ირმა მათიაშვილი, დავით კაკაბაძის დაზგური ფერწერის მხატვრული საკითხები

irma maTiaSvili
daviT kakabaZis dazguri ferweris

mxatvruli sakiTxebi
Tbilisi
2018
0
redaqtorebi:
ekaterine gedevaniSvili
xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori
qeTevan maTiaSvili
inglisuri Targmani elene kapanaZisa
1
winamdebare wigns safuZvlad udevs sakvalifikacio naSromi, romelic
daiwera 1996 wels. mas mere ganvlil periodSi araerTi gamokvleva mieZRvna
Tanamedrove qarTuli xelovnebis klasikosis – daviT kakabaZis _ mdidar
da mravalmxriv Semoqmedebas. miuxedavad gasuli wlebisa, vfiqrob,
naSromSi arsebul problematikas ar daukargavs aqtualoba da amiT kidev
erTi aspeqti Seemateba didi Semoqmedis memkvidreobis Seswavlas.
naSromi ibeWdeba TiTqmis ucvlelad, redaqtirebuli formiT. igi
gankuTvnilia xelovnebaTmcodneTaTvs, qarTuli kulturiTa da xelovnebiT
dainteresebuli mkiTxvelisTvis.
2
sarCevi
Sesavali..............................................................................................................…
Tavi I
mxatvruli Semecnebis sakiTxi daviT kakabaZis SemoqmedebaSi.......................…
Tavi II
mxatvruli saxe da misi struqtura daviT kakabaZis dazgur ferweraSi....
……daskvna.................................................................................................................................................................
reziume.....................................................................................................................................................................
bibliografia......................………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
ilustraciebi……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………
3
Sesavali
XX saukunis dasawyisis qarTuli kulturis moRvaweTa Soris,

romelTaTvisac erovnuli tradiciebis aRorZineba da mis safuZvelze
àxali xelovnebis~ Seqmna saprogramo Tezisad iqca, gamorCeuli adgili
ukavia daviT kakabaZes. tradiciis arsi da Tanadrouli mxatvruli
msoflaRqma _ es ori umTavresi aspeqti gansazRvravs misi Semoqmedebis
xasiaTs da rols modernizmis xelovnebis rTul, mravalsaxovan fenomenSi.
daviT kakabaZe mniSvnelovani warmomadgenelia `Tanamedrove
xelovnebisa~, romelic aRar gamoxatavs mxolod istoriuli aspeqtis
Tanadroulobas. es aris ukve cneba, dakavSirebuli konkretuli epoqis
mizanswrafvasTan tradiciulisagan gansxvavebuli msoflaRqmiT, kulturis
faseulobebTan axali damokidebulebiT, filosofiur-esTetikuri
safuZvlebiT dabolos, artistul SemoqmedebaSi mxatvruli saxis
Tvisebrivad axali modelis warmodgeniT. yvela es sakiTxi daviT kakabaZem
srulad ganaxorciela dazgur ferweraSi. amitomac winamdebare naSromis
amocanas kakabaZis moRvaweobis am sferos mxatvruli Tvisebebisa da misi
msoflaRqmiTi xasiaTis ganxilva warmoadgens. xelovnebisa da xelovanis
raoba da arsebobis mizani, gamoxatvis formebi, saSualebebi da mxatvruli
nawarmoebis winapiroba is umTavresi sakiTxebia, romlebic TvalnaTliv
Cans qarTveli mxatvris SemoqmedebaSi.
daviT kakabaZis pirovnebisa da Semoqmedebis ganumeorebeli fenomeni
ukve 1910-ani wlebis bolodan eqceva kritikosTa da literatorTa
yuradRebis centrSi. misdami miZRvnilia poeturi da prozauli
nawarmoebebi, dokumenturi filmi, tele da radiogadacemebi. mxatvris
personaluri gamofenebi yovelTvis aqtiur da mravalricxovan
gamoxmaurebaTa sagani iyo, xolo gardacvalebis Semdeg (amisi mizezi ki
mniSvnelovanwilad Sidapolitikuri mdgomareobis Secvla iyo)
regularulad aRiniSneboda dabadebisa da gardacvalebis saiubileo
TariRebi gamofenebiT, mogonebis saRamoebiTa da, ra Tqma unda, upirveles
yovlisa, xelovnebaTmcodneobiTi publikaciebiT respublikur da sakavSiro
(rusul) presaSi; gamocemulia gamofenebis katalogebi.
4
aTeuli wlebis momcveli es masala ara mxolod mxatvris niWisa Tu mis
miswrafebaTa aRniSvnisa da Sefasebis mcdelobaa, aramed es aris
garkveulwilad istoriuli matiane, romelSic aisaxa epoqis politikuri,
msoflmxedvelobrivi da kulturuli kataklizmebi. naTlad Cans, Tu rogor
gamoixateboda totalitaruli saxelmwifos ideologia ara mxolod
xelovnebaSi, aramed mxatvrul kritikaSic, radgan xelovnebaTmcodneobis
swored es dargi avlens aqtiur damokidebulebas Tanadroul epoqasTan da
misi gavlenis qveS eqceva. am mimarTebaSi ikveTeba CvenTvis saintereso
publikaciaTa xasiaTic. kakabaZis misamarTiT vxvdebiT rogorc misi niWis
damfasebel, aseve kritikul da xSir SemTxvevaSi uaryofiT
damokidebulebas. aris, agreTve, misi Semoqmedebis safuZvlebisa da saxviTi
formebis gaazrebis cdebi. Tu `formalizmi~ iyo daviT kakabaZis, rogorc
Semoqmedis, devnis mizezi, swored misi gamomsaxvelobis xasiaTi da
mxatvruli nawarmoebis formis Taviseburebaa erT-erTi umTavresi Rirseba,
romelic sicocxlisunarians xdis da dRemde aseTi cxoveli interesis
sagnad aqcevs mas.
monografiebsa da werilebSi aRniSnulia kakabaZis udidesi damsaxureba
qarTul da msoflio xelovnebaSi, misi Semoqmedebis originaluroba,
mxatvruli nawarmoebis daxvewiloba, Rrma erovnuloba da amave dros
universaluroba.
struqturuli arsiT publikaciaTa ZiriTadi nawili, mcireodeni
gamonaklisis garda, erT xasiaTs amJRavnebs. am niSniT garkveulwilad
SeiZleba maTi klasifikacia. amave dros SeimCneva Tu mTlianad
msoflmxedvelobrivi damokidebulebis Secvla ara, Sefasebis mxatvrul-
esTetikuri kriteriumebis sagrZnobi cvlilebebi. es, pirvelyovlisa,
gamovlenilia Teoriuli ganxilvisaTvis SerCeuli saxviTi masalis
xasiaTiT. am niSnebiT iqmneba kritikuli azris TiTqmis 80-wliani matiane
da misi evoluciuri suraTi.
modernisti mxatvari, rogoradac ukve iyo Camoyalibebuli daviT
kakabaZe 1919 wlis qarTvel mxatvarTa pirveli gamofenisTvis, grigol
robaqiZis azriT, miuxedavad stilis araerTsaxovnebis Sesaxeb gamoTqmuli
zogadi SeniSvnisa (igulisxmeba kubofuturistuli namuSevari da
5
realisturi avtoportretebi), ekuTvnis im rCeulTa ricxvs, romlebic
imedebs yovelTvis amarTleben1.
daviT kakabaZis Semoqmedebisadmi interesi xelovnebaTmcodneobiT
kritikaSi iwyeba mxatvris samSobloSi dabrunebis Semdeg. mis pirvel
personalur gamofenas, qarTvel mxatvarTa sazogadoebis darbaz
òriantSi~, eZRvneba b. gordezianisa da a. duduCavas werilebi, romlebSic
avtorTa gansxvavebuli poziciebidan gamomdinare, mxatvrul RirebulebaTa
orientiric Sesabamisad gansxvavebulia2.
b. gordezianisaTvis amosaval debulebas àxali xelovnebis~ principebi
da miznebi warmoadgens. amdenad, Tavidanve ukve naTeli xdeba
`memarcxeneobis~ warmomadgeneli kritikosis damokidebuleba. misTvis
mxatvruli forma aucilebeli pirobaa xelovnebis nawarmoebisTvis,
romelic axali epoqis Sinaarsobriv gamoxatulebad unda iqces (kerZod ki,
rogorc werilSia dakonkretebuli _ “socializmis revoluciuri epoqa”).
amitomac, `memarcxeneoba~, rogoradac igi axasiaTebs daviT kakabaZis
Semoqmedebas, miaCnia Tanamedrove cxovrebisaTvis misaRebad.
kritikosisaTvis arsebiTia nawarmoebis novatoruli forma. siuJetis,
emociurobis, Tematikurobisa da yovelgvari subieqturobis uaryofa ki is
aucilebeli pirobaa, romlis Sedegadac xelovneba koleqtiuri Semecnebis
formad unda gadaiqces. rogorc d. kakabaZisaTvis, aseve b.
gordezianisaTvis miuRebelia fotosa da kinos arsebobis epoqaSi
mxatvrobis tradiciuli formiT ganviTareba3.
Tanadrouli evropisa da ruseTis kulturaTa arsebiTi niSnebis
warmoCenis fonze kritikosi iZleva daviT kakabaZis Semoqmedebis zogad
analizs rogorc mxatvruli formis, ise gamoyenebuli masalis
gaTvaliswinebiT. sainteresoa, rom igi aqve aRniSnavs kakabaZismieri
formaTqmnadobis umTavres Tvisebas _ proeqcirebas. gamofenis ganxilvisas
1 gr. robaqiZe, qarTvel mxatvarTa suraTebis gamofena. daviT kakabaZe. `sabWoTa xelovneba~,
1988, #6, gv. 27-28.
2 b. gordeziani, daviT kakabaZis suraTebis gamofena qarTvel mxatvarTa sazogadoebis
darbaz òriantis~ SenobaSi. `komunisti~, 1928, #105. Дудучава А., Кривая современного кубизма.
(Выставка картин Д. Какабадзе). ` Заря Востока”, 1928. 12/V.
3 b. gordeziani, dasax. naSr.
6
avtors yuradRebis gareSe ar rCeba iseTi faqtoric, rogoricaa darbazSi
eqspoziciis ganawilebis xasiaTi.
mxatvruli nawarmoebis mizanmimarTebisa da misi Sefasebis erT-erTi
kriteriumi, rogorc konkretuli socialur-politikuri determinativi,
ikiTxeba werilis im nawilSi, sadac avtori gamofenaze warmodgenil
mxatvrobas ganixilavs socialisturi sinamdvilisa da proletaruli
kulturis Camoyalibebis prizmaSi. sainteresoa, rom maTSi xedavs swrafvas
warmoebisaken, rogorc àxali nivTis Seqmnis~ procesisaken.
kritikosisaTvis àxali nivTi~ _ es aris warmoebasTan Serwymuli
xelovneba. es koncefcia arsebiTad gansxvavdeba kakabaZis `gakeTebuli
suraTis~ Teoriisagan, romelic mxatvruli nawarmoebis epoqasTan
siaxlovisas, pirvelyovlisa, gulisxmobs xelovnebis SemecnebiT pozicias
da am safuZvelze axali saxviTi enis damkvidrebas.
sruliad gansxvavebul pozicias avlens a. duduCava werilSi
`Tanamedrove kubizmis simrude~4. saTaurSivea gamokveTili avtoris
uaryofiTi damokidebuleba, romliTac ganmsWvalulia kritikuli teqsti.
igi gamofenis mniSvnelobas xedavs or sakiTxSi: 1. `peredviJnikebis~
konservatiuli tradiciebis mxatvruli gemovnebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul
gamowvevas~ da 2. Cveneba `dasavleTevropuli kubisturi mxatvrobis Cixisa,
romelic cdilobs movlenaTa garegnuli geometrizaciiT gaxsnas WeSmariti
kanonzomiereba `qaosisa da SemTxveviTobis samyaroSi~5.
kubisturi mimdinareobis Sesaxeb filosofiur-esTetikuri mokle
eqskursis Sedegad kritikosi kakabaZes acxadebs `niWier orTodoqs
kubistad~, romlis mTavar Rirsebad mxolod formalur ostatobas
aRiqvams. siuJetisa da konkretuli ideis gareSe (ra Tqma unda, igulisxmeba
literaturuli TxrobiToba) misTvis xelovnebis nawarmoebi martooden
sqemaa, romelic WeSmariti Semoqmedebis farglebs scildeba, xolo daviT
kakabaZis mier `brwyinvaled gadawyvetili xazis problema~ mxolod
ornamentis ganviTarebis winapirobad esaxeba6. aqedan gamomdinare, TxrobiTi
siuJetis uqonlobis gamo kritikosisaTvis kakabaZis mxatvruli idea
4 А. Дудучава, dasax. naSr.

5 iqve.
6 iqve.
7
gaugebari rCeba, xolo mTlianad Semoqmedeba calmxrivad axsnili
kubisturi mimdinareobis Sedegia. am tendenciis fonze aRar aris gasakviri,
rom avtori daskvnaSi socialisturi masobrivi kulturis apologetad
gvevlineba7.
a. duduCavas mier saxelmwifo-ideologiuri safuZvliT warmarTuli
kritikis es principebi viTardeba diskusiaze, romelic mieZRvna
formalizms mxatvrobaSi8. masSi monawileobdnen agreTve saqarTvelos
kompartiis ck-s warmomadgenlebi. aRniSnul diskusiaze formalistebad
gamoacxades qarTvel da saqarTveloSi (TbilisSi) moRvawe mxatvarTa
umravlesoba. aqac a. duduCava l. gudiaSvilis `formalizms~ ukavSirebs
iranul-bizantiur tradiciebs, d. kakabaZisas _ frangul kubizms9.
ganxiluli weriliT kondensirebulad gamoixata ori aTwleulis
atmosfero, romelic daviT kakabaZis Semoqmedebis tendenciurobiT axsnisa
da dausabuTebeli kritikis periodi iyo10. aseTi iZulebis Sedegad
Secvlili mxatvruli eniT Seqmnil nawarmoebTa (èlevatori foTSi~,
`samTo samuSaoze~ da sxv.) eqspoziciis Semdeg 1949 wlis gamofenis
ganxilvasTan dakavSirebiT, mxatvarTa kavSiris Tavmjdomare S. mamalaZe
aRniSnavs, rom `d. kakabaZem daZlia formalizmi~, ùkuagdo winandeli
mcdari pozicia da gabedulad daadga realizmis gzas~11.
1950-ani wlebis II naxevridan, Secvlili Sidapolitikuri situaciidan
gamomdinare, qarTul kritikaSic axali damokidebuleba SeiniSneba. presaSi
qveyndeba mogonebebi daviT kakabaZeze, mravalaTasiani tiraJiT
gamoqveynebuli masalebiT farTo mkiTxvelisaTvis xelmisawvdomi xdeba
didi xelovanis cxovrebisa da Semoqmedebis epizodebi.
Aam periodis xelovnebaTmcodneobiTi werilebi ZiriTadad biografiisa
da Semoqmedebis zogadi mimoxilvaa, magram amiT iwyeba daviT kakabaZis
moRvaweobis ufro farTod ganxilva da misi ZiriTadi problematikis
7 iqve.
8 formalizmis winaaRmdeg mxatvrobaSi. `komunisti~, 1936, 30/III.
9 iqve.
10 В союзе художников. К итогам юбилейной выставки. `Заря Востока~, 1948, 21/V. Новицкий Н., Страница
жизни. `Вечерний Тбилиси~, 1964, 4/VII.

11 Мамаладзе Ш., Грани творчества художника. `Вечерний Тбилиси~, 1949, 3 /III.
8
gaazreba. zogad tendenciebSi kvlavindeburad Zlieria drois faqtori, ris
gamoc profesiuli analizis miRma rCeba mTeli seriebi, kerZod ki parizis
periodis modernistuli mimdinareobebi. Semoqmedebis mxatvrul konteqstSi
gaazrebis magivrad, am seriaTa epiTetad kvlavindeburad figurirebs
`formalizmi~, mxatvris moRvaweobis Sesabamisi periodi ki cdomilebad
fasdeba, sawinaaRmdegod bolo ferweruli tiloebisa, romlebic axal,
mniSvnelovan etapad warmoCindeba. mxatvruli analizis Sedegad aRiniSneba
iseTi arsebiTi xasiaTis niSnebi, rogorebicaa kompoziciis agebis
Tavisebureba (sibrtyobriv-dekoratiuloba), sivrcis koncefciis da xazis
(naxatis) mniSvneloba.
g. alibegaSvilis werili Jurnal `mnaTobSi~12 aris faqtiurad pirveli
publikacia, romelSic mocemulia daviT kakabaZis ferweruli da
grafikuli suraTebis SedarebiT farTo stilisturi analizi. mxatvris
Semoqmedeba ganixileba ZiriTadad e. w. realisturi namuSevrebis
safuZvelze. xelovnebaTmcodnis kvlevis interesSi eqceva kakabaZis
adreuli wlebis peizaJebi (imereTis, fineTis), avtoportretebi,
portretebi, naturmorti, 1930-1940-ani wlebis peizaJebi (imereTi, svaneTi,
kojori, kikeTi, Zveli Tbilisi da sxv.) da bolo wlebSi industriul
Temaze Sesrulebuli tiloebi. stilisturi analizis safuZvelze
aRniSnulia gamomsaxvelobiTi Taviseburebebi da ZiriTadi mxatvruli
problemebi: sivrcobriv-moculobiTi sakiTxi, agreTve erovnuloba, romlis
maxasiaTebladac warmoCenilia rogorc nawarmoebis Tema, aseve formiseuli
niSnebi: `konturi ar iTqvifeba, haeri gamWvirvalea, mTebis ferdobebi
saxnavi miwis `naWrebiTaa~ mocemuli da monoqromuli koloristuli gamaa
gamefebuli~13. naSromSi mcireoden adgils ikavebs modernistul
mimdinareobaTa seriebi, romlebic mkvlevris mier uaryofiTad aris
Sefasebuli da maT erTaderT Rirsebad dekoratiulobaa aRniSnuli. ra
Tqma unda, es Tviseba ganuyofelia ara marto am nawarmoebTaTvis, aramed
daviT kakabaZis mTeli samxatvro praqtikisaTvis, magram mxatvrul-saxovan
12 g. alibegaSvili, daviT kakabaZis Semoqmedeba. `mnaTobi~, 1956, #8, gv. 171-175.

13 iqve, gv. 173.
9
konteqstSi maT ufro mniSvnelovani adgili miekuTvneba da, Sesabamisad,
kvleviTi gaazrebis umetes siRrmes imsaxurebs. kritikuli klasifikaciis
amave planSi ikiTxeba isic, rom dadebiTad aris Sefasebuli socrealizmis
meTodiT Sesrulebuli ferweruli tiloebi ara mxolod maTSi
gamovlenili formiseuli ostatobis mxriv, aramed SerCeuli siuJetiTac,
romlebSic “mxatvari asaxavs Sromas da adamianis mier bunebis gardamqmnel
moRvaweobas~14. amasTan dakavSirebiT davZen, rom am tipis kompoziciebSi
daviT kakabaZis mier adamiani sruliad unificirebulad gamoisaxeba,
upirovnod da individualobis ignorirebiT, rac miT ufro naTels xdis
Semoqmedis mier gaRebul iZulebiT xarks.
yovelive zemoTqmuli drois faseulobaTa orientiris Rrma daRs
atarebs da niSandoblivia ara mxolod ganxiluli werilisTvis, aramed
Semdgomi, TiTqmis ori aTeuli wlis mravali publikaciisTvis.
daviT kakabaZesTan urTierTobis wlebs ixsenebs k. gamsaxurdia15. igi
mxatvris SemoqmedebiTi temperamentis gaxsniT mkiTxvels aziarebs mis
individualur samyaros. sainteresoa, rom aq vxvdebiT didi xelovanis
pirovnebisa da moRvaweobis iseT umTavres niSans, rogoricaa universaloba.
zogadmimoxilviTi xasiaTisaa S. amiranaSvilis werilic, romelic
gamoqveynda 1958 wels16. `dakvirvebis unari, daxvewili gemovneba, obieqturi
sinamdvilis Sinagani arsis gamovlineba~ _ aseTia calkeul nawarmoebTa
stilisturi analizis konstatireba.
aRniSnul naSromTa garkveulwilad pirvel nabijebs mohyveba mxatvris
saiubileo TariRebTan dakavSirebuli xelovnebaTmcodneobiTi da
memuaruli xasiaTis werilebi g. alibegaSvilis, S. amiranaSvilis, g.
buaCiZis, m. duduCavas, k. zdaneviCis, l. rCeuliSvilis, v. beriZis, k.
maCablis, a. camciSvilis da sxvaTa avtorobiT17.
14 iqve,. gv. 175.

15 k. gamsaxurdia, daviT kakabaZe. `mnaTobi~, 1956, #9, gv. 158-166.
16 S. amiranaSvili, daviT kakabaZe. `sabWoTa xelovneba~, 1958, #4. gv. 49.
17 Алибегашвили Г., Давид Какабадзе. Тб., 1958; Алибегашвили Г., Давид Какабадзе. `Литературная Грузия~,
1959, №9, с .87-88.; S. amiranaSvili, daZabuli Zieba, SemoqmedebiTi mRelvareba. (daviT

kakabaZis suraTebis gamofena). `komunisti~, 1959, 3/IX; Буачидзе Г., Мир природы. Выставка
произведений художника Д. Какабадзе. “Молодой сталинец”, 1959, 25/VIII; Ш. Амиранашвили, Выставка
картин Давида Какабадзе.Тбилиси,1959; k. gamsaxurdia, kritika. Tb., 1959. gv. 140-157.; m. duduCava,
10
k. zdaneviCi ixsenebs peterburgis periods, d. kakabaZis pozicias àxali
xelovnebisa~ da klasikuri principebis mimarT18. sxvadasxva avtori
aRniSnavs mxatvris reformatorul rols, mis mier `suraTovnuli
azrovnebis~ danergvas, sapirispirod ètiuduri aRqmisa~, novatorobas,
erovnulobas. am ukanaskneli aspeqtisaTvis moyvanilia paralelebi
qarTuli mwerlobis sapeizaJo koncefciidan _ iliasaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
mTlianoba, farToplanianoba da akakis feradovneba; erovnuli kulturis
ori didi moRvawis _ n. lorTqifaniZisa da d. kakabaZis saazrovno
koncefciaTa Sexeba da Sedareba _ ùcxouri elementebis erovnuli
filtracia~19.
stilis analizis mxriv saintereso magaliTebs iZleva l.
rCeuliSvili20.
aRsaniSnavia isic, rom am periodidan daviT kakabaZis kubizmiT gataceba
ukavSirdeba mis racionalizms da mxatvris SemoqmedebaSi es mimdinareoba
fasdeba rogorc SemoqmedebiTi logikuroba21.
l. gudiaSvili d. kakabaZes `msoflio mniSvnelobis ubrwyinvales
Semoqmeds~, filosofoss da àxali mxatvruli azrovnebis erT-erT
Semqmnels~ uwodebs22.
1970-ani wlebis II naxevridan iwyeba daviT kakabaZis Semoqmedebis
erovnul da msoflio (evropul) kulturaTa ufro farTo konteqstSi
gaazreba da misi individualuri niSnebis warmoCena. meti konkretulobiT
vlindeba mxatvris Semoqmedebis xasiaTi da mniSvnelovneba. am mxriv
qarTuli sabWoTa ferwera. Tb., 1959. gv. 46-48. k. zdaneviCi, daviT kakabaZe. `mnaTobi~, 1959,
#1, gv. 156-164; r. metreveli, d. kakabaZis ucnobi suraTi. àxalgazrda komunisti~, 1959,
10/IX; Зданевич К., Мастер кисти. На выставке картин Давида Какабадзе. “Заря Востока”, 1959, 14/VIII; S.
kvasxvaZe, mTeli arsebiT. d. kakabaZis gamofenis gamo. àxalgazrda komunisti~, 1959, 1/IX;
Снова знакомимся с выдающимся художником. “Вечерний Тбилиси”, 1959,12/VIII; Успех выставки работ Д.
Какабадзе. “Заря Востока”, 1959, 19 /IX; S. kvasxvaZe, daviT kakabaZe. `literaturuli gazeTi~, 1959,
21/VIII; a. camciSvili, ucxoeTSi moRvawe qarTveli xelovanni. Tb., 1962. gv. 116-118 da mr. sxv.
Ppublikacia.
18 k. zdaneviCi, dasax. naSr.
19 S. kvasxvaZe, mTeli arsebiT. d. kakabaZis gamofenis gamo. àxalgazrda komunisti~, 1959,
1/IX.n. RambaSiZe, sityva da funji. `mnaTobi~, 1971, #1, gv. 145-149.

20 Л. Рчеулишвили, Край родной. “Литературная Грузия”, 1969,№1, с. 61-65.
21 d. wereTeli, SesaniSnavi qarTveli mxatvari. `mnaTobi~, 1962, #7, gv. 133-137.
22 l. gudiaSvili, dauviwyari (daviT kakabaZis dabadebis 80 wlisTavTan
dakavSirebiT). `literaturuli saqarTvelo~, 1969, 3/X.
11
gamoirCeva 1975 wels gamosuli v. beriZisa da n. ezerskaias erToblivi
naSromi `Искусство Советской Грузии. 1921-1970~, sadac kakabaZis Semoqmedebis
mimoxilvac mniSvnelovan adgils ikavebs23; igive xasiaTisaa mxatvris
dabadebidan 90 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili v. beriZis werili24.
Sua saukuneebis Semdgomi axali qarTuli xelovnebis tradiciebi,
stilis zogadi tendenciebi, dazguri nawarmoebis, anu suraTis xasiaTi,
Tematikur-Janrobrivi problemebi da saxviTi niSnebi _ am wiaRSi
ganixilavs v. beriZe XX s-is dasawyisis qarTuli xelovnebis Camoyalibeba-
ganviTarebas. 1910-ani wlebis qarTuli kulturisa da, kerZod ki, Tbilisis
mxatvruli cxovrebis sxarti da metyveli daxasiaTebis fonze avtori
gviCvenebs mxatvarTa axali Taobis programul gansxvavebulobas maTi
winamorbedebisagan, mizandasaxul swrafvas `specifikuri erovnuli formis
mignebisaken~, romelic ganuyofel kavSirSi iqneboda uaxles evropul
mxatvrul procesebTan da xelovnebisa da ferweruli nawarmoebis axal,
tradiciulisagan gansxvavebul koncefciasTan. erovnuli kulturis am
axal nakadSi xdeba daviT kakabaZis, rogorc Semoqmedis warmoCena,
romlisTvisac `cxovrebis mTel manZilze (....) damaxasiaTebeli iyo
sistematuroba, mkafio mizandasaxuloba da mizanswrafva, SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom arsebiTad mTeli misi saqmianoba _ romel dargSic ar unda emuSavna
mas _ erTi miznisken iyo mimarTuli: es mizani iyo bunebisa da xelovnebis
kanonzomierebaTa, maTi urTierTobebis da urTierTzemoqmedebis Secnoba~25.
aRsaniSnavia, rom v. beriZis publikaciebSi daviT kakabaZis Semoqmedebis
zogadi kanonzomierebebisa da mxatvrul-stiluri aspeqtebis gamoyofisas,
saxviT nawarmoebebTan erTad, garkveul rols ikavebs mxatvris Teoriuli
naSromebi. mkvlevris mier yuradRebis gamaxvileba antiTezis or wyvilze
SemTxveviTi ar aris. klasicizmi-romantizmi da aRmosavleTi-dasavleTi
kakabaZis mxatvruli praqtikis koncefciur qvakuTxeds warmoadgens.
ferwerisa da grafikuli namuSevrebis formis analizis Sedegad v. beriZis
mier konstatirebulia daviT kakabaZis Semoqmedebis saxe, rac gamoixata
23 В.Беридзе, Н. Езерская. Искусство Советской Грузии. М., 1975. с. 70-76, 165-166, 186-187.
24 v. beriZe, daviT kakabaZe 90 wlisaa. `sabWoTa xelovneba~, 1979, #11, gv. 24-37, #12, gv. 12-24.
25 v. beriZe, dasax. naSr., #11, gv. 29.
12
kompoziciis dasrulebulobiT, racionalurobiT da analitikurobiT,
bunebis maradiuli saxis CvenebiT, tipizireba-abstrahirebiT, formis
rafinirebulobiT, arsSi wvdomiT; xolo specifikurad erovnul niSnebad
gamoyofilia: emociis gamoxatvis Sekavebuloba, sinaTle, teqtonikuroba da
agebulebis `TiTqos klasikuroba~, feradovani SeTanxmebis simsubuqe,
racionalizmisa da poeturobis Tanxmiereba26.
Teoriuli naSromebisa da samxatvro Semoqmedebis problemaTa
urTierTdamokidebulebaa gamoxatuli aseve, g. buaCiZis werilSi27. avtori
am mimarTebiT gamoyofs zogad sakiTxebs da maT erTian SemoqmedebiT
procesebs ukavSirebs. Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom Teoriul naSromTa
ganxilvas ufro komentarebis xasiaTi aqvs, vidre msoflmxedvelobriv-
koncefciuri aspeqtiT warmodgenili sistemisa.
mkveTrad Secvlili damokidebuleba garemomcvel samyarosTan,
adamianis cnobierebaSi momxdari kataklizmebi, aqedan gamomdinare, drois
drama da xelovnebis axali amocanebis gaazreba, samyaros asaxvis sistemis
Secvla _ es is principuli niSnebia, romelTac n. stepaniani mWidrod
ukavSirebs daviT kakabaZis pirovnebas, moRvaweobas da Semoqmedebas28. amave
planSi ganmartavs mkvlevari abstraqtul serias, rasac klasikuri
perspeqtivis sistemis gadasinjvis Sedegad aRiqvams. aRsaniSnavia, rom
ganyenebuli formebisadmi mimarTvas intuiciis gavleniT ki ar xsnis,
aramed realuri obieqtebis Segnebuli daSliT.
sakiTxis dasmisa da misi gadawyvetis siaxliT gamoirCeva g. xoStarias
werili `daviT kakabaZis Semoqmedebis istoriuli mniSvnelobisaTvis~29.
winamorbed avtorTagan gansxvavebiT, mniSvnelovan Taviseburebad ikiTxeba
kakabaZisa da zogadad XX s-is dasawyisis mxatvrobis ganxilvaSi saxviTi
masalis rolis warmoCena. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom g. xoStaria
modernistuli xelovnebis problematikas ukavSirebs renesansuli da axali
drois (barokos) mxatvruli msoflxedvis da `masTan kavSirSi myofi
26 v. beriZe, dasax. naSr., # 12, gv. 14.

27 g. buaCiZe, daviT kakabaZe. `sabWoTa xelovneba”, 1975, #10, gv. 10-28; #11, gv. 36-51; #12, gv.
98-111.
28 Н.Степанян, Искусство Давида Какабадзе. “Литературная Грузия”, 1980,№4, с. 198-210.
29 g. xoStaria, daviT kakabaZis Semoqmedebis istoriuli mniSvnelobisaTvis. `mxatvari~, 1982,
IX.
13
sistemebis rRveva-transformacias~. es ki uTuod ganapirobebs tradiciul
saxviT meTodze uaris Tqmasa da axali principebis SemuSaveba-gamovlenas:
uars geometriul perspeqtivaze, tonalur modelirebaze, anatomiur
agebaze, literaturul-siuJeturobaze.Aam principebis Sedegia usagno
xelovnebis gaCena, skolis cnebis gaqroba klasikuri mniSvnelobiT.
1989 wels farTod aRiniSna daviT kakabaZis 100 wlis iubile.
respublikis TiTqmis yvela perioduli gamocema gamoexmaura am movlenas.
xelovnebaTmcodneobiTi ganxilvis sferoSi xvdeba mxatvris moRvaweobis
calkeuli aspeqtebic (kinosa da Teatris mxatvroba, dizainis sakiTxebi),
xolo Sefasebisas metadaa gaTvaliswinebuli istoriuli pirobebi da
garemo. winare periodTan SedarebiT mniSvnelovan adgils ikavebs
modernistuli seriebi, romlebic mxatvrobis e. w. `realistur~
nawarmoebebTan erTad Semoqmedebis erTian suraTs qmnis.
XX s-is kulturis gnoseologiur-esTetikur konteqstSi warmoaCens
daviT kakabaZis Semoqmedebas d. andriaZe30. mkvlevari miuTiTebs àxali
xelovnebis~ iseT maxasiaTeblebs, rogorebicaa konceptualizmi,
sinkretizmi, xelovnebis axali gnoseologiuri pozicia, mxatvris
inteleqtur-nebelobiTi damokidebuleba. Tumca iq, sadac werilis avtori
aRniSnavs, rom `XX saukunis mxatvris saazrovno meTodi renesansis
mxatvris koncefcias uaxlovdeba, ikvreba Taviseburi wre da uaxlesi
evropuli mxatvroba kvlav ubrundeba àdamianisa da samyaros~
Tanafardobis klasikur formulas, kerZod, mis im modifikacias, romelsac
ewodeba àdamiani samyaroSi~31, dazustebas moiTxovs es mimarTeba, radgan
renesansuli xelovnebis Semecnebis formula `realuri adamiani _ realur
garemoSi~ ara zogadad samyarosTan mimarTebas gulisxmobda, aramed
konkretuli istoriuli realiebis gaTvaliswinebas. aqedan gamomdinarea
renesansuli mxatvruli saxis struqturaSi centraluri (geometriuli)
perspeqtivisa da misi sistemis ganmsazRvreli roli. marTalia, XX s-is
mxatvris interesi kvlavindeburad aqtiurdeba samyaros SemecnebiTi
wvdomisaken da mis msoflaRqmaSi, renesansulis analogiurad, Tavs iCens
30 d. andriaZe, daviT kakabaZis xelovnebis dro da sivrce. `sabWoTa xelovneba~, 1989, #9,
gv. 97-116.
31 iqve, gv. 98.
14
artistuli esTetika, magram am ori udidesi gardatexis epoqis samxatvro
koncefciaTa amosaval debulebas principuli sxvaoba aqvs. renesansuli
esTetikis safuZveli, humanisturi anTropocentrizmidan gamomdinare,
subieqturi sensualizmia, maSin rodesac XX s-is konceptualur
mxatvrobaSi inteleqtur-cnebiTi plani iSleba. aseve, polemikuria: 1) d.
andriaZis mier daviT kakabaZis xelovnebis fenomenSi universalizmis
ganmarteba, rogorc klasikuri mxatvruli azrovnebis maxasiaTeblisa,
radgan universaloba scildeba mxolod mxatvrul azrovnebas da zogadad,
msoflmxedvelobriv sferos moicavs, xolo mxatvruli azrovneba ki misgan
ganpirobebul Sedegs warmoadgens; da 2) daviT kakabaZis pirovnuli dramis
ganmarteba. es aspeqti ara mxolod àrsebul sociumTan konfliqtiT~ anda
misi ìnteleqtualurad daZabuli cxovrebiT~ aixsneba32. mxatvris
cxovrebis es mxare, iseve rogorc sxva kidev mravali sakiTxi, Semecnebis
sferoSi arsebiT cvlilebebs ukavSirdeba da XX s-is dasawyisis kulturis
safuZvlebisa da mimarTebebis ufro farTod gacnobierebas moiTxovs.
amisaTvis ki, garkveulwilad, amosaval debulebad SeiZleba iqces TviT d.
andriaZis mier gamotanili daskvna, rom `daviT kakabaZe RirebulebaTa
samyaros mieltvis, imgvar sinamdviles, romelic neokantianur
filosofiaSi gavrcelebuli Tezisis Tanaxmad ar arsebobs, magram
mniSvnelobs~33.
daviT kakabaZis Semoqmedebis analitikur aspeqts eZRvneba vl. asaTianis
analogiuri saTauris werili34, romelSic avtori msjelobs xelovanis or
tipze _ `miTo-poeturi xedvis xelovansa~ da ànalitikosze~, rogorsac
miakuTvnebs kakabaZes. vl. asaTians aRniSnuli aqvs analitikosis saxasiaTo
niSnebi: SemoqmedebiTi procesis sistematizacia, `cnebiTi~ azrovneba,
movlenaTa da saganTa siRrmis wvdoma, maTi `Sinagani agebulebis~ Seswavla
da gamovlena, `zogadi kriteriumebis~ Zieba, riTac òbieqturi~,
`mecnieruli~ Rirebuleba eniWeba xelovnebis qmnilebas. Tumca werilis
saerTo xasiaTis _ Teoriuli ganzogadebebisa da cnebiTi gaazrebis Semdeg
32 iqve, gv. 97.

33 iqve, gv. 103.
34 vl. asaTiani, daviT kakabaZis Semoqmedebis analitikuri aspeqti (xelovanTa ori tipis
sakiTxisaTvis). `sabWoTa xelovneba~, 1988, #7, gv. 70-76.
15
moulodnelia daviT kakabaZis Semoqmedebis warmodgena, rogorc
evoluciurad ganviTarebuli procesisa. vl. asaTiani mis Sesaxeb aRniSnavs,
rom es iyo `winaaRmdegobebiTa da maTi daZleviT aRsavse mobiluri
procesi, romelic evolucias ganicdida da saboloo jamSi, mxatvari
realizmis myar poziciamde miiyvana~35. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom es
winaaRmdegoba sabWoTa saqarTveloSi dabrunebis Semdeg aq arsebul
ideologiur aparatTan iyo, xolo `daZleva~ _ sruli iZulebiT, romelsac
mohyva mxatvrulobis xarisxis Sesusteba.
epoqis istoriuli realiebis, socialur-politikuri kataklizmebisa da
mxatvrul faseulobaTa principuli gadafasebis fonze ganixilaven daviT
kakabaZis Semoqmedebas n. janberiZe36 da g. xuciSvili37. avtorTa mier
gaTvaliswinebulia saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis
mZlavri erovnuli impulsi xelovnebis ganviTarebaSi da is farTo
xasiaTis kulturuli movlenebi, romlebic tradiciebisadmi mimarTebas da
maT axal aspeqtSi gaazrebis Sedegs warmoadgens. daviT kakabaZis
Semoqmedebis ganxilvis am prizmaSi kanonzomierad JRers n. janberiZis mier
industriuli peizaJebis Sefaseba, rom `miuxedavad maTSi gamovlenili
ostatis daxvewili xelwerisa, kompoziciis agebis uzadobisa, mxatvris
mier samyaros aRqmis individualuri gamoxatva Sesustebulia, rac
ganpirobebulia moculobiT-sivrcobriv ferweraze iZulebiTi gadasvliT.
Tumca mxatvari mainc aRwevs Tavisebur dekoratiul efeqts, rac
industriuli motivis romantikulobas ganapirobebs~38.
uSualod Tanamedrove (XX s.) mxatvris poziciisa da mxatvruli
koncefciurobis gaazrebas iZleva g. buRaZe39. igi SemoqmedebiTi
cnobierebis aucilebel pirobad erovnuli kulturis Zireuli niSnebisa da
arqetipebis da ultraTanamedrove mxatvruli saxovanebis Serwymas
aRniSnavs, xolo ideis xatovanebis logikas _ ciklebisa da seriebis
Seqmnis pirobad.
35 iqve, gv. 76.

36 n. janberiZe, moqmedi xelovneba. `sabWoTa xelovneba~, 1989, #11, gv. 2-11.
37 g. xuciSvili, Tanamedrove qarTuli mxatvrobis mesaZirkvle. `nekeri~, 1990, # 1, gv. 9-13.
38 n. janberiZe, iqve, gv. 11.
39 g. buRaZe, mxatvari-mkvlevari. `nekeri~. 1990, #1g. gv. 13-15.
16
garda ganxiluli werilebisa, romlebic daviT kakabaZis Semoqmedebis
zogad xasiaTs eZRvneba, aRniSnul saiubileo wels gamoqveynda agreTve
misi moRvaweobis konkretul sferoebTan dakavSirebuli naSromebi.
dizainis xelovnebasTan kavSirs ikvlevs i. xelaZe40. avtori yuradRebas
amaxvilebs mxatvris evropaSi yofnisas `bauhauzisa~ da funqcionalistebis
ideebis gacnobaze, TanamSromlobas k. marjaniSvilTan da TeatrSi dizainis
mniSvnelovani principis gatarebas _ sivrciTi-sagnobrivi garemos
organizacias àdamianuri faqtoris~ maqsimaluri gaTvaliswinebiT. igi
ganixilavs, agreTve, 1940-an wlebSi daviT kakabaZis moRvaweobas dizainis
sferoSi.
1993 wels gamoqveynda q. kinwuraSvilis werili,41 miZRvnili daviT
kakabaZis `konstruqciul-dekoratiuli kompoziciebisa da qandakeba "Z"-
isadmi~. seria ganxilulia mxatvris Semoqmedebis zogad principebTan
mWidro kavSirSi da warmoCenilia maTi TviTmyobadoba da maRalmxatvruli
xasiaTi.
Teatrsa da kinoSi ganxorcielebuli mxatvrobis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva
wlebSi gamoqveynebulia d. janeliZis, b. JRentis, n. aleqsandrovis, i.
qareliSvilis, g. alibegaSvilis, n. uruSaZis, m. donaZis, e. TumaniSvilis, e.
okujavas werilebi42. mxatvrobis xelovnebaTa sinTezSi gaazreba da am
principebiT xelovnebis axali, erToblivi namuSevris Seqmna daviT
kakabaZis SemoqmedebiTi cxovrebis kidev erT saintereso waxnags gviCvenebs.
xelovnebis sinTezur qmnilebaSi mxatvrobis rolis warmodgena da misi
stilisturi analizi kidev erTxel naTelhyofs mxatvris SemoqmedebiT
40 i. xelaZe, daviT kakabaZe da 20-ani wlebis dizaini. `sabWoTa xelovneba~, 1984, #5, gv. 127-
134.
41 q. kinwuraSvili, daviT kakabaZis konstruqciul-dekoratiuli kompoziciebi da
skulptura `Z~. `literatura da xelovneba~, 1993, # 1, gv. 176-192.

42 d. janeliZe, uZlevelni. `komunisti~, 1945, 23/XII.; Б. Жгенти, Начальник станции. “Заря
Востока”, 1947, ¹99; i. qareliSvili, `mezRvaurebi~ rusTavelis saxelobis TeatrSi.

`literatura da xelovneba~, 1947, 16/II..
Г.Алибегашвили, Оформление постановок театров им. Ш. Руставели и К. Марджанишвили, (1922-1966). Ars
Georgica, Тб., 1974, серия 13. т.7, с. 42,63; n. uruSaZe, daviT kakabaZe. Tb., 1978; m. donaZe, daviT
kakabaZis filmi qarTuli Sua saukuneebis xuroTmoZRvrebis Zeglze. `sabWoTa xelovneba~,
1984, # 10, gv. 83-91; e. TumaniSvili, kote marjaniSvilisa da daviT kakabaZis speqtakli
`hopla, Cven vcocxlobT!~, `sabWoTa xelovneba~, 1989, # 12. gv. 79-88; Ник. Александров,
`Начальник станции~, `Вечерняя Москва~, 1947, 12/VI.
17
mTlianobas da xelovnebaTa calkeul saxeobebSi gamovlenili principebis
erTianobas, rac agreTve saxasiaTod vlindeba grafikul da kedlis
mxatvrobis nawarmoebebSi, kerZod _ `qimerionis~ moxatulobis mis mier
Sesrulebul nawilSi43.
stereokinoSi daviT kakabaZis novatorul mignebas eZRvneba p.
margvelaSvilis werili44.
aRsaniSnavia, rom dabadebidan 100 wlisTavis saiubileo wels qveyndeba
mxatvris cxovrebis ucnobi epizodebi TanamedroveTa mogonebebiTa da
saarqivo masalebis moxmobiT45.
amgvarad, ganxiluli bibliografiuli masala, garkveulwilad,
programulobiT warmoaCens daviT kakabaZis Semoqmedebis ZiriTad
problemebs, romlebic Tezisuri xasiaTiT sam ZiriTad sakiTxs moicavs:
universalurobas, erovnulobas da am ori magistraluri mimarTulebidan
gamomdinare da maT safuZvlebTan urTierTmimarTebaSi myofi axali
mxatvruli principebis Ziebas rogorc samxatvro praqtikaSi, aseve
Teoriul naSromebSi.
daviT kakabaZe TiTqmis erTdroulad iwyebs samxatvro da kritikul
moRvaweobas im periodSi, rodesac saxviTi kritika mxolod pirvel
nabijebs dgamda, xolo xelovnebaTmcodneoba, rogorc mecniereba, qarTul
kulturaSi jer kidev ar arsebobda46. amis gamo Sefasebis kriteriumebi
ufro subieqturia da xSirad moklebulia Camoyalibebuli mecnierebisaTvis
43i. Zucova, cota ram `qimerionis~ mxatvrobaze. `sabWoTa xelovneba~, 1975, #3, gv. 49-52; Л.
Гудиашвили, Загадки `Химериона~, `Вечерний Тбилиси~, 1979, 13/X.; z. sxirtlaZe, freskis xelmeore
dabadeba. `literaturuli saqarTvelo~, 1982, 30/VII.; z. sxirtlaZe, `qimerionis~ mxatvrobis
gaxsna. `mxatvari~. 1982, X. winamdebare naSromis daweris Semdeg `qimerionis~ mxatvrobis
Sesaxeb 2011 wels sakvalifikacio naSromi gamosca T. tabataZem.
44 p. margvelaSvili, usaTvalo stereokinos gamomgonebeli. `mecniereba da teqnika~, 1978,
#2, gv. 46-50.

45 i. Zucova, daviT kakabaZe. Strixebi SemoqmedebiTi portretisaTvis. `saxalxo
ganaTleba~, 1989, 4/X; g. nozaZe, faqizi gemovnebis adamiani. `Tbilisi~, 1989, 24/VIII; Е.
Тулашвили, Художник Давид Какабадзе. `Вечрений Тбилиси~, 1989, 23/IX; T. Ciqovani, .... da sixaruli.
`Tbilisi~, 1989, 21/IX; В. Беридзе, Г. Очиаури, Страницы воспоминаний. `Заря Востока~, 1989, 27/IX.
46 qarTuli xelovnebaTmcodneobis fuZemdeblis, akad. g. CubinaSvilis pirveli naSromi
`saorbisis eklesiis~ Sesaxeb gamoqveynda 1915 w. akad. n. maris mier daarsebul JurnalSi
`Христианский Восток ~. d. TumaniSvili statiaSi `qarTuli xelovnebaTmcodneobis~ Sesaxeb
aRniSnavs, rom `qarTuli xelovnebaTmcodneobis saTaveebTan daviT kakabaZec unda
18
saxasiaTo sistematurobas. Tumca swored am fonze naTlad Cndeba
problemaTa aqtualoba, xSir SemTxvevaSi maTi pirovnuli gancdis
simZafrec da msjelobis erTmniSvnelovneba. daviT kakabaZis Teoriuli
Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb v. beriZe aRniSnavs: `kakabaZis msjelobis
kategoriuloba, mis mier xelovnebis movlenaTa da faqtTa mouridebeli
Sefaseba dadebiTad da uaryofiTad, misaRebad da miuReblad
damaxasiaTebelia gardamavali xanisaTvis, ngrevisa da Senebis droisaTvis.
amas garda, ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom am nawerebis avtori xelovnebis
istorikosi ki ar aris, romelsac SeuZlia mSvidad, obieqturad Seafasos
diametrulad sawinaaRmdego movlenebi da yvelas Tavisi miuzRas, aramed
mxatvari, romelic TviTonvea CarTuli cxovrebis duRilSi, `xelCarTul~
brZolaSi, romelic eZiebs, àmxobs~ da cxadia, ar SeuZlia miudgomeli
iyos~47. amitomacaa, rom Sexebis uSualobidan gamomdinare, daviT kakabaZis
arc erT frazaSi ar sustdeba emociurobis muxti. Mmisi msjelobisaTvis
damaxasiaTebelia logikuroba, azris gamoTqmis lakonizmi da gansasjeli
sakiTxis warmodgenisa da azrobrivi ganviTarebis naTeli struqturuloba.
sxarti fraziT fiqsirebuli msjelobebi Tu calkeuli, debulebad qceuli
azrebi miznobrivi dinamizmiT erTi mTlianobis warmoCenas emsaxureba. es
aris faseulis Zieba rogorc Tanamedrove, aseve warsulis SemoqmedebiT
memkvidreobaSi. amitomacaa, rom Tanamedrove kulturis raobis
gaazrebasTan erTad vxvdebiT tradiciis arsis Semecnebas, modernistuli
koncefciebis ganxilvis paralelurad istoriuli xasiaTis werilebs (`beqa
opizari~ da `leonardo da vinCi~), evropul da ruseTSi arsebuli
evropuli mimdinareobebis Teoriebis gverdiT Tanamedrove qarTuli
xelovnebis tradiciebis, arsebuli saxis da ganviTarebis sasurveli gzebis
analizs48. amis gamoa, rom mxatvrobasTan erTad Teoriuli Semoqmedebac
iseTive individualobis matarebelia da aRbeWdilia didi mxatvris
vigulisxmoT, rom daviT kakabaZis naSromebis saerTaSoriso mniSvneloba eWvs ar unda

iwvevdes.~ tomeuli `saqarTvelo~.
47 v. beriZe, dasax. naSr., # 11, gv. 31.
48 k. gamsaxurdia aRniSnavda, rom `meoce saukuneSi TiTqmis yoveli kulturuli eris
xelovnebaTa winaSe dadga problema universalobisa. yoveli xelovneba, sul erTia

mxatvroba iqneba igi Tu mwerloba, viwro nacionaluri CarCoebidan unda gamovides, sxva
19
azrovnebis niSniT. gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom profesiuli
terminologiis daudgenlobisa da xSir SemTxvevaSi ararsebobis gamo
TviTon mxatvars uxdeboda maTi moZieba da urTierTdakavSireba. amitomacaa,
rom vxvdebiT iseT gansazRvrebebs, rogorebicaa mag: xatuloba, xazuloba _
feradovnebisa da grafikuloba-konturulobis Sesabamisad, feris
saturacia da sxv49. daviT kakabaZis xelovnebaTmcodneobiTi leqsika
ukiduresad martivi da lakoniuria. minimaluri ganmartebebiT igi avlens
msoflio civilizaciaTa codnas da maT arsSi wvdomas. garkveulwilad
`grafikuli teqtonikurobiT~ agebuli kritikuli werilebi amJRavnebs
avtoris farTo ganswavlulobas, profesionali mxatvris alRos da
kulturis safuZvlebSi gacnobierebul moazrovnes. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom
Teoriul naSromTa problematika uSualod exeba misi samxatvro
moRvaweobis interesebs. daviT kakabaZis Semoqmedebis umTavresi RerZi _
xelovnebisa da bunebis kanonzomierebaTa Secnoba iseve TvalnaTliv
ikveTeba mis saazrovno sferoSi, rogorc SemoqmedebiT praqtikaSi _ es misi
msoflmxedvelobis safuZvelia, romelic XX s-is kulturis arsebiT
Taviseburebas ukavSirdeba.
pirvelive werilebSi aSkaraa saxviTi principebisa da xelovnebis axali
gnoseologiuri funqciis moZiebis cdebi. aseve aqtualuria Tanamedrove
qarTuli mxatvrobis `mxatvruli ena~, romelic moicavs rogorc saxviTi
saSualebebis _ ferisa da moxazulobis mniSvnelobis garkvevas, aseve
erovnuli tradiciebis, yofisa da konkretuli erovnuli garemos _ bunebis
gaazrebas50. aRsaniSnavia, rom axali qarTuli xelovnebis Camoyalibebis
procesSi daviT kakabaZe did yuradRebas uTmobs saxelmwifos _
samTavrobo struqturebis _ da xelovnebis urTierTobis formas. werilSi
`rogor unda moewyos CvenSi xelovnebis saqme~, xelovnebis istoriuli
ganviTarebisa da Tvisebrivi maxasiaTeblebis gaTvaliswinebiT
SemTxvevaSi igi darCeba mxolod da mxolod lokaluri mniSvnelobis faqtori, erTgvari

òrRobis xelovneba~. k. gamsaxurdia, daviT kakabaZe. `mnaTobi~, 1956, #9, gv. 160.
49 `saturacia~ franguli sityvaa da niSnavs gajerebulobas, siZlieres.
50 werilebi: `Cveni gza~, `suraTis principi~, `Tanamedrove mxatvruli gzebi~, `saqarTvelos
Rerbi~, `forma~, `qarTvel mxatvarTa suraTebis gamofena~. ix. daviT kakabaZis TxzulebaTa
krebuli ~xelovneba da sivrce” (krebuli Seadgina da winasityvaoba daurTo givi
gegeWkorma). Tbilisi, 1983.
20
erTmniSvnelovnad aris gatarebuli xelovnebis avtonomiurobis sakiTxi. es
damokidebuleba vrceldeba rogorc Tanadroul procesebze, aseve
tradiciul memkvidreobaze: siZveleebis movla-patronobasa Tu maTi
restavraciis sakiTxebze51.
xelovnebis avtonomiurobis meore, aranakleb mniSvnelovani aspeqti
exeba saxviTi xelovnebis specifikurobas, mis saSualebebsa da miznebs,
xelovnebis dargebs Soris mxatvrobis gansakuTrebul rols; azris,
principis, Semoqmedebis formis raobasa da mniSvnelobas. aqedan
gamomdinareobs SemecnebiTi, anu `wminda saxis xelovneba~, romelic
upirispirdeba utilitaruls, literaturul-TxrobiT mxatvrobas, rogorc
warsulis gadmonaSTs; da aseve, konceptualizmi da mxatvruli kanonebis
Zieba, mecnierebis roli Tanamedrove cxovrebasa da xelovnebaSi52.
xelovnebis avtonomiurobas ukavSirdeba mxatvruli formis mniSvnelobisa
da misi vizualuri niSnebis ganxilva, gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebisa da
mxatvruli ideis urTierTmimarTeba. am principebidan gamomdinareobs daviT
kakabaZis mier erovnuli xelovnebis tradiciuli formis gaazreba (formis
simartive, teqtonikuroba, xazis gansakuTrebuli roli) da polemika
`cisferyanwelebTan~ erovnul sulze da kulturis tipis ganmartebaze53. es
sakiTxi mWidro kavSirSia kakabaZiseuli antiTezis pirvel wyvilTan _
`romantizmi-klasicizmi~, romlis farglebSi ganixilavs xelovnebis
pozitiurobas, anu SemecnebiTobas, `xelovnebis xalxosnurobas~,
xelovnebaSi individualizmis sakiTxs54. am ukanasknelTan kavSirSia Janris
problema, kerZod ki _ portretuli xelovnebis Tavisebureba, masSi
arsebuli mxatvris mizani55.
antiTezis meore wyvili _ àRmosavleTi-dasavleTi~56 moicavs
xelovnebis droiT-sivrcobriv aspeqts, formis dinamikas, ferweraSi
51 daviT kakabaZe, Zveli tfilisi; saqarTvelos Rerbi da sxva werilebi ix. Txz. krebulSi
`xelovneba da sivrce”, gv. 40-41.
52 daviT kakabaZe, parizi, 1920-23 wlebi. dasax. Txz. kreb.. gv. 80-122.
53 p. margvelaSvili, daviT kakabaZis arqividan. Tb., 1988, gv. 68-74.
54 daviT kakabaZe, parizi, 1920-23 wlebi. gv. 80-118.
55 daviT kakabaZe, suraTis principi. dasax. Txz. kreb. gv. 34-35.
56 daviT kakabaZe, sivrcis ornairi koncefcia. dasax. Txz. kreb. gv. 130-133.
21
perspeqtivis raobas, sivrcis gancdas da mis zemoqmedebas adamianze,
dinamikuri sivrcis gadmomcem axal saSualebebs plastikur xelovnebaSi.
kardinalurobiT gamorCeul zemoaRniSnul sakiTxebTan erTad daviT
kakabaZis gansjis horizonti moicavs esTetikuris fenomens, mxatvruli
Semoqmedebis da misi aRqmis procesebs, SemoqmedebaSi inteleqtisa da
intuiciis rols. aseve exeba dasrulebuli nawarmoebis, kerZod ki _
suraTis formis, misi ganmsazRvreli saSualebebis da suraTSi
gamosaxulebis xasiaTsa da Tvisebebs57.
aRsaniSnavia isic, rom pirvelive werilebSi Cndeba daviT kakabaZis
umTavresi debuleba _ `xelovneba mecnierebaa~,58 romelic laitmotivad
gasdevs mTel mis kritikul azrovnebas. argumentaciisaTvis ki iyenebs
Semecnebis tradiciuli formebis _ religiis, mecnierebisa da xelovnebis
daxasiaTebas, maT sazogadoebriv rolsa da mniSvnelobas kacobriobis
istoriis calkeul etapze59.
daviT kakabaZis Teoriuli Semoqmedeba misive samxatvro interesebis
ganuyofeli nawilia da ganmartavs mis mimarT mxatvris damokidebulebasa
da mizans.
mxatvruli xasiaTiT, Janris SerCeviT, TematikiTa da stilis niSnebiT
daviT kakabaZis Semoqmedeba sam periodad SeiZleba daiyos60. pirveli
periodi moicavs saqarTvelosa da ruseTSi, kerZod ki peterburgSi
swavlisa da moRvaweobis xanas. 1919 wlisaTis ukve srulad aris
gamovlenili misi saxviTi individualoba. peizaJis, portretisa da
naturmortis ferwerul nawarmoebebTan erTad igi qmnis grafikisa da
monumenturi mxatvrobis kompoziciebs, amave dros aqveynebs Teoriul
naSromebs Zveli da Tanamdrove xelovnebis problemebze, monawileobs
qarTvel mxatvarTa pirvel gamofenaze. Semoqmedebis meore etapi parizSi
57 daviT kakabaZe, konstruqciuli suraTis Sesaxeb, parizi, 1921 w. dasax. Txz. kreb. gv. 67-76.
58 ix. daviT kakabaZis Teoriuli naSromebis krebuli `xelovneba da sivrce~.
59 daviT kakabaZe, Tanamedrove mxatvruli gzebi. dasax. Txz. kreb. gv. 48-50.
60 periodizacia eyrdnoba v. beriZis, d. lebaniZisa da m. meZmariaSvilis naSromSi `daviT
kakabaZe~, m., 1989 w. (rusul enaze) mocemul qronologias. (kirile zdaneviCi d. kakabaZis
Semoqmedebas Sendeg etapebad yofs: 1) xatvis pirveli cdebi sofelSi da quTaisSi, 1900-1909
ww. 2) mecadineoba peterburgSi, 1910-1914 ww; 3) saqarTveloSi dabruneba, 1918-1920 wlebi; 4)
1920-27 wlebi parizSi; 5) 1928-1951 ww. ixKk. zdaneviCi, dasax. naSr., gv. 159.
22
yofnis periodia. daviT kakabaZe iq ecnoba Tanadrouli evropis kulturas.
gansxvavebuli saxviTi eniT Sesrulebuli ferwerisa da grafikis seriebiT
mxatvari srulyofilad eufleba modernizmis esTetikas. imdroindeli
kritikuli Txzulebebi uSualod Tanamedrove xelovnebis problemebs
exeba. iq yofnisas amTavrebs luvris muzeumTan arsebul
xelovnebaTmcodneobis erTwlian kurss, monawileobs evropasa da amerikaSi
mowyobil gamofenebSi. am periods ekuTvnis qandakeba `Z~, mogzaurobs
italiasa da saberZneTSi, aqtiurad muSaobs usaTvalo stereokinos
Seqmnaze.
saqarTveloSi dabrunebiT iwyeba daviT kakabaZis Semoqmedebis mesame _
ukanaskneli periodi. ferwerasa da grafikaSi dazguri nawarmoebebis
Seqmnis garda mxatvari aqtiurad TanamSromlobs kinosa da TeatrSi.
TviTon xelmZRvanelobs filmis gadaRebas saTauriT: `saqarTvelos
uZvelesi Zeglebi~, axdens Sua saukuneebis qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis
ZeglTa fotofiqsacias, eweva aqtiur pedagogiur moRvaweobas Tbilisis
samxatvro akademiaSi sxvadasxva Tanamdebobebze, kiTxulobs leqciebs
Tanamedrove evropuli xelovnebis Sesaxeb, qmnis ak. wereTlis saflavis
Zeglis proeqts. warmatebuli pedagogiuri moRvaweobisaTvis 1935 wels
ajildoveben `sapatio niSniT~. miuxedavad amisa 1948 wlidan aTavisufleben
yvela dakavebuli Tanamdebobidan. amave wlidan igi sareklamo biuros
xelmZRvanelia. Mmisi rekomendaciiT sruldeba sareklamo-agitaciuri
xasiaTis RonisZiebebi.
daviT kakabaZis Semoqmedebac da cxovrebac `Tanamedrove xelovnebis~
da `Tanamedrove epoqis~ cnebaTa erTi pirovnebismieri gamoxatulebaa;
epoqisa, romlis kataklizmebi siZlieriTa da mniSvnelovnebiT sruliad
uprecedento aRmoCnda. saukunis dasawyisis qartexilebi mxolod dasawyisi
Seiqmna SemdgomSi, aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi ganviTarebuli da
gabatonebuli tendenciebisa, romlebmac gansazRvres mTeli XX saukune da
amitomacaa, rom saukuneze meti xnis win dawyebuli moZraobis arsi da misi
mxatvruli saxe dResac Tanamedrovea da xSirad mxolod mcireodeni
istoriul-stilisturi gansxvavebiT ganirCeva. daviT kakabaZem Tavisi
SemoqmedebiT qarTul sinamdvilesTan erTad mTlianad gaiziara
23
`Tanamedrove epoqa~ da mxatvrulad gamoavlina v. kandinskis mier
Camoyalibebuli Sinagani aucileblobis principebi, rac gulisxmobs
Semdegs:
1) rogorc Semoqmedi, yoveli mxatvari movalea, gamoxatos mxolod
misTvis damaxasiaTebeli (pirovnulobis elementi);
2) rogorc Tavisi epoqis Svili, yoveli mxatvari movalea, gamoxatos am
epoqis arseba (stilis elementi Sinagani mniSvnelobiT, romelic Sedgeba
epoqis eniTa da eris eniT manam, sanam eri, rogorc aseTi, iarsebebs).
3) rogorc xelovnebis msaxuri, yoveli mxatvari movalea, gamoxatos
zogadad xelovnebis arsi (wminda da maradiuli mxatvrulobis elementi,
romelic gadadis yvela drosa da xalxze, xilvadad arsebobs yoveli
mxatvris qmnilebebSi, yovel ersa da yovel epoqaSi da ar aRiarebs
xelovnebis mTavar elementad arc sivrcesa da arc dros61. swored am
principebis flobaa is mizezi, romlis gamoc, aTwleulebis Semdegac ki,
aseve mniSvnelovani da aqtualuria daviT kakabaZis Semoqmedeba, radgan
mxatvarma SeZlo eCvenebina epoqac da eric ise, rom ar dakarguliyo misi
Semqmneli pirovneba da am gziT memkvidreobad daetovebina
maRalmxatvrulobis matarebeli da originaluri esTetikur-SemecnebiTi
qmnilebebi. maTi gavlenis Zala ki, upirveles yovlisa, Rrma erovnul
safuZvlebSia saZiebeli.
erovnuli sawyisis aqtualoba XX s-is dasawyisis qarTuli xelovnebisa
da, zogadad, im periodis qarTuli kulturis niSansvetia62. jer
`TergdaleulTa~, xolo SemdegSi maTi memkvidreebis RvawliT qarTuli
sazogadoebis azrovnebaSi fesvs idgams erovnulis idea. 1918 wlis 26 maisis
aqtiT ki saqarTvelos mravalsaukunovan istoriaSi kidev erTi
RirsSesaniSnavi TariRi aRiniSna. es iyo xanmokle, magram eris
cnobierebisaTvis mravalmxrivi mniSvnelobis periodi, rodesac kidev
erTxel TvalnaTlivi gaxda politikuri statusis masStaburoba eris, miT
umetes, mcirericxovanis, kulturis perspeqtivisaTvis. 1910-ani wlebidan
61В. Кандинский, О духовном в искусстве, в кн.: Мастера искусства об искусстве. М., 1969. том V, кн. II, стр.
121-122.
62 erovnulobis problema saxasiaToa XX s-is sxva qveynebis xelovnebisTvisac, magaliTad,
abramcevos jgufis SemoqmedTaTvis.
24
arCil jorjaZis da sxvaTa politikur-sociologiur naSromebTan erTad
qveyndeba mixako wereTlis fundamenturi gamokvleva èri da kacobrioba~,
romelic argumentirebuli daskvnaa TiToeuli eris uflebisa
damoukidebel saxelmwifoebriv erTeulad cxovrebisaTvis. qarTvelma
politikosebma saxelmwifoebriobis sakiTxs mWidrod daukavSires qarTuli
eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgena. damoukideblobis wlebSi warmatebiT
gvirgvindeba universitetis Seqmnis idea. ivane javaxiSvilisa da misi
TanamoRvaweebis mravalwliani Sroma erovnuli farToplaniani
saganmanaTleblo keris daarsebisTvis realurad xorcieldeba. Tbilisis
universitetma moizida da gaaerTiana ruseTisa da evropis sxvadasxva
qalaqebSi gafantuli qarTuli inteleqti, romelic maSindeli msoflio
mecnierebis saukeTeso dones iziarebda (i. javaxiSvili, p. meliqiSvili, d.
uznaZe, a. SaniZe, s. yauxCiSvili, i. beritaSvili da mr. sxv.). maT saxelebs
daukavSirda im erovnul samecniero skolaTa Camoyalibeba-ganviTareba,
romlebic dResac funqcionireben da xSir SemTxvevaSi agrZeleben
warsulSi safuZvelCayril mdidar tradiciebs. Tu es tendencia aseTi
naTelia kulturisa da mecnierebis SedarebiT axalgazrda dargebisTvis,
raoden ufro mravalplanian suraTs qmnis aTaswleulze meti xnis
tradiciebis mqone qarTuli mwerloba! axali mxatvruli nakadebisa da
skolebis poziciebi, Janrul-Tematikuri Tu niSandoblivi stiluri
cvlilebebi swored 1900-an wlebSi vlindeba (m. javaxiSvili, gr. robaqiZe,
n. lorTqifaniZe, k. gamsaxurdia, g. tabiZe, cisferyanwelebi).
sazogadoebrivi azrisa da mwerlobis ganviTarebaSi didi roli Seasrula
maSindelma qarTulma presam, mxatvrulma Jurnal-gazeTebma. didi
yuradReba eTmoboda sagamomcemlo saqmes, axali problemebi daayena
saliteraturo kritikam.
didi warmatebiT viTardeboda da farTo popularobas ixveWda
xelovnebis sruliad axali dargi _ kino, romlis dasamkvidreblad
dauRalavad iRvwodnen: v. amaSukeli, al. diRmelovi, S. dadiani, v. gunia, s.
esaZe. 1912 wels v. amaSukeli iRebs msoflio kinoxelovnebaSi pirvel
srulmetraJian dokumentur films àkakis mogzauroba raWa-leCxumSi~. kino
iqca erovnuli kulturisaTvis TviTdamkvidrebis erT-erT formad.
25
klasikuri mwerlobis inscenirebasTan erTad iRebdnen dokumentur
suraTebs da iqmneboda saqarTvelos vizualuri matiane (àzerbaijanis
fronti~, `baTumis gadmocema saqarTvelosaTvis~, `1919 wlis 26 maisi~ da mr.
sxv.) aRsaniSnavia isic, rom `gogitiZesTan polemikaSi damarcxebulma v.
barskim swori daskvna gaakeTa _ qarTvel mayurebels mxatvrul kinoSi,
upirveles yovlisa, erovnuli Tematika ainteresebda. amitom cdilobda
daesakuTrebina qarTul yofaze Seqmnili yvela scenari~63.
aranaklebi siZlieris procesebi TiTqmis aTi wlis Semdeg aRiniSneba
qarTul TeatrSic k. marjaniSvilisa da s. axmetelis moRvaweobiT:
marjaniSvilis farTomasStabiani zrunva dasis profesiuli donisaTvis,
repertuaris SerCevis xasiaTi, Tanamedrove qarTvel dramaturgTa da
mxatvarTa miwveva da TanamSromloba; axmetelis erovnuli koncefcia
TeatrSi _ msaxiobis plastikiT erovnuli ritmikis gadmocema (rac 30-an
wlebSi misi represiis erT-erTi mizezi iyo).
Tvisebrivi siaxleebi aRiniSneba musikaluri xelovnebis sferoSic.
Tbilissa da quTaisSi yalibdeba sxvadasxvaprofiliani musikaluri
dawesebulebebi; 1919 weli aRiniSna Tbilisis saopero Teatris scenaze
dadgmuli sami klasikuri qarTuli operiT: d. arayiSvilis `Tqmuleba SoTa
rusTavelze~, z. faliaSvilis àbesalom da eTeri~ da v. doliZis `qeTo da
kote~. Tbilisis konservatoriaSi msoflio samusiko xelovnebis
saSemsruleblo tradiciebis miRwevebze izrdeba axali kadrebi64.
gansakuTrebuli aRmavlobiT aRiniSna saxviTi xelovnebis sfero. am
periodSi samoRvaweod gamosul mxatvarTa Semoqmedeba dRes erovnuli
saganZuris faseulobaa. 1919 wels, `didebis taZarSi~, moewyo qarTvel
mxatvarTa pirveli gamofena, romelic iyo sxvadasxva Taobis SemoqmedTa
erToblivi eqspozicia.
samTavrobo zrunviT (miuxedavad qveynis arasaxarbielo materialuri
mdgomareobisa) saxelmwifo stipendiantebad evropis mxatvrul centrebSi
(parizi, miunheni) miavlines axalgazrdebi, romelTac saxviTi xelovnebis
axali etapi Seqmnes.
63 p. iakaSvili, kino damoukidebel saqarTveloSi. `literaturuli saqarTvelo~, 1989, 26/V.

64 g. toraZe, qarTuli musika damoukideblobis xanaSi. `komunisti~, 1989, 3/VI.
26
amgvarad, daviT kakabaZis Semoqmedeba ganuyofelia rogorc evropuli
modernizmis xelovnebis, aseve erovnuli kulturis im sakiTxebisagan,
konkretulobiTa da simZafriT rom wamoayena XX s-is dasawyisis
sinamdvilem.
daviT kakabaZis samxatvro da Teoriuli Semoqmedebis saerTo
xasiaTidan gamomdinare, maTSi arsebuli SemecnebiT-mxatvruli sakiTxebiT,
Tanadrouli evropuli da qarTuli kulturis arsebiTi xasiaTis
gaTvaliswinebiT, winamdebare naSromSi gansaxilvelad warmodgenilia
Semdegi sakiTxebi: 1. daviT kakabaZis Teoriuli Semoqmedebis sakiTxebi; 2.
mxatvruli Semecnebis problema; 3. mxatvruli saxis struqtura; 4. daskvna
ki exeba daviT kakabaZis saxviTi formis kavSirs erovnul tradiciebTan da
dazgurobis specifikas.
XX s-is dasawyisSi SemoqmedebiTi aqtisaTvis koncefciurobis gazrda
da Teoriuli sistemis arseboba, upirveles yovlisa, sakvlevi Temis
mTlianobidan gamomdinare, moiTxovs am principebis ganmartebas da maTi
rolis gansazRvras rogorc mxatvris SemoqmedebiTi cnobierebis
CamoyalibebaSi, aseve mxatvruli saxis TvisebaSi. swored amitom mxatvruli
Semecnebis xasiaTi daviT kakabaZis dazgur ferweraSi arsebuli mxatvruli
sakiTxebis garkveul koncentrirebas axdens, ris gamoc marTebuli
aRmoCnda uwinaresad misi ganxilva. am planSi, xelovnebis modernistuli
koncefciiT Seqmnili mxatvruli saxis Taviseburebebi ufro naTelia da
safuZvlebic _ gasagebi.
aRniSnuli ZiriTadi problemebis ganxilviT winamdebare naSromSi
mcdelobaa daviT kakabaZis Semoqmedebis umTavresi nawilis _ dazguri
ferweris _ mxatvrul-SemecnebiTi saxis warmodgenisa.
27
I Tavi
mxatvruli Semecnebis sakiTxi daviT kakabaZis SemoqmedebaSi
daviT kakabaZis esTetikuri msoflSemecneba XX s-is dasawyisis

konceptualuri xelovnebis ZiriTad principebs ukavSirdeba. modernistuli
kulturis Tvisebrivi siaxle gamoixateba xelovnebis cnebiT gaazrebaSi da
Semecnebis sxva formebTan mimarTebaSi misi prioritetiT. amiT
ganisazRvreba daviT kakabaZis mier Semecnebis tradiciul formaTa
mniSvnelobis diferencireba. Sefasebis orientiri ki aris Tanadrouli
kulturis xasiaTi, misi ganmsazRvreli faqtorebi da Semecnebis TiToeuli
formis mniSvneloba sxvadasxva civilizaciaSi.
28
daviT kakabaZis TeoriaSi SemecnebiTi aspeqti ganisazRvreba adamianis
cxovrebis gamarTlebisa da misi saSualebebis ZiebiT; amitomac amosaval
principad igi àdamianis mcnebis~65 cvlilebas asaxelebs, romelsac
ukavSirdeba Tanamedrove adamianis cnobierebaSi momxdari arsebiTi
cvlilebebi. zust mecnierebaTa swrafma ganviTarebam Zireulad Secvala
adamianis warmodgena samyaroze: ucvleli, myari da maradiulad miRebuli
materialuri elementi _ atomi (antikuri tradiciidan moyolebuli, uaxles
dromde) ukve veRar amarTlebda Tavis Sinaarss. misi daSla kidev ufro
mcire Semadgenel nawilebad erT-erTi faqtori gaxda materialuri
samyaros ukanaskneli, zRvruli mocemulobis Secvlisa. mecnierebaTa
ganviTarebam da sawarmoo teqnologiaTa gaumjobesebam manamde arnaxuli
siswrafiT ganaviTara da Seavso adamianis codna samyaroze, romlis
Sesaxeb informaciac aseve arnaxuli tempiT misawvdomi gaxda bevrad ufro
farTo fenebisaTvis, vidre romelime winare epoqaSi. kiurebis mier
aRmoCenili radioaqtioba, atomis daSla da elementaruli nawilakebis
aRmoCena, radio, telegrafi da TviTmfrinavi gardamtex faqtorebad iqca
adamianis cnobierebisaTvis. daviT kakabaZe aRniSnavs, rom `maSinizmi _
mecnierebis Sedegi _ umTavresi ZarRvia dRevandeli cxovrebisa. manqana
gamosaxavs mTeli Cveni arsebobis xasiaTs. qimiis dawinaurebam, foladis
gaumjobesebam mogvca saSualeba manqanebis da motoris gakeTebisa. (...)
umavTulo telegrafis umaRlesma ganviTarebam gadalaxa adamianis
gankerZoebuli cxovrebis yovelive sazRvari da daamkvidra universaloba.
Cven vcxovrobT mkafiobis, siswrafis, gaqanebis, mizanSewonilobis, didi
aRmSeneblobis da did gamogonebaTa xanaSi. dRevandeli warmodgena qveynis
Sesaxeb ufro sruli, mTliani da garkveulia, vidre warsulSi~66.
SemecnebiT miRebuli informacia kinematografis, presisa da telegrafis
saSualebiT masobrivi kuTvnileba gaxda. amave dros, I msoflio omis
Sedegad, garkveulwilad dasrulda jer kidev evropis istoriis axali
epoqiT dawyebuli erovnuli, saxelmwifoebrivi Caketilobis rRveva. omis
grandiozuli masStabebis ngrevam, msxverplma da masobrivma ubedurebebma
65 kakabaZiseuli terminia.
66 daviT kakabaZe, parizi. 1920-23 wlebi. gv. 83.
29
kacobrioba axali, universaluri problemis winaSe daayena. evropis
moazrovne sazogadoeba adamianis arsebobis mizans _ cxovrebis sazriss
Caufiqrda. miuxedavad imisa, rom daviT kakabaZe epoqis Taviseburebebis
aRniSvnisas ZiriTadad mecnierebisa da teqnikis Secvlil xasiaTs
miuTiTebs, mis mier gamovlenili interesi àdamianis mcnebisadmi~ udavos
xdis mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi Semecnebis axali sakiTxis dasmas da,
Sesabamisad, misi gadawyvetis gzebis Ziebas. XX saukunis daswyisis
inteleqturma sazogadoebam mTeli sisruliT gaacnobiera axali epoqis
dinamikuri xasiaTi, misi sirTule, romelmac globalurad moicva adamianis
yofis yvela aspeqti _ sulis, inteleqtis da fizikuri qmedebis CaTvliT.
`maSinizmis~67 epoqam radikalurad Secvala adamianis cxovrebis
sazrisi da srulad warmoaCina kulturasa da mis faseulobebTan is
mimarTeba, riTac aRniSnuli epoqa sabolood daupirispirda araTu uSualo
winamorbedebs, aramed Seqmna Tvisebrivad gansxvavebuli msoflmxedveloba.
XX s-Si, renesansuli epoqis Semdgom pirvelad, analogiurive simwvaviT
daisva anTropologiuri problema. aRniSnuli epoqa, romelic sul male
gaazrebuli da saxeldebuli iqna krizisulad, i. huicingas mier xasiaTdeba
rogorc èpoqa adamianis samyaros gafaSrebisa~68. krizisma mravali
aspeqtiT moicva sazogadoeba da mZlavrad Searyia misi arsebobis
safuZvlebi. RirebulebaTa sistemaSi wonasworobis darRveva uSualo biZgi
Seiqmna adamianis pirovnebis mTlianobis dasaSlelad. saxelmwifoebriv-
politikur, msoflmxedvelobriv, materialur, goniT da spiritualur
sferoTa radikalurma cvlilebebma gamoiwvia yovelive tradiciulis
gaufasureba da dapirispireba axalTan, romelic xelSesaxebad da
gamokveTilad jer kidev ar arsebobda. tradiciulis dakargvam da axlis
bundovanebam adamians arsebobis myari safuZveli gamoacala da Tavis mxriv
ganapiroba momavlisadmi pesimisturi ganwyoba69. gaCnda Teoriebi evropis
daisis Sesaxeb (romelTagan erTi umTavresi Spenglers ekuTvnis). maT mier
Tanadrouli evropuli kultura Sefasda dekadentur movlenad. Tumca,
67`maSinizmi~ daviT kakabaZis terminia. amiT igi iziarebs futuristebis pozicias XX

saukuneSi teqnikis esTetizirebis Sesaxeb.
68 e. kodua, istoriis sazrisis sakiTxisaTvis. Tb., 1976, gv. 48.
69 iqve, gv. 48-52.
30
samecniero aRmoCenebiTa da teqnikuri progresiT gajerebuli epoqa daviT
kakabaZisTvis adamianuri gonis didi gamarjvebaa da swored amaSi xedavs
igi momavlis damamkvidrebel myar safuZvels. igi aRniSnavs, rom
Tanadrouli dasavluri civilizacia `didi aRmSeneblobis~ dawyebisaTvis
farTo SesaZleblobebs iZleva da momavalic swored am civilizaciis
xelSia~70. sainteresoa, rom amave periodSi parizSi myofi Salva qiqoZe
sruliad degradirebulad aRiqvams evropas. 1920 wels igi werils ugzavnis
das da swers: èvropa leSia, is leSi, romelsac saSineli gaxrwnis suni
asdis. me ar vici, ra Zalas SeuZlia SeaCeros es rRveva. revolucias,
SesaZloa mxolod mas da sxvas arafers~71. Tanadrouli evropuli
kulturis mimarT uaryofiT damokidebulebas avlens k. gamsaxurdiac.
daviT kakabaZis grafikuli seriis Sefasebisas igi wers: ès Canaxazebi
warmoadgenen usastikes kritikas im suliT Raribi civilizaciisa, romlis
ganqiqeba ukve mocemulia franguli romanis didostatebis mier.
amoralizmis, sulieri da qonebrivi gakotrebis ufskrulTan mdgomi
adamianebis groteskuli tipebi rialeben daviT kakabaZis parizul
CanaxatebSi”72. maTgan gansxvavebiT, daviT kakabaZis damokidebuleba
evropuli civilizaciisadmi pozitiuria da masSi xedavs universalur
movlenas, romelTan Segueba da romlis SeTvisebac yoveli
sicocxlisunariani erisaTvis gardauval kanonzomierebad esaxeba.
evropuli civilizacia arsebuli saxiT, rogorc mecnierebis ganviTarebis
Sedegi, mis mier fasdeba rogorc adamianis SemoqmedebiTi unaris
gamomavlinebeli saukeTeso saSualeba73. sxva maxasiaTeblebTan erTad am
civilizacias Tan sdevs moralis axleburi gagebac, magram moralis cneba
kakabaZesTan sruliad gansxvavdeba am sityvis tradiciuli
mniSvnelobisagan da `maSinizmis~ epoqis adamianis eTikas praqtikul
saqmianobasTan damokidebulebiT sazRvravs74. modernizmis kulturis
zogadi faqtorebidan gamomdinare Sefaseba, romelsac aZlevs daviT
70 daviT kakabaZe, iqve, gv. 108.

71 i. abesaZe, Salva qiqoZe. Tb., 1990, gv. 27.
72 k. gamsaxurdia, iqve.,Ggv. 164.
73 daviT kakabaZe, iqve.
74 iqve, gv. 86.
31
kakabaZe `maSinizmisa~ da `dinamizmis~ saukunes, radikalurad gansxvavdeba
winamorbedi mxatvruli kulturis msoflmxedvelobisagan, kerZod ki _
uiliam morisisa da prerafaelitebis esTetikuri da sulieri
faseulobebisagan. mecnierebisa da teqnikis kulti kakabaZesTan
upirispirdeba maT àntimaSinizms~ da SiSs `maSinizmisadmi~, romelic
uzneobad da sazogadoebis gaxrwnis formad gamoacxades. daviT kakabaZis
mier XX s-is pozitiuri Sefasebisas erT-erT argumentad sawarmoo
teqnologiaTa gaumjobesebis moyvanac principulad sxvaobs uiliam
morisis mier manufaqturuli xelosnobis reanimaciis mcdelobisgan.
aRniSnuli sakiTxebiT zogadad isazRvreba is areali, romelic moicavs
àdamianis mcnebis~ problemas daviT kakabaZis TeoriaSi. maTi ganxilva
garkveulwilad warmoaCens sakiTxis winaaRmdegobriv xasiaTs, rac pirvel
rigSi vlindeba rogorc epoqisa da misi civilizaciis, ise adamianis
raobis Sefasebis radikalurad gansxvavebuli mosazrebebis arsebobiT,
aseve TviT kulturis arsSi kodirebuli im TaviseburebebiT, romelTa
safuZvelze ganviTarda momdevno aTwleulebis evropuli (da msoflio)
kultura.
humanisturi msoflmxedvelobis anTropocentrizmiT dawyebuli axali
epoqa Tavisi winaaRmdegobebiT srulad warmoCnda swored XIX-XX ss.
mijnaze, romlis Sedegad moxda adamianis avtonomizireba, anu erTiani,
universaluri samyarodan, kosmiuri wesrigidan izolireba. adamiani,
individi gaemijna absoluts, rogorc sulis maradisobasTan ziarebis
orientirs, rogorc samyaros upirobo pirvelmizezs. amitomac Semecnebis
sistemis tradiciuli triada _ adamiani-buneba-RmerTi Tavisi siaxliT
adamianze aqcentirebuli warmodga. adamianma SemecnebiTi mzera sakuTari
Tavisken mimarTa, rogorc realuri, xilvadi samyaros centrisaken. RvTis
Semecneba Sua saukuneebSi, realur, garemomcvel bunebaze dakvirveba axal
periodSi Seicvala sakuTari Tavis analiziT, anu TviTSemecnebiT, romlis
safuZvelic da mizanic garkveulwilad identuri aRmoCnda _ adamiani
SemoisazRvra Tavisi mikrokosmosiT. Semecnebis istoriis am or safexurze
msjelobisas martin buberi aRniSnavs, rom `Cveulebriv mdgomareobaSi
adamiani akvirdeboda gare samyaros da Seiswavlida mas. dRevandel
32
Secvlil viTarebaSi ki Secvlili adamiani Tavisi Tavis Semecnebas iwyebs.
es aris subieqtis istoriis ori periodi, ori epoqa _ sacxovreblis
qonebisa da usaxlkarobisa~75. RvTiur kosmosSi maradiuli sacxovrisis
dakargviT adamianma daiwyo fiqri TviTdamkvidrebisaTvis xilul samyaroze
gabatonebis gziT. adamianurma ideam mizanmimarTebiT adamianSive amowura
Tavisi xedvis horizonti. maradiuli, metafizikuri WeSmaritebis dakargviT
mis cnobierebaSi absolutur mxolobiTs Caenacvla SefardebiTi _
mravalSi ganfenil WeSmaritebaTa Zieba. nicSes mier Tqmuli `RmerTis
sikvdili~ adamianur arsebaSi momxdari radikaluri kataklizmebis
kulminacia iyo. am epoqam daasrula renesansiT dawyebuli TviTZiebis
procesi da TavisTavad Seiqmna axali cnobierebis damfuZneblad. XIX- XX
s-is mijnaze mTeli sisruliT dakristalda jer kidev wina saukunemde
inerciulad gadmoyolili tradiciuli cnobierebis krizisi, romelic,
udavod, pirvel rigSi Seexo Semecnebis formaTa axlebur, gansxvavebul
konteqstSi gaazrebas da maTi mniSvnelovnebis Sesabamis aqcentirebas.
mTeli sicxadiT gamoikveTa saukuneebis manZilze arsebuli religiuri
mcnebis gavlenis Sesusteba sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi. misTvis religia,
rogorc cxovrebis ZiriTadi, ganmsazRvreli faqtori, daikarga. `Zveli
adamianisaTvis~ igi iyo saSualeba absolutTan mimarTebisa. am SefardebiT
ganixileboda yofis rogorc gonebismieri, ise qmediTi aspeqtebi. religia,
monoTeisturi iqneboda Tu panTeisturi, iyo adamianis arsebobis
safuZveli, mizezic da mizanic. religiuri mcneba asrulebda
sazogadoebisa da individis mimarTebaTa regulatoris funqciasac,
ramdenadac religiuri tabu, cnobierad Tu qvecnobierad, rogorc
cocxlad gancdili zRvari, Tanmdevi iyo urTierTobaTa eTikuri
aspeqtisa. religiiT ganimarteboda xelovnebisa da mecnierebis mizanic, da
bolos, religia iyo saxelmwifoebrivi cxovrebis mamoZravebeli impulsi,
romelic gansazRvravda oficialur ideologiur mimarTulebas da
ayalibebda iseT Tvisebebs, romelTac efuZneboda erovnulis cneba.
amdenad, religia civilizebuli kacobriobis istoriis udides monakveTSi
75 e. kodua, iqve, gv. 56.
33
globaluri _ yovlismomcveli da mudmivi mniSvnelobis faqtori iyo,
romelic ganapirobebda rogorc calkeuli adamianis, ise erToblivad
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sazriss.
humanisturi anTropocentrizmi, rogorc evropuli civilizaciis
istoriaSi axali epoqis msoflaRqmis mniSvnelovani gezi, faqtiurad
opoziciuri aRmoCnda mravalsaukunovani, Sua saukuneebSi SemuSavebuli
cnebebisa. renesansuli adamianis msoflaRqma samyaros subieqtur-imanentur
ganmartebas iZleva. pirovnul-grZnobadi aqtiurad Caenacvla sayovelTaod
miRebul obieqtur WeSmaritebas, romlis msoflmxedvelobriv
gamoxatulebad iqca moZRvreba ormagi WeSmaritebis Taobaze: absolutur-
RvTiuri, rogorc Seucnobadi da rwmenis sferosadmi gankuTvnili da
grZnobadi samyaro, misi sayovelTao erTianobis safuZvelze miRebuli
utyuari kanonzomierebebiT76. metafizikuri, absoluturi WeSmaritebis
paralelurad sul ufro aqtiurad Cndeba msjeloba WeSmaritebaze,
rogorc pirovnuli empirizmis Sedegze: `.... adamianma gaugonari
TavisuflebiT aiRo Tavis xelSi pasuxismgebloba Tavis Tavze imdenad, rom
damokidebuleba transcendenciisadmi (RmrTisadmi), rom araferi vTqvaT
damokidebulebaze samSoblosa da saxelmwifos mimarT, gaxda misi Sinagani
gadawyvetilebis saqme~77. v. Sestakovis mier renesansis aRniSnuli
daxasiaTeba lakonizmiTa da arsobrivis tevadobiT moicavs mTeli epoqis
cnobierebis xasiaTs, radganac humanist moRvaweTa Semoqmedeba sul ufro
metad aRrmavebda ideas adamianis damoukideblobaze, Zalasa da
Zlevamosilebaze, romelic jer Sors iyo raime antieklesiurobisa da
antireligiurobisagan78, magram am msoflmxedvelobaSi ukve sakmao
simkveTriT gacxadda subieqtivizmisaken swrafvis is tendencia, romelmac
dasrulebuli saxiT fixtes àbsolutur me~-Si hpova gamoxatuleba.
Semdgomi epoqa ki ukve praqtikuli dadastureba gaxda absoluturi
subieqtivizmiT mocemuli winaaRmdegobebisa, radganac naTlad gamovlinda
mis arsSi mocemuli adamianis avtonomiuroba da TviTkmaroba absolutur
WeSmaritebasTan mimarTebaSi. religia iqca adamianis pirovnuli arCevanis
76 А.Ф. Лосев, Эстетика Возрождения. М., 1978. с. 360.

77 Эстетика Ренессанса, сост. В. П. Шестаков, М., 1981, т. I, с. 15.
78 А.Ф. Лосев, iqve, gv. 364.
34
sakiTxad da dakarga is sayovelTaoba da aucilebloba, rac mTelSi
moicavda individs Tavisi sisruliT. amis gamo religiam dakarga
gamovlenis zemoCamoTvlili formebi, kanonzomierebebiT rom moqmedebda
kacobriobis istoriis udides manZilze da igi, rogorc sazogadoebis
erToblivi ideali, daikarga79. amitomacaa, rom daviT kakabaZe religiis
mniSvnelovnebas mxolod warsuls akuTvnebs. mimarTebaTa cvlilebiT mis
funqcias, rogorc adamianis cxovrebis gamarTlebis saSualebisa,
amowurulad Tvlis: `Cven viciT, Tu rogor TandaTanobiT religia
sazogado saqmis magier Rebulobs adamianis kerZo saqmis saxes, da am
mizezis gamo eklesia TandaTanobiT Sordeba saxelmwifoebriobas. Sors ar
aris is dro, rodesac religia mxolod adamianis saistorio kvleva-Ziebis
sagnad gaxdeba~80 _ askvnis mxatvari.
religiuri mcnebis Sesustebam da misi miznisadmi ltolvis dakargvam
evropul kulturaSi ganapiroba prioritetis miniWeba Semecnebis sxva
formebisadmi, radganac buneba, garemomcveli samyaro kidev ufro
mravalricxovani da mravalsaxovani Seucnobeli sakiTxebiT warmoisaxa
adamianisaTvis. absolutiT gansazRvrul ierarqiul samyarosTan mimarTebis
Secvlam impulsurad ganapiroba ZiebaTa procesis gaaqtiureba, rac
umTavresad sabunebismetyvelo dargebis ganviTarebiT gamovlinda.
movlenaTa analizi ukve romelime konkretul Teoriasa da meTods
daeqvemdebara da rogorc religia iqca pirovnuli arCevanis sakiTxad, aseve
faqtebisa da movlenebis kvleva da Sefaseba gaxda mkvlevris mier
msoflmxedvelobrivi safuZvlisa da kvlevis meTodologiis arCevanis
Sedegi; amitomac SemecnebiTi swrafva pirvelmizezis Secnobisa
mniSvnelovnad daSorda mecnierebis mizans. daviT kakabaZe mecnierebas,
iseve rogorc religias, kacobriobis cxovrebis mamoZravebel funqciad
ganixilavs; miznis ganxorcieleba ki unda moxdes àxali mcnebis~ SeqmniT81,
romelic yvela movlenis axsnis safuZveli iqneba. aRniSnuli miTiTebaa
imaze, rom kakabaZiseuli àxali mcnebis~ problema gulisxmobs
79 RirebulebaTa daxasiaTebisas veyrdnobi krizisuli situaciis iohan huicingaseul

sistemas.
80 daviT kakabaZe, Tanamedrove mxatvruli gzebi. gv. 49.
35
mecnierebisaTvis erTiani Teoriuli safuZvlis Seqmnas, rac mizezobrivi
sawyisiT Seasrulebs yoveli movlenis amxsnelis funqcias. amdenad,
mecniereba, Tavisi garkveulwilad pluralisturi xasiaTiT, ver aRmoCnda
is saSualeba, romelsac asrulebda religia kacobriobis arsebobis
udides periodSi. a. malro aRniSnavda, rom `mas mere, rac Cvenma
civilizaciam imedi dakarga, epova mecnierebaSi samyaros azri, waerTva
yovelgvari sulieri mizani”82. magram misi rolis Sefaseba daviT kakabaZis
mier pozitiuria da Tu religiis mniSvnelovnebas warsuls akuTvnebs,
mecnierebis xanad momavals Tvlis. igi evolucionizmsa da atomistur
TeoriaSi xedavs im msoflmxedvelobriv safuZvels, romlis saSualebiTac
momavalSi aixsneba bunebis yvela movlena.
Aamdenad, Semecnebis formaTagan religias Tu warsulis mniSvnelovneba
gaaCnia, mecniereba perspeqtivSia dasaxuli. amitomac XIX-XX ss evropul
kulturaSi mTel rig moazrovneTaTvis rCeba erTaderTi saSualeba _
xelovneba, romelmac unda gaamarTlos kacobriobis arseboba: `grZnoba
imisadmi, rom Cveni cxovreba xelovnebiT unda iqmnes gamarTlebuli, didi
xania adamianis sulSi arsebobs. XIX saukunis gamarTleba amaSia~83.
aRniSnuli fraziT xdeba jer kidev gasul saukuneSi gamokveTili
tendenciis konstatireba. im dros Tvisebrivad gansxvavebuli
mniSvnelovneba mieniWa xelovnebas da aseve gansxvavebulad ganmarteba
xelovnebis raoba: `poezias da musikas maSin uzarmazari avtoriteti
hqondaT: maTgan moelodnen, sul cota, adamianuri modgmis gadarCenas
religiis nangrevebsa da mecnierebis gardauvali relativizmis fonze!
xelovneba transcendenturi iyo orgvarad. igi iyo aseTi Tavisi TemiT,
romelic Cveulebrivad asaxavda adamianis cxovrebis yvelaze ufro
seriozul problemebs, da igi iyo aseTi TavisTavad, rogorc unari _
adamianis modgmisaTvis Rirsebis mimniWebeli da misi gamamarTlebeli~84.
amgvaria ortega-i-gasetismieri daxasiaTeba.
81 d. kakabaZe, iqve.
82 А. Мальро, Зеркало лимба. М., 1989. С. 44.
83 d. kakabaZe, iqve, gv. 50.
84 Х. Ортега-и-Гассет, Дегуманизация искусства. В кн.: Самосознание европейской культуры XX века. М.,
1991, с. 259.
36
xelovneba gaxda adamianuri arsebis gamoxatvis erTaderTi saSualeba,
romelmac moicva misi mimarTeba garemomcveli bunebisa da zogadad
samyaros fenomenisadmi. aRniSnuli periodisaTvis xelovnebis
mniSvnelovnebis alternatiuli sfero faqtiurad aRar arsebobda.
saukuneTa wiaRSi dawyebuli kulturis diferencirebis procesi dasrulda
xelovnebis avtonomizirebiT da damoukidebel, sruliad TviTkmar
faqtorad CamoyalibebiT. renesansul subieqtivistur-imanentur
msoflaRqmas uSualo Sedegad mohyva xelovnebis esTetikuri planis
gafarToeba (Tumca SemdegSic, didi xnis manZilze, eTikuri aspeqtic
sakmaod aqtualuri iyo). xelovneba, rogorc religiuri mcnebiT
gamoxatuli ideis msaxureba, Seicvala xelovnebiT, rogorc adamianis
TviTSemecnebisa da TviTgamoxatvis saSualebiT. `xelovneba unda gaxdes
cxoveli elementi sicocxlis ganmtkicebisa (...) amitom dRevandel
mxatvrobas miznad unda hqondes, gamosaxos filosofiuri Semecneba
dRevandeli cxovrebisa da daakmayofilos Cveni inteleqtualur-emociuri
maRali moTxovnileba _ poezia~85. daviT kakabaZis mier xelovnebis miznis
amgvari formulireba gamoxatavs xelovnebis, rogorc Semecnebis
damoukidebel formad Camoyalibebas. igi kacobriobis cxovrebis
gamarTlebis axal orientirad iqca. XIX s-Si gamovlenili religiuri
nihilizmisa da mecnierebis jer kidev arasruli ganviTarebis gamo
sazogadoebaSi xelovnebisadmi gaZlierebuli interesi gaCnda. amitomacaa,
rom xSirad, saukunis II naxevris moazrovneTa mier igi moixileba rogorc
cxovrebis sazrisi da kacobriobis arsebobis gamamarTlebeli mizani (r.
vagneri, a. Sopenhaueri). xelovnebis raobisa da miznis axal ganmartebas
mohyva xelovanis rolisa da mniSvnelobis axleburi gaazrebac. mecnierisa
da xelovanis rolze msjelobisas Sopenhaueri am ukanasknelis
upiratesobis aRniSvnis Semdeg askvnis, rom mxolod mxatvars SeuZlia
gamoxatos Tavis nawarmoebSi ideis arsi, da rom mxolod mxatvrul
nawarmoebs SeuZlia gasces pasuxi kiTxvaze _ ra aris sicocxle86.
SopenhauerTan erTad, XX s-Si intuitivizmis fuZemdeblis, anri bergsonis,

86 А. Шопенгауэр, Мир как воля и представление. М., 1900, с. 18-19.
37
azriTac mecnieruli Semecneba _ es aris myari sxeulebis
urTierTmimarTebaTa kanonzomierebebis Secnoba, xolo TavisTavad sagans,
rogorc damoukideblad arsebulis Tvisebriobas, imecnebs mxatvruli
Semoqmedeba, romelic emyareba mxatvris, xelovanis intuicias, romlis
saSualebiTac Wvrets ra sagans, aRiqvams mas sivrcesa da droSi
daunawevrebel mTlian idead87. bergsonis TeoriiT, absoluturTan
mimarTebaSi mecnieruli codna, miuxedavad misi saganSi wvdomis xarisxisa,
mudam SefardebiTia, gansxvavebiT im SezRuduli Semecnebisa, rasac flobs
xelovani da romlis saSualebiTac, pirovnuli intuiciis Tvisebriobidan
gamomdinare, ganusazRvrelad afarToebs codnas saganze88.
amdenad, naTlad gamoikveTa ra xelovnebis SemecnebiTi roli, moxda
agreTve misi maxasiaTeblebis definiciac. adamianis sicocxle da misi
mimarTeba garemomcveli samyarosadmi warmodga xelovnebiT
ganxorcielebul da mxatvruli nawarmoebiT warmodgenil idead. Sedegad,
mxatvari Tavisi SemoqmedebiT amqveyniuri cxovrebis kanonmdeblad iqca.
XIX-XXss. mijnaze gamovlenili aseTi SemecnebiTi poziciis gamoa, rom
daviT kakabaZisaTvis `xelovneba mecnierebaa~, romlis saSualebiTac unda
moxdes `bunebis Segneba~ da `cxovrebis ritmis gamoxatuleba~89.
daviT kakabaZis TeoriaSi xelovnebis SemecnebiTobas ganuyoflad
ukavSirdeba xelovnebis avtonomiuroba, romlis saSualebiTac mxatvrobam
unda ganaxorcielos Tavisi pirdapiri mizani _ `bunebis Segneba~ da
gamoxatos epoqis idea, rac mdgomareobs `maSinizmsa~ da `dinamizmSi~90.
xelovnebis mniSvnelobis aseT gaazrebas igi ukavSirebs kidev erT mTavar
Tvisebas, romelsac pozitiurobis cnebiT gamoxatavs. kakabaZiseuli
msjelobiT, pozitiuroba antiTezaa romantikuli, simboluri, mistikuri
Semecnebisa, romelic damTavrebul plastikur formas ver qmnis; pozitiuri
xelovnebiT ki mtkicdeba xelovnebis SemecnebiTi funqcia, misi
damoukidebeli saxe da gamomsaxvelobiTi formebi. pozitiuri Semecneba
azrovnebiTia, cnobieri, gansxvavebiT romantikulisagan, romelic
87 А. Бергсон, Творческая эволюция. М.-Спб., 1914. с. VI, 133.

88 iqve, gv. V.
89 daviT kakabaZe, TxzulebaTa krebuli `xelovneba da sivrce~, gv. 23, 28, 48, 56, 108, 123.
90 daviT kakabaZe, likornis galerea, 1921 w. dasax. Txz. kreb. gv. 83.
38
grZnobads emyareba. `bunebis kanonebis Segneba~ ki xdeba azris saSualebiT
da amitomac romantikuli Semecneba Tavisi grZnobadi sawyisis gamo,
scildeba kanonebis gaazrebas. romantikuli Semecnebis Sedegia
naturalizmi, romelic uanalizod, uwesod, uorganizaciod gamosaxavs
bunebas grZnobiTi aRqmiT. grZnoba ki safuZvelia individualizmisa,
romelic amkvidrebs pirovnuls da ara universalurs xelovnebaSi91.
niSandoblivia, rom daviT kakabaZis samxatvro Semoqmedeba klasikur
principebs emyareba. es sakiTxi mis saazrovno problemaTa Teoriul
sferosac moicavs. gansja Semoqmedebis klasikur da mis sapirispiro
romantikul meTodTa raobaze scildeba aRniSnul cnebaTa konkretul-
istoriul, stilur definicias da kompleqsurad moicavs mxatvrul-
esTetikur ideals da masTan mxatvris cnobier mimarTebas. klasikuri _
`pozitiuria da azrovnebiT Semecnebuli, (...) pozitiur meTodze agebuli
xelovneba konstruqciulia, organizebuli, mizanSewonili da axasiaTebs
kulturuli Zalebis aRorZinebis da amoZravebis xanas~92. amgvarad,
kakabaZismieri klasikuris cnebis ganmartebiT moniSnulia suraTiT
warmodgenili mxatvruli saxis aRnagoba, saxe, mizani da Semoqmedis
cnobierebis warmmarTavi konkretuli kulturul-istoriuli garemo. am
SemTxvevaSi Semecnebis xasiaTi mWidro kavSirSia mxatvruli Semoqmedebis
meTodTan, ramdenadac amosaval safuZvels azrovnebiT gansazRvruli
Semecneba qmnis anu Semecnebis xasiaTic da Semoqmedebis meTodic
racionaluris sferos ganekuTvneba. daviT kakabaZisaTvis mxatvroba
mkafiod gaazrebuli, Camoyalibebul meTodze damyarebuli Semoqmedebaa,
romelic àgebuli unda iyos ucvlel da universalur kanonebze~93.
xelovnebisa da mecnierebis funqciaTa Sedarebisas igi iziarebs
Sopenhauerisa da bergsonis pozicias. qarTveli mxatvrisTvisac mecniereba
movlenebisa da kanonebis Semecnebaa, xolo xelovneba gamoxatavs bunebis
arsebas da amitomac Tavisi xasiaTiT universaluria94 (Tumca Semecnebis es
orive forma misTvis pozitiuri cnebaa). miuxedavad imisa, rom `xelovnebac

92 iqve, gv. 89.
93 iqve, gv. 93.
94 iqve.
39
mecnierebaa~ da rom xelovnebam unda gamoxatos epoqa, romlis
mamoZravebeli Zala mecnierebaa `maSinizmiTa~ da `dinamizmiT~, kakabaZisTvis
mxatvroba Tanadroul epoqaSi erTaderTi saSualebaa sicocxlis, bunebis,
sagnebisa da movlenebis da, zogadad, samyaros arsis gamosaxatavad, maTSi
da maT Soris kavSirebSi universaluris dasanaxad. aseTi damokidebulebiT
naTelia, Tu ratom mianiWa upiratesoba samxatvro moRvaweobas
sabunebismetyvelo ganaTlebis mqone daviT kakabaZem Tavisi pirovnuli
arCevaniTac. amave dros arsebiTia, rom Sopenhauer-bergsoniseul sistemaSi
arsebul mxatvruli Semoqmedebis procesSi intuiciis gadamwyvet rols
kakabaZesTan upirispirdeba Semecnebis racionaluroba da misi
mniSvnelovneba. SinaarsiT mecnieruli misi epoqa xelovnebis saSualebiT
unda iqnes axsnili da mkacrad gaazrebul principze dafuZnebuli95.
xelovnebaSi principis sakiTxi daviT kakabaZisTvis, iseve rogorc
modernizmis xelovnebisTvis, gadamwyvetia. misi Teoriis mixedviT,
dasrulebuli mxatvruli nawarmoebi, rogorc Sedegi xelovanis
Semoqmedebisa, Tavis TavSi moicavs logikurad gaazrebul
kanonzomierebaTa mTlianobas. samxatvro praqtikaSi gamoyenebuli
seriuloba amisi TvalnaTeli dadasturebaa. mxatvruli Semoqmedebis
principisaTvis igi Tanabar mniSvnelobas aniWebs rogorc Tanadrouli
epoqis arsis Secnobas, aseve tradiciis safuZvlebis gacnobierebas.
tradiciul kulturasa da mis mxatvrul principebTan mimarTeba
aqtualur Temad JRers mTlianad 1910-1920-ani wlebis xelovnebis sxvadasxva
dargSi moRvawe SemoqmedTaTvis. warsulTan damokidebuleba gansxvavebulad
iCens Tavs da Seexeba rogorc mxatvruli formis, aseve siuJetisa da masSi
dasmuli problemis gadawyvetas. antikuroba, renesansuli kultura da
franguli klasicisturi xelovneba bevri modernistisTvis mniSvnelovan
saazrovno motivebad iqca. ilustraciisaTvis sakmarisi iqneba xseneba
pablo pikasos dekoraciebisa da kostÁumebis àntigones~ dadgmisaTvis, Jan
koqtos àntigone~ da òrfeosi~, erik satis simfoniuri drama `sokrate~,
artur onegeris `horaciusi~, igor stravinskis òidipos mefe~, òrfeosi~
95 iqve.
40
da àpolon musageti~, aseve XX s-is prozis saetapo qmnileba, jeims joisis
ùlise~, romelic homerosis òdiseasTan~ paradigmuli mimarTebisaa, xolo
mxatvruli saxeebis gaxsnaSi uxvadaa Seqspiruli reminiscenciebi. XX s-is
dasawyisisaTvis, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom klasicizmi da, zogadad, klasikuri
epoqebis tradiciebis mniSvnelovneba, analogiuria Sua saukuneebis
xelovnebis rolisa romantizmis msoflmxedvelobis CamoyalibebaSi.
modernizmis am SemoqmedTaTvis ganumeorebeli Rirseba SeiZina humanisturi
da misi tradiciebis ganmgrZobi epoqebis moralur-eTikurma Rirebulebebma.
daviT kakabaZisTvis sakacobrio miRwevaTa Soris erTnairad mniSvnelovania
evropuli civilizaciis rogorc antikuri da renesansuli, aseve
bizantiuri da goTikis xelovneba, magram mxatvruli principis sakiTxTan
da misi gadawyvetis meTodTan dakavSirebiT naTelia is prioriteti,
romelsac igi aniWebs Semoqmedebis `klasicizmis meTodze~ damyarebas.
aseTi damokidebuleba klasikuri epoqebisadmi SeiZleba ganimartos am
epoqis msoflmxedvelobrivi da mxatvruli formaTqmnadobis principebiT.
is vlindeba xelovnebis dazguri formebisaken swrafviT da
arqiteqturasTan arsebuli sinTezidan maTi gamoyofiT; aseve _ calkeuli
nawarmoebis mxatvruli struqturiT da imiTac, rom xelovneba
gaazrebulia, rogorc Semecnebis saSualeba.
daviT kakabaZisTvis klasicizmi antiTezaa romantizmisa, romelsac
ukavSirdeba nebis sruli Tavisufleba, SemTxveviToba da formis
gauazrebloba96. Tumca mis mier am ori sapirispiro meTodis daxasiaTeba da
Sefaseba amiT sruliadac ar amoiwureba da gacemuli pasuxi romantikul
da klasikur meTodebs sworxazovnad ar miakuTvnebs maT mniSvnelobebs
kacobriobis kulturis ganviTarebis istoriaSi, radganac `romantizmi,
Tavisufali Semoqmedebis saxiT, bunebis Segnebis axali formebis
mZebnelia~ da rom `romantizmis meTodis saSualebiT Cven mivaRwieT
sxvadasxva dros feradobis, xazulobis da formis axal Segnebamde~97. am
ori meTodis arsebiTi xasiaTis analizis Sedegad daviT kakabaZe askvnis,
rom xelovnebis damTavrebuli forma klasicizmis Sedegia98.

97 iqve, gv. 55.
98 iqve.
41
amdenad, kakabaZisTvis mxatvruli Semoqmedeba gacnobierebuli aqtia.
misi safuZveli ki klasikuri meTodia, romelsac, upirveles yovlisa,
axasiaTebs SemoqmedebiTi principis gaazreba, formisa da Sinaarsis
SeTanxmeba da nebis daqvemdebareba mxatvruli principebidan organulad
gamomdinare kanonebisa da moTxovnilebebisadmi99. klasicisturi aris cneba,
romelsac ukavSirdeba xelovnebis racionaluri gaazreba, formis
naTelyofa da obieqturoba mxatvruli saxis warmodgenaSi. mas meTodis
funqcia aqvs da ganapirobebs mxatvruli saxis struqturul Tvisebas. am
mxriv principuli sxvaobaa neoklasicistebis _ andre derenis, sÁuzan
valadonisa da mari loransenis SemoqmedebasTan, romelsac klasikasTan
stilismieri mimarTeba axasiaTebs. XX s-is udidesi kompozitori i.
stravinski Tavisi Semoqmedebis neoklasicisturi periodis ganmartebaSi
aRniSnavs: `misTvis saintereso iyo Seeqmna musika, romelic Tavidanve ioli
aRsaqmeli iqneboda”100.
naTelia daviT kakabaZis SemoqmedebiT sistemaSi inteleqtis
prioriteti, magram igi mxolod racionaluri gadawyvetis
erTmniSvnelovnebiT ar amoiwureba. es aris grZnobadisa da gansjis,
cnebiTisa da esTetikuris urTierTSejerebiT Seqmnili sisrule.
kakabaZisTvis idealuri sagani, da aqedan gamomdinare, mxatvruli
nawarmoebi (kerZod ki suraTi, radgan maT identificirebas axdens), mxolod
da mxolod grZnobadze moqmedi obieqtia, romelic `Tavisi formebisa da
substanciis srul SegrZnebas mogvcems adre SeZenili codnis
dauxmareblad~101. gonebis, inteleqtis roli ki xelovnebis formaTa
SemoqmedebaSi vlindeba. xelovnebis nawarmoebis grZnobadi aRqma Sedegia
yovel adamianSi arsebuli `realuri grZnobierebisa~102, romelic
kulturuli donisagan damoukideblad funqcionirebs da SemoqmedebaSi
qmnis bunebis pirdapir mimbaZvel, utilitarul mxatvrobas. axali
mxatvruli formis Seqmna ki xdeba `xelovnuri grZnobierebiT~103, romelic
99 iqve, gv. 54.

100 И. Стравинский, Хроника моей жизни. М., 1964, с. 216.
101 daviT kakabaZe, konstruqciuli suraTis Sesaxeb. parizi. 1921 w. gv. 72.
102 daviT kakabaZis terminia.
103 daviT kakabaZis terminia.
42
Sedegia inteleqturi, kulturuli ganviTarebisa da romelic viTardeba
bunebaze dakvirvebiT, oRond buneba am SemTxvevaSi `masalaa
mxatvrisaTvis~104. inteleqtis doneze pirdapir damokidebulebas amJRavnebs
`xelovnuri~, anu `SeZenili grZnobiereba~, romelic, rogorc yovelgvari
codnis SeZena, ganpirobebulia individis gonebrivi TvisebebiT105, e. i. Tu
mxatvruli formisa da misi substanciis aRqma grZnobadis funqciaa, formis
Seqmna inteleqtis sferos ganekuTvneba da uSualod gamomdinareobs
kulturis TvisebiT da misi saerTo doniT. inteleqturi ganviTareba
adamianSi qmnis `xelovnur grZnobierebas~, rogorc `mSvenierebis umaRlesi
poeziis~ Semqmnels, aseve mis Semfasebels xelovnebaSi. amasTan
dakavSirebiT sainteresoa ferdinand hodleris azri, rom `gauwafavi Tvali
sagnis formasa da fers ise ar xedavs, rogorc gamocdili Tvali. mas ar
esmis moZraobiT, poziT da JestiT Seqmnili movlenis, ritmis, formis
sruli fasi~. da aqve dasZens, rom `xedva _ es aris codna~106.
xelovnebis fenomenSi grZnobadisa da inteleqtis rolis
diferencirebisaTvis daviT kakabaZe mimarTavs formis aRqmis etapebis
ganxilvas: pirveli STabeWdilebac da xelovanis SemoqmedebiTi procesis
saboloo aqtic sinTezuri aRqmis Tvisebaa, romelic iZleva sagnisa da
movlenis mTlian, daunawevrebel xedvas. analizi ki, rogorc azrovnebis
Sedegi, Semecnebis aucilebeli etapia arsSi garkvevisaTvis, romelic
mxatvars saSualebas aZlevs gaacnobieros bunebisa da sagnis TvisebaTa
organizebis xasiaTi da kanonzomierebebiT warmoadginos axal
formaTqmnadobaSi, romelic iqneba gamosaxulebaSi obieqtis aseTive
mTliani, daunawevrebeli saxis ganxorcieleba107. amdenad, sinTezuri,
grZnobadiT ganpirobebuli xedva damaxasiaTebelia rogorc mxatvris, aseve
mayureblisTvis, xolo SemoqmedebiTi procesis uSualo ganmapirobebelia
goniTi gansja, romelic Seimecnebs obieqtis maxasiaTeblebs da mas axal
mxatvrul Tvisebriobad warmoadgens. marius de zaiasTan saubarSi pikaso

105 iqve, gv. 87, 90.
106 Ф. Ходлер, Об искусстве. О видении. В кн.: Мастера искусства об искусстве. М., 1969. т. 5, кн. 2, с. 133-134.
107
daviT kakabaZe, iqve, gv. 92-93.
43
aRniSnavs, rom xatvis procesSi mas surs aCvenos is, rasac ukve miagno da
ara is, rasac eZebs108.
saxviT nawarmoebTan mimarTebaSi grZnobadisa da racionaluris
funqcia uSualod aRqmasa da Semoqmedebis procesebs exeba, rac yovelmxriv
moicavs saganTan damokidebulebas, radganac dasrulebuli mxatvruli
nawarmoebi Tavis TavSi srulyofilad aerTianebs aRqmis orive Tvisebas.
analitikuri procesi xelovnebis nawarmoebSi uSualod SemoqmedebiT aqts
gulisxmobs. aRniSnuli damokidebulebiTac daviT kakabaZe xelovnebaSi
inteleqtualizmis tendenciis momxrea, romlis amosavali principi
mxatvrobaSi da, zogadad, xelovnebaSic konceptualizmia. misi, rogorc
Semoqmedis koncefciuri safuZveli modernistuli mxatvrobis Teoriuli
principebia. maT jer kidev peterburgSi yofnisas gaecno da gaiTavisa. igi
iyo aqtiuri wevri da erT-erTi damaarsebeli analitikuri xelovnebis
principebze dafuZnebuli mxatvarTa gaerTianebisa `Интимная мастерская
живописцев и рисовальщиков – Сделанные картины~ (1914)109. gaerTianebis
saxelwodebaSive figurirebuli `gakeTebuli suraTebi~ amave jgufis
manifestSi Camoyalebebul principTa amosaval debulebad iqca. am
manifestis Tanaxmad suraTis umTavresi faseuloba adamianis saganze
muSaobaa, romelSic avlens sakuTar Tavs da sulis ukvdavebas, e. i.
dasrulebuli suraTi, garda sxva mxatvruli aspeqtebisa, faseulia imiTac,
Tu ramdenad aris masSi asaxuli adamianis SemoqmedebiTi Rvawli da misi
gamomgoneblobiTi unari. suraTi obieqtia adamianis SesaZleblobis
gamovlenisaTvis da, amdenad, aRniSnuli `keTebis~ principidan gamomdinare,
aris sagani Tavisi sruli da damoukidebeli mniSvnelobiT. am mizeziT
daviT kakabaZisaTvis formaTqmnadobis safuZvlad Semoqmedebis adreul
periodSive iqca saganTa da movlenaTa mravalSriani, Rrma, Tvisebrivad
urTierTganpirobebuli kavSirebis gamovlena. misi ideali bunebis
universaluri kavSirebis plastikuri gamoxatulebaa. amdenad, mxatvrul
saxovanebaSi warmmarTavi xdeba gamosaxulebis ara mxolod xiluli
Tvisebebi, aramed am TvisebaTa arsebobisa da gamomJRavnebis Sinagani
108 Пикассо, Сборник статей о творчестве, Под ред. А. Владимирского, М., 1957, с. 9.
109 daviT kakabaZe, Tanamedrove mxatvruli gzebi. gv. 55-56
44
logika da konstruqciuli safuZveli. Tanadrouli xelovnebis pozitiuri
Sefasebac am planSi povebs erT-erT gamoxatulebas. Semecnebis sxva
formebTan SedarebiT, xelovnebisadmi prioritetis miniWeba swored sagnis
organizebulobaSi wvdomas da misi struqturis gacnobierebas gulisxmobs.
niSandoblivia, rom parizSi yofnis periodSi misi samxatvro interesebi
analitikur xelovnebas daukavSirda, miuxedavad imisa, rom am droisaTvis
modernizmis TiTqmis yvela ZiriTadi mimdinareoba ukve saxeze iyo.
xelovnebis rolis pozitiuri Sefaseba da masTan cnebiTi mimarTeba
gansazRvravs daviT kakabaZis damokidebulebas Tanadrouli
mimdinareobebisadmi. cxovrebis ritmisa da xasiaTis gadmocema xelovnebiT,
misi damoukidebeli xasiaTi rogorc gamomsaxvelobis saSualebebiT, aseve
SinaarsiT da xelovnebaSi universaluris Zieba aris is sakiTxebi,
romlebic Sefasebis kriteriumebia daviT kakabaZisTvis. mxatvrobis
WeSmariti anu SemecnebiT-esTetikuri saxis Zieba upirispirdeba
utilitarul, socialuri yofiT gansazRvrul xelovnebas, romelic,
kargavs ra TavisTavadobas, iqceva Cveulebrivi saxmari Rirebulebis
sagnad110. xelovnebis nawarmoebis SefasebisTvis moyvanili aseTi paraleli
mxatvris uaryofiT reaqcias gamoxatavs XX s-is dasawyisis parizsa da
evropis sxva centrebSi arsebul akademizmsa da salonurobaze111.
cnebiTi-esTetikuri xelovneba mxatvrisgan saganTan gacnobierebul
mimarTebas gulisxmobs, rac modernizmis mimdinareobaTagan srulyofilad
aisaxa kubizmis esTetikur safuZvlebSi. man warmoadgina saxviTi
nawarmoebis Tvisebrivad axali gaazreba. kubizmis Teoretikosebma
problemis principuli Tavisebureba gamoxates formulirebiT `ferwera _
sagani~ (peinture – objet) nacvlad `buneba _ sagnisa~ (nature – objet). amiT suraTis
obieqtad Tavad ferwera iqca _ nacvlad bunebisa, romelic Sua saukuneebis
Semdgomi xelovnebidan impresionizmis CaTvliT mxatvruli gamosaxulebis
erT-erTi mTavari piroba iyo. renesansuli bunebis mibaZva (imitazionne della
natura) Seicvala suraTiT, rogorc sruliad damoukidebeli qmnilebis
koncefciiT. kubisturi esTetika, sezanis principebis mimdevrobiT,
45
daefuZna saganSi myari, mudmivi formis Wvretas, romelsac mayureblisTvis
unda waredgina ara romelime sagnis asaxva, anu sagnis anarekli (rogorc
isini aRniSnavdnen), aramed _ Tavad sagani. `kubizmma daiyvana mxatvrul-
emocionaluri gancdebi xelovnebis namdvil wyarosTan, e. i. man ganamtkica
sagnis formis grZnobierebis gadmocema da uaryo Cveni grZnobebis
gamosaxva~112. ramdenadac sezanis xelovnebis gavleniT sagnis formis
WeSmarit safuZvlad geometriuli forma iqna aRiarebuli, kubisturi
ferweris plastikuri saxec geometriuli formebiT iqna gansazRvruli.
kubistebisaTvis denadi forma aseve denadobisa da cvalebadobis
mauwyebeli iyo, rac ewinaaRmdegeboda maT swrafvas, SeeqmnaT realobis
obieqturoba.Aam mimdinareobis principebi Camoyalibda XIX s-is II naxevris,
kerZod ki impresionistul xelovnebasTan polemikaSi da emyareboda
xelovnebis amocanebisa da miznis gagebis safuZvliseul sxvaobas. XX s-is
dasawyisSi momxdari SefasebiT `saxviT xelovnebaSi impresionizmiT moxda
saboloo likvidireba mxatvruli msoflaRqmis `gansjiTi~ xasiaTisa da
xelovnebaSi inteleqtualizmisa, riTac gza gaexsna subieqtur
sensualizms~113. samyaros impresionistuli xedva, ganisazRvreboda ra
drois konkretulobaSi sagnisa da movlenis ganumeoreblobiT,
STabeWdilebiTi faqtoris upiratesobiT grZnobadad aRqmuli samyaros
ferwerul saxes qmnida. misi mizanic mayurebelSi wuTieris STabeWdileba
da misi emociuri gavlena iyo, riTac am mimdinareobiT Tavidanve
uaryofili iqna sagnis, materiis myari, ucvleli Tvisebebi. mxatvris mier
bunebasTan amgvar damokidebulebas da am safuZvliT suraTis
formaTqmnadobas SemdegSi `trompe-l'oeille~-is principi uwodes. kubistma
mxatvrebma Tavisi winamorbedi mimdinareoba gaiazres, rogorc mzeris
siyalbeze dafuZnebuli xelovneba, rac gamomdinareobs warmavlobidan,
gardamavali STabeWdilebebidan da garkveulwilad axdens mouxelTebeli
wuTierebis fiqsacias. analogiuri damokidebuleba gamoavlina musikalurma
111ammimdinareobaTa mravalricxovani warmomadgenlebi didi popularobiTa da gavleniT

sargeblobdnen sazogadoebis rogorc elitarul, aseve farTo fenebSi.
112daviT kakabaZe, evropis xelovnebasTan dakavSirebuli zogierTi sakiTxi. ix. p.
margvelaSvili, daviT kakabaZis arqividan. gv. 74-91.
113 И. Маца, Искусство эпохи зрелого капитализма на западе. М., 1929, с. 20 .
46
avangardmac. maT impresionistul esTetikas ùsargeblo xibli~ da
`dRevandeli sinamdvilisagan Sors mdgomi `mSvenieri sicrue~ uwodes114.
kubistebis suraTis koncefcia amodioda saganSi mudmivi, myari
Tvisebebis xedvidan, ara garegnuli, movlenismieri, aramed arsiseuli
Taviseburebis asaxvis moTxovnebidan, rac mxatvris winaSe garkveuli
inteleqturi mzaobis sakiTxs svamda. mxatvari ama Tu im movlenis cnebaSi
anivTebs ara `pirovnul~ damokidebulebas da ara marto wminda empiriul
cdas, aramed Tavis e. w. `kulturul marags~ cnobierebis rTul sistemaSi
gatarebuls115. maTi `kulturuli maragi~ ki ganuzomlad farTo
horizontisa aRmoCnda, vidre romelime winare epoqisa Tu stilisa,
radganac modernizmma axlo planSi gaacnobiera rogorc tradiciuli
evropuli Tu islamuri, aseve azia-afrikis, kerZod ki _ CineT-iaponiisa da
primitiuli tomebis xelovneba, ramac axali, sruliad ucxo mxatvruli
xedvis magaliTi misca XX s-is dasawyisis avangards. amis gamo aRniSna a.
malrom, rom `XVI saukunem aRmoaCina xelovnebis istoria, XIX saukunem ki
_ misi geografia. es sivrcobrivi monapovari male ivseba fsiqologiuri
monapovriTac~116. modernistebSi uaRresi popularobiT sargeblobda
gasuli saukuneebis aRmosavluri da aseve, afrikuli tomebis xelovneba,
gansakuTrebiT ki skulptura, romlis mxatvruli gamomsaxvelobis
principebi emyareboda swored codnas gamosasaxis Sesaxeb. gamosaxulebaSi
Tavs iCenda mxatvris winaswari informacia pirovnebasa Tu saganze. am
niSniT modernistuli gamosaxuleba unda iyos Sedegi mxatvris
Tanaziarobisa gamosasaxTan misi arsebiTi, movlenismiRmuri Tvisebebis jer
analitikuri gaazrebis da Semdeg simultanuri Tanagancdis saSualebiT.
`kubistis mimarTeba obieqtisadmi imgvaria, rom igi mas eZebs Tavis TavSi,
yovelgvari marTebulobisa da raime cvlilebisagan damoukideblad~117.
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, cxadia, rom rogorc azia-afrikis xalxTa
primitiuli xelovnebisTvis, ise XX s-is modernistebisTvisac warmoiqmna
xelovanis obieqtisadmi Tvisebrivad axali mimarTeba. misi arsi gamoixata
114 Музыка XX века. Очерки. Часть вторая, книга четвертая. М., 1984, с. 233.
115 И. Маца, iqve, gv. 98.
116 А. Мальро, iqve, gv. 151
117 B. Dorival, Les étapes de la peinture fransaise contemporaine, Paris, 1944, t. 2, p. 205.
47
xelovnebis ukve Semdgar nawarmoebSi orive mxaris garkveulwilad
identuri warmodgeniT. bergsonis filosofiiTac, romelmac gadamwyveti
roli Seasrula modernizmis cnobierebaSi, mxatvris esTetikuri intuiciiT,
romelic intuiciis umaRlesi formaa, iSleba gansxvaveba subieqtsa da
Semecnebis obieqts Soris118. aseTi xasiaTiT XX s-is xelovnebis avangardi
daupirispirda siuJeturi motivebis gamosaxvas da brZola gamoucxada e. w.
literaturulobas, radganac `wminda xelovnebis~ miznad gamocxadda
xelovneba mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebiT. am Sinaarss aviTarebs
daviT kakabaZec, rodesac wers: `mxatvrobas mxolod maSin SeuZlia
aRorZinebis gzas daadges, rodesac igi mxolod wminda mxatvrul miznebs
emsaxureba~119.
mxatvrobis miznis ganxilvasTan dakavSirebiT daviT kakabaZe aRniSnavs
ori tipis mxatvrobis arsebobas _ utilitaruls da wminda mxatvruls:
`mxatvroba ukve aRar aris azrTa gasavrcelebeli da xalxTa cxovrebis Tu
wesis saaRmwerlo saSualeba; amas Cvens droSi asrulebs wigni da
fotografia. stambis gamogonebis da misi teqnikis ganviTarebis Semdeg
Tanamedrove wigni ikavebs im adgils, romelic winaT eWira kedelze
gamosaxul mxatvrobas~120. utilitaruli da wminda mxatvruli xelovnebis
amgvari dapirispireba da maTi funqciuri definicia esTetikuri
safuZvlebiT saTaves jer kidev winare epoqaSi iRebs da faqtiurad
xelovnebis deideologizaciis tendencias badebs. kantiseuli esTetikuris,
rogorc dauinteresebeli mSvenierebis gamomxatvelisa, aris Teoriuli
safuZveli, romelmac artistul SemoqmedebaSi wminda xelovnebisken, anu
damoukidebeli esTetikuri fenomenisken warmarTa XIX s-is bolosa da miT
ufro XX s-is dasawyisis xelovanTa interesi. eTikur sferos
Camocilebulma da garkveulwilad abstrahirebuli mSvenierebis
gamomxatvelma xelovnebam damoukidebeli mniSvneloba SeiZina epoqis
Semecnebis sistemaSi. xelovneba rogorc amsaxveli, Seicvala gamomxatveli,
arsis axsnaze mizanmimarTuli xelovnebiT. amitomacaa, rom mxatvrobis
118 А. Бергсон, iqve, gv. 16.

119 daviT kakabaZe, Cveni gza. xelovneba da sivrce. gv. 29.
48
aRorZinebis winapirobad daviT kakabaZes wminda mxatvruli miznebis dasaxva
miaCnia da Tu literaturaSi am tendencias frangi simbolistebi iwyeben,
saxviT xelovnebaSi igi koncefciiTa da mxatvruli saxiT swored rom
mxatvris Tanadroul epoqaSi kristaldeba da Sedegic epoqalur
ganzogadebas iZens.
amrigad, daviT kakabaZisaTvis cnebiT-esTetikuri antiTezaa
utilitarulisa, romelic mis Teoriasa da praqtikaSic sruliad
gansxvavdeba samrewvelo xelovnebisagan (mohoÁ-nadis, el-lisickis, kupkasi
da naum gabos). es ukanaskneli pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT utilitarulia,
yofiT sagnebSi damkvidrebuli, magram jer kidev esTetikuris matarebeli.
mravali modernisti xelovanis msgavsad (rogorc analitikuri da
racionalizmze damyarebuli, aseve aracnobieri da alogikuri principebis
mimdinareobaTa warmomadgenlebisTvis) daviT kakabaZisTvis udidesi
SemoqmedebiTi impulsis matarebelia e. w. `kulturuli maragi~. es moicavs
ara marto tradiciul, aramed xalxur-primitiul da araevropuli
civilizaciebis xelovnebaTa miRwevebs. daviT kakabaZis kulturuli
horizonti ki mis mxatvrul xedvaSi erovnuli xelovnebisa da, zogadad,
qarTuli kulturis xasiaTis Rrma codnasac aerTianebs. igi amas
axorcielebs rogorc qarTul xelnawerebTan da monumenturi mxatvrobis
ZeglebTan uSualo kontaqtiT, aseve qarTuli SemoqmedebiTi xasiaTis
msoflaRqmiTi da esTetikuri safuZvlebis gacnobierebiT: `xalxis, misi
zne-Cveulebebis da cxovrebis Seswavla~ 1915 wels mis mier Camoyalibebul
cxovrebis credo-Si damoukidebel punqtad ikiTxeba121. amave kredos kidev
erTi punqti `rac SeiZleba meti codna _ gaecno xelovnebis sxvadasxva
principebs (Seqmnils sxvadasxva eris mier)~122 garkveulwilad naTels xdis
misi Semoqmedebis saazrovno safuZvlebs da gamomsaxvelobiT enas. daviT
kakabaZis msjelobisaTvis saxasiaTo sizuste Cans qarTuli mxatvruli
Semoqmedebis umTavresi maxasiaTeblebis aRniSvnaSi. nawarmoebis struqtura,
erTeuli formis kavSiri mTlianTan, zoma, proporciuloba, harmonia,
ferisa da moxazulobis urTierTkavSiri Tavidanve eqceva mxatvruli
121 p. margvelaSvili, daviT kakabaZis arqividan. gv. 10.

122 iqve.
49
specifikis problemaTa im rigSi, razec igi yuradRebas amaxvilebs.
erovnuli SemoqmedebisaTvis umTavres Tvisebad aRniSnavs intensiur
feradovnebas da feris gajerebulobas, formis simartives da
teqtonikurobas (rasac misTvis Cveuli terminiT _ `xazulobiT~ _
gamoxatavs). erovnuli xasiaTis miseuli gaazreba uaryofs
`cisferyanwelebis~ mier gancxadebul simbolizms da niRbis siyvaruls,
radganac `simbolizmi, rogorc skola da rogorc meTodi romantizmis
ideologiis Sedegia~123. erovnuli axali xelovnebis Seqmna ki daviT
kakabaZisTvis ganuyofelia klasikuris principebisgan. mis mier pozitiuris
cneba opoziciuri aRmoCnda rogorc siurrealisturi aracnobieris (rac
gamoixata agnosticizmze damyarebuli iracionalurisa da qvecnobieris
gafetiSebiT), aseve dadaisturi alogizmisa. orive mimdinareobisTvis
saxasiaTo absurdulobisaken swrafva koncentrirebuladaa gamoxatuli
hans arpis mier, rom `dada uazrobisaTvis arsebobs. es ar niSnavs
sisuleles. dada iseTive uazroa, rogorc buneba da sicocxle. dada
arsebobs bunebisaTvis da xelovnebis sapirispirod. dadas, ise rogorc
bunebas, surs yovel nivTs Tavisi gansakuTrebuli adgili miuboZos~124.
dadaisturi xelovnebis simbolo _ dada _ uazrobad gamocxadebuli
bunebisa da sicocxlisaTvis arsebobs, maSin rodesac bunebaca da
sicocxlec daviT kakabaZisTvis organizebuli da arsis matarebeli
movlenebia, romelTa Secnobac adamianuri cxovrebis gamarTlebaa da
Tanadrouli xelovnebis upirvelesi da umTavresi mizani. buneba, Tumca ara
pirdapiri mibaZviT, magram Tavisi funqciiT xelovnebisaTvis pirvelsaxis
matarebelia.
miuxedavad suraTis damoukidebeli rolis Sesaxeb kubizmis mxatvruli
koncefciis gaziarebisa, kakabaZisaTvis bunebas substanciuri mniSvneloba
aqvs. xelovnebis nawarmoebis faseuloba bunebaSi arsebuli universaluri
kanonebis Wvretaa; amitomac mis samxatvro praqtikaSi ganmsazRvreli
adgili swored peizaJis Janrs eTmoba. mxatvris TviTSemecneba ki bunebis
aRqma-gacnobierebiT da bunebisave mxatvruli saxis Seqmnis gziT
123 daviT kakabaZe, Cveni gza. gv. 32.

124 hans arpi, leqsebi. (Targmani d. barbaqaZisa), Tb., 1993. gv. 16-17.
50
xorcieldeba. igi jer ar axdens gamosaxulebisaTvis sagnis srul
ignorirebas, rogorc amas aRniSnavs abstraqtuli xelovnebis erT-erTi
korife _ rober delone: `sanam xelovneba ar gaTavisufldeba sagnisagan,
manam misjili eqneba monoba~125. qarTveli mxatvris abstraqtuli seriac
analizis xerxiT danaxuli bunebis Sedegia. portreti, rogorc konkretuli
adamianis plastikuri xelovnebiT ganxorcielebuli saxe, bunebrivad
scildeba kakabaZis mxatvrobas. misTvis àdamiani, rogorc msoflios
sruli damTavrebuli sxeuli, uaxlovdeba yvela sagans. magram adamiani,
rogorc individi, uaxlovdeba zogierT SesaZlo sagans~126. kakabaZis,
rogorc mxatvris, individualizmis gamoxatulebaa Janrobrivi
sazRvruloba da bunebrivia, rom `mxatvrobiT bunebis Semecneba~ peizaJis
Janris prioritetiT gamoixata. portreti da, zogadad, adamianis
gamosaxuleba adreuli periodis Semdeg ukve aRar Cans. misi swrafva
zogadis Ziebisaken izRudeba portretirebulis individualobiT.
Janrobrivi interesis mkveTri diferencireba xdeba swored Semoqmedebis
meore etapze, rodesac igi mTlianad dakavebulia modernizmis
msoflmxedvelobiTa da samxatvro praqtikiT. xelovnebis miznisa da
funqciis ZiebaSi portretis Janri veRar axdens ideasTan Sesatyvis
Tanxvedras. mxatvruli gadawyvetisas individualobis aucilebeli
gaTvaliswineba, rac zogadi specifikaa portretuli gamosaxulebisaTvis,
xelovnebis gaazrebis kakabaZiseul koncefciasTan winaaRmdegobas qmnis.
substanciuri modelis Zieba mxatvrobaSi universaluri kanonebis
gansaxorcieleblad arsebiT dapirispirebas awydeba yvela adamianisaTvis
saxasiaTo pirovnulobaSi. universalobis cneba, romlis aucilebel
aspeqts droSi xangrZlivad arsebuloba warmoadgens, daviT kakabaZesTan
xorcieldeba peizaJis JanrSi. buneba Tavisi TvisebiT ufro ganvrcobilia,
xolo nawilTa urTierTkavSirebiT da arsebobis kanonebiT ufro mudmivi,
vidre XX s-is nihilizmiT ganmsWvaluli adamiani, romelic sakuTari
arsebis ZiebaSi cdomilebaTa da cvalebadobaTa gadaulaxav sazRvrebSi
imyofeba. a. malro aRniSnavs, rom àr arsebobs ideali, romlisTvisac Cven
125 R. Delaunay, Du cubisme á l‟art abstrait. Paris, 1957. p. 96.

126 daviT kakabaZe, suraTis principi. gv. 35.
51
SevZlebdiT msxverplad Segvewira Tavi, radgan Cven, visTvisac ucnobia
WeSmariteba, viciT: yvela ideali yalbia~127. WeSmariti faseulobis
dakargva da sazogadoebisaTvis erToblivi idealis ararseboba adamianis
pirovnebaSi stiqiurobisa da gaucxoebis gamovlenis niSnad iqca. saerTo
idealis uqonloba sazogadoebaSi pirovnuli gankerZoebiT aRibeWda.
aRsaniSnavia, rom jgufuri portreti, rogorc portretis Janris
nairsaxeoba, romelic impresionizmSi jer kidev arsebobs, qreba
modernizmis mxatvrobaSi. daviT kakabaZe XIX s-Si gamovlenil
individualizms dadebiTad afasebs, Tumca amave sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT
aRniSnavs ìndividualizmis hipertrofuli ganviTarebis~ negatiurobas
xelovnebisaTvis, radganac misi mizani xelovnebiT mudmivi faseulobis
Seqmnaa. individualizmis simZafre mxatvrul gamosaxulebaSi adamians
TandaTan ugulebelyofs. modernizmis koncefciiT, suraTSi siuJeturobis
uaryofa gamosaxulebaSi arsebuli adamianuri qmedebisa da mayureblis
polarizaciis Sedegic aris. XIX-XX ss-is mijnis adamianisaTvis religiuri
da istoriuli Tema mxatvrul-ideuri problemurobiT interesis miRma
rCeba. Tematikis TaviseburebiT ganpirobebuli Janrobrivi SezRudulobac
ufro mZafrad XX s-is dasawyisidan vlindeba da prioritets aniWebs
peizaJsa da naturmorts. Tanamedrove xelovnebis amgvar specifikas h.-g.
gadameri `suraTis damunjebas~ uwodebs128. adamianis gamosaxuleba da
umeteswilad ki misi moqmedebaSi warmoCena utyvi xdeba Tanamedrove
mayureblisTvis. igi sxva JanrebSi ufro mudmiv faseulobas aRiqvams, vidre
siuJetur suraTSi. usulo sagnebis asaxva naturmortSi ufro arsebiTi
xasiaTisaa, vidre raime TxrobiTi saxis mxatvroba. aRsaniSnavia, rom
miuxedavad futurizmis mxatvrobaSi arsebuli siuJetisa, formaTa
plastikuri kavSirebis alogikurobis gamo mayureblisaTvis Znelad
aRsaqmelia kompoziciaSi misi ideuri mniSvneloba da mxatvruli funqcia.
kakabaZes ki Tanadrouli adamianis daSlili samyaro universaluri
kanonebis gadmosacemad veRar gamodgeba.
127 А. Мальро, iqve, gv. 38-39.

128 Г.Г. Гадамер, Онемение картины. в кн.: Актуальность прекрасного. М., 1991 .
52
amgvarad, Janris xasiaTic daviT kakabaZesTan XX s-is evropuli
xelovnebis msoflmxedvelobriv da saxviT principebs ukavSirdeba.
xelovnebaSi cnebiTi Zieba mxatvruli meTodis arCevanSic povebs
gamoZaxils. seriuloba uwyvetad gasdevs mTel mis Semoqmedebas. TiToeuli
seria dasrulebuli mTlianobaa konkretuli problemis gadaWris mizniT
da qronologiurad vrceldeba Semoqmedebis calkeul, zRvrul
monakveTebSi. seria kompleqsuri mTlianobaa gamosaxulebis Sinagani
srulyofilebisaTvis da mravalSi erTianobis kods moicavs. Tematikur-
Janrobrivad da gamomsaxvelobiT seriebi ukavSirdeba rogorc modernizmis
mimdinareobebs, aseve tradiciul figuralur saxeebs. aseTi
mrvalferovneba da gansxvavebul (zogierT sakiTxSi dapirispirebul)
principTa aTvisebisa da gacnobierebis wadiliT SeiZleba aixsnas interesi
abstraqtuli xelovnebisadmi, rac zogadi meTodiT, erTi SexedviT,
ewinaaRmdegeba kidec misi mxatvruli sistemis safuZvlebs, magram
gansxvavebiT am mimdinareobis korifeTagan, kakabaZisaTvis abstraqtuli
ferwera sainteresoa, rogorc axal gamomsaxvelobiT formaTagan erT-erTi
saxe da igi mxolod mTliani Semoqmedebis mxatvrul da Teoriul
konteqstSi povebs ganmartebas. modernizmis usagno xelovneba erT-erTi
saSualebaa mis mier Camoyalibebuli xelovnebis zogadi koncefciis
mxatvrobaSi ganxorcielebisaTvis. mravali suraTis erT seriaSi zogadi
saxelwodebiT gaerTianeba, rac saxasiaToa rogorc abstraqtuli, aseve
sxva mimdinareobebisa da Janrebis seriebisaTvis, daviT kakabaZis
koncefciuri mxatvrulobis kidev erTi aspeqtia. misi uSualod winamorbedi
periodis movlena qarTul xelovnebaSi, niko firosmani, sasuraTe
sibrtyezeve aRniSnavda dasaTaurebas, riTac met konkretulobas, siuJetur
zRvrulobas da xSir SemTxvevaSi simZafresac ki aniWebda gamosaxulebas.
am sakiTxSi kakabaZe firosmanis antipodia. masTan TxrobiTi siuJeturobis
uaryofa da wminda gamomsaxvelobiT saSualebebze aqcentireba suraTis
konkretuli saxelwodebis ugulebelyofaSic iCens Tavs (dasaTaureba aqvs
ramdenime kompozicias imereTis seriidan da adreuli periodis
namuSevrebs). mxatvari maqsimalur Tavisuflebas aZlevs mayurebels
ferweruli nawarmoebis plastikuri aRqmisaTvis da ar zRudavs mis
53
subieqtur damokidebulebas dasaTaurebiT, romelic winaswar ganawyobs da
garkveulwilad mokarnaxis rolsac asrulebs mxatvruli nawarmoebisagan
STabeWdilebis misaRebad. avtoriseuli pozicia uSualod suraTidanve
iwyeba da suraTSive xsnis mis ideur-Tematikur mniSvnelobas. Tumca
Teoriuli principebiT igi sruliadac ar uaryofs saTauris mniSvnelobas
da piriqiT, saTanado datvirTvas aniWebs mas. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT
aRniSnavs, rom `suraTis saxels aqvs Tavisi fasi. suraTis saxelSi unda
moCandes mTeli misi Semadgenloba, radgan suraTis rkali misi saxeliT
iWedeba~129. mravali kompoziciis seriuli gaerTianeba saerTo
saxelwodebiT problemuri mTlianobis mimaniSnebel xerxad SeiZleba
CaiTvalos. es damokidebuleba Semoqmedebis pirvelive etapze mJRavndeba da
mxatvruli ganzogadebisaTvis arsebul niSnad ikiTxeba.
gansxvavebuli esTetikuri da formaluri safuZvlebis mqone
mimdinareobebSi Sesrulebuli seriebi kakabaZiseuli mxatvruli
principebis sxvadasxva xerxiT gamovlenis saSualebaa. igi arc
abstraqcionizmis praqtikaSi Camoyalibebul, kerZod, v. kandinskis da r.
delones SemoqmedebaSi arsebul kompoziciaTa numeraciis princips iyenebs.
kubizmisa da kolaJis klasikosTa ferweraSi ki TiToeul nawarmoebs
Tavisi saTauri gaaCnia. daviT kakabaZis calkeuli seria aviTarebs da
azustebs mis dazgur ferweraSi arsebul sxvadasxva msoflmxedvelobriv
da samxatvro aspeqts da aRqmuli samyaros plastikur-saxovan ekvivalents
qmnis. seriuloba erT-erTi ZiriTadi saSualebaa misi esTetikis umTavresi
debulebis ganxorcielebisTvis _ is, rom `xelovneba mecnierebaa~ da misi
saSualebiT unda moxdes `cxovrebis ritmis da saxis eqsteriorizacia~130.
modernistuli periodis TiToeul seriaSi xdeba romelime mxatvruli
sakiTxis ganzogadeba da mayureblisaTvis misi damajerebeli wardgena.
impresionizmis fuZemdeblis, klod mones (aseve edgar degasa da sxvaTa)
SemoqmedebaSic aqtiurad Cans seriulobis mniSvneloba, magram seriis
yoveli Semadgeneli suraTi gansxvavebuli astronomiuli drois fiqsaciaa
modelze da erTianoba calkeulSi arsebuli zogadi niSnebis krebiT
129 d. kakabaZe, iqve, gv. 33.

130 d. kakabaZe, parizi. 1920-23 wlebi, gv. 108.D
54
STabeWdilebas emyareba. kakabaZesTan erTianoba arsebiTis msgavsebiT anda
igiveobriobiT mJRavndeba. igi seriiT axorcielebs konkretulis
tipizirebas, universaluris warmoCenas da sasuraTe sibrtyeze mis
mxatvrul abstrahirebas.
amgvarad, rogorc Teoriuli safuZvliT, aseve samxatvro praqtikaSi
gamovlenili xasiaTiT seriuloba da dasaTaurebis principic
kakabaZisaTvis SemecnebiTi mniSvnelobisaa da mxatvruli ganzogadebis
arsebiTi niSania.
modelis xasiaTisa Tu gamomsaxvelobiT saSualebaTa ganzogadeba
Tvisebrivi movlenaa kakabaZis dazgur ferweraSi. mis mxatvrul
problemebSi arsebiTia mxatvrisa da modelis, mayureblisa da
gamosaxulebis, individualobisa da zogadis, konkretulisa da arsebiTis
damokidebulebis sakiTxi.
axali mxatvruli xedvisa da mxatvrobis koncefciis kidev erTi
mniSvnelovani sakiTxia kakabaZiseuli antiTezis meore wyvilis_
aRmosavleTi-dasavleTis ganmarteba. aRmosavleTs ukavSirdeba ganyenebuli
cneba da forma, ltolva maradiulisaken, abstraqtuli da spiritualuri
warmodgena, sivrcisa da proporciebis gancda ganyenebul formebSi, maSin
rodesac dasavleTisaTvis saxasiaToa konkretuli da materialuri
formebi, swrafva droulisaken, aseve konkretuli da materialuri azri,
bunebis gamosaxva adamianis mxedvelobiT da individis gancdiT, sivrcis
gancda konkretul saxeebSi131.
zogadis Zieba konkretulSi da arsis Secnoba individualobaSi
konstatirebulad gamoxatavs daviT kakabaZis SemoqmedebiT mizans. arsi ki
movlenebSi, sagnebSi da, zogadad, samyaros fenomenSi obieqturi safuZvlis
gacnobierebaa. amitomacaa ase aqtualuri rogorc daviT kakabaZis, aseve
modernistuli msoflmxedvelobisaTvis xelovnebaSi obieqturobis
problema, radgan, gamijnes ra sakuTari mrwamsi winare periodis
xelovnebisagan, swored obieqturobis gamosaxvaze ganacxades pretenzia,
rasac safuZvlad cnebis sazogadoba daedo. cnebam moicva epoqis rogorc
131 daviT kakabaZe, sivrcis ornairi koncefcia. gv. 130.
55
SemecnebiTi da ontologiuri sferoebi, aseve esTetikuri da konkretuli
samxatvro problemebi. epoqis raobisa da miznis garkveva mWidrod
daukavSirda adamianis arsis sakiTxs, misi sicocxlis mizanmimarTebis
garkvevas da damokidebulebas garemomcveli samyarosa da masSi mimdinare
fizikuri Tu biologiuri procesebisadmi. Semecnebis utyuar da uSualo
formad xelovnebis gamocxadebam ki aRniSnuli sakiTxi xelovanisa da
xelovnebis nawarmoebis Sinaarsad aqcia. cnebis sazogadoba ki umetes
SemTxvevaSi Teoriul gansjaze damyarebuli da inteleqturad analitikuri
debulebebis erToblioba iyo, romelic xSirad win uswrebda romelime
mimdinareobis mxatvrul gamovlenas (rogorc es iyo abstraqtuli
mxatvrobisa da siurrealizmis SemTxvevaSi). modernistebma, samyaros
renesansuli subieqtivistur-imanenturi aRqmiT dawyebuli da
impresionistuli subieqturi sensualizmiT dagvirgvinebuli, mxatvruli
xedva radikalurad Secvales mxatvruli tradiciebisa da filosofiuri
koncefciebis mcodne xelovanis xedviT. maTi obieqturobis kriteriumi
inteleqturad miRebuli codnaa vinmes an raimes Sesaxeb. aqedan
gamomdinare, winamorbedi epoqis subieqturi sensualizmi Seicvala
inteleqturi subieqtivizmiT, radganac mxolod grZnobadis gamoricxviT da
ganyenebuli gonebismieri gansjiT gamosaxulebis obieqturobaze pretenzia
arsis Secnobis safuZvels ar iZleva, miT umetes, rom ìnteleqturi
tendencia, romelic cxovrebas aucileblad unda Seeqmna Tavisi evoluciis
gzaze da romelic ukve Tandayolils warmoadgens, sulac ar iZleva
sicocxlis axsnas.
inteleqturi tendenciebi warmoadgens im winaaRmdegobebs, romlebsac
awydebian, rodesac surT xelovnuri da bunebrivi, cocxali da mkvdari
sistemebis garCeva. maTi wyalobiT erTnairad rTuli xdeba fiqri imaze,
rom organizebuli grZeldeba, xolo araorganizebuli ar grZeldeba~132.
modernistebisaTvis obieqturobis kriteriumi pirovnuli Tu mxatvarTa
da, zogadad, xelovanTa calkeuli wrisaTvis saxasiaTo inteleqturi
maragi aRmoCnda, romelic, TavisTavad cxadia, ikvebeboda epoqis samecniero
da kulturuli tendenciebiT. ramdenadac obieqturobis kriteriumi krebiTi
132 А. Бергсон, iqve, gv. 20.
56
saxis subieqturoba iyo, imdenad, aRniSnuli epoqis xelovneba veRar
iqneboda òbieqturad WeSmaritis pirovnebis meSveobiT gancxadeba~133,
romelic arsebiTi mniSvnelobisaa Sua saukuneebis qristianul xelovnebaSi.
is obieqturi monacemebi, romlebsac iZleoda sabunebismetyvelo da
teqnikuri dargis mecniereba, dabrkolebad aRimarTa adamianis Semecnebis
miznisaken mimaval gzaze. myari, materialuri sxeulisaken mimarTulma
interesma adamiani erTiani samyarosagan izolaciaSi moaqcia. XIX s-Si
intensivobiT gamovlenilma individualizmma (rasac maRal Sefasebas
aZlevs daviT kakabaZe), adamiani sakuTari grZnobadisa Tu gonebrivis
sazRvrebSi moaqcia. obieqturi WeSmaritebisaken ltolvisas pirovnebis
kosmiurobis codna da gancda Secvala pirovnebis TviTgamoxatvis mizanma
WeSmaritebaTa sxvadasxva konteqstSi. àdamianis Semecneba dafuZnebulia
debulebaze, rom adamiani kosmiuria Tavisi bunebiT, rom igi _ yofis
centria. adamians, rogorc Caketil individualur arsebas, ar eqneboda gza
samyaros Secnobisaken~134. amitomac xelovneba, romlis mizansac
obieqturobis gamosaxva warmoadgenda, faqtiurad, obieqturobis gareSe
darCa, misi SemecnebiTi funqcia ki mxolod konkretuli epoqis zRvrul
CarCoebSi moeqca, radgan iqca tradiciul faseulobaTa rRvevis, adamianis
gaucxoebis, samyaroSi TviTganapirebis da pirvelmizezis Seucnoblobis
saxed. miuxedavad SemecnebaSi metafizikuris mniSvnelobis aRiarebisa135,
daviT kakabaZis Semecneba SefardebiTis sistemaSi rCeba. es ganapirobebs mis
pirovnul dramasac, romelic ara mxolod arsebul sociumTan konfliqts
gulisxmobda. am problemis ufro zusti ganmarteba ki albaT es aris:
`Ностальгия по Единому, стремление к Абсолюту, выражают сущность человеческой
драмы“136. alber kamius es azri siRrmiTa da dinamizmiT gamoxatavs XX s-is
Tavis pirovnebisamara darCenili adamianis xvedrs, romlis gancdac, ra
Tqma unda, umetesi simZafriT eqneboda iseTi diapazonis xelovans,
rogoric daviT kakabaZea. misi mizanmimarTeba STanTqa drois dramam, rac
133 d. TumaniSvili, xelovneba da individualizmi. `literatura da xelovneba~, 1991, #4, gv.

40.
134 Н. Бердяев, Смысл творчества. М., 1914. с. 52.
135
daviT kakabaZe, parizi. 1920-23 wlebi. gv. 90.
136 А. Камю, Миф о Сизифе. Эссе об Абсурде, в кн.: Сумерки богов. М., 1990. с. 233.
57
kidev ufro gaZlierda misi sicocxlis bolo aTwleulebSi. xelovneba,
rogorc msaxurebis obieqti, TviTmiznurobiT Caiketa sakuTar TavSi da ver
ganxorcielda WeSmaritebis msaxurebad, rasac sTavazobda Zvel ostatebs
maTi Tanadrouli kultura. daviT kakabaZis mizani `didi xalxosnuri
xelovnebis Seqmnac~ utopiuri aRmoCnda. Tavis TavSi Caketili xelovneba
simbolod iqca, romelmac gaaerTiana niSanTa sistema. simbolo ki, Tu
mivmarTavT herbert ridis perifrazirebas, gasagebia mxolod
inicirebulTaTvis137 da Tanamedrove xelovnebis aRqmac SesaZlebelia
garkveulwilad winaswar momzadebuli mayureblisaTvis, romelic
analogiur `kulturul marags~ flobs.
137
Herbert Read, The Modern Epoch in art. wignSi: The Philosophy of Modern. Art: Collected essays, London, 1974,
p. 42.
58
II Tavi
mxatvruli saxe da misi struqtura daviT kakabaZisÿ dazgur

ferweraSi
daviT kakabaZis ferwera koncefciuri xelovnebis farTo diapazons

gviCvenebs. masSi naTlad gamovlinda rogorc XX s-is evropuli
modernizmis samxatvro-SemecnebiT modeli, aseve qarTuli xelovnebis
sxvadasxva dargiT Seqmnili mravalsaukunovani esTetikuri xati.
seriulobis principze damyarebuli dazguri ferwera gansxvavebuli
mimdinareobebiT, JanriTa da TemiT aris warmodgenili. am sakiTxebisadmi
damokidebulebiT igi mTlianad iziarebs XX s-is dasawyisis xelovanTa
pozicias. daviT kakabaZe dasaxul mxatvrul problemebs sami Janris _
peizaJis, portretisa da naturmortis _ farglebSi axorcielebs..
TiToeuli maTgani, SerCeuli TemiT konkretulobisa da amave dros
mxatvrulobis sxvadasxva xarisxs gviCvenebs.
peizaJi kakabaZis SemoqmedebiTi samyaros ganuyofeli nawilia. igi
samxatvro moRvaweobis dasawyisSive iCens Tavs da sicocxlis bolomde
mxatvris interesebis ganxorcielebis saukeTeso saSualebas qmnis. am Janris
ferweruli da grafikuli seriebi laitmotivad gasdevs aTwleulebis
manZilze daviT kakabaZis samxatvro praqtikas, bolo etapze ki misi saxviTi
Semoqmedebis ucvlel da erTaderT sferod rCeba. maTgan ìmereTis”
seriaSi srulyofili SesatyvisobiT gamoixata mxatvris esTetikuri
msoflaRqma da misi SemoqmedebiTi samyrosa da individualuri xedvis
mxatvrul simbolod iqca.
imereTis peizaJebs xatavda igi jer gimnaziis moswavle, Semdeg
samSobloSi ardadegebze Camosuli studenti, peterburgis
universitetdamTavrebuli axalgazrda moazrovne da moRvawe dabolos,
sruliad Camoyalibebuli, evropuli modernizmis sxvadasxva
mimdinareobagamovlili da msoflio aRiarebis mxatvari.
kakabaZiseuli stilisa da mxatvruli ostatobis saxasiaTo niSnebi
TvalnaTliv isaxeba adreul nawarmoebebSive. Temis warmodgenis,
59
kompoziciis agebisa Tu gamomosaxvelobiT saSualebaTa specifika,
marTalia, Canasaxovan, magram naTlad gamokveTil xasiaTs atarebs. am
periodis Sesaxeb g. alibegaSvili aRniSnavs: ìntuicia da bunebrivi niWi im
dros profesiuli codnis magivrobas uwevdnen.Uukve adreuli namuSevrebi
yuradRebas iqcevs mxatvrulobiT, perspeqtivis agebis sisworiT da axal
gamomsaxvelobiT saSualebaTa ZiebiT138”. amasTanave, SemoqmedebiTi
qronologiis sruli momcveloba ìmereTis~ seriis saxiT saSualebas
iZleva, Tvali gavadevnoT mxatvrul procesebs, misi ZiriTadi principebis
Camoyalibeba-ganviTarebas da davinaxoT mxatvris inteleqtur-emociuri
samyaros ZiriTadi Sreebi. maTi esTetikur-mxatvruli saxovaneba da
gavlenis Zala mayurebelze xom sruliad gansakuTrebulia. amitomacaa, rom
es seria pirvelive eqspoziciaze _ qarTvel mxatvarTa pirvel gamofenaze
(1919 w.) _ iqcevs yuradRebas, xolo wlebis manZilze xelovnebaTmcodneTa
da literatorTa yuradRebis umniSvnelovanesi sagania. umTavresad
aRsaniSnavia isic, rom imereTis peizaJebis mxatvruli struqtura Tavisi
Camoyalibebuli formiT gamoxatulebaa daviT kakabaZis mier axali
mxatvruli cnobierebis, misi adekvaturi gamomsaxvelobiTi saxis da
saSualebebis Zieba-SeTvisebisa.
aRniSnuli seriis adreuli periodis, kerZod ki 1908, 1912 da 1915 wlebis
namuSevrebi or aTeuls moicavs139. erT-erTi pirvelTagania `gelaTi~ (1908
w.)140 (sur. 1), romelic sruliad axalgazrda daviT kakabaZis mxatvruli
ganacxadia da SeiZleba iTqvas, yvelaze meti originalobiT gamoxatavs mis
individualur msoflaRqmas. quTaisSi mcxovrebi 19 wlis mxatvari,
romelic jer kidev ar gascnobia xelovnebis mimdinareobebs da maT
esTetikur koncefciebs, aRniSnuli suraTiT gamoxatavs im arsebiT
damokidebulebas, romelic misi Semoqmedebis ganuyofel niSnad
Camoyalibda.
Sua saukuneebis xuroTmoZRvruli kompleqsi (mTavari _ RvTismSoblis,
wm. giorgisa da wm. nikolozis taZrebi) mTian landSaftSi organulad
Caweril xeds qmnis. arqiteqturuli peizaJi gamosaxulebis calkeuli
138 g. alibegaSvili, daviT kakabaZis Semoqmedeba. gv. 3.

139 yvela es namuSevari inaxeba q-n eTer andronikaSvilis koleqciaSi.
140 t., z., 29 X40, inaxeba iqve..
60
nawilebisa da maT Soris kavSirebis harmonias warmoadgens. mxatvari
gamosaxavs kompoziciis nawilTa iseT Tanwyobas, romelic xasiaTis
erTianobiT gamoirCeva. sxvadasxva nagebobis ritmuli monacvleoba
simSvidisa da wonasworobis dacviT, formaTa ganzogadebiT mayurebels
uCvenebs xuroTmoZRvruli ansamblis mniSvnelovnebas da faseulobas.
`gelaTi~ sayuradReboa rogorc kompoziciuri gadawyvetiT, aseve
gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebiT. Semoqmedebis am adreul periodSi ukve
aSkaraa kakabaZiseuli stilis arsebiTi niSnebi: kompoziciaSi TiToeuli
plani diferencirebulia maTi suraTis sibrtyis paraleluri anu
horizontuli ganviTarebiT. sivrcis mTlianoba gadmocemulia qveda
CarCodan zemoTken planebis garkveulwilad erTmaneTSi pirdapiri
gadasvliT. amisaTvis mxatvris mier SerCeulia samonastro kompleqsis
swored is xedi, romelic mas saSualebas aZlevs, TiTqmis erT xazze
ganaTavsos sxvadasxva nageboba. sami taZris samxreTis grZivi fasadiT
warmodgenili centraluri plani odnav Sedis marcxnidan marjvniv
siRrmeSi, rac sruliadac ver asustebs mis erT sibrtyeze aRqmas da
sivrcobriv-moculobiT erTianobas. asevea qveda CarCoTi gadaWrili
samonastro kompleqsis sxva SenobaTa saxuravebi muqi mwvane laqebiT
gamosaxul xeebTan erTad da mTebis ori plani, romlebic formaTa uwyveti
kavSiriT damoukidebel feradovan planebs qmnis. kompoziciis mTlianoba
emyareba feradovani sibrtyeebis Tanmimdevrul, uwyvet kavSirs da
koloritul erTianobas, romlis safuZvelia sxvadasxva toniT
warmodgenili mwvane feri.
am suraTSi feri formis Seqmnis saSualebacaa. mkafio sazRvrebis mqone
lokaluri tonebiT igeba arqiteqturisa da peizaJis saxe. Tanabari, wyaros
miuniSnebeli ganaTeba moculobaTa mkafio sazRvrebs icavs da mSvid
ganwyobas qmnis. saxuravebis Ria, xasxasa mwvane ferisa da ZiriTadi masebis
aseTive Ria tonalobis moyavisfro-yviTlis monacvleoba arqiteqturis
teqtonikas warmoaCens.
formis SeqmnisaTvis, garda feradovani gamomsaxvelobisa, kompoziciaSi
did rols TamaSobs weris manerac. msuye, pastozuri, farTo monasmebi,
faqtiurad, formis sazRvrebs miuyveba da mis gamTlianebas emsaxureba.
61
nawarmoebs, zogadad, axasiaTebs TavSekavebuloba da simartive.
koloritis monoqromatizmi, lokaluri feradovneba da weris farTo,
Tamami manera warmoadgens landSaftisa da arqiteqturis ganzogadebul,
monumentur saxes. aRniSnuli ganwyobis gadmosacemad aseve gamoyenebulia
Semdegdroindel peizaJebSi ufro mkafiod gamoxatuli, centridan odnav
gverdiT gadaweuli maRali xedvis wertili.
1912 da 1915 wlebis peizaJebi ufro mravalricxovania. aqedan iwyeba
kakabaZisaTvis niSandoblivi seriuloba misi ZiriTadi niSnebiT. saTauris
gareSe datovebuli kompozicaTa didi nawili erTiandeba zogadi _
ìmereTis~ saxelwodebiT. xSir SemTxvevaSi peizaJebSi arqiteqturuli
motivebia CarTuli.
ìmereTis~ seriis am periodis Sesaxeb v. beriZe aRniSnavs: `yvela
suraTi mowmobs, rom mxatvars kompoziciis Tandayolili alRo aqvs, magram
igi jer kidev ar gamohyofs mis mier gadmocemuli bunebis umTavres,
specifikur niSnebs. aq jer kidev ar aris Semdegdroindeli peizaJebis
dekoratiuloba, (...) Tu SevadarebT 1912 da 1915 wlis seriebs garkveul
evolucias SevniSnavT: Tumca yvela erTi maneriTaa Sesrulebuli, sqeli,
reliefuri, `moqneuli~ monasmebiT. 1915 wlis peizaJebSi monasmebi ufro
materialurad Zerwavs formebs, ferwera ufro mkvrivia. amas garda, ukve
isaxeba erTgvari ganzogadeba, mxatvari TiTqos scildeba uSualo
aRwerilobas, Cans nabiji Semdegi safexurisaken, rodesac kakabaZe _
qarTvel mxatvarTa Soris pirveli _ Seqmnis peizaJs, _ suraTs, romelSiac
Cans bunebis dakvirvebaTa sinTezi, mxatvris damokidebuleba bunebasTan,
mxatvris mier bunebis Sefaseba~141.
1912 wels daviT kakabaZe qmnis kompozicias `xidi~142 (sur. 2), romelic
mTebis fonze gamosaxul, patara mdinareze gadebul Zvel, TaRovan xids
warmoadgens. es suraTic sayuradReboa landSaftisa da arqiteqturis
harmoniuli TanxmierebiT, magram bunebis aRqma da misi saxviTi forma
sruliad gansxvavebulia rogorc `gelaTis~, aseve ìmereTis~ seriis
saerTo xasiaTisagan. masSi aqtualuria naturis ganzogadebuli Cveneba,
141 v. beriZe, daviT kakabaZe 90 wlisaa. #12, gv. 12.

142 t., z., 30 X36. inaxeba iqve.
62
magram mxatvris damokidebuleba da misi transponireba suraTis sibrtyeze
`gelaTTan~ SedarebiT gamomsaxvelobis principebis axal saxes qmnis.
kompoziciis safuZveli ramdenime ZiriTadi feris silueturi monacvleobaa.
saxviTi daxasiaTebidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba mxolod aRiniSnos maTi
zogadi, mimaniSnebeli xasiaTi nagulisxmev realur, materialur formasTan
SesatyvisobaSi. feradovnebiTac da weris maneriTac es suraTi bunebis
impresionistul aRqmas enaTesaveba.
Ria koloritis kompoziciaSi ganmsazRvreli ferebi yviTeli da
cisferia. maTi erTmaneTTan mimarTeba, formasTan dakavSireba, suraTis
sibrtyis dafarvis xasiaTi plein air-is mxatvrobis niSnebs moicavs da
konkretuli droisa da atmosferuli mdgomareobis asaxvas warmoadgens.
amave dros gamoyenebulia zogierTi tradiciuli ferweruli xerxic.
yovelive es ki Semdegnairad mJRavndeba: wylis zedapiris gadmocemisaTvis
da moculobiani formis SeqmnisaTvis Suq-Crdilisadmi mimarTva (muqi
yavisferi TaRis naxevarwriuli formis gadmosacemad). wina planze,
marjvena kuTxeSi dadebulia farTo moxazulobis Crdili, romelic xidis
TaRTan dakavSirebul muq ferebTan erTad miuTiTebs mzian dReze. amave
xasiaTisaa isic, rom Soreuli planis mTebisTvis gamoyenebul vrcel
monasmebs enacvleba wylis dinamikuri zedapiris mokle, xSiri, swrafi
monasmebi. aseve, wylis zedapirze mzis aTinaTebis gadmosacemad
gamoyenebulia muqi yavisferi, yviTeli da Ria iasamnisferi. ferwerulobis
es niSani sinaTlis speqtris feriT warmodgenis cdaze miuTiTebs. aseTi
weris maneridan gamomdinare, nawarmoebi, miuxedavad peizaJisa da
arqiteqturis ganzogadebuli warmodgenisa, ufro STabeWdilebiTi xasiaTis
matarebelia da mxatvris mier bunebis aRqmaSi emociis gadamwyvet rolze
miuTiTebs. `gelaTTan~ SedarebiT, sadac ukiduresobamde gamartivebuli
saSualebebiT warmodgenili ganzogadeba erTgvarad arqaul
monumenturobas qmnis, aq suraTis wina planis ferweruli saxe mxatvruli
drois dinamizms gviCvenebs.
ganxilul suraTs daviT kakabaZe xatavs ukve peterburgis
universitetis studenti da dmitriev-kavkazskis studiis moswavle.
dedaqalaqis kulturuli cxovrebis gacnoba, ra Tqma unda, mniSvnelovnad
63
amdidrebs mis mxatvrul azrovnebas da sagulisxmoa, rom modernist
mxatvarTa didi nawilis msgavsad, Semoqmedebis sawyis etapze kakabaZec ver
ascda impresionizmTan garkveul kontaqts. `xidSi~ es mimarTeba vlindeba
calkeuli xerxebiT da pirdapiri paralelebi am mimdinareobis
klasikosebTan arc ki SeiniSneba (rogorc xdeba es bevr evropel
mxatvarTan), magram suraTSi arsebuli xedvis specifika da TviT daviT
kakabaZis Semoqmedebis konteqstSi ganxilva naTlad miuTiTebs
zemoaRniSnul kavSirze.
1915 wlis peizaJebi iseT Tvisebriv niSnebs avlens, romlebic naTlad
miuTiTebs kakabaZiseul individualur mxatvrul xedvaze da ZiriTadi
aspeqtebiT ayalibebs am Janris miseul koncefcias. es kompoziciebi
warmoadgens an mxolod landSaftis gamosaxulebas, an landSafts
arqiteqturuli formebiT. aseTia peizaJi sacxovrebeli saxlebiT143 (sur. 3).
wina planis Ria ferebSi gadawyvetili ferdobi, saxlebiT ukana planze,
sruldeba muqi, erTiani feradovani laqiT warmodgenili mTiTa da
dramatuli simZafris, legaferSereuli moTeTro RrublebiT dafaruli
ciT. buneba panoramulad iSleba suraTis sibrtyeze da uwyvet
horizontul zols qmnis. feradovnad danawilebuli ferdobi, xeebi da
saxlebis Ria feris siluetebi ritmulad urTierTmonacvleobs.
`gelaTisa~ da `xidis~ Semdeg mxatvruli ganzogadeba kakabaZiseuli
suraTisTvis ukve bunebrivi aspeqtia. Tumca, amjerad misi principebi
sruliad gansxvavebul formaTqmnadobas emyareba. kompoziciis Semadgeneli
TiToeuli formis zogadi parametrebiT warmodgena da weris maneriT
gamoxatva icvleba xedis nawilebisaTvis saerTo struqturuli xasiaTis
moZebniT da am RerZis irgvliv feradovan-grafikuli gamomsaxvelobis
sinTeziT.
peizaJi garkveulwilad `Sedgenil~ xasiaTs atarebs. es aris aqcenti
feradovnad danawevrebuli wina planis mdelosa da Soreuli, erTiani
siluetis mTis saxviT konsonansze. maRali xedvis wertilidan gamosaxul
landSaftSi sivrciTi planebi gansxvavebuli ferweruli struqturiT
warmodgeba. nawarmoebSi naTelia mxatvris interesSi gamokveTili bunebis
143 t., z., 30 X40, inaxeba iqve.
64
gamosaxulebis iseTi forma, romlis identificireba suraTis sibrtyeze
dekoratiulobis gaZlierebiT xdeba. kompoziciis safuZvels koloritis
wyoba ganapirobebs. suraTis did nawils mkafio sazRvrebis mqone,
geometriul formebad organizebuli sxvadasxva sixSiris ferebis
urTierTmonacvleoba ikavebs; ganmsazRvreli feri mwvanea, romelSic
CarTulia mowiTalo da Ria yviTeli. es ukanaskneli xSir SemTxvevaSi
funjis msubuqi monasmebiT aris Sereuli danarCen orTan da mziT
ganaTebuli ferdobis nawils gamoxatavs. mTliani xedis amgvari saxviToba
gansxvavebul sivrcobriv planebs warmoadgens. suraTis gamomsaxvelobaSi
mxatvrisaTvis mniSvnelovania ara bunebis materialuri formebis
moculobebi, aramed peizaJis konkretuli monakveTis zogadi xasiaTi da
misi kavSiri suraTis sibrtyis miRma darCenil ufro vrcel garemosTan.
amitomacaa, rom sinaTlis wyaros aRniSvnis gareSe iZleva warmodgenili
xedis iseT Suq-feradovan diferencirebas, romliTac igulisxmeba
landSaftis gaSla farTo sivrceSi. peizaJis axlomdebare xedi SedarebiTi
tonalur-grafikuli monoliTurobiTac ki gamoirCeva mziT ganaTebuli da
mcire monakveTebad aferadebuli Sua planisagan, xolo Soreuli _ aseve
daunawevrebeli silueturobiT asrulebs kompozicias. garda feris
gamomsaxvelobiTi aqtivobisa, nawarmoebis mxatvrulobis mniSvnelovani
aspeqtia misi grafikuli xasiaTi. TiToeuli sivrcobrivi nawili Tu misi
Semadgeneli mcire monakveTi mkafiod gamoxatul konkretul sazRvrebSi
Tavsdeba muqi momwvano moCarCoebiT. misi moxazuloba paraleluri wyobiT
Tanxmierad gamoxatavs kompoziciis saerTo masStabur ritms da formaTa
simartivis xazgasmiT mowesrigebulobisa da harmoniis ganwyoba Seaqvs
gamosaxulebaSi. `xatulobis Sesaxeb Cven vambobT, rom is unda iqnes
suraTSi ganmtkicebuli, da amiT daiwyeba xatulobis axali xana~144,
aRniSnavs daviT kakabaZe erT-erT adreul werilSi.
amgvarad, formalur saSualebaTagan or umTavresze _ kontursa da
ferze _ yuradRebis gamaxvilebiT da maTi saerTo xasiaTis gamovleniT
kakabaZe iZleva iseT formas, romelic sibrtyobriv-dekoratiulobaSi
65
SeTavsebuli sivrcobrivi gamomsaxvelobiT mxatvruli ganzogadebis did
masStabs qmnis. ganzogadebiT xasiaTdeba weris manerac, romelic aseve
farTo da Tamamia, magram misi reliefuroba da sixSire metad
TavSekavebulia. `xidis~ werasTan SedarebiT aq funjis moZraoba
dadinjebulia, zedapiric meti sigluviT xasiaTdeba da naTlad aCens
kompoziciis feradovan-grafikul struqturas.
aRniSnuli mxatvruli da formaluri TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba 1915
wlis kidev ramdenime peizaJi (sur. 4, 5). am kompoziciebSi farTo siluetebi
da grafikulad danawevrebuli feradovani monakveTebi gansxvavebul
planebSi cvlis erTmaneTs. mxatvari motivis varirebas axdens da TiTqos
mzeris wertilis cvlilebiT iZleva erTi xedis sxvadasxva rakurss.
damaxasiaTebelia kidev erTi niSani, rac myarad ikidebs fexs kakabaZis
peizaJis koncefciaSi: wina plani mayureblisaTvis farTo xediT iSleba da
mTeli sisavsiT ikavebs suraTis sibrtyes. mzeris wertilis siSoris
miuxedavad, gamosasaxi maqsimaluri siaxloviT modis mayurebelTan.
1915 wlis peizaJTa am jgufSi TvalsaCinoa kakabaZiseuli saxviTi
principebis Camoyalibebis gzebi: kompoziciis sibrtyobriv-dekoratiuli
wyoba, sivrcis gadmocema planebis Suq-feradovani diferencirebiT,
koloritis ageba ramdenime lokaluri feriT, formis grafikuli `sqema~ da
misi `geometrizmi~. nawarmoebis saxviToba formaTqmnadobis sruliad axal
safuZvlebs emyareba. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT kakabaZis mxatvruli azrovnebis
uSualod am periodSi gamovlenil niSnebs da CavTvliT maT 1915 wlis
peizaJebis winapirobad, yovelive aRniSnuli sruliad bunebriv movlenad
aRiqmeba. ìmereTis~ seriis pirveli namuSevrebis Seqmnisas igi erT-erTi
avtoria 1914 wlis deklaraciisa, romlis mTavari debulebaa suraTSi
gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebis funqciebis aRdgena da maTi damoukidebeli
xasiaTi. naxatis mniSvnelobas ki calkec eqceva yuradReba145. am periodSive
Seqmnili aqvs 1913 wlis kubofuturistuli `dasaflaveba imereTSi~ da 1914
wlis kubisturi avtoportreti. igi praqtikulad icnobs mxatvrobis axal
esTetikas, romelic formis gansxvavebuli xedvis gamomxatvelia. am
145 iqve, gv. 55.
66
mimarTebas SemoqmedebiTad iTvisebs da mas individualur mxatvrulobas
aniWebs.
1915 wlis namuSevrebSi gansxvavebuli mimarTulebac Cans. es
kopoziciebia: `cixesimagre modi, naxe~146 (sur. 6) da peizaJi mdinaris
xeobiT147 (sur. 7). es orive nawarmoebi gamosasaxis meti konkretulobiT
gamoirCeva. maTSi naTelia kompoziciis agebis utyuari alRo da modelis
aRqmis Tavisebureba, rac xedvis maRali wertiliT ganisazRvreba, magram
maTi mxatvruli principebi, zemoT ganxiluli peizaJebisgan gansxvavebiT,
evropuli ferweris ufro adrindel tradiciebs gulisxmobs. pirvel
yovlisa, es vlindeba koloritiT, romelic naturasTan ufro meti
siaxloviT gamoirCeva. kakabaZis ferwera am SemTxvevaSi bunebasTan
damokidebulebiT mibaZviTi xasiaTisaa, xolo saxis ganzogadeba ZiriTadad
weris maneriT ganisazRvreba. es ukanaskneli msuyea da reliefuri. Tamami
da farTo monasmebi suraTis zedapirs dinamikurobas aniWebs da ramdenadac
mxolod formis zedapirs axasiaTebs, gamosaxulebaSi mis arastabilur
STabeWdilebas qmnis. Tu peizaJTa wina jgufSi formis struqtura igeboda
mkafiod sazRvruli ferebis monacvleobiT Seqmnili teqtonikiT, am or
kompoziciaSi calkeuli forma zogadi siluetiT aris gamoyofili da
Tanac mxolod feradovnebiT. konturi feris damatebiTi Tvisebaa da
formaTa diferencirebaSi mJRavndeba.
Temis warmodgeniT, gamomsaxvelobis saSualebebis gamovleniT da weris
teqnikiTac es ori kompozicia etiudur xasiaTs atarebs da danarCeni
namuSevrebisagan gansxvavebul, paralelur mimarTulebas warmoadgens
daviT kakabaZis adreuli periodis ferweraSi.
amgvarad, 1915 wlis peizaJebis did nawilSi ukve Cndeba is ZiriTadi
maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic gansazRvravs mocemuli Janris kakabaZiseul
xedvas. samiode wlis Semdeg am principebis srulyofiT igi mxatvrulobis
axal xarisxs qmnis.

67
1918 wels samSobloSi dabrunebulma mxatvarma Seasrula peizaJi
`wiTeli gza~148 (sur. 8) da peizaJi cixe-simagrisa da mdinaris xeobis
gamosaxulebiT149 (sur. 9), 1919 wels _ kidev erTi kompozicia (wina planze
cixe-simagris nangrevebiT)150 (sur. 10).
ùpirveles yovlisa, Tavidanve Cans, rom aq ukve bunebaSi danaxulis
uSualo fiqsacia, mxolod `motivi~ ki ar aris, aramed dasrulebuli,
ganzogadebuli suraTi _ bunebis saxe, portreti~151. am sami nawarmoebiT
ukve saxezea Camoyalibebuli suraTi misTvis saxasiaTo yvela niSniT.
maTTan SedarebiT wina periodis namuSevrebi etiudur Canaxatebad aRiqmeba.
samive suraTisaTvis kakabaZe Temad kvlavindeburad irCevs mTis
imereTis bunebas, xolo Sinaarsobrivi da emociuri Sris gasaZliereblad
kompoziciebSi urTavs cixe-simagreTa gamosaxulebebs. garda amisa, or
maTganSi ZiriTadi TemisaTvis `Sesavlad” gamoyenebulia siRrmeSi Semavali
wiTeli (an mowiTalo-agurisferi) gza, xolo aseve orSi wina plani
irTveba mindvris yvavilebiT. maTSi ikiTxeba samSobloSi dabrunebuli
mxatvris ganwyoba, romelic mSobliur landSafts da istoriis
materialur naSTebs ganuyoflad ukavSirebs erTmaneTs. gamosaxulebis
Temisa da saxviTi principebis erTianoba naTlad uCvenebs imereTis seriis,
rogorc mxatvruli mTlianobis Camoyalibebas, Tumca saerTo konteqstSi
peizaJi cixe-simagrisa da mdinaris gamosaxulebiT isev Ziebis niSnebis
matarebelia.
Aam suraTisaTvis SerCeuli motivi mxatvars vertikalur kompozicias
karnaxobs. sibrtyis did nawils da Tanac wina plans ikavebs
damrecferdobiani mTa masze aRmarTuli cixe-simagriTurT. misi momdevno
plani ki mTebia. nawarmoebSi vertikalurobis STabeWdilebas, garda
kompoziciisa, mniSvnelovnad ganapirobebs misi ferweruli struqturac.
wina planis farTo abrisis mTis muqi molurjo-momwvano feri, masSi alag-
alag CarTuli buCqebis gamomsaxveli Savi feris laqebiT, koloritSi

150 t., z., 120 X150, saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi, S. amiranaSvilis sax. Tbilisis
xelovnebis saxelmwifo muzeumi.

151 v. beriZe, iqve, gv. 12.
68
dominirebul mdgomareobas ikavebs da daunawevrebeli mTlianobiT
gamoirCeva maSin, rodesac ukana planze gamomsaxveloba gansxvavebulad
aris gadawyvetili. igi warmoadgens mkafio, damoukidebeli sazRvrebis
mqone lokaluri feris geometriuli formebiT Sedgenili sibrtyeebis
ansambls. ZiriTad (wiTel, mwvane, yviTel) ferebSi arsebuli sazRvrebis
rols asrulebs muqi, msuye, wyvetili monasmebiT àwyobili~ xazebi,
romlebic gamosaxavs mTiani imereTisaTvis saxasiaTo, buCqovani mcenareebiT
Seqmnil niadagis damcav zols. amgvari feradovani struqturiT iqmneba
mTebis sibrtyeTa erTgvarad vitraJuli saxec. igi upirispirdeba wina
planis mTis erTian, muq laqas. feris xasiaTiT ufro meti mimarTeba
ikiTxeba suraTis marcxena, qveda kuTxeSi gamosaxuli mdelos mcire,
mindvrisyvavilebian monakveTTan. Tumca mTliani ganwyobiT am ukanasknelis
lirizmi sruliad scildeba fonis did ganmazogadebel Zalas. feriT
gamosaxuli moculobebisa da maTi konturebis amgvari ganawilebis gamo
sivrcis daxSulobis STabeWdilebac ki iqmneba, magram aq ukve
warmodgenilia kakabaZis mxatvruli koncefcia, rac vlindeba rogorc
kompoziciur, aseve koloritis TaviseburebebSi. mTebis masivis Sori xedi,
romelic cixe-simagriani mTisaTvis fons qmnis, ufro metad ganaTebuli
nawilia. es xerxi suraTSi sivrcis Seqmnis erT-erTi ZiriTadi saSualebaa.
fonis saxviTi aspeqti formalurad iseT xarisxSia damuSavebuli, rom
mxatvars saSualeba eZleva sibrtyobrivi dekoratiulobiT gamoxatos
moculobiani modelis rogorc zedapiri, aseve misi arseboba sivrceSi.
peizaJi cixe-simagriTa da mdinariT saxviTi polemikurobiT xasiaTdeba.
igi metyvelebs kakabaZis miswrafebaze sibrtyiseuli gamosaxulebisadmi,
Tumca masSi siRrmis Seqmnis cdac igrZnoba. amave dros am suraTSi Cans
misi stilis umTavresi niSani _ kompoziciis dasrulebuloba.
ìmereTi. wiTeli gza~ daviT kakabaZis SemoqmedebiTi simwifis sruli
gamovlenaa. masSi mTeli sisavsiT ganxorcielda mxatvris SemoqmedebiTi
mizani, misi pirovnuli damokodebuleba arCeuli Temisadmi, mSobliuri
garemos _ imereTis peizaJis samyaros xatad danaxva, dedamiwis mcire
monakveTSi im farTo horizontebis warmodgena, romliTac pirovnuli
mxatvruli samyaro makrokosmosis Semecnebas iwyebs. mTebis ansambliT
69
Seqmnili gamosaxuleba erTian mxatvrul saxes qmnis. materialuri masebis
masStaburi ganawileba suraTis sibrtyis qvemodan zemoT da ganaTebis
gradaciiT maTi planobrivi subordinacia, grafikuli xazebis
urTierTSesatyvisi ritmuloba da mkafiod gamoxatuli geometriuli
formebis mqone ferweruli monakveTebis monacvleoba erTi feris
sxvadasxva tonebiT nawarmoebis kompoziciuri mTlianobisa da misi saxviTi
sisrulis ZiriTadi niSnebia.
gamosaxulebis mxatvruli saxierebis safuZveli misi sivrcobrivi
organizebaa, romelic iqmneba calkeuli sibrtyobrivi monakveTebis
suraTis zedapirze da erTmaneTze proeqcirebiT. TiToeuli formis muqi,
zeTisxilisferi sazRvrebi, miuxedavad maTi msuye da garkveulwilad
talRovani abrisisa, sufTa tonebis fonze konturis sizustiT aRiqmeba da
aseTive xasiaTs uqmnis SemosazRvrul fers. amgvarad miRebuli mikroforma
srul Sesatyvisobasa da harmoniul damokidebulebaSia kompoziciis zogad
konstruqciasTan. am mimarTebiT aRsaniSnavia calkeul planSi mocemuli
formis gamomsaxveloba, romlis gadamwyveti da SeiZleba iTqvas, erTaderTi
saSualebaa feradovani ansambli da misi ganxorcielebis xasiaTi.
nawarmoebis kolorituli aRqmis centrs Sua planis mTis ferebi qmnis.
muqi, intensiuri mwvane da masSi CarTuli TavSekavebuli yviTeli da
wiTeli ferebi suraTSi ZiriTad da amave dros gamaSualebel registrs
qmnis. es feradovneba maqsimalurad gajerebulia wina planze, sadac
marcxena ganapira kuTxeSi mocemuli cixe-simagriani mTis muqi Sindisferi
da mwvane ferebi ganaTebis sisustis gamo erTianad moSavo tonalobas
iZens. amave dros ukana planis yvelaze meti siZlieriT ganaTebuli formebi
mooqrosfro tonalobaSia gadawyvetili.
amgvarad, ganaTebis gradaciiT sami sibrtyobrivi plani erT xedad da
sivrcobriv mTlianobad warmodgeba. nawarmoebis sivrcobriv aRqmas
aZlierebs geometriuli formebis Soreuli xedisaken masStaburi Semcireba,
riTac bunebrivad nagulisxmevia mayureblis mxedvelobiTi aRqmis xasiaTi.
amave dros Soreuli xedisken konturebi TandaTan kargavs rogorc
monasmis simsuyesa da talRovanebas, aseve feris intensivobas da ufro
rbil gadasvlebs qmnis feradovan monakveTebTan. Sedegad, feris
70
gajerebulobis cvlileba suraTSi sivrcis Seqmnis erT-erTi mTavari
pirobaa. amitomacaa, rom suraTis koloriti ZiriTadi ferebis
variaciulobiT ufro musikaluri polifoniurobis STabeWdilebas tovebs,
vidre wminda saxviTi poliqromatulobisa.Fferis xazTan harmoniuli
dakavSirebis kakabaZiseul gansakuTrebul Tvisebas xedavs misi
axalgazrdobis megobari, modernisti mxatvari kirile zdaneviCi: `man
igrZno ìmereTis peizaJis” Tavisebureba da gansxvavebuloba. iq, sadac
mayureblis Tvali mxolod siWrelesa da qaoturobas xedavda, daviTma
pirvelma aRmoaCina da SeigrZno Taviseburi mxatvruli harmoniuloba.
amitom misi ìmereTis peizaJebi”, miuxedavad moCvenebiTi mozaikurobisa,
amJRavneben mTis sibrtyeebisa da xeobebis xazebis, formebis da feradebis
saocar sinTezs”152. sibrtyeze feris aseTi ganawilebiT grafikul
konstruqciulobasTan erTad iqmneba nawarmoebis plastikuri simyare da
misi emociuri muxti. qveda marjvena kuTxidan muq mwvaneSi SeWrili,
diagonalurad warmarTuli wiTeli gzis feri gamoZaxils povebs
sapirispiro mxares da xedis ufro zemoTa doneze arsebul, pirvelive
planis mTis nawilebTan. aseve, amave mTis muqi mwvane sapirispiro, aRmavali
mimarTulebiT viTardeba momdevno planis mTis ferebSi, xolo suraTis Sua
nawilis marjvena mxaris yviTeli ferebis dasrulebas vxedavT peizaJis
horizontze, zeda CarCos TiTqmis paralelurad. formaTa ferweruli
modelirebis aRniSnuli xasiaTi ganapirobebs suraTis aRqmaSi aRmaval
dinamizms, romlis gamoxatvas emsaxureba, agreTve, nawarmoebis grafikuli
xasiaTic _ mTebis masebis ZiriTadi abrisebis da maTi Sida konstruqciis
ritmuli Tanxvdena. ganviTarebis erTian RerZs damorCilebuli grafikuli
sistema erTgvarad ferweruli danawevrebis moCarCoebadac aRiqmeba, Tumca
ukve am adreuli periodis nawarmoebSi mkafiod da srulyofilad aris
gamoxatuli mxatvris saxviTi koncefcia.Mmisi principebiT rogorc formis
Seqmna, aseve suraTSi siRrmis gadmocema SesaZlebelia mxolod feriTac,
Suq-Crdilisa da perspeqtivis, anu evropuli tradiciuli mxatvrobis
ZiriTadi saSualebebis gamouyenebladac153. am xasiaTiT igeba mTeli
152 k. zdaneviCi, daviT kakabaZe. gv. 159.

153 daviT kakabaZis arqividan, gv. 23.
71
kompozicia, romelSic sxvadasxva siZlieris ferebis kontrastiT da maTi
mowesrigebuli geometriuli formebiT konturuli moCarCoebis gareSec
iqmneba ZiriTadi masebis teqtonika da plastika. aRniSnuli saxviTi
xerxebiT xdeba suraTis sibrtyeze gamosasaxis organizeba da ukve Semdgar
gamosaxulebaSi mxatvruli saxovanebis mTavari miznis _ sivrcis _
gadmocema, xolo sivrcul _ prizmaSi konkretuli peizaJiT bunebis
ganzogadebuli xatis danaxva.
garda daxasiaTebuli formaluri saSualebebisa, ganzogadebis
mniSvnelovani pirobaa xedvis wertili. rogorc aRniSnuli iyo, mxatvari
peizaJs gamosaxavs garkveuli simaRlidan ise, rom mzera ar aris erT
obieqtze fiqsirebuli. igi moZraobs suraTze asaxvisaTvis
gaTvaliswinebuli mTeli peizaJis farglebSi. amis Sesaxeb aRniSnavs kidec
daviT kakabaZe: `bunebas Cven arasdros ar vxedavT erTi gansakuTrebuli
mxridan, aramed misi SeTviseba xdeba mTliani arsebiT _ sivrceSi.
umTavresi faqtori sivrcis gagrZnobisa aris moZraoba, mxolod
binokuleruli mxedveloba sivrcis gancdis mudmivi saSualebaa~154.
amitomac iqmneba xedvis farTo diapazoni, romelic sivrcobrivi
mTlianobiT aris ganpirobebuli da erTianobaSi warmoaCens sxvadasxva
moculobiT masas. mxatvari asaxvisaTvis irCevs iseT manZils, rodesac
sagnis faqtura TvalisaTvis Znelad aRsaqmeli xdeba, samagierod ufro
naTlad Cndeba misi zogadi struqtura da sivrcobriv-plastikuri
mimarTeba uSualo garemosTan. Txeli, odnav xaoiani weriT iqmneba suraTis
lakoniuri teqstura. es ki ugulebelyofs zedapiris dakonkretebas, rac
met individualobas mianiWebda models.
kakabaZiseuli koloriti realobidan gamomdinareobs. misi
landSaftebi kultivirebulia da adamianis moRvaweobis kvals atarebs.
sxvadasxva feri bunebrivad gulisxmobs mcenareuli safaris sxvadasxva
xarisxs da Tvisebas. mzeris wertilis xasiaTi lokaluri feradovnebiTac
SeiniSneba, rodesac adamianis Tvali veRar aRiqvams erT ferze gaCenil
154 daviT kakabaZe, xelovneba da sivrce, dasax. Txz. kreb. gv. 124.
72
aTinaTs anda refleqss da mxolod ZiriTadi JReradobiT gamoarCevs sxva
danarCenisagan.
yovelive aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, kompoziciaSi arsebuli
ansamblurobis mxatvrulad principuli Tviseba misi arqiteqtonikaa.
Sedegad, am xerxiT miRebulia abstrahirebis zRvarTan mdgomi formaTa
ganzogadeba.
nawarmoebSi arsebuli saxviTi horizontebic aseve maRal xedebad
ikiTxeba. misi sivrcobriv-plastikuri organizebis centri suraTis
sibrtyis realur centrs zemoT mdebareobs da sami, mkafiod gamokveTili
abrisis mqone Suq-feradovani planis Tanxvdenis ares moicavs. am
kontrastuli urTierTSexebiT iqmneba Sida sasuraTe sivrce, romelic
xedis mTlianobaSi, calkeuli planobrivi danawevrebis da iluzoruli
siRrmulobis gareSe msWvalavs mTeli gamosaxulebis peizaJs.Aam
SemTxvevaSi, miuxedavad ferwerulad da masStaburad gamoyofili
monakveTebisa, swored feris xasiaTiT iqmneba formaTa is sibrtyobriv-
dekoratiuli sistema, romliTac sruliad gamoricxulia planad
gamoyofili nawilisaTvis saxasiaTo damoukidebeli intervali. amgvari
xerxebiT Seqmnili sivrculi erTianobiT xdeba dekoratiulobis principze
agebuli suraTis saxviTi ametyveleba da abstrahirebuli plastikuri
formebis individualurad emociuri xasiaTis warmodgena. ase afiqsirebs
mxatvari peizaJis mniSvnelovnebas da amave dros gansazRvravs aRmqmelis
rols. nawarmoebis sivrcobriv centrSi xdeba rogorc misi Sinagani
energiis koncentrireba, aseve mayureblis gulisxmisyofa. gamosaxulebaSi
misi obieqturi winasaxisa da Semoqmedis emociis TanxvdeniT suraTi am
ori umTavresi pirobis Serwymis TvalsaCinoebaa.
yovelive aRniSnuli naTelyofs, rom Tu wina periodis namuSevrebi
garkveulad ZiebiTi xasiaTis matarebelia da gviCvenebs mxatvris interess
samyaros gansxvavebuli saxviTi aRqmisadmi, `wiTeli gza~ ukve aris
ferweruli Txzuleba, romelic aerTianebs mis msoflmxedvelobriv-
esTetikur Sexedulebebs da SeiZleba iTqvas, mxatvrul kredosac
warmoadgens.
73
mxatvruli saxis analogiuri struqturiT igeba parizamdeli periodis
kidev erTi namuSevari, Sesrulebuli momdevno, 1919 wels _ peizaJi cixe-
simagris nangrevebiT. es panoramuli peizaJi dekoratiulobiT, grafikuli
konstruqciiT, Suq-feradovani sistemiTa da koloritiT sruli
TanmimdevrobiT agrZelebs `wiTeli gzis~ mxatvrul ideas. Tavisi
individualuri saxviTobiT da plastikuri metyvelebiT ki bunebis
personificirebas axdens da misi nawilis `portretirebul” saxes
warmogvidgens. suraTis mxatvruli ganzogadeba iZleva rogorc gamosasaxis
mniSvnelovnebis SegrZnebas, aseve ferweruli nawarmoebis TviTmyofadobas.
iqmneba STabeWdileba, TiTqos mxatvari amuSavebs `mTavari gmiris~ Temas da
axdens mis reprezentacias da ara mxolod saxviTi kanonzomierebis gamo,
arc mxolod mayureblisaTvis, aramed srul myofobaSi gancdili da
gaTavisebuli movlenis maqsimalur kondensacias da am subieqtur gancdaSi
yvelas Tanaziarobas (mayurebelTa subieqtur krebiTobas). Tu `wiTeli
gzis~ sasuraTe sibrtyeze peizaJis Tanabari ganfenilobiT iqmneboda
warmodgenilis ansamblurobis gancda, aq mayureblis emocia
koncentrirebulad miemarTeba suraTis TiTqmis centrSi gamosaxuli
mTisaken, romelic kompoziciur, koloritul da, aqedan gamomdinare,
azrobriv dominantad Cans saerTo xedSi. mxatvari gamoyofs mravalSi erTs
da saerTo saxasiaTo TvisebebTan erTad aRniSnavs konkretulis
parametrebs misi arsis maqsimaluri SecnobisaTvis. mTis sami meoTxediT
mocemuli `portretiT~ naCvenebia misi ori ganzomilebis sruli xedi,
xolo maRali xedvis arealiT _ rogorc fuZis abrisi, aseve zeda sazRvari.
amgvari saxasiaTo warmodgeniT mTlian dekoratiul sistemaSi iqmneba erT,
yovelmxriv daxasiaTebul modelTan WvretiTi mimarTeba da misi
saSualebiT xedis gamTlianeba. am erTis TvisebebiT xdeba
mayureblisaTvis mTeli peizaJis ganmarteba. sxvadasxva sisqisa da
wyvetilobis konturebiT mxatvari TiTqmis xelSesaxebad warmodgens mTas,
xolo mis garSemo koncentrirebuli danarCeni formebi mTavar Temas
aviTarebs. Tu `wiTeli gzis~ kompoziciuri centri planebis gadakveTis
sivrceSi igulisxmeboda, warmodgenil suraTSi mkafiod gamokveTili
mTavris dominirebis gamo mis sibrtyeze xdeba yuradRebis miqceva. aqac
74
aRsaniSnavia, rom kompoziciuri centri, iseve rogorc `wiTel gzaSi~,
realuri centris maRla mdebareobs. masebis organizebis ZiriTad saxviT
saSualebad kvlav Suq-feradovan dinamikasTan erTad grafikuli
konstruqciuloba ikiTxeba. es niSani am SemTxvevaSi ufro didi
ganzogadebiT aris naCvenebi: ZiriTadi abrisisa da mTebis ferdobebis
Semadgeneli sworkuTxedebis msazRvreli konturebi erTi mimarTulebiTaa
mocemuli. aseTnairad Semofargluli sibrtyeebis monacvleobiT xdeba
moculobis sxvadasxva ganzomilebis Cveneba da gansxvavebuli manZiliT
daSorebuli planebis rogorc diferencireba, aseve erTianobaSi Sekvra. Tu
`wiTel gzaSi~ erTi planobrivi sibrtye xazis erT mimarTulebas aCvenebs,
1919 wlis peizaJSi es mimarTeba ganmeorebadobiT xasiaTdeba, Tumca ufro
meti siZlieriT vlindeba aRmavali ltolva da amave dros mTlian
ansamblSi harmoniuli wonasworobis dacva. vitraJuli naTeba icvleba
gamTlianebuli masebis mwyobri TanafardobiT, xolo maTi ferweruli
gradacia ganaTebis zust ekvivalentad iwereba. sinaTlis gavrcelebis
intensivobiT gamosaxuli sivrce ufro STambeWdavia imiT, rom
kontrastuli _ Tbili da civi _ ferebis jgufuri, saerTo abrisebi
gazrdilia. Tu `wiTel gzaSi~ wiTlisa da yviTlis sxvadasxva tonebs
uSualo msazRvrelad muqi mwvane hqonda, aRniSnul peizaJSi
gamomsaxvelobis misaRebad kontrastis masStabi izrdeba: es ori Tbili
feri mTlianobiT emijneba muq mwvanes da saerTo dekoratiul xasiaTSi
calkeuli formis konkretuloba Seaqvs.
amgvarad, 1919 wlis peizaJSi axali saxviTi aspeqtebi Cndeba: feradovani
kontrastis gafarToebiT da grafikuli ritmis gamartivebiT gaizarda
ganzogadebis Zala. amave dros centraluri planis moculobiTma
gamosaxulebam sivrcobriv aspeqts srulyofileba Semata. suraTis sivrce
ufro met mxatvrul realobas aRwevs. amitomac, Temis gadawyvetis zogadi
saxviTi principebidan gamomdinare, saerTo xasiaTidan gadaxvevad ikiTxeba
wina planis mdelos saxe. filigranulobiT naweri mindvris yvavilebi
msubuqi lirizmiT scildeba ZiriTadi gamosaxulebis farTo saxviT da
ideur masStabebs, Tumca ganawilebis iSviaTi ritmi da mdebareoba
75
sruliad umniSvnelos xdis maT rols mxatvruli saxis rogorc
struqturul, aseve azrobriv planSi.
1910-ani wlebis miwuruls Sesrulebuli es ori kompozicia TavisTavad
metyveli faqtia daviT kakabaZis mxatvruli xedvisa da gamomsaxvelobiTi
principebis srulad Camoyalibebul individualurobaze. peterburgSi
yofnisas iq arsebuli Tanamedrove xelovnebis gacnoba sakmarisi impulsi
aRmoCnda misi SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebisaTvis. modernizmis koncefciebis
gavlena aSkaraa Semoqmedebis pirvelive etapze. mxatvruli alRoTi
SerCeuli Tema da misi saxviTi formireba iseT esTetikur mTlianobas
qmnis, romliTac daviT kakabaZe srul mzadyofnas amJRavnebs XX s-is
xelovnebasTan uSualo kontaqtisaTvis. qarTul ferweraSi
axladdamkvidrebuli peizaJis Janri evropuli modernizmis
gamomsaxvelobiT vlindeba. kompoziciis principi da calkeuli formaluri
saSualebebi sezanis ferwerisa da kubizmis esTetikis gavlenis
matarebelia (Tumca ara stilis uSualo mibaZviT)155. XX s-is xelovnebis
zogadi safuZvlebis SemoqmedebiTi aTviseba misi saxviTi azrovnebisaTvis
zusti orientiri aRmoCnda. amitomac, 1920-an wlebSi Sewyvetili Tema
mxolod droebiTi pauza iyo da 1934 wels igi kvlav ubrundeba imereTis
serias, da niSandoblivia, rom dazgur ferweraSi muSaobis ganaxleba
swored am seriiT iwyeba.
1930-1940-ani wlebis stilze g. alibegaSvili aRniSnavs, rom àqac naxati
mkafiod da mtkiced SemosazRvravs formas, magram Tu uwin naxati
mTlianad eqvemdebareboda formas, garda amisa, axla naxati dekoratiul
funqciasac asrulebs. xveulad dawerili balaxi, buCqebis Strixebi,
borcvebisa da mindvrebis Tavisufali, magram dasrulebuli moxazuloba _
mTel kompozicias dekoratiul-pirobiT saxes aniWebs~156.
`rionhesi~157 (1934 w.) (sur. 11) kakabaZis pirveli nawarmoebia ganaxlebul
seriaSi. misTvis Cveuli meTodiT _ obieqtis kargad Seswavlisa da
damuSavebis Semdeg (ferweruli tilos Seqmnas win uZRoda Canaxatebi da
155 evropuli kubizmi orientirebulia saganze, kakabaZisa (iseve, rogorc mTeli misi
Semoqmedeba) _ sivrcis, samyaros gadmocemaze, materiisa da sulis dinamikaze.
156 g. alibegaSvili, iqve, gv. 174.
157 t., z., 70X100. inaxeba iqve.
76
ramdenime kompozicia akvareliTa da guaSiT) asrulebs am suraTs. mxatvari
amiT TiTqos agrZelebs parizSi Seqmnili grafikuli furclis,
ìndustriis~, (1927 w.) (sur. 12) Temas, romliTac ganxorcieldeba mis mier
`maSinizmisa~ da `dinamizmis~ axali epoqis aRqma. am grafikul nawarmoebSi,
kakabaZiseul landSaftSi giganturi, monoliTuri, piramidulad
damTavrebuli TaRia aRmarTuli, romelic kompoziciuri mdebareobiT axal
Sinaarss aniWebs Cveul peizaJs. `rionhesis~ Temac garkveulwilad
industriuli epoqaa, magram arsebiTad grZeldeba 1910-ani wlebis Janri,
romelSic stilis axali niSnebi iCens Tavs. ferweruli tilo gaSlil
vakeze arsebuli hesis nagebobebisa da mis siRrmeSi aRmarTuli mTebis xeds
warmoadgens. miuxedavad wina planze gamosaxvisa, Tavisi masStabiT
industriuli arqiteqtura umniSvnelo adgils ikavebs kompoziciaSi da
amitomac gamosaxulebaSi Sinaarsobrivi ganmsazRvreli kvlav mTiani
imereTia. rogorc `rionhesi~, aseve am seriis yvela momdevno qmnileba
daviT kakabaZis mier Camoyalibebul peizaJis koncefciaSi calkeul
cvlilebaTa gamoxatulebaa.
`rionhesSic~ suraTis mTavari piroba panoramulobaa, romelic
sibrtyobrivi principiT warmoadgens gamosaxulebas. kvlavindeburad
aqtualuria ferweruli saxviToba, formis warmodgenaSi grafikuli
struqtura, feriT Suqwera da dekoratiulobasTan arsebuli sivrculi
gamomsaxveloba, xedvis maRali wertilebi da gamosasaxTan WvretiTi
mimarTeba. saxviTi metyvelebis am myar safuZvelze miT ufro naTelia
kakabaZiseuli mxatvruli azrovnebis Camoyalibebuli struqtura. imereTis
peizaJebis erTian qargaSi axali waxnagi Cndeba. safuZvlianad gaazrebuli
meTodiT mxatvruli saxis farTo diapazoni iSleba, rac gamoixateba daviT
kakabaZis imereTis seriisaTvis saxasiaTo umTavresi principis _
sivrcobriv-dekoratiuli wyobis _ axali saxiT.
hesis nagebobebis movakebuli adgili, mTebis masivi da ca
TanmimdevrulobiT ikavebs suraTis sibrtyes qvemodan zemoT. aqedan
gamomdinare, ukve TavisTavad Cndeba sxvadasxva sivrcobrivi plani,
romlebic gansxvavebul saxviT daxasiaTebas moiTxovs. umTavresi ki albaT
is aris, rom am nawarmoebSi mxatvari pirobiTobis ukidures zRvarTan
77
midis. es xdeba mTebis masivebis dekoratiuli sibrtyeebis erTmaneTze
proeqcirebiTa da maTi erTsaxovani warmodgeniT. Tu 1918-1919 wlebis
peizaJebSi arsebiTia planebis organizebaSi feradovani gajerebulobis
cvlileba da maTi grafikuli formebis saerTo arqiteqtonikaSi Cawera, aq
ferisa da konturis intensivobis nivelirebiT calkeul masebs Soris
arsebuli sivrcobrivi intervali TiTqos ugulebelyofilia. mxatvari
mxolod ukana planis umcires monakveTSi iZleva diferencirebas.
saxasiaToa, rom es ar xdeba sivrciTi metyvelebis Sesustebis xarjze,
aramed piriqiT _ es ukanaskneli Zlierdeba da aranaklebi zemoqmedebis
Zala aqvs mayurebelze, romlis gansjiT-damkvirvebluri pozicia icvleba
monoliTuri mxatvruli muxtis gavleniT da emociis koncentrirebulobiT.
es aris nawarmoebSi gaTvaliswinebuli mayureblis Tanamonawileoba.
pirveli periodis peizaJebSi sinaTlis gradacia planebis
gansxvavebulobas qmnida, romelTa SekavSireba gamosaxulebaze xdeboda
erTiani centris garSemo. 1934 wlis kompoziciaSi mxatvari gadmoscems
sruliad daunawevrebel sivrces da, pirvelyovlisa, es xdeba isev
koloritis wyobiT. rogorc v. beriZe aRniSnavs, Tu adreuli periodis
peizaJebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo garkveulad garedan arsebuli Suqi, 30-
40-ani wlebisas Sinagani naTeba axasiaTebs158. sinaTlis nakadi ukve aRar
axdens sxvadasxva moculobiT-planobrivi erTeulis diferencirebas. am
SemTxvevaSi TviTon gamosaxuleba asxivebs sinaTles (es sakiTxi momdevno
suraTebSi ufro mkafiod aris warmodgenili). ferweruli monakveTebi
kargavs mkveTr sazRvrulobas da erTmaneTSi uSualo gadasvlebiT
amTlianebs gamosaxulebas.Ggeometriuli formebis grafikul sazRvrebs
ufro miniSnebiTi xasiaTi aqvs, romlebic Tanaarsebobs msuye, sqlad
dadebul gare konturebTan. ferisa da konturis aseTi mimarTebis Sesaxeb
mxatvari aRniSnavs kidec: `dinamikuri siRrmivis gadmocemis saSualebis
Ziebam erT sayuradRebo daskvnamde mimiyvana. SesaZlebelia siRrmivis
gadmocema marto feradobis saSualebiT, xazebis sistemis gareSe, riTac
axali esTetikuri grZnoba ufro kmayofildeba”159.
158
v. beriZe, iqve, gv. 14.
159 daviT kakabaZe, parizi. 1920-1923 wlebi, gv. 106.
78
Ddekoratiulobis Semdgomi gaZlierebiT xasiaTdeba suraTi e. w. `Cais
plantacia~ (1934 w.)160 (sur. 13). narinjisferis, muqi da Ria mwvanis farTo
laqebi Sevsebulia xeebisa da Cais plantaciis mimaniSnebeli buCqebis
momrgvalebuli formis muqi zeTisxilisferi monasmebiT. maTi
urTierTmonacvle mwyobri ritmiT ifareba suraTis sibrtye. erT saxviT
planSi gaSlili mindvrebisa da mTebis moxazuloba denadobasa da rbil
gardamavlobaSia warmodgenili. nawarmoebSi koloriti ferTa kontrasts
emyareba _ intensiuri JReradobis narinjisferi da zurmuxtisferi mwvane
farTo planebiT aris danaxuli. sibrtyis zeda nawilSi CarTuli ZiriTadi
ferebis Ria tonis momcro zomis laqebi gansxvavebuli planis miniSnebaa.
aRsaniSnavia isic, rom xazs am suraTSi, garda gamomsaxvelobisa,
mkafiod gamoxatuli dekoratiuli funqcia eniWeba. mcenareuli safaris
xveulebi da farTo siluetebi, uwyvetad gavlebuli vertikalebi da iribi
mimarTulebis SedarebiT mokle Strixebi mxatvruli qsovilis
gamaerTianebel funqcias iZens. pirveli periodis xazgasmuli feradovan-
grafikuli teqtonika icvleba aJuruli dinamikiT da masebis
urTierTgardamavali dinebiT. kompoziciis Sinagani dasrulebuloba da
centrireba aqac kvlav saxezea ZiriTadi formebis abrisebiTa da
ferweruli simZimis centrebis ganawilebiT (mcenareuli safaris siluetebi
warmodgenilia patar-patara wriuli formebiT). saerTo dekoratiul
saxierebaSi mniSvneloba eniWeba agreTve funjis msuye monasmebsac,
romlebic qvemodan zemoT TandaTan Txeldeba da xedis sivrcobriv
diferencirebas uwyobs xels.
1934 weli daviT kakabaZisaTvis nayofieri aRmoCnda dazguri ferweris
dargSi. Svidwliani intervalis Semdeg, rodesac igi dakavebuli iyo kinosa
da Teatris mxatvrobiT, qmnis kompoziciaTa mravalferovnebas imereTis
Temaze (sur. 14, 15). kakabaZiseuli mxatvruloba mrvalwaxnagovnad vlindeba.
`yviTeli mTa~ (1934 w.)161 (sur. 16) ferweruli STabeWdilebiT
postimpresionistuli mxatvrobis (gogenis kluazonizmi) reminiscenciebs
badebs. TiTqmis monoqromulobamde misuli sami planis ferebi
160 t., z., 30X40, q-n eTer andronikaSvilis koleqcia.

161 t., z., 30X40., inaxeba iqve.
79
intensivobiTa da zustad mignebuli tonebiT Sinagani naTebiT asxivebs
suraTis sibrtyes. formis damuSavebisaTvis Sua nawilSi gamoyenebulia
denadi, paralelurad mocemuli moyavisfro konturebi da xeebis
silueturi niSnebi, xolo misi mosazRvre nawilebisTvis Zveli xerxi _
danawevreba-moCarCoebis principi, romelic geometriuli formebis
asociacias ufro qmnis, vidre organuli bunebisas. mxatvris mier peizaJi
wminda feradovan prizmaSi aRiqmeba. grafikuli saxviToba minimalurad
vlindeba; feri iZens maqsimalur saxviT datvirTvas, romliTac iqmneba
forma, gadmoicema sinaTle da am ukanasknelis meSveobiT ki _ sivrce.
calkeul planSi erTi feris dominirebiT mxatvari misi SesaZleblobis
zRvars afarToebs.
aRniSnuli faqtorebi gaZlierebulia mocemuli periodis danarCen
namuSevrebSic162 (sur. 17-19), romlebic garkveulwilad koloritis xasiaTiT
erTiandeba. planebSorisi diapazonis SemcirebiT da palitris gamkacrebiT
gamosaxulebis monoliTurobasTan Tanaarsebuli ambivalenturi simsubuqis
ganwyoba iqmneba.Aamas ganapirobebs grafikuli struqtura. feradovan fonze
wyvetili abrisis xazebi mayureblis STabeWdilebaSi iRebs dasrulebul
formas da organuli srulyofilebiT warmoadgens plastikuri masis
xasiaTs, romelic 1910-ani wlebis peizaJebis msgavsad, aqac _ gansxvavebul
moculobiT-sivrcobriv erTeulebSi _ gansxvavebuli xasiaTiT vlindeba. am
peizaJebSic wamyvan ferebad rCeba wiTeli, mwvane, yviTeli; magram maT ukve
mTelis gamomsaxveli datvirTva eniWeba. grafikul ritmikas sul ufro
aqtiurad feriTi ritmika enacvleba.
daviT kakabaZis ìmereTis~ seriis dagvirgvinebaa 1944 wels
Sesrulebuli `wiTeli mTa~163 (sur. 20). masSi koncentrirebulad aisaxa
peizaJis Janris avtoriseuli struqturul-stilisturi kodi da misi
mxatvruli cnobierebis upirobo gansazRvrebad warmoCnda. suraTiT
warmodgenil mxatvrul saxeSi Seerwya rogorc winamorbedi kompoziciebis
arsebiTi niSnebi, aseve sxva seriebisaTvis (kerZod ki modernizmis
mimdinareobebis) niSandoblivi problemebi. gamosasaxis xasiaTSi wvdomiT
da masSi arsobrivi ganzogadebiT mxatvari aRwevs gamosaxulebaSi
162
t., z., 30X40, inaxeba iqve.
80
rafinirebul esTetizms, konkretuli landSaftis ganxatebis Zalas da
erTdroulad masSi SemecnebiT wvdomas. am mxriv `wiTeli mTa~ 1919 wlis
peizaJis mxatvruli saxis gangrZobad Cans. xazgasmulad gamoyofili erTi
mravlis fonzea gamosaxuli. wina planze aRmarTuli erTi mTa aqac
maxasiaTebeli ganzomilebebis srulyofiT aRiniSneba. igi gamoiyofa mkafio
grafikuli abrisiT da feradovani gajerebulobiT. fonis ferwera da
grafikis homogenuroba wina planis mniSvnelovnebas warmoaCens. Suq-
feradovani planebi minimumamdea dayvanili, Tumca saerTo dekoratiul-
panoramul xasiaTSi analogiuri ZaliT ikiTxeba sivrcobriv-moculobiTi
gamomsaxveloba, rac planebis masStabur SerCevasTan da feris siZlieris
cvlilebasTan erTad mTis sami ganzomilebis kontrastuli feradovani
wyobiTac iqmneba. koloritSi ganmsazRvreli erTi feria _ wiTeli, xolo
Sida grafikuli struqtura aucilebeli minimalurobiT vlindeba da
xSirad sagulisxmo saxes atarebs. feris maqsimaluri datvirTva da misi
SesaZleblobis zRvruli gamovlena suraTis saxviT metyvelebas
lakoniurobas sZens. funjis mokle, TavSekavebuli, gluvi monasmebi feris
emociuri aqtivobis xazgasmas uwyobs xels. 1910-ani wlebis peizaJebis
mkafio grafikas ferweruli niuansebi cvlis. mTis sibrtyeebi erTgvarovani
feradovnebiT isaxeba. mxatvrisaTvis sakmarisi xdeba mcireoden sxvaobaTa
Setana, raTa damajereblad gadmosces obieqti.
ìmereTis~ seriis 1940-ani wlebis Semdgomi kompoziciebi pirobiTobis
zRvarTanaa164 (sur. 21, 22). maTi TiTqmis sruli sibrtyobrioba ufro metad
usvams xazs dekoratiulobas. feris maqsimaluri ganzogadebiT,
lokalurobiTa da kontrastze agebuli wyobiT mxatvari nawarmoebSi
formis sibrtyovani daxasiaTebis Sedegs iRebs. ferTan erTad intervalis
gansxvavebis warmoCena isev nacadi xerxebiT xdeba (geometriuli formebis
grafikuli danawevreba da masStaburi monacvleoba). erT sibrtyeze
gaSlili mdgradi intensivobis ferebi sisruleSi warmoadgens rogorc
formas, aseve misTvis aucilebel sivrces. weris Txeli, ukiduresad
TavSekavebuli xasiaTi feradovani erTeulis mTlianobas avlens da xels
uwyobs nawarmoebSi emociurad amaRlebuli ganwyobis SenarCunebas. manZili
163 t., z., 92X119, inaxeba iqve.
81
mxatvarsa da models, SemdegSi ki gamosaxulebasa da mayurebels Soris
ukiduresobamde mcirdeba. suraTis warmosaxviTi da mayureblis realuri
sivrce uSualo SexebaSia. maTi gadakveTa subieqtis warmosaxviT xdeba,
romlis materialur wyaros suraTis Suq-feradovani gama qmnis.
peizaJis Janrs ganekuTvneba `mitingi imereTSi~ (1942 w.)165 (sur. 23), sadac
mitingis monawile xalxis masa sruliad unificirebulia, xolo mTavari
gamomsaxvelobiTi Zala kvlav mTis xeds ekuTvnis.
ìmereTis~ seriis gamorCeuli suraTia ìmereTi omis dReebSi (1941-1942
ww.)” (1942 w.)166 (sur. 24). am nawarmoebSi kakabaZe Tavisive ZiriTadi
principebis kontrkompozicias qmnis. sibrtyis udidesi nawili cis
gamosaxulebaa, da mxolod umciresi _ mTis feradi zoli.
daviT kakabaZis ìmereTis~ qronologiuri horizonti gviCvenebs, Tu
raoden tevadi SeiZleba iyos erTi Tema mxatvruli saxis myarad
Camoyalibebul struqturaSi da raoden farTo _ erTi mxatvruli
esTetikiT miRweuli stiluri diapazoni. seria sruli SemadgenlobiT
erTmniSvnelovnad peizaJis Janrs ganekuTvneba, romelic dakonkretebulia
mTiani imereTis landSaftis gamosaxulebiT. zogierT kompoziciaSi
CarTuli arqiteqturuli elementi motivis funqcias asrulebs da
mxolod damxmare, arapirvelxarisxovani roli eniWeba. igi qarTul
xelovnebaSi pirveli qmnis am Janris dasrulebul suraTs da modernizmis
esTetikiT axali mxatvruli Semecnebis safuZvelze agebs mas167. ìmereTis~
seriiT kakabaZe faseulobad axorcielebs sakuTar pozicias xelovnebisa
da bunebis Sesaxeb. mis mier bunebis aRqma gansxvavdeba ara mxolod
romantikosebis mRelvare emociurobisgan, aramed impresionistebis Plein air-
is astronomiuli droiTa da atmosferuli cvalebadobiT ganpirobebuli
ferwerulobisganac. kakabaZisTvis buneba substanciuri obieqturobaa,
164t., z., 30X40, inaxeba iqve.

165
t., z., 72X101, saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi, S. amiranaSvilis sax. Tbilisis
xelovnebis muzeumi.
167peizaJis Janri qarTul xelovnebaSi Cndeba XIX s-is bolos axali qarTuli xelovnebis
ufrosi Taobis warmomadgenlebTan. Tumca, im periodis mxatvruli problemebidan
gamomdinare, es Janri ZiriTadad Tematur kompoziciasTanaa Serwymuli.
82
romelic moicavs universalur sawyiss. amitomac misi peizaJebisaTvis
ucxoa movlenas daqvemdebarebuli cvlileba. calkeul formasa Tu maT
erTobaSi igi eZebs iseT mudmiv Tvisebas, romelic arsebiTis myar
gamovlenas emsaxureba. konkretuli landSafti is mcire samyaroa,
Seucvlelad rom aireklavs makrokosmosis universalur kanonebs.
ìmereTis~ kompoziciebi uSfoTvelobiTa da sruli wonasworobiT
warmoadgens bunebas. gamosaxulebis mxatvruli damajerebloba mayureblis
STabeWdilebaSi realurad arsebulisa da ferwerulad Seqmnilis
identurobas axdens. qarTveli mxatvrisTvis ucxoa modernizmis
warmomadgenelTa umetesobisaTvis saxasiaTo bunebis subieqturi
deformacia. antuan-pier galieni aRniSnavda, rom `WeSmariti
SemoqmedisaTvis ar arsebobs pativmoyvareoba, igi saTnoa, Tavmdabali da
wynari,
WeSmariti Semoqmedni Seicnoben bunebas, swavloben mis mSvenierebasa da
sidiades
isini bunebas pativsa scemen,
uaryofen bunebis deformacias~168.
daviT kakabaZisaTvis buneba xelovnebis nawarmoebis pirvelsaxea,
romelic Tavisi maradiuli kanonebiT gadadis adamianis qmnilebaSi;
amitomac mxatvris mier danaxuli da gadmocemuli peizaJi
mayureblisTvisac ucvleli harmoniis matarebelia.
ìmereTis~ seriis yvela nawarmoebi dRisa da weliwadis drois erT
monakveTSia gamosaxuli, rodesac mziT ganaTebuli mTis ferdobebi sruli
moculobiT, mkafio moxazulobiTa da stabiluri ferebiT isaxeba. 1918-1919
wlebis peizaJebSi igi mimarTavs ganaTebis gadmocemis iseT xerxs, rodesac
mzis sxivis Zala Tanabarzomierad vrceldeba sivrcobrivi planis mTel
monakveTSi. SemdegSi, 1930-1940-an wlebSi, es meTodi met ganzogadebas iZens
da gamosaxulebis sibrtye TiTqmis Tanabrad eqceva sinaTlis erTiani
nakadis qveS da iqmneba STabeWdileba, TiTqos feradovani sibrtye TviTon
asxivebs Suqs. aseTi gamTlianebiT mas ganvrcobis meti areali aqvs.
ganaTebis sakiTxi kakabaZis peizaJis mxatvruli formirebis mniSvnelovani
168 antuan-pier galien. wignSi: daviT kakabaZe, `xelovneba da sivrce~, gv. 120.
83
pirobaa, magram mizani TavisTavad sinaTlis gadmocema ar aris, rac saxviTi
anaqronizmi iqneboda misi cnobierebisaTvis. ganaTebis xasiaTi mxolod
saSualebaa sivrcis gadmosacemad. buneba kakabaZisaTvis, pirvel rigSi,
usazRvro sivrcea, xolo materialur saganTa planobrivi diferencireba _
misi gancdis forma da realuri arsebobis gamovlena. gamomsaxvelobiT es
sakiTxi paradoqsulobiTac xasiaTdeba: sivrcis STabeWdilebis Seqmna
moculobis saSualebiT xdeba, xolo moculobisa _ sruli
sibrtyobriobiT, suraTis zedapirTan identuri reliefiT. mxatvruli saxis
es ori aspeqti urTierTSeqcevadia da erTi saSualebiT vlindeba: feris
Tvisebis maqsimaluri gamovleniT, misi gajerebulobis cvlilebiT da
kontrastze agebiT. TavSekavebuli koloritis harmoniulobas ar arRvevs
Suq-Crdilis emocia, radganac sinaTlis Zala gamosaxulebis mTlian
zedapirze Tanabarzomierad vrceldeba. modeli srulfasovnad aris
gancxadebuli mayureblis winaSe. ìmereTis~ peizaJebSi feriT vlindeba
ganaTeba, romlis diferencireba miuTiTebs ara mxolod sxvadasxva
plastikur erTeuls, aramed sivrcesac. aRsaniSnavia, rom Tu pirvel
periodSi kontrastis sixSiris gamo koloriti SedarebiTi siWreliT
gamoirCeoda, 1930-1940-ani wlebis kompoziciebSi feris ganzogadebis gamo
igi meti TavSekavebiT xasiaTdeba, magram amasTan erTad izrdeba erTi
qromatiuli rigis Semadgenloba, rac sinaTlis ufro mSvid da Tanabar
gavrcelebas mianiSnebs. daviT kakabaZisTvis mxatvruli ideali usasrulo
sivrcea, amitomac igi uars ambobs iluzoruli siRrmis gadmocemaze, misi
gamoxatvis tradiciul saSualebebze da formaTqmnadobis axali
principebiT axorcielebs sasurvel Temas.
ìmereTis~ seriis kompoziciaTa sivrcobriv-plastikuri harmonia
gamomsaxvelobiTi xerxebiT klasikurobis principebs warmoadgens.
miuxedavad panoramuli dekoratiulobisa da sibrtyeze Tanabari
ganfenilobisa, yvela suraTSi naTelia kompoziciis Sinagani
dasrulebuloba. moculobiTi masebis ganawilebis kanonzomiereba da maTi
sivrculi diferencireba mTliani gamosaxulebis centrirebul xasiaTs
ganapirobs. sibrtyobriobis TvisebiT yvelaze metad gamorCeul
kompoziciebSic ki saxezea azrobrivi da saxviTi RerZis arseboba, romlis
84
irgvliv garSemokrebilia danarCeni nawilebi. xedis sivrcobriv planebs
Soris sruli wonasworobis dacviT igi saxviT aqcents suraTis sibrtyis
Sua nawilSi gamosaxulze akeTebs, rasac kompoziciaSi wonasworobisa da
zomierebis grZnoba Seaqvs. ìmereTis~ peizaJebi mxatvruli antiTezis
sinTezirebas axdens. maTSi evropuli xelovnebis renesansuli da
postrenesansuli klasikurobis principebi axali, modernizmis saxviTi eniT
xorcieldeba. Suq-Crdilisa da geometriuli perspeqtivis ugulebelyofiT
da gamosaxulebis sibrtyobriobiT aris Semdgari kompoziciuri
koncentrireba da harmoniuli wonasworoba. mxatvari ZiriTad masebs
diagonaluri wyobiT anawilebs da TiToeul maTganSi individualur
feriT-plastikur waxnags gadmoscems. am Tvisebis gamosavlenad igi irCevs
gamomsaxvelobis iseT formas, romliTac kompoziciis yoveli Semadgeneli
nawili saerTo arqiteqtonikas eqvemdebareba. mkafiod gamoxatuli
struqturiT xdeba suraTis sibrtyis saxviTi formireba, romelSic ferisa
da xazis funqcia Tanabari ZaliT vlindeba. landSaftis TiToeuli
moculoba mkveTri konturiTaa SemosazRvruli. maTi ganawileba
kompoziciaSi zomieri xasiaTis ritms qmnis da ufro metad aris
dazustebuli calkeuli formis Sida grafikuli wyobiT. es ukanaskneli
modelirebis klasikuri saSualebebis analogiad aRiqmeba, radganac iZleva
naturis aRnagobis da Semadgenlobis xasiaTs. 1918 wlis ori peizaJis
Semdgom kakabaZe paraleluri wyobiT bevrad ufro amartivebs konturTa
ritmul mimarTebas da formaTqmnadobaSi zrdis maTi ganzogadebis Zalas.
1930-1940-ani wlebis namuSevrebSi es aspeqti xSirad miniSnebiTi xasiaTisaa
da mayureblis STabeWdilebaSi ganvrcobas gulisxmobs, radganac
kompoziciaSi xazis faqtors aZlierebs anda enacvleba feradovani
damuSavebis xasiaTi. TiToeuli feri misTvis naTlad gansazRvrul adgils
ikavebs geometriuli sizustiT dakonkretebul sazRvrebSi. koloritis
ageba sapirispiro grZliobis ferebis uSualo monacvleobiT aZlierebs
kontrasts da or lokalur, sufTa fers Soris arsebuli konturis
sizustes. klasikuri naxati ar Cans, magram misi principis gardauvaloba
sruliad naTelia. grafika konstruqciuli RerZis aucileblobaa, xazisa
da feris funqcia urTierTganpirobebuli da amitom _ bunebrivi. am
85
aspeqtis mniSvneloba kakabaZiseul formaTqmnadobaSi miT ufro Cans, rom
seriis gviandel suraTebSi, sadac Sida konturis raodenoba Semcirebulia
da TiToeuli feri ufro farTo laqiT faravs sibrtyes, mainc saxezea
geometriulobis principze agebuli grafikuloba da feradovani ritmika169.
pirveli periodis peizaJebis vitraJuli xasiaTiT ganpirobebuli dinamika
gamomsaxvelobiTi enis ganzogadebiT, Semdgom etapze, ufro mSvid da
stabilur formaSi gadadis. 1910-ani wlebis kompoziciaTa Tanmimdevrul
dinamikas mTliani modelisagan gamomdinare vitaluroba enacvleba. amave
dros Suqis gavrcelebis principi da sivrcis planobrioba sivrcobriv-
plastikuri xedis aRqmas simultanur mTlianobas sZens. saxviTi stilis
aseTi cvlilebiT harmonia gamosasaxis imanentur Tvisebad yalibdeba. Tu
adreul peizaJebSi wonasworoba da zomiereba, rogorc harmoniis niSnebi,
pirvelyovlisa, sxvadasxva formis urTierTdakavSirebis xasiaTiT
vlindeba, SemdgomSi mxatvari ufro Rrma SreebSi gadadis da erT
mocemulobas ufro faqizad da amave dros arsebiTad axasiaTebs.
ganzogadebis aseTi gafarToebiTac ki misi kompoziciebisaTvis ucvlel
niSnad rCeba teqtonikuroba, romelic mxatvruli saxis klasikurobis erT-
erTi ZiriTadi faqtoria. amis gamo kakabaZiseuli ìmereTisaTvis~
formaTqmnadobis xerxad geometrizmis principi Cans, raSic gamovlinda
sezanisa da kubizmis saxviTobiT miRebuli Zlieri impulsi, romelmac
modernis stilis mxatvruli antiTeza Seqmna. XIX-XX ss mijnaze arsebul
am ukanasknel mxatvrul stilSi cocxali samyaros saxeebi ara mxolod
ferweraSi gardaisaxeboda organul da denad formebad, aramed
arqiteqturac ki daemorCila stilis am umTavres moTxovnas.
kakabaZis seriaSi formaTa urTierTkavSirisa da maTi struqturis
simartive saxviTi ganzogadebisa da kompoziciis klasikurobis arsebiTi
niSania. yoveli suraTi naTlad aRsaqmeli mxatvrulobaa, romelic
gadmoscems modelis ZiriTad saxasiaTos da qmnis formis
169 `Tu mis adrindel peizaJebs im drois ekonomika, wvrili mesakuTreobis xasiaTi mZafrad
emCneoda, mesakuTreTa naxnav-naTesebi mcire zomebis oTxkuTxedebSi gamoisaxeboda, axla
imereTis peizaJebSi es oTxkuTxedebi didad farTovdeba da meti naTeli formebiT
imsWvaleba. aseTia mxatvris axali cdebi. Tumca aqac mxatvruli forma pirveli periodis
imereTis peizaJis xasiaTs atarebs~. d. wereTeli, dasax. naSr. gv. 135.
86
dasrulebulobas, dawmendils yovelgvari SemTxveviTobisa da, aqedan
gamomdinare, detalurobisagan. gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebis lakonizmi,
maTi miznobrivi Tanxvdena, Sinaarsisa da formis uSualo Sexeba
heraldikuri mxatvrulobis asociaciebsac ki ganapirobebs. ìmereTis~
kompoziciaTa es Tviseba ukve TavisTavad gulisxmobs gamosasaxis
principuli niSnebis saxviT organizebas da ideasTan mimarTebaSi maT
mxatvrul stilizacias. myar kanonzomierebaTa CvenebiT TiToeuli xedi
individualobaSi arsebuli mudmivi Tvisebebis tipizacias axdens.
konkretul landSaftTan dakavSirebuli gamosaxulebiT mayureblisaTvis
yalibdeba ideur-formaluri sistema, romelic simbolur saxes aniWebs
suraTs. misi ganzogadeba scildeba pirdapir analogias da farTo WvretiT-
esTetikur planSi iSleba.
aRniSnuli xerxebiT kakabaZes SemuSavebuli aqvs stabiluri struqtura
_ seriis saxviTi mTlianobis safuZveli. am farglebSi qmnis peizaJis
Janris esTetikas da TiToeuli suraTis TviTmyofad, dasrulebul
mxatvrulobas170. sezani aRniSnavda: `rodesac mxatvari Tavis SegrZnebebs
misTvis damaxasiaTebeli optikis eniT gadmogvcems, axal interess aniWebs
im bunebas, romelsac asaxavs. igi xatavs imas, rac jer ar daxatula, igi
qmnis absolutur ferweras, rac sxva ara aris ra, Tu ara sinamdvile,
oRond es ar aris uxamsi imitacia~171.
kakabaZis seriisaTvis saxasiaToa logikuri kavSiri, romelic
mxatvruli saxis ganumeorebel individualizms ganapirobebs. TiToeuli
suraTi modelis im ZiriTadi niSnebis matarebelia, formaluri
saSualebebis ganzogadebiTa da wyobiT abstrahirebul saxviTobaSi rom
gadadis.
ìmereTis~ peizaJebi, erTi SexedviT, suraTSi vizualurad gamousaxavi
ideis ferwerul niSnebs warmoadgens. TiToeuli kompozicia Tu maTi
erToba seriaSi simbolur mimarTebaTa iseT aspeqtebs gulisxmobs,
170 am mxriv aRsaniSnavia elene axvledianis 1920-ani wlebis peizaJebSi kakabaZis gavleniT
ganpirobebuli xedebi, magram am did qarTvel peizaJistTan erT suraTSi arsebuli
gansxvavebuli principebiT, maTi mxatvruloba mniSvnelovnad scildeba ìmereTis~ seriis
struqturul monoliTurobas.
171.l. venturi, manedan lotrekamde, Tb., 1984, gv. 104.
87
romlebic mxatvruli saxe metaforul metyvelebaSi izrdeba. yoveli xedi,
rogorc landSaftis zRvruli monakveTi, sivrcis gaazrebis specifikiT,
plastikur masebs Soris mimarTebiT da calkeuli formis saxviTobiT
konkretulze aRmatebuls miuTiTebs da suraTze asaxulis miRma darCenil
ufro farTo sivrceSi gadadis; amitomac kakabaZis ìmereTi~ zogadad
mTiani bunebis xatad aRiqmeba. sibrtyobrivi wyoba da lokaluri ferebi
mzeris iseT siSores gulisxmobs, rodesac ikargeba sagnis moculobiani
forma da Tvali veRar arCevs ZiriTad ferze arsebul sinaTlis aTinaTs
da sxva ferisagan miRebul refleqss. modelis sruli parametrebiT
gamosaxva mzeris farTo diapazonSia gadawyvetili (moZravi da ara erT
wertilze fiqsirebuli Tvalis).
mxatvris damokidebuleba naturasTan, xolo SemdegSi mayureblisa _
nawarmoebTan sivrceSi dinamikas da saganTan SemecnebiT mimarTebas
gamoxatavs. mzerisa da sivrcis aseTi formiT kakabaZe uaRresad afarToebs
nawarmoebis subieqtur plans da suraTis esTetikaSi iTvaliswinebs
realuri mayureblis arsebobas. 1930-1940-ani wlebis peizaJebSi arsebuli
grafikis miniSnebiTi xasiaTis gamo ki mayurebeli kompoziciis saxviTi
formirebis Tanamonawile xdeba. es aris gamosaxulebaSi subieqtisa da
obieqtis is Tanxvdena, ase mniSvnelovani rom iyo modernizmis esTetikaSi.
mxatvari, romelsac, oficialuri ideologiiT ganpirobebuli erTi
gamonaklisis garda, bunebaSi arasodes gamousaxavs adamiani, suraTis
ideasa da formaTqmnadobaSi aucileblobiT gulisxmobs adamianis faqtors.
seriis landSaftebis feradovan-grafikuli struqtura misi kultivirebiT
aris gamowveuli da adamianis moRvaweobis Sedegia, romelic poeturad
gadaaqvs Tavis nawarmoebSi. Tumca, amave dros, kompoziciaSi `mitingi
imereTSi~ (1942 w.) adamianis gamosaxuleba sruli unificirebiT,
usaxurobiTa da mxatvrul-ideuri ufunqciobiT gamoirCeva, radganac
kakabaZis mier ìmereTis~ seriaSi nagulisxmevi adamiani Semoqmedia da
moRvawe. igi, erTi mxriv, bunebasTan uSualo kavSirSia da masSi
damkvidrebuli (rogoradac asaxierebs mamis portrets da kompozicias
ìmereTi _ dedaCemi~), xolo meore mxriv es aris adamiani _ mxatvruli
nawarmoebis Semmecnebeli da misi esTetikis ganmvrcobi. totalitarizmis
88
upirovno masa misTvis iseTive miuRebeli da ucxoa, rogorc bunebis raime
movleniT gamowveuli cvlileba peizaJSi da misi asaxva. `mitingi~ iseTive
warmavalobaa, rogorc qaris qrolva anda atmosferuli naleqi; amitomacaa,
rom v. beriZe aRniSnavs ìmereTis~ peizaJebSi arsebul udaburebas da
mdumarebas172. kakabaZis mTebis `mdumareba~ paradigmuli saxismetyvelebiT im
WeSmaritebis saxovani asociaciaa, romelic acxadebs: `brZnad metyvelebaÁ
vecxli ars wmidaÁ, xolo dumili _ oqroÁ rCeuli~173. misi peizaJebis
dumili samyaroSi arsebuli maradiuli faseulobis Wvretaa da
WeSmaritebis ZiebaSi arsebuli garindeba, romelic Tavisi mizniT
mWermetyvelebis yvelaze Rrma da faqizi gamovlenaa.
peizaJis JanrTan erTad, Semoqmedebis pirvel etapze daviT kakabaZis
interesebis sferoSi eqceva portretis Janric. es ukanaskneli ufro
lokaluri qronologiisa aRmoCnda da moicavs ZiriTadad peterburgSi
swavlis periods. igi warmodgenilia uSualod portretiT (megobris, mamis,
Zmis, meuRlis _ eTer andronikaSvilis, romelic gviandel namuSevars
warmoadgens; aseve: ìmereTi _ dedaCemi~, g. tabiZis grafikuli portreti)
da oTxi avtoportretiT.
portretis Janris nawarmoebTa saerTo xasiaTi kakabaZiseul ZiriTad
mxatvrul principebs gansxvavebul planSi warmoadgens. Tu peizaJis Janri
ìmereTis~ seriis saxiT gviCvenebs axali mxatvruli cnobierebis
srulyofilad Camoyalibebul models, portretSi yvelaze TvalsaCinod
airekla kakabaZis mxatvrul-Teoriul ZiebaTa uSualo procesi. ramdenime
nawarmoebiT warmodgenili portretis Janri mxatvris interesTa
mTlianobas gviCvenebs da maTSi arsebul zogad kanonzomierebas avlens.
rogorc avtoportreti, aseve portreti daviT kakabaZis mxatvruli
samyaros adreuli periodis avtobiografiuli ilustraciebia. maTSi
yvelaze metadaa TvalsaCino mxatvris SemoqmedebiTi formirebis procesi.
adreuli, etiuduri xasiaTis portretebidan avtoportretebamde da
peizaJisa da portretis krebiT-ganzogadebuli suraTis ìmereTi _
dedaCemis~ Seqmnamde qronologiurad mokle periodia, magram maT Soris
172 v. beriZe, iqve, gv. 14.

173 giorgi merCule, grigol xanZTelis cxovreba. ix. qarTuli mwerloba, Tb., 1987. t. I, gv. 524.
89
mxatvrulad mravalferovani, rTuli da amave dros mizanswrafuli
mimarTeba aRiniSneba.
daviT kakabaZis daintereseba portretiT iwyeba gimnaziaSi swavlis
periodidan, rodesac igi minis saSualebiT akeTebda quTaisSi Casuli
ucnobi mxatvris mier Sesrulebul mamamisis portretis aslebs174. am
periodSi, 1911-1912 wlebSi, naxati portretebi fanqriTa da akvareliT aris
Sesrulebuli, romelTac akademiuri Studiebis xasiaTi aqvT. analogiuri
principisaa 1913 wlis zeTis teqnikiT naxati megobris portreti175 (sur.
25).
gluv, Ria moyviTalo tonebiT dafarul fonze sxeulis sami-meoTxediT
warmodgenilia odnav gverdze gadaxrili, axalgazrda mamakacis
welszemoTa gamosaxuleba saxiT en face. mxatvris amocanas warmoadgens
modelis individualuri, magram zogad planSi mocemuli daxasiaTeba.
kakabaZe qmnis axalgazrda inteleqtualis portrets.
mxatvruli problemebiTa da ganxorcielebis saSualebebiT `megobris
portreti~ misi adreuli peizaJis _ `xidis~ asociaciebs iwvevs. aqac
naTelia STabeWdilebiTi faqtoris gadamwyveti mniSvneloba. farTo da
swrafi monasmebiT Seqmnili weris siTamame mxatvars saSualebas aZlevs,
individualur daxasiaTebaSi ganzogadeba Seitanos. naTel fonze gamoiyofa
muqi ferebiT gadawyvetili saxisa da sxeulis nawili. Cafiqrebuli saxe
pensneTi modelis gamometyvelebaze iwvevs aqcents da mis inteleqtur
samyaros uxsnis mayurebels. saxe, ufro zogadad nawer sxeulTan
SedarebiT, meti konkretulobis matarebelicaa. farTo monasmebiT Seqmnil
sxeulis nawilSi mxatvari mxolod zogad moculobebs aRniSnavs. amiT
silueturad warmoadgens mas da TandaTanobiTi gadasvlebiT uerTebs fons,
Tumca Savi da moiasamnisfro tonebiT modeli sakmaod mkafiod gamoiyofa
fonisagan. mis ferwerul daxasiaTebasa da koloritis erTianobaSi
174 `daviT kakabaZis interesi mxatvrobisadmi swored portretis JanriT iwyeba.Ppatara

daviTi minis saSualebiT akeTebda mamis portretis aslebs. es portreti biZis duqanSi
Sesulma ucnobma mxatvarma Seasrula erTi boTli Rvinis fasad~. g. alibegaSvili, dasax.
naSr. gv. 171. adreul asakSi, quTaisSi yofnisas Sesrulebuli aqvs v. balanCivaZis
portreti filipe barbaqaZis rolSi. momwifebuli xeli ar aris, magram Cans didi
mxatvris Semoqmedebis mTavari maxasiaTeblebi.
90
saTanado rols TamaSobs Savi feris laqebiT dafaruli wiTeli
yelsaxvevi, romelic saxis gayolebaze qmnis vertikalur aqcents. modelis
suraTis sibrtyeze warmodgenis xasiaTiTa da weris maneriT mxatvari
gviCvenebs portretirebulis arsebiT niSnebs misi fsiqologiuri
daxasiaTebis gareSe. swored es umTavresi niSani ganapirobebs masSi
STabeWdilebiTi faqtoris siZlieres da nawarmoebis etiudur aspeqts.
mTlianobaSi suraTi XIX-XX ss. mijnis evropul-rusuli skolebisaTvis
saxasiaTo Studiuri formis matarebelia.
momdevno, 1914 wels daviT kakabaZe asrulebs mamis portrets176 (sur. 26 )
_ damTavrebul ferwerul suraTs. masSi, megobris portretTan SedarebiT,
garegnuli msgavsebis gadmocemasTan erTad mxatvari ufro farTod Slis
modelis Sinagan samyaros. muxls zemoT warmodgenili mamis frontaluri
gamosaxuleba suraTis sibrtyis centralur nawils ikavebs. igi
garemoculia vaSlis xeebiTa da sxvadasxva mcenariT.
kakabaZe warmoadgens mravlismnaxveli, brZeni glexis saxes
damkvirvebluri, dinji mzeriT. masSi warmoCenilia pirovnuli
mniSvnelovneba. sivrcobrivi intervalis gareSe, pirdapir qveda CarCodanve
aRmarTuli masiuri, mkafio konturiT SemosazRvruli sxeulis silueti
Rirsebis SegnebiT metyvelebs. misi Coxis TiTqmis daunawevrebeli, mTliani
Savi feri farTod iwereba dekoriT Seqmnil fonze. gamosaxulebiT
miRebuli STabeWdilebis aRqmas aZlierebs sidinjis gamomxatveli pozac.
frontalurad gamosaxuli, fexze mdgomi asakovani mamakaci myar xasiaTs
amJRavnebs. amave dros welTan mitanil marcxena xels da saxis ferwerul
modelirebas garkveuli dinamizmi da emociuri muxti Seaqvs
gamosaxulebaSi, rac aqtiur da qmediT Sinagan samyaroze miuTiTebs.
mxatvari sakmaod did rols aniWebs gamometyvelebas. garda mzerisa, am
mxriv niSandoblivia glexi kacis mziT garujuli saxe da aRaJRaJebuli
loyebi. portretuli individualobisaTvis gamoyenebuli es niSnebi amave
dros saxis moculobiani modelirebisTvis iZleva masalas. aRsaniSnavia,
rom mTlianobaSi mamis gamosaxuleba gamoirCeva formisa da saxasiaTo
niSnebis damajerebeli gadmocemiT _ pirobiTobisagan Tavisufali,
91
tradiciuli xelovnebis saSualebiT, rogorc v. beriZe aRniSnavs,
naturalisturadac ki177, maSin rodesac misi foni saxovani gadawyvetiT
aSkara dekoratiulobas avlens. fonis msxvil plans qmnis figuris orive
mxares gamosaxuli xeebi, romlebic erTgvarad aCarCoebs kidec mas da xels
uwyobs suraTis Sinaarsobrivi RerZis xazgasmas. figuris idayvebis
donidan dawyebuli xeebi erTdeba suraTis centralur nawilSi _
portretirebulis Tavs zemoT. peizaJis danarCeni mcenareuli safari da
arqiteqtura ufro pirobiTia da ZiriTadad dekoris mniSvnelobiT aRiqmeba.
maTi saSualebiT mxatvari avsebs fonis erTferovnebas da eswrafvis am
ukanasknelis koloritul gamTlianebas figurasTan (mis samosTan). am mxriv
aRsaniSnavia momcro xeebis feradovani niSnebi. es siluetebi ritmuli
monacvleobiTaa ganawilebuli vaSlis xeebis foTlebTan da agrZelebs
mamis samosis kolorits.
amgvarad, Tu modeli ufro realisturi xelovnebis principebiTaa
gadmocemuli, misi foni simbolur-pirobiTi metyvelebiT gamoirCeva. mTa-
goriani peizaJis foni portretirebulis xasiaTis gaxsnas emsaxureba.
wiTeli nayofiT daxunZluli xeebi, romlebic rkalurad Semouyveba
figuras, mis aqtiur da sisxlsavse xasiaTze miuTiTebs. amdenad, fonze
mcenareebis gamosaxvas, garda dekoratiuli mniSvnelobisa, Sinaarsobrivi
datvirTvac eniWeba da miuTiTebs glexi kacis bunebasTan kavSirze.
daviT kakabaZiseuli portretis Janris am erT-erT pirvel dasrulebul
kompoziciaSi naTlad vlindeba rogorc konkretulad Janris gaazrebis
specifika, aseve zogadad SemoqmedebiTi koncefcia. mxatvari aRniSnavs, rom
`portretSi unda iyos gamosaxuli saxe im adamianisa, romelic ixateba.
adamiani, rogorc msoflios sruli damTavrebuli sxeuli, uaxlovdeba
yvela sagans.
magram adamiani, rogorc individi, uaxlovdeba mxolod zogierT
SesaZlo sagans.
portreti individis saxea da amave dros Tanamedrove cxovrebis saxec.

177 В. В. Беридзе, Д. Ш. Лебанидзе, М. Ж. Медзмариашвили, dasax. naSr. gv. 47.
92
portretSi saWiroa gamoxatuli iyos aramc Tu garegani, individualuri
saxe adamianisa, aramed Sinagani saxec. amas garda, portretSi gamoxatuli
unda iyos saxe sazogadod adamianisa~178.
individualuri xasiaTis gadmocema da masSi zogadi sisrulis gaxsna
daviT kakabaZis mier portretuli Janris aucilebel pirobad miiCneva da
amitomacaa, rom aRniSnul suraTSi arsebuli saxviTi metyveleba am ori,
garkveulwilad ambivalenturi aspeqtis dauflebis cdas gvixatavs. masSi,
modelis konkretul warmodgenasTan erTad, misi pirovnuli
mniSvnelovnebis ganzogadebasac vxedavT, rac, garda uSualod
portretirebulis saxasiaTo faqtorebisa, fonis Sinaarsobriv-saxviTi
wyobiTac moiniSneba. Tumca am ori planis urTierToba nawarmoebis saerTo
xasiaTSi garkveul disonansur mimarTebas qmnis. modelis samosis TiTqmis
daunawevrebeli, grafikulad mkacrad zRvruli muqi silueti erTian,
feradovan monoliTur formas qmnis ritmulad monacvle mcire masStabis
mqone mcenareebTan SedarebiT. maTi dinamikuri urTierTgardamavloba ufro
metad warmoaCens figuris statikur masiurobas, romelic amave dros pozis
zogadi xasiaTiT da daunawevrebeli silueturobiT XIX s-is Tbilisuri
portretis reminiscenciebs badebs. am TvalsazrisiT, d. kakabaZis mamis
portreti erovnuli mxatvruli tradiciebis uSualo gagrZelebaa.
mxatvris mier portretirebulis xasiaTis ganzogadeba ferweruli
lakonizmiTa da dekoratiulad aRniSnuli simboloebiT ganvrcobas povebs
sada, sruliad gluvi weris maneriTac. peizaJebis msgavsad, aqac saxezea
saRebavis Txeli feniT dafaruli tilo. suraTi mTlianad gamoricxavs
uSualo STabeWdilebiTi faqtoriT ganpirobebul emociur aRqmas da
xangrZlivi Seswavla-damuSavebis Sedegs warmoadgens.
portretis Janris kakabaZiseuli principebis ufro srul aspeqts
gviCvenebs avtoportretebi, kerZod, mimeturi xelovnebis formiT
Sesrulebuli sami avtoportreti: 1913 wlis e. w. àvtoportreti
178 daviT kakabaZe, suraTis principi, gv. 35.
93
broweulebiT”179, 1914 wlis àvtoportreti sarkis win”180 da 1917 wlis
àvtoportreti nacrisferi xalaTiT”181.
qronologiuri Tanmimdevrobis miuxedavad, saxviTi gadawyvetiT saerTo
wres kravs 1913 da 1917 wlis avtoportretebi, xolo àvtoportreti sarkis
win~ zogierTi ZiriTadi niSniT etiudur namuSevars _ `megobris portrets~
uaxlovdeba (sur. 27). nawarmoebis saxelwodeba pirobiTia da
gamomdinareobs suraTis Sinaarsidan. mxatvari Tavis Tavs TiTqos sarkeSi
areklils warmogvidgens, ramdenadac mayurebeli xedavs suraTis sibrtyeze
gamosaxul iribad dakidebul sarkes, romlis CarCo scildeba suraTis
CarCos mimarTulebas. warmosaxuli sivrcis daxasiaTebisTvis sarkis
gamoyeneba daviT kakabaZis am nawarmoebs modernis stilis mxatvrulobas
uaxlovebs, sadac sivrce realur-sagnobrivsa da iluzorulad mocemuls
Soris arsebobs.
avtoportreti pirvelive STabeWdilebiT saocar uSualobas amJRavnebs.
modelis ganTavseba suraTis sibrtyeze, misi samosi da foni simartivemde
misuli sisadaviT gamoirCeva. iqmneba erTgvarad Sinauruli ganwyobac.
skamze mjdomi mxatvari TavSekavebuli, magram Zaldautanebeli poziT aris
warmodgenili. igi inteleqturi da amave dros mimndobi mzeriT amyarebs
kontaqts mayurebelTan. misi samosic aseve `Sinauruli~ da sadaa: usayelo
TeTri perangi, Savi Sarvali da bretelebi. interieric sagnebis simciriTa
da ubraloebiT gamoirCeva. mxatvris zurgs ukan moCans sworkuTxa magida,
romlis zemoT, kedelze, dakidebulia Taro wignebiT. amgvarad,
modelisaTvis Seqmnilia garemoc, magram rogorc pirveli, ise meore,
saxasiaTo niSnebis àucilebeli raodenobiT~ da maTi mimaniSnebeli
xerxebiT warmodgeba. garda imisa, rom gamosaxul sagnebs (mxatvris samosis
CaTvliT) vizualuri predikatebis ubraloeba axasiaTebs, aRniSnuli
ganwyobis RerZi weris maneraa, suraTis teqstura, romelic, SeiZleba
iTqvas, yvelaze metad, gadamwyveti mniSvnelobiT am kompoziciaSi cxaddeba.
funjis sifrifana, meCxeri monasmebiT da maT Soris sruliad `Riad~
179 t., z., 103X70, inaxeba iqve. am JanrSi d. kakabaZes Sesrulebuli aqvs kubisturi
avtoportretic.
180 t., z., 103X70, saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi, S. amiranaSvilis sax. Tbilisis
xelovnebis muzeumi.
94
datovebuli tilos zedapiriT gadmoscems daviT kakabaZe perangis
faqturul-feradovan xasiaTs. es ukanaskneli yvelaze didi feradovani
laqaa suraTis sibrtyeze. aseTive Txeli, oRond ritmulad ufro
gajerebuli monasmebiT faravs igi modelis fons. avtoportretis saerTo
STabeWdilebidan gamomdinare, ukve aRvniSneT, rom igi saxviTobiT ufro
megobris portretisaken ixreba, magram am ukanasknelis reliefuri,
pastozuri weridan aRaraferia SemorCenili; piriqiT, gamomsaxvelobiTi
teqnikiT sapirispiro aspeqtSi gadadis. aq bevrad ufro adre, vidre
ìmereTis~ peizaJebSi, daviT kakabaZe agnebs masalis, kerZod ki tilos
faqturul Taviseburebas da Tavisuflad Seaqvs suraTis saerTo
teqsturaSi. am mxriv sruliad gansxvavdeba `mamis portretis~
`mowesrigebuli~, gluvi weris manerisagan. rogorc gamosasaxs
warmogvidgens sarkeSi areklils, aseve, gamosaxulebac TiTqos ufro `meti
siRrmidan~ amodis. amave dros saerTo mxatvrul-emociur sferoSi
sinatifis Srec Cndeba, Tumca es aspeqti ufro modelze iTqmis, vidre
interierze, ramdenadac weris manerasTan erTad aRniSnul STabeWdilebaSi
ansamblurad moqmedebs feradovani gadawyveta da esTetizirebuli
grafikuloba. amaTgan pirveli, samosis ori, diametrulad sawinaaRmdego
feriT (TeTri da Savi) gamoixateba, meore ki _ modelSi isev TeTr ferze,
xolo interierSi _ Ria moyavisfro tonebze muqi Savi konturebis mkveTri
xasiaTiT. es ukanaskneli, miuxedavad imisa, rom formis modelirebis
funqcias ar kargavs, Strixebad danawevrebis gamo saxviTi artistizmis
gamovlenadac ikiTxeba. am xerxebiT aRniSnul intimuroba-ubraloebasTan
erTad mxatvari qmnis inteleqtualis garemos. Tu poza, Cacmuloba,
interieri Tavisi sagnebiT sruliad yofiTia da `yoveldRiuri~, saxviTi
xerxebis niuansirebiT mainc irRveva rigiTobis es xazi da suraTSi
modelis araordinaruli Sinagani samyaro nivTdeba.
pirovnuli mniSvnelovnebis warmoCena, misi mikrosamyaros Seqmna
kompoziciis gansjiTi `mofiqrebulobiT~, Sinaarsobriv-simboluri
datvirTviT, kulturis tradiciebisadmi mimarTebiT gansxvavebul
JReradobas iZens daviT kakabaZis or _ 1913 (sur. 28) da 1917 (sur. 29) wlebis
95
avtoportretebSi. maTSi saerTo saxasiaTod ikiTxeba mxatvrul-saxviTi
dasrulebuloba. damokidebulebis uSualoba da ganwyobis intimuroba, rac
ase naTelia 1914 wlis avtoportretSi, sruliad Secvlilia realurisa da
pirobiTis TanaarsebobiT Seqmnili reprezentulobiT. es niSani modelisa
da misi garemos daxasiaTebis umTavres pirobad ikiTxeba. gamosaxulebis
sibrtyeze ageba-ganTavsebiT orive avtoportreti analogiurobiT
xasiaTdeba (mcireodeni gansxvavebiT: 1913 wlis kompoziciaSi mxatvari
gamosaxulia TiTqmis muxlamde, xolo 1917 wlisa _ welamde). xazgamulad
msxvil planSi gamosaxuli fexze mdgomi modeli sami-meoTxediT iwereba.
marjvena xeli welTan aqvs mitanili, pirvelSi _ miTiTebis JestiT fonis
gamosaxulebisaken, meoreSi _ qamris balTaze Camodebuli. orive
avtoportretisaTvis foni warmoadgens mxatvris warmosaxvis nayofs,
romelic sruli dekoratiulobiT faravs suraTis modelisagan Tavisufal
zedapirs. amgvarad, rogorc kompoziciuri sqemiT da ideuri SinaarsiT, ise
stilisturi gadawyvetiTac es ori avtoportreti erT mxatvrul
koncefcias ukavSirdeba.
egzotikuri, garkveulwilad fantastikuri baRis fonzea warmodgenili
mxatvari àvtoportretSi broweulebiT~. suraTis sibrtyis Tanxvdenilad
gamosaxuli figura amayad aweuli TaviT da Tavdajerebulad mSvidi
mzeriT _ sazeimod amaRlebuli toniT, cotaodeni pompezurobiTac ki
warudgeba mayurebels. samosis dominirebuli, muqi moSavo feris silueti,
naTlad ixateba aseTive muqi koloritis fonze. figuris modelirebisaTvis
gamoyenebuli minimaluri saSualeba _ odnavi gaRiaveba torsis ramdenime
adgilas _ mTlianobas unarCunebs rogorc feradovnebas, aseve grafikul
siluets. Savze kontrastulad aRniSnuli perangis TeTri feri _ manJetis
viwro zoli, sayelo da sartylamde Cayolebuli Txeli vertikali, ufro
met lakoniurobas sZens kostiumis zogad xasiaTs da rafinirebulobis
niSanic ki Seaqvs masSi. kitelis forma maRali sayeloTi da zednakeri
jibiT, grafikulad zustad gamosaxuli RilebiT mkacri daxvewilobiT
gamoirCeva. mis konteqstSi mayurebeli ufro guldasmiT aRiqvams mxatvris
saxes koncentrirebuli mzeriT da Jests _ portretuli metyvelebis am or
umTavres da Rrma mniSvnelobis mqone saSualebas. saxec da marjvena xelis
96
mtevanic moculobiT aris modelirebuli da perangis TeTri feris Semdgom
suraTze yvelaze Ria feradovan laqebs qmnis. am SemTxvevaSic TeTris
viwro zolebi mayureblis mxedvelobisaTvis megzuris rols TamaSobs da
am ori umTavresi plastikuri nakvTis SemakavSirebel funqcias iZens. maTze
xdeba mayureblis yuradRebis koncentrireba. msubuqad modelirebuli saxe
msgavsebis sizustiT metyvelebs da plastikurad myar nawils qmnis
suraTSi. Suq-Crdilis gradacia damajereblad axasiaTebs saxes da misi
nakvTebis individualurobas, aseve _ xelis mtevans, romelsac, garda
portretirebulis daxasiaTebisa, mdebareobiTa da gamosaxvis mimarTulebiT
sxva funqciac eniWeba _ igi exmareba suraTSi vizualuri kavSiris
damyarebas msxvil plansa da fons Soris. miTiTebis mizani baRis siRrmeSi
gaSlili, perspeqtiulad Seviwroebuli mowiTalo-agurisferi gzaa,
romelic aseTive feris galavnis satriumfo TaRis formis mqone
karibWesTan wydeba. gzis orive mxares simetriulad, mdelos intervalebis
dacviT vardebia Carigebuli. maTi gamosaxuleba msxvil planSive iwyeba
orive mxares, suraTis qveda CarCosTan axlos. gzas vardebis paralelurad
miuyveba kviparosebis mkafio siluetebis muq ferSi gadawyvetili rigi,
romelic aseve, perspeqtiuli SemcirebiT, uerTdeba TaRs. fonis aqtiur
maxvils gzasTan erTad warmoadgens mxatvris TavTan marcxniv gamosaxuli
broweulis xe Semosuli nayofebiT. misi feradovani intensivoba, saerTo
abrisis wriulobiT, monawileobs muqi fonidan Tavis nawilis,
konkretulad ki saxis skulpturulad gamokveTaSi. suraTis sibrtyeze
fonis gamosaxuleba sruldeba maRali mTebis rigiT, romelic ebjineba
zeda CarCos. aseTia suraTze warmodgenili peizaJi _ avtoportretis foni.
igi mimeturi realizmiT nawer figurasTan SedarebiT pirobiTobiT
gamoirCeva, xasiaTdeba simboluri TemiTa da saxviTi dekoratiulobiT.
masSi iranizebuli gviandeli qarTuli miniaturebis gavlenasac xedaven (v.
beriZe, g. alibegaSvili, k. maCabeli)182. am mxriv aRsaniSnavia rogorc misi
feradovneba, aseve grafikuli xasiaTi. nawarmoebis palitra Sedgenilia
muqi, sawinaaRmdego grZlivobis mqone ferebiT. broweulebis, gzis,
182v. beriZe, dasax. naSr., g. alibegaSvili, dasax. naSr., k. maCabeli, ganumeorebeli

mxatvari, `komunisti~, 1981, 12/XII.
97
galavnis, karibWisa da vardebis wiTeli da agurisferi lokalurad,
TiTqmis sufTa tonalobiT erTveba baRis muq mwvaneSi (formis modelireba
aqac ki SeiniSneba, kerZod _ broweulis nayofebSi).
mkafio grafikuloba axasiaTebs peizaJis yvela nawils, umcires
detalebsac ki. Soreul xedze ganzogadebiT Seqmnili mTebis denadi
siluetebi enacvleba kviparosebis da broweulebis erTgvarovani
feradovnebis mqone momcro laqebis ritmikas, xolo wina planis vardis
buCqebi iuveliruli filigranulobiT aris naweri. sxarti konturebi
mkafio sazRvrebs unarCunebs lokalurobiT ametyvelebul TiToeul
maTgans. aRsaniSnavia, rom swored nawarmoebSi warmodgenili grafikuloba
da feris lokaluroba aerTianebs mTavar gamosaxulebas fonTan. xazis
dinamika da msazRvreloba gansxvavebul masStabSi povebs gamoZaxils da
suraTis kompoziciur struqturas agebs. dasrulebuli konturebiTa da
koloritis erTianobiT nawarmoebSi Semdgaria kompoziciur-saxviTi
mTlianoba, Tumca amave dros saxasiaToa martivi tonaluri ferwera, feris
dakavSireba formasTan ki SezRudulia.
suraTi mxatvruli gaazrebiT or gansxvavebul tendencias aerTianebs.
kakabaZe axdens realisturad gamosaxuli figurisa da dekoratiuli fonis
Tanwyobas. pirveli maTgani, miuxedavad sam meoTxedSi dayenebisa, mainc
sibrtyis Tanxvdenilad aRiqmeba da ar tovebs moculobiTobisa da
sivrceSi gaSlis STabeWdilebas, radgan, miuxedavad misi marjvena nawilis
modelirebisa, marcxena _ mkafio konturuli sazRvriT da erTi tonis
lokalurobiT _ sruli sibrtyobriobis STabeWdilebas tovebs. am aspeqtiT
igi uaxlovdeba mamis portretSi arsebul, qarTuli portretuli
xelovnebis winare epoqis saxviTobas. aseve, fonis sivrcobrivi tendenciac
mxolod miTiTebis doneze rCeba, radgan wiTeli gzisa da kviparosebis
perspeqtiuli warmodgena suraTis sibrtyeze sivrcis warmosaxvis mxolod
zedapirul Sres qmnis, romelsac mTliani peizaJisaTvis gadamwyveti
mniSvneloba ara aqvs.
mamis portretTan SedarebiT avtoportretSi `broweulebiT~ simbolos
xasiaTi ufro rTulia da gacilebiT gajerebuli rogorc azrobrivad,
aseve mxatvrulad. Tu pirvelSi peizaJi da nayofiT daxunZluli xe
98
portretirebulis miwasTan kavSirze, mis sicocxliTsavseobaze miuTiTebda,
am portretSi simboloTa rigi modelis artistul samyaroze da mis
optimistur ganwyobasa da SemoqmedebiT nayofierebaze metyvelebs183. am
avtoportretis Sesaxeb lado gudiaSvili werda: `daviTma Tavisi saxe
Seqmna, rogorc saxe uwmidesi sarwmunoebis anu xelovnebis msaxurisa, misi
maRali ideebis mqadagebeli mociqulisa”184.
mxatvruli saxis analogiuri wyobiT stilis dekoratiul aspeqts
aviTarebs mxatvari 1917 wlis avtoportretSi. iluzorulisa da
sibrtyobrivis Tanaarseboba ufro meti TvalsaCinoebiTaa mocemuli.
TiTqmis igive poziT, sam-meoTxed brunSi, mxatvari dekoratiuli qsovilisa
da peizaJis fonzea warmodgenili. suraTi bevrad ufro naTel koloritSia
gadawyvetili da monacisfrosa da agurisferSi gardamavali wiTlis
Sexamebaa. am SemTxvevaSi ukve, garda sazRvrebis grafikuli simkveTrisa,
formaTa damoukidebel sicxadeSi meti datvirTva eniWeba feradovnebas.
qsovilis Tanabari intensiurobis ferze lokalurobiT ixateba figura Ria
monacrisfro samosiT. aRsaniSnavia, rom aqac, iseve rogorc wina
avtoportretSi, modeli msxvil planSia gamosaxuli da suraTis zedapiris
mniSvnelovan nawils ikavebs. fonTan mimarTebaSic da damoukidebladac
masSi Tavidanve yuradRebas iqcevs moculobiani modelireba rogorc saxis,
aseve tanis zeda nawilisaTvis. Tu pirvelSi ufro msubuq gradaciebs
mimarTavs mxatvari, meoreSi mkveTri kontrastebiT qsovilis faqturis
SegrZnebasac ki iZleva, Tumca zomieri ganaTebis gamo gamosaxuleba,
ZiriTadi xasiaTidan gamomdinare, inarCunebs mSvid da gawonasworebul
ganwyobas. am Tvisebas asrulebs mkafio, Tanabradmonacvle, teqtonikuri
mTlianobis Semqneli grafikuloba. konturuli naxati aCarCoebs rogorc
modelisa da misi samosis calkeul formebs, aseve msxvil plans misi
fonisagan. gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebis amgvari gaazrebiT mxatvari
qmnis figuris samganzomilebianobis iluzias da misi materialuri sawyisis
183
broweulebis, wiTeli gzisa da TaRis simboluri mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb aRniSnavs k.
maCabeli. ix. k. maCabeli, dasax. naSr.
184 l. gudiaSvili, dauviwyari (d. kakabaZis 80 wlisTavis gamo), `literaturuli
saqarTvelo~, 1969, 3/X.
99
warmoCenas, romlis sapirispiro saxed ikiTxeba foni. am aspeqtiT, Tu
avtoportretSi `broweulebiT~ SeiniSneba calkeuli tendenciebi da
suraTi iZleva ori mxatvruli planis Tanwyobas _ figurisa da fonis
(ramdenadac orive maTgani urTierTSeRwevadi saxviTobiT gaiazreba),
`nacrisferxalaTian~ avtoportretSi warmodgenili gansaxovanebis orive
meTodi _ realisturic da dekoratiulic _ ufro metadaa gaZlierebuli.
fonis TiTqmis sam-meoTxeds qmnis yovelgvari faqturuli daxasiaTebis
gareSe mocemuli, yvavilebisa da rozetebis intervaluri monacvleobiT
daCiTuli qsovilis sibrtye, romelic TiTqmis mTlianad moicavs figuris
ganTavsebis ares. suraTis darCenili nawili Tanabrad ivseba warmosaxviTi
peizaJiT. mis Sinaarsobriv-saxviT mniSvnelobaSi aqac garkveul rols
TamaSobs mowiTalo-agurisferi gza. maRali mTebi cixe-simagris siluetiT,
Txelvarjiani xe da lega ferSi alisfrad aelvarebuli Rrublebi zeda
CarComde, vertikaluri mimarTulebiT faravs sibrtyes. mrudxazovani
mimarTulebis mowiTalo gzis ori monakveTi, romlebic aSkarad
perspeqtiviTaa gadmocemuli, siRrmulobis calkeuli miniSnebaa da ar
warmoadgens peizaJis struqturis gadamwyvet niSans. Savi refleqsebiT
dafaruli da aseve Savi konturebiT SemosazRvruli muqi mwvane mTebi
ritmuli vertikalurobiT monacvleobs, xolo ufro zemoT, mcire nawilSi
muqi lurji aseve ar qmnis gansxvavebuli sivrcobrivi planis
STabeWdilebas. peizaJi mTlianad _ rogorc SinaarsiT, aseve saxviTi
formebiT mxatvruli fantaziis nayofia, romelic sinTezirebulia rogorc
realuris abstrahirebiT, aseve sxvadasxva kulturaSi gansaxierebuli
formebiT. amitomac kompoziciis es nawili mayureblis mier irealurobad
aRiqmeba. mxatvari xazgasmiTac ki warmoaCens am aspeqts antikuridan
renesansul xelovnebaSi gadasuli, mxatvrul gamosaxulebaSi `gadaweuli
fardis~ principis gamoyenebiT185. magram Tu istoriul kulturaTa
xelovnebaSi fardismiRmierad mTlianad gamosaxuleba iTvleboda, xolo
farda arsebobda realuri mayureblisTvis (amis gamo p. florenski
aRniSnavs antikuri kedlis mxatvrobis kavSirs Teatralur
185renesansul epoqaSi am principis gamoyenebas vxvdebiT rogorc italiel mxatvrebTan

(fra anjeliko, mazaCo, rafaeli, ticiani da sxv.), aseve CrdiloeTis mxatvrobaSi (hugo van der
gusi, griunevaldi, diureri).
100
xelovnebasTan)186 da amiT mxatvari aviTarebda mxatvruli saxis
wardginebiTobis xasiaTs, daviT kakabaZesTan es farda erT suraTSi
arsebuli sxvadasxva realobis xazgasmaa da kompoziciaSi gansxvavebuli
Sreebis arsebobaze miuTiTebs. farda mayureblis winaSe mxolod
mxatvruli samyaros gaxsnisaTvis ki ar arsebobs, aramed TviT
warmodgenili modelis - Semoqmedis daxasiaTebis gasagrZeleblad.
samive nawarmoebSi mxatvruli saxis gaxsnisaTvis mniSvnelovani roli
eniWeba modelis garemos. avtoportretSi `sarkis win~ _ es aris interieri,
mxatvris yoveldRiuri, garkveulwilad yofiTi da sruliad konkretuli
sivrce. 1913 da 1917 wlebis kompoziciebSi ki ufro fonia, romelSic
nagulisxmevia mxatvris sulieri samyaro. umetesad es albaT daxasiaTebaa
im garemosi, romelic arsebulze metad sasurvels moicavs. am or
nawarmoebSi daviT kakabaZe gansxvavebul mxatvrul warmosaxvas mimarTavs
da amiT cvlis modelis daxasiaTebis Sreebs, magram maTTvis saerToa is,
rom realuri adamianis konteqstSi Seaqvs gamonagoni, ideaSi arsebulis
fiqsacia. aseTi formiT igi mayurebels sTavazobs erTgvar miTs, romelic
modelis aRmatebulobis STabeWdilebis Seqmnas emsaxureba. kakabaZes surs
gamosaxos xelovanis samyaro, romelic realur yofiTobaze amaRlebulia
da amis gamo metwilad gansxvavebuli, TiTqos saidumloebiT moculi
Tvisebebis matarebeli. `Tu namdvili miTi realurobis Semecnebis
saSualeba iyo, axal pirobebSi miTi xSirad xdeba axsnis nacvlad
sinamdvilis dafarvis saSualeba. is mxatvars aZlevs xilulis da
uxilavis, aSkarasa da saidumlos zRvarze balansirebis saSualebas.
amgvarad, axali miTologizmi xelaxla gvabrunebs Cven modernis
orgvarovnebasTan, gaSualebulobasTan. modernis mxatvrisaTvis miTi
Tanafardia niRbisa. argebs ra models an sakuTar saxes, mxatvari faravs
da erTdroulad xsnis kidec Tavis arss. WeSmariteba rCeba bolomde
Seucnobeli. mxatvarsac, daRlils pozitivizmis yovlismcodneobisagan da
186 П. А. Флоренский, Обратная перспектива. Труды по знаковым системам, III, вып. 198, Тарту, 1967, с. 385.
101
yvelafris Secnobis SesaZleblobaSi rwmenadakarguls, ganzrax surs
SeaCeros Seucnobeli da Seucnobadi~187.
saxviTobiTa da ideiTac, rogorc ukve aRvniSne, 1913 da 1917 wlebis
avtoportretebi erTsa da imave problemebs aerTianebs. amave aspeqtebiT
SeimCneva sxvaobac. avtoportreti `broweulebiT~ ufro daZabulia poziT,
muqi koloritiT, romelic modelsa da mis fonSi erTiania. 1917 wlis
kompoziciaSi Tavis odnav qemoT daweviT, marjvena xelis damajerebeli
JestiT, Ria koloritiT, romelic ufro kontrastulia, met siTamames
amJRavnebs mxatvari. realuric da gamonagonic ufro xazgasmulia da
fardis arsebobiT mkveTrad aris gaTvalsaCinoebuli fonis
warmosaxviToba. am ramdenime, mTlian wyobaSi arcTu arsebiTi cvlilebiT
sruli mxatvruli Tavisufleba iqmneba. am mxriv, avtoportretSi `sarkis
win~ TviT damokidebuleba qmnis Tavisuflebas da amitomac es nawarmoebi
gansxvavebulad ikiTxeba.
meuRlis, eTer andronikaSvilis portretic (1940 w.)188, etiuduria. masSi
garegnul msgavsebasTan erTad, ra Tqma unda, aRniSnulia xasiaTis zogadi
niSnebi, magram arsebiTi mxatvrul-koncefciuri sakiTxebi aq ukve aRar Cans
_ daviT kakabaZisaTvis amosavali qarga realisturi xelovnebaa.
kakabaZiseuli portretuli Janris xarisxobrivad gansxvavebuli saxea
ìmereTi _ dedaCemi~ (1918 w.)189 (sur. 30), romelSic dasrulebuli formiT
xdeba am Janris TviTmyofadi Tematuri warmodgena. ganxilul portretebSi
fonis funqciiT peizaJis aqtiuri CarTva da misiT ZiriTadi gamosaxulebis
xasiaTis gaxsna-ganvrcoba mocemul nawarmoebSi ori sxvadasxva Janrisa da
maTi sruliad damoukidebeli saxviTi Rirebulebebis erT mxatvrul saxeSi
arsebul sinTezad yalibdeba. farTo ganzogadebis ZaliT xdeba ori
konkretuli Temis gamTlianeba da gamomsaxvelobiTi sisavsiT
ganxatovaneba, Cveulebrivis faseulobad gardaqmna da mayureblisaTvis misi
arsebiTi mniSvnelobis wardgineba.
187 Д. В. Сарабьянов, Стиль модерн. М., 198, с. 268.

189 t., z., 137X164, saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi. S. amiranaSvilis sax. Tbilisis
xelovnebis saxmuzeumi.
102
dedis portreti da imereTis xedi mTlianobis dasrulebul nawilebad
yalibdeba da sabolood isev erTian saxviT-emociur atmosferos qmnis.
nawarmoebSi srulad xorcieldeba konkretuli adamianis da aseve
konkretuli landSaftis individualuri saxis metamorfozi amaRlebul
ganzogadebad. es aris adamianis pirovnulsa da bunebas (Tundac mcire
nawils) Soris sinatifiT uxilavi, magram amave dros mtkiced
mniSvnelovani dialogis aRmoCena, romelic samyaros harmoniul gancdaSi
izrdeba. suraTis ori umTavresi gamosaxulebis aseTi arsebiTi kavSiriT
xdeba maTi urTierTSevseba msubuqi lirizmisa da epikuri monumenturobis
TanaarsebobiT; dedis saqminobis yofiTi rigiTobis Sinaarsobrivi
masStabis gazrda da abstrahirebiT ganzogadebuli peizaJisaTvis poeturi
sawyisis miniWeba. portretirebulis uSualo siaxlovis xazgasmuli
filigranulobiT naweri garemo TavisTavadi bunebriobiT erwymis Sori
xedis sqematurad gamosaxul peizaJs190. am ori gansxvavebuli principiT
warmodgenili planis azrobrivi makavSirebeli ki aris dedis figura,
romelSic kondensirebulia suraTiT gamovlenili esTetikurisa da
gansjiTis yvela Sre.
xis CrdilSi, kunZze Camomjdari xnieri qali saqmianobaSi Cafiqrebuli
simSvidiT aris warmodgenili. mxatvari realisturi saSualebebiT
axasiaTebs aTwleulebgamovlil glex qals: danaoWebuli da mziT
fernacvali saxiT, fiqrSi wasulis daxrili quTuToebiT, gamuqebuli
Tvalis upeebiT da sada varcxnilobis grZeliT TmiT (nawnavi, romelic
eSveba saqmianobis poziT gamowveuli zurgis odnav daxril moxazulobaze).
xandazmuli qalis mzeras mayureblis yuraRebac gadahyavs saxis gaswvriv,
qveda diagonalze gamosaxul dakoJril xelebze. Jestis simartive, orive
xelis paraleluri ganTavseba, maTi Wedurad mkafio abrisi, Tanabari
ganaTebis gamo odnav niuansirebuli feradovneba sicxadiT amJRavnebs
modelis mkacr sisadaves. aRsaniSnavia, rom miuxedavad mTeli sxeulis
190xasiaTis arsebiTi niSnebiT ìmereTi-dedaCemi~ Sedarebulia niko lorTqifaniZis

Tavsafrian dedakakacTan. `daviT kakabaZem perspeqtivisa da sivrcobrivi aRqma suraTSi
sxvadasxva planTa monacvleobas da feris met-nakleb intensivobas daukavSira. amitomaa,
rom misi peizaJebi mravalplaniania.Nniko lorTqifaniZis mier sxarti fraziT daxatuli
suraTi planebis mTlianobiT Sekrul kompozicias warmoadgens~. n. RambaSiZe, sityva da
funji. `mnaTobi~, 1971, #1, gv. 149.
103
profilSi warmodgenisa, pozis uSualobiTa da tanisamosis TiTqmis
daunawevrebuli, erTian siluetSi moqceuli feradovnebiT torsis nawilSi,
saxesa da xelebTan SedarebiT, ufro meti sirbile SeiniSneba (samosis muq
ferebSi calkeul naTel maxvilebs qmnis kalTaze gadafenili TeTri
maqmani da muqi wiTeli flostebi).
amgvarad, dedis figuris daxasiaTebaSi rogorc zogadi plastikuri
gaazreba, aseve calkeuli xerxebi gamomsaxvelobis TavSekavebulobas
amJRavnebs, rasac portretSi monumenturi ganzogadeba Seaqvs. am
STabeWdilebas aZlierebs isic, rom modeli msxvil planSi warmodgeniT
masStaburad mniSvnelovnad aRemateba Tavis uSualo sivrces. masTan
SedarebiT mcire detalebad moCans da dekoraciis xasiaTSi SeiZleba
ganixilos ezos siRrmeSi gamosaxuli xis damxmare nageboba da wnuli Robe
tradiciuli imeruli WiSkriT. suraTze materializebis xasiaTiT deda
amaRlebulia masTan Tanxvdenil saxviT planSi gamosaxul yoveliveze da
mniSvnelovnebiT warmoadgens nawarmoebis ideuri sazrisis erT-erT mTavar
Sres, romelic gadadis Soreuli mTiani peizaJis xedze. igi am Janris
kakabaZiseuli koncefciis saxea. ganzogadebis ZaliT, feris lokalurobiT,
grafikuli moCarCoebiT gamosaxuli sibrtyis vitraJuli dekoratiulobiT,
Suq-feradovani sistemiT Seqmnili sivrciT da calkeuli maxvilebiT _
mowiTalo agurisferi gziTa da saxlis wiTeli saxuraviT _ warmodgenil
peizaJis xedSi xdeba dedis saxeSi mocemuli ideis mxatvrul-azrobrivi
ganvrcoba. SeiZleba iTqvas, xdeba piriqiTac _ mxatvari nawarmoebis
emociuri velis SeqmnaSi mimarTavs ukusvlas Sori xedidan, misi xasiaTis
arsebiTidan mTlian gamosaxulebaSi portretirebulis Sinaarsobrivi
funqciis gansazRvramde. aseTi urTierTSevsebiT igi axerxebs mSobelSi
zogadad mSobliuris Cvenebas da misiT samSoblos xatis Seqmnas. `saerTod,
es suraTi erTgvari osanaa adgilis dedis kultis mimarT, am grZnobam
Semoinaxa Cveni xalxis waruxoceli siyvaruli qarTuli miwisadmi~191.
Kkompoziciis orive nawilis _ portretisa da peizaJis _ ganzogadeba
maTSi arsebiTis warmoCeniT xdeba. Tu Soreuli peizaJi, zogadad,
191 k. gamsaxurdia, iqve, gv. 166.
104
kultivirebuli mTiani landSaftis struqturas warmoadgens, dedis saxec,
miuxedavad individualobisa, qarTveli qalis tipizebul saxes hqmnis. amave
dros orive maTgani konkretulobis sruli SenarCunebiT metyvelebs.
peizaJi sibrtyobriv-dekoratiulobiTa da koloritiT, xolo qali, garda
portretulobisa, erTi SexedviT aqsesuaruli mniSvnelobis wina planis
xasiaTiTac. mxatvari TiTqos gansakuTrebuli gulisxmierebiT amuSavebs
suraTis am nawils. misi yuradReba moculia mcenareuli safaris detalebT:
umciresi sokoebi da natifi, mindvris vardisferi yvavilebi, babuawvera da
mis zemoT mfreni pepela. maTi zusti, grafikuli moxazulobiT `qargavs~
igi mSobliuri saxlis ezos. yovelive es, dedis ornamentirebuli zeda
samosisa da kalTaze gadafenili TeTri maqmanis aJurulobasTan erTad,
msubuqi lirizmiT poeturi ganwyobis matarebelia. wina planis nawilebis
amgvari àRnusxva” erTi SexedviT, disonansur mimarTebas qmnis Sori xedis
amaRlebuli ganzogadebiT gadmocemul masStaburobasTan, magram mxatvari
am xerxiT ganavrcobs dedis saxeSi arsebul individualurs. igi erTnairi
mniSvnelobiT aRiqvams yoveldRiuri garemos detalsac da arsebiTsac da
suraTSi maT damajerebeli sinTezirebiT warmoadgens. aRniSnulTan erTad
TvalsaCinoa kidev erTi, albaT mxatvrulobiT umTavresi Tviseba _
nawarmoebSi TvTmyofadoba Semdgaria portretisa da, zogadad, wina planis
realisturi da Sori xedis abstrahirebuli saxviTobiT. maTi kavSiri
miRweulia rogorc sivrcobrivi mTlianobiT, agreTve koloritis
erTianobaze damyarebuli materialuri erTeulebis Tanabarzomieri
ritmulobiT. wina planze, gamosaxulebaTa filigranulobis miuxedavad,
ZalaSi rCeba maTi fonis ganzogadebuli, gluvi zedapiris aqtualoba. es
ukanaskneli sasuraTe sibrtyis TiTqmis naxevars ikavebs da mTlianobiT
erwymis Soreul xeds.
amdenad, suraTi ìmereTi _ dedaCemi~ ori Janris sinTezirebuli
nawarmoebia, romelSic yvelaze meti srulyofilebiT gamomJavnda daviT
kakabaZis portretuli Janris koncefcia _ àdamiani, rogorc msoflios
sruli damTavrebuli sxeuli~. masSi gamovlenilia SemoqmedebiTi
aucileblobis kodi. erTi sawyisiT _ amaRlebulobiT _ xdeba ori
individualobis Tanxmiereba. Tu mamis portretsa da avtoportretebSi
105
simboloebi gamoiyeneba modelis xasiaTis gaxsnisaTvis, ufro zustad ki _
masze warmodgenis SeqmnisaTvis, ìmereTi _ dedaCemi~-s SemTxvevaSi
mTlianad suraTi xdeba simboluri mniSvnelobis matarebeli. daviT
kakabaZe am suraTSi qmnis universalur sivrces, rogorc samyaros xats, rac
upiratesi mniSvnelobis sakiTxia mis mxatvrul koncefciaSi.
portretis Janri kakabaZesTan zusti gamoxatulebaa misi adreuli
periodis mxatvrulobis koncefciisa. am kompoziciebSi pirdapiri
mniSvnelobiT ikiTxeba `gakeTebuli suraTebis~ manifestiT gancxadebuli
naxatis mniSvneloba da `suraTis damTavrebuloba~. am mxriv, ìmereTis~
seriasTan SedarebiT igi ufro sworxazovania. portretiT daviT kakabaZe
pirdapir pasuxobs Tavisive xelovnebaSi dasmul kiTxvebs. peizaJSi
koncefciisa da gamomsaxvelobis Tanwyoba ufro momwifebulia, amitom
problemis ganmarteba uSualoa, mravlismomcveli da maTSi ufro metia
nagulisxmevi. Tu pikasos perifrazirebas movaxdenT, kakabaZesTan portreti
`Ziebaa~, xolo peizaJi ìmereTis~ seriis saxiT ùkve aRmoCenilis”
mxatvruli ganxorcieleba192. mravlismTqmelia isic, rom portretis JanrSi
mniSvnelovani roliT xasiaTdeba peizaJis gamosaxuleba. Tu
qronologiurad ganvixilavT, rasac mxatvruli momwifebac ukavSirdeba, es
aris svla calkeuli elementebis gamoyenebidan (mamis portreti) sruli
xedis damoukidebeli saxierebisaken (ìmereTi _ dedaCemi~). am mxriv
aRsaniSnavia, rom mTliani Semoqmedebis konteqstSi portretis Janri
gamorCeulic ki aris, radganac danarCen seriaTagan gansxvavebiT, masSi
aSkaraa saxviT-ideuri srulyofis evoluciuri ganviTarebis tendencia.
portreti imiTac aris gamorCeuli daviT kakabaZesTan, rom misi
Semoqmedebis mTavari _ sivrcis sakiTxi _ Janris specifikis gamo,
kompoziciaTa umravlesobaSi faqtiurad auxsneli da ganuxorcielebeli
rCeba. suraTi ìmereTi _ dedaCemi~ ki am aspeqts ori Janris
sinTezirebulad Tanafardi warmodgeniT iZleva. isic aRsaniSnavia, rom
daviT kakabaZe gansakuTrebuli interesiT mxolod portretze arasodes
SeCerebula. misi SexedulebiT, ìs Tavisufleba, romlisaken adamiani
1921923 wels marius de zaiasTan saubarSi pikaso aRniSnavs, rom Tavis mxatvrobaSi igi
asaxavs ara `Ziebas~, aramed imas, rasac ukve `miagno”. ix. Пикассо. Сборник статей о творчестве.
Под ред. А. Владимирского, М., 1957, c. 9.
106
yovelTvis miiswrafvis, Zlier SezRudulia mxatvrisaTvis portretSi~193.
rodesac amas werda, mas ukve praqtikulad gamocdili hqonda Janris
gamomsaxvelobiT-esTetikuri diapazoni. portretuli suraTi iseTi
mxatvruli movlenaa, romelic gardauvalad gulisxmobs ori
individualobis _ modelisa da mxatvris _ dakavSirebas.
portretirebulis ara marto garegnuli msgavseba, aramed misi Sinagani
samyaroc aucilebeli pirobaa nawarmoebis dasrulebuli saxisaTvis.
amitomac universaluri formis da misi kavSirebis maZiebeli mxatvrisTvis
konkretuli adamiani Tavisi xasiaTiT ver axorcielebs xelovnebis
nawarmoebis winapirobas.
XX s-is dasawyisis Semecnebis Tvisebriobidan gamomdinare, adamiani
Tavisi pirovnebiT dacilebulia sulier substancias da sazogadoebaSi
erToblivi idealis uqonlobis gamo mxatvari masSi veRar Wvrets im
arsebiTs, romelic mudmiv faseulobad vlindeba mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi.
“hipertrofuli individualizmi RrRnis Cvens saukunes”194. amgvarad
amTavrebs daviT kakabaZe individualizmis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb gansjas. am
TvalsazrisiT pirovnuli samyaro Tavisi TviTdaxSulobiT obieqturobis
gareSe darCenili individualobaa. amitomac daviT kakabaZesTan, portretSi,
adamianis gamosaxuleba arsad ar aris TviTkmari Rirebulebis matarebeli.
suraTSi modelTan erTad mniSvnelovani datvirTva eniWeba mis garemos,
romelic xSir SemTxvevaSi SeTxzulia da moklebulia realurobas.
gamonagonisa da sinamdvilis, konkretuli modelisa da ornamentirebuli
fonis erT nawarmoebSi gaerTianeba tradiciuli asaxvis meTodisa da XX s-
is xelovnebis àxali realobis~ Seqmnis Tanaarsebobaa, romliTac daviT
kakabaZe uaxlovdeba modernis stilis xelovnebas. kompoziciaSi ìmereTi _
dedaCemi~, avtoportretSi `broweulebiT~ da 1918-1919 wlebis or peizaJSi
arsebuli wina planebis kaligrafiuli sizustiT wera da detalebisadmi
interesic modernis principebidan gamomdinareobs da ukavSirdeba im nakads,
prerafaelitebis saxviToba rom miiRes tradiciad. axalgazrda qarTveli
mxatvris peterburgSi yofnis periodi ruseTis kulturul centrebSi am
193 daviT kakabaZe, suraTis principi. gv. 35

194 daviT kakabaZe, likornis galerea, 1921 w. gv. 79.
107
stilis popularobiT aRiniSneba. modernizmis àxali realobis~ srul
ganxorcielebamde kakabaZe gamoxatavs qronologiurad winare
mxatvrulobas da am TvisebiT avlens xelovnebis miznisadmi sakuTar
pozicias. aseTi saxviTi eniT formdeba damokidebuleba kerZosa da zogads
Soris, romelic modelisa da misi fonis urTierTmimarTebiT vlindeba.
mamis portretisa da 1913 da 1917 wlebis avtoportretebis foni mxatvrul
asociaciebze dafuZnebul subieqtur STabeWdilebiT faqtors gulisxmobs,
xolo avtoportretSi `sarkis win~, miuxedavad sivrcis iluzoruli
gafarToebisa, modelis garemocvis realurobidan gamomdinare, is mainc
konkretulia da mayureblis emociac masTan uSualo kavSirSi rCeba.
portreti, romelic farTo ganzogadebis planSi iSleba, aris kompozicia
ìmereTi _ dedaCemi~. am nawarmoebis mxatvruli faseulobis
ganmapirobebeli modelis saxviT niSnebTan erTad peizaJis damoukidebeli
koncefciac aris. adamianis idea landSaftTan ganuyofel kavSirSi
ganixileba. nawarmoebiT ìmereTi _ dedaCemi~ daviT kakabaZe asrulebs
JanrSi warmarTul Ziebebs da amiTac bunebis prioritets aRiarebs. suraTs
simbolur mniSvnelobas, dedis saxis amaRlebul warmodgenasTan erTad,
udavod misi yofis mikrosivrcec aniWebs. es ukanaskneli iseTi
bunebriobiTaa warmodgenili, rom misi saxviTi stilizaciac ki TiTqos
uCinardeba nawarmoebis aRqmisas. aseve bunebrivia qalis plastikac. ubralo
poziT xazgasmulia landSaftTan kavSiri da saerTo ganwyoba. igi misTvis
kuTvnili sivrcis patronia da yoveldRiuri saqmianobiT masze mzrunveli.
bunebis elementebs mimarTavs kakabaZe mamis portretsa da or
avtoportretSic da, rac mTavaria, xazgasmuladac ki aRniSnavs maT
azrobriv rols, magram samive SemTxvevaSi es mxolod fonia, xolo maTi
simboluroba ufro gonebaWvretiTi xasiaTisaa da moklebulia emociaze
uSualo da pirdapiri zemoqmedebis Zalas (rasac prioritets aniWebs
kakabaZe mxatvruli nawarmoebis aRqmaSi). maTi Sinaarsi da saxviToba
gansxvavebul mxatvrul kulturebs ukavSirdeba da mcireodeni
ekleqtizmic SeaqvT suraTis formalur da azrobriv sistemaSi. amgvari
xasiaTis fonze gamoyofili figurebi xazgasmulad pozireben
(gansakuTrebiT ki avtoportretebSi). maTi Tanxvdena suraTis sibrtyesTan
108
aZlierebs pozirebis gancdas. gamosaxuleba mayureblisaTvis iqmneba,
modelis impozanturoba ki uSualo garemosTan maT gaucxoebas
ganapirobebs.
portretis Janri xazgasmulad warmoaCens kakabaZiseul mxatvrul
problemebs, saxviT Ziebebs da individualuri SemoqmedebiTi formirebis
gzas, radganac kontrastis siZlieriT ufro metad aris gamovlenili
mxatvruli saxis srulyofis mcdeloba da esTetikuri idealis
ganxorcielebisken swrafva.
peizaJisa da portretis Janris arsebiTi SemoqmedebiTi princpiebi da
mxatvruli tradiciebiT axali formaTqmnadobaa warmodgenili 1918 wels
Sesrulebul ìmerul naturmortSi~195 (sur. 31). es nawarmoebi asrulebs
mxatvris SemoqmedebiTi simwifisas gamovlenil Janrobriv da Tematikur
interess.
naturmortis arseboba aRniSnul periodSi, 1918-1919 wlebis imereTis or
peizaJTan erTad, kidev erTi cocxali magaliTis Zalas iZens Semoqmedis
mxatvruli kulturis, misi diapazonis, safuZvlebisa da miznebis srulad
danaxvisaTvis. ìmeruli naturmorti~, rogorc mxatvruli movlena,
kanonzomieri faqtic aris. daviT kakabaZis Tanadrouli kulturis
konteqstSi da miTumetes misi konkretuli saxviT-esTetikuri interesebis
fonze auxsneladac ki darCeboda am Janris warmosaxviTi ararseboba.
`cxovrebis ritmi kacis xeliT Seqmnil sagnebSi cnaurdeba~196,
aRniSnavs kakabaZe da TviTonac yofis sruliad ubralo nivTebiT
amaRlebuli xelovnebis saxierebas sTavazobs mayurebels. mxatvari
xelSesaxebad ganicdis TiToeuli nivTis saWiroebas da personificirebul
mniSvnelovnebas debs maTSi: `... TeTri naqurCelaTi pirdaculi imeruli
doqi, ori orSimo da erTi pawia Rvinis sarwyavi da erTi sarecxi.
es pawia Zvirfasi detalebia Rvinis momyvani da Rvinis moyvaruli
qveynisa.
es umniSvnelo sagnebi iseTi siyvaruliTaa gakeTebuli, ueWvelad
gagivlis aseTi azri: samSoblosadmi siyvaruli iwyeba xandaxan ara
195 t., z., 66X88, inaxeba iqve. .

196 daviT kakabaZe, iqve, gv. 77.
109
nacionaluri kulturis didi Zeglebidan, aramed umciresi wvrilmanebidan
da amis Semdeg es atavizmisagan SemorCenili reminiscencia iZleva axalsa
da axal xarisxebze aRzevebis stimuls~197.
gaurboda ra moculobis srulad, tradiciuli xerxebiT asaxvas, daviT
kakabaZem uari Tqva saganTa ganlagebis siRrmiseul ritmze da calkeuli
sagnebi, funqciurad erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli, brtyeli feradovani
zedapirebis meSveobiT gadmogvca. muqi lurji konturebis kontrastiT
TeTr, gr. robaqiZis poeturi epiTetiT _ `mtredisfer~ sufrasTan,
mxatvarma yofiTi sagnebis rafinirebuli poezia Seqmna.
kompozicia Semdgaria sami ZiriTadi feradovani sibrtye-planis
erTmaneTze proeqcirebiT: sagnebis erTmaneTSi gardamavali, TiTqmis
erTiani rigi, TeTri magida da Savi foni, romelTagan es ori ukanaskneli,
sruli gamoxatulebiT, dauSleli tonalobis, daunawevrebel,
geometrizebul formebs warmoadgens.
suraTis saxviTi niSnebi xazgasmuli funqcionirebiT da amave dros
sruli TanwyobiT yvelaze metad am nawarmoebSi vlindeba. kompoziciis
ZiriTadi plani, romelic suraTis sibrtyis Sua nawils moicavs,
naturmortis sagnebs eTmoba. mxatvari xuT sxvadasxva sagans faqturuli
diferencirebis gareSe, Savisa da yavisfris Ria da muqi tonebiT
gamosaxavs. naTeli da muqi nawilebis ganlageba ara marto zedapirisa da
siRrmis Sexamebis srulyofilebaa, aramed moculobasac aniWebs sagnebs.
amave dros Ria yavisferi toni saSualebas aZlevs mxatvars, Seamsubuqos
plastikuri forma bunebrivi sinaTlis zemoqmedebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
aseve pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT aris warmodgenili foni feriTac, misi
damuSavebis maneriTa da praqtikulad arsebuli funqciiT. TeTri feris
magidis gasagnobriveba xdeba misTvis arsebuli Savi foniT. wminda
feradovani kontrastis SeqmniT mxatvari gansxvavebul sivrcobriv planze
miuTiTebs, rasac xels uwyobs agreTve magidis kuTxovani asaxva Sav fonze.
xdeba naturmortis ormagi warmodgena. igi sagnebs TiTqos CamoTvlis
mayureblis winaSe, magram ara gansxvavebulobiT, aramed erTianis
197 k. gamsaxurdia, iqve, gv. 164.
110
SemadgenlobiT, ansamblurobiT. amaSi, garda myarad gawonasworebuli
ferweruli ritmisa, romelic igeba Savisa da yavisfris monacvleobiTa da
centris mimarT maTi simetriuli ganlagebiT, didi datvirTva eniWeba
grafikul ansambls. es ukanaskneli sakmaod erTgvarovania da Sedgenilia
urTierTgadamkveTi paraleluri xazebiTa da naxevarrkalebiT. sqeli
konturebis daunawevrebeli mTlianobiT nivTebi bareliefurobiT
gamoiyofa brtyel zedapirze. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom miuxedavad maTi
bunebrivi ubraloebisa da damajereblad myari realobisa, nawarmoebSi
TvalnaTelia inteleqturi stilizacia: muqi lurji konturebis esTeturi
feradovneba TeTrTan kontrastSi da maTi irealoba sagnebis ZiriTad
ferSi, fonis daSla-gamTlianeba ori polaruli winaaRmdegobis feriT,
sagnebis warmodgena maTTvis àrabunebriv garemoSi~ da amiT
reprezentulobis xazgasma.
saerTod, es suraTi virtuozulobis sruli gansaxierebaa, romelic
ibureba lakonizmiT ganpirobebuli TavSekavebulobiT.
ìmeruli naturmorti~ TemiTa da saxviTi eniT unikalur faqts
warmoadgens daviT kakabaZis samxatvro praqtikaSi, radgan igi Semoqmedebis
pirvel etapzeve Camoyalibebuli seriulobis miRma rCeba. Tumca, am Janris
ganvrcobas vxvdebiT misi Semoqmedebis modernistul periodSi _ kubisturi
seriis nawili swored naturmortis Janrs ganekuTvneba.
ìmeruli naturmortiT~, ìmereTis~ peizaJebTan erTad, daviT kakabaZem
sruli originalurobiT ganaxorciela peterburgSi yofnisas SeTvisebuli
modernizmis saxviTi ena. maTSi ufro metad Cans avtoris individualizmi
da SemoqmedebiTi principebi, vidre portretSi an kubizmis seriaSi.
JanrisaTvis SerCeuli Temac eTnikuri lokalurobiT gamoirCeva da
avtoriseul TavisTavadobas axal waxnags matebs.
amgvarad, Semoqmedebis pirveli periodi, romlis drosac Seiqmna
peizaJi, portreti da naturmorti, gviCvenebs kardinalur gezs saxviT-
SemecnebiTi xasiaTis umTavresi aspeqtebiT. esenia: suraTi, rogorc
damoukidebeli mniSvnelobis sagani, suraTis sivrcobrivi mimarTeba
realur garemosTan da plastikuri sxeulisa da sivrcis damokidebuleba.
kakabaZis samxatvro koncefciis ideali saxviTi sivrcis warmoCenaa,
111
romelic sxvadasxva JanrSi ganfenili mxatvruli saxis ganxorcielebis
mTavar RerZs warmoadgens.
`maSinizmisa~ da `dinamizmis~ epoqa Semoqmeds kidev erT axal
mimarTebas uCvenebs _ esaa mxatvrul realobaSi drois ganzomilebis
Setana. `dasaflaveba imereTSi~ (1913 w.)198 erTaderT kubofuturistul
kompozicias warmoadgens da modernizmis epoqiT gancdili drois
gamZafrebuli SegrZnebaa. am suraTis unikaloba, garda mxatvruli saxis
axali ganzomilebisa, imiTac vlindeba, rom saxviTi ena siuJetis
safuZvelze igeba.
suraTi Sesrulebulia im periodSi, rodesac daviT kakabaZis mxatvruli
individualoba safuZvels iqmnis. ìtaliis futurizmi Seexo mTlianad
Tanamedrove cxovrebis saxes. is aris mTeli Cveni cxovrebis axali
Semecneba. igi Seecada xelovnebis yoveli dargis ganaxlebas,
transformacias, axal gzaze gamoyvanas. umTavresad ki ganamtkica Segneba
dRevandeli cxovrebis axali aTvisebisa, Seecada aexila Tvali
adamianisaTvis maSinizmis mier Seqmnil àxal sagnebze~199 _ aRniSnavs
mxatvari nawarmoebis Seqmnidan 11 wlis Semdeg, rodesac misi SemoqmedebiTi
talanti ukve srulad aris gamovlenili da ufro aqtiurad exeba
Tanadroul evropul kulturas.
daviT kakabaZe futurizms, rogorc xelovnebis axal esTetikas, ruseTis
kulturul garemoSi ecnoba200 da misiT axorcielebs akademizmis,
salonuri xelovnebisa da impresionizmisadmi Tavis pirovnul antiTezas.
suraTis siuJeti mxolod masalaa axali plastikuri ideebis vizualuri
gamovlenisaTvis da ara TviTkmari Rirebulebis literaturuli wyaro,
romelic daiqvemdebarebda gamomsaxvelobiT saSualebaTa sistemas.
amitomacaa, rom nawarmoebis Sinaarsad, pirvel rigSi, specifikuri
saxviToba ikiTxeba da ara asaxuli konkretuli qmedeba, romelic aRqmis
procesis xangrZlivobas moiTxovs.

199 daviT kakabaZe, parizi, 1920-23 wlebi. gv. 97.
200 peterburgSi daviT kakabaZe dauaxlovda Zmeb zdaneviCebs. am periodSi ilia zdaneviCi
ukve marinetis ideebis mimdevari iyo da sakuTari manifestebic hqonda dawerili.
112
daviT kakabaZem `dasaflaveba imereTSi~ Seqmna italiuri futurizmis
fuZemdebelTa pirveli namuSevrebis TiTqmis Tanadroulad da gaiziara
maTi esTetikis ZiriTadi principebi; pirvel rigSi ki, mxatvruli drois
koncefcia, romelic `drois maradiuli ritmis~ cnebiT impresionistTa
mier yofierebis wamier aRqmas da mis fiqsacias daupirispirda.
TavSekavebuli koloritis, muq wiTel da yavisfer tonebSi
gadawyvetili suraTi gamosasaxis fragmentTa erTianobas qmnis. mkafio
konturebiT zRvruli sufTa tonebis urTierTmonacvleoba sibrtyeze
kaleidoskopuri miraJis fiqsirebis STabeWdilebas iwvevs. nawili
mianiSnebs mTelis arsebobaze, romelic mayureblis mzerisaTvis
mouxelTebelia da mxolod inteleqturi asociaciiT sruldeba. drois
garkveul grZliobaSi ganviTarebuli moqmedebis simultanuri aRqmiT
nawarmoebSi gancdili drois erTianobaze xdeba miTiTeba. gamosaxulebaSi
mTliani formis calkeul nawilebad daSliTa da maTi ramdenimejeradi
ganmeorebiT, e. w. `kinematografizmis~ meTodiT, mxatvari sxeulis dinamizms
sivrceSi warmoadgens. igi eTanxmeba plastikuri formis cvalebad
mdgomareobas, masTan erTad iSleba, kargavs logikur urTierTkavSirs da
suraTis sibrtyeze mikrosivrceebis Sejamebul saxed warmodgeba.
danawevrebul formas damorCilebuli sivrce aseTi dakninebuli saxiT
arsad gvxvdeba daviT kakabaZis ferweraSi arc manamde da arc mas mere. misi
esTetikuri ideali futuristuli mxatvrobis koncefciaSi antagonistur
Zalas xvdeba da drois dinamizmis gadmocemis amgvar saxviT ekvivalentSi
uCinardeba. amitomac sruli Semoqmedebis konteqstSi aRniSnul
kompozicias eqsperimentuli xasiaTi ufro aqvs da miuTiTebs avtoris mier
axali, individualuri saxviTi enis Ziebaze.
suraTis axali formaluri da SemecnebiTi safuZvlebis gacnobierebaSi
daviT kakabaZisaTvis Tvisebrivi mniSvneloba SeiZina kubizmma ara mxolod
xelovnebis axali esTetikiT, aramed saxviTi enis Zireuli principebis
SecvliT, riTac am mimdinareobis mxatvrebma evropuli xelovnebis
istoriaSi renesansuli epoqis Semdgom warmoadgines mxatvruli saxis
axali struqtura. Tu fovistebi ganixilavdnen suraTs, rogorc
damoukidebel mxatvrul movlenas da gamomsaxvelobis gasaZliereblad
113
mimarTavdnen realuri obieqtis eqspresiul feradovnebas formis
gamartivebiTa da proporciebis darRveviT, kubistebma pirvelad ferweris
istoriaSi uaryves aRqmuli realuri samyaros Cveuli vizualuri
kanonzomierebebi. kubistebi mTlianad ugulebelyofen sxeulis
mdgomareobis droSi dakonkretebas da, zogadad, suraTSi drois
ganzomilebis Setanas, plastikuri obieqtis droSi gansxvavebuli
mdgomareobis warmodgenas. obieqtis mravalplanianobas isini warmoaCenen
xedvis mravali wertiliT, sxvadasxva ganzomilebisa da rakursis
erTdrouli asaxviT. amiT kubistebma wamoayenes ara mxolod futurizmis,
aramed fovizmisa da eqspresionizmis antiTeza, radgan, miuxedavad am
mimdinareobebSi arsebuli mniSvnelovani xasiaTis inteleqturi
stilizaciisa, maTi Zireuli principebi renesansisa da axali drois
mxatvrobaSi kodirebuli arsis, marTalia ukidures, magram Rrma
safuZvlebiT mWidrod dakavSirebul movlenebs warmoadgens. rogorc
fovistebisaTvis, aseve eqspresionistebisaTvis ganmsazRvreli grZnobadi
samyaroa, romlis aRqmis logika jer kidev TvalnaTlivia gamZafrebul,
eqspresiulad gajerebul da utrirebul mxatvrul saxeebSi. maTTvis
suraTis Seqmnis impulsi gare samyaroa da misgan ganpirobebuli emocia,
xolo garedan miRebul masalas mxatvari sakuTari pirovnebis gziT
gamovlil mxatvrul saxed awvdis mayurebels. am ukanasknelisTvis,
miuxedavad rigi uCveulo saxviTi formisa, suraTis aRqma xdeba
tradiciuli, misTvis bunebrivi logikiTa da Sefasebis kriteriumebiT.
kubisturma xelovnebam Tavisi ganviTarebis ori faziT gamoavlina
plastikuri formis sruliad axleburi mimarTeba suraTis sibrtyesTan da
aqedan gamomdinare, mxatvrul sivrcesTanac201.
201pirveli, analitikuri periodi, gagrZelda 1912 wlamde. kubizmi am faziT svams formasa
da sivrces Soris arsebul problemas. maxvili keTdeba, pirvel rigSi, moculobaze,
romelic ganixileba `winmswrebi ideis~ rakursSi. amitomac suraTis SeqmnisaTvis obieqti
sakmaod datvirTulia Tavisi mniSvnelobiT. Tanmimdevruli analizis Sedegad mxatvari
iZleva mis axal interpretacias. materialuri moculobiTobiT igi ZalaSi rCeba, rogorc
obieqturi realoba, romelic metaforul damokidebulebaSia garemomcvel samyarosTan,
xolo sivrce arsebobs, rogorc sagnis garemocva, misi aucilebeli garemo, uromlisodac
SeuZlebeli iqneboda suraTis srulyofili vizualuri funqcionireba. kubizmis aRniSnul
fazaSi moxda axali plastikurobis srulyofili daufleba, ris Semdegac `sinTetur~
114
daviT kakabaZe mxatvruli saxis axal ideas sinTeturi kubizmiT eziara.
myarad SemuSavebuli struqturiT igi ganavrcobs formisa da sivrcis
damokidebulebis diapazons da ayalibebs maT TanabarmniSvnelovan
wyobas202. pirveli kubisturi namuSevaria 1914 wels peterburgSi Seqmnili
avtoportreti (sur. 32)203. or ZiriTad ferze agebuli sibrtyeebis
urTierTmonacvleoba mxolod suraTis dekoratiulobas emsaxureba. tilos
zedapiri ifareba wiTlisa da SavSi gardamavali muqi yavisfris
niuansirebuli tonebis koncentrirebuli naxevarwreebiT, romelTac
sazRvravs da asrulebs horizontuli da vertikaluri sqeli Savi xazebi.
kompozicia kubisturi abstraqciis STabeWdilebas tovebs. maqsimaluri
pirobiTobiT, romelic ukiduresobamde gamartivebuli formiT da
minimumamde SezRuduli feriT gamoixateba, modelTan fizikuri msgavseba
sruliad ugulebelyofilia. martivi formebis maqsimaluri ganzogadebiT,
maTi mkafio ritmikiT da mxolod saxviT saSualebebze maxviliT suraTi
upirobod, erTmniSvnelovnad dekoratiulad aRiqmeba.
daviT kakabaZis es pirveli kubisturi Txzulebac, iseve rogorc
kubofuturistuli `dasaflaveba imereTSi~, mxatvrobis axali saSualebebis
aTvisebis cdaa, magram am ukanasknelisagan gansxvavebiT, SedegiT
mravlismetyveli aRmoCnda. 1914 wlis avtoportretma mdidari safuZveli
Seuqmna mis individualur saxviT-esTetikur azrovnebas. erTi mcdeloba
sakmarisi aRmoCnda, rom ramdenime wlis Semdeg Seeqmna saxviTi metyvelebiT
gajerebuli, TviTkmar mxatvrul saxeebad ganxorcielebuli 1918-1919
wlebis ìmereTis~ peizaJebi. maT formaTqmnadobaSi swored kubisturi
xelovnebis ZiriTadi principebi Cans: suraTis sibrtyobriv-dekoratiuloba,
sagnis geometriuli transformacia da mTlianSi konstruqciuli RerZis
xazgasma mkafio grafikulobiT da farTo moxazulobis sufTa ferebis
periodSi xdeba formis diapazonis ganvrcoba suraTis sibrtyeze dekoratiuli

proeqcirebiT.
202`qarTveli futuristebi misi kubizmis momxreni iyvnen, `cisferyanwelebi” ki ufro
ìmereTis” peizaJebis cikls uWerdnen mxars. sayuradReboa, rom kakabaZis poziciebs

nawilobriv zogi oficialuri piric icavda. magaliTad, ganaTlebis komisris moadgilem
mariam oraxelaSvilma samxatvro akademiaSi erTi Tavisi gamosvlis dros SesaZleblad
aRiara kubizmis gamoyeneba Teatrsa da plakatis dargSi~. d. wereTeli, iqve, gv. 135.
203 t., z., 86X69. saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi, S. amiranaSvilis sax. Tbilisis xelovnebis
muzeumi.
115
urTierTmonacvleobiT. Semoqmedis utyuari alRoTi moZiebul kavSirze
miuTiTebs isic, rom misi xelovnebis modernistuli periodi kubizmiT
iwyeba. pirveli kompoziciis Seqmnidan eqvsi wlis Semdeg daviT kakabaZe mas
sakuTari Semoqmedebis kanonzomier movlenad warmoadgens.
1920 wels, rodesac iqmneba am seriis ferweruli suraTebi204 (sur. 33-37),
kubizmi parizisaTvis ukve ganvlili etapia, Tumca kubizmis fuZemdebeli
pikaso (da sxva mxatvrebic) kvlavindeburad ganagrZobda kubisturi
kompoziciebis Seqmnas. daviT kakabaZe aaxlebs kubizmisadmi interess da 1914
wlis avtoportretTan SedarebiT axal xarisxSi ahyavs igi. èrTi weliwadi
arc ki gavida da d. kakabaZe ubralo mayureblidan parizis mxatvruli
cxovrebis kanonmdeblad iqca. parizSi igi xvdeboda pikasos, derensa da
sxva mxatvrebs, maiakovskis, esenins, ilia zdaneviCs. yuradRebis centrSi
yovelTvis iyo sami qarTveli mxatvris – d. kakabaZis, l. gudiaSvilis da S.
qiqoZis gamofenebi~205.
1920 wlis seria srulyofilad gamoxatavs kubizmis metaforul enas,
xolo ukve gaTavisebuli axali saxviTi wyoba mxatvars saSualebas aZlevs,
gaafarToos suraTis esTetikuri plani. mocemuli seriiT daviT kakabaZem
gamoamJRavna evropul mimdinareobasTan Tanxmiereba ara marto esTetikiTa
da mxatvruli struqturiT, aramed Janrobriv-Tematuri da koloritis
xasiaTiTac. peizaJi da naturmorti, rogorc sinTeturi kubizmis ZiriTadi
Janrebi misTvisac ganmsazRvrelia. figuruli kompozicia gamonaklisis
saxiT arsebobs (`kompozicia ori figuriT~ (1920 w.) koloriti Savis,
yavisfris sxvadasxva tonebis da TeTris geometriuli formebis
kombinaciiT igeba da TavSekavebul lakonizms amJRavnebs. ufro intensiur
ferebs vxvdebiT naturmortis JanrSi, sadac kubisturi mimdinareobisTvis
saxasiaTo ferebSi aqtiur maxvilebad erTveba narinjisferi, muqi
iasamnisferi da mowiTalo-yavisferi.
saerTod, pikasosa da brakis sinTeturi kubizmis msgavsad, daviT
kakabaZis am seriis yvela suraTi inarCunebs gamomsaxvelobiT aspeqts.
naturmortebSi, miuxedavad minimaluri faqturuli daxasiaTebisa, mxatvari
204
seriis 19 kompozicia (muy., z., 52X62 an 62X52) inaxeba q-n eTer andronikaSvilis
koleqciaSi.
116
mainc aRwevs sxvadasxva sagnis Semcvlel feradovan sibrtyeTa
diferencirebas. aseve mxolod naturmortisTvisaa saxasiaTo calkeul
sworkuTxa formaTa erTi kuTxis momrgvalebuli, naxevarwriuli
daboloeba, rasac fragmentulad CarTul martiv ornamentebTan erTad
saerTo emociur aRqmaSi lirizmis ganwyoba Seaqvs. am aspeqtiT aRsaniSnavia
peizaJis JanrSi Seqmnili kompoziciebi, sadac unificirebulia faqturuli
daxasiaTeba. gamosaxulebaSi arqiteqturuli formebi miTiTebulia maTi
zogadi konstruqciuli xasiaTiT. ufro axlos nagulisxmevi formebi ki
daxasiaTebulia moculobiTi parametrebiT. amas emateba lapidaruli
xasiaTis, arqiteqturis funqciasTan dakavSirebuli warwerebi. sinTetur
kubizmSi (pikaso, braki, leJe) gaCenili diferencirebis es niSani daviT
kakabaZesTan naturmortis JanrSic arsebobs, magram gamomsaxvelobis
TvalsazrisiT peizaJSi meti siZlieriT figurirebs.
kubisturi seriis yvela kompoziciaSi, erTi principiT, gamosaxulebis
feradovani sibrtyeebi TiTqmis mTlianad faravs suraTis zedapirs. muqi
fonebis viwro zolebi odnv moCans ZiriTadi formebis irgvliv206.
geometriuli proeqcireba xdeba ara mxolod saerTo fonze, aramed, pirvel
rigSi, erTmaneTze. mijriT miwyobili sxvadasxva forma nawilobriv faravs
erTmaneTs. zedxedSi aRqmas emateba gamosasaxi obieqtis didi distanciac,
rodesac mxolod zogadi kriteriumebiT Cans sagani. peizaJSi ki aseT
xedvasTan erTobaSia moZravi xedvis wertili, romelic mWvreteli mxatvris
pozicias amJRavnebs. futuristul kompoziciaSi aRniSnuli
kaleidoskopuroba aqac iCens Tavs, magram gamomsaxvelobis saSualebaTa
rafinirebuli TanwyobiT SemTxveviTobisa da qaoturobis nacvlad
mxatvruli fragmentulobis STabeWdileba iqmneba. kubistur peizaJebSi
kaleidoskopuroba emsaxureba ara drois cvalebadobasa da mis ritms,
aramed moculobiTi formisa da damkvirvebeli subieqtis sivrceSi
gansxvavebuli mdebareobis Cvenebas. kompoziciebSi naTlad aRiqmeba axlos
myofi samganzomilebiani formebi da ufro Sori xedebi sruli sworkuTxa
sibrtyobriobiT. sivrcis Cvenebas emsaxureba ganaTebis xasiaTic. sinaTlis
205
k. zdaneviCi, iqve, gv. 163.
206
pikasosTan da kubisturi mimdinareobis sxva mxatvrebTan bevr kompoziciaSi fonis
funqcia xazgasmuladaa gamokveTili.
117
wyaros miuniSneblad xdeba naTeli ferebis kontrasti Cabnelebul, muq,
magram mainc mkafio sazRvrebis mqone ferebTan. warwerebic ki sxvadasxva
feradovan planzea ganTavsebuli. am xerxiT xdeba formaTa amoZraveba, rac
xedvis sivrcul dinamizms gulisxmobs207. sivrce plastikurobis
ganuyofel nawilad iqceva.
daviT kakabaZis kubisturi ferweris orive ZiriTadi Janri saxasiaTo
TematikiT gamoirCeva. peizaJi urbanistuli, aqtiuri kulturuli cxovrebis
mqone evropuli qalaqis anareklia208. naturmortSic aSkaraa artistuli
samyaros gavlena, romelic SerCeuli sagnebis saxesa da funqciebSi
vlindeba. am JanrTa Tematika ki erTiandeba `kompoziciaSi ori figuriT~
(sur. 38).
orive Janri kompoziciuri struqturisa da formalur saSualebaTa
xasiaTis mTlianobas amJRavnebs. maTSi naTlad aris gamoxatuli stilis
erTianoba, rac Semoqmedebis pirvel etapzeve dasrulebuli formiTa da
misi niSnebis mkafio diferencirebiT gamovlinda. kubizmis seriaSic
kakabaZisaTvis àxali realoba~, garda plastikis Tvisebrivi
gansxvavebulobisa, konkretuli siRrmis gareSe myofi, SemousazRvravi
mxatvruli sivrcea. am sakiTxSi igi srul originalobas amJRavnebs
kubizmis fuZemdebelTa Semoqmedebis fonze. gamokveTilad TavSekavebuli
koloritiT da sibrtyeze proeqcirebuli geometriuli formebis daxris
kuTxis varirebiT iqmneba Sidakompoziciuri dinamizmi, romelic aviTarebs
sivrcis ideas. am mxriv pikasos sinTeturi kubizmis nawarmoebebi, misive
analitikuri periodisagan gansxvavebiT, mJReri da kontrastze agebuli
koloritiT gamoirCeva209. mxatvars kompoziciebSi muq yavisferTan, Savsa da
TeTrTan erTad Tamamad Seaqvs aqtiuri wiTeli, mwvane da cisferi
(ìtalieli qali~ (1917 w.)210 (sur. 39, àrlekini gitariT~ (1918 w.)211 (sur. 40),
207 renesansuli, erT wertilze fiqsirebuli cali TvaliT xedvis nacvlad kubisturi
mimdinareobis umTavresi principia orive moZravi TvaliT danaxuli sagani da xedi.
208 mxatvruli asociaciiT igi gr. robaqiZis `malStremis~ saxviTi analogiis
STabeWdilebas warmoSobs. niSandoblivia, rom am piesis sandro axmeteliseul dadgmaSi

irakli gamrekelma kakabaZis kubizmTan monaTesave dekoracia gamoiyena.
209 aseTive koloritia kubizmis sxva warmomadgenlebTanac.
210 t., z., 149X102.
211 t., z., 26X20.
118
`sami musikosi~ (1921 w.)212 (sur. 41), xolo kompoziciebSi, sadac SedarebiT
tonalur erTianobas misdevs, saxezea feris intensivoba. aseTia: `kaci
mandoliniT~ (1912 w.)213 (sur. 42). pikasos kompoziciebSi ufro metad aris
warmodgenili sibrtyobrivi dekoratiuloba. mxatvris yuradReba umetesad
saganze maxvildeba da mis diferencirebas feris saSualebiT axdens. amave
aspeqtSi saxasiaToa feradovan sibrtyeTa koncentrireba suraTis
vertikaluri RerZis garSemo, maTi daxrilobis mcire kuTxe, riTac
sivrceSi gansxvavebul mdgomareobaze metad kompoziciaSi maT plastikur
erTianobas esmeba xazi. gaston dili pikasos suraTis plastikur wyobas
melodiurobas ukavSirebs da musikaluri asociaciebiTa da terminologiiT
ganmartavs mxatvris 1910-1920-ani wlebis kompoziciebs214. am mimarTebiT
kakabaZis kompoziciebs arqiteqturisaTvis saxasiaTo teqtonika gamoarCevs.
àr SeiZleba iTqvas, rom erTxel mocemuli plastikuri forma
samudamod unda arsebobdes. adamianis axal kulturul Sinaarss esaWiroeba
axali plastikuri xelovneba~215 _ aRniSnavs daviT kakabaZe da sakuTar
SemoqmedebaSive axorcielebs am damokidebulebas. kubizmis saxviTi da
simboluri enis srulyofili gansaxierebis Semdgom, formis Tvisebriobis
gansja mas axal, kubizmis sruliad sawinaaRmdego esTetikas sTavazobs. igi
geometriul formebs cocxali sxeulis denadad gardamaval plastikas
upirispirebs. am principiT 1922-1924 wlebSi asrulebs serias `feradovani
siluetebi sivrceSi~216 (sur. 43-46). masSi ori, formaluri saSualebebiT
igiveobrivi, magram saxviTobiT gansxvavebuli tendencia SeimCneva. erTSi,
Janrisa da Temisagan Tavisufali, daSlili, ganyenebuli formis
abstrahirebuli saxe, xolo meoreSi _ gamomsaxveloba. maT pirobiTad
ewodebaT ìalqniani navebi~ (1923 w.) da `kaci da xeebi~ (an `zRvis fskerze~)
(1924 w.).
zogadi struqturiT, formaluri xerxebiTa da suraTis emociuri
gavleniT aRniSnuli seriac erT mTlianobas warmoadgens. misi mxatvruli
212 t., z., 200X247.

213 t., z., 61X37.
214 Gaston Diehl. Picasso. Paris, 1960, p. 47-48.
215 daviT kakabaZis suraTebis gamofena. parizi. 1920-27. dasax. Txz. kreb., gv. 146.
216 6 kompozicia, t., z., 80X100, 1923 w., 119X98, 1923 w., 52X62, 1922 w., 82X100, 1924 w., 52X45, 1924
w., q-n eTer andronikaSvilis koleqcia.
119
mizani feris asociaciiT miRebuli sivrcis Cvenebaa. kompozicia igeba
TavisTavSi grafikulad dasrulebuli denadi formebis kombinaciiT.
momrgvalebulobisaken swrafva maT naZerw xasiaTs gamokveTs. SeimCneva
erTgvari rustikulobac ki, rac iqmneba sufTa tonebiT agebuli mcire
formebis gamartivebuli grafikiTa da maTi kompaqturi TanwyobiT. sqeli,
daunawevrebeli, mdore ritmis moxazulobebi feradovnebis gamoyofas ufro
uwyobs xels, vidre wminda grafikulobas. am mimarTebaSi niSandoblivia
agreTve kompoziciaSi ormagi fonis principi. muq fonze gamosaxuli Ria
da intensiuri feris formebi saerTo moxazulobiT maT uSualo fonTan
SedarebiT Ria, aseve neitralur ferze Tavsdeba. abrisebis daunawevrebeli
mTlianobiT gamowveul simartives formis mxriv amsubuqebs da
koloritulad amdidrebs talRovani moxazulobis Ria ferebis
Tanabarzomieri monacvleoba Sida sazRvrebSi. muqi da Ria ferebis
ritmuli intervalebi simSvidisa da harmoniis STabeWdilebas ganapirobebs.
abstrahirebul kompoziciebSi erTi da imave feris mravaljeradi ritmuli
gameoreba sxva ferTan monacvleobaSi, mTliani formis fragmentulobis,
xolo misi daSliloba sivrceSi ganviTarebis, maTi denadi moZraobis
asociaciebs iwvevs. mxatvris mier zustad mignebuli palitra haeris
SegrZnebasac ki badebs mayurebelSi da, rac mTavaria, amas igi axerxebs ara
mxolod sapirispiro grZlivobis _ wiTlisa da cisfris, aramed Tbili
ferebis _ wiTlisa da yviTlis gamoyenebiTac.
analogiuri xasiaTiT, oRond ramdenadme ufro dakonkretebuli TemiT
gamoirCeva e. w. ìalqniani navebi~ (sur. 43). masSi sivrcobrioba wylis
talRovani zedapirisa da navis mimaniSnebeli formebis moncvleobiT
iqmneba. am kompoziciaSi feri da xazi erTmaneTs Tanxvdeba. lokaluri,
sufTa ferebi, msgavsad danarCeni kompoziciebisa, suraTis dekoratiul
saxierebas swevs wina planze. feris problemis mxriv mcireodeni
gansxvaveba SeimCneva kompoziciaSi `kaci da xeebi~ anu `zRvis fskerze~
(sur. 44). masSi ramdenimejer arRvevs mxatvari feris mkacr lokalurobas
da ori feris TandaTanobiTi SereviT msubuq, erTgvarad wylis didi masis
siRrmeSi danaxviT ganpirobebul Serbilebul gadasvlebs qmnis. adamianis
figura, iseve rogorc ori xis gamTlianebuli, plastikurad
120
daunawevrebeli formebi, bunebrivad, wyalSi danaxulis msgavsebaa, rodesac
mouqneloba da rbili denadoba Tanaarsebuli Tvisebaa. am suraTis TemiT
TiTqos ufro TvalsaCino xdeba 1923 wlis ori abstraqtuli kompoziciis
mxatvrul STabeWdilebaTa ambivalenturi xasiaTi. TemasTan arsebuli
asociaciebis miuxedavad, mxatvari arsad uaryofs sakuTar gamomsaxvelobiT
principebs. igi kompoziciaSi inarCunebs formaTa ganawilebis harmonias,
rac dekoratiulobasTan erTad suraTis saxviTobas zomierebas da
gawonasworebulobas aniWebs. mxatvruli sivrce feris sakiTxiT _ metad da
naklebad ganaTebuli nawilebis kontrastiT aris gadmocemuli, ra Tqma
unda, ganaTebisa da misgan gamowveuli movlenebis miuniSneblad.
rafinirebuli artistizmiT gamoirCeva e. w. `palitra~ (1924 w.) (sur. 46).
igi embrionis saxviTi analogic aris, rac daviT kakabaZis modernistuli
seriebis konteqstSi, ufro logikuria. kompozicia agebulia elifsuri,
geometriuli sizustis moxazulobis mqone formiT. TeTrisa da yviTlis
msubuqi, spiraliseburi moZraoba Sav fonze daxvewilobiT gamorCeul
denadobas qmnis.
kakabaZis es seria gamomsaxvelobis saSualebaTa xasiaTiTa da wyobiT,
da, rac mTavaria, formis substanciuri xedviT arsebiT polemikaSia
kubizmis saxviT da esTetikur principebTan. pirveladi formis
radikalurad gansxvavebuli gaazreba suraTis mxatvruli saxierebis axal
models qmnis, romlis ganvrcoba da SesaZleblobaTa sazRvrebis
gafarToeba xdeba or Semdgom seriaSi: 1924-1925 wlebSi kolaJis teqnikiT
Sesrulebul da 1926-1927 wlebis abstraqtul kompoziciebSi.
kolaJi masaliT ganpirobebuli TvisebiT suraTis tradiciulisagan
gansxvavebul teqsturul xasiaTs qmnis. modernistuli xelovnebis es dargi
sinTezuri kubizmis paraleluri movlenaa da literaturulobisagan
Tavisufali saxviTobis kidev erTi demonstracia. pikasosa da brakis mier
Seqmnili xelovnebis am axali saxis Sesaxeb timoTi hiltoni aRniSnavs
kubizmSi arsebuli sofistikis rols, kerZod _ suraTis realobisa da
yofis realobis gansxvavebulobis waSlas, radganac maT surdaT, xazi
gaesvaT imisaTvis, rom kubisturi suraTi arafrisgan, miTumetes
121
literaturulisgan ar iRebs saTaves, da aqve amatebs mkvlevari, rom es
azric am mimdinareobis konceptualuri bunebiT ganisazRvreba217.
raoden mZafr reaqciadac ar unda ikiTxebodes kubisturi xelovnebis
wiaRidan aRmocenebuli es axali dargi tradiciul zeTis ferwerasTan
mimarTebaSi, mainc naTelia pirvelive namuSevrebSi arsebuli
gamomsaxvelobiTobis aqtualoba Janrisa da Temis mkafio xasiaTiT. 1912
wels, maisSi pikaso pirvelad qmnis kolaJis teqnikiT naturmorts (sur. 47),
romlisTvisac irCevs Tanadrouli kafesTvis saxasiaTo sagnebs: Wiqas,
limons, gazeTs. mWidrod grexili TokiT mTlianad SemosazRvruli
ovaluri formis suraTis saxviT da teqsturul planebs mniSvnelovnad
gansazRvravs dawebebuli muSamba, romelic dawnuli skamis imitaciaa.
zafxulis Semdeg ukve JorJ brakic mimarTavs pikasos magaliTs, rodesac
isini erTad muSaoben avinionis maxloblad. braki yidulobs maRaziis
vitrinaSi SemCneul Spalers xis panelis imitaciiT da sworkuTxa
formebad daWrils awebebs suraTis zedapirze. amiT igi aigivebs xis
sagnebTan da suraTSi naturmortis elementebis gancda Semoaqvs. amis
Semdeg, mTeli 1913 wlis manZilze, pikasosa da brakis SemoqmedebiTi
interesi kolaJia. maT male SeuerdaT espaneTidan parizSi axalCasuli xuan
grisi, romelmac gaiziara kubizmi da misi esTetika218.
pikasosa da brakisTvis kolaJi sinTeturi kubizmis xasiaTSi Setanili
kidev erTi mniSvnelovani Srea, romlis TviTmyofadoba suraTis mxatvrul
sistemaSi sagnobrivi masalis aqtiuri CarTviT iqmneba. amitomac, xSir
SemTxvevaSi am periodis maTi namuSevrebi kubisturi suraTis mxatvruli
saxis mTlianobaSi gansxvavebuli teqnikuri saSualebebis gamoyenebiT
xasiaTdeba. suraTis sibrtyeze dawebebuli mza, materialuri sagnebi
tradiciul zeTis ferwerasTan bunebriv konteqstSi ikiTxeba da
geometrizirebuli formebiT saerTo struqturis organul nawilebs qmnis
(mag.: pikasos `gitara~ (1913 w.) (sur. 48)219 da `studenti gazeTiT~ (1913-1914
ww.) (sur. 49)220. kubizmis meore fazis mxatvrul sinTeturobas
217 Timothy Hilton. Picasso. London, 1975, p. 118-119.

218 iqve, gv. 120.
219 qaR., fanq., melani. 26 1/8 X 19 1/2,
220 muy., z., 25,3 X18,2.
122
paralelurad arsebuli novatoruli da tradiciuli masalebis
Tanaarsebobac emateba. kubizmis klasikosebisaTvis kolaJi materialuri
sagnis mxatvruli gansaxierebis axali SesaZlebloba aRmoCnda, romlisadmi
interesic kvlav suraTSi formis interpretaciiT ganisazRvra. amitomac
naTlad aRsaqmeli Janri da Tema am àraferweruli~ suraTebisaTvis
Tanmdevi movlenebia.
daviT kakabaZisTvis, romelic Tavis serias qmnis evropuli kolaJis
pirveli nimuSebidan Tormeti wlis Semdeg, modernistuli suraTis es
axali saxe sakuTari esTetikuri idealis gamovlenisaTvis axali gzis
miniSneba aRmoCnda221 (sur. 50-58). kolaJis saxasiaTo niSani _ suraTis
sibrtyis konkretuli sagnebiT organizeba _ teqnikuri siaxliT
bunebrivad SeuTavsda kakabaZiseul mxatvruli nawarmoebis koncefcias.
aRniSnuli seriis TiToeuli nimuSi isevea àdamianis xeliT nakeTebi~,
rogorc sxva yvela sagani. `keTebis~ principi masSi praqtikulad vlindeba
da SedegiT sruliad TviTmyofad esTetikurobas aRwevs. `zedapiris
gabrwyinvalebiT~222 Seqmnili sivrce materialurad xelSesaxebi
safuZvlisaa. winamorbed seriebSi formis struqturiT ganpirobebul
sivrcobriobis gancdas enacvleba sarkisebri zedapiriT realuri sivrcis
arekvla da suraTis sibrtyesTan misi dakavSireba. kompoziciis
materialuri nawilebis fizikuri TvisebebiT mxatvari amTlianebs
obieqturs warmosaxviTTan da mxatvruli qmnilebiT maT erTgvar
identificirebas axdens. sarkeebisa da linzebis CarTviT xdeba realuri
sivrcis arekvla da nawarmoebis sivrcobrivi diapazonis gafarToeba223.
mayurebeli xedavs ra Tavis Tavs suraTis sibrtyeze areklils (umciresi
masStabiT), sakuTari emociiT ufro aqtiurad ukavSirdeba mas. aqedan
gamomdinare, TiToeuli kompoziciis gamomsaxveloba variaciulia
interierisa da mayureblis gaTvaliswinebiT. kakabaZe mxatvruli sivrcis
2219 kompozicia: xe, mina, liToni, tempera, 75 X60, 1924 w., xe, kilita, mina, liToni, 25 X35,
1925 w., xe, mina, liToni, kilita, 65 X50, 1924 w., xe, zeTi, mina, 50X35, 1924 w., xe, kilita,
mina, liToni, 25 X35, 1925 w., xe, mina, liToni, tempera, 75 X59, 1924 w., xe, mina, liToni,
tempera, 61 X46, 1924 w., xe, mina, liToni, tempera, 50 X38, 1924 w., xe, mina, liToni, tempera,
75 X60, 1924 w. inaxeba iqve.
222 mxatvris terminia.
123
aqtualobas masalis specifikiT aviTarebs. sivrcis gadmocemis saxviTi
xerxebis Ziebisas igi aRniSnavs: `dinamiuri sivrcis eqspresia dRes
gadmoicema brtyel zedapirze ori saSualebiT: zedapiris gabrwyinvalebiT
da feradobiT. maSinizmis mier nakeT yoveli sagnis zedapirs
abrwyinvaleben, raTa realuri misi arseboba ganmtkicebuli iyos.
gabrwyinvalebuli zedapiri, romelSiac, rogorc sarkeSi Cans sxvadasxva
mravalferovani sibrtyeebi da saxeebi, saukeTeso saSualebaa, vidre
plastikuri ornamenti, romelic gamosaxavs sivrces statikur sferoSi.
gabrwyinvalebul zedapirze ornamentuli gamosaxva zedmetia da
SeuZlebelic, vinaidan plastikuri ornamenti qreba gabrwyinvalebuli
zedapiris siRrmeSi~224.
daviT kakabaZis kolaJebSi arsebuli masala raodenobis ukiduresi
simciriT gamoirCeva. mxolod ori, zedapiris bzinviT monaTesave, liTonis
rkalebisa da mosarkuli minis mrgvali formebis kombinaciebiT aris
Semdgari suraTis saxe. maT urTierTSexamebaSi Cveuli lakonizmi SeimCneva.
ferweris tradiciul saSualebebs mniSvnelobiT daqvemdebarebuli funqcia
aqvs. zeTiT an temperiT, pulverizatoris saSualebiT dafarul ficris
zedapirze iqmneba erTgvarovani, gluvi foni, romelzec konturuli
simkveTriT ikiTxeba liToniTa da miniT Sedgenili reliefebi. zogierT
SemTxvevaSi fonad iyenebs agreTve kilitas. sibrtyeze dawebebis xasiaTiT
es masala odnav talRovan zedapirs qmnis, magram am SemTxvevaSic
SenarCunebulia neitraluri feradovneba.
kompoziciis struqtura sibrtyis centrSi formaTa vertikaluri
ganawilebiT aris Semdgari. tipuria mTavar elementad grexili an mrgvali
formis liTonis ReriT Seqmnili, zeda nawilSi wriulad an
naxevarwriulad damTavrebuli, grZivi mimarTulebiT mimagrebuli rkali.
misi farTo nawili xSirad Sevsebulia liTonisave wriT an mrgvali
223 sivrcis gasafarToeblad d. kakabaZem sarkeebi gamoiyena TeatrSic, e. toleris piesis

“hoopla, Cven vcovxlobT!” marjaniSviliseuli dadgmis dekoraciebSi.
224 daviT kakabaZe, parizi, 1924-25 wlebi, gv. 127. daviT kakabaZis mier mocemul am
daxasiaTebaSi kargad Cans filipo marinetis Sexeduleba, romelic formirebulia

futuristebis pirvelive manifestSi, sadac aRiarebulia mbzinavi zedapiriT
ganpirobebuli XX s-is manqanuri warmoebis esTetika.
124
sarkiT. rkalebi kompoziciuri dominantia, romelic aerTianebs da
iqvemdebarebs sxva, ufro mcire formebs. maTgan ZiriTadia sxvadasxva
zomis, Tanabari intervaliT ganawilebuli wreebi, Semdeg _ rombebi, xolo
ufro iSviaTad _ samkuTxedebi. es detalebi Tavsdeba rkalis sazRvrebSi
anda ganawilebis principiT dominantis analogiur abriss qmnis.
geometriuli sizustis formebis mwyobr ansamblSi xasiaTis
srulyofisaTvis gamoyenebul niuansebad aRiqmeba arawesieri, denadi
konturebiT zRvruli, abstraqtuli formebi. kolaJebSi maTi arseboba wina
ferweruli seriis reminiscenciebs badebs, magram abstrahirebuli
plastikuri formebis nacvlad mxatvari aq martivi geometriuli sxeulebis
ierarqiulad ganWvretil wesrigs iZleva. TiToeuli forma uSualod
miemarTeba meores da mTlianobaSi iqmneba Tanabarzomieri urTierTkavSiri,
rac suraTis zedapiris ansambluri mTlianobis gancdas badebs
mayurebelSi. garda ritmul-grafikuli xasiaTisa, meore mxriv,
harmoniulobis aRqmis Zlier impulss warmoadgens wris formisadmi xSiri
mimarTva. wre _ Tavis TavSi dasrulebuli mTlianoba _ kolaJebis
kompoziciebSi xSirad erTiani ritmuli jgufis elementad Cndeba. saerTo
fonze intervaluri gameoreba aZlierebs formis zemoqmedebis Zalas, miT
umetes, rom jgufiT Seqmnili zogadi abrisic rkaluria. amitomac,
miuxedavad kompoziciis elementTa aSkarad gamokveTili geometriulobisa,
suraTs axasiaTebs denadobiT ganmsWvaluli dinamizmi. zedapirze
ganawilebuli, gasagnobrivebuli formebi suraTze aRuniSnavi centrisken
miemarTeba. calke gamoyofili detalic ki moxazulobiT an faqturiT
mTlianis ganuyofeli nawili xdeba. mTavari rkalebi, romlebic cal
mxares `gaxsnilia~, vizualurad ivseba sxva detalebis dinamikuri
ritmulobiT. gamosaxulebas erTgvarad asrulebs rkalebis reliefurobis
xazgasasmelad gamoyenebuli modelireba zeTiT an temperiT. maTi msubuqi
CarTva liTonisa da minis faqturaSi emociurad aZlierebs suraTs da
xazgasmiT warmoaCens bevrad ufro Ria feris fonis neitralurobas. fonis
intervalebs formaTa Soris pauzis roli eniWeba da erTian ritmSi
zomierebis TavSekavebuloba Seaqvs.
125
aseTi ZiriTadi principebiT iqmneba kakabaZis kolaJebis axali masaliT
moZiebuli sivrcis TanabarmniSvnelovani dekoratiuloba. am aspeqtiT aris
ganpirobebuli sruli pirobiTobiT arsebuli suraTis CarCo, romelic
feriT da masze ganawilebuli mcire zomis liTonis formebiT asrulebs
mxatvruli nawarmoebis dekoratiul mTlianobas.
aRniSnuli teqnikiT daviT kakabaZem kubizmis klasikosebisagan
gansxvavebuli mxatvruli mizani daisaxa. Janrisa da Temis sruli
ugulebelyofiT man Seqmna formis sinatifiT da masalis faqturiT
esTetizirebuli suraTis saxe, romelSic ganaxorciela sakuTari ferweris
umTavresi Tviseba _ sivrcis asaxva. warmodgenili kolaJis seria qarTveli
mxatvris individualuri esTetikaa modernizmis mravalplanian mxatvrul
koncefciaSi. es aris suraTisa da reliefis sinTezirebuli saxviTi forma,
romliTac gamoixata formisa da masalis, sagnisa da sivrcis
damokidebuleba. `maSinizmis~ epoqis dinamikuri sivrce suraTis teqsturis
Tvisebrivad axali saxiT da plastikis funqciis novatoruli principebiT
iqmneba. kakabaZiseuli kolaJis koncefcia, eyrdnoba ra sivrcis gadmocemis
Tanamedrove formebs, mxatvrulad axorcielebs rogorc ornamentuli
reliefis istoriul evolucias modernizmis cnobierebasTan mimarTebaSi,
aseve aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis xelovnebaTa mxatvruli
saxierebisaTvis saxasiaTo sivrcis gadmocemis principul sxvaobas. mbzinavi
da amreklavi zedapiris mqone masaliT Seqmnili variaciuloba da saxviTi
sivrcis gafarToeba aRmosavleTis xelovnebaSi arsebul SemousazRvrav
sivrculobas ukavSirdeba. amave dros kakabaZe kolaJis seriiT
praqtikulad axorcielebs polemikas evropuli funqcionalizmis
warmomadgenelTan _ adolf loosTan, romelic, mimdinareobis ZiriTadi
debulebebidan gamomdinare, sruliad uaryofda ornamentis rols
Tanamedrove xelovnebaSi. kakabaZe aRniSnavs, rom `Tu saWiroa Zebna Cveni
epoqis plastikuri ornamentis Sinaarsisa, is warmodgenilia dinamiuri
sivrcis gadmosacem saSualebebSi _ zedapiris gabrwyinvalebis TvisebaSi,
SuSebis da sarkeebis dalagebis xasiaTze, misgan gamomdinare Suqis da
sinaTlis ZalaSi da im feradebSi, romelTac siRrmis gadmocema axasiaTebs.
(...)
126
plastikuri xelovnebis axali forma SesaZlebelia Seiqmnes am axali
materialuri saSualebebis SemweobiT.
dRevandeli arqiteqturis formac dinamiuri sivrcis gadmosacem axal
materialur saSualebebSi unda veZeboT~225.
daviT kakabaZis kolaJi saxviT-teqsturuli aspeqtebiT originaluri
mxatvruli movlenaa modernizmis xelovnebaSi. igi dazguri suraTis
struqturaSi Setanili reliefiT principul funqcias umkvidrebs saxviTi
xelovnebis esTetikur mniSvnelovnebas.
qarTveli modernisti mxatvris Semoqmedebis es periodi sruldeba
abstraqtuli ferweriT. igi kubizmis Semdgomi seriebis gamomsaxvelobiTi
xasiaTiT da zogadad 1918-1919 wlebis imereTis peizaJebsa da naturmortSi
arsebuli mxatvruli ganzogadebis ZaliT sruliad bunebriv SemoqmedebiT
nabijs warmoadgens. suraTisTvis SerCeuli obieqtiTa da gamomsaxvelobiTi
principebiT abstraqcia daviT kakabaZesTan saxezea seriiT `feri sivrceSi~.
arsebiTad, 1926-1927 wlebis seriebi dasruleba da, SeiZleba iTqvas,
zRvruli gamoxatulebaa misi konceptualuri da mxatvruli migneba-
warmodgenebisa. suraTisaTvis wminda saxviTi saSualebebis gamoyeneba,
konturis damoukidebeli roli, gacxadebuli jer kidev 1914 wlis
deklaraciiT, literaturulobasTan dapirispireba, rac kubizmis Semdgom
Janrisa da Temis srul uaryofas gvaZlevs, mxatvruli nawarmoebis
esTetikuri planis gafarToeba da, pirvel yovlisa, misi emociiT aRqma am
seriiT gamovlenil gamaxvilebul aspeqtebs warmoadgens.
Aabstraqtuli mxatvroba daviT kakabaZisTvis ara mxolod evropuli
modernizmis mimdinareobaa, aramed sakuTari sabunebismetyvelo
eqsperimentebis mxatvruli Sedegic _ peterburgis pasteris institutSi
warmoebuli mikroskopuli dakvirvebebis ferweruli saxe. 1927 wlis seriis
erT-erTi kompozicia cocxali ujredis pirdapiri asaxvaa suraTze.
daviT kakabaZis abstraqciebi ori ZiriTadi tipisagan Sedgeba. 1926 wlis
kompoziciebi uSualod kolaJis seriis Semdgomi movlenaa da masSi
225
daviT kakabaZe, xelovneba da sivrce, parizi, 1924-25 wlebi. dasax. Txz. kreb., gv. 128.
127
warmodgenili dekoratiuli mxatvrulobis ferwerul ekvivalents qmnis226
(sur. 59-60). serias mxatvarma `sagani sivrceSi~ uwoda, riTac maqsimalurad
daakonkreta saxviTi problema. 1914 wlis kubisturi avtoportretiT
dawyebuli formaTa geometriuli transformireba, kolaJis msgavsad, aqac
geometriuli sxeulebis pirdapiri gamosaxviT sruldeba.
kvadratulTan axlos mdgomi suraTis gamosaxuleba kolaJis
kompoziciaTa xasiaTsa da struqturas ganavrcobs. mxatvruli Canafiqris
identurobaze metyvelebs suraTis CarCoebis analogiuri gaazrebac _ maTze
arsebuli liTonis geometriuli formebi da kompoziciis ZiriTadi feris
gadasvla.
1926 wlis abstraqciebic, iseve rogorc kolaJebi, struqturuli
elementebis ukiduresi simartiviTa da simciriT gamoirCeva, magram maTi
simartive, 1914 wlis avtoportretisagan gansxvavebiT, arc daumuSavebeli
formiT da arc misi feradovan-grafikuli predikatebis mravaljeradi
ganmeorebadobiT ar xasiaTdeba. simartive am seriaSi, pirvel rigSi, formis
pirveladobas da mis Seudgenel saxes gulisxmobs. mxatvari ZiriTadad
iyenebs wres an wrfes, romelic an sworxazovania, anda rkaluri formebis
krebiTobaa. aseTi martivi saSualebebiT iqmneba agreTve gamosaxulebebi,
romlebic embrionis anda cocxali ujredis Semadgeneli nawilebis
asociaciebs ganapirobebs. mkafio sazRvrebis mqone formebi naTlad
aRsaqmel mTlianobaSi erTiandeba. sivrcis gancdisaTvis gamoyenebulia
formis moxazulobis gameoreba analogiuri feradovani siluetiT misgan
gansxvavebul, erTgvarad àcdenil” sibrtyeze, riTac naCvenebia misi
siRrmeSi ganviTareba. kolaJSi arsebuli masaliT ganpirobebuli realuri
sivrculoba calkeuli feris msubuqi damuSavebiTa da erTmaneTTan
kontrastuli SexebiT icvleba. emociur datvirTvas didwilad civi da
Tbili ferebis Tanwyoba ganapirobebs. koloritic lakonizmiTa da
sisadaviT gamoirCeva. sami-oTxi mkveTrad gansxvavebuli feri erTmaneTTan
harmoniuladaa Sexamebuli da sivrcis STabeWdilebisaTvis wminda
ferwerul logikas warmoadgens; magaliTad: intensiuri narinjisferi da
226 5 kompozicia: t., z., 60X75; t., z., 56X71; t., z., 60X75; t., z., 44X59; t., z., 16,5X20. inaxeba
iqve.
128
zurmuxtisferi kompoziciaSi wriTa da ori wrfiT, alisferiT dafaruli
farTo sibrtye centrSi CarTuli muqi lurjiT, TeTriTa da
konturSerbilebuli zRvisferi laqebiT anda TeTri Rrubliseburi
wreebiT dafaruli lurji foni centrSi msubuqi mowiTalo da
spilosZvlisferi laqebiT.
daviT kakabaZem am seriiT kolaJis mxatvrulobaze aRmatebuli sinatife
warmoadgina, romlis saSualebas mas niuansuri gardamavlobisadmi zeTis
teqnikis advilad damyoli xasiaTi aZlevs. suraTSi arsebuli
kaligrafiuli sizustis mqone, momrgvalebuli da denadi konturebi
daxvewili eleganturobis matarebelia. mayurebelSi am ganwyobas
ganavrcobs xSir SemTxvevaSi Rrublis faqturiT mocemuli sufTa,
intensiuri ferebi. maT TiTqmis damoukidebeli roli aqvT nawarmoebis
esTetizirebuli saxis SeqmnaSi227.
seria `sagani sivrceSi~ warmoadgens tradiciuli masaliT, wminda
saxviTi saSualebebiT agebul suraTebs, romelTagan miRebuli saxe
icvleba feris haerovani simsubuqidan aqtiur eqspresiulobamde. SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom suraTis Sinaarsi aris sivrce, romelic gamoisaxeba mxolod
ferweris kanonzomierebebiT. Tumca, miuxedavad am Taviseburebisa, daviT
kakabaZis esTetika mainc axdens saSualebisa da miznis diferencirebas. 1927
wlis seria ufro metad amaxvilebs saxviTobis aseT tendencias228. ferisa
da konturis gamZafrebuli ritmiT gajerebul suraTebSi dinamikurobis
aCqarebuli tempi SeigrZnoba, romelic enacvleba winamorbedi seriis mSvid
ganwyobas.
es seria pirobiTad suraTis or tips aerTianebs: kompoziciebi,
romlebSic gamosaxuleba CarCosagan gamoyofilia neitraluri foniT,
227 am periodSi d. kakabaZe parizSi TanamSromlobs frantiSek kupkasTan.

pulverizatoris saSualebiT zedapirze Sesxurebuli saRebavis gamoyeneba maTi
partnioruli Tanamoazreobis Sedegi iyo, rasac mohyva erToblivi gamofenis mowyoba.
Tumca kakabaZisTvis es mignebac bunebrivi Sedegia da sivrcis gadmomcemi kidev erTi
saSualeba. ìfiqro, rom kakabaZis abstraqtuli kompoziciebi iyo mxolod misi parizSi
yofnis Sedegi, imas niSnavs, rom ver gaigo am pirovnebis arsi. (...) mxatvrisaTvis ueWveli
roli iTamaSa darwmunebam, rom Tanamedrove mxatvrobis gzebi ar SeiZleba iyos
`Semotanili, rom isini universaluria~. Степанян Н., dasax. naSr. с. 204.
228 19 kompozicia: muy., z., seriis ZiriTadi nawilis zomebia 45X60. gamonaklisia: 36X43; 1926
w., 32X44; 1926 w., 27X35; 1927 w., inaxeba iqve.
129
sworkuTxa konturis saSualebiT (sur. 61-63 ) da meore _ romelSic
gamosaxuleba da foni erTmaneTSi gardamaval mTlianobas warmoadgens,
miuxedavad maT Soris arsebuli da TiTqos erTmaneTisgan gamyofi
sworkuTxa anda klaknili, Sekruli konturisa (sur. 64-67). arsebiTad ki, es
seriac variaciulobis principiT agebuli mTlianobaa. feradovani laqebis
kontrasti da intensivoba TiTqmis ukiduresobamdea miyvanili. wiTeli da
narinjisferi Sexamebulia akiafebul lurjsa da mwvanesTan, xolo
daSlili abrisis TeTri _ Savsa da muq yavisferTan. 1926 wlis seriis
mowesrigebul geometriul formebs konturuli sazRvrebis
mouxelTebloba enacvleba. mTlianobaSi abstraqtul ferweraSic
struqturuli organizebis roli grafikas eniWeba. daviT kakabaZis
abstraqciebi, romelTa substanciur impulss cocxali mikroelementebi
warmoadgens229, amave dros teleskopiT danaxuli kosmosis mxatvrul
asociaciebs Slis mayureblis Tvalwin. dinamikurobaSi mocemuli
urTierTgardamavloba konkretulis, myaris Seucnoblobaa. amqveyniuri
xiluli samyarodan aRaraferia darCenili. yvelaferi ganuzomeli sivrcis
gaSlil usazRvroebas emorCileba, romlis organizebas mxatvari erT
sasuraTe sibrtyeze cdilobs, magram miuxedavad zemoT aRniSnuli tempisa,
kakabaZis abstraqciebSi yovelmxriv warmoCenilia zomierebisaken ltolva
da wesrigis naTelyofa. farTo moxazulobis, klaknili zigzagurobiT
warmodgenili Sekruli konturi variaciulad meordeba mcire formebad,
xolo zogierT kompoziciaSi rkalebisa da wrfeebis arseboba isev wina
seriebis mxatvruli dasrulebulobis xerxidan iRebs saTaves. TiToeuli
feradovani laqa meorisaTvis intervals warmoadgens, romelzec
Tavisuflad `moZraobs~ analogiuri abrisebis ferweruli konturebi. aseTi
xerxiT gamoiyofa ganmeorebadobiT arsebuli kanonzomiereba da wesrigi. am
ori umTavresi saxviTi saSualebis Tanwyoba maT TanabarmniSvnelovnebas
avlens da suraTis mxatvruli mTlianobis or sxvadasxva Sres qmnis.
daviT kakabaZe am seriaSi arsebuli mxatvrulobiT, kerZod ki,
kompoziciebSi JReradi feris emociuri gavleniT da xazis dinamikurobiT
229 erTi kompozicia laboratoriuli sinjisaTvis arsebuli minis asociaciasac ki iwvevs.
130
vasili kandinskis tendenciis gamgrZelebelia, Tumca wminda saxviT
saSualebebze maxviliT da misi varirebiT igi neoplasticizmis
fuZemdeblis _ pit mondrianis mxatvrul meTodTan amJRavnebs siaxloves.
1927 wlis seriaSi ferisa da konturis erTgvarad formas
daumorCilebeli xasiaTi ufro metad warmoaCens kompoziciaSi maT
TavisTavadobas, SesaZleblobis bunebriv sazRvrebs. kompoziciis saxviT
organizebaSi ki sxva seriebTan SedarebiT yvelaze metad vlindeba
gamomsaxvelobis saSualebaTa iseTi vizualuri niSnebi, rogorebicaa: zoma,
wonadoba, mimarTuleba, simetria da proporcia. SezRuduli saSualebebiT
agebuli variaciuloba ufro metad amJRavnebs nawilisa da mTelis,
gamosaxulebisa da fonis mimarTebaTa mxatvrul datvirTvas. ZiriTad
struqturaSi ufro meti mniSvneloba eniWeba calkeul niuanss. suraTebis
erTi da igive zomebiT erTi, ganviTarebadi movlenis kadrirebis
STabeWdilebac ki iqmneba. Tumca TiToeul kompozicias sakuTari
esTetikuri da gamomsaxvelobiTi damoukidebloba ar ekargeba. am seriaSi
kakabaZe axdens formalur saSualebaTa iseT esTetizirebas, romelic
saxviTi sivrcis kidev erT waxnags matebs mxatvris Semoqmedebas da mainc
gamovlenis simZafris miuxedavad, saSualeba ar aris TviTkmari
Rirebulebis. kakabaZe 1927 wlis asbtraqciebSi gamosaxvis ori umTavresi
saSualebis sinTezirebas mimarTavs. feris ganvrcoba konturul sazRvars
gulisxmobs, xolo konturi feradovania. maTi aseTi urTierTSeRwevadi
xasiaTi miuTiTebs gamosaxulebaSi saerTo formiseuli substanciis
emociur arsebobaze, romelic struqturuli kanonzomierebiT avlens
calkeul niSnebs.
modernistuli periodis am ukanasknel seriaSic naTelia daviT
kakabaZis individualuri stili, misi TviTmyofadoba, riTac axdens
evropuli mxatvrobis sxvadasxva gamovlenis sinTezirebas da mxatvrul
nawarmoebSi sakuTari esTetikuri principebs axorcielebs.
amgvarad, daviT kakabaZis 1920-ani wlebis dazguri ferwera
modernistul mimdinareobebs ganekuTvneba. igi moicavs xuT serias.
TiToeuli maTgani qronologiurad erT konkretul droSia Sesrulebuli.
Semoqmedebis am etapze mxatvari agrZelebs sakuTari, ukve Camoyalibebuli
131
esTetikur-saxviTi koncefciis damuSavebas. mTavari mxatvruli problema am
seriebSic sivrcis gadmocemaa, romelsac mxatvari gansxvavebuli
saSualebebiT axerxebs, magram kakabaZiseuli saxviTi sivrcis ZiriTadi
aspeqti, romelic suraTze aRniSnuli SemousazRvravi sivrcisa da
realuris uSualo kavSirs gulisxmobs, modernistul nawarmoebebSic
ucvlelad rCeba. ìmereTis~ seriis, naturmortisa da `kubizmis~
gamomsaxvelobisgan gansxvavebiT, romelSic gamosaxulebis winasaxe sagania,
parizuli periodis bolo oTx seriaSi sivrcis gadmocemisaTvis calkeul
xerxTa damuSaveba-gaRrmaveba xdeba: 1923-1924 wlebis seriaSi feris
xasiaTiT, 1924-1925 wlebis kolaJebSi _ masalis realuri TvisebiT, 1926
wlis abstraqciebSi umartives formebTan dakavSirebuli feriTa da
konturiT, rac momdevno wlis seriaSi gansxvavebuli xerxiT qmnis suraTis
dekoratiul mTlianobas.
kakabaZisTvis xelovnebis mizani yofiTi rigiTobis asaxvisagan
Tavisufali nawarmoebis Seqmnaa, esTetikuri msoflaRqmis principuli
safuZveli ki _ mxatvruli sivrce, romelzec igeba misi dazguri ferweris
saxviT-ideuri sistema, anu xelovnebis nawarmoebiT Seqmnili àxali
realoba~. mis mier kubizmis formaTqmnadobis gaziareba sruliad
gamoricxavs am mimdinareobis mxolod saxviTi stilisadmi interess,
radganac Tu xelovnebis nawarmoebi, rogorc àxali realoba~ zogadi
problemaa modernizmisTvis, misi ganxorcielebis Tvisebrivi forma
kubizmis klasikosebis uSualo prioritetia. maTi xelovnebis
`gansxvavebuli realoba~ sagnis, misi Tvisebis da garemomcveli sivrcis
asaxvis radikaluri cvlilebaa renesansis Semdgom evropul xelovnebaSi.
daviT kakabaZe `kubizmis~ seriis Seqmnamde, 1910-ani wlebis bolos,
SemoqmedebiTi TavisuflebiT acnobierebs mxatvrulobis axal Tvisebas, mis
struqturas da am diapazonSi sakuTari stilis originalobas avlens.
nawarmoebis sivrcobriv-plastikuri saxis Sesaqmnelad saxviTi xelovnebis
axali koncefciiT igi formalur saSualebaTa funqcias sinTezurad
iazrebs, romlisTvisac amosavali safuZveli perspeqtivis ararenesansuli
da, amdenad, evropuli xelovnebis aratradiciuli formaa. sivrcis ornair
koncefciaze msjelobisas asaxelebs ra antiTezis meore mniSvnelovan
132
wyvils _ àRmosavleTi-dasavleTi” daviT kakabaZe aRniSnavs: `plastikuri
xelovneba, romelic damyarebulia `trompe I‟oeill” sistemaze, ekuTvnis
dasavleT qveynebis gamogonebas. es sistema gadmoscems konkretul
formebSi statikur sivrces. xazebiani perspeqtiva aris erTi amdagvari
saSualeba am sistemis gadmosacemad. is Cven gvayenebs uZrav mdgomareobaSi,
gansazRvrul droSi, gansazRvruli sivrcis mimarT~230.
perspeqtivisadmi, rogorc saxviTobis ganmsazRvreli Tvisebis mimarT
damokidebuleba umTavres adgils ikavebs modernizmis esTetikaSi. ukve
aRniSnuli msoflmxedvelobrivi Tu konkretuli samxatvro sakiTxebis
msgavsad am SemTxvevaSic XX s-is xelovanTa damokidebuleba tradiciisa da
novatorobis urTierTmimarTebaTa WrilSi ganTavsda da polemikuri
xasiaTi SeiZina. modernistebis mier uaryofili renesansuli perspeqtiva,
upirveles yovlisa, gulisxmobs am sistemis ganmapirobebeli, pirovnulis
sawyisze dafuZnebuli grZnobad-empiriuli damokidebulebiT samyaros
analitikuri warmodgenis ugulebelyofas xelovnebaSi. mxatvruli
Semoqmedebis àxali realoba~ tradiciuli ferwerisgan gansxvavebiT
samyaros Tvisebrivi siaxliT gamoxatavs. `mcodne Tvalis~231
inteleqtualizmi gamosaxulebis sinTezur mTlianobas, sagnisa da, aseve,
mxatvris garemomcvel sivrceTa identificirebas iZleva.Ggamosasaxis
sruli parametrebiT Cveneba mis droSi daunawevrebel, simultanur aRqmas
da mis irgvliv arsebul dinamikur sivrces gulisxmobs. am TvisebebTan
erTad kakabaZesTan aseve mniSvnelovania mxatvruli ganzogadebis saxe,
romelic konkretulSi arsebiTis warmoCeniT, tipizebiT xdeba, gansxvavebiT
renesansuli mxatvruli saxisagan, sadac ganzogadebis safuZveli
idealizacia an krebiTobaa.
amgvari saxviTi formiT gamoixata modernizmis esTetikaSi arsebuli
mxatvris gamorCeuli roli samyaros SemecnebiT wvdomaSi, xolo
mxatvruli nawarmoebi iqca aseTi damokidebulebis metaforul saxed. es
niSani daviT kakabaZis seriaTa mxatvrulobis ganuyofeli Tvisebaa.
kubizmis Semdgom periodSic ki, rodesac sagani, rogorc gamosaxvis
230 daviT kakabaZe, sivrcis ornairi koncefcia. gv. 131.

231 pavel filonovis terminia.
133
obieqti kargavs Tavis funqcias, igi mxatvruli sivrcis formirebis saxviT
variaciebze gadadis. sivrcobrivi koncefcia mis dazgur ferweraSi
gansxvavebul mimdinareobaTa stilismieri erTobis funqciasac asrulebs
da mxatvruli saxis struqturis esTetikuri safuZvelicaa. dinamikuri
sivrciTa da masSi arsebuli, srulad daxasiaTebuli sagniT Seqmnili
mxatvruli metafora simbolur mniSvnelobas iZens. maTgan ganpirobebuli
emociur-inteleqturi atmosfero samecniero saukunis ritmis, misi
dinamikuri yofis, mxatvris farTo inteleqturi diapazonisa da
`maSinizmis~ epoqis Semqmneli adamianis moRvaweobis saxea. amitomac
msoflio xelovnebis umdidres speqtrSi daviT kakabaZis ferwera, iseve
rogorc mravali modernisti xelovanis Semoqmedeba, upirobod XX s-is
simbolos warmoadgens.
134
daskvna
Tanamedrove qarTuli xelovnebis klasikosis, daviT kakabaZis

Semoqmedeba kulturis fenomenTa im rigs ganekuTvneba, romlisTvisac
TanabarmniSvnelovania mxatvruli Semoqmedebis samive umTavresi kiTxva: ra?
rogor? da ratom?
evropuli kulturis axali drois Semdgomma epoqam, romelmac
xelovnebasa da xelovans sazogadoebrivi funqciiT sruliad
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba mianiWa, saxviTi xelovnebis winaSe arsebiTad
gansxvavebuli Tematikur-gamomsaxvelobiTi sakiTxebi daayena. mxatvruli
nawarmoebis umTavres Tvisebad da Rirsebadac misi cnebiToba iqca da
mWidrod daukavSirda mxatvruli saxis axal struqturas. modernizmis
konceptualuroba, romelic gansxvavebulad gamovlinda sxvadasxva
mimdinareobaSi, xasiaTis am ZiriTadi niSniT gaxda saerTo aseve sxvadasxva
Taobisa da kulturis tradiciis mqone xelovanTaTvis.
daviT kakabaZisTvis, rogorc modernizmis warmomadgenlisTvis,
xelovneba Tanamedrove cxovrebis gamoxatvis saSualebaa. mas xelovanis
miznad amgvari xelovnebis Seqmna da misTvis Sesatyvisi gamomsaxvelobiTi
saSualebebis moZieba esaxeba. amitomacaa, rom kakabaZisTvis erTnairad
mniSvnelovania rogorc zogadad xelovnebis rolis gaazreba, aseve
formisa da misi gamovlenis saxasiaTo principebi.
135
daviT kakabaZis xelovnebaSi arsebuli mxatvruli sakiTxebi
ganuyoflad ukavSirdeba dazguri ferweris axal koncefcias. misi
Semoqmedebis kardinaluri sakiTxi suraTis raobisa da principis garkveva
da esTetikuri gamoxatulebaa. suraTi, rogorc damoukidebeli
Rirebulebis sagani, misi TviTkmari esTetikuroba, mxatvruli
gansaxierebisaTvis Sesabamisi sagnis ganmsazRvreli roli gamomsaxvelobiT
saSualebaTa xasiaTis SerCevaSi _ umTavresi sakiTxebia daviT kakabaZis
suraTis problematikaSi. misi dazguri ferwera xelovnebis am dargis
axali saxis maCvenebelia. igi tradiciulisagan gansxvavebul, arsebiTad
axal principebs emyareba da mxatvrul-formalurad sruliad
Camoyalibebuli saxiT vlindeba. zogadad, sibrtyis dafarvis dekoratiuli
principi, gamokveTili xazobrivi ritmi, lokaluri feris geometriuloba,
sivrcis Taviseburi xasiaTi, romelic suraTidan realuri sivrcisken
modis, peizaJebis panoramuloba, kolaJebSi axali masalis mxatvruli
konstruireba, kubizmis Semdgomi seriebis gamokveTili dekoratiuloba,
tipizaciiT miRweuli ganzogadeba ìmereTis~ seriasa da 1918 wlis
naturmortSi, romelic mxatvrul saxes monumentur mniSvnelovnebas
aniWebs, arRvevs dazguri ferweris tradiciul sazRvrebs da ufro farTo,
masStabur funqcias aniWebs mas.
XX s-is dazgurobis principebi, iseve rogorc xelovnebis koncefcia da
mxatvruli saxe, tradiciuli evropuli ferweris mxatvrul antiTezas
warmoadgens. igi Semoqmedis individualizmis ganxorcielebaSi axal
Tvisebriv saxes qmnis. analitikuri xelovnebis inteleqtualizmi klasikuri
dazgurobisagan sruliad gansxvavebuli formiT avlens nawarmoebis
mxatvrulobas. modernizmis kulturaSi arsebuli dazgurobis prioriteti,
erTi mxriv, klasikuri da klasicisturi xelovnebis zogadi principebis
aRiarebaa, xolo saxviT formasTan damokidebulebaSi _ axali msoflaRqmis
gamoxatuleba, romelmac uaryo renesansis feTqebadi individualizmiT
ganpirobebuli mibaZvis (mimezisis) principi.
humanizmis kulturaSi gaCenili suraTi, rogorc mxatvruli fenomeni,
xelovnebaTa sinTezidan, anu kompleqsuri erTobidan gamoyofili
damoukidebeli ideur-formaluri saxea. igi samyaros aRqmis axali
136
Sinaarsis Sesatyvisi gaxda. asaxvis sagnisadmi grZnobad-empiriuli
damokidebuleba, materialuri samyaros calkeul gamovlenaTa
individualizirebuli saxe, rasac mohyva Tematikis gafarToeba da
Janrobrivi mravalferovneba, sinTezirebuli saxiT gamoxata suraTis mcire
formam da portatiulma xasiaTma.
pirdapir perspeqtivaze agebuli renesansuli mxatvruli sivrce
ferwerul nawarmoebs iseT izolaciur damoukideblobas aniWebs, romelic
aRar moiTxovs realuri sivrcobriv-moculobiTi garemos konkretul
Sesatyvisobas ise, rogorc aris Zveli samyaros monumentur xelovnebaSi. am
aspeqtiT, dazguri ferweriT, xelovnebis komunikabelobis gansxvavebuli
saSualeba Cndeba. suraTi, msgavsad dazguri qandakebis anda gamoyenebiTi
xelovnebis nimuSisa, nebismier garemos eTanxmeba da mxatvruli
ansamblurobisaTvis erTaderT pirobas moiTxovs _ es aris stilis
erTianobis dacva. samagierod, renesansuli suraTis garkveulad zRvruli
sivrce, romelic zedapiridan siRrmisaken iSleba, konkretulis fiqsaciaa
mxatvrul nawarmoebSi da, Tavis mxriv, aseve akonkretebs aRqmisaTvis
aucilebel sivrcobriv areals da mayureblis mdgomareobis Sesabamisobas
moiTxovs. Cndeba interieris, saxviTi nawarmoebisa da mayureblis
urTierTdamokidebulebis kameruli xasiaTi. mis mikrosamyaros ki
gansazRvravs warmodgenili mxatvruli saxe da misi struqtura. am
ZiriTadi principebiT dazgurma xelovnebam ramdenime saukunis
ganmavlobaSi, SesamCnevi stiluri cvlilebebiT, mxatvrul idealsa da
gamomsaxvelobiT saSualebebze calkeuli aqcentirebiT, SeinarCuna
saxviTobasTan damokidebulebis arsebiTi xasiaTi.
modernizmis konceptualurobaSi arsebuli saxviTi xelovnebis
Sinaarsobrivi avtonomiuroba, misi Temis ganTavisufleba TxrobiTi
literaturulobisagan da interesis koncentrireba asaxvis modelze
ganxorcielebis formiT kvlavindeburad dazgurobas moiTxovs. amitomac
daviT kakabaZisTvis suraTi Sinarsobriv-formalurad zRvruli cnebaa:
`suraTi sagania da misi konstruqcia yvela sxva sagnebis agebulebis
analogiuri unda iyos. sagnis Sinaarsi mis zedapirze sruldeba, aseve
137
Sinaarsi suraTisa mis kideebTan unda mTavrdebodes~232. amave dros,
miuxedavad modernizmis saxviT nawarmoebSi arsebuli modelisadmi
konkretuli interesisa, misi sazRvari mniSvnelovnad scildeba
individualizmis farglebs. didi ganzogadebiT gamorCeuli daviT kakabaZis
mxatvruli saxe konkretulSi arsebiTis gamoyofiT da misi tipizirebiT
xasiaTdeba. mxatvari gamosaxulebaSi xazgasmiT miuTiTebs im niSnebs, rac
saerTo Tvisebad ikiTxeba gamosasaxTan monaTesave yvela formisaTvis.
sivrcis axali koncefcia aseTi ganzogadebis farTo safuZvels qmnis.
modelis aRqmis mravali wertili masze dakvirvebis vrcel ared ikvreba da
suraTSi SemousazRvravi, daunawevrebeli sivrcis asociacias ganapirobebs.
es Tvisebrioba universalizmis faqtori xdeba. nawarmoebis iluzoruli
sivrce, tradiciulisagan gansxvavebiT, zedapiridan realurisaken
viTardeba da amiT garkveulwilad afarToebs Tavisi zemoqmedebis areals.
kakabaZis suraTi Tavisufal kavSirSia arqiteqturuli interieris
sivrcesTan. modelis aRqmis sazRvrebis monacvleoba da maTi sinTezi
plastikur formaSi ganapirobebs suraTis aRqmis Tavisufal sivrces.
mayurebels daTvalierebis farTo diapazoni eZleva. amasTan erTad,
ganaTebis Tanabari xasiaTi da Suq-feradovani planebis farTo gavrceleba,
zedapiris sibrtyobrivi dekoratiuloba da weris Txeli teqnika emociis
gamovlenis Tanabarzomierebas iwvevs realur garemoSi arsebuli mzeris
mravali wertilisaTvis. kompoziciaTa myari grafikuli struqtura da
lokaluri feradovneba aRqmis manZilis cvlilebiT ar iwvevs Sesabamis
STabeWdilebiT cvlilebas, xolo ìmereTis~ seriis bolo etapis
namuSevrebSi arsebuli xazobriobis miniSnebiTi xasiaTi mayureblis aqtiur
Tanamonawileobas ganapirobebs.
amgvarad, daviT kakabaZis suraTebi dazgurobis principebTan erTad
mxatvruli sinTezisaTvis aucilebel orive mniSvnelovan faqtors
aerTianebs: kontaqts realur sivrcesTan da mayureblis ritmul
dinamikasTan. mxatvruli ganzogadebis specifika da tradiciuli
suraTisagan gansxvavebuli sivrcobrioba, damoukidebel esTetikurobasTan
232
daviT kakabaZe. likornis galerea, 1921 w. gv. 78.
138
erTad, plastikur xelovnebaTa kompleqsurobisa da komunikabelobis axal
Tvisebas aniWebs mas. dazgurobis sakiTxi kakabaZesTan arsebiTad
gansxvavdeba am cnebis tradiciuli gagebisagan. jer kidev impresionistul
ferweraSi aRniSnuli suraTis sibrtyis mxatvrulobis axali tendencia da
Semdeg, kubistebis mier evropul ferweraSi Setanili mxatvruli saxis
axali struqtura saxviT-sivrcobriv mimarTebaTa tradiciulisagan
gansxvavebul mTel rigs qmnis, rogorebicaa: gamosaxulebaSi sivrcisa da
plastikuri sxeulis, suraTis sivrcisa da interieris, gamosaxulebis
feradovan-grafikuli ritmikisa da plastikur-sivrcobrivi dinamikisa.
aqedan gamomdinareobs am xelovnebis interesi mxatvruli panosadmi _
arqiteqturisagan gamoyofili da damoukideblad arsebuli saxviTi
nawarmoebis, romelic, meore mxriv, sruliad Tavisuflad ukavSirdeba sxva
interiers ise, rom ar ikargeba arc erTis saxasiaTo mxatvruloba.
amitomac, miuxedavad arqiteqturuli funqcionalizmis sinTezisadmi
uaryofiTi damokidebulebisa, maT interierSi ukonfliqtod Tavsdeboda
pikasosa da leJes panoebi.
daviT kakabaZis suraTis esTetika kidev erT niSansac aviTarebs. es aris
masalis specifika da dazguri formiT reliefis warmodgena. Tu raiti da
gropiusi Tvlidnen, rom arqiteqtura TviTon aris sinTezis matarebeli da
igulisxmeboda materialur-teqnikuri saSualebebis Serwyma mxatvrul
ideasTan, mxatvrobaSic axali masalis danergviT Cndeba iseTi saxeoba,
rogoricaa kolaJi. globalurad ki masalisa da mxatvrulobis
damokidebulebiT isaxeba dizaini misTvis saxasiaTo sinTezuri,
kompleqsuri bunebiT.
sivrcis gamoxatvisa da gamomsaxvelobis saSualebaTa axal formasTan
erTad daviT kakabaZe did mniSvnelobas aniWebs tradiciul, dazgurobis
Semqmnel erT-erT xerxs _ CarCos sakiTxs: `Tavdapirvelad gamosaxulebis
yovel konstruqcias amosaval wertilad TviT warmodgenili sagnebis
substancia hqonda. mxolod evoluciam da progresma miiyvana adamiani
suraTis formamde. es limitireba nawilobriv SeiZleba axsnil iqnas Cveni
TvalTaxedvis aris xelovnuri SemozRudviT. kaci TandaTanobiT rom
gadavida Ria cis qveS cxovrebidan jer gamoqvabulSi, Semdeg ki _
139
Tanamedrove saxlSi cxovrebaze, saxlSi, romelsac xelovnuri Riobebi _
kar-fanjrebi ubia, uTuod aman migviyvana suraTisa da misi CarCos
SemosazRvramde. ase mivida adamiani suraTisa da CarCos daqvemdebarebul
saganTa gamosaxvamde da daiviwya am gamosasaxav saganTa konstruqcia~233..
mis samxatvro praqtikaSi es sakiTxi araerTmniSvnelovnad wydeba: Tu
gamomsaxvelobis principze agebul suraTebSi minimaluri moculobiT
arsebobs da mainc xazs usvams mxatvruli tilos zRvrulobas,
modernistul seriebSi CarCosa da ZiriTadi gamosaxulebis Serwyma-
gamTlianebis tendenciaa. amisaTvis xSirad suraTis zedapiri da CarCo
erTi masalis gansxvavebul sivrcobriv-moculobiT dones warmoadgens,
xolo mxatvruli damuSaveba Tanabrad vrceldeba centridan ganapira
sazRvrebisaken. amave dros modernistuli periodis zogierT seriaSi
aRniSnuli ormagi fonis principi SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc
gamosaxulebisaTvis ormagi iluzoruli CarCos arseboba. 1927 wlis
abstraqciebSi ki es xdeba centraluri nawilis garSemo arsebuli
sworkuTxa an klaknili moCarCoebiT.
amdenad, CarCos sakiTxi kakabaZesTan sruli polemikurobiT aRiniSneba,
ramdenadac samxatvro SemoqmedebaSi igi suraTis pirobiTobis am xerxs
srulad ver ugulebelyofs.
modernizmis koncefciiT, analitikuri xelovnebis mxatvruli saxis
struqturiT da erovnuli tradiciebis esTetikuri safuZvliT kakabaZe
xarisxobrivad axal etaps qmnis qarTul xelovnebaSi. am didi
moazrovnisTvis erovnulobis cneba ganuyofelia mxatvruli
Semoqmedebisgan. amitomacaa, rom mis mxatvrobaSi erovnuli Tematikac
iseTive originalurobiT vlindeba, rogorc am Temis ganxorcielebis
forma. Sua saukuneebis Semdgom warmoqmnili axali qarTuli xelovneba,
romelic daviT kakabaZis Semoqmdebis dasawyisSi saukuneze cota met xans
iTvlida, Tavisi Janrobriv-Tematikuri da stiluri niSnebis matarebeli
iyo. qarTveli modernisti aviTarebs da amdidrebs ra Janrsac da Temasac,
233 daviT kakabaZe, konstruqciuli suraTis Sesaxeb, parizi, 1921 w. gv. 73-74.
140
ufro farTo wiaRsvlebiT Sua saukuneebis kulturis esTetikur fenomenSi
Wvrets arsebiTs da mas gansaxierebis axal formas uZebnis.
daviT kakabaZis ferwera mimdinareobaTa mravalferovan saxes
warmoadgens, magram es `simravle” ZiebaTa procesze aRmatebuli
SemoqmedebiTi mTlianobaa. misTvis mxatvruli daostatebisa da srulyofis
skola ar iyo mxolod erTi romelime mxatvris studia, sadac miiRebda
samxatvro ganaTlebas da SeiTvisebda esTetikur principebs. kakabaZis
mxatvruli cnobierebis Camoyalibeba-ganviTarebis atmosfero iyo
TavisTavad ukve `mravalskolagamovlili~ da TviTmyofadi ZaliT
ametyvelebuli Sua saukuneebis qarTuli xelovneba, romelsac uSualod
Seexo eqvTime TayaiSvilis tao-klarjeTis eqspediciaSi; xuroTmoZRvreba,
romlis Rirsebis Segnebam mas specialuri filmis Seqmna STaagona234,
qarTuli tradiciuli musikis nimuSebi, romlebic, SeiZleba iTqvas, glexis
yofaSi gamoyenebiTTan erTad yvelaze aqtualur xelovnebis sferos
warmoadgenda; agreTve sparsuli gavlenis mqone miniaturebis kopireba, im
kulturis nimuSebisa, romelic gviani saukuneebis qarTuli
aristokratiisaTvis gemovnebis gezis mimcemi iyo. axalgazrdobaSi ruseTSi
yofnisas praqtikulad ecnoba Tanadroul evropul modernizms, imperiis
dedaqalaqis mdidar kulturul cxovrebas mravalricxovani mxatvruli
dajgufebebiTa da maTi esTetikuri principebiT.
kakabaZis Semoqmedebis pirveli periodis kompoziciebi sruli uflebiT
metyvelebs, rom msoflio xelovnebis centrSi _ parizSi igi mxatvruli
kulturis srulyofili flobiT Cadis235. am etapzeve mkafiod
Camoyalibebuli interesebiT mxatvarma aTwleulebi gamoiara. amiT igi
axerxebs, XX s-is xelovnebis farTo speqtrSi monaxos TavisTvis
saintereso modeli. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom rogorc qarTul kulturaSi
moiyara Tavi aRmosavlur-dasavlurma (ZvelaRmosavlurma, antikurma,
234`kinokadris TavSekavebuli kompozicia Seesatyviseba qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis

midrekilebas klasikrad naTeli, gawonasworebuli kompoziciis agebisaken. amave dros
amgvar aspeqtSi ufro xazgasmulad gamoikveTa qarTuli Sua saukuneebis
arqiteqturisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSani – fasaduri dekoris saerTo sistemaSi kedlis
sibrtyis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba”.Mm. donaZe, dsax. naSr. gv. 91.
141
elinisturma, siria-kapadokiis qristianulma, bizantiurma, iranulma)
wyaroebma da sakuTari myari, erovnuli mxatvruli msoflaRqmiT axali
waxnagebiT warmoadgina, rogorc tradiciuli qarTuli xelovneba sZlevda
ucxouris sakuTrad sinTezirebas, aseve daviT kakabaZem SeZlo sakuTar
gamocdilebaSi Tavmoyrili am gansxvavebulad mravali Sris erT sistemaSi
moqceva da sruliad individualuri xedviT erovnuli xelovnebis axali
aspeqtis Cveneba. amitomac misTvis tradicia ufro farTo da siRrmiseulia,
vidre uSualod winamorbedi qarTuli mxatvroba, romelSic mimetur
principze dafuZnebuli, evropuli da rusuli realisturi xelovnebis
krebiTi niSnebi Cans (eTnografiulobiT ganpirobebuli egzotikuroba,
socialuri Tematika da sxv.). am mxriv daviT kakabaZe im magistraluri
xazis gamgrZelebelia, romelic sruliad Camoyalibebuli saxiT warmodga
jer kidev qarTuli hagiografiisa da saeklesio xuroTmoZRvrebis uZveles
nimuSebSi. samyaros sinTezuri aRqma, romelic damaxasiaTebelia Sua
saukuneebis qarTuli xelovnebisaTvis, aseve mniSvnelovania daviT
kakabaZisTvis, romelic am problemis gadawyvetisaTvis axal xerxebs eZebs.
misTvis arcTu ise Soreul literaturul garemos ki ilia WavWavaZisa da
akaki wereTlis Semoqmedeba warmoadgens. `kakabaZis peizaJTa sivrcobrivi
ageba da maTi feradovnebis simfoniis Zirebi mxatvars udavod STagonebuli
hqonda Cveni sinamdvilisa da im didi kulturis, kerZod poeturi kulturis
safuZvlebiT, rasac iZleva Cveni mwerloba, kerZod ki iliaseuli sapeizaJo
pasaJTa sivrcobrivi gaazreba da akakis lirikis saocrad niuansuri
feradovnebis grZnoba~236. daviT kakabaZe kulturuli tradiciebis farTo
horizontis mWvreteli memkvidre aRmoCnda. amitomac misi Semoqmedebis
mniSvneloba gascda erT, romelime sazogadoebriv fenasTan socialur
kavSirsa Tu inteleqtualis esTetizms.
TiToeuli skolis anarekli met-naklebi siZlieriT iCens Tavs zemoT
ganxilul sxvadasxva seriasa da JanrSi. wina periodis realizmi sruliad
gasagebi iyo sazogadoebisaTvis, radganac tradiciis erTguli dinebiT
midioda. daviT kakabaZisaTvis tradicia aRarc XIX saukunis rusuli
235 `gamaoca misma didma erudiciam ara marto mxatvrobis, aramed mwerlobis sferoSic~. k.
gamsaxurdia, iqve, gv. 159.
236 S. kvasxvaZe, dasax. naSr.
142
kultura iyo da aRarc evropuli modernizmis winare epoqis
impresionistuli ferwera anda ukve XX saukunis fovisturi da
futuristuli mxatvruli ena. misi axali mxatvruli cnobierebis ukan
saukuneebgamovlili didi kultura idga, romelic misabaZi nimuSi ufro
iyo, vidre konkretuli masala axali SemoqmedebiTi saxisaTvis. igi
mimarTavs mxatvruli saxis axal struqturas, romelSic srulyofilad
axorcielebs erovnul esTetikas. misTvis obieqturoba SemecnebiTi aspeqtis
momcveli da mxatvrulad ametyvelebuli sinamdvile iyo _ imereTis buneba,
kargad nacnobi da sruli parametrebiT SeTvisebuli da aseve Tanadrouli
evropis dinamikuri cxovreba. tradiciaSi igi zustad agnebs saxasiaTos,
arsiseuls. mxatvruli saxis formaTqmnadobaSi klasikurobis prioriteti
mxolod modernizmis esTetikaSi arsebuli tendenciebiT ar aris
ganpirobebuli.Kklasikuri zomiereba Sua saukuneebis qarTuli xelovnebis
Tvisebaa msoflio qristianuli xelovnebis konteqstSi. iseve rogorc
tradiciaSi, kakabaZisTvisac formis plastika nawilisa da mTelis
harmoniiT da maTi arqiteqtonikis principze agebiT gamoixateba. formis
saxviTobas plastikuri simyare, Sekruloba, mkafiod gamoxatuli dominanti
da grafikuli zRvruloba axasiaTebs. nawilTa wyoba da
urTierTmonacvleoba mTelSi zomierebiTa da TavSekavebiT gamoirCeva.
reliefis axali saxe, romelsac kolaJebiT qmnis, gamomsaxvelobis
xasiaTiT da formaTa ganawilebis principiT xuroTmoZRvrebis safasado
dekoris mxatvrul reminiscenciebs iwvevs. fonisa da figuris
TanabarmniSvnelovani datvirTva, formis simartive da rkalebis xasiaTi
qarTul saeklesio xuroTmoZRvrebaSi arsebuli lilvovani sistemis
STabeWdilebasac ki tovebs.
erovnuli esTetikis ZiebaSi misTvis mxatvruli kulturis nimuSebTan
erTad aranaklebi mniSvneloba aqvs adamianur yofas _ ritmikiT, dinamikis
metrulobiT da plastikis saxasiaTo formebiT. kompoziciis saerTo,
farTo naxazi nawilTa ritmuli urTierTmonacvleobiT gamowveuli
dinamizmis matarebelia. sainteresoa, rom gr. robaqiZe qarTuli cekvis
erovnul xasiaTSi, pirvel rigSi, ritmul dinamikas aRniSnavda. kakabaZesTan
zogadi formis simSvide da denadoba Tanaarsebobs Semadgeneli
143
erTeulebis odnav aCqarebul tempTan. es aris dinj dinebaSi Setanili
emociurad gajerebuli muxti da epikuri monumenturobis fonze arsebuli
lirizmi. ritmi formisa da feris mravaljeradi ganmeorebiT iqmneba
(yvelaze metad ìmereTis~ seriasa da 1927 wlis abstraqciebSi), magram
misTvis, iseve rogorc erovnuli saxviTobisTvis ucxoa monotonuroba da
nawilis mTelisadmi absoluturi daqvemdebareba. am mxriv erovnul,
tradiciul mxatvrulobas variaciulobiTac uaxlovdeba. es principi aris
rogorc seriaTa agebis safuZveli, aseve TiToeuli suraTis wyobis
ganmsazRvreli. amjeradac arqetipi qvaze da liTonze plastikis saxeebia,
kerZod ki ornamenti _ mravalsaxeobiTa da misi organuli mTlianobiT
(xuroTmoZRvrebaSi sarkmlis sapireebi, beqa opizris anCisxatis karedis
moCarCoeba da mr. sxv.)237.
daviT kakabaZisaTvis erovnuli formaTqmnadoba mTliani da
daunawevrebuli movlenaa, romelic misTvis mxatvrulobis aucilebel
pirobad iqca. amitomac arCevans sruliad Seumcdarad akeTebs da qmnis
praqtikulad ganxorcielebul mxatvrulobas. es ukve xdeba qarTvel
mxatvarTa pirvel gamofenaze wardgenil namuSevrebSi. misi STagonebis
wyaro arc romelime mxatvruli qmnileba yofila da arc mxolod buneba,
romlis mniSvnelobasac igi xazgasmiT aRniSnavs. igi bunebas gamosaxavs
erovnuli kulturisa da yofis gamovlenis sxvadasxva niSnebSi arsebuli
esTetikuri sisruliT. masala daviT kakabaZisaTvis gamodga is realoba,
romelmac qarTuli xelovnebisaTvis jer kidev axali Janrebi mogvca
(peizaJi, naturmorti). igi im movlenaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas, romelic
Tavisi saxiT sruliad uCinaria tradiciaSi, magram mxatvrulobis
Tanmdevia. kakabaZe abstrahirebis xerxiT droSi xangrZlivad arsebuls
ganazogadebs. igi qmnis àxal realobas~ da misi suraTebi sakuTari
esTetikuri saxisaa, romelic aucileblad TanamgrZnobi mayureblis
gancdaSi ikveTeba. ìmereTis~ seria daviT kakabaZis Semoqmedebis met-
naklebad mcodne adamianisTvis saqarTvelos am kuTxis xats qmnis. isini ar
iwvevs mZafr emociebs, aramed ayalibebs garkveul mxatvrul saxes,
237XX s-is dasawyisis qarTveli mxatvrebisaTvis erovnulobis Ziebisas didi mniSvneloba

hqonda ornaments (mag., iakob nikolaZe)
144
romelic modelis funqciiT xdeba aRmatebuli. sxva seriebis msgavsad, aqac
misi mxatvruli gamomgonebloba warmosaxvas gverds uvlis; sinamdvile
realobiT ganpirobebuli axali saxis Seqmnaa; asaxva-mibaZvasTan SedarebiT
upiratesoba gamoxatvas eniWeba, romelSic pirvelTan SedarebiT ufro
metia Semoqmedis subieqturobis kvali, magram es ukanaskneli isev obieqtis,
modelis arsebasTan kravs SemoqmedebiT kavSirs.
daviT kakabaZis moRvaweobis xasiaTs kargad ganmartavs misi pirovnuli
Tvisebebi, socialuri wre. is miekuTvneboda axalgazrda qarTul
inteligencias, romelmac Rrmad da pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT gaiziara
Tanadrouli kulturuli realoba mizezebiTac da amocanebiTac. igi im
kategoriis Semoqmedia, romelic kargad acnobierebs sakuTar
SesaZleblobebs, moqmedebis mizezebs da mizanswrafviT axorcielebs mas
Tavisi cxovrebiT, romelic, pirvel rigSi, Semoqmedebas gulisxmobs.
amitomac `socrealizmis~ mxatvrobasa da daviT kakabaZes Soris yvela xidi
`Catexili” aRmoCnda. SeiZleba misTvis arc iyo mizani sabotaJuri
winaaRmdegobis gaweva, magram mTeli arsebiT gacnobierebulma da
SeTvisebulma saxviTobam Semoqmedi mxatvruli antagonizmis gadaulaxav
zRudesTan miiyvana. misi mxatvruli saxeebi socialuri mdgomareobis
samsaxureblad ar iqmneboda. maTi Semqmnelis xelovneba bevrad ufro
aRmatebuls isaxavda miznad, radgan daviT kakabaZis ferweris
mxatvrulobis pirobas ori umTavresi niSani _ universaloba da
erovnuloba warmoadgens. amiT Sedga misi pirovnebis _ moazrovnisa da
mxatvris _ TviTmyofadoba da, sruliad upirobod, gansakuTrebuli Rvawli
rogorc erovnul, aseve msoflio kulturaSi.
Tbilisi, 1996 w.
145
Artistic issues in David Kakabadze’s Easel painting
The issues in David Kakabadze‟s easel painting are related to the trends relevant to the first
twenty years of the XX century. With the creative researches that the artist embarked on during the
beginning of his career that reflected the main signs of the European artistic culture of the XIX-XX
centuries, he finds his aesthetic models in the analitical movemenets of Modernism. At the same
time the artist reveals his individual position, both in the form and concept, which is based on the
understanding of the traditional national vision.
Contemporaneous epoch with its characteristic perception, with the examination of the reveiced
cultural traditions, with philosophical and aesthetic foundations and with presenting a new model
for the artistic creativity, became the central theses for David Kakabadze. This manifested itself in
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his easel painting. The purpose and existence of art and artist, the forms of expression, means and
the prerequisites of the artistic work are the main issues that are evident in Kakabadze's theoretical
work. The systematic nature of these issues is united under three main aspects. These are:
universality, nationality and new artistic principles that are related to the foundations of the first
two.
David Kakabadze starts his artistic career and that of a critic almost simultaneously. Logical
thinking is very characteristic of Kakabadze‟s discourse, as well as laconic expression and a
capacity to emagine and to develop clear structure around an issue. The artist‟s mission is to find
values both in contemporary as well as in heritage.
The core novelty of Modernism lies in prioritizing conceptualism in art over other means of
cognition. For David Kakabadze the contemporaneous culture is the defining orienteer in outlining
the importance of the forms of cognition, and the issue of cognition in Kakabadze‟s art is expressed
in his search of justification for human life. According to the artist, a human being is understood as
a creative, whose life mission is to comprehend the world around.
The epoch of „machinism‟ radically changed the understanding of life and fully expressed the
culture and the value system, which for the first time after the Renaissance posed the
anthropological issue with the same acuteness. It was the post World War I period, that completely
reshaped the old value system for the war-ravaged young creative generation. The period concerned
was soon labeled as of crisis by Johan Huizinga and was described as an epoch of „loosening of the
human world‟. The loss of traditional and the obscurity of the new shifted the solid foundation
under human existence and hence, determined a pessimistic outlook towards future. Theories about
Europe‟s twilight became more popular. But the century that was saturated with scientific
discoveries and technical progress for David Kakabadze represented human mind‟s great victory
and posed as a reason to believe in a bright future. His attitude towards European civilization is
positive. He sees it as a universal occurrence adjusting to which should be inevitable for every
viable nation.
The crisis of traditional perception relevant to the end of the XIX century and the beginning of
the XX century caused reevaluation of cognitive forms in this new context and forced to have
appropriate accents in their priorities. David Kakabadze positively evaluates the role of science and
if religion is seen in the light of past importance, he sees the future as the era of science; therefore,
he sees art as a relevant form of acquiring knowledge that has to justify human existence.
For David Kakabadze painting is the only method for expressing the concurrent epoch and for
articulating the universal confined in between the inter-related events. In this way, he is in direct
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relation to Schopenhauer‟s understanding of the concept and mission of art and Bergson‟s artistic
aesthetics, but in their theories intuition plays the decisive role in the artistic creation, that
Kakabadze challenges with ideas of intellectualism and its importance. Even though cognition is the
priority in the art system, Kakabadze‟s art is not solely based on rational decisions – it is a unity
created of intuitive and perceptive, conceptual and aesthetic. For him the purpose of a completed
artwork is its capacity to influence the viewer. Rational and analytical only play roles in the process
of creating the artwork; its foundation is conceptualism.
The genuine, cognitive-aesthetic face of painting is juxtaposed with utilitarian art that is defined
by social factor. This parallel expreses the painter‟s negative reaction towards academism and salon
art that was pertinent to contemporaneous Paris and other European centers. It is also notesworthy
that during his stay in Paris his creative interests got related to analytical art. David Kakabadze, as
well as many other modernist painters, opposes mimetic art and prioritising of sensuality in the
process of creation.
When discussing the purpose of art, David Kakabadze highlights two types of art – utilitarian
and purely artistic. This kind of juxtaposition is preconditioned by dedeological tendencies, that
allows for rejecting mimetic art. However, nature in David Kakabadze‟s art carries substantial
importance. This defines the role of landscape painting in his oeuvre. Kakabadze‟s, as painter‟s,
introspection is realized through perceiving nature and through depicting it artistically. Even his
abstractionism is a result of analytically observed nature. Portrait, as an artistically executed image
of a certain individual naturally falls behind in the artist‟s oeuvre, who is set to search the universal.
The sharp classification of the genres takes place exactly when he is completely engulfed in the
modernist world-view and artistic practice. In search of art‟s purpose and function, the genre of
portraiture fails to comply with the idea. The individuality that has to be taken into consideration
when executing a portrait contradicts with Kakabadze‟s understanding of art. The concept of
universality, that is difined by existance in time for a long period, in Kakabadze‟s art is realized
through the genre of landscape painting.
In art the cognitive search is also reflected in the choice of artistic methods. Seriality is present
throughout his oeuvre. Each series is a finite unity with a purpose to solve an actual issue. The
painter gives maximum freedom to the viewer in apprehending the artwork and does not limit their
subjective attitudes by titling the works. He manages to typify the concrete, to represent the
universal and abstract it on the picture plane with the help of seriality.
David Kakabadze‟s easel painting is represented in different movements, genres and subject
matters. The artist realizes the artistic issues he poses for his art in the frames of three genres –
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landscape, portraiture and still life. Each of them, with its subject matter, demonstrates concretness
and at the same time different levels of artistic originality.
Lanscape painting is central to David Kakabadze‟s oeuvre. The Imereti series personifies the
artist‟s aesthetic perception and is the symbol of his individual artistic vision.
Kakabadze‟s signature style and characteristic cyphers of his mastery are present in the early
works from the genre (the beginning of 1910s). The whole spectrum of creative chronology in the
Imereti series allows for observing creative processes, formation and development of its core
principles.
A group of landscapes from the 1915 already displays clearly formed spatial and decorative order
of the composition, depicting space through planes of emanating colours, building the color palette
based on couple of local colors, clear graphical scheme of form and its geometrism. The Red Road,
1918 and Landscape with the Ruins of a Fortress, 1919, clearly demonstrate David Kakabadze‟s
original artistic vision and means of expression. In Georgian art, the newly established genre of
landscape painting is expressed by references to European Modernism.
The Imereti series belongs to the genre of landscape painting that is reinforced by depicting
mountaneious Imereti landscape. With this series David Kakabadze incorporates his position about
art and nature as artistic value. For Kakabadze art is a substantial objectiveness that includes the
universal origins. The artistic plausibility of the painterly depicted seems to be identified with
reality in the conscience of the viewer. It is unusual for Kakabadze to subjectively distort nature,
typical for many modernists. The landscapes contemplated and depicted by the artist carry eternal
harmony for the viewer.
Every work from the Imereti series depicts the same season. In the landscapes from 1918-1919
he employs a technique that creates an effect of equally distributed sun on the picture plane. In
1930-1940s this method is further generalized and the picture plane seems to be covered with
equally distributed source of light. Nature for Kakabadze, is primarily a boundless space, and the
planial differentiation of material objects is a form of understanding and revealing its true nature. In
terms of depiction this issue is even paradoxical. The spatial effect is portrayed through volume,
whereas the volumetric is depicted through total flatness. These two aspects of artistic expression
are interchangeable and are demonstrated with one mean: by revealing the maximum capacity of
color, by changing its saturation and contrasts, the harmony of restrained color palette is not
disturbed by light and shade. If in the first period the color palette was defined by diversity due to
abundence of contrasting colors, works from 1930s – 1940s display more abstained quality due to
the generalisation of this trend.
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The spatial and plastic harmony of the compositions in the Imereti series represents the classical
principles of representation. The spatial intervals between the views are balanced so that the accent
is made on the image depicted in the middle of the picture plane; this creates a sense of equilibrium
in the composition. The formation of the picture plane is clearly structural, where the functions of
color and graphics are equally demonstrated. After the two landscapes from 1918, Kakabadze
simplifies the rhythmic direction of the contours and formally increases the degree of their
generalization, but in the works from 1930-1940s this aspect is only hinted at and it is left upon the
viewer to expand on this idea and hence, the viewer is invited to become a collaborator. Throughout
both periods of the Imereti series signature techtonicity is permanently present, which is one of
factors of classical artistic expression. Laconic way of expression, its compatibility with the idea
and the idea of typifying the individual recalls associations of heraldic image. The prevailing
character of generalization that is present in the series attaches symbolic appearance to the image
and gives it metaphoric nature. The model is executed in a wide diapason of vision and therefore,
highlights its full parameters. It expresses the dynamics of space and highlights the cognitive
approach to the subject.
In the first period of Kakabadze‟s oeuvre portraiture is within the sphere of his interests. This
interest is exemplified in portraits of friend, father, brother, wife –Eter Andronikashvili, Imereti –
My Mother, graphical portrait of G. Tabidze and four autoportraits.
Kakabadze‟s core artistic principles are presented in a different light in his portraits. These
outline the painter‟s creative formation in the most obvious way and the manifestation about a
„accomplished picture‟ can be read and through this importance of the drawing can be claimed.
The main issue of Kakabadze‟s art – the spatial problem, is almost inexplicable and unrealised in
most of the portraits, due to the specifications of the genre. Only Imereti - My Mother presented the
opportunity to depict the two genres in the equal light. For a painter, seeking universal forms and
connections between them, depicting a certain individual with their distinct character did not realize
artwork‟s precondition. In the painting the environment is given as much importance as the model;
environment in the most cases is a result of imagination and is devoid of reality. The coexistence of
the imagined and real, ornamentalised background and concrete model, all in one artwork presents
the coexistence of the traditional methods of depiction and the XX century phenomenon of creating
a „new reality‟, by which David Kakabadze is getting closer to Art Nouveau. The backgrounds of
the father‟s portrait and those of 1913 and 1917 self-portraits implies the factor of subjective
impressions based on artistsic assosications, but the self-portrait In Front of the Mirror, inspite of
the illusionary expansion of the space and the reality of the model‟s surroundings, is still concrete
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and the viewer‟s emotion is in direct relation to it. Wide range of generalization is presented in the
composition of Imereti - My Mother. The defining aspect of the artwork is the distinct character of
the model, independent concept of the landscape and the idea of considering a human as an integral
part to landscape.
Imereti Still Life marks the end of the genric and thematic interests relevant to the first part of
Kakabadze‟s oeuvre. With its theme and language of depiction, it embodies a unique fact in
Kakabadze‟s artistic practice. With this work, along with the Imereti landscapes, the painter realized
newly acquired language of Modernism by originally employing the concept of generalisation. The
chosen subject matter is significant in its ethnic locality and displays the author‟s own
individualism.
The epoch of „machinism‟ and „dynamism‟ shows one more direction to David Kakabadze‟s
creative mind – that is introducing the dimension of time into the artistic reality. Burrial in Imereti
is his only cubo-futurist work. This work is the creative antithesis of accademist, salon art and
impressionism.
For David Kakabadze Cubism attained crucial importance in perceiving the image‟s new formal
and cognitive foundations. Kakabadze acquired new artistic ideas through synthetic Cubism. With a
firmly developed structure he spreads the diapason between the interrelation of form and space.
The self-portrait from 1914 executed in St.Petersburg is the first cubist work. The picture plane is
built on the interchange between two main colors, highlighting the decorative nature of the painting.
The composition gives an impression of a cubist abstraction. After six years from creating his first
composition, David Kakabadze presents it as a logical event in his oeuvre. The series from 1920
perfectly represents the cubist concept. With the given series Kakabadze displays not only the
structural compatibility of his oeuvre with the European movement, but also completely shared
genric and thematic interest (landscape and still life); the two main genres of Kakabadze‟s cubist
painting stand out with their characteristic thematic nature – that is the artistic atmosphere of urban
European city.
Both of the genres from the series display the unified nature of structural and formal elements. In
Cubism too, for Kakabadze, the „new reality‟ is a boundless artistic space, without concrete depth.
In this way he displays originality palpable to the founders of Cubism.
After the Cubist series, thinking about the peculiarity of form, he creates an aesthetic completely
opposed to Cubism. The painter juxtaposes geometric forms to the plasticity of an alive body. In
1922 – 1924 he executes series Colorful Sihluettes in Space, where two formally similar, but
painterly different trends are observed. One – devoid of genre and subject matter, deconstructed,
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abstracted, form, and the other – representativnes. The artistic aim for the series is to depict the
space created by color associations. The compositions are built with combinations graphically
accomplished, flowing forms. Clean colors bring the decorative nature of the representation to the
foreground.
The above-mentioned idea is developed in two following series: one executed in the technique of
collage between 1924 and 1925 and the abstract compositions of 1926-1927.
For David Kakabadze, who creates collages 12 years after his European artworks, these turned
out to be new means for representing his aesthetic ideals. With the psyhical characters of the
material, the painter unites objective with the imagined. The materials used in Kakabadze‟s collages
are peculiar in their scarcity (metal, mirror, lenses); the traditional means of painting (tempera and
oil paints) carry a distinct function.
By completely denouncing genre and subject matter he created a syntesyzed form of an image
and relief that embodied a new relationship between form and material, subject and space. The
appearance of the series is created through the novatory principles of plasticity and artistically
manages to historically evolutionise ornamental relief in relation to modernist thought, that he
connects to the boundless spaciousness present in eastern art.
With the collage series David Kakabadze practically starts polemics with the representative of
European functionalism, Adolf Loos, who denied the role of ornament in contemporary art. By
introducing relief into easel painting, the Georgian painter establishes the principal function of the
aesthetic importance of fine arts.
In David Kakabadze‟s art modernist period comes to an end with abstract painting. This
movement was also an artistic result of Kakabadze‟s experimentation with natural sciences. It is
composed of two main types. The compositions from 1926 – „an object in space‟ are post-collage
occurrences and translate the evident structure into painting. The almost square-shaped picture
plane is a continuation of the compositional and structural characters of the collage. The similar
framing (presenting metal forms and main color on them) also points to the similar creative concept.
The compositions are distinguished by the simplicity and scarcity of structural elements, which
are primarily presented in the face of disassembled form (circle or line). The majority of the
emotional charge is maintained through warm and cold color combinations. The color palette is
distinguishable with its laconism and simplicity.
The 1927 series further highlights the above-described tendency. The paintings saturated with
aggravated rhythm of color and contour display sped up rate of dynamism.
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The compositions from the1927 series display the visual signs such as size, weigth, direction,
symmetry and proportion, more than other previous series. Variation that is achieved through
limited means highlights the relationship between a fragment and the whole, image and
background; individual nuances are given more importance in the core structure. It is noteworthy
that in this series Kakabadze manages to fuse two most important means: the spread of color
implies a border; the contour on the other hand is colorful.
Therefore, Kakabadze‟s modernist period includes five series. At this point in his oeuvre he
continues to develop his aesthetic and representational concept. The main issue in this series is to
represent space that the painter manages to achieve by employing different means.
The goal of Kakabadze‟s art is to create works that are free from depicting mundane
everydayness; artistic space is the foundation of the aesthetic principle of vision, the
representational and ideological system of his easel painting is built on it, i.e. „new reality‟ with the
means of an artwork is created.
In this way the painter‟s distinctive role in cognitive access to universe of modernist aesthetic
was declared, and the artwork became a metaphor for this relationship.
This is an inseparable trademark of the artistry of Kakabadze‟s series. Kakabadze‟s metaphor is
translated into a symbolic meaning. Emotional and intellectual atmosphere created by them reflects
the rhythm of the scientific century, its dynamic being, the painter‟s wide intellectual diapason and
the face of the humanity that created the epoch of „machinism‟.
The artistic issues present in David Kakabadze‟s art are inseparably related to the new concept of
the easel painting. The specifics of artistic generalization and a different spatiousness as opposed to
traditional one, the complexity of plastical art, attaches new nature of communicability to David
Kakabadze‟s painterly compositions.
153
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`sabWoTa xelovneba~, 1960, #1.
210. zautaSvili i., daviT kakabaZis SemoqmedebiTi portretisaTvis.
`speqtri~, 1990, #1.
211.zdaneviCi k., daviT kakabaZe. `mnaTobi~, 1959, #1.
164
212. TabukaSvili l., monografia-albomi daviT kakabaZeze. `sabWoTa
213. TevdoraZe T., daviT kakabaZe. `droSa~, 1989, #12.
214. TumaniSvili e., kote marjaniSvilisa da daviT kakabaZis
speqtakli `hopla, Cven vcocxlobT!~. `sabWoTa xelovneba~, 1989, #12.
215. TurqaZe n., qarTveli mxatvris ucnobi suraTi. `komunisti~, 1977,
12/III.
216. kakabaZe d., romantizmi xelovnebaSi. Tbilisi, 1999.
217. kakabaZe daviT, xelovneba da sivrce. Tb., 1983.
218. kakabaZe daviT, mxatvari kote marjaniSvilis TeatrSi.
`komunisti~, 1939, 10/I.
219. kakabaZe daviT, masalebi moxsenebisaTvis Tanamedrove
mxatvrobis Sesaxeb. `speqtri~, 1990, #1.
220. kakabaZe daviT, qarTuli CuqurTmis genezisi, Tb., 2001.
221. kvasxvaZe S., qarTuli saxviTi xelovnebis gamofenis gamo.
`saxalxo ganaTleba~, 1964, 1/V.
222. kvasxvaZe S., daviT kakabaZe. `literaturuli gazeTi~, 1959, 21/VIII.
223. kvasxvaZe S., mTeli arsebiT. daviT kakabaZis gamofenis gamo.
àxalgazrda komunisti~, 1959, 1/IX.
224. kvasxvaZe S., daviT kakabaZe. `droSa~, 1969, #12.
225. kikilaSvili l., `... cisferi yvaviliT me moval SenTan~.
`literaturuli saqarTvelo~, 1983, 11/II.
226. kinwuraSvili q., daviT kakabaZis konstruqciul-dekoratiuli
kompoziciebi da skulptura `Z~. `literatura da xelovneba~, 1993,
#1.
227. kinwuraSvili q., daviT kakabaZis namuSevrebi ànonimuri
sazogadoebis~ koleqciis fonze. moxseneba g. CubinaSvilis sax.
qarTuli xelovnebis istoriis institutis XXXII samecniero
sesiisaTvis. muSaobis gegma da moxsenebaTa Tezisebi. Tb., 1997.
228. kinwuraSvili q., daviT kakabaZis namuSevrebi “anonimuri
sazogadoebis” koleqciis fonze, Tb., 1999.
165
229. kldiaSvili s., adamianisa da bunebis momRerali (daviT
kakabaZis 80 wlisTavis gamo). `literaturuli saqarTvelo~, 1969,
30/X.
230. laliaSvili g., unikaluri gamofena (daviT kakabaZis
fotogamofenis gamo). àxalgazrda komunisti~, 1983, 27/XII.
231. literatori. ori adgili gudiaSvilis wignidan.
`literaturuli saqarTvelo~, 1979, 14/IX.
232. losaberiZe l., daviT kakabaZe, bavSvoba da yrmoba. mogonebebi.
`ganTiadi~, 1990, #8.
233. maTiaSvili i., mxatvruli saxis struqtura da erovnuli
tradiciebisadmi mimarTeba daviT kakabaZis dazgur ferweraSi.
samecniero sesia miZRvnili iv. javaxiSvilis 120 wlisTavisadmi,
muSaobis gegma da moxsenebaTa Tezisebi. Tsu, 1996, gv. 23-24.
234. maTiaSvili i., suraTis koncefcia daviT kakabaZis Teoriul
SemoqmedebaSi. `xelovneba”, 1996, #1-2-3, gv. 2-12.
235. maTiaSvili i., daviT kakabaZe modernizmis kulturis konteqstSi.
`Teatri da cxovreba”, 1997, #1, gv. 27-48.
236. maTiaSvili i., portretis Janri daviT kakabaZis SemoqmedebaSi.
`Zeglis megobari”, 1997, #3 (98), gv. 34-39.
237. maTiaSvili i., ìmereTis” seria daviT kakabaZis SemoqmedebaSi.
`xelovneba”, 1997, #4-5-6, gv. 33-49.
238. maTiaSvili i., modernizmis mimdinareobebi daviT kakabaZis
dazgur ferweraSi. `speqtri”, 1998, #1, gv. 22-36.
239. maTiaSvili i., daviT kakabaZis ferwera 1910-ian wlebSi. Tb., 1999.
240. margvelaSvili p., usaTvalo stereokinos gamomgonebeli.
`mecniereba da teqnika~, 1978, #2.
241. margvelaSvili p., daviT kakabaZe da galaqtioni. `droSa~, 1984,
#11.
242. margvelaSvili p., daviT kakabaZis arqividan. Tb., 1988.
243. margvelaSvili p., didi mxatvris fotoebi. àxalgazrda
komunisti~, 1988, 14/XI, 25/VI.
166
244. margvelaSvili p., d. kakabaZis Sesaxeb. àxalgazrda komunisti~,
1988, 9/VI.
245. margvelaSvili p., axali masalebi firosmanze. àxalgazrda
komunisti~, 1986, 12/IV.
246. margvelaSvili p., xuciSvili g., profesionalizmi saxviT
xelovnebaSi. `Tbilisi~, 1985, 14/X.
247. maCabeli k., ganumeorebeli mxatvari. `komunisti~, 1981, 12/XII.
248. maCabeli k., `Tavisuflebaa misi xelovnebis azri~...
`literaturuli saqarTvelo~, 1989, 13/X.
249. maWavariani d., uaRresi madliereba. `komunisti~, 1982, 27/I.
250. meliqiZe q., 240 unikaluri... fotogamofenis avtoria daviT
kakabaZe. `komunisti~, 1984, 14/X.
251. metreveli e., daviT kakabaZis 1920-27 wlebis Semoqmedeba me-20
saukunis pirveli naxevris dasavleTevropul xelovnebasTan
mimarTebaSi. avtoreferati xelovnebaTmcodneobis kandidatis
samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad, Tb., 1999.
252. metreveli r., daviT kakabaZis ucnobi suraTi. àxalgazrda
komunisti~, 1959, 10/IX.
253. meZvelia z., stereokino da saqarTvelo. `Tbilisi~, 1981, 9/VI.
254. meZmariaSvili m., mSobeli buneba – STagonebis wyaro.
`komunisti~, 1989, 22/IX.
255. meZmariaSvili m., Zveli Tbilisi daviT kakabaZis SemoqmedebaSi.
`freska~, 1984, #6.
256. mZinaraZe s., albomi mogviTxrobs da gviCvenebs. `Tbilisi~, 1983,
16/III.
257. mxatvruli siRrmisa da profesiuli srulyofisaTvis. disputi
mxatvarTa kavSirSi. `literatura da xelovneba~, 1950, 27/VIII.
258. m. f. daviT kakabaZe – 100. gazeT `samSoblos~ artistuli
damateba àspirozi~, 1989, #26.
259. nagibini i., feris jadoqari (daviT kakabaZe). `literaturuli
gazeTi~, 1960, 27/II.
167
260. naciaSvili s., ostati-realisti, gamoCenili fermweri.
`Tbilisi~, 1964, 2/IX.
261. nozaZe g., faqizi gemovnebis adamiani. `Tbilisi~, 1989, 24/VIII.
262. okujava e., daviT kakabaZisa da mixeil Wiaurelis mxatvruli
samyaro. `kino~, 1990, #3.
263. okujava e., daviT kakabaZe da kote marjaniSvilis sinTezuri
Teatri. `Teatri da cxovreba~, 1991, #4.
264. osnosi p., qarTuli tradiciebi (qarTveli mxatvrebis – lado
gudiaSvilis, firosmanis da daviT kakabaZis Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb).
`mamuli~, 1992, #7.
265. parizi. 1920-1927 ww. daviT kakabaZis namuSevarTa gamofena.
katalogi. Tb., 1928.
266. razmaZe m., prologi saiubileo TariRisaTvis. àxalgazrda
komunisti~, 1989, 24/VIII.
267. ramiSvili n., erovnuli formis Ziebis problema XX saukunis
dasawyisis qarTul ferweraSi (daviT kakabaZis Semoqmedeba. 1910-1920-
iani wlebi), Tb., 2010.
268. ramiSvili n., `vitrinis”iqiT dalagebuli sagnebi. ACADEMIA,
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269. robaqiZe gr., ekuTvnis rCeulebs. `komunisti~, 1989, 22/IX.
270. robaqiZe gr., qarTvel mxatvarTa suraTebis gamofena. daviT
kakabaZe. `sabWoTa xelovneba~, 1988, #6.
271. rCeuliSvili l., daviT kakabaZe (Sesavali albomisaTvis). Tb.,
1966.
272. rCeuliSvili l., daviT kakabaZe. Tb., 1983.
273. sanikiZe T., daviT kakabaZe (Sesavali katalogisaTvis – daviT
kakabaZis dabadebis 100 wlisTavisadmi). Tb., 1989.
274. sxirtlaZe z., freskis xelmeore dabadeba. `literaturuli
saqarTvelo~, 1982, 30/VII.
275. sxirtlaZe z., `qimerionis~ mxatvrobis gaxsna. `mxatvari~, 1982,
IX.
168
276. tabataZe T., artistuli kafe qimerioni da misi moxatuloba,
tfilisi, 1919 weli. Tb., 2011.
277. tabataZe T., daviT kakabaZis `Semoqmedi da muza”, mxatvris
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278. uruSaZe n., daviT kakabaZe. Tb., 1978.
279. uruSaZe n., daviT kakabaZe TeatrSi. Tb., 1982.
280. firaliSvili o., iqneb Tqma sjobs. `komunisti~, 1985, 15/VI.
281. formalizmis winaaRmdeg mxatvrobaSi. `komunisti~, 1936, 30/III.
282. qareliSvili i., mezRvaurebi. `literatura da xelovneba~, 1947,
16/II.
283. RambaSiZe n., sityva da funji. `mnaTobi~, 1971, #1.
284. Sengelaia d., didi Semoqmedi. `literaturuli saqarTvelo~,
1969, 3/X.
285. CixlaZe n., kvali keTili. `literaturuli saqarTvelo~, 1978,
3/III.
286. Ciqovani T., `... da sixaruli~. `Tbilisi~, 1989, 21/IX.
287. ciciSvili e., mxatvris albomi. `wignis samyaro~, 1984, 26/III.
288. Zucova i., mogonebebi daviT kakabaZeze. `quTaisi~, 1974, 13/IV.
289. Zucova i., daviT kakabaZe. Strixebi SemoqmedebiTi
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290. wereTeli d., SesaniSnavi qarTveli mxatvari. `mnaTobi~, 1962, #7.
291. WilaZe T., daviT kakabaZe. `literaturuli saqarTvelo~, 1989,
29/IX.
292. xelaZe i., daviT kakabaZe da 20-ani wlebis dizaini. `sabWoTa
293. xoStaria g., daviT kakabaZis Semoqmedebis istoriuli
mniSvnelobisaTvis. `mxatvari~, 1982, IX.
294. xoStaria i., mogonebebi daviT kakabaZeze. `quTaisi~, 1974, 13/IV.
295. xuciSvili g., pirvelad naxevari saukunis Semdeg. `Tbilisis
universiteti~, 1983, 16/XII.
296. xuciSvili g., Tanamedrove qarTuli mxatvrobis mesaZirkvle.
`nekeri~, 1990, #1.
169
297. xuciSvili s., daviT kakabaZis diapazoni. àxalgazrda
komunisti~, 1984, 4/X.
298. janberiZe n., moqmedi xelovneba. `sabWoTa xelovneba~, 1989, #11.
299. janeliZe d., gamarjvebisa da bednierebis amsaxveli gamofena.
`komunisti~, 1941, 23/III.
300. janeliZe d., uZlevelni. `komunisti~, 1945, 23/XII.
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172
ilustraciebi
173
1. daviT kakabaZe, gelaTi, 1908 w.
174
2. daviT kakabaZe, xidi, 1912 w.
175
3. daviT kakabaZe, imereTi, 1915 w.
176
177
5. daviT kakbaZe, imereTi, 1915 w.
178
6. daviT kakabaZe, cixe simagre modi, naxe, 1915 w.
179
7. daviT kakabaZe, imereTi, peizaJi mdinaris xeobiT, 1915 w.
180
8. daviT kakabaZe, imereTi, wiTeli gza, 1918 w.
181
9. daviT kakabaZe. peizaJi cixe-simagriTa da mdinariT, 1918 w.
182
10. daviT kakabaZe, imereTi. peizaJi cixe-simagriT, 1918 w.
183
11. daviT kakabaZe, rionhesi, 1934 w.
184
12. daviT kakabaze, industria, 1927 w.
185
13. daviT kakabaZe, Cais plantacia, 1934 w.
186
187
188
16. daviT kakabaZe, yviTeli mTa, 1934 w.
189
190
191
192
20. daviT kakabaZe, wiTeli mTa, 1944 w.
193
194
195
23. daviT kakabaZe, mitingi imereTSi, 1942 w.
196
24. daviT kakabaZe. imereTi omis dReebSi. 1942 w.
197
25. daviT kakabaZe. megobris portreti
198
26. daviT kakabaZe. mamis portreti. 1914 w.
199
27. daviT kakabaZe. avtoportreti sarkis win. 1914 w.
200
28. daviT kakabaZe. avtoportreti broweulebiT. 1913 w.
201
29. daviT kakabaZe. avtoportreti nacrisferi xalaTiT. 1917 w.
202
30. daviT kakabaZe. imereTi-dedaCemi. 1918 w.
203
31. daviT kakabaZe. imeruli naturmorti. 1918 w.
204
32. daviT kakabaZe. kubisturi avtoportreti. 1914 w.
205
33. daviT kakabaZe, kubizmi, 1920 w.
206
207
208
209
210
38. daviT kakabaZe, kubizmi, kompozicia ori figuriT, 1920 w.
211
39. pablo pikaso, italieli qali, 1917 w.
212
40. pablo pikaso, arlekini gitariT, 1918 w.
213
41. pablo pikaso, sami musikosi, 1921 w.
214
42. pablo pikaso, kaci mandoliniT, 1921 w.
215
43. daviT kakabaZe, feradovani siluetebi sivrceSi, ialqniani navebi,
1921 w.
216
44. daviT kakabaZe, feradovani siluetebi sivrceSi, kaci da xeebi, 1923 w.
217
45. daviT kakabaZe, feradovani siluetebi sivrceSi, 1023 w.
218
46. daviT kakabaZe, feradovani siluetebi sivrceSi, palitra, 1924 w.
219
47. pablo pikaso, kolaJi, 1912 w.
220
48. pablo pikaso, gitara, 1913 w.
221
49. pablo pikaso, studenti gazeTiT, 1913 w.
222
50. daviT kakabaZe, kolaJi, 1924 w.
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
59. daviT kakabaZe, sagani sivrceSi, 1926 w.
232
60. daviT kakabaZe, sagani sivrceSi, 1926 w.
233
61. daviT kakabaZe, abstraqcia, 1927 w.
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
ilustraciebi gamoyenebulia v.beriZis, l. rCeuliSvilis, g. dilis da t.
hiltonis wignebidan.
241

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ირმა მათიაშვილი, დავით კაკაბაძის დაზგური ფერწერის მხატვრული საკითხები

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irma maTiaSvili

daviT kakabaZis dazguri ferweris

inglisuri Targmani elene kapanaZisa

XX saukunis dasawyisis qarTuli kulturis moRvaweTa Soris,

4 А. Дудучава, dasax. naSr.

жизни. `Вечерний Тбилиси~, 1964, 4/VII.

12 g. alibegaSvili, daviT kakabaZis Semoqmedeba. `mnaTobi~, 1956, #8, gv. 171-175.

14 iqve,. gv. 175.

1959, №9, с .87-88.; S. amiranaSvili, daZabuli Zieba, SemoqmedebiTi mRelvareba. (daviT

1/IX.n. RambaSiZe, sityva da funji. `mnaTobi~, 1971, #1, gv. 145-149.

dakavSirebiT). `literaturuli saqarTvelo~, 1969, 3/X.

26 v. beriZe, dasax. naSr., # 12, gv. 14.

32 iqve, gv. 97.

sakiTxisaTvis). `sabWoTa xelovneba~, 1988, #7, gv. 70-76.

35 iqve, gv. 76.

skulptura `Z~. `literatura da xelovneba~, 1993, # 1, gv. 176-192.

Востока”, 1947, ¹99; i. qareliSvili, `mezRvaurebi~ rusTavelis saxelobis TeatrSi.

#2, gv. 46-50.

vigulisxmoT, rom daviT kakabaZis naSromebis saerTaSoriso mniSvneloba eWvs ar unda

xelovnebaTa winaSe dadga problema universalobisa. yoveli xelovneba, sul erTia

SemTxvevaSi igi darCeba mxolod da mxolod lokaluri mniSvnelobis faqtori, erTgvari

abramcevos jgufis SemoqmedTaTvis.

63 p. iakaSvili, kino damoukidebel saqarTveloSi. `literaturuli saqarTvelo~, 1989, 26/V.

mxatvruli Semecnebis sakiTxi daviT kakabaZis SemoqmedebaSi

daviT kakabaZis esTetikuri msoflSemecneba XX s-is dasawyisis

67`maSinizmi~ daviT kakabaZis terminia. amiT igi iziarebs futuristebis pozicias XX

70 daviT kakabaZe, iqve, gv. 108.

75 e. kodua, iqve, gv. 56.

76 А.Ф. Лосев, Эстетика Возрождения. М., 1978. с. 360.

79 RirebulebaTa daxasiaTebisas veyrdnobi krizisuli situaciis iohan huicingaseul

85 daviT kakabaZe, parizi. 1920-23 wlebi. gv. 86.

87 А. Бергсон, Творческая эволюция. М.-Спб., 1914. с. VI, 133.

91 daviT kakabaZe, parizi. 1920-23 wlebi. gv. 90.

96 daviT kakabaZe, Tanamedrove mxatvruli gzebi. gv. 54.

99 iqve, gv. 54.

104 daviT kakabaZe, parizi. 1920-23 wlebi. gv. 90.

110 daviT kakabaZe, parizi. 1920-23 wlebi. gv. 88.

111ammimdinareobaTa mravalricxovani warmomadgenlebi didi popularobiTa da gavleniT

118 А. Бергсон, iqve, gv. 16.

121 p. margvelaSvili, daviT kakabaZis arqividan. gv. 10.

123 daviT kakabaZe, Cveni gza. gv. 32.

125 R. Delaunay, Du cubisme á l‟art abstrait. Paris, 1957. p. 96.

127 А. Мальро, iqve, gv. 38-39.

129 d. kakabaZe, iqve, gv. 33.

131 daviT kakabaZe, sivrcis ornairi koncefcia. gv. 130.

132 А. Бергсон, iqve, gv. 20.

133 d. TumaniSvili, xelovneba da individualizmi. `literatura da xelovneba~, 1991, #4, gv.

mxatvruli saxe da misi struqtura daviT kakabaZisÿ dazgur

daviT kakabaZis ferwera koncefciuri xelovnebis farTo diapazons

138 g. alibegaSvili, daviT kakabaZis Semoqmedeba. gv. 3.

141 v. beriZe, daviT kakabaZe 90 wlisaa. #12, gv. 12.

143 t., z., 30 X40, inaxeba iqve.

144 daviT kakabaZe, Tanamedrove mxatvruli gzebi. gv. 56.

145 iqve, gv. 55.

146 t., z., 30 X40, inaxeba iqve.

148 t., z., 63 X84, inaxeba iqve.

xelovnebis saxelmwifo muzeumi.

152 k. zdaneviCi, daviT kakabaZe. gv. 159.

160 t., z., 30X40, q-n eTer andronikaSvilis koleqcia.

163 t., z., 92X119, inaxeba iqve.

164t., z., 30X40, inaxeba iqve.

166 t., z., 81X100, inaxeba iqve.

172 v. beriZe, iqve, gv. 14.

174 `daviT kakabaZis interesi mxatvrobisadmi swored portretis JanriT iwyeba.Ppatara