Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Fastener Design Manual
Fastener Design Manual
_-
NASA
'Reference
Publication
1228
March
1990
Fastener
Richard
.
'
'
"'".'-*'"
.........
:.
T. Barrett
?
'
"
'
,'
Design
",;L,
Manual
NASA
Reference
Publication
1228
1990
Richard
T. Barrett
ERRATA
NASA Reference Publication 1228
Fastener Design Manual
Richard T. Barrett
March 1990
The manual describes various platings that may be used for corrosion control including cadmium
and zinc plating. It does not mention outgassing problems caused by the relatively high vapor
pressure of these metals. The fastener manual was intended primarily for aeronautical applications, where outgassing is typically not a concern.
Issued June 17, 2008
Summary
........... ..... ............. ..... ..... ..... ................................ ..... ....... ....... .............
Introduction
... .................. .......... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .......... ............ ..... ....... ...............
General
1
1
Design Information
Fastener Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Platings and Coatings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Thread Lubricants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Locking Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Washers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Inserts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Threads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fatigue-Resistant Bolts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fastener Torque . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Design Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
1
4
5
6
9
10
12
13
15
17
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..>
.
26
30
34
35
Appendixes
ABolthead Marking and Design Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
BBolt Ultimate Shear and Tensile Strengths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CBlind Rivet Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
111
36
90
94
Summary
This manual was written for design engineers to enable them
to choose appropriate fasteners for their designs. Subject matter
includes fastener material selection, platings, lubricants,
corrosion, locking methods, washers, inserts, thread types and
classes, fatigue loading, and fastener torque. A section on
design criteria covers the derivation of torque formulas, loads
on a fastener group, combining simultaneous shear and tension
loads, pullout load for tapped holes, grip length, head styles,
and fastener strengths. The second half of this manual presents
general guidelines and selection criteria for rivets and
lockbolts .
Introduction
To the casual observer the selection of bolts, nuts, and rivets
for a design should be a simple task. In reality it is a difficult
task, requiring careful consideration of temperature, corrosion,
vibration, fatigue, initial preload, and many other factors.
The intent of this manual is to present enough data on bolt
and rivet materials, finishes, torques, and thread lubricants
to enable a designer to make a sensible selection for a particular
design. Locknuts, washers, locking methods, inserts, rivets,
and tapped holes are also covered.
Plating
TABLE I.SUMMARY
Material
Surface
treatment
Useful design
temperature
limit,
F
Ultimate tensile
strength at room
Comments
temperature,
ksi
Zinc plate
65 to 250
55 and up
Alloy steels
Cadmium plate,
nickel plate,
zinc plate, or
chromium plate
65 to
limiting
temperature
of plating
up to
A-286 stainless
Passivated per
MIL-S-5002
-423 to 1200
up to
17-4PH
stainless
None
-300
to 600
up
17-7PH
stainless
Passivated
-200
to 600
up to
300 series
stainless
Furnace oxidized
-423 to 800
70 to 140
Oxidation reduces
galling
Passivated
-250 to 12W
Up to 180
47 ksi at 1200 F;
will corrode
slightly
U-2 12 stainless
Cleaned and
passivated per
MIL-S-5002
1200
185
Inconel 718
stainless
Passivated per
QQ-P-35 or
cadmium plated
-423 to 900
or cadmium
plate limit
up
Inconel X-750
stainless
None
-320 to 1200
Up to 180
Waspalloy
stainless
None
-423 to 1600
150
Titanium
None
-350 to 500
up to 160
MATERIALS
Carbon steel
Zinc Plating
Phosphate
OF FASTENER
300
Some can k
used at 900
220
to 220
220
---------
to 220
-----
-----
TABLE11.SUMMARYOF PLATINGSAND
Type of coating
Remarks
Useful design
temperature limit,
F
Cadmium
450
COATINGS
Zinc
140 to 250
Phosphates:
Manganese
Zinc
Iron
225
225 to 375
400
Chromium
800 to 12W
Silver
1600
Black oxide
(and oil)
a300
Ineffective in corrosion
prevention
Preoxidation
(CRES) fasteners
only
1200
Nickel
1100
450 to 1000
SermaGard and
Sermatel W
Stalgard
Diffused nickelcadmium
475
900
Ion-Vapor-Deposited
Aluminum
Plating
Chromium
Plating
W and SermaGard
Plating
Pennsylvania.
Silver Plating
Silver plating is cost prohibitive for most fastener applications. The big exception is in the aerospace industry, where
silver-plated nuts are used on stairdess steel bolts. The silver
serves both as a corrosion deterrent and a dry lubricant. Silver
plating can be used to 1600 F, and thus it is a good hightemperature lubricant. Since silver tarnishes from normal
atmospheric exposure, the silver-plated nuts are commonly
coated with clear wax to prevent tarnishing. Wax is a good
room-temperature
lubricant. Therefore, the normal dry
torque values of the torque tables should be reduced by
50 percent to allow for this lubricant.
Passivation
and Preoxidation
Thread Lubricants
Although there are many thread lubricants from which to
choose, only a few common ones are covered here. The most
common are oil, grease or wax, graphite, and molybdenum
disultide. There are also several proprietary lubricants such
as Never-Seez and Synergistic Coatings. Some thread-locking
compounds such as Loctite can also be used as lubricants for
a bolted assembly, particularly the compounds that allow the
bolts to be removed. A summary of thread lubricants is given
in table III.
Oil and Grease
Although oil and grease are the most common types of thread
lubricants, they are limited to an operating temperature not
much greater than 250 F. (Above this temperature the oil
or grease will melt or boil off.) In addition, oil cannot be used
in a vacuum environment. However, oil and grease are good
for both lubrication and corrosion prevention as long as these
precautions are observed.
4
TABLE 111.SUMMARY
Type of lubricant
LUBRICANTS
Useful design
Remarks
250
Oil or grease
Graphite
OF THREAD
a212to 250
Molybdenum
disrdtide
750
Synergistic
Coatings
500
Neverseez
2200
Silver Goop
1500
&
Removable
only
fastener
compounds
Graphite
LDry graphite is really not dry. It is fine carbon powder
that needs moisture (usually oil or water) to become a
lubricant. Therefore, its maximum operating temperature is
limited to the boiling point of the oil or water. It also cannot
be used in a vacuum environment without losing its moisture.
Because dry graphite is an abrasive, its use is detrimental to
the bolted joint if the preceding limitations are exceeded.
Molybdenum
Disulfide
Coatings
compoundb containing 20 to
can be used to 1500 F, but
or magnesium. It is extremely
content.
Compounds
Corrosion
Galvanic
Corrosion
Cswagelok
Magnesium (most
Magnesium alloys
Zinc
Aluminum 5056
Aluminum 5052
Aluminum 1100
Cadmium
Aluminum 2024
Aluminum 7075
Mild steel
Cast iron
Ni-Resist
Type 410 stainless
Type 304 stainless
Type 316 stainless
Lead
Tin
Muntz Metal
Nickel (active)
Company,
active)
(20)
(21)
(22)
(23)
(24)
(25)
(26)
(27)
(28)
(29)
(30)
(31)
(32)
(33)
(34)
(35)
(36)
Inconel (active)
Yellow brass
Admiralty brass
Aluminum brass
Red brass
Copper
Silicon bronze
70-30 Copper-nickel
Nickel (passive)
Inconel (passive)
Titanium
Monel
Type 304 stainless (passive)
Type 316 stainless (passive)
Silver
Graphite
Gold (least active)
Note the difference between active and passive 304 and 316
stainless steels. The difference here is that passivation of
stainless steels is done either by oxidizing in an air furnace
or treating the surface with an acid to cause an oxide to form.
This oxide surface is quite inert in both cases and deters
galvanic activity.
Because the anode is eroded in a galvanic cell, it should be
the larger mass in the cell. Therefore, it is poor design practice
to use carbon steel fasteners in a stainless steel or copper
assembly. Stainless steel fasteners can be used in carbon steel
assemblies, since the carbon steel mass is the anode.
Magnesium is frequently used in lightweight designs because
of its high strength to weight ratio. However, it must be totally
insulated from fasteners by an inert coating such as zinc
chromate primer to prevent extreme galvanic corrosion.
Cadmium- or zinc-plated fasteners are closest to magnesium
in the galvanic series and would be the most compatible if the
insulation coating were damaged.
Stress Corrosion
(active)
(active)
(active)
Solon,ohio.
Embrittlement
Embrittlement
Locking Methods
Tapped
Holes
Figure 1.Spiralock
thread.
Full-height,
heavy-duty
hex
e.
~ Ny[ok pellet
Barrel returns to
Out-of-round
IfNut
@ i:;:+eipicashapeb
Collar
(a)
(b)
(c)
locknut.
Figure 5 .Locking collar,
~ Cotter
Rochester,
Michigan.
(a)
(b)
(a) Slots.
(b) Cotter pin locking.
Figure 6. Castellated
nut.
preference) to the nearest slot that aligns with the drilled hole
in the bolt. A cotter pin is then installed to lock the nut in
place as shown in figure 6(b). This nut works extremely well
for low-torque applications such as holding a wheel bearing
in place.
Jam nuts. These nuts are normally jammed together
as shown in figure 7, although the experts cannot agree
on which nut should be on the bottom. However, this type
of assembly is too unpredictable to be reliable. If the inner
nut is torqued tighter than the outer nut, the inner nut will yield
before the outer nut can pick up its full load. On the other
hand, if the outer nut is tightened more than the inner nut,
the inner nut unloads. Then the outer nut will yield before the
inner nut can pick up its full load. It would be rare to get the
correct amount of torque on each nut. A locknut is a much
more practical choice than a regular nut and a jam nut.
However, a jam nut can be used on a turnbuckle, where it
does not carry any of the tension load.
&
/
Jam
nut
u
(a)
(b)
(a) Multiple fastener application (double-twist method, single hole).
(b) Castellated nuts on undrilled studs (double-twist method),
Figure 9. Lockwiring.
Easy
start
Locking
action
starts
Figure 10,Tapered
thread,
Total
seal
and
locking
action
(a)
(b)
(a) Fixed.
(b) Floating.
Figure 11.Nutplate
Adhesives
Washers
Belleville Washers
Belleville washers (fig. 12) are conical washers used more
for maintaining a uniform tension load on a bolt than for
locking. If they are not completely flattened out, they serve
as a spring in the bolt joint. However, unless they have
serrations on their surfaces, they have no significant locking
capability. Of course, the serrations will damage the mating
surfaces under them. These washers can be stacked in
Shctite
Corporation,
Newington,
Connecticut.
(a) Smooth.
(b) Serrated.
Figure 12.Types of BelIevilIe washers.
(a)
(b)
(a)
(a) Flat,
(b) Countersunk.
Figure 15.Tooth Iockwashers.
(b)
(c)
(a) In series.
(b) In parallel.
(c) In-parallel series.
Figure 13.Combinations
of Belleville washers.
Figure 16.Self-aligning
nut.
Inserts
Figure 14.Helical spring washers.
Washers
Inserts
Wire threud.-The
10E~hartFastening
Connecticut.
Danbury,
(a)
(b)
(a) Slotted.
(b) Nylok.
Figure 19.Self-tapping
-Tang7
\
inserts.
Deformed
coil
i)
(a)
(b)
E =
F
I
is a precision coil of diamond-shaped CRESwire that forms
both external and internal threads as shown in figure 17. The
coil is made slightly oversize so that it will have an interference
fit in the tapped hole. In addition, this insert is available with
a deformed coil (fig. 18) for additional locking. The tang is
broken off at the notch after installation.
The wire thread insert is the most popular type for repair
of a tapped hole with stripped threads, since it requires the
least amount of hole enlargement. However, the solid bushing
insert is preferred if space permits.
Self-tapping. Most of the self-tapping inserts are the solid
bushing type made with a tapered external thread similar to
a self-tapping screw (fig. 19). There are several different
1
Figure 20. Speedsert.
11Rexnord
s~ialty
Fasteners Division,
Torrance,
California.
11
B
*3:.:.
. ..
. ...
, :.......
Inserts
Pbstic expandable.
Figure 23 .Molded-in-place
The
most
fmiliar
is the plastic
expandable
Figure 21 .Keensert.
Figure 24.Ultrasonic
insert.
inserts.
Threads
Types of Threads
Since complete information on most threads can be found
(ref. 6), the SAEHandbook (ref. 4), and
in the ANSI standards
the National Institute of Standards and Technology (formerly
the National Bureau of Standards) Handbook H-28 (ref. 7)
no thread standards will be included in this handbook. The
goal here is to explain the common thread types, along with
their advantages and disadvantages. The common thread types
are unified national coarse (UNC), unified national fine (UNF),
unified national extra fine (UNEF), UNJC, UNJF, UNR, UNK,
and constant-pitch threads.
Unified natzonal coarse. uNc is the most commonly used
thread on general-purpose fasteners. Coarse threads are deeper
than fine threads and are easier to assemble without cross
threading. The manufacturing tolerances can be larger than
for finer threads, allowing for higher plating tolerances. UNC
threads are normally easier to remove when corroded, owing
to their sloppy fit. However, a UNC fastener can be procured
with a class 3 (tighter) fit if needed (classes to be covered later).
Unified national fine. UNF thread has a larger minor
diameter than UNC thread, which gives UNF fasteners slightly
higher load-carrying and better torque-locking capabilities than
UNC fasteners of the same identical material and outside
diameter. The fine threads have tighter manufacturing
tolerances than UNC threads, and the smaller lead angle allows
for finer tension adjustment. UNF threads are the most widely
used
12
insert.
of the nonthreaded
threads
in the
aerospace
industry.
This
whereas
radius
no root
is mandatory
radius
and
is required
its inspection
on UNC,
is
UNF,
Classes of Threads
Thread classes are distinguished from each other by the
amounts of tolerance and allowance. The designations run from
1A to 3A and lB to 3B for external and internal threads,
respectively. A class 1 is a looser fitting, general-purpose
thread; a class 3 is the closer-toleranced aerospace standard
thread. (The individual tolerances and sizes for the various
classes are given in the SAE Handbook (ref 4).)
Forming
of Threads
Fatigue-Resistant
Bolts
(Cyclic) Loading
of Bolts
F~=Fi+
()
K~
F,
K~+ KC
Fb=Fi+
()
1
,l+R
F,
60 SCREW THREAD NOMINAL FORMS (SEE ANSI STANDARDS FOR FURTHER DETAILS)
\\\\\\\\~
h\k
UN INTERNAL
THREAD
@OOT TO CLCAQ O 125D WIOTW-=.OG.
C2.01
7.,
-,
5U
-1
W READ
UN
ENllFICAllON
THREADS
In$ernol
and
UNR
Eaier..l
tie,nal
Jn!f!ed
Jn!fied
Screw
Threod!
31 l1960SeePogc
ANSI
u7!
STANDARDS
BI
Metr,
c Trosl
atton
Screw
ond
Gagtng
Un,f, ed Screw
for
Threads
31 2-1966
TMREAL)S
Only
Iii.rnoi
UNJ
lHREADS
Infernal
and
or
Draft:
,Draft!
Addend.
,Druftl
m to
ISee
Page
and
81
14 Ior
ond
Form
Con(ocmace
B1
Internal
ond
Gogtng
ed Screw
15 for
Form
Con!ormace
Rad, us Requ,
M191
Gages
Ederol
Page
Translot,
B1 .101968
Un,f,
Threads
See
Me!r!c
BI.11960
DOCUMENT5
Oniy
1-1960
W71
UNR
Io-1968
Gages
BI
UNK
THREADS
No
reti
on
Threod,
for
Threads
81.2-1966
External
~ERNAL
moy
ROOT
Thread
be Flot
Ex!ernai
or
External
Thread
D,ame~e(
MINOR
M$nor
External
EKrERNAL
UN
Class,,
~READS
ond
3A
INTERNAL
UN
Classes
od
36
I A
2A
UNR
E.te,
Root
Monda!o<y
Check
Req.,
red
nal
Thread
Root
RadI.
s Mandatory
Check
Requ~(ed
M$nor
,, no)
Classes
and
lB,
2B
EqaovoleI
UNK
Clo>>e>
and
No
Destg..ted
UN
w,th
Indiv,
UN
) Thread
duolly
Internol
Moles
Equ(valeI
P D
Toleronc,
10 50< 01 P D
Toleronc,
Checked
CIly
when
Checked
-hen
Itii.,
Threads
Class
only
w,th
UNJ
UNK
-Ith
Internal
to 50t.01
UNJ
3A Motes
UNJ
Internol
Thread,
Threods
RM.tes
2A
3A
UNR
In!ernol
Intern.
Incu.lduolly
1 A, 2A
3A
Des,gna!ec!
No
AND
ol Threod
Rod,.,
Tole<ancvd
tolecon.ed
ANGLE
Root
tred
Thread
D(ame!er
*S not
DIAMETER
THREADS
Thread
Rad, us Rq.
Rounded
EklERNAL
Exter.
Root
UN
or UNJ
Closses
3e and
3BG
No
Rod,.
Requ,
red
on Iternol
>
Th(eod
Thread
duolly
Equ Ivolem
to 40% of P D
Tole,
on<,
Idi.,
dually
,0 40:
Equlvolc.
~f P D
Toler.
nc
LEAD
TO IERANCE
NOTES:
Refer
ole!e
to the
thread
oroorna!e
Figure 25.Explanation
14
of
UN,
aoorooc!
deta)ls
CurIeflt
UNR,
only
Spec)l!ed
Specl(ed
ate
am
Standard
UNK,
and
Slanda,ds.
as lIsId
coclormdnce
dat.
IS :he
UNJ
authuraral,
Mandatory
Requ,
!or com
The
ao
ve docun!ent
Moodolo,
Check
Req.,
red
fOr con,olere
dela,ls
over lh, s sheet
a~
These
be ohta
StArdards
may
y Check
ted
dala,
nd
and
fakes
Inrouqt
~,ecede~ce
fiS~~E
threads. (From ref. 8.) Reprinted with permission of Industrial Fasteners Institute.
Fb
Fe
Fe
(a)
(b)
(c)
loading of bolts.
r-u
u
~
=
I
I
\*
FY
F,
Cyclic load
AA
A
- Fe(c)
BO
CBQ
CBO
Elongation
(a)
/
f.
(b)
(c)
(d)
Joint
separation
Cyclic Loading
of Bolts
Fastener Torque
Determining the proper torque for a fastener is tie biggest
problem in fastener installation. Some of tie many variables
causing problems are
(1) The coefficient of friction between mating threads
(2) The coefficient of friction between the bolthead (or nut)
and its mating surface
(3) The effect of bolt coatings and lubricants on the friction
coefficients
(4) The percentage of bolt tensile strength to be used for
preload
(5) Once agreement is reached on item 4, how to accurately
determine this value
(6) Relative spring rates of the structure and the bolts
15
::::
::::
:,. ::
::::
:::
::.
,.:
::::
: :::
::::
:::
::
(7) Interaction formulas to be used for combining simultaneous shear and tension loads on a bolt (Should
friction loads due to bolt clamping action be included
in the interaction calculations?)
(8) Whetherrunning torque foralocking device should
be added to the normal torque
Development
of Torque
Torque-Measuring
Tables
Torque
Formula
K=
&
tan~+psecu
2d
lp
()
as given in reference
+ 0.625PC
tan ~ sec a
d.
P
a
P<
friction coefficient
clamping surface
bolthead
Methods
Design Criteria
Finding
Group
thread angle
between
Group
TABLE V.BOLT
TABLE VII.INDUSTRIAL
FASTENERS
INSTITUTES TORQUE-MEASURING
METHOD
TORQUE
Root area,
in.2
Torque range
(class8, 150ksi,
bolts a)
0,0145
.0175
.0269
.0326
.0454
.0524
.0678
.0809
.0903
.1090
.1257
.1486
.1620
.1888
.2018
.240il
.3020
.3513
.4193
,4805
,5510
.6464
,6931
,8118
.8898
1.0238
23 to 34 in.-lb
29t043
in.-lb
54t081
in.-lb
68to 102in.-lb
l17to 176in, -lb
139to 208 in-lb
205 to 308 in-lb
230t0345
in.-lb
28 to42 fi-lb
33 to 50 fi-lb
42 to64 ft-lb
52t077
R-1b
61 to91 ft-lb
73to 109 ft-lb
84to 126 ft-lb
104to 156 ft-lb
1117 to 176 ft-lb
>139 to 208 ft-lb
J184 to 276 ft-lb
213 to 320 ft-lb
1276 to 414 ft-lb
323 to 485 ft-lb
~390 to 585 ft-lb
465 to 698 ft-lb
559 to 838 ft-lb
~655 to 982 ft-lb
10-24
10-32
1A-20
%-428
51]618
1,624
Y816
h-24
/,614
7/,620
[A13
Y220
9/,6-12
91,C-18
70-11
?818
%-lo
Y4-16
T89
78-14
1-8
1-14
l~_7
1%-12
]~_7
lh-12
bolt material
with ay,eld
Mr
Pm==
Zrj
v~eld
Repr,ntcd
from
Cleveland.
OH.
Mach,ne
Design,
of normal
Nob
19,
1987
strength)
owtng
allO~-
to in. bd!ty
Copyright,
1987 by Penton
COEFFICIENTS
Friction coefficient
Between
threads,
P
Between
bolthead
(or nut)
and clamping
surface,
Torque
coefticienl
Publ,sblng,
Inc
18
0.05
.10
.15
.20
P2hr7
Xr;
Loads
R~(or RI) =
0.074
.133
.189
.250
1
1.5
3
7
15
20
*35
*25
+ 15
* 10
*3t05
*1
P.
0.05
,10
.15
.20
Relative cos
TABLE VI.TORQUE
Accuracy,
percent
method
Rr(or R2) =
TABLEVIII.MACHINE DESIGNSTORQUE-MEASURING
METHOD
[From ref. 15.]
Element
controlled
Slug wrench
Bar torque wrench
[mpact wrench
Hydraulic wrench
Gearhead airpowered wrench
Mechanical
multiplier
Worm-gear torque
wrench
Digital torque
wrench
Ultrasonically
controlled wrench
Hydraulic tensioner
Computer-controlled
tensioning
Typical
accuracy range,
percent of
full scale
Turn
Torque
Turn
Torque
Turn
Torque
Turn
Torque
Turn
Torque
Turn
Torque
Turn
Torque
Turn
Bolt elongation
1 Flat
*3 to 15
1/4 Flat
*10 to 30
*lo to 20
*3 to *lo
*5 to 10
*1O to *2O
*5 to 10
f5 to 20
*2 to 10
+0.25 to 5
*1 to5
*1/4tol
114 Flat
*l tolo
Initial bolt
stretch
Simultaneous
torque and turn
*lto5
+0.5 to 2
Preload accuracy,
percent
To maximize accuracy
rorque
*15 to *3O
rum
*15 to *3O
*1O to +25
rorque
past yield
Bolt stretch
*3 to
+lto+8
*lo
19
o
/
01
R
Figure 28.Symmetrical
load pattern.
Figure 3 1.Interaction
o+
2
0+4
PI
0+8
0+6
@+
A
~n
tPM
P1
P2 ~
l\
T
h
t P~
I1
I
up-
I
I
I
I
20
curves.
MS =
R; + R;
Fastener
Pullout
Hole
where
P
pullout load, lb
d.
F,
Shank Diameter
for Number
Fastener
fastener is calculated
in Bearing
(Shear Loading)
Edge Distance
and Spacing
in.
Groups
Bearing
for
Safety factor
Proper
Fastener
Geometry
Counterfeit
Grip Length
and Screwhead
Styles
Fasteners
Identification
Identifying an existing non-Ms, non-NAs, or non-Air ForceNavy bolt is usually a problem. Each manufacturer seems to
have a different system. Frank Akstens of Fastener Technology
International magazine (ref. 20) has compiled a good listing
of several hundred common bolts. His entire compilation
is enclosed as appendix A of this report. An international guide
to bolt manufacturers identification symbols has also been
published by Fastener Technology International magazine.
Fastener
Strength
NATIONAL
~~~~~
A=
l?60U$l*lCs
AEROSPACE
IATION
Or
AMERICA
STANDARD
,725
INC
OE SALES
S7RCCf
WASHINGTON
20036
D
POINT
ANO
TO
TO
WI{EN
15
SPECIFIED
ROLLED
~LL
K ~EU
SPECIFI
WRP
WW
7URUD
UNJF-U
A
DlA
8
MAX
COMPLETE
-
MI L-S-8879
Ax
IOLLOWIN(;
%>>ara.?
c
:.01 *
D
S3F
H<,)
D(A
WIN
MIN
376
19M- 12
; ~.
NM1CQ4
xOa-2t
2495
2470
439
NAS lw
,,~.,,
.,.,
.,,,
,,,
NAslmb
,17S0-14
3141
.3?20
NASIM1
FIRST
ED.
@
1
FLAT
POINT
EWES
TONAL
SASK
?ART
W,MnU
OF
HREAD
THREAD
BE
CHAMFEREO,
LENGTH
361
.12s
31$
43
J
mm
x
DIA
..010
-w
M(b)
D14
.010
-.OM
Mb
070
.166
R lRAD)
T
Ru
1
1d)
z
!,,
m%
OMS
Dno
mx
MI?.
.020
010
46 I
05
398
010
00
,,
,W
,,,
0,0
~ .0,,
.020
0,0
632
438
00
02
05
M6
x
id)
076
;w
~ W8
,CQ,,
,W]o
000
I ,W
I.w
.W2,
~ 0,0
\m60
.W*,
boll
I
;Oobo
~
, W20
Ntil
4375.20
M7
4370
.434,
,63
06
I ~
I
69
N&l M[
$W.zo
, :yo
73,
uslw9
S6,3. ~,
r
\ ,:::
.176 , 86s
N&lolo
615C-11
NX1OI 1
.1500-16
:2
74,
=0
00
2s1
87
710
a,
\ 070
,Ob
31>
101
13s
65.
100
141 ~o]$
19s
714
070
1.023
87s
070 ~ 141
1.0>0
.O*G;
W21
~o:u
i 47
~ 0
08
i y
!012
I
.939
IOU
928
I 1051
M41109
406
123
141
040
(us
.030
1189
Iv
II
I 011
00bo .00?0
013
i oz M1l
,W90
W1O
I
87$0-14
UA21014
NASIOI.
*d/v
:fi
1.131 1 239
469
144
1.210
!.UO
s]!
166
1398
070
l,,
0,0
035 I 336
1.1
06D
MS
020
1.417
1*
070
1.48I
13
GQ90 .m m
0:1 , Lmw
00>0
4//
NUIOI1
!.1150-11
594
1181585
Ntit OaD
1.22m-]2
; :5 :1.s13
6s6
2.10
#*
nd
I.oma-11
NAS1016AiNA_EmR
Isa I
DmfiNA_
!.188
[
1.772 1.27s
141
o~o
0$5] 16S8
I I)
070
141
07>
060 ) S46
t
13
025 m.
028
~,,
0120 W20
Ju2.Y1.!979
LIST OF CURRENT
SHFFTS
CUSTODIAN
NATIONAL
AEROSPACE STANDARDS
CO~ITTEE
C..
TITLE
PROCUREMENT
ss,.,
c.,
STANDARD
SPECIFICATION
BOLT - MACHINE
HEXAGON HEAD , NON MAGNETIC,
NONE
NAS
,o..
PART
md
bv
Figure 32.National
AwOAll r&*n
IIldu,,rni
.-M
4.
1979
23
CODE
BASIC
PART
DASH
:; Vh:BER
NLM9E?
FOP. UNDRILLEI)
ADD
DASH
OR
H ?0
COL3E
DRi
LLEfi
?.LF.~
DRILLED
DESlG~A7ES
?!i!
S?hWK
Y,
CNLY.
= .1900
DIA.VETEE
BOLT.
.509 GRIP,
DRILLED
= .1900
DIAMETER
bOI.T.
.5G2 CRI?,
mDklLLED.
NAslo[~3-8ii
= .1900
I) IA.METER
b(>~r.
.SOt) GRIP,
DRILLED
CLEAN
AND
STRF.NGTI!
PASSIVATE
REFERENCE
2.
MAGNETIC
MINIM!:M AT RWJV
PSI
!N ACCORDANCE
SHALL
Di.SIGN
INDICATOR
BCLTS
S}l ALL
BE I REE F?.Oh
BURRS
THESE
BOLrS
ARE
JOR [:SF
ltiTEhT!:[I
[ Kotl
lji~h~
SI[}LGF
(b) 6
CO~[F.
,<-,,.
Id;
Cohc-E\TRICITl
LIIA ?4LYlhfihl
NO? TO tXCEEi.
A.AY;> 4
%lrlfip:
S!iANK
STRAIGHfW.SS.
{c)
g,
(el
lo.
BE.ARI!4G
l!.
DIM
L~Sl[>NS
VA1.L!ES
SURFACE
:S
lN(ti
:,ii~
ONLY
2.0 I AIR
.!.
Hi:,z.L
:9
ULTIMATE
FABRICATED
AND
!:~i)
0{
NOT
EQUii
I!?T()
{ULL
VALUE.S
AIltllN
V#LCi.L
V.?? Iilh
:!~.. ?ilt
IYL!:
2*OF
Tll?
LS.
Figure 32.Continued,
OF L-hGii{
SHWK.
Requirement.
STRENGTII
H = 2W OERSTEDS
12C,J P.
hr
CYLINDRICAL
TIR.
SQUtiENZSS.
AN lNSPll~lON
FICLO
ALi
TO AMS7478.
P
~)
1.(IF
FCJR A
!72140R
v, IT<\N
Tt:.k}!
?:.!,
4.
!. I.NGTH
ONLY.
@~-p-~S
PURPOSES
FE LISS
.3
1., S. GRIP
HE>J
ONLY.
TEMPERATURE,
:, !TH.@~Wtip~
PER! INABILITY
SHANK
OR AMSS7??,d?$h4/&4/@.~~#~fEXCE~
140,~0
PERMEABILITY
(MAGNETIC
24
3,.
NAS1OO3-8A
TENSILE
6.
(SEE SHEET
39.Z
NAS1OO3-8
CKES,
WTERLAL:
SGMBER
LE~ER
Di.4/METEh.
!. F.:,:GTH
DASH NUMBER
EWMPLE
Nc)r E5
.OMINti
CF.lP AND
A.iJO .A To
NO
rlNIsH
DESIGNATES
DESIGN,A.lES
POR:TC)N
BOLT
N~i
CE:ff
Or
LESS TH,\N
AND THREAO
SII.+NK.
LRLINF.
H.
PITCH
DIAMETER
NATIONAL
AEROSPACE
INDuSTRIES
ASSOCIATION
AEROSPACE
OF
AMERICA
INC
ASHNO.INDICAIES
GRIP
LENCIN
IN.0625
INCREMENTS
I~*DIATEOR
STANDARD
1725
DE SALES
LONCER
L2NCTHS
STREET
MY
WASHINGTON.
BE ORDEP.SDBY USE
OF
20036
PROPER DMH
NO
] NAS
1003 THR
1020
Figure 32 ,Concluded.
25
Flat
Round
Pan
Binding
Hex
Oval
Fillister
Washer
Truss
Plain
(carriage)
Hex washer
10tt heads.
TABLE 1X.ALUMINUM
Rivets
Material
Rivet Types
26
Rivet
designation
Rivet heads
available
Applications
2 117-T4
AD
Universal (MS20470)
100 Flush (MS20426)
2024-T4
DD
Universal (MS20470)
100 Flush (MS20426)
Use only as an
alternative to
7050-T73 where
higher strength
is required
IIoi)
Universal (MS20470)
100 Flush (MS20426)
Nonstructural
5056-H32
Universal (MS20470)
100 Flush (MS20426)
Joints containing
magnesium
Mmrel
(annealed)
Joining stainless
steels, titanium,
and Inconel
Nonstructural
Universal (MS20470)
100 Flush (MS20426)
Copper
(annealed)
7050-T73
Oceanside,
California
Button
Truss
(brazier)
Figure 34.United
~Shear-bearing
Flat
Countersunk
(flush)
Pan
(universal)
area
Rivet inserted
\
Shear-bearing
FigUre35.
BRFZ
J
area
faSt riVet.
Uu
Start setting
~
Figure 36.Pu1l-mandrel
27
gonal
Inserted
Installed
installed
(a)
(b)
(a) One-piece body. (From ref. 5.)
(b) Two-piece body, (From ref. 22.)
Figure 37,Threaded-stem
rivets.
*
Figure 38 .Drive-pin
Figure 39.Compression
28
Figure 40.Semitubular
Figure 41 .Full
(a)
Figure
42.Metal-piercing
rivet.
(bifurcated)
Figure 44,Cherry
are the
or split
through
used in
t4fo~nsend
Company.
Cherry
River Division,
Santa Ana,
California.
Buck rivet.
tSHuck Manufacturing
Company,
29
(a) Insert CheITyMAXrivet into prepared hole. Place pulling head over rivet stem and apply firm, steady pressure to seat head. Actuate tool.
(b) Stem pulls into rivet sleeve and forms large bulbed blind head; seats rivet head and clamps sheets tightly together. Shank expansion
begins.
(c) Safe-lock locking collar moves into rivet sleeve recess. Formation of blind head is completed. Shear-ring has sheared from
cone, thereby accommodating a minimum of [b in, in structure thickness variation.
(d) Dri\,ing anvil forms safe-lock
collar
into head recess,
locking
stem and sleeve
securely together, Continued pulling fractures
stem, providing flush, burr-free, inspectable installation,
Figure 45.Cherry
TABLE X.CHERRY
RIVET MATERIALS
Lockbolts
Maximum
temperature
F
5055 Aluminum
Alloy steel
5056Aluminum
CRES
Monel
Into 600
Into X750
CRES
50000
50000
55000
75000
250
250
900
1400
ldus~ Corporation,
30
rivet installation
Shelton, Connecticut
PGrip7
s
P
type optional)
(b)
(a)
(a) Protruding
(MS21141).
rivets.
Hi-Lok
The Hi-Lok]7 lockbolt has a countersunk or protruding
manufactured head and threads like a bolt. It is fed through
the hole from the far side. The installation gun prevents shank
rotation with a hexagonal key while the nut is installed (as
shown in fig. 49). The nut (collar) hexagonal end is notched
to break off at the desired torque. Hi-Lok lockbolts are
available in high-strength carbon steel (to 156-ksi shear),
stainless steel (to 132-ksi shear), and titanium (to 95-ksi shear).
Huckbolts
Huckbolts 15are similar to Hi-Loks except that the stem is
usually serrated rather than threaded. The collar is swaged
on the stem. Then the stem is broken at the notch as shown
in figure 50. Huckbolts and their collars are available in carbon
steel, aluminum, and stainless steel with various strengths, as
listed in the Huck catalog.
Taper-Lok
Jo-Bolts
Jo-bolts are similar to blind rivets in appearance and
installation. The locking collar (sleeve) is expanded to form
a shop head by rotating the threaded stem with a gun. The
threaded stem is notched and breaks off when the proper torque
is reached, A typical Jo-bolt installation is shown in figure 48.
Taper-Lok 18 is a high-strength
Typical installation
Figure 48.Jo-bolt.
31
~+1-+-:
Remaining portion of
Hi-Lok collar after assembly
Collar wrenching
device automatically
shears off
(a)
(b)
(a) Hi-Lc}k
(b) Hi-Lok
Figure
pin.
after
assenlbly
installation.
Figure
50.Installed
Huckbolt
fastener.
Forged head
LThread
Nominal grip
length in 16ths
Typical installation
Figure
5 1,Tziper-Lok
installation
Rivnuts
A Rivnut g is a tubular rivet with internal threads th:i[
deformed in place to become a blind nutplatc (fig. 52). Ri\ nuts
are available with protruding, countersunk, and filiister hc:ids.
They are also available with closed ends, sealed heads. ribbed
shanks, hexagonal shanks, and ribbed heads. Since the
unthreaded tubular portion of the rivet must deform. tht
material must be ductile. Consequently, the Ri\ nut m:tterials
are fairly low strength, as shown in table XI.
IYB,
F,G{)O~riCh,
Engineered
Sy\tenl\
Divisl{ln.
.~hlt~ll.
[)hl(~.
(a)
(c)
(b)
(e)
(d)
TABLE X1,STANDARD
RIVNUT FASTENER
MATERIALS AND FINISHES
Type
Material
Standard finish
,
Minimum
ultimate
tensile
strength,
psi
1,
6053-T4
AnodizeAlumilite
205
wiIl meet specifications:
MIL-A-8625 (ASG)
28 ~
;teel
C-1 108a
C-lllw
45000
4037
b55 000
;tainless
steel
WbNo
C85 ~
67 04)0
305d
Carpenter
Nonebright
as machined
80000
Nonebright
as machined
50000
lW
&
430
A11oY260
lrass
CNO. S1/2-in.
thread size.
No.
Collar
interchangeably
Lightweight
Hi-Shear
Rivet
Grooved
Proportioned
Lockbolt
California.
33
+
t
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
General Guidelines
and Lockbolts
34
References
1. Slincy, HE.: High Temperature Solid Lubricants 1. Layer Lattice
Compounds and Graphite. Mech. Eng., vol. 96, no. 2, Feb. 1974,
pp. 18-22.
2. Pret,ention uf Material Deterioration: Corrosion Control CourseU. S.
Army Logistics Engineering DirectorateNov.
1970.
3, ASM Metals Handbook. 9th ed., Vols. 1, 2, 3, 5, 13, American Society
for Metals, Metals Park, OH.
4. SAE Handbook. SAE, 1968.
5. 1987 Fastening, Joining & Assembly Reference Issoe. Mach. Des.,
vol. 59, no. 27, Nov. 19, 1987.
6. Unified Inch Screw Threads (UN and UNR Thread Form). ANSI
B 1,1-1982, American National Standards Institute, New York, NY,
1982.
7. Screw Thread Standards for Federal Services, Part lUnified
UNJ
Unified Miniature Screw Threads. Natiowal Bureau of Standards
Handbook, NBS-H28-1969-PT-I,
1969.
8. Fastener Standards. 5th ed., Industrial Fasteners Institute, Cleveland,
OH, 1970.
9. Bickford, J. H.: An Introduction
Joints. Dekker, 1981.
35
Appendix A
Bolthead Marking and Design Data
[From ref. 20]
36
38
z
n
n
39
.
..-.
.<
42
II
43
44
46
J
3
J,
n
3
47
. -.
ix
II
50
52
54
Zu=
~mm
-00
n --
56
in
.-
57
58
E
-
59
II
61
,.:
.\=
..<
>.:
63
>
.7
.
.,
..
E
m
m
L
i
au
cOu
z?!
64
66
68
..
--
c
-.
G
70
71
L
L
--
.
.,
-.
/,;
1
I
I
>:
x
x
k-
72
>,-
73
c1
u
74
0
0.
z.
Ill
,!
75
...
I
I
77
i!
78
i,
79
80
I
U)
>
>
;
1.
)
i
i
&
)
)
82
07
@i
4Z
83
>
>
i
L
>
i
i
>
i
>
>
84
I
I
w
m
87
88
6uI!IJeuJOAlleUlell~
89
Appendix B
Bolt Ultimate Shear and Tensile Strengths
[From ref. 18]
AIIL-HDBK-5E
1 June 1987
,
I
MILHDBK-5E
1 June
mm
-m
--- 3
000
92
1987
MIL-HDBK-5E
1 June
1987
-c
93
Appendix C
Blind Rivet Requirements
94
BLIND
RIVETS
SMLL
BLIND
RIVETS
SfflLL
1.
IN mlL-Hw K-5,
CHAPTER 8.
W THE APPLICABLE
MECHANICALLY LOCKEO SPINOLE BLINO RIVETS (LOCKING RI!G OR COLIAR) MY BE USEO CN AIRCRAFT
IN AIR INTAKE AREAS ANO IN THE AREA FORHAROOF THE EtiGINE.
4.
FOR REPAIR ANO P.EUORK, THE BLINO RIVETS LISEO IN REPL?,CEHENT OF W1O
OVERSIZE OR WE STANOARO SIZE LARGER (sEE REOW 5).
5.
0VERS12E
RIVETS
HOLEs WALL
SPECIFIEO
3.
BLIND
THE RIVET
THE LIMITS
2.
6.
SHANK RIVETS
Bf
OVERSIZE R[VETS ARE FOR uSE IN Nml-STANDARO WLE OIANETERS. N~4-STANMRO HOLES
ARE THE RESULT OF HOLE RES] ZING OURING REHORK OR REPAIR, OR OUE TO MNUFACTWING
ERROR IN NEu OESIGN.
b.
E I:,LI RIVETS
a.
IN FLUID
TIW
b.
AREAS
7.
FRICTl~
LOCKED BLINO RIVETS (NO LWKING RING OR COLLAR) WALL NOT BE USEO
W AIRCRAFT IN AIR INTAKE AREAS WHERE RIVET PARTS WY BE INGESTED BY THE ENGINE.
8.
9.
10.
11.
SMLL
a.
THIS
.A.
(AW -
RIVETS
REwR,TTZN
nm
U
nk cuti
Am
- AV
USAF - 11
MWURUXN7
s? fcillu3ToM
MiLITARY
MS33522
STANDARD
Wm
Sunuxou:
of
,
DD ,%.
672-1 ~
wm.
I
m=
95
Report Documentation
Report
2.
No.
Government
Accession
No.
Page
3.
Recipients
5.
Report
Catalog
No.
NASA RP-1228
4.
Title
and Subtitle
7,
March
Author(s)
Performing
Organization
Performing
Organization
Code
8.
Performing
Organization
Report
Name
10.
Work
11.
Contract
13.
Type
National Aeronautics
Washington,
D. C.
Unit
No.
and Address
or Grant
of Report
No.
and
Period
Covered
Reference Publication
Sponsoring
No.
E-49 11
1990
6.
Richard T. Barrett
9,
Date
20546-0001
5. Supplementary Notes
6. Abstract
This manual was written for design engineers to enable them to choose appropriate fasteners for their designs.
Subject matter includes fastener material selection, platings, lubricants, corrosion, locking methods, washers,
inserts, thread types and classes, fatigue loading, and fastener torque. A section on design criteria covers the
derivation of torque formulas, loads on a fastener group, combining simultaneous shear and tension loads, pullout
load for tapped holes, grip length, head styles, and fastener strengths. The second half of this manual presents
general guidelines and selection criteria for rivets and lockbolts.
17.
Unclassified-Unlimited
Subject Category 37
Unclassified
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runm
NA3A
10LO
UL
1 Ub
21. No of pages
100
Unclassified
Information
Service,
Spnngfleld,
Virginia
22. Price
A05
22161
NASA-L8ngley,
1~