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/67 /%  = 2    =   ' a 9 c "2 "+ =b  " *
<$"6
  64! 3 " " = -     3-4 , 2  /7  = 2  =
.H% U "% =4 79 # "  / ,   ? T & 3-4 /
, 9 

: ' )   1(2 *


: -  , , 2    3-4 - % "& )7 "  ' 4 2

.  " *   = 8 ,
 =  =! ' (D
. I 3, !  B   =  =! ' (E
.($ +, - ) $ +,  # =  =! ' (F
.( Q - % ) $ +,- 
 2   =  =! (:
.(S U-7  T )" 4" = / -   , 2  # ' " ' N =! (I
.$  ="     4 S-& ! S "  7  4 (K
. B  3%7 =! % "&   =   /9H +2 (M
6 2 = B  3-4 +,  < d" O%   O ' " / (`
.S  '  S7   - ',  U7 =  =! '

: ' =-) $Q


 )% B*# *

Siphonage

: R(' #

S6,! 6, 5  ,, -&  , " ?


 / ? ) !   4 "+ # = 
6 6  $"
T,! T  O 9  '  , = 2  W" ,4 B e" 5 
. (1 /29 %  B ? ' 3-4 4
$ "
 "  3   U   = $ "
 % O"   ,4 "_ 3,7
T6 $ "
  =! 3 $ "
 "  = 2  8%9 f   /+ = 2  "
T6 = 9 T O" c "2 $9  = 2  89 3 T "g /
 
= 2 6 /64 /%   "  B  =  2 S,! N = 2   %  
.%?1  , , 2  c "2 5    =  2+, =! 3 "&R " 

R(' (S J(1  $Q


 )% ?@  =42

back pressure

: 5 ( 1D@B

 -7 "  $"


' 5   1" "  !   4 5  "+ # =!
6  #6 " "   $"
 "  3 S , ,4 S! % ?1 T  =Z  
"  $"6
$6- , 2  #   O , 1" "   , 2   %,
.d"  = - )"7 % 3-4 G  %?1 " H   -7

5 ( 1D@ (S J(1  $Q


 )% ?@  =42

Capillary attraction

: (:2 -P

(( .. $
! >9 ) /  3-4     = 7%9   , "+ # 5 
"h $"% B    7%  # "% ! =  5  = 2  W" %?
.B    c "2  "7& 
   Q# = 2  W" U  X -7 = 

(:2 - (S J(1  $Q


 )% ?@  =42

wind effects

: P(-  ))(

)

'  $"


 "   U   " Y " %  4"  , "+ # 5 
= 2 6 W"6 ', ,4 B e" 5  Q#  , "  W" T  )7
'6 " "+ # / G 2 = < = 2  B  ' ,  " ? 5  
.Y " "   J4  S =    "   , 8 

P(-  ))( (S J(1  $Q


 )% ?@  =42

Evaporation

:(-*"

= 2 6 ! = 2 6 36-4 G 6 G#    Q"  ,4 "+ # 5 


"6 3 G g G# "    "" " $0N  , - %    1"
 6   1 7 ! Q"  # /  X  "  B - ,     
/ 67 "6+ # 5  4 2
 B - ,    = 92 ) 7
. 8   i "  E<I

: ?2(
  , = 2  " !  - " * -
 , "+ # %    5 
. = 7 >, !

: '* - =42  *

:/& /&! 50 


." % -4 G 4 /  % S  =  G#  : (P) ' #
. " %B - 
0 O1    
  O   /7
." %- G  /  % S  =  G#  : (S) ' B
. " %B  =  7 O1    
  O   /7
. (P ) = 2  S & 

: *4 ' P
: - ' )

.  " d"! -
 S   = < (P ) = 2  S &  :

T'( ' 

6-4 /67 %6 j2, S = < (S ) = 2  S &  : * T ' 
. $"
  -4  8"R

'* - =42  ?@  =42

: '* - >  *

: B(  ' / 67#


" 6  6  7" /& " = T%* S $"
  4!  O1  
A:  '"  = 2  8 ,! < Q -- S-   S $"

.   7%  '" 
. = 7%  '" 
6  5   G!   -2 7%  S     Q# = 7%9 = =  /12
.%B- X   = 2  = G -7 T 801!

: B(  B4( O# *


A: '"  ' " ,4   J 4" S,! (Dkkk)G"
  "#
B 8%9 S =  > 2 "? S
 /9 "% ! $"
 4 /2! '" (D
.  M<I =4 / N
J6 6 F[F[ "2 = U- 3-4 O1  " = 2
 3-4! = %? (E
. /" , ,  S -4
.   7 /
    Q - 2  =! ' (F

. B( * - =' ( ?@  =42

: @(  ' / 6!

 0? $"*

- "B (%  /  1" =   $ "


  

$ "
 ',  S T%*  <     O  = = " * /?
. /  J-,N ! Q 0 ! J, ! ,
 -% " = O,
  

 : @(  ' B4( O# *


. 2 +,  "   S " * 2
  (D
6 " 6 O%   - =4 2
   2  /  N! ' (E
.  B    5  3 G g N   /

.  1" a% O % =  5  7 % /    2
 '" (F
, 2 6  / N! <(  I,` ) 
 E =4 B  U4 / N! ' (:
. 
 : =4 (  & = / ) " 4" 1"7
m-  4 3-4 /7 
 !   = " "+ 1"7 =  (I
." 2
   U7  1" , 2 
A:S,!  
 /4 , 2
  %"& ....
# 8 6, =6 =  K Q =  =! /  = ,
 -% = 2   (K
.S - /  %
.1     1"f B, a% =  = 2  =   !"  /4  (M

@(  '* - =' ( ?@  =42

 
 VDl^^]Ee^]K^^m

/7N T,! / % d  3-4  


  "  X   2 + 
 '7-
.,
 /0R '" T" T,! "      " "  +, )"?

: O* )- *
.8" )7 U-* (D
. / & U-* (E
. "    % ?1  7 (F
. (  )      = "   (:
.   ' ,   (I
. & / = T  $ "
 (K
.  " /B  = " / 7   (M

: () O* ># *


gate valve : (4 O*) ** 

#

6- 0
 = X1 ! S   , " = J S,! (Dkkk) G"
  "#
36-4 '6" < 6, " '-  " = O,
=! = ,  G# "% -  /
. % %    ,4  " "  
.X !" a2 /2   =  =! ' 
 =  4 , # ' "   %1
, 6
  -4 T" ! ' " 7 X  "  % m- /12 S7   %1
. T  
/0 = T  W " / 7 ', / 7 Q#
Non return : ( U)( ) )(  B
= "   3,7 < N J4  8 " =   O, $  
 # '"
. 7 = " 5   7     
:  =4 , 
 # =  <   = "  3-4 /  
. !" "   3-4 '" ", 8 , (D
.  "   3-4 '" " 8 , (E

: ( U)( ) )(  B4( 4# *


.  7 & 7  !"  #? 0
(D
.O"   (E
.    S    = " ' -% "  (F

:  /0 B4( 1(2 *


. 
 #   J2,  /B = "  =! = H (D
.T% a2 /2 S,  = H (E
.   4"  " H  4 (F
. J7 !  !" "   3-4   "  - 
 O1 =!   N (:
Bailfloat valve : :   P
/
  ,4     !   /2  Q# "% U ,
  ,Z  8 , #  
.' -%  =4   )2,  ,4 X    ! 
 a2 ' -% ' ,-
Safety valve

:    "

Y   =4 Q# < B2 % ?1 $0   $ 2 )"? 
 # '"
.  #? & )7   , %  0?  S  " <S
Rotating Wedge valve : (
 O*  )
6  $    < '  % "  =4 "4 '-9 = J # = 
! ,6  -  #?  T  S7 8 
 # 

<"    

. ? ! "   "


5 6  "   / X & X%?1 S,4 5  G# " /2  O " S,! S 4 =
. 9"% %?1 S,4
Pressure Regulating valve : 1D@ S  
6 " 6 ""6  / 67 =4 % ?1      $  
 # '"
A:   N    # < "   /  

.F/I<I =4 %?1  # 
 #   (D
.  7 42"N # ,  (E
. 2- ' , 3-4 H&, ,  (F

 : 1D@ S  B4( 1(2 *


. 
 "*  O1  =! ' (D
% 6%     '"  4  "-   ,  " 1  =  (E
., / S Y  %?1 3 %?1 $ 2 $ 

:  # %4* ( ) O* B4(  1(2 *


. S-! = '" " '7- G# ', =  '" =! ' (D
<#6  "2, S4" /  -   B" 8" O  ,4 
 # '" (E
     Q#  
 = "! G#?  8" Q#
. ,
 /0R ,4

Tapes Vl^]K^n^m
A: , , /  
  "     2, =  4 8 ,!  
. 2- &H  7  2,
./2   # 2 ,
.T2%R  2,
Ordinary Tapes : ): ' *
= '-9 U "% =4 " "      -  2, =  4 , #  
8 ,  =4 , ,   >  ! - / ,    =  - 3-4 " , "
6  6  6 6  G 7 8 , !  U  "  3-4  G#
. 
Self closing tapes : =' 0 ' *
"6  / 67  N   =   7 ,   2, =  4 , #  
Q#6- 6-! =  7 2 + G g    Q0 =  )"? O1  Q#
#b6 =  Q", %   -4 "   4  ,4  2, '-  -  J  /

.7 % S71 3 7  O    " " a  O2" S,b S -4 %?1
Fire hydrant : J( ' *
A: =! 50   2, # '" S,! (Dkkk) G"
  "#
(# B9 '" <)"  '" <%B 3-4 '")

 : 1Q , *4( J( ' *


X6 % < 36, %"& m% "  ""  G# "%  ! 
 E<I "%  = 
W"6 # "6& "   3-4 ' "- + -  = >,- # ' -% $ "
-
. 7 8 , = " " "% /& 3-4    W"2, ! B9 !  

: 1Q , *4( J( ' B4( 1(2 ...


.  %"  ,  7 8 , = =  =! %"& = 7%9 = " " ' " (D
. I[ =4 / N / % G"  =  =! (E
""  "% = , " " " -
  "2
 J, = G"  =  =! (F
.% "  "7
=  o , = " F[ / % 
 E<MI 3 E<I "%  U "-  %"  (:
. 7 8 , = =  T %?1 /   #2, 7,   
 6%" O    # =  =! %"&  %   +2 'N   (I
= 6 W6 =6 'N 6 ' =  Y2 -
 G"  U "
. U " 'N S,H S , J, = 0
2

 : 8(   B4( $ J( ' *


6
   7 G# 8 , "%  ! 
 E<MI " "%9  2, = = 
.  %"  -4 '"  ,   = + -  9"  -4 '" S2& W" = 

 : 8(   *4( J( ' B4( 1(2 ...


J6 W"6 = 6  2, =  /
 2&  8   2, /    (D
W"6 "6%9 6
: 8  /  "%9 "   J2, 3-4 "  '"
. 
F
. 
 F =4 / N "%  4 %?1 J ' " (E

]Mixers Vl^,]K^e
  6  '6,  64 $  <  "   ,   %- $  %0
: -  %- " %1  <   ""1R 3 G g  "
 ,
3-4 = 04  ! 3-4 =  5  ', "%  =  /7 X (D
. " 04 "h
.    ! G"" +, %  %-   (E

*  : , B4( ',- =42# , 1A- /0 5


. ( N ) ! )  ,
! ) * . G  /
! ) ?. /
! ) . (%

* @*: 1A- /0 =: ) 1


' " 6   %?1 =4 ,   %?1 $0   =H "4N  #
' .    " a G# 8 , = %0 /7

 V^]l^^~K^^}
</ 67 , 7 $0* / U-? !" =Z =4 "4 ? /7 G# T =
, "& ? ' S =Z /2!  U =   3-4 = G 
G#6 = '"  " %  X    ! ?    =  
.= / '- O" ! )2  G g  <=- -  ?    
7 J  - ,     ' ? /7  , 7 $- ...
T6 /    , ? /
 3   50 3-4 ? = G  < "-
.= T W "  "

D -* - =' ?@  =42

 IVl]:]]K^:^
=Z6 36 60 = "  -           4  
., 7   /0 -     '  "% =4 a  1"
:   7-   B" 8 ,! 0 Q,
.
"   7
.3, "   7
'"  7

 IV{{{{{]JJJ
: $,   =F   , #  
  5 ()  J* 
V)"* " " *4(, 0' 1(2  O# 0' , *;( (*:
=: 0' $% &1-  T() 0' B , &@ J $    
" J" 8(D* (*-7 B(  &(  ((@ =  0 =-)  %A ,
.  ,  *4( $% B )  ) 0' A

: 
, LW% O  /0 0' @ B*  /0 
/4! O    # 2, 3-4 
  = S 7 , ! J ,  =! (D
./7 0 # 2, T,! 0 '"
= 6 , = 46 = 6 , =6 /4 # 2,  
 = B  =  =! ' (E
6 T  /4 #   , / /g  X, XZ , X "  = "  = Z
.%"&N J  T% 3-4 $"7- ,
 ! # 2, !  
 /
 


o, 
  "   T"  # 2, 3-4 = B  "7 (F

aB "- '" G! =  9  $"


 & ,
/ ?& # 2,  
 34" (:
/ ,4 Q - %   O <  ,N ! -
  +2N !  "
a , =!  =  =! 3-4       ,4 < "  - /  ! T,,
. ,
=
 
   ' " ,4 3,-  B&,R "
,7 0  9 3-4 +2 ' (I
. d" a% %B - ""1! G! 5  O, O 0&
" 6 o, Y 1  $
  ,   = # 2, 3-4 B  H =! ' (K
: $,    S0 ,4 S 
.   2
  " ! " /  5  = 8 ,-  9  0
2
. S7 ,
 " / % o, 3-4  "!  )" /   "
U6 -  -4 > 2 /9 - ?&  = O9 -  "  , =! = H - (M
.  % =
6 607   o, 3-4 "N > 2  ,   ' (`
O6  o6, 6  =6 H6 $  < 9" 0 +2N  7
.  -%   "N

26
 o6, 6 "   $- 7,  - /   /B

U"% 8 ' (k


.4

" 6  6 4 , 6  "  3-4 -   B / B  


 =  (D[
  /
N U"% 5  = < d" 8 , O T0 "  
 
< -  -4    -

: 8:*  @:*  


 (
 $ $  
 ....
/6 4 = /    3-4  "   "  J   /L   

#

-6
   "_ <U  Q#  -  ) /72 /B-  -  /L
./B  /
.  U"% d" 8 , 
 U"% B
. " ! -  %?1 T  2- / ?& $ "+ / 3-4 "  
' "    2 U & =  - /B  '"  4 J-  7, 3
.  "  7 =  0 , "+ = ,

N  B   (  
  C ) , , 2  3-4 B  P
Q62 /6 = 6 2- / ?& $ "+  $2 ! c "2 G )"7
.S0 = Q -  ,R ' "
76 -B6 2- $"
  /
 
   =  =! ' X
./7 3
9! ' "
! 0 ""   - ,

 

 n^n]^]
 v]]_
 IV{{{{
 
     
 
    
  !    "  #$
 %
    & '(
)
 *
 '1 # $&  .2$ +, - - &  #$
 %.  /$ + 0$
5(  6' 4 /  2

&  #$
 " 5( $
3 + 
.-$) #  4 8
 - -& - (
)
 * 4 7
 -& '$ :;1)   ) 5 /1  < 1 + 5 ....
/= # $&   + '4  2

) 6 /  
 
 -&  5(   ' ? .../    #$
  "  >)
' :
 %
  
  / 0$ ?@  $ /, 4 / 
0$ 4  >
 +  -) " 5(
 <!  47
 - 
.  %
  7   / /
:
 5@ - %BC -
,& %
 /  A& +  <!  47
 ...
- :7)  %
 / 6 '&
:7& & &     E  %

7 1  0$ '!  0$ -& - !  " :
 %
 0 , 6 5

>F '  7


 G2 /2& 6 
$ &
 4 7  ! / -
:;1) ! ;1 $  "

,F   :
 @( 0$ 46 :
". "
. 1 &  /  $

 7 47
 '7
 / )
  6 %
 :7& -  >

  H ) ' 
"  ;2H  0$ A&   7
  "
@H&
.   %
 +. /  4 7
,F 
  /  @(  
 0$
:" 7
 .&  , -& -.  $ %
  .& /, ...
. :$  :
   %
 +. *
.-
   %
 +. *



one pipe systemsu]]^]l]]V_


:+" 7
2 .) - 7 4 7 +. " >$
./ :  :
 +. K
./ :
 L
&  5 :$  :
  / +. K
.$  +. K
.$    +. K
.E  7 5 $  +. K

- '
 $ :;1) - 0$ +7 /  +. " +  - ...
.1  +. / 

/ :  :
 +. KM

one pipe system Fully vented

 / $  %
 7  $ :;1) 51 %
 +. "  +
-  N 46 #$
  
@H :; $  '/  
.  $  
7 6   -  O -   " 4 7 #$
 , 7 %

O  'P Q   L@H R A $ "  
   -) 
.#$
 - ! ;1$ S
2 - 4 
/ 2  - / 51 :$  :
 -& %
 - +. " 
.
' 7 1 5 '%
  /  !
 :
 <(& 4 %
 
/   $ :;1) 2  ! ;1 $  + > "
-  -  - - -& <!  47
 '+ T,C 6   7
"  
1 &  7 + A& 1  '>1 E   -$2
.+.

K:/ :
 L
&  5 :$  :
  / +. KB
Modified one pipe system with Vented soil Branches
7 -  
2 5 " ' +.   / 7 4 7 +. " >$
5(
7A  5( 5 #$
 - O  @ + 
/= # $& '" - /  +T,C 6 / 7 ! ;1 $ 2

 
1 A  7 + A  '?@ # $& >)
> $  +.  5 "  %

  + 6 ' ! 2 
.+. " /  - " '$A
 


single stack system

:$  +. KV

- - :$  :


 +.  /  
@ G2 "  /  
@
@
  :7
 5 " H . P +. " ; '&
 O
:P  7 
/H& %
    /@ - 4$ '%
  O $ :;1) - -& K&
. - 

4 7 /A " - -& &


  %
    / 7 7
 K
    " %  - &
 
 + 0$ '2  
K:/1 W( "
%
    - &
 

:

@H

+ XY

+ TC

+ MMY

+ MYY

+ BMY

+ MBC

+ BCY

+ MCY

   %  - &


  W( /1

. 2    @  %
  $ :;1) / K8
 W( "  &
  5 #$
  # $R )    / K
.# $)    6 #$
    2
 / >2  '/ 

K: /1  W( "  %


    / - K"
/ 

$ :;1)

% XKB

Z    >) /= # $&

% CKB

GO /= # $&

% B -7 / A

#$


 7   $ :;1R < %


    W( K/1

:[ -7 ; A& 0$ %


    / @& $ K
./  Z    >) /= # $) 
 V K
.#$
  
 \ K
K:/1  W( "  4 L2
A < %
   
@ - -& K;
%
 
@

4 L2

%
   4& ) %
 :
 - &
  /A

&V

+NC -7 &
%
   4& ) %
 :
 - &
  /A

&C

.+TC -7 &
:
 ) %
 :
 4 7 (
)
  %
 +

BY

.&
  - A
%
 :
  7 /)  (
) -
  %
 +

-
,&

&
  - A :
 )

BY

4 L2
A < 2  %
 
@ W( K /1

+ O  .) -


 '>H  1 +. " -] 7 2 ...
;1$ S
2 
  6 (^ 
1 A  7 P
.!
single stack sovent system

K: $    +. KN

+  .) - + A  /(& $  +. -& 


1 - W(
>
"1 W(  /  < 
,F A  " 1 +7 -)  '  7 
5  /  +. "
@ + H .2
    %
 .& 
"
@^ "  P6 / +  0$&  - 7 " /,  %

_. +. "
 '%
 +.  $
  + >   +.
/
  51  P
 `  '2
   %

  /1  <
@
.  
 / :$  :
    %
 

 / 7   O P 8
 +!H 7 4 7  +. /  ...
8
 $  4 7Q 1 '$ :;1R ) L
)   + 4
7  E   / 
= -  S
2   P 2Q 1  @( E 
.    -F O " -]  '   ;1$

:E  7 5 $  +. KC


system
O   *  7
 /  /   7 / +. " 
single-stack plus vent-stack

:;1) - >Q $ "   ` O  '/  $ :;1)
- '  < 7 P6 <(  +. <  +. " -& 1 " '>

.+. " /7 :
 / 

 Two pipes systems

IVi^]l]]K^^m

 %
 
2 E  -^ 
7    +. - +. "

- ( 2  %
  "& 4  P&  ' - 2  
/$ O "  # $) -  %
 & '  /  #$

5 -$) #  51   '2  %
 - 0  W! 
 G2
.
@)  %

 
:" 7
2 .) - 7 6 +. " + - " ....
. >  -
 +. *
.    -
 +. *
.  5 -
  / +. *
. / :
 L
& *
. / :
 L
&  5 (
) 2 -
 +. *

Traditional Two-pipes system

K: >  -


 +. KM

 /, :
 $ :;1) - )  - $  +. " +

 -7 <  # $) -
 7  1  -& -   7   
 :$  :
 +. 4 - E;1  -
 +. +  -  . 
%
 - +. "  +  :
) $ & '*
) E ;1) #
:" $ :;1) - -71
" 2  %
 + 0$ '  /  #$
 /  :) 71 *
  & %
 :
 L /2& -  &
/7 +!H 
@ -7 :;1)
. & 4 @$    %
  

  2$   "  / # $& /  :, 71 *
 H 7 4 7 %
 &
%
 +!H 4 7 :;1) " %
 ' 

& 4 @$    %


     & :
 P 8

1 4 7
.
W! 
 0 6   ,  # P  -6 'P@ +. " ;

 /   2. /"6 1  7   $  P 

.+. " /7 :
 /  -

K:    -


 +. KB

Fully vented Two- pipes system

 '!
 %
 :
 " $& 4 -7 -!H - +. " -
%
 '4 Z2 
= 4 7 
1  2&  (
)
 * 7
(+V,b $)
 ! ;1$ 2   $ :;1) :
 " 4 7
.? ...   # $)  "

= 4 7 * 7    !
 / :
 4 , +! &
/ " '+O, /  #$
 :
 " 4 7 %
 '4 Z2
2  @ 4 7& - -
 O 4 7 %
  $ :;1) 
 7 5 @ '/  %
 
 -;   !H $& - ! "  
.!
 / E " :
 !
 %
 E " :
 -! -"

$ 2  %
 +.  +7 /  E 
  2. -& %
 - ...
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