Beam transfer considerations

The various mooted upgrades of the CERN accelerator complex up to and including the
LHC will necessitate substantial modifications to the Beam Transfer systems,
comprising extraction elements, transfer lines, injection elements and beam dumps. A
general overview of the present performance reach, technological challenges and
areas for study of the Beam Transfer systems is given, highlighting areas which are
expected to be most relevant to the different CERN upgrade proposals.

Implications for beam transfer systems

Performance issues
Focus on kicker systems
Some details of PS2/PS2+ studies
Areas of interest for R&D
Many thanks to
V.Mertens, J.Borburgh, L.Ducimtiere, T.Fowler, M.Benedikt, J.Uythoven and others

Brennan Goddard CERN AB/BT LHC LUMI-06 19th October 2006

Upgrades to many beam transfer systems..

LHC+
1 7.5 TeV
LHC+ extraction and dump at 7.5 TeV

SPS+
SPS+ extraction 1 TeV 50/75 1000 GeV

SPS+ injection at 50-75 GeV

SPS+ to LHC+ transfer and injection at 1 TeV

PS2
1.4/3.5 50/75 GeV

PS2 injection, extraction and transfer

SPL
03.5 GeV
LEIR
Source+LINAC3 4.272 MeV/u
0 4.2 MeV/u

Brennan Goddard CERN AB/BT LHC LUMI-06 19th October 2006

 Implications for beam transfer systems

PS2/PS2+ SPS+ LHC+

Injection 1.3 GeV: fast (ions) 50-75 GeV: fast 1 TeV: fast
3.5 GeV: fast (if RCS) or
3.5 GeV: H- (if SPL)
Extraction 50-75 GeV: fast, slow (3rd 1 TeV: fast, slow? 7.5 TeV: fast
integer), CT (MTE)

Transfer 1.4 - 3.5 GeV (from 50-75 GeV (from PS2 1 TeV (4 T SC versions
PS/RCS/SPL) with low-for ions?) of TI 2/8)
50 75 GeV (to EA) 1 TeV (TT20/TT41?)
Beam dump 1.4 - 75 GeV: ~1.5 MJ 0.05 - 1 TeV: ~14 MJ 1 - 7.5 TeV: ~1100 MJ

Specialised technical systems involved include

Kicker magnets
Septum magnets
Active beam dilution systems
Passive protection (absorber) elements
Beam dump blocks
Beam transfer lines

Brennan Goddard CERN AB/BT LHC LUMI-06 19th October 2006

 Expected technological concerns/limitations

Injection
High energy (3.5 GeV) H- injection system in PS2
SPS injection system upgrade to 50/75 GeV
LHC injection system upgrade to 1 TeV
Extraction systems
Multiple extraction systems from PS2/SPS
SPS fast extraction at 1 TeV (B.dl)
Beam dumping
Aperture, dilution and absorption for LHC+ dump (larger n, larger Itot, ~same E)
Machine protection for beam in gap in SPS+ and LHC+
Radiation and co-habitation issues for internal dumps (PS2/SPS+)
Aperture and extraction system design for external dumps (PS2/SPS+)
Transfer lines
Bending radius and slopes for SC magnets (TI 2/8+ SPS+ to LHC+)
Kicker impedance
Already an issue in the SPS with existing kickers

Brennan Goddard CERN AB/BT LHC LUMI-06 19th October 2006

 SPS+ to LHC+ transfer
Needs SC dipoles of about 4.0 T, with beam aperture of ~50x20 mm.
Tunnels have some slope and kinks.cryo issues?
Space very limited, QRL integration an issue?

TI 8: 3.8% slope

TI 2: 2.4% slope

Brennan Goddard CERN AB/BT LHC LUMI-06 19th October 2006

 LHC beam dump for LHC+
Present kickers with LHC+ beam Modified kickers with LHC+ beam

Dump kicker upgrade

Factor ~2 required in dilution for LHC+ at 7.5 TeV, 12.5 ns, 1.71011 p+/bunch
- new MKB dilution kicker systems
- higher sweep frequency & strength factor ~2 in installed length (now 22 m)?
- possible increase in triggering reaction time (add 1 turn)

Brennan Goddard CERN AB/BT LHC LUMI-06 19th October 2006

 Kicker impedance issues
Kicker impedance
Major contribution to machine impedance possible intensity limitations
Longitudinal impedance beam induced heating of the kicker ferrites
Above 125 C ferrite temperature magnets loose kick strength
Mechanical damage of systems not conceived for bake-out
Heating of SPS kickers measured with LHC beam
600 W/m average deposited power
>100 C temperature rise measured loss of kick strength
Significant impedance (9 extraction kickers presently in SPS)
Issues actively being addressed include
Cooling of kicker ferrites (applied to installed extraction kicker magnets)
Impedance reduction (stripes, coated ceramic chambers, inserts)
Fewer installed kickers (short-circuit larger K and dt) Measured impedances with / without stripes

P [W/m]

t [s]

Metallic stripes printed directly on ferrites Measured deposited power on SPS

extraction kickers with nominal LHC beam

Solutions involve compromise:

aperture/rise time/strength/impedance/heating Caspers, Gaxiola, Kroyer, Uythoven

Brennan Goddard CERN AB/BT LHC LUMI-06 19th October 2006

Present PS/SPS/LHC kicker system parameters

Brennan Goddard CERN AB/BT LHC LUMI-06 19th October 2006

 PS2: injection/extraction systems

Assumptions made to define an entry point

Regular (FODO) lattice in the injection/extraction regions, with 90 phase advance and
21 m cell length.
7 (8.5 m) free per half-cell available to accommodate beam transfer elements
Dispersion function matched to ~zero in these regions (assume < 0.5 m).
Enlarged quadrupoles with 85 mm good field regions (c.f. 50 mm assumed for the
regular quads).
Extraction trajectory via enlarged quadrupole coil windows, a la SPS
Kicker and septum elements outside half-aperture of 50 mm at 33 m (~ 300
.mm.mrad acceptance).
Injection energy 1.4/3.5 GeV, extraction energy 50/75 GeV.
Optics and layout identical for all versions at all energies.
H/V beam emittances 15/8 .mm.mrad.
From the SPL, the H- beam emittance is assumed to be 1 .mm.mrad.
Lattice quadrupole yokes are 700 x 700 mm for standard types, and 900 x 900mm for
enlarged types. The enlarged types are 2.2 m long, c.f 1.75 m for the standard
elements.

Brennan Goddard CERN AB/BT LHC LUMI-06 19th October 2006

 Injection: fast p+/ions, 1.4 - 3.5 GeV

Requires 2 half-cells for fast injection system (with 90 optics)

Brennan Goddard CERN AB/BT LHC LUMI-06 19th October 2006

 Injection: H- multi-turn, 3.5 GeV

Requires 2.5 - 3 half-cells for h- injection system (with 90 optics)

Brennan Goddard CERN AB/BT LHC LUMI-06 19th October 2006

 Extraction I: slow resonant (3rd integer)
Extraction using electrostatic septa (ES) and magnetic septa (MS)

Brennan Goddard CERN AB/BT LHC LUMI-06 19th October 2006

 Extraction II: fast single-turn
Extraction using fast kicker (HK2) and magnetic septa (MS)

Brennan Goddard CERN AB/BT LHC LUMI-06 19th October 2006

Extraction III: Resonant low-loss (CT-MTE)
Extraction using fast kickers (HK1 and HK2) and magnetic septa (MS)

Overall require 9 half-cells for extraction systems (with 90 optics)

(note that 3 of these are ~empty, and could possible accommodate a beam dump)

Brennan Goddard CERN AB/BT LHC LUMI-06 19th October 2006

 Beam dump: Internal or external?
External dump looks like another fast extraction channel....
Except that the aperture must be OK for 1.3 GeV beams
Makes life difficult for extraction septa (much larger gaps)
Internal dump is easier and more compact.
Issues of high activation in the ring
Proximity to kickers(difficulties seen in SPS in 2006).
Need in any case 2 or 3 half-cells for the beam dump

Brennan Goddard CERN AB/BT LHC LUMI-06 19th October 2006

 Tentative PS2 system parameters

~14 half-cells total

PS2 extr

PS2 inj

Brennan Goddard CERN AB/BT LHC LUMI-06 19th October 2006

 Areas of interest for R&D
Impedance and shielding
Ceramic chamber coatings, surface treatments, geometries, effect on rise times
Ferrite surface treatments, stripes
Switch technology
Fast solid state high current thyristor devices
High Voltage technology
Flashover under vacuum (magnets, connectors, ceramic chambers)
Magnetic materials
High saturation ferrites
High Currie-temperature vacuum-compatible ferrites
Ultra-thin laminations, tape-wound cores
Coil technology
in-vacuum insulation
New beam transfer concepts
C-type extraction kickers
Beam intercepting protection devices
Materials and geometries for increased robustness
Consumable/single-use devices

Sometimes contradictory requirements which have to take into account various

design considerations (bakeout etc.) parallel development essential

Serious R&D requires resources (additional to those presently available)

Brennan Goddard CERN AB/BT LHC LUMI-06 19th October 2006
 fin

Brennan Goddard CERN AB/BT LHC LUMI-06 19th October 2006

 PS2: kicker
Trade-off in parameters AND cost can be made.
Iterations involving:
Machine energy
Bunch filling schemes
Lattice optics and space
Parameters from other injection/extraction elements (e.g. septa width)
Injection and extraction concepts
Technological limitations (switches, magnetic materials, impedance reduction, )

Possible PS2 extraction kicker configurations

Brennan Goddard CERN AB/BT LHC LUMI-06 19th October 2006

Transmission line kickers: design considerations

dt = Lm / Z
I = U / 2Z
Lm = o(w/h) lm
Bm = o I / h

Deflection for nm magnets is

= nm U dt / (2 w B)

In a total length
lt = nm dt Z h / w 0

Trade-off between rise-time, strength and length

(dt , lt )

Brennan Goddard CERN AB/BT LHC LUMI-06 19th October 2006