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Coordination of Generator Protection
Coordination of Generator Protection
1-4244-1298-6/07
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COORDINATION OF GENERATOR
PROTECTION WITH GENERATOR
EXCITATION CONTROL AND
GENERATOR CAPABILITY
Working Group J-5 of the Rotating Machinery Subcommittee,
Power System Relay Committee
Chairperson: Charles J. Mozina
I. INTRODUCTION
The need to coordinate generator protection with generator
control and load capability has been well known to generator
protection engineers. The techniques, method and practices to
provide this coordination are well established but scattered in
various textbooks, papers and in relay manufacturers
literature. In many cases these techniques, methods and
practices are not well known to the practicing generator
protection engineers. The purpose of this paper is to provide a
single document that can be used to address coordination of
generator protection with generator control. The paper uses
example calculations as its means of communicating these
methods. This paper also discusses steady state stability and its
impact on setting generator protection.
Pmax = Eg Es
X
Max. Power
Transfer
Max.
Power
Transfer
All Lines
All lines in
service
in Service
Line
Line 11
tripped
Tripped
Line 2
Tripped
Pe Pe
Line 2
tripped
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
90og - s
0g - 0s
120
140
160
180
1800
200
From the power transfer equation above it can be seen that the
maximum power (Pmax) that can be transmitted is when
g-
s
0
0
= 90 i.e. sin 90 = 1. When the voltage phase angle between
0
local and remote generation increases beyond 90 the power
that can be transmitted is reduced and the system becomes
unstable and usually splits apart into islands. If enough lines
are tripped between the load center and remote generation
supplying the load center the reactance (X) between these two
sources increases to a point where the maximum power
(Pmax), which can be transferred, is insufficient to maintain
synchronism. The power angle curve in Fig. 1 illustrates this
reduction as line 1 trips the height of the power angle curve
and maximum power transfer is reduced because the reactance
(X) has increased. When line 2 trips the height of the power
angle curve is reduced further to the point where the power
being transferred cannot be maintained and the unit goes
unstable. During unstable conditions generators may slip poles
and lose synchronism. Voltage collapse and steady state
instability can occur together as transmission lines tripping
increase the reactance between the load center and remote
generation. A graphical method can be used to estimate the
steady state stability limit for a specific generator. This method
is discussed in Section IV of this paper.
Pe = Eg Es Sin ( g- s )
X
Where: Eg = Voltage at Generation
Es = Voltage at System
Pe = Electrical Real Power Transfer
X = Steady State Reactance Between Generator and
System
g = Voltage Angle at Generation
2
Rotor
Winding
Limited
Mvar
Overexcited
Underexcited
Mvar
+ MW
Real Power
into System
Under
Excitation
Limiter
(UEL)
Steady State
Reactive Power Stator End Stability Limit
Iron Limited
into Generator
System
Normal Overexcited
Operation
Stator
Winding
Limited
Overexcitation
Limiter (OEL )
MW
Underexcited
Operation
MW
G
System
Mvar
MVA = kV2
Z
( Rc )
Rv
Fig. 3
S y s te m Im p e d a n c e s :
M in .= s tr o n g e s t lin e o u t o f s e rv ic e
M a x .= a ll lin e s in s e r v ic e
Z M in S 1 = 0 .0 0 1 0 5 + j0 .0 1 6 4 6 3 p u o n 1 0 0 M V A b a s e
P o w e r S y s te m
Im p e d a n c e o f th e lo n g e s t tra n s m is s io n lin e
Z L L 1 = 0 .0 1 0 9 5 + j0 .1 1 5 4 6 p u o n 1 0 0 M V A b a s e
Z m a x s 1 = 0 .0 0 0 5 1 1 + j0 .0 1 0 0 3 3 p u o n 1 0 0 M V A b a s e
145kV
19 kV
Im p e d a n c e o f s h o r te s t tr a n s m is s io n lin e
Z S L 1 = 0 .0 0 5 4 6 + j0 .0 5 7 7 3 p u o n 1 0 0 M V A b a s e
U n it T r a n s fo r m e r
X T = 0 .1 1 1 1 p u o n 4 2 5 M V A b a s e
2 0 ,0 0 0 V
120V
VT
A u x . T ra n s fo rm e r
CT
492 M V A B ase
X d = 1 .1 8 8 8 p u
X ' d = 0 .2 0 5 7 7 p u
X " d = 0 .1 7 8 4 7 p u
X 2 = 0 .1 7 6 7 6 p u
1 8 0 0 0 /5 A
1 8 0 0 0 /5 A
CT
1 .2 5 O h m s
14400
2 4 0 /1 2 0 V
Fig.4 One line diagram with generator and power system data for example generator
400
300
Mvar
60 PSIG
45 PSIG
200
0.77 LAG
492 MVA 20 kV
3600 RPM 0.77 PF
Hydrogen - Water
Cooled
0 .90 LAG
100
O. 98 LAG
0
100
200
300
400
500
MW
100
0.95 LEAD
300
GSU
System
Reactance
G
Xd
XT
XS
Where
Xe=XT + XS
Per Unit
Mvar
1
Xe
V2
2
1
Xd
1_ + 1
Xe
Xd
Per Unit MW
X
Xe
R
Xd + Xe
2
19 2
X min SG 2 * 0.07338 0.06621 pu
20
4. To calculate the steady state stability limit on a P-Q
diagram use the equations in Fig 6. Xe=XTG + Xmin SG1 =
0.11607pu+0.06621pu =0.18238 pu. The generator
synchronous impedance, Xd, is 1.18878 pu (see Fig.4).
Center = V2 1 - 1
2 Xe Xd
= 1
2
1
- 1
0.1824 1.18878
= 1
2
1 +
1
0.1824 1.18878
Using the equations for the center and the radius in Fig. 6.
the center is at 1142 on the positive Mvar axis, and the
radius is 1556MVA. The intercept point on the negative
Mvar axis is at 414Mvar (1556-1142). The P-Q plot is
shown below in Fig. 7. Fig. 7 also shows the UEL and
generator capability (GCC) on the P-Q plot.
492 19 2
X TG
*
* 0.111 0.11607
425 20 2
3. The system impedance (with the strongest source out of
service) is XminS1 = j0.016463 pu on a 100 MVA base. The
system voltage base is 138kV, which is different than the
transformers 145kV high side tap. Therefore to account for
the difference in the voltages, the impedance has to be
adjusted as the square of the voltages (1382/1452) as shown
below:
MVAG kV S2
X min ST 1
* 2 * X minS 1
MVAS kVThigh
492 1382
X min ST 1
*
* 0.016463 0.07338 pu
100 1452
X min SG
2
kVTlow
* X min ST 1
kV G2
-R
Heavy Load
- Xd
2
Light Load
+R
1.0 pu
Zone 1
Xd
Zone 2
-X
Impedance Locus
During Loss of Field
5. 0
R
0. 0
-20. 0
kV 2 * X PU RC
X sec
*
MVA
RV
-15. 0
-10. 0
-5. 0
0. 0
5. 0
10. 0
15. 0
20. 0
25. 0
30. 0
-5. 0
Where:
jX
10. 0
-10. 0
SSSL
GCC
UE L
-15. 0
ZONE 1
-20. 0
ZONE 2
-25. 0
UEL
'
X d /2 is 0.20577/2 pu or -1.8067
GCC
-30. 0
ZONE2
-35. 0
ZONE1
SSSL
-40. 0
Zone-2
Diameter of the mho circle is set at
X d = 1.1888 pu or
+X
Heavy Load Light Load
-R
Zone 2
Zone 1
1.1Xd
Directional +R
Element
Impedance Locus
During Loss of Field
-X
Fig. 10 Loss -of-Field R-X Diagram -- Scheme 2
Zone-1
Zone 1 Diameter: Set to same negative reach as Zone 2 of
Xd/2.
Diameter of the circle in pu:
X'
Z1Diameter 1.25 * X d d
2
0.20577
Z1Diameter 1.25 *1.1888
2
Z1Diameter 1.3831 or 24.3
Zone-2
Diameter is typically set to 1.1 times
X'
Z1Offset d
2
0.20577
Z1Offset
2
Z 2 Offset 0.102885 or 1.806
Z 2Offset X TG X min SG
Z 2 Offset 0.1161 0.0662
Z 2 Offset 0.1823 or 3.2
Zone 2 Directional Supervision: Since the Zone 2 element
has a positive offset; it is supervised by a directional
element (DE) to prevent pickup of the element for system
or unit transformer faults. Set the directional element to 13
degrees.
9
10
10.0
DIR ELEMENT
jX
5.0
R
0.0
-20.0
-15.0
-10.0
ZONE
ZONE1
-5.0
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
-5.0
-10.0
GC
UEL
-15.0
-20.0
SSSL
-25.0
UEL
GCC
-30.0
ZONE2
DIR
ZONE1
-35.0
SSSL
1.
2.
-40.0
2.
3.
3.
4.
11
X TG sec
IS
kV 2 * X TG RC
G
*
MVAG
RV
ZmaxSG1
20 2 * 0.11607 18,000 5
X TG sec
*
492
20,000 120
X TG sec 2.038
1 P.U.
~
ZLLG1
IG
X'd+XTG
Criteria 2
ZTotal =
1
1
Z max SG 1 X 'd X TG
ZLLG1 =
0.04566 + j0.50024 pu
2
MVAG kVS2 kVTlow
X SLG
*
*
* X SL 1
2
2
MVAS kVThigh kVG
ITotal =
1
Z Total
= 0.18097 j1.98253 pu
X ' d X TG
| =
X 'd X TG Z MaxSG1
I G = | I Total x
Z MaxSG1
| =
X ' d X TG Z MaxSG1
IS
= | I Total
1.76895 pu
kV 2 * X SLG1 RC
X L1 sec G
*
MVAG
RV
0.22207 pu
20 2 * 0.23219 18,000 5
X L1 sec
*
492
20,000 120
X L1sec 4.077
I S I G
Z2 _ LINE = ( X TG + 1.2
I
G
Z LL1G ) x Z B _ relay =
90.2 85
, maximum torque angle Zone 2 (MTA2) =
85
Criteria 2
Zmax load =
kV G2 CTRatio
= 17.56 39.64(0.77pf)
MVAG VTRatio
12
Z2 _ MTA = 0.67x
Z max_ load
COS (MTA2 RPFA)
30.0
jX
= 16.685
;
Criteria 3
The reach of the 21-2 element should not exceed 80% to
90% (125% to 111% of the generator capability curve) load
impedance at maximum torque angle. Otherwise the
distance element could limit the generator capability curve.
This can be calculated as:
GCC
GCC
20.0
ZONE2
ZONE1
ZONE2
SYSTEM
15.0
kV G2
CTRatio
ZGCC _ MTA =
= 23.14 85
MVAGCC _ MTA VTRatio
10.0
MTA
5.0
RPFA
ZONE1
0.0
-10.0
-5.0
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
HIGH SIDE
-5.0
12
20.0
TRANSFORMER
13
250
0
0
200
C50.13
I*t Trip
I*t Control
Limit
150
Generator Step-up
Transformer
0
0
Generator
Field
100
Gen.
50
CT
VT
51*
AVR
DC CB or
Contactor
Excitation
Transformer
* FUSES USED ON
SMALLER GENERATORS
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
Time In Seconds
120
R
OC
Static
Exciter
OC = DC OVERCURRENT RELAY
14
15
20
10
6
107.4
108.4
109.3
2
1
0.5
0.3
112.1
114.3
118
123.5
Generator Capability
Time (min)
V/Hz (%)
33
110
25
111
20
111.5
15
112.5
10
113.5
5
115.5
2
118
1
120
0.5
122
0.2
125
16
Transformer
Generator
130
REFERENCES
Definite Time
125
Series5
120
115
Definite Time
Pickup
110
Inverse Time
Pickup
105
100
0.01
0.1
10
100
VIII CONCLUSIONS
Recent misoperations of generation protection during
major system disturbances have highlighted the need for
better coordination of generator protection with generator
capability, generator excitation control (AVR) and
transmission system protection. The techniques, methods
and practices to provide this coordination are well
established but scattered in various textbooks, papers and
relay manufactures literature. This paper provides a single
document that can be used by relay engineers to address
these coordination issues.
This paper provides practical guidance on proper
coordination of generator protection and generator AVR
control to enhance security and system stability. The paper
uses example calculations as a means of communicating
these methods. The paper also addresses the coordination
of generator protection with generator full load capability
and machine steady state stability. Setting of protective
relays is an art as well as a science. The calculations shown
in this paper are intended to illustrate typical settings and
factors that must be considered in developing generator
settings. The Working Group recognizes that other
methodologies that affect the same results could also be
used. Keeping generators on-line during major system
APPENDIX I
Definition of key symbols uses in calculations.
Steady State Stability Calculations (Section IV):
17
17