pes: 2 oat “) ‘Otter solton ae aval for paca pros ofK wth pth the mos wef bengs power fans develope by Matlock and Reese” However te we of oh slaona nat roasted, becut othe untertistes of mig eae mie to Kthoughont {esol pail rode propriate sue rec, he sce sppronches outed shows pean etna othe ine of behvion a eal loaded pe which stacy former pessoal pobles. : ma naetFqurots Infos oferst thickness fon of rae ile (Bovison na it) tndefecton atgrund Sirace of rea heeded pile feacing Devieson anTablet Deflection coefficients A and foraplleina Winkler medtum (Zax = 1.0) =20) a on cae | ta, “ omit ——abled Deflection coetfcionisA and Bore pileina Winklermedim Zax =2:5) | z A et | aa © | im |-am 8) 2 eieiias eeeTable 16 Deflection coetficionts A and for apileina Winkler medium Zax = 35)Detection concent and Bforapins Winter mau Zou) i) 8 8 enctias ype] ie oa te [= | 38 Fall el) eee ea ea tha] ig | 3B) i 8 (| a] FH ans Wie msl eel se ad sales Wel estes eed eagles Apel siia Seuss [fa] RE] 2) ts 8 32 | 8 AES = Saat 1 | 8 | 38] fea alfa J 2 | oe ae 1a }om | on LE | 3 je pea eages fT i i) fl I } 4 l Jame qt=e Table 19 Deflection coefficients A andB fora pileina Winkler medium (Zax = 10.0) al al eara is a | 8) 2) 8) 8] 8 ca | SRS esl atne er] B| | 3/8 |= 38 } et ese eel AS esa + | AEs ed Ee EF ) Bae] ss | se S ~ 2) 32) S/S | # | 2) 8) 32/8 i ] reel cel | ool faa S \q \ | | | | cat]ARBITRARY VARIATION OF SUBGRADE REACTION, OR THE py : ANALYSIS. . esate oud a tyne eee dng Th ar siteagth of p's hes no lng proportions todeecton. es ogee tat the, ‘Saale oboe Nout Wale ocaes vere be menneteaoe peter Scent eseed oe bite psave estas Othe al, Th, ow gation) Pages, i ty vE+ 6) T i} when K'= constant, at depth =O, i ‘Simarty, noting Section 3 of Appendix A and adopting typical values of A= and B, = 05 (Gee Tobles 111019), an approxinatelinitis ; Fe gs Me Fred Tp sees co) when K'= me, sept = ‘Equation 46) is probebly conservative, becsse the nteral pressure creases api with pth for this ase. Tho analysis canbe extend beyond te range of linear response ofthe salt aselesot ‘by caves are established to represent the deformation properties of the pile acting with the fol ee Figure 19) Tis Report, lateral deformation ee the sabe, at te), ‘erwhieh te seth wasonme, The secant, Kt thc cn wanda the sxpesin eu pts uno oy esp (= isthe forcing of pean ieqivlent aK, Hower, K, only ‘mathematic device andes erate procera be doped o sore zation 8). {Caves py sy be derived tom el tt at on more rely, ms tamed test he Equation (4) ay be expressed in Site ifr for, anda computer progeny be ‘seo solve the esting smlaneous equations. Suc program be been pbehed™ or ‘eral apieation. Aeentely «dest nition outing by bao ed Rees may , opted sing walabl setups for simple prostesof te variation of Kw depth. Toe ‘lous steps ia thse pros atest at low | 1 Ausame nation ph, oun, elatonip = mc i ‘seston 2, From consideration ofthe tre ett relationship between he slope a tele 7 Feadand the applied noment Sabet vue nto Eqvaton 3), wing sppopine ] ‘ales for outils 4 sn, forthe sine arts of e Rearangeta give arin Detween MH Tand T I 1 2: Asm teal valet P= selene ie tectonic pa, ig Ego (9), met \ (Gyoey ete to Fen pee } 4. Eainattie compan tol etn tom ep esc esi oda Ky Check at rei opine mad etna oa 5 Downie T(t) Reet dant ed) - Poe) ‘Sacha caelttnproedure may only be wed ifthe vation of si mods with dept spl anton for which okutons are ease Variations nthe earl ities oe Pe 1 ‘not be acomodated ang ths method. However, a cletaton show tat seem J fnroduced by such variations ae sceptale, proved tha the chong mses sn Jama neee es esAe tiay tessa caver dag unger dwi—| | cits tos Ryser aco moma nESMec tetas te pnd ee Se oct apy Se Oui strane one oth dof ag ith cop ] SOS ie Sewers wb comrades cs ona SESS ahetacoalcne e eign echt porn intng eerie tense! | "| lott tes eee he ene oneal le ‘Soy bhatt ae a el cated ore eyes Sept cor pran cls rca tis fry na ABiapertcnrclr och elt undo | Cyetionaig ay be accommodated sig py eal, ahouh the esabihnent of | sesorlecrvesiesomerbatubjecive. Rens, Cox and Coop™ te gulduce on te fom ‘esecarves soul tke. Although he se ofp carvesina Wil enlss hs only poor theoretical bas, tbe todhniqc ous provides neta of predicting the olaiour a lessubec a oeiclonain, ‘orofpiessoelded ne ying el. The essen of reals cuvesis cu ales ‘indo canbe proved bbe sila hos of pubs case stores. By jdeous eee Snore aren, he nyo ny Ueunae spate et yw nmatn ‘probes Pens are recommended a cnt pl bebsviour ie J 212 Al Grn \ a O gyaseatee Oma \ owe 19 Schamatierpreantatonof py cures and thei lation oth goomeny ef te eplacerent ‘occa { 1 mana |} ' alL 3, ELASTIC CONTINUUM ANALYSIS ‘asi authors have presented anal of nlaticpileembaddedin an elasichlf space! 5, The metho of ana based on eterno Mind’ soltion of thestresescansed by point fod acing win anaoeopc ela cotinsum, he resuing Integral equations or te relevant body cao ee soled ume. Te fate element method has lso been applied the probe bet the cst of sich aaj igh, ‘nd use ofthe method nthe foreoeable uur kel tbe res to spec robles, ‘aris ssomponrepsring the bebaviou ofthe ples are mace, Poole ested the les thie sips of onsantatines, tos aegecing berzoaal shear sreveson the ses Sth es. He sed nite diferene techniques tose the fees eqeatony, ore ‘east stamption ist estume uniform drotion of hts tes around» ult pile Segment, or prediion of ral tehaviour, odo we boundary element methods to obtain & ‘olution Rancolp™ compares nite clamem sates ofthe problem wate abere ‘sumptions undeonelads ta the Poul snus consent ove ete te flection ‘induced moment, by ap to 25%, The eosin he analy wng he eon seion, ‘eprobably is thas ar they arenotol pci’ snteance ‘Alle analyses predic that th bight nel pears boul develop athe ground surface, so ta yen ofthe sou occu sh ler presets approach pave eis ‘ance, Foutog* artes low fr yell by mrodulag spectrin th le. lis This epesers sine worksbeappronimatin tthe deloratin behuros of ‘ol The Kelton an ela conttaum Chou ge a enonable lower ound extent tthe éefommaes and moments t working lend, Once te yo's steed i he plesk ‘eyo, an enna using eae rentra Ge snccoy, ech enles re et ‘abe forcotine das, _Deeton an rotation ar primary tnctnsof he senders and relate sities ofthe {lead roi.Pule expetos tes porametrin ett LID anda cerns Hes fctor =f ‘Teuton a hrc propery ily sty rng, case ‘ny pavofs pl ested fre om fe end ha crite eng payne pai ‘He etaiour of he upp pat Preshesded pie Expresin forthe defection and tation ofthe bea of fee headed ie embeded i an ‘lsc eominam su be writen ia te foi form, Me son ig get (0) 6 Noe han oe ‘rete dpacement aor nd depend onthe slendernes of the pile, L/D, the ety actor Sg (= BSSELEIL) ‘Values ofthe daplacement feos are given i Figures 20022 fora omnogeneou sl and igures 2 1025 near nom homogensoa prt om Pose s| * ! J a? J z > ] i } : s | ihe =e : , Opener anne 1 roar } VBuneotdtoraton ‘Le ‘econ bor taa hod rr Fiesromogorous so 5 une ty a x ™ 1 ve [omen ] » FP } ° } i i J 2 Omasigkyrentoeen wet Vics toration facta hater roohoeded bla homogeneous oi ous)| Fowe22 re Re red ee oe") ee a Feedeoded ples For td ened pie, th ple atin sz, and anton (0) an) yb @ 9) ere the fotos f= Ft (Pus shown ealstsin Figures 2 ae Bannerce and Davies™ extended the work of Pou, wing an inprovedmathemtcl sande os comparson wit Puls Wook, the lactones quately Bennetee ad Boies plied ae individual pois on Figures) 0gure 2s Utne ofaeformaton oto Fy foros ends De nninomagoneue a with mosuve [Roveciog nary apes Poulos) 32 Randolph analysis Randolph arsed ots lrge umber of finite clement anaes fer bomogeseosiaad Son honosesous sole, abd ited peal power Sdvoteon the round ie w= Si fom 7 oom) wo 26" om) vom] where the mie bear ndelas Gea G'asdeph lit snd the bomogensity fate cxpresons the teal detection wo co)and where the equivalent modulus ofthe pl oo o srg pce, Ana th hprmts gn tne a ag bar aioe @ mens SSC amine ee oom erat yee ge x Ms wy ‘Teemaximommoment seus ata depth or (homogeneous) and, (proportionally vanjingstfes) Feureze eat Vues ofaetoration io ‘eo foro headed fai oo tomogerese Irereasing nae wth ‘pth (Polos) © Serato em sos™ Figures Vee ofdeforstion factor hy foreheads Diet nr-nomogensous Cote module ieeas- ingtnesry wh dest oe ee (Posto essay ma sFqureze Value ofaetrmaton Factor for Dreehesded ‘lin Pomegeneovs so Fpoutos Fru for headed[Randoph presets generale carves showing the defected she, ogether withthe vartion o tering foment dows th length of pl teprodaced eget (hese figures are not based on tons (5) and (6), ec late to sour Tee eformatoes ol) 32 Wielding soll Poulos "exened he etsy to scout for paste yelding of the ol ea the [poundline,byimvocarng ils es The yield oes ee toe prpnsaty ees forcobesioles and cotesie ols. Tae delesons and restos escalated sig Eqns (60) and (1 are divided by ail acter (Ff Pand Pp), Vales ote yee tor, xpremedn tems ot Hi an presented Pgs 30% 34, Tsay hod Be ed wi jtinde employe sony arather rage approkioaton he sol teh our. (@ Dates ies Faure 20 (6), Beating moment profie ised curve giving detects le shepe snd bending moment roel fore esd | a | ue “T (© Detecedpiew * (@) Bendngmonant patie Fure2sGoneratsacures ng det pl shge ane boding mama tte or momar ting I fronaoe= cman 2Figure 30 Yield placement factor fr trse-neaded pein Pomepsneous sll with constant il eine (Poulos) ® cmuanonts) |FRgure28,__Yieldrosetion factor forte-headed ple norshomogensou eo with modus nd yield esitonce cceeeens iE | caunrosnie «AppendixC Analysis of pile groups 1.1 Staseresolution offorese Amumber of models exit for anlsng pl rope which carry anil Inter and morent itadng Thee methoar rane rom snp ractrprocerer, which pte Terait sifered bythe sll tothe which conte th por toe embediatnenelatc sonra ‘The tral resstanee oa single piles condrale ven nwo sos, ad foreconomie ‘sss soul nate nglcod. Unfortunate fect of grap aon ar oben wall ‘eesmeted, nd very lie eld dato wo corel wih design procedures ors ‘eazn, some ofthe recommendations made nts Appendix te probably rar cose wate 1. STRUCTURAL METHODS OF ANALYSIS ‘Various actual methods of analysing indterinse Eames are widely used fr designing ple poupe” Inall nese methods, te ps are asted tobe end bearing, and the esant [tany eo overing oir negaced Teste model noe good opresnatono practi Sehavou. The races of there metho, pares the ster method, reer nthe fst ‘at esger select pr which are each adequate tc the maxim nested pod ‘sia te group. Dest wnng thee choir are tn herent conarate 1 hia very snple method, te pile ae suaed tobe identical an o act seer pn jotted columns wale cay onl asl ods, , The trl esa o the sl signed, ‘Sxcopt soar the ples ee presumed oto eke te resting elec th ple ‘2p ee Figure 39) tnt considers, Simpl resolution of fores yds solution the ‘eral fess inthe pls. Ts metodo appropriate or guys of ples onal more {han thre erent deen fae, bene the group thea tecemes ately intense For groups of vnc pls Ge Figure 36), theloal in each ple ay becalelted tom the tora @ vas a Leadein arouse wth po the planes ofrte maybe detrise by exes slion oftrcesGeeFice 3) ad en Fgura 26 gure 36 (raphe! termination ofp lade within Schema representation of tat oe eatibtion leteratytoaded pte group cP2") inplegroupiore"? o mA JIn the stati method of amps, no references msde othe deformation finda ples corte ple group ss a whole. ts mpl assmed at, proided th pe see naceeed , ‘nthe ofthe called working a, fling arcu of go scon, tebe vou ofthe proupissntsactory. nelle, the etomon made tat te selment of stindvidual ple tom the group (onder in olan a wong loud) ssn Se ‘seulement ofthe ple group ao seeps This may aotalaye bef cae {orelestivcentre —svot le proups® Tae lowing sinpliyingtscapon ar ade | 12 sites method Toe ite mshi forint seas oben spl th say | method 1th ter esti of he iis eile | 2 aplenty bende ast eas } |3. the piles deform elastically { ‘teppei nd boa 1 Ais een te Siemens oh ea th ton (8) Stcormey cts pau des eens) | ‘cap (see Figure 37). } rani he maybe sows tte anemia mace: | egrets A he [soe cosy ses] oy ‘Thr geomet marr ple gop may ed wp 6 A | ‘Thai ses ofan indian ples j | J a j eee, Trance Fein rpvanetes tor mea Sie er as gonna Dipset | cmesd tests metro he unembled etre nepetng bending ass 1 a ° i] “ oso oo 8, ‘Te loaing macs t= fe © m, ‘Toe hee mateo [and (ae the oly oes which have tobe formulated. The ‘rious mati operations nay now ecard oe Te ie l=ta.08) o (lsum vo oth unr anne J Tee tres inte ple ae gear (=0.(8)=61.(0).16) @ |] “The entcallone ay brs te teal fre by ° =U o |) oy Be anes cee are Solu of Eustion 70) eases the ors, Fn he nvidual pista be determined sing Euston 8), 7) “The dstibuton of xa ods and the placement ofthe ile cap are notre i stirtedby seeing he bendigatinesof te pile wing ns mehod. fo anys OM tits nominal venient Ce rae anling daca coe) ] Compete rans for roc ams oe tered ay beatae coe pep cng Maou a SW Pe cn une unhp) e EX ERocye wumcoutx omy dome con ese progres tithe aren Strange Sad ted estore hea } ‘ord yao 2. WINKLER SOL MODEL ‘ ] ‘eleon hWnd age pl eS aesetes caraae inar ae Sbeumtemadlngof te tesco pets pose Toowecae isin tbe Sedan ate cine feat Tac ene poop Sen Ses pope tesa® ono ced ee ce eee sea ipeand a ete ed Miaucatecnstne Sexes. ‘Table20. Reduction factors for group ection iets 2 ] Reson oor ale \ourese Ent om Naviac D7 oncoming pl group rats Wale deformations ae appronataly proportions Un, endag nomen dependon ‘aati ae neal inte he cote tara aca Vera identical piles with ped cr fed heads Forse cae shown Figute 8 wih widelypaced ples, a staghorward analysis may bemade. From Pn, the tera ioaling the pound ofeach ple ay bo akon Ho ‘Tepes nay thea beunased a olted member wg the elaonships ond Append, pages 381052, Group with raking pier orth cae, th concept of eavalent lng yb node, defined a th eth ofthe ‘pombe in fice wich ges both thesame ail ad steral apicement st the oud line. a ma 1 empatetie T Coan rr ‘ernie Li Gue Plerwi ings ed coin | ) shennan na SOV A ‘Gc? Pir with ned teed3.1 Poulos method Ieismot sally possible o sty bot of here conton a onc, an the egualiat Jeng maybe asipnedto the coneling deformation. Boulet enh ny Decalesltod ‘Eom the following formule: 1. Asal eading Consider the compression a same AE, [B ” Tn practice, the esvalent ple Ienth ag fll within the range 0.5L to. OL, sependingon te veraldstibeionofsbear ses. 2 Lateraontng (Consider the deformation of xcaslever Hales? ‘ales fy By for various sicondion are gen in Tables 10.019, pages sna 46t050, " Having ind the egualeat perature, the group i anny! wing tenes method For planar pile groups Sam's lion ay be aed (ce page 9), Nae [sent te elements for he heublky mato more ental ple rou With erent en [Bycondtione A sompter progr (STRAP I) tse on ie spore suo sia ‘The axial and shea fores moments td deft alclted sag the metbodare oly ‘tor the length above the grounaine. The embeded porto shouldbe eaiand Se AppendicD, pope 0, Ung this type of uaa, th clean elo vole dealing ‘ieprouecotang bate ples bree ‘In gneral us of Wiebe medium metodisnotecommended forthe sna ile goups, excepto he svalghforardcausoatinedsbove. The concep cannot te fevelopot fre to mode! group acon i elatenanar and ie fare evelopment ‘ofthe meta key. ~ 3. ELASTIC CONTINUUM SOLUTIONS “The analy mtn forthe deformations ofa lati emheedin a atic onium bve been extended to mode te Seba of ple groupe, Th pe of analysis {ike to over padt the tes slp teraction crise ote ev of el ol ‘eiaoa omnes elas Posies prodnco design shart which ay bo sed ftrapolte the below of single plo tat of goup, a Banerje= and Deol Arvelopeds comprebetsv computer program rei pil group ebavour under general Groups of vera ples Poulos ceased redotion factors, fo groups comprising vet ples only, and for ait len nay e charter he twosimple ent: Bconsanand Evang Sealy vi dep “The method ofsluton or the Stop ea ato interate Minin’ expen forthe set catsd ys ott oad ring wis a lat continuum, ad to red he er {on between wo pls. Theinteracton of a number pes may then te computed Oy ‘epeatedeaper postion Solton for square ple wouprare restated (ce gure 2), ‘store the rp redotion tor Rsv deteston of grmp “Foo, ™ Gelletion of singe pile fayag be reload vores the dsplicement of single pe sbjctal 18 uithorbonal ler the propa condor: ReeIuisknowo that for Binreasngly nal with depth, the effect ofaterction re ss 7 “The detection ofthe pile maybe calculate or group of free headed piles from teas BO o ‘whereayy~ the nteration fsa eoneen the and tek ple Reduction factors forthe Ineradetocconcequare © Biron ees 8 ay a, (aH Rett‘Theta load on he prop ay be elites fom the equation Hg= Ei, m1 ‘The splncoment of apie subjetedtovaious loadsa constrains maybe calelated from the foroase vena Table 2. 1 Table 21 Unit displacoment of a lsteraly-losded pile in Toe Foam | pam / Sone Ges | oxen 1 it oe) a ) (woes ning) | , ‘iy (pie bend fixed) 4 ‘ For pie ross one of the folowing ssurpson i pneraly made, dependigontedegree || frost locedby te sepersractar J that ofequldpcement of al piles. Ticequires the soliton of nsimltaneous| gusto aia os Heuston (73) and) 2A of gu lean ples In ticane ‘host Pe groups sbeco moment oaing and eed hes ie rou may be anaes ina simi Jar mnne sng the appropri itefocton farses 2 nd 8). In telater ce, {eremnsbleosesume sal ceplasment of al piles, Values fe interaction ate, for fheltouepicace, ae given Figures 4010. Poulos presents simplifcaton the above procedure the loads inthe ples are assum Be ua eacfations maybe eased ut or arepresetatve pl, wal one a ‘ieee ofsn ute row, singe following eapreson fer he gop reduction for Lee 9 Re “Ths, vatios group redvtion ators may be cleulted forthe applied loading contions: cnntenio |]|, Beaver ntmecenSnr eaenceain (Pouior™ innomogensoueIntercom fetor ox for free hosded pes sbjectedfrechaaded pies Poulos"){The delectonu free adele group may be calelste by combining Equntons (50) and 1) with Equation 9), 0 FE (rtr+£ Anns) 69 0B, (Ronin Ret) om vie Ho = ttl brzontal loxdon the group Fg rou reducon factor fr detention rein fomsteallond juod = Bap ecsinfctor fo deletion etn rom ome “Tin f= gle ple easene feos ae Pigutes 2 025) ya ™ Grup reduction far for roto fom moment Equations (76 ac (7) maybe extended to calelt the Stein of pls in group which projec above te mune a . te etecionst 9) von fe oe) E Pac ent | [Feet “Expresions i to Equations (76) t(7) maybe wed for aor homogeneous slo for ‘nomen loading, by seing the arrest nen ad sedation fst Poulos Intodues yell displacemen acts ito hese Eqtion to secu! foro ling be ‘0, These farses othose wed for single ples, bl se ema (ee Figes 3 {033 pages Ot 63) waste following equation Ha Fi o Telnet sing i ig iin ap rep my bests om Bande © ee the group ela tro ea oad, Valu of goup etieny factors tor aterallJoaded groupe nt wel exablibed, and ‘he vals presented in Table 22 are sugneee eeasothe Thee vale ie Sse oe ‘ode tests by Prakash and Saran and Oto, Table 22 Group efficiency factors for lateral loading Pile spacing (ameter) a | ese ea (Group etiney facor abr 33 grome os | a | os | 06 Alternatively, to asount for non dea Sehr of the ples, a modfatono Pours ineration method i peopied by Foeht snd Koch Tn he nalcation, sesame hat {he cefomation ofthe kp yma beeelates from apy ata aha tellers ok {he surrounding pls on he haviour fh pe nay cated om eae ees, isterefore tctlyasumed tata eling othe ol costo tuple docs alla ts Sipincemente at aaa Equation (73) may thusbe writen ss = 045 Haag + RE) wy nln defection of single pl trom pa ‘whet = roandiinedelecionofs age le fom elas nals% ‘The anny then cred out before by slving the ef simultaneous equations stoeatedby Equations (4) and), Fromastres of finite element nape of exible pe, Randolph hows tht he ptemofateralmorerent around apie may be rested tothe nteracion factor EyPouos, Randolph fs approcnateesprestons tothe nornaled resus ofthe ate lament sneer, wish orn thealowing intercon fe swn0on.(Z) Sarco © see 080 ux = ora = ox a ac oa @) ‘Thee apronimate expressions ae silently terete for mos practical purposes, nest ‘hope er ory lon paced, ad they mu eadly be lnearporated aa competee prog, Sennen ‘oor shows thomas bred be cd wit ise: scream hrm ad sea cnet trot ang wer ert le ‘Ssbeedlnn ins apse: eins of obit psy teased) ‘Soin reaper tsb ego tweee peice esate Sheetal een Pte tem lung ns ter placmes ctomaton sora eer eo mayor axial deformation. beet Hensthe efomiton nd sng st gees ple opt pe be reed te solog eon, 32] ( - Gl a ‘Tye matrices A, Band Caro onsera x ante veto are a order uation (56) may te oe, ogee wih he tice exuntions fr gua fo the enon cad “ “ ‘Te coef ofthe sevens re cory cg os Fos Ce eons 8 OY ~Bocm sny y= Renin + oa HH Cs = ae 4g) = —fven i, Bay = Byer 5; Sy = Busan: where T= ell defetion of sgl pie cose by i aa oa ea decor ofsigle ple eure y ait aera ond ty Ineral deecton of igo ple essed yun moment By, rotation of singe pile exusedby ui ata loud yy =tofatin of single pl cased by ont ponent jal dspscement teraction factor fo pes and) ay any ~ tr placement iteration aoe for ples tj Sy Se = on neractio fete for lesa ‘79 rag nde vel ote tine oof ened 71 J123 Computer programs PGROUP guess Dheraion opto! Imerace vein PGROUP Program Somme and Bisco) mA tan PGROUPIs based on the bouncy lent msthod (Banerjee and Dsielt™), The ples fre madaled wdc members with uniform detibutlo ofsrene cate cement (e igus #1): Mind ssoluten fora pot free acting itn enna od edo Calealate esses and asplocement ean poit within the meds “Theprogrem alow forte etmston of ores nd moments cig copie within plana group, emesis wihinan clas cootiagur. Th coaticwam seseatalyehaeo- encou af pace, However, by wing spproitons sed on nays af layered laste sytem th cotinsm maybe ened as though tbe mods nese nary With {tepth (Given mode), cr asi tere ewo-ayer sem. Thelater cae maybe employed forthe stuadon wher teres rgd be san Limiting values ar asged tthe shar and normal sess ning om tbe pea al ‘hough not wed in th anal he program pins a warning wien elesated vais exceed {Seeamiet, Tei sine pen (enn 1) a henna va theta oad shear orn and memete acing one seston te nil es, topater withthe global sles a tee group A sta of ase ores was amalyed sing the program, andreasomable apreesent was cbteinedin mest eas. Te eal ae broadly slo thane oma Poulos puna of Single ple nd square rou. HHowever the mathemati othe POROUP mathe con ‘sidered tohave gests resion, Tashgnment of ae to Youn'smoduls of the vil® ead lng uncertainties In any cases, these an Sesvirofsollsmatkedly ‘on-line Te sumption olny herent s PGROUP may le fo ngient Ove rion of eras ests inthe sol tetwceneiferet prof te foundation Care hale ken ony tose PGROUP when he other ssuton inherent inthe progam "ereuonbly ul vepresetaions of the st der conserton The program does ot {ake aosount of external inneenes eg cosaatin) which may ene oi ctormation, A params study sing PGROUP of arange of vertical ple group geomeuies was undertaken by Butter ard Dou In thst, ange of are ple groupe, om 2 2108 8 was aalsed or varyinglengh to cameter ato, LID modular at, yO, feddepof seat o ple engt, Le "The reaare preeated in th fom of om dimensional exit coon, Py oor wm Pen e in & ox « Pan 6Dfa~F Fy D%y- 28 i) 1 ops GP Fp=oDig= Pe om Me o's on Par Gditge TF ‘Te vans faethe Sesiileycoeficets which yb intron the eit ati for eral pie group E-[S & alli S whee f= fa ‘Values ofthe fei esefiens may be ed of raphia Reference 12, nating he soba beaver ert ple groups be rapid sseed Wit silent lzusey for ‘any Sosa. Asooted above, the PGROUP program hasbeen extended sccorodae Giton si sida wo ayers stem (POROUP 3) A complementary prozram which mdel yng ofthe rl (PILYLD) under devsop ment te Departwnt of Transport, Highvays Computing Divs the programs Several ote programs ar avalable os AppenxC)basedon the asumption oa pile ‘embeded in an as continuum. The st of prograns deste is aot exbauve, adit oti tbe scope of as Repro ses the rea. Poulos prouced program forthe eof neal ple groups bused on Easton (8), “This progam (DEFVIO) can ecsmtpodae vert, hotest td moment lads for pe roups coctaning batered peri eosops or nonhomageneun Ylang se Tex progr ‘omanaraly salut Atta, tot ot inthe United Kinpos, Weed ™ pusoed 8 ogra or th sls of vertial lt pl grape embeded na lato cls Siedng medi A progr bed on te ortalistonofalepe numberof te element ‘nay has bea publ by Randolph Ts propa (PIGLET insole and quik to ‘i, beast does no: ele the sltion olaige mats eating Som the dteeion bfsurficeseabedde aan els continu. Te propean can cope wth general ocing of theplle poop (nsosng tron), erred any dtecion ad's where the sins "aes earl ith depts. The nals le rou sag PIGLET i adequate format ‘sion apse, att srs to res offng fel ple. carte F) ) Jr Appendix D Case histories 112 Plein dense send “The cas histories preseted her, withthe ests ofbac-anslies inthe design methods esttedin is Report ar both toast he methods recomended uid ona oe 1. SINGLE PILES “wo casos retaken om the tecture to Matte the eno single ples. The istest resin oad tiscali ‘Dense sand Mustang sand (Rese, Cox od Koop) Softly: Misisipl Dels (MeCietknd and Foch) ‘Theol ata oom these ple ets re sew nie, becuse he sillnet of he al ws «ese font uncomsliatedundrained wi trond competion se oe Situ SPT W values, The empl slatonstipe given nis Rep were sed to a the ‘ods ocoetceat ef sugrae easton of ol The metods of eal use are ‘perl rested‘ ulinen Io datoretion respons Hence the calcio sa ‘rsdn Table (page 25) ate camara with the chrerve deformation teal onde. “Thecaelatel moments areal summarised in Table 6, General, alclaed dele ‘nations compare reasonably wel nth observed values. The cantons lions {neal ge lower computed deformations However, the aces ofa the cleats Iagely dependent om the corres sterton ofthe solladae, Allie thous sa ‘Udor estimate the maxim menared bending eos by pt 2% Pil test dts btsned by Reese, Cox and Koop a Mustang ein ar used ia tis example, ‘The asiompton ef an clasiecoxsionem not ai athigh ae oud ene slows for ‘hein oad only have been peseate, Dee co Toatng sn tin [Sooper For inieatctogcs | ~soan Deas inant ate mee |S BtNe fe Danewreasim —— |aawenaaefesin |p, ~o0.01008 By 100 | atl scenen | =m ma sotto i ontario Be Sans fT Mend defeton om SyaiNn ”Dewesandelaric nays Tamed Dima aig men + Foils oading, J es tebowSti am 6 From Sesion 1.3, (nee i) i ea snare = RIN fm =ioenae 5 oats fig 2510 enon, ge s3 | Rotor ana Davie peters) [icmngwefinin, [A Hossitmg tc) cigs pease anast Stathers " =iorav 1 ” 1 Rnd ana ) sen aopoee | |Epnantcnme | rromriguerziencey, © mage MNO |Bhuaon .pageS6) [pus 4 ee = 1380! From gation 62), 508¢ |g 108m } Een oases) | SS “ =a 4 535mm ] f= (Eqns (57 ant pues seend 3) Gy = 184M 1 Denes rbgaieracton method Cmaiatae —[eas Tati ] aloe Fore og 1] Fw Resi ctat {Etc Ch une2) ss =20MNne Ap 22.05 Forkgpittemminon| |") T mide 103 {ndihe conespontng ave ica ).pgeasy) 0" steam Os6 | Zn 5 sine, cu) | ge = 10 Gatos 3 pea) ordi nig Fro Tea J bes pre) 5 = NNne ) oc rom Equation) ty = 19mm Mauc= BBRN J oes | xuton 8 pape) In = 20x82 7 © } ona J pfu Zou 1 Conon des sond cs sary ; ‘Tet mold rey epi rp nerdy ye ely ] presionotuana Speicotan enn camaneects |] sony ty! | | | ! 1.3 Plloin sot clay Pl tet dts obtained ty MeClland and Fosht™" isthe Missi dt ze sei canes as [Gomer Tig dtm atop = 267s Normally. consdsc di tteergee, = arin ae —esinin Nein Bet tcl Embedded teats |= 2510 ressomewi er Pisncter= 061 | Detesion tt. 85m ove ae3 mm Js, = 466400" | axon moment = 90 8Ne Ssmisov medion Sf clyde ont einoditr Eo) edi mont om Secon tpg 8 errr Im =25mN Foes ons (Eason (9) pages) | From Equtins (0 as, | Pusat Daven ees pes Moe OT (F640) Fe fv = 00 Then. sets) ‘on ssh t= so 157m md LIA Detects! ten oveamaaiae = Stam Rendon Bear Jey=204% crm | rom grr 25 and29, aa (eb uation), pee | age A em Equions (5) 298(55, |My = 2040 98M m= se meteors comme ree ato (page) som ese een |e Eta fs efectos 188 m |, 223m oremdtne= Sm | qaton (7, paves) 1G = Sa0MNin?Soft cay—Subgrade rencion method Con aaah patcmaon TY aig a cto iq =Atnx37 [Sesion ) [rom Fasators(3) w8(G0, [Eganion 65), THMehiNae (8250 ) | pace ee pane} | 2.435, ete ry » ip 22830 er ” BSezenoom 8. TB us a cauxirend — fos a 7 =296m / Equations to fs (hast) |Deteciomstsom iB oo pee) |Bvcauctse= stam |20 8 a8 tug= 06a a atadepth of 4.8m Comment nso cy ce itory hasbeen noted by Renda atthe et data reported ae notcompltely onsient sith th reported shar fore sad moment gras talon of SODEN, rater an 261 WN, was probably spied 2, PILE GROUPS ‘Toe methods of anny, cased i this Report x pple inthis section tothe ped {Kundaonr of wore cbusment The competatoasllstate he mporance foaming ‘nalts meair ofthelnteal stipes sland the athe sweeping implying {suinpion whic ral fate tobe nado sin. Anoverbridge forte A2S0 nas coestraced on he od lai of he River Oote The ‘ng Toundttor mee pled ote unceriing ca, wng Wert sre piles CHRLA ‘hookers tata pope mentr te bn othe "Figue 4 shows the pnerl arrangement an ecion rough he abutnest,togetier with detail fe wl oie, Te loading on the butt as assed 1 be 1. ead od ofthe ridge 2. pram of PPA backfill te sbatment 5. slnteralond equivalent that of id of dest SN “These lonne ae sown is Figure 46 Caeuutions were cuit out sa fou methods of says 1. atte eatin of fres 2. testes method 3. Povlosmetod 4: PGROUP program 2.0 “The ridge foundations were deg bythe Highway ad Transportation Departs of Eat Sot Coty Coot, aig theses bog nate ehekeduiag PGROUP. “The aeons ng Polo's ans were cara out suming the tities the oll incensed ineary with dep Noise eaarment of slo tere made dysng beste ltverigaton and eva as tenet follows ‘Average tS dep (sin vas et eats) Was 28.64N “aking Hog ~ 200 28,6 = S7ODRN ‘This m= 1M0RNn?oo a Inthe POROUP progam usd, only one sol ayerould be modes. An sverage | nual ofS MAN wes tse eave corresponding tothe sine oe sper ‘tthe alana) Te sent ofthe nse coesedby renege compuion , Weil valueof = 10 MNin Dovbing tee modu mide a sgnent deren to the computed forces and only marginal deceased te dplacerens othe pl cap. iu “The computed ak ond at nd of contraction ad pl exp deformations forthe various smathosof analy ate pretontod ar Tale 7 and, especies puge 2) 1T ‘Appendix E Computer program references Single Pes oar ryan REESE" Phe Gros wri Mand Road Conston Uri, ‘Warwcktize County Coane {Developed tom SAWKON) Departneat fTanepor Highow Cone Dion Department of Tanepat Higheys Competing Dvn Deparinetofthe Envizonment igurays Composing Diva RANDOLPH woon DEFPIG PouLos vatainy Notewteay saab inthe UK (Ove Arpand Partners, Warwic ‘Various Boreas ‘VsiousBureeus Univenityot Cembrige Losdoa United Computing Sistem Engineering Labeatry, ‘avery oF Syne (Noteurentiyavatabo in Briain)Other CIRIA Publications on Foundations Repons (5 Design snd easton of round anchors, ed Eaton, 2980 oi nd onracorscomprbensie ei othe ‘Evisc snd perormance of rouse ancnon New etton tus aur major cmngein oro rte, scot Tegan ovina er 19 Reviow fearon of pil raft fundaton, 1979 HOOPER.LA ‘eviews the boavowf ie rouge sje overt apped ‘Sting nh pros tees pe a foundation ‘Sl tote Disses vrow metas fae rou ais ‘teu, wm ecto cmpeaneot alate rom 98 Mates usin atgrenive ome BARRY, DL Tepe sae chm compounds ith hee Inds sour andes hes toconvenonl eanatuctin SSISINUG prt scd nines ape pacaer ona Enbe stg sep ‘Special Publicstlons 25 Stenyestion mana 189 WELTMAN, and HEAD, 3M. ‘ese thes inet proses, and ges idance om epee apecb eft wll nosatoy eater Pols ners feat, ed splston © [Ganda dren may bulingtoundacone 27 Setlenentofsracures nly, 985 PADFIELD, C1. andSHARROCK, MJ ute ail mesh or rnd stament smcamentin ‘ine cami tie ineason ore whe own. ‘ablaaspvormuee petition fonfasos Usa ‘Sputestnde etetou an example! he ogantins for ‘pv foundation perfor, 232 Contin over abandoned mize worn. 1988 MEALY, PR and HEAD, 1M. ter unos to ngrer inetd wth pacing and ceipee ft prev enamine oreo oter ‘icra Desebes ps ethos of ming ie UK, wt ttt comareedonger eee gst. ry ‘tense formineshate me Technical Notes 108 Tyitcumesttion ote found of the Nana ‘Wocminar Recover, ot FURLEY.A.E and CURTIS, D.C 1 Resi etic torte degre pean om, BUTTERFIELD, Rand DOUGLAS, R.A. oveone Memter Non-meaber J cannes |] ott