BI GING QUN TR HC

CHNG II
Your Subtitle Goes Here

CHNG 2
S PHAT TRIN CA CAC LY
THUYT QUN TR

THC HNH L THUYT

BN SUY NGH G V MI LIN H GIA L THUYT V THC HNH?

I BOI CANH RA I.
II GIAI OAN BIET LAP.
1/ Nhom cac ly thuyet co ien ve quan tr.
2/ Nhom cac ly thuyet tac phong
3/ Ly thuyet quan ly to chc cua Barnard
(1886-1961).
4/ Ly thuyet quan tr nh lng.
III GIAI OAN HOI NHAP (sau 1960).
1/ Ly thuyet quan tr theo qua trnh
(Management by process- MBP)
2/ Ly thuyet he thong
3/ Ly thuyet Z cua William Ouchi
4/ Trng phai quan tr ngau nhien
IV CAC KHAO HNG QUAN TR HIEN
AI.
1/ Khao hng quan tr tuyet hao
Waterman & Peter (My)
2/ Khao hng quan tr sang tao (cua cac

BOI
CANH
I.
- Hoat
ongRA
quan
tr ra i t rat lau trong
xa hoi nguyen thuy, nhng ly thuyet quan
tr thuoc ve san pham cua xa hoi hien ai.
- Trong thi ky Trung co, ly thuyet ve quan
tr cha c phat trien, v n v san xuat
kinh doanh ch gii han trong pham vi gia nh,
ngi cha ch truyen nghe lai cho con cai.
- en the ky 18 a tao nen cuoc cach
mang cong nghiep nh hai cu hch manh
nhat la t tng kinh te th trng t do canh
tranh cua Adam Smith va phat minh ra ong c
hi nc cua Jame Watt, viec san xuat luc
nay chuyen t gia nh en nha may, ay
la mot to chc co quy mo ln hn.

- en cuoi the ky 19, cac ly thuyet quan

tr a ra i, nhng van con mi me va chu
yeu van tap trung vao ky thuat san xuat la
chnh.
- Mai en cuoi the ky 19 au the ky 20,
nhng kha canh khac cua hoat ong quan tr
mi c cac ly thuyet quan tr nghien cu
mot cach sau sac hn.

QUAN TR
+ Cac ly thuyet quan tr trong giai oan biet
lap, ay la giai oan can c vao trnh o va
yeu cau cua nha quan tr, ho xay dng ly
thuyet phuc vu cho mnh, sau o pho bien
rong rai
+ Cac ly thuyet quan tr trong giai oan hoi
nhap (sau 1960)
+ Cac khao hng quan tr hien ai

A - NHOM CAC LY THUYET CO IEN

VE QUAN TR.
1/ Ly thuyet quan tr khoa hoc cua Taylor
ngi My (1856-1915):
- Ly thuyet quan tr khoa hoc co nhieu tac
gia, nhng ai bieu u tu nhat chnh la
Frederich Winslow Taylor.
- Taylor c goi la cha e cua nganh quan
tr va quyen sach noi tieng cua ong ve
quan tr la Cac nguyen tac quan ly theo
khoa hoc xuat hien vao nam 1911.

a.Cai tao cac quan he quan ly gia

chu va th
b.Tieu chuan hoa cong viec
c.Chuyen mon hoa lao ong
d.La chon cong cu lao ong thch hp
va moi trng lao ong phu hp
e.Ve quan niem con ngi kinh te:
- Taylor cho rang s hoa hp gia chu va
th suy cho cung la xuat phat t nhu cau
kinh te, la kiem tien, lam giau.
- Ngoai ra con ngi thng lam bieng,
tron viec v the can a anh ta vao khuon
phep ky luat, lam viec theo c che
thng-phat,
- T o ong a ra chnh sach tra lng

* u iem:
- Lam viec chuyen mon hoa
- Tuyen dung va ao tao nhan vien mot
cach chuyen nghiep
- Ha gia thanh
- Xem quan tr nh mot nghe va la oi
tng khoa hoc.
- T o tang nang suat lao ong va co
hieu qua.

* Nhc iem:
- Quan niem khong ay u ve to chc, ve
hieu qua, ve nang suat lao ong
- Cha chu trong nhu cau xa hoi va nhu
cau tinh than con ngi
- Trong tam cua quan tr la ngi tha

Henry Fayol ngi Phap (1841-1925):

a.Quan niem va cach tiep can:
Cach tiep can nghien cu ve quan ly
khac vi Taylor.
- Taylor nghien cu moi quan he quan ly
chu yeu cap oc cong va ngi th,
t nac thang thap nhat cua quan ly
cong nghiep roi tien len va hng ra.
- Con Fayol xem xet quan ly t tren
xuong di, tap trung vao bo may lanh
ao, ong chng minh rang quan ly hanh
chnh la mot hoat ong chung cho bat ky
to chc nao.

b. 14 nguyen tac quan tr hanh chnh:

1.Chuyen mon hoa
2.Quyen han i oi vi trach nhiem
3.Tnh ky luat cao
4.Thong nhat ch huy, ieu khien
5.Thong nhat lanh ao
6.Li ch ca nhan phu thuoc vao li ch to
chc

b. 14 nguyen tac quan tr hanh chnh (tt)

7.Thu lao tng xng vi cong viec
8.S tap trung: Fayol ung ho van e tap trung
quyen lc
9.Trat t th bac
10.Trat t
11.Tnh cong bang hp ly
12.On nh nhiem vu
13.Sang kien
14.oan ket

quan ly:
- Fayol yeu cau cac nha quan ly phai oi
x tot ep va ky cac thoa thuan lao ong
vi ho, ong thi chu y en mat tinh than
va khuyen khch tai nang cua ngi lao
ong.
- oi vi lao ong quan ly ong yeu cau
phai la ngi va co tai va va co c.
* u iem :
- C cau ro rang, am bao nguyen tac
* Nhc iem:
Khong e cap en tac ong cua moi
trng
Khong chu trong tnh hp ly trong hanh ong
cua nha quan tr
Trong tam cua quan tr la nha quan tr

B- NHOM CAC LY THUYET TAC PHONG

(TAM LY XA HOI QUAN HE CON
NGI).
- 1920s, 1930s cac nc cong nghiep phat
trien, i song ngi dan nang cao, nang
suat lao ong tang, gi lao ong giam
xuong di 50 gi/tuan, chnh phu can thiep
manh vao cac doanh nghiep, s phat trien
cua cac nghiep oan lao ong cua cong
nhan,
- Ly thuyet quan tr co ien khong con
phu hp;
- T o xuat hien ly tuyet tac phong;
- Ly thuyet nhan manh en nhu cau va
nguyen vong cac thanh vien, moi quan he

1/ T tng quan tr cua ba Mary Parker

Follet - ngi My (1868-1933):
Nhng t tng quan tr cua Follet nhan
manh en cac noi dung sau:
a- Nha quan tr phai quan tam en nhng
ngi lao ong trong qua trnh giai quyet van
e
b- Nha quan tr phai nang ong thay v ap
dung cac nguyen tac cng nhac, trong qua
trnh giai quyet cong viec ho can phai co s
phoi hp va ba cho rang s phoi hp se gi
vai tro quyet nh oi vi cac hoat ong
quan tr.
c- Follet cho rang nha quan tr cap c s se
la cap quan tr a ra nhng quyet nh tot

* u iem:

Chu trong en ngi lao ong va toan bo

i song cua ho (kinh te, tinh than, tnh cam),
nen tao ong lc cho to chc phat trien
* Nhc iem:
Do ng dung triet hoc va tam ly hoc vao
kinh doanh ma khong qua th nhiem nen t
tng quan tr cua ba cha tr thanh mot
hoc thuyet ay u.

2/ Hoc thuyet cua Elton Mayo-ngi Uc

(1880-1949):
- Mayo a co cong trnh nghien cu tai nha
may Hawthorne thuoc Cong ty ien lc mien
tay Chicago-My. (Chia lam 2 nhom cong nhan)
Noi dung chnh cua ly thuyet cua ong
nh sau:
a. Nang suat lao ong khong ch phu thuoc
vao cac yeu to vat chat ma no con phu
thuoc vao tap hp cac yeu to tam ly xa
hoi rat phc tap khac cua con ngi
b.S hnh thanh cac nhom khong chnh thc
la nguyen nhan tang nang suat lao ong
* u iem : Giong vi t tng quan tr

3/ Ly thuyet ve ban chat con ngi cua

Douglas Mc Gregor - Ly thuyet Y- ngi My
(1906-1964):
- Ly thuyet ve con ngi cua ong c goi
la ly thuyet Y. Sau ay la bang so sanh ve
ac iem con ngi gia ly thuyet Y va ly
thuyet X (ly thuyet co ien) qua bang 2.1 sau.

Thuyet X
+

Con ngi thng khong

thch lam viec, li bieng
va se lang tranh cong
viec khi ieu kien cho phep
+ Con ngi ch lam viec
khi b bat buoc va khi ho
lam viec phai co s giam
sat chat che
+ Con ngi eu muon b
ieu khien. Ho luon tm
cach lan tron trach nhiem,
co rat t khat vong va
muon c yen on

Thuyet Y
+

Lam viec la mot hoat

ong ban nang, mot nhu
cau khong the thieu cua
con ngi.
+ Con ngi eu co nang
lc t ieu khien, t kiem
soat ban than neu ho
c uy quyen.
+ Con ngi se gan bo vi
cac muc tieu cua to chc
hn neu ho c khen
thng kp thi va xng
ang
+ Con ngi bnh thng co
the am nhan nhng trong
trach va dam chu trach

4- Ly thuyet ve he thong nhu cau con

ngi cua Maslow (1908-1970) :
Co the noi ly thuyet ve he thong nhu
cau con ngi cua Maslow la ly thuyet noi
troi nhat trong nhom cac ly thuyet tac
5.T khang nh mnh
phong.
4.Nhu cau ve t trong
3.Nhu cau co tnh chat xa hoi
2.Nhu cau ve an ninh, an toan
1.Nhu cau sinh ly

a. Nam nhu cau cua con ngi:

Maslow a ra 05 nhu cau cua con ngi theo
th t t thap en cao nh sau:
1. Nhu cau sinh ly: an uong, ngu
2. Nhu cau ve an ninh, an toan: Tranh cac
moi nguy hiem than the, tai san
3. Nhu cau co tnh chat xa hoi: Tham gia
cau lac bo, ang phai
4. Nhu cau ve t trong: Thch danh tieng,
tang danh hieu
5. Nhu cau ve t than van ong (t khang
nh mnh): muon hoan thien, phat trien nhan

b. Cach thc ong vien con ngi:

T 05 nhu cau tren, Maslow a ra chnh sach
ong vien con ngi oi vi cac nha quan tr
nh sau:
Loai nhu
cau

Chnh sach ong vien cua nha quan tr

T the
hien
mnh

Tao
ho
Tao
Tao
Tao

ra nhng thach thc trong cong viec oi vi

S ton
trong

Tao ra nhng hoat ong quan trong trong cong viec

Ten cong viec phai anh bong ra sao e moi
ngi knh ne
Tao ra s co trach nhiem cho ho

c hoi tien bo
c hoi sang tao
ong c e at thanh tch cao

S tha nhan cong viec o mot cach cong

khai

Xa hoi

Tao ra cho ho nhu cau giao tiep trong xa hoi

S on nh cac nhom lam viec
S khuyen khch hp tac

An toan

ieu kien lam viec toi u hoa

Phai am bao co viec lam
Phu cap ve lng

Vat
chat

ieu kien lam viec, nhiet o, anh sang, tien

lng

C - LY THUYET QUAN LY TO CHC

CUA BARNARD Ngi MY (1886-1961).
Cac tac pham ve quan tr cua Barnard
gom co To chc va quan ly, ac
biet tac pham noi tieng Chc nang
cua ngi quan ly. Nhng noi dung
chnh cua ly thuyet quan ly to chc
cua ong gom cac noi dung sau:

1. Quan iem quan tr:

Khai niem ve to chc: o la mot he
thong co s tac ong cua nhieu ngi tren
c s phoi hp vi nhau.
Ly thuyet cua ong co 02 tnh cach mang
ln, gom:
- Ch ra c moi quan he hu c co he
thong gia cac bo phan trong mot to chc
- Can khai thac cac tnh troi cua he thong
to chc. Co ngha la to chc se tao c
ket qua ln hn ket qua cua tng bo phan
trong to chc cong lai, chang han NSL cua
tap the bao gi cung ln hn NSL cua tng
ca nhan, bo phan cong lai. Hoac tao ra
nhng kha nang mi cua he thong, v du
chiec ong ho, neu cac linh kien nam ri
rac th khong ch thi gian c va ngc lai

2. Ba noi dung c ban cua to chc:

Trc het, o la s san sang hp tac, bao
gom cac kha canh hp tac sau: Hp tac gia nha
quan tr vi nhan vien, gia nha quan tr vi
nha quan tr, gia nhan vien vi nhan vien.
-Th hai, muc tieu chung cua to chc phai co
cac ieu kien sau mi kha thi:
-- Muc tieu phai mang tnh pho bien & moi
thanh vien phai hieu ro.
-- am bao muc tieu to chc va muc tieu
ca nhan khong mau thuan
Th ba, thong tin can am bao cac nguyen tac
sau:
-- Nha quan tr ong vai tro trung tam cua he
thong thong tin
-- Cac kenh thong tin phai c cu the hoa
thong qua viec cong khai hoa quyen han va chc
vu cua moi ca nhan

Cac cong cu e quan tr to chc:

+ Co s chuyen mon hoa
+ Chnh sach ong vien nhan vien : ong
vien bang vat chat lan tinh than
+ Quyen hanh
+ Ra quyet nh
+ He thong chc v
+ ao c cua nha quan tr

* u iem :
+ e cao vai tro ca nhan, khai thac sc manh ca
nhan e hnh thanh sc manh cua to chc tren
c s thoa man li ch ca nhan t o thoa man
li ch cua to chc
+ e ra c cac cong cu quan tr e thc hien
tot muc tieu chung
+ Co cac yeu to ao c trong quan tr ben
canh cac yeu to kinh te va tam ly khac.
* Nhc iem:
+ Nhan manh nhieu ve kinh nghiem va linh cam
cua ngi ra quyet nh
+ Cha xet en moi trng ben ngoai ma ch
da vao nguon lc ben trong to chc e ra quyet
nh.

D - LY THUYET QUAN TR NH LNG.

- Ly thuyet quan tr nh lng thnh hanh
trong 02 thap nien 1970s+1980s, nhng ngi
e xng ly thuyet nay chu trng s dung
cac ky thuat nh lng thong qua s ho tr
cua may ien toan e phuc vu cho viec la
chon quyet nh toi u .
- Ly thuyet quan tr nh lng gom 04 ac
trng c ban sau:
+ Trong tam chu yeu la phuc vu cho viec
ra quyet nh, giai phap tot nhat la nh
cac ky thuat phan tch nh lng
+ Lng hoa cac tieu chuan kinh te e
co hanh ong la chon quyet nh toi u,
nh lng hoa chi ph, doanh thu, ty le hoan
von au t va nhng tac ong cua thue

* u iem:
+ Giai quyet van e mot cach nhanh chong
va chnh xac,
+ Chp c thi c nhanh chong
* Nhc iem:
+ S dung cac cong cu ra quyet nh qua
phc tap & oi hoi ngi s dung phai co
trnh o chuyen mon rat cao
+ Chc nang hoach nh va kiem soat th co
the s dung cac cong cu toan, nhng chc
nang to chc va ieu khien th khong the
s dung cac cong cu toan, nen tnh pho
bien khong cao.

III GIAI OAN HOI NHAP (sau 1960).

1/ Ly thuyet quan tr theo qua trnh
(Management by process- MBP):
Ly thuyet quan tr theo qua trnh MBP (Tac
gia tieu bieu la Harold Koontz) th lay khach
hang lam trong tam phan tch va c cau to
chc theo kieu dan ngang
Cac cap quan tr trung gian giam toi a,
nhan vien trang b kien thc tong hp e co
kha nang a ra nhng quyet nh oc lap.

2/ Ly thuyet he thong:
Trng phai quan tr he thong xem to chc
la mot he thong m,
gom nhieu phan t

tap hp thanh, c sap xep mot cach co

he thong, tac ong qua lai vi nhau, tao ra
nang lc mi, tnh chat mi cho ca he thong.
Thong qua cac phan t cua he thong co
the giam bt cac bat trac hoac tan dung
cac c hoi e t o hoan thanh muc tieu
chung cua to chc vi hieu qua cao nhat.
Hnh 2.3 cho thay tong quan ve he thong cua
Moi trng
mot to chc.
To chc

au
vao

Phan hoi

Bien
oi

au
ra

3/ Ly thuyet Z cua William Ouchi (1981)

- Gia tr cua thuyet Z noi len nh s trnh
bay ve vai tro cua mot nen van hoa kieu
Z oi vi s phat trien nhanh va vng chac
cua mot doanh nghiep,
- Van hoa cua doanh nghiep bao gom mot
tap hp bieu tng, nghi le,huyen thoai, triet
ly cho phep truyen at en ngi lam
viec cac gia tr va niem tin noi than cua
doanh nghiep, hat nhan cua van hoa mot
doanh nghiep la triet ly kinh doanh cua no.
- Chu trong en tinh than va gia tr tap the
cua phng phap quan ly Nhat ban.
- Trong tam va muc tieu c ban cua thuyet Z
la qua trnh cong nghe chuyen t doanh
nghiep kieu A en kieu Z.
Mot so cong ty ln cua My nh Kodak, General

Bang 2.2 : Bang so sanh doanh nghiep kieu Z va

doanh nghiep kieu
DN A
Phng Tay

DN Nhat (kieu Z)

Viec lam suot i

anh gia va e bat
cham (tham nien)
Nghe nghiep khong
chuyen mon hoa
C che kiem tra mac
nhien
Quyet nh tap the
Trach nhiem tap the
Quyen li toan cuc

(kieu A)
Viec lam gii han
trong thi gian
anh gia va e
bat nhanh
Nghe
nghiep
chuyen mon hoa
C che kiem tra
hien nhien
Quyet
nh
ca
nhan
Trach
nhiem
ca
nhan
Quyen li co gii
han

4/ Trng phai quan tr ngau nhien:

Trng phai quan tr ngau nhien chu trng
quan
tr theo tnh huong ngau nhien khong

rap khuon may moc cac nguyen tac, trai lai

phai het sc linh hoat, sang tao, van dung
phoi hp cac ly thuyet quan tr vao tng
tnh huong cu the.
Van
dung
phu hp

Ly thuyet quan tr

Tnh huong
quan tr

IV CAC KHAO HNG QUAN TR HIEN AI.

1/
Khao hng quan tr tuyet hao

Waterman & Peter (My):

Vao thap nien 1980s, Robert H.Waterman va
Thomas J.Peter a a ra mot ly thuyet nham thuc
ay cac hoat ong quan tr at en s tuyet
hao, hai ong a e ra 08 nguyen tac em lai s
tuyet hao nh sau:
1. Khuynh hng hoat ong : Quy mo nho se
hieu qua hn
2. Khach hang: Thoa man cao nhat cua khach
hang la y thc chung cua moi thanh vien, bo
phan, cua ca to chc
3. T quan & mao hiem : Chap nhan rui ro-that
bai, phai luon oi mi & au tranh, c cau linh
hoat, khuyen khch t do sang tao.

5/ Pho bien va thuc ay cac gia tr chung cua

to chc nh triet ly cua to chc, pham chat ca
nhan c thao luan cong khai trc tap the,
nha quan tr phai tch cc va li noi phai i oi
vi viec lam
6/ Sau sat va gan bo chat che cong ty: Nha
quan tr phai luon gan bo cong ty, chu trong
phat trien t ben trong, khong thon tnh hoac
mua lai
7/ Hnh thc to chc n gian, nhan s gon nhe:
Quyen lc cang phan tan cang tot, nhan s
hanh chnh gon nhe, nhan tai c tung vao thng
trng
8/ Quan ly tai san chat che va hp ly

* u iem : e cao nhan to con ngi

* Nhc iem: Nhan manh s phat trien t
than, xem trong nhng noi lc ben trong to
chc ma cha anh gia ung mc moi
trng ben ngoai.

2/ Khao hng quan tr sang tao (cua

cac nha nghien cu Nhat):
Cac nha nghien cu Nhat Ban cho rang
quan tr sang tao la phong cach quan tr
cua the ky 21. Nhng ac trng chu yeu
cua khao hng quan tr sang tao bao gom:
+ Chien lc kinh doanh phai ro rang, biet
c hng i cua tng lai nham phan bo
nguon lc hp ly & d bao c moi trng
ben ngoai
+ C cau to chc theo mo hnh mang li,
lay moi thanh vien la mot n v c s, cho
phep cac n v thanh vien toi a hoa cac
quan he trao oi trong to chc.
+ Quan tr nguon nhan lc, xem nguon
nhan lc la quan trong nhat
+ Quan tr thong tin, phai chia se nhng

- Tom lai, khoa hoc quan tr la mot

dong chay lien tuc, mang tnh ke
tha.
- Nhng ly thuyet quan tr ra i
nhng giai oan sau se ke tha, bo
sung va hoan thien cho nhng ly
thuyet trc,
-T o lam cho bc tranh khoa hoc
quan tr ngay cang sinh ong va
nhieu mau sac.