RCC design B.C.

Punmia

RETAINING WALL
A retaining wall or retaining structure is used for maintaining the ground surfgaces at
defrent elevations on either side of it. Whenever embankments are involed in construction ,retaining
wall are usually necessary. In the construction of buildins having basements, retaining walls are
mandatory. Similsrly in bridge work, the wing walls and abutments etc. are designed as retaining
walls , to resist earth pressure along with superimposed loads. The material retained or supported by
a retaining wall is called backfill lying above the horizontal plane at the elevation of the top of a wall is
called the surcharge, and its inclination to horizontal is called the surcharge angle
In the design of retaining walls or other retaining structures, it is necessary to compute the
lateral earth pressure exerted bythe retaining mass of soil. The equation of finding out the lateral
earth pressure against retaining wall is one of the oldest in Civil Engineering field. The plastic state of
strees, when the failure is imminent, was invetigated by Rankine in1860. A Lot of theoretical
experiment work has been done in this field and many theory and hypothesis heve benn proposed.

18.2 TYPE OF RETAINING WALLS

Retaining walls may be classified according to their mode of resisting the earth
pressure,and according to their shape. Following are some of commen types of retaining walls (Fig)
1
2
3
4

Gravity walls
Cantilever retaining walls
Counterfort retainig walls.
Buttresssed walls.

a. T- shaped

b. L- shaped

A gravity retaining wall shown in fig 1 is the one in which the earth pressure exrted by the
back fill is resisted by dead weight of wall, which is either made of masonry or of mass concrete .
The stress devlop in the wall is very low ,These walls are no proportioned that no tension is devloped
any where, and the resultant of forces remain withen the middle third of the base.

The cantilever retaining wall resist the horizontal earth pressure as well as other vertical pressure by way of beending of va

ressure by way of beending of varios components acting as cantilever s.A coomon form of cantilever retaining waal

etaining waal

DESIGN OF T SHAPED CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL

with sloping back fill
Hieght of cantilever wall from ground level
=
Unit weight of Earth
=
Angle of repose
=
Safe Bearing capacity of soil
=
Coffiecent of friction
=
Concrete
M15
wt. of concrete
st
Steel
fe
N/mm2
415
cbc
7
m
N/mm2
Nominal cover
=

Surcharge angle
Founadation depth
=

3.70
18
30
100
0.5
25000
230
13.33
30
16
1.50

m
KN/m3
Degree
KN/m3
N/m3
N/mm2
mm
Degree

Stem thickness
Footing width

2720

0
820
Key

8 mm
260 @ c/c
3700
1.82
5200
8 mm
260 @ c/c
4800
2.46
3700
4800
8 mm
100 @ c/c

At top
Heel width

300

300
1900
300

mm
mm
mm

Reinforcement Summary
STEM:- Main

12 mm
120 @ c/c
12
60
10
290

540
400

mm
mm

8 mm
130 @ c/c

1500 1100

DESIGN SUMMARY
At footing
Toe width

Surcharge angle
12 mm
240 @ c/c

300

12
70

400

m 2.46

50% Reinforcement upto

m 1.82

25% Reinforcement upto

m Top

12
12
12

mm@
mm@
mm@

60
120
240

mm c/c
mm c/c
mm c/c

Distribution
Tamprecture

8
8

mm @
mm @

130
260

mm c/c
mm c/c

Main
Distribution

12
8

mm@
mm @

70
100

mm c/c
mm c/c

@ c/c

pk_nandwana@yahoo.co.in

mm@
mm @

290
110

mm c/c
mm c/c

@ c/c

1900
mm 130 @ c/c

300
2720
300

820
8 mm
110 @ c/c

8
260

2.46

12 mm
240 @ c/c

1.82

4800

12 mm
120 @ c/c
12
60

HEEL:10
8

mm

mm

TOE:-

Main
Distribution

@ c/c

400

(from top of
Retaining
100% Reinforcement
upto
wall)

mm

Out side

Earth side

mm
@ c/c

mm

@ c/c
mm

@ c/c
mm

@ c/c
mm

@ c/c
mm

@ c/c

mm

@ c/c

pk_nandwana@yahoo.co.in

DESIGN OF T SHAPED CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL

Hieght of cantilever wall from ground level
Unit weight of Earth
Angle of repose

q0

Safe Bearing capacity of soil

Coffiecent of friction
Concrete
Steel
Nominal cover
Surcharge angle
Founadation depth

fe

1 Design Constants:- For HYSD Bars

st =

cbc =

7 N/mm3
13.33

m*c+st
j=1-k/3
1
0.5
R=1/2xc x j x k
2 Diamension of base:sin
Sin

3.70
18
30
100
0.5

m
kN/m3
Degree

M
415
30
16
1.50

15

0.289

=
=

0.2756
0.5

25

N/mm2

mm
Degree
m

15

230

x 0.904

18000 N/m2

kN/m3

wt. of concrete =

13.33
13.33 x

### N/mm2

= 0.289
= 0.904

x 0.289 = 0.913

cos = 0.961
Cos = 0.866

tan = 0.287

0.961 - 0.924 - 0.75

cos b - cos2 -cos2
= 0.961 x
= 0.38
2
2
0.961 + 0.924 - 0.75
cos b + cos - cos
For surcharge wall, The ratio of length of slabe (DE) to base width b is given by eq.
q0
100
=
1
=
1
=
0.60 Eq (1)
2.7 y H
2.7 x
18 x 5.20
The base width is given by Eq.
Ka cos
x
b =
H
(1- ) x (1+3 )

Ka =

=
=
=
=
=
=
=

Cocrete M =

230 N/mm2

m*c

k=

=
=
=

cos

0.38
x
0.961
(
1
- 0.60 )x(
1
+ 1.81 )
The base width from the considration of sliding is given by Eq.
b

5.20

2.98

0.7HKa
0.7
x 5.20 x 0.38
=
=
6.98
m
(
1
- 0.60 )x 0.5
(1-)
This width is excessive. Normal practice is to provide b between 0.4 to 0.6 H .
Taking maximum value of H = 0.6
b
= 0.60 x 5.20 =
3.12
m
Hence Provided b =
m
3.12
The wall will be unsafe against sliding. This will be made safe by providing a shear Key at base .
b =

Width of toe slab =

xb

Let the thickness of base be

Hence width of heel slab

3 Thickness of stem:Heigth AB

3.12
5.20
0.40

=
/
-

1.89 m Provided toe slab = 1.90

m
12
= 0.43 or say
= 0.40 m for design
purpose
1.90 = 0.82 m

5.20

0.40
H12

4.80 m consider 1 m length of retaining wall

0.60
H/12

Maximum Bending momentat B =

pk_nandwana@yahoo.co.in

3.12

x
=
-

=
=
=

Kxy x
2

0.38

18
2

x( 4.80 )2

78.69

Hence the horizontal earth pressure is P H= P cos = 78.69 x 0.961 = 76

kN
H1
4.80
PH
B.M. at B
=
x
= 76.00 x
= 121.6
kN
3
3
121.60 x
10 6

Effective depth required

=
=
= 365 mm
Rxb
0.913 x 1000
Keep d
=
= 370 + 60
= 430
370 mm and total thickness
Assuming that 12 mm bar will be used. a nominal cover of =
60 - 6
= 54 mm
Reduce the total thickness
=
300 mm at top so that effective depth of = 240 mm
to
76 x
1000
tv
=
= 0.205 N/mm2 > tc even at mimum steel
1000 x
370
4 Stability of wall:-

Length of heel slab

3.12 -

1.90 -

0.43 =

0.79 m

Height H2= H1+Ls tan

4.80 +

0.79 x

0.287 =

5.03 m

Height H =
Ka x y x H2
Earth pressure p=
2

5.03 +

0.40

5.43 m

0.38

18

x( 5.43 )2

Its horizontal and vertical component are

PH
= P cos = 100.57 x 0.961 = 96.67
PV
= P sin
100.57 x 0.276 = 27.72

100.57 kN

kN
kN

P is acting on vertical face IG, at H/3 and hence Pv , will act the vertical line
Let W 1
w2
w3
w4

Full dimension wall is shown in fig 1a

weight of rectangular portion of stem
weight of triangular portion of stem
weight of base slab
weight of soil on heel slab.
The calculation are arrenged in Table
Detail
w1
1
x
0.30 x 4.80 x
25
w2 1/2
x
0.13 x 4.80 x
25
w3
1
x
3.12 x 0.40 x
25
=
=
=
=

w4

0.82

4.91

w5
Total resisting moment
Over turning

425.48

force(kN)
36
=
=
7.80

lever arm Moment about toe (KN-m)

2.18
1.965

78.48
15.33

31.2

1.56

48.672

18
=
Pv =

72.52

2.71

196.53

27.72

86.48

w =

175.24

3.12
total MR

425.48

kN-m

Over turning moment Mo =

101

5
3

182

kN-m

425.48
=
2.34
>
2
181.9108
0.5 x
175.24
w
F.S. against Sliding
=
=
=
0.91
< 1.5
PH
96.67
Hence not safe , To make safe against sliding will have to provide shear key

F.S. against over turning

Pressure distribution
182 =
net moment M = 425.48 Distance x of the point of application of resultant, from toe is
243.57
M
b
=
= 1.39 m
=
x =
175.24
6
w
b
3.12
Eccenticity e =
x
=
- 1.39 = 0.17 m
2
2
Pressure p1 at
6e
175.24
6x 0.17
W
=
1+
=
x 1+
=
b
b
3.12
3.12
toe
Pressure p1 at
6e
175.24
6x 0.17
W
=
1=
x
1=
b
b
3.12
3.12
Heel
Pressure p at the junction of stem with toe slab is
pk_nandwana@yahoo.co.in

Hence safe

243.57 kN-m
3.12
= 0.52
6
<

0.52

74.53 <
kN -m2
37.80 <
kN -m2

Hence safe
100
100

Hence safe
Hence safe

- 37.80
3.12
Pressure p' at the junction of stem with Heel slab is
74.53 - 37.80
p' = 74.53
3.12
p =

74.53

74.53

1.90

= 52.16

kN-m2

0.82

= 64.88

kN-m2

5 Design of toe slab:The upward pressure distribution on the toe slab is shown in fig 1b .The weight of soil above
the toe slab is neglicted . Thus two forces are acting on it
(1) Up ward soil pressure
(2) Down ward weight of slab
Down ward weight of slab per unit area = 0.40 x
1
x 1.00 x 25 = 10.00 kN-m2
Hence net pressure intensities will be = 74.53 - 10.00 = 64.53 kN-m2 under D
And at under E
= 52.16 - 10.00 = 42.16 kN-m2
Total force =
S.F. at E
= 0.50 x( 64.53 + 42.16 ) x 1.90 = ###
kN
42.16 + 2.00 x 64.53 x 1.90
x from E
=
= 1.02 m
42.16 +
64.53
3
B.M. at E
= 101.36 x 1.02
= 103.02 kN-m

103.02 x
10 6

Effective depth required =

=
= 336
mm
Rxb
0.913 x 1000
Keep effective depth d =
= 340 + 60
= 400
340 mm and total thickness
Reduce the total thickness to
=
say = 0.4
0.40 m at edge
400 mm or
tv
Ast =

101.36 x

1000

= 0.253 N/mm2 < tc even at mimum steel

1000 x
400
103.02
x
10 6
=
1458 mm2
230 x 0.904 x 340

BM x 106
=
st x j x D
The reinforcement has to be provided at bottom face .If alternate bars of stem reiforcerment are

are bent and continued in toe slab, area available = 1/2

x 1884 =
942
(see step 7)
mm2
2
3.14xdia
=
3.14 x 12 x 12 = 113
using
12 mm bars
A
=
4
4
=
1000 / 1458 =
Spacing A x1000 / Ast
113 x
70
mm

70
Hence Provided
mm c/c
12 mm bar, @
45 x
12 = 540 mm
Let us check this reinforcement for development length Ld=45 =
Providing
30 mm clear side cover actual length available =
1900 30 = 1870
1870 >
Hence safe
540
0.12
400 + 400
Distribution steel =
x
1000 x
=
480
mm2
100
2
3.14 x (
8
)'2
D2
Using 8 mm bars, Area
=
=
=
50
mm2
4
4
1000 x
50
mm c/c
= 105 mm say = 100
Spacing =
480
6 Design of heel slab :Three force act on it
1. down ward weight of soil 2 weight of heel slab
4.80 + 5.03
Total weight of
= 0.82
x
soil over Heel
2
Acting at

(H1+2xH2)xb

(H1+H2)x3

Total weight of heel slab

4.80

0.82 x

2
+
0.4

18

73.00

= 72.52 KN say =

0.82
x 5.03
=
x
3
5.03
1
x
25 =
x

0.413

kN

m from B

8.20 kN
Acting at 0.41 m from B.
Earth pressure intencity at b = Ka.y.H1 per unit inclined area, at to horizontal,

4.80 +

3 Down ward earth pressure 4 upward soil pressure

Earth pressure at B, on horizontal unitarea = Ka.y.H 1.tan

Vertical component of this, at B = Ka.y.H1 .tan .sin

Similarly, Vertical component of earth pressure intencity at C =Ka.y.H 2 tan . sin .

Hence total force due to vertical component of earth pressure is
(H1+H2)
=
Ka.y
x b1 tan x sin
pk_nandwana@yahoo.co.in

.(I)
.(II)

Ka.y

0.38 x
2

2
18

b1 tan x sin

4.80

5.03 )x 0.82 x 0.287 x 0.276

Acting at

Total force
=(
73

=
x

kN
This Act at
0.41
m from B
1/2 x( 64.88 + 37.80 )x 0.82 = 42.10 kN
0.82
2
64.88 +
x 37.80
x
=
0.37 m from B
3
+
37.80
64.88
S.F. at B
= 73.00 + 8.20 - 42.10 = 39.10 kN
0.41 )-( 42.10 x
0.41 )+( 8
x
0.41 )+( 2.17 x
0.37

18.68 x 10'6

vertical earth pressure is =

Total upward soil pressure =

2.17

N-mm2

This is much lessthan the B.M. on slab. However, we keep the same depth, as that toe slab,i.e.
d= 340
mm and D
mm, reducing it to
400
400 mm at edge
6
6
BM x 10
18.68
x
10
=
Ast =
=
mm2
265
st x j x D
230 x 0.904 x 340
39.10 x
1000
tv
=
= 0.115 N/mm2 < tc even at mimum steel
1000 x
340
3.14 x ( 10 )'2
D2
Using 10 mm bars, Area
=
=
=
78.5 mm2
4
4
1000 x 78.5
mm c/c
= 296 mm say = 290
Spacing =
265
Hence provided these @ 290 mm c/c at the top of keep slab. Take the reinforcement into toe
45
x
D
=
from a distance of
45
450 mm to the left of B and end should
x 10 =
0.12
340 + 400
Distribution steel =
x
1000 x
=
444
mm2
100
2
3.14 x (
8
)'2
D2
Using 8 mm bars, Area
=
=
=
50
mm2
4
4
x
50
444
Nomber of Bars = Ast/A =
265
4
10
Hence Provided
bars of
4
x
79
% of steel provided =
1000 x 400
shear force
Shear stress tv =

Spacing =

1000

113

mm say =

/
79 = 3.38
mm at Bottom
x

100

110
say

mm c/c
=

No.

0.08 %

39.10 x 1000
=
0.12 N/mm2
1000 x 340
Beam Ht.x beam wt.
Permissible shear stress for 0.08 % steel provided tc = #N/A N/mm2 (See Table 3.1)
If tc > tvhence safe
here
#N/A ### 0.12
#N/A
=

7 Reinforcement in the stem:We had earliar assume the thickeness of heel slab as
While it has now been fixed as

0.4

m only.

ka.y
2

H12

S.F at B = pcos =
B.M. at B =

S.F.

Keep effective depth d

Reduce the total thickness to

x
3

H1

=
=

370
200

0.38 x
2.00
78.69

125.90
x
230 x 0.904
D2
=
mm bars, Area
4
1000 x 113
Spacing =
1637
Actual AS provided =

pk_nandwana@yahoo.co.in

18
4.80

1000

69
113

0.4

= 4.80

kN

x( 4.80 )2= 78.69

10 6
=
x 370
3.14 x (
=
4

0.40 m

5.20

3
mm and total thickness
=
0.20 m at edge
mm or

Ast = BMx100/stxjxD=
Using 12

Hence revised H1=

1637
12

)'2

mm say =
=

1884

PH

125.90 kN-m

370 +

60

430

mm2
=

113

60

mm c/c

mm2

mm2

Actual AS provided =

1000

370

=
1884
mm2
60
Bend these bars into toe slab, to serve as reiforcement there. Sufficient devlopment length ia available.
Between A and B some of bars can be curtailed. Cosider a section at depth below the top of stem
The effective depth d' at section is =

d'
Now As

140

Ast' =

h
H1

140

H
+

370

H3
d'

Ast

Hence
where

140

- 140
4.80
or

Ast' d'
Ast d

(where h In meter)

=( 140

+ 47.92 x h )

H =( Ast d )1/3

1/3

reinforcement at depth h

d' =

Ast

= reinforcement at depth H1
= effective depthat depth H1

effective depthat depth h

d
Ast'
1
h
1
d' 1/3
if Ast = 1/2 Ast
than
=
x

Ast
=
2
H1
2
d
Subsituting d = 365 mm and d' =( 140 + 47.9 x h ) we get
140 + 47.9 x
h 1/3
H1
h =
x
2
x
365
1/3
140 x 47.9 x h
h =
4.80 x
2
x
365
h =
0.533 x ( 140 + 47.9 x h )1/3
2.83
0.65
m
0.533 x ( 140 + 47.9 x h) 1/3- h =
h =
Howerver, the bars should be extented by a distance of 12 =
12 x 12 =
144 mm
Or d =
370 mm whichever is more beyond the point.
h =
2.83 - 0.37 = 2.46 m. Hence curtailed half bars at at height of

2.46 m below the top . If we wish to curtailed half of the remaining bars so that remaining
1
Ast'
remaining reinforcement is one forth of that provided ar B, we have
=
Hence from .(2)
4
Ast
1/3
h
1
d'
x
140 + 47.9 x
h
H1 x
=

h =
H1
4
d
4
x
365
x
140 x 47.9 x
h 1/3
h =
4.80
4
x
365
h =
0.423 x ( 140 + 47.9 x h )1/3
2.19 m
0.423 x ( 140 + 47.9 x h) 1/3- h =
0.47
h =
This can be solved bytrial and error, Noting that if the effective thickness of stem w=are constant,
.Howerver, the bars should be extented by a distance of 12 =
12 x 12 =
144 mm
Or d =
370 mm whichever is more beyond the point.
h =
2.19 0.37 = 1.82 m. Hence stop half bars the remaining bars

by 1.82 m below the top of the stem . Continue rest of the bars to the top of the stem
Check for shear:Shear force =

kayH2
18
= 0.38 x
x 4.80
2
2
78.69 x 1000
tv
=
=
0.31

N/mm2
<
1000 x 250
Nomber of Bars = Ast/A = 1637 / 113 = 14.48
say
mm

at
Bottom
15 bars of
12
Hence Provided
15 x
113
% of steel provided =
x 100 = 0.46 %
1000 x 370
Permissible shear stress for 0.46 % steel provided tc = 0.28 N/mm2
If tc > tvhence safe
here
0.28 < 0.31
Hence not safe
Distribution and temprechure reinforcement:Average thickness of stem
=
430 + 200
=
315
2
0.12
Distribution reinforcement
=
x 1000 x 315

pk_nandwana@yahoo.co.in

p=

78.69

kN

tc

(see table 3.1)

15

No.

(See Table 3.1)

mm
=

378

mm2


Using

Distribution reinforcement
mm bars, Area

x
50
378
for tempreture reinforcement provide
spacing

1000

D2
=
4

x 1000 x
100
3.14 x (
8
)'2
4

315

mm2

378
50.24

mm2

133

mm say =

130 mm c/c at the inner face of

mm bars =

260 mm c/c both way in outer face

wall,along its length

8 Design of shear key:The wall is in unsafe in sliding, and hence shear key will be provided below the stem as shown in fig.
430 Let Pp be the intensity of passive pressure devloped
Let u sprovide ashear key 300 x
in front of key this intencity Pp depend upon the soil pressure P in front of the key
Pp
KpP = 1/Ka= 1/
=
0.38 = 2.64 x 52.16
=
137.46
total passive pressure Pp = Pp x a =
137.46
x
0.30
= 41.24
kN
18
`
Sliding force at level GJ
=
0.38 x
x 5.83 x cos
2.00
or PH
=
3.42 x( 5.83 )2x 0.961 =
###
kN
.(2)
0.30 = 16.85
Weight of the soil between bottom of the base and GJ = 3.12 x 18 x
175.24 + 16.85 = 192.08
kN
Refer force calculation table

W =
Hence equilibrium of wall, permitting F.S. = 1.5
against sliding we have
w+Pp
0.5 x 192.08 + 41.24
1.5
=
=
= 1.23 > 1.5 Hence not safe
PH
111.44
However, provided minimum value of a = 300 mm. Keep width of key 430 mm (equal to stem width)
it should be noted that passive pressure taken into account above will be devloped only when length
a1 given below is avilable in front of key ;
a1 = a tan

a tan

a1

0.3

a1

45

x ( 2.64

0.487 m

= a kp

where (45 + /2) =

shearing angle of passive resistance

)1/2

Actual length of the slab available =

Now size of key =

300 x 430
Actual force to be resisted by the key at F.S. 1.5 is

mm
= 1.5PH - W
= 1.5 x ###
=
kN
71.12

0.5

DE = 1.90
Hence satisfactory.

192.08

71.12 x 1000
=
0.237 N/mm2
300 x 1000
71.12 x 150 x 1000
Bending stress =
1/6
x 1000 x(
300 )2
=
0.71
Hence safe
N/mm2
Since concrete can take this much of tensile stress, no special reinforcement is necessary for the shear key
shear stress

pk_nandwana@yahoo.co.in

y at base .
for design
purpose

Kn-m

pk_nandwana@yahoo.co.in

mm

..(2)

nt about toe (KN-m)

..(1)

Hence safe

Hence safe
Hence safe
Hence safe

pk_nandwana@yahoo.co.in

eight of soil above

mm
m

m reiforcerment are

(see step 7)
mm2

mm

ard soil pressure

pk_nandwana@yahoo.co.in

m from B

ement into toe

B and end should
hook

mm

pk_nandwana@yahoo.co.in

op of stem

,,,'(1)

..(3)
0.65

at at height of

nce from

.(2)
1/3

..(4)
0.47
m w=are constant,

remaining bars
p of the stem

(see table 3.1)

pk_nandwana@yahoo.co.in

nner face of
ng its length

y in outer face

m as shown in fig.
sure devloped
kN/m3

.(2)

kN
lculation table

Hence not safe

qual to stem width)

only when length

assive resistance

m
ce satisfactory.

the shear key

pk_nandwana@yahoo.co.in

0.20

0.20

0.20

Surcharge angle

Surcharge angle

Surcharge angle

H= 5.20

H= 4.00

H1=4.80 m

3.70 m

H1=

3.70 m

W1

W2

2.40
0.00

0.82

heel
C

W1

W2
E

0.82
B

a1
m

Kay(H+a)

###

###

2.40

D1

P=

###

b=
###

C
0.30

Toe
3.12

W2

0.30

P=

Toe

3.12
1.90

0.82

0.40

b=

3.70 m

W1

###

toe
1.50 D

3.00 m

###

b
1.90

4.80 m

Pp =

Kpp

C1

Earth side Face

8 mm
@ 260 C/C

Surcharge angle
A Outer side face

12 mm
@ 240 c/c

`
8 mm
@ 260 c/c

4.00 m

###

H=

###

###
0.20

mm
@ 130 C/C
###

8 mm
3.70 @ 130 c/c

12 mm
@ 120 C/C

@ 260 c/c

mm

@ 260 c/c

12 mm
@ 60 C/C

N.S.L.

mm
@ 110 c/c

10 mm
@ 290 C/C
430

###

Heel

Toe

400

Earth side Face

Reinforcement Detail
400
Foundation level

12 mm
@ 70 c/c
1900

300

mm

8 mm
@ 110 c/c
820

Outer side face

Reinforcement Detail

430

mm
c/c

mm
c/c

Table 1.15. PERMISSIBLE DIRECT TENSILE STRESS

Grade of concrete

Tensile stress N/mm2

M-10

M-15

M-20

M-25

M-30

M-35

M-40

1.2

2.0

2.8

3.2

3.6

4.0

4.4

Table 1.16.. Permissible stress in concrete (IS : 456-2000)

Permission stress in compression (N/mm2) Permissible stress in bond (Average) for
Grade of
plain bars in tention (N/mm2)
Bending cbc
Direct (cc)
concrete
(N/mm2)
(N/mm2)
in kg/m2
Kg/m2 (N/mm2)
Kg/m2
--M 10
3.0
300
2.5
250
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M

15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50

5.0
7.0
8.5
10.0
11.5
13.0
14.5
16.0

500
700
850
1000
1150
1300
1450
1600

4.0
5.0
6.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0

400
500
600
800
900
1000
1100
1200

0.6
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

60
80
90
100
110
120
130
140

Table 1.18. MODULAR RATIO

Grade of concrete

Modular ratio m

M-10

M-15

M-20

M-25

M-30

M-35

M-40

31
(31.11)

19
(18.67)

13
(13.33)

11
(10.98)

9
(9.33)

8
(8.11)

7
(7.18)

Table 2.1. VALUES OF DESIGN CONSTANTS

Grade of concrete
Modular Ratio

cbc N/mm
m cbc

kc
(a) st =
jc
140
N/mm2 Rc
(Fe 250) P (%)
c
kc
(b) st = j
c
190
Rc
N/mm2
Pc (%)
kc
(c ) st =
jc
230
Rc
N/mm2
(Fe 415) P (%)
c
kc
(d) st =
jc
275
Rc
N/mm2
(Fe 500)

M-15
18.67
5
93.33
0.4
0.867
0.867
0.714
0.329
0.89
0.732
0.433
0.289
0.904
0.653
0.314
0.253
0.916
0.579

M-20
13.33
7
93.33
0.4
0.867
1.214
1
0.329
0.89
1.025
0.606
0.289
0.904
0.914
0.44
0.253
0.916
0.811

M-25
10.98
8.5
93.33
0.4
0.867
1.474
1.214
0.329
0.89
1.244
0.736
0.289
0.904
1.11
0.534
0.253
0.916
0.985

M-30
9.33
10
93.33
0.4
0.867
1.734
1.429
0.329
0.89
1.464
0.866
0.289
0.904
1.306
0.628
0.253
0.914
1.159

M-35
8.11
11.5
93.33
0.4
0.867
1.994
1.643
0.329
0.89
1.684
0.997
0.289
0.904
1.502
0.722
0.253
0.916
1.332

M-40
7.18
13
93.33
0.4
0.867
2.254
1.857
0.329
0.89
1.903
1.127
0.289
0.904
1.698
0.816
0.253
0.916
1.506

Grade of concret

(d) st =
275
N/mm2
(Fe 500)

Pc (%)

0.23

0.322

0.391

0.46

0.53

0.599

Table 3.1. Permissible shear stress Table c in concrete (IS : 456-2000)

100As
bd
0.15
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
2.25
2.50
2.75
3.00 and above

Permissible shear stress in concrete tc N/mm2

M-15
0.18
0.22
0.29
0.34
0.37
0.40
0.42
0.44
0.44
0.44
0.44
0.44
0.44

%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%

M-20
0.18
0.22
0.30
0.35
0.39
0.42
0.45
0.47
0.49
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51

M-25
0.19
0.23
0.31
0.36
0.40
0.44
0.46
0.49
0.51
0.53
0.55
0.56
0.57

M-30
0.20
0.23
0.31
0.37
0.41
0.45
0.48
0.50
0.53
0.55
0.57
0.58
0.6

<

M-35
0.20
0.23
0.31
0.37
0.42
0.45
0.49
0.52
0.54
0.56
0.58
0.60
0.62

M-40
0.20
0.23
0.32
0.38
0.42
0.46
0.49
0.52
0.55
0.57
0.60
0.62
0.63

%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%

200
1.20

175 150 or less

1.30
1.25

Table 3.2. Facor k

Over all depth of slab

300 or more

1.00

275
1.05

250
1.10

225
1.15

Table 3.3. Maximum shear stress c.max in concrete (IS : 456-2000)

M-15
1.6

Grade of concrete

c.max

M-20
1.8

M-25
1.9

M-30
2.2

M-35
2.3

M-40
2.5

Table 3.4. Permissible Bond stress Table bd in concrete (IS : 456-2000)

Grade of concrete M-10
bd (N / mm2)
--

M-15
0.6

M-20
0.8

M-25
0.9

M-30
1

M-35
1.1

M-40
1.2

M-45
1.3

Table 3.5. Development Length in tension

Grade of
concrete
M 15
M 20
M 25
M 30
M 35
M 40
M 45
M 50

bd

Plain M.S. Bars

(N / mm2)
kd = Ld
0.6
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

58
44
39
35
32
29
27
25

bd

H.Y.S.D. Bars
(N / mm2)
kd = Ld
0.96
1.28
1.44
1.6
1.76
1.92
2.08
2.24

60
45
40
36
33
30
28
26

M-50
1.4

Value of angle
Degree

sin

cos

tan

10

0.174

0.985

0.176

15

0.259

0.966

0.268

16

0.276

0.961

0.287

17

0.292

0.956

0.306

18

0.309

0.951

0.325

19

0.326

0.946

0.344

20

0.342

0.940

0.364

21

0.358

0.934

0.384

22

0.375

0.927

0.404

23

0.391

0.921

0.424

24

0.407

0.924

0.445

25

0.422

0.906

0.466

30

0.500

0.866

0.577

35

0.573

0.819

0.700

40

0.643

0.766

0.839

45

0.707

0.707

1.000

50

0.766

0.643

1.192

55

0.819

0.574

1.428

60

0.866

0.500

1.732

65

0.906

0.423

2.145