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no. 185
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n 185
Dynamic stability of industrial
electrical networks
Benot de METZ-NOBLAT
ESE engineer, after a period with the Groupe Saint-Gobain he joined
Merlin Gerin in 1986. He is currently in charge of the Electrical System
Analysis Department, responsible for studying electrical phenomena
concerning network operation and interaction with equipment and
devices.
Grard JEANJEAN
Engineer with MERLIN GERIN since 1980, he joined the Electrical
System Analysis Department in 1984 to work on industrial network
studies with special emphasis on dynamic stability studies. He
specialises in disturbances and dependability of electrical networks.
Glossary
H:
Inertia constant, homogeneous with a period of
time, characterising the sensitivity of speed of a
machine to variations in electrical power.
Internal angle ():
Angle between the vector representing the
supply voltage of a machine and the vector
representing its electromotive force.
Electrical distance:
Connection impedance. Two electrical
connections of the same length may have very
different electrical distances.
Load flow:
Balance of the active and reactive powers
exchanged on the connections of a network.
Voltage plan:
Set of automatic and manual procedures
scheduled to keep the network within its rated
operating voltage limits.
Synchronising power:
Characterises the operating point of a generator:
ratio of the variation in supplied power over the
variation in internal angle. The lower this ratio,
the greater the risk of loss of synchronism in
overspeed.
Transient reactance:
Impedance of a machine in the first second after
a disturbance.
CT 185 / pp.2
Subtransient reactance:
Impedance of a machine in the first
100 milliseconds after a disturbance.
Redundancy:
Used in a technical context, this term no longer
has its accepted meaning of superfluous .
Redundancy in this case is the implementation
of more than one channel to perform a function
in order to prevent failure and/or to allow
maintenance during operation without
interruption of operation.
Primary, secondary adjustment:
For generator regulation, describes the
frequency/active power characteristics or
voltage/reactive power characteristics (see
droop) and the correction (secondary) provided.
Dynamic stability:
Behaviour of networks subjected to disturbances:
causes, consequences (instabilities) and solutions.
Droop characteristic:
Characterises the primary adjustment of generator
regulation: frequency as a function of active
power or voltage as a function of reactive power.
EDF: Electricit de France:
National electricity board.
Sommaire
1 General
2 Behaviour of an industrial
electrical network
pp. 4
pp. 4
pp. 5
pp. 6
pp. 6
pp. 6
pp. 6
pp. 7
pp. 8
pp. 10
pp. 11
pp. 11
pp. 12
3.1 General
pp. 12
pp. 14
pp. 16
4 Conclusions
pp. 22
pp. 23
Appendix 2: bibliography
pp. 24
CT 185 / pp.3
1 General
CT 185 / pp.4
a - Amplitude
Tension
Voltage
dip
Voltage
sag
Voltage
loss
Sustained
over-voltage
Overvoltage
1.1 Un
Un
0.9 Un
0
b - Duration
Subtransients
Transients
0.1 s
Short
1s
Long
1 min
Time
CT 185 / pp.5
V
V
P = Pn and Q = Qn
Vn
Vn
where and are load characteristics.
CT 185 / pp.6
I
In
Cn
In
0.1 0.2
0.5
0.8
1
(/s)
(synchronism)
(a)
1
Cn
0.8
(c)
0.2
(b)
0.1 0.2
0.5
0.8
1 (/s)
CT 185 / pp.7
Network voltage
t=0
Ureaccel
Self-induced
residual
voltage
Deceleration
t = 0.5 s
is defined
as the angle between the vectors U
CT 185 / pp.8
Machine
Network
I
R;X
jXI
U
RI
I
fig. 5: representation of a synchronous machine.
E U
X
Pm
90
180
R
The static stability of a generator (i.e. its ability to
cope with a slow variation in load) can be
defined according to two complementary
practical considerations:
E
B
P2
D
A
P1
1 2
90
180
P
P2
P1 A
90
180
CT 185 / pp.9
dP
EU
=
X
d
cos
Alt.1
Alt.2
P1
P2
Power
CT 185 / pp.10
area of secondary
adjustment effect
primary adjustment
droop characteristic
fmax
fnominale
fmin
P1
Prated
Pmax P
Frequency
LV/MV network
Synchronous connected 50 Hz 1%
to interconnected system 95% of rms Un (10 minutes) 10%
50 Hz 4% ; 6%
95% of rms Un (10 minutes) 10%
50 Hz 2%
95% of rms Un (10 minutes) 10%
50 Hz 15%
95% of rms Un (10 minutes) 10%
fig. 11: accepted variations for frequency and voltage in public networks (as in EN 50160 standard).
CT 185 / pp.11
Study objectives
3.1 General
Dynamic stability studies consist of analysing
and acquiring prior knowledge of the variations in
time of electrical quantities at various points of a
network, and of the changes in the mechanical
parameters of rotating machines as a result of
sudden disturbances.
The purpose of these studies is to find:
c the network operating conditions able to
ensure proper continuity of load supply,
c the maximum available power when a
disturbance occurs,
c the optimum adjustment values of the
protection system components,
c the load shedding plan to ensure supply of
vital loads,
c the best machine regulation adjustments.
CT 185 / pp.12
Public distribution
network
Coupling
M
Non-priority
feeders
Priority
feeders
Causes of instability
c Electrical phenomena.
The disturbing phenomena affecting network
stability are those which cause variations in
active/reactive power:
v variation in source characteristics:
- short-circuit power,
- voltage sags and drops,
- short or long power cuts,
- frequency variation (isolated network).
v Variation in network load, for example:
- at rated load, generators have a low
synchronising power,
- off -load a network can become capacitive.
v Electrical faults, the most noteworthy of which
is the full three-phase short-circuit.
c Network composition and operating mode.
The many parameters involved in network
operation offer a whole host of configurations,
some of which favour risky situations:
v the machine interconnection mode and
coupling to the electricity boards network, as
well as the priority and non-priority busbars,
CT 185 / pp.13
c On the network.
The power oscillations responsible for very high
currents in the connections and transformers
cause temperature rises which seriously affect
equipment withstand.
Voltage drops resulting from the high currents,
cause malfunctioning of certain sensitive
devices (e.g. contactors, electronic
equipment). Disconnection of one or more
generators destroys the consumption/production
balance and may cause total collapse of the
network.
Mastering instability
A number of measures can be taken to prevent
the instability limit from being crossed:
when these measures are taken at generator,
network or load level, they either prevent
instability or help fight against it effectively right
from the start.
c At generator level:
The use of generator sets with very high
mechanical inertia reduces the effect of load
variations.
The adjustment parameters of the various
regulations give response speed choices well
suited to the disturbances considered.
Choice of generator operating point is important:
power margin available on request,
synchronising power potential.
c At network level.
v All measures tending to decrease impedances
of tie lines increase the chances of returning to a
stable state after an incident,
v redundancy of sources and the possibility of
shedding non-priority loads, minimises the
duration and depth of voltage sags. Load
shedding/restoration by power step prevents
major disturbances.
v Rapid, selective elimination of the shortcircuited part of the network limits harmful
consequences for the network (rapid-action,
limiting circuit-breakers).
v The protection plan must take account of
the various instability scenarios (choice and
adjustment of protection devices, use of logic
discrimination instead of time discrimination).
v Tripping by separate phase in order to
eliminate single-phase faults in transmission
networks, and use of shunt circuit-breakers
for MV distribution networks, have beneficial
effects on factory network stability.
c At load level.
v Use of starters to attenuate the motor
energising current,
v implementation of undervoltage and
directional protection devices and transit
monitoring of powers for large motors,
v monitoring loads with cyclic or intermittent
operation.
CT 185 / pp.14
d
= Cm Cr take account of the moment
dt
of inertia J and the characteristics of load and
motor torque.
J
CT 185 / pp.15
EDF
G1
CT 185 / pp.16
G2
FO
S. C.
FO
non-priority
priority
EDF line
63 kV
1500 MVA
G1
3.2 kV
12.5 MVA
EDF
transfo
63/20
10 MVA
12.5 MVA
transfo
3.2/20
12.5 MVA
10 MVA
G2
12.5 MVA
transfo
20/5.5
T52
T51
T53
6.3 MVA
Ucc 8%
6.3 MVA
Ucc 8%
T54
6.3 MVA
Ucc 10%
T55
6.3 MVA
Ucc 8%
T56
7 MVA
Ucc 8%
T57
0.284 MVA
Ucc 4%
T58
0.284 MVA
Ucc 4%
6.3 MVA
Ucc 8%
5.5 kV
M52
M51
M53
M54
M55
M56
M57
CHA58
4 MW
2 MVAR
Inertia
(kg/m2)
Load
torque
coef.
140
280
140
140
passive
load
CT 185 / pp.17
c Generator.
v Examination of active power (see fig. 15 )
As soon as the fault appears, the active power
supplied by the generator decreases markedly
and continues to decrease throughout the
duration of the fault.
Once the fault has been eliminated, an active
power oscillation occurs which is the result of the
exchanges between this generator, the other
generator and the EDF source. This power
exchange corresponds to the power required to
MW
fault
fault
20
20
15
10
10
0
5
0
-10
-5
-20
sec
0
sec
-10
1
MW
MVA
fault
fault
20
20
15
10
10
0
-10
0
-5
-20
sec
0
CT 185 / pp.18
sec
-10
0
fault
fault
3000
1.05
2000
1000
0.95
sec
sec
0
fault
fault
3000
1.05
2000
1000
0.95
sec
0
sec
0
CT 185 / pp.19
A
fault
fault
1
8000
0.95
6000
0.90
4000
0.85
2000
sec
0
sec
0.80
0
fault
fault
1
8000
0.95
6000
0.90
4000
0.85
2000
sec
0
CT 185 / pp.20
sec
0.80
0
CT 185 / pp.21
4. Conclusions
CT 185 / pp.22
Type 2
Type 3
Type 4
Curve increasing
between Cd and Cmaxi
Curve decreasing
Cd = Cmaxi
simple cage
Type A
constant
Type B
parabolic
Type C
negligible
Type D
with high break-away
Cn
Cn
Cn
Cn
Valve
open
Valve
closed
N
piston compressors,
lifting and handling
machines,conveyor belts,
grinding mills
N
centrifugal compressors
centrifugal pumps
axial-flow pumps
propeller pumps
fans, turbines
N
generating machines of
converter sets
N
grinding mills, crushers
(after adjustment)
CT 185 / pp.23
Appendix 2: bibliography
Standards
c CENELEC EN 50160: characteristics of the
voltage supplied by public distribution networks.
Cahiers Techniques
c Analyse des rseaux triphass en rgime
perturb laide des composantes symtriques,
Cahier Technique no 18, December 1990 B. DE METZ NOBLAT
c MV public networks throughout the world,
Cahier Technique no 155, february 1992 CH. PURET
c Control, monitoring and protection of HV
motors,
Cahier Technique no 165, May 1995 J.Y. BLANC
c Automatic transfering of power supplies in HV
and LV networks,
Cahier Technique no 161, March 1996 G. THOMASSET
c HV industrial network design,
Cahier Technique no 169, October 1994 G. THOMASSET
c Protection of industrial and tertiary MV
networks,
Cahier Technique no 174, June 1996 A. SASTR
Miscellaneous documents
c Guide de lingnierie lectrique des rseaux
dusines,
G. SOLIGNAC,
Electra, Lavoisier Tec et Doc.
c Electrotechnique Industrielle,
G. SEGUIER and F. NOTELET,
Technique et documentation.
CT 185 / pp.24
83332
1997 Schneider
Schneider