BLUETOOTH

Bluetooth l mt cng ngh mng LAN khng dy c thit k

kt ni cc thit b ca cc chc nng khc nhau nh in
thoi, my tnh xch tay, my tnh (my tnh bn v my tnh
xch tay), my nh, my in,
my pha c ph, v nh vy. Mt mng LAN Bluetooth l mt
mng ad hoc, m c ngha l
mng c hnh thnh mt cch t nhin; cc thit b, i khi
c gi l cc tin ch, tm thy nhau
khc v lm cho mt mng li gi l mt piconet. Mt mng
LAN Bluetooth thm ch c th c kt ni vi
Internet nu mt trong nhng tin ch c kh nng ny. Mt
mng LAN Bluetooth, bi bn cht, khng th ln. Nu c rt
nhiu tin ch m c gng kt ni, c s hn lon.
cng ngh Bluetooth c nhiu ng dng. cc thit b ngoi vi
nh mt dy
t chut hoc bn phm c th giao tip vi my tnh thng qua
cng ngh ny.
thit b gim st c th giao tip vi cc thit b cm bin trong
mt trung tm chm sc sc khe nh. thit b an ninh gia nh
c th s dng cng ngh ny kt ni vi cc cm bin khc
nhau iu khin an ninh chnh. ngi tham d hi ngh c th
ng b ha my tnh xch tay ca h ti mt
hi ngh.

Bluetooth ban u c bt u nh l mt d n do Cng ty

Ericsson. N c t tn
cho Harald Blaatand, vua ca an Mch (940-981), ngi hip
nht an Mch v Na Uy.
Blaatand chuyn n Bluetooth bng ting Anh.
Ngy nay, cng ngh Bluetooth l vic thc hin mt giao thc
c nh ngha bi
Chun IEEE 802.15. Cc tiu chun nh ngha mt mng c
nhn khu vc khng dy (PAN)
c th hot ng trong mt khu vc c kch thc ca mt cn
phng hoc mt phng.
Kin trc
Bluetooth nh ngha hai loi mng: piconet v scatternet.
Piconets
Mt mng Bluetooth c gi l mt piconet, hoc mt mng
li nh. Mt piconet c th c n tm
trm, mt trong s c gi l chnh; t phn cn li c gi
l secondaries. Tt c
trm th cp ng b ha ng h ca h v nhy lin tc vi
tiu hc.
Lu rng mt piconet c th ch c mt trm chnh. Cc thng
tin lin lc gia cc

s cp v th cp c th l mt-mt hoc mt-nhiu. Hnh 14.19

cho thy mt

piconet
Mc d mt piconet c th c ti a l by secondaries, thm
mt tm
secondaries c th trng thi cha s dng. Mt th trong
trng thi c ng b
vi tiu hc, nhng khng th ly mt phn trong giao tip cho
n khi n c di chuyn t
nh nc cha s dng. Bi v ch c tm trm c th hot ng
trong mt piconet, kch hot mt trm
t trng thi u c ngha l mt trm hot ng phi i n nh
nc cha s dng.
Scat/ernet
Piconets c th c kt hp to ra ci c gi l mt
scatternet. Mt trm trung hc
mt piconet c th l chnh trong piconet khc.

Trm ny c th nhn tin nhn t chnh trong piconet u tin

(nh l mt trung), v hot ng nh mt tiu hc, cung cp
h secondaries trong piconet th hai. Mt trm c th l mt
thnh vin ca hai piconets.
Hnh 14.20 minh ha mt scatternet.
Bluetooth Devices
Mt thit b Bluetooth c mt my pht v tuyn tm ngn c
xy dng trong. Tc d liu hin nay l
1 Mbps vi bng thng 2,4 GHz. iu ny c ngha rng c mt
kh nng can thip
gia cc mng LAN khng dy IEEE 802.11b v mng LAN
Bluetooth.
Bluetooth Layers
Bluetooth s dng mt s lp khng chnh xc ph hp vi
nhng m hnh Internet chng ti
xc nh trong cun sch ny. Hnh 14.21 cho thy cc lp.
Radio Layer
anh lp radio l gn tng ng vi lp vt l ca m hnh
Internet. Bluetooth

thit b l cng sut thp v c phm vi 10 m

Band
Bluetooth s dng mt bng tn ISM 2,4 GHz chia thnh 79
knh ca mi 1 MHz.
FHSS
Bluetooth s dng cc phng php nhy tn tri ph (FHSS)
trong lp vt l trnh s can thip t cc thit b khc hoc
cc mng khc. Bluetooth
bc nhy 1600 ln mi giy, c ngha l mi thit b thay i
tn s iu ch ca n 1600 ln mi giy. Mt thit b s dng
mt tn s ch 625 ILS (1/1600 s)
trc khi n nhy n tn s khc; thi gian dng l 625 ILS.
Modulation
chuyn i bit mt tn hiu, Bluetooth s dng mt phin
bn tinh vi ca FSK, c gi l
GFSK (FSK vi b lc bng thng Gaussian, mt cuc tho
lun v ch ny l ngoi

phm vi ca cun sch ny). GFSK c mt tn s can'ier. Bit 1

c i din bi mt tn s
lch trn cc tu sn bay; cht mt c i din bi mt
lch tn s di
tu sn bay. Cc tn s, trong megahertz, c xc nh theo
cng thc sau y
cho mi knh:

hnh nh()
V d, cc knh u tin s dng tn s sng mang 2402 MHz
(2,402 GHz), v
Knh th hai s dng tn s sng mang 2403 MHz (2,403 GHz).
Baseband Layer
Lp baseband l gn tng ng vi lp con MAC trong mng
LAN. vic truy cp
phng php l TDMA (xem Chng 12). Cc tiu hc v trung
hc giao tip vi
nhau bng cc khe thi gian. Chiu di ca mt khe thi gian l
chnh xc ging nh nhng k

Hin, 625 ILS. iu ny c ngha rng trong sut thi gian

mt tn s c s dng, mt ngi gi gi
mt khung cho mt th, hoc mt th s gi mt khung chnh.
Lu rng giao tip l duy nht gia chnh v th cp;
secondaries khng th giao tip trc tip vi nhau.
TDMA
Bluetooth s dng mt hnh thc TDMA (xem Chng 12) c
gi l TDD-TDMA (timedivision duplex TDMA). TDD-TDMA
l mt loi truyn thng half-duplex
m th cp v ngi nhn gi v nhn d liu, nhng khng
phi cng mt thi im (halfduplex); Tuy nhin, cc thng tin
lin lc cho mi hng s dng cc bc nhy khc nhau. y
l
tng t nh b m s dng tn s sng mang khc nhau.
Truyn n Secondary Nu piconet ch c mt th, TDMA
hot ng rt n gin. Thi gian c chia thnh cc khe ca
625 ILS. Cc chnh s dng khe cm evennumbered (0, 2, 4, ...);
vic s dng th cp khe s l (1, 3, 5, ...).
TDD-TDMA cho php tiu hc v trung hc giao tip trong
ch half-duplex

Trong khe 0, tiu hc gi, v th cp c; slot 1, th cp gi,

v
chnh nhn c. Chu k c lp i lp li. Hnh 14.22 cho
thy cc khi nim.
hnh nh()
Nhiu-THCS Truyn Qu trnh ny l mt cht tham gia nhiu
hn nu c
nhiu hn mt th trong piconet. Mt ln na, chnh s dng
cc khe chn,
nhng mt th chuyn khe l tip theo nu cc gi tin trong khe
trc y l
gi cho n. Tt c cc secondaries lng nghe trn cc khe chn,
nhng ch c mt th
chuyn bt k khe l. Hnh 14,23 cho thy mt kch bn.

Hy chng ti xy dng trn hnh v.

1. Trong khe 0, tiu hc s gi mt khung th 1.
2. Trong 1 khe, ch c th ti s gi mt khung cho chnh v
frame trc
c gii quyt th cp 1; secondaries khc im lng.

3. Trong khe 2, tiu hc s gi mt khung th 2.

4. Trong khe 3, ch th 2 gi khung cho chnh v frame trc
c cp n th 2; secondaries khc im lng.
5. Cc chu k tip tc.
Chng ta c th ni rng phng php tip cn ny l tng t
nh mt cuc thm d / chn hot ng vi t phng.
Khi chnh chn mt th, n cng thm d n. Cc khe thi gian
tip theo c dnh cho
trm thm d kin gi khung ca n. Nu th c hi
khng c khung gi,
knh l im lng.

Physical Links
Hai loi lin kt c th c to ra gia mt tiu hc v mt th:
lin kt SCQ v
ACL lin kt.
SCA A (SEQ) lin kt ng b hng kt ni c s dng khi
trnh tr
(Chm tr trong vic giao hng d liu) l quan trng hn tnh
ton vn (giao hng c li). trong mt

lin kt SCQ, mt lin kt vt l c to ra gia tiu hc v

mt trung bi t
khe cm c th u n. Cc n v c bn ca kt ni l hai khe
cm, mt cho mi
phng hng. Nu mt gi tin b h hng, n khng bao gi
c truyn li. SCQ c s dng cho thi gian thc
m thanh ni trnh chm tr l ht sc quan trng. Mt th c
th to ti a ba SCQ
lin kt vi tiu hc, gi m thanh s ha (PCM) ti 64 kbps
trong mi lin kt.
ACL Mt lin kt phi kt ni khng ng b (ACL) c s
dng khi tnh ton vn d liu l
quan trng hn trnh tr. Trong kiu lin kt, nu trng ti
ng gi
trong khung l hng, n c truyn li. Mt li th cp mt
khung ACL trong
c sn s l khe khi v ch khi khe trc c gii quyt
vi n. ACL c th s dng mt, ba, hoc khe hn v c th t
c tc d liu ti a
721 kbps.

Frame Format

Mt khung trong lp baseband c th l mt trong ba loi: mt

khe, ba khe, hoc nm khe cm.
Mt khe, nh chng ti ni trc y, l 625 ~ s. Tuy nhin,
trong mt trao i khung mt khe, 259 ~ s l
cn thit cho nhy v c ch kim sot. iu ny c ngha rng
mt khung mt khe cm c th ko di
ch 625-259, hoc 366 ~ s. Vi I-MHz bng thng v 1 bit / Hz,
kch thc ca mt mt khe
khung l 366 bit.
Mt khung ba khe chim ba khe. Tuy nhin, k t 259 ~ s c
s dng nhy,
chiu di ca khung l 3 x 625-259 = 1616 ~ s hoc 1616 bit.
Mt thit b c s dng mt
khung ba khe vn cn hop cng ( tn s sng mang tng t)
cho ba khe.
Evcn d ch ONC hop numbcr c s dng, ba s hop c
tiu th. iu o co nghia la
s lng hop cho mi khung hnh bng khe u tin ca khung.
Mt khung nm khe cng s dng 259 bit cho nhy, c ngha l
chiu di ca
khung l 5 x 625-259 = 2866 bit.
Hnh 14.24 cho thy nh dng ca ba loi khung.
Sau y m t tng lnh vc:

o M s truy cp. trng 72-bit ny thng cha cc bit ng b

ha v cc
nh danh ca my chnh phn bit cc khung hnh ca mt
piconet t khc.

Header. trng 54-bit y l mt m hnh I8-bit lp i lp li.

Mi m hnh c cc trng con sau y:
1. a ch. a ch trng con 3-bit c th xc nh ln n by
secondaries (l n 7).
Nu a ch l s khng, n c s dng cho truyn thng pht
sng t tiu hc
cho tt c cc secondaries.
2. Loi. The 4-bit loi trng con xc nh cc loi d liu n
t pha trn
lp. Chng ti tho lun v cc loi sau.
3. I-bit trng con F. iu ny l kim sot dng chy. Khi
thit lp (I), n ch ra rng thit b
l khng th nhn c nhiu khung hnh (m l y ).
4. A. iu ny ti-bit trng con l xc nhn. Bluetooth s
dng Stop-and-Wait
ARQ; Ti cn l xc nhn.

5. Ti-bit trng con S. ny nm gi mt s th t. Bluetooth s

dng Stop-and-Wait
ARQ; Ti cn l nh s th t.
6. HEC. 8-bit sa li tiu trng con l mt tng kim tra
pht hin li
trong mi phn tiu 18-bit.
Cc tiu c ba phn 18-bit ging ht nhau. Ngi nhn so
snh ba
phn, tng cht mt. Nu mi ngi trong cc bit tng ng l
nh nhau, cc bit c chp nhn;
nu khng, cc quy tc a s kin. y l mt hnh thc sa
li trc (cho cc
ch tiu ). kim sot li kp ny l cn thit bi v bn cht
ca truyn thng, thng qua khng kh, l rt n o. Lu rng
khng c truyn li trong lp con ny.

Payload. trng con ny c th di 0-2740 bit. N cha d liu

hoc kim sot
thng tin corning t cc tng trn.
L2CAP

Cc Logical Link Control v Ngh nh th thch ng, hoc

L2CAP (L2 y c ngha l LL),
l tng ng vi lp con LLC trong mng LAN. N c s
dng trao i d liu trn mt
lin kt ACL; knh SCQ khng s dng L2CAP. Hnh 14.25 cho
thy nh dng ca d liu
gi tin cp ny.
Cc lnh vc chiu di I6-bit xc nh kch thc ca d liu,
trong byte, n t pha trn
lp. D liu c th ln n 65.535 byte. ID knh (CID) nh
ngha mt nh danh duy nht cho cc knh o c to ra cp
ny (xem di y).
Cc L2CAP c nhng nhim v c th: phng php ghp, phn
khc v hp li, cht lng
dch v (QoS), v qun l nhm.
Multiplexing

Cc L2CAP c th lm ghp. Ti trang web gi, n chp nhn

d liu t mt trong nhng
cc giao thc lp trn, khung h, v mang chng n lp
baseband. ng

trang web nhn, n chp nhn mt khung t lp baseband, chit

xut d liu, v cung cp
chng ti lp giao thc thch hp. N to ra mt loi knh o m
chng ta s
tho lun cc chng sau v cc giao thc cp cao hn.

Segmentation and Reassembly

Kch thc ti a ca lnh vc trng ti trong lp baseband l

2774 bit, hoc 343 byte.
iu ny bao gm 4 byte xc nh chiu di gi tin v gi tin.
Do , kch thc ca
gi tin c th n t mt lp trn ch c th l 339 byte. Tuy
nhin, ng dng
lp i khi cn phi gi mt gi d liu c th ln n 65.535
byte (mt Internet
gi, v d). Cc L2CAP phn chia cc gi tin ln thnh cc phn
on v cho bit thm
thm thng tin xc nh v tr ca cc phn on trong cc gi
d liu gc. Cc
L2CAP phn on gi tin ti ngun v rp chng ti cc im
n.

QoS

Bluetooth cho php cc trm xc nh mt mc cht lng

ca dch v. Chng ti tho lun v cht lng
dch v trong Chng 24. i vi thi im ny, n l
bit rng nu khng c cht lng ca dch v
mc c xc nh, mc Bluetooth vi nhng g c gi l
dch v tt nht, n lc; n s lm ht sc mnh
theo hon cnh.

Group Management

Mt chc nng ca L2CAP l cho php cc thit b to ra

mt loi a ch logic
gia h. iu ny cng tng t nh multicasting. V d, hai
hoc ba th cp
thit b c th l mt phn ca mt nhm multicast nhn d
liu t tiu hc.

Other Upper Layers

Bluetooth nh ngha mt s giao thc cho cc tng trn c s
dng cc dch v ca L2CAP;
cc giao thc ny c c th cho tng mc ch.