, ..

, 2014

:
.
, ..

, 2014.

:

. , ,
,
,
, .

__________________________________

. , ,
,
, , .

__________________________________

. ,
,

,
,
, .

__________________________________

- -

, ..

,
.
( Botritis cinerea)
( Didymella applanata)
.

,
.


, 2013. .
.

(Didymella applanata)
(25%).
18,33%,
13,33%.
Didymella applanata
Cuproxat 60-80%,
Mankogal-80 66,6-70%, Akord 80-90%,
Quadris 100%
86,66% .
Didymella applanata
Cuproxat 70-90%,
Mankogal-80 80% , Akord 80-90%,
Quadris Akord
80-90%.
: , , ,

UNIVERSITY OF PRISTINA
FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE
Kosovska Mitrovica Zubin Potok Leshak

EFFECT OF IRRIGATION OF THE DISEASE IN

RASPBERRY TO THE AREA KURUMLIJA
, B.Sc.
SUMMARY
Pathogens are a significant limiting factor for high and stable
operations almost raspberries, and therefore it is necessary to annually
determine their occurrence and intensity. Gray mold (Botrytis cinerea
inducer) and brown leaf spot sprout raspberries (inducer Didymella
applanata) are one of the most damaging diseases of raspberries. The aim
of this study was to determine the influence of soil moisture on the
occurrence of gray mold and leaf spot chestnut sprout and to investigate
the effectiveness of certain compounds in controlling these pathogens.
Surveys were conducted during 2013th year at Willamette and Meeker
varieties in commercial growing of individual sectors in the locality
Igrite, which is considered one of the most favorable for growing
raspberries in the area Kursumlija in terms of natural infection. The
highest intensity of infection hazel leaf spot sprout raspberries
(Didymella applanata) cultivar Willamette was the variant with irrigation
and without the use of fungicides (25%). In Meeker in the variant with
irrigation and without the use of fungicides 18.33 %, nd the variant
without irrigation percentage of infection in the variety was 13.33%.
Efficacy of fungicides in control Didymella applanata cultivar
Willamette moved with fungicides Cuproxat 60-80%, with fungicides
Mankogal-80 in the range of 66.6 to 70%, chords 80-90%, while the
fungicide Quadris showed the highest efficiency and to 100% of irrigated
variants and 86.66% in the variant with irrigation. Efficacy of fungicides
in control Didymella applanata in Meeker moved with fungicides
Cuproxat 70-90%, with fungicides Mankogal-80 in the range of 80% in

both cases, Chords 80-90%, while the fungicide Quadris showed efficacy
as well as chord within the from 80-90%.
Key words: Willamette, Meeker, resistance, efficiency.


1...................................................................................................................................
2. ....................................................................................................
3. ..................................................................................................
3.1 ..................................................
4. ........................................................................................
5.
.................................................................................................
5.1 .................................................................................
5.1.1 ......................................................................................................................
5.1.2 .....................................................................................................................
5.1.3 ........................................................................................................................
5.1.4 ........................................................................................................................
5.1.5 ........................................................................................................................
5.2 ...................................................................
5.2.1 (Willamette).............................................................................................
5.2.2 (Meeker).....................................................................................................
6. ................................
6.1.1 .............................................................................................
6.1.2. ...............................................................................................................
6.1.3. ...............................................................................................
6.1.4. ...............................................................................................
7. ..................................................
7.1. (Botritis cinerea)...........................................................................
7.2 (Didymella applanata)...........................................
7.2.1 D. Applanata....................................
7.2.2 D. Applanata
...................................................................................................................
7.2.3 D. Applanata .............................
7.2.4 D.
Applanata .......................................................................
7.2.5 D.
Applanata ......................................................................
7.2.6 ........................................................
8......................................................................................................................

9...................................................................................................................

.


.

, , .

2014

1.
, , ,
.

,
(, , , , .) .
.
, ,
. , ,
, .
.

450 . . (IV ..)
.

,
( ,
) ,
.
,
.
1880 .
.
,
.
,
1920 (, , 2003). , ,

(, , 2002).
,
- (, 2000).

1

 ,
, , ,
, .

( )

, 15 10
.
10 t/ha,
15 25

t/ha

(,

, 2002).
. 16-22
47-270 kg/ha,
, .
.
,

.

,
.
:

Didymella

applanata

),

Leptosphaeria

coniohyrium ( ), Elsinoe veneta ( ),

Sphaerulina rubi ( ), Septoria rubi ( ), Botrytis
cinerea ( ), Vertricillium albo-atrum ( ), Sphaerotheca
macularis ( ) Phragmidium rubi ( ).

Phytophtora,
Armillaria mellea.
.
(Botrytis cinerea)
(Didymella applanata)
.
2

2.

. ,
, .
100%,
.

Botrytis cinerea Didymella applanata
. ,

.

3.

:
, , .
.
Botryotinia, - Sclerotiniaceae.

,
(, 2003). ,
, (,
2004).
Botritinia fuckeliana ,
,
.
Botrytis cinerea
, ,
.
,
(, , 2005).

.
,
.
.
, , .
, .
, -
( , 2005).

. ,
.
,
, , .
4

 21 C
94%. : , ,
, : , :
, ( , 2002).

B. cinerea (
. 2006). 63,4%, 87,4%,
63,3%, 89,6% ( . 2011).

(2011)

+, + .
" "
, Didymella applanata
. ,
2000. , 2001. .
( . ., 2005).
20
.
(1996) (. , , 2002)
,
.
, 75%.
,
. .
( 30 cm),
(, , 2002). ()
.
V .
, .
. , 3-5 cm
,
, .
. ,
.
,
5

.
.
: ,
: , 2, , .

.
.
: , ,
, ,
. (, , 2002).

(2011) (Cuproxat, Bakrocid 50,
Cuprozin 35-WP, Blauvit teni, Bakarni oksihlorid).
(Quadris)
(Mankogal-80, Bevesan 45-M, Dithane M-45, Dithane M-70).
3.1.
,

.
.
600-800 mm. ,
(, 1999).
,
( ).
, , .
(1997; 2000) 100 % ,
.
, 800
mm , 50 %
, (
, 1996.). 75-80% (,
1997). ,
(2002) .
6

 () ,
.
(, ,
), (1995) 5-6 L/m
,
( ) ( ., 1996).
Beli i kori (1991) , ,
().
(2011) ,
, , (2000)
(2001) . (
).

, ,
, , ,
(, 1997.), ,
, , 4-6 : 1) , 2)
, 3 4) ( ) 5 6) (
). ()
,
(2002).

( 30-40 cm)
( ., 1993).
(
, ),
( - ,
, .).
Hoppula and Sallo (2006)
, .
(1996)
( Botrytis
cinerea Pers. et Fr., - Didymella applanata Niessl.). K
7

 (
, ),
Phytophtora (Duncan, 2003.), .
, ,
. 80% 50
cm. ,
.

.

.

.
,
. ,
,
.
.

, , .
, .
210 mm 410 mm
(, , 2013).

4.
2013
,
.
,
.
, 2010. .
0,20 ha. 2,5 m, 0,25 m.
, .
1000 m. 2013 .
.
,
, 6-7
. 5-6 .
, .
2012.
8 : 16 : 24 + 2% MgO 400 kg/ha.
30 cm
250 kg/ha -.

1. ()

 , 600
l/ha. D. Applanata :
10-15 cm.
Cuproxat 0,5 %
:
Mankogal-80 0,25 %
Quadris 0,075 %
Akord 0,075 %
Botrytis cinerea
:
Funomil 0,05%
Swich 62,5 WG 0,08 %
Pehar 0,25%
Signum 0,15%

Criddlea- (, 2011). 70
90% . ,
.

2. ()
1. Criddlea-

10


0
50

,


,

,
, ,
,

.
.
,

50 -70

,
.

,
,

.

.

70 90

,

.

,
.

,


.

100

50

,


.

Didymella applanata
, 60
. :

P=

n 100
N

P ,
n ,
11

N .
:

B=

( Aa ) 100
A

B ,
A ,
a .
Abbott-a :
E=

CT
100
C

E ,
,
.

12

5.

5.1.
, .
,
. , .
5.1.1.
.
1 , 50
. ,
(, 2006).
.
5.1.2.
1,5 2 .
. ,
, .
.
4-20 , ,
. (, 1999).
5.1.3.
-, 3-5
. ,
(, , 2006).
,
.

13

, , (, ,
2003).
5.1.4.
. 5
, 5 , ,
(, , 2006).
, (, 1999).
20-25 .
5.1.5.
.
(20-160), 1,7-8,4 . ,
. (, , 2006).
77,2-90,8% 9,2-22,8% .
3,5- 6,2%, 1,1-3,3%,
1,3-3,4% 0,1-2%. 0,62,6%. 0,5- 2,8% 0,1-1,9%
. .
, , ,
(, 1999).
5.2.
.

.
5.2.1 (Willamette)
(Corvallis University, Oregon)
(Newburg x Liojd George) 1936 . G. F.
Valdo. 1943 .
, , ,
, .

14

 , ,
. , 4
. , ,
, , .
( ),

.
-
, () .
, 3 m.
, .
.
, .
, .
20 t/ha.
80- ,
21-35 t/ha.
.
(), .

. () .
( )
Didymella applanata, .
- ,
, .

.

.

15

 3.
5.2.2. (Meeker)
.
(Willmette x Cuthbert).
C.D. Schwartze. 1976 .
, , .

. ,

.
, .
, 4,3-4,7 .
3,40 (Biar Lautin 1988. . .
. 2002). ,
, , ,
, .
.
3-4
,
.

, , .
.
,
.

16


-
.
,
. ,
, .

4.

17

6.
,
, Botrytis cinerea Didymella
applanata.
.
,
. ( 300 m) (
1703 m), 3 :
1. (300-600 m) ( , )
600 m .
, ,
18

'' '', , .
, , .
2. () (600-1200 m)
, 1200 m .
(55-80 ), ( 60 )
.
3. (1200-1703 m)
. , .
,
. ,
: , ,
.

2012/13. ( , 2013).

. 383 ,
430 08 210 16 .
6.1.1
,
Botrytis cinerea Didymella
applanata.
, , , ,
, ,
.

.
.
-35 0C,
-18 -26 0C.
, .
,
. -12 -14

19

C, 6 0C -7 0C

.
,
.
, .
0,5C 12C.

15 C 25 C.
30 C . 35C ( .,
2000).

8 10 0C
13 15 0C.
2. 0 ()
X

XI

XII

II

III

IV

VI

VII

VIII

IX

12,

8,

1,9

4,

5,

12,

17,

17,

20,

22,

14,

3
9
1931-2011 10,
8

6
5,
3

0,2
2,7

0
0,7

7
5,
6

2
10,
4

1
15,
0

9
17,
8

7
20,
3

1
19,
8

8
19,
7

2012/1

0,8

IV-X

11.4

14.7

10,3

14,9

,
200 , -0,8 0,
.
.
80 10,3
0

, 14,9 0 ,

.
3. (1961-2011)
0

0,9

10,3

19,3

10,6

20

 , .

. 40
, ,
2000. (, , 2003),
(-20).

.
4. (0).

2012/1
3

XI

-0,6

2,6

XII

-17,2 -13,3

II

III

IV

VI

VII

VIII

IX

-5,8

-9,3

0,3

4,4

6,9

7,4

3,5

5. (0).

2012/13

XI

XII

II

III

IV

VI

VII

VIII

IX

35,1

22,3

12,9

16

15,4

19,7

31,8

30,8

34,3

37,6

36

29

6. (0).

2012/1
3

XI

XII

II

III

IV

VI

VII

VIII

IX

-2

-4,1

-19,1

-15

-6,8

-10

-1,3

2,7

4,9

5,4

7,6

1,5

,
(11,4 0).
13-15 0, . (1999),

14,7 0.

-0,30, ,
. -1,3 0.
(37,6 0),
.
21

6.1.2.
,
,
(75 80%), 75%.

, 770 mm
7. (82 mm) (85 mm),
(46 mm). (228 mm),
(214 mm), (172 mm), (156 mm).
7. mm/m2 ()

1961-2011

II

III

IV

VI

VII

49

4
6
9
1

50

63

82

79

59

73,
7

27,
5

65,
2

77,
3

29,
3

2012-2013 75,
3

VII
I
55

IX

XI

XII

IV-X

48

85

74

80

770

471

14

35,
2

59,
3

10,
2

101,
9

659,
9

307

60 . ,
2013. ( ),
.
27,5 mm
.
307 mm.


. 700 1000 mm
, 50% ,
,
.
.
.
,
. ,
. ,
22

 .
, , ,
.
. ,
,
.

,
. , , ,
.
.

, .
.
.
.
. , 5 8 . ,

. ,
. ,
, ,
,
.
, ,
,
. 8
.
8. (1960-2010.)

I
19.1

II
18.0

III
9.0

IV
1.1

VI

VII

VIII

IX
0.1

X
0.1

XI
3.1

XII
9.4

59.9

23


.
, .
.

.
. (
60%)
.
9. (%)
1961-2000

II

III

IV

VI

VII

VIII

IX

XI

XII

. . .

85

83

79

76

76

70

65

66

71

79

83

87

.
77

10. (%)
2012/13
. . .

X
94

XI
93

XII
90

I
91

II
91

III
90

IV
91

V
92

VI
94

VII
92

VIII
88

IX
91

11. (%)
2012/13
. . .

X
39

XI
67

XII
64

I
55

II
62

III
47

IV
39

V
36

VI
41

VII
32

VIII
25

IX
33

9
, 77%.
87% 85%
, 66%
.
.
.
, ,
. ,
, , .

( ., 1996).

24


,
.
6.1.3.
().
. .
,
, , .
,
. ,
, .
. ,

. , ,
,
,
.
12.
I

II

III

IV

VI

VII VIII

IX

XI XII

1951-2011

72 85 124 165 187 219 274

279

212 154 78

59

1908

2012-2113

68 30 113 225 232 206 315

316

182 157 91

48

1983

12
.
13 16 ,
.
2013.
.
.
13. ( 1946.-2006.)
25

19462006

II

III

IV

VI

VII

VIII

IX

XI

XII .

7,4

6,4

5,6

5,3

5,4

4,3

3,0

2,9

3,3

5,0

6,4

7,4

5,2

, ,
.
7,4, 2.9.

6.1.4.
. ,
, .
, ,
.
, .

.

.
() .

.
14. (D) % (V) m/s.

D
V

N
171
2.4

NE
162
2.0

E
26
2.0

SE
44
2,5

S
117
2,7

SW
310
2,1

W
15
1,5

NW
53
1,9

102

310%,
171% 162%. ,
, , .
.
. 15%
26%. 102% .

26

 1. (1961-2011.)

. (2,7
), (2,5) (2,4),
(1,5).
.

.
Botrytis fuckeliana ,

.

7.

27

7.1. (Botritis cinerea)

Botritinia fuckeliana ,
,
.
Botrytis cinerea,
.
.
,
, .
,
.
. ,
.

.
- , ,
, .
. ,
, . ,
. ,
.
, -
, .
,
. ,
.
,
. ,
, ,
.
.
,
,
28

 . ,
, ,
(), .
Botryotinia fuckeliana (de Bary) Whetzel, (. Botritis cinerea
Pers.) , , .
, 11-23 m, .
. , 1-3 mm, ,
, ,
. 10-12 x 810 m, , , ,
. , 2-4 x 8-10
m, , , .
Botrytis cinerea .
. 2-3m ,
, , .
,
.
,
. , 4-5 mm, .
, , .
- Botritis cinerea

. , .
,

. .
,
. ,

7 . .
.
.
, ,
.
29

 . ,
,
,
( ) , ,
. Botritis cinerea
,
, , .

.
.
,
. ,
. ,
, ,
, RH .
21 0C RH 94%.
""
. ( ), ,
, ,
.

7-14 ( ).
, .
, , , , . B. Cinerea
, , , . Botritis
cinerea
.
,
, ,
. ,
, .
,
.
30

 , ,
, .
,
, ,
, .
,
, , ,
.
.
.
.
; ,
, .
.
, .
.
. 0 0C.

.
2 0C, RH .
.
, .

Trichoderma harzianum B. cinerea.
7.2. (Didymella applanata)
D.
applanata , , .
.
1875 , ,
.
(, 1951).
D. Applanata ,
31

 . , ,
.
, 2-3 .
D. applanata ,
.
-
. ()
.
V .
() , .
, , .
.
, 3 5 cm,
,
, , .
. ,
, ,
. ,
( ) , ,
.
, , , .
. ,
.
.
.
, , ,
, .
- ,
. , ,
, 200-270 m ,
. ,
, 60-75 x 10-15 m, .
, ,

32

 200-250 m. , ,
(4-7 x 2-3,5 m) Phoma.
- Didymella Applanata
, .

.
, .
.
.
,
.
.
.

.
, . D. Applanata

.
- Didymell. Applanata .

.
. ,
.
, ,
.
,
.

. ,
, .
- Botritis cinerea,
D. Applanata.

33

 D. Applanata : Haida,
vikong, chief, boyne, carnival, chilliwak festival, a Meeker . Willamete
glen clova .
7.2.1. D. Applanata

, .
( 3).
.

.

5.
()

6.
()

7.2.2. D. Applanata
(16,66%)
( 15).

Mankogalm-80 (5%).
Cuproxatm Akordm 1,66 3,33%
, Quadrism .
34

 15. D. Applanata

Cuproxat
Mankogal-80
Quadris
Akord

3,33
5
0
1,66
16,66

1,66
3,33
1,66
3,33
13,33

7.2.3. D. Applanata

D. Applanata.
D. Applanata
( 16).
16. D. Applanata

Cuproxat
Mankogal-80
Quadris
Akord

10
8,33
3,33
5
25

6,66
5
5
3,3
18,33

(25%). D. Applanata
.
(10%)
Cuproxatm. Akordm Quadrism
3,33 5% .
Mankogal-80 8,33%
5% .

35

7.2.4. D. Applanata


.
, , , ,
, , ,
.

Quadris, (100%)
(90%).
, Mankogal-80
(70%).
17. D. Applanata .

Cuproxat
Mankogal-80
Quadris
Akord

80
70
100
90

90
80
90
80

7.2.5. D. Applanata



18. Didymella applanata
Akord (90%) .
Quadris (86,66), Cuproxat
(60%) , (70%) .
18. D. Applanata

36

Cuproxat
Mankogal-80
Quadris
Akord

60
66,6
86,66
80

70
80
80
90

7.2.6.
Didymella applanata
, 44%
, 41% .
16,66% , 11,53% .
19. D. Applanata

%

16,66
11,53
44
41

8.

, :
2013 ,
.
37

 Botrytis fuckeliana
.

(Didymella applanata)
(25%).
16,66%.
8,34%
.
Didymella applanata
18,33%.

13,33%.
Didymella applanata
Cuproxat 60-80%,
Mankogal-80 66,6-70%, Akord 80-90%,
Quadris 100%
86,66% .
Didymella applanata
Cuproxat 70-90%, Mankogal-80
80% , Akord 80-90%,
Quadris Akord 80-90%.
D. Applanata 44%
, 41%.
16,66%
, 11,53% .

9.
1. , . (2011): , . ,
, , . 5-8.
2. , . (2003): ; . .
3. , ., , . (1991): .
GeneralPublic, , 11

38

4. . (2000): . -
.
5. ., ., ., (1999):
. ,. .5
. 279-286,
6. , ., , . (2001): .
, -
7. ., (2004): . " ",

8. ., ., . (2000):
,.
.6 . 281-290,
9. , ., , ., (2006): . ,

10. , . (2000): . ,

11. , . (1997):
.
-, : 561-605, .
12. ., ., (2001): .

13. ., ., (2005):
.
14. , . (2001): .
, (in press).
15. , . (1997): . ,
, 385-408, .
16. ., ., (2003) .
.
17. , ., (1951): Didymella applanata (Heisel) Sace,
. . (3-8), 18-21
18. ., ., (2009): ,
, ,
19. , ., , . (2011): - ,
. , , 110-113
20. ., . (2002): "" .
21. , ., , . (1995):
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