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Notes Phys PDF
Notes Phys PDF
Candidates should remember that a 'show that' is used when the value
found will be needed later.
eV is a unit of energy
The centripetal force is not an actual force, but the name given to e.g. the
resultant force of the weight and normal contact force.
Further mechanics
When you label forces on a person/object:
In order to make an object move around a circular path at a constant speed a resultant
force must act on it. Explain why a resultant force is required and state the direction of
this force.
going down at 5ms-1 and then it was going up at -5ms-1 so the difference is 10ms-1, and t =
0.2s. Therefore, F is 2000N.
Show that the speed of the train as it reaches the top of the vertical tower is about 20 m
s1. Assume that resistance forces are negligible. The height of the vertical tower is 139
m.
Understand that at the top of tower the train has GPE and at the bottom it has KE!!
When it goes down, part of its GPE converts into KE
When it goes up, part of its KE converts into GPE
GPE = mgh The greater the height of the tower, the greater the GPE, the greater
the energy deducted from the KE present, the lower its speed At the top itll be
slower than at the bottom!
KE at the bottom = GPE at the top + KE at the top
Riders will feel momentarily weightless if the vertical reaction force becomes zero.
What is R at this point?
KE =
Explain why the encoding of bumps in the groove becomes more compressed as the
stylus moves towards the centre.
remains constant
v = r
So as the stylus moves towards the centre, r decreases, stays the same and speed/velocity
decreases too. This means that the same 10 seconds of the song must now be filled into a
smaller distance if it is still to last 10 seconds since d = st.
EMF/200 V induced
Field/flux linkage large due to many turns
Large
Electric fields:
Electric field provides force on the charge/proton
Gives energy to /work done / E = qV/ accelerate protons (1)
Magnetic fields:
Force on moving charge/proton
Produces circular path/centripetal force
Labelled diagram showing Dees with E field indicated across gap OR B field through
Dees
E field is reversed/alternates
Magnetic fields
Charges
Movement of electrons from one plate to the other OR one plate becomes + the other
OR until PD across C equals V supply
Explain why the coil turns and why it continues to rotate. Add to the diagram to help
your explanation.
As current flows through the coil, from D
to A, a force acts on the coil at 90. As the
magnetic field goes from N to S, we can
see, from Flemings Left Hand Rule that
the direction of the force on the left part of
the coil is downwards. This causes the coil
to turn anti-clockwise. When the coil has
turned 180, the direction of the current in
= 0.05s
Explain how the magnetic field maintains the ion in a circular orbit.
(Magnetic) force acts at right angles to ion motion/current
Force is the centripetal force or causing centripetal acceleration or direction of
acceleration/force is to centre (of circle)
The areas of the two parts of the graph will be the same (since N constant)
Between
the plates there is an upwards force on the electrons F=ma so the upwards force
cause an upwards acceleration
But horizontal component of the velocity is constant
Outside the plates no (electric) field so no upwards force
o Outside the plates speed so large that gravitational effect negligible
Vehicles such as electric cars are driven by electric motors. These vehicles use
regenerative braking to reduce the speed of the vehicle. The motor is operated as a
generator during braking and the output from the generator is used to recharge the
batteries of the car. Explain how using the motor as a generator slows the car down.
Energy required to turn generator
Transferred from kinetic energy of the car
They are carrying current in the same direction. Explain Andr Amperes observation.
Particle Physics
Outline the experimental observations to which Rutherford is referring and
explain how they led him to this deduction.
Particles fired at (named) metal (film) in a vacuum
Most went straight through or suffered small deflections.
A few were reflected through large angles or some were reflected along their original path
The mass or charge of the atom was concentrated in a very small volume
Rutherford designed an experiment to see what happened when alpha particles were
directed at a piece of gold foil. Summarise the observations and state the conclusions
Rutherford reached about the structure of gold atoms.
Conclusions:
Atom mainly (empty) space
Nucleus contains most of the mass
Charge is concentrated in the centre/in a nucleus/nucleus is charged
(Nucleus) very small/tiny
(Nucleus) charged /positive
Give two conclusions that can be deduced about the nucleus of an atom.
With reference to the magnetic field and the alternating potential difference explain
how the cyclotron produces a beam of high speed particles.
Alternating p.d.:
Electric field/ p.d. accelerates particles Or Electric field /p.d. gives particles energy
Constant time period Or constant frequency
Polarity of dees switches every half cycle Or P.d. switches every half cycle
Magnetic field:
Electric fields:
Electric field provides force on the charge/proton
Gives energy to /work done / E = qV/ accelerate protons
Magnetic fields:
Force on moving charge/proton
Produces circular path/centripetal force
Labelled diagram showing Dees with E field indicated across gap OR B field through
Dees
E field is reversed/alternates
Consists of electrodes
Alternating high frequency voltage
Length of tubes (electrodes) increases
Electric field
Does work on proton/applies a force /repel/attract
qV / Fd / Eq
Explain how you can tell that track XY was produced by a particle moving from
X to Y rather than from Y to X.
The radius becomes smaller towards Y as the particle
loses momentum due to ionisation within the bubble
chamber.
Outline the atomic processes that produce emission spectra and suggest why they are
X-rays in this case.
A positron is found to have a mass of 1.8 1029 kg. It can be concluded that this
positron is travelling at close to the speed of light because:
A positron is an anti-particle of an electron, therefore its "rest" mass should actually be
9.11x10^-31 kg, since mass here is bigger than the rest mass, we can deduce that there has
been increment in mass due to relativistic effect (travelling close to speed of light).
How much energy, in joules, would be produced by the annihilation of just 1 milligram
of anti-hydrogen atoms?
Use E = mc2 and DOUBLE the mass because its a hydrogen and an anti-hydrogen.
Suggest why so little anti-matter has been created.
You need a lot of energy to produce anti-matter.
State why it is necessary to use very high energies in experiments such as these.
Charge on an electron is -1 and if charge on another particle is -2, the electron will
have a greater radius.
January 2011
13b)
15aiii)
18)
January 2012
14c)
16(a)(ii)
June 2012
6, 7, 17
January 2013
12b) Because the wavelength of electron would have to be similar in size to the nucleus i.e 10^-15m. The
wave in a(ii) is too large. i.e. 10^-10m. Smaller wavelength means higher energy. For nuclear structure to
be investigated, the wavelength of an electron has to be smaller than the nucleus itself. So the wavelength
in the previous question is too large to fit inside the nucleus. Because the wavelength is so large, the
electron has less energy than expected. But an electron that can fit inside a nucleus has a smaller
wavelength, and therefore has a larger energy than the one in the previous question. A wave's energy is
dependent on the frequency. and frequency and wavelenght are linked by the equation v=f x lambda
14c)
June 2013
12b, 16d
June 2013R
5, 8, 16b, 18bii, 18cii