iv. javaxiSvilis sax.

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

, ,
( )

Sinaarsi

I Tavi

1.1 politikuri geografiis ganviTarebis istoria

1.2 ZiriTadi cnebebi

19

II Tavi. nacionalizmi, eTnikuroba, identoba

36

III Tavi. saxelmwifo

89

IV Tavi. geopolitika

128

gamoyenebuli literatura

169

1.1.

I Tavi
politikuri geografiis ganviTarebis istoria

politikuri geografiis, rogorc mecnierebis dargis Camoyalibeba

da ganviTareba mWidros aris dakavSirebuli sazogadoebrivi geografiis
formirebis istoriasTan.
sazogadoebriv geografebs Soris dRemde mimdinareobs kamaTi imis
Taobaze, Tu vin iyo sazogadoebrivi geografiis sferoSi pirveli
naSromis avtori. sabWoTa geografiul literaturaSi (mag., ..,
1973)
pirvel
kompleqsur
sazogadoebriv-geografiul
naSromad
aRiarebulia italieli mecnieris ludoviko gviCardinis (Lodovico
Guicciardini) monografia niderlandebis aRwera, romelic 1567 wels
gamoica. dasavlur literaturaSi (mag. Warf, 2006a: 218) ki sazogadoebrivi
geografiis pionerad miCneulia germanuli warmomavlobis
mecnieri
bernard vareniusi (Bernhardus Varenius). mis naSromSi zogadi geografia,
romelic 1650 wels gamoica niderlandebSi, geografia dayofilia zogad
da regionul (specialur) nawilebad. am naSromebma mniSvnelovani roli
iTamaSes sazogadoebrivi geografiis Camoyalibebasa da ganviTarebaSi,
Tumca isini mxolod aRwerilobiTi xasiaTis arian. geografiul
kvlevebSi
aRwerilobiTi mimarTuleba dominirebda XIX saukunis
bolomde.
mecnierebis damoukidebeli dargis SeqmnisTvis ki aucilebeli iyo
Teoriul-konceftualuri bazisi. sazogadoebriv geografiaSi am saxis
pirveli naSromi XIX saukunis bolos Seiqmna.
sazogadoebrivi geografiis, rogorc samecniero disciplinad
Camoyalibeba ukavSirdeba politikur geografias. misi dafuZnebis
araoficialur TariRad ki miiCneva 1897 wels, rodesac gamoqveynda
germaneli mecnieris fridrix ratcelis (Friedrich Ratzel) monografia
politikuri
geografia.
ratceli
pirveli
iyo
vinc
moaxdina
geografiuli
sivrcis
konceftualizacia.
kerZod,
is
mivida
im
daskvnamde, rom sivrce aris bunebrivi CarCo, romlis farglebSic
mimdinareobs mniSvnelovani procesebi. sivrce ratcelis azriT qveynis
siZlieris umniSvnelovanesi faqtori iyo. rac Seexeba saxelmwifos,
ratceli mas ganixilavda, rogorc miwidan amozrdil cocxal organizms,
romelsac arsebobisTvis brZolaSi esaWiroeba teritoriuli zrda sxva
saxelmwifoebis teritoriebis dapyrobis an mierTebis xarjze. frang
mecnier elize rekliusTan (Jean-Jacques-lise Reclus) erTad fridrix
ratcels mniSvnelovani roli miuZRvis organicizmis1 geografiuli
koncefciis ganviTarebaSi. ratcelma SeimuSava saxelmwifos sivrcobrivi
1

organicizmi anu biologisturi sociologia socialur mecnierebebSi ganviTarda XIX

saukuneSi. organicizmis warmomadgenlebi cdilobdnen daemtkicebinaT, rom socialuri
stuqtura viTardeba da funcqionirebs biologiuri organizmis.

zrdis 7 kanoni, riTac safuZveli Cauyara mecnierebis im dargis

Camoyalibebas, romelsac amJamad geopolitikis saxeliT icnoben. garda
amisa, ratcelma ganaviTara envairomentalisturi determinizmis2 ideebi.
1998 wels ratcelis naazrevs daupirispirda franguli adamianis
geografiis (La Gographie Humaine) skolis fuZemdebeli pol vidal de
la blaSi (Paul Vidal de la Blache), romelmac envairomentalisturi
determinizmis koncefcias geografiuli fatalizmi uwoda. frangi
mecnieri pirveli iyo vinc daasabuTa, rom adamiani, rogorc garemo, erTerTi umniSvnelovanesi geografiuli faqtoria. mas, ratcelisgan
gansxvavebiT,
socialur-ekonomikuri
da
politikuri
movlenebis
warmarTvelad miaCnda adamianis neba da iniciativa. misi azriT
geografiuli mdebareoba realuri da obieqturi mxolod im SemTxvevaSi
gaxdeboda, Tu es mocemuli teritoriis (qveynis, regionis, dasaxlebis)
mosaxleobis nebiT da cxovrebis wesiT iqneboda ganpirobebuli.
geopolitikis sakiTxebis SeswavlaSi de la blaSis midgomam safuZveli
Cauyara geografiuli posibilizmis3 ganviTarebas. swored posibilisturi
midgomebis ganviTarebiT daiwyo sazogadoebrivi geografiis dreifi
socialuri mecnierebebis mimarTulebiT, ramac, Tavis mxriv ganapiroba
geografiuli
mecnierebis
erTianobis
rRveva,
yovel
SemTxvevaSi
samecniero kvlevebis doneze mainc.
de la blaSi germanul da amerikul geografiul kvlevebSi
gabatonebuli sistemuri midgomisgan gansxvavebiT, prioritets aniWebda
calkeuli regionebis Taviseburebebis gamovlenas. aRsaniSnavia, rom man
safuZveli Cauyara regionuli geografiis skolas da pirveli iyo, vinc
mecnierebaSi Semoitana da danerga termini geografiuli garemo.
geografiuli
posibilizmis
kidev
erTi
mniSvnelovani
warmomadgeneli iyo amerikeli mecnieri karl zaueri (Carl Sauer). is
iTvleba amerikuli kulturuli geografiis mamamTavrad, romlis
avangardSi dResac aris mis mier daarsebuli berklis skola (Mathewson,
2006: 19). geografiaSi man daamkvidra kulturuli landSaftis cneba.
Tavis kvlevebSi zaueri gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobda istoriul
konteqsts, riTac geografiaSi mniSvnelovnad gaaZliera dro-sivrciTi
midgoma (Warf, 2006a: 221).

geografiuli an garemos (envairomentalisturi, klimaturi) determinizmis idea jer

kidev antikur periodSi warmoiSva da ganviTareba hpova saberZneTsa da CineTSi. am ideis
momxreebi amtkicebdnen, rom bunebrivi garemo gadamwyvet zegavlenas axdens xalxTa
xasiaTis da Tvisebebis Camoyalibeba-ganviTarebaze, Sesabamisad swored am gamo
gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan sxvadasxva bunebriv sartyelSi mcxovrebi adamianebi. XX s.
dasawisSi erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad geografiuli determinizmis ideebs
Camoyalibebuli Teoriebis saxe misces amerikelma mecnierebma elen CerCil simplma
(Ellen Churchill Semple) da elsuorT hantingtonma (Ellsworth Huntington).
3
geografiuli posibilizmis skolis warmonadgenlebi sazogadoebisa da bunebis
urTierTkavSiris problematikas ganixilaven sivrciTi urTierTobebis konteqstSi,
sadac centraluri adgili ukavia adamians, mis saqmianobas. sivrciTi urTierTobebis
warmarTvel Zalad aRiarebulia ara bunebrivi, aramed socialur-ekonomikuri
faqtorebi.

miuxedavad zemoT aRniSnuli kritikisa, ratcelis mecnierulma

naazrevma,
gansakuTrebiT
politikuri
geografiis
kuTxiT,
didi
rezonansi gamoiwvia. misi moswavlis Svedi mecnieris rudolf Celenis
(Rudolf Kjelln) terminma geopolitika sul male daimkvidra adgili
mecnierebasa da saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis praqtikaSi. XX saukunis
dasawyisidan meore msoflio omamde evropasa da amerikaSi sokoebiviT
momravlda geopolitikuri Teoriebi. aRniSnuli periodi kacobriobis
istoriaSi Sevida, rogorc kolonizaciis da msoflio omebis epoqa.
amdenad, gasakviri ar unda iyos, rom imdroindeli geopolitikuri
Teoriebi
gamsWvaluli
iyo
imperiuli,
ufro
metic
rasistuli
suliskveTebiT. aRsaniSnavia, rom am Teoriis avtorTa mniSvnelovani
nawili, mag., helford makinderi (Halford Mackinder), aizia boumeni (Isaiah
Bowman), karl haushoferi (Karl Ernst Haushofer), an TviTon iyo
xelisuflebis maRal eSelonebSi an masTan mWidrod TanamSromlobda.
politikuri geografiis ganviTarebis am periods samarTlianad aRiareben
klasikuri geopolitikis xanad.
wina saukunis dasawyisSive saTave aiRo da Semdgom swrafad
ganviTarda eleqtoraluri (saarCevno) geografia. am dargis pioneri iyo
franguli adamianis geografiis skolis kidev erTi TvalsaCino
warmomadgeneli andre zigfridi (Andr Siegfried). man geografiaSi
Camoayaliba eleqtoraluri qcevis socialur-ekologiuri (ekologiuri)
mimarTuleba. arCevnebis kvlevaSi is gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobda
iseTi
faqtorebis
Seswavlas,
rogoricaa
landSaftis
xasiaTi,
gansaxlebis
tipi,
sakuTrebisadmi
damokidebuleba
da
sxva.
eleqtoraluri geografiis samecniero da praqtikulma miRwevebma
impulsi misca sxva mecnierebebis mier amomrCevelTa qcevis Seswavlas.
1940-1960-ian wlebSi aSS-Si Seiqmna eleqtoraluri sociologiis da
eleqtoraluri fsiqologiis Zlieri skolebi. am periodSi warmatebiT
viTardeboda TviT eleqtoraluri geografiac. meore msoflio omis
Semdgom periodSi is, ekonomikur geografiasTan erTad, sazogadoebrivi
geografiis erT-erTi im dargTagani aRmoCnda, romelmac warmatebiT auRo
alRo
raodenobriv
analizs
da
misi
meTodebiT
SeiaraRda.
eleqtoraluri geografia imdenad swrafad ganviTarda, rom 1960-iani
wlebis bolos is damoukidebel samecniero disciplinadac ki aRiares.
XIX saukunis bolodan meore msoflio omamde periodSi politikur
geografiisgan gansxvavebiT SedarebiT umniSvnelo iyo sazogadoebrivi
geografiis sxva dargebis miRwevebi. es upirveles yovlisa exeba
ekonomikur geografias. miuxedavad imisa, rom wina saukunis mijnaze da
mis dasawyisSi
gamoCnda ramdenime saintereso naSromi, maT Soris
ingliseli jorj Cisholmis (George J. Chisholm) komerciuli geografiis
gzamkvlevi (1889 w.) da amerikeli rasel smitis (J. Russel Smith)
mrewvelobisa da vaWrobis geografia (1913 w.), ekonomikur-geografiulma
mimarTulebam ver moipova saTanado aRiareba. igive SeiZleba iTqvas
socialur da kulturis geografiaze.
5

aRniSnuli dargebis
CamorCena ganpirobebuli iyo ramdenime
subieqturi da obieqturi faqtoriT. umTavresi mizezi mdgomareobda
imaSi, rom politikuri geografiis warmomadgenlebs qedmaRluri
damokidebuleba qondaT sazogadoebrivi geografiis sxva dargebis
mimarT. mag., ratceli ekonomikur geografias miiCnevda ekonomikis da ara
geografiis nawilad. garda amisa, susti meTodologiuri bazis gamo,
sazogadoebrivi geografia didi xnis ganmavlobaSi erT adgils tkepnida
da meore msoflio omamde ver moxerxda misi erTian disciplinad
Camoyalibeba. aRniSnul periodSi ekonomikuri geografiis sakiTxebis
kvleviTa da swavlebiT dakavebuli iyvnen ekonomistebi, xolo kulturis
da mosaxleobis geografia metwilad warmodgenili iyo anTropologiis
Semswavlel akademiur wreebsa da organizaciebSi. sazogadoebrivi
geografiis gaerTianebisTvis saWiro iyo iseTi koncefciis (Teoriis)
Seqmna, romelic erT CarCoSi moaqcevda manamade daqsaqsul ekonomikur,
politikur, socialur, kulturul geografiebs da qveyanaTmcodneobas.
sazogadoebrivi geografiis gamaerTianeblis roli Tavis Tavze aiRo da
amas warmatebiT gaarTva Tavi amerikelma mecnier-geografma riCard
harTshornma (Richard Hartshorne).
harTshorni damsaxurebulad iTvleba amerikuli sazogadoebrivi
geografiis, kerZod ki kulturul-geografiuli landSaftmcodneobis
mamamTavrad. 1939 wels gamocemul naSromSi geografiis buneba (The
Nature of Gography) man pirvelma warmoadgina mwyobri koncefcia, sadac
geografia erTian mecnierebad ganixileboda, radgan miaCnda, rom
geografiuli kvlevis centrSi unda yofiliyo landSafti. mogvianebiT
mis SromebSi termini landSafti Seicvala regioniT. is, germaneli
landSaftmcodneebisgan gansaxvavebiT, landSafts ganixilavda ufro
farTod, e.i. regionis mniSvnelobiT, radgan am ukanasknelisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli iyo konkretuli sazRvrebi da socialur-ekonomikuri
maxasiaTeblebi. de la blaSisgan gansxvavebiT ki amtkicebda, rom
regionuli geografiis mTavari mizani iyo sivrceSi movlenebis
integraciis Seswavla, Sesabamisad aqcenti unda gakeTebuliyo mocemul
regionSi arsebul movlenebs Soris mizezobrivi kavSirebis dadgenaze.
rac Seexeba politikuri geografias, harTshornma warmoadgina
sivrcis politikuri diferenciaciis koncefcia, romelic Tavis mxriv
efuZneboda germaneli mecnierebis karl riterisa (Carl Ritter) da alfred
hetneris (Alfred Hettner) naazrevs. is amtkicebda, rom politikuri
geografiis kvlevis ZiriTadi obieqti unda yofiliyo iuridiulad
gaformebuli, e.i. obieqturad arsebuli teritoriuli erTeulebi. aqedan
gamomdinare, harTshornis koncefciaSi politikuri geografiuli kvlevis
mTavar obieqtad ganixileboda upirveles yovlisa saxelmwifo, aseve
saxelmwifoTaSorisi aliansebi da garkveul SemTxvevebSi saxelmwifos
avtonomiuri erTeulebi. regionis harTshorniseulma koncefciam anglo-

amerikul geografiul kvlevebSi safuZveli Cauyara pozitivisturi4

mimarTulebis ganviTarebas. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom aseTi midgoma
mniSvnelovnad zRudavda, rogorc kvlevis sagans, aseve kvlevis
farglebs. politikuri geografia, konkretulad da sazogadoebrivi
geografia, mTlianobaSi, gaigivebul iqna geografiul qorologiasTan da
klasikur geopolitikasTan.
mogvianebiT, harTshornis kritikiT gamovida axalgazrda amerikeli
ekonomisti frederik Seferi (Frederick Schaefer), romlis azriTac
geografiul kvlevaSi ZiriTadi yuradReba unda daTmoboda ara
movlenebs, aramed teritoriul arealebs Soris kavSirebis, e.i.
movlenebis sivrciTi organizaciis Seswavlas. Seferma gansakuTrebuli
yuradReba dauTmo wminda geografiuli kanonebis gamovlenas. is
amtkicebda, rom rac ufro axlos mdebareoben erTmaneTTan geografiuli
adgilebi miT ufro mWidro kavSiri arsebobs maT Soris. misi azriT,
mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiri adgilebis (obieqtebis) siaxlovesa da maT
Soris kavSirebis intensivobas Soris aris WeSmaritad geografiuli
kanoni.
1960-ian wlebSi mecnierebis, maT Soris geografiis ganviTarebis
istoriaSi
mniSvnelovani
Zvrebi
moxda.
geografia
gadaiqca
5
raodenobrivi anu pozitivisturi revoluciis arenad . geografpozitivistebi TavianT kvlevebSi xelmZRvanelobdnen antikuri xanis
berZeni moazrovnis dekartes principiT: geografia geometriis darad
(Warf, 2006a: 222).
geografiaSi
pozitivizmis
da
garkveulwilad
biheviorizmis
ganviTarebas xeli Seuwyo germaneli geografis valter kristaleris
(Walter Christaller) centraluri adgilebis Teoriiam. 1933 wels gamoqveynda
kristaleris wigni samxreT germaniis centraluri adgilebi (Die
zentralen Orte in Sddeutschland), sadac avtori amtkicebda, rom SesaZlebelia
arsebobdes
gansaxlebis
optimaluri
qseli,
Tuki
dasaxlebaTa
struqtura RerZul-qseluri xasiTis iqneboda. centralur adgilTa
sistemas/stuqturas (kristaleris bade) futkris fiWis forma aqvs.
fiWis TiToeuli ujredis (e.i. dasaxlebis) centri warmoadgens ufro
maRali ierarqiis sxva ujredis wibos. kristaleri miiCnevda, rom
dasaxlebaTa fiWuri struqtura uzrunvelyofda momsaxurebis da
transportirebis, aseve teritoriis marTvis maqsimalur efeqtianobas.
centralur adgilTa Teoria Tavisi arsiT abstraqtulia, radgan
kristaleris dasaxlebaTa bade mniSvnelovnad aris damokidebuli
4

pozitivizmis, rogorc samecniero mimarTulebis Camoyalibeba da ganviTareba

ukavSirdeba me-19 saukunis cnobili sociologis ogiust kontis (Auguste Comte) saxels.
konti aRiarebda sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis, kerZod fizikis prioritets
samecniero azrisa da kvlevebis ganviTrebaSi da miiCnevda, rom sociologias da
zogadad socialur mecnierebebs unda gamoeyenebinaT fizikaSi gabatonebuli kvlevis
ZiriTadi meTodebi, kerZod dakvirveba da eqsperimenti.
5
aRsaniSnavia, rom imave periodSi raodenobriv revolucias adgili qonda
fsiqologiaSi, politikur mecnierebaSi, sociologiaSi da istoriul mecnierebaSic ki.

adgilis (teritoriis) landSaftze. mocemuli Teoria praqtikulad

gamouyeneblia
mTiani
regionebisTvis.
miuxedavad
naklovanebabisa,
kristaleris mier SemoTavazebulma Teoriam mniSvnelovani roli
Seasrula geografiuli da ekonomikuri mecnierebebis ganviTarebaSi.
kristaleris Teoriaze dayrdnobiT 1954 wels Seiqmna germaneli
ekonomistis avgust lioSis (August Lsch) centraluri adgilebis
modificirebuli Teoria, romelSic gansakuTrebuli aqcenti keTdeboda
ara dasaxlebaTa mdebareobaze, aramed ekonomikur rentabelobaze.
mTlianobaSi, pozitivistebis mTavari mizani iyo geografiaSi im
dros gabatonebuli aRwerilobiTi (idiografiuli) midgoma ukana planze
gadaetanaT,
xolo
maTematikuri
modelirebisa
da
statistikuri
meTodebis gamoyenebiT win wamoewiaT empiriuli (nomoTeturi) meTodebi.
amis Sedegad, geografiul kvlevebSi gabatonda aRwerilobiTi da
induqciuri statistika, gravitaciuli, SemTxveviTi da deterministuli
modelireba
da
a.S.
raodenobrivma
revoluciam
xeli
Seuwyo
sazogadoebrivi geografiis gaerTianebas, radgan amjerad misi yvela
dargi erTsa da imave meTodebis iyenebda. raodenobrivi revoluciis
epoqa yvelaze produqtiuli aRmoCnda eleqtoraluri geografiisa da
qveyanaTmcodneobisTvis. ukanasknelSi mniSvnelovani adgili daikava
qveynebis
tipologiam
kompleqsuri
maxasiaTeblebis
gamoyenebiT.
geografiul kvlevebSi makro done Caanacvla mezo (qveyana, msxvili
regioni) donem.
geografiaSi pozitivisturi midgoma, miuxedavad mniSvnelovani
warmatebebisa mkacri kritikis obieqti gaxda. maTematikurma modelirebam
gamoiwvia sazogadoebriv-geografiuli procesebis aRqmisa da Sesabamisad
analizis Warbi formalizeba, miTumetes, rom es analizi ar eyrdnoboda
ramdenadme mniSvnelovan Teoriuli baziss. raodenobriv analizs,
rogorc wesi, xelarewifeba ekonomikuri, socialuri, politikuri da
kulturuli procesebis srulyofili axsna, radgan geografiuli sivrce,
sadac aRniSnuli procesebi mimdinareobs, Tavisi bunebiT radikalurad
gansxvavdeba maTematikuri, e.i. virtualuri sivrcisgan.
pozitivistur revolucias dawyebidan aTiode wlis Semdeg
sazogadoebriv geografias Tavs daatyda axali, amjerad Teoriuli
revolucia, romelic Tavisi arsiT marqsistuli iyo.
1960-70-ian
wlebSi
dasavluri
qveynebi
moicva
saprotesto
socialurma
moZraobam,
romelic
rig
SemTxvevebSi
samoqalaqo
mRelvarebaSic ki gadaizarda. Tavisi SemadgenlobiT es axalgazrduli
moZraoba
gamodioda
socialuri
uTanasworobis,
samoqalaqo
da
ekonomikuri uflebebis darRvevis, vietnamis omis winaaRmdeg. mas
samecniero wreebSic bevri mxardamWeri aRmoaCnda. yovel epoqaSi
samecniero azri swraf reagirebas axdens Seqmnili socialuri
situaciaze da cdilobs gamoimuSaos rekomendaciebi daZabulobis
ganmuxtvis
mizniT.
aRniSnuli
periodSi
memarcxene
mecnierebma
gabatonebuli socialuri Teoriebis alternativad miiCnies marqsizmi 8

moZRvreba, romelic Tavisi arsiT gamodioda socialuri, ekonomikuri da

klasobrivi uTanasworobis winaaRmdeg.
sabWoTa kavSirSi marqsizmsa da socializms aigivebdnen, rac
arasworia.
marqsizmi
aris
moZRveba,
romelic
iTvaliswinebs
kapitalizmis, rogorc sazogadoebis organizaciis sistemis ngrevas.
marqsi amtkicebda, rom klasobrivi dapirispirebis Sedegad aucileblad
dadgeboda kapitalizmis krizisi. sazogadoebrivi cvlilebis mTavari
monawile (agenti) unda yofiliyo muSaTa klasi, romelsac momavalSi
komunizmi unda aeSenebina. lenini ki amtkicebda, rom muSaTa klass ar
SeuZlia gadamwyveti socialuri cvlilebebis ganxorcieleba da, rom mas
avangardSi unda Caudgnen profesionali revolucionerebi. garda amisa,
marqsi arafers ambobda imaze, rom socializmi unda yofiliyo
gardamavali etapi kapitalizmidan komunizmisaken, rasac adgili qonda
sabWoTa kavSirSi. leninizmis aRniSnuli da sxva debulebebi miuRebeli
aRmoCnda danarCeni msoflios memarcxene moZraobebis umravlesobisaTvis.
Tu istoriuli SedegiT vimsjelebT, aRmoCndeba, rom leninizmi
damaxinjebuli
marqsizmia,
xolo
marqsizm-leninizmi
xelovnurad
Sekowiwebuli terminia, romelsac cota aqvs saerTo klasikur
marqsizmTan.
sazogadoebrivma
mecnierebebma
marqsizmis
mimarT
eqspluatatoruli damokidebuleba gamoamJRavna. am moZRvrebas yvela
mecnieri
ise
aRiqvamda,
rogorc
mas
surda.
Sedegad
Seiqmna
mravalferovani samecniero mimarTulebebi da gamocemebic ki. mag., 1969
wels daarsda geografiuli Jurnali antipodi, romelic dRemde
radikaluri marqsizmis ideebis erTguli rCeba. gavlenis mixedviT
gamoyofen
or
marqsistul
samecniero
mimdinareobas.
pirvelis
warmomadgenlebi mxars uWeren demokratiul socializms, romelSic
wamyvani roli ganekuTvneba saxlemwifos, xolo meore mimarTuleba
warmodgenilia
utopiur
socializmis
momxreebiT.
marqsistuli
geografiis yvelaze TvasaCino warmomadgenelia ingliseli mecnieri
devid harvei (David Harvey). 1984 wels man gamoaqveyna naSromi geografiis
istoriisa
da
dRevandeli
mdgomareobis
Sesaxeb:
istoriulmaterialisturi manifesti. masSi mocemulia geografiis samomavlo
ganviTarebis xuTi principi, romelTa mixedviTac: geografia unda iyos
integrirebuli da ara neitraluri mecniereba; istoriuli materializmis
safuZvelze unda moxdes geografiuli codnis da gamocdilebis
integracia socialur TeoriebTan; geografia unda iqces WeSmaritad
saxalxo da gamoyenebad mecnierebad; unda Seiqmnas politikuri proeqti,
romelic
istoriul-geografiuli
gadasaxedidan
gansazRvravs
kapitalizmidan socializmze gadasvlas (Harvey, 1984). harvei utopistsocialistia da miaCnia, rom sazogadoeba unda Sedgebodes patara
TviTmarTvadi komunebisgan, romelTa cxovrebaSi saxelmwifo ar unda
ereodes (Gilmartin, Mary 2009: 146).
9

mTlianobaSi Teoriuli revoluciis damsaxureba mdgomareobs

imaSi, rom man sazogadoebrivi geografia myarad da sabolood
daakavSira
socialur
da
politikur
TeoriebTan.
dasrulda
aRwerilobiTi
geografiis
xana.
sazogadoebrivi
geografiis
socializaciam (sociologizaciam) xeli Seuwyo iseTi mravalferovani
sakiTxebis kvlevas an axleburad gaazrebas, rogorebicaa klasi, genderi,
nacionalizmi, Zalaufleba, kanoni, samuSao, socialuri reproduqcia,
samoqalaqo sazogadoeba da sxva (Cox et al., 2008: 6). sazogadoebrivi
geografiis socialuri mecnierebebis TeoriebiT aRWurvam kidev ufro
daaSora is sabunebismetyvelo (fizikur) geografias. am periodis
kvlevebSi centraluri adgili daikava mikrogeografiam.
meore msoflio omis Semdgom pozitivizmisa da marqsizmis
paralelurad sazogadoebriv geografiaSi mniSvnelovani asaxva hpova
struqturul-funqcionalurma analizma. mis ganviTarebas mniSvnelovnad
Suwyo xeli, erTi mxriv, biheviorizmis6 ideebis gavrcelebam, xolo,
meore mxriv humanisturi geografiis ganviTarebam.
geografiaSi biheviorizmis midgomebis danergva ukavSirdeba
cnobili politologebis devid istonisa (David Easton) da stein rokanis
(Stein Rokkan) saxels. kanaduri warmoSobis mecnierma devid istonma 1960-ian
wlebSi gamoaqveyna naSromi politikuri sistemebis Sesaxeb, sadac es
sistema warmodgenilia iyo Savi yuTis saxiT, romlis SesasvlelSi
Tavs iyris sazogadoebis molodinebi da motivaciebi, yuTis SigTavsi
gvevlineba, rogorc adgili, sadac mimdinareobs gadawyvetilebis miRebis
procesi, xolo yuTis gasasvlelSi adgili aqvs xelisuflebis
politikur qmedebas (Easton, David 1965: 32). ingliselma mecnierebma piter
teilorma (Peter Taylor) da ron jonstonma (Ron Johnston) 1979 wels
SemogvTavazes istonis Teoriis modificirebuli varianti naSromSi
arCevnebis geografia (Geography of Elections). es naSromi eleqtoraluri
geografiis sferoSi saukeTeso naSromad aris aRiarebuli da miuxedavad
imisa, rom is didi xnis win daiwera, mas dResac ar daukargavs
samecniero Rirebuleba da aqtualoba.
sazogadoebrivi geografiis kidev erTi, amasTan romantiuli
mimarTuleba humanisturi geografia aRmocenda ekzistencializmis7
6

geografiuli biheviorizmis ZiriTadi debuleba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom adamianis qceva

sivrceSi ganpirobebulia mis mier garemos Sesaxeb informaciis aRqmasa da Semecnebaze.
Sesabamisad, geografiuli biheviorizmis mimdevrebi cdiloben daadginon kavSiri
adamianis pirovnul Tvisebebsa da mis socialur qmedebebs Soris. bunebrivia, rom
geografiaSi biheviorizmma yvelaze didi gasaqani miiRo politikur, kerZod ki
eleqtoralur geografiaSi.
7
ekzistencializmi ikvlevs adamianebis da socialuri jgufebis miswrafebebs,
faseulobebs da miznebs. ekzistencializmis, rogorc filosofiuri mimarTulebis
aRmoceneba ukavSirdeba XIX s. filosofosebis, norvegieli sorens kierkegaardis da
germaneli fridrix nicSes saxelebs, xolo am Teoriis daxvewaSi didi damsaxureba
miuZRvis XX s. germanel mecniers martin haidegers. xelovnebaSi ekzistencializmis
TavlsaCino warmomadgenlebi iyvnen Jan-pol sartri, fiodor dostoevski, franc kafka,
albert kamiu.

10

safuZvelze. humanist-geografebi samecniero arenaze gamovidnen 1970-iani

wlebis dasawyisSi. maT naSromebSi aSkarad igrZnoboda pozitivisturi
midgomebis
miuRebloba.
zogadad,
humanistebi
miiCneven,
rom
pozitivistebis mier SemoTavazebuli maTematikuri midgomebis Sedegad
xdeba socialuri movlenebis formalizeba, ris gamoc ikargeba is
kompleqsuroba, e.i. sivrceSi mimdinare geografiul da socialur
movlenaTa
mravalgvaroba.
humanisturi
midgomis
warmomadgenlebi
amtkiceben, rom socialuri da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis kvlevis
saganebi radikalurad gansxvavebulia (kaWkaWiSvili, 2008: 5).
humanisturi geografiis pionerad da am terminis avtorad miiCneva
Cinuri warmoSobis moqmedi amerikeli mecnieri i-fu tuani (Yi-Fu Tuan).
misTvis sivrce da adgili urTierTdamokidebuli cnebebia, radgan erTi
adgilidan meoreSi gadaadgileba mxolod sivrceSi aris SesaZlebeli,
Sesabamisad adgili mxolod sivrceSi SeiZleba arsebobdes. isini
amtkiceben, rom adamianis damokidebuleba adgilisadmi yalibdeba ufro
emociuri, vidre pragmatuli grZnobebis safuZvelze. adamians adgilis
mimarT
gamoumuSavdeba
sakmaod
pozitiuri,
ufro
metic
Tbili
damokidebuleba. amis gamo, adamianis teritoriuli TviTidentifikaciis
grZnoba sakmaod Zlieri da stabiluria. mTlianobaSi, humanisturi
geografiis midgomebi xels uwyobs iseTi rTuli sakiTxebis Seswavlas,
rogoricaa adamiani da garemo, kulturuli landSafti, identoba,
civilizacia (Warf, 2006b: 232-235).
modernizmis epoqidan moyolebuli anglo-amerikuli skola xdeba
sazogadoebriv geografiis modis kanonmdebeli. amas xeli ramdenime
faqtorma Seuwyo, maT Soris raodenobrivi analizisa da socialuri
mecnierebebis skolebis mZlavrma ganviTarebam amerikis universitetebSi
da politikur gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas samecniero (saeqsperto)
azris gaTvaliswinebam. socialuri mecnierebebisa da geografiis
praqtikuli gamoyeneba aSS-Si axal safexurze avida.
jer socialisturi banakis, Semdgom ki sabWoTa kavSirisa da
iugoslaviis daSlam da am qveynebis teritoriaze aRmocenebulma eTnopolitikurma konfliqtebma daamsxvria miTi evropis saxelmwifoebis
sazRvrebis Seuvalobis Sesaxeb. Seiqmna axali geopolitikuri realobebi:
1990-ian wlebidan daiwyo msoflios erTpolaruli politikuri wesrigis
Canacvleba mravalpolaruliT. politikuri geografia, gansakuTrebiT
geopolitika saRaTas Zilidan gamoerkva. meore msoflio omis Semdeg es
ukanaskneli, rogorc mecnierebis dargi ideologiur CixSi aRmoCnda, rac
ganapiroba karl haushoferis da rigi sxva mecnierebis monawileobam
nacisturi germaniis ideologiis Seqmnasa da ganxorcielebaSi. omis
Semdgom periodSi geopolitika aRiares, rogorc reaqciuli mecniereba
da am sferos ganvitarebis xelSewyoba xnis ganmavlobaSi praqtikulad
tabudadebuli iyo. pocdamis xelSekrulebiT gansazRvruli evropis
sazRvrebi imdenad uryevi Canda, rom politikur geografiaSi Zneli
warmosadgeni
iyo
kvlevis
obieqti
yofiliyo
sxva
ram,
garda
11

saxelmwifosi. magram, zemoT aRniSnulma globalurma cvlilebebma

dadebiTi roli Sesrules politikuri geografiis aRorZinebaSi.
politikurma
geografebma,
upirveles
yovlisa
ki
mecniergeopolitikosebma daiwyes manamde arsebuli klasikuri Teoriebis da
koncefciebis kritikuli gaazreba da gadafaseba.
mniSvnelovania, rom 1990-iani wlebSi yalibdeba da viTardeba
mravalferovani postmodernuli da poststruqturaluri Teoriebi. am
Teoriebis dedaarsi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom miuRebelia epistemologiis
da ontologiis8 gancalkeveba, radgan SeuZlebelia WeSmaritebis
winaswar dadgena. garda amisa, postmodernistebi cdiloben daamtkicon,
rom nebismieri mosazreba an idea subieqturia, radgan is warmoadgens
mocemuli pirovnebis pozicias, e.i. xedvas garkveuli adgilidan.
postmodernis geografTa nawili emxroba im ideas, rom sasurvelia
movlenebis xedva xdebodes ara konkretuli adgilidan, aramed
ganyenebuli poziciidan (View from nowhere) (Flint, 2006: 13).
zemoTaRniSnulma axalma inteleqtualurma mimarTulebebma, rac
socialur mecnierebebSi cnobilia, rogorc kulturuli cvlileba
(Cultural Turn), mTeli sigrZe-siganiT moicva sazogadoebrivi geografiis
yvela dargi. am ukanasknelis socializacia winandelze ufro meti
intensivobiT warimarTa, ris Sedegadac Seiqmna axali koncefciebi da
Seicvala arsebuli paradigmebi.
gamoikveTa postmodernuli sazogadoebrivi geografiis kvlevis
ZiriTadi sagnebi: saxelmwifos rolisa da funqciebis kritikuli
gaazreba; msoflio-sistemaTa Teoria da sivrce; diskursis zegavlena
teritoriis formirebaze; adgili da identoba; calkeuli socialuri Tu
kulturuli
jgufebis
mzardi
roli
globalur
politikaSi.
raodenobrivma da bihevioristulma midgomebma ukana planze gadaiwia da
prioriteti mieca sivrciTi procesebis istoriul da kulturul
konteqstSi
Seswavlas.
aqve
unda
aRiniSnos,
rom
mTlianobaSi
geografiul da konkretulad sazogadoebriv-geografiul mecnierebaSi
kvlav didi adgili daikava makro donis kvlevebma.
postmodernizmma sazogadoebriv geografiaSi sxva sakiTxebTan
erTad
Semoitana
diskursis
cneba9.
socialuri
mecnierebebis
warmomadgenlebi jer kidev 1960-iani wlebidan ikvleven diskursis rolsa
da
adgils
socialur
urTierTobebSi.10
Tanamedrove
geografebi
8

filosofiis mimarTulebebi, romlebidanac epistemologia swavlobs Semecnebis

sakiTxebs, xolo ontologia yofierebis sayovelTao safuZvlebs. martivad, ontologs
ainteresebs, rogor aris mowyobili samyaro, xolo epistemologi met yuradRebas
uTmobs imas, Tu rogor xdeba samyaros mowyobis Seswavla.
9 diskursis arsi ganixileba saxelmZRvanelis I TavSi, gv. ????
10
diskursis SeswavlaSi centraluri adgili ukavia frangi filosofosis, istorikosis
da kulturologis miSel fukos (Michel Foucault) naSromebs. fukos ganmartebiT diskursi
warmoadgens metyvelebis niSnebisgan Semdgar winadadebaTa an msjelobaTa rigs,
romelic qmnis garkveul sistemas, romelsac gaaCnia mniSvnelovani simboluri
datvirTva. aqedan gamomdinare, diskursi istoriulia (istoriis fragmentia). dikursuli
praqtikebi, fukos azriT, moqmedeben konkretul istoriul periodSi da konkretul

12

cdiloben daadginon diskursis mniSvneloba sivrcis formirebaSi. miSel

fukos naSromebis safuZvelze devid harveim SemogvTavaza koncefcia,
romlis mixedviTac adamianis (adamianTa jgufebis) mier sivrcis aRqma da
misadmi damokidebuleba cvalebadia drosa da sivrceSi da am aRqmaze
gadamwyvet gavlenas axdens sazogadoebrivi (socialuri) praqtika. es
ukanaskneli moicavs ara marto qmedebebs, aramed, aseve codnas
(gamocdilebas) da simboloebsac ki.
diskursul
praqtikaSi
gansakuTrebuli
mniSvneloba
eniWeba
rogorc istoriul-geografiul, aseve kulturul simboloebs. maT didi
zegavlena aqvT adamianebis aRqmis Camoyalibebaze, rac saboloo jamSi
aisaxeba individTa damokidebulebaze ama Tu im movlenasa Tu
geografiul adgilze. albaT, amiT unda aixsnas is, rom rusulenovan
presaSi soxumi da cxinvali saxeldeba, rogorc suxum da cxinval.
dRevandel saerTaSoriso politikur diskursSi didi mniSvneloba aqvs
imas, Tu ra saxeliT moixsenieben istoriuli Sida qarTlis CrdiloeT
nawils - cxinvalis regionad an samaCablod Tu samxreT oseTad.
politikuri diskursi saxelmwifo ideologiis sagania, Sesabamisad
izrdeba toponimikis mniSvneloba simbolur socialur-fsiqologiur da
geopolitikur diskursebSi.
diskursis
Seswavlas
erT-erTi
centraluri
adgili
ukavia
kritikul geopolitikaSi (kritikuli geopolitikis vrceli daxasiaTeba
mocemulia
saxelmZRvanelos
IV TavSi). kritikuli geopolitikis
warmomadgenlebi brals sdeben klasikuri geopolitikis Teoretikosebs
imis gamo, rom isini farTo masebs awvdidnen zedapirul informacias da
analizs mimdinare politikuri procesebis Sesaxeb, e.i. cdilobdnen
sazogadoebis aRqma msoflio politikis Sesaxeb daeyvanaT situaciur
(situaciis) codnamde. sinamdvileSi ki, maT kargad icodnen realurad ra
xdeboda politikis kulisebSi da cdilobdnen amis miCqmalvas.
zogadad, postmodernul socialur mecnierebebSi Zalze moduri
gaxda
kritikuli
mimarTulebebis
Seqmna
da
ganviTareba.
es
damaxasiaTebelia, rogorc sazogadoebrivi geografiisaTvis (kritikuli
socialuri geografia, kritikuli kulturuli geografia da a.S.), aseve
socialuri mecnierebisaTvis (kritikuli sociologia, kritikuli
fsiqologia, kritikuli sarTaSoriso urTierTobebi da a.S.).
postmodernizmis da postruqturalizmis xanis damaxasiaTebeli
Tvisebaa neomarqsistuli Teoriebis didi simravle. maT Soris bevrma
maTganma
didi
zegavlena
iqonia
sazogadoebrivi
geografiis,
gansakuTrebiT geopolitikisa da geoekonomikis ganviTarebaze. aseT
Teoriebs Soris aRsaniSnavia amerikeli mecnierebis jorj modelskisa
(George Modelski) da uiliam tomsonis (William Thomson) msoflio politikis

lingvistur, socialur, ekonomikur da geografiul sivrceSi. droTa ganmavlobaSi

socialuri jgufebis, sazogadoebis azrovnebis struqtura icvleba da Sesabamisad
iqmneba diskursis axali formebi.

13

ganviTarebis grZeli ciklebis Teoria11 da ingliseli politologis

entoni gidensis (Anthony Giddens) struqturaciis Teoria.
aRsaniSnavia, rom postmodernistul sazogadoebriv geografiaSi
arcerT Teorias ar miuRia iseTi farTo gamoyeneba, rogorc amerikeli
sociologis imanuil moris uolersteinis (Immanuel Maurice Wallerstein )
msoflsistemaTa Teorias (es Teoria, aseve cnobilia msoflio-sistemaTa
analizis saxelwodebiT).
mTlianobaSi uolersteini amtkicebs, rom ar arsebobs msoflio
qveynebis ekonomikebis erToblioba - arsebobs erTiani msoflio
ekonomika; ar arsebobs msoflio qveynebis sazogadoebebis erToblioba arsebobs erTiani msoflio sazogadoeba. rac Seexeba politikis sferos,
amerikeli mecnieri ar amtkicebs, rom arsebobs msoflios erTiani
politikuri sistema. ufro metic, is miiCnevs, rom mravalricxovani
saxelmwifoebis arsebobis gamo Cveni planetis politikuri sistema
daqsaqsuli da winaaRmdegobrivia. aRsaniSnavia, rom uolersteini did
yuradRebas ar uTmobs nacionalizmis, identobis, xalxebis kulturuli
Taviseburebebis analizs anu gverds uvlis im mniSvnelovan faqtorebs,
romlebic ganapirobeben msoflios kulturuli mozaikis arsebobas.
miuxedavad, Zalze bevri dadebiTi aspeqtisa, uolersteinis TeoriisTvis,
rogorc yvela marqsistuli naSromisTvis damaxasiaTebelia, erTi mxriv,
gadaWarbebuli
ekonomiuri
determinizmi,
xolo,
meore
mxriv,
kulturuli nihilizmi.
entoni gidensis struqturaciis Teoria (Structuration Theory),
romelic xazs usvams socialuri moqmedebis obieqtur xasiaTs. gidensis
mier stuqtura warmoCenilia, rogorc moqmedebis, procesis organuli
nawili da misi produqti (kaWkaWiSvili, 2008: 95). struqturaciis Teorias
didi wvlili miuZRvis imaSi, rom man win wamowia individebis roli
socialuri
kvlavwarmoebis
procesSi
adamianebi,
garkveulawilad
limitirebuli, magram mainc kargad gaTviTcnobierebuli socialuri
agentebi arian
(King, 2005: 217).. individebis socializacia da
sazogadoebis kvlavwarmoeba erTi medlis ori mxarea; socialuri
urTierTobebis makrostruqturebi gadajaWvulia yiveldRiuri cxovrebis
mikrostuqturebTan (Warf, 2006c: 466). adamianebi, ZiriTadad qvecnobierad,
maTi yofieri qceviT qmnian samyaros, romelic, Tavis mxriv qmnis
adamianebs
socializaciis
procesSi.
amgvar
midgomas
mivyavarT
daskvnamde sivrcis socialuri bunebis Sesaxeb. rac mniSvnelovania,
rodesac socialuri institutebis modelireba xdeba drosa da
sivrceSi, maSin saxezea socialuri sistema, romelic gulisxmobs misi
yvela donis calkeuli elementebis (agentebis) mWiro urTierTkavSirs
(kaWkaWiSvili, 2008: 106)..

11

modelskis da tomsonis Teoria efuZneba msoflio ekonomikis ganviTarebaSi grZeli

talRebis Teorias, romelic 1922 wels Seqmna rusma mecnierma nikolai kondratievma
( ).

14

ukanaskneli ociode wlis ganmavlobaSi socialur mecnierebebSi

gansakuTrebuli ganviTareba miiRo feministurma Teoriebma. feministur
moZraobas didi xnis istoria aqvs, magram misi realuri aRiareba moxda
1960-iani wlebidan, rodesac meore feministurma talRam mniSvnelovani
garRveva moaxdina ganviTrebuli samyaros socialur da politikur
cxovrebaSi12. feministur geografias safuZveli Caeyara 1970-ian wlebSi.
amJamad, feminist-geografebs myari pozicia gaaCniaT, gansakuTrebiT aSSSi. maTi naSromebi ibeWdeba prestiJuli geografiuli periodikis yvela
gamocemaSi; maTi gamosvlebs mniSvnelovani adgili eTmoba geografebis
nebismier forumze; genderis geografia Setanilia amerikis TiTqmis
yvela universitetis kurikulumSi. feminist-geografebis kvleva ar
Semoifargleba mxolod genderuli geografiis sakiTxebis kvelviT. maT
samecniero dRis wesrigSi mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia sivrcis, adgilis
da identobis Seswavlas13. feministebi miiCneven, rom radgan sivrce
warmoadgens socialur konstruqcias, is ar unda aRviqvaT mxolod
mamakacTa moRvaweobis arenad. sivrcis socialur konstruirebaSi qali
da mamakaci erTnairi rols TamaSoben.
feministTa mtkicebiT, dasrulda dro, rodesac politika iyo
mdidari, TeTrkaniani mamakacis samflobelo. isini gamodian ara marto
genderuli, aramed realuri socialuri Tanasworobis moiTxovniT.
mamakacebis xelSi koncentrirebulia materialuri simdidris udidesi
nawili, rac feministebis azriT, arsebuli socialuri usamarTlobis
ZiriTadi mizezia, xolo realuri socialuri Tanasworoba damyardeba
mxolod mas Semdeg, rac moxdeba materialuri simdidris samarTliani
gadanawileba genderul da sxva socialur jgufebs Soris.
feministebi mkacrad akritikeben kritikosebis zemoT aRweril
princips ganyenebuli xedvis Sesaxeb da miiCneven, rom codna yovelTvis
garkveul samecniero pozicias emyareba da, piriqiT, poziciis SemuSaveba
xdeba konkretuli codnisa da gamocdilebis konteqstSi.
ganviTarebis
aswliani
istoriis
ganmavlobaSi
politikurgeografiul,
iseve,
rogorc
zogadad
sazogadoebriv-geografiul
kvlevebSi gamoiyeneboda (gamoiyeneba) Semdegi midgomebi da meTodebi:

raodenobrivi analizi (sivrciT-analitikuri midgoma);

polit(ikur)-ekonomikuri analizi;

postmodernistuli
(diskursebis
roli
politikuri

landSaftis formirebaSi);

geoinformaciuli.

12

Thomas, Mary (2006). Feminisms, in in Warf, Barney (ed.), Encyclopedia of Human Geography. Thousand
Oaks, CA: Sage. gv. 155.
13
Thomas, Mary (2006). Feminist Geographies, in in Warf, Barney (ed.), Encyclopedia of Human Geography.
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. gv. 159.

15

daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba aRiniSnos, rom politikuri geografiis

ganviTarebaSi pirobiTad SeiZleba oTxi ZiriTadi etapi gamoiyos:
I etapi: 1897-1930 ww. politikuri geografiis, umTavresad ki
klasikuri geopolitikis epoqa. eleqtoraluri geografiis aRmoceneba da
ganviTareba.
II etapi: 1930-1950 ww. regionuli geografiis anu kulturulgeografiuli landSaftmcodneobis epoqa.
III etapi: 1960-1980 ww. raodenobrivi da Teoriuli revoluciebis
epoqa;

mesame etapis damaxasiaTebeli ZiriTadi niSnebia:

geopolitikis uZraobis xana. misi cru mecnierebad gamocxadeba.
raodenobrivi revolucia pozitivisturi revolucia sivrciTi
analizi struqturul-funqcionaluri analizi.
biheviorizmis geografiis da humanisturi geografia Casaxva da
ganviTareba.

IV etapi: 1980 w. dRemde: postmodernizmis da poststruqturalizmis epoqa.

am etapis damaxasiaTebeli ZiriTadi niSnebia:
politikuri geografiis, gansakuTrebiT geopolitikis aRorZineba.
postmodernuli da poststruqturaluri Teoriebi; kulturuli
cvlileba (Cultural Turn).
politikuri geografiis ganviTarebis Tanamderove etapze Camoyalibda
misi Semdegi axali prioritetebi:
saxelmwifos rolisa da funqciebis kritikuli gaazreba;
msoflsistemaTa Teoria da sivrce;
diskursis zegavlena teritoriis formirebaze;
adgilisa da identobis urTierTkavSiris axleburi gaazreba;
calkeuli socialuri Tu kulturuli jgufebis mzardi
roli globalur politikaSi.
ukanaskneli erT saukuneze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi sazogadoebrivma
geografiam
mniSvnelovani
da
saintereso
cvlilebebi
ganicada.
regionulma geografiam safuZveli daudo sazogadoebrivi geografiis
erTian mecnierebad Camoyalibebas. pozitivistebma Semoitanes fardobiTi
sivrcis cneba da SeZles geografiul sivrceSi mimdinare socialurekonomikuri
da
politikuri
movlenebis
modelireba;
marqsizmma
mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa socialuri uTanasworobis da siRaribis
problematikis gamovlenaSi; humanisturma geografiam axali impulsi
misca geografiuli romantizmis ganviTarebas; feminizmma SemogvTavaza
16

genderuli balansis dacva sivrcesa da socialur urTierTobebSi;

kritikulma sazogadoebrivma geografiam xeli Seuwyo aratradiciuli
aqtorebis
rolis
win
wamowevas;
zogadad,
postmodernistulma
geografiam ganavrco relaciuri sivrcis koncefcia.

literatura
kaWkaWiSvili, iago (2008). socialuri Teoria. Tbilisi: gamomcemloba
inteleqti.
filosofiis leqsikoni (1982). me-4 gamocema. i.t. frolovas redaqciiT.
Tbilisi.
Cox, Kevin R., Murray Low, and Jenifer Robbinson (2008). Introduction: Political Geography:
Traditions and Turns, in Cox K. R., M. Low, and J. Robbinson (eds.), The Sage Handbook of
Political Geography. Bangalore, India: Sage.
Easton, David (1965). A Systems Analysis of Political Life. New York: Wiley.
Flint, Colin (2006). Introduction to Geopolitics. New York: Routledge.
Gilmartin, Mary (2009). "Nation-state", in Carolyn Gallaher et al. (eds.) Key Concepts in
Political Geography. Sage: Chippenham, GB.
Harvey, David (1984). On the History and Present Condition of Geography: an Historical
Materialist Manifesto. The Professional Geographer, 36 (1), 1984, 1-11.
Johnston, Ron (2006). Sixty Years of Change in Human Geography. Paper prepared for the
History of Postwar Social Science Seminars, London School of Economics, 25 April, 2006.
King, Anthony (2005): Structure and Agency. In: Modern Social Theory (edited by Austin
Harrington), Oxford University Press.
Kuhlke, Olaf (2006). Space, human geography and. In Warf, Barney (ed.), Encyclopedia of
Human Geograph. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Mathewson, Kent (2006). Berkley School, in Warf, Barney (ed.), Encyclopedia of Human
Geography. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Su, Daniel (2006). Toblers First Law of Geography. In Warf, Barney (ed.). Encyclopedia of
Human Geography (494). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Taylor, Peter and Ron Johnston (1979). Geography of Elections. London: Pinguin
Thomas, Mary (2006). Feminisms, in in Warf, Barney (ed.), Encyclopedia of Human
Geography. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Thomas, Mary (2006). Feminist Geographies, in in Warf, Barney (ed.), Encyclopedia of
Human Geography. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Warf, Barney (2006). History of Geography, in Warf, Barney (ed.), Encyclopedia of
Human Geography. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Warf, Barney (2006). Humanistic Geography, in Warf, Barney (ed.), Encyclopedia of
Human Geography. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Warf, Barney (2006). Structuration Theory, in Warf, Barney (ed.), Encyclopedia of Human
Geography. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

17

, (2001). .
-: .
.., .. (2001). . .:
.
.. (1973) : , , , .
.: .
.. (1981) . . A
. .: .

18

1.2 ZiriTadi cnebebi

sivrce
sivrce geografiis yvelaze fundamenturi cnebaa. geografebi
daaxloebiT 60 welia cdiloben sivrcis koncefciis Camoyalibebas. es
cneba geografiaSi gamudmebiT icvleboda da axali SinaarsiT ivseboda.
sivrcis aRqmasa da Sefasebaze bevrad aris damokidebuli TviT
geografiis, rogorc mecnierebis ganviTarebis tendenciebi.
unda aRiniSnos, rom wina saukunis Sua periodamde geografia did
aqtivobas ar iCenda sivrcis SeswavlaSi. geografebisTvis misaRebi iyo
sivrcis filosofiuri da metafizikuri ganmartebebi. filosofias
ainteresebs sivrce realuria Tu abstraqtuli. XX saukunemde moRvawe
filosofiis idelisturi frTis mimdevrebi uaryofTdnen sivrcisa da
drois materiaze damokidebulebas da am or umniSvnelovanes kategorias
miiCnevdnen an individualuri cnobierebis formebad (berkli, hiumi, maxi)
an grZnobadi Wvretis apriorul formebad (kanti) an absolturi gonis
kategoriebad (hegeli). marqsizmis aRmocenebis Semdeg, kerZod ki
dialeqtikuri materializmis Teoriam sivrce da dro mWidrod
daukavSira materias. materializmis ganmartebiT sivrce gamoxatavs
Tanaarsebul obieqtTa ganlagebis wesrigs (frolova, 1982: 145).
droisa da sivrcis ganmartebaSi aranaklebi roli miuZRviT
fizikosebs.
XVII-XVIII
saukuneebSi
moRvawe
cnobili
ingliseli
filosofosi isaak niutoni sivrcesa da dros miiCnevda TviTmyofad
kategoriebad, romlebic moZraobisa da materiisgan damoukideblad
arseboben. niutoniseulma am ganmartebam saTave daudo absolturi
sivrcis cnebas. magram, XX saukunis dasawyisSi albert ainStainis
fardobiTobis zogadma Teoriam Secvala fizikasa da zogadad
mecnierebaSi sivrcis Sesaxeb manamade arsebuli warmodgenebi. ainStainma
daamtkica, rom dro da sivrce erTmaneTTan universalur kavSirSi
imyofeba, ris Sedegadac drois svla da sxeulTa sivrceSi ganlageba
ganpirobebulia am sxeulTa moZraobis siCqareze.
geografiaSi dawyebuli ganvlili saukunis 50-iani wlebidan
sivrcis mravali koncefcia ganixileboda, maT Soris absolturi,
abstraqtuli,
materialuri, performaciuli, SefardebiTi, socialuri,
reprezentatuli, relaciuri da sxva.
riCard harTshorni iyo pirveli geografi, vinc SeimuSava sivrcis
geografiuli koncefcia. ukve aRiniSna, rom harTshorni geografias
qorologiasTan aigivebda, xolo geografiuli kvlevis ZiriTad amocanad
mas miaCnda sivrceSi movlenebs Soris kavSirebis dadgena. aqedan
gamomdinare,
is
sivrces
absoltur
ganzomilebaSi
ganixilavda
(niutoniseuli modgoma). harTshornis absolturi sivrcis koncefcias
daupirispirda amerikeli mecnier-ekonomisti fred Seferi, romelic
amtkicenda, rom geografiis mTavari amocana iyo ara movlenebs, aramed
adgilebs Soris kavSirebis gamovlena. sivrciTi movlenebis ganviTareba,
Seferis azriT, damokidebuli iyo imaze, Tu ra manZilia mocemul
adgilebis Soris. Sesabamisad, movlenebis intensivoba izrdeba manZilis
SemcirebasTan erTad. amiT, Seferi mivida daskvnamde, rom sivrce
fardobiTi cnebaa. Seferis fardobiTi sivrcis koncefciam Caanacvla
geografiul kvlevebSi manamade gabatonebuli harTshornis absolturi
19

sivrcis idea. Sesabamisad, Seicvala regionuli geografiis paradigma,

romelic Semdegomi ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi Caanacvla raodenobriv
analizze dafuZnebulma pozitivisturi geografiis paradigmam.
sietlis universitetis mecnier-geografTa jgufma ganaviTara
Seferis
fardobiTi
sivrcis
idea,
ramac
geografiaSi
moaxdina
raodenobrivi revolucia. aRsaniSnavia, rom am jgufis erT-erTi wevri
Soris iyo valdo tobleri (Valdo Tobler), romelmac ganavrco Seferis
mosazreba fardobiTi sivrcis Sesaxeb da 1970 w. is Semdegnairad
Camoayaliba: yvelaferi erTmaneTTanaa dakavSirebuli, magram axlos
mdebare sagnebs Soris meti kavSiri arsebobs ("Everything is related to
everything else, but near things are more related to each other"). mogvianebiT, tobleris
es ganmarteba aRiarebul iqna, rogorc geografiis upirvelesi kanoni (Su,
2006: 494).
pozitivisturi geografiis raodenobrivi (sivrciTi) analizis
warmomadgenlebi miiCnevdnen, rom geografiis fundamenturi cnebebi iyo
distancia, mdebareoba, modeli da adgili. geografia, gansakuTrebiT ki
misi sazogadoebrivi mimarTuleba iqca maTematikuri modelirebis arenad.
aseTi
midgomis
Sedegad
geografiuli
sivrce
praqtikulad
mis
geometriul analogs daemsgavsa. sivrce raodenobrivi analitikosebis
mier aRiqmeboda, rogorc geografiul arealebs Soris arsebuli ubralo
ariTmetikuli manZili. Sesabamisad, geografiaSi myarad damkvidrda
fardobiTi sivrcis koncefti. imavdoulad, naklebi yuradReba eTmoboda
im
faqtorebis
Seswavlas,
romlebic
ganapirobebdnen
socialurekonomikuri,
politikuri
da
kulturuli
procesebis
sivrciT
Taviseburebebs da piriqiT.
sivrcis
paradigmis
Semdgomi cvlileba
ganpirobebuli iyo
geografiis
socializaciiT,
rasac
saTave
daudo
Teoriulma
revoluciam. marqsizmis zegavleniT geografiul kvlevevbSi moxda
adgilis mniSvnelobisa da rolis gadafaseba. amjerad, adgili da ara
sivrce gaxda geografiuli kvlevis axali leitmotivi (Johnston, 2006). Tu,
manamade
adgili ganixileboda sivrcis Semadgenel komponentad,
marqsistebis mecadineobiT adgili da sivrce lamis Tanabarzomier
erTeulebad (kategoriebad) aRiares.
sivrcis paradigmis cvlilebaSi mnSivnelovani roli iTamaSi anri
lefevris (Henri Lefebvre) da entoni gidensis naSromebma. lefevris cnobil
naSromSi sivrcis producireba (aRwarmoeba) (The Production of Space),
romelic 1974 w. gamoica, frangi mecnieri amtkicebs, rom nebismier
sistemas, erTi mxriv, ekonomikurs, socialurs Tu kulturuls, da, meore
mxriv, monaTmflobelurs, feodalurs Tu kapitalisturs gaaCnia
ganviTarebis sakuTari kanonebi, ris safuZvelzec xdeba sivrcis
formireba da ara piriqiT (Kuhlke, Olaf 2006: 443). entoni gidensi kidev
ufro radikalurad udgeba am sakiTxs da miiCnevs, rom dro da sivrce
erTdoulad aris sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis mwarmoebelic da
produqtic. man mecnierebaSi Semoitana axali termini dro-sivrciTi
distanciacia (Timespace distanciation), rac axlos aris geografiaSi
gavrcelebul cnebebTan, dro-sivrciTi konvergencia da dro-sivrciTi
kompresia (Warf, 2006: 466).
sazogadoebrivi geografiis socializaciis procesSi gamovlinda
sivrcis konstruqciis rTuli da mravalferovani xasiaTi. kerZod
dadginda, rom sivrcisTvis damaxasiaTebelia vertikaluri ierarqia,
20

sadac movlenebis ganviTareba xdeba globalur, regionul, saxelmwifo

da adgilobrivi masStab(eb)iT (doneebze) da horizontaluri struqtura,
romelic yalibdeba ara marto fizikuri (bunebrivi), aramed, aseve
socialuri, ekonomikuri, politikuri da kulturuli procesebis
erTmaneTTan mWidro urTierTkavSiris safuZvelze. postmodernistebi
sivrces ganixilaven ara socialuri procesebisgan gancalkevebiT, aramed
rogorc mis Semadgenel nawils. ufro metic, sivrce miiCneva, rogorc
erT-erTi sawarmoo ZalTagani.
amJamad, geografebs Soris miRweulia konsensusia imis Taobaze,
rom geografiuli sivrce aris socialuri konstruqcia. Sesabamisad
geografebi mividnen daskvnamde, rom sivrce aris aramarto absolturi
(Absolute) an fardobiTi (Relative) aramed, is, aseve relaciuria (Relational).
cxrili #1

sivrcis saxeebi geografiul kvlevebSi

absolturi sivrce /
maTematikuri sivrce

SedarebiTi sivrce /
socialur-ekonomikuri
sivrce

SedarebiTi sivrce /
kulturuli sivrce

relaciuri sivrce /
kognituri sivrce /
bihevioraluri sivrce

wertilebi

socialur-ekonomikuri
obieqtebi

adgilebi

Landmark
mimarTulebebi
mcire zomis
administraciulteritoriuli
erTeulebi
saxalxo
(warmosaxviTi)
regionebi
sivrciTi
mdebareoba

xazebi
farTobebi /
monakveTebi

sawarmoo kavSirebi da
urTierTobebi

gzebi
teritoriebi

horizontaluri
proeqciebi

funqciuri (socialurekonomikuri) regionebi

kulturuli
regionebi

konfiguraciebi

distribucia

kulturuli
samyaroebi /
civilizaciebi

cxrili Sedgenilia Semdegi wyaros safuZvelze:

Couclelis, H. (1992). Location, Place, Region and Space. In Abler, R.et al., Geographys Inner Worlds. Rutgers
University Press: New Brunswick, US, p. 231.

relaciuroba xazs usvams sivrcis dinamiur, cvalebad xasiTs, rac

damokidebulia upirveles yovlisa masSi mimdinare sazogadoebriv
procesebze. relaciuroba sivrcis Tvisebrivi maxasiaTebelia.
ra SemTxvevaSi gvaqvs saqme sivrcis relaciurobisTan? mag.,
romelime saxelmwifos an regionis Seswavlis Sedegad SeiZleba mivideT
daskvnamde, rom mas gaaCnia xelsayreli satransporto-geografiuli
mdebareoba. es niSnavs, rom mocemuli saxelmwifos an regionis
teritoria mdebareobs mniSvnelovani savaWro-satransporto marSrutebis
gzajvaredinze. Tumca, garkveuli ekonomikuri an samxedro-politikuri
kataklizmebis
Sedegad
gansaxilveli
teritoriis
satransportoekonomikuri mniSvneloba SeiZleba mkveTrad Semcirdes. Sesabamisad,
mocemuli
saxelmwifos
an
regionis
satransporto-geografiuli
mdebareoba naklebad xelsayreli an sulac araxelsayreli gaxdeba.

21

adgili
i-fu tuanma adgilisadmi adamianebis damokidebulebis daxasiaTebis
mizniT erTdoulad ori termini ixmara topofilia da topofobia14.
WeSmaritad, adgilTan Cveni mimarTeba orgvaria: garkveuli adgilebi
gviyvars, vaRmerTebT kidec, xolo danarCeni CvenSi diskomfortis, SiSis
grZnobasac ki iwvevs.
adgili sivrcis Rirebuli nawilia da is mravalmxrivi SinaarsiT
aris datvirTuli. adgili dakavSirebulia adamianis yoveldRiurobasTan.
aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba vifiqroT rom, rom misi gansazRvra
SedarebiT martivi saqmea. miuxedavad amisa, adgilis arsis dadgena
Tanamedrove geografiis erT-erTi yvelaze winaaRmdegobrivi TemaTagania.
Tanamedrove sabunebismetyvelo da socialuri mecnirebebi mdidaria
ganmartebebiT adgilis Sesaxeb. britaneli geografi noel kastre (Noel
Castree) miiCnevs, rom adgils sami Semdegi ZiriTadi mniSvneloba aqvs:
adgili, rogorc fizikuri mdebareoba;
grZnobaTa nakrebi (erToblioba), romelic adamians adgilis
mimarT uyalibdeba;
lokali
(Locale)

mikrosamyaro,
sadac
mimdinareobs
pirovnuli da/an sazogadoebrivi qmedebebi da yalibdeba
individTaSorisi urTierTobebi (Castree, 2003: 167).
meore britaneli geografi, qalbatoni lin steheli (Lynn Staeheli)
gvTavazobs xuTpunqtian ganmartebas, sadac adgili ganxilulia, rogorc:
fizikuri mdebareoba, geografiuli sivrcis nawili;
kulturuli da/an socialuri mdebareoba;
konteqsti;
sazogadoebriv-istoriuli konstruqcia;
procesi (Staeheli, 2003: 159).
adgilis mimarT aseTi mravalferovneba damokidebuleba SedarebiT
axali fenomenia. 1970-ian wlebamde, regionuli geografiis dominirebis
dros, adgili miiCneoda, rogorc regioni anu teritoria, romlisTvisac
damaxasiaTebelia iyo mdebareoba da, romelic Tavisi landSaftiT da
socialur-ekonomikuri
maxasiaTeblebiT
gansxvavdeboda
sxva
adgilebisgan (teritoriebisgan). mogvianebiT, rodesac geografiaSi
gabatonda raodenobrivi analizi, adgili gaxda horizontaluri
proeqciis erT-erTi wertili. humanisturi geografiis, ganviTarebasTan
erTad Seicvala damokidebuleba adgilis cnebis mimarT. humanistgeografebma Segvaxsenes, rom adamianebis yofa ar SeiZleba Sefasdes
mxolod
maTematikuri
ganzomilebebiT.
adamianebi
cxovroben
da
14

topofilia nawarmoebi sityvaa da Sedgeba ori berZnuli sityvisgan topos e.i.

adgili da filia e.i. siyvaruli. es termini xmarebaSi Semoitana britanelma poetma jon
benjamenma, riTac xazi gausva im faqts, rom arsebobs adgilebi, romelTa mimarTac
adamians didi siyvaruli gaaCnia. Sesabamisad, topofobiiT aRniSnaven im situacias,
rodesac adamians garkveul adgilebTan mimarTebaSi antipaTia, SiSi an siZulvilic ki
ipyrobs.

22

moRvaweoben samyaroSi, romelic savsea sxvadasxva RirebulebebiT.

nebismieri geografiuli adgili am Rirebulebebis (mniSvnelobebis)
matarebelia.
geografiuli
mdebareoba
iyo
da
rCeba
adgilis
yvelaze
gavrcelebul maxasiaTeblad. adgili SeiZleba da unda aRviqvaT, rogorc
materialuri cneba. dedamiwaze yovel adgils gaaCnia konkretuli
mdebareoba da sazRvrebi, rac misi unikaluri maxasiaTeblebia.
klasikuri geografiis mixedviT adgili geografiuli sivrcis erT-erTi
komponentia. rogorc, aRiniSna (ix. gv.) postmodernistul mecnierebaSi
sivrce aRiqmeba, rogorc aramarto materialuri, aramed abstraqtuli
fenomenic.
Sesabamisad,
garTulda
sivrcisa
da
adgilis
urTierTdamokidebulebis sakiTxic. sivrciTi analizi adgils, umetes
SemTxvevebSi
ganixilavs,
rogorc
cariel
konteiners,
sadac,
ganurCevlad misi fizikur-geografiuli maxasiaTeblebisa mimdinareobs
socialuri
procesebi.
es
geografiuli
nihilizmis
klasikuri
gamovlinebaa, romelic samwuxarod damaxasiaTebeli iyo da aris
raodenobrivi analizis warmomadgenlebis nawilisTvis.
adamianebi warmoadgenen socialuri, ekonomikuri, kulturuli an
politikuri qselis aqtiur monawileebs. sxva sityvebiT, maT erTmaneTTan
socialuri kontaqtebi ufro metad akavSirebT, vidre garkveuli
teritoria. mag., didi xnis ganmavloabSi dasavleTSi qalis saqmianobis
areali moicavda triadas, romelSic Sedioda saxli-eklesia-samezoblo
(samegobro). es areali sxvagvarad aRiqmeboda, rogorc qali Sin e.i. mis
tradiciul socialur garemoSi. is mandilosani, romlebic Cabmuli iyo
biznesSi, menejmentSi an politikaSi anu qalisTvis gansxvavebul
cxovrebis wess eweoda, aRiqmeboda, rogorc qali gareT", e.i. Tavisi
tradiciuli socialuri garemos
miRma. ukanaskneli sami aTwleulis
ganmavlobaSi
ganviTarebul
samyaroSi qalTa
aqtivobis
mkveTrma
amaRlebam Secvala maTi saqmianobis, rogorc geografiuli, aseve
socialur-kulturuli arealis sazRvrebi. aman, Tavis mxriv gamoiwvia
qalaqis da ufro mcire zomis dasaxlebebis socialuri garemos
cvlileba. Tanamedrove socialuri mecnerebebi sul ufro aqtiurad
ikvleven adgils, Tumca am kvlevebis nawilSi adgilis kulturuli da
socialuri
mdebareoba
warmoCenilia
metaforis
mniSvnelobiT.
geografebi amtkiceben, rom adgili an sxva geografiuli metaforebi
(mag., mdebareoba, sazRvrebi) ar aris mxolod metaforebi. isini
socialuri procesis makonstruirebel faqtorebad unda miviCnioT
(Staeheli, 2003: 160).
rogorc ukve aRiniSna, geografiaSi adgili araerTmniSvnelovani
cnebaa. politikur mecnierebaSi aseTive winaaRmdegobrivia konteqstis
cneba. Sesabamisad, adgili, rogorc konteqsti sakmaod rTuli
asaxsneli unda iyos. Tumca, cnobilma amerikelma mecnier-geografma
nikolas
etrikinma
am
sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT
martivi,
amasTan
yovlismomcveli
ganmarteba
SemogvTavaza:
adgilis
geografiuli
koncefcia
gulisxmobs
movlenebis,
sagnebisa
da
procesebis
teritoriuli konteqstis Seswavlas (Etrikin, 1991: 6).
politikur
mecnierebaSi
konteqstis
garTulebuli
aRqma
gamowveulia imiT, rom politikuri qceva (mag., arCevnebSi xmis micema)
mWidrdaa dakavSirebuli mosaxleobis kompoziciur (Semadgenlobis)
efeqtTan (compositional effect). es ukanaskneli moicavs iseT socialurekonomikur maxasiaTeblebs, rogorebicaa Semosavali da ganaTleba.
23

politologebis mtkicebiT individualur doneze arCevnebSi xmis micema

pratikulad mTlianad damokidebuli eleqtoratis ganaTlebis donesa da
materialur mdgomareobaze. amgvari midgoma, romelic meTodologiuri
individualizmis saxelwodebiT aris cnobili ramdenime aTwleuli
dominirebda politikur mecnierebaSi, ris gamoc konteqstis klasikuri
mniSvneloba praqtikulad daikarga.
geografia
konteqsts
ufro
martivad
ganixilavs,
radgan
geografiaSi individebi da adgilebic saerTo socialuri qselis
Semadgenel nawilebad miiCneva. politikuri mecnierebisgan gansxvavebiT,
geografebi
amtkiceben,
rom
adamianis
socialur-ekonomikuri
maxasiaTeblebs
da
geografiuli
sivrcis
komponentebs
Soris
urTierToba ormxrivi moZraobis quCas gavs. sxva sityvebiT adamianis
qceva ganpirobebulia ara marto misi socialuri an ekonomikuri
mdgomareobiT, aramed im geografiuli garemoTic, sadac is cxovrobs da
moRvaweobs. eleqtoraluri geografia aRwers mraval SemTxvevas,
rodesac prestiJul raionSi mcxovrebi naklebad SeZlebuli adamianis
saarCevno qceva identuria misi mdidari mezoblebis qcevisa. geografebis
mtkicebiT adgili aris mediatori adamianebs, socialur jgufebs da
struqturebs Soris. nikolas entrikinma, gausva ra xazi adgilis
konteqstualurobas, aRniSna, rom adgilisTvis damaxasiaTebelia Sorisi
poziciaa (Betweenness of place). adgili pozicirebulia sagnebsa da
adamianebs Soris, sxva sityvebiT is maT damakavSirebel teritorias
warmoadgens (iqve).
adgili droTa ganmavlobaSi icvleba bunebrivi da, gansakuTrebiT
sazogadoebrivi saqmianobis Sedegad. is cvladi da dinamiuria. es imas
niSnavs, rodesac Cven vambobT, rom sivrce an adgili socialuri
konstruqciaa, imavdroulad igulisxmeba rom is socialur-istoriuli
konstruqciaa. sxva sityvebiT, adgili aris istoriul WrilSi ganxiluli
socialuri procesis Sedegi.
Tanamedrove geografiaSi adgili ganixileba ara marto, rogorc
socialuri procesis Sedegi, aramed, aseve, rogorc TviT socialuri
procesic. bevri Tanamedrove geografi mxars uWers am koncefts da im
azrs iziarebs, rom adgils xelewifeba sakuTari Tavis gardaqmna. Cemi
subieqturi azriT, es postmodernistuli geografiis erT-erTi yvelaze
winaaRmdegobrivi koncefciaa. Tu, adgils xelewifeba sakuTari Tavis
gardaqmna, am SemTxvevaSi gamodis, rom is cocxali organizmi yofila.
problemac imaSia, rom cocxali organizmi imavdroulad ver iqneba
socialuri konstruqcia. garda amisa, amgvar logikas geografiuli
determinizmis
an
sulac
oragnicizmis
Teoriamde
mivyavarT.
gavixsenoT, rom TviTon postmodernizmis warmomadgenlebi mkacrad
akritikeben am Teoriebs.
rogorc
zemoT
aRiniSna,
grZnoba
adgilisadmi
dadebiTi
emociebiT aris gaJRenTili. es emociebi imdenad Zlieria, rom maT
safuZvelze adamians teritoriuli identoba uyalibdeba. es grZnoba
dakavSirebulia
adgilis
bunebriv
da
kulturul
landSaftTan,
gansakuTrebiT
ki
adamianebTan.
adamianebs
Soris
urTierToba
gadamwyvetia teritoriuli identobis formirebaSi. amasTan, adamians
yvela adgilisadmi Tbili grZnoba ar da ver eqneba. individisTvis
damaxasiaTebelia,
rogorc
topofilia,
aseve
topofobia.
sociologiuri gamokvlevebis Sedegad damtkicda, rom adamiani adgilTa
24

didi umravlesobisadmi indeferentulia. respodentebi aseT adgilebs

Soris asaxeleben satransporto kvanZebs, savaWro molebs, qalaqis axali
samosaxloebs, zog SemTxevevaSi turistul obieqtebsac ki.
globalizaciis pirobebSi gaizarda migraciebis masStabi da
intensivoba. adamianebi xSirad icvlian sacxovrebels. Tanamedrove
mobilur samyaroSi xSirad waawydebiT situacias, rodesac migranti
romelime qveyanaSi cxovrobs, magram am qveyanaSi is mxolod fizikurad
imyofeba. is ar flobs saxlemwifo enas, ar monawileobs qveynis
kulturul, socilur an politikur cxovrebaSi. aq misi habitati moicvas
patara teritorias, sadac gansaxlebulia diaspora. amgvari situaciebis
aRsawerad humanist-geografebma SemoiRes termini Placelessness, rac
SeiZleba iTargmnos, rogorc adgildakarguloba an adgilnakluloba.
sxva sityvebiT, adamiani adgilTan dakavSirebulia fizikurad, magram ara
kogniturad an socialurad.
globalizaciis
procesSi
satransporto
da
masobrivi
komunikaciebis saSualebebis ganviTarebis Sedegad Semcirda dro da
SeikumSa sivrce. Sesabamisad, Cveni planetis adgilebi erTmaneTs
dauaxlovda am sityvis gadataniTi mniSvneloviT. miuxedavad amisa,
adgilebi inarCuneben maTTvis damaxasiaTebel unikalur Tvisebas
gansxvavebulobas. noel kastres azriT amas xels uwyobs Semdegi
garemoebebi:
dro-sivrciTi kompresiis15 miuxedavad, mogzaurobas mainc
garkveuli dro sWirdeba, Sesabamisad adgilebi erTmaneTisgan
daSorebuli arian ama Tu im manZiliT;
globalizacia ayalibebs heterogenul geografiul sivrces
swored imis gamo, rom adgilebi gansxvavebulebi arian;
calkeul adgilebs gamoumuSavdaT ukureaqcia globaluri
Zvrebis mimarT;
dResdReobiT, sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis didi nawili
globaluri procesebis miRma rCeba da adgilobriv doneze
mimdinareobs;
msoflios adgilebis umravlesoba jer ar an ver monawileobs
globaluri integraciis procesSi (Castree, 2003: 176).
sivrce da adgili: harmonia Tu winaaRmdegoba?
adamianis damokidebuleba sivrcisa da adgilisadmi SesaniSnavad
daaxasiaTa humanisturi geografiis fuZemdebelma Cinuri warmoSobis
amerikelma mecnierma i-fu tuanma (Yi-Fu Tuan):
adgili usafrTxoebaa, sivrce Tavisufleba: pirvelze mijaWvulebi
varT, meores ki miveltviT. (Tuan, 1977: 3).
Place is security, space is freedom: we are attached to the one and long for the other.
15

dro-sivrciTi kompresia aris termini, romelic mianiSnebs, rom Tanamedrove

satransporto da sakomunikacio teqnologiebis ganviTarebis safuZvelze moxda,
rogorc adgilebis, aseve adamianebis daaxloeba.

25

am ganmartebidan Cans, rom adamianebi adgils ukavSireben

usafrTxoebas (Cemi saxli Cemi cixe-simagrea), Tumca imavdroulad is
asocirdeba
izolaciasTan,
patimrobasTanac
ki.
sivrce
iwvevs
Tavisuflebis grZnobas, magram daucvelobis gancdas. am ori sapirispiro
grZnobis WidilSi adamianebis udidesi umravlesoba irCevs usafrTxoebas.
mudmivi mogzauroba, miTumetes axali sivrceebis aRmoCena mxolod
erTeulebis xvedria.
adgili konkretuli ram aris, xolo sivrces ufro abstraqtuli,
amorfuli mniSvneloba aqvs. adgili warmoadgens
sivrcis erT-erT
SemosazRvrul areals. sivrce ganacalkevebs adgilebs, magram, amasTanave
adgilebi erTmaneTs sivrcis meSveobiT ukavSirdebian. radikaluri
gansxvavebebis miuxedavad sivrce da adgili erTmaneTTan srul
harmoniaSi arian, radgan orive (socialurTan erTad) bunebrivi
konstruqciaa.
teritoria da teritoriuloba
teritoria geografiul kvlevebSi warmoCenilia sami ZiriTadi
mimarTulebiT: xmeleTis nawili, Zalauflebis safuZveli da funqciuri
sivrce (Paasi, 2003: 109). teritoriis cneba droTa ganmavlobaSi icvleboda.
am terminisadmi Tanamedrove midgomebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba misi
istoriuli analogebisagan. platoni teritorias ganixilavda, rogorc
qalaq-saxelmwifos mimdebare adgils, sadac ganviTarebuli iyo iyo
sasoflo-sameurneo warmoeba. aristoteles azriT, teritoria mmarTveli
elitasa da mosaxleobasTan erTad warmoadgenda qalaq-saxelmwifoebis
mesame Semadgenel elements, romelsac qalaqis mosaxleobis sursaTiT da
usafrTxoebiT uzrunvelyofis funqcia qonda (Dahlman, 2009: 77).
teritoriis cnebisadmi midgoma Seicvala gviandel feodalizmSi,
gansakuTrebiT vestfaliis xelSekrulebis Semdeg periodSi. teritoria
gaxda saxelmwifos sinonimi da is dResac ZiriTadad am mniSvnelobiT
ixmareba. humanisturi geografiis kvlevebSi teritoriad aRiarebulia
eris
(eTnosis)
sakraluri
adgilebi.
SeuZlebelia
arsebobdes
xelisufleba, ganurCevlad imisa is centraluria Tu adgilobrivi,
romlis Zalaufleba ar vrceldeba mosaxleobaze da/an teritoriaze.
Sesabamisad, teritoriis cnebam Zalauflebis (xelisuflebis) safuZvlis
datvirTvac miiRo.
Tanamedrove geografiaSi teritoriis cnebasTan dakavSirebuli
debatebi
eZRvneba
didi
xnis
ganmavlobaSi
damkvidrebuli
sami
stereotipis gadaxedvis da cvlilebis aucileblobas. kerZod, es
sterotipebia:
- teritoria aris statikuri obieqti, fizikur-geografiuli
erTeuli, romelic TavisTavad, Cvengan damoukideblad arsebobs;
- teritoria
aris
normatiuli
obieqti,
administraciulpolitikuri erTeuli;
- saxelmwifo aris erTaderTi geopolitikuri aqtori.
pirveli problema dakavSirebulia imasTan, rom geografiul
kvlevebSi teritoria xSir SemTxvevebSi ganixileba, rogorc konteineri,
romelSic
mimdinareobs
garkveuli
bunebrivi
da
sazogadoebrivi
procesebi. es, raTqmaunda asea. miuxedavad amisa, mxedvelobidan ar unda
26

gamogvrCes is faqti, rom teritoriaze, e.i. sivrceSi mimdinareobs

personaluri da sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebi. teritorias gaaCnia ara
marto sivrciTi, aramed, aseve socialuri (sazogadoebrivi) konteqsti.
amasTan dakavSirebiT, cnobilma geografma robert sakma (Robert Sack)
geografiaSi Semoitana termini sazogadoebrivi teritorialoba an
ubralod teritorialoba. sakis mixedviT, teritoria aris saSualeba,
romlis meSveobiTac myardeba urTierToba, erTi mxriv, adamianebs, xolo,
meore mxriv adamianebsa da fizikur obieqtebs Soris. Tu, piri an
adamianTa
jgufi
garkveuli
teritoriis
farglebSi
cdilobs
ganaxorcielos adamianebze, movlenebsa da urTierTobebze kontroli, am
SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs teritoriulobasTan. amasTan, adamianebi TviTon
aweseben aRniSnuli urTierTobebis geografiul sazRvrebs da normebs.
(Sack, 1986: 19). mocemuli ganmarteba xazs usvams teritoriulobis or
Zalze mniSvnelovan aspeqts. pirveli mdgomareobs imaSi, rom aucilebeli
ar
aris
teritoriuloba
ganaxorcielos
mxolod
saxelmwifo
institutebma. es xelewifebaT adamianTa gaerTianebebs, organizaciebs an
biznes struqturebs. meore SemTxvevaSi, aRniSnulia, rom teritoriuloba
ar SeiZleba warmoadgendes velur anu instiqtur fenomens. adamiani ar
unda iqceodes cxovelisTvis damaxasiaTebeli instiqtebis safuZvelze,
romelic mimarTulia garkveuli geografiuli arealis Zaladobrivi
dauflebisaken.
teritoriuloba
civilizebuli
sazogadoebrivi
urTierTobebis Semadgeneli nawilia.
meore problema fsiqologiuri xasiaTisaa, rac imaSi gamoixateba,
rom politikur msoflios Cven aRviqvamT politikuri rukis meSveobiT,
sadac naCvenebia mxolod saxelmwifoebi. sinamdvileSi Cvens planetaze
mimdinare politikuri procesebi gacilebiT ufro mravalferovani da
Wrelia, vidre es rukaze SeiZleba Candes. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT,
msoflios Cveneuli xedva saxelmwifocentrulia, Tumca saxelmwifo
mmarTvelobis sistema, rogori centralizebulic ar unda iyos Sedgeba
sxvadasxva donis da mimarTulebis aqtorebisgan, romlebic xSir
SemTxvevaSi erTmaneTisgan damoukidebel politikebs SeimuSaveben da
ganaxorcieleben.
mesame problema, aseve saxelmwifocentrizmidan gamomdinareobs.
saxelmwifoebi geopolitikuri scenis ZiriTad moTamaSeebad rCebian,
magram am sferoSi arasamTavrobo aqtorebis roli da adgili izrdeba.
postmodernuli msoflios, rogorc erTianis, aseve misi Semadgenili
teritoriebis
Seswavlisas
aucilebelad
unda
gaviTvaliswinoT
calkeuli
arasamTavrobo
organizaciebis,
profesiuli
kavSirebis,
umciresobaTa gaerTianebebis, komerciuli struqturebis da sxva saxis
socialuri moZraobebis mzardi mniSvneloba kulturuli, politikuri da
socialur-ekonomikuri
gadawyvetilebebis
miRebis
da
maTi
ganxorcielebis procesebSi.
masStabi
wina saukunis 90-iani wlebidan moyolebuli sazogadoebrivi
geografiis
kvlevis
arsenali
etapobrivad
Seivso
Tanamedrove
socialuri da politikuri TeoriebiT, romelTa aqtiurma gamoyenebam
geografiuli mecniereba Tvisebrivad Secvala.
27

sivrcis Sinaarsis axalma gaazrebam, bunebrivia gamoiwvia sivrcis

ierarqiis koncefciis revizia. sivrce aRiqmeboda horizontalur WrilSi
da, Sesabamisad kvlevac mimdinareobda mikro (adgilobriv), mezo
(regionis an qveynis farglebSi) da makro (globalur) doneebze.
Sesabamisad, politikuri geografiis amocana iyo imis kvleva, Tu rogor
yalibdeba,
warimarTeba
da
regulirdeba
politikuri
procesebi
adgilobriv, erovnul, regionul da globalur doneebze.
amJamad, es
ierarqia ganixileba, rogorc sxvadasxva teritoriul doneebze mimdinare
sazogadoebrivi procesebi.
sivrcis sazogadoebrivi (socialuri) ierarqiis modelirebis
SemTxvevaSi aRmovaCenT, rom is Zalian waagavs matrioSkas (Marston, 2006:
423). sazogadoebriv procesebs, iseve, rogorc matrioSkis Tojinebs
Soris arsebobs urTierTkavSiri da urTierTdamokidebuleba. garda
amisa,
nebismier
socialur
konstruqcias
gaaCnia
geografiuli
mdebareoba, e.i. am konstruqciebs Soris kavSiri myardeba Sesabamis
teritoriul doneze, adgilobrividan globaluris CaTvliT. magram, aqve
Cndeba kiTxva: rogor unda davadginoT socialur konstruqciebs Soris
kavSiri geografiul WrilSi? kiTxva TiTqos ritorikulia, Sesabamisad,
pasuxic martivi gasacemi unda iyos geografiaSi am mizniT gamoiyeneba
masStabi.
masStabis koncefcia geografiuli mecnierebisTvis erT-erTi
centraluria. masStabi, rogroc fardobiTi, aseve absolturi sididis
maxasiaTebelia. is gamoiyeneba sivrcis, drois da Tematuri sakiTxebis
daxasiaTebisas.
rac
mTavaria,
masStabs
geografiaSi
ramdenime
mniSvneloba aqvs. am TvalsazrisiT, gamoyofen sami saxis masStabs. esenia
movlenis masStabi, analizis masStabi da kartografiuli masStabi.
movlenis
masStabi
gamoiyeneba
im
sazogadoebrivi
an
fizikuri
struqturebisa da movlenebis daxasiaTebisas, romlebic arseboben
Cvengan damoukideblad. mag., okeane ufro didia, vidre zRva; an qari
ufro Zlieria, vidre sio. analizis masStabi warmodgenas gviqmnis im
erTeulis an procesis sidideze, romelic kvlevis Sedegad dgindeba. mag.,
2008 wlis arCevnebis Sedegebis analizma cxadhyo, rom saqarTveloSi
eTnikuri umciresobebi ufro masStaburad (e.i. aqtiurad) monawileoben
arCevnebSi, vidre eTnikuri qarTvelebi.
masStabis CarCos (farglebis) dadgena politikuri aqtia, romelSic
monawileobas iReben, rogorc samTavrobo, aseve arasamTavrobo aqtorebi.
mTavroba masStabis formirebas rutinuli wesiT axdens, kerZod is qmnis
adgilobriv mmarTvelobebs, udgens maT iseT kompetenciebs, romlebic
Seesabameba adgilobrivi xelisuflebis kompetenciis masStabs. es
warmoadgens saxelmwifos sivrciTi strategiis erT-erT mimarTulebas,
rac mas saSualebas aZlevs marTos misdami rwmunebuli qveynis
teritoria.
magram,
mTavrobas
ar
gaaCnia
saxelmwifos
marTvis
eqskluziuri ufleba. mas am saqmeSi ecilebian arasamTavrobo aqtorebi.
es yvelaze naTlad adgilobriv doneze vlindeba.
mecnierebi,
romlebic
ikvleven
TviTmmarTvelobis
sakiTxebs,
Seswavlis
obieqtad
miiCneven
im
teritorias,
romelic
Sedis
adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis iurisdiqciaSi. mcire yuradReba eTmoba imis
kvlevas, Tu ratom da rogor moxda am teritoriis sazRvrebis dadgena;
Tu ramdenad Seesabameba am mmarTvelobis kompetenciebi adgilobriv
masStabi da ramdenad aris CarTuli adgilobrivi masStabi ufro maRali
rangis masStabebSi. teritoriebi, ar unda aRviqvaT, rogorc mxolod
28

garkveul administraciul sazRvrebSi fiqsirebuli adgilebi. sivrciTi

ierarqia mravalmasStabiania, mravaldoniania, sadac adgili aqvs
sxvadasxva saxis (individualuridan globaluramde) sazogadoebriv
urTierTobebs. gavixsenoT, rom sivrce, teritoria, iseve rogorc adgili,
bunebrivis garda socialur konstruqciasac warmoadgens.
mosaxleobis araerTgvarovani eTno-kulturuli Semadgenlobis
pirobebSi mTavrobas qveynis romelime regionis marTvaSi SeiZleba
Seecilos masSi kompaqturad mosaxle eTno-kulturuli Temi. amgvari
konfliqti iwyeba adgilobriv doneze, magram man SeiZleba saerTaSoriso
xasiaTi miiRos, Tu am konfliqtSi sxva qveyana Caereva. Sesabamisad,
qveynis
mTavrobas
mouxdeba
konfliqtis
mogvareba,
rogorc
separatistul dajgufebasTan (e.i. adgilobriv doneze), aseve mesame
qveyanasTan (e.i. saerTaSoriso doneze). zemoTaRniSnuli miuTiTebs imaze,
rom erTi mxriv, rom politikuri urTierTobebi dinamiuria aramarto
droSi, aramed sivrceSic, xolo, meore mxriv, ki imaze, rom geografiuli
sivrce mravalmasStabiania.
mTlianobaSi,
postmodernistul
xanaSi
masStabis
sakiTxis
Teoretizaciam arnaxuli bumi gamoiwvia. amasTan, bevrma mecnierma
masStabis araadeqvaturi da ararelevanturi koncefciebi SemogvTavaza,
ramac geografiul da socialur kvlevebSi didi qaosi da dabneuloba
Seitana. saqme iqamadec ki mivida, rom am sferoSi moRvawe ramdenime
cnobilma mecnierma gamoTqva mosazreba, rom geografiuli leqsikonidan
amoeRoT masStabis cneba. naxevrad xumrobiT naTqvami es fraza imaze
metyvelebs,
rom
zRvargadasuli
Teoretizireba
mecnierebisTvis
aranakleb saxifaToa, vidre araswori Teoriebis an koncefciebis
SemuSaveba.
diskursi
zogadad, diskursis arsi bundovania, iseve, rogorc es mag., enis,
ideologiis an sazogadoebis. sagulisxmoa, rom rTulad aRsaqmeli
cnebebi Zalze didi polularobas iZenen xolme. diskursi swored
aseTi SemTxvevaa.
ideologia da kultura (makrosocialuri movlenebi), rogorc
sinamdvilis
koleqtiuri
reprezentaciebi
vlindeba
diskursSi
(mikrosocialur doneze). sasurvelia, rom ideologiis analizisas ar
SemovifargloT mxolod diskursuli analiziT (diskurs-analiziT).
ideologia mxolod teqstebisa da saubrebis meSveobiT ara iqmneba.
Tumca, am saqmeSi diskurss gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia. socialuri
praqtikebis da semiotikuri kodebis (vizualuri saxeebi, niSnebi, fotoebi
da sxva araverbaluri rameebi) umravlesobisgan gansxvavebiT teqstisa da
metyvelebis Tvisebebi saSualebas gvaZlevas uSualod CamovayaliboT da
gamovxatoT Cveni abstraqtuli ideologiuri mrwamsi.
romelime specializirebuli klubis staJiani wevrebi axalbedebTan
komunikaciis procesSi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmoben klubis
tradiciebze saubars da mkacrad icaven am tradiciebs. amrigad,
ideologiuri socializacia xorciledeba diskursiT.
cnobili polandieli mecnieris teun van deikis (Teun van Dijk)
ganmartebiT, farTo gagebiT diskuri aris kompleqsuri komunikaciuri
movlena, romelsac adgili aqvs konkretul drosa da sivrceSi an sxva
konteqstSi. diskursi SeiZleba iyos verbaluri an werilobiTi da mas
29

gaaCnia verbaluri an araverbaluri maxasiaTeblebi (Van Dijk, 1998: ?). amis

tipiuri magaliTebia, diskusia kolegasTan, eqimis da pacientis saubari,
sagazeTo statiis wakiTxva. am TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovania komunikacia.
calke aRebuli sagazeTo statia jer kidev ar aris diskursi. diskursi
yalibdeba mxolod mas Semdeg, rodesac am statias vinme kiTxulobs an
ukve waikiTxa. diskursis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebelia
teqstis gadmocemis stili, rodesac mniSvnelobas iZens ara teqstis
Sinaarsi, aramed am Sinaarsis aqtualizirebulad, artikulirebulad
gadmocemis unari. adamiani SeiZleba didi xnis ganmavlobaSi saubrobdes
Zaladobaze, magram ar Seiqmnas Zaladobrivi diskursis gancda. sxva
SemTxvevaSi, pirovneba SeiZleba bunebis silamazeze saubrobdes, amasTan
misi gadmocemis stilma da maneram SeiZleba im daskvnamde migviyvanos,
rom Seiqmna ara mSvenierebis, aramed Zaladobis diskursi.
viwro gagebiT gamoyofen diskursis verbalur Semadgenels da mas
ganixilaven,
rogorc
teqsts
an
saubars.
am
mxriv,
diskursi
komunikaciuri
qmedebis
werilobiTi
an
metyvelebiTi
verbaluri
produqtia.
diskursi gamoiyeneba ama Tu im Janris aRsaniSnavad. mag.,
istoriuli
diskursi,
politikuri
diskursi,
ideologiuri
diskursi. diskursis yvelaze abstraqtul da rTulad aRsaqmel
mniSvnelobas warmoadgens diskursi, rogorc socialuri formacia. am
mniSvnelobiT diskursi gamoiyeneba specifiuri istoriuli epoqis an
socialuri formaciis aRniSvnisas. mag., komunisturi diskursi an
burJuaziuli diskursi. sxva SemTxvevebSi, amave mniSvnelobiT ixmareba
sazogadoebrivi
formacia,
sazogadoebrivi
mowyoba
an
sazogadoebrivi wesrigi (iqve).
saxelmZRvanelos II TavSi
Cven
ganvixilavT iseT sakiTxs,
rogoricaa nacionalizmi, rogorc diskursuli formacia.
politika da Zalaufleba (xelisufleba)16
termini politika warmosdgeba berZnuli sityvidan polis rac
niSnavs qalaq-saxelmwifos. Zvel saberZneTSi politika gaigivebuli iyo
sazogadoebriv da saxelmwifo saqmeebTan. es midgoma dResac ZalaSia.
erT-erTi ganmartebis mixedviT politika aris saxelemwifo marTvis,
rogorc
Teoria,
aseve
praqtika.
sagulisxmoa,
rom
politikis
Teoriuloba da praqtikuloba inglisur enaSi ori gansxvavebuli
terminiT aRiniSneba (ix. danarTi #).
danarTi #

cnebebi Policy da Politics

16

qarTul enaSi Zalaufleba da xelisufleba sinonimebi ar aris, gansxvavebiT mag.,

inglisuri da rusuli enebisgan, sadac terminebiT Power da aRiniSneba, rogorc
inglisuri termini Power ZiriTadad iTargmneba, rogorc Zalaufleba, magram garkveuli
konteqstidan
gamomdinare
is
SeiZleba
iTargmnos,
rogorc
xelisufleba,
Zalaufleba ufro farTo cnebaa, xolo, rac Seexeba xelisufleba mas iyeneben
mxolod samTavrobo institutebTan mimarTebaSi (mag., qveynis an adgilobrivi
xelisufleba, sasamarTlo xelisufleba da a.S.). gamonakliss warmoadgens masmediasTan
dakavSirebuli termini meoTxe xelisufleba.

30

inglisuri terminebi Policy da Politics sxva enebze iTargmneba,

rogorc
politika. imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom inglisurSi maT
gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobebi aqvT ucxoenovani mkiTxvelisTvis es
erTgvar dabneulobas iwvevs. Policy aRniSnavs mTavrobis strategias,
miznebsa
da
amocanebs
(kanonmdeblobis
CaTvliT).
mag.,
qveynis
usafrTxoebis
koncefcia
an
samxedro
doqtrina
an
jandacvis
ganviTarebis programa aris Policy. am saxis dokumentebSi mocemuli
amocanebis gadawyvetis konkretuli RonisZiebebis dasaxva da maTi
aRsruleba aris Politics. Policy ufro abstraqtuli, Teoriuli xasiaTis
politikaa, xolo Politics ki konkretuli.
cnobilia, rom CineTisTvis damaxasiaTebelia Warbmosaxleoba. es
garkveul problemebs uqmnis qveynis socalur-ekonomikur ganviTarebas.
jer kidev 1970-ian wlebSi CineTis xelisuflebam miznad daisaxa xeli
Seewyo mosaxleobis Sobadobis SemcirebisTvis. es iyo samTavrobo Policy.
am miznis misaRwevad qveynis xelmZRvanelobam konkretuli RonisZiebebi
dasaxa. erT-erTis mixedviT SromaTmowyobis da karieruli winsvlis
mxriv upiratesoba eniWebodaT im pirebs, romlebsac erTi Svili yavdaT.
am SemTxvevaSi, es aris Politics.
XIX s.-mde politikuri azri mxolod poltikuri Rirebulebebis
SeswavliT iyo dainteresebuli. politika politikuri filosofiis
nawils warmoadgenda. am periodis cnobili cnobili moazrovneebi
Semdegnairad ganmartavdnen politikas:
- mefuri xelovneba yvela sxva xelovnebis marTvis Sesaxeb
(aristotele).
- codnis sistema swori da brZnuli mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb (nikola
makiaveli).
- klasobrivi interesebis brZola (karl marqsi).
dResdReobiT politikis mravali gansazRvreba gvxvdeba. politikas
ganixilaven,
rogorc
SesaZlebelobaTa
xelovnebas;
brZolas
gansxvavebul interesebs Soris; resursebis dauflebis da ganawilebis
xelovnebas; konsesusis miRwevis xelovnebas; RonisZiebebisa da qmedebebis
erTobliobas, romelic mimarTulia konkretuli miznis miRwevisTvis;
xalxis
gaerTianebis
xelovnebas;
brZolas
sakuTari
wesebis
dawesebisTvis; paeqrobas interesebsa da Rirebulebebs Soris.
rac mTavaria, politika aris Zalauflebis, upiratesad saxelmwifo
xelisuflebis mopovebis, SenarCunebis da ganmtkicebis xelovneba.
Zalauflebis mopoveba politikis mTavari mizania. Zalaufleba, Tavis
mxriv aris ekonomikuri, socialuri, politikuri da kulturuli
amocanebis gadawyvetis ZiriTadi saSualeba.
resursebis floba da ga(da)nawileba politikis kidev erTi
umniSvnelovanesi maxasiaTebelia. resursebi limitirebulia, amdenad
politika mudam konfliqtis zRvarze balansirebs. aqedan gamomdinare,
politika SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc qiSpi SezRuduli resursebis
gamo, xolo Zalaufleba am mocileobis mTavari instrumenti (heivudi,
2007:13).
politikisa da Zalauflebis Sesaxeb diskusia jer kidev antikur
epoqaSi mimdinareobda. platonis mixedviT saxelwifo marTvis sadaveebi
31

brZenTa xelSi unda iyos. aristoteles miaCnda, rom xelisuflebaSi

Tavisufali moqalaqeebic unda monawileobdnen.
anglo-amerikul samecniero literaturaSi xelisuflebisa da
sazogadoebis urTierTobebis daxasiaTebisas gamoiyeneba politikuri
sistemis17 (Political System) cneba. cnobili amerikeli politologis
gabriel olmondis (Gabriel A. Almond) ganmartebiT politikuri sistema
politikuri institutebis garda moicavs socialur da ekonomikur
struqturebs, sazogadoebis istoriul tradiciebsa da Rirebulebebs,
aseve ganviTarebis kulturul konteqsts (, 2006:8). politikuri
sistemis elementebis urTierTobas sistemuri xasiaTi aqvs, rac imas
niSnavs, rom romelime elementis cvlileba mTeli sistemis cvlilebasac
iwvevs.
Zalaufleba politikis, rogorc praqtikis, aseve mecnierebis
centraluri konceftia. Zalauflebis calsaxa ganmarteba ar arsebobs.
zogadad, Zalaufleba aris adamianis unari meore adamians gaakeTebinos
is, rasac sxva SemTxvevaSi es ukanaskneli ar gaakeTebda (Roskin et al, 2008:
5). Zalaufleba mravalmxrivi movlenaa, Sesabamisad misi daxasiaTeba
sxvadasxva kuTxiT SeiZleba. ganvixiloT Zalauflebis ramdenime
mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebeli:
biologiuri maxasiaTebeli. jer kidev aristotele aRniSnavda, rom
adamiani
aris
politikuri
cxoveli.
amiT
berZeni
filosofosi
mianiSnebda, rom adamiani bevri cxovelis msgavsad jgufuri cxovrebis
wess
misdevs.
adamianebis
socialur
Tanacxovrebas
garkveuli
upiratesoba
aqvs,
upirveles
yovlisa
sakvebis
mopovebisa
da
usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis TvalsazrisiT. bunebrivia, rom jgufuri
cxovreba ganapirobebs socialuri ierarqiis arsebobas. SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom
sazogadoebis
politikuri
organizacia
da
liderebisadmi
daqvemdebareba adamianis bunebrivi instinqtia, romelic mis cxovelur
sawyisze mianiSnebs. Tumca, amasaTan dakavSirebiT ibadeba ramdenime
kiTxva. riTi SeiZleba aixsnas is faqti, rom sakmaod xSirad adgili aqvs
mmarTvelebisadmi adamianebis masobriv daumorCileblobas? garda amisa,
aseve xSirad, adamianebis mniSvnelovani nawili nebayoflobiT tovebs
Tavis erTobas da sxvagan miemgzavreba. cxovelebisTvis ucxoa protestis
masobrivi gamovlinebebi. aqedan gamomdinare, xom ar gvaZlevs es
saSualebas gadavxedoT aristoteles cnobil gamoTqmas da is sxvagvarad
CamovayaliboT: adamiani arasrulyofili politikuri cxovelia (iqve: 5).
fsiqologiuri maxasiaTebeli. gansaxilveli sakiTxis SeswavlaSi
fsiqologebi prioritets empiriul kvlevebs aniWeben. erT-erTi cnobili
fsiqologiuri eqsperimenti iTvaliswinebda dakvirvebis obieqtis wamebas
eleqtroSokis
meSveobiT.
profesorma
studentebs
daavala
eleqtroxelsawyos meSveobiT gamoemuSavebinaT denis iseTi doza,
romelic maTTvis ucnobi adamianSi tkivils gamoiwvevda da moexdinaT am
procesis detaluri aRwera. studentebs ar siamovnebdaT adamianis
tanjvaSi monawileoba, magram yvela maTganma pirnaTlad Seasrula
17

arsobrivad sistema igivea, rac struqtura, miuxedavad imisa, rom struqtura sistemis
Semadgenelad nawilad iTvleba. sistema (stuqtura) aris mTeli, romlis Semadgenel
nawilebs Soris arsebobs bunebrivi an normatiuli (wesebiT dadgenili) kavSiri.
xazgasmulia, rom sistemis an struqturis komponentebis Soris unda arsebobdes
urTierTkavSiri. konkretuli sistema, rogorc wesi masze ufro msxvili sistemis
SemadgenlobaSi Sedis. mag., ganaTlebis sistema aris saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis sistemis
nawili, xolo nebismieri saxelmwifo, Tavis mxriv saerTaSoriso sistemis elementia.

32

micemuli davaleba. sinamdvileSi, xelsawyo dens ar gamoimuSavebda,

xolo dakvirvebis obieqti iyo msaxiobi, romelic tkivilis simulacias
axdenda. Tumca, am istoriaSi es ar aris gadamwyveti. mniSvnelovania is,
rom studentebma saswavlo kursSi dadebiTi Sefasebis miReba ufro
maRla daayenes, vidre humanisturi Rirebulebebi.
fsiqologebi da biologebi amtkiceben, rom konformizmi18 adamianis
bunebrivi, Tandayolili Tvisebaa. jgufis wevrebi cdiloben moergon
jgufs, miiRon misi azrovnebis da qcevis normebi, Sesabamisad jgufSi
saerTo mentaloba yalibdeba. jgufs, rogorc aseTs ar uyvars kritikosi
da ufrTxis mas. sakmaod xSirad jgufi kargavs realobis SegrZnebas da
ayalibebs pozicias, imis Taobaze, rom yvelaferi kargad midis da
momavalSic ase iqneba. cnobilia, rom politikosTa jgufebma amerikis
istoriis or sxvadasxva periodSi mxedvelobaSi ar miiRes dazvervis
argumentirebuli da Sesabamisi monacemebiT gamyarebuli gansxvavebuli
azri, ris Sedegadac erT SemTxvevaSi adgili qonda pirl harboris
dabombvas, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi 2001 w. 9 seqtembris teroristul
aqtebs (iqve: 8).
kulturuli maxasiaTebeli. XX s.-is meore naxevarSi Seiqmna
araerTi kulturuli Teoria, romelmac Secvala mecnierebaSi manamde
gabatonebuli mosazreba adamianis qcevisa da identobis Tandayolili
(bunebriv-biologiuri) xasiaTis Sesaxeb. am Teoriebis Tanaxmad adamianis
qceva yalibdeba socialuri urTierTobebis procesSi.
anTropologebis kategoriuli mtkicebiT adamianebis qcevaSi
yovelgvari gansxvaveba kulturuli faqtorebiT aris ganpirobebuli.
pluralistuli da mSvidobiani sazogadoebebSi axali Taobis aRzrda
xdeba im kulturuli Rirebulebebis mixedviT, romelic damkvidrebulia
am sazogadoebebSi. mozardi Taobis aRzrdis institutebs Soris
aRsaniSnavia ojaxis, skolis, eklesiis da masmediis roli. amasTan
dakavSirebiT,
politikuri
mecnierebis
wiaRSi
aRmocenda
axali
mimarTuleba politikuri kultura. politologebs miaCniaT, rom
sazogadoebis politikuri kultura yalibdeba grZelvadiani faqtorebis
zemoqmedebis Sedegad, iseTebis rogoricaa religia, bavSvebis aRzrda,
miwaTsargebloba, ekonomikuri ganviTareba. sagulisxmoa, rom nebismieri
eris (xalxis) politikuri kulturis formireba xdeba aramarto
eTnikuri da religiuri, aramed socialuri da ekonomikuri aspeqtebis
safuZvelze (iqve, 8).
kulturis Teoretikosebi xazgasmiT aRniSnaven, rom garkveuli
problemebi iCens Tavs im sazogadoebaSi, sadac adgili aqvs politikuri
da kulturuli sistemebis gansxvavebul ganviTarebas. amis TvalsaCino
magaliTia iranis movlenebi, romelsac adgili qonda 1970-iani wlebis
bolos. iranis Sahma mohamed reza fexlevim gadawyvita qveynis
modenizacia, romelsac safuZvlad daedo islamis rolis Semcireba da
dasavluri Rirebulebebis win wamoweva. amis sapasuxod, iranelebi
aujanydnen Sahs da is daamxes (iqve: 9).
racionaluroba. jer kidev XVII s.-is meore naxevarSi Seiqmna
Teoriebi, sadac adamiani warmoCenilia, rogorc racionaluri arseba.
18

konformizmi individis mier sakuTari mosazrebis, RirebulebaTa sistemis, qcevis,

aRqmis da a.S. imgvarad Secvla, rom is SesabamisobaSi movides sazogadoebaSi an
mocemul socialur jgufSi gabatonebul mosazrebasTan.

33

aseTi mosazrebebi gvxdeba britaneli mecnierebis Tomas hobsis (Thomas

Hobbes)19 da jon lokis (John Locke)20 naSromebSi. kerZod, xazgasmulia, rom
adamianebi survili Seqmnan Tavisufali da samoqalaqo sazogadoeba
nakarnaxevia gonebis ZaliT (Power of Reason) (iqve: 9-10). sicocxlisa da
sakuTrebis dacvis mizniT adamianebi irCeven xelisuflebas. Tu
xelisufleba ver asrulebs masze dakisrebul movaleobas, am SemTxvevaSi
sazogadoeba mas undoblobas ucxadebs da iyenebs Tavis legitimur
uflebas is Secvalos.
iracionaluroba. XIX s.-is meore naxevarSi mecnierTa jgufma
Camoayaliba koncefcia, romlis mixedviT adamianebi gamoirCevian
iracionaluri qceviTa da gadawyvetilebebis miRebiT, gansakuTrebiT,
maSin, rodesac saqme politikas exeba. kerZod, aRniSnuli iyo, rom
adamianebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia emociuroba, kulturuli siboloebis,
miTebisa da stereotipebis idealizireba. adamianTa gaerTianebebi
gaigivebuli iyo brbosTan, romlisTvis daxaxasiaTebelia cxoveluri
instinqtebi, qarizmatuli liderebis Tayvaniscema. biheviorizmis am
mimarTulebis apologeti iyo italieli faSistebis beladi benito
musolini.
man
praqtikaSi
gamoiyena
iracionaluri
skolis
warmomadgenelTa naazrevi. mogvianebiT mas adolf hitlerma mibaZa (iqve:
10).
unda aRiniSnos, rom zemoT dasaxelebuli Tvisebebi, samwuxarod
damaxasiaTebelia
adamianebis
politikuri
qcevisTvis.
istoria
gvaswavlis, rom sakuTari politikuri miznebis miRwevisTvis xalxis
aRniSnuli TvisebebiT manipulirebas katastrofuli Sedegi moaqvs,
rogorc liderebisTvis, aseve maTi mxardamWerebisTvisac.
xSirad
erTmaneTTan
aigiveben
Zalasa
da
Zalauflebas
(xelisuflebas). jon loki samarTlianad aRniSnavda, rom flobde
saxelisuflebo
saSualebebs
jer
kidev
ar
niSnavs,
rom
xar
xelisufleba (Garner et al, 2009: 52). demokratiis Teoria gvaswavlis, rom
moZalade xelisufleba xelmocaruli xelisuflebaa. xelisufleba
sakuTar sazogadoebaSi avtoritetiTa da ndobiT unda sargeblobdes.
inglisurenovan samecniero literaturaSi xalxis ndobiT aRWurvil
xelisuflebas uwodeben Authority, Tumca yoveldRiurobaSi es termini
nebismieri tipis xelisuflebis aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneba.
xelisuflebis
avtoritetulobas
sxvagvarad
xelisuflebis
legitimurobas uwodeben. Sua saukuneebSi adgili qonda monarqisTvis
qveynis
marTvis
legitimuri
uflebis
memkvidreobiT
gadacemas.
msoflios politikur rukaze respublikebis gamoCenasTan erTad
Seicvala
damokidebuleba
legitimaciis
cnebasTan
dakavSirebiT.
Tanamedrove periodSi xelisuflebis legitimuroba ganisazRvreba qveynis
lideris an xelisuflebis mimarT sazogadoebis ndobis xarisxze. Tavis
mxriv, am xarisxis sidide damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramdenad kanonierad
da samarTlianad marTavs xelisufleba qveyanas.
19

Tomas hobsi (1588-1679 ww.) britaneli moazrovne, politikuri filosofosi.

cnobili wignis leviaTanis avtori. am naSromis daxasaiTeba ix. MII TavSi.
20 jon loki (1632-1704 ww.) britaneli filosofosi, klasikuri liberalizmis Teoriis
fuZemdebeli, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis da samarTlebrivi demokratiuli saxelmwifos
ideebis pioneri. misi cnobili naSromebia: werili religiuri Semwynareblobis Sesaxeb
(A Letter Concerning Toleration), ese adamianuri gagebebis Sesaxeb (Essay Concerning Human
Understanding), meore traqtati samoqalaqo mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb (The Second Treatise of Civil
Government), garkveuli mosazrebebi aRzrdis Sesaxeb (Some Thoughts Concerning Education).

34

maqs veberi ganasxvavebs sami saxis legitimurobas (iqve: 51):

tradiciuli
legitimuroba
damaxasiaTebelia
monarqiuli
saxelmwifoebisTvis. miuxedavad imisa, yvela evropuli monarqia
imavdroulad
demokratiul
saxelmwifos
warmoadgens
mosaxleoba pativs cems da icavs feodaluri epoqis garkveul
tradiciebs. Tumca, isic unda aRiniSnos, rom am tradiciebis
mniSvnelovani nawili samefo karis ritualebiT Semoifargleba.
qarizmatuli legitimuroba ukavSirdeba romelime politikuri
lideris qarizmas anu mis gansakuTrebul pirovnul Tvisebebs.
qarizmatuli legitimuroba ganapirobebs sazogadoebis mxridan
lideris Seucdomlobis da yovlisSemZleobis aRiarebas da
misdami
upirobo
morCilebas.
aseTi
saxis
legitimuroba
msoflios
bevri
qveynis
politikuri
sistemisTvis
aris
damaxasiaTebeli.
arcerTi
am
qveyanaTagani
ar
aris
demokratiuli. qarizmatuli liderisTvis saxelmwifos marTvis
umTavres princips warmoadgens ara kanonis uzenaesoba da
samarTlianoba, aramed misi piradi ambiciebi. qarizmatuli
lideri, rogorc wesi Cndeba revulociebis, omebis an erovnulganmanTavisuflebeli moZraobebis dros. aRsaniSnavia, rom rig
SemTxvevebSi qarizmatul liderad gvevlineba ara saxelmwifos
oficialuri meTauri, aramed religiuri lideri. amis klasikuri
magaliTia 1980-iani wlebis irani, rodesac mosaxleoba upirobod
emorCileboda aiaTola21 homeinis mowodebebs da brZanebebs.
veberis
ganmartebiT
qarizmatuli
legitimuroba
arastabilurobiT gamoirCeva, radgan lideris xelisuflebidan
wasvlis Semdeg iqmneba realuri Zalauflebis vakuumi, rasac
qveyanaSi politikuri krizisi moaqvs.
samarTlebriv-racionaluri anu demokratiuli legitimuroba.
aseT
legitimurobas
safuZvlad
udevs
sazogadoebrivi
(erovnuli) Tanxmoba. aseT pirobebSi qveyanaSi gamefebulia
konstituciuri
kanoniereba,
rac
gamoixateba
kanonis
uzenaesobis, samarTlianobis, xelisuflebis StoTa balansis,
samoqalaqo sazogadobis CarTulobis, adamianis uflebebisa da
Tavisuflebebis
principebis
ganuxrel
dacvasa
da
uzrunvelyofaSi.

21

aiaTola islamis Siituri mimarTulebis umaRlesi religiuri rangi.

35

Tavi II
nacionalizmi, eTnikuroba, identoba
qveynad bevri gaugebrobaa, magram yvelaferi gaviwydeba,
roca erovnul himns mReri
robert muzili. adamiani Rirsebebis gareSe. t. I, gv. 577

nacionalizmi
1774 wels germaneli filosofosis iohan gotfrid herderis (Johann
Gottfried Herder) avtorobiT samecniero literaturaSi pirvelad gamoCnda
termini nacionalizmi, Tumca misi farTo gamoyeneba mxolod XIX s.-is
meore naxevridan daiwyo (Alter, 1990: 7).
nacionalizmi mravalsaxovania da SeiZleba iyos:
erebis Camoyalibebisa da ganviTarebis procesi;
romelime erisadmi kuTvnilebis grZnoba an erovnuli Segneba;
ena da erovnuli simboloebi;
erovnuli egidiT moqmedi socialuri da politikuri moZraobebi;
zogadi da/an konkretuli erovnuli doqtrina (maT Soris
politikuri doqtrina22) an ideologia (Smith, 2001: 5-6).
diskursuli formacia (Calhoun, 1997:3)
mocemuli tipologiidan Cans, rom nacionalizmis filosofiis
centrSi dgas eri. ra aris eri?
eris imdeni samecniero ganmarteba SeiZleba arsebobdes, ramdeni
mkvlevris muSaobs am sferoSi. am terminebis mniSvnelovani nawili
urTierTgamomricxavia. ibadeba kiTxva, ratom aris Seqmnili aseTi
situacia terminologiasTan dakavSirebiT?
erTi
mxriv,
eris
definicia
dakavSirebulia
mosaxleobis
aRmniSvnel sxva cnebebTan, iseTebTan rogoricaa mag., xalxi, eTnosi an
sazogadoeba. mTlianobaSi, am terminebTan mimarTebaSi mniSvnelovani
qaosi sufevs rogorc samecniero, aseve Jurnalistur da politikur
wreebSi. ufro metic, saerTaSoriso samarTalSi ar arsebobs mag., eris,
xalxis, eTnikuri Tu religiuri umciresobis ganmarteba. unificirebuli
terminologiis arasebobis pirobebSi nebismieri dainteresebuli mxare an
pirovneba
am
terminebs
sakuTar
interpretacias
aZlevs.
aqedan
gamomdinare, eris da zogadad nacionalizmis problematika imiT
gamoirCeva, rom am sferoSi meti kiTxvebia, vidre maTze pasuxebi.
winamdebare Tavis mTavari amocanaa gavecnoT nacionalizmis
ZiriTad
cnebebs,
ideebs,
koncefciebs,
mimarTulebebs,
cnobili
mecnierebis naazrevs da calkeul magaliTebs.

22

specialistebis nawili, maT Soris mag., ernst gelenri an eli keduri miiCneven, rom

politikuri doqtrina nacionalizmis gadamwyveti maxasiaTebelia.

36

eTnosi
samecniero da praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT ers yvelze mWidro
kavSiri aqvs eTnosTan. Jurnalistur publikaciebSi da bevri qveynis
sajaro dokumentebSic ki es cnebebi sinonimebad moixsenieba. ramdenad
koreqtulia aseTi midgoma?
termin eTnoss didi xnis istoria aqvs. vulgatas23 inglisurenovan
versiaSi berZnuli sityva eTnosi () naTargminia, rogorc xalxi,
radgan bibliaSi Cawerilia, rom israeli aris xalxi (eri), romelsac
gaaCnia saerTo ena, religia, teritoria da mTavroba. aqedan moyolebuli
daaxloebiT aTi saukunis ganmavlobaSi eTnosi ixmareboda xalxis
mniSvnelobiT. me-14 saukuneSi inglisSi damkvidrda eTnosis monaTesave
termini eTnikuri (Ethnic), romelsac
religiuri datvirTva qonda da
gamoiyeneboda araqristiani xalxebis aRsaniSnavad.
Tanamedrove inglisur enaSi sityva eTnosis zusti analogi ar
arsebobs. anglo-amerikul samecniero literaturaSi xmaroben termins
Ethnicity24 (eTnisiTi). britaneTsa da amerikaSi eTnisiTi xmarebaSi
pirvelad wina saukunis 30-40-ian wlebSi Semovida, xolo oqsfordis
inglisur leqsikonebSi is daaxloebiT sami aTeuli wlis Semdeg moxvda.
amJamad eTnisiTi ori mniSvnelobiT ixmareba. pirveli, es aris
adamianTa jgufi, romlic erTi an ramdenime kulturuli niSnis
safuZvelze, Tavis Tavs sxvebisgan gansxvavebulad aRiqvams, xolo, meore
mxriv, igulisxmeba individis kuTvnileba romelime eTnosisadmi (Gilmartin,
2006: 139). Sesabamisad, eTnisiTi aris, rogorc jgufis, aseve idividis
eTnikuri identobis maxasiaTebeli. aqedan gamomdinare, anglo-amerikuli
termini eTnisiTi unda gavigoT, rogorc eTnikuri mimarTeba, ufro
zustad ki eTnikuroba.
eTnosis sinonimi anglo-amerikul literaturaSi aris Ethnic group
(eTnikuri jgufi). nacionalizmis sakiTxebis gamoCenili britanili
mkvlevari entoni daglas smiti (Anthony Douglas Smith) am terminis
sxvadasxvagvari interpretaciis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, iyenebs
frangul termins Ethnie (eTni), rac eTnoss niSnavs. sabWoTa mecnierebaSi
termin eTnosis damkvidreba daiwyo 1923 wlidan, rac dakavSirebulia
rusi mecnieris sergei Sirokogorovis saxelTan (http://ru.wikipedia.org
/wiki/ru).
XX saukunis dasawyisSi germanelma mecnierma fridrix mainekem
(Friedrich Meinecke) Semoitana kulturuli erisa (Kulturnation) da politikuri
eris (Staatsnation, Nationalstaat) cnebebi (Oergel, 2006: 281; Miller, 1992: 33).
dasavlur samecniero literaturaSi am droisTvis jer kidev ar iyo
damkvidrebuli termini eTnosi. maineke amtkicebda, rom kulturuli eris
wevroba dadgenilia bunebiTa da istoriiT, Sesabamisad is memkvidreobiT
gadadis, xolo politikuri eris wevroba nebayoflobiTia, radgan misi
arseboba damokidebulia erisadmi calkeuli individebis loialobaze.
naTelia, rom germaneli
mecnieris mier SemoTavazebuli definiciebi
emTxveva eTnosisa da eris Tanamedrove analogebs.

23

vulgata bibliis sayovelTaod miRebuli laTinuri Targmani, romelic IV s.-is

bolos ganekuTvneba.
24
rusul enaSi am terminis Sestyvisia .

37

eTnosis sayovelTaod miRebuli ganmarteba ar arsebobs. metic, am

cnebas msoflios sxvadasxva regionSi gansxvavebuli datvirTva aqvs. mag.,
amerikaSi termini eTnosi xSirad gamoiyeneba rasebTan (mag., afroamerikelebi, azielebi, laTinoamerikelebi) an amerikaSi mcxovreb im
diasporasTan mimarTebaSi, romlebic ar miekuTvnebian TeTrkanian
anglo-saqson protestantebs25 (mag., polonelebi, berZnebi, ebraelebi,
irlandielebi, italielebi) (Eriksen, 2010: 5). imas, rasac sabWoTa kavSirSi
ers uwodebdnen sinamdvileSi eTnosi iyo.
CanarTi #

eTnikuri da rasobrivi kategoriebi amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi

1997 wels aSS-is menejmentisa da biujetis samsaxurma SeimuSava
klasifikacia, romlis safuZvelzec ganisazRvreba, rogorc aSS-is
moqalaqeebis da mudmivi rezidentebis (mwvane baraTis mflobelebis),
aseve ucxoeTidan garkveuli droiT (ramdenime Tve da meti) Camosuli
pirebis rasobrivi da eTnikuri kuTvnileba (ix. Definitions for New Race and
Ethnicity Categories). mocemuli klasifikacia gansxvavebulia Sesabamisi
samecniero midgomebisgan. Tavdapirvelad pirovnebam unda daadasturos,
rom is:
aris hispaniki anu laTinoamerikeli, an
ar aris hispaniki anu laTinoamerikeli
Tu pasuxi uaryofiTia, Semdeg interviuerma unda Semoxazos erTierTi qvemoT mocemuli kategoriebidan:
amerikeli indieli an alaskis mkvidri;
azieli;
Savkaniani anu afro-amerikeli;
havais an wynari okeanis sxva kunZulebis mkvidri
TeTrkaniani
zemoT mocemuli TiToeuli kategoria moicavs Semdegi rasebis,
regionebis, lingvisturi jgufebis warmomadgenlebs:
hispaniki anu laTinoamerikeli: kuburi, meqsikuri, puerto-rikouli,
samxreT an centralur amerikuli warmoSobis piri, ganurCevlad misi
rasobrivi kuTvnilebisa.
amerikeli indieli an alaskis mkvidri: piri, romelic warmoSobiT
aris Crdilo an samxreT amerikis (centraluri amerikis CaTvliT)
mkvidri xalxebidan da am xalxis kulturul identifikacias inarCunebs
tomobrivi afiliaciis an TemTan kavSiris safuZvelze.

25

TeTrkaniani anglo-saqsoni protestantebi (inglisurad White Anglo-Saxon Protestants,

SemoklebiT WASP) araformaluri termini, erTgvari kliSe, romliTac aSS-Si aRniSnaven

britanuli warmoSobis protestantebs, romelTa xelSi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi iyo
Tavmoyrili finansuri da politikuri Zalaufleba.

38

azieli:

piri,
romelic
warmoSobiT
miekuTvneba
Soreuli
aRmosavleTis, samxreT-aRmosavleT aziis an indoeTis subkontinentis 26
romelime mkvidr xalxs.
Savkaniani anu afro-amerikeli:
piri,
romelic
warmoSobiT
miekuTvneba afrikis romelime Savkanian rasobriv jgufs.
havais an wynari okeanis sxva kunZulebis mkvidri: piri, romelic
warmoSobiT miekuTvneba havaize, guamze, samoaze an wynari okeanis sxva
kunZulebze mobinadre romelime xalxs.
TeTrkaniani: piri, romelic warmoSobiT miekuTvneba evropis, axlo
aRmosavleTis an Crdilo afrikis romelime mkvidr xalxs.
wyaro: Definitions for New Race and Ethnicity Categories. http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds/
reic/definitions.asp
am
klasifikaciaSi
yuradRebas
iqcevs
is
garemoeba,
rom
gamoyenebulia sxvadasxvagvari midgomebi: wminda rasobrivi (afroamerikelebi), lingvistur-regionuli (laTinoamerikelebi), rasobrivregionuli (TeTrkanianebi), regionuli (azielebi,
wynari
okeanis
kunZulebis xalxebi) anTropologiuri (amerikis indielebi, alaskis
mkviri mosaxleoba).
sagulisxmoa, rom adamianebis rasobrivi an eTnikuri identifikacia
ganisazrvreba ara TviT respodentis mier, aramed aSS-is menejmentisa da
biujetis samsaxuris mier SemuSavebuli kriteriumebiT. braziliaSi an
kolumbiaSi mcxovrebi Savkaniani adamianis TviTidentifikaciaSi pirvel
adgilze SeiZleba idges Savkaniani, xolo Semdeg laTinoamerikeli,
brazilieli an kolumbieli da a.S. indoeli an pakistaneli Tavs
SesaZloa jer TeTrkanianad miiCnevdes, xolo Semdeg azielad.
amerikuli samsaxuris mixedviT es ori ukanaskneli TeTrkanianebSi
saerTod ar Sedian.
sainteresoa, rom am klasifikaciaSi ar arian moxseniebuli axalzelandielebi,
samxreT-afrikeli
an
avstralieli
TeTrkanianebi.
igulisxmeba, rom maT unda miuTiTon TeTrkaniani, e.i. miekuTvnebian
evropuli warmoSobis xalxebs. aseve, gaugebaria vis miekuTvnebian
centraluri aziis xalxebi: tajikebi, uzbekebi da Turqmenebi.
mTlianobaSi SeiZleba aRiniSnos, rom mocemuli klasifikacia
subieqturi da Zalze moZvelebuli. cnobilia, rom bevri ucxoeli am
formis Sevsebisas Tavs Seurawyofilad grZnobs. miuxedavad, mZafri
kritikisa aRniSnuli amerikuli samsaxuri jer ar apirebs mis
klasifikaciaSi Sesworebebis Setanas. rasebisa da eTnosebis dadgenaSi
analogiur midgomas iyeneben mag., kanadisa da avstraliis Sesabamisi
samsaxurebi.
miuxedavad, semanatikuri gansxvavebebis didi amplitudisa mainc
SesaZlebelia
davadginoT
eTnosis,
rogorc
cnebis
ZiriTadi
maxasiaTeblebi. am mizniT SevecadoT erTmaneTs SevadaroT cnobili
mecnierebis ganmartebebi eTnosis Sesaxeb:

26

aSS-is menejmentisa da biujetis samsaxuri ar ganmartavs ra teritorias moicavs

indoeTis subkontinenti, magram savaraudoa, rom masSi SeyavT indoeTi, pakistani,
bangladeSi, nepali, butani, Sri lanka da, albaT maldivis kunZulebic.

39

maqs veberis mixedviT, eTnikuri jgufi aris adamianTa

gaerTianeba, romelsiTvisac damaxasiaTebelia subieqturi rwmena
saerTo warmomavlobaze, gamomdinare maTi fizikuri msgavsebidan
an tradiciebidan an teritoriis kolonizaciisa da/an migraciis
saerTo istoriidan; es rwmena gadamwyvetia eTnikuri jgufis
formirebaSi. mniSvneloba ar aqvs jgufis wevrebs Soris
realurad arsebobs sisxliT naTesaoba Tu ara (Hutchinson &
Smith, 1996: 35).
donald
xorovici
miiCnevs,
rom
eTnikurobis
safuZvels
warmoadgens saerTo warmomavloba (Horovitz, 1985: 52).
amerikeli
mecnieri jeims
fironi gamoyofs
eTnosisTvis
damaxasiaTebel 6 Semdeg ZiriTad niSans: eTnosi Sedegeba saerTo
eTnikuri warmomavlobis adamianebisgan; maT gaTviTcnobierebuli
aqvT jgufis wevroba; maT aerTianebT saerTo kultura; es
kultura jgufis wevrTa umravlesobisTvis mniSvnelovani
Rirebulebaa; saerTo samSoblo an miTi samSoblos Sesaxeb;
saerTo istoria. (Fearon, 2003: 7).
stiven grosbis azriT, eTnosisa da eris ZiriTadi gansxvaveba
imaSi mdgomareobs, rom pirvelisTvis mniSvnelovania rwmena
erTiani winapris an winaprebis arsebobis Sesaxeb, im dros,
rodesac eris SemTxvevaSi ZiriTadi aqcenti keTdeba garkveuli
teritoriisadmi kuTvnilebaze (Grosby, 2005: 14).
rusi mecnieris valeri tiSkovis ganmartebiT eTnosi aris
adamianTa gaerTianeba, romlis wevrebs gaaCniaT erTi an
ramdenime
saerTo
saxelwodeba
da
saerTo
kulturuli
elementebi, miTi (versia) saerTo warmomavlobis Sesaxeb,
Sesabamisad

saerTo
istoriuli
mexsiereba,
SeuZliaT
asocireba garkveul geografiul teritoriasTan, aseve avlenen
koleqtiuri solidarobis grZnobas (, 2001).

zemoT mocemul yvela definiciaSi figurirebs erTi saerTo niSani

saerTo warmomavloba. sxva niSnebidan unda gamovyoT saerTo kultura
da ena, saerTo istoria, saerTo samSoblo. es maxasiaTeblebi
Tavmoyrilia entoni d. smitis ganmartebaSi:
[eTnikuri erToba anu eTnosi] aris sakuTari eTnonimis mqone
adamianTa gaerTianeba, romlisTvisac, elitis doneze mainc,
damaxasiaTebelia miTebi saerTo warmomavlobaze, saerTo
istoriuli mexsiereba, erTiani kulturis elementebi, garkveul
istoriul teritoriasTan kavSiri, solidarobis erTgvari
grZnoba (Smith, 1995:57).
eTnosis maxasiaTeblebis prioritetulobis Sesaxeb gansxvavebuli
damokidebuleba SemgvTavaza norvegielma mecnierma
frederik bartma
(Frederick Barth). mas miaCnia, rom eTnikurobis gansazRvraSi saerTo
warmomavloba an kultura ki ar aris gadamwyveti faqtori, aramed im
40

gansxvavebebis
dafiqsireba,
romelsac
adgili
aqvs
mxolod
jgufTaSorisi urTierTobis procesSi (Barth, 1969).
am
ideas
aviTarebs
meore
norvegieli
mecnieri,
cnobili
anTropologi tomas eriqsenis (Thomas Eriksen). misi azriT eTnikuroba
jgufTaSorisi paeqrobis Sedegad yalibdeba, Sesabamisad eTnikuri
gansxvavebebis aRmoceneba socialuri movlenaa. mag., axal gvineaSi
erTmaneTis mezoblad SeiZleba ori Temi, romelic erTmaneTisgan
gansxvavdeba eniT, religiiT da sxva kulturuli niSnebiT, magram maT
Soris
ar
arsebobs
urTierToba,
radgan
isini
erTmaneTisgan
izolirebulad cxovrobdnen. da piriqiT, or jgufs Soris praqtikulad
ar
arsebobs
kulturuli
gansxvavebebi,
magram
isini
erTmaneTs
gansxvavebul erTobebad ganixilaven. norvegieli mecnieri aRniSnavs, rom,
pirvel SemTxvevaSi naadrevia romelime jgufis eTnikurobaze saubari,
xolo meore SemTxvevaSi ki es saxezea (Eriksen, 2010: 16-17). SeiZleba
davaskvnaT, rom eriqsenisTvis eTnikurobis gansazRvraSi gadamwyvetia ara
TviTidentifikacia, aramed urTierTidentifikacia. prioritetulobis
sakiTxi SesaZloa sakamaTo iyos, magram warmodgenili koncefti sxva
mxriv aris mniSvnelovani. is kidev erTxel usvams xazs im garemoebas,
rom eTnosi socialuri konstruqciaa, Sesabamisad eTnikuri identoba
yalibdeba ara izolirebulad, aramed sxva kulturul erTobebTan
socializaciis procesSi.
entoni d. smiti erTmaneTs adarebs Tanamedrove ers da eTnoss27 da
gvTavazobs maT ganamasxvavebel niSnebs (ix. cxrili #).
cxrili #

erisa da eTnosisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi entoni d. smitis mixedviT

eTnosi
eri
eTnonimi
eTnonimi
saerTo miTebi winaprebze
saerTo miTebi
saerTo mexsiereba
saerTo istoria
kulturuli TviTmyofadoba
saerTo masobrivi (sazogadoebrivi)
kultura
garkveul teritoriasTan kavSiri
garkveuli teritoriis floba
elitis solidaroba
saerTo uflebebi da movaleobebi
saerTo ekonomika
wyaro: Smith, 2001: 13
zemoT mocemuli cxrilis SedarebiTi analizi saSualebas gvaZlevs
davaskvnaT, rom eri eTnosisgan gansxvavdeba Semdegi oTxi ZiriTadi
niSniT: saerTo masobrivi (sazogadoebrivi) kultura, saerTo uflebebi
da movaleobebi (e.i. saerTo kanondmebloba), erTiani ekonomika (e.i.
ekonomikuri infrastruqtura) da garkveuli teritoriis floba (e.i.
suvereniteti). oTxive maTgani imavdoulad warmoadgens Tanamedrove
saxelmwifos damaxasiaTebel niSans. aqedan, mivdivarT mniSvnelovan
daskvnamde, rom eTnosi, romelmac moipova damoukidebloba da Seqmna
saxelmwifoebrioba aris eri.
amasTan, jerjerobiT upasuxod rCeba ori mniSvnelovani sakiTxi: 1)
SeiZleba Tu ara, rom eTnosi warmoadgendes ers, magram mas ar gaaCndes

27

entoni d. smiti Tavis naSromebSi eTnosis aRsaniSnavad sargeblobs franguli

terminiT eTni (Ethnie).

41

saxelmwifoebrioba? da 2) SeiZleba, Tu ara erad miviCnioT is xalxi,

romelmac Seqmna saxelmwifoebrioba, magram ar warmoadgenda eTnoss.
meore SekiTxvaze pasuxis gacema SedarebiT advilia. Tanamedrove
msoflioSi
saxelmwifoebrioba
gaaCniaT
iseT
erebs,
romlebic
damoukideblobis mopovebis procesSi ar warmoadgendnen eTnoss am
sityvis
klasikuri
gagebiT.
aseTebia
arian
mag.,
amerikelebi,
Sveicarielebi,
kanadelebi,
avstralielebi,
axalzelandielebi
da
iamaikelebi, mavrikielebi. sakiTxi nacionalizmi eTnikurobis gareSe
ufro detalurad ganxilulia amave TavSi.
pirveli SekiTxvaze pasuxis gacema gacilebiT ufro rTulia,
radgan es nacionalizmis kvlevis erT-erTi yvelaze winaaRmdegobrivi
problemaa. mogvianebiT Cven davubrundebiT am sakiTxs.

nacionalizmi, rogorc ideologia

nacionalizms, rogorc process anu erovnuli mSeneblobis process
mTavar impulss ideologia aZlevs. ideologia nacionalizmis tvinia. is
gansazRvravs, nacionalizmis ganviTarebis strategiul mimarTulebebs.
zogierTi mecnieris azriT eri nacionalizmis ideologiis produqtia
(ix. mag. , 2001).
eris
Camoyalibeba,
miTumetes
misi
Semdgomi
arseboba
damokidebulia sami maxasiaTeblis erTobliobaze. esenia: erovnuli
avtonomia, erovnuli erTianoba da erovnuli identoba.
entoni d. smitis
ganmartebiT nacionalizmi aris ideologiuri
moZraoba, romlis mTavari mizania erovnuli avtonomiis, erTianobis da
identobis formireba da SenarCuneba, rac, Tavis mxriv xels uwyobs
mosaxleobis Camoyalibebas realur an potenciur erad (Smith, 2001: 9).
mocemul
ganmartebaSi
sayuradReboa
ori
aspeqti.
pirveli
dakavSirebulia ers mier avtonomiis aramarto mopovebis, aramed
SenarCunebis aucileblobasTan, radgan winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi is
SeiZleba gaxdes sxva eris nawili an separatizmis Sedegad dakargos
avtonomiurobis xarisxi. meore aspeqti miuTiTebs potenciuri eris
fenomenze anu im situaciaze, rodesac damoukideblobis miRweva win
uswrebs erad Camoyalibebas (iqve). XIX s.-Si italiis ganTavisuflebis
Semdeg qveynis pirvelma premier-ministrma masimo dazeliom aRniSna: Cven
SevqmeniT italia, axla unda SevqmnaT italieli eri. aqedanac Cans, rom
gqondes saxelmwifo jer kidev ar niSnavs warmoadgende ers.

erovnuli avtonomia
eris avtonomiuroba ar unda agverios xalxis TviTgamorkvevaSi. es
ukanaskneli saerTaSoriso samarTlis erT-erTi centraluri sakiTxia,
magram nacionalizmis TeoriaSi TviTgamorkveva sxva kuTxiT ganixileba,
xolo mis samarTlebriv aspeqtebis Seswavlas naklebi mniSvneloba
eniWeba.
nacionalizmis Teoretikosebi aRniSnaven, rom eris avtonomia
mravalsaxovania. misi erT-erTi mniSvnelovani formaa TviTmarTva (selfrule). am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs eris an ubralod xalxis nebis
gamovlenasTan, romlis Sedegadac man politikuri TviTmarTveloba
moipova. mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom politikuri TviTmarTvelobis
ganxorcieleba SeiZleba iyos sruli an nawilobrivi. sxva sityvebiT,
42

pirvel SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs er-saxelmwifosTan, xolo meore

SemTxvevaSi ki politikur (e.i. administraciul) an kulturul
avtonomiasTan. amgvar midgomas mowinaaRmdegeebic gaaCnia.
specialistTa erTi nawili miiCnevs, rom eri SeiZleba vuwodoT
mxolod im xalxs, romelsac saxelmwifoebrioba gaaCnia. maTi ZiriTadi
argumenti
imaSi
mdgomareobs,
rom
saxelmwifoebriobis
gareSe
SeuZlebelia
eris
funqciebis
Sesruleba,
iseTebis
rogoricaa
TviTmarTva da TviTrealizacia anu saSinao da sagareo politikis
SemuSaveba da ganxorcieleba. es Zalian Zlieri argumentia monoeTnikuri
qveynebis SemTxvevaSi. magram, ramdenad miesadageba aRniSnuli midgoma
bieTnikur an mravaleTnikur qveynebs? ganvixiloT belgiis magaliTi. am
saxelmwifoSi daaxlebiT Tanabrad arian warmodgenilebi valonebi da
flamandielebi. gamodis, rom arsebobs belgieli eri, magram ar arsebobs
arc valoni da arc flamandieli erebi. sxva SemTxvevebSi erebad ar
CaiTvlebian
katalonielebi,
baskebi,
uelselebi,
bengalielebi,
tibetelebi,
Sotlandielebi
da
mdidari
istoriis
mqone
sxva
mravalricxovani erebi, xolo, meore mxriv, msoflioSi sakmaod arian
damoukidebeli erebi, romelTa raodenoba 100 aTas adamiansac ver aRwevs.
garda amisa, am debulebis gaziarebis
SemTxvevaSi aRmoCndeba, rom
qarTveli eri ar arsebobda 1992 wlamde (gaeros wevr-saxelmwifod
aRiarebamde) an kidev uaresi, istoriis garkveul periodebSi, kerZod
damoukideblobis pirobebSi is eri iyo, xolo sxva SemTxvevebSi ki am
statuss ar flobda.
nacionalizmis mkvlevarTa meore nawilis azriT eris gansazRvraSi
umniSvnelovanesia eTnosis neba iyos damoukidebeli anu qondes
politikuri TviTmarTveloba. amasTan, es neba ar SeiZleba iyos pasiuri
an damaxasiaTebeli mxolod adamianiebis erTi jgufisTvis, Tundac
elitisTvis. eTnosis wevrebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli unda iyos erTianobis
da urTierTsolidarobis gancda da TviTgamorkvevis procesSi aqtiuri
CarTuloba. specialistTa mniSvnelovani nawilis azriT, am SemTxvevaSi,
eTnosi unda miCneul iqnas erad (mag., Symmons-Symonolewicz, 1985: 221; White:
2000: 17). smitiseul, zemoT mocemul CamonaTvalSi gansakuTrebul
yuradRebas imsaxurebs masobrivi sazogadoebrivi kulturis rolisa da
adgilis ganxilva erebis mSeneblobis procesSi. smitis azriT, swored
sazogadoebrivi kultura aZlevs ers saSualebas Seqmnas istoriuli,
kulturuli, ekonomikuri da socialur-politikuri standartizebuli
sistema. sxva sityvebiT, eris formirebasa da ganviTarebaSi masobriv
kulturas gadamwyveti ideologiuri mniSvneloba eniWeba.
qarTveli
mecnieri
zurab
daviTaSvili
gvTavazobs
eris
ganmartebas, sadac mocemulia mcdeloba, rom eris identificirebaSi
saxelmwifoebriobis roli ar ganisazRvrebodes mxolod mocemuli
momentiT. daviTaSvili miiCnevs, rom eri aris mxolod is eTnosi,
romelsac aqvs (an warsulSi hqonda) sakuTari suverenuli saxelmwifo,
sadac am eTnosis mSobliuri ena qveynis oficialuri saxelmwifo da
literaturuli enaa. amasTanave, damoukidebeli erovnuli saxelmwifos
SenarCuneba (an misi aRdgena), eTnosis umTavresi mizania. (daviTaSvili: )

erovnuli erTianoba
erovnuli erTianoba nacionalizmis, rogorc ideologiis meore
mniSvnelovani
atributia.
adamianebis
gaerTianebis
avtonomiuroba
dakavSirebulia
teritoriasTan
da
sazogadoebis
wevrebs
Soris
socialur-politikuri da kulturuli solidarobis arsebobasTan. es
43

idea pirvelad gaJRerda iakobinenelebis mier safrangeTis revoluciis

dros: respublika erTiani da ganuyofeli (La Rpublique, une et indivisible),
rasac moyva qveynis SigniT regionuli masStabis sakontrolo da sabaJo
punqtebis, sxva uwyebebis gauqmeba da erTiani centralizebuli
saxelmwifo institutebis, ekonomikuri da kulturuli infrastruqturis
Camoyalibeba.
safrangeTis
teritoriis
rezidentebma
respublikis
moqalaqis statusi miiRes (Smith, 2001: 26).
teritoria eris umniSvnelovanesi maxasiaTebelia. eri unda
flobdes garkveul teritorias an masTan kognituri kavSiri mainc unda
qondes. pirvel SemTxvevaSi situacia idealuria: ers gaaCnia teritoria,
romelzec
misi
suvereniteti
vrceldeba,
e.i
saqme
gvaqvs
ersaxelmwifosTan. xeli xels bans, orive erTad ki pirs. eri cdilobs
daicvas sazRvrebis Seuvaloba da saxelmwifos funqcionireba, xolo
saxelmwifo, Tavis mxriv icavs misi xalxis kulturul TviTmyofadobas,
uzrunvelyofs adamianis uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebis, aseve xels
uwyobs
pirovnebis
ganviTarebis
SesaZleblobis
realizacias.
am
idealistur sqemaSi, ersa da saxelmwifos Soris adgili aqvs
organizaciul da ideologiur qorwinebas (Jones: 94).
adamianebsa da adgils (teritorias) Soris Soris arsebobs Zlieri,
SeiZleba iTqvas urRvevi kognituri kavSiri. konkretuli adgili
adamianebis SemecnebaSi asocirdeba maTi winaprebis
warsulTan,
gazogadebulad ki eris istoriasTan. eris cxovrebaSi teritoriis
fsiqologiuri roli kargad daaxasiaTa jeims andersonma:
eris unikaluri istoria dakavSirebulia dedamiwis gansakuTrebul
nawilTan anu samSoblosTan. winaparTa miwa, romelic gaigivebulia eris
didebis epizodebTan anu erovnul miTologiasTan, gacilebiT ufro
Zvelia, vidre nebismieri saxelmwifo. dro icvleba, magram sivrce ( am
SemTxvevaSi teritoria avt.) kvlav Tavis adgilzea (Anderson, 1988:24).

teritoria xSirad ideologiis rangSia ayvanili. am mxriv,

TvalsaCinoa
ebraul-arabuli
dapirispireba.
palestinelebisa
da
ebraelebis mravalsaukunovani brZola teritoriisTvis mniSvnelovania
ara marto meti miwis flobis da masze kontrolis ganxorcielebis
TvalsazrisiT, aramed ufro metad am erebis sulieri da kulturuli
arsebobisTvis.
Sesabamisad,
ebraelebsa
da
palestinelebs
Soris
mimdinare
am
teritorul
konfliqts
mniSvnelovani
kulturulideologiuri datvirTvac aqvs.
teritoriuli erToba pirveli nabijia eris Semdgomi kulturuli,
socialuri da politikuri gaerTianobisaken. nacionalizmis, rogorc
ideologiis zogadsaxelmwifoebrivi xasiaTis miuxedavad, geografebi
did yuradRebas uTmoben mis lokalur doneze gamovlinebebis Seswavlas.
bevri
mecnieris,
gansakuTrebiT
humanist-geografebis
mtkicebiT
nacionalizmi adgilobriv doneze iRebs saTaves da mxolod amis Semdeg
aRwevs saxelmwifo masStabs. adamianis siyvaruli, loialoba sakuTari
samSoblos,
eris
mimarT
dakavSirebulia
konkretul
adgilTan
(adgilebTan). es, adgilebi metwilad eris didebis da mdidari
kulturuli warsulis monumentebia (rogorc saero, aseve religiuri).
garda amisa, nacionaluri grZnobebi, kerZod samSoblos siyvaruli

44

adamians uviTardeba im adgilebTan mimarTebaSi, sadac is daibada,

gaizarda, swavlobda, muSaobda, qmnida ojaxs.
nebismieri eri gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobs istoriuli
Zeglebis SenarCunebas da momravlebas. amasTan, kulturul-politikuri
cvlilebebi dauyovnebliv aisaxeba memorialebTan mimarTebaSi. 1820-ian
wlebSi ruseTSi aigo macxovris sakaTedro taZari, romelic am qveynis
istoriaSi yvelaze masStaburi iyo. Tavdapirvelad misi pirveladi
daniSnuleba 1812 wels napoleonis safrangeTze ruseTis gamarjvebis
ukvdavyofa iyo. TandaTanobiT am Zeglis popularoba da mniSvneloba
imdenad gaizarda, rom is iqca samSoblosa da rwmenis udides simbolod.
ruseTSi socialisturi revoluciisa da sabWouri wyobis damyarebis
Semdeg bolSevikurma mmarTvelobam, romelic Tavis arsiT aTeisturi da
antimonarqistuli iyo, 1931 wels es Zegli daangria da gadawyvita mis
adgilze sabWoebis sasaxlis aSeneba. es iyo mcdeloba eris mexsierebidan
amoeSalaT caristuli ruseTis samxedro warmatebebi, xolo sabWoebis
sasaxlis saxiT daenergaT axali kulturul-politikuri faseulobebi.
garda amisa, RvTis saxlis dangreviT mniSvnelovani iyo imis xazgasma,
rom komunistur mmarTveloba arafrad agdebda religiur simboloebs.
1980-iani wlebis SuaSi sabWoTa kavSirSi daiyo perestroika. misi erTerTi
mTavari amocana
iyo mTeli msofliosTvis
da
sakuTari
mosaxleobisTvis daemtkicebina, rom axal gardaqmnebs adamianuri saxe
qondaT. mixeil gorbaCovis reformistulma mTavrobam kvlav win wamowia
istoriisa da religiis mniSvneloba eris cxovrebSi. Sedegad, gadawyda
qristes sakaTedro taZris mSenebloba imave adgilze, sadac is adre
idga. es RonisZieba sayovelTao saxalxo masStabis gaxda. taZris
mSeneblobisTvis Sesawiri gaiRes ruseTis, yovel SemTxvevaSi misi
qristianuli
nawilis,
yvela
socialuri
fenis
da
regionis
warmomadgenlebma. Tumca, mogvianebiT gairkva, rom 70 wlianma sabWourma
mmarTvelobas ukvalod ar Cauvlia. ruseTis mosaxleobis, gansakuTrebiT
misi asakovani nawilisTvis komunisturi periodis simboloebi uaRresad
Rirebuli aRmoCnda. ruseTis yvela qalaqSi SenarCunebulia leninis
Zeglebi,
xolo
stalinis
pirovneba,
kvlav
didi
popularobiT
sargeblobs. kolizia komunistur da liberalur Rirebulebebs Soris
imdenad Zlieri aRmoCnda, rom es 1990-ian wlebis SuaSi ruseTSi mZlavri
socialur-politikuri dapirispirebis wyarod iqca. aRniSnuli, xazs
usvams im faqts, rom Zalze rTulia, Tu ara unayofo, istoriuli
simboloebis, Sesabamisad erovnuli mexsierebis winaaRmdeg brZola.

erovnuli identoba
erovnuli identoba erovnuli fenomenis mesame, alabT misi
umniSvnelovanesi komponentia. es SedarebiT axali terminia, romelmac
Caanacvla manmade farTod gamoyenebadi erovnuli xasiaTi da
erovnuli Segneba. XXI saukunisTvis damaxasiaTebelia identobebis didi
mravalferovneba: genderuli, teritoriuli, asakobrivi, profesiuli,
konfesiuri, korporatiuli, partiulic ki. rodesac, konkretuli
individi icvlis profesias an samuSaos amasTan erTad qreba Sesabamisi
profesiuli Tu socialuri identoba. sapirispirod, kulturuli
erTobebi didi mdgradobiT gamoirCevian, radgan isini aRWurvili arian
iseTi sabazo kulturuli elementebiT, rogorebicaa istoriuli
mexsiereba, faseulobebi, simboloebi, miTebi da tradiciebi.
45

gavrcelebulia azri, rom kulturuli elementebi da Sesabamisad

erovnuli identobac statikuria, rac sinamdviles ar Seefereba.
erovnuli identoba dinamiuri movlenaa, Tumca, es procesi garkveul
dros
moiTxovs.
zogadad,
erovnul
mentalitetSi
mniSvnelovani
cvlileba xdeba erTi an ori Taobis farglebSi. am drois ganmavlobaSi
eris cxovrebaSi SeiZleba moxdes gansakuTrebuli xasiaTis movlenebi,
magaliTad omi. Sesabamisad, erovnul miTologiaSi Cndebian axali
gmirebi da sagmiro saqmeebi. meore mxriv, yoveli Taoba wina Taobebisgan
gansxvavebul axal Rirebulebebs aRiarebs. am SemTxvevaSi erovnuli
faseulobaTa sistemaSi adgili aqvs prioritetebis cvlilebas.
xSirad erTmaneTSi ureven erovnul da eTnikur identobebs. maT
Soris iseTive gansxvavebaa, rogorc saxeldobr ersa da eTnoss Soris.
identobas gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia erebis (iseve rogorc
eTnosebis)
Camoyalibebasa
da
ganviTarebaSi.
garkveuli
periodi
geografebi, iseve, rogorc anTropologebi an sociologebi mniSvnelovan
yuradRebas jgufuri identobis biologiuri da kulturuli aspeqtebis
Seswavlas
uTmobdnen.
amJamad,
mecnierebs
ainteresebT:
erovnuli
(eTnikuri) jgufis wevrebs Soris aris Tu ara gansxvavebebi identobis
aRqmasTan mimarTebiT? ra faqtorebze aris damokidebuli saerTo
identobis formireba? ramdenad mniSvnelovania geografiuli garemos
roli erovnul (eTnikur) identobaSi? es imdenad mniSvnelovani
sakiTxebia, rom mizanSewonilia maTi ganxilvas Sesabamisi adgili
davuTmoT.
yvela saxis identoba individualuric da jgufuric socialur
urTierTobaTa sistemaSi yalibdeba. italieli mecnieri antonio meluCi
identobas speqtakls amsgavsebs, sadac misi TiToeuli gmiri cdilobs
gamokveTos
sakuTari
me,
riTac
warmoaCens
mis
gansxvavebas
danarCenebisgan (Gibernau, 2007: 10).
cnobili katalonieli mecnieris, qalbaton monserat gibernos
azriT erovnuli identobis ori fundamenturi maxasiaTebelia droSi
uwyvetoba (istoriul memkvidreobiTobaze dafuZnebuli ganaxlebadoba)
da gansxvavebuloba (sxvebisgan gansxvaveba). erovnuli identobis
ganaxlebadoba mianiSnebs, rom eri modis warsulidan, gaacnia awmyo da
iyureba momavlisken. gansxvavebuloba erSi warmoSobs ucxoelebis,
sxvebis, xSirad ki mtrebis gancdas (iqve).
erovnuli identoba koleqtiuri grZnobaa, romelic gamyarebulia
jgufSi gaerTianebuli adamianebis rwmeniT, rom isini eris wevrebi arian
da maT gaaCniaT is saerTo atributebi, romelic maT ers sxva erebisgan
ganasxvavebs (iqve: 11).
erovnuli identobis calkeuli komponentebis formireba xdeba
konkretuli
geografiuli,
istoriuli,
socialur-ekonomikuri,
religiuri faqtorebis zegavleniT. aqedan gamomdinare, nebismieri
xalxis
erovnuli
identobis
Camoyalibebis
istoria
misTvis
damaxasiaTebeli specifikiT gamoirCeva.
ori identoba erT miwaze: narinjisferis da mwvanis
dapirispireba

46

TiTqmis orsaukune naxevaria, rac CrdiloeT irlandia mwvave

politikuri da eTno-religiuri dapirispirebis arenas warmoadgens.
farTod gavrcelebuli informaciis Tanaxmad konfliqti mimdinareobs
kaTolikeebsa da protestantebs Soris. religiuri faqtori mniSvnelovan
rols TamaSobs am dapirispirebaSi, magram is ar aris gadamwyveti.
irlandia maRali kulturisa da qristianobis erT-erTi uZvelesi
keraa dasavleT evropaSi. kelturi qristinobamdeli poezia dRemde
udides aRfrTovanebas iwvevs. kelturi saxelmwifo maRali organizaciiT
da ganviTarebis doniT gamoirCeoda. keltebis dasapyrobad romis
imperias Zalian didi Zalisxmeva dasWirda. irlandielTa gaqrisitaneba V
s.-Si moxda, rac wminda patrikis saxels ukavSirdeba. nebismieri xalxis
axal jurze moqceva arasdros yofila advili saqme, miTumetes, Tu saqme
exeboda mdidari kulturisa da istoriis mqone xalxs. wminda patrikma
misi miznis misaRwevad ramdenime xriks mimarTa. upirveles yovlisa, man
jvari mrgval sferoze gamosaxa. es ukanaskneli mzes ganasaxierebda, rac
keltebis warmarTuli religiis mniSvnelovan simbolos warmoadgenda.
meore mniSvnelovani simbolo iyo mwvane feris tansacmeli. is
gazafxulis buniobis dResaswaulis saritualo samoss warmoadgenda da
yoveldriurobaSic xSirad gamoiyeneboda. qristianma misionerma es
tradiciac daakanona. mwvane dResac irlandielTa erovnuli feria.
irlandiis samefom XVII s.-is bolomde iarseba. 1689 w. inglisisa da
Sotlandiis mefe gaxda manamade niderlandebis mmarTveli vilhelm
oraneli (vilhelm III orneli). 1690 w. misma mxedrobam md. boinis
brZolaSi irlandielTa armia daamarcxa. amiT, britaneTSi, maT Soris
irlandiaSi
dasrulda
kaTolikeTa
mefoba.
Semdegom
periodSi
irlandiaSi etapobrivad mimdinareobda ZiriTadad Sotlandiel da, aseve
inglisel protestantTa Casaxleba. protestantulma mmarTvelobam
SemoiRo kanonebi, romelmac diskriminaciuli situaciaSi Caayena
adgilobrivi mosaxleoba e.i. kaToloke irlandielebi. irlandilebs
praqtikulad aekrZalaT sakuTar enaze ganaTlebis miReba, xolo
nayofieri miwebi da kerZo sakuTreba TandaTanobiT Camosaxlebuli
protestantebis xelSi gadavida. konfliqtma religiurTan erTad
eTnikuri xasiaTi SeiZina.
aRniSnuli procesi gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCino gaxda olsterSi.28
saboloo jamSi, irlandiis am provinciaSi adgilobrivi irlandieli
mosaxleoba aSkara umciresobaSi aRmoCnda, rasac xeli Seuwyo XIX s.-is
Sua wlebSi didma SimSilma (irlandiis kartofilis SimSilma), ris
Sedegadac
irlandielTa
didi
nawili
amerikaSi
gadasaxlda.
irlandielebis mSobliuri ena geluri,
mxolod qveynis dasavleT
nawilSi SemorCa.
irlandielTa brZolas damoukideblobisTvis 1920-ian wlebSi moyva
qveynisgan ZiriTadad protestantebiT dasaxlebuli CrdiloeT irlandiis
gamoyofa, romelic amJamad gaerTianebuli samefos nawilia.
protestantma mosaxleobam irlandiaSi Tavis tradiciebi Seqmna.
jer kidev XVII s.-is bolodan protestantma mmarTvelebma im mizniT, rom
advilad, rom ganesxvavebinaT irlandielebi Sotlandielebisgan, am
ukanasknelebs urCies masobrivi TavSeyris adgilebSi narSavi
narinjisferi yvavili etrebinaT. narinjisferis SerCeva SemTxveviT ar
28

CrdiloeT irlandiis dasaxeleba gelur enaze. olsteri 9 sagrafosgan Sedega,

romelTa Soris 6 CrdiloeT irlandiis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis.

47

momxdara. oranelTa samefo dinastia saTaves samxreT oranJidan

(safrangeTi) iRebda da maTi sagvareulo feri narinjisferi iyo. es feri
irlandiaSi mcxovrebi Sotlandielebis da ingliselebis erovnuli feri
gaxda (imave mizeziT, is aris holandielTa erovnuli feric). 1796 w.
irlandiaSi dafuZnda oranJistebis ordeni (Orange Order), romelic
CrdiloeT irlandiaSi yovelTvis mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobda
protestantebis dominanti rolis SenarCunebaSi.
yovelwliurad
CrdiloeT
irlandiis
qalaqebSi
oranJistebi
masobriv msvlelobebs awyoben. rig SemTxvevebSi es msvlelobebi im
quCebze gadis, sadac irlandielebi cxovroben. amis gamo, xSirad adgili
qonia irlandilebis da protestantebis dapirispirebas, rasac adamianTa
msxverplic moyolia.
Tavis mxriv, yoveli wlis 17 marts irlandielebi aRniSnaven wminda
patrikis dRes. aRsaniSnavia, rom es TariRi aRiniSneba ara marto
irlandiis respublikaSi da CrdiloeT irlandiaSi, aramed mTel
msoflioSi, sadac irlandielebi cxovroben. aSS-Si 3-4-jer meti
irlandieli cxovrobs, vidre TviT irlandiaSi. wminda patrikis dRes
mag., niu-iorkisa da bostonis quCebi ivseba mwvane tansacmelSi
gamowyobili irlandiuli warmoSobis adamianebiT. maT did umravlesobas
axalgazrdebi Seadgenen. isini ar saubroben gelurad, kargad ar icnoben
irlandiis istorias da literaturas, maTi didi nawili irlandiaSic ki
ar aris namyofi. samagierod, maT kargad ician, rom wminda patrikis dRe
da mwvane tansacmeli irlandiuri simboloebia. maT esmiT, rom es is
atributebia, rac maT ganasxvavebs, rogrc oranJistebisgan, aseve
sxvebisgan.

wyaroebi:
Green, Orange, or None of Above. http://www.sodahead.com/living/green-orange-or-noneof-the-above/question-1592597.
Culture of Northern Ireland - history, people, women, beliefs, food, customs, family, social,
marriage. http://www.everyculture.com/No-Sa/Northern-Ireland.html#ixzz1pUdK5jp3.
Northern Irland. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland.
Orange Order. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_Order.
gibernos mtkicebiT erovnuli identoba Tanamedrove fenomenia,
romelic
damaxasiaTebelia
saxelmwifos
moqalaqeebisTvis.
Tumca,
espaneli mecnieri iqve azustebs, rom igive ram SeiZleba gavrceldes mag.,
katalonielebze,
Sotlandielebze,
kvebekelebze,
anu
im
erebze,
romlebsac ar gaaCniaT damoukidebloba (Gibernau, 2007: 11). amasTan
dakavSirebiT,
Cndeba
kiTxva,
radgan
bundovania
aris
Tu
ara
saxelmwifoebrioba (igulisxmeba Tanamedrove saxelmwifo) aucilebeli
piroba erovnuli identobis formirebisTvis. Tu, ar aris, maSin arc
erovnuli identoba yofila Tanamedrove fenomeni. es is sakiTxia,
romlis garSemoc ar cxreba mecnieruli debatebi.
erovnul identobas ramdenime mniSvnelovani maxasiaTeblebi aqvs.
SevcdebiT detalurad ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani.
fsiqologiuri
maxasiaTebeli
dakavSirebulia
solidarobis
gancdasTan,
romelic
gadamwyvetia
adamianTa
gaerTianebasa
da
daaxloebaSi im ideis garSemo, rom isini erTi eris warmomadgenlebi
arian. erovnuli solidarobis grZnoba didi xnis ganmavlobaSi SeiZleba
48

latentur mdgomareobaSi imyofebodes, magram erisTvis gansakuTrebulad

mniSvnelovan
situaciaSi
is
moqmedebaSi
modis
da
erovnuli
mobilizaciis warmarTveli Zalis saxiT gvevlineba.
mecnierTa nawilis azriT, erovnuli identobis ganzomilebebi
upirveles yovlisa ki fsiqologiuri ganzomileba subieqturia, xolo
solidarobis gancda iracionaluri. SesaZloa es asec iyos, magram
faqtia, rom erovnuli identobebis fsiqologiuri komponentebi, maT
Soris solidarobis grZnoba imdenad Zlieria, rom saukuneebis
ganmavloabSi msoflios yvela kuTxeSi adamianebi Tavs wiravdnen Tavisi
erisTvis, swored imis gamo, rom maTSi amis aucileblobis gancda
realurad arsebobda. mTavari is ki ar aris am fenomens vuwodoT
racionaluri an iracionaluri, aramed pasuxi movZebnoT im mTavar
SekiTxvaze, Tu ra aiZulebs adamianebs eris gamo sicocxles Seelion.

kulturuli maxasiaTebeli moicavs aramaterialur faseulobebs,

kerZod enas, rwmenas, tradiciebs, adaT-wesebs da es yvelaferi Taobidan
Taobas gadaecema. kulturuli elementebi, erTi mxriv, ganapirobeben eris
SigniT solidarobis gancdis gaZlirebas, xolo, meore mxriv, xels
uwyoben, jgufis TiToeuli wevris mier sakuTari Tavis asocirebas
erovnul kulturul simbolikasTan. sxva sityvebiT, eris kulturis
elementebi idividis organuli nawili xdeba. mecnierTa nawili
kulturas eris yvelaze mniSvnelovan maxasiaTeblad aRiarebs. mag., karl
doiCi miiCnevs, rom eri adamianTa kulturuli erTobaa, raSic
gadamwyveti adgili socialur komunikacias ukavia (Deutsch, 1966: 97).
sruliad logikuria, rom socialuri komunikaciis saukeTeso saSualebad
aRiarebulia ena. Tuca, sagulisxmoa, rom erovnul identobaSi eris
mSobliuri ena gadamwyveti rols ar TamaSobs. erovnuli identoba
uaRresad Zlieria mag., ebraelebSi, SotlandielebSi, irlandielebSi
Tumca maTi umravlesoba Tavis enaze ar saubrobs.
msoflios erebis kultura bunebrivia sxvadasxvagvar istoriulpolitikur garemoebebSi Seiqmna. Semdgomi ganxilvis TvalsazrisiT
mizanSewonilia sami kiTxvis win wamoweva. es kiTxvebia: ramdenad Zvelia
mocemuli eris kultura? aris Tu ara is eris Semoqmedebis Sedegi Tu
adgili qonda mis imports? ra tipis fenomenia fenomenia eris kultura:
elitaruli Tu masobrivi?
bevri eris Tu eTnosis kulturis siZvele eWvs ar unda iwvevdes,
magram modernistebi ase sulac ar fiqroben. maTi azriT, erovnuli
kultura, beWvdiTi sityvis da erovnuli an saxelmwifo enebis
ganviTarebis paralelurad, kapitalisturi sazogadoebis pirobebSi
aRmocenda. mecnierTa is jgufi, romelic erebs Zvel fenomenad miiCnevs,
piriqiT miuTiTebs, rom msoflioSi ramdenime aTeuli eria, romelTa
kultura uxsovari droidan modis. specialistTa mesame jgufi iziarebs
kulturis siZvelis ideas, amasTan, miiCnevs, rom erovnuli kultura ara
bunebrivi fenomenia, aramed adamianis socialuri moRvaweobis produqtia.
erovnuli elitebisTvis kulturis antikuroba mZlavri ideologiuri
iaraRia. miTi kulturis siZvelis Sesaxeb pirdapir aisaxeba individebis
rwmenaze, rom maTi eri (eTnosi) sxvebisgan namdvilad gansxvavdeba da
Tanac gansakuTrebulia.

49

elita, xalxi da eri

erT-erTi yvelaze saintereso sakiTxi, romelic nacionalizmis
fenomenis ganxilvisas Cndeba aris kulturis socialuri, ufro
konkretulad ki misi klasobrivi kuTvnilebis dadgena. vin aris eris
kulturis WeSmariti Semoqmedi: elita? xalxi? Tu, orive erTad?
bevri eris kultura iseT istoriul epoqaSi iqmneboda, rodesac
elita jer kidev ar arsebobda. magram, aseTi midgoma marTebulia
mxolod
jgufuri
da
tomobrivi
sazogadoebebTan
mimarTebaSi.
praqtikulad gamoricxulia, rom romelime Tanamedrove ers (eTnoss)
mciredi doziT mainc qondes Semonaxuli aRniSnul periodSi Seqmnili
kultura.
kacobiriobis
ganviTarebis
danarCen
stadiebze
elita
yovelTvis iyo sazogadoebis Semadgeneli da ganuyofeli nawili. elitam
gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa adamianTa erTobis (eris, eTnosis) masobrivi
kulturis formirebaSi.
xalxi yovelTvis iyo kulturis Semoqmedi, magram adreul
istoriul epoqebSi kulturuli miRwevebis gavrceleba uaRresad neli
tempiT mimdinareobda da isic mxolod garkveul teritoriebze.
masobrivi kulturis CamoyalibebisTvis saWiroa masobrivi komunikaciebis
qseli. aseTi ram mxolod industriul epoqaSia SesaZlebeli. Sesabamisad,
masobrivi kultura ver iqneboda damaxasiaTebeli kapitalizmamdeli
sazogadoebisaTvis. is Tanamedrove fenomenia.
dasavlur sazogadoebebSi masobrivi kulturis Camoyalibeba ufro
adre daiwyo, vidre danarCen msoflioSi. miuxedavad amisa, es procesi
iqac sakmaod mdored miedineboda. iujin veberi (Eugene Weber, 1979) Tavis
naSromSi
glexobidan
frangobamde
aRniSnavs,
rom
safrangeTis
burJuaziauli revoluciamde soflebSi da patara qalaqebSi mcxovrebi
adamianebis didma umravlesobam arc ki icoda, rom frangi iyo. amgvari
mdgomareoba pirvel msoflio omamde grZeldeboda.
XIX s.-is meore naxevridan evropasa da aSS-Si aSkarad gamoikveTa
elitebis
roli
sazogadoebrivi
saqmianobis
yvela
sferoSi,
gansakuTrebiT ki kulturul mSeneblobaSi. erT-erTi umniSvnelovanes
amocanas warmoadgenda saxelmwifosadmi sazogadoebis loialobis
uzrunvelyofa. am problemis gadawyveta SesaZlebeli iyo mxolod
sazogadoebis erTianobis, kerZod ki saerTo erovnuli identobis
formirebis pirobebSi. evropulma saxelmwifoebma daiwyes lingvisturi,
saliteraturo da saganmanaTleblo reforma.
amasTan dakavSirebiT ernst gelneri aRniSnavda, rom saxelmwifom
Tavis Tavze aiRo masobrivi sazogadoebrivi kulturis da sayovelTao
ganaTlebis maRali standartebis uzrunvelyofis valdebuleba (Gellner,
1983: 38). es rTulad gadasawyveti amocana iyo. imdroindeli evropa,
miTumetes danarCeni msoflio, politikurad da kulturulad jer kidev
daqsaqsuli iyo. garda amisa, istoriulad elitis da ubralo xalxis
kulturuli faseulobebi, kerZod simRerebi, leqsebi, tradiciebi,
Cveulebebi, mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeboda erTmaneTisgan. garda amisa,
calkeuli kuTxeebis mosaxleobas misTvis damaxasiaTebeli kultura
qonda. raime axliT, erTi mxriv, dabali socialuri fenebis, xolo, meore
mxriv, adgilobrivi kulturebis Canacvleba praqtikulad SeuZlebeli
iyo. amdenad, aqtualur amocanad iqca axali saerTo-erovnuli kulturis
garkveuli elementebis danergva.
50

Tanamedroveobis erT-erTi udidesi filosofosi da sociologi

germaneli mecnieri iurgen habermasi aRniSnavs, rom Tanamedrove
saxelmwifos
Camoyalibeba
ganapiroba
axali
tipis
efeqturma
mmarTvelobam, romelic Tavis mxriv efuZneboda demokratizaciasa da
socialur integracias.. Tanamedrove saxelwifos mmarTveloba axali
SinaarsiT Seivso. is gaxda ideologizirebuli da politizirebuli.
qveynis mmarTveloba
mxolod politikosebiTa da samxedroebiT ar
Semoifargleboda.
masSi
gansakuTrebuli
rols
TamaSobdnen
inteleqtualebi inteleqtualuri elita. im dros elitis erovnuli
erTobis strategia ramdenime mimarTulebas moicavda, Tumca, mas
aqtualoba arc dRes daukargavs:
erovnuli istoriis Seqmna;
poltikis SemuSaveba umciresobebTan mimarTebaSi, sadac
gansakuTrebuli
yuradReba
eTmoba
saxelmwifos
damokidebulebas maTi enisa da kulturisadmi;
skolebSi Teologiuri swavlebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebebis
miReba da aseTis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi unda ganisazRvros
romeli religiuri moZRvrebebis swavlebaa mizanSewonili;
sxva qveynebis, xalxebis da kulturebis mimarT politikis
SemuSaveba da warmoCena, anu
mtrisa da moyvris xatebis
Seqmna (Guibernau, 2007: 31).
elita garkveul daTmobebze unda wasuliyo da xalxuri kultura
erovnul kulturad eRiarebina. yvelaze efeqturi am mimarTulebiT
zogadad ganaTlebis, xolo konkretulad wignierebis gavrceleba
aRmoCnda. kulturuli da lingvisturi homogenizacia dasavleT evropaSi
mZimed da nela mimdinareobda da is daaxleobiT me-19 saukunis meore
naxevrSi dasrulda (Gibernau, 2007: 19). evropis qveynebSi saerTo erovnuli
kulturis
Camoyalibebis
procesis
paralelurad
adgili
qonda
regionuli kulturebis gaZlierebasac. Sesabamisad, mravalkulturul
sazogadoebebSi
xdeboda,
rogorc
am
sazogadoebis
erovnuli
umravlesobis, aseve eTnikuri umciresobebis kulturuli identobis
amaRleba. meore msoflio omis Semdeg evropasa da amerikaSi am procesma
moicva
ara
marto
mkvidri
erovnuli
umciresobebi
(baskebi,
katalonielebi, Sotlandielebi, korsikelebi, amerikeli indielebi da
a.S.), aramed eTnikuri diasporebic, romlebic axali talRis imigrantebma
Sedgines. ebrauli, somxuri, Cinuri, induri, meqsikuri da a.S.
umciresobebma maspinZeli qveynebis mTavrobebisgan moiTxoves maTi
kulturis SenarCunebis samarTlebrivi da materialuri uzrunvelyofa.
istoriuli maxasiaTebeli. ra droidan iRebs saTaves eri? es
nacionalizmis erT-erTi centraluri sakiTxia. ebraelebis, indoelebis,
Cinelebis, arabebis, qarTvelebis erovnuli istoria ramdenime aTeul
saukunes
iTvlis.
frangebis
da
ingliselebis,
rogorc
erebis
welTaRricxva Sua saukuneebidan iwyeba, xolo aSS-is, kanadis da
avstraliis istoria 2-3 saukuniT Semoifargleba.
ramdenad aris mniSvnelovani istoriuli asaki Tanamedrove erebis
cxovrebaSi? bunebrivia nebismieri eri amayobs xandazmuli istoriiT. es
xazs usvams memkvidreobiTobas, Sesabamisad mis stabilurobas, siZlieres
da upiratesobasac ki. berZnebi amayoben maTi antikuri literaturiT da
51

filosofiiT, olimpiuri TamaSebis dafuZnebiT; italielebi romis

imperis periodiT, arabebi maTi wvliliT maTematikis, astronomiis,
vaWrobis
ganviTarebaSi,
qarTvelebi

Zveli
damwerlobiT,
damoukidebeli
anbaniT,
adreuli
qristianobis
ZeglebiT,
vefxistyaosniT da a.S.
garda didebis momentebisa erebi ar maTi istoriis tragikul
epizodebsac. mag., kataloniaSi yovelwliurad aRiniSneba barselonis
okupacia (1939 w. 26 ianvari) gaerTianebuli franko-espanuri Zalebis mier,
rasac moyva kataloniis avtonomiurobis gauqmeba da kataloniuri enis
akrZalva. ebraelebma miaRwies holokostis saerTaSoriso aRiarebas.
evropis qveynebSi yofili nacisturi sakoncentracio banakebi dRes
muzeumis statusiT funqcionireben, xolo ebraelTa genocidi aRwerilia
ganviTarebuli samyaros istoriis saxelmZRvaneloebSi (Gibernau, 2007: 20).
eris
saerTo
istoriuli
mexsierebis
Camoyalibeba
swored
istoriuli didebisa da mwuxarebis TariRebis institucionalizaciis
gziT miiRweva. am procesSi eris mamebi (rogorc politikosebi, aseve
inteleqtualebi) cdiloben win wamoswion eris istoriis is epizodebi,
romlebic metyveleben mis gansakuTrebulobasa da sidiadeze.
imavdroulad, xdeba im istoriebis miCqmalva, romelic eris
uaryofiT mxareebsac warmoaCens. rogorc amboben, nebismieri eris
istoria didwilad falsifikaciaa.
CanarTi #

gamogonili tradiciebi: Sotlandiuri kiltis istoria

Sotlandia mTel msoflioSi cnobilia misi Wreli kiltebiT.
pirveli asociacia, romelic adamianebs SotlanidelebTan dakavSirebiT
uCndeba swored es egzotikuri fasonis samosia. bevrisTvis isic aris
cnobili, rom Sotlandiur klanebs gansxvavebuli kiltebi qondaT.
gamaognebeli iqneba imis aRmoCena, rom arc kilti da arc Wreli masala,
romlisganac is aris Sekerili ar aris Sotlandiuri. kidev ufro
mniSvnelovania aris is faqti, rom Sotlandiis teritoriaze Wreli
kiltebi pirvelad 1844 wels gamoCnda. Wreli masala anu tartani
holandiuri warmoSobisaa, xolo kilti inglisuri tansacmelia. Wreli
kilti manmade ar yofila Sotlandiuri tradiciis nawili. istoria
Wreli kiltebis Sotlandiuri warmoSobis Sesaxeb Sotlandieli
nacionalistebis mier SeTxzuli miTia.
XIX s.-is SuaSi Sotlandiuri elitam gadawyvita Tavi daeRwia
irlandiis kulturuli dominaciisagan. amisTvis, upirveles yovlisa
aucilebeli iyo sakuTari istoriis Seqmna. es procesi pirobiTad sam
etapad SeiZleba gaiyos. pirvel etapze, XVIII s.-Si Seiqmna epikuri poema
oslani, sadac aRwerilia SotlandielTa didi damsaxurebebi kelturi
kulturis CamoyalibebaSi. am saqmeSi irlandielTa roli faqtiurad
ugulvebelyofili iyo.
meore etapze moxda mTiel keltTa, e.i. SotlandielTa tradiciebis
Seqmna. jer kidev me-16 saukuneSi Wreli materia Sotlandiasa da
inglisSi holandiidan SemoqondaT. 1727 wels lankaSirelma mqsovelma
gamoigona axali tipis tansacmeli, romelic waagavda Zvel saqsonur
samoss. me-18 saukunis SuaSi, inglisSi iakobinuri gamosvlebis periodSi,
kiltma sakmao gavrceleba miiRo inglisel muSebs Soris. ajanyebis
CaxSobis Semdeg inglisis armiis Sevseba Sotlandieli mTielebis xarjze
mimdinareobda. Sotlandiuri polki, advilad, rom gamoerCiaT sxvebisgan
52

misi jariskacebi Wreli kiltebiT Semoses. SemdgomSi is ara marto

mdabio fenebis, aramed warCinebul SotlandielTa tansacmlic gaxda.
1778
wels
londonSi
dafuZnda
mTielTa
(e.i.
SotlandielTa)
sazogadoeba, xolo 1820 wels edinburgSi Seiqmna kelturi sazogadoeba.
am droisTvis SotlandiaSi tartanisgan damzadebuli tansacmeli
imdenad gavrcelebuli iyo, rom 1819 wels wignic ki gamoica, sadac
gadmocemuli iyo tartanisgan damzadebuli sxva tansacmlis daxasiaTeba.
1822 wels edinburgSi britaneTis mefis jorj IV sapativsacemod
gaimarTa sadResaswaulo aRlumi, romelic pirveli oficialuri
RonisZieba iyo, sadac yvela Sotlandieli warCinebuli da samxedro piri
kiltebSi iyo gamowyobili.
mesame etapze moxda mTielTa tradiciebis danergva baris
Sotlandilebs Soris. es ukanasknelebi Sotlandiis mosaxleobis
umravlesobas Seadgendnen. amis miRweva SesaZlebeli gaxda dokumentis
gayalbebis meSveobiT. orma Zmam, romlebic pretenzias acxadebda
stiuartebis samefo warmomavlobaze, Seqmna dokumenti Vestiarum Scotium,
sadac aRniSnuli iyo, rom Sua saukuneebSi yvela Sotlandiur klans
Tavisi feris kilti gaaCnda. es dokumenti 1842 w. gamoqveynda, rogorc
istoriuli wyaro. ori wlis Semdeg Zmebma gamosces wigni klanebis
tradiciebi, romelic umniSvnelo damatebebs Tu ar gaviTvaliswinebT,
imeorebda imas, rac aRwerili iyo 1819 wlis zemoT aRniSnul naSromSi.
amiT,
yvela
Sotlandiels
mieca
saSualeba
misi
klanisTvis
tradiciulad damaxasiaTebeli tratanis kilti etarebina. droTa
ganmavlobaSi Wreli kiltebi dablobis Sotlandielebis tradiciuli
samosi gaxda. amJamad, yvela Sotlandieli amayobs imiT, rom kilti aris
Sotlandiis tradiciebis, kulturisa da istoriis umniSvnelovanesi
simbolo.

wyaro: Taylor, Peter & Colin Flint (2007). Political Geography: World-economy, Nation-State
and Locality (4th edition). Pearson Education: Edinburg Gate, UK. gv. 165.

istoria
gvaaxlovebs
winaprebTan,
Sesabamisad
gviZlierebs
subieqtur rwmenas, rom varT erTi didi ojaxis wevrebi da
gvavaldebulebs viyoT misi erTguli wevrebi. nebismieri CvenTagani
aRfrTovanebas ver malavs, rodesac kiTxulobs wignebs an uyurebs
konofilmebs, romlebSic asaxulia Cveni istoriis oqros xana da didebis
momentebi. Tumca, igive istoriebi CvenSi nergavs zizRs istoriuli
mtrebis mimarT. siyvaruli da zizRi erovnuli (eTnikuri) identobis
Semadgeneli nawilebia.

politikuri maxasiaTebeli. specialistTa didi nawili aRniSnavs,

rom erovnuli identobisTvis damaxasiaTebelia saerTo politikuri
faseulobebis arseboba. qveynis moqalaqeebisTvis es faseulobebi
metnaklebad saerToa. magram, ramdenad marTebulia es Tezisi im erebis
mimarT, romlebsac saxelmwifoebrioba ar gaaCniaT? am kiTxvaze pasuxis
gacemis mizniT mimovixiloT, Tu rogor mimdinareobda eri-saxelmwifos
formireba dasavleT evropaSi. xalxis suverenulobis da demokratiis
ideebi pirvelad amerikis (1776 w.) da safrangeTis (1789 w.) revoluciebis
dros gaJRerda. Tavisi bunebiT es anti-monarqistuli ideebi mimarTuli
iyo
sazogadoebaSi
politikuri
Zalauflebis
gadanawilebisken.
amerikuli da franguli respublikanizmis mTavari strategia imaSi
53

mdgomareobda,
rom
amieridan
sazogadoebis
(qveynis)
marTvas
ganaxorcielebdnen TviT sazogadoebis wevrebi. am ideis xorSesxma XVIII
s.-is bolos daiwyo da etapobrivad mimdinareobda. am procesma moicva
dasavleT-evropuli da Crdilo-amerikuli qveynebis mosaxleobis jer
ganaTlebuli nawili, xolo sabolood mTeli sazogadoeba.
saerTo ganaTlebam da kulturam, rogorc adre aRiniSna,
ganapiroba saerTo erovnuli/saxelmwifo gancdis Seqmna sazogadoebis
wevrebs Soris. patriotizmi yovelTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo xalxisTvis,
magram Tu adre es grZnoba mSobliuri miwis garda asocirebuli iyo
mefesTan an erisTavTan, SemdgomSi es ukanasknelebi Caanacvla cnebam
eri. evropuli sazogadoebebis faseulobaTa sistemaSi prioritetebis
cvlileba sakmaod bunebrivad da umtkivneulod warimarTa, radgan
aRmoCnda, rom mosaxleobis udidesi nawilisTvis eri ufro didi
qarizmaa vidre monarqi. ufro metic, benefiqt andersonis azriT
nacionalizmi axali religiaa. TandaTanobiT dafuZnda moqalaqeobis
instituti
da saerTo erovnuli dResaswaulebi. aman sazogadoebaSi
gaaZliera, erTi mxriv, saxelmwifos marTvaSi realuri monawileobis,
xolo, meore mxriv, kulturul-politikuri solidarobis gancda.
frangulma burJuaziulma revoluciam dasabami Cauyara kulturuli
simboloebis politizirebas. XX saukunis pirveli ocwleulisTvis
dasrulda dasavleT-evropuli kulturuli erebis reformireba da am
droisTvis isini socialur (politikur) erebad Camoyalibdnen.
er-saxelmwifoebSi politikuri aqcenti keTdeba socialurad
Sekruli sazogadoebis formirebaze, romlis wevrebs saerTo uflebamovaleobebi akavSirebT. erovnuli ganaTlebis sistema da masmedia
mowodebuli
arian
uzrunvelyon
kulturuli
da
lingvisturi
TvalsazrisiT homogenuri sazogadoebis Camoyalibeba. amasTan, ar unda
dagvaviwydes, rom yvela qveyanaSi arseboben kulturuli umciresobebi
(rasobrivi, eTnikuri, religiuri). zogierT maTgans (yvelas Tu ara)
sakmaod Zlieri kulturuli identoba aqvs. mTel rig qveynebSi
umciresobebi am qveynebis ZirZvel mosaxleobas warmoadgnen (mag., baskebi,
korsikelebi, Sotlandielebi, maorebi, kvebekelebi da a.S.). isini
mniSvnelovnad ewinaaRmdegebian am qveynebis kulturul homogenurobas,
sadac erovnuli identoba iqmneba umravlesobis enisa da sxva
kulturuli elementebis safuZvelze. aqedan gamomdinare, erovnuli
identobis
politikuri
Semadgenlis
simyare
mniSvnelovnad
aris
damokidebuli ara marto saxelmwifos Sesabamis politikaze, aramed
masSi mcxovrebi umciresobebis kulturul-politikuri integraciis
xarisxze.

ekonomikuri maxasiaTebeli. ramdenad Zlieria ekonomikis roli

erovnuli identobis formirebis an erovnuli konsolidaciis procesSi?
pasuxi
calsaxa
iqneba

Zalze
mniSvnelovani.
ekonomikuri
deterministebi (marqsistebi) mas pirvel adgilsac ki aniWeben.
erovnuli an saxelmwifoebrivi mSeneblobis procesSi ekonomikurma
faqtorma
SeiZleba
iTamaSos,
rogorc
gamaerTianebeli,
aseve
destruqciuli rolic. aseTi situacia SesaZloa damaxasiaTebeli iyos im
qveynebisTvis, sadac iqmneba regionuli disbalansi socialur-ekonomikur
ganviTarebaSi. es garemoeba iwvevs SedarebiT CamorCenili regionebis
mosaxleobis ukmayofilebas, ufro metic mis gaucxoebas materialurad
uzrunvelyofili regionebis mosaxleobis mimarT. gaucxoeba erovnuli
54

identobisTvis yvelaze didi safrTxes warmoadgens. aseT situaciaSi

xelisufleba valdebulia gaataros RonisZiebebi, ris Sedegadac
Semcirdeba sxvaoba mdidari da Raribi regionebis mosaxleobis
materialuri keTildReobis maCveneblebs Soris. rogorc wesi, mTavroba
atarebs iseT politikas, rodesac CamorCenili regionebis mosaxleobis
materialuri keTildReobis amaRleba ganviTarebuli regionebis xarjze
xdeba. es ki, Tavis mxriv iwvevs mdidari regionebis mosaxleobis
protests.
1991
wels
dRis
wesrigSi
dadga
germaniis
federaciuli
respublikisa da germaniis demokratiuli respublikis gaerTianebis
sakiTxi.
amasTan
dakavSirebiT,
dasavleT
germaniaSi
Catarda
sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxva. bevrisTvis moulodnelad aRmoCnda,
rom federaciuli germaniis mosaxleobis garkveuli nawili amis
winaaRmdegi iyo. gaerTianebis mowinaaRmdegebis umniSvnelovanesi motivi
ekonomikuri da materialuri xasiaTis iyo. saqme imaSia, rom ori
germaniis SeerTeba moiTxovda federaciuli germaniis biujetidan
uzarmazari Tanxebis gamoyofas aRmosavleT germaniis ganviTarebisTvis.
cxadia,
esBuaryofiTad
aisaxeboda,
rogorc
dasavleT
germaniis
socialur-ekonomikur ganviTareabze, aseve misi mosaxleobis materialur
keTildReobaze. germanelTaTvis sabednierod mosaxleobis umravlesobis
nebiT es gaerTianeba Sedga.
italiaSi, evropis kidev erT mniSvnelovan qveyanaSi regionebs
Soris daZabuloba lamis iyo qveynis gayofiT dasrulda (ix. CanarTi #).
CanarTi #

separatizmi italiurad: CrdiloeTis liga

1980 w. italiaSi dafuZnda politikuri organizacia padaniis29
damoukideblobis CrdiloeT liga (Lega Nord per l'Indipendenza della Padania).
CrdiloeTis liga, ase uwodeben mas SemoklebiT, miznad isaxavda
italiaSi federaciuli mmarTvelobis SemoRebas, romlis pirobebSic
CrdiloT italia gansakuTrebuli privilegiebiT isargeblebda. 1990-ian
wlebSi am organizaciis yvelaze radikalurma frTam moiTxova padaniis
damoukidebloba. CrdiloeT ligam 2000 wlis arCvenebSi amomrCevelTa
xmebis 10% miiRo, xolo qveynis CrdiloeT nawulSi eleqtoratis
mxardaWeram 30% Seadgina. separatizmi ar Sedga, magram TavisTavad es
faqti italielTaTvis Zalze SemaSfoTebeli aRmoCnda. ratom qonda
adgili aseT ganxeTqilebas italielebSi? am SekiTxvaze pasuxi
ZiriTadad or garemoabiT unda aixsnas.
italiis
istoriisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli
iyo
teritoriuli
daqsaqsuloba da praqtikulad aracentralizebuli mmarTveloba. italia
tradiciulad dayofili iyo mxareebad, romlebic xSir SemTxvevaSi sxva
qveynebis batonobis an gavlenis qveS iyvnen. ase grZeldeboda italiis
gaerTianebamde, romelic XIX s.-Si Sedga. saerTo istoriis arqonam
uaryofiTi
gavlena
iqonia
italielebis
identobaze.
CrdiloeT
italielebis identoba gansxvavdeba samxreTelebisgan. es ukanasknelebi
lombardielebs keltebis da germanelebis buSebs uwodeben, Tavis mxriv
CrdiloeTelebi samxreT italias moixsenieben, rogorc korufciis,
mafiis da usaqmurebis mxares. CrdiloeTis ligis warmomadgenlebi
29

padania aris geografiuli olqi, romelic moicavs mdinare pos dablobs anu italiis
CrdiloeT da Sua nawilebs lombardiidan tiskanamde da umbriamde.

55

kidev ufro Sors wavidnen, rodesac ganacxades, rom padanielebi

keltebis STamomavlebi arian, Sesabamisad maT aranairi naTesaoba ar
akavSirebT samxreT italielebTan.
meore mizezi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom italiis mTavrobam ver
gamoiCina Sesabamisi kompetenturoba da droulad ver aRmofxvra
disbalansi socialur-ekonomikur ganviTarebaSi. italiis mTavroba,
dasavleT evropis didi qveynebis mTavrobebisgan yovelTvis gamoirCeoda
arastabilurobiT da korumpirebulobiT. CrdiloeTis liga maSin
aRwevda SesamCnev warmatebebs saparlamento an adgilobriv arCevnebze,
rodesac qveyanaSi adgili qonda samTavrobo kriziss an gaxmaurebul
korufciul skandalebs.
italielTa dezintegraciis ZiriTadi mizezi socialur-ekonomikuri
xasiaTis
iyo.
italiis
orive
mxaris
mosaxleobis
materialur
keTilReobaSi saxeze iyo udidesi gansxvaveba. Sesabamisad, ekonomikurad
ganviTarebul da materialurad uzrunvelyofil CrdiloeTelebs ar
surdaT maT mier Seqmnili dovlaTi samxreTelebisTvis gaenawilebinaT.
problemis
gadawyvetis
saukeTeso
gza
swored
samxreTis
ekonomikur ganviTarebaze gadis. mimdinare saukuneSi samxreT italiaSi
mniSvnelovani socialur-ekonomikuri proeqtebis ganxorcielebis da
organizebul
danaSaulebriv
sindikatebTan
warmatebuli
brZolis
Sedegad qveynis samxreTSi situacia SesamCnevad gamosworda. Sedegad,
CrdiloeTis ligasac xeli moecara. is SeuerTda politikur alianss
win italia (mas didi xnis ganmavlobaSi xelmZRvanelobda silvio
berluskoni) da aRar iTxovs padaniis italiisgan gamoyofas. is kvlav
italiis federaluri mowyobisTvis ibrZvis.

wyaroebi:
Jones, Martin, Rhys Jones & Michael Woods (2004). Introduction to Political
Geography: Space, Place and Politics. Routledge: New York, p. 96.
, (2008).
. http://www.apn.ru/publications/article19822.htm

teritoriuli maxasiaTebeli.
nacionalizmis sivrciTi aspeqtebis Seswavla geografebma arc Tu
ise didi xnis daiwyes. am kvlevis dawyebas impulsi misca kolin
uiliamsis (Colin Williams) da entoni d. smitis 1983 wels gamoqveynebulma
naSromma socialuri sivrcis erovnuli konstuqcia. misma avtorebma
SemogvTavazes
rva
maxasiaTebeli,
romlebic
zegavlenas
axdenen
nacionalizmisa da geografiuli garemos konteqstis Camoyalibebze
(ixileT cxrili #).
cxrili #

sivrce, teritoria da eri: rva maxasiaTebeli

maxasiaTeblebi
habitati (sacxovrisi): bunebrivi garemo da
miwa-wyali gvexmareba adamianTa kompaqturi
gansaxlebis sistemis da am sistemis
xasiaTis axsnaSi. erovnuli idealebi ufro
ganviTarebulia sasoflo, vidre saqalaqo
mosaxleobaSi.
saxalxo kultura: sasoflo arealebSi
bunebrivi
habitati
ganapirobebs

magaliTebi
ebraeli
fundamentalistebi
israelSi,
konfliqtis zonebSi, e.i. im teritoriebze,
romlebic palestinis avtonomias ekuTvnis
cdiloben Seqmnan ebrauli sasoflo (da
ara saqalaqo) dasaxlebebi.
nacizmis
da
nacionalistur

sxva
eqstremistul
ideologiebSi
didi

56

gansakuTrebuli
tradiciebisa
da
socialuri normebis Camoyalibebas, e.i.
gansazRvravs
cxovrebis
kalendarul
ritms. es aisaxeba sasoflo mosaxleobis
ritualebze da kulturaze. am arealebis
mosaxleoba
cdilobs Tavidan aicilos
qalaquri kosmopolirizmi da xazi gausvas,
rom eris sawyiss sofeli warmoadgens. .
masStabi: qveynis mosaxleobis ricxovneba
da siZliere saSualebas aZlevs
ers
warmatebas
miaRwios
saerTaSoriso
asparezze. amiT SeiZleba aixsnas zogierTi
eris
mcdeloba
gaafarTovos
misi
teritoriuli
zegavlena,
Sesabamisad
aimaRlos saerTaSoriso prestiJi.
mdebareoba:
am
SemTxvevaSi
SegviZlia
ganvixiloT
nebismieri
eris
rTuli
urTierTobebi mezobel erebTan. xSirad
maT Soris saqme
omamde midis, rac
SemdgomSi aisaxeba eris mdgomareobaze.
garda
amisa,
daZabuli
urTierTobebi
warmoiSveba qveynis SigniT centrsa da
periferias Soris.
sazRvari:
eri
cdilobs
daikavos
teritoria bunebriv sazRvrebs Soris da
Tavidan aicilos garedan Tavs moxveuli
xelovnuri sazRvrebi.
avtarqia: qveynis teritoria ganixileba
eris keTildReobis wyarod. eris brZola
damoukideblobisaTvis
dakavSirebulia
erovnuli
resursebis,
upiratesad
sasoflo-sameurneo, agreTve mineraluri
resursebis
gamoyenebaze
sruli
kontrolis dawesebasTan.
samSoblo: teritoria ar aris neitraluri
cneba. is aris eris samSoblo anu is
adgilia, saidanac saTaves iRebs eris
istoria.
eris mSenebloba: eris formirebisa da
ganviTarebis
procesi
garkveul
geografiul adgilze mimdinareobs. es
adgili ki warmoadgens im fundaments,
romelic droTa ganmavlobaSi erovnul
(saxelmwifo)
teritoriad
yalibdeba.
wyaro:
wyaro: Williams & Smith, 1983: 504-510

mniSvneloba eniWeboda saxalxo kulturas,

romelic saTaves soflidan iRebs.

es gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCino iyo XX

saukunis
I
naxevaris
geopolitikaSi,
evropuli saxelmwifoebis mier afrikis
kolonizaciis procesSi.

indoeTsa
da
pakistans
Soris
urTierTobebis
daZabvas,
am
qveynebSi
radikaluri nacionalizmis aRzeveba moyva.
aseve, mxedvelobaSia misaRebi sasazRvro
regionis kaSmiris sakiTxi, romelis gamoc
am qveynebis Soris urTierTobebi kidev
ufro garTulda.
amis
erT-erTi
magaliTia
safrangeTi,
romelic didi xnis ganmavlobaSi ibrZoda
misi bunebrivi sazRvrebis dasacavad.
amis sailustraciod SeiZleba gavixsenoT,
arabuli
qveynebis
brZola
sakuTari
navTobis da bunebrivi gazis sabadoebis
nacionalizaciisTvis, romlebis didi xnis
ganmavlobaSi
evropuli
da
amerikuli
navTobkompaniebis kontrolis qveS iyo.
ebraelebisTvis samSoblos cneba imdenad
did faseulobas warmoadgenda, rom is maT
saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi Semoinaxes.
qalaqebi,
sakomunikacio
qseli,
eleqtrosadgurebi,
samarTlebrivi
da
saganmanaTleblo
sistemebi
gadamwyvet
rols TamaSobs erovnuli teritoriis
konstruirebaSi.

erovnuli landSafti
zemoT mocemul
cxrilSi, habitati da saxalxo kultura
erTianobaSi qmnis erovnul landSafts. landSafti am SemTxvevaSi ar
moicavs mxolod fizikur-geografiul garemos. masSi, aseve Sedis
erovnuli faseulobebi. adamianebi erovnul landSafts ganixilaven,
rogorc
erisa
da
samSoblos
umniSvnelovanes
maxasiaTebels.
sagulisxmoa, rom erovnuli landSaftis pirvelad gansaxierebas
sasoflo landSafti warmoadgens. msoflios istoriaSi mravlad aris
magaliTebi, romlebic adasturebs Tu raoden didi yuradReba eqceoda
sasoflo landSaftis adgils erovnul politikaSi.
wina saukuneSi msoflio omebs Soris uelsSi Seiqmna uelsis
partia plaid kemri (Plaid Cumru). es partia uelselebs mouwodebda
57

dabrunebodnen miwas, radgan, misi azriT, swored soflad mcxovrebi

uelselebi warmoadgendnen eris WeSmarit nawils. ufro metic, partias
miaCnda, rom inglisma maT Tavs moaxvia saqalaqo cxovrebis wesi im
mizniT, rom moexdina uelselebis gadagvareba da asimilacia (Jones et al.,
2004: 92).
XX saukunis dasawisSi, rodesac irlandia jer kidev ar iyo
damoukidebeli, lingvisturi TvalsazrisiT qveynis dasavleTi imiT
gamoirCeoda misi sxva regionebisgan, rom iq mosaxleobis mSobliur enas
kelturi lingvisturi ojaxis geluri ena warmoadgenda. ingliselma
kolonizatorebma moaxerxes, rom irlandiis did qalaqebSi da CrdiloeT
irlandiaSi geluri ena inglisuriT CaenacvlebinaT. irlandiis erovnulganmanTavisuflebelma moZraobam swored dasavleT irlandia aRiara
erovnuli siwmindis bastionad da damoukideblobisTvis brZolis
simbolod (iqve: 92-93).
erovnuli
landSafti
erTaSorisi
kulturuli
gansxvavebis
gansazRvrisTvisac gamoiyeneba. jer kidev XIX s.-Si, anglokanaduri
nacionalizmis mamebma, mZlavri propagandisturi kampania warmarTes
kanaduri identobis SenarCunebisTvis, radgan advili SesaZlebeli iyo,
rom adgili qonoda kanadelebis asimilacias ufro mdidari da Zlieri
aSS-is mier. am mizniT, maT win wamowies CrdiloeT kanadis magaliTi.
qveynis am regionis mosaxleoba, ZiriTadad anglokanadelebi, dRidan
evropidan
kanadaSi
gadmosaxlebisa
patara
soflebSi
iyvnen
koncentrirebuli da praqtikulad karCaketil cxovrebas eweodnen.
evropuli warmoSobis CrdiloeT kanadelebma aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi
SeinarCunes maTma winaprebis mier Seqmnili tradiciebi. kanadeli
nacionalistebi gansakuTrebul aqcents im faqtze akeTebdnen, rom
WeSmariti kanada swored sasoflo kanada iyo, rac is radikalurad
ganasxvavebda amerikisgan (es ukanaskneli saqalaqo cxovrebis wess
misdevda) (iqve: 93).

erovnuli identoba da saxelmwifo politika

zogadad, erTiani erovnuli identobis formirebis saxelmwifo
politika sakmaod mravalferovania. monserat giberno (Gibernau, 2007: 25)
gamoyofs saxelmwifos Semdeg xuT ZiriTad strategias:
1. eris imijis Seqmna, romelSic, rogorc wesi efuZneba dominanti
eris da qveyanaSi mcxovrebi sxva ZirZveli eTnosis (eTnosebis)
saerTo istoriasa da kulturas da teritoriul erTianobas;
2. erovnuli (saxelmwifo) simboloebis da ritualebis daarseba da
maTTvis saxelmwifo an adgilobrivi donis RonisZiebebis
statusis miniWeba, rac xels uwyobs eris wevrebs Soris
erTianobis grZnobis gaZlierebas. erovnuli simbolika ar unda
moicavdes
mxolod
umravlesobis
Sesabamis
faseulobebs.
sasurvelia,
rom
xelisufleba
zrunavdes
umciresobebis
mniSvnelovani
istoriuli
movlenebis
sxvadasxva
formiT
aRniSvnaze.
3. moqalaqeobis
institucionalizacia,
rac
iTvaliswinebs
adamianis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli
politikuri, ekonomikuri
da
samoqalaqo
uflebebis
da
Tavisuflebebis
dacvas;
58

uzrunvelyofs
qveynis
yvela
moqalaqis
Tanasworobas
ganurCevlad maTi religiuri, eTnikuri, rasobrivi Tu sxva saxis
kulturuli mimarTebisa.
4. saerTo mtris xatis Seqmna mniSvnelovanwilad ganapirobebs
erovnul konsolidacias, ganurCevlad imisa mteri realuria,
potenciuri Tu gamogonili.
5. erovnuli ganaTlebisa da masmediis sistemebi gadamwyvet rols
asrulebs eris imijis Seqmnasa da damkvidrebaSi.
rogorc,
zemoT
mocemuli
klasifikaciidan
Cans
erovnuli
identobis
formirebis
procesSi
gansakuTrebuli
adgilia
eris
kulturis da simboloebis maRal doneze warmoCenas. amis miRwevis
saukeTesoo gzaa eris (eTnosis) istoriis miTologizicia.
erovnuli
mSeneblobis
saxelmwifo
politikaSi
warsulis
miTologiziacias gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eTmoba. am fenomens didi
xnis istoria aqvs. uZvelesi droidan yvela eTnosi (xalxi) Taobidan
Taobas gadascemda sakuTar istorias. droTa ganmavlobaSi es istoria
icvleboda, ufro swored mdidrdeboda SeTxzuli ambebiT. nebismieri
xalxis istoria zRapars gavs is savsea dramatizmiT da sagmiro
saqmeebiT.
Tanamedrove
saxelmwifoebis
erovnuli
politika
misi
satitulo mosaxleobis eTnikuri politikis gagrZelebas warmoadgens.
istoriis
miTologizacia
saxelmwifosTvis
instrumentia,
romlis
meSveobiT is cdilobs xeli Seuwyos mosaxleobis (yovel SemTxvevaSi
eTnikuri umravlesobis) konsolidacias da patriotizmis amaRlebas.
rusma mecnierma viqtor Snirelmanma gamoyo eris (eTnosis)
istoriis miTologizaciis Semdegi universaluri niSnebi:
- miTi avtoqtonurobis Sesaxeb imis mtkiceba, rom mocemuli
xalxi (misi ena da kultura) ZirZvelia im teritoriaze, sadac
amJamad cxovrobs.
- miTi samSoblos Sesaxeb imis dasabuTebis mcdeloba, rom
mocemuli
xalxis
eTnopolitikuri
sazRvrebi
istoriul
warsulSi gacilebiT ufro didi iyo.
- miTi
lingvisturi
memkvidreobiTobis
Sesaxeb

eTnosis
identificireba garkveul enasTan. imis mtkiceba, rom es ena
misTvis yovelTvis mSobliuri iyo.
- miTi eTnikuri ojaxis Sesaxeb imis mtkiceba, rom mocemuli
xalxis wiaRidan gamovidnen sxva xalxebi, romlebic Semdgom
sxva teritoriebze (ZiriTadad mis samezobloSi) gansaxldnen.
- miTi didebuli winaprebis Sesaxeb imis mcdeloba, rom moxdes
mocemuli xalxis identificireba im xalxTan, romlis mdidari
kulturis Sesaxebac utyuari istoruli informacia arsebobs.
- miTi kulturtregerobis Sesaxeb pretenziis gacxadeba imis
Taobaze, rom mocemuli xalxis winaprebs gacilebiT meti
kulturuli an politikuri miRwevebi qondaT, vidre mezobeli
xalxebis winaprebs, Sesabamisad adgili qonda am xalxis mier
sxva xalxebSi kulturis gavrcelebas.
59

miTi eTnikuri erTgvarobis Sesaxeb

imis uaryofa, rom
istoriulad adgili qonda mocemuli xalxis sxva xalxebTan
aRrevas, Sesabamisad imis xazgasma, rom em xalxSi maRali iyo
eTnikuri konsolidaciis xarisxi.
miTi mtris (mtrebis) Sesaxeb imis konstatacia, rom mocemuli
xalxi xSirad ganicdida mtrebis Semosevebs, Tumca man
Rirseulad gauZlo istoriis yvela qartexils (, 2000:
22-23).

miuxedavad
zemoT
mocemuli
da
sxva
mcdelobebisa
erisaxelmwifoebi Tanamedrove msoflioSi sul ufro da ufro mZafri
gamowvevebis winaSe dganan. upirveles yovlisa, farTovdeba moZraoba
damoukideblobis an politikuri avtonomiis moTxovniT. am moTxovnebs
safuZvlad udevs xalxTa TviTgamorkvevis ufleba,30 romelsac yvela
mxare misTvis sasurvel interpretacias aZlevs.
globalizaciis
procesma
radikalurad
Secvala
erisaxelmwifoebis
mdgomareoba.
globalizacia
Tavisi
arsiT
saxelmwifoebis arsebobis winaaRmdegia. msoflioSi erTiani ekonomikuri
sistemis Camoyalibebas xels uSlis suverenuli qveynebis arseboba.
nacionaluri
mTavrobebisa
da
transnacionaluri
korporaciebis
interesebi
erTmaneTisgan
radikalurad
gansxvavebulia.
pirveli
xelmZRvanelobs erovnuli interesebiT, romelSic farulad Tu aSkarad
prevalirebs erovnuli interesebi, xolo supranacionaluri ekonomikuri
struqturebi mogebaze arian orientirebulebi. isini gansakuTrebul
yuradRebas
aqceven
adamianis
uflebebis
dacvas.
am
uflebebis
ganuyofili
nawilia
umciresobebis
dacva.
adre
aRiniSna,
rom
umciresobebis politikuri da kulturuli moZraobebi Zalian did
problemebs uqmnian tradiciuli tipis saxelmwifos, ufro metic isini
mas asusteben. cnobili Tezisi xalxTa TviTgamorkvevis ufleba
saxelmwifoebis
teritoriuli
erTianobis
winaaRmdeg,
sxvagvarad
SeiZleba moinaTlos, rogorc transnacioanluri korporaciebi erisaxelmwifoebis winaaRmdeg.
meore mxriv, globalizaciis procesma gaaZliera calkeuli
socialuri, politikuri da kulturuli jgufebis roli sazogadoebis
cxovrebaSi. es jgufebi cdiloben ra iyvnen SesamCnevi socialuri
aqtorebi gamodian kulturuli Tanasworobis, umciresobaTa uflebebis
dacvis da sxva ideebiT. maTi mecadineoba TiTqos unda asustebdes
erovnul saxelmwifos, magram msoflios did nawilSi sapirispiro ram
SeiniSneba. globalizaciam gaaZliera umciresobaTa identoba da
survili
ibrZolon
sakuTari
uflebebisTvis,
rac
xSirad
separatizmamdec midis; imavdroulad, gansakuTrebiT ganviTarebad da
patara qveynebSi izrdeba erovnuli umravlesobebis TviTSegneba imisa,
rom maT SeiZleba dakargon erovnuli saxelmwifo, anu is ris
mSeneblobasac maT da maTma winaprebma saukuneebi moandomes. amasTan
dakavSirebiT, specialistebi sul ufro xSirad svamen SekiTxvas: ras
30

gaeros 1966 wlis politikuri da samoqalaqo ufelebaTa Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso

paqtis I muxlSi mocemuli xalxTa TviTgamorkvevis ufleba sinamdvileSi principia da
ara, saerTaSoriso samarTalis norma. Sesabamisad misi Sesruleba-arSesruleba gaeros
wevri-saxelmwifoebis keTil nebazea damokidebuli.

60

ufro uwyobs xels globalizaciis procesi: msoflios kulturul

homogenizacias Tu mravalkulturalizms?
dasavleT evropa Taviseburad cdilobs moagvaros aRniSnuli
gamowvevebi. evrokavSiri unikaluri kulturul-teritoriuli aliansia.
sityva aliansis xazgasma SemTxveviTi ar aris. evropa, TiTqos midis
erTian saxelmwofod Camoyalibebisaken, magram jer gaurkvevelia, romeli
Zalebi gaimarjveben: centriskenuli Tu centridanuli. Seiqmneba Tu ara
saerToevropuli socialur-kulturul identoba? iqneba Tu ara es
identoba ufro Zlieri, vidre calke aRebuli TiToeuli evropuli eris
identoba? Cemi azriT identobis sakiTxi gadamwyvetia evrokavSiris
politikuri gaerTianebis gzaze.
CanarTi #X aRwerilia ungreTis samezobloSi gafantuli ungruli
umciresobebis cxovrebis mniSvnelovani socialur-kulturuli aspeqtebi.
ungrul umciresobebze yuradRebis SeCereba SemTxveviT ar momxdara.
erTi mxriv, es magaliTi tipiuria bevri evropuli umciresobisaTvis da
naTlad asaxavs erTaSorisi urTierTobebisa da kulturuli identobis
specifiur niSnebs, romelic damaxasiaTebeli iyo yofili socialisturi
blokis
qveynebisTvis.
meore,
mxriv,
yuradsaRebia
evrokavSiris
gamocdileba eTnikuri urTierTobebis daZabulobis SemcirebaSi.
CanarTi #

ungruli umciresoba slovakeTSi

evrointegraciam
Searyia
manmade
arsebuli
urTierTobebi
saxelmwifos, ers, suverenitetsa da demokratias Soris. yalibdeba
mravalwaxnagovani politikuri gaerTianeba gabneuli suverenitetiT.
centraluri
xelisuflebis
kompetenciebi
gadanawilebulia
mmarTvelobis sxvadasxva doneebze. adamianis uflebaTa dacva didi
xania aRar aris mxolod saxelmwifos prerogativa. am sferoSi
mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs saerTaSoriso Tanamegobroba. sxva
sityvebiT, adamianis uflebaTa dacvam SezRuda saxelmwifo suvereniteti
da daarRvia qveynis sazRvrebi da es yvelaze TvalasaCinoa evrokavSirSi.
evrokavSirSi Semcirda dominanti eris, rogorc saxelmwifos
erTaderTi mflobelis roli, Sesabamisad misi suvereniteti naklebad
vrceldeba umciresobebis politikur, ekonomikur da kulturul
ganviTarebaze.
umciresobebTan
mimarTebaSi
centraluri
evropis
konteqsti
mniSvnelovanad
gansxvavdeba
dasaveleT
evropis
anlogisagan.
am
ukanasknelSi umciresobis ZiriTad masas II msoflio omis Semdeg
Camosuli imigrantebi Seadgenen, romelTa dRis wesrigSi ar dgas eTnoteritoriuli problematika. evropis central nawilSi ki kompaqturad
dasaxlebuli umciresobebi Tavs mkvidr (avtoqtonur) erebad Tvlian,
Sesabamisad maT Soris adgili aqvs iredentistul moZraobas.
am mxriv, interesmoklebuli ar iqneba centralur evropaSi
gansaxlebuli ungruli umciresobebis SemTxvevis ganxilva
Semdegi
mizezebis gamo: ungruli umciresobebi kompaqturad arian dasaxlebuli
rumineTSi, slovakeTSi, serbeTSi, ukrainaSi, avstriaSi, xorvatiasa da
sloveniaSi; ungrelebs miaCniaT, rom am qveynebSi isini mkvidr
mosaxleobas warmoadgenen, rasac bolomde ar iziarebs yvela mezobeli
saxelmwifo. eTnikuri ungrelebis dispersiuli ganawileba evropis
qveynebis
teritoriaze
ganpirobebuli
iyo
rTuli
politikuri
61

procesebiT, romelTac adgili qondaT avstro-ungreTis daSlis da or

msoflio oms Soris periodebSi; ungreTis saxelmwifosa da mis
samezobloSi myof ungrul umciresobebs Soris yovelTvis mWidro
kavSiri arsebobda; ungrul umciresobas daZabuli urTierToba qonda
zogierTi qveynis satitulo mosaxleobasTan, rac uaryofiTad aisaxeboda
ungreTis da am qveynebis urTierTobebzec.
amJamad, zemoT dasaxelebuli qveynebi, ukrainis garda, evrokavSiris
wevrebi arian. aqedan gamomdinare, sainteresoa, rogor zegavlenas axdens
evropuli regionalizmis da transnacionalizmis politika ungruli
umciresobebis
identobaze?
ramdenad
uwyobs
xels
sazRvrebis
gamWvirvaloba da ekonomikuri TanamSromloba erTaSorisi daZabulobis
Semcirebas, Sesabamisad politikuri stabilurobis zrdas evrokavSiris
teritoriaze?
2005 wels slovakeTSi Catarda sociologiuri gamokiTxva, romlis
mizani iyo daedgina, rogori zegavlena iqonia evrokavSirSi gawevrianebam
am qveyanaSi mosaxle ungrul umciresobaze. aRmoCnda, rom evropul
aliansSi gawevrianebidan 1 wlis Semdeg ungruli umciresobis identoba
kvlav gadaWarbebulad eTnikuri iyo: gamokiTxulTa 84% Tavis Tavs
slovakeTSi mcxovreb ungrelebad miiCnevda, xolo slovakeTs ki
adgilad, sadac isini saxloben. politkuri TvalsazrisiT ungrelebis
didi umravlesoba Tavs evropelad aRiarebs da sjera, rom slovakeTsa
da ungreTsa Soris dadebiTi urTierTobebi iqneba. slovakeTis
ungrelebma uaRresad dadebiTad Seafases evrokavSiris qveynebs Soris
sazRvrebis gauqmeba da daadastures, rom mniSvnelovnad Seuwyobs xels
regionis stabilurobas. ungruli umciresoba Tavs aRar grZnobs
samSoblosgan mowyvetilad, ufro metic maT miaCniaT, rom amJamad isini
ungruli eris iseTive ganuyofil nawils Seadgenen, rogorc es
istoriul warsulSi iyo. meore mxriv, slovakeTis sazogadoeba, aRar
aris SeSfoTebuli ungruli iredentizmis SesaZlo gamovlinebiT.
miuxedavad amisa, dRis wesrigSi kvlav aris gadauWreli sakiTxebi.
konkretulad, adamianis uflebadamcvelebi akritikeben slovakeTis
xelisuflebas imis gamo, rom qveynis konstituciaSi aRniSnulia
slovaki eri, magram araferia naTqvami umciresobebze. es loRikurad
gamoricxavs umciresobebis uflebas iyvnen slovakeTis saxelmwifos
Tanamflobelebi. garda amisa, ungruli umciresoba kritikas ar
iSurebs
ungruli
warmoSobis
politikosebis
mimarT,
romlebic
koncentrirebuli arian eTno-politikur problematikaze da nakleb
yuradRebas
uTmoben
ungrelebiT
dasaxlebuli
da
ekonomikurad
CamorCenili samxreT slovakeTis ganviTarebas (Harris, 2009: 156).
mTlianobaSi, gamoklevis Sedegebma cxadhyo, rom erTi mxriv,
evropul regionalizacias jer ar moutania sasurveli Sedegebi, magram,
meore mxriv dadasturda, rom evropis mravalkulturul regionebSi
transnacionalizmi (am SemTxvevaSi sazRvrebis gaxsna) sakmaod efeqturi
saSualebaa eTnikuri daZabulobis ganmuxtvis mxriv (iqve: 157).

nacionalizmi, rogorc doqtrina

nacionalizmi, misi kritikosebis azriT, ar aris srulfasovani
ideologia
da
ukeTess
SemTxvevaSi
is
doqtrinas
warmoadgens.
nacionalizmi namdvilad gamoirCeva filosofiuri siRaribiT, Tu
SevadarebT iseT fundamentur Teoriul ideologiebs, rogorebicaa
62

liberalizmi, socializmi, konservatizmi. garda amisa, klasikuri

filosofiebi universaluri xasiaTis moZRvrebebia, xolo nacionalizmi
erovnuli masStabiT Semoifargleba. nacionalizmi, rogorc aseTi
prevalirebs, magram ara romelime saxis nacionalizmi (Gellner, 1983: 42-48).
irlandiur, rusul, frangul, qarTul, somxur nacionalizmebs Soris
bevri saerTo niSnebi aqvT, magram maT Soris uamravi gansxvavebacaa.
miuxedavad imisa, rom nacionalizmi ar warmoadgens mwyobr erTian
Teorias mainc SesaZlebelia misi fundamenturi (sabazo) debulebebis
Semdegi saxiT Camoyalibeba:
1. msoflio
Sedgeba
erebisagan,
romelTaganac
TiToeuli
gamoirCeva unikaluri xasiaTiT, istoriiTa da rwmeniT.
2. eri politikuri Zalauflebis erTaderTi wyaroa.
3. erisadmi loialoba yvela sxva saxis loialobaze maRla dgas.
4. individi, mxolod maSin aris Tavisufali, rodesac is romelime
ers warmoadgens.
5. yoveli eri iRwvis TviTgamoxatvisa da TviTmmarTvelobisaken
(avtonomiurobisaken).
6. msoflioSi mSvidoba da Tanasworoba miRwevadia avtonomiur
erTa arsebobis SemTxvevaSi (Smith, 2001: 22).
mTlianobaSi,
es
CamonaTvali
warmoadgens
nacionalizmis
doqtrinas, romelic ukanaskneli debulebis gamoklebiT, asaxavs am
dargis TvalsaCino Teoretikosebis herderis, rusos, cimermanis,
jefersonis,
maZinis
da
maTi
Tanamedrove
mimdevrebis
naazrevs.
doqtrinaSi mocemuli pirveli xuTi debuleba saerToa nebismieri saxis
nacionalizmisaTvis,
Tumca
yvela
xalxis
nacionalizms
misTvis
damaxasiaTebeli niSnebic gaaCnia. nacionalizmis Sotlandieli mkvlevari
tom nairni aRniSnavs, rom arsebobs nacional-izmi, e.i. ideologia da
nacional-izmi, rogorc unikaluri movlena (Nairn, 1977). nairnis mixedviT
gamodis, rom yvela eris nacionalizmisTvis erTnairi ideologia aris
damaxasiaTebeli, xolo eris mSeneblobis (Camoyalibebis) procesi
sxvadasxva erebSi gansxvavebulad mimdinareobs.
cnobilma geografebma britanelma piter teilorma da amerikelma
kolin flintma gaaerTianes leonard tivis (ix. Tivey, 1981: 5-6) da entonis
smitis (ix. Smith, 2001: 22) naSromebSi mocemuli nacionalizmis doqtrinis
ZiriTadi debulebebi da SemogvTavazes maTi klasifikacia geografiuli
masStabebis da doneebis mixedviT (ix. cxrili #).
cxrili #

nacionalizmis ZiriTadi debulebebi masStabebisa da doneebis mixedviT

# masStabi / done
nacionalizmis debulebebi
a1
makro /
msoflio warmoadgens erebis mozaikas
globaluri
a2
er-saxelmwifoTa sistemaSi am mozaikis arseboba
ganapirobebs msoflio wesrigs da harmonias
b1
erebi
sazogadoebis
bunebrivi
erTobebia
(gaerTianebebia)
b2
erebisTvis
damaxasiaTebelia
kulturuli
63

mezo /
saxelmwifo

homogenuroba,
rac
ganpirobebulia
saerTo
warmomavlobiT da/an istoriiT
b3
yovel
ers
esaWiroeba
sakuTari
suverenuli
saxelmwifo, romelic misi kulturis namdvili kera
iqneba
b4
yvela eris kanonieri uflebaa qondes sakuTari
teritoria.
g1
nebismieri individi eris wevri unda iyos
pirovnuli
g2
pirovneba upirveles yovlisa eris erTguli unda
iyos
g3
mxolod
eris
wevroba
aZlevs
pirovnebas
saSualebas miaRwios WeSmarit Tavisuflebas
wyaro: (Taylor & Flint, 2007: 163).
geografiulma midgomam saSualeba misca teilorsa da flints
nacionalizmis doqtrinis Sesaxeb Semdegi daskvnebi gamoetanaT:
msoflio dayofilia er-saxelmwifoebad, Sesabamisad is
politikurad erTiani ar aris. es aris nacionalizmis
maxasiaTebeli globalur doneze;
nacionalizmis samoqmedo arenas eri-saxelmwifo warmoadgens.
es
nacionalizmis
maxasiaTebelia
mezo
masStabiT
e.i.
saxelmwifo doneze.
nacionalizmis doqtrina gverds uvlis lokalur dones.
nacionalizmis doqtrinaSi ugulvebelyofilia mikro doneze
arsebuli
procesebi,
arada
nacionalizmis,
rogorc
procesis
gamovlinebebi lokalur doneze intensuriad mimdinareobs. Sesabamisad,
es gansaxilveli doqtrinis mniSvnelovani naklia. meore mxriv,
nacionalizmis doqtrinaSi figurirebs individi, e.i. personaluri done,
rac saerTod ar gvxvdeba geografiul doneTa skalaze. sxva sityvebiT,
aseTi saxis masStabs geografia ar cnobs. aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba
imis konstataciac, rom arc geografiuli masStabebis klasifikacia aris
srulyofili.
nacionalizmis doqtrinis kritikosebi gansakuTrebuli xazgasmiT
aRniSnaven, rom erTa msoflio ar da ver Sedga. saxelmwifoebi,
ZiriTadad
ki
Zlieri
maTganebi,
jer
erTi
ewinaaRmdegebian
damoukideblobis armqone erebis avtonomiurobas da, garda amisa
cdiloben msoflio wesrigi sakuTar interesebs Seusabamon.
Sedegad,
oponentTa azriT, erTa msoflio sxva araferi, Tu ara Teoriuli
koncefti.
mTlianobaSi, nacionalizmis yvelaze mZafr kritikas swored misi
Teoriuli
xasiaTi
imsaxurebs.
specialistebi
aRniSnaven,
rom
nacionalizmis doqtrina savsea ganuxorcielebeli amocanebiT. Tumca, am
kritikis avtorebs mxedvelobidan gamorCaT, rom marqsizmic savsea
utopiuri ideebiT, Tumca is mainc fundamenturi moZRvrebis mantiiT aris
Semosili.

eTnikuri da socialuri nacionalizmi

nacionalizmis ganviTreba xdeboda da xdeba ori fundamenturi
gansxvavebuli
principis:
tradicionalizmisa
da
racionalurobis
64

Widilis
pirobebSi
(Barnard,
1983:
252).
am
principebis
urTieTdamokidebuleba
sxvagvarad
SeiZleba
aRiweros,
rogorc
istoriuli paeqroba individsa da adamianTa erTobas an TviTgansaxierebasa da TviT-Segnebas an samoqalaqosa da eTno-kulturuls
Soris (Harris, 2009: 29). am TvalsazrisiT ganasxvaveben samoqalaqo da
eTnikur
nacionalizmebs.
israeleli
mecnieri,
amJamad
bostonis
universitetis profesori, q-ni lia grinfeldi miiCnevs, rom pirveli
asocirebulia moqalaqeobasTan, xolo meore partikularizmTan da
koleqtiurobasTan. zogadad, aseTi midgoma SeiZleba arasworic iyos,
radgan ar aris dasabuTebuli, Tu ratom aris warmodgenili terminebi
eTnikuri da samoqalaqo dixotomiis31 saxiT.
samagierod,
gaciliebiT
logikurad
gamoiyureba
germaneli
mecnieris hans konis mier jer kidev 1944 w. dixotomiis saxiT
warmodgenili terminebi dasavluri da aRmosavluri nacionalizmebi
(igulisxmeba dasavleT evropa da aRmosavleT evropa). koni miuTiTebs,
rom dasavleT evropaSi burJuaziam SesZlo moqalaqeobis institutze
dafuZnebuli samoqalaqo xasiaTis sazogadoebis Camoyalibeba. erisaxelmwifos formireba, kapitalizmis ganviTarebis erT-erTi bunebrivi
Sedegi iyo. kapitalizmis wiaRidan Sobil sazogadoebas, upirveles
yovlisa
aerTianebda
saerTo
teritoria
da
ufleba-movaleobebi
(kanonmdeblobis CaTvliT). aRmosavleT evropisa da msoflios sxva
regionebSi
eri
ganixileboda,
rogorc
saerTo
kulturisa
da
warmomavlobis mqone adamianTa erToba. Tumca konis mier SemoTavazebul
dayofaSi gvxvdeba gamonaklisebi. mag., Cexuri nacionalizmi, romelic
mocemuli klasifikaciiT aRmosavlur nacionalizmSi Sedis, Tavis
bunebiT dasavluria da, piriqiT irlandiuri nacionalizmi aRmosavleTevropuli nacionalizmis niSnebis matarebelia (Smith, 2001: 40). am
uzustobebis miuxedavad, konis klasifikacia sakmaod maRal mecnierul
doneze aris Sesrulebuli.
cxrili #

dasavluri da aRmosavluri sazogadoebebis maxasiaTeblebi

(hans konis mixedviT)
dasavluri sazogadoebis niSnebi

aRmosavluri sazogadoebis niSnebi

Ria sazogadoeba
realizmi
moqalaqeTa kavSiri
individualizmi
TviTrwmena

Caketili sazogadoeba
idealizmi
xalxis sazogadoeba
koleqtivizmi
qvemdgomobis, arasrulfasovnebis
kompleqsi
burJuaziis mxardaWera
aristokratiuli wamoSoba
wyaro: Kohn, Hans (1944).The Idea of Nationalism. Collier Books: New York.
nacionalizmis
teritoriuli
klasifikacia
sxva
mecnierebmac
SemogvTavazes. mag., hiu seton-uotsoni dasavlur evropul nacionalizms
Zvel anu uwyvet nacionalizms, xolo aRmosavleT evropisa da aziis
nacionalizms axal nacionalizms uwodebs. aRniSnuli regionebis

31

dixotomia mTeli, romelic or urTierTgamomricxav nawiladaa dayofili.

65

nacionalizmebis daxasiaTebisas entoni d. smiti xmarobs terminebs,

Sesabamisad teritoruli da eTnikuri (ibid).
nacionalizmisadmi aRmosavleT-evropuli midgomis TvalsaCino
magaliTs warmoadgens XX s.-is pirvel naxevarSi moRvawe cnobili
qarTveli mecnieris da sazogado moRvawis mixako wereTlis ganmartebebi
xalxis, sazogadoebisa da eris Sesaxeb. wereTlis azriT xalxi
individebis ubralo gaerTianebaa anu is warmoadgens masalas eris
formirebisTvis. mag., saqarTvelos istoriis im periodebs, rodesac
qveyana daqucmacebuli iyo samTavroebad an samefoebad ar SeiZleba
ewodos qarTveli eris istoria. qarTveli mecnieris mtkicebiT, am
periodebSi saqme gvaqvs qarTveli xalxis da ara qarTveli eris
istoriasTan. eris CamoyalibebisTvis aucilebelia erTiani sivrcis
Seqmna, sadac saxezea kargad organizebuli socialuri urTierTobebi,
romelic mxolod saxelmwifos arsebobis pirobebSia SesaZlebeli.
amasTan, wereTeli xazs usvamda imas, rom saxelmwifos Seqmna jer kidev
ar niSnavs erad Camoyalibebas, Tundac mis mosaxleobas gaaCndes erTiani
socialuri da politikuri Rirebulebebi. misi azriT, eri aris mxolod
is socialuri hiper-organizmi, romlis wevrebs gaaCniaT saerTo
kulturuli Rirebulebebi. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saxelmwifo dasaxlebulia
sxvadasxva eTnikuri da religiuri jgufebiT, maSin saqme gvaqvs
sazogadoebasTan. (mixako wereTeli (19 ). eri da kacobrioba. Tbilisi).
amasTan, msoflios dasavlur da aRmosavlur nacionalizmebad
dayofa sulac ar niSnavs, rom pirveli srulad uzrunvelyofs
adamianis, maT Soris umciresobaTa uflebebs, xolo meore piriqiT. mag.,
safrangeTis asambleis erT-erTma wevrma Tavis droze ganacxada:
ebraeli, rogorc pirovneba uzrunvelvyofili iqneba yvelafriT, magram,
rogorc eTnikuri ebraeli arafriT (iqve). aRsaniSnavia, rom 200 welze
meti xnis win warmoTqmuli es fraza wiTel xazad gasdevs yvela eris
nacionalizms.
istoriulad
nebismieri
sazogadoeba,
maT
Soris
dasavluric konkretuli eTnosis garSemo ikribeboda. samoqalaqo
nacionalizmis qveynebSic ki saxelmwifo eTnikuri politika, rogorc
wesi morgebulia umravlesobaze. aSS imigrantebis mier Seqmnili qveyanaa
da is TiTqos tolerantuli unda yofiliyo umciresobebis mimarT,
magram didi xnis ganmavlobaSi amerikuli politika mniSvnelovanwilad
anglo-saqsuri birTvis socialur-ekonomikur da kulturul interesebs
asaxavda. igive SeiZleba iTqvas avstraliazec.
entoni smiti aRniSnavs, rom eTnikuri nacionalizmis dapirispireba
samoqalaqo nacionalizmTan istorizmis kuTxiT arakoreqtulia, xolo
sociologiuri TvalsazrisiT ki SecdomaSi Semyvani. eTnonaciebi
etapobrivad
gardaiqmnen
mravalkulturul
teritoriul-politikur
erTobebad (Smith, 2010: 109-110). tom nairnis ganmartebiT Tanamedrove erisaxelmwifoebi ianuss32 mogvagoneben (Nairn, 1997: 71), romelebic, erTi
mxriv, gansazRvraven Sida-erovnul politikas, xolo, meore mxriv
CarTuli arian saerTaSoriso
politikaSi. sxva sityvebiT, erisaxelmwifoebi
gansazRvraven
warmosaxviTi
sazogadoebebis dro-

32

ianusi (laT. Ianus) orsaxovani RvTaeba. romauli miTologiis mixedviT is

mfarvelobda qalaqebis karibWeebs, taZrebis Sesasvlelebsa da gasasvlelebs.
literaturasa da mecnierebaSi ianusis saxe gamoiyeneba pirovnebis an movlenis
dualisturi (gaorebuli) bunebis aRsaniSnavad.

66

sivrciT identobebs da amiT qmnian RerZs, romlis garSemoc brunavs

Tanamedrove msoflio-sistema (Taylor & Flint, 2007: 191).

nacionalizmis saxeebi33
nacionalizmi, rogorc, ideologia an mravalwaxnagovani movlena
gansxvavebulad vlindeboda sxvadasxva istoriuli periodebsa da
xalxebSi.
miuxedavad
amisa,
SesaZlebelia
nacionlizmis
yvelaze
gavrcelebuli tipebis gamoyofa.
nacionalizmis yvelaze gavrcelebuli saxea ganmanTavisuflebeli
nacionalizmi (Liberation Nationalism). XVIII s.-dan moyolebuli erovnulganmanTavisuflebeli
moZraobis
Sedegad
damoukidebloba
moipova
laTinuri amerikis, xolo ukve XX s.-Si aRmosavleT evropis, aziisa da
afrikis 100-ze metma qveyanam.
gamaerTianebeli nacionalizmi (Unification Nationalism) damaxasiaTebeli
iyo im evropeli erebisTvis, romlebic Sua saukuneebSi gafantuli iyo
mraval qalaq-saxelmwifosa da samTavroebSi. XIX s.-Si napoleonis
omebis Semdeg evropaSi nacionalizmis ganviTarebasTan erTad daiwyo
eri-saxelmwifoebis etapobrivi Camoyalibeba. am process impulsi misca
germanuli miwebis gaerTianebam erTiani saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi.
zogierTi specialisti gamaerTianebel nacionalizmSi gamoyofs or
qvetips:
rizorjimento
nacionalizms
(Risorgimento Nationalism)
da
integralur nacionalizms (Integral Nationalsm). pirveli aqtualuri iyo im
evropeli xalxebisTvis (mag., italielebi, berZnebi, serbebi) romlebic
XVII s.-dan moyolebuli ramdenime saukunis ganmavlobaSi damoukidebeli
saxelmwifos
SeqmnisTvis
ibrZodnen.
integraluri
nacionalizmis
SemTxvevaSi
saqme
gvaqvs
damoukidebel
saxelmwifosTan,
sadac
xelisufleba (elita) cdilobs eri gaaerTianos saerTo politikuri
miznebis garSemo. garkveul SemTxvevebSi integraluri nacionalizmma
SeiZleba radikaluri xasiaTi miiRos. ase moxda, mag. 1920-30-iani wlebis
germaniaSi, rodesac nacionalur-socialisturma partiam germanelebi
nacisturi ideebis garSemo gaaerTiana.
CanarTi #

nacional-socializmi (nacizmi)
nacional-socializmi anu nacizmi 1933-45 wlebSi warmoadgenda
nacional-socialisturi germaniis muSaTa partiis (Nationalsozialistische
Deutsche Arbaeiterpartei, abreviatura NSDAP) ideologiur doqtrinas. nacizmis
ideologiis wanamZRvrebad miiCneva gobinos34, Cemberlenis35 da treiCkes36
33

nacionalizmis tipebi (saxeebi) zedmiwevniT detalurad aris aRwerili qarTveli

mecnieris zurab daviTaSvilis monografiaSi nacionalizmi da globalizacia. aqedan
gamomdinare, mizanSewonilad ar mimaCnia mocemul saxelmZRvaneloSi am sakiTxis farTo
ganxilva.
34 Jozef artur kont de gobino (Joseph Arthur comte de Gobineau) me-18 saukunis frangi

diplomati da moazrovne, romelmac Camoayaliba ideebi Crdilouri rasis uzenaesobis

Sesaxeb.
35

hiuston stiuart Cemberleni (Houston Stewart Chamberlain) me-18 saukunis bolosa da me-19
saukunis
dasawyisis
anglo-germaneli
mwerali,
filosofosi,
sociologi.
mas
skandaluri popularoba moutana 1899 wels gamoqveynebulma naSromma XIX saukunis
safuZvlebi. am naSromSi Cemberleni amtkicebda, rom evropuli kultura aris berZnuli

67

naazreevi. am mecnierebis garkveul ideebs nacistebma sakuTari

interpretacia gaukeTes. nacional-socializmis dogmatebi SeimuSava
fanatikosma nacistma alfred rozenbergma, romelic mogvianebiT
gamoiyena nacistebis liderma adolf hitlerma Tavis naSromSi Cemi
brZola (Main Kampf).
germanelebi Tavs damcirebulad grZnobdnen pirveli msoflio omis
SedegebiT, gansakuTrebiT ki versalis 1919 wlis xelSekrulebis
pirobebiT. 1920-iani wlebis dasawyisSi germaniaSi mravali radikaluri
organizacia Seiqmna, romelic miznad isaxavda germaniis aRorZinebas da
versalis kabaluri dokumentis anulirebas. 1920 wels politikur
arenaze gamovidnen adolf hitleri da misi momxreebi, romlebmac
nacisturi programis prezentacia miunxenis erT-erT ludxanaSi moawyves.
25 Tezisisgan Semdgari es programa populisturi xasiaTis iyo da miznad
isaxavda dabali da saSualo klasis germanelebis grZnobebze TamaSs.
nacional-socialistebis
gamosvlebSi
miCqmaluli
iyo
germaniis
samxedro da socialur-ekonomikuri warumateblobis realuri mizezebi
da
gansakuTrebuli
aqcenti
keTdeboda
germanelTa
winaaRmdeg
SeTqmulebaze, romelSic monawileobdnen komunistebi, demokratebi da,
rac
mTavaria
ebraelebi
da
maTTan
dakavSirebuli
masonuri
organizaciebi.

nacisturi
ideologiis
qvakuTxeds
Semdegi
debulebebi
warmoadgenda:
Crdilouri (nordikuli) rasis, ariulobis, mecnieruli
rasizmis idealizireba;
antikomunizmis, antisemitizmis, liberaluri demokratiis,
antiamerikanizmis da antimarqsizmis saxelmwifo politikis
rangSi ayvana;
adolf hitleris pirovnebis kultis damkvidreba;
germaniis
teritoriis
gawmenda
ucxo
sxeulebisgan,
gansakuTrebiT ebraelebisgan;
xalxis
ganTavisufleba msoflio finasuri kapitalias
diqtatisgan. mcire mewarmeebis, xelosnebis da Tavisufali
profesiis SemoqmedebiTi adaminebis waxaliseba;
SeiaraRebuli Zalebis (vermaxtis) aRorZineba. savaldebulo
samxedro
samsaxuris
SemoReba.
jarSi
komunisturi,
bolSevikuri
da
pacifisturi
idebis
gavrcelebis
dauSvebloba;
axalgazrdobis samxedro suliskveTebiT aRzrda. maTi imaSi
darwmuneba, rom germanelebis xsna mxolod brZolaSia.
Seurigebeli damokidebuleba im adamianebis mimarT, romlebic
ar daemorCilebian dasaxuli amocanebis Sesrulebas. maTi
iZuleba am amocanebis ganxorcilebaSi.
xelovnebis, literaturis da filosofiis, romauli saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis formisa
da sistemis da protestantuli mimarTulebis qristianobis sinTezi. is gamodioda
zogadad iudaizmis da konkretulad ebraelobis winaaRmdeg.
36 hainrix fon treiCke (Heinrich von Treitschke) XIX s.-is cnobili germaneli istorikosi,
romelic gamoirCeoda antisemituri ideebiT.

68

mTlianobaSi, nacizmi cdilobda cxovrebaSi gaetarebina hitleris

cnobili lozungi: erTi xalxi, erTi qveyana, erTi beladi (Ein Volk, Ein
Reich, Ein Fhrer). hitleris azriT, qveyanaSi gamefebuli umuSevrobis da
ekonomikuri stagnaciis daZlevis gamosavali iyo axali teritoriebis
aTviseba, radgan germanias sasicocxlo sivrce37 ar yofnida. nacistebis
lideri aSkarad da Riad mouwodebda omisken. miuxedavad, uaRresad
radikaluri da arahumanuri ideebisa nacionalur-socialisturma partiam
moigo saparlamento arCevnebi, hitleri qveynis kancleri gaxda, xolo
cota xanSi nacistebma Zalauflebis uzurpacia moaxdines da daiwyes
sakuTari ideebis realizacia.
rogorc aRiniSna nacistur ideologiaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili
antisemitizms ekava. 1933-45 wlebSi nacizmis msxverpli 6 milionamde
ebraeli gaxda. specialistTa nawilis azriT, ebraelTa genocidis
mizezebi marto nacizmis ideologiaSi da praqtikaSi ar unda veZeboT. am
tragediaSi, samwuxarod mniSvnelovani roli ubralo germanelebmac
iTamaSes (Bauer, 2002: 48). magram, mniSvnelovania is faqtic, rom msoflio
sazogadoebriobam, rbilad, rom vTqvaT, sakmaod zerele damokidebuleba
gamoavlina ebraelTa problemebisadmi. 1938 wels, rodesac germaniaSi
ukve mimdinareobda ebraelTa devna da deportacia, aSS-is prezident
ruzveltis iniciativiT Catarda saerTaSoriso konferencia, romlis
mizani iyo ebraeli ltolvilebis sakiTxze gadawyvetilebis miReba.
konferencia uSedegod damTavrda, radgan 32 monawile qyveynidan mxolod
dominikis respublikis ganacxada mzadyofna mieRo ebraeli devnilebi.
amgavri damokidebulebis Sedegad bevrma ebraelma ver SesZlo germaniis
datoveba im ubralo mizezis gamo, rom wasasvleli arsad qonda da
mogvianebiT nacizmis msxverpli gaxda.
II msoflio omis dros nacistebma evropis ramdenime qveyanaSi
sakoncentracio banakebi Seqmnes, romelTa erT nawilSi mxolod
ebraelebi
iyvnen
Tavmoyrilni.
ramdenime
banakis
teritoriaze
ganTavsebuli iyo gazis kamerebi da krematoriumi. mTeli evropidan
ebraelebi am banakebSi gadmoyavdaT, sadac xdeboda maTze araadamianuri
eqsperimentebis Catareba, maTi eqspluatacia, damcireba da saboloo
jamSi masobriv ganadgureba. holokostis38 Sedegad daRupul ebraelTa
naxevari, e.i. TiTqmis 3 milioni, sakoncentracio banakebze modis (Hilberg,
2003). marto auSvicis banakSi 1,4 mil. ebraeli daxoces. holokostis
periodSi daRupul ebraelTa mniSvnelovani nawili poloneTidan (3,3
mil.) da sabWoTa kavSirSidan (2,5 mil.) iyo (Dawidowicz, 1986: 403).
nacisturi politika marto ebraelebis winaaRmdeg ar iyo
mimarTuli. nacizmis antihumanuri politikis samizneebi iyvnen slavebi,
boSebi (daiRupa daax. 150-200 aTasi maTgani), Savkanianebi, seqsualuri

37

germaniis sasicocxlo sivrcis (Lebensraum) gafarToebis idea ekuTvnis cnobil

germanel geopolitikoss karl haushofers.
38 am terminiT aRiniSneba nacistebis da maTi kolaboracionistebis mier 1933-45 wlebSi
evropaSi ebraelTa Seviwroeba, devna da masobrivi ganadgureba.

69

umciresobebi, fsiqikurad
frankomasonebi da a.S.

daavadebuli

adamianebi,

ieRovas

mowmeebi,

nacizmma daaxleobiT 60 milioni adamianis sicocxle Seiwira. II

msoflio omis Semdeg moewyo niurnbergis procesi, sadac nacizmi da
misi beladebi gaasamarTles. msoflios TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi nacizmi
da faSizmi kanongareSed aris gamocxadebuli.
garda miTiTebulisa, informacia aRebulia Semdegi wyaroebdan:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust#cite_note-261 da
http://www.factmonster.com/ce6/history/A0859882.html
nacizmi nacionalizmis erTaderTi maxinji forma ar yofila. jer
kidev wina saukunis 80-90-ian wlebamde samxreT afrikis or saxelmwifoSi,
kerZod samxreT afrikis respublikasa da samxreT rodeziaSi (amJamad
zimbabve) oficialur saxelmwifo politikas aparteidi warmoadgenda.
mmarTvelobis es forma saxelmwifo politikis qvakuTxedad miiCnevda
TeTri rasis upiratesobas, ris Sedegadac adgili qonda sxva rasebis
warmomadgenelTa diskriminacias.
CanarTi #

aparteidi
aparteidis istoria oficialurad 1948 wlidan iwyeba, rodesac
samxreT afrikis respublikis (maSin mas samxreT afrikis kavSiri erqva)
mTavrobis
umravlesobaSi
afrikanerebi39
aRmoCndnen,
romlebmac
radikaluri rasobrivi segregaciis politika ganaxorcieles.
samxreT afrikis respublikis istoria ukanaskneli 4 saukunis
ganmavlobaSi
savse
iyo
dramatizimiT.
samxreT
afrika
samxreT
naxevarsferoSi gamoirCeva Tavis strategiuli mdebareobiT, romelic
mdebareobs afrikis, samxreT amerikis da azia-okeneTis gazjvaredinze.
suecis arxis amoqmedebamde amerikebidan da evropidan aziasa da
okeaneTSi mimavali xomaldebisTvis is umniSvnelovaness satranzito
punqts warmoadgenda. aqedan gamomdinare, samxreT afrika jer kidev XVII
s.-is Sua periodSi gaxda evropuli, kerZod holandiuri kolonizaciis
obieqti.
XVIII s.-is bolos XIX s.-is dasawyisSi samxreT afrikis samxreT
sanapiro britaneTis mflobelobaSi gadavida, sadac kapis kolonia
Seiqmna. holandielebi, romlebic Tavis Tavs burebs40 uwodebdnen
iZulebuli iyvnen qveynis siRrmeSi gadasaxlebuliyvnen, sadac daarses
ori saxelmwifo: oranJis respublika da respublika transvaali. oqros
da almasebis sabadoebis aRmoCenasTan erTad samxreT afrikaSi daiwyo
evropelTa masobrivi gadasaxleba. anglo-burTa omebis Sedegad 1910 wels
Seiqmna samxreT afrikis kavSiri (sak), romelSic zemoT dasaxelebuli
teritoriebis garda Sevida natali. es kavSiri britaneTis dominions
39

afrikanerebi samxreT afrikis respublikaSi mcxovrebi eTnikuri jgufi, romelic

Camoyalibda ZiriTadad holandielebis, aseve flamandilebis, frizebis, germanelebis,
frangebis da sxva evropelebis Serevis Sedegad. isibi saubroben afrikaansze, romelic
Seiqmna XVII s.-is polandiur enis safuZvelze.
40 buri holandiuri sityvaa da niSnavs glexs, fermers.

70

warmoadgenda. 1931 wels sak-ma britaneTisgan damoukidebloba miiRo. am

kavSirs II msoflio omSi monawileoba ar miuRia, radgan, erTi mxriv, ar
surda britaneTs dapirispireboda, xolo, meore mxriv is germanel
nacistebs TanaugrZnobda. 1961 wels sak-s saxeli gadaerqva da is samxreT
afrikis respublikad (sar) gamocxadda.
evropeli kolonizatorebis dapirispirebis fonze uaresdeboda
samxreT afrikeli mkvidi mosaxleobis arsebobis pirobebi. jer kidev XIX
s.-Si britanulma mmarTvelobam kapis koloniaSi da natalSi dasaxleba
aukrZala sxva regionebis Savkanian mosaxleobas. garda amisa, keiptaunSi
da natalis qalaqebSi ikrZaleboda mzis Casvlis Semdeg afrikuli
mosaxleobas quCaSi yofna. realurad, aparteidis41 politika britaneTis
koloniuri politikis gagrZeleba iyo.
1948 wlidan saki-is xelisuflebam SemoiRo da ganaxorciela mTeli
rigi kanonebi, romelTa mizani iyo rasobrivi segregaciis danergva,
sadac
cxovrebis
yvela
sferoSi
aSkara
prioriteti
evropuli
warmoSobis adamianebs, e.w. TeTrkanianebs gaaCndaT.
eTno-rasobrivi
TvalsazrisiT
sar-is
mosaxleoba
sakmaod
mravalferovani iyo da dResac aseTad rCeba. mosaxelobis umravlesobas
afrikelebi Seadgendnen. maT Soris yvelaze mravalricxovani iyo zulu,
qsosasi da soto.
TeTrkanianebis umravlesoba warmodgenili iyo holandielTa
STamomavlebiT, romlebic saubroben holandiuri enis dialeqtze,
romelsac afrikaansi ewodeba. sak-Si ori saxelmwifo ena iyo: afrikaansi
da inglisuri42.
feradkanianebSi gaerTianebuli iyvnen afrikelebis da
evropelebis STamomavlebi da azielebi. am uknasknelebis did nawils
indoelebi Seadgendnen. feradkanianebis kategoria, aseve moicavda
koisanuri warmoSobis afrikuli tomebis warmomadgenlebsac. koisanelebi
gansaxlebuli iyvnen kontinentis ukidures samxreT-dasavleT nawilSi
dRevandeli samxreT-afrikis respublikisa da namibiis teritoriaze.
isini regionSi mcxovrebi sxva Savkaniani afrikelebisgan gamoirCevian
lingvisturi da morfologiuri niSnebiT. sagulisxmoa, rom sak-is
mmarTvelebs jer kidev XIX s.-Si feradebSi SeyavdaT gadmosaxlebuli
Cinelebis STamomavlebi, xolo taivaneli Cinelebi, iaponelebi da
samxreT koreelebi, romelTa mTavrobebTan aparteids mWidro
ekonomikuri TanamSromloba qonda, sapatio TeTrkanianebis kategorias
miekuTvnebodnen.
1948 w. arCvenebSi samxreT afrikis erovnuli partiis gamarjvebis
Semdeg rasobrivi situacia ukiduresad gamwvavda. axladarCeulma
mTavrobam ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi miiRo kanonebi, romlebmac
gaaRrmaves rasobrivi segregacia. axali kanonebis Tanaxmad:

41

aparteidi afrikaansis enaze gancalkevebas niSnavs. pirvelad es termini 1917 wels

gamoiyena ian smetsma, romelic Semdgom sak-is premier-ministri gaxda.
42 amJamad samxreT afrikis respublikaSi 11 saxelmwifo enaa, maT Soris inglisuri,
afrikaansi da 9 bantus ena.

71

 gamoiyo mosaxleobis sam kategoria: TeTrebi, afrikelebi da

feradkanianebi. TiToeul kategorias Tavisi samarTlebrivi
statusi qonda;
rasobrivi
siwmindis
SenarCunebis
mizniT
aikrZala
rasaTaSorisi qorwinebebi;
adgili qonda teritoriebis gadanawilebas TeTrebsa da
danarCenebs Soris. afrikelebs, romlebic mTeli mosaxleobis
80%-s Sedgendnen qveynis teritoriis mxolod 12% ergoT;
afrikelebs da feradebs ekrZalebodaT TeTr zonebSi
cxovreba da specialuri saSvebis gareSe erTi teritoriidan
meoreze gadaadgileba;
feradkanianebma
dakarges
parlamentis
arCevnebSi
monawileobis ufleba. analogiuri ufleba afrikelebs jer
kidev 1939 wels CamoarTves.
sar-is parlamenti Sediodnen is afrikelebi, romlebsac
bantustanebis teritoriaze irCevdnen. 1960 wlis kanoniT
gauqmda sar-is parlamentSi SavkanianTa warmomadgenloba;
TeTrebis anazRaureba afrikelisaze ramdenjerme meti iyo.
mag., Savkaniani maRaroeli 12-jer nakleb gasamrjelos iRebda,
vidre misi TeTrkaniani kolega analogiur samuSaoSi.
Savkanian mewarmes ufleba ar qonda daeqiravebina TeTrkaniani
adamiani;
araTeTrebisTvis
SezRuduli iyo sityvis
Tavisufleba,
gaficvebisa da mitingebis mowyoba, adamianis sxva uflebebi
da Tavisuflebebi;
Savkanian policielebs ekrZalebodaT TeTrkanianis dakaveba
da a.S.

aparteidis mier adamianis uflebaTa darRvevis sferoSi yvelaze

didi saerTaSoriso aJiotaJi bantustanebis Seqmnam gamoiwvia. sar-is
xelisuflebam daiwyo specialuri teritoriebis, bantustanebis
daarseba, sadac xdeboda afrikelebis koncentracia, maT Soris
Zaladobrivi gadasaxlebac. sul Seiqmna 10 bantustani, romlebic sar-is
mTavrobam damoukidebel saxelmwifoebad gamoacxada. mniSvnelovani is
aris, rom damoukidebel bantustanSi mcxovrebi adamiani avtomaturad
kargavda sar-is moqalaqeobas. Sesabamisad, mas ufleba erTmeoda
Tavisuflad gadaadgilebuliyo qveynis teritoriaze. bantustanebis
damoukideblobis aRiarebiT sar-is xelisufleba cdilobda xelovnurad
Seemcirebina qveynis mosaxleobaSi afrikelebis xvedriTi wili. msoflio
Tanamegobrobam mxari ar dauWira aparteidis am xriks. bantustanebis
damoukidebloba arcerTma qveyanam ar aRiara.

72

1990-ian wlebis dasawyisSi Sida da sagareo dawolis Sedegad saris mmarTvelobam miiRo gadawyvetileba aparteidis gauqmebis Sesaxeb. sarSi 1994 wlis sayovelTao arCevnebis Sedegad gaimarjva afrikulma
erovnulma kongresma, xolo misi lideri cnobili politikuri moRvawe
nelson mandela sar-is istoriaSi pirveli Savkaniani prezidenti gaxda.

wyaroebi:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_under_apartheid;
http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/2446964/the_population_registration_act_of.html
http://home.intekom.com/southafricanhistoryonline/pages/classroom/pages/projects/grade9/lesso
n6/03-effects-apartheid.htm

separatistuli nacionalizmi (Separatist Nationalism), rogorc misi

saxelmwodeba gviCvenebs dakavSirebulia moZraobasTan, romelic miznad
isaxavs umciresobis (umciresobebis) mier saxelmwifodan garkveuli
teritoriis gamoyofas damoukideblobis moTxovniT. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
separtatistebis mxridan adgili aqvs ara damoukideblobis, aramed sxva
saxelmwifosTan SeerTebis moTxovnas, maSin saqme gvaqvs iredentistul
nacionalizmTan (Iredentist Nationalism). iredentizmis magaliTebia., mag.
CrdiloeT transilvania rumineTSi, samxreT tiroli italiaSi, saxreT
oseTi saqarTveloSi.
ganaxlebuli nacionalizmi. (Renewed Nationalism) yofili imperiebi an
Zlierma qveynebi mniSvnelovani istoriuli cvlilebebis Sedegad
iZulebeuli iyvnen gadaesinjaT maTi erovnuli ideologia da masSi
garkveuli koreqtivebi SeetanaT. XX saukunis dasawyisSi am process
adgili qonda mag., TurqeTSi da avstriaSi, Sesabamisad osmaleTis da
avstro-ungreTis imperiebis daSlis Semdeg. ruseTis imperiis daSlis
Semdeg
bolSevikurma
xelisuflebam
mniSvnelovnad
SeniRba
misi
erovnuli politika da axladSeqmnili sabWoTa
kavSiri erTa
nebayoflobiT gaerTianebad monaTla. 1978 wlis revoluciis Semdeg
iranis sasuliero liderebma da axalma mTavrobam uari Tqves bevr
progresul reformaze da islamuri saxelmwifos aRorZineba daiwyes
(Taylor & Flint, 2007: 167-168).
nacionalizmis zemoT ganxilul yvela saxe, SeiZleba erT tipSi
gavaerTianoT da mas tradiciuli nacionalizmi vuwodoT. Sesabamisad,
arsebobs nacionalizmis axali tipebi (saxeebi). maTi aRmoceneba
dakavSirebulia globalizaciis, kerZod ki evropis gaerTianebis
procesTan.
nacionalizmi eTnikurobis gareSe?
specialistTa
nawils
miaCnia,
rom
arsebobs
nacionalizmi
eTnikurobis gareSe. amis magaliTebia mravalkulturuli (mag., aSS,
avstralia) da pluralistuli sazogadoebebi43. es ukanasknelebi

43

centralur amerikaSi (rig SemTxvevebSi afrikaSi) evropelTa kolonizaciis procesSi

sxvadasxva rasobrivi da eTnikuri jgufebis warmomadgenlebs erTmaneTis gverdiT
asaxlebdnen. Ase xelovnurad Seqmnil sazogadoebebs pluralistul sazogadoebebs
uwodeben. .

73

marTlac eTno-religiur-kulturuli urTierTobebis unikalur models

warmoadgenen.
CanarTi #

mavrikia: nacionalizmi eTnikurobis gareSe?

indoeTis
okeneSi
afrikis
samxreT-aRmosavleT
sanapirodan
daaxleobiT
1000
km
moSorebiT
mdebareobs
kunZuli
mavrikia.
portugalielebis mier danarCeni samyarosTvis aRmoCenili es patara
kunZuli (2 aT. kv. km.), sxvadasxva dros iyo holandiis, safrangeTis da
britaneTis kolonia. evropelTa kolonizaciamde kunZulze daaxloebiT
300 adamiani cxovrobda. masobrivi migraciebis, maT Soris afrikidan
monebis gadasaxlebis Sedegad mosaxleoba swrafad gaizarda. amJamad,
mavrikiis respublika, romelSic moicavs 2 kunZuls: mavrikia da
rodrigesi, 1,3 mln adamians iTvlis. mavrikia. mavrikia socialuri
(wigniereba - daaxloebiT 85%) da ekonomikuri maCveneblebiT (mSp erT
sul mosaxleze - 12,4 aTasi aSS dolari) afrikis erT-erTi mowinavea
saxelmwifoa (http://www.state.gov/ r/pa/ei/bgn/2833.htm).
koloniurma warsulma Tavisi daRi daasva mavrikiis mosaxleobas
eTno-rasobriv da religiur Semadgenlobas. mosaxleobis umravlesobas
indoelebi warmoadgenen (68%). Semdeg modian kreolebi (franko-afrikulmalagasiuri warmomavlobis xalxi) 27%, Cinelebi 3% da frangebi
2%. qveynis religiuri struqtura kidev ufro Wrelia: induistebi 48%,
kaTolikeebi 23,6%, muslimebi 16,6%, protestantebi 8,6%, sxva
konfesiebi 2,5%. mosaxleobis 80%-ze meti kreolur enaze saubrobs,
romlis Zirsac franguli warmoadgens.
sinamdvileSi mavrikiis eTno-rasobrivi da konfesiuri situacia
kidev ufro rTulia, vidre es statistikuri monacemebidan Cans. mag.
kreolebi Tavis mxriv iyofa or sub-jgufad: franko-mavrikielebad da
feradebad. miuxedavad imisa, rom isini kaTolikeebi arian, erTmaneTs
erT eTnikur jgufad ar moiazreben. garda amisa, gansxvavebulad
ganixilaven erTmaneTs kunZulebis mavrikiis da rodrigesis kreolebi.
indoelebi iyofa, erTi mxriv, religiuri kuTvnilebis mixedviT induist
da muslim indoelebad, xolo, meore mxriv, eTnikuri warmomavlobis
mixedviT bihariebad (CrdiloeT indoeTi) da Sri-lankeli tamilebad da
teluguelebad (Eriksen, 2010: 101-102). gasakviri ar aris, rom indoelebi da
Sri-lankelebi Tavs sxvadasxva eTnikuri jgufis wevrebad miiCneven.
mavrikiis, iseve, rogorc sxva pluralistuli sazogadoebebis,
erTaSorisi
urTierTobebi
gansakuTrebuli
specifikiT
gamoirCeva.
upirvelesi, rasac mavrikielebi erTmaneTTan Sexvedrisas arkveven es maTi
eTno-rasobrivi kuTvnilebaa.
stereotipebi ara asaxaven realobas da ar qmian adamianTa
jgufebis
obieqtur
suraTs.
stereotipebis
daxmarebiT
pirovneba
cdilobs gaimartivos socialuri samyaros aRqma adamianTa garkveuli
niSniT generalizaciis meSveobiT, anu dayos es samyaro calkeul
kategoriebad.
erTaSoris
urTierTobebSi
swored
stereotipebis
saSualebiT xdeba calkeul jgufebs Soris kulturuli gansxvavebebis
dafiqsireba.
mocemul
jgufs,
rogorc
wesi
stereotipebis
safuZvelze
uyalibdeba upiratesobis gancda sxva jgufebTan mimarTebaSi. amaSi
advilad davrwmundebiT, Tu ganvixilavT, rogor axasiaTeben mavrikiis
74

calkeuli
jgufebi
warmomadgenelbs.
eTno-rasobrivi jgufebi
kreolebi
indoelebi stingy
muslimebi
sino-mavrikielebi
franko-mavrikielebi
feradkanianebi

Tavis

da

sxva

sxvebis mier Seqmnili

sterotipebi
zarmaci, mxiaruli,
daudevari
, upatiosno,
Sromismoyvare
religiuri fanatikosebi,
non-minglers
Zunwi, Sromismoyvare
snobi, dekadenturi,
arademokratiuli
Wkviani, qedmaRali, zedmetad
ambiciuri

kulturuli

erTobebis

avtostereotipebi
drostarebis moyvaruli,
TanamgrZnobi, megobruli
yuradRebiani, meojaxe
Rirsebis da kulturis
matarebeli
Wkviani, Sromismoyvare
Rirseuli, WeSmariti
mavrikieli
inteligenti, WeSmariti
mavrikieli

wyaro: Eriksen, 2010: 30

am monacemebidan irkveva, rom kreolebs (franko-mavrikielebs da

feradkanianebs) pretenzia aqvT WeSmarit anu mkvidr mavrikielobaze.
es bunebrivicaa, Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT mavrikiis xelisuflebis
eTnikur politikas. qveyanaSi moqmedi kanonmdeblobiT oficialuri
statusi gaaCnia mosaxleobis oTx jgufs: indurs, muslimurs, Cinurs
(sino-mavrikiuls) da mTavars. am ukanasknelSi igulisxmebian kreolebi.
qveynis prezidenti kreolebidan airCeva. amgvari xisti eTnikuri
politikis fonze Zalze rTulia eri-saxelmwifos mSenebloba. 1968 wels
eTno-rasobriv erTmaneTs indoelebi da kreolebi daupirispirdnen.
mosaxleobis mravakulturuli xasiaTi mavrikielebs ki ar aerTianebT,
aramed piriqiT yofs. samagierod, qveynis mosaxleoba gacilebiT ufro
tolerantulia koloniuri simboloebisadmi. miuxedavad imisa, rom
inglisuri mSobliuria mosaxleobis mxolod 1%-sTvis is qveynis
parlamentis oficialuri ena gaxda saerTo konsensusis safuZvelze (iqve:
31). loRikuri iqneboda es statusi kreolurs qonoda, magram arakreoli
mosaxleoba amis winaaRmdegi iyo.
nacionalizmis kuTxiT mavrikia SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc
qveyana, sadac formalurad warmodgenilia erTi eTnikuri jgufi (mas
sxva samSoblo ar gaaCnia) da ramdenime diaspora. amasTan, mavrikiisTvis
erTdoulad damaxasiaTebelia, erTi mxriv, kulturaTa mozaika, xolo,
meore mxriv, supra-eTnikuri anu araeTnikuri erToba. ukanaskneli
ganpirobebulia imiT, rom politikurad dominanturi jgufi kreolebi
ar warmoadgenen eTnoss, am sityvis tradiciuli gagebiT, radgan ar
gaaCniaT miTebi saerTo warmomavlobis Sesaxeb, saerTo kulturuli
elementebi (aq unda gavixsenoT adre ganxiluli sakiTxi xelovnurad
Sekowiwebuli an sxvebis mier Seqmnili kulturis Sesaxeb). qveynis
dasaxeleba egzonimia da ara endonimi. meore mxriv, kreolebs
CamouyalibdaT
eTnikuri
TviTidentifikacia
(isini
Tavs
Tvlian
WeSmarit mavrikielebad), rac imas niSnavs, rom maT ukve gaaCniaT
eTnonimi, xolo mavrikiis teritorias isini ganixilaven, rogorc maT (da
mxolod maT) istoriul miwad, e.i. samSoblod.

75

nacionalizmi da genderi
eris feminsituri xedva, rac ar unda gasakviri iyos aradasvluri
fenomenia. am sakiTxis win wamowevas xeli Seuwyo azieli da afrikeli
qalebis aqtiurma monawileobam antikoloniur moZraobaSi. Semdgom,
mniSvnelovani yuradReba daeTma Zalauflebis sakiTxis genderul
Sefasebas. Tavdapirvelad, qalebi aRSfoTebas qveynis marTvaSi maTi
umniSvnelo
monawileobis
gamo
gamoTqvamdnen.
mamakacebis
mier
damkvidrebuli sterotipi, rom politika qalis saqme ar aris, xels
uSlida qalebis CarTvas politikur procesSi, Sesabamisad isini
naklebad iyvenen warmodgenili sxvadasxva donis mmarTvelobis Tu
TviTmmarTvelobis organoebSi (ix. cxrili #).
ukanaskneli ramdenime aTeuli wlis ganmavlobaSi msoflios
feministurma moZraobam sakmaod did warmatebebs miaRwia da is bevr
qveyanaSi angariSgasawevi Zala gaxda. amas orma garemoebam Seuwyo xeli.
jer erTi, TviT susti sqesis warmomadgenelTa socialur-politikuri
aqtivobis zrdam, gansakuTrebiT ganviTarebul qveynebSi. Seiqmna uamravi
feministuri arasamTavrobo da saerTaSoriso organizacia, romlebic
icaven qalTa uflebebs mTel msoflioSi. saxezea qalTa Soris
solidarobis zrdas. saarCevno procesSi qalebi ufro mobilizebuli da
organizebuli arian, vidre mamakacebi. ganviTarebuli samyaroSi, Tu
romelime politikur organizacias saarCevno siaSi Sesabamisad ar aris
warmodgenili qalTa warmomadgenloba, am SemTxvevaSi arCevnebze mas
warmatebis TiTqmis aranairi Sansi ara aqvs. sazogadoebaSi qalis
statusis amaRlebam ganapiroba bevri anti-feministuri debulebis
gadaxedva da axleburad gaazreba. gamonakliss, am mxriv arc
nacionalizmi da erovnuli sakiTxi warmoadgens.
cxrili #

qalTa warmomadgenloba qveynebis umaRles sakanonmdeblo organoebSi

msoflios regionebis mixedviT (2006 w.)
regioni

qalTa wili
parlamentSi
CrdiloeT evropa
40%
danarCeni evropa
18%
orive amerika
21%
afrika saharis samxreTiT
17%
azia
16%
okeaneTi
14%
arabuli qveynebi
8%
wyaro: (Taylor and Flint, 2007: 188).
nacionalistebis garkveuli nawili qals eris mSeneblobaSi
mxolod or funqcias aniWebs. pirveli, raTqmaunda biologiuri anu eris
reproduqciis funqciaa. aseTi gancxadebebi arcTu iSviaTi iyo nacisturi
germaniis,
irlandiis
respublikuri
armiis
da
palestinelebis
moRvaweobaSi. radikali nacionalistebi qals diasaxlisad moiazrebdnen,
xolo mamakacs samSoblos damcvelad. amasTan dakavSirebiT iqmneboda
Sesaferisi socialur-kulturuli diskursebi. omis Sesaxeb TiTqmis
yvela filmSi aris scena, sadac mamakaci jarSi midis, xolo mas
76

cremliani coli an deda acilebs. radikalebis azriT, qalis

biologiuri funqcia amiT ar Semofargleba. qalma, aseve unda izrunos
naciis siwmindeze, Sesabamisad ar unda daqorwindes sxva eris
warmomadgenelze.
es
midgoma
ZiriTadad
dominanti
eTnosis
warmomadgenlebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. cnobilma sociologebma floia
anTiasma da nira iuval-davisma genderisa da nacionalizmis sakiTxebis
analizis Sedegad daadgines, rom garda zemoT aRniSnulisa qalebs
nacionalizmis procesSi kidev sam mniSvnelovani funqcias asruleben.
qali kulturis mniSvnelovani matarebelia. es, upirvelesad
gamoixateba axali Taobis (ara marto Svilebis) aRzrdaSi. msoflios
TiTqmis
yvela
qveyanaSi
saSualo
skolis
maswavleblebis
did
umravlesobas qalebi Seadgenen. maTi roli axalgazrdebisTvis erovnuli
istoriisa da literaturis swavlebaSi Zalian didia. erovnuli
stereotipebis Camoyalibeba bavSvobidan iwyeba. amasTan, qali aris
aramarto kulturis matarebeli, aramed misi simboloc (mag., qarTlis
deda, Tavisuflebis qandakeba niu-iorkSi). yvela kultura cdilobs
Seqmnas
qalis
xelSeuxeblobis
diskursi.
nebismier
adamianSi
gansakuTrebul sentimentebs, aRSfoTebasac ki iwvevs im faqtis gageba,
rom ama Tu im konflitis dros daiRupen qalebi. Sesabamisad,
nacionalizmis ideologia cdilobs erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavos qalisa da
mamakacis funqciebi erovnuli mSeneblobis procesSi. mag., nacisturi
germaniis
axalgazrdul
hitlerul
moZraobaSi
gognebisTvis
da
biWebisTvis gansxvavebuli lozungebi Seiqmna. gogebis lozungi iyo:
iyavi Rirseuli, iyavi wminda (igulisxmeba erovnuli siwminde avt.) da
iyavi germaneli. analogiuri lozungi biWebs mouwodebda: icxovre
Rirseulad, ibrZole mamacurad, RimiliT Sexvdi sikvdils. nacionaluri
ideologiis erT-erTi mTavari amocanaa gamokveTos erovnuli (eTnikuri)
gansxvavebebi, upirveles yovlisa qalis dadebiTi imijis warmoCenis
safuZvelze (Anthias & Yuval-Davis, 1989: 7).
anTiasi da iuval-davisi amtkiceben, rom Tumca qalebi Zalian
iSviaTad monawileobdnen brZolebSi, maTi arapirdapiri monawileoba
yovelTvis TvalsaCino iyo. ufro metic, isini arcTu iSviaTad erovnuli
dapirispirebis provocirebasac ki axdenden (iqve). amJamad, qalis roli
saxelmwifo da erovnul procesebSi kidev ufro amaRlda. feministebi
Tvlian, rom qalebs xelewifebaT ufro mSvidobiani msoflios Seqmna,
radgan mamakacebTan SedarebiT isini gacilebiT ufro progresulebi da
da socialurad komunikabelurebi arian.
nacionalizmis paradigmebi
nacionalizmis debatebSi dRemde centraluri adgili ukavia eris
da nacionalizmis aRmocenebis periodizacias. zogadad, am sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT gamoyofen sam ZiriTad paradigmas, kerZod:
erebi da nacionalizmi primordialuri (uZvelesi) fenomenebia;
erebi
primordialuri
warmoSobisaa,
xolo
nacionalizmi
Tanamedrove movlenaa;
erebi da nacionalizmi Tanamedrove movlenebia.

77

Sesabamisad, arsebobs nacionalizmis sami ZiriTadi (primordializmi,

perenializmi
da
modernizmi)
samecniero
mimarTuleba.
amasTan,
nacionalizmis
kvlevebisTvis
(iseve,
rogorc
sxva
socialuri
mecnierebebisaTvis) damaxasiaTebelia, erTi mxriv, erovnuli skolebis
arseboba, mag., anglo-amerikuli, rusuli, germanuli. TiToeulma maTgani
mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs nacionalizmis kvlevebis, rogorc
mecnierebis dargis ganviTarebaSi, radgan gvTavazoben aRniSnuli da sxva
sakiTxebis maTTvis damaxasiaTebel, specifiur xedvas. meore mxriv, zemoT
dasaxelebuli TiToeuli mimarTuleba, rig SemTxveveabSi warmodgenilia
ori an meti qvemimarTulebiT. maT Soris gansakuTrebuli aRiarebiT da
popularobiT sargebleobs eTnosimbolozmi, romelic Tavis droze
perenializms gamoeyo. qvemoT gTavazobT nacionalizmis paradigmebis da
Sesabamisi samecniero mimarTulebebis mokle daxasaiTebas.
tionisis gemainSafti da gezelSafti.
germanelma sociologma ferdinand tionisma (Ferdinand Tnnies)
mecnierebaSi Semoitana Temis (germ. Gemeinschaft) da sazogadoebis (germ.
Gesellschaft)
cnebebis
ganaxlebuli
ganmarteba.
misi
azriT
Temi
tradiciuli
sazogadoebaa,
xolo
sazogadoeba
industriuli
(kapitalisturi) epoqis pirmSoa. tionisiseuli gezelSafti dRevandeli
samoqalaqo (politikuri) eria (Tnnies, 2001: 24). meore germanelma
sociologma maqs veberma (Max Weber) ganavrco eTnosisa da sazogadoebis
(samoqalaqo eris) ideebi. misi azriT, eTnosi warmoadgens xelovnur
konstruqcias, radgan misi wevrebis rwmena adamianTa erTobis, e.i. Temis
Sesaxeb subieqturia. rwmena ki ar ayalibebs Tems, aramed, piriqiT Temi
qmnis rwmenas. Temi rwmenas iyenebs Zalauflebisa da statusis mopovebis
mizniT. sazogadoebis Semnis safuZvlad, veberi miiCnevs adamianTa
Tavisufal nebas, romelis safuZvelzec isini konkretuli interesebis
garSemo erTiandebian (Banton, 2007).

primordializmi.
nacionalizmis paradigmebs Soris primordializmi uZvelesia.
primordialuri midgomis mixedviT eric da nacionalizmic Zveli
movlenebia. primordializmi mTeli sisruliT asaxavs nacionalisturi
organicizmisa
da
romantizmis
ideebs.
es
bunebrivicaa,
radgan
primordialisturi msoflmxedvelobis Camoyalibeba da ganviTareba
ukavSirdeba cnobili frangi moazrovneebis Eda sazogado moRvaweebis
Jan-Jak rusos da manuel-Jozef siiesis saxelebs. siiesi, erT-erTi
pirveli iyo vinc jer kidev 1789 wels dasva sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, rom
suvereniteti ara samRvdeloebas da arsitokratias, aramed ers (xalxs)
unda
ekuTvnodes.
safrangeTSi
da
Semdgom
dasavleT
evropaSi
moqalaqeobis institutis damkvidrebam gaaZliera rwmena eris sidiadeSi.
axlagazrda franguli respublikis moRvaweebma aitaces rusos da
siiesis naazrevi da is ramdenime mimarTulebiT ganavrces. gamoikveTa ori
mniSvnelovani debuleba: 1) eri saTaves iRebs uxsovari droidan; da 2)
eTnikuri kuTvnileba adamianis bunebrivi mocemulobaa. modernistebisgan
gansxvavebiT primordialistebs miaCniaT, rom SeuZlebelia eTnikurobis
xelovnurad
Seqmna
an
misi
Tavs
moxveva.
amaSi
mdgomarebs
nacionalisturi organicizmis mTavari idea, romelic iziarebs eris
warmoSobisa da ganviTarebis socio-biologiur midgomas (ix. gv. ).
78

gansakuTrebuli aqcenti keTdeba imaze, rom erovnuli kultura da

tradiciebi memkvidreobiT xasiaTs atarebs, radgan yovel Semdgom Taobas
gadaecema. primordializmis debulebebi gulubryvilod gamoiyureba,
magram unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom man safuZveli Cauyara nacionalizmis
sxva paradigmebis aRmocenebas.

instrumentalizmi
eTnosebisa da eTnikurobis kvlevaSi es erT-erTi mniSvnelovani
eTnologiuri da sociologiuri mimarTulebaa. misi ZiriTadi idea
mdgomareobs imaSi, rom elita eTnikurobas iyenebs, rogorc Zalauflebis
mopovebisa an sakuTari ekonomikuri sargeblis Tu materialuri
keTildReobis amaRlebis instruments. dasavleTSi aseTi midgoma
cnobilia situaciuri perenealizmis saxelwodebiT. yoveldRiurobaSi
eTnikuroba
latentur
(farul)
mdgomareobaSi
imyofeba,
magram
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi xdeba misi mobilizacia. elita cdilobs
gaaRviZos eTnosis erovnuli grZnobebi da eris energia mimarTos sxva
eTnosebze upiratesobis mopovebis an maTze kontrolis dawesebis mizniT.
am SemTxvevaSi eTnosi gamoiyeneba, rogorc mZlavri iaraRi (saSualeba),
romlic meSveobiT xdeba garkveuli teritoriis (qveynis CaTvliT)
sazogadoebis socialuri stratifikacia, oRond ara wminda socialuri,
aramed eTnikuri niSniT (Noel, 1968).

eTnogenezisi
es koncefcia, Tavdapirvelad avtoqtonuri xalxebis da mosuli
migrantebis Serwymis Sedegad axali eTnosis formirebis SemTxvevebis
Sesaswavlad
gamoiyeneboda.
mogvianebiT
Seicvala
konceftualuri
midgomebi,
ris
Sedegadac
eTnosis
warmoSobis
umniSvnelovaness
pirobebad
aRiarebuli
iyo
saerTo
teritoria
da
ena.
eTnogenetikosebis
SexedulebiT
pirveli
mniSvnelovania
eTnosis
formirebisa
da
ganviTarebis
sawyiss
etapze.
Semdgom,
eTnosi
funqcionirebas ukve, rogorc damoukidebeli socialuri organizmi,
romelsac xelewifeba reproduqcia, mis arsenalSi arsebuli kulturuli
da fsiqologiuri elementebis meSveobiT. am Tvisebebis matarebeli
eTnosi arsebobas ar wyvets im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac mobilobis (mag.,
boSebi) an garkveuli politikuri garemoebebis gamo (mag., ebraelebi) is
kargavs kavSirs istoriul samSoblosTan. ena gansakuTrebul rols
TamaSobs, radgan misi meSveobiT iqmneba literatura, simRerebi,
istoriuli miTebi. aRniSnuli koncefcia iTvaliswinebs eTnosebis
arsebobis damatebiT pirobebsac, rogorebicaa religia, eTnonimi44,
TviTSegneba. eTnogenezisis procesSi yalibdeba mocemuli eTnisisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli sulieri da materialuri kulturis niSnebi da
fsiqologiuri maxasiaTeblebi. eTnosis wevrebs uyalibdebaT saerToi
eTnofsiqika da saerTo eTnonimi. mniSvnelovania, rom eTnonimi ar unda
iyos egzonimi anu sxva xalxebis mier darqmeuli an xelovnurad
Sekowiwebuli. is eTnosis wiaRidan unda modiodes, Sesabamisad unda
warmoadgendes endonims (avtonims). eTnogenezisis koncefciis mixedviT
gamodis, rom saxelwodebebi samxreT afrikeli, amerikeli, axal
44

eTnonimi berZnuli sityvaa da iTargmneba, rogorc eTnosis sakuTari saxeli.

79

zelandieli did emociebs ar unda iwvevdes maT wevrebs Soris, radgan

es xelovnurad Seqmnili eTnonimebia.

perenializmi.
perenializmi, rogorc samecniero mimarTuleba wina saukunis
pirvel naxevarSi Camoyalibda. perenialistebi Tvlian, rom nacionalizmi,
rogorc ideologia Tanamedrove movlenaa, magram erebi Zveli fenomenia.
amgvar daskvnis safuZvels warmoadgens mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom erebi
adamianTa bunebriv erTobebs warmoadgenen. es sakiTxi nacionalizmis
kvlevebSi
erT-erTi
centraluria,
radgan,
rogorc
am
ideis
mxardamWerebs, aseve mis oponentebs gaaCniaT Zlieri argumentebi. erTi
mxriv, rTulia imis dabejiTebiT mtkiceba, rom erebi adreul epoqebSi
Camoyalibdnen,
Tu
mxedvelobaSi
miviRebT
eris
Tanamedrove
maxasiaTeblebs. amasTan, imis uaryofac TiTqmis aravis SeuZlia, rom mag.,
ebraelebi da somxebi yvela kriteriumiT Zalian Zveli erebi arian.
perenialistebi imasac amtkiceben, rom eri ganaxlebadi movlenaa, rac
imas niSnavs, rom droTa ganmavlobaSi is icvleba, gardaiqmneba da axali
niSan-TvisebebiT gvevlineba.
perenializms bevri saerTo aqvs eTnosimbolizmTan. am ukanasknelis
daxasiaTeba mocemulia amave TavSi.

modernizmi.
modernistebis ZiriTadi Sexedulebis mixedviT nacionalizmi,
rogorc ideologia da gansakuTrebiT, rogorc procesi, Sesabamisad
erebic
Tanamedrove
movlenaa,
romelic
zogadad
kapitalizmis
gavrcelebasTan, kerZod ki safrangeTis burJuaziul revoluciasTan
aris dakavSirebuli.
modernistebis mniSvnelovani nawili nacionalizmis ideologiis
wanamZRvrad racionalizmis Teorias miiCnevs. racionalizmi, rogor
moZRvreba me-18 saukuneSi evropaSi aRmocenda da is mkacrad akritikebda
feodalur wes-wyobilebas. racionalizmis ideebis CamoyalibebaSi didi
roli
iTamaSa
sabunebismetyvelo
mecnierebebis
ganviTarebam.
racionalizmis mixedviT codna da WeSmariteba dgindeba racionaluri
azrovnebis da ara RvTiuri an zebunebrivi Zalebis mier. Sesabamisad,
racionalizmma sagnebisa da movlenebis axsnaSi win wamowia adamianuri
sawyisi. mTlianobaSi racionalistebi miiCnevdnen, rom adamiani Tavisi
bunebiT
aris
kanonmorCili,
TviTregulirebadi
da
kreatiuli.
Sesabamisad, individs Seswevs imis unari, rom ar iyos bunebrivi da
RvTiuri Zalebis morCili da TviTon Seqmnas da marTos socialuri
institutebi. adamianis axleburi, amasTan gadamwyveti rolis aRiareba
moiTxovda sruliad axali socialur-ekonomikuri da politikuri
garemos
Seqmnas,
radgan
feodalizmis
CarCoSi
am
Canafiqris
ganxorcieleba SeuZlebeli iyo. etapobrivad racionalizmi moZraobad
gardaiqmna. yalibdeboda Zveli wesrigis alternatiuli struqturebi
(mag., masonuri organizaciebi) da iqmneboda axali Teoriebi da
koncefciebi. am
periodis
umniSvnelovanesi naSromia 1776
wels
gamoqveynebuli adam smitis erTa keTildReoba (Ordrige, 1981: 20-26). am
naSromma ekonomikis kuTxiT gaamdidra stiurt milis da jon lokis
liberalizmis moZRvrebebi. mTlianobaSi, aRniSnuli droisTvis axali
wesrigis Teoriuli bazisi SemuSavebuli iyo da evropa emzadeboda
80

revoluciuri
naxtomisTvis,
romelic
1789
wels
safrangeTSi
ganxorcielda.
nacionalizmis Teoriis erT-erTi fuZemdebli germaneli mecnieri
hans koni miiCnevs, rom nacionalizmis aRmoceneba, upirveles yovlisa
dakavSirebulia xalxis suverenitetTan, xolo am ideis realizacia
SesaZlebeli gaxda mesame fenis (fran. le tiers-tat) mecadineobis Sedegad
(Kohn, 1945: 3-4).
CanarTi #

mesame fena
me-18 saukuneSi safrangeTis mosaxleoba dayofili iyo sam
socialur klasad, romelsac fenebs uwodebdnen. pirvel ori fenas
warmodgenda samRvdeloeba da arsitokratia. mesame fena, romelic
mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 98%-s Seadgenda politikurad praqtikulad
uuflebo iyo. ludoviko XVI mmarTvelobis dros mesame fena, romlis
birTvs muSebi da glexoba Seadgendnen, mniSvnelovnad gaZlierda masSi
mewarmeebis
da
vaWrebis
CarTvis
xarjze.
isini
warmoadgendnen
axladSobil socialur klass burJuazias. swored burJuazia gamodioda
yvelaze aqtiurad Zveli reJimis Secvlis moTxovniT.
ludoviko XIV gardacvalebis Semdeg safrangeTSi mwvave finansuri
krizisi daiwyo. ludoviko XVI SemoiRo axali kanoni, romelic
iTvalsiwinebda
samRvdeloebisa
da
aristokratiis
dabegvras.
safrangeTis
istoriaSi
am
uprecedento
gadawyvetilebam
frangi
warCinebulebis saSineli aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia. maTi iniciativiT 1789
wlis maisSi gaimarTa kreba, romelSic samive fenis warmomadgenlebi
monawileobdnen. miuxedavad imisa, rom krebis umravlesobas mesame fenis
delegatebi Seadgendnen, moqmedi wesis mixedviT warCinebulebi krebis
mTeli xmebis 2/3-s ekuTvnodaT. cxadi iyo, rom, dabali fena am Sekrebaze
misTvis sasurveli gadawyvetilebebs miRebas ver moaxerxebda.
imave wlis ivnisSi ukve mesame fenis warmomadgenlebma moiwvies
kreba, romelsac erovnuli asamblea ewoda. am Tavyrilobam miiRo
deklaracia adamianis da moqalaqis uflebaTa Sesaxeb, romelic
aRiarebda
moqalaqeTa
Tanasworobas,
religiuri
aRmsareblobis
Tavisuflebas da samarTlian sasamarTlo ganxilvas. es deklaracia
mravalaTasiani tiraJiT daibeWda da mTel evropaSi gavrcelda. is
ganasaxiarebda ganaTlebuli evropis miswrafebas socialuri da
politikuri cvlilebebisaken. safrangeTis burJuaziuli revoluciis
gamarjvebam dasabami daudo am cvlilebebis etapobriv ganxorcielebas
(The Third Estate, 2009).
konis mixedviT, safrangeTis burJuaziuli revoluciis Semdeg
samoqalaqo nacionalizmis ganviTareba Tavdapirvelad im qveynebSi
daiwyo, sadac Zlieri mesame fenis arsebobis pirobebSi mniSvnelovani
ekonomikuri da politikuri reformebi gatarda, kerZod did britaneTSi,
safrangeTsa da aSS-Si. evropis im nawilSi, sadac burJuazia da saSualo
fena moisustebda, mag. germaniaSi, italiaSi da slavur qveynebSi
nacionalizmis fundamentad kulturuli faseulobebi mogvevlina.
adre aRiniSna, rom nacionalizmis erTiani ideologia ar arsebobs.
nacionalizmi, rogorc ideologia icvleba qveynebisa da
erebis
mixedviT. Tanamedrove nacionalizmis ideebi dasavleT evropaSi, kerZod
81

safrangeTsa da inglisSi Caisaxa da mogvianebiT sxva evropeli erebis

mier moxda maTi importi da garkveuli modificireba adgilobrivi
specifikis gaTvaliswinebiT. ukve XX saukuneSi nacionalizmis ideebi
gavrcelda
aRmosavleT
evropis,
aziisa
da
afrikis
qveynebSi.
praqtikulad yvelgan nacionalistur moZraobebis safuZvels saerTo
kulturisa da istoriis arseboba warmoadgenda. sainteresoa, ratom
miiRo nacionalizmis sabaziso ideologiam sayovelTao aRiareba? ratom
ar moxda mag., aziisa da afrikis qveynebSi alternatiuli ideologiebis
modelebis SemuSaveba da danergva? saqme imaSia, rom im droisTvis,
rodesac ganviTarebadi samyaros qveynebma damoukidebloba moipoves, ukve
funqcionirebda msoflios axali saerTaSoriso sistema. misi CarCo jer
kidev 1648 wels vestfaliis xelSekrulebiT ganisazRvra. Sesabamisad,
moswondaT Tu ara, axladSeqmnili ganviTarebadi qveynebi am sistemaSi
unda gaerTianebuliyvnen, radgan sxva SemTxvevaSi izolaciaSi yofna
emuqrebodaT.
kapitalizmis pirobebSi ra saxis fundamentic ar unda qondes
nacionalizms,
is
miiswrafvis
eri-saxelmwifos
mSeneblobisaken.
Tanamderove nacionalizmi aris procesi, romlis saboloo mizania
qveynis mTeli mosaxleobis integrireba erTian politikur sistemaSi.
amasTan, gavixsenoT, rom centralizebuli mmarTveloba damaxasiaTebeli
iyo monaTmflobelobis periodis qalaq-saxelmwifoebisTvis, rom araferi
vTqvaT
feodalizmis epoqis qveynebze. es, raTqmaunda, asea, magram
modernistebi xazs usvamen im garemoebas, rom kapitalizmma axali
SinaarsiT
Seavso
saxelmwifos
cneba.
Tanamedrove
saxelmwifos
mepatrone da mmarTveli mTeli eria da ara mxolod aristokratuli
elita, rogorc es adreul istoriul formaciebSi iyo. amitomac,
modernistebi Tanamedrove saxelmwifos sxvagvarad er-saxelmwifos
uwodeben.
mTlianobaSi, modernizmis xedva nacionalizmis ganviTarebaSi
racionalizmis, kapitalizmis da saxelmwifo-centrizmis rolis Sesaxeb
Semdegnirirad SeiZleba Camoyalibdes:
racionalizmma Camoayaliba Semdegi ideebi:
moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb,
erTiani kanonmdleblobis Seqmnis Sesaxeb,
kanonis winaSe adamianebis Tanasworobis Sesaxeb;
eris mimarT moqalaqis erTgulebis (loialobis) Sesaxeb; da
rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, saxelmwifos arsebobis mTavari
arsi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom is unda emsaxurebodes mis
moqalaqeebs da ara piriqiT.
kapitalizmma ganapiroba:
adamianis mier misi codnis da unarebis nebayoflobiT
gayidva an gaqiraveba;
masobrivi
komunikaciebis
saSualebebis
Seqmna,
ramac
ganapiroba adamianebis socializacia da daaxloeba;
82

 klasebis warmoSoba da Sromis

klasobrivi urTierTobebis Casaxva;
Sromis saerTaSoriso danawileba.

danawilebis

procesSi

saxelmwifom Seqmna:
saerTo (saxelmwifo) ena da ganaTlebis erTiani sistema;
erTiani samarTlebrivi sistema;
socialuri da janmrTelobis dacvis erTiani sistema;
erTiani safinanso sistema da fiskaluri politika;
erTiani saxelmwifo-sajaro samsaxuri;
erovnuli SeiaraRebuli Zalebi da usafrTxoebis sistema;
moaxdina mosaxleobis yvela fenis da yvela regionis
warmomadgenlebis socializacia (Ordrige, 1981: 35).
mTlianobaSi, nacionalizmis modernistuli paradigma Semdeg
debulebebs gvTavazobs:
nacionalizmma Seqmna Tanamedrove erebi da saxelmwifoebi;
eri, iseve, rogorc nacionalizmi axali fenomenia. orive, ukeTes
SemTxvevaSi XIX s.-Si Camoyalibda.
erebi
da
nacionalizmi
inteligenciisa
da
burJuaziis
45
artefaqtebia .
eTnikuri (eTno-lingvisturi) nacionalizmi unda ganvasxvavoT
samoqalaqo-politikuri nacionalizmisgan;
nacionalizma da erebma amowures TavianTi istoriuli misia da
globalizaciis epoqaSi isini unda ganvixiloT, rogorc
warsulis gadmonaSTebi (Smith, 2001: 102).
modernizmis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani ganxraa konstruqtivizmi.
konstruqtivistebi, iziareben erebis da nacionalizmis Tanamedrove
xasiaTs. amasTan, danarCeni modernistebisgan gansxvavebiT miiCneven, rom
erebic da nacionalizmic socialur konstruqcias46 warmoadgenen. isini
xazs usvamen imas, rom er-saxelmwifos SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs ara
mosaxleobasTan e.i. adamianebis meqanikur jamTan, aramed erTan
socialur organizmTan. erik hobsbaumi aRniSnavs, rom kultura da
tradiciebi socialuri inJineriis produqtebia, rac elitam masebis
marTvis srulyofis mizniT gamoigona (Smith, 2008: 48).
nacionalizmis sxva mniSvnelovani mimarTulebebi (eTnosimbolizmi,
perenializmi) miiCneven, rom erebi kapitalizmamdec arsebobdnen. am
mniSvnelovani
debulebis
gasabaTileblad
modernistebs,
rig
SemTxvevebSi sakmaod aradamajerebeli argumentebi moyavT. kerZod es
ukanasknelebi amtkiceben, rom antikur da feodalur epoqebSi xalxs ar
45

artefaqti (laT. Artefactum) mocemul konteqstSi unda gavigoT, rogorc xelovnurad

Seqmnili.
46

swored aqedan warmosdgeba am mimarTulebis dasaxeleba konstruqtivizmi.

83

gaaCnda erovnuli grZnoba, maT Soris misi iseTi mniSvnelovani elementi,

rogoricaa saerTo solidaroba. kiTxvaze, maSin ratom ibrZodnen
xalxebi dampyroblebis winaaRmdeg? modernistebi pasuxoben, rom maT an
ar surdaT ucxoelebis batonobis pirobebSi ecxovraT an maTi brZola
patriotuli motivebiT iyo ganpirobebuli (Ordrige, 1981: 39-40).
modernistebi amtkiceben, rom saerTo kultura gadamwyveti ar iyo
araindustriuli sazogadoebebisaTvis. am SemTxvevaSi, Cndeba Semdegi
kiTxvebi: mag., ratom avrcelebdnen romelebi laTinur enas da maTi
civilizaciis sxva faseulobebs dapyrobil xalxebSi? ratom gamoigones
sakuTari damwerlobebi erTmaneTis mezoblad mcxovreba erebma, mag.
qarTvelebma
da
somxebma
an
ebraelebma
da
arabebma?
Tu
gansaxvavebulobas mniSvneloba ar qonda, maSin erTis Seqmnil anbans
meore gadmoiRebda da gamoiyenebda.

eTnosimbolizmi.
nacionalizmis
eTnosimbolisturi
midgoma
perenializmis
safuZvelze aRmocenda. modernizmisgan gansxvavebiT, eTnosimbolizmi
aqcents akeTebs eTnosis myar da droSi uwyvetobis subieqtur Tvisebebze.
es ar niSnavs, rom eTnosimbolizmi ugulvebelyofs eTnikurobis
obieqtur
elementebs,
magram
misi
kvlevis
amosavali
wertils
warmoadgenen mexsierebis, faseulobebis, grZnobebis, miTebisa
da
simboloebis subieqturi Semadgenlebi.
nacionalizmis eTnosimbolisturi paradigma gulisxmobs, rom erebi
(yovel SemTxvevaSi maTi nawili mainc) Camoyalibdnen adreul epoqebSi,
xolo TviT nacionalizmi Tanamedrove fenomenia.
eTnosimbolizmis mixedviT Tanamedrove erebs primordialuri
fesvebi aqvT, Sesabamisad droTa ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobda maTi
evolucia. erebis Camoyalibeba dinamiuri procesia, romelic garkveul
SemTxvevebSi uxsovari droidan iRebs saTaves da dResac mimdinareobdes.
amasTan, eTnosimbolistebi miiCneven, rom yvela ers ar gauvlia
evoluciis erTnairi gza. ufro metic, Tanamedrove msoflioSi arian
adamianTa erTobebi, romlebic jer eTnosebaTac ar Camoyalibebulan.
entoni smiti ganasxvavebs eTno-erovnuli ganviTarebis ramdenime
stadias. pirvel etapze, msoflios sxvadasxva regionebSi, gansakuTrebiT
ki xlemTaSuazRvispireTSi Camoyalibdnen eTnikuri kategoriebi (Ethnic
categories). maT gaaCndaT eTnonimi da erTi an ramdenime saerTo
kulturuli atributi, rogorc wesi es iyo ena da tradiciebi, rac maT
sxvebisgan ganasxvavebda. situacia Seicvala genealogiis aRmocenebasTan
erTad. adamianebma daiwyes maTi warmomavlobis dafiqsireba ZiriTadad
zepiri, iSviaTad werilobiTi formiT. genealogias moyva winaprebis
Sesaxeb miTebis Seqmna. adamianTa gaerTianebebi ufro daxvewil da
mravalferovan xasiaTs iRebda. eTnikuri kategoriebi gardaiqmnen
eTnikur kavSirebad da eTnikur erTobebad (Smith, 2008: 117).
kacobriobis
ganviTarebis
im
etapze,
romlisTvisac
damaxasiaTebeli iyo qalaq-saxelmwifoebis, samefoebis da imperiebis
Seqmna adgili qonda eTnikuri urTierTobebis srulyofas. mTeli rigi
sazogadoebis socialur stratifikaciis paralelurad adgili qonda
eTnikuri saxelmwifoebis Seqmnas. smitis azriT, am tipis saxelmwifoebi
iyo jer aqameniduri, xolo mogvianebiT sasaniduri irani da egvipte. maT

84

funqcionirebaSi gansakuTrebul rols TamaSobda elita, romelic

marTavda kulturulad homogenur da socialurad myar sazogadoebas.
gansakuTrebul yuradRebas ipyrobs ebraelebis da somxebis
magaliTebi. smiti aRniSnavs, rom am periodSi es xalxebi erebad
Camoyalibdnen. amas xeli Seuwyo ramdenime garemoebam, garda imisa, rom
antikur periodSi ukve arsebobdnen ebrauli da somxuri eTnikuri
saxelmwifoebi. maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo didi mobiloba, rac
ganpirobebuli iyo, rogorc obieqturi (isini kargi vaWrebi da
komersantebi iyvnen), aseve subieqturi (deportacia da Seviwroeba)
faqtorebi. magram subieqturi faqtorebidan gamosayofia religia.
iudaizmi da grigorianoba eTnikur religiebad iqca, ramac didi roli
iTamaSa am xalxebis SeduRabebaSi. sadac ar unda moxvedriliyvnen
ebraelebi da somxebi, yvelgan cdilobdnen maTi sakulto religiuri
dawesebulebis
daarsebas.
Sua
saukuneebidan
somxebisTvis,
aseve
damaxasaiTebeli iyo, somxuri skolebis daarseba. am faqtorebma
ganapiroba,
erTi
mxriv
gansxvavebulobisa,
xolo
meore
mxriv,
intraerovnuli
solidarobis
institucionalizacia.
es
procesi
saerTaSoriso
masStabiT
mimdinareobda.
somxuri
da
ebrauli
sakomunikacio
qselebi
saukuneebis
ganmavlobaSi
funqcionirebda,
romelTa marTva ZiriTadad am xalxebis religiuri centrebidan xdeboda
(iqve: 118-119).
Sua saukunebSi erebis formirebas ZiriTadad evropaSi qonda
adgili. am periodis erebs adrian hastingsi dinastiur da/an patriciul
(aristokratul) erebs uwodebs. evropaSi erebis mSeneblobis procesi
ganapiroba erTi mxriv, Zlieri saxelmwifoebis arsebobam (inglisi,
safrangeTi Sotlandia, dania, SvedeTi, espaneTi), xolo, meore mxriv,
aristokratiis da saSualo klasis Camoyalibebam. evropis xalxebisTvis
ukve maSin iyo damaxasiaTebeli saerTo ena da kultura. mogvianebiT,
protestantuli religiebis aRmocenebam kidev ufro ganamtkica evropel
erebs Soris gansxvavebebis dafiqsireba da amis paralelurad TiToeul
erSi solidarobis grZnobis gaZliereba. paralelurad erebis formireba
mimdinareobda aziaSi, kerZod CineTSi, iaponiaSi, koreaSi, kampuCiaSi,
vietnamSi (iqve: 119-121).
adreul Sua saukuneebSi daiwyo da XII saukunisTvis dasrulda
qarTveli
eris
formirebac,
rasac
xeli
Seuwyo
erTiani,
centralizebuli, regionSi wamyvan poziaze myofi saxelmwifos da
Zlieri arsitokratiis arsebobam, rasac unda daematos damoukidebeli
ena, anbani da ganviTarebuli kultura. qarTveli eri tipiuri
patriciuli eri iyo, romelsac feodalizmis epoqis evropuli erebisgan
saSualo fenis araarseboba ganasxvavebda.
XVIII saukunis safrangeTis revoluciam da dasavleT evropis
qveynebSi saSualo klasis klasis gamosvlebma Searyia feodaluri
urTierTobebis safuZvlebi da biZgi misca kacobriobis istoriaSi
sruliad
axal
eras.
mniSvnelovan
ekonomikur
da
socialur
gardaqmnebTan erTad adgili qonda nacionalizmis aRmocenebas. entoni
smitis azriT, nacionalizms impulsi saSualo klasis socialurma
aqtivobam
misca.
dasavleT
evropeli
xalxebi
mzad
iyvnen
nacionalizmis, kerZod moqalaqeobaze dafuZnebuli saxelmwifoebis
SeqmnisTvis. am radikaluri cvlilebebisTvis safuZveli ukve arsebobda.
am xalxebisTvis, rogorc Camoyalibebuli eTnosebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
iyo gansxvavebulobis da solidarobis ganviTarebuli grZnobebi.
85

evropulma ganmanaTleblibam da kapitalisturi urTierTobebis Casaxvam

xeli Seuwyo evropeli eTnosebis mier erovnuli avtonomiis, erTianobis
da identobis ideebis Tavmoyrasa Camoyalibebas mwyobri politikuri
programis saxiT, sxva sityvebiT Seiqmna nacionalizmis ideologia (iqve,
122-123).
beWvduri kapitalizmis ganviTarebam ukve XIX s.-Si ganapiroba
saSualo klasis nacionalizmis gardaqmna masobriv nacionalizmSi.
nacionalizmis, am SemTxvevaSi erovnuli ganviTarebis ideebi, ukve
advilad xelmisawvdomi gaxda ubralo adamianebisTvis. saerTaSoriso
komunikaciebisa da masmediis ganviTarebam evropuli nacionalizmis
virusi mTel msoflioSi gaavrcela.
smitis azriT eris cxovrebaSi gansakuTrebul adgili ukaviaT
inteleqtualebs anu maT vinc eris sulierad asazrdoebs musikaluri
Tu literaturuli nawarmoebebis, ferweris nimuSebisa Tu qandakebebis,
arqiteqturuli Zeglebis, filmebisa Tu speqtaklebis Seqmnis gziT.
eTnosi eris warsulis gansaxierebaa, xolo kulturuli simboloebi
xidia eris warsulsa da awmyos Soris. gasakviri ar aris, rom
saxelwodeba eTnosimbolizmi warmodgeba sityvebidan eTnosi da
simbolo. inteleqtualebSi ar igulisxmeba mxolod SemoqmedebiTi
elita anu inteligencia. eTnosimbolizmi uaryofs modernistebis mier
damkvidrebul mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom eTnosis an eris formirebis
eqskluziuri ufleba elitas ekuTvnis. aRniSnul procesSi xalxisa da
elitis damokidebuleba ormxrivi moZraobis quCas gavs. ubralo
adamianebi arasdros yofilan sazogadoebis umoqmedo nawili. socialuri
mobilizaciis wyalobiT isini periodulad zegevlenas axdendnen
inteligenciis, poltikuri liderebis da burJuaziis gadawyvetilebebze.
mag., XIX s.-is bolos glexobis da dabali fenis qalaqelTa aqtivobam
irlandiaSi gamoiwvia erovnul-ganmanTavisuflebeli moZraobis aRzeveba.
saqarTveloSi 1980-iani wlebis erovnuli moZraobaSi Tavdapirvelad
Caebnen studentebi da Tbilisis ubralo moqalaqeebi. elita am moZraobas
mogvianebiT SeuerTda.
eTnosimbolistur kvlevebSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eTmoba
grZelvadian analizs anu istorizms. entoni smitis mtkicebiT istoriaSi
erebisa da eTnobis adgilisa da rolis Sesaxeb, aseve maTi warsulis,
awmyosa da momavlis Sesaxeb msjeloba SesaZlebelia mxolod im
SemTxvevaSi, Tuki kvlevis obieqtis Seswavla moicvas drois mniSvnelovan
periods, ramdenime Taobas mainc. es mkvlevars saSualebas aZlevs
srulyofili warmodgena Seiqmnas eris an eTnosis kulturuli
ganviTarebis da mis identobebSi momxdari cvlilebebis Sesaxeb.
rogorc aRiniSna, eTnosimbolizmi perenializmis wiaRidan iSva.
maTi gayofa im sakiTxis irgvliv moxda, romelic aTwleulebis
ganmavlobaSi upasuxod rCeboda. adamianebi ratom wiraven Tavs eris gamo
an klaven eris saxeliT? entoni smitis azriT es aris nacionalizmis da
eTnikurobis yvelaze mniSvnelovani problemaa (Smith, 2008: 58). rogorc
perenialistebi, aseve modernistebi Tavs arideben am kiTxvaze pasuxis
gacemas an Semoifarglebian zogadi frazebiT. eTnosimbolistebi
cdiloben pasuxi istoriul da sociologiur konteqstSi ganixilon,
radgan swored amgvari midgomis pirobebSi SeiZleba aixsnas, Tu ratom
aris damaxasiaTebeli adamianebisTvis eris an eTnosisadmi koleqtiuri
Jini da kuTvnileba.
86

rTulia ar daeTanxmo smitis mosazrebas imis Taobaze, rom

nacionalizmis
Sida
samyaros
gamoklevis
gareSe,
praqtikulad
SeuZlebelia
gaerkve
nacionalizmebSi
anu
sxvadasxva
xalxebis
nacionalizmSi, Sesabamisad mcire Sansia aRiqva is emociuri aspeqtebi,
romlebic
maTi
konfliqtebis
masazrdoebelia
(iqve:
60-61).
eTnosimbolistebis es debuleba albaT Semdegnairad unda gavigoT:
yoveli nacionalizmi da misgan momdinare konfliqti unikaluria da
aucilebelia TiToeuli maTganis zedmiwevniT kargi Seswavla, maTi
Semdgomi mogvarebis mizniT.
nacionalizmis TiToeuli mimarTuleba Tavis kvlevaSi eyrdnoba
Sesabamisi Teoriuli baziss, xolo ama Tu im debulebis dasabuTebisTvis
iyenebs istoriul faqtebs. Tu, am ku|TxiT SevadarebT erTmaneTs
nacionalizmis
paradigmebs,
maSin
Semdeg
suraTs
miviRebT.
primordializmisTvis TiTqmis ucxoa, rogorc Teoria, aseve istorizmi.
modernizmi sakmaod kargad aris aRWurvili TeoriiT, magram moikoWlebs
istorizmSi, xolo perenializmi - piriqiT. rac Seexeba eTnosimbolizms,
sainteresoa, rom mas Teoriuli safuZveli ar gaaCnia. misTvis ZiriTadad
damaxasiaTebelia
makroistoriuli
da
kulturul-sociologiuri
midgomebi (Smith, 2008: 61).
eTnosimbolizmis ramdenime ZiriTadi debuleba garkveulwilad
sakmaToa. eris smitiseul ganmartebaSi (ix. gv. ) aRniSnulia, rom eris
wevrebisTis damaxasiaTebelia saerTo uflebebi da movaleobebi, rac im
SemTxvevaSia misaRebi, Tu saqme gvaqvs er-saxelmwifosTan, sadac eris
wevrebi imavdroulad
qveynis
moqalaqeebic
arian.
magram, smiti
saxelmwifoebriobas ar miiCnevs eris arsebobis gadamwyvet atributad.
miuxedavad amisa, bundovania smitis pozicia eTnosebisa da erebis mimarT
mravaleTnikur (mravalerovan) qveynebSi, erTi mxriv, SeiZleba vifiqroT,
rom smitis midgomiT espaneTSi cxovrobs sul mcire sami eri:
kastilieli, katalonieli da baski. imavdroulad is TviTon svams
SekiTxvebs: SeiZleba Tu ara erTi eri meoris SemadgenelobaSi Sediodes?
aqedan gamomdinare, unda miviCnioT Tu ara katalonielebi da baskebi an
flamandielebi da valonebi, Sesabamisad espaneli da belgieli erebis
Semadgenel nawilebad? (Smith, 2008: 15) nebismier SemTxvevaSi, espaneTSi
mcxovreb am xalxebis wevrebs ar eqnebaT saerTo uflebebi da
movaleobebi. aSkaraa, rom gansxvavebuli iqneba maTi movaleobebis
garkveuli nawili, romlebic dakavSirebuli enasTan, sxva kulturul
elementebTan, istoriul mexsierebasTan, aseve teritoriasTan.
modernistebi eTnosimbolistebs zedmeti romantiulobis gamoc
akritikeben.
kerZod,
eTnosimbolizmi
dResac
gansakuTrebul
mniSvnelobas aniWebs inteleqtualebis (inteligenciis) rols erovnul
mSeneblobaSi. modernistebi ki Tvlian, rom inteleqtualebis Rvawli
mniSvnelovani iyo XIX s.-Si, magram msoflio mniSvnelovnad Seicvala da
amJamad erovnuli ideologiis agentebi politikuri moRvaweebi gaxdnen,
romlebsac
faqtiurad
okupirebuli
aqvT
Tanamedrove
masobrivi
informaciis saSualebebi. xom ar niSnavs es, rom erovnuli mSeneblobis
procesSi inteleqtualebi politikosebma Caanacvles da es ukanasknelebi
am
sferos
eqskluziuri
mflobelebi
gaxdnen?
inteleqtualebis
marginalizaciaze ukve bevr qveyanaSi msjeloben da amis Taobaze
SeSfoTebasac
ki
gamoTqvamen.
politikuri
moRvaweebi
aSkarad
manipulireben erovnuli grZnobebiT, ramac SeiZleba arasasurveli
Sedegi moitanos totalitaruli da avtoritaruli reJimebis pirobebSi.
87

masmediis, gansakuTrebiT televiziis roli imdenad gaizarda, rom

cnobilma sociologma jovani sartorim Tanamedrove adamians homo
vidensi uwoda (Conversi, 2007: 24-25).
erT-erTi sakiTxi, romelic geografebis gansakuTerul yuradRebas
imsaxurebs aris is, Tu rogor ganixilaven nacionalizmis sxvadasxva
mimarTulebebi urTierTdamokidebulebas ersa (eTnossa) da teritorias
Soris. mag., eTnosimbolistebi xazgasmiT aRniSnaven, rom eri unda
flobdes teritorias. magram, amasTan dakavSirebiT ramdenime aspeqti ar
aris dazustebuli. kerZod, ra samarTlebrivi statusi unda hqondes am
teritorias?
ra
igulisxmeba
teritoriis
qveS:
damoukidebeli
saxelmwifo Tu avtonomia? an iqneb, igulisxmeba is teritoria, sadac
garkveuli xalxi istoriul warsulSi cxovrobda, Semdeg iZulebuli
iyo is daetovebina, xolo amJamad es teritoria sxva xalxiT aris
dasaxlebuli (mag., asirielebis SemTxveva; ebraelebi israelis Seqmnamde).
zogadad aRsaniSnavia, rom nacionalizmis mkvlevarebi nakleb yuradRebas
aqceven am sakiTxs. mag. entoni smitisTvis
eris an eTnosis
teritoriisadmi
kuTvnileba
naklebad
mniSvnelovania,
radgan
is
amtkicebs, rom eri funqciuri instituciaa, romlis Canacvleba
naklebadaa
mosalodneli,
Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT
mis
kavSirs
primordialur identobebTan.

88

Tavi III
saxelmwifo
sazogadoebis politikuri organizaciis formebi
saxelmwifo istoriulad ar yofila sazogadoebis politikuri
organizaciis erTaderTi forma. dResac ki msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeSi
adamianTa garkveuli erTobebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia administrirebisa
da mmarTvelobis gansxvavebuli formebi. politikuri organizaciis
formis mixedviT anTropologebi gansaxveveben
oTxi sxvadasxva tipis
sazogadoebas. esenia: jgufuri sazogadoeba, tomobrivi sazogadoeba,
sabelado sazogadoeba da saxelmwifo (Stoddard et al, 1989: 205-208). isini
erTmaneTisgan, erTi mxriv, struqturulad da funqcionalurad, xolo,
meore
mxriv,
socialuri,
politikuri,
ekonomikuri,
kulturuli
ganviTarebis doniT gansxvavdebian. garda aRniSnulisa, geografebisaTvis
sainteresoa
ra
teritoriuli
Taviseburebebia
damaxasiaTebeli
gansxvavebuli
tipis
politikuri
organizaciis
mqone
sazogadoebebisTvis.

jgufuri sazogadoeba
adamianebi sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis aRmocenebamde anu jer
kidev 10 aTasi wlis win jgufur cxovrebas eweodnen. maTi cxovrebis
wesi nadirobiTa da SemgroveblobiT Semoifargleboda. TiToeuli aseTi
jgufi 100 kacze mets ar Seadgenda. jgufuri sazogadoebebi mcire
raodenobiT dResac gvxvdeba msoflios sxvadasxva kontinentebze, sadac
izolirebulad, marginaluri garemos pirobebSi cxovroben. jgufuri
sazogadoebis ZiriTadi maxasiaTebelia socialuri Tanasworoba. jgufis
yvela wevrs Tanabri wvdoma aqvs arsebuli
resursebisa da
teritoriisadmi. aset sazogadoebaSi adgili ar aqvs simdidris
individualuri wesiT dagrovebas. arsebuli resursebi jgufis wevrebs
Soris saWiroebisa da moTxovnilebis Sesabamisad nawildeba. jgufs
gaaCnia lideri, magram is ar sargeblobs erTpirovnuli ZalauflebiT.
gadawyvetilebis miReba xdeba koleqtiurad. jgufis liders irCeven,
Sesabamisad es Tanamdeboba memkvidreobiT ar gadadis. jgufSi ucxos
miReba gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi xdeba, magram gawevrianebis Semdeg is am
jgufis yvela privilegiiT sargeblobs (iqve, 1989: 205).
jgufur sazogadoebas ar gaaCnia misi sakuTari teritoria. areali,
romlis farglebSic jgufi moqmedebs moicavs im sivrces, sadac is
nadirobs an Semgroveblobas eweva. msoflios civ sartylebSi jgufuri
sazogadoebebi mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi momTabareobdnen gareuli
cxovelebis migraciis marSrutebsa da grafikTan Sesabamisad. jgufuri
sazogadoebis
pirobebSi
adamianebs
jer
kidev
ar
qondaT
teritoriulobis gancda. xSiri iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac calkeuli
jgufebi erTsa da imave adgilebSi nadirobdnen an moipovebdnen sakvebs.
nadiris an mcenareuli sakvebis simciris SemTxvevaSi adgili qonda
Sexla-Semoxlas, Tumca umetes SemTxvevebSi saqme did sisxlisRvramde ar
midioda (iqve: 206).
89

tomobrivi sazogadoeba
adamianTa poltikuri organizaciis ganviTarebis momdevno etapze
warmoiSva tomobrivi sazogadoebebi. Tanamedrove msoflioSi am tipis
sazogadoebebs miekuTvnebian indielebi da eskimosebi, afrikis mravali
tomi da samxreT-aRmosavleT aziis mTiani regionis xalxebi. zogierT
SemTxvevaSi
tomobriv
sazogadoebaSi
aerTianeben
jgufur
sazogadoebebsac.
sabWoTa
mecnierebaSi
orive
am
sazogadoebas
moixseniebdnen, rogorc pirvelyofil Temebs an gvarovnul-Temur
gaerTianebebs. tomi, iseve, rogorc jgufi Sedgeba erTmaneTTan naTesauri
kavSirSi myofi adamianebisgan. jgufTan gansxvavebiT, tomSi aseulobiT
adamiania gaerTianebuli, radgan is calkul jgufebs aerTianebs.
metwilad, masSi ramdenime jgufia gaerTianebuli. tomSi, iseve, rogorc
jgufur
sazogadoebaSi,
lideris
arCeva
sayovelTao
xasiaTisaa.
individualuri
sakuTreba
arc
tomobrivi
sazogadoebisTvis
iyo
damaxasiaTebeli.
garda msgavsebebisa, aRsaniSnavia gansxvavebebic. maT Soris,
umniSvnelovanesia is, rom tomobrivi sazogadoebebis aRmoceneba
dakavSirebulia Sinameurneobebis SeqmnasTan, kerZod ki memcenareobisa da
mejogeobis ganviTarebasTan.
teritoriis mimarT toms ufro saTuTi damokidebulebaa aqvs.
sasoflo tipis dasaxlebebis aRmocenebasTan erTad gaCnda sakraluri
adgilebi sasaflaoebi, religiuri an yofiTi tipis saritualo
adgilebi. amis gamo tomi ufro mWidrod daukavSirda teritorias. tomSi
Semaval
jgufebs
garkveuli
dapirispirebebis
miuxedavad,
isini
erTmaneTTan TanamSromloben nadirobisa da saerTo mtris winaaRmdeg
brZolis dros. Sesabamisad, tomis pirobebSi amaRlda naTesauri kavSiris
grZnoba. jer kidev XIX s.-is dasawyisSi dRevandeli nebraskas
teritoriaze binadari founiis tomi 4 jgufisgan Sedgeboda. TiToeuli
maTgani damoukidebeli iyo, magram isini erTiandebodnen bizonebze
nadirobis sezonis dadgomisas an mezobeli tomebis dakotasa da sius
winaaRmdeg omis warmoebis SemTxvevaSi. imave saukunis meore naxevarSi,
rodesac maTi mosaxleoba mniSvnelovnad Semcirda jgufebi founiis
droSis qveS gaerTiandnen da erTad dasaxldnen. es magaliTi
miuTiTebs, rom garkveul situaciaSi tomobrivi sazogadoeba SeiZleboda
jgufur sazogadoebamde CamoqveiTebuliyo (iqve).

sabelado sazogadoeba
politikuri
organizaciis
gardamavali
forma
tomobrivi
sazogadoebasa centralizebul saxelmwifos Soris aris sabelado
sazogadoeba (ing. Chiefdom).47 aseTi sazogadoebebi aRmocenda mTian
regionebSi, tyeebSi, xeobebSi, kunZulebze, sadac mosaxleoba ZiriTadad
memcenareobiT iyo dakavebuli. am tipis sazogadoebis meurneobis marTvis
umniSvnelovanesi maxasiaTebelia produqciis warmoebisa da ganawilebis
centralizebuli
xasiaTi.
winamorbedebTan
SedarebiT,
sabelado
47

sabWoTa samecniero literaturaSi terminiT chiefdom aRiniSneboda samxedro

demokratia da es termini qarTul
mecnierebaSic damkvidrda. am cnebis mxolod am
mniSvnelobiT gamoyeneba arasasurvelia, radgan, rogorc teqstidan Cans am tipis
sazogadoebisTvis samxedro saqmianoba meorexarisxovania. ZiriTadi maxasiaTebelia
resursebis dagrovebisa da ganawilebis procesSi beladis gadamwyveti roli da
adgili. Tanamedrove rusul akademiur wreebSi gamoiyeneba axali termini .

90

sazogadoebis organizaciuli struqtura ufro daxvewilia, yalibdeba

politikuri institutebi, iwyeba profesiuli specializacia, iqmneba
mWidrod dasaxlebuli arealebi.
jgufuri da tomobrivi sazogadoebebisgan gansxvavebiT sabelado
sazogadoebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia socialuri uTanasworoba. yalibdeba
socialuri fenebi da pirovnebis romelime fenisadmi mimarTeba
institucionalizirebulia. sazogadoebis nebismieri wevris socialuri
statusi memkvidreobiT xasiaTs iZens. aseTi sazogadoebis socialuri
ierarqia SegviZlia pirmidas SevadaroT, romlis saTaveSi imyofeba
beladi, Semdeg modian patara beladebi da a.S., piramidis qveda nawilSi
arian Raribi da uqoneli fenebi. sabelado sazogadoebis socialuri
stratifikaciisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli,
ara
marto
Camoyalibebuli
administraciuli, aramed teritoriuli struqturac. kerZod, beladi
cxovrobs dasaxlebis centrSi, xolo mis garSemo mmarTveli elitis
sxva warmomadgenlebi. Sesabamisad, Raribi mosaxleoba maTgan moSorebiT
pariferiul nawilSia gansaxlebuli.
sabelado
sazogadoebebi
pirvelad
samxreT-dasavleT
aziaSi
gamoCnda Cvens welTaRricxvamde daaxloebiT 5500 wliT adre (iqve).
sagulisxmoa, rom amave periodSi mesopotamiis da egviptis teritoriebze
pirveli saxelmwifoebi aRmocenda.
Tanamedrove
msoflioSi
amgvari
sazogadoebebis
TvalsaCino
magaliTebia wynari okeanis Crdilo-dasavleTSi mcxovrebi kuakiutlis
da nootkas sazogadoebebi da arabuli saSeixoebi. magram, yvelaze
Camoyalibebul
sabelado
sazogadoebad
miiCneva
polineziis
arqipelagiis mravalricxovan kunZulebze (axali zelandiidan havais
kunZulebis CaTvliT) mcxovrebi sazogadoebebi, romlebmac TavianTi
ganviTarebis piks XVIII s.-Si miaRwies. mag., havaize erT-erTi beladi
aRniSnuli saukunis meore naxevarSi xelmZRvanelobda sazogadoebas,
romelic 100 aTas adamians iTvlida, Tumca es iSviaTi SemTxveva iyo.
beladis samflobeloebSi, ZiriTadad 2-3 aTasi adamiani cxovrobda (iqve:
207). polineziaSi beladi aRiarebuli iyo, rogorc gvarovnuli
(memkvidreobiTi), aseve religiuri
(gangebisgan naboZebi) statusis
mflobeli. is ganagebda miwas da sxva resursebs da amas mis
qveSemrdomebs Soris anawilebda maTi socialuri rangis da erTgulebis
xarisxis gaTvaliswinebiT. sazogadoebis mier dagrovili simdidris
(resursebis) ganawileba warmoadgenda umaRless politikur aqts.
TiToeul
pirovnebaze
gacemuli
resursebis
odenobis
dadgena,
upiratesad didi beladis, aseve patara beladebis kompetenciaSi Sedioda.
sagulisxmoa, rom beladi dakavebuli iyo ara marto materialuri
resursebis
ganawilebiT,
aramed
is
sazogadoebis
wevrebis
SromaTmoyobasac xelmZRvanelobda. belads saqmianobis warmarTvaSi
emsaxureboda amala, romelic misi arsisa da funqciebidan gamomdinare
dRevandeli biurokratiis winamorbedad SegviZlia miviCnioT.
sabelado sazogadoebebisTvis iyo teritorialobis sakmaod maRali
xarisxi iyo damaxasiaTebeli, radgan cxovrebisa da funqcionirebisTvis
aucilebeli resursebis mopoveba konkretul teritoriaze xdeboda. am
sazogadoebebis habitati ki SezRuduli iyo, gansakuTrebiT maTTvis, vinc
kunZulebze, mTian regionebsa da xeobebSi cxovrobda. Warbmosaxleobis
warmoSobis SemTxvevaSi sabelado sazogadoeba mobiluri xdeboda, ufro
metic is momTabare cxovrebaze gadadioda. anTropologebis nawili
miiCnevs, rom mag., hunebi, Turqomanebi, uiRurebi sabelado sazogadoebebs
91

warmoadgendnen. maT SemTxvevaSi simdidris akumulireba xdeboda sxva

sazogadoebebis resursebis
mitacebis gziT. am tipis sabelado
sazogadoebebSi teritorialoba Zalze specifiur xasiaTs atarebda. ar
gaaCndaT ra samSoblo, Sesabamisad maTSi ganviTarebuli iyo naTesaur
kavSirze dafuZnebuli kulturuli da ara teritoriuli identoba.
cxrili #

sazogadoebis politikuri organizaciis istoriuli stadiebi

jgufuri
sazogadoeba

tomobrivi
sazogadoeba

sabelado
sazogadoeba

saxelmwifo

socialuri Tanasworoba
resursebis Tanabari ganawileba
lideris sayovelTao wesiT arCeva
teritoriis socialuri definicia
gaerTianeba naTesauri kavSiris safuZvelze
cxovrebis Temuri (jgufuri) wesi
specializirebuli politikuri institutebi
resursebis diversificirebuli ganawileba
lideris statusis memkvidreobiT gadacema
(ar Sedis saxelmwifoebi, mmarTvelobis
respublikuri formiT)
socialuri stratifikacia
profesiaTa specializacia
biurokratia
sazogadoebis
teritoriuli
definicia
kodificirebuli
samarTali
fiskaluri sistema
samxedro samsaxuri
kerZo sakuTreba
wyaro: Stoddard, Robert H., David J. Wishart & Brian W. Blouet (1989). Human Geography: People, Places, and
Cultures (2nd edition). Prentice Hall: Englewood Cliffs, US, gv. 205.

92

saxelmwifo Teoriebi
saxelmwifos ganviTarebis 7 kanoni fridrix ratceli
geografebs Soris saxelmwifos Sesaxeb pirveli kompleqsuri
naSromi fridrix ratcelma Seqmna. organicizmis Teoriis fuZemdebeli
saxelmwifos ganixilavda, rogorc miwidan amozrdil cocxal organizms.
is
aRniSnavda,
rom
saxelmwifo
ganasaxierebs
masSi
mcxovrebi
mosaxleobis
miswrafebebs,
rac
Tavis
gamoxatulebas
poulobs
saxelmwifo politikaSi. ratceli amtkicebda rom Tu saxelmwifo
cocxali organizmia igi izrdeba da amisTvis mas sasicocxlo sivrce
(Lebensraum)48 esaWiroeba. ratceli, swored amiT xsnis erTi saxelmwifos
mier meoris dapyrobas. misi azriT, es bunebrivi procesia. amasTan,
cocxali organizmisTvis damaxasiaTebelia ara marto fizikuri, aramed
sulieri (inteleqtualuri) ganviTarebac. inteleqtis gareSe cocxali
organizmi srulfasovani ver iqneba. saxelmwifo qmnis Tavis istorias,
icavs mas da amdidrebs kulturuli miRwevebiT.
ratcelma
naSromSi
politikuri
geografia
warmoadgina
saxelmwifos sivrciTi ganviTarebis Svidi kanoni (Norton , 1998: 218):
1. saxelmwifos teritoria izrdeba mosaxleobis kulturis donis
amaRlebasTan erTad.
2. saxelmwifos
sivrciTi
zrda
sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis
sferoebis ganviTarebiT aris ganpirobebuli.
3. saxelmwifos teritoriuli zrda xdeba mcire saxelmwifoebis
teritoriis xarjze.
4. sazRvari aris saxelmwifos periferiuli organo, sadac
fiqsirdeba misi zrda an kleba, e.i. cvlilebebi mis organizmSi.
5. saxelmwifo cdilobs mis sazRvrebSi CarTos geografiuli
garemos
yvelaze
is
elementebi,
romlebsac
politikuri
Rirebuleba gaacniaT. mag., mdinaris kalapoti, zRvis sanapiro
zoli, raionebi mdidari resursebiT.
6. istoriulad teritoriuli zrdis stimuli Tavdapirvelad
dabalganviTarebul xalxebSi Camoyalibda.
7. saxelmwifos teritoriis gafarToebis tendencia permanentuli
procesia.
saxelmwifos teritoriuli gafarToeba, ratcelisTvis sayovelTao,
universaluri procesi iyo, xolo vaWroba da omi saxelmwifos
teritoriuli zrdis ori umniSvnelovanesi faqtori.
ratcelis organicizmis Teorias XX s.-is pirvel naxevarSi bevri
mimdevari yavda, romlebmac misi ideebi ganavrces da amis safuZvelze
Sesabamisi geopolitikur koncefciebi Seqmnes (ix. gv.).

centraluri arealis koncefcia dervent uiTlsi

48

germaniaSi, nacizmis aRmavlobis xanaSi sasicocxlo sivrcis koncefcia didi

popularobiT sargeblobda. nacisti mecnierebi da politikosebi germaniis dapyrobiTi
omebis gamarTlebas cdilobdnen sasicocxlo sivrcis gafarToebis aucileblobiT.

93

centraluri arealis koncefciis (Core Area Concept) avtoria

amerikeli geografi dervent uiTlsi (Derwent Whittlesey). misi ganmartebiT
es aris areali, romelSic an romlis garSemoc xdeba saxelmwifos
formireba (Whittlesey, 1944: 597).
zogadad, centraluri areali (teritoriuli birTvi) aris qveynis
yvelaze dasaxlebuli, nedleuliT da sxva resursebiT yvelaze mdidari
teritoria, romelsac gaaCnia centraluri satransporto mdebareoba da
sadac
ganTavsebulia
qveynis
dedaqalaqi.
geografiuli
birTvi
umniSvnelovanes
rols
TamaSobs,
aramarto
ekonomikuri
da
administraciuli, aramed, aseve erovnul-kulturuli TvalsazrisiTac.
entoni daglas smiti aRniSnavs, rom jer kidev Sua saukuneebSi
centraluri arealSi mcxovrebi mosaxleoba warmoadgenda im birTvs,
romlis garSemoc xdeboda eTnosis formireba. birTvis mosaxleoba
kulturuli, aqedan gamomdinare eTnikuri TvalsazrisiT yvelaze
homogenuri iyo (Smith, 1988: 11).
1964 w. amerikelma geografebma norman faundsma da siu bolma
Caatares Zalze saintereso kvleva, romlis mizanic iyo daedgina ramdeni
evropuli qveyana aRmocenda istoriul-teritoriuli birTvis garSemo.
aRmoCnda, rom gansaxilveli 24 saxelmwifodan 15 swored centraluri
arealis garSemo Camoyalibda. am sakiTxis siRrmiseulma Seswavlam
kvlevis avtorebs saSualeba misca gamoetanaT daskvna, rom am tipis
qveynebisTvis (mag., safrangeTi, gaerTianebuli samefo, Sveicaria, SvedeTi
da
dania)
damaxasiaTebelia
gacilebiT
ufro
maRali
xarsixis
administraciul-teritoriuli da socialur-ekonomikuri mdgradoba,
vidre maTTvis, romelTa formirebam teritoriuli birTvis gareSe Caiara
(Pounds & Ball, 1964: 40). amgvar midgomas mniSvnelovani naklovanebebi gaaCnia.
is SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas, ZiriTadad evropis, aseve aziis mimarT,
sadac eri-saxelmwifos mSenebloba bunebrivad mimdinareobda. sxva
kontinentebze,
gansakuTrebiT
afrikaSi
Tanamedrove
tipis
saxelmwifoebis Seqmna mWidrod ukavSirdeboda evropul kolonializms,
rodesac saxelmwifoebs Soris sazRvrebis demarkacia, xSir SemTxvevaSi
xelovnurad
xdeboda,
kerZod

kolonizatorebis
interesebis
gaTvaliswinebiT
da
istoriul-kulturuli
faqtorebis
sruli
ugulvebelyofiT.
meore
mxriv,
faundsis
da
bolis
midgomaSi
xazgasmulia birTvis garSemo Seqmnili saxelmwifoebis upiratesoba. amiT
aRiarebulia organuli warmoSobis saxelmwifoebis prioriteti, rac
TavisTavad arasasurvelia. Tumca, esec ar aris mTavari. Zalze sakamaToa
is sakiTxi, rom istoruli birTvis mqone saxelmwifoebi gamoirCevian
erovnuli konsolidaciis ufro maRali xarisixiT. amis sapirispirod
SeiZleba davasaxeloT mag., germania, romelsac arasdros gaaCnda
istoriuli birTvi, ufro konsolidirebuli saxelmwifoa, vidre
gaerTianebuli
samefo,
sadac
warmatebul
socialur-kulturuli
integracias xels uSlis valiuri, Sotlandiuri da irlandiuri
nacionalizmebi.
funqcionaluri midgoma riCard harTshorni
Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebis Seswavlis pionerad, rogorc zemoT
aRiniSna, miCneulia fridrix ratceli, romelmac jer kidev XIX s.-is
94

bolos saxelmwifo aRiara erTaderT WeSmarit politikur erTeulad.

mogvianebiT misma mimdevrebmac da mowinaaRmdegeebmac saxelmwifo
ganixiles, rogorc geopolitikis erTaderTi subieqti. aRniSnuli ideebi
politikur geografiaSi wina saukunis Sua periodamde ar Secvlila.
riCard harTshorni Seecada Seecvala koncefcia saxelmwifos
arsisa da funqciebis Sesaxeb, rac 1950 w. warmoadgina Tavis naSromSi
funqcionaluri midgoma politikur geografiaSi (Muir, 1997: 116).
harTshornis mixedviT saxelmwifos kvleva ar unda SemosazRvruliyo
mxolod istoriuli evoluciis (e.i. istoriuli midgoma) da struqturis
formirebis (e.i. morfologiuri midgoma) analiziT. amgvari midgomebi
sakmaod gavrcelebuli iyo wina saukunis geografiaSi, rodesac
samecniero naSromebis didi umravlesoba aRwerilobiT xasiaTs atarebda.
aRwerilobiToba
geografiaSi
mniSvnelovania,
magram
arasakmarisi.
harTshorns es kargad esmoda, ris gamoc is axali iniciativiT gamovida.
is miuTiTebda, rom nebismier saxelmwifoSi moqmedeben centriskenuli da
centridanuli Zalebi (Centripetal and centrifugal forces) (Hartshorne, 1950: 106-110).
Sesabamisad, saxelmwifo ibrZvis arsebobisTvis, rogorc Sida, aseve
gareSe ZalebTan dapirispirebis an maTTan konkurenciis pirobebSi. am
bataliebSi, harTshornis azriT, ikveTeba saxelmwifos arsi da
daniSnuleba anu Raison d'tre49 (iqve: 111). geografiisTvis es uaRresad
mniSvnelovani koncepti iyo, romelmac dasabamisi misca zogadad
saxelmwifos
TeoriaSi
da
konkretulad
geografiul
kvlevebSi
funqcionalur midgomas (Functional approach).
harTshorni aRniSnavda, rom saxelmwifo ganaxorcielebs oTx
ZiriTad
funqcias:
teritoriuls,
politikurs,
ekonomikurs
da
strategiuls (am ukanasknelSi igulisxmeboda geopolitika avt.) da
dasZenda, rom es funqciebi arsebobs ara gancalkevebulad, aramed
erTmaneTTan mWidro urTierTkavSirSi, rac saboloo jamSi ganapirobebs
kidec saxelmwifos normalur funqcionirebas (iqve: 127).
politikuri da socialuri integraciis ganmeorebadi modelebi karl
doiCi
saxelmZRvanelos me-2 TavSi Cven ganvixileT karl doiCis analizi
erebisa da nacionalizmis Camoyalibeba-ganviTarebiasTan dakavSirebiT.
doiCi amtkicebda, rom Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebis aRmoceneba evropaSi
daiwyo, rac ganapiroba Semdegi faqtorebis erTobliobam:
1. naturaluri soflis meurneobidan sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvla.
2. centraluri arealebis aRmoceneba.
3. qalaqebis zrda.
4. sabazo sakomunikacio badeebis (qselis) ganviTareba
5. kapitalis da samuSao Zalis unar-Cvevebis akumulireba da
koncentracia.
6. individualuri TviTSegnebis amaRleba da jgufuri interesebis
zrda.
7. eTnikuri Segnebis gamofxizleba (gaRviveba).
49

Raison d'tre (frang.) sityvasityviT arsebobis mizezi, dasabuTeba. pirvelad es termini

1864 w. gamoiyena britanelma filosofosma jon stiuart milma naSromSi arsebobis
racionaluri safuZveli.

95

8. eTnikuri identobis da politikis Serwyma (eTnikuri identobis

politizireba).
xdeba
privilegirebuli
socialuri
fenis
formireba amjerad eTnikurobis safuZvelze (Deutsch, 1953: 172-173).
am CamonaTvalSi mocemuli rva faqtori SeiZleba sam ZiriTadad
jgufSi gavaerTianoT, rac saSualebas mogvcems mivideT daskvnamde, rom
doiCis mixedviT Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebis CamoyalibebaSi gadamwyveti
roli
iTamaSa
samma
umniSvnelovanesma
faqtorma,
kerZod
industrializaciam, urbanizaciam da nacionalizmma. mocemuli sameuli,
Tavis mxriv
damaxasaiTebelia mxolod eri-saxelmwifosTvis. doiCis
azriT eri-saxelmwifo sazogadoebis marTvis gacilebiT ufro efeqturi
formaa, vidre istoriaSi
manmade arsebuli supranacionaluri
warmonaqmnebi (am SemTxvevaSi imperiebi) an feodaluri qveyana an
tomobrivi gaerTianeba (iqve: 190). doiCis azriT, amis mTavari mizezi imaSi
mdgomarobs,
rom
kacobiobis
istoriaSi
arsebuli
politikuri
organizaciis arcerTi formisTvis ar iyo damaxasiaTebeli socialuri
mobilizaciis
iseTi
xarisixi,
rogorc
eri-saxelmwifosTvis.
konkretulad evropuli, zogadad ki maRalganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebis
mSeneblobis sawyiss etapze mimdinareobda sazogadoebis yvela fenis
keTildReobis zrda, rac gansakuTrebuli xibli SesZina er-saxelmwifos.
Tumca, saxelmwifos ganviTarebis garkveul etapze dairRva socialuri
Tanasworoba, ramac sazogadoebis qveda fenebis ukmayofilebis zrdasTan
erTad sazogadoebis socialuri dezintegracia gamoiwvia. doiCma
gamoTqva varaudi
Tanamedrove saxelmwifos daRupvis Sesaxeb. erisaxelmwifos erT-erT alternativad, is ganixilavda zesaxelmwifoebriv
da saxelmwifoTaSoris gaerTianebebs. sagulisxmoa, rom doiCi amis
Sesaxeb werda 1953 w. anu im dros, rodesac evrokavSiris idea jer kidev
ar arsebobda. amasTan, doiCi eWvis TvaliT uyurebda aRniSnul
gaerTianebebsac, radgan isini arastabilur formirebebad miaCnda, sadac
nebismier dros SeiZleba ifeTqos agresiulma nacionalizma. doiCis
azriT, yvelaze kargi gamosavali aris ara universaluri saxelmwifo
(igulisxmeba saxelmwifoTaSorisi gaerTianeba), aramed federaciul
principebze agebuli saxelmwifo, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebeli iqneba
maRali donis teqnologiuri da socialuri mobilizacia (iqve: 195).
teritoriuli saxelmwifos koncefcia jon herci
saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebis
da
saerTaSoriso
samarTlis
cnobilma amerikelma specialistma jon hercma (John Herz) 1957 w.
gamoaqveyna naSromi teritoriuli saxelmwifos aRzeveba da daknineba.
es naSromi dResac sakmaod aqtualuria, gansakuTrebiT mecniergeografebs Soris.
hercis koncefciis mTavari Tezisi imaSi mdgomareobda, rom
istoriulad qveynis (samefos, saerisTaos) teritoriis sidide izrdeboda
96

samxedro teqnologiebis srulyofasTan erTad. herci miuTiTebda, rom

uZvelesi periodidan gviandel feodalizmamde, ufro zustad ki
asafeTqebeli nivTierebis gamogonebamde teritoriuli erTeulebi, Tu
periodulad aRmocenebul imperioebs ar CavTvliT, didi sididiT ar
gamoirCeoda. ufro metic am periodSi yvelaze didi gavrceleba qalaqsaxelmwifoebma miiRo, romlebic SemosazRvruli iyo cixe-simagreebiT.
aseT pirobebSi SesaZlebeli iyo qalaqisa da misi mosaxleobis Tavdacva
gareSe mtrebis Semosevisgan. denTisa da zarbaznebis gamogonebis Semdeg
aSkara gaxda, rom cixe-simagreebis mniSvneloba Semcirda (Herz, 1957: 476).
Sesabamisad gaizarda qveynebis Tavdacvis areali qalaq-saxelmwifodan an
samefodan vestfaliis xelSekrulebiT dadgenil oficialur saxelmwifo
sazRvrebamde.
XX s.-is dasawyisSi, rodesac samxedro arsenali Seivso mZime
artileriiTa
da
safreni
bombdamSeni
aparatebiT
Zveli
tipis
safortifikacio nagebobebma praqtikulad azri dakarga. II msoflio omma,
upirveless yovlisa ki birTvuli iaraRis Seqmnam daadastura, rom erTi,
Tundac didi saxelmwifos teritoriac ki ar iyo sakmarisi Tanamedrove
samxedro
manqanis
damangreveli
Zalisgan
Tavdacvis
mizniT.
am
TvalsazrisiT, 1940-iani wlebis bolos msxvili samxedro-politikuri
gaerTianebebis Seqmna (mag., nato an varSavis paqti) sakmaod logikurad
gamoiyureboda.
hercis zemoT aRniSnuli naSromi 1957 w. gamoqveynda da man sakmaod
didi yuradReba miipyro. mogvianebiT sxva mecnierebma ganavrces hercis
ideebi.
isini
miuTiTebdnen,
rom
msoflios
militarizacia
ar
Semoifargla Cveni planetis masStabiT da man kosmosuri sivrcec moicva.
1980-ian wlebSi aSS-ma wamoiwyo varskvlavuri omebis programa, romelic
natos Tavdacvisunarianobis amaRlebis mizniT kosmosuri teqnologiebis
gamoyenebiT TavdacviTi faris Seqmnas iTvaliswinebda (Muir, 1997: 77).
politikuri geografiis erTiani velis Teoria stiven jonsi
amerikelma mecnierma stiven jonsma (Stephen Jones) saxelmwifos
Camoyalibebis Sesaxeb sxva mecnierebisgan gansxvavebuli koncefcia
SeimuSava. is Seecada daekavSirebina politika da geografia, ufro
konkretulad ki socialuri da sabunebismetyvelo Teoriebi. jonsma
fizikidan isesxa fizikuri velis cneba, rac aris materiis erT-erTi
forma,
romelic
damaxasiaTebelia
droisa
da
sivrcis
yvela
wertilisaTvis. fizikuri velis sidide, rogorc wesi icvleba sivrcis
erTi wertilidan meoreSi gadaadgilebis dros (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
James_Clerk_Maxwell).
politikis
mecnierebidan
jonsma
gamoiyena
politikuri ideis cneba da Seecada daemtkicebina, rom is idea
warmoadgens politikuri arealis formirebis ZiriTad impulss. ideis
Camoyalibis Semdeg xdeba Sesabamisi politikuri gadawyvetilebis miReba.
gadawyvetilebis praqtikuli ganxorcilebis procesSi mimdinareobs
moZraoba, romelic moicavs, rogorc mosaxleobis, aseve produqciis,
transportis, informaciis, finansebis gadaadgilebas. am moZraobis
97

Sedegad iqmneba veli, sadac xorcieldeba yvela saxis sazogadoebrivi

(socialuri) aqtivoba. velis formirebis saboloo etapze xdeba misi
sazRvrebis dadgena, ris Sedegadac iqmneba politikuri areali.
sqematurad jonsis mier warmodgenili politikuri arealis
Camoyalibebis procesi Semdegnairad gamoiyureba: politikuri idea
gadawyvetileba moZraoba veli politikuri areali (Jones, 1954: 115).
am Teoriis klasikur praqtikul magaliTad jonsi israelis Seqmnas
asaxelebda (iqve: 117). sionizmis50 ideologiaSi Cadebuli iyo israelis
saxelmwifos idea. politikuri gadawyvetileba gaformda belfuris 1917
w. deklaraciiT. moZraobaSi gadamwyveti adgili qonda ebraelTa
imigracias, ris Sedegad Seiqmna ebraelebiT dasaxlebuli veli, xolo
gaeros 1948 w. rezoluciiT dadginda israelis saxelmwifos sazRvrebi.
mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom jonsi termini politikuri areali
ZiriTadad gulisxmobs saxelmwifos, ris gamoc mis Teorias xSirad
moixsenieben, rogorc saxelmwifos Seqmnis erTiani velis Teoriad.
miuxedavad
imisa,
rom
jonsis
Teoria
sakmaod
saintereso
da
originaluria man geografebs Soris saTanado popularoba ver moipova,
savaraudod imis gamo, rom is warmoadgens sazogadoebriv-geografiuli
movlenebis unificirebis mcdelobas, rac ar esadageba geografiis
konceftualur da praqtikul arss.
saxelmwifo, rogorc konteineri piter teilori
1994 w. gamoqveynda cnobili britaneli geografis piter teiloris
naSromi saxelmwifo, rogorc konteineri (Taylor, 1994). manamade
saxelmwifo ganixileboda, rogorc mxolod Zalauflebis konteineri
(Giddens,
1985).
teiloriseuli
axal
midgomaSi
aqcenti
keTdeba
saxelmwifos rTul da kompleqsur Sinaarsze. teilorma wina planze
wamoswia saxelmwifos teritorialobis principi. misi mtkicebiT swored
teritorialoba
gansazRvravs
saxelmwifos,
rogorc
konteineris
mravalferovan xasiaTs. kerZod, msoflioSi Tavisufali bazris da
samewarmeo konkurenciis pirobebSi, rodesac xdeba kapitalis dagroveba
saxelmwifo gvevlineba, rogorc, aramarto ekonomikuri, aramed,
rogorc keTildReobis konteineri. nacionalizmis epoqaSi, rodesac
saxelmwifo dgas erovnuli interesebis da faseulobebis sadarajoze
mas gaaCnia kulturuli konteineris funqciac. xelisuflebis mier
mosaxleobis sxvadasxva socialuri jgufebis interesebis dacva da am
jgufebs Soris urTierTobebis regulireba miuTiTebs, rom saxelmwifo,
aseve aris socialuri konteineri (Muir, 1997: 100).
amasTan, gavixsenoT, rom teritorialoba aris saxelmwifoTaSorisi
urTierTobebis produqti. kapitalizmis ganviTarebis garkveul etapze
teritorialoba ganapirobebda saxelmwifos avtarqiulobas da erTgar
izolacionizmsac ki. amas xels uwyobda is garemoeba, rom civi omis
periodSi saxelmwifoTa teritiruli mTlianobis saerTaSoriso principi
zedmiwevniT kargad iyo daculi. magram, komunizmis dacemam da erTiani
kapitalisturi msoflio ekonomikis Seqmnam mniSvneloavni koreqtivebi
50

termini sionizmi momdinareobs ierusalimSi mdebare mTis saxelwodebidan. sionizmi,

rogorc politikuri ideologia XIX s.-is bolos Seiqmna. misi damfuZnebeli iyo
cnobili ebraeli moRvawe Teodor hercli. sionizmis mTavari mizani iyo israelis
miwaze ebrauli saxelmwifos Seqmna.

98

Seitana
saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebis
praqtikaSi.
adamianebis,
informaciis, sameurneo produqciis, finansebis mzardma nakadebma
saxelmwifoebis funqcionireba gacilebiT ufro Ria da gamWvirvale
gaxada. dRevandeli saxelmwifo, aRar aris iseTi izolirebuli, rogorc
rogorc wina ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi. Tanamedrove pirobebSi,

saxelmwifos, rogorc konteiners bzari gauCnda da is, rac misgan Jonavs,

upirveles yovlisa aris suvereniteti. adamianebi maTi mTavrobebisgan
iTxoven iseT reformebs, romelTa ganxorcieleba xels Seuwyobs
sazogadoebis TiToeuli wevris keTildReobis amaRlebas. aseTi ram
mxolod globaluri ekonomikis pirobebSia SesaZlebeli. piter teilori
varaudobs, rom es Seuqcevadi procesia, Sesabamisad, droTa ganmavlobaSi
msoflio Tvisebrivad Seicvleba, Sedegad ki saxelmwifos roli
minimumade Semcireba.
msoflsistemaTa analizi imanuel uolersteini
saxelmZRvanelos I TavSi aRiniSna, rom sazogadoebrivi geografiis
ganviTarebaSi gansakuTrebuli roli iTamaSa imanuel uolersteinis
naSromma
msoflsistemaTa
analizi
da
situacia
Tanamedrove
msoflioSi. Tumca, mniSvnelovani mecnieruli Rirebuleba gaaCnia mis
sxva monografiebsac, rogorebicaa: nacnobi msoflios dasasruli: XXI
saukunis socialuri mecniereba, liberalizmis Sedeg da rasa, eri,
klasi. orazrovani identobebi.
uolersteinis msoflsistemaTa analizi aris koncefcia, romelic
gvTavazobs istoriuli sistemebis (e.i. msoflsistemebis) genezisisa da
funqcionirebis
meqnizmebis
aRweras,
aseve
maTi
ganviTarebis
Taviseburebebis analizs. msoflsistemas uolersteini ganixilavs,
rogorc
ekonomikuri,
socialuri,
kulturuli
da
politikuri
procesebis erTobliobas, romelic yalibdeba istoriis xangrZlivi
drois ganmavlobaSi. am erTobliobis simyares ganapirobebs sistemis
SigniT arsebuli Sromis sazogadoebrivi danawileba51 (, 2004:
51).
uolersteini gamoyofs ori tipis sistemebs: minisistemebs da
msoflsistemebs. pirveli maTgani arsebobda pirvelyofili Temuri
wyobilebis dros primitiuli protosociumebis saxiT. rac Seexeba,
msoflsistemebs is Tavis mxriv iyofa msoflio imperiebad da
msoflekonomikebad (iqve: 8). uolersteini gansakuTrebul yuradRebas
uTmobs
msoflekonomikis
Seswavlas,
radgan
is
pirdapir
aris
dakavSirebuli kapitalizmTan.
amerikeli mecnieri miiCnevs, rom msoflioSi ukve XVI s.-Si
Camoyalibda kapitalisturi ekonomika da daiwyo erTiani msoflio
ekonomikis formireba. am procesis avangardSic iyo evropa. ramdenime
evropuli
saxelmwifos
warmatebulma
ganviTarebam
ganapiroba
konkurenciis institucionalizacia da evropa iqca ara imperiad, sadac
51

Sromis sazogadoebrivi danawileba aris sazogadoebrivi Sromis istoriulad

gansazRvruli sistema, rac yalibdeba sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis procesSi SromiTi
saqmianobis Tvisebrivi diferenciaciis Sedegad. (qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, t. 11,
Tbilisi, 1997, gv. 26). Sromis danawileba xdeba, rogorc ekonomikis seqtorebisa da
dargebis,
aseve
geografiuli,
demografiuli
da
sxva
niSniT
(http://www.nplg.gov.ge/gwdict/index.php?a=term&d=6&t=22247).

99

romelime erTi eri gabatondeboda, aramed daaxloebiT Tanabari

ganviTarebis mqone erebis konglomeratad (civilizaciad).
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis donis mixedviT TandaTanobiT gamoikveTa
msoflios
porizontaluri
(geografiuli)
struqtura:
birTvi

naxevarperiferia

periferia.
birTvs,
romelsac
warmoadgenen
ganviTarebuli qveynebi dominirebs Rarib periferiaze, xolo am ors
Soris amortizatoris rols asrulebs naxevarperiferia (iqve: 49).
uolersteinis mixedviT birTvis centri mobiluria. XX s.-is dasawyisamde
is
did
britaneTSi
mdebareobda,
Semdeg
aSS-is
aRmosavleTSi
gadainacvla, xolo amJamad is gadaadgildeba amave qveynis
wynari
okeanis sanapirosken. uolerstainis varaudiT ociode weliwadSi birTvis
centri SeiZleba CineTSi aRmoCndes.
naxevarperiferiis
qveynebi
droTa
ganmavlobaSi
aRzevdebian
birTvSi an CamoqveiTdebian periferiaSi. imanuel uolersteinis azriT,
nebismierma qveyanam
an erma warmatebiT unda gaiaros kapitalizmis
stadia,
sxva
SemTxvevaSi
is
ganwirulia
socialur-ekonomikuri
siduxWirisTvis.
uolersteini miiCnevs, rom msoflios amgvari horizontaluri
mowyoba aris planetaruli socialur-ekonomikuri uTanasworobis Sedegi.
am mxriv, is eyrdnoba damokidebulebis Teoriis ZiriTad postulatebs.
damokidebulebis Teoria XX s.-is Sua periodSi Seiqmna da mis
avtorebad miiCneven argentinel ekonomists raul prebiSs (Raul Prebisch)
da germaniaSi dabadebul britanel ekonomists hans zingers (Hans Singer).
am Teoriis, romelsac sxvagvarad zinger-prebiSis Tezissac uwodeben,
ZiriTadi debulebebi Semdegnairad SeiZleba Camoyalibdes:
- maRalganviTarebuli
qveynebis
uzrunvelyofa
bunebrivi
resursebiT, iafi muSa-xeliT da produqciis gasaRebis bazrebiT
xdeba ganviTarebadi qveynebis xarjze.
- ganviTarebuli qveynebi qmnian meqanizmebs, romlis meSveobiTac
izrdeba maTze ganviTarebadi samyaros damokidebulebis xarisxi.
am mxriv gamoiyeneba sxvadsxva saxis saSualebebi, rogoricaa
ekonomikuri (bankebi, finansebi), masmedia, politikuri xasiaTis
zewola, ganaTleba, kultura.
- im SemTxvevaSi, Tu Raribi qveynebi ganizraxaven mdidari qveynebis
damokidebulebidan
Tavis
daxsnas,
es
ukanasknelebi
maT
winaaRmdeg gamoiyeneben ekonomikur sanqciebs da samxedro
intervencias (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependency_theory).
zingeris
da
prebiSis
azriT,
ganviTarebadi
qveynebis
damokidebuleba
mdidar
qveynebze
wlidan
wlamde
izrdeba.
maRalganviTarebulma qveynebma Raribi saxelmwifoebis eqspluataciis
Sedegad SeZles sakuTari mosaxleobis keTildReobis mniSvnelovani
amaRleba, riTac Tavidan aiciles socialuri bunti da revoluciebi.
msoflio-sistemaTa TeoriaSi gansazRvrulia politikis sivrciTi
doneebi: a) globaluri, sadac xdeba msoflio ekonomikis tendenciebis
gansazRvra; b) eri-saxelmwifo, sadac adamianis mier xdeba realuri
samyaros aRqma da g) adgilobrivi, romelic warmoadgens adamianis
cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis keras. uolersteinis Teoriam win wamowia
yvela sivrciTi donis mniSvneloba, xazi gausva myar kavSirs
100

globalursa da lokalurs Soris. sazogadoebriv geografiaSi xSirad

ixmareba
am
kavSiris
amsaxveli
terminebi,
mag.,
glokali
an
glokaluri.
mTlianobaSi uolerstaini amtkicebs, rom ar arsebobs msoflio
qveynebis ekonomikebis erToblioba arsebobs erTiani msoflio
ekonomika; ar arsebobs msoflio qveynebis sazogadoebebis erToblioba
arsebobs erTiani msoflio sazogadoeba. rac Seexeba politikis sferos,
amerikel mecniers miaCnia, rom msoflios erTiani politikuri sistema
jer ar arsebobs. ufro metic, is darwmunebulia, rom mravalricxovani
saxelmwifoebis arsebobis gamo Cveni planetis politikuri sistema
daqsaqsuli
da
winaaRmdegobrivia.
uolerstaini
amtkicebs,
rom
saxelmwifom, rogorc aseTma Tavisi Tavi amowura (, 2001: 387).
uolersteinis azriT, Tanamedrove
saxelmwifo liberalizmis ideebis
safuZvelze Seiqmna da mogvianebiT es ideebi burJuaziis mier
proletariatis eqspluataciis mTavari iaraRi gaxda. misi azriT,
liberalizmi safrangeTis burJuaziul revoluciasTan erTad iSva da is
komunisturi
blokis
daSlasTan
erTad
dasrulda
(iqve:
321).
uolerstains,
rogorc
sxva
marqsist
mecnierebs
miaCniaT,
rom
liberalizmis aRsasruli saxelmwifoebis kvdomas moaswavebs.
aRsaniSnavia, rom uolersteini did yuradRebas ar uTmobs
nacionalizmis,
identobis,
xalxebis
kulturuli
Taviseburebebis
analizs anu gverds uvlis im mniSvnelovan faqtorebs, romlebic
ganapirobeben msoflios kulturuli mozaikis arsebobas. uolersteinis
TeoriisTvis,
rogorc
yvela
marqsistuli
naSromisTvis
damaxasiaTebelia, erTi mxriv, gadaWarbebuli ekonomiuri determinizmi,
xolo, meore mxriv, kulturuli nihilizmi.
uolersteini (neo)marqsistia, Tumca klasikuri marqsizmisgan
gansxvavebiT is uaryofs ganviTarebis revoluciur gzas da mas
saxifaTodac ki miiCnevs. misi azriT, momavali msoflio unda gaxdes
WeSmartad demokratiuli da egalitaruli, sadac gadamwyveti sityva
unda Tqvan inteleqtualebma, kerZod ki neoutopistebma (iqve: 322).

101

Tanamedrove saxelmwifo
wina TavSi Cven mimovixileT nacionalizmi da masTan dakavSirebuli
sakiTxebi. vnaxeT, rom nacionalizmis mkvlevarebi jer kidev ver
Tanxmdebian imaze eri Tanamedrove fenomenia Tu is primodrialuri
warmoSobisaa. aqvs Tu ara adgili amgvar polemikas saxelmwifosTan
mimarTebaSi? cnobilia, rom pirveli qalaqi-saxelwifoebi jer kidev
antikur epoqaSi daarsda. Sua saukuneebis qveynebSi metnaklebad
warmodgenili
iyo
yvela
is
saxelmwifoebrivi
atributi,
rac
damaxasiaTebelia
Tanamedrove
saxelmwifoebisTvis,
maT
Soris:
teritoria, mosaxleoba, xelisufleba da saxelmwifo marTvis aparati,
ekonomika, tarnsportisa da komunikaciebis sistema. magram, maT ar qondaT
mkafiod dadgenili da saerTaSoriso doneze aRiarebuli sazRvrebi. sxva
sityvebiT, zustad ar iyo gansazRvruli romeli teritoria Sedioda ama
Tu im qveyanis mflobelobaSi. Sesabamisad, XVII s.-is Sua periodamde
qveynebisTvis ar iyo damaxasiaTebeli saxelmwifo suvereniteti anu
saxelmwifo ar iyo teritoriuli movlena. teritoriuli suvereniteti
aris is ZiriTadi niSani, riTac Tanamedrove saxelmwifo gansxvavdeba
wina periodebis politikuri sistemebisgan.
saxelmwifo suvereniteti
termini suvereniteti ukavSirdeba frangi iuristis Jan bodenis
saxels. XVI s.-is dasawyisSi gamoqveynebul mis naSromSi aRniSnulia, rom
suvereniteti aris monarqis absolturi da xelSeuxebeli Zaluflebis
gamoxatuleba. suverenitetis cneba gviandeli Sua saukuneebis evropaSi
asaxavda im brZolas, romelic mimdinareobda erTi mxriv, feodaluri
daqsaqsulobis winaaRmdeg da centralizebuli saxelmwifos SemnisTvis,
xolo,
meore
mxriv,
samoqalaqo
xelisuflebis
eklesiis
daqvemdebarebidan gamosvlis mizniT (, 2010).
dasavleT evropis qveynebSi, kerZod ki saRvTo romis imperiaSi
kaTolikur eklesias wamyvani adgili ekava sulier da saero saqmeebSi. is
cdilobda srul daqvemdebarebaSi yoloda nebismieri monarqis an
didebulis xelisufleba. pavle mociqulis sityva, rom ar arsebobs
xelisufleba, Tu is ar momdinareobs RvTisgan, saeklesio pirebis mier
imgvarad iyo interpretirebuli, rom nebismieri saero xelisufali romis
paps unda daqvemdebareboda. ufro metic, XI s.-Si romis papma grigori VII
saxelwifo
eSmakis
qmnilebad
gamoacxada.
kaTolikuri
eklesiis
mcdeloba mimarTuli iyo evropaSi saxelwifo warmonaqmnebis gauqmebis
da erTiani universaluri imperiis Seqmnisken, romelsac romis papi
uxelmZRvanelebda. amgvarma damokidebulebam ukureaqcia gamoiwvia,
rogorc saero mmarTvelebis, aseve, TviT sazogadoebis mxridan. jer,
protestantizmis aRmocenebam da gavrcelebam, mogvianebiT ki vestfaliis
xelSekrulebam (1648 w.) saboloo wertili dausva kaTolikuri eklesiis
dominirebas
dasavleT
evropaSi
(vestfaliis
xelSekrulebasTan
dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi ufro detalurad aRwerilia me-4 TavSi).
vestfaliis xelSekrulebam kacobriobis istoriaSi saTave daudo
Tvisebrivad axal periods, romelsac Tamamad SeiZleba vuwodoT
102

suverenuli

saxelmwifoebis epoqa. garda amisa, am xelSekrulebam

impulsi misca Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebis Camoyalibebis process.
vestfaliis xelSekrulebaSi Camoyalibebuli iyo is oTxi ZiriTadi
principi, romelic gansazRvravda saxelmwifo suverenitets. esenia:
saxelmwifos teritoriuli mTlianoba;
saxelmwifo sazRvrebis Seuvaloba;
saxelmwifos (da ara eklesiis) uzenaesoba;
saxelmwifo
sakuTar
teritoriaze
damoukideblad
ganaxorcielebs kanonebis miRebasa da aRsrulebas.
evropaSi, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, XVI s.-is SuaSi eklesiis
suvereniteti Seicvala saxelmwifo, ufro zustad ki suverenis
suverenitetiT. suverens ramdenime mniSvneloba aqvs. saxelmZRvaneloSi
gamoyenebulia Jan bodenis ganmarteba, romlis mixedviTac suvereni aris
piri,
romelic
ganusazRvreli
drois
ganmavlobaSi
srulad
ganaxorcielebs saxelmwifo mmarTvelobas. aucilebeli ar aris, rom
suvereni monarqi iyos. suvereni SeiZleba warmodgenili iyos iyos erTi
adamianiT an adamianTa gaerTianebiT (mag., aristokratia), romlebic
ganaxorcieleben saxelmwifo mmarTvelobas.
am radikalurma cvlilebebma imdroindel samecniero-filosofiur
naSromebSi hpova asaxva. am TvalsazrisiT sayuradReboa ingliseli
moazrovnis Tomas hobsis (Thomas Hobbes) naSromi leviaTani anu
saeklesio da samoqalaqo saxelmwifos materia, forma da Zalaufleba.
es wigni hibsma inglisis samoqalaqo omis (1642-1652 ww.) dros dawera da
savaraudoa, rom am movlenebma didi zegavlena iqonia avtoris
msoflmxedvelobis Camoyalibebaze. hobsi miiCnevda, rom adamianebis
yofis bunebrivma mdgomareobam, romelic SeiZleba daxasiaTdes rogorc
Bellum omnium contra omnes (yvelas omi yvelas winaaRmdeg) adamianTa
modgma gausaZlis pirobebSi Caayena. aqedan gamomdinare, sruliad
loRikuri da gamarTlebuli iyo, rom adamianebma miaRwies socialur
SeTanxmebas marTvelobis iseTi formis SemoRebis Sesaxeb, romelic
uzrunvelyofda
maT
usafrTxoebasa
da
keTildReobas.
amgvari
52
SeTanxmebis Sedegi iyo saxelmwifos
Seqmna. hobsi absolturi
Zalauflebis momxre iyo da miiCnebda, rom sxva SemTxvevaSi sazogadoebas
qaosi daepatroneboda. mmarTvelobis saukeTeso formad ki mas monarqia
miaCnda (iqve). ingliseli moazrovne saxelmwifos leviaTans adarebda. es
ukanaskneli iyo bibliuri urCxuli, romelic RmerTma Seqmna da manve
gaanadgura, mas Semdeg, rac misi marTva SeuZlebeli gaxda. leviaTanis da
saxelmwifos alegoriuli Sedareba SemTxveviTi ar aris. saxelmwifo
adamianebis qmnilebaa da misi aRsasrulic adamianebis nebaze iqneba
damokidebuli.
hobsisgan gansxvavebiT jon loki upiratesobas iseT mmarTvelobas
aZlevda, sadac maqsimalurad iqneboda SesaZlebeli adamianis bunebrivi
Tvisebebis SenarCuneba. hobsic da lokic Tavis naSromebSi xazs
usvamdnen im faqts, rom suverenis Zalaufleba imdenad didi iyo, rom
aman gamoiwvia sazogadoebis mxridan misi gaucxoeba. xalxi saxelmwifos
e.i. xelisuflebas ganixilavda ara marto, rogorc misi usafrTxoebis
52

Tomas hobbsi saxelmwifosTan mimarTebaSi xmarobs termins Commonwealth da ara State.

103

damcvels, aramed, rogorc instituts, romelsac xeli unda Seewyo

individis pirovnul ganviTarebisa da materialur keTildReobisTvis.
imis gamo, rom suvereni ver uzrunvelyofda am amocanis Sesrulebas
xalxi Seecada mmarTvelobis forma Seecvala. amerikisa da safrangeTis
XVIII s.-is revoluciebis ZiriTadi motivi axali tipis xelisuflebis
Seqmna iyo. am revoluciebiT safuZveli Caeyara suverenis suverenitetis
Secvlas xalxis suverenitetiT anu demokratiiT.
xalxis suverenitetis idea XVIII s.-is frangma ganmanaTlebelma
Jan-Jak rusom (Jean-Jacques Rousseau) gaaJRera. misi azriT, suvereni aris
xalxi anu politikuri organizmi, romelic aRWurvilia ZalauflebiT,
rom marTos sazogadoeba misi da ara xelisuflebis
interesebidan
gamomdinare. suverenitetis matarebeli aris is xelisufleba, aRniSnavda
ruso, romelic gamoxatavs sayovelTao nebas (, 1998: 220221). imave s.Si moRvawe meore frangma ganmanaTlebelma Sarl monteskiem (Charles
Montesquieu) wina planze wamoswia idea saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis iseT
formaze, sadac prioritetuli iqneboda xelisuflebis dayofis principi.
xalxis suverenitetis idea imdenad mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda, rom man
asaxva pova bevri saxelmwifos kanonmdeblobaSi. mag., aSS-is konstitucia
(1787 w.) iwyeba cnobili sityvebiT Cven, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis
xalxi . . ., riTac xazgasmulia, rom xelisuflebis wyaro aris xalxi
(wyaro).
xalxis suverenitetis doqtrina ualternativo iyo daaxloebiT
saukunenaxevris ganmavlobaSi, sanam XX s.-is dasawyisSi cnobilma
germanelma politologma da sociologma maqs veberma ar warmoadgina
legitimuri Zaladobis koncefcia. veberis azriT, imis gamo, rom
saxelmwifoSi
mxolod
xelisufleba
flobda
Zalis
gamoyenebis
eqskluziur uflebas, is iyo erTaderTi suvereni. marqsizm-leninizmis
Teoretikosebma ganavrces es Tezisi da xazi gausves im faqts, rom
kapitaliazmis pirobebSi xelisufleba Zalas klasobrivi Cagvris mizniT
iyenebda.
aRsaniSnavia, rom sabWoTa kavSiri Seecada koreqtivebi Seetana
suverenitetis cnebaSi. am mizniT sabWoelma ideologebma warmoadgines
erovnuli suverenitetis koncefia. es iyo yvelasTvis cnobili xalxTa
TviTgamorkvevis principi. sabWoTa mTavrobis winadadebiT es principi
Setanil iqna gaeros wesdebaSi da am organizaciis mier miRebul sxva
mniSvnelovan
dokumentebSi.
komunisturi
blokis
mTavrobebi
darwmunebuli iyivnen, rom am principis saerTaSoriso aRiareba mwvane
Suqs aunTebda erovnul-ganmanTavisuflebel moZraobebs koloniur
qveynebSi, riTac dasavlur imperializms didi ziani miadgeboda. es asec
moxda, rodesac 1950-70-ian wlebSi moxda aziisa da afrikis masobrivi
dekolonizacia. Tumca, 1980-iani wlebis bolos sabWoTa respublikebSi
aRmocenebulma erovnuli moZraobebma amave principis safuZvelze
moiTxoves
sabWoTa
kavSiridan
gamoyofa.
sabWoTa
xelisuflebas
bumerangiviT
daubrunda
Tavis
droze
inicirebuli
xalxTa
TviTgamorkveva.
helsinkis aqti
komunisturi blokis daSlis Semdeg suverenitetis cnebis daxvewa
ZiriTadad neoliberaluri msoflmxedvelobis karnaxiT warimarTa. jer
liberalebis da Semdgom neoliberalebis warmatebad unda miviCnioT is
faqti,
rom
suverenitetis
interpretireba
xdeba
saerTaSoriso
104

dokumentebSi dafiqsirebuli Rirebulebebisa da normebis safuZvelze.

neoliberalebi ganarCeven Semdegi sami ZiriTadi saxis suverenitets:
saxelmwifo
suvereniteti,
rac
niSnavs
xelisuflebis
uzenaesobas qveynis Sida saqmeebSi da mis damoukideblobas
saerTaSoriso asparezze. am SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba, rom
saxelmwifos teritoriaze xelisufleba srulad da sxva
saxelmwifoebisgan Caurevlad ganaxorcielebs sakanonmdeblo,
aRmasrulebel da sasamarTlo funqciebs. is damoukideblad
warmarTavs
saerTaSoriso
urTierTibebs,
garda
im
SemTxvevebisa, rodesac is nebayoflobiT axdens garkveuli
uflebebis delegirebas saerTaSoriso organizaciebisaTvis.
erovnuli
suvereniteti
dakavSirebulia
xalxTa
TviTgamorkvevasTan. es saerTaSoriso samarTlis erT-erTi
winaaRmdegobrivi principia. erTi mxriv, aRniSnulia, rom
saxelmwifoSi mcxovreb xalxs, am SemTxvevaSi eTnikur an
religiur umciresobas aqvs TviTgamorkvevis, maT Soris am
saxelmwifodan gamoyofis ufleba. meore mxriv, saerTaSoriso
samarTali ar adgens am principis realizebis procedurebsa
da saSualebebs.
xalxis
suvereniteti
gulisxmobs,
rom
saxelmwifos
moqalaqeebs
garantirebuli
aqvT
sazogadoebriv
da
saxelmwifo
saqmeebSi
farTo
da
daubrkolebeli
monawileobis yvela saSualeba. neoliberalebi aRniSnaven,
rom xalxis suvereniteti yvela demokratiuli saxelmwifos
konstituciuri wyobis fundamentia. xalxi Tavis nebas
gamoxatavs Tavisufali arCevnebis, referendumebis gziT da,
aqedan gamomdinare xalxi aris saxelmwifo xelisuflebis
saTave da umaRlesi xelisufleba (Srensen, 1999: 590604).
uaxles istoriaSi sxvadasxva postpozivitisturi (kritikuli)
samecniero da ideologiuri mimarTulebebis gaaqtirurebis Sedegad
suverenitetTan
mimarTebaSi
Seiqmna
alternatiuli
midgomebi.
postmodernistebi poststruqturalistebi, feministebi, neomarqsistebi,
konstruqtivistebi
suverenitetis
erTmaneTisgan
gansxvavebul
definiciebs gvTavazoben, Tumca yvelani erTxmad aRniSnaven, rom
globalizaciis epoqaSi suvereniteti yovelgvar azrs kargavs, radgan
politikur scenas tovebs misi ZiriTadi matarebeli saxelmwifo.
postpozivitistebi
miuTiTeben,
rom
mimdinareobs
saxelmwifo
suverenitetis delegireba, erTi mxriv, subnacionaluri erTeulebisTvis
(federaciis subieqtebi, olqebi, provinciebi da a.S.), xolo, meore mxriv,
supranacionaluri
(saerTaSoriso)
organizaciebisTvis
da
transnacionaluri kompaniebisTvis. ufro metic, postpozitivistebi
amtkiceben, rom saxelmwifo ara marto rudimentia, aramed saxifaTo
movlenadac ki iqca. isini aRniSnaven, rom saxelmwifoebi cdiloben ar
dakargon politikur asparezze manamade arsebuli privilegirebuli
poziciebi,
ris
gamoc
xelovnurad
Zabven
mdgomareobas
axali
105

SeiaraRebuli
konfliqtebis,
ekonomikuri
krizisebis,
garemos
gauaresebis gziT. neoliberalebi ar eTanxmebian amgvar mosazrebebs da
miuTiTeben, rom naadrevia suverenitetis, Sesabamisad saxelmwifos
dasaflaveba. maT miaCniaT, rom suverenitetis instituti amJamad axali
gamowvevebisadmi adaptirebas procesSia (iqve: 604).
suverenitetis cnebis istoriuli evoluciis mimoxilvis Semdeg
saSualeba
gvaqvs
gavakeToT
masTan
dakavSirebuli
ramdenime
mniSvneloavni daskvna.
suvereniteti aris garkveul teritoriaze umaRlesi xelisuflebis
ganxorcieleba. am ganmartebaSi xazgasmulia sami sityva: teritoria,
umaRlesi da xelisufleba. suverenitetTan mimarTebaSi TiToeuli
maTgans mniSvnelovani datvirTva aqvs, kerZod::
xelisufleba flobs Zalauflebas;
xelisufleba aris teritoriis marTvis umaRlesi (uzenaesi)
organo;
suvereniteti teritoriuli fenomenia.
geografiuli masStabis mixedviT suvereniteti SeiZleba iyo Sida
da sagareo. saxelmwifos suvereniteti unda iyos aRiarebuli sxva
saxelmwifoebis mier. Tanamedrove msoflioSi suverenulia mxolod
gaeros wevri-saxelmwifoebi.
saxelmwifo suvereniteti aris saxelmwifos teritoriaze umaRlesi
xelisuflebis ganxorcieleba. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu garkveul garemoebaTa
gamo xelisuflebis iurisdiqcia ar vrceldeba saxelmwifos mTel
teritoriaze saqme gvaqvs SezRudul teritoriul suverenitetTan.
Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebSi adgili aqvs suverenitetis delegirebas,
erTi mxriv, federaluri an administraciuli erTeulebisTvis da, meore
mxriv,
saerTaSoriso
organizaciebisTvis
an
saxelmwifoTaSoriso
gaerTianebisTvis. aseTi situaciasTan mimarTebaSi zogierTi mecnieri
xmarobs termins nawilobrivi suvereniteti, Tumca es termini ar
asaxavs
aRniSnuli
movlenis
arss,
Sesabamisad
misi
gamoyeneba
arasasurvelia.
Tanamedrove msoflioSi saxelmwifo suverenitetis SezRudva
intensiur xasiaTs iRebs. amasTan dakavSirebiT Cndeba kiTxva imis
Taobaze, Tu ramdenad arasasurvelia an Tundac wamgebiania aseTi
situacia
TviT
saxelmwifoebisTvis?
demokratiul
qveynebSi
suverenitetis nawilis delegireba subnacionaluri erTeulebisTvis da
samoqalaqo sazogadoebisTvis imaze metyvelebs, rom xelisuflebis
funqcionireba
ufro
gamWvirvale
da
angariSgebadi
xdeba.
es
saxelmwifosTvis da misi yoveli moqalaqisTvis Zalze pozitiuri
movlenaa.
nebismieri
saxelmwifos
monawileoba
saerTaSoriso
urTierTobis sistemaSi, kerZod ki mis mier saerTaSoriso dokumentebiT
dadgenili valdebulebebis Sesruleba imis mniSvnelovani garantia, rom
saerTaSoriso
Tanamegobroba
mxridan
mimdinareobs
adamianis
fundamenturi uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacvis monitoringi.
demokratiulma qveynebma, garda aRniSnulisa SeZles koleqtiuri
usafrTxoebis
(nato)
da
saerTo
ekonomikuri
ganviTrebis
(mag.,
evrokavSiri, nafta) sistemebis organizeba.
aRsaniSnavia isic, rom Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso sistema jer
kidev Sors aris srulyofisgan. msoflioSi jer kidev adgili aqvs omebs,
106

sisxlian konfliqtebs, eTnikur wmendas da genocidsac ki. gaeros

miRebuli aqvs mniSvnelovani dokumentebi, romelTa ganxorcieleba
saSualebas iZleva Tavidan iqnas acilebuli an droulad SeCerebuli
masoborvi Zaladoba da sisxlisRvra. miuxedavad amisa, am dokumentebiT
gansazRvruli RonisZiebebis ganxorcieleba ver xerxdeba, radgan amas
xels
uSlis
calkeuli
Zlieri
qveynebis
geopolitikuri
da
geoekonomikuri ambiciebi. samwuxarod, saerTaSoriso organizaciebs
jerjerobiT ar SeswevT unari SeaCeron birTvuli iaraRis mqone
qveynebis imperiuli miswrafebebi. rodesac, es xdeba adgili aqvs erTi
saxelmwifos suverenitetis xelyofis mcdelobas meores mxridan.
saxelmwifos funqciebi
saxelmwifos funqciebis imdeni klasifikacia-tipologia arsebobs,
ramdeni mecnieri muSaobs am sakiTxebze. maT Soris yvelaze martivi da
imavdroulad amomwuravi aris jin gotmanis (Jean Gottmann) mier
SemuSavebuli klasifikacia, romlis mixedviTac saxelmwifos asrulebs
or ZiriTad funqcias:
uzrunvelyofs mosaxleobis usafrTxoebas; da
qmnis adamianis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobas (Gottmann, 1973: 14).
cnobilma britanelma mecnierma ron jonstonma (Ron Johnston)
SemogvTavaza saxelmwifos funqciebis gafarToebuli CamonaTvali,
romelic eqvsi punqtisgan Sedgeba (Jonston, 1982: 11-15). es funqciebia:
usafrTxoebis saxelmwifo axorcielebs qveynis teritoriis da
mosaxleobis
dacvis
funqcias, romelic,
Tavis
mxriv ramdenime
mimarTulebas moicavs, kerZod:
igi icavs Tavis moqalaqeebs fizikurad, rogorc kriminaluri
elementebisagan, aseve gareSe mtrebisagan (agresia, diversia,
terorizmi da a.S.) jaris, policiis, uSiSroebis samsaxurebis
meSveobiT.
garda amisa, mosaxleobis sicocxlisa da janmrTelobis dacva
xorcieldeba ekologiuri usafrTxoebis dacvis mxrivac.
saxelmwifo icavs moqalaqeebis ekonomikur interesebsac (sabaJo
samsaxuris, Sromis birJis, sagadasaxado samsaxuris meSveobiT).
saxelmwifo
icavs
sakuTari
qveynis
eTno-demografiul
situaciis, mag., migraciuli procesebis regulirebis gziT.
socialur-kulturul
integraciis
(erTiani
kulturul
politikuri
sivrcis)
dacvisaTvis
saxelmwifo
iyenebs
ganaTlebis sistemas da aseve moqalaqeobis instituts.
saxelmwifo yuradRebas uTmobs sazogadoebis tradiciebis,
TviTmyofadobis da misi moraluri Rirebulebebis SenarCunebas.
am mizniT igi iyenebs ganaTlebis, sainformacio (mas-mediis
CaTvliT) da samecniero institutebs.

sasamarTlo
gaugebrobebis

sxvadasxva
saxis
davebis,
gadasawyvetad,
romelic
warmoiSveba

konfliqtebis,
fizikuri
da
107

iuridiuli pirebis urTierTobaSi saxelmwifo qmnis sasamarTlo da

saarbitraJo institutebis qsels, romlebic xelmZRvaneloben kanoniT da
Tavisufali
arian
samTavrobo
da
politikuri
organizaciebis
zegavlenisagan.
makonsolidirebeli
(SemakavSirebeli)

sazogadoebaSi
mimdinareobs rTuli procesebi, razec zegavlenas axdens, rogorc
Sinagani, aseve sagareo faqtorebi. yoveltvis moiZebneba saxelmwifosadmi
mtrulad ganwyobilma Zalebi, romlebic Seecdebian xeli Seuwyon
mocemuli qveynis destabilizacias, maT Soris sazogadoebis socialur
da kulturul-politikur dezintegracias. am SemTxvevaSi, saxelmwifo
cdilobs arasasurveli procesebis koreqtirebas, sazogadoebis erTobis
aRdgenas, mSvidobiani eTno-kulturuli da religiuri atmosferos
damkvidrebas. saxelmwifos policiuris garda, ideologiuri funqciac
gaaCnia, romlis SemuSaveba da gansakuTrebiT ganxorcieleba rTuli,
magram uaRresad mniSvnelovani saqmea. rig SemTxvevebSi, xelisuflebas
arapopularuli politikis gatarebac ki uxdeba.
fasilitaciis qveyanis sawarmoo da safinanso infrastruqtura
saTanado kontrolisa da koordinaciis gareSe warmoSobs mosaxleobis
socialuri daucvelobis problemas. saxelmwifos valia daareguliros
urTierToba mewarmeebsa da dasaqmebulebs (aseve sxva socialur jgufebs
Soris) ZiriTadad molaparakebebisa da dialogis procesis meSveobiT. am
TvalsazrisiT saxelmwifo gvevlineba ufro rogorc fasilitatori,
vidre mosamarTle an momrigebeli.
sainvesticio Tanamedrove ekonomikaSi, gansakuTrebiT misi
ganviTarebis krizisul periodebSi adgili aqvs sxvadasxva saxis
sawarmoebis da bankebis gakotrebas, rac Tavis mxriv iwvevs socialuri
situaciis garTulebas (umuSevroba, siRatake da a.S.). saxelmwifo ereva
am procesSi da cdilobs gadaarCinos es sawarmoebi da bankebi. meore
mxriv, saxelmwifo cdilobs fuli daabandos Tavis sameurneo an
inteleqtualur potencialSi. dabandebuli kapitali garkveuli drois
Semdeg Semosavlis saxiT ubrundeba procesis yvela monawiles:
saxelmwifos, mewarmes, dasaqmebuls. Semosavlis garkveuli nawili
xmardeba socialuri infrastruqturis ganviTarebas.
biurokratuli mosaxleobas yvelaze metad es funqcia ar uyvars,
Tumca mis gareSe SeuZlebeli iqneboda saxelmwifos funqcionireba.
marTvis stilsa da efeqtianobaze damokidebulia qveynis socialuri
stabiluroba, ekonomikuri Zliereba, usafrTxoebis xarisxi. saxelmwifos
unda yavdes maRalkvalificiuri biurokratia, magram TviTon ar unda
iyos biurokratuli.
saxelmwifos teritoria: formirebis faqtorebi, konfiguracia,
mdebareoba
daaxloebiT 200 wlis win msoflioSi mxolod 23 suverenuli
saxelmwifo arsebobda. 1980 w. maTma ricxvma 160 miaRwia (Goertz & Diehl,
1992: 35). amJamad msoflioSi 193 suverenuli saxelmwifoa.
kontinentebis mixedviT saxelmwifoebis ganawileba Semdegnairad
gamoiyureba:
evrazia 90, maT Soris:
evropa 46
108

 azia 44

afrika 54
CrdiloeT amerika 23
avstralia da okeaneTi 14
samxreT amerika 12

zemoT CamoTvlili, yvela qveyana gaeros wevri-saxelmwifoa. wminda

saydars (qalaq saxelmwifo vatikans) gansakuTrebuli statusi aqvs (ix.
CanarTi #). kidev 64 qveyana miiCneva daqvemdebarebul teritoriad. jer
kidev 2-3 aTwleulis win am teritoriebs moixseniebdnen, rogorc
koloniur qveynebs da ara daqvemdebarebul teritoriebs. saxelwodebis
cvlileba
gamowveulia
imiT,
rom
es
qveynebi
ar
ibrZvian
damoukideblobis
mopovebisTvis.
aRsaniSnavia,
rom
maTi
didi
umravlesoba warmoadgens karibis zRvis auzSi, wynar da atlantis
okeaneebSi mimobneul patara kunZulovan Rarib qveynebs. imis gamo, rom
maT ar gaaCniaT wiaRiseuli an sxva saxis simdidreebi maTi mosaxleobis
keTildReoba ZiriTadad damokidebulia maTi mfarveli saxelmwifoebis
finansur da sxva saxis daxmarebaze. es teritoriebi msoflios mxolod
rva saxelmwifos daqvemdebarebaSi Sedis. daqvemdebarebuli teritoriebis
raodenobiT gamoirCeva safrangeTi (16), gaerTianebuli samefo (15) da aSS
(14). maTgan gansxvavebiT arsebobs qveyanaTa, teritoriaTa garkveuli
raodenoba, sadac adgili aqvs separatistul moZraobebs. zogierTi
maTgani de-faqto gamoeyo ama Tu im saxelmwifos, magram maTi
saerTaSoriso aRiareba ar momxdara. anomaliuri teritoriebis sakiTxs
mogvianebiT ganvixilavT.
CanarTi #

wminda saydari
wminda saydari (laT. Sancta Sedes) aris romSi kaTolikuri eklesiis
episkopaluri iurisdiqcia anu episkopaluri saydari. misi meTauria
romis papi. wminda saydari msoflios uZvelesi suverenuli erTeulia.
misi samoqalaqo suvereniteti jer kidev 601 w. iRebs saTaves.
wminda saydari aris saerTaSoriso sajaro samarTlis suverenuli
subieqti, romelic flobs statuss persona sui generis (gansakuTrebuli
niSnis mqone suverenuli persona). es niSnavs, rom wminda saydari ar aris
suverenuli
saxelmwifo,
magram
saerTaSoriso
sistemaSi
mas
gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia. sakmarisia iTqvas, rom wminda saydars
damyarebuli
aqvs
diplomatiuri
urTierTobebi
msoflios
179
saxelmwifosTan.
xSirad erTmaneTTan aigiveben wminda saydars da qalaq-saxelmwifo
vatikans. es araswori midgomaa. vatikani wminda eparqiis damatebiT
suverenul teritorias warmoadgens. vatikani, rogorc suverenuli
teritoria 1929 w. lateranis xelSekrulebis safuZvelze Seiqmna.
vatikanis umaRlesi aRmasrulebel piria papis mier daniSnuli romis
kuriis kardinali. msoflios saxelmwifoebs diplomaturi urTierTobebi
aqvT ara qalaq-saxelmwifo vatikanTan, aramed wminda saydarTan.
wminda saydari sargeblobs gaeros mudmivi meTvalyuris statusiT.
is Teokratiuli arCeviTi monarqiaa. papis arCeva xdeba konklavis
109

(kardinalebis

kolegiis)

mier.

romis

papi

ganaxorcielebs

sam

mniSvnelovan funqcias:
samoqalaqo suverenis;
romis episkoposis kaTolikuri eklesiis meTauris;
qalaq-saxelmwifos vatikanis suverenis.
erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi niSani, rac wminda saydars suverenuli
saxelwifosgan ganasxvavebs aris is, rom mas ar yavs mudmivi moqalaqeebi.
romis paps daaxlebiT 600-mde qveSemrdomi yavs. maT 90%-ze mets
sasuliero pirebi Seadgenen. wminda saydris moqalaqeba ar moipoveba
dabadebiT an naturalizaciiT, radgan misi miniWeba mxolod papis
prerogativaa. turizmi wminda saydris ekonomikis erTaderTi dargia. misi
xazina ZiriTadad morwmuneTa SemowirulobebiT ivseba.
wyaro: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See

pirveli
STabeWdileba,
rac
msoflios
politikuri
rukis
daTvalierebisas gviCndeba aris is, rom qveynebi
erTmaneTisagan
gansxvavdebian teritoriis sididiT da formiT. qveynebis teritoriebis
formireba mimdinareobda rTuli istoriul-politikuri faqtorebis
zemoqmedebiT. msoflioSi ar moiZebneba arcerTi qveyana, romelsac ar
gadaetanos omebi. ama Tu im qveynis teritoriis zrda an Semcireba,
rogorc wesi omebisa da SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebis gziT xdeboda.
vestfaliis
xelSekrulebis
ZaliT
saxelmwifoebs
Soris
sazRvrebis dadgenaSi, rogorc adre aRiniSna, mxolod evropuli
saxelmwifoebi
monawileobdnen.
Sesabamisad,
evropuli
qveynebis
teritoriuli gafarToeba, formalurad evropis teritoriis gareT
mdebare aravis miwebis mierTebis xarjze SeiZleba momxdariyo.
vestfaliis Semdgom periodSi teritoriis mopoveba Semdegi gzebiT
xdeboda (xdeba):
teritoriis aRmoCena da okupacia (Discovery and Occupation)
evropuli saxelmwifoebisTvis maTi teritoriuli zrdis erT-erTi
umniSvnelovanesi saSualeba iyo. geografiuli aRmoCenebis epoqidan
dawyebuli XIX s.-mde evropulma qveynebma aRmoaCines da daikaves
(okupireba moaxdines) orive amerikis, okeaneTis da afrikis
dausaxlebeli
teritoriebi.
am
procesSi
evropelebi
xelmZRvanelobdnen tera nuliusis (Terra nullius) principiT,
romelis mixedviTac, Tu miwa aravis ekuTvnoda maSin misi
mflobeli xdeboda is, vinc mas pirveli daepatroneboda. Tumca,
situacia rTuldeboda im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac esa Tu is
dasaxlebuli iyo adgilobrivi mosaxleobis mier. evropelebma
gamosavali ipovnes da aRniSnul SemTxvevaSi daiwyes aRmoCenis
doqtrinis (Discovery Doctrine) ZiriTadi principis gamoyeneba. am
principis mixedviT Tu teritoriaze pretenzias ori piri
acxadebda, maSin is im adamianis
sakuTreba xdeboda, romelic
saxelmwifos qveSemrdomi iyo. orive amerikaSi, afrikasa da
okeaneTSi saxelmwifoebi, Sesabamisad moqalaqeobis institutic ar
110

arsebobda. aqedan gamomdinare, Tu miwaze pretenzias evropeli da

adgilobrivi aborigeni acxadebdnen, maSin is evropelis sakuTreba
xdeboda. aSS-Si aRmoCenis doqtrina gamoiyeneboda ara marto miwis
mesakuTris gansazRvris saqmeSi, aramed 1830 w.-dan didi xnis
ganmavlobaSi
is
warmoadgenda
tradiciuli
gansaxlebis
arealebidan
indieleTa
sxva
teritoriebze
gadasaxlebis
samarTlebriv safuZvelsac (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_doctrine).
XX s.-dan anu mas Semdeg, rac msoflios geografiul rukaze aRar
darCa TeTri laqebi teritoriis aRmoCenisa da okupaciis principi
praqtikulad daviwyebas mieca.
preskrifcia (Prescription). es midgoma gulisxmobs, rom erTi
saxelmwifos
garkveuli
teritoria,
romelic
didi
xnis
ganmavlobaSi dakavebuli aqvs meore maTgans, xdeba am ukanasknelis
sakuTreba pirveli saxelmwifos mxridian amaze pretenziebis
arqonis SemTxvevaSi. evropelebis mier dapyrobil xalxebs ar
gaaCndaT erTiani mmarTveloba, rac kolonizatorebis mxridan
kvalificirdeboda, rogorc momCivani mxaris ararseboba. amgvari
samartlebrivi
cuRlutobis
gziT
evropelebi
cdilobdnen
dapatronebodnen
dapyrobili
xalxebis
miwebs.
XX
s.-Si
dekolonizaciis procesis Sedegad evropelebi iZulebuli iyvnen
daetovebinaT TiTqmis yvela is teritoria, romelic Tavis droze
preskrifciis meSveobiT gaiformes. Tumca, maT mainc moaxerxes
atlantis
da
wynari
okeaneebis
mTeli
rigi
kulnZulebis
SenarCuneba. Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTalSi preskrifciis
principi praqtikulad aRar gamoiyeneba.
dapyroba da aneqsia (Occupation and Annexation). kacobriobis
mTeli istoriis ganmavlobaSi
es iyo teritoriis miTvisebis
yvelaze nacadi meTodi. misi miRwevis saukeTeso saSualeba Zalis
gamoyeneba, kerZod ki omi iyo. dampyrobeli ikavebs romelime
saxelmwifos
garkveul
an
mTel
teritorias,
auqmebs
mis
kanonmdeblobas da saxelmwifo institutebs, Tavis iurisdiqcias
avrcelebs dapyrobil teritoriaze da iwyebs mis marTvas. aneqsiis
aRiarebis safuZvels warmoadgens saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba an
sxva saxelmwifoebis mier am aneqsiis aRiareba. mag., 1910 w. iaponiam
moaxdina koreis aneqsia, 1938 w. germaniam avstriis, xolo 1940 w.
sabWoTa kavSirma baltiis qveynebis (litva, latvia, estoneTi).
Tanamedrove msoflioSi aneqsiis magaliTia dasavleT sahara,
romlis teritoria erTmaenTSi gadainawiles mavritaniam da
marokom. gaerom es aneqsia ukanonod scno (Glassner, 1993: 62).
saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobas aneqsiis faqtebis mimarT Zlaze
uaryofiTi damokidebuleba aqvs. amis gamo, gavrceleba daiwyo
farulma aneqsiam. mag., cnobilia, rom samxreT oseTis
separtistebs surdaT am teritoriis ruseTTan mierTeba. ruseTma
Tavi aarida saerTaSoriso sazogadoebriobis mosalodnel mwvave
111

raeqcias da mierTebis nacvlad samxreT oseTi damoukidebloba

aRiara. sinamdvileSi cxinvalis regioni ruseTis de faqto nawils
warmaodgens,
sadac
socialur-ekonomikuri
Tu
politikuri
cxovrebis TiTqmis yvela sferoze ruseTis iurisdiqcia vrceldeba.
akrecia
(Accretion).
saxelmwifos
teritoria
SeiZleba
gaizardos bunebrivi procesebis Sedegadac. es ZiriTadad xdeba im
SemTxvevaSi, rodesac ori saxelmwifos saxelmwifo sazRvari
mdinareze gadis. wyaldidobebis da miwisZvrebis dros mdinare
kalapots icvlis da amis Sedegad romelime saxelmwifos
bunebrivad emateba xmeleTis nawili. saerTaSoriso samarTlis
normebiT avulzia anu mdinaris kalapotis Secvla ar iwvevs
saxelmwifo sazRvris cvlilebas. miuxedavad imisa, rom ama Tu im
qveynam aRwerili gziT SeiZleba Semoimatos an daikavos xmeleTis
umniSvnelo nawili es rig SemTxvevebSi mosazRvre regionSi
konfliqtis mizezic ki SeiZleba gaxdes. saqme imaSia, rom
kalapotis cvlilebis gamo mdinaris napirze manamde mdebare
dasaxlebam
SesaZloa
dakargos
mdinareze
gasasvleli.
Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT, rom ganviTarebad qveynebSi mdinare SeiZleba
warmoadgendes adamianebis Semosavlis erTaderT wyaros (TevzWera,
irigacia) advili misaxvedri iqneba, Tu, ratom SeiZleba gaxdes
avulzia dapirispirebis mizezi.
teritoriis ijariT gacema/aReba.
es teritoriis flobis
droebiTi,
Tumca
mniSvnelovani
formaa.
ijariT
aRebul
teritoriebze,
rogorc
wesi
xdeba
samxedro
bazebis
an
satransporto-ekonomikuri
infrastruqturis
Seqmna.
Zlieri
saxelmwifoebisTvis
sakuTar
Tavdacvisunarianobis
amaRleba
daaterialuri Semosavlis miReba gadamwyveti prioritetia. sabwoTa
kavSirma 1962 w. fineTs 50 wliani ijariT gadasca saimaas arxis 4
kilometriani monakveTi. amiT fineTs saSualeba mieca mokle gziT
daemyarebina kavSiri fineTis portebsa da saimaas tbebs Soris.
XIX s.-is bolos da XX s.-is dasawyisSi CineTma ijariT gasca
kvantunis olqi, romliTac sxvadasxva dros sargeblobdnen
ruseTis imperia, ssrk, iaponia, germania, didi britaneTi da
safrangeTi.
1903 w. aSS-ma panamis mTavrobisgan ufleba miiRo gamoeyenebina,
daekavebina da gaekontrolebina panamis arxi. amJamad es arxi
panamis iurisdiqciaSia (Glassner, 1993: 62-63).
teritoriis nebayoflobiT gadacema. arcTu ise Soreul
warsulSi sakmaod gavrcelebuli movlena iyo erTi saxelmwifos
garkveuli teritoriis meoresTvis gadacemas maT Soris dadebuli
SeTanxmebis (fuladi garigebis CaTvliT) safuZvelze. aSS amis
klasikuri magaliTia. dRevandeli amerikis teritoriis udidesi
nawilis formireba swored am gziT moxda (ix. CanarTi #).
112

CanarTi #

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis teritoriis formireba

amerikis
SeerTebuli
Statebis
dRevandeli
teritoriis
kolonizacia evropelebis mier XVII s.-is dasawyisSi daiwyo da am
procesma intensiuri xasiaTi XVIII s.-Si miiRo. am periodSi Seiqmna
Camoyalibda inglisuri, franguli, holandiuri da espanuri koloniebi.
aSS-s koloniuri teritoriebi pirvelad 1775 wlis gaerTiandnen, rac
dafiqsirda filadelfiis pirvel kongresze. imave wels koloniebma
daamarcxes inglisis jarebi, xolo 1776 wlis 4 ivliss filadelfiis
meore kongresze, romelSic 13 Statis warmomadgenlebi iRebdnen
monawileobas, aSS-s damoukidebloba gamoacxadda.
didma britaneTma 1783 w. aRiara aSS-is damoukidebloba, rac
gaformda parizis xelSekrulebiT. am droisTvis aSS-is misi drevandeli
teritoriis daaxlebiT 1/3-s Sedgenda (ix. nax. #).
XIX
s.-dan
axalgazrda
amerikuli
saxelmwifos
mTavrobam
sxvadasxva
saSualebebis
gamoyenebiT
daiyo
axali
teritoriebis
SemoerTeba.
kerZod,
1803
wels
aSS-ma
safrangeTisagan
Seisyida
(dRevandeli kursiT 233 mil. dolarad) luiziana, romelic did
teritoriaze
vrceldeboda,
Tanamedrove
luizianas
Statidan
CrdiloeTiT kanadis sazRvramde. 1810 w. amerikis gamgebloabSi gadavida
espanuri dasavleT florida, xolo 1818 w. aRmosavleT florida. 1845 w.
amerikam SemoierTa texasi, romelic 6 wlis ganmavlobaSi damoukidebeli
iyo. 1846-48 ww. amerika-meqsikis omis Sedegad aSS-ma moaxdina dRevandeli
kaliforniis, nevadas, iutas da arizonis teritoriebis aneqsia. Tumca,
Statebis mTavrobam meqsikas kompensaciis saxiT gadauxada 374 mil
dolari (dRevandeli kursiT). 1846 w. didi britaneTTan dadebuli
xelSekrulebis safuZvelze aSS-is SemadgenlobaSi Sevida oregonis
mxare (aSS-is Tanamedrove teritoriis ukiduresi Crdilo-dasavleTi). 1853
w. amerikam meqsikisgan Seisyida sasazRvro zonaSi mdebare 10
kilometriani monakveTi, romelSic 279 mil. dolari (dRevandeli kursiT)
gadaixada. am teritoriaze mogvianebiT gaiyvanes rkinigza, romelmac
qveynis dasavleTi da aRmosavleTi daakavSira. 1867 w. ki aSS-ma Zalze
iafad (dRevandeli kursiT 120 mil. doalri) ruseTis imperiisgan SeiZina
alaska.
saintereso istoria aqvs havais kunZulebs. XIX s.-is bolomde is
monarqias warmoadgenda. 1893 w. ingliseli da amerikeli biznesmenebis
xelSewyobiT havaize saxelmwifo gadatrialeba moxda. qveynis saTaveSi
mosulma axalma proamerikulma xelisuflebam havai jer respublikad
gamoacxada, xolo 1900 w. ki aSS-is Semadgenel nawilad. 1959 w.
Catarebuli referendumis safuZvelze havais kunZulebi amerikis 50-e
Stati gaxda.
1898 w. espanur-amerikuli omis Semdeg da naxevari miliardi
dolaris (dRevandeli kursiT) sanacvlod espaneTma amerikas gadasca
Tavisi koloniebi: filipinebi, guami da puerto riko. am or ukanasknels
aSS-is asocirebul teritoriebis statusi aqvs. kidev erTi yofili
espanuri teritoriaze kubaze amerikis proteqtorati dawesda.
amJamad, msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeSi amerikis daqvemdebarebaSi
aris 14 patara kunZulovani qveyna. msoflios kidev aTze met qveyanaSi
113

amerikas ijaris wesiT aRebuli maTi teritoriebi, sadac ganlagebulia

misi samxedro bazebi. es qveynebia: italia, germania, saberZneTi, bahreini,
samxreT korea, iaponia, avRaneTi, espaneTi, kuveiti, jibuTi, brazilia,
gaerTianebuli arabuli saemiroebi.
daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba aRiniSnos, rom aSS-s sakuTriv misi da
misdami daqvemdebarebuli teritoriebi mopovebuli aqvs yvela im
saSualebebis gamoyenebiT, romlebic zemoT ganvixileT. am TvalsazrisiT
is unikaluri saxelmwifoa.
wyaroebi: http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1646.html da
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_territorial_acquisitions

teritoriis formis mixedviT mecnier-geografebi ganasxvaveben

Semdegi tipis saxelmwifoebs:
kompaqturi manZili qveynis geografiuli centridan sazRvrebamde
metnaklebad Tanabaria. aseTi formis teritoria SedarebiT advili
samarTavia, rogorc satransporto-ekonomikuri, aseve administraciuli
TvalsazrisiT. kompaqturi konfiguraciis qveynebis magaliTebia: ungreTi,
safrangeTi, poloneTi, nigeria, urugvai.
fragmentuli

am
SemTxvevaSi
saxelmwifos
teritoria
gafantulia. aseTi formis qveynebis ori tipi SeiZleba gamovyoT. erTi
mxriv, qveynis teritoria arqipelagebze an erTdroulad kontinentze da
kunulebze SeiZleba iyos ganlagebuli. mag., filipinebi, didi britaneTi,
dania, indonezia, iaponia. meore mxriv, erTi qveynis kontinenturi
nawilebs Soris ar arsebobs saerTo sazRvari. amis magaliTebia,
azerbaijani, aSS, ruseTi, omani.
wagrZelebuli qveynis aseTi konfiguracia, rogorc wesi
ganpirobebulia landSaftur-geografiuli pirobebiT. mag., sazRvari
Cilesa da argentinas Soris andebis mTebze gadis. vietnami misi
mezoblebisgan gamoyofilia anamis (CiongSonis) mTebiT. gambia viwro
zolad aris ganTavsebulia mdinare gambiis orive sanapiroze. am
garemoebebis gamo samive dasaxelebul qveyanas wagrZelebuli forma aqvs.
perforirebuli msoflios ramdenime qveynis teritoriaze sxva
saxelmwifoebi
mdebareobs.
aqedan
momdinareobs
termini
perforirebuli, rac niSnavs gaburRuls, gamWols. aseTi qveynebia
samxreT afrikis respublika, romlis teritoriaze mdebarobs lesoto;
italia, sadac ganlagebulia vatikani da san-marino; senegali, romlis
teritoriaze SeWrilia gambia.
kombinirebuli ramdenime qveynis forma warmoadgens kompaqturi
da wagrZelebuli formebis erTgvar kombinacias. aseTi konfiguraciis
qveynis magaliTebia tailandi, angola, avRaneTi.
teritoriis formas praqtikulad aranairi kavSiri ar aqvs
saxelmwifos socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis donesTan. norvegias
teritorias wagrZelebuli forma aqvs, rac mas xels ar uSlis, rom iyos
msoflios erT-erTi yvelaze maRalganviTarebuli qveyana, im dros,
rodesac konpaqturi konfiguraciis mqone siera leone erT-erTi
yvelaze CamorCenilia.
qveynis formaze gacilebiT ufro didi mniSvneloba aqvs mis
mdebareobas. mdebareoba sivrcis Semadgeneli komponentia da masac
114

sivrcis darad ramdenime gazomileba aqvs. mocemul SemTxvevaSi

ganvixilavT
mxolod
absolturi
da
SedarebiTi
mdebareobebs.
absolturi mdebareoba gvaCvenebs, Tu sad mdebareobs esa Tu is
saxelmwifo msoflios (politikur) rukaze. saxelmwifos SedarebiTi
mdebareobis daxasiaTebisas mxedvelobaSi miiReba am mdebareobis,
rogorc
bunebriv-geografiuli,
aseve
politikur-geografiuli
maxasiaTeblebi. mag., aqvs Tu ara saxelmwifos gasasvleli zRvaze;
rogori xasiaTisaa misi sazRvrebi; romel saxelmwifoebs esazRvreba;
ramdenad xelsayrelia misi mdebareoba satransporto-geografiuli
TvalsazrisiT da a.S.
zRvasTan
siaxlove,
ufro
zustad
ki
zRvaze
gasasvleli
saxelmwifosTvis uaRresad mniSvnelovani politikuri da satransportoekonomikuri aspeqtia. zRvaze gasasvleli aadvilebs satransportoekonomikuri urTierTobebis damyarebas, rogorc erTi qveynis teritoriis
sxvadasxva nawilebs Soris, aseve mis urTierTobas sxva qveynebTan. es
Tavis mxriv xels uwyobs saxelmwifos politikur wonas amaRlebas
saerTaSoriso sistemaSi.
saxelmwifos, romelsac ar gaaCnia zRvaze e.i. msoflio okeaneze
gasasvleli Caketil saxelmwifos (Landlocked State) uwodeben. msoflioSi 43
Caketili saxelmwifoa. es saxelmwifoebia53 (kontinentebis mixedviT):
- afrika (16 saxelmwifo): botsvana, burkina faso, burundi,
eTiopia, zambia, zimbabve, lesoto, malavi, mali, nigeri, ruanda,
svazilendi, samxreT sudani, uganda, Cadi, centraluri afrikis
respublika.
- evrazia (sul 25), maT Soris:
- evropa
(15):
avstria,
azerbaijani,
andora,
belorusi,
lixtenSteini, luqsemburgi, makedonia, moldova, san marino,
serbeTi, slovakeTi, somxeTi, ungreTi, Sveicaria, CexeTi.
- azia (10): avRaneTi, butani, TurqmeneTi, laosi, monRoleTi,
nepali, tajikeTi, uzbekeTi, yazaxeTi, yirgizeTi.
- samxreT amerika (2): bolivia, paragvai.
- CrdiloeT amerika: arcerTi
- okeaneTi: arcerTi (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landlocked_country).
mocemuli CamonaTvalidan Cans, rom Caketili saxelmwifoebis
raodenobiT gamoirCeva afrika da evropa. Teoriulad afrikaSi meti
Caketili saxelmwifo SeiZleba yofiliyo, magram aq mniSvnelovani roli
sazRvrebis xelovnurad formirebis faqtorma iTamaSa. afrikis qveynebis
Soris saxelmwifo sazRvrebi dekolonizaciis procesSi Seiqmna. am
procesSi maqsimalurad iyo gaTvaliswinebuli TiToeuli saxelmwifos
interesi, rom zRvaze gasasvleli qonoda, rac umetes SemTxvevebSi
dakmayofilebuli iyo. dasavleT afrika amis kargi magaliTia.
amasTan, yvela saxelmwifos zRvaze gasasvleli ara aqvs da verc
eqneba. maT Soris arian iseTi didi saxelmwifoebi, rogoricaa yazaxeTi,
uzbekeTi,
eTiopia,
monRoleTi,
belorusi.
nebismieri
Caketili
saxelmwifo mniSvnelovan sirTuleebs ganicdis zRvaze gasasvlelis
53

am siaSi ar moxvda wminda saydari (vatikani), im mizeziT, rom is ar aris suverenuli

saxelmwifo.

115

arqonis gamo. kidev ufro rTuladaa im Caketili saxelmwifoebis saqme,

romlebic, sxva Caketil saxelmwifoebs esazRvrebian (mag., uzbekeTi da
lixtenSteini). garkveul SemTxvevebSi zRvaze gasavlelis mqone qveynebma
SeiZleba arakeTilsindisierad gamoiyenon aRniSnuli garemoeba Caketili
saxelmwifoebis mimarT. mag., daaweson maRali tarifebi maT teritoriaze
tvirTebis gatarebisTvis an sulac ar gaataron es tvirTebi.
Caketili saxlemwifoebi didi xani ibrZodnen imisTvis, rom
saerTaSoriso doneze gaTvaliswinebuliyo maTi ori ZiriTadi moTxovna,
kerZod 1) mieRoT zRvamde da zRvidan Tavisufali tranzitis ufleba da
2) Seqmniliyo pirobebi imisTvis, rom maTac Tavisufalad mieRoT
monawileoba zRvis resursebis aTvisebaSi.
1982 w. gaerom miiRo konvencia, romelic aRiarebs Caketili
saxelmwifoebis zRvaze Tavisufali gasvlis uflebas. am uflebis
realizacia
SesaZlebelia
mezobel
satranzito
saxelmwifosTan
dadebuli specialuri SeTanxmebis safuZvelze. Caketil saxlemwifoebs
ufleba aqvT yavdeT gemebi, gamoiyenon satranzito saxelmwifoebis
portebi am gemebis sadgomad, milsadenebi da sakomunikacio kabelebi
gaiyvanon mezobeli saxelmwifos teritoriul wylebSi54. Sveicarias didi
xania urTierTmomgebiani sazRvao urTierTobebi aqvs damyarebuli
msoflios 10-ze met qveyanasTan. misi TevzsaWeri floti erT-erTi
warmatebulia evropaSi. CexeTis gemebis navsayudelia polonuri porti
Secini, rac gaTvaliswinebulia aRniSnul qveynebs Soris dadebuli
xelSekrulebiT (Glassner, 1993: 400).
gacilebiT rTulad aris saqme Caketili saxlemwifoebis mier zRvis
resursebis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiT. sazRao qveynebi jiutad
cdiloben SeinarCunon teritoriul wylebSi arsebuli resursebis
aTvisebis eqskluziuri ufleba, miTumetes, rom rig SemTxvevebSi saqme
exeba energomatareblebs. ekonomikuris garda, arsebul situaciaSi
uaryofiT rols politikuri faqtoric TamaSobs. cnobilia, rom
mezobel saxelmwifoebs Soris daZabuli, rig SemTxvevevbSi konfliqtur
urTierTobebsac ki aqvs adgili. mTlianobaSi, Caketili saxelmwifoebi
jerjerobiT
ver
axerxeben
im
interesebis
realizacias,
rac
dakavSirebulia zRvis resursebis Tavisufal aTvisebasTan.
saqarTvelo uSualod esazRvreba or Caketil saxelmwifos, kerZod
ki azerbaijansa da somxeTs. azerbaijanisTvis da centraluri aziis
saxelmwifoebisTvis zRvamde umokless manZils saqarTvelos teritoria
warmoadgens. igive SeiZleba iTqvas somxeTzec, Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT,
rom mas TurqeTTan diplomatiuri urTierToba ar aqvs. Cveni qveynis
urTierToba
samxreT
kavkasiis
danarCen
or
saxelmwifosTan
garkveulwilad satranzito politikazec aris damokidebuli.
sazRvrebi
mosazRvre saxelmwifoebis teritoriebi gamijnulia, rogorc wesi
oficialurad dadgenili sazRvrebiT. saxelmwifo sazRvari55 aris

54

teritoriuli wylebis ganmarteba ixileT me-4 TavSi.

inglisurenovan samecniero literaturaSi ganasxvaveben terminebs Frontier , Border da
Boundary. pirveli aRniSnavs nebismieri saxis sazRvars, xolo ukanaskneli ori
gamoiyeneba saxelmwifo (politikur) sazRvarTan mimarTebaSi.
55

116

kanoniT, xelSekrulebiT an praqtikiT dadgenili warmosaxviTi xazi,

romelic erTmaneTisgan gamoyofs suverenul saxelmwifoebs.
geografebi yovelTvis did yuradRebas uTmobdnen sazRvrebis
Seswavlas. limologia aris geografiis erT-erTi qvedagi, romlis
amocanaa sazRvrebis warmoSobis, evoluciisa da cvlilebebis kvleva.
sazRvari
saxelmwifos
mniSvnelovani
Semadgeneli
atributia.
is
SemosazRvravs im teritorias, romelzec de iure (formalurad) mainc
vrceldeba saxelmwifos iurisdiqcia. sazRvri ara marto ganacalkevebs
saxelmwifoebs, aramed misi meSveobiT xdeba maT Soris kavSirebis
damyareba. Sesabamisad, sazRvari aris geopolitikuri kategoria.
saxelmwifo sazRvris formireba rTuli procesia da moicavs oTx
Semdeg etaps (Glassner, 1993: 76):
- sawyis etapze xdeba sazRvris definicia, risi mTavari mizanic
aris imis dadgena, Tu romel teritoriaze da adgilebSi unda
gaiaros sazRvarma;
- meore etapze adgili aqvs sazRvris delimitacias, romlis
drosac ganisazRvreba sazRvris gavlebis zusti geografiuli
koordinatebi. amave etapze garkveul adgilebSi SeiZleba
ganTavsdes sxvadasxva saxis sademarkacio niSnebi boZebi,
Robeebi, kedlebic ki.
- mesame etapze, rac gulsixmobs sazRvris demarkacias adgili
aqvs dadgenili sazRvrebis Sesaxeb oficialuri informaciis
gadacemas
saerTaSoriso
organizaciebisTvis,
upirveless
yovlisa gaerosTvis. imavdroulad mimdinaroebs sademarkacio
niSnebis ganTavseba saxelmwifo sazRvris mTel perimetrze.
- saboloo
etapze
saxelmwifo
ganaxorcielebs
sazRvris
administrirebas. saxelmwifoSi, iqmneba sazRvris dacvis uwyeba.
am uwyebis mTavari amocanaa ganaxrocielos saxelmwifo
sazRvris dacva. garda amisa, sazRvaris garkveul monakveTebze
ewyoba
sasazRvro-gamSvebi
da
sabaJo
punqtebi.
nebismier
saxelmwifos gaaCnia kanonmdebloba, romelic adgens sazRvarze
adamianebisa da transportis moZraobis da tvirTebis gatarebis
procedurebs.
msoflios politikur rukis zedapiruli analizic ki saSualebas
gvaZlevs gamovitanoT daskvna imis Taobaze, rom arsebobs ramdenime
gansxvavebuli
tipis
saxelmwifo
sazRvari.
maT
Soris
yvelaze
gavrcelebulia geometriuli da bunebriv-politikuri sazRvrebi.
geometriuli sazRvrebi gavrcelebulia yofil koloniur qveynebSi,
sadac sazRvrebis delimatacia Catarda yofili metropoliebis an
saerTaSoriso
organizaciebis
mier.
afrikis
saxelmwifoebis
umravlesobas Soris sazRvari warmoadgens warmosaxviT swor xazebs.
aseTi tipis sazRvaria aSS-sa da kanadas Soris didi tbebidan wynari
okeanis sanapiromde (ix. suraTi #).
bunebriv-politikuri anu landSaftur-politikuri sazRvrebi gadis
bunebrivi landSaftis iseT erTeulebze, rogoricaa mdinare, tba,
mTagrexili, xeoba da sxva. es gansakuTrebiT naTlad vlindeba evropaSi,
sadac eTno-kulturuli erTobebis gansaxlebis sistemis formireba
117

swored fizikur-geografiuli niSniT mimdinareobda. mag., alpebi italias

ganacalkevebs Sveicariis, safrangeTis, avstriis, lixtenSteinisa da
sloveniisgan. pirineebi erTmaneTisgan gamoyofs espaneTsa da safrangeTs.
mdinare dunai warmoadgens saxelmwifo sazRvars slovakeTsa da ungreTs,
aseve rumineTsa da bulgareTs Soris. germanias, Sveicarias da
safrangeTs Soris sazRvris nawili mdinare rainze gadis.
saxelmwifo sazRvrebis delimitaciis dros xSirad gamoiyeneba
iseTi
kulturuli
kriteriumebi,
rogoricaa
erebis,
eTnosebis,
religiebis, enebis gavrcelebis arealebi. am SemTxvevaSi iqmneba
kulturul-politikuri sazRvrebi. bevri specialisti miiCnevs, rom
oficialuri sazRvrebis dadgenisTvis es saukeTeso saSualebaa. amasTan,
mxedvelobaSi unda miviRoT is faqti, rom Zalze rTulia eTnikurad
homogenuri teritoriebis gamoyofa. Tanamedrove msoflios qveynebis
udidesi nawili jer kidev 100 wlis win imperiebis nawils warmoadgenda.
metropoliebi dapyrobili xalxebis mimarT iyenebdnen princips dayavi
da ibatone. kolonizatorebi cdilobdnen SeecvalaT am xalxebis
istoriulad Camoyalibebuli kulturul-istoriuli sazRvrebis Secvlas.
amis naTeli amgaliTia mag., sabWoTa kavSiri.
sabWoTa kavSiris arsebobis pirvelive etaze Seiqmna mokavSire
respublikebi. maTi teritoriebis formireba ar momxdara iq mcxovrebi
xalxebis
istoriul-kulturuli
ganviTarebis
Taviseburebebis
gaTvaliswinebiT.
sabWoTa
xelmZRvanelobam
Segnebulad
mimarTa
eTnikurad Sereuli teritoriebis formirebis politikas. Sedegad, yvela
sabWoTa
respublikaSi
Seqmna
an
avtonomiuri
respublikebi
an
avtonomiuri olqebi an ubralod teritoriuli arealebi, sadac
mosaxleobis didi an mniSvnelovan nawils eTnikuri da religiuri
umciresobebi warmoadgendnen. mag., 1922 w. saqarTveloSi Seiqmna samxreT
oseTis avtonomiuri olqi, romelic manmade ar arsebobda. moldovas
miuerTes
slavebiT
dasaxlebuli
dnestrispireTis
teritoria.
azerbaijanis SemadgenlobaSi Sevida mTiani yarabaRis avtonomiuri olqi,
romelic ZiriTadad somxebiT iyo dasaxlebuli. ferganis dablobis
mniSvnelovani
nawili
CarTes
uzbekeTis
SemadgenlobaSi,
sadac
mosaxleobis mniSvnelovan nawils takikebi warmoadgendnen da a.S.
bolSevikuri mmarTveloba imedovnebda, rom eTnikuri anklavebi mexuTe
kolonis56 rols Seasrulebda im SemTxvevaSi, Tu romelime mokavSire
respublika ssrk-dan gamoyofas moindomebda. bolSevikebis mier jer
kidev 1920-ian wlebSi Cadebuli es naRmebi moqmedebaSi movida 1980-iani
wlebis bolos da 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi.
sazRvrebis garkveuli nawili Camoyalibda sxva faqtorebis
zemoqmedebiT. mag., kunZul borneoze malaiziasa da indonezias Soris
saxelmwifo sazRvarma gaiara meCxrad dasaxlebul junglebze. sxva
sityvebiT delimitaciamde es adgili auTvisebeli iyo. ukve sazRvris
dadgenis
Semdeg
orive
saxelmwifom
daiwyo
sasazRvro
zolis
ekonomikuri aTviseba da gansaxlebis qselis Seqmna. aseTi tipis sazRvars
antecedenturi sazRvari ewodeba.
56

termini mexuTe kolona warmosdgeba espaneTis samoqalaqo omis periodidan (1936-39

ww.). mas Semdeg rac frankisti generali emilio mola oTxi koloniT miadga madrids
man ganacxada, rom madridis aRebisTvis mis gankargulebaSi iyo mexuTe kolonac anu
misi madrideli momxreebi. zogadad, aRniSnuli termini gamoiyeneba im adamianebis
aRsaniSnavad, romlebic mocemul qveyanaSi ucxo saxelmwifos dasayrdens warmoadgenen.

118

sazRvispira regionebis gansaxlebis eTno-demografiulma xasiaTma

da misma dinamikam
SeiZleba gamoiwvios cvlilebebi sazRvris
konfiguraciaSi. mag., sazRvari CineTsa da vietnams Soris xSirad
gamxdara am qveynebs Soris urTierTobebis gamwvavebis mizezi. saqme
imaSia, rom mosazRvre raionebSi gansaxlebis qseli swrafad icvleboda
da rTuli iyo sazRvris gavleba Cinur da vietnamur dasaxlebebs Soris.
am saxelmwifoebs Soris dRevandeli saxelmwifo sazRvris dadgenas
didi dro da Zalisxmeva dasWirda. sazRvars, romelic xangrZlivi
istoriuli evoluciis procesis Sedegad ganisazRvreba subsekventuri
sazRvari ewodeba.
aziisa
da
afrikis
dekolonizaciis
procesSi
ar
iyo
gaTvaliswinebuli mTeli rigi xalxebis neba, Sesabamisad
sazRvrebis
delimitacia Catarda subieqturad da mikerZoebuladac ki. XIX s.-Si
kunZuli axali gvinea daipyres da erTmaneTSi gainawiles niderlandebma,
didima britaneTma da germaniam. papuasebiT dasaxebuli es kunZuli gaiyo
axal gvinead da dasavleT papuad. es ukanaskneli, gaxda niderlandebis
koloniis vest indoeTis nawili. 1949 w. indoneziam damoukidebloba
moipova, magram dasavleT papua jer kidev niderlandebis mmarTvelobis
qveS rCeboda. iyo imis Sansi, rom es teritoria SeerTeboda monaTesave
xalxiT dasaxebul papua axal gvineas, magram holandielebi amis
winaaRmdeg wavidnen. 1962 w. indoneziis jarebi SeiWrnen am teritoriaze
da iqidan holandielebi gandevnes. amis Sedegad, istoriuli dasavleT
papua adgilobrivi papuasebis nebis sawinaaRmdegod indoneziis nawili
gaxda (De Blij & Murphy 2003: 214). aRwerili SemTxveva aris Tavsmoxveuli
sazRvris erT-erTi magaliTi.
istoriaSi
xSiri
iyo
iseTi
SemTxvevebi,
rodesac
Zlieri
saxelmwifoebi maT Soris situaciis ukiduresi gamwvavebis Tavidan
acilebis mizniT Tanxmdebodnen buferi saxelmwifos Seqmnasze. mag.,
tailandi aRmocenda, rogorc buferi saxelmwifo frangul indoCineTsa
da britanul indoeTs Soris. avRaneTis Seqmna iyo erTgvari kompromisi
ruseTsa da britaneTs Soris (Taylor & Flint: 162163). am gziT Seqmnili
saxelmwifoebis
sazRvari
mecnierebaSi
ganixileba,
rogorc
saxelSekrulebo sazRvari (Jones, S., 1959: 151).
msoflio praqtikaSi aris magaliTebi, rodesac or saxelmwifos
Soris sazRvari oficialurad gauqmda, magram is rCeba or teritorias
Soris erTgvar kulturul wyalgamyofad. aseTi tipis sazRvars
reliqtur sazRvars uwodeben. amis magaliTad SeiZleba dasaxeldes
sazRvari, CrdoloeT vietnamsa da samxreT vietnams Soris, romelic 1976
w.-mde saxelmwifo sazRvars warmoadgenda.
zemoT aRiniSna, rom sazRvars gaaCnia Zalze mniSvnelovani
geopolitikuri datvirTvac. nebismieri saxelmwifosTvis sasurvelia, rom
sazRvari qondes im qveyanasTan (qveynebTan), romelTanac mas akavSirebs
kulturuli, politikuri, satransporto-ekonomikuri interesebi. qvemoT
mocemul CanarTSi aRwerilia istoria, romelic cxadyofs, Tu ramdenad
mniSnelovania TurqeTisTvis azerbaijanTan (konkretulad naxiWevanTan)
saerTo sazRvris arseboba.
CanarTi #

119

msoflioSi yvela saxelmwifo sazRvari jer kidev ar aris

bolomde dadgenili an warmoadgens qveynebs Soris davis sagans.
teritoria, romelzec ar vrceldeba romelime qveynis iurisdiqcia
gaeros ganmartebiT aris neitraluri teritoria. mag., kuveitsa da saudis
arabeTs Soris arsebobda 5,7 aT.kv.km teritoria, romelsac garkveuli
periodSi neitraluri teritoriis statusi qonda, sanam 1969 w. am
qveynebma ar miaRwies SeTanxmebas misi gayofis Sesaxeb. samagierod,
dRemde gadauWrelia 7 aT. kv.km teritoriis sakiTxi, romelic eraysa da
saudis arabeTs Soris mdebareobs. 1981 w. am qveynebma xeli moaweres
xelSekrulebas am teritoriis gayofis Taobaze, magram es SeTanxmeba
ZalaSi ar Sesula (Glassner, 1993: 115). gaeros standartebiT ki es niSnavs,
rom aRniSnuli teritoria arcerTi dasaxelebuli qveynis gamgeblobaSi
ar Sedis.
saxelmwifo sazRvari ar Semoifargleba mxolod saxmeleTo
sazRvriT. saxelmwifos iurisdiqciaSi Sedis agreTve Sida wylebi da
teritoriuli wylebi (ix. nax. #). saxelmwifos kavSiri gare wylebTan
ganisazRvreba saerTaSoriso sazRvao samarTliT.
Sida wylebi moicavs zRvebs, tbebs, mdinareebs, arxebs da sxva saxis
wyalsacavebs, romelic saxelmwifos sazRvrebSia moqceuli.
teritoriuli wylebi an teritoriuli zRva aris saxelmwifos
sanapiros nawili, romelic, rogorc wesi vrceldeba zRvis (okeanis)
miqcevis zolidan 12 sazRvao milis57 manZilze. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
qveynebs ganacalkevebs mdinare, patara tba, srute, fiordi, maSin
saxelwifo sazRvari gadis misi mTavari farvateris58 SuaSi. Sida da
teritoriul wylebze saxelmwifos suvereniteti srulad vrceldeba.
garda, zemoT aRniSnulisa saerTaSoriso sazRvao samarTliT
dadgenilia kidev or sazRvao sivrce, sadac zRvasTan mimdebare
saxelmwifos SeuZlia ganaxorcielos Tavisi sameurneo da sxva saxis
saqmianoba. erT-erTi maTgani aris momijnave sazRvao zona (Contiguous
Maritime Zone), romelic vrceldeba saxelmwifos sanapirodan 24 sazRvao
milis manZilze, ufro zustad ki moicavs sazRvao sivrces teritoriuli
wylebis sazRvridan kidev 12 sazRvao milis manZilze. es zoli
saxelmwifo uwyebebis mier gamoiyeneba sabaJo, fiskaluri, saimigracio
da sanitaruli kontrolis ganxorcielebisTvis (http://en.wikipedia.Org/wiki/
Maritime_boundary).
qveynis sanapiros sawyisi xazebidan 200 sazRvao milis manZilze
vrceldeba gansakuTrebuli ekonomikuri (sazRvao) zona (Exclusive Economic
(Maritime) Zone), sadac am saxelmwifos ufleba aqvs moiZios da moipovos
bunebrivi resursebi, aaSenos an daamontaJos xelovnuri kunZulebi,
danadgarebi, Senobebi, Caataros samecniero kvlevebi da garemosdacviTi
samuSaoebi (iqve).
samwuxarod, yvela qveyana ar icavs saerTaSoriso sazRvao
samarTliT dadgenil normebs. mag., braziliam, perum, siera-leonem,
urugvaim calmxrivad gazardes 12 miliani teritoriuli wylebis zona
maTTvis sasurvel manZilamde. garda amisa, saerTaSoriso wesebiT
daSvebulia Tevzis Tavisufali rewva im sazRvao zonaSi, romelic
esazrvreba qveynis teritoriul wylebs. zogierTi qveyana mimarTavs
57
58

1 sazRvao mili = 1,8 kilometrs.

mTavari farvateri aris mdinaris, tbis, srutis da a.S. yvelaze Rrma adgili.

120

sxvadasxva xerxebs, rom sxvebs amaSi xeli SeuSalos. konfliqtebi

saxelmwifoebs Soris aramarto xmeleTze, aramed mdinareebsa da
zRvebzec xSirad warmoiSveba.
zogadad saxelmwifos teritoriis, kerZod ki sazRvrebze saubrisas
gverds
ver
avuvliT
iseT
saintereso
politikur-geografiul
warmonaqmnebs, rogoricaa anklavi da eqsklavi.
termini anklavi laTinuri warmoSobisaa da niSnavs Caketils,
Caxuruls. inglisurenovan literaturaSi es termini pirvelad 1868 w.
gamoiyenes, xolo 30 wlis Semdeg xmarebaSi Semovida termini eqsklavi.
anklavi aris garkveuli saxelmwifos teritoriiT garSemortymuli
sxva saxelmwifos teritoriis nawili (, 2007:18). eqsklavi aris
saxelmwifos teritoriis nawili, romelic esazRvreba sxva saxelmwifos
an saxelmwifoebs, amasTan deda-saxelmwifosTan saerTo sazRvari ar
gaaCnia.
anklavi da eqsklavi, rogorc zemoT mocemuli ganmartebebidan Cans
aris suverenuli saxelmwifoebis teritoria. anklavad da eqsklavad ar
SeiZleba CaiTvalos is teritoria, romelic saerTaSoriso samarTlis
Sesabamisad gaaCnia daqvemdebarebuli teritoriis statusi.
ganarCeven ori saxis anklavs. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saxelmwifos
nawili mTlianad aris garSemortymuli sxva saxelmwifos teritoriiT
saqme gvaqvs srul anklavTan, xolo Tu anklavis garkveuli teritoria
esazRvreba zRvas, maSin es aris nawilobrivi anklavi. sruli anklavis
magaliTebia livia espaneTis nawili safrangeTis teritoriaze an sof.
arcvaSeni somxeTis nawili azerbaijanis teritoriaze. yirgizeTis
teritoriaze aris uzbekeTis 4 sofeli da, piriqiT 2 uzbekuri dasaxleba
garSemortymulia yirgizeTis teritoriiT.
nawilobrivi anklavis magaliTebia mag., espanuri qalaqebi seuta da
melilia, romlebic xmelTaSua zRvas da marokos esazRvreba. aSS-is
nawili alaska, romelic kanadas da Crdilo yinulovan da wynar
okeaneebs esazRvreba. gibraltari, romelic gaerTianebuli samefos
SemadgenlobaSi Sedis esazRvreba espaneTsa da xmelTaSua zRvas.
eqsklavis magaliTia mag., naxiWevani, romelic azerbaijanis nawilia
da is esazRvreba TurqeTs, somxeTs da irans. meore TvalsaCino
magaliTia
kaliningradis
olqi

ruseTis
eqsklavi,
romelic
evrokavSiris or saxelmwifos (poloneTsa da litvas) da baltiis zRvas
esazRvreba. madhas naxevarkunZuli, romelic omanis Semdgeneli nawilia
esazRvreba gaerTianebul arabul saemiroebs da sparseTis yures.
anklavisgan gansxvavebiT, ar ganasxvaveben srul da nawilobriv
eqsklavebs.
yvela eqsklavi imavdroulad ar aris anklavi da piriqiT. anklavi
SeiZleba eqsklavadac miviCnioT, Tu is mxolod erT saxelmwifos
esazRvreba. mag., zemoT aRniSnuli livia aris espaneTis eqsklavi da
anklavi safrangeTSi. magram, naxiWevani an kaliningradi aris Sesabamisad
azerbaijanis da ruseTi eqsklavi, magram ara anklavi romelime
saxelmwifoSi, radgan TiToeuli maTgani erTze met saxelmwifos
esazRvreba.
xandaxan anklavad moixsenieben suverenul saxelmwifosac. gvxdeba
aseTi termini anklavi saxelmwifo (mag., lesoto an gambia). aseTi
midgoma mecnieruli TvalsazrisiT aramarTebulia.
121

saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis formebi

saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis forma aris umaRlesi saxelmwifo
xelisuflebis sistemis organizaciis meTodi. saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis
forma
gansazRvravs
xelisuflebis
organebis
formirebis
wess,
meqmedebis vadebs, aseve mosaxleobisa da am organebis urTierTobebs da
maTSi monawileobis ZiriTad aspeqtebs (, 1999: 138).
jer kidev aristotelem gamoyo mmarTvelobis sami forma, romelic
xorcieldeba
erTpirovnulad
(monarqia),
adamianTa
viwro
wris
(aristokratia) da xalxis mier (demokratia) (www.constitution.org/ari/polit_
04.htm).
Tanamedrove mecnierebasa da praqtikaSi, mmarTvelobis formis
mixedviT ganasxvaveben ori tipis saxelmwifoebs: monarqiebs da
respublikebs.
monarqiuli ewodeba im saxelmwifos, sadac umaRlesi xelisufleba
erTi adamianis monarqis (suverenis) xelSia. rogorc, wesi monarqs
xelisufleba
memkvidreobiT
gadaecema,
Tumca
arsebobs
arCeviTi
monarqiebic.
uZveles
da
Sua
saukuneebSi monarqis
Zalaufleba
ganuyofeli iyo da is mas sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr ganaxorcielebda.
amJamad, msoflioSi aseTi tipis sul ramdenime monarqiaa. dResdReobiT
bevri suverenis Zalaufleba didwilad SezRudulia demokratiuli
saxelmwifo institutebis mier. monarqis Zalauflebis xarisxis mixedviT
ganasxvaveben konstituciur da absolutur monarqiebs.
konstituciuri monarqiebSi monarqis Zalaufleba SezRudulia
konstituciiT, dauwereli samarTliT an tradiciebiT. sakonstitucio
monarqiebSi
umaRlesi
piris
xelisufleba
mniSvnelovnad
aris
SezRuduli konstituciit da/an parlamentis mier, imdenadac ki, rom
qveynis suverens parlamentis nebarTvis gareSe ministris daniSvna an
gaTavisuflebac ki ar SeuZlia. ganasxvaveben konstituciuri monarqiebis
or saxeobas:
1. saparlamento monarqia, sadac monarqs ar gaaCnia didi
Zalaufleba da is ZiriTadad warmomadgenlobiT funqciebs
asrulebs. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom dRevandel saparlamento
monarqiebSi monarqis Zalaufleba ufro simboluria, vidre
realuri. aseT qveynebSi realuri Zalaufleba parlamentis
xelSia.
saparlamento
monarqiebia:
gaerTianebuli
samefo,
niderlandebi, SvedeTi, dania, espaneTi, norvegia, belgia, andora,
iaponia, malaizia, maroko. Tumca, am ukanasknels rTulia
saparlamento monarqia uwodo, radgan marokos mefe ralurad
gacilebiT meti uflebebiT sargebleobs, vidre es qveynis
konstituciiT aris gansazRvruli.
malaizia danarCeni monarqiebisgan gamoirCeva imiT, rom aq
mmarTvelobis kolegialuri (koleqtiuri) forma arsebobs. garda
amisa, malaiziis saxelmwifo meTauris Tanamdeboba arCeviTia,
rac
monarqiisTvis
unikaluri
movlenaa.
qveynis
cxra
federaluri erTeulis xelmZRvanelebi, ZiriTadad sulTnebi
xuT weliwadSi erTxel ikribebian da maTi Semadgenlobidan
qveynis mefes irCeven. misi Zalaufleba SezRudulia, erTi mxriv,
122

federaciis subieqtebis meTaurebis, xolo, meore mxriv, qveynis

parlamentisa da ministrTa kabinetis mier.
2. dualisturi monarqia, sadac monarqis Zalaufleba SezRudulia
konstituciiTa da parlamentiT, ZiriTadad sakanonmdeblo
sferoSi, Tumca aRmasrulebel sferoSi mas mniSvnelovani
funqciebi aqvs. aseTi monarqiebia: luqsemburgi, lixtenSteini,
iordania,
monako,
gaerTianebuli
arabuli
saemiroebi.
mmarTvelobis
unikaluri
formiT
xasiaTdeba
arabuli
saemiroebi, radgan am qveynis meTauri konstituciiT yovelTvis
abu dabis emiri xdeba. abu dabim es imiT daimsaxura, rom
qveynis navTobis maragis 80% swored aq aris Tavmoyrili.
miuxedavad imisa, rom qveyana 6 saemiros (e.i. monarqiis) nakrebs
warmoadgens mis meTaurs prezidentis tituli aqvs.
bevri
specialistis
azriT
monarqia,
konstituciuric
ki
istoriuli gadmonaSTia. asea Tu ise, konstituciuri monarqiebi
politikurad ufro stabiluri saxelmwifoebi arian, vidre respublikebi.
maTSi demokratiis done arafriT ar Camouvardeba respublikebis
analogiur maxasiaTebels.
absolutur monarqiebSi qveynis umaRlesi xelisufalis (mefe, emiri,
xalifa, sulTani) Zalaufleba praqtikulad SeuzRudavia. ufro metic,
zogierT qveyanaSi, mag. saudis arabeTSi mefe aris Teokratiuli monarqi
anu is aris qveynis ara marto politikuri da samxedro, aramed
religiuri meTauric. bruneis garda, msoflios danarCeni oTxi
absolturi monarqia arabeTis naxevarkunZulzea koncentrirebuli da
esenia: saudis arabeTi, katari, omani da kuveiti (am ukanasknels xandaxan
konstituciur monarqiebs akuTvneben).

respublika, rogorc mmarTvelobis forma Tavisi struqturiT

radikalurad gansxvavdeba monarqiisagan. respublikis umaRles pirs
(prezidents) irCevs xalxi an xalxis mier arCeuli parlamenti. imis
mixedviT, Tu rogori wesiT aris arCeuli prezidenti ganarCeven
saprezidento da saparlamento respublikebs. saprezidento respublikaSi
mosaxleoba prezidents irCevs pirdapiri da sayovelTao arCevnebis gziT,
xolo saparlamento respublikaSi mosaxleoba irCevs parlaments, xolo
es ukanaskneli Tavisi Semadgenlobidan irCevs prezidents. Tumca,
arsebobs
gamonaklisebi,
mag.,
israelSi,
romelic
saparlamento
respublikaa mosaxleoba pirdapiri gziT irCevs qveynis premier-ministrs.
saprezidento
respublikaSi
prezidenti
aris
aRmasrulebeli
xelisuflebis meTauri da farTo uflebebiT sargeblobs.
saprezidento
respublikis
klasikuri
magaliTia
amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebi. aseTi tipis respublikebia samxreT amerikis
saxelmwifoebi, fineTi, safrangeTi, portugalia, egvipte, filipinebi,
avstria, xorvatia, irani, damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobis
(dsT) qveynebi. saprezidento respublikebSi aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas
ganaxorcielebs prezidenti da aseTi qveynebis umravlesobaSi premierministris Tanamdeboba ar arsebobs. saparlamento respublikebia
123

germania, portugalia, TurqeTi, italia, samxreT afrikis respublika,

saberZneTi, Sveicaria.
rogorc, saparlamento, aseve saprezidento respublikebSi qveynis
meTauri
aris
prezidenti,
Tumca
saparlamento
respublikebSi,
gansakuTrebiT evropaSi prezidenti ganaxorcielebs warmomadgenlobiT
da ara aRmasrulebel
funqciebs, rac miuTiTebs misi Zalauflebis
simbolur xasiaTze. aseT qveynebSi, realuri Zalaufleba premierministrisa da ministrTa kabinetis xelSia.
ukanasknel aTwleulSi bevr qveyanaSi dainerga Sereuli anu
dualisturi anu naxevradsaprezidento modeli, romelsac, aseve
frangul modelsac uwodeben. aseTi tipis mmarTveloba iTvaliswinebs
erTdoulad prezidentis da premier-ministris postebis arsebobas. es
imas niSnavs, rom mmarTvelobis es forma SeiTavsebs, rogorc
saprezidento, aseve saparlamento respublikebis elementebs. amaze
miuTiTebs is faqti, rom prezidenti arCeulia xalxis mier, xolo
premier-ministri da ministrTa kabineti airCeva parlamentis mier. qveynis
mmarTvelobis am formis kritikosebi aRniSnaven, rom Sereul
respublikebSi prezidenti lamis monarqTan aris gaTanabrebuli, radgan
is uSualod ar aris pasuxismgebeli arc sakanonmdeblo da arc
aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis warumateblobaze. am tipis qveynebis
praqtikam daadastura, rom es marTlac asea. Sereuli mmarTvelobis
qveynebSi prezidenti ufro maRla dgas vidre parlamenti an mTavroba.
sakanonmdeblo an samTavrobo krizisi mTavrdeba, rogorc wesi
palamentis daTxovniT an ministrTa kabinetis gadadgomiT, xolo
prezidenti Tavis posts inarCunebs. Tumca, isic unda iTqvas, rom
aRniSnuli krizisebi ar iwvevs xelisuflebis vakuums, rac xSirad
xdeba
saparlamento
an
klasikur
saprezidento
respublikebSi.
Sereuli tipis mmarTveloba sakamod gavrcelebulia yofil sabWoTa
kavSirsa da aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi.

saxelmwifos administraciul-teritoriuli
(administraciul-politikuri) mowyobis formebi
saxelmwifos
administraciul-teritoriuli
(administraciulpolitikuri) mowyobis forma gansazRvravs saxelmwifo xelisuflebis
teritoriuli organizaciis xasiaTs, kerZod ki damokidebulebas qveynis
centralur xelisuflebasa da misi Semadgenel teritoriul erTeulebs
Soris.
administraciul-teritoriuli
mowyobis
mxriv
ganasxvaveben
unitarul da federaciul saxelmwifoebs.
federaciuli saxelmwifo Sedgeba administraciul-politikuri
subieqtebisagan,
romlebsac
gaaCniaT
sakuTari
sakanonmdeblo,
aRmasrulebeli
an
sasamarTlo
xelisufleba,
rig
SemTxvevebSi
konstituciac, saxelmwifo simbolika. federaciis subieqtebi qmnian
centralur xelisuflebas da mas gadascemen garkveul funqciebs. mag.,
sagareo politikis, erTiani safinanso-sakredito sistemis,
erovnuli
uSiSroebis da sxva am donis sakiTxebi warmoadgens centraluri
xelisuflebis prerogativas. saxelmwifo donis mmarTvelobis organoebs
ar SeuZliaT federaciis subieqtis statusis gauqmeba.
124

unitarul

saxelmwifoebSi

Zalaufleba
erTiania
da
koncentrirebulia centraluri xelisuflebis
xelSi. unitaruli
saxelmwifoebis
Semadgenel
nawilebs
ar
gaaCniaT
sakuTari
sakanonmdeblo,
aRmasrulebeli
an
sasamarTlo
xelisufleba,
konstitucia, saxelmwifo simbolika (droSa, Rerbi, himni).
nebismieri
saxelmwifosaTvis
umniSvnelovanesia
teritoriuli
mTlianobis sakiTxi. gabatonebulia azri, TiTqos administraciulteritoriuli mowyobis forma pirdapir kavSirSia qveynis teritoriul
mTlianobasTan. aseve, xSirad gvxvdeba mosazreba, imis Sesaxeb, rom
federalur saxelmwifoebSi ufro gavrcelebulia separatizmi, vidre
unitarul saxelmwifoebSi. es mcdari azria. separatizmis problema
gacilebiT ufro kompleqsuria, vidre es erTi SexedviT Cans da igi
miTumetes ar aris damokidebuli saxelmwifos teritoriul mowyobaze.
mag., didi britaneTi an espaneTi unitaruli saxelmwifoebi arian, magram
aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi SesamCnevi iyo separatistuli tendenciebi
(Sesabamisad, baskeTSi da CrdiloeT irlandiaSi).
aseve mcdaria azri
imis
Sesaxeb,
rom
separatizms
ar
aqvs
adgili
ekonomikurad
maRalganviTarebul saxelmwifoebSi. isev da isev, moviyvanT didi
britaneTis an espaneTis magaliTs da gavixsenoT, rom ekonomikurad
ayvavebul kanadas 1995 wels kinaRam gamoeyo kvebeki. separatizms ver
aCerebs verc centraluri xelisuflebis siZliere, TviT diqtatoruli
an totaluri reJimic ki. sakmarisia gavixsenoT sabWoTa kavSiris an
erayis (qurTebis separatizmi) magaliTebi. arsebobs mosazreba, rom
teritoriuli mTlianoba damokidebulia qveynis mosaxleobis eTnikur an
religiur xasiaTze. unda aRiniSnos, rom es faqtori mniSvnelovania,
magram ara gadamwyveti. mag. Sveicaria dasaxlebulia ZiriTadad oTxi
eTnosis warmomadgenlebiT. amasTan, separatistul tendenciebs adgili
ara aqvs arc frangul, arc italiur, arc germanul da arc
retoromanul TemSi, Tumca TiToeul maTgans Sveicariidan gamoyofis
samarTlebrivi da politikuri saSualeba gaaCnia.
amJamad msoflioSi 27 federaciuli saxelmwifoa:
afrika (5 saxelmwifo) eTiopia, komoris kavSiri (komoris
kunZulebi), nigeria, sudani, samxreT sudani.
evrazia (12), maT Soris:
evropa (6) avstria, belgia, bosnia da hercegovina, germania,
ruseTi, Sveicaria.
azia (6) gaerTianebuli arabuli saemiroebi, erayi, indoeTi,
malaizia, nepali, pakistani.
okeaneTi (3) avstralia, mikronezia, palau.
samxreT amerika (3) argentina, bolivia, brazilia.
CrdiloeT amerika (4) aSS, kanada, meqsika, sent kitsi da nevisi.
federaluri qveynebis parlamentebi Sedgeba ori palatisagan: zeda
palata iqmneba federaciis subieqtebis mTavrobebis warmomadgenlebisagan
(aseTi praqtikaa evropasa da aziaSi), an senatorebisagan, e.i. federalur
mxareebSi arCeuli deputatebisagan (amerikuli praqtika). qveda palata
125

yvela qveyanaSi erTnairi wesiT formirdeba pirdapiri (saxalxo)

arCevnebiT.
federaluri subieqtebis xasiaTis mixedviT SeiZleba gamoiyos
federaciebis sami ZiriTadi tipi:
eTno-kulturuli

federaciis
subieqtebi
dasaxlebulia
sxvadasxva eTnosebiT (mag., indoeTi, malaizia, Sveicaria, belgia)
an konfesiuri jgufebiT (mag., nigeria).
teritoriuli am SemTxvevaSi federacias qmnian kuTxeebi
(provinciebi, teritoriebi), romlebic didi xnis ganmavlobaSi
gancalkevebulad
arsebobdnen,
Tumca
am
teritoriebis
mosaxleoba erTi da imave ers warmoadgens (mag., germania,
avstria, arabeTis gaerTianebuli saemiroebi). daaxloebiT amave
niSniT
arian
Seqmnili
laTinuri
amerikis
federaciuli
saxelmwifoebi.
Sereuli am SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba zemoT aRniSnuli orive
principi. amis magaliTebia ruseTi, rodesac
ganasxvaveben unitaruli saxelmwifoebis sxvadasxva formebs, maT
Soris
gamovyofT
asimetriul
federacias
da
decentralizebul
unitarul saxelmwifos. araswori iqneba Tu vityviT, rom, rom
asimetruli federacia aris federaciuli saxelmwifos erT-erTi saxeoba.
asimetruli federacia aris iseTi unitaruli saxelmwifo, sadac mis erT
an ramdenime regions gaaCnia politikuri avtonomiis statusi. aseTebia,
magaliTad espaneTi sami avtonomiiT (baskeTi, katalonia da galicia),
fineTi da dania, sadac avtonomiis statusi aqvT SvedebiT dasaxlebul
Sesabamisad olandis da fareris kunZulebs, didi britaneTi CrdiloeT
irlandia, ukraina yirimis avtonomia, israeli palestinis avtonomia.
saqarTveloc asimetruli federacia, sadac or subieqts aWarasa da
afxazeTs miniWebuli aqvT avtonomiis statusi.
decentralizebuli saxelmwifo aris iseTi saxelmwifo, sadac mis
Semadgenel nawilebs ar gaaCniaT administraciuli avtonomiis statusi,
magram miniWebuli aqvT farTo kompetencia TviTmmarTvelobis sakiTxebSi.
unitaruli saxelmwifos decentralizebuli forma sakmaod masStabur
xasiaTs iRebs evropaSi. am tipis saxelmwifoebia: italia, niderlandebi.
aRsaniSnavia, rom civilizebul msoflioSi sakmaod Zlieria
federalizmis
tendenciebi.
federalizmi
ar
unda
gavaigivoT
federaciasTan.
federalizmis
ZiriTadi
arsi
imaSi
mdgomareobs
decentralizaciaSi. amJamad, bevr qveyanSi Zlierdeba decentralizciis
tendenciebi anu izrdeba adgilobrivi TviTmarTvelobebis roli. am gzas
pirvelad evrokavSiris qveynebi daadgnen. belgia Seqmna, rogorc
unitaruli saxelmwifo da etapobrivad federaciad gardaiqmna. mag.,
espaneTSi da
didi britaneTSi
Seiqmna politikuri avtonomiebi,
romelTa uflebebic sul ufro farTovdeba. am process gansakuTrebuli
impulsi TviT evrokavSiris Seqmnam misca. sagulisxmoa, rom evrokavSirSi
gawevrianebam SeaCera an Searbila aRmosavleT evropaSi manamde arsebuli
separatistuli moZraobebi, mag., ungruli separatizmi rumineTsa da
slovakeTSi.
evrokavSiris
wevr-saxelmwifoebSi
mcxovreb
eTnikur
umciresobebs ukve aRar aqvT imis gancda, rom maT kulturul
TviTmyofadobas an uflebebs arsebiTi safrTxe emuqreba. isini
126

darwmunebuli arian, rom gaerTianebul

maqsimalurad iqneba daculi.

evropaSi

maTi

interesebi

daskvna
Tu, SevajamebT zemoT ganxilul sakiTxebs, mivalT daskvnamde, rom
Tanamedrove
saxelmwifos
misi
winamorbedebisagan
gansxvavdeba
politikuri
organizaciis
rTuli
da
mravalferovani
formiT.
Tanamedrove
saxelmwifosTvis
damaxasiaTebelia
Semdegi
ZiriTadi
niSnebi:
- memkvidreobiToba (Continuity in time and space). xelisuflebis
cvlileba ar iwvevs saxelmwifo institutebis funqcionirebis
SeCerebas an Sewyvetas.
- transcendentuloba
(Transcendence).
saxelmwifo
warmoadgens
sazogadoebis politikuri organizaciis, umaRles formas. misi
uzenaesoba (transcendentuloba) erTnairad vrceldeba, rogorc
mmarTvis subieqtebze (marTvel organoebze), aseve mmarTvis
obieqtebze (moqalaqeebze).
- politikuri organizacia (Political organization). xelisuflebis
institutebi (mTavroba, parlamenti, sasamarTlo, biurokratia,
policia
da
sxva)
centralizebuli
marTvis
pirobebSi
koordinirebulad moqmedeben, ris Sedegadac iqmneba erTiani
saxelmwifo politikuri organizmi.
- xelisufleba
(Authority).
xelisufleba
misdami
rwmunebul
teritoriaze
inarCunebs
wesrigs
Zalovani
struqturebis
(policia, jari, uSiSroeba) meSveobiT. aRsaniSnavia, rom am
struqturebze monopolias mxolod saxelmwifo flobs.
- suvereniteti (Sovereignty). saxelmwifo suverenuli erTeulia, rac,
imaze miuTiTebs, rom misi iurisdiqcia vrceldeba mocemul
teritoriaze
da
mis
moqalaqeebze.
yvela
saxelmwifo
teritoriulia, rac imas niSnavs, rom mas gaaCnia saerTaSoriso
doneze aRiarebuli sazRvrebi.
- erTguleba (Allegiance). saxelmwifos normaluri funqcionirebis
safuZvels warmoadgens moqalaqeebis erTguleba (loialoba).
moqalaqe valdebulia daemorCilos saxelmwifo kanonebs. Tavis
mxriv, saxelmwifo icavs moqalaqis Rirsebas da usafrTxoebas
(Morris, 1998: 288-289 da Gill, 2003: 2-5)

127

IV Tavi
geopolitika
The politics of a state lies on its geography
Napoleon Bonaparte

saxelmwifos politika mis geografiaze gadis

napoleon bonaparte
geopolitikis cneba
geopolitika, rogorc mecniereba aRmocenda XIX-XX saukuneebis
mijnaze. termini "geopolitika" pirvelad gamoiyena Svedma mecnierma
rudolf Celenma, romelmac aRniSna, rom geopolitika aris doqtrina,
romelic saxelmwifos ganixilavs, rogorc geografiul organizms an
sivrciT fenomens (movlenas). misi ganmartebiT geopolitika saxelmwifos
geografiuli gonia.
geopolitikis mravali ganmarteba gvxvdeba. erT-erTis mixedviT

geopolitika aris mecniereba dedamiwisa da politikuri procesebis

urTierTobebis Sesaxeb.
sxva ganmartebis mixedviT geopolitika aris mecniereba, romelic
swavlobs saxelmwifos sagareo politikis formirebaSi geografiuli,
ekonomikuri da sxva faqtorebis gavlenas.
orive ganmartebidan Cans, rom geopolitika swavlobs saxelmwifos
gare samyarosTan mimarTebaSi da misi mTavari amocanaa gamoikvlios
saxelmwifos
saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebis
sivrciTi
aspeqtebi.
sxvagvarad, geopolitika aris saerTaSoriso sivrciT aRWurveli
Zalaufleba.
XIX s-is bolos da XX s-is dasawyisSi paralelurad mimdinareobda
ori erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli geopolitikuri skolis, kerZod
germanuli
organicizmis
da
anglo-amerikuli
geostrategiis
Camoyalibeba.
organicizmis skolis damaarsebeli da geografiuli determinizmis
mimdinareobis fuZemdebeli iyo germaneli geografi fridrix ratceli.59
is
Tavisi
msoflmxedvelobiT
evoluciis
darviniseuli
Teoriis
mimdevari iyo. aqedan gamomdinare, msoflios istoriis ganxilvisas igi
emxroboda im ideas, rom ama Tu im xalxis xasiaTze da Tvisebebze
gadamwyvet rols geografiuli garemo TamaSobda.
fridrix ratceli dedamiwas ganixilavs, rogorc erTian cocxal
organizms, romelic mudmivad icvleba. msoflios istoria misi azriT
dasabams iRebs im momentidan, rodesac adamianma daiwyo zRvis aTviseba.
supersaxelmwifoebad is ganixilavda im qveynebs, romlebic zRvaze
batonobdnen, kerZod romi, espaneTi, inglisi. ratceli, aseve did
yuradRebas
uTmobda
msoflios
klimatis
zegavlenas
xalxTa
59

fridrix ratceli (1844-1904). politikuri geografiis sulisCamdgeli. avtori

monografiebisa: politikuri geografia, "dedamiwa da sicocxle, SedarebiTi
dedamiwaTmcodneoba", "xalxTmcodneoba", "politikuri geografia", "antropogeografia".

128

ganviTarebaSi. man gamoyo adamianze klimatis zemoqmedebis sami ZiriTadi

faqtori:
adamianis sulier da fizikur mdgomareobaze gadamwyvet
zegavlenas axdens sinaTle, siTbo, naleqebi, temperatura, qarebi.
igi Tvlida, teniani hava adunebs adamians, im dros rodesac
mSrali klimati nervul sistemas aRizianebs. amis gamo,
ratcelis
azriT
gansxvavebuli
xasiaTi
aqvT,
frangebs,
romlebis cxovroben provansSi (xmelTaSuazRvispireTi) da
bretonels (atlantis okeanis sanapiro), Tundac texasels da
kaliforniels.
klimati, Tvlida ratceli ganapirobebs xalxTa gadasaxlebas.
kontinenturi hava adamianebs momTabare cxovrebisaken ubiZgebs,
magram sakmarisia isini moxvdnen zRvis havis pirobebSi, rom Tavs
anebeben momTabareobas da iqve saxldebian.
klimatze damokidebulia meurneobis tipi. islandiaSi, sadac
memcenareoba
ver
ganviTardeba
mosaxleobam
xeli
mihyo
mecxvareobas da meTevzeobas. amerikis samxreT StatebSi, sadac
modis Tambaqo da bamba ganviTarda monaTmflobeloba.
aucilebelia aRiniSnos, rom fridrix ratceli mniSvnelovan
dazustebas akeTebda zemoT aRniSnul wesis mimarT. igi miiCnevda, rom
rac ufro maRali ganviTarebis stadiaze imyofeboda xalxi, miT ufro
naklebi mniSvneloba eniWeboda klimatis zegavlenas meurneobis tipze an
gansaxlebis adgilze. temperaturuli cvalebadobebi dadebiT zegavlenas
axdens adamianTa organizmze, im dros, rodesac tropikuli klimati
(weliwadis nebismier dros aq erTnairi temperaturaa) adunebs da
amZimebs adamians.
naSromSi xalxTmcodneoba" germaneli mecnieri aviTarebs Teziss
imis Sesaxeb, rom adamianebis cxovrebis umniSvnelovanesi aspeqtebi:
Sroma, qorwineba, gadaadgileba da sxva mniSvnelovanwilad aris
damokidebuli im klimatur-geografiul garemoze, sadac isini cxovroben.
cxovrebis wesis meore mniSvnelovan faqtorad ratceli asaxelebs
kulturas. igi Tvlis, rom sadac ufro maRalia sazogadoebrivi
warmoebis kultura, miT ufro maRalia mosaxleobis raodenoba da
simWidrove.
ratceli miiCnevda, rom veluri xalxebi ganwiruli arian
daRupvisaTvis ori mizezis gamo, kerZod TviTlikvidaciisa da ufro
maRali kulturis zemoqmedebis gamo. es orive faqtori erTdroulad
moqmedebs. misi azriT, rom kultura ufro Tavisufals xdis adamians,
ers. amasTan, igi dasZenda, rom adamianis, eris bunebis zemoqmedebisagan
mTliani ganTavisufleba arasdros moxdeba. rac ufro maRalia
kulturis done, miT ufro naklebad aris damokidebuli adamiani, eri
bunebriv procesebze da miT ufro harmoniul kavSirSia igi bunebasTan.
Zalze mniSvnelovania, imis aRniSvna, rom fridrix ratceli Zalze
frTxilad ekideboda geografiuli determinizmisa da organicizmis
Teoriuli debulebebis idealizacias. is mianiSnebda, rom saxelmwifos
cocxal organizmTan Sedareba mxolod analogiaa da sxva araferi.
129

albaT, amiT SeiZleba aixsnas is faqti, rom ratcels

SeumuSavebia politikuri rekomendaciebi (Glassner: 1993: 224).

arasdros

rudolf Celeni60 (Rudolf Kjelln) Tavs ratcelis mimdevrad Tvlida.

geopolitikas Celeni miiCnevda politologiis nawilad. Celens miaCnda,
rom geopolitika aris mecniereba saxelmwifos, rogorc sivrceSi
ganviTarebul geografiuli organizmis Sesaxeb.
Celenis mTavari Tezisi imis Sesaxeb, rom saxelmwifo cocxali
organizmia emTxveva ratcelis analogiur ganmartebas. Tavis naSromSi
"saxelmwifo, rogorc cxovrebis forma" Celeni aRniSnavda: saxelmwifo
aris adamianis cxovrebis calkeuli mxareebis xelovnuri konglomerati,
romelic Sekowiwebulia kanonTa safuZvelze. mas istoriuli fesvebi
sakmaod Rrmad aqvs gadgmuli, xolo realobaSi misTvis, rogorc
adamianisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia tendencia zrdisaken. (Source)
Celenma wamoayena ekonomikuri ganviTarebis avtarqiulobis idea. is
amtkicebda,
rom
Zlieri
saxelmwifo
ekonomikuri
TvalsazrisiT
maqsimalurad TviTuzrunvelyofili unda yofili. Tu, qveyana garkveuli
nedleulis deficits ganicdida, am SemTxvevaSi, mas es danaklisi
koloniuri an vasaluri teritoriebis xarjze unda Seevso.
Celenma
gaaanaliza
ra
kapitalizmis,
kerZod
saxelmwifomonopolisturi kapitalizmis ganviTarebis procesi da pirveli msoflio
omis
Sedegebi
ivarauda,
rom
germaniaSi
adgili
eqneboda
parlamentarizmis likvidacias da diqtaturis Camoyalibebas. gamodis,
rom germaniaSi nacizmis gamarjveba man didi xniT adre iwinaswarmetyela.
ratcelisgan
gansxvavebiT,
romelic
saxelmwifos
dabali
ganviTarebis biologiur organizmebs adarebda, Celens miaCnda, rom
saxelmwifo
maRalganviTarebuli
organizmia,
romelic
rogorc
nebismieri moazrovne biologiuri arseba ibrZvis arsebobisaTvis. am
brZolaSi, Celenis azriT moqmedebs bunebrivi gadarCevis principi, e.i.
man geopolitikaSi socialuri darvinizmis principi Semoitana. Celenis
azriT buneba mimdinareobs brZola arsebobisaTvis, xolo politikaSi
brZola sivrcisaTvis.
Celeni ratcelis msgavsad miiCnevda, rom saxelmwifos brZola
sivrcisaTvis aris gamowveuli bunebrivi motivaciiT. Tu saxelmwifom ar
gaifarTova sasicocxlo sivrce, maSin is aRmoCndeba sxva saxelmwifos
agresiis subieqti. ers, Celeni ganixilavda, rogorc saxelmwifos suls
da miuTiTebda, rom erovnuli homogenuroba xels uwyobda saerTo
kulturis, identobisa da faseulobebis Camoyalibebas (Chapman, 2011: 17).
CelenisTvis saxelmwifos arsebobis umTavres pirobaa Zala. misi
azriT, Zala ufro mniSvnelovania vidre kanoni, radgan, Tu kanonis ukan
Zala ar dgas is ver aRsruldeba. saxelmwifo unda ganaxorcielebdes
aqtiur policiur funqcias. es idea disonansSi modioda im droisaTvis
sakmaod popularul liberal-demokratiul ideebTan. kerZod, liberali
demokratiis mixedviT saxelmwifo emsaxureba xalxis keTildReobis
ideas da ara piriqiT, ris gamoc saxelmwifos policiuri funqciebi
sakmaod SezRuduli unda iyos. sxvaTaSoris, Celenis idea saxelmwifos
60

rudolf Celeni (1864-1922) - Svedi politologi, upsalas universitetis profesori.

1899 w. erT-erT Sevedur JurnalSi gamoqveynebul statiaSi man pirvelma ixmara termini
geopolitika. misi umniSvnelovanesi naSromebia saxelmwifo, rogorc organizmi (1916
w.) da saxelmwifo, rogorc cxovrebis forma.

130

gadametebuli policiuri uflebebis Sesaxeb mogvianebiT ganaxorcieles

bolSevikebma, rac saboloo jamSi imaSi gadaizarda, rom saxelmwifo ki
ar arsebobda xalxisaTvis, aramed piriqiT - xalxi saxelmwifosaTvis.
germaniis magaliTze, Celenma ganaviTara idea kontinenturi
saxelmwifos Sesaxeb. misi azriT, evropaSi RerZis funqcias germania
asrulebda. mas upirispirdebodnen safrangeTi (aseve kontinenturi tipis
saxelmwifo) da sazRvao supersaxelmwifo inglisi. amis mizezad, Celens
is faqti esaxeboda, rom germaneli (rusebis msgavsad) eri axalgazrdaa,
xolo ingliselebi da frangebi ki Zveli erebi arian.
pirveli msoflio omis dasrulebisa da versalis xelSekrulebis
dadebis Semdeg rudolf Celenma Camoayaliba globaluri geopolitikis
ganmsazRvreli
sami
geografiuli
faqtori:
teritoriuli
zrda,
teritoriuli mdgradoba da gadaadgilebis Tavisufleba.
Celenis azriT, inglisisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo gadaadgilebisa
(Zlieri flotis gamo) da teritoriuli zrdis SesaZlebloba (didi
raodenobis koloniebi), magram mis teritoriebs aklda mdgradoba,
radgan
inglisis
koloniebi
gabneuli
iyo
mTel
msoflioSi.
sapirispirod, ruseTs gaaCnda teritoriuli mdgradoba, radgan misi
koloniebi birTvis (metropolis) garSemo mdebareobdnen, garda amisa
ruseTi flobda uzarmazar teritorias, magram mas ar gaaCnda Tbil
zRvebze gasasvleli, Sesabamisad SezRuduli iyo gadaadgilebaSi.
1917 w. germanul enaze gamoica Celenis monografia saxelmwifo,
rogorc organizmi. am droisTvis ukve naTeli iyo, rom germania oms
agebda. miuxedavad amisa, Celenis ideebi saxelmZRvanelod iqca omis
Semdegomi
periodis
germaneli
revanSistebisTvis.
organicizmis,
Celeniseuli xedva popularuli gaxda 1920-30-iani wlebis iaponiasa da
italiaSic (Glassner: 1993: 224-225).
organicizmis Teoriis paralelurad, did britaneTsa da aSS-Si
viTardeboda
geostrategiis
samecniero-praqtikuli
skola.
misi
61
mamamTavri iyo amerikeli alfred meheni (Alfred Mahan) . geografdeterministebisgan
gansxvavebiT
mehenma
yuradReba
ara
imdenad
saxelmwifos arsisa da ganviTarebis Seswavlas dauTmo, aramed
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Taviseburebebis kvlevas da amerikis
mTavrobisTvis Sesabamisi politikuri rekomendaciebis SemuSavebas.
meheni Tavis kvlevebSi mivida daskvnamde, rom msoflioSi
gadamwyveti gavlenis mopoveba mxolod sazRvao superZalisTvis aris
xelmisawvdomi. misi azriT, vaWrobis da biznesis ganviTarebisTvis
sakmarisi ar iyo mxolod satransporto flotis arseboba. aucilebeli
iyo Zlieri samxedro flotiliis Seqmna da misi meSveobiT msoflios
sxvadasxva
kuTxeebSi
samxedro
placdarmebis
daarseba.
mehenma
Camoayaliba 6 faqtori, romelic gansazRvravs qveynis Talosokratiul
e.i. sazRvao siZlieres. es faqtorebia:

geografiuli mdebareoba. gaaCnia, Tu ara qveyanas zRvaze

(okeaneze) gasasvleli. rac ufro met zRvaze (okeaneze) gadis
miT ukeTesia. mniSvnelovania, rom qveyana mdebareobdes ZiriTad
61

alfred meheni (1840-1914 ww.) iyo sazRvao istorikosi, mwerali da aSS-is sazRvao
Zalebis admirali. man dawera 20-mde wigni, romelTa Soris umTavresia sazRvao Zalis
gavlena msoflios istoriaze: 1660-1783 ww. da sazRvao Zalis gavlena msoflios
istoriaze: safrangeTis revolucia da imperia, 1793-1812 ww.

131

sanaosno gzebTan, sxva SemTxvevaSi am gzebis siaxloves mas

samxedro bazebi unda gaaCndes.
sanapiros bunebriv-geografiuli xasiaTi. rogoria qveynis
sanapiro zolis konfiguracia? ramdeni mdinare Caedineba
zRvaSi? radmenad gamosadegia es mdinareebi sanaosnod?
sasurvelia, rom sanapiro zoli SeWril-SemoWrili iyos
ubeebiT, yureebiT, sruteebiT da
is
daqsaqsuli iyos
navigaciisTvis gamosadegi mdinareebiT. mniSvnelovania, rom
bunebrivi landSafti qmnides sanapiro zolis samxedro
Tavdacvis xelsayrel pirobebs.
sanapiro zolis sigrZe. grZeli sanapiro zoli kargia
meTevzeobis da vaWrobis ganviTarebisTvis, magram is rTuli
dasacavia gareSe agresiis SemTxvevaSi.
mosaxleobis raodenoba. mosaxleobis ricxovnoba qveynis
sazRvao siZlieris pirdapirproporciulia.
erovnuli xasiaTi. xalxi mowodebuli unda iyos naosnobis
ganviTarebisTvis.
mTavrobis pozicia. qveynis mTavroba unda avlendes keTil
nebas naosnobas ganviTarebis saqmeSi. qveynis xelisufleba
prioritets unda aniWebdes Talosokratiuli saxelmwifos
mSeneblobas (Glassner, 1993: 225).

meheni Zalze didi yuradRebas uTmobda aziaSi mimdinare movlenebis

analizs. jer kidev XIX s-is bolos is mivida daskvnamde, rom ruseTi
Seecdeboda CineTze da aqedan gamomdinare, wynari okeanis mTel
aRmosavleT
sanapiroze
kontrolis
mopovebas.
man,
aseve
iwinaswarmetyvela,
rom
ruseTs
am
ideis
xorcSesxmaSi
did
winaaRmdegobas gauwevdnen didi britaneTi, germania, aSS da iaponia.
mehenma aRiareba moipova, aramarto, rogorc Teoretikosma, aramed,
rogorc praqtikosmac. misi politikuri rekomendaciebi moicavda Zalze
mniSvnelovan geostrategiul aspeqtebs. meheni daJinebiT urCevda amerikis
mTavrobas, rom SemoierTebina havais kunZulebi, gavlena moepovebina
karibis zRvis auzis qveynebze, gaeyvana srute, romelic daakavSirebda
atlantisa
da
wynar
okeaneebs.
prezident
Teodor
ruzveltis
administraciam
gaiTvaliswina
da
ganaxrocila
misi
ramdenime
rekomendacia. alfred mehenis naSromebi didi popularobiT sargeblobda,
ara marto aSS-Si, aramed iaponiaSi, germaniaSi da did britaneTSi.
geostrategiis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani warmomadgeneli iyo
helford makinderi (Halford Mackinder)62. is mehenze gacilebiT axalgazrda
iyo da misi moRvaweobis wlebi sarkinigzo transportis bums daemTxva.
62

helford makinderi (1861-1947 ww.) ingliseli lordi. oqsforis universitetis

geografiis profesori da londonis ekonomikis skolis direqtori. 1920-1922 ww. inglisis parlamentis wevri, xolo 1920-1945 ww. - didi britaneTis imperiuli sanaosno
komitetis Tavmjdomare. misi avtorobiT Seiqmna umniSvnelovanesi monografiebi, maT
Soris: istoriis geografiuli RerZi (1904w.), "demokratiuli idealebi da realobebi"
(1919 w.) da sferosebri msoflio da mSvidobis mopoveba (1943 w.).

132

rkinigzis swrafma ganviTarebam mniSvnelovnad Secvala ZalTa balansi

sazRvao (Talosokratiul) da saxmeleTo (Telulokratiul) qveynebs
Soris am ukanasknelis sasargeblod. makinderi, mehenis msgavsad, sazRvao
siZlieris apologeti iyo, magram, rogorc Wkviani mecnieri, is droulad
mixvda, rom XIX saukune ukve istorias Cabarda da axal saukuneSi
sazRvao saxelmwifoebs upiratesobis SenarCunebisaTvis daWirdebodaT
Tvisebrivad axali geopolitikuri xedvisa da strategiis SemuSaveba.
makinderma, rogorc geografma yuradReba miaqcia im faqts, rom XX
saukuneSi, saxmeleTo, upirveles yovlisa sarkinigzo transporti
saSualebas miscemda mTel rig qveynebs, rom maqsimalurad aeTvisebinaT
maT xelT arsebuli mineraluri da sxva saxis resursebi. am mxriv,
makinderis azriT, yvelaze didi potenciali evrazias gaaCnda. garda
amisa, makinderi did mniSvnelobas aniWebda regionis (qveynis) mdebarobas.
is amtkicebda, rom centraluri mdebareoba aris yvelaze xelsayreli
geografiuli mdebareoba. cneba "centraluri mdebareoba" fardobiTia.
naSromSi "dedamiwis geografiuli RerZi" (1904 w.) makinderma dedamiwa
dayo geopolitikur zonebad (teritoriebad). misi azriT, dedamiwis
geografiul RerZs warmoadgenda evraziis kontinenti. mogvianebiT
makinderma gadasinja pirvandeli koncefcia, garkveuli cvlilebebi
Seitana masSi da rac mTavaria geografiuli RerZis nacvlad ixmara
termini parTlendi, romelic dRemde farTod gamoiyeneba. harTlendi
makinderis mixedviT evraziis centrSi mdebarobs da am mdebareobis gamo
aris yvelaze xelsayreli teritoria, saidanac SesaZlebelia globaluri
gavlenis mopoveba.
makinders miaCnda, rom ukanaskneli ori aTaswleulis manZilze
harTlendi,
rogorc
geopolitikuri
zona
cvlilebas
ganicdida.
feodalur epoqaSi harTlendi moicavda central azias, saidanac
xdeboda barbarosuli tomebis mier "civilizebuli" xalxebis dapyroba.
Tavdapirvelad amiT dakavebuli iyvnen alanebi da hunebi, xolo
mogvianebiT monRolebi. makinderi akeTebs daskvnas, rom evropuli
civilizaciis formireba moxda am barbarosuli tomebis winaaRmdeg
brZolis procesSi da, Sesabamisad evropis ganviTarebaze gadamwyveti
zegavlena swored aziam iTamaSa.
didi geografiuli aRmoCenebis Semdeg msoflioSi Seicvala ZalTa
balansi. wina planze gamovidnen sazRvao saxelmwifoebi: portugalia,
espaneTi, holandia, safrangeTi, inglisi. XX saukunis dasawyisidan kvlav
icvleba msoflios geopolitikuri balansi da mTavar rols politikur
procesebSi isev kontinenturi saxelmwifoebi TamaSobdnen. harTlendis
sazRvrebi gaizarda, radgan sazRvao saxelmwifoebs ar SeeZloT didi
kontinenturi
teritoriebis
kolonizacia.
amis
gamo
harTlendis
teritoria izrdeba da vrceldeba aRmosavleT evropidan wynar okeanemde.
harTlendi, romelsac sxvanairad "centralur materiksac" uwodebdnen,
moicavda aRmosavleT evropis nawils (ruseTis evropuli nawili),
kavkasias, centralur azias, cimbirs da aRmosavleT azias. harTlends
esazRvreboda
teritoria,
romelsac
makinderma
uwoda
"Sida
naxevarmTvare" (dasavleT evropa, axlo aRmosavleTi, samxreT da samxreTaRmosavleT azia). da bolos, "gare naxevarmTvare" ("msoflio kunZuli"),
romelic moicavda orive amerikas, didi britaneTs, iaponias, afrikas da
okeaneTs.
XX saukunemde, zemoT naxsenebi samive zonis qveynebs Soris
erTgvari balansi arsebobda, radgan teqnologiis da gansakuTrebiT
133

satransporto saSualebebis ganviTarebis done jer ar iZleoda didi

teritoriebis dapyrobisa da maTi gakontrolebis saSualebas. magram XX
s. samrewvelo bumma, rac upirveles yovlisa axali tipis satransporto
saSualebebis Seqmnaze aisaxa, mniSvnelovani zegavlena iqonia msoflioSi
mimdinare politikur procesebze. makinderi miiCnevda, rom an situaciaSi
gaZlierdeboda ori kontinenturi saxelmwifo: ruseTi da germania. imis
gamo, rom ruseTi flobda did geografiul sivrces da bunebriv
resursebs misi perspeqtiva gansakuTrebuli iyo. makinderi fiqrobda, rom
momavali brZola msoflios batonobaze ruseTsa da ingliss Soris
warimarTeboda. es ideebi makinderma Camoayaliba mis axal naSromSi
"demokratiuli idealebi da realobebi", romelic 1919 wels Seiqmna. am
naSromSi vxvdebiT koncefcias, romelic mogvianebiT aforizmad iqca:

is vinc flobs aRmosavleT evropas, "centralur materiksac"

daeufleba;

is vinc gabatonebulia centralur materikze, msoflio

kunZulzec gabatondeba;

is
vinc
marTavs
msoflio
kunZuls,
mTel
msoflios
daepatroneba.
1924 w. makinderma wamoayena
hipoTeza, romlis mixedviTac
harTlends dabalanseba xelewifeboda mxolod Sua (midlendis) okeanes,
ase uwodebda is CrdiloeT atlantikas. mas miaCnda, rom dasavleT
evropelebi da amerikelebi warmoadgendnen erTa erTobas, xolo maTi
gansaxlebis areals (sabWoTa kavSiridan wynari okeanis dasavleT
sanapiromde) man uwoda dasavluri civilizaciis mTavari geografiuli
sacxovrisi (habitati).
1943 wels makinderi aqveynebs monografias, sadac asaxulia is
realobebi, romlebic meore msoflio omis mimdinareobisas gamoikveTa.
man harTlendis axali sazRvrebi daadgina, rolebic daemTxva sabWoTa
kavSiris
sazRvrebs.
misi
azriT,
uaxloes
momavalSi
msoflio
harTlendsa da gare naxevarmTvaris saxelmwifoebs Soris axali
dapirispirebis mowme gaxdeboda. am dapirispirebis beds mniSvnelovnad
gadawyvetda is, Tu vis miemxroboda "Sida naxevarmTvare" (Glassner, 1993:
226-227).
makinderis Teoriis ZiriTadi Tezisebi SeiZleba Camoyalibdes
Semdegnairad:

geografiul faqtorebs uSualo zegavlena aqvT istoriis

msvlelobaze;

geografiuli
mdebareoba
mniSvnelovanwilad
ganapirobebs
saxelmwifos siZlieresa Tu sisustes;

teqnikur
progress
koreqtivebi
Seaqvs
saxelmwifoTa
"moqmedebis arealebis" geografiaSi; am progresis Sedegebi
gansxvavebulia qveynebis mixedviT.

evrazia warmoadgens globaluri politikuri procesebis

centrs.

134

makinderis naSromebma didi roli iTamaSa geopolitikuri azris

ganviTarebis mxriv. miuxedavad amisa, naTlad Cans maTi susti mxareebic.
ingliselma mecnierma jerovnad ver Seafasa aSS-is potenciali da ar
miiCnevda mas momaval msoflio liderad. globaluri Zalauflebis
msjelobisas is gansakuTrebul aqcents sazRvao Zalebze akeTebda,
amasTan,
mxedvelobidan
gamorCa
sahaero
siZlieris
mniSvneloba.
makinderi, Tavisi epoqis pirmSo iyo da mis msoflmxedvelobaSi
geografiuli determinizmis ideebi dominirebs.
makinders sicocxleSive bevri kritikosi yavda. maT Soris
gamoirCeoda nikolas spiqmeni63 (Nicolas Spykman). iyo amerikeli mecnieri,
romelic moRvaweobda am saukunis pirvel naxevarSi. spiqmenisaTvis
geopolitika iyo ara mecniereba, aramed efeqturi saerTaSoriso
politikis SemuSavebis analitikuri xerxi.
spiqmeni Tvlida, rom makinderna gadaafasa momTabare tomebis
zegavlena "Sida naxevarmTvaris" (Rimland) formirebaze. es ukanaskneli
spiqmenis azriT TavisTavad Camoyalibda. spiqmeni, aseve ar eTanxmeboda
makinders harTlendis sakiTxSic. is amtkicebda, rom harTlendi
Camoyalibda sazRvao zolidan wamosuli politikuri
impulsebis
xarjze da ara piriqiT. spiqmeni makinderisagan gansxvavebiT Tvlida, rom
harTlends flobs is vinc flobs rimlends da ara piriqiT.
spiqmenma Camoayaliba saxelmwifos geopolitikuri siZlieris
gansazRvris 10 Semdegi kriteriumi:

teritoriis sidide;

sazRvrebis xasiaTi;

mosaxleobis raodenoba;

finansuri siZliere;

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis done;

wiaRiseuli simdidreebi;

eTnikuri erTgvaroba;

socialuri integraciis done;

politikuri stabiluroba;

erovnuli xasiaTi.
garda amisa, spiqmenma geopolitikaSi Semoitana termini "Sida
okeane", rac igivea, rac Sida zRva. misi azriT atlantis okeane Sida
okeanes warmoadgenda im aliansisTvis, romelsac man atlantikuri
kontingenti uwoda. masSi Semaval qveynebs aerTianebdaT (da dResac
aerTianebT) dasavleT evropul liberalur ideologiaze aRmocenebuli
saerTo kultura da demokratiuli Rirebulebebi da, aqedan gamomdinare
saerTo samxedro-politikuri miznebi. spiqmenis mixedviT atlantikuri
kontingentis goni dasavleT evropa da amerikis aRmosavleT sanapiro
iyo, upirveles yovlisa, ki niu-iorki, xolo am aliansis mamoZravebeli
Zala ki - aSS. spiqmenma iwinaswarmetyvela, rom momavalSi evropis roli
63

nikolas spiqmeni (1893-1943 ww.) daibada niderlandebSi. daamTavra berklis

univeristeti. 1920 w. gaxda ielis universitetis saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa
profesori. misi cnobili naSromebia: amerikis strategia msoflio politikaSi (1942 w.)
da mSvidobis geografia (1944 w.)

135

msoflios politikaSi daknindeboda da igi amerikis samxedropolitikuri da ekonomikuri danamati gaxdeboda.

spiqmeni politikaSi Zalis gamoyenebis momxre iyo da miiCnevda, rom
atlantikurma kontingentma CrdiloeT afrikisa da aziis sanapiro zoli
rkalSi unda moaqcios da is Tavisi gavlenis sferoSi moaqcios.
geopolitikaSi amas anakondas strategias (meTods) uwodeben (Rix, 2010:41).
xalxTa TviTgamorkvevis principis realizaciaSi mniSvnelovani
roli iTamaSa amerikelma geografma da diplomatma aizia boumenma64
(Isaiah Bowman). makinderisgan gansxvavebiT mas sjeroda, rom msoflio
wesrigis
saukeTeso
saSualebas
mravalricxovan
saxelmwifoTa
Tanamegobroba warmoadgenda. is mxars uWerda erTa ligis Seqmnas, radgan
miaCnda, rom swored supranacionalur organizacias xelewifeboda
zogadad saxelmwifoTa, maT Soris patara da ganviTarebadi qveynebis,
aseve eTnikuri umciresobebis uflebaTa dacva. versalis (parizis) 1918
wlis kongresze boumeni mniSvneloavn figuras warmoadgenda, radgan is
iyo prezident vudrou vilsonis mTavari mrCeveli teritoriul
sakiTxebSi. parizis saboloo dokumentSi amerikis delegaciis poziciam
mniSvnelovani asaxva hpova, raSic lomis wili aizia boumens miuZRoda.
XX
saukunis
20-ian
wlebSi
safuZveli
Caeyara
germaniis
geopolitikur skolas. am skolis damaarsebeli da ideuri xelmZRvaneli
iyo geografi da generali karl haushoferi (Karl Haushofer). samecniero
literaturaSi es skola dRemde germanuli transkrifciiT, kerZod
Geopolitik moixsenieba. amas ZiriTadi mizezi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom
haushoferis da misi mimdevrebis TanamSromlobam germaniis nacistur
mTavrobasTan uaRresad uaryofiTi daRi daasva am skolas. ufro metic,
meore msoflio omis Semdeg geopolitika crumecnierebad gamocxadda da
amaSi damsaxureba swored germanuli Geopolitik warmomadgenlebs
miuZRviT.
1924 w. haushoferma daarsa yovelTviuri Jurnali Zeitschrift fur
Geopolitik, sadac ibeWdeboda pronacisturi publikaciebi, reportaJebi,
rukebic
ki.
Geopolitik
warmoadgenda
skolas,
romlis
ZiriTadi
daniSnuleba iyo nacionalur-socialisturi ideebis da germaniis mier
warmoebuli dapyrobiTi omebis mecnieruli argumentacia. sinamdvileSi am
skolas bevri araferi akavSirebda samecniero saqmianobasTan. is ufro
saagitiacio-propagandistul centrs SeiZleba SevadaroT. haushoferma
Tavis naSromebSi gamoiyena, erTi mxriv, ratcelisa da Celenis
organicizmis, meroe mxriv, mehenisa da makinderis geostrategiis
koncefciebi da isini nacistur-Sovinisturi ideebiT gaazava (Glassner, 1993:
228). Geopolitik-is skolis warmomadgenelTa naSromebsa da publikaciebSi
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eTmoboda ratcelis sasicocxlo sivrcis da
Celenis avtarqiulobis konceftebs.

64

aizia boumeni (1878-1950 ww.) kanadaSi dabadebuli amerikeli mecnieri da saxelmwifo

moRvawe. amerikis geografiuli sazogadoebis direqtiri. 1918 w. parizis kongresze
amerikis delegaciis wamyvani specialisti teritoriul sakiTxebSi. II msoflio omis
dros aSS-is saxelmwifo departamentis mrCeveli teritoriul sakiTxebSi. misi yvelaze
mniSvnelovani naSromia axali msoflio-problemebi politikur geografiaSi (1921 w.).

136

karl haushoferma ganavrco "rkinis kaizeris" oto bismarkis ideebi.

haushoferi, rogorc bismarki Tvlida, rom germaniis kavSirs iaponiasa da
ruseTTan gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eqneboda sazRvao saxelmwifoebTan
dapirispirebaSi.
haushoferma
da
misi
skolis
warmomadgenlebma
SeimuSaves "didi sivrcis" Teoria. am Teoriis Tanaxmad, msoflioSi
arsebobda ori dapirispirebuli Zala: anglo-amerikuli da kontinenturi
(ruseTi, iaponia, germania). pirveli Zala cdilobda gafarToebuliyo
geografiuli
paralelebis
mimarTulebiT
dasavleTidan
aRmosavleTisaken.
xolo meore Zala Seecdeboda gafarToebas
CrdiloeTidan samxreTisaken. haushoferi varaudobda, rom amerika
Seecdeboda aRmosavleT naxevarsferoSi eqspansias da germaneli
mecnieris azriT kontinenturi saxelmwifoebi amas win unda aRdgomodnen.
germanias, kerZod unda gaevrcelebina Tavisi gavlena afrikaze, ruseTs axlo aRmosavleTsa da centralur aziaze, xolo samxreT-aRmosavleT
aziaSi iaponiis mecadineobiT unda Camoyalibebuliyo usafrTxoebis
zona. aSS-s geopolitikuri gavlena gavrceldeboda centralur da
samxreT
amerikaze..
haushofers
miaCnda,
rom aRniSnuli
ideebis
raliazaciisTvis aucilebeli iyo moskovi-berlini-tokios kontinenturi
blokis Seqmna.
Geopolitik germaniis garda mxolod iaponiaSi iyo popularuli. sxva
qveynebSi misdami damokidebuleba, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi indeferentuli,
umetesad ki mkacrad uaryofiTi iyo. Geopolitik-is skola daiSala
nacisturi germaniis dacemaTan erTad.
XX saukunis meore naxevarSi geopolitikuri Teoriebisa da
koncefciebis
SemuSavebaSi
imZlavres
anglo-amerikuli
skolis
warmomadgenlebma, romlebmac ganaviTares makinderisa da spiqmenis
ideebi. germanuli geopolitikuri skolis warmomadgenlebi meore
msoflio omSi germaniis damarcxebis gamo CrdilSi moeqcnen. aman
gamoiwvia kontinenturi evropis geopolitikuri azris dasusteba.
aRsaniSnavia, rom wina saukunis 50-iani wlebis Suamde evropaSi adgili
ar hqonia ramdenadme Rirebuli geopolitikuri koncefciis an doqtrinis
SemuSaveba-realizacias. amiT SesaniSnavad isargebla amerikam da evropas
Tavs moaxvia Tavisi geopolitikuri kursi. amis naTeli dadasturebaa
Crdilo-atlantikuri aliansis (nato) Seqmna.
meore msoflio omis Semdeg amerikis geostrategiis samecniero
skolam gansakuTrebuli aqcenti sahaero siZliereze gaakeTa. am
mimarTulebis
pionerad
miCneulia
cnobili
amerikeli
mfrinavi,
gamomgonebeli, biznesmeni da moazrovne aleqsander de severski (Alexander
de Seversky).65 jer kidev 1940-ian wlebSi de severski gamovida sahaero
bazebis masobrivi mSeneblobis ideiT. mas miaCnda, rom amerikas da
kanadas sahaero Tavdacvis ZiriTadi xazi unda gadiodes ara atlantis an
wynari okeaneebis sanapiroebze, aramed Crdilo yinulovani okeanis
65

aleqsander de severski (1894-1974 ww.) diabada ruseTSi. mfrinavad msaxurobda

ruseTis flotSi. 1917 wlis ruseTi socialisturi revoluciis Semdeg sacxovreblad
amerikaSi gadavida. 1927 w. gamoigona bombdamSenis pirveli avtomaturi samizne. rogorc
mfrinavs, damyarebuli aqvs araerTi sahaero rekordi. iyo aviokompania Republican Aviation
Corporation damaarsebeli da mflobeli. mis kalams ekuTvnis monografiebi: gamarjvebis
miRweva sahaero Zalis meSveobiT (1942 w.) da sahaero siZliere: gadarCenis mTavari
saSualeba (1950 w.).

137

sanapirosTan. aseTi daskvnis argumenti efuZneboda im geografiul faqts,

rom ruseTidan aSS-mde umoklesi gza CrdiloeT polusze gadis. am
rekomendaciis safuZvelze aSS-ma da kanadam alaskisa da CrdiloeT
kanadis teritoriaze Seqmnes haersawinaaRmdego saradaro da saaviacio
bazebis sameSeloniani sakmaod ZviradRirebuli sistema (Glassner, 1993: 250).
de severski amtkicebda, rom sahaero Zalebis zrdasTan erTad aSS-s
aRar dasWirdeboda mcire omebis warmoeba da ucxoeTSi ganlagebuli
ZvradRirebuli samxedro bazebis SenarCuneba. misi azriT amerikas unda
ezruna ufro TavdacviTi, vidre Semtevi samxedro sistemis Seqmnaze.
Tumca,
misi
amerikuli
cixesimagris
koncefciam
amerikeli
politikosebis da samxedroebis mxardaWera ver moipova (iqve: 251).
civi omis pirobebSi evropam TandaTanobiT auRo alRo axal
realobebs
da
mivida
im
daskvnamde,
rom
dadga
kardinaluri
gadawyvetilebebis miRebis dro, radgan sxva SemTxvevaSi is msoflio
politikuri arenis periferiaze aRmoCndeboda. axali evropuli ideebi
germaniasa da safrangeTSi aRmocenda. 1951 w. Seiqmna qvanaxSirisa da
foladis evropuli gaerTianeba (qfeg) (ECSC European Coal and Steel
Community). masSi gawevriandnen germaniis federaciuli respublika (gfr),
belgia, niderlandebi, luqsemburgi, safrangeTi da italia. 1954 w.
germaniis kanclerma konrad adenauerma wamoayena erTiani evropis idea.
is miuTiTebda, rom evropas mxolod am gziT SeeZlo SeenarCunebina
Tavisufleba da usafrTxoeba. ukve 1957 w. qfeg-is qveynebma daarses
evropis ekonomikuri Tanamegobroba (EEC European Economic Community). amiT
safuZveli Caeyara evrokavSiris Seqmnis ideas. safrangeTSi evropuli
integraciis ideis ganviTarebasTan izrdeboda anti-amerikuli ganwyobebi.
prezident Sarl de golis iniciativiT safrangeTi nato-dan gamovida
(de-faqto 1959 w.,
de-iure 1966 w.) da daiwyo damoukidebeli
geopolitikuri kursis realizacia. safrangeTma gaaZliera urTierTobebi
sabWoTa kavSirTan da germaniasTan. de gols miaCnda, rom momavalSi
atlantikidan uralamde unda Camoyalibebuliyo erTiani evropuli
sivrce. ase Caisaxa evropuli kontinentalizmis koncefcia.
paralelurad viTardeboda amerikuli geopolitikuri skola. civi
omis warmoeba moiTxovda axali geostrategiis SemuSavebas. 1960-ian
wlebSi amerikeli geopolitikosebi pirobiTad or jgufad gaiyvnen. maTi
erTi
nawili
miiCnevda,
rom
aRmosavleTze
(igulisxmeboda
socialisturi banaki da gansakuTrebiT sabWoTa kavSiri) gamarjveba
SesaZlebeli iqneboda masTan radikaluri dapirispirebis (samxedro
dapirispirebis CaTvliT) gziT. mecnierTa meore nawili ki gamodioda am
ori ideologiuri sistemis daaxlovebis anu konvergenciis ideiT. am
ukanasknelis momxreebma Seqmnes axali doqtrina, romelic cnobilia
geopolitikuri
mondializmis
anu
axali
msoflio
wesrigis
saxelwodebiT.
imavdroulad,
evropaSi
prioritetuli
gaxda
kontinentalizmis da axalma memarjveneobis ideologia.
zemT aRniSnul periodSi nikolas spiqmenis mimdevrebma ganavrces
maTi maswavleblis naazrevi da masSi garkveuli koreqtivebi Seitanes.
amerikelma politologma sol koenma (Saul Cohen)66 msoflio dayo oTx
Semdeg geopolitikur regionad:
66

sol koeni amerikeli geografi. harvardis, Semdeg hanter kolejis profesori. quinz
kolejis moqmedi sapatio prezidenti. geopolitikis sferoSi misi cnobili naSromebia:
geografia da politika danawevrebul msoflioSi (1974 w), msoflio sistemis

138

zRvispira regionebi, mkveTrad gamoxatuli sazRvao orientaciiT

da, romlebsac gaaCniaT floti da portebi;
kontinenturi
birTvi,
romelic
daSorebulia
sazRvao
regionebisagan;
uwyveti sartyeli zRvispira regionebisa, romlebsac ar gaaCniaT
Camoyalibebuli sazRvao orientacia;
sxva, geopolitikuri TvalsazrisiT damoukidebeli regionebi.

henri kisinjerma (Henry Kissinger),67 cnobilma amerikelma diplomatma

da mecnierma, gamoiyena koenis idea, romlis mixedviTac evraziaSi
arsebobs uwyveti sartyeli sazRvao regionebisa, romlebsac ar gaaCniaT
Camoyalibebuli sazRvao orientacia da Camoayaliba axali koncefcia.
misi azriT, amerikis sagareopolitikuri strategia mowodebuli unda
yofiliyo, rom gaerTianebina evraziis danawevrebuli sazRvao zoli da
igi
sakuTari
kontrolisaTvis
daeqvemdebarebina.
amerikas
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqcia im saxelmwifoebisaTvis,
romlebic
harTlendisaken
ixrebodnen
an
neitralur
politikas
ganaxorcielebdnen. es rTuli amocana iyo, radgan civi omis periodSi
amerikis administracia sagareo politikaSi ZiriTadad Sekavebis
politikis principebiT xelmZRvanelobda, romelsac yovelTvis dadebiTi
Sedegebi
ver
mohqonda,
gansakuTrebiT
ganviTarebad
qveynebTan
mimarTebaSi. kisinjeris rCeviT prezidentma riCard niqsonma ufro
moqnili gaxada amerikis sagareopolitikuri meTodebi. kerZod, man
mimarTa maTraxisa da Taflakveris politikas. es imas niSnavda, rom
erTi qveynis winaaRmdeg amerikas SeeZlo ganexorcielebina saomari
moqmedebebi, magram sxvasTan (mag., CineTTan) ganaviTarebda ekonomikur
TanamSromlobas.
Teoriuli
TvalsazrisiT
kisinjerma
gamoiyena
realuri politikis (Realpolitik)68 anu politikuri realizmis
midgomebi, romelsic aSS-is sagareo politikaSi manamade naklebi
yuradReba eqceoda. Realpolitik-is Zlieri mxare imaSi mdgomareobs, rom
misi ganxorcielebis dros naklebi yuradReba eqceva politikur
moralsa da ideologiur faseulobebs. politikuri realizmis mTavari
amocanaa miRweul iqnas qveynis erovnuli interesebidan gamomdinare
konkretuli mizani, Tundac es ewinaaRmdegebodes qveynis ZiriTad
ideologiur principebs. amgvari politika SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas
moklevadian perspeqtivaSi romelime miznis miRwevis TvalsazrisiT.
realuri politikis grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi gamoyeneba safrTxes
uqmnis qveynis faseulobaTa sistemas (realuri politikis erT-erTi
istoriuli magaliTi aRwerilia # CanarTSi, ix. gv.).
geopolitika (2002 w.) da geopolitika: saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa geografia (2008
w.).
67
henri kisinjeri amerikeli mecnieri da diplomati. daibada germaniaSi 1923 w.
nobelis premiis laureati (1973 w.). aSS-is prezidentebis niqsonisa da fordis
administraciaSi msaxurobda saxelmwifo mdivnis erovnuli uSiSroebis mrCevlis
postze. misi yvelaze cnobili naSromia: diplomatia (1994 w).
68
termini Realpolitik XIX s.-is SuaSi samecniero xmarebaSi Semoitana germanelma
mecnierma ludvig fon roSem (Ludwig von Rochau). am mimarTulebis didi motrfiale iyo
nikolas makiaveli. realuri politikis praqtikuli gamoyenebis didostatad miiCneva
gaerTianebuli germaniis pirveli kancleri oto fon bismarki.

139

amasTan, kisinjeri ar iviwyebda birTvuli Sekavebis politikasac.

kerZod, misi rekomendaciiT, msoflios sxvadasxva regionSi amerikis
samxedro
bazebis,
maT
Soris
atomuri
iaraRis
ganlagebisas
mxedvelobaSi unda yofiliyo miRebuli am saxelmwifoebis geografiuli
da geopolitikuri Taviseburebani.
mniSvnelovania, rom civi omis periodSi atlantizmis mimdevrebma
swrafad auRes alRo samecniero-teqnikuri revoluciis axal miRwevebs,
rac aisaxa kosmosuri da saaviacio teqnikis ganviTarebaze. am dargebis
miRwevebma kiTxvis niSnis qveS daayena zRvaze dominirebis aucileblobis
idea, radgan Sor manZilze moqmedi axali balistikuri raketebis
gamoyenebis pirobebSi mravalricxovani flotiliis arseboba azrs
kargavda. atlantistTa sasaxelod unda iTqvas, rom maT SesaniSnavad
gamoiyenes teqnikis axali miRwevebi da isini Talosokratiuli ideebis
samsaxurSi Caayenes. im dros, rodesac Telurokratiuli sabWoTa kavSiri
pasiuri samxedro Tavdacvis mSeneblobiT iyo dakavebuli, aSS-m Seqmna
kosmosuri lazeruli samxedro sistema, romlis meSveobiTac gadamwyvet
samxedro upiratesobas miaRwia. am upiratesobam ganapiroba amerikis civ
omSi warmateba, rasac moyva jer perestroika, xolo mogvianebiT
sabWoTa kavSiris teritoriuli daSlac.
1990-ian wlebSi atlantizmis Teoriam amerikaSi axali ganviTareba
miiRo neoatlantizmis Teoriis saxiT. am samecniero mimarTulebis
mamamTavrad iTvleba cnobili amerikeli mecnieri samuel hantingtoni
(Samuel Hantington).69 naSromSi civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba man gaanaliza,
erTi mxriv, dasavleT-aRmosavleTisa da, meore mxriv, sazRvao da
kontinenturi saxelmwifoebis urTierTobebi. hantingtoni mivida im
daskvanmde, rom atlantistebis da evrazielebis dapirispireba
civilizaciuri xasiaTisaa. misi azriT, dasavleTsa da aRmosavleTs
Soris arsebobs mniSvnelovani kulturuli gansxvavebebi. kerZod, is
aRniSnavda,
rom
dasavluri
civilizaciisaTvis
damaxasiaTebelia
liberaluri demokratia, sabazro ekonomika, individualizmi, adamianis
uflebebis primati, im dros, rodesac aRmosavleTisTvis niSandoblivia
koleqtivizmi, tradicionalizmi, paternalizmi da a.S. hantingtonis
azriT, dasavleTsa da aRmosavleTs Soris dapirispireba momavalSi kidev
ufro gamwvavdeba, radgan am ukanasknelSi gaizrdeba religiuri da
civilizaciuri faqtorebis roli.
aRniSnuli situaciis gaTvaliswinebiT, hantingtonis rekomendaciiT,
dasavleTma unda gaataros rigi RonisZiebebisa, rac uzrunvelyofs mis
dominirebas, kerZod:
gaafarTovos TanamSromloba amerikasa da dasavleT evropas
Soris;

69

samuel hantingtoni (1927-2008 ww.). 18 wlis asakSi warCinebiT daamTavra ielis

universiteti. doqtoris xarisxi moipova harvardis universitetSi. akademiuri saqmianoba
daiwyo kolumbiis universitetSi, xolo 1963 wlidan sicocxlis bolomde muSaobda
harvardis universitetis profesorad. misi cnobili naSromebia: mesame talRa:
demokratizacia XX saukunis bolos (1991 w.), civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba (1991 w.),
kultura moqmedebaSi: rogor ayalibeben Rirebulebebi sazogadoebriv progress (2000
w.).

140

ar dauSvas sxvadasxva geopolitikuri centrebs Soris iseTi

TanamSromloba,
romelic
mimarTuli
iqneba
dasavleTis
winaaRmdeg;
mxardaWera aRmouCinos dasavlur civilizaciasTan im erebis
integrirebas, romlebic masTan axlos arian kulturuli
orientaciiT;
win aRudges lokaluri konfliqtebis globalur omebSi
gadazrdas;
xeli Seuwyos dasavluri institutebis gaZlierebas msoflios
masStabiT;
SezRudos islamuri da konfuciuri saxelmwifoebis samxedro
eqspansia sxva regionebSi.

atlantizmis
paralelurad
viTardeboda
mondializmis
koncefciebi. kacobriobis gaerTianebis idea didi xania arsebobda, Tumca
koncefciis saxe am ideam XX saukuneSi miiRo. daaxloebiT 150 wlis win
frangma mecnierma kontma wamoayena kacobriobis sruli integraciis idea.
kontamde 4 wliT adre marqsma da engelsma daaxloebiT aseTive azri
Camoayalibes komunistur manifestSi, im gansxvavebiT, rom isini
gaerTianebas sTavazobdnen mxolod muSaTa klass: "proletarebo yvela
qveynisa SeerTdiT" ase JRerda maTi lozungi. axali globaluri
civilizaciis
formireba
araordinaruli
idea
iyo,
romelic
gulisxmobda
msoflio
xalxebis
gaerTianebas
saxelmwifoTa
teritoriuli sazRvrebis moSlisa da erTiani saerTaSoriso mTavrobis
Camoyalibebis gziT.
meore msoflio omis Semdeg mondialisturi ideebis SemuSaveba
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSic daiwyo. am koncefciis ganxorcielebaze
muSaoben sxvadasxva mondialisturi organizaciebi, upirveles yovlisa
bildelburgis jgufi. 1973 w. am jgufis liderebma Camoayalibes
sammxrivi komisia. orive organizacias cnobili amerikeli bankiri
devid rokfeleri xelmZRvanelobda. mondializmis proeqtis finansur
centrebs, araoficialuri informaciiT, warmoadgenen msoflio banki da
saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi. yvela am organizaciis mizani iyo
mondializmis ideebis ganviTareba da ganxorcielebisaTvis xelSewyoba.
komisiis inteleqtualurma centrma, romelsac zbignev bJeJinski (Zbigniew
Brzezinski),70 xelmZRvanelobda Camoayaliba ramdenime varianti erTian
msoflio sistemaze gadasvlisa da am sistemaSi amerikis wamyvani rolis
Sesaxeb. erT-erTi varianti iTvaliswinebda konvergencias, e.i. Serwymas,
SeerTebas. konvergenciis Teoriis fuZemdeblad iTvleba rusuli
warmoSobis amerikeli sociologi pitirim sorokini. 1970-ian wlebSi es
70

zbignev bJeJinski amerikeli mecnieri da sazogado moRvawe. daibada 1928 w.

poloneTSi. jons hofkinsis univeristetis profesori. 1977-81 ww. aSS-is prezidentis
jimi karteris administraciaSi msaxurobda saxelmwifo mdivnis erovnuli uSiSroebis
mrCevlia postze. avtori mravali cnobili naSromisa, maT Soris: didi Cavardna: XX
saukuneSi sabWoTa kavSiris dabadeba da sikvdili (1989 w.), didi saWadrako dafa:
amerikis batonoba da misi geostrategiuli imperativebi (1997 w.), arCevani: msoflio
batonoba an globaluri lideroba (2004 w.).

141

Teoria gadaamuSaves kisinjerma da bJeJinskim. axali midgomis mixedviT

unda Seqmniliyo axali kulturul-ideologiuri civilizacia, romelic
SeiTvisebda kapitalizmisa da socializmis ideebs. Tumca, komunisturi
blokis da sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg konvergenciis Teoriamac
dakarga Tavisi aqtualoba.
komunisturi blokisa da sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg
msoflioSi
situacia
radikalurad
Seicvala.
specialistebi
da
politikosebi iZulebulni gaxdnen gadaexedaT mondializmis jer kidev
ganuxorcielebeli
ideebisTvis.
Sedegad,
axali
mondialisturi
konceptebi praqtikulad erTdroulad iSva, rogorc amerikaSi, aseve
evropaSi.
aSS-Si popularuli gaxda axali mondialisturi koncefcia
samyaros dasasrulis Sesaxeb, romlis avtoria amerikeli politologi
frensis fukuiama.
misi azriT, XX s.-is bolos msoflioSi damyarda
amerikuli wesrigi, romelic efuZneba Tavisufal sabazro ekonomikas da
liberalur-demokratiul Rirebulebebs. fukuiamas azriT, sabWoTa
kavSiris da socialisturi sistemis arseboba kapitalisturi samyaros
ganviTarebas racionalur marcvals aniWebda. komunisturi ideologiis
damarcxebis Semdeg ki msoflio ganviTareba iracionalur relsebze
gadavida. kerZod, daiwyo axali etapi msoflios Tanamegobrobis
ganviTarebaSi, rac gulisxmobda mis srul integracias Tavisufali
bazrisa da demokratiis garSemo. fukuiama amtkicebs, rom msoflio
mravalpolaruli gaxdeba da mis marTvaSi wamyvan rols iTamaSebs
saerTaSoriso organizaciebi, romlebic msoflio mTavrobis rols
Seasrulebs.
zogierTma evropelma mecnierma gaiziara fukuiamas ideebi da
ganavrco isini. frangma mecnierma Jak atalim, romelic prezident
fransua miteranis mrCeveli iyo, Camoayaliba geoekonomikis koncefcia.
am koncefciis mixedviT msoflioSi Camoyalibdeba sami mZlavri
ekonomikuri centri: amerikuli (moicavs orive amerikas), evropuli
(evrokavSiris teritoria) da wynari okeanis (iaponia, CineTi, singapuri,
taivani da a.S.). es centrebi gadainawileben msoflios ekonomikuri
gavlenis mxriv da maT Soris adgili ar eqneba aSkara dapirispirebas.
atalis azriT, swored geoekonomika da ara geopolitika gaxdeba axali
msoflio wesrigis ganmsazRvreli faqtori.
atalis ideebi ganaviTara italielma mecnierma karlo santorom.
fukuiamasagan gansxvavebiT is miiCnevs, rom msoflio mravalpolaruli
ar iqneba. orpolaruli msoflios dangreva, santoros azriT, msoflios
civilizaciur kataklizmebamde miiyvans, kerZod gaizrdeba erovnuli
TviTSegneba da gabatondeba nacionalizmi, gansakuTrebiT aRmosavleT
evropaSi, ruseTSi, mesame samyaros qveynebSi. amas Sedegad moyveba didi
qveynebis rRveva, lokaluri da regionuli omebi da amis Sedegad
msoflio miva erTiani mTavrobis Seqmnis ideamde. aRsaniSnavia, rom
santoro erTdoulad iziarebs, rogorc hantingtonis, aseve fukuiamas
ideebs.
mTlianobaSi,
SeiZleba
iTqvas,
rom
neomondializmisa
da
neoatlantizmis msoflmxedvelobebi, miuxedavad bevri gansxvavebebisa,
erTnairad ganixilavs msoflios momavals, sadac centraluri adgili
ukavia msoflio mmarTvelobis Semnis sakiTxs. XVIII s.-Si aRmocenebuli
es idea jer kidev Camoyalibebis procesSia. misi mTavari mamoZravebeli
Zalaa globalizacia, xolo xelSemSleli eri-saxelmwifoebi.
142

1990-iani wlebidan moyolebuli geografiul da sxva socialur

mecnierebebSi mtkiced moikida fexi amerikuli poststruqturalizmis
pirmSom - kritikulma geopolitikam.
kritikuli geopolitika gamodis im sabaziso konceftidan, rom
adamianebs
droTa
ganmavlobaSi
uyalibdebaT
garkveuli
codna,
warmodgenebi, ideebi geografiuli adgilebis Sesaxeb. es ideebi
zegavlenas axdens da ganapirobebs kidec maT qcevas da arCevans.
kritikuli
geopolitika
amtkicebs,
rom
adgilebTan
mimarTebaSi
politikuri gadawyvetilebebis miReba aris ara marto politikosebis da
saxelmwifo moRvaweebis prerogrativa, aramed Cveulebrivi adamianebis
uflebac. geopolitikis kritikuli frTis warmomadgenlebi miuTiTeben,
rom moqalaqeebi da maTi gaerTianebebi sul ufro da ufro intensiurad
axdenen aRniSnuli uflebis realizacias.
zogadad, kritikuli geopolitikis warmomadgenlebi akritikeben
klasikuri geopolitikis Teoretikosebs imis gamo, rom am ukanasknelebs
politikuri movlenebis ganmsazRvrel Zalad bunebrivgeografiuli
faqtorebi miaCndaT. klasikosebis mixedviT politikuri procesebi
viTardeba bunebis kanonebis, e.i. geografiuli determinizmis logikis
safuZvelze. saxelmwifo ganixileba, rogorc socialuri organizmi,
romelic ibadeba, viTardeba, e.i. ierTebs axal teritoriebs an piriqiT,
sxva saxelmwifos nawili xdeba, iSleba, kvdeba (wyvets arsebobas).
klasikuri geopolitikis mixedviT gamodis, rom nebismieri politikuri
movlena, mag. omi gamowveulia bunebriv-geografiuli kanonebiT da ara
politikuri liderebis gadawyvetilebebiT. sxva sityvebiT, rom vTqvaT
klasikuri geopolitika praqtikulad ugulvebelyofs sivrcis socialur
warmoSobasa da Sinaars.
wina TavebSi aRiniSna (ix. gv. ##), rom dRevandeli geopolitika
gamoirCeva,
rogorc
saxelmwifo,
aseve
arasamTavrobo
aqtorebis
simravliT. bevr SemTxvevaSi imis dadgenac ki Znelia, Tu romeli aqtori
ra rols TamaSobs. ufro metic, Zneli gansasazRvria ama Tu im
geopolitikur procesSi visi rolia ufro mniSvnelovani, samTavrobo Tu
arasamTavrobo organizaciebis. amis gamo, amerikeli mecnieri kolin
flinti Tanamedrove geopolitikuri procesebis daxasiaTebisas iyenebs
termins uwesrigo (areuli) geopolitika (Mess Geopolitics) (Flint, 2006:
208).
kritikuli geopolitikis warmomadgenlebi akritikeben klasikur
geopolitikas, imis gamo, rom es ukanaskneli cdilobda daexata
gaubraloeburi suraTi saerTaSoriso sistemis funqcionirebis Sesaxeb.
gavixsenoT, rom XIX s.-is bolos da XX s.-is daswyisSi gamoCnda bevri
Teoria, romelic aRwerda, Tu rogor unda waremarTa politika ama Tu im
qveyanas saerTaSoriso sistemaSi misi adgilisa da rolis damkvidrebis
mizniT. kritikuli geopolitikosebi cdiloben xazi gausvan amgvari
midgomas sisustes. isini amtkiceben, rom mcdeloba dainaxo msoflios
politikis ganviTarebis modeli mxolod Seqmnili situaciebis aRweris
safuZvelze, e.i. situaciuri codnis (Situated knowledge) gamoyenebiT
araswori daskvnebis gamotanamde migviyvans.
postmodernistebi aRniSnaven, rom Tanamedrove geopolitikis
amocanaa im resursebis, qmedebebis da reprezentaciebis identificireba,
romlebic ganapirobeben teritoriis kontrols. isini xazs usvamen, rom
143

teritoriis gakontroleba ufro farTo movlenaa, vidre saxelmwifos

mier ganxorcielebuli praqtikuli qmedeba, Tundac omi.
kritikuli geopolitika dResdReobiT warmoadgenilia ramdenime
mimarTulebiT:
- formaluri geopolitika ganixilavs akademiur da saeqsperto
seqtorebSi SemuSavebul Teoriebsa da midgomebs;
- praqtikuli geopolitika dakavebulia samTavrobo institutebis
da misi calkeuli warmomadgenlebis moRvaweobisa da maTi
gancxadebebis analiziT;
- popularuli
geopolitika swavlobs masobrivi kulturis
(masmedia, literatura, xelovneba da sxva) im produqcias,
romelic dakavSirebulia sazogadoebrivi azris formirebasTan
saerTaSoriso arenaze an sxva qveynebSi mimdinare politikuri
procesebTan mimarTebaSi;
- struqturuli geopolitika ikvlevs globalizaciis calkeuli
procesebis
zegavlenas
Tanamedrove
geopolitikuri
koncefciebis SemuSavebaze.
garda amisa, Tanamedrove geopolitikaSi (zogadad politikaSi)
gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia reprezentacias (Representations). is unda
gavigoT, rogorc geopolitikuri an sagareopolitikuri
miznebisa da
amocanebis sajaro warmodgena da maTi pi-ari. xSirad, reprezentacia
gansxvavebulad warimarTeba qveynis SigniT da sagareo mimarTulebiT.
saxelmwifos marTvis xelovnebis (Statemanship) kuTxiT erTmaneTisgan unda
ganvasxvavoT qmedeba da reprezentacia. mag., am saukunis dasawayisSi aSSis da misi mokavSireebis samxedro operacia eraysa da avRaneTSi aris
qmedeba, xolo brZola globaluri terorizmis anu borotebis RerZis
winaaRmdeg aris reprezentacia (Flint, 2006: 16). qvemoT mocemulia
reprezentaciis erT-erTi magaliTi erayis Tanamedrove istoriidan.
CanarTi #

erayis xelisuflebis mier mier kuveitis okupaciis da aneqsiis

reprezentacia
msoflioSi dResdReobiT 21 arabuli qveyanaa. maT Sorisaa
respublikebi da monarqiebi, federaciebi da unitaruli qveynebi,
sekularuli da Teokratiuli reJimebi. miuxedavad, aseTi daqsaqsulobisa
arabTa erTobisa da solidarobis sakiTxi yovelTvis iyo zogadarabuli
ideologiis erT-erTi centraluri sakiTxi.
Tanamedrove arabuli nacionalizmi orgvaria. pirveli efuZneba
arabTa politikur gaerTianebas. am ideologiis sulieri mamamTavari iyo
egviptis prezidentis gamal abdel naseris (1954-70 ww.), romelic
cdilobda praqtikuli nabijebi gadaedga am mimarTulebiT. naseri
miiCnevda, rom arabTa erToba aucilebelia amerikuli, franguli da
britanuli agresiis Sekavebis da isrelis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi, aseve
arabTa miwaze mSvidobisa da keTildReobis damkvidrebisTvis. naseris
azriT, arabuli erTianoba unda ganxorcielebuliyo samoqalaqo
faseulobebis da ara tradiciuli islamis safuZvelze. am procesis
144

nawilad unda ganvixiloT egviptisa da siriis gaerTianeba, romelic

mxolod sami weli gagrZelda.
arabuli nacionalizmis meore mimarTuleba asaxavs dRevandel
realobas. arabTa dayofa or aTeul saxelmwifod ganpirobebuli iyo
istoriuli garemoebebiT. arabebi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi iyvnen
osmaleTis imperiis nawili, Semdeg maTze gabatondnen britanelebi,
frangebi
da
italielebic
ki.
arabul
samyaroSi
erovnulganmanTavisuflebeli moZraoba sxvadasxvagvarad mimdinareobda, amdenad
gasakviri ar unda iyos is faqti, rom arabTa calkeul jgufebs
sakuTari, rig SemTxvevebSi gansxvavebuli interesebic ki CamouyalibdaT.
arabuli kulturuli identobis katalizatorad iqca israelis
saxelmwifos Seqmna da Semdgomi periodis ebraul-arabuli omebi. 1967 da
1973 wlebis israelis samxedro warmatebebis Sedegad rigma arabulma
saxelmwifoebma israelTan samSvidobo xelSekrulebebi gaaforma. am
faqtebma, garda imisa, rom Selaxa arabTa Tavmoyvareoba, aseve uaryofiTi
zegavlena iqonia arabul erTianobaze.
zemoT aRniSnul periodSi ori aTeulidan mxolod ori arabuli
qveyana erayi da siria - avlenda Riad mtrul damokidebulebas aSS-sa
da israelis mimarT. orive qveyanaSi gabatonebuli iyo baasis71
ideologia. is warmoadgenda nacionalizmisa da socializmis sinTezs.
baasistebi mxars uWerdnen sekularuli, modernistuli saxelmwifos
Camoyalibebas da uaryofdnen islamuri fundamentalis gzas. antiamerikuli ritorika iqca erayis ZiriTad geopolitikur kodad,
gansakuTrebiT sadam huseinis xelisuflebis saTaveSi mosvlis Semdeg. es
ukanaskneli Seecada erayi eqcia arabuli samyaros liderad. 1980 w.
erayma omi daiwyo iranTan, romelic 8 weli gagrZelda. aRsaniSnavia, rom
am omSi amerikelTa simpaTiebi erayis mxareze iyo, radgan erTi wliT
adre iranelma islamistebma daamxes Sah mohamed reza fehlevis proamerikuli reJimi. erayma am omSi ver miaRwia ramdenadme mniSvnelovan
warmatebas da sadamma gadawyvita, rom aucilebeli iyo STambeWdavi
geopolitikuri Sedegis momtani qmedebis ganexorcieleba.
erayi da kuveiti osmaleTis imperiis nawili iyo, sanam me-19
saukunis bolos didma britaneTma kuveitze de faqto proteqtorati ar
daawesa. am regionSi britanelTa politikis mTavar prioritets
sparseTis yuris kontroli warmoadgenda, im mizniT, rom aq ar
gabatonebuliyo germania, romelic pirvel msoflio omSi osmaleTis
samxedro-politikuri mokavSire iyo. germanias Cafiqrebuli qonda
rkinigzis mSenebloba baRdadidan basramde, rac mas saSualebas miscemda
erayis navTobi sparseTis yuris gavliT evropaSi gaetana. amis sapasuxod,
britanelebma ganaxorcieles kuveitis sazRvrebis imgvari demarkacia,
rom basras satransporto mdebareoba naklebad mniSvnelovani da
mimzidveli gaxda. ase Seiqmna kuveitis Tanamedrove saxelmwifo.
sadam huseins kuveitis istoriis Sesaxeb sxva miTi qonda
momzadebuli. is Seecada msoflio Tanamegobroba daerwmunebina, rom
kuveiti istoriuli erayis Semadgeneli nawili iyo, romlis centric iyo
qalaqi basra. es sinamdviles ar Seesabameboda, magram istoriis
falsificireba erayis mmarTvelisTvis saWiro iyo kuveitSi SeWris
dasabuTebisTvis.

71

baas arabuli socialisturi aRorZinebis partiis Semoklebuli saxelwodeba.

145

realurad ki, erayis mier kuveitis okupacias da aneqsias

geopolitikuri da geoekonomikuri mizezebi qonda. kuveiti msoflioSi
navTobis erT-erTi msxvili mwarmoebelia. misi navTobis sabadoebis
xelSi Cagdeba iranTan omiT dasustebu;l erays didi ekonomikur mogebas
moutanda. garda amisa, erayi daepatroneboda sparseTis ubis im nawils,
saidanac xdeba navTobis transportireba msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeSi,
rac aamaRlebda mis geopolitikur mniSvnelobas. da bolos, sadami
pirvel realur nabijs gadadgamda arabuli samyaros liderobis
mosapoveblad.
aRniSnuli mizezebi, cxadia Riad ar gacxadebula. piriqiT, sadam
huseinma kuveitis okupaciis erT-erT mizezad daasaxela palestinis
sakiTxis
mogvarebis
survili.
misi
gancxadebiT,
palestinelebi
msoflioSi yvelaze daCagrul ers warmoadgendnen, romelTa miwebi da
suvereniteti sionistebma miiTvises. sadamma wamoayena ultimatumi,
romlis mixedviTac erayi manmade ar datovebda kuveits, sanam ar
aRdgeboda palestinuri saxelmwifo da israeli ar daubrunebda mas
warTmeul
teritoriebs.
am
moTxovnis
gasamyareblad,
erayelebma
israelis teritoriis ramdenime saraketo ieriSic ki ganaxorcieles.
miuxedavad imisa, rom erayma am konfliqtSi sastiki marcxi iwvnia,
zemoT aRniSnulma reprezentaciam Tavis saqme gaakeTa da sadam huseinis
avtoriteti arabTa Soris mniSvnelovnad amaRlda. bevrma is gmiradac ki
Seracxa, romelmac, maTi azriT didi vaJkacoba gamoavlina imiT, rom
amerikul da sionistur Zalebs daupirispirda.
warmodgenili magaliTi imis naTeli ilustraciaa, Tu rogor
SeiZleba erovnuli an religiuri ideebiT manipulireba geopolitikuri
da
ekonomikuri
miznebis
miRwevisTvis.
samwuxarod,
msoflios
politikuri istoria reprezentaciis araerT aseT magaliTs icnobs.
wyaro: Flint, 2006: 94-99
mocemuli
magaliTi
sagulisxmoa
ramdenime
TvalsazrisiT.
upirveles
yovlisa,
aSS-is
administraciam
ver
gaiTvaliswina
kulturuli (religiuri, eTnikuri) Rirebulebebis Zlieri roli
erovnuli (am SemTxvevaSi civilizaciuri) mobilizaciis saqmeSi. Tumca,
es ar mTavari. mniSvelovania is, rom amerikelma politikosebis
geopolitikuri xedva ver gascda klasikuri geopolitikis naazrevs.
mTlianobaSi, kritikuli geopolitikis warmomadgenlebi miiCneven, rom
amerikis gadauWreli problema imaSi mdgomareobs, rom is rCeba
klasikuri tipis imperiad da ar surs sakuTari Tavis gardaqmna.
msoflio ki swrafad icvleba da moiTxovs axlebur da kritikul
azrovnebas.

146

geopolitikuri epoqebi
kacobriobis ganviTarebis istoria SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc
geopolitikur epoqaTa Tanmimdevruli cvla. yovel geopolitikur epoqas
gaaCnia misTvis damaxasiaTebeli ZalTa balansi, gavlenaTa sferoebi,
sagareopolitikuri interesebi, sazRvrebis cvlileba da a.S.
Tanamedrove geopolitikuri epoqebi saTaves XVII s.-dan, kerZod
vestfaliis xelSekrulebidan Caeyara. 1648 w. dadebulma samSvidobo
xelSekrulebam72 wertili dausva kaTolikeebsa da protestantebs Soris
30-wlian omebs saRvTo romis imperiaSi. yvelaze mniSvnelovania, rom am
xelSekrulebam biZgi misca evropaSi axali samarTlebriv-politikuri
wesrigis damyarebas, ramac, Tavis mxriv ganapiroba Tanamedrove
saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa sistemis formireba. vestfaliis sistemam
daakanona saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis axali samarTlebrivi principebi,
maT Soris:
- gaaTanabra
kaTolikeebisa
da
protestantebis
religiuri
statusi. Sesabamisad, gauqmda evropaSi adre moqmedi principi
religiur aRmsareblobas gansazRvravs xelisufleba.
- gauqmda germaniis imperatoris uzenaesobis statusi saRvTo
romis imperiis teritoriaze. amieridan, am imperiaSi Semavali
yvela qveynis monarqi Tanaswori uflebebiT sargeblobda.
- Seicvala saerTaSoriso samarTlis subieqtebis cneba. Tu,
manmade
aseTad
monarqi
iTvleboda,
amieridan
evropuli
samarTlis subieqti suverenuli saxelmwifo gaxda.
- xazgasmuli
iyo,
rom
saxelmwifo
misdami
rwmunebul
teritoriaze srulad ganaxorcielebda sakuTar iurisdiqcias,
rac niSnavda saxelmwifo suverenitetis principis saerTaSoriso
aRiarebas.
- Seicvala damokidebuleba aliansebisa da koaliciebis Seqmnas an
gauqmebasTan dakavSirebiT. saxelmwifoTaSorisi urTierTobebSi
manamade arsebuli sixiste warsuls Cabarda. axal pirobebSi
evropul saxelmwifoebs saSualeba miecaT mokavSireebi SeerCiaT
maTi erovnuli interesebidan gamomdinare (Peace of Westphalia.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_ Westphalia).
vestfaliis principebi WeSmaritad revoluciuri iyo. rogorc,
wina TavSi aRiniSna misma praqtikulma ganxorcilebam mniSvnelovnad
ganapiroba Tanamedrove eri-saxelmwifoebis Camoyalibeba. garda amisa,
saerTaSoriso praqtikaSi damkvidrda ZalTa balansis principi, romlis
mizani iyo, rom romelime qveynas (an qveynebis gaerTianebas) ar miscemoda
saSualeba gamxdariyo dominanti Zala saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi
72

vestfaliis samSvidobo xelSekruleba moicavda or dokuments, romlebic

oficialurad gaformda 1648 wlis 15 maiss da 24 oqtombers, Sesabamisad osnabriuksa da
miunsterSi. orive SemTxvevaSi kaTolikur qveynebs warmoadgenda saRvTo romis imperia,
xolo, protestantul qveynebs, Sesabamisad SvedeTis samefo da safrangeTi.

147

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi sxvasasxva saxis sistemebi arsebobs.

danarTSi #? mocemulia saerTaSoriso sistemebis tipologiis erT-erTi
magaliTi.

vestfaliis

geopolitikuri

epoqa

erTob
sicocxlisunariani
aRmoCnda. evropaSi ZalTa balansi praqtikulad ar darRveula Semdgomi
150 wlis ganmavlobaSi.
danarTi #

ZalTa balansi
ZalTa balansi politikuri realizmisa da neorealizmis sakvanZo
cnebaa.
saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebis
erT-erTma
gamoCenilma
Teoretikosma morton kaplanma (Morton Kaplan) Seqmna saerTaSoriso
sistemaTa tipologia, romelSic warmodgenilia eqvsi Semdegi saxis
sistema:
ZalTa balansis sistema. am SemTxvevaSi, kaplanis azriT,
warmodgenili unda iyos minimum xuTi supersaxelmwifo, sxva
SemTxvevaSi moxdeba misi transformacia bipolarul sistemad.
xisti
bipolaruli
sistema,
romelSic
moqmedebs
ori
urTierTdapirispirebuli koalicia (bloki). aseTi sistemis
pirobebSi saerTaSoriso politikur arenaze neitraluri an
miumxrobeli saxelmwifoebis da, rac mTavaria saerTaSoriso
organizaciebis roli praqtikulad minimumamdea dayvanili.
moqnili bipolaruli sistema, romelic warmodgenilia ara
marto saxelmwifoebiT, aramed, aseve blokebiTa an koaliciebiT.
es sistema SeiZleba orgvari iyos, kerZod ierarqiuli, sadac
koaliciaSi gamokveTilia erTi lideri-saxelmwifos roli da
araierarqiuli, sadac koalicias ar yavs aSkara lideri.
universaluri sistema. saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi wamyvan
rols
TamaSobs
saerTaSoriso
organizacia
(dRevandeli
situaciiT - gaero). dadgenilia da mkacrad aris daculi
saerTaSoriso sistemis wesebi.
saerTaSoriso ierarqiuli sistema. am SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba,
rom aRar arseboben eri-saxelmwifoebi da iqmneba erTiani
msoflio marTveloba (mondialisturi proeqti).
vetos sistema iTvaliswinebs, rom saerTaSoriso sistemis
nebismier aqtors ufleba aqvs gamoiyenos vetos ufleba da
dablokos gadawyvetilebis miReba. aseTi sistema gamoiyeneba mag.,
gaeros uSiSroebis sabWoSi da euToSi (Kaplan, 1965: 21-50).
zemoT mocemuli tipologiidan saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis
istoria kargad icnobs pirvel ori sistemas. pirveli maTgani moqmedebda
mag., msoflio omebs Soris periodSi, xolo mere - civi omis epoqaSi.
danarCeni sistemebi Teoriuli xasiaTisaa.
148

napoleonis
omebis
(1792-1815
ww.)
Semdeg
saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebis
sistemaSi
mniSvnelovani
cvlilebebi
moxda,
rac
dafiqsirda venis kongresze (1814-15 ww.). aRsaniSnavia, rom venis kongress
sxvagvarad
evropul
koncerts
uwodeben,
rac
mianiSnebs
mis
mniSvnelobaze konkretulad evropis da zogadad msoflios politikur
istoriaSi.
venis
kongresSi
monawileoba
miiRo
yvela
evropis
yvela
mniSvnelovanma politikurma aqtorma, garda osmaleTis imperiisa.
pirvelad saerTaSoriso sistemis farglebSi Camoyalibda Zlieri
saxelmwifos
anu
supersaxelmwifos
(Superpower)
cneba.
aseTebad
aRiarebuli iyo is oTxi saxelmwifo, romelmac monawileoba miiRo
napoleon bonapartis damarcxebaSi, kerZod avstria, ruseTi, prusia da
didi britaneTi da, aseve safrangeTi, romlis saTaveSi burbonTa
dinastia dabrunda. sabolood gaformda mravalmxrivi diplomatia, ramac
saTave
daudo
evropis
koleqtiur
usafrTxoebas.
SemdgomSi
am
subkontinentze arsebuli mniSvnelovani problemebi ganixileboda da
SeZlebisdagvarad wydeboda saerTaSoriso konferenciebze, mag., parizis
(1856 w.), londonis (1871 w.), berlinis (1878 w.). amgvarma midgomam
saSualeba misca evropelebs ZalTa balansi I msoflio omamde
SeenarCunebinaT, Tumca XIX saukunis SuaSi ruseTs qonda mcdeloba es
balansi daerRvia. CanarTi # saSualebas gvaZlevs gavecnoT, Tu rogor
moxerxda aRniSnul periodSi evropaSi ZalTa Tanafardobis SenarCuneba.
venis kongresma SemoiRo diplomatiuri rangebi (elCi, konsuli da
a.S.). saerTaSoriso praqtikaSi dRemde moqmedebs am kongresis mier
miRebuli
konvencia
diplomatiuri
xelSeuxeblobis
Sesaxeb.
vestfaliisagan gansxvavebiT venis forumma dauSva, rom saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebis subieqti gamxdariyo ara marto saxelmwifo, aramed
saxelmwifoTa gaerTianeba (koalicia).
geopolitikuri TvalsazrisiT Zalze didi mniSvneloba qonda im
faqts, rom venis kongresma daafiqsira msoflioSi Seqmnili axali
teritoriuli realobebi, sxva sityvebiT Seiqmna evropul saxelmwifoebs
Soris koloniebis danawilebis axali nusxa. venis kongresidan I
msoflio omamde periodi istoriul-politikur kvlevebSi ganxilulia,
rogorc venis geopolitikuri epoqa.
CanarTi #

yirimis omi: ZalTa balansis principi moqmedebaSi

venis kongresidan daaxleobiT samiode aTwleulis Semdeg ruseTi
Seecada daerRvia evropaSi arsebuli ZalTa balansi. ruseTis imperiam,
romelmac Tavisi sazRvrebi aRmosavleTiT wynar okeanemde gaafarTova,
moindoma dasavleTis mimarTulebiTac analogiuri manevri Caetarebina.
ruseTi gansakuTrebul mniSvenlobas aniWebda mis teritoriul eqspansias
Savi zRvis auzSi. dasustebuli osmaleTis imperiis damarcxebiT da
konstantinopolis aRebiT ruseTi moipovebda dardanelisa da bosforis
sruteebze kontrols. amis Sedegadadc Savi zRva gadaiqceoda ruseTis
Sida zRvad, rac mas saSualebas miscemda srulad gaekontrolebina
istoriuli abreSumis gza. ruseTs ufro Sors mimavali gegmebic qonda.
is, aseve lamobda balkaneTze fexis mokidebasac, sadac mis mokavSireebad
moiazrebodnen marTlmadidebeli slavi xalxebi montenegroelebi,
149

serbebi
da
makedonielebi.
garda
amisa,
mis
gegmebSi
Sedioda
teritoriebis gafarToeba samxreT kavkasiaSi, dunaispireTSi, baltis
zRvis auzSi da Soreul aRmosavleTSic (kamCatka). am Canafiqrebis
nawilis aRsrulebac ki, gansakuTrebiT Sav zRvasTan mimarTebaSi,
ruseTs aqcevda evropis, Sesabamisad msoflio hegemonad (,
2002: 23-35).
ruseTis aRniSnuli geostrategiuli Canafiqri, cxadia, srul
winaaRmdegobaSi modioda didi britaneTisa da safrangeTis interesebTan,
romlebmac 1953 w. oqtomberSi osmaleTTan erTad ruseTs omi
gamoucxades, mas Semdeg, rac rusulma jarma daikava osmaleTis
daqvemdebarebaSi myofi moldaveTi da valaxia. ruseTs imedi qonda, rom
mis mier provocirebul omSi mas mxars dauWerdnen misi erTguli
mekavSireebi avstria da prusia. magram, es ukanasknelebi, iseve, rogorc
sxva evropeli erebi ruseTis evropaSi gabatonebis kategiriuli
winaaRmdegebi aRmoCndnen. avstriam da prusiam Tavidan neitraliteti
gamoacxades,
xolo
mogvianebiT
britanelebTan
da
frangebTan
gaerTiandnen ruseTis winaaRmdeg omSi. TiTqos logikas iyo moklebuli
iyo imgvari aliansis Camoyalibeba, romelic gaaerTianebda tradilciul
mtrebs, erTi mxriv, frangebs, xolo, meore mxriv, germanelebs da
avstrielebs, magram am SemTxvevaSi amoqmedda realuri politikis
principebi. aRniSnuli gaerTianeba Sedga, radgan am saxelmwifoebma maTi
erovnuli interesebisTvis ufro did safrTxed miiCnies evropaSi ZalTa
balansis radikaluri cvlileba, kerZod ruseTis saxiT axali hegemonis
gamoCena (iqve: 134).
yirimis omi dasavleT evropelebisa da osmaleTis sruli
gamarjvebiT dasrulda. ruseTma dakarga garkveuli teritoriebi
kavkasiaSi, gasasvleli mdinare dunaize, proteqtorati moldovasa da
valaxiaze. rac mTavaria, parizis 1956 w. xelSekrulebiT ruseTs
CamoerTva Sav zRvaze samxedro flotis yolis ufleba.
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi bunebrivia ar monawileobda venis
kongresSi, magram, miuxedavad amisa Taviseburad gamoexmaura napoleonis
omebis dasasruls. amerika respublika iyo da is imperializmis, ufro
zustad kolonializmis winaaRmdeg gamodioda. is yovelTvis cdilobda
daesustebina evropuli imperializmi. amerikelebma isargebles evropaSi
omebiT gamowveuli politikuri qaosiT da mxari dauWires laTinuri
amerikis xalxebis erovnul-ganmanTavisuflebel moZraobebs. 1922 w. aSS-ma
aRiara argentinis, Ciles, kolumbiisa da meqsikis damoukidebloba
(Blacksell, 2006: 156).
1823 w. ivlisSi aSS-is saxelmwifo mdivanma jon quinsi adamsma (John
Quincy Adams) gaakeTa gancxadeba, rom amerika (igulisxmeba, rogorc
CrdiloeT,
aseve
samxreT
amerika)
Caketili
iyo
evropuli
kolonizaciisTvis. amerika amerikelebisaTvis aseTi iyo am gancxadebis
suliskveTeba. adamsis es idea leitmotivad daedo amerikis prezidentis
jeims monros (James Monroe) 1923 w. 2 dekemebris yovelwliur
saprezidento moxsenebas amerikis mdgomareobs Sesaxeb (State of Union)
kongresis winaSe. Tavis moxsenebaSi monrom xazgasmiT aRiniSna, rom
evropelTa nebismieri mcdeloba aRadginon an daarson koloniuri
mmarTveloba amerikaSi, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis administraciis
mier Sefasdeba, rogorc mis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli agresiis aqti, rac
150

gamoiwvevs Sesabamis reagirebas. Tavis mxriv, aSS valdebulebas iRebda

ar Careuliyo evropis saxelmwifoebis da arc maTi araamerikuli
koloniebis saqmeebSi. es gamosvla mogvianebiT moinaTla, rogorc
monros doqtrina.
aRsaniSnavia, rom prezident monros agresiuli toni gamyarebuli
ar iyo amerikis samxedro potecialiT, radgan imdorisTvis qveyanas ar
gaaCnda ramdenamde angariSgasawevi sazRvao floti. magram, saqme imaSi
iyo, rom aSS-is zurgs ukan idga im droisTvis WeSmaritad uZlieresi
Talosokratiuli saxelmwifo didi britaneTi. am ukanasknels
praqtikulad ar gaaCnda koloniebi samxreT amerikaSi da cdilobda am
regionSi espaneTisa da portugaliis poziciebis Sesustebas. amasTan,
venis kongresis SeTanxmebidan gamomdinare did britaneTs ar SeeZlo
dasaxelebuli qveynebis politikis winaaRmdeg aSkara galaSqreba.
samagierod, am mizniT is aqezebda da zurgs umagrebda aSS-s. unda
aRiniSnos, rom monros doqtrinis gaJRerebidan Semdgomi daaxloebiT
erTi saukunis ganmavlobaSi didi britaneTi realur samxedro
daxmarebas uwevda aSS-s (iqve: 157-158). samxreT amerikaSi espaneTisa da
portugaliis hegemoniis dasasruli moaswavebda am kontinentze ZalTa
balansis damyarebas, rac mTlianad Seesabameboda britaneTis da aSS-is
erovnul interesebs.
mTlianobaSi, monros doqtrinis realizaciam mniSvnelovnad
Seuwyo xeli jer laTinur amerikaSi, Semdgom ki mTels msoflioSi
erovnul-ganmanTavisuflebeli
moZraobebis
gafarToebas
da
axali
damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebis aRmocenebas. saerTaSoriso sistemis
aqtorebad nel-nela mogvevlinen samxedro da socialur-eknomikuri
TvalsazrisiT sustad ganviTarebuli qveynebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom
isini gadamwyvet zegavlenas ver axdendnen msoflio politikaze, aSkaraa,
rom maTi gamoCeniT saerTaSoriso sistemam gacilebiT mravalferovani
xasiaTi SeiZina. XIX s.-is ganamvlobaSi es tendencia sul ufro da ufro
met Zalas ikrebda, xolo I msoflio omis dasrulebis Semdeg man
gansakuTrebuli ganviTareba miiRo.
pirveli msoflio omi (28 ivlisi, 1914 w. 11 noemberi, 1918 w.)
manamade arsebuli omebisgan gamoirCeoda msxverplis, geografiuli
gavrcelebis, teqnikuri da finansuri resursebis gamoyenebis uzarmazari
masStabebiT. am omSi daiRupa 12 mil. da daSavda 55 mil. adamiani
(http://www.gazeta.ru/news/lenta/2008/11/11/n_1294259.shtml). sabrZolo moqmedebebis
Taetri gavrcelda evropaze, axlo aRmosavleTze, afrikaze, CineTze da
okeaneTis kunZulebze. samxedro operaciebSi monawileobda 30-ze meti
saxelmwifos sajariso formirebebi.
I msoflio omis ZiriTadi monawileebi iyvnen, erTi mxriv, germania,
avstro-ungreTi, osmaleTis imperia da bulgareTi, xolo, meore mxriv,
antanta: didi britaneTi, ruseTi da safrangeTi.
globalur omis warmoSobas mravalmxrivi mizezebi aqvs. I msoflio
omis mizezebidan SeiZleba gamovyoT teritoriuli, ekonomikuri da
savaWro interesebi, militariziacia da avtokratia, ZalTa balansis
darRveva. es ukanaskneli faqtoris mniSvneloba gadamwyveti aRmoCnda.
XX saukunis dasawyisisTvis safrangeTma da didma britaneTma
moaxerxes TavianTi zRvisiqiTa teritoriebis maqsimalurad gafarToeba
ZiriTadad afrikisa da aziis koloniebis xarjze. analogiuri situacia
Seiqmna ruseTTan mimarTebaSi, oRond im gansxvavebiT, rom ruseTis
151

imperias kontinenturi gavrcelebis gamo kompaqturi xasiaTi qonda.

koloniebis arseboba am imperiebis mniSvnelovan ekonomikur da savaWro
potencials warmoadgenda, rac saboloo jamSi dadebiTad aisaxeboda
metropoliebis mosaxleobis keTildReobaze. germania da avstro-ungreTi
koloniebis anu klasikuri geopolitikis poziciidan sasicocxli
sivrcis deficits ganicdidnen. dasustebuli da daSlis piras myofi
osmaleTis imperiis monawileoba I msoflio omSi ki SeiZleba aixsnas,
rogorc mcdeloba Seekavebina britanuli, franguli da rusuli eqspansia
axlo aRmosavleTSi.
I msoflio omis bolo fazaSi, kerZod 1917 w. TebervalSi ruseTSi
adgili qonda jer burJuaziul revolucias, romlis Sedegadac daemxo
monarqiuli mmarTveloba, xolo imave wlis oqtomberSi (axali stiliT
noemberSi) socialistur revolucias. ruseTis saTaveSi movida ruseTis
social-demokratiuli muSaTa partia (ssrk komunisturi partiis
winamorbedi) vladimer leninis meTaurobiT. axladSeqmnili bolSevikuri
mTavrobis gadawyvetilebiT ruseTma SeaCera misi monawileoba omSi. am
gadawyvetilebidan gamomdinare socialisturi ruseTi iZulebuli iyo
misTvis damamcirebeli xelSekruleba (brestis zavi) gaeformebina
germaniasTan. omis dasrulebis Semdeg parizis xelSekrulebiT brestis
zavi gauqmebulad gamocxadda.
I msoflio omis Sedegad daiSala oTxi imperia, kerZod osmaleTis,
avstro-ungreTis, ruseTis da germaniis. amiT mniSvnelovani impulsa
mieca evropis erTa TviTgamorkvevis process (ix. ruka #). Seiqmna
avstriis da germaniis respublikebi. ZiriTadad samxreT slavebiT
dasaxlebuli teritoriebi, maT Soris slovenia, montenegro, xorvatia
SeuerTda serbiis samefos, romelic mogvianebiT iugoslaviad gardaiqmna.
damoukidebloba gamoacxades belorusiam, ukrainam, ungreTma, dancigma
(dRevandeli polonuri qalaqi gdanski da mimdebare teritoriebi),
CexoslovakeTma, poloneTma, ungreTma, latviam, estoneTma, litvam,
fineTma, saqarTvelom, azerbaijanma da somxeTma (1920-21 ww.-Si moxda am
ukanaskneli sami saxelmwifos okupacia da aneqsia socialisturi
ruseTis mier).
safrangeTma germaniisgan daibruna elzasi da lotaringia da
moaxdina saaris mxaris okupacia. italias ergo samxreT tiroli da
istria. rumineTma SemoierTa yofili ungruli teritoriebi transilvania
da samxreT dobruja. saberZneTis mflobelobaSi gadavida aRmosavleT
Trakia. germaniis kuTvnili samxreT Slezvigi gadaeca daniis samefos,
xolo
zemo
silezia
poloneTs.
teritoriuli
cvlilebebis
paralelurad mniSvnelovani yuradReba daeTmo evropis satransportoekonomikur usafrTxoebas. am mxriv umniSvnelovanesi iyo Savi zRvis
sruteebis demilitarizaciis faqti.
paralelurad,
omSi
gamarjvebulma
didma
britaneTma
da
safrangeTma gaagrZeles koloniuri teritoriebis gafarToeba. mag.,
safrangeTma daikava siria, kamerunisa da togos garkveuli nawilebi,
xolo didma britaneTma erayi, palestina, tanzania da samxerT-dasavleT
afrika.
versalis xelSekrulebis ZaliT omSi damarcxebul germanias
mniSvnelovani
sanqciebi
dauwesda:
ganxorcielda
rainis
olqis
demilitarizacia; mas aekrZala 100 aTasze ufro didi armiis Seqmna, aseve
javSanteqnikis, samxedro gemebisa da TviTmfrinavebis warmoeba. germaniis
152

samxedro sazRvao flotis didi nawili gamarjvebulma qveynebma

dainawiles (http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_ War_I).
zemoT aRniSnuli yvela geopolitikuri da sxva mniSvnelovani
cvlilebebi gaformda versalis (parizis) 1918 wlis 28 ivnisis
xelSekrulebiT, romelic ZalaSi 1920 wlis 10 ianvars Sevida. parizis
forumis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani miRweva imaSi mdgomareobda,
rom man dasabami misca erTa ligis73 Seqmnas, romelic 1920 wels Seudga
saqmianobas. amiT, msoflios istoriaSi dasrulda venis da daiwyo
versalis geopolitikuri epoqa.
erTa ligam ver miaRwia did warmatebebs. man ver SeZlo SeeCerebina
sabWoTa kavSiris da nacisturi germaniis mier evropis mTeli rigi
damoukidebeli qveynebis okupacia-aneqsia da, zogadad Tavidan
aecilebina meore msoflio omi. liga garkveul periodSi 58 wevrs
iTvlida, magram misi daSlis momentSi masSi mxolod 23 organizacia iyo
darCenili. erTa ligis mTavari sisuste imaSi mdgomareobda, rom masSi
arasdros ar gawevrianebula aSS, xolo sabWoTa kavSiris moRvaweobam am
organizaciis farglebSi mxolod xuTi weli (1934_1939 ww.) gastana.
saerTaSoriso
sistemis
uzenaes
organoSi
am
saxelmwifoebis
armonawileoba imis ZiriTadi mizezi gaxda, rom 1930-iani wlebis
miwuruls evropaSi ZalTa balansi dairRva. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom
struqtura (sistema) srulfasovnad ver ifunqcionirebs, Tu is ganicdis
mniSvnelovani elementebis deficits. aqedan, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom
imdroindeli saerTaSoriso sistema jer kidev ar iyo iseTi pragmatuli
da realisturi, rogoric dResaa.
Tanamedrove
mecnier-geografebi
sinanuliT
aRniSnaven,
rom
versalis
saboloo
dokumentis
SemuSavebSi
aSkarad
SeimCneoda
geografiuli midgomebis deficiti, riTac ase mdidari iyo venis
xelSekruleba. es kidev ufro dasanania, Tuki gavixsenebT, rom parizis
kongresis muSaobaSi sakmaod aqtiuri monawileoba miiRo amerikelma
geografma aizia boumenma (ix. gv. ##). evropis axali politikuri rukis
formireba warimarTa calkeuli qveynebis politikuri ambiciebis da ara
sistemuri midgomis safuZvelze (amis erT-erTi magaliTi warmodgenilia
# CanarTSi). mTel rig SemTxvevebSi, gansakuTrebiT ki sazRvrebis
delimitaciis dros ar iyo gaTvaliswinebuli calkeuli teritoriebis
mniSvnelovani
istoriuli,
eTno-demografiuli
da
geografiuli
Taviseburebebi.
CanarTi #

kerzonis xazi
I msoflio omis bolos antantis wevrebma miaRwies SeTanxmebas
poloneTis saxelmwifos aRdgenis Sesaxeb. amave SeTanxmebis safuZvelze
poloneTis SemdagenlobaSi unda Sesuliyo teritoriebi, romelsac
omamde flobdnen ruseTi, germania da avstro-ungreTi. versalis
xelSekrulebaSi poloneTis dasavleT sazRvari mkafiod iyo dadgenili.
samagierod, ver moxerxda da gadaido aRmosavleT sazRvris delimitacia.
73

erTa liga iyo gaeros winamorbedi saerTaSoriso organizacia. misi mTavar

funqciebSi Sedioda ganiaraRebis procesis warmarTva, konfliqtebis prevencia,
koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa, qveynebs Soris davebis gadawyveta,
msoflioSi keTildReobis zrdis xelSewyoba da sxva. 1946 w. erTa ligam
TviTlikvidaciiT daasrula Tavisi moRvaweoba.

153

amis ZiriTadi problema imaSi mdgomareobda, rom es regioni, sadac

cxovrobdnen
polonelebi,
litvelebi,
ukrainelebi,
belorusebi,
ebraelebi, Tavisi mravaleTnikuri SemadgenlobiT gamoirCeoda.
aRmosavleT sazRvris ararseboba 1919 w. poloneTisa da ruseTs
Soris samxedro konfliqtis mizezi gaxda. imave wels saqme Caerien
evropuli saxelmwifoebi da ganaaxles diplomatiuri molaparakebebi. am
process evropelTa mxridan xelmZRvanelobda didi britaneTis sagareo
saqmeTa ministri, lordi jorj kerzoni (George Curzon). britanelma
diplomatma oficialuri nota gaugzavna ruseTs, sadac misgan moiTxovda
saomari moqmedebebis Sewyvetas da rusuli jarebis daxevas im
warmosaxviT xazamde, romelic gadioda grodnos, brest-litovskssa da
lvovs Soris. rTuli aRmoCnda am ukanasknelTan sazRvris dadgena.
Tavdapirvel variantSi lvovi ruseTis teritoraze aRmoCnda, Tumca
gegma b-s mixedviT is ukve poloneTs miakuTvnes.
sazRvris delimitaciis ganxiluli gegma diplomatiis istoriaSi
cnobilia, rogorc kerzonis xazi. es gegma praqtikulad srulyofilad
asaxavda regionis eTno-demografiul situacias. sazRvris dadgenisas
maqsimalurad iyo gaTvaliswinebuli eTnikuri ukrainelebis, litvelebis,
polonelebis da belorusebis gansaxlebis Taviseburebebi.
aRsaniSnavia, rom ruseTma ar miiRo evropelTa SemoTavazeba
sakiTxis mSvidobiani gadawyvetis Sesaxeb da gaagrZela saomari
moqmedebebi. es militaristuli kampania ruseTisTvis savalalod
dasrulda. man dakarga ara marto is rasac sTavazobdnen, aramed sxva
teritoriebic,
romlebic
mogvianebiT
poloneTis
SemadgenlobaSi
gadavida.
II msoflio omis dasrulebis Semdeg kerzonis xazi kvlav
aqtualur sakiTxad iqca. 1945 w. sabWoTa kavSirsa da poloneTs Soris
axali saxelmwifo sazRvari umniSvnelo cvlilebebiT kerzonis xazze
(Tavdapirveli varianti) gavida da aRarasdros Secvlila.
wyaro: Blacksell, 2010: 163-164.
evropaSi I msoflio omis Semdeg Seqmnili ZalTa myife balansi
ociode weliwadSi dairRva. evropeli politikosebis uniaTobam da
upasuxismgeblobam msoflio im katastrofis winaSe daayena, romelic II
msoflio omis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili.
II msoflio omi, romelic eqvsi wlis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobda (1
seqtemberi, 1939 w. 2 seqtemberi, 1945 w.). es omi uprecedento iyo yvela
im kritiriumiT, romliTac SesaZlebelia omis Sefaseba. II msoflio omSi
CarTuli iyo 72 saxelmwifo; saomari moqmedebebi mimdinareobda
msoflios sam kontinentze da oTxive okeaneze; omi Seexo Cveni planetis
mosaxleobis 80%-s. es iyo pirveli da sabednierod, ukanaskneli
SemTxvevaSi, rodesac gamoiyenebul iqna atomuri iaraRi. omma Seiwira 6065 mil. adamianis sicocxle. daRupulTa naxevarze meti samoqalaqo piri
iyo (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II).
mecnierebi mravlad asaxeleben im mizezebs, romelTa gamo
SesaZlebeli gaxda globaluri omis gaCaReba. Tumca, yvela Tanxmdeba,
rom ZiriTadi germaniis saTaveSi antihumanuri nacional-socialisturi
partiis gamoCena iyo. meore mxriv, isic aRsaniSnavia, rom evropa didi
xani ukmevda gundruks adolf hitlers da mis partias. mTeli
civilizebuli msoflio, gansakuTrebiT ki evropa Tvals xuWavda im
terorze, rac nacistebma germaniaSi ebraelTa mimarT ganaxorcieles.
154

evropelebma aranairi yuradReba ar miaqcies adolf hitleris mier jer

kidev 1925 wels gakeTebul gancxadebas imis Taobaze, rom germanias
sWirdeba sasicocxlo sivrcis gafarToeba aRmosavleTiT. ufro metic,
1938 wels didi britaneTis, safrangeTis, germaniisa da italiis
liderebma xeli moaweres miunxenis SeTanxmebas, romlis ZaliTac
CexoslovakeTis erT-erTi regioni sudetebi germanias gadaeca. 1940 w.
germaniam da sabWoTa kavSirma gaaformes paqti Tavdausxmelobis Sesaxeb,
romelsac Tan erTvoda saidumlo oqmi. es saidumlo dokumenti
safuZvlad daedo xelmomwer saxelmwifoebs Soris aRmosavleT evropaSi
gavlenis sferoebis danawilebas. kerZod, Crdilo-aRmosavleT evropaSi
maTi gavlenis zonebs Soris gamyof xazad miiCnies litvis CrdiloeT
sazRvari. rac niSnavda, rom germania pretenzias acxadebda fineTze,
estoneTsa da latviaze, xolo sabWoTa interesis sferod cxaddeboda
litva. nacistebi da bolSevikebi SeTanxmdnen, aseve poloneTis
teritoriis gayofaze. garda amisa, germaniam besarabia (dRevandeli
moldovas nawili) sabWoTa kavSiris gavlenis sferod aRiara.
diplomatiur arenaze miRweulma warmatebebma germanias xel-fexi
gauxsna
samxedro
agresiis
ganxorcielebisTvis.
ironiulia,
rom
nacisturma germaniam Tavisi saomari manqana mimarTa aramarto evropis
mcire saxelmwifoebis, aramed safrangeTis, didi britaneTisa da sabWoTa
kavSiris winaaRmdegac.
II msoflio omSi RerZul bloks warmoadgendnen germania, iaponia,
italia, TurqeTi, ungreTi, bulgareTi, fineTi, slovakeTi, erayi da
formalurad kidev ramdenime saxelmwifo. antihitlerul koaliciaSi
gaerTiandnen didi britaneTi (yvela Tavisi dominioniT), aSS, sabWoTa
kavSiri, safrangeTi, iugoslavia, CineTi, dania, norvegia, belgia,
nidelandebi da sxvebi.
germaniam da misma mokavSireebma am omSi sastiki damarcxeba
ganicades. 1945 w. germaniis qalaq niurnbergSi daiwyo procesi, sadac
asamarTlebdnen nacist liderebs da hitleris droindel germanul
samTavrobo da ideologiur organizaciebs. es. sasamarTlo procesi
TiTqmis erTi weli gagrZelda. saerTaSoriso samxedro tribunalis
ganaCeniT nacisturi germaniis 12 liders (maT Soris martin bormans
dauswreblad) miesaja sikvdiliT dasja (CamoxrCobiT), xolo danarCenebs
sxvadasxva vadiT Tavisuflebis aRkveTa. ufro mniSvneloavni iyo is
faqti, rom nacisturi ideologia kanongareSed gamocxadda.
1946 w. germaniis qalaq pocdamSi gaiamarTa omSi gamarjvebuli sami
mTavari saxelmwifos sabWoTa kavSiris, aSS-is da didi britaneTis
liderTa saerTaSoriso konferencia, romelmac imsjela evropis
mowyobis gzebze. gamarjvebuli triumviratis gadawyvetilebiT germanias
CamoerTva teritoriebi, romelsac is flobda 1937 wlis mdgomareobiT da
isini
daukanondaT
safrangeTs,
sabWoTa
kavSirs
(dRevandeli
kaliningradis
olqi)
da
poloneTs.
mTlianobaSi
germaniis
teritoriulma danakargma omamdelTan SedarebiT 25% Seadgina. rac
mTavaria, germania gaiyo or saxelmwifod. Tavis mxriv, poloneTma
sabWoTa kavSiris sasargeblod daTmo garkveuli teritoriebi, romlebic
1940 wlamde mis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda. Tumca, poloneTi mainc
mogebaSi darCa, radgan mierTebuli yofili germanuli teritoriebi
infrastruqturiT da ekonomikurad gacilebiT ufro ganviTarebuli iyo,
vidre is rac man ssrk-s dauTmo.
155

omiT dasrulda versalis da daiwyo pocdamis

geopolitikuri epoqa. am omis ZiriTadi Sedegi imaSi mdgomareobda, rom
jer evropa, Semdeg ki mTeli msoflio or dapirispirebul ideologiur,
ekonomikur da samxedro-politikur nawilad gaiyo. sabWoTa kavSirma
komunisturi reJimebi Seqmna praqtikulad yvela qveyanaSi, romelic
germanuli okupaciisagan gaaTavisufla. poloneTi, CexoslovakeTi,
ungreTi, rumineTi, germaniis demokratiuli respublika, bulgareTi da
iugoslavia (es ukanaskneli ramdenime wlis Semdeg ganudga ssrk-s)
sabWoTa
kavSiris
bunebriv
mokavSireebad
iqcnen.
demokratiuli
dasavleTisTvis es iyo arsebuli, magram miuRebeli realoba. jer natos
(1949 w.), xolo oriode weliwadSi varSavis paqtis SeqmniT gaformda
orpolaruli msoflio wesrigi. morton kaplanis klasifikaciis mixedviT
es iyo xisti bipolaruli sistema, romelSic moqmedebda ori erTmaneTis
mimarT mkveTrad dapirispirebuli koalicia. maT Soris daZabuloba
aTwleulebis
ganmavlobaSi
omis
zRvarze
balansirebda,
Tumca
sabednierod
ar
gadasula
cxel
fazaSi.
politikis
istoriis
specialistebi 1945-91 wlebs samarTlianad uwodeben civi omis epoqas.
II

msoflio

CanarTi #

rkinis farda
termini rkinis farda jer kidev XIX s.-Si gamoiyeneboda, magram
misi damkvidreba sayovelTaod miRebuli mniSvnelobiT dakavSirebulia
didi britaneTis premier ministris uinston CerCilis saxelTan.
1946 w. 5 marts CerCili q. fultonSi (misuri, aSS) sityviT gamovida
vestminsteris kolejSi, sadac man aRniSna Semdegi:
evropis kontinentze Stetinidan triestamde, baltiis zRvidan adriatikis
zRvamde rkinis farda daeSva, ris miRmac aRmoCnda centraluri da aRmosavleT
evropis yvela uZvelesi qveynis dedaqalaqi: varSava, berlini, praRa, vena74,
budapeSti, belgradi, buqaresti da sofia. es Cinebuli qalaqebi Tavisi
mosaxleobiT aRmoCnda iq, rasac me vuwodeb sabWoTa gavlenis sferos. yoveli
maTgani ama Tu im formiT sabWoeTis mxridan ganicdis ara marto zegavlenas,
aramed moskovis Zalze da zog SemTxvevaSi usazRvrod mzard kontrols
eqmemdebareba (Wilde, 2012).

rkinis
farda
evropis
aramarto
politikur,
aramed
mniSvnelovan geografiul barierad iqca. am barierma ramdenime
aTwleuli iarseba, rac uprecedento SemTxveva iyo evropis
istoriaSi. sabednierod, mas Semdeg, rac XX saukunis dasawyisSi
aRmosavleT evropis 10 saxelmwifo evrokavSirSi gaerTianda,
rkinis farda istoriul mogonebad iqca.
ukmayofileba xisti orpolaruli msoflios arsebobiT aisaxa
saSualo da sustad ganviTarebuli qveynebis poziciaze. ganviTarebadi
samyaro Seecada daefiqsirebina, rom msoflioSi arsebobda mesame
polusic, romelic mxars ar uWerda samxedro-politikuri koaliciebs
da Tavis Tavs maT miRma ganixilavda.
74

mogvianebiT sabWoTa kavSirma jarebi gaiyvana venidan da zogadad avstiidan, risi

wyalobiTac avstria komunisturi blokis miRma aRmoCnda.

156

am mimarTulebiT pirveli nabiji 1955 w. gadaidga, rodesac

bandungis (indonezia) konferenciaze Camoyalibda aziisa da afrikis
xalxTa
erTiani
fronti.
konferenciis
politikuri
platformas
warmodgenda antiimperializmi da antikolonoalizmi. ukve erTi wlis
Semdeg xuTi qveynis liderebis Sexvdraze gadawyda, rom Seqmniliyo
miumxroblobis moZraoba (Non-Aligned Movement).75 1961 w. belgradis
konferenciaze es moZraoba oficialurad gaformda. rogorc, am
organizaciis saxelwodebidan Cans misi wevri-saxelmwifoebi ar Sedian
arcerT samxedro-politiur blokSi. miumxroblebi gamodiodnen da
dResac gamodian msoflioSi arsebuli socialuri da ekonomikuri
uTanasworobis winaaRmdeg. am organizaciam udidesi roli iTamaSa
afrikis dekolonizaciis saqmeSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom ukanasknel
periodSi miumxrobeli qveynebis avtoriteti sul ufro izrdeba,
zogierTi gamonaklisis garda (mag., indoeTi, brazilia), isini kvlav
rCebian globaluri ekonomikuri da politikuri gadawyvetilebebis
miRebis periferiaze. (http://www.nam.gov.za/background/background.htm).
xisti bipolaruloba diskomforts natoSi monawile qveynebsac
uqmnida. am mxriv, yovelTvis
mwvave iyo safrangeTis pozicia. 1978 w.
safrangeTis prezidenti valeri Jiskar desteni aRniSnavda, rom
aucilebeli
iyo
mravalpolaruli
samyaros
organizeba,
sadac
gadawyvetilebis miReba mxolod or supersaxelmwifoze ar iqneboda
damokidebuli (Dickinson, 2010).
jer kidev sabWoTa kavSiris daSlamde, kerZod 1987 w. cnobilma
amerikelma istorikosma pol kenedim (Paul Kennedy) iwinaswarmetyvela, rom
msoflioSi moxdeboda ZalTa balansis cvlileba, ris Sedegadac
daaxloebiT 2009 wlisTvis saerTaSoriso sistema mravalpolaruli
gaxdeboda. amaze mianiSnebda globaluri ekonomikuri ganviTarebis
imdroindeli tendenciebi, romlebsac kenedis azriT, aucileblad
moyveboda samxedro-politikuri ZalTa balansis radikaluri gardaqmna.
am ideas 1991 w. gamoexmaura samuel hantingtoni, romlic
aRniSnavda,
rom momavali XXI saukune WeSmaritad mravalpolaruli iqmeboda (iqve).
sabWoTa kavSiris daSliT dasrulda pocdamis da daiwyo
beloveJis76 geopolitikuri epoqa, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebeli unda
yofiliyo amerikis upirobo globaluri lideroba. ADI
amgvari molodinis miuxedavad, amerikaze gaZlierda politikuri da
moraluri zewola misi msoflio hegemonobis gamo. postmodernistul
samyaroSi hegemonis statusis qona sakmaod arapopularulia. amerikac
iZulebuli gaxda ukan daexia, rac etapobrivad aisaxa misi politikuri
avtoritetis dacemaze. amas xeli imanac Seuwyo, rom erTi mxriv,
75

miumxroblobis moZraobis damfuZneblebad miiCnevian indoeTis premier-ministri

javaxarlar neru, iugoslaviis prezidenti ioseb broz tito, idoneziis prezidenti
ahmed sukarono, ganis prezidenti nkvame nkruma da egviptis prezidenti gamal abdel
naseri. es organizacia dResdReobiT 119 wevr-saxelmwifos iTvlis.
76
termini beloveJis geopolitikuri epoqa dakavSirebulia beloveJis tevrTan
(belorusis teritoria). 1991 w. dekemberSi aq Seikribnen ruseTis federaciis, ukrainis
da belorusis prezidentebi, romlebmac xeli moaweres xelSekrulebas damoukidebel
saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobis Seqmnis Sesaxeb, rac faqtiurad sabWoTa kavSiris daSlas
niSnavda. oficialurad ssrk daiSala mas Semdeg, rac imave wlis 25 dekembers misma
moqmedma prezidentma mixeil gorbaCovma moixsna uflebamosilebebi, xolo 26 dekembers
sabWoTa kavSiris uzenaesi sabWos zeda palatam miiRo #142 deklaracia sabWoTa
kavSiris daSlis Sesaxeb.

157

msoflio ekonomikaSi izrdeba sxva qveynebis da regionebis roli,

Sesabamisad aSS aRar aris upirobo ekonomikuri lideri, xolo, meore
mxriv,
globaluri
ekonomika
imdenad
gadajaWvulia,
rom
gasaTvaliswinebelia yvela ekonomikuri aqtoris interesebi. aqedan
gamomdinare,
amerikam
misi
saerTaSoriso
politikis
veqtori
monopolarulobidan mravalpolarulobisaken mimarTa. amaze metyvelebs
barak obamas administraciis oficialur pirTa gancxadebebic. kerZod,
2009 w. amerikis vice-prezidentma jozef baidenma ganacxada Cven vaSenebT
mravalpolarul msoflios. saxelmwifo mdivanma hilari klintonma
kidev ufro Sors wavida, rodesac aRniSna, rom aSS Seecdeba
mniSvnelovan saerTaSoriso aqtorebTan TanamSromlobis gafarToebas da
konkurenciis Semcirebas, rac xels Seuwyobs ZalTa balansis damyarebas
ara mravalpolarul, aramed mravalpartniorul msoflioSi (iqve).
imanuil uolersteinis azriT, 2008 wlis ruseT-saqarTvelos omiT
dasrulda axali msoflio wesrigis pirveli aqti (Wallerstein, 2008).
cnobili
amerikeli
mecnieri
axal
msoflio wesrigSi cxadia
mravalpolarul msoflios gulisxmobs.
msoflios axali wesrigi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba misi
winamorbedebisgan.
ZiriTadi
gansxvaveba
mdgomareobs
imaSi,
rom
Tvisebrivad Seicvala damokidebuleba polarulobis arsis mimarT.
tradiciulad
polaruloba
aRiqmeboda,
rogorc
msoflioSi
Zalauflebis ganawileba (balansi) saxelmwifoebs an maT aliansebs
(koaliciebs, blokebs) Soris maTi globaluri an regionuli hegemonuri
mdgomareobis
mixedviT.
dominanturi
mdgomareobis
gansazRvraSi
gadamwyveti adgili eTmoboda saxelmwifos an aliansis samxedropolitikur
potencials.
ukanaskneli
30
wlis
ganmavlobaSi,
gansakuTrebiT sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, rodesac Tavidan iqna
acilebuli birTvuli omis safrTxe Zireulad Seicvala saerTaSoriso
sistemis dRis wesrigi da im aqtorTa sia, romlebic am dRis wesrigs
adgenen. civi omis aqtualuri saerTaSoriso problemebi da maTi
gadawyvetis gzebi ganisazRvreboda, rogorc wesi sabWoTa kavSirisa da
aSS-is an ukeTess SemTxvevaSi natosa da varSavis paqtis mier. dRes
analogiur procesSi CarTuli arian, erTi mxriv, aSS, ruseTi, CineTi,
iaponia, evrokavSiris wamyvani qveynebi, rig SemTxvevebSi kidev ramdenime
saxelmwifo (mag., indoeTi), meore mxriv, gaero, nato, evrokavSiri, didi
Svidiani (G-7), didi rviani (G-8), didi oceuliG (G-20), saerTaSoriso
savaluto fondi (IMF), msoflio banki (The World Bank), ekonomikuri
TanamSromlobisa
da
ganviTarebis
organizacia
(OECD),
navTobis
eqsportiori
qveynebis
organizacia
(OPEC),
rekonstruqciisa
da
ganviTrebis saerTaSoriso banki (IBRD), energetikuli saagento (IEA).
samarTliani
iqneboda
am
siaSi
msoflios
ocamde
udidesi
transnacionaluri kompaniebis Seyvana, romlebsac gadamwyveti sityva
eTqmiT
globaluri
ekonomikuri
proeqtebis
SemuSavebasa
da
ganxorcielebaSi.
zemoT mocemuli CamonaTvalis zedapiruli analizic ki saSualebas
gvaZlevs davaskvnaT, Tu ramdeni axali moTamaSe gamoCnda msoflios
politikur arenaze da, rac mTavaria, ramdenad gaizarda Tanamedrove
msoflios politikur gadawyvetilebaTa miRebaSi ekonomikuri da
komerciuli profilis mqone organizaciaTa roli.
158

wamyvani eqspertebi da mimomxilvelebi samarTlianad aRniSnaven,

rom XXI s.-is saerTaSoriso sistemis warmarTveli faqtori, ufro
ekonomikuria,
vidre
samxedro-politikuri
an
geografiuli.
msoflmxedvelobrivi Semobruneba geopolitikidan geoekonomikisaken
erT dReSi ar momxdara. mas safuZveli jer kidev civi omis bolo
periodSi Caeyara. amaSi mniSvnelovani damsaxureba miuZRviT henri
kisinjersa da zbignev bJeJinskis, romlebic jer kidev 30-40 wlis win
cdilobdnen SeecvalaT amerikis sagareopolitikuri paradigma. amerikis
imdroindeli
politika
orientirebuli
iyo
sabWoTa
safrTxis
Semcirebaze,
rac
gulisxmobda
adeqvaturi
samxedro-politikuri
RonisZiebebis ganxorcilebas. mag., samxreT-aRmosavleT aziaSi komunizmis
eqspansiis Sekavebis mizniT aSS vietnamis omSi Caeba, romelic misTvis
saboloo jamSi warumatebeli aRmoCnda. jer kidev maSin, amerikeli
specialistebi
prezidentis
administracias
mouwodebdnen,
rom
komunisturi blokis winaaRmdeg gamoeyenebina ara samxedro, aramed
ekonomikuri
berketebi.
amerikis
mTavrobam
uari
ver
Tqva
militarizaciaze, magram gaiTvaliswina eqspertTa rekomendaciebi da
garkveuli
Zalisxmeva
regionuli
geoekonomikuri
proeqtebis
ganxorcielebisaken mimarTa. amgvari politika sakmaod efeqtiani
aRmoCnda, ramac mniSvnelovanad gaamyara aSS-is poziciebi msoflios
sxvadasxva regionebSi, gansakuTrebiT axlo aRmosavleTSi. amerikam
xelsayreli ekonomikuri TanamSromloba daamyara am da sxva regionebis
qveynebTan, romelTa umravlesobasac diqtatoruli reJimebi marTavdnen.
amgvar reJimebTan pozitiuri urTierTobis damyareba principulad
ewinaaRmdegeboda amerikis mier aRiarebul demokratiul faseulobebs.
aSkara gaxda, rom TeTr saxls mouxda misi politikis fundameturi
principebis ukana planze gadatana. Tavisufali samyaros lideri (sxva
SemTxvevebSi evropuli qveynebic) sakuTari ekonomikuri interesebidan
gamomdinare ormagi standartebis politikas mimarTavda. samwuxarod,
aseTia
politikuri
realizmis
(amJamad
neorealizmis)
arsi.
yuradsaRebia britaneli geografis mark bleqselis mosazreba imasTan
dakavSirebiT, rom Tanamedrove geopolitika aRarc klasikuria da arc
kritikuli, sinamdvileSi is pragmatuli geopolitikaa (Blacksell, 2006:
165).

159

geopolitikuri kodebi
eraySi samxedro operaciis (2003 w.) dawyebamde cota vinmes Tu
egona, rom didi britaneTi am omSi aSS-is aqtiuri da erTguli mokavSire
gaxdeboda. did britaneTs, gamomdinare misi samxedro da ekonomikuri
siZlieridan namdvilad xelewifeboda mosalodnel saomar moqmedebebSi
srulfasovani CarTva. magram, britanuli sazogadoebrivi azri am ideas
radikalurad ewinaaRmdegeboda. amis gaTvaliswinebiT, toni bleris
mTavrobas SeeZlo umniSvnelo roli eTamaSa dagegmil samxedro
operaciaSi, ufro metic, saerTod uari eTqva jorj buSis gegmebze,
miTumetes, rom evropis qveynebis umravlesoba mas amaSi mxars dauWerda.
miuxedavad amisa, didi britaneTi aRniSnul samxedro kampaniaSi CaerTo.
es ar iyo ioli gadawyvetileba, magram misi miRebisas gaTvaliswinebul
iqna geopolitikuri faqtorebi da maTgan gamomdinare samxedropolitikuri da ekonomikuri Sedegebi. mocemul TavSi ganvixilavT, Tu
rogor zegavlenas axdens geopolitikuri garemoebebi qveynis politikur
gadawyvetilebebis miRebaze da, piriqiT, rogor aisaxeba politikuri
qmedebebi geopolitikur viTarebaze globalur, regionul Tu lokalur
doneebze.
saSualeba, romlis meSveobiTac qveyana ayalibebs Tavis sagareopolitikur orientirebs aris geopolitikuri kodi77 (Flint, 2006: 55).
geopolitikuri kodi gaaCnia yvela qveyanas. msoflios qveynebis udidesi
nawilisTvis am kodis moqmedebis geografiuli areali samezobloTi
Semoifargleba. susti qveynis ZiriTadi mcdeloba mimarTulia iqiTken,
rom ganaviTaros vaWroba mezobel qveynebTan da Tavidan aicilos
samxedro agresia. metnaklebad ganviTarebuli qveyanebi cdiloben
SeimuSaon regionuli geopolitikuri kodi. mag., egvipte arabuli
samyaros wamyvani qveyanaa, TurqeTis gavlena vrceldeba centralur
aziaze, samxreT kavkasiaze da axlo aRmosavleTis zogierT qveyanaze.
irani angariSgasawevi Zalaa axlo aRmosavleTsa da samxreT aziaSi.
TiTebze CamosaTvlelia is qveynebi, romlebsac xelewifebaT globaluri
kodis SemuSaveba da misi realizacia. am qveyanaTa ricxvs miekuTvnebian
gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos xuTive wevri-saxelmwifo: aSS, ruseTi,
safrangeTi, CineTi da didi britaneTi, aseve, germania, iaponia da italia.
specialistTa nawils indoeTic globalur Zalad miaCnia. nebismier
SemTxvevaSi
msoflios
supersaxelmwifoTa
ricxvi
Zalze
mcirea.
Sesabamisad, geografiuli TvalsazrisiT geopolitikuri kodi SeiZleba
ganvixiloT globalur, regionul da lokalur (saxelmwifo an misi
nawili) anu makro, mezo da mikro doneebze (masStabiT). aqve, unda
gaviTvaliswinoT, rom geopolitikuri Sedegebis dadgomis mxriv am
doneebis gancalkeveba aramarTlzomieria, radgan erT geografiul
doneze mimdinare geopolitikuri procesi sxva doneebzec aucileblad
aisaxeba. mag., 2008 wlis agvistoSi ruseTsa da saqarTvelos Soris
saomari moqmedebebi lokalur doneze mimdinareobda, Tumca am omis

77

termini geopolitikuri kodi pirvelad gamoiyena cnobilma

istorikosma jon luis gadisma naSromSi samxedro Sekavebis strategia
Gaddis. Strategies of Containment. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982).

amerikelma
(John Lewis

160

geopolitikurma implikaciebma mniSvnelovani

balansze regionuli da globaluri masStabiT.

gavlena

iqonia

ZalTa

nebismieri qveyana sakuTar geopolitikur kods gansazRvravs

Semdegi xuTi Semdegi faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiT:
vin arian arsebuli da potenciuri mokavSireebi;
vin arian arsebuli da potenciuri mtrebi;
ramdenad
aris
SesaZlebeli
arsebuli
mokavSireebis
SenarCuneba da axali mokavSireebis SeZena;
ramdenad aris SesaZlebeli arsebuli mtrebis Sekaveba, aqedan
gamomdinare potenciuri safrTxeebis minimizireba an sulac
Tavidan acileba;
rogor unda warmoCindes wina oTxi faqtori, erTi mxriv,
sakuTari sazogadoebis, xolo meore mxriv, saerTaSoriso
Tanamegobrobis winaSe (Taylor & Flint, 2000: 62)
davubrundeT didi britaneTis magaliTs. misi mokavSireebis
ricxvSi Sedian evrokavSiris da natos wevri saxelmwifoebi. 1990-iani
wlebis
dasawyisSi
am
siaSi
gamoCndnen
aRmosavleT
evropis
saxelmwifoebi, romlebic jer kidev civi omis dros didi britaneTis
mtrebad
ganixilebodnen.
es
faqti
cxadyofs,
Tu
ramdenad
araprognozirebadi da dinamiuria saerTaSoriso politika. msoflioSi
mniSvnelovani rolis da gavlenis SenarCunebis mizniT didma britaneTma
daarsa Tanamegobroba, romelic misi yofili koloniebisgan Sedgeba. es
ukanaskneli naklebad warmatebuli proeqti aRmoCnda, gansakuTrebiT mas
Semdeg, rac is zimbabvem datova. qveynis ZiriTadi mteri sabWoTa kavSiri
wina
saukunis
bolo
aTwleulis
dasawyisSi
daiSala.
misi
samarTalmemkvidre ruseTi rCeba nisliani albionis metoqed, magram, is
aRar
ganixileba
rogorc
mniSvnelovani
safrTxe.
samagierod,
britanelTaTvis
wina
planze
gamovida
iseTi
Zala,
rogoricaa
globaluri
terorizmi.
am
safrTxem
didi
britaneTisTvis
gansakuTrebuli aqtualoba SeiZina mas Semdeg, rac man aqtiuri
monawileoba daiwyo avRaneTisa da erayis antiteroristul operaciebSi
(Flint, 2006: 57).
mokavSireebis
SenarCunebis
strategia
mravalaspeqtiania.
ekonomikuri da biznes kavSirebis gaRrmeveba strategiis yvelaze
efeqtiani saSualebaa. evrokavSiris qveynebs Soris imdenad mWidro da
urTierTdamokidebuli ekonomikuri kavSirebi damyarda, rom romelime
wevri saxelmwifosTvis am gaerTianebis datoveba sruli ekonomikuri
kolafsis tolfasi iqneba. sakmaod didi yuradReba unda daeTmos
kulturuli da saganmanaTleblo kavSirebis ganmtkicebas. amgvari
kavSirebi grZelvadian perpeqtivaze aris gaTvlili. mokavSireobis
ganmtkiceba, rogorc wesi advilad miRwevadia msgavsi religiuri,
lingvisturi an civilizaciuri faseulobebis safuZvelze.
nebismieri
qveynisTvis
samxedro
kavSirebis
ganviTareba
mniSvnelovani
xerxia,
erTi
mxriv
saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebis
gaRrmavebis,
xolo,
meore
mxriv
sakuTari
Tavdacvisunarianobis
gaZlierebis saqmeSi. Tumca es gza xifaTsac Seicavs, radgan romelime
161

samxedro-politikur blokTan urTierTobam SeiZleba gaaRizianos sxva

saxelmwifo an samxedro gaerTianeba. mag., saqarTvelos survili
gamxdariyo natos wevri imdenad miRebeli aRmoCnda ruseTisTvis, rom am
ukanasknelma amis aRsakveTad radikalur politikur da samxedro
zomebsac (2008 wlis agvistos omi) ki mimarTa.
mravalferovania is saSualebebic, romelTa meSveobiTac xdeba
mtrebis Sekaveba. sakuTari samxedro potencialis gaZliereba amis erTerTi xerxia. civi omis periodSi iyo imis saSiSroeba, rom natosa da
varSavis xelSekrulebis qveynebs Soris birTvuli omi gaCaRebuliyo.
amerikam
gamoiyena
samxedro
Sekavebis
strategia,
rac
imaSi
gamoixateboda, rom is imdenad aviTarebda Tavis SeiaraRebas, rom
sabWoeTs, rogorc minimum ar CamorCenoda. drois ganmavlobaSi natos da
varSavis paqtis qveynebma imdeni birTvuli iaraRi awarmoes, rom sruliad
SesaZlebeli iyo dedamiwis 15-jer ganadgureba. aseT pirobebSi cxadi
gaxda, rom mesame msoflio omSi araTu veravin gaimarjvebda, aramed
cocxalic ki aravin gadarCeboda. msoflioSi dResac mravlad aris
birTvuli iaraRi, magram amgvari omis saSiSroeba praqtikulad
aRmofxvrilia.
mere
mxriv,
mSvidobis
SenarCuneba
bevrad
aris
damokidebuli diplomatiaze. am mxriv, diplomatiis mTavari amocanaa
Searbilos saxelmwifoTa Soris arsebuli winaaRmdegobebi da wina
planze samSvidobo iniciativebi wamoswios.
ekonomikuri sanqciebi saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis arsenalis
kidev erTi mZlavri iaraRia. sanqciebi gamoiyeneba im saxelmwifoebis
mimarT, romlebic ar asruleben saerTaSoriso valdebulebebs an maTi
politika safrTxes uqmnis sxva saxelmwifoebis usafrTxoebas. 1990-ian
wlebSi gaeros ar gasWirvebia sanqciebis SemoReba erayis winaaRmdeg, mas
Semdeg rac am ukanasknelma aSkara samxedro agersia ganaxorciela
kuveitis winaaRmdeg. ufro metic, gaeros uSiSiroebis sabWom miiRo
erTsulovani gadawyvetileba erayis winaaRmdeg samxedro operaciis
Catarebis Sesaxeb.
sanqciebis
SemoReba
rTuldeba
iseT
viTarebaSi,
rodesac
gadaikveTeba Zlieri saxelmwifoebis interesebi. am saukunis pirveli
aTwleulis damlevs dasavleTis qveynebma winadadebiT mimarTes irans,
rom mas SeeCerebina birTvuli warmoeba, radgan es xifaTs uqmnida axlo
aRmosavleTis qveynebis, upirveless yovlisa ki israelis usafrTxoebas.
iranis xelisuflebam ugulvebelyo es mowodeba, radgan misi gancxadebiT
birTvuli arsenali mas esaWiroeboda energetikuli problemebis
gadaWris mizniT. am pasuxma ar daakmayofila natos qveynebi, ris
Sedegadac aSS gamovida iranis ekonomikuri blokadis iniciativiT.
amgvari sanqciebi SesaZloa fataluri aRmoCndes iranis ekonomikisTvis,
radgan
misi
sabiujeto
saxsrebis
Sevseba
mniSvnelovanwilad
energomatareblebis
eqsportzea
damokidebuli.
iranis
winaaRmdeg
radikaluri ekonomikuri sanqciebis daweseba gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos
doneze rTuli iqneba, radgan amis ewinaaRmdegeba CineTi, romlis
navTobis importis didi nawili swored iranze modis.
geopolitikuri reprezentaciebi, rogorc wina qveTavSi aRiniSna
uaRresad yuradsaRebi faqtoria. masze mniSvnelovnad aris damokidebuli
ama Tu im politikuri kampaniis warmateba. 2003 wels eraySi
msxvilmasStabiani operaciis dawyebas win uswrebda teroristuli aqtebi,
romelic ramdenime qveyanas Seexo, maT Soris did britaneTs da espaneTs.
espaneTis premier-ministrma xose maria azmarma mxari dauWira espaneTis
162

monawileobas erayis kampaniaSi, ris Semdegac dakarga sazogadoebrivi

mxardaWera da waago momavali arCevnebi. sapirispirod, didi britaneTis
premier-ministrma toni blerma didi politikuri kapitali SeiZina.
blerma misi espaneli kolegisgan gansxvavebiT SeZlo britanuli
sazogadoebriobis darwmuneba imaSi, rom erayis operacia e.i. globalur
terorizmTan brZola aamaRlebda didi britaneTis usafrTxoebas dam is
saertaSoriso
prestiJs.
es
magaliTi
miuTiTebs,
Tu
ramdenad
mniSvnelovania politikuri miznebis imgvarad dasabuTeba, rom is
mowonebul da mxardaWeril iqnas sazogadoebis mxridan.
geopolitikur kods, rogorc wesi samTavrobo dokumentis saxe aqvs.
is SeiZleba iyos sajaro an konfidencialuri xasiaTis. globalizaciis
epoqaSi saxezea araformaluri gaerTianebebis mzardi roli. amiT
aixsneba is faqti, rom geopolitikuri kodis SemuSaveba ukve aRaraa
mxolod mTavrobebis privilegia. qvemoT, mocemulia amis erT-erTi
magaliTi.
CanarTi #

1998 wlis fatva: islamist-fundamentalistTa geopolitikuri kodi

1998 wlis TebervalSi londonSi gamocemulma arabulenovanma
gazeTma al-quds al-arabi gamoaqveyna mimarTva, romelsac xels awerda
xuTi cnobili islamisti moRvawe, maT Soris usama ben-ladeni. amgvar
mimarTvas arabulad fatva ewodeba. mimarTvis teqsti iwyeboda yuranis
citirebiT, kerZod aRniSnuli iyo, rom alahma Seqmna arabeTis
naxevarkunZuli, misi udabno da velebi, SemosazRvra is zRvebiT. dRes es
miwa, aRniSnavdnen Semdgom mimarTvis avtorebi, mZime gansacdelSia,
radgan mas Semoesien jvarosanTa axali urdoebi, romlebic uteven
muslimebs, saxldebian maT teritoriebze, anadgureben maT naTesebs da
iTviseben maT kuTvnil simdidreebs. am mZime situaciaSi Cven da Tqven
valdebuli varT ganvixiloT mimdinare movlenebi da SevjerdeT
arsebuli problemis gadawyvetis gzebze. ukve 9 welia, rac aSS-s
okupirebuli aqvs islamis uwmindesi adgili arabeTis naxevarkunZuli.
is Zarcvavs mis simdidreebs, akontrolebs qveynis xelisufalT, amcirebs
mis xalxs, aterorebs mis mezoblebs da iyenebs aq ganlagebul samxedro
bazebs mezobel muslim xalxebze Tavdasxmis placdarmad.
mimarTvaSi aRniSnuli iyo, rom yvelaferTan erTad amerikelebs
surT gaaZlieron israeli, gandevnon iqidan palestinelebi. amasTan,
xazgasmuli iyo, rom arabuli saxlemwifoebis liderebs ar ZaluZT
sionistur politikasTan gamklaveba, ris gamoc al-qaeda saTaveSi
Caudgeba anti-amerikul da anti-sionistur moZraobas. teqstis bolo
nawilSi warmodgenili iyo mowodeba: . . . Cven mivmarTavT yvela
morwmune muslims, maT visac surT miiRon RvTis wyaloba, rom daxocon
amerikelebi da fuli , yvelgan da nebismier dros, rodesac ki amis
saSualeba eqnebaT.
mocemuli teqsti sagulisxmoa ramdenime TvalsazrisiT:
- 1991 wlis sparseTis ubis konfliqtis Semdeg saudis arabeTSi
Seqmnili amerikelTa samxedro bazebi miCneulia, rogorc am
qveynis
okupacia. xazgasmulia, rom amerikelebi
Cagraven
muslimebs. aRniSnulia, rom amerikelebi islamis wminda miwas
163

(e.i. saudis arabeTs) iyeneben sxva muslimuri qveynebze samxedro

ieriSebisTvis.
teqstis
am
nawilebSi
identificirebulia
muslimTa mTavari mtrebi aSS da misi mokavSire israeli.
teqstis
avtorebi
mimarTaven
ara
konkretuli
qveynebis
moqalaaqeebs, aramed yvela muslims, mouwodeben ra maT, rom
erTad (Cven da Tqven) unda gadaWran arsebuli problema. es
niSnavs, rom al qaedas liderebma yvela morwmune muslimi
TavianT mokavSireebad miiCnies.
mokavSireTa SenarCunebisa da axali mokavSireebis SeZenis mizniT
al
qaedas
liderebi
cdiloben
iTamaSon
muslimuri
solidarobis grZnobaze. kerZod, teqstSi aRniSnulia, rom
saudis
arabeTSi
amerikelTa
yofna
da
sxva
arabul
saxelmwifoebze ganxorcielebuli samxedro operaciebi sxva
araferia, Tu ara axali jvarosnuli laSqroba. es ki
muslimTaTvis uaRresad uaryofiTi muxtis matarebelia.
mtrebis sapasuxo moqmedebebis SezRudvis mizniT mimarTvis
avtorebi ar mouwodeben arabuli an sxva muslimuri qveynebis
mTavrobebs
daxmarebis
an
mxardaWerisaken,
radgan
sxva
SemTxvevaSi es ukanasknelebi daimsaxurebdnen amerikelebis
risxvas. fatvas Semqmnelebi, rogorc aRiniSna mimarTaven yvela
marTlmorwmune muslims.
islamur samyaroSi (axali) mtrebis arSeZenis mizniT avtorebi
mwvaved
ar
akritikeben
saudis
arabeTis
xelisuflebas,
mianiSneben mxolod imaze, rom mas ar ZaluZs gaumklavdes
amerikul eqspansias.
teqstSi mocemuli ideebi SefuTulia yuranis citatebiT, rac
ideologiurad aZlierebs mimarTvis Sinaars da ufro misaRebs
xdis mas muslimTa sazogadoebrivi azrisTvis.

mTlianobaSi, warmodgenili fatva aris tipiuri geopolitikuri

kodi, romelic, rogorc zemoT SevecadeT gveCvenebina moicavs am
JanrisTvis damaxasiaTebel yvela ZiriTad aspeqts. umTavresi, riTac es
mimarTva sxva geopolitikuri xasiaTis dokumentebisgan gansxvavdeba aris
is, rom is pirdapir da daufaravad mouwodebs sisxlisRvrisken.
wyaro: Flint, 2006: 70-73
geopolitikuri kodi konceftualuri xasiaTis dokumentia. cxadia,
amgvari teqstis saxiT warmodgenili kodi bevri obieqturi Tu
subieqturi mizezis gamo yovelTvis ar da ver xorcieldeba. garkveul
SemTxvevebSi geopolitikuri kodSi Camoyalibebuli miznebi mtris
daSinebisa an dezorientaciisaTvis aris gankuTvnili.
swored ase
aRiqves ben-ladenis fatva amerikelma politikosebma. maT jerovani
yuradReba ar dauTmes dazvervis im angariSebs, sadac aRniSnuli iyo,
rom islamisti fundalistebis muqara realuri iyo. 2001 w. 11 seqtembers
ganviTarebulma movlenebma, kerZod niu-iorksa da vaSingtonSi momxdarma
teroristulma aqtebma Tanamedrove msoflio axali realobis 164

globaluri terorizmis safrTxis winaSe daayena. Sesabamisad, aSS-s

unda moexdina myisieri reagireba, ara mxolod samxedro, aramed axali
politikis, maT Soris geopolitikuri kodis SemuSavebis da misi
reprezentaciis mxrivac.
amerikis, iseve, rogorc msoflios istoriaSi warmoiSva unikaluri
situacia. Tu, manamde politikur safrTxes garkveuli misamarTi qonda
ama Tu im qveynis an qveynebis gaerTianebis saxiT, 9 seqtemberis
movlenebma daangria es stereotipi da Tvisebrivad axal globalur
fenomens daudo saTave. axladmovlenil safrTxes ar gaaCnda zusti
geografiuli koordinatebi. saerTaSoriso terorizmis Zlieri mxare
imaSi mdgomareobs, rom is ar warmoadgens romelime politikurgeografiul erTeuls. misi qseli msoflios mraval qveyanas SeiZleba
moicavdes.
zogadad msoflios da konkretulad amerikas msoflios ar gaaCnda
organizebul
msxvilmasStabian
terorizmTan
brZolis
ramdenadme
Rirebuli gamocdileba. Sesabamisad am sakiTxSi jerovnad garkvevas,
damnaSaveTa wris dadgenas, Semdegom maT dakavebas an likvidacias didi
dro
dasWirdeboda.
dro
ki
ar
iTmenda,
radgan
amerikuli
sazogadoebrivi azri mTavrobisgan adeqvatur reagirebas, praqtikulad
SurisZiebas moiTxovda. am saqmeSi dayovneba advili SesaZlebelia
aRqmuliyo, rogorc amerikis organizaciuli sisuste, Sesabamisad eWvqveS
dadgeboda misi, rogorc msoflio lideris avtoriteti. albaT, amiT
SeiZleba
aixsnas
is
Secdomebi,
romlebic
dauSves
amerikelma
specialistebma
da
politikosebma
aRniSnuli
anti-teroristuli
politikis SemuSavebasa da ganxorcielebaSi. Sedegad, amerika da misi
mokavSireebi Caebnen or omSi, romlidanac gamosavali dResac ar Cans.
# CanarTSi mocemulia zemoT aRniSnuli teroristuli aqtebis
Semdeg TeTri saxlis mier SemuSavebuli geopolitikuri kodebis da
anti-teroristuli RonisZiebebis reprezentaciis daxasiaTeba.
CanarTi #

globaluri terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolis reprezentacia

aSS-is administraciis mier
2002
wels
gamoqveynda
aSS-is
saxelmwifos
usafrTxoebis
strategia (National Security Strategy (NSS), romelsac sxvagvarad buSis
doqtrina uwodes. zogadad saxelmwifos usafrTxoebis strategia
(teqstSi
Semdgom
sus)
aris
yovelwliuri
moxseneba,
sadac
Camoyalibebulia aSS-is geopolitikuri kodi. amas win uZRoda jorj
buSis yovelwliuri mimarTva qveynis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb (State of Union
Address, 2002). am orive moxsenebis mTavari mizani, cxadia antiteroristuli strategiis warmodgena iyo. 2012 wlis sus-Si xazgasmuli
iyo is faqti, rom brZola globaluri terorizmis winaaRmdeg
gansxvavdeba
nebismieri
sxva
omisgan,
romelsac
adgili
qonia
kacobriobis istoriaSi (NSS, 2002). Flint, 2006: 72
prezident jorj buSis administraciam axali msoflio wesrigis
umTavres miznad daisaxa globaluri masStabis omi terorizmis
winaaRmdeg. am miznis misaRwevad dasaxul iqna ori ZiriTadi amocana: 1)
teroristebis
banakebis
ganadgureba,
maTi
gegmebis
CaSla
da
teroristebis gasamarTleba; 2) teroristebis da maTi sponsori
saxelmwifoebis mier qimiuri, biologiuri da birTvuli iaraRis
165

aqedan gamomdinare, ganisazRvra

mTavari mteri globaluri terorizmi.
arsebobda safuZvliani eWvi, rom seqtembris teraqtebis mTavari
organizatori al-qaeda iyo. Sesabamisad, ukve 2002 wlis oqtomberSi
aSS-ma da misi mokavSireebma daiwyes samxedro operacia avRaneTSi,
romlis mTavari mizani iyo Talibebis reJimis damxoba da am qveyanaSi
al-qaedas organizaciuli sturuqturis likvidacia.
anti-teroristuli strategiis meore amocanis gadawyvetam moiTxova
ara marto teroristuli organizaciebis, aramed maT ukan mdgari
saxelmwifoebis identificireba. amasTan dakavSirebiT, amerikis pozicia
warmoadgina jorj buSma mis yovelwliur gamosvlaSi kongresis winaSe,
amerikis prezidentma aRniSna Semdegi:
Cveni meore amocanaa, rom win aRvudgeT im reJimebs,
romlebic afinanseben terorozms da masobrivi ganadgurebis
iaraRis
warmoebiT
safrTxes
uqmnian
Cvens
megobrebs
da
mokavSireebs. /. . ./ Cven vicnobT maT bunebas. CrdiloeT korea aris
reJimi, romelic awarmoebs masobrivi ganadgurebis raketebs da
iaraRs, im dros, rodesac misi mosaxleoba gaWirvebaSi cxovrobs.
irani mizandasaxulad awarmoebs am iaraRs da xels uwyobs
teroris eqsports. amas xelmZRvanelobs erTi muWa ararCeuli
adamianebisa, romelic aRSobs sakuTari xalxis survils icxovros
Tavisufal garemoSi.
erayi mtruli damokidebulebas avlens amerikis mimarT da
mxars uWers terors. aTwleulze metia, rac erayuli reJimi
agrZelebs cimbiruli wylulis, nervuli paralizebis gazebis da
birTvuli iaraRis damzadebas. es aris reJimi, romelmac momwamlavi
gazebi gamoiyena sakuTari moqalaqeebis winaaRmdeg, ris Sedegadac
daiRupa aTasobiT adamiani. . .
es
saxelmwifoebi
da
maTi
teroristi
mokavSireebi
warmoadgenen borotebis RerZs da safrTxes uqmnian mSvidobas
mTel msoflioSi. masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis warmoebiT es
reJimebi warmodgenen udides da mzard safrTxes. maT SeuZliaT es
iaraRi miawodon teroristebs. . . maT ki xelewifebaT is gamoiyenon
Cveni mokavSireebis an SeerTebuli Statebis winaaRmdeg. nebismier
SemTxvevaSi indiferentuloba katastrofis tolfasi iqneba.
Cvens koaliciaSi mWidro TanamSromlobis safuZvelze Cven
saSualebas ar mivcemT teroristebs da maT damfinansebel
saxelmwifoebs, rom gamoiyenon nedleuli, teqnologiebi da
eqspertiza masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis Seqmnis da misi
Semdgomi gaavrcelebis mizniT.
visurvebdi dinjad gvemoqmeda, magram dro ar iTmens. me ar
davelodebi movlenebis ganviTarebas, im situaciaSi, rodesac
safrTxe kars mogvadga. . . amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi uflebas
ar miscems msoflios yvelaze saSiS reJimebs, rom safrTxe
Segviqmnan yvelaze gamanadgurebeli iaraRiT (State of Union Address,
2002).
warmoebis

da

gamoyenebis

prevencia.

am reprezentaciaSi ramdenime sagulisxmo aspeqtia. rogorc, zemoT

aRiniSna moxda mTavari mtris identificireba. oficialuri vaSingtonis
ganmartebiT
es
iyo
borotebis
RerZi,
romelSic
Sediodnen
teroristuli organizaciebi da maTi sponsori saxelmwifoebi. amTaviTve
166

unda aRiniSnos, rom

jorj buSma antiteroristuli operaciis
reprezentacia civi omisTvis damaxasiaTebel stilSi SemogvTavaza.
gamoyenebul iqna nacnobi leqsika, mag., omi borotebis winaaRmdeg an
borotebis RerZi, analogiuri imisa, rac gamoiyeneboda jer kidev 1980ian wlebSi prezident ronald reiganis mmarTvelobis dros. garda amisa,
termini omi globaluri terorizmis winaaRmdeg bundovani iyo. iseTi
STabeWdileba rCeboda, TiTqos arsebobs mxolod erTi globaluri
teroristuli organizacia, Tumca cnobilia, rom msoflioSi bevri aseTi
organizacia moqmedebs.
garda amisa, TeTrma saxlma gverdi ver auara damkvidrebul
tradicias
da
moaxdina
terorizmis
personificireba.
dasaxelda
terorozmis mxardamWeri saxelmwifoebi, kerZod CrdiloeT korea, irani
da erayi (ufro adre Talibebis reJimi). Talibebis reJimis roli antiamerikuli
teroristuli
jgufebis
Seqmnasa
da
mxardaWeraSi
metnaklebad cnobili faqtia, magram erayis an iranis mTavrobebis
monawileoba aRniSnul procesSi dRemde ar damtkicebula. kidev ufro
gaugebari iyo am siaSi CrdiloeT koreis Seyvana, radgan am qveynis
xelisuflebas aranairi kavSiri ar qonia anti-dasavlur teroristul
organizaciebTan.
amerikis prezidenti gansaxilvel gamosvlaSi Seecada gamoekveTa
amerikis, rogorc msoflio lideris roli. zogadad, msoflio hegemoni
samxedro operaciis reprezentaciis an ganxorcielebis dros sxva
saxelmwifoebisgan gansxvavebulad iqceva. 2002 w. amerikis xelisuflebam
miznad daisaxa eraySi SeWra. sainteresoa, rom natos fraglebSi kamaTis
sagans warmoadgenda ara suverenul qveyanaSi (am SemTxvevaSi eraySi)
amerikis samxedro intervenciis legitimurobis sakiTxi, aramed is, Tu
ramdenad dasabuTebuli iyo sadam huseinis monawileoba cnobil
teraqtebSi an erayis mTavrobis mier masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis
warmoebis faqti. jorj buSma ganacxada: SeerTebuli Statebi aris
Tavisuflebis damcveli mTels msoflioSi, ris gamoc es Seteva
(igulisxmeba 9 seqtembris teroristuli aqtebi avt.) Cvens winaaRmdeg
ganxorcielda. da kidev: Cven avaridebT msoflios am borotmoqmedebs.
Cven Tavs movuyriT mSvidobis moyvarul xalxebs da SevebrZolebiT
terorizms (Flint, 2006: 99-100). am gamonaTqvamebidan Cans, rom TeTri
saxli Tavis Tavs aRiarebs Tavisufali samyaros upirobo liderad da
amis gamo SesaZleblad miaCnia Tavisufali samyaros saxeliT moqmedeba.
aseTi uapelacio gancxadebebi Zalian xSirad daTvur samsaxurs uwevda
msoflios Zlier saxelmwifoebs.
amerikam gansazRvra mokavSireebi es iyo anti-teroristuli
koalicia,
romelSic
Sedioda
natos
wevri
qveynebi
da
sxva
saxelmwifoebi, maT Soris saqarTvelo. miuxedavad amisa, eraySi
intervenciis gamo amerikas didi winaaRmdegoba Sexvda misi zogierTi
evropeli partnioris mxridan. es ukamyofileba dRiTidRe izrdeboda.
ufro metic, evropis rigma saxelmwifoebma miatoves brZolis veli da
TavianTi sajariso kontigentebi samSobloSi daabrunes.
TeTri saxli bunebrivia Seecada SeeZina axali mokavSireebi,
gansakuTrebiT ganviTarebad samyaroSi. am mizniT, antiteroristuli
operacia
man
warmoadgina,
rogorc
globaluri
aqcia,
romlis
beneficiari iqneboda, aramarto aSS aramed, yvela is qveyana, romelic,
rogorc saxelmwifo mdivanma kolin pauelma aRniSna . . . mxars uWers
demokratiul
ganviTarebas,
sasamarTlo
reformas,
konfliqtebis
167

mogvarebas, siRaribis Semcirebas, ekonomikur gradaqmnebs da jandacvis

da ganaTlebis programebs (iqve: 100).
Tumca, isic unda aRiniSnos, rom, amerikulma specsamsaxurebma da
policiam uzrunvelyves qveynis Sida usafrTxoeba. Amerikis teritoriaze
axal teroristul aqtebs adgili aq qonia.
Miuxedavad amisa, saerTaSoriso sarbielze mtrebis Sekavebis an
axali mtrebis arSeZenis amerikuli politika efeqtiani ver gamodga.
dRevandeli situacia avRaneTsa da eraySi imaze miuTiTebs, rom
winaaRmdegoba Sesabamisad Talibebis da sadamistebis mxridan kvlav
didia. isic niSandoblivia, rom usama ben-ladenis bolo adgilsamyofeli
pakistanis dedaqalaq islamabadis maxloblad iyo. pakistani yovelTvis
iTvleboda amerikis mokavSired, magram avRaneTSi gaCaRebuli omis
Sedegad pakistanelTa, kerZod ki puStunTa Soris mniSvnelovnad
gaZlierda antiamerikuli ganwyobebi.

SeerTebuli Statebis axalma adminsitraciam gaiTvaliswina 2002

wlis sajaro gamosvlebsa da werilobiT angariSebSi daSvebuli
Secdomebi da mis momdevno reportebSi aSS-is geopolitikuri kodic
ufro mkafiod da argumentirebulad aris Camoyalibebuli. kerZod,
naklebi yuradReba eTmoba msoflioSi amerikis wamyvan rols da meti
aqcenti keTdeba saerTaSoriso dokumentebiT ganmtkicebul adamianis da
xalxebis politikur, ekonomikur da socialur uflebebze. saxelmwifo
usafrTxoebis strategiis Sesworebul variantSi wina planze wamoweulia
iseTi Rirebulebebi, rogoricaa Tavisufleba, ekonomikuri ganviTareba
da socialuri keTildReoba. aRniSnulia, rom globalur terorizmTan
warmatebuli brZola mxolod am pirobebSia SesaZlebeli (iqve, 74).
amJamad, amerikis urTierTobebSi ganviTarebad samyarosTan prioriteti
eniWeba demokratiul da socialur-ekonomikur ganviTarebas. aqedan
gamomdinare, aSS mokavSired miiCnevs im qveynebs, romlebic ganviTarebis
am kurss airCeven.
mTlianobaSi,
aSS-is
mxridan
antiteroristuli
kampaniis
reprezentacias bevri susti mxare gaaCnda. yvelaze mniSvnelovani mainc
is aris, rom TeTrma saxlma ver SeZlo, araTu axali mokavSireebis,
aramed tradiciuli partniorebis darwmuneba, rom omi terorizmis
winaaRmdeg saWiroa yvelasTvis da ara mxolod amerikisTvis.

168

gamoyenebuli literatura
daviTaSvili, zurabi. nacionalizmi da globalizacia, Tbilisi
kaWkaWiSvili, iago (2008). socialuri Teoria. Tbilisi: gamomcemloba
inteleqti.
frolova i.t. (red.) (1982). filosofiis leqsikoni (me-4 gamocema). Tbilisi
wereTeli, mixeil (1991). eri da kacobrioba. Tbilisi
heivudi, endriu (2007), politologia (meore gamocema). gamomcemloba
Tbilisi.
Agnew, John (1987). Place and Politics: The Geopolitical Mediation of State and Society. Allen
& Unwin: Boston, US.
Alter, Peter (1990). Nationalism. Edward Arnold: London.
Anderson, Benedict (1991). Imagined Communities. Verso: London.
Anderson, Benedict (1998). The Spectre of Comparisons: Nationalism, Southeast Asia and the
World. Verso: London.
Anderson, James (1988). Nationalist Ideology and the Territory. In Johnston R.J., D.J. Knight
and E. Kaufman (eds.). Nationalism, Self-determination and Political Geography. Groom
Helm: London.
Anthias, Floya & Nira Yuval-Davis (1989). Introduction. In Yuval-Davis, N. & Anthias, F.
(eds.). In WomenNation-State. Macmillan: London.
Banton, Michael (2007). Weber on Ethnic Communities: A critique. Nations and Nationalism 13
(1): 1935.
Barth, Fredrik (1969). Reprinted in Ethnic Groups and Boundaries. In Sollors W. (ed), Theories
of Ethncity: A Classical Reader. NewYork University Press: NY.
Bauer, Yehuda (2002). Rethinking the Holocaust. Yale University Press: New Haven, US.
Blacksell, Mark (2006). Political Geography. Routledge: London.
Brubacker, Rogers (2005). The Diaspora Diaspora. The Ethnic and Racial Studies 28 (1): 119.
Calhoun, Craig (1993). Nationalism and Ethnicity. Annual Review of Sociology 19: 211239.
Calhoun, Craig (1997). Nationalism. Open University Press: Buckingham, UK.
Calhoun, Craig (2007a). Nationalism and Cultures of Democracy. Public Culture 19 (1): 151
173.
Calhoun, Craig (2007b). Nations Matter: Culture History and the Cosmopolitan Dream.
Routledge: London and New York.
Castree, Noel (2003). Connections and Boundaries in an Interdependent World. In Holloway,
S.L., Rice, S.P. & Valentine, G. (eds.) Key Concepts in Geography. Sage: London.
Chapman, Bert (2011). Geopolitics: A Guide to the Issues. Praeger: Santa Barbara, US.
(CFREU, 2000) The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. Official Journal of
the European Communities, C 364/6. Starsburg, 18.12.2000.
Couclelis, H. (1992). Location, Place, Region and Space. In Abler, R.et al., Geographys Inner
Worlds. Rutgers University Press: New Brunswick, US.
Conversi, Daniele (2007). Mapping the Field: Theories of Nationalism and Ethnosymbolic
Approach. In Leoussi, A.S. & S. Grosby (eds.), Nationalism and Ethnosimbolism: History,
Culture and Ethnicity in the Formation of Nations. Edinburgh University Press: Edinburgh.
Cordell, Karl & Stefan Wolff (2010). Ethnic Conflict: CausesConsequencesResponses. Polity
Press: Cambridge, UK.
Cox, Kevin R., Murray Low, and Jenifer Robbinson (2008). Introduction: Political Geography:
Traditions and Turns. Inn Cox K. R., M. Low, and J. Robbinson (eds.), The Sage Handbook of
Political Geography. Sage: Bangalore, India.
169

Dahlman, Carl T. (2009). Territory. In Gallaher, Carolyn et al. Key Concepts in Political
Geography. Sage: London.
De Blij, Harn J. (1995). Human Geography: Culture, Society, and Space (4th edition). John
Willey & Sons: New York.
De Blij, Harn J. & Alexander Murphy (2003). Human Geography: Culture, Society, and Space
(7th edition). John Wiley & Sons: Hoboken, US.
Deutsch, Karl W. (1953). The Growth of Nations: Some Recurrent Patterns of Political and
Social Integration. World Politics, 5 (2): 168195.
Su, Daniel (2006). Toblers First Law of Geography. In Warf, Barney (ed). Encyclopedia of
Human Geography. Sage: Thousand Oaks, US.
Dawidowicz, Lucy S. (1986). The War Against the Jews: 1933-1945. Bantam: New York.
Definitions for New Race and Ethnicity Categories. http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds/reic/definitions.asp
Dickinson, Elizabeth (2010). New Order: How the Multipolar World Came to Be. Foreign
Policy, May 2010. http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/10/19/new_order
Des Forges, Alison (1999). Leave No One to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda. Human Rights
Watch. http://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/rwanda. Retrieved January 12, 2007.
Deutsch, Karl W. (1966). Nationalism and Social Communication. MIT and Willey: New York.
(ECRML, 1992) European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. Council of Europe.
European Treaty Series No. 148. Strasburg, 5.10.1992.
Easton, David (1965). A Systems Analysis of Political Life. Wiley: New York.
Eriksen, Thomas H. (2008). Ethnicity, Race and Nation. In Guibernau, Montserrat & John Rex
(eds.), Ethnicity Reader: Nationalism, multiculturalism and Migration. Polity Press:
Cambridge, UK.
Eriksen, Thomas H. (2010). Ethnicity and Nationalism: Anthropological Perspectives (3rd
edition). Pluto Press: London.
Esman, Milton (2004). An Introduction to Ethnic Conflict. Polity Press: Cambridge, UK.
Etrikin, Nicholas (1991). Betweenness of Place. John Hopkins University Press: Baltimore, US.
Fearon, James D. (2003). Ethnic Structure and Cultural Diversity by Country. Economical
Growth 8 (2): 195222.
Flint, Colin (2006). Introduction to Geopolitics. Routledge: New York.
Garner, Robert, Peter Ferdinand & Stephanie Lawson (2009). Introduction to Politics. Oxford
University Press: Oxford, UK.
Gellner, Ernst (1983). Nations and Nationalism. Blackwell: Oxford, UK.
Giddens, Anthony (1985). A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism: The Nation-State
and Violence. Polity/Blackwell: Cambridge, UK.
Gill, Graeme (2003). The Nature and Development of the Modern State. Palgrave: New York.
Gilmartin, Mary (2006). Ethnicity. In Warf, Barney (ed). Encyclopedia of Human Geography.
Sage: Thousand Oaks, US.
Gilmartin, Mary (2009). Nation-state. In Carolyn Gallaher et al. (eds.) Key Concepts in Political
Geography. Sage: Chippenham, GB.
Glassner, Martin I. (1993). Political Geography. John Willey & Sons: New York.
Goertz, Gary and Paul F. Diehl (1992). Territorial Changes and International Conflicts.
Routledge: London , New York.
Gogsadze, Giorgi (2011). 2008 Georgia-Russia war: Geopolitical Implications and International
Law. Bulletin Regions and Regionalism #12. University of Lodz: Lodz, Poland:
Gottmann, Jean (1973). The Significance of Territory. University Press of Virginia:
Charlottesville, US.
Grosby, Steven. (2005). Nationalism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press: New
York.
Guibernau, Montserrat (2007). The Identity of Nations. Polity Press: Cambridge, UK.
Harvey, David (1984). On the History and Present Condition of Geography: an Historical
Materialist Manifesto. The Professional Geographer, 36 (1): 111.
170

Harris, Erika (2009). Nationalism: Theories and Cases. Edinburg University Press: Edinburg,
UK.
Hartshorne, Richard (1950). The Functional Approach in Political Geography. Annals of the
Association of American Geographers 40 (2): 95130
Herz, John H. (1957). Rise and Demise of the Territorial State. World Politics, 9 (4): 473493.
Hilberg, Raul (2003). The Destruction of the European Jews. 3 Volume Set (3rd Edition). Yale
University Press: New Haven, US.
Hutchinson, John & Anthony D. Smith. (1996). Ethnicity. Oxford Univ. Press: Oxford, UK.
Horovitz, Donald (1985). Ethnic Groups in Conflict. University of California Press: Berkley, US.
Johnston, Ron (1982). Geography and the State: An Essay in Political Geography. St. Martins
Press: New York.
Johnston, Ron (2006). Sixty Years of Change in Human Geography. Paper prepared for the
History of Postwar Social Science Seminars, London School of Economics, April 25, 2006.
Johnston, Ron, Michael Poulsen & James Forrest (2007). The Geography of Ethnic Residential
Segregation: A Comparative Study of Five Countries. Annals of the Association of American
Geographers 97 (4): 713738.
Jones, Martin, Rhys Jones & Michael Woods (2004). Introduction to Political Geography:
Space, Place and Politics. Routledge: New York.
Jones, Stephen B. (1954). A Unified Field Theory of Political Geography. Annals of the
Association of American Geographers 44 (2): 111123.
Jones, Stephen D. (1959). Boundary Concepts in the Setting of Place and Time. Annals of the
Association of American Geographers 49 (3): 241255.
Kaplan, Morton (1967). System and Process in International Politics (2nd edition). John Willey
& Sons: New York.
King, Anthony (2005). Structure and Agency. In Harrington A. (ed), Modern Social Theory.
Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK.
Kohn, Hans (1944).The Idea of Nationalism. Collier Books: New York
Kuhlke, Olaf (2006). Space, Human Geography and. In Warf, Barney (ed), Encyclopedia of
Human Geography. Sage: Thousand Oaks, US.
Mathewson, Kent (2006). Berkley School. In Warf, Barney (ed.), Encyclopedia of Human
Geography. Sage: Thousand Oaks, US.
Marston, Sallie A. (2006). Scale. In Warf, B. (ed), Encyclopedia of Human Geography. Sage:
Thousand Oaks, US.
Miller, Louis. Between Kulturnation and Nationalstaat: The German Liberal Professoriate, 18481870 (1992). German Studies Review15: 3354.
Modelski, George & William Thomson (1988). Seapower in Global Politics, 1494-1993.
Macmillan: London.
Morris, Christopher W. (1998). An Essay on the Modern State. Cambridge University Press:
Cambridge, UK.
Muir, Richard (1997). Political Geography: A New Introduction. John Willey & Sons: New
York.
Nairn, Tom (1997). The Break-up of Britain. New Left Books: London.
Noel, Donald L. (1968). A Theory of the Origin of Ethnic Stratification. Social Problems 16 (2):
157172.
NSS (The National Security Strategy of the United States of America) (2002). http://merln.ndu.
edu/whitepapers/USnss2002.pdf
Norton, William (1998). Human Geography (3rd edition). Oxford University Press: TorontoNew York-Oxford.

171

Oergel, Maike (2006). Culture and Identity: Historicity in German Literature and Thought 17701815. Walter De Gruyter Inc.: Berlin.
Ordrige, Andrew W. (1981). Varieties of Nationalism. In Tivey, L. (ed). The Nation-State: the
Formation of Modern Politics. St. Martins: New York.
Paasi, Anssi (2003). Territory. In Agnew, J., K. Mitchell & G. Toal (eds.). A Companion to
Political Geography. Blackwell: Malden, US.
Palestine and the Palestinians (1948-1967). Britanica, Encyclopedia. http://www.britannica.com/
EBchecked/topic/439645/Palestine/45075/The-term-Palestinian
Peach, Ceri (2006). The Mosaic versus the Melting Pot: Canada and the U.S.A. Scottish
Geographical Journal 121: 327.
Pounds, Norman & Sue Ball (1964). Core-Areas and the Development of the European States
System. Annals of the Association of American Geographer 54 (1): 2440.
Rix, Eduard (2010). Gopolitique du Lviathan. Terre & Peuple. No 46: 3941. http:
//tpprovence.wordpress.com/2011/07/07/geopolitique-du-leviathan/.
Roskin, Michael G. et al. (2008). Political Science: An Introduction. Pearson Education: Upper
Saddle River, US.
Rubenstein, James M. (2003). An Introduction to Human Geography. Pearson Education: Upper
Saddle River, US.
Sack, Robert D. (1986). Human Territoriality: Its Theory and History. Cambridge University
Press: New York.
Safran, William (1991). Diasporas in Modern Societies: myths of homeland and return. In
Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies 1 (1): 8399.
Segal, Ronald (1995). The Black Diaspora: Five Centuries of the Black Experience Outside
Africa. Farrar, Straus and Giroux: New York.
Shain, Yossi & Aharon Barth (2003). Diasporas and International Relations Theory.
International Organization 57 (3): 449479.
Singer, David J. (1961). The International System: Theoretical Essays. World Politics 14(1): 77
92.
mihula, Daniel (2009). Definition of National Minorities in International Law. Journal of USChina Public Administration 6 (5): 4551
Smith, Anthony D. (1988). The Ethnic Origins of Nations. Blackwell: Oxford, UK.
Smith, Anthony D. (1995). Nations and Nationalism in a Global Era. Polity Press: Cambridge,
UK.
Smith, Anthony D. (2001). Nationalism: Theory, Ideology, History. Polity Press: Cambridge,
UK.
Smith, Anthony D. (2010). Nationalism: Theory, Ideology, History (2nd edition). Polity Press:
Cambridge, UK.
Srensen, Georg (1999). Sovereignty: Change and Continuity in a Fundamental Institution.
Political Studies 47 (3): 590604.
Staeheli, Lynn A. (2003). Place. In Agnew, J., K. Mitchell & G. Toal (eds.). A Companion to
Political Geography. Blackwell Publishing: Malden, US.
State of Union Address, 2002. http://stateoftheunionaddress.org/2002-george-w-bush.
Stoddard, Robert H., David J. Wishart & Brian W. Blouet (1989). Human Geography: People,
Places, and Cultures (2nd edition). Prentice Hall: Englewood Cliffs, US.
Symmons-Symonolewicz, Konstantin (1985) The Concept of Nationhood: Towards a Theoretical
Clarification. Canadian Review of Studies in Nationalism 12 (2): 215222.
Taylor, Peter J. (1993). Geopolitical World Orders. In Taylor, P. (ed), Political Geography of the
Twentieth Century: A Global Analysis. Belhaven Press: London.
172

Taylor, Peter (1994). The State as Container: Territoriality in the Modern World-System.
Progress in Human Geography 18 (2): 151162.
Taylor, Peter & Colin Flint (2007). Political Geography: World-economy, Nation-State and Locality
(4th edition). Pearson Education: Edinburg Gate, UK.
Tivey, Leonard (1981). States, Nations and Economies. In Tivey, L. (ed), The Nation-State: the
Formation of Modern Politics. St. Martins: New York.
The Third Estate (2009). www.lessonsnips.com
Tnnies, F., J. Harris, & M. Hollis (eds.) (2001). Community and Civil Society. Cambridge
University Press: Cambridge, UK.
Tuan, Yi-fu (1977). Space and Place: the Perspective of Experience. University of Minnesota
Press: Minneapolis, US.
Unrest Reaches Paris. New York Times. November 6, 2005. http://www.nytimes.com/
2005/11/06/world/europe/06iht-web.1106paris.html
Van Dijk, Teun (1998). Ideology: A Multidisciplinary Approach. Sage: London.
Wallerstein, Immanuel (2008). The new world geopolitical order: end of act I. http://
www.agenceglobal.com/Article.asp?Id=1727
Wan, Enoch & Mark Vanderwerf (2009). A Review of the Literature on Ethnicity and
National Identity and Related Missiological Studies. www.GlobalMissiology.org
Warf, Barney (2006a). History of Geography. In Warf, B. (ed), Encyclopedia of Human
Geography. Sage: Thousand Oaks, US.
Warf, Barney (2006b). Humanistic Geography. In Warf, B. (ed), Encyclopedia of Human
Geography. Sage: Thousand Oaks, US.
Warf, Barney (2006c). Structuration Theory. In Warf, B. (ed), Encyclopedia of Human
Geography. Sage: Thousand Oaks, US.
Weber, Eugene (1979). Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernization of Rural France 18701914. Chatto & Windus: London.
White, George (2000). Nationalism and Territory: Constructing a Group Identity in
SouthEastern Europe. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers: London.
Wilde, Robert (2012). Iron Curtain. About.com guide. http://europeanhistory.about.com/
od/glossary/g/glironcurtain.htm
Williams, Colin & Anthony D. Smith (1983). National Construction of Social Space. Progress in
Human Geography 7 (4): 502518.

. . (2008). , . 2- . .: .
.. (2007). . : T .
. . (2002). 1853-1856. : .
, .. (2006). ,
: - . : . . -
. .. .
. . (1998). . .: --.
, .. (2010).

.. . ekonomika megapolisov I regionov. #3 (33).

http://www.econmos.com/documents/journal/33/13.pdf
, .. (2003). , , . http://scepsis.ru/library/print/id_75.html
173

, .. (2010). : . 6 (4).
http://www.politex.info/content/view/756/30/.
, .. (2001). ? . .
. .: .
. (2004). " " .. . http://ss.xsp.ru/st/019/index.
php
. . (1999). (). .: .
, (2000). : ,
. . ( . .
. . ). .: .

174