Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Ok3 1e PDF
Ok3 1e PDF
OK3
1. Lateral-torsional buckling
Introduction (stability and strength), critical moment, strength, interaction,
method of Eurocode.
Mcr
Mcr,1
LTW yfy
reduction factor LT
depends on:
strength
0,0
initial
OK3
Mb,Rd = LTW y
LT =
fy
M1
W y fy
M cr
2
Fz
zz
hf
"Basic beam"
(with y-y axis of symmetry, simply supported in bending
and torsion, loaded only by M)
y S
S=G
d 4
d2 M 2
EI w
GI t
+
=0
dx 4
dx 2 EI z
M cr =
EI zGIt
L
1+
where cr = 1 +
2EI w
L2GIt
2EI w
L2GIt
= cr
2
= 1 + wt
OK3
EI zGIt
L
wt =
EI w
L GI t
cr =
C1
2
1 + wt
+ C2 g C3 j
k z
w t =
Fz
zaz zzg F
zz
z
Fz
zs
zs
(C)
2 g
k w LLT
C3 j
EIw
GI t
g =
G
(T)
yy
zg
EIz
GI t
k z LLT
j =
zj
k z LLT
Fz
Fz
z
Fz
z
S
hf = hs
) (C
Fz
z
G
y
G y
EIz
GI t
S G y
2 3
e.g. segment 2:
~2,56
~1,77
~1,13
~1, 35
Other cases of k :
warping
kz = 1
kw = 1
angle of torsion
is zero
kz = 1
kw = 0,5
stiffener non-rigid
in torsion
stiffener rigid
in torsion ( tube)
possible lateral buckling
kz = 1
kw = 0,7 (conservatively 1)
structure torsionally
rigid
torsionally
torsionally rigid
non-rigid
possible lateral buckling
Cantilever: - only if free end is not laterally and torsionally supported (otherwise, concerning
Mcr, this case is not a cantilever but normal beam segment),
- for cantilever with free end: kz = kw = 2 (usually with lateral loading, see next).
OK3
4. Formula for Mcr depends also on position of loading with respect to shear
centre (zg):
Come in useful for lateral loading (loading by end moments
is considered in shear centre).
F
- lateral loading acting to shear centre S (zg > 0)
is destabilizing: it increases the torsional moment
F
Factor C2 for moment shape M:
(valid for I cross-section)
Mel
0,46 0,55
Mpl (plast. hinges)
OK3
zs
zs
(C)
warping constant
I w = ( 1 f2 )I z ( hs / 2 ) 2
parameter of asymmetry
f =
yy
hf = hs
hf
I fc I ft
I fc + I ft
(T)
z j = zs
0,5
2
2
( y + z ) z dA 0,45 f hf
Iy A
=+1
Mcr
Mcr
= -1
f = -1
1,00
1,47
2,00
0,93
f = 0
1,00
1,00
0,00
0,53
f = 1
1,00
1,00
-2,00
0,38
OK3
=0
often
V (imposed axis)
For a simple beam with doubly symmetric cross section and general imposed axis:
zg
zv
GS
osa y
Mcr
Mcr
h
+ G I t
E I w + E I z
2
k
L
w LT
=
h
1
2
OK3
+ G I t
E I w + E I z z v2
k
L
w LT
=
1z v + 2 zg z v
coefficients
for shape of M:
2,00
0,00
0,93
0,81
0,60
0,81
9
impulse
roughly
hw/6
f =
LLT
i f,z 1
1 =
E
= 93 ,9
fy
Note: According to Eurocode the reduction factor is taken from curve c, but
for cross sections with web slenderness h/tw 44 from curve d.
The factor due to conservatism may be increased by 10%.
OK3
10
OK3
11
zv 0,47 zg
zg
zv 0,47 zg
or higher
zv
zv
zg
OK3
or anywhere higher
12
( )
Mb,Rd = Mpl,Rd 1 + LT
2n 1/n
n = 2,0 (rolled)
= 2,5 (welded)
Eurocode EN 1993:
The procedure is the same as for columns: acc. to LT is determined LT
with respect to shape of the cross section (see next - depends on imperfections).
Note: For a direct 2. order analysis the imperfections e0d are available.
Mb,Rd = LTW y
LT =
fy
M1
1
2
LT + LT
2
LT
but
LT 1,0
1
2
LT LT
LT = 0,5 1 + LT LT LT,0 + LT
13
shallow
high
welded I sections
greater residual stresses
due to welding
b
c
c
d
0,025 Nf,Ed
hs
hh
Lh
L
L ym
14
M y ,Ed + M y ,Ed
+ M z,Ed
M
NEd
+ kyy
+ k y z z,Ed
1
LT M y ,Rk
M z,Rk
y NRk
M1
M1
M1
M y ,Ed + M y ,Ed
+ M z,Ed
M
NEd
+ k zy
+ k zz z,Ed
1
M z,Rk
LT M y ,Rk
z NRk
M1
M1
M1
Mz
My
15
Complementary note:
Generally FEM may be used (complicated structures, non-uniform members etc.) to
analyse lateral and lateral torsional buckling.
First analyse the structure linearly, second critical loading. Then determine:
cr,op - minimum load amplifier of design loading to reach elastic critical loading
(for lateral or lateral torsional buckling).
op =
ult,k
cr,op
op = min(, LT)
Resulting relationship:
NEd
NRk M1
M y ,Ed
M y ,Rk M1
op
OK3
16