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What Should We Teach Students About Power System Protection?
What Should We Teach Students About Power System Protection?
Fundamentals
What should we teach students
about power system protection?
Agenda
Small disturbances
System protection
Automatic reclosing
Automatic synchronization
Protection System
The Sentinels
Blackouts
Main Causes
Characteristics
Loss of service in a
large area or
population region
May result in
enormous economic
losses
Overreaction of the
protection system
Substation
Thousands of Amps
Wire
Copyright SEL 2008
Damage Curve
Damage
Time
Rated Value
In
Imd
I
Short-Circuit
Current
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Damage is instantaneous
Mechanical
Forces
f1
f2
i1
i2
Rigid Conductors
The Fuse
Fuse
Transformer
Protective relays
Circuit breakers
Communications channels
DC supply system
Control cables
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DC Tripping Circuit
Circuit Breakers
Current Transformers
Medium-Voltage CT
Voltage Transformers
Medium Voltage
High Voltage
Protective Relays
MicroprocessorBased Relay
Old Electromechanical
Reliability
Dependability
Security
Selectivity
Speed
System stability
Equipment damage
Power quality
Sensitivity
High-impedance faults
Dispersed generation
Primary Protection
Protection
Zone B
To Zone B
Relays
Protection
Zone A
52
To Zone A
Relays
Protection
Zone B
To Zone B
Relays
Copyright SEL 2008
Backup Protection
Breaker 5
Fails
C
11
12
T
B
10
7080%
Phase-Phase-Ground:
1710%
Phase-Phase:
108%
Three-Phase:
32%
Balanced vs.
Unbalanced Conditions
Ia
Ic
Ic
Ia
Ib
Ib
Balanced System
Unbalanced System
Copyright SEL 2008
Decomposition of an Unbalanced
System
Differential (87)
Application of Inverse-Type
Relays
Relay
Operation
Time
I
Radial Line
Fault
Load
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Distance
T
Distance
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Addition of Instantaneous OC
Element
t
Relay
Operation
Time
I
Radial Line
Fault
Load
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Distance
T
Distance
L
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F1
F2
Relay
Reverse Fault (F2)
V
V
I
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holds:
Z S1 (0.8) Z L1
As Z s1
Z S1 (0.8) Z L1
Copyright SEL 2008
Va ,Vb ,Vc
21
Three-Phase
Solid Fault
Radial
Line
| Va | (0.8) | Z L1 || I a |
Z Z r1
Zr1
Radius Zr1
R
F2
1
RELAY 3
Operation Zone
X
F1
F2
Nonselective
Relay Operation
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Directionality Improvement
F1
F2
1
RELAY 3
Operation Zone
X
F1
F2
Directional Impedance
Relay Characteristic
R
V I Z M cos MT
Z Z M cos MT
Time
Zone 1 Is Instantaneous
Copyright SEL 2008
R
D
E
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PLAIN
IMPEDANCE
OFFSET
MHO (2)
R
R
X
LENS
(RESTRICTED MHO 1)
MHO
R
X
OFFSET
MHO (1)
TOMATO
(RESTRICTED MHO 2)
R
Copyright SEL 2008
DIRECTIONAL
RESTRICTED
DIRECTIONAL
R
R
X
RESTRICTED
REACTANCE
REACTANCE
R
X
R
X
OHM
QUADRILATERAL
R
R
Copyright SEL 2008
Distance Protection
Summary
Directional Comparison
Pilot Protection Systems
Permissive Overreaching
Transfer Trip
Key XMTR
Zone 2 Elements
AND
Trip
RCVR
Directional Comparison
Blocking Scheme
Key XMTR
Carrier Coordination
Time Delay
Zone 2
RCVR
CC
0
Trip
CT
Protected
Equipment
50
External
Fault
IDIF = 0
CTR
Protected
Equipment
Internal
Fault
50
Relay Operates
Copyright SEL 2008
Protected
Equipment
50
CT
External
Fault
IDIF 0
SP
RP
Protected
Equipment
CTR
R
Relay
(87)
Compares:
I OP I S I R
k I RT
| IS | | IR |
k
2
Bus protection
Transformer protection
Generator protection
Line protection
Reactor protection
Differential Protection
Summary
SP
RP
T
I1
I2
I3
I4
OP
Compatibility with
digital integrated
systems
Low maintenance
(self-supervision)
Highly sensitive,
secure, and
selective
Adaptive
Highly reliable
(self-supervision)
Reduced burden
on
CTs and VTs
Programmable
Versatile
Low Cost
Synchrophasors Provide a
Snapshot of the Power System
The Future
Improvements in computer-based
protection
Improvements to human-machine
interface
Much more
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