TR ia a ab Wornenern OF MATERIALS Parr IL Advanced Theory and Problems Br S. TIMOSHENKO Pfc of Phar and Bgincring Meanie, ‘Snr Unity SECOND EDITION—NINTH PRINTING D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY, Ive. ‘TORONTO NEW YORK LONDON, Van Nostrand Company, Ine. 250 Fourth Avenue, New York 3 D. Van Nostrand Company, (Canada), Ld, 225 Bloor Steet, Toronto 8 Macnuillan & Company, Lu, St, Mastias Street, London, W.C: 2 Copyright, 100, 100 by D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPAR Ise. sos ABO a ‘mini fo ear and he pa Reprint, Maro 198, Fvary 1090 Peéraary 1988 Second Baton, Jane 190 Rapin Otero Daly 1068 ania 1045, Angad 10, May 1966 May 1046, Feesary 107, Aap 1947 yy PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION In the preparation of the new edition of this volume, the general character of the book has remained unchanged; the nly effort being to make it more complete and up-to-date by including new theoretical and experimental material repre- senting recent developments inthe felds of stress analysis and. experimental investigation of mechanical properties of struc tural materials. "The most important additions to the first edition include: 1, A more complete discussion of problems dealing with bending, compression, and torsion of slender and thin-walled structures. This kind of structure finds at present a wide application in airplane constructions, and it was considered desirable co include in the new edition more problems from that field. 2. A chapter on plastic defor mations dealing with bending land torsion of beams and shafts beyond the elastic mit and, also with plastic fow of material in thick-walled cylinders subjected to high internal pressures. 3. A considerable amount of new material of an experi- ‘mental character pertaining to the behavior of structural ‘materials at high temperatures and. to the fatigue of metals lunder reversal of strestes, especially in those cases where fatigue is combined with high stress concentration. 4 Important additions to be found in the portion of the book dealing with beams on elastic foundations; in the chap. ters on the theory of curved bars and theory of plates and shells; and in the chapter on stress concentration, in which some recent results of photoelastic tests have been included. Since the appearance of the first edition of this book, the Author's three volumes of a more advanced character, “Theory Of Elasticity,” “Theory of Blastic Stability,” and “Theory of Plates and Shells” have been published, Reference to theseiv PREFACE. TO THE SECOND EDITION books are made in various places in this volume, expecially in those cases where only final results are given’ without © complete mathematical derivation Icis hoped thar with the additions mentioned above the book will give an up-to-date presentation of the subject of strength of materials which may be useful both to graduate students interested in engineering mechanics and to design engineers dealing with complicated problems of stress analysis. Srepuen P, Tawostexo Taw get ¥ PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION ‘The second volume of Tux Staeworit or MareRtats is written principally for advanced students, research engincers, and designers. The writer has endeavored to prepare-a book which contains the new developments that are of practical importance in the fields of strength of materials and theory of, elasticity. Complete derivations of problems of practical interest are given in most cases. In only a comparatively few cases of the more complicated problems, for which solutions ‘cannot be derived without going beyond the limit ofthe usual standard in engineering mathematics, the final results only are given. In such cases, the practical applications ofthe results are discussed, and, at the same time, references are given to the literature in which the complete derivation of the solution ‘can be found. In the first chapter, more complicated problems of bending of prismatical bars are considered. The important problems ‘of bending of bars on an elastic foundation are discussed in, detail and applications of the theory in investigating stresses in rails and stresses in tubes are given. The application of trigonometric series in investigating problems of bending is also discussed, and important approximate formulas. for combined direct and transverse loading are derived, In the second chapter, the theory of curved bars is de- ped in detail. ‘The application of this theory co machine design is illustrated by an analysis of the stresses, for instance, in hooks, fy wheels, links of chains, piston rings, and curved pipes. ‘The third chapter contains the theory of bending of plates. ‘The cases of deflection of plates to a cylindrical shape and the symmetrical bending of circular plates are discussed in detail and practical applications are given. Some data regarding the bending of rectangular plates under uniform load are also given,¥ PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION In the fourth chapter are discussed problems of stress distribution in parts having the form of a generated body and symmetrically loaded. These problems are especially important for designers of vessels submitted to internal pressure and of rotating machinery. Tensile and bending stresses in thin-walled vessels stresses in thick-walled cylinders, shrinkfit stresses, and also dynamic stresses produced in rotors and rotating dises by inertia forces and the stresses due to non-uniform heating are given attention. ‘The fifth chapter contains the theory of sidewise buckling of compressed members and thin plates due to elastic in stability. These problems are of utmost importance in many modern structures where the cross sectional dimensions are being reduced to a minimum due to the use of stronger ma- terials and the desire to decrease weight. In many cases, failure of an engineering structure isto be atributed to clastic instability and not to lack of strength on the part of the material. In the sixth chapter, the irregularities in stress distribution produced by sharp variations in eross sections of bars caused by holes and grooves are considered, and the practical sig- nifcance of stress concentration is discussed. ‘The photo- elastic method, which has proved very useful in investigating stress concentration, is also described. The membrane anal- ‘ogy in torsional problems and its application in investigating stress concentration at reentrant corners, as in rolled sections and in tubular sections, is explained. Circular shalts of variable diameter are also discussed, and an electrical analogy is used in explaining local stresses at the fillets in such shaft. In the last chapter, che mechanical properties of materials are discussed. Attention is directed eo the general principles rather than to a description of established, standardized methods of testing materials and manipulating apparatus. The results of modern investigations of the mechanical properties of single crystals and the practical significance of this information are described. Such subjects a8 the fatigue of metals and the strength of metals at high temperature are - decided practical interest in modern machine design. STaae probleme are tented more partly with reference to new developments in these fields. Tn concluding, various strength theories are considered. ‘The important subject of the relation of the theories to the method of establishing working stresses under various stress ‘conditions is developed. ‘Te was mentioned that the book was written partially for teaching purposes, and that itisintended also to be sed for ade vanced courses, ‘The writer has, in his experience, usually divided the content of the book into three courses as follows: () A couree embodying chapters 1,3, and § principally for ad- vanced students interested in structural engineering, (2) A course covering chapters 2, 3, 4, and6 for students whose chief interest isin machine design. (3) A course using chapter 5 a8 a basis and accompanied by demonstrations in the material testing laboratory. The author feels that such a ‘course, which treats the fundamentals of mechanical proper: ties of materials and which establishes the relation between these properties and the working stresses used under various conditions in design, is of practical importance, and more attention should be given this sore of study in our engineering curricula, ‘The author takes this opportunity of thanking his friends who have assisted him by suggestions, reading of manuscripe and proof, particularly Messts. W. M. Coates and L. I Donnell, teachers of mathematics and mechanics in’ the Engineering College of the University of Michigan, and Mr. E, L. Everett of the Department of Engineering Research of the University of Michigan. He is indebted also to Mr. F. C. Witharm for the preparation of drawings, to Mrs. E. D, Webster for the typing of the manuscript, and to the D. Van Nostrand Company for their care in the publication of the book. PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION vi S. Tmosnenke ‘Axe Ansos, Micntons May e936E. @. 4 K. M, M v, 4 Tn 1. sytenn 5 NOTATIONS Normal stresses on planes perpendicular to sy y fand 2 axes. Normal stress on plane perpendicular to direction Normal stress at yield point. Normal working stress Shearing stress Shearing stresses parallel tox, y and z axes on the planes perpendicular to y, 2and x axes Working stress in shear ‘Total elongation, total defection ‘Unit elongation Unit elongations in x, y and = directions Unit shear, weight per unit volume ‘Modulus of elasticity in tension and compression ‘Modulus of elasticity in shear Poisson's ratio ‘Volume expansion Modulus of elasticity of volume ‘Torque Bending moment in a beam Shearing force in 2 beam Cross sectional area ‘Moments of inertia of a plane figure with respect toy and 2 axes Radi of gyration corresponding to Jy. Polar moment of inertia Section modulus ‘Torsional rigidity Length of a bar, span of « beam Concentrated forces ‘Temperature, thickness iNoratioNs Serain Ene Distance, a length [Load per nie length v CONTENTS: T, Spscuan Prosueus 1 Bewoine or Beams . . 1 1 Beams on Elastic Foundation 2. The Semi infinite Beam os an Biatic Foundation 3. Beams of Finite Length on Elastic Foundations 1 4 Combined Divece Compression and Lateral Load | 3§ ££ Continuous Struts a nel 8 TeeRod with Lateral Loading | > 7. Representation ofthe Destin Care by & Trig, rometical Series 8, Bending of Beams in'a Principal Plane which is hot ‘Plane of Symmetry. Center of Twist » «ss $0 9. Bferive Width of Thin Flanges rete 18, Limitations of the Method of Superposition © 1&5 TL Curve Bans 7 6s 11, Bending Stresses in Curved’ Bars 6s 12, Parscular Cases of Curved Bars 6 13, Deflection of Curved Bare ov = 2 221221) oy 1h. Arch Hinged ae the Ends) 2 Doe 18, Stresses in'a Flywheel fof 16. Deflection Curve fora Bar with # Circular Center ine rot 17, Deflection of Bars with # Small Initial Carvature | tog 18, The Bending of Curved Tubes 1 19, The Bending of a Carved Bar Out of ies Plane of Trivial Curvarsre Sana HE Tay Puares avo Suess 19 420, Bending of Plate 0 a Cylindsieal Surface 19 26 Bending of Lang Unilorly Loaded Rectanguar Plate nt 22, Deflection of Long Rectangular Plates Having a Small Tnitial Cylindrical Curvature 136 23. Combination of Pure Bending in Two Perpendicular Directions». + 139 24. Thermal Stresses in Plates ny 25, Rending of Circular Plates Loaded Syimmeteealy ‘with Respect tothe Center a5 36, Uniformly Loaded Cirelar Plate oo 133wW. vi. CONTENTS 27. Circular Plate Lond at the Center 16 a8, Gircular Plate Concentriclly Loaded 29, Dflestion of a Symmeticlly Loaded Cireiar Plate witha Circular Hole ae the Center, ast 430. Bending of Rectangular Pater is 1H. Thin-alled Vesela Submited to cern Prewine 155 52: Local Bending Stresses in Thin Verse ee 133: Thermal Serewes in Cylindrical Shel 211) 388 34: Twisting of a Circular Ring by Couples Unifienily Distributed along tts Center Line ” Bocruve op Baan Parts ayo Suns ie 235, Lateral Buckling of Bars, Compressed within the “Haste Limit a Se 36. Energy Method of Clelting Critiesl Compresive Toads ae 199 137. Buckling of Prismaieal Bars under the Aévion'of Uniformly Distributed Axial Forces, 05 438. Bucking of Bars of Variable Crost Section = 3g. Eee of Shearing Fore on Crtieal Load pd $B. Buckling of Eateced State a 4% Buckling of Cirular Rings and Tubes under Ex: ternal Presure «= = a6 42, Buckling of Rectangular Patcs Lill ay 43: Buckling of Beams without Lateral Supports: | 339 Drrontarions Sruneraicat, Anovr Axis x6 44 Thicewalled Cylinders ne 48. Stresses Produced by Shrink Fics a 46. Rotaeing Diseof Uniform Thickness as 47, Rotating Disc'of Variable Thickness 48. Thermal Stresses in a Long Hollow Cylinder 4 Silt of Non Circa Coss Secon $2. Membrane Analogy 51; Torsion of Relled Proie Sections §2. Torsion of Thin Tubular Members oe §9. Torsion of Thin-Walled Members it which Some Cross Sections are Prevented fom Warping 282 54. Torsional Buckling of ‘Thin-Walled. Compression Members“. . s : 206 Longitudinal Normal Srcasesin Twisted Bars |) 398 ss $6. Open Coiled Helical Spring v VIL. Sem sr ss se 6. br o 6. CONTENTS “Tension ‘or Compression Photoii Seth of Sess Neasirements 6f, Sens ae the Pont of Lond Application 6&, Contact Sere Balls and Relies eronnanions Brvoxo Eussne Lowe Ve Pe Rare Bening of Beams she Material of Which Doct Not Fullow Hooker Law ss 66, Banting of Rene by Transvene Loads Beyond ElasteLinits » 66, Resiual Stores Prodced by Tnlaine Beading 58. Tomson Beyond the Elase Line : Fe Pei Deformation of Tick Cynder odes che ‘Actin af Internal Preseore TK, Mecyameat Provesries or Maraiiats ju Tension Tee Fe Compresion Tes fe Sean Hasterng Lt TE. San Hardening nd eis! Sress 38 Type Fart ‘i 1. Tie Bet and Hist Fh The Fatigue of Metals 4. Various Facer Afesting Endranee Lint &5, Fatigue and Stes Concentration Causes of Fatigue 4 Mechaal Proper of Meta a High Taper 85, Varios Sneath Theis Be Working Suess, HONE MOK event eee ae ae 33 ant a4 39 335 ae ue 352 355 oe a7 a9 3a 389 : x i a 435 39 4 a e 19CHAPTER I ppCiAL PROBLEMS [00 BENDING OF BEAMS 1 Beams on Blast Foundation.—Let us consider & Prt snacl beam svrported alongits ecire lenge bya consn ons matic ndaton, such that when ce beam is deflect, he cast of the continuously. distributed reaction &¢ 6°67) inten proportional tthe deflection at chat secon’ io Conditions the reaction per unit length of the Dar Under sfoprevented by the expression By, in which 7 i he a dating Eis a constant usally called che moduli of eandasion. ‘Thin constant denotes the reaction Pep anit fon hon the defection i qual to nity. The smal ae lene rthat she continuous reaction of the foundations surircona to the defection ia satisfactory approxitoy Peeparpracicl cases. For instance, inthe ese of riway in many Pe“solution obtsined on this assumption is in good eectrent with actual measurements? Tn studying Oe oe qe tanve of the beam we use the differential equations? “ EL Ga" @ in which g denotes the intensity ofthe load a fon the beam, The beam ir nbedic jn « material eapble of exerting downward sas well as gpaedforees on 1 a ee ori, E, Lange, Trans AS. ME Vol fey ST cry of ning be no ea unde 2 ite ile Di Eclvev- ¢ Blau o. Fike oped by Weeesp As Zimmermay Die Beech de Be eer eee asin, hls Further devlopment ofthe teary Eat era ing plications: layaes, Theore dey Tage Til Foun aa pen, aoaug Wigghard, Zetec (ar ange suf latcher Unta§ Va y (oasis Kev Sanden and ScHlehen Bee MAIN fuse ileft gy Pasternak, Beton 0, Bien 1996 G69 cern a Eee eshte angewandte Math o Mesh Vol. 7+ Sabo WPS oe Journal Apel Mech Vol te P 1. 1937 SUSE tht of Materia” PAE Tsp 137RENGTHT OF MATERIALS For an unloaded portion the only force on the beam is the continuously distributed reaction from the side ofthe founda, tion of intensity Ay. Hence q = — ky and equation (o) becomes B1b om — hy, w Using the notation i SET, the general solution of eq. (1) can be represented as follows: J = (4 oon Be + B sin Bs) + M(Coos be + Dsin as). (b This can easily be verified by substituting (6) in eq. (1). In particular cases the arbitrary constants , B, C, and D of the solution must be determined from the known conditions at certain points, Let us consider, a an example, the case of a single concen- ‘rated load acting on an infinitely long beam (Fig. 1), eaking the origin of coordinates at the point of application of the force. From the condition of symmetry, Srrmezmm.—+ only that part of the beam to the ight of re oe ad ged tea (gt, 3). cee In applying the general solution (8) t0 Tir” thiscase, the arbitrary constants must frst if be foyind. Tris reasonable to assume chat Fro. at points infinitely distant from the force P the deflection and the curvature are equal to zero. This condition can be fulilled only if the constants 4 and B in eq. (8) are taken equal to zero.” Hence the deflection curve for the right portion of the beam be. Y= (Cos Be + Dain os), © ‘The two remaining constants of integration Cand D must be found from the conditions atthe origin, = 0. At this poine, PROBLEMS IN BENDING OF BEAMS 3 ie save a horizontal tangents therelore the deflection curve must have a h 1 eangen a) or substituting expression (¢) for y e-(C cos bx + Dsin x + Csin ax ~ Deos xls = 0 from which Equation (¢) therefore becomes 9 = COM (c0s Be + sin Bx). @ ‘The consecutive derivatives of this equation are Bo — s80e-* sin Br, a $y» apce-*(sin Bx — c08 82), oe Fa = 2eCe*(sin Bx — c08 Bs), 22. p'Ce* cos Ba. © BE = 4pCe cosa J contane © can ow be determined fom the fact hat 25 othe le repre ea naan EH The nis aign flows fom on tonvetion for sign of shearing foresee PJ Part D Then Ore ~ (42), - 21.(B)_~ or using ea. () Etesgc =2, ‘rom which - C= SREr, Substicuting this in eqs. (2) and (@), we obtain the following4 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS PROBLEMS IN BENDING OF BEAMS ‘equations for the deflection and bending moment curves: remo me tas oer renaetna) = — Pemente + inte, oft beeaea ae Mm ~ B18» —Pewtinge ~ ct, ia | 7 Sieh) Sto Both expressions (3) and (4) have, when plotted, a wave form with gradually diminishing amplitudes. "The length a of 3 ame these waves i given by the period ofthe fanctions ses ae and oe ceteet sin Bs, ie, Ee coat oe a= a oe ED 6 ae Seon | Sout | -sestt ‘To simplify the determination ofthe deflection, the bending ne = moment, and the shearing force the numerial rable belon con Biven, in which the following notations are useds 9 = (cos Bx + sin 8x); ¥ = — (sin Be — cos ax); 6 Bm meas ies T= eM sin Be In Fig. 2 the functions @ and ¥ are shown graphically s | Y 1 const 0059 =e | eon6 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS Using the notation (6) and equations (d)~(f) we obtain i i ~ 21,5 = Even, a ty P vm ~ £1,593 = ~P ase) By using these equations together with table I, the deflection, the slope, the bending moment, and the shearing force for any cross section of the beam can be readily calculated. The maximum deflection and maximum bending moment occur at the origin and are, respectively, @ ©) Using the expressicn (3) for a single load and the principle of superposition, the deeion produced in an intl long yeam on an elastic foundation by any other type of loadin can be readily obtained. * * a an example let us consider the cate of yy ‘a uniform load distributed over a lengeh J of fad” an intely long beam (Pig. 3). Consider FATT] ny pone 4 and it cand epitocnt the di Fon 1 ancl fhm this polo fo the ends of the Headed part ofthe team, The defection af, produced by an clement ga of the load, is obtained by subst Toeing gs for Pino. Gy which gives 98 aia, ¢7 os bs + sind ‘The deflection produced at 4 by the loudng distributed over the PROBLEMS IN BENDING OF BEAMS 7 length Zthen becomes go f Barer ooert sina) + [SE = fe — PM eastb— eho). Ue cand are lag, the values and ei be sal andthe ‘Last ll ceualspprosimacly offiey septs Fe eet th bade yr the athe bang the ae fm etd and an fesse tu the fo gg SeePanmied wees ludston, Taking te pot gre We oad part ofthe bar, we aver 9, = Fer Tse Et Fae ae te oy co tNca ym gr tes the dehctee’ now hs ony one ball Gite tle dae above ie atest anes by sng equation (she expen for sending omen ten be vse TE Ghe pine en SSCS TR ated eytin of te eam ant the quan Sante etn epee he rer andthe sae dant fem tpi iol eds the el par of the beam Scone a= fpr cote + ing ‘ghee = fret conte + inte bctrem te emcosth. 0) When lange quanttys we obtain for oy, {he acheston the value fab, stich conde with ou prev? fous conclusion. “As the dis- The cae of a couple ating Fae nan infinitely long beam, da, can alco by anlyned by using the solution 3 fra singe load ‘The tion of the couple is equivslene to that of the two Torces P shown in Fig. ay f Pe approaches Me while ¢ approaches zer.8 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS = saa aoe eon Mos o(8s) = ofste +0] _ _ Made aE ° 7 Since, fom equations (7), de ae, wwe obtain for the defection eurve produced by the couple Mg the following equation M = ME rip. re) By difeeniatng this equation, we obtain 2 Me F=ME vo0, (10) Using these equations tether with Table 1, one can realy eleu- late he defection the spe, the bending moment, and the shearing force for any cross stow of the beam ‘We shal now comder the cave of several loads acting on a team,” Asancrarple beading ofr produced by wheel: pressures td's locomotive wl beacuse The allowing method of ana Iyzing stress in ral i based upon the sssumpion that there Ba Santinuous clare support under the ral.”‘This anumpdion good approximations sie the datencehetween the te sal jntCompatton fo the wave length a of the defection curve, given by en. Invorder to obtain the magne ofthe modulus 1 fottion the load roquired to depres one te unit distance fnust be divided by the te spacing. Tris asumed that the te is Snmetialy loaded by two loads corresponding tothe Fall pres strn Sapte insane tat the fe ped 09 Bich Suet each of the two los of 10200 pounds And that the Ce PROBLEMS IN BENDING OF BEAMS 9 pacing is 22 inches; chen tr ooxe = 1,500 Ibs, por square inch For the case of single wheel load P, eqs (8) and (9) aze wed forthe maximum defection and maximum bending moment. The ‘asimam stres duc tothe bending of the rail will be Moe sath aa NE @ where Z denotes the section modulus of the rit Tn onder to compare stresses in rails the eros sections of which are geometrically sila, eq,() may’ be put inthe fellowing forms a in which i che area of che crows sition of the rail. Since the cond factor on the right side of eq. (J) remains constant for {eomevically similar eros sections and since the third factor does fr depend on the dimensions of the ray the masimum stress inversely proportional to the atea of the cross section, i, inversely proportional tothe weight of the Fall per unit length Pan approximate value of the maxitmam pressure Rg on ate is cbtained by muleplying the maxinsum depresion by the He spacing ‘and by the modulus of the foundation. From eq. @) Pay Pal PE Rae = ig = PE ® le may be seen from this that the pressure on the tie depends prin Cipally on the te spacing Te should be noted also that occurs inboth eqs () al () a8 a fourth root. Hlence an errr in the fletermination of will introduce @ much smaller etror in the magnitude of enue and Rew ‘Sez authors paper on “Stength of Rall” Transactions of the Insewee of Way Of Communications, St, Petersburg, Russa (1010), tnd author's paper in Brac. of the Second Tacernational Congrest for [Applied Meehan Zisich, 1436. See lao reference 2 in writing eG) ie wis ansumed that the clementary beam formule can be wged at the crow section where the load P is applied, More ‘Eieled investigations show thaty due to local stresey considersble ‘eviation fom the elementary eq () should be expected0 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS When several loads are acting on the rail, the method of super. position muse be used. To illustrate the method of ealelation we Shall discuss a numerical example. Consider a too rl section with Z, = 44 int and with a te spacing such thae f= 1,500 lbs, per aq. in then from . (2) [e_ fifoe NGEL.~ Nex x a and from 69. (5) en tawain We take, as an example, aystem of four equal wheel loads, 66 inches apart. If we fx the origin of coordinates at the point of contact ofthe first whee, the values of Be for other wheels will be ‘those in the table 2 below. The cortesponding values of fonctions vv and y taken from the numerical table om p. § are aso given. | T oe o | oe | os | on : 1 | cea | Teas | ace Now after superposing the eet ofall the four load acting om the rail the bending moment under the frst wheel iy rom 69. Gy 2 2 My ~ B= 0207 ~ 051 + 9008) = 095%, iy the bending moments a5 per cent les than that produced 1 sng load Pe i eee Proceeing in the same manner for the point of contact ofthe second wheel we ota vier > mak Ie may be seen that due othe ation of adjacent whecs the bending tmoment under the second wheel i such smaller than under the frst. "This fact waa proved by numerous experimental esr: rents of track stesies. Using ey (3) and the values in the lat 2 X 01207 — cost ae 53535 PROBLEMS IN BENDING OF BEAMS n line ofthe numerical table 2, we find the following deflection under the first waeel The defections at other points can be obtained ina similar manne. Te will be aen thatthe method of superposition is easily applied to determin the let of «combination of laads having any arrange- ment snd any spacing, "The analysis is baaed on the assumption that the rail support is capable of developing negative reactions. Since there is Play between the ral and the spikes, there is ite resistance to. the "upward movement ofthe ral and this tends to increase the bending Iement in the rail under the frst and the last wheels. Osher Clements enter into the problem and these may affece the acuracy (Of the analysis," Nevertheless, i general, the above theory forthe fending of the ral, caused by static loading, is im sasfactory Agreement with the experiments which have been made. Problems 1. Using the information given in Table 2, constr the bending rmament dag othe il suming a he wheel esas ae {ual to 40,00 Ibs. Such a diagram shoul show that the moments re nogative in sections midway beoncen the wheds, whch ind ‘ater that during lecomocive motion the ral is submiteed to the Section of reversal of bending stresses which may finally resale in Fatigue eck. 3 Hind the bending momenta che mide ofthe loaded portion of the beam shows in Fig.) and the lope of the deflectin carve tthe ee cad of the same portion 3 Bind the defection ae any point under the trangulat lad {eting on an infinitely Tong beam fon casi foundation, Fig ZA “Amar. Proceeding. a8 in the derivation of equation Ds Po eben = F199 = 40h 2 = Sy l00 — via ~ 291000 + 48.2 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS 2, The Semi-infnite Beam on an Elastic Foundation —If Jong beam on an elastic foundation is bent by a force P and a mo sent My applied at the end as shown in Fig 6, we again can use the general solution (b) of the preceding article ot _,_ Since the deletion and the bending mament » lpproach zeros the distances from the loaded nd increases, we must take in ot that colton and we obtain y= (Coon fe + Dein gs). (a) For determining the constants of integration C and D we have the conditions at the origin .e, under the load Ps ou(),, (2) 2 rer ttuting expression (a i ehese equations, we obtain two linear Suations Gd D, om which ~My (P-pMo; D Substituting in equation (a), we obtain “ff oxse— scene sine) = 2 puso — eden) — roe. 0 ‘To get the deflection under the load we must substitute in (18) ete. Then per, ? ~ 230 ow Bo Glee “The exprestion forthe slope is obtained by diferentiating eq (1). At the tnd (6) this becomes (B)_- - we? - oan. Using thee equations in conjunction with the principle of super pesition, more complicated problems can be seved iz If uniformly ded long beam on an laste foundation has 2 PROBLEMS IN BENDING OF BEAMS 8 simply supported end, Fig. 72, the reaction R is found from the SE on hae deletion athe support s2er. Observing that alge dance om, the Sippore bending of the beam sMeligible and. that its de- ssn into the foundation can [Staten equal to gif ve cal cae the ale of by Sitting aso and , sanee dn. one mec A iat cs nema fad 00 E peers eee wep” adc ae a fecions given by equation (1) ESP Bh 2 Som the riform depresion gt of the beam, which give conse = J — A coshs). (14) the cae of a builtin end Fg, 7h the magnates of the react it an of the moment hare btned fom the eptans ran a tet defccton andthe slope are ero” Observing dae OTP ce othe suppor he detection is oa © TE citetona tr) and Ga), we obtain the following Gunns forcing Rand Bs? eo PET, (RBM) and aer, R +980, from which Mn = 90, ELt=1 wel gm h as) “The minus sign of Me indicates thatthe moment has the direction shown by the arrow in Fig. 7 on Re “in equations (ii) and (32), aieated, wince the positive fection forthe renetion fe taen upwards“ STRENGTH OF MATERIALS Problems 1, Find the deflection curve for a semi-infinite beam on an clastic foundation hinged at the end and acted upon by » couple Ma Fig 8 ae ‘Solution. "The reaction at the hinge’ is obtained from equation is (11) substituting =, which gives Fat P= BM Substituting this value of P in equation (11) we obtain po glbgerinar= linea. 00 ee ea B50, wan sdtemenn, | a 4 Ym ~ EL = ~ obo). | 2, Find the bending moment My and the force P acting on the end of a semi infinite beam on an clastic foundation, Fig ifthe Aetection 8 and the slope fat the end are given Saluion. The values fy and P are obtain from equations (ax?) ‘and (ea) by sobetituting the piven quits for 9 and Glebe Tay itl the defstion cuve for a sminnite beam onan clastic foundation prouced by a load P applied at 2 datance from the free end 4 of the beam, Fig. ic. PROBLEMS IN BENDING OF BEAMS 5 tes pcan etal aur! Sean sete eases ST cap wesepesie bet eaten SS. -G Se cree ey Lunes » a= Fy, v 2089. (0 “Tocbtain the roqired defection (Gp favve forthe sominfite beam, ice athe end me ciety cs the set nfinite beam produced Pe 1 by forces shown in ig rod on the defection uf the Betisios infinite beam, By sing equations {G) (rd sed (inthis way we obtain for > 0° 2 rane od + aise +o} —sbetne Hon = ey +E wgosiie+ 0) + WMste# 01 Hesse + 8 ‘This expression can algo be used for = ¢ 5. ee a reine 7 yo ae eee a ee Se git Rie 9 > 385 El, ~ BET” wa ‘A yey complete scusion of sch problems i given by LG. Boobsov Se Thbey of Structure of Sipe” vol 3 2944 5. Betesburs PROBLEMS IN BENDING OF BEAMS a she Ais the preston hort eam 40 of the vera Teendertndinton”ivop enon ork ne anf ae ‘ae ortanptal bean 8 sue the scion of eoncenraced fore Fig. 174, the magnitude of which is : Eh Rofo —8EL, © Anning at etn bene eve a olin Seyun nhe egh ofthe boar beam nd soe the soncentrated orcer by the equivalent uniform load, se'dhows ETc wc a ele he cpneoad debe, ded abet # Poo in the figure by the dotted lines, by a continious lad distribution ofthe intensity f where fae és ai? BEL, -i 0 ‘The diferential equation ofthe defection curve forthe beam ay So mo — by im eis seen thatthe horizontal beam is in the condition ofa uniformly2 ‘STRENGTH OF MATERIALS loaded beam on an clastic foundation. ‘The intensity of the load find the modulus of foundation are given by the expressions (0) in discussing the defection ofthe beams we can use the method of siperposition previously explained or we ean directly integrate lation (n)- Using the latter method, we may write the general integral of the equation {m) in the following form ya$4 oinseishoet Conaronbar| + Gvemsesinhbe + Chom rent Thing he rg of eee a he ey Fe 7 3 Target Gatysoaomds ae e suing hin se on) ing henna the Siiyemtads 2), Ode = Be a asin — beoaal + cook” Gane wwe find jroo! Com — con Al + coah pi “The deflection curve then is in Bx sinh acon cosh ~ cour ewwan gh Om Beco Be J CO) “The defection at the middle is obtained by taking x = © which oe soon! ome he » PROBLE! 1S IN. BENDING OF BEAMS 23 Substituting this value im equation (4), we find the reaction at the Snide support ofthe vertial beam, which merece he beam 1B eins milpuine It je inoresing to note that thireacton may iecome nine which ines that che bata cal apport the yerdcl beams only fs suBiendly rigid otherwise sEiay actually increase the bending of some of the vertical beams Problems 1, Find a general expression for the defection curve for the ease ‘asteted in Fig, 12. ‘Answer ‘PA cosh Be cos sl — 3) + cosh t ha + sin 4 Find the deflections atthe ends and the bending moment at ‘the tile of the beam bene by ewo equal and opposite couples Ma Figs 18. conse | Fl coat int 7 Boat + cosh Hsin ‘sink al anal Find the efeson and the bending momenta he mile of the beam with hinged ends and on an elastic foundation, the load being applied atthe middle ofthe bears, Fig. 1. inser. PB sich pl — sin a! 3E cosh Al-+ eos," eee 98 conh Bl + cos M,4 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS 4. Find the deflection and the bending moment atthe midale of the tniformly loaded beam with hinged ends on an elastic founda- eee #UE 7 Goal + cos at |? sol al “3g coahal + es 5. Find the bending moments a¢ the ends of the beam with builtin ens and om an elastic foundation. The beam is carrying 2 uniform load and a load at the middle, Fig. 28 : my aby M, sr p tian sin pt ~ Bain BYE ain il ~ 35 sinh a sin 6, Find the deflection curve forthe beam on an clastic founda- tion with the load appli at onc end, Fig. 23. Mem LOTTI, OTTO say inh A eo cosh t— 2) = sin Bl cosh Bx cos Bll — 2) Bl = si PROBLEMS IN BENDING OF BEAMS 2s 7, A beam on an clastic foundation and with hinged ends is bene by a couple My applied atthe end, Fig. 23. Find the deflection curve ofthe beam “answer Ceosh a sin sinh a — 2) ~ con sinh sin a= 39}. ‘4. Combined Direct Compression and Lateral Load.— Let us begin wich the simple problem of a strut with hinged ‘ends, loaded by a single force P, and centrally compressed by toro equal and opposite forces S, Fig. 24. Assuming that the ies 7) Pate force P acts in one of the principal planes of the strut, we see that the bending proceeds in the same plane. The differ tential equations of the deflection curve for the two portions of the strut are: erft—— 55 Pe, rm ~ a) @) * (7) we represent the slutons ofthe equations (e) and (inthe faowing form: " = Creos pe + Crsin pe — Fh, © 9 = Choos pr + Crsin pe — PSO d-9. @% STRENGTH OF MATERIALS Since the deflections vanish at the ends of the strut, we con- clude that G=6, C= = Cytan pl ‘The remaining two constants of integration we find from the conditions of continuity at the point of application of the load P, which require that equations (¢) and (d) give the same deflection and the same slope for x = /-— ¢; we obtain: Coin 9 = Clin p= 9 = unpleos pl ~ cpenpt=9 = Coteeepl— 9 + unplsinpt— 0 +, fom wich P sin pe Ps Pin pl) Spain p? Span pl Substituting in equation (¢) we obtain for the left portion of the strut: c Pain pe Pe Spann oe — SF as) ‘om this, by differentiation, we find: dy _Psinge 4, Pe E> sang — SP a By Ppsin.b in py [ a> ~ Sangre ‘The corresponding expressions for the right portion of the strut are obtained by substituting (J — x) instead of x and (= 0) instead of ¢, and by changing the sign of 4 ‘equations (18) and (ig). ‘These substitutions gi Pain pl) g, POG», (20) ~ Peel inp 9 ~ PEP G— a, (20) PROBLEMS IN BENDING OF BEAMS 27 singl= 9 F = Piet emp 959, on ey 2 Posepe2 2 sin pll — 2), @ In a particular ease, when the load P is applied at the middle, we have ¢ = //3, and, by introducing the notation st By 0 8-4 ce) we obtain from equation (18) 2 (und! - dow = deve = PP tana —u Bel 9) ‘The first factor in expression (24) represents the deflection produced by the lateral load P acting alone. ‘The second factor indicates in what proportion che deflection produced, by Pis magnified by the axial compressive force 5. When 8) is small in comparison with Euler load (S. = EZw'/P), the quantity 1 is small and the second factor in equation’ (24) approaches unity, which indicates that under this condition the effect on the deflection of the axial compressive force is, negligible. When $ approaches the Kuler value, the quantity, 1 approaches the value 3/2 (See eq. 23) and the second factor in expression (24) increases indefinitely, as should be expected from our previous discussion of critical load (sce p. 244y Pare). "The maximum walue of the bending moment is under the load and its value is obtained from the second of equations (49), and es) ‘Aguin we see thatthe frst factor in expression (25) represents8 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS the bending moment produced by the load P acting alone, while the second factor isthe magnification factor representing the action of the axial force 5 on the maximum bending moment. “Having solved the problem for one lateral load P, Fig. 24, we can readily obtain the solution for the case ofa strut bend by a couple applied at the end, Fig. 25. It is only necessary to assume that in our previous discussion the distance ¢ is indefinitely diminishing approaching 2ero, while Pe remains a fonstanccqual to Me. Substituting Pe = Mandan ke = he fn equation (18), we obtain the defection curv (Ges -7): 9 from which &-'8(Gee-7) “The slopes ofthe beam at the ends are S(shp-1) bet (ssn & (aia-i) Me 1 3 o(sramaa~ ar) [Again the first factors in expressions (27) and (28) taken ‘with proper signs represent the slopes produced by the couple PROBLEMS IN BENDING OF BEAMS » ‘Me acting alone (see p. 158, Part I), and the second factors represent the effect of the axial force S. ‘Considering equations (#8) and (26), we se that the lateral force P and the couple Mo occur in these expressions linear! while the axial foree $ occurs in the same expressions in a ‘more complicated manner, since p also contains S (see eq. 17). From this we conclude that if at point C, Fig. 24, two forces P and Q are applied, the deflection at any point may be “obtained by superposing the deflections produced by the loud @ and the axial forces Son the deflection produced by the Toad P and the same axial forces. A similar eonclusion can be reached regarding couples applied to one end of the beam. ‘The conclusion regarding superposition can be readily generalized and extended to cover the case of seve al loads, Fig. 26. For each portion of the strut an equation similar to =a equations (a) and (2) can be written, and solution similar to those in (@) and (2) can be obtained. The constants of integration can be found from the conditions of continuity at the points of losd application and from the conditions at the ends of the strut. In this way ie can be shown that the ellction at any point of the strut isa linear function of the loads Py Ps, =" and that the deflection at any poine ean be obtained by superposing the defections produced at that Point by each of the lateral loads acting together with the fal force. Let us consider a general case when 1 forces are acting and m of these forces are applied to the right of the croc section for which we are calculating the defection. ‘The expression for this defection is obtained by using equation (8) forthe forees Py, Pay = Pa and equation (2) for the30 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS forces Pass, Pas ++ Pm In this way we obtain the requited deflection y= SOB E posing - HE Pe inp) pring —e inal psing —0) af Ero. 9) 1 instead of concentrated forces, thee isa uniform lad of intensity acing om the strat ech element gd of this Tandy taken ae a ditanc ¢ from the ght end can be con sSheted aa eonentated force. Substistng instead of Piinequaion 39) and replacing summation signs Dy intege- Tin obtain te following expression for the defection Spang al we in pl ~ =) 1 BALE? f gaingttmae 55 Integrating the above gives singe pin gede~ and Onn = S6(ate- 1-5 on PROBLEMS IN BENDING OF BEAMS n By differentiating equation (30), we readily obtain the ex: pressions for che slope and for the bending moment. The slope at the left end of the strut is | @) ‘The maximum bending moment is at the middle where de wht 8) _ gn 20 = con BR wesw” 3) S008 By using solution (26) for the case of a couple together with solution (29) for lateral loads, and applying the method of superposition, variousstatially indeterminate eases of bending of struts can be readily solved, 2 fos ‘Taking as an example the case 7” zn, of a uniformly loaded strut buile in at one end, Fig. 27, we find the bending moment Me at the built-in end from the condition chat this end does not rotate during bending. By using equations (28) and (32) this condition is found to be ~tpet+d- (ak MED We ET (satan “rom which 4 tan2u(an ~ 0) Mam ea Ge _In the case of a uniformly loaded strut with both ends built-in the moments My at the ends are obtained from the3 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS ar] equation: P tanune ~hlweane {9 is seen from expressions (34) and (35) that the values of the statically indeterminate moments in the case of struts are ‘obtained by multiplying the corresponding moments caleu- lated from the beam formulas by certain magnification factors. All necessary calculations etn be greatly simplified by using the prepared numerical cables for determining magnification factors.” ‘When the maximum bending moment for a strut is found, the numerical stress maximum is obtained by combining the direct stress with the maximum bending stress, which gives © where 4 and Z are, respectively, the cross-sectional area and the section modulus for the strut. Taking, as an example, the ease of a uniformly loaded strut wich hinged ends, we ‘obtain from equation (3, 5 gh 201 — eons) a Fae o In selecting the proper crosssectional dimensions of the struc it is necessary ¢0 consider chat the right side of the equation (f) is not linear in S'since the quantity w also de- pends on 5, as may be seen from expression (23). Owing to this fact the maximum stress increases at a greater rate than coms PU Be Ha Baa ge ae Re PACE mien’ PROBLEMS IN BENDING OF BEAMS 3 the force §, ‘Thus the wsual method for determining the proper dimensions by taking!™ lemox| = 5 @ where 1 is the factor of safety, fils in this case Tr che strut must he designed co that it will begin to yield when the forces & and q increase m times, the eross section fnust be selected 20 that [enue will be somewhat smaller than ey in order to satisfy the equation: en 5, gh ot — cos) athe atom o in which wy = 9 Te is apparent that if we proceed in this manner we satisfy the requirement regarding the beginning of yielding; by multiplying both sides of the equation (2) by 2 we find nS gl cos on pe c) which indicates that the maximum stress reaches the yield ppoine stress when J and g have been increased m times ‘Similar procedure in the design of strats can be applied in ‘other cases of loading. We can conclude from the above discussion that to ascertain a factor of safety m in the design fof struts,!! we must use instead of equation (g) a modified equation similar to equation (h), in which the parameter 1 is replaced by a Problems 1, ind the slope at the Ie ed of» stot wth hinged ends which is loaded at the middle by the load P. a Te is asumed that material of che wrut ha & provwanced yield PSS this method of dvign of sloped by K. 8. "This method of design of strate was developed Dawson sce Memes ofthe Trae of Engncers of Ways of Communion, ig 8 Peeabangrn STRE? NGTH OF MATERIALS Anawer, dy) Pim conu_ PR 1 cosw {B )oa "35 conn GET ah con 4. Find the slopes at the ende ofa strut carrying 2 triangular load, Fig. 28 Solution. Substituting in equation (29) gedell instead of Po and replacing summation by integration we Bd apt Pag 8 fg yess Pinna 5 Ma Sapa 9 [a ing — ode GE [ME Uae Dicniing hs dh epee wom we nd hat Spsinpl by 4 (2)_.-gfne-9 (4)_.--afige-» a) na” ~ per where and are functions given hy expeasions (36) (ep 38) Find the des the ends of srt symmetaly loaded by So londs Py a show sin ig 39 eG) 4. strat with builtin ends is loaded a8 shown in Fig. 25 Find the bending moments, Mo, atthe ends PROBLEMS IN BENDING OF BEAMS 3s Solution. ‘The moments My are found from the conditions that the ends of the srut do not rotate. By using the answer of the preceding problem and alo equations (27) and (a8), the following {quation for calculating is obtained va, Psd wn Pat) fd = 0, we obtain the case ofa load 2P concentrated at che mile from which Pe oS fy x Re ” 1 — ; Hr . 5 Comtnuoas Stuts—In the case of a continous stat we proceed atin the ese of comtinuoor eam ose pr aot, Pare) thd consider two ajsccnt spun Fig. go" Using equations Cay {G7),and Gy and ntedacng mvt forthe mb pan Site thang & dee A. Zimmermann, Seungihy Akad. Wi Resins tt and eee36 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS oo co) We conclude thatthe slope at the right end of the nth span, Fig. 308, produced by the ead moments Mass and Aly is ‘The slope produced at the left end of the w + t span by the mo. ments My Sd Mayas Marinas 4g, Males con ee + bene If there is no lateral load acting on the two spans under considera. tion, the expressions (a) and (2) must be equal, and we obtain: ® tesa (f+ font) audit 60 Te. “This is the three moment equation for continuous strut if there is no lateral load on the two spans under consideration Tf chee is lateral load actin, the corresponding slopes produced by this load must be added to expressions (e) and @). Taking, for example, the case of uniform load qu and gyay acting onthe spans rand» + tina downward ditetion, we obtain the corresponding Slopes frou equation (33) and, instead of expressions (2) and (By swe obesis sole Eh! © Bquating these ewo.expresions we obtain us Tes, = att tele. G9) se nat 2 (Baft+ Bon PROBLEMS IN BENDING OF BEAMS 7 This the tres moment equation fo a srt wih uniform Jad Meath 'span ies tins to the cere moment equator er catnuots bam snd cinhes witht when 3 = ond el enetons eoyy booms equl nie be any othe Mn of ltr! load we have to change only the fight side the quan {aps whch depends on the Svan oF fe djs ends the Spas road by Ine! adn ‘Taking. for compl the case os topetidd ad Shown i ye at T and dividing the load into two parts, T rT ‘uniform loals and triangular loads, e tre se for the wsiform loads the Terme which we alrealy have on DP DSO ehh tue of cqutson Oh a tos crop nthe angular loads, Using the exresion Sarcoma ihe elle, Using he pre the two terme which we have to ad to the ight side of equation (G9) inthe case of the load shown in Fig. gt are 1 ph 21go~ gaan ae hay = 1) Mec pety, 9, in which ag and fas are defied by exprenions (3) If concen- rated force are acting onthe eps Under conaderation the {ied expen for hens are ely canbe fom the Earl expresso free Sefecton etre 3. “The ealslation of moments fromthe three moment equations (9 eon be comieraly spied by ung nama ier of anon 3 and Tn the derivation of equation (5) ie wat agumed that the sonia the th support had he tame tae for both adjcene fpara Thre arcanca Romeverin whan eters nome iPro ac the ppt a shows in Bg yxy noch esse ue distngseh between the value the bending moment thelcheond tothe righ of the support, “The raion between these tom tent ven by she Sno fees ™ MyM = Men, ach tlles ean be found fp the bok by AS. Nis and J. S Novel eptang Seucarey” Vol 138) be ato wets Wok, sty of Hee Scher se sacethetn eft tn inthe. aken a sie38 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS from which My = My = Me. o Equation (59) in ouch a care is replaced by the fllowing equati de 4 ett ae a te Ma Bu Mu + Buon My wer Mase (eo) If che supports of «continuo strat are not on straight line, the sional erm, depending om the diferences in the levels of the three consecutive support, must be put on the right side of yustion (9) or (2)._‘Thes tems are not afected by the presence CEERC anal forces and are the same sein the case of « beam (eee 204 Pare Problems 1. Write the right sie ofthe three moment equation if ther isa concentrated force Pin the span nf tat distance én from the support diver. (eat) Su (Sanat) 1 Write the righ side ofthe three moment uation if the ah span is loaded as shown in Fig. 29, p. 35, and if there iso Toad fon span n+ I “Theor. Using the olution of problem 3, p. 34 we obtain the following expression @ o (ss )- (conte en rH. PROBLEMS IN BENDING OF BEAMS 9 43. Find the right side of the three moment equation ifthe load i as shown in Fig. 3. ‘dnswer. 6. Tie-Rod with Lateral Loading.—If tie-rod is sub- mitted to the action of tensile forces and a lateral load P, Fig. 33, we can write che differential equation of the deflection 3, curve for each portion of the rod in exactly the same manner as we did for a strut, Art. 4. It is only necessary to change the sign of S. In such a case instead of quantities p* and « defined by expressions (17) and (23), respectively, we shall have — pt and — a8, and instead of p and # we shall have PNT = piand uV=1 = ui. Substituting ~ 8, pi, and ui in the place of S, p and w in the formulas obtained for the strut in Fig. 24, we obtain necessary formulas for the tie-rod in Figs 33. In’ making thin substitution we we the known sinh a, cosui = cosh u, tan ui = f tanh i In this way we obtain for the left po Fig. 33, from equations (18) and (19): Psinh Pe y= — EERE i pe 42 an _ _Pamkpe Pe de~ ~Ssinh pl C8 P* +g ws #7 _Ppsionpe di ~ —Ssinh pr 0h Pe0 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS Similar formulas can algo be obtained for the right-hand portion of the tie-rod by using equations (20)~(22). Having the deflection curve for the case of one load P acting on the tierod, we can readily obtain the deflection curve for any “other kind of loading by using the method of superposition. Considering, for example, a uniformly loaded tie-rod and using equations (30) and (31) for a strut, we obtain: and the maximum deflection is Jou = Deve - i oe 384 EL (4), (39) where ‘The slope of the deflection curve at the left-hand end, from equation (32), is (8). we ‘The maximum bending moment, which in this case is at the riddle of the span, is obtained from expression (33): -Fy0 4s) a, cosh u =») Mon = © where ‘The deflection and the maximum’ bending moment are ob- tained by multiplying the corresponding expressions for a PROBLEMS IN BENDING OF BEAMS a simple beam by factors g(x) and yulu); depending on the ragnitude ofthe axial tensile foree$.. The numerical values ‘of these factors are given in Table 3 Tn the case of bending of a tiered by a couple applied at the right-hand end, the deflection curve is obtained from ‘equation (26), from which Ma(s_ sinh pe rR -S9) “9 If there are two eqital and opposite couples applied at the ends of a tierod, the deflection curve is obtained by the method of superposition: oo '(F— Sng) +75" s_ sinh pt— 9) Tinh pr wn From this equation we find the deflection at che middle and the slope at the left-hand end of the tie-rods coh 1 Mo coshu=1 ) Odeus = cosh ™ SEI Tat cosh u* is dy) Me Md tanh “ (B)_- Seeman a Ot | ‘The bending moment at the mid i (nus = ~ E1(G3)__ = Moe Having the deflection curves fora tie-rod with hinged ends bent by transerve loading and by couples at the ends, we ccan readily obtain various statically indeterminate cases of Various case of bending of terods ae inventigated inthe papers by A. P: Van der Fleee previously mentioned (ue jo) aod also inthe book by 1.'G. Boobror, "Theary af Strucrure of Shipy” vole 194 SUPecetsurg, From the later baat the Table 3 i ae2 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS bending of tie-rods by the method of superposition. Taking, for example, the case ofa uniformly loaded tie-rod with built ends and using expressions (44) and (48), we obtain the hending moments M, at the ends from the equation: gh tanh | Md tanhu MED Ye TET from which - Eww, — (50) where vl) ‘The numerical values of the function va(x) are given in Table 43. By using expressions (5) and (4g) the bending moment at the middle, M,, is obeained: y alcoshu = 1) _ git w= tanhy weoshw 1a” fa sinhe aft, sinh w=) 0 asin ae e Ente. (50) ‘The deffection at the midale is obtained by using equations (43) and (48) which give oe Sgt, coaha Yous = Deus = 3h Fy a + gi td 6 where wemh a “Su ) PROBLEMS IN BENDING OF BEAMS 43 “lll [| sem sm as | 6 es ss wi fo in sso |] 98 a 2) Spa le |e [a] 05 [eS |S |S B/S Spo] 92a [ooo 3 fea|ns |evs cases] 28 | come] Soe fom cee 12) sila on on] ot oct ah $5 oat |oap: [aay ao joan [ans |oore [anys [oan | oan | cas $5 [oon oats aces fant [ant | 120] sor |co [oar [oat | oaas 2 |aets 008 [ans aaty ‘All these fonctions are equal to unity at # = 9, he when only 4 wansverse lod is acting. At the longeadial tele force i each fantion decease, Le the longitudinal tense forces ‘he defections and. the bending moments in laterally Innes tiers, Some sppicaions of the ove table wil be given Intern cicunsing the bending of thin plates (ep. 122- Problems 1. Find the maximum defection and the maximum bending moment fora tie-rod loaded a the middle. answer, PP tanh ow 2, Find the bending moments Mg atthe ends ofa tiezod with builtin ends symmetrically loaded by two forces Par shows 38 Fig. 29 ‘Solution. ‘The bending moments atthe ends are obtained from the equation: (20s ser 13 Find the bending moments at the ends of a tierod with biltin ends loaded by 4 tlangular load a shown in Fig. 25. Ins ain of problem 20 Sogn with eae“ STRENGTH OF MATERIALS 17. Representation of the Deflection Curve by a Trigonomet- sical Series.—In discussing the deflection of beam, st sometimes very useful to represent the deletion curve in the form of a trgo~ ‘hometrical series! ‘This has the advaneage that a single mathe- ‘matical expression for the curve halds for the entre length of the span. Taking the case ofthe beam with supported ends ™ shown in Fig. 34, the cefection at any point fe __ may be prsented by te ldwng Ee ae acc ye sinh asin meso 6 tassin yoo. @) GE I Geometrically, this means that che Poe deflection curve may be obtained by fuperposing simple sinusoidal curves such as shown in Fig. 34 (@, (© ete: The Bist term in series (a) represents the fst curve, the second term the second curve, ee ‘The coeficients ay, ay 43 of the series give the maximurn ordinates of these sine curves and the numbers 1, 2,35 "= the number of waves. By properly determining the couficents ay an co"y the series (a) can be made to represent any deflection carve ® with a Aegree of accuracy which depends upon the number of terms taken We will make this determination of the coeficients by a considers. tion of the strain energy of the beam (eq. 188, p. 297, Pare I) as Co ® ve ‘The second derivative of y, fom (a), is ae ae Equation () involves the square of this derivative which contains ~ See the authors paper, “Application of General Coordinates in Salton of Prblems of Bending 6 Burs nod Mave Bulletin ef the Polytehoical Tostitate in Key, Yo9p (Ruslan; ce aio. M. Wester: {giatd, Proc. Ammer Soe. Civ. Eng, Vola pps 436-535 {or iter ctr analy bcos Wo coca for mst pac SCE Byerly, “Fourier Seies and Spherical Harmonics,” 6610-4 See alo Ong “Advanced Call, Fin! — ac sin 8 — ag ain EE afin oat sin — age Ein. PROBLEMS IN BENDING OF BEAMS a terms of two kind: he itne ot ma aE int and sagen EOE in sin OE By diect integration it may be shown that fawt Bet and [sn sna =o, where nem Hence, i integral (8), all terms containing products of cafisients such 2 aud dinappear and only the ferme with equares of those cooficients remain. Then oa TE nat bates + het +) = E aos, (9) In previous discussion (ce eqs ps 335, Pare) i way shown sha fa satis ptm egos & fa placer om ton of eqns, the corresponding increase inthe potential Energy ofthe system in cqual to she work done by the exteraal forces ‘luring such a displacement. When the deflection carve is Gen by series), amall displacements can be obtsined by small varie tion ofthe coecients a ay,--~-” If any cooticient a given fan increase dan we have the term (ey-+ das) si (nei) seven (instead ofthe term a, sin (or) the other members remaining tinchanged. ‘This increase ain the couficient represenCoan ‘ldidonal amall defection given by the sine curve dastin Gres ‘uperponed upon the ongial defection curves During tis add Sonal defecton the external loads do work, In the case of SSngle lod Py applied atm distance ¢ fom the left suppor, the pine of application of the load andengcs a verti diplaccment Zausin (ve) andthe load docs the works (0) 6 Let us consider now the increase in the sta 1. (53), de tothe increase da dn, aU), Ele! AU ey EE ited @ energy, given by46 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS auatng thi to the work done, eg = Pain, from which BPP yt a BE han. om this we can determine each of the coeficins inthe sin (a) tnd the aecton curve bacomes BPP SE in in MEE yo BE cnn 42 anti Ey Ph 1 ane tee Een 7 rom ths the defection may be alate for any val of x For oampl te elceon atthe middle when th ad ea te ilies = sie By taking ony the fist erm ofthis srs, we obtain apn PP "Ere 6a = omaha Comparison with (9) p 143, Part I, shows that we obtained 487 mer the ext value wash 90 thatthe eur made in wsing hig the fiat erm ingtend ofthe whole cries about th per cont Sich accuracy i eficient in many practical cscs and we shall have other examples where ssatistctory secracy = obtalned by sing only one term inthe seer). "Erm the solution for single Tosd (9.5), more complicated roblems canbe sed by ssing the method of superposition For eeampl, ake a beam carrying 1 uniormly divtsbuied lead, af intensity ¢. Hach elemental load gest distance from the ee ‘mppor produces defection obtained frm ey (50s With P= gl ice ote Integrating thie with respect to ¢ between the limits ¢ = 0 and PROBLEMS IN BENDING OF BEAMS " ‘¢ = gives the deflection produced by the entre load at rite h ae GS) ie “ahing the Set term only, the defection atthe mide of » uni formiyIoaded bean a. Hast Comparing this with the exact olution oe sta Ei” Fear? wre find thatthe eror in taking only the Gs term was less than Fparecet in th eae “The tigonometrc series ce espesally uefa when the beam is submited the action of a longitudinal compresive or tense force in addition to lateral loading. Inthe protien, chown in Fig. 35 the Ringe B approaches the Bead hinge during defection set Po. bby an amount equal to the difference betwoen the length of the defection curve and the length of che cond 4B. For a Bat curve this diference i (ee p. 179, Pare 1 if (Ba 69 With y as given by series (), the square of ts derivative containe terms ofthe emo forms 7 SF cot and atm ME cos cog BE By integration i can be shown that Leet te front outta eam Longldutinal contraction due tothe wal force can be considered ss consent for smal dtestons:6 STRENGTH “The equation for \ then becomes Set aE Ewes CO) ‘To calealate the coefficients ay yay + im the seies (a) we con- ser the work done by the external forces during a small displace. sent din (sl) from the position of equilibrium. In the ease represented in Fig. 3§ both the force P and the longitudinal force 5ido work during such a displacement. The cuplacement 2, due to the inereage da in the cooficent ay, increases by am amount Saal Then the work dane by the force Sis SE rade This is added to the work () dane by the lateral force and the sum is equated eo the increase in the potential energy (eq. ). Thi fives us the following equation for determining any coccient ay sate = Paint dag + SE wag Elst, FEE nanny from which If the ratio of the longiainal force to the critical value of this Toad (eee p. 27) be denoted by a = SP/EZs, we obtain aPP_ nee = Era a) Substituting inthe series (2), the deection curve is APP (1 xe. aw FE ( Aesntain't + sigan an +.) APPS tee new ERE ae TT Comparing this with ea, (54) forthe ease ofa Intra force P only, trea that the Jefection ofthe bar ncrentes dic ¢o the action af thelongieainal compresive forse 8."We have seen thatthe fst PROBLEMS IN BENDING OF BEAMS ” term in serie (a represents a god approximation forthe defection; hence the increas ofthe deflection produced by the longitudinal force wil be approximately inthe aot #2). “This conclusion holds alo if there ae veveral ranoverse loads ofthe sane direction or there a continuous load ati on the beam, "Deon by the mation det priced by ner load acting alone we cam assume with safactory aceuriey shat tinder the embined action of compresive frees an lateral oad the maximum deflstion is a rs (9) ‘This expression forthe maximum deletion can be used aso for an approximate calculation of bending moments in a stut. For ex: Ample, inthe case ofa uniformly loaded strut with hinged ende the maximum beading moment can be calculated from the following Approximate formula: a, St ee If the longitudinal force is tensile instead of eompresive, the method discussed above still holds, with —a instead of @ it the Expressions for the defection curve (s8)- Taking only the ft term inthis exprension, the approximate formula forthe defection se the middle becomes Mase = ©) oh 7 mere & denotes the deletion produced by lateral foads only Te must be noted that in the ease of longicudinal tensile forces «can be larger than uniy, and the accuracy of the approximate futon (61) decreases with inrease of Takings for instance, sniformly distributed lateral load, the error in eq, (61) ate = is about 0. per cent. At a'= 2 the emor ie 07 per cent and at 25 To the eror is ty percent In the case of «bar with builein ends an approximate equation, analogous t0 eg, (61), may be derived for calculating the deflec, tion atthe middle, which gives so, @ ue in which & is the deflection at che mide produced by lateral loads sctng lone and a has the stme meaning ts before.50 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS “The applications ofthese approximate eqstion willbe shown Intern comidring the defection of thin rectangular plats. The ‘ethod of trigonometric series can be extended alo tm analyzing ‘este of variable cross section 8, Bending of Beams in a Principal Plane which is not a Pane of Symmetry. Centr of Twist—In the incon of pure bending (ep. 95, Pare it was shown tha che plane {the deletion cute coineces with the plane of she bending couple provided these couples actin one ofthe ewo principal Planes of Bending. "Ths dacs not old however in the ce Of bending of beara by 3 coplanar system of transverse ferent che plane in which the forces ae ating t ot = Pane of symmeny of the beam, such bending ts wwaly comparied by torsion of the beam. The following 1 Slacston wil show how hi fz fh | , torioncanbeclininated nd toa [IE f 4 simple bending established He iy @ Ye by a proper displacement of ans the plane ofthe acting ress parallel oil We begin with simple examples in which the eros ection of che Dem has one sun aymmetry (xs) andthe forces tre acting ina plane perpendicular eo this ax, Fig. 36. Let Cr conser he case shown in ig. Sa and determine the rsdn of the verte! plane in which the transverse lads ul act 0 produce vimple Sending of he beam ina veri Planes From our previo dncsson of kitetion of ver Ec shearing stress ry a6. 109, Par ne may conelude that pratclly the whole ofthe shearing free 7 wll be taken by the Ranges lone. Tre conser the Ranges 2 0 ‘Cpanate beame whose cross sections have moments of neta Tana Te vepestively, then thr curearres and. thé Actions in bending wil be equal the load re dnerbuted "ee pape’ by M. én Jon of Api Mecano, vor PROBLEMS IN BENDING OF BEAMS st between them in the ratio Ji’: 1." The shearing forces in these flanges also will bein the same ratio. This condition will be satisfied ifehe transverse loads actin the vertical plane through the point O (Fig. 36, 8), such that AT? where hy and hy are the distances of O from the centroids of the cross sections of the flanges. Tn this manner we find that for the case of flanges of small thickness the point O is dis placed from the centroid C of the cross section towards the flange whose cross section has the larger moment of inertia. In the limiting case, shown in Fig. 36, 4 in which one of the flanges disappears, it can be assumed with sufficient accuracy that the poine O coincides with the centroid of the flange and that the transverse loads should act in the vertical plane through this point in order to have simple bending. The poine 0, through which the plane of loading must pass to eliminate torsion, is called center of twist Let us now consider the channel section (Fig. 36, ¢) and determine the position of the plane in which vertical loads ‘must act to produce simple bending with the = axis as the neutral axis, For this purpose itis necessary to consider the distribution of the shearing stresses over the cross section in simple bending. To calculate the vertical shearing stresses ‘ae for the cross section ofthe web, the same method is used as in the case of an I beam (page 109, Part I) and it ean be as- sumed with sufficient accuracy that the vertial shearing force Vis taken by the web only. In the flanges there will be hori- zontal shearing stresses which we shall denote by rx To find the magnitude of these stresses let us consider an clement cut from the flange by two adjacent cross sections ds apart and by a vertical plane mnmy; parallel to the web (Fig. 37). IF the beam is Bent convex downward, the upper flange will be "The effet of shearing force on deflection of flanges is neplected in this consideration. tian ‘2 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS in compression and the compressive forces N and N+ dV ‘acting on the above element will be numerically equal to wa Fi foie a wna way COBH) bay, where the integration must be extended over the shaded portion of the cross section ofthe flange. The integral repre- sents the moment ofthe shaded area with respect to the 2 axis. ‘The difference of the compres- sive forces Nand N-+4N must be equal to the sum of the shearing stresses rss acting over the side mem of the element, Assuming that these stresses are uniformly distributed over this side and denoting by f the thickness of che flange, we obtain the following equation for caleulating rest ora vests = a= = BE Poa from which Efrat rm The momenta he sade area proportional tthe dance fom eg of the tangs hee is proportional SATE Mv thew bre ee pits Boy shesring ens teveqal rvs mus act Rseoaly ¢ptson Shae on inthe ow secon ofthe flange Hence the te te inebatadnonanifornly oe ces scoon SFR Rea re poperonl wo the tance Ae Sinan ane Geant eng oes etek in aur aposinateolaaion wo al waren boise sown b Then dentin, PROBLEMS IN BENDING OF BEAMS 8 TThe resultant R of the shearing stresses ru distributed over the cross sectional area dy of the Range is Vik ie _ Vou. m3 (rodlann (ts © “The sum of the shearing stresses ra over the cross section of the lower flange ‘Thus the shearin the forces shown in Fig. 38. This system of foreesis statically ‘equivalent to a force ” applied at a point O at a distance from the center of the web: oo Bh _ be From this it is seen that, in order to obtain simple bending. with # the neutral axis, the vertical plane in which the trans- verse loads act should pase throogh the point O, which is called the cen- ler of twist, At any other position of thie plane, bending of the beam vill be accompanied by twist, and the stresses will no longer follow the simple law in which ¢. is proportional to. and hence does not depend entirely ‘upon the coordinate 2 In the ease of an angle section (Fig. 39) the shearing stress + at points along mo will be in the direction shown, and will be equal to The same method of ealelating these stresses asin the ease of ‘channel tection weed 7a STRENGTH OF MATERIALS 7 ~ Ff foaa, in which the integral represents the moment of the shaded area with respect to the z axis. These shearing stresses yield a resultant force in the direction shown in Fig. 39, 6 equal to vee walt A force of the same magnitude will also be obtained for the lower flange. The resultant of these two forces is equal to land passes through the point of intersection of the middle lines of the anges O, which is therefore the center of twist in this ease. a a Paes In the case of aL section, Fig. 40, assuming simple dending in a vertical plane and proceeding as in the case of an LI section, we find that the shearing forees R in both Aangeshave thesame direction. Their resultant goes through the centroid C: By geometrically adding this resultant to the vertical shearing force V’, we obtained the direction of the inclined plane in which the transverse forces mast be applied to produce simple bending of the beam in the vertical plane. Point Cis the center of twist inthis case. ‘Assuming that the cross sections which were discussed above belong to cantilever beams fixed’ at one end and loaded by a concentrated force P at the other end, we may conclude that if the load P is applied at the center of twist it produces PROBLEMS IN BENDING OF BEAMS 55 only bending of the cantilever without any twist, By using the reciprocal theorem (see p. 339, Part I) it ean at once be concluded that a torque applied at the same end in the plane perpendicular t0 the axis of the cantilever and producing torsion of the cantilever will not produce any defection of the center of twist. Henee during such torsion each cross section of the cantilever is rotating with respect to the axis passing. through the center of twist and parallel co the axis ofthe beam. ‘The method of determining the position of the center of twist shown above on several simple examples ean be gener- alized and extended to embrace cases of non-symmetrical ‘ross sections of thin-walled members, provided the thickness of the material is so small that the distribution of shearing. stresses over the thickness can be taken with sufficient accuracy to be uniform A further discussion of this problem is given in Art. 53 (P. 292) ‘When all the dimensions of across section are of the same ‘order, the problem of determining the center of twist becomes, more complicated; exact solutions of this problem exist in only a few cases 9. fective Width of Thin Flanges.—The simple bend- ing formula (see Eq. $5, p. 92, Part D) shows that bending stresses in a beam are proportional to the distance from the neutral axis, “This conclusion is correct so long a5 we are dealing with beams, the cross-sectional dimensions of which "he problem of determining dhe center of eis ha been gured by several author.” Se, for example, A. A Grilth and Gl Taylor, ‘Tenia! Reports ofthe Advisory Committe for Aeronautic, England Valume 3 p95 to, Re Mallar, Schwes. Buon vale 72, p10); Vole 7, feu and wal 85, petit aad pe T9e Weber, Zech & ngeMach'n Mch, vols a, 726.34 A, Eggenscwsler, Poe. tithe Second Internat’ Congres for Spi Mec. Zc, 936. ce inlrcen tin the rotten acne of inporaie in aifin Seg i evew ofthe corespondingiteracreis given a pape Oy P. hn, Techn, Notes, Net Ady Comm ta. 90 See paper by ML. Seeger and K- Peston, London, Roy. Soe, Pros Ger Ay te 6, o20, ptt, andthe writers pape, London Math. See: Bre (bers 3)y vk, 142% po gph See ane "Theory of Ela tity toa pe 28h6 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS are small in comparison with their length and so long a8 we fre considering points at a considerable distance from the ‘ends. In practical applications we sometimes use beams with [aaa bt sae bed em aaae wide fanges, to which the ele- rmeatary beam formula cannot {be applied with sufficient ac- | ‘curacy. Take, asan example, feet the case ofabeamconsistingof arib and a wide flange shown in Fig. 41. Assuming chat the { beam is simply supported st Ao the ends. and loaded in the e middle plane xy, we observe that there ae shearing stresses acting between the anges and therib a the surfacesof contingency mn, Fig 414, and directed ss shown in Fig. 41. Tes sen that these stretes fend 0 Tedace the defection of the ib, to make it stifer. At the fame time they produce compression of the flanges. Con- fidering « ange tt one side ofthe basa rectangular plate cbmitted to the action of shearing forces long one eda, "se, we see that the compressive stresses wll not be inifely distributed slong the width of the ange, and a Figorous analysis shows ® thatthe distribution wil be such a8 is indicated by the shaded ares, the maximam seress in the flange being the same as inthe wtmoat bers ofthe rib. From The dicusion of the Fgorows solution, obeined by Th von Karmam is given inthe “Theory of laste p16 34. See also Wi Netcer, Laftatfoachung, vol 4 py ipa. Gikmann, der Statlbous bl 6y 103, oh TH. Relates, Z tagew: Math. Mech, ol tay dota, pi gray Es Reiner, Der Seallbeu, vole 7, 1934) Ps 22, Elche Sahiba, vl, 1996 pe PROBLEMS IN BENDING OF BEAMS sr this non-uniformity of stress distribution it ean be concluded that in applying to the beam in Fig. 41a the simple beam formula for maximum bending stress we must use a somewhat reduced width 2, instead of the actual wideh 28 of the evo anges, in order to obtain the correct value of the maximum stress.” This reduced wideh, usually called the efectce width, can be calculated if the compressive stress distribution, shown by the shaded area in Fig. 41¢,is known. It is only necessary to make the area of the rectangle, indicated in the figure by the dotted lines, equal to the shaded area. Its magnitude, 2X, usually varies along the span of the beam, for it depends fon the proportions of the beam and also on the shape of the bending moment diagram. Tn the particular ease when the width of the flange is very large, say 28 =, and the bending moment diagram is given by the sine curve Ma Moin, @ the reduced width becomes constant and equal to pee ee "TF WGH HN” where ji Poison rato, For 4 = 03 we obtain ah = 0.363 6) Hence, inthis particular case the actual beam can be replaced by an equivalent T eam of a constant cross section and with the width of the two flanges equal t0 0.3631. Applying co this beam the simple beam formulas, we obtain the same ‘maximum stress and the same flexural rigidiey as the actual beam has. In general cae of transverse loading, the bending moment iagram can be represented by a sine series Masin ® in which the coficients My can be calculated, in each particular ‘ase, fom the known Forma ™ 7 See Arie. Me38 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS. Men 3 fein ® In the case of unifort oa, fr example, we have etl? and formla (©) gives n=, @ where n= 153 54 Tiaving the cooficienes My in the series (@),, we obtain the effective width from the rigorous slution, which, in the case of a laage wideh of the flanges, gives 1 M hee w Moin 5 tae te in which 8 = dh is the ratio of the area ft the croscetonal tren of the rib, and pot taG-») : “Taking for example, the case of «uniformly dieibuted load and ‘Riutitcng the expression for icin formal) ve Sad shat fee vanous values the avo 8 the variation of the efetive wideh ‘dongthe length ofthe Beam is Showin Fige gz ele scen that inthe idle postion ofthe span the eftetive width varies very lite and approximately the sie val ei Imoment diagram (60 69. 63) Wher ihe sieeve width Found from formula. (x) the traximam ates and neti Aetna hy pling sib ra tea "We dassed the case im which the anges ofthe bean have a vai gl re Sogn iia fo hc CRANE Hinges are noc so very wide and forthe eae of 8 long 88 fore ons te PROBLEMS IN BENDING OF BEAMS ” rectangular sla, reinforced by a system of identical and equidiscane Fear ell these cases the problem is reduced to that of calculating ee sea and defections in an equivalent beam +o, Limitations of the Method of Superposition.—In dis- ceassne the bending of beams (see p. 146, Part I) it was shown Shar the calculation ofthe deflections can be greatly simplified by using the method of superposition. This method can bways be used if the bending of the beam does not introduce Shanges in the action of the external forces. For instancey Small defections of beams by lateral loads do not change the pending moment diagrams for these loads, and superposition canibe successfully used. But if we have bending combined swith axial tension or compression, the deflection produced by the lateral loads changes the action of the axial frees, and the Jatter produce not only sxial tension or compression but also tome additional bending. In such cases, as we have seen (see ‘Are 4), there are some limitations of the method of super- position; we ean use this method only with regard to the Peeeral loads, assuming that the axial force always remains fconstant, There are other cases in which small deflections of beams may introduce considerable changes in the action of Forces, In such cases the method of superposition fails Some examples of this kind will nov be discussed TAs a frst example let us consider the bending of the cantilever 1B, Fig. 43, if during bending it comes gradually nto contact with a rigid cylindrical supporting surface 1 having a constant curvature 1/R and a horizontal tangent at IZ. Tes seen that as long as the curvature of the beam at the end 1, as given by the formula tag m @ "Thee Figorous saltions found tome application th specications for contcte sty reinforced by sibs. Tn arplane desig the fact of onsumfoss stress ditribution in wide Ranges ie taken care of by using wetsppronmate theory the icuston of which can be found in papers iy Be Kuhn, atonal Age. Commitee for Acronsutcy, Reports No- Gos) tagrr Neyer 1938. See al Hh, Ebner, Laftahrt-Ferchong, Wola 1937, pe 93 and vol 1551998, p57o STRENGTH OF MATERIALS js less than the curvature of the support 1/R, the cantilever will touch the surface AC only at the point 4, and the de- flection # at the end B will be given by the known formula: o From the equation © we can tinh tng val of th nd, fr wich the Barbe vost conte wi the idea ope poring surface eyo ein fs Let Paes EPR tes Ton alco thc lnad tenor PSP prea athe Tet il be upon £ i” cated in Fig. 43 by the dotted - fine. The length x of the un- PPS Mra prtan of tans saree eine! om theca eas ae seat sof the beam in equal to hectare of the sap we Fr Ps EL. and we obtain vad @ ‘The total deflection at the end B of the cantilever consists of three parts: (1) deflection of the portion DB of the beam asa simple eantilever, which is Pe _ (ELS SET ~ SPR (@) deflection owing to the slope at D, a= g 2 - Ba(r- 2B), o a © PROBLEMS IN BENDING OF BEAMS a land (3) deflection representing the distance of the point D from the horizontal tangent at 4, which is = x Ely GE = (1 ai) an ® ‘Summing up these three parts, we obtain the total defection: Fine tht Rs BR wo ‘This expression for the deflection must be used instead of equation (0), if Pis larger than thelimiting value P, = EI,j/R. Note that the deflection is no longer proportional to P.” If, in addition to P, chere i a load @ applied at the end 2 of the cantilever, the total deletion will not be equal to the sum of the deflections produced by P and produced by Q if both are considered to be acting alone, Hence the method of super~ position does not hold in this case. Asa second example let us consider the case of « uniformly loaded beam with built-in ends, as shown in Fig. 44. It is assumed chat during bending the middle portion of the beam is ‘supported by a rigid horizontal foundation so that along this Portion the defection is constant and equal to, It is seen that if the deflection at the middle is less than 3, we have an ordinary ease of bending of a beam with built-in ends. ‘The limiting value q of the load is obtained from the known equation: 1 gt Bea er = o For an intensity of the load larger than gi, 4 portion of thea STRENGTH OF MATERIALS bbeam will be supported by the foundation as shown in the figure. This part remains straight; there is no bending ‘moment acting in the portion CD of the beam, and the load is balanced by the uniformly distributed reaction, At the ends C and D, however, concentrated reactions X may act on the unsupported portions of the beam, ‘The length « of the unsupported portions of che beam and the magnitude X of the concentrated reactions can be obtained by considering the portion C of the beam as a cantilever with a uniform load g and with a concentrated load X at the end, | Observing that the cross section at C does nat rotate during bending and ‘using equations (94) and (100) from Part I (see p. 147 and . 149), we obtain gat Xa aE, from whieh xem ; 3 Another equation is obtained from the condition that the defection at C is equal to 3 Using the known formulas for the deflection of the cantilever, we obtain Xe BEL, ~ 5EL, Solving equations (j) and (&) we find X= M93 o tis immediately apparent that the reaction Xi not propor- tional to the load. The numerical maximum of the bending ‘moment, which is at the builtin ends, is obtained from the ‘equation: [a|~ [a6 ~ 2 — xe, PROBLEMS IN BENDING OF BEAMS 6 which gives My = 2 = RETG. ™ Again we sce that the bending moment does not ineresse in the same. proportion as the load. Hence the method of superposition eannot be used. Problems 1. Find the defection of the cantilever shown in Fig. 49 if, instead of force P, there it uniformly distributed load g Find am expression for the defection a the middle ofa beam, supported by tea identical cylindrical surfaces of the radios R and Toaded at the middle, Fig 45. Po Solution. As the loud P inreases, the points of contact of the ‘beam with the supporting surfaces move inwards and the span @ in which ds denotes the element of the center line between two adjacent cross sections. This equation is analogous to eq. (a), p. 14§,Part I, for the straight bars, andis often used in al. ‘culating the deflections of thin curved bars. ‘in a more general case when a curved bar js submitted to the nction of any coplanar system of forces in the plane of CURVED BARS © symmetry of the curved har, the forces acting upon the portion of the bar to one side of any cross section may be Feduced to couple and a fore applied atthe centroid of the toss scction, The stresses produced by the couple are obtained as explained above. The force is resolved into «wo components, 2 longitudinal force Vin the direction of the tangent to the centerline of the bar and a shearing force in the plane of the cross section. The longitudinal force produces tensile or compresive streses uniformly distributed over the cross section and equal to N/d. Due to these stresses the centerline of the bar undergoes extension or contraction and the angle dg between the two adjacent cross sections changes by the amoune Nae ade = ER 6s) ‘The transverse force V produces shearing stresses and the distribution of these stresses over the crost section can be taken the same as fora straghe bar 12, Particular Cases of Curved Bars.—Ie was shown in the previous article (eq. 66) chat bending stresses in curved bars are teadly calculated provided the postion of the neutral axis is known, Tn the following examples the ealeu- Tation of the distance eof the neutral ais from the centroid ofthe eross section is given for several particular cases. ‘Rectangular Cros Section.The magnitude of the radius r fof the neutral surface is determined: from eg. (6) of the previous aril, from which @ If we denote by o (Fig. 48) the radius of a shaded element 4, then ear-y ory row rectangular erat section; soe "They of Hlastty” Ta in a good agrement with the exact ston70 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS Substituting into eq. (@), ferme from which re jz 69) Ta the cage represented in Figs 48, © tended from 9 = ato. = ¢,where a and care the inner and the outer radi ofthe curved bar. Subscituting in equation (69), we obtain t T | (A = bh,dd = bdo and integration is ex- | A 3 9) Te ae woes’ Using the known series ben’ = ag EH ae wwe obtain THEY. Ca) A first approximation fr eis obtained by taking only the ewo frst terms in the denominator on the right side, Them tele By using three terms of the series (2), second approximation is obtained «RP +4(4)] ~ CURVED BARS n Ie can be seen that the distance ¢of the neutral axis from the centroid decreases as the ratio A/R decreases. For small vvalues of this ratio the distance ¢ is small and a linear stress distribution, instead of a hyperbolic one, may be assumed. with good accuracy. In the table below, the values of the ‘maximum stress obtained by assuming a linear stress distri bution are compared with those obtained on the basis of a hyperbolic distribution (eq. 66). “Tani 4 Couraion oF Hrvestoue sen Linsan Soars Duron se btn sr ban wm) naa | Mae = S| eaae my ‘This indicates that for RA > 10 a linear stress distribution cean be assumed and the straight beam formula for maximum bending stress may be used with suffi- cient accuracy. Trapessidal Cast Seton. “The length ot clemental sep at distance» from the oo Un Ab) Substeatng into eq, (69), we obtainn STRENGTH OF MATERIALS When di = ds = J, the above equation coincides with o9. (7) for rectangle. "When dy the cave of triangular cross section i Sbtained “L Crass Seton. In this ace es. (69) gives (Fig. 0) pe tthe With gy DP Ero fe need tows TE ote 1 coos Section, From e9 ) Fi. $0) Mth the @ £ e Irae! + hog + bogs’ le £ + Aled + bloge a) It may be seen that 2 suitable choice of proportions in the cass of and I sections wil so locate the centrod that egy. (66) wil tive the same numerical values for ga and enue Sach propor. thons are desirable if the material is equally strong in tension and compression, a4 for instance, structural stl, Tn the previous dscanson the distance from the neutral axis to the centoid of the eros section was determined a the diflerence Ror. ASA/R decreases, this diference becomes tall To de- termine ie with suffcient accuracy, 7 mist be calculated very accurately. "In order to avoid thin iculty and tobtaine directly, the felloving method may bessed. If we lt y denote the distance of any poine in the ess Setion from the axis through the centroid parallel o the neutral ais, then yy = y-+-¢ and ef. (a) for deter ‘mining the position of the Reutral axes becomes Settee fen 0 CURVED BARS 8 “The fist integral on the right side represents malied ara of the tos section and canbe represented as flows dd poe ma @ where m denotes a number to be determined in each particular ease ‘The second integral on the Fight side of eg (¢) ean be transformed as flows Satna (og ee Substituting (4) and (¢) in eg. (0), we obtain 4 quem. ims mg tnt foe which eo Rte ) In calculating m from eg. (2) the factor 1/(R — y) ean be expanded inthe series tat (yo wyca(tktet) ‘Then rd 1 (not Bora Ott et doe mage f(sth+bt)nen Anan example fora tangs cos og = hdl by, and sbuig a a, wae ll (04 BH) an (A) (A) (A) (Ge) #5 Ga) 47 Ga) 4 “Wis series converges very quickly and m ean gl te ealeulated very accursed. Sabtcusng sm imeg (8), the dsance «obtained. Wor a ade rest eton Pip $¢ 44 = NTE Fd. w andm STRENGTH OF MATERIAL Subsceuting into eq. (, fom na fa got ma: fete Ga)" -L(#) wR) ~ 8 wwe obtain (AVR) (4 ow 0 3GR) Hie) +(e) #09 ‘This is a rapidly converging series rom which m may easily be calculated, "Substitution of m into eq. (76) gives the Postion of the nostra ay Tecan be seen that in calculating m from equation (e) the mag- nitude of does not change if al slements 2 are multiplied by Some constant, since in dhs way the integral on the lef side of ‘equation (@) and the area’ ‘on the right side ofthe samt equation willbe increased in the same proportion. Front thi follows that the valu (71) of m obtained fora circular cron section ean be used also for an ellipse with the axes b and fy since in this case each clemental area (/) obtained for a circle is to be multiplied by the ‘constant ratio Ah “The calculation of the integral on the left side of equation (e) can sometimes be simplified by dividing the cross section into several parts, integrating for cach part, and adding the revults of these Integrations, Taking, for example, a circular ring eros section ‘with outer diameter hand inner diameter hy and using equation (2) for the outer and inner circles, we find forthe ring eros sections a) HB) +] H[B) HY eI) 0 shown in Bigs go and $1 When mia calculated, we nd e from equation (76) and the from which, using the series fre CURVED BARS 1s ‘maximum stress from equation (66). But we ean also procecd in 1 somewhat diferent way and continue to use distance yu from the ‘entrada axis instead of distance y fom the nestral xin. Sub= sSitating yy — «instead of y into equation (f) (P87), we obtain, Mond (ms) * AelR= 9) ~ AR")? were vis the dlatance ofthe poe from the ais through the center SFeurvature ofthe sts of the bar, Fg Be () Equation (d) isthe basis ofa graphical determination of the quantity m for cases in which the shape of the cross section cannot be simply expressed analytically. Ie is seen that in calculating the modified area from eq. (2) every elemental area must be diminished in the ratio 7/(R — 9). This ean be done by retaining the wideh of the elemental serps bue diminishing their lengths in the above ratio (Fi 3). In this manner the shaded ara in the figure is obtained. ‘The diflerence between the areas CDF and ABC gives the modified area m4. Knowing this, the quantities m and e ean readily be ealeulated. ‘The theory of curved bars developed above is applied in designing crane hooks." In Fig. 54 is represented the working Portion of a hook of a constant circular cross section. Ie is experimental Investigation of crane hooks was recently made by the Netonal Physica Laboratery in Engl.” See the paper by H. Gough, HL. Cox and b. G. Sopnitiy Proc laze. Mech. "Engi, December’ 19}4 The comparison of the theoretical sree in hook ofsrectangula con section with expetnnenen eles is ven in the paper by K. Hottcher, Forschungsrbeten, Hele 33, Betin apt%6 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS assumed that the vertical force P is passing through the center of curvature O of the axis ofthe hook. The maximum bending stress occurs in the cross sec. tion perpendicular to the load P. Then, proceeding as explained in the preceding article, we find that on the horizontal cross'section of the hook the tensile force P, applied at the cen- ’ ter Cof the cross section, andthe bend 4 ingmoment M = PRare acting. Com. bining direct and bending stresses and using equation (80) for the later, we obtain " Py M(n Pv Fi. oi a ais) Bs Applying this formula to the most remote points, for which 4 ou = a4, we find that Pk oa)men = 9° mR Ha) Peete (an = = 4 ame IB OD Je is seen that the numerically largest stress is che tensile stress at the intrados, which is obtained by multiplying the stress P/A by the sires factor SR er the magnitude of which depends on the ratio A/2R. Using expression (78) for m, we find that & varies from 13.5 t0 13-4 fs the ratio b/2R changes from 0.6 to 0.4" TA aR = a6 he actor & ha ite minimum aloe CURVED BARS ” Problems 1, Determine the ratio of the numerical values of uae and fora curved bar of rectangular errs section im pure bending if in and & = 4 in ‘Soltion. From eq. (66) the ratio is h(i. The distance of the meatal axis from the centred, from eq. (72,5 al 8(6)] Rg art in foay8 = 2278. The 2, Solve the previous problem, assuming a circular cross section. Ginswer, crea = 0.208 ing = a208 3 43. Determine the dimensions 6, and by of an I cross section (Fig s2) to make cue and gous numerically equal, in pute bending. Gives = inf etiam 1 Mya = fit by = Tigh to “alton. From eqs. (6), Bok from which 2X3X7 sein see Substituting into 4. (75) 1 1°" Koga alg + 1 log 6/a EBVO from which Arloge 4/3 + ~ 8) lope 716 = 53 — tloes 6/45 0.88 + ontsy(s — A) = 1667 ~ 0406 = 1-261 in, a gsjing b= 5 — 367 = 1g3im,® STRENGTH OF MATERIALS 4 Determine the dimension fy of the setion (Fig, 50) © rake cam and tam tumericlly equal in pure tending’ Given fiw vingin site tinge yin. “Anreth b309 in 5, Determine eau and gas for the wape el ont res of the hoo ere fenced in Sigs gf P— 400 beg Inge Ping aching cn Solution,” From Gs alo Seas Ta, loge s/t = (04 =) “The radi ofthe centerline bah a Raat Te 57 27m Therefore, ¢= R= r= o.36t ing hye r— a= 2999 — Lago = Uap ing y= emg = 2.375 = 26ay ing de = 375 ogo 335; M= PR = 1200 Ibs. ina. The bending sireses, fom eas. (6), are vagpo x 13g ; (a = PREZ ED aoe. per ain apo x 4 an = = = = 4c, persis 135 XS On these bending stresses, a wniformly distributed tensile stress PLA = 500/396 = 108 lhe per og, ins must be muperposet ‘The tot eae ae fe oe ene = 8,200 + 1,200 = 9400 Ibs, pers ng ents = — 40 + 1200 = — 3,00 Ths, per sq: ne 6 Find the maximum stres in a hook of circular cross section ifthe diamerer of the cross section ish = 1 in tadive ofthe central ani R= ring and P= 1200 Ibs, CURVED BARS ° 3. Find sac and gnu for the curved bar of « circular cross section loaded shown in Fig. 56,if = in R= inye = 4 ity find P = 000 Ibs, Anse. bane = 10,550 TOS. pers. in “soto li, per tin. 8. Solve the preceding problem assuming that the eros section ann has the form shown in Fig. go with the following dimensions am ding d = 3ingem Qin by = 43d = 1 inj e= fin and P= 4000 Ths Ancwer. tana = 39819 bs per sq. Ing ‘tan = 180 Tb pers in Pas 'g, Solve problem 7 assuming that the cross section mis twapezial, as in Fig. 49, withthe dimensions @ = 2 ine = 41/4 ty by = 2 ity by = 1 Inge = 0, and P= 1.5 tons, Answer. es ~ 357 W208 8485 egg = — 2.35 fons Pe qin. 13. Deflection of Curved Bars.—The deflections of curved bars are usually ealeulated by the Castigliano theorem.’ ‘The simplest case is when the cross-sectional dimensions of the bar are small in comparison with the radius of curvature of its center line.’ ‘Then che change in the angle between two adjacent cross sections is given by eq. (67), analogous to pth (a) p 150, Pare I, for straight bars, +2 and the strain energy of bending is 7 given by the equation | | sea | uf, as TES whieh the megan i ext set Monte wl eens oy ae ae Erelaon anata na 1 See ps8 Par *The'cive fn which the eromaccional dimensions are aot iconed in problem 6 p87 itis80 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS (see Pare 1) for straight beams," and the deflection of the point of application of any load P acting on the bar in the direction of the load is au aw As an example, take a curved bar of uniform cross section whose center line is a quarter of a circle (Fig. 57), built in at the lower end with a vertical tangent and loaded at the other end by a vertical load P. ‘The bending moment At any cross section mn is M = PReos ¢. Substituting in 4, (83) the vertical deflection of the end B is izontal displacement of the end B is needed, a horizoneal imaginary load Q must be added as shown in the figure by the dotted line. ‘Then M = PR os ¢ + ORU ~ sin 9) and aM js SH ~ Ra sing. ‘The horizontal defletion is 3v) _ a Pande a = (50) .0" aa SE Mag Rae. © must be substituted in the expression for M, giving bem aif PR cos ott — sin de = PE. Thin Ring—As a second example consider the case of a thin circular ring submitted to the action of two equal and Tas nec dae longa ad thenring fren can be neglected inthe cate of thin chtved bare, See. Bq CURVED BARS at opposite forces P acting along the vertical diameter (Fig. 58) Due to symmetry only one quadrant of the ring (Fig. $8, 8) need be considered, and we can also conclude that there are no shearing stresses over the cross section mn, and that the tensile force on this crose section is equal to P/2. The ‘magnitude of the bending mo- ment My acting on this cross section is statically indeter- rminate, and we shall use the Castigliano theorem to find it. It may be seen from the con- dition of symmetry that the cross section mm does not rotate during the bending of the ring. Hence the displacement cor- responding to M, is zero and au. am, jn which U is the strain energy of the quadrant of the ring. which we are considering. For any cross section my at an angle ¢ with the horizontal the bending moment is Ros . @ Ma My 2 RU ~ cos) 6 and a aM, Substituting this into expression (83) for the poten and using eq. (a), we find 4p MeRde 1p y dt oman l ere” aL Mane P ™ Moments which tend to decease the Initial curvature of the bar8 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS from which a Substituting into eq. (2 R a =FE (cos © ‘The bending moment at any cross section of the ring may be calculated from this expression. The greatest bending moment is at che points of application of the forces P. Substituting y = 2/2 in eq. (c), we find PR M = 0.g18PR. 63) le minus sign indicates that the bending moments at the points of application of che forces P tend to increase the curvature while the moment My at the cross section mr tends to decrease the curvature of the ring, and the shape of the Fngafter bending tha nde in the gre by the doced ‘The increase in the vertical diameter of the ring may be caleulated by the Castiliano theorem. ‘The total strain energy stored in the ing is MERA El, ‘ in which Af is given by eq. (©). Then the increase in the vertical diameter is Safe aL Markee BL. (s+~3) a j-3) owt: 86) CURVED BARS 8 For calculating the decrease of the horizontal diameter of the ring in Fig. s8, two opposiely directed imaginary forces Q are fpplied at the ends of the horizontal diameter. ‘Then by faleulating (9U/8Q)e-e we find that the decrease in the horizontal diameter is “Thick Ring.—When the cross sectional dimensions of a curved bar are. ot stall in comparison with the ras ofthe center fine mon the enn nergy due to bending moment But also at due to lngitdinal and shearing forces txt be taken into account. The change nthe angle heeween ewo adjacent cross se tions (Fig. $9) im this case, from eq. (65) 38 Mas be ~ AER land the energy due to bending for the clement between the eo {jacent cross sections 40; = Wade @ ‘The longitudinal force WV produces an elongation of the element between the two adjacent cross sections in the direction of the enter line of the bar equal to 1Vdi/4E and increases the angle de By Na AER (9, 8) The mak done by the foe aving their application 1s N¥éi24E. "During the application of the forces IN the couples 8f do the negative work — -MN|ABR, Hence the total energy stored in am element of the bar during the appli tation of the forces Nie a, © aE “The shearing force I products sliding of one cross section with respect to another of the amount /dr/4G, where ais a numerical Factor depending upon the shape of the cross section (See P17, Pare). "The corresponding amount of strain energy is és dG as wos STRENGTH OF MATERIALS ds (0) ant) an integrating along the length ofthe ‘he total energy of stan «carved br becomes ne EPH 7 J (emt Se iat Sa) Test us use this equation to salve che problem represented in 57. Tabing ss postive the Gisetons shows ie Be gore ta y Me —PReosg; N= ~Peowg; Y= Paing, here R is the radon of the centerline, Subs (G8) and using the Castano theorem, we al the vesteal de Action ofthe pine B to be ere ete 1 BE" (Ee te ae )eo e(# aE =28(84 8), Ue co ein a es ft pth using tr the approsinate vue G3) and aking © He= 36, 2PR( aR Tae +2) When fis small in compan with R, the second term in parenthesis representing the infos on he echt of Wad «an be neglected and we ative at the equation obt can be ‘the equation obtained before The ove they of cred try i fen appli a cle an ne cheat te Ins tal eked nus of bars (Fig. 60). In such cases 2a inden ind dseuton sere ee the curved br Ths aohaion C(O pS maf tec the elt and he coe Oban A satisfactory solution of the probe ay be cere only Bp Fae CURVED BARS 85 combining analytical and experimental methods of investi ® In a recent paper the particular case of an eye-shaped cov of rectangular cross section, Fig, Gob, was investigated. in this dacusion ie was assed that there are no clear ces and thatthe bat is abyoutely fig. "The maxim female stress oceurs at the intraday nthe cro sections fenpendutar fo te ans of the bay and ts magnitude ean Re represented by the formula: wp ® in which P ig the total tensile force transmitted by the bar, ‘ais the numerical factor depending on the ratio rr, between, the outer and the inner radii of the eye, and ¢is the thickness of the eye perpendicular to the plane of the figure. For rai, equal to 2 and 4 the values of a are respectively 4.30 and 4.39. The values obtained from formula (g) are in satisfactory agreement with experiments.* Problems 1 Determine the vertical defection of the end B of the thin curved bar of uniform cvose section and semiciular center Tine ig: 60. ™ For @ theoretical investigation of the problem, see H. Reisner Inhvbuch der wineenachafichen Geselachafe Tae Lafeahe, 192 aio Jeske, Der Esenbau, 1921 233 Fr. Bleich, Thoore und Berechung der de Brochon, sys, b 396s Hlimenteld, VD. ly 1907, and Baw fas, V. D. be yal pe git, Expesments have been made by Dr Maha, Forchangsarbeiten ar. 306 roads see also D- Rubi, Diserta Noy Dani, taser Press, VD, ty Wak 1912p 21733 M. Woropae Buletin of Plycchnea!Inaitte, Ki, totor Es Go Coker, "Photo lescetye" Journal ofthe Franklin Tees 193 NIE Reesaner ud fe Stnuch Ingenieur Archiv, vole 41933 9-4 "See, Bret, Mit de deutsch. Miat-PraArmtes, tog onder heft 1s, The photoclatie investigation of the eyeahaped tnd wat made by Ke Takemura and Y. Hosokawa, Rep, Ae. Inst Toyo, vol Thy toad p ta8. See alo MM Frocke and IN. Hil Journal of [Aflied Mechanic, wo, 7,p_¢._ Inthe later paper the fect of earance Eetwean the bolt ab the ble Investgntd86 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS Solution. ‘The sain energy of bentng is (1 ~ cos opidy = EPR Pra Pa 6 2. Determine the horizontal displacement of the end B in the previous problem. Ansver Me tn 4, Detersine the increase inthe distance betwee the ends and'h oF Rin a orm ston coming of 8 Shela portion GD and’ two snght ports 40 081 BD ig Sele igh porons 26 and BD ig uae. Fa 6. ‘CURVED BARS “7 14 A link consisting of exo semictcles and of two straight portlons is submitted to the action of to equal and opposite forces Peting along the vertical ax of symmetry (Fi. 63). Determine the marimar bending moment, assuming that the cross sectional ‘Simensions ofthe line are small im comparison with the radius R. “Solution. Considering only one quarter of the link (Fig. 63,8), wefind the statialy indeterminate moment Me from the condition Tat the cross section, on which this moment act, doesnot rotate. ‘Then [Noting that for the straighe portion MT = Mand that fora curved portion Af = My ~ (2/)RU — cos ¢) and taking into consigera- Flom the strain energy of bending only, we find fom which Dark For! = 0, this coincides wih eq. @) obtined before for acral Fine, The largest moment i tthe points of appliation of Fores Pia icq a= 7B 4 Solve the previous problem, assuming that forces P are applied as shown In Fig. 63 (0. inseers The bensing moment at points is Re = 2) + aR 2 R+a Ms For 1=, the equation coincides with tha for a circular sing. For R= 0, My ='Pl/y as or har with bultin ens é.-Destemine ch bending moment Afo and th inezese in the vertical diameter of the cvelor Sag shown in Fig. 8 assum Tar the eto section of the tng iss roctangle ef width and88 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS depth by which dimensions are not small in comparison with the radius R of the center line. i a Saltien, Tt we vse e968) forthe potential energy and eq (8) forthe bending moment, de equaton for deterninng Mis a MON ite Dae ae) = sath (1-243 rteR. from which Comparing this with eq. (84) we see that the thint term in the parenthesis represents the effece of the longitudinal force and of the nonlinear stress distribution. The magnitudes of the errors in sing the approximate eq. (Ga) instead of the above accurate ‘equation are given in the table below, re aR= d090 oat om 8 Enoring= iss 87 Gt Is can be seen that in the majority of eases the approximate e (Ga) can be used for calculating hi ad the the nvr oubmean ‘nly when A approaches Ro Becomes larger than ptt inset i the vertical diameter ofthe Hingis ebtsined rom equation uw oP Using eq, (8) for U and substituting inthis equation wm By coo: w= Zeoeg 7 = —Pring we find PR[r 2(, ¢) uta) se] rake kes +O ») eal Comparison with eg. (86) shows that the effect of the longitu: inal of che shearing forceson the magnate af Bisusvaly very "A more accerate solution of the problem shows ia Fig 3s ven by the author: see Bulletin ofthe PalytshoialIneteae in Krew, soc see loo Phi Mag. Vol ay 1922, p. org, ard "Theory of Elan.” bri, 1934, Ths slush shows thatthe shove theory, based on the Sauimpion chat rom section remain plane desing benlngs tives ery tntory rele CURVED BARS » 1 Determine the tending moments in a ehin ring with to ancl af ity abet non 02 fier Prscolufon, Consider one quadrant of the tng (Fig. 6p), wth semranes «and Be Te hv copresents the sede indeter tninate moment at the bending moment Meany cress secon’ © with coordinates = tad ye Ma Me pale ad WPL. Og poms a =M Subsitatng into equation UA = 0, we nd (6-8). 42a.409 in wich dct he gh fh ged of be foe wat -Butan ® ‘yds and oy ‘Then If the ring has the shape of the link shown in Fig. 63, with @ = R and b = /'+ B, we obetin ae 1 Lon Boon that a8 ~ 04 je bae et Sabaiing ino rd 2 Pig ant, —0)+ Eada)" “The bending moment at any other eros section may now be obs ‘ined from eq, (=0 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS For, an elliptical ring the calculations are more complicated.* Using the notations J: tI, ~ aah My ~~ dpet, the moment at B (Fig, 64) = Mu~ par, and the values of the numerical factors 19,8 and 9, fr diferent Values of the ratio al a fable g below: ah given in the ‘Tanz 6. Consrane nm Canesamne Faure River vane | 186s [aps | eam [2am [ans [ase | caer som | stm | od | Sone | 22m | 289 | GS © | Sem | Saat | Sap | Ska | Sane | te | ale 8 A fat spiel spring (ig. 65) i atached at the center toa spindle C. A couple yi appli to this spindle to wind up the Spring. Tei balanced by « horizontal force Pat the outer end Gf the spring 1 and by the tescion atthe axa of the opine. scala the relation Between fc and the ange of wuation af the spindl if al te dimensions of the spring ae given. Its toatmed that the angle of twist is ot rae nought cane adjacent cells to touch Y sch other fs Solution. Taking the origin of co- crdinaces at 4, the bending moment at Shy point of the apring nt distance From" the: force By A= Pye The change in the angle Betwecn two adja: ent cross sections at the point taken, from eu 7s EL. Ely re 6. “The total angle of rtaton of one end of the spring with respect tothe other during winding pase LiLo ” = J. AGH, Brone, Cours de Michanique apniule 3d ol Pasi, ho, pgp See an H Resa, Journal de Math (lows G1, Val}, 18732 Mt Marke, Belen del'Aeescaton Teshaigue Marine, ‘Va: tn, ty, M. Goupl, Annales des Ponts ct Chausten Vole tors, 386 and Mayer Mita, VD. Ly Val s8 t9igs pay. We F. Darke, Nat Adv. Com: Aeron Techs Notes, 44,1058 CURVED BARS 9% Pat he co i-connetd the ing momen Me apd ac wana ciee Pat fed endo the ei A ong oko he ing gy a ante iro tg hae foc remains horanal can be conidered sep paccuats bee op olin? eae ha the spring sepreseted in Fg, 65 i in an ens onl an psconnectod se, determine he ma SEAS proeed and ease of enrol the spre Bega ets atm fe anes Take the peg to be ob Seas deSeinh hi nd a0 nches long ‘elution. Substituting the above figures into e. (9, = yg te Xe be MT from which My = 3.07 lbs os "The amoune of energy sored is "aay Peas = (mn 42) 7 (at - foe mae “The maximum bending stress iy at pont B, where the bending moment cam be taken sal wo Pr = My shen 307 X 2% 4ot X63 © 118,000 Tha. per a TA yore complete diseuion ofthe problem is given in the book by A. Clatgiano, * Theor dy Begungi,Torsions Feder,” Wien, lets Sot ale BC. Waclow, “Engineer,” Vol. 153, p 47 #030, 290, JPA: Vanden Broek, Trane A 8. By Wo. 24 052 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS to, A piston rng ofa cnclar outer boundary has rectangular cross section of constant width b and ofa varable depth fig G2). "Determine the law of variation of the sent bain rng hy when Sembled withthe piston inthe cylinder, duces niformly ciseributed preaure on the ‘plindcr wal Salusion,' Let denote the radius of the cplinder, and rt the eater radius of the Fing inthe unstrained sate, An approcs Wie cc ‘Mate slution ofthe problem is obtained by sng the outer sadiu ofthe ring instead of the variable radius of curvature ofits center ine, They by using (67) the change in curvature due to bending is Mer 1 are ” ‘The bending moment Mf produced at any cross section mt of the sng by the presure p waiformly distributed over the outer surface of the rng ie M — sph ae 6 1 we substrate thy ito (o) and te for J and we 312 instead of 1/8 — 1/(r 8) lor sal then te fllowing coe tion for calculating A is obtained: » hes b pws BBM ie, © from which yp 2 at 8 BP is @ Letting ¢ = x, the maximum value of, denoted by Ad ne Bet © ‘The maximum ending stress at any cross section mm is M _ tsp sit (o/) Cz ee ” From (f and (i may esc hat he maximum being ese feceurs at @ = 1 ie, atthe cross section opposite to the slot of the CURVED BARS 3 ring, Substituting b = Ayand @ = wines. (Py Bee, con w fom which hy can be ealelated if the working stress for the ring ind the presore pare given. The value of 36 found by subst- toting inte TE may be noted that if ewo equal and opposite tensile forces P be applied tangentially to the ends of the ring at the slot they reducl nt any cto setion mn, che bending moment = Pr{s ~ cos ¢) =~ 2Prsin#/, i. the bending moment varies with exactly in the same manner Shae given by oh. Therefore, the ends ofthe open Hog ie Pred together and in thi contin ie be machined co the Sarge radius’ such a Ping will whem assembled produce a form presnae aginst che wall f the eying. “= ‘Dererine for varie, 30d for @ cast ron piston rng if a tote ea = 400 Ibe Po ayy p= Et Ibs pot fy and Beta x 108 Ibe por oj in Subsceting in eq @y we dnd ya jain From eg (4 = 0007 ii. Derive formula ip), given on P. . 15, Bpevience shows th the insertion of stud in a cha tink considerably increases its strength. Find the Bending moment Me che potnte of application of the loads P aed the axial com- Dpestve force aff inthe stad forthe lnk shown i Fig. €3- Sohn” Seine he horn osetia Fig. Gah docs not move horinpntally and docs not rotate, the Sedialy indeterminate quances Me and 2? are found fom the srustions from which moa o "This theory was dele by H: Resa Anna ern, Val sp. iy Vinay Comptes Rendus, Wolo 75 peat, On” See algo Retnkande, V'D. Ty Vol. as, . 3 9014 H Fridman, Zieh. Grercch: Hogs Arche Verein, Va. fo, 63a, 1908, aod Ve D. Ty Val 68 pase. 126o STRENGTH OF MATERIALS where ge EM fmt 1364 — om Ble = 9) mh gem b 4B Agr aglet —O) alm + 2)[G@ = 2) a OE arm h 4Bm aye | ale — 8)” Be 13, Find bending moment My and tensile force Hin the cross section of the symmetrically loaded cirelar ring ood ig ot “hur BIG oe son — PEE bce bist (re) tana 14. Arch Hinged at the Ends.—Figure 68 shows an arch swith hinged ends at the same level carrying a vertical load. ‘The vertical components of the reactions at 4 and B may be determined from equations of equilibrium in the same manner as for a simply supported beam, and the horizontal com- A, ponents must be equal ahd opposite in direction. The magnitude ZY of these components is called the éhrust of the arch, Tt cannot be obtained statically, but may be de- ce paper by H. J. Gough, HL, Cox and D. G, Sopwith le. ce pT CURVED BARS 95 termined by use of the theorem of Castigliano. In the case of faflat arch, the two last terms in the general expression (88) for the strtin energy ean be neglected and for usual proportions fof arches che product deR can be replaced by the moment of inertia Z. of the cross section, The equation for ealeulating His then timing (iret ae)# ‘The bending moment at any eross section mm of the arch can be represented by. @ M Ms — Hy, © in which Mj is the bending moment calculated for the corre- sponding section of a simply supported beam having the same Toad and the same span as the arch. The second term under the integral sign of eq. (e) represents the strain energy due to compression in the tangential direction and is of secondary. importance. A satisfactory approximation for Aat arches is dbtained by assuming this compression equal to the thrust H. ‘Substituting expression (J) and N= HT in eq, (a) we obtain Hoyas from which Myde WE te Kor an arch of constant cross section, using the notation 14, ea. (89) becomes (9) co ‘The second term in the denominator represents the effece of96 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS the shortening fh centr ne of the ach dt then tia compen Tn any cs smal and an neglected. Then [ao co) ‘Take, for example, the case of a parabolic arch carrying a ‘continuous load uniformly distributed along the length of the span with a centerline given by the equation: afl =) © Then Ma f=. @ Substituting (0 and (2 into eg (1), we obtain a-G. © ‘The actual thrust, H, will be less than that obtained from eq. (2). Tove some idea ofthe possible error AH, the ratios (AHD/H for various proportions of arches are given in the Table 6 below.*® In calculating this table the whole expres: Ble See author's paper, “Galel dex Arce Elasique,” Pacis, 193s Deranger, Ea a0stg[sex3s|aetsr|acse footer [aot ena | acigh CURVED BARS or sion (88) for strain energy was used and it was assumed that for any cross section of the arch Ele u,- 2, where dg and Els are respectively the cross sectional area and the flexural rigidity of the arch at the top, is the angle between the cross section and the y axis and isthe depth of the cross section at the top. Equation (¢) was used in caleu- lating the value of Hin the ratio Ad/HL. This shows thatthe error of equation (c) has perceptible mas- nitude only for Bat arches of considerable thickness "As the supports of the arch are a fixed distance apart, ‘change in the temperature may produce appreciable stresses in the structure. To calculate the thrust due to an increase in temperature of degrees, we sssume that one ofthe supports is movable. Then, thermal expansion would increase the span Of the arch by Jaf, where a is the eoeficient of thermal ex- pansion of the material of the arch. ‘The thrust is then ound from the condition thatit prevents such an expansion by producing a decresse in the span equal to al Using the Castigliano theorem, we obtain wa poe ne adad (at te)ee ‘Taking only the thermal effect and putting Ms wwe obtain from (7) andN = Ht, () A more detailed study of stresses in arches may be found in books on the theory of structure. ' Johngon, Bevan and Torneae, “Modern Framed, Stuctre, Pere I1 "Sou also Weprauch, "Theovi, dy Flasischer Bogentrager ESMarich, “Schwezerache Bauzdtangy” Vela.98 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS 4g. Stresses in a Fiywheel—Due to the effect of the spokes, the tim of a rotating fiwheel undergoes not only extension but sho bending. We take asthe fee body a portion of the rim (Fis xg ZA 9b) between two cross actions which bvet the angles between we apoken Let the avs of the centerline of the rim the ros setioal area ofthe Fm he eros sectional afea of 4p rroment of inertia ofthe sro section of the im he angle between two consecutive spokes, he weight of the vim per un lenge ofthe center ine he weight of a spoke per unit length he angular velosty ofthe wheel From the condition of symmetry there can be no shearing strenes ‘over the cross sections and Band the forces acting on these rons actions are reducible to the lngitdinal force Noand the ending moment fo. 10 denotes the force exerted bythe spoke ‘nthe tim, the equation of equiv of the portion 48 of the Fe 6 aNesina + X~ 2Rsinal, Nesing +X ~ akin from which m w= masons 2B ae sin ME EL, yy CURVED BARS ~ ‘The bending moment for the same cross section ie Mm Mom NARs ~cos + Pa int matte TE sist.) The force X and the momento canst be determined fom the ston of sate bate sachted by ae of the thera ot (Sewer The stain energy of the paon 4 ofthe on = MORAG. (*NRde @ aET +7), 26d “The tensile force Ny st any cross section of the spoke at distance r from the center of the wheel is" ui x4 BE hence the strain energy ofthe spoke is w= [Me © “The equations for calculating Me and are 2 Ut U; y at =o 0 Ait =o © ‘Substituting (¢) and (¢), we obtain, from eqs. (f) and (x), m~ -98(35-4), » atk “ x28? 5 — ow Baa 4 Tj +h +4 in which He) = sat (22844), 10) «saa B43) mt 21s sumed tha the tigknoe ofthe Hn fh sali comparison wih Rand only the coargy of the bending and tenon is taken into "The length ofthe spoke ie taken equal to A. In practic it wil tbe somewhat lens than 8100 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS several values of the functions fi and fi, for various numbers of pokes, are given in the table 7 below. con | tae fia) | evetat | acai | seco From this table the foree X in the spoke is determined from ce (gu) andthe bending moment My from eg, (99). Then the Tongitainal force and bending moment for any cross section mm of the rim may be found from eqs, (a), (8) and.) ‘Tak, as an cxampley a stel Bywheel making 609 rpm. with radiug R'= in, crose section of the rim a square 12 X12 in and with si spokes of cross sectional area fi = 24 89, in ‘he Fim cnr a rotating ing which can expand Fels then the tensile stress due to centrifugal force's, fom eq. (5), Pare, 0) = 0.106 X wt X RE = 0106 X 628 X t= 10,450 Ibs. pers. n. In the care of six spokes, « = 30" ile) = 0987, fala) = e216. ‘Then the force in each spoke is from €4. (94) qk 1 eR SOX E SSP EG =O Fogg F 6 ONT “The longitudinal force for the cross section bisecting the angle between the spokes i, fom eg. (a), ER ogy MR og HR t Bee “The bending moment for the same cross seston, from e9. (si My ~ oan £ The above theory was developed by R. Bred, Ve D. ly Vol as (Goods nso, and HL Rrsues, Dingo Pateshn Jour, 1908p. 38 se Roy. GLengbostony Int, Mech: Eng Brows Lane ttf 35 Sha Reinhard Forsehungoaretten; a 26, 1953." similar problem ies when elealaing stems sealing Hingroflargetarbo-generato, co. Schwein, Eiectootec, isc. 19} 4 CURVED BARS 101 “The maximum stress at cis cross section is per sq in For the ross seston of the Him at the axis ofthe spoke, eqs. (8) and (@) give Oren osn%, ann aanstll. re = 124300 bs. per aq. in. In this case the effect of the bending of the Fim on the maximom ‘rcs is mall snd the calculation of the streses in the rim as in a fee rotating ring, gives a satisfactory result. 16, Deflection Curve for a Bar with a Circular Center ‘Line. —In the ease ofa thin curved bar with a circular center line the differential equation for the deflection curve is analo- gous to that for s straight bar (eq. 141, p. 182, Part 1). Let ‘ABCD (Fig. Jo) represent the center line of a circular ring ffter deformation and let « denote the small radial displace~ ments during this deformation, The variation in the cus ture of the center line during bending ean be studied by considering one element mm of the ring and the corresponding clement myn of the deformed ring included between the same radii (Fig. 72, 4). The initial length of the element mmr and its initial curvature are de des a= Ris Eo Rie @ For small deflections the curvature of the same element after deformation can be taken equal to the curvature ofthe element mim. This later is given by equation: 1 _ det ade Ro def ads" ®102 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS in which de-+ adp denotes the angle between the normal cross sections m, and m of the deformed bar and ds + adr the Pep lengeh of the element myn. ‘The displacement w is considered positive if towards the center of the ring and is assumed to be very small in comparison with the radius of the ring. Then the angle between the tangent at m, to the center line and the normal to the radius mo is dujds. ‘The corresponding angle at the cross section mis Gian Thea fu Ade = Fide © In comparing the length of the clement my with that of the clement mm, the small angle duds is neglected and the lengeh ‘mani taken equal to (R= «)de. Then nde Ads = ~ ude = — Ht w ; CURVED BARS. 103 Subsscuring (©) and () into ea. (), we obtain ou det Fhe RO " a(- (a) or neglecting the small quantities of higher order, RO +R) +e ke © “The relationship between the change in curvature and the rmagnitude of bending moment, from eq. (67) for tin bars is 11M A ROR” ~E a) “The minus sign on the right side ofthe equation fllows from the sign of the bending moment which is caken to be positive ‘when it produces a decrease in the initial curvature of the bar (Fig. 42). From (¢) and (/) it follows that ep 09) “This is the ferential equation forthe deflection curve of 2 thin bar with ceule centerline." For an intel large ® this equation coincides with eg (79), Part I for straight bars ‘As an cxample of the application of ef. (03) Tet-us consider the problem represented in Fig. s8."‘The bending tmoment at any cos section moni fom 9: (2, 83, (or) and eq. (95) becomes uw PR BTR Me=eta $4 ue2B (ene): Tegner dt of hi euaon cog Bane + FRY PE ang ‘The constants of integration dl and B here are determined from the condition of symmetry du a which are satisfied by taking for oy andor g = 5 B Then = PR PR 1 = Fe FE sing — Fong For ¢ = oand @ = x2, we obtain (me EE (E=2)e Ween = SE(E- 9) ‘These results are in complete agreement with eqs. (86) and (87) obtained elore by using the Castigliano theorem.» 17, Detection of Bars with a Small Intal Curvature If « bar witha smal intial curvature fs bent by franevrse forces only the defections may be calculated by the method weed for seaighe bar, The conditions are quite dierent however, if shere ae longs tudinal forces in addition to the transvere force. cma nie turvature makes great change in the eect of thse longitudinal forces om the defstion. ‘The sclettn of this isclved problem smay be gretly simpli by using trigonometric sores for repr: senting the in of the curves and the defection dae to * Dienst Tor the defston of = coclar ving sczablshed by J, Bowstieat ae" Compren Rend Val 97 FB, Taig "Se anit Lamy Eden Math oe: Boe, Wa 1 5 Usk, Vasgnr examples of aplcaons of thie suakion aces Alpaperby Rr Mayer a Zatch f Math bs Phyes Vb fh 3 9.) CURVED BARS 10s tpt Neem spe bey et tnoe atta esos soya any ego ee rete @ Let the initial defection curve be represented by the series gem hin an AE. ® nd the defetion rode bythe aad be pn ninth in Ey © anna [23 ‘This represents the longitudinal displacement of one end of the ‘curved bar with rerpect to the ather during deflection. ‘We proceed ain the cate of straight bare (p. 8) and give to the bar an infinitely small additions! deflection day sin (res). ‘The work done by the longitudinal fores 8 during this deflection i Fok ra + Eran 0 at OF ag + bide ‘The work done by the load Pis Pin dey land the increase in strain energy, from eq (53) i5 Ele! SF anda See authors paper, Feschift sum scbaignten Geburatage A Pople ps 710s STRENGTH OF MATERIALS. “The equation for calculating as is Ele are et FL waadan = P sin ™ das + 5 OE (ay + bdo from which APP sin ™E + Sate O° Elen = ee Substituting into expression (¢) and using the notation, ‘The ist mnt of the it sie of (7) repent he dete tion of straight bus (ee eq. $8), while the aed ges the add tional deflection due to the initial curvature. - "Takes for crample, a bar which has an inital desction gum bain (ers The maxima deflection fat the mide of the pan ands equal to 5 Tt only the lonicaioal forces $ act on the bar (P ='0} the defeeson at the mile produced by these Fores s obtained rom eqe (7) by substeating P= 0 = Fs Fea eens Then ab in @ ne “The total ordinates of the center Tine after bending are bin i yortnn ae thing = Ae Due tolonsiainal compressive fren th dinates af the centr tne insense Inthe rao a) ny the nese of ordinates depen apn the quant ay whch i ih aco ofthe oogeainal (ore eet force” Tt of compen foc long CURVED BARS 07 tudinal tensile forces act on the bar, it is only necessary to sub- situte — instead of win the previous equations, Tn the particular ase in which yu = Bin (rel) the ordinates ofthe centerline after Aleformation become + att Tee 7 oo Te ip seen thatthe longitinal ensileforce diinihes the initia trdinaten. Taking, for instance, a = they taking th longeadinal force equal tote etc value, we find y y= Bsn, i.e, such a longitudinal force reduces the inital ordinates of the bar by hal, 18. Bending of Curved Tubes.—In discussing the dis- tribution of bending stresses in curved bars (art. 11) it was assumed that the shape of the cross section remains un- changed. Such an assumption is justifiable as long as we have ‘solid bar, because the very small displacements in the plane of the cross section due to lateral contraction and ex. pansion have no substantial effect on the stress distribution. ‘The condition is very diferent, however, in the ease of a chin curved tube in bending. It is well known that curved tubes, ‘with comparatively thin walls prove to be more flexible during bending than would be expected from the usual theory of curved bars. "A consideration of the distortion of the cross section during bending is necessary in such cases. ‘Consider an clement between two adjacent cross sections of a curved round pipe (Fig. 71) which is bent by couples in the direction indicated. Since both the tensile forees at the Extensive experinental work on the Renbiity of pipe bends wat dope by BB. VD 14 NOL sh 1010 45 and Pomc ibcieny avs 96 See ino W. Hovgeard Journal of Math, and Phys Mace Toatiate of Technology, Val y 38, and A, M. Wabl, Trap, [Amey Soe- Mech. Ena, Vay 1927 Stu prot for the pipe of Secular section was discus by Th v. Kiemin, V. De Ty Vol ss, p18, torn, The cae of curved Pipe of rectangular croc section was considered By the author; see ‘Kher. So. Mech Eng Valls. tyes 1933108, STRENGTH OF MATERIALS convex side of the tube and the compressive forces at the concave side have resultants towards the neutral axis, the previously circular eross sections are fattened and become elliptical. ‘This flattening of the cross section affects the strain of longicudinal fibers of the tube. The outer fiber ad takes some position ab after bending; denote its displace ment towards the neutral axis by 8. ‘The total elongation of the fiber is sath, — ab = aby ~ aes ~ (ab ~ aye). @ The angle between the adjacent cross sections ae and bd is denoted by de, its variation during bending by Ady, the radius of the center line by R, and the radius of the middle surface of the tube by a. Iris assumed that the ratio af is small enough that the neutral axis can be taken through the centroid of the eross section. Then, from the figure we obtain ashy — aye, = (@ — B)Ady = ade ‘The total elongation of the fiber ab as given by eq. (a) is aade ~ Ade and the unit elongation is aide = ide __a_Ade_ 8 «(RF ade Rta de Ra ® ‘The first term on the right side of this equation represents the strain in the fiber due to the rotation of the cross section Ad with respect to the cross section ac. This is the elongation which is considered in the bending of solid bars. The second term on the right side of eq. (8) represents the effect of the flattening of the cross section. It is evident chat this effect may beof considerable nportance. Take, for inseance, R ++ a Goin.and = o.orin. Then d/(R + 4) = 1/3,009 and the corresponding stress for a steel tube is 10,000 lbs. per sq.in. he displacement 8 Gonsdered av very small comparison with the raioe CURVED BARS 108 Hence a very small flattening of the cross section produces & subscantial decrease inthe stress at the outermost fiber ab, A. similar conclusion may be drawn forthe fiber ed on the concave side of the bend. A change in the direction of the bending moment causes « change of sign of the normal stresses and as a result, instead of a Rattening ofthe tube in the radial direction, there is a fattening in the direction perpendicular to the plane fof Fig. 71 and the fiber a, due to this Aattening, is dis. placed outward. From the same reasoning as above it may be shown that here again the fattening of the cross section produces a decrease in the stress at the most remote fibers. Te may therefore be concluded that the fibers of the tube farthest from the neutral axis do not take the share in the stresses which the ordinary theory of bending indicates. ‘This affeces the bending of the tube in the same way as a decrease in its moment of inertia. Instead of eq. (67) which was derived for solid curved bars the following equation ‘must be used in caleulating the defections of thin tube MRde ade = Mere, (109) ‘bis a numerical factor, less than unity, which takes care of the flattening, ‘This factor depends upon the pro- portions of the bend and can be calculated from the following10 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS. approximate formula ke -— ie ween) inhi ithe hens ofthe ube, Ths indents that he et ofthe aceningSependh only upon the magaiade of "hor he efx ofthe fastening onthe sree dssibuon, Kirin showed thts isead of the single equation fr tovral bending senssto= Min whch 3 denotes the Seance fom the neta a the lowing mre complated Series +38 (1-68), 6 Gon) in which (102) in which dis the outer diameter ofthe eabe and A Sis isa numeri factor which depends upon he proportions of the bond Several values off are given below: 2 Sce paper by Th. Kirmin, oe. ety v.10. STeid tmumed that Ais lange fm Compan with and chat linear sree sstintion i aullledly accurate ansomprion, CURVED Bars 1 Ieis seen that when ¢Rja!is small, the actual maximum stress is considerably greater than thar given by the usual theory which neglects the fattening of the cross section A theory analogous to the shove may also be developed in the case of a tube of rectangular ctoss section.” For example, in the ease of a thin tube of square cross section, the coefficient & in eq. (100) is found to depend upon the magni- tude of the ratio in which # is the thickness of the wall, R the radius of the center line of the bend and é the lengeh of the side of the eross section. Then ieee (203) + 0.661 For instance, if JR = 0.1 and bj¢ = 50, we obtain w = 25 and, from (163), = 0.63. The maximum stress in tubes of rectangular section increases in the same proportion as che flexibility, je @ 5. “) jn the above example the distortion eo re ke fof the cross section increases the ‘maximum stress approximately, by 6 per cent, If 2 cross section of a curved bar hhas flanges of a considerable width, again the question of distortion of 3X7 the cross section becomes of practi cal importanee. Such a problem we hhave, for example, when investigating bending stresses at a comer of a rigid frame of an I section, Fig. 72a. Considering an clement of the frame between the two consecutive cross sections mn and myn, we sce that the longitudinal bending stresses @ in the flanges give the components in a radial direction which tend to produce bending of the flanges, Fig. 72h. ‘This bending results in some diminishing of longitudinal «Suh prablem occur, for instance, im the design of « Fgirbairn crane, "See teference 3,nm STRENGTH OF MATERIALS beige in pois of the ane ats coda Sat en esi ten ean sh aa fects oth be ange nus he din ng oa Gs in cen, Natwaly te magi of he Boer tr lkting hc cetive nth of te Rope enon he Goll fogs sich seer by eau ansond, ® in whieh ig he hens of he lange an i sf Santi! "yotide nese nvr = and rte Sie ge re titers tow aut, eter tngcan bees eo cel sete ney decoy i eh roe alr of Behe formala = (j-as)6 © ‘can be used ® for calculating the efective widih of a Aange. Assume, for example, chat we have the width of the flange b= 6 in,, the corresponding radius r = 8 in., and the thick- ness #= 1 in. Then, from formula (d), we obtain $ = 2.80 land the effective wideh of the flange is 0.35 X 6 = 2 in. 19, Bending of a Curved Bar out of its Plane of Initial ‘Curvature.—In our previous discussion we have deale with the bending of curved bars in the plane of ther initial curvature. There are cases, however, in which the forces acting on a curved bar do not lie in the plane ofthe center line of the bar.* ® For derivation of ths formula ace Dr. Dissertation by, Orto Stein- hardty Darmstadt, 1938, ‘The experiments made by Steinhardt are in hslctory neeetent with the formal TScal publeme of this hind ave been discussed by 1, Stutz, eteches& Datre Arche Ing Vers igo bs 6835 Miller Brea Bie neucren Alcthoden der Fesighettehre, 3 edy 0913, p.25% and Ath cls ps 265, sil B. G. Kannenberg, Der Eisenbaty 193, 1.32 Phe Calelora Gcnlar ring ropporeed ae several points and loaded by forsee perpendicular tothe plane ofthe ring was discussed by F. Distr brine Def Ersenbac, 1920p rinand by G. Unold, Forschungsarbcten, Dr 255 etlng 923, The some problem was discuised by ©. Bizeno CURVED BARS us Then it is necessary to consi- ddr che deflection of the bar in two perpendicular planes and the twist of the bar. A simple problem of this kind is shown in Fig. 738 in which a portion ‘of a horizontal circular ring, built in at 4, is loaded by & vertical load P applied at the end B® Considering cross section D of the bar and taking the coordinate axes as. shown in Figures 736 and 73¢% we find that the moments of the external load P with respect (0 these axes are M.= — PRsin(a—¢), My = 0, M, = PR(t —cos(a— #1 (@) By using these expressions the bending and torsion stresses can be calculated in any cross section of the bar. In ealeu- lating deflection at the end B the Castigliano theorem will be used, for which purpose we need the expression for the strain energy of the bar. Assuming that the cross sectional di- mensions of the bar are small in comparison with radius R, ‘by ang the principle of last work, “De Inzencu,” 997, and Zach. Pangew. Nath. Mech, Vol. 8 938, p. 237" The application of ‘vigonometie seis inthe tare problem is thows by C.B. Biczeno and STR ROR Zaltee. Lange: Math: Meck, wel 16,1996, ps got. The Trablem i of practical imporeance im design of stam bipiog The Eoresreedng biliogeaphy is given in the paper by Hi. Ee Mayrose, Jounal of Applied Mchanicy Trane, ALS. ME. vol, 1937, Fo 8 Meg the bok by AH Gibson and E.G. Ritchie, "A’Seudy of the Grealae ve Bow-Girder," London, 2914 “Sth problem has ben decnsed by Saint Venant; sc his papers in ‘Comptes Rens, el. 19. 1843, Pars nit asm tha ie bent xn nd she vt is ae the axe of symmetry of the coat section and thatthe ous tangent to the centerline ofthe ing 3¢ D.1 STRENGTH OF Ma’ ERIALS wwe apply the same formulas as we already had for a straight bar (see pp. 294 and 297, part I). Thus the expression for the strain energy of our bar is vf a) where C denotes the torsional rigidity of the bars? The required defection & ig then obtained from the equation; aw oP Me, M: 5 Substituting for U expression (8), and observing that RLt — cos (@ — o), we obtain HEEL [sea o) +220 - mle 0? }de. Go In the particular case, when HEHE IF the cross section of the ring is circular, C= GI, = 2G Les taking E = 2.66, we obtain ls Asan example of statically indeterminate problems, let us consider a horizontal semi-circular bar with built-in ends, loaded at the middle, Fig. 74a. Considering only small vertical deflections of the bar, we can entirely neglect any’ isplacements in the horizontal pl “The eae Aisne in Chapter Vi PR Ere (tos) CURVED BARS us higher order. Hence there will be no bending of the ring in its plane and no forces or moments in that plane at the ends A and B. Considering the buile- in end By we conclude from the ‘equilibrium conditions tha there will act a vertical reaction P/2 and the moment M., = PR) The moment My, will also act, preventing the end section B from rotation with respect to 29 axis ‘The magnitude of this moment cannot be determined from sta- ties; we shall find it by using the principle of least work, which requires that Fa 76 au. @ In deriving the strain energy of the bar we represent the moments applied at the end B by the vectors PR/2 and M,, as shown in Fig. 744. ‘Then the moments M, and M, at any ‘ross section D are PR Reine + M.cose— PR cose, (f and the expression for strain energy is SOG + 36) ae ® Substituting this in equation (d) and observing that v aM, _ aM, ML Sn Sy coe6 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS we obtain Bel” (aio asi — "in ecorv) do 4 Af" [ Ban osm PR pe on pone] zo + M,,c0s! 6 = ms 28(5=1)- from which o182PR. (106) “The minus sign indicates thatthe direction of Ma, is opposite to that shown in Fig. 72. Knowing M,, we obtain the bend- ing and the twisting moments at any cross section from the expressions (¢) and (A). "The maximum deletion is evidently under the load and we readily obtain it fom Castigliano’s equation: a a Substituting expression (g) for U and observing that Me Boose sind Me Kain greene, 6 wwe obeain += FB (@-036n(F-3) + Fle - esto (F +4 + toatoat]} PR ots ier Uo) In the calculation ofthe partial derivatives (i) we disregarded. the fact that the ewisting moment M,, is not an independent {quantity but the function of P as defined by expression (106) CURVED BARS u7 If we should take this into consideration, the righthand side of the equation (A) should be written in the following for au, au opt aM,” dP a But the second term in this expression vanishes, by virtue of ‘equation (d). Hence our previous procedure of calculating deflection 8 is justified. Problems 1. A-curved bar with cicular axis and with a = 2/2 (Fig. 73) ig loaded at end B hy « twisting couple M, = 7. Find the defee~ ton of the end B in a vertical direction. “Anateen.” Assuming Ele C = 1.3; 2 Solve the preceding problem assuming that at end Ba bending Couple, Me = Mois applied in the vertical plane tangent to the center line at B. Answer MRE b= 150 43. A semicicular bar with the center Tine in'a horizontal plane ie buile in at tnd # and loaded symmetrically by two frertical loads Pat Cand D, Fig. 75 Find. the twisting moments fat the built-in ends Fea nsw ~ et oat) ‘ges My = ~oe(E 5us STRENGTH OF MATERIALS 5. The horizontal semicircular bar, shown in Fig. 7$ and uni foraly loaded a in the preceding problem, is supported at the rile cross section F. Find the vertical reaction Nat the sup- pore F. “Answer, N= 29R. CHAPTER UI 20, Bonding of « Pato to 4 Cylndiel Ssface.—Asume that a rectangular pate of uniform thickness bent to 8 SMlndeal surace "Cg. 7). In puch cae i sufient {Seonsier ony ane ser of wnt wid suchas 4B, aya bam of reengua TT) Grom scedon dof thekength/, From, the conigon of continue fe may be f conclu the there will be ne deer Gn in the orn secbon of the Goring bending, such ab shown in Fi SohoetgyPareh Hence iberlength Tact the sip such aor Pip 7) tues ot only the Tongtadinal tele stress, but aso ten ses onthe lateral decom, which most be Such tS prevent lier conaction of ther, Wesstmesay Beier oop. 8, Put 1), thas crm sections of the sip rnin lane daring benda," Hence te unit dongaion ih evant decom are te. Wis have such bending in the case of long rectangular planes fhe acting forcr do no vary long the length of the pee and if only the portion ats aaicen distance from the ends i canter120 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS ‘The corresponding stresses in x and = directions are then obtained a3 in the case of tension in two perpendicular direc- tions. By use of eqs. (38) (p. 53 Pare D, o Ey aE wert phy w= We proceed as in the case of bending of a bar and calculate the bending moment at any cross section of the strip. Then ne Efe me Me [cot = ele rom which : uy (108) D ha fh (109) ‘This quantity is called the fesural rigidity of = plate and {ake the place of EI, in dscasing bending of beams, Com. ‘pron of eq. (sot) for the sip ete snot with eq, (50) Pare I, for a bar “%G LU shows that the rigidity of the strip [IT in the plae is larger than chat of Fro. 76 ” an isolated bar of the same cross Section in the ratio= (0 The experiments show that in the ease of bending ofan juolated thin strip of considerable width distortion of the sisted taken place only near the ets (Fig. 7, 0) and hele portion an of the stip is Dent into cylindrical foro hence ea, (18) i applicable in eneoating defections tha the seip wll prove mote rigid than will be expected from the simple beam formula For small deflections of the strip 4B (Fig: 7) the curva- Ennion afte phoomenon in aven by G F.C. Sear pe sel Lene Cami tae’ Tet” Bec so F. Lamb Londen Nth eee cota Sad autor peer Mecham! Ene Desig oe THIN PLATES AND SHELLS m1 ture 1/r can be replaced by its approximate value dy/ds and the diferential equation for the deflection curve of the strip is ey de D: Mt (119) ‘The discussion of bending of a plate to a cylindrical surface involves the integration of this equation. A particular ease in which the bending to a cylindrical surface is done by & uniformly distributed load is discussed in the next article. 21, Bending of a Loog Uniformly Loaded Rectangular Piate.— 1 a yectangulat plate whose length large in comparison with the width i unlformiy loadedy then it way be assumed that neat the enter, where the maximum defection and steer occur, the de- ecco sarface is neatly cylindrical one and eq. (v0) may Be ted to calelae chee” Let us consider this importam problem * Tor two extreme conditions. (+) the edges of the plate are simply ‘pporcd and can rotate rely during Bending and (2) the edges re inline Inboth cases eis atomed that there arena placements tthe ges inthe plane ofthe plate. Then an elemental stp such 3s ai ing. 76 in the same condition ata ered ith orm isvral loa (re arid 8) and the tensile forces S."‘The mag. nitude of the fnces i found from the comin thatthe extension Gf the stip is equal to the diference between the Tengeh of oe ‘Tefection curve and he length of the chon! 48 (Fig. Simply Supported Edger In the case of simply supported ces, a good approsination far is obtained by asuning thatthe de: fon curve i sine carve ya bsin™, ® where & denotes the defection at che middle. ‘Then by using 9 G6). p 47 the extension of the centerline of the strip it “léyy L (aye ® Tif the length fs tees tase the width for supported late and ‘ice the width fora Camped plate, the solution denved this a Sinpeion ip suficenly sours. TAaation of the problem was given by J. Boobnov. Ste it “Theory of Structure of Shape” Val, ype say Se. Peterburg, toh ‘The dscusion of thi problem together with lelaton of eee the bullet ship, given in "Theory of Plates and Shel” togam STRENGTH OF MATERIALS “Taking forthe defcetion at the middle the approximate equation (9), we have & tte © in which and a= S250" an) Substituting in equation (0), we obtain ow “Tet @ “The lateral contraction ofthe strip in the plane ofthe plate during bending fs assumed to he zee; hence from eqs. (109) and (011) the longation of the centerline ofthe strip produced by forces Sis fai? al ” @ Equating (2) and (0), the equation for determining ay ie for «s) In any particular case of a symmetrically loaded cireular plate, the shearing force V may be determined from statis; ) can be used for determining the slope ¢ and the defection w of the plate. Take, for example, a circular plate loaded by a uniformly distributed load of intensity g and a ‘concentrated load P applied at the center. Taking 2 section of the plate by a cylindrical surface with axis oz and radius x, the shearing force ” per unit length of this section is found, from the statement of the equilibrium of the inner part of the plate cut out by the cylindrical surface, ‘The load acting fon this part of the plate is P+ ax%g. This load must be ‘equal to the resultant of the shearing forces distributed over the cylindrical section; hence ani = P+ aig and vay 3a (126) Substituting into ea. (128),138 STRE (GTH OF MATERIALS #e ide et P ’ det ede ~ DS tae desde |> - (Stan) from which, by simple integration, ene -h(f+Lmes)+o ff pt Pe eG = 8 - Bye tows - 0 +849, (on where Cis the second constant of integration. Ror small de- Fectons (Fig. 89), de v= -@ giving us the following equation for deflecto de_ ge | Px Cx _G # - H+ Peale - 9 -S-F, from which, by integration, ast Pst oe Ep t Repos SH Clogs en (028) “The constants of integation Ci, yand Cxmust be determined in cach particular case from the conditions at the edge of the plate Tn the above discussion it was assumed that the middle surface of the plate is a neutral surface, ie, that there is no Strain in this plane, This assumption is justified only if the fulges of the plate are free from stresses in the middle plane ff the place and the deflections are small in comparison with the thickness of the plate. THIN PLATES AND SHELLS 19 26. Uniformly Loaded Circular Plate—Clamped Edges. ‘The slope and the deflection are given by eqs. (127) and, (128) by putting P =o in these equations. In the ease of clamped edges, ¢ = 0 for ¥ =a and for x <0, where a is the outer radius of the plate, The following equations for calculating the arbitrary constants C, and C; are then ob- tained from ea. (127): fy F-O)-% # : ( 16D ). ee from which Go ado ® and ches, putin ot. (17) ve Bt 2). (9) ‘The deflections are calculated from eq. (128). In this equa- tion set P =o and the arbitrary constants G, and Cy as in eas. (a). Then at aa -£p- Spt © ‘The constant G; is found from the condition that at the edge the deflection is zero. Hence wt a0 4G, &D~ T= from which & 6D Substicatng in equation (2), we obtain on gp 9)M0 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS “The maximum deletion it atthe center ofthe plate and is & 63) This defection i qual to 3 of he defection of a stip (Fi 38) clamped atthe ends and of length eqeal tothe diameter BF the pate “The bending moments ar obtained from et Chap) and (2g expression (19) for () a subeeated into these equations whieh gives M = £ eG +e) 8G +H) 0 My = SL fot + 4) — 0 + 30) @ [At the edge (# = a) these equations give me, My © At the center (¥ = ©); MM o “The mavimum stress i atthe ede and is equal to (eden = fF 3G (32) Simply Supported atthe Bdge. The method of superpo- sition is used in calculating defections of a plate simply Supported at the edge. It was shown (eqs. ¢) thae in the case of clamped edges there are negative bending moments ‘My ~ ~ (go) actingalong the edge, FEB, FEA Ais ae combined Dm with that of pure bending shown in Fig. 86 (8), so as to eliminate the the bending of a plate simply sup- fa ported at the edge. The defection THIN PLATES AND SHELLS ut due to pure bending is obtained from eq. (120). Substituting in this equation M = qa8, we find 1 gt Duta ‘The corresponding deflection at the middle for a sphefical surface is (See p. 94, Part 1) a gat 7 = 36D Fa) ‘This is added to the deflection (131) to get the deflection of 1 plate supported at the edge, 4 fp ttt tke : S-Ept wary” Gere 39) Por u = 0.3, this deflection is about four times as great as it is when the edges are clamped. In caleulating bending moments, the constant bending ‘moment gai/8 must be superposed on the moments (¢) and (@) found above for the case of clamped edges. Hence », MiG + wet My = Se +») - 80 + 30)] “The maximum bending moment is at the center, where Mow a = ie ‘The corresponding maximum stress is (edn = ea = BABE. Gay Hoc crn othe bent tee th er sides of the plates with clamped and simply supported edges, ee eeeua STRENGTH OF MATERIALS nates from the horizontal axis passing through the point O, wwe obtain the stresses for the plate with the clamped edges. Adding to these stresses the constant value jqa'/4H", ie. measuring the ordinates from the horizontal ‘axis passing through the point O; in Fig. 87, we obtain the stresses for the ee ye ST ae 4 i es simply supported plate. It may be seen that a more favor- able stress condition is obtained by clamping the edge. Tn the previous discussion the effect of shearing strain on the deflection was neplected. When the thickness of the plate is fairly large in comparison with its radius, cis effect Iay be considerable and must be taken into account* The additional delection due to shear is found by the same method as in the ease of beams (art. 39, Part 1). In the case of, ‘uniform loading the shearing force, from eq. (126), is pak If we assume the same distribution of shearing stresses over the thickness of the plate, asin the case ofa bar of rectangular ‘ross section, the mavinium shearing stress is at the middle "The increase iv defection due to abear_was demonstrated by cewperimente made by GM. Russel, Eogineringy Vol 125) 1937. 7 SESE alo paper by H Carington, Engineesing, Vl. 125, 1928, 3 ‘THIN PLATES AND SHELLS us sutface and ite magnitude at a distance « from the center of the plate is ah ae LEO “The corresponding shearing strain at the middle surface of the plate is and the additional defection due to distortion of such an clement as abed in Fig. 85 is, andy = See ‘Summing up these deflctions along the length of the radius ff the plate and noting that at the edge the deflection is, zero, we find 3g ite al Gf] Ge-. ‘This is added to the defection (130) due to bending moments to get the total deflection, she he-, or, using 0a. (109), = gyfer (39) The defection atthe center is 6-28 (04 & (236) In the case of thick plates the second erm in the parenthesis, which represents the effect of shearing stresses, may be of practical importance. ‘The above theory of bending of circular plates is based fon the assumption that deflections are small in comparisonM4 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS with the thickness. For larger deflections the stretching of the middle surface of the plate must be considered. If this is done it can be shown that at larger deflections the plate bhecomes stifir than the above theory " indicates and the deflections are no longer proportional to the load, In the case of a uniformly loaded circular plate clamped at the edge the deflection can be calculated from the following equation: stot G3) which isin good agreement with experiments In practical applications, very thin uniformly loaded plates are sometimes used. Ih such eases the bending stresses may be small in comparison with the stresses due to the stretching of the middle surface and the plate ean be con- sidered as « thin membrane which has no flexural rigidity at all ‘The deflection at the middle of a uniformly loaded circular membrane is given by the equation 5 b= oan | 3) We obtain an analogous equation by neglecting 8 in com: parison with the term containing in eq. (137). Experiments See author’ paper, loc. ce, 453. See alip "Theory of Plates and Shag” 144 See they of Plater and Shell” p36 1040 See Ha Hencky, Zitec. Math Pays Vl 63 (195) p30 ‘THIN PLATES AND SHELLS us made on chin membranes are in good agreement with eq. (38). In the case of a uniformly loaded circular plate of variable thickness the variation of the thickness with the radial dis. tance can be expressed with sufficient accuracy by the equa- tion: it Bren, in which Ay is che ratio of the thickness at the radial distance 0 the thickness Ay at the center, and Bis @ constant. The 1 See shapes of the diametrical sections of plates for various values fof the constant B are shovtn in Fig. 88. The maximum bend- ing stress yin radial direction at a radial distance x from the center ean be expressed by the equation: ~~ Brana Eek, Zitechr f angew. Math ond Meck, Vol 2, 1957, 408. Information on corugated diaphragms seein "eck, Notes” Joilioao, Nee Adee Comm, Aeron6 TRI 1H OF MATERIALS: “The values of this factor ® fora plate with clamped edges are given by the curves in Fig. 89. For a simply supported plate these values are given in Fig- 9. 27. Circular Plate Loaded at the Center.—Clamped Kage. For this ease ¢ = 0 is substituted in eq. (127), which gives 4G, o Pe on - Fhe bows — + ‘The constants of integration C} and G; are found from the con. ditions that ¢ is equal to zero at the clamped edge and at the center of the plate; hence [- [-Bprhe en 88] [As (slog, s)o-0 = 0, the following values of arbitrary con- stants are obesined from (): P Ox beer +2848] ® log. = 1) + 3 G=Zyebea-0s G=5 © and eq, (6) becomes Ferlows 2 @ o= Filoeet ~WThze values are given tm che dnertnion by O, Pahl, “Die Bisgung Krenaymmetischer Platten von Veronderiher Dike” Bedi, ia THIN PL FS AND SHELLS ur ‘The equation for the deflection surface is obtained by sub- stieuting q = 0 and the values (0) of the arbitrary constants, into eq. (128), which gives BS(mei-t+0 © Pee P. = gD G+ aoep et — * i) ‘The deflection at the middle is Pat iD (39) ‘This deflection is four times as great as that produced by a uniformly distributed load of the same magnitude (eq. 131). Bending moments are calculated from eqs. (123) and (124), using expression (d), w-Zfotomet} ate Plo + 5) tote $= 0} i) At the edge (e = 4) these moments become ies ig ee And the corresponding maximum stresses are atk, o-¥E Gay Comparison with eq. (132) for a uniform load shows that the concentrated load at the center produces stresses at the clamped edge of the plate which are twice as great as the stresses produced by a load of the same magnitude but uni- formly distributed aver the plate.M8 st INGTH OF MATERIALS At the center ofthe plate, eqs. (g) and (A) give infinitely large values for the bending moments and the stresses. This result is due to the assumption made that the load is eon- centrated at the point." If the distribution of the load is taken overa smal ice, the strestes become init (ste . 151). In determining the safe dimensions of a crcular plate loaded at the center we can limit our investigation to the calculation of the masimam tensile bending stresses at the bottom of the plate. Ie was already mentioned chat expres sions (g) and (2) are not suitable for this purpose, and the ‘more detailed investigation indicates ® that the proper for- ‘mula fr calculating the above mentioned tensile stress is ( = Fe (cass toe $ +052): (49 Although the compressive seesses at the top of the plate may be many times as large as the tensile stresses at the bottom in the case of a strong concentration of the load, they do not represent a direct danger because of their highly localized character. The local yielding in the ase of a ductile material will not affect the deformation of the plate in general if the tensile stresses at the bottom of the plate remain within safe limits. ‘The compressive strength of a brittle material is usually many’ times greater than its tensile strength, so that a plate of such « material will also be safe ifthe tensile stress at the bottom is within the limit of safety. ‘Simply Supported Edge. ‘The deflection of a plate simply supported at the edge is obtained by the method of super- position, On the deflections () found above fur the ease of ‘a clamped edge, we superpose the deflection produced in the Loca strenca a the oine of appliceion of «concentrated Toad are discussed inthe paper by Hi. Hencky, Der Spannangssurtand in recht feckigen Platten, Darmstadt, 19. $4. See aso A Nadal,“ Elastiache Piaten.” p97, 2935 "This quoton discussed in “Theory of Pate and Shel." p78 ‘THIN PLATES AND SHELLS 9 plate by moments My = Plgr uniformly distributed along the edge and thus obtain the case of a simply supported plate. The curvature produced by the moments Mi = Pia fs, from eq. (120), : P ree and the corresponding deflection at che middle is e__ Pat EOD This is added t0 the deflection (139), and the deflection at the middle of «simply supported plate becomes Po, Pe Pt ste §=iGD* UF OD ~ GD Te 4 ‘This deflection is about 2.5 times as great as that for the case of a clamped plate. “The expressions for bending moments are found by adding Pir to the moments (g) and (#) obtained above for a clamped. plate, ‘The maximum tensile stress is obtained by adding 61h: Pige to the stress calculated from formula (142) 28, Circular Plate Concentrically Loaded.—We begin with the ‘aye in which the losd is uniformly distibuted along a circle of Tadius d (Big. gt). Tn this care we consider Sparately the portion of the pate inside SG and" the portion owt. For tach portion the general eq (18) is used, wrth 7 =o for both portions and P =o na for the inner portion, "The arbitrary con. ants are determined in such a manner as to satisfy che conditions ‘of continuity atthe circle » = 22" Denoting by P the total load, the folowing rests are obtained: The cfect of sheasng sre which produces dacontinsty ia the slope atthe coco = = be eglcted in this cat; see paper by G. A ‘Garabedian, Je Eee Polytechtique, 2 Sey Co. 26, 197 BSc pite of accle 4s of Se Venanes eralation of the Book by Cletseh, "Theorie der Elastica fester Korper Paris,150 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS Glanped Edge. For inner potion (x < 8), ° iyl-o tomes ew H(t )eoa} (42)e-9} o --5[- For outer portion ( > By For outer portion (¢ > 8), af <0 +0 eed Pg bo) © ? : Fi[-e +m ond bene-o—w GEN aCe wo]. eg Any case of bending ofa circular plate loaded symmetrically with resect to the certercan be solved by use ofthese equations together tsth the method of sapespxiton, Ens," eg peecdeey shown in Fig. 93) in which the osd ap a) Shida Bache tad a kunt dent ov Peete batty na in eq (o) P — arbpdi, andthe defction produced atthe eater of the piate by the elemental rng loading shown in the Sgure is ten Sl -Pimg—e eterna © “The defection pred bythe enti lad is bo fee bf [erage steer oy Je , ‘THIN PLATES AND SHELLS 181 f c= ay this equation coincides with eq. (131) for a uniformly loaded plate. By subsceating in eq. (442) ¢-= o.and ney = Fy x, (139) for defection by a concentrated load is obtained. TO ‘Termine bending moments and strestes atthe centr ofthe plate, treealulate the second derivative with respect to of the expression Th. Settingx =o and P — ardgab inthis derivative, the curvature at che center, produced by che elemental ring loading (Fig. 92) is 4 ae 4,(— stash 2) a “The curvature at the center produced by the entre load is then ) tl Comet = (nate). 9 ‘The ceicesponding bending moment at the center from eqs. (118) aad (119) Man m= — Det n§S- "te (met +S) oo) 4 ge 147) Seto (mate): 7 Yo to (bs [Hy diminishing the radius ¢ of the circle over which the load is Gissibuted, we approsch the con- inom ofa concentrated load. The aS Streates at the center inereaze 38 ¢ ‘Sereases, but remain finite as long asia fine 129. Deflection of « Symmetric ay Loaded Cirvular Plate with Circular Hole at the Ceater Bending by Coupler. Denote by Mc and My the bending moments a. per wnie length on the outer and Inner edges respectively (Fig 9, «). For this ease let P= g = 0 (anne * (Dom (2a = (Cae1st STRENGTH OF MATERIALS in ega. (127) and (128) and we find 248, ° = Gitogel +O ® “The arbitrary constants are now to be determined ftom the con- dicions atthe edges. Substicuting (a) into eq. (123) we obtain =f 2-2+(243)} sma and afterwards © determining C, and Ce By putin uations wwe get the following o[0r-B0-0 = am aoa i 8a = Ma) GED =F T= nde 5 The conant Cs deters fom a cosierton ofthe dfson tthe plates Assume, for instance, thatthe plate is supported a the outer edges hen the defection at tis edge fe ero and Cy Calclated fom (8), which becomes = 46 a a ® “The deflection sorface of the plate is obtained by substituting Gi, Go and Cy into eq). ‘As a second example let us consider the case of bending ofthe plate by the couples Mj, when the ianer edge is builin (Fig. 93,0) ‘The arbitrary constants G, and Cy in eq. (8) are determined from the conditions y= 9 for band My= My for x= a. Then from eqs. (2) and THIN PLATES AND SHELLS 155 from which Gage = eat +a Ge Substituting into (2) and (0), Mu sonata te F eo 7 [etennf} o Be asap eral alll aya along the edges (Fig. 94 4), = 0 and P is equal to the entire Toad on theinner edge. ‘These values are substituted into eqs. (127) nd (23). Then, fom ot 2), Ps ox .G v= Fetes + E+ © “The arbitrary constants Cy and Care to he determined from the conditions atthe edges. For example, ifthe plate is clamped a the ‘edges (Fig, 94,8), the arbitrary constants are determined from the ee eer ee ee Fe alge +84 2-0, a a6 Fear 4245 Poe Pa "The expression for» is obtained after C, and Gare caleulated and1st STRENGTH OF MATERIALS substituted into eg. (g). The bending moments may then be ‘alelate from eqs (133) and (124). Tn the case of a uniformly distributed load (Fig. 95, 4) the shearing force V at any point a dseance + from the center is v we 8 ‘This quantity must be substituted into eg. (125), and ogs. (127) and (128) become ys or LG Sete ge 04S, ie nt 0 Stee) eet For determining arbitrary constants the conditions atthe edges are used. For instance, if the plate is clamped. at the ciges the ‘equations for determining Ci and Gs ace 7 “Some oe & : aie — By hems 94 beS Solutions of such problems as the bending of pistons of steam engines and the bending of flanges of eylindrs and tubes may be ‘obtained by combining the solutions dicussed. in this ticle, For example, by combining the cases shown in Figs. 94 (6) and 95 (@), an approximate solution of the problem of the bending of Piston (Fig. 95, 2) by steam pressure may be obtained. Several cases of practical importance are represented in Fig 9687” Trall these cases the maximum strets is given by a formal * See paper by Evers O. Water and J, Hall Taylan, Trans Aner Soe, Mech: Bout, 1927 ‘Sever probleme of thin kind ate considered inthe paper by ML Enos, Dinglers Plyteh, Journal, 1993 and tyoy. See sto Peder, Forschingsibaiten, m7, 19¢1.” Experiment wth piston are detbed inthe paper by C. Codror, Revue de Mécsnigar Vel th (eves to Circular places rcinforeat'by nibs are divested by M. Sehibant See Zeltehe £ Aogew. Mathem. unt Mech, Val. 6 1928), t ate and YD. Ty Vol 71 (ina); p. 11g A further dncussen of eciar Rats sen “rhcor of Plates snd Sli” 1940 ‘See paper by AM Wahl and Lobo, Trans AS. MLE. Vol. ‘THIN PLATES AND SHELLS 155 of the type: ton or (up) depending on whether the applied load is uniformly distributed over the surface or concentrated along the edge. "The numerical values = ioe b+ [ a See eee Ar Pi. ofthe factor b,ealulated for several values ofthe ratio [Sand for Poissons ratio = 0,3 are given in Table 9 ‘The maximum deleetions in the sme cascs are given by formulas of the type: i or tae = 50) stone = bE rae = Ea 50) “The coefcients bare also given in Table o 30. Bending of Rectangular Pates.—The theory of bending of ‘rectangular plates is more complicated thar that for circular plates And only some final rerults for the bending moments and defections156 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS are given below. In deriving these results, itis assamed that ‘deflections are sal in comparton with the thickness of the plate, ‘and that during bending che edges can fea digplacei the plane of ‘Tame 9-Conrmeriss 0 by we Bas (4) ae (50) ron owe Bowe (Chr Snow Fg [ne Joaw oa as oat ire [ore las fossa |p Jovse fas delet (eae Jse|acotyfoytel aout te oat 39 laste Stesocnnloa ong ore foat|tes foams (gate [oan iebronts loan cate |aefnse | ssojaszy 228 aap [otty f [ssn ass an ocean 3 [alas ae act ats ont 0030) est oa sesso dhe plate, iy there are no srete ating on the mide plane of thepiate eee ‘Bae supported tthe Edger, the case ofa uniformly dis tebe load the masimom defection eur tthe center ofthe Bate (ig 975 and ie given bythe equation £, 51 sae, sp in which asthe shorter side of he plats, the hicnesof the plate Shea numerical factor depending on the faghitade of the rato dla. As before, we use P—"—] the notations My and. fs for the bending . ‘moments per uni length onthe sections parale [Po they and aver respectively. The ‘asim Bening moments oscar atthe cen: ter ofthe plate and sre Bhiden = Biets (Mau = Bg (052) in which Band fs denote numerial factors depending upon the ratio a Several valves of the coefiiens rand pest piven im Table xo. ‘These values ate ealulaed om the assumption that Poisson's ratio is equal 0 03. ~BThe complete dacunon of bending of rectangular plates given in Theory of Plates and Shell,” 540 io ‘THIN PLATES AND SHELLS 137 Tama ro—Conranre ron Cavrseina Usioeare Loan Racrsxovtan ees etsy Sans sat anit ean acto acy ots ety Among Sessa Sotak coigg Oops Sofia atta cot fron ayn Gost coset asst Sogo Sau cogil Bernie gt yo eS rotety 0104 aims of lwo alel6 net HS Soyeh Gaghy Stolp Silly alse clas Sete Bresery Soe Savy Same aaily cans Same Te may be seen fom the above table chat for Bla > 3 the maximum deflection and he maximem bending moment do-not differ sub stantially from those calculated for jam. This means that for long rectangular plates (2 > 3) the eect of the shor sides ean bbe nepiected and the formulas derive in art. 20,21, 22 for bending 10 # cylindrical surface can be used with suffclent accuracy Plase Built-In at the Pdges. The maximum defection takes place at the center of the plate and can be expressed by the same Equation (Fs2) ab was used for the plate with supported edges ‘The numerial maximum bending momene occurs at the middle of the longer sides and is given by the equation: (ee = Beet (59) Several valucs of the coeficints a and are given in Table 11 below. “Tan Contes ron Unione Lose Recraroctan Paar Tests —esigy cess sae ncery ay Tost Sows Sept Sakee Satay a ‘This indicates chat clamping the edges of the plate diminishes considerably its maximum defletion, The fect of clamping on the magnitude of the 24, fbssimum bending stress nots lng Alo of BH fn the case of clamped edges the maximum [ deflection and the maximum bending moment tS for Bja= 2 neatly coincide with those ob 9 =—F-4 tained for bla 0, ‘This justifies the use of Fro gh the results obtained in art, 21 for bending to ‘cylinder, when we make calculations for comparatively long ree. “angular plates (Ue = 2) with clamped edges.STRENGTH OF MATERIALS Pte sith Ten Opposite Side Suppor, Tid Side Bunn andthe Fourth Side Pree (Big. 98). tn the cae of» wiformly SBibed ont matin dehsin'h atthe mide of fea the point 2 Tieden ca be rested Bye 7 snefh so The values ofthe mmeial fcr an this equation re given in the rable below ‘The maximum bending moment sce occurs se pune sand te magia pve hy seston (lane = Big 58) ‘The maximum bending moment My occurs at the pone Bat the inkl of the buen say and glen bythe equation (Milan = = Bab. 16) Several values of the coeficiens Band fy are given in the table below oe Be ge ie= 0 Xs i 4 : 3 ons ox ena cae pe oot os St oe a Tecan be scen from the table that when eis Tange compared to the mile ssp Ba proaches the condition ofa cantilever bultein Et and untormly losded UnsformlyLoated Plate Supported a Men Eyubdstnt Poits (Pig opt In this ce we can obtain a good approximation to the trssimum stress an to the ste Gistribution nears suppor as follow. A parol the plate near the apport, hounded by tele adie = oaae (where ithe distance between sup. pots), i considered asa cirulr plate singly fupported at the cuter edge loaded at the inner edge By the load P= ge acting trae snd onfomiy nde yf lad’ 3 fensty 7 acting downward, is loading Is ‘HIN PLATES AND SHELLS 159 shown in Fig. 99 (0)2* The problem may be solved by using the methods developed ia art. 29, “The bending of rectangular plates on an clastic Foundation in connestion with the stress analysis in concrete roads was ditcussed by HM, Westergaard™ 31. Thin-walled Vessels Submitted to Internal Pressure, —his consideration will be confined to vessels having the form of a surface of revolution, which are subjected to a continuous internal pressure of intensity. p, not necessarily ‘uniform but symmetrically distributed with reference to the axis of revolution O-O (Rig. 100). If the thickness of the wall is small jn comparison with che radii of curvature and there are no discontinuities such as sharp bends in the merid- jonal curves, the streses can be calculated with sufficient accuracy by neglecting the bending of the wall of the vessel, i.e, by assuming that the tensile stresses in the wall are uniformly distributed through the thickness." ‘The magni- tudes of the stresses may then be easily calculated from the equations of statics. Let us consider an clement msg, cut from the wall of the vessel by two meridional sections such as my and sq and two sections my and ng normal to the meridians. From the ‘Sex paper by H. M. Westepsard and A, Slser, Proceedings of che ‘Amer. Conerte Inst, Vol. tat See algo Vs Lewe, "Die tenge Usang der Pisdeckenprobiemy” Retin 1923. Scehis paper in "Ingentoren,” Copenhagen, Denmark 1923,P. 513 and alo in "Public Roads" Vel, 1935 9.38 Shall which donot resnt bending are sometimes called “mem: branes andthe wtfssn calculated by neglecting beading are alld “membrane stress" Tea taumed thatthe exerl force, unforDly sibebueed slong the edge of the sh ae tangent to mega160 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS condition of symmetry i is seen that only normal stresses act on the sides of this element. Let 1 be the tensile stress in the meridional direction, ie the meridional stress, ‘ty the tensile stress along the parallel circle, ie the hoop res, 4, shorn hikes of he shel dh he denon ofthe des sth neo con, 4 einen of the demented of et sit crc, rhe metal aio of erator, nthe ma of cote of he ton perpen 6 ‘hematin "hen the total tellers sng onthe sie ofan deb tn ey” Tae waa faces hia nebag ae lame and nf she domont have egos he Seton anal othe lemon eee Gos Fag ea) suo, = ei © Inthe sae manner the tele faces ego de thday hae nomad compen fede Adsl, ‘The sum of these normal components is in equilibrium with the normal presture on the element; hence o us Some applications of this equation will now be discussed. Spherical Vessel. Im this case ry =n = and o, — os Equation (157) becomes ok oh ‘THIN PLATES AND SHELLS 161 Conical Tank, Let us consider an open conical tank filed with a liquid (Fig, 101). In this ease, the curvature of the ‘meridian 1/7, = 0 and the hoop stress os due to the liquid ‘pressure can be caleulated from eq. (157) ‘The internal pressure at points mm a distance d— y from the surface of the Tiguia is pard-», Po toi where 7 is the weight per unit volume of the liquid. ‘The radius of curvature ry at these points is, uation (17) hen Boome sa _ ody) *Fana™ Fb? fom which we eaemne ) ‘The maximum value of this stress occurs at points where the product (d'— yly is a maximum. If we set the derivative of (d= ply equal to zer0, we find y ~ d/2 and the stress at this point ie © ‘The stress #, at the level m-r is found from the condition that the vertical components of the meridional tensile forces in the shell support the weight of the volume émons of the liquid (Fig. 101); hence aay tan ar, cos a= sy tant ald = y+ BI, from which _ytana(d = py ce wo182 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS This stress is maximum when Gs we find Ad. Substituting in eq © Equations (d) and (/) represent the complete solution of the problem as long as the bending stresses in the wall of the tank may be neglected. In the ease of a cylindrical shell of diameter d, submitted +0 uniform pressure p, we found before (see p. 42, Part 1) LU —_ 1 Bi J Determine the maximum stresses and ex in the cylindrical and the spherieal portions and also the compressive force in the reinforcing Salton, “The weight ofthe liquid in the container o tee = o-[ntt te (20- mre) ]s and nae For the spherical portion of the ean the maximum sis at the bottom, where the liguid presse is yd) and v1 n= deh ‘The tense fore in the sphrial portion ofthe tank per unt lenge ofthe ring is Q2mrtin a). Phe radial component ofthis force, teducing compression ofthe ing (Fig 103, ), 1 (027) cot a snd THIN PLATES AND SHELLS 163 the compresive force inthe ving i (Qs) cota. This is only an Sppronmaton obtained onthe asumption tha the elidel nd plea portions are membranes, resisting only tension. Tn icaating compreaie atest In the rng adjacent porons of indica and spherical shells must beaded tothe cron section ofthe rng wn el 2 Ditermine the stresses atthe pints mi ofa eylindical tank with hemispheres boteom, which contain Tig 3¢ the level Indicated (Fig. 109) Suluaon. From ea (157 for any poi ofthe spherical portion aca dntance «fom the surface of the guid we have at Since the merisionl forces along the action mn support the weight ofthe velume sont ofthe gid the cond equation is (GEESE) and eq, (4) becomes Rd OAS - In Fig, toy determine the relation between the outer diameter oft tank, the diameter ofthe supporting ring mand the depth (ofthe liquid for which the ring ma fe submitted to vertical pressure ‘only. The middle portion of the bottom of the tank is spherical ‘urface of central angle 4/3. The same angle has also the conical portion mmr Hint. "The neceseary relation may be obtained from the con. nak pein a costa = 3 cofot STRENGTH OF MATERIALS dition that the pressures on the ring from the sce of the epherical bottom and from the conical laeral surface both inclined 45° give no horizontal component. From this it fllows thatthe volume of the liquid indicated in the §gure by the shaded areas is equal to the volume mut 4 Determine the maximum stress in the tank represented in Fig. to2 if R= 10 feet, r= 8 feet, d = 20 feet, = 62 Ibs, per ceahie foot and b= Lin ' Determine stresses oy and oy the wall of «torus submited ‘to uniform inner pressure p (Fig. 105). Solution. "The condition of equilibrium with respect to vertical forces of the portion mm cat from the vessel by = vertical cplndrieal surface of radius a'and conial surface mom gives we Ap — elaarsina = 0, from which (= a) earn ‘The stress ex cam now be ealevlated from eg. (867). 6. Determine che maximum , 7 sere inthe wall of the vessel rep- POT) resented in Fig. 10s if @ = 10, 12, b= VP" and p = 50 Ibs. per eq. 32 Local Bending Stresses in ‘Thin Vesoela—in the previews ‘ar Aer article, ending of the wall of the Fe 1 esl wa neplsted nd only ten. ie sronca walled membrane tren, were consiered. The displacements due to membrane ‘essed cause boning ofthe allan the resting Bening stress THIN PLATES AND SHELLS ues may be of practical importance. “Thies especially so at he places ‘of discontinuity in the meridian, Ifthe meridian conssts of curves Ihich are not tangent, a reinforcing ring a shown in Fig. 102 is Aecessary in order to prevent lange bending of the wall of the vessel. The streses may be high alo atthe junctions in a meré. ian consisting of several curves tangent to oie another,” The ad dlional stresses set up at such points will be called discontinaty ‘The method of calculating them will now be shown for the simple ease ofa cylindrical vere with hemispherical ends submitted to the action of uniform internal pressure (Fig. 106). We consider fist the membrane stresses only and find forthe eylindrieal portion © where ris the radius ofeyinder and hemisphere and A the thickness of the wall. Por the spherical portion, ‘The corresponding radial displacements for the eylindtical and spherical portions re oo he a - fa Glo — aes a wd Fay reapecively. the spherical and ylindsica parts ofthe vessel wer disjointed (e106 he sifeetetn rat ero membrane ese wuld or oe © In the actual vese, the head and the cylinder are kept together at ‘the joint by shearing forces Py nd bending moments Me (Fig. 106, 2) per unit length of the circumference ofthe middle surface ofthe ‘ssl. These forces produce hending of the adjacent parts of the este. In discussing bending in the eylinder, since the deformation symmetrical with respect tothe axis, te sulicent to consider the bending ofan elemental sep (Fig. 167), and the deflection of this, sip will be radial. For simplicity ieie assumed the strip sof unitWs STRENGTH OF MaTERIALS with, eps ha ihc at any secon a Magee el cae Seay peter eiebheempe rr cea tee ate ane Sor ne aeoils See ee Coane repens ere pelea! PE or site re emia po a Reiter rE sige henge #9 eq te thoes ie alent 5, ® sich pnt ee ofthe sp. Ths eve es wre saree ete tates se Fee eee ert a eed aes ae eee rene Sie Sint ay te aaa oe met ie peel oye ce cia eh es oe ph ee ee ees Be sate ce Oe Stes eas ye ae ee Introducing, as before he notation 4 ea : = Nps Ve (8) the defection curve ofthe strip becomes (See e911, P. 12) D 7 = BD! This is» rapidly damped oscillaory curve of wave length [Pecos Be ~ pMo(cor ax — sn Be). wv ‘THIN PLATES AND SHELLS 67 ‘whichis small in comparison with rif small. From this cam Ee shown the bending at he ein of einer and heat of vl ‘havacter and has an appreciable eect on the stresses only im a hnarzow zone inthe vicinity ofthe joint. This narrow zone 3¢ the ‘eg ofthe head is nearly cylindrical in shape and henee eq (2) can be sed for calculating deflections and stresses in the head also In the simplest case, in which eylindrical wall and spherical Incad are of the same thickness the de lectins and the slopes po duced at the edger of the spherical and cylindrical parts by the Torces Py are equal. ‘The conditions of continuity at the joint are satised if My = o'and Py has such a magnitude as to produce a defection at che edge ofthe cylinder equal 8/3, Putting Ms = 0, x =o ineg, (0), the equation for ealelating Py is from which Pr Eh wp - FB. (59) With P, known the defection and the bending moment at any cross section of the strip may be calculated from eq. (2). The corre- ponding discontinuity stresses must be added to the membrane stresses given by egs. (a). If the head and the cyindsial portion ‘ofthe vessel have diferent thicknesses, thee will be both a shearing force P, and a moment My athe joint. These two quantities are ‘calculated from the conditions: (1) the sum of edge deflections in the “pherical and in che eylindrical parts must be equal to 6 (Fig. 106, 3}; Q) the angles of rotations of che two edges must be eal TThe above method can be weed alan in the caves of heads which are not af hemispherical shapes If the thickness of the wall of The proof that tis sw sufiiendly aecorate assumption was given by E, Mesier, Schweiz Bavectungy Vl ¥6, 1996. Si This method ws wed in ivestigating stress deibation in various ‘shapes of sesm biler heads.” 'See Ey Flohn and. A. Huggcaberger, Ober die Fertakeie der gewalbeen Bolen und der Zlinderschae, sien, 927. See also We M. Contes, "The Stace of Suess Ih Fal Henin of Preaure Verh” Transactions, AS. M. Ey Applied Mech ivy, tyan. Te wa cacao i invenigatng Toal bending in tanks ‘conctining Tiuids See T. Poseil and K. Terzahi, Derechnung vom Behaleen, erin, 1936: H. Resene, Beton ued Fisen, Vol. 7, ae, and Runge, Zatch Math w Phot Vest 1904, p.354. Cylindseal shes wth fac ends were dscssed by E-O. Holmberg and K. Axelson, ‘Trane"A.S.BB. Vs cy, p 45, 1952. A fortherdicustion of eine sical shells see ia “Thea of Plates and Sheln” 042"168 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS pressure veutels is not smal, the bending strescs in the wall may Eécome of primary importance and a more detailed investigation of the stres distribution becomes necessary Problems 1 Determine the discontinuity stresses the vesel represented in Fig. tobi p ~ 1g0bs: per sq-inyr = 25044 = Fie e = 3. ‘Solution. ” Brot eq, (858) B= 0-364 and fom e9. (859) 150 Pm yay = 55 lhe prin ‘The bending moment in the elemental strip is fy wm ~ and, by using eg. (@) and substiuting Pup = pet os, wwe obtain Pa ate Be ange, “The numerical maximum of this moment iat x = sf, when Mare ="4gaills in. The corresponding maximum bending stress the Seca GMiaa/it ~ 1ogolbe, por aq. a. This tress mrt be added ‘membrane eae vm Bh 1gox a5 = olla. prin ‘The beng ofthe sp procs ao hop stress, Thte ae Ta eat a ec tenet ote Tae Eb dotn ec p's) he minum ses thee ‘rbagwtany cay mcunisiempi a aan) sos GHD dod abe of he eunfeae,Sbeen the okeieetsate evant Sf thc dpeaniny stm ich ie iLO ends se a ete ~ BaD 6 os oP in Be bP. (in Be — 1.83 cos Be). fcory of Fates end Shall” 1900 ‘THIN PLATES AND SHELLS 169 "The maximum value ofthis stress can easily be found by the sual, method. Te willbe small in comparison with the merane hoop stress pr[h = 7,500 Ibs. pets. in 40 that Aiscontinity streses in thi case clo 208 smterially affect the maximum stress 2 2. A thin cylindrical drum attached to two solid dises rotates about the axis bygone (0-0 (Fig. 108) with peripheral velocity» ete Determine the local bending streses inthe drum if iis buile in along the edges mm and mu, Soluion. Ifthe drum were separate from the dines the increase in the radius of the drum, due to centrifugal force, would be (see, 4g, Pare I yer|gl. The increase in the radios ofthe solid disse is (eee eg. 239) Leuser, + “The ditenc of thse two quant is war es Applying the same method as jn the previous problem and con- Sdoagis wri of unt width the waghitade of the shearing free rand the bending momene Ma the edge mis found by using se (11) and (12). Comer the diss ay ery rigid fa comparison ‘wth the drum and neglect the deformations produced fn them by The forces Py and couples ie The equations for elculating and Meare ape aM) 3, 28M ~ ape fromm which Py= 4D; My = 209. Having these quantten the defections and the bending sree te found from'an equation analogous too (01). if Determine the asin Lending ses tn the drum ofthe sredlou problem ifr = 25 ng b= bin = 500 fet parse and Brematefal tse {Determine the bending stres produced in a pipe by nartow ing shrank onto (Fig f09)170 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS Solution. Consider a longitudinal step of unit width and denote bby P the pressure between the ring and the pipe, per unit lengeh of the circumference of the pipe. ‘The bending of the stripis the same fs that ofa Jong bar on an elastic foundation, ‘hich carries a single load (art. 1). "The oop decrease in the radius of the pipe duc to , from (eq, 8), is P/8Q°D. The increase in the radius of the ring is" Pr]4d, where is the eres-sectional area Of the ting. IF ip the initial diference im the inser radius of the ng and the outer radius of the pipe, the equation for ealelating Pit Pipe aD t 48 ewer ‘moment in the tipi found from eq. (g)s" ‘The maximum bending tress inthe stip e ‘The eame method is applicable als to cases in which cylindrical tube with reinforcing rings is submitted to either a uniform internal for A uniform external pressure, If the distance between the rings Ineo large thatthe effect ofeach on the defections produced by the ‘others may he neglected, P can be obtained from eq, (g) by sob- fitating #= prJEh. This represents the change in the radius of the pipe de to the uniform pressure E-Solve the preceding problem assuming that the length J of the pipe isnot lange and thatthe ring i # the mile ofthe length The dimension of the sing in the radial direction is assumed to be small in comparison with 1 A exampleof Such caleaatons is gven in the paper by G. Cook, Engineering, Vol 11610237473. Seaso R Loren, WD. ty Va $3, 9 1766, M, Westphal, eB Ly ale ay 1897p. #038 "Tne appliesion of tit mecha othe eal of hl treserin& submarine Having» ceaar ero sceson in piven in the paper by Kv Sndcn inthe potodical, Wesft und Render 1920. 8 ‘THIN PLATES AND SHELLS m Hint, In calolating the pressure P per uit length of ther we ue th rents obtained forthe problem shown in ig 13 Bee Then the defection produced inthe pipe by the forces Bis PB cosh B+ cosl+ 3 __P__ cosh B+ cos! 2 2b sinh + sind" 3D" sinh BUF sina ‘The equation for calelating P then is DP coshal-+ consi +2 PD" sinh al sina Find P for steel pipe ifr = 2s in, +4 ing and 8 = as in : 6A cylindeeal pipe with simply sup- i ported edate i submitted to a uniform in. femal pressure p. Bind ehe longitudinal bonding seess and the detection at the |p | | middle of the pipe, Fig. 110. The dimen. [-3—-—-$—4 er Slons of the pipe arethe sume asinthe [|] preceding problem “int "Brom the celts of the problem shown iin Fig. a5, pay the debecton And the bending moment per uni length ofthe circumference at the mile errs section - are coon onl e(.- caters) PN! ~ cosh + eon al a8 _ a takin BP eoahal + woes 7. Solve the preceding problem assuming tha the edges of the Pipe are absolutely buen ‘inc Use the rele of the problem shown in Fig. 2 24. 3° tela tel pipe i enforced hy rings istaee/ apart, Fig, iste, and submited to intemal presse pe Hind the pres sure P produced per unit length of the ine eecumference of fing. Hind the msimam bending stresses in the pee ‘elton. Let us bog with consideration cf the portion of the pipe betwee the tna sings under the setion of seating forces ot Mw ~The width of the ring is sasumed to be negligible in compataon withthe datance between the singe, :