Modul Al-Kimiya Chap. 04 - Periodic Table of Elements 4.1 Analysing the Periodic Table of Elements, 4.2 Analysing Group 18 elements 4.3 Analysing Group 1 elements 4.4 Analysing group 17 elements 4.5 Analysing elements in a period 4.6 Understanding transition elements 4.7 Appreciating the existence of elements and their compounds Page 99 | update: jan 2071 [eikguadura.wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 04 ~ Periodic Table of Elements 4.1: Analysing the Periodic Table of Elements A student is able to: © identify groups and periods in the Periodic Table, state the basic principle of arranging the elements in the Periodic Table from their proton numbers, relate the electron arrangement of an element to its group and period, explain the advantages of grouping elements in the Periodic Table, predict the group and the period of an element based on its electron arrangement. 1. Elements are arranged systematically in the Periodic Table in the order of increasing proton number which enables: * Chemists to study understand and remember the chemical and physical properties of all the elements and compounds in an orderly manner. * Properties of elements and their compounds are predicted based on the position of elements in the Periodic Table. * Relationship between the elements from different groups can be known. 2. Scientists Contribution to the Historical Development of the Periodic Table Scientists | Discoveries 1 ¢ In 1789, first Chemist try to classify the substance, Antoinne include the light and heat into metals and non-metals. Lavoiser * Unsuccessful because light, heat and a few other (1743 - 1794) compounds were also considered as elements, 2] * In 1829, he divided the elements into the groups of three elements with similar chemical properties. « know as Dobereiner’s Triad. Johann W | ¢ The atomic mass of the middle element was approximately Dobereiner the average atomic mass of the other two elements in each (1780 — 1849) triad. © Triad system wi onfined to some elements only * Led chemists to realise that there was a relationshi; between the chemical properties and the atomic mass of each element. Page 100 | update: Jan 2011 Jeikguadhra wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 04 ~ Periodic Table of Elements 3 John Newlands (1837 - 1898) From 1864 - 1865, he arranged the elements in order of increasing atomic mass. Elements with similar properties recurred at every eight element. Know as the Law of Octaves. Failure because the Law of Octaves was obeyed by the 17 first elements only Shows the existence of a periodic pattern for the properties of elements Lothar Meyer (1830 - 1895) In 1870, he plotted graph of the atomic volume against the atomic mass. Realised that elements with similar chemical properties occupied equivalent positions on the curve. He found that the properties of the elements formed a periodic pattern against their atomic masses. Dmitri Mendeleev (1834 -1907) In 1869, he arranged the clements in order of increasing atomic mass and grouped them according to similar chemical properties _in vertical coloum. He left gaps (empty spaces) in the table to be filled by undiscovered elements. He was able to predict the properties of undiscovered elements. Hendry J. G. Moseley (1887 - 1915) In 1914, he studied the X-ray spectrum of elements. From experiment, he coneInded that proton number should be the basic for the periodic change of chemical properties instead of the atomic mass. He arrangement the elements in order of increasing proton number in the Periodic Table. Thus, he confirmed the works or Mendeleev. The modern Periodic Table based on the foundation of Henry J. G Moseley. Page 101 | update: Jan 2011 [eikguadura.wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 04 ~ Periodic Table of Elements 3. The modern periodic table and the Arrangement of The Elements in The Modern Periodic Table: Element symbol ———| Nucleon Number GROUP v eo Proton Number 18 PERIOD 1 po 3 H* He 14 2 13 14 15 16 17 2 a) [i [4 1 [18 [20 2| ui Be B c N fe} F Ne 2 a TRANSITION METALS e 0 u : y uo lB Bae at ae pa a Na | Mg : a |si |p | os | a | a 3la1 12 ? 13 14 15, 16 17 18 i tape |rn|en {> p45 6788012 ap 3 « | ca 8 19 20 35 4. Compare the electron arrangement for each element in above the Periodic Table of Elements. 5, Elements in the Periodic Table are arranged in the 6. The Periodic Table are: a. Two main components of the Periodic Table are; 1. Group Il. Period a. The ......, to the number of .. . in the called groups. order of increasing of columns in the Periodic Table are arranged according are b. There are 18 vertical columns, called Group 1, Group 2, Group 3 until Group 18. Page 102 | ujdate: dan 2 }O1T Jeikguadura. wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 04 ~ Periodic Table of Elements Number of electron valence |1 |2 2 3 ]4 [5 |6 |7 |8 (except Helium) 13 [14 }15 [16 [17 [18 a / For elements with 3 to 8 electron valence, the group number ist 10 + number of electron Group in c. Specific name of groups in Periodic Table: Group Name Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 to 12 Group 17 Group 18 d. Types of substance according to the groups: i. The elements of Group 1, 2 and 13 where the element each element with 1, 2 and 3 electron valence are metals. ii, The elements of group 3 to 12 where the each element is transition elements which are metals. iii, The elements of Group 14, 15, 16, 17 and 18 where the each element has 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 electrons valence and are non-metals. Il. PERIOD: a. The. .. Fow of elements in the Periodic Table, arranged according to the number of... .. occupied with ... an .. .. , is known as period. b. There are seven horizontal rows of elements known as period 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 Page 103 | update: Jan 2011 [eikguadura.wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 04 ~ Periodic Table of Elements Period Number of elements Period 1 . elements Period 2 and 3 elements Period 4 and 5 18 elements Period 6 32 elements Period 7 23 elements Activity 4.1: Complete the table below. Element Proton Electron Number of Group | Number Period number | arrangement | electron valence of shell H 1 He 2 Li 3 Be 4 B 5 c 6 N 7 ° 8 F 9 Ne 10 Na n Mg 12 Al 13 Exercise 4.2 Element | Nucleon number | Number of neutrons | ote A 9 4 Nucleon no. a 31 16 = proton no. + no. of neutrons C 3 c es D 40 20 Proton. no. Page 104 | update: dan 2017 |cikguadura wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 04 ~ Periodic Table of Elements Answer the following questions based on the above table. . and the number of electrons in atom A a, The proton number of atom A is is The electron arrangement of atom A is. and the valence electron of atom A is b, Atom A is in Group ...... and Period c. Atom B is in Group ...... and Period d. A student states that atom C is in Group 17. Is the statement true or false? Explain your answer. 4.2: Analysing Group 18 elements A student is able to: © lst all Group 18 elements, ‘© state in general the physical properties of Group 18 elements, ‘describe the changes in the physical properties of Group 18 elements, ‘describe the inert nature of elements of Group 18, relate the inert nature of Group 18 elements to their electron arrangements relate the duplet and octet electron arrangements of Group 18 elements to their stability # describe uses of Group 18 elements in daily life, 1. Group 18 is the last group in Periodic Table of elements 2. Member of Group 18: Consist the elements: Elements | Symbol [Proton No | Electron arrangement | No. of shells Helium | He 2 Neon Ne 10 Argon Ar 18 Krypton | Kr 36 2.8.18.8 Xenon | Xe 54 2.8.18.18.8 Radon | Ra 86 2.8.18.32.18.8 Page 105 | update: dan 2011 [eikguadura.wardpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 04 ~ Periodic Table of Elements 3. Physical property of Group 18 are: a. They exist as monoatoms at room condition because Noble Gases have attained for helium and .. .. for stable electron arrangement which is other elements of other Noble Gases. b. So the element in Group 18 does not have to lose, gain or share electrons. c. Going down group 18: Diagram Explanation © The atomic size is increasing because of the number of .... occupies of .... increases. © The melting point/ boiling point is very low because the atoms of Noble Gases are attracted by Van der Waals fore Less . . energy is required to overcome these forces. © However, the melting point/ boiling point increases going down the group because the atomic size increases causing , the Van der Waal force to increase and energy is required to overcome it. y is low and increases gradually because the mass increases greatly going down the group. All noble gases are insoluble in water and cannot conduct electricity in all conditions NOTE !! Physical properties are: (i) State (solid, liquid or gas); (ii) Melting / boiling points; (iii) density; (iv) solubility in water or other solvent (iv) conductivity of electricity Page 106 | update: Jan 2011 [eikguadura.wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 04 ~ Periodic Table of Elements 4. Chemical Property of Group 18 There are no chemical property for group 18 because: (i) Helium already achieve valence electron duplet electrons arrangement. (ii) Neon, Argon, Krypton, Xenon and Radon already achieve valence electron octet electrons arrangement 5. The uses of noble gases in the table below: Noble Uses gases Helium Neon Argon Krypton Xenon Radon Exercise 4.2: Quick Review B (Text Book pg 65) 1, Explain each of the following statements. (a) Neon exists as a monoatomic gas. (b) Helium gas is used in weather balloons but not hydrogen Page 107 | update: Jan 2011 [eikguaciura.wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 04 ~ Periodic Table of Elements (c) Argon gas is used in light bulbs but not air, Element | Electron arrangement L 2.8 M 2.8.18.8 Q 2.8,18.32.18.8 2. Table above shows the electron arrangements of atoms of elements L, M and Q. a. Arrange the elements in ascending order of boiling points. Give reasons for your answer. (a) Elements L, Mand Q are chemically unreactive. Why? 4.3 Analysing Group 1 elements A student is able to: «list all Group 1 elements. ‘© state the general physical properties of lithium, sodium and potassium, ‘describe changes in the physical properties from lithium to potassium, ‘list the chemical properties of lithium, sodium and potassium, describe the similarities in chemical properties of lithium, sodium and potassium, relate the chemical properties of Group 1 elements to their electron arrangements, ‘© describe changes in reactivity of Group 1 elements down the group, ‘© predict physical and chemical properties of other elements in Group 1, © state the safety precautions when handling Group 1 elements The first group in Periodic Table of elements. y Also know as Alkali metals. Page 108 | update: Jan 2011 [eikguadura.wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 04 ~ Periodic Table of Elements 3. The member of Group 1 consists of: Elements | Symbol of | Proton no. | Electron arrangement | No. of shells element Lithium Sodium Going Potassium | | | down Rubidium 37 2.8.18.8.1 Group | Cesium 35 2.8.18.18.8.1 Francium | 87 | 2.8.18.32.18.8.1 4. Physical property of Group 1: a. Physical properties: i. Grey solid with shiny surface. ii, Softer and the density is lower compared to other metals. iii, Low melting/ boiling points compared to other metals. 5. Change in the physical properties going down the group: i. The atomic size increases because the number of shells occupies electron increases. ii, The density increases because mass increases, faster than the increase in radius. iii, The melting / boiling points decrease because when the atomic size increases, the metal bonds decreases. 6. Chemical Property of Group 1 Chemical Properties for group 1: i) Has one electron valence, the stable electron arrangement is attained by losing one electron valence. Li — Lr te Na — > Nat +e 21 2 2.8.1 2.8 ooo 8 (ii) All elements in Group 1 have similar chemical properties because all in Group | have ........ valence electron to attain the Page 109 | update: Jan 2011 [eikguadura.wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 04 ~ Periodic Table of Elements stable ... .. arrangement by its valence electron to forma. charged ion, (iii) The different reactivity of alkali metals . . as the go down the group. Explanation: Diagram Explanation |The metal atoms of Group 1 attained a stable electron arrangement of noble gases by losing one electron valence to form a +1 charged ion. The metal reactivity of Group 1 depends on the case for atoms to lose electron; the easier to lose electron the more reactive. Going down Group 1, the number of... increases, the atomic radius increases and the single electron in the outermost shell gets from the nucleus. The nucleus attraction force get ., the valence electron is loosely pulled and the electron i to be donate. Reactivity increases. 7. The chemical Reaction for Group 1: £—— 7 Apiece of Group 1 metal ES Elements Observations Reactions i) With water Lithium, li Sodium, Page 110 | update: Jan 2011 [eikguadura.wardpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 04 ~ Periodic Table of Elements Potassium General equation for the reaction: 2X + 21,0 --> 2XOH + Hp ii) with chlorine: ii, With Oxygen aratus is similar as chlorine! 4X + O2{g) --> 2X.0 (burn in oxygen) X20 + HO > 2XOH (dissolve in water) General equation : 2X + Cl. --> 2 XC1 X is a metal elements of Group 1 Elements Observations Reaction equations Lithium, Li Sodium, Na Potassium K Page 111 | update: dan 2011 [ikguadura.wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 04 ~ Periodic Table of Elements Elements Observations Reaction equations Lithium, Li Sodium, Na Potassium, K Going down Group 1: li Na K Rb Increase in reactivity 8. Safety precautions in handling Group 1 elements a, All alkali metals are extremely reactive. Lithium, sodium and potassium must be stored in paraffin oil in bottles. b. Safety precautions must be taken when handling alkali metals. Do not hold alkali metals with bare hands. Use forceps to take them and remember to wear safety goggles and gloves. c. When conducting experiments, make sure that only a small piece of alkali metal is used. 4.4 Analysing group 17 elements A student is able to: list all Group 17 elements, state the general physical properties of chlorine, bromine and iodine, describe changes in the physical properties from chlorine to iodine, list the chemical properties of chlorine, bromine and iodine, describe the similarities in chemical properties of chlorine, bromine and iodine, relate the chemical properties of Group 17 elements with their electron arrangements, describe changes in reactivity of Group 17 elements down the group, predict physical and chemical properties of other elements in Group 17, state the safety precautions when handling Group 17 elements, Page 112 | update: Jan 2011 [eikguadura.wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 04 ~ Periodic Table of Elements 1. The second last group in the Periodic Table of elements. 2. Also known as Halogen. 3. The member of Group 17 consists of: Elements | Symbol of | Proton | Electron arrangement | No of shell Element no. Fluorine F 9 Chlorine a 17 Bromine Br 35 2.8.18.7 Iodine I 53 2.8.18.18.7 Astatine As 85 2.8.18.32.18.7 4, Physical property of Group 17: a, Physical Properties; i, Cannot conduct electricity in all state. (Solid, liquid or gas) . Cannot conduct heat. ii, Flourine and chlorine exist as a gas (molecule F2, Cl), Bromine exist as liquid, Iodine and astatine as solid iv. Low boiling and melting point. Not dissolved in water. b. The changes in physical properties going down the group: Diagram | Explanation Physical properties changed from gas ( Fz, Ch) to liquid (Bra) and solid (I2) ‘The atomic size . . going down the group because of the increasing in number of . The density is low and increases as going down the group. The melting and boiling points are low because the molecules are pulled by the weak Van der Waals force, and little heat energy is required to overcome it, However the melting/ boiling point increase as going down the group because The increases in atomic size cause a stronger intermolecular force/ Van der Page 113 | update: Jan 2011 [eikguadura.wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 04 ~ Periodic Table of Elements Waals. More heat energy is required to overcome these forces. ‘The colour of the elements becomes .. going down the group: Fluorine (light yellow], Chlorine (greenish yellow), Bromine (Brown) and Iodine (Purplish black) 5. Chemical Property of Group 17 a. Chemical properties of Group 17. (i) All. stable electron arrangement by accepting ..... electron to form . of elements Group 17 have ....... valence electron and attain a charged ions: Fte-—- F cl +e ——» Ch 27 28 2.8.7, 8.8 (* J (J (7) (7 (ii) Chemical properties of all elements are because the number of valence electrons are the same and attain the noble gas arrangement in a similar way. (iii) Reactivity of halogens decreases as going down the group. Diagram Explanation All the atoms of Group 17 have seven valence electrons and attain a stable Noble Gas electron arrangement by accepting one electron to form -1 ion charge or by sharing a pair of electrons. ‘The reactivity of the elements in Group 17 depends on atom accepts electron. Going down Group 17, the number of the atomic Outer shell became .. from the nucleus. ‘The nucleus attraction on the other electrons becomes. ‘The strength of halogen atom to pull electron from fluorine to astatine (electronegativity decreases) Exists as diatomic molecules (2 atoms of elements sharing a pair of valence electron) to attain an octet stability Page 114 | update: Jan 2011 [eikguadura.wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 04 ~ Periodic Table of Elements 6. Chemical reaction of Group 17 elements: i. With water a, Solubility (The reactivity of reaction decreases going down Group 17) Fa, Ch, Bra, la reactivity decreases b. reaction with F,, Cl, reactions: 2F) + H20 --> 4HF + Op F) / Cl-—> Ch + He6t HOC! + HCL water c. Reaction with bromine - shake bromine water with water, a brown solution is formed Br +H,.0 = HBr + HOBr d. Reaction with iodine — difficult to dissolve, must shake hard/heat b+ hO == HI + HOI ii, With NaOH (Sodium hydroxide): Xo + 2NaOH --> NaX + NaOX + H20. a. (The arrangement of apparatus is similar to the experiment on the reaction with water): Complete: Br + NaOH ., Lb + NaOH > .. iii, With iron (Fe) : Chlorine o +A Z bromine [7 ] l Pieces of iodine aa “on NaOH to, ttt FA absorb Iron wool C/Br Page 115 | update: Jan 2011 [ikguadura.wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 04 ~ Periodic Table of Elements General equation: 2 Fe + Xz --> 2 FeXs X represents any halogens ( Cl, Br: or b ) Halogens Observations Equations Chlorine Bromine Iodine ... Chemical Experiments i, ii, iii show that all halogens have ... properties but their going down the group 4.5 Analysing elements in a period Asstudent is able to: ‘© list all elements in Period 8. Write the electron arrangements of all elements in Period 3. Describe changes in the properties of elements across Period 3. State changes in the properties of the oxides of elements across period 3. Predict changes in the properties of elements across Period 2. Describe uses of semi-metals. 1, Horizontal rows in the periodic table 2. There are 7 periods known as period 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 3. The period number of an element represents the number of «. each element has. 4, Example 1: Element Proton No | Electron arrangement |No of period | Period u 3 21 Na 11 2.8.1 K 19 28.8.1 Page 116 | update: Jan 2017 |cikguadura wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 04 ~ Periodic Table of Elements 5. Period 3 elements: Element Na | Mg | Al Si P 8 ci Ar Proton No. Ti 12 13 is 15 16 17 18 Electron i arrangement Nucleus charge | +11 | +12 | #13 | +14 [is | +16 | +i7 | +i8 (number of protons} Radius 0.156 | 0.136 | 0.125 | 0.117 | 0.110 | 0.104 | 0.009 | 0.001 6. Physical property of elements in period 3 a. The physical changes across the period (from left to right) i, Atomic radius decreases because All the atoms of elements have ..... shells occupied with electron. ii, The Proton number increases by one unit from one element to the next element. iii, Increases in proton number causes the number of . . charge in the nucleus to increase. Nuclei attraction on the valence electrons The atomic radius of elements b. Electronegativity increases: is the strength of an atom in a molecule to attract . . towards its .. nuclei attraction . also. nucleus. The atomic radius .. due to the on the valence electron. The strength of nucleus to attract .. c. Physical state: The physical state of elements in a period changes from solid to gas, from left to right d. Metallic properties is Metallic, semi -metal and non metal properties across the period from the left to right: Metallic properties decreases across a period Page 117 | update: Jan 2011 [ikguadura.wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 04 ~ Periodic Table of Elements Example: Period 3: Na, Mg, Al Si P, S, CL, Ar J 4 4 Metal semi-Metal Non metal Good conductor of electricity. Weak electrical conductivity Cannot conduct electricity ‘The conductivity but it increases as the decreases with the increase in temperature rises temperature Uses : Semiconductor 7. Changes in the chemical properties a. Metals form basic oxides (i) Metal oxide + water --> alkali :NaO+H20 -- -> salt + water: MgO + 2HCI --> 2NaQH -> MgCl + H.0 (ii) metal oxide + acid — b. Non metals usually form acidic oxide: (i) Non metal oxide + water-----> acid 2 SO, + H,0 ------> HxSOs (ii) Non metal oxide+ alkali — Salt + water : SiO. + 2NaOH — Na,SOy + HO c, Aluminium element that is located between metals and non metals has amphoteric properties (i) Amphoteric oxide will react both acid and alkali to form salt and water. (React as alkali) AlOs + 6HNOs —> 2Al(NOs)2_ + 3H20 (React as acid) Al,Os + NaOH -» 2NaAlO, — +30 8. Chemical Property of elements in period 3 a, oxides of elements change from : Basic oxide --> amphoteric oxide --> _ acidic oxide from left to right across the period. In brief: Element Na] Mg Al Si PS | a [Ar Metallic properties (from the aspect of La Semimetal Non metal electrical conductivity) Chemical properties of oxides Basic | Amphoteric (from the aspect of reaction | _ oxide oxide with acid and alkali) Acid oxide Page 118 | update: Jan 2011 [eikguadura.wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 04 ~ Periodic Table of Elements 4.6 Understanding transition elements A student is able to: Identify the position of transition elements in the Periodic Table ‘+ Give example of transition elements ‘© Describe properties of transition elements, © State uses of transition elements in industries. 1, Situated between Group 2 and 13. Example Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Fe, Ni, Cu, and Zn. 2. Show metallic properties like Shiny, conducts heat and electricity, malleable, high tensile strength, high melting point and density. c. Special characteristics: (i) Form coloured ions: Example: Iron (II) Chloride - Brown Iron (II) Chloride - Green Copper (I!) Sulphate - Blue (ii) Form different oxidation numbers (iii) Form complex ions: MnO,, Cr.Or , CrOs,, ete. (iv) Useful as a catalyst in industries. Example: i. Iron : Haber process in the manufacture of ammonia ii, Vanadium (V) Oxide : Contact Process in the manufacture of sulphuric acid iii. Platinum : Ostwald process in the manufacture of nitric acid Page 119 | update: Jan 2011 [eikguadura. wordpress.com