Ship Design Lecture Notes

TANIMLAR

Do.Dr. Ercan KSE

www.ercankose.0catch.com

BASIC DEFINITONS AND SHIP

GEOMETRY

Figure illustrates the main parts of a typical ship.

 Hull: The structural body of a ship including shell plating,

framing, decks and bulkheads.

Afterbody : That portion of a ships hull abaft midships.
Forebody: That portion of a ships hull forward midships.
Bow : The forward of the ship
Stern : The after end of the ship
Port :The left side of the ship when looking forward
Starboard : The right side of the ship when looking forward
Design Waterline (DWL) or Load Waterline (LWL) : The
waterline at which the ship will float when loaded to its
designed draught.
Moulded Surface : The inside surface of the skin, or plating,
of a ship.
Forward Perpendicular (FP) : The vertical line at the point
of intersection of the LWL and the forward end of the
immersed part of the ships hull.
After Perpendicular (AP) : The vertical line at the point of
intersection of the LWL and the centerline of the rudderstock.
Midships () : The point midway between the forward and
after perpendiculars.

 Deck Camber : The rise of the deck of the ship in going

from the side to the centre. In older ships the camber curve
used to be parabolic but in modern ships straight line camber
curves are used or there may be no camber at all on decks.
Bilge Radius : The radius of the circular arc forming the
bilge.
Flat of Keel (Half Siding) : The width of flat bottom plating
on each side of the centre girder.
Deadrise (Rise of Floor) : The amount by which the line of
the outer bottom plating amidships rises above the baseline.
Therefore, it is the difference in height between the baseline
and the point where the straight line through the bottom flat
surface intersects the vertical line through the side of the
moulded surface at its widest point.
Tumblehome : The amount the top of the side shell slopes
back toward the centerline between the point of widest
breadth and the deck at side
Parallel Middle Body : The portion of the ship over which
the midship section remains unchanged. In this part of the
ship water lines and buttocks have no curvature; that is, all
the fore and aft lines are

Principal Dimensions
Length of Waterline (LWL) : The waterline at which the ship will float

when fully loaded .

Length Overall (L OA) : The total length of the ship from one end to the
other, including bow and stern overhangs.
Length Between Perpendiculars (L BP) : The distance measured
parallel to the base at the level of the design waterline from the after
perpendicular to the forward perpendicular.
Length Overall Submerged (L OS) : The total submerged length of the
ship from one end to the other, including the bulbous bow.
Length of Parallel Middle Body (L P) : The length over which the
midship section remains unchanged.
Length of Entrance (L E) : The length from the forward perpendicular to
the forward end of parallel middle body, or maximum section.
Length of Run (L R) : The length from the section of maximum area or
the after end of parallel middle body to waterline termination or other
designated point on the stern.
Moulded Beam or Breadth (B) : The distance from the inside of plating
on one side to a similar point on the other side measured at the broadest
part of the ship.

Principal Dimensions
Maximum Beam or Breadth (B M) : Extreme beam (breadth),

from outside to outside of the shell plating.

Breadth at Loaded Waterline (B WL) : Maximum moulded
breadth at the loaded waterline.
Draught (T) : The vertical distance from the waterline at any
point on the hull to the bottom of the ship.
Trim : The difference between the draughts forward and aft.
Depth Moulded (D) : The vertical distance at amidships from the
baseline to the underside of the plating of the main deck.
Freeboard (f) : The vertical distance from the waterline to the
deck at side. The freeboard is equal to the difference between the
depth at side and the draught at any point along the ship.
Moulded Displacement : The displacement of a ship based on
moulded dimensions
Total Displacement : Moulded displacement modified by adding
the thickness of shell plating and the volume of appendages.
Wetted Surface : The area of the underwater hull and
appendages, measured in square meters.

Displacement
The weight of water that would displaced by the volume of the hull
measured on the outer surface of the shell plating below the
waterline. Displacement tonnage of a vessel can be obtained directly
from Archimedes principle by multiplying its underwater volume by
the density of water.

Light ship
The lightweight tonnage of a ship is the sum of all fixed weights,
i.e. hull, machinery, outfit and permanent equipment.
LS=WS+WM+WO
Deadweight
The difference between the displacement and the lightweight is
the deadweight tonnage which is the sum of the weight of cargo,
fuel, lubricating oil, fresh water, stores, passengers and baggage,
crew and their effects.
DWT=WC+WF+WLO+WFO+ WPAS+WLUG+WCREW+WSTORE

TEU/FEU
Container Ships are designed for stowage of containers in vertical
stacks or cells either within the hold of the vessel, on deck, or a
combination of the two. Containers are described in "FEU's" or
"TEU's".
"FEU" is a forty foot long container (Forty foot Equivalent Unit)
"TEU" is a twenty foot long container. (Twenty foot Equivalent Unit
)
There are six basic types of containers.
Refrigerated containers
dry bulk containers;
rack containers for lumber, etc;
automotive containers;
livestock containers;
collapsible containers for stowing when not in use.

Cubic Capacity
Tank ships are described in terms of oil carrying capacity. Barrel (bbl)
is the standard liquid cargo unit of measurement and one barrel
consists of 42 gallons (5.515 cubic feet, 0.156 cubic meter). One ton
of
fuel oil is equivalent to 6.63 barrels.
Dry bulk cargo ships may also be described in terms of Cubic Bales
or
Cubic Grain. Cubic Bales is the space available for cargo measured
in
cubic feet within a ship cargo hold to the inside of the cargo battens,
on the frames and to the underside of the deck beams.
Grain cubic isthe maximum space available for the cargo within a
ship's hold in cubic meter, incorporating all volume inside the shell
plating of the hull and to the underside of the upper deck plating.
Grain
Cubic occupies a larger cargo volume than the ship's Bale Cubic
rating.

Tonnage Measurement
Gross tonnage is the capacity of the

spaces in the ship's hull and of the

enclosed spaces above the deck
available for cargo, stores, fuel,
passengers, and crew.
Net tonnage is the gross tonnage less
the spaces used for the
accommodation of the ship's master,
officers, crew, and the navigation and
propulsion machinery.

International Convention on Tonnage

Measurement of Ships, 1969
(TONNAGE 69)
Length
This means 96 percent of the total length on the waterline, at 85 percent of

the least molded depth measured from the top of the keel, or the length
from the fore side of the stem to the axis of the rudder stock on that
waterline, if that be greater
Upper Deck
The upper deck is the uppermost complete deck exposed to weather and
sea, which has permanent means of weathertight closing of all openings in
the weather part thereof, and below which all openings in the sides of the
ship are fitted with permanent means of weathertight closing.
Moulded Depth
The moulded depth is the vertical distance measured from the top of the
keel to the underside of the upper deck at side. In wood and composite
ships the distance is measured from the lower edge of the keel rabbet.
Breadth
The breadth is the maximum breadth of the ship, measured amidships to
the moulded line of the frame in a ship with a metal shell and to the outer
surface of the hull in a ship with a shell of any other material.

 Passenger
A passenger is every person other than:
(a) the master and the members of the crew or other

persons employed or engaged in any capacity on board a

ship on the business of that ship; and
(b) a child under one year of age.
Cargo Spaces
Cargo spaces to be included in the computation of net
tonnage are enclosed spaces appropriated for the transport
of cargo which is to be discharged from the ship, provided
that such spaces have been included in the computation of
gross tonnage. Such cargo spaces shall be certified by
permanent marking with the letters CC (cargo compartment)
to be so positioned that they are readily visible and not to be
less than 100 milimeters (4 inches) in height.
Weathertight
Weathertight means that in any sea conditions water will not
penetrate into the ship

 Gross Tonnage
The gross tonnage (GT) of a ship shall be determined by the following

formula:
GT = K1V
where:
V = total volume of all enclosed spaces of the ship in cubic metres
K1 = 0.2 + 0.02 log10 V
Regulation 4
Net Tonnage
The net tonnage (NT) of a ship shall be determined by the following
formula:

in which formula
(a) the factor

shall not be taken as greater than unity

Categorizing Ships
Cargo Ships
Ships are generally designed for a

specific reason. Cargo ships are

designed to carry specific cargo and
can be distinguished by the type of
cargo they carry, especially since the
means of handling the cargo is often
highly visible.

Categorizing Ships
Cargo ships are generally one of the following types:
Bulk Cargo such as coal, wheat, cement, grain or
any item moved in bulk quantities.
Break bulk cargo is cargo that may be affixed to a
pallet. Palletized cargo is organized in such a way
as to facilitate the loading into the ship.
Containerized cargo, is cargo enclosed into a
standardized shipping container.
Liquid Cargo such as oil, molasses, chemicals are
carried in bulk in large tank ships.
Roll on/ Roll Off specialized ships.

Categorizing Ships
General Cargo Ships
A general cargo ship is a ship with open
cargo holds loaded vertically through
hatches in the upper deck. The holds
may be divided by intermediate decks
called tween decks.

Categorizing Ships
Container Ships

Categorizing Ships
Barge Carrying Ships
An extension of the container ship concept is
the barge-carrying ship. In this concept, the
container is itself a floating vessel, usually
about 60 feet long by about 30 feet wide,
which is loaded aboard the ship in one of two
ways: either it is lifted over the stern by a
high-capacity shipboard gantry crane, or the
ship is partially submerged so that the barges
can be floated aboard via a gate in the stern.

Categorizing Ships
LASH SHIPS LASH stand for Lighter
Aboard Ship. It is a specialized container ship carrying
very large floating containers, or "lighters." The ship
carries its own massive crane, which loads and
discharges the containers over the stern.

SEABEE -Sea-barge, a barge carrier design similar

to "LASH" but which uses rollers to move the barges
aboard the ship; the self-propelled loaded barges are
themselves loaded on board as cargo and are
considerably larger than those loaded on LASH ships

 Bulk Carriers (bulker)

Bulk Carriers carry bulk cargo such as

ore, coal, pulp, rock, cement, scrap

metal, grain, flour, rice, fertilizers, sugar
or any cargo that travels in bulk.

 Oil Tankers
Crude oil is carried in oil tankers or in
bulk and oil carriers (OBO ships).

 LPG and LNG Carrier

Along with the great increase in
numbers and size of tankers have
come specialized uses of tankers for
products other than oil.

 Roll-on/Roll-off ships
Roll-on/Roll-off (or Ro/Ro) ships are ships

that have specially designed ramps to allow

cargo to be driven on board. A car carrier is
a good example, but roll on / roll off also
relates to trucks, ferry type ships and other
ships providing landing ramps for the cargo.

 Passenger Ships
Passenger ships are vessels that carry
passengers either on an overnight
cruise or day only cruise.

Non-Transport Ship Types

Fishing Vessels

 Tugs
The service ships are mostly tugs or towing
vessels whose principal function is to provide
propulsive power to other vessels.

 Research Ships
Many universities, oil companies, water resource boards and
governments own and operate research ships. Small
research ship may provide platforms for any type of
oceanographic endeavor and the large research ships

 Icebreaker
Icebreakers are
usually wide in order
to make a wide
swath through ice,
and they have high
propulsive power in
order to overcome
the resistance of the
ice layer.

Advanced Marine
Vehicles

Fast Ship
ship

Pentamaran container

Hydrodynamic Supported Vessels

Hydrofoil

configurations can be
divided into two
general
classifications,
surface piercing and
submerged foil, which
describe how the
lifting surfaces are
arranged and operate

Surface-Piercing (Left) & FullySubmerged (Right) Foil Configurations

Air Supported Vessels

An Air Cushion

Vehicle (ACV) or
hovercraft is a craft
that is entirely
supported by air
pressure, in close
proximity to the
surface. It is
suitable for use
over water or land.

 WIG is an abbreviation of

Wing-In-Ground effect. A
WIG craft can be seen as
a crossover between a
hovercraft and an
aircraft. It flies just
above the surface,
usually the water surface
therefore others use the
term WISE or WISES
(Wing In Surface Effect
Ship).

Representing the Hull

Form

The Half-Breadth Plan

The Sheer Plan

The Body Plan

The Body Plan