Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Exact DE PDF
Exact DE PDF
SECTION
15.1
1093
and
THEOREM 15.1
Let M and N have continuous partial derivatives on an open disc R. The differential equation M sx, yd dx 1 Nsx, yd dy 5 0 is exact if and only if
M N
5
.
y
x
1094
CHAPTER 15
Differential Equations
EXAMPLE 1
M
5
fxy 2 1 xg 5 2xy
y
y
M sxd dx 1 Ns yd dy 5 0
is exact. In other words, a separable variables equation is actually a special type
of an exact equation.
and
N
5
f yx 2g 5 2xy.
x
x
M
5
fcos yg 5 2sin y
y
y
and
2
N
5
f y 2 x sin yg 5 2sin y.
x
x
2
M
N
5
5
f2xy 2 3x 2g 5 2x 5
fx 2 2yg .
y
y
x
x
The general solution, f sx, yd 5 C, is given by
f sx, yd 5
5
C = 1000
E
E
M sx, yd dx
s2xy 2 3x 2d dx 5 x 2y 2 x 3 1 gs yd.
24
Nsx, yd
2
fysx, yd 5
f x y 2 x 3 1 gs ydg 5 x 2 1 g9 s yd 5 x 2 2 2y.
y
20
C = 100
16
g9 s yd 5 22y
12
8
C = 10
C=1
12
Figure 15.1
12
f sx, yd 5 x 2 y 2 x 3 2 y 2 1 C1
and the general solution is x 2 y 2 x 3 2 y 2 5 C. Figure 15.1 shows the solution curves
that correspond to C 5 1, 10, 100, and 1000.
SECTION 15.1
EXAMPLE 3
TECHNOLOGY You can use a
graphing utility to graph a particular
solution that satisfies the initial condition of a differential equation. In
Example 3, the differential equation
and initial conditions are satisfied
when xy 2 1 x cos x 5 0, which
implies that the particular solution
can be written as x 5 0 or
y 5 !2cos x . On a graphing
calculator screen, the solution would
be represented by Figure 15.2 together
with the y-axis.
1095
N
x
f sx, yd 5
12.57
Nsx, yd dy 5
2xy dy 5 xy 2 1 gsxd
Msx, yd
12.57
fxsx, yd 5
4
Figure 15.2
scos x 2 x sin xd dx
5 x cos x 1 C1
which implies that f sx, yd 5 xy 2 1 x cos x 1 C1 , and the general solution is
xy 2 1 x cos x 5 C.
General solution
p s1d 2 1 p cos p 5 C
4
2
( , 1)
x
2
4
Figure 15.3
xy 2 1 x cos x 5 0.
Particular solution
The graph of the particular solution is shown in Figure 15.3. Notice that the graph
consists of two parts: the ovals are given by y 2 1 cos x 5 0, and the y-axis is given
by x 5 0.
In Example 3, note that if z 5 f sx, yd 5 xy 2 1 x cos x, the total differential of z
is given by
dz 5 fxsx, yd dx 1 fysx, yd dy
5 scos x 2 x sin x 1 y 2d dx 1 2xy dy
5 M sx, yd dx 1 N sx, yd dy.
In other words, M dx 1 N dy 5 0 is called an exact differential equation because
M dx 1 N dy is exactly the differential of f sx, yd.
1096
CHAPTER 15
Differential Equations
Integrating Factors
If the differential equation Msx, yd dx 1 Nsx, yd dy 5 0 is not exact, it may be possible to make it exact by multiplying by an appropriate factor usx, yd, which is called an
integrating factor for the differential equation.
EXAMPLE 4
Exact equation
Exact equation
THEOREM 15.2
Integrating Factors
SECTION 15.1
EXAMPLE 5
1097
Solution
Mysx, yd 2 Nxsx, yd 2y 2 0
5 1 5 hsxd
5
Nsx, yd
2y
it follows that eehsxd dx 5 ee dx 5 e x is an integrating factor. Multiplying the given
differential equation by e x produces the exact differential equation
s y 2e x 2 xe xd dx 1 2ye x dy 5 0
whose solution is obtained as follows.
f sx, yd 5
Nsx, yd dy 5
2ye x dy 5 y 2e x 1 gsxd
Msx, yd
fxsx, yd 5 y 2e x 1 g9 sxd 5 y 2e x 2 xe x
g9 sxd 5 2xe x
Therefore, g9 sxd 5 2xe x and gsxd 5 2xe x 1 e x 1 C1, which implies that
f sx, yd 5 y 2e x 2 xe x 1 e x 1 C1.
The general solution is y 2e x 2 xe x 1 e x 5 C, or y 2 2 x 1 1 5 Ce2x.
In the next example, we show how a differential equation can help in sketching a
force field given by Fsx, yd 5 Msx, yd i 1 Nsx, yd j.
EXAMPLE 6
Force field:
2y
F (x, y)
x2
y2
y2
x2
x
y2
Fsx, yd 5
y2
Ce
Solution
x
3
2
3
Figure 15.4
At the point sx, yd in the plane, the vector Fsx, yd has a slope of
dy 2 s y 2 2 xdy!x 2 1 y 2 2 s y 2 2 xd
5
5
dx
2yy!x 2 1 y 2
2y
2y
y2 2 x
i2
j
2
!x 1 y
!x 2 1 y 2
2
1098
CHAPTER 15
Differential Equations
LAB SERIES
Lab 20
E X E R C I S E S F O R S E C T I O N 15 .1
In Exercises 110, determine whether the differential equation
is exact. If it is, find the general solution.
1. s2x 2 3yd dx 1 s2y 2 3xd dy 5 0
17. y dx 2 sx 1 6y 2d dy 5 0
2. ye x dx 1 e x dy 5 0
18. s2x 3 1 yd dx 2 x dy 5 0
19. s5x 2 2 yd dx 1 x dy 5 0
4. 2 coss2x 2 yd dx 2 coss2x 2 yd dy 5 0
20. s5x 2 2 y 2d dx 1 2y dy 5 0
21. sx 1 yd dx 1 tan x dy 5 0
6. 2y 2e xy dx 1 2xye xy dy 5 0
2
7.
9.
10.
22. s2x 2 y 2 1d dx 1 x 3 dy 5 0
1
sx dy 2 y dxd 5 0
x2 1 y2
8. e2sx
23. y 2 dx 1 sxy 2 1d dy 5 0
24. sx 2 1 2x 1 yd dx 1 2 dy 5 0
sx dx 1 y dyd 5 0
1y 2d
25. 2y dx 1 s x 2 sin!y d dy 5 0
1
s y 2 dx 1 x 2 dyd 5 0
sx 2 yd2
ey
Differential Equation
11. s2x tan y 1 5d dx 1 sx 2 sec 2 yd dy 5 0
ys 2 d 5 py4
1
sx dx 1 y dyd 5 0
12.
!x 2 1 y 2
ys4d 5 3
2
x
Differential Equation
Initial Condition
y
dx 1 flnsx 2 1d 1 2yg dy 5 0
x21
ys2d 5 4
usx, yd 5 x 2 y
29. s2y 5 1 x 2 yd dx 1 s2xy 4 2 2x 3d dy 5 0
usx, yd 5 x22 y23
30. 2y 3 dx 1 sxy 2 2 x 2d dy 5 0
(a)
1
x2
(b)
1
y2
(c)
1
xy
1
x2 1 y2
(d)
e 3x
Figure for 12
1
sx dx 1 y dyd 5 0
14. 2
x 1 y2
usx, yd 5 xy 2
y dx 2 x dy 5 0.
2
2
31. Show that each of the following is an integrating factor for the
differential equation
Figure for 11
13.
ys0d 5 4
ys0d 5 p
ys3d 5 1
m52
2b 1 a
,
a1b
n52
2a 1 b
.
a1b
y
!x 2 1 y 2
x
!x 2 1 y 2
i2
i2
x
!x 2 1 y 2
y
!x 2 1 y 2
d i 2 2xy j
x2
x
j
y2
j
j
SECTION 15.1
In Exercises 37 and 38, find an equation for the curve with the
specified slope passing through the given point.
Slope
Point
37.
y2x
dy
5
dx 3y 2 x
s2, 1d
38.
22xy
dy
5
dx x 2 1 y 2
s0, 2d
C9 sxd
x dy
marginal cost
5
5
.
average cost
Csxdyx y dx
Exercise 42 to approximate the solution of the differential equation over the indicated interval with the specified value of D x
and the initial condition, (b) solve the differential equation
analytically, and (c) use a graphing utility to graph the particular solution and compare the result with the graph of part (a).
Differential
Equation
1099
20x 2 y
2y 2 10x
Interval
Dx
Initial
Condition
3
43. y9 5 x !
y
f1, 2g
0.01
ys1d 5 1
p
44. y9 5 s y 2 1 1d
4
f21, 1g
0.1
ys21d 5 21
45. y9 5
2xy
x2 1 y2
f2, 4g
0.05
ys2d 5 1
46. y9 5
6x 1 y 2
ys3y 2 2xd
f0, 5g
0.2
ys0d 5 1
yk11 5 yk 1 Fsxk , yk d Dx
where Dx 5 xk11 2 xk.
(a) Write a short paragraph describing the general idea of how
Eulers Method works.
(b) How will decreasing the magnitude of Dx affect the accuracy of Eulers Method?
41. Eulers Method Use Eulers Method (see Exercise 40) to
approximate ys1d for the values of Dx given in the table if
y9 5 x 1 !y and ys0d 5 2. (Note that the number of iterations
increases as Dx decreases.) Sketch a graph of the approximate
solution on the direction field in the figure.
Dx
0.50
0.25
0.10
Estimate of ys1d
The value of ys1d, accurate to three decimal places, is 4.213.
y
5
4
3
2
1
4 3 2 1
x
1