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სალექციო მასსალა #2 PDF
სალექციო მასსალა #2 PDF
#2
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- .
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media
mediis
cxovrebis
saSualebebi
dominanturi
msoflios
aqtorebi
politikuri
arian.
maTi
da
saSualebiT
socialuri
adamianebs
sazogadoebis
komunikacia: politikuri
media
demokratiuli
umniSvnelovanesia,
reJimebisaTvis.
rogorc
TumcaRa,
avtoritaruli,
mediis
roli
am
aseve
ori
tipis
funqcias
axorcielebs:
pirveli,
mediis
media
or
saSualebebi
dialogSi
CarTvis
SesaZlebloba
arsebobs.
rogorc
politikuri
debatebis
forumze,
mediaze
xeli
miuwvdeba
aramarto
mivyavarT.
medias
dali
ganixilavs,
Tavis
rogorc
proceduruli
demokratiuli
demokratiis
institutebis
aqcents,
xelisuflebaze.
am
rodesac
roliT
saubroben
media
mediaze,
mTavrobis
rogorc
oficiozisa
meoTxe
da
sxva
azrovnebas,
romelic
saxelmwifos
ganixilavs,
rogorc
rom
es
ideebi
sruliad
reJimSi,
sadac
medias,
ewinaaRmdegeba
upirveles
mediis
yovlisa,
rols
aRiqvamen,
mTlianad
reJimis
kritikaze.
am
xmebs
zogjer
drakonuli
saSualebebiT axSoben.
imis gamo, rom avtoritaruli da demokratiuli reJimebis mediebs
Soris gansxvaveba Zalian didia, demokratiuli gardaqmnebis dros am
problemis
garSemo
mimdinareobs
xSirad
mediis
cxare
diskusiebi
maregulirebeli
imarTeba.
CarCos,
misi
diskusiebi
organizaciuli
nebismieri
cvlileba
iwvevs
kontrolis
Sesustebas
sirTulidan
gamomdinare,
jerac
ar
miuRwevia
sisustiT,
romlebsac
miekeraT
leibli
warmomadgenlobiTi,
vikamaToT
rom
mravali
transformaciidan gamomdinareobs.
samarTlianobis
gaSuqebis
imaze,
xarvezebi
manipulirebas
politikuri
partiis
demokratiaSi
miewereba
an
metic,
imitom,
mediis
arCevnebis
saarCevno
myofi
ufro
sayovelTaoa
magaliTad,
mier
xelisuflebaSi
sasargeblod.
korufcia
mis
naklovaneba
kampaniis
kandidatis
radgan
rom
bevr
media
an
axal
jerac
akliaT
unarebi
da
resursebi,
raTa
sagamoZiebo
da
da
Warbi
negativizmis
legitimurobis
mivyavarT.
beneti
gamo,
problemis
gamoTqvams
rasac
mqone
TiTqos
zedmeti
politikur
mTavrobis
Tvalsazriss,
rom
Ziris
medias
roli
demokratizaciis
procesSi
ar
aris
yovelTvis
daSlis
metad
dramatul
periodSi
da
axali
institutebis
da
Taviseburad
axsnas
arsebuli
viTareba.
bevr
axal
da
aTobiT
da
asobiT
axali
mediakompania
iqmneboda.
amis
modelisagan.
iseve,
rogorc
bevri
instituti,
media
agrZeleben
axasiaTebda.
muSaobas,
Jurnalistebi,
organizaciebSi,
kvlav
im
rac
maT
romlebic
winamorbed
muSaoben
Rirebulebebis
mediakompaniebs
gardaqmnil
matarebelni
media
rCebian,
didad
iwyeba
mediisa
da
saxelmwifos
dramatuli movlenebi
urTierTobebis
gardaqmnis
surs
daTmos
mediis
kontroli,
iseve
warmoadgens
mediis
gakvirvebas
iwvevs,
Tu
ramdenad
erevian
axali
demokratiebis
politikosebi mediis muSaobaSi, miT umetes, rom saqme exeba ara marto
Zveli
elitis
wevrebs,
aramed
maT,
vinc
erT
dros
Zveli
reJimis
axsna
axali
demokratiebis
damaxasiaTebel
konkretul
avtoritaruli
reJimebi
pluralizmis
politikuri
efeqturi
mimarT,
partiuli
miuxedavad
Semdgomi
partiuli
qveda
SeiZleba
tolerantulni
iyvnen
aRmocenebuli
iseT
viTarebaSi
organizaciis
SeuZliaT.
gansakuTrebiT,
situaciebSi
axlad
liderebi
eleqtoraluri
wlebis
doneebze.
moiZebnos.
mxolod
politikuri
aRmoCndebian
gareSe
xSirad
amitomac
vinaidan
minimaluri
partiebi
xolme,
umravlesobis
gamocdilebisa,
organizaciebi
politikisTvis
reJimis
mainc
partiebs
da
roca
mimxroba
ar
cvlilebis
moisusteben,
eleqtoraluri
xangrZlivi
erTgulebis
deficitze.
postkomunistur
organizaciuli
efeqturobisa
da
masobrivi
mxardaWeris
partiebis
Sesaxeb
SeiZleba
iTqvas,
rom
aq
televiziis
kidev
erTi
mizezi,
ratomac
xSiria
mediisa
da
politikuri
mimdinareobs
idealur,
konteqstSi (ix.danarTi
2.).
habermasiseuli
debatebi
racionaluri
dakavSirebulia
diskursis
masSi
monawile
periodSi
samxreT
afrikis
mediasa
da
mTavrobas
dasaxasiaTeblad
iyenebda
nacionaluri
interesebis
cnebas,
da
kulturis
moxmobiT
gaemarTlebinaT
nacionaluri
interesebisa
TavianTi
avtoritaruli politika.
mixedavad
imisa,
faseulobaTa
gamoyenebuli
situaciebi,
cnebebi,
rom
rogorc
partikularistuli
roca
SeuzRudav
universaluri
miznebi,
medias
aziur
mimzidvelobisaTvis
SeiZleba
marTlac
da
uarvyoT,
SeuZlia
aris
saxelmwifos
sul
axlaxans
erayisa.
gardamaval
periodSi
presis
SezRuduli
politikuri
miznebisaTvis.
kerZod
ki
demokratiuli
raTa
ar
gaRvivebuliyo
separatistuli
moZraoba.
mxolod
ramdenime
wlis
Semdeg
presam
TandaTanobiT
miaRwia
mniSvneloba
eniWeba
imas,
rom
mediam
TviTon
aiRo
es
imisa,
rogori
memkvidreobiToba,
ekonomikuri
media,
politikuri
iqneba
es
partiis,
beWdviTi
kandidatis,
Tu
audiovizualuri,
socialuri
jgufis,
ama
Tu
im
ideologiis
damkvirvebeli
miiCnevs,
rom
axal
demokratiebSi
Jurnalizms
dasavlur
movlenaa.
sabazro
aSS-Si
pasuxi
JurnalizmSi
is
XX
istoriulad
saukunis
mravalferovani
dasawyisSi
masobrivi
SedarebiT
aRmocenda,
auditoriis
da
gare
TvalsazrisTa
mravalgvarobas
warmosaCenad
mravalgvaroba
im
dros
da
orive
sajaro
gzas
iCens
Tavs,
sferoSi
legitimurad
rodesac
gansxvavebul
miiCnevs.
erTi
da
Sida
igive
gansxvavebul
mediaSi
sxvadasxva
Tvalsazriss
ise
promouSens
eweodes.
Sida
mravalgvaroba
miCneulia
ufro
alternatiuli
Sedegad
is
Tvalsazrisis
auditorias
arCevnis
SeTavazebas.
gakeTebis
informirebulobis
saSualebas
aZlevs. Sida
mayurebels
utovebs
daskvnis
gamotanis
saSualebas
da
es
SeiZleba
racionaluri
moqalaqisaTvis
Sesaferisi
iyos,
dramatuli cvlilebebis
situaciaSi
midgomam
gamosavali
dezorientacia
unda
gamoiwvios.
eZion,
amgvar
aseTma
orientacias
SeiZleba
gare
maTi
mravalgvaroba
maTi
gare
zegavlena
ganvixiloT
mravalgvaroba
politikur
momgebiania
da
kulturul
amomrCevelTa
Zlieri
partiebsa
rogorc
da
maT
zemoT
Semadgenel
AaRvniSneT,
nawilebs
partiuli
Soris
kavSirebi
kuTvnilebisa
da
interesebisaTvis
10
da,
meore
Seurigebel
mxriv,
brZolas
urTierTkavSirebs
konfliqtis
dapirispirebuli
Soris,
asamarebs.
Serbilebis
rac
roca
meqnizmebi
politikuri
banakebis
urTierTSemwynareblobasa
antagonistur
napovni
ar
jgufebs
aris,
da
Soris
mediis
gare
roca
arsebiTad
politikur
eTnikuri
da
interesebisa
religiuri
da
niSnebi
jgufisadmi
mikuTvnebas
gansazRvravs.
magaliTad,
misaRwevad
mas
simarTlis
damaxinjebac
SeuZlia.
calsaxa
an
faruli
biznesgarigebebis
mxilebis
Sedegad,
bevri
mediis
kulturaSi
calmxrivoba
gamoixateba,
xSirad
rodesac
skandalis
sensaciuri
Jurnalistur
hedlainebi
ufro
politikuri
proeqtiT
institutebisadmi
imedgacruebaSi,
rac
bevr
undoblobasa
axal
da
demokratiuli
demokratias
ukiduresad
Soris
kavSiris
Sesaxeb
empiriulad
Zalze
cotaa
11
winaaRmdegobebis,
sajaro
kamaTisa,
komunikaciebis
pretenziebisa,
normatiuli
rom
Teoriebis
ver
maRal
SeniSvnebi da ganmartebebi:
jon stiuart mili (1806-1873) me-19 saukunis erT-erTi yvelaze gavleniani
ingliseli moazrovne. igi 1906 wels londonSi daibada. inteleqtuali mamis
Svils radikalurad gansxvavebuli aRzrda-ganaTleba hqonda miRebuli. mas arc
skolaSi uvlia da arc universitetSi. sami wlis asakSi mili ukve berZnul
enasa da ariTmetikas eufleboda.; male istoriuli wignebis kiTxvac daiwyo. rva
wlis asakSi laTinuri enis Seswavlas Seudga, 12 wlis asakSi logikisa.
Mmagram, rogorc mogvianebiT Tavadve werda, mis aRzrdas mniSvnelovani
elementebi aklda: jer erTi, religia (risTvisac is madlobeli iyo); meorec,
emociebis, grZnobebis nakleboba Zalian intensiuri inteleqtualuri wvrTnis
fonze, rac mavnebeli aRmoCnda axalgazrda milisTvis. Ooci wlis asakSi man
seriozuli pirovnuli krizisi gadaitana, romlis gadasalaxavad misi aRzrdaganaTlebis SezRudulobis gacnobierebac gaxda saWiro.
18 wlis asakSi milma britaneTis koloniur administraciaSi daiwyo
muSaoba, sadac 35 weli dahyo. 1865 wels is britaneTis parlamentis wevri gaxda.
Mmilis cxovrebasa da azrovnebaze Rrma gavlena moaxdina misma meuRlem hariet
teilorma. Eese Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb swored harietis xsovnas miuZRvna. Mmas
umadloda bevr ideas, maT Soris, ideas qalTa mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis
aucileblobis
Sesaxeb,
romelic
gadmocemulia
naSromSi
qalTa
uufleboba(1869). aRsaniSnavia, rom am naSroms kargad icnobda me-19 saukunis 80iani wlebis qarTuli sazogadoeba. gazeT droebis mesveuri sergei mesxi da
misi meuRle keke meliqiSvili uaRresad did rols aniWebdnen qalTa
uflebebisaTvis brZolas da aRniSnuli Txzulebis gansakuTrebul saWiroebaze
miuTiTebdnen. gamocemaSi daistamba kidec nawarmoebis calkeuli nakveTebis
Targmani. Uunda iTqvas, rom swored am periodidan iwyeba saqarTveloSi qalTa
emansipaciisTvis aqtiuri moZraoba, rac saukunis miwurulisTvis seriozuli
gansjis sagnad iqca, xolo me-20 saukunis daswyisSi ideam xorcic Seisxa am
periodSi saqarTveloSi qalTa 13 (!) organizacia arsebobda.
12
Mmilis mniSvnelovani Sromebis ricxvs miekuTvneba logikis sistema da
politikuri ekonomikis principebi. 1859 wels gamoqveynebuli naSromi
Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb dRemde iTvleba liberalizmis erT-erT mniSvnelovan
gadmocemad
da
zogadad, politikuri filosofiis erT-erT klasikur
Txzulebad, romelsac intensiurad swavloben ara mxolod istoriuli
TvalsazrisiT, aramed Tanamedrove problemebis gasagebad da gadasaWrelad. Aam
naSromSi gadmocemuli mTavari idea mokled ase SeiZleba SevajamoT:
nebismieri
sazogadoeba,
romelic
pativs
ar
scems
individis
Tavisuflebas, ar aris legitimuri. aseT sazogadoebaSi Zalauflebis
gamoyenebas gamarTleba ar aqvs. Ees idea liberalizmis safuZvlad unda
moviazroT, radgan misTvis ganmsazRvrelia Tavisuflebis idea (da ara,
magaliTad, Tanasworobis, sayovelTao bednierebis da a.S.). cxadia, es idea ar
gulisxmobs, rom individis Tavisuflebas sazRvrebi ar aqvs, misi zRvari sxva
individis zianze gadis. Mmili aq Zalze radikaluria, misi TqmiT, individis
Tavisuflebis SezRudva mxolod da mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba, Tu is
zians ayenebs sxva individebis Tavisuflebas. Yyvela sxva SemTxvevaSi
Zalaufleba da xelisufleba aralegitimuria.
robert alan dali (daibada 1915 wlis 17 dekembers) Tanamedroveobis erTerTi gamorCeuli politologi, aSS-s ielis universitetis profesori, IFES
(saarCevno sistemis saerTaSoriso fondi) is mrCeveli samarTlebrivi
politikis sferoSi. Mmas ekuTvnis koncefcia saqarTveloSi politikuri
partiebis dafinansebis Sesaxeb, angariSi 2011 wlis martSi gamoqveynda
saTauriT: politikuri partiebis dafinanseba saqarTveloSi: konkurenciis
xelSewyoba da angariSgebis gaumjobeseba.
robert dalis empiriulma kvlevebma adgilobriv sazogadoebebSi
xelisuflebis
gadanawilebis
Sesaxeb,
gansakuTrebiT,
demokratiasa
da
pluralizmTan dakavSirebulma Teoriulma koncefciebma mniSvnelovani gavlena
moaxdina politikur mecnierebaze. Mman SemoiRo minimaluri procedurebi,
romlebsac demokratia unda akmayofilebdes.
robert foster beneti (daibada 1933 wlis 18 seqtembers) amerikeli
politikosi, AaSS-is iutas Statis senatori, respublikuri partiis wevri.
iurgenHhabermasi (daibada 1929 wlis 18 ivniss) germaneli filosofosi da
sociologi, mainis franqfurtis universitetis profesori, frankfurtis
skolis
TeoretikosTa
meore
Taobis
gamoCenili
warmomadgeneli.
Kkomunikaciuri gonis cneba habermasis filosofiuri gansjis mTavari Temaa.
Mmisma formulirebebma da cnebebma SesamCnevi gavlena iqonia Tanamedrove
azrovnebaze. Hhabermasis mier 1960-ian wlebSi wamoWrilma emansipaciis,
Teoriul-SemecnebiTi interesis, komunikaciis, diskursis cnebebma 1970-ian
wlebSi gviani kapitalizmis legitimurobis krizisSi hpova ganviTareba, xolo
1980-ian wlebSi ganivrco terminebiTa da aforizmebiT, romlebmac ara mxolod
13
samecniero, aramed farTo publikis enazec iqonia gavlena (mag.: cocxali
samyaros kolonizacia, axali gaumWvirvaloba da sxv.).
habermasma Seqmna diskursis eTikuri Teoria, romelsac SemdgomSi
diskursis eTika ewoda. igi filosofosis mier ganxilulia, rogorc
alternativa
racionaluri
arCevnisa,
romelic
konkurenciis
pirobebSi
individis egoisturi qcevis principidan momdinareobs. racionalur-egoistur
komunikacias
habermasi
upirispirebs
diskursul
komunikacias,
romlis
safuZvels eTikis diskursis eTikis - gansakuTrebuli principebi qmnis.
danarTi 1.
jon stiuart mili - Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb
(fragmenti)
(...) , ,
,
. ,
, ;
,
, , ,
, ,
, .
, , ,
.
,
. ,
14
, ,
,
,
;
. ,
,
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,
.
;
,
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,
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,
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. ,
15
;
; ,
-,
,
. ,
; , ,
, . ,
,
;
, ,
, ,
.
, ,
, , ,
, ,
.
. ,
, ,
, ,
.
16
danarTi 2.
iurgen habermasi
sekularizacia, romelic ar iwvevs ganadgurebas
(fragmentebi)
() ,
, , ,
, .
,
. ,
:
, ,
.
,
, .
. , ,
: ,
. ,
:
.
,
.
,
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,
.
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17
,
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:
18
, ,
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,
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.
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,
.
(Common sense) .
, ,
. [...]
.
.
,
.
,
.
,
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(
) .
,
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.
.
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.
,
. (Common sense)
.
.
19
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() .
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.
[...] ,
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.
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.
1,27:
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. (Geschoepflichkeit)
,
20
. ,,
,, .
,, ,
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,
.
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. (...)
. ,, ,
, , ..