viqtoria e.

boneli

Zalauflebis ikonografia
sabWoTa politikuri plakatebi
leninis da stalinis dros

mTargmnelebi:
lamara SavguliZe, gaga lomiZe

gamomcemloba
CCU Press
2019
viqtoria e. boneli
Zalauflebis ikonografia
sabWoTa politikuri plakatebi leninis da stalinis dros

wigni iTargmna rusTavelis erovnuli samecniero fondis mxardaWeriT, proeqt „stalinis

ideologema da miTologema qarTul sabWoTa da emigrantul literaturaSi“ farglebSi

© 1997 The Regents of the University of California

Published by arrangement with University of California Press

damkabadonebeli: Tamar tyablaZe

pirveli qarTuli gamocema

© gamomcemloba CCU Press - 2019
© gaga lomiZe, lamara SavguliZe, mTargmnelebi - 2019

ISBN 978-9941-8-0612-4
 griSas

winaTqma

es wigni mogiTxrobT sabWoTa politikur plakatebze, romlebic 1917-dan 1953 wlamde

iqmneboda. iwyeba oqtombris revoluciidan da sruldeba stalinis sikvdiliT. am samnaxevari
aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi, aTasobiT plakati Seiqmna, daibeWda da gavrcelda. isini stilis da
saxeebis mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeoda, magram yvela maTgani mimarTuli iyo im uzarmazari
propagandistuli miznisken, romelic axali homo sovietikusis Seqmnas iTvaliswinebda.
sakiTxis Seswavlis dasawyisSi, mindoda gamerkvia politikuri xelovnebis funqcia ofi-
cialuri ideologiis, Rirebulebebis da normebis gavrcelebis saqmeSi. faqtobrivad, Za-
lauflebis simbolur reprezentaciaSi plakatebis rolis sakiTxma Zalian damainteresa.
kvlevis msvlelobisas, TandaTan sul ufro gamitaca im mTavari saTqmelis Tanamedrove-
Ta recefciam, romelsac vizualuri propaganda gadmocemda. rogor unda momexelTebina
sabWoTa adamianis „xedva“, romelic ase maSorebda drois, adgilis da kulturuli gamoc-
dilebis TvalsazrisiT?
am sakiTxebis damuSavebis mizniT, Tvals vadevnebdi konkretuli gamosaxulebebis evo-
lucias droTa ganmavlobaSi da Sevecade, logika, azri mepovna im cvlilebebSi, romlebic
aRmovaCine — farTo istoriul, vizualur da miTologiur konteqstSi, romelSic gamosax-
ulebebi gardaiqmneboda. pier burdie werda, rom „xedva“ aris istoriis produqti, romel-
sac ganaTlebis sistema ayalibebs.“ [1]
kvlevis procesSi, amosaval principad aviRe idea, romlis Tanaxmadac, suraTebis Tva-
liereba gaTavisebuli gamocdilebaa, romelic droTa ganmavlobaSi yalibdeba.
am amocanis ganxorcielebisas, didi daxmareba gamiwia sxvadasxva damfinansebelma orga-
nizaciam, romelTac mogzaurobis, plakatebis Seswavlis da maTze weris saSualeba momca.
minda, gansakuTrebuli madliereba gamovxato Semdegi organizaciebis mimarT: jon saimon
gugenhaimis fondi, amerikis samecniero sazogadoebis sabWo, humanitarul mecnierebebSi
prezidentis kvleviTi stipendia, saerTaSoriso kvlevis da gacvliTi programebis sabWo
(IREX) da slavistikis da aRmosavleT evropis Semswavleli mecnierebebis centri, kvlevis
komiteti da berklis kaliforniis universitetis saerTaSoriso sakiTxebis Seswavlis in-
stituti. minda, gansakuTrebuli madloba movaxseno qcevis Semswavleli mecnierebebis cen-
trs, romlis bazazec daiwyo am proeqtis momzadeba.
Tavs davalebulad vgrZnob huveris institutis arqivisa da elena danielsonis winaSe, ro-
melic damexmara proeqtis dawyebaSi da TavianT koleqciaSi daculi originali plakatebis
Seswavlis saSualeba momca. nina baburinam da svetlana artamonovam daxmareba gamiwies, rom
ruseTis saxelmwifo biblioTekaSi (yofil leninis biblioTekaSi) asobiT plakati Semeswav-
la. maTi daxmarebis gareSe, ver movaxerxebdi im plakatebis kompleqsur Seswavlas, romel-
Ta umravlesobac manamde arc yofila detalurad Seswavlili. nikolai aleqseevma ruseTis
saxelmwifo biblioTekis koleqciaSi daculi plakatebis fotoebi gamiziara.
siamovnebiT miviRe kolegebis, megobrebis da anonimuri mimomxilvelebis rCevebi da ko-
mentarebi. barTon benediqtma, rouz glikmanma, gail kligmanma, lin hanTma, moSe levinma da
rejinald zelnikma xelnaweri versiis sxvadasxva Tavi waikiTxes. evgeni dobrenkos madlo-
bas vuxdi mTeli xelnaweris wakiTxvisa da araerTi sasargeblo rCevisTvis. kvlevisas Cemi
TanaSemweebi — houard aleni, elizabeta bensoni da jefri rosmani wignis momzadebasTan
dakavSirebuli araerTi sakiTxis mogvarebaSi damexmarnen.

3
 bolos, minda gansakuTrebuli madlierebiT movixsenio Cemi meuRle, gregori fraidini
— didi erudiciis da warmosaxvis mqone mecnieri. misi wamaxalisebeli SeniSvnebis da bevr
mcire Tu mniSvnelovan sakiTxSi TanamSromlobis gareSe, es wigni ver daiwereboda. wignis
dasruleba mamaCemis, semiuel bonelis avadmyofobis gamo Seferxda, romelmac Tavisi si-
cocxlis ukanaskneli sami weli kaliforniaSi gaatara. is iyo kulturuli da Zlieri ada-
miani, romelsac uyvarda saxviTi xelovneba da axalgazrdobaSi masze didi STabeWdileba
moaxdina im imijebma, romlebic winamdebare naSromis sagania.

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2 3

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5
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6

6
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 Sesavali

1917 wels bolSevikebis winaSe ara mxolod Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdebis sakiTxi idga,
aramed mniSvnelobis moxelTebis problemac. ruseTis revoluciebma kiTxvis niSnis qveS
daayena Zveli msoflxedva da xeli Seuwyo warsulis, awmyos da momavlis gagebis mimarT
did daeWvebas. es krizisi arasdros yofila iseTi sastiki da sayovelTao, rogorc
oqtomberSi, rodesac bolSevikebma axali sabWoTa saxelmwifos daarseba gamoacxades.
leninis da sxva bolSeviki liderebisTvis sakuTari momxreebis mimarTac ki ar arsebob-
da araviTari konsensusi interpretaciasTan dakavSirebul araerT fundamentur sakiTx-
ze. oqtombris revoluciis Semdgom mRelvare TveebSi, bolSevikebi Seecadnen, sajaro
gamosvlebis sferoSi gavlena moepovebinaT da popularuli midgomebi da warmodgenebi
axali simboloebis, ritualebis da vizualuri gamosaxulebebis SemotaniT gardaeqmnaT.
maTi mizani iyo, arc meti, arc naklebi, „yovelgvari sazogadoebrivi Rirebulebis Canacv-
leba iseTi mravlismTqmeli SetyobinebebiT, romelic Tavisuflebas moutanda adamians
da, imavdroulad, axal mistikas Seqmnida.“ [1]
es Setyobineba unda gavrcelebuliyo im saSualebiT, romelsac erik hobsbaumma „gamogo-
nili tradicia“ uwoda, rac gulisxmobs „praqtikebis wyebas, romelic konkretuli faseu-
lobebis da qcevis normebis danergvas iTvaliswinebs ganmeorebis gziT, rac avtomaturad
gulisxmobs warsulTan uwyvet kavSirs.“ [2]
gamogonil tradiciebs, hobsbaumis Tanaxmad, SeuZlia sami (SesaZloa erTdroulad arse-
buli) funqciis Sesruleba. [3]
pirveli is, rom is iqmneba „jgufebis, realuri an xelovnuri sazogadoebebis social-
uri erTobis Tu wevrobis gansamtkiceblad an aRmniSvnelad.“ bolSevikebisTvis, romel-
Ta Zalauflebisken swrafvac efuZneboda ideologias, romelic proletariats msoflio
da istoriul mniSvnelobas aniWebda, sasicocxlod aucilebeli iyo sajaro gamosvleb-
Si heroikuli poziciis da muSaTa klasis koleqtiuri identobis Camoyalibeba. partias
saswrafod esaWiroeboda axali mSromeli gmirebis, „cnobieri“ mSromelebis imijis Seqmna
da mosaxleobaSi misi tiraJireba. es mSromelebi marqsizm-leninizmis rCeuli adamianebi
iqnebodnen. aseve mniSvnelovani iyo „klasis“, rogorc centraluri epistemologiuri el-
ementis danergva axal oficialur ideologiaSi. klasi da ara imdenad nacionaloba, reli-
gia, sqesi, an eTnikuri warmomavloba unda qceuliyo socialuri da politikuri solidar-
obis safuZvlad. uSualod revoluciis Semdgom wlebsa da 1920-ian wlebSi bolSevikuri
partia koleqtiuri identobis gansazRvrebisa da am gansazRvrebasTan politikis Tavse-
badobisTvis ibrZoda.
gamogonili tradiciebis meore funqcia iyo „instituciebis, Zalauflebrivi statusis
Tu urTierTobebis ganmtkiceba Tu legitimacia“. iseTi revoluciebi, rogoric iyo 1917
wlis oqtombris revolucia ruseTSi, arsebul instituciebs da Zalauflebriv urTierTo-
bebs angrevs da maT diskreditacias eweva da sruliad axal asparezs uxsnis politikuri Za-
lauflebis socialuri wesrigis gansazRvrebas. revoluciisSemdgom TveebSi bolSevikebi-
sTvis mTavari problema iyo axali partia-saxelmwifos legitimacia da mmarTvel da daqvem-
debarebul jgufebs Soris axleburi urTierTobebis Camoyalibeba. yofilma gabatonebul-
ma klasebma da droebiTma mTavrobam, romelic ruseTs 1917 wlis Tebervlidan marTavda,
oqtombris revoluciis Semdeg Zalaufleba dakarga. maTi adgili daikava bolSevikurma
partiam da axalma sabWoTa saxelmwifom, Tavisi komisrebiT, saidumlo policiiT, wiTeli
armiiT da mcirericxovani, magram aqtiuri gulmxurvale mimdevrebis jgufiT, momxreebiT,

8
oportunistebiT da bandebiT. bolSevikebma adreve gaacnobieres, rom Zalaufleba legiti-
maciis gareSe axali reJimisTvis saxifaTo iyo. maTi legitimaciis strategiaSi mTavari iyo
msoflio istoriis mimarT xedvis Camoyalibeba da gavrceleba, rac bolSeviki liderebis
xelmZRvanelobiT „proletariatis diqtaturis“ ganmtkicebas gaamarTlebda da mosaxleo-
baSi partiis avtoritets ganamtkicebda.
gamogonili tradiciebis mesame mniSvnelovani funqcia gulisxmobda „socializaciis
propagandas, rwmenebis, RirebulebaTa sistemis da qcevis normebis danergvas.“ Zalauflebis
xelSi Cagdebamde, bolSevikebi, leninis meTaurobiT, ruseTis sxva memarcxene radikaluri
partiebisa da dajgufebebis didi nawilisgan gamoirCeoda sinamdvilis monoliTuri xedviT.
oqtombris revoluciis Semdeg, es xedva maSinve gardaiqmna mTeli individualuri da so-
cialuri cxovrebis reorganizaciis mcdelobad, romelic bolSevikuri partiis mier dad-
genil ideologiur normebs Seesabameboda. marTalia, safuZvliani socializacia da cnobi-
erebis gardaqmna 1930-ian wlebamde mainc ver Sesrulda, magram asparezze gamosvlisTanave,
bolSevikebma miznad daisaxes TiToeuli moqalaqis gardaqmna bolSevikad, romelic sxvebis
msgavsad ifiqrebda, ilaparakebda da moiqceoda.
imisTvis, rom gamogonili tradiciebi efeqturi iyos, ar unda Seicvalos da unda gan-
meordes. isini ise unda avrcelebdnen ideebs, rom samizne auditoriisTvis gasagebi iyos.
1918 wlis ganmavlobaSi, bolSevikebma aamuSaves propagandis aparati, romelic sityvebis
(dawerili Tu zepiri) da gamosaxulebebis saSualebiT, mosaxleobisTvis partiis ideebis
gadacemas gulisxmobda. [4]
yvela TvalsazrisiT, mcdeloba STambeWdavi da masStaburi aRmoCnda. xelisuflebaSi
mosvlidan erT weliwadSi, maT Seqmnes ganumeorebeli emblemebi da simboloebi (magaliTad,
namgali da uro, wiTeli varskvlavi da gmiri mSromelis saxe), axali an aRdgenili rituale-
bi (7 noemberi, [25 oqtomberi] da sapirvelmaiso dResaswauli), [5] da sakuTari saTqmelis
gavrcelebis axali saSualebebi (saagitacio matareblebi da gemebi, soflis samkiTxvelo
darbazebi, inscenirebebi). [6]
amasTanave, isini iyenebdnen politikur plakatebs, monumentur qandakebebs, wignebs,
Jurnal-gazeTebs, filmebs, rom sakuTari ideebi farTo masebSi gaevrcelebinaT. 1789 wlis
safrangeTis revoluciis Semdeg pirvelad moxda, rom reJimi pirdapir, erTgulad eweoda
adamianebis gardaqmnas politikuri ganaTlebis gziT.

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 vizualuri propaganda

sabWoTa xelisuflebis adreul wlebSi masobrivma propagandam sxvadasxva forma miiRo,

magram politikuri ganaTlebis sakiTxSi upiratesoba eniWeboda Tvals. es imas niSnavda, rom
didi Zalisxmeva da SemoqmedebiTi unari mimarTuli iyo yvela tipis vizualuri propagan-
dis Seqmnaze. bolSevik liderebs darwmunebis da Cagonebis vizualuri meTodebi izidavda,
qveynis ganaTlebis dabali donis da rusi xalxis mdidari vizualuri tradiciebis gamo.
rodesac xelisuflebis saTaveSi bolSevikebi movidnen, mosaxleobis umravlesoba jer
kidev wera-kiTxvis ucodinari iyo — gansakuTrebiT qalaqis centraluri ubnebis gareT.
1917 wlis monacemebi ucnobia, magram oci wliT adre, mosaxleobis aRweram cxadyo, rom daax-
loebiT soflis mosaxleobis 83 procenti da qalaqis mcxovrebTa 55 procenti wera-kiTxvis
ucodinari iyo. wera-kiTxvis masStaburi kampaniis Sedegad, romelic xelisuflebaSi mosv-
lis Semdeg bolSevikebma wamoiwyes (rogorc maTi propagandistuli Zalisxmevis nawili),
zogadi done sagrZnoblad gaumjobesda 1926 wlisTvis. [7] amis miuxedavad, soflis mosaxle-
obis daaxloebiT naxevars da qalaqis mosaxleobis erT mexuTeds mainc ar hqonda elementa-
ruli ganaTleba. [8]
„wignieris“ klasifikacia 1920-ian wlebSi eniWeboda adamianebs, romelTac elementaru-
li wera-kiTxva icodnen. pirveli xuTwledis gegmamde, mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawili
(gansakuTrebiT glexebi) jer kidev gaWirvebiT kiTxulobdnen martiv teqstebs, rogoricaa
sagazeTo informacia. vizualuri propaganda, romelic mniSvnelovnad amcirebda dawerili
teqstis gagebis aucileblobas, saSualebas iZleoda, mosaxleobis farTo fenebamde mietana
bolSevikebis saTqmeli.
vizualur gamosaxulebebsa da ritualebze koncentrireba Zveli reJimis sanaxaobriobis
da gansakuTrebiT rusuli orTodoqsuli eklesiis mdidari vizualuri kulturis tradiciis
maniSnebeli iyo. [9] rusul orTodoqsul xats gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia rusul religi-
ur praqtikaSi. rogorc leonid uspenski aRniSnavs xatebis miseul analizSi: „SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom Tuki bizantiam samyaros [10] sityvebiT gamoxatuli Teologia umemkvidra, ruseTma Tavis
xalxs xatebiT warmodgenili Teologia SeTavaza.“ orTodoqsi morwmunesTvis „wminda xati,
iseve rogorc wminda werili, gamoxatavs ara WeSmaritebis Sesaxeb adamianebis ideebs da kon-
cefciebs, aramed TviT WeSmaritebas — RvTaebriv gamocxadebas.“ [11]
orTodoqsi morwmunisTvis xats TavisTavad wminda Zala gaaCnda. iTvleboda, rom wmin-
danebis Zala, magaliTad, „koncentrirebuli iyo maT xatebSi, romelTac zogjer „RmerTebsac“
(bogi) uwodebdnen. aseT xatebs saWiro dros an ritualebisas, sagangebo locvebis warmoTq-
misas iyenebdnen.“ [12] religiuri xatebis siWarbem ruseTis cxovrebaSi (faqtobrivad, yvela
glexis sacxovrebels Tavisi xati hqonda, iseve rogorc qalaqis saxlebs) rusebi garkveuli
tipis gamosaxulebebis aRqmis gamocdilebamde da maTi siwmindisadmi rwmenamde miiyvana.
bolSevikebi acnobierebdnen gamosaxulebebis efeqturobas maTi saTqmelis Cveulebriv
adamianebamde mitanis saqmeSi. leninis coli, nadeJda krupskaia, Tavisi araerTi Tanapar-
tielis grZnobebs gamoxatavda, rodesac 1923 wels aRniSnavda: „awmyoSi da axlo momaval-
Si glexs Tavisi nawarmis gaumjobeseba SeuZlia, Tuki mas xiluli magaliTiT vaswavliT. da
zogadad, glexebi, iseve rogorc muSebi, ufro metad gamosaxulebebiT azrovneben, vidre
abstraqtuli formulebiT; da wignierebis maRali donis pirobebSic, vizualuri ilustra-
ciebi yovelTvis ufro did rols iTamaSebs glexebisTvis.“ [13]
vizualuri propagandis iseT masobriv formebze mniSvnelovani damokidebuleba, rogori-
caa politikuri plakatebi, kidev im faqtormac ganapiroba, rom revoluciam da samoqalaqo

10
omma (1918-21) beWdviTi industria daangria. qaRaldis naklebobam, poligrafiuli dawese-
bulebebis krizisma da daxurvam Tu transportirebis problemebma mniSvnelovnad Seaferxa
gazeTebis beWdva da distribucia im wlebSi. mTavari partiuli organo, gazeTi „pravda“, dRe-
Si mxolod daaxloebiT 138 000-iani tiraJiT gamodioda, xolo yvela danarCeni ocdaxuTi
wiTelarmiuli gazeTi, erTad aRebuli, dReSi 250 000-ianze naklebi tiraJiT gamoicemoda. [14]
marTalia, im dros TiTo gazeTs ramdenime adamiani kiTxulobda saziarod, magram es su-
lac ar gaxldaT STambeWdavi cifri mravalmilioniani mosaxleobis pirobebSi. [15] samoqa-
laqo omis dros, qveynis didi nawili TeTrebis gavlenis sferoSi eqceoda. sazogadoebriv
adgilebSi gamofenili politikuri plakatebi saSualebas iZleoda, rom qaRaldis da mel-
nis SezRuduli raodenobiT farTo masebamde mieRwiaT.
nebismier SemTxvevaSi, samoqalaqo omis dros, partia gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas ani-
Webda vizualur propagandas. pirveli politikuri plakatebi 1918 wlis agvistoSi gamoCn-
da, rodesac samoqalaqo omi iwyeboda. momdevno sami wlis ganmavlobaSi, 3 100 sxvadasxva
plakati gamouSva 450-ze metma organizaciam da instituciam. [16]
mimoqcevaSi gaCnda uamravi plakati. plakatebis mwarmoebeli mowinave organizacia
„litizdati“, romelic ruseTis socialist-federalistTa respublikis revoluciuri
samxedro sabWos politikuri direqtoratis mier imarTeboda, 1919-dan 1922 wlamde, mTlia-
nobaSi 7,5 milionamde plakats, safosto baraTs da luboks avrcelebda. 1919 wels daarse-
bulma saxelmwifo gamomcemloba „gosizdatma“ 1920 wlis ganmavlobaSi, 3,2 milioniani ti-
raJiT gamosca samocdaTxuTmeti calkeuli plakati. ruseTis telegrafis saagento „ros-
tam“ moskovSi, petrogradsa da sxva msxvil qalaqebSi unikaluri tipis plakatebi dabeWda,
romelic gazeTis, Jurnalis da sainformacio biuletenis funqciebs aerTianebda (romel-
sac „okna rostas“ („rostas fanjrebs“) uwodebdnen). mxolod „rostas“ moskovis filialma
samoqalaqo omis dros or milionze meti plakatis paneli daamzada. [17] nebismieri sajaro
sivrce morTuli iyo plakatebiT, romelTa feri, dizaini da mxatvruli saxeebi acocxleb-
da erTferovan sazogadoebas. amerikeli Jurnalisti albert rais uiliamsi 1923 wels wer-
da: „ruseTSi Casul stumars maSinve TvalSi moxvdeba plakatebis simravle — fabrikebsa da
yazarmebSi, kedlebsa da rkinigzis vagonebze Tu telegrafis boZebze — yvelgan.“ [18]
1921 wels, samoqalaqo omis dasrulebis Semdeg da axali ekonomikuri politikis dasawy-
isSi, vizualuri propagandis didaqtikurma paTosma Tavi amowura, rom rva wlis mere isev
srulad aRmdgariyo, pirveli xuTwledis gegmis danergvis dros. dawerili da warmoTqmu-
li sityvis roli mniSvnelovnad gaizarda 1920-ian wlebSi, rodesac gavrcelda bolSeviku-
ri presa da gaCnda radio. magram pirveli xuTwledis gegmis dawyebasTan erTad, aRorZinda
politikuri plakati da vizualuri propagandis sxva formebi. axla politikurma xelovne-
bam isev centraluri adgili daikava mosaxleobis masStaburi mobilizebis bolSevikebi-
seul strategiasa da axali orientirebis dasaxvaSi sakuTari Tavis da socio-politikuri
mdgomareobis mimarT. partiis liderebs esmodaT, rom tradiciuli azrovneba Rrmad iyo
gamjdari da Znelad eqvemdebareboda cvlilebas da masobrivi cnobierebis transformacia
damatebiT zomebs saWiroebda. axali politikuri xelovneba koleqtivizaciis da industri-
alizaciis axali xanis moTxovnebis Sesabamisad Seiqmna.
1930-ian wlebSi vizualuri propaganda kidev ufro intensiuri da masStaburi gaxda. pir-
velad 1931 wels yvela plakatis warmoebas saxelmwifo gamomcemlobis (izogizi) xelovnebis
departamenti xelmZRvanelobda, romelic, Tavis mxriv, centraluri komitetis uSualo
zedamxedvelobiT moqmedebda. amieridan plakatebis Temebs, teqstebs da gamosaxulebebs

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xelovanebs oficialuri cenzorebi karnaxobdnen da guldasmiT akontrolebdnen. es cen-
tralizacia da plakatebis kontroli maTi raodenobis uprecedento zrdas daemTxva. Tuki
samoqalaqo omis Tematikaze Seqmnili plakatebi iSviaTad scdeboda 25 000 an 30 000-s, 1930-
ian wlebSi (gansakuTrebiT meore naxevarSi) mTavari plakatebis ricxvi 100 000-dan 250 000-
mde gaizarda. qalaqsa da sofelSi, fabrikebsa da kolmeurneobebSi, oTaxebsa da binebSi,
yazarmebsa da saerTo sacxovreblebSi, praqtikulad TiToeuli sabWoTa moqalaqis mzera
ver acdeboda plakatebs, Tavisi SegonebebiT, miTiTebebiT Tu ritorikiT.
1941 wels, meore msoflio omSi ruseTis CarTva vizualuri propagandis kidev erT masStab-
ur mcdelobas daemTxva, rac masobriv mobilizacias da xalxis ideologiur momzadebas iT-
valiswinebda. meore msoflio omis Temaze Seqmnili plakatebi uzarmazari tiraJiT gamo-
dioda da axal imijebs warmoadgenda, riTac aRorZinebda pirveli msoflio omisdroindel
caristuli plakatebis tradiciul Temebs. rodesac politikuri xelovneba kidev erTxel
gardaiqmna da zebunebrivi socrealizmis reprezentaciis instrumentad iqca, sadac sabWo-
Ta kavSirSi cxovrebas samoTxiseburad warmoadgendnen, stalinizmi popularobis zenitSi
iyo (1946-1953).
TiToeul am periodSi — samoqalaqo omi, 1920-iani da 1930-iani wlebi, meore msoflio
omi, stalinizmis popularobis zeniti — reprezentaciis stili da vizualuri leqsikoni
da gramatika mniSvnelovnad icvleboda. saidan modioda es mravalferovani vizualuri ena?
bolSevikebi emxrobodnen marqsistul paradigmas, romlis Tanaxmadac xelovneba zednaSe-
nis nawili iyo, romelsac bazisi (warmoebis saSualeba) gansazRvravda. Sesabamisad, zogier-
Ti cdilobda, axali, konkretulad proletaruli kultura Seeqmna. [19]
problema is gaxldaT, rom politikuri xelovnebis efeqturoba damokidebuli iyo xelo-
vanis unarze, damTvaliereblis „enaze elaparaka“, gamoeyenebina is saxeebi, simboloebi da
reprezentaciuli stili, romelsac xalxi gaigebda. es niSnavda axali saTqmelis gadacemas
nacnobi leqsikonis da formebis gamoyenebis gziT. rogorc hobsbaumi aRniSnavs, maT nimu-
Sad unda gamoeyenebinaT „Zveli masala axali tipis gamogonili tradiciis asagebad sruli-
ad axali miznisTvis. amgvari masalis didi maragi yvela sazogadoebis warsulSi moiZieba da
simboluri praqtikis da komunikaciis daxvewili ena yovelTvis xelmisawvdomia.“ [20]
politikuri xelovnebis warmomadgenlebi efuZnebodnen rusuli popularuli kultur-
is mdidar tradiciebs, komerciul reklamas, saxviT xelovnebas, religiur da folklorul
xelovnebas, klasikur miTologias, dasavleT evropul muSaTa da revoluciuri moZrao-
bebis saxeebs, caristuli xanis politikur xelovnebas. sxvadasxva elementi sxvadasxva dros
SeiTvises. am sxvadasxva wyarodan momdinare miTiuri elementebi Tanamedrove ideologias
erwymoda, rom mis Sedegad specialuri vizualuri ena Seqmniliyo. miTologia, politikur
ideologiasTan erTad, sabWoTa propagandas unikalurobas da mimzidvelobas aniWebda.

politikuri ikonografia

1920 wlisTvis bolSevikma xelovanebma Seqmnes originaluri saxeebi, romlebic sxvadasx-

va tradiciis elementebs moicavda, magram aseve udavod gamoxatavda bolSevikebis eToss.
es iyo axali xatebi — standartizebuli imijebi, romlebic asaxavda gmirebs (wmindanebs)
da mtrebs (eSmaki da misi mokavSireebi), damkvidrebuli stereotipis Sesabamisad (e.w. xati
saeklesio xelovnebaSi). sabWoTa politikuri xelovnebis saxeebSi asaxuli ar yofila so-
cialuri instituciebi da sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebi. ufro metad, isini iyo xelisu-

12
flebis mier Tavsmoxveuli niSanTa sistemis nawili, rac masobrivi cnobierebis gardaqmnas
iTvaliswinebda. sxva „gamogonili tradiciebis“ msgavsad, es ikonografiuli gamosaxulebe-
bi advilad gasagebi iyo da mudmivad meordeboda. maTSi Zlier gamoZaxils poulobda rusu-
li warsulis miTologiebi.
winamdebare kvleva koncentrirebulia ikonografiuli gamosaxulebebis oTx mimar-
Tulebaze, romelic politikur plakatebSi, dResaswaulebis vizualur gaformebebsa da
monumentur qandakebebSi gamovlinda. daviwyeb muSis saxeze msjelobiT — gamosaxulebiT,
romelic farTod iyo gavrcelebuli da bolSevikur ritorikas edo safuZvlad. muSis saxe
oficialuri koncefciebis cvlilebis mravalplaniani simboloa, rac politikuri Zalau-
flebis safuZvlad proletariats gulisxmobs. is, aseve, gvamcnobs mniSvnelovan ideebs
sabWoTa sazogadoebaSi sakraluris adgilis Sesaxeb, vinaidan proletariati bolSeviku-
ri ideologiis Tanaxmad, rCeuli klasis ekvivalenti iyo da zebunebrivi Zala gaaCnda, rom
buneba marqsizm-leninizmis „kanonebis“ Tanaxmad gardaeqmna.
muSaTa saxeebis qmnis da reproducirebis gziT, bolSevikebi cdilobdnen, daemtkicebinaT
warsulTan TavianTi kavSiri da momavlis maTeuli xedva. 1919-dan 1930 wlamde, muSa-mWedlis
erTaderTi ikonografiuli gamosaxuleba iyo warmmarTveli bolSevikebis vizualur propa-
gandaSi. magram 1930 wlis Semdeg, mWedlis saxes ukve iSviaTad vxvdebiT politikur xelovne-
baSi. muSis axalma saxem Caanacvla is. 1930-ian wlebSi muSis saxis transformacia politikur
xelovnebaSi, zogadad, muSaTa reprezentaciis klebas da sakraluri centris axal adgilas
gadanacvlebas ukavSirdeba. am mxatvruli saxeebis istoria ganxilulia pirvel TavSi.
meore Tema ukavSirdeba qalebis ikonografias. joan uolaq skoti damajereblad amtkicebs,
rom „sqesi Zalauflebrivi urTierTobebis aRniSvnis umTavresi saSualebaa.. [is] erT-er-
Tia im regularul niSanTagan, romlis mixedviTac politikur Zalauflebas ayalibebdnen,
akanonebdnen da gmobdnen.“ [21] amrigad, mamakacebis da qalebis vizualuri gamosaxulebebi sa-
kuTar TavSi moicavs mniSvnelovan saTqmels dominanturi da subordinaciuli mimarTebebis
Sesaxeb — socialuri interaqciebis sferoSi Tu ufro vrcel, politikuri cxovrebis sam-
yaroSi. genderis asaxva gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania im dros, rodesac uflebamosilebis
sakiTxi cvalebadia — magaliTad, samoqalaqo omis dros da 1930-ian wlebSi.
samoqalaqo omis Temaze Seqmnil plakatebze ZiriTadad mamakacebis samyaroa asaxuli.
qalebi xSirad alegoriulad iyvnen warmodgenili 1920 wlamde, rodesac muSa da glexi qa-
lebis saxeebi pirvelad dakanonda. es axali, ufro realisturi qalis saxeebi, rogorc wesi,
mamakac muSebsa da glexebTan mimarTebaSi, subordinaciulad iyo warmodgenili. amiT xaz-
gasmuli iyo idea, rom qalebs naklebi pretenzia hqondaT gmirebis panTeonis wevrobaze. am
saxeebis mniSvneloba axladaRmocenebuli bolSevikuri Zalauflebis diskursisTvis ganxi-
lulia meore TavSi.
Tuki 1917-dan 1929 wlamde Seqmnil vizualuri propagandis nimuSebSi qalebs naklebad
mniSvnelovani pozicia ekavaT, 1930-iani wlebis dasawyisSi isini wina planze gamodian sof-
lis meurneobis koleqtivizaciis kampaniasTan dakavSirebiT.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom koleqtivizacia vizualurad qalis idiomaSia gamoxatuli. mesame
Tavi vizualuri reprezentaciis istoriaSi am mniSnelovan epizods aanalizebs, rogorc ax-
ali stalinisturi ideologiis nawils da masStabur cvlilebebs, romlebic politikuri
xelovnebis funqciis sferoSi mimdinareobda.
mesame Tema, romelsac winamdebare kvleva gTavazobT, ukavSirdeba „voJdis“ (lide-
ris) ikonografias. leninis gamosaxulebebi adreuli periodidan gamoCnda politikur

13
plakatebSi da amgvari plakatebis beWdvis sixSire da popularoba kidev ufro gaizarda 1924
wels, misi sikvdilis Semdeg. mxolod 1930-iani wlebis dasawyisisTvis politikuri lidere-
bi, gansakuTrebiT ki stalini, plakatebis centraluri figurebi xdebian. stalini, romelic
gamosaxuli iyo cocxali RmerTiviT, vizualur propagandaSi wina planze gamodis da ukan
Camoitovebs mis winamorbed lenins da proletariats — bolSevikuri miTologiis ZiriTad
elementebs. es tendencia, romelic meore msoflio omis drosac grZeldeboda, mwvervals
miaRwia stalinis popularobis zenitis dros, razec meoTxe TavSi visaubrebT.
mexuTe Tavi eTmoba Sida da gare mtrebis gamosaxvas. sxva ikonografiuli saxeebisgan
gansxvavebiT, romelTac am kvlevaSi mimovixilavT, mtrebis reprezentacia sakmaod didx-
ans — 1917 wlidan 1953 wlamde SualedSi grZeldeba da satiris da karikaturis standartu-
li stilebis gamoyenebiT warmoebs. magram 1930-iani wlebidan dawyebuli da 1940-ian wleb-
Si gagrZelebuli, mtrebis reprezentacia farTovdeba da mTel rig axal saxeebs moicavs,
romlebic damnaSaveTa kategoriebs Seesabameba da, imavdroulad, verbalur politikur
diskursSic Cndeba. es aris „sxvisi“ saxeebi, negatiuri personaJebi, romelTa winaaRmdegac
bolSevikebi cdilobdnen, sakuTari pozitiuri gmirebi gamoekveTaT da sanimuSo azrebi da
qmedebebi SeemuSavebinaT. amgvari saxeebi ganamtkicebda maniqeur Sexedulebas, romelic
samyaros or mourigebel banakad yofda (da romelic borotebis da sikeTis analogiuri iyo).
bolos, meeqvse TavSi calkeuli vizualuri Temidan aqcenti gadatanilia 1946-dan 1953
wlamde periodis kvlevaze. stalinis mmarTvelobis ukanasknel wlebSi politikuri xe-
lovneba aerTianebda adreuli periodis xelovnebis elementebs da, garkveulwilad, kul-
minaciamde miiyvana wina aTwleulebis araerTi tendencia. amis miuxedavad, omisSemdgomi
plakatebi sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeboda imisgan, rac manamde iyo; maTi daTvalierebisas,
SeuZlebelia ar davinaxoT maTi TiTqmis magiuri Taviseburebebi. xelaxla mopovebuli im-
periuli suliskveTebiT da stalinis intensiuri kultiT gajerebuli es plakatebi, gamox-
atavdnen sabWoTa sazogadoebis „RvTaebriv wesrigs“, sadac baraqa da harmonia axali stali-
nuri imperiuli wesrigis safuZveli iyo. politikuri xelovnebis mier gamogonil sabWoTa
samoTxeSi, bevri tradiciuli klasobrivi markeri da sabWoTa moqalaqis atributi gaqra da
„homo sovietikusis“ axali saxiT Canacvlda.
Cemi zogadi strategia gulisxmobs lingvistur analogiaze dafuZnebuli analitikuri
struqturis gamoyenebas, romelSic gamosaxulebebi vizualuri enis nawiladaa warmodge-
nili (Tavisi leqsikoniTa da sintaqsiT), sadac yvela elementi erTmaneTzea damokidebu-
li. rogorc davinaxeT, mTavari personaJebi (magaliTad, muSa mamakaci, glexi qali) sabWoTa
vizualur leqsikonSi droTa ganmavlobaSi mniSvnelovnad Seicvalnen. am cvlilebebs det-
alurad ganvixilavT im imediT, rom am reprezentaciaTa damaxasiaTebel niSnebs mivakvlevT
(garegnoba, fiziognomika, Cacmuloba, saqmianoba, Jestebi, emociebi da a.S.).
aseve, mniSvnelovan yuradRebas davuTmob imas, rasac plakatebis vizualur sintaqss
veZaxi: figurebis da sagnebis pozicionireba erTmaneTTan da garemosTan mimarTebaSi. ga-
mosaxulebebis cvlilebasTan erTad, Seicvala sintaqsic. xilulobis mizniT, glexi qalis
pozicia sxva personaJebTan mimarTebaSi mniSvnelovnad Seicvala, iseve rogorc daaxloe-
biT 1930 wels glexi qalis saxe Seicvala. Tuki manamde mas sxva heroikul figurebTan erTad
warmoadgendnen (orive sqesis muSebi Tu glexi mamakacebi), magram praqtikulad — arasdros
marto, amiT gamoxatavdnen im mosazrebas, rom sxva gmirebis wreSi misi CarTva damokidebuli
iyo urTierTdamokidebulebriv kavSirze (metonimiaze). 1930 wlidan ki is plakatebze marto
an dominantur poziciaSi gamoCnda, rac sintaqsur cvlilebaze mianiSnebda da ramac arseb-
iTad Secvala gadmocemuli mniSvneloba.

14
 vizualuri propagandis warmoeba da misi recefcia

wignebis msgavsad, gamosaxulebebis da maTi kombinaciebis „wakiTxva“ SesaZlebelia ara-

prognozirebadi TvalsazrisiT. suraTebi, romlebic klasobrivi identobis xazgasmas iT-
valiswinebda (xSirad winaswari ganzraxvis gareSe, qvecnobierad), aseve, gamoxatavda ideebs
genderisa da genderuli mimarTebebis, eTnikuri da kulturuli Tu socialuri identobis
sxva formebis Sesaxeb. cxadia, SeuZlebelia danamdvilebiT vTqvaT, mosaxleobis sxvadasxva
jgufi rogor „kiTxulobda“ vizualur masalas, magram winamdebare kvlevaSi warmodgenil-
ia mcdeloba, rom SevimuSaoT Tanamedrove kulturaSi arsebuli wyaroebis repertuari da
mkiTxvels zogierTi SesaZlo interpretacia SevTavazoT. SevecdebiT, naTeli movfinoT
xelisuflebis da im xelovanebis miznebs, romlebic vizualur propagandas awarmoebdnen.
Tumca, miznis miuxedavad, gamosaxulebebi yovelTvis polivalenturia. konteqstis da au-
ditoriis mixedviT, maTgan sxvadasxva tipis informaciis amokiTxva SegviZlia. samoqalaqo
omis wlebSi da Semdgom, vizualuri simbolizmi erT-erTi iyo im mniSvnelovan sferoTagan,
romlis saSualebiTac Tanamedroveni mniSvnelobis da interpretaciisTvis ibrZodnen. sab-
oloo jamSi, es brZolebi ukavSirdeboda politikuri Zalauflebis xasiaTsa da gamoyenebas.
xelovanebi, romlebic sabWoTa kavSiris adreul wlebSi qmnidnen plakatebs, sxvadasxva
jgufSi erTiandebodnen. isini kargad icnobdnen ferweris da politikuri da religiuri xe-
lovnebis principebs. [22] maTi gamocdileba da bolSevikur reJimTan maTi mimarTeba, aseve,
mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeboda. zogierTi maTgani, magaliTad, virtuozi xelovani dmi-
tri moori (1883-1946), Zveli reJimis dros, profesionali mxatvari-satirikosi iyo, Tumca
oqtombris revoluciis Semdeg, is maSinve bolSevikebs miemxro. moorma sabWoTa politiku-
ri xelovnebis ramdenime Sedevri Seqmna da mravali aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi, „propagandis-
tuli revoluciuri xelovnebis komisris“ araoficialur statuss atarebda. [23]
aleqsandr apsiti (1880-1944) samoqalaqo omis wlebis erT-erTi yvelaze gamocdili da
gavleniani politikuri xelovnebis warmomadgeneli iyo. Tavdapirvelad is xatmweri gaxl-
daT, Semdeg, Zveli reJimis dros, politikuri xelovnebis warmomadgenlad gardaiqmna. 1921
wels apsiti mSobliur latviaSi gadavida sacxovreblad da sabWoTa kavSirSi aRarasdros
dabrunebula. revoluciis Semdeg, gaixsna skolebi, sadac politikuri xelovnebis warmomad-
genlebs zrdidnen da 1930 wlisTvis ukve am tipis xelovanebis axali Taoba gaCnda — rogori-
caa kukriniksebi (mixail kuprianovi, porfiri krilovi da nikolai sokolovi) — romelTac
SemoqmedebiTi gamocdileba bolSevikebis pirobebSi SeiZines. [24] 1931 wlamde, plakatebis
warmoebis gafarToeba bevr sxvadasxva organizaciasa da instituciaSi gamoricxavda raime
centralizebul direqtivebs Sinaarssa da SesrulebasTan dakavSirebiT, Tumca, rogorc Sem-
dgomSi davinaxavT, calkeuli ikonografiuli gamosaxulebis Seqmnisa da gavrcelebisas mainc
arsebobda SesamCnevi Tanmimdevruloba. magram 1931 wlidan vizualuri propaganda metisme-
tad centralizebuli gaxda da plakatebis warmoebas erTi samTavrobo departamenti gan-
agebda. imis gamo, rom politikuri xelovneba da misi danergvis kritikuli roli metismetad
mgrZnobiare sakiTxi iyo, mas centraluri komiteti da sxva umaRlesi partiuli da samTavro-
bo organoebi ganagebda. 1931 wlis Semdeg, plakaturi xelovnebis warmomadgenlebs „izogizis“
da sxvadasxva respublikaSi maTi kolegebis mier momzadebuli ama Tu im sloganis Tu teqstis
Sesabamisi Canaxatebis Seqmnas sTavazobdnen. plakatebis warmoebas guldasmiT amowmebdnen da
1930-iani wlebidan, plakatebis umravlesoba qveyndeboda misi Semqmneli xelovanis da im or-
ganos saxeliT, vinc plakatis saboloo Sinaarsze iyo pasuxismgebeli.
politikuri xelovnebis aRmqmeli auditoria metismetad Wreli iyo. is moicavda ganaT-
lebuli adamianebis jgufebs, romelTac berlini da parizi hqondaT Semovlili da glexebs,

15
romlebic TavianTi qoxis iqiT arasdros gasulan, anu adamianebs, romlebsac nanaxi hqon-
daT muzeumebi da maT, vinc mxolod lubokebs icnobda. Tumca, maT yvelas saerTo hqonda is,
rom isini icnobdnen vizualur kulturas, romelSic, upirvelesad, rusuli orTodoqsuli
eklesiis xatebi dominirebda.
1932 wels, pirveli xuTwledis gegmis dasrulebamde, politikuri plakatebis, monumentu-
ri qandakebebis da sadResaswaulo eqsponatebis auditoria, ZiriTadad, qalaqis mosaxleoba
iyo. magram qalaqis mosaxleobaSic ki, bevri sxvadasxva jgufi iyo, romelic erTmaneTisgan
ganaTlebiT, socialuri warmomavlobiT, geografiuli mdebareobiT, eTnikuri, genderu-
li da religiuri niSnebiT gansxvavdeboda. am mravalferovnebis mxedvelobaSi miRebiT, am
kvlevaSi SeuZlebelia gamosaxulebebis erTmniSvnelovan interpretaciaze saubari; am nax-
atebis gagebis mravalgvari gza arsebobda.
rogor aRiqvamdnen plakatebs da vizualuri propagandis sxva nimuSebs rigiTi adamianebi?
gamosaxulebebis Sinaarsi SeiZleba aRiweros da gaanalizdes, magram es bevrs arafers gveub-
neba imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor ganmartavdnen Tanamedroveebi imas, rasac xedavdnen. samwuxarod,
plakatebze TanamedroveTa reaqciebis Sesaxeb informacia sakmaod mwiria. Cvenamde, ZiriTa-
dad, SemorCenilia 1930-iani wlebis pirveli naxevris cnobebi, rodesac Jurnalebi aqveynebd-
nen plakatebis vrcel mimoxilvebs da periodul reportaJebs mSromelTa Tu glexTa Sexve-
drebidan, romlebzec plakatebs afasebdnen. mogonebebi, gazeTebi da gamouqveynebeli doku-
mentebi am sakiTxis Seswavlis saqmeSi damatebiTi masalis funqcias asrulebs.
sazogadoebis reaqciebis Sesaxeb uSualo informaciis uqonlobis pirobebSi, sociolog-
ma unda ganixilos damTvaliereblis kulturuli repertuari. kulturul repertuarSi,
upirvelesad, vgulisxmob saxeebis xedvis da interpretaciis Cvevebs, rac adamianebs vizua-
luri masalis naxvisas gamoumuSavdebaT. [25] ruseTSi es efuZneboda religiuri xatebis,
lubokebis, komerciuli reklamebis, dasavleT evropuli da caristuli xelovnebis yvela
tipis nimuSis da samoqalaqo omis bolos, bolSevikuri xelovnebis wiaRSi dagrovili mem-
kvidreobis erTgvar kombinacias. am metismetad vizualuri kulturis wiaRSi, xalxs sakmao
saSualeba hqonda, rom eTvalierebina suraTebi da maTi gagebis unarebi gamoemuSavebina.
1917 wlamde religiuri xatebi, udavod, yvelaze gavrcelebuli da nacnobi vizualuri medi-
umia. xatebi azris gadmosacemad konkretul ZiriTad xerxebs mimarTavda, rogoricaa ferTa
simbolika. maT, vinc xatebis yurebas miCveuli iyo, icodnen, rom wiTeli wminda feri iyo,
romelsac Tayvaniscemis Rirsi personaJebis mimarT iyenebdnen. rodesac bolSeviki xelo-
vanebi wiTel fers mSromelebis gamosaxvisTvis mimarTavdnen, amiT isini rusebis umravle-
sobis cnobierebaSi maTTvis feris kargad nacnob simbolikas aaqtiurebdnen. cxadia, 1792
wlis Semdeg, wiTel revoluciasTanac igivdeboda, rodesac iakobinelebma wiTeli droSa
amboxis niSnad aRmarTes. [26]
e.w. kulturuli repertuaris meore aspeqti ukavSirdeba politikuri xelovnebis in-
terpretaciis konteqsts. damTvalierebeli saxeebs iazrebda Sesabamisi warsuli da Tana-
medrove gamocdilebis Sesabamisad. am TvalsazrisiT, grdemlTan mdgari mWedeli qalis
gamosaxva Tanamedroveebs metismetad uCveulod moeCvenebodaT. arc qalaqSi da arc so-
flad qalebisTvis Cveuli ar yofila am tipis saqmianoba. auditoriis didi nawilisTvis
saxesa da sinamdviles Soris es wyveta TvalSisacemi unda yofiliyo. winamdebare kvlevaSi
dasmuli sakiTxi iTvaliswinebs imis garkvevas, Tu ra informacias awvdida maT kulturuli
repertuari amgvari gamosaxulebebis aRsaqmelad. zogierTi, albaT, absurdulad miiCnev-
da am saxeebs, sxvebi SeiZleba maT simbolur mniSvnelobas eZebdnen popularul kulturasa
Tu klasikur miTologiaSi. danamdvilebiT SeuZlebelia Tqma. aseT SemTxvevaSi, SegviZlia
mxolod TanamedroveTa orientirebze dafuZnebuli alternatiuli „wakiTxvebi“ Semog-
TavazoT.

16
 SeniSvnebi Teoriisa da meTodis Sesaxeb

winamdebare kvleva efuZneba im mosazrebas, rom oficialuri ideologia mniSvnelovani

iyo. rogorc vizualuri propaganda cxadyofs, oficialurma ideologiam didi wvlili
Seitana axali socialuri identobebis gansazRvrasa da sabWoTa sazogadoebaSi axali tipis
saazrovno modelebisa da qmedebebis SeqmnaSi. oficialuri sityvebis da saxeebis mniSvne-
loba ar unda dagvaviwydes „realobis“ formirebis Tu iseT sferoebSi mimdinare cvlile-
bebis sakiTxze msjelobisas, rogoricaa ekonomika an politika. cxadia, propagandis sakiTx-
Si arsebiTi cvlilebebi sxva sferoebSi momxdar masStabur cvlilebebs daemTxva. magram
am movlenaTa Soris kavSiri arc Tu ise cxadia. oficialuri ideologia ar unda miviCnioT
epifenomenur movlenad. mas Tavisi Sinagani dinamika gaaCnda da funqcionirebda, rogorc
damoukidebeli Zala iseT viTarebebSi, rodesac diskursuli veli mniSvnelovan cvlile-
bebs ganicdida da popularuli Sexedulebebic cvalebad mdgomareobaSi iyo.
Cemi mizania, politikuri xelovnebis saSualebiT gaCenili mentaluri samyaros anal-
izi, vizualuri enis (rogorc „axali misticizmis“ gagebis instrumentis) gamoyenebis gziT.
vizualuri propaganda naTlad gamoxatavs oficialur ideologias (mis siRrmiseul subra-
cionalur aspeqtebSic ki), romelsac xelisuflebaSi myofi adamianebi danarCenebisTvis qm-
nidnen. vizualuri propagandis analizi, aseve, saSualebas gvaZlevs, ganvsazRvroT, Tu ras
moicavda diskursuli veli da ra rCeboda mis farglebs gareT; orientaciebisa da qmedebis
TvalsazrisiT, ra alternativebi iyo daSvebuli da ra — akrZaluli.
winamdebare kvlevis ZiriTadi argumentia is, rom politikuri xelovnebis mizani, 1930-
iani wlebis dasawyisidan, vizualuri programis, magiuri formulis SemuSaveba iyo, rome-
lic axali tipis azrovnebis da qcevis modelebs warmoSobda da xalxs daarwmunebda, rom
awmyo da momavali erTmaneTisgan ar ganirCeva. mniSvnelovanwilad, vizualuri saSualebebi
prognozirebda sabWoTa sazogadoebaSi momxdar movlenebs da mis modelad iqceoda da ara
ubralod ireklavda ukve mimdinare procesebs. saxeebi acocxlebdnen im cnebebs, romlebic
„siaxles gamoxatavda da momavlis suliskveTebiT iyo gamsWvaluli.“ [27]
oficialuri saxeebi, romlebic garkveulwilad sxva sazogadoebebis komerciul reklam-
ebs mogvagonebda, sazogadoebas individualuri ieris da qcevis modelebs sTavazobda.
1930-iani wlebidan, magaliTad, politikuri plakatebi warmoadgendnen kolmeurne qalebs
da „axal sabWoTa mamakacs“. es naxatebi adgenda sabWoTa gmirebis Cacmis, Tmis varcxnilobis,
qcevis, saxis gamometyvelebis da emociebis normebs. plakatebi aseve aswavlidnen mayureb-
els, Tu risTvis unda mieqciaT yuradReba „klasobrivi mtris“ iersa da qcevaSi, romlis cne-
bac 1930-ian wlebSi aRmocenda. magram rac ar unda mZlavri da damajerebeli unda yofiliyo
es saxeebi, rac ar unda gonivrulad SeeTvisebina popularuli miTologia, damTvaliere-
blis reaqcia mainc araprognozirebadi iyo, vinaidan vizualuri reprezentaciebi, Tavisi
bunebiT, polivalenturia.
winamdebare kvleva politikur xelovnebas im kritikuli terminebis saSualebiT aanali-
zebs, romlebic zepiri da werilobiTi metyvelebis mimarT gamoiyeneba. magram lingvisturi
terminologiis gamoyeneba (magaliTad, leqsikoni da sintaqsi) sulac ar gulisxmobs imas,
rom zepiri da werilobiTi metyveleba vizualuri enis igiveobrivia. marTalia, funqciuri
TvalsazrisiT, politikuri xelovneba dakavSirebulia zepir da werilobiT diskursTan, ma-
gram mas aRniSvnis Tavisi damatebiTi sistema, Tavisi implicituri miTologia, asociaciebi
da varaudebi gaaCnia. vizualuri propagandidan momdinare mniSvnelobis damuSaveba miznad
isaxavda ara mxolod masTan dakavSirebuli informaciis gafarToebas (vTqvaT, karikatura,

17
romelic saredaqcio statias axlavs), aramed masSi sxvadasxvagvari elementis Setanas, rom-
lebic mniSvnelobis axal da xSirad winaswarganusazRvrel siWarbes warmoSobda. plakateb-
ze TiTqmis yovelTvis iyo datanili sityvebic da gamosaxulebebic, magram rogorc wesi,
sityvebis raodenoba mcire iyo. es sityvebi vizualuri reprezentaciis mniSvnelovan kom-
ponents Seadgenda, magram gamosaxulebebi gamoxatavda iseT rames, risi sityviT gadmoce-
mac SeuZlebeli iyo („erTi suraTi aTasi sityvis tolfasia“). winamdebare wignSi erTmaneTs
zepir da werilobiT diskurss mis vizualur dublikats Sevadareb.
oficialuri ideologiis Seswavla cvlilebis Seswavlasac niSnavs, vinaidan bolSevikuri
ideologia da praqtika am wignSi ganxiluli periodis ganmavlobaSi statikuri ar yofila.
samnaxevari aTwleulis manZilze, 1917-dan 1935 wlamde, reprezentaciis stilsa da SinaarsSi
araerTi dramatuli da moulodneli cvlileba ganxorcielda (1920, 1930, 1941 da 1946 wlebi
kritikuli gardatexis periodebi iyo). TandaTanobiT am saxeebis Sedarebis fonze, warmo-
vaCen, Tu rogor icvleboda mniSvneloba. garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, es meTodologia rain-
harT koselekis da uiliam siuelis naSromebs mogvagonebs. rogorc koselekis mier Begriffs-
geschichte-s meTodebis gamoyeneba socialuri istoriis mimarT yuradRebas amaxvilebs kon-
ceptebis semantikuri mniSvnelobis cvlilebaze, aseve davakvirdebi saxeebis semantikuri
mniSvnelobis cvlilebas. [28] siueli Tavis kvlevaSi, romelic safrangeTSi 1789-1848 wlebSi
Sromis enas exeba, ZiriTadi konceptebis socialuri konstruirebis cvlilebis sqemis Ses-
adgenad, kulturuli anTropologiis meTodebs mimarTavs. [29]
winamdebare kvlevis empiriuli safuZvelia daaxloebiT 5 500 plakati, romlebis orig-
inalebic huveris institutis arqivSi (stenfordi, kalifornia), ruseTis saxelmwifo bib-
lioTekaSi (moskovi), imperiis omis muzeumSi (londoni), viqtorias da albertis muzeumSi
(londoni) da britaneTis muzeumSi (londoni) movinaxule. amave dros, asobiT sxvadasxva
plakatis fotoebi Seviswavle moskovis revoluciis muzeumSi.
huveris arqivSi daculia daaxloebiT 3 000 sabWoTa plakati, romlebsac araregularu-
lad agrovebdnen aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi da isini daTariRebulia 1904 wlidan. huveris
mTeli koleqcia davaTvaliere 1987 wlis gazafxulze, sanam misi katalogizeba moxdeboda.
ruseTis saxelmwifo biblioTekis plakatebis koleqcia msgavs koleqciebs Soris msofli-
oSi udidesia da aq Tavmoyrilia 400 000 plakati. rodesac 1988 wlidan 1991 wlamde maTi Ses-
wavla daviwye, isini xelmisawvdomi ar yofila; am plakatebis gacnobis nebarTva pirvelad
mxolod 1995 wels momces, rodesac plakatebis fotoebis gadaReba daviwye. amrigad, kvleva
katalogizebuli koleqciebis gareSe daviwye da plakatebs iseTi zogadi sakiTxebis, Teme-
bis da periodebis mixedviT viwerdi, rogoricaa miwaTmoqmedebis koleqtivizacia, qalebi
sxvadasxva periodSi, axali ekonomikuri politika, SromiTi disciplina 1930-ian wlebSi,
1946-1953 wlebi da „voJdi“ (mogvianebiT es ukanaskneli arqivis klasifikaciis erT-erT kat-
egoriad Seitanes). [30] saarqivo kvlevis safuZvelze, Sevqmeni kompiuterizebuli monacem-
Ta baza, romelic 1 022 plakatis Sesaxeb detalur informacias moicavda. am monacemTa gam-
oyenebiT, Sevecade gamomevlina kanonzomierebebi, saxeebis Seqmnis da vizualuri sintaqsis
da, aseve, Tematuri aqcentisa da stilis cvlilebebis TvalsazrisiT. monacemTa bazis Seqm-
nisas, masalis raodenobrivi Sefaseba ar yofila Cemi mizani, magram sasargeblod miviCnie
zogierT SemTxvevaSi proporciebis dadgena.
saarqivo wyaroebTan erTad, imdroindeli Jurnalebidan
Sevagrove informacia sxva plakatebTan dakavSirebiT, romlebic mimoixilavdnen da aan-
alizebdnen plakatur xelovnebas: „produkcia izobrazitelnix iskustv“ (1932), „produkcia
izoiskustv“ (1933) da „plakat i xudoJestvennaia reprodukcia“ (1934-1935). aseve, guldasmiT
gavecani sabWoTa periodamde da sabWoTa periodis plakatebis gamoqveynebul koleqciebs.
18
Cemi kvleva, plakatis garda, politikuri xelovnebis iseT formebsac gadawvda, rogoricaa
monumenturi qandakeba da sadResaswaulo eqsponatebi. marTalia, am tipis masala monacem-
Ta bazaSi ar Semitania, magram man mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula Cemi analizisas. zogadad,
aRmovaCine Tavsebadoba ganviTarebis zogierT modelsa da ikonografias Soris sxvadasxva
propagandistuli mediis farglebSi, maT Soris kinosa da popularul literaturaSi.
samecniero literatura sabWoTa politikuri xelovnebis Sesaxeb SeiZleba daiyos ram-
denime kategoriad. didi raodenobiT sabWoTa literatura arsebobs am sakiTxTan dakav-
SirebiT, romelic sabWoTa mmarTvelobis adreuli wlebidan iwyeba. sabWoTa kritikosebi,
propagandistebi da oficiozi didad iyvnen dainteresebuli vizualuri propagandis Te-
oriuli da praqtikuli sakiTxebiT 1920-ian wlebSi da ramdenime Sroma am periodSi gamo-
qveynda. yvelaze kompetenturi da informaciuli maT Soris aris yofili menSevikis da mow-
inave literaturaTmcodnis, samoqalaqo omis dros litizdatis xelmZRvanelis, viaCeslav
polonskis kvleva. [31] polonskis kvleva „russki revolucionni plakat“ (1925) gvTavazobs
samoqalaqo omisdroindeli politikuri plakatebis maRalprofesionalur analizs da kri-
tikas. [32] stalinisSemdgom xanaSi yvelaze sasargeblo kvleva aris „sovetski politiCeski
plakat“, romlis avtorebia g.l. demosfenova, a. nuroki da n. Santiko. [33] 1962 wels gamo-
qveynebuli plakatebis es zogadi istoria araerT mniSvnelovan sakiTxs wamoWris, rogori-
caa gmiris reprezentacia politikur xelovnebaSi da adreul periodSi alegoriuli da
simboluri saxeebis aqcentireba. magram es da sxva sabWoTa periodis masala, raoden infor-
maciulic ar unda iyos, Tavis analitikur sferoSi mainc SezRudulia mxatvruli nawarmoe-
bis politkoreqtulobis kriteriumiT gazomvis tendenciiT. avtorebi ar ikvleven ama Tu
im saxis mniSvnelobas Tu warmomavlobas; xelovnebis nimuSebis mier gadmocemuli ideebis
Sefasebisas, isini iSviaTad gadian bolSevikuri ideologiis mojadoebuli wridan.
am TvalsazrisiT, SedarebiT naklebia inglisurenovani literatura. riCard uorTmani
iyo pirveli, vinc imperiis xanis samefo karis ritualebsa da simboloebze dawera naSromi.
[34] pirveli kvleva, sadac masobrivi propagandis saSualebebSi bolSevikuri esTetikis
politikuri analizi SemogvTavazes, iyo rene fiuliop-mileris „bolSevizmis fsiqika da
saxe: sabWoTa kavSiris kulturuli cxovrebis Seswavla“, romlis germanuli originalis in-
glisuri Targmanic 1927 wels gamovida. [35] sTiven uaiTis sagulisxmo kvleva „bolSeviku-
ri plakati“ yuradRebas amaxvilebs samoqalaqo omis dros am sferoSi calkeuli xelovanis
mier Setanil wvlilze. [36]
frangi avtoris, fransua qsavie kokenis statiebi zogierTi bolSevikuri plakatis anal-
izis Rirebuli wyaroa. [37]
sabWoTa politikuri xelovnebis Sesaxeb mokle, magram mniSvnelovani diskusia SegviZlia
moviZioT nina tumarkinis naSromSi leninis kultis Sesaxeb, piter kenezis wignSi saxelm-
wifo propagandis Sesaxeb da riCard sTaiTsis kvlevaSi „revoluciuri ocnebebi“. [38]
igor golomstokis „totalitaruli xelovneba“, boris groisis „stalinizmis totaluri
xelovneba“ da hans giunTeris mier momzadebuli gamocema „stalinis xanis kultura“ gvTava-
zobs vizualuri propagandis damaintrigebel analizs. [39]
msgavs sakiTxs eZRvneba katerina klarkis „sabWoTa romani: istoria, rogorc rituali“,
qristel leinis kvleva „sabWoTa ritualebi“ da jeims fon geldernis „bolSevikuri dResas-
waulebi, 1917-1920“, sadac sakmaod damajerebladaa warmodgenili oficialuri ideologiis
literaturaSi, ritualebsa da oficialur dResaswaulebSi SeRwevis magaliTebi. [40]
marTalia, am kvlevebma Cemi naSromisTvis konteqsti SemomTavazes, magram maTSi vizual-
uri propaganda ganxiluli ar aris, rogorc niSanTa sistema, romlis Seqmnas da recefcias
politikuri ideologia popularul miTologiasTan erTad uzrunvelyofda.
19
 winamdebare kvlevis romelime modeliT warmarTvis mizniT, dasavleT evropuli da
gansakuTrebiT franguli modeli varCie. frangma istorikosebma vizualuri reprezenta-
ciebis sferoSi novatoruli kvlevebi awarmoes. moris aguionis, lin hanTis da mona ozu-
fis kvlevebi gansakuTrebiT Rirebul informacias gvTavazobs safrangeTis revoluciuri
tradiciis simboloebisa da ritualebis Sesaxeb, semiotikuri perspeqtividan. [41] am sakiTx-
ze orma krebulma gamiwia didi daxmareba: „tradiciis gamogoneba“, romelic moamzades erik
hobsbaumma da Terens ranjerma da „Zalauflebis ritualebi: simbolizmi, rituali da poli-
tika Suasaukuneebis Semdeg“, romelic moamzada Son vilencma. [42] tradiciis gamogonebis
Sesaxeb Tavisi saetapo mniSvnelobis kvlevis garda, hobsbaumma dawera sagulisxmo, Tumca
sakamaTo esse socialisturi ikonografiis Sesaxeb, romelic pirdapir exeba im sakiTxebs,
romelzec winamdebare wignSia saubari. [43] is amtkicebs, rom safrangeTis revoluciis Tu
mecxramete saukunis inglisis da safrangeTis (qveynebi, romelTa magaliTzec mkvlevari
ZiriTadad awarmoebs dakvirvebas) muSaTa moZraobis ikonografiaSi qalTa saxeebis xazgas-
mis sapirispirod, socialisturma ikonografiam TandaTan gaaqro qalis saxeebi. hobsbaumis
ZiriTadi sakiTxi Semdegia: „ratom aris, rom mebrZoli muSaTa klasis simbolod mxolod
mamakacebis torsebi iTvleba?“ amis Semdeg agrZelebs msjelobas, rom mamakacis es torse-
bi xSirad uunaro mSromelebis SiSveli torsebis saxiTaa warmodgenili, sanam mecxramete
saukunis dasasruls realizmi ar gamova wina planze da muSebs ukve Cacmuls ar gamosaxavs.
es tendencia kulminacias aRwevs rusuli revoluciis plakatze gamosaxul muSis saxeSi.
rogorc winamdebare kvleva cxadyofs, hobsbaumis informacia sabWoTa socialisturi
ikonografiis Sesaxeb arasrulia. man mxedvelobaSi ar miiRo qalebis is alegoriuli da sim-
boluri saxeebi, romlebic normad iTvleboda adreuli xanis sabWoTa politikur xelovne-
baSi, iseve rogorc mecxramete saukunis inglisis da safrangeTis Sromisa da revoluciis
xelovnebaSi. Tumca, misi mTavari mosazreba udavoa: mSromeli mamakacebis saxeebi dominan-
turi iyo adreuli periodis sabWoTa politikur xelovnebaSi. magram 1930 wlidan, sabWo-
Ta saxeobrivma sistemam mniSvnelovani transformacia ganicada da wina planze gamoiyvana
glexi qalebi, xolo muSebis (mamakacebis da qalebis) mniSvnelovneba meore planze gadaita-
na. amitomac, Tuki xangrZlivi perspeqtividan SevxedavT, sabWoTa ikonografiaSi warmodge-
nilia ramdenadme gansxvavebuli problematika. mTavari analitikuri problema aq aris ara
imis aRniSvna, rom sawyis etapze mamakacebis saxeebi Warbobda, aramed imis analizi, Tu ro-
gor icvleboda genderuli reprezentacia da rogor aisaxeboda am cvlilebebis Sedegebi
Zalauflebis socialur konstruirebaze.
winamdebare kvleva ramdenime disciplinis gadakveTazea: kulturis istoria, istoriis
sociologia da kulturis sociologia, kulturis anTropologia da xelovnebis istoria.
termini „ikonografia“, cxadia, xelovnebis istoriidanaa nasesxebi, sadac mas ervin panof-
skis msgavsi mkvlevarebi iyenebdnen. [44] ikonografiulma midgomam didi winaaRmdegoba ga-
moiwvia. [45] am debatebSi Sesvlis gareSe, minda aRvniSno am tipis analizSi Cemi sociolo-
giuri interesi. TiTqmis yvela, vinc 1917 wlis Semdeg cxovrobda ruseTSi, garkveulwilad
icnobda mamakaci muSebis, didi beladebis, glexi qalis, kapitalistis da sxvaTa Sablonur
gamosaxulebebs. es gamosaxulebebi saxeobriv funqcias asrulebda. ikonografiuli gamo-
saxulebebis Cemeuli analizi miznad isaxavs sami sakiTxis garkvevas: am saxeebis geneziss
(warmomavloba, wyaro, istoria); am saxeebSi sxvadasxva miTologiis gamoZaxilis kvali; Ta-
namedroveTa mier am saxeebis SesaZlo interpretaciebis speqtri. [46] kliford gircis da
maikl beqsandalis saSualebiT, sabWoTa politikur xelovnebas „socialuri konteqstual-
izaciis“ TvalsazrisiT ganvixilav. [47] istoriuli konteqstidan amoglejili saxeebi Tav-
isTavad arafers niSnavs. isini mniSvnelobas mxolod maSin iZenen, rodesac beqsandalis si-
20
tyviT rom vTqvaT, „periodis TvaliT“ vuyurebT. Sevecade, aRmedgina e.w. kulturuli rep-
ertuari, anu ZiriTadi elementebi im xelovanebis, xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebis Tu mo-
qalaqeebis inteleqtualur da vizualur struqturaSi, romlebic qmnidnen, marTavdnen an
aTvalierebdnen politikuri xelovnebis nimuSebs. am mcdelobis nawilis saxiT, visaubreb
TanamedroveTa aRqmis Sesaxeb genderis, sxeulis da socialuri kategoriebis mimarT, aseve
ferebis mniSvnelobis da gamosaxulebis funqciis Sesaxeb.
bolos, winamdebare wigni, pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT, Zalauflebis ikonografias, anu im
Zalauflebriv urTierTobebs exeba, romelic sabWoTa ruseTis xalxis gulebsa da gone-
baSi mkveTrad iyo amotvifruli. vizualuri propaganda saSualebas gvaZlevs, sabWoTa
ruseTSi oficialuri Zalauflebrivi diskursis Taviseburebebsa da droTa ganmavlobaSi
misi transformaciis sakiTxebSi gaverkveT. nebismieri xelovnebis ukeT gageba SesaZlebe-
lia kulturuli sistemis nawilad misi warmodgenis gziT, vinaidan is yovlismomcvel mso-
flxedvas gamoxatavs, rasac Tavisi Sinagani logika gaaCnia. [48] Cemi mizania, am kulturuli
sistemis ZiriTad koordinatebs mivakvlio, rom vaCveno, Tu 1917 wlidan 1953 wlamde Seqmni-
li propagandistuli xelovneba rogor ayalibebda rusi xalxis mentalobas (es memkvidreo-
ba dResac aqtualuria) da sanacvlod, TviTon rogor yalibdeboda popularuli Sexedule-
bebis da rwmenebis gavleniT.

21
 Tavi pirveli

mSromelis ikonografia sabWoTa

politikur xelovnebaSi

yvela revolucias sWirdeba Tavisi gmirebi. Tanamedroveobis socialur revolucieb-

Si gmirebad moiazrebodnen individebic da koleqtivebic, rogorebicaa sankiulotebi sa-
frangeTSi da proletariati meoce saukunis ruseTSi. revoluciur heroizacias socialur
jgufebSi arsebuli wesrigis safuZvliani reorganizacia mohyva. maT, visac gmobdnen wina
reJimis dros, axlis pirobebSi — eTayvanebian. revolucionerebi did simbolur da rit-
ualur mniSvnelobas aniWeben axal heroikul koleqtivs da yvela sityvier da vizualur
saSualebas iyeneben, rom karnavaluri transformacia zeimiT aRniSnon.
es procesi cxadad Cans 1789 wlis safrangeTis revoluciis magaliTze. iakobinelTa
diqtaturis dros, xalxi, an ufro zustad, sankiulotebi politikur ritorikasa da praq-
tikaSi gmiris simaRlemde aiyvanes. herkulesis personaJs, romelic Zveli reJimis hidras
amarcxebs, sankiulotebis simbolod iyenebdnen. [1] herkuless, qal personaJ marianTan er-
Tad, romelic Tavisuflebas ganasaxierebda, safrangeTis revoluciis ikonografiaSi wamy-
vani pozicia ekava. [2]
rodesac 1917 wlis oqtomberSi xelisuflebis saTaveSi bolSevikebi movidnen, isini Tavi-
anTi gmirebis gamovlenas da tiraJirebas Seudgnen. 1918 wlis gazafxulze, leninma wamoayena
monumenturi propagandis gegma, rac revoluciis gmirebisadmi miZRvnili sajaro skulp-
turuli jgufebis dadgmas iTvaliswinebda, riTac caristuli xanis Zveli gmirebi unda Cae-
nacvlebinaT. amis Sedegad, ormocze meti monumenti aRmarTes, romelzec rusi da evropeli
politikuri, saxelovnebo da kulturuli moRvaweebi iyvnen gamosaxuli. daRupuli gmire-
bis pativsacemad agebuli monumentebiT leninis gataceba, upirvelesad, marqsistul-len-
inuri istoriuli proeqtis sarwmunoobis da sicxadis demonstrirebas isaxavda miznad. [3]
leninis gegmis mixedviT ukvdavyofilma istoriis moqmedma pirebma (sxvadasxva tipis mkv-
lelebi, Semoqmedebi, meamboxeebi da wamebulebi) gansakuTrebuli heroikuli mniSvneloba
moipoves mas Semdeg, rac isini 1917 wlis oqtombris movlenebis Semdeg gamoiyvanes saaS-
karaoze. bolSevikebis mTavari narativis Sesabamisad, TiToeulma gmirma winaswar ganWvri-
ta da niadagi moumzada msoflio istoriis koleqtiur gmirs — proletariats. adreuli
wlebis partiis ritorika da propaganda, proletarul revoluciasa da proletariatis
diqtaturaze Tavisi dauRalavi aqcentirebiT, eWvs ar iwvevda, rom axal panTeonSi muSas
centralur adgils miuCendnen.
male, Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdebis Semdeg, partiis liderebi TavianTi saTqmelis mosax-
leobaSi gavrcelebas Seudgnen. leninis da misi mTavrobis ganaTlebis komisris, anatoli
lunaCarskis waxalisebiT da meTaurobiT, partiis wevrebma gaacnobieres, rom damajerebe-
li vizualuri simboloebis (an „gamogonili tradiciebis“ — rogorc hobsbaumi uwodebs
mas) Seqmna sazogadoebis gulis mogebis, maTSi axali ideebis da erTgulebis danergvis kam-
paniis erT-erTi ZiriTadi aspeqti iyo; im sazogadoebis, romlis naxevaric wera-kiTxvis
ucodinari iyo da romlisTvisac normad iTvleboda saguldagulod momzadebuli Teatra-
luri sanaxaobebis da vizualuri saxeebis xilva Zveli reJimis dros Tu rusul marTlma-
dideblur eklesiaSi. politikuri plakatebi, monumenturi qandakebebi da sadResaswaulo
zeimebis eqsponatebi (gansakuTrebiT sapirvelmaiso da 7 noembris) bolSevikebis vizualu-
ri propagandis ZiriTad saSualebebad iTvleboda.

22
 oqtombris revoluciis dros, bolSevikebs politikuri xelovnebis sakiTxSi nakle-
bi gamocdileba hqondaT. caristuli reJimis represiul pirobebSi, sajarod gamofeni-
li eqsponatebi daSvebulad miiCneoda mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac is mTavrobisa Tu
eklesiisgan iyo sanqcirebuli. publikaciis SesaZlebloba SezRuduli iyo da memarcxene
jgufebis satiruli Jurnalebis umetesoba, romelic 1905 wlis revoluciis dros gamo-
dioda, 1907 wlis Semdeg gaqra. amitomac, bolSevikebis xelisuflebaSi mosvlisas, maT jer
kidev ar hqondaT SemuSavebuli vizualuri saxe muSaTa klasis warmosaCenad — vTqvaT,
franguli revoluciisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic herkulesis saxes iyenebda. rogorc aR-
moCnda, damajerebeli vizualuri enis Seqmna gansakuTrebiT aucilebeli Seiqna „muSaTa
klasis“, rogorc heroikuli koleqtivis dafuZnebis kampaniaSi bolSevikur revoluciasa
da, zogadad, msoflio istoriaSi. qveyanaSi, sadac 1918 wlisTvis mosaxleobis daaxloebiT
85 procenti soflad cxovrobda, „muSaTa klasis“ arsi da Taviseburebebi bevrisTvis idum-
alebiT moculi da bundovani rCeboda. bolSevikebi muSaTa klasis ara mxolod heroikuli
poziciisa da rolis ganmtkicebis amocanis winaSe aRmoCndnen, aramed maT axali muSa-gmire-
bis saxe mTeli mosaxleobisTvis axlobeli unda gaexadaT. ramdenad universaluric ar
unda yofiliyo verbaluri propaganda, is mainc ver aRwevda sasurvel mizans. [4] sabWoTa
xelisuflebis adreul wlebSi, politikuri xelovnebis warmomadgenlebi sakuTar Zalebs
sinjavdnen auditoriisTvis iolad gasagebi vizualuri enis sferoSi. mosaxleobis gansx-
vavebuli kulturuli aRzrdis gaTvaliswinebiT, isini sxvadasxva wyaroTi sargeblobdnen:
religiuri da folkloruli xelovneba, klasikuri miTologia, rusuli ferwera da dasav-
leT evropis SromiTi da revoluciuri moZraobebis saxeebi. cota xanSi, sabWoTa ruseTSi
axali ikonografia gaCnda, Tavisi gansxvavebuli leqsikoniT da sintaqsiT. orTodoqsuli
tradiciis religiuri xelovnebis msgavsad, standartizebuli saxeebis mTeli wyeba Seiqm-
na, romelic mSromel gmirebs (wmindanebi) da klasobriv mtrebs (eSmaki da misi Tanamzrax-
velebi) asaxierebda. marTalia, partias, xelisuflebaSi mosvlisas, mSromelis erTaderTi
vizualuri saxe ar hqonda SemuSavebuli, magram erTi wlis Semdeg, „mSromelis“ reprezenta-
ciam gamokveTili forma miiRo. is TiTqmis yovelTvis gamosaxuli iyo mWedlis („kuznecis“)
saxiT. [5] aleqsandr apsitiseuli plakati „proletariatis diqtaturis iubile, 1917-1918“
oqtombris revoluciis erTi wlisTavis aRsaniSnavad damzadda. is SegviZlia bolSevikuri
ikonografiis axali saxis pirvel mniSvnelovan ganacxadad miviCnioT (CanarTi 1). [6]
mecxramete saukunis bolos da meoce saukunis dasawyisis socialistur ikonografia-
Si mSromelis saxe arsebiTad mamakacs gulisxmobda da sabWoTa vizualuri propaganda am
sqemas mihyveboda. [7] qali mWedlis saxe mxolod 1920-iani wlebis dasawyisSi gamoCnda (ilus-
tracia 1.1 da 2.9). [8] aq qali warmodgenilia, rogorc muSa mamakacis asli da misi TanaSemwe.
vinaidan sinamdvileSi qalebs arasdros umuSaviaT mWedlebis TanaSemwed, es saxe SegviZlia
mxolod alegoriulad gavigoT. muSa qalma heroikuli statusi mamakac muSasTan asocia-
ciiT moipova. mas momarjvebuli aqvs cxeli liToni grdemlTan=sakurTxevelTan, xolo ma-
makaci liTons axal sagnad=samyarod aqcevs. qalis, rogorc mamakacis TanaSemwis, reprez-
entacia xazs usvams mamakacebis liderobis Temas, an rogorc dRes ityvian, proletariatis
rigebSi mamakacis dominirebas.
1919 wlis ganmavlobaSi, mamakaci mWedlis saxe bolSevikebis vizualuri propagandis
virtualur xatad iqca, romelic fiqsirebul models Seesabameboda. mWedeli Cndeboda
plakatebsa da sadResaswaulo eqspoziciebSi, markebsa da oficialur beWdebze, zogjer
keramikul nawarmsa da qsovilebzec. bolSevikur ruseTSi arcerTi sxva simbolo ar yo-
fila ase farTod gavrcelebuli an axal reJimTan asocirebuli, Tu ar CavTvliT wiTel
varskvlavs da namgals da uros, romlebic 1918 wlis gazafxulidan gaCnda. es saxe 1930 wlam-
de centraluri iyo da mxolod Semdeg daiviwyes.
23
 foni

saidan gaCnda mWedlis saxe bolSevikebis ikonografiaSi, mTlad cxadi ar aris. pirveli
magaliTebi, romlebic moviZie, 1905 wlis revolucias ukavSirdeba. presaze caristuli Sez-
Rudvebis Semcirebam memarcxene Jurnal-gazeTebis raodenobis zrda gamoiwvia. zogierTi
maTgani Seicavda vizualur masalas, ZiriTadad, satiruli xasiaTisas. drodadro, maTSi
qveyndeboda muSis gamosaxulebebi.
magaliTad, 1906 wels, memarcxene odesurma Jurnalma „svistok“ gamoaqveyna d.i. Satanis
ilustracia „kavSiris gaformeba“. masze gamosaxulia kunTiani muSa, romelic xels arTmevs
wiTlebSi gamowyobil qals, savaraudod, ruseTis simbolos, xolo miniaturuli gvirgvinosani
cisferi figurebi (imperatoris kari?) qalis ferxTiT SiSisgan kankalebs. muSas SekreWili
wveri aqvs da mklavebis gareSe perangi acvia. 1907 wels, Jurnalma „volgam“ Tavis garekanze
dabeWda moRuSuli gamoxedvis mqone mWedeli, romelsac marjvena majaze borkili adevs, qve-
moT ki warweraa — „gasuli weli“. mWedeli atarebda atributebs an klasobriv niSnebs, rac
mogvianebiT standartuli saxis nawilad iqca: wveri, rusuli perangi, winsafari, CaquCi. [9]
caristuli propaganda popularobiT ar sargeblobda I msoflio omis dawyebamde, rode-
sac bevri politikuri plakati omis saxeliT gamovida. Cems kvlevaSi arcerT plakatSi ar
gamovlenila mWedlis saxis magaliTebi, Tumca sxva tipis muSebs periodulad gamosaxavd-
nen. rixard zarinis TvalSisacem plakatze „patriotulad da xelsayrelad! SeiZineT omis
5½%-iani sesxi“ gamosaxulia seriozuli gamometyvelebis mqone axalgazrda muSa samxedro
aRWurvilobaSi, romelsac winsafari ukeTia da dazgasTan dgas (ilustracia 1.2). [10]
marTalia, caristul politikur plakatebze gamosaxuli ar yofila mWedlis saxe, samagi-
erod mWedlis CaquCi da grdemli nacnobi iyo rusuli samxedro xelovnebis tradiciisT-
vis. mecxramete saukunis bolos, kurskis regionis emblemaze gamosaxuli iyo ori samWedlo
uro, romelTa Sorisac dideSviani taxis Tavia moqceuli. [11]
uroebi da grdemlebi, aseve, gvxvdeba dasavleT evropis Sromis da socialistur xe-
lovnebis nimuSebSi. mWedlis saxe periodulad Cndeba social-demokratiuli da sxva me-
marcxene jgufebis propagandaSi, Tebervlisa da oqtombris revoluciebs Soris. 1917 wlis
agvistoSi, satiruli Jurnalis, „spartakis“ garekanze gamosaxuli iyo rusul perangSi ga-
mowyobili mWedeli. mas fexebi aqvs ganze gadgmuli da orive xeliT uros ebRauWeba. [12]
damfuZnebeli krebis saarCevno kampaniis dros, ukrainis bolSevikebis komunistu-
ri partiis komitetma gaavrcela plakati masze mWedlis gamosaxulebiT, romelsac xelSi
uWiravs proklamacia, warweriT: „amxanago!“ (ilustracia 1.3). [13] mbolavi fabrika-qarxnebis
mkacr fonze mdgari muSa rusuli stilis wiTel perangSia gamowyobili, winsafari aqvs af-
arebuli da Ceqmebi acvia, marcxena xelSi uro uWiravs. politikur plakatze „qalebis Ta-
nasworobis sruliadrusuli liga. xma mieciT sia #7-s“, romelic damfuZnebeli krebis dros
gamoqveynda, gamosaxuli iyo farTo masebSi popularuli mWedlebi (ilustracia 1.4). [14]
masze warmodgenilia sakmaod ampartavani gamometyvelebis mqone qali, romelsac cxeli li-
Tonis naWeri uWiravs grdemlze, xolo mamakac muSas momarjvebuli aqvs uro am liTonze
dasartymelad. mamakaci muSa welszemoT SiSvelia da dakunTuli torsi uCans; misi saxe naw-
ilobriv Cans. revoluciis koleqtiuri gmirebis bolSevikuri saxeebi TandaTan 1918 wli-
dan Cndeba. aprilSi, bolSevikma xelmZRvanelebma TavianTi pirveli emblema SearCies: wiTel
varskvlavSi Casmuli uro da guTani, romelic wiTeli armiis samkerde niSnad unda qceuli-
yo. male Sekrebilma xelovnebis da xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebma sabWoTa saxelmwifos
oficialuri beWedi SearCies. bevri warmodgenili namuSevridan, maT namgals da uros mian-

24
iWes upiratesoba. [15] sabWoTa kavSiris mexuTe kongresze, 1918 wlis 10 ivliss, namgali da
uro oficialur emblemad gamoacxades. [16] wesiT, uros, rogorc muSaTa klasis emblemis,
SerCevas mWedlis saxis mimarT interesis gaormageba unda gamoewvia, magram 1918 wlis noem-
berSi jer kidev ar iyvnen SeTanxmebuli imaze, Tu rogor unda gamoesaxaT muSebi. zogier-
Ti xelovani gamosaxavda muSis ganzogadebul tips (konkretuli profilis gareSe) kepiT,
cxenze amxedrebuls, an etlSi. [17] boris kustodieviseul sareklamo plakatze, romelic
petrogradis ruJeinoes moednisTvis, 1918 wels Seiqmna, gamosaxuli iyvnen Sinamrewvelobis
muSebi: mkeravi, durgali, TerZi da mcxobeli. amave dros, panelze warmodgenilia winsaf-
riani axalgazrda mamakaci, savaraudod mWedeli, warweriT: „Sroma“ da qalebi, romlebsac
gansazRvravda warwerebi: „momkelebi“ da „baraqa“. [18] sxva xelovanma daxata maRaros muSa
weraqviT xelSi da mas waawera: „muSa“. [19]
xelovanebi xSirad muSas Cacmul-daxuruls, winsafarafarebuls da rusul perangSi gamowyo-
bils gamosaxavdnen, magram zogierTi mxatvari welszemoT SiSvel muSebs gamosaxavda. [20]
mixail bloxiseuli zeinklis giganturi qandakeba (aTi metris simaRlis, romelsac
miqelanjelos „daviTisTvis“ unda gaewia konkurencia) — Tavdapirvelad sruliad SiSve-
li mamakacis gamosaxulebas warmoadgenda, ramac adgilobrivi xelisuflebis warmomadgen-
lebi gaaogna da SeaSfoTa. jer qandakebas leRvis foToli aafares. magram amanac araferi
uSvela da bolos, originalur qandakebaSi garkveuli cvlilebebis Setanis Semdeg, muSis
figuras winsafari aafares. [21]
1918 wlisTvis reprezentaciis mravalferovneba imaze miuTiTebs, rom muSis standartu-
li saxe jer kidev ar yofila Camoyalibebuli. aseve iyo 1919 wlis ganmavlobaSic. Tumca,
ufro mniSvnelovani Semdegia: muSis sxvadasxvagvari vizualizacia adasturebs, rom es cne-
ba profilebrivi jgufebis farTo speqtrs moicavda. apsitis cnobil plakatze „proletar-
iatis diqtaturis wlisTavi“ (CanarTi 1), muSa da glexi fanjris kuTxeebTan dganan. gareT
Cans wiTeli droSebiT xelSi mimavali xalxis didi demonstracia, xolo fonad — fabri-
ka-qarxnebis da amomavali mzis stilizebuli sxivebi. Zveli wesrigis narCenebi (imperiuli
fari, gvirgvini, orTaviani arwivi, borkilebi) wina planzea mimofantuli. marcxniv mdgar
muSas ulvaSebi aqvs, tyavis winsafari ukeTia da Ceqmebi acvia. marjvena xeliT uros tars
eyrdnoba, xolo zurgze Tofi aqvs mogdebuli. mis mopirdapire mxares rusul perangsa da
qalamnebSi gamowyobili glexi mamakaci dgas, marjvena xelSi namgali uWiravs, xolo marcxe-
naSi — wiTeli droSa. orive mamakacs perangze wiTeli lenti aqvs damagrebuli da maT zemoT
wiTeli lentebiT Semkuli dekoratiuli gvirgvini kidia. am plakatis avtori — apsiti lat-
viaSi daibada da mWedlis Svili iyo. [22] samoqalaqo omis wlebis erT-erTma yvelaze pirvel-
ma da gamorCeulma plakatebis mxatvarma apsitma didi wvlili Seitana mWedlis saxis Seqmna-
Si, ramac cota xanSi bolSevikebis vizualuri propagandis arqetipis statusi moipova.
momdevno wlebSi muSa-mWedlis ori ZiriTadi varianti gaCnda. pirvelSi, romlis nimuSic
1918 wels apsitis da sxvebis plakatebma SemogvTavazes, iyo mWedeli mSvidi da amayi gamome-
tyvelebiT da uro mis gverdiT. meore versiaSi warmodgenili iyo mWedeli, romelic grdem-
ls uros urtyams. amis nimuSi gaxldaT nikolai kogutis 1920 wlis plakati „iaraRiT dava-
marcxeT mteri“ (ilustracia 1.1). zogjer mWedeli warmodgenili iyo sxva moqmedebis dros
— magaliTad, hidrasTan, mterTan brZolis an mtacebel arwivTan dapirispirebis procesSi.
[23] es sxvadasxvagvari gamosaxuleba xazs usvamda muSis, rogorc xatis, gansxvavebul as-
peqtebs: zogierT plakatze unarebi, Rirseba da wonasworoba aqcentirebulia; sxvagan yur-
adReba gadatanilia mis ostatobaze.
muSis saxis ori aspeqti — kontemplacia da qmedeba — aseve damaxasiaTebelia herkulesis
saxisTvis safrangeTis revoluciis xanis ikonografiaSi. [24] safrangeTis msgavsad, dual-
25
izmi koleqtiuri gmirebis reprezentaciis da konceptualizaciis sxvadasxva gzebze mian-
iSnebda. qmedebaze orientirebul gamosaxulebebSi proletariati warmodgenilia, rogorc
mZlavri, agresiuli da mravali siqvelis Cadenis unaris mqone Zala. amgvari saxeebi yvelaze
xSirad samoqalaqo omis wlebis namuSevrebSi gvxvdeba. umoqmedo muSebis saxeebi sruliad
gansxvavebul saTqmels ambobda: is xazs usvamda gamarjvebuli proletariatis TavdaWeri-
lobas da Tavdajerebulobas, romelic amayad ganagebda axal droebas. amgvari saxeebi 1920-
ian wlebSi gaxSirda.
samoqalaqo omis dros, mWedeli revoluciis, muSaTa klasis koleqtiuri gmiris simbolo
iyo. magram rogor unda warmoedginaT muSaTa klasis mowinave rigebi, bolSevikuri partiis
wevrebi, romelTac proletariati gamarjvebamde miiyvana? mdidari warmosaxvis mqone mxat-
vari kustodievi am sakiTxiT dainteresda Tavis cnobil namuSevarSi „bolSeviki“ (1920 weli).
aq asaxulia kremlisken mimavali giganturi zomis mamakaci, romelic zamTris tansacmelSia
gamowyobili da xelSi wiTeli droSa uWiravs. am bolSevik mamakacs daZabuli, TiTqmis ma-
niakaluri gamometyveleba aqvs. [25]
1920-iani wlebis ganmavlobaSi, mcire, magram mniSvnelovani cvlileba moxda mWedlis saxeSi
— is ukve ara mxolod zogadad muSaTa klass ganasaxierebda, aramed bolSevik muSas, kerZod —
partiis wevrs, leninis erTgul mimdevars. 1927 wels Seqmnili plakati „oqtomberi CrdiloeT
kavkasiaSi“ am cvlilebis magaliTia (ilustracia 1.5). [26] aq tradiciul muSas wiTeli dro-
Sa uWiravs, warweriT: „leninis partiasTan erTad msoflioSi oqtombris revoluciis gamar-
jvebisTvis, 1917-1927“. namuSevris centrSi warmodgenilia eqvsi mowinave bolSeviki (lenini
da kavkasiis partiuli gmirebi). am da 1920-iani wlebis dasasrulis araerT plakatze mWedlis
funqcia gacilebiT ufro daviwrovda, vidre winaT. [27] revolucioneri muSa bolSevik muSad
gardaiqmna. vizualuri mniSvnelobis cvlileba boboqari politikuri movlenebis, maT Soris
leon trockis da memarcxene opoziciuri jgufebis winaaRmdeg wamowyebuli intensiuri kam-
paniis da monoliTuri partiuli saxelmwifos konsolidaciis fonze xdeboda.
muSis gansakuTrebuli statusi vlindeboda vizualur sintaqsSi, anu saxeebs Soris
mimarTebaSi. glexebis (mamakaci da qali) an qali muSebis saxeebi iSviaTad Cndeboda gan-
calkevebiT da TiTqmis yovelTvis warmodgenili iyo vinmesTan wyvilad an jgufis saxiT.
maTi pozicia gmirebis bolSevikur ierarqiaSi ganisazRvreboda momijnaveobis principiT,
sxvebTan maTi mWidro vizualuri asociaciis saSualebiT. ase rom, glex mamakacebs xSirad
mamakac muSebTan an glex qalebTan erTad gamosaxavdnen; mamakac da qal glexebs erTad an
muSebTan erTad warmoadgendnen. amis sapirispirod, mamakaci muSis saxe damokidebuli ar
yofila momijnaveobis principze. mamakaci muSis gamosaxva gverdiT myofebis heroikul
statuss uzrunvelyofda. magram TviT muSas ar sWirdeboda sxva personaJebis ierarqiaSi
Tavisi poziciis ganmtkicebisTvis Zalisxmeva. zogjer mas martos gamosaxavdnen, xanac —
giganturi zomisas. samoqalaqo omis dros, mxolod wiTelarmielma jariskacma msgavsi sin-
taqsuri pozicia moipova.
aleqsandr matveevis cnobili monumenturi qandakeba „oqtombris revolucia“, romlis
Seqmnac 1927 wels dasrulda, warmogvidgens vizualur enas, romelsac heroikuli perso-
naJebis asaxvisTvis iyenebdnen (ilustracia 1.6). [28] qandakebaSi naCvenebia sami TiTqmis SiS-
veli mamakaci. wiTeli armiis jariskaci, rasac xazs usvams misi budionovka, muxlmodrekil-
ia; muSa centrSi dgas da xeliT uros eyrdnoba; wveriani glexi zis da marcxena xeli win
aqvs gamoweuli. kompoziciaSi muSis warmoCena, eWvs ar iwvevs proletariatis gabatonebu-
li mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. personaJebis Tanavarskvlavedi da maTi ierarqiuli ganlageba
garkveul msoflmxedvelobas asaxavs — bolSevikebis partiis mier gavrcelebul Tvalsaz-
riss, romelic mis oficialur ideologiaSi Caido.
26
 muSis saxis interpretaciis kulturuli CarCo

samoqalaqo omis dros, qaosurma viTarebam da komunikaciis mwirma saSualebebma xeli

SeuSala plakatebis warmoebis saqmeSi centralizebuli xelisuflebis CarTvas. 1920 wlis
dasasrulisTvis, daaxloebiT 453 calkeuli organizacia ukve awarmoebda plakatebs. [29]
decentralizaciis da koordinaciis naklebobis miuxedavad, 1919 wlidan TvalSisacemi
TanmimdevrulobiT da erTgvarovnebiT gamoirCeoda saxeebi, gansakuTrebiT gmiri muSis
reprezentaciisas. 1918 wels namglis da uros oficialur sabWoTa emblemad gamocxadeba
mniSvnelovani mxardaWera unda yofiliyo mWedlis saxisTvis. magram am saxis popularoba
da bolSeviki politikuri xelovnebis warmomadgenlebis mxridan misi farTo tiraJireba,
upirvelesad, am saxis gansakuTrebul polivalenturobas ukavSirdeboda.
mWedlis saxes sxvadasxva adamianisTvis sxvadasxva mniSvneloba hqonda. is exmaureboda
folklorul da religiur xelovnebas, Zveli reJimis imperiul xelovnebas da dasavluri
xelovnebis tradiciebs da socialistur ikonografias. metic, mWedlis saxe mniSvnelo-
vani iyo urbanul centrebsa da soflebSi, gigantur fabrika-qarxnebsa da mcire kustarul
sawarmoebSi. mas mravalgvari mniSvneloba gaaCnda.
ra tipis asociaciebi uCndebodaT Tanamedroveebs mWedlis saxesTan mimarTebaSi? ufro
adreuli kulturuli CarCoebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rogor „kiTxulobdnen“ am saxes xelo-
vanebi, xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi da damTvaliereblebi? cxadia, interpretacia gansx-
vavdeboda, auditoriis socialuri klasis, ganaTlebis, sqesis, geografiuli mdebareobis
da sxva faqtorebis mixedviT. informacia samoqalaqo omis dros politikuri plakatebis
damTvalierebelTa Sesaxeb SezRudulia, magram rogorc Cans, plakatebis umetesobis xil-
va xelmisawvdomi iyo qalaqis mosaxleobisa da jariskacebisTvis. [30] marTalia, plakatebis
naxva, ZiriTadad, mxolod am jgufebs SeeZloT, magram sagulisxmoa, rom damTvalierebe-
li Sedgeboda mosaxleobis farTo speqtrisgan (jariskacebis umravlesobas glexebi Sead-
gendnen) da amitomac, SeuZlebelia ama Tu im gamosaxulebis calsaxa interpretacia. xelo-
vanebi, xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi da damTvaliereblebi muSis axal saxes sxvadasxva
kulturuli CarCoebis farglebSi gaiazrebdnen da ganmartavdnen, romlebic yalibdeboda
gansxvavebuli tradiciebiT Tu praqtikuli gamocdilebiTa da dakvirvebis Sedegad.
arasamiwaTmoqmedo SromasTan asocirebuli mSromelebis yvela saxeobaTagan, albaT,
mWedloba SeiZleboda CagveTvala universalurad. sityva „kuzneci“ (mWedeli) mravalfero-
van konteqstSi gamoiyeneboda: soflad da qalaqSi, Sinamrewvelobasa da industriaSi. so-
flad, yvela sofels hyavda mWedeli, romelic sasoflo-sameurneo xelsawyoebs, Sromis
iaraRebs, borblebs da adgilobrivi mosaxleobisTvis aucilebel nivTebs amzadebda. misi
ZiriTadi iaraRi — uro, grdemli da samWedlo — nacnobi sanaxaoba iyo. amave dros, mWedlis
naxva yvela tipis manufaqturaSic SeiZleboda, sofelSi Tu qalaqSi arsebuli tradiciuli
Sinamrewvelobis tipis samWedlo maRaziebidan — did samrewvelo sawarmoebSi.
mWedlis statusi sazogadoebaSi damokidebuli iyo mis adgilmdebareobaze. soflad is
ekuTvnoda elitur fenas, Tavisi unarebidan, SedarebiTi keTildReobidan da sofelSi misi
saWiroebidan gamomdinare. qalaqel mWedels, romelic mcire maRaziaSi muSaobda, Sualedu-
ri pozicia ekava xelosnebs Soris. didi liTongadamamuSavebeli qarxnis mWedlebi, rom-
lebic e.w. „cxel saamqroebSi“ („goriaCi cex“) muSaobdnen, zemodan uyurebdnen sxvebs, maTi
glexobis da fizikuri monacemebis da ara gonebrivi SesaZleblobis gamo. [31] mWedlebs
sakuTar TanamSromlebze ufro dabali statusi hqondaT manqanaTmSeneblobis qarxnebSi,
rogorebic iyvnen zeinklebi da xaratebi. magram Tuki mWedels qarxanaSi ierarqiulad ze-

27
inkalze dabali statusi hqonda, mas mainc mniSvnelovani pozicia ekava warmoebaSi. liTon-
gamdamamuSavebeli qarxnebis, qsovilebis fabrikebis Tu kvebis mrewvelobis sawarmoebSi mo-
muSave arakvalificiuri muSebisgan gansxvavebiT, mWedeli mniSvnelovan funqcias asruleb-
da warmoebaSi da misi saqmianoba unarebs da sakmao fizikur Zalas moiTxovda.
mWedlis gansakuTrebul mniSvnelovnebas da rols aZlierebda slavuri folklori, sa-
dac araerTxelaa moxseniebuli mWedeli, romelsac dafaruli RvTaebrivi unarebi gaaCnia.
saqorwilo simRerebSi axseneben mWedels, romelic saqorwino gvirgvins, beWeds gamoWe-
davs da qorwilis sapatio personaJia. aseve, mWedeli moxseniebulia, rogorc enis=me-
tyvelebis mWedeli. mWedeli RmerTis toli adamiania da sagmiro saqmeebis Cadena SeuZlia.
[32] mWedlisTvis miwerili zebunebrivi unarebi pirdapir, mza saxiT gadavida bolSevikur
propagandaSi. popularul revoluciur simReras ewodeboda „mi — kuzneci“ („Cven mWe-
dlebi varT“). is qarxnis muSam, filip Skulevma 1912 wels Seqmna. [33] am simReras aqtiurad
asrulebdnen Tebervlis revoluciis Semdeg, gansakuTrebiT ki samoqalaqo omis dros.
mis efeqturobas didwilad ganapirobebda popularuli miTologiis da politikuri ide-
ologiis sinTezi. pirveli strofi mWedlis saswaulebriv Zalas gvamcnobs:

Cven varT mWedlebi, suliT axalgazrdebi.

Cven vWedavT bednierebis gasaRebs.
mudam SemarTuli gvaqvs Cveni mZime uro,
rkinas vWedavT mZlavrad,
vurtyamT, vurtyamT!
Cven naTel momavals vWedavT xalxisTvis,
Cven bednierebas vWedavT samSoblosTvis
da Zvirfasi TavisuflebisTvis,
romlisTvisac vibrZodiT da movkvdebiT,
movkvdebiT, movkvdebiT! [34]

ruseTSi, qalaqSi mcxovrebi ganaTlebuli adamianebis zogierTi jgufebisTvis, mWedlis

saxe aseve cnobili iyo dasavluri xelovnebidan. amis yvelaze adreuli nimuSebi momdinare-
obs antikuri saberZneTidan da romidan, sadac berZeni RmerTi hefesto (romSi: vulkani)
warmodgenili iyo xelSi uroTi. [35] mWedeli hefestos saxe xelaxla gaCnda italiur rene-
sansSi. ferwerul namuSevrebSi hefesto, zogadad, warmodgenili iyo SiSveli, fexze mdgomi
an damjdari, grdemlze uros dartymis procesSi. [36] meCvidmete saukunis ganmavlobaSi,
frangma mxatvrebma, Zmebma lenenebma, ramdenime tilo Seqmnes vulkanis Temaze, sadac war-
modgenili iyo samWedloSi mimdinare samuSaoebis ufro realisturi suraTi. [37] magram
araugvianes mecxramete saukunis bolos, mWedlebis da, zogadad, mSromelebis reprezent-
aciis saqmeSi mniSvnelovani cvlileba moxda.
belgieli xelovani da moqandake, konstantin menie, iyo pirveli, vinc saTave daudo mS-
romelebis asaxvis axal xanas. jer ferweraSi, Semdeg qandakebaSi, 1884 wlidan, 1905 wels mis
gardacvalebamde, menie koncentrirebuli iyo mSromeli xalxis Temaze. [38] muSaTa klasis
aqamde arsebul reprezentaciaTagan gansxvavebiT, romelic ufro metad xazs usvamda maTi
profesiis sirTules da tanjvas, menie mSromelebs (mamakacebs da qalebs) heroikuli kuTx-
iT warmoaCenda. man liTongadamamuSavebel industriasTan dakavSirebuli araerTi figura
gamoaqandaka. maT Sorisaa qandakeba „mWedeli“, romelic gamosaxavs mefuri gamometyvelebis
mqone axalgazrda, naxevrad SiSvel mjdomare figuras, romelsac uro fexebs Soris aqvs mo-
qceuli. [39] marTalia, menieseuli zogierTi muSa mZime Sromis da daRlilobis elfers at-
arebs, magram maTSi mainc igrZnoba Rirseba, siamaye da Zala.

28
 mecxramete saukunis bolos da meoce saukunis dasawyisis evropaSi, mSromelTa reprez-
entacia sul ufro mniSvnelovani gaxda monumentur, dekoratiul da politikur xelovne-
baSi. gansakuTrebiT mWedlis saxe iqca yvela tipis muSis simbolod da axali xanis mrewv-
elobasTan asociacias aRZravda. safrangeTSi mesame respublikis ganmavlobaSi, mWedlebi
bevri sajaro monumentis Tu sajaro da kerZo Senobis fasadebis dekoraciis Temad iqca. [40]
rogorc davinaxeT, mWedlis saxe sagrZnoblad polivalenturi iyo da metismetad mdidar
asociaciebs aRZravda. Tuki mxedvelobaSi miviRebT religiuri xatebis Zlier zemoqmede-
bas, gasakviri ar unda iyos, rom saeklesio xelovnebis konvenciebi gavlenas axdenda imaze,
Tu rogor mividnen xelovanebi da damTvaliereblebi politikur xelovnebasTan. bolSevi-
kuri plakatis pirvel didostats, apsits, xangrZlivi gamocdileba hqonda xatweraSi. [41]
ramdenadac CemTvis cnobilia, rusuli orTodoqsuli eklesiis xatebze mWedeli ar yofila
gamosaxuli, magram sabWoTa xelovanebma ramdenime ZiriTadi niSani isesxes xatebidan da ax-
ali gmiri muSis sakralizebisTvis gamoiyenes. [42] samoqalaqo omis dros, gmiri muSa zogjer
gamosaxuli iyo wminda giorgis saxiT, romelic kapitalizmis drakons klavs. [43] plakatze
„dideba Sromis gamarjvebas“, romelic 1920 wlis Semodgomaze Seiqmna, warmodgenili iyo
religiuri xelovnebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi simbolo — jvari (ilustracia 1.7). [44]
am TvalsaCino plakatze mWedeli sakurTxevelze zis, mis irgvliv globusi da karl marq-
sis Sromebia mimofantuli. sakurTxeveli dgas platformaze da mTeli konstruqcia jvris
formas mogvagonebs. [45] mWedels marjvena xelSi uro uWiravs; marcxena xeli SemarTuli
aqvs da gvirgvinSi moqceuli namgali da uro uWiravs. centraluri gamosaxulebis irgvliv
scenebi aRwers warsuls da awmyos, iseve rogorc xatebSia xolme, rodesac marginalur
scenebSi warmodgenilia wmindanis cxovrebis niSandoblivi epizodebi. [46]
ferTa simbolika politikur plakatebSi aseve exmaureba religiur xelovnebas. wiTeli
feri religiur xatebSi siwmindes aRniSnavda (Savi — borotebis aRmniSvneli iyo). [47] apsi-
tis mier 1918 wlis aRsaniSnavad Seqmnil plakatze muSa da glexi, orive, wiTeli lentebiT
arian morTuli; glexs wiTeli droSa uWiravs da wiTeli lentebiT Sekruli gvirgvinebi am
personaJebis Tavze hkidia. sakmaod xSirad, mWedlebs wiTeli perangi ecvaT, wiTeli droSa
eWiraT an wiTeli feriT iyvnen garSemortymuli. cxadia, wiTel fers pozitiuri konotacia
hqonda dasavleT evropul socialistur xelovnebaSic. magram rusi damTvaliereblebis
umravlesoba, albaT, ukeT icnobda xatebs, romlebiTac morTuli iyo maTi qoxebi Tu qa-
laquri saxlebi, vidre evropul xelovnebas.
religiuri xatebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli sxva saSualebebic gamoiyeneboda sabWoTa
politikur plakatebSi. religiur xatebSi ZiriTadi figurebi warmodgenilia srulad an
sami meoTxediT. sabWoTa politikuri xelovnebis warmomadgenlebi, TiTqmis yovelTvis,
mWedels winxediT warmoadgendnen da misi mzera iSviaTad iyo mibrunebuli damTvaliere-
blisken (amis sapirispirod, wiTeli armiis jariskacebis zogierT mniSvnelovan plakatze
jariskacebis pirdapir mzeras vxedavT). [48] fonad anamorfozi damaxasiaTebelia religi-
uri ferwerisTvis. [49] anamorfozis xerxs zogjer pirveli msoflio omis periodSi gamo-
sul caristul plakatebSic iyenebdnen. rogorc wesi, giganturi rusi glexi warmodgenili
iyo, rogorc soflis dasaxlebaze da mis mtrebze didi zomis. erT-erT aseT plakatze ga-
mosaxulia kombalmomarjvebuli giganturi zomis glexi, sxvaze warmodgenilia glexi erTi
cida mtrebis garemocvaSi. [50] adreuli xanis sabWoTa plakatebze mWedeli muSa anacvlebs
giganturi zomis glexis saxes, rogorc gandidebis da heroizaciis obieqts.
rodesac Tanamedroveebi mWedlis saxes „kiTxuloben“, isini zogjer iTvaliswineben ru-
sul folklorsa da dasavleTis klasikuri tradiciaSi alegoriis maTeul codnas. 1918 wl-
idan samoqalaqo omis dasasrulamde, bolSeviki politikuri xelovnebis warmomadgenlebi
29
alegoriis sxvadasxva tips ukavSirebdnen muSis saxes. boris zvorikinis mier 1919 wels Seqm-
nil plakatze „wiTeli raindis brZola bnel ZalasTan“ (ilustracia 1.8), cxenze amxedrebul
mWedels xelT upyria fari da uro da „wiTel mxedars“, an rainds mogvagonebs. [51]
1921 wlis maisisadmi miZRvnil kievur plakatze warmodgenilia mWedeli, romelic gigan-
tur Citebzea amxedrebuli da fonad wiTeli varskvlavi da mze Cans. aleqsandr marenkovis
mier Seqmnili es plakati „1 maisi — msoflio Sromis gaTavisuflebis winapiroba“ 5 000-iani
tiraJiT dabeWdes (ilustracia 1.9). [52]
Tuki herkulesi franguli revoluciis ikonografiaSi sankiulotebis simbolod gamoi-
yeneboda, samoqalaqo omis wlebSi rusuli proletariati zogjer igivdeboda titan pro-
meTesTan. vizualur propagandaSi es tendencia warmodgenilia petr kiselisis 1920 wlis
plakatis „TeTrgvardieli mtacebeli anakuwebs muSebis da glexebis sxeulebs“ saxiT (ilus-
tracia 1.10). [53] promeTes miTis sovietizebul versiaSi proletariati warmodgenili iyo
kapitalizmis kldeze mijaWvuli promeTes saxiT, romelsac Tavs esxmis arwivi — Zveli re-
Jimis oficialuri emblema. [54] plakatze warmodgenilia alyaSi moqceuli mSromeli prom-
eTe, romelic marjvena xelSi uromomarjvebuli, mtacebeli arwivis mogeriebas cdilobs.
literaturaSi, musikaSi, dramasa da baletSi mijaWvuli promeTes miTi gansakurebul aqtu-
alobas iZens am wlebSi. [55]

politikuri xelovnebis axali funqcia

1930 wels, mWedlis tradiciuli saxe TiTqmis mTlianad gauCinarda bolSevikebis poli-
tikuri xelovnebidan; es saxe mxolod drodadro, sqematurad Cndeboda xolme. 1920-iani
wlebis dasasrulidan, ramdenime xelovanma, rogoricaa iuri pimenovi, daiwyes mSromelis
axali saxis Seqmnis eqsperimenti, ramac saTave daudo mSromelis saxis Semdgom ganviTare-
bas. [56] gardamavali xana dasrulda imiT, rom centralurma komitetma 1931 wlis 11 marts
gamoaqveyna rezolucia, romlis Tanaxmadac, plakatis warmoebasTan dakavSirebuli yvela
sakiTxi saxelmwifo sagamomcemlo saxlis (izogizi) xelovnebis departamentis kompetenci-
aSi gadadioda, xolo es ukanaskneli — centralur komitets eqvemdebareboda. vizualu-
ri propagandis saSualebebis warmoebis es centralizacia da koordinacia ganamtkicebda
plakatis avtor xelovanebs Soris ukve dawyebul tendencias, rom samoqalaqo omis perio-
dis Zveli ikonografiis didi nawili pirveli xuTwledis gegmis xanis axali vizualuri eniT
CaenacvlebinaT.
1930-iani wlebis dasawyisSi erT dros standartuli muSis saxe sul ufro mkacri kri-
tikis qarcecxlSi moeqca. 1930 wels gamosul wignSi plakatebis Sesaxeb, nikolai maslen-
ikovi mWedlis saxes „wvrilburJuaziuli ideologiis“ gamovlinebad asaxelebda.“ [57]
rodesac 1932 wels uCveulo plakati gamoqveynda, romelzec grdemlTan mdgari ori
uromomarjvebuli dakunTuli mamakaci iyo gamosaxuli, erTma moskovelma kritikosma Tqva,
rom „am saxeSi ar Cans socialisturi Sromis arsi da mTlianad Sromis burJuaziul gagebas
efuZneba. xelovani sruliad Secda, rodesac plakatebis arqividan uromomarjvebuli mWe-
dlebis stereotipuli gamosaxulebebiT isargebla.“ [58] ase rom, mWedlis saxe, romelsac
1930 wlamde bolSevikur ikonografiaSi centraluri adgili ekava, 1932 wlisTvis miuReb-
lad da, rogorc mas xSirad moixseniebdnen, „burJuaziulad“ CaiTvala.
konvenciur mSromelis xatze uaris Tqma sabWoTa sazogadoebaSi gmiris gadafasebas dae-
mTxva. [59] literaturaSi, mwerlebi da kritikosebi xels uwyobdnen individualuri gmire-

30
bis (1932 wlidan isini TiTqmis mTlianad gaqra literaturuli nawarmoebebidan) Canacvle-
bas imiT, rasac katerina klarki „patara adamianebs“, anu rigiT muSebs uwodebda. literatu-
ram „deheroizacia“ ganicada da mwerlebi ukve orientirebuli iyvnen warmoSobis procesSi
myofi momavlis sazogadoebasa Tu warmoebaze. [60] am cvlilebam Tavisi gamoxatuleba hpova
politikur xelovnebaSi. zogierTi plakati, romelic 1930 da 1931 wlebSi gamovida, mniS-
vnelovnad efuZneboda siluetis meTods, romelsac samoqalaqo omis plakatebSi iyenebd-
nen, magram 1920-ian wlebSi uari Tqves masze. [61] silueti, romelSic ar Cans detalebi an
saxis gamometyveleba da, arsebiTad, bundovanebiT gamoirCeoda, aqtiurad iyenebdnen poli-
tikuri xelovnebis warmomadgenlebi, romlebic mSromelis axali saxis Seqmnaze muSaobdnen
im periodSi, rodesac upiratesoba Cveulebrivi adamianis saxes mieniWa.
1931 wels Seqmnili plakati „1 oqtomberi — damkvrelis sakavSiro dRe“ im cvlilebis
naTeli magaliTia, romelic 1930-iani wlebis dasawyisidan moxda (ilustracia 1.11). [62] 25
000-iani tiraJiT gamocemuli es plakati minimalistur yaidaze warmogvidgens Camwkrivebul
muSebs, romlebic TiTqmis ar gamoirCevian erTmaneTisgan da msgavsi gamometyveleba aqvT. aq
kargad Canan dajgufebuli muSebi, romlebic erTmaneTisgan ar ganirCevian. es plakati miznad
isaxavda damkvreli muSebis propagandas — masobriv mobilizacias, romelmac mxolod 1930
wlis pirvel oTx TveSi Tavi mouyara 1,5 milion muSas. [63] es tendencia kidev ufro Sors wav-
ida 1931 wels gamoqveynebul plakatSi „Zirs cru damkvrelebi“, romlis avtoric ucnobia
(ilustracia 1.12) da romelic 30 000-iani tiraJiT gamovida. [64] mWedlis saxe kvlav rCeba,
magram is ukve sruliad axleburadaa warmodgenili. muSis Zveleburi klasobrivi markerebi
gaqra, darCa mxolod uro. mSromelebi ufro jgufad arian warmodgenili, vidre individua-
lurad — „patara adamianebis“ vizualuri oreulebi, romlebic mravlad iyo am wlebis sabWo-
Ta romanebSi. faqtobrivad, yvela es plakati xazs usvams moZraobas — axali vizualuri enis
erT-erT gamorCeul Taviseburebas, romelic pirveli xuTwledis gegmis periodSi gaCnda.
Zveli klasobrivi markerebis gauCinarebasTan erTad, sul ufro mniSvnelovani gaxda ferTa
simbolika. mSromelTa siluetebi, rogorc wesi, wiTlad an narinjisfrad iyo warmodgenili.
am plakatze muSis sam narinjisfer siluets momarjvebuli aqvs uroebi mSromelTa wesebis
damrRvevTa winaaRmdeg, romlebic naxatis qveda nawilSi arian gamosaxuli.
im periodis kritikosebi yovelTvis rodi aRiarebdnen siluetur plakatebs. kidev erTi
msgavsi plakati, romelzec mxolod siluetebi iyo gamosaxuli, „metismeti sqematizmisT-
vis“ gaakritikes. kritikosi werda, rom socializmis cocxali mSeneblebis nacvlad, aq
„meqanikuri Tojinebi“ iyo naCvenebi. [65] amgvari kritikis Sedegad (analogiuri SeniSvnebi
gamoTqves im literaturuli nawarmoebebis misamarTiT, romlebic „patara adamianebze“
akeTebda aqcents), [66] xelovanebma male siluetebze uari Tqves da 1930-iani wlebis Sua pe-
riodisTvis am tipis plakatebi ukve iSviaTad iqmneba.
1931 wlis ganmavlobaSi, oficialuri politika gmirebis mimarT kidev erTxel Seicva-
la. partiis organo „pravdam“ wamoiwyo kampania, saxelwodebiT „qveyana unda icnobdes Ta-
vis gmirebs“, romelic miznad isaxavda, mowinave damkvreli mSromelebis vinaobis gasaja-
roebas. imave wels, „izogizma“ gamoaqveyna wigni imave saxelwodebiT da meore publikacia,
saxelwodebiT — „damkvrelebi“. [67] sabWoTa mweralTa kavSiris pirveli kongresis mowyo-
bis droisTvis, 1934 wels, oficialuri politika mniSvnelovnad Seicvala. anonimuri patara
gmirebis gandideba individualuri gmiris xotbam Caanacvla. andrei Jdanovma kongresze
ganacxada, rom axalma sabWoTa literaturam xazi unda gausvas „heroizacias“. [68] analo-
giurad, maqsim gorkim vrclad isaubra gmirebis rolis Sesaxeb da damswre sazogadoebas
Seaxsena, rom zepirma gadmocemebma „gmirebis yvelaze gamorCeuli tipebi“ Semogvinaxa — is-
eTebi, rogoricaa herkulesi, promeTe da doqtor faustusi, aseve rusuli xalxuri zRa-
31
prebis gmirebi. [69] 1930-ian wlebSi, gmiris statusi jer damkvrel muSebs mianiWes, xolo
1935 wlis Semodgomidan — staxanovs da staxanovelebs. aleqsei staxanovi donbasis maRaros
meSaxte iyo, romelic 1935 wels gmirad gamoacxades, rodesac man, Sromis reorganizaciis
Sedegad, Sromis maRal nayofierebas miaRwia. cota xanSi mSromelTa produqtiulobis gaz-
rdis da gegmis gadaWarbebis mizniT, aqtiuri masobrivi kampania daiwyes. amis sanacvlod,
isini fulad premiebs, axal binebs an sxva tipis jildoebs da aRiarebas iRebdnen. katerina
klarkma da luis zigelbaumma yuradReba gaamaxviles im mniSvnelovan cvlilebaze, romel-
mac Tavi aTwleulis SuaxanebSi iCina, rodesac individualuri gmiris kulti oficialuri
propagandis interesis centrSi moeqca; propagandis, romelsac stalini xelmZRvanelob-
da. [70] erovnuli gmiris da sanimuSo magaliTebis statusamde gandidebul staxanovelebs
herkuless, mijaWvul promeTes da rusuli xalxuri eposis mebrZol raindebs, devgmirebs
adarebdnen. oficialur ritorikaSi isini kacobriobis axali wesrigis warmomadgenlebad
gamoyavdaT. [71] damkvrel muSebTan da imaTTan erTad, vinc did sagmiro saqmeebs Cadioda
(magaliTad, isini, vinc CrdiloeTis poluss miaRwia), maT sabWoTa panTeonSi uprecedento
aRiareba moipoves.
samoqalaqo omis mSromeli gmirebi, romlebic 1927 wlisTvis bolSevik mSromel gmirebad
iqcnen, 1930-iani wlebis manZilze, isev gardaiqmnen „axal adamianebad“, an, sityvasityviT rom
vTqvaT, axal arsebebad.
„axali adamiani“, cxadia, iyo mSromeli — magram aramxolod, rogorc amas qvemoT davi-
naxavT. rogori tipis mSromeli iyo „axali adamiani“? pirveli xuTwledis gegmis erTi para-
doqsuli aspeqti isaa, rom oficialuri propaganda metismetad gaitaca klasobrivi omis
Temam. klasobrivi kuTvnilebis sakiTxi imaze mniSvnelovani gaxda, vidre odesme, magram,
imavdroulad, swrafma socialurma da demografiulma cvlilebam fundamenturad Secva-
la sabWoTa sazogadoebis klasobrivi struqtura. amitomac, praqtikulad, klasobrivi
gansxvavebebi Sesustda. glexebis didi raodenoba soflebidan qalaqebsa da industriul
centrebSi gadasaxldnen. mxolod 1931 wels 4,1 milioni glexi industriul Sromis Zalas
SeuerTda. amieridan maT oficialurad „mSromelebis“ saxeliT moixseniebdnen, magram
sofelma da ara fabrika-qarxnebma gansazRvra maTi qceva da Sexedulebebi. [72] imavdrou-
lad, aTeulobiT aTasi muSa xelmZRvanel da specialistebis poziciebze daawinaures. ras
niSnavda „mSromelis“ statusi (kidev ufro bundovani iyo, ras niSnavda gmiri bolSeviki mS-
romeli da axali sabWoTa adamiani) TandaTan sul ufro bundovani gaxda.
damkvrelobis da staxanovelobis kampaniebi, nawilobriv mainc, iTvaliswinebda sanimu-
So mSromelad da axal sabWoTa adamianad qcevis gegmas. vizualuri propaganda Sinagani da
garegani qcevis transformaciis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani saSualeba iyo. am amocanis ganx-
orcielebis saswrafo aucileblobis da mniSvnelovnebis Semcireba rTulia. rogorc moSe
levini aRniSnavs, „wera-kiTxvis Zlivs mcodne — Tuki wera-kiTxvis sruliad ucodinari ara
— arsebiTad soflad mcxovrebi mSromelebi unda SeeSvaT industriul samyaroSi da maTT-
vis erTdroulad eswavlebinaT manqanebis moxmarebis wesi, uCveulo, rTul organizaciasTan
Seguebis saSualebebi, kiTxvis swavla, xelisuflebis pativiscema, drois maTeuli aRqmis
cvlileba da sanerwyveblebis gamoyeneba.“ [73] 1931 wlis 11 marts centraluri komitetis
mier gamocemulma rezoluciam politikuri xelovnebis Sesaxeb, eWvic ar datova vizualu-
ri propagandis miznis Sesaxeb. is „individis, misi ideologiis, cxovrebis niris, ekonomiku-
ri saqmianobis rekonstruqciis mZlavr saSualebad“ da milionobiT adamianis cnobierebasa
da gulSi SeRwevis instrumentad unda qceuliyo.“ [74] es rezolucia xazs usvamda stalinis
xanaSi politikuri xelovnebis ambiciur amocanas: xalxis azrovnebis struqturis safuZ-
vlian cvlilebas.
32
 mWedlis personaJis gaqroba politikuri xelovnebidan ara mxolod saxeobriv cvlile-
bas moaswavebda, aramed, rac ufro mniSvnelovania — am saxis funqcionirebis sakiTxSi mniS-
vnelovan cvlilebas. 1930-ian wlebSi, politikuri xelovneba miznad isaxavda ara ubralod
mowodebebs, aramed „individis rekonstruqcias“. winaT, mSromelis xati simbolos funq-
cias asrulebda — gmiri proletariatis simbolos, romelmac, bolSevikuri miTologiis
Tanaxmad, oqtombris revolucia moaxdina. mWedlis saxe iTvaliswinebda mSromeli adamian-
isTvis damaxasiaTebeli ramdenime elementis moxelTebas (aqedan momdinareobda mWedlis
saxis polivalenturoba). mSromelis saxe, romelic jer revoluciis koleqtiuri gmirebis
vrcel kategorias warmoadgenda da Semdeg — bolSeviki mSromeli gmirebis rCeul jgufs,
gamosaxvis simbolur tradicias efuZneboda.
1930-ian wlebSi, mSromelis saxes politikur propagandaSi sxva daniSnuleba hqonda. axla
ukve mSromelis saxe nimuSis, idealuri tipis funqcias asrulebda. misi mizani iyo warmo-
saxvaSi axali sabWoTa adamianis gacocxleba, sanimuSo stalineli moqalaqis garegnobisT-
vis, manerebisa da qcevisTvis vizualuri scenaris SemuSaveba. vizualuri propagandis mier
Semotanili es axali funqcia Tanamedrove kritikosebs aiZulebda, yuradReba tipaJis
sakiTxze gaemaxvilebinaT. sabWoTa leqsikonSi, termini „tipaJi“ konkretuli socialuri
kategoriis swor asaxvas gulisxmobs. tipaJis arsi tipuroba rodi iyo, aramed ufro ti-
pad gardaqmna da tipizacia. rogorc lunaCarski aRniSnavda Tavis 1931 wels gamoqveynebul
statiaSi „mxatvrebis brigada“: „xelovanebma ara mxolod arsebuli unda aRweron, aramed
Sors unda gaixedon da aCvenon is Zalebi, romlebic jer ar Camoyalibebulan; sxva sityve-
biT rom vTqvaT, aucilebelia sinamdvilis interpretaciidan cxovrebis Sinagani arsis gax-
snaze gadasvla, romelic proletaruli miznebidan da principebidan momdinareobs.“ [75]
lunaCarskiseuli instruqcia, Tavisi Sesabamisi metafizikuri warmoSobiT da im gansaz-
RvrebasTan msgavsebiT, romelic cota xanSi socialisturi realizmis axalma koncefciam
wamoayena, sakuTar TavSi moicavs im sirTuleebs, romlis winaSec 1930-iani wlebis dasawy-
isis plakatis xelovanebi idgnen. standartul saxeze uaris TqmiT, romelsac sabWoTa kri-
tikosebma „stereotipuli“ da „burJuaziuli“ uwodes, xelovanebi vizualurad zusti, ise-
Ti socialuri tipebis Seqmnis rTuli amocanis winaSe aRmoCndnen, romlebic Seesabameboda
ara Tanamedrove gamocdilebas, aramed „cxovrebis Sinagani arsis“ imJamindel partiiseul
formulas, romelic srulad mxolod sasurvel momavalSi unda ganxorcielebuliyo. xelo-
vanis amocanis am gardaqmnam gamoiwvia warsulis da awmyos simboluri asaxvidan vizualuri
reprezentaciis axal modelze fundamenturi gadasvla, romelsac awmyo unda gamoesaxa ara
ise, rogoric iyo, aramed ise, rogoric unda gamxdariyo. am xerxis Sedegad unda SeeqmnaT
warmosaxuli momavlis iluzia awmyos vizualuri mniSvnelobis farglebSi.
tipaJis gamoyeneba 1930-iani wlebis pirvel naxevarSi ar gulisxmobda iseTi sruliad
Camoyalibebuli ikonografiuli saxis arsebobas, rogoric iyo mWedeli. swori tipaJi saW-
iroebda imas, rom mSromelis saxes konkretuli manera da gamometyveleba gadmoeca. ro-
gorc plakatebis erT-erTi specialisti werda 1933 wels, mSromeli unda aisaxos, rogorc
„janmrTeli, cocxali, gonieri, inteleqtualuri ieris mqone adamiani. is axali adamianis
prototipi unda iyos, fizikuri Zalis, energiis, simamacis, inteleqtis gansaxiereba.“ [76]
sxva kritikosi Cioda, rom 1932 wlis plakatze tipaJi arabunebrivi iyo, radganac „mis ga-
mometyvelebaSi ar igrZnoboda SemoqmedebiTi azriT gamowrTobili inteleqti. masSi ar
igrZnoboda codnis dauflebiT, interesiT, swavlis aTvisebiT gamowveuli sixaruli.“ [77]
mSromelTa inteleqtualuri da kulturuli atributebis es xazgasma iyo im ufro zogadi
tendenciis nawili, romelic 1935 wlis seqtembris dasawyisSi staxanovelebis kampaniaSi ga-
moixata. sanimuSo staxanovels ara mxolod didi fizikuri gmirobis Cadena SeeZlo, aramed is
gaxldaT pirovneba, romelic codnas afasebda da maRal kulturas naziarebi iyo. [78]
33
 stalinisturi vizualuri propagandis semiotika

1930-iani wlebis politikuri plakatebis zedapiruli analizic ki cxadyofs esTetiku-

ri tendenciebis mniSvnelovan cvlilebas. es plakatebi araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar agvereva
samoqalaqo omis an 1920-iani wlebis plakatebSi. saxeebis, sintaqsis da xerxebis Tvalsaz-
risiT, isini warmoadgendnen Zalian gansxvavebul samyaros — aRmSeneblobisken gamalebuli
swrafvis samyaros, sadac „ufro maRla, ufro Sors da ufro swrafad“ — axal formulad
iqca. [79]
axali politikuri amocanebisTvis nabijis ayolebis mizniT, politikuri xelovnebis war-
momadgenlebi 1930-iani wlebis pirvel naxevarSi farTod iyenebdnen fotomontaJis xerxs.
siluetisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic saxes yovelgvari detalis da gansxvavebuli Tvisebi-
sgan aTavisuflebda, fotomontaJi xazs usvamda reprezentaciis gansakuTrebul mxareebs,
rac ufro konkretulad da naklebad abstraqtulad aqcevda saxes. 1920-ian wlebSi foto-
montaJi farTod gamoiyeneboda kinosa da komerciul plakatebSi, magram gacilebiT ufro
iSviaTad — politikuri propagandis mizniT. [80]
ramdenime mniSvnelovanma xelovanma, stalinistur propagandaSi fotomontaJis osta-
tis, gustav klucisis xelmZRvanelobiT, Tavisi yuradReba fotografiaze, rogorc pirve-
li xuTwledis gegmis mSromeli gmiris vizualizaciis saSualebaze, gadaitana. [81]
fotomontaJis gamoyenebiT daiwyo muSis reprezentaciis winamorbedi stilisgan mkve-
Tri gamijvnis tendencia. fotoebs, grafikuli da ferweruli namuSevrebisgan gansxvavebiT,
obieqturobis aura gaaCnda da realistur princips efuZneboda, simboluri reprezentaciis
sapirispirod. saxis STambeWdaobas ganapirobebda realuri samyaros moCvenebiTi avTenturi
reprezentacia, misi msgavseba. [82] fotomontaJi, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, vizualur sfero-
Si socialisturi realizmis kvintesenciuri gamoyenebis magaliTi iyo. sabWoTa mSromelebis
realuri fotoebis gamoyenebiT, is „realurad arsebulis“ STabeWdilebas qmnida iq, sadac ma-
namde mxolod „momavlis hipoTeturi aucilebloba“ igulisxmeboda. vinaidan foto gadmoce-
mda (rac mediaTagan mxolod kinos SeeZlo) samyaros erTi SexedviT „realur“ suraTs, foto-
montaJi qmnida im iluzias, rom momavali da awmyo erTmaneTisgan ar ganirCeoda.
realuri fotoebis saSualebiT, politikuri xelovnebis warmomadgenlebma stalinis xa-
naSi mSromelTa reprezentaciis sakiTxisadmi axali midgoma SeimuSaves. imis nacvlad, rom
yvela mSromeli mWedlis erT saxeSi gaeerTianebinaT an mSromelTa identuri siluetebiT
bundovani da abstraqtuli saxeebi SeeqmnaT, maT maRaroelTa, mSenebelTa, liTongadama-
muSavebelTa, feiqrebis da sxvaTa asaxva daiwyes. ukve aRar arsebobda mSromelis erTad-
erTi prototipi. 1931 wels, klucisis mier Seqmnili msxvilmasStabiani plakati „SevqmnaT
milionobiT kvalificiuri muSaTa kadri“ swored fotomontaJis gamoyenebis nimuSia (ilus-
tracia 1.13). [83] plakati, romelic 40 000-iani tiraJiT gamovida, Sedgeba qali da mamakaci
muSebis rigisgan, romlebic Sors warmodgenili fabrikis Senobis mimarTulebiT midian.
isini sxvadasxva profesiuli qvejgufebis warmomadgenlebi arian. maTi umravlesoba iRime-
ba da zogierTs pirdapir mayureblisken aqvs mimarTuli mzera.
1930-ian wlebSi Seqmnili yvela plakati mSromelis asaxvisas rodi iyenebda siluetis an
fotomontaJis meTods. araerTi xelovani, sakuTari saTqmelis gadmosacemad, ferweris da
grafikis konvenciur xerxebs mimarTavda; 1930-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi amgvari plakate-
bi isev Warbobda.
sxvadasxva xerxiT eqsperimentireba kidev ufro didi mcdelobis nawili iyo, romelsac
1930-iani wlebis manZilze iyenebdnen, rac staliniseuli industrializaciis xanis Sesa-

34
bamisi axali vizualuri enis Seqmnas ukavSirdeboda. es ena aRar efuZneboda konkretuli
ucvleli ikonografiuli saxeebis ganmeorebas. piriqiT, xelovanebma TavianTi saxeebi ofi-
cialur ideologias Seusabames, im vizualuri elementebis CarTvis gziT, romlebic axali
sabWoTa da ara „proletari“ adamianis markerad unda qceuliyo. 1930-iani wlebis pirvel
naxevarSi atributebis mTeli nakrebi (Tumca yvela erTdroulad ar yofila warmodgeni-
li) heroikuli moqalaqis markerad iqca. am atributebs Soris, upirvelesad, iyo axalgaz-
rdoba da energiuloba, sicocxlisunarianoba da enTuziazmi. es komponentebi yvela tipis
plakatSi pozitiuri saxis SeqmnisTvis virtualur moTxovnilebebs Soris moxvda. axalgaz-
rdobaze xazgasma mSromelTa rigebSi realur cvlilebebs Seesabameboda. 1930-iani wlebis
bolos, fabrika-qarxnebis mSromelTa did nawils ocdacxra wlamde axalgazrdebi, xolo
umravlesobas — ocdasami wlis da ufro axalgazrda asakis adamianebi Seadgendnen. [84] meo-
rec — axali sabWoTa adamiani — stalinis xanis gmiri mSromeli — socializmis mudmivi
mSenebeli iyo da mas, rogorc wesi, moZraobis procesSi gamosaxavdnen. Tuki winaT muSebs
xSirad statikur pozaSi xatavdnen, axla ukve politikuri xelovnebis warmomadgenlebisgan
moiTxovdnen, rom maT muSebi Sromis dros warmoedginaT. [85] marTlac, plakatebis kompozi-
cia — konstruqtivistuli diagonaliT — moZraobis STabeWdilebas qmnis. plakatebisadmi
miZRvnil JurnalebSi mkacrad akritikebdnen iseT plakatebs, romlebzec muSebi moZraobis
procesSi ar yofilan warmodgenili. amrigad, klucisis 1931 wlis plakatis mimarT, romel-
ic zemoT vaxseneT, erTma kritikosma SeniSvnebi gamoTqva da aRniSna, rom masze gamosaxuli
figurebi umoZrao da statikuri iyo. [86]
stalinis xanis mamakaci gmiris mesame atributi iyo misi figura. liliputebis garemocva-
Si moxvedrili guliveris msgavsad, mas gamosaxavdnen uzarmazar masStabSi. rogorc zemoT
aRvniSneT, perspeqtivis damaxinjebis, anamorfozis meTods periodulad iyenebdnen samoqa-
laqo omis wlebSi, magram 1920-ian wlebSi am xerxs ufro naklebad mimarTavdnen. es meTodi
1930-ian wlebSi aRdga, rogorc gmiris da, aseve, koleqtiuri fermerebis heroikuli saxis
grafikuli gamosaxvis standartuli saSualeba, romelTa sagmiro saqmeebma isini „super-
mamakacebad“ da „superqalebad“ aqcia. [87] qal muSebs, zogadad, gamosaxavdnen imave atrib-
utebiT, rogorc maT mamakac oreulebs, Tumca isini politikur xelovnebaSi gacilebiT iS-
viaTad Cndebodnen.
sul ufro intensiur vizualur niSanTa sistemis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani elementi iyo
saxeebisTvis emociuri maxasiaTeblis miniWeba. mWedlis saxes, iseve rogorc 1930-iani wlebis
dasawyisis siluetur figurebs, Cveulebriv, emociuri gamoxatuleba akldaT. 1930-iani
wlebis ganmavlobaSi, politikuri xelovnebis warmomadgenlebi mSromelebis saxeebs ukve
grZnobismier elfers aniWebdnen. emociebi or ZiriTad ganwyobas moicavda: erTi mxriv, inten-
siur Zalisxmevas da Tavdadebas da, meore mxriv — mxiarulebas. adolf straxovis mier 1932
wels Seqmnili plakati am tendenciis nimuSia (ilustracia 1.14). [88] am plakatze, saxelwodeb-
iT „dneprostroi agebulia“, vxedavT emociiT gasxivosnebul mSromelis saxes: misi eqstazuri
gamometyveleba da zeviT aweuli xeli dneprostrois kaSxlis agebas ukavSirdeba, romelic
naxatis fonadaa warmodgenili. 1930-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi, mxiaruleba da „mRelvareba“
mSromelTa saxisTvis damaxasiaTebel atributebad iqca, rasac, udavod, xeli Seuwyo stalin-
iseulma gancxadebam, rom sabWoTa kavSirSi cxovreba sul ufro bednieri gaxda. [89]
bolos, plakatebze warmodgenili figurebis pirdapiri mzeris asaxvis meTods iyeneben.
1920-ian wlebSi, politikuri xelovnebis warmomadgenlebi iSviaTad mimarTavdnen am xerxs.
1930-ian wlebSi, piriqiT, politikuri xelovnebis warmomadgenlebi damTvaliereblebisken
pirdapir mzeramimarTul mSromelebs xatavdnen. viqtor govorkovis mier 1933 wels Seqmni-
li plakati „Tqveni naTura, amxanago inJinero“ (ilustracia 1.15) warmoadgens axalgazrda
35
mamakacis gigantur figuras, romelsac marjvena xelSi naTura uWiravs da win aqvs gamow-
vdili. [90] is gamWoli mzeriT uyurebs auditorias. am xerxis xSirma gamoyenebam Secvala
damTvalierebelsa da gamosaxulebas Soris konvenciuri mimarTeba. Tuki aqamde damkvirve-
beli personaJis samyaros uyurebda, axla ukve mimarTeba Seicvala da personaJi akvirdebo-
da damTvalierebels. uadgilo ar iqneba am fenomenis Sedareba orTodoqsuli ikonografi-
is yovlismxilvel TvalTan. [91]
govorkoviseuli plakati gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa, vinaidan is warsulSi e.w. burJua
specialistebis „xalxis mtrad“ Seracxvis kampaniis sapirwonis Seqmnas iTvaliswinebda. spe-
cialistebis mimarT sazogadoebis axleburi damokidebulebis uzrunvelsayofad, plakatis
qvemoT warmodgenilia warwera: „sabWoTa specialistis Rirsebaa, sakuTari gamocdilebis
da codnis gamoyeneba socialistur warmoebaSi“. plakatis Tanamedrove kritikosma moiwona
xelovanis mier Seqmnili meSaxtis „kargi tipaJi“ da gansakuTrebiT maRal Sefasebas aZlevda
meSaxtis, rogorc mSromelebsa da inJinrebs Soris „SromaSi amxanaguri solidarobis“ ini-
ciatoris, „heroikul“ statuss. [92]
vera muxinaseuli monumenturi qandakeba „muSa da kolmeurne qali“, romelic 1937 wels
parizSi xelovnebis, mrewvelobis da mecnierebis saerTaSoriso gamofenaze sabWoTa pavil-
ionisTvis sagangebod Seiqmna, yvela elementis — axalgazrdobis, moZraobis, figuris da
emociis erTobliobis nimuSia, rac axali stalinuri xanis semiotikuri sistemis Semadgene-
li elementebi iyo (ilustracia 1.16). [93] muxinam aq sagangebod SearCia mamakaci mWedlis
saxe. swored am adreuli periodis saxis moxmobis gamo, muxinaseuli qandakeba yuradRebas
ipyrobs, vinaidan muxinaseuli mWedeli ukve sruliad sxva samyarodanaa da misi winamorbe-
di oreulisgan gansxvavdeba. is aSkarad axalgazrda da lamazia, mkveTrad gamoxatuli ma-
makacurobiT, rac stalinis xanaSi mamakaci mSromelebis standartad iqca. [94] statikuri
pozis an grdemlis mimarTulebiT uros momarjvebis konvenciuri saxisgan gansxvavebiT,
muxinaseuli mamakacis marcxena xeli diagonaluradaa SemarTuli. mas am xelSi uro uWiravs
(xolo qals — namgali), magram ara Sromis procesze misaniSneblad, aramed triumfis aRm-
niSvnel Jestad. misi intensiuri gamometyveleba da pirdapiri mzera, odnav SeWmuxnuli war-
bebi, Zlier grZnobas da simtkices gamoxatavs. is axali sabWoTa adamianis prototipia.

stalini, rogorc sakraluri centri

1930-iani wlebis erT-erTi yvelaze TvalSisacemi siaxle sabWoTa politikur xelovneba-

Si mSromelis mniSvnelobis TandaTanobiTi da udavo kleba iyo. pirveli xuTwledis gegmis
damtkicebamde, oficialuri ideologia, upirvelesad, oqtombris revoluciis dakanoneba-
ze iyo orientirebuli. am Zalisxmevam apogeas 1927 wels miaRwia. am ZalisxmevaSi mTavari
elementi iyo proletariatis sakralizacia, romelmac Tavisi istoriuli misia Seasrula
da rCeuli adamianis statusi xelisuflebaSi bolSevikebis moyvaniT moipova. pirveli xuT-
wledis gegmis damtkicebiT, uzarmazari sabWoTa propagandis manqanam sxva sakiTxze gadai-
tana yuradReba: stalinis revoluciis dakanoneba. marTalia, mSromelebi am masStaburi
cvlilebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani monawileebi iyvnen, stalinis revolucia mainc ara erT
klass, aramed mTel sazogadoebas unda ganexorcielebina. mas sruli nacionaluri mobili-
zacia sWirdeboda. klasobrivi brZolis Sesaxeb gauTavebeli ritorikis miuxedavad, 1930-ian
wlebSi mTavari kategoria iyo ara klasi, aramed moqalaqeoba. [95] bolosdabolos, stalini
xalxis mama iyo da ara proletariatis. vizualur propagandaSi mSromelTa poziciis cvli-

36
leba SegviZlia SevafasoT plakatebis tiraJebiT. 1932 wels plakatebis saSualo tiraJi iyo
daaxloebiT 30 000; 1935-dan 1941 wlamde zogierTi plakatis tiraJi 100 000-dan 250 000-mde
meryeobda. plakatebis tiraJis zrdasTan erTad, industriuli Temebisadmi miZRvnili (isi-
ni, romlebzec gamosaxuli iyvnen muSebi) plakatebis ricxvi sul ufro iklebda axla ukve
centralizebuli politikuri xelovnebis warmoebaSi. erTi sityviT, 1937 wels, aviaciis
dRisa da leninis sikvdilisadmi miZRvnili plakatebi 100 000-iani tiraJiT gamovida. Crdi-
loeT polusze sabWoTa aviaciis mogzaurobisadmi miZRvnili plakati 200 000-iani tiraJiT
daibeWda. [96] industriul Temaze Seqmnili plakatis SemTxvevaSi yvelaze didi tiraJi iyo
30 000, rodesac miwaTmoqmedebis Temaze Seqmnili namuSevris — 75 000. im wels samocdaerTi
sxvadasxva saxis plakatidan mxolod oTxze iyvnen gamosaxuli mSromelebi. [97]
msgavsi siaxleebi daiwyo sabWoTa kinoindustriaSi 1930-ian wlebSi. 1933-39 wlebSi Seiqmna
oTxmocdaxuTi filmi, romlebic Tanamedroveobis Sesaxeb mogviTxrobda. maTgan mxolod
Tormetis Sesaxeb SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom „saamSeneblo Temaze Seqmnili drama“ iyo, anu mZime
industriaSi mimdinare miRwevebis sakiTxebs exeboda. kinos istorikosis, piter keneSis da-
kvirvebiT, Tuki mxedvelobaSi miviRebT zogadad propagandisTvis industriuli warmoebis
mniSvnelovnebis sakiTxs, am TemiT naklebi daintereseba gansakuTrebiT gasakviri aRmoCn-
deba. is amgvari filmebis mcire raodenobas ukavSirebs reJisorebis winaSe arsebul sir-
Tuleebs, romlebic cdilobdnen, sakiTxi mayureblisTvis saintereso kuTxiT warmoeCinaT,
Tumca mizezebi SeiZleba ufro Rrmad veZioT. [98]
mSromelebma da industriulma Temebma dakarga Tavisi gabatonebuli pozicia vizual-
ur sintaqsSi. winaT mamakaci muSis Seudarebeli statusi relatiurad gamoixateboda: isini
glexebis, qali muSebis da wiTelarmieli jariskacebis winac ki idgnen xolme (magaliTad,
matveevis qandakebaSi, romelzec zemoT visaubreT — ilustracia 1.6). 1930-ian wlebSi, mS-
romelebma kolmeurneebis, aviatorebis da aTletebis gverdiT daikaves adgili — TiToeul
maTgans Tavisi adgili hqonda staliniseul didebis darbazSi. mSromelebs sakralizaci-
aze gansakuTrebuli pretenzia ukve aRar hqondaT; es pativi ukve gadavida yvelaze, vinc
stalinisturi partia-saxelmwifosTvis gansakuTrebul gmirobebs sCadioda. rogorc aR-
moCnda, 1933-1939 wlebSi meti filmi (20) gadaiRes iseTi gmirebis Sesaxeb, rogorebic iyvnen
mfrinavebi, mkvlevarebi da geologebi, vidre industriis muSebi (12). [99]
vizualur reprezentaciaSi momxdari es cvlilebebi Seesabameba imas, rac levinma aRwera,
rogorc mSromelebis mimarT „keTilganwyobis dakargva“. rogorc is ambobs, axali ekono-
mikuri politikis (nepis) dros, 1920-ian wlebSi, mSromelebi privilegiiT sargeblobdnen,
vinaidan maTi ufleba iyo „socialuri warmomavlobis ufleba“. 1930-iani wlebis dasas-
rulisTvis es viTareba Seicvala da mSromelebs „sxva jgufebTan da, rac yvelaze gamaRi-
zianebeli iyo, yvelaze wvril moxeleebTan SedarebiT, naklebad afasebdnen“. partia, ro-
melic erT dros „Segnebuli mSromelebis“ damcvelad gvevlineboda, „Cinovnikebis da spe-
cialistebis interesebis damcvelad iqca“. [100] qveynis socialur ierarqiasa da sxvadasxva
jgufis statusTan dakavSirebiT momxdar fundamentur cvlilebas Sors mimavali Sedegebi
hqonda Zalauflebis struqturisa da misi simboluri reprezentaciis TvalsazrisiT.
vizualuri propagandis sferoSi rac ufro kargavda Tavis mniSvnelovnebas proletari
mSromelis saxe, romelic erT dros bolSevikuri miTologiis suli da guli iyo, miT ufro
centralur da sakralur adgils ikavebda stalinis saxe sabWoTa ikonografiaSi. „voJdis“
(beladis) reprezentacia Zalian adre gamoCnda politikur xelovnebaSi. samoqalaqo omis
dros da 1920-ian wlebSi leninis saxe plakatebis ganuyofeli nawili iyo. [101] stalinis gamo-
Cena politikur plakatebze pirveli xuTwledis gegmas emTxveva. Tavdapirvelad, is leninis
mimarT daqvemdebarebul poziciaSi warmoCndeboda. magram 1932 wlis dasawyisSi, stalinis
37
saxem iseTive statusi moipova, rogoric leninma da male kidev ufro mniSvnelovan figurad
mogvevlina. [102] a. rezniCenkos mier 1935 wels Seqmnili plakati, romelic staxanovelebis
kampaniasTan dakavSirebiT gamovida, aSkarad cxadyofs im saxeebsa da ideebs, romlebic da-
maxasiaTebeli iyo Zalauflebis Sesaxeb stalinuri vizualuri diskursisTvis. am plaka-
tze, saxelwodebiT „staxanovelTa moZraoba“, warmodgenilia staxanovi, romelsac wiTeli
droSa uWiravs stalinis gamosaxulebiT (ilustracia 1.17). [103] mis ukan moCans mSromelTa
jgufi da kidev maT ukan — kremli. plakatSi gamoyenebulia metonimiis vizualuri tropi,
rac gmiri muSa staxanovis, stalinis da kremlis dakavSirebas iTvaliswinebs momijnaveobis
principiT (rac simbolurad mianiSnebs, rom stalinis saxelmwifo Zveli rusuli saxelmwi-
foebrivi tradiciis memkvidrea). rezniCenkom staxanovi plakatis centrSi moaqcia, magram
periferiuli elementebi (stalinis gamosaxuleba wiTel droSaze da kremlis koSki) domi-
nanturia kompoziciaSi da gmiri mSromelis mniSvnelobas gansazRvravs. am Tanavarskvlave-
dis mniSvneloba udavo unda yofiliyo TanamedroveTaTvis. staxanovis figura da sidide
ganuyoflad ukavSirdeboda stalins da kremls; gmiri mSromeli maTgan iRebda STagonebas,
orientacias da zebunebriv Zalas. rezniCenkoseuli plakati mcire tiraJiT (10 000 cali)
gamovida, magram is im reprezentaciis stilis nimuSia, romelic koleqtivizaciisadmi miZ-
Rvnili plakatebiT daiwyo (ix. ilustracia 3.11 da 3.12) da Semdeg, 1930-iani wlebis Sua peri-
odSi mSromelebze, mkvlevarebze, aviatorebze, aTletebsa da mSenebelTa brigadis warmo-
madgenlebze gavrcelda. [104]
vizualuri scenari axla ukve dasrulebuli iyo. sabWoTa panTeonSi moxvedra saWiroeb-
da ara mxolod mxiarul da gulmodgine Sromas, aramed stalinis gamosaxulebian Tilisma-
sac. diadi winamZRoli stalinisgan da ara mWedeli muSisgan momdinareobda is sakraluri
Zala, romelsac „naTeli gza unda gaekafa xalxisTvis.. da bedniereba moetana samSoblosT-
vis.“ [105]
am or figuras Soris msgavseba mxedvelobidan ar gamorCenia osip mandelStams, romel-
mac 1933 wels is kremlSi mcxovrebi mkvleli hefestos Sesaxeb Tavis gabedul epigramaSi
ukvdavyo:
is nalebiviT Wedavs brZanebulebebs —
zogs sazardulTan xvdeba, zogs xelSi, zogs SublSi, zogsac — TvalSi.
TiToeuli mkvleloba siamovnebaa
am mkerdganieri osisTvis. [106]

38
1 2

3 4

39
5 6

40
8 9


10 11

41
12 13


14 15

42
 
16 17

43
 Tavi meore

qalebis reprezentacia adreuli xanis sabWoTa plakatebSi

rodesac 1917 wlis oqtomberSi droebiT mTavrobas Zalaufleba bolSevikebma waarTves,

140 milionian qveyanaSi partiis rigebSi sul raRac 350 000 adamiani erTiandeboda. erT Rame-
Si revoluciuri partiidan mmarTvel partiad gardaqmnili bolSevikuri partia Zalisxme-
vas ar iSurebda, rom axali partiuli saxelmwifos legitimuroba daemtkicebina da Tavisi
ideebi farTo, ZiriTadad soflad mcxovrebi mosaxleobisTvis gaeziarebina. arc revolu-
ciuri movlenebis da arc qveynis mniSvnelovani politikuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri
sakiTxebis mimarT konsensusi ar iyo miRweuli. masobrivi propagandis saSualebiT, bol-
Sevikebi cdilobdnen warsulis, awmyos da momavlis maTeuli interpretaciis hegemonia
— nacionaluri idea daemyarebinaT da maT garSemo arsebuli samyaros interpretaciis
axali kategoriebi mosaxleobaSi daenergaT. politikuri plakatebi bolSevikuri ideebis
gavrcelebis efeqturi saSualeba gaxldaT.
politikuri xelovneba araerT gamorCeul xelovans izidavda. rodesac samoqalaqo omma
sazogadoeba gaxliCa da masobrivi mobilizacia aucilebeli gaxda, isini TavianT niWs bol-
Sevikebis samsaxurSi ayenebdnen. [1] maT enTuziazmi gamoavlines, magram kulturis seqtorSi
am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT maT, xelisuflebas an sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebs Soris kon-
sensusi ar yofila. unda SeemuSavebinaT vizualuri simboloebi, saxeebi da reprezentaciis
stili, rac axali sabWoTa saxelmwifosTvis misaRebi iqneboda. SemoqmedebiTi Tavisufleba
mwvervalze iyo, xolo vizualuri propaganda jer kidev ar eqvemdebareboda centralur iu-
risdiqcias da kontrols. xanmokle periodiT, politikuri xelovneba eqsperimentebis da im
sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT kamaTis asparezad iqca, Tu rogor unda gamoexataT bolSevikebis
saTqmeli. zogjer imasac arkvevdnen, Tu ra Sinaarsis matarebeli unda yofiliyo es saTqmeli.
xelovanebi vizualuri propagandisTvis kulturuli stilebis mdidar repertuars
efuZnebodnen. avangardisti xelovanebis niWieri jgufi monawileobda sapirvelmaiso da 7
noembris dResaswaulebSi, qmnida futuristuli da kubisturi vizualuri xelovnebis ni-
muSebs da plakatebs. sxva xelovanebi neoklasikuri da religiuri tradiciebidan momdin-
are vizualur alegoriebs da simboloebs mimarTavdnen bolSevikuri ideebis da mowode-
bebis sailustraciod. adreuli xanis sabWoTa politikur xelovnebaSi gaCnda frTosani cx-
enebis, etlebis, hidrebis, wminda giorgis da angelozebis saxeebi. [2] „okna rostas“ (rostas
fanjrebis) (rosta — ase ewodeboda ruseTis telegrafis saagentos) [3] warmomadgenlebi
lubokis popularuli rusuli folkloruli xelovnebis saxelovnebo stils iyenebdnen,
[4] sxvebi ki mimarTavdnen reprezentaciis im stilebs, romlebic aerTianebda popularu-
li kulturis, religiis, revoluciamdeli rusuli ferweris da plakatebis Tu klasikuri
miTebis elementebs.
bolSevikuri xelovnebis mamakaci gmirebis axali saxeebi — muSa, glexi da wiTeli armi-
is jariskaci male arqetipul figurebad, sabWoTa ruseTis xatebad gardaiqmna. religiuri
xatebis msgavsad, gmirebi (wmindanebi) da maTi mtrebi (eSmaki da misi Tanamzraxvelebi) Tval-
Sisacemi TanmimdevrulobiT iqcnen standartad da am TvalsazrisiT, rusuli orTodoqsu-
li eklesiis xelovnebaSi ikonografiis saxelmZRvanelos, e.w. podlinnikebs mogvagonebd-
nen. 1919 wlis ganmavlobaSi, rogorc davinaxeT, mamakaci gmirebis ikonografiuli saxeebi
farTod gamoiyeneboda politikur plakatebSi, sadResaswaulo eqspoziciebsa da monumen-
tur qandakebebSi.

44
 is simartive da siswrafe, rac politikuri xelovnebis warmomadgenlebis mxridan mamak-
aci gmirebis saxeebis gavrcelebas ukavSirdeboda, maT qal kolegebze ar vrceldeboda.
faqtobrivad, aSkaraa, Tu ramdenad iSviaTad gamosaxavdnen qalebs sabWoTa politikur xe-
lovnebaSi 1920 wlamde. rodesac qalis saxe politikur xelovnebaSi alegoriuli figure-
bis saxiT gamoCnda, is iseT abstraqtul koncefciebze mianiSnebda, rogoricaa Tavisufle-
ba, damoukidebloba, codna, xelovneba da istoria, zogjer ki qalebi warmodgenili iyvnen
TeTri armiis msxverplis an meddebis saxiT. [5] 1920 wlamde glexi an muSa qalis gamosaxvis
mxolod ramdenime SemTxveva gvxvdeba vizualuri propagandis saSualebebSi. monumenturi
propagandis leniniseuli gegma zogadi kanonzomierebis nimuSi iyo. leninis gegmas Sedegad
ormocze meti „gmiris“ gamoqandakeba mohyva. maTgan mxolod ori iyo qali. [6]
adreuli xanis bolSevikur xelovnebaSi qalTa saxeebis iSviaToba aSkaraa, vinaidan bol-
Sevikuri xelovneba winarerevoluciuri ruseTis ZiriTadi vizualuri tradiciebidan
gadaxvevas gulisxmobda. religiuri xatebis reprezentaciul sistemaSi, RvTismSobels
centraluri adgili ekava. folklorul xelovnebaSi, kerZod, lubokis saxeobriv sistemaSi
araerTi miTiuri da realuri qalis figura iyo CarTuli. [7] komerciul, saqvelmoqmedo da
saganmanaTleblo plakatebze, romlebic saukunis dasawyisidan vrceldeboda ruseTSi, ele-
ganturi da mimzidveli qalebis suraTebi, romlebic xSirad kinovarskvlavebs mogvagonebd-
nen, farTod vrceldeboda filmebis, Jurnalebis, sazogadoebrivi wveulebebis, Teatralu-
ri warmodgenebis, sapnebis, parfiumeriuli nawarmis Tu sxva produqtebis saSualebebiT. [8]
amis sapirispirod, ruseT-iaponiis omis da 1914-17 wlebis caristul politikur plakateb-
ze, ZiriTadad, warmodgenili iyo sabrZolo scenebi mamakacebis monawileobiT. qalebs am
dros iSviaTad gamosaxavdnen da Tuki gamosaxavdnen, isini alegoriuli figurebis an omis
monawileebis saxiT iyvnen warmodgenili.
I msoflio omisdroindeli caristuli politikuri xelovnebis msgavsad, bolSevikebi-
sdroindeli samoqalaqo omis plakatebze ZiriTadad mamakacebis samyaro iyo warmodgeni-
li. mxolod 1920-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, xelovanebma muSa da glexi qalebis gansxvavebuli
reprezentaciebi Seqmnes. qalebis zogierTi alegoria isev Cndeboda xolme 1920-21 wlebSi,
magram sul ufro xSiri gaxda Tanamedrove tansacmelSi gamowyobili muSa da glexi qalebis
saxeebi, romlebmac klasikur samosSi gamowyobili, Tavisuflebis da codnis simbolodq-
ceuli qalebis daxvewili saxeebi Caanacvla. romauli respublikanizmis klasikuri xanis
aluziebis nacvlad, auditorias mSromeli da jansaRi glexi qalebis saxeebs sTavazobdnen,
romlebic mamakac kolegebTan erTad, socializmis mSeneblobisTvis iRvwodnen.
marTalia, qalTa saxeebi ufro iSviaTi iyo, vidre axali reJimis mamakaci gmirebis sax-
eebi, magram maTi gamoCena ierarqiuli mimarTebebisadmi oficialuri orientaciis cvli-
lebis mniSvnelovani indikatoria. genderuli saxeebi mWidrod ukavSirdeba batonobis da
daqvemdebarebis sakiTxebs, rac samoqalaqo omisdroindel ruseTSi mniSvnelovani prob-
lema iyo. am dros tradiciul ierarqiebs uaryofdnen, Tumca axali jer kidev ar iyo Cam-
oyalibebuli. qalis saxis transformacia axali bolSevikuri vizualuri enis gabatonebas
Seesabameboda. is gamoxatavda klassa da sqesze dafuZnebuli koleqtiuri identobebis
partiiseul koncefcias.

45
 qalebis alegoriuli da simboluri reprezentaciebi

bolSevikebis revoluciis Semdeg Seqmnili qalebis zogierT saxes alegoriuli funqcia

hqonda. [9] qalebis alegoriuli figurebis mTavari STagonebis wyaro neoklasikuri tradi-
cia iyo, romelic safrangeTis revoluciidan momdinareobda. bolSevikebi did yuradRebas
aqcevdnen franguli revoluciis istorias da is TavisuflebisTvis msoflios istoriuli
brZolis maTeuli nacionaluri ideis mTavari Semadgeneli iyo da axali politikuri idee-
bis simboloTa da saxeebis wyaros funqcias asrulebda. revoluciuri safrangeTis mTavari
saxe iyo mariani, „moqalaqe qalis alegoria“ da herkulesi, rogorc radikaluri respub-
likelebis da sankiulotebis emblema. maT xSirad Tan axlda iseTi simboloebi, rogoricaa
frigiuli qudi, xelisuflebis atributebi da sakurTxeveli, romlebic SemdgomSi romis
respublikasTan asociaciebs usvamda xazs. [10] safrangeTis revoluciis dros, es saxeebi
da simboloebi axali politikuri wesrigis reprezentaciebis funqcias asrulebda da Za-
lauflebis arss ayalibebda. isini, aseve, sakamaTo sakiTxebTan dakavSirebul brZolebze
amaxvilebda yuradRebas. [11] alegoriuli saxeebi safrangeTSi mecxramete saukunis ganmav-
lobaSi aqtualuri rCeboda. [12] marianis reprezentaciebi isev iqmneboda, magram sxvadasx-
va variaciiT, politikuri viTarebis Sesabamisad. [13] amasTan, arsebobda didi raodenobiT
gmirebisadmi miZRvnili monumentebi, qandakebebi da ferweruli namuSevrebi, romlebic
iseT sinkretul alegoriul figuras gamosaxavdnen, rogoricaa respublika. sinkretul
saxeebs erTi miTologiuri referenti (magaliTad, herkulesi) ar gaaCnda, is „rwmenis, WeS-
maritebis, wamebuli wmindanis, winaswarmetyvelis da romantikuli gmiri qalis tradici-
uli reprezentaciebis elementebis an atributebis“ kombinacias gulisxmobda. [14]
1905 wlis revoluciis dros, politikuri xelovnebis warmomadgenlebi, romlebic ise-
Ti abstraqtuli ideebis asaxvas cdilobdnen, rogoricaa Tavisufleba da istoria („svo-
boda“ da „istoria“ — gramatikuli TvalsazrisiT, orive mdedrobiTi sqesis arsebiTi
saxelebia), qalebis sinkretul alegoriul saxeebs qmnidnen neoklasikur stilSi. [15] d.i.
Satanis grafikuli namuSevari „kavSiris damyareba“, romelic odesaSi gamomaval memarcx-
ene orientaciis Jurnal „svistokSi“ 1906 wels gamoqveynda, gviCvenebs grZel, wiTel kaba-
Si gamowyobil didebiT mosil qalis figuras, romelsac Tavze frigiuli qudi axuravs. is
xels arTmevs muSas da marcxena xelSi sazeimod uWiravs palmis rto. frangul tradiciaSi
„wamebulis palmis rto“, rogorc wesi, gamarjvebasTan asocirdeboda; frigiuli qudi imaze
miuTiTebda, rom qali TavisuflebisTvis mebrZoli iyo. [16] msgavsi saxeebi gaCnda mecxram-
ete saukunis safrangeTSi, romlebic respublikas ganasaxierebda. [17] Satanis naxati konk-
retuli ideebis gaziarebas iTvaliswinebda im auditoriisTvis, romelic vizualuri ale-
goriebis „kiTxvas“ miCveuli iyo. neoklasicizmi, rogorc reprezentaciis stili, cxadia,
kargad nacnobi iyo ganaTlebuli rusebisTvis. me-18 saukunis ruseTis arqiteqturasa da
gmirebisadmi miZRvnil qandakebebs saerTo stili akavSirebda, romelic 1905 wlis revolu-
ciis Semdeg kvlav aRadgines. [18] caristuli aristokratiis damxobis Semdeg, qalis ale-
goriul saxes isev iyenebdnen, rogorc abstraqtuli ideebis gamoxatvis saSualebas. 1917
wlis 1 maiss, petrogradis procesiaSi monawileobda qali, romelic Tavisuflebas ganasax-
ierebda. is saxelmwifo saTaTbiros win idga, klasikur kostiumSi gamowyobili da xelSi
gawyvetili borkilebi eWira. momdevno wels, 1 maiss, petrogradSi gamoCnda romaul tuni-
kaSi gamowyobili qalis figura, romelsac marjvena xelSi CiraRdani eWira da cxenebSebmul
etlze idga. msgavsi ram warmoadgines 1919 wlis sapirvelmaiso dResaswaulsa da 1918 da 1919
wlebis 7 noembris procesiaze. [19] am wlebSi 1 maisis da 7 noembris zeimebze mravalgvar sim-

46
boloebs da ritualebs warmoadgendnen, romlebic klasikuri tradiciidan momdinareobda.
maT Soris iyo etlebi, sakurTxevlebi, CiraRdnebi, frTosani cxenebi da berZnuli qoroebi
(rogorc inscenirebis an istoriuli movlenebis Teatraluri gacocxlebis nawili). [20] Ta-
visuflebis da damoukideblobis alegoriuli figurebis feminuri versiebi aseve gamoCnda
politikur plakatebsa da monumentur qandakebebSi. 1919 wlis TebervalSi, l. radinis mier
Seqmnili petrogradis posterze „amxanagebo, medgrad avuwyoT fexi erTmaneTs!“ warmodge-
nilia klasikur samosSi gamowyobili qali, romelsac frigiuli qudis magvari ram axuravs
(ilustracia 2.1). [21] mas marjvena xelSi Tofi uWiravs, marcxenaSi — droSa. plakatze ga-
mosaxuli qali Zalian hgavs eJen delakruaseul naxats „Tavisufleba win miuZRvis xalxs
barikadebze“ (1830), gansakuTrebiT naxevrad moSiSvlebuli mkerdis da Tofis da droSis
kombinaciiT. [22] Tavisuflebis sabWoTa versia gacilebiT naklebad damajerebelia, vidre
misi franguli pirvelwyaro. is Zveli wesrigis nangrevebiTaa garSemortymuli da ara adami-
anebis gvamebiT da, rac Zalian mniSvnelovania, mas aqeT-iqidan gverds umagrebs ori Zlieri
muSa. plakatis periferiaze Casmul gamosaxulebebze warmodgenilia scenebi muSebis monaw-
ileobiT, maT Soris erT-erTze glexi da muSa erTmaneTs xels arTmeven. saxeebi da kompozi-
cia cxadad gamoxatavs 1918-19 wlebis mcdelobebs, rom vizualuri reprezentaciis sruli-
ad gansxvavebuli stilebi da semantikuri sistemebi gaeerTianebinaT. Tuki qalis neokla-
sicisturi figura (ganaTlebuli rusebisTvis) romis respublikanizmTan asocirdeboda,
muSebis da glexebis saxeebi gvTavazoben politikur ideologias, romelmac wina planze
wamowia klasis da ara moqalaqeobis koncefcia.
revoluciis Semdgomi wlebis dasawyisSi, qalebis sinkretuli saxeebi plakatebSic ga-
moCnda da sazeimo warmodgenebSic, rogorc xelovnebis, istoriis da codnis reprezenta-
ciebi. 1919 wlis plakati „muSaTa kavSiri da mecniereba“ warmogvidgens dafnis gvirgviniT
Semosil axalgazrda lamaz qals da seriozuli gamometyvelebis mqone axalgazrda mamak-
acs, romelsac qali wignebis grovisken miyavs (ilustracia 2.2). [23]
qalebis figurebi, romlebic am tipis abstraqtul ideebs gamoxatavdnen, msubuq TeTr ka-
baSi iyvnen gamowyobili da simboloebis imave vizualur leqsikons ekuTvnodnen, rasac maTi
franguli winamorbedebi. alegoriuli stili monumentur qandakebaSic gavrcelda. 1918-19
wlebSi, nikolai andreevma da dmitri osipovma moskovSi Seqmnes obeliski, saxelwodebiT
„svoboda (sovetskaia konstitucia)“ („Tavisufleba (sabWoTa konstitucia)“), romelSic
warmodgenili iyo Tavisuflebis ideis amsaxveli qalis qandakeba. mas klasikuri samosi ecva
da savse mkerdi da fexebi uCanda, marjvena xeli aweuli hqonda, TiTqos caze mianiSnebda.
[24] politikuri ikonografiis franguli tradicia alegoriuli saxeebis mniSvnelovani wy-
aro gaxda revoluciis dasrulebisTanave. kidev erTi wyaro iyo religiuri da avtokratu-
li xelovnebis ZirZveli rusuli tradicia. Zveli reJimis pirobebSi, alegoriuli saxeebi
— orive — mamakacic da qalic — mniSvnelovan rols asrulebdnen TviTmpyrobelobis da
eklesiis mdidrul sanaxaobebsa da simboloTa sistemaSi. centraluri saxe, romelic Zve-
li reJimis dros politikuri narativebis organizebisTvis „kulturuli CarCos“ funqcias
asrulebda, [25] wm. giorgi iyo. wm. giorgis legenda asaxuli iyo religiur ikonografiaSi,
folklorul xelovnebasa Tu caristuli mTavrobis politikur xelovnebaSi. [26]
pirveli msoflio omis ganmavlobaSi, caristuli mTavroba Tavis politikur propagan-
daSi gamudmebiT iyenebda wm. giorgis saxes. [27] vizualuri leqsikonis ZiriTadi nawili,
wminda giorgis saxeebi, oqtombris revoluciis Semdeg, maleve CaerTo revoluciur le-
qsikonSi. adreuli xanis plakatebze zogjer gamosaxavdnen cxenze amxedrebul mamakac mu-
Sas, romelic klavs gveleSaps — saxe, romelic araerT mnaxvels wminda giorgis istorias
Seaxsenebda. 1918 wels Seqmnili adreuli xanis erT-erTi plakatis, saxelwodebiT „motyue-
47
bul Zmebs“, avtoria aleqsandr apsiti, romelic religiur ferweraSi iyo daxelovnebuli da
kargad erkveoda simbolur saxeebSi (ilustracia 2.3). [28] apsitma gamosaxa hidrasTan mebrZo-
li muSa. hidras mravalricxovani Tavebi mogvagonebda nikoloz me-2-s da sxva carist lid-
erebs. sazeimo warmodgenebsa da markebis gamosaxulebebzec xSirad SeiniSneba wminda gior-
gis aluziebi. momdevno wels, revoluciis meore wlisTavze, boris zvorikinma Seqmna plakati
„wiTeli raindis brZola bnel ZalasTan“, romelzec gamosaxuli iyo cxenze amxedrebuli muSa
cal xelSi fariT (masze amotvifruli namglis da uros gamosaxulebiT) da meoreSi — uroTi,
romliTac irgvliv myof mters gangmirvas upirebs (ilustracia 1.8). [29] 1920 wels, plakatis
erT-erTma mowinave xelovanma, viqtor denim, Tavis namuSevarSi leon trocki wminda giorgis
saxiT warmoadgina, romelic kontrrevoluciis drakons klavs. 1921 wels gamovida safosto
marka, romelzec asaxuli iyo moklul drakonze muxlmodrekili muSa. [30]
caristul ikonografiaSi mniSvnelovani qali figurac iyo: ruseTis saxe-simbolo. ruse-
Tis qalis saxiT vizualuri reprezentacia Seesabameboda sityva „rodinas“, anu samSoblos,
romelic etimologiurad ukavSirdeba sityva „rodit“-s, gaCenas. [31] ruseT-iaponiis omis
dros, mTavrobam gamouSva plakati, saxelwodebiT „ruseT-iaponiis omis gamo“. [32] port-ar-
turTan ruseTis flotze iaponelebis moulodneli Tavdasxmidan cota xnis Semdeg, 1904
wlis aprilSi Seqmnil plakatze warmodgenilia grZel kabasa da jaWvis perangSi gamowyo-
bili qali, romelsac yaryumis bewviT gawyobili wiTeli atlasis qudi axuravs. marjvena
xelSi palmis rto uWiravs (gamarjvebis simbolo), marcxena xelze orTaviani arwivi azis
(avtokratiis simbolo) da mis TavTan TeTri angelozi livlivebs. ukan, fonad moCans da-
klaknili, uzarmazareSvebiani, gvelismagvari mxeci, aRmosavluri elementebiT. qali Sua-
saukuneebis rusi meomris invariantia. meore plakatze „ruseTi da misi jariskaci“, romel-
ic 1904 wels daxates, ruseTi lamazi qalis saxiTaa warmodgenili, romelsac sarafani acvia
da Tavze tradiciuli rusuli Tavsaburavi (kokoSniki) axuravs (ilustracia 2.4). [33] is mo-
dunebul mdgomareobaSi, mSvidad zis da mis marcxniv mdgar axalgazrda jariskacs uyurebs.
I msoflio omis dros, ruseTis qalis saxiT gamosaxva isev aqtualuri xdeba. plakatze
„ruseTi — simarTlis sadarajoze“ (ilustracia 2.5) gamosaxulia Suasaukuneebis meomris
muzaradsa da jaWvis perangSi gamowyobili mebrZoli qali. [34] mas marjvena xelSi maxvili
uWiravs, xolo marcxenaSi wminda giorgis gamosaxulebiani fari upyria. moklul orTavi-
an, SavfrTian hidraze mdgari gamarjvebuli „deda ruseTi“ brZolis velze brZanebebs gas-
cems, romelic mofenilia daRupuli jariskacebiT da iqve Cans ieriSze gadasuli kavaleria,
diriJablebi da afeTqebebi. plakatze erT saxedaa Tavmoyrili caristuli ikonografiis
Semadgeneli araerTi elementi.
Tebervlis revoluciis Semdeg, damfuZnebeli yrilobis arCevnebis dros, xalxis Tavi-
suflebis liberaluri partia (romelsac, aseve, ewodeba konstituciur-demokratiuli
partia, an kadetTa partia) deda ruseTis saxes iyenebda sakuTari ideebis gasatareblad.
aleqsei maqsimovis Sav-TeTr kadetTa plakatze „xma mieciT saxalxo Tavisuflebis partias“
gamosaxulia sarafanSi gamowyobili, cxenze amxedrebuli qali. cal xelSi xmali aqvs Semar-
Tuli, xolo meoreSi fari uWiravs, romelzec amotvifrulia sityva „svoboda“ (Tavisufle-
ba) (ilustracia 2.6). [35]
Tuki kadetebi caristuli ikonografiidan deda ruseTis saxeebs iTvisebdnen, es arCevani
ar hqoniaT bolSevikebs. bolSevikebi pirdapir iyenebdnen Zveli reJimis ikonografiis sxva
alegoriul da reprezentaciul saxeebs (rogoricaa, magaliTad, wm. giorgi), magram deda
ruseTis saxe im periodSi miuRebeli aRmoCnda, partiis xazgasmiT internacionalisturi
perspetivis gamo. amis miuxedavad, besarabiis da ukrainis qalebis saxiT warmodgenis [36]

48
SemTxvevebi mainc iyo, rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom sabWoTa xelovanebi bolomde ar uaryofd-
nen qalebis simbolikas mTeli erisTvis.
mxolod mas Semdeg, rac sabWoTa kavSiri meore msoflio omSi Caeba, deda ruseTis saxe
sabWoTa propagandaSi gamoCnda. 1941-45 wlebSi gamosul dasamaxsovrebel plakatebze war-
modgenili iyo deda ruseTis aRorZinebuli tradiciuli saxe axali rakursiT — rogorc
didebuli, asakovani qali (ilustracia 6.1), zogjer Cvili bavSviT xelSi. am plakatebma cxa-
dyo asociacia „rodinasTan“ da aqedan gamomdinare, sityvasa da gamosaxulebis winarerevo-
luciuri kavSiri ganamtkica.
qalis cocxali simboluri saxe gvxvdeba apsitis plakatze „internacionali“, romel-
ic 1918 wlis dekemberSi gamovida (ilustracia 2.7). [37] am uCveulo plakatze gamosaxulia
piedestalze mjdomi urCxuliseburi qalis figura. piedestals aweria „kapitali“. mas
uzarmazari moSiSvlebuli mkerdi, eSvebi, gvelismagvari kudi aqvs da Tavze caristuli
gvirgvini adgas. uromomarjvebuli mamakacebi angreven piedestals da uteven urCxuls.
ramdenadac CemTvis cnobilia, es aris erTaderTi bolSevikuri plakati, romelzec kapi-
tali (rusul enaSi mamrobiTi sqesis arsebiTi saxeli) qalis saxiTaa warmodgenili da aseve
erTaderTi nimuSia, sadac qali urCxulis saxiTaa gamoyvanili. [38] am saxes, SesaZloa, meti
saerTo hqondes lubokis folkloruli xelovnebis tradiciasTan, sadac qalebi zogjer
eSmakTan iyvnen gaigivebuli da avantiuristebad da matyuarebad gamohyavdaT. [39] vizualu-
ri propagandis saSualebebSi qalebis xazgasmulad alegoriuli da simboluri reprezenta-
cia mxolod ramdenime weli gagrZelda. [40]
oficiozi, kritikosebi da sxvebi sakmao zewolas axorcielebdnen xelovanebze, rom
maT gansxvavebuli, muSaTa klasis warmomadgeneli auditoriisTvis gasagebi leqsikoni
SeemuSavebinaT. sapirvelmaiso zeimamde, 1919 wlis martSi moskovis saqalaqo sabWom ga-
nacxada, rom mSromelTa esTetikuri moTxovnilebebi upiratesobiT unda sargeblobdes
calkeul saxelovnebo dajgufebasTan SedarebiT, raSic avangardistebis futuristuli
xelovneba igulisxmeboda. amieridan, moskovSi yvela saxelovnebo sakiTxi moskovis pro-
letariatis uSualo TanamonawileobiT da maTi pirdapiri zedamxedvelobiT unda gad-
awyvetiliyo. 1919 wlis aprilSi, petrogradis sabWos aRmasrulebelma komitetma analogi-
uri rezolucia miiRo, riTac Riad gakicxes futuristebi da isini sapirvelmaiso zeimis
mzadebisgan gariyes. [41]
mxolod 1921 wlis 1 maiss aqa-iq mainc gaielva plakatebma qalis simboluri gamosax-
ulebiT; magaliTad, sergei ivanovis namuSevari „1 maisi. gaumarjos msoflios mSromelTa
zeims!“, romelzec gamosaxuli iyo grZel kabaSi gamowyobili qali, qarSi molivlive grZeli
qera TmiT, romelic qvemoT demonstrantebis mimarTulebiT vardebs fantavda (ilustracia
2.8). [42] es plakati, romelic ar nuvos gavlenis uCveulo nimuSi iyo, SesaZloa STagonebuli
yofiliyo aisedora dankaniT, romelic im dros ruseTs stumrobda. [43] magram axalgazrda
nimfebis uCveulo reprezentaciebi im droisTvis iSviaTobad iTvleboda da grZel, TeTr
kabaSi gamowyobili qalebi, iseve rogorc etlebis da sakurTxevlebis klasikuri simboloe-
bi TiTqmis sruliad gaqra.
rodesac samoqalaqo omi dasasruls miuaxlovda, sabWoTa propagandis warmomadgenelma
xelovanebma klasikuri Temebidan yuradReba gadaitanes socialuri kategoriebis da kon-
ceptebis konkretul vizualizaciaze. miTiuri, klasikuri, literaturuli Tu religiu-
ri konteqstidan aRebuli saxeebis nacvlad, maT SeimuSaves iseTi saxeobrivi sistema, ro-
melSic abstraqtuli ideebis klasobrivi Sinaarsi da socialuri jgufebis specifikuri
klasobrivi atributebi grafikul enaze gadaitanes. magaliTad, „kapitals“ gvelismagvari
urCxulis saxiT ki aRar gamosaxavdnen, aramed sqeli mamakacis saxiT, romelsac cilindri
49
exura da sigara eWira. gmirebs da mtrebs ukve urTierTgansxvavebuli vizualuri markere-
biT warmoadgendnen, rogoricaa muSisTvis uro da grdemli, glexisTvis — namgali, xolo
kapitalistisTvis — sigara. [44]
1920-iani wlebis Sua xanebSi, cnobilma literaturaTmcodnem da istorikosma viaCeslav
polonskim gaakritika alegoriuli da simboluri tipis reprezentacia, romelic samoqa-
laqo omis wlebSi popularobiT sargeblobda. is amtkicebda, rom alegoriebis da simbo-
loebis siWarbe „im xelovanebis burJuaziuli cnobierebis nayofi iyo, romlebic burJuazi-
uli klasis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen da teqnikur unarebTan erTad, saagitacio liTografi-
is interpretaciis mimarT arabunebrivi damokidebuleba daamkvidres“. bolos bolSevikebma
moaxerxes burJuaziuli gavlenisgan, alegoriebisa da simbolizmisgan gaTavisufleba da
„[plakatebisTvis] im Temebis damkvidreba, romlebic axlobeli da gasagebia plakatebis au-
ditoriisTvis“. [45] polonskis mier aRwerili vizualuri saxeobriobis klasikuri enidan
saxalxoze gadasvla yvelaze kargad qalebis reprezentaciis sakiTxSi momxdar cvlilebaSi
aisaxa. qalebis gamosaxulebebi, romlebic Tavisuflebas da sxva abstraqtul kategoriebs
ganasaxiarebda, TandaTan sul ufro ewinaaRmdegeboda bolSevikebis mier gavrcelebul
mTavar saTqmels. Tavisuflebis da msgavsi cnebebis alegoriul saxeebSi impliciturad
igulisxmeboda moqalaqeobis cneba, rac romis respublikasa da safrangeTis revoluci-
ur tradiciasTan asociacias aRZravda. am tradiciis mixedviT, moqalaqeoba iyo univer-
salisturi koncefcia, romelic politikuri mowyobis yvela wevrs politikur cxovrebaSi
monawileobis uflebas aniWebda. magram sabWoTa ruseTSi, sadac bolSevikebma proletari-
atis diqtatura gamoacxades, moqalaqeoba sulac ar yofila universaluri da moqalaqe-
Ta mTeli rigi kategoriebi, socialuri warmomavlobis an Zveli reJimis dros samsaxuris
gamo, samoqalaqo uflebebis avtomaturi CamorTmevis msxverplad iqca. [46] moqalaqeoba,
rogorc ideali, SeuTavsebeli iyo sabWoTa sistemis sinamdvilesa da bolSevikur ideolo-
giasTan. bolSevikebisTvis mTavari idea, romelic istoriis da Tanamedrove samyaros axsnis
saSualebas iZleoda, iyo ara moqalaqeoba, aramed klasi. klasi marqsizm-leninizmis episte-
mologiuri centri iyo da 1920-iani wlebis dasawyisSi bolSevikebma is vizualuri reprez-
entaciis maTeuli sistemis centradac ki aqcies.

bolSeviki muSa qali

vizualuri leqsikonis yvelaze mniSvnelovani saxe iyo gamarjvebuli proletariatis

simbolo — amayi muSa, romelic standartuli ikonografiis nawilad darCa 1930 wlamde. ro-
gorc davinaxeT, muSis vizualizacia xazs usvamda klasobriv atributebs: es muSa TiTqmis
yovelTvis mWedeli iyo, romelic warmodgenili iyo fexze mdgar poziciaSi, xSirad ulvaSe-
biT (magram mniSvnelovania, rom wveris gareSe, rac patriarqaluri glexobis atributad
miiCneoda), rusul perangSi gamowyobili, tyavis winsafriT da CeqmebiT. xSirad mas uro eWi-
ra marjvena xelSi; zogjer mas grdemlze dasartymelad hqonda SemarTuli uro.
sabWoTa xelovanebs mamakaci muSis qali alternativis saxe 1920 wlamde ar SeuqmniaT. am
wels sami mniSvnelovani plakati gamoCnda, romelzec warmodgenili iyvnen qali muSebi. maTi
garegnoba da saqmianoba, arsebiTad, mamakaci muSis xats baZavdnen. erT-erTi am plakatTa-
ganis „1 maisis saerTo rusuli SabaToba“ avtori gaxldaT mxatvari dmitri moori — am Jan-
ris ostati, romlis plakatebsac didi zemoqmedebis unari gaaCnda (ilustracia 2.9). [47] mis
plakatze, romelic 1920 wlis 1 maisisTvis damzadda, gamosaxuli arian grdemlTan momuSave

50
mamakaci da qali; qals marwuxebiT uWiravs gavarvarebuli rkina, xolo mamakacs uro aqvs
SemarTuli da grdemlis mimarTulebiT iqnevs mas. maT ukan moCans sxva muSebi, rkinigzis
matarebeli da qarxana. qali aSkarad imeorebs mamakacis garegnul iers, ubralod, mas kaba
acvia da gansxvavebuli varcxniloba aqvs. orives saxeSi Cans, rom isini Tavisi saqmis ostate-
bi arian, magram maTi rolebi udavod gamoirCeva genderuli niSnebiT da mamakacis dominan-
turi pozicia xazgasmulia. mooriseuli plakati 30 000-iani tiraJiT gamovida.
kidev ori STambeWdavi plakati qalis gamosaxulebiT 1920 wels gamoCnda. nikolai kogu-
tis plakati „iaraRiT davamarcxeT mteri“ 50 000-iani tiraJiT daibeWda (ilustracia 1.1).
[48] mooris msgavsad, kogutmac gamosaxa grdemlTan erTad momuSave mamakaci da qali. maT
erTnairad acviaT da Tanabrad daostatebuli arian, magram qali aqac daqvemdebarebul
poziciaSia warmodgenili, rogorc mWedlis TanaSemwe. mesame plakatze „ra misca oqtom-
bris revoluciam muSa da glex qalebs“ qals mWedlis winsafari ukeTia, xolo mis ferxTiT
— namgali da uroa (ilustracia 2.10). [49] marjvena xeliT mianiSnebs Senobebze, warweriT:
„samSobiaro saxli“, „biblioTeka“, „muSa qalTa klubi“ da a.S. plakati ocdaxuTaTasiani ti-
raJiT gamovida. samive plakati, gansakuTrebiT ukanaskneli ori, im dros araerTxel gadabe-
Wdes. [50] es saxe male mTeli qveynis masStabiT gavrcelda da, magaliTad, 1921 wels, kievSi,
qalTa saerTaSoriso dRisadmi miZRvnil erT-erT plakatze gamoCnda. [51]
am plakatebs garkveuli siaxle SehqondaT vizualur leqsikonSi: iqmneboda muSa qalis
saxe da Tuki winaT qveyanaSi muSaTa klasi upiratesad mamakacebiT iyo warmodgenili, am-
jerad maTi qali alternativac gaCnda. gasaocari isaa, rom TiTqmis ornaxevari weli gavida,
sanam bolSevikebi politikurad moazrovne muSa qalis, „rabotnicas“ vizualur saxes Seqm-
nidnen. manamde Zalian umniSvnelod iyo warmodgenili nebismieri tipis qalis realisturi
gamosaxuleba.
qali mSromelis saxis erTaderT winamorbeds mivakvlie qalTa Tanasworobis sruliad
ruseTis ligis iniciativiT Seqmnil plakatSi, romelic 1917 wlis Semodgomaze, damfuZnebe-
li krebis arCevnebisTvis momzadda. (ilustracia 1.4). [52]
arabolSevikurma organizacia „ligam“, romelic ZiriTadad qalebisTvis arCevnebSi xmis
micemis uflebisTvis ibrZoda, gaavrcela lamazi plakati, romelzec gamosaxuli iyvnen
sakmaod amayi qali, romelsac gavarvarebuli liToni grdemlze udevs da mamakaci muSa, ro-
melic haerSi SemarTuli uros grdemlze dasartymelad emzadeba. 1917 wlis plakati imde-
nad hgavs 1920 wels Seqmnil namuSevrebs, rom uneblieT SeiZleba vikiTxoT, sabWoTa xelo-
vanebma es saxe erTi wyarodan aiRes Tu damoukideblad mividnen am saxemde.
mWedlis TanaSemwis, e.w. rabotnicas, saxis arCeva TanamedroveTaTvis, romlebic real-
istur an tipur reprezentacias elodnen, uCveulo iqneboda. qarxnis muSa qalis saxe, Tav-
isTavad, siaxle ar yofila. I msoflio omis dawyebis periodisTvis fabrika-qarxnebis muSaTa
TiTqmis erT mesameds qalebi Seadgendnen, xolo 1914-17 wlebSi aTasobiT qalma daiwyo fab-
rika-qarxnebSi muSaoba. I msoflio omisdroindel plakatze „yvelaferi omisTvis! CaewereT
omis 5½%-iani sesxis misaRebad“, romelic caristulma mTavrobam omis dros obligaciebi-
sTvis Tanxebis Segrovebisas gamouSva, gamosaxuli iyo xaratis dazgasTan morCilad mdgomi
qali (ilustracia 2.11). [53] aseTi ram sakmaod uCveulo iyo, vinaidan SedarebiT iSviaTobad
iTvleboda xaratis dazgasTan momuSave qalebi; maTi naxva ufro xSirad safeiqro an sakvebi
produqtebis industriaSi SeiZleboda. magram qalis, rogorc mWedlis TanaSemwis bolSevi-
kuri saxe ufro uCveulo unda yofiliyo. faqtobrivad, „cxel saamqroebSi“ (rogorc meta-
lurgiul saamqroebs uwodebdnen) qalebi ar muSaobdnen. aseve, qalebi ar yofilan mWedlis
TanaSemweebi mcire saxelosnoebSi Tu soflebSi. am tipis samuSaos iSviaTad (an saerTod ar)
asrulebdnen qalebi.
51
 meore mxriv, samoqalaqo omis wlebSi qalebma im sferoebSi daiwyes moRvaweoba, rac ma-
namde mxolod mamakacebisTvis gankuTvnilad iTvleboda. daaxloebiT 74 000 sabWoTa qali
Caeba uSualo sabrZolo moqmedebebSi samoqalaqo omis dros (daaxloebiT 1 800 daiRupa) da
riCard sTaiTsis Tanaxmad, „revoluciis monawile qalebs Soris defeminaciis elementma,
romelic nihilizmis periodidan momdinareobda, Tavi iCina Cacmis stilsa da „samxedro“
saTnoebis TvalsazrisiT SejibrSi.“ [54] konkretuli aqtivisti bolSeviki qalebi im samos-
Si ewyobodnen, romelic manamde mamakacebisTvis gankuTvnilad iTvleboda: jariskacebis
tunikebi, tyavis qurTukebi, Sarvlebi, Ceqmebi, Sineli. [55] SesaZloa, im dros mWedlis Ta-
naSemwe qali ufro naklebad uCveulo moCveneboda zogierTs, vidre mamakacis samxedro
tansacmelSi gamowyobili qali.
amitomac, konkretuli adamianis Tvalsazrisidan gamomdinare, muSa qalis saxe Sei-
Zleba praqtikul samyarosTan met-naklebad dakavSirebulad moCvenebodaT. magram Tana-
medroveebs saxeebi SeiZleboda „waekiTxaT“ ara pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT, aramed simbolu-
rad. rogorc pirvelma Tavma cxadyo, slavur folklorSi xSirad Cndeboda mWedlis saxe,
romelic „dafaruli RvTaebrivi unarebis“, RmerTisdari Tvisebebis mqoned da sagmiro
saqmeebis Camdenad miiCneoda. [56] mWedlis Taviseburebebi, miTologiuri TvalsazrisiT,
mxolod mamakacebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli upiratesoba, bolSevikur plakatebze, vizual-
urad, ukve qalebzec gadavida. muSa qalebi vizualurad warmodgenili iyvnen, rogorc ma-
makacebis aslebi. maT specifikuri Zala da aura mamakac muSasTan asociaciiT SeiZines. maT,
rogorc mWedlebis analogiur TanaSemweebs, mamakacebis simboluri atributebi mieniWaT.
mxolod amgvarad miiRes qalebma aRniSvnis bolSevikur sistemaSi heroikuli statusi.
Tuki genderuli TvalsazrisiT SevxedavT, plakatebi, romlebzec warmodgenili iyo
heroikuli muSa mamakacebi da qalebi kidev sxva saTqmelsac gadmoscemda. gamarjvebuli
proletariatis saxeobriv sistemaSi „rabotnicas“ damateba afarToebda da ganamtkicebda
muSaTa klasis, proletariatis diqtaturis hegemoniis Temas. erTi mxriv, plakatebi warmo-
aCendnen muSebis miTiur Zalas, rac samyaros xelaxal formirebasa da bednierebis da Ta-
visuflebis gamoWedvaze mianiSnebda. meore mxriv, am gamosaxulebebSi mamakacis da qalis
mimarTeba Zalauflebriv urTierTobebze migviTiTebs: mamakaci mWedeli aSkarad zemdgomi
figuraa, xolo qali misi TanaSemwea. mamakacTa upiratesoba amgvarad vizualurad ukavSir-
deba proletaruli klasis batonobas.
qali mWedlis saxe, romelic 1920 wels Cndeba, praqtikulad uCinardeba nepis adreul
wlebSi. mxolod 1920-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi, politikur plakatebSi xelaxla Cndeba
heroikuli qali muSebis saxeebi, romlebic 1920 wlis bolSevik rabotnicebs mogvagonebs. am
TvalsazrisiT, sagulisxmoa adolf straxovis kargad cnobili plakati muSa qalis gamosax-
ulebiT, romelsac wiTeli droSa uWiravs. plakati „emansipirebuli qali — komunizmis mSen-
ebeli!“ damzadda xarkovSi, 1926 wels, qalTa saerTaSoriso dRis aRsaniSnavad. (ilustracia
2.12). [57] qalis lamazi, Zlieri nakvTebi da mtkice gamometyveleba, Tavsafari (ukan Sekruli,
rogorc es muSa qalebisTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli) da wiTeli droSa muSa qalis saxes gan-
sakuTrebiT STambeWdaobas aniWebs da mas nepis periodSi am Temaze Seqmnili plakatebidan
gamoarCevs. zogadad rom vTqvaT, am wlebis politikur plakatebSi, iseve rogorc politi-
kur cxovrebaSi, qalebi SezRudulad iyvnen warmoCenili. partia mtkiced upirispirdebo-
da sabWoTa ruseTSi damoukidebel qalTa ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis Seqmnis mcdelo-
bebs — moZraoba, romelic klasobrivi sakiTxebidan yuradRebas genderulze gadaitanda.
partiis xelmZRvanelobisgan qalTa mxolod im organizaciebma moipoves aRiareba (oRond
nawilobrivi), romlebic uSualod partiis miTiTebebiT moqmedebdnen. [58]

52
 1918 welsa da 1924 wlis ianvars Soris periodSi, qalebs (mxolod erT xanmokle gamonak-
liss Tu ar CavTvliT) arcerTi Tanamdeboba ar ekavaT wamyvan partiul organoSi (centra-
luri komiteti, orgbiuro, politbiuro da kancelaria). 1924 wels partiis wevrTa mxolod
8,2 procents Seadgendnen qalebi da maTi didi nawili qalaqSi cxovrobdnen. igive tendencia
SeiniSneba samTavrobo seqtorSic. 1926 wlisTvis saqalaqo sabWoebis deputatTa mxolod 18
procents da sasoflo sabWoebis 9 procents Seadgendnen qalebi. [59]
1920-iani wlebis bolosTvis komunistur partiaSi qali wevrebis raodenobis matebis
miuxedavad, ramac 1929 wlis oqtombrisTvis mTlianad 13, 7 procents miaRwia [60], qalTa
pozicia sabWoeTis politikur cxovrebaSi mniSvnelovnad arc Secvlila. magram ramdenime
Tvis Semdeg, arsebiTi xasiaTis cvlileba moxda qalTa reprezentaciis TvalsazrisiT da
qalebis saxeebi pirvelad aRmoCnda Camoyalibebis procesSi myofi stalinuri ikonografi-
is yuradRebis centrSi. amitomac, SeuZlebelia, politikur cxovrebasa da politikur xe-
lovnebaSi qalebis reprezentacias Soris pirdapir mimarTebaze saubari. cxadia, arsebobda
garkveuli kavSiri Seqmnil saxeebsa da politikur da socialur konteqsts Soris. magram
es kavSiri ar daiyvaneba sabWoTa politikaSi qalebis yofna-aryofnamde. sabWoTa ruseTSi
rTuli mimarTeba iyo politikur realobasa da genderul saxeebs Soris, rasac glexi qalis
reprezentaciis sakiTxi cxadyofs.

glexi qalis reprezentacia

oqtombris revoluciis droisTvis ruseTi, arsebiTad, glexebiT dasaxlebuli qveyana

iyo. xuTi rusidan oTxi soflad cxovrobda. maT naxevarze mets qalebi Seadgenda. bolSevi-
kuri partiis socialuri bazisi, ZiriTadad, qalaqSi mcxovrebi jgufebisgan da SedarebiT
naklebad — petrogradSi an frontze myofi jariskacebisgan Sedgeboda (romelTa didi naw-
ili jarSi gawveuli glexebiT iyo dakompleqtebuli). mas soflad mcxovrebi mosaxleobis
mxardaWeris imedi naklebad unda hqonoda, rac aCvena kidec damfuZnebeli sabWos arCevneb-
ma, romelic maleve Catarda. [61]
soflis mosaxleobis mxridan bolSevikebis mxardaWeris nakleboba sakmaod cxadad aisax-
eboda glexobisTvis partiis mier dawesebul SezRudvebSi. Teoriul da praqtikul doneze,
bolSevikebi glexebs eWvis TvaliT da mtrulad uyurebdnen, magram imavdroulad, mainc
aRiarebdnen soflis mravalricxovan mosaxleobasTan raime tipis aliansis aucileblobas.
partiam daCqarebul reJimSi gamoacxada „proletariatis da glexobis diqtatura“. saSualo
glexebic ki Sesaferis mokavSireebad iTvlebodnen, axali reJimis mimarT maTi mxardaWeris
arastabilurobis miuxedavad. Tavidanve, sabWoTa politikuri xelovneba am alianss vizua-
luri xerxebiT — ori mamakacis kavSiris saxiT gamoxatavda: mWedeli Tavisi uroTi, tyavis
winsafriT da CeqmebiT da wveriani glexi celiT, dawnuli fexsacmliT, glexis perangiT da
Sinnaqsovi SarvliT. plakatebis warmoebaSi centralizebuli koordinaciis uqonlobis mi-
uxedavad, muSa-mWedlis da glexi mamakacis identur gamosaxulebebs, faqtobrivad, gamud-
mebiT xelaxla qmnidnen sul odnavi modifikaciebiT — imis mixedviT, Tu sad cxovrobda
xelovani da ramdenad novatori iyo. [62]
samoqalaqo omis dros, aTeulobiT plakati gamodioda msgavsi gamosaxulebiT, dawyebu-
li apsitis mier Seqmnili 1918 wlis noembris revoluciis wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili cnobili
plakatiT „proletariatis diqtaturis wlisTavi“ (CanarTi 1). [63] glexi mamakacebi sabWoTa
plakatebze 1918 wlidan gaCndnen, magram glexi qalebis saxeebi 1920 wlamde iSviaTad gvxvde-
ba. garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, es modeli I msoflio omis dros caristuli mTavrobis mier
53
gamoSvebuli plakatebis tendenciis erTgvari gagrZelebaa, sadac mamakacebis gamosaxule-
bebi Warbobda. amis miuxedavad, glexi qalebis saxeebi xSirad Cndeboda tradiciuli rusu-
li folkloruli xelovnebis nimuSebSi, lubokebSi. [64] I msoflio omis dros, caristuli
mTavroba xels uwyobda tradiciuli rusuli folkloruli xelovnebis omis propagandis
mizniT gamoyenebas. xelovnebis da mwerlobis warmomadgenlebi, romelTagan bevri Sedare-
biT axalgazrda iyo, mTavrobis mier dafinansebuli sagamomcemlo saxlis „Tanamedrove
lubokisTvis“ plakatebs amzadebdnen. gamomcemloba vizualuri propagandis mizniT popu-
laruli lubokis stilis gamoyenebaSi iyo gamocdili. maT Soris iyvnen iseTi niWieri Semo-
qmedebi — vladimir maiakovski, dmitri moori da kazimir maleviCi, romelic mogvianebiT,
bolSevikuri reJimisTvis politikur xelovnebas qmnida. [65]
1914 wels, maleviCma Seqmna plakati „midioda avstrieli raZivilSi da bebiis orkaps
wamoego“ (sityvebis TamaSi: „Шел австриец в Радзивилы, да попал на бабьи вилы“), romelzec ga-
mosaxulia janRoniT aRsavse, qalamnebSi gamowyobili, didmkerdiani glexi qali, romelsac
orkapaze wamocmuli avstrieli jariskaci uWiravs xelSi. (ilustracia: 2.13). [66] malevi-
Ciseuli glexi qalis amsaxveli plakatis zusti asli kvlav gamovida, rodesac 1920 wels
sabWoTa xelovanebma msgavsi saxeebis Seqmna daiwyes. magram 1918 da 1919 wlebSi, sabWoTa xe-
lovanebi iSviaTad gamosaxavdnen glex qals da Tuki gamosaxavdnen, es saxe sxvadasxvagvari
iyo. revoluciis pirveli wlisTavisTvis, niWierma xelovanma boris kustodievma Sromis
Temaze masStaburi eqspozicia Seqmna petrogradSi ruJeinoes moednisTvis. aq warmodgeni-
li iyo paneli, saxelwodebiT „momkali“, romelzec gamosaxuli gaxldaT axalgazrda glexi
qali angelozis saxiT da celiT xelSi. aseve, warmodgenili iyo warwera „baraqa“, sadac ma-
siur glex qals xelSi xiliT savse kalaTi eWira. rogorc aqamdec aRvniSneT, adreul wleb-
Si qalebis alegorizebis Zlieri tendencia SeiniSneba imgvar eqspoziciebSic ki, romlebic
profesiebis realistur reprezentaciebs usvamda xazs (sxvagan warmodgenili iyo mamakaci
durgali, mewaRe, mcxobeli da TerZi). [67] marTalia, 1918-19 wlebSi periodulad Cndebo-
da glexi qalis saxeebi, magram mxolod 1920 wlis dasawyisidan daiwyes sabWoTa xelovanebma
plakatebze glexi qalis gamorCeuli saxis warmodgena, romelsac SemdgomSi xSirad imeo-
rebdnen. 1920 wlis sapirvelmaiso plakatze gamosaxuli qalis saxe pirveli msoflio omis-
droindeli lubokis stilis iseTi plakatebis mniSvnelovan gavlenas ganicdida, rogoric
iyo maleviCis „midioda avstrieli raZivilSi“. nikolai koCerginis cnobili sapirvelmaiso
plakati „1920 wlis pirveli maisi“ maleviCiseuli saxis sabWoTa politikur xelovnebaSi im-
portirebis magaliTia (CanarTi 2). [68] plakatis qvemoT vkiTxulobT warweras: „win, msofli-
os mSromelTa ZmobisTvis, daviviwyoT kapitalizmis nangrevebi!“
koCerginis posterze sami personaJi warmodgenilia profilSi da isini TavdajerebiT mi-
abijeben kapitalizmis nangrevebze (gvirgvini, ordenebi da a.S.). mamakac muSas uro mxarze
aqvs gadebuli da erT mxares wveriani glexi udgas, namgliT xelSi, xolo meore mxares (wina
planze) — sicocxliT savse glexi qali, romelsac TavsafriT aqvs Tavi Seburuli, rusuli
bluza da qvedabolo acvia, winsafari aqvs afarebuli da xelSi namgali uWiravs. es plakati
adreuli xanis bolSevikuri ikonografiis klasikuri nimuSia.
glexi qalis srulyofili saxe mogvianebiT, 1920-iani wlebis ganmavlobaSi da mas Semdeg
Cndeba. erTi sityviT, ivan simakovis plakati „gaumarjos proletarebis dResaswauls — 1
maiss“, romelic 1921 wlis pirveli maisis aRsaniSnavad Seiqmna, warmoadgens glexi qalis
iseT saxes, romelic erTi wliT adre koCerginma Seqmna. 1923 wlis pirvel maiss simakovma
kidev erTi plakati Seqmna, romelic imave glexi qalis saxes imeorebs. [69]
muSa qalis saxisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic ukiduresad simbolur da pozitiur konte-
qstSi iyo warmodgenili, glexi qalis reprezentacia sxvadasxva vizualur situaciebSi gvx-
54
vdeba. zogjer glexi qalis saxe satiruli xasiaTis plakatebze Cndeba. aseT SemTxvevebSi,
glexi qalis reprezentacia negatiuri konotaciebis matarebelia. am ukanaskneli tipis mag-
aliTebis povna SegviZlia „okna rostasTvis“ Seqmnil plakatebSi, romelic unikaluri form-
is satiruli xasiaTis politikuri xelovnebis nimuSebis propagandas eweoda da „plakatis,
gazeTis, Jurnalis da sainformacio biuletenis funqciebs“ aerTianebda. [70]
satirikosi xelovanis, mixail Ceriomnixis cnobili plakati „istoria bublikebis da
dedakacis Sesaxeb“ gviambobs ambavs dedakacis Sesaxeb, romelic polonelebis winaaRmdeg
brZolaSi mimaval wiTeli armiis jariskacs bubliks ar aZlevs (ilustracia 2.14). [71] amis
Semdeg cota xanSi, „poloneli xalxSi xedavs msuqan, TeTr qals. Tvalis daxamxamebaSi, qals
da bublikebs SeWamen.“ Ceriomnixis plakatiseuli saxeebi sakmaod hgavs koCerginiseuls,
ubralod, aq glexi qali negatiuri atributebiTaa warmodgenili da soflis mosaxleobis
bolSevikebiseul percefcias da gaunaTleblobasTan, politikur sibecesTan, brma egoizm-
Tan da wvrilburJuaziul sixarbesTan asociacias Seesabameba. qalis saxis konkretuli tipis
narativSi CarTviT, Ceriomnixma dedakacis („baba“) saxe Seqmna. sityva „baba“ glex qals an zr-
dasrul qals niSnavda. [72] postrevoluciur xanaSi, politikurad gaTviTcnobierebuli qa-
lebis da mamakacebisTvis sityva „babam“ (da masTan asocirebulma vizualurma saxem) aSkarad
damamcirebeli konotacia SeiZina da glexis colis gaubedurebul, sastik da patriarqalur
samyarosTan gaigivda, romelic qmars, eklesias da policias emorCileba. rodesac sruliad
ruseTis pirvel qalTa kongresze, 1918 wlis noemberSi, viRacam sityva „babas“ akrZalvis wina-
dadeba wamoayena, auditoriam Tavisi kmayofileba xmamaRla gamoxata. [73]
glexi qalis saxis ormagi mniSvnelobiT gamoyeneba, zogadad, glexobis mimarT bolSevike-
bis cnobil antagonizms gamoxatavs. saqme isaa, rom ar arsebobda glexi qalis araorazrovani
heroikuli simboluri saxe, „rabotnicasgan“ (muSa qali) gansxvavebiT. koCerginis plakatze
gamosaxul amayi glexi qalis saxesac ki, albaT, ar SeeZlo „babasTan“ misi asociaciis gabaTile-
ba, romliTac Zalian ukmayofilo iyvnen politizebuli qalebi. am saxis da asociaciis mod-
elis radikaluri cvlileba mxolod 1930 wlidan Cndeba, rodesac saswrafo koleqtivizacia
sruli mobilizebiT daiwyo. mxolod maSin SeimuSaves sabWoTa xelovanebma soflad mcxovre-
bi qalis sruliad axali da pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT heroikuli saxe: axalgazrda, agresiuli,
energiuli, pataramkerdiani da tanadi mSromeli qalis saxe, romelic sxva glexebs koleqtiv-
izaciis gzaze win miuZRveba — erTi sityviT, „babas“ sruli antiTezisi.

klasi da genderi politikur ikonografiaSi

saidan momdinareobs is saxeebi, romlebsac adreuli xanis sabWoTa politikur xelovne-

baSi iyenebdnen? rogorc davinaxeT, bolSevikuri vizualuri propaganda daiwyo qalebis
alegoriul stilSi warmodgeniT, magram 1920 wlisTvis qalis axali saxeebi Seiqmna, sadac
qalebi warmodgenili iyo, rogorc muSebi da glexebi. am cvlilebiT, romelic alegoriaze
uaris Tqmis ufro didi tendenciis nawili iyo, vizualur propagandaSi samoqalaqo ideo-
logiasTan SedarebiT, klasobrivi ideologiisTvis upiratesobis miniWebis xana daiwyo.
revoluciis Semdgom uaxloes wlebSi, sagnebis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb gacxarebuli kama-
Tis dros, bolSevikebi Seecadnen istoriis da politikis maTeuli interpretaciis hegemo-
nia daemyarebinaT. maT unda SeeqmnaT iseTi saxeebi, romlebic aSkarad bolSevikuri eTosis
Sesatyvisi iqneboda, magram es saxeebi aseve xelovanebis, xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebis
da damTvaliereblebis kulturuli repertuaris Sesabamisic unda yofiliyo. cxadia, kul-

55
turuli repertuarebi Zalian gansxvavdeboda da isini bevri sxvadasxva wyarodan aerTianeb-
da elementebs. adreuli xanis zogierTi sabWoTa xelovani politikuri xelovnebis dasav-
leT evropuli tradiciiT sargeblobda, romlidanac sxvadasxva simbolos da alegoriul
saxes iTavisebdnen. magram mxolod mcirericxovan ganaTlebuli rusebis fenas SeeZlo am
simboloebis da alegoriebis „wakiTxva“, Tavisi sruli mniSvnelobiT. partiisTvis, romelic
miznad isaxavda, rom Tavisi saTqmeli mosaxleobis farTo fenamde miewvdina, am tipis saxee-
bi arasakmarisi iyo.
samoqalaqo omis dasasrulisTvis, sabWoTa xelovanebma Cveulebrivi adamianebisTvis gac-
ilebiT ufro xelmisawvdomi axali saxeebi Seqmnes. muSa da glexi qalebis axali saxeebi, aseve,
miTologias efuZneboda — oRond popkulturis miTologias. folkloridan da popularuli
idiomebidan momdinare miTiur elementebs emateboda Tanamedrove politikuri ideologia,
rom revoluciis da samoqalaqo omis aqamde ucnobi gamocdilebis gadmosacemad sagangebo
vizualuri ena Seeqmna. swored popularuli miTologiis da politikuri ideologiis kombi-
naciam ganapiroba bolSevikuri propagandis damajerebeli zemoqmedebis Zala.
muSis da glexis (qalisac da mamakacisac) axali xatebi vizualur propagandaSi simboloe-
bis funqcias asrulebda. neoklasikuri repertuaridan gadmotanili saxeebisgan gansxvave-
biT, axali xatebi ar saWiroebda klasikuri antikurobis da miTologiis specialur codnas.
magram isini mainc simboloebi iyo — heroikuli jgufebis simboloebi, romelTa wyalobi-
Tac, bolSevikuri nacionaluri ideis Tanaxmad, oqtombris revolucia moxda da romelmac
safuZveli Cauyara socializmis mSeneblobas. mWedlis saxes unda aesaxa mamakaci muSis zo-
gierTi elementi, xolo qali TanaSemwis SemTxvevaSi — rCeuli klasis nawilad yofnis dide-
ba unda gaeziarebina. 1930-ian wlebSi bolSevikebis mier Seqmnili saxeebisgan gansxvavebiT,
muSebis da glexebis am reprezentaciebs instruqciebis funqcia ar unda Seesrulebina, an
ar unda qceuliyo qcevis nimuSad. maT gansxvavebuli daniSnuleba gaaCnda. maT vizualuri
mniSvneloba unda mieniWebinaT im msoflmxedvelobisTvis, romelmac wina planze wamoswia
klasis da klasobrivi konfliqtis cneba da sqesi klasobrivi TvalsazrisiT gansazRvra.
sabWoTa ruseTSi klasi da sqesi axali vizualuri enis or ZiriTad koordinatad iqca.
isini imgvarad zemoqmedebdnen erTmaneTze da aZlierebdnen erTmaneTs, rac moulodneli
iyo maTTvis, vinc politikur xelovnebas qmnida da avrcelebda. magram bolSevikebis fun-
damenturi konceptualuri safuZveli iyo klasi da ara sqesi. marqsistul-leninur konte-
qstSi, sqesobriv sxvaobas aSkarad meorexarisxovani adgili ekava.
muSebis da glexebis ikonografiuli saxeebi ara mxolod socialuri da politikuri sam-
yaros, aramed genderuli mimarTebebis xelaxal formirebas iTvaliswinebda. muSa mamakacis
qali analogi — e.w. rabotnica proletariatis imave ikonografiul atributebs atarebda.
magram arsebobda mniSvnelovani sxvaoba. qali mWedlis TanaSemwe iyo da gavarvarebuli li-
Toni grdemlze=sakurTxevelze eWira, xolo mamakaci am liTons axal obieqtad=samyarod
gardaqmnida. qali qmnis procesis Tanamonawile iyo; Semoqmedis funqcia mamakacs miewere-
boda. mamakaci folkloruli tradiciidan momdinare mWedeli-mRvdlis gansaxiereba gaxl-
daT. qali ki misi gamosxivebis anareklis funqcias asrulebda. am vizualuri saxeebis wy-
alobiT, genderuli da klasobrivi dominacia ganuyrelad daukavSirda erTmaneTs.
glexi qalis gamosaxuleba, romelic koCerginis mier Seqmnil 1920 wlis sapirvelmaiso
plakatze iyo gamosaxuli, rTul saTqmels gadmoscemda. qali warmodgenili iyo naTeli mo-
mavlisken mimavali, mamakac muSasa da glexTan erTad. qalma revoluciis sxva gmirebis gver-
diT daikava adgili, magram mxolod pirobiTad. msgavsi saxeebis mqone am da sxva plakateb-
ze vizualuri sintaqsi sensitiur saTqmels gadmoscemda: SeiZleboda, rom glexi qali ga-
moesaxaT sxva mamakacebTan an qal muSebTan erTad, magram ara — calke. gmirebis panTeonSi
56
qalis adgils momijnaveobaze agebuli damokidebuleba ganapirobebda. metic, glexi qalis
saxem e.w. „babasTan“ asociacia aRZra, romelsac bevri TanamedrovesTvis negatiuri poli-
tikuri konotacia hqonda. glexi qalis reprezentacia, iseve rogorc zogadad glexebis
mimarT bolSevikebis politika, didi orazrovnebiT da bundovanebiT gamoirCeoda.
rodesac Teodor draizeri 1920-iani wlebis SuaxanebSi sabWoTa kavSirs ewvia, ambobda:
„didi raodenobiT banerebi da, upirvelesad, plakatebi wera-kiTxvis ucodinrebsa da maT,
visac wera-kiTxva axali Seswavlili hqondaT, sityvebis minimumamde dayvaniT Tavazobdnen
vizualur informacias. plakatebiT da banerebiT dafaruli kedlebi, transporti, maRaz-
iebis vitrinebi quCebs wera-kiTxvis naxevrad mcodneTa biblioTekas amsgavsebda.“ [74] saxee-
bi, wignebis msgavsad, SegviZlia araprognozirebuli perspeqtiviT „wavikiTxoT“. suraTebi,
romlebic klasobrivi identobis xazgasmas iTvaliswinebda, aseve, sruliad uneblieT, sqe-
sisa da genderuli mimarTebebis Sesaxeb ideebsac warmoaCenda. oficialuri da saxelovnebo
miznebis miuxedavad, politikuri xelovneba heterogenul saTqmels Seicavda. plakatebi da
vizualuri propagandis sxva formebi politikuri diskursis rTuli da gavleniani formebi
iyo im sazogadoebisTvis, romelSic Zveli Sexedulebebi daingra, xolo axlebi jer kidev
Camoyalibebis procesSi iyo.

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 Tavi mesame

glexi qalis saxeebi 1930-iani wlebis politikur plakatebSi

1929 wels sabWoTa ruseTSi axali saxe gamoCnda da es iyo e.w. „kolxoznica“ (kolmeurne-
obis muSa qali). is warmodgenili iyo sergei eizenSteinis filmSi „Zveli da axali“, romel-
ic ekranebze 1929 wlis oqtomberSi gamovida. [1] filmSi centraluri figuraa mizanswra-
fuli axalgazrda glexi qali, romelic kolmeurneobis dafuZnebas uwyobs xels; soflis
mosaxleoba winaaRmdegobas uwevs koleqtivizacias, dacinian mis mcdelobebs da mas „babas“
uwodeben. bevri sirTulis gadalaxvis Semdeg, qali axerxebs fermisTvis traqtoris mopove-
bas. finalur scenaSi, romelic Tavdapirvelad TviT eizenSteinma daamontaJa, warmodge-
nilia kadri, sadac gamarjvebuli qali traqtoris saWesTan zis.
glexi qalis saxis msgavsi gadaazreba gvxvdeba politikur plakatebSi. 1929 wels, i. meSCe-
riakovis mier Seqmnil plakatze „gzad koleqtiur samuSaoze“ ukve igrZnoba is vizualuri
konvenciebi, rac 1930-ian wlebSi standartad iqceva (ilustracia 3.1). [2] masze warmodge-
nilia glexebis (mamakacebis da qalebis) jgufi, romelic mxiarulad miabijebs mindvrebSi
samuSaod. qalebi aSkarad wina planze Canan plakatze. naCvenebia traqtorze mjdomi qali
(mis win mamakaci traqtoristi midis). plakatis oTxmociaTasi egzemplari daibeWda, rac im
droisTvis did tiraJad iTvleboda da imavdroulad, gulisxmobda, rom koleqtivizebuli
soflis amgvari axali saxe farTo masebSi gavrcelebisTvis iyo gaTvaliswinebuli.
1929 wels momxdari am cvlilebebiT daiwyo mniSvnelovani Zvrebi momdevno wlebis
ikonografiaSi. 1930 wlidan, glexi qali, romelic ukve kolmeurne qalad gardaiqmna, sof-
lis Temebisadmi miZRvnil politikur plakatebze ukve uprecedento sixSiriT Cndeba. 175
politikuri plakatidan, romelic 1930-34 wlebSi miwaTmoqmedebis Temaze Seiqmna, 106 plaka-
tze (61 procenti) gamosaxuli iyo qali. aqedan qals centraluri adgili ekava 68 plakatze,
rac mTliani raodenobis 39 procents Seadgens. [3]
mxolod plakatebis warmoebis moculoba srul suraTs ver qmnis. zogjer plakatebis
egzemplarebis odenoba warmoaCens ama Tu im plakatis mniSvnelovnebas. 1930-iani wlebis
dasawyisSi standartuli tiraJi iyo 10 000-dan 30 000-mde. magram zogierTi, gansakuTrebiT
miwaTmoqmedebis Temaze Seqmnili plakati gacilebiT ufro didi tiraJiT ibeWdeboda. ro-
gorc davinaxeT, meSCeriakovis 1929 wlis plakati 80 000-iani tiraJiT daibeWda. kidev erTi
plakati, romelic koleqtivizacias eZRvneboda, iyo zaxar piCuginis „kolmeurneoba muSao-
bisas“. is 1930 wels daibeWda 100 000-iani tiraJiT (ilustracia 3.2). [4] am plakatze, romelic
meSCeriakovis plakatis stilSi iyo gadawyvetili, centrSi warmodgenilia ori axalgazrda,
Zlieri glexi qali. isini Tivas agroveben. marcxniv mimavali, cxenebSebmul samkalTan mj-
domi axalgazrda mamakaci uRimis maT.
am idiliuri mosavlis aRebis scenis detalebi warmoaCens im axal vizualur enas, rome-
lic im dros mkvidrdeboda. axalgazrda, mowesrigebuli qalebi Sromis procesSi arian war-
modgenili. Zveli klasobrivi markeri — namgali — gaqra (is traqtorma Caanacvla). qale-
bi wiTel Tavsafrebs atareben, romlebic kefasTan aqvT Sekruli, rogorc es muSa qalebs
SeeferebodaT da ara nikapTan, rogorc es damaxasiaTebeli iyo glexi qalebis konvenciuri
saxisTvis. garegnobasTan dakavSirebuli detalebi, rogoricaa Tavsafris stili, damTva-
lierebels atyobinebda, rom kolmeurne qali („kolxoznica“) ukve gansxvavdeboda warsulis
„babasgan“. is soflad mcxovrebi homo sovietikusis axali jiSis warmomadgeneli gaxldaT.
axal saxeobriv sistemas kravda vera korabliovas farTod gavrcelebuli da dasa-
maxsovrebeli plakati „gawevriandi, amxanago, Cvens kolmeurneobaSi!“ (ilustracia 3.3). [5]
62
plakati pirvelad 1930 wels gamovida da Semdeg, 1931 wels, is xelaxla dabeWdes, sabWoTa kav-
Siris xalxTa sxvadasxva enaze. 1931 wels, plakatis mxolod rusulenovani versiis tiraJi 40
000-s Seadgenda, magram sruli raodenoba, cxadia, am cifrs aWarbebda. masze warmodgenilia
axalgazrda qali, romelic axalgazrda glexi mamakaci traqtoristis win dgas. qali sxvebs
uxmobs, rom kolmeurneobaSi Sevidnen. mamakaci iRimis da qalsac mxiaruli gamometyveleba
aqvs. qali plakatze dominantur poziciaSi — mamakacis winaa warmodgenili da moqmedebs.
mis garegnobaSi iseTive arsebiTi detalebia, rogoric glexi qalis saxeSi piCuginiseuli
plakatidan (ilustracia 3.2).
korabliova erT-erTi iyo im mravalricxovan niWier politikur xelovanTagan, romel-
Tac koleqtivizaciis Temaze dasamaxsovrebeli plakatebi Seqmnes. nikolai terpsixorovis
namuSevari „gawevriandi kolmeurneobaSi“ 100 000-iani tiraJiT gamovida, ramdenime enaze,
maT Soris ukrainuladac (ilustracia 3.4). [6] koleqtivSi masobrivad iZulebiT gawevri-
anebuli glexebis mier pirutyvis masobrivi xocvis winaaRmdeg reJimis mier wamowyebuli
kampaniis yvelaze mniSvnelovan plakatze gamosaxulia axalgazrda glexi qali, romelsac
cxeni da Zroxa kolmeurneobaSi miyavs. misi gamWoli da pirdapiri mzera mimarTulia damT-
valiereblisken. [7] mis marcxniv, qvemoT Cans beReli koleqtivis saqonliT, xolo marjvniv
— glexi mamakaci ukan ixevs da xelidan danas agdebs, romliTac pirutyvs xocavda. aq xelo-
vani isev gvTavazobs axali kolmeurne qalis atributebs.
terpsixorovis plakati 1930-iani wlebis dasawyisis soflis cxovrebis asaxvisas vizua-
lur enaSi momxdar kidev erT cvlilebas warmogvidgens. Tuki winaT, glexi qalis adgils
ierarqiaSi misi adgili gansazRvravda, sadac dominanturi mdgomareoba hqonda qalaqel
mSromels, axla ukve qalebs plakatebze marto gamosaxavdnen. sxva SemTxvevebSi isini wina
planze Candnen, glexi mamakacebis gverdiT (rogorc es aris korabliovaseul plakatze,
ilustracia 3.3). zogierT plakatze glexi qalebi warmodgenili iyvnen wyvilad an jgufe-
bad, sadac mamakacebi saerTod ar Candnen. magaliTad, 1930 wlis plakatze „qali delegati
mindvrebis damkvreluri dalagebisas“ warmodgenili arian qalebi, romlebic mosavals iRe-
ben, xolo maT win miuZRvis traqtoristi qali. [8]
amgvari kompoziciebi sabWoTa politikur xelovnebaSi, praqtikulad, uprecedento iyo
1930 wlamde. udavod, koleqtivizaciis Temaze Seqmnili xuTi plakatidan samSi glexi qali
isev meorad poziciaSi, ukana planze warmogvidgeboda, mamakacebTan SedarebiT. magram zo-
gierT plakatze gvxvdeboda axali vizualuri sintaqsi, sadac kolmeurne qali heroikuli
jgufebis ierarqiaSi xvdeboda.
soflad mcxovrebi qalebi ara mxolod Cndebodnen politikur plakatebze axleburi
kombinaciiT, aramed isini did masStabSic iyvnen xolme warmodgenili, rac winaT mxolod
muSebis an wiTeli armiis gmirebis privilegiad iTvleboda. masStabSi gazrdili figuris
warmodgenis xerxs samoqalaqo omis dros iyenebdnen, ramac TandaTan iklo 1920-iani wlebis
vizualur propagandaSi. 1930-iani wlebis dasawyisSi am xerxis gaaqtiureba kidev erTxel us-
vamda xazs bolSeviki gmirebis zeadamianur Zalebs, romelTa sagmiro saqmeebma isini „mase-
bidan“ gamoyo da goliaTebad aqcia. politikuri plakatebis niSanTa sistemaSi perspeqti-
uli darRvevebi heroikuli figurebis warmoCenas iTvaliswinebda. ase rom, kolmeurne qali
axla ukve zogjer warmodgenili iyo giganturi figuris saxiT, romelic mis garSemo arse-
bul mtrebsa da landSafts gadmoyurebda.
1930 wlis plakatze „glexis qalo, gawevriandi kolmeurneobaSi!“ (daibeWda 20 000-iani ti-
raJiT) warmodgenilia axalgazrda glexi qali did masStabSi, romelsac mRvdeli Tavisken
eqaCeba, xolo kulaki cdilobs, kolmeurneobisken mimavali progresis gzaze ar gauSvas
(ilustracia 3.5). [9] misi mkacri da mizanswrafuli gamometyveleba da kolmeurneobisken
63
mimavali damajerebeli nabiji naTels fens imas, rom is angariSgasawevi pirovnebaa. soflad
mcxovrebi glexi qalis masStaburi saxe, romelic Tavis „klasobriv mtrebs“ winaaRmdegobas
uwevs, 1930-iani wlebis dasawyisis vizualur propagandaSi wamyvan tendenciad iqca. glexi
qali manamde arasdros yofila warmodgenili perspeqtivis darRvevis xerxiT, rac aqamde
revoluciis mxolod ori udavo gmiris mimarT gamoiyeneboda.
nikolai mixailovis mier 1930 wels Seqmnili plakati „Cvens kolmeurneobaSi mRvdlebis
da kulakebis adgili ar aris“ politikuri xelovnebis axal tendenciebs aerTianebs (Canar-
Ti 3). [10] 42 000-iani tiraJiT gamosul plakatze warmodgenilia Zlieri, masStabSi gazrdili
axalgazrda qali. mas xelSi uWiravs focxi mRvdlebis da kulakebis mosagerieblad, rom-
lebic mis ferxTiT Tavmoyrili patara figurebis saxiT arian warmodgenili. mis ukan Cans
traqtorebis rigi. is mTlianad wiTelia da gmirebis figurebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli atrib-
utebi gaaCnia: is plakatze martoa warmodgenili da mtrebs amayi goliaTiviT igeriebs. di-
agonaluri xazebi, qalis Jestebi, zoma da gamometyveleba, ferTa sombolika — es yvelaferi
erTad am posterSi glexi qalis reprezentaciaSi siaxleebis mauwyebelia.
1930-iani wlebis pirvel naxevarSi, kolmeurne qalma stalinistur ikonografiaSi cen-
traluri adgili daikava. misi saxe mTeli qveynis masStabiT vrceldeboda sxvadasxva modi-
fikaciiT, rom qveynis ararusuli mxareebisTvisac SeesabamebinaT. „izogizma“ konkretuli
ZiriTadi sloganebi SearCia da Semdeg gaamzades sabWoTa kavSiris ararusi mosaxleobisT-
vis gankuTvnili plakatebi. erT-erTi slogani, romelic am mizniT gamoiyenes, iyo: „gawev-
riandi CvenTan, kolmeurneobaSi“. plakatze, romelic am sloganis ilustrirebas iTvalis-
winebs, warmodgenili arian kolmeurneebi — sami qali centraluri aziidan. maT seriozuli
gamometyveleba aqvT da erT-erTi maTgani traqtoris borbalze zis. plakati centraluri
aziis sxvadasxva enaze Targmnes. [11]

axali stalinisturi ikonografia

1930-iani wlebis dasawyisSi politikuri xelovnebis Sesaxeb analitikur diskusiebSi didi

yuradReba eTmoboda tipaJis sakiTxs. rogorc pirvelma Tavma cxadyo, plakatebis Sesaxeb di-
skusiisas tipaJma centraluri mniSvneloba moipova, vinaidan klasobrivi kategoriebis Sesa-
bamisi saxeebi warsuls Cabarda. sabWoTa leqsikonSi tipaJis cneba gulisxmobda konkretuli
socialuri kategoriis swor asaxvas. tipaJis arsi iyo ara tipuroba, aramed tipizacia.
1930-ian wlebSi xelovanebisTvis problemuri iyo is, rom tipizacia gulisxmobda saxeebis
warmoCenas ara ise, rogorc sinamdvileSi iyo, aramed ise, rogoric unda gamxdariyo isini
romeliRac gaurkvevel momavalSi. swored es hqonda mxedvelobaSi anatoli lunaCarskis,
rodesac man 1931 wels aRniSna, rom xelovanis amocanaa ara is, Tu ra xdeba dRes, aramed „cx-
ovrebis Sinagani arsis“ gamovlena, „romelic proletariatis miznebidan da principebidan
momdinareobs“. [12] socrealizmis konceptis msgavsad, romelic maSin yalibdeboda, xelo-
vanTaTvis gansazRvruli es recepti iTvaliswinebda vizualuri reprezentaciis axal mod-
elze fundamentur gadasvlas, romelic mxolod momavals warmoadgenda — awmyos niRabs
amofarebul momavals.
1930-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, sabWoTa xelovanebma Seqmnes glexi qalis axali saxe — ara
warsulis glexi qali, aramed momavlis kolmeurne qali. or vizualur saxes Soris kontras-
ti — janmrTeli glexi dedakaci da mowesrigebuli kolmeurne qali — bevr damTvaliereb-
els unda moxvedroda TvalSi. rogorc davinaxeT, kolmeurne qals winaprebisgan sakmaod

64
gansxvavebuli fiziognomika da manerebi hqonda. is Tavsafars muSa qalebis msgavsad atareb-
da da zogjer Tma mokled hqonda SeWrili. xSirad, tradiciuli qalamnebis nacvlad, fex-
sacmeli ecva. [13] amasTanave, is axalgazrda da mowesrigebuli iyo, gansakuTrebiT pirveli
xuTwledis gegmis periodSi. Tuki glexi qalis adreuli saxeebi yuradRebas mowifulobasa
da nayofierebaze amaxvilebda — ganieri TeZoebi da didi mkerdi — axali saxe xazs usvamda
qalis ufro Txel da axalgazrdul sxeuls da ufro mcire zomis mkerds. koleqtivizaciis
Temaze Seqmnil plakatebSi iSviaTad gvxvdebodnen glexi qalebi TavianT SvilebTan erTad.
[14] im dros aqcenti gadatanili iyo samiwaTmoqmedo samuSaoebSi qalis monawileobaze. ax-
algazrdoba, simkvircxle da fizikuri forma pirdapir ukavSirdeboda SromiT funqciebs.
glexi qalis axali saxeebi orientirebuli iyo warmoebaze da ara gamravlebaze.
1930 wels, gamorCeuli sabWoTa xelovanis, aleqsandr deinekas mier Seqmnil plakatze
„kolmeurnev, iyavi fizkultureli“ (daibeWda 20 000-iani tiraJiT) gamosaxulia axali tipis
qalis sxeulis nimuSi (ilustracia 3.6). [15] masze gamosaxuli arian ori qali da mamakaci,
romlebic aerobikis varjiSebs akeTeben. samive fexSiSvelia, savarjiSo tansacmeli acvi-
aT (mokle qvedaboloebi an Sortebi); qalebs mokled SeWrili Tma (muSa qalebis msgavsad)
da mowesrigebuli tani aqvT. ori figura moCans ukana planze: traqtoristi mamakaci da ma-
makaci, romelic saxes pirsaxociT imSralebs. traqtoristis saxe Segvaxsenebs, rom varjiSi
aucileblad dakavSirebulia muSaobasTan da is aZlierebs Sromisunarianobas. [16]
glexi qalebis tradiciuli klasobrivi markeri — namgali — 1930-iani wlebis dasawy-
isSi qreba (uroc qreba glexi mamakacebis gamosaxulebebSi). samagierod, traqtori Cnde-
ba. faqtobrivad, vizualuri propagandis saSualebebSi traqtori kolmeurneobebis Zir-
iTadi aRmniSvnelis funqcias asrulebs, ufro zogadad — progresis simbolod iqceva.
araerT politikur plakatze gamosaxuli iyo traqtori da maT saWesTan xSirad mamakace-
bi isxdnen. magram koleqtivizaciis Temisadmi miZRvnil plakatebze traqtoristebad qa-
lebic gvevlinebian. 1930-34 wlebSi Seqmnili, miwaTmoqmedebis TemasTan dakavSirebuli 106
politikuri plakatidan, romlebzec qalebi arian gamosaxuli, 37 maTganSi (35 procenti)
traqtoristi qalia warmodgenili. 1929 wlis erT-erT SemTxveviT plakatze gamosaxuli ar-
ian qali traqtoristebi (ix. ilustracia 3.1), magram qalebs da traqtorebs Soris kavSiri
ufro xazgasmiT mxolod 1930 wlidan gamoCnda. amgvari plakati araerTia. zogierTze gamo-
saxulia traqtoristi qalebis mTeli rigi. es plakatebi mouwodebdnen kolmeurne qalebs,
rom damkvreli muSebi gamxdariyvnen da „wiTeli traqtoristebis“ rigebSi gaerTianebuli-
yvnen. [17] sxva plakatebze, qalebi da mamakacebi traqtoristebis rigSi erTad iyvnen war-
modgenili, an qal traqtoristebs fonur CarCoSi gamosaxavdnen (gavrcelebuli stiluri
xerxi). plakatze „glexo qalebo, gavzardoT mosavali, SevuerToT saojaxo meurneoba ko-
leqtivisas!“ axalgazrda kolmeurne qali iRimis da Tan traqtoris saWesTan zis (ilus-
tracia 3.7). [18] traqtorze miwerilia: „mTeli Zalisxmeva Tesvis kampaniisTvis! ar mivceT
saSualeba kulakebs, sagazafxulo TesvaSi xeli SegviSalon“. qali traqtoristi, romelic
savsea TavdajerebulobiT da sakuTari mniSvnelobis SegrZnebiT, wiTeli feriTaa warmod-
genili. wiTeli pirovneba wiTel traqtorTan naklebad Seefereboda soflis sinamdviles.
magram damTvalierebelma icoda, rogor waekiTxa da Seefasebina wiTeli feri da misi pozi-
tiuri konotaciebi, vinaidan wiTeli religiur da bolSevikur xelovnebaSi warmmarTvel
ferad iTvleboda. is pirovnebas an obieqts siwmindis statuss aniWebda.
momRimari traqtoristis fonad plakatze naCvenebia Svidi scena, romelic kontrast-
Sia qalebis mdgomareobasTan da maT poziciasTan koleqtivizaciamde da koleqtivizaciis
Semdeg, rodesac qalebs kolmeurneobis sistemaSi ukve TavianTi wvlili SehqondaT. Zvelis
da axlis Sepirispirebis formati damaxasiaTebeli iyo lubokis folkloruli xelovnebis
65
stilisTvis, romelic revoluciamde popularobiT sargeblobda dabali klasis warmomad-
genlebSi (sofladac da qalaqSic). magram lubokis stils 1930-ian wlebSi Seuties xelo-
vanebma, xolo xelisuflebam is gakicxa, rogorc moZvelebuli kulturis nimuSi, romelic
proletaruli xelovnebis normebs ar Seesabameboda. 1931 wels moori werda, rom „glexebis
plakatebi“ da „zogjer es plakatebi Zalian mogvagonebs sitiniseul luboks. maT erTnai-
ri forma aqvT.“ is mouwodebda xelovanebs, rom formebs seriozulobiT mokidebodnen da
lubokis stilze uari eTqvaT. [19]

dedakaci da kolmeurne

axali ikonografiis gaCena SeiZleba mxolod garemoebaTa damTxveviT aixsnas. arcerTi

calke aRebuli faqtori sakmarisi ar iqneba vizualuri reprezentaciis sabaziso modelSi
aseTi cvlilebis asaxsnelad. upirvelesad, sagulisxmoa, rom plakatebis qalma xelovaneb-
ma pirvelad saxeli moixveWes 1930-iani wlebis dasawyisSi da bevri maTgani konkretulad
koleqtivizaciis Temaze iyo koncentrirebuli. rogorc davinaxeT, am Temis Sesaxeb zogi-
erTi yvelaze dasamaxsovrebeli da masStaburi plakatis avtori qali xelovani iyo, iseTi,
rogoricaa korabliova. [20] qali xelovanebis arseboba marTlac sagulisxmoa, magram is ver
gagvcems pasuxs axali saxeobriobis gavrcelebis masStabebisa da Tanmimdevrulobis Ses-
axeb. koleqtivizaciisadmi miZRvnili bevri plakati mamakaci xelovanebis mieraa Seqmnili,
romelTa ricxvi bevrad aWarbebda am sferoSi moRvawe qalebis raodenobas.
ikonografiaSi momxdari cvlileba soflad mcxovrebi qalebis cxovrebaSi mniSvnelovan
cvlilebebs daemTxva. rodesac koleqtivizaciis kampaniam Zala moikriba 1929 wlis bolos da
1930 wlis dasawyisSi, qalebi aqtiurad Caebnen sul ufro mzard winaaRmdegobis moZraobaSi
soflad. ZaldatanebiTi koleqtivizaciis mimarT winaaRmdegoba farTod iyo gavrcelebu-
li im TveebSic da, cxadia, mTeli 1930 wlis ganmavlobaSic da 1931 welsac. zogjer glexebis
didi jgufebi mobilizebuli iyvnen adgilobriv xelisuflebasTan Zaladobriv SetakebebSi.
[21] sofleli qalebi kolmeurneobebis mimarT gansakuTrebulad medgari winaaRmdegobiT ga-
moirCeodnen da isini xSirad am amboxebebis wina xazze idgnen. [22] rogorc erTi Tanamedrove
ambobs: „glexi qalebis mniSvnelovani raodenoba koleqtivizaciis winaaRmdeg amboxda“. [23]
oficialuri komentatorebi soflad mcxovrebi qalebis mtrul damokidebulebas Worebis da
kulakebis agitaciis mimarT gamZafrebuli mgrZnobelobiT xsnian. [24] erTi sityviT, qalebi
ukmayofilo iyvnen axali kolmeurneobis sistemiT. erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani proble-
ma ukavSirdeboda pirutyvis socializacias (komunalur mflobelobas) — glexTa Sidameur-
neobis da kulturis aspeqts, romelzec, tradiciulad, qalebi zrunavdnen. iZulebiTi kole-
qtivizaciis pirvel TveebSi, 1929 wels da 1930 wlis dasawyisSi, adgilobrivma xelisuflebam
glexebs sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebi CamoarTva, maT Soris yvelaze Zvirfasi — Zroxa, ro-
melsac rusul folklorSi „burionuSkas“ saxeliT moixseniebdnen da romelic bavSvebs rZiT
amaragebda. mas xSirad glexebis ojaxebisTvis totemuri mniSvneloba hqonda. [25]
koleqtivizacia institucionalizebuli religiis winaaRmdeg gacxarebul kampanias,
xolo axali fermebis daarseba — xSirad eklesiebis daxurvas da soflad religiuri saqmia-
nobis devnas daemTxva. eklesiebze da saeklesio pirebze Tavdasxmam bevri glexis gacxareba
gamoiwvia da qalebi masobriv winaaRmdegobamde miiyvana. [26]
qalebi aseve ufrTxodnen im cvlilebebs, romlebzec bevrs laparakobdnen. ambobdnen,
rom „koleqtivizacias bavSvebis socializacia, qalebis Tmis eqsporti, komunaluri colebis
gaziareba da ybadaRebuli saerTo pledi mohyveboda, romelsac Tanabrad unda gaeTbo kol-
66
meurne mamakacebi da qalebi.“ [27] yvela es Wori soflad mcxovreb qalebs naklebad damajere-
blad sulac ar eCvenebodaT. bevri maTgani komunistebis axalgazrduli ligis aqtivistebis
mxridan seqsisadmi libertarianuli damokidebulebis TviTmxilveli da adgilobrivi parti-
uli nomenklaturis mxridan seqsualuri Zaladobis SemTxvevebis momswre iyo.
tradiciuli cxovrebis niris ngrevis winaSe aRmoCenili glexi qalebi (da mamakacebi)
cdilobdnen, sakuTari moulodneli da gamanadgurebeli gansacdeli rusul xalxur cno-
bierebaSi arsebuli ori udidesi katastrofiT aexsnaT. erTi maTgani iyo istoriuli, meo-
re — simboluri. pirvelis Tanaxmad, koleqtivizacia „meore batonymoba“ iyo, xolo meoris
Tanaxmad — antiqristes mosvla da apokalifsis dasawyisi axlovdeboda. cxadia, es ori mov-
lena erTmaneTs istoriulad ukavSirdeboda. petre didi, romelmac batonymobis sistema
gaafarTova, xalxis warmodgenaSi — gansakuTrebiT staroverebisTvis, antiqristes gansax-
iereba iyo. kolmeurneoba, Tavisi traqtorebiT, dedamiwaze antiqristes simbolod iqca.
1929 wlis bolos, araerT sofelSi gavrcelda Worebi, rom „antiqriste Camovida da samyaro
male ganadgurdeba“. [28]
koleqtivizaciisadmi qalebis winaaRmdegoba aqtiuric iyo da pasiuric. qalebi ara mx-
olod uars ambobdnen meurneobebSi gaerTianebaze (maSinac ki, roca maTi qmrebi wevrian-
debodnen), aramed isini amboxebebSic monawileobdnen, rasac sastiki incidentebi moyvebo-
da xolme. zog SemTxvevaSi, isini wvavdnen kolmeurneobis sajiniboebs, beRlebs, saTiveebs
da saxlebs. isini aseve konfiskacias ukeTebdnen Teslebs, blokavdnen da anadgurebdnen
traqtorebs, Tavs esxmodnen adgilobrivi xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebs. qalebi mamak-
acebis nacvlad midiodnen koleqtivizaciis Sexvedrebze, Slidnen sxdomebs da xmaurian
protests awyobdnen. [29] xelisufleba sifrTxiliT da zomierebiT ekideboda glexi qa-
lebis winaaRmdegobas koleqtivizaciisadmi. albaT, amiT aixsneba, rom amboxebis monawile-
Ta did nawils qalebi Seadgendnen. maTi mamakaci Tanamoazreebisgan gansxvavebiT, Zalado-
brivi koleqtiuri aqciebis monawile qalebs iSviaTad abralebdnen kulakebis momxreobas
(podkulaCnicobas) da cota maTgans Tu asamarTlebdnen kontrrevoluciis braldebiT.
zogadad, adgilobrivi xelisufleba iSviaTad mimarTavda Zalas qalebis protestis Sesa-
Cereblad da zogjer zemdgomebsac ki ar atyobinebdnen incidentebis Sesaxeb. marTalia, qa-
lebs zogjer apatimrebdnen TavianTi saqmianobis gamo, magram isini saerTo samarTlebrivi
devnisgan imunitetiT sargeblobdnen, rac mamakacebze ar vrceldeboda. [30] magram ofi-
cialuri Semwynarebloba vrceldeboda qalebis koleqtiuri winaaRmdegobis aqtebze. roca
saqme exeboda kampanias „gaanadgure kulakebi, rogorc klasi“, qalebi sagangebo statusiT
ar sargeblobdnen. mTel ojaxebs qoneba CamoarTves da gadaasaxles, Tan qalebi da bavSvebi
sagangebo Semamsubuqebeli sasjeliT ar sargeblobdnen. [31]
oficialurad glexi qalebis amboxeba „dedakacebis buntis“ („babii bunt“) saxeliT mona-
Tles. TviT sityvaTSeTanxmeba cxadyofda am moqmedebaTa monawileebisa da maTi qmedebebi-
sadmi oficialur pozicias, aseve mTavrobis Semwynareblur pozicias meamboxeebis mimarT.
termin „babas“ („dedakacs“), rogorc meore TavSi aRvniSneT, Zlieri damamcirebeli konota-
cia hqonda, gansakuTrebiT politikuri TvalsazrisiT gaTviTcnobierebuli qalebisa da
mamakacebisTvis. sityva „bunti“ gulisxmobda masobrivi aqciebis gansakuTrebul tips da
ukontrolo stiqiuri amboxis an ajanyebis konotaciis matarebeli iyo. aq igulisxmeboda,
rom gaunaTlebeli, gulubryvilo, Cagruli qalebi spontanur da iracionalur protest-
Si iyvnen CarTuli. [32] termini, erTsa da imave dros, damamcirebel (gamprotesteblebi se-
riozulad ar unda aReqvaT) da damcinav (moqmedi pirebi mosaxleobis imdenad dabal kate-
gorias ganekuTvnebodnen, rom samagieros gadaxdasac ar imsaxurebdnen) damokidebulebas
gulisxmobda. 1930 wels verbaluri da vizualuri diskursi SedarebiT analizs saWiroebs.
67
 qalebis damakninebeli daxasiaTeba, rac termin „dedakacebis buntSi“ („babii bunt“) vlin-
deba, mkveTrad gansxvavdeba glexi qalis saxisgan, romlis tiraJirebasac politikuri xe-
lovneba eweoda. faqtobrivad, glexi qalis axali saxe winamorbedi saxis antiTezisi iyo (da
es sagangebod iyo ase). winamorbedi saxe kritikis sagnad qceul e.w. „dedakacTan“ aRZravda
asociacias. es garemoeba xazs usvams axali saxeobriobis kompleqsurobas da imis gadaaz-
rebisken gvibiZgebs, Tu ratom Cndeboda kolmeurne qalis saxe vizualuri propagandis sa-
SualebebSi yvelgan, maSin roca glexi qalebi sastikad da ukompromisod upirispirdebod-
nen koleqtivizacias soflad.
glexi qalis axali saxe erTdroulad ramdenime mniSvnelobis matarebeli iyo da amito-
mac, unda gavigoT, rogorc kompleqsuri simbolo. kolmeurneobis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli qa-
lebis konteqstSi danaxuli glexi qalis axali ikonografia iseve funqcionirebda, rogorc
stalinis gancxadebebi. moSe levinma ase daaxasiaTa staliniseuli verbaluri diskursis
roli: „staliniseuli meTodi gulisxmobda gegmebis da survilebis, rogorc ukve ganxor-
cielebuli faqtis warmoCenas. amiT amxnevebda partiul organizaciebs da sxva adminis-
traciuli seqtoris warmomadgenlebs, rom „arsebuli viTarebis“ Sesabamisad emoqmedaT,
romelic TiTqosda „yvelgan moqmedebda“. [33]
analogiurad, momRimari traqtoristi qali plakatebze Cndeboda ara rogorc momx-
dari faqti, aramed sasurvelis winapiroba, rogorc mosaxdenis stimuli. plakati TiTqos
erTgvari magiuri formula iyo, romelsac gonebaSi unda warmoesaxa axali qali, romelic
garkveulwilad Seasrulebda konkretul rols.
iqneb soflis, rogorc mxolod energiuli axalgazrda kolmeurne mamakacebiT da qa-
lebiT dasaxlebuli adgilis warmodgenam, xeli Seuwyo 1930-iani wlebis dasawyisSi agrar-
uli politikis gatarebas. politikuri xelovneba warmoadgenda iseT sofels, sadac glexi
qali-dedakacis adgili aRar iyo (iseve, rogorc tradiciuli glexuri adaT-wesebis da
Sexedulebebis). Zveli rusuli andaza, romelic soflis wiaRSi Seiqmna, sayovelTaod cno-
bili iyo: „rogorc wiwila ar aris Citi, aseve dedakaci ar aris adamiani.“ [34] vizualuri
propagandis saSualebebma ganamtkices Zveli andaza da Seqmnes awmyo-momavlis xati, sad-
ac glexi qali-dedakaci socializmis mSenebelma axalgazrda da enTuziazmiT aRsavse kol-
meurne qalma Caanacvla. stalinistur plakatebze gamosaxulma soflis axalma samyarom,
praqtikulad, tradiciuli glexi qalis, misi kulturis, misi cxovrebis niris yvela aspeq-
ti waSala. im sazogadoebis wiaRSi, romelic iZulebiT koleqtivizacias dauqvemdebares,
vizualuri propaganda xels uwyobda iseTi politikis gamarTlebas da misaRebad qcevas,
romelic soflis sastiki Zaladobrivi meTodebiT reformirebas iTvaliswinebda.

samecniero propagandis xelovneba

rogor „kiTxulobdnen“ Tanamedroveebi koleqtivizaciis kampaniasTan dakavSirebul

politikur plakatebs? xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi, vinc vizualuri propagandiT
iyvnen dakavebuli, aseve plakatebis Semqmnelebi, am sakiTxs did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen.
1930-ian wlebSi, isini, vinc plakatebis warmoebis saqmeSi iyvnen CarTuli, yuradRebas amax-
vilebdnen propagandis efeqturobaze da sasurveli saTqmelis gavrcelebis masStabze. mar-
Talia, 1920-ian wlebSi garkveuli kvlevebi arsebobda sxvadasxva tipis xelovnebis nimuSze
mayurebelTa reaqciis Sesaxeb, magram 1930-ian wlebSi daiwyo is procesi, romelsac Segvi-
Zlia „samecniero propaganda“ vuwodoT — anu mcdeloba, amoecnoT auditoriis reaqcia ama
Tu im plakatze da sistematurad SeefasebinaT maTi recefcia.
68
 1931 wlis 11 martis centraluri komitetis rezoluciaSi pirdapir iyo moxseniebuli
recefciis sakiTxi da Seicavda mowodebas, rom mayureblis reaqciasTan dakavSirebuli in-
formacia gaeumjobesebinaT. es zomebi gulisxmobda plakatebis ufro farTo, sistematur
mimoxilvas presaSi, plakatebis mimoxilvis komitetebis Seqmnas muSebisa da glexebis wreSi
da plakatis xelovanebis axali organizaciebis dafuZnebas. [35] mTeli es rekomendaciebi
swrafad dainerga 1931 wlis gazafxulze. [36]
Tanamedroveebi, vinc plakatis warmoebiT iyvnen dakavebuli, gamodiodnen im mosazre-
bidan, rom muSebs da glexebs sxvadasxva stilis politikuri xelovneba sWirdebodaT, rom
qalaqebsa da soflebSi mcxovrebi auditoriisTvis vizualuri propagandis aRqmis sxva-
dasxvagvari gza miesadagebinaT. 1931 wlis martSi erTi mxatvari amtkicebda: „qalaqebSi pal-
akatebi yuradRebas unda ipyrobdnen, maT Tvali unda miizidon, vinaidan aq xalxi mxolod
wamierad xedavs maT, gverdiT Cavlisas. amis sapirispirod, glexs uyvars plakatis win dgoma
da mis detalebze dakvirveba.“ plakatebis warmoebaSi CarTuli xelisuflebis maRalCinos-
nis dakvirvebiT, „glexis TvalisTvis advilad aRsaqmelia luboki da Cveulebrivi „qalaqis“
plakatis detalebi misTvis damabnevelia.“ [37]
sabWoTa plakatebSi tradiciuli folkloruli stilebis gamoyeneba 1930-ian wlebSi
sadavo sakiTxad iTvleboda, rodesac mxatvrebi da xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi didi
mondomebiT cdilobdnen, politikuri xelovnebis sruliad axali, „proletaruli“ stili
SeemuSavebinaT. magram winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad, lubokis formati, iseTi damaxasiaTebe-
li pirobiTobebiT, rogoricaa kontrastuli panelebi — „winaT da axla“ da „Cven da isini“,
farTod gamoiyeneboda 1930-ian wlebSi.
upirvelesad, unda vivaraudoT, rom plakatebi samiwaTmoqmedo Temebze da gansakuTrebiT
isini, romlebic koleqtivizaciis propagandas eweoda, soflad mcxovreb mosaxleobaze iyo
gaTvlili. marTlac, am plakatebidan zogierTi popularuli gaxda soflad, sadac isini kol-
meurneobebis sxdomaTa darbazebSi, samkiTxveloebsa da adgilobriv partiul da samTavro-
bo organizaciebSi ekida. magram gaugebaria, 1930-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, rodesac soflebis
umravlesobaSi qaosi da ganxeTqileba batonobda, rogor aRwevda an ra gegmiT unda SeeRwia
plakatebs soflad. [38] am plakatebis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, soflis mosaxleoba naklebad
gamosadegi iyo am namuSevrebis adresatad. ras xedavdnen 1930-31 wels glexebi plakatebze,
romlebzec gamosaxuli iyvnen traqtoris saWesTan msxdomi kolmeurne qalebi maSin, roca
traqtorebis ricxvi im dros jer kidev mcire iyo? 1930 wlis dekembrisTvis kolmeurneobebis
88,5 procents jer kidev ar hqonda sakuTari traqtorebi. samanqano-satraqtoro sadguri
kolmeurneobebis mxolod 13,6 procents emsaxureboda. [39] 1932 wels, qali traqtoristebi
mTeli qveynis masStabiT kidev ufro didi iSviaToba iyo. [40] ra STabeWdilebas axdenda mow-
esrigebuli axalgazrda glexi qalis gamosaxuleba glexebze, gansakuTrebiT 1932-33 wlebSi,
rodesac milionobiT adamiani SimSiliT ixoceboda? suraTebsa da sinamdviles Soris es da
bevri sxva SeuTavsebloba imaze miuTiTebs, TiTqos isini sxva auditoriaze iyo gaTvlili.
konkretuli faqtebis uqonlobis pirobebSi, mainc vityodi, rom plakatebis umravleso-
ba, romlebic 1930-iani wlebis dasawyisSi koleqtivizaciis Temas ukavSirdeboda, gaTvli-
li iyo ufro qalaqis mosaxleobasa da muSaTa klasze, vidre soflad mcxovreb glexobaze.
vizualuri propaganda iTvaliswinebda soflis mosaxleobaSi saxelmwifo politikisadmi
mxardaWeris gaRvivebas; politikis, romelsac ZaliT axvevdnen Tavs soflis mosaxleobas.
momRimari, tanwerweta kolmeurne qalis gamosaxuleba, romelic groteskulad gamoiyure-
boda soflis konteqstSi, gansakuTrebiT ki gamanadgurebeli SimSilis pirobebSi, albaT
ufro damajereblad moCanda qalaqSi, sadac glexi qalis saxes ukve bevri ram akavSirebda
muSa qalis saxesTan.
69
 faqtobrivad, koleqtivizaciis kampaniis dros, sabWoTa mxatvrebis mier Seqmnili vizua-
luri reprezentaciebi, ZiriTadad, qalaquri perspeqtividan iyo danaxuli. zemoxsenebuli
specifikuri saxeebi, sxeulis konkretuli Taviseburebebis da manerebis gamoxatviT (mag-
aliTad, sigamxdre fizikuri sisrulis sapirispirod) ufro metad qalaqur Rirebulebebs
da Sexedulebebs Seesabameboda, vidre soflisas. traqtorebis Temis xazgasmac ki ufro
efeqturad iTvleboda qalaqeli damTvaliereblisTvis, vidre soflis auditoriisT-
vis. Tuki muSebs kargad esmodaT meqanizaciis mniSvneloba, „traqtorebis mimarT glexebis
damokidebuleba metismetad gansxvavebuli iyo“. [41] bevri glexi sastikad upirispirdebo-
da traqtorebis SemoRebas da undoblobas gamoxatavda maTi funqciis mimarT. Tanamedrove
presa ityobineboda im incidentebis Sesaxeb, romlebis drosac glexebi anadgurebdnen
traqtorebs; sxvebi traqtorebs „antiqristes naxelavs“ uwodebdnen da im xanas batonymobis
dabrunebad moixseniebdnen. [42] zogierTi plakatis soflis auditoriisTvis Seusabamobas
xazs usvamdnen studentebis, xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebis, xelovanebis da zogjer muSe-
bis da glexebis mimoxilvebi. es mimomxilvelebi yuradRebas amaxvilebdnen soflis scenebis
reprezentaciisas avTenturobis naklebobaze. isini Ciodnen, rom zogierTi sabWoTa mxatvari
naklebad icnobda sofels da mniSvnelovan Secdomebs uSvebdnen manqanebis, regionebis, xalx-
is, maTi Cacmulobis, SromiTi saqmianobis da cxovelebis codnis sakiTxebSi. erT plakatze
gamosaxuli iyo mwvane mindorSi arsebuli traqtorebi Tesvis procesSi, sxvaze — zamTarSi
momuSave glexebi, romelTac Seuferebeli tansacmeli ecvaT. [43] mimomxilvelebis daskvniT,
glexebi amgvar plakatebs dascinodnen da seriozulad ar aRiqvamdnen. magram es uzustobebi
qalaqeli auditoriisTvis naklebad problemuri iyo, vidre soflad mcxovrebTaTvis.
Cven Zalian umniSvnelo informacias vflobT Tanamedrove damTvaliereblebis — qalaq-
is Tu soflis mosaxleobis mxridan plakatebis recefciis Sesaxeb. iSviaTi gamonaklisia
damTvalierebelTa reaqciebi, romelic warmodgenilia 1932 wlis 28 Tebervals gamarTuli
ormocdaaTi koleqtiuri da saxelmwifo fermis muSebis Sexvedris angariSSi — Sexvedris,
romelic 1931 wlis martis brZanebis Tanaxmad Sedga da romelic muSebis da glexebisgan Sem-
dgari plakatebis SemfasebelTa komitetebis iniciativiT unda gamarTuliyo. [44] ori saa-
Tis ganmavlobaSi, isini arCevdnen da msjelobdnen sxvadasxva Temaze Seqmnil xuT plakatze.
pirveli plakati, romelic dawvrilebiT ganixiles, ekuTvnoda valentina kulaginas — mxat-
vars, romelmac sabWoTa saxelovnebo skolebSi miiRo ganaTleba da fotomontaJis sferoSi
gaiara praqtika. [45] mis plakatze „qarxana-fabrikebis da sabWoTa meurneobebis damkvrelo
muSa qalebo, gawevriandiT komunisturi partiis rigebSi“ warmodgenilia qali, romelsac
marjvena xeli zemoT aqvs aweuli (xelisguli win aqvs gamoSverili), xolo marcxenaSi —
gazeTi „pravda“ uWiravs. qals saxeze TiTqmis eqstazamde misuli siamovneba aqvs gamosax-
uli. mis qvemoT Sejguful adamianebTan SedarebiT, is gigantur masStabSia warmodgenili.
kolmeurneobis da saxelmwifo meurneobis muSebs, romelTac es plakati naxes, ramdenime se-
riozuli kritikuli SeniSvna hqondaT. yvelaze gamanadgurebeli ki is iyo, rom maTi azriT,
plakatze warmodgenili qali damkvrel muSa qals ki ar hgavda, aramed qal „kulaks an gamy-
idvels“. amasTanave, maT daiwunes komunikaciis nakleboba gigantur qalsa da qvemoT war-
modgenil demonstrantebs Soris, mamakaci da ara qali traqtoristebis warmoCenis faqti
da is, rom plakatma ver moaxerxa damkvreli mSromeli qalebis daintereseba partiaSi Ses-
vliT. sxva plakatebi gaakritikes imis gamo, rom mxatvrebi sakmarisad ar icnobdnen sofels,
an damkvreli mSromeli qalis arasaTanado tipaJi warmoadgines.
zogierTi plakati, romelzec axalgazrda qalebi iyvnen gamosaxuli, saxifaTod da zog-
jer kontrrevoluciuradac ki miiCnies. koleqtivizaciis Temaze Seqmnil plakatebs Soris

70
erT-erTi yvelaze niSandoblivi namuSevris — korabliovas naxatis „amxanago, gawevriandi
Cvens kolmeurneobaSi“ (ilustracia 3.3) erTi mimomxilveli mkacrad akritikebda mxatvars
da masSi farul seqsualur SemoTavazebas xedavda. aRSfoTebiT aRsavse mimoxilvaSi, is amt-
kicebda, rom plakats „kontrrevoluciuri da mavne gavlena hqonda Tanamedrove sofel-
ze, vinaidan teqstis meore nawili qalis sxeulze ewera da udavod, kulaki agitatorebi mas
TavianT sasargeblod, farTo mniSvnelobiT gamoiyenebdnen.“ [46] misi azriT, fraza — „Se-
mouerTdi Cvens kolmeurneobas“ qalis tanze ewera, rac iribad seqsualur cdunebas niS-
navda. is varaudi, rom fermeri qalebi seqsualur momsaxurebas sTavazobdnen mamakacebs,
Tanamedrove konteqstSi seriozul mniSvnelobas iZenda da aZlierebda im SiSs, rom glexTa
sakuTrebis komunalizaciasa da glexi qalis sxeuls Soris pirdapiri kavSiri arsebobda.

didi ukandaxeva

pirveli xuTwledis gegma oTxi weli da sami Tve gagrZelda. rodesac 1932 wlis 31 dekem-
bers gegma dasrulda, qveyana masobrivi SimSilis mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda, ramac qveynis
samiwaTmoqmedo [47] raionebSi milionobiT adamianis sicocxle imsxverpla. am mZime fonis mi-
uxedavad, reJimi koleqtivizaciis warmatebas zeimobda. 1933 wlisTvis sasoflo-sameurneo
miwis nakveTebis TiTqmis oTxi mexuTedi da glexTa miwebis sami mexuTedi sabWoTa kavSirSi
koleqtivis sakuTrebaSi gadavida. [48] 1934 wlis TebervalSi Catarebul partiis meCvidmete
kongress „gamarjvebulTa kongresi“ uwodes da masze socializmis gamarjveba izeimes.
1934 weli, 1929-33 wlebSi dawyebuli „socialisturi Setevis“ dros socialuri, ekonomi-
kuri da kulturuli politikisgan „didi ukandaxevis“ dasawyisad monaTles. fraza „didi
ukandaxeva“ nikolai timaSevs ekuTvnis da im ideebis da praqtikebis aRdgenas gulisxmobda,
romlebic win uswrebda pirveli xuTwledis gegmas an 1917 wlis revoluciasac ki. [49] Sedegad
miiRes Zvelis da axlis sinTezi mTlianad stalinisturi partia-saxelmwifos farglebSi.
soflis meurneobaSi „did ukandaxevas“ mohyva kolmeurneobebisTvis sanimuSo qartiis
SemuSaveba 1935 wels, romelmac 1930 wlis gacilebiT ufro sastiki versia Caanacvla. [50]
1935 wlis qartiam gaamartiva sxvadasxva regulacia da aRadgina wvrili kerZo meurneoba
im nakveTebze, romlebic kolmeurneebs gadaecaT, magram koleqtiuri soflis meurneobis
saorganizacio principi, romelic 1930 wlis dasawyisSi SemoiRes, SenarCunda.
1934 wlidan politikuri xelovneba „didi ukandaxevis“ Taviseburi versiis momswre gax-
da. 1933 wlis bolosTvis, mxatvrebi da kritikosebi ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamdnen soflis
vizualuri reprezentaciis dominanturi kanonebis gamo. natalia pinusis 1933 wlis plaka-
tis „kolmeurne qalo, iyavi mosavlis aRebis damkvreli muSa“ (daibeWda 30000-iani tiraJiT)
mimoxilvaSi yuradReba gamaxvilebuli iyo tipaJis araadekvaturobaze (ilustracia 3.8).
[51] mimomxilveli ukmayofilo iyo mxatvris mier warmodgenili ori axalgazrda, mowesri-
gebuli da energiuli kolmeurne qalis saxiT (erTi momRimari, meore seriozuli gamome-
tyvelebiT), romlebic mxarze gadebuli focxebiT, mindorSi samuSaod midiodnen: „tipaJis
arCevisas, mxatvar pinuss surda, jansaRi, mxiaruli, lamazi da inteleqtualuri saxeebi
warmoedgina, rom maRalkulturuli, fizikurad Zlieri da energiuli axali adamiani eCven-
ebina. magram unda vaRiaroT, rom mxatvarma amocanas Tavi ver gaarTva. kolmeurne qalebi
aratipurebi arian. plakatze maT nacvlad gvxvdeba lamazi da vardisferloyebiani maSenka
da daSa, romlebic sruliad ar Seesatyvisebian kolmeurne qalebis saxes.“ [52] kolmeurne
qalebis atipurobam plakatze mniSvneloba SeiZina im gardaqmnis gamo, rac vizualuri pro-
pagandis sferoSi xdeboda. soflis Temaze Seqmnili plakatebi mxolod soflis auditori-
71
amde saTqmelis mitaniT da maTze zemoqmedebis efeqturobiT isazRvreboda axla, rodesac
glexebis didi nawili ukve koleqtivSi gawevrianda. [53]
glexebis mier plakatebis recefciiT sul ufro mometebulma dainteresebam, sxva
faqtorebTan erTad, glexi qalis reprezentaciis sakiTxSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi ga-
moiwvia. 1934 wlisTvis, kolmeurne qali ufro tansruli gaxda da momrgvalebuli forme-
bi miiRo. 1920-iani wlebis didi mkerdi da simrgvale ar dabrunebula, magram 1930-ianebis
mowesrigebuli da aTleturi garegnoba TandaTan warsuls Cabarda. [54] kolmeurne qalebs
isev axalgazrduli energiiT aRsavses warmoadgendnen, Tumca axla maT asaki moumates da
plakatebze ukve zrdasruli qalebis xatva daiwyes. [55] Rimili da mdumare kmayofileba
uwindelze metad dominanturi gaxda da mxolod ramdenime plakatze gamosaxavdnen im in-
tensiurobas da mzadyofnas, romelic 1930-iani wlebis dasawyisis plakatebze warmodgeni-
li kolmeurne qalebisTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli.
kolmeurne qalebis axalma ierma zogierTi mimomxilvelis ukmayofileba gamoiwvia, rom-
lebic plakatebs akritikebdnen, radgan maTze ver warmoadgines kolmeurne qalebis „inten-
siuri brZola soflis socialisturi rekonstruqciisTvis, klasobriv mterTan dapirisp-
ireba, dabrkolebaTa mtkiced gadalaxva, koleqtiuri Sromisa da misi paTosisadmi enTuz-
iazmi.“ [56] magram 1934 wels, gansakuTrebiT gamarjvebulTa kongresis Semdeg, soflis pro-
pagandam brZolisa da dapirispirebidan aqcenti bednieri cxovrebis pirobebSi simSvidesa
da sixarulze gadaitana. winaT plakatebze, rogorc wesi, gamosaxuli iyvnen SromaSi aqti-
urad Cabmuli glexi qalebi. axla ki maT ukve Cafiqrebuls an amaRlebul ganwyobaze myofs
gamosaxavdnen, vinaidan isini kolmeurneobaSi Sromis Sedegebs imkidnen. am periodSi uxvad
gvxvdeba keTildReobis aRmniSvneli simbolika: xorblis Znebi, kargad nakvebi da davarcx-
nili sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebi (gansakuTrebuli upiratesobiT Zroxa sargeblobda)
da marcvleulis surneliT gajerebuli mindvrebi. [57] 1934 wels, aleqsei sitaros mier Se-
qmnili plakati „win, keTildReobiT aRsavse, kulturuli cxovrebisken“ warmoadgens xuT
kolmeurne qals (sami soflis meurneobis muSa, erTi meqanikosi da erTi maswavlebeli), rom-
lebic mxiarulad miabijeben da Tan miyavT sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebi da miaqvT fqvi-
li, wignebi da qanCis gasaRebi (ilustracia 3.9). [58] isini jansaRad gamoiyurebian — aSkarad
kargad ikvebebian — da mxiarulebi arian. mxatvarma sami profesiis qali gamoiyvana (meqan-
ikosi, maswavlebeli da merZeve), romelTac Tavsafrebi kiserTan aqvT Sekruli, rogorc es
kolmeurne qalebis axal stils Seesabameboda; danarCeni ori kolmeurne qali TavianT Tav-
safrebs Zvelebur yaidaze atareben, rac standartuli semiotikuri kodidan mniSvnelovan
gadaxvevaze mianiSnebda. fermeri qalebis jgufi am da sxva plakatebze, albaT, mayurebels
mianiSnebdnen, rom yvela tipis kolmeurne qalebi imsaxurebdnen (SesaZloa, pirveladac) xe-
lisuflebis ndobas, Tan ara rogorc calkeuli individebi, aramed, rogorc koleqtivi. [59]
Seicvala ferTa simbolikac. 1930-iani wlebis ganmavlobaSi, pasteluri ferebi, gansa-
kuTrebiT lurji da mwvane, aseve vardisferi da yviTeli, xSirad anacvlebda wiTlis da Sa-
vis ufro mkacr tonebs, romlebic koleqtivizaciis adreuli periodis plakatebSi domini-
rebda. 1934 wlis bolos Zalian saintereso angariSSi, romelic plakatebze kolmeurneebis
reaqciebs exeboda, aRniSnulia, rom damTvaliereblebi did upiratesobas aniWebdnen rbil,
miCumebul ferebs da gansakuTrebiT moswondaT erTi plakati „nazi cisferi foniT“. isini
uaryofiTad afasebdnen myvirala ferebs. am angariSis Tanaxmad, kolmeurneebi yuradRebas
aqcevdnen fers da saxeebs da xSirad ugulvebelyofdnen teqsts. [60] marTalia, 1934 wli-
dan Seqmnil plakatebze kolmeurne qalebis umetesobas ukan, kiserTan Sekruli TavsafriT
gamosaxavdnen, qalaqeli qalebis yaidaze, magram maT tansacmelSi ufro meti samSvenisi
gaCnda da tradiciuli Strixebi Seemata, rogoricaa winsafari, romelic 1920-ian wlebSi
72
standartuli imijis nawili iyo da 1930-iani wlebis dasawyisSi gauCinarda. maria voronis
dasamaxsovrebel plakatze „bolSevikur mosavals damkvrelobiTi Sroma“ (daibeWda 60 000-
iani tiraJiT) gamosaxulia detalebis kompleqsuri kombinacia, rac meore xuTwledis geg-
mis droindeli soflis saxeebisTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli (ilustracia 3.10). [61] kolmeurne
qalis gamometyveleba (gansakuTrebiT misi sisrule, cisferi kaba da winsafari), aseve misi
TiTqmis klasikurad mSvidi da uZravi mdgomareoba 1930-iani wlebis dasawyisis vizualuri
konvenciebis cvlilebaze mianiSnebs. teqsts Tu ar CavTvliT, plakatze wiTeli feris mx-
olod misi Tavsafaria, romelic kiserTan, ukan aqvs Sekruli. plakatis Tanamedrove mimomx-
ilvelma namuSevars maRali Sefaseba misca tipaJis Seqmnis gamo da kolmeurne qalis saxe
„romantikuli seriozulobisTvis“ Seaqo. [62] 1934 wels dawyebulma kampaniam piradi higien-
is da lamazi tansacmlis propaganda daiwyo. [63] rodesac 1934 wlis ivnisSi gamovida priala
Jurnali „samanqano-satraqtoro sadgurebis da saxelmwifo meurneobebis mSeneblobaze“,
masSi uxvad iyo ilustraciebi da Sesabamisi teqsti soflad „axali cxovrebis“ Sesaxeb. [64]
carcis qaRaldze dabeWdili propagandis es organo, romelSic maqsim gorki da el lisicki
moRvaweobdnen, bolo gamocemaSi amtkicebda, rom „Cveni soflis axalgazrdobas qalaqeleb-
ze aranakleb kargad acvia. CvenTan bevrma gogonam Caicva abreSumis kabebi, velveti da Salis
Txeli paltoebi bewvis sayeloTi, daixures beretebi. mamakacebma kargi kostiumebis, fex-
sacmlis da halstuxis tareba daiwyes.“ [65]
politikuri xelovnebis warmomadgenlebi met yuradRebas uTmobdnen Cacmulobas da
glex qalebs lamaz bluzebsa Tu kabebSi gamowyobilebs, zogjer iseTi ornamentiani nivTebiT
gamosaxavdnen, rogoricaa moqarguli Sarfebi, Tundac samuSao procesSi. [66] tradiciuli
rusuli naqargebis CarTva, rac 1930-iani wlebis dasawyisSi warmoudgeneli iqneboda, ukve
dawyebul nacionalur da xalxur aRorZinebaze miuTiTebda.
konstantin zotovis mier 1934 wels Seqmnili plakati „axla ukve yvela kolmeurne glexs
Tu individualur meurnes adamianuri cxovreba SeuZlia“ vizualuri propagandis sferos
semantikur sistemaSi momxdari zogierTi cvlilebis nimuSia (CanarTi 4). [67] zotovis
plakatze (romelic 60 000-iani tiraJiT gamovida) gamosaxulia glexebis ojaxi — deda, mama
da Cvili bavSvi, romlebic mxiarulad Seyrilan gramofonis irgvliv. teqsti stalinis si-
tyvis citirebaa: „axla ukve yvela kolmeurne glexs Tu individualur meurnes adamianuri
cxovreba SeuZlia, Tuki mas patiosnad muSaoba unda da ar usaqmurobs, ar aris mawanwala
da ar aniavebs kolmeurneobis sakuTrebas.“ [68] plakatSi uCveulo isaa, rom masze xazgas-
mulia (farulad mainc) qalis miRwevebi warmoebis (is kolmeurnea) da reproduqciis (is
dedaa) TvalsazrisiT. metic, plakatze warmodgenili arian kolmeurneebi dasvenebis dros
da ara muSaobis procesSi. Sromis procesi Sromis nayofma Caanacvla, gramofonis, sxva sa-
Sinao nivTebis Tu tansacmlis saxiT. [69] plakatze gamosaxul col-qmars kargad acvia: qals
vardisferi bluza, xolo mamakacs — Savi pijaki acvia, SigniT glexuri stilis amoqargul-
sayeloiani perangiT. mamakaci aSkarad simpaTiuria; qalic sasiamovno Sesaxedavia, romlis
mxiaruli Rimilic gramofonis reklamisTvis gamodgeboda! Tanamedrove kritikosma, rome-
lic aanalizebda plakats, tipaJis TvalsazrisiT, sam figuras Soris yvelaze warmatebu-
lad qalis saxe miiCnia. [70] bavSvi kargadaa nakvebi, lamazia da kmayofilebiT taSs ukravs
musikis ritmze; misi xelebis mdgomareoba locvis mdgomareobasac gvagonebs da am mxriv,
religiur xatebze madonas da Cvilis saxeebs Segvaxsenebs. 1930-iani wlebis dasawyisis ko-
leqtivizaciisadmi miZRvnil plakatebze dedebis da Svilebis saxeebs iSviaTad SevxdebiT
da isic mxolod socialuri samsaxurisadmi miZRvnil Tematur plakatebze. meore xuTwle-
dis gegmis drosac ki, zogadi Temebisadmi miZRvnil namuSevrebSi Zalian cota plakatze ga-
mosaxavdnen glex qals bavSviT, Tumca amgvari gamosaxulebebi periodulad Cndeboda Ta-
73
namedrove JurnalebSi. [71] ojaxi gramofonis mosmenis procesSia warmodgenili. maT ukan
moCans ori ram, rac soflad kulturul da komfortul cxovrebaze mianiSnebs: naTura da
wignis Taro. wignebs Sorisaa maqsim gorkis nawarmoebebi, traqtoris moxmarebis saxelmZR-
vanelo, v.i. leninis naSromebi, sasoflo-sameurneo teqnologia, i. stalinis Sromebi, wigni,
romlis saTauric nawilobriv Cans da mxolod sityva „kolmeurneobaSi“ ikiTxeba, rZis war-
moebis gaumjobeseba, soflis samkiTxvelo. [72]
ase rom, sanimuSo kolmeurneebisTvis sakiTxavi masala sami tipis iyo: literaturuli
nawarmoebebi, gansakuTrebiT gorkis Txzulebebi; leninis da stalinis politikuri naS-
romebi; da soflis meurneobasTan dakavSirebuli teqnikuri xasiaTis wignebi. gorkis wigni
strategiulad moTavsebulia marcxnidan pirveli, rac mis mniSvnelovnebaze miuTiTebs.
1934 wels aSkarad gamoCnda gorkis, rogorc socrealizmis arqiteqtoris roli, rodesac is
sabWoTa mwerlebis pirvel kongresze gamovida da ganacxada, rom literatura unda gamoey-
enebinaT CamorCenili, upiratesad soflad mcxovrebi rusebis sabWoTa moqalaqeebis axal
Taobad gardasaqmnelad. TviT gorkis mokrZalebulma warmoSobam da misma didebisken svlam
daadastura im sazogadoebis staliniseuli ideali, sadac Sromismoyvare muSebs da erTgul
komunistebs araradan yvelafris miRweva SeeZloT. wignebi da kedelze Camokidebuli serTi-
fikati sakmaod mniSvnelovan informacias gvawvdis plakatze gamosaxuli adamianebis Sesaxeb.
mamakaci traqtoristia, misi saxelia nikolai vasileviC lebedevi. is aRiares, rogorc sanimu-
So damkvreli muSa da misi miRwevebi, rogorc ivaraudeba, SegviZlia mivaweroT gonebriv da
fizikur Sromas (amaze miuTiTebs wignebi traqtoris eqspluataciisa da sasoflo-sameurneo
teqnologiis Sesaxeb). misi coli, rogorc Taroze arsebuli wignebiT SegviZlia vivaraudoT,
albaT, mwvelavad muSaobs kolmeurneobaSi, rac qalebisTvis Cveulebriv profesiad iTvle-
boda. plakatidan Cans, rom lebedevic da misi colic wera-kiTxvis mcodne arian.
plakati gulisxmobs imas, rom sanimuSo kolmeurneebs SeuZliaT kargi cxovrebis fufu-
nebiT datkbnen, maT Soris: gramofoniT, wignebiT da naTuriT. vizualuri propagandis war-
momadgenlebi did yuradRebas uTmobdnen soflis keTildReobis sakiTxs 1930-iani wlebis
SuaxanebSi. plakatebisa da saJurnale statiebis mixedviT, kargi cxovreba niSnavda mTel
rig materialur nivTebs: samovars, sakerav manqanas, fotoaparats, velosipeds, saaTs, musi-
kalur instrumentebs da iseT saSinao nivTebs, rogorebicaa: „xaliCebi, rbili aveji, sarki-
ani karada, radio, yvavilebi da tiulis fardebi.“ [73]
plakatis Tanamedrove Semfasebeli gansakuTrebul ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamda mxatvris
mier „soflad mcxovrebi axali adamianebis“ sacxovreblis asaxvis gamo. is amtkicebda, rom
zotoviseulma reprezentaciam saTanadod ver aCvena awmyos „naTeli, sufTa, moxerxebuli
da vrceli saxlis“ koleqtivizaciamdeli qoxis araadamianuri pirobebisgan gansxvaveba. [74]
misi TqmiT, figurebi imdenad axlos arian erTmaneTTan, rom STabeWdileba iqmneba, TiTqos
saxlSi sakmarisi sacxovrebeli sivrce ar aris. misive SeniSvniT, naTura ganaTebuli ar aris.
1933 wlidan politikur plakatebze sul ufro xazgasmiT Cndeba kolmeurne qalsa da sta-
lins Soris kavSiri. [75] periodulad stalini Cndeboda citatis an wignis meSveobiT, ro-
gorc es warmodgenilia zotoviseul plakatze. [76] sxva SemTxvevebSi, is Cndeboda, rogorc
foni, magaliTad, rogorc wiTel droSaze gamosaxuli silueti. [77] zogjer misi gamosax-
uleba warmodgenili iyo glexi qalis gverdiT. natalia pinusis 1933 wlis plakatze „qalebi
kolmeurneobaSi — didi Zalaa“ triptiqis formisaa (ilustracia 3.11). [78] orive mxares vxe-
davT kolmeurne qalebs: traqtorists da focxian qals. orive samuSaozea koncentrirebu-
li da maT irgvliv uxvmosavlianobis amsaxveli scenebia. maT Soris warmodgenilia stalini
— mTavari Tilisma — romlis gamosaxulebac aRebulia fotodan, rodesac is kolmeurne-
Ta yrilobas mimarTavs (amaze mianiSnebs cnobili citata, romelic miwerilia plakatze).
74
stalinis da kolmeurne qalebis asociacia imaze miuTiTebs, rom winamZRolsa da soflis
axal gmirebs Soris mWidro kavSiria.
gadamdebi jadoqrobasaviT, stalinma rigiTi adamianebi aiZula, rom gmirobebi CaedinaT.
es mxare cxadad warmoaCina plakatma, romelic ori wlis Semdeg gamovida: iuri ciSevskis
„gaafarToveT socialisturi mindvrebis staxanovelTa rigebi“ (ilustracia 3.12). [79] 1935
wels gamoqveynebuli es plakati im wels uprecedento — 200 000-iani tiraJiT daibeWda, rac
xelisuflebisTvis mis mniSvnelovnebaze miuTiTebda. plakatis centrSi warmodgenilia
staxanoveli kolmeurne qali maria demCenko, romelic stalins werilobiT dapirda, rom
Warxlis rekordul mosavals moiwevda. [80] is mindorSi dgas, xelSi wiTeli droSa uWiravs da
mokrZalebiT iRimis da Tan Tavis miRwevebsa da stalinze miuTiTebs. marcxena zeda kuTxeSi
Cans Canaxati, romelzec gamosaxulia stalini demCenkos werilis kiTxvis procesSi. werili
gazeT „pravdaSi“ gamoqveynda da amonaridi stalinis suraTis qvemoTaa warmodgenili.
1930 wlamde, rodesac politikuri xelovnebis warmomadgenlebi zogadad glexobas ga-
mosaxavdnen, xatavdnen glex mamakacs, Cveulebriv wverians, romelsac rusuli perangi da
wuRebi ecva da zogjer namgali eWira. glexi mamakacis saxe zogjer uwvero muSa mamakacis
— winsafarafarebuli da uroTi SeiaraRebuli mSromelis gverdiT iyo warmodgenili, ro-
melic muSaTa klass ganasaxierebda. [81]
koleqtivizaciasTan erTad, glexi mamakaci qreba politikuri plakatebidan (da mas axal-
gazrda, uwveruli kolmeurne mamakacis axali saxe anacvlebs). glex mamakacs muSis gverdiT
aRar warmoaCendnen, muSaTa klasis da glexobis erTianobis simbolizebis mizniT.
1937 wels muSis da glexis axali saxis kombinacia gamoCnda politikur xelovnebaSi. am-
jerad, ori mamakacis nacvlad, mxatvrebi muSa mamakacs da glex qals warmoadgendnen. vera
muxinaseul qandakebaSi „muSa da kolmeurne qali“ gvxvdeba Zveli da axali ikonografiis el-
ementebi (ilustracia 1.16). muxinas glex qalSi 1930-iani wlebis dasawyisis kolmeurne qalis
aTleturi da Zlieri Strixebi vizualuri propagandis saSualebebSi 1934 wlidan dawyebul
tanis sisrulis tendenciasTanaa dawyvilebuli. qals ar axuravs Tavsafari, Tma mokled
aqvs SeWrili, qalaqeli qalebis yaidaze. 1920-iani wlebis glexi qalis msgavsad, mas xelSi
uWiravs namgali — simbolo, romelic 1929 wlis Semdeg plakatebidan gauCinarda. muxinas qa-
ndakebaSi namgali da uro ara mxolod klasobrivi markerebis, aramed sabWoTa nacionaluri
saxelmwifos Rerbis saxiT Cndeba. saxeebis ekleqturobam ganapiroba qandakebis warmateba
da stalinis xanaSi mas xSirad beWdavdnen. [82]
riT SeiZleba aixsnas mamakacis Canacvleba qaliT muSebis da glexebis am mniSvnelovan
simbolur erTobaSi? erTi SexedviT, qalis da miwaTmoqmedebis kavSiri bunebrivi Cans, Tuki
gaviTvaliswinebT mravalmxriv kavSirs nayofierebasa da qalur sawyiss Soris, klasikuri
da rusuli folkloruli tradiciebis gaTvaliswinebiT. magram ar unda daviviwyoT, rom
bolSeviki xelovanebi mizanmimarTulad da Tanmimdevrulad iyenebdnen mamakacis saxes —
glexi mamakacis saxes, rogorc 1930 wlamde glexobis simbolos.
muxinas qandakeba didad aris davalebuli 1930-iani wlebis dasawyisis vizualuri pro-
pagandiT, rodesac qalis figuram uprecedento mniSvneloba moipova. mniSvnelovanwilad,
kolmeurne qalma Caanacvla glexi mamakaci, rogorc centraluri saxe da, zogadad, glexobis
simbolo. kolmeurne qalis TvalsaCino pozicia koleqtivizaciisadmi miZRvnil plakatebze
soflad axali genderuli diskursis maCvenebelia. politikuri xelovnebis warmomadgenle-
bi koleqtivizacias mxars uWerdnen qalebis saxeebis meSveobiT da am procesSi, glexobis,
rogorc socialuri kategoriis saxe feminurad aqcies. [83]
muxinam sabolood ganamtkica es feminizacia, rodesac muSasa (mamakaci) da glexs (qali)
Soris ierarqiuli mimarTebebis gamoxatva genderuli sxvaobebis da, imavdroulad, sabWoTa
sazogadoebis qalaqur da soflur sferoebad dayofis gamoyenebiT scada.
75
 sintaqsis da leqsikonis TvalsazrisiT, stalinisturi ikonografia gamoxatavda qa-
laqebis upiratesobas soflebze. koleqtivizaciisadmi miZRvnili 1930-iani wlebis dasawy-
isis plakatebi, savaraudod, ufro qalaqis auditoriaze iyo gaTvlili da arsebiTad qa-
laqur Rirebulebebs gamoxatavda da exeboda sxeuls, Sromis xasiaTs da meqanizaciis rols.
traqtorebis, qalebis da mZime Sromis gamosaxulebebi ganamtkicebda koleqtivizaciis miR-
ma arsebul logikas da amarTlebda im terors da SimSils, rac progresis saxeliT soflis
mosaxleobam gadaitana.
pirveli xuTwledis Semdeg, vizualuri propagandis saSualebebis dainteresebas sasof-
lo-sameurneo TemebiT sofelze orientacia mohyva. kolmeurne qalis saxe Zveleburad xaz-
gasmiT ar iyo warmodgenili, Tumca is mainc Cndeboda mravaltiraJian da dasamaxsovrebel
plakatebze. politikur xelovnebaSi „didi ukandaxeva“ imas niSnavda, rom kolmeurne qalis
saxe aerTianebda glexi qalis da kolmeurneobis muSa qalis semantikuri tradiciebis ele-
mentebs. amis miuxedavad, soflad cxovrebis qalaquri versia SenarCunda. aTwleulis gan-
mavlobaSi, soflis propagandaSi sul ufro cocxlad ikveTeboda stalinisturi utopiis
zRapruli Tvisebebi da plakatebze uxvmosavlian mindvrebSi gamofenili kargad gamokvebi-
li da bednieri glexebi Cndebodnen.
samoqalaqo omis da 1920-iani wlebis ganmavlobaSi, socialuri jgufebis saxeebi ab-
straqciebis saxiT moqmedebda. sayovelTaod cnobili iyo, rom yvela muSa, uroTi xelSi,
mWedlis movaleobas ar asrulebda da arc yvela glex qals eWira namgali. es saxeebi sim-
boluri mniSvnelobis matarebeli iyo da cdilobda moexelTebina, zogadad, muSis an glexi
qalis niSnebi. 1930-iani wlebis dasawyisSi vizualuri propagandis saSualebebSi axali tipis
saxe gamoCnda — saxe, romelic nimuSis, idealuri tipis funqcias asrulebda. es iyo tipa-
Jis gageba da tipizaciis sakiTxi, rac ase Zalian aRelvebdaT politikuri xelovnebis Tana-
medrove analitikosebs.
kolmeurne qalis saxe ar unda yofiliyo realisturi. aucilebeli iyo vizualuri sce-
naris qona da erTgvari jadoqroba, rac mZlavri zemoqmedebis mqone iluzias Seqmnida. so-
flad mcxovrebi qalis asaxvisTvis saWiro iyo misi gamogoneba. saxe momavlis prognozire-
bis da miRwevis saSualebad iqca. saboloo jamSi, stalinisturma propagandam Seqmna axali
politikuri miTologia. suraTi, gansakuTrebiT fotomontaJis gamoyenebiT, uprecedento
damajereblobas iZenda da emsgavseboda ara arsebul sazogadoebas, aramed warmosaxuli
momavlis soflis socialur samyaros.

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 Tavi meoTxe

meTauris ori sxeuli: beladis ikonografia

leninma gza gaukvala axali reJimis heroikul memkvidreobas. mas memkvidreoba warmoed-
gina koleqtiuri da individualuri aqtebis seriad, romelic saTaves iRebda klasikur
saberZneTsa da romSi da kulminacias aRwevda revoluciur marqsizmsa da Semdeg ruseT-
Si bolSevizmis triumfSi. lenins, romelsac SesaniSnavad esmoda xalxis ganwyoba, kargad
xvdeboda Cveulebrivi adamianebisTvis Zveli reJimis politikuri da kulturuli gmirebis
Canacvlebis aucileblobas, romelTa didebuli suraTebi amSvenebda dedaqalaqebis da mTe-
li qveynis Senobebsa da moednebs. Tavis memuarebSi, ganaTlebis komisari anatoli lunaCar-
ski igonebda: ukve 1918 wels, vladimir iliCma damiZaxa da miTxra, rom aucilebeli iyo xe-
lovnebis, rogorc agitaciis saSualebis propaganda da am mizniT, ori proeqti SemomTavaza.
pirveli is, rom misi azriT, Senobebi da Robeebi Tu adgilebi, sadac reklamebi iyo xolme
ganTavsebuli, unda gaeformebinaT didi revoluciuri warwerebiT.. meore proeqti exeboda
didi revolucionerebis monumentebis Seqmnas gansakuTrebiT msxvil masStabSi, gifsisgan
damzadebul droebiT monumentebs. [1]
ramdenimeTviani diskusiis Semdeg, leninis ideebi Sevida dadgenilebaSi „mefeebis da
maTi msaxurebis pativsacemad aRmarTuli monumentebis Camoxsnisa da ruseTis socialistu-
ri revoluciisadmi miZRvnili monumentebis proeqtebis SemuSavebis“ Sesaxeb, romelic 1918
wlis 14 agvistos gamovida. [2] dadgenileba miznad isaxavda sajaro, gansakuTrebiT qalaqSi
arsebuli sivrceebis politikuri aTvisebisTvis instruqciebis da direqtivebis SemuSave-
bas. proeqtze muSaobisas lenini STaagona tomazo kampanelaseulma „mzis qalaqma“, romlis
rusulenovani Targmanebic 1918 wels orjer gamovida. kampanelas msgavsad, mas warmodge-
nili hqonda qalaqebi, sadac monumentebi, warwerebi, emblemebi, quCis saxelebi da Rerbebi
„moswavleebs mudmivad Seaxsenebda mis gigantur axal revoluciur skolas“. [3] leniniseu-
li gegma moiTxovda qalaqSi sajaro sivrcis da qandakebebis gadakeTebas ori mizniT. zog
SemTxvevaSi, carizmis gmirebisadmi miZRvnili revoluciamdeli monumentebi axali qanda-
kebebiT unda CaenacvlebinaT, romlebSic bolSevikur revolucias miagebdnen pativs. sxva
SemTxvevebSi, warweris an emblemis Secvla sakmarisi iyo axali mniSvnelobis misaniWeblad.
rogorc aRvniSneT, 1918 wels xelovanebi, romlebic bolSevikuri reJimis mimarT simpaTiiT
iyvnen ganwyobili, Seqmnes „muSebis“ da „glexebis“ saxeebi, romlebsac simbolurad mTeli
sazogadoebrivi jgufebi unda ganesaxierebina. leniniseuli proeqti, amis sapirispirod,
individebis da ara socialuri klasebis gandidebas iTvaliswinebda. misi proeqti saWiroeb-
da „biustebis an srulmasStabiani figurebis Tu bareliefebis“ Seqmnas, romlebic mieZRvne-
boda „socializmis winamorbedebs an maT Teoretikosebs da mebrZolebs, aseve filosofi-
uri azris, mecnierebis, xelovnebis da a.S. korifeebs, romlebic socializmTan pirdapiri
kavSiris miuxedavad, kulturis WeSmariti gmirebi iyvnen.“ [4] es iyo individebis identifi-
cirebis da monumentalizebis bolSevikebiseuli pirveli mcdeloba. [5]
Tuki leniniseuli miTiTebis zogadobas gaviTvaliswinebT, ioli ar yofila gmirebis
siisTvis kriteriumebis SemuSaveba. ivlisis Sua periodSi, lunaCarskim im mwerlebis da
moazrovneebis sia Seadgina, romelTac socialisturi simpaTiebi hqondaT. masSi Sediodnen:
kondrati rileevi, visarion belinski, nikolai dobroliubovi, nikolai CerniSevski, niko-
lai nekrasovi. male sia gaizarda da masSi sxvadasxva erovnebis da socialuri warmoSobis
samocdaSvidi „kulturis gmiri“, politikuri mkvleli, amboxebaTa meTauri da politikuri

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devnili Sevida. ase rom, masSi moxvdnen iseTi gansxvavebuli figurebi, rogorebic iyvnen:
karl marqsi, aleqsandr herceni, maqsimilian robespieri, spartaki, frederik Sopeni, an-
drei rubliovi, pol sezani, lord baironi, fransua volteri, nikolai rimski-korsakovi da
juzepe garibaldi. monumenturobis statusi mxolod orma qalma — sofia perovskaiam da
roza luqsemburgma moipoves. [6] bevri monumenti arc ganxorcielebula. im monumentebma,
romlebic dadges, kritikosebisa da damTvaliereblebisgan gansxvavebuli Sefasebebi daim-
saxura. [7] TviT leninic didad moxibluli ar darCenila im sajaro sivrceSi gansaTavsebe-
li qandakebebiT, romlebic dadgenilebis sapasuxod SeimuSaves. misi mxatvruli gemovneba
ufro konvenciur realistur xazs misdevda da zogierTi namuSevari misi gemovnebisTvis
metismetad avangardistuli aRmoCnda. man daiwuna ara mxolod futuristuli namuSevrebi,
aramed zogierTi iseTi eqscentruli proeqtebic, rogoric iyo oTx spiloze amxedrebuli
karl marqsis qandakeba. [8]
TiToeul monuments oficialuri ceremonialis TanxlebiT xsnidnen, riTac ama Tu im fig-
uris mniSvnelovnebas usvamdnen xazs. qandakebaze warwerebi miuTiTebda TiToeuli individ-
is wvlilze istoriis ganviTarebis saqmeSi. xSirad lenini piradad eswreboda ceremonialebs,
gansakuTrebiT 1918 wlis noemberSi da iq sityvasac warmoTqvamda. rogorc Cans, mas mtkiced
swamda, rom konkretul individsa da bolSevikebs Soris asociaciuri kavSirebis damyarebiT,
partia moaxerxebda sakuTari warmomavlobis Sesaxeb warmodgenis damkvidrebas da STambeW-
davi istoriuli memkvidreobis auris Seqmnas. Tumca, paradoqsia, rom lenins am qmnilebebis
mudmivobaze ar uzrunia. misi SemoTavazebis Sesabamisad, bevri xelovani malfuWebad masalas
iyenebda — iseTs, rogoricaa gifsi, romelic wvimis Sedegad male iSleboda. [9]
amrigad, leninis iniciativiT da ZalisxmeviT, safuZveli Caeyara tradicias, rac im indi-
videbisTvis sajaro pativis migebas iTvaliswinebda, romlebsac garkveuli kavSiri (Tundac
Zalian Soreuli) hqonda 1917 wlis oqtombris did gardatexasTan. magram pativs mxolod
gardacvlilebs miagebdnen. lenini mtkiced ewinaaRmdegeboda cocxali bolSevikebis, maT
Soris sakuTar vizualur reprezentaciebs. monumentalizaciisTvis gansazRvruli fig-
urebis CamonaTvalSi axali bolSevikuri ruseTis arcerTi warmomadgeneli ar Sesula, ro-
melic jer kidev moRvaweobda. petrogradis Cekas xelmZRvaneli moisei uricki da presis,
propagandis da agitaciis pirveli komisari v. volodarski (m. goldSteini) mxolod mas Sem-
deg moxvdnen siaSi, rac isini mokles da bolSevikTa panTeonSi Sevidnen. [10]
leninis proeqti sakuTari Tavis an Tanagundeli bolSeviki liderebis gandidebas rodi
iTvaliswinebda. amis miuxedavad, TviT faqtma, rom amgvari proeqti leninis iniciativiT
xorcieldeboda, daakanona heroizaciis mizniT individis SerCevis praqtika. am Temaze le-
niniseuli ritorika xSirad winaaRmdegobrivi iyo. 1918 wlis Semodgomaze, lenini amtkiceb-
da: „mTeli cxovreba vawarmoebdiT ideologiur brZolas pirovnebis, individis gandidebas-
Tan; didi xania, gmirebis sakiTxi movagvareT.“ [11] magram leninis gegmam monumentur propa-
gandasTan dakavSirebiT sxva saTqmeli Tqva da, faqtobrivad, leninis pozicia am sakiTxis
mimarT araerTgvarovani iyo. monumentalizaciis praqtikidan sul male, es praqtika Tana-
medrove bolSevik liderebze da TviT leninzec gavrcelda.

82
 leninis saxe, 1918-1923

radganac monumentebs kulturis da politikis gardacvlil moRvaweebs uZRvnidnen,

ruseTis Tanamedrove liderebi jerjerobiT naklebad cnobili iyvnen mosaxleobis umrav-
lesobisTvis. leninis pirveli oficialuri foto gadaiRo moisei s. napelbaumma 1918 wlis
ianvarSi. [12] masze aRbeWdilia lideris mxolod saxe da torsi. is pirdapir da gamWoli mze-
riT iyureba damTvaliereblis mimarTulebiT. mas acvia kostiumi, TeTri perangi da ukeTia
halstuxi. lenini msgavsi tansacmliT Cndeba Semdgom reprezentaciebSic. male foto plaka-
tis formiT gamovida, romelzec mxolod leninis saxeli da saTauri ewera. [13] imave wlis
bolos, reklamaSi, romelic „izvestiis“ popularizacias isaxavda miznad, leninis napel-
baumiseuli foto marqsis fotosTan daawyviles. es ori Tanabari zomis foto erTmaneTis
pirispir iyo moTavsebuli. [14] „izvestiis“ reklama iyo ruseTis xelmZRvanelis pirveli ga-
mosaxuleba, romelic masobriv mimoqcevaSi gavrcelda. 1918 wlis gazafxul-zafxulSi le-
ninis sul ramdenime (Tuki saerTod iyo) gamosaxuleba gamovida. nina tumarkinis Tanaxmad,
„presaSi leninis gandideba naklebad gvxvdeba, mis pirovnebas gansakuTrebuli yuradRebac
ki ar eTmoboda. mxolod xelisuflebaSi mosvlisTanave mZafrdeba misdami interesi, rode-
sac axal liders „izvestiam“ mokle biografiuli Canaxati da raRac leqsi miuZRvna.“ [15]
1918 wlis 1 maisisTvis bolSevikma poetma demian bednim dawera leqsi „belads“. es iyo
erT-erTi pirveli SemTxveva, rodesac termini „beladi“ leninis misamarTiT gamoiyenes.
revoluciis dros, „beladi“, rogorc wesi, aRniSnavda samxedro liders da mxolod meta-
forulad gulisxmobda socialuri an politikuri moZraobis mowinave figuras. [16] 1918
wlidan 1920 wlamde, am termins partiis liderebis mimarT iyenebdnen. mas Semdeg, rac 1902
wels leninma dawera „ra vakeToT?“, mis mimdevrebs partia samxedro organizaciis analogad
miaCndaT. amitomac sruliad bunebrivi iyo samxedro termin „beladis“ gamoyeneba partiis
lideris mimarT, raSic samxedro eTosi Rrmad CaibeWda.
rodesac 1918 wels es termini pirvelad gamoiyenes leninis mimarT, mas jer kidev ar hqon-
da amaRlebuli da sakraluri aura. aseTi Tvisebebi Semdgom aTwleulebSi moipova. Tavidan
am sityviT mxolod lenins moixseniebdnen, magram 1930-ian wlebSi am wodebiT moxseniebis
pativi stalins da partiis ramdenime wevrs xvda wilad. germanuli sityva „fiureri“ (Der
Führer) (romliTac hitlers moixseniebdnen) da italiuri „duCe“ (Il Duce) (romliTac muso-
linis moixseniebdnen) aseve farTod gamoiyeneboda 1930-ian wlebSi da imave konotacias at-
arebda, rasac „beladi“ (voJd).
lenini araerTxel gamodioda bolSeviki politikuri liderebis (maT Soris sakuTari Ta-
vis) mimarT mliqvnelobis winaaRmdeg da 1918 wlamde reJimis axali propagandis organoebi
TavSekavebulad asaxavdnen liderebs. [17] viTareba 30 agvistos Semdeg Seicvala, rodesac
socialistma revolucionerma fania (dora) kaplanma kinaRam mokla lenini. amis Semdeg,
lenins pirvelad moixseniebdnen sajarod im terminebiT, romlebic religiur asociaciebs
aRZravda. 6 seqtembers, petrogradis sabWos Tavmjdomarem grigori zinovievma vrceli
mimarTva warudgina petrogradis sabWos, romelSic lenini religiuri terminebiT daaxa-
siaTa. gazeT „bednotas“ redaqtorma lev sosnovskim, 1 seqtembers „petrogradskaia prav-
daSi“ lenini qristes Seadara. [18] magram amgvari komentarebi mainc gamonaklisad iTvle-
boda da lenins jer kidev ar moixseniebdnen „religiuri krZalviT“ partiul yrilobebze.
mas „uzarmazari avtoriteti hqonda, magram partiis politikas da sakuTriv lenins xSirad
mkacrad akritikebdnen“. [19]
1919 wlis manZilze, leninis gamosaxulebiani vizualuri propagandis saSualebebi mainc
SedarebiT mcirericxovani iyo. TebervalSi leninis pirveli oficialuri biusti gaakeTes,

83
romlis moqandakec georgi aleqseevi gaxldaT. qandakeba moskovis sabWos gankargulebiT
Seiqmna. 1919 wlis agvistosa da 1920 wlis Tebervals Soris am qandakebis aslebi ocdacxra
qalaqSi ganaTavses. [20] es iyo sajaro sivrceSi ganTavsebuli pirveli qandakeba, romelic
cocxal bolSevik liders ganadidebda. 1919 wlis dasawyisSi leninis gamosaxuleba ramden-
ime politikur plakatze gamoCnda. maT Soris iyo sami lubokis stilis plakati, romlis
avtoric iyo Ceriomnixi. plakatebze: „kapitalistebi yvirian“, „erT dros burJuebi kargad
cxovrobdnen“ da „muSam kapitalisti gamoagdo“ [21] gamosaxuli iyo lenini, rogorc muSe-
bis mqadagebeli da mtris winaaRmdeg maTi damrazmavi. apsitis mier Seqmnili sapirvelmaiso
sazeimo plakati „pirveli maisi mSromelTa saerTaSoriso zeimia“ aerTianebda alegoriis
(gveli, warweriT „kapitali“) elementebs, lubokis stils („warsulisa“ da „awmyos“ gamosax-
ulebiani CanarTebi), axal bolSevikur saxeebs da simboloebs (mWedeli muSa, wiTeli droSe-
bi, qarxnebis sakvamurebi) da leninis da marqsis gamosaxulebebs. [22] 1919 wlis 7 noembers
leninis suraTi, marqsis fotosTan erTad, petrogradis smolnis SesasvlelSi, TaRis Tav-
ze ekida. [23] „pravdis“ noembris me-12 gamoSvebaSi gamoqveynda leninis gamosaxuleba war-
weriT „revolucioneri proletarebis beladi“. [24] magram leninis yvela reprezentacias
rodi hqonda seriozuli ieri. Ceriomnixis satiruli naxatebi warmoadgenda mxiarul len-
ins, cocxiT xelSi, romelic dedamiwis pirs mtrebisgan wmendda. naxati gazeTebSi „bednota“
da „komunari“ daaxloebiT amave dros gamoCnda. [25] magram 1919 wlis am da sxva nimuSebidan
iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneba, rom leninianis ganviTareba sul axali dawyebuli iyo. „rostas“
plakatebidan ramdenime aTasi samoqalaqo omis dros momzadda da maTgan mxolod aTSi iyo
lenini warmodgenili — vizualuri an teqstualuri mxriT. [26]
lenini kvlav gulgrili rCeboda misi da bolSevikebis sxva liderebis gandidebis mimarT,
magram 1920 wlidan xelovanebma namdvili Sejibri gamarTes, Tu vin moaxerxebda misi gamo-
saxulebis Canaxatebis, qandakebebis an ferweruli namuSevrebis Seqmnas. [27] im wlis ganmav-
lobaSi, leninis saxem damatebiTi niSnebi SeiZina da SeimuSava forma, romelic sabWoTa xanis
dasasrulamde SeinarCuna. leninianis ganviTarebaSi mniSvnelovani nabiji iyo 22 aprils
leninis meTxuTmete dabadebis dRis aRniSvna, ramac misi ganmadidebeli Sexvedrebis, saja-
ro sityvebis, leqsebis, statiebis da politikuri xelovnebis safuZveli warmoSva. am zei-
mis dros, leninianis esTetikis ZiriTadi elementebi Camoyalibda: beladis zeadamianuri
Tvisebebi, misi ubraloeba da adamianuroba, beladis xalxis wiaRidan warmomavloba, da misi
Zalaufleba („moSC“). mogvianebiT, es atributebi stalinze gadavida, romlis pirobebSic es
SemTxveva uprecedentod gavrcelda [28]. lenini kritikulad Sexvda im faqts, rodesac or-
mocdaaTi wlisTavze xotba Seasxes, magram rogorc nina tumarkini aRniSnavs, „aSkarad ambiv-
alenturi damokidebuleba gamoavlina. SeiZleba is Tavs uxerxulad grZnobda misi Tandas-
wrebiT roca aqebdnen, magram mas mainc xeli ar SeuSlia am procesisTvis.“ aseve, man gansx-
vavebuli Sinaarsis Setyobinebebi gaugzavna Tavis im momxreebs, romlebic aRfrTovanebas
gamoxatavdnen TavianTi beladis mimarT, Tumca mainc TavSekavebulad. [29]
1920 wlidan vizualuri propagandis stilSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi moxda. rogorc
manamde SevniSneT, politikuri xelovnebis warmomadgenlebma uari Tqves alegoriul sax-
eebze; muSa da glexi qalebis axalma saxeebma aRiareba daimsaxures da male ikonografiuli
statusi moipoves. [30] politikur xelovnebaSi mimdinare swrafi cvlilebebis am garemo-
Si, orma mowinave satiruli plakatebis mxatvarma — mixail [31] Ceriomnixma da viqtor den-
im — TavianTi pirveli mniSvnelovani politikuri plakati Seqmnes, romelzec gamosaxuli
iyo lenini (ilustracia 4.1). 1920 wlis noemberSi gamosuli „amxanagi lenini uwmindurebisgan
asufTavebs dedamiwas“ Ceriomnixis mier 1918 wels Seqmnili sagazeTo Canaxatis damuSavebuli
versia iyo. [32] Ceriomnixis da denis plakatze gamosaxulia globusze mdgomi lenini, romelic
84
didi cocxiT asufTavebs dedamiwas. is Tavze adgas mtrebs (mefes, mRvdels da kapitalists) —
satirul figurebs, romlebic cocxiT SeSinebuli, globusidan xtebian. amiT iwyeba bolSevi-
ki politikuri liderebis reprezentaciaSi masStaburi figurebis warmodgenis fenomeni. am
xerxis gaTavisebiT, xelovanebi miyvebodnen ferweris im tradicias, romlis Tanaxmadac, war-
modgenili figuris ierarqiuli faseuloba „konkretul simbolur sivrceSi“ misi ganTavsebis
gziTaa gadmocemuli. [33] rogorc davinaxeT, gmirebis perspeqtivis rRveva Cveulebrivi ram
iyo rusul kulturaSi. lubokis nimuSebSi, gmiri xSirad goliaTad iyo warmodgenili, Tumca
yvela goliaTi gmiri rodi gaxldaT. [34] oqtombris revoluciis Semdeg, muSis an jariskacis
ikonografiuli gamosaxuleba zogjer warmodgenili iyo masStaburi figuris saxiT. boris
kustodievis mier 1920 wels Seqmnili naxati „bolSeviki“ am xerxis gamoyenebis STambeWdavi
magaliTia, sadac heroikuli revolucioneris figura xazgasmulia. [35]
xelovanebi lenins warmoadgendnen kostiumSi, JiletSi, halstuxsa da kepSi gamowyobils.
aqamde arsebul gamosaxulebebSi, gansakuTrebiT napelbaumiseul fotosa da naxatebSi,
romlebic am fotos mixedviT Seiqmna, lenini gamoyvanilia uqudod, TiTqmis meloti. kepis
damateba mniSvnelovnad unda CaiTvalos semiotikur sistemaSi, romelic Camoyalibebis
procesSi iyo. im dros kepi araformalur, tansacmlis upretenzio elementad iTvleboda
da uCveulod ar miiCneoda. magaliTad, nikolai buxarins msgavsi kepi exura. inglissa da sa-
frangeTSi kepi proletarebis samosis Cveuli atributi iyo 1890-iani wlebidan.
rogor uyurebdnen Tanamedroveebi msgavs keps, gansakuTrebiT kostiumTan, Jiletsa da
halstuxTan kombinaciaSi? fransua-qsavie kokenis kvleva leninis saxeobriobis Sesaxeb erT
SesaZlo versias gvTavazobs da aRniSnavs, rom kepiani „lenini miuTiTebda mis bolSevikobaze,
devnilobaze, iatakqveSa brZolaze, oqtombris revoluciis mebrZolobasa da internaciona-
list liderobaze.“ [36] es winaaRmdegobaSi modioda leninis, rogorc sabWoTa ruseTis be-
ladis, uqudo gamosaxulebasTan. marTalia, rTulia imis dadgena, Tu rogor „kiTxulobdnen“
Tanamedroveebi leninis kepian saxes (da ueWvelad, amis araerTi interpretacia arsebobda),
magram darwmunebiT SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom amgvari saxe atarebda iseT konotaciebs, romlebic
1929-sa da 1953 wlebs Soris imijmeikerebis ukmayofilebas iwvevda. am wlebis politikur
plakatebsa da monumentebze lenini qudis gareSe iyo warmodgenili, ramdenime gamonaklisis
garda. Tuki 1930 wlis Semdeg vinme quds atarebda, es, rogorc wesi, iyo stalini, romlis samx-
edro stilis kepi, Sesabamisad, 1930-iani wlebis gamosaxulebebSi gamoCnda, magram kidev ufro
intensiurad kepian stalins II msoflio omis dros da mis Semdeg gamosaxavdnen. [37] beladis
araformaluri saxe, rasac kepi aniWebda mas, ar Seesabameboda sul ufro formalur urTier-
Tobebs mmarTvelsa da marTul klasebs Soris stalinis xanis ruseTSi.
leninis axleburi saxe gamoCnda 1920 wlis plakatze „aCrdili daZrwis evropaSi, komu-
nizmis aCrdili“ (ilustracia 4.2). [38] ucnobi mxatvris mier Sesrulebul moskovur plaka-
tze warmodgenilia lenini kitelsa da halstuxSi, magram kepis gareSe. mas Seupovari,
TiTqmis sastiki gamometyveleba aqvs, marjvena xeli win aqvs gamoSverili da saCvenebeli
TiTiT raRacaze miuTiTebs. is kaTedrismagvar SemaRlebaze dgas da TiTqos mis qvemoT Sey-
rili xalxis did, uxilav Sekrebas mimarTavs.
plakatze ramdenime detalia, romlebic SemdgomSi leninianas standartul Semadgenle-
bad iqca. jer erTi, sagulisxmoa leninis gaSverili xeli, romelsac aTwleulebis manZil-
ze sxvadasxva variaciiT warmoadgendnen (zogjer marjvena, zogjer — marcxena xeli). aR-
niSnul plakatze leninis gaSverili TiTi mimdevrebs aSkarad miuTiTebs swor gzaze, magram
mogvianebiT win gawvdili xeli kurTxevadac CaTvales (ix. a. sokolovis 1922 wlis plakatis
[ilustracia 4.3] Sesaxeb diskusia qvemoT). leninis gawvdili xeli SeiZleba damTvaliereb-
els rusul orTodoqsul xatebs agonebda, sadac aweuli xeli (kurTxevis niSnad) qristes
85
an wmindanebis gamosaxulebaTa Cveulebrivi elementi iyo (marjvena xeli aRniSnavda kurTx-
evas, xolo marcxenaSi wigni an gragnili eWiraT). [39] plakatze „aCrdili daZrwis evropaSi,
komunizmis aCrdili“ beladis reprezentaciisas pirvelad gamoCnda kidev erTi mniSvnelo-
vani elementi. safrangeTis revoluciis dros, kaTedra (da gazeTi) „sityvis da kanonis
simbolur SekavSirebaze“ mianiSnebda. [40] sabWoTa propagandistebi am tradicias 1920-iani
wlebis dasawyisSi xSirad iyenebdnen, aRniSnuli plakatiT dawyebuli. leninis gansakuTre-
biT dasamaxsovrebeli gamosaxuleba da kaTedra gvxvdeba el lisickis mier 1924 wels Seqm-
nil namuSevarze, sadac lenini warmodgenilia maRla ganTavsebul kaTedraze. [41] ramdenime
wlis Semdeg, Ziga vertovis filmSi „sami simRera leninze“ (1932) kaTedraze mdgomi leninis
gamosaxuleba araerTgzisaa warmodgenili. [42] am xerxs mogvianebiT periodulad stalin-
is gamosaxulebian politikur plakatebSi iyenebdnen, magram gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba
mainc leninianaSi moipova.
leninis ormocdaaTi wlis iubilisTvis, 1920 wels, eleqtrifikaciis leniniseuli gegmis
ganxorcielebis aRsaniSnavad, sabWoebis merve yrilobaze, gustav klucisma ori plakati
Seqmna fotomontaJis gamoyenebiT. es teqnika axali Semotanili iyo ruseTSi germaniidan
da inglisidan, sadac pirvelad gamoiyenes. klucisi erT-erTi pirveli da yvelaze Semoq-
medebiTi xelovani iyo, romelmac es xerxi vizualuri propagandis saSualebebSi gamoiyena.
mogvianebiT is stalinis xanis politikuri xelovnebis brwyinvale praqtikosad mogvevlina
da erTgulad emsaxura reJims 1938 wels, dapatimrebamde. amis Semdeg, is male daxvrites.
[43] plakatze „mTeli qveynis eleqtrifikacia“ klucisma vizualur leninianaSi mogvianebiT
gaCenili tendenciebi pirvelad warmoadgina. [44] kepiani leninis masStaburi figura win mii-
wevs da xelSi eleqtrosadguri uWiravs. mis qvemoT naCvenebia sanimuSo qalaqi. am SesaniS-
navi plakatis ramdenime aspeqti sagulisxmoa. masze pirveladaa warmodgenili win mimavali
lenini — saxe, romelic manamde arasdros yofila vizualuri propagandis saSualebebSi, ma-
gram 1920-ian wlebSi xSirad Cndeboda. fotomontaJis wyalobiT, plakati gamaognebel zemo-
qmedebas axdens. leninis figura fotosgan Sedgeboda, magram yvelaferi danarCeni plaka-
tze mxatvris daxatulia.
Ceriomnixis da denis plakatis msgavsad, romelzec zemoT visaubreT, klucisi leninis
masStabur formats iyenebs. magram aq beladis zoma da misi giganturi proporciebi garemo-
sTan da sxva adamianebTan mimarTebaSi kidev ufro xazgasmulia. plakatze gamosaxuli nebi-
smieri sxva adamiani leninis fexsacmlis zomaze gacilebiT pataraa! rogorc margaret tu-
picini amtkicebda, klucisis mier 1920 wels Seqmnili CanaxatiT daiwyo axali xana (romelic
1930-ian wlebamde bolomde jer kidev ar iyo Camoyalibebuli), riTac belads nicSeseuli
zekacis msgavsad ganadidebdnen. [45] am wlebSi dasamaxsovrebeli namuSevari iyo a. sokolo-
vis mier 1922 wels Seqmnili plakati „dae, mmarTveli klasebi TrTodnen komunisturi rev-
oluciis winaSe“, romelic revoluciis noembris iubilis aRsaniSnavad gamouSves (ilus-
tracia 4.3). [46] aq lenini warmodgenilia mxris simaRleze aweuli marcxena xeliT, romelic
gaSverili aqvs xelisguliT qvemoT. muStad Sekruli marjvena xeli iqve aqvs. fonad moCans
stilizebuli mzis sxivebi, romlebic leninis ukan Saravandeds qmnis. aqeT-iqidan warmod-
genili arian glexi (leninis marjvniv) da muSa (marcxniv), orive ikonografiuli formiTaa
gamosaxuli, rac plakatebis tradiciad iqca. lenini globusze dgas da mis qvemoT sxvadasx-
va simboloa: uro da namgali, rac sabWoTa saxelmwifos ganasaxierebs; TavTavebi, rac uxv
mosavalze mianiSnebs. slogani — „proletarebo yvela qveynisa, SeerTdiT“ aCarCoebs mzis
sxivebs da leninis figuras.
xelis da xelis mtevnis mdebareobis mravalmniSvnelovneba am metismetad simboluri
kompoziciis vizualur zemoqmedebas aZlierebs. xelis pozicia (gawvdili xeli da xelis
86
mtevani, magram win gaSverili saCvenebeli TiTis gareSe) win moZraobazec mianiSnebs (momav-
lisken gzas aCvenebs) da, imavdroulad, TiTqos locva-kurTxevas ugzavnis qvemoT myofebs.
fexebi ganze udgas, vinaidan myarad dgas mis qvemoT arsebul globusze. da isev — figuris
masStaburad warmoCenis xerxi xazs usvams leninis sxeuls: glexi da muSa gacilebiT ufro
mcire zomiT arian warmodgenili, vidre maTi beladi.
zustad ver gavigebT, Tu rogor aRiqvamdnen da xsnidnen Tanamedroveebi am plakats.
calkeuli simboluri formebi SesaZloa maTSi religiuri xatebis asociaciebs aRZravda.
wiTeli feris uxvad gamoyeneba, darRveuli perspeqtiva (lenini gacilebiT ufro didia,
vidre mze, globusi da aqeT-iqeTa mxares warmodgenili muSa da glexi), kompozicia (lenini
orive mxridan garemoculia muSiT da glexiT, iseve rogorc qristes zogjer mociqulebiT
garemoculs gamosaxavdnen), [47] da wriuli CarCo, romelic lenins gars akravs (qriste xSi-
rad ovalur CarCoSi iyo warmodgenili) [48] nacnobi unda yofiliyo rusebisTvis, romlebic
religiuri xatebis normebs icnobdnen. am vizualur analogiebs aZlierebda Tanamedrove-
Ta dawerili da sityvieri komentarebi, romlebic leninis aRsawerad religiur terminebs
mimarTavdnen — tendencia, romelic kaplanis mier leninis mkvlelobis mcdelobas mohyva.
1918 wlis seqtemberSi da Semdgom TveebSi, lenins moixseniebdnen, rogorc wmindanis Tvise-
bebis mqones, mociquls, winaswarmetyvels, wamebuls, qristesmagvari Tvisebebis mqone kacs
da „RvTisnier belads“. [49]
marTalia, leninis sul ufro gaaqtiurebuli kultis arqiteqtorebi ZiriTadad rusul
orTodoqsul eklesias esesxebodnen „beladis“ sityvieri da vizualuri simboloebisTvis,
magram isini mainc cdilobdnen iseTi saxeebi SeeqmnaT, romlebic caristuli ikonografi-
uli tradiciebisgan wyvetis STabeWdilebas Seqmnida. mdidruli ceremonialebisgan, samx-
edro paradebisgan da mefis ojaxis scenebisgan gansxvavebiT, romlebic Zveli reJimis
ikonografiis masalas iZleoda, [50] leninianam SeimuSava leninis, rogorc mokrZalebuli da
ubralo kacis saxe, romlis win gawvdili xeli Zalauflebis axal tipze mianiSnebda. es saxe
1924 wlamdec da merec cocxldeboda sxvadasxva plakatsa Tu sadResaswaulo eqspozicieb-
Si. [51] adolf straxovis 1924 wlis plakatze (ilustracia 4.4) lenini warmodgenilia
sokolovis mier Seqmnili saxis sxva variaciiT. [52] plakats ar axlavs teqsti, Tuki ar CavT-
vliT zemoT ganTavsebul TariRs „1870-1824“ da leninis xelmoweras qvemoT. straxoviseuli
kompozicia pirvelad gamoqveynda, rogorc jon ridis wignis „aTi dRe, romelmac msoflio
Searyia“ garekani da 1925 wels man parizis msoflio gamofenaze oqros medali moipova. [53]
masze warmodgenilia lenini zemoT aweuli marcxena xeliT, rac sokolovis plakatze gamo-
saxuli leninis Jests mogvagonebs da mimarTulebazec migvaniSnebs da kurTxevazec. lenin-
is figura aq sruliad wiTelia da ufro siluetia, vidre Canaxati.
straxovi imeorebs sokoloviseuli adrindeli plakatis zogierT detals. lenini
masStaburi figuris saxiTaa warmodgenili (jariskacebis siluetebi ukan Zalian mcirea
masTan SedarebiT), acvia kostiumi, ukeTia halstuxi da axuravs kepi. sokolovis 1922 wlis
plakatis msgavsad, lenini sicocxliT savse figura aRar aris, aramed ufro daRvremili,
udreki da Zlieri beladis saxiTaa warmodgenili. uzrunvelobis kvalic aRar igrZnoba
vizualur leninianaSi 1924 wlis ianvris Semdeg. [54]
leninis gardacvalebis droisTvis misi saxe ukve farTod iyo gavrcelebuli politi-
kur plakatebSi da vizualuri leniniana sxva mediebSic gadavida. 1920 wels sergei Cexon-
inma TefSze gamosaxa leninis Tavi, romelsac gars wiTeli bafTa da muxis foTlebi akravs.
momdevno wels mixail adamoviCma TefSze daxata leninis portreti. [55] male, leninis saxe
porcelanis Wiqazec gaCnda. [56] qsovilze gamosaxul portretSi, romelic 1922-sa da 1924
wlebs Soris Seiqmna, gamoyenebulia berZnuli motivebi — masze warmodgenilia leninis Tavi
87
wreSi, gulwrfeli da seriozuli gamometyvelebiT da garSemortymulia klasikur samosSi
gamowyobili muSebis figurebiT. [57] 1923 wlis agvistoSi leninis giganturi portreti Se-
qmnes cocxali mcenareebisgan da portreti sajarod waradgines moskovSi. [58]
yvela am namuSevarSi, lenini erTsa da imave Cacmulobasa da standartul pozebSia gamo-
saxuli. misi ieris stabilurobas, plakatebis zogierTi sxva Taviseburebebis msgavsad, bev-
ri saerTo hqonda religiur xatebsa da folklorul tradiciebTan. boris uspenski SeniS-
navda, rom rusul xatebze wmindanebi „mxolod mcireodeni gamonaklisis garda, TiTqmis
arasdros gamoirCevian maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli Cacmulobisgan, iseve rogorc rusuli
bilinebis gmirebi araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar moixseniebian maTTvis „damaxasiaTebeli epi-
Tetebis“ gareSe.“ [59]
Tuki mxedvelobaSi miviRebT bolSevikur panTeonSi leninis mniSvnelobas, TvalSi mogvx-
vdeba is, rom 1924 wlamde Zalian cota plakati iqmneboda misi gamosaxulebiT da rigiT ada-
mianebTan misi damokidebuleba Zalian TavSekavebulad warmoCndeboda. xSirad mas marto an
uxilavi auditoriis winaSe gamosaxavdnen (ix. ilustracia 4.3). vinaidan lenini vizualurad
dakavSirebuli iyo sxvebTan, es sxvebi iyvnen „muSebi“ da „glexebi“, romlebic warmodgenili
iyvnen TiTo simboluri gamosaxulebis an siluetis saxiT. amitomac, sokolovis 1922 wlis
plakatze lenini orive mxridan garSemortymuli iyo ikonografiuli TvalsazrisiT swori
muSis Tu glexis (mamakacebis) gamosaxulebebiT, religiur xatebSi qristes orive mxares ga-
mosaxuli wmindanebis da mociqulebis msgavsad. mxolod leninis sikvdilis Semdeg, poli-
tikur plakatebze xalxis masebi gaCnda. am detalis cvlilebiT bolSevikur hagiografiaSi
mniSvnelovani axali etapi daiwyo.

leninis ori sxeuli, 1924–1929

leninis gardacvalebis Semdeg, partiam mkacri kontroli daawesa mis vizualur gamo-
saxulebaze da daafuZna sagangebo komisia, romelsac leninis amsaxveli xelovnebis yve-
la nimuSi unda Seeswavla. asparezidan leninis gasvlis Semdeg, misi kulti virtualurad
SeuzRudavad ganagrZobda arsebobas. mwuxarebis da mliqvnelobis garemoSi, xelovanebi da
mwerlebi gardacvlili beladis gamosaxvis saTanado gzebis Ziebas Seudgnen. momdevno ram-
denime wlis manZilze maT axali saxeebi, ritualebi da simboloebi Seqmnes, sadac rusuli
orTodoqsuli da tradiciuli folkloruli ritorika da praqtika gaaerTianes. amieri-
dan lenins xSirad moixseniebdnen, rogorc „Cvens Zvirfas mamas“. mis dakrZalvaze zogierT
mgloviares maRal xis joxebze damagrebuli leninis portretebi mohqondaT, rusuli orT-
odoqsuli procesiebisas religiuri simboloebis msgavsad. [60] am droidan, SegviZlia Tva-
li vadevnoT sabWoTa ruseTSi „Zalauflebis esTetizaciis“ process. [61]
xatebis kuTxis analogiuri, leninis kuTxis Seqmnis idea 1921 wels wiTel armias ukav-
Sirdeba, rac bolSevikebis mier religiuri elementebis miTvisebis kidev erTi cxadi maga-
liTia. es kuTxeebi xatebis kuTxeebis analogiiT Seiqmna. xatebis kuTxeebi ki ruseTis yve-
la orTodoqsul saxlSi iyo, sadac xatebs inaxavdnen. prototipis msgavsad, wiTeli kuTxe
Sedgeboda oTaxisgan an oTaxis nawilisgan, sadac sakraluri suraTebi da nawerebi inaxe-
boda — am SemTxvevaSi bolSevikebis. 1924 wlis TebervalSi propagandaze pasuxismgebelma
saagento „glavpolitprosvetma“ SeimuSava leninis kuTxeebis mowyobis rekomendaciebi, maT
Soris leninis fotoebic aRricxa. [62] plakatebi da markebi, [63] aseve, sazeimo eqsponatebi
leninis gamosaxulebiT an misi moxseniebis Semcveli sxvadasxva tipis vizualuri masala, be-

88
ladis gardacvalebis Semdeg imaze didi raodenobiT gamoCnda, vidre odesme. 1924 wlis sa-
pirvelmaiso paradze gamoitanes borblebiani platforma, masze uqudo da dasevdianebuli
leninis giganturi biustiT, rac Tayvaniscemis uprecedento formad SeiZleba CaiTvalos.
[64] arc erTi figura, maT Soris karl marqsic ki ar Rirsebia amgvar pativs. am plakatebis
Tu sazeimo eqsponatebis umetesobaSi leninis ukvdaveba mniSvnelovani Tema iyo. zogierT-
Si warmodgenili iyo fotoebi misi cxovrebidan, im xatebis msgavsad, romlebic wmindanebis
cxovrebas asaxavdnen. erT plakatze ewera: „iliCi mokvda, lenini cocxalia!“ [65] slogani
— „lenini mokvda! leninizmi cocxlobs! leninizmi gaimarjvebs!“, rac TiTqmis leninis sikv-
dilisTanave gaCnda. [66] maiakovskis fraza: „axlac ki lenini yvela cocxalze metad cocxal-
ia“ mTeli qveynis masStabiT vrceldeboda. [67] mavzoleumis dauyovneblivi Seqmna da le-
ninis gvamis balzamirebis gadawyvetileba da sajaro damTvaliereblisTvis gamofena kidev
ufro aZlierebs ukvdavebis Temas, Tavisi religiuri asociaciebiT. v.i. ulianovis (leninis)
xsovnis ukvdavsayofad Seqmnili komisia (winaT damkrZalavi komisia) saTaveSi Caudga sxeu-
lis balzamirebis da sajarod gamosafenad misi momzadebis saqmes. [68]
leninis gvamis didi xniT Senaxva mecnieruli TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovani miRweva da
gmiroba iyo orTodoqsi rusi morwmuneebisTvis, rasac gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani reli-
giuri konotaciebi hqonda. saeklesio dogmis Tanaxmad, wmindanebis sxeuli uxrwneli iyo
da sikvdilis Semdeg araferi emarTeboda. droebiTi nageboba, romelSic leninis dabalz-
amebuli sxeuli inaxeboda, wiTel moedanze aages da sajaro daTvalierebisTvis 1924 wlis
1 agvistos gaxsnes. [69] anonimuri plakati „diadi saflavi“ (gamovida 1924 da 1925 wlebSi)
asaxavs mavzoleums, sadac leninis gvamia moTavsebuli. mis ukan, centrSi, kremlis koSki
Cans (ilustracia 4.5). [70] kompoziciaSi, romelic bundovnad mogvagonebs jvars, vizual-
uri asociacia myardeba leninsa da kremls Soris (aq revoluciuri scenebis Cveulebrivi
CanarTebi ugulvebelyofilia), riTac upirvelesad xazgasmulia, rom lenini unda gvaxso-
vdes, rogorc saxelmwifo moRvawe. qvemoT Savi asoebiT aweria, rom „lenini mokvda, magram
misi saqme cocxlobs“. amieridan politikuri xelovnebis warmomadgenlebi cdiloben le-
ninis ukvdavebis, mis, rogorc „sxva sxeulis“ Temas gausvan xazi. [71] 1920-iani wlebis Sua
periodis am da sxva reprezentaciebSi SegviZlia beladis vizualuri gamosaxvis sakiTxSi
davinaxoT „ori sxeulis mqone beladis“ fenomenis dasawyisi. Suasaukuneebis politikis da
samarTlis terminologiiT rom vTqvaT, mefis, rogorc xilulis da mokvdavis reprezent-
acia „mefis ori sxeulis“ „mistiuri fiqciis“ mxolod erTi mxare iyo. [72] amave dros, mef-
es, rogorc Cveulebriv mokvdavs, meore sxeulic hqonda — uxilavi, „politikuri“ sxeuli,
romelic ukvdavi, ucvleli iyo da „absoluturi srulyofis“ unari gaaCnda. leninis kulti
aerTianebda „beladis ori sxeulis“ ideas da am konceptebis saxeebis saSualebiT gamoxat-
visTvis vizualuri niSnebis sistemas qmnida. [73]
dualizmi, romelic arsebobda Suasaukuneebis doqtrinaSi, sikvdilis Semdeg leninis
vizualur reprezentaciaSi SenarCunda. Tuki manamde lenins diad adamianad da revolu-
cionerad saxavdnen, sikvdilis Semdeg pirvelad, lenini vizualurad warmodgenili iyo,
rogorc ukvdavi figura (ucdomelobis doqtrina stalinma 1931 wels daamata) — didi
saxelmwifo moRvawe, romelmac „masebis“ mxridan gaRmerTebis wyalobiT, ukvdaveba moipova
da xalxis siyvaruli leninis sikvdilis Semdegac gagrZelda. 1920-iani wlebis SuaxanebSi,
lenins kvlav adidebdnen Zveli reJimis da mtrebis ganadgurebis da msoflio proletar-
iatSi revoluciis gavrcelebis gamo. magram axla mas imitomac adidebdnen, rom man didi
wvlili Seitana axali sabWoTa saxelmwifos mSeneblobaSi da is am saxelmwifos beladi iyo.
politikuri xelovnebis warmomadgenlebi xazs usvamdnen leninis, rogorc komunisturi

89
partiis da sabWoTa saxelmwifos diadi beladis rols, romelic xalxs bejiTi Sromis da
qveynis industrializaciisken mouwodebda. [74]
vizualur ikonografiaSi es cvlileba bolSeviki liderebis SexedulebebSi momxdar
cvlilebas Seesabameboda. stalinis mier „erT qveyanaSi socializmis“ SemotaniT da sagareo
politikaze uaris TqmiT, sabWoTa xelisufleba ufro intensiurad koncentrirda samomavlo
industriuli ganviTarebis strategiebze, vidre revoluciasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebze.
beladis ikonografiaSi sikvdilisSemdgomi cvlileba, rac leninis, rogorc saxelmwifo
moRvawis saxis sul ufro gamZafrebul reprezentacias ukavSirdeba, Taviseburi asaxva hpo-
va monumentur qandakebaSi. 1925 wlis 1 maiss, leninis qandakeba stalingradSi aRmarTes da
qalaqs 1925 wlis axali saxeli — caricini daarqves. daaxloebiT imave periodSi gamosul
plakatze, lenini qudis gareSea gamosaxuli, marjvena xeli aqvs aweuli (cera TiTi zemoT
aqvs mimarTuli) da gigantur WanWiksa da xraxnze dgas (ilustracia 4.6). [75] plakatze mok-
le warwera — „lenini foladi da granitia“ gulisxmobs im ideas, rom leninis memkvidreo-
ba, upirvelesad, didi da Zlieri saxelmwifos mSeneblobas moiTxovs. plakati sityvierad,
aseve, gulisxmobs memkvidreobiT kavSirs lenins, rogorc foladis adamians („stal“) da mis
mimdevars, stalins Soris. es miniSneba cxadi unda yofiliyo TanamedroveobisTvis, vinaidan
marTalia, stalini aq Riad ar aris moxseniebuli, magram es iyo erT-erTi pirveli plakati,
romelic stalinis mier gardaqmnil qalaqSi gamoCnda.
leninis monumenturi qandakeba, romelic leningradSi (axali saxeli, romelic petro-
grads 1924 wlis ianvarSi daarqves), fineTis sadgurTan dadges, kidev ufro cxadyofs
ikonografiaSi momxdar cvlilebebs. sergei evseevis da vladimir SCukos mier Seqmnil qanda-
kebaSi, romelic 1926 wels gaixsna, warmodgenili iyo lenini standartul pozaSi da aSkarad,
petre didis qandakebis, brinjaos mxedris antiTezisad Caifiqres. mkvdar belads marjvena
xeli aweuli aqvs mxris simaRleze; TiTebi pirdapir aqvs mimarTuli, xelisguli win aqvs ga-
moSverili da cera TiTi — aweuli (ilustracia 4.7). [76] stalingradis monumentis msgavsad,
leninis Jesti orazrovania da ufro mtkice winsvlas gulisxmobs, vidre kurTxevas. marcx-
ena xeliT lenins palto da pijaki uWiravs. wina gamosaxulebebis msgavsad, is TavSiSvelia,
kostiumi da Jileti acvia da halstuxi ukeTia. misi gamorCeuli ieri da Tavdajerebuli
Jesti kidev erTxel ufro sabWoTa saxelmwifos diad beladze migvaniSnebs, vidre revolu-
cioner aqtivistze. [77]
1925 wels gamosuli plakati „gaumarjos proletarebis saerTaSoriso revolucias“ le-
ninis sikvdilis Semdeg ikonografiaSi momxdari kidev erTi cvlilebis nimuSia (ilustracia
4.8). [78] aq lenini warmodgenilia TeTri qandakebis saxiT, romelic demonstrantebis nakads
gadmoyurebs. marjvena xeli win aqvs gamoSverili. demonstrantebs win miuZRvian muSebi da
glexebi (qalebic da mamakacebic), romlebis gamosaxulebac ikonografiuli TvalsazrisiT
sworadaa Sesrulebuli. maT ukan modis musikosebis jgufi, xolo xalxs rwmenis da mowode-
bebis Semcveli didi plakatebi moaqvT: „Cven leninis mimdevrebi varT“, „xalxi — sofelSi“,
„gaxsovdeT leninis anderZi, Zirs wera-kiTxvis ucodinroba!“, „gavzardoT Sromis nayofi-
ereba“ da, rac mTavaria, „dideba ruseTis komunisturi partiis muSaTa klasis belads“. isini
pativs miageben leninis „sxva sxeuls“.
plakatebSi, romlebic provinciaSi vrceldeboda, religiur da folklorul idiomebs
iyenebdnen, rom mefis „sxva sxeulis“ ambavi moeTxroT. rostovuli plakati „oqtombris
zeimi“ gansakuTrebiT sagulisxmoa. saTauris miuxedavad, lenini masze gamosaxulia, ro-
gorc saxelmwifo moRvawe da ara revolucioneri (ilustracia 4.9). [79] is garSemorty-
mulia sabWoTa partia-saxelmwifos mier ganxorcielebuli samrewvelo, sasoflo-sameur-
neo da kulturul sferoSi arsebuli miRwevebis aRmniSvneli suraTebiT da, rac kidev
90
ufro mniSvnelovania — (axla ukve aucilebeli) xalxiT — am SemTxvevaSi, demonstraciaze
uricxv nakadad gamosuli qalebiT da mamakacebiT, romlebic mxiarulad moabijeben da moa-
qvT plakatebi, romliTac leninis anderZis aRsrulebas pirdebian. misi portreti Casmulia
ovalur CarCoSi, rac religiur xatebs mogvagonebs da qristesa da lenins Soris asociacias
gulisxmobs. stilizebuli mzis sxivebi, rac rusuli folkloruli xelovnebisTvis damaxa-
siaTebel elementad iTvleboda, sinaTles matebs am scenas, sadac mozeime demonstrantebi
sixaruliT miageben pativs gardacvlil belads. [80]
„mefis ori sxeulis“ Tema STambeWdavad aisaxa s.d. merkurovis monumentur qandakebaSi
„beladis dakrZalva“, romelic 1927 wels Seiqmna. masze warmodgenilia gardacvlili lenini,
xelebi sxeulis gaswvriv uwyvia da gvami rva mamakacs xeliT miaqvs. [81] katafalki, rogorc
Cans, mZimea da mzidavebi gaWirvebiT miabijeben. maT zemoT lenini wevs mSvidi, SeiZleba
iTqvas — netari gamometyvelebiT. monumenti aerTianebs orive beladis sxeulis elemen-
tebs. erTi mxriv, esaa leninis materialuri, xorcieli sxeuli, romelic mamakacebs miaqvT.
meore mxriv — esaa ukvdavi lenini, beladi, romlis woniani memkvidreobac misi erTguli
mimdevrebis mxrebzea.
leninis gardacvalebis droisTvis, is erTaderTi bolSeviki lideri rodi iyo, romelsac
politikuri xelovnebis nimuSebi eZRvneboda, Tumca mas gamorCeuli pozicia ekava, rogorc
belads da maswavlebels. mas gars exvia TanamebrZolebi, romelTaganac yvelaze mniSvnelo-
vani iyo leon trocki — oqtombris revoluciis da samoqalaqo omis gmiri, samxedro da saz-
Rvao saqmeTa komisari (1918-1925). 1924 wlisTvis trockis kultma uprecedento masStabs mi-
aRwia sabWoTa xelovnebaSi.“ [82] trockis portretebi yvelaze oficialur instituciebSi
iyo gamofenili. [83] samoqalaqo omis wlebSi, mowinave sabWoTa plakatis mxatvrebi trockis
STambeWdav saxeebs qmnidnen masobrivi mimoqcevisTvis. 1920 wels moorma SesaniSnavi plaka-
ti Seqmna, saxelwodebiT „iyavi sadarajoze!“, romelzec naCvenebi iyo rukaze gamosaxul
ruseTze mdgari trocki xiStiT xelSi, gazrdil masStabSi. mis qvemoT ki vxedavT mtrebis
miniaturul figurebs. is sakmaod didi — 40 000-iani tiraJiT gamovida. [84]
samoqalaqo omis periodis kidev erTma gamoCenilma plakatis mxatvarma apsitma trockis
sityvebi gamoiyena 1919 wels Seqmnili Tavisi mravaltiraJiani plakatisTvis „proletare-
bo, SekazmeT cxenebi!“. [85]
leninis msgavsad, romlis saxec porcelanis TefSebze ukvdavyves, trockic gamosaxes
TefSze 1922 wels, wiTeli armiis ormocdaaTi wlisTavis aRsaniSnavad. [86] mixail adamov-
iCma, romelmac leninisadmi miZRvnili TefSi daamzada, TefSze, wiTeli varskvlavis fonze,
namgliT da uroTi gamosaxa gamorCeuli ieris mqone trockis saxe sam-meoTxedSi. momdev-
no, 1923 wels, mxatvarma iuri anenkovma trockis sruli samxedro regaliebiT aRWurvili
masStaburi figura Seqmna. trockis aq marjvena xeli mxris simaRleze aqvs aweuli — poza,
romelSic manamde xSirad gamosaxavdnen lenins. [87]
1920-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, denim Jurnal „proJektoris“ mier gamocemuli sabWoTa kalen-
drisTvis SesaniSnavi ilustracia Seqmna. [88] namuSevarze, saxelwodebiT „Zlevamosili wm.
giorgi (l. trocki)“, warmodgenilia TeTr cxenze amxedrebuli trockis saxe, romelic dra-
kons, warweriT — „kontrrevolucia“ — gangmiravs. gvels Tavze cilindri axuravs, riTac
kapitalistzea miniSneba. trockis wminda giorgis saxiT warmodgenam bolSevikebis liders
Rirseuli saxeli daumkvidra damTvaliereblebSi, romlebisTvisac cnobili iyo wm. giorgis
gansakuTrebuli adgili rusul religiur, politikur da folklorul tradiciebSi. [89]
leninis garda, trocki iyo bolSevikebis erTaderTi lideri, romelic vizualuri propa-
gandis saSualebebma gmirad Seracxes 1918-dan 1925 wlamde. magaliTad, grigori zinovievis
portretsac gamosaxavdnen TefSebsa da porcelanis nivTebze. [90] magram mxolod trockis
91
xvda wilad iseTi vizualuri statusi, romelic leninisas uwevda konkurencias. rogorc
evgeni dobrenkom SeniSna, „dabejiTebiT SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom ori beladis koncefcia ara-
viTar SemTxvevaSi ar dawyebula stalinTan mimarTebaSi, is gacilebiT adre — trockisTan
dakavSirebiT gamoCnda. 1930-iani wlebis dasawyisSi viTareba Seicvala, rodesac stalinma
meore adgilze gadmoinacvla.“ [91]

leniniana, 1930–1934

1920-iani wlebis bolosTvis, leninis gamosaxulebis masobrivi warmoeba gacxarebuli

mimdinareobda. revoluciuri xelovnebis asociaciam, aseve moskovis da leningradis oTxma
didma stambam, gamoaqveyna leninis lubokis stilSi Sesrulebuli portreti. mTlianoba-
Si, 1929 wlisTvis leninis portreti 12,5 milioniani tiraJiT vrceldeboda. [92] Semdgomi
aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi, leninis zogierTi plakati uzarmazari — 150 000 da 200 000-iani
— tiraJiT gamoCnda. am plakatebis avtorebi iyvnen iseTi mxatvrebi, rogorebicaa ToiZe
da dolgorukovi. [93] leninis vizualurma gamosaxulebebma sxvadasxva forma miiRo: foto-
montaJi, qandakeba, profili droSebze, saxeli wignebsa da kedlebze. [94]
politikur plakatebze leninis reprezentaciam garkveuli ikonografiuli Tvisebebi
SeiZina, romlebic saeklesio xelovnebaSi e.w. „podlinnikebis“ funqcias asrulebda. leninis
saxis es atributebi, romelTac 1920-iani wlebidan 1930-ianebamde atarebda, moicavda Sem-
degs: lenini yovelTvis kostiumSi, Jiletsa da halstuxSi iyo gamowyobili, zogjer paltoc
ecva da iSviaTad kepi exura (xandaxan mas kepi xelSi eWira); cali xeli win hqonda gaSverili,
magram xelis zusti pozicia icvleboda xolme; seriozuli, mizanmimarTuli, Cafiqrebuli
da odnav ironiuli gamometyveleba hqonda, magram arasdros — mxiaruli. [95] xSirad lenins
msxvil masStabSi gamosaxavdnen, perspeqtivis xazgasmuli darRveviT.
saxeebis Tanmimdevruloba da erTgvarovneba, cxadia, gamowveuli iyo vizualuri propa-
gandis saSualebebis swrafi da siRrmiseuli centralizaciiT, romelic 1931 wlidan daiwyo,
roca upiratesoba „izogizs“ mianiWes da 1932 wlidan saxelovnebo organizaciebi daiSala
da isini erTaderTma oficialurad sanqcirebulma sabWoTa xelovanTa kavSirma Caanacv-
la. [96] kritikosebi am wlebSi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen leninis da „mase-
bis“ urTierTobis saTanado reprezentaciis sakiTxs. rogorc davinaxeT, „masebi“ beladis
reprezentaciisas semiotikur sistemaSi pirvelad leninis gardacvalebis Semdeg gamoCnda.
Tanamedrove terminologiiT, is xels uwyobda avtors, rom beladis saqmianoba efeqturad
warmoeCina — beladis, romelic „organulad iyo dakavSirebuli proletar masebTan“. ro-
gorc erTma kritikosma aRniSna: „proletariatis beladis idea moiTxovs, rom ZiriTad
kompoziciaSi masebi SemoviyvanoT.“ [97] 1930-iani wlebis dasawyisisTvis, masebi leninis ga-
mosaxulebis matarebeli plakatebis ganuyrel Semadgenel nawilad iqca. plakatebze maTi
warmodgena gulisxmobda leninis ukvdavebis vizualur simbolizacias: is arsebobas agr-
Zelebda misi mimdevrebis gulebsa da gonebaSi. leninis mimdevrebma misi ideebi, politika,
memkvidreoba gaagrZeles.
Tanamedrove kritikosebisTvis am sakiTxis mniSvneloba cxadad vlindeba im Sefasebidan,
romelic aleqsandr gerasimovis mier 1930 wels Seqmnili naxatis „lenini tribunaze“ mixed-
viT 1932 wels gamosuli plakatis mimarT gamoTqves (ilustracia 4.10). [98] naxatze warmod-
genilia qveviT Seyrili masebis zemoT, tribunaze mdgomi lenini, romelic sityvas warmoTq-
vams. marcxena xelSi kepi uWiravs, marjvena xeliT pijakis sayelos eWideba. misi saxe TiTqmis
profilSia warmodgenili, nikapi odnav aweuli aqvs. mis qvemoT, diagonalze, vxedavT wiTel
92
droSas. xalxi qvemoTaa. leninis tribunaze an kaTedraze gamosaxva vizualuri konvenciaa,
romelic 1922 wlidan momdinareobs da romelsac 1930-iani wlebis leninianaSi xSirad Sei-
Zleba SevxvdeT. [99] Tanamedrove mimomxilveli, g. leleviCi [l. kalmansoni] Tavis mimoxil-
vas gerasimoviseuli portretis Sesaxeb „proletariatis beladis“ portretebis zogadi mi-
moxilviT iwyebda. [100] leleviCi ganasxvavebda beladis sabWoTa portretebs burJuaziuli
da aristokratuli versiebisgan. misi mtkicebiT, pirveli ufro intimuri iyo, meore ki —
„samxedro aRlumisTvis damaxasiaTebeli simkacriT“ gamoirCeoda. proletariatis beladis
portretma, amis sapirispirod, unda „gaaerTianos individualuri msgavseba da mTeli revo-
luciuri klasis beladis ideis gamoxatva.“ [101] gerasimovis mier Sesrulebul portretze
saubrisas, leleviCi akritikebs mxatvris mier warmodgenil leninis gamometyvelebas da
Jests, romelic, misi TqmiT, avlens tanjvas da gaRizianebas, rac beladisTvis Seuferebe-
lia. upirvelesad ki, misTvis miuRebeli aRmoCnda gerasimovis kompoziciaSi masebis bundo-
vnad Cveneba, vinaidan „uformo da spontanuri masa“ „proletariatis beladis“ STagonebis
wyarod ver iqceva. man naxats „tipuri wvrilburJuaziuli interpretacia“ uwoda. [102] ger-
asimovis portretis sxva mimoxilvebSic igive kritika iyo warmodgenili da xazs usvamdnen
mxatvris mxridan „masebis“ Cvenebis uunarobas. [103]
1932 wels, brZanebulebis safuZvelze, aages sabWoebis sasaxle moskovSi, sadac unda gan-
Tavsebuliyo leninis memoriali da gardacvlili beladisadmi miZRvnili ferweruli ni-
muSebisa da qandakebebis muzeumi. [104] boris iofanis mier daproeqtebuli Senoba, romelic
qriste mxsnelis saxelobis eklesiis adgilas, kremlis maxloblad unda aegoT, 415 metris
simaRlis unda yofiliyo (saqorwilo tortis formis) da masze leninis 100-metriani qan-
dakeba unda daedgaT. qandakebis maketSi leninis marjvena xeli ciskenaa apyrobili, uqudo
Tavi — zeviT aweuli, TiTqos uzenaess elaparakeba. marcxena fexi win aqvs gadadgmuli da
mTeli sxeuli moZraobaSia. [105] Tuki yvelaferi ise iqneboda, rogorc gegmavdnen, Senobis
simaRle niu iorkis empaia sTeiT bildings gadaaWarbebda simaRleSi da msoflioSi yvelaze
maRali iqneboda. magram proeqti naxazebze darCa da im adgilas sacurao auzi aages.
1934 wels, leninis gardacvalebidan aTi wlisTavze, mTavrobam gamouSva samaxsovro
markebi leninis gamosaxulebiT, romelzec warmodgenili iyo misi cxovrebis sxvadasxva eta-
pi, bavSvobidan beladobamde. [106] imave wels, „izogizma“ Caatara konkursi leninis saukeTe-
so plakatis gamosavlenad, romelSic araerTi cnobili mxatvari monawileobda. [107]
energiuli revolucioneridan lenini mkacr da Rirseul saxelmwifo moRvawed iqca, rom-
lis ukvdavebas mudmivad adasturebdnen „masebi“, romlebic misi gardacvalebis Semdegac ki
agrZelebdnen mis memkvidreobas da emorCilebodnen mis brZanebebs. [108] misi balzamirebu-
li sxeuli mavzoleumSi imas adasturebda, rom leninis „ori sxeuli“ ukvdavia.

stalinianis dasawyisi

1930-iani wlebis pirvel naxevarSi, rodesac leninis ikonografia TandaTan mkvidrde-

boda, kidev erTi mniSvnelovani cvlileba xdeboda: pirvelad wyvildeboda leninis saxe an
saxeli stalinisasTan. politikuri mxatvroba udides funqcias asrulebda stalinis ax-
ali kultis popularizaciis saqmeSi. plakatebze grafikulad aisaxeboda or kacs Soris
mimarTeba da qmnida vizualur qveteqsts, rac stalinis sakralur aurasa da leninTan mis
asociaciur kavSirze mianiSnebda.
ukve 1925 wels, es ori figura vizualurad erTmaneTs daukavSirda a.n. mixailovskis nax-
atSi „v.i. lenini da i.b. stalini gorkiSi, 1922 wlis zafxulSi“. [109] aq lenini da stalini
93
gverdigverd arian gamosaxuli, megobrul garemoSi; orives mzera damTvalierebliskenaa
mimarTuli. samTavrobo stambam es naxati 200 000-iani tiraJiT gamosca, rac im droisTvis
metismetad did tiraJad iTvleboda da imaze miuTiTebda, rom mis farTod gavrcelebas
apirebdnen. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, 1925 da 1926 wlebSi, stalingradis plakatSi lenini
da stalini impliciturad erTmaneTs daukavSirdnen (ilustracia 4.6).
1929 wlis dekemberSi stalinis Tayvaniscema axal safexurze gadavida, misi ormocdaaTi
wlisTavis aRsaniSnavad. 1929 wlis 21 dekembris „pravdis“ mTeli gamoSveba mas mieZRvna da sa-
gangebod, anTologiac gamosces, sadac bevri mowinave bolSevikis mier stalinis uzomo qeba
Sevida. ukrainulma Jurnalma „za gramotu“ stalinis portreti dekembris nomris garekanze
ganaTavsa. portretis fonad leninis silueti Canda. [110] partiis beladis „beatifikacia“ dai-
wyo. [111] 1930 wlidan, reJimma masobrivi propagandis yvela forma aamoqmeda, rom stalinisT-
vis xotba SeesxaT. [112] kultis evoluciaSi gardamtexi momenti 1931 wlis oqtomberSi moxda,
rodesac stalinma gamoaqveyna kritikuli werili, romelSic kritikis winaaRmdeg leninis is-
toriul Canawers icavda da amtkicebda, rom beladi Seumcdari iyo. [113] sikvdilisTanave, le-
nini ukvdavad gamocxadda. stalinis werilma sabolood ganamtkica leninis Seumcdaroba. am,
erTi SexedviT mistiur argumentebs leninis srulyofilebasTan dakavSirebiT, udidesi mniS-
vneloba hqonda stalinis kultis ganviTarebisTvis. rogorc roberT Takeri werda: „stalini
kultis Seqmnis strategias misdevda, leninis Seucdomlobis aRiarebis gziT. partiis yofili
beladis ikonografiul figurad gardaqmniT, romelzec araviTari kritika ar vrceldeboda,
stalinis werilma farulad misi memkvidre-beladis msgavsi gandidebisTvis Seamzada niada-
gi.“ [114] stalini aviTarebda leninis „sxva sxeulis“ miTologias.
1930 da 1931 wlebSi ori plakati gamoqveynda, romlebic vizualurad am or adamians uka-
vSirdeboda. plakati, saxelwodebiT — „leninis droSiT socialisturi mSeneblobisTvis“,
klucisma Seqmna da 1930 wels 30 000-iani tiraJiT gamovida (ilustracia 4.11). [115] klucisma
fotomontaJis xerxi gamoiyena leninsa da stalins Soris damokidebulebis naTelsayofad.
ori saxe — orive foto — plakatis centrSia ganTavsebuli. leninis mzera pirdapir damT-
valierebliskenaa mimarTuli, magram mis saxes ocnebiT aRsavse, Soreuli mzera da TiTqmis
sevdiani gamometyveleba aqvs. mis ukan vxedavT stalins, romlis mxolod cali Tvali Cans.
marTalia, misi saxe naxevrad dafaruli da nawilobriv daCrdilulia, magram mis mzeraSi ig-
rZnoba gabeduleba da Zala. es gamorCeuli plakati asociaciurad aerTianebs or belads
da erTmaneTs upirispirebs mSvid inteleqtual lenins da moqmed foladis kacs — stalins.
klucisis plakatis kompozicia 1930-iani wlebis dasawyisis vizualuri tendenciebis
nimuSia, rodesac diagonalur xazebs, rac konstruqtivistuli stilisTvis iyo damaxasi-
aTebeli, unda gadmoeca dinamiuri moZraoba da bevri mxatvari iyenebda mas pirveli xuT-
wledis gegmis intensiurobis gadmosacemad. klucisma leninis da stalinis gamosaxulebe-
bi kuTxeebSi samrewvelo scenebis CarCoSi moaqcia, ise, rom mTel plakatze diagonaluri
xazebis seriebia warmodgenili. magram yvelaze mniSvnelovani isaa, rom stalinis kultis
aRmocenebis TvalsazrisiT, am SemTxvevaSi beladebi erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli iyvnen
asociaciurad, urTierTdakavSirebuli saxeebis saSualebiT. sxva plakatebze asociacia
teqstis gziT myardeboda. [116] es metonimiuri xerxi „lenin-stalinis Seucdomlobis da
mTlianobis kultis“ ideis aqcentirebas emsaxureboda. [117] g. kibardinis 1931 wlis plaka-
tze „modiT, avagoT leninis saxelobis diriJablebis eskadroni“ ara mxolod erTmaneTTan
akavSirebs qveynis liderebs, aramed afasebs kidec maT. [118] aRniSnuli plakati klucisis
namuSevris stilSi iyo Cafiqrebuli, fotomontaJis da diagonaluri xazebis gamoyenebiT.
leninis masStaburi gamosaxuleba (foto) wina planzea scenaSi warmodgenili. mas marjvena
xeli aweuli aqvs, TiTqos qvemoT gamosaxuli liliputis zomis demonstrantebis kurTxevis
94
niSnad. magram plakatze yuradRebas ipyrobs eqvsi diriJablis eskadronis gamosaxuleba,
romlebic yviTel caze livlivebs. yvelaze did diriJablze amotvifrulia leninis saxe-
li; mis zemoT, masze odnav patara diriJablze ki stalinis saxels vxedavT. danarCenebs
aweria — „Zveli bolSeviki“, „pravda“ da „klim voroSilovi“. eleqtrogadamcemi anZa lenin-
is paraleluradaa moTavsebuli (orive diagonalur kuTxeSia). 1930-iani wlebis dasawyis-
Si eleqtrogadamcemi anZebi samrewvelo progresis mTavari simbolo iyo da am wlebis sxva
plakatebze msgavsi gamosaxulebebi gvxvdeba. [119]
1930-31 wlebSi, lenini da stalini sul ufro daukavSirdnen erTmaneTs sityvebiT da ga-
mosaxulebebiT da, rogorc wesi, vizualurad lenini upiratesobiT sargeblobda. amis mi-
uxedavad, cvlilebebi iwyeboda, romlebic male Secvlida imas, Tu rogor warmosaxavdnen
mxatvrebi maT mimarTebas. „pravdis“ cnobiT, partiis meTeqvsmete kongresis (1930 wlis 26
ivnisi) gaxsnis dRes gamofenili iyo stalinis portreti profilSi da mis ukan moCanda le-
ninis profili. rogorc Takeri ambobs, „didi gamWriaxoba ar iyo saWiro mTavari saTqmelis
misaxvedrad, rom stalini ukve dRevandel leninad iTvleboda“. [120] momdevno wels, „bol-
SevikSi“ gamoqveynebul statiaSi stalini pirvelad iyo moxseniebuli marqsis, engelsis da
leninis gverdiT, rogorc materialisturi dialeqtikis sibrZnis wyaro. [121] reJimis sxva
gamorCeul gmirebTan mimarTebaSi stalinis sajaro statussa da reprezentaciaSi momxdari
es cvlilebebi SemdgomSi vizualurad gamoixata 1932 wlis pirvel maiss, rodesac moskovis
puSkinis skverSi leninis da stalinis identuri zomis sruli portretebi gamokides. [122]
male zogierTma mxatvarma stalinis saxis xazgasma leninis xarjze daiwyo. am tendenciis
naTeli magaliTia 1932 wels gamoqveynebuli, klucisis mier Seqmnili plakati „socializmis
gamarjveba Cvens qveyanaSi garantirebulia“. (ilustracia 4.12). [123] stalini (mas samxedro
stilis qudi da Sineli acvia) mzrunveli mzeriT uyurebs samrewvelo scenas da wiTeldroSe-
bian muSaTa masas. erT-erT am droSaze leninis Zalian patara zomis profilia gamosaxuli
— imdenad patara, rom faqtobrivad, SeiZleba verc ki SeniSnoT. stalinis saxis msgavsi, ma-
gram arc Tu imdenad mkveTri gamoyofa da leninis damcroba SeiniSneba denis mier 1932 wels
Seqmnil plakatze „15 oqtomberi“. [124] es da sxva plakatebi, romlebic 1932 wels gamoqveynda,
moaswavebda ori beladis reprezentaciaSi axali, mniSvnelovani fazis dasawyiss.
1933 wlis ianvarSi, centraluri komitetis plenumis Semdeg, stalinis, rogorc „Seumc-
dari geniis“ gandidebam axal safexurze gadainacvla. [125] klucisis mier Seqmnil 1933 wlis
plakati „awieT maRla marqsis, engelsis, leninis da stalinis droSa!“ (CanarTi 5) stalin-
is kultis intensifikaciaze miuTiTebs. [126] plakati pirvelad 50 000-iani tiraJiT gamov-
ida da mokle xanSi damatebiT 30 000-iani tiraJiTac dabeWdes. amis Semdeg xelaxla dabe-
Wdes 1936 (250 000 cali) da 1937 wlebSi, Tan ocze met enaze. [127] am masStabiT reprintebi
oTxi wlis manZilze, rac sakmaod uCveulo da unikaluri fenomenic ki iyo, imaze miuTiTebs,
rom klucisis mier gamosaxuli oTxi didi adamiani oficialur ideologias Seesabameboda.
[128] plakati uCveulod did formatSia damzadebuli. masze warmodgenilia Tanabari zomis,
horizontalurad ganlagebuli marqsis, engelsis, leninis da stalinis saxeebis fotoebi.
TiToeuli maTgani wiTeli droSis fonze Cans. zemoT da qvemoT naCvenebia revoluciebis,
warsulis da awmyos scenebi da momRimari sabWoTa xalxis kadrebi. [129] plakatebis brwy-
invale mxatvar kluciss, romelic SesaniSnavad grZnobda politikuri amindis cvlilebas
da zogjer winaswarac ki akeTebda prognozebs, kargad esmoda detalebis mniSvneloba ofi-
cialurad STagonebul semiotikur sistemaSi. am plakatze TvalSisacemi detali ukavSird-
eba oTx adamians. fotoebze marqsi, engelsi da lenini erTi mimarTulebiT, ganze iyurebian.
mxolod stalinia erTaderTi am oTxidan, romelic pirdapir uyurebs damTvalierebels. mx-
atvris arCevani kargad iyo mofiqrebuli, vinaidan im droisTvis arsebobda marqsis da le-
95
ninis kargad cnobili portretebi, sadac isini pirdapir iyurebodnen. [130] pirdapiri mzera
stalins gamoarCevs danarCenebisgan da mis saxes gansakuTrebul mimzidvelobas aniWebs. is
sasxvaTaSorisod, magram mainc mniSvnelovnebiT xazs usvams stalinis gamorCeulobas da
mas sxvebisgan gansxvavebul poziciaSi ayenebs. erTi detalis meSveobiT, mxatvarma miuTiTa,
rom stalini ara mxolod didi adamianebis panTeonis wevria, aramed is aris primus inter pares.
1933 wlamde, sabWoTa politikur xelovnebaSi pirdapiri mzera iSviaTad gamoiyeneboda,
Tumca arsebobs amis ramdenime mniSvnelovani gamonaklisi. [131] 1930-iani wlebis dasawyis-
Si ramdenime TvalSisacem plakatSi gamoyenebuli iyo es xerxi, [132] rac, ueWvelad, miznad
isaxavda damTvaliereblis yuradRebis mipyrobas da plakatis zemoqmedebis Zalis gazr-
das. damTvaliereblisTvis Tvalis gasworebis xerxs vxvdebiT mecxramete saukunis rusul
xatebSic. rus xatmwerebs „CveodaT e.w. „didi Tvalis“ gamosaxva xatze da mis qvemoT sityva
„RmerTis“ warwera.“ [133]
1933 wlis ganmavlobaSi gamoqveynebuli plakatis mimoxilvebidan ueWvelad vlindeba,
rom politikuri xelovnebis warmomadgenlebsa da kritikosebs Soris miRweuli iyo saer-
To SeTanxmeba leninisa da stalinis urTierTmimarTebasTan dakavSirebiT. rogorc erTi
mimomxilveli aRniSnavs, xelovanebma „unda gansazRvron da gamoavlinon udidesi revolu-
ciuri Zala, rac amxanag stalins, rogorc udides strategs da bolSevizmis Teoretikoss,
genioss, leninis mowafes da misi saqmis gamgrZelebels axasiaTebs.“ [134] am miTiTebebis kva-
lad, xelovanebi ori beladis vizualuri reprezentaciisas, zogadad, stalins aniWebdnen
upiratesobas. es imas niSnavda, rom stalinis sintaqsuri pozicia semiotikur sistemaSi mis
dominanturobaze miuTiTebda: is wina planze idga, mayurebels mxolod is uyurebda pirisp-
ir, an misi gamosaxuleba leninisaze didi iyo. [135]
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, Cans, Tu ra etapebi gaiara leninsa da stalins Soris
mimarTebis asaxvam 1930 wlidan. Tavidan dominanturi figura iyo lenini, romelTan mimarTe-
baSic TanabarmniSvnelovan figurad gamocxadda stalini. TandaTanobiT, 1933 wlisTvis,
stalinis pozicia upiratesi gaxda — zogjer Riad, zogjer Sefarulad. 1933 wlis 7 noem-
bers, oqtombris revoluciis meTeqvsmete wlisTavze, „pravdam“ gamoaqveyna klucisis mier
Seqmnili kolaJi. leninis „formaluri da uRimRamo“ portreti, romelic statiis „masebi
qmnian istorias“ ilustraciis funqcias asrulebda, „stalinis cocxali gamosaxulebis“
fonad gamoiyenes. stalini napoleonis pozaSia warmodgenili, leninis sapirispiro mimar-
TulebiT, samrewvelo da sasoflo-sameurneo sivrceebis amsaxveli scenebisken iyureba da
„gabedul, energiul saxeebs“ xedavs.“ [136] rodesac ucxoelma korespondentma iujin laion-
sma 1933 wlis 7 noembers gorkis quCaze beladebis portretebi da biustebi daiTvala, aR-
moCnda, rom stalinis gamosaxuleba 103 erTeuliT iyo warmodgenili, xolo leninis — 58-
iT. [137] „izogizis“ sawarmoo gegmis mixedviT, 1936 wels unda daemzadebinaT marqsis ori,
engelsis erTi, leninis Svidi da stalinis aTi portreti. [138] 1938 wels, „izogizis“ gegmiT,
unda gamoeqveynebinaT marqsis erTi, leninis ori, stalinis Svidi, xolo erTi — leninis da
stalinis erToblivi portreti. [139]
mniSvnelovani iyo ara mxolod calkeuli liderisadmi miZRvnili plakatebis raodeno-
ba, aramed TiToeuli plakatis tiraJi. propagandistuli kampania ufro intensiuri gaxda
1930-iani wlebis Sua xanebsa da bolos. tiraJi meryeobda 10 000-dan ramdenime aseul aTasam-
de. stalinis gamosaxulebiani plakatebis tiraJi uzarmazari iyo. 1936 wels Seqmnili stalin-
is portretis 250 000 egzemplari gamovida. [140] 1935 wels klucisis mier Seqmnil plakatze
„gaumarjos Cvens bednier socialistur samSoblos“ (ilustracia 4.13) warmodgenilia stalini
hegemoniur poziciaSi, zemoxsenebuli xerxis gamoyenebiT. [141] TviTmfrinavebis eskadrone-
bi wiTeli moednis Tavze dafrinaven. TiToeul maTgans mniSvnelovani pirovnebebis saxele-
96
bi aweria, leniniT da staliniT dawyebuli, gorkiT, kalininiT, molotoviT, voroSiloviT
da sxvebiT damTavrebuli. stalini (wina planze) da voroSilovi (odnav mis ukan) esalmebi-
an TviTmfrinavebs TavianTi tribunidan. [142] ara mxolod stalini Cans pirvel planze, ar-
amed misi moTayvane momRimari adamianebis saxeebi, romlebic mas uyureben da zogierTi xelis
qneviT esalmeba belads. stalinis upiratesoba ganmtkicebulia teqstiT, romelic acxadebs:
„gaumarjos Cvens sayvarel, did stalins!“ aq ara mxolod TviTmfrinavebma Caanacvla diri-
Jablebi (rogorc es kibardiniseul 1931 wlis versiaSi iyo), aramed stalinma, rogorc sabWo-
Ta beladma, Secvala lenini, romelic ara mxolod didia, aramed yvelas uyvars.
pirveli stalinuri premia xelovnebaSi 1941 wlis dasawyisSi gaica 1934-dan 1940 wlamde
Sesrulebuli namuSevrebisTvis. prizebi Temebis da Janrebis mixedviT gasces. sul xuTi
Tema iyo: stalini, lenini, beladis amxanagebi, muSebi da istoriuli Temebi. 1941 wels pir-
veli prizi gadaeca oTx namuSevars stalinis Sesaxeb, erTs — leninis, ors — amxanagebis,
erTs — muSebis da ors — istoriuli Temebis Sesaxeb. [143] 1930-dan 1940 wlamde lenini Tay-
vaniscemis obieqtad rCeboda, magram misi varskvlavi stalinis gverdiT sul ufro patara-
vdeboda da mkrTaldeboda.

stalinis ori sxeuli

bolSevikuri „mistiuri fiqciis“ Tanaxmad, stalinma, rogorc beladma, leninisgan imem-

kvidra ukvdavebis, Seucdomlobis da srulyofilebis zebunebrivi Tvisebebi. sityvebi da
gamosaxulebebi, romlebic stalins da lenins akavSirebda, am kavSiris ganmtkicebas isaxav-
da miznad. magram zogjer stalini leninis gareSe Cndeboda politikur plakatebze. amgvari
plakatebi 1932 wlamde SedarebiT iSviaTi iyo.
am tipis yvelaze adreuli plakati, romelsac mivakvlie, gamoCnda 1929 wels. plakati
„stalini delegati qalebis garemocvaSi“ n.i. mixailovma Seqmna. is iyo mxatvari, romelic
revoluciuri xelovnebis asociaciaSi iyo gawevrianebuli. organizacia im gegmis ganxor-
cielebas cdilobda, romlis Tanaxmadac, mxatvrebma revoluciuri movlenebi, liderebi
da monawileebi, gansakuTrebiT Cveulebrivi adamianebi — muSebi da glexebi unda asaxon.
plakatze gamosaxulia magidasTan mjdomi stalini, romelic glex qalebs keTilganwyobiT
xvdeba. plakati Sedioda im seriaSi, romelic asociaciis iniciativiT iqmneboda da iseT
namuSevrebs aerTianebda, rogoricaa: „kalinini uzbekebis garemocvaSi“, „glexebi stumrad
leninTan“ da „glexebi stumrad kalininTan“. [144] momdevno wels, cnobilma sabWoTa mxat-
varma-satirikosma denim Seqmna plakati stalinis gamosaxulebiT. fanqriT Sesrulebul
naxatze „stalinis Cibuxi“ gamosaxulia stalini Cibuxis wevis dros. [145] bolSi gaxveuli
arian mtrebi — mZarcvelebi, kulakebi da nepelebi, romlebsac stalini kvamlSi axvevs. [146]
1931 wels stalinis reprezentacia axal etapze gadavida, rodesac beladis oficialuri
portreti 150 000-iani tiraJiT gamoica. [147] leninis oficialuri mxatvris statusis mqone
isaak brodskis mier Seqmnil stalinis portretze warmodgenilia magidis miRma mdgari
stalini, romelic xeliT magidas msubuqad eyrdnoba, magidaze gazeTi devs. (ilustracia
4.14). [148] mas muqi feris, samxedro stilis kiteli acvia da pirdapir uyurebs damTvalier-
ebels, seriozuli da gulwrfeli mzeriT. stalinis saxeli (mamis saxelis CaTvliT) por-
tretis qvemoT moCans. rodesac momdevno wels leninis gerasimoviseuli portreti plaka-
tad gamovida, mxolod 25 000-iani tiraJiT gavrcelda. [149]
marTalia, amis Semdeg stalinis araerTi saxe Seiqmna ferweraSi, qandakebasa Tu politi-
kur xelovnebaSi, magram brodskiseuli portreti adreuli periodis im vizualuri mcde-
97
lobis mniSvnelovani nimuSia, romelic stalinis, rogorc adamianis, „mokvdavi sxeulis“ da
beladis asaxvas iTvaliswinebda da romelic Semdgomi xanis reprezentaciebSi warmodge-
nili iyo bavSvebis moferebis procesSi, kolmeurneebTan da muSebTan Sexvedrisas, Cibuxis
mowevisas da mamobriv saxes qmnida. stalinis, rogorc keTili da upretenzio personaJis
saxes — xalxis wiaRidan gamosuli ubralo adamiani — saguldagulod qmnidnen stalinis
xanis politikur xelovnebaSi.
klucisma, romelic yovelTvis SesaniSnavad ergeboda stalinianis niuansebs, 1931 wels
daxata plakati, romelSic xazs usvamda stalinis adamianur da amxanagur Tvisebebs. plaka-
tze „Cveni programis realoba — cocxali adamianebi, me da Tqven varT“ stalini maRaro-
elebis gverdiT miabijebs demonstraciaze (ilustracia 4.15). [150] kepSi, Sinelsa da CeqmebSi
upretenziod gamowyobili stalini, cali xeliT jibeSi, namdvil xalxis wiaRidan gamosul
adamianad gvevlineba. sagulisxmoa, rom am plakatisTvis klucisis mier Seqmnil CanaxatebSi
stalini gacilebiT ufro did masStabSia warmodgenili, vidre maRaroelebi — es is xerxia,
romelsac mxatvari efeqturad iyenebda 1932 wlis Semdeg Seqmnil plakatebSi. [151] es plaka-
ti axali sakraluri centrisken mimaval gzaze mniSvnelovani nabijia. maRaroelTa gverdiT
mimavali stalinis gamometyveleba axali procesis dasawyisze mianiSnebs, rodesac heroi-
kuli proletariati TandaTan stalinis figuriT icvleba. rogorc margaret tupicini amt-
kicebda, „aqamde ucnobi muSis saxes SeuerTda politikuri lideris konkretuli saxe, xolo
xuTwledis gegmis anonimuri sloganebi stalinis gancxadebebma Caanacvla.. [am plakatze]
vxedavT pirvel nabijebs, rodesac saxelmwifo [152] cdilobs xelyos proletariatis, ro-
gorc socialisturi aRmSeneblobis avtoris, pozicia.“
„Cveni programis realuroba“ da amis msgavsi sxva plakatebi sagulisxmoa, vinaidan isini
xazs usvamen stalinis mokvdav sxeuls. magram stalinis saxe, romlis damuSavebac 1930-ian
wlebSi daiwyes, metismetad kompleqsuri iyo da xelovanebs esmodaT, rom beladis reprez-
entacia lideris ori sxeulis asaxvas moiTxovda. Sesabamisad, xelovanebi beladis — ukv-
davi da Seucdomeli stalinis — „sxva sxeulis“ asaxvisTvis axal da damajerebel xerxebs
eZebdnen. stalini TandaTan sul ufro meti da uxvi sityvieri qeba-didebis obieqti xdebo-
da, xolo misi gaRmerTeba xelovanebisTvis axal gamowvevad iqca. [153]
kacma rom Tqvas, rogor unda asaxo cocxali RmerTi?
erTi strategiis mixedviT, stalinis sxvadasxva hipostasi unda eCvenebinaT: stalini,
rogorc didi revolucioneri; stalini — dRevandeli lenini; stalini — didi saxelm-
wifo moRvawe, beladi da maswavlebeli; stalini — qveynis brZeni maswavlebeli da eris mama;
stalini — „kacTa Soris ubrZenesi“. [154]
konkretuli mxatvruli xerxebi gansakuTrebuli mowonebiT sargeblobda xelovanebis da
kritikosebis mxridan. erT-erTi iyo stalinis figuris masStabSi gazrda sxva adamianebsa da
sagnebTan SedarebiT. perspeqtivis rRvevas sakmaod xangrZlivi istoria aqvs sabWoTa poli-
tikur xelovnebaSi; xelovani, romelmac stalinis gansadideblad am xerxis SemoqmedebiTad
gamoyenebis axlebur gzas daudo saTave, iyo klucisi.
1932 wels Seqmnil ramdenime plakatze stalinis gamosaxulebiT, klucisma Zalian
efeqturad gamoiyena perspeqtivis rRvevis xerxi. ukve aRvniSneT, rom stalini did masStab-
Sia asaxuli plakatze „socializmis gamarjveba“ (ilustracia 4.12). es da sxva plakatebi,
rogoricaa, magaliTad, „sabWoTa kavSiris xuTwliani koleqtivizaciis bolos“ [155] — xazs
usvams stalinis rols ekonomikaSi. am ukanasknel plakatSi stalinis msxvilmasStabiani fo-
toa gamoyenebuli, sadac belads Soreuli sivrcisken aqvs mipyrobili mzera. mas mbrZaneb-
luri ieri aqvs da didi qarizma igrZnoba. [156] plakatis Tanamedrove mimomxilvelma moi-
wona stalinis klucisiseuli plakati da misi centraluri pozicia kompoziciaSi, magram
98
mkacrad gaakritika is, rom mxatvarma ver moaxerxa lideris da masebis adekvaturi dakav-
Sireba. [157]
masebis mimarT stalinis damokidebulebis sakiTxi mniSvnelovani iyo stalinis Temaze
Seqmnili plakatebis mimoxilvisas. rogorc davinaxeT, leninis gardacvalebis Semdeg, be-
ladis reprezentaciaSi xalxi mniSvnelovan elementad iqca. 1930-ian wlebSi politikuri
xelovnebis kritikosebma didi yuradReba dauTmes am sakiTxs, rodesac isini aanalizebdnen
stalinis gamosaxulebian plakatebs. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT isini ufro xSirad gamoxat-
avdnen TavianT ukmayofilebas. igive bedi ewia denis da dolgorukovis mier 1934 wels Seqm-
nil plakats „gaumarjos leninur komunistur partias, mZlavri socialisturi mSeneblobis
organizators“. [158] 175 000-iani tiraJiT gamosuli es plakati mTeli taniT warmogvidgens
stalins, romelic xuT xels moyavs. droSebi da samrewvelo scenebi asaxulia fonad. kri-
tikosi v. kalugini aRSfoTebas ver malavda: „amxanagi stalinis, rogorc masebis beladis,
geniosi lideris, socialisturi mSeneblobis aqtiuri monawilis (tyuilad ar uwodebdnen
sabWoTa kavSiris mSromelebi TavianT belads „saukeTeso damkvrel muSas“, „sanimuSo kol-
meurnes“) warmosaCenad, mxatvrebma misi figura masebze zemoT warmoadgines da daupirisp-
ires mas. masebs Camocilebuli aqvs klasobrivi xasiaTi, depersonalizebulia, am sityvis
pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT (masebi warmodgenilia mxolod zemoT aweuli xelebiT).“ [159]
amis sapirispirod, 1934 wels, iosif gromickis mier Seqmnilma plakatma „gaumarjos diad
da uZlevel marqsis, engelsis da leninis droSas“ kritikosebis dadebiTi gamoxmaureba ga-
moiwvia. [160] „izogizis“ mier SedarebiT mcire tiraJiT — 10 000-iani egzemplariT gamoSve-
bul plakatze vxedavT kaTedrasTan, mikrofonis win mdgar stalins, romelic zemoT aR-
niSnul frazas ambobs. amas moyveba kidev erTi grZeli citata, romelic adamianebs Tavdau-
zogavi Sromisken mouwodebs. stalinis marjvniv warmodgenili arian mxiaruli demonstran-
tebi, romelTac uWiravT droSa, warweriT: „gaumarjos Cvens diad belad, amx. stalins!“. kri-
tikosis SefasebiT: „am plakatze vxedavT politikurad Rrma da swor midgomas [mSromeli
adamianebis mimarT] da misgan gamomdinare konstruqciul qcevas.“ [161]
termini „diadi beladi“ gulisxmobs dids, yovlisSemZles, amaRlebuls. es hiperbolu-
ri ena gansakuTrebuli sixSiriT Cndeba stalinis ganmadidebel politikur plakatebSi.
[162] roziaxovskis mier 1936 wels Seqmnili plakati „gaumarjos konstituciis Semoqmeds“
uzarmazari, 250 000-iani tiraJiT gamovida. [163] Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT tiraJis masStabs,
plakati gaTvaliswinebuli iyo im wlis mniSvnelovani propagandistuli miznebisTvis.
plakatis zeda naxevars avsebs stalinis naxevrad profilSi warmodgenili portreti wi-
Tel fonze. qvemoT, didi, Savi asoebiT, weria teqsti: „gaumarjos Tavisufali da bednieri
sabWoTa xalxebis konstituciis Semoqmeds, mTeli msoflios mSromelTa maswavlebels da
megobars, Cvens mSobliur stalins!“. sityva „mSobliuri“ dakavSirebulia „samSoblosTan“.
Ziri „Sob“ araerTi sityvis safuZvelia, rac sisxlismier naTesaobas, kavSirs, aseve ojaxs,
dabadebas ukavSirdeba; Soba — dabadeba, mSoblebi, naTesavebi, ojaxuri urTierTobebi; mS-
obliuri — sisxliT naTesavi, Zvirfasi, sayvareli, axlobeli. ase rom, stalinis mimarT zed-
sarTavi „mSobliuris“ gamoyeneba massa da mosaxleobas — am SemTxvevaSi, mamasa da Svilebs
— Soris ojaxur kavSirze miuTiTebs.
1930-iani wlebis ganmavlobaSi stalinis saxeldebaTagan sagulisxmoa „mama“. [164] sxva
konotaciebTan erTad, sityva „mamaTi“ mimarTavdnen sasuliero pirs. cxadia, es asociacia
mxedvelobidan ar gamorCeniaT Tanamedroveebs da is rusuli orTodoqsuli tradiciebis
ZiriTadi aspeqtebis miTvisebis da gaTavisebis nawili iyo. rogorc moSe levini aRniSnav-
da: „xalxis opiumis“ winaaRmdeg TiTqosda marqsistuli galaSqrebis ganmavlobaSi, sistemis
mTelma sulierma garemom gamoavlina rusuli orTodoqsuli civilizaciis zogierTi
99
saukunovani tendenciis mimarT daTmobis niSnebi, xolo zogierTi arc Tu ise Zvirfasi Ri-
rebuleba STanTqa. xatebis, wmindanTa relikviebis da procesiebis pativiscema da Tayvanis-
cema Canacvlda xatismagvari gamosaxulebebis, oficialuri masobrivi liturgiebis, gamo-
saxulebebis da gansakuTrebiT procesiebis da mavzoleumis momlocvelobis zedapiruli
imitaciebiT, sadac dabalzamebuli aTeisti ganisvenebda. [165] leninis ukvdavyofa 1930-ian
wlebSi stalinis gandidebam daCrdila, rac Tavisi formiT da SinaarsiT, TviT mesias gan-
didebas mogvagonebs. sabWoTa politikuri xelovnebis warmomadgenlebs Soris, klucisma
Seqmna ramdenime yvelaze dasamaxsovrebeli da originaluri plakati stalinis gamosax-
ulebiT. misi 1936 wlis plakati „kadrebi wyvets yvelafers“ stalinis gandidebis naTeli
magaliTia (ilustracia 4.16). [166] plakati ori nawilisgan Sedgeba, TiToeuli maTgani Cveu-
lebrivi zomis plakats Seesabameba. zeda nawilSi warmodgenilia stalinis masStaburi gamo-
saxuleba welszemoT. mas marjvena xeli aweuli aqvs, xelisguli win aqvs gamoSverili — esaa
mravalmniSvnelovani Jesti, rac SeiZleba gulisxmobdes misalmebasac, madlierebasac da
kurTxevasac. es poza Zalian hgavs qristes da sxvadasxva wmindanis pozas rusuli orTodo-
qsuli eklesiis zogierT xatze. [167] araerT xatze gamosaxuli qristes msgavsad, stalini
wiTel fonzea warmodgenili. is garSemortymulia momRimari mamakacebiT da qalebiT (fo-
tomontaJis xerxiT), romelTac yvavilebi uWiravT. plakatis qveda nawili aseve sagulisx-
moa. is iwyeba iqedan, sadac zeda nawili mTavrdeba — stalinis wels qvemodan. is Savi Ceqme-
biT miabijebs da grZel, samxedro paltoSia gamowyobili, romelic Ceqmebis yels ufaravs.
marcxena xeli sxeulTan axlos aqvs. plakatis am nawilSi is WeSmariti guliveriviTaa lil-
iputebis mxareSi. mxiaruli demonstrantebi (1936 wlisTvis xazgasmiT mxiarulebi), wiTeli
droSebiT xelSi, Semcirebul masStabSi arian warmodgenili, stalinis CeqmebTan SedarebiT
da stalins erTi nabijis gadadgmiT SeuZlia gaanadguros isini. [168]
stalins centraluri adgili ekava 1930-iani wlebis kampaniaSi, rac individualuri gmire-
bisTvis pativis migebas iTvaliswinebda. rogorc pirvel TavSi davinaxeT, warmoebaSi Car-
Tuli gmirebi (mrewvelobasa da soflis meurneobaSi) male daCrdiles axali tipis gmirebma,
maT Soris aviatorebma, aTletebma, mkvlevrebma da sxvebma, romlebmac gamorCeuli gmirobe-
bi Caidines. am periodis politikuri xelovnebis mTavari saTqmeli is iyo, rom stalini ara
mxolod udidesi gmiri, aramed sxva sabWoTa gmirebis Tilismadac miiCneoda. uCveulo magi-
is wyalobiT, anu did beladTan Tavis gaigivebiT, Cveulebrivi adamianebi sagmiro saqmeebi-
sTvis aucilebel STagonebas iRebdnen, niWiT, amtanobiT da simamaciT ivsebodnen.
zogierT am tipis plakatze araorazrovnad iyo warmodgenili saTqmeli. Cven ukve
aRvniSneT stalinis gamosaxulebis or kolmeurne qalis saxes Soris moTavsebis strategi-
uli mniSvneloba natalia pinusis 1933 wlis plakatze „qalebi kolmeurneobebSi didi Zalaa“
(ilustracia 3.11). [169] aseve, iuri ciSevskis 1935 wlis plakatze „gafarTovdes staxanovel-
Ta rigebi socialistur mindvrebze!“ gamosaxulia staxanoveli maria demCenko, romlis Tav-
zec stalinis suraTs vxedavT (ilustracia 3.12). stalini kiTxulobs „pravdis“ im gamoSve-
bas, romelSic demCenkos werili gamoqveynda, sadac is xalxis belads mosavlis gegmaze gad-
aWarbebiT aRebas pirdeba. [170] plakati 200 000-iani tiraJiT gamoqveynda, rac 1935 wlisTvis
erT-erT udides tiraJad iTvleboda.
mas msgavsi plakatebis seria mohyva: staxanovels miaqvs wiTeli droSa stalinis gamosax-
ulebiT (ilustracia 1.17); wiTeli droSa stalinis profiliT, romelic motocikletze mj-
dar, sacurao kostiumSi gamowyobil aTlet qals uWiravs; sami aviatori RimiliT uyurebs
stalins, romelic maT keTili mzeriT akvirdeba zemodan; droSa stalinis nawilobrivi
profilis gamosaxulebiT, romelic moskovi-volgis arxis Tavze frialebs; wiTeli droSa
stalinis profiliT, romelic TaRad adgas rigiTi mamakaci da qali kolmeurneebis qandake-
bas. [171] plakatebi am Temaze isev gamodioda meore msoflio omis Semdgom wlebSi.
100
 stalinis gansakuTrebulma gandidebam piks 1939 wlis agvistoSi miaRwia, rodesac moskov-
Si saerTo sakavSiro sasoflo-sameurneo gamofena gaixsna. moskovis CrdiloeTiT, 600 akr
teritoriaze ganTavsebul gamofenaze iyo pavilionebi, sadac gamofines soflis meurneo-
bis miRwevebi sabWoTa kavSiris TiToeul respublikasa da regionSi. sxvadasxva respublika-
ze da ara socialur klasze xazgasmiT, gamofena TiTqos win uswrebda meore msoflio omis
Semdgomi periodis imperiul paToss. Tavdapirvelad, saerTo sakavSiro sasoflo-sameur-
neo gamofena funqcionirebda, rogorc stalinis kultis demonstracia qveynisa da msof-
liosTvis. gamofenaze stalinis simboluri yofna jeimi gembrelma ase aRwera: [stalinis]
gamosaxuleba da misi saxeli yvelgan iyo.. misi gamonaTqvamebi yvela Temaze, dialeqtikuri
materializmidan cxvrebis gazrdis sakiTxebiT damTavrebuli, amotvifruli iyo pavili-
onis eqsterierisa da interieris kedlebze. traqtorebs, kombainebsa da kolmeurneobebs
misi saxeli erqva. TeTri TabaSirisgan damzadebuli misi mamobrivi gamosaxulebebi yvela
pavilionSi, sakurTxevlismagvar konstruqciaze iyo ganTavsebuli. Soreuli aRmosavleTis
pavilionSi is napoleonis pozaSi iyo warmodgenili, kremlis Tavze gadamfreni TviTmfrina-
vebis fonze. belarusis pavilionSi is leninTan erTad miabijebda; uzbekurSi — isini merx-
ze gverdigverd isxdnen; yazaxurSi — yazaxi fermerebi da mecxvareebi mis ferxTiT isxdnen.
yvelaze STambeWdavi iyo stalinis asi futis simaRlis betonis qandakeba, romelic moqanda-
ke merkurovma Seqmna da romelic centralur „soflis meurneobis meqanizaciis moedanze“
idga da mis fonze, yvelaze maRali pavilionebic ki patara moCanda. [172]
moskovis tretiakovis galereaSi gamofena „stalini da sabWoTa xalxi“ (romelic Semdeg
albomis saxiT gamovida) 1939 wels gaimarTa. muSaTa klubebisTvis, kolmeurneobebisTvis
da fabrika-qarxnebisTvis Seqmnili es naxatebi ganadidebdnen beladis cxovrebas, adreu-
li bavSvobidan Tanamedroveobamde. zogierTi namuSevari, rogoricaa n. grZeliSvilis „amx-
anagi stalini siymawvilis wlebSi“, romelzec gamosaxulia axalgazrda stalini, romelic
Tavis ideebs ganumartavs aRfrTovanebul xalxs, SeiZleba damTvalierebels moagonebda
religiur xatebs, romelzec qristes cxovrebis sxvadasxva etapi iyo gamosaxuli. [173] sta-
linsa da qristes Soris asociacia (vizualuri da verbaluri) 1930-iani wlebis bolosTvis
naklebad iTvleboda siaxled. stalinis „xatebi“ sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis nawilad iqca.
1939 wlis dekembrisTvis, rodesac qveyana stalinis dabadebidan samoci wlisTavs zeimob-
da, ramdenime mniSvnelovani movlena moxda. wina wlebis masobrivi terori TandaTan cxre-
boda da aTasobiT adamians patimrobidan aTavisuflebdnen; stalinma gaasajarova hitler-
Tan aTwliani Tavdausxmelobis SeTanxmeba da fineTis winaaRmdeg omi daiwyo. 21 dekembers
stalinis dabadebis dRe sayvareli beladisadmi, „istoriis lokomotivis didi saWeTmpyro-
belisadmi“, uamravi xotba-didebiT gamoirCeoda. [174] 1939 wels gamoqveynebulma plakateb-
ma toni misca sajaro liqnas. erT-erTze ewera: „stalini — adamianTa Soris ubrZenesi —
sayvarel mamaze axlobelia. naTeli sxivebiT is yvela xalxis, yvela tomis bavSvebs dana-
Tis.“ [175] viqtor govorkovis mier Seqmnili STambeWdavi plakati stalinis gamosaxulebiT
„stalini TiToeul Cvenganze zrunavs kremlSi“ 1940 wels 100 000-iani tiraJiT gamovida
(ilustracia 4.17). [176] magidis naTuris rbili sinaTliT ganaTebuli stalini magidasTan
zis kalammomarjvebuli da fiqrebSi Rrmad CaZiruli da wers. fanjaraSi sibnele imaze miu-
TiTebs, rom SuaRamea, rac im popularul gadmocemas ganamtkicebs, rom stalini, rogorc
dauRalavi beladi, SuaRamisas muSaobda. aqve moCans kremlis koSkis silueti, Tavisi mbrwy-
inavi varskvlaviT. plakatis ubraloeba da nacnobi simboloebi (varskvlavi, sinaTle) damT-
valierebels Seaxsenebda, rom stalini — „didi saWeTmpyrobeli“ — humanuri da didsulo-
vani beladi iyo. beladis ori sxeuli cocxali da saR-salamaTi iyo kremlSi.

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 Tavi mexuTe

bolSevikuri demonologia vizualur propagandaSi

TavianT cnobil eseiSi „binaruli modelebi rusuli kulturis dinamikaSi“ iuri lotmani
da boris uspenski amtkiceben, rom mecxramete saukunemdeli rusuli kultura agebuli iyo
„polarulobaze, romelic misi struqturis binarul bunebaSi gamoixateboda. Suasaukunee-
bis ruseTis mTavari kulturuli Rirebulebebi (ideologiuri, politikuri da religiuri)
nawildeboda bipolarul velze da mkveTrad iyo dasazRvruli, aqsiologiurad neitraluri
zonis gareSe.“ [1] Suasaukuneebis ruseTSi es „xazgasmuli dualizmi“ binaruli opoziciebis
wyebas warmoSobda: samoTxe da jojoxeTi, wminda da codvili, RvTaebrivi da eSmakeuli, Zve-
li da axali, qristianoba da warmarToba, ruseTi da dasavleTi, WeSmariti rwmena da yalbi
rwmena. [2] mravali saukunis Semdeg, bolSevikebi saTaveSi azrovnebis imave binarul model-
ze dafuZnebuli msoflmxedvelobiT movidnen. maTTvis mTeli sazogadoeba ori ZiriTadi
jgufisgan Sedgeboda: koleqtiuri da individualuri gmirebi, romlebsac istoria win, uk-
laso sazogadoebisken miyavdaT; da maTi mowinaaRmdegeebi — borotebi an mtrebi, romlebic
winsvlas xels uSlidnen. samyaros dualisturi aRqma gaamZafra samoqalaqo omma. 1917 wels,
rodesac bolSevikebma Zalaufleba xelSi Caigdes, maT Tvalwin daiwyo qveyanaSi politi-
kuri Zalebis swrafi polarizacia — viTareba, romelic male sastik da xangrZliv samxe-
dro konfliqtSi gadaizarda, rac Tan axlda ucxoeTis mxridan intervencias. bolSevikebis
partiuli aqtivistebis poziciidan, am movlenebma daadastura maTi mTavari mtkiceba, rom
Sinauri da gareSe mtrebi mWidrod iyvnen dakavSirebuli da rom saboloo jamSi, msoflio
revoluciis dros, yvela barikadebis romelime mxares daikavebs adgils.
binaruli modeli, romelmac bolSevikuri azrovnebis struqtura Camoayaliba, ori wy-
arodan momdinareobda. marqsis da engelsis ideebi, gansakuTrebiT klasis da klasobrivi
brZolis rolze gamudmebuli xazgasma, bolSevikuri ideologiis safuZvelSi arsebul
dualizms ganapirobebda. magram bolSevikuri TvalTaxedva aseve didad iyo davalebuli
tradiciuli rusuli kulturis bipolaruli orientaciisgan. Suasaukuneebisdroindeli
winamorbedebis msgavsad, bolSevikebSi Rrmad iyo gamjdari antinomiebi da isini samyaros
maTeul aRqmas iseT diametrul opoziciebze agebdnen, rogoricaa burJuazia da proletar-
iati, mefe da xalxi, kulaki da sabralo glexi, TeTrebi da wiTlebi. Sesabamisad, isini nak-
lebad eguebodnen orazrovnebas („aqsiologiurad neitralur zonas“). socialuri katego-
riebi, rogoricaa saSualo glexoba an inteligencia, romelTac gaurkveveli da Sualeduri
pozicia ekava, sakmao ideologiur diskomforts uqmnida maT rigebs da Sedegad, isini bina-
ruli modelis CarCoSi moTavsda.

mtris klasifikacia samoqalaqo omis dros

rodesac 1918 wlis zafxulSi bolSevikebma TavianTi vizualuri propagandis pirveli

kampania daiwyes, SesaniSnavad acnobierebdnen TavianTi ideebis farTo, wera-kiTxvis uco-
dinari mosaxleobisTvis gadacemis saswrafo aucileblobas. maT winaSe iyo gamowveva, rom
xalxisTvis naTlad da araorazrovnad eCvenebinaT revoluciis gmirebi da mtrebi. rogorc
davinaxeT, leninis proeqti monumenturi qandakebebis Sesaxeb, romelic man 1918 wlis gazaf-
xulze gaasajarova, bolSevikuri panTeonis „wmindanebis“ gandidebas isaxavda miznad. [3]
gardacvlili gmirebis sakralizaciis amocanam bolSevikebs didi sazrunavi gauCina, magram
108
kidev ufro rTuli aRmoCnda revoluciis mtrebis reprezentacia — mtrebis, romlebic
cocxali iyvnen da Tanamedrove cxovrebis aqtiur nawils Seadgendnen.
meore politikuri plakati, romelic bolSevikebma 1918 wlis zafxulSi gamouSves, bol-
Sevikuri demonologiis sami ZiriTadi figurisTvis adgilis miCenas iTvaliswinebda. anonimi
mxatvris mier Seqmnil am plakats „mefe, mRvdeli da kulaki“ erqva (ilustracia 5.1) [4] da
is ramdenime versiis saxiT gamovida calkeuli erebis da eTnikuri mosaxleobisTvis. grZe-
li teqsti, romelic sakmaod primitiul naxats axlavs, mouwodebs „amxanag glexebs! Rarib
glexebs“, gaiTvaliswinon, rom kulakebi da mRvdlebi sabWoebis winaaRmdeg gaerTiandnen da
mefes icaven, vinaidan maT Raribi glexebis eSiniaT.
ikonografiis TvalsazrisiT, plakati ikonografiuli eqsperimentis TvalsaCino maga-
liTia, romelic or socialur jgufs revoluciis mTavar „mtrad“ warmoaCens: kulakebs da
mRvdlebs. mefis saxe ucvlelia sxvadasxva versiaSi, magram mRvdlis da kulakis gamosax-
uleba icvleba imis mixedviT, Tu mosaxleobis romel nawilzea gaTvlili.
saxelwodeba „kulaki“, sityvasityviT „muSti“ (gulisxmobda warmatebul da Zunw glex-
ebs, romlebic mevaxSeobas eweodnen da samuSao Zalas qiraobdnen), gansakuTrebiT farTod
gamoiyeneboda 1917 wels, rodesac sakvebi produqtebis krizisi mZvinvarebda. [5] 1918 wels
jer kidev ar yofila Camoyalibebuli kulakis standartuli saxe bolSevikur vizualur
leqsikonSi. ase rom, plakatis erT versiaSi is warmogvidgeba cilindriT, Zvirfas gamosasv-
lel tanisamosSi da oqrosjaWviani saaTiT. es niSnebi kapitalistis saxesTanac asocirdebo-
da. sxva versiebSi is Sav qudSi, pijaksa da halstuxSi iyo gamowyobili da aSkarad naklebad
mdidrulad gamoiyureba. plakatis rusulenovan versiaSi warmodgenilia kulaki, rogorc
binZuri figura kepiT. am reprezentaciebSi saxeze wveri Tavsaburavis mixedviT varirebda.
Tuki kulak-kapitalists bakenbardebi da ulvaSebi hqonda, kepian kulaks gawewili ulvaSe-
biT, wveriT da sakmaod grZeli TmiT gamosaxavdnen. es ukanaskneli versia bolSevikuri pro-
pagandis standartad iqca. Semdgom daxvewes es saxe da ramdenime detalic daamates: Jileti
an/da rusuli perangi, Ceqmebi, zogjer palto, jibis saaTi da zoliani Sarvali. kulakis sax-
is es ZiriTadi elementebi gvxvdeba adreuli bolSevizmis am plakatis rusulenovan versi-
aSi, romelic ucvleli darCa Semdgom wlebSic da warmatebiT iyenebdnen 1930-ian wlebSic,
rodesac kulakis figura sabolood ukve aRar iricxeboda „xalxis mtrebis“ siaSi.
mRvdlis saxeebi, romlebic 1918 wlis plakatebSi gamoCnda, naklebad gamZle aRmoCnda.
plakatze „mefe, mRvdeli da kulaki“ is gamosaxulia sxvadasxvanairad: rogorc romis kaTo-
likuri eklesiis mRvdeli skufiaTi da uwverod, rogorc rusuli orTodoqsuli eklesiis
mRvdeli didi, TeTri wveriT an mokle muqi wveriT da saTvaliT. yvela versiaSi mas mtruli
gamometyveleba aqvs da kiserze didi jvari hkidia.
rogorc Cans, es reprezentaciebi aradamakmayofilebeli aRmoCnda bolSeviki xelo-
vanebisTvis, romlebic agrZelebdnen eqsperimentebs mRvdlis saxis Sesaqmnelad 1919 da
1920 wlebis ganmavlobaSi da bolos arCevani msuqan, wverian kacze SeaCeres, romelsac Savi
saeklesio tansacmeli acvia da xSirad ufro uazro gamometyveleba aqvs, vidre mtruli. [6]
bolSevikur propagandaSi mRvdlis vizualizacias bevri saerTo aqvs mecxramete saukunis
rusi realisti mxatvris, vasili perovis mier Seqmnil sasuliero pirebis saxeebTan. misi an-
tiklerikalizmi gamovlinda iseT cnobil namuSevrebSi, rogorebica „satrapezo“ (1865-1876)
da „glexebis procesia aRdgomisas“ (1861). [7] gansakuTrebiT „satrapezoSi“ warmodgenilia mR-
vdlebis damajerebeli saxeebis mTeli galerea; naxatis centrSi arsebuli figura Zalian hgavs
msuqani, TviTkmayofili da xarbi mRvdlebis bolSevikebiseul satirul saxes, romelsac mogvi-
anebiT farTod iyenebdnen iseTi mxatvrebi, rogorebic arian dmitri moori da viqtor deni.
bolSevikebis saTaveSi mosvlis pirvel TveebSi mtrebis sia vizualur propagandaSi Se-
darebiT SezRuduli darCa. mefis, mRvdlis da kulakis garda, aq Sediodnen mefis amala
109
(oficialuri pirebi, oficrebi da a.S.), „yvela qveynis burJuazia“, germaneli imperatori
da antantis liderebi. samoqalaqo omis msvlelobisas, (individualuri da koleqtiuri)
mtrebis ricxvi ufro gaizarda. 1918-21 wlebSi Seqmnili 200 plakatis da sazeimo eqsponatis
Seswavlis Sedegad, gamovlinda ormocdaaTze meti mteri, romelsac an sityvierad moixse-
niebdnen an/da gamosaxavdnen.
faqtobrivad, yvela maTgani mamrobiTi sqesisaa. Cemma kvlevam qali mtris mxolod ori
personifikacia gamoavlina da orive SemTxvevaSi qalis saxe abstraqtuladaa warmodgeni-
li. apsitis mier 1918 wels Seqmnil cnobil plakatze „internacionali“ qalis giganturi da
groteskuli figura dgas piedestalze, romelsac aweria „kapitali“ (ilustracia 2.7). es
figura aris xorcsavse, didi, Camokidebuli mkerdiT, gvelis kudiT, frTebiT da rqebiT.
1920 wels sapirvelmaiso dResaswaulze, sara lebedevam daamzada ori eskizi tramvaisTvis,
romelsac mobiluri Teatraluri jgufi gadahyavda. erT eskizze, saxelwodebiT „ngreva“,
warmodgenilia qalis Txeli figura areuli tansacmliT da TmiT, xelebi aweuli aqvs da
fexebi ganze aqvs, seqsualuri gamowvevis poziciaSi. [8]
drodadro plakatebze warmodgenili iyo glexi qalis — e.w. dedakacis — damajerebeli
gamosaxulebebi, romelic uazrod exmareba mters (ilustracia 2.14). magram rogorc vnaxeT,
dedakaci orazrovani figura iyo da zogjer mas revoluciis gmiri mamakacebis garemocva-
Sic xatavdnen. bolSevikebis demonologiaSi qalebis TiTqmis sruli ararseboba sagulisx-
moa imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom rusul folklorSi e.w. „baba iaga“ mniSvnelovani personaJia.
es kompleqsuri qali personaJi, romelsac sruliad gansxvavebuli formebi da funqciebi
gaaCnia, xSirad jadoqris saxiT gvevlineba, romelic borotebas sCadis da gveleSapebs, ar-
wivebs, yvavebs, yornebs da borotebis Tu gansacdelis konotaciebis matarebel arsebebs
ukavSirdeba. [9] 1920-ian wlebsa da momdevno stalinis xanaSi individebi da koleqtivi, rom-
lebic politikur plakatebze mtrebs ganasaxierebdnen, calsaxad mamakacebi iyvnen.
sabWoTa demonologiaSi mtrebi or ZiriTad kategoriad iyofoda: isini, vinc yofili
ruseTis imperiis teritoriaze cxovrobdnen da isini, vinc sazRvargareT moRvaweobdnen.
imis miuxedavad, rom bolSevikebs Rrmad swamdaT Sinauri da gareSe mtrebis mWidro kavSiris,
politikur plakatebSi, zogadad, mainc gansxvavdeba mtrebis es ori tipi. gareSe mtrebs ga-
mosaxavdnen samoqalaqo omis vizualuri propagandis saSualebebSi, romelic SedarebiT
mcire jgufs moicavda. konkretul miniSnebebs vxvdebiT kapitalistze, germaniis impera-
torze, klemansoze, loid jorjze, uilsonze, biZia semze, antantaze da ramdenime sxvaze.
amis sapirispirod, Sida mtrebis sia vrceli da detaluri iyo. Sinauri mtrebi, romelTac
samoqalaqo omis propagandistul xelovnebaSi gamosaxavdnen, SegviZlia sam kategoriad
davyoT:

Zveli reJimis elementebi: mefe da misi coli, caristi oficialuri piri, caristi
I. generali, caristi policieli, mRvdeli, rabini, mola, memamule, didgvarovani, kulaki,
kapitalisti, [10] vaWari, fabrikis mepatrone, bankiri, spekulanti, pogromis monawile

politikuri mowinaaRmdegeebi: menSeviki, revolucioneri socialisti, anarqisti,

TeTri gvardiis generali, kadeti, viqtor Cernovi, anton denikini, nikolai iudeniCi,
II. aleqsei kaledini, aleqsandr kerenski, aleqsandr kolCaki, lavr kornilovi, piotr
krasnovi, nestor maxno, piotr vrangeli, iuzef pilsudski, vladimir puriSkeviCi,
pavel skoropadski

mtrebi saqmianobis da sxva niSnis mixedviT: paraziti, usaqmuri, samuSaos gamcdeni,

III.
mZarcveli, paraziti, reketiri, gamcemi, dezertiri, mstovari

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 pirvel kategoriaSi Sedian adamianebi Zveli reJimis pirobebSi maTi poziciis mixedviT,
romelic gasakicxad iTvleboda. zogierT maTgans caristul mTavrobaSi posti ekava an
ruseTis didgvarovanTa wres ekuTvnoda. sxvebi iseT ekonomikur saqmianobas eweodnen, rac
bolSevikebisTvis miuRebeli iyo, maTi kapitalisturi bunebis gamo (mag., burJuebi, vaWre-
bi, fabrika-qarxnebis mepatroneebi, bankirebi, spekulantebi, memamuleebi, kulakebi); sxva
jgufSi erTiandebodnen organizebuli religiis warmomadgenlebi (mRvdlebi, rabinebi da
molebi). oqtombris revoluciidan ramdenime kviris da Tvis ganmavlobaSi, bolSevikebma mk-
acri politika SeimuSaves am zogad kategoriaSi Semavali jgufebis mimarT, romlebsac sxva-
dasxvagvari saxeliT moixseniebdnen — rogorc klasobrivad ucxo elementebs, nakacarebs,
samoqalaqo uflebaCamorTmeul adamianebs, an ubralod, mtrebs.
1918 wlis ruseTis sabWoTa federaciul-socialisturi respublikis konstituci-
is Tanaxmad, mosaxleobis mniSvnelovan nawils CamoerTva samoqalaqo ufleba: „maT, vinc
daqiravebul Sromas sargeblis naxvis mizniT iyenebda; pirovnebebs, romlebic iseTi araS-
romiTi SemosavliT cxovrobdnen, rogoricaa procentebi kapitalisturi investiciebidan
an uZravi qonebidan miRebuli Semosavlebi; kerZo movaWreebs da komerciul Suamavlebs; mR-
vdlebs da sasuliero pirebs; yofili policiis TanamSromlebs da agentebs, Jandarmeriis
jarebis, oxrankis TanamSromlebs; mmarTveli dinastiis wevrebs; sulierad daavadebulebs,
SeSlilebs da mzrunvelobis qveS myof pirovnebebs; sargeblis naxvis an uzneobis motiviT
Cadenil danaSaulebebSi eWvmitanilebs.“ [11] am kategoriaSi moxvedril adamianebze, romel-
Tac mTlianobaSi liSencebs eZaxdnen, aseve, araerTi samoqalaqo da socialuri SezRudva
vrceldeboda. maTi qonebis konfiskacias eweodnen da maT ganawilebis sistemidan, kooper-
ativebidan da sajaro samsaxurebidan ricxavdnen. isini „danarCen mosaxleobaze gacilebiT
maRal gadasaxads ixdidnen komunaluri momsaxurebebisTvis, binis qirisTvis, samedicino
daxmarebisTvis, bavSvebis swavlisTvis da sajaro samsaxurebisTvis.“ [12] xelisufleba ar-
aviTar sxvaobas ar aRiarebda am kategoriaSi moxvedril individebs da maTi ojaxis wevrebs
Soris. faqtobrivad, adamianebis am jgufs oficialurad genetikis poziciidan ganixila-
vdnen, vinaidan klasobrivi naklovanebis aRmofxvra SeuZlebeli iyo monaniebis an sagmiro
saqmeebis Cadenis gziT da maTi ojaxis wevrebsac aseve Sewyalebis Rirsad ar Tvlidnen.
meore — „politikuri oponentebis“ kategoriaSi Sedioda sxvadasxva jgufi da indivi-
di, romlebic bolSevikebs upirispirdebodnen 1917 wlamde an samoqalaqo omis dros. TeTri
armiis generlebi da samoqalaqo omis sxva antibolSevikuri Zalebis liderebi menSevikebis
da socialist revolucionerebis msgavsad am kategoriaSi moxvdnen. pirvel kategoriaSi
moxvedrilTagan gansxvavebiT, romelTac Sewynarebis Rirsad ar Tvlidnen da moqalaqeobas
arTmevdnen, meore kategoriidan zogierTi bolSevikad „moiqca“ da aRidgina moqalaqeobis
ufleba. Sesabamisad, menSevikebs, eserebs da sxvebs TavianT Zvel politikur Sexedulebeb-
ze uaris Tqmis, axal sabWoTa reJimTan TanamSromlobis da bolSevikur partiaSi Sesvlis
uflebasac ki aZlevdnen. Sedegad, es politika SenarCunda 1930 wlamde, rodesac adreuli
periodis „antibolSevikuri“ politikuri kuTvnilebis keTili saqmeebiT gadafarva ukve
SeuZlebeli gaxda.
mesame kategoriaSi „mtrebi saqmianobis da sxva niSnebis mixedviT“ moicavs ramdenime
gansxvavebul tips. aq iyvnen ekonomikur sferoSi moRvawe aramzadebi, romlebic arasakmari-
sad gulmodgined muSaobdnen (usaqmuri, samuSaos gamcdeni) an bolSevikebisTvis miuRebe-
li saqmianobiT iyvnen dakavebuli (reketirebi, parazitebi [yvela, vinc vaWrobaSi an komer-
ciaSi iyo CarTuli], mZarcvelebi [bankirebi]). sxva SemTxvevebSi isini iyvnen pirovnebebi,
romlebic sabWoTa armias gamoeqcnen, an sxvagvarad SeuSales xeli samxedro moqmedebebs.
1930-ian wlebamde am adamianTagan bevrze vrceldeboda Sewyaleba, saTanado miTiTebebisa
111
da ganaTlebis Sedegad. [13] samoqalaqo omis dros, reJimma Seqmna ritualebi, romliTac
simbolurad unda gasworeboda maT, visac Tavisi adgili ekava axal demonologiaSi. Tvalis-
momWrel masobriv warmodgenebSi, romlebic oficialur dResaswaulebze imarTeboda, ucv-
lelad monawileobdnen gmirebis da mtrebis personaJebi, romelTac didi roli Seasrules
sabWoTa Zalauflebis winsvlis saqmeSi. marTalia, adreuli wlebis bevr sadResaswaulo ze-
ims axasiaTebda karnavaluri suliskveTeba, magram zogjer sadamsjelo ganwyobac iWreboda
xolme. magaliTad, 1918 wels kulakis gamosaxuleba wiTel moedanze dawves, xolo caristu-
li regaliebi moskovis, petrogradis da sxva qalaqebis sxvadasxva adgilebSi dawves dResas-
waulis dReebSi. amgvari praqtika 1920 welsac grZeldeboda. [14] aseve, xSiri iyo „galiebSi“
Camwyvdeuli mtrebis warmodgena sadResaswaulo msvlelobebis dros. magaliTad, 1919 wlis
pirvel maiss, petrogradSi, adamianebis jgufi TeTrebis da revoluciamdeli arasasurveli
pirebis msgavsad gamoewyvnen da isini galiaSi isxdnen, romelsac ewera: „winaT ikbinebodnen,
axla eSiniaT“. [15] rogorc qvemoT davinaxavT, bolSevikebs axasiaTebdaT tendencia, rom
mtrebi adamianuri Tvisebebisgan ganZarculad — reptiliebis, mwerebis an cxovelebis sax-
iT warmoedginaT.
bolSevikebs, ritualuri dawvis da galiaSi moTavsebis garda, mtrebze SurisZiebis sxva
simboluri formebic hqondaT. es formebi politikur plakatebsa da sadResaswaulo war-
modgenebze Cndeboda. maT Soris iyo mtris cocxiT gagdeba, [16] mtris cema kombliT an Caqu-
CiT, [17] mtris gangmirva maxviliT an xiStiT, [18] mtrisTvis mklavis an xelis moWra, [19]
mtrisTvis mexis dacema, [20] da bolos, mtris mxileba — misi xalxis winaSe gamoyvana, sadac
SeiZleba mas Seuracxyofa miayenon, dacinon da dasajon.

mtris alegoriuli reprezentaciebi

bolSevikuri revoluciis Semdeg, alegoriuli saxeebi politikuri xelovnebis warmo-

madgenlebisTvis, romlebic cdilobdnen mtris saxis Seqmnas, STagonebis mTavar wyarod
iqca. auditoriis didi nawili ukve kargad icnobda am simboloebs, romelTac msgavsi saxee-
bi sasuliero da saero xelovnebaSi 1917 wlamdec nanaxi hqondaT. magaliTad, I msoflio omis
dros gamocemuli plakatebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo mtris warmodgena gvelismagvari
arsebis saxiT. es saxe asociaciurad mdidari iyo da wm. giorgis cnobil legendas moagoneb-
da maT. gveli/hidra qristianul kulturaSi borotebis kargad cnobili simboloa, sadac
satanas xSirad gamosaxavdnen „drakonismagvar arsebad da kudze gvelebi exvia.“ [21] namuSe-
varze „ruseTi — simarTlisTvis“ (ix. ilustracia 2.5) gamosaxulia Suasaukuneebis samxedro
tansacmelSi gamowyobili qali, romelic moklul hidraze dgas. [22] I msoflio omis droin-
del kidev erT plakatSi „kacobriobis mteri“ ostaturadaa Sexamebuli religiuri da saero
Temebi. [23] aq vxedavT germaniis imperator vilhelm II-s, romelic warmodgenilia eSmakis
saxiT, romelsac fexebis nacvlad gvelis tani aqvs; is goliaTiviT gamoiyureba safrange-
Tis da belgiis qalaqebis fonze, orive xelSi Tavis qalebi uWiravs (es qalaqebi germaneleb-
ma dabombes, gmirebis monumentebis miuxedavad). „ucxoeli drakoni da rusi raindi“, rome-
lic 1914 wlis noemberSi gamovida, warmogvidgens Suasaukuneebis rus jariskacs, romelsac
maxvili aqvs SemarTuli frTosani hidras mosaklavad. [24] avtokratiis damarcxebis Semdeg,
gvelis saxe da darRveuli perspeqtivis gamoyenebis xerxi, mniSvnelovan elementad darCa
rusi xelovanebis da damTvaliereblebis vizualur leqsikonSi. gvels/hidras centraluri
adgili uWiravs vasili seleckis plakatSi „gaumarjos socialur revolucias da demokra-

112
tiul respublikas, miwas da Tavisuflebas“. [25] saguldagulod mofiqrebul da metismetad
detalizebul plakatze, romelic daaxloebiT 1917 wlis Tebervalsa da oqtombers Soris
Seiqmna, gamosaxulia hidra, warweriT: „carizmi“, „biurokratia“, „qristianoba“ da „omi“.
samoqalaqo omis dros, gveli/hidra mtris asaxvis TvalsazrisiT, isev erT-erT yvelaze
popularul alegoriul saxed rCeboda. aleqsandr apsitma, romelic manamde axalbeda
ilustratori beri iyo saberZneTSi, aTonis mTaze arsebul eklesiaSi da kargad erkveoda
qristianul simbolikaSi, albaT, yvelaze adreuli periodis hidras gamosaxulebiani sabWo-
Ta plakati Seqmna. [26]
zemoxsenebuli revoluciamdeli magaliTebis gaTvaliswinebiT, alegoriuli saxeebis
mqone bevr plakatze perspeqtivis rRvevis xerxs iyenebdnen, rac religiuri xatebisTvis
standartuli Tavisebureba iyo. apsitiseul plakatze giganturi hidra aseve gigantur
muSas pirispir Seeyreba; orives uzarmazari proporcia xazgasmulia fonad mcire zomis
jariskacebis da samrewvelo landSaftis CvenebiT. gigantur mters aseve giganturi gmiri
sWirdeboda.
hidras saxe TvalsaCinod iyo warmodgenili revoluciis pirveli wlisTavisadmi miZRvnil
dResaswaulebze. iseT qalaqebSi, rogoricaa voroneJi, dgamdnen ceremonials, saxelwodeb-
iT: „kontrrevoluciis hidris dawva“. uzarmazari fituli gamohqondaT quCebSi, galiebSi
moTavsebuli ori aseuli „kontrrevolucioneris“ TanxlebiT. sasamarTlos mier hidrasT-
vis sikvdilis misjis Semdeg, mas wvavdnen proletari poetebis da uolt uitmenis leqsebis
fonze. [28] ramdenime Tvis Semdeg, apsitma kidev erTi dasamaxsovrebeli plakati „interna-
cionali“ Seqmna (ilustracia 2.7). [29]
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, qalis urCxulisebur-gveliseburi figura gamoxatavda kapi-
tals, romelic iwva piedestalze, warweriT „oqro“ da garSemortymuli iyo Tavis qalebiT
da gvamebiT. mas yvela mxridan uteven muSebi uroebiT da SiSveli xelebiT. urCxuli gac-
ilebiT ufro didi da Zlieria, vidre muSebi da bevri misi msxverplia mimofantuli da sisx-
lisgan icleba gigantur qvis filaze, romelic misi piedestalis funqcias asrulebs. peri-
odulad, samoqalaqo omis dros, sabWoTa politikuri plakatis mowinave mxatvrebi gvelis
saxes kapitalizmis an imperializmis gamosasaxad iyenebdnen. magaliTad, moorma 1919 wels
dasamaxsovrebeli plakati Seqmna, saxelwodebiT „sikvdili msoflio imperializms“, romel-
zec warmodgenili iyo maRali qarxnis Senobaze Semoxveuli gveleSapi. [30] wina planze gamo-
saxuli muSebi xiStebiT uteven urCxuls.
zogjer kapitalizms urCxulis (ZiriTadad, oqrosferi) saxiT gamosaxavdnen, magram gv-
elisTvis damaxasiaTebeli atributebis gareSe. 1919 wels giganturi oqrosferi urCxuli
gamoCnda anonimi avtoris mier Seqmnil plakatze „samyaros mbrZanebeli — kapitali, oqros
kerpi“. 1920 wlis plakatze „simarTle Zalis pirispir, vebrZviT borotebas“, romelic kievSi
Seiqmna, sxva versia gamoCnda. [31]
sxva alegoriul gamosaxulebebs Soris, romlis saSualebiTac sabWoTa mxatvrebi mters
gamosaxavdnen, iyo arwivi, rac asociaciurad bunebrivad ukavSirdeboda Zvel reJims da
droebiT mTavrobas (romelmac orTaviani arwivis simbolo SeinarCuna) da, aseve, promeTes
legendas. 1918 wels, ucnobma mxatvarma petrogradSi Seqmna plakati „daamarcxe mteri“,
masze boroti mzeris mqone arwivTan mebrZoli, kldeze mdgari axalgazrda kacis gamosax-
ulebiT. [32] am plakatis kidev ufro dramatuli versia 1920 wels piotr kiselisma Seqm-
na, saxelwodebiT „TeTrgvardieli mxeci muSebis da glexebis sxeulebs nakuwebad aqcevs“
(ilustracia 1.11). [33] aq arwivi Tavs esxmis naxevrad SiSvel mamakacs, romelsac mtaceblis
mosagerieblad kombali uWiravs. yorani aseve sagulisxmoa tradiciul simboloebs Soris,
romelic jojoxeTsa da eSmakTan igivdeba. [34] plakatze „ufrTxildiT menSevikebs da es-
113
erebs“, romelic 1919 an 1920 wels rostovSi gamovida, fonad gamoyenebulia yvavebis gundis
gamosaxuleba. [35]
zogjer obobebs, negatiuri konotaciiT, pirdapir an iribad iyenebdnen kulakebis, bur-
Juebis da mRvdlebis gamosasaxad. tradiciulad, eSmakobis da sisastikis simbolod miC-
neuli oboba gamoCnda 1919 wels gamoqveynebul ramdenime plakatze, romelTa avtoric iyo
Zalian originaluri mxatvari-satirikosi viqtor deni, romelic cota xanSi axali sabWoTa
reJimis mowinave plakatis mxatvrad iqca. [37]
rodesac politikuri xelovnebis warmomadgenlebs samoqalaqo omis dros bolSevikebis
winaaRmdeg mebrZoli TeTrebis generlebis saxis Seqmna uwevdaT, isini zogjer arCevdnen
cxovelebs an frinvelebs. myefara ZaRlebi Cndeba denis farTod gavrcelebul 1919 wlis
plakatze „antanta“ (ilustracia 5.2). [38] deni TeTrebis sam generals — denikins, kolCaks
da iudeniCs warmoadgens avi, duJmomdgari ZaRlebis saxiT, romlebic amerikas sayeluriT
uWiravs da mas Tan axlavs inglisis da safrangeTis ganmasaxierebeli figurebi. ZaRlebis ga-
mosaxulebebi jer kidev I msoflio omis dros, carizmisdroindel plakatebze gvxvdeba, sa-
dac germanel kariskacebs zogjer duJmomdgari ZaRlebis saxiT warmoadgendnen. [39] moori
1919 wlis plakatze „Cito, jer adrea stvena, iqneb katam SegWamos“ Citebi imave sameulis
gamosaxvis mizniTaa gamoyenebuli. [40] orive es plakati 50 000-iani tiraJiT gamovida, rac im
droisTvis mniSvnelovan raodenobad iTvleboda.
mdidari religiuri da folkloruli asociaciebis garda, iseTi saxeebi, rogoricaa
gvelebi, arwivebi, yvavebi, obobebi, ZaRlebi da Citebi, mniSvnelovan funqcias asrulebda
bolSevikebis politikur xelovnebaSi: isini mtris dehumanizebas, adamianebis araadamiane-
bad, xSirad amazrzen arsebebad gardaqmnas iTvaliswinebda. upirvelesad, mtrebis reprez-
entaciis xelovneba gulisxmobda adamianebis araadamianebad gardaqmnis xelovnebas da ise-
Ti formiT warmoCenas, rac amarTlebda maT ganadgurebas, an, sul mcire, dapatimrebas. de-
niseuli naxati „momavlis samxeceSi“, romelic man 1918 wels Jurnal „komunarisTvis“ Seqmna,
pirdapiraa warmodgenili es idea. aq mefes, bankirs da TeTrgvardiel bandits zooparkis
galiaSi vxedavT. [41]
rogorc aRvniSneT, samoqalaqo omis dros, sadResaswaulo zeimebze zogjer iyenebdnen
iseT mowyobilobas, romelic galias mogvagonebda da romelSic mtrebi iyvnen moTavsebuli.
am warmodgenebze cxovelebis da mtrebis galiebs Soris sxvaoba sagangebod gauqmebuli iyo.
fantastiuri alegoriuli abstraqciebi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda adreuli xanis
sabWoTa politikur xelovnebaSi, magram isini iSviaTad Cndeboda 1920 wlis Semdeg. am dros
borotmoqmedebis satiruli elferis mqone axali tipis saxeebma Caanacvla warmarTuli da
qristianuli wyaroebidan momdinare alegoriuli figurebi. [42] alegoriis msgavsad, sati-
ras 1917 wlamdec iyenebdnen ruseTSi. daaxloebiT oTxmocdacxra satiruli Jurnali gamo-
dioda mecxramete saukunis ganmavlobaSi, magram bevri maTgani cenzuram akrZala da sakma-
od dRemokle aRmoCnda. [43]
1904 da 1905 wlebSi ruseT-iaponiis omma xelisufleba pirvelad daainteresa politikuri
xelovnebiT. saomari moqmedebebis gasamxneveblad, mTavrobam ramdenime satiruli plaka-
tis gamoqveynebis nebarTva gasca. erT-erTi aseTi plakati „davsxdeT zRvasTan, davelodoT
aminds!“, romelic, savaraudod, 1904 wels unda gamosuliyo, warmogvidgens giganturi zomis
wverian rus glexs, romelsac bewvis qudi da Ceqmebi acvia. is manjuriis teritoriaze zis
da xelSi qvemexi uWiravs, Tan momRimari saxiT qveviT, gacilebiT patara zomis figurebs
uyurebs, romlebic iaponias, amerikas da ingliss ganasaxiereben (ilustracia 5.3). [44] aq vxe-
davT zogierT iseT vizualur konvencias, rac ufro gviandeli periodis satirul politi-
kur plakatebSi standartad iqca: perspeqtivis rRveva, rac mtrebis zomaSi dapataravebas
114
da maTi rusi (mogvianebiT sabWoTa) mowinaaRmdegis gazrdas iTvaliswinebs; da mokle ironi-
uli teqsti, romelic mTavari saTqmelis gamoxatvas emsaxureba. 1905 wlis revoluciam ru-
sul politikur xelovnebaSi ganuzomeli potencialis mqone satiruli niWis gaxsna moiTx-
ova. 1905 da 1907 wlebs Soris xanmokle pauzis dros, rodesac SedarebiT Tavisufali presa
ruseTSi pirvelad gamoCnda, 249 axali satiruli Jurnali gamovida, sadac daaxloebiT 3 000
satiruli naxati gamoqveynda. [45]
am satirul namuSevrebs gamoarCevda caristuli mTavrobis mimarT kritikuli midgo-
ma. [46] mwvave karikaturebi ibeWdeboda am JurnalebSi, zogierTi maTganis avtori mowinave
Tanamedrove mxatvrebi an iseTi axalgazrdebi iyvnen, rogoricaa moori, romelic male
plakatebis saxelganTqmul sabWoTa mxatvrad iqca. [47] I msoflio omis dros, moori agr-
Zelebda metismetad originaluri satiruli naxatebis Seqmnas iseTi JurnalebisTvis, ro-
goric iyo „budilniki“. [48] zogierTi karikatura plakatis saxiT gamodioda. [49]
caristuli xelisufleba efeqturi saomari propagandis gavrcelebisTvis xelovanebs
satiruli lubokis gamoyenebisken ubiZgebda. rogorc me-2 TavSi aRvniSneT, moskoveli
mxatvrebis jgufi sakuTar niWs [50] mTavrobis mier dafinansebul stambaSi „Tanamedrove
luboki“ avlenda, romelic patriotuli propagandis mizniT Seiqmna.
folkloruli xelovnebis modelebis mixedviT, es mxatvrebi satirul saxeebs iyenebdnen
erTi CarCos farglebSi ambis mosaTxrobad. kazimir maleviCis omis mxardasaWeri, lubokis
stilSi Sesrulebuli namuSevari „midioda avstrieli jariskaci raZivilSi“ (ilustracia
2.13) amgvari midgomis nimuSia. aq glexi qali iumoristul planSia warmodgenili, rogorc
qalamnebSi gamowyobili msuqani qali, romelic orTiTaze wamoacvams avstriel jariskacs.
am plakatis „wasakiTxad“ unda CavwvdeT ambavs, romelsac mxatvari gviambobs ubralo, ma-
gram Wkviani glexi qalis Sesaxeb, romelic moxerxebulobiT imarjvebs jariskacsa da mis
xiStze. am plakatis mokle teqsts misi saTqmelis gasagebad gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs.
samoqalaqo omis wlebSi, satirul luboks sabWoTa mxatvrebic mimarTavdnen, gansakuTre-
biT ki isini, vinc „okna rostas“ SeqmnaSi monawileobdnen. rosta rusuli satelegrafo saa-
gentos saxeli iyo, romelic 1918 wlis seqtemberSi daarsda. [51]
1919 wlis gazafxulidan, rostam kedlis gazeTis gamoSveba daiwyo, romelsac uaxlesi mov-
lenebi grafikulad, mimzidveli saxiT unda gadmoeca. moskovSi mxatvari-satirikosi mixail
Ceriomnixi pirvelTagani iyo, vinc „rostas“ plakatebis warmoebaSi monawileobda. am plakatebs
maRaziebis vitrinebsa da sajaro Senobebis kedlebze gamofendnen. male mas daemata mwerali
da artisti vladimir maiakovski, artisti ivan maliutini da sxvebi. „okna rostas“ petrograd-
Si SemoqmedebiTad xelmZRvanelobdnen vladimir lebedevi da vladimir kozlinski.
„okna rosta“ Sedgeboda oTxidan Tormetamde sxvadasxva CarCosgan, romlebic ambavs
lubokis stilSi mogviTxrobdnen. rogorc moori ambobs, is ise funqcionirebda, rogorc
„ilustrirebuli sainformacio saagentos angariSi“. [52] „okna rostas“ gamosacemad momza-
debas naklebi dro sWirdeboda. amitomac kavSiris gacilebiT ufro swrafi saSualebebi
SeimuSaves, vidre es Cveulebrivi plakatebis SemTxvevaSi iyo, romlis beWdvazec bevri dRe,
xandaxan kvira ixarjeboda. rogorc ki es procesi daiwyo, „rostas“ plakatebs stensiliT
amravlebdnen da qalaqis sxvadasxva adgilas ganaTavsebdnen. male es idea bevr qalaqSi, sul
ormocdaSvid maTganSi gavrcelda. [53]
maiakovskim gadamwyveti roli Seasrula moskovis „okna rostas“ istoriaSi. sTiven uai-
Tis Tanaxmad: „rogorc Cans, maiakovskis gavleniT, „oknas“ xasiaTi TandaTan Seicvala: Tav-
dapirvelad isini ramdenime Temas met-naklebad satiruli Jurnalis msgavsad amuSavebdnen,
magram 1919 wlis bolos ufro metad TiTo Temaze koncentrirdnen, komiqsebis stilis Tan-
mimdevruli kadrebis seriebis saxiT.“ [54] Ceriomnixis kargad cnobil 1920 wlis „rostas“
115
plakatze „bublikebisa da dedakacis istoria“ warmodgenilia Txrobis xerxi, horizontal-
urad ganlagebuli Tanmimdevruli kadrebis meSveobiT. (ilustracia 2.14). [55] am plakatze
TerTmeti kadriT moTxrobilia sakmaod rTuli ambavi glex qalze, romelsac ar undoda,
Tavisi bublikebi wiTeli armiis jariskacisTvis mieca, da bolos, bublikebs da yvelafers
poloneli oficeri waarTmevs. es iyo tipuri „okna rosta“, romelic yveboda ambavs da mas-
Si individualuri personaJebis (gmirebis da mtrebis) saxeebi im naratiul CarCos eqvemde-
bareboda, romelSic maT aTavsebdnen.
„rostas“ stils, romelic tradiciuli folkloruli lubokidan momdinareobda, samoqa-
laqo omis Semdeg ukve aRar wyalobdnen. „rostas“ plakatis Txrobis stili 1920-ian wlebSi
sxva stilebiT Caanacvles, romlebSic upiratesoba eniWeboda ara ambavs, aramed calkeuli
gamosaxulebis efeqturobas. cxadia, „okna rostas“ da lubokis tipis sxva plakatebi 1920-
ian wlebSi mainc gamodioda, magram tendencia mainc sxva mxares ixreboda. Txrobis nacvlad,
plakatebSi ufro metad xazs usvamdnen ikonografiuli saxeebis (gmirebis da mtrebis) swor
interpretacias. 1930 wels „rostam“ Sewyvita plakatebis gamoSveba da mxolod II msoflio
omis dros ganaxlda misi saqmianoba.
mtris individualuri da jgufuri karikaturuli saxeebi satirisadmi lubokis stilis
„okna rostasgan“ sruliad gansxvavebul midgomas sTavazobda damTvalierebels. denis 1920
wlis farTod gavrcelebuli plakati „manifesti“ am tipis satiris nimuSia (ilustracia 5.4).
[56] aq wina planzea gamoyvanili sami personaJi, romlebic sxedan: kulaki, baron vrangeli
da burJua (TiToeul maTgans Tavisi saxeli aweria). caristuli gvirgvinis da yaryumis mo-
sasxamis fonze, maT uWiravT gragnili teqstiT: „mTeli Zalaufleba memamuleebs da kapi-
talistebs! muSebs da glexebs — rozgi!“ vrangels ukmayofilo gamometyveleba aqvs, xolo
kulaks da burJuas TviTkmayofili Rimili afenia. ramdenime sityva, oRond mravlismTqme-
li karikaturebi sakmarisia ideebis gadmosacemad. am tipis plakatebze xazgasmulia TviT
karikaturuli gamosaxuleba da ara ambavi. erT-erTi yvelaze farTod gavrcelebuli kari-
katura bolSevikur demonologiaSi iyo kapitalistis/burJuas saxe. am personaJis etimo-
logia da samoqalaqo omis politikur xelovnebaSi CarTva miuTiTebda partiis swrafvaze,
rom efeqturi simboluri saxiT warmoedgina mteri.
Tuki satiruli lubokis stili ZirZveli rusuli folkloruli xelovnebis tradici-
idan momdinareobda, satira efuZneboda karikaturas da STagonebas, arsebiTad, dasavleT
evropuli wyaroebidan iRebda. germanuli Jurnali „simplicisimusi“, romelic 1896 wels
miunxenSi gamodioda, gansakuTrebiT did gavlenas axdenda 1917 wlis revoluciamdel Tu
misi Semdgomi xanis rus mxatvrebze. [57] „simplicisimusis“ da sxva evropuli satiruli Jur-
nalebis, aseve satiruli Jurnal-gazeTebis gacnobis Sedegad, rusma mxatvrebma SeiTvises
calkeuli tipis konkretuli konvenciuri detalebi. erT-erTi mniSvnelovani da farTod
gavrcelebuli saxe iyo sigaris mweveli kapitalistis saxe Tavze cilindriT. [58] kapital-
istis es saxe ukve gamoiyenes 1906 wels, rodesac m.s. linskis mier gazeT „odesisTvis“ Seqm-
nil ilustraciaze msuqani, sigarismweveli kapitalisti gamosaxa, Rorismagvari saxiT da
fulis tomrebiT. [59] mooris mier 1916 wels Seqmnil naxatze gamosaxulia vaWari, romelic
kapitalistis saxis ramdenime niSans atarebs. [60]
oqtombris revoluciis Semdeg, bolSevikebma popularul diskursSi ori cneba — kapi-
talisti da burJua Semoitanes, riTic marqsizm-leninizmis mimarT gansakuTrebiT mtru-
lad ganwyobil socialur klass aRniSnavdnen. burJua sityva „burJuaziis“ damamcirebeli
da Seuracxmyofeli Semokleba iyo rusul enaze. es sityva 1917 wlamdec arsebobda rusul
enaSi, magram bolSevikebma is zogad mimoqcevaSi Semoitanes da popularizeba gauwies. am si-
tyviT aRniSnavdnen iseT adamians, vinc komerciuli saqmianobiT iyo dakavebuli. [61]
116
 1918 wlis noembrisTvis kapitalistis/burJuas saxe ganmtkicda bolSevikur vizualur
leqsikonSi. revoluciis pirveli wlisTavisadmi miZRvnil sanaxaobebze warmodgenili iyo
sergei Cexoninis „sikvdili mCagvrelebs“, romelic aleqsandre nevelis saxelobis monas-
trisTvis daamzades. [62] masze gamosaxuli iyo muSa, romelsac marjvena xelSi uro uWiravs
da mzadaa, kapitalistis/burJuas miniaturul figuras Caartyas, romelic qeCoTi hyavs daW-
erili. miniaturuli figura msuqani kacia, romelsac cilindri axuravs da zoliani Sarvali
acvia; TiTebze bevri beWedi ukeTia. am saxes, romelsac zogjer sigarac emateboda, farTod
iyo gavrcelebuli 1918 wlis bolos TeatrebSi, Jurnalebsa da masobrivi informaciis sxva
saSualebebSi. [63]
kapitalistis/burJuas kidev ufro garTulebuli saxeebidan sagulisxmoa isini, romel-
zec Rorissaxiani arsebebi arian warmodgenili. xSirad maT mTel mucelze gadaWimuli oqros
jibis saaTiT, monokliT, TiTebze beWdebiT da brWyviala manJetis sakinZeebiT gamosaxavd-
nen. zogjer maT zolian Sarvals Savi Sarvali anacvlebda. xSirad kapitalisti/burJua fulis
tomrebiT, oqros monetebiT da simdidris amsaxveli sxva niSnebiT iyo garSemortymuli.
kapitalisti/burJua yovelTvis warmodgenili iyo msuqani kacis saxiT. im periodis
vizualur simbolikaSi xorcsavse adamiani SeZlebuli adamianis analogiad iTvleboda, an
niSnavda, rom adamians xeli miuwvdeboda sakvebze, romelic sxvisTvis miuwvdomeli iyo.
sam sxva personaJs TiTqmis yovelTvis gamosaxavdnen, rogorc janmrTeli ieris mqoneT: ku-
lakebs, mRvdels da glex qals. pirveli ori warmodgenili iyo, rogorc erTmniSvnelovnad
negatiuri figurebi. sabWoTa vizualuri propagandis saSualebebSi ar arsebobda iseTi ram,
rasac kapitalistis an kulakis pozitiuri saxe qvia. igives ver vityodiT glexi qalis sax-
eze, romlis gamosaxuleba politikur plakatebSi 1920 wels gamoCnda. rogorc me-2 Tavidan
davinaxeT, glexi qalis saxe orazrovani iyo.
deni im pirvel sabWoTa xelovanTa Soris iyo, romelmac „burJuas tipis (buStiviT gaberi-
li, qalaqelis tipi — yovelTvis cilindriT) ikonografiuli saxe Seqmna.“ [64] albaT, kapi-
talistis/burJuas saxis miseuli yvelaze mniSvnelovani interpretacia plakat „kapitalSi“
gamoCnda. (ilustracia 5.5). [65] 1919 wlis noemberSi am plakatis 100 000 egzemplari gamovida.
es im periodisTvis, rodesac 50 000-iani tiraJic ki norma iyo, iSviaTobad iTvleboda. plaka-
ti Tavis efeqturobas nawilobriv unda umadlodes martiv, magram dramatul kompozicias
da momRimari kapitalistis saxis interpretacias. magram masSi aseve ostaturadaa gamoy-
enebuli ironia: kapitalistis oqros jibis saaTis jaWvze kidia oqros guli. fonad obobas
qseli moCans.
denis plakati „kapitalis“ gamosvlisas, istoriul Temaze Seqmnili warmodgena
„avtokratiis dacema“ revoluciis meore wlisTavze daidga. Tavdapirvelad dadgma petro-
gradSi, Ria cis qveS gamarTes da momdevno Svidi Tvis manZilze, 250-jer gaimeores. is iyo
pirveli im masobrivi speqtaklebis seriebs Soris, romlebic sazeimo dResaswaulebze
TamaSdeboda.
„avtokratiis dacemis“ fotoebze aRbeWdilia jariskaci msaxiobebis jgufi kapital-
istebis/burJuebis rolSi. TiToeul maTgans cilindri axuravs, Savi halstuxi ukeTia, acvia
pijaki, jibis saaTi hkidia da butonieri umSvenebs sayelos, rac personaJis ganmasxvavebel
klasobriv niSnebad iTvleboda. [66]
burJuas (mis figuras xSirad ewera es saxeli), rogorc wesi, gamosaxavdnen naklebad
didad, vidre „kapitalists“ da is xSirad kulakis, mRvdlis an romelime TeTrgvardie-
lis TanxlebiT warmoCndeboda. denis mier 1920 wels Seqmnil or plakatze — „manifesti“
(ilustracia 5.4) da „kontr-revoluciis saflavze“ warmodgenilia burJuas saxe. [67] orive
plakatze msuqan burJuas cilindri axuravs da gamosasvleli pijaki acvia. „manifestSi“ is
117
TviTkmayofilad iRimis, iseve rogorc „kapitalSi“. kapitalistis/burJuas saxeebs sxva mx-
atvari-satirikosebic qmnidnen — iseTebi, rogoric iyo moori. isini ikonografiuli kla-
sis aRmniSvnel imave markerebs iyenebdnen. ase rom, mooris kapitalisti plakatSi „momeci
xeli, dezertiro!“, tanisamosis da aqsesuarebis TvalsazrisiT, igive niSnebia gamoyenebu-
li. [68] analogiurad, 1919 wels mis mier Seqmnili, farTod gavrcelebuli plakati „caris-
tuli reJimi da wiTeli armia“ warmogvidgens sigarismweveli burJuas standartul saxes.
mas xeli udevs fulis tomrebis grovaze. es plakati gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa, vinaidan
is 95 000-iani tiraJiT gamovida. masSi daxvewiladaa gamoyenebuli lubokis da religiuri
xatebis stilisturi xerxebi. [69]
klasobrivi markerebis TvalsazrisiT msgavsebebis miuxedavad, am periodis sabWoTa sat-
iris udidesi ostatebi, deni da moori, kapitalistis/burJuas saxeebSi aseve mniSvnelovan
niuansur sxvaobebs warmoadgendnen. 1924 wels, viaCeslav polonski am sxvaobebs aanalizeb-
da: denis naxatebze gamosaxuli burJua sicilismomgvreli iyo. mooris burJua mnaxvels
misdami siZulviliT ganawyobda. isini boroti ieriT arian warmodgenili da maTi sastiki
Sinagani samyaro zedapirzea gamotanili. „kapitalze“ gamosaxuli saxe mis [mooris] liTo-
grafiebs da karikaturebs mogvagonebs da is ar hgavs denis „kapitals“. es ukanaskneli zizRs
iwvevs, mooris „kapitali“ — SiSs. denis „kapitali“ msuqani bankiris hiperbolizebuli saxea,
romelic simsuqnisgan sakuTar kanSi ver eteva. mooris „kapitals“ adamianis forma aklia da
yvela misi Tviseba — sixarbe, sisastike da mtacebloba ukiduresobamdea miyvanili. amito-
mac, mooris liTografiebi iSviaTad iwvevs sicils da ufro xSirad aRZravs siZulvils da
survils, rom gaanadguro mteri da misgan nakvalevi ar datovo. [70]
1920 wels, metismetad originalurma mxatvarma, nikolai koCerginma Seqmna namuSevari
„kapitali da kompania“, romelzec kapitali gamosaxulia, rogorc giganturi, mwvane, msuqa-
ni urCxuli, romelsac yaryumis mosasxami aqvs moxuruli. (ilustracia 5.6). [71] mis qvemoT,
sammwkrivad sxedan kapitalizmis sxvadasxva warmomadgenlebi: loid jorji, klemanso da
uilsoni (pirvel mwkrivSi), romelsac mohyvebian TeTri generlebi da anarqisti meamboxeebi.
mwkrivis bolos personaJebis sakmaod didi jgufi Cans, TiToeuls cal-calke aweria
saxeli (aseTi mimdevrobiT): rabini, romis kaTolikuri eklesiis mRvdeli, mola, spekulan-
ti, kulaki, rusuli orTodoqsuli eklesiis mRvdeli, fabrikanti, gamomZiebeli, kadeti, po-
gromis monawile, iatakqveSa anarqisti, diplomati da memamule.
koCerginis namuSevarma, romlis ori versiac gamovida (sul 100 000-ze meti tiraJiT) erT
plakatze gaaerTiana alegoriuli da satiruli stilebi, rac kapitalistis/burJuas gamo-
saxvas iTvaliswinebda. es kompleqsuri plakatia, romelic, albaT, sajaro sivrcis inter-
ierisTvis Seiqmna, sadac damTvalierebels misi detalurad aRqma SeeZlo. am gansxvavebul
personaJebs Soris vizualuri kavSiris SeqmniT (zog SemTxvevaSi, warmodgenili ara mxolod
individebis, aramed mTeli socialuri jgufis saxiT) da kapitalis mwvane urCxulTan asoci-
aciuri kavSiris damyarebiT, plakati ostaturad iyenebs metonimias msoflio kapitalizmis
da ruseTSi misi gafarToebuli qselis kompleqsuri ambis gadmosacemad. maTTvis, vinc bol-
Sevikur demonologiaSi gaTviTcnobierebuli ar yofila, is kapitalisti mtris leqsikonis
funqcias asrulebda.
am tipis plakatebi aSkarad partiuli Cinovnikebis didi mxardaWeriT sargeblobda. maT
surdaT, rom mtris sxvadasxva gamovlinebis grafikuli vizualizacia xelmisawvdomi gamx-
dariyo. mooris kidev erTi „mtris leqsikoni“ „saxalxo samsjavro“ 1919 wels, „litizdatma“
uzarmazari — 125 000-iani tiraJiT gamoaqveyna (ilustracia 5.7). [72] aq Cvens winaSea glexi,
muSa da jariskaci, romelTac cocxi da niCabi uWiravT da adamianebis grZel da mravalfero-
van nakads devnian. adamianebis es nakadi, met-naklebad mowesrigebulad, sakuTari nebiT,
118
konkretuli daniSnulebis mimarTulebiT midian (qveynidan wasvla? sasamarTlo?). plakatis
didaqtikuri mizandasaxulebis gaTvaliswinebiT, TiToeul jgufs saguldagulod aweria
Tavisi saxeli, rom damTvalierebelma amoicnos karikaturebi. yvela mteri mamrobiTi sqesi-
saa, mxolod ori SiSveli qalia gamosaxuli, romlebic mRvdels exutebian. maT Soris arian
ara mxolod burJuebi, mRvdlebi da kulakebi, aramed konformisti „social-soglaSatelebi“
da gamcemi „social-predatelebi“. plakati lubokis tradiciis mixedviTaa Sesrulebuli da
meTvramete saukunis cnobil graviuras mogvagonebs, sadac Tagvebi katas marxaven. [73]

mtris TeTrebiseuli reprezentacia

maSin, rodesac bolSevikebi aqtiurad eweodnen samoqalaqo omSi TavianTi mtrebisgan

mtris xatis Seqmnis gacxarebul kampanias, TeTrebi analogiur Zalisxmevas bolSevikebis
winaaRmdeg mimarTavdnen. rogorc piter keneSi werda: „marTalia, bolSevikebs propagandis
mniSvneloba TavianT mtrebze gacilebiT ukeT esmodaT, magram plakatebi propagandis imde-
nad aSkara instrumenti iyo samoqalaqo omis pirobebSi, rom TeTrebic Seudgnen mis warmoe-
bas. TeTrebis reJimi (gansakuTrebiT maT Soris yvelaze Zlieri, romelic samxreTSi mde-
bareobda) uamrav niWier mxatvars izidavda, romlebic xarisxianad asrulebdnen samuSaos.
magram maTTan SedarebiT wiTlebis mier mxardaWerili produqcia TeTrebisas xarisxo-
brivadac aRemateboda da raodenobrivadac.“ [74] orive mxare cdilobda, Seeqmna vizualuri
propagandis saSualebebi, romelic did gavlenas moaxdenda da damajerebeli iqneboda au-
ditoriisTvis. [75] propagandis mizniT, samxreT ruseTis TeTrebis mTavrobam propagandis
ganyofileba, osvagi (osvedomitelnoe agitacionnoe otdelenie — sainformacio-saagita-
cio ganyofileba) daaarsa.
vinaidan orive mxares moRvawe politikuri xelovnebis warmomadgenlebma ganaTleba da
gamocdileba caristuli reJimis pirobebSi miiRes, gasakviri ar aris, rom isini msgavsi mid-
gomebiT gamoirCeodnen mtrebis reprezentaciisas. ubralo adamianebamde saTqmelis mi-
satanad, isini iyenebdnen im vizualur gramatikas da leqsikons, romelic maT kulturul
repertuars ekuTvnoda. TavianTi bolSeviki oreulebis msgavsad, politikuri xelovnebis
warmomadgenlebi, romlebic TeTrebisTvis awarmoebdnen propagandas, sxvadasxva stils
mimarTavdnen, romelic folkloruli da religiuri xelovnebidan, rusuli da evropuli
satiruli tradiciebidan da rusuli realizmidan momdinareobda. [76] viaCeslav polonski
am msgavsebas imiT xsnis, rom orive mxares moRvawe mxatvrebi TavianT saqmes erTi da igive
maswavleblebisgan daeuflnen, romlebic burJuaziuli klasidan iyvnen gamosuli. [77] mx-
atvrebi, romlebic TeTrebTan TanamSromlobdnen, gansakuTrebiT dainteresebuli iyvnen
alegoriuli saxeebiT. isini imave saxeebs iyenebdnen, rasac bolSevikebi, magram am saxeebs
sxva mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen. [78] magaliTad, hidra xSirad anarqias niSnavda; sazareli ur-
Cxulis saxes ki bolSevizmis warmosadgenad mimarTavdnen. sagulisxmo magaliTia „SurisZie-
ba“ — daxvewilad Sedgenili plakati, romelic savsea cocxali religiuri saxeebiT, maT So-
ris — gveliT, eSmakiT, jojoxeTis cecxliT da SurismaZiebeli angeloziT (ilustracia
5.8). [79] bolSevikebis meTaurebi (lenini, trocki da sxvebi) jojoxeTis cecxlSi cvivian,
sadac isini eSmakis pirispir aRmoCndebian da TavianTi codvebisTvis dantes mier asaxuli
sasjeliT itanjebian: sisastike da qurdoba, ybedoba da tyuilebi, uRmerToba da eklesiis
Seuracxyofa, mkvleloba da gardacvlilTa dacinva, wminda ruseTis mdabali Ralati. bol-
SevikebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli ferTa simbolikisgan gansxvavebiT, wiTeli feri maTTvis
borotebas da jojoxeTis cecxls aRniSnavda. [80]
119
 TavianTi bolSeviki oreulebis msgavsad, obobas saxes TeTrebis mxardamWeri mxatvrebic
iyenebdnen TavianTi mtrebis aRsaniSnavad. es saxe gvxvdeba lubokis stilSi Sesrulebuli
plakatis centrSi „mavne oboba. komunistebis samoTxe“. [81]
TeTrebis mier gamoqveynebul plakatebSi xelovanebi, TavianTi saTqmelis gadmosacemad,
satiras mimarTavdnen da zogierTi maTi kompozicia „okna rostas“ satirul stils pirda-
pir iyenebda. plakati „ruseTis sxvadasxva mTavrobis mier qaRaldis banknotebis gamoSveba“
mogviTxrobs martiv istorias satiruli xasiaTis mxolod sami kadris meSveobiT. [82] mxat-
vari ambis arss minimaluri detalebis saSualebiT gadmogvcems — am SemTxvevaSi, 1916 wlis
Semdeg momxdari inflaciis Sesaxeb. saTqmelis seriozulobis miuxedavad, plakati iumoriT
gadmogvcems Tavis pozicias. figurebi groteskuladaa warmodgenili imdroindeli arakom-
petenturi garemos da caristuli wyobis damxobis Semdeg dawyebuli krizisis gamosaxatad.
TeTrebis zogierT yvelaze kritikul satirul plakatze gamosaxuli iyo trockis da
leninis karikaturebi. trocki, rogorc wiTeli armiis meTauri, xSirad mtris xatad iyo
warmodgenili TeTrebis propagandis saSualebebSi. erT plakatze „sisxlis tbebis da gva-
mebis mTis gziT“ trocki iudas saxiT warmogvidgeba, romelic golgoTis mTaze mimaval
qristes uyurebs, xolo qriste golgoTas mTaze wiTelarmielebs miyavT. (ilustracia 5.9).
[83] ebraelTa mtrobis Tema mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda TeTrebis propagandis saSuale-
bebSi, zogadad da kerZod — trockis asaxvisas. TeTrebi Zalisxmevas ar iSurebdnen, rom
ebraelebsa da komunistebs Soris „ruseTis“ winaaRmdeg aliansis idea gamoexataT. [84]
kidev erTi plakati, romelic donis rostovSi gamovida, aris „lenini da trocki“. masze
gamosaxulia Zalian maRali trocki, romelic metismetad dabal lenins Tavze dayurebs. [85]
trockis cali xeli leninis Tavze udevs, xolo meoreTi dedamiwaze mianiSnebs. maT ukan Ce-
modnebis grovaa. mokle teqstSi, romelic plakats erTvis weria, rom isini sacxovrebel
adgils eZeben. mxatvari orives ugunur personaJebad warmogvidgens — rogorc ufro ko-
mikur arsebebs, vidre sastikebs. igive mxatvars ekuTvnis trockis erTi satiruli plakati,
romelzec gamosaxulia, Tu rogor kinwiskvriT agdebs trockis yubaneli TeTrgvardieli
jariskaci. [86]
TeTrebis mier gamoSvebuli satiruli plakatebi bolSevikebis mimarT siZulvilis
grZnobis gaCenas isaxavda miznad. zogierTi plakati folkloruli xelovnebisTvis damaxa-
siaTebel „Cven/isini“ xerxs iyenebda; sxvebi religiuri TemebiT xelmZRvanelobdnen. mesame
tipis plakatebSi saTqmelis gadmosacemad satiras da ironias mimarTavdnen.
plakat „rusuli revoluciis silamazesa da RirsebaSi“ momRimar da sisxlSi amosvril
bolSevik mezRvaurs xelSi revolveri uWiravs, qamarSi dana aqvs garWobili da sisxlis
mdinareze miabijebs. [87] gamosaxulebis qvemoT gvxvdeba leqsi, rac sabWoTa plakatebisT-
visac damaxasiaTebeli iyo.

mtris saxe 1920-ian wlebSi

rodesac samoqalaqo omi dasrulda da TeTrebi da meamboxe glexebi damarcxdnen, bol-

Sevikebma yuradReba ekonomikis aRdgenaze gadaitanes. 1921 wlis gazafxulze, maT axali
ekonomikuri politikis leniniseuli gegma miiRes, rac vaWrobaSi, mrewvelobasa da soflis
meurneobaSi ekonomikuri saqmianobis stimulirebas iTvaliswinebda. am cvlilebas mtris
vizualuri reprezentaciis sakiTxSic ganaxleba mohyva. propaganda gacilebiT naklebad
iyo orientirebuli mterze nepis wlebSi, isini ufro aRorZinebiT da muSebis da glexebis
aliansiT iyvnen dainteresebuli.
120
 cxadia, es imas ar niSnavda, rom bolSevikebisTvis mtris cneba gaqra. komunistebi maT
garSemo arsebul samyaros isev iseTi binaruli opoziciebis saxiT aRiqvamdnen, rogori-
caa proletari da burJua da Raribi glexi da kulaki. samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT, Sida
mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawili samoqalaqo sazogadoebis CarCoebs gareT rCeboda. 1918
wlis ruseTis respublikis konstituciis norma, romelic kerZo movaWreebs, rantieebs da
kulakebs uflebebs arTmevda, ZalaSi darCa axali konstituciis miRebisas, romelic 1923
wels daamtkices.
1920-ian wlebSi Sida klasobrivi mtris saxe ramdenime komponentisgan Sedgeboda, pozici-
is da wlis mixedviT. aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi, bolSevikebi agrZelebdnen e.w. nakacarebis
devnas. maT rigebSi erTiandeboda Zveli privilegirebuli klasebis warmomadgenlebi da
samRvdeloeba. drodadro nepmenebs (yvela tipis kerZo movaWreebs) da ufro SeZlebul
glexebs (e.w. kulakebs) cils swamebdnen, Tumca maTi saqmianoba nebadarTuli iyo axali
ekonomikuri politikis Tanaxmad. arakomunist inteligencias xSirad negatiurad uyurebd-
nen da „burJua specialistebs“ uwodebdnen. 1928 wlidan isini ciliswamebis gansakuTrebul
obieqtebad iqcnen „Saxtis saqmis“ Semdeg. [88]
1920 wlis bolos, kulturuli revoluciis dasawyisSi, mtrebis sia gaizarda da masSi,
Seila ficpatrikis TqmiT, gaerTiandnen „glexobis momxreebi, inteligenciis momxreebi, bi-
urokratebi.. nepmenebi, kulakebi, kafes moyvaruli ganaTlebuli adamianebi, diversantebi,
qonebaCamorTmeuli kapitalistebi da ucxoeli jaSuSebi“. [89] bevri maTgani e.w. liSence-
bis samarTlebriv kategoriaSi moxvda, ris gamoc isini seriozuli samoqalaqo uuflebobis
(uflebebis CamorTmeva, sajaro samsaxuridan garicxva) da socio-ekonomikuri diskrimi-
naciis msxverpli aRmoCndnen, gansaxlebis, ganaTlebis da gadasaxadebis TvalsazrisiT. re-
Jimis mxridan liSencebis devna Semcirda 1921-26 wlebSi da 1927 wlidan isev gaaqtiurda. [90]
pirovnebis raobis pirdapiri ganmartebis oficialuri politika arasdros yofila cxa-
di, magram mainc mtkiced swamdaT, rom individis mdgomareoba oqtombris revoluciamde da
ara misi axlandeli saqmianoba, iyo gadamwyveti politikuri poziciis gansazRvris saqme-
Si. oqtombris revoluciis Semdeg, adamianebi xSirad icvlidnen poziciebs: axali reJimis
pirobebSi zogierTi muSa partiuli Cinovniki gaxda, mRvdlis Svilebi muSebad iqcnen da sx-
vebma profesia Seicvales. am yvelaferma gamoiwvia didi gaurkvevloba da sifrTxile, indi-
vidualuri socialuri (da politikuri) identobis TvalsazrisiT. [91]
1921-sa da 1929 wlebs Soris bolSevikebis mier Seqmnili plakatebis mimoxilvam cxadyo, rom
sityvis an gamosaxulebis meSveobiT mtris gamosaxvis SemTxvevebis ricxvi mkveTrad Semcirda
— samoqalaqo omis wlebTan SedarebiT daaxloebiT naxevrad. mtris gamosaxulebiani bevri
plakati gamoCnda 1920-iani wlebis bolos, rodesac nepmenebsa da kulakebze Seteva Zlier-
deboda. 1920-iani wlebis bolomde xelovanebi SedarebiT nakleb yuradRebas uTmobdnen ga-
reSe mtrebs da amis nacvlad, ufro metad orientirebuli iyvnen jgufebsa da individebze,
romlebic Sida mtrebad iTvlebodnen. am ukanasknelTa Soris, sityvierad Tu gamosaxulebis
saSualebiT, vxedavT mefes da mis amalas. amis sapirispirod, Zveli reJimis sxva elementebs,
rogoricaa kapitalisti/burJua, kulakebi, mRvdlebi, memamuleebi da yofili soflis poli-
cielebi, aseve menSevikebs, isev TvalsaCino adgili ekavaT politikur plakatebSi.
xelovanebi ufro metad koncentrirebuli iyvnen maTze, vinc mesame kategoriaSi —
„mtrebi saqmianobis da sxva niSnis mixedviT“ erTiandebodnen. masSi Sediodnen qurdebi,
loTebi, biurokratebi (gansakuTrebiT meqrTameebi), samsaxuris gamcdenebi, usaqmurebi,
mflangvelebi, mavneblebi, [92] meqrTameebi, mimTviseblebi da biurokratebi. amasTanave, maT
ricxvs ganekuTvnebodnen kulakebis momxreebi, kulaki diversantebi, maRaziis mepatronee-
bi da kerZo movaWreebi.
121
 alegoriuli saxeebi, romlebic ase mniSvnelovani iyo samoqalaqo omis periodis poli-
tikuri xelovnebisTvis, axla ukve iSviaTad Cndebodnen, Tumca drodadro mainc iyenebdnen
araadamianuri saxiT mtris reprezentaciis meTods. [93]
„okna rostam“ dakarga aqtualoba. mxolod mkveTri, satiruli stili SemorCa, romelsac
misdevdnen iseTi mxatvrebi, rogorebic iyvnen deni, moori, koCergini da Ceriomnixi. es iyo
stili, romelic dasamaxsovrebel karikaturebs efuZneboda da ara Txrobas. maT SeuerT-
da axali Taobis iseTi niWieri mxatvrebi — kukriniqsebi — samkaciani jgufi (mixail ku-
prianovi, porfiri krilovi da nikolai sokolovi), romlebic erTad swavlobdnen moskovSi
da 1924 wlidan satirul plakatebs erTad qmnidnen. politikuri mxatvrebi 1920-ian wlebSi
tradiciuli kulturuli repertuariT xelmZRvanelobdnen. ferTa simbolika, romelic
samoqalaqo omis dros SeimuSaves da romelic nawilobriv religiuri xatebisas efuZne-
boda, isev warmmarTveli iyo. yvelaferi, rac wiTeli feris iyo, heroikulad iTvleboda;
Savs da mwvanes negatiuri datvirTva hqonda da, ZiriTadad, mtrebis winaaRmdeg iyenebdnen.
[94] zogjer lubokidan aRebuli iseTi stilisturi elementebiT sargeblobdnen, rogori-
caa „isini/Cven“ formati, rac gmirebsa da mtrebs, keTilsa da borots, sakralursa da pro-
fanuls Soris gansxvavebis xazgasmas iTvaliswinebda. magaliTad, plakatebSi, sadac kerZos
kooperativis maRaziebs upirispirebdnen, am formats mimarTavdnen. [95] aseve, iyenebdnen
perspeqtivis rRvevis xerxs, riTac xazs usvamdnen muSis da muSebis saxelmwifos Zliere-
bas mterTan mimarTebaSi. 1929 wels Seqmnil plakatze „mteri moZvreba — gaagdeT is!“ gamo-
saxulia giganturi wiTeli xeli, romelic eWideba mZarcvelis nacrisfer xels. plakatis
qveda CarCoze gamosaxulia ori virTxa da CamoTvlilia „Cveni mTavari mtrebi“: mavnebeli
da kulaki, biurokrati da xelisSemSleli, qurdi da mimtacebeli, loTi da mflangveli. [96]
plakatze gamosaxuli ori virTxa mtrebsa da mRrRnelebs Soris asociacias qmnis. adamianu-
ri Tvisebebisgan daclis am xerxs samoqalaqo omisdroindel plakatebSic iyenebdnen. [97]
1920-iani wlebis bolosTvis, mtrebis gamosaxulebiani plakatebis saerTo toni ufro
mkveTri, daundobeli xdeboda da samoqalaqo omisdroindel eToss mogvagonebs. 1927 wels
nepis xanis Semwynareblobas gadauxvies da liSencebis oficialuri sia gaizarda. [98] 1928-30
wlebSi pirveli xuTwledis gegma miiRes da damarcxda memarjvene opozicia, [99] trocki gan-
devnes qveynidan da samrewvelo sabotaJis pirveli sajaro sasamarTlo procesebi gaimarTa.
„xalxis mtrebze“ — „burJuebze“, „memarjveneebze“, „klasobrivi mSvidobis“ momxreebze —
sityvieri Tavdasxmebi swrafad gaaqtiurda 1929 wels. [100] 1930 wlisTvis stalinis, rogorc
erTi yvelaze Zlieri lideris pozicia qveyanaSi mtkiced gamyarda.
mtrebiT sul ufro mzardi SeSfoTeba Tavis gamoxatulebas poulobda vizualuri propa-
gandis saSualebebSi. did manekenebs, romlebic garkveul tipebs warmoadgendnen (kapital-
isti/burJua, mRvdeli, kulaki da sxvebi), 1928 da 1929 wlebis sapirvelmaiso da 7 noembris
zeimebze mniSvnelovani adgili ekavaT. [101] plakatebis ricxvi, romlebic ZiriTadad mtris
Temas eZRvneboda, mniSvnelovnad gaizarda 1929 da 1930 wlebSi. aseve, moimata am plakateb-
ze Riad amosacnobi mtrebis raodenobam. boroto personaJebis ricxvs ucxoeli mtrebi
Seematnen. maT Soris iyvnen germaneli social-demokratebi, [102] faSistebi, frangebis lid-
eri puankare, britanuli imperializmi, musolini, romis papi da ucxoeli menSevikebi. amave
dros, gaCndnen axali Sida mtrebic: prompartia, memarjvene oportunistebi, [103] trocki,
pirveli xuTwledis gegmis mimarT skeptikurad ganwyobilni da jaSuSebi. tradiciuli mR-
vdlis, kapitalistis da TeTrgvardieli generlis figurebis gverdiT, 1930 wlis 7 noembris
zeimze, moskovSi, platformaze rabinis gamosaxulebac gaCnda. [104] denis mier Seqmnili
plakati „xuTwledis mtrebi“ 1929 wlidan mtris vizualuri reprezentaciisadmi axleburi
midgomis nimuSia (CanarTi 6). [105] 75 000-iani tiraJiT gamocemuli es plakati dayofilia
122
or kadrad da masze warmodgenili arian Sinauri da gareSe mtrebi. marcxena kadrSi denim
memamulis, kulakis, loTis da mRvdlis satiruli saxeebi gamosaxa; marjvenaSi — Jurnal-
isti, kapitalisti, menSeviki da TeTrgvardieli oficeri. im dros, rogorc Cans, ucxoeli
Jurnalisti gare mtrebis sias Seemata. misi figura drodadro stalinis xanis ganmavlobaSi
isev Cndeba.
denis 1929 wlis plakati samoqalaqo omis dros damkvidrebul satirul tradiciebs mihy-
veba. aq mtris saxe (standartizebuli saxe, romelic aerTianebda konkretul, advilad amo-
sacnob klasobriv an politikur niSnebs) da ara Txroba aris plakatis mTavari elementi,
lubokis formatisTvis damaxasiaTebeli plakatebisgan gansxvavebiT.
klasobrivi mtrebis raodenobis zrda, rac 1920-iani wlebis bolodan daiwyo, mxatvrebs
aiZulebda, axali negatiuri personaJebis grafikuli saxeebis Seqmnis amocanaze koncentri-
rebuliyvnen. es cvlilebebi im intensiuri klasobrivi brZolis gamovlineba iyo, romelic
swraf industrializacias da koleqtivizacias axlda Tan da romelic pirveli xuTwledis
gegmiT dagvirgvinda.

klasobrivi brZola 1930-ian wlebSi

1930-iani wlebis dasawyisSi mtrebis mimarT angariSsworeba samoqalaqo omis dros sa-
brZolo atmosferos mogvagonebs, magram maT Soris mniSvnelovani sxvaobaa. sabWoTa kav-
Siris teritoriaze SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis da ucxoeTis intervenciis nacvlad, 1930-ian
wlebSi klasobrivi brZola mimdinareobda da saxelmwifom daiwyo jer e.w. burJua special-
istebis, Semdeg glexobis da bolos, 1934 wlidan, sabWoTa moqalaqeTa farTo speqtris, maT
Soris partiis wevrebis, winaaRmdeg devna da teroris kampania. masobrivi propagandistuli
kampaniisas, iyenebdnen samxedro metaforebs da presa „savse iyo iseTi frazebiT, rogoricaa
„samrewvelo fronti“, „sasoflo-sameurneo fronti“, „brZola qvanaxSirisTvis“, „wiTlebis
Seteva“, „msubuqi kavaleriis Seteva“, „samxedro disciplina“ da „Sokis brigadebi“. liter-
atura iqca „literaturul frontad“, sadac mwerlebi klasobriv brZolaSi ebmebodnen
burJuaziuli literaturuli kulturis winaaRmdeg, industrializaciis dasacavad; sxva
inteleqtualuri profesiebic aseve mobilizebuli iyvnen.“ [106] politikuri xelovnebis
warmomadgenlebi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobdnen am mobilizaciis procesSi. rogorc davi-
naxeT, vizualuri propaganda 1931 wlis gazafxulze centris daqvemdebarebaSi moxvda da
erTi wlis Semdeg, naxevrad avtonomiuri saxelovnebo organizaciebi gauqmda. [107]
1931 wlis Semdeg, politikuri xelovnebis warmomadgenlebi TavianTi ideebis da saxeebis
SemuSavebisas, ukve aRar TanamSromlobdnen sxvadasxva sainformacio saSualebasa da or-
ganizaciasTan. im periodidan samTavrobo gamomcemloba „izogizi“ awarmoebda plakatebs,
ZiriTadi gegmis Sesabamisad. „izogizma“ SeimuSava sloganebi SerCeuli xelovanebisTvis,
romlebsac TavianTi eskizebis wardgena SeTavaza. [108] mTeli es operacia centraluri
komitetis meTvalyureobiT mimdinareobda da metismetad centralizebuli iyo.
sityviT da/an gamosaxulebiT amosacnobi mtrebis raodenoba, 1920-ian wlebTan Sedare-
biT, mniSvnelovnad gaizarda 1931-32 wlebSi. es raodenobrivi zrda emTxveva bolSevikur
ideologiaSi fundamentur xelaxal orientacias. lars erik blomkvistma mtrebis mimarT
oficiozis damokidebulebaSi es cvlileba Semdegnairad daaxasiaTa: 1920-iani wlebis mow-
inave Teoretikosebi ar uaryofdnen anomaliebis, avadmyofobebis, an borotebis arsebobas
sazogadoebaSi, magram isini im azrze iyvnen, rom ganaTlebis da gamosworebis gziT, am prob-
lemis Semcireba SesaZlebeli iqneboda.. meore mxriv, stalinis xanis ideologebi yovelgvar
123
danaSauls da aranormalurs danaSaulad Tvlidnen. praqtikulad, stalinis xanas sWirde-
boda borotebis xati, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi is anTropomorfuli tipis unda yofiliyo, rom
advilad gaerCiaT, rogorc sikeTis — anu socializmis mSeneblobis — sapirispiro ram. [109]
1930-iani wlebis pirvel naxevarSi mtrebiT (da gmirebiT) dainteresebaSi vlindeboda
sazRvrebis iq gavlebis mcdeloba, sadac winaT araferi arsebobda da im bipolaruli velis
zustad moniSvna, sadac yvela da yvelaferi erT qveyanaSi socializmis mSeneblobis gmir-
uli da istoriulad uprecedento Zalisxmevis an erT an — meore mxares dgas. [110] mkve-
Tri sazRvrebis gamokveTisken swrafva samoqalaqo omis drosac SeiniSneboda, magram 1920-
ian wlebSi axali ekonomikuri politikis danergvis dros, es sazRvrebi gafermkrTalda da
Seiqmna SezRuduli, magram mniSvnelovani „aqsiologiurad neitraluri zona“, romelSic
iseT socialur jgufebs, rogorebicaa SeZlebuli glexoba da arapartiuli inteligencia,
oficialuri ideologiisgan gansxvavebuli, orazrovani pozicia ekavaT. 1929 wlis aprilSi
pirveli xuTwledis gegmis miRebam isev wina planze wamowia sazRvrebis sakiTxi, romelic
bolSevikuri ideologiisTvis arsebiTad iTvleboda. upirvelesad, reJimi cdilobda mkve-
Tri xazi gaevlo gmirebisa da mtrebis, sikeTis da borotebis, sakralurisa da profanulis
binarul opozicias Soris da klasifikaciaSi orazrovneba gaeuqmebina. am amocanis ganxor-
cielebaSi vizualuri propaganda mTavar saSualebad iqca.
1930-33 wlebSi Seqmnili plakatebis kvlevam gamoavlina mtris ormocdaaTze meti kate-
goria, rac didad aRemateboda nepis periodSi imave kategoriis monacemebs. zogierTi maT-
gani gareSe mteri iyo: intervencionistebi, TeTrgvardieli banditebi (TeTrgvardielebi),
germaneli social-demokratebi, social-faSistebi, [111] monarqistebi, faSistebi, hitleri,
kaucki da papi. magram 1930-iani wlebis dasawyisSi mtrebis umravlesoba sabWoTa kavSiris
farglebSia. maT Soris iyvnen Zveli reJimis warmomadgenlebi, romlebic bolSevikuri de-
monologiis siaSi samoqalaqo omis periodidan iTvlebodnen.
monarqistebi, caristi Jandarmi, carizmis maRalCinosnebi, mefis garemocva da mefe peri-
odulad kvlav Cndebian politikur plakatebze. sxvebma, rogorebicaa kulaki, kapitalisti/
burJua, mRvdeli, rabini da mola, gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba moipoves 1930-iani wlebis
dasawyisis vizualuri propagandis saSualebebSi. am ukanasknel jgufebs mTavari adgili
ekava koleqtivizaciis da industrializaciisadmi miZRvnil dramebsa da antireligiur kam-
paniaSi, romelic pirveli xuTwledis gegmis dros daiwyo. vizualur propagandaSi es ten-
denciebi daemTxva liSencebis raodenobriv Semcirebas, romlebic oficialurad 1931 wl-
idan daregistrirdnen. es tendencia 1936 wlamde gagrZelda, rodesac reJimma gamoacxada,
rom „uklaso sazogadoebis“ Seqmnas miaRwies. [112]
TeTrgvardielebs, menSevikebs da eserebs, memarjvene da memarcxene oportunistebTan
erTad, aseve, mniSvnelovani adgili ekavaT 1930-iani wlebis dasawyisis politikur xelovne-
baSi. varaudobdnen, rom am jgufidan zogierTs bazebi hqonda qveynis gareT, xolo sabWoTa
kavSirSi myof maT agentebs xuTwledis gegmis CaSla surdaT. es varaudebi kargad gamoCnda
im saCvenebeli sasamarTlo procesebiT, romlebic aTwleulis meore naxevarSi gaimarTa.
mniSvnelovnad gaizarda im tipis mtrebis ricxvi, romlebic gavaerTianeT kategoriaSi
„mtrebi profesiis an sxva niSnis mixedviT“. arsebul sias, romelSic Sediodnen: qurdi, bi-
urokrati, loTi, usaqmuri da samsaxuris gamcdeni, daemata wamgleji, xuligani, mawanwala,
myvlefavi, mtacebeli, cudi muSa, skeptikosi, wuwuna da mavne simulanti. sabWoTa demono-
logia am siaSi profesorebis Seyvanamdec mivida.
sruliad axali iyo politikuri uRirsobis aRmniSvneli termini — „Slapa“, an „partSla-
pa“, rac pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT „quds“, an „partiis quds“ niSnavs, magram maTTvis aRniSna-
vda dabneul adamians, urigo muSaks, romelsac aviwydeba yvelaferi. masTan dakavSirebuli
124
sityva „proSliapit“ aRniSnavs SesaZleblobis xelidan gaSvebas, an im SemTxvevaSi, Tu damna-
Saves an mters eZebT — TvalTaxedvis aredan mis gaSvebas. sityva „Slapa“ miemarTeba Teqis an
mamakacis sxva formalur samoqalaqo Tavsaburavs. sanam stalini 1933 wlis ianvarSi sityva
„Slapas“ kolmeurneobis iseTi Tanamdebobis piris aRsaniSnavad gamoiyenebda, romelic Ta-
visi didi qudis qveS ifarebda mavneblebs da maT msgavs adamianebs, romlebic kolmeurne-
obis qonebas anadgurebdnen, am sityvas qalaqSi mcxovrebi dabali klasis warmomadgenlebi
iyenebdnen im maRal poziciebze myofi adamianebis dasacinad, romelTac cxovrebiseuli
gamocdileba akldaT. aqedan gamomdinare, es sityva, zogadad, arakompetenturi muSakis
aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneboda. 1933 wels konstantin rotovis mier Seqmnil plakatze „Sla-
pebi kolmeurneobaSi“ am fenomenis erT-erT pirvel asaxvas vxvdebiT. plakati 50 000-iani
tiraJiT gamovida da masze warmodgenilia mamakaci didi qudiT, romelsac uWiravs warw-
era: „Cvens kolmeurneobaSi kulakebi ar arian“. oTxi miniaturuli mamakaci (qurdi, yofili
TeTrgvardieli oficeri, mRvdeli da gaurkveveli figura) qudis kideze sxedan. [113]
1930-iani wlebis pirvel naxevarSi, mtris gamosasaxad sam stils iyenebdnen. pirveli maT-
gani iyo samoqalaqo omis wlebSi damkvidrebuli karikaturuli stili, romelsac iseTi mx-
atvrebi mimarTavdnen, rogorebic iyvnen: deni, moori da Ceriomnixi. satirisadmi amgvari
midgomis ganmasxvavebeli Tavisebureba gulisxmobda iseTi fiqsirebuli saxeebis Seqmnas,
romelTac simboluri klasobrivi niSnebi hqondaT, rac ama Tu im figuris myisier da udavo
identifikacias uzrunvelyofda. ramdenime martivi markeri, zogjer erTic ki, sakmarisi
iyo vizualuri identobis warmosaCenad. magaliTad, caristuli gvirgvini, kapitalistis/
burJuas cilindri da TeTrgvardieli oficris an ucxoeli generlis samxedro kepi so-
cialuri da politikuri identobis udavo gasaRebs iZleoda.
1930-iani wlebis ganmavlobaSi, deni, moori, Ceriomnixi da sxva mxatvrebi am tipis kari-
katuras, Zvel modelebs iyenebdnen, zogjer modifikaciebiT da axlis damatebiT, mtre-
bis CamonaTvalis Sesabamisad. deniseuli plakati „bednieri moqalaqe, romelic am tipebs
mxolod wignebidan icnobs“ warmoadgens 1930-ian wlebSi am midgomis gamoyenebis nimuSs.
(ilustracia 5.10). [114] 1932 wels gamosuli (20 000 egzemplari) es plakati rva sabWoTa mtris
portrets gamosaxavs, romelTa Sorisaa kapitalisti/burJua, mefe, monarqisti, interven-
cionalisti generali, eseri da menSeviki. ramdenime detalis, magaliTad, TvalSisacemi
qudebis meSveobiT, maTi amocnoba advilia.
boroti personaJebis ricxvis zrdasTan erTad, mxatvrebi cdilobdnen, gamorCeuli niS-
nebiT aRWurvili Sesabamisi karikaturebi SeeqmnaT. damkvidrebis Semdeg, axali saxe, ro-
gorc wesi, aTwleulis manZilze agrZelebda arsebobas. ilustraciis saSualebiT, rode-
sac „mavneblis“ kategoria aqtualuri gaxda 1920-iani wlebis bolos, mxatvrebi standar-
tizebuli saxis gamoyenebas fiqsirebuli niSnebiT cdilobdnen. 1930 wlisTvis „mavneblis“
karikatura SeimuSava denim, romlis plakati „gpu“ warmogvidgens „kontrrevolucioner
mavnebels“ — asakovan melot kacs saTvaleebiT da kexiani cxviriT, kostiumSi gamowyobils,
halstuxiT. [115] wiTeli elva, romelic asoebs „gpu“ mogvagonebs, mas Tavze ecema. mas in-
teleqtualis ieri aqvs da eWvgareSea, rom „burJua specialistia“, romelmac industriuli
sabotaJi scada.
trockis reprezentaciam standartizaciis msgavsi procesi ganicada. rogorc me-4 Tav-
Si davinaxeT, samoqalaqo omis da 1920-iani wlebis dasawyisis ganmavlobaSi, bevri plakati,
portreti da vizualuri eqsponati ganadidebda trockis, romlis saxelsac mxolod leni-
ni Crdilavda. leninis sikvdilis Semdeg, trockis pozicia bolSevikur panTeonSi swrafad
Sesustda da 1929 wlis dasawyisisTvis is qveynidan gaaZeves. mxatvrebi, romlebic erT dros
mas gmirad warmosaxavdnen, axla ukve trockis, rogorc mtris axal saxeze muSaobdnen.
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 1930 wels, leningradis samxatvro akademiam Seqmna saagitacio avtomobili „trocki
msoflio imperializmis ferxulSi“, romelic gamosaxavda patara da Txel trockis, rome-
lic ukan misdevs did kapitalists/faSists. [116] Sav kostiumsa da TeTr perangSi gamowyo-
bili trockis araqaTgamoclil figuras, didi qudiT da saTvaleebiT, portfeli uWiravs,
warweriT „simarTle ssrk-Si“. is xelgawvdili misdevs didi zomis kapitalists/faSists,
romelsac sayeluriT uWiravs sami Rrenia ZaRli. isini mowinave dasavlur saxelmwifoebs
ganasaxiereben (mogvagonebs samoqalaqo omis periodis deniseul cnobil plakats „antanta“
[ilustracia 5.2]). trockis TiTqmis identuri saxe Cndeba denis 1937 wlis plakatze „TviT-
ganadgurebisken miiweven“, romelic 150 000-iani tiraJiT gamovida (ilustracia 5.11). [117]
aq ukve miniaturuli trocki miuZRveba win or jansaR samxedros, romelTac faSisturi in-
signiebi ukeTiaT.
trockis am or reprezentacias, marTalia, Svidi weli aSorebs, magram bevri saerTo aqvs.
orive SemTxvevaSi perspeqtivis rRveva sxva gareSe mtrebTan SedarebiT, trockis statusis
damcrobas iTvaliswinebs. imavdroulad, orive plakati asociaciurobis xerxs iyenebs (am
SemTxvevaSi, trockis da kapitalistis/faSistis mimarT), rogorc Txrobis alternativas.
es konvencia ukve damkvidrebuli iyo 1930 wlisTvis da Tanamedrove damTvalierebels esmo-
da, rom fizikuri siaxlove politikur da ideologiur msgavsebasac gulisxmobda rogorc
mtrebs, ise gmirebs Soris.
1930-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, mxatvarma-satirikosebma daiwyes sabWoTa vizualur le-
qsikonSi erT-erTi yvelaze damkvidrebuli saxis — kapitalistis/burJuas saxis modifikacia.
anonimi mxatvris mier 1931 wels Sesrulebul plakatze „eqspluatatorTa klasis winaaRmdeg“,
gamosaxuli iyo kapitalistis axali saxe (ilustracia 5.12). [118] kapitalistis tradiciuli
figuris msgavsad, mas Savi cilindri axuravs, magram msgavseba amiT amoiwureba. Roris na-
kvTebis mqone xorcsavse figura grZel, wawvetebulcxvirianma kuTxovanma saxem Secvala. mas
svastikis formis manJetis sakinZeebi ukeTia da xelSi miniaturuli mRvdeli da germaneli
social-demokratebi uWiravs. msgavsi modifikacia ganaxorcieles denim da dolgorukovma
1933 wlis plakatSi „xuTwledis gegma“, romelzec gamosaxulia cilindriani, wawvetebulcx-
viriani kapitalisti. [119] kapitalistis ganaxlebuli saxe stalinis xanaSi SenarCunda.
1931-32 wlebSi kapitalistis karnavaluri karikaturebi gamoitanes sadResaswaulo zei-
mis dros, rogorc saagitacio paradebis ganuyofeli nawili, romlebic moskovis gorkis
parkSi imarTeboda. am samganzomilebiani karikaturebis fotoebi kapitalistis adreuli
ikonografiuli saxis sxvagvari variaciebis dasturia. kapitalists aqac cilindri axuravs,
magram sxva markerebi gamqralia. yvelaze TvalSisacemi axali aspeqtia kbilebi — didi, eS-
vismagvari kbilebi, romlebic kapitalistis Ria piridan moCans. kapitalistis erT-erT aseT
figuras svastikisgamosaxulebiani manJetis samagrebi ukeTia. [120]
1933 wels moorma Seqmna plakati, romelSic kapitalistis/burJuas kidev axali saxe Se-
mogvTavaza. am uCveulo plakatze „xuTwledis Sedegebma gvaCvena, rom muSaTa klass iseve
kargad SeuZlia axlis Seneba, rogorc Zvelis ngreva“ kapitalistis standartuli gamosax-
uleba Canacvlebulia daZabunebuli, TeTrTmiani moxuci kaciT. [121] faqtobrivad, yvela
standartuli klasobrivi niSani gamqralia.
politikuri xelovnebis zogierTi warmomadgeneli klasobriv niSnebze dafuZnebul
tradiciul satirul namuSevrebs qmnida, sxvebi tipizaciaze dafuZnebuli reprezentaci-
is axal koncefcias ergebodnen. nacnobi simboluri klasobrivi niSnebis nakrebis nacvlad
(rogoricaa burJuas cilindri), mxatvrebi cdilobdnen iseTi saxis Seqmnas, romelic mtris
zogierT atributs wina planze wamowevda, rogoric unda yofiliyo is. amrigad, politiku-
rad swor saxed iTvleboda is, romelic ama Tu im mtris oficialur koncefcias Seesabamebo-
126
da da aqedan gamomdinare, msgavsebis pretenzia hqonda. am midgomas stalinis didi mxardaW-
era mohyva, romelmac 1933 wels SeniSna: „eZebeT klasobrivi mteri kolmeurneobis gareT,
eZebeT is pirovnebaSi, romelsac sastiki garegnoba, uzarmazari kbilebi, sqeli kiseri aqvs,
gadaWrili Tofi uWiravs. eZebeT kulaki, romelsac plakatebidan vicnobT.“ [122] stalinis
rCeva, rom politikuri plakati realuri mtris amocnobis gzamkvlevia, maSinve Tanabrad ai-
taces mxatvrebma da kritikosebma da sxvadasxva tipis klasobrivi mtris mimarT gamoiyenes
(da ara mxolod soflad mcxovrebTa mimarT). [123]
am moTxovnilebis koduri sityva iyo tipaJi — konkretuli socialuri kategoriis swori
interpretacia. tipaJi miznad isaxavda iseTi socialuri tipis Seqmnas, romelic „arsis“
partiiseul koncefcias Seesabameboda. saxeebi Tvisebebis swori kombinaciisgan unda yo-
filiyo Sedgenili, rac mtris WeSmariti „arsis“ moxelTebis da mayurebelSi saTanado emo-
ciis gamowvevis garanti iqneboda. boris groisis Tanaxmad, „faqtobrivad, stalinis xanis
mTeli saxelovnebo kritika sabWoTa naxatebSi pozebis da saxis gamometyvelebis daus-
rulebel analizs eZRvneboda im fsiqologiur SinaarsTan mimarTebaSi, romelsac isini
gadmocemdnen“. xelovanebma da kritikosebma „erTad SeimuSaves gamorCeuli da sakmaod kom-
pleqsuri kodi garegnobisTvis, qcevisTvis da emociuri reaqciisTvis, romelic „WeSmarit
sabWoTa adamians“ da mis mters axasiaTebda“. [124]
mtrebis tipaJis Sefasebis Tanamedrove standartebis dadgena SesaZlebelia 1933 wels ni-
kolai korSunovis plakatis „xarvezi — klasobrivi mtris saCuqari“ mimoxilvis saSualebiT
(ilustracia 5.13). [125] plakati, romelSic carieli sivrce iyo datovebuli damnaSave pire-
bis saxelebis Casawerad, warmoadgenda „klasobriv mters“, rogorc usargeblo, Warbwonian
adamians, romelsac kiserze jvari hkidia. mimomxilveli m. neimani dadebiT Sefasebas aZlev-
da personaJs, rogorc „ganieri, moxrili mxrebis mqone adamians, romelsac kiserze nakecebi
da Ripi aqvs“.
simsuqne da cbiereba 1930-ian wlebSi kvlav erTmaneTTan iyo dakavSirebuli, iseve ro-
gorc samoqalaqo omis dros da 1920-ian wlebSi. neimani mowonebiT amaxvilebda yuradRebas
mxatvris mier Seqmnil klasobrivi mtris uCveulo („plakatis kanonebisgan bevrad dacile-
bul“) tipaJze: „korSunovis mier daxatuli klasobrivi mtris garegnoba sinTezuri saxea,
romelic aerTianebs kulakis simxeces, bazris movaWris qurdul eSmakobas da daWrili gv-
elisTvis damaxasiaTebel TvalTmaqcobas, romelic Cumad mainc mavneblobs.“ misi TqmiT,
plakati aRZravs „Zlier grZnobas.. am saxifaTo, sisina gvelis mimarT“; is „siZulvils da
zizRs“ iwvevda. [126]
gvelisa da kulakis simxeceze miniSnebebi, cxadia, mtris, rogorc reptiliismagvari ar-
sebis adreuli xanis alegoriul saxeebs mogvagonebs. mimomxilvelis ena mtrebze diskursis
Sesabamisi iyo 1930-iani wlebis pirvel naxevarSi, dehumanizaciaze xazgasmiT.
tipaJis upiratesobis miuxedavad, bevr mxatvars izidavda vizualuri ena, romelic
klasobrivi mtris gamosasaxad iyenebda cxovelebis, frinvelebis, reptiliebis, mwerebis da
miTiuri arsebebis saxeebsac ki. reprezentaciis es stili Zireulad gansxvavdeboda tipaJis-
gan da misi fsevdo-realizmisgan. is, aseve, gamoirCeoda sabWoTa karikaturis standartuli
praqtikisgan, romelic yuradRebas amaxvilebda gamorCeuli klasobrivi niSnebiT daRdas-
muli adamianebis saxeebze. faqtobrivad, araadamianuri arsebebis adamianebiT Canacvleba
zustad Seesabameba alegoriul tradicias da bevri arseba folklorul an religiur aso-
ciacias aRZravs.
politikur plakatebSi araadamianuri arsebebis gamoyeneba mimomxilvelTa sxvadasx-
vagvar Sefasebas iRebda. 1931 wels, v.verti akritikebda politikuri plakatis mxatvrebs,
romlebic mtrebs maimunebis, bayayebis, niangebis da sxva amgvari cxovelebis saxiT war-
127
moadgenda da amtkicebda, rom „[am saxeebis] xelovnuri simbolizmi klasobrivi konfliqtis
politikur arss Cqmalavs“. [127] magram sxva kritikosebi ufro solidarobas ucxadebdnen
amgvar tendencias. ori wlis Semdeg sxva kritikosi SeniSnavda: „adamianuri naklovanebebis
warmodgena cxovelebis meSveobiT aris midgoma, romelic did SesaZleblobas iZleva da ga-
moiyeneba ara mxolod literaturaSi, aramed xelovnebaSic“. [128]
zogierTi mowinave mxatvari-satirikosi, rogoricaa mravalmxrivi unarebis mqone Ceriom-
nixi, xSirad iyenebda araadamianebis saxeebs gakicxvis obieqtebis reprezentaciis mizniT. misi
1932 wlis plakati „gaumarjos proletarebis saerTaSoriso aTeistur fronts!“ warmoadgens
hidras, rogorc organizebuli religiis gansaxierebas da mis savaraudo kavSirs kapital-
istebsa da faSistebTan. [129] plakati 30 000-iani tiraJiT gamovida. masze gamosaxulia papi,
mola, mRvdeli da rabini. wiTeli xeli gudavs hidras. momdevno wels, Ceriomnixma kidev erTi
plakati Seqmna, saxelwodebiT: „amxanago, gaasammage yuradReba; gaufrTxildi kolmeurneobas
TvalisCiniviT“, romelic kulakis gamosasaxad obobis saxes mimarTavs. [130]
korSunovis zemoxsenebul plakatze gamosaxulia Savi yvavi, romelic klasobriv mters
dayurebs Tavze. yvavi, rogorc davinaxeT, qristianul simbolizmSi jojoxeTTan da eSmak-
Tan gaigivebuli simboloa. plakatze warmodgenili demian bednis leqsi kidev ufro us-
vams xazs yvavis mniSvnelovnebas plakatis mTavari saTqmelis dekodirebis saqmeSi. leqsis
strofSi naTqvamia: „yvavi zemoT, yvavi qvemoT. yva-yva-yva-yva! misca saqme mcodnes: Seisvene,
Seisvene, Seisvene, Seisvene!“ [131]
1933 wels, viqtor govorkovma Seqmna plakati „kolmeurnev, daicavi Seni mindvrebi“, ro-
melzec warmodgenilia mtacebeli (mtacebeli frinveli, mavnebeli, mZarcveli) mRrRnelis
saxiT. [132]
1933 wels kalmikovis mier Seqmnil plakatze „gavwmindoT savaWro organizaciebi mta-
ceblebisgan, mZarcvelebisgan, klasobrivad ucxo elementebisgan, muSaTa maragis gamnad-
gureblebisgan“ klasobrivad ucxo elementebs virTxebis saxiT warmoadgenda. [133]
zogjer mtrebs gamosaxavdnen ara faunis, aramed floras saxiT. mxatvarma aminadav
kanevskim 1933 wels Seqmna plakati „Cven kolmeurneobaSi varT“. masze gamosaxulia mamaka-
ci kolmeurne, romelic sarevela balaxs glejs da romelic sxvadasxva „klasobriv mters“
karikaturulad asaxierebs. maszevea warwerebi: kulaki, TeTrgvardieli oficeri, profe-
sori, romelic infeqciur daavadeba qoTaos avrcelebs da fabrikis gamanadgurebeli. [134]
plakatis kritikosma, m. neimanma moiwona kompozicia da karikaturebi. mas ar uxsenebia, rom
kanevskis kompozicia imeorebda samoqalaqo omisdroindel plakats „sabWoTa Talgami“,
romlis avtoric gaxldaT moori. [135]
1930-iani wlebis manZilze, mtris dehumanizebis mcdelobebi, plakatisa da sadResaswau-
lo eqsponatebis garda, propagandis sxva saSualebebzec gavrcelda. socrealisturi kino,
romelsac am aTwleulSi iRebdnen, metismetad Sablonuri iyo da masSi yovelTvis Sexvde-
bodiT sam mTavar personaJs: partiis liders, ubralo adamians da mters. mavneblebis wi-
naaRmdeg brZola yvelaze xSiri Tema iyo oTxmocdaxuT filmSi, romelic 1933-39 wlebSi
Tanamedroveobas exeboda. naxevarze metSi (52) gmiri ibrZoda „faruli [Sinauri] mtris wi-
naaRmdeg, romelic danaSauls Caidenda“.
rogorc piter keneSi aRniSnavs: „mteri, romlis funqciac komunistebis mier aSenebu-
lis dazianeba da ganadgureba iyo, yovelTvis mamrobiT sqess warmoadgenda. zogjer, Tumca
iSviaTad, is cdilobda, Cveulebrivi pirovnebis gadmobirebas tyuilebis da maqinaciebis
saSualebiT, magram yvelaze xSirad is saqmeebis areviT iyo dakavebuli... kinoreJisorebma
TavianTi yuradReba isteriuli da paranoiuli garemos Seqmnaze gadaitanes. maTi scenare-
bi Zalian hgavda maT Soris yvelaze Sxamiani a. viSinskis mier moTxrobil ambebs, romelic
128
staliniseuli wmendis periodis sasamarTlo procesebSi bralmdeblis mxares gamodioda.
filmebSi, sasamarTlo procesebze aRiarebiTi Cvenebebis msgavsad, „mteri“ laCrulad iqceva
patiosani socialisturi sazogadoebis mimarT, umizezo siZulviliT. [136] sazareli saqmee-
bis hiperbolizebiT, filmebi „mtris“ dehumanizebas da sifxizlis da yvelaze rTul gare-
moebebSic ki xelisuflebasTan TanamSromlobis propagandas uwyobda xels. partia-saxelm-
wifos mimarT ganuxreli erTguleba marTlac kritikuli iyo 1930-ian wlebSi, vinaidan yve-
la SeiZleboda „mteri“ aRmoCeniliyo — ojaxis iseTi uaxloesi wevrebic ki, rogorebicaa
mama, Svili an meuRle. gavixsenoT aTwleulis mTavari miTi, romelic axalgazrda pavlik
morozovis istorias gviambobs; morozovis, romelic gaSmagebulma naTesavebma mokles mas
Semdeg, rac man mamamisi xelisuflebasTan daasmina xorblis dagrovebis gamo. [137] mamis mkv-
lelobam morozovs komunisturi wmindanoba moutana, mis pativsacemad aages monumentebi,
Senobebi, Seqmnes plakatebi, misi saxeli daarqves parkebs, riTac misi samagaliTo qceva uk-
vdavyves. Sinauri mtris dehumanizaciam vizualuri propagandis saSualebebiT gaaZliera
reJimis pretenzia sabWoTa xalxis sindissa da erTgulebis monopoliaze.
dehumanizaciis xerxi ara mxolod Sinauri, aramed gareSe mtrebis reprezentaciisTvisac
gamoiyeneboda. aTwleulis dasasruls, balansi Seicvala da gareSe mtrebma sul ufro meti
yuradReba miipyres, germaniaSi faSizmis da samxedro SeiaraRebis gaZlierebasTan erTad. [138]
araadamianuri saxeebi, gansakuTrebiT maimuni, gveli da veluri mxeci Cndeba antifaSis-
tur plakatebSi, romlebic 1930-iani wlebis Sua xanebidan gamodioda. [139] am stilisTvis
damaxasiaTebelia 1939 wlis plakati „faSizmi — kulturis mteria“, romlis avtoria boris
prorokovi. [140] masze gamosaxulia gorila-faSisti, romelsac najaxi uWiravs. 1939 wels
Seqmnil kidev erT plakatze „gaumarjos enkavedes“ warmodgenilia cxovelis TaTi grZeli
brWyalebiT, romelic faSist mters ganasaxierebs (ilustracia 5.14). [141] plakati, romelic
mxatvarma-satirikosebma denim da dolgorukovma Seqmnes, warmogvidgens maxvilian xels (ro-
melic enkavedes ganasaxierebs), romelic cxovelis TaTs mosaxarTan kveTs. ferTa mkveTri
simbolika — wiTeli foni, TeTri maxvili da Savi TaTi — aZlierebs plakatis saTqmels, sam-
yaros dualistur xedvas. maxviliT mokveTili TaTi SeiZleboda bevri damTvaliereblisT-
vis nacnobi saxe yofiliyo. moorma es saxe samoqalaqo omisdroindel farTod gavrcelebul
plakatSi „vrangeli isev cocxalia! nu daindob mas“ gamoiyena. [142] 1930 wels msgavsi saxe isev
gamoCnda plakatSi „xuTwleds ver CaSlian! TaTs movaWriT mavneblebs da dampyroblebs!“. [143]
denis da dolgorukovis plakats qveteqsti aqvs. faSisti mtris dehumanizebasTan erTad,
plakati gveubneba, rom gareSe da Sinauri mteri organulad ukavSirdebian erTmaneTs. cxov-
elis kidurze gamosaxulia svastika da mis xelze weria Sinauri da gareSe mtrebis saxelebi:
trocki-buxarinis banda, menSevikebi, eserebi, burJua nacionalisti jaSuSebi da diversan-
tebi. mtrebis aSkara dakavSireba, cxadia, Cveulebrivi movlena iyo vizualur propagandaSi
samoqalaqo omis droidan, iseve rogorc is mosazreba, rom Sida mtrebi mtrulad ganwyobili
ucxo qveynebisgan instruqciebs iRebdnen sabWoTa kavSiris gasanadgureblad.
plakats axlavs mokle teqsti, sadac enkavede gamocxadebulia, rogorc „revoluciis
dauZinebeli mcveli, proletariatis Caugebeli maxvili“. ase rom, antifaSisturi idea dau-
kavSirda Sinaur mtrebze Tavdasxmis cnebas da saidumlo policiis gandidebas da am gziT,
farulad gamarTlda politikuri sasamarTlo procesebi, masobrivi dapatimrebebi da
politikur danaSaulSi braldebuli milionobiT sabWoTa moqalaqis datusaReba. plakati
Zlieri zemoqmedebis Semcvel saTqmels atarebda, magram antifaSisturi propaganda mou-
lodnelad da ucbad SeCerda, rodesac 1939 wlis 23 agvistos msofliom stalin-hitleris
SeTanxmebis Sesaxeb Seityo.

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 mtris tipebi II msoflio omis dros

1939 wlamde gamosuli plakatebi, sadac faSistebs cxovelebis saxiT gamosaxavdnen, iyo im
cxovelTa samyaros preludia, romelic politikur xelovnebaSi 1941 wlis ivnisSi hitler-
is mier ruseTSi SeWridan gamoCnda. 1941 wlis ivnisidan 1945 wlis maisamde araadamianuri
saxeebis mTeli speqtris meSveobiT warmoadgendnen germanel da italiel faSistebs da maT
mokavSireebs. maT Soris iyo mgeli, Zroxa, lomi, vefxvi, Rori, yvavi, virTxa, knuti, ZaRli,
cxeni, viri, taxi, maimuni an gorila, kiborCxala da gveli. [144] xSirad es araadamianuri sax-
eebi, rogoricaa gveli, alegoriuli asociaciebis matarebeli iyo. plakatebi, romlebzec es
cxovelebi iyo gamosaxuli — magaliTad, aleqsei kokorekinis „sikvdili faSistur qvewarma-
vals!“ — sruliad gasagebi unda yofiliyo damTvaliereblisTvis, romelsac samoqalaqo omis
da I msoflio omisdroindeli plakatebi axsovdaT (ilustracia 5.15). [145] es plakati, romel-
ic 1941 wels Seiqmna da 150 000-iani tiraJiT gamovida, warmoadgenda jariskacs, romelic klavs
gvels. es gamosaxuleba mogvagonebs wm. giorgis legendas, Tavisi mdidari istoriuli aso-
ciaciebiT. alegoriuli da cxovelTa sxva saxeebis kvlav gamoCena ufro zogadi tendenciis
niSani iyo omis wlebSi, rac rusuli religiuri, folkloruli da nacionalisturi tradic-
iebis aRorZinebas iTvaliswinebda, romlis mimarT interesmac 1920-iani wlebidan an ufro
adre daiwyo kleba. asakovan adamianebs, romlebic I msoflio oms moeswrnen, emaxsovrebodaT,
rom mxatvrebi germanel mters araadamianuri saxiT, cxovelad an eSmakad gamosaxavdnen. [146]
maSinac ki, roca faSistebs ufro adamianuri formiT warmoadgendnen, vidre alegoriuliT,
politikuri xelovnebis warmomadgenlebi yovelmxriv cdilobdnen, xazi gaesvaT maTi araa-
damianuri an mdabali TvisebebisTvis. erT plakatze faSisti gamosaxulia wvetiani yurebiT
da mas Sublze svastika aqvs; [147] sxvagan faSisti gamosaxulia momwvano vampiris saxiT, ro-
melsac mkerdze svastika axatia. [148] viqtor ivanovis 1944 wlis plakatze „axloa samagieros
mizRvis dro“ faSisti araadamianuri saxiT ufro sxvagvaradaa warmodgenili. [149] TviTkmay-
ofilad momRimari hitleri axalgazrda jariskacis ukan dgas. jariskacs pirSi sigareti aqvs
gaCrili. jariskaci apirebs, rom axalgazrda qals kefaSi esrolos.
satira omis periodis demonologiis mniSvnelovan iaraRad iTvleboda. am periodis
yvelaze ostaturi karikaturistebi — deni, moori, Ceriomnixi, kukriniqsebi, boris efimovi,
nikolai dolgorukovi da sxvebi — koncentrirebuli iyvnen satiruli kompoziciebis Seqm-
naze, rac erTsa da imave dros, mtris demonizebasac moaxdenda da dascinebda kidec mas. ma-
gram am periodis satiruli plakatebi (1941-45) iSviaTad gamoirCeoda originalobiT. TiTqmis
yvela iyenebda im vizualur xerxebs da kompoziciebs, romlebic samoqalaqo oms an I msoflio
oms moswrebuli damTvaliereblisTvis nacnobi iyo. marTlac, zogierTi mxatvari, rogoric
iyo moori, propagandistul plakatebs caristuli reJimis dros, 1914-17 wlebSi qmnida. [150]
politikuri mxatvrebi daubrundnen lubokis formats, romelic modidan daaxloebiT
aTwleuliT gadavida. is mosaxerxebeli iyo ramdenime kadris saSualebiT ambis gadmosace-
mad. [151] „okna rostas“ memkvidre „okna tasi“ asobiT satiruli xasiaTis plakats uSvebda.
[152] satiruli lubokis stils bevri politikuri mxatvari mimarTavda omis dros da sati-
ris sxva formebs Soris mas aniWebdnen upiratesobas. savaraudod, Tvlidnen, rom satiruli
luboki azris gadacemis ioli saSualeba da mosaxleobis farTo fenisTvis, gansakuTrebiT
soflad mcxovrebTaTvis, gasagebi iyo.
satirul plakatebSi zogjer im saxeebs an sityvebs iyenebdnen, romlebic adreul period-
Si gvxvdeba. omis wlebis satiruli plakatis xelovnebis erT-erTi nayofieri da warmatebu-
li warmomadgeneli viqtor ivanovi gaxldaT, romelic lubokis formats iyenebda. man 1941
wels lubokis formis mixedviT Seqmna namuSevari „rogor Caigdes dedakacebma faSistebi
130
tyved“ (ilustracia 5.16). [153] ivanovis plakatze warmodgenili oTxi kadri, romelsac Tan
erTvis teqsti leqsad, gviambobs dedakacis da misi megobrebis ambavs, romelTac beRelSi
mZinare faSisti jariskacebi ipovnes. wiTelarmieli jariskacis daxmarebiT, isini moaxerx-
eben faSistebis tyved ayvanas, romlebic yumbarebiT emuqrebian maT. ramdenadac CemTvis
cnobilia, sityva „babas“ (dedakaci), qalisadmi uSualo mimarTvis konotaciiT, samoqalaqo
omis droidan aRar iyenebdnen politikur plakatebSi. marTalia, es sityva adreul period-
Tan gvabrunebs, magram ivanovis plakatze meTauri dedakaci zustad Seesabameboda glexi
qalis Sesworebul saxes, romelic 1930-ian wlebSi Seiqmna. Ceriomnixiseuli 1920 wlis cno-
bili plakatis analogisgan gansxvavebiT, plakatze „dedakacisa da bublikis ambavi“ (ilus-
tracia 2.14) ivanoviseuli dedakaci kolmeurne qalis axali tipia — gamxdari, energiuli,
Tavze ukan, kiserTan gakruli TavsafriT. is qalebis jgufis xelmZRvanelia, romelTac
Tavsafrebi jer kidev isev tradiciul stilSi — nikapTan Sekruli — axuravT. omis peri-
odis plakatebSi vizualur Temebs da saSualebebs iyenebdnen. magaliTad, Ceriomnixiseul
leninis satirul naxatze, romelic cocxiT mtrebis gayras asaxavs, 1918 wlis noemberSi ga-
movida da Semdeg is plakatis saxiT, 1920 wels gamoqveynda (ilustracia 4.1). ramdenime mxat-
vari iyenebda cocxiT mtris gagdebis saxes II msoflio omis dros. [154] zogjer mxatvrebi
sakuTar namuSevrebs xelaxla ubrundebodnen. 1921 wels, denim pirvelad Seqmna plakati ka-
pitalistis gamosaxulebiT, romelsac elvam dahkra sityvebis — „III internacionali“ for-
miT. [155] 1930 wels man xelaxla gamoiyena sakuTari namuSevari, rom eCvenebina „kontrrevo-
lucioneri diversanti“, romelsac elvam dahkra Semdegi asoebis formiT: „gpu“. Semdeg, 1942
wels, denim da dolgorukovma „stalingradis“ sxva versia Seqmnes, romelzec gamosaxes el-
viseburi formis xiStCacemuli msuqani faSisti (ilustracia 5.17). [156] kapitalistis pozi-
cia da garegnoba 1921 wlis versiaSi da faSisti 1942 wlis versiaSi, praqtikulad, identuria.
orive msuqani kacia; nacisturma Cafxutma Caanacvla cilindri da lursmnianma fexsacmel-
ma — gamosasvleli fexsacmeli da getrebi. TiToeul plakatze kapitalists Tu faSists
marcxena xeli aweuli aqvs, rom dartyma moigerios. kapitalistisgan gansxvavebiT, faSisti
Tavis qalebis grovazea garTxmuli.
II msoflio omis dros Seqmnili asobiT gonebamaxviluri satiruli plakatidan ramden-
imea dasamaxsovrebeli. plakatebi, romlebic originalur kompozicias, saxeebs da damajer-
ebel saTqmels gvTavazobs, rogoricaa irakli ToiZiseuli namuSevari asakovani qalis ga-
mosaxulebiT (ilustracia 6.1), ar warmogvidgens mtrebs da ar iyenebs satirul stils. [157]
aseve efeqturi iyo plakatebi, romlebic aerTianebda tradiciuli rusuli religiuri
da folkloruli xelovnebis elementebs. omis periodis mxatvrebma, romlebic ufro adreu-
li xanis sabWoTa (samoqalaqo omi) da caristul (I msoflio omi) politikur xelovnebas
efuZnebodnen, wina planze wamowies ruseTis warsulis simboloebi da saxeebi — magaliTad,
adreuli saukuneebis devgmiri da gmirebi — da es yvelaferi rusuli nacionalizmis samsax-
urSi Caayenes. [158]
omis dasasrulisTvis, rusi xalxis zeimi reJimis propagandistuli mowodebebis centra-
lur elementad iqca, romelic male II msoflio omisgan memkvidreobiT miRebul axal impe-
riul eToss daukavSirda.

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 Tavi meeqvse

stalinisturi politikuri xelovnebis apoTeozi

II msoflio omis Semdeg (1945-53) Seqmnilma politikurma plakatebma kulminaciamde

miiyvana bevri Zveli tendencia, romelic sabWoTa vizualur propagandaSi gamovavlineT.
yvelaze TvalsaCino isaa, rom omisSemdgomma plakatebma axal simaRleze aiyvanes politi-
kuri miTologia, romelmac naTeli komunisturi momavali awmyos realobad warmoadgina.
am wlebs SegviZlia „maRali stalinizmis xana“ vuwodoT — periodi, rodesac stalinisturi
sistemis Taviseburebebi, romlebic 1930-ian wlebSi SemuSavda, ukiduresad ganviTarda. 1945
wlis Semdgomi atmosfero rTuli emociebis da garemoebebis fonze yalibdeboda, romel-
zec gavlenas axdenda omis mZime gamocdileba da manamde Tavbrudamxvevi ekonomikuri gan-
viTareba da terori. sevda, siduxWire da simZime, rusul SovinizmTan da imperiuli didebis
pretenziasTan Tanaarsebobda stalinuri xanis dasasruls.
omisSemdgomi vizualuri propagandis zogadi saTqmeli martivi iyo: samoTxe aqvea da
sabWoTa mamakacebi da qalebi yofierebis axal fazaSi Sevidnen. plakati, romelic Riad eZ-
Rvneboda am Temas, iyo „asrulda xalxis ocneba“, romelic a. lavrovma Seqmna 1950 wels da
didi, 300 000-iani tiraJiT gamovida (CanarTi 7). [1] es am periodis erT-erTi yvelaze gamom-
saxvelobiTi propagandistuli qmnilebaa. plakatze gamosaxulia asakovani kaci da axalgaz-
rda pioneri biWi (savaraudod, babua da SviliSvili), romlebic erTad usxedan magidas gemis
kabinaSi. [2] mamakacs cali xeli siyvaruliT aqvs gadaxveuli biWis mxarze, meore xeliT ki
mianiSnebs gareT arsebul scenaze, romelic fanjridan moCans — lurji ca da wyali; sam-
rewvelo sawarmo moSorebiTaa, xolo mis win — satvirTo gemebia.
plakatis teqsti — „xalxis ocneba asrulda“ — mecxramete saukunis poetis, mwerlis da
gamomcemlis, nikolai nekrasovis sityvebia, romelic sabWoTa kavSirSi cnobili iyo Tavisi
folkloruli stilis da qalaqis dabali fenebis, glexebis da batonymobis memkvidreobis
STambeWdavi asaxviT. [3] bavSvs gadaSlili aqvs nekrasovis nawarmoebebis wigni (SesaZloa, is
epikur poema „rkinigzas“ kiTxulobs biWis da biZamisis Sesaxeb, romlebic erTad mogzau-
roben). gemis kabinaSi Camokidebuli naxatia ilia repinis „burlakebi volgaze“, sadac gamo-
saxulia Zveli sistemis sisastike da nekrasovis namuSevris msgavsad, am naxats yvela sabWo-
Ta skolis moswavle icnobda. [4]
saucxoo kabinaSi komfortulad mowyobil babua-SviliSvils mze uzrunvel saxeebs un-
aTebs. moxuci kaci da axalgazrda biWi Cafiqrebuli uyureben sabWoTa kavSiris bednier cx-
ovrebas, sadac ocnebebi xdeba. magidaze, maT win, „pravdas“ gamoSveba devs (romelsac mzis
sxivebi anaTebs), rac Segvaxsenebs komunisturi partiis rols didi gardaqmnis saqmeSi —
rogorc keTili feria, romelic konkias samudamo bednierebisken miuZRveba. sabWoTa so-
cializmis, rogorc ocnebis gageba daedo safuZvlad 1940 wels gamosul films „ganaTebuli
gza“, romelSic popularuli simRera Sevida: „imisTvis gavCndiT, rom ocnebebi sinamdviled
vaqcioT“. [5]
omisSemdgomi periodis tipuri sabWoTa sakulto namuSevari, lavroviseuli plakati
warmogvidgens srulyofil „uklaso“ sazogadoebas, sadac sinaze, silamaze da harmonia
sufevs. stalinisturi reJimis saxe, romelic am periodis am da sxva plakatebSi gamovlinda,
mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba adreuli xanis sabWoTa vizualuri propagandisgan. lavrovis
plakatze gamosaxuli moxuci kaci aris tipi, romelic vizualuri propagandis saSualebebSi
manamde dadebiTi personaJebis siaSi ar SeutaniaT. misi Cacmuloba (kostiumi da halstuxi),
manera da ieri — gansakuTrebiT wveri — misi identobis gagebis saSualebas iZleva: is in-
138
teligenciis warmomadgenelia da, savaraudod, mecnieri an pedagogia. am periodSi sabWoTa
sazogadoebaSi arsebuli ramdenime jgufis warmomadgenlebi, mecnierebis da swavlulebis
garda, isev atarebdnen wvers, rac CamorCenilobad iTvleboda da, zogadad, glex kacTan
asocirdeboda. [6]
1930-ian wlebSi gmiris satatusi upiratesad vrceldeboda muSebze, glexebsa da sxvebze,
romlebic gamorCeul saqmianobebs eweodnen — bevri maTgani fizikur samuSaos asrulebda.
pirveli xuTwledis gegmis dros, inteleqtualebs da ganaTlebul adamianebs eWvis TvaliT
uyurebdnen bolSevikebi da drogamoSvebiT maT mtrad moixseniebdnen. mxolod ramdenime
adamians, rogoric iyo maqsim gorki, pativs miagebdnen qveynis inteleqtualur cxovrebaSi
Setanili wvlilisTvis. II msoflio omis dros, zogierT mniSvnelovan plakatze gamosaxu-
li iyvnen personaJebi, romelTac raime gamorCeuli klasobrivi niSani (muSis an glexis) ar
gaaCndaT. magaliTad, irakli ToiZis cnobili plakati „deda samSoblo geZaxis!“, romelzec
gamosaxulia asakovani qali (ilustracia 6.1). [7] magram omisSemdgom periodSi, politikuri
xelovnebis warmomadgenlebi erTi nabijiT Sors wavidnen: isini gamosaxavdnen Cveulebriv
adamianebs, romlebic arafizikur saqmianobas ewevian — rogoricaa asakovani inteleqtuali
lavroviseul plakatze. maT sanimuSo moqalaqeebad da bavSvebisTvis Zvirfas mentorebad
saxavdnen. inteleqtualebis da gonebrivi SromiT dakavebuli sxva profesiis adamianebis
(da ara fizikuri SromiT dakavebuli adamianebis) CarTva reJimis politikaSi zogad xelax-
al orientaciaze da qveynis socialuri Zalebis gadajgufebaze miuTiTebda. savaraudod,
es cvlileba, aseve, nawilobriv ukavSirdeboda omis Semdgom wlebSi mecnierebis da te-
qnologiis cvalebad bunebas, rodesac samxedro Sejibri ufro metad daxvewil sabrZolo
iaraRze iyo damokidebuli da ara fizikur ostatobasa Tu raodenobriv upiratesobaze.
am fenomenis Sesaxeb yvelaze vrceli msjeloba vera danhemma SemogvTavaza. is amt-
kicebs, rom sabWoTa partia-saxelmwifo warsulSi efuZneboda sxvadasxva sazogadoebriv
jgufs, rogorc mokavSires, magram axla, roca dasrulda omi, is eZebda „axal, Zlier da
moqnil Zalas. da swored saSualo fena iyo is, vinc mas sakuTar Tavs saukeTeso SesaZlo
partniorad sTavazobda qveynis xelaxali mowyobis saqmeSi.“ danhemi amas paritetul sawy-
isebze dafuZnebul „did garigebas“ uwodebs, sadac saSualo fenas materialuri jildo da
usafrTxoeba aqvs garantirebuli da sanacvlod „belads erTgulebas, calsaxa nacional-
izms, xarisxian dauRalav Sromas da profesionalizms“ hpirdeba. [8] danhemis analizs bev-
ri Rirseba aqvs, Tumca misi terminologia seriozul problemebs iwvevs. termini „saSualo
fena“ damabnevelia da im normatiuli da sociologiuri xasiaTis konotaciebs atarebs, rac
arasabWoTa sazogadoebebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. danhemiseuli „saSualo fenis“ katego-
ria ufro xalxis sxvadasxva jgufs gulisxmobs, romelic aerTianebs inteleqtualebs, pro-
fesionalebs, teqnikuri da marTvis sferoebis specialistebs, gonebrivi samuSaoTi dakave-
bul specialistebs da sxva. yvela am jgufs saerTo is aqvT, rom isini sabWoTa sazogadoebis
ganaTlebuli elitis da privilegirebuli jgufis nawilebi arian.
1945 wlis Semdeg, sabWoTa kavSiris istoriaSi pirvelad politikur xelovnebaSi sazoga-
doebis am fenis warmomadgenelTa saxeebi gamoCnda da es plakatebi maTTvis iyo gankuTvni-
li. ganaTlebulma sabWoTa elitam da privilegirebulma jgufebma axla ukve Tavisi adgili
daikaves muSebis, glexebis, jariskacebis, mezRvaurebis, mfrinavebis da mkvlevarebis gver-
diT. samagaliTo sabWoTa moqalaqis statusis misaRebad ukve saWiro aRar iyo fizikuri
Sroma. gonebrivi Sromis aRiarebam tipaJis cvlilebac gamoiwvia: samagaliTo komunistebi
aucileblad axalgazrdebi da energiulebi aRar iyvnen.
lavroviseul plakatze gamosaxuli mamakaci sabWoTa kavSiris ufros Taobas ganekuTvne-
ba, romlebic caristul reJimsac moeswro. misi asaki mniSvnelovani ideologiuri daskvnis
139
gakeTebis saSualebas iZleva — Tu ramdenad swrafad ganxorcielda cvlileba (erTi adami-
anis sicocxleSi) da ramdenad radikaluri iyo is (ocnebebi axda). moxuci adamianebi dro-
dadro pirvelad Cndebodnen 1930-iani wlebis meore naxevris plakatebze; kidev ufro meti
asakovani adamianis saxe CarTuli iyo omisdroindel politikur propagandaSi.
viqtor koreckis mier 1948 wels Seqmnili plakati „mecnierebis da Sromis kavSiri —
efeqturi mosavlis winapirobaa!“ (ilustracia 6.2) tipaJSi momxdari cvlilebis nimuSia,
rac politikur xelovnebaSi mimdinareobda, asakis da socialuri fenis TvalsazrisiT. [9]
masze gamosaxulia kostiumsa da halstuxSi gamowyobili saxasiaTo moxuci kaci, romelic
fermis teritoriaze arsebul laboratoriaSi xorblis nimuSebs amowmebs (fanjridan mo-
Cans mindvrebi da traqtori). lamaz kabaSi gamowyobili daxvewilnakvTebiani asakovani qali,
romelsac Tavze Sarfi axuravs, mis gverdiT zis. es qali Sarfis gareSe rom yofiliyo ga-
mosaxuli, Tavisuflad SeiZleboda mecnier-TanamSromlad migveCnia, magram es erTaderTi
mravlismetyveli detali damTvalierebels eubneba, rom is fermeri qalebis rigebidanaa.
korecki cdilobs gvaCvenos, rom Sromas (romlis simbolocaa qali) da mecnierebas (romlis
simbolocaa mamakaci) erTnairi statusi gaaCniaT im simbolur kavSirSi, romelic mosavlis
gaumjobesebis sawindari unda gaxdes.
1945 wlis Semdeg adreuli klasobrivi niSnebi, romlebic individebisa da jgufebis iden-
tificirebis saSualebas iZleoda, TandaTan gaqra an miiCqmala. glexebs da muSebs isev ga-
mosaxavdnen, magram maT identobas axla ufro metad konteqsti gansazRvravda (anu iseTi
garemomcveli elementebi, rogorebicaa traqtori, mSenebloba, fabrika-qarxana), vidre ti-
paJi. faqtobrivad, tipaJis an tipizaciis zogadi homogenizacia moxda, rasac adre plaka-
tis recenzentebi mkacrad akritikebdnen. kolmeurne qalis saxes TandaTan aSkarad bevri
saerTo gauCnda qal muSasTan; mamakaci muSebi da glexebi axla ukve imave lamazi, axali homo
sovietikusis saxeobas ganekuTvnebodnen. yvela mimzidvelia, yvelas kargad acvia da bedn-
ieria. bevri qeraTmiania, riTac adreul plakatebze gamosaxuli muqTmiani adamianebisgan
gansxvavdebian. [10]
zog SemTxvevaSi, ukve Znelad amosacnobia plakatebis personaJebis klasobrivi kuTv-
nileba. individebis qeba kvlav grZeldeba vizualuri propagandis saSualebebSi, magram
omisSemdgomi gmirebi ufro asakovanebi arian, vidre maTi 1930-iani wlebis oreulebi da rac
mTavaria, isini zogjer istebliSmentis nawilad arian warmodgenili. boris muxinis 1952
wlis plakati „aqtiuroba da iniciativa — komunizmis uZleveli Zalebis mniSvnelovani wy-
aroa“ am arsebiTi cvlilebis nimuSia (ilustracia 6.3). [11] aq omisSemdgomi xanis staxanove-
li warmodgenilia, rogorc zrdasruli mamakaci, romelic ssrk-s umaRlesi sabWos depu-
tatia, mSvidobis dacvis sabWoTa komitetis warmomadgeneli da stalinis premiis laure-
atia. plakatis samidan or kadrSi warmodgenilia staxanoveli n.a. rosiiski Tavis sxvadasxva
rolSi: rogorc axalgazrda TanamSromlebis mentori saamqroSi, mSvidobis dasacavad si-
tyvis warmoTqmisas da umaRles sabWoSi Tavis kabinetSi, magidasTan mjdomi, sabWos mdivnis
gverdiT, axalgazrda kacTan gasaubrebisas. misi yoveldRiurobis mravalferovneba —
saamqrodan, tribunamde da umaRlesi sabWos ofisamde — SeiZleba Tanamedroveebs marqsis
cnobil gamonaTqvams moagonebda, rom „komunistur sazogadoebaSi, sadac aravis gaaCnia
saqmianobis raime gansakuTrebuli sfero, magram yvelas SeuZlia, survilisamebr, nebismier
sferoSi imoRvaweos.. SeiZleba erTi ram akeTo dRes da sul sxva — xval, inadiro dilas,
iTevzao naSuadRevs, pirutyvis gamravlebaze izruno saRamos, gaakritiko sadilis Semdeg..
da Tan arc monadire iyo, arc meTevze, arc mwyemsi da arc kritikosi“. [12] msgavsi Tema Sear-
Cia 1951 wels Tavisi plakatisTvis boris berezovskim. plakatze „SeiswavleT lenin-stalin-
is partiis diadi gza!“, romelzec gamosaxulia kargad Cacmuli — wvrilzolian kostiumsa
140
da halstuxSi gamowyobili mamakaci, romelic komunisturi partiis istorias kiTxulobs
(SeiZleba im dros farTod gavrcelebul e.w. mokle kurss?) (ilustracia 6.4). [13] kiTxvisas
is Seisvenebs da kedelze gamosaxuli frizis gaswvriv zemoT iyureba. frizze gamosaxulia
istoriuli scenebi leninis, stalinis da sxvebis monawileobiT. plakatis erT mcire de-
tals gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs da, cxadia, is arc Tanamedrove damTvaliereblebs
gamorCebodaT mxedvelobidan: axalgazrda kacs WuWyiani xelebi da frCxilebi aqvs. is muSaa,
romelic partistoriis sibrZnes da (mis gverdiT, magidaze dawyobil) stalinis da leninis
Sromebs eziareba. [14] vizualuri propaganda aq isev ambobs, rom postindustrializaciis
xanaSi muSebma unda Seiswavlon da ifiqron istoriaze, filosofiasa da sxva sakiTxebze;
mxolod fizikuri Sroma ukve aRar aris sakmarisi. muxinis plakatis msgavsad, sadac stax-
anoveli deputatad iqca, berezovskis namuSevari imas gveubneba, rom mravalferovani Sroma
sinamdviled iqca da amitomac, sruli komunizmi gardauvalia.

„kulturuloba“ vizualur propagandaSi

rogorc wina Tavebidan davinaxeT, plakatebi instruqciis funqcias asrulebda, adami-

anebs miuTiTebda, rogor unda moqceuliyvnen, rogor unda CaecvaT da aCvenebda, rogor ga-
moiyurebodnen mtrebi da gmirebi. erTi sityviT, II msoflio omis Semdeg, plakatebSi gaCnda
patiosani sabWoTa moqalaqis dres kodis da qcevis axali signalebi. [15] 1930-iani wlebis Sua
periodamde gmir mamakac muSebs da glexebs, faqtobrivad, yovelTvis samuSao tansacmelSi
gamosaxavdnen. Tu maT sxva sadResaswaulo an arasamuSao dros Casacmeli samosi hqondaT,
vizualuri propaganda amiT ar interesdeboda. amrigad, plakatebi muSebs da glexebs demon-
straciebisas da mitingebisas, samuSao tansacmelSi gamowyobilebs warmoadgenda. samosi im
wlebSi ZiriTadi klasobrivi niSani iyo da klasobrivi kuTvnileba politikuri xelovnebis
nimuSebze gamosaxuli TiToeuli personaJis damaxasiaTebel Taviseburebaze miuTiTebda.
1930-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi, mas Semdeg, rac stalinma gamoacxada, rom cxovreba
ukeTesi da ufro bednieri gaxda, plakatebze muSebs ukve aRar gamosaxavdnen kombinezoneb-
Si an ubralo qarxnis tansacmelSi. magaliTad, 1936 wlis plakatze gamosaxulia axalgazr-
da wyvili — konteqstidan gamomdinare (stalinuri qarxana moCans fonze), qarxnis muSebi
unda iyvnen — patara bavSvTan erTad, romlebic quCas miuyvebian sazafxulo komfortul
tansacmelSi gamowyobilebi: TeTri perangi da Sarvali acvia mamakacs, xolo qals — cis-
friT moCiTuli kaba. mas xelSi CogburTis Cogani uWiravs. [16]
adreuli politikuri propagandis saSualebebSi mamakacis gamosasvleli samosi, ro-
goricaa kostiumebi da halstuxebi, iSviaTad acviaT rigiT muSebsa da glexebs, magram masSi
gamowyobils xSirad vxedavT iseT gamorCeul adamianebs, rogorebic arian lenini da gorki.
1937 wels gamosul erT-erT plakatze gamosaxulia kostiumsa da halstuxSi gamowyobili
konsultant-gamyidveli, romelic qal momxmarebels exmareba. [17] 1945 wlis Semdeg, amis sa-
pirispirod, kostiumebsa da halstuxebSi gamowyobil mamakacebs xSirad vxvdebiT politi-
kur xelovnebaSi. ase acviaT saamqros TanamSromlebsac ki (ix. ilustracia 6.3)! [18]
1948 wlis plakatze gamosaxulia kolmeurneobis fermeri mamakacebi, romlebsac kosti-
umebi acviaT (plakatze Canan qalebic, romlebic, aseve, pijakismagvar tansacmelSi arian
gamowyobili) da romlebic xvdebian stalins (ix. ilustracia 6.12, romelic ganxilulia qve-
moT). yoveldRiuri samosic sul ufro xSirad Cndeba. 1952 wlis plakatze warmodgenilia
simpaTiuri axalgazrda kaci, romelic samSvidobo demonstracias miuZRveba. mas lamazad

141
acvia da elegantur slaqsSi, yoveldRiur TeTr, moklemklavian perangsa da TeTr fexsac-
melebSia gamowyobili. [19]
omisSemdgom periodSi, modur tansacmels ukve aRar uyurebdnen zemodan, rogorc wvril-
burJuaziulobis niSans, samuSao tansacmelic ki sasiamovno Sesaxedavi unda yofiliyo.
cxadia, samuSao tansacmlis reprezentaciis saqmeSi cvlileba 1930-iani wlebis meore nax-
evridan daiwyo, rodesac glexma qalebma amoqarguli bluzebis da Sarfebis tareba daiwyes.
1930-iani wlebis SuaxanebSi reJimi ukve „kulturulobaze“ zrunviT dainteresda. es cneba,
romelic sabWoTa konteqstSi materialuri kulturis garkveul dones da „sazogadoebaSi
sworad moqcevis programas“ aRniSnavda, Tavdapirvelad damkvrelebis da staxanovelebis
mimarT gamoiyeneboda. magram am politikam da saxeebma axali mniSvnelovneba SeiZines 1945
wlis Semdeg. es fenomeni danhemma detalurad gaaanaliza, saSualo statistikur sabWoTa
mkiTxvelze gaTvlili mxatvruli literaturis dawvrilebiTi wakiTxvis Sedegad. omisSem-
dgom wlebSi, kulturuli qceva niSnavda imaze mets, vidre ubralod, gadafurTxeba an gine-
ba iyo; is gulisxmobda dapirispirebas merkantilur sulsa da im Tvisebebis nakrebs Soris,
rac axal sabWoTa mamakacs da qals axasiaTebda. „uufleboba, TviTuaryofa da zomiereba“,
rac erT dros gulmxurvale komunistis da kargi sabWoTa moqalaqis niSani iyo, sagangebod
deheroizda.“ [20] vizualuri propagandiT gavrcelebuli instruqciebis Tanaxmad, homo
sovietikusis qali versiebic yovelTvis lamazad gamowyobili iyvnen muSaobisas — iqnebo-
da es mindvrebze samuSao Tu saofise. qalebs mimzidveli kabebi, qvedaboloebi da bluzebi
acviaT da zogjer mkacri kostiumebic ki. [21] momRimare glex qalebs ukve moqarguli blu-
zebiTa da JiletebiT, zogjer ki — samkaulebiTac xatavdnen. [22] da vinaidan plakatebze
ukve arasamuSao garemoSi myof adamianebs gamosaxavdnen, mimzidveli samosis asaxvis Sesa-
Zlebloba, praqtikulad, SeuzRudavi iyo! magaliTad, sadResaswaulo zeimebisas, adamianebi
rusuli folkloruli tradiciebiT STagonebul, saguldagulod damzadebul tansacmelSi
ewyobodnen. nacionalisturi da folkloruli aRorZineba, romelic 1930-iani wlebis meo-
re naxevarSi daiwyo, maRali stalinizmis xanaSi, Sovinistur garemoSi, Tavis piks aRwevda.
tradiciuli rusuli tansacmelia warmodgenili soflad arCevnebis dRisadmi da moskovSi
sapirvelmaiso zeimisadmi miZRvnil plakatebze. [23] pirveli maisisadmi miZRvnil plakatze
„naxe, mTeli sabWoeTi mReris da cekvavs“, romelic piotr golubma da anatoli Cernovma
Seqmnes 1946 wels, warmodgenilia folklorul samosSi gamowyobili qalebi da kacebi, rom-
lebic kremlis koSkis fonze, mxiarulad cekvaven (ilustracia 6.5). [24]
II msoflio omidan ramdenime wlis Semdeg, seriozuli samomxmareblo deficiti warmoiS-
va da plakatebze gamosaxuli tansacmlis didi nawili rigiTi adamianebisTvis miuwvdomeli
iyo. amis miuxedavad, politikuri propaganda maRal standartebs awesebda modisTvis da mi-
zanmimarTulad aZlierebda da axalisebda momxmareblis miswrafebebs. 1950 wlis plakati
„visTan midis nacionaluri Semosavali?“, romlis avtori cnobili mxatvari viqtor govo-
rkovia, swored am sakiTxze amaxvilebs yuradRebas (ilustracia 6.6). [25] plakatis mTavari
obieqtia eleganturad gamowyobili mamakaci, romelsac etyoba, rom gamocdili momxmare-
belia. marTlac, Cven vxedavT, rogor gamodis is univermaRidan produqtebiT datvirTu-
li. am sicocxliT aRsavse mamakacs bewvis qudi axuravs, rac misi eleganturi paltos be-
wvis sayelos exameba. misi daxvewili tyavis xelTaTmanebi, feris TvalsazrisiT, gawyobil
bewvTanaa Sewyobili. mTlianobaSi, is kargad gamowyobili personaJia. xelisufleba, ro-
gorc Cans, siamovnebiT avrcelebda am saxes, vinaidan maTi nebarTviT, am plakatis 200 000
egzemplari gamovida. plakati lubokis stilSi, „Cven/isini“ formatSia Sesrulebuli, sadac
miwieri siamovnebebi kapitalizmis pirobebSi mSromelebis mZime xvedrTanaa Sepirispirebu-
li. plakatebis niWieri da produqtiuli mxatvari, govorkovi, SeiZleba dagvamaxsovrdes,
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rogorc 1933 wels, maRaroelis Sesaxeb dasamaxsovrebeli plakatis Semqmneli (ilustracia
1.15). 1946 wels govorkovis mier Seqmnili plakati „bednieri axalmosaxleoba!“ kargi cx-
ovrebis propagandis reJimiseuli kampaniis kidev erTi dadasturebaa (ilustracia 6.7). [26]
mZime omisSemdgom wlebSi, axali sacxovrebeli saxlebis SeZena sabWoTa moqalaqeTa
umravlesobisTvis udidesi mniSvnelobis mqone ukeTesobad aRiqmeboda. govorkovi war-
mogvidgens lamaz axalgazrda qals, romelic Tavisi axali binis fanjaras aRebs da pirda-
pir damTvalierebels uyurebs Tbili gamometyvelebiT. misi garegnoba STambeWdavia. misi
grZeli, qera nawnavi mokrZalebuladaa gadmodebuli cal mxarze, xolo misi samosi — uza-
doa: lamazad moxatuli wiTeli kaba maqmanis sayeloTi da eleganturi qamari kidev ufro
gamokveTs mis moxdenil sxeuls. misi mkerdis forma da odnav gaxsnili, wiTelpomadiani
tuCebi mis kabas exameba (pomada sakmaod uprecedento iyo adreuli xanis sabWoTa propagan-
distuli plakatebisTvis) da es yvelaferi mis qalurobas usvams xazs. plakatis yvela deta-
li — fanjarasTan Camokidebuli gamWvirvale farda, fanjris CarCos ornamenti, mcenaris
mwvane foTlebi — bukolikur garemos mogvagonebs.
is, rom TiTqmis zustad gamanadgurebeli omis Semdeg, lamazi axalgazrda qali axal
sacxovrebelSi gadavida (ra tipis sacxovrebelia, zustad ar Cans), TanamedroveTaTvis nam-
dvili sensacia unda yofiliyo. plakatis ramdenime versia gamovida, mcire cvlilebebiT da
sul cota, 100 000-iani tiraJiT gavrcelda. sagulisxmoa, rom plakati im wlebis propagan-
dis standartul TemaTagan arcerTze ar miuTiTebs; aq arc stalini da arc lenini naxsenebi
ar arian. misi erTaderTi funqciaa, Seqmnas Zlieri iluzia, rom sabWoTa samoTxeSi lamazi
xalxi lamaz garemoSi cxovrobs. [27]
xuTi wlis Semdeg, aleqsandr laktionovma Seqmna namuSevari, saxelwodebiT „axal binaSi“,
romelic dabinavebis Temas eZRvneboda, magram am kompoziciaSi, axalgazrda biWs stalinis
portreti uWiravs, riTac pirdapir esmeba xazi beladsa da axali biniT gamowveul sixaruls
Soris kavSirs. [28]
am dromde, arcerTi monumenti ar yofila ise daxvewili da grandiozuli, rogorc mosko-
vis ekonomikuri miRwevebis gamofena. is Tavdapirvelad 1930-iani wlebis dasawyisSi Seiqmna,
rogorc sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis saprezentacio sivrce, magram 1941 wlis ivnisSi
daixura. centralurma komitetma 1947 wels misi aRdgena da gafarToeba gadawyvita da sami
wlis Semdeg, generaluri gegma daamtkices. [29] maRali stalinizmis xanis sxva propagandis-
tuli saSualebebis msgavsad, misi mTavari mizani sabWoTa kavSiris keTildReobis da sim-
didris Cveneba iyo. am mniSvnelobis matarebeli simboloebi qalebis alegoriul saxeebsa
da uamrav nayofierebis rqaSi, Znebsa da TavTavebSi vlindeboda, romlebic gamosaxuli iyo
yvelgan, Senobebis fasadebidan — nagvis urnebamde. e.w. „vedeenxa“-m erTi nabijiT win waswia
vizualuri propagandisTvis dakisrebuli misia: dedamiwaze samoTxis mimzidveli iluziis
Seqmna. aq winaswar SemuSavebulma da brwyinvaled dagegmilma eqspoziciebma — romlebic so-
cializmis disneiseul samyaros mogvagonebs — cxadad daadastura, rom aqauri bostneuli
ufro didia, wiwilebi ufro metia da adamianebi ufro bednierad cxovroben, vidre msofli-
os nebismier wertilSi. magram vedeenxa-s (saerTo sakavSiro sasoflo-sameurneo gamofena)
damproeqteblebi mxolod sabWoTa socializmis mdidruli cxovrebis aqcentirebiT rodi
Semoifarglnen. maT xazi gausves kidev or Temas, rac maRali stalinizmis xanaSi safuZ-
vlad daedo komunistur ideologias: sabWoTa „samSoblos“ multieTnikurobas da stalinis
didebas. Sesabamisad, es idea unda ganxorcielebuliyo xalxTa megobrobis Sadrevnis saxiT,
sadac msxvil masStabSi gamoqandakebuli, erovnul samosSi gamowyobili qalis figurebi Ti-
Toeul sabWoTa respublikas gamoxatavda. Sadrevnis mopirdapire mxares unda dadgmuliyo
100 futi simaRlis stalinis brinjaos qandakeba, romelic Caanacvlebda didi saWeTmpyrob-
lis gigantur betonis gamosaxulebas, romelic 1930-iani wlebis bolos Seqmnes. [30]
143
 stalini da samSoblo

stalinis gandidebam axal mwvervalebs miaRwia II msoflio omis dros. popularuli mi-
Tologiis Tanaxmad, jariskacebi sikvdilze stalinis da samSoblos saxeliT midiodnen. [31]
magram 1930-iani wlebisgan gansxvavebiT, rodesac stalinis STamagonebeli gamosaxuleba ma-
yurebels yvelganmyofi plakatebidan da sadResaswaulo eqsponatebidan uyurebda, 1941-45
wlebSi misi saxe SedarebiT iSviaTad Cndeba vizualur propagandaSi. aTasobiT savitrine
plakatidan, romelsac omis dros ruseTis axali ambebis saagento „tassi“ qmnida, mxolod
ramdenimeze iyo stalinis gamosaxuleba. [32]
II msoflio omis dros, 1943 wels, Seudarebelma sabWoTa propagandistma mxatvarma irak-
li ToiZem gamorCeuli plakati Seqmna, romelzec stalini iyo gamosaxuli. plakatze, saxel-
wodebiT „stalini migviZRveba gamarjvebisken“ stalins samxedro kepi axuravs erTaderTi
wiTeli varskvlaviT da samxedro palto acvia. (ilustracia 6.8). [33] is welSi gasworebuli
dgas tankebis, xiStiani jariskacebis da TviTmfrinavebis fonze, marjvena xeli paltos Sig-
niT, gulTan aqvs mitanili, napoleonis stilSi. es poza omamde ukve araerTxel gamoiyenes
monumentur qandakebebSi da sxvaganac — magaliTad, stalinis betonis qandakebaSi, romel-
ic 1939 wels, moskovis saerTo sakavSiro sasoflo-sameurneo gamofenaze aRmarTes. [34]
ToiZiseul plakatze stalins wiTliT gawyobili Ria kremisferi kiteli acvia da marcx-
ena mxares oqros varskvlavi hkidia. erT dros misi muqi Savi feris Tma da wveri axla ukve
Severcxlilia. omis dasrulebisas, stalinma ubralo samxedro tunika lamazi samxedro
uniformiT Caanacvla da epoletebi da generalisimusis insigniebi Semata. es tituli man
1945 wlis 27 ivniss miiRo.
II msoflio omis dros, stalini zogjer plakatebze warmodgenili iyo, rogorc banerze
gamosaxuli silueti an saxe saxeSi; magaliTad, suraTi plakatSi. korecki am xerxs iyenebs
Tvis 1943 wlis plakatSi „germaneli dampyroblebis uRlisgan Tavis daxsnis bednier dRes“
(ilustracia 6.9). [35] tradiciuli ieris mqone glexebis ojaxi stalinis portretTan aris
Sekrebili, romelic maT momRimar qeraTmian vaJs zemoT uWiravs. qoxis fanjridan moCans
mimavali jariskacebi. plakatze ganTavsebul teqstSi naTqvamia: „germaneli dampyroblebis
uRlisgan ganTavisuflebis bednier dRes, sabWoTa xalxis usazRvro madlierebis pirve-
li sityvebi mimarTulia Cveni megobris da mamis, amxanag stalinis mimarT, romelic saT-
aveSi Caudga Cveni samSoblos Tavisuflebisa da damoukideblobisTvis brZolas.“ plakati
plakatSi — stalinis portreti — warmoadgens liders ubralo samxedro tunikaSi. [36]
maTTvis, visac adreuli periodis plakatebi axsovda, iseTi, rogoric iyo zotovis 1934
wlis plakati „yoveli glexi — kolmeurnea“ (CanarTi 4), koreckiseul plakatze gamosaxuli
ojaxi nacnobi iqneboda: moqargul glexur perangSi gamowyobili wveriani Suaxnis mamakaci
da misi coli, romelsac Tavsafari nikapTan aqvs Sekruli. magram mamakaci glexi korecki-
seul glexs mogvagonebs, romelic man ori wliT adre Seqmna omisdroindeli plakatisTvis
„Cveni Zala amouwuravia!“. [37] ukve asakSi Sesuli da warmatebuli axali stilis glexebisgan
gansxvavebiT, romlebic zotovis plakatebzea warmodgenili, koreckiseuli glexebi ufro
adreuli periodis vizualuri leqsikonis nawilia.
marTalia, 1941-45 wlebis vizualuri propagandis saSualebebSi stalinis saxe iSviaTad
Cndeboda, magram omis dasrulebis Semdeg misi saxe kvlav gamoCnda plakatebze, medlebze,
markebze, keramikul WurWelze, sadResaswaulo eqsponatebsa da filmebSi. stalinianas is-
toria kinoSi gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa kultis evoluciis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT. 1930-
iani wlebis bolomde stalinis saxe mxatvrul filmebSi ar gamoCenila. [38] II msoflio omis
dros stalinis saxe mxolod or filmSi gamoCnda, magram viTareba sruliad Seicvala omis
144
dasrulebis Semdeg. iseTma mxatvrulma filmebma, rogorebicaa „fici“ (1946), „mesame dartyma
“ (1948), „berlinis dacema“ (1949) da „stalingradis brZola“ (1949), stalinis kulti axal si-
maRleze aiyvana da stalini ganadida ara mxolod rogorc didi samoqalaqo winamZRoli, ro-
melmac Tavis qveyanaSi mrewveloba rekordul droSi ganaviTara, aramed, aseve, rogorc samx-
edro genia, romelmac Tavis qveyanas — da mTel msoflios — faSizmze gamarjveba moutana.
axla ukve generalisimusi stalinis saxels masmediis yvela saSualebaSi adidebdnen.
stalinisa da xalxis damokidebuleba axal vizualur gamoxatulebas poulobs omisSemd-
gom periodSi. erT dros „masebi“, romelic virtualuri moTxovnilebis Sesabamisad Cndebo-
da beladis warmosaCenad, axla ukve naklebad gvxvdeba (ase iyo, zogadad, yvela omisSemdgom
plakatze). bevri xalxi naklebad mniSvnelovani gaxda da maTi adgili mcire jgufebma daikaves,
romelTa ganmasxvavebeli niSani ara imdenad klasi iyo, ramdenadac eTnikuri warmomavloba
sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kavSiris farglebSi. 1951 wlis plakati „didi stalinis
meTaurobiT — win, komunizmisken!“, romlis avtorebi arian boris berezovski, mixail solov-
iovi da ivan Sagini (CanarTi 8), axali imperiuli eTosis nimuSia, riTac iyo kidec gamsWvaluli
Zalauflebis sabWoTa simbolizmi omisSemdgom xanaSi. [39] stalini garSemortymulia sxva-
dasxva sabWoTa eris warmomadgenelTa jgufiT (zogierTi iRimis), fonad Cans sabWoTa kav-
Siris samxreTi nawilebis uzarmazari ruka, qalaqis landSafti da navTobis sabadoebi.
stalini mTeli Tavisi didebulebiT dgas xalxis zemoT, tribunaze, marjvena xeli ze-
moT aqvs aweuli da saCvenebel TiTs cisken iSvers (poza, romelic leninis ikonografias
mogvagonebs). is fonTan SedarebiT didad Cans, Tumca garSemomyofebsa da mis masStabs So-
ris sxvaoba ar aris. perspeqtivis rRvevis es xerxi gansxvavdeba imisgan, rasac 1920-ian da
1930-ian wlebSi iyenebdnen, magram mainc efeqturia stalinis, rogorc diadi imperiis saWeT-
mpyroblis Zlierebis warmosaCenad. stalins ubralo tunika acvia da ara misTvis Cveuli
samxedro uniforma da regaliebi, riTac albaT simbolurad miuTiTebs imaze, rom misi
Zalauflebis wyaro samxedro wodebidan an mTavarsardlis poziciidan ar momdinareobs.
plakati, romelic 500 000-iani tiraJiT gamouSves, sabWoTa kavSirSi omisSemdgomi imperi-
uli eTosis naTeli magaliTia. imperiuli konotaciebi gamoCnda politikuri xelovnebis
sxva nimuSebSic, romlebic omis Semdeg Seiqmna. magaliTad, 1948 wlis plakatze gamosaxulia
stalini, romelic sanimuSo kolmeurneebis mravalerovan jgufs xvdeba (ix. ilustracia
6.12, romelzec qvemoT visaubrebT).
samxedro gamarjvebiT damtkbarma stalinma axla ukve mniSvnelovnad gauswro Tavis men-
tors. 1940-ian da 1950-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, drodadro mainc Cndeboda leninze vizualu-
ri miniSnebebi, sadac imeorebdnen 1930-ian wlebSi damkvidrebul saxes da stils. [40]
omis da omisSemdgom periodSi kidev ufro xSiri iyo stalinis da leninis dawyvilebuli
saxeebi, romlebic xSirad droSaze, profilSi, wiTel fonze iyo gamosaxuli, an frizze iyo
amokveTili (ilustracia 6.4). [41]
stalins ganadidebdnen ara mxolod, rogorc „dRevandel lenins“ [42], aramed, aseve, ro-
gorc „Cvens bednierebas“, „Cvens sabrZolo droSas“, „Cvens belads“ da „Cvens maswavlebels“,
„Cvens maswavlebels, Cvens mamas, Cvens belads“, „Cveni socialisturi sazogadoebis konsti-
tuciis Semqmnels, sabWoTa xalxis belads“, „sabWoTa xalxis diad belads da generals“ da
„komunizmis Suquras“. [43]
mravalwliani stalinianis Semdeg, romelic zeadamianuri Zalis, rkinis nebisyofis da
momajadoebeli qarizmis wyalobiT sxvebze maRla mdgom Seucdomel liders ganadidebda,
kidev erTxel vxedavT 1940-ianebis da 1950-ianebis dasawyisSi mefis mokvdav sxeuls, rogorc
Tayvaniscemis obieqts. omisSemdgomi xanis, idumali elferis mqone socialistur realizm-
Si, rodesac saxeebi aqamde uCveulo simsubuqiT da ganwyobiT xasiaTdeboda da pastelis
145
ferebma xSirad wiTlis da Savis uxeSi tonebi Caanacvla, stalinis uxeSi konturebi Sear-
bila da is didebul, brZen da keTil liderad mogvevlina. viqtor ivanovis mier 1952 wels
Seqmnili plakati „didi stalini — komunizmis Suqura“ am tipis yvelaze dasamaxsovrebel
saxeTagan erT-erTia (ilustracia 6.10).[44] aq stalini Tavis samxedro uniformaSia gamowyo-
bili da marqsis, engelsis, leninis da stalinis tyavgadakruli da oqroTi movarayebuli
rCeuli nawerebiT, aseve stalinizmiT STagonebuli komunisturi partiis istoriiT savse
karadis win dgas. stalins marcxena xelSi uWiravs (cxadia) leninis naSromebis wigni, xolo
marjvenaSi — Cibuxi. mcireodeni kvamlis nakadi amodis Cibuxidan da am dros stalini kiTx-
visgan isvenebs da fiqriani mzera mipyrobili aqvs Soreuli sivrcisken.
sakuTar biblioTekaSi myofi stalinis piradi cxovrebis es mcire, magram intimuri de-
talebi damTvalierebels warmodgenas uqmnis stalinis adamianuri mxaris Sesaxeb. 1940-iani
wlebis bolos da 1950-iani wlebis dasasrulis saxviT xelovnebaSic da politikur xelovne-
baSic vxvdebiT sxva nimuSebsac, sadac xazgasmulia stalinis ubralo, mokvdavisTvis damax-
asiaTebeli mxareebi, romelmac cxovrebis etapebi gaiara, adreuli periodidan (magaliTad,
mis bavSvobas eZRvneba zinaida volkovinskaias 1949 wlis naxati „stalinis bavSvoba“), [45] im-
Jamindel, momwifebul asakamde. Severcxlili Tmis miuxedavad, stalins ar etyoba asaki an
Zalauflebis sadaveebis moSveba; wlebTan erTad, misi statusi mxolod Zlierdeba.
lideris warmavali sxeulis warmodgena odnavac ar akninebs misi sxvagvari sxeulis arse-
bobas, rac 1952 wlisTvis sabWoTa kavSirSi yvelam icoda. stalinis yvelganmyofi plakatebi,
portretebi da biustebi, romlebiTac savse iyo sajaro sivrceebi, stalinis Temaze Seqmni-
li naxatebi, romlebic yvela muzeumSi moipoveboda da monumentebi, romlebic yvela qalaq-
Si idga, mudmivad Seaxsenebda adamianebs, rom Seucdomeli, ukvdavi da yovelmxriv srulyo-
fili diadi beladi — cocxali RmerTi — marTavda uzarmazar sabWoTa imperias.
omisSemdgom periodSi stalinis kultis gavrcelebasTan erTad, komunisturi partiis
mTavari rolis xseneba sul ufro naklebad Cndeboda, adreul wlebTan SedarebiT. parti-
is mniSvnelobis daknineba vizualuri propagandis saSualebebSi II msoflio omis dros
daiwyo, rodesac mTavari mowodeba patriotizmi iyo da ara partiis erTguleba. omis Sem-
deg, plakatebSi drodadro moixseniebdnen komunistur partias, magram is naklebad mniS-
vnelovani iyo, rogorc gandidebis obieqti, vidre stalini an patriotizmi. patriotizmma
da imperiulma eTosma Caanacvla klasi, rogorc erTgulebis umTavresi sagani, romelsac
moqalaqeebSi sabWoTa reJimi nergavda. rogorc davinaxeT, klasobrivi identobis niSnebi
1930-iani wlebis Suaxanebidan ukve TandaTan qreboda scenidan; stalinma proletariatis
nacvlad, axali sakraluri centri gamoacxada. II msoflio omis dros, stalinis sakraluri
saxeli mWidrod daukavSirda „samSoblos“ (rodina), rogorc Tayvaniscemis obieqts. omis-
Semdgomi mZime Sedegebis Semdeg, stalini da patriotizmi wyvil sayrden boZad darCa, ro-
melzec sabWoTa miTologia idga.
magram ras niSnavs „samSoblo“ imperiis xanaSi? sityva „rodina“ naxsenebi iyo ramdenime
yvelaze farTod gavrcelebad da saxelganTqmul plakatebze, romlebic II msoflio omis
Semdeg gamovida. yvelaze cnobili maTgania ToiZis 1941 wlis plakati „deda-samSoblo gvix-
mobs!“ (ilustracia 6.1), romelzec gamosaxulia mkveTr wiTel samosSi gamowyobili asa-
kovani qali, romelsac cal xelSi uWiravs jariskacis fici, xolo meore xeli aweuli aqvs
SemarTuli xiStebis misamarTiT, romlebic mis fonad moCans. [46] am lozungis ilustrire-
bisTvis qalis SerCeva sruliad bunebrivi unda yofiliyo TanamedroveTaTvis, vinaidan si-
tyva „samSoblo“ (rodina) etimologiurad ukavSirdeba zmna „Sobas“ (rodit’), gaCenas. gamo-
saxulebaSi aseve aRdgenilia qalis alegoriebis didi xnis manZilze miviwyebuli tradicia,
romelic bolos samoqalaqo omis periodis sabWoTa vizualuri propagandis saSualebebSi
146
Canda. rogorc me-2 TavSi aRvniSneT, qalis gamoyeneba ruseTis simbolod Cveulebrivi ram
iyo I msoflio omis dros, magram bolSeviki xelovanebi am tipis saxeebs gaurbodnen revo-
luciis Semdeg, vinaidan is ar Seesabameboda axali reJimis moTxovnebs, romelic interna-
cionalizmsa da klasze iyo orientirebuli.
II msoflio omis dros, mxatvrebi ara mxolod iyenebdnen qal personaJebs „dedasamSob-
los“ simboluri gamoxatvisTvis, aramed igonebdnen metad efeqtur vizualur da teqsto-
briv metonimiebs, rom samSoblosa da ruseTs Soris Zlieri asociaciebi SeeqmnaT. ToiZis
kidev erTi plakati „samSoblos saxeliT, win, devgmirebo“ ukavSirdeba samSoblos da Sua-
saukuneebis rusi meomris saxes. [47]
omis Semdeg, mxatvrebi msgavs xerxebs mimarTavdnen. viqtor koreckim da vera giceviC-
ma 1949 wels Seqmnes plakati „giyvardeT samSoblo!“, romelzec asaxulia oTxi axalgazrda
pioneri da qali maswavlebeli. isini fanjridan gareT iyurebian mokrZalebiT da dafase-
biT. (ilustracia 6.11). [48] fanjris CarCodan moCans didi, mwvane mcenareebi, qarxnebi da
moSorebiT — sanaosno gza; aseve, lurji ca da, rac mTavaria, aryis xe, rac rusul naciona-
lur identobasTan mWidrod asocirdeba. TiTqmis plakatis centrSi, fanjris rafaze devs
globusi, romelzec sabWoTa kavSiri wiTeli feriTaa moniSnuli. aq kidev erTxel, ruseTi
da „rodina“ (samSoblo) erTmaneTs metonimiurad ukavSirdeba.
1945 wlisTvis internacionalizmi sabWoTa kavSirisTvis Soreuli warsuli iyo da poli-
tikuri xelovnebis warmomadgenlebi Riad ukavSirebdnen erTmaneTs rusul nacionalur
Rirsebas da identobas. omis Semdeg, erT-erT yvelaze farTod gavrcelebul plakatze,
leonid folovanovis „dideba wiTel armias!“ aseTi fraza gvxvdeba: „dideba rus xalxs“. [49]
omis Semdgomac plakatebi isev xazs usvamdnen rusul nacionalur identobas, rogorc es
gvxvdeba viqtor ivanovis mier 1947 wels Seqmnil plakatze „dideba rus xalxs — devgmir
xalxs, Semoqmed xalxs!“. [50] plakatze gamosaxulia axalgazrda kaci, romelsac ganaxlebis
gegma uWiravs. mis ukan devgmiria warmodgenili. sityvaTSeTanxmebas „rusi xalxi“ plakateb-
ze vxvdebiT, magram arasdros (ramdenadac davadgine) — „rusuli samSoblo“. samagierod,
sityvaTSeTanxmeba „sabWoTa samSoblo“ zogjer Cndeboda xolme omisSemdgomi periodis
plakatebze, rogoricaa, magaliTad, 1950 wlis sapirvelmaiso plakati, sadac droSaze awe-
ria: „diadi sabWoTa samSoblo!“. [51] magram patriotuli sityvebi da saxeebi 1945 wlis Sem-
deg xalxs Seaxsenebda, rom rus xalxsa da sabWoTa samSoblos Soris Zalian gansakuTrebuli
damokidebuleba iyo.
sanam xalxs samSoblos siyvarulisken mouwodebdnen, plakatebi aseve Seaxsenebda maT, rom
maTi samSoblo mravalerovani kavSiri iyo, sadac rusebi TanasworTa Soris pirveli iyvnen.
[52] naum karpovskis mier 1948 wels Seqmnili plakati „iSrome mebrZoli SeupovrobiT, rom
kolmeurneoba mowinave gaxdes!“ swored am saTqmels ambobs (ilustracia 6.12). [53] asakSi Se-
suli da didsulovani stalini napoleonis pozaSi dgas sabWoTa imperiis sxvadasxva mxridan
Camosuli saxegabrwyinebuli kolmeurneebis garemocvaSi. rusi qali mis marcxniv dgas, rusi
kaci ki — marjvniv. sxva eTnikuri jgufebis warmomadgeneli kolmeurneebi ukana planze,
fonad moCanan. TavianT saukeTeso samosSi gamowyobilebi, isini morcxvad da mowiwebiT
miSterebian stalinis mowyale pirovnebas (romelic samxedro regaliebiTaa damSvenebuli
da keTilad iRimis). swored stalinia plakatis centrSi moTavsebuli. mas raRac uxilavi
sinaTle anaTebs, xolo danarCenebi — rusi qalis gamoklebiT — odnav bundovnad arian ga-
naTebuli. stalini sakralur auras da mamakacur energias asxivebs. samSoblos siyvaruli
xalxis mamis siyvaruls niSnavs.

147
 RvTaebrivi wesrigi

berezovski, karpovski, korecki, giceviCi da sxvebi mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravdnen pro-

pagandistuli plakatebis STamagoneblobis xarisxs omisSemdgom wlebSi. es plakatebi ise
iyo Seqmnili, rom naTeli gaexada, Tu rogor eboZa qveyanas axali, samoTxiseburi cxovreba.
rusuli orTodoqsuli xatebis aRweriloba gamoavlens, rom am politikur plakatebSi zo-
gierTi elementi swored am wyarodan momdinareobda:
„yvelaferi is, rac gamosaxulia xatze, asaxavs ara Cveni codvili samyaros uwesrigo-
bas, aramed RvTaebriv wesrigs, mSvidobas, samyaros, romelic miwieri logikiT an adamianu-
ri zneobiT ki ar imarTeba, aramed RvTis madliT. esaa axali qmnilebis axleburi wesrigi.
amitomaa, rom rasac xatze vxedavT, yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi nanaxisgan gansxvavdeba.. aq
yvelaferi sinaTliTaa mosili da TavianT teqnikur enaze, xatmwerebi amas xatis fonis „ga-
naTebas“ eZaxian. aq adamianebi Jestikulireben; maTi moZraobebi ar aris uwesrigo, SemTx-
veviTi. isini RmerTs emsaxurebian da maT moZraobas wmindaTawminda liturgiuli xasiaTi
aqvs. wmindanebis samosiT dawyebuli, yvelaferi kargavs Tavis Cveul, SemTxveviT xasiaTs:
adamianebi, landSafti, arqiteqtura, cxovelebi. [54]
omisSemdgomi periodis politikuri plakatebi, romlebic saero xatebis funqcias as-
rulebda, naxatze acocxlebda „RvTaebriv wesrigs“ — socialistur samoTxes — sadac
sinaTle, feri, Jesti, samosi, adamianebi, landSaftebi da cxovelebi srul harmoniaSi iyvnen.
ferebi, romelTac 1945 wlis Semdeg iyenebdnen plakatebSi, xazs usvamda mSvid da netar gan-
wyobas. rogorc davinaxeT, 1930-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi, pastelis ferebi (gansakuTre-
biT lurji da mwvane) ufro xSirad Cndeboda politikur plakatebze. es tendencia Seicva-
la omisdroindel propagandaSi, rodesac politikuri xelovnebis warmomadgenlebi kidev
erTxel miubrundnen Savis da wiTlis mZime kombinacias, magram omis dasrulebis Semdeg,
pastelis ferebi isev ganaaxles. danhemis TqmiT, vardisferi Zalian modurad iTvleboda
omisSemdgomi xanis masobriv literaturaSi. [55]
plakatebis mxatvrebidan bevri wyalobda cisfers. isini xelidan ar uSvebdnen Sesa-
Zleblobas, rom mkrTali cisferi ca an wylis arteria gamoesaxaT. cxadia, jer kidev mrav-
lad iyo wiTeli banerebi da droSebi da wiTeli mniSvnelovan ferad rCeboda, magram am fers
axla ukve didi sifrTxiliT arCevdnen — qalis kabisTvis an vardebisTvis, romelsac axal-
gazrda pionerebi stalins miarTmevdnen, rogorc es aris nina vatolinas siTboTi aRsavse
namuSevarSi „madloba Zvirfas stalins bednieri bavSvobisTvis!“ (ilustracia 6.13). [56]
wiTeli traqtoristebi vizualuri propagandis saSualebebidan gaqrnen.
rodesac vadarebT omisSemdgomi periodis axali sabWoTa mamakacis da qalis atributebs
1930-iani wlebis dasawyisisas, ramdenime TvalSisacem kontrasts vxvdebiT. 1-l TavSi ukve
aRvniSneT, rom vizualuri propagandis saSualebebi xazs usvamda axali sabWoTa adamianis
xuT Tvisebas: axalgazrdobas (zogadad, Zlierebas, sijansaRes da paToss); moZraobas (per-
sonaJebi mudmivad zrunaven socializmis mSeneblobaze); agebulebas (xSirad isini msxvil
masStabSi arian warmodgenili); emocias (Zlieri Zalisxmeva da Seupovroba an mxiaruli gan-
wyoba); da pirdapir mzeras. omisSemdgom plakatebze gamosaxuli adamianebis umravlesoba
mainc jer kidev axalgazrdaa, magram axla ukve maTTan erTad sxvadasxva asakis adamianebic
arian da axalgazrdobis kulti Serbilda. II msoflio omis dros dawyebuli tendenciis
gagrZelebis saxiT, ufrosi da Sua asakis adamianebi TvalsaCinod arian warmodgenili poli-
tikur xelovnebaSi (ix., magaliTad, CanarTi 7 da ilustraciebi 6.2 da 6.12). stalini ukve
Severcxlili TmiT da ulvaSiTaa naCvenebi — rogorc pativsacemi ufrosi asakis saxel-
mwifo moRvawe (ilustracia 6.10). ufrosi asakis mamakacebs da qalebs TavianTi Rirebuli
148
wvlili SeaqvT sabWoTa sazogadoebaSi — rogorc asakovani kolmeurne, romelic axalgazr-
da qals amxnevebs sityvebiT: „Senc gaxdebi gmiri!“ (ilustracia 6.14). [57]
1945 wlis Semdeg politikuri xelovnebis Teoria da praqtika, cxadia, mWidrod ukavSird-
eboda socrealizmis doqtrinas, romelic pirvelad 1930-iani wlebis dasawyisSi Camoyal-
ibda, magram am doqtrinis xelovnebaSi gadatanis praqtika omisSemdgom periodSi gansxva-
vdeboda adreuli xanis SemTxvevebisgan erTi mniSvnelovani TvalsazrisiT. pirveli xuT-
wledis gegmis da isev, II msoflio omis dros, sabWoTa politikuri xelovneba ganuxrelad
xazs usvamda swrafvis aqts, intensiur koleqtiur da individualur Zalisxmevas, rac sa-
moTxiseburi momavlis misaRwevad iyo saWiro. amgvari momavali eloda xalxs momdevno mo-
gebuli brZolebis da sawarmoo kvotebis gadaWarbebis Semdeg. propagandis mcdelobebis
es Tavisebureba, cxadia, socrealizmTan erTad gaCnda, magram is momdinareobda revolu-
ciis da samoqalaqo omis droidan. amis miuxedavad, socrealizmi warmoiSva im dros, rode-
sac herakleseburma mcdelobebma centraluri adgili daikava oficialur ideologiasa
da masmediaSi, romlebic gmirebis (jer koleqtiuri, Semdeg — individualuri) SeqmniT da
maTi zeadamianuri miRwevebis gandidebiT iyo dainteresebuli. [58] es Zalisxmeva vizual-
ur saxes sxvadasxva saSualebiT iRebda, romelic xSirad konstruqtivistebis leqsikoni-
dan momdinareobda: gamWoli diagonalebi, romlebic xazs usvamdnen zeviT moZraobas, moZ-
ravi sxeulebi da Zlierad aqcentirebuli ferebi, gansakuTrebiT 1930-iani wlebis pirvel
naxevarSi. II msoflio omis Semdeg gamosuli plakatebisTvis qadageba mTavari Tema aRar
yofila; isini aRar moiTxovdnen adamianebisgan zeadamianuri gmirobebis Cadenas brZolis
velze, qarxanaSi, kolmeurneobaSi, sahaero sivrceSi (mfrinavebis rangSi), an xmeleTze
(rogorc mkvlevarebi). mZime Sroma, cxadia, axali da netari omisSemdgomi samyaros nawili
iyo, romelsac politikuri plakatebi uwevda propagandas, magram axla mniSvnelovnad es-
meboda xazi kargad gakeTebuli saqmisgan miRebul kmayofilebas da jildos da, rogorc
davinaxavT, kargi cxovrebis WvretiT tkbobas, romelic sabWoTa sazogadoebas ergo. 1930-
iani wlebis meore naxevriT daTariRebuli zogierTi plakatis msgavsad, romelic sasof-
lo-sameurneo Temas eZRvneba, omisSemdgomi politikuri xelovneba xazs usvamda simSvides,
mxiarulebas da siuxves.
marTalia, sityva „brZola“ (bor’ba) isev Cndeba lozungebSi, magram gamosaxulebebi cx-
ovrebisadmi sruliad sxvagvar midgomas gulisxmobs. Jestebi ufro Sekavebulia da naklebi
daZabuloba da xazgasmaa, Tuki ar CavTvliT gareSe mtrebisgan momdinare gamowvevebze kon-
centrirebas. ikonografia, romelsac mtrebis da maTi dammarcxeblebis reprezentaciisT-
vis iyenebdnen, xSirad ubrundeba Zvel saxeebs, sadac giganturi zomis muSa an xeli/muSti
anadgurebs miniaturul mters. [59] sxva SemTxvevaSi, msxvil masStabSi warmodgenili heroi-
kuli figura iSviaTad gvxvdeba 1945 wlis Semdeg.
Cafiqrebuloba, mxiaruleba da mzrunveloba omisSemdgomi plakatebis dominanturi
emociebia. gamonakliss warmoadgens mxolod isini, romlebic mtrebs eZRvneba, sadac emo-
ciis Zveleburi stili — sibraze, simtkice da agresiuloba — jer kidev Warbobs. pirda-
piri mzera, romelsac ase efeqturad iyenebdnen 1930-iani wlebis zogierT plakatSi, 1945
wlis Semdeg iSviaTad gvxvdeba. Tuki plakatze gamosaxuli personaJi pirdapir TvalebSi
uyurebs damTvalierebels, rogorc es gvxvdeba govorkovis namuSevarSi „ai, Turme sad
midis xalxis Semosavali?“ (ilustracia 6.6) da misive „axalsaxlobas gilocavT!“ (ilus-
tracia 6.7), mis mzeras dakarguli aqvs adreuli plakatebis personaJebisTvis damaxasi-
aTebeli gamWoloba da damrigebluri xasiaTi da amis nacvlad, damTvalierebels kargi
cxovrebiT tkbobisken iwvevs.

149
 qalebi da bavSvebi

1930-iani wlebis dasawyisis koleqtivizaciis kampania, rogorc davinaxeT, qaluri idio-

mis saSualebiT gamoixata. qalTa saxeebma isev moipova centraluri adgili II msoflio omis
dros. ToiZis mier maRali ostatobiT Sesrulebulma plakatma „deda-samSoblo gvixmobs!“
(ilustracia 6.1), „deda-ruseTis“ ganmasaxierebeli qalis alegoriuli figuris kvlav wina
planze wamoweviT, toni misca omisdroindel propagandas. amis Semdeg araerT plakatze
gamoCndnen Tavdajerebuli da gabeduli qalebi, romlebic xalxs faSistebis damarcxebi-
sken mouwodebdnen, [60] jariskacebs arwmunebdnen, rom ufro meti SemarTebiT ebrZolaT da
romlebsac winaT mamakacebisTvis gankuTvnili samuSaos Sesruleba uwevdaT. [61] koleqtiv-
izaciidan moyolebuli, sabWoTa politikuri xelovnebis warmomadgenlebs aseTi Zlieri
qali personaJebi ar SeuqmniaT.
1943 wels, ToiZem Seqmna meore plakati samSoblos Temaze, saxelwodebiT „deda-samSob-
losTvis!“. aqac gamosaxulia wiTel samosSi gamowyobili asakovani da Rirseuli qali, ma-
gram amjerad mas marcxena xelSi Cvili uWiravs. [62] es iyo omisdroindel araerT plakatT-
agan erT-erTi, romelic dedis Temas eZRvneboda. magram ToiZiseuli plakatisgan gansx-
vavebiT, mxatvrebis didi nawili, romelic dedis TemiT interesdeboda, SeSinebul da umweo
dedebs warmoadgendnen, romlebsac faSistebis xiStebi afrTxobdaT da TavianT Cvilebs da
bavSvebs gulSi ikravdnen. [63] marTlac plakatebis mTeli Janri gamosaxavda qalebs (bavSve-
biT Tu maT gareSe), rogorc faSisturi agresiis daucvel msxverplebs. [64]
omisdroindel plakatebSi dedobasa da samxedro mdgomareobasTan dakavSirebuli namu-
Sevrebi qalTa or sapirispiro saxeebs gamosaxavdnen. [65] am tipis plakatebze yvela asakis
personaJebs warmoadgendnen, romelTa umravlesobasac ar gaaCnda klasobrivi niSani an gan-
sakuTrebuli konteqsti, rac maT konkretul socialur warmomavlobaze miuTiTebda.
qaluri idiomi omisdroindeli sabWoTa propagandis sxva tipis saSualebebSic domini-
rebda. rogorc piter keneSi miuTiTebs, „meore msoflio omisdroindeli filmebis dasa-
maxsovrebeli personaJebis TvalSisacemad did procents qalebi Seadgendnen. reJisorebi
xazs usvamdnen Semdeg Temebs — erTgulebas, mudmivobas, amtanobas da Tavganwirvis unars
— rasac saukeTesod gamoxatavdnen filmebis qali gmirebi“. [66] omis dros yvelaze xSirad
pativs miagebdnen axalgazrda qals, zoia kosmodemianskaias — „sabWoTa Jan d’arks“, romel-
ic faSistebTan winaaRmdegobisas daiRupa. [67]
omis dasrulebis Semdeg, politikur plakatebSi qalTa saxeebis mniSvnelovnebam daiklo.
araerTi mxatvari gamosaxavda qal personaJebs TavianT kompoziciebSi 1945-53 wlebSi (ix.
ilustraciebi: 6.5, 6.7, 6.11, 6.12 da 6.14), magram qalebs ukve centraluri pozicia aRar eka-
vaT vizualur propagandaSi. amis miuxedavad, omisdroindel kompoziciebs xSirad nimuSebad
iyenebdnen zogierT axal, omisSemdgom (da Semdeg civi omisdroindel) plakatebSi. ToiZi-
seuli „deda-samSoblosTvis“ viqtor ivanovis mier 1950 wels Seqmnili plakatis „dedebo yve-
la qveynisa, ibrZoleT mSvidobisTvis“ STagonebis wyarod iqca. ivanoviseul plakatze cen-
traluri personaJia amayi qali, romelsac safeTqlebi Severcxlia da muqi Sindisferi Sar-
fi aqvs moxveuli. marcxena xeli axalgazrda pioneris mxarze aqvs Semoxveuli da icavs mas,
xolo marjvena — muStad aqvs SemarTuli da maRla aweuli. rogorc Cans, is ambobs sityvebs:
„wyeuli iyvnen omis gamCaReblebi!“ [68] faSistebis damarcxebasTan da omis dasrulebasTan
erTad, gmiris koncefcia kidev erTxel daukavSirda warmoebis sferoSi arsebul miRwev-
ebs. viqtor ivanovis mier 1948 wels Seqmnil plakatze Suaxnis kolmeurne qali axalgazrdas
eubneba: „Senc gaxdebi gmiri“ (ilustracia 6.14). [69] ori qali dgas saZovrebze, cisferi cis
fonze. maT ukan moCans saqonlis TvalismomWreli jogi. axalgazrda qali mimzidveli da qer-
150
aa, unaklo kbilebiT. asakovan qals ukeTia samkerde niSani, rac miuTiTebs, rom socialistu-
ri Sromis gmiria. zoia kosmodemianskaiasmagvari TviTkmayofili axalgazrda gmiri qalebis
dro wavida da axla ukve mwvelavma qalebmac SeiZleba moipovon gmiris statusi.
1945 wlis Semdeg, bavSvebi kvlav xSirad Cndebian plakatebze, sadac isini warmodgeni-
li arian ara msxverplebis, aramed fxizeli axalgazrda pionerebis saxiT, romlebic um-
wikvlod tkbebian im „RvTaebrivi wesrigiT“, romelic maTTvis brZenma ufrosebma Seqmnes.
maT sxvadasxva viTarebaSi vxedavT: isini stalins yvavilebs miarTmeven (ilustracia 6.13);
fanjridan iyurebian, rodesac maswavlebeli maT „samSoblos siyvaruls“ aswavlis (ilus-
tracia 6.11); usmenen ufros kacs, romelic uyveba, Tu rogor xdeba ocnebebi (CanarTi 7);
xelSi ayvanili mihyavs qeraTmian, simpaTiur, momRimar axalgazrda kacs samSvidobo demon-
straciaze. [70]
qalebi iSviaTad Cndebian SvilebTan erTad, magram qalebis saxeebi (maTi mkerdi ukve aRar
aris dafaruli) avlens, rom reJimi ukve afasebs maT reproduqciul funqcias. Sobadobis
mxardamWeri politika gaZlierda omis Semdeg, rac manamde brZolebisa da teroris Sedegad
masobrivad daRupuli adamianebis kompensacias iTvaliswinebda. 1951 wels gamovida plakati,
lozungiT — „xalxze zrunva — sabWoTa cxovrebis wesia“, rac yovelmxriv Seesabameboda sa-
gnebis „RvTaebrivi wesrigis“ dominantur kanons: cisferi ca, yvavilebi, Tvalwarmtaci mwvane
mdeloebi, sufTa da sasiamovno dawesebuleba da dedis da meddis gulTbili urTierToba. [71]

gviandeli stalinizmis orbunebovneba

RvTaebrivi saxeebisa da pastelis ferebisgan, romlebic ase xSirad Cndeboda omisSemd-

gom politikur xelovnebaSi, sagrZnoblad Tavisufali iyo mtrebze orientirebuli plakate-
bi. omis dasrulebis Semdeg, reJimma mniSvnelovani kampania daiwyo sabWoTa moqalaqeebis wi-
naaRmdeg, romelTac II msoflio omis dros urTierToba hqondaT dasavleTTan. 1948 wels
amas mohyva Seteva „kosmopolitizmze“, romelic mkveTrad gamoxatuli rusuli Sovinisturi
Zalebis mier Seqmnili oficialuri antisemituri koduri sityva iyo. kapitalistur dasavle-
Tze Seteva (hitleris winaaRmdeg omSi ruseTis zogierTi imdroindeli mokavSiris CaTvliT)
daemTxva civi omis dasawyiss. aSS da gaero propagandis ZiriTadi samizneebi aRmoCnda.
mtris vizualuri reprezentacia 1930-ian wlebsa da II msoflio omis dros ukve kargad
damkvidrebuli modelebis mixedviT warmoebda: giganturi sabWoTa mamakacebi (da axla ukve
qalebic) upirispirdebodnen miniaturul mtrebs; [72] wiTeli elva dahkravda mters; [73]
uzarmazari wiTeli armia ipyrobda damnaSaves. [74] magram erTi mniSvnelovani cvlileba mox-
da wina praqtikasTan SedarebiT: alegoriul da cxovelTa saxeebs axla ukve iSviaTad iyenebd-
nen. plakati 1953 wlis ianvarSi, kiSiniovSi Seiqmna, romelzec gamosaxuli iyo amerikeli ja-
riskaci virTxis saxiT, magram aseTi ram mainc gamonaklisad iTvleboda im dros. [75]
plakatebSi pirvelad koncentrirdnen kapitalisturi dasavleTis cxovrebis nirze —
gansakuTrebiT aSS-s — da grafikulad gamosaxavdnen umuSevrebs, tanjvis msxverplebs da
borot kapitalistebs. [76] kapitalisti isev gamoCnda vizualuri propagandis saSuale-
bebSi II msoflio omis Semdeg (im wlebSi kapitalistebi, bolosdabolos, sabWoTa kavSiris
mokavSireebi iyvnen!), Tumca kapitalistis romelime erTi ikonografiuli gamosaxuleba ar
yofila dominanturi. zog plakatSi Cndeba cxvirmokauWebuli, meloti personaJi, sxvaSi —
msuqani kapitalisti, zogic orive karikaturis elementebs aerTianebs. [77] ivan semionovis
plakati „kapitalizmis mizani yovelTvis erTia“ politikuri mxatvrobis warmomadgenel-

151
ma (is 1906 wels daibada da 1920-ian wlebSi miiRo ganaTleba) stalinis xanis dasasruls Se-
qmna. masze warmodgenilia asakovani meloti kaci saTvaliT da kexiani cxviriT, romelsac
CabRujuli aqvs oqros monetebi (ilustracia 6.15). [78] zemoT warmodgenilia sami kadri,
romlebzec gamosaxulia kapitalizmis danaSaulebebi — eqspluatacia, Cagvra da omi — da
es yvelaferi mogebis gazrdis surviliTaa nakarnaxevi. Tavdapirveli kapitalistis klaso-
brivi niSnebi — cilindri, palto, simsuqne — uaryofilia. plakati 1953 wlis ianvarSi 200
000-iani tiraJiT gamovida da misi gamosvla antisemituri propagandis gaZlierebas da „eqim-
Ta saqmis“ gasajaroebas (romlis Tanaxmadac, TiTqos kremlis ebraeli eqimebi ucxoeli Za-
lebis agentebis davalebebs asrulebdnen) daemTxva. [79] am konteqstSi, semionovis kexiancx-
virianma kapitalistma sagrZnobi antisemituri Strixebi SeiZina [80]. axla ukve xelovanebi
asaxavdnen ara mxolod mtrebs, aramed konkretulad ebrael mtrebs.
1953 wlisTvis standartuli satiruli saxeebis didi nawili — iseTi, rogoricaa kapi-
talisti — Tanmimdevruloba dakarga da bevri ram sruliad daviwyebas mieca. adreul peri-
odSi mtrebis tipaJze xazgasmis nacvlad, plakatebis mxatvrebi miubrundnen lubokiseul
„Cven/isini“ formats, romelic damTvaliereblebisTvis nacnobi iyo da drodadro wina
aTwleulebSic iyenebdnen. omisSemdgom wlebSi, amgvar plakatebze mxolod ori kadri iyo;
rogorc wesi, teqsts Zalian mokled warmoadgendnen, zogjer sul ramdenime sityviT. Sesa-
Zloa, yvela sxva formatze metad, lubokiseuli „Cven/isini“ stilis plakatebi yvelaze ukeT
warmoaCenda imas, rom samyaro binaruli opoziciebisgan, keTilisgan da borotisgan Sedge-
boda. „Cven/isini“ principze agebuli plakatebi koncentrirebuli iyo araerT sxvadasxva
Temaze: Tavisufleba amerikasa da sabWoTa kavSirSi; ekonomikis da omis dagegmva; volga-do-
nis arxis mSenebloba da uol sTriTis damangreveli moqmedeba; Sromis ufleba kapitalis-
tur da socialistur samyaroSi; musikosebi kapitalizmisa da socializmis pirobebSi. [81]
gviandeli xanis stalinisturi msoflxedva, romelic gajerebuli iyo kvlav aRdgenili
imperiuli didebulebiT, didad iyo damokidebuli im Sexedulebaze, rom socializmma sabWo-
Ta moqalaqeebisTvis keTildReobis, Tavisuflebis da sixarulis uprecedento xana Seqmna.
kapitalizmi ki, amis sapirispirod, adamianebs siRaribes da Cagvras sTavazobda. stalinis
xanis dasasrulisas, reJimi did gareSe mterze koncentrirda: kapitalist omis gamCaRe-
belze, romlis Stabbinac aSS-Si iyo. gviandeli stalinizmis xanis plakatebze, romlebic
mtrebis Temas eZRvneboda da „Cven/isini“ lubokiseuli formatis mixedviT iyo Sedgenili,
aRadgenda da xazs usvamda samyaros Rrmad gamjdar bipolarul koncefcias. omisSemdgom
periodSi, es „aqcentirebuli dualizmi“ emyareboda kapitalisti/socialistis diqotomias,
romelic, Tavis mxriv, gansazRvravda, ra iyo sikeTe da ra — boroteba, ra iyo gmiroba da
ra — borotmoqmedeba, ra iyo sakraluri da ra — profanuli. civi omis arqtikuli brizis
pirobebSi, sabWoTa vizualurma propagandam samyaro or banakad dayo: erTi mxriv, aSS da,
meore mxriv — sabWoTa kavSiri da misi komunisti satelitebi da mokavSireebi. tradiciuli
rusuli saazrovno struqturis Sesabamisad, neitraluri zona ar arsebobda.

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3 4

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 literatura:

winaTqma
Pierre Bourdieu, Distinction. A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1984), 3.

Sesavali
1. fiure am gancxadebas 1789 wlis safrangeTis revoluciasTan dakavSirebiT akeTebs. François
Furet, Interpreting the French Revolution, trans. Elborg Forster (Cambridge and London, 1981), 114.
2. Hobsbawm, introduction to The Invention of Tradition. ed. Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger (Cambridge
and London, 1984), 1.
3. Ibid., 9.
4. Peter Kenez, The Birth of the Propaganda State: Soviet Methods of Mass Mobilization, 1917-1929 (Cambridge
and London, 1985); Richard Stites, Revolutionary Dreams: Utopian Vision and Experimental Life in the Rus-
sian Revolution (New York and Oxford, 1989); James von Geldern, Bolshevik Festivals, 1917-1920 (Berkeley
and Los Angeles, 1993).
5. 1918 wlis 13 ianvaris sakanonmdeblo aqtis Tanaxmad, Seicvala iuliusis kalendari (romel-
sac miyveboda rusuli orTodoqsuli eklesia) gregorianuliT. gregorianul kalendarze
gadasvliT, 25 oqtombris revolucias 7 noembers zeimobdnen, magram mainc „oqtombris“
revoluciis saxeliT iyo cnobili.
6. Von Geldern, Bolshevik Festivals, 31, inscenireba aRwerilia, rogorc „aradramatuli masalis,
Cveulebriv prozis, adaptacia scenaze“. amis erT-erTi yvelaze TvalsaCino magaliTi iyo
zamTris sasaxlis aRebis masStaburi inscenireba, revoluciis mesame wlisTavTan dakav-
SirebiT.
7. Kenez, Birth of the Propaganda State, 73, 157.
8. Viktor Kumanev, Sotsializm i vsenarodnaia gramotnost': Likvidatsiia massovoi negramotnosti v SSSR (Moscow,
1967), 296.
9. am sakiTxis Sesaxeb, ix.: Richard Wortman, "Moscow and Petersburg: The Problem of Political Center in
Tsarist Russia, 1881-1914," wignSi: Rites of Power: Symbolism, Ritual, and Politics Since the Middle Ages, ed.
Sean Wilentz (Philadelphia, 1985), 244-274; Richard S. Wortman, Scenarios of Power: Myth and Ceremony
in Russian Monarchy, vol. 1 (Princeton, 1995).
10. Leonid Ouspensky and Vladimir Lossky, The Meaning of Icons, trans, G. E. H. Palmer and E. Kadloubovsky
(Crestwood, New York, 1983), 45. aRmosavleTis orTodoqsul eklesiaSi xatebis Tayvaniscemis
Sesaxeb, ix. piter braunis esse „The Dark Age Crisis: Aspects of the Iconoclastic Controversy“, wignSi:
Peter Brown, Society and the Holy in Late Antiquity (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1982).
11. Ouspensky and Lossky, Meaning of Icons, 41.
12. Linda J. Ivanits, Russian Folk Belief (Armonk, New York, and London, 1989), 23.
13. Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaia, Pedagogicheskie sochineniia v desiati tomakh, vol. 7 (Moscow, 1959), 170.
14. Stephen White, The Bolshevik Poster (New Haven and London, 1988), 19.
15. 1917 ruseTis imperiis mosaxleoba daaxloebiT 140 milion adamians aRwevda.
16. B. S. Butnik-Siverskii, Sovetskii plakat epokhi grazhdanskoi voiny, 1918-1921 (Moscow, 1960), 19, 23.
17. White, The Bolshevik Poster, 109. ilustrirebuli plakati — luboki (mravlobiTSi: lubki) pop-
ularuli iyo dabali fenebis warmomadgenlebs Soris. ix.: Jeffrey Brooks, When Russia Learned to
Read: Literacy and Popular Literature, 1861-1917 (Princeton, 1985).
18. Albert Rhys Williams, Through the Russian Revolution (London, 1923), 5, citirebulia wignSi: White,
The Bolshevik Poster, 109. rodesac 1926 wlis bolos valter beniamini ewvia sabWoTa kavSirs,

158
 man plakatebis farTod gavrceleba SeniSna samuSao adgilebze, quCebSi, klubebsa da sam-
kiTxveloebSi. Walter Benjamin, Moscow Diary, ed. Gary Smith (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1986), 49-50,
60-61, 64.
19. Lynn Mally, Culture of the Future: The Proletkult Movement in Revolutionary Russia (Berkeley and Los
Angeles, 1990).
20. Hobsbawm and Ranger, eds., Invention of Tradition, 6.
21. Joan Wallach Scott, Gender and the Politics of History (New York, 1988), 42, 44, 48.
22. samoqalaqo omis periodis mniSvnelovani mxatvrebis profesiuli gamocdilebis Sesaxeb
diskusiebisTvis, ix.: White, The Bolshevik Poster.
23. saTauri kolega mxatvar aleqsandr deinekas ekuTvnis. White, The Bolshevik Poster, 43.
24. sabWoTa saxelovnebo wvrTnis Sesaxeb, ix.: Natal'ia Adaskina, „The Place of Vkhutemas in the Russian
Avant-Garde“, wignSi: The Great Utopia: The Russian and Soviet Avant-Garde, 1915-1932 (New York, 1992),
283-293.
25. am sakiTxis Sesaxeb, zogadad, ix.: M. Baxandall, Painting and Experience in Fifteenth Century Italy
(London, 1972).
26. Ronald Paulson, Representations of Revolution, 1789-1820 (New Haven and London, 1983), 17.
27. Reinhart Koselleck, Futures Past: On the Semantics of Historical Time (Cambridge, Massachusetts, and Lon-
don, 1985), 76.
28. „Begriffsgeschichte and Social History“, ibid.
29. William Sewell, Jr., Work and Revolution: The Language of Labor from the Old Regime to 1848 (Cambridge,
England, 1980).
30. yovelTvis ar mimiRia im sakiTxebis Sesaxeb masalebi, rac momiTxovia. magaliTad, Sedare-
biT naklebi plakatebi vnaxe 1939-41 wlebidan, rodesac hitler-stalinis paqti ZalaSi
iyo; aseve, ver movaxerxe im plakatebis xelSi Cagdeba, romlebSic Riad iyo gamoxatuli an-
ti-kosmopolituri saTqmeli.
31. polonski, aseve, iyo Jurnalebis — „novi miris“ da „peCat’ i revolucias“ damaarsebeli da
mTavari redaqtori. White, The Belshevik Poster, 40-41; Jeffrey Rossman, „Politics, Culture and Identity
in Revolutionary Russia: A Reading of the Life and Works of Viacheslav Polonskii“, unpublished seminar
paper, Department of History, University of California, Berkeley, May 1990.
32. Viacheslav Polonskii, Russkii revoliutsionnyi plakat (Moscow, 1925). Semoklebuli adreuli versia
gamoqveynda: Pechat' i revoliutsiia 2 (April-June 1922), 56-77.
33. G. L. Demosfenova, A. Nurok, and N. Shantyko, Sovetskii politicheskii plakat (Moscow, 1962).
34. Richard S. Wortman, Scenarios of Power: Myth and Ceremony in Russian Monarchy, vol. 1 (Princeton, 1995).
35. pirveli gamocema gamovida saxelwodebiT: Geist und Gesicht des Bolschewismus (Zurich, Leipzig,
and Vienna, 1926). inglisuri gamocemis mTragmneli iyo f.s. flinTi da d.f. teiti da aSS-sa
da inglisSi 1927 wels gamoqveynda.
36. White, The Bolshevik Poster.
37. François-Xavier Coquin, „L'affiche révolutionnaire soviétique (1918-1921): Mythes et réalités“, Revue des
études slaves 59, no. 4 (1987), 719-740; Coquin, „L'image de Lénine dans l'iconographie révolutionnaire et
postrévolutionnaire“, Annales ESC 2 (March—April 1989), 223-249. François-Xavier Coquin, „Une source
méconnue: Les affiches contre-révolutionnaires (1918-1920)“, wignSi: Russie-URSS, 1914-1991 Change-
ments de regards, ed. Wladimir Berelowitch and Laurent Gervereau (Paris, 1991), 52-60.
38. Nina Tumarkin, Lenin Lives! The Lenin Cult in Soviet Russia (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1983); Kenez, Birth
of the Propaganda State; Stites, Revolutionary Dreams.
39. Igor Golomstock, Totalitarian Art in the Soviet Union, the Third Reich, Fascist Italy and the People's Republic
of China (New York, 1990); Boris Groys, The Total Art of Stalinism: Avant-Garde, Aesthetic Dictatorship, and

159
 Beyond (Princeton, 1992), originally published as Gesamtkunstwerk Stalin (Munich, 1988); Hans Günther,
ed., The Culture of the Stalin Period (New York, 1990).
40. Katerina Clark, The Soviet Novel: History as Ritual (Chicago and London, 1981); Christel Lane, The Rites of
Rulers: Ritual in Industrial Society—the Soviet Case (Cambridge, England, and London, 1981); von Geldern,
Bolshevik Festivals.
41. Maurice Agulhon, Marianne into Battle: Republican Imagery and Symbolism in France, 1789-1880 (Cam-
bridge, England, 1981); Lynn Hunt, Politics, Culture, and Class in the French Revolution (Berkeley and Los
Angeles, 1984); Mona Ozouf, Festivals of the French Revolution, trans. Alan Sheridan (Cambridge, Massa-
chusetts, 1988). am sakiTxis Sesaxeb sxva mniSvnelovani kvlevebi SeiZleba naxoT pier noras
eseebis krebulSi: Les lieux de mémoire, t. 1-2 (Paris, 1984-1986).
42. Hobsbawm and Ranger, eds., Invention of Tradition; Sean Wilentz, ed., Rites of Power: Symbolism, Ritual,
and Politics Since the Middle Ages (Philadelphia, 1985).
43. Eric Hobsbawm, „Man and Woman in Socialist Iconography“, History Workshop 6 (Autumn 1978); Maurice
Agulhon, „On Political Allegory: A Reply to Eric Hobsbawm“, History Workshop 8 (Autumn 1979); Sally
Alexander, Anna Davin, and Eve Hostettler, „Labouring Women: A Reply to Eric Hobsbawm“, History Work-
shop 8 (Autumn 1979).
44. Erwin Panofsky, Studies in Iconology: Humanistic Themes in the Art of the Renaissance (New York, 1962),
and Meaning in the Visual Arts: Papers in and on Art History (Woodstock, New York, 1974).
45. ikonografiasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis Sesaxeb msjelobisTvis, ix.: W. J. T. Mitchell,
Iconology: Image, Text, Ideology (Chicago and London, 1986).
46. xelovnebis istoriaSi sxva kvlevebidan, romelTac gavlena moaxdines vizualuri masalis Ce-
meul warmodgenaze, sagulisxmoa: E. H. Gombrich, Art and Illusion: A Study in the Psychology of Picto-
rial Representation (Princeton 1984); T. J. Clark, Image of the People: Gustave Courbet and the 1848 Revolution
(Princeton, 1982); and Linda Nochlin, Women, Art, and Power and Other Essays (New York, 1988).
47. Clifford Geertz, Local Knowledge: Further Essays in Interpretive Anthropology (New York, 1983), 12, 109;
Baxandall, Painting and Experience in Fifteenth Century Italy, nawili 2.
48. ix.: gircis esse: „Art as a Cultural System“, krebulidan: Local Knowledge.

Tavi pirveli
1. Lynn Hunt, Politics, Culture, and Class in the French Revolution (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1984), 104,
106, da ufro zogadad, chap. 3; Francois Furet, Interpreting the French Revolution, trans. Elborg Forster
(Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London, 1981). berZnuli miTologiis Tanaxmad, hidras cxra Tavi
hqonda. roca erT Tavs mokveTdnen, mis adgilas ori amodioda.
2. marianis Sesaxeb, ix.: Maurice Agulhon, Marianne into Battle: Republican Imagery and Symbolism in
France, 1789-1880 (Cambridge, England, 1981); Hunt, Politics, Culture, and Class.
3. Christina Lodder, „Lenin's Plan for Monumental Propaganda“, wignSi: Art of the Soviets, ed. Matthew Cullerne
Bown and Brandon Taylor (Manchester and New York, 1993), 16-32; Richard Stites, Revolutionary Dreams:
Utopian Vision and Experimental Life in the Russian Revolution (New York and Oxford, 1989), 88-89.
4. am mcdelobebis Sesaxeb amomwuravi kvlevisTvis, ix.: Peter Kenez, The Birth of the Propaganda State:
Soviet Methods of Mass Mobilization, 1917-1929 (Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London, 1985).
5. Tanamedrove wyaroebSi, mWedels, zogadad, uwodeben „kuznecs“, magram zogjer „moloto-
boecsac“ (meuroes) eZaxian. es ukanaskneli cneba ufro konkretulad gulisxmobs mxolod
industriul garemos da Sromis ufro did danawilebas iTvaliswinebs, vidre cneba „kuzne-
ci“. Tumca „kuznecic“ did liTongadamamuSavebel qarxnebSi mTavari saqmianobis aRsaniS-
navad gamoiyeneboda.
6. mWedlis ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi iyo uro (molot), tyavis winsafari da zogjer — grdemli.
xSirad mas ulvaSebi hqonda (wveri glex mamakacTan igivdeboda), rusuli perangi da Ceqme-

160
 bi ecva (glexebs qalamnebi ecvaT). zogjer mas welszemoT SiSvels gamosaxavdnen, magram
ufro xSirad mas perangi ecva. is arc Zalian axalgazrda iyo da arc xanSiSesuli. ufro
zogadad, mas zrdasruli, gamocdili muSis gamometyveleba hqonda.
7. Eric Hobsbawm, „Man and Woman in Socialist Iconography“, History Workshop 6 (Autumn 1978), 127-128.
8. or mniSvnelovan namuSevarSia warmodgenili es saxe: nikolai kogutis „iaraRiT gavanadgureT
Cven mteri“ (oqtomberi, 1920) (ilustracia 1.1), RU/SU 1280; da dmitri mooris „1 maiss sruli-
ad ruseTis SabaTobaa“ (maisi, 1920) (ilustracia 2.9), KP p1.II.3/1 maia vserossiiskii subbotnik.
9. V. V. Shleev, ed., Revoliutsiia 1905-1907 godov i izobrazitel'noe iskusstvo, 4 vols. (Moscow, 1977-1989). The
Shatan-is suraTi warmodgenilia: 3: 39-ze; Volga-dan ilustracia 2: 102-ze. am periodSi muSe-
bis reprezentaciisTvis ix.: 1: 18, 22, 31, da 3: 6. aq warmodgenili saxeebis umetesoba war-
moadgens mWedels; erTze warmodgenilia „rigiTi“ muSa kepsa da rusul perangSi. zogjer
Cndeboda xolme mWedlis uros ilustraciebi. ix., mag.: 3: 24.
10. RU/SU 1226. plakati gamovida, rogorc Jurnal „vestnik melkago kreditas“ damateba.
11. Richard Stites, „Adorning the Revolution: The Primary Symbols of Bolshevism, 1917-1918“, wignSi: Shornik:
Study Group of the Russian Revolution (Leeds) 10 (1984), 40, da suraTi 3.
12. e.v. orlovskis naxatebi. reproduqciebi warmodgenilia wignSi: V. I. Lenin i izobrazitel'noe
iskusstvo, 15.
13. RU/SU 1262. proklamacia arwmunebda adamianebs, rom xma miecaT da acxadebda, rom „Tqvens
nebismier qmedebas, nebismier nabijs mTeli revoluciisTvis, mTeli muSaTa klasisTvis
mniSvneloba aqvs.“
14. RU/SU 18. 1905 wels daarsebuli sruliad ruseTis qalTa Tanasworobis kavSiris memkvidre,
liga, 1907 wels daregistrirda; 1909 wels gaaqtiurda, ZiriTadad, qalaTa saarCevno xmis
uflebis wyalobiT. 1917 wlamde masSi daaxloebiT 1 000 wevri iyo. Tebervlis revoluciis
Semdeg, misi organizebiT moewyo erT-erTi pirveli masobrivi demonstracia petrogradSi.
20 marts daaxloebiT 40 000 qali damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebSi xmis moTxovnis uflebis
mosapoveblad gamovida. Richard Stites, The Women's Liberation Movement in Russia: Feminism, Nihil-
ism, and Bolshevism, 1860-1930 (Princeton, 1978), 220-222, 292.
15. Stites, Revolutionary Dreams, 85-87. beWedze Tavidan maxvilic iyo gamosaxuli, magram leninma
misi amoReba moiTxova.
16. Alexis Khripounoff, „Un parcours parmi les timbres, des origines à nos jours“, wignSi: Russie—URSS, 1914-
1991: Changements de regards, ed. Wladimir Berelowitch and Laurent Gervereau (Paris, 1991), 250.
17. V. P. Tolstoi, ed., Agitatsionno-massovoe iskusstvo. Oformlenie prazdnestv, 1917-1932, Tablitsy (Moscow,
1984), fig. 32; O. Nemiro, V gorod prishel prazdnik: Is istorii khudozhestvennogo oformleniia sovetskikh
massovykh prazdnestv (Leningrad, 1973), 17-18.
18. Mikhail Guerman, ed., Art of the October Revolution (New York, 1979), plates 187-193; Tolstoi, ed., Agitat-
sionno-massovoe iskusstvo, Tablitsy, figs. 45-47.
19. V. I. Kozlinskii, wignSi: Tolstoi, ed., Agitatsionno-massovoe iskusstvo, Tablitsy, ilustracia 63.
20. Ibid., figs. 79, 82, 89, 94.
21. James von Geldern, Bolshevik Festivals, 1917-1920 (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1993), 169. moqandakes gu-
lis Seteva daemarTa imis meore dRes, rac mis qandakebas „ramdenime nawili CamoaTales“,
winsafris gamo. qandakebis foto warmodgenilia gv. 170-ze.
22. apsitis namdvili saxeli iyo: aleqsandrs apsitis. Tavis plakatebs is fsevdonimiT awerda
wels: a. petrovi. apsitis cxovrebis Sesaxeb msjelobisTvis, ix: Stephen White, „The Political
Poster in Bolshevik Russia“, Sbornik: Study Group of the Russian Revolution (Leeds) 8 (1982), 26 da misi
kvleva: The Bolshevik Poster (New Haven and London, 1988), 25-32.

161
 23. RU/SU 1280. sxva magaliTebisTvis, ix. apsitis plakati „motyuebul Zmebs“ (1918) (ilustracia
2.3), RU/SU 1546 da „internacionali“ (1918) (ilustracia 2.7), RU/SU 2282; zvorikinis „wiTeli
raindis brZola bnel ZalasTan“ (1919) (ilustracia 1.8), RU/SU 1285; kiselisis „TeTrgvard-
ieli mtacebeli“ (1920) (ilustracia 1.10), RU/SU 1287.
24. Hunt, Politics, Culture, and Class, 109-110. marianis gamosaxuleba ramdenime sxvadasxva versiaSic
gamoCnda. ix.: ibid., 93 da Agulhon, Marianne.
25. Guerman, ed., Art of the October Revolution, fig. 9.
26. MR A52120.
27. aguioni moixmobs magaliTs franguli ikonografiidan, romelic cxadyofs, Tu rogor Sei-
Zleba simbolom moipovos ara mxolod kompleqsuri, aramed winaaRmdegobrivi mniSvnelo-
bebic. 1870 wels mesame respublikis daarsebis Semdeg, Tavisufleba-respublikis gamomx-
atveli qalis alegoriuli figura ganasaxierebda saxelmwifosac da saxelmwifos winaaRm-
deg mimarTul moZraobasac. Maurice Agulhon, „On Political Allegory: A Reply to Eric Hobsbawm“,
History Workshop 8 (Autumn 1979), 170.
28. Sovetskoe izobrazitel'noe iskusstvo: Zhivopis', Skul'ptura, Grafika, Teatral'nodekoratisionnoe iskusstvo (Mos-
cow, 1977), ilustracia: 193. oqtombris aTi wlisTavisTvis gamoSvebuli plakatebic xazs
usvamdnen oqtombris revoluciaSi muSaTa wamyvan rols. ix., magaliTad, piotr Suxminis
„vkp-s droSiT“ (1927), sadac muSa wina planzea wamoweuli da mas mohyvebian wiTelarmieli
jariskaci, muSa qali da glexi mamakaci. Soviet Political Poster, 48.
29. umsxvilesi organizacia iyo respublikis revoluciuri samxedro sabWos politikuri
administraciis literaturis da sagamomcemlo saqmis ganyofileba, romelic 1919 wels
daarsda da samoqalaqo omis wlebSi, mas viaCeslav polonski xelmZRvanelobda. ix.: B. S. But-
nik-Siverskii, Sovetskii plakat epokhi grazhdanskoi voiny, 1918-1921 (Moscow, 1960), 17-22; White, The
Bolshevik Poster, 39-40.
30. François-Xavier Coquin, „L'affiche révolutionnaire soviétique (1918-1921): Mythes et réalités“, Revue des
études slaves 59, no. 4 (1987), 737.
31. A. Buzinov, Za Nevskoi zastavoi: Zapiski rabochego (Moscow and Leningrad, 1930), 21. „cxeli saamqro“
aerTianebda gadasaduRebel, gadamxvev da samWedlo saamqroebs.
32. am Tvalsazrisebis Sesaxeb, ix.: V. V. Ivanov and V. N. Toporov, „Problema funktsii kuznetsa v svete
semioticheskoi tipologii kul'tur“, krebulSi: Materialy vsesoiuznogo simpoziuma po vtorichnym modeli-
ruiushchim sistemam I (5) (Tartu, 1974), 87-90. mWedlis sakralur atributebs ara mxolod gana-
didebdnen slavur folklorSi, aramed maT SegviZlia indo-evropuli kulturis araerT
popularul tradiciaSi mivakvlioT.
33. Skulevi daibada 1868 wels. is Raribi glexebis Svili iyo. ToTxmeti wlis asakSi, qarxanaSi
momxdari incidentis gamo, marjvena xeli dakarga. man ramdenime simRera dawera; es iyo misi
yvelaze popularuli simRera. Sovetskie pesni (Moscow, 1977), 14-15; Russkie revoliutsionnye pesni
(Moscow, 1952), 127.
34. Antologiia sovetskoi pesni, 1917-1957 (Moscow, 1957), 1: 27. samoqalaqo omis dros, mWedlis per-
sonaJi xSirad Cndeboda proletari mwerlebis poeziaSi. 1920 wels zogma proletarma
mweralma moskovSi datova organizacia „proletkulti“ da axali dajgufeba daaarsa. maT
organizacias da Juranls „kuznica“ (samWedlo) daarqves. Proletarskie poety pervykh let sovetskoi
epokhi (Leningrad, 1959), 50. ix. gv. 77 v.d. aleqsandrovskis leqsisTvis „samWedlo“.
35. Paul Brandt, Schaffende Arbeit und bildende Kunst im Altertum und Mittelalter (Lerpzig, 1927), 62, 63, 105.
36. Paul Brandt, Schaffende Arbeit und bildende Kunst vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart (Leipzig, 1928), 55-57.
37. Ibid., 58-59.
38. Ibid., 256-274; Micheline Hanotelle, Rodin et Meunier: Relations des sculpteurs français et belges à la fin du
XIX siècle (Paris, 1982); Eugenia W. Herbert, The Artist and Social Reform: France and Belgium, 1885-1898
(New Haven, 1961); Hobsbawm, „Man and Woman“, 125.

162
39. Brandt, Schaffende Arbeit und bildende Kunst im Altertum und Mittelalter, 269, ilustracia 343. brand-
tis Tanaxmad, es menies yvelaze mniSvnelovani namuSevari iyo. (342).
40. Agulhon, „On Political Allegory“, 170-171. Cems kvlevaSi ar warmovadgen germanul socialistur
wyaroebSi mWedlis saxis magaliTebs 1918 wlamde. magram mWedeli Cndeboda am periodis
sxva kulturul sferoebSi. rihard vagneris „nibelungebis beWedSi“ — mniSvnelovani kul-
turuli etapis am nimuSSi — mWedlis, rogorc erT-erTi mTavari gmiris, saxe gvxvdeba.
41. White, „Political Poster in Bolshevik Russia“, 26.
42. amis Semdgom diskusiaSi didwilad visargeble boris uspenskis naSromiT: Boris Uspensky, The
Semiotics of the Russian Icon, ed. Stephen Rudy (Lisse, Belgium, 1976).
43. amis magaliTia apsitis „motyuebul Zmebs“ (1918) (ilustracia 2.3), RU/SU 1546. aseve, ix.:
White, The Bolshevik Poster, 34.
44. MR A52250.
45. sakurTxevelze amotvifrulia: „mTeli Zalaufleba sabWoebs. muSa dazgasTan! glexi guTan-
Tan! yvela Seupovari SromisTvis komunizmis gamarjvebis saxeliT“.
46. Uspensky, Semiotics of the Russian Icon, 55. samoqalaqo omis dros, TeTrebis mier gamoqveynebu-
li plakatebi farTod iyenebdnen religiur Temebs da saxeebs. erT-erT plakatze rusi
xalxi simbolizebulia ieso qristes saSualebiT, romelsac jvari miaqvs, xolo trocki
mas siZulviliT, gverdidan uyurebs. (ilustracia 5.9). RU/SU 898. sxva plakatze, romelic
dantes „jojoxeTs“ mogvagonebs, bolSevikebi cecxlis ormoSi cvivian da sxvadasxva dan-
aSaulisTvis isjebian (ilustracia 5.8). RU/SU 1042. sxvaze gamosaxulia ori scena. erTze
dominanturia eSmaki (bolSevikebis mxare), meoreze — Rrublebidan gadmokidebuli jvari.
RU/SU 1782. TeTrebis plakatebis Sesaxeb msjelobisTvis, ix. Tavi 5.
47. Ulf Abel, „Icons and Soviet Art“, wignSi: Symbols of Power: The Esthetics of Political Legitimation in the
Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, ed. Claes Arvidsson and Lars Erik Blomquist (Stockholm, 1987), 152-153.
Tanamedrove sabWoTa mxatvrebs kargad esmodaT ferTa simbolika. ix., magaliTad, dmi-
tri mooriseuli komentarebi: Brigada khudozhnikov 4 (1931), 14. sityva „krasnis“ aseve hqonda
„mSvenieris“ konotacia.
48. G. L. Demosfenova, A. Nurok, and N. I. Shantyko, Sovetskii politicheskii plakat (Moscow, 1962), 84.
49. Uspensky, Semiotics of the Russian Icon, 60.
50. „Gorodki“, RU/SU 853; „Ono poniatno, chto pogret'sia kazhdomu khochetsia, tol'ko zachem zhe ... tae ...
gur'boi-to?“ RU/SU 149.
51. RU/SU 1285. es plakati revoluciis meore wlisTavis aRsaniSnavad gamovida.
52. MR A26318.
53. RU/SU 1287. sxva versiaSi warmodgenili iyo gveli da ara arwivi, romelic Tavs esxmis muSas.
Butnik-Siverskii, Sovetskii plakat, no. 869.
54. Von Geldern, Bolshevik Festivals, 144-145.
55. Ibid., 32, 162, 183. magaliTad, 1918 wlis noemberSi, didi Teatris scenaze warmoadgines skri-
abinis simfoniuri poema „promeTe“. 1919 wels wiTeli armiis studiam moamzada drama „rusi
promeTe“; 1920 wels Seiqmna samoyvarulo produqcia „promeTes cecxli“, romelsac wiTeli
armiis Teatraluri jgufebi asrulebda da, aseve, sapirvelmaiso masobrivi drama, romel-
ic promeTes miTs efuZneboda. stalinis xanaSi promeTes miTis Sesaxeb msjelobisTvis, ix.:
Hans Günther, „Geroi v totalitarnoi kul'ture“, wignSi: Agitatsiia za schast'e: Sovetskoe iskusstvo stalinskoi
epokhi, comp. Hubertus Gassner (Dusseldorf-Bremen, 1994), 73-74.
56. ix., magaliTad, pimenoviseuli plakati „Cven vaSenebT socializms“ (1927) da „yvela — Cvene-
baze!“ (1928), wignSi: The Great Utopia: The Russian and Soviet Avant-Garde, 1915-1932 (New York, 1992),

163
 nos. 390, 391. orive plakatze, mSromelebs Txeli, mamakacuri agebuleba aqvT da warmodgeni-
li arian, rogorc mZime SromaSi CarTuli adamianebi. es plakatebi, aseve, daibeWda: Agitatsiia
za schast'e, 43, 46.
57. Nikolai Maslenikov, Plakat (Moscow, 1930), 39.
58. Produktsiia izobrazitel'nykh iskusstv 3-4 (1932), 10.
59. am sakiTxis Sesaxeb brwyinvale msjelobisTvis, ix.: Katerina Clark, The Soviet Novel: History as Rit-
ual (Chicago and London, 1981) da „Little Heroes and Big Deeds: Literature Responds to the First Five-Year
Plan“, krebulSi: Cultural Revolution in Russia, 1928-1931, ed. Sheila Fitzpatrick (Bloomington, 1984).
60. Clark, „Little Heroes“, 200-201.
61. silueti meTvramete saukunis safrangeTSia Seqmnili da mas frangi magistratis, etien de
siluetis saxeli ewoda, romelic cdilobda, rom mefis xarjebi Seemcirebina. misi silue-
ti fanjaraSi moaTavses, misi politikis dasacinad („ubralo konturebamde Semcirebuli
adamiani imave pativs aRar aRZravda“). Robert Philippe, Political Graphics: Art as a Weapon (New
York, 1982), 12-13. samoqalaqo omis dros, uzomod warmatebuli „okna rostas“ plakatebi,
sxva dasamaxsovrebeli plakatebis msgavsad, siluetis xerxs iyenebda. „rostas“ plakatebis
nimuSebisTvis, ix.: Soviet Political Poster, 34-36, da White, The Bolshevik Poster, chap. 4. 1920-iani
wlebis kidev erTi cnobili magaliTia e. kruglikovas „qalo! iswavle wera-kiTxva!“ (1923),
RU/SU 519 da wigni: Guerman, ed., Art of the October Revolution, 82.
62. RU/SU 1670. avtorebi SeiZleba fedorCenko da laini iyvnen.
63. Lewis H. Siegelbaum, Stakhanovism and the Politics of Productivity, 1935-1941 (Cambridge, England, 1988), 45.
64. RU/SU 1748. uroSemarTuli muSis siluetis kidev erTi nimuSisTvis, ix.: „modiT, gardavqm-
naT damkvrelTa rigebi damkvrelTa brigadebad“, 1931. RU/SU 1963.
65. Za proletarskoe iskusstvo (February 3, 1931), 12.
66. Clark, „Little Heroes“, 203.
67. Régine Robin, „Stalinisme et culture populaire“, wignSi: Culture et révolution, by Marc Ferro et al. (Paris,
1989), 158; Brigada khudozhnikov, 7 (1931), 27. orientaciaSi momxdari cvlileba, rogorc Cans,
stalinis 1931wlis ivlisis sityvis Semdeg moxda, romelSic xazgasmuli iyo kargi lidere-
bis da menejerebis saWiroeba. Clark, Soviet Novel, 118.
68. Clark, „Little Heroes“, 206.
69. Ibid., 155. am sakiTxis Sesaxeb, aseve, ix.: Clark, Soviet Novel, 147-148.
70. ix.: Clark, Soviet Novel, da Siegelbaum. Stakhanovism.
71. Clark, Soviet Novel, 73-74, 119, 149.
72. Moshe Lewin, The Making of the Soviet System: Essays in the Social History of Interwar Russia (New York,
1985), 219-222, 241, 248-250; Hiroaki Kuromiya, Stalin's Industrial Revolution: Politics and Workers, 1928-
1932 (Cambridge, England, 1988), 92-107.
73. Lewin, Making of the Soviet System, 242.
74. Brigada khudozhnikov 2-3 (1931), 1-3.
75. Ibid., 5-6 (1931), 13.
76. Produktsiia izo-iskusstv 6 (1933), 6. zigelbaumi aCvenebs, rom kulturasa da inteleqtualobaze
xazgasma staxanovelebis kampaniis ganuyofeli nawili gaxda 1935 wlis bolodan. ix.: Siegel-
baum, Stakhanovism, chap. 6.
77. Produktsiia izobrazitel'nykh iskusstv 14-15 (1932), 5.
78. Siegelbaum, Stakhanovism, Tavi 6.
79. Ibid., 225.

164
80. germaneli mxatvari georg grosi amtkicebda, rom man da jon harTfildma gamoigones fo-
tomontaJi 1916 wels. amis Semdeg, harTfildi am meTodis praqtikaSi gamtarebel erT-erT
mniSvnelovan figurad iqca da misma namuSevrebma didi gavlena moaxdina sabWoTa xelo-
vanebze. M. Constantine and A. M. Fern, Work and Image: Posters from the Collection of the Museum of
Modern Art (New York, 1968), 58.
81. fotomontaJis xerxs kritikosebic hyavda da 1930-iani wlebis dasawyisSi cxare kamaTi
imarTeboda revoluciur konteqstSi misi gamoyenebis Sesaxeb. magaliTad, ix. m. neimanis ms-
jeloba: M. Neiman, „Fotomontazh khudozhnika B. Klincha“, in Produktsiia izo-iskusstv 7 (1933), 3-5; da
Demosfenova, Nurok, and Shantyko, Sovetskii politicheskii plakat, 77.
82. 1930-ian wlebSi, sabWoTa kavSirSi, plakatis mxatvrebi iyenebdnen fotomontaJis sam sax-
eobas. yvelaze gavrcelebuli midgoma aerTianebda sxvadasxva damontaJebul fotos. zo-
gadad, klucisi iyenebda am stils. meore aerTianebda fotos da naxats. mesameSi — foto
aerTianebda vizualur da anamorfozis xerxebs. Neiman, „Fotomontazh“, 3.
83. RU/SU 2281, pts. 1, 2. teqsti grZeldeba: „518 axali qarxnisTvis“.
84. Lewin, Making of the Soviet System, 250; Kuromiya, Stalin's Industrial Revolution, 90-92.
85. Demosfenova, Nurok, and Shantyko, Sovetskii politicheskii plakat, 86-87.
86. Produktsiia izobrazitel'nykh iskusstv 1 (1932), 8.
87. 1931 wels, vasili efanovis mier Seqmnili plakati „proletari“ (RU/SU 1632) am xerxis nimu-
Sia. efanovis plakatze warmodgenilia muSis masStaburi gamosaxuleba, romelsac tyavis
pijaki da Ceqmebi acvia da kepi axuravs (es bolSevikis vizualuri niSnebia), cal xelSi wigni
uWiravs, xolo meore xeli win aqvs gaSverili (amave pozaSi xSirad gamosaxavdnen lenins).
piri Ria aqvs, TiTqos viRacas eZaxis. plakati mouwodebs muSebs, rom teqnikumebSi iswav-
lon, rom „proletari kadrebi“ Seqmnan. „gamorCeuli xalxis“ Sesaxeb msjelobisTvis, ix.:
Clark, Soviet Novel, 119-121. 1930-ian wlebSi qalebsac gamosaxavdnen msxvil masStabSi, gansa-
kuTrebiT kolmeurne qalebs.
88. KP p4. VII:4.g/dneprostroi.
89. am zogadi sakiTxis Sesaxeb, ix.: Demosfenova, Nurok, and Shantyko, Sovetskii politicheskii plakat, 105-
9. demosfenova askvnis, rom muSis saxe am wlebSi gardaiqmna da „muSa, sruliad uflebamosi-
lad da amayad, Tavisi cxovrebis baton-patronad iqca.“
90. KP p4.XXVI.I.b/I zh.
91. Uspensky, Semiotics of the Russian Icon, 39.
92. Produktsiia izo-iskusstv 11 (1933), 5.
93. gamofenaze sabWoTa pavilioni boris iofanma moamzada, „didi martivi blokis formiT,
romelsac mis mTavar dasavlur fasadze agvirgvinebda rvasarTuliani koSki. koSkis 35-me-
triani sayrdeni uzarmazari jgufuri qandakebis piedestalis funqciasac asrulebda, ro-
melic mTeli simaRlis erT mesameds Seadgenda. rogorc manamde aRvniSneT, mas „muSa da
kolmeurne qali“ erqva.“ Golomstock, Totalitarian Art, 133. qandakeba mogvianebiT ekonomikuri
miRwevebis gamofenis teritoriaze (moskovi) gadaitanes.
94. lamazi da axalgazrda muSis es gamosaxuleba plakatebSi 1931 wels Cndeba. ix.: b. kudriaSe-
vis „damkvreli muSa kolmeurne wiTeli armiis mZlavri Zalaa“ (1931), RU/SU 1668. govorkov-
iseuli meSxte am saxes mogvagonebs.
95. argumenti warmodgenilia naSromSi: Gregory Freidin, „Romans into Italians: Russian National Identity
in Transition“, wignSi: Russian Culture in Transition: Selected Papers of the Working Group for the Study of
Contemporary Russian Culture, 1990-1991, ed. Gregory Freidin (Stanford, 1993), 241-274.
96. RU/SU 2288. mxatvari piotr karaCencovia. plakatze warmodgenilia wiTeli droSa, TviTm-
frinavi da globusi, sadac moniSnulia marSruti moskovidan Crdilo polusamde; aqvea
staliniseuli citata: „ar arsebobs cixesimagre, romlis dapyrobac bolSevikebs ar Seu-
ZliaT“.

165
 97. TsGALI, f. 1988, op. 1, ed. khr. 34, l. 11; Demosfenova, Nurok, and Shantyko, Sovetskii politicheskii plakat, 105.
98. Peter Kenez, Cinema and Soviet Society 1917-1953 (Cambridge, England, 1992), 161-164. keneSi, aseve,
aRniSnavs, (227) rom 1945-53 wlebSi gadaRebuli 124 filmidan mxolod 4 exeba muSebis Temas
da aqedan 2 arc gamosula!
99. Ibid.
100. Lewin, Making of the Soviet System, 247, 254-255.
101. François-Xavier Coquin, „L'image de Lénine dans l'iconographie révolutionnaire et postrévolutionnaire“,
Annales ESC 2 (March-April 1989), 223-249.
102. am cvlilebis Sesaxeb msjelobisTvis, ix. Tavi 4.
103. RU/SU 1824.
104. ix., damatebiT, „gaumarjos sabWoTa fizkulturelebs!“ (n.d.), RU/SU 565; viqtor denis
„gaumarjos Cveni samSoblos Sevardenebs, stalinis mowafeebs“ (1938), RU/SU 1816; g. kunis,
vasili elkinis da k. sobolevskis „salami, diad stalins, moskovi-volgis arxi gaxsnilia!“
(1937), RU/SU 2151; p. iastoJembolis „saerTo sakavSiro sasoflo-sameurneo gamofena“ (1939),
RU/SU 1832.
105. Toby Clark, „The 'New Man's' Body: A Motif in Early Soviet Culture“, wignSi: Art of the Soviets, ed. Mat-
thew Cullerne Bown and Brandon Taylor (Manchester and New York, 1993), 43-44.
106. citirebulia wignidan: Gregory Freidin, A Coat of Many Colors: Osip Mandelstam and His Mythologies
of Self-Presentation (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1987), 242. epigrama 1933 wlis noembriT TariRdeba.
mandelStami cota xanSi daapatimres.

Tavi meore
1. iseTma mowinave mxatvrebma, rogorebic iyvnen mark Sagali, kazimir maleviCi da el lisicki,
didi wvlili Seitanes axali politikuri xelovnebis ganviTarebaSi; ramdenime Zalian niWieri
mxatvari-satirikosi da ilustratori SeuerTda bolSevik politikur mxatvrebs, rogore-
bic iyvnen dmitri moori, voqtor deni da aleqsandr apsiti. am periodSi calkeuli xelovanis
rolis Sesaxeb, ix.: Stephen White, The Bolshevik Poster (New Haven and London, 1988), chaps. 2-4.
2. am gamosaxulebiani plakatis da vizualuri eqsponatis bevri magaliTia. sagulisxmo ni-
muSia vladimir fidmanis 1920 wlis plakati „ori wlis win, revoluciis cecxlSi daibada
muSaTa da glexTa wiTeli armia“, romelzec warmodgenilia frTosan cxenze amxedrebuli
wiTelarmieli. RU/SU 2088A. ix., aseve, 1920 wels, anonimi avtoris mier Seqmnili plakati
„sigeli — komunizmisken mimavali gzaa“ (RU/SU 7), romelzec warmodgenilia wiTel, fr-
Tosan cxenze amxedrebuli naxevrad SiSveli mamakaci romaul sandlebSi. cal xelSi wigni
uWiravs, meoreSi — CiraRdani. gvelis/hidras da wm. giorgis magaliTebis Sesaxeb msjelo-
ba warmodgenilia qvemoT da Tavi 5-Si. SeiZleba araerTi magaliTis moxmoba sadResaswau-
lo zeimebidan. anonimi avtoris mier Seqmnili paneli, saxelwodebiT „dideba“ revoluciis
pirveli wlisTavis aRsaniSnavad Seiqmna petrogradSi da masze gamosaxuli iyo angeloze-
bi, romlebic sayvirebs beraven. ix.: V. P. Tolstoi, ed., Agitatsionnomassovoe iskusstvo: Oformlenie
prazdnestv 1917-1932, Tablitsy (Moscow, 1984), figs. 107-9.
3. okna rostas satiruli plakatebis avtorebma TavianTi pirveli namuSevrebi 1919 wlis Se-
modgomaze Seqmnes. es plakatebi, romlebic maRaziebis vitrinebsa da sajaro dawesebule-
bebis SenobebSi ekida, Tavdapirvelad saswrafo SekveTebis Sedegad, xeliT iqmneboda da
samoqalaqo omis dros ideebis da informaciis gavrcelebas iTvaliswinebda. mogvianebiT
maT stensilis saSualebiT amravlebdnen. ix. sTiven uaiTis informaciuli msjeloba bol-
Sevikur plakatebSi rostas fanjrebis Sesaxeb, Tavi 4.
4. jefri bruqsis Tanaxmad: „lubokebi cocxali ilustraciebiT savse namuSevrebi iyo, rom-
lebic evropul sareklamo furclebTan analogias qmnida. masze datanili iyo mokle teqste-
bi, ZiriTadad suraTis qvemoT da xSirad pirvel beWdur masalad iTvleboda, romelic rigiTi

166
 adamianebis saxlebSi aRwevda.“ glexebis qoxebi morTuli iyo lubokebiT. ix.: Jeffrey Brooks, When
Russia Learned to Read: Literacy and Popular Literature, 1861-1917 (Princeton, 1985), 62, 63, 66.
5. magaliTad, am ukanaskneli tipisTvis, ix. „daWrili wiTelarmieli“, 1920 (anonimi avtori), RU/
SU 1243; apsitis „wiTeli armiis mier ukandaxeuli TeTrgvardielebi wvaven purs“, 1919, RU/
SU 1286 da wignSi: White, The Bolshevik Poster, 30, ilustracia 2.17; sergei ivanovis „moqalaqee-
bo! gaikeTeT qoleris sawinaaRmdego vaqcinacia“, 1920, gamocemaSi: The Soviet Political Poster
(Middlesex, 1985), 32; apsitis „daWrili wiTelarmielis dRe“, 1919, wignSi: White, The Bolshevik
Poster, 30, ilustracia: 2.16.
6. es ori qali iyo sofia perovskaia da roza luqsemburgi. perovskaia 1881 wels aleqsandre II
-is mkvlelobis dagegmvaSi monawileobda da sikvdiliT dasajes. luqsemburgi, romelic I
msoflio omis dros germaniaSi partia „spartaks“ xelmZRvanelobda, 1919 wlis ianvarSi ja-
riskacebma daapatimres da mokles. leniniseuli gegmis Sesaxeb msjelobisTvis, ix. Tavi 4.
7. RvTismSoblis sxvadasxvagvari reprezentaciebis analizisTvis, ix.: Leonid Ouspensky and
Vladimir Lossky, The Meaning of Icons, trans. G. E. H. Palmer and E. Kadloubovsky (Crestwood, New York,
1983), 76-80. miTiuri da realuri qali personaJebis reprezentaciebi sakmaod gavrcelebu-
li praqtika iyo lubokis stilis namuSevrebSi. ix.: Lubok. Russische Volksbilderbogen. 17. bis 19.
Jahrhundert (Leningrad, 1984).
8. am fenomenis araerTi magaliTisTvis, ix.: N. I. Baburina's study, Russkii plakat: Vtoraia polovina
XIX-nachalo XX veka (Leningrad, 1988).
9. alegoriul saxeSi yuradReba gamaxvilebulia „movlenebis an ideebis (istoriuli mov-
lenebi, zneobrivi an filosofiuri ideebi Tu bunebrivi fenomenebi) sxva simultanur
struqturaze“. miTs da igavs xSirad iyeneben alegoriuli mizniT. vizualur alegoria-
Si mniSvnelovania is, rom saxis mniSvneloba ar efuZneba uSualo konteqsts; alegoriuli
niSnis mniSvnelobas mxolod da mxolod semantikuri (anu paradigmatuli) da ara sintaq-
suri (anu sintagmaturi) mimarTebebi ganapirobebs. alegoria imTaviTve ar aris mocemuli
saxeSi, magram misi aRqma damokidebulia damTvaliereblis kompetenciaze. saxesa da ideas
an koncefcias Soris asociaciur damokidebulebaSi gaTviTcnobierebul damTvaliereb-
els SeuZlia mniSvnelobis kompleqsurobis Sefaseba. ix.: Alex Preminger, ed., Princeton Encyclo-
pedia of Poetry and Poetics (Princeton, 1974), 12; da Boris Uspensky, The Semiotics of the Russian Icon, ed.
Stephen Rudy (Lisse, Belgium, 1976), 15.
10. frigiul quds, an CaCs uZveles romSi gaTavisuflebuli monebi atarebdnen; fasciebi iyo
Cxirebis grova, romelsac najaxis piri hqonda damagrebuli da mas romaeli magistratebi
atarebdnen, Zalauflebis niSnad.
11. ix. msjeloba: Lynn Hunt, Politics, Culture, and Class in the French Revolution (Berkeley and Los Angeles,
1984); Maurice Agulhon, Marianne into Battle: Republican Imagery and Symbolism in France, 1789-1880
(Cambridge, England, 1981); da Mona Ozouf, Festivals of the French Revolution, trans. Alan Sheridan (Cam-
bridge, Massachusetts, 1988).
12. franguli alegoriuli qandakebebis Sesaxeb, ix.: Peter Fusco, „Allegorical Sculpture“, krebulSi:
The Romantics to Rodin: French Nineteenth-Century Sculpture from North American Collections, ed. Peter
Fusco and H. W. Janson (Los Angeles and New York, 1980). fusko wers: „alegoriuli qandakebebi
mecxramete saukuneSi Semovida, rogorc moralsa da propagandistul akademiur tradi-
ciasTan dakavSirebuli ram, rac saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi, Zalian mniSvnelovani iyo moqa-
laqeebisTvis, samefo karisa da sulieri cxovrebisTvis.“ (60)
13. vrclad amis Sesaxeb msjeloba ix.: Agulhon, Marianne into Battle.
14. Fusco, „Allegorical Sculpture“, 65.
15. V. V. Shleev, ed., Revoliutsiia 1905-1917 gg. i izobrazitel'noe iskusstvo, 4 vols. (Moscow, 1977-1989), 2: 11,
3: 39, 55.

167
 16. Fusco, „Allegorical Sculpture“, 65, esp. fig. 60, Jean-Pierre Corot's Immortality, 1835; Agulhon, Marianne into
Battle, 76.
17. Agulhon, Marianne into Battle, 76.
18. am sakiTxis Sesaxeb, ix.: William C. Brumfield, „Anti-Modernism and the Neoclassical Revival in Russian
Architecture, 1906-1916“, Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 48 (December 1989), 374.
19. A. S. Gushchin, Izo-iskusstvo v massovykh prazdnestvakh i demonstratsiiakh (Moscow, 1930), 11, 12. sxva
magaliTebisTvis, ix.: Elizabeth Waters, „The Female Form in Soviet Political Iconography, 1917-1932“,
wignidan: Russia's Women: Accommodation, Resistance, Transformation, ed. Barbara Evans Clements, B. A.
Engel, and Christine D. Worobec (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1991), 229-230.
20. magaliTebisTvis, ix.: Tolstoi, ed., Agitatsionno-massovoe iskusstvo, Tablitsy, figs. 39, 102, 106, 114; da
James von Geldern, Bolshevik Festivals, 1917-1920 (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1993).
21. RU/SU 1272; MR A26382. plakatis saxelwodeba momdinareobs revoluciuri simReridan, ro-
melic teqstis saxiT, warmodgenilia gamosaxulebis qvemoT. plakati gamovida petrograd-
sa da ufaSi.
22. delakruas namuSevris reproduqciasTan dakavSirebiT, ix.: Agulhon, Marianne into Battle, 39.
23. RU/SU 1372. ori figuris zemoT moCans sityva „codna“. qvemoT moxmobilia ferdinand lasa-
lis sityvebi: „muSebis da mecnierebis kavSiri, romelic Sedga, Tavisi rkiniseburi xelebiT,
progresis gzaze arsebul yvela winaaRmdegobas daZlevs“. kidev erTi nimuSisTvis ix. 1918
wlis 7 noembris foto, romelzec warmodgenilia mecniereba da xelovneba, romelsac ZRve-
ni miaqvs SromisTvis. Tolstoi, ed. Agitatsionno-massovoe iskusstvo, Tablitsy, fig. 128.
24. Mikhail Guerman, ed., Art of the October Revolution (New York, 1979), 280-281.
25. „kulturuli CarCos“ cnebisa da safrangeTSi misi gamoyenebis Sesaxeb msjelobisTvis, ix.:
Hunt, Politics, Culture, and Class, 87-88.
26. wm. giorgis legendasa da xatweraSi, gansakuTrebiT novgorodis skolaSi misi reprezent-
aciis Sesaxeb msjelobisTvis, ix.: Ouspensky and Lossky, The Meaning of Icons, 137. am gamosax-
ulebis nimuSebi folklorul xelovnebaSi SeiZleba ixiloT wignSi: Lubok: Russische Volks-
bilderbogen, 75, 76. cxenosani mxedris saxe, romelic wm. giorgis mogvagonebs, meToTxmete
saukuneSi qalaq moskovis emblemad iqca da mogvianebiT, moskovis da ruseTis imperiis
gerbSic Sevida. ix.: S. A. Tokarev, ed., Mify narodov mira (Moscow, 1987), 1: 275.
27. 1914 wlis noemberSi gamosuli plakati „wyalgaRmeli urCxuli da rusi raindi“ warmogvid-
gens Suasaukuneebis rainds, romelsac xelSi maxvili da fari uWiravs da mravalTavian fr-
Tosan hidras ebrZvis. RU/SU 331. aseve, ix.: RU/SU 1096, RU/SU 682.
28. RU/SU 1546. demian bednis teqsti plakatis qvemoT weria.
29. RU/SU 1285.
30. White, The Bolshevik Poster, 7, fig. 1.6; Guerman, ed., Art of the October Revolution, no. 360.
31. „deda ruseTis“ miTologiuri winaresaxis Sesaxeb msjelobisTvis, ix.: Joanna Hubbs, Mother
Russia: The Feminine Myth in Russian Culture (Bloomington, 1988).
32. TsGALI, f. 1931, op. 1, ed. khr. 21.
33. RU/SU 151.
34. RU/SU 1008. m. petrovis teqstis tonsa da Sinaarsze daskvna SeiZleba gamovitanoT Semdegi
fragmentidan: „pirvelad rodi Seudga simarTlisa da siyvarulisTvis brZolas Cveni Zvir-
fasi samSoblo. pirvelad rodi Rvris wminda sisxls Tavisi Zmebis Rirsebis dasacavad..“
35. RU/SU 245.
36. 1919 an 1920 wels gamosul plakatze besarabia warmodgenilia qalis saxiT. mas xelebze
borkilebi adevs da gars axvevia gvirgvinosani gvelismagvari urCxuli, romelic rumineTs
ganasaxierebs. SeiaraRebuli jariskacebi mis gaTavisuflebas cdiloben. plakati sabWo-

168
 Ta propagandis ganyofilebis SekveTiT, muSa deputatebis odesis sabWos aRmasrulebeli
komitetis xelmZRvanelobiT damzadda, MR Z100834; denis plakatze „jalaTebi anawevre-
ben ukrainas“ warmodgenilia poloneli pani da petliura, romlebic klaven axalgazrda
qals (ukraina). aq gamosaxuli qali jvarze gakrul qristes mogvagonebs. V. Polonskii, Russkii
revoliutsionnyi plakat (Moscow, 1925), 50.
37. RU/SU 2282. „internacionalis“ teqsti gamosaxulebis qvemoTaa warmodgenili.
38. am sakiTxis Sesaxeb Semdgomi msjelobisTvis, ix. Tavi 5.
39. O. Baldina, Russkie narodnye kartinki (Moscow, 1972), 131. lin hanTi msjelobs 1793 wlis graviuris
Sesaxeb, romelic gakrveulwilad, apsitis uCveulo plakats mogvagonebs. graviura, saxel-
wodebiT „frangi xalxi amarcxebs federalizmis hidras“, warmogvidgens herkuless, romel-
ic apirebs, rom kombliT cemos „federalizmis urCxuli“, romelic zog Tanamedrove damk-
virvebels naxevrad-qalad da naxevrad-gvelad warmoedgina. Hunt, Politics, Culture, and Class, 97.
40. am fenomenis Sesaxeb msjelobisTvis, ix.: G. L. Demosfenova, A. Nurok, and N. Shantyko, Sovetskii
politicheskii plakat (Moscow, 1962), 38-43.
41. Tolstoi, ed., Agitatsionno-massovoe iskusstvo, 85-87.
42. RU/SU 1371.
43. madlobeli var uiliam s. bramfildis am aRmoCenisTvis.
44. alegoriuli reprezentaciis gaqrobis mimarT sxvadasxva perspeqtivis Sesaxeb, ix. eliz-
abeT uoTersis da fransua-qsavie kokenis esseebi. uoTersis Tanaxmad, „bolSevikebi, rom-
lebic xelisuflebaSi movidnen im dros, rodesac es konkretuli mxatvruli xerxi Tavis
gavlenas kargavda qveyanaSi, sadac Zlier tendenciad arasdros iTvleboda, savaraudod,
ver gauZlebda araalegoriuli reprezentaciis tendenciebs, gansakuTrebiT imitom, rom
maTma ideologiam wina planze wamowia qarxnebi da samrewvelo samuSao da upiratesoba mi-
aniWa sajaros, kerZosTan SedarebiT.“ „The Female Form“, 5-7. uoTerss ori TvalsazrisiT ar
veTanxmebi. pirveli is, rom alegoriisgan gaTavisuflebis tendencia mimaCnia bolSevike-
bis ideebis gavrcelebis pirdapir Sedegad; meorec is, rom aSkara kavSiri iyo alegoriasa
da moqalaqeobis cnebas Soris, ramac saxeli gautexa reprezentaciis am cnebas da xeli Seu-
wyo axali saxeebis danergvas, romlebic klasobrivi kuTvnilebis mimarT bolSevikebiseul
xazgasmas Seesabameboda. amis sapirispirod, kokeni amtkicebs, rom alegoriulma saxeebma
upiratesoba imitom dakarga, rom isini plakatebis damTvaliereblebs ideebs mokled ver
gadascemda. am mosazrebas ar vewinaaRmdegebi, magram mxolod nawilobriv axsnad mimaCnia.
ix. François-Xavier Coquin, "L'affiche révolutionnaire soviétique (1918-1921): Mythes et réalités," Revue des
études slaves 59, no. 4 (1987), 726.
45. Polonskii, Russkii revoliutsionnyi plakat, 75. polonskis adreuli xanis werili gamoqveynda
krebulSi: Pechat'i revoliutsiia 2 (April-June 1922), 56-77.
46. 1918 wlis pirveli sabWoTa konstituciis Tanaxmad, moqalaqeobis uflebebi vrceldeboda
mxolod maTze, vinc „saarsebo saSualebebs warmoebis an socialurad sasargeblo samuSaos,
jariskacebis an SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone pirebis xarjze gamoimuSavebda.“ aq
aSkarad ar iTvlebodnen is pirebi, vinc daqiravebul Sromas iyenebdnen, rantieebi, kerZo
movaWreebi, mRvdlebi da berebi, yofili caristuli policiis moxeleebi da agentebi.
47. KP p1.II.3/1 maia vserossiiskii subbotnik.
48. RU/SU 1280. plakatis teqstSi weria: „Cveni iaraRiT davamarcxeT mteri, Cveni SromiT gamov-
imuSavebT purs. yvela samuSaod, amxanagebo!“
49. RU/SU 866. plakati 1920 wlis oqtomberSi gamovida.
50. reproduqciis Sesaxeb detalebisTvis, ix.: B. S. Butnik-Siverskii, Sovetskii plakat epokhi grazh-
danskoi voiny, 1918-1921 (Moscow, 1960), nos. 437, 736, 2290.

169
 51. plakatze „8 marti qalTa saerTaSoriso dRea“ gamosaxulia muSa qali, romelsac mWedlis
winsafari ukeTia da glexi qali, romelsac namgali uWiravs. RU/SU 532.
52. RU/SU 18. ligis Sesaxeb, ix.: Richard Stites, The Women's Liberation Movement in Russia: Feminism,
Nihilism, and Bolshevism, 1860-1930 (Princeton, 1978), 220-224, 291-293.
53. RU/SU 1220.
54. Stites, The Women's Liberation Movement, 322.
55. Ibid., 320-322, da Tavi 10, SeniSvna: 11.
56. am sakiTxebis Sesaxeb, ix.: Tavi 1 da V. V. Ivanov and V. N. Toporov, „Problema funktsii kuznetsa v svete
semioticheskoi tipologii kul'tur“, wignSi: Materialy vsesoiuznogo simpoziuma po vtorichnym modeliruiush-
chim sistemam I (5) (Tartu, 1974), 87-90.
57. KP p3.XXVI.5/raskreposhchennaia.
58. Jenotdeli — partiuli organizacia, romelic 1919 wlis bolos daarsda. masTan dakav-
Sirebuli msjelobisTvis, ix.: Stites, The Women's Liberation Movement, 329-345.
59. Ibid., 326-328. elena stasova centralur komitetSi iyo 1918-19 wlebSi.
60. T. H. Rigby, Communist Party Membership in the U.S.S.R. 1917-1967 (Princeton, 1968), 361.
61. damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebma, romelic xelisuflebaSi bolSevikebis mosvlidan ram-
denime kviraSi Catarda, cxadyo, rom soflad mcxovrebi amomrCeveli mxars uWerda so-
cialistur revoluciur partias, romelmac xmebis 58 procenti moipova. bolSevikebma 24
procentiani upiratesobiT gaimarjves.
62. regionebis mixedviT gansxvavebuli versiebisTvis, ix. RU/SU 1760 (saqarTvelodan) da RU/SU
868 (yazanidan).
63. RU/SU 1760. ix. Tavi 1 am plakatis Sesaxeb msjelobisTvis.
64. ix.: Denisov, Voina i lubok (Petrograd, 1916); Lubok. Russische Volksbilderbogen.
65. Denisov, Voina i lubok, 32; White, The Bolshevik Poster, 3.
66. RU/SU 61A.
67. Guerman, ed., Art of the October Revolution, nos. 187-193. aq, aseve, warmodgenili iyo Sroma, mWed-
lis winsafriani axalgazrda mamakacis saxiT, romelic aguris sakvamurTan dgas. cxadia,
sagulisxmoa, rom mxatvarma Sida mrewvelobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli profesia SearCia da
ara is, romelic tipurad gvxvdeba qarxnis teritoriaze. TanamedroveTaTvis, sityva „muSa“
farTo profesiul jgufs gulisxmobs.
68. RU/SU 2087.
69. RU/SU 1373; RU/SU 1375.
70. White, The Bolshevik Poster, 62, citirebulia sabWoTa mwerlis, viqtor duvakinis sityvebi v.v.
maiakovskis krebulis Sesavlidan: V. V. Maiakovskii, Groznyi smekh: Okna satiry ROSTA (Moscow,
1938), v.
71. es plakati Sesulia wignSi: White, The Bolshevik Poster, 71, ilustracia 4.7; da Guerman, ed., Art
of the October Revolution, nos. 41, 42.
72. am cnebis Sesaxeb msjelobisTvis, ix.: Stites, The Women's Liberation Movement, 330; Lynne Viola,
„Bab'i Bunty and Peasant Women's Protest during Collectivization“, Russian Review 45, no. 1 (January 1986),
23; Cathy A. Frierson, Peasant Icons: Representation of Rural People in Late Nineteenth Century Russia (New
York and Oxford, 1993), 162-163.
73. Stites, The Women's Liberation Movement, 330.
74. citirebulia: Dreiser Looks at Russia (London, 1928), 90, wignidan: Roger Pethy-bridge, The Social Pre-
lude to Stalinism (London, 1974), 160.

170
Tavi mesame
1. filmis originali versiis naxva SegiZliaT Pacific Film Archive-Si, berkli (kalifornia). film-
is gadaRebis istoriis Sesaxeb msjelobisTvis, ix.: Jay Leyda, Kino: A History of the Russian and
Soviet Film (London, 1960), 262-269.
2. RU/SU 1658.
3. plakatebi gamovikvlie huveris saxelobis arqivebsa da ruseTis saxelmwifo biblioTekis
(yofili leninis biblioTekis) grafikuli ganyofilebis plakatebis koleqciaSi. ramdenad-
ac CemTvis cnobilia, ar arsebobs am periodis plakatebis gamoqveynebuli an gamouqveynebe-
li katalogi. dainteresebuli viyavi 1930-34 wlebis yvela plakatiT sasoflo-sameurneo
Temaze, romelic CemTvis xelmisawvdomi iyo. saTvalavSi ar Semitania sxvadasxva naciona-
lur enebze plakatebis mravalricxovani gamocemebi. im plakatebis dasaxarisxeblad, rom-
lebSic qalebs centraluri an TvalsaCino adgili ekavaT, Semdegi instruqciebiT vixelmZ-
Rvanele: a) plakatebi, romlebzec mxolod qalebi (erTi an ramdenime) iyvnen gamosaxuli;
b) plakatebi, romlebzec qalebi da mamakacebi arian gamosaxuli, oRond qalebs daqvemde-
barebuli mdgomareoba ar ukaviaT, TavianTi saqmianobidan an kompoziciaSi ganlagebidan
gamomdinare; g) nebismieri plakati, romelzec gamosaxulia traqtoristi qali. huveris
saxelobis arqivSi davZebne koleqtivizaciasTan dakavSirebuli yvela plakati. ruseTis
saxelmwifo biblioTekaSi, sadac katalogze wvdoma ar mqonia, moviTxove yvela plakati,
romelic koleqtivizaciis kampanias eZRvneboda.
4. RU/SU 1655.
5. KP p4.IX.3a/idi da RU/SU 641.
6. RU/SU 1856. ukrainuli versia 10 000 cali daibeWda. plakatze gamosaxuli iyo Semdegi te-
qsti: „erTad aRvudgebiT win kulakebs. erTad movawyobT koleqtiur cxovelTa fermas“;
„wamoiRe Seni danadgarebi. nu daxocav da nu gayidi saqonels.“ am da sxvadasxva enaze Seqm-
nili sxva versiebis sanaxavad, ix. KP p4.IX.31/ide.
7. RU/SU 1856.
8. RU/SU 1724.
9. RU/SU 1431. mxatvris xelmowera cudad ikiTxeba, magram es mixail Ceriomnixi unda iyos. si-
tyva „kulaki“ — pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT „muSti“ — tradiciulad miemarTeboda Sedare-
biT SeZlebul glexebs, gansakuTrebiT maT, romlebic daqiravebul muSaxels iyenebdnen
da fuls asesxebdnen sxva glexebs. am sityvas damamcirebeli konotacia hqonda jer kidev
xelisuflebaSi bolSevikebis mosvlamde. mecxramete saukuneSi „kulakis“ gamoyenebasTan
dakavSirebiT, ix.: Cathy A. Frierson, Peasant Icons: Representations of Rural People in Late Nineteenth
Century Russia (New York and Oxford, 1993), Tavi 7. 1930-ian wlebSi am sityviT moixseniebdnen
nebismier glexs, romelic koleqtivizacias ewinaaRmdegeboda.
10. RU/SU 1756.
11. KP p4.IX.3.g/idi. gamocemis miaxloebiTi TariRi ucnobia. is iyo plakatebis arqivSi, 1930-34
wlebSi Seqmnil plakatebs Soris. gamosaxulebidan, teqstidan da Temidan gamomdinare, sa-
varaudod, is daaxloebiT 1930-iani wlebis dasawyisSi unda gamosuliyo.
12. Brigada khudozhnikov 5-6 (1931), 13.
13. moris hindusis TqmiT, romelmac 1929 wlis zafxulSi Tavisi mSobliuri sofeli moinaxula,
feradma, qarxnuli wesiT damzadebulma Tavsafrebma Caanacvla tradiciuli qudebi, rom-
lebsac gogonebi da qalebi ufro adre atarebdnen. man, aseve, dainaxa qalamnebis nacvlad,
fexsacmelebSi gamowyobili gogonebi. ix.: Maurice Hindus, Red Bread: Collectivization in a Russian
Village (Bloomington and Indianapolis, 1988), 52. misi reportaJi pirvelad 1931 wels gamoqveynda.
14. iyo ramdenime TvalsaCino gamonaklisi, rogoricaa piCuginis plakati, romelzec zemoT vi-
saubreT (ilustracia 3.2) da „glexo qalebo! gavzardoT mosavali! gavaerTianoT glexebis

171
 ezoebi koleqtivSi“ (ilustracia 3.7). 1930-iani wlebis dasawyisSi bavSvebis gamosaxulebe-
bi, rogorc wesi, qveyndeboda iseTi socialuri Temebisadmi miZRvnil plakatebSi, rogori-
caa komunaluri sasadilo da sabavSvo baRebi.
15. KP p4.XXV.2/kolkhoznik.
16. 1930-iani wlebis dasawyisSi deinekam sxva plakatebi da ferweruli namuSevrebic Seqmna,
sadac gamxdari qalebia gamosaxuli. magaliTad, Tavis 1932 wlis naxatze „burTis moTama-
Seebi“ gamosaxuli arian SiSveli qalebi, romlebic burTs TamaSoben da 1933 wlis plakati
„imuSave, aSene da nu iwuwuneb!“, romelzec kargi tanis mqone axalgazrda aTleti qalebi
arian gamosaxuli (KP p4. XXV.2/Ip).
17. am tipis plakatis kidev erTi ilustraciaa „glexo qalo! Seiyvane koleqtivSi sofeli“, ro-
melic 1930 wels Seiqmna da misi avtori ucnobia. masze warmodgenilia wiTeli traqtore-
bis mwkrivi, romelsac qali traqtoristebi usxedan. qvemoT gamosaxulia leninis citata,
sadac naTqvamia, rom qalebi srul Tavisuflebas manam ver miaRweven, sanam warmoebaSi ar
CaerTvebian. plakati 40 000-iani tiraJiT gamoqveynda. KP p4.XXVI.7/Ik krest'ianka.
18. RU/SU 1684. plakatis 50 000 egzemplari gamovida.
19. Brigada khudozhnikov 4 (1931), 12.
20. kidev sxva mniSvnelovani plakatis mxatvari qalebi, romelTac koleqtivizaciis Temaze
sagulisxmo plakatebi Seqmnes, iyvnen natalia pinusi da maria voroni. (ix. ilustraciebi
3.8 da 3.10).
21. am sakiTxis Sesaxeb, ix.: Robert Conquest, The Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivization and the Ter-
ror-Famine (New York, 1986), chap. 7.
22. Ibid., 152, 154-155, 157, 166; Merle Fainsod, Smolensk under Soviet Rule (New York, 1953), 253; Moshe Lew-
in, The Making of the Soviet System: Essays in the Social History of Interwar Russia (New York, 1985), 179;
Lynne Viola, The Best Sons of the Fatherland: Workers in the Vanguard of Soviet Collectivization (New York,
1987), 105; Lynne Viola, „Bab'i Bunty and Peasant Women's Protest during Collectivization“, Russian Review
45, no. 1 (January 1986), 23-42; Robert William Davies, The Socialist Offensive: The Collectivization of Agri-
culture, 1929-1930 (London, 1980), 136-137; A. A. Novosel'skii, ed., Materialy po istorii SSSR: Dokumenty po
istorii sovetskogo obshchestva (Moscow, 1955), 327-367; Sheila Fitzpatrick, Stalin's Peasants: Resistance and
Survival in the Russian Village after Collectivization (New York and Oxford, 1994), 65.
23. Viktoria Ulasevich, ed., Zhenshchina v kolkhoze (Moscow, 1930), 6.
24. erT-erTi Tanamedrove avtori 1930 wels werda: „sagulisxmoa, rom kulakebma, Tavian-
Ti agentebis (SeZlebuli da saSualod SeZlebuli glexebis) meSveobiT, icodnen, rogor
moepovebinaT qalebis didi nawilis ndoba, CaerToT isini anti-sakolmeurneo moZraoba-
Si da maTi cxovrebis mZime pirobebiT maTi ukmayofileba ekonomikuri organizebis axali
formis winaaRmdeg miemarTaT.“ iqve, 7.
25. Conquest, Harvest of Sorrow, 157; Lewin, Making of the Soviet System, 179. glexebis religiaSi saqon-
lis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb msjelobisTvis, ix.: Boris A. Uspenskii [Uspensky], Filologicheskie razys-
kaniia v oblasti slavianskikh drevnostei (relikty iazychestva v vostochnoslavianskom kul'te Nikolaia Mirliki-
iskogo) (Moscow, 1982), 118, 128.
26. ix.: Fainsod, Smolensk, 253-254, qalebis amboxebebSi adgilobrivi sasuliero pirebis CarTu-
lobis Sesaxeb magaliTebisTvis. Conquest, Harvest of Sorrow, 207; Viola, „Bab'i Bunty“, 29-30.
27. Viola, „Bab'i Bunty“, 31. soflad mcxovrebi qalebi metad mtrulad iyvnen ganwyobili bol-
Sevikebis libertarianuli seqsualuri Sexedulebebisa da praqtikebis mimarT. seqsisadmi
glexi qalebis Sexedulebebis Sesaxeb, ix.: Richard Stites, The Women's Liberation Movement in Rus-
sia: Feminism, Nihilism, and Bolshevism, 1860-1930 (Princeton, 1978), 382.
28. Conquest, Harvest of Sorrow, 152. glexebi saerTo sakavSiro komunistur partias „morig bat-

172
 onymobad“ miiCnevdnen; Viola, Best Sons of the Fatherland, 105; Viola, „Bab'i Bunty“, 29-30; Fitzpatrick,
Stalin's Peasants, 45.
29. amis magaliTi SegiZlia naxoT wignSi: Hindus, Red Bread, 45-47.
30. rogorc konkvesti aRwers: „e.w. „qalTa amboxebebi“, aqtivisti damkvirveblis TqmiT, konk-
retuli taqtikiT xelmZRvanelobda. Tavidan qalebs ieriSi unda mietanaT kolmeurneoba-
ze; Tuki komunistebi, komkavSirlebi da soflis Raribi glexebis sabWos da komitetis wev-
rebi Tavs daesxmebodnen maT, mamakacebi qalebis dasacavad gailaSqrebdnen. es taqtika Sei-
araRebuli Zalebis SeWris Tavidan acilebas iTvaliswinebda da warmatebuli iyo. samxreT
ukrainaSi, donsa da yubanSi kolmeurneobis struqtura, praqtikulad, daiSala 1930 wlis
martisTvis.“ Conquest, Harvest of Sorrow, 158. citirebulia wignidan: Petro Grigorenko, Memoirs
(London, 1983), 35. aseve, ix.: Fitzpatrick, Stalin's Peasants, 66.
31. Conquest, Harvest of Sorrow, chap. 6.
32. Viola, „Bab'i Bunty“, 23.
33. Moshe Lewin, Russian Peasants and Soviet Power: A Study of Collectivization (Evanston, 1968), 457.
34. sxva versiis Tanaxmad: „kiborCxala Tevzi ar aris, qali — pirovneba ar aris.“ Susan Bridger,
Women in the Soviet Countryside: Women's Roles in Rural Development in the Soviet Union (Cambridge,
England, 1987), 6.
35. Brigada khudozhnikov 2-3 (1931), 2-3, rezoluciis muxlebi 6, 7, 8.
36. „izogizis“ meTaurobiT pirveli mimomxilvelTa sabWos Sekreba 1931 wlis 5 aprils Sed-
ga, romelzec moskovis xuTi wamyvani qarxnis warmomadgeneli eswreboda. Sexvedraze, Zir-
iTadad, ganixiles is ocdaori plakati, romlis gamoqveynebasac „izogizi“ gegmavda. bev-
rma maTganma mkacri kritika daimsaxura da maTi naxevari Tavidanve daiwunes. Brigada khu-
dozhnikov 2-3 (1931), 3. ruseTis revoluciuri plakatebis mxatvarTa kavSiri centraluri
komitetis rezoluciidan mcire xanSi daarsda, dmitri mooris xelmZRvanelobiT. kavSiris
wesdebisTvis, ix.: TsGALI, f. 1988, op. 1, ed. khr. 33. plakatebis mimoxilvebi Semdeg qveyndebo-
da krebulebSi: Produktsiia izobrazitel'nykh iskusstv (1932), Produktsiia izo-iskusstv (1933) da Plakat i
khudozhestvennaia reproduktsiia (1934-1935), romelsac kritikul-bibliografiuli instituti
gamoscemda.
37. Brigada khudozhnikov 2-3 (1931), 3, 4. luboki iyo folkloruli xelovnebis grafikuli nawar-
moebi, romelsac xSirad satiruli xasiaTi hqonda da revoluciamde popularuli iyo so-
flad da qalaqad mcxovreb rigiT adamianebSi.
38. levinis Tanaxmad, „[koleqtivizaciis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli] am propagandis gansakuTre-
buli efeqturoba ganpirobebuli iyo ara kulakebis siZlieriT, aramed oficialuri pro-
pagandis sisustiT da upirvelesad, glexTa undoblobiT, rac xSirad gamoixateboda mTav-
robis mimarT damokidebulebaSi koleqtivizaciis kampaniis dros da gansakuTrebiT 1929-
30 wlebis Semodgomasa da zamTarSi.“ Russian Peasants and Soviet Power, 487.
39. Conquest, Harvest of Sorrow, 180.
40. E. K. Kravchenko, Krest'ianka pri sovetskoi vlasti (Moscow, 1932), 46.
41. Davies, Socialist Offensive, 384.
42. traqtorebze glexTa reaqciebis Sesaxeb msjeloba, razec Tanamedrove presaSi iwereboda,
ix.: Edward H. Carr and R. W. Davies, Foundations of a Planned Economy, 1926-1929 (Harmondsworth,
1974), 225-227; Davies, Socialist Offensive, 384-385. ficpatrikis Tanaxmad (Stalin's Peasants, 46), zo-
gierT glexs egona, rom inicialebi MTS (Machine Tractor Station) — samanqano-traqtorebis
sadguri, aRniSnavda Semdegs: Mir Topit Satana (satana marTavs samyaros).
43. Za proletarskoe iskusstvo 3-4 (March—April 1931), 8; Produktsiia izo-iskusstv 2 (1932), 2. kolmeurneebis
da sabWoTa meurneobebis muSebis Sexvedraze, romelic kritikul-bibliografiuli insti-

173
 tutis ZalisxmeviT moewyo da romelzec ganixilavdnen plakatebs, gaakritikes traqtoris
gamosaxvis nimuSebi, vinaidan is sxvadasxva traqtorebis sistemisgan Sedgeboda. Produktsiia
izo-iskusstv 3-4 (1932), 20.
44. am Sexvedris mimoxilva l. krilovasa da e. serovas mier, ix.: Produktsiia izobrazitel'nykh iskusstv
3-4 (1932), 20.
45. kulagina daibada 1902 wels. man 1930-ian wlebSi uamravi plakati Seqmna da im plakatis mxat-
vrebis rigebs miekuTvneboda, romlebic misi meuRlis, klucisis mier popularizebul fo-
tomontaJis xerxs iyenebda. Tavisi qmris namuSevrebis mimarT aRfrTovanebas is sajarod
gamoxatavda. ix.: G. L. Demosfenova, A. Nurok, and N. I. Shantyko, Sovetskii politicheskii plakat (Moscow,
1962), 77, note 3.
46. Brigada khudozhnikov 2-3 (1931), 4.
47. 1933 wlis ianvarSi, stalinma gamoacxada, rom „socialisturi sazogadoebis ekonomikuri
safuZveli“ ukve aSenda, ramac daadastura, rom „ekonomikis yvela sferoSi davamyareT so-
cializmis principebi da masSi kapitalizmis yvela elementi aRmovfxvariT“. Robert C. Tuck-
er, Stalin in Power: The Revolution from Above, 1928-1941 (New York, 1990), 213.
48. Alec Nove, An Economic History of the U.S.S.R. (Middlesex, 1982 [1969]), 174.
49. Nicholas S. Timasheff, The Great Retreat: The Growth and Decline of Communism in Russia (New York, 1946).
50. am cvlilebebTan dakavSirebuli detalebisTvis, ix. Lazar Volin, A Century of Russian Agriculture:
From Alexander II to Khrushchev (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1970), 244.
51. KP p4.XXVI.7/1k.
52. G. Martynov, "Plakaty k uborochnoi kampanii," Produktsiia izo-iskusstv 9 (September 1933), 7. maSenka da
daSa ruseTSi gavrcelebuli saxelebis kninobiTi formebia.
53. 1934 wlis bolos, kalininis kolmeurneebis klubis kolmeurneebi Sekribnen mesaqonleobas-
Tan dakavSirebuli plakatebis gansaxilvelad. monawileebs Soris iyvnen axalgazrdebic da
moxucebic, aqtivistebic da liderebic, rigiTi fermerebic, qalebic da mamakacebic. es da
sxva msgavsi Sexvedrebi imaze miuTiTebs, rom did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen kolmeurneebis
mier politikuri plakatebis recefciis sakiTxs. ix.: A. Unkovskii, „Kolkhoznyi smotr sel'skokho-
ziaistvennykh plakatov“, Plakat i khudozhestvennaia reproduktsiia 12 (December 1934), 16-17.
54. qvemoT ix. msjeloba vera muxinas mier 1937 wels Seqmnili cnobili qandakebis „muSa da kol-
meurne qali“ Sesaxeb, romelmac nawilobriv daabruna aTleturi aRnagobis glexi qalis ga-
mosaxuleba.
55. ix., magaliTad, iuri alferovis da m. sokolovis plakati „koleqtivizaciis warmatebebi
— leninis da stalinis swavlebis gamarjvebaa“ (1934). KP p4.IX.3.g uspekhi. am plakatze gamo-
saxulia ori kolmeurne qali (axalgazrda qali stalinis wigns kiTxulobs). plakati far-
Tod gavrcelda da aT sxvadasxva nacionalur enaze gamovida.
56. alferovis da sokolovis mimoxilva ix. „Uspekhi kollektivizatsii“, krebulSi: Plakat i khudozhest-
vennaia reproduktsiia 7 (July 1934), 4.
57. am tipis bevri plakati gamovida. magaliTad, ix. SeniSvna 66 qvemoT; „bolSevikurad izrune
maRali mosavlisTvis!“ (1937), KP p5.IX.7/1p; da maria voroniseuli plakati (ilustracia 3.10).
58. plakati gamovida leningradSi, 30 000-iani tiraJiT. qvemoT warmodgenil teqstSi vkiTx-
ulobT: „kolmeurne qalebi TvalisCiniviT ufrTxildebian kolmeurneobis sistemas.“ KP
p4.XXVI.7/1.k.
59. mxolod qali personaJebiani plakatebidan sagulisxmoa: pinusis „kolmeurne qalo, iya-
vi mosavlis aRebis damkvreli“ (30 000-iani tiraJi) (1933), KP p4.XXVI.7/ 1/k; alferovis da
sokolovis „koleqtivizaciis warmatebebi“ (1934), KP p4.IX.3.g uspekhi; „Ide vesna, parue den', v
kolgospi nasha sila, tsvite kraina moloda, mogutnaia i shchasliva“ (gamovida 20 000 egzemplari) (n.d. but
probably mid-1930s), KP p4.IX.g.ide.

174
60. Plakat i khudozhestvennaia reproduktsiia 12 (December 1934), 16.
61. RU/SU 1843.
62. Plakat i khudozhestvennaia reproduktsiia 9 (September 1934), 16.
63. rogorc „pravda“ da „komsomolskaia pravda“ aRniSnavda: „Cven mxars vuWerT silamazes,
lamaz samoss, mdidrul varcxnilobas, manikiurs.. gogonebi mimzidveli unda iyvnen. kar-
gi komkavSireli gogosTvis sunamo da makiaJi „aucileblobaa“.. kargad gaparsuli saxe
aucilebelia komkavSireli biWisTvis.“ citirebulia: Timasheff, Great Retreat, 317. sisufTa-
vis sakiTxs sxvadasxva plakati eZRvneboda, rogoricaa, magaliTad, lodiginis „Ria werili
kolmeurneTa mTel sazogadoebas“, romelic 1934 wels Seiqmna da 100 000-iani tiraJiT gamo-
ica. didi tiraJi am sakiTxis mniSvnelovnebaze miuTiTebs.
64. „Muzhik i kolkhoz“, Na stroike MTS i sovkhozov 1 (1934).
65. Na stroike MTS i sovkhozov 1 (1935), 7.
66. kolmeurne qalis da saqonlis ori plakati, romlebic 1935 da 1936 wlebSi gamovida, am cvl-
ilebis nimuSia. orive plakatze warmodgenilia ferad tansacmelSi gamowyobili glexi qa-
lebi, romelTac mxrebze lamazad moxveuli TeTri Sarfebi amSvenebs. ix.: viqtor ivanovis
„kolmeurneebo, gamarTeT rZis mwarmoebeli fermebi!“, romelic 1935 wlis Semodgomaze ga-
movida da 75 000-iani tiraJiT daibeWda. KP pk5.IX.9/1.k. amis msgavsia piotr karaCencovis „win,
mecxoveleobis Semdgomi ganviTarebisken“, romelic 1936 wels, 50 000-iani tiraJiT gamovida.
KP p5.IX.12/1.v. am plakatis TavSi stalinis citataa warmodgenili: „kolmeurneebis piradi da
kolmeurneobis zogadi interesebis gaerTianeba kolmeurneobis siZlieris safuZvelia.“
67. KP p.4.IX.1.b/liuboi.
68. plakati da mimoxilva gamoqveynda krebulSi: Plakat i khu dozhestvennaia reproduktsiia 7 (July 1934),
10-11. gamorCeuli fermerebisa da muSebisadmi (damkvrelebi da mogvianebiT — staxanov-
elebi) miZRvnili statiebi Tanamedrove gazeTebsa da JurnalebSi piradi cxovrebis msgavs
scenebs warmogvidgenda. magaliTad, qali Sromis gmirebis Sesaxeb reportaJisTvis, ix.: Na
stroike MTS i sovkhozov 3 (1934), 3. erT-erTi gazeTis kiTxvisasaa warmodgenili. staxanoveli
muSebis wardgenis Sesaxeb detalebisTvis, ix.: Lewis H. Siegelbaum, Stakhanovism and the Politics
of Productivity, 1935-1941 (Cambridge, England, 1988), chap. 6.
69. Sromasa da materialur mogebas Soris mimarTebis Sesaxeb 1934 wels Seqmnil plakatTa So-
ris es ar aris erTaderTi. aseve, ix. viqtor govorkovis plakati „ras iwonis SromiTi dRee-
bi“ (daibeWda 30 000-iani tiraJiT). masze naCvenebi iyo, Tu ris miReba SeeZlo kolmeurnes
Sromis sanacvlod, saqonlis, tansacmlis da saxlis avejis CaTvliT. Plakat i khudozhestven-
naia reproduktsiia 12 (December 1934), 14-15.
70. Plakat i khudozhestvennaia reproduktsiia 7 (July 1934), 11.
71. ix., magaliTad, Na stroike MTS i sovkhozov 1 (1935).
72. soflis samkiTxvelo qoxi ramdenime funqcias asrulebda partia-saxelmwifosTvis — maT
Soris, agitacias, propagandas eweoda, sagangebo kampaniebis organizebas akeTebda da ga-
dasaxadebs krefda da sanitarul momsaxurebas eweoda. Kenez, Birth of the Propaganda State, 138.
73. amasTan dakavSirebiT, ix. govorkovis „ramdens iwonis SromiTi dReebi“ da misi mimoxilva
krebulSi: Plakat i khudozhestvennaia reproduktsiia 12 (December 1934), 15. citata warmodgenilia
gamocemidan: Na stroike MTS i sovkhozov 1 (1935), 10.
74. Plakat i khudozhestvennaia reproduktsiia 7 (July 1934), 11.
75. stalinis am kultis Sesaxeb 1930-ian wlebSi, ix. sagulisxmo msjeloba wignSi: Tucker, Stalin in
Power, gansakuTrebiT Tavebi: 7 da 20. stalinsa da sanimuSo kolmeurneebs Soris vizualuri
kavSiris sxva magaliTebisTvis, ix. Na stroike MTS i sovkhozov 1 (1934), 2 (1934), 5 (1935), 1 (1936),
3 (1936).

175
 76. alferovis da sokolovis plakatze „koleqtivizaciis miRwevebi — leninis da stalinis
swavlebis gamarjvebaa“, axalgazrda qals wiTeli wigni uWiravs xelSi, romelzec amotvi-
frulia avtoris saxeli da saTauri: i. stalini. damkvreli kolmeurneebis yrilobaze war-
moTqmuli sityva.
77. ix. garekani: Na stroike MTS i sovkhozov 2 (1934), romelzec gamosaxulia qali traqtoristi.
traqtorze gamofenilia baneri, warweriT: „uxvi mosavlisTvis“ da iqvea leninis da stalin-
is siluetebi.
78. KP p4.XX IV.1.b/1.zh. 1933 wlis seqtemberSi gamocemuli plakati (40 000-iani tiraJiT).
79. KP p5.IX.5.b/1shire.
80. demCenko farTod iyo aRiarebuli. is TvalsaCinod warmoCnda 1936 wlis Na stroike MTS i sovk-
hozov-is pirvel gamocemaSi. stalinis da warmoebaSi miRweuli warmatebebisTvis aRiarebu-
li glexi qalebis Sesaxeb msjelobisTvis, ix., Fitzpatrick, Stalin's Peasants, 273-277.
81. erT-erTi yvelaze adreuli da gavleniani nimuSi iyo aleqsandr apsitis plakati „prole-
tariatis diqtaturis wlisTavi, 1917 wlis oqtomberi — 1918 wlis oqtomberi“ (CanarTi 1).
82. plakati 1937 wels gamovida da masze gamosaxuli iyvnen mamakaci muSa da glexi qali TiTqmis
ise, rogorc es muxinaseul qandakebaSi iyo: aram venecianis „gaumarjos muSebis da glexebis
kavSirs!“. Demosfenova, Nurok, and Shantyko, Sovetskii politicheskii plakat, 325. 1939 wlis agvistoSi,
mowinave sasoflo-sameurneo gamofena gaixsna moskovSi, romelTan dakavSirebiTac Seiqmna
plakatebis seria soflis Temaze. p. iastrJembskim Seqmna plakati (50 000 egzemplari gamov-
ida) neoklasikuri elferiT, gamofenis gasxnasTan dakavSirebiT. stalinis gamosaxule-
ba warmodgenilia wiTel droSaze, muxinas qandakebis zemoT, romelzec gamosaxulia ori
kolmeurne. piedestali dafarulia xilis stilizebuli naxatebiT, xolo ukana planze, la-
Jvardovani cis fonze, traqtorebis fotomontaJs vxedavT. RU/SU 1832.
83. joan skotis mtkicebiT, „genderuli kodebi“ dominaciuri urTierTobebis garkvevas da
„naturalizebas“ uwyobs xels. skotis Tanaxmad, „saSualo fenis reformatorebi [mecxram-
ete saukunis] safrangeTSi.. muSebs warmoadgendnen qaluri kodebis Sesabamisad (daqvem-
debarebuli, susti, seqsualurad Cagruli, rogorc meZavebi).. [xolo] Sromis da social-
isturi liderebi muSaTa klasis maskulinur pozicias daJinebiT icavdnen (mwarmoeblebi,
Zlierebi, TavianTi col-Svilis damcvelebi)“. Joan Wallach Scott, Gender and the Politics of Histo-
ry (New York, 1988), 48. erik naimani amtkicebs, rom 1920-iani wlebis ganmavlobaSi, axal ekono-
mikur politikas zogjer Crdils ayenebdnen kritikosebi genderuli kodebis gamoyenebiT,
romlis Tanaxmadac, nepi qalurobasTan asocirdeboda. Eric Naiman, Sex in Public: The Incarna-
tion of Early Soviet Ideology (Princeton, 1997), T.5, gansakuTrebiT 186.

Tavi meoTxe
1. A. V. Lunacharskii, „Lenin i iskusstvo (vospominaniia)“, Khudozhnik i zritel', 2-3 (1924), 6.
2. John E. Bowlt, „Russian Sculpture and Lenin's Plan for Monumental Propaganda“, krebulSi: Art and Ar-
chitecture in the Service of Politics, ed. Henry A. Millon and Linda Nochlin (Cambridge, Massachusetts,
and London, 1978), 182-193; A. V. Lunacharskii, „Lenin i iskusstvo (vospominaniia)“, Khudozhnik i zritel'
(Moscow) 2-3 (1924), 4-10; Christina Lodder, „Lenin's Plan for Monumental Propaganda“, Art of the Soviets,
ed. Matthew Cullerne Bown and Brandon Taylor (Manchester and New York, 1993), 16-32; Richard Stites,
Revolutionary Dreams: Utopian Vision and Experimental Life in the Russian Revolution (New York, 1989),
88-92; James von Geldern, Bolshevik Festivals, 1917-1920 (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1993), 82-84; Nina Tu-
markin, Lenin Lives! The Lenin Cult in Soviet Russia (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1983), 66-67; V. I. Lenin i
izobrazitel'noe iskusstvo. Dokumenty. Pis'ma. Vospominaniia (Moscow, 1977), 253-285.
3. Stites, Revolutionary Dreams, 89; Bowlt, „Russian Sculpture“, 185.

176
4. Bowlt, „Russian Sculpture“, 185. dadgenileba aseve valdebulebad moiTxovda moZvelebuli sazo-
gadoebrivi monumentebis SenarCunebas, rac xatTmebZrolobis talRiT iyo gamowveuli,
romlis Sedegadac caristuli xanis araerTi qandakeba ganadgurda.
5. leniniseul proeqtze saubrisas, riCard staitsi werda: „leninis monumenturi propagandis
sqema mxolod nawilobriv SegviZlia gavigoT, rogorc grafikuli heroizacia da sakulto
kerpebis dabadeba. am dros mas amoZravebda saTqmelis farTod gavrceleba — da es zustad
ase iyo.“. wignidan: Symbols of Power: The Esthetics of Political Legitimation in the Soviet Union and
Eastern Europe, ed. Claes Arvidsson and Lars Erik Blomquist (Stockholm, 1987), 36.
6. Bowlt, „Russian Sculpture“, 186; Stites, Revolutionary Dreams, 89. zogierTi monumentis foto gamo-
qveynebulia wignSi: Mikhail Guerman, ed., Art of the October Revolution (New York, 1979), illus. 3-11.
7. Stites, Revolutionary Dreams, 90; von Geldern, Bolshevik Festivals, 83.
8. Lunacharskii, „Lenin“, 5.
9. boultis Tanaxmad, meoce saukunis dasawyisSi qandakeba sustad iyo ganviTarebuli ruseT-
Si; „Zalian cota moqandakes hqonda monumenturi qandakebis keTebis gamocdileba da cota
iyo iseTi studia, romelic uSualod am tipis samuSaosTvis saTanadod iqneboda aRWurvi-
li.“ Bowlt, „Russian Sculpture“, 187; von Geldern, Bolshevik Festivals, 84.
10. uricki revoluciur moZraobas 1890-ian wlebSi SeuerTda, xolo bolSevikur partias —
1917 wlis ivlisSi. volodarskim Tavisi kariera gundSi moRvaweobiT daiwyo, Semdeg ukrain-
is social-demokratiul partiaSi gadainacvla da bolos, 1913 wels, emgiraciis Semdeg —
amerikis socialistTa partias SeuerTda. 1917 wels ruseTSi dabrunda da bolSevikur par-
tiaSi gawevrianda. 1918 wels is komisrad daniSnes. Michael T. Florinsky, ed., Encyclopedia of Russia
and the Soviet Union (New York, 1961), 591, 601.
11. citirebulia: V. D. Bonch-Bruevich, Vospominaniia o Lenine (Moscow, 1965), 337-340, wignSi: Tumar-
kin, Lenin Lives!, 90. amboben, leninma daaxloebiT imave periodSi Tqva: „minda, didi ukmayo-
filebiT SevniSno, rom Cemi pirovnebis gandideba daiwyes. es Zalian sawyeni da mavne praq-
tikaa. Cven yvelam viciT, rom CvenTvis pirovneba ar aris mTavari. uxerxuladac ki mimaCnia
amgvari fenomenis akrZalva.. magram es saqme aucileblad unda SevaCeroT.“ citirebulia:
Leninskie stranitsy (Moscow, 1960), wignSi: Roy Medvedev, Let History Judge: The Origins and Consequenc-
es of Stalinism (New York, 1989), 317.
12. François-Xavier Coquin, „L'image de Lénine dans l'iconographie révolutionnaire et postrévolutionnaire“, An-
nales ESC 2 (March-April 1989), 225; Tumarkin, Lenin Lives!, 79, da ilustracia 1. adreul wlebSi
leninis kidev sxva dasamaxsovrebeli fotoebic arsebobda. magaliTad, ix.: A. Bartanov, O.
Suslova, and G. Chudakov, eds., Antologiia sovetskoi fotografii, 1917-1940 (Moscow, 1986), 8, 11, 24, 26, 27,
34; napelbaumiseuli foto 104-e gverdzea.
13. Tumarkin, Lenin Lives!, 79. mxolod marqsis portretebi iyo periodulad gamofenili 1918
wlis noemberSi, magaliTad, meliToneTa kavSiris sapirvelmaiso eqsponatSi da smolnis in-
stitutis Sesasvlelis TaRze. Vladimir Tolstoy, Irina Bibilova, and Catherine Cooke, eds., Street Art
of the Revolution: Festivals and Celebrations in Russia 1918-1933 (London, 1990), illus. 12, 58.
14. B. S. Butnik-Siverskii, Sovetskii plakat epokhi grazhdanskoi voiny, 1918-1921 (Moscow, 1960), no. 3689.
15. Tumarkin, Lenin Lives!, 79.
16. vladimir dalis mier Sedgenil velikorusuli enis cocxal leqsikonSi (t. 1) (Moscow, 1903),
550, sityva „beladi“ (voJd’) calke arc aris gamoyofili da moxseniebulia iseT sityvebTan
erTad, rogoricaa: beladi-lideri (voJdenaCalnik), win gaZRola (voJdenie), xelmZRvane-
loba (voJdestvovat’) da a.S. 1935 wlisTvis am sityvam damoukidebeli mniSvneloba SeiZina
leqsikonSi: D. N. Ushakov, ed., Tolkovyi slovar' russkogo iazyka (Moscow, 1935), 331, sadac „bela-
di“ ganmartebuli iyo, rogorc samxedro lideri, an „socialisturi moZraobis, partiis

177
 xelmZRvaneli; ideologiuri winamZRoli“. magaliTad warmodgenilia winadadeba: „lenini
da stalini muSaTa klasis beladebi arian.“
17. magaliTad, ix.: Tumarkin, Lenin Lives!, 90.
18. Ibid., 82-84.
19. Moshe Lewin, „The Civil War: Dynamics and Legacy“; wignSi: Party, State and Society in the Russian Civil
War: Explorations in Social History, ed. Diane P. Koenker, William G. Rosenberg, and Ronald Grigor Suny
(Bloomington, 1989), 412.
20. A. N. Shefov, Leniniana v Sovetskom izobrazitel'nom iskusstve (Leningrad, 1986), 30, 40.
21. Stephen White, The Bolshevik Poster (New Haven and London, 1988), 25, ilustracia 2.10 da 69, ilus-
traciebi: 4.4, 4.5.
22. MR A 26319; Butnik-Siverskii, Sovetskii plakat, no. 445.
23. V. P. Tolstoi, ed., Agitatsionno-massovoe iskusstvo: Oformlenie prazdnestv, 1917-1932 (Moscow, 1984), Ta-
blitsy, fig. 174.
24. Coquin, „L'image“, 227.
25. Ibid., 226.
26. ix. Butnik-Siverskii, Sovetskii plakat, nos. 748, 1347, 2047, 2228, 2313, 2345, 2679, 2886, 3194, 3549; Coquin,
„L'image“, 229.
27. Sejibris gamarjvebulebi iyvnen naTan altmani, filip maliavini da georgi andreevi. mali-
avinis da andreevis namuSevrebis nimuSebis naxva SesaZlebelia: Guerman, ed., Art of the October
Revolution, 276, sergei Cexoninisa da isaak brodskiseuli leninis CanaxatebTan erTad, rom-
lebic 1920 da 1921 wlebSi Seiqmna.
28. Evgenii Dobrenko, Metafora vlasti: Literatura stalinskoi epokhi v istoricheskom osveshchenii (Munich, 1993),
75.
29. leninis mexuTe dabadebis dResTan dakavSirebuli RonisZiebebis da masze leninis reaqciis
Sesaxeb msjeloba ix.: Tumarkin, Lenin Lives!, 95-107, gansakuTrebiT gv. 104.
30. am cvlilebebis Sesaxeb msjelobebisTvis, ix. Tavebi 1 da 2.
31. KP p1.I.3./tov. Lenin.
32. Tumarkin, Lenin Lives!, fig. 4; Coquin, „L'image“, 243, suraTi 3; Butnik-Siverskii, Sovetskii plakat, no. 634.
33. Boris Uspensky, The Semiotics of the Russian Icon, ed. Stephen Rudy (Lisse, Belgium, 1976), 59-60.
34. lubokis stilis plakati „gasagebia, rom yvelas unda gaTboba, magram ratom aseTi meTodeb-
iT?“, romelic 1914 wlis noemberSi Seiqmna, warmoadgens liliputi germanelebiT garSe-
mortymul rus glexs. RU/SU 149. msgavsi plakati „gorodki“ gamoCnda I msoflio omis dros,
romelzec warmodgenili iyo uzarmazari glexi, kombliT xelSi. RU/SU 853.
35. Guerman, ed., Art of the October Revolution, ilustracia 9. namuSevarze warmodgenilia gigan-
turi wveriani kaci, bewvis qudiT, SarfiT da kostiumiT, romelsac wiTeli droSa uWiravs,
daZabuli da gabeduli gamometyveleba aqvs da liliputebis qalaqSi miabijebs. mis fex-
ebTan xalxi ireva, romlebic mis gigantur CeqmebTan SedarebiT Zalian mcire zomis arian.
scena moskovSi xdeba da miwaze Tovlia.
36. Coquin, „L'image“, 231.
37. leninis da stalinis gamosaxulebiani plakati, sadac beladebs qudebi axuravT, 1933 wels
gamovida: gustav klucisis „msoflio oqtombrisadmi“. am uCveulo kompoziciaSi ori lideri
(gigantebis saxiT arian gamosaxuli) erTmaneTis gverdiT dgas da fonad industriuli sura-
Tia. stalins samxedro kiteli acvia da kepi axuravs; lenini Tavis Cveul samosSia gamowyobi-
li. Margarita Tupitsyn, „Superman Imagery in Soviet Photography and Photomontage“, wignSi: Nietzsche and
Soviet Culture: Ally and Adversary, ed. Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal (Cambridge, England, 1994), 304.
178
38. KP p2.I.3/prizrak. am plakatis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva monacemi arsebobs — TiTqos is daamzades
moskovsa da baqoSi.
polonski (Russkii revoliutsionnyi plakat, frontispiece) mas moskovs miakuTvnebs; butnik-siverski
(Sovetskii plakat, no. 491) — baqos. kokenis Tanaxmad (L'image, note 31), plakatis warmoSobis adg-
ili moskovia.
39. Leonid Ouspensky and Vladimir Lossky, The Meaning of Icons, trans. G. E. H. Palmer and E. Kadloubovsky
(Crestwood, New York, 1983), 73. magaliTad, ix. ilustraciebi: 64A, 71, 75, 191, 210.
40. leninis da stalinis reprezentaciisas tribunis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb msjelobisTvis, ix.
Mikhail Yampolsky, „The Rhetoric of Representation of Political Leaders in Soviet Culture“, elementa 1, no. 1 (1993),
101-113. am statiis sxva versia „Quand les centaures deviennent icones“ gamoqveynda wignSi: Wladimir Ber-
elowitch and Laurent Gervereau, eds., Russie-URSS, 1914-1991: Changements de regards (Paris, 1991).
41. Guerman, ed., Art of the October Revolution, fig. 292.
42. Yampolsky, „The Rhetoric of Representation“, 104.
43. warmoSobiT latvieli, rigaSi dabadebuli klucisi latviur faSistur-nacionalistur
organizaciasTan TanamSromlobis braldebiT 1936 wels, moskovSi daapatimres. 1989 wlis
TebervalSi, uzenaesi sasamarTlos samxedro sabWom klucisis Svils, edvard kulagins ac-
noba, rom mamamiss 1938 wlis 11 Tebervals daxvreta miesaja. The Avant-Garde in Russia 1910-
1930: New Perspectives (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1980), 172; Margarita Tupitsyn, „Gustav Klutsis: Scenari-
os of Authorial Pursuits“, The Print Collector's Newsletter 22: 5 (November-December 1991), 165.
44. butnik-severskis sabWoTa plakatebis vrcel koleqciaSi am plakatis Sesaxeb cnoba ar
gvxvdeba. larisa oginskaia, Tavis wignSi Gustai Klutsis (Moscow, 1981), 50, 52, am kompozicias
„proeqtis“ saxeliT moixseniebs. eleqtrifikaciis Sesaxeb plakatis Sesaxeb kvleva gamo-
qveynebulia: The Great Utopia: The Russian and Soviet Avant-Garde, 1915-1932 (New York, 1992), no.
308. am plakatis da misi dizainis Sesaxeb msjelobisTvis ix.: Christina Lodder, Russian Construc-
tivism (New Haven, 1983), 189.
45. Tupitsyn, „Superman Imagery“, wignSi: Nietzsche and Soviet Culture, ed. Rosenthal, 296; Elena F. Hellberg,
„The Hero in Popular Pictures: Russian Lubok and Soviet Poster“, wignSi: Populäre Bildmedien: Vorträge des
2, ed. Rolf Wilhelm Brednich and Andreas Hartmann (Göttingen, 1989), 183.
46. KP p2.1.3./pust'.
47. magaliTad, ix. meTxuTmete saukunis novgorodis xati „feriscvaleba“, wignSi: Ouspensky and
Lossky, The Meaning of Icons, 210.
48. ix. meTeqvsmete saukunis Suaxanebis rusuli kankeli, ibid., 64A.
49. Tumarkin, Lenin Lives!, 82-84.
50. Richard S. Wortman, Scenarios of Power: Myth and Ceremony in Russian Monarchy, vol. 1 (Princeton, 1995).
51. erT-erTi yvelaze naklebad cnobili plakati leninis gamosaxulebiT, romelic 1922 wels,
krasnodarSi momzadda 500-iani tiraJiT: „saeklesio faseulobebisTvis puri mSivrebs“.
lubokis stilis es plakati dayofilia mcire kadrebad da mogviTxrobs ambavs leninis
monawileobiT — zeda marcxena kuTxeSi. mas TiTi aqvs gaSverili samaras guberniaSi mcx-
ovrebi glexis peticiisken. MR A52101; Butnik-Siverskii, Sovetskii plakat, no. 2810. kidev aris a. vi-
nogradoviseuli plakati „SeqmeniT sazogadoebrivi punqtebi — Zirs wera-kiTxvis ucod-
inroba!“. plakatze msxvil masStabSia gamosaxuli lenini, romelsac marjvena xeli gaSveri-
li aqvs da saCvenebeli TiTiT sivrceze miuTiTebs. qvemoT moCans Senobebi, romelTaganac
erT-erTs aweria: „wera-kiTxvis ucodinrobis likvidaciis punqti“. MR A36589. Ceriom-
nixi-denis plakatis ZiriTadi niSnebis ganmeorebis Sesaxeb, ix. Dmitrii Moor, Azbuka krasnoar-
meitsa (Moscow, 1921), werili „1“. 1927 wels, anonimi avtoris mier Seqmnili plakati „Zirs
wera-kiTxvis ucodinroba“ warmoadgens sokoloviseuli plakatis identur saxes lubokis

179
 stilis kompoziciaSi, romelzec vxedavT msxvil masStabSi gamosaxul lenins, romelsac
xeli aqvs aweuli — isev da isev orazrovnad — rogorc wera-kiTxvis mcodne glexebisadmi
miTiTeba da maTi kurTxeva. wera-kiTxvis mcodneTa klasis Senobis Tavze warmodgenilia
lozungi: „SeasruleT iliCis anderZi“. MR A59086.
52. KP p2.g.3/1870-1924.
53. White, The Bolshevik Poster, 121.
54. 1930 wels, sabWoTa fotomontaJis ostatma, gustav klucisma Seqmna dasamaxsovrebeli
plakati, romelic TiTqmis zustad imeorebs straqovis 1924 wlis Canafiqrs. klucisis
versiaSi „nepiseuli ruseTidan socialisturi ruseTi Seiqmneba“ (lenini), leninis fotog-
amosaxuleba (marcxena xeli aweuli aqvs da tlanqad aqvs damatebuli original gamosax-
ulebas) guliveriviT miabijebs hidroeleqtrosadguris teritoriaze. White, The Bolshevik
Poster, 118, illus. 6.1.
55. Nina Lobanov-Rostovsky, Revolutionary Ceramics: Soviet Porcelain 1917-1927 (New York, 1990), 32, 46.
Cexoniniseul TefSze gamosaxulia devizi: „msoflios muSebo, gaerTiandiT“ da leninis
saxeli — ulianovi. adamoviCis TefSze warmodgenilia devizi: „vinc ar muSaobs, is ar Wams“,
aseve asoebi: rsfsr.
56. Sovetskaia kul'tura: Itogi i perspektivy (Moscow, 1924), 333.
57. White, The Bolshevik Poster, 7. rusi mxatvrebi, aseve, ganicdidnen franguli, inglisuri da
amerikuli satiruli Jurnalebis gavlenas.
58. Tumarkin, Lenin Lives!, fig. 8.
59. Uspensky, Semiotics of the Russian Icon, 13.
60. Tumarkin, Lenin Lives!, 152-162.
61. dobrenko am fenomens 1920-iani wlebis SuaxanebiT aTariRebs, gansakuTrebiT leninis
reprezentaciasTan dakavSirebiT literaturul da saxelovnebo debatebTan mimarTeba-
Si. Dobrenko, Metafora vlasti, 78. cnebas „Zalauflebis esTetizacia“ is valter beniaminisgan
sesxulobs. leninis gardacvalebasTan dakavSirebuli Sedegebis Sesaxeb kidev erTi masal-
isTvis, ix.: Christel Lane, The Rites of Rulers: Ritual in Industrial Society—the Soviet Case (Cambridge,
England, and London, 1981), 215-217.
62. Tumarkin, Lenin Lives!, 221-224. qarxanaSi leninis kuTxis foto gamoqveynebulia: Berelowitch
and Gervereau, eds., Russie-URSS, 262.
63. leninis gamosaxulebiani marka, romelic i.i. dubasovma Seqmna, leninis gardacvalebis Sem-
deg gamovida. Sto let russkoi pochtovoi marki 1858-1958 (Moscow, 1958), 45.
64. Tolstoy, Bibilova, and Cooke, eds., Street Art of the Revolution, no. 165.
65. Tumarkin, Lenin Lives!, fig. 14. amgvari plakatebi rusul xatebSi gavrcelebul sasazRvro scen-
ebis princips misdevs, sadac wmindanis cxovrebis scenebi qronologiuri mimdevrobiTaa
warmodgenili. Uspensky, Semiotics of the Russian Icon, 55, note 8.
66. Coquin, „L'image“, suraTi 7. teqsti gamoqveynda, rogorc Jurnal „gudokis“ (1924 wlis 27 ian-
vari) gareknis ilustracia, romelzec warmodgenilia glexi samgloviaro gvirgviniT da
namglis da uros gamosaxulebiani globusiT xelSi. gvirgvinSi leninis portretia, zemoT
citirebuli frazis TanxlebiT. fonad mgloviareebi da kremli moCans.
67. Boris Groys, The Total Art of Stalinism: Avant-Garde, Aesthetic Dictatorship, and Beyond (Princeton, 1992),
66. maiakovskis 1924 wlis poemisTvis „vladimir iliC lenini“, romlidanac momdinareobs
fraza, ix.: V. V. Maiakovskii: Sochineniia v dvukh tomakh (Moscow, 1988), 2: 232-301.
68. mavzoleumsa da leninis sxeulTan dakavSirebuli am da sxva detalebisTvis, ix.: Tumarkin,
Lenin Lives!, 182-189.

180
69. 1930 wlis Semodgomaze is mudmivi nagebobiT Secvales, romelic dResac dgas. dabalzame-
buli sxeulis axal mavzoleumSi gadatanas piradad stalini xelmZRvanelobda.
70. MR A52254; KP p2.g.3.b/Lenin. plakati 10 000-iani tiraJiT gamovida. 1924 wels gamosuli sxva
plakatebi imave vizualur Temas imeorebdnen. magaliTad, ix.: tomskis plakati „Tavisi dia-
di maswavleblis anderZis kvalad“. KP p2.g.3/sleduia.
71. msgavsi plakatebi qveynis sxvadasxva nawilSi gamovida. magaliTad, ix. xarkovuli plakati
„ruseTis komunisturi partiis erToba gamoxatulia mwkrivebis disciplinaSi, 1924 wlis
21 ianvari. gamarjvebis survili!“, romelzec gamosaxulia xalxiT garSemortmuli leninis
saflavi. KP p2.I.3.v/edinstvo.
72. termini „mefis ori sxeuli“ Suasaukuneebis sakanonmdeblo da politikuri diskursidan
momdinareobs da mas tiudorebis xanis ingliseli iuristebi iyenebdnen. es sakiTxi amom-
wuravadaa gaanalizebuli ernest h. kantoroviCis naSromSi: Ernest H. Kantorowicz, The King's
Two Bodies: A Study in Medieval Political Theology (Princeton, 1957).
73. dobrenko moixmobs leninizm-stalinizmis „genetikur kodTan“ dakavSirebul kamaTs, ro-
melic or literaturul nawarmoebSi aisaxa: maiakovskis poemaSi „vladimir iliC lenini“
(1924) da maqsim gorkis memuarebSi. pirvelma Seqmna leninis, rogorc diadi beladis, mxsne-
lis arqetipi, romelic brZeni da ukvdavi iyo; xolo gorkisTan leninis, rogorc adamianu-
ri da ubralo pirovnebis Tavisebureba iyo xazgasmuli. Dobrenko, Metafora vlasti, 78.
74. cxadia, kidev arsebobda plakatebi, romlebic wina planze wamowevdnen lenins, rogorc
revolucioners, rogorc es iyo aleqsandr samoxvalovis plakatSi „muSebs da lenins 1905
wlis revoluciis kvamli aerTianebda“. RU/SU 1763. lenini, rogorc qveynis mrewvelobis
lideris magaliTebisTvis, ix. anonimi avtoris mier Seqmnili plakati „mTeli Zalebi war-
moebis gasaZliereblad“ (1925), romelzec warmodgenilia lenini, romelsac marjvena xeli
aweuli aqvs, xolo marcxena — muStad aqvs Sekruli. irgvliv bevri industriuli scenaa.
Russian Constructivist Posters (Paris and New York 1992), 79. aseve, ix. n. akimovis plakati „lenini
— esaa amoqmedebuli marqsizmi“ (1924), romelzec warmodgenilia leninis portreti manqa-
nebis da samrewvelo teritoriebis fonze. Ibid., 73.
75. KP p2.1.3/Lenin. plakati stalingradSi, 2 000-iani tiraJiT gamouSva „gublitma“.
76. Sovetskoe izobrazitel'noe iskusstvo 1917-1941, edited by B. V. Veimarn and O. I. Sopotinskii (Moscow, 1977),
ilustracia 191; Igor Golomstock, Totalitarian Art in the Soviet Union, the Third Reich, Fascist Italy and
the People's Republic of China (New York, 1990), 230, 314 (illus.).
77. 1920-iani wlebis meore naxevris dauTariRebeli da ucnobi avtoris mier Seqmnili plaka-
ti „lenini msoflio proletariatis beladia“ TiTqos, erTi SexedviT, leninis, rogorc
revolucioneris rols ganadidebs. magram, faqtobrivad, plakatze gamosaxulia Cveul
samosSi — kostiumSi, Jiletsa da halstuxSi gamowyobili leninis msxvilmasStabiani ga-
mosaxuleba, romelic msoflio rukis win dgas. marcxena xeliT rukaze ruseTis adgilas
wiTeli varskvlavisken miuTiTebs; xolo marjvena xeli muStad aqvs Sekruli. am plakatis
gamosaxuleba da teqsti aSkarad gulisxmobs leninis ormxriv rols, rogorc ruseTis da
rogorc saerTaSoriso komunisturi moZraobis liderisas. KP 2.g.3/Lenin. plakati lenin-
gradSi damzadda.
78. KP p2.p3/da zdravstvuet. plakati gamovida leningradSi, 15 000-iani tiraJiT. masze miwerilia
inicialebi: „m.t.“
79. MR A52127, „gaumarjos oqtombris zeims“ (1927). aseve, ix. MR A52120, „oqtomberi CrdiloeT
kavkaSiaSi“ (1927).
80. mzis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb, ix.: Anthony Netting, "Images and Ideas in Russian Peasant Art," Slavic Re-
view 35, no. 1 (March 1976), 48-68.

181
 81. Piat'desiat let sovetskogo iskusstva (1917-1967): Skul'ptura (Moscow, 1967), ilustracia 14.
82. es msjeloba moxmobilia wignidan: Dobrenko, Metafora vlasti, 80.
83. Medvedev, Let History Judge, 314.
84. White, The Bolshevik Poster, 90, illus. 5.1; Butnik-Siverskii, Sovetskii plakat, no. 17.
84. 1922 wels trockim gamoaqveyna sagangebo dadgenileba, riTac moors pativi miago „Tavisi
cocxali funjiTa da basri fanqriT xelSi“ wiTeli armiis samsaxurisTvis. White, The Bol-
shevik Poster, 112.
85. White, The Bolshevik Poster, 31, illus. 2.18.
86. Sovetskaia kul'tura, 338; The Great Utopia, 627, fig. 6.
87. Sovetskaia kul'tura, 331.
88. am kalendris TariRi ucnobia. sTiven uaiTi (The Bolshevik Poster, 7, ilustracia 1.6) mas 1920
wliT aTariRebs, xolo mixail iampolski 1923 wlis 1 martiT („Quand les centaures deviennent
icones“, 27).
89. meToTxmete saukuneSi wm. giorgis saxe moskovis emblemad iqca. mogvianebiT is moskovis da
ruseTis imperiis gerbze gamosaxes. S. A. Tokarev, ed., Mify narodov mira, vol. 1 (Moscow, 1987), 275.
es gamosaxuleba xSirad Cndeboda carizmis periodis plakatebze, gansakuTrebiT I msof-
lio omis dros. ix.: RU/SU 1096 da RU/SU 682.
90. Nina Lobanov-Rostovsky, „Soviet Porcelain of the 1920s: Propaganda Tool“, wignSi: The Great Utopia, 626-
627. vasili timorevis mier, zinovievis TavmjdomareobiT gamarTuli aRmosavleTis xalx-
Ta kongresisTvis, 1920 wels Seqmnili TefSi, warmodgenilia ilustraciaSi: 7.
91. Dobrenko, Metafora vlasti, 80-81.
92. F. Robinskaia, Sovetskii lubok (Moscow, 1929), 16-18. leninis portretis reproducirebisTvis,
ix. ilustracia 18. 1928 wlamde organizacias revoluciuri ruseTis xelovanTa asociacia
(axrr) ewodeboda. 1932 wels, axrr daiSala, sxva formalistur saxelovnebo da litera-
turul jgufebTan erTad.
93. magaliTad, ix. irakli ToiZis „win msoflio oqtombrisken!“, romelic 1935 wels, 150 000-iani
tiraJiT gamovida, KP p5.1.5/IV; nikolai dolgorukovis plakati „gaumarjos leninizms“,
romelic 1937 wels 200 000-iani tiraJiT gamoica, KP p5.1 3/I.L.
94. lenini qandakebis saxiTaa warmodgenili nikolai koCerginis 1933 wlis plakatze „lenin-
is gareSe misi gziT. win, axali gamarjvebebisken“, romelic 30 000-iani tiraJiT gamovida.
banerebze stalinis citatebia. KP p4.1.3.g/1.B. aleqs keilis plakatSi „leninizmi daibada,
gaizarda da gaZlierda yvela saxis oportunizmTan daundobel brZolaSi“ lenini warmod-
genilia wignze. plakati 1934 wels, 150 000-iani tiraJiT gamovida. plakatze warmodgenilia
stalinis citata. KP p4.g.5/leninizm. yubanuri uTariRo plakati „sruli koleqtivizaciisT-
vis“, romelic savaraudod, 1930-33 wlebSi Seiqmna, lubokis stilSi Sesrulebuli kompozi-
ciaa da Svidi kadrisgan Sedgeba; yvelaze didze gamosaxulia leninis qandakeba, sadac mas
marjvena xeli aqvs aweuli; zeda nawilSi, centrSi stalinis suraTi profilSia gamosaxu-
li. KP p4.IX/za sploshnuiu. 1934 wels v. kalmikos mier Seqmnil plakatze „izrdeba da Zlierde-
ba komunizmis saqme“ warmodgenilia ori patara biWi, romlebic leninis saxels inglisur
enaze, kedelze weren, xolo faSisti jariskacebi maT gakvirvebiT uyureben. plakati mx-
olod 7 500-iani tiraJiT gamovida. KP p4.1.3.d/rastet.
95. 1932 wels, vladimir serovis mier Seqmnili plakati „leninis gareSe leninis gzaze“ mkacrad
gaakritikes, vinaidan „Cven [leninis] saxeze sevdas da gangaSs vxedavT“, misTvis „damaxasi-
aTebeli ironiuli Rimilis“ nacvlad. Produktsiia izo-iskusstv 3 (1933), 1. mimoxilva moamzada m.
neimanma.
96. Semdgomi detalebisTvis, ix. Tavi 1.
182
97. citatebi, Sesabamisad, momdinareobs wignebidan: S. Rashevskii, „Obraz Lenina v portretakh i karti-
nakh khud. Andreeva, Grabaria i Moravova“, Plakat i khudozhestvennaia reproduktsiia 2 (1934), 6; G. Lelev-
ich, „Plakaty khudozhnika Gerasimova“, Produktsiia izobrazitel'nykh iskusstv 25-26 (1932), 1.
98. rodesac naxati plakatis saxiT gamovida, mas mxolod „vladimir iliC lenini (ulianovi)“
ewera. Sovetskoe izobrazitel'noe iskusstvo 1917-1941, illus. 57.
99. magaliTad, ix. t.p. kukuSkinis plakati „orjer da samjer“. esaa 1930 wels Seqmnili plaka-
ti, romelic 30 000-iani tiraJiT gamovida. masze gamosaxulia urmis ukana nawilze mdgomi
lenini sityvis warmoTqmis procesSi. marjvena xeli win aqvs gamoSverili da xelSi kepi
uWiravs. KP p4.i.3.8/vdvoe. am sakiTxze diskusiisTvis ix. Yampolsky, „The Rhetoric of Representa-
tion“, 103-104.
100. Produktsiia izobrazitel'nykh iskusstv 25-26 (1932), 1.
101. Ibid.
102. Ibid.
103. I. Rabinovich, „Lenin v plakate i massovoi kartine: Po poslednim vypuskam“, Produktsiia izobrazitel'nykh
iskusstv 1 (1932), 3-4.
104. warmodgenili mosazreba momdinareobs Semdegi wyaroebidan: Golomstock, Totalitarian Art, 228;
Vladimir Papernyi, Kul'tura „Dva“ (Ann Arbor, 1985), chap. 1; Catherine Cooke, „Mediating Creativity and
Politics: Sixty Years of Architectural Competitions in Russia“, wignSi: The Great Utopia, 707-710. ilus-
traciebisTvis ix.: 680 da 699, ilustraciebi 1 da 16; da Golomstock, Totalitarian Art, 364.
105. SenobaSi „unda yofiliyo 17 500 kv.m.-ze ganTavsebuli zeTis saRebavebiT Sesrulebuli
namuSevari, 12 000 freska, 4 000 mozaika, 20 000 bareliefi, daaxloebiT 12 metris simaRlis
12 jgufuri qandakeba, 170 daaxloebiT 6 metris simaRlis qandakeba.“ Golomstock, Totalitarian
Art, 275.
106. Tumarkin, Lenin Lives!, 254. seriebi xelaxla gamovida 1944 wels, leninis gardacvalebidan
oci wlisTavze.
107. „Obraz Lenina v izobrazitel'nom iskusstve“, Plakat i khudozhestvennaia reproduktsiia 9 (1934), 23.
108. im wlebSi gamosuli plakatebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo erTi, romelzec gamoesaxaT
patara bavSvebi. isini aRfrTovanebiT uyureben leninis bavSvobis suraTebs, warweriT —
„Cven viqnebiT leninelebi“. plakati 50 000-iani tiraJiT gamovida. RU/SU 635.
109. RU/SU 527.
110. Berelowitch and Gervereau, eds. Russie—URSS, 160, fig. 4.
111. Moshe Lewin, Russian Peasants and Soviet Power: A Study of Collectivization (Evanston, 1968), 450-453.
112. am fenomenis roberT Takeriseuli daxasiaTebiT, sul ramdenime weliwadSi, stalinis
kulti „ruseTis erT-erT yvelaze mzard industriad“ iqca. Stalin in Power, 159.
113. mTeli incidentis da misi Sedegebis Sesaxeb mosazrebisTvis, ix.: ibid., 151-160. werili gamo-
qveynda JurnalebSi: „proletarskaia revolucia“ da „bolSeviki“.
114. Tucker, Stalin in Power, 154.
115. KP p4.1.5/pod; V/A E404-1988.
116. magaliTad, ix. 1930 wlis plakati, romelic viqtor denim Seqmna. plakatis „leninis droS-
iT“ saTqmeli gadmocemulia kompoziciis or nawilad gayofis saSualebiT: marjvniv war-
modgenilia stalini profilSi, romlis fonzec vxedavT samrewvelo zonas da droSas, war-
weriT — „xuTwledi oTx weliwadSi“; marcxena mxares gamosaxuli arian pirveli xuTwledis
gegmis „mtrebi“ (maT Soris, mRvdeli, kapitalisti da menSeviki). stalins samxedro stilis
qudi da aseTive kiteli acvia. is mtkice, amayi da gabeduli, oRond ara sastiki mzeriT
uyurebs mtrebs. staliniseuli citata mas leninTan da misi saqmis gagrZelebasTan akav-

183
 Sirebs: „leninis droSiT Cven gavimarjvebT oqtombris revoluciisTvis brZolaSi..“ BM
1930-5-9-28.
117. Tucker, Stalin in Power, 160. Takeri Semdeg aRniSnavs, rom lenini 1930-ian wlebSi xelaxal in-
terpretacias daeqvemdebara da misi cxovrebis da moRvaweobis mxolod stalinTan dakav-
Sirebuli aspeqtebi iyo xazgasmuli. 1930-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi leninis gamosaxule-
bebs xSirad axlda stalinis gamonaTqvamebi. ase iyo koCerginis da keilis plakatis SemTx-
vevaSi, romelic citirebulia 94-e SeniSvnaSi. 1937 wlis ukrainul plakatze „gaumarjos
lenins!“, romelic mxatvarma p. gorelim Seqmna, warmodgenilia stalini, romelsac mar-
jvena xeli zemoT aqvs aweuli da saCvenebeli TiTi — gaSverili. mis ukan leninis gamosax-
ulebiani da stalinis citatiani droSaa. glexi qali da mamakaci stalinis ukan dganan da
tradiciuli simboloebi — namgali da uro uWiravT. KP p5.I.5/1.kh.
118. RU/SU 1424; KP p4.VI.4.b/1.p; V/A E1273-1989.
119. magaliTad, ix. plakati „lenini mSeneblobis Sesaxeb“, romelic 1930 wels gamovida 15 000-
iani tiraJiT, gamosaxulia rkinigzis vagonze mdgari lenini, romelsac marjvena xeli aweu-
li aqvs, xolo marcxena muStad aqvs Sekruli. diagonalurad warmodgenil oTx panelze
vxedavT traqtorebs, fabrikas, eleqtrosadgur dneprostrois da matarebels. plakatis
centrSi aris leninis citata: „eleqtrifikaciis gareSe, Cven ver daviwyebT namdvil aRm-
Seneblobas“. KP p4.g3.b/Lenin.
120. Tucker, Stalin in Power, 147.
121. Ibid., 151. Takeris Tanaxmad, „aq gamoCnda wminda oTxeuli — marqsi, engelsi, lenini, stali-
ni — romelic stalinuri azrovnebis da kulturis mTavar simbolur elementad iqca da
rac vlindeboda moskovis didi Teatris fasadze oTxi uzarmazari, Tanabari zomis por-
tretis gamofeniT 1 maiss, 7 noembers da sxva gansakuTrebul dReebSi“.
122. Produksiia izobrazitel'nykh iskusstv 30 (1932), 3-4. leninis da stalinis Tanabari gamosaxvis kidev
erTi magaliTia dolgorukovis plakati „oqtombris revoluciis TxuTmeti wlisTavi“,
romelic „izogizma“ gamosca 10 000-iani tiraJiT. aq qveynis istoria oTxi CanarTis saxiTaa
warmodgenili: lenini warmodgenilia pirvelSi da stalini — ukanasknelSi. Za proletarskoe
iskusstvo 9-10 (May 1932), 21.
123. KP p4.VII.6/pobeda.
124. am plakatze, romelic „izogizma“ gamosca 25 000-iani tiraJiT, warmodgenilia kapital-
isti, kaucki da hitleri, romlebic fanjridan adevneben Tvals sazeimo demonstracias
da droSebs revoluciuri sloganebiT da stalinis (didi zomis) da leninis (mcire zomis)
portretebiT. E. Rusakova and A. Maisurov, „K 15-letiiu oktiabr'skoi revoliutsii“, Produktsiia izobrazi-
tel'nykh iskusstv 31-32 (1932), 3.
125. Medvedev, Let History Judge, 315.
126. KP p4.I/vyshe.
127. 1936 welis versiisTvis, ix.: KP p5.I/vyshe. 1937 wels plakatis xelaxla gamocemasTan dakav-
SirebiT, ix.: KP p5.I/1v. klucisi 1938 wels daapatimres. ver mivakvlie sabuTs, romlis Tanax-
madac, plakati xelaxla 1937 wels gamovida.
128. 1936 da 1937 wlebis versiebi gansxvavdeba 1933 wlis plakatisgan ori detalis Tvalsaz-
risiT. ukanasknel versiaSi, citatebi TiToeuli beladis Tavs zemoT gamotovebulia. rac
ufro mniSvnelovania, stalinis irgvliv fotomontaJi Secvlilia. glexi qalis nacvlad,
aq ukve warmodgenilia kargad Cacmuli qali mokled SeWrili TmiT, romelic, rogorc Cans,
sazogadoebis ganaTlebul fenas ekuTvnis da damTvalierebels gamWoli mzeriT akvirde-
ba. amas garda, stalinis saxis qvemoT, xalxSi Casmulia qali CviliT xelSi, romelsac cali
xeli stalinis giganturi saxis mimarTulebiT aqvs aweuli. axali saxeebis Casmis praqti-

184
 ka 1930-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi SemoRebul reprezentaciis normebs Seesabameba. am
sakiTxis Sesaxeb, ix. Tavi 3.
129. sagulisxmoa, rom 1937 wlis versiaSi, romelic erovnuli umciresobebisTvis moamzades,
qveda CarCoSi Casmuli saboloo suraTi Secvales da is umciresobis ama Tu im jgufis war-
momadgenlebisTvis Sesabamisi suraTebiT Caanacvles.
130. „izvestiis“ 1918 wlis reklamaSi warmodgenili iyo leninis (nipelbaumis mier daxatuli)
da marqsis portretebi, sadac isini pirdapir iyurebian. reproduqcia ix. wignSi: Coquin,
„L'image“, 241.
131. adreuli xanis erT-erTi nimuSia dmitri mooris 1920 wlis plakati „Caewere moxaliseTa
rigebSi?“, wignSi: Soviet political Art (Harmondsworth, 1985), suraTi 10.
132. ix. viqtor govorkovis „Tqveni naTura, amxanago inJinero“ (1933) (ilustracia 1.15) da ni-
kolai terpsixorovis „gawevriandi kolmeurneobaSi“ (1930) (fig. 3.4). isini ganxilulia Tav-
ebSi 1 da 3.
133. Uspensky, Semiotics of the Russian Icon, 39.
134. S. Shtykan, „Obraz vozhdia v plakate“, Produktsiia izo-iskusstv 12 (1933), 1. dobrenko Tavis kvlevaSi
„Zalauflebis metafora“ acxadebs, rom 1934 weli iyo gardatexis periodi beladis saxis
transformaciis TvalsazrisiT, Semdegi formulirebiT: „stalini dRevandeli leninia“.
Cemi azriT, es cvlileba erTi wliT adre, 1933 wels moxda.
135. 1937 wels gamosul erT plakatze „lenin-stalinis droSiT win, axali gamarjvebebisken“ am
ori figuris profilebi ganTavsebulia droSaze, romelic mxiarul demonstrantebs moa-
qvT. stalinis profili leninisaze winaa. KP p5.I/1. klucisis 1933 wlis plakati „msoflio
oqtombers“ warmogvidgens or ginatur figuras — stalins (wina planze, samxedro stilis
kitelSi, Ceqmebsa da kepSi gamowyobili) da lenins (kostiumSi, Jiletsa da kepSi gamowyobi-
li, marcxena xeli win aqvs gamoSverili), romlebic pirdapir dapataravebuli xalxis Tavze
arian gamosaxuli. aq semiotika efuZneba tanisamoss, rogorc markers. sagulisxmoa, rom
lenini kidev erTxel aris naCvenebi kepSi — detali, romelic misi sikvdilis Semdeg gaqra,
rodesac misi, rogorc revolucioneris, imiji saxelmwifo moRvawis imijma Caanacvla. am
plakatze stalini udavod saxelmwifos meTaurad warmogvidgeba. am plakatis Sesaxeb, ix.:
Tupitsyn, „Superman Imagery“, 303.
136. Tupitsyn, „Gustav Klutsis“, 164.
137. Tucker, Stalin in Power, 161.
138. TsGALI, f. 652, op. 1, ed. khr. 13, p. 14. amasTanave, gegmiT sxvadasxva lideris 30 sxva plakati
moiTxoves, maT Soris iyvnen: kaganoviCi (2), molotovi (2) da miqoiani (2). portretebi iyo
rogorc ferweruli, ise fotoebi.
139. TsGALI, f. 652, op. 8, ed. khr. 119, p. 1.
140. roziaxovskis „gaumarjos ssrk-s Tavisufali, bednieri xalxis konstituciis Semoqmeds“.
KP p5.i.1.a/i.d. tiraJebis Sesaxeb informaciisTvis, ix.: TsGALI, f. 652, op. 1, ed. khr. 10, pp. 17-19,
34; f. 652, op. 1, ed. khr. 44, p. 22-30; f. 652, op. 1, ed. khr. 82, p. 1.
141. KP p5.I.ch.2/da zdravstvuet.
142. kibardinma igive xerxi gamoiyena Tavisi 1931 wlis plakatisTvis „avagoT leninis saxelo-
bis diriJablebis eskadroni“. klucisma is gamoiyena fotomontaJSi, romelic 1933 wlis 18
agvistos „pravdam“ pirvel gverdze dabeWda. masze gamosaxulia stalini, romelic TviTm-
frinavebs da diriJablebs esalmeba. maTgan yvelaze dids aweria „maqsim gorki“.
143. Golomstock, Totalitarian Art, 220, 223.
144. E. Povolotskaia, „O plakate i lubke“, Iskusstvo 1-2 (1929), 112-113. 1920-ian wlebSi, am organizaciaSi
gawevrianebulma mxatvrebma stalinis, voroSilovis, budionis, kalininis, lunaCarskis da

185
 menJinskis portretebi Semnes. Golomstock, Totalitarian Art, 71; Robinskaia, Sovetskii lubok, 40.
145. KP p4.i.9.a/01.
146. mcire masStabis kerZo movaWreebs da mewarmeebs axali ekonomikuri politikis wlebSi „ne-
pelebs“ uwodebdnen.
147. Cemi kvlevis dros ver mivakvlie stalinis ufro adrindel oficialur portrets, ro-
melic amgvarad gavrceldeboda. es ar yofila leninis brodskiseuli pirveli portreti.
amis Semdeg man mravali portreti da istoriuli scena Seqmna leninis da stalinis monaw-
ileobiT. ix. Golomstock, Totalitarian Art, 180; da misi namuSevrebis mimoxilva: Plakat i khudozhest-
vennaia reproduktsiia 9 (1934), 23-24. 1932 wels, brodskim daxata stalinis portreti, romelic
kaTedraze dgas, marjvena xelSi teqsti uWiravs da xalxs gadayurebs. Hans Günther, ed., The
Culture of the Stalin Period (New York, 1990), suraTi 7.
148. RU/SU 1866.
149. Produktsiia izobrazitel'nykh iskusstv 25-26 (1932), 2.
150. KP p4.VII.1.b. citata momdinareobs stalinisgan, romlis saxelic plakatze qvemoT aweria.
hans giunterma Tavis statiaSi „gmirebi totalitarul kulturaSi“ klucisiseuli plaka-
tis sami versia gamoaqveyna. Agitatsiia za schast'e, 73. pirvel maTgans, romelsac is „Canaxats“
uwodebs, leninis biblioTekis plakatebis koleqciaSi mivakvlie da warmodgenilia ilus-
traciaSi 4.15.
151. Tupitsyn, „Gustav Klutsis“, 166, note 4.
152. Ibid., 162.
153. 1930-ian wlebSi stalinis saxeldebebidan sagulisxmoa: Cveni mama, brZeni giganti, winas-
warmetyvelebis unari, geniis sidiade, Zlieri batoni, maswavlebeli, mebrZoli. Dobrenko,
Metafora vlasti, 88; Regine Robin, „Stalinisme et culture populaire“, wignSi: Culture et révolution, by Marc
Ferro et al. (Paris, 1989), 152.
154. stalinis saxis es mxareebi dobrenkos citirebuli aqvs naSromidan: M. Chegodaeva, „Osle-
plenie“, Sovetskaia kul'tura (June 24, 1989), 10. ix.: Dobrenko, Metafora vlasti, 94. 1940-ian wlebSi sta-
linsac asxamdnen xotbas, rogorc did generals. iorn guldbergi Tavis esseSi „socre-
alizmi, rogorc instituciuri praqtika“ sabWoTa ferweraSi stalinianis ZiriTadad sam
jgufs gamoyofs: stalinis, rogorc saxelmwifos da partiis lideris gandideba; stalinis
biografiis rekonstruqcia; saqmeebisgan mowyveta, romelzec oficialurad ar saubrobd-
nen. ix.: Guldberg wignSi: Günther, ed., The Culture of the Stalin Period, 168.
155. KP p.4.IX.1.b/udarniki. plakatis reproducirebisa da misi mimoxilvisTvis, ix.: Produktsiia
izobrazitel'nykh iskusstv 22 (1932), 1-2. es plakati 30 050-iani tiraJiT gamovida. masze saubaria
aseve naSromSi: Margarita Tupitsyn, „Gustav Klutsis“, 162-163.
156. stalinis ori citata moCans plakatis zeda nawilSi, rac ganamtkicebs mis, rogorc qveynis
momavlis ganmgeblis avtoritets: „xuTwledis gegmis bolos, sabWoTa kavSiris koleqtiv-
izacia sabolood unda dasruldes“; „sabWoTa kavSiris muSaTa klasi mtkiced da erTgulad
uwyobs xels Tavisi mokavSiris — mSromeli glexobis teqnikur gadaiaraRebas“. plakatis
danarCeni nawili (qveda naxevari) warmogvidgens kolmeurneebs, mindvrebs da kombainebs.
klucisma aq „Tavisi sidedris patara foto Casva, stalinis giganturi gamosaxulebis gver-
diT“. Tupitsyn, „Gustav Klutsis“, 163.
157. Produktsiia izobrazitel'nykh iskusstv 22 (1932), 1-2.
158. Plakat i khudozhestvennaia reproduktsiia 2 (1934), 3-4.
159. Ibid., 4.
160. Ibid., 1 (1934), 1-2. reproduqcia warmodgenilia gv. 2-ze.
161. Ibid.

186
162. roi medvedevis Tanaxmad, stalinis eqstravagantuli qeba kidev ufro Sors wavida 1933
wlis ianvarSi (centraluri komitetis plenumze); „pravdis“ 1934 wlis pirveli gamocema
vrcel statias uZRvnida stalins, sadac mas „uzomo gadaWarbebiT asxamdnen xotbas“. Med-
vedev, Let History Judge, 315.
163. KP p5.I.1.a/i.d.
164. magaliTad, ix. v. araqelovis 1939 wlis plakati „stalini — xalxTa Soris yvelaze brZenia,
TqvenTvis ki — mSobel mamaze Zvirfasia“. KP p6.I.4.9/1s. II msoflio omis Semdeg, bevr plaka-
tze iyo iseTi warwera, rogoricaa: „gaumarjos Cvens belads da maswavlebels, Cvens mamas
— diad stalins“. KP p8.A.IV.01.
165. Moshe Lewin, The Making of the Soviet System: Essays in the Social History of Interwar Russia (New York,
1985), 275.
166. KP p5.I.4.*b*/kadry. am plakatis tiraJi ar yofila iseTi didi, rogorc stalinis sxva
plakatebis, romlebic 1936 wels gamovida (magaliTad, roziaxovskiseuli plakati, ro-
melzec zemoT visaubreT). SesaZloa, plakatis SedarebiT mcire tiraJi (25 000) plakatis
masStabma ganapiroba.
167. xelis amgvari mdgomareobis Sesaxeb bevri magaliTia moxmobili uspenskis da losskis naS-
romSi „xatebis mniSvnelobaTa gamo“. ix. gansakuTrebiT meTxuTmete saukunis xati „feri-
scvaleba“, 210, da imave periodis sxva magaliTebi, 138, 144.
168. klucisis mier 1933 wels Seqmnili plakati „msoflio oqtombrisadmi“ perspeqtivis
rRvevis msgavs xerxs iyenebs leninis da stalinis masStaburobis warmosaCenad, romelTa
giganturi fexebi Zalian patara adamianebis maxlobladaa. Tupitsyn, „Superman Imagery“, wign-
Si: Nietzsche and Soviet Culture, ed. Rosenthal, 304.
169. KP p4.XXIV.1.b/1.3h.
170. KP p5.IX.5.b/1shire.
171. A. Reznichenko, 1935, RU/SU 1824; RU/SU 565, plakatze TariRi miTiTebuli ar aris; RU/SU 1816,
1938, avtorebi arian deni, dolgorukovi da dubCanovi; RU/SU 2151, 1937, avtorebi arian g.
kuni, vasili ielkini, k. sobolevski; RU/SU 1832, 1939.
172. Jamey Gambrell, „The Wonder of the Soviet World“, New York Review of Books 61, no. 21 (December 22,
1994), 31.
173. Golomstock, Totalitarian Art, 237. gamofenaze warmodgenili zogierTi namuSevris Sesaxeb, ix.
315.
174. fraza lazar kaganoviCs ekuTvnis. Tucker, Stalin in Power, 607-609.
175. KP p6.I.4.9/1s. avtori v. araqelovi iyo.
176. KP p6.I.4/o kazhdom.

Tavi mexuTe
1. Iurii M. Lotman and Boris A. Uspenskii [Uspensky], „Binary Models in the Dynamic of Russian Culture (to the
End of the Eighteenth Century)“, wignidan: The Semiotics of Russian Cultural History, ed. Alexander D. and
Alice Stone Nakhimovsky (Ithaca, 1985), 31.
2. Ibid., 32-33.
3. leninis gegmis da bolSeviki gmirebisTvis pativis migebis Sesaxeb msjeloba, ix. Tavi 4.
4. plakati sruliad ruseTis sabWoTa mSromelTa, glexTa da jariskacTa deputatebis cen-
tralurma aRmasrulebelma komitetma gamouSva. KP p1.VI.4.2/tsar'; B. S. Butnik-Siverskii, Sovetskii
plakat epokhi grazhdanskoi voiny, 1918-1921 (Moscow, 1960), no. 710; reproduqcia Sesulia gv. 585.
ukrainuli versiis naxva SeiZleba wignSi: Stephen White, The Bolshevik Poster (New Haven and

187
 London, 1988), 24,ilustracia: 2.8. plakatis sxvadasxva variacia ruseTis imperiis ramdenime
enaze gamovida, maT Soris belarusulad, TaTrulad, ebraulad, latviurad da CuvaSurad.
TaTrul versiaSi ori damatebiTi figura gaCnda: Calmiani mamakaci da mamakaci zoliani
perangiT. KP p1.VI.2/tsar'.
5. Lars T. Lih, Bread and Authority in Russia, 1914-1921 (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1990), 139-142. lai deta-
lurad aanalizebs termin „kulakis“ evolucias bolSevikebis leqsikonSi, samoqalaqo omis
dros. mecxramete saukuneSi am terminis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb, ix.: Cathy A. Frierson, Peasant Icons:
Representations of Rural People in Late Nineteenth Century Russia (New York and Oxford, 1993), Tavi 7.
6. ilustraciisTvis ix. dmitri mooriseuli 1919 wlis plakati „vin upirispirdeba sabWos“. RU/
SU 1270.
7. Elizabeth Kridl Valkenier, ed., The Wanderers: Masters of Nineteenth-Century Russian Painting, An Exhibi-
tion from the Soviet Union (Dallas, 1990), 30, 129.
8. apsitis „internacionalisTvis“, ix.: RU/SU 2282. lebedevas „ngreva“ ix. wignSi: V.P. Tolstoi, ed.,
Agitationno-massovoe iskusstvo: Oformlenie prazdnestv, 1917-1932 (Moscow, 1984), Tablitsy, fig. 180; Vladi-
mir Tolstoy, Irina Bibilova, and Catherine Cooke, eds., Street Art of the Revolution: Festivals and Celebrations
in Russia 1918-1933 (London, 1990), 129, suraTi 119.
9. Joanna Hubbs, Mother Russia: The Feminine Myth in Russian Culture (Bloomington, 1988), 36-51.
10. rus kapitalists, rogorc wesi, damamcirebeli terminiT „burJua“ moixseniebdnen. ix. Tavi
5 kapitalistis tipebisa da saxeebis Sesaxeb msjelobisTvis.
11. Elise Kimerling, „Civil Rights and Social Policy in Soviet Russia, 1918-1936“, Russian Review 41, no. 1 (Janu-
ary 1982), 30. aseve, ix.: Sheila Fitzpatrick, „The Problem of Class Identity in NEP Society“, wignSi: Russia
and the Era of NEP: Explorations in Soviet Society and Culture, ed. Sheila Fitzpatrick, Alexander Rabinow-
itch, and Richard Stites (Bloomington, 1991), 13.
12. Alan M. Ball, Russia's Last Capitalists: The Nepmen, 1921-1929 (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1987), 76.
13. am Temaze Seqmnili plakatebis nimuSebis sanaxavad, ix. mooris 1919 wlis plakati „TeTrg-
vardielebi da dezertiri“, romelSic gamoyenebuli iyo lubokisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
stili. aq ori paneli mogviTxrobda dezertiris Cveulebriv istorias — mouwesrigebeli
da uazro gamometyvelebis mqone glexi — romelsac Tavdapirvelad zurgiT dayavda, ase
vTqvaT, burJuebi da sxva mtrebi, magram Semdeg yvelaferi moagvara (pirdapiri da gadatan-
iTi mniSvnelobiT) da mtrebi Sav zRvaSi Cayara. (RU/SU 1261); da 1920 wlis plakatze „reketi-
ri transportis da respublikis mteria“ gamosaxulia movaWre glexis iSviaTi gamosaxule-
ba, romelsac saqoneli ukanonod miaqvs soflidan qalaqSi. BM 1921-10-31-1.
14. Tolstoi, ed., Agitatsionno-massovoe iskusstvo, 28; James von Geldern, Bolshevik Festivals, 1917-1920 (Berke-
ley and Los Angeles, 1993), 134.
15. Tolstoi, ed., Agitatsionno-massovoe iskusstvo, Tablitsy, suraTi 161. msgavsi eqsponatebi warmodgeni-
li iyo sazeimo dResaswaulebis dros sxva qalaqebSi, samoqalaqo omis wlebSi.
16. ix. ilustracia: 4.1.
17. ix. ilustraciebi: 1.8, 1.10, 2.3, 2.7.
18. magaliTebisTvis, ix.: White, The Bolshevik Poster, 51-53, ilustraciebi: 3.16, 3.17, 3.19.
19. Ibid., 102, ilustracia: 5.23.
20. deniseuli 1921 wlis plakati „III internacionali“ sityvebs elvis formiT warmoaCens, ro-
melic kapitalists afrTxobs. RU/SU 541.
21. James Hall, Dictionary of Subjects and Symbols in Art (New York, 1974), 285.
22. RU/SU 1008.
23. RU/SU 1081; Vladimir Denisov, Voina i lubok (Petrograd, 1916), 30. avtori ucnobia. plakati 1915
wels gamovida.

188
24. RU/SU 331.
25. IWM pst/6283.
26. apsitis cxovrebisa da Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb mokle istoriisTvis, ix.: White, The Bolshevik
Poster, 25-32.
27. „motyuebul Zmebs“ 1918 wlis Semodgomaze gamovida. masze warmodgenilia muSa kombliT
xelSi, romelic sisxlismsmel hidras ebrZvis, romlis mraval Tavs Soris amosacnobia mefe
da misi amala (ilustracia 2.3). [27] RU/SU 1546. plakats demian bednis leqsi erTvoda.
28. es aRwera moxmobilia naSromidan: Geldern, Bolshevik Festivals, 41.
29. RU/SU 2282.
30. MR A99667. ilustracia warmodgenilia wignSi: Viacheslav Polonskii, Russkii revoliutsionnyi plakat
(Moscow, 1925), garekani.
31. 1919 wlis plakati Sesulia wignSi: White, The Bolshevik Poster, 94, ilustracia: 5.6. uaiTis Ta-
naxmad, es plakati Cexi mxatvris, frantiSek kupkas satirul naxats efuZneba. Ibid., 92. 1920
wlis kievuri plakati warmodgenilia wignSi: Polonskii, Russkii revoliutsionnyi plakat, 127. mxatvari
ucnobia. is 1920 wlis bolos momzadda 5 000-iani tiraJiT. Butnik-Siverskii, Sovetskii plakat, no. 477.
32. Polonskii, Russkii revoliutsionnyi plakat, 20. im dros promeTes miTis popularobis Sesaxeb, ix. Tavi 1.
33. RU/SU 1287.
34. S. A. Tokarev, ed., Mify narodov mira, vol. 1 (Moscow, 1987), 246.
35. MR A52260. avtori ucnobia. yvavi aseve strategiuli datvirTviT aris gamosaxuli kulake-
bis sawinaaRmdego plakatze „gavagdoT kulakebi samrevlo sabWodan!“. V/A E442-19832. avto-
ri ucnobia, plakati daaxloebiT 1920 wels gamovida.
37. folklorSi obobas mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb, ix.: S. A. Tokarev, ed., Mify narodov mira. Entsiklopediia,
vol. 2 (Moscow, 1988), 295. denis mier 1919 wels Seqmnili plakati „kulaki — samyaros STan-
mTqmeli“ kulaks obobas saxiT warmogvidgens. plakatSi „oboba da buzebi“ (1919) mRvdeli
obobis saxiTaa gamoyvanili. Polonskii, Russkii revoliutsionnyi plakat, 69. denis mier 1920 wels Se-
qmnili cnobili plakati „kapitali“ (ix. ilustracia 5.5) warmoadgens obobis qseliT gare-
mocul kapitalists.
38. RU/SU 1257. Butnik-Siverskii, Sovetskii plakat, no. 837.
39. magaliTad, ix.: „gakveTili germanels“, 1914, avtori ucnobia. RU/SU 144.
40. Polonskii, Russkii revoliutsionnyi plakat, following p. 112. mRvdeli da burJua, aseve, warmodgenilia
naxatSi Citebis saxiT. teqstis mniSvneloba, arsebiTad, aseTia: adrea gamarjvebis simReris
mRera, SeiZleba damarcxde.
41. White, The Bolshevik Poster, 70, ilustracia: 4.6.
42. imavdroulad, qalis saxis cvlilebis Sesaxeb msjelobisTvis, ix. Tavi 2.
43. White, The Bolshevik Poster, 7.
44. plakatis qvemoT weria: „davicvaT iaponia amerikisa da inglisisgan“.
MR A12601. mxatvari ucnobia.
45. White, The Bolshevik Poster, 7-8.
46. Ibid., 8; S. Isakov, 1905 god v satire i karikature (Moscow, 1928); S. I. Mitskevich, Al'bom revoliutsionnoi
satiry 1905-1906 gg. (Moscow, 1930); V. V. Shleev, ed., Revoliutsiia 1905-1917 gg. i izobrazitel'noe iskusstvo,
4 vols. (Moscow, 1977-1989); B. A. Bialik, ed., Russkaia literatura: Zhurnalistika nachala XX veka: 1905-1907
gg. (Moscow, 1984); Russkaia satiricheskaia periodika 1905-1907 gg.: Svodnyi katalog (Moscow, 1980).
47. White, The Bolshevik Poster, 8. sxva mxatvrebi, romelTa namuSevrebic 1905-07 wlebis satir-
ul JurnalebSi ibeWdeboda, iyvnen: vladimir serovi, ilia repini, boris kustodievi, ivan
bilibini da aleqsei radakovi.

189
 48. magaliTad, ix. Jurnal „budilnikis“ mooriseuli garekani: Budil'nik: no. 5 (January 28, 1916), no.
11 (March 10, 1916), no. 24 (June 9, 1916), no. 25 (June 16, 1916).
49. magaliTad, ix. plakati „rogor icavda eSmaki baRCas“, romelzec warmodgenilia sxvadasxva
Zirxvena, romlebic mtrulad ganwyobili saxelmwifoebis Tavebidan amodis. RU/SU 371. es
idea mogvianebiT moorma sabWoTa plakatisTvis „sabWoTa Talgami“ gamoiyena, romelic 1920
wels gamovida. White, The Bolshevik Poster, 46, ilustracia: 3.8.
50. Denisov, Voina i lubok, 31-33; White, The Bolshevik Poster, 3-4.
51. „okna rostas“ Sesaxeb es mosazreba eyrdnoba Semdeg wyaros: White, The Bolshevik Poster, chap. 4; B.
Zemenkov, Udarnoe iskusstvo okon satiry (Moscow, 1930); V. Maiakovskii, „Proshu slova“, Ogonek, no. 1 (1930).
52. TsGALI, f. 1688, op. 1, ed. khr. 31, p. 10.
53. Zemenkov, Udarnoe iskusstvo, 42.
54. White, The Bolshevik Poster, 67.
55. petrogradis „okna rosta“ xSirad vertikalurad ikiTxeboda da ara horizontalurad.
56. RU/SU 525. plakati sakmaod didi, 50 000-iani tiraJiT gamovida.
57. White, The Bolshevik Poster, 7. rus mxatvrebze frangulma, inglisurma da amerikulma satirul-
ma Jurnalebmac moaxdina gavlena.
58. magaliTad, ix.: Théophile-Alexandre Steinlen (Turin, 1980), ilustracia: 173; Peter Dittmar, Stein-
len: Théophile Alexandre Steinlen, ein poetischer Realist in der Epoche des Jugendstils (Zurich, 1984), 99;
frank kupkas „Tavisufleba“ gamoqveynda: L'assiette au beurre (January 11, 1902), gadabeWdilia:
Donald Drew Egbert, Social Radicalism and the Arts: Western Europe (New York, 1970), suraTi: 39; Eric
Hobsbawm, „Man and Woman in Socialist Iconography“, History Workshop 6 (Autumn 1978), 122.
59. Shleev, Revoliutsiia 1905-1907 godov, 3: 90, illus. 91. 1907 wlis kidev sxva magaliTisTvis, ix.: ibid.,
ilustracia: 90.
60. Budil'nik 24 (June 9, 1916), garekani.
61. wignis D. N. Ushakov, ed., Tolkovyi slovar' russkogo iazyka (Moscow, 1935), 206, mixedviT, sityva „bur-
Jua“ gaCnda turgenevis teqstSi. wignSi citirebulia es pasaJi:
„yvelaze Zunwi moskovSi, erTi sityviT rom vTqvaT, burJuaa!“. „kapitalisti“ ufro oficial-
uri termini iyo da politikur xelovnebaSi mas xSirad iyenebdnen saqmiani adamianis aRsan-
iSnavad, romelic ruseTis sazRvrebs gareT moqmedebda, xolo „burJuaTi“ rus kapital-
istebs moixseniebdnen.
62. Tolstoi, ed., Agitatsionno-massovoe iskusstvo, Tablitsy, suraTi: 111.
63. kapitalistis/burJuas msgavsi saxe Seqmna maiakovskim Tavis piesaSi „misteria bufi“, ro-
melic 1918 wlis Semodgomaze daidga. aq kapitalists ganasaxierebda frangi da kostiumis
CanaxatebSi is sigariT iyo gamosaxuli. Von Geldern, Bolshevik Festivals, 69, suraTi: 7. aseve, ix.
naxatebi 1917-1918 wlis oqtombrisadmi miZRvnili albomidan: October 1917-1918. Heroes and
Victims, romelic 1918 wlis oqtomberSi maiakovskis teqstis TanxlebiT gamovida. Mikhail
Guerman, ed., Art of the October Revolution (New York, 1979), ilustracia: 103.
64. V. Okhochinskii, Plakat: Razvitie i primenenie, vol. 1 (Leningrad, 1927), 81.
65. KP p1.XIV.1./kapital. Butnik-Siverskii, Sovetskii plakat, no. 237-is Tanaxmad, plakatis original te-
qstSi ase ikiTxeboda: „RmerTi — kapitali“, magram Semdeg Secvales.
66. Richard Stites, Revolutionary Dreams: Utopian Vision and Experimental Life in the Russian Revolution (New
York and Oxford, 1989), 94. Guerman, ed., Art of the October Revolution, 28, ilustracia: 38.
67. RU/SU 525; RU/SU 28. „manifesti“ 50 000-iani tiraJiT gamovida; „saflavze“ gamoica 20 000-iani
tiraJiT. Butnik-Siverskii, Sovetskii plakat, nos. 1357, 1412.
68. White, The Bolshevik Poster, 98, ilustracia: 5.17.
190
69. RU/SU 520. Butnik-Siverskii, Sovetskii plakat, no. 1853. ix. am plakatze uaiTiseuli komentarebi: The
Bolshevik Poster, 44, ilustracia: 3.4.
70. Polonskii, Russkii revoliutsionnyi plakat, 93-94.
71. KP p1.XIV.1./kapital; IWM pst/6279. plakati pirvelad 52 800-iani tiraJiT gamoica da Semdeg —
50 000-ianiT. Butnik-Siverskii, Sovetskii plakat, no. 242. plakatze datanilia demian bednis leqsi.
72. RU/SU 63; IWM pst/6278.
73. Butnik-Siverskii, Sovetskii plakat, 55. iTvleba, rom lubokis stilis saxelganTqmuli plakati
petre dids da staroverebTan mis konfliqts exmaureba. wlebis manZilze, araerTi versia
Seiqmna. erT-erTi maTgani warmodgenilia wignSi: Lubok: Russkie narodnye kartinki xvii-xviii vv.
(Moscow, 1968), 31.
74. Peter Kenez, The Birth of the Propaganda State: Soviet Methods of Mass Mobilization, 1917-1929 (Cambridge,
England, and London, 1985), 113.
75. Kenez, Birth of the Propaganda State, 63-65.
76. rusuli realisturi stilis magaliTisTvis, ix. uaiTis wignSi plakati „bolSevikebis uRir-
soba eklesiaSi“, romelzec warmodgenili arian bolSevikebi, romlebic taZris interiers
Slian. gamocemis TariRi da avtoris vinaoba ucnobia. RU/SU 9.
77. Polonskii, Russkii revoliutsionnyi plakat, 75.
78. fransua-qsavie kokeni am mosazrebas gamoTqvams naSromSi: „Une source méconnue: Les affiches
contre-révolutionnaires (1918-1920)“, krebulSi: Russie-URSS, 1914-1991: Changements de regards, ed.
Wladimir Berelowitch and Laurent Gervereau (Paris, 1991), 57.
79. RU/SU 1042. gamoqveynebis TariRi da avtoris vinaoba ucnobia.
80. wiTeli feris am mniSvnelobiT gamoyenebis SemTxvevas vxvdebiT TeTrebis mier warmoebul
plakatze, sadac gamosaxulia komunizmis borotebis aRmniSvneli jojoxeTis cecxliT garSe-
mortymuli wiTeli eSmaki. RU/SU 1782. mxatvris saxeli da gamoqveynebis TariRi ucnobia.
81. RU/SU 1507. gamocemis TariRi da avtoris vinaoba ucnobia.
82. RU/SU 680. 1918 an 1919 wels gamoqveynda. avtori ucnobia.
83. plakats aweria: „fermkrTal tuCebze kocnis Semdeg, iudas SviliSvili guSagebs kidev
erTxel gzavnis golgoTas mTaze qristes jvarze sacmelad. imedia, male gaTendeba. iyuCe,
o, gulo, me mwams da vloculob! aRdgomis mZime kviris Semdeg, RmerTi da masTan erTad
ruseTic aRdgeba!“. RU/SU 898. plakatis avtoris saxeli da gamoSvebis TariRi ucnobia.
84. Kenez, Birth of the Propaganda State, 65.
85. IWM pst/4906. plakati gamouSva gamomcemloba „narodnaia kartinam“. mxatvris inicialebia: d.s.
86. IWM pst/6269.
87. IWM pst/4905. plakati donis rostovSi gamovida.
88. Fitzpatrick, „The Problem of Class Identity“, 18-19; Sheila Fitzpatrick, The Cultural Front: Power and Cul-
ture in Prerevolutionary Russia (Ithaca, 1992), 115-148. nepmenebis fundamenturi SeswavlisTvis, ix.
Ball, Russia's Last Capitalists. „Saxtis saqmis“ procesSi, romelic 1928 wels, donbasSi gaimarTa,
CarTuli iyo ormocdacameti inJineri, romelTac danadgarebis dazianeba da warmoebis
Seferxeba braldebodaT, Tan maT kavSiri hqondaT qvanaxSiris maRaroebis yofil mflo-
belebTan.
89. Fitzpatrick, The Cultural Front, 125.
90. 1918 wlidan, liSencebis Svilebi uuflebobiT sargeblobdnen saSualo da umaRlesi ganaT-
lebis TvalsazrisiT. 1928 wlis Semodgomidan 1935 wlis dekembramde, maT ekrZalebodaT
umaRles saswavlo dawesebulebebsa da tenikumebSi Sesvla. Kimerling, „Civil Rights and Social
Policy“, 26-27.
191
 91. Fitzpatrick, „The Problem of Class Identity“, 27.
92. es sityva parazitsac niSnavs.
93. 1927 wels deniseuli plakatis „mavnebeli buzebi“ Canaxatze gamosaxulia kulaki, mRvdeli
da maRaziis mepatrone, buzebis saxiT, romlebic mifrinaven karisken, warweriT: „sabWoe-
Ti“. gaurkvevelia, daibeWda Tu ara plakatis saxiT. TsGALI f. 2007 op. 1, ed. khr. 8, p. 1.
94. magaliTad, 1929 wlis plakatze „Cveni qarxnebi! Zirs Zarcva! davdgeT Cveni qarxnebis sada-
rajoze!“ naCvenebia SavebSi gamowyobili kaci, romelic Tavis pijakSi danadgaris detals
malavs. KP p3.V.7/zavody. plakati 15 000-iani tiraJiT gamovida. mxatvari ucnobia. 1929 wels
Seqmnili erTi plakati „datoveT kulakebis da mimTviseblebis saarCevno organoebi“, rom-
lis 25 000 egzemplari gamovida, warmogvidgens mwvane kulakebs da mimTviseblebs. KP p3.XIII.g.
95. im plakatebidan, romlebSic am TemasTan dakavSirebiT gamoyenebulia „Cven/isini“ formati,
sagulisxmoa „ibrZole kerZo movaWreTa winaaRmdeg. gaamyare kooperacia“, 1927. KP p3.XIII.g/
boris'. odnav gansxvavebuli versia gamoqveynda 1928 wels, imave saxelwodebiT (25 000 egzem-
plari). KP p3.XIII.g.
96. KP p3.XIII.g. plakati 25 000-iani tiraJiT gamovida.
97. satiruli xerxebis Sesaxeb, ix.: Sophie Coeure, „Le dessin satirique soviétique“. Russie—URSS, ed. Ber-
elowitch and Gervereau, 121-122.
98. Kimerling, „Civil Rights and Social Policy“, 27.
99. egreT wodebuli memarjvene opozicia Sedgeboda nikolai buxarinisa da axali ekonomiku-
ri politikis mxardamWerebisgan.
100. Bernard Lafite, „Soviet 'Literary Policy' on the Eve of the 'Great Turning Point': Terms and Stakes (Results of
a Study of 403 Articles on Art Published in Pravda in 1929)“, Sociocriticism 2, no. 1 (1986), 186-193.
101. ix.: Tolstoi, ed., Agitatsionno-massovoe iskusstvo, Tablitsy, suraTebi: 259, 263, 265-279, 286-290. 1929
wlis noembris zeimze moskovSi gamoitanes qaRaldis gvelic. aseve, ix.: Paris-Moscou 1900-
1930 (Paris, 1979), 338.
102. germaneli social-demokratebi ar unda agverios rus social-demokratebSi. pirvelebi
germaneli komunistebis mowinaaRmdegeebi iyvnen da gacilebiT ufro reformistul poli-
tikas atarebdnen, vidre es revolucioneri komunistebisTvis iyo misaRebi. sadResaswau-
lo eqsponatSi, 1930 wlis pirvel maiss, leningradSi, warmodgenili iyo patara, ZaRliv-
iT kbilebdakreWili faSistis da Zalian didi, axali tipis muSis figurebi. es ukanaskneli
ukve aRar iyo mWedeli. Tolstoy, Bibilova, and Cooke, eds., Street Art of the Revolution, suraTi: 183.
103. am terminiT moixseniebdnen memarjvene opozicias, anu nepis mxardamWerebs, rogorebic
iyvnen buxarini da misi momxreebi, romlebic 1928 wlidan diskreditebulad gamoacxades.
104. Tolstoi, ed., Agitatsionno-massovoe iskusstvo, Tablisty, suraTi: 300; Tolstoy, Bibilova, and Cooke, eds.,
Street Art of the Revolution, suraTi: 185.
105. RU/SU 1072.
106. Robert C. Tucker, Stalin in Power: The Revolution from Above, 1928-1941 (New York, 1990), 93.
107. ix.: Tavi 1.
108. magaliTad, 1936 wlis ianvarSi, Semdegma mxatvrebma Seitanes ganacxadebi plakatis „1 mai-
si“ eskizze: moori, deni, deineka, efimovi, karaCencovi, klucisi, keili da ToiZe. TsGALI, f.
652, op. 1, ed. khr. 24.
109. Lars Erik Blomqvist, „Introduction“, krebulSi: Symbols of Power: The Esthetics of Political Legitimation
in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, ed. Claes Arvidsson and Lars Erik Blomqvist (Stockholm, 1987), 13.
110. 1930-iani wlebis dasawyisSi gmirebiT dainteresebis Sesaxeb, ix. Tavi 1.
111. cneba „social-faSistebs“ iyenebdnen germaneli social-demokratebis mimarT.

192
112. Kimerling, „Civil Rights and Social Policy“, 26.
113. Produktsiia izo-iskusstv 6 (1933), 15.
114. RU/SU 640.
115. RU/SU 1859A.
116. Tolstoi, ed., Agitatsionno-massovoe iskusstvo, Tablisty, suraTi: 299; Tolstoy, Bibilova, and Cooke, eds.,
Street Art of the Revolution, suraTi: 186.
117. RU/SU 2291.
118. RU/SU 1934. plakati 40 000-iani tiraJiT gamovida.
119. plakatis reproduqcia dabeWdilia: G. L. Demosfenova, A. Nurok, and N. I. Shantyko, Sovetskii
politicheskii plakat (Moscow, 1962), 308.
120. Tolstoi, ed., Agitatsionno-massovoe iskusstvo, Tablisty, suraTebi: 317, 331, 337; Tolstoy, Bibilova, and
Cooke, eds., Street Art of the Revolution, suraTebi: 203, 206. am figurebidan erT-erTi dmitri
moorma Seqmna.
121. Produktsiia izo-iskusstv 5 (1933), 2. plakatis saTauri stalinis citirebaa. is 25 000-iani tira-
JiT gamovida.
122. Plakat i khudozhestvennaia reproduktsiia 1 (1934), 4.
123. plakatebis analitikosma a. zaicovma SeniSna, rom Tuki kulakis daZvelebuli saxe adami-
anebisTvis „damabneveli“ iqneboda klasobriv brZolaSi, mTel pasuxismgeblobas sakuTar
Tavze iRebda mxatvari, romelic tipaJs qmnida; aseve redaqtori da gamomcemeli. Ibid., 5.
124. Boris Groys, „The Birth of Socialist Realism from the Spirit of the Avant-Garde“, wignidan: The Culture of
the Stalin Period, ed. Hans Günther (New York, 1990), 141.
125. KP P4.XVI.2.g/brak. plakati 20 000-iani tiraJiT daibeWda. am plakatis reproduqcia gamo-
qveynebulia: Demosfenova, Nurok, and Shantyko, Sovetskii politicheskii plakat, 299. korSunovi plaka-
tis mxatvrebis brigadis wevri iyo, romelic manamde axrr-s stambaSi muSaobda da Semdeg
„izogizSi“ gadavida. Groys, „Birth of Socialist Realism“, 99.
126. Produktsiia izo-iskusstv 8 (1933), 6.
127. Za proletarskoe iskusstvo 2 (February 1931), 12.
128. Produktsiia izo-iskusstv 8 (1933), 6.
129. Ibid. 2 (1933), 2.
130. RU/SU 1434.
131. n. Santikos dakvirvebiT, ferTa simbolika da mTavari personaJis gamosaxvis forma Sav
yvavTan igiveobis xazgasmas iTvaliswinebda da „erTmniSvnelovan ideologiur-simbolur
aqcents qmnida“. Demosfenova, Nurok, and Shantyko, Sovetskii politicheskii plakat, 98.
132. Produktsiia izo-iskusstv 8 (1933), 7.
133. Ibid. 8 (1933), 6. plakati 40 000-iani tiraJiT gamoica. sxva plakatidan, romelzec klaso-
brivi mteri mRrRnelis saxiTaa gamoyvanili, ix. viqtor govorkovis mier 1933 wels Seqm-
nili plakati „kolmeurnev, daicavi Seni mindvrebi klasobrivi mtrebisgan — qurdebis da
usaqmurebisgan, romlebic socialistur mosavals Zarcvaven“. Demosfenova, Nurok, and Shan-
tyko, Sovetskii politicheskii plakat, 297.
134. qoTao gadamdebi infeqciuri daavadeba da gansakuTrebiT gamanadgureblad moqmedebs
cxenebze, virebze da sxva cxovelebze. misi gamomwvevia baqteria. misiT adamianic avadde-
ba. plakati gadmocemda ideas, rom profesori anadgurebda kolmeurneobas msxvilfexa
saqonelze qoTaos gavrcelebis gziT. plakati 50 000-iani tiraJiT gamoqveynda. Produktsiia
izo-iskusstv 8 (1933), 6.

193
 135. White, The Bolshevik Poster, 46, ilustracia: 3.8. mooris plakatze mtrebi eqaCebian wiTelarm-
iel-Talgams.
136. Kenez, Cinema and Soviet Society, 158, 164.
137. pavlik morozovis miTis Sesaxeb, ix.: lurii Druzhnikov, Voznesenie Pavlika Morozova (London, 1988).
138. keneSi aRniSnavs, rom 1940 wels Sida mteri qreba filmebidan da mas gareSe mteri anacv-
lebs. Kenez, Cinema and Soviet Society, 165.
139. kukriniqsebis mier 1934 wels Seqmnili plakati „burJuazia asulelebs masas, nacionaluri
omis Zveli ideologiiT faraven imperialistur Zarcvas“. is 50 000-iani tiraJiT gamovida.
Plakat i khudozhestvennaia reproduktsiia 9 (1934), 13. sxva plakatze, romelic 1935 wels gamovida,
warmodgenilia faSisti gareuli mxecis TaviT, romelic utevs ruseTs.
IMW pst/0/69. mxatvari ucnobia. 1936 wels a. keli qmnis plakats „gavanadguroT qvewarmavali!“,
romelzec warmodgenilia mamakaci, romelic axrCobs gvels. Demosfenova, Nurok, and Shan-
tyko, Sovetskii politicheskii plakat, 326.
140. Demosfenova, Nurok, and Shantyko, Sovetskii politicheskii plakat, 322.
141. RU/SU 671.
142. White, The Bolshevik Poster, 102, ilustracia: 5.23.
143. RU/SU 645. mxatvari ucnobia. plakatze gamosaxuli xeli frang lider puankares ekuTvnis
da mas aweria „mZarcvelebi“. maxvilis nacvlad, aq xels kveTs namgali da uro.
144. pavel sokolov-skalia, „meomaro, nu Sedrkebi“, 1942, V/A E2787, 1962 (mgeli); kukriniqsebi,
„ze-pirutyvoba“, 1941, V/A E2790-1962 (Zroxa); RU/SU2129; RU/SU 2139 (lomi); v. klimaSini da
n. Jukovi, „dascxe germanel mxecebs!“ 1943, RU/SU 2128 (vefxvi); Sovetskie mastera satiry (Mos-
cow-Leningrad, 1946), 7 (Rori), 14 (yvavi), 128 (virTxa), 42 (knuti), 45, 57, 88 (ZaRli), 76 (cxeni);
Demosfenova, Nurok, and Shantyko, Sovetskii politicheskii plakat, 363 (viri), 131 (taxi), 170 (maimuni an
gorila); G. L. Demosfenova, Sovetskie plakatisty—fronty (Moscow, 1985), 93 (kiborCxala), 101, 326
(gveli); IWM pst/6408; KP p7.E.I.02/razdavim (gveli).
145. KP 7 E.I.02./smert'.
146. magaliTad, ix.: RU/SU 144, RU/SU 175, RU/SU 331.
147. „moqalaqeebo, fxizlad daicaviT telegrafi da telefoni faSisti diversantebisgan!“
70,000. KP p7.3.I.02/grazhdane.
148. l.v. vandiSevi, „movagvaroT. davexmaroT k.a.-s jaSuSebis da diversantebis gamoWeraSi“,
10,000. KP p7.3.I.02/organizuem.
149. Demosfenova, Nurok, and Shantyko, Sovetskii politicheskii plakat, 354.
150. magaliTad, ix. mooris plakati „rogor icavda eSmaki baRCas“. RU/SU 371.
151. ix. denis da kukriniqsebis plakatebi: Sovetskie mastera satiry, 4-5, 41, 73, 74, 93.
152. magaliTebisTvis, ix.: Demosfenova, Nurok, and Shantyko, Sovetskii politicheskii plakat, 361-363.
153. RU/SU 2177; V/A E 2788-1962; plakatis naxva, aseve, SesaZlebelia ruseTis saxelmwifo bib-
lioTekis plakatebis koleqciaSi, no. 9876-84. plakati 30 000-iani tiraJiT gamovida da masze
datanilia i. utkinis leqsi.
154. ix. denis plakati „wiTeli armiis cocxi uwmindurebisgan sruliad wmends“ gamocemaSi:
Sovetskie mastera satiry, 11, da Soviet Political Poster, 101. aseve, ix. efimovis plakati „frTxilad,
hitleria!“, gamocemaSi: Sovetskie mastera satiry, 129; denis „wiTeli armiis cocxli uwmin-
durebisgan sruliad wmends“, 1945 (pirvelisgan gansxvavebuli versia), wignSi: Demosfenova,
Sovetskie plakatisty, 190.
155. RU/SU 541.

194
156. KP p7.EV02/Stalingrad; V/A E 2789-1962. plakatis 50 000 egzemplari gamovida.
157. II msoflio omisdroindeli plakatebis Sesaxeb msjelobisTvis, ix. Tavi 6.
158. amgvari plakatebis araerTi magaliTi arsebobs, rogoricaa „miiReT STagoneba am omidan“,
romlis avtoria piotr aliakrinski. is 1942 wels, 600 000-iani tiraJiT gamovida. plakatze
CamoTvlili da ilustrirebulia warsulis gmirebi: aleqsandre neveli, dmitri doneli,
kuzma minini da sxvebi. IWM PST/0179. ix., aseve: RU/SU 2145 da RU/SU 2198.

Tavi meeqvse
1. RU/SU 2225.
2. axalgazrda pioneri iyo masobrivi komunisturi organizaciis wevri, romelSic erTiande-
bodnen bavSvebi cxridan TxuTmet wlamde.
3. Victor Terras, ed., Handbook of Russian Literature (New Haven, 1985), 296. citata moxmobilia nekraso-
vis epikuri poemidan „vin cxovrobs ruseTSi kargad“.
4. namuSevarze, romelic 1870-73 wlebSi dasrulda, gamosaxulia Zveli reJimis warmomadgen-
lebi: brZeni filosofosi, yofili mRvdeli, mezRvauri Tu jariskaci, yalmuxi, berZeni,
axalgazrda da moxuci kaci.
Elizabeth Kridl Valkenier, ed., The Wanderers: Masters of Nineteenth-Century Russian Painting (Dallas,
1990), 33-34.
5. Jamey Gambrell, „The Wonder of the Soviet World“, New York Review of Books 61, no. 21 (January 22, 1994), 31.
6. Grigorii Freidin, „Dve shineli, ili anekdot s borodoi: K voprosu o 'kul'ture' i 'subkul'turakh' v Rossii,“ Znamia
10 (October 1992), 223-224.
7. RU/SU 2136.
8. Vera Sandomirsky Dunham, In Stalin's Time: Middleclass Values in Soviet Fiction (Cambridge, England, and
New York, 1976), 13, 17.
9. MR A 46035. plakati 105 000-iani tiraJiT gamovida.
10. magaliTad, ix.: ilustracia 6.7. qeraTmiani glexi qali marTavs kombains boris semanovis
plakatze „uxvi mosavlisTvis brZola — mSvidobisTvis brZolaa“, 1952 (5 000 egzemplari).
KP p9.3.v.02.6/Bor'ba.
11. MR A53762; KP p9.3.IV.01.2-03/aktivnost'. 100 000-iani tiraJiT gamovida.
12. „The German Ideology“, wignSi: Karl Marx: Selected Writings, ed. David McLellan (Oxford, 1977), 169. mad-
lobas vuxdi grigori freidins am aluziis SemoTavazebis gamo.
13. RU/SU 2223.
14. plakati frTxilad avlens leninisadmi stalinis damokidebulebas: stalinis wigni lenin-
is naSromis Tavzea moqceuli. frizze gamosaxul istoriul scenaSi lenini stalinis da
sxva bolSevikebis zemoTaa moqceuli.
15. samosis Sesaxeb, ix.: Dunham, In Stalin's Time, Tavi 3.
16. plakati „CvenTan, TqvenTan“, romlis avtorebic arian mxatvrebi buevi da iordanski, 50 000-
iani tiraJiT gamovida. demian bednis leqsi warmodgenilia am plakatze, romelic lubokis
stilSia gadawyvetili, principiT „Cven/isini“ da kapitalizmis damTrgunveli cxovrebis
dapirispirebiT, naCvenebia kontrasti. RU/SU 1830.
17. „sabWoTa vaWroba Cveni mSobliuri, bolSevikuri saqmea“ (1937, 35 000 egzemplari). RU/SU 2298.
18. zogierTi nimuSi: viqtor korecki da v. griceviCi, „demokratiis da socializmis Zale-
bi daumarcxebelia!“ (1949, 300 000 egzemplari), KP p8.B.VIII/sily demokratii; viqtor ivanovi,
„sabWoTa radio erTgulad emsaxureba mSvidobis saqmes!“ (1950), RU/SU 2221; viqtor ivanovi,
„gilocavT, amxanagebo!“ (1950, 100 000 egzemplari), KP p8.B.VI/s prazdnikom; vasili suriani-

195
 novi, „farTod gavavrceloT novatorebis gamocdileba!“ (1953, 100 000 egzemplari), KP
p9.3.IV.01.2/shire.
19. nina vatolina, „yvela patiosani adamiani gverdiT dagvidges!“ (1952, 300 000 egzemplari). KP
p9.3.IV.01.2.03/aktivnost'.
20. Dunham, In Stalin's Time, 22, 50.
21. plakati „cxovrebac saamuria da kargadac vcxovrobT“, romelzec gamosaxulia kargad Cac-
muli qali, mokled SeWrili, qera TmiT, romelsac wiTeli pijaki acvia. a.g. mosinis plakati
donis rostovSi gamovida 10 000-iani tiraJiT. KP p9.D.I.01/i zhizn'.
22. magaliTad, ix. galina Subinas „swrafad aRvadginoT sofeli“ (1946), KP p8.zh; i. krupski da
n. rodini, „bolSevikuri mosavali SevagrovoT droulad da danakargebis gareSe!“ (kievi,
1951), KP p9.3.V.02.8/bol'shevistskii; nina vatolina, „SesaniSnavad moviyvaneT — danakargebis
gareSe SevagrovoT!“ (1951), KP p9.3.V.02.8/vyrastili. 1946 wels viqtor ivanovis mier Seqmnil
plakatze „uxvi mosavlisTvis!“ gamosaxulia glexi qali, romelic mindorSi dgas da Tav-
Tavebis didi Sekvra uWiravs. mas qarvis samkaulebi ukeTia da moqarguli bluza acvia. ix.:
Viktor Semenovich Ivanov (Moscow, 1988), 35.
23. boris berezovski, „arCevnebis dRe — sayovelTao dResaswaulia!“ (1950), MR A53757.
24. plakatis danarCen teqstSi naTqvamia: „araferia Senze naTeli da mSvenieri, Cveno wiTelo
gazafxulo.“ KP p8.5.VI(1946)/pogliadi. plakati 200 000-iani tiraJiT gamovida. musikaSi folk-
loruli motivebis aRorZinebisTvis, ix.: Richard Stites, Russian Popular Culture (Cambridge, En-
gland, 1992), 117.
25. KP p9.zh/komu.
26. KP p8.zh/s novosel'em! govorkoviseuli am plakatis ori versia vipovne. pirveli daibeWda
moskovSi da iqve gavrcelda. meore — leningradSi, romelic ramdenime detaliT gansxva-
vdeba. qal personaJs odnav gansxvavebuli saxe aqvs, magram igive gamometyveleba; mas swor-
sayeloiani wiTeli kaba acvia da SuaSi broSi ukeTia.
27. maT, visac kargi mexsiereba hqondaT, SeiZleba mimzidveli qalis gamosaxulebas qalebis
is saxeebi moegonebina, romlebic revoluciamdel, 1920-iani wlebis sareklamo plakatebsa
Tu kinoafiSebze Cndeboda. ix.: N. I. Baburina, Russkii plakat: Vtoraia polovina XIX—nachalo XX veka
(Leningrad, 1988).
28. namuSevari gaanalizebulia naSromSi: Svetlana Boym, „Everyday Culture“, wignidan: Russian Culture
at the Crossroads: Paradoxes of Postcommunist Consciousness, ed. Dmitri N. Shalin (Boulder, 1996); JØrn
Guldberg, „Socialist Realism as Institutional Practice: Observations on the Interpretation of the Works of Art
of the Stalin Period“, wignidan: The Culture of the Stalin Period, ed. Hans Günther (New York, 1990), 167-
170.
29. Gambrell, „The Wonder of the Seviet World“, 32. warmodgenili mosazreba didwilad momdinare-
obs gambrelis essedan da avtoris piradi dakvirvebebidan da fotoebidan, 1988 wels ve-
deenxa-Si vizitis Semdeg.
30. stalinis qandakebis dadgmis gegma daiviwyes 1953 wels stalinis sikvdilis Semdeg.
31. Peter Kenez, Cinema and Soviet Society 1917-1953 (Cambridge, England, 1992), 201.
32. Taline Ter Minassian, „L'affiche stalinienne: Du photomontage productiviste aux appels patriotiques“, wignSi:
Russie—URSS, 1914-1991: Changements de regards, ed. Wladimir Berelowitch and Laurent Gervereau (Paris,
1991), 136.
33. RU/SU 2156; KP p7.A.IV.02.B.
34. ix. Tavi 4.
35. KP p7.A.IV.01/V radostnyi.

196
36. magaliTisTvis, ix. aleqsei kokorekinis „SeejibreT erTmaneTs frontisadmi saukeTeso
daxmarebaSi!“ (1942, 50 000 egzemplari). plakatze gamosaxulia axalgazrda, sufTad gapar-
suli qeraTmiani muSa, romelsac zemoT aqvs aweuli wiTeli droSa stalinis sam-meoTxedi-
ani profiliT (wina mxares) da oqrosfer wreSi moTavsebuli leniniT. IWM PST/0185.
37. The Soviet Political Poster (Middlesex, 1985), 100.
38. Semdegi mosazreba momdinareobs: Kenez, Cinema and Soviet Society, 228-235.
39. RU/SU 2237.
40. ix., magaliTad, voloSinis „leninis droSiT — win, gamarjvebisken!“, romelzec warmodge-
nilia leninis msxvilmasStabiani portreti. masze lenini Soreul sivrces gascqeris, xolo
qvemoT Cans xiStebiT SeiaraRebul jariskacTa rigebi. MR A50664.
41. magaliTad, ix. kokorekinis „SeejibreT erTmaneTs frontisadmi saukeTeso daxmarebaSi!“,
sadac axalgazrda muSas droSa moaqvs, citirebulia zemoT, SeniSvna 36-Si.
42. KP p8.B.V (XXX).
43. es frazebi warmodgenili iyo Semdeg plakatebze: KP p9.A.IV.09 (1951); p8.A.IV.02 (1948);
p8.A.IV.01 (1947); P8.A.IV.01 (1946); p8.A.IV.05 (1946).
44. KP p9.A.IV.09/velikii. plakati xelmowerilia da 1949 wliT TariRdeba. versia, romelsac ar-
qivSi mivakvlie, 1952 wels iyo gamosuli, 300 000-iani tiraJiT, magram SeiZleba misi ufro
adreuli versiebic arsebobdes.
45. ix. guldbergis msjeloba: „Socialist Realism as Institutional Practice“, 173.
46. RU/SU 2136.
47. RU/SU 2145. plakatze TariRi miTiTebuli ar aris da am versiaSi inglisuri qvesaTauriTaa
warmodgenili.
48. RU/SU 2082.
49. plakati 1946 wels gamovida, 300 000-iani tiraJiT. RU/SU 2161. is gamoqveynebulia wignSi: The
Soviet Political Poster, 106.
50. Viktor Semenovich Ivanov, ilustracia: 30.
51. viqtor ivanovi, „gilocavT, amxanagebo!“, citirebulia zemoT, SeniSvna 18-Si. sityvebi war-
modgenilia wiTel droSaze, simpaTiuri axalgazrda, qeraTmiani mamakacis ukan, romelic
TeTr perangsa da halstuxSia gamowyobili.
52. sabWoTa propagandaSi rusi eris sagangebo statusze miuTiTebs iseTi frazebi, rogorebi-
caa: „mowinave nacia“, „pirveli TanasworTa Soris“, „ufrosi Zma“ da „ssrk-Si yvelaze gamor-
Ceuli nacia, yvela sxva naciaTa Soris“. Roy Medvedev, Let History Judge: The Origins and Conse-
quences of Stalinism (New York, 1989), 803.
53. KP p8.I.iv.01v/trudis'.
54. Leonid Ouspensky and Vladimir Lossky, The Meaning of Icons (Crestwood, New York, 1983), 40.
55. Dunham, In Stalin's Time, 45.
56. plakati 1950 wels, 200 000-iani tiraJiT gamovida. KP p9.A.IV.07/spasibo.
57. avtori viqtor ivanovia da plakati 1948 wels gamoqveynda. KP p8.I.iv.01v/ty. aseve, ix. nina
vatolinas „SesaniSnavad moviyvaneT — SevagrovoT danakargebis gareSe“, romelic Zveli
kolmeurneebis da axalgazrda muSebis Temas imeorebs. am SemTxvevaSi warmodgenilia sim-
paTiuri axalgazrda mamakaci (1951, 50 000 egzemplari). KP p9.3.02.8/vyrastili.
58. gmirebis Sesaxeb msjelobasTan dakavSirebiT, ix. Tavi 1.
59. viqtor koreckis „Cven viTxovT mSvidobas!“ (1950), KP p8.b.ix/my trebuem; lev samoilovis
„SevTanxmdiT!“ (riga, 1952), KP p9.zh/po.

197
 60. magaliTad, ix. nina vatolinas „faSizmi qalebis dauZinebeli mteria“, 1941; fiodor antono-
vis „Cemo Svilo!“, 1942; veniamin pinCukis „qalebi leninis qalaqidan!“, 1943; vladimir sero-
vis „Cven gamoviareT leningradi“, 1944. Demosfenova, Nurok, and Shantyko, Sovetskii politicheskii
plakat, 342, 351, 364, 377.
61. magaliTad, ix. iosif serebrianis „magrad dahkar, Svilo!“, 1941; tatiana ieriominas
„traqtors gogonebi gabedulad miusxdebian“, 1941; viqtor ivanovis da olga burovas
„traqtori mindorSi igivea, rac tanki brZolaSi!“, 1942. Demosfenova, Nurok, and Shantyko,
Sovetskii politicheskii plakat, 336, 341; RU/SU 2159.
62. RU/SU 2108.
63. viqtor koreckis „wiTelarmielo, gvixseni!“, 1942; viqtor ivanovis da olga burovas
„wiTelarmielo! gabedulad da Seupovrad Seutie mters“, 1942; leonid golovanovis
„gauswordi faSist ZaRlebs“, 1942-1943; dementi Smarinovis „sikvdili sulTamxuTav fa-
Sistebs“, 1943-1944; fiodor antonovis „nu movaklebT zrunvas da siTbos barbarosi fa-
Sistebis mier datanjul bavSvebs!“, 1942. Demosfenova, Nurok, and Shantyko, Sovetskii politicheskii
plakat, 349, 357, 356, 353; IWM, pst 16534.
64. aseve, ix. fiodor antonovis „wiTelarmielo! Seyvarebuls nu Searcxven..“, 1942; viqtor iva-
novis „axloa samagieros zRvevis Jami“, 1944. Demosfenova, Nurok, and Shantyko, Sovetskii politich-
eskii plakat, 350, 354.
65. Richard Stites, Popular Culture, xxxx, 83.
66. Peter Kenez, „Black and White“, wignSi: Culture and Entertainment in Wartime Russia, ed. Richard Stites
(Bloomington and Indianapolis, 1995), 169.
67. am fenomenis mravlismomcveli analizisTvis, ix.: Rosalinde Sartorti, „On the Making of Heroes,
Heroines, and Saints“, wignSi: Culture and Entertainment, ed. Stites, 182-190.
68. KP p8.B.IX/prokliat'e. plakati gamoqveynda wignSi: Viktor Semenovich Ivanov (Moscow, 1988), ilus-
tracia: 68.
69. KP p8.I.IV.01v/ty.
70. nikolai tereSCenkos „gaumarjos xalxTa Soris mSvidobas!“ (1953, 500 000 egzemplari). KP
p9.zh/da zdravstvuet.
71. avtoria z. pravdina. plakati 100 000-iani tiraJiT gamovida. RU/SU 2222.
72. viqtor koreckis „mSvidobisTvis“ (1951). MR A53740. konstantin ivanovi da veniamin briskini
„SevaCeroT damnaSaveebi!“ (1952, 200 000 egzemplari). KP p9.3zh/ostanovit'.
73. dolgorukovis „pasuxad“ (1952, 300 000 egzemplari) warmogvidgens amerikel jariskacs sig-
ariT, romelsac xelSi uWiravs boTli, warweriT: „qolera“. mas wiTeli feris mexi ecema. KP
p9.zh/k otvetu.
74. lev samoilovis „SevTanxmdiT!“. es plakati ramdenime enaze gamovida, sabWoTa kavSiris
masStabiT. KP p9.zh/po.
75. boris Sirokoradis „pasuxad!“ (10 000 egzemplari). KP p9.zh/k otvetu.
76. Ceriomnixis mier Seqmnili erT-erTi plakati „amerikuli cxovrebis wesi“ damTvaliereb-
els amcnobda, rom aSS-Si, yovel ocdaor wamSi seriozuli danaSauli xdeboda (1949, 200 000
egzemplari). RU/SU 1969; MR A55223.
77. zogierT plakatSi orive Taviseburebis SeTavsebas cdilobdnen, rogoricaa, magaliT-
ad, kazimir agnitis „wminda ZRveni“ (kievi, 1952, 50 000 egzemplari). plakatze gamosaxulia
msuqani kapitalisti cilindriT. misi garegnoba zustad imeorebs damkvidrebul klaso-
briv niSnebs, mxolod erTi detalis gamoklebiT: mas grZeli cxviri aqvs. am axal saxes bev-
ri saerTo aqvs im gamosaxulebasTan, romelic 1930-iani wlebis dasawyisSi gamoCnda anonimi

198
 avtoris plakatSi „eqspluatatorebis klasis winaaRmdeg“ (ilustracia 5.12) da denisa da
dolgorukovis 1933 wlis plakatze „xuTwledis gegma“. KP p9/3h/sviati.
78. KP p9.zh/tsel'.
79. Medvedev, Let History Judge, 805-807. popkulturaze antisemitizmis gavlenis Sesaxeb msjeloba
warmodgenilia wignSi: Stites, Popular Culture, 118-119.
80. aseTi iyo dolgorukovis 1952 wlis plakati, warweriT: „pasuxad“, romelzec gamosaxulia
semituri garegnobis mqone uaryofiTi personaJi (ix. SeniSvna 73). analogiurad, virTxis
saxis mqone amerikel jariskacs Sirokoradis 1953 wlis plakatze semituri nakvTebi aqvs
(ix. SeniSvna 75).
81. Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb: boris efimovis da nikolai dolgorukovis „Tavisufleba ameri-
kulad“ (1950, 200 000 egzemplari). KP p8.3/svoboda po. ekonomikis dagegmvis Sesaxeb: mixail
Ceriomnixis „Cven safuZvels vuyriT cxovrebas! ori samyaro — ori gegma/isini anadgure-
ben sikvdils!“ (1949, 100 000 egzemplari). KP p8.3/dva mira. volga-donis arxis Sesaxeb: iuli
grafis „volga-doni avaSeneT! uol sTriTelebi gavanawyeneT“ (1952, 300 000 egzemplari). KP
p9.3h/Volgo. Sromis uflebis Sesaxeb: viqtor koreckis „kapitalistur qveynebSi — Sromis
uufleboba! socialistur qveynebSi — Sromis ufleba!“ (1948). KP p8.3/v stranakh kapitalizma.
musikosebis Sesaxeb: viqtor koreckis „kapitalistur qveynebSi — niWis xvedri“ (1949, 45 000
egzemplari). aq Sedarebuli arian mevioline aSS-dan da ssrk-dan. KP p8.3/v stranakh kapitaliz-
ma—doroga talanta.

199
 sarCevi

Sesavali .............................................................................................................................................. 8

Tavi pirveli
mSromelis ikonografia sabWoTa ............................................................................................. 22

Tavi meore
qalebis reprezentacia adreuli ............................................................................................. 44

Tavi mesame
glexi qalis saxeebi 1930-iani wlebis ...................................................................................... 62

Tavi meoTxe
meTauris ori sxeuli: beladis ikonografia ....................................................................... 81

Tavi mexuTe
bolSevikuri demonologia vizualur propagandaSi..................................................... 108

Tavi meeqvse
stalinisturi politikuri xelovnebis apoTeozi .......................................................... 138

literatura: ................................................................................................................................... 158

200