BLBCTI'UCAL BNGINBGI'UNG

'""' ' '

~lVEIQ,,,,,I

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Time Allowed: 3 Hours

MaximumMarks: 200
Cl1llllitlJlles should altempt SIX qUstions, sekcling TWO qUslionfromSection- A, ONE.from Sec/ion- B, ONE
.from Section- C and BWO from Section- D.
.A.l:!:umo suitnhk tk1tn, ifnecessnry and GGicate the snme ckarly.

SECnONA

ce

.c

The network s!l own1n the F1g (1 1) has reached steady state when the SWitch S moves from a to b

ra

"'

F1gure (1 1)

(c)

Determme damp1ng raho, undraped and damped natural llequena es

xa

(b)

Determme 1m hal values for r1(t) and vJt) and thm first denvahves With SWitch m poS!hon b
Determme v Jt) fort > 0 Sketch v Jt) as a funchon of l!me

(a)

The dnvmg pomt ad!mttance of a network 1S g1ven by the followmg equahon

.e

Y(s)~ s /2~ +3s+l

S+S+2s+l

Perform a conhnued llachon of adtlllttance funchon Y(s) giVen m the above equahon

(b)

RealiSe a network from the contmued llach on of Y(s)

(c)

W1th the help of Routh-Hu!Witz cntena, show that ne1ther the numberator, nor the
denommator of Y(s) giVen m the above equahon has any zeros on the nght half of s-plane

w
w

(a)

(a)

The block d1agram of a control system 1S shownm F1g 3 1

"

N(i

G1()

-+, !('>!E(B11(\,(l

--rl

G,{.J)

'---~

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(3.1)

(i)

Draw the Signal F1owGraph of the control system shown Fig (3 1)

(11)

Obtam the transfer funcl!ons

.c

~~; \l.., and ~~;\I..., by use of Masons Gam formula

"

The open loop transfer funcl!on of a umty feedback control system 1S g!Ven by the express10n

ce

(b)

,,

a 1(l

l
Flour<~

---~

G(s) -=,i7:~
- (s+2)(s+5)

"

Descnbe a zero-order sample and hold circuit Obtam the Laplace transform of the output of
S/H circU!t when d!screte mputs are sampled at regular mtervals ofT seconds

(c)

ra

Draw the Nyqmst plot of the closed loop system and comment upon the stabihty of the
system

xa

,
'
l
(
l

State and explam Gauss's law A sphencal volume charge d!stnbuhon p!S g!Ven by

p~

l-0100

for r:O!Omm

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(a)

SEC:nON B

forr>!Omm

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Show that the max1mum value ofelectnc field mtenS!Iy E occurs atr = 745 mm Obtam the
value ofE atr=7 45 mm

(b)

"

Define Poynhng's vector and flynhng's theorem Show that raho of Poyntmgs vector to
energy denSity 1S S3x 108 rrJs

"

(c)

Explam traveling waves on a transnuss10n !me and define Stand!ng Wave Raho (SWR) A
high frequency lo ssless transmiSSion !me has a charactenshc impedance of 6 00 0 Calculate
the value of current SWR when the load 1S (50 0 + J3 00)0

(a)

A tong stratght cyhndncal W!re of radms 2 mm 1S placed parallel to a honzontal plane

conductmg sheet The ax!S of the W!re iS at a he1ght of 100 nun above the sheet Calculate the
stress in the medmm at the upper surface of the sheet JUSt verhcally below the W!re The
potenl!al difference between the W!re and sheet 1S 3 3 1411 Denve any formula used and state
assumphons made

"

(b)

"A handy 'curl meter' m the form of a pm wheel!S used to md!cate curl of a vector field"
Jushfy the statement

(c)

Two mfirute and conduchng cones both on z-a:ns, one" 8= 8 1 =45 (constant) cone and the
other" m 8 = e, = 150 (constant) cone The reg10n between them" charactenzed by
4 = 0, V = 0 at 11 and V = 10V at
Fmd the express10n forV between 45 < 8 < 150

"

a,

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A conduchng Wire has areSJstnnty of 1 5 x 10- 8 0 mat 300 K Its Fenru energy" 5 eV Its
volume of 1 m 3 contams 6 x 10" conduchng electrons Calculate the relaxahon hme of
conductmg electrons Hence or othetw1se obtam the value of dnft velocity of electrons, when
the conductor is subJected to an electnc field of 100 Vim Wnte the S!gmficance of relaxahon
hme and dn ft velo aty
Given

What 1S cnhcal field m a superconductor? How 1S it affected by temperature? Wnte the

apphcat10n of a superconductor as an electncal sWJtclnng element The cnhcal temperature
(Ta) f Nb -60% Ti 1S 8 7K The value ofT for Nb 3AI m K Will be (pickup correct value)
(i)18(u)48(111)87or(iv)18 12

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(b)

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Mass of electron= 9 107 x 1o- 31 kg

Electron charge= 1 601 x 10" 31 coulomb

.c

,,

SEC:11DN C

Wnte the properties and apphcahons of any two noble metals used m electncal contacts

(a)

Explam Hall effect m P-type sem1conductor Hence or othemse define Hall coefficient
ReS!Shmty of a sample sermconductor 1S 9 milhohm meter Its holes have mobility of 0 03
m' /v s Calculate the value of Hall co efficient of the sample State assumpl!ons made

(b)

Define spontaneous magnehzat10n How does it behave in ferromagnehc matenals below

Cune p om!? Match List I of M atenals With List II of their Cune pomt m K

.e

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(c)

List II (Curie point K)

A Cobalt

1 340

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List I (Material)

(c)

,,

B Iron

2 400

C Nickel

3 630

D 30% Permalloy

4 1040

"
"

"

What are ceramic matenals? Differenhate between two types of ceramics hamng their
penmthmty less than 12 and greater than 12 Name two ceramic matenals m each of above
two types and menh on one apphcat10n of each type

,,,
(11)

SECTION D
What 1S the dimenSion of a quanhty? Denve d!mens10ns of capacitance reSiStance and
mductance m electrostatic and electromagnehc systems Fmd a relahon between two
systems ofumts
Descnbe bnefly the pnmaty and secondaty standards of mass and length

(b)

Denve the general torque equahon for a movmg 1ron mstnunent The mductance of a movmg
1ron anuneter 1s g1ven by the followmg express10n
L=(20+108-2e')~H

where 8" deflechon 1n rad1ans The spnng constant 1s 24 x 10-6 Nm/rad Calculate the value
of deflechon for a current of 5 A

c
Descnbe the conshuchon and workmg pnnaple of a Single-phase Electrodynamics Pbwer
Factor Meter Compare 1ts workmg W!th a Movmg Iron type Power Factor Meter

(a)

How can frequency be determmed usmg a bndge? Draw tills bndge and denve cond1hon for
balance Why and how two resiStances and capac1tances are made equal?

om

(c)

"
c

What are the advantages of a 'd1g1tal' volhneter over 'analog type'? What are 1ts types? W1th
block d1agram, explam workmg of an mtegrahng type Compare 1ts performance Wlth other
types

(c)

What are Electromc Counters? How can these be used to measure frequency? Explam the
workmg of a Decade Counter

(b)

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d1agram~

"

workmg of a

"
c

How does a 'P!ezo-Electnc Transducer' work? What are the conunon matenals used for 1!?
Denve an express10n for 1ts (1) voltage and (11) charge senS!hV!hes Draw an eqU1valent
c1rcu1t for tlns transducer W nte uses of P1zeo -el ectnc matenals and transducers

w
w
w

"

What are thermostats? Explam the workmg, conshuchon and appl!cahons of thermiStors
Compare reS! stance-temperature charactenshcs of a typ1cal thenrustor and plahnum

.e

(c)

What are D1g1tal to Analog converters ? Descnbe, W!th necessary

'bmary we1ghted reSiStance D/A converter'

,,

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.c

(b)

BLBCTIIUCAL BNGINBBIIUNG
Caniliilates should attempt FIVE questions in all, including Question No. 1 which is compulsory. The
remaining FOUR questions are to be attempted by selecting at least ONE question from each of the
Sections A, B, C and D.

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SECnONA
(Queshon No l!S compulsory)
A Choose and wnte the correct answer

(1v)40,80

.c

(111) 25, 50

ce

(11) 20, 36

(1)

30%, 20%

(111)

50%, 20%

(11)

ra

In a transformer core, tlnrd and fifth harmomc components of fluxes are respechvely 10%
and 4% of the fundamental flux The tlnrd and fifth harmoruc mduced em fs m the wmdmg,
m terms of the fundamental mduced emf arerespechvely
10% 12%

50% 12%

ConSider the followmg statements regardmg the speed control of d c motors

(1)
Ward- Leonard method 1S smtable for constant-torque dnves

(c)

(1) 32, 36

(11)

Ward- Leonard method 1S sUitable for constant- power dnves

(111)

F1el d-control method fac1h tales speed control bel ow base speed

(1v)

Annature - reSiStance control method 1S more effic1ent than Ward - Leonard method

(v)

F1 eld - control method 1S sUitable for constant-torque dnves

(v1)

xa

(b)

The hystereSiS and edd-current loss of !-phase transformer work:tng on 200 V 50Hz are P1
and P, respechvely The percentage decrease m these losses when operated on a 160 V 40Hz
supply would respechvely be

.e

(a)

Annature -reSiStance control method 1S smtable for constant- torque dnves

From these the correct answer 1S

(1), (11), (m)

(1), (11), (v)

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w

(I)
(II)

(d)

(e)

(III)

(1) (v1)

(IV)

(1), (111), (v)

In transformer protechon, harmomc restramt feature 1S mcorporated to guard agamst

(1)

magnehzmg mrush current

(11)

L!ghhung

(111)

Over voltage surges

(1v)

Unbalanced operahon

The voltage of aparhcular bus 1S regulated by controlling the

(1)

Achvepowerofthebus

(11)

Reachvepowerofthebus

(111)

Phase angle

(1v)

Phase angle and reachve power

(f)

A 3-phase c1rcU1! breaker 1S rated at 2000 MVA 33 kV, 1ts makmg current W!ll be
(1)

40kA

(u)

50kA

(111)
(1v)

70 kA
90 kA

(e)

ce

.c

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dV

ra

rd(oN) for T2 = 100 kO

rd(oFF) for T2 = 10 5 MO
rd(oFF) for Tl = 10 4 MO

rd(oN) forT! = 10

The value ofVO forVl mlog1c for the above figure 1S

5V

(111)

0 05

(u)48V

xa

(h)

(1)

(1v) 0 V

The F enm fun chon for hole 1S expressed as

(H"([ (E,:,J]

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w

(u)

.e

(c)

(111)

(1)

6)

'"C[ (E;;'')]

In a3-phase sem1 converter, for finng angle equal to 120 and exhnchon angle equal to 110,
each SCR and freewheehng d10de conduct, respecl!vely for
(1) 60, 50

(11) 300, 50

A step-down chopper operates from ad c voltage source V, and feeds ad c motor armature
W!th counter emf E, From osc11loscop1c traces, 11 1S found that the current 1ncreases for onhme !;,(=Ton), falls to zero over l!me If and remams zero for hme t,(off-penod =If+ t, = T off)
m every chopp1ng cycle Then the average voltage across the motor would be

,,,
(u)

(111)

V,t,+E,t1

(t,+t1 +to)
V,t,+E,t 0

(t,+t1 +t0 )

om

V;t,+E,(t1 +t0)

(t,+t1 +t0 )

2x 10=20

B. Explam the followmg With proper reasorung

Why does the external charactenshc of ad c shunt generator tum back as 11 1S overloaded?

(b)

What are the terms aJr-gap powers, mtemal mecharucal power developed and shaft power?
How are these terms related With, each other?

(c)

Why 1S one of the buses taken as s1 ack bus m 1oad flow stud1es?

(d)

Why the feedback d1odes are connected m anl!parallel With thynstors m 1nverter c!rcUlts?
How do these d1odes come mto play?

A JFET has channel length, I= 10 ~m, channel Width, W = 100 1m, channel he1ght Without
any deplehon 2 5 = pm
The channel!S n-typ e With donor level of NO = 1022 /m 3 and ~ = 0 1 50 0 m' N sec

ra

(e)

ce

.c

(a)

The deplehon Width from each S!de of the gate JUnchon 1S 025 pm How does tlns

,,

,,,

5 = 20

What are the no-load rotahonal losses 1n electncal machmes? How can these be
determmed?
Wh1ch of the losses m rotahng electncal maclnnes are mfluenced by the magmtude of
the flux the load and the square of the load?

.e

(u)

xa

setlllconductor bar behave Without forward b!aSJng of the gate J unci! on between two ends of
the channel Length?

w
w

Wnte a general express10n for all the losses occumng m rotahng electncal
maclunes and prove there from that max:1mum effic1ency occurs when losses
proporhonal to square of current= constant losses,

(b)

"

Explam the effect of armature react10n on the mam field flux by usmg the developed v1ew of
armature-current sheet and poles of ad c maclnne Hence, outhne the bad effects of armature
reach on

DiScuss how the resultant flux denSity waveform obtamed above gets mod1fied W!th
the use of mterpoles

''

(c)

A 2200/220 !-phase transformer has max:1mum posSible voltage regulahon of 6% and 11

occurs at ap f of 0 3, Fmd the toad voltage at full-load at p f at 0 8 lead

(a)

A star-connected alternator 1S synchromzed W!th an 1nfimte bus of llkV, 1ts steam mput 1S
then mcreased hll1ts output power 1S 15 MW Now, when 1ts exc1tahon emf 1s mcreased to
130% the synchronous maclnne starts operahng at a p f of 0 8 laggmg Compute the
synchronous reactance of the maclnne N egl eel armature reSiStance

'

Detenrune the power factor, load angle and armature current of the maclune before
the exc1tahon emf 1S mcreased

(b)

"

Explam how the deS!fabl e feahlres of h1gh -starhng torque and low-op erahng slip are oblamed
m a double-cage polyphase mduchon motor
A double-cage motor has standshll1mpedance of 1 + J 10 and 0 3 + J 50 for 1ts two
cages Compare therelahvetorques of the two cages (1) at standst11l and (11) at a slip ofO 05

"

Why 1S 11 advantageous to use double revolmng field theoty for detenmmng the runrung
performance of a smgl e-phase mduchon motor?

om

(c)

ce

.c

Draw torque speed charactenst1cs of a Single phase mduchon motor based on

double- revolvmg field theoty and diScuss about the magmtude of torque at zero speed and
synchronous speed
Sketch waveform of rotor current under normal ruruung cond!t10ns of the smgle-phase
mduchon motor

SECTION B

List the advantages of usmg per -un1t values m power system calculah ons

ra

(a)

xa

33 kV, lS%

e-Hrt

100 MVA

f-
f--@

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w

.e

A 100-MVA, 33-kV, 3-phase generator has a substranS!ent reactance of 15% The

generator 1s connected to the motors through transnu SS! on line and transformers as shown m
figure g!Ven above The motors have rated mputs of30 MVA, 20 MVA and 50 MVA at 30
kVW!th 18% sub tranSient reactance The three phase transformers are rated at 100 MVA, 33
kV (fl) I 110 kV(ic) W!th leakage reactance of 9% The !me has a reactance of 50 ohms
Selectmg the generator rahngs as base quanhhes Obtam the PV reactance d1agram of the
system

(c)

"

A 50- MVA, 11 -IN, 3-phase alternator was subjected to d1fferent types of faults The fault
currents were
3-phase fault- 1870 A
Lme to !me fault- 2590 A
S1ngle hne to ground fault - 41 30 A

The alternator 1S sohdly grounded Fmd the p u values of three sequence reactance's of the
alternator
(d)

"

Draw the reactance d!agram of the system whose bus adnuttance matnx 1S g!Ven below
F1rst, second, tlurd and fourth rows refer to the buses 1, 2, 3, 4 respechvely

Y,.,~;

-378

125

250

125

-342

111

100

250

111

-489

125

100

125

-231

(a)

Denve an express10n for total complex power m a 3- phase system 1n terms of symmetncal
components of voltages and currents

(b)

Draw the zero sequence eqU1valent c1rcU1ts of 2-phase transformers W!th the folloWing
connechons of the W!nclmgs

4, h 'f::1

(iii]

y;y

'"'

(vi)

-'I

li

JY yl

ce

.,y

(til

om

(JV)

.,.

.c

(i)

"

Usmg equal area cntenon, denve the expresS! on for cnhcal cleanng angle for a system
havmg a generator feedmg a large system through a double c1rcU1! transnuss10n hne

(d)

A large generator 1S dehvenng 1 0 pu power to an mfimte bus through a transm!SS!on network

The max:1mum powers wluch can be transferred for pre-fault, fault and post-fault cond1hons
are 1 8 pu, 0 4 pu and 1 3 pu respechvely Fmd cnhcal cleanng angle

"

ra

(c)

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SECTION C

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Il

'

J
T,

For the Darlington amphfier shown m figure above, obtam 1ts Z-matrm for 1denhcal T 1 and
T, havmg h,, = 100, RE = h~ = 1 k

Voo

Ro

.,/

Rc

.~

.c

Obtam u, 1 and v 02 1n figure above

r - - - r * + Vcc=SV

xa

03 k

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Ro

ce

(c)

IOk

om

~ ...

(a)

.e

The BIT m amphfier of figure above hash,,= 100, VBE= 0 7V, leo= 0 Calculate the values
ofR1 and Rc such that1ts Ic= 1 mA and VeE= 2 5 V
A tlllcroprocessor uses RAM ch1ps of 1024*1 capac1ty

(1)

How many ch1ps are requued to y1eld the capaaty of 1 k byte? How wdl the address

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w

and data lmes of these clup s be connected?

(11)

(b)

(c)

Ul

How many clnp s Will be reqU1red to prom de the cap aa ty of 16 k bytes? How are they
connected?
l>O

Show d1agrammahcally the flow of Signal of FETCH and execute cycle for AD! A, 05
md!cated by arrow

"
"

What do the followmg mstruchons do? What happens 1fRET 1S removed from locahon 2106?
2000

START

MVI A, CO

2002

lCM

2003

CALL2100

2006

MVI A, 40

2008

~M

2009

CALL2107

200C

JMP START

2100

NM B, 2A

,,

MOON

DCRB

2103

JNZ MOON

2106

RCT

2107

MVI C, 9F

2109

DCRC

210A

JNZ SUNY

210D

"''

Implement the folloWing express10n

.c

F~Xjl+xy+jlx

NAND gates only,

(u)

NOR gates only,

(111)

AND and NOT gates,

(!v)

OR and NOT gates,

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,,,

ce

uSJng

,,

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0)

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2102

Neglect h,, and h,. m RIT model

w
w

The Simplified c1rcu1t of rad1o frequency osc11lator 1S shown m figure above Obtam the
cond!t10n of osc1llahon Select the sU1table components m place of z~, Z, and Z3 to y1eld a
Colp1tts osallator

(a)

(b)

SECnON D

Descnbe the tum-off process m a GTO With relevant voltage and current waveforms

Enumerate the advantages and d!sadvantages of a GTO as compared to a convenhonal

thynstor

"

A smgle-phase sem1-converter feeds RLE load such that load current!S constant for a finng
angleof30

Sketch waveforms for source voltage u, Load voltage UJ, load current 10, source
current 1,, one thynstor current and freewheelmg d!ode current for finng angle a= 30
Prove that mput power factor for the above sem1-converter for a= 9 0 o" 0 6 36 6 2

(c)

What

1S

FWM? Explam smus01dal -pulse modulahon as used m FWM mverters DiScuss the

cond!t10ns leadmg to the number of pulses generated per half-cycle as or

._or (....-1]
2/
2/

Here J and fare the frequenc1es of earner and reference S1 gnal resp echvely
Bnng out the 1mp ortant features of smus01dal -ilul se modulahon

,,

"

Show that the effic1ency of smgle tone AM 1S 33 3% for the modulahon mdex to be equal to

A modulahng Signal Em sm Olm t passes through a square law demce before entenng the FM
modulator The FM modulator 1S charactenzed by 1ts demahon m frequency as

where
k = constant e,(t) =Signal entenng FM modulator

ce

Determme the FM Signal

.c

(b)

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"ill'

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(c)

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What would be the value of gam k m figure above to )'leld the suppressed earned DSB

.e

What do you understand by veshg~al Sideband? Where 1S 11 used?

w
w

(d)