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State Estimation 150611
State Estimation 150611
Simple basics
What is SCADA?
Supervisory Control
Data Acquisition
Purpose of SCADA?
What else now needed
Controls
Look into future & able to control future events
What is EMS?
Need for EMS?
Simple basics
Simple basics
What is State Estimation (SE)?
Why is it required?
How is it achieved?
Techniques?
Process?
Dispatcher training
Simulator
Other features like
Historicar Data Recording,
Historical Information
Management,
Sequence Of Events,
Load Flow Studies
( STNET)
.
SE Problem Development
Whats A State?
The complete solution of the power system is known
if all voltages and angles are identified at each bus.
These quantities are the state variables of the system.
Why Estimate?
Meters arent perfect.
Meters arent everywhere.
Very few phase measurements?
SE suppresses bad measurements and uses the
measurement set to the fullest extent.
2-10
EMS Functions
Out of the all EMS functions State Estimator is the
first and most important function.
All other EMS functions will work only when the
State Estimator is running well.
State Estimator gives the base case for further
analysis.
State
Estimation
State Estimation is the process of assigning a value to an unknown system
state variable based on measurements from that system according to some
criteria.
The process involves imperfect measurements that are redundant and the
process of estimating the system states is based on a statistical criterion that
estimates the true value of the state variables to minimize or maximize the
selected criterion.
Most Commonly used criterion for State Estimator in Power System is the
Weighted Least Square Criteria.
State Estimation
State Estimation
In the Power System, The State Variables are the voltage Magnitudes and
Relative Phase Angles at the System Nodes.
The inputs to an estimator are imperfect power system measurements of
voltage magnitude and power, VAR, or ampere flow quantities.
The Estimator is designed to produce the best estimate of the system
voltage and phase angles, recognizing that there are errors in the measured
quantities and that they may be redundant measurements.
M12
100 MW
60 MW
65 MW
M13
Bus2
Bus1
40 MW
M32
X13=0.4
X23=0.25
35 MW
Meter Location
5 MW
Bus3
Case-1
Suppose we use M13 and M32 and further suppose that M13
and M32 gives us perfect readings of the flows on their
respective transmission lines.
M13=5 MW=0.05pu
M32 =40 MW=0.40pu
f13=1/x13*(1- 3 )=M13 = 0.05
f32=1/x32*(3- 2)=M32 = 0.40
Since 3=0 rad
1/0.4*(1- 0 )= 0.05
1/0.25*(0- 2) = 0.40
1 =0.02 rad
2 =-0.10 rad
M12
100 MW
62 MW
65 MW
M13
Bus2
Bus1
37 MW
M32
X13=0.4
X23=0.25
Meter Location
Mismatch
6 MW (7.875MW)
35 MW
Bus3
What we need ?
A procedure that uses the information available
from all the three meters to produce the best
estimate of the actual angles, line flows, and bus
load and generation.
We have three meters providing us with a set of
redundant readings with which to estimate the
two states 1 and 2.. We say that the readings are redundant
since, as we saw earlier, only two readings are necessary to
calculate 1 and 2 the other reading is always extra.
However, the extra reading does carry useful information
and ought not to be discarded summarily.
2-24
where,
Z = Measurement Vector
h = System Model relating state vector to the
measurement set
x = State Vector (voltage magnitudes and
angles)
e = Error Vector associated with the
measurement set
x+e
[Z meas]=
Z 1meas
Z 2meas
.
[H]= 5
-5
2.5 0
0 -4
=0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
SE Functionality
So Whats It Do?
2-30
SE Measurement Types
What Measurements Can Be Used?
Bus voltage magnitudes.
Real, reactive and ampere injections.
Real, reactive and ampere branch flows.
Bus voltage magnitude and angle differences.
Transformer tap/phase settings.
Sums of real and reactive power flows.
Real and reactive zone interchanges.
Unpaired measurements ok
2-31
Observability Analysis
Bus Observability
A bus is observable if enough information is
available to determine its voltage magnitude
and angle.
Observable area can be specified (Region of
Interest).
Bus or station basis
2-33
2-34
Solution Algorithms
Objective Weighted Least Squares:
Minimize: J(x) = .5 [Z - h(x)] t R -1 [Z - h(x)]
where,
J = Weighted least squares matrix
R = Error covariance matrix
2-36
2-37
State Estimation...
Measurements and Estimates
SE Measurement Summary Display
2-39
State Estimation...
Measurements and Estimates (Cont.)
Observable System
Portions of the system that can be completely solved
based on real-time telemetry are called observable.
Observable buses and devices are not color-coded
(white).
Unobservable System
Portions of the network that cannot be solved
completely based on real-time telemetry are called
unobservable and are color-coded yellow.
2-40
Penalty Factors
Real-Time Penalty Factors
Calculated on successful completion of RTNA.
Available for use by Generation Dispatch and Control.
Penalty Factor display.
Input
SCADA
RTGEN
Output
Bus Voltages And Angles
MW/MVAR Flows
Limit Violations
Generation And Load
Tap Position
Anomalous input Data
Loss Sensitivity
In addition to all these SE also
Detects & Identifies the Bad
Measurements
42
Causes
of
Poor
Estimate
quality
Topology/Model error in the vicinity of the problem
Switching devices in wrong status, particularly non telemetered.
New construction
Bad equivalents
Branch parameters incorrect
Capacitors or reactor in wrong state.
Unsuitable pseudo measurements
Unrealistic Unit Limits
Unrealistic Load model
Incorrect target values for regulation schedule
Incorrect tap position
Should it be on AVR?
Should it be estimated?
Contingency Analysis
A contingency is a defined set of
hypothetical equipment outages and / or
breaker operations
Also : node outage, substation outage
Conditional contingencies
45
Thank You
Rajiv Porwal
Contact me on
rajivporwal@gm
ail.com