rCeuli Txzulebani

ocdaxuT tomad

Tanamedrove qarTuli literaturis klasikosis, rusTave­

lis premiis laureatis, revaz miSvelaZis Semoqmedeba karga­
xania msoflio literaturis organul nawilad iqca.
`saqarTvelos macne~ gamoscems prozis didostatis revaz
miSvelaZis rCeul TxzulebaTa ocdaxuTtomeuls.
mkiTxveli am tomebis wakiTxvisas advilad darwmundeba, rom
mwerlis Janrulad uaRresad mdidar nawerebSi Cans ara marto
saqarTvelos problemebi, aramed qarTuli sarkmlidan dana­
xuli msoflioc.

2013
saxelmZRvanelo, werilebi
tomi
XXV

gamomcemloba `saqarTvelos macne~

ISBN 978-9941-16-228-2 (ocdaxuTive tomi)
ISBN 978-9941-16-380-7 (XXV tomi)

redaqtori naTela Tuxareli

kompiuteruli
uzrunvelyofa mavra bancuri
ciala ZimistariSvili

 revaz miSvelaZe, rCeuli Txzulebani ocdaxuT tomad

 gamomcemloba `saqarTvelos macne~, Tbilisi, 2013

misamarTi: Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. #27

 revaz miSvelaZe

u axl esi
qarTuli literaturis
istoria

saqarTvelos ganaTlebis saministros mier damtkicebulia

saxelmZRvanelod umaRlesi saswavleblebis humanitaruli
fakultetebis studentebisaTvis (2. IV. 98 w.)

Tbilisi
2013

5
 gankuTvnilia saxelmZRvanelod saqarTvelos
yvela umaRlesi saswavleblisaTvis, sadac qar­Tu­
li literaturis istoria iswavleba.

6
 sagnis mizani da amocanebi

uaxlesi qarTuli literaturis istoria aris mecniere­

ba, romelic Seiswavlis Tanamedrove qarTul literatu­
ras. Tanamedrove qarTul literaturaSi meoce saukunis
qarTuli mwerloba igulisxmeba ZiriTadad, magram uaxlesi
qarTuli literaturis istoria imitom hqvia am sagans da
ar hqvia, ubralod, meoce saukunis qarTuli literaturis
istoria, anu Tanamedrove qarTuli literaturis istoria,
rom laparakia literaturis ara martooden qronologiur
CarCoebze, aramed Tvisebrivad axal mwerlobaze, swored
literaturuli siaxlis, Tvisebriobis gamo dahyo akademi­
kosma korneli kekeliZem mTeli qarTuli literaturis is­
to­ria sam nawilad: 1) Zveli qarTuli mwerloba, 2) axali
qarTuli mwerloba, 3) uaxlesi qarTuli mwerloba.
ra Tvisebrivi siaxleebiT gansxvavdeba uaxlesi qarTuli
mwerloba misi winamorbedi axali qarTuli mwerlobisagan?
mecxramete saukunis meore naxevris qarTuli mwerloba
kritikuli realizmis mwerloba iyo _ dawyebuli giorgi
erisTavidan, damTavrebuli samocianelTa SemoqmedebiT.
mwer­loba akritikebda arsebul sinamdviles da energiulad
ibrZoda saqarTvelos damoukideblobisa da Tavisuf­ le­
bisaTvis.
mecxramete saukunis oTxmociani wlebidan literatura­
Si Semovida axali Taoba daviT kldiaSvilis, egnate ninoSvi­
lis, vasil barnovis, Sio aragvispirelis da sxvaTa saxiT. am
Taobam Tan moitana Tvisebrivad axleburi literatura, rac,
upirveles yovlisa, qveynis bedisa da pirovnebisadmi Tavise­
bur damokidebulebaSi gamoixata. Tu kritikuli realizmi
ZiriTadad arsebuli sinamdvilis kritikiT kmayofildebo­
da, uaxlesi literaturis warmomadgenlebma scades qveynis
xsnisa da ganaxlebis gzebzec Taviseburad, samocianelTagan
ramdenadme gansxvavebulad dafiqrebuliyvnen.
7
 kerZod, egnate ninoSvilma scada saqarTvelos samomav­
lo gzebis garkvevaSi marqsistuli elementebic Seetana.
romanSi `janyi guriaSi~ egnate ninoSvilma mianiSna imaze,
rom saqarTvelo calkeuli amboxebiT an teroriT TviT­
mpyrobelobasTan veras gaxdeboda da saWiro iyo ruseTis
proletariatTan, xolo am gziT msoflio proletariatTan
gaerTianeba. muSas yvelgan erTnairad uWirs da saWiroa Ta­
visuflebisaTvis brZolis xanZari ruseTis imperiaSi da ev­
ropaSi yvelgan daenTos, raTa masaTa saerTo azvirTebaSi
saqarTvelom miaRwios Tavis sanukvar mizans. am debulebas,
marqsizmis kosmopolituri ideebidan wamoRebuls, katego­
riulad ewinaaRmdegeboda ilias razmi. ra saerTo gvaqvs
Cven ruseTis proletarTan? ruseTs arasodes ar eqneba
is interesebi, ruseTis koloniuri uRlis mgminav mcire
erebs rom gaaCniaT. ruseTis proletari me saqarTvelos ar
gaminTavisuflebs. saqarTvelos upirvelesi saqme ruseTis
TviTmpyrobelobisgan, imperiisgan saqarTvelos gamoxsnaa,
ruseTis proletariats ki erovnuli brZola sruliadac
ar sWirdeba, radganac ruseTi dapyrobili ar ariso _ am­
bobdnen qarTveli samocianelebi.
qarTul inteligenciaSi dawyebulma am ideologiurma
brZolam, rasakvirvelia, mxatvrul nawarmoebebSi iCina Tavi
da amitom vlaparakobT Cven uaxlesi qarTuli literaturis
istoriis dawyebaze swored mecxramete saukunis oTxmocian
wlebSi. garda amisa, Tvisebrivi siaxle gamoixata Janrul
sistemasa da personaJTa xatvis axleburi xerxebis gamo­
yenebaSi.
mecxramete saukunis oTxmociani wlebidan qarTul lite­
raturas Zalumad daubera evropuli, moduri skolebis
literaturulma siom. saqarTveloSi Cndeba simbolizmis,
futurizmis, imaJinizmis, impresionizmis, eqspresioniz­
mis da sxva literaturul skolaTa niSnebi da esec srul
uflebas gvaZlevs Tvisebrivad axali mwerlobis dasawyisze
vilaparakoT. ase rom, uaxlesi qarTuli literaturis is­
toria mxolod erTi mxriT aris SemozRuduli _ dasawyisiT.
es istoria grZeldeba. axla, roca meoce saukune ukve isto­

8
rias Cabarda, ZiriTadi konturebi uaxlesi mwerlobisa Cvens
winaSe naTlad Cans, magram SeiZleba axal, ocdameerTe sau­
kuneSi gamoCenilma romelime TviTmyofadma literaturul­
ma skolam literaturuli panorama ramdenadme Secvalos.
meoce saukunis ZiriTadi literaturuli mimarTule­
bebis, calkeuli mwerlebis monografiuli SeswavliT Cven
gavecnobiT uaxlesi qarTuli mwerlobis, rogorc Tviseb­
rivad axali literaturis istorias, rac erTxel kidev
dagvarwmunebs imaSi, rom meoce saukunis qarTuli mwerlo­
ba mravalsaukunovani qarTuli literaturis tradiciebis
gamgrZelebeli da Tanamedrove msoflio literaturis or­
ganuli nawilia.

9
 XX saukunis dasawyisi da mwerloba

meoce saukune msoflio istoriaSi Sevida, rogorc uaR­

resad rTuli socialur-politikuri movlenebis saukune.
mas xSirad paradoqsebis saukunesac uwodeben. es aris revo­
luciebis, samoqalaqo Tu msoflio omebis, msoflios xela­
xa­li gadanawilebis da RirebulebaTa gadafasebis urTulesi
saukune. am saukuneSi dedamiwam gadaitana ori globaluri
msoflio omi, rasac msofliosaTvis damangreveli Sedegi
da saxelmwifoTa sazRvrebis Secvla mohyva. am saukuneSive
adamianis sulis kanibalur gamovlenaTa paralelurad, didi
erebis mier mcire erTa dasja-dapyrobis, Suasaukunuri me­
kobreobis paralelurad, ganviTarda da arnaxul simaRle­
ebs miaRwia kulturam, mecnierebam. rodesac meoce sauku­
nis adamianis literaturuli iersaxis Seqmnis problemaze
laparakoben, filologi mecnierebi xSirad midian im das­
kvnamde, rom mezobeli mecxramete saukunis adamiani ufro
srulyofilad aisaxa msoflio literaturaSi, vidre meoce
saukunisa. amas mecnierebi orgvari mizeziT xsnian: 1) meoce
saukunis literaturis ganviTarebis barometrma mecxramete
saukunis maCvenebelTan SedarebiT dabla daiwia, TiTqosda,
meoce saukuneSi ar daibada arc erTi genialuri mwerali,
iseTi rogoric iyvnen: lev tolstoi, goeTe, Sileri, hiugo,
balzaki, dikensi, Tekerei, ilia WavWavaZe.
2) meore mizezad meoce saukunis adamiani rom srulad
ver daixata mwerlobaSi, imas asaxeleben, rom meoce sauku­
nis adamiani Tavisi fsiqiuri wyobiT da cxovrebis wesiTac
gacilebiT ufro rTulia, vidre mecxramete saukunis moqa­
laqe, adamiani garTulda imitom, rom cxovreba garTulda.
meoce saukunis moqalaqis kvleva, misi sulieri portretis
Seqmna tradiciuli literaturuli JanrebiT da meTodebiT
ver xerxdeba.
mainc ram Seuwyo xeli da riT gamoixateba meoce saukunis
adamianis rTuli da winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTi? upirveles
yovlisa, adamianis fsiqikaze totaluri istoriuli kata­
klizmebis zemoqmedebiT. kerZod, aTeuli saukuneebis gan­mav­
lobaSi adamianis sulis gakeTilSobileba-galamazebi­saTvis
10
gaisarja msoflios civilizacia. adamians egona, rom huma­
nizmisa da sikeTis principis damkvidrebisaTvis pomerosis,
dantes, rusTavelis da sxvaTa ruduneba adamianis sulis
sasikeTo formirebisaTvis sasurvel Sedegs gamoiRebda da
swored meoce saukuneSi, roca adamians win edo misi xeliT
da gonebiT Seqmnili msoflios Svidi saocreba, rodesac
saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi mohyveboda mas religia da xelovne­
ba, ara iqurdos, ara kac hklas, moyvasis siyvarulis ukvda­
vi principebiT, kidev erTxel gairkva, rom Turme, adamiani
meoce saukunisa mis arsebaSi Cabudebuli siavis masStabe­
biT didad rodi gansxvavdeba gamoqvabulis win mdgari Ta­
visi Soreuli winaprebisagan. meoce saukunis oTxma yvelaze
kulturulma erma (germanelebma, rusebma, ingliselebma da
amerikelebma) msoflios iseTi mexTatexa daatexa Tavs da
adamianTa masobrivi ganadgurebis iseTi saSualebebi Seqmna,
rom msoflio kidev didxans iqneba gaocebuli.
mecnierebis da teqnikis ganviTarebam winaaRmdegobrivi,
urTierTgamomricxavi, rebusuri, Zneladamosacnobi fe­ no­
meni Seqmna meoce saukunis moqalaqeTa gonebaSi. Cveni sa­
u­
kune WeSmaritad paradoqsebis saukunea. adamianis orga­
no­ebis gadanergvis operaciebs vatarebT da gripi ver
mog­virCenia. saocari naxtomi gaakeTa teqnikam oCofexebidan
TviTmfrinavamde, gamoqvabulidan caTambjenamde. kosmosis
dapyrobam adamiani, erTi mxriv, daarwmuna misi gonebis ar­
naxul SesaZleblobaSi, meore mxriv, mTvaris dapyrobis Sem­
deg raRac radikalurad Seicvala adamianis bunebaSi, raRac
Cakvda masSi. adamiani saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi umReroda
mTvares, Sescqeroda mas, rogorc oqrosfer ciur sxeuls
da rodesac amerikelebma mTvareze daadges fexi, msoflio­
saTvis erTbaSad gaxda cxadi, rom mTvare arc meti, arc nak­
lebi, usicocxlo grunti yofila. am faqtmac Tavisi danaS­
revi datova Cvens sulSi.
meoce saukunis msoflios kataklizmebma saukuneTa gan­
mavlobaSi uryev WeSmaritebad miCneuli zogierTi eTikur-
zneobrivi problemac sxva kuTxiT warmogviCina. ver ifiq­
rebdnen dante, rusTaveli an Seqspiri, Tu odesme, msoflio
sxva TvaliT Sexedavda siyvarulis, sikeTis, dedaSvilobis
11
prob­lemasac ki. Tu klasikosebi saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi
umRerodnen erT siyvaruls (monosiyvaruls) da TiT­qmis am
problemaze Seiqmna msoflios klasikuri mwerloba, meoce
saukunem Tavisi neorealizmiT, subieqturi idea­lizmiT, eg­
zistencializmiT Tu prustologiuri TeoriebiT gaaTavi­
sufla adamiani e.w. `erTi siyvarulis~ artaxebidan da daam­
tkica, rom siyvaruli imdenjer SeiZleba movides cxovrebaSi,
ramdenjerac adamians misi miReba SeuZlia. es ki erTgvari
axali cxovrebis dasawyisi iyo. aseve meoce saukunis adami­
ani gaTavisuflda saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi ganmtkicebuli
ojaxur-patriarqaluri warmodgenebisagan. ufro metad da­
sustda is Zafi, Svils rom mSoblis kalTasTan akavSirebda.
urbanizmma da mecnierul-teqnikurma revoluciam is moi­
tana, rom msoflios bevr qveyanaSi mSobeli Tavisi 16 wlis
Svilze yovelgvar pasuxismgeblobas ixsnis. swored meoce
saukunis bolos SemTxveviT biologiur erTobad miiCnevda
sisxliT naTesaobas zogi filosofosi, biologi, anTro­
pologi. am urTierTgamomricxavi dinebebis da motivebis
gamo meoce saukunis adamiani rTuli fenomenia.
literaturis ganviTarebis gzaze aranaklebi sirTule
Seqmna JanrTa daberebis problemamac. Cvens Tvalwin dauT­
mo poziciebi romans da TiTqmis modidan gavida klasikuri
literaturis umTavresi Janri _ epikuri poema. iSviaTze iS­
viaTad iwereba odebi, elegiebi, igav-arakebi da a. S.

12
 mecxramete saukunis dasasrulisa da meoce saukunis
dasawyisis saqarTvelos socialur-politikuri da
literaturuli viTareba

saqarTvelos istoriaSi mecxramete saukune gansa­

kuTrebuli iyo. gansakuTrebuli iyo igi im ubedurebebis
mas­
StabebiT, rac saqarTvelos daatyda Tavs am saukuneSi.
gareSe mterTagan dauZlurebuli saqarTvelo, jer gior­
gievskis traqtatiT Tavis frTebqveS Seityua orTavianma ar­
wivma, ruseTma, xolo Semdeg ruseTis cinizmi iqamde mivida,
rom megobruli misiiT mis kalTas Sefarebul saxelmwifo­
Si 1801 wels saqarTvelos samefo taxti, e. i. saqarTvelos
saxelmwifoebrioba da Semdeg qarTuli marTlmadidebluri
eklesiis avtokefalia gaauqma. es iseTi gaugonari siTavxede
gaxlavT, rom msgavsi boroteba saqarTvelos mimarT arc erT
mters ar Caudenia, miuxedavad imisa, rom Tavis Znelbedobis
manZilze saqarTvelos mtrebi ar aklda. saqarTvelos da­
moukidebloba, rogorc saxelmwifo, ise religiuri, manamde
arc dampyrobels, arc arabs, arc monRols, arc sparss ar
gauuqmebia. saqarTvelos saxelmwifos msoflio arenidan
waSlis am kanibalur aqts, sruliad bunebrivia, rom saqarT­
velo ver Seegueboda, amitomac mecxramete da meoce sau­
kuneebi erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli brZolis niSniT Cat­
arda. saqarTveloSi daiwyo ajanyebebis da SeTqmulebebis
seria 1804 wlis, 1912 wlis, 1832 wlis, 1841 wlis, 1905 wlis,
1917 wlis, 1990 wlis da a.S. carizmi saSineli despotizmiT
da tlanqi meTodebiT spobda saqarTvelos erovnul TviT­
myofadobas, iqamdec ki, rom man qarTul skolebSi qarTuli
ena gaauqma da ara marto skolaSi, saerTod amoiRo qar­
Tuli ena xmarebidan da saxelmwifo enad rusuli ena Se­
moiRo. erTaderTi qarTuli gazeTi _ `Tbilisis uwyebani~,
jer rusul enaze gamodioda (`Тифлисские ведомости~) da mere
qarTulad iTargmneboda. saqarTvelos erovnul-ganmaTavi­
suflebeli moZraobis medroSeni mecxramete saukunis mTel
manZilze rekavdnen zarebs saqarTvelos gasaRviZeblad da
erSi carizmisadmi protestis grZnobas aRvivebdnen. saqa­

13
rTveloSi erovnuli cnobierebis damkvidrebas da patrio­
tuli moZraobis farTod gaSlas mecxramete saukuneSi
gansakuTrebuli SeupovrobiT emsaxurebodnen solomon
dodaSvili, aleqsandre orbeliani, giorgi erisTavi, ilia
WavWavaZe, akaki wereTeli, vaJa-fSavela, kirile lorTqi­
faniZe, niko nikolaZe, sergei mesxi da sxvani.
ramdenadac dramatuli iyo mecxramete saukune xalxTa
sapyrobileSi mgminavi koloniuri Cagvris uRlis qveS myofi
saqarTvelosTvis, imdenad gaciskrovnebulia saqarTvelos
istoria erovnuli brZolis TavkacTa aqtiurobiT da mkac­
ri reJimisadmi SeurigeblobiT. marTalia, es brZola, TviT
TavkacTaTvis savalalod damTavrda: 1832 wlis SeTqmulebis
monawileni gadaasaxles. ilia WavWavaZes wiwamurTan tyvia
hkres SublSi, magram saqarTvelos erovnul beladebs am
droisaTvis TavianTi saqme ukve gakeTebuli hqondaT. haerSi
Tavisuflebis suni trialebda. meoce saukunis dasawyisSi
ruseTis imperias aSkarad daudga Setortmanebis avbediTi
dro. TviT ruseTis moqalaqeTa umetesobas aRar SeeZlo da
aRar surda Zveleburad cxovreba, raic badebda imperiis
Signidan afeTqebis imeds, xolo ruseTis imperiaSi ZaliT
Serekil erovnul umciresobebs unergavda imis rwmenas, rom
adre Tu gvian SeiZleba TviTmpyrobeloba damxobiliyo da
Cagrul erebs TviTgamorkvevis ufleba moepovebinaT. am
garemoebam gamoiwvia xsnis gzebis Ziebis urTulesi procesi
da partiaTa da ideur mimdinareobaTa gansakuTrebuli siW­
rele. imperiis moqalaqeTa erTma nawilma TviTmpyrobelo­
bis globaluri mospobisaTvis im dros evropaSi dabadebu­
li marqsisa da engelsis moZRvreba amoirCia. am moZRvrebis
gadmomtanni da ruseTis imperiaSi damnergavni iyvnen lenini
da stalini.
mecxramete saukunis bolos da meoce saukunis dasaw­
yisSi saqarTveloSi dominantobda sami filosofiur-poli­
tikuri moZRvreba anu sami filosofiur-esTetikuri skola:­
1) revoluciuri demokratia anu ganmanaTlebloba, romelsac
saqarTveloSi `samocianelTa skolas~ eZaxdnen; 2) xalxos­
noba, _ 3) social-demokratia.

14
 revoluciur demokratias Cven veZaxiT qarTvel samo­
cianelTa skolas, anu ilia WavWavaZis skolas. gansxvavebiT
meoce saukunis dasawyisis ruseTisagan, sadac genialuri
`raznoCinelni~ CerniSevskis, belinskis, pisarevis, tur­
genevis, gercenis da sxvaTa saxiT ukve aRar iyvnen coc­
xalni, saqarTveloSi, Cvenda sabednierod, meoce saukunis
dasawyisSi mZlavrad ismoda qarTvel samocianelTa xma.
ilia WavWavaZes da mis razms muxlCauxreli brZoliT da
TviTmpyrobelobisadmi ukompromisobiT mopovebuli hqon­
da eris sulieri beladobis misia da saqarTvelo yurs ug­
debda maT. ra surda i. WavWavaZes? miuxedavad imisa, rom
saukunis dasawyisis gazeTebi ilias akritikebdnen _ `Cveni
beladi ilia; ara marto fizikurad, aramed azriTac sak­
maod daberdao~, vinc ilias bolodroindel nawerebs ic­
nobs, albaT, dagveTanxmeba, rom XIX saukunis saqarTvelos
sulieri mama kargad icnobda Tavisi drois sxvadasxva
politikur mimdinareobas da maT Soris marqsizmsac. sa­
guramoSi, ilia WavWavaZis saxl-muzeumSi, axlac devs mis
mier wakiTxuli marqsis `kapitali~, romlis arSiebze zogan
mowonebis minawerebs amoikiTxavT, xolo zogierT abzacs
ilia aseT komentars ukeTebs: `es saqarTvelos ar sWirde­
ba~. uTanxmoeba marqsistebTan ilia WavWavaZisa, upirveles
yovlisa, imaSi gamoixateboda, rom iliasTvis miuRebeli
iyo lozungi _ `proletarebo yvela qveynisa SeerTdiT~ da
msoflios politikur ZalTa gaerTianebaSi ilia erovnuli
TviTmyofadobis waSlis saSiSroebas xedavda. Cveni mTavari
saqme qarTlis bedia, ruseTis klanWebisagan misi gamoxsna,
raSic me ruseTis p;roletariati ver momexmareba, imitom,
rom mis winaSe erovnuli brZolis idea mTeli simwvaviT ar
dgaso. ganTavisuflebul saqarTveloSi Cven SegviZlia mSvi­
dad davsxdeT da avirCioT saqarTvelos momavlis CvenTvis
sasurveli ekonomikuri Tu politikuri gza. gnebavT par­
lamenturi, monarqiuli, konstituciur-demokratiuli da
gnebavT burJuaziuli. ra Tqma unda, marqsizmis mimdevarni
ver daeTanxmebodnen ilias, rakiRa Tvlidnen, rom mxolod
ruseTis proletariatis uSualo TanadgomiT SeiZleboda

15
saqarTvelos ganTavisufleba. `rusi me Tavisuflebas ver
momitans~ _ imeorebda ilia da drom misi sityvebi daamt­
kica. ruseTis e. w. demokratiulma Zalebma marqsizmis dro­
Sis qveS daamxes carizmi da, aqedan gamomdinare, imperiac,
magram saqarTvelo Tavisuflebas mxolod droebiT (1918-
21 ww.) eziara. momZlavrebulma wiTelma ruseTma anu mod­
ernizebulma imperiam Tavisufali saqarTvelo isev daipy­
ro. ilia WavWavaZis mowameobrivi cxovreba CvenTvis naTeli
magaliTia ara marto TviTmpyrobelobis winaaRmdeg mebr­
Zoli eris sulieri mamisa, aramed did SvilebTan qarTvel­
Ta damokidebulebis arcTu Tavmosawon Tvisebasac usvams
xazs. ilias tyvia qarTvelma social-demokratebma esroles,
xolo sanam tyvias esrodnen, samocdaaTs mitanebul moxucs
yovelmxriv ganqiqebis niaRvari daatexes Tavs. mZafri kri­
tikis erT-erTi pirveli mercxali 1893 wels gamocemuli
maCablis broSura iyo `Tavadi ilia WavWavaZe~. ar arse­
bobs salanZRavi sityvebi, maCabelma rom ar gamoiyena ilia
WavWavaZis misamarTiT. Tu broSuras davujerebT, ilia iyo
gulqva, uniWo, gandidebis maniiT Sepyrobili, glexebisadmi
zizRiT ganmsWvaluli, Zunwi pirovneba. ilia WavWavaZem vano
maCablis am gawirvas da sxvaTa Tavagdebul lanZRvas Tavisi
mZafri sarkazmiT upasuxa. ras gaakeTebs es laSqroba ilias
winaaRmdeg? 1907 wels igi sabediswero gasroliT dasrul­
da.
rogorc aRvniSneT, gansxvavebiT rusi raznoCinelebisa­
gan, saqarTveloSi jer kidev cocxlebi arian da ara mar­
to literaturul, aramed politikur amindsac qmnian qa­
rTveli samocianelebi (ilia WavWavaZe, akaki wereTeli, niko
nikolaZe...). iseTi Zlieri aRmoCnda meoce saukunis dasawy­
isis ideur dapirispirebaTa epoqismieri Sxami, rom brZolam
mecxramete saukunis sulieri mama Seiwira. ilia WavWavaZis
mkvlelobis Semswavlelma komisiam moiZia masalebi, said­
anac dadasturda, rom ilias mkvlelobis kvals social-
demokratebamde mivyavarT. social-demokratTa orma krebam
guriis sofel baxvsa da qarTlis sofel biwmendSi erT­
droulad daadgina, moklul iqnes Tavadi ilia WavWavaZeo.

16
Cvenda savalalod, social-demokratTa mier daqiravebuli
mkvlelebi ilia WavWavaZes rom Causafrdnen, saguramos mo­
saxleobisaTvis cnobili iyo. TiTqosda, mtkvris napiras md­
gomi glexebi elodebodnen, rodis gamoaRviZebda wiwamurSi
gasrolili tyviis eqo saqarTvelos da rodis auxelda mas
Tvals, raTa mter-moyvare axla mainc gaerCia.
sad iyo akaki wereTeli? mecxramete saukunis erovnuli
brZolis didi tvirTi meoce saukunem unda Seidgas mxrebze,
radgan Cven es tvirTi bolomde ver movitaneTo, _ werda
akaki wereTeli saukunis dasasruls.
1907 wlis TebervalSi TbilisSi kintoebi daarbeninebdnen
satirul-iumoristul Jurnals da gahyvirodnen _ `iyideT
`xumara~ _ Tbilisis gubernatori viris Tav-fexiT aris
daxatulio. Jurnalis gamomcemeli iyo akaki wereTeli. `xu­
maras~ ydaze gamosaxuli iyo Tbilisis general-gubernato­
ri, qarTvelTmoZule rauS fon traubenbergi. karikaturis
avtori iyo gigo zaziaSvili, xolo leqsisa _ akaki wereTe­
li. leqsi gvauwyebda:

didyuraanT yroyinas Cvenebi ejavreba,

saidanac mosula, iqeT mieCqareba,
mas niSadurs ulesavs gulmosuli marSali,
rom aq aRarsad darCes im viris gza da kvali.
kinto ki gaocebiT Seswrebia am ambavs
da xmamaRla iZaxis _ `amousviT, ra uSavs~.

karikaturaze viris saxiT iyo gamosaxuli Tbilisis gu­

bernatori. igi gabrazda da brZaneba gasca, daepatimrebi­
naT Jurnalis redaqtor-gamomcemeli. uCveulo, TbilisSi
manamde gaugonari ambavi moxda _ poeti daapatimres. diliT
`golovinskis~ prospeqtze or `straJniks~ mohyavda akaki.
igi metexis cixeSi moaTavses. poetis dapatimrebis ambavi
elvis siswrafiT moedo qalaqs. metexis cixis qvemoT gala­
vanze xalxi grovdeboda. gubernators moaxsenes, rom iyo
saSiSroeba poetis dapatimrebas inteligenciis masobrivi
mRelvarebebi mohyoloda da generali iZulebuli gaxda

2. r. miSvelaZe. tomi XXV 17

Seuracxyofa Caeylapa. man akakis gaTavisuflebis brZane­
ba gasca imdResve, naSuadRevs, akaki mixvda misi gaTavisu­
flebis mizezs, rom es, ra Tqma unda, moqalaqeTa zemoq­
medebis Sedegi iyo da ganacxada, sanam gubernatori bodiSs
ar momixdis da cixis karebTan etls ar momiyvanT, aqedan
fexis gamdgmeli ar varo. gubernatorma, marTalia, bodi­
Si ar moixada, magram etliT ki gamoabrZanes akaki, rasac
sazogadoeba taSiT Seegeba.
es faqti adasturebs samocianelTa yofnas politi­
kuri cxovrebis centrSi da aseve gviCvenebs xelisuflebis
sisustes _ win aRudges masaTa nebas, maSin rodesac imperia
dangreviswina WraWuns iwyebs da qveynis Zveleburi meTo­
debiT marTva aRar xerxdeba. akaki wereTlisTvis dapatim­
reba pirveli SemTxveva iyo, Tumca pasuxisgebaSi igi ukve
iyo namyofi daviT mesxis gazeTSi `marseliozas~ Targmanis
dabeWdvisTvis.
mesame didi samocianeli, niko nikolaZe, am droisaTvis
aqtiur Jurnalistur-publicistur saqmianobas Tavs ane­
bebs, foTis gamgeblis arCevnebSi iRebs monawileobas da Ta­
visi uzarmazari avtoritetiT dasabams aZlevs saqarTvelos
erTi uaRresad moxerxebuli sanavsadguro qalaqis mZlavr
ekonomikur aRmavlobas.
vaJa-fSavela meoce saukunis pirvel aTwleulSi uars
ambobs Tavis patar-patara Cinovnikur samsaxurebze da iS­
viaTad Camodis Carglidan. vaJas aqtiur sazogadoebriv
saqmianobas TvalsaCinod xdian misi uaRresad Tanamedrove
leqsebi da poetis gamosvlebi sxvadasxva istoriul SemTx­
vevebTan dakavSirebiT.
ase rom, Cveni saukunis dasawyisis uaRresad paradoqsu­
li wlebi saqarTveloSi, upirveles yovlisa, qarTul samo­
cianelTa niSniT Catarda.
xalxosnebi _ meore TvalsaCino literaturul-poli­
tikuri skola am dros xalxosnebis skola iyo. xalxosnoba
saqarTveloSi ruseTidan Semosuli politikur-filosofi­
uri mimdinareobaa, xolo literaturas igi imdenad ukav­

18
Sirdeba, rom upirvelesad saqarTveloSi mwerlebma aitaces
xalxosnuri Sexedulebani.
ras qadagebda xalxosnoba? istorias gmirebi qmnian da
ara xalxTa masebi. didi epoqaluri kataklizmebi mxolod
maSin xdeba, rodesac TvalsaCino gmiri moevlineba qveya­
nas. ase rom, masebi gulxeldakrefili unda elodon epoqis­
mieri gmiris dabadebas. xalxosnebis meore politikuri pos­
tulati sazogadoebrivi cvlilebebis umTavres berketad
masebSi ganaTlebis Setanas gulisxmobda. gavanaTloT xalxi,
movspoT crurwmena, gavanTavisufloT sazogadoeba religi­
uri bangisagan da ganaTlebuli, saRad moazrovne sazoga­
doeba TviTon moZebnis Tavis TavSi gardaqmnis saSualebas.
sazogadoebis gardasaqmnelad sruliadac ar aris saWiro
omebi da sisxlisRvra. revolucia mxolod ubedurebis mom­
taniao. qarTveli xalxosnebi iyvnen: niko lomouri, sofrom
mgalobliSvili, ekaterine gabaSvili, anastasia erisTav-
xoStaria, varlam CerqeziSvili da sxv.
social-demokratia _ ise, rogorc xalxosnoba, qarTu­
li azrovnebis wiaRSi dabadebuli moZraoba ar gaxlavT
da amdenad igi qarTul sinamdvileSi gadmonergil ucxo
ideologiad, ucxo suliskveTebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. so­
cial-demokratTa partia marqsistuli partiaa, marqsizmi
ki saqarTveloSi oTxmocian wlebSi Semovida da saukunis
dasawyisSi igi ukve iyo sakmaod mZlavri moZraoba Tavisi
politikuri partiis saxiT. marqsis da engelsis mier Se­
qmnili politikur-filosofiuri doqtrina Savi WiriviT
moedo lamis mTel evropas da miuxedavad masSi arsebuli
uamravi winaaRmdegobisa, aTasobiT mimdevari gaiCina. axla
ukve garkveulia, rom marqsizmi utopiuri mecnierebaa; mar­
qsizmi usamSoblo, kosmopoliti mecnierebis mier SeTiTxni­
li ideologiaa erovnuli anu nacionaluris winaaRmdeg
mimarTuli. proletariats samSoblo ara aqvs _ qadagebs
marqsizmi da aseTi usamSoblo da usaxo fenis erTi dro­
Sis qveS gaerTianebas cdilobs. gamarjvebis SemTxvevaSi igi
sazogadoebas pirdeba erovnuli ideologiisagan daclil,
unitaruli saxelmwifos Seqmnas, romelic, rogorc praq­

19
tikam gviCvena, sxva araferi SeiZleba iyos, Tu ara axali,
modernizebuli imperia. marqsizmis amosavali doqtrina,
rogorc ekonomikuri, aseve politikuri, ZirSive mcdaria.
klasTa brZolis Teoriis aRiarebiT marqsizmi erTmaneTs
upirispirebs erTsa da imave saxelmwifoSi socialur fenebs
da qveyanas samudamo dapirispirebis ganwyobilebiT muxtavs.
aseve adamianis SemoqmedebiTi niWis, misi individualuri una­
ris Cakvlas emsaxureba. igi cdilobs yvela pirovnebis erT
Teoriul dogmatur yalibSi moqcevas, rac saboloo jamSi
individis daTrgunvas da pirovnebis nivelirebas iwvevs. da
mainc, miuxedavad amdeni winaaRmdegobisa, rasac marqsizmis
revizionistebi imTaviTve kargad xedavdnen, marqsizmma SeZ­
lo dedamiwis erT meeqvsedze gabatoneba, ramac saboloo
jamSi borotebis imperiad wodebuli sabWoTa kavSiris Seq­
mna gamoiwvia.
samwuxarod, borotebis imperiis saTaveSi, sxvaTa Soris,
imTaviTve dadga sami Cveni Tanamemamule: stalini, beria,
orjonikiZe.
aTas cxraasian wlebSi social-demokratiuli literatu­
rac isaxeba da, miuxedavad imisa, rom igi ar iyo iseTi mka­
fio ZalebiT warmodgenili, rogoric iyo ilia WavWavaZis
dasi, man mainc miipyro mkiTxvelTa erTi nawilis yuradReba.
gansakuTrebiT gamoikveTa publicistika. iwereboda TviT­
mpyrobelobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli mZafri feletonebi,
narkvevebi, romelTa avtorebic iyvnen: irodion evdoSvili,
stalini, wulukiZe, kecxoveli, natalia arziani, lalioni
da sxvani.
pirovnebis ganTavisuflebis da carizmis winaaRmdeg
brZo­lis sakiTxSi, social-demokratebi Tavdapirvelad yve­
la revoluciur ZalasTan TanamSromlobdnen, magram gan­
sxvavdebodnen momavali revoluciis miznebisa da mamoZrave­
beli Zalebis gagebiT.
rogorc aRvniSneT, social-demokratebs msoflios mu­
SaTa klasTan da gansakuTrebiT ruseTis proletarebTan
TanamSromlobiT surdaT TavianTi miznis miRweva. social-
demokrat mweralTa Soris gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeoda so­so

20
juRaSvili (SemdgomSi stalini). misi publicisturi we­ ri­
lebi, xolo ufro adre misi leqsebi (`dila~, `rafiel eris­
Tavs~) dResac qarTuli poeziis TvalsaCino faqtebad rCeba.
gansakuTrebuli popularobiT sargeblobda social-
demokrati poetis, irodion evdoSvilis poezia. misi leqsi
`megobrebo, win, win gaswiT~ qarTul `marseliozad~ aRiares,
Tumca irodion evdoSvili bolomde rodi SerCa social-
demokratTa partias. 1907 wels, ilia WavWavaZis mokvlidan
ramdenime dRis Semdeg, igi social-demokratiis Tbilisis
ujredSi gamocxadda da Tqva: me im partiis wevri ver viqnebi,
romelmac ilia WavWavaZe moklao! samwuxarod, ilia WavWava­
Zis mkvleli partia social-demokratebisa (Semdeg bolSe­
vikuri) marTavda saqarTvelos 1990 wlamde, sanam qarTveli
xalxis nebiT zviad gamsaxurdiam ar daamxo igi da istoriam
saqarTvelos damoukideblobis xelaxali gamocxadebiT axa­
li aTvlis wertili ar daiwyo saqarTveloSi, Tumca es da­
moukideblobac mxolod samwliani aRmoCnda (1990-93).
social-demokratebi gamoscemdnen TavianT gazeTebs:
`Cveni cxovreba~, `Cveni brZola~, `proletariatis brZola~
da a. S. gansakuTrebuli produqtiulobiT gamoirCeodnen
publicistikis asparezze aleqsandre wulukiZe, noe Jorda­
nia, lado kecxoveli da filipe maxaraZe.
social-demokrat publicistebs iliam marqsizmis Tu­
TiyuSebi uwoda, xolo marqsizmis TuTiyuSTa TviTneboba
iqamde mivida, rom xelisuflebaSi mosvlis Semdeg filipe
maxaraZe cdilobda ilias saxeli samudamod amoeZirkva qar­
Tuli azris istoriidan.
social-demokratiuli partiis wevri iyo menSeviki, qar­
Tuli lirikuli prozis erT-erTi mamamTavari Wola lom­
TaTiZe.
ar Seefereba sinamdviles zogierTi kritikosis da poli­
tikosis mier joxis meore mxares zedmetad gadaRunva da
imperiaSi moRvawe qarTvelebis, gansakuTrebiT, stalinisa
da berias saqarTvelos mtrebad gamocxadeba. axlad aRmoCe­
nili dokumentebi amtkiceben, rom axali imperiis pirvel
kacs ocdaTxuTmeti wlis manZilze _ ioseb stalins, erTi

21
wuTiTac ar daviwynia Tavisi patara samSoblo da igi imde­
nad uTmobda yuradRebas saqarTvelos, ramdenadac impera­
toris monomaxis qudi mas amis saSualebas aZlevda. stalini
yvela dokumentSi miuTiTebda, rom igi qarTveli iyo da
garegnuladac e.w. qarTul atributebs _ ulvaSsa da Cibuxs
arasodes ar Tmobda.
1934 wels sakavSiro mweralTa pirvel yrilobaze sta­
linma gansakuTrebiT warmoaCina saqarTvelo, rogorc um­
didresi literaturuli tradiciebis mqone qveyana. igi ar
SeuSinda garemoebas, rom kosmopolitebi da velikorusi
Sovinistebi amas mikerZoebaSi CamoarTmevdnen, malaqia to­
roSeliZes daavala qarTuli literaturis Sesaxeb erTsaa­
Tiani moxsenebiT gamosuliyo sakavSiro mweralTa pirvel
yrilobaze. aq sul ori moxseneba iqna wakiTxuli: erTi _
mTels sakavSiro literaturaze (maqsim gorki), xolo meore
_ mxolod qarTul literaturaze (malaqia toroSeliZe).
aseve saqarTvelos keTildReobiT uaRresad daintere­
sebuli iyo lavrenti beria. misi damsaxurebaa TbilisSi
uamravi axali mSeneblobis ganxorcieleba da gansakuTrebiT
sanapiros mSenebloba.
stalini da beria aTasobiT represirebulTa codos ver
Camoirecxaven, magram istoriam isini sruli obieqturobiT,
konkretuli viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT da maT mier gakeTe­
buli dadebiTi Tu uaryofiTi saqmeebis gonivruli Sejere­
biT unda Seafasos.
isev meoce saukunis dasawyiss davubrundeT.
imperiis centri iZulebuli gaxda, presis SedarebiT Ta­
visufleba daeSva. presis Tavisuflebas partiaTa da Sexedu­
lebaTa arnaxuli gamravalferovneba mohyva. TviTmpyrob­
elobis sastik cenzuras sadaveebi xelidan gaeqca.
qarTul partiul periodikaSi didi Sexla-Semoxla
gaimarTa.
ZiriTadad ori azri upirispirdeba erTmaneTs: erovnuli
da marqsistul-kosmopolituri.
erovnuli moZraobis belads ilia WavWavaZes sastikad
akritikeben da xSirad uSveri sityvebiTac lanZRaven. lite­

22
raturis nimuSebs viwro-partiuli sarkmlidan uyureben
marqsisti publicist-kritikosebi: aleqsandre wulukiZe,
noe Jordania, filipe maxaraZe.
mwerlobisagan mxolod erTs moiTxoven _ muSisa da gle­
xis interesebis gamoxatvas. lamis gandevnon esTetikidan
mxatvrobis principi, marqsist kritikosTa TvalsazrisiT
`oTaraanT qvrivi~ da `kacia-adamiani~ revolucias veravi­
Tar samsaxurs ver gauweven da mxolod gamrTobi Rirebule­
baRa gaaCniaT. esec ar iyos, maTi Tavadi, liberali avtori
aSkara barierad eRobeba saxalxo moZraobas Tavisi moZvele­
buli SexedulebebiT.
ilia lomisebr ibrZvis. upasuxod TiTqmis ar tovebs so­
cial-demokratTa cilismwameblur gamoxdomebs.
mecxramete saukunis saqarTvelos sulier mamas mxarSi
udganan erovnul-demokratiuli mimarTulebis kritikosebi
_ arCil jorjaZe, ivane gomarTeli, kita abaSiZe, romanoz
xomleli.
ilias TanamebrZolTa ricxvi savalalod mcirdeba, oden
akaki uwevs Zveleburad avTandilobas. `Tornike erisTavis~
avtori ilias gverdiT erTgulad eweva erovnul uRels.
dro ki elviseburad mihqris.
`iveriis~ mama xSirad avadmyofobs, guli Ralatobs, aka­
kis Tvalis quTuTos dambla daeca, sergei mesxi aRar aris
cocxalTa Soris, vaJa `ideaTa WidilSi~ lamis aRar ereva...
1905 wlis revoluciam gamoacocxla sazogadoeba, ime­
dis TvaliT Sehyureben saqveyno amboxebas ilias kvalze Sem­
dgari `axali realizmis~ warmomadgenlebi _ daviT kldiaS­
vili, vasil barnovi, Sio aragvispireli, mixeil javaxiSvili,
Salva dadiani, konstantine gamsaxurdia...
axlovdeba revoluciis sastiki marcxi, griaznovis maT­
raxis wuili gaismis da nasakiralis cecxli zecas wvdeba.
1907 wlis 30 agvistos wiwamurze gasrolili Tofis eqom
saqarTvelos gulisgulSi gaiara.
anarqiiT, revoluciebiT, amao imedebiT, kinklaobiT daR­
lili qveyana TiTqosda erTbaSad gamofxizlda, erT muStad
Seikra da ilias kubosTan gairinda.

23
 roca mecxramete saukunis upirveles qarTvels _ ilia
WavWavaZes _ saguramosaken berdenkis tyvia miacilebda, mas
ukve gakeTebuli hqonda uzarmazari erovnuli saqme; Tavis
xalxSi gadagdebuli hqonda is RvTaebrivi Tesli, romelic
dRemde Rvivdeba da rac dro gadis, ufro da ufro saSiS
guguns gamoscems.
rogor gvaklia dRes erisTvis daferflili ilia da ra
titanuri ZaliT gvagrZnobinebs yoveldRiurad, rom mis
mier aRmarTul droSas wamiTac ar mohklebia elvareba da
sidiade.
ra kargad gvicnobda.
`saqmis pirvel dawyebaSi bevri hai-hui viciT..., da sanam
bolomde mivalT, CalasaviT CavqrebiT xolmeo~.
da roca eris wylulTan brZeni dastaqaris mantiiT mo­
suls Wirveuli avadmyofis wuwuni Caesmoda, miseburad auC­
qareblad gvmoZRvravda: `rogor unda gavswordeT, Tu Cveni
simrude ar gvecodinebao~.
gana dResac farze asazidi ar aris eris mamis mrisxane
bubuni:
`yvelazed saSiSari da sazizRari bezRoba is bezRobaa,
romelsac sagnad mTeli eri hyavs, nametnavad imisTana eri,
romelic `SemTxvevisa gamo sxvisa da sxvisa, yovel Rones
moklebulia, rom Tavi imarTlos~.
Cveni nakli maszed ukeTesad vin icoda da gana dRes eris
ukeTes SvilTa verdafasebis mware senze dafiqrebulma qar­
Tvelma ar icis, rom ilias mowamebrivi sikvdilidan erTi
nabijia galaktionis TviTmkvlelobamde?
dRes saiTac ki gaixedavT, eris burjis naTliTmosils,
mSvids, saocrad nacnobsa da sayvarel saxes waawydebiT.
TiTqosda arc ki yofila wami, roca warbSekruli moxuci
etlSi wamoimarTa da revolveriT xelSi mrisxaned gamomzi­
ralma Sehyvira momxvdurT: ras sCadixarT?!
es kiTxvisniSniani Zaxili, mTels qveyanas rom ekuTvnoda,
dResac saqarTvelos mTebSi wrialebs da gasasvleli ver
upovnia.

24
 diax, ilias mSvidma saxem TiTqosda misi sikvdili gvapa­
tia, magram imas ki arasodes gvapatiebs, rom eris bedis
mWedlebma es gauxunari anderZi daviviwyoT:

`Cven unda vsdioT axla sxva varskvlavs,

Cven unda Cveni vSvaT myoobadi!~

igi, `sxva varskvlavi~, caze ukve mkafiod moCanda da Rv­

Tiuri naTebiT kaSkaSebda, magram, samwuxarod, Zilsmicemul
qveyanaSi yvela rodi xedavda mas.
rogorc sxva epoqaSi, meoce saukunis dasawyisSic mwer­
lobam uCvena gza xsnisa saqarTvelos, axlac mwerali iyo
eris sulieri moZRvari da moWirnaxule.

25
 egnate ninoSvili
(1859 - 1894)

egnate ninoSvili uaxlesi qarTuli literaturis isto­

riis erT-erTi pirveli warmomadgenelia. mas wilad xvda
Tvisebrivad axali literaturis karis SeReba da origi­
naluri Temebis damkvidreba qarTul mwerlobaSi. mwerlis
Semoqmedebis dasawyisi daemTxva saqarTveloSi kritikuli
realizmis wiaRSi axal literaturul skolaTa da mimdi­
nareobaTa damkvidrebas.
egnate ninoSvilis popularoba ganapiroba im garemoebam,
rom mwerlis yvela moTxrobaSi Seuferadebladaa aRwerili
qarTuli soflis sinamdvile. mweralma socialurad da­
Cagruli tradiciuli tipebis gverdiT axali personaJebi­
Tac gaamdidra qarTuli proza. spiridon mciriSvilis, mose
mwerlis, daviT droiZis msgavsi xasiaTebi manamde qarTul
literaturaSi ar arsebobda. eseni adamianTa urTierTobis
axlebur niadagze amozrdili literaturuli gmirebi arian.
garda amisa, egnate ninoSvilma lamis pirvelma daxata da
literaturis sakuTrebad aqcia saqarTvelos erTi kolori­
turi kuTxe _ guria. guria egnate ninoSvilamde mxatvrul

26
literaturaSi iSviaTad iyo naxsenebi. egnate ninoSvili sul
ramdenime moTxrobis avtoria, magram yvela maTgani STambe­
Wdavi siuJetiT da mZafri kriticizmiT gamoirCeva.
egnate ninoSvili daibada 1859 wels sofel yelaSi. mSob­
ebi adre daexoca. misi gazrda biZam _ Toma ingoroyvam iki­
sra. Svidi wlis egnate soflis mRvdels miabares, sadac
patara bavSvs wera-kiTxvis swavlebis nacvlad dRedaRam
amuSavebdnen. Semdeg foTSi viRac vaWarTan daayenes. igi Ta­
vis avtobiografiaSi wers, vaWari dRedaRam mWadebs macxo­
binebdao. bolos ozurgeTis sasuliero saswavlebelSi Se­
vida. magram bralad dasdes buntSi monawileoba da mglis
bileTiT daiTxoves. ori weli damoukideblad imecadina
da imdeni SeZlo, rom soflis maswavleblis kvalifikaci­
aze daiWira eqsternad gamocdebi. raki soflad dawyebiTi
skola ar arsebobda, egnatem TviTon moizida bavSvebi, mag­
ram soflelebma Svilebi ar moiyvanes imis gamo, rom mas­
wavlebeli WleqiT iyo avad. igi maswavleblobiT Tavs ver
irCenda da gadawyvita, fizikuri SromiT erCina Tavi. mwe­
rali Cans mtvirTavad foTSi, baTumSi, ozurgeTis fosta­
Si, sadguris moriged, bolos viRacam urCia, rom TbilisSi
wasuliyo. TbilisSi asoTamwyobad iwyebs muSaobas xelaZis
stambaSi. radganac egnate im dros ukve werda moTxrobebs,
stambis muSebma urCies: wadi sazRvargareT, iswavle da Cveni
xelfasidan stipendias gamogigzavniTo. daimedebuli gaem­
gzavra monpelieSi da ramdenime Tvis Semdeg igi Tavis bi­
Zas wers: gayide Cemi wili ezo-saxli da fuli gamomigzavne,
raTa matareblis bileTis yidva da mand dabruneba SevZloo.
amxanagebma moatyues da dapirebuli stipendia ar gaugzav­
nes. dabrunda egnate saqarTveloSi. xan mamia gurielTan
vxedavT mdivnad, xan _ zestafonSi RoRoberiZis kantoraSi,
erTi periodi filoqseris dasSic iyo. am droisTvis misi
janmrTeloba gatexilia. intensiurad muSaobs litera­
turaSi. aqveynebs pirvel moTxrobebs `kvalSi~ da `iveri­
aSi~. brundeba Tavis sofelSi da gulismomkvlelia mis mier
gadawerili Tamasuqebi mevaleebisaTvis micemuli, Tumca
igi am dros saqarTveloSi saxelganTqmul mwerlad iTvleba
da axali politikuri dasis _ mesame dasis damaarseblad.

27
gardaicvala 1894 wels. social-demokratebi mas TavianT
ideur winamZRvrad asaxelebdnen da erTi biografis TqmiT,
mxolod dakrZalvaze gaigo mTelma guriam, es ra didi kaci
gvyoliao. egnate ninoSvils ojaxi ar Seuqmnia. erTaderTi
epizodia mis cxovrebaSi siyvarulTan dakavSirebuli; guri­
elTan gaicno 16 wlis gogo nadasi kalandaZe. egnatem mas
weriliT siyvaruli gamoucxada, magram nadasi sxvaze iyo
daniSnuli da misi grZnoba ver gaiziara.
egnate ninoSvilis Semoqmedeba qarTuli kritikuli re­­a­
lizmis magistraluri xazis erTgulebiT gamoirCeva. erov­
nulad da socialurad dabeCavebul adamianTa yofis asaxva
dausaxavs miznad mwerals, magram es ar gaxlavT TviTmiznuri,
ukomentaro, naturalisturi xatva gaubedurebuli xalxis
cxovrebisa. mkveTrad gamoxatuli poziciiT egnate nino­
Svili esarCleba sabralo glexebs da ara marto esarCleba,
xSirad siduxWirisgan Tavis daxsnis gzebsac eZiebs mwera­
li. raki `paliastomis tbis~ avtori social-demokratebs
uTanagrZnobs, es imas rodi niSnavs, rom mwerals gulidan
amoeRos erovnuli brZolis idea da imdenad iyos prole­
tariatis erTobis ideiT dabrmavebuli, rom ver grZnobdes,
rogor aWers mis samSoblos yelze dampyrobeli rusi Ceqma
da rogor haeriviT sWirdeba saqarTvelos rusifikatoru­
li marwuxebisagan Tavis daRweva. daviT droiZeebs da iason
uqmaZeebs rogorme moereoda guruli kaci, magram ra uyos
soflis kancelariaTa aivnebze medidurad gadmomdgar im
boqaulebs da pristavebs, straJnikebs da yazaxebs, rusuli
maTraxis tkacuniT SiSis zars rom scemen mosaxleobas. arc
qarTul adaT-wesebSi erkvevian da arc am `veluri kavka­
sielebis~ gulisTqmis gagebis survili aqvT.
egnate ninoSvilis maZiebeli goneba qveynis Svelis, qvey­
nis gadarCenis saSualebebsac gvTavazobs ama Tu im persona­
Jis marcxisa Tu gamarjvebis mxatvruli analiziT. protes­
tis erTi pasiuri forma TviTmkvlelobaa (`gogia uiSvili~),
magram TviTmkvleloba religiuradac mkrexelobaa da pira­
di tragediis meti ara moaqvs ra. marTalia, individua­luri
terori (`simona~) SurisZiebis erT-erTi formaa, magram
verc mas moaqvs sulieri kmayofileba, rakiRa erTi daviT
28
droiZis adgilas sxva mova, xolo soflis wurbelis mok­
vlis danaSauli maoxrebeli mkvdris fenomenad eqceva xolme
sofels. socialuri da erovnuli Cagvrisgan Tavis daRwevis
gzaTa Ziebas egnate ninoSvili zogjer saxalxo amboxebis
ideamde mihyavs, `yazaxis erTpirianobis~ (`paliastomis tba~)
aucileblobidan erTi nabijia borotebis winaaRmdeg gaer­
Tianebuli brZolis qadagebamde (`janyi guriaSi~).
magram calkeul moTxrobebSi gabneuli, sazogadoebrivi
wylulis samkurnalod gamiznuli mwerluri arCevani jer
kidev ar gvaZlevs sabuTs im daskvnis gasakeTeblad, TiTqos
egnate ninoSvils gaaCnda erTiani, mkveTrad Camoyalibebu­
li erovnul-socialuri programa.
egnate ninoSvilis nebismieri, Tundac yvelaze Zunwad
Sedgenili krebuli rom gadaSaloT, aucileblad waawyde­
biT `Savgvremani, moxmelo pirisaxis, gaburZgnul wverulva­
Siansa da msxvili, gauxsneli warbebis~ patron gogia uiSvi­
lis datanjul Tvalebs.
`gogia uiSvili~ 1891 wels daiwera. saerTod, egnate ni­
noSvilis nawarmoebTa umetesoba sul raRac xuTiode wlis
ganmavlobaSi Seiqmna. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, danarCeni
dro mwerlis mokle wuTisoflisa ganswavlis ubedo wlebsa
da lukma-purisTvis aRma-daRma wanwals moxmarda.
kalandis Rames miadgnen gogia uiSvils nacvali da yazax-
rusebi. Tumnis saswrafod gadaxda da SeSis sazidad gamosv­
la ubrZanes. nacvali kategoriulia, magram mis gafacicebas
maincdamainc axalwlis Rames rusi umagrebs zurgs:
`_ me, me var, mara, am rusebs ra pasuxs aZlev? erTi Zroxa
ar geyofa dRes sadilaT! _ Cqari, Sewuxebuli xmiT uTxra
nacvalma.
_ ivane, rava Civi, Tumani ase advili saSovnelia Cemgan?
sam dRes ara, sam Tves ver viSoni erT Tumans, _ gogias kidev
raRac unda eTqva, magram nacvalma gaawyvetia...
_ ver viSovnio, am rusebTan ar gagiva. Zala aRmarTs xnav­
so, xom gagigonia. gaSonineben. jobs ulaparakoT mogvce,
laparaks Zaan xuoben~.
yazaxebma, marTlac, nacvalsa da gogias Soris urTier­
Tobis garkvevas aRar daucades da saxlSi Secvivdnen, xolo
29
gogias winaaRmdegoba sakmarisi aRmoCnda imisTvis, rom
umow­yalod ecemaT, coli Tvalwin `gaebaxebinaT~, gadasaxad­
Si `Rori da qaTmebi~ waerTmiaT da kancelariaSi waeTriaT.
kancelariaSi gogia jer mamasaxliss SeaCerda mudariT:
`mamasaxliso, momTxares, damaqcies, gamlaxes!, mipatrone,
Tu samarTali gaq, mipatrone! Tvara Sens Tvalwin daveklav
Tavs!~
mamasaxlisi, rac unda iyos, qarTvelia da iqneb saqme
mSvi­
dobiT moegvarebina, raTa nacem-nagvem glexs kalanda
kidev ufro ar Camwareboda, magram soflad egzekuciis gamo
mazris ufrosia Camosuli.
`_ su, su, naCalnikma ar gaigonos! _ miafara xalxma go­
gias pirze xeli.
_ mec eg minda, gaigonos naCalniki Tua da mosamarTle,
agia, damaqcies da mipatronos!~
da naCalnikma mainc gaigona. rusi jariskacis xeliT
SexebisaTvis gogia samagaliTod unda daisajos da mere ro­
dis, swored rom axalwlis Rames.
`waaTrieT... ocdaaTi wkepla miartyiT da mere col-
qmri­anad satusaRoSi daamwyvdieT! Cqara!~ _ ase mkacri da
Seuvalia imperiis Cinovnikis ganaCeni.
gogia uiSvilma ver gauZlo Rirsebis Selaxvas da `gaiq­
ca~, Tavi moikla, sasowarkveTili da am axali ubedurebiT
eldanakravi misi coli _ marine Wkuidan Seirya. dana aiRo
da Svilebs mosaklavad daeria. erT maTgans, patara Tebros,
gamoRadra kidec yeli, magram sanam sxva Svilebs moigdebda
xelT, mezoblebma daiWires da daabes.
daiqca ojaxi.
`gogias midamo TiTqmis gaveranda, garda saxlisa, yvela
Senoba Caingra. saxlisa marto kedlebiRa iyo darCenili.
saxuravi ki kargaxania dalpa da Caiqca. ramdenime weli kidev
da veRarc SeatyobdiT, aq erT dros mosaxle kaci mdgarao~.
`Cveni qveynis raindi~ hqvia egnate ninoSvilis erT uaR­
resad saintereso moTxrobas da mwerals lamis saTaurSive
gamoaqvs ganaCeni sazogadoebis im nawilisaTvis, tariel
mklavaZis msgavsi naZirala raindad rom miaCnia.

30
 rkinigzaze zvavi Camowva da matarebeli erTi dRiT mainc
daigvianebs. soflis maswavlebeli, spiridon mciriSvili,
iZulebulia, Tavis axalgazrda colTan erTad Rame iqve,
duqanSi gaaTios. im Rames sadgurSi tragedia datrialda.
axali drois `rainds~, tariel mklavaZes, moewona mciri­
Svilis coli da misi motaceba ganizraxa. rakiRa megobarma
daTikom ver SeZlo oTaxidan moepara despine (qalis kivilze
meduqnis biWebi Semocvivdnen da spiridonmac medgari wi­
naaRmdegoba gauwia), tarieli im Ramesve mieWra udanaSaulo
col-qmars da wixliT karebis Sengreva daapira, magram am­
jeradac gaakaves. diliT mainc daimartoxela gazuluqe­
bulma mklavaZem `baRlinjo~ inteligenti da scema.
am SemTxvevam ara marto sulieri simSvide daurRvia, fi­
zi­kuradac gatexa udanaSaulo col-qmari. despines bneda Se­
eyara da gardaicvala, xolo spiridoni, romelsac didi dRe
aRar darCenoda, SurisZiebiT ainTo, roca SemTxveviT er­
Txel kidev quCaSi waawyda lamaz qalTan moseirne tariels.
_ `minda pasuxi momceT, ras gvemarTlebodiT, rom or
udanaSaulo adamians sicocxle mogvispeT?~ _ misi Sesaxed­
aobisTvis cota uCveulo gabedulebiT hkiTxa spiridonma
moZalades.
tariel mklavaZem, rogorc mosalodneli iyo, kidev
erTxel moindoma udanaSaulo kacis waburTaveba, magram am­
jerad xeli moecara.
spiridonma esrola da mokla.
`samsjavroSi spiridoni sruliad ar cdilobda, rom ga­
marTlebuliyo, man mxolod Tavidanve uambo msajulebs saq­
mis garemoeba. olqis sasamarTlom gadauwyvita spiridons
cimbirSi gagzavna da iq madnebSi muSaoba, magram madnebamde
aRar miuRwevia spiridons, gzaSi gardaicvala.
Tu spiridonma mainc moaxerxa, epova imdeni Zala Tavis
mi­sustebul sxeulSi, rom TviTve `gaeCina samarTali~, sa­
ma­gierod `gankargulebis~, `ucnauri senis~, `partaxis~ da
`qris­tines~ bedisagan daCagruli gmirebi (Tu SeiZleba, maT
`gmi­rebi~ ewodos) sruliad miusafarni, sasomixdilni da
uRo­noni aran, raTa raime Secvalon TavianT cxovrebaSi da

31
pro­testis is unaric ki ar gaaCniaT, gogia uiSvilma rom
mihmarTa.
sofel nigvzianSi (`qristine~) beJan uqmaZis erTaderTi
vaJi, iason uqmaZe, romelsac uzrunvelad da fuqsavatu­
rad zrdidnen, nel-nela Camoyalibda egoistad, salaxanad
da drostarebis motrfialed, romelsac wuTisoflis siam­
tkbilobis miseul gzaze ca qudad miaCnda da dedamiwa
qalamnad. axali drois mususma Tvali daadga daTia xel­
mokliZis qaliSvils, qristines. Seayvara Tavi, colqmrobis
piroba misca da, roca jvrisweris dro moaxlovda, fexmZime
qals urcxvad piri uSala, daemala. mexis gavardna iyo sof­
lad ukanono Svilis gaCena da mere visgan _ qristinesagan,
romelsac `soflis Tvals~ eZaxdnen. ver aitana qristinem
ojaxis wevrTagan yoveldRiuri damcireba, mezoblebis iro­
niuli mzera, miatova Tavisi `codvis Svilis~, gogias akvani,
gaepara ded-mamas da saeWvo saqmianobis sonas gahyva Tbilis­
Si. Tbilisis meZavebs male Seemata `uriis qali raxila~,
romelic gansakuTrebuli silamaziT gamoirCeoda da quCis
qalTa moyvarulebSi `kargi mazanda~ hqonda. magram sonas
da natalias (Tbiliseli diasaxlisi) garda aravin icoda,
rom uriis qali raxila sxva aravin iyo, Tu ara daTia xel­
mokliZis Svili _ qristine.
bolos qristines cxovrebac ise damTavrda, rogorc
araerTi meZavis cxovreba damTavrebula xolme. igi _ ubinao
da upasporto, saavadmyofoSi gardaicvala da sikvdilis win
eqimebs exveweboda, Cems sofel nigvzianSi damabruneT da
ded-mamas (Tu cocxlebi arian) da Cems erTaderT pirmSos,
Tundac ukanasknelad, Tvali Sevavloo. Tumca es survilic
veravin Seusrula uriis qals, rakiRa TviT qristinemac ar
icoda, sad iyo misi sofeli, romel mazrasa da guberniaSi.
egnate ninoSvilis Semoqmedeba epoqiseul xasiaTTa mTe­
li galereaa. mwerals ZaluZs, erTi xelis mosmiT gamoZer­
wos personaJi da STambeWdav, dauviwyar saxed aqcios igi.
erTi maTgania Tavadi manuCar arwivaze (`soflis gmirebi~).
`Tavadi manuCar arwivaZe TiTqmis ormocdaaTi wlis kaci
brZandeba. melaniviT Savs, xSirs, xuWuWa Tmasa da wverSi
sakmaod gamoeria WaRara, magram mediduri mwyromare saxe,
32
brZanebis gamometyveli didroni Tvalebi da arwivis niskar­
tiseburad moyvanili cxviri mainc amxels manuCarSi Zveli
qarTveli aristokratis tips~. manuCari Zveli droisa da
Zveli yaidis kacia. igi mistiris warsul didebas. ukmayo­
filoa batonymobis gauqmebiT. Tumca Zveli wodeba aRar
SerCa da aRarc simdidre, magram ampartavnoba vera da ver
dauTmia. Tu moxda da sadme wveulebaze ucnobi `mouskup­
da~ gverdiT, jer vinaoba-gvariSvilobas gamokiTxavs, mere
maspinZels `Sav dRes daawevs~, rogor gabede da es glexuWa
momisvi gverdiTo.
`am ukanasknel dros, Tavadi manuCaris fiqriT, iseTi
niSnebi Cans, rom batonymoba xelaxlav unda dabrundes.
erT Rames kidec daesizmra Tavad manuCars, viTomc baton­
ymoba ganaxlebuliyo, misi sasaxle Zveleburad gavsebuliyo
gogo-biWebiT. dilas sixaruliT uambo es sizmari Tavadma
Tavis kneinas `RvTis wyalobiT, asruldeba, asruldeba~ _
miuloca kneinam~.
ase ironiulad amTavrebs mwerali Canaxats da am ironiaSi
Tavad-aznaurTa nostalgiisadmi mwerlis damokidebulebiT
xazi aqvs gasmuli warsulis daubruneblobis sawuTisoflo
gamocanasac.
socialur da erovnul Cagvras egnate ninoSvilisdro­
indel saqarTveloSi isic damatebia, rom glexs gaunaTle­
bloba, e.w. `gonebis sibnele sWirs~ da uvicoba kidev ufro
gausaZliss xdis mis duxWir yofas. am xalxosnuri ganwyo­
bilebiTaa damuxtuli egnate ninoSvilis vrceli moTxroba
`ucnauri seni~.
sofel tevreTSi mcxovrebma glexma, gabriela Camwarda­
Zem, coli gvian SeirTo. misi meuRle, taso, didi sixaruliT
ar Sexvedria `gabednierebas~ (garigebiT gaaTxoves), magram
raki ojaxis uRels Seeba, gaswia da male sami Svili (ori
vaJi da erTi qali) aCuqa gabriels. meuRleTa cxovrebis
erTferovneba bolos mainc dairRva, axalgazrda tasom
soflis dReobebze da `RamisTevebze~ siaruls mouxSira,
mere sofelSi stumrad Camosul `qalaqel~ kote mamalaZes
`daumegobrda~ da yvelaferi imiT damTavrda, rom kotem
qalaqs miaSura, taso ki ucnauri seniT daajildova. male
3. r. miSvelaZe. tomi XXV 33
seni tasosgan qmar-Svilsac gadaedo da yvelas `muwukebad
gamoayara~.
sofels, ra Tqma unda, ucnauri senisa araferi gaege­
boda. erTi ambobda, `wiTeli qariao~, da locviT upirebda
gankurnebas, meore _ `qar-cecxliao~ da qar-cecxlis wamals
adebda, mesame _ `dasunviliao~ da vin mosTvlis, ra seni ar
daarqves da ra wamlebi ar scades. zogi imasac ambobda: `ba­
tonebia da wamloba ar ekadrebao~.
gabriela da misi ori Svili am saSinel sens Seewirnen.
`tasos Tavisi lamazi cxviri mosZvra, Tvalebi sanaxevrod
daubrmavda, saxe daumaxinjda~... bolos eqimic gamoCnda da
wamalic, magram ukve gvian iyo. sifilisma Tavisi gaakeTa.
glexTa mxridan aqtiuri protestis, xelis gamoRebis,
axa­li modis mebatoneTadmi daumorCileblobis idea aSkarad
gamovlinda moTxrobaSi `simona~.
oblobaSi gazrdili simona ZalaZis cxovrebis gza­
ze av Crdilad daeca nigvzis xis vaWrobiT gamdidrebuli
`sofelSi didad gavleniani, mZlavri kaci, maRali, rixiani
Sexedulebis~, daviT droiZe. soflad droiZeTa dro damd­
gara. fuliT gaqsuebuli guSindeli glexi TanamoZmeT ze­
modan dahyurebs, rakiRa yviTeli eSmakiT iolad SeuZlia
boqaul-mosamarTleTa moqrTamva-mosyidva. `wabliserSi da­
viTis ojaxs aznauris ojaxs eZaxdnen, Tumca bevrs kargad
axsovda, rom raRac ocisa da ocdaaTi wlis winaT TviTon
daviTi erTi gudamSieri aznauris Sinayma iyo. miwa-adgilebs
daviTi TandaTan iZenda, ase rom bolo dros kargi mamulis
patroni TavadisTvis SeeZlo xelis gawvdena. mkiTxveli ad­
vilad mixvdeba, rom `daviT droiZe Tavis sofelSi patara
mefe iyo~.
daviT droiZem bavSvobidanve aiTvalwuna simona. jer
iyo da simindis qurdoba daabrala, mere sityvis Sebrunebi­
saTvis `naobaxSi~ Caasmevina da rom egona, am RonisZiebiT
daSinebuli simona Cemi mona-morCili gaxdebao, gabriel Za­
laZis Svili ver motexa da verc qedi moaxrevina. `im dRi­
dan dawyebuli simona daviTs aRarc salams aZlevda da Tan,
sadac Sexvdeboda, iseTi TvaliT Sexedavda, rom daviTi
iZulebuli iyo, Tvali aeridebina~.
34
 daviT droiZe mizezs eZebda, rom simonasaTvis sabolood
Wkua eswavlebina da bolos es mizezic gamoCnda. erT RamiT
qurdebma daviTis Tavla gatexes da lurji bedauri mopares.
daviTma qurdoba, rasakvirvelia, simonas daabrala. simona
gauZalianeblad gahyva policielebs mazris ufrosTan. `wa­
val, Cems simarTles RmerTi ar damikargavso~, magram mwared
motyuvda, mamasaxlisis zeda `instancia~ rusi gaxldaT,
rusi ki, aba, rogor daindobda: `roca mazris ufros­Tan mi­
iyvanes, Cveneburi darajebi Camoecala, xiStiani rusebi Se­
moadgnen aqeT-iqiT. mazris ufrosma protokolis waikT­xvis
Semdeg raRac rusulad dauwyo wyroma da fexebis bartyuni
da Semdeg waiyvanes satusaRoSi~.
daviT droiZis ZalisxmeviT, simona damnaSaved scnes, sam­
wlinaxevriT cixeSi Casves, odas da xarebs konfiskacia uyves
da ojaxi usaxsrod daagdes. dabrunda simona samwlinaxevris
Semdeg patimrobidan, magram `urCi biWis dabrunebiT Zilga­
texilma daviT droiZem male isev `gaacimbirebina~ simona.
amjerad `foStis gaZarcvis~ braldebiT. amasobaSi daviTis
Svilma, titikom, simonas coli, dariko, mosamsaxures moata­
cebina da ZaladobiT namusi axada. Seuracxyofilma qalma
Tavi daiRrCo. es ambavi simonam jer kidev cixeSi Seityo. rom
gaaTavisufles, soflad SurisZiebis mtkice gadawyvetile­
biT dabrunda. `ra giSavda, daviT, am RvTis gaCenil qveyanaSi
mec mecxovra da Senc! orive daveteodiT. Cemi gasresa rom
meindome, ar icodi, mec samagieros gadagixdidi!?... erTi
muSakaci viyavi, gasaWyletaT momindomes, Tavze xeli amaRe­
bies da agia. naxon, Tu kaia Tavze xelaRebuli kaci!~ simonam
ori vaJi (titiko da levani) Tvalwin moukla daviT droiZes
da mere misi oda cecxls misca.
ra mohyva Sedegad simona ZalaZis SurisZiebas. marTalia,
gafiralebulma glexma SeZlo misi damRupvelisTvis samagie­
ro gadaexada, magram sofels axal egzekuciad, gaCanagebad
daawva yaCaRis Zebnis samazro RonisZiebani. sofelSi `idgnen
yazaxebi... imaTi SiSiT qalebi gareT fexs veRar adgamdnen.
glexobaSi daTareSobdnen mamasaxlisi da misi xelqveiTebi
`ekuciis~ xarjisaTvis. am `ekuciis~ xarjs TavianTi jibis­
Tvisac bevri gamoayoles... xalxs welSi swyvetda es xarji.
35
fuli rom aRar auTavdaT, sarCos-siminds, Roms da saqo­
nels aZlevdnen, magram ar iqna, mainc ver auvidnen. Tu cota
daugviandeboda egzekuciis xarji, sadac waaxelebdnen xars,
Zroxas, Rors klavdnen da mihqondaT, Tu patroni gamocxad­
deboda da davas dauwyebda _ Cemiao, maTraxi da misi jani!~
bolos simona tyeSi Tavisi sikvdiliT, avadmyofobiT gar­
daicvala, xolo pristavma `yaCaR ZalaZis mokvlisTvis~ or­
deni miiRo.
borotebis dasaTrgunavad individualuri teroris garda
sxva ramac aris saWiro. martoxela yaCaRi veras gaxdeba, Tu
glexobam erTi piri ar Sehkra, erTad ar aRimaRla xma erovnu­
li da socialuri Cagvris winaaRmdeg. es azria gatarebuli
egnate ninoSvilis moTxrobaSi `paliastomis tba~.
`paliastomis tbis maxlobel tyeebSi gaismoda culebis
xaTqa-xuTqi da wamdauwum xis waqcevisagan griali. muSa ga­
seoda tyeebs da amzadebda foTs gasasyid xeebs. muSaobdnen
avdrisa da sicivis miuxedavad; dasvelebulebi, sicivisagan
xelfexwarTmeulebi. muSaobdnen mousvenrad da RamiT daqan­
cul-daRlilebi eyrebodnen aqa-iq farRalala karvebSi,
cecxlis piras dasaZineblad, visac nabadi hqonda, exveoda
nabadSi da umetesoba ki ise, gauxdelad, sveli tanisamosiT
miegdeboda dilamde wknelis loginzed da xis muTaqazed~.
tyeSi sxvebTan erTad, ormocdaxuTiode wlis, saSualo
tanis, beWebganieri glexi ivane da misi Teqvsmeti wlis nikoc
uxaTqunebdnen xeebs najaxs, raTa cotaodeni `wlis sarCo~
da `cacais mziTevisaTvis~ oriode groSi moequCebinaT. gle­
xebs tyis sabaJo gadasaxadi wyvetda welSi, Torem am ka­tor­
Ruli Sromis nayofiT cota suls moiTqvamdnen. Tavidan
paliastomis tyis muSebi erTxmad aRudgnen xelisuflebas
da tyis simdidris TavianTi wili bejiTad moiTxoves, mag­
ram mere tyis ukanono patronebma eSmakobas mihmarTes _
glexTa rigebSi daqsaqsuloba Seitanes. `hai, biWo, sad aris
piri da erToba! Cvensave moZmeebs rom ar eRalataT, vis
ra xeli hqonda CvenTan. mara Ralati da upiroba! hm... maS­
vin rom fxa­ridan ar gamogvSlodnen... moatyues ubedurebi,
aRalatebies da mere TviTon uRalates! yaZaxs yolikaci

36
moatyuebs... yaZaxma rom erTpiroba icodes da erTmaneTis
fxaris micema, maSvin...~ _ wuxs ivane.
magram glexTa erTpirobamde da erTurTis mxarSi amod­
gomis survilamde jer kidev didi droa. protestis erTian
xmas rom Tavi davaneboT, mezobeli glexebi _ `buJukai da
daTikelaic~ tiviT rom ukan mohyvebodnen, gamoecalnen ma­
ma-Svils da gamZvinvarebul paliastomTan marto datoves.
qariSxalma tivi wyals Sealewa, imedis ukanaskneli koS­
kic daingra da `ivanem dainaxa, rogor CasZira da Caylapa
Seubralebelma wyalma misi sayvareli niko. erTi ukanaskne­
lad kidev daiRriala sawyalobelma ivanem monadirisagan sa­
sikvdilod daWril lomsaviT, undoda miSveleboda Svils,
magram aRarc Rone iyo miSvelebisa da aRarc Svili iyo misa­
Svelebeli. niko ukve Caitana Zirs wyalma ise, rom xelic ar
gaunZrevia sacodavs. ramdensame wamis Semdeg Ronemixdili
ivanec wavida wylis fskerisken da es sityvebi: `vaime ojaxo!
vaime, col-Svilo~, mucelSive Caubruna pirSi CaxeTqilma
wyalma~.
moTxrobaSi `partaxi~ moqmed pirTa ubedurebis mizezad
iseTi Cveulebrivi, adamianis gamakeTilSobilebeli grZnoba
qceula, rogoric gaxlavT siyvaruli. jeran tevriZes de­
disa da dis garigebiT colad SerTes zalika nariSvilis
qa­
li liza. jerani imdenad endo dedis (xvaramze) da dis
(eli­sabed) gemovnebas, rom sacole mxolod niSnobis dRes
naxa, ar moewona, magram ukandaxeva gvian iyo. rakiRa siy­
varulis gamZle sayrdenebze ar idga, vera da ver gamagrda
jeranisa da lizas ojaxi. qmrisagan moZulebul lizas bo­
los mezobeli levani Seuyvarda da raki `saqme gamJRavnda~
(amasTan daerTo patara lukas sikvdilic), lizasTvis si­
cocxle gausaZlisi Seiqmna da man dambaCis gasroliT daus­
va wertili Tavis gamwarebul sves. jeranma `ver daamtkica,
rom misma colma TviTon moikla Tavi~, daiWires da gaacim­
bires. elisa­bedi WleqiT gardaicvala, xolo jeranis deda,
xvaramze, Wkuidan SeiSala da male isic miibara ufalma. ase
iqca `partaxad, namosaxlarad~ tevriZeTa erT dros kopwia,
baraqiani ezo-kari.

37
 Tu rkinigzaze sayaraulod gamwesebulma kacia munja­
Zem (`gankarguleba~) matareblis molodinSi (matareblisa,
romelsac `didi kaci mohyavda~), relsze dado Tavi _ `pawai
Tvals movatyueb, `matarebeli rom gamoivlis, reisaze rom
Tavi meqneba, maSinaTve Sevityob da wamovxtebio~ (magram eg
Tadarigi kaciasTvis friad savalalod damTavrda. daRlils
Rrmad CaeZina, matareblis moaxloeba ver gaigo da daiRupa),
samagierod, egnate ninoSvilis `mose mwerali~ STambeWdav­
siuJetiani, uaRresad marTali, gulubryvilo pasaJebisgan
Tavisufali daxvewili moTxrobaa.
unaTloSvilebis qvrivma, babalem, mose mwerlis rCeviT
(romelic gasamrjelod xuT Tumans iTxovda), oblad gaz­
rdili Tavisi Svilebidan (oqrua da sofona) ufrosi _ so­
fona gerad daiwera, aqaoda `erTaderT Svils saldaTad ar
wamarTmeveno~. bolos avi mezoblis, bagrata qeraZis, das­
meniT mose mwerlis naaferistali saqme gamJRavnda, babale,
sofona, oqrua, mRvdeli aTanase, mamasaxlisis TanaSemwe da
`sindisieri mowme~ daapatimres. mRvdeli sasamarTlomde
gardaicvala, oqruam gaqceva daapira, magram esroles da
mokles. danarCeni oTxi `damnaSave~ gaacimbires.
egnate ninoSvilis erT-erTi pirveli Txzuleba _ `janyi
guriaSi~ guriis 1841 wlis ajanyebazea dawerili da SeiZle­
ba iTqvas, rom igi mwerlis yvelaze sqeltaniani nawarmoe­
bia, romelSic srulad gamomJRavnda avtoris socialuri
da politikuri Sexedulebani. am TvalsazrisiT `janyi gu­
riaSi~ egnate ninoSvilis erT-erT saprogramo nawarmoebad
SeiZleba CaiTvalos. glexTa ajanyebis erT-erTi meTauri,
giorgi, daCagrulTa Semwe da qomagi, saerTo saqmisTvis
Tavdadebuli kacia, Tumca mis SexedulebebSi aSkaraa ru­
seTis winaSe qedis moxrisa da xsnis CrdiloeTidan momlo­
dine `progresistis~ is radikaluri Sexedulebani, social-
demokratebs rom axasiaTebdaT. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom
giorgis saqmis damarcxebiT (igi sikvdiliT dasajes), ajanye­
bulebi gaanadgures. iqneb egnate ninoSvilma marqsistuli
mrwamsis utopiurobazec migvaniSna.
oTxmocdaaTiani wlebis dasawyisSi qarTul periodikaSi
gaCnda werilebis seria `egnate ingoroyvas~ da `ninoSvi­
38
lis~ xelmoweriT. `guriis ambebis~ rubrikiT dabeWdil am
werilebSi oden guriis ambebze rodi iyo saubari. publi­
cisti gabedulad svamda qveynis sadReiso problemebs da
im problemaTa gadawyvetis gzebzec iZleoda Tavisebur pa­
suxs. saqmis codna, safuZvliani gansja, saqveyno wylulis
mkurnalobis survili Canda egnate ninoSvilis werilebSi.
erT-erTi pirveli korespondencia, romelsac `sabaaso~
hqvia, uneblie yaCaRTa, e. w. firalTa, gamosarClebas isa­
xavs miznad. 1882 wels dawerili `sabaaso~ qarTul publi­
cistikaSi sruliad axal Temaze migvaqcevinebs yuradRebas
da dakvirvebuli mkiTxveli advilad SeamCnevs, rom sakiTxis
imgvarad dasma, rogorc egnate ninoSvilis statiaSia, im
dros didi moqalaqeobrivi gabeduleba iyo.
`gasuli wlebisas rom ar gamovudgeT, _ wers avtori, _
marto SarSan da wleuls jer aTze meti `firali~ mohkles
guriaSi. mere, iciT vin arian es firalebi? colSviliani
kacebi, romlebic guSin mSvidi miwis muSa iyvnen, saxelm­
wifo begaras ixdidnen da Tavis moZmeebTan cxovrebis mZime
uRels eweodnen. ai, aseTi adamiani raRac uxilavi, ubeduri
garemoebis mizeziT dRes tovebs col-Svils, iRebs xelSi
Tofs da nadiriviT garbis tyeSi, _ firaldeba! aseT fira­
lebs udgebian kvalSi da xocaven `duJinobiT~, es `firalebis
Jleta~ iseTi Cveulebrivi movlena Seiqna dRes guriaSi, rom
ar SeiZleba adamians eWvi ar dagebados _ biWos, ase wam­
dauwum Tu Jlite es `firalebi~, adre xalxidan dasclian
gurias da dasacavic aRaravin darCebao~.
avtori qvemoT amxels Tavad guriels udanaSaulo gle­
xis _ gogitiZis Zalad gayaCaRebaSi da pirdapir acxadebs,
rom `proporSCikobis~ da `ordenebis gulisTvis mefis mox­
eleebi xSirad udanaSaulo kacsac firalobas abraleben da
mere `nadiroben~ masze. guriaSi Tu ase xSir-xSirad inadires
adamianze, iseT samsaxurs gauweven am provincias, rogorc
krilovis arakSi erTma gonierma cxovelma gauwia bost­
nis patrons im gansxvavebiT, ra Tqma unda, rom gonierma
cxovelma mxolod bostneuli gaTela da guriaSi ki gonieri
mcvelebi adamians gaTelaven.

39
 uaRresad sainteresoa `Zveli dava axal qerqSi~. `meve­
lis~ (d. miqelaZe) sapasuxod daweril am statiaSi egnate
ninoSvili TaobaTa dapirispirebis ZvelTaZvel problemas
exeba da saqarTvelos ekonomikur-politikuri momavlis
Sesaxebac sagulisxmo azrebs gvTavazobs.
TaobaTa Soris gaugebrobis warmoSobis mTavar mizezad
avtors is garemoeba miaCnia, rom axali Taoba Tavis `WeS­
maritebas~ amkvidrebs, Zvels ki am siaxleebze ar ufiqria
da yovelive misTvis gaugebari Secdoma hgonia: `Zveli Taoba
xedavs cxovrebaSi cvlilebebs, axal Setanil elementebs,
romlebisac mas ara gaegeba ra da amitom yvela Secdoma WeS­
maritebas moklebuli hgonia. Secdoma hgonia, radganac Tvi­
Ton ar ganucdia, ar ganuxilavs, ar Seuswavlia es axali. an
rogor SeZlebda misi dasustebuli Zal-Rone axalTaobisgan
SemuSavebuli Teoriebis da principebis ganxilvas. amisaT­
vis xelaxlav gaymawvileba aris saWiro da, xom mogexsenebaT:
`Tavsa axlad vervin iSobs~. misi iaraRi mxolod `dro wax­
das~ Zaxili da drtvinva-godebaa~.
publicistis maxvil Tvals ar gamorCenia TaobaTa dapi­
rispirebis sawuTisoflo gamocana, romelsac yovel drosa
da sazogadoebaSi hqonda adgili, rogorc erT dros samo­
cianelebi amxeldiT wina Taobis naklovanebebs da konser­
vatorebs eZaxdiT maT, iseve gikiJineben Tqven CamorCenas
axalni da ratom gwyinTo. e. ninoSvili mevelis naazrevis im
niuanss gauRizianebia, sadac avtori qarTvel da rus axal­
gazrdobas adarebs erTmaneTs da askvnis, qarTvel axalgaz­
rdobas ar Svenis `maRal materiebze~ laparaki, igi patara
eris Svilia da `dRiur problemebze~ unda ifiqroso. ami­
tom ZiriTadad Cvenma axalgazrdobam bunebis da meurneobis
Seswavlas unda mihyos xelio.
`ganaTlebuli nawili Cveni erisa imaze ki ar unda zru­
navdes, Tu rogor amoTxaros Cveni qveynis niadagidan oqro-
vercxli ramdenime kacis gasamdidreblad, aramed imazed,
rom Seqmnas iseTi sapolitiko-socialur-ekonomikuri wes­
wyobileba, rom eris yovel nawils gamoukleblad da Tanas­
worad SeeZlos fizikurad, gonebrivad da zneobrivad gaum­
jobeseba~.
40
 es pasuxi iqneb mTlad zusti da misadagebuli ar aRmoCndes
mevelis konkretuli azris mimarT, amitomac e. ni­ noSvili
qvemoT ufro cxadad ganmartavs Tavis damokidebulebas qa­
rTveli axalgazrdobis ganswavlis problemebisadmi: `is ki
ar unda vurCioT axalgazrdobas, rom ginda Tu ar ginda
ueWvelad meurneoba unda Seiswavlo, radganac meurneebis
ricxvs ramdenime kaci akliao, aramed unda veubnebodeT:
SeiswavleT is mecniereba, romlisadmi grZnobT mowodebas,
ganaviTareT is niWi, romelic RmerTs moucia~.
egnate ninoSvilis erT statias aseTi maintrigebeli
saTauri aqvs: `uebari saSualeba saqarTvelos gamdidrebi­
sTvis~. es statiac polemikuri xasiaTisa gaxlavT da av­
tori ekamaTeba `iveriis~ avtorebs: maCxanels, meveles da
`plebss~. ironiis sagnadaa aRebuli am avtorTa mtkiceba
imis Sesaxeb, rom `saqarTvelos gasamdidreblad sWirdeba
ori aTasi kargi texnologi da amdenive kargi agronomi~.
gana texnologebi da agronomebi aklia ruseTs an evropis
zog qveyanas, sadac xalxis erTi nawili SimSiliT kvdebao.
sameurneo skolebi ki ara, wyoba unda gardaiqmnas da maSin
eSveleba qveyanaso.
egnate ninoSvilze, rogorc mxatvruli prozis ostatze,
sxvadasxva azri arsebobs. erTni Tvlian, rom `gogia uiS­
vilis~ avtori mwerali-primitivistia da movlenaTa ferw­
eruli gadmocemis unari naklebad aqvs momadlebuli, meo­
reTa azriT, egnate ninoSvilis momxibvleloba swored mis
ganumeorebel lapidarulobasa da sisadaveSia, xolo sxarti
dramatuli siuJetebis SeqmniTa da STambeWdavi xasiaTebis
gamogviritebiT `mose mwerlis~ avtori gamorCeulTagania
XIX saukunis ukanaskneli aTwleulis qarTul prozaSi.
SemTxveviTi rodia egnate ninoSvilis araCveulebrivi
popularoba, riTac igi garemosilia lamis erTi saukunis
ganmavlobaSi. am dros qarTuli literaturis kabadonze
gadaiares sxvadasxva mimarTulebebma da literaturulma
skolebma, literaturulma modam araerTi saxeli gaaxmau­
ra da modamve Caaqro qarSi gadgmuli sanTeliviT, egnate
ninoSvili ki darCa. kacia munjaZes, simona ZalaZes, oqrua
unaTloSvils, spiridon mciriSvils da sxvebs gulSematki­
41
vari ar dahklebia. ra saidumloa egnate ninoSvilis, rogorc
mwerlis daubereblobaSi? upirveles yovlisa, es gaxlavT
moTxrobaTa mZafrsiuJetianoba. yovel nawarmoebs konkre­
tuli, uaRresad gamWvirvale da saintereso siuJeti aqvs. es
siuJetebi `TiTidan ki ar aris gamowovili~, umetesoba maT­
ganisa cxovrebis sinamdvilidan gaxlavT aRebuli da mkiTxv­
els swored dramatizmiT, realurobiT izidavs. arc erTi am
siuJetTagani erTmaneTs ara hgavs (moigoneT `paliastomis
tbis~, `qristines~, `simonas~, `Cveni qveynis raindis~, `go­
gia uiSvilis~... siuJetebi): garda amisa, egnate ninoSvilis
moTxrobebi savsea STambeWdavi, ostaturad gamokveTili
xasiaTebiT. mwerlis personaJTa galerea mravalferovania
da TiToeul maTgans ganumeorebeli xibli SesZina avtorma.
saukunis winandeli guria dasaxlebuli iyo swored rom si­
mona ZalaZeebiT, mose mwerlebiT, gabriel CamwardaZeebiT,
gogia uiSvilebiT, kacia munjaZeebiT.
aqve SevniSnavT, rom egnate ninoSvilis moTxrobebi, ra­
sakvirvelia, Sorsa dgas srulyofisagan. am mxriv yvelaze
metad TxzulebaTa enobrivi mxare scodavs. enobrivi dax­
vewa-damuSaveba aklia egnate ninoSvilis lamis yvela nawar­
moebs. amas TviT mweralic grZnobda. personaJebi, TiTqmis
yvelani, erTnairad metyveleben. individualuri saubris
maneriT, originaluri enobrivi stiliT personaJis gamokve­
Tis xerxi ucnobia egnate ninoSvilisTvis.
xolo is, rac Cvens win devs, egnate ninoSvilis marTali
proza mecxramete saukunis dasasrulis saqarTvelos WeSma­
riti mxatvruli matianis erTi utyuari furcelia da mra­
valsaukunovani qarTuli prozis Ronieri Senakadi.

42
 vasil barnovi
(1857 – 1934)

vasil barnovi qarTul prozaSi uaRresad saintereso,

originaluri stilis prozaikosia. Tavisebureba mwerlisa
ZiriTadad stilis ori niSniT gamoixata:
I. vasil barnovma Seqmna istoriuli romanis axali, Tavise­
buri Janri. ufro naTlad rom vTqvaT, istoriuli romani
misi romanebis umetesobas mxolod pirobiTad SeiZleba ewo­
dos. am romanebis centrSi yovelTvis rodi dgas istoriuli
movlena an personaJi. vasil barnovis romanebs umeteswilad
asazrdoebs istoriuli da miTologiuri siuJetebi. ase rom,
vasil barnovi originaluri siuJetebis ostati ar aris, ma­
gram gamoirCeva cnobili siuJetebis Taviseburi, axleburi
interpretaciiT.
II. uaRresad originaluria vasil barnovis enobrivi sti­
li. darbaisluri, ZvelqarTuli metyvelebiT vasil barnovi
konstantine gamsaxurdias winamorbedad gvevlineba qarTul
prozaSi, magram konstantine gamsaxurdias xelSi enobrivi
Ziebani, an ufro zustad rom vTqvaT, Zveli da axali qarTu­
lis sinTezi ufro Tanamimdevruli gaxda, anu ufro gamoi­

43
kveTa da sistemuri saxe miiRo. ZiriTadad es ori Tviseba
akuTvnebs vasil barnovs gamorCeul adgils qarTuli lite­
raturis istoriaSi.
vasil barnovi daibada 1857 wels sofel kodaSi (Sua qar­
Tli). mamamisi, zaqaria, mRvdeli gaxldaT. barnavelTa gvari
samcxe-javaxeTidan aris (barnovi misi fsevdonimia). vasil
barnovma TbilisSi daamTavra sasuliero saswavlebeli da
sasuliero seminaria. Semdeg moskovis sasuliero akademiaSi
ganagrZo swavla. moskovSi didi xalisiT ar Rebulobdnen
qarTvelebs, amitom man gancxadeba barnovis gvariT dawera.
mere mTeli sicocxle vasil barnovma gaatara pedagogiur
da literaturul saqmianobaSi. aswavlida qarTul enas,
literaturis istorias. igi ufro metad samegreloSi moR­
vaweobda, bolos ki TbilisSi iyo. Sedgenili aqvs sxvadasxva
leqsikonebi da mowavleTaTvis `qarTuli sityvierebis is­
toria~.
vasil barnovis mTavari saqmianoba mwerloba iyo. man
sak­­maod didxans icocxla im epoqis pirobaze. gardaicvala
1934 wels, 76 wlis asakSi, TbilisSi.
vasil barnovma SemoqmedebiTi cxovreba moTxrobebiT da­
iw­yo da mere romanebze gadavida. misi moTxrobebi ar aris im
mxatvruli simaRlis da literaturuli potenciisa, rogo­
ricaa vasil barnovis romanebi, magram, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
isini erTgvar etaps qmnian qarTuli moTxrobis istoriaSi.
vasil barnovi erT-erTi pirveli qarTveli prozaiko­
sia, romelmac XIX saukunis dasasrulis da XX saukunis aTi-
ociani wlebis Tbilisis sinamdvile asaxa.
moabijebs moTxrobis gmiri, daTiko, TbilisSi da avlab­
ris xidTan qvemoT SeniSnavs Wianurze damkvrel kacs, ro­
melic amiT Soulobs fuls. mivida masTan gasamrjelos mi­
sacemad da dainaxa, rom Wianurs erTi simi ganaskvuli aqvs.
hkiTxa amis mizezi _ `gamiwyda, batono, da yidvis saSuale­
ba ar mqondao~. Semdeg gairkveva, rom isini erTmaneTs ic­
nobdnen. daTikom didi xnis unaxavi megobari sosiko ipova.
ipova cxovrebisgan gatexili, maTxovrad qceuli. moikiTxes
erTmaneTi da erTad midian saxlisken. Sin sosikos avadmyo­

44
fi meuRle makrine eloda, romelmac ar icis, rom misi qmari
maTxovrobs. gzaze megobarma damkvrels axali simi uyida.
Wianuris simis gamTeleba SeiZleba, magram ra gaamTelebs
sulSi Camwydar sims, sims warsuli cxovrebisas, romelic
erTxel da samudamod aris gawyvetili (`ganaskvuli simi~).
moTxrobaSi `tkbili duduki~ vasil barnovi filosofos
mwerlad gvevlineba. igi warmarTul-idealisturi filoso­
fiis warmomadgenelia; aris axalgazrda kaci mixa da hyavs
megobari daTiko. es mixa ucnauri kacia, qalebSi moridebu­
li. erTxel daTikom mixa stumrad waiyvana megobris ojaxSi,
romelsac rusi siZe hyavda. mixam iq naxa rusis coli qeTeTo
da eldacemuliviT Sescqeroda mas. mere daTikos ar moewona
misi megobris miStereba ucxo qalisadmi. ukan mobrunebul­
ze mixam uTxra: es qeTeTo adre Cemi coli iyo da, bunebri­
via, axlac Cemi coli unda gaxdeso. im dRis mere verafriT
ver amoigdo mixam Tavidan es axireba, magram misi survili
ar Sesrulda. roca qeTeTo gardaicvala, ori dRis Semdeg
mixam Tavi moiwamla. daTiko igonebs: medudukeTa TanxlebiT
mivdiodi mis saflavze, rom misi siyvaruli meglovao.
socialuri problemaa dasmuli moTxrobaSi `Teberas da­
niSnuli~.
Tebera meRorea. cxovrobs Tbilisis maxlobel sofelSi
da konfliqti aqvs meduqne TevdorasTan. konfliqtis mize­
zia sofleli gogo, gziris geri eona. eonas mSoblebi fu­
lian kacs ufro wyaloben da Tevdora gadawyvets, xelSi
Caigdos qali. Tevdoram jer Zalas mihmarTa, magram rom
ve­ra gaawyo, xerxi ixmara, eonas maminacvali kaklua mois­
yi­da. verc kakluas rCevam gaWra. eonas guli Teberas dae­
pyro. gagulisebulma kakluam saxriT scema sacodavi geri,
ris gamoc eona SiSiT daavaddeba. mkiTxavma urCia mSobels,
sami weli eklesiaSi unda iyos da RmerTs unda emsaxuro­
so. Tevdoram guli aicrua suliT daavadebul qalze. maSin
gamoCnda Teberas erTguleba. igi eklesiis maxloblad mi­
wurSi dadga da zrunavda avadmyofze. gavida sami weli. sami
wlis Semdeg sofels ubrundeba Tebera Tavisi daniSnuliT.
eona morCa.

45
 uaRresad sainteresoa qalaqad vaWrul-CarCuli damoki­
debulebis mxilebiT gaJRenTili moTxroba `gvelis zeimi~.
moqmedeba xdeba TbilisSi. aRwerilia kapitalistur-vaW­
ruli urTierTobis gaCena. yviTeli petre hqvia im kacs,
romelsac Tvalebi yviTlad, gveliseburad uelavs xolme.
igi fuls Soulobs, xolo `fulis mSovnel kacs sxva bu­
zad eCveneba~. mis mezoblad cxovrobdnen gobroni da maiko.
mwerali paralelurad gvixatavs Tbilisis maxlobel fer­
dobze mosriale gvels da mis prototips _ yviTel petres.
am ukanasknels ubedureba moaqvs yvelasTvis.
upirvelesi Janri vasil barnovisTvis misi romanistikaa.
romanebs Soris aRsaniSnavia: `mimqrali Saravandedi~, `is­
nis ciskari~, `giorgi saakaZe~, `trfoba wamebuli~, `armazis
­msxvreva~.
Cven zemoT xazi gavusviT vasil barnovis romanebis gansa­
kuTrebulobas. upirveles yovlisa, es gamoixateba mwerlis
damokidebulebiT originaluri siuJetebis problemisadmi
da Taviseburi, darbaisluri enobrivi qarTuliT, riTac va­
sil barnovi, k. gamsaxurdiasTan erTad qarTuli enis re­
formatorad gvevlineba. feodaluri saqarTvelos sazoga­
doebrivi cxovrebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli urTierTSuRli
da qiSpoba, siyvarulis problema, qristianobis gavrceleba
saqarTveloSi da masTan dakavSirebuli peripetiebi _ ai, va­
sil barnovis romanebis ZiriTadi Tematur-problemuri are.
`armazis msxvreva~. saqarTvelo warmarTuli kerpTay­
vanismcemluri religiis erTgulebiT, bomonTa didebis
saukunuri cxovrebiT cxovrobs. mexuTe saukunea. saqar­
TveloSi mefobs mefe miriani. saqarTvelos, erTi SexedviT,
megobruli, sinamdvileSi ki vasalur-ymuri damokidebuleba
aqvs sparseTTan. samyarosTan, sxva qveynebTan saqarTvelos
urTierTobis gza ZiriTadad abreSumis gzaze gadis mcxe­
Tidan ispaanisken da saqarTvelos religiuri cxovrebis
myudro idilias erTbaSad arRvevs kabadokiidan 19 wlis
qristiani qalis, wminda ninos, Semosvla saqarTveloSi. fex­
SiSvelam gamoiara man samcxe-javaxeTi da TrialeTis mTebi
Tavisive TmebiT Sekruli vazis jvriT xelSi da ara marto

46
mxurvale locviT iqcevs yuradRebas, aramed SesaniSnavad
flobs grZneulebis, mkurnalobis imgvar meTodebs, romle­
bic magiuri ZaliT moqmedebs adamianebze.
wminda ninos qristianuli moZRvrebisken gadaixara TviT
dedofalic. mirian mefe ki mkvidrad erTgulebda armazis
kerps. sparseTidan Camodis SesaniSnavi raindi amzaili, aseve
kerpTayvanismcemeli da isic kategoriuli winaaRmdegia
qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebisa. xvaram­
zes (qarTvel qals) Seuyvarda amzaili, xolo xvaramze wminda
ninos gavlenas ganicdis. didia wminda ninos qadagebis Zal­
mosileba, dRiTi dRe izrdeba qristianTa laSqari saqarT­
veloSi. dabolos, xdeba erTi saswauli. mefe miriani zeda­
zenze nadirobs. mas Tan axlda amala da uecrad Camobnelda.
iseTi Cveulebrivi movlena, rogoricaa mzis dabneleba, ma­
Sin auxsneli iyo da es RvTis risxvad iqna gagebuli. mefem
Tavis kerps _ armazs, mimarTa saSvelad, magram ar ganaTda.
mefe da misi amala SiSma Seipyro. am dros mirians gaaxsenda
wminda ninos RmerTi _ wminda ninos meufeo! oRond axla
gvixseni da giwameb maradis. ca, marTlac, ganaTda da maSin
irwmuna mirianma da misma amalam ninos RmerTis upiratesoba
da samudamod Seepara bzari mis warmodgenaSi armazis kerps.
romans originaluri finali aqvs. amzaili omSi iRupeba.
gaurkvevelia, armazis risxvaa es, Tu axali RmerTisa. al­
baT, axali RmerTisa _ qristesi, daaskvnis xvaramze. qristes
jvars moixsnis da gadaagdebs. xanjals amoiRebs, Tavs moi­
klavs da satrfos daekoneba. mTavrdeba siyvarulis senti­
mentaluri istoria, magram armazis msxvreva ukve dawyebu­
lia, qristianoba ukve imarjvebs. mwerlis mier brwyinvaled
aris daxatuli imdroindeli yofa-cxovrebis realiebi.
romani trfoba wamebuli~dawerilia giorgi merCules
cnobili Txzulebis `grigol xanZTelis cxovrebis~ mixed­
viT. kerZod, grigol xanZTelis cxovrebidan mweralma aiRo
saero siuJeti: mefe aSot kurapalatis, dedoflisa da `siZ­
vis diacis~ mijnurobis ambavi. agreTve saero da saeklesio
wyobilebis urTierTobis istoria da, rac mTavaria, grigol

47
xanZTelis damokidebuleba am movlenebTan _ mefis gankace­
basTan, siyvarulTan.
`grigol xanZTelis cxovrebaSi~ am ambavs didi adgili
rodi uWiravs, mefes uyvars `siZvis diaci~. maTi urTier­
Toba iqamde midis, rom mefem `siZvis diaci~ sasaxleSi mi­
iyvana. `siZvis diacma~ kargad icis, rom ukanonoa misi yofna
sasaxleSi, magram mefis winaaRmdeg uZluria, radgan `garda­
reuli siyuaruli aqus mas Cemi~. erTaderTi kaci, mRvdel­
mTavari da episkoposi, romelmac, maSindeli gagebiT, mefes
sircxvili moswminda, mokida xeli da `siZvis diaci~ Tebro­
nias miuyvana. dedaTa monasterSi iyo grigol xanZTeli. man
icoda, rom qveynis mmarTvels ar SeSvenis aseTi amCateba,
miTumetes, rom qristianuli religia mkacri moraluri
dogmebis damcvelia. mefem roca gaigo es ambavi, maSinve
monastrisaken gaeSura, magram, samwuxarod, erTmpyrobels
da monarqs eklesiis kari cxvriwin miuketes. Sewuxda mefe
da maSin aRmoxda mas sityvebi, romlis warmoTqmis ufleba
yvelas hqonda, mefis garda: `netar mas kacsa, vin arRara
cocxal arso~.
vasil barnovma Tavis mxatvrul quraSi gaatara es siuJe­
ti da miiCnia, rom yvelaferi ase `martivad~ ar ganviTarde­
boda, arc is SeiZleboda, rom qali tikina yofiliyo mefis
xelSi. mweralma grigol xanZTelSic scada iseTi mamaka­
cis aRmoCena, rolis gulsac SeiZleba drodadro anaTeb­
des xolme siyvaruli. romanSi mTeli rigi peripetiebi imis
Semdeg iwyeba, riTac mTavrdeba giorgi merCules moTxro­
baSi. iq `siZvis diacs~ saxelic ara aqvs. vasil barnovma mas
Suqia daarqva. igi lamazi, Wkviani da erovnuli Tvisebebis
matarebeli qalia. mefisadmi siyvarulis garda, mas mefis xe­
lisuflebis gamoyeneba qveynis mdgomareobis gasaukeTeseb­
ladac surs. amave dros Suqia amayia da misi siyvarulis da
Rirsebebis Selaxvas aravis apatiebs. mweralma Suqia aqcia
pirovnebad, romelsac sakuTari `me~ mianiWa.
aSoti brZeni, gonieri mefea da erTaderTi, ramac SeZ­
lo misi damarcxeba _ siyvarulia. msoflio literaturaSi
saerTod asea: uZlevelni arian mefeni. isini mterTa uricxv

48
armiebs amarcxeben, saocari sisastikiT gamoirCevian marTl­
msajulebis dros, magram sruliad uZlurni rCebian qalis
siyvarulis winaSe. sruliad swori, adamianuri movlenaa.
aSot kurapalati sqematuri saxe iqneboda, rom misi cxovre­
ba siyvaruliT ar iyos gaciskrovnebuli
siyvarulis Zalas mere ufro farTo mxatvruli masStabe­
biT Zlierni ama qveynisani daumona konstantine gamsa­xurdiam.
arc grigol xanZTeli, Seuvali mRvdelmsaxuri, darCenia
uyuradRebod vasil barnovs. nuTu aseTi Zlieria, mkacria
grigoli, roca saqme miwier, amqveyniur siyvaruls Seexeba?
aramc da aramc. episkoposis mantiis qveS misi Seyvarebuli
guli Zgers. mas sicocxlis fasad ujdeba Tavisi religi­
uri simtkicis SenarCuneba. igi Seyvarebulia Tebroniaze.
maT saubarSi da mefis siyvarulisadmi damokidebuleba­
Si, zogjer sinanulic gakrTeba xolme. Rirda ki amodena
msxver­plad, Cveni siyvarulis Sewirvad, Cven mier mopove­
buli religiuri mdgomareoba? bolos isini erT daskvnamde
midian: Rirda, radgan Cven sulieri simSvide vpoveT, magram,
vai, aseT simSvides. es azri gamosWvivis Tebronias da grigo­
lis sevdian saubrebSi.
siyvarulis problemas eZRvneba vasil barnovis uaRre­sad
saintereso romani `mimqrali Saravandedi~, aqac mwerlis
sasiyvarulo `Teoria~ gamosWvivis. kerZod, vasil barnovi
daJinebiT qadagebs imas, rom siyvaruli uZlieresi, amamaR­
lebeli grZnobaa, rom siyvarulma ar icis, arc wodebrivi
gansxvavebuloba da arc erovnuli barieri. winaaRmdegoba
siyvarulis uZiro grZnobasa da sazogadoebriv mdgomareo­
bas Soris xSirad ori adamianis tragediis mizezi xdeba _
es azri msWvalavs `mimqral Saravandedsac~. gurielis qals,
TinaTins, aznauri noSrevani Sehyvarebia, magram amayi gu­
rielis partikularuli interesebi dabali wodebis noSre­
vanis siZed mokidebas rodi iTvaliswinebs. TinaTins kaxTa
mefe levanze gaaTxoveben, magram am saxelmwifoebriv ga­
rigebas bedniereba rodi moaqvs levanisa da TinaTinisTvis.
levans, Tavis mxriv. lekTa beladis asuli leilyzi Sehyva­
rebia. dedoflisa da mTavris mantia mxolod garegnulad

4. r. miSvelaZe. tomi XXV 49

hfaravs SeyvarebulTa gulebs. oriveni itanjebian. levanis
gaorebuli cxovreba taxtis memkvidris problemasac warmo­
Sobs da feodaluri SuRlis mizezi xdeba, rakiRa leilyzis
vaJsac gauCndeba survili Tavisi mamis memkvidreoba ergos.
siyvarulSi damarcxebuli TinaTini iZulebuli xdeba monaz­
vnad aRikvecos.
vasil barnovis nawarmoebTa umetesoba mwerlis origi­
nalur Teologiur-filosofiur pozicias amJRavnebs. va­
sil barnovs swams RmerTi, rogorc samyaros gamgebeli,
pirvelmizezi, magram ara gankacebuli da qristes msgavsad
yaCaRTa gverdiT dasjil-wamebuli. aqve vasil barnovi ada­
mianTa cxovrebis peripetiebSi did wils miagebs bedisweras.
adamiani bedisweris msxverplia. bediswera is sastiki bomo­
nia, romelsac versad gaeqcevi. aseTia mwerlis mrwamsi. unda
aRiniSnos, rom vasil barnovis religiuri orientacia ar
aris orTodoqsuli. zogierT nawarmoebSi avtori warmar­
Tuli filosofiiskenac sakmaod ixreba.
es msoflmxedveloba gansakuTrebiT naTlad Cans romanSi
`giorgi saakaZe~, romelic ioseb zilixanianis `didmouravia­
nis~ erTgvar mxatvrul perseveracias warmoadgens. nawar­
moebSi moqmedebis mdinareba iqiTken midis, rom mwerali
gviCvenebs giorgi saakaZis gonebriv da fizikur upirate­
sobas bagration mefis winaSe. taxti swored rom ukeTess
ekuTvnis da aseTad gangebam giorgi saakaZe moavlina, ma­
gram giorgi saakaZem gadamwyvet Jams ukan daixia. ar ikadra
bagrationTa taxtis mitaceba da swored es gaxda misi dam­
arcxebis mizezi. bedisweris Zaxils win ar unda aRvudgeT,
aseTia romanis laitmotivi.
meTvramete saukunis dasasrulis saqarTvelos orient­
aciis urTules problemas exeba vasil barnovis romani _
`isnis ciskari~. ra iyo krwanisSi qarTvelTa damarcxebis
mizezi, Canda Tu ara xsnis gza Cveni qveynisTvis meTvramete
saukunis dasasruls da marTali iyo Tu ara erekle mefis
gadawyvetileba _ ruseTisTvis daekavSirebina damoukide­
beli saqarTvelos bedi. am Tavsatex kiTxvebs dastrialebs
`isnis ciskris~ avtori da SeiZleba gadaWriT iTqvas, rom

50
romanSi radikalur avtoriseul orientacias TiTqmis ar
amJRavnebs. vasil barnovi xatavs dros, adamianTa urTier­
Tobebs, qveynis politikur-ekonomikur viTarebas da mkiTx­
vels utovebs gansja-dafiqrebis sagnad saqarTvelos ori­
entaciis problemas.
vasil barnovis dinji Txrobis manera, prozis ritmuloba
da romantiuli, zeaweuli stili mkiTxvelTa gansakuTrebul
interess iwvevs. mwerals frazis daxvewis da enobrivi fera­
dovnebis araCveulebrivi unari gaaCina. swored klasikurma
simwyobrem, saTqmelis gamoxatvis ferwerulobam da sworma
erovnulma poziciam moupova vasil barnovs meoce saukunis
literaturis klasikosis saxeli.

51
 daviT kldiaSvili
(1862 - 1931)

daviT kldiaSvili qarTuli prozis brwyinvale warmo­

madgenelTa pleadas amSvenebs. `samaniSvilis dedinacvlis~
da `soloman morbelaZis~ garda rom araferi daewera, da­
viT kldiaSvili mainc CaiTvleboda qarTuli literaturis
klasikosad da msoflio novelistikis erT-erT TvalsaCino
metrad.
`samaniSvilis dedinacvals~ da `soloman morbelaZes~ siu­
JetiT da Sesrulebis uzado ostatobiT, SeiZleba Tamamad
iTqvas, rom mcire Janris nawarmoebTa Soris oqros fondSi
aqvT damkvidrebuli adgili. yovel SemTxvevaSi, msoflio
literaturaSi, Cven ver vxedavT moTxrobas, romelSic Sua
xans miRweuli Svili sakuTar mamas maWanklad udgeba. dadis
igi imereTis mtvrian gzebze, karidan karad, rom moZebnos
ornaqmarevi, uSvilo dedaberi da arc meti, arc naklebi,
mamamiss SerTos colad. ratom ornaqmarevi da ratom uSvi­
lo? Turme, aznaur _ platon samaniSvils aseTi `cuRluti~
gazraxva aqvs. emand bekinam, mamamisma, Svili ar gaaCinos da
platons Tavisi naxevarZma mamulis mociled ar moevlinos,

52
msoflioSi araerTi mZafri siuJeti arsebobs (`mateo fal­
kone~, `palata #6~), maT Sorisa `samaniSvilis dedinacvlis~
siuJeti, romelic Tavis STambeWdaobiT da sarkastulobiT
samudamod amaxsovrdeba mkiTxvels.
daviT kldiaSvilma saocari ferwerulobiT da realis­
tis keTilsindisierebiT asaxa XIX saukunis dasasrulisa da
XX saukunis dasawyisis saqarTvelo Tavis prozaSi. SeiZle­
ba Tamamad iTqvas, rom man literaturaSi sruliad axali
samyaro Seqmna. daasaxla igi ganumeorebeli xasiaTebiT,
sevdanarevi iumoriT aRwera maTi cxovreba da samudamod
Semounaxa literaturis istorias platon samaniSvilis,
bekina samaniSvilis, soloman morbelaZis, kirile mimino­
Svilis, otia qamuSaZis, porfiri biaSvilis da sxvaTa saxe­
ebi. cxovreba, romelsac daviT kldiaSvili aRwers, drama­
tizmiTa da tragizmiT aris aRsavse, xolo stili mwerlisa
uxvad Seicavs ironias, iumors, zogjer _ grotesksac ki.
mwerali erTgan ambobs _ es ambavi, Cemo mkiTxvelo, friad
sasacilo iqneboda, rom satirali ar yofiliyoo. komikuri
daviT kldiaSvilis stilis Tvisebaa. sinamdvileSi igi ara­
sodes ar dascinis Tavis personaJebs. rodesac mxcovan da­
viT kldiaSvils TbilisSi iubiles uxdidnen da erT-erTma
momxsenebelma brZana _ ra kargad dascina daviT kldiaSvil­
ma Semodgomis aznaurebso. daviT kldiaSvilma, iubilarma,
Tavis sityvaSi iqve gasca pasuxi: _ es sicruea, me arasodes
aravisTvis damiciniao.
raki daviT kldiaSvilis stilze Camovarda saubari, ori­
ode sityva vTqvaT sicilze. filosofosebi dRemde daoben
imaze, Tu ra aris komikuri, ratom icinian adamianebi. erTni
amboben, rom sicils iwvevs formisa da Sinaarsis Seusaba­
moba. meoreni ki xazs usvamen, rom sasacilo ibadeba movle­
nebze sakuTaris upiratesobis Segnebis gamo. qarTul lite­
raturaSi komikuris Janrad aRiarebis pirveli niSani Cans
`vefxistyaosanSi~, `mesame leqsi kargia salaRobod, samRe­
relad~. aseve rusTavelma hagiografiuli mwerlobisagan
gansxvavebiT, pirvelma SemogvTavaza satiruli igavi: `orni
kacni midiodes sadaurni sadme gzasa~.

53
 daviT kldiaSvilis iumori yovelTvis formisa da Sina­
arsis SeusabamobiT, ganwyobilebiT, garemo pirobebze da
situaciaze Rrma dakvirvebis Sedegad aris Seqmnili da ara­
sodes ar aris TviTmiznuri, pompezuri. sicili sicilisTvis
arasodes ar Cans mis SemoqmedebaSi.
daviT kldiaSvili daibada 1862 wels sofel simoneTSi,
aznaur samson kldiaSvilis ojaxSi. igi xan mamiseul saxlSi
izrdeboda, xan _ deduleTSi (wyaltubos raioni). cxra wlis
iyo, roca ormoc qarTvel bavSvTan erTad kievSi waiyvanes,
yovelwliurad ruseTis TviTmpyrobeloba saqarTveloSi
agrovebda TavadaznaurTa Svilebs da mihyavda isini ruseTSi
TiTqosda ganaTlebis misaRebad, sinamdvileSi ki gasaruse­
blad, raTa iqidan ruseTis saimedo Cinovnikebi dabrunebu­
liyvnen. daviTi kievidan moskovis samxedro saswavlebelSi
gadaiyvanes. mxolod ocdaxuTi wlisa dabrunda saqarT­
veloSi (manam sul orjer iyo saqarTveloSi). igi TiTqmis
garusebuli iyo da rodesac `podporuCikad~ gaamweses ba­
TumSi, mefis mTavrobas daviT kldiaSvilTan mimarTebaSi
Tavisi amocana Sesrulebuli hqonda. baTumSi gaicno man ime­
reli aznauri, pavle maWavariani, enawyliani qarTveli kaci
da, rogorc mwerali igonebs, Tu vinmem sca yvelaze didi
pativi daviT kldiaSvils, iyo swored pavle maWavariani. man
miaTxova qali daviTs da aCuqa `samaniSvilis dedinacvlis~
da `soloman morbelaZis~ siuJetebi.
kldiaSvilma polkovnikobas miaRwia ruseTis samxedro
samsaxurSi. misi baTumSi oficrobis dros iyo muSaTa gamos­
vlebi. erT-erTs axalgazrda stalinic miuZRoda win da
ramdenjerac ubrZanes oficer daviT kldiaSvils cecxlis
gamoyenebiT SeeCerebina gamosvlebi, mas erTxelac ar usvria
amboxebulTaTvis. amis gamo igi samsaxuridan daiTxoves.
cota xans quTaisSi iyo, moxucebuloba ki sofelSi gaatara
da iqve gardaicvala 1931 wlis 24 aprils. dakrZales mTa­
wmindis panTeonSi.
daviT kldiaSvilma dagvitova araerTi moTxroba da maT­
gan sworupovaria Semodgomis aznaurTa Sesaxeb dawerili
moTxrobebi, piesebi: `darispanis gasaWiri~, `irines bedniere­
ba~, `ubedureba~. aseve `mnaTobis~ redaqciis SekveTiT dawer­
54
ili memuarebis wigni _ `Cemi cxovrebis gzaze~, romelic ara
marto misi cxovrebis calkeul epizodebze gviambobs, ara­
med Zvirfas masalas Seicavs 1900-1910 wlebis saqarTvelos
da, kerZod, aWara-imereTis sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis Se­
saswavlad. gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT memuarebSi mwerali
gadmogvcems carizmis moxeleebis TviTnebobas saqarTvelo­
Si da CinovnikTa Tavgasul, batonkacur damokidebulebas
qarTveli eris sruliad samarTliani pretenziebis mimarT.
adreuli moTxrobebi: `Serisxva~ da `msxverpli~ Tavisi Si­
naarsiT da mimarTulebiT xalxosnur moTxrobaTa ricxvs
miekuTvneba. religiuri fanatizmi da crurwmenaTa gafe­
tiSeba gamosWvivis am or moTxrobaSi.
marTalia, daviT kldiaSvilis Semoqmedebis pirvel peri­
odSi xalxosnuri motivebi SeiniSneba, magram iqve igrZno­
ba, rom mwerali SemoqmedebiT ZiebaSia. xalxosnuri tipis
moTxrobebSive SeiniSneba iumoris elementebi da aSkarad
Cans, rom momavali didi mwerali tetiaTa motrfialee­
bis ideologiis CarCoebSi ver Caeteva. asec moxda. gavida
cota xani da qarTul literaturas erTimeoris miyolebiT
SeeZina daviT kldiaSvilis sami moTxroba: `samaniSvilis de­
dinacvali~, `soloman morbelaZe~, `qamuSaZis gaWirveba~. es
is moTxrobebia, romelTac gansazRvres daviT kldiaSvilis
adgili, rogorc klasikosisa, qarTuli literaturis is­
toriaSi.
`samaniSvilis dedinacvali~ privilegiadakarguli Tavad­
aznauruli klasis im periodis cxovrebas exeba, rodesac
am klasis warmomadgenelTa SegnebaSi jer kidev ar iyo aR­
mofxvrili wodebrivi upiratesobis kudabzikuri Segneba,
xolo sinamdvile imdenad mkacri gaxldaT, rom maT gle­
xuri praqticizmisaken ubiZgebda. es glexuri praqticizmi
sakmaod martivi ram iyo. Tu Tavis rCena gsurda, Toxi unda
ageRo xelSi da ofliTa SeniTa unda mogepovebina sarCo-
sabadebeli. mkacri sinamdvile da aznauruli ampartavnoba,
sruliad bunebrivad dramatul winaaRmdegobriv efeqts
qmnis da es dramatizmi xSirad komikur elfers iZens.
bekina samaniSvili, `erTob gadapranWuli~ da sakmaod xan­
dazmuli imereli aznauri, misi wodebis sxva warmomadgenel­
55
Ta msgavsad jer kidev iluziebiT ikvebeba gardasul droze
da warsul didebaze, xolo mis Svils _ platon samaniSvils,
ukve Sexebia epoqis msaxvrali xeli da Seguebia Tavis mdgo­
mareobas. oyiani Toxi uWiravs xelSi da miwas uCaxunebs.
samaniSvilTa ojaxis erTferovneba erT dRes samocdaaTi
wlis bekinas axirebulma survilma daarRvia. bekinam Tavis
Svils gaando ganzraxva colis SerTvis Sesaxeb. platons
Tavzari daeca. jer moxuci mamis survils isedac ucnaurad
miiCnevda, Zveleburi yofa-viTarebac rom yofiliyo. axla
ki platons Tavisi problema awuxebs. bekinas axal colTan
Svili ar gauCndes, romelic platons mamuls gauyofs da
isedac mSier ojaxs daRupvis karamde miiyvans. didi fiqrisa
da colTan moTaTbirebis mere platonma TviTon ikisra
imereTSi lamis gaugonari saqme _ sakuTari mamis maWan­
kloba. bekinas eWvze, Sen raRacas cuRlutob, ymawvilo, Sen
ra dagiSavdeba, me erTi bebrucuna moviyvano, Sens colsac
xels waukravs da moxucebulobaSi momivliso, platonma sa­
sowarkveTiT amoigmina da uTxra: `Svili geyoleba, batono,
Svili~. ojaxis axali wevri, sxva viTarebaSi ase rom gaaxa­
rebda samaniSvilTa sagvareulos, axla tragediad qceula.
platoni TviTon SearCevs ornaqmarev, uSvilo qals da
guli sagules eqneba. platon samaniSvils erTi garemoe­
bac uZnelebs saqmes. bekinas Tavisi eSmakur-merkanteluri
survilic aqvs. mTlad gadaRrZuebul, Seuxedav dedaberze
Tanaxma ar aris. da daiwyo platon samaniSvilis epopea kar­
dakar. unda midges-modges, gaiar-gamoiaros, miikiTx-gamoi­
kiTxos da aRmoaCinos misTvis sasurveli dedinacvali. am
erTob Zneli da cota ar iyo uxerxuli saqmis aRsulebi­
sas platon samaniSvils misi dardimandi siZe, kirile mim­
inoSvili, aetorRiala, TiTqosda daxmarebis mizniT, magram
sinamdvileSi, kiriles sadedinacvlo dedabrebi fexebze
hkidia da miT umetes, ornaqmarevi da uSviloni. mas Tavisi
miznebi aqvs: iqeifos, dro gaataros da sadac maRali kvamli
amodis, iq Sevides, Tundac daupatiJeblad. oRond lxiniT
da kai xasiaTze yofniT gaataros es cxovreba.
isev komikuri situacia. erTad modian lamis antipode­
bi. erTi mxriv, platoni Tavisi konkretuli da praqtikuli
56
saqmiT, mwuxare saxis aznauri, da meore mxriv, niadag puris
WamisTvis awyvetili da arcTu saidumlos delikaturad
Semnaxveli kirile.
mkiTxveli daZabuli adevnebs Tvalyurs moTxrobis peri­
pe­tiebs. Raribi, magram enakvimati, ironiuli, sulisSemZvre­
li komikuri scenebi erTmaneTs cvlis da bolos sadedi­
nacvlo gamoCnda. platon samaniSvilis xetialma, damcirebam
da Wapanwyvetam Sedegi gamoiRo. Svilma mamas SerTo ornaq­
marevi, uSvilo qali da daimedebuli, rom mamulis gayofaSi
aravin Seecileba, isev Toxs daubrunda. magram kaci bWobda
da RmerTi icinodao. bekina samaniSvili, sadacaa mama unda
gaxdes. es adgili moTxrobaSi zaris msgavsad darxeuli apo­
Teozia samaniSvilis ojaxis tragediisa. Svilis gaCena beki­
nas pirad ubedurebadac iqca da male Tvalwin gadagveSleba
moTxrobis logikuri finali. sofelSi dadis patara biWTan
erTad samaniSvilis dedinacvali. friad Seviwroebuli Ta­
visi geris, platonis mier.
moTxrobis brwyinvale siuJeti, uzadod dawerili cal­
keuli pasaJebi, STambeWdavi, urTierTgansxvavebuli kadrebi
nawarmoebis mtkiced Sekruli kompozicia iZleva utyuari
daskvnis gakeTebis saSualeba, rom `samaniSvilis dedinacva­
li~ erT-erTi saukeTeso moTxrobaa aramarto qarTul li­
te­raturaSi.
isev imereTi, isev `Semodgomis aznaurebi~. amJamad ga­
maWanklebuli imereli aznauris, soloman morbelaZis, `gaZ­
aRlebuli~ cxovreba. moTxroba `solomon morbelaZis~
mTa­vari personaJi, blatonis msgavsad, cxovrebas lamis Se­
guebuli, realisti kacia. man icis, rom cota Tu ar gainZra,
Tavisi gardasuli wodebisaTvis xonCiT aravin miarTmevs sar­
Co-sabadebels. magram platonisganve gansxvavebiT, so­lomans
jer kidev SerCenia aznauruli kudabzikoba da `mTlad sa­
sacilod~ ver gaumetebia Tavi. igi aznaurisTvis, rasakvirve­
lia, Seuferebel, magram Ramis mexreobisagan cota gansxvave­
bul msubuq saqmes SeWidebia _ maSvlobas, maWanklobas.
moTxroba imiT iwyeba, rom soloman morbelaZem, rogorc
iqna, gadaadebina Tavis morig movales valis dabrunebis
vada da meore dResve Seudga axali saqmis `gaimasqnebas~,
57
raTa maSvlobiT aRebuli fuliT valic gaistumros da
ori kapikic darCes ojaxis dasapureblad, ojaxisa, romlis
kidobanSi Tagvic ki SimSiliT kvdeba. saqaraZeebisa Tu qa­
TamaZeebis karze Tavisi mSieri, gaZvaltyavebuli joriT ma­
vali soloman morbelaZe iZulebulia, xandaxan tyuilsac
mimarTos. siZe-simamrisagan gakeTebas moelis, simamrs ki er­
Tob SeWirebuli ekonomiuri saSualeba gaaCnia. aba dapireba,
aba Tamasuqi, aba uboroto tyuili, solomani moxerxebuli
kacia da rogorc iqna qorwilamde miiyvans saqmes, Tumca
qorwilze gamJRavndeba, rom siZis winaSe arc patarZlis mama
da arc solomani iyvnen pirnaTeli. magram solomani amas
aRar daeZebs. saqme gaimasqnebulia, qorwili gaCaRebuli da
solomanis mier mokvaraxWinebuli saqme awi aRar CaiSleba.
da mainc xdeba is, risac mas yvelaze metad eSinoda _ maWan­
kali moatyues. dapirebuli Tumnianebis nacvlad oriode
groSs daajeres. miaCiqCiqebs Sinisaken gulamRvreuli maWa­
nkali jors da fiqrobs: `daswyevlos RmerTma imereli azna­
uris gaZaRlebuli cxovreba; movatyue, momatyues da xval
erTi motyuebuli karze momadgeba~.
`qamuSaZis gaWirveba~ SedarebiT farToplaniani, masSta­
buri xasiaTis moTxrobaa. igi ar gaxlavT kompoziciurad ise
mtkiced Sekruli, erTiani, konkretuli noveluri siuJetis
mqone, magram xasiaTdeba didi Sinagani dramatizmiT da mov­
lenaTa mwerliseuli Sefasebis Seuvali obieqturobiT.
otia qamuSaZec Raribi aznauris Svilia. oRond samaniS­
vilebis da morbelaZeebis epoqasTan mas garkveuli droiTi
distancia aSorebs. samaniSvilebi da morbelaZeebi garda­
sulan da qamuSaZeoba, erT dros rom ase prestiJuli da
sanatreli iyo sofelSi, ukve aRar aris privilegiuri, qa­
muSaZeebs aRaravin Senatris, glexma dainaxa qamuSaZeTa kla­
sis uniaToba da siRaribe. mowiful mSromel, patiosan otia
qamuSaZes qaliSvilis colad micemaze uars eubneba misive
Tanasofleli. imis magivrad, rom iqve sofelSi sxva qali eZe­
bon, deda-Svili gadawyveten qalaqidan moiyvanon sarZlo da
amiT kidev erTxel gaaocon Tanasoflelebi. otia qamuSaZe
aferist porfir biaSvilis msxverpli xdeba. xelmomarTuli
kacis qaliSvilis magierad mas aseve gudamSier ojaxSi gaz­
58
rdili gogona SerTes, qorwili aznaurTa erT-erTi mxaris
dakargul SesaZleblobad iqca. isev sofeli, isev talaxiani
Suka da sulisgamawvrilebeli siRaribe. da sruliad axali
motivi gakrTa daviT kldiaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi. es motivi
aqamde ar Segvxvedria. qamuSaZeebi toveben sofels da qalaq­
Si mieSurebian. iqneb qalaqSi mainc gamoCndes Tavis rCenis
wyaro. da izrdeba qalaqi soflidan gamoqceuli glexebis
xarjze. samwuxarod, es procesi dRemde grZeldeba.
sanam Semodgomis aznaurTa problemamde mividoda, daviT
kldiaSvilma, rogorc aRvniSneT, Ziebisa da SemoqmedebiTi
evoluciis rTuli gza ganvlo. adreul moTxrobebs aSkarad
etyoboda xalxosnuri ideebis kvali. religiuri fanatizmi,
soflad gamefebuli sibnele. bunebis movlenaTa auxsnelo­
ba, gaunaTleblobiT gamowveuli es tipiuri xalxosnuri mo­
tivebi SeiniSneba adreul moTxrobebSi, romelTagan gansa­
kuTrebiT SeiZleba gamovyoT `Serisxva~ da `msxverpli~.
kacia sagunaSvilma erTi `moRaluli~ sayane adgili `Se­
sa­sveneblad gauSva~ (`Serisxva~). droTa ganmavlobaSi im ad­
gil­ze sofelma gza daido da roca kaciam Tavisi nakveTis
dabruneba gadawyvita, mezoblebma neba ar misces, aqaoda
Zveli gza ukve aRar varga, xolo kacias sayaneze siaruli
CvenTvis `erTob mosaxerxebeliao~. kaciam araerTgan iCivla,
magram vera gaawyo ra. dRisiT, mzisiT, sofelma marCena­
li miwa CamoaWra. `am saqmeSi~ gansakuTrebiT aqtiurobda
soflis mosamarTleTagani andria WuraSvili. raki kaciam
kacTa Soris samarTali ver ipova, adga da andria WuraSvili
xatze gadasca, aqaoda wminda giorgi ukeT gansjis marTalsa
da mtyuanso.
`Sen ggonia, wminda giorgi, marto Sens Wkuaze geiars?!
_ iqve upasuxa kacias saqcieliT Sefiqrianebulma andriam,
magram kacias eWvi aRar epareboda, rom RvTis samarTli mar­
Tlis mxares daiWerda da damnaSave andrias sastikad das­
jida~.
dro da xani gadioda, magram wmindanis risxvis niSnebi ki
arsad Canda. kacias mouTmenloba daetyo. neta rad atarebs
wminda giorgi amdens xans andrias da arafriT ar iCens imaze
Tavis saswauls?! am mouTmenlobas is ufro umatebda, rom
59
am bolo dros andriasac meti raRac mxiaruleba emCneoda,
igi ufro gaTamamda, da rogorc sxvebi eubnebodnen kacias,
viTom arafrad agdebda kaciasagan xatze gadacemas.
bolos kacias moTminebis Zafi gauwyda da aRdgomis meo­
re dRes, roca xatebis win daCoqil xalxs soflis mRvdeli
RmerTs avedrebda, kacia sagunaSvili zewamoiWra.
`esmis axali viTom magas rame?.. ZaRli viyavi me, Cemi rom
araferi Seismina magan?! _ saSineli xmiT wamoiZaxa acaxcaxe­
bulma beberma kacma, es ise swrafad, erTi Tvalis daxam­
xamebaSi moxda, rom veravin moaswro moxucebulis SeCereba,
mRvdeli gafiTrebuli, gonebadakarguliviT misCereboda
ganrisxebul moxucs~.
imdenad didi iyo RvTis gmobis elda TviT mgmobelis­Tvis,
rom kacias fsiqikam ver gauZlo imis fiqrs, rom gamous­
worebeli danaSauli Caidina, `motyda, ucnaurad male moty­
da. srulad daberda da moikumSa warmosadegi kacia. zedve
etyoboda, rom igi wuxda. wuxda gadametebiT, magram xmas ar
iRebda.~
bolos yvelaferi imiT damTavrda, rom kacia logi­
nad Cavarda. erTaderT nugeSad isRa gahyva saflavSi, rom
mRvdel­ma misi ziareba moaswro.
_ `ver vitirebT~, ambobdnen mezoblebi _ RmerTs vawy­
eninebT, rom mgmobeli vitiroT! _ da amitomac micvalebul
kacias sasaflaoze mxolod colSvili gahyva da esenic mxo­
lod imis ubedur dReze gaCenas dastirodnen.
aranakleb tragikuli moTxroba `msxverpli~. Semzaravia
crurwmenaze da avadmyofur eWvianobaze agebuli misi siu­
Jeti.
fefenam Tavisi rZali, marine, aiTvalwuna. dedamTils ar
moswons, rom marinem `dourideblad ybedoba~, `laqlaki da
kaskasi~ icis, da arc is, rom `gaquculi aznauriSvili~ da­
viT karugdeliZe xSirad dawanwalebs `am barobaze~. rZal-
dedamTilis urTierToba iqamde gamwvavda, rom marinem fe­
fena erT dRes TmiT daiTria da saxlidan gaiqca. uniaTo
da ugergilo nikam fefenas daxmarebiT daibruna coli, ma­
gram ojaxis myudroeba samudamod dairRva. marine ZaliT
`daimorCila~ mkacrma dedamTilma, magram am damorCilebas
60
Sedegad marines avadmyofoba mohyva. roca Svilis avadmyo­
fobiT Sewuxebulma markozam marines avadmyofobis mizezi
hkiTxa, qalma sabolood gaswira avi dedamTili da kudi­
anoba daswama. markozam lamis soflis Tvalwin bawriT Seh­
kra `kudiani~, `daavlo xeli sakeces, aiRo mxurvale nawili
da... TeZoze miado fefenas~. dadaRvis ceremonialma dedam­
Tili xom sikvdilis piras miiyvana, marinemac ver gauZlo am
Semzarav suraTs da suli ganuteva.
aRsaniSnavia, rom daviT kldiaSvilma damoukidebeli
saqarTvelos (1918-21) da sabWoTa xelisuflebis periodSi
kargaxans icxovra, magram mis mxatvrul prozaSi ar asaxula
revoluciebis, samoqalaqo omis da `komunisturi aRmSene­
blobebis~ epoqa. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom daviT kldiaSvilma
ar miiRo `ZaliT gawiTlebuli saqarTvelo~, misi mwerlur-
aristokratiuli suli samaniSvilebis, darispanis da solo­
man morbelaZis sanaxebSi darCa. es iyo daviT kldiaSvilis
imereTi. ociani wlebis bolos mxcovanma mweralma kvlav
scada Tavisi magiuri kalmis gacocxleba, magram, samwux­
arod, Rirebuli veraferi Seqmna. am periodis TxzulebaTa­
gan aRniSvnis Rirsia moTxrobebi `Suacecxlis piras~ da `ki­
moTe meSveliZe~.
moTxrobaSi `Suacecxlis piras~ daviT kldiaSvili mkiT­
xvelisTvis moulodnelad kvlav miubrunda adre `msxver­
plma~ dasmul, TviT mwerlis mierve miviwyebul kudianobis
problemas.
didTovlobaa. andria dvanaZis buxarTan mimjdari imer­
lebi hyvebian mTisas da barisas, gareT iseTi wunkali amin­
dia, ZaRli rom ar gaigdeba. eqvTimes sTxoven, mogviyevi,
rogor gaistumre saiqios erTi kudianio.
_ axalgazrdobaSi _ hyveba eqvTime _ samojamagireod vi­
yavi wasuli... erT zamTars raRac ucnauri kata SemomeCvia.
yovel Rame davwvebodi Tu ara _ isic usaTuod gaCndebo­
da, SeSinebuls Zili ar mekareboda. mivedi moZRvarTan da
movuyvebi yvelaferi. _ kudiani iqneba _ miTxra man, dadaRe
da mogeSvebao... veci katas, daviWire, mivaTrie buxarTan,
gamoviRe cecxlidan gaxurebuli rkina da saxeze mivuse-
movusvi... meore dRes mezobelma miTxra, dedaCems ucnauri
61
saqme damarTniao... Sevyevi saxlSi avadmyofis sanaxavad...
loginSi wevs dedakaci TavpirSefuTvnili. loyazed swored
iseTi jvari aqvs, me rom katas davadaRe... ramdenime dRis
Semdeg dedakaci mokvda. glexebi araCveulebrivi yuradRe­
biT ismenen eqvTimes mier kudianis dadaRvis da mosias sai­
qiodan dabrunebis ambavs da es iwereba maSin, roca religiis
winaaRmdeg didi komunisturi laSqrobaa gaCaRebuli, xolo
saqarTvelos Tavze es esaa gadaiara 1924 wlis saSinelma
represiebma. erTi `partiuli~ andria dvanaZis buxarTanac
zis, magram, rogorc Cans, mas endobian mezoblebi `am Cve­
ni koliasi nu SegeSindeba _ Sinauri partiulia~, _ eubneba
erTi axalgazrda glexi mosias. moTxrobaSi erTi grotesku­
li pasaJic gamokrTa xatebis lewvis da uRmerTobis winaaR­
mdeg mimarTuli: `soflelebma maxlobeli eklesiidan gad­
moasvenes cxra wminda giorgis xati. rva dadga da mecxre
ver gaaCeres, Zvel adgilas ipareboda. erTma ymawvilma
saxlSi ilaparaka, rom is xati Tavad ki ar ipareba, aq eS­
makobeno, xatebs araferi SeuZliaTo. erT dRes movida da
cxrave xati najaxiT lukma-lukma aqcia. TavdapirvelSi biWi
arxeinad yofila, mere ki avad gamxdara. morCenila, mara
Tavis Wkuazed aRar aris, Turme laparaks uklo da iTvlis
sul, mara cxras ver gadascildeba Turme, erTi, ori, sami...
miva cxramdi, gaCerdeba da isev xelaxla: erTi, ori, sami da
ase cxramdi...~
ociani wlebis Semdgomi ganwyobilebis gamoxatvis cdaa
patara novela `kimoTe meSveliZe~, igi mwerlis ukanaskneli
novelaTagania. novelaSi SefarviT igrZnoba mwerlis ukma­
yofileba revoluciis SedegebiT da totaluri uRmerTobis
gamefebiT.
novelis lirikul gmirs imereli aznauri kimoTe meS­ve­
liZe emaslaaTeba: `sul devibeniT, Cemo batono, aRaraferi
gvesmis ra xdeba am qveynierobaze... axla rom aq dagixvdaT,
varden mSvenieraZea... amaswinaT qaqanobda, nikolozi unda
CamovagdoTo... kinaRam Tavis maxeSi gaeba... erTobaSi Semodi­
To. vinc erTobaSi ar Sedioda, boikots ucxadebda. aqeT am
erTobis xalxis SiSi gvqonda, iqeT mTavroba gvemuqreboda
am erTobisTvis... mere iyo da, atyda es SeCvenebuli Cxubi,
62
qveyana rom daangria! ai, rodis gaTavdeba, rodis gveSvele­
ba, qveyana rom damSviddes-Tqva. damSvidda ki ara, uaresi
Seiqna. im sacodavma nikolozma taxtic dakarga da Tavic,
Camoagdes, ousrulda bevrs natvra, mara Cven mainc araferi
gveSvela... gadaRma sofelSi erTi pleni biWi Camosuliyo _
saocari ambavi Camoetana... plenidan rom vbrundebodi, wami­
yvanes, tyeSi dgas didi saxli... damajines oTaxSi... Semov­
ida kaci generlis CinebiT, jvrebiT, lentebiT _ sami kaci
axldao... micani Tu verao. im plen biWs maSinve ucvnia _
nikolozi brZandebio... me yovelTvis miyvardao, uTqvams,
kavkasia da kavkasiis xalxio da roca Caxvalo, gadaecio, rom
me cocxali varo da madac male Camovalo...~
kimoTe meSveliZe praqtikulad moazrovne, mkvircxli
gonebis imerelia, man yvelaferi kargad icis, magram mo­
saubris gamowveva unda da daskvnebis gakeTebas ar Cqarobs.
kimoTe ar hgavs misi wodebis gulubryvilo winaprebs. igi
aSkarad dascinis `nikolozis Camomgdeb~ da xatisTvis re­
volveris mimSver vardenia mSvenieraZes, romlisTvisac rev­
olucias is sikeTe moutania, rom `axla gamwarebuli fulze
darbis sasesxeblad~.
frTxili da eSmaki kimoTe Tanamosaubres bolomde ar
endoba da Tavs dabneul, movlenebSi gaurkvevel kacad
aCvenebs.
`axalgazrdac da moxucic raRac sxva Wkuazed Seiqnen...
ra mogvelis aRar vici... sul ver gavarTvi Tavi... sul da­
vibeniT... rom vinme Seisxamdes Cven madls da dalagebiT,
guldasmiT agvixsnides _ ra aris, ra ambavia, _ egeb Cvenc
gamovsuliyaviT Cveni sibnelidan da Cvens gaugebrobas da
dabnevas bolo moReboda...~
daviT kldiaSvili sami piesis avtoria. eseni gaxlavT:
`darispanis gasaWiri~, `irines bedniereba~ da `ubedureba~.
amaTgan `darispanis gasaWiri~ mwerlis umTavres Temas _
Semodgomis aznaurTa kudabzikobas exeba, _ `irines bed­
nierebaSic~ nawilobriv es sakiTxia wamoweuli, Tumca avto­
ri uiRblo siyvarulisa da fatalizmis problemasac wamo­
swevs, `ubedureba~ ki kvlav crurwmenis da gaunaTleblobis
xalxosanTaTvis sayvarel Temas ubrundeba.
63
 unda iTqvas, rom daviT kldiaSvilis piesebi qarTuli
Teatrisadmi Tanadgomis keTilSobiluri surviliTaa Seq­
mnili, magram `darispanis gasaWiris~ garda mwerlisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli gamokveTili tipaJiT da maRali iumoriT
arc `ubedureba~ brwyinavs da arc `irines bedniereba~. es
ukanaskneli pirvelad TbilisSi daidga da arcTu warmate­
biT. daviT kldiaSvili amis Sesaxeb igonebs: `pisa, rom ityvi­
an,, Caflavda, Caflavda ucnaurad; Tbiliselebi sruliad
ver miudgnen piesas; vyurob da vkvirob _ Cemi saxeebi sad
gaqrnen, sad gadasxvaferdnen?! gaTavda warmodgena ulaza­
Tod, uSnod, vwuxvar...
meore dRes `tfilisski listokSi~ recenzentma pirdapir
`bdRviri amadina~.
ramdenime Tvis Semdeg quTaisis TeatrSi genialurma
la­do mesxiSvilma mianiWa `irines bednierebas~ Rirseuli
scenuri xorcSesxma. isev daviT kldiaSvils movusminoT:
`daiwyo repeticia. yvela xalisianadaa, xalisianad iwyeba.
abesaloms TamaSobs Salva dadiani _ Cinebulia. ager Semo­
fafxurda filipe, namdvili filipe. Cems sixaruls sazR­
vari aRar aqvs. rodamiSvili _ giorgi TuTberiZe, irine _
gvetaZis qali. sixarulisgan gabruebuli var~.
`irines bedniereba~ aseT siuJetur qargazea agebuli:
filipe barbaqaZis ojaxSi dReobaa. lxinis dros filipes
qaliSvils _ irines Tvali daadga SeZlebuli memamulis, sam­
son salamTaZis, vaJma abesalom. abesalo gamomwvevad iqce­
va, ar malavs grZnobebs da maspinZlis qaliSvils zogjer
aSkarad uxerxul situaciaSi agdebs. bolos SezarxoSebuli
abesalo filipes irines xels sTxovs. ar gaWra qaliSvilis
xvewa-mudaram, arc abesalos megobris _ viqtoris Suamdgom­
lobam. viqtorma auwya filipes, rom irines xelmokle pavle
rodamiSvili uyvars da Tavis mxriv dasZina, rom filipes
ara aqvs ufleba WeSmarit siyvaruls xeli SeuSalos, miT
umetes, rom abesalo cudad aRzrdili, gaTamamebuli, cota
ar iyos utifari ymawvilia da irinesTvis Sesaferisi sru­
liadac ar aris. viqtoris winadadebaze filipem qva aagdo
da Tavi SeuSvira. man arCevani abesalo salamTaZeze SeaCera
da Tavisi qaliSvilis grZnobebi arad Caagdo.
64
 irinem da abesalom iqorwines, magram rogorc mosalod­
neli iyo, abesalo ver iqca mosiyvarule meuRled da ojaxis
Tavad. igi smas da qalebs gadayolili dardimandia. amas ro­
gorme gauZlebda irine, magram abesalos kidev erTi cudi
znes sWirs _ usafuZvlod eWvianobs pavle rodamiSvilze,
saqme iqamde mivida, rom ilajgawyvetili irine Tavis mamas
uxmobs. iqvea rodamiSvili, romelic saxalxod daificebs,
rom ubraloa da abesalos ojaxis siwmindis SebRalva arc
ufiqria, magram Sarze mdgar abesalos rodamiSvilis fi­
ci-mtkicisa ara sjera. irines isRa darCenia, rom amxilos
qmari aRviraxsnilobasa da gaRma SedavebaSi. abesalo xan­
jals amoiRebs da irines daWris. `ai, Cemi bedniereba, mama!
xom bednieri var!~ _ tiriliT Caekreba gulSi ubeduri qali
mamas.
soflad ubedurebam daisadgura _ tufias qmari, anto­
na, yanaSi muSaobda da uecrad guli wauvida (`ubedureba~).
cocxalmkvdari Sin sakaciT moiyvanes. glexebma jer Tebro­
les sTxoves, Seuloce avadmyofso, magram mere gairkva, rom
antonas mezoblebi `gadalocvas~ apireben. es imas niSnavs,
rom avadmyofoba gamova antonas tanidan da `zeviT xom ar
Seudgeba im SeRmarTs? qveiTken wava. aba, saiT unda wa­
vides?!~
am gadawyvetilebam `qveviT mxcovrebTa~ sastiki protes­
ti gamoiwvia: `raRa Cvenken denian kidev TavianT ubedure­
bas, raRa Cvenken gzas ulocaven? Cveni mwuxareba ar gveyofa
Tu? qveiTken ar gouSveb gadasalocavad! ara, ara, tyuili
imedia!~ am niadagze glexebi erTmaneTs daerivnen da kete­
biT dauxeTqes erTmaneTs cxvir-piri.
Tu `samaniSvnilis dedinacvalSi~ ojaxis axali wevris
movlineba iyo samwuxaro movlena, `darispanis gasaWir­
Si~ Semodgomis aznauris mTavar problemad qaliSvilis
gaTxoveba qceula. ojaxs ver naxav, rom sami da oTxi qali­
Svili ar hyavdes gasaTxovari da mTxovneli ki arsadaaa...
raRac ubedurebam guli Seucvala axlandel ymawvilebs...
aRar ekidebian ojaxebs. e gogoebi ki gviyrian saxlSi da
gvaberdebian sacodavad xelSi! (darispani).
5. r. miSvelaZe. t. XXV 65
 piesa iwyeba marTasa da mis naTlidedis, pelagias, dia­
logiT. Tavis naTlulze _ nataliaze mzrunveli marTa pe­
lagias avalebs: `axlave aq momiyvane... am saRamos mestumreba
onisime maTaraZis biZaSvilis edukias _ xarebaZes rom hyavs
_ Svili. egeb RmerTi Segvewios da Cemi natalias bedma gas­
Wras~. natalias `gadanaxulebis~ mowyobili Sexvedra erT­
ma moulodnelma SemTxvevam daarRvia. WiSkars gudamSieri
azna­uri _ darispan qarsiZe moadga. darispanis stumroba sa­
siamovnod rodi daurCa marTas, magram usiamovno grZnobas
ufro is faqti amZafrebs, rom darispani marto ar aris. mas
qaliSvili karoJna axlavs. roca onisime da osiko movidnen,
darispanma uecrad moToka Tavisi ojaxis xelmomarTulo­
baze dawyebuli `gadapranWuli~ saubari da marTas eca:
`darispan _ marTa Cemo, es ymawvili colsaTxovi unda
iyves, vatyob, ise gamoiyureba.
marTa _ ar vicode, Sen ar momikvde.
darispan _ ki, ase unda iyves, unda momexmaro, Sen
g­nacvale!
marTa _ raSi?
darispan _ karoJna unda SevaZlio!~
...da gaimarTa osiko xarebaZis Tvalwin natalias da karoJ­
nas (ufro maTi mSoblebis) sapatarZlo maskaradi. sam-sami
qaliSviliT Sewuxebuli marTa da darispani yovel Rones
xmaroben, rom osikos qaliSvili moawonon. zis osiko Tavisi
upiratesobis sruli SegnebiT. darispani ki nemsis yunw­ Si
Zvreba. guli kinaRam gauskda, roca mis marjve da xelsaqmian
karoJnas Wiqa gautyda (`ara... Tavis dReSi araferi gatexia
xelSi... raRa axla aq mouvida marcxi. TelaT ojaxi magis
kiserzedaa. magaa Cemi amSenebeli. Tavis dReSi ojaxisTvis
araferi uzaralebia~). darispani Seityobs Tu ara, rom sas­
wori nataliasken ixreba, kapuetiviT mivardeba Tavis na­
Tesavs: `makvirveb, marTa Cemo. Cemi sisxlxorci xar... unda
meweode, Sen ki pirSi getyvi, ukan miyeneb Svils~. osiko­
sac Separvia praqticizmis saSineli seni. igi arad dagidevT
gogonaTa tankenarobas da lamaz Tvalebs, rogorc ki `sapa­
tarZlo~ Tvals miefareba, onisimes erTsa da imave kiTxvas
aZlevs: `aqvs rame?~, bolos, raki sasiZos arc erTi am gogo­
66
naTagan `TvalSi ar mouvida~ (ZiriTadad maTi siRaribis ga­
mo), osikom tyuils mimarTa da gamoucxada marTas, rom da­
ni­Snulia, Torem mis `rCevas~ usaTuod miiRebda.
1925 wels daviT kldiaSvilma daamTavra wigni `Cemi
cxovrebis gzaze!~ naSroms vuZRvni maT xsovnas, vinc guli
siyvaruliT gamiTbo, maswavla adamianis pativiscema da
ndoba. mokle monagonebSi araferi Seferadebuli ar iqneba.
iqneba mxolod sinamdvile. sinamdvile, romelsac gadauxre­
lad vemsaxurebodi mTeli Cemi mwerlobis ganmavlobaSi~ _
wers avtori winaTqmaSi.
marTlac, memuarebi daviT kldiaSvilisTvis damaxasiaTe­
beli realisturi keTilsindisierebiT aris dawerili. da­
sawyisSi mwerali STmbeWdavad gvixatavs deduleTSi (sof.
xomuli) da mamiseul sofelSi (sof. simoneTi) gatarebul
wlebs. mere quTaisSi Camosvlas da gimnaziis mosamzadeb­
el saswavlebelSi mibarebas. quTaisis gimnaziaSi swavlis
gagrZeleba momaval mwerals ar dascalda: `erT dRes mamam
gamomicxada, rom ruseTSi unda wavyolodi. yovel wlobiT
mTavrobas mihyavda Tbilisis da quTaisis guberniebidan
Tavad-aznaurTa ormoc-ormoci bavSvi samxedro saswavle­
belSi. mihyavda im mizniT, rom gaerusebina da kidevac mizans
aRwevda xolme, radgan ruseTSi samSoblos mowyvetili bav­
Svi iviwyebda qarTul enas, znes da brundeboda qarTuli
gvariT, magram erTianad Tavidan fexebamde garusebuli~.
mere memuarebSi moTxrobilia `garusebuli~ daviT kldi­
aSvilis Camosvla baTumSi. aRwerilia porto-frankos peri­
odis baTumi da iqauri inteligenciis saqmianoba. am TavSi,
maSin ukve janmrTelobaSeryeuli, baTumSi sagastrolod Ca­
suli aleqsandre yazbegis portretic gakrTeba. saerTod,
am wignSi araerTgzis moixseniebian dimitri yifiani, giorgi
wereTeli, grigol volski, egnate ninoSvili, akaki wereTe­
li, lado mesxiSvili da qarTuli kulturisTvis sxva Zvir­
fasi saxelebi. mwerali ostaturad aRwers caristul armia­
Si gabatonebul sulisSemZvrel atmosferos, rus CinovnikTa
TviTnebobas, revoluciis azvirTebas saqarTveloSi, sam­
edro samsaxuridan mis daTxovnas erovnuli poziciis gamo,
Tebervlis revolucias, Tavis samwerlo biografias da sxva
67
momentebs, romelTac dRes mwerlis Semoqmedebis Seswav­
lisaTvis fasdaudebeli mniSvneloba aqvs.
samwuxarod, daviT kldiaSvilis memuarebi zed 1918
wlamde, damoukidebeli saqarTvelos parmaRze wydeba. mwer­
ali arc 1921 wlis 15 Tebervals ruseTis mier saqarTvelos
aneqsiaze ambobs raimes da arc 1924 wlis erovnul ajanyeba­
ze. gasagebia, am sakiTxebs xom aTeuli wlebis ganmavlobaSi
wiTel saqarTveloSi tabu hqonda dadebuli.
daviT kldiaSvili qarTuli prozis siamayea. mis mier
da­
xatuli Semodgomis aznaurTa imereTi gansacvifrebeli
ferwerulobiT xasiaTdeba da mwerlis maradcocxal per­
sonaJTa galerea mudam iqneba mkiTxvelis interesis sagani,
rac Seexeba `samaniSvilis dedinacvals~, `soloman morbe­
laZes~ da `darispanis gasaWirs~ _ ubralod literaturul
SedevrTa Soris naToben.

68
 Sio aragvispireli
(1867-1926)

Sio aragvispireli qarTuli klasikuri novelis mamam­

Tavrad iTvleba.
novela literaturis erT-erTi uZvelesi da urTulesi
Janria. igi Camoyalibda adreul saukuneebSi, magram klasi­
kur srulyofas XIX saukuneSi miaRwia. XIX saukunis dasas­
rulis da XX saukunis dasawyisis msoflio novelistikas
amSvenebs Cexovis, mopasanis, mark tvenis, daviT kldiaSvilis
da sxvaTa saxelebi.
XIX saukuneSi novelis Jantruli saxe axleburad Camoa­
yaliba mopasanma da igi gamohyo moTxrobis Janrisagan.
novela aris adamianis cxovrebis erT epizodze daweri­
li. mxatvruli Txzuleba, romelic gamoirCeva lakoniuro­
biT, kompaqturobiT, sisxartiT da moulodneli siuJetiT.
an, ufro sworad rom vTqvaT, siuJetis moulodneli fi­
naliT. novelis klasikur magaliTad SeiZleba CaiTvalos o
henris novela `monaTesave sulebi~.
Sio aragvispirelma qarTuli novelis Janrul sistemaSi
imgvari reforma moaxdina, rogorc mopasanma _ frangul

69
literaturaSi. man klasikuri saxiT mogvca qarTuli novela.
samarTlianoba moiTxovs aqve aRiniSnos, rom mis zogierT
novelaSi yuradRebas iqcevs wvrilmanTemianoba, banaluri,
mosawyeni siuJeti. scodavs Sio aragvispirelis mxatvrobac,
xasiaTebis gamokveTas yovel novelaSi ver axerxebs da nove­
lebs frazaze muSaobis kvalic naklebad etyobaT. magram
Sio aragvispirelis Semoqmedebas literaturis istorikosi
gverds ver auvlis Tundac imis gamo, rom igi erTi etapia
mravalsaukunovani qarTuli literaturis istoriisa.
Sio aragvispireli daibada duSeTis mazraSi, sofel qa­
risxevSi 1867 w. mRvdlis, zaqaria dedabriSvilis ojaxSi.
duSeTis orklasiani saswavleblis damTavrebis Semdeg am­
Tavrebs Tbilisis sasuliero seminarias. mere Sedis varSa­
vis sabeiTlo institutSi da varSavaSi studentTa revolu­
ciur gamosvlebSi monawileobisaTvis (varSavaSi qarTvelma
studentebma Seqmnes faruli organizacia `saqarTvelos
ganTavisuflebis liga~) igi garicxes da daapatimres kidec.
magram bolos mainc aRadgines da 1895 wels SeZlo varSa­
vis sabeiTlo institutis damTavreba. mere revoluciur
moZraobaSi monawileoba ar miuRia da mTeli cxovrebis man­
Zilze keTilsindisierad emsaxureboda qveyanas, rogorc
mwerali da rogorc eqimi-beiTali. gardaicvala 1926 wels,
dakrZalulia didubis panTeonSi.
Sio aragvispireli Tavis dRiurebSi aRniSnavda kidec:
`Cemi novelebis mxatvruli damuSavebisTvis dro sad mqon­
da. me profesiiT mwerali ar viyavi da novelebs mxolod
Tavisufal dros vwerdi~.
akaki wereTeli werda _ axal mwerlobaSi gansakuTrebiT
sainteresoa batoni Sio aragvispireli Tavisi fsiqologi­
uri etiudebiT, qarTul literaturaSi man lamis skola Se­
qmnao.
Sio aragvispirelis SemoqmedebaSi umTavresad gamoiyo­
fa: 1) socialuri motivi anu arsebuli sinamdvilis kritika,
2) adamianis rolisa da daniSnulebis problema, 3) siyvaru­
lis problema.
mwerlis upirvelesi daniSnuleba is aris, rom man sazoga­
doebas misi gardaqmnis, cxovrebis ukeTesad mowyobis gzebi
70
uCvenos. amitomac yvela WeSmariti mwerali win uswrebda
Tavis epoqas da SeZlebisdagvarad akritikebda garemomcvel
sazogadoebas. Tavis epoqiT kmayofili mwerali mexotbed
iqceva da mwerlis RvTiur daniSnulebas ver Seasrulebs.
XIX saukunis dasasruls da XX saukunis dasawyisis so­
cialur sinamdviles mZafrad akritikebs Sio aragvispireli
Tavisi novelebiT: `miwaa~, `momilocnia axali weli~, `Cemi
brali ar aris, RmerTo~, `esaa Cveni cxovreba~...
meore motivi es aris adamianis rolisa da daniSnulebis
problema. ra evaleba adamians? risTvis aris mowodebuli
igi? am filosofiur kiTxvebs zogma mweralma martivi pa­
suxi gasca. am motivebs exeba novelebi: `Semusvrili sami
mcne­ba~, `gulciobam~, `gmadlobT, ufalo, gmadlobT~...
mesame motivi siyvarulis motivia gacxadebuli novel­
ebSi `qari ki am dros zuoda, gminavda da kvnesoda~, `weri­
lis nagleji~, `xiTxiTebs da xiTxiTebs~, `mxrebiRa aviCeCe~,
`sulerTia~.
aRsaniSnavia mwerlis ori romani: `gabzaruli guli~ da
`giuli~.
meurmeebma axali wlis winadRiT TbilisSi SeSa gahyides,
urmebSi xarebi Seabes, `TiTo taqani arayi~ gadahkres da
soflisken gamoswies im imediT, rom iqneb alionze CaeR­
wiaT da mekvleebic TviT yofiliyvnen. SuaRame gadasuli
iyo, rodesac narekvavis TavdaRmarTze meurmeTa qaravans
SeiaraRebuli Cafrebis TanxlebiT momavali etli wamoewia.
Cafrebi dawinaurdnen, cxendacxen micvivdnen urmebs da mZi­
nare meurmeebs maTraxis cema autexes, aqaoda, ra Suagzaze
midixarT da win gveRobebiTo: etlma rom gaigriala, meur­
meebma xramSi gadayiravebuli uremi SeniSnes, iqve `kameCeb­
Tan axlo, gulaRma gaSxlarTuli, safeTqelgaxeTqili simno
dainaxes~.
simnos sacodaobiT kriWaSekruli meurmeebi daRvremil­
ni dascqerodnen cxedars.
`mTvare ki gulgrilad, Seubraleblad dascqeris ze­
modgan da TiTqos eubneba: _ `ai, Tqve sacodavebo, Tqvena...
ra CagikidniaT Tavebi da CamogtiriT cxvirpiri?! mag erTi
mRilisaTvis Tqven magre iqruSebiT da iwuxebT Tavebs, maS,
71
me raRa unda vqna, rodesac Cems Tvalwin usamarTlod daxo­
cilis xalxis sisxlis morevebi dgeba, rodesac mravali eri
sxvis xelSi usamarTlod iRupeba da anTxevs sisxls?!~ _
ase amTavrebs avtori moTxrobas `esaa Cveni cxovreba~ da am
amonaridSic, me mgoni sacnauri xdeba Sio aragvispirelis
damokidebuleba Tavisi epoqis sinamdvilisadmi.
sardafSi, Culis naglejebsa da ZonZebs Soris migdebu­li
SimSil-sicivisagan Ronemixdili dedaberi sikvdils natrobs.
imeddakarguli moxuci am axali wlis Rames RmerTsac Seh­
kadrebs augs. RmerTs, romelmac erTxelac ar gadmoxeda
mowyalis TvaliT. `Cemi warsuli codvad migaCnia da imisT­
vis msji? mere me var damnaSave? umanko, gamoucdel Teqvs­
met-Cvidmeti wlis uTvistomo qals ra unda momegvarebina?
yvelas endobi, yovelive simarTled migaCnia, magram, Turme
nu ityviT, yovelive Sxami yofila da maTi mikareba adamians
uwyalod swamlavs: Cemi gulwrfeli grZnoba... usindisod
Semilaxes da iqamde mimiyvanes, rom Cem xorcs yidva davuw­
ye... aha, ormocdaaTi wlis dedakaci rasa vgavar...~
am savalalo aRsarebis Semdeg moxuci SurisZiebis grZno­
bam aitaca. `giJiviT ezoSi gavarda da saCqarod navTi mias­
xmoasxa im karebTan da fanjrebTan, saidanac mxiarulebis
xmauroba moismoda. sul ar gasula ramdenime wuTi, rom ce­
cxli gaCaRda da mTeli ezo gaasinaTa.
saxlSi uecriv roialis griali da xmauri Sewyda. yvelani
gaelvarebul fanjrebs moawydnen da gulgaxeTqilebma yvi­
rili morTes.
_ xa, xa, xa, momilocnia axali weli!
xarxariT SesZaxa am dros dedaberma sarkmlidan da ga­
Zlierebul cecxls SeuerTda (`momilocnia axali weli~).
socialuri umweobis SemaZrwunebel suraTs gvixatavs
Sio aragvispireli novelaSi `mamas miwa mivayaleT~, sofelSi
xolera mZvinvarebs. marTikos qmari gardaecvala, magram
sosikos cxedars martoka asaflavebs. cocxalni RriWoebi­
dan gamoscqerian sxvaTa ubedurebas da axlos mosvlas ver
bedaven, veragi seni ar Segveyaroso.
mesaflaveebma naxevrad amoavses saflavi da gaecalnen.
marTikos Txovnaze, qmars daumarxavs nu damitovebTo, me­
72
saflaveni pasuxoben: `daviRaleniT, Se dalocviliSvilo,
ase ggonia, alaloba iyos. Cvenc adamianiSvilebi varT. dRes
es mesame saflavi gagviTxria da mesame micvalebuli gagvi­
tania~.
sxva gza ar aris. marTiko da misi oTxi wlis gogo, so­
fiko, tiriliT ayrian miwas qmars da mamas, magram ubedure­
ba amiT ar mTavrdeba. `SuaRamisas marTikosac auvarda pir­
saqmeba da muclis wva~.
daTua SromiSvils sami Tumani emarTa soflis wurbela
isaka WamiaSvilisa, magram isakam yalbi mowmeebi daiqirava
da samTumniani Tamasuqi samoc Tumnad aqcia. mosyidulma
mosamarTlem ki, rakiRa daTuas `valis~ gadasaxdeli saxsari
ar gaaCnda, marCenali venaxi CamoarTva miusafar glexs da
isakas gadasca. daTuam SurisZieba gadawyvita, magram sanam
ganzraxvas aasrulebda, RmerTs patieba SesTxova sityvebiT
_ `Cemi brali ar aris, RmerTo~. mere Tofi mxarze gaido da
isakas saxlisken gaswia.
isakas aivanze qeifia.
` _ isaka! _ saxlis karga moSorebiT dauZaxa viRacam
isakas... isaka savse WiqiT xelSi wamodga da daiZaxa:
_ vin aris?!
_ aba, cota xans egre gaCerdi!
_ vina xar?
Tofis grialma isakas sityva gaawyvetina (`Cemi brali ar
aris, RmerTo~).
yofiT Temaze dawerili SesaniSnavi fsiqologiuri eti­
udia `ade, Camovida~. gogias wisqvili kargaxania sdums. qveya­
na SimSilobs. mewisqviles SimSilisagan kuWi uxmeba. uec­rad,
TiTqos RmerTma gogias vedreba Seisminao, kari SemoaRo,
gegem safqvaviT mxarze. `aba, Seni Wirime, gogi, droiT daab­
rune, Torem Sin saxloba simSiliT miwivis!~ _ uTxra gegem
mewisqviles da buxarTan miwva. gogiam xorbali xvimirSi rom
Cascala da mTvlemare geges gadaxeda, avma fiqrma gauel­
va. iqneb erTi TefSi fqvili moviparoo. mere moparva ga­
daifiqra da axla ufro saSineli ganzraxva aekviata; moekla
gege da fqvili mTlianad mas darCenoda. is iyo wamoavlo
najaxs xeli, rom idumalma xmam CasCurCula yurSi: `aba, Seni
73
Wirime, gogi, droiT daabrune, Torem Sin saxloba simSiliT
miwivis~.
am xmaze gogias mklavi moudunda da najaxis magivrad
fexi odnav wahkra TavSi.
_ ade, Camovida! _ fexis wakvrasTan erTad aRelvebuli
xmiT dasZaxa zevidan da saCqarod gareT gavarda.
soflidan qalaqSi samuSaos saZebnelad Camosuli gigla
aseT suraTs Seeswro. mejagve Tavis cxens gametebiT scemda.
sacodavi pirutyvi cdilobda, magram `taWka~ adgilidan ver
daeZra. amasobaSi tramvaidan msuqani kaci Camoxta. mejages
yelSi wvda ase ratom stanjav cxovelso. ra keTili kaci
yofilao, daaskvna giglam da `cxovelTa mfarvels~ Tavisi
gasaWiri SesCivla, magram cxenis mimarT mlmobeli gulis
patroni, kacis mimarT gulcivi aRmoCnda, Caiareo, daugdo
giglas da zurgi Seaqcia.
diliT Tbilisisken mimavalma bayalma mexdacemuli xis
qveS mkvdari gigla ipova. ` _ va, ra zizRiT micqeris?~ wa­mo­
iZaxa bayalma kankaliT da rac Zali da Rone hqonda, Tbili­
sisken gahkurcxla~ (`ra zizRiT micqeris?!~).
dampyrobeli rusi abuCad igdebda saqarTvelos eTnikur
Taviseburebebs. misTvis gaugebari iyo patara eris Svilis
saocari siyvaruli mSobeli qveynis mimarT da yvelaferi,
rac misi pirutyvuli fsiqikisTvis ucxo iyo, sindromiani
xalxis gulubryvilo axirebad miaCnda.
WleqiT daavadebulma beram, romelsac cimbirSi gada­sax­
leba miusajes, Tan cxvirsaxocSi gamokruli Tavisi soflis
miwa waiRo. iqidan cocxali veRar davbrundebi da sikvdilis
win gulze daviyrio. Cxrekis dros swored es miwa upoves
avadmyof tusaRs da miuxedavad beras vedrebisa, ufrosma
ubrZana, axlave gadaeyara. beram miwis gadayraze uari ga­
nacxada. zedamxedvelma urCi tusaRis garozgva brZana. be­
ram garozgvas ver gauZlo, magram sikvdilis win misma me­
gobarma, giorgim survili mainc Seusrula da momakvdavs
mSobliuri miwa mkerdze moabnia (`miwaa~).
uaRresad Taviseburia siyvarulis motivi Sio aragvis­
pirelis SemoqmedebaSi. igi ramdenadme Sordeba siyvarulis
klasikur gagebas, esoden tradiciuls qarTuli litera­
74
turisaTvis, da, SeiZleba iTqvas, zogjer ara Tu win us­
wrebs klasikuri (erTjeradi) siyvarulis `msxvrevis~ egzis­
tencionalistur principebs, aramed zogjer siyvarulis
absurdulobis froidistul Sexedulebamde midis, Tumca
samarTlianoba moiTxovs aRiniSnos, rom Sio aragvispireli
adamianis am umaRlesi, gamakeTilSobilebeli grZnobisadmi
damokidebulebaSi Tanamimdevruli rodi gaxlavT. siyvaru­
lis uarmyofeli novelebis gverdiT unda movixsenioT amave
Temaze Seqmnili ori romani `giuli~ da `gabzaruli guli~,
sadac swored rom siyvarulis ukvdavebas da erTguli trfi­
alebis siZlieres asxams xotbas mwerali.
jer siyvarulis grZnobis eWvis sasworze Semgdeb novel­
ebs CavxedoT.
kancelariis patara moxeles, yvelasagan dabriyvebul da
abuCad agdebul titikos swored maSin ewvia `didi siyvar­
uli~, roca ilajgawyvetil-imedgadawuruli Tavis dasaxr­
Cobad mtkvrisken garboda: mezoblis mosamsaxure gogom
_ baTom igi sikvdils gadaarCina da aramarto gadaarCina,
colobazec ki dasTanxmda. axalSeuRlebulebma qalaqis
ganapiras oTaxi daiqiraves da ori wlis ganmavlobaSi sa­
magaliTo, moyvaruli col-qmris cxovrebiT cxovrobdnen.
yovel SemTxvevaSi, garegnulad ase Canda. erT ubedur dRes
baTo filtvebis anTebiT daavadda da gardaicvala. mware
moTqmiT dastiroda titiko sayvareli meuRlis cxedars, ma­
gram wuTisofelma es samsalac ar akmara. saRamoxans viRacam
baTos saxelze werili moitana. saerTod, titiko meuRlis
werilebs ar kiTxulobda, magram rakiRa adresati cocxa­
li aRar iyo, gaSala da xmamaRla kiTxva daiwyo. pirvelive
striqonebidan pirkata eca, _ werilSi ewera: `Cemo baTo.
minda yovel dRes Sens gverdiT viyo. yovel wams Sen gex­
veode da Sens mkerdze amomdiodes suli da Sen ki kviraSi
ori dRe daminiSne...
xom ici, Cemo kargo, am Tvis gasuls sofelSi waval, sa­
dac ori Tve momigviandeba da maSin marto Seni werilobi­
TRa unda davstkbe. ara, Cemo baTo, sanam aqa var, damatkbe
Senis alersiT. warsul kviras ra kargi dro gavatareT, xom
gaxsovs?
75
 xval usaTuod mogeli...
Seni vaxtangi~.
titikos mdgomareobaSi myofi kacic iolad mixvdeboda,
rom baraTi sayvarlisgan iyo mowerili da misi Sinaarsidan
isic aSkara xdeboda, rom baTo, romelic meuRles umanko
siyvarulis matarebeli egona, ori wlis manZilze sistema­
turad Ralatobda mas, rom ityvian, Tavze rqebs adgamda.
Seuracxyofilma qmarma ver gauZlo am ormag ubedurebas.
`daWimuli ZarRvebi moudunda, moeleSa, Rrmad, Zalian
Rrmad CaisunTq-amoisunTqa da CuliviT iqve, taxtis gver­
diT Caexvia, TiTqos amosunTqvas amoayolao yovelive is,
rac ki wmindaTawmindas Seadgenda, rac rwmena hqonda da
saaqaosTan akavSirebda~ (`qari ki im dros zuoda, kvnesoda da
gminavda~).
lamis gacivdes siyvarulisadmi adamianTa romantikuli,
tradiciuli damokidebuleba. wminda siyvaruli aRar arse­
bobs. igi mxolod poeturi Tavis motyuebaa da klasikos­
Ta nawerebSiRa darCa. realuroba ki yovel fexis nabijze
gvTavazobs Ralats, TvalTmaqcobas, orpirobas... am `sasi­
yvarulo kredos~ Sio aragvispireli ufro aRrmavebs no­
velaSi `xiTxiTebs da xiTxiTebs~.
Tavad qaixosro maxaTelis meuRlem, anam, Tavisi sayva­
reli, mitro, soflad samejlisod miiwvia. roca Seyvarebu­
lebi ganapirdnen. mitrom (rogorc mosalodneli iyo) xeli
mohxvia nandaurs da tuCebze daekona, magram `_ mxeco! _
mrisxaned wamoiZaxa anam, rodesac TrTolivT Sevaxe tuCebi
imis tuCebs, da erTi iseTi sila gamiSala, rom TvalTagan
naperwklebi gadmomcvivda~.
Secbunebul-Sercxvenili mitro im dResve gamoipara am
`arastumarTmoyvare~ sasaxlidan da verafriT aexsna, ra­
tom Caidina anam aseTi ram. sxva ara iyos ra, xom TviT anam
gamoucxada siyvaruli da miipatiJa Sin. male mitrom anas
werili miiRo da misTvis yvelaferi naTeli gaxda. Cemo mit­
ro _ werda ana _ uTuod miwyrebi, rom ise kadnierad mo­
gepyar. Cemi brali ar iyo... es ki icode, yvelaferi Senis
gulisTvis Cavidine...

76
 Sen rom Segxvdi mTisken mimaval bilikTan da laparaki
damiwye. xom gaxsovs, uecrad rogor saxe Semecvala? ai,
swored maSin SevniSne, rom qaixosro moipareboda Cvensken
da Cumad xes amoefara. saSinlad mewyina, avirie, magram imeve
dros uecrad gamielva azrma, rom imisTvis Tvalebi amexvia
da iWvneuloba momeSorebina...
saucxood dabolovda ganzraxva. ver warmoidgen xel-
fexs ranairad mikocnida, rodesac Sen fexakrefiT gaipare
da me kidev gangeb isev vqviTinebdi...
axla, Cemo kargo, qaixosro isea darwmunebuli, rom erT
saban qveSac rom gvnaxos, siamovnebiT gaicinebs da srule­
biT eWvs ar Semoitans Cemze.
ase ara sjobia?~
moTxrobiT `mxrebiRa aviCeCe~ kidev erTxel gausva xazi
Sio aragvispirelma wminda siyvarulis deficits.
moqmedeba quTaisSi xdeba.
gaiozma or TveSi unda iqorwinos. sacole saTno da la­
ma­zi gulCinaa. rac ufro axlovdeba jvrisweris dro, gaiozs
miT ufro ipyrobs eWvi; aris ki gulCina gulwrfeli? marT­la
uyvars mas gaiozi Tu TvalTmaqcobs? sasiZo ramdenime dRiT
TbilisSi Cavida. male TbilisSi gulCinas werili miiRo.
`Cemi gonebidan ganuSorebelo polievkt~ _ werda gulCi­
na. werilSi gasaTxovari qali samudamo erTgulebas efice­
boda viRac polievkts da aSkarad dascinoda Tavis saqmros
_ gaiozs... Cemi tetia isev ise burtyunebs, iCmuCneba saco­
davad, magram ras izams? ise myavs gabmuli, rom Tavs ver
daixsnis...
aSkara iyo, qals konvertebi SeSloda da sayvarlisTvis
gasagzavni werili saqmrosTvis gamoegzavna.
gaiozs Tvalebi aexila, rasakvirvelia, man erTxel da
samudamod uari Tqva gulCinas SerTvaze, werili Tavissave
konvertSi Cado da ukanve gaugzavna warweriT: `es werili
SecdomiT CemTan gamogigzavnia, me gaugzavnidi polievkts,
magram sjobia, Senve gaugzavno... gaiozi~.
es siuJeti Cveulebriv melodramad darCeboda, moTxro­
bis lirikuli gmiris aseTi reziume xom ar axldes: ...bed­
nierebi arian imiT, xom styuvdebian da hgoniaT, marto hgo­
77
niaT. imaT gulSi rom Caixedo, xom SegeSindeba. xom dainaxav
imaT cbierebas... marto eTilismebian erTmaneTs, sxva
araferi... orni erT arsebad aRar arian. es ki yovel wuTs,
yovel wams xdeba. kaci Tu qali ornive Ralatoben. saqmiT Tu
ara, ganzraxviT mainc. ganzraxviT Ralati da saqmiT orive
erTia... iq erTobas adgili ara aqvs, ara, ara! kaci martod
ibadeba da martooba, euloba sikvdilamdis Tana sdevs... ar
vici, moqmedebda rodesame adamiani gulwrfelad; ar vici,
axla ki, Cvens dros, ara, ar moqmedebs... (`mxrebiRa aviCeCe~).
aseTive ganwyobilebiTaa gamsWvaluli etiudi `werilis
nagleji~. avtori ufro Sors miiwevs WeSmariti siyvarulis
uaryofis gzaze. `ager erTi weliwadia, rac siyvaruli gamo­
gicxade da qmrobis piroba mogeci, wers saqmro sacoles
_ magram mxolod maSin xar Cemi yvelai, rodesac gxedav an
magondebi. rodesac ki Sens magivrad sxvasa vxedav... maSin
mapative, Cemo kargo, Sendami siyvaruli aRar arsebobs...
Sen imasTan ar maxsovxar da miviwyebuli myevxar, rogorc
SarSandeli Tovli... rac bevrs vcdilob gamorkvevas, ufro
gamourkvevlad mrCeba da CemTvis gaugebrad rCeba is ide­
aluri siyvaruli, romelsac poetebi gvixataven. me mgonia,
imaTi ocnebis nayofia es siyvaruli da cxovrebasTan aravi­
Tari kavSiri ara aqvs~ (`werilis negleji~).
siyvarulis maradiulobis eWvis wnexSi gatarebis am
fonze Sio aragvispirelisTvis uCveulod moCans amaRlebu­
li siyvarulis tragediaze dawerili romani `giuli~.
romanis siuJeti aseTi gaxlavT.
TaTar alias meuRle, xaji, gardaecvala. samocdaTe­
qvsmeti wlis aliam arc acia, arc acxela da morig colad
quCukoRlis qaliSvili, giuli, daisva. alia Tvals ar aSo­
rebs Tavis axal meuRles: jer erTi imitom, rom Zalian
lamazia da meorec, giuli erTob Zviri daujda. qalis sa­
fasurad mamamiss ocdaaTi Zroxa da xuTasi cxvari gadauxa­
da. axalgazrda dedinacvals alias Svilebi aiTvalwuneben,
arc alias sxva colebs exatebaT gulze sareclis gamyofi.
mere movlenebi dramatulad ganviTarda. giulis da alias
qarTvel mosamsaxures, mitruas, erTmaneTi SeuyvardaT. si­
yvaruli ise Zlieri aRmoCnda, rom mitruam giuli `moitaca~
78
da Sors kldeTa Soris senakSi gadamala. es ambavi mitruam
Tavis Zmadnafics _ alias vaJs, qerbalais gaando, qerbalai
Tavidan TanaugrZnobda mitruas, magram bolos uRalata.
isargebla mitruas qalaqSi yofniT, RamiT mieWra giulis da
jer motyuebiT (mitrua varo), mere ki cxadad scada qals
daufleboda. giuli ar daemorCila vnebaaSlil gers, dausx­
lta xelidan, magram sibneleSi kldis qims SubliT mienar­
cxa da daiRupa. Zmadnaficis moRalate qerbalai mixvda
Secdomas da xanjliT gaipo guli. alionze senakTan misuli
mitrua SublgaCexil giulis cxedars waawyda. iqve sisxliani
xanjali da qerbalais gacivebuli gvami egdo.
siyvarulis ukvdavebis alegoriuli himnia Sio aragvi­
spirelis Svidkariani romani `gabzaruli guli~.
siqveliTa da simdidriT ganTqmul Tavad kacias ulama­
zesi asuli hyavda _ saxelad eTeri. eTeri misi xelis Txov­
nis msurvelT ramdenime SekiTxvas dausvamda da meyvseulad
uariT istumrebda. gansakuTrebiT sZulda isini, vinc muxls
idrekda asulis winaSe da samudamo ymobas sTavazobda:
`mZuls mona! _ civad upasuxebda da gatrialdeboda~.
eTeris koSkis win oqromWedlis saamqroSi Segirdad maxa­
re muSaobda. erT Rames axalgazrda oqromWedels eTeris
simRera moesma da mosveneba samudamod dakarga. gadawyvita,
liTonSi moeqcia eTeris grZneuli xma. fiqrobda: `Tu eTer­
is xma davisakuTre, TviTon veRarsad wamivao~.
didxans iwvala ostatma, mere mixvda: `liTonmac rom ise­
Ti xma gamoiRos, rogoric adamians aqvs, adamianis gaRebuli
bagis saxe unda misces da Sig enasaviT liTonive unda das­
rialebdes~.
bolos maxarem amoxsna uZnelesi saidumlo. eTeris xma
liTonSi Casva-CaRvara, magram sanukvar mizans mainc ver
ewia. xelovnebis ukvdavi nimuSi Seqmna, magram guli ver
Caudga qmnilebas. cxovrebam ganze Cauara. saoqromWedlo­
dan `meore eTeris~ xma moesma namdvil eTers. xelovanis
jildod is miiCnies, rom Tavis qmnilebaSi fuli SeaZlies:
`batono, es mxolod CemTvis gavakeTe. xma iseTi momxiblavi
iyo, rom mindoda maSinve gamomemwyvdia raSime, rom mudam
CemTan yofiliyo. da ai, movaxerxe es. axla ki Sen meubnebi
79
momecio. mere me raRa damrCeba? Sen Seni qali gyavs Tavis
xmiT. me ki mxolod Seni qalis xmis msgavsi xma~.
xelovanis bedis dramatizmi maxaresac swvda. siyvarulSi
marexi ufro Tanmimdevruli aRmoCnda, vidre maxares siy­
varulis ciuri kerpi _ eTeri, eTeri, visi xmis grZneul
liTonSi gansxeulebas maxarem lamis sicocxle Seswira.
ra aris adamianis daniSnuleba, risTvisaa igi mowodebu­
li am qveynad, risTvis movediT da sad mivdivarT? am saka­
cobrio kiTxvebs Sio aragvispirelic CaRrmavebia Tavis nov­
elebSi da Taviseburad gapasuxebia kidec.
adamianis arsisa da cxovrebis miznis problemas exeba
novela `Semusvrili sami mcneba~.
sefiswulma nadirobis dros sasikvdilod daWra vefxvi.
rodesac momakvdav nadirs mieaxla da cxenidan Camoxta,
kakuni moesma, xmas gahyva da Tvali hkida Tmagawewil kacs
xes rom qvas urtyamda.
` _ gamigone _ daekiTxa sefiswuli; Tumca ki saxis gamo­
metyvelebaze Seatyo ucnob kacs SeSliloba _ vina xar?
_ adamiani! _ iyo pasuxi SeSlilisa.
_ sulelo, adamianis ra gaqvs? _ RimiliT SeekiTxa se­
fiswuli.
_ sisulele _ RreWiT upasuxa SeSlilma~.
am pasuxma gaakvirva da daaRona sefiswuli. nuTu sisule­
lec sruliad Cveulebrivi Tvisebaa adamianisa? maS, sad aris
zRvari sibrZnesa da sigiJes Soris? da saerTod, risTvis
gavCndiT am qveynad?
midis sefiswuli laqSman mefis asulis mzisadaris saT­
xovnelad da fiqrobs: `SeuZlebelia, adamiani cxovrobdes
da ar icodes, ras warmoadgens... jer es unda Sevigno da Sem­
dgom mzisadaric iqneba da mefobac. manamdis ki arcerTi~.
cnobismoyvareoba siyvarulsa da samefo skiptraze
ufro Zlieri aRmoCnda, sefiswuli mxleblebs gaepara da
WeSmaritebis saZieblad gaeSura.
amis Semdeg bevri weli gavida.
ulamazesi asuli tyeSi mkerdze qvisfirfitaCamokide­
bul TeTrwvera berikacs waawyda.

80
 rodesac asulma vinaoba hkiTxa, moxucma miugo, rom am
qveynis sefiswuli iyo.
gairkva, rom asulisTvis dedamiss eambna am ocdaaTi
wlis winaT ulamazesi da umamacesi sefiswulis gauCinarebis
ambavi.
WeSmariteba-cxovrebis azri, romelsac sefiswulma
ocdaaTwlovani xetialis Semdeg miaRwia, mis mkerdze da­
kidebul firfitaze weria:
`nurasodes daekiTxebi Sens Tavs, ra aris adamiani~.
`yovelgvar movlenas Sens cxovrebaSi gulgrilad
Sexvdi~.
`ecade, cxovreba siamovnebiT gaataro~.
lirikuli gmiri sizmars xedavs, TiTqos eklesiis Ses­
asvlelTan dgas da Sendobis saTxovnelad mosul mrevls
aTvalierebs.
ager patiebis saTxovnelad mosula Secdenili qali,
romelmac `bavSvs dasruleba ar daacala, Zalad dahbada da
wyalSi gadaagdo~.
ager yavarjniT modis dedaberi, igi saTnoebis niRbiT
midis sakurTxevelTan~, arada, mTeli sicocxlis manZilze
ukuRmarT saqmeebs sCadioda.
RmerTs Sendobas sTxovs qali, romelmac qmari erTi
TviT gaistumra da sayvarelTan mieCqareba.
xelCaWidebulni modian mijnurni, romlebsac mxolod
maSin axsovT erTmaneTi, roca erTad arian.
ager `mamuliSvili~ moabijebs. iqneb is mainc iyos wrfe­
li grZnobisa da patiosani sulis patroni? aramc da aramc.
`ax, ra didis ambiT, ra grZnobiT axseneben xolme wminda
samSoblos, RmerTo, nuTu SesaZlebeli yofila magre xe­
lovnurad Tvalebi auxvios sazogadoebas da dahfaros ada­
mianma namdvili moZraoba gulisa?~
qaliSvili SeZrwunebulia. eklesiaSi TvalTmaqcTa, moRa­
lateTa da orpirTa laSqari Sedis.
`ufalo... ufalo, nuTu aRaravin darCa? erTi, erTi adami­
ani mainc vnaxo, romelic gulwrfelad moqmedebdes, RmerTo!~
roca gamoiRviZa, `sixarulis cremlis frqveviT wamoiCo­
qa loginSi~ da Cailaparaka: `gmadlobT, ufalo, gmadlobT!~
6. r. miSvelaZe. t. XXV 81
 gaaoca qaliSvili RvTis ukidegano mimteveblobam da im
garemoebamac, rom mxolod sizmarSi iyo gulTamxilavi da
ara cxadSi (`gmadlobT, ufalo, gmadlobT~).
bebris cixesTan kldeze zis gabro da avfiqrebmoZale­
buli aragvs Cascqeris. gabros goneba wuTisoflis amaoeba­
ze fiqrs Seupyria: `RmerTo, wyvdiadSi xetiali, xelebis fa­
Turi rodemdis unda gagrZeldes? an ki rad unda afaTuro
xeli, ras eltvi, visTvis an risTvis scxovrob?~
_ visTvis da sazogadoebisTvis _ pasuxobs idumali xma.
_ eg tyuilia... _ ekamaTeba gabro Sinagan xmas _ bune­
bam gamzarda, xolo sazogadoebam wamarTva is, rac bunebam
momaniWa. an kidev, Tu ar wamarTva, damimaxinja, gamiryvna
da Semilaxa. Tavis wevris fexis damWirebeli sazogadoeba
modis... sazogadoeba msxverpls gTxovs, Zalas gatans, Sen
ki dana yelTan rom gqondes mitanili, xels gamogiwvdis
saSvelad?... TviT mona, yurmoWrili mona Zlierisa cdilobs
dagimonavos, gaganadguros, sisxli gagiSros, da am sazoga­
doebisTvis mirCev kidev vicocxlo, vali gadavuxado?.. ai,
mag gulcivobam gamitexa guli, gulcivobam...~
am aburdul fiqrebs gabros TviTmkvleloba mohyva.
wuTisoflis amaoebaSi darwmunebulma, aragvis talRebs
misca Tavi (`gulcivobam~).
imedis gacrueba, ocnebaTa msxvreva, cxovrebis azris
uaryofa gamosWvivis novelidan `adamiani~.
hyinavs. studenti Tedo geldiaSvili WleqiT dasnebov­
nebula, sisxls axvelebs. misi amxanagi gabro aburaSvili
lukma puris saSovnelad wasula. male Tedos Raribul oTax­
Si studentebi Seikribnen da paltos dagiravebiT miRebuli
oriode groSiT nayid arays Seeqcevian.
`megobrebo _ ambobs Tedo _ Cven axla galiaSi axladg­
amomwyvdeul loms vemsgavsebiT, romelic xan erT kldes
ecema da xan meores, unda gasvla, magram ver gaungrevia misi
kedlebi... ara gvaqvs gamorkveuli sagani cxovrebisa, ideali
_ Cveni winaprebis sasurvel-satrfialo uarvyaviT, is aRar
gvakmayofilebs, axali ki jer ara Segviqmnia ra...~
es ukanaskneli trapezi gamodga TedosTvis. im Rames
Zli­eri sisxldena autyda da oriode dRis Semdeg saavad­
82
myofoSi gardaicvala. wavida adamiani, didi imediT mosuli
axalgazrda kaci gaqra ukvalod, mizanmiuRwevlad... (`ada­
miani~).
aseTi, zogjer zedmetad sentimentaluri, magram saoc­
rad marTali da STambeWdavi saxe-pasaJebiT xasiaTdeba Sio
aragvispirelis Semoqmedeba.
marTalia, Sio aragvispirelis fsiqologiur etiudebs
zogjer gulubryvilobis elferi dahkravs, arc kldiaS­
vilis msgavsi ferwerulobiT da daxvewili ironiulobiT
mogawonebT Tavs mwerali, magram erTi ram sacnauria _
Sio aragvispirelma aragvispira saqarTvelo dagvixata da
cxovrebis gamocanasac Taviseuli, epigonizms gacilebuli
pasuxi gasca.

83
 Wola lomTaTiZe
(1878 - 1916)

1925 wels qarTvelma mkiTxvelma manamde TiTqmis uc­

nobi mwerlis, Wola lomTaTiZis, moTxrobebis ori tomi
miiRo. am wignTa furclebidan gaicno qveyanam cixis sark­
melsmomdgari naRvliani saxis revolucioneri, romelic
aqamde prozaSi daxatul sxva personaJebs ar hgavda. Tavise­
buri iyo misi saubris manera, movlenebTan damokidebuleba,
utexi nebisyofa da, miuxedavad WleqiT daavadebisa, patim­
ris aRgznebul gamoxedvaSi Cabudebuli saocari optimizmi.
moTxrobidan moTxrobaSi gadadis Wola lomTaTiZis liri­
kuli gmiri da igi saxelcvlili oreulia TviT mwerlisa,
romlis tragikuli cxovrebac saukunis dasawyisis inteli­
gentis tipiuri magaliTia, inteligentisa sicocxlis azrad
TavisuflebisaTvis brZola rom dausaxavs.
Wola lomTaTiZem qarTul mwerlobaSi lirikul prozas
misca gza-sadinari. mwerali ZiriTadad personaJTa monolo­
gebiT gvauwyebs saTqmels da `sulSi Cabrunebuli mzeriT~
gviCvenebs cxovrebis sxvadasxva aspeqts swored rom axle­
buri interpretaciiT. mwerlis personaJebi filosofoso­

84
ben, magram es ar aris mosawyeni, ganyenebuli Cxirkedelaoba
adamianis Sinagani samyaros Secnobisken mimarTuli. mwe­
rals, upirveles yovlisa, TavisuflebawarTmeuli adamianis
fsiqika ainteresebs, tusaRis siyvaruli, misi damokideb­
uleba sazogadoebasTan, sikvdilmisjilis damokidebuleba
sikvdilTan, is zneobrivi gavlena, cixe rom axdens pirovnebis
xasiaTis Camoyalibeba-Secvlaze.
Wola lomTaTize daibada 1878 wels ozurgeTis max­
loblad, sofel mewieTSi, glex bibon lomTaTiZis ojaxSi.
deda _ erodione nikolaiSvili adre gardaecvala. soflis
orklasiani saswavleblis damTavrebis Semdeg ozurgeTis
samoqalaqo skolaSi mcire xani dahyo. 1896 wels quTaisis
sameurneo skolaSi ganagrZo swavla, magram meore klasi­
dan garicxes, rogorc politikurad arasaimedo. quTaisi­
dan xarkovis sameurneo skolaSi vxedavT, magram iqidanac
daiTxoves `buntovSCikobisTvis~.
guriaSi dabrunebuli xan dawyebiTi skolis maswavle­
blad muSaobs, xanac _ biblioTekarad. 1901 wlidan TbilisSi
gadmodis, social-demokratiul partiaSi Sedis da profe­
sional revolucionerad yalibdeba. rogorc sruluflebi­
ani delegati, 1906 wels eswreba stokholmis, xolo 1907
wels londonis partiul yrilobebs 1907 wels saxelmwifo
saTaTbiros deputatad airCies. male mefem saTaTbiro gare­
ka, xolo Wola lomTaTiZe daapatimres. Svidi weli gaatara
mweralma peterburgis, moskovis, xarkovis, sevastopolis,
Tbilisis, baTumis, axalcixis da saratovis cixeebSi.
1915 wels, rogorc uimedo avadmyofi, gaaTavisufles.
samSobloSi dabrunebis Zala-saxsari aRar hqonda. sarato­
vis davrdomilTa TavSesafars Seexizna da iqve dalia suli
1916 wels. saqarTveloSi Camoasvenes da, rogorc gamoCeni­
li revolucioneri, kukiis sasaflaozed dakrZales. mogvi­
anebiT didubis panTeonSi gadaasvenes.
moTxrobebs aqveynebda spiridon mciriSvilis fsevdon­
imiT da amiT Tavis winamorbedTan _ egnate ninoSvilTan,
sulier naTesaobas usvamda xazs.
Wola lomTaTiZis erT-erT adreul moTxrobas `daviTi~
hqvia. igi ubedur SemTxvevas ukavSirdeba da ganzogadebis
85
saSualebas naklebad iZleva, magram moTxrobis erTi pasaJi
SeaniSnavad gadmogvcems gaiZvera rusi Cinovnikis Rorul
bunebas.
saswavleblis Ramis darajs, samoci wlis daviTs, samsa­
xuridan gagdebiT emuqrebian, radganac es erTi kviraa,
TiTqmis yovel Rame epareba qurdi da safutkres ungrevs.
daviTi daudarajda da SuaRamisas daiWira kidec qurdi.
es ukanaskneli TviT saswavleblis direqtori obrazcovi
aRmoCnda. Turme nu ityviT, direqtors mefutkre maswav­
leblis gagdeba surda da `rom mis winaaRmdeg kidev erTi
sabuTi moenaxa, saxeldobr, saqmeSi daudevroba _ namuSe­
vars ufuWebda~.
daviTi ra SuaSi iyo? aqlemebis CxubSi kozakiviT gaiWy­
lita sawyali daraji. `zedmeti sifxizlisaTvis~ igi direq­
torma dasaja, xelfasi Camoaklo, Saqris micema Seuwyvita
da, rac mTavaria, patara sayaraulo oTaxi waarTva. direq­
toris am `RonisZiebas~ Sedegad is mohyva, rom zamTris erT
susxian diliT baRSi daviTis gayinuli gvami ipoves.
momavlis imediT, patriotuli gancdiT dawerili liri­
kuli Canaxatia `ubis wignakidan~. moTxrobis lirikuli gmi­
ri samcxe-javaxeTSi mogzaurobs. Tu siamayiT aRavsebs mas
Zvel cixe-simagreTa xilva da heroikul droTa gaxseneba,
samagierod, guls uklavs rusTavelis samSobloSi mcxovreb­
Ta mZime yofa da zogi ucnauri, qarTulisaTvis ucxo Cveva,
TurqTa oTxaswlovan batonobas rom dautovebia maTTvis
memkvidreobad.
Wola lomTaTiZes am nawarmoebSi zeciur meufesTan qa­
rTvelis Sexvedris erTi STambeWdavi suraTi aqvs daxatuli:
_ `vin xar Sen? _ gaisma misi kiTxva qarTvelisadmi.
_ qarTveli _ iyo pasuxi.
_ wlovaneba!
_ ori aTasze meti wlis var.
_ ras akeTebdi amdenxans qveynad?
_ Tavs vicavdi.
_ sul mudam?
_ diax, sul mudam, qristes dabadebamde da qristes
dabadebis Semdegac Tavs vicavdi. Tavs vicavdi me makedone­
86
lis laSqrisagan. vebrZodi murvan-yrus, vebrZodi osmalos,
sparseTs, vebrZodi lekebsa da kidev sxvebs. uricxvia sa­
xeli Cemi mtrebis...
_ axla raRas Sobi Sen?
_ me axlac Tavs vicav. mteri axlac bevri maxvevia gars.
modian Cemze xmliTac da moqarguli eniTac. siyvarulsac
micxadeben, rom damZlion...
_ ar daiRale?
_ daRalva Cemi sikvdils niSnavs Cemsas. ara, ar davRlil­
var, sicocxle mwyuria me da ver vZRebi sicocxliT. ara, ar
davRlilvar.
_ arc gaborotdi amdeni brZoliT. grZnobebi ar dagiC­
lungda?! sisxli ar giyvars?
_ ara, ar gavborotebulvar. vinc Tavs icavs, is ar ga­
borotdeba, Sen TviTon ici es...
_ da eli ki gamarjvebas?
_ rad unda davmarcxde. me Tavs vicav. axla me martoc
ara var. yvela erSi da yvela qveynis kuTxeSi izrdeba da
mZlavrdeba imaTi ricxvi, romlebic Tavs icaven da isini
momeSvelebian me, rogorc me imaT. rad ar unda gavimarjvo,
me Tavs vicav da wamodga fexze is, vinc ijda. gaSala mkla­
vi da gadaexvia qarTvels da gadakocna is. moswyvita mwife
yurZeni da aWama mas, da kidev aWama Tafli da Sehkra gvir­
gvini iavardisa da Seamko Tavi misi. misca mas xmali xelSi
da uTxra:
_ wadi, ganagrZe da kurTxeuli iyos gza Seni, friad mZime
da friad saxarbielo! wadi, ganagrZe!~
cixeSi zis social-demokrati biktor agiaSvili (`pirve­
li maisi~) da igonebs im sisxlian dRes, roca xelisuflebis
damqaSebi demonstrantebs gauswordnen. daRupulebi saZmo
saflavSi wvanan. maT Sorisaa biqtoris satrfo _ revolu­
cioneri qaliSvili Tina. sanam gareT iyo, biktors yovel
gazafxulze iis konebi mihqonda Tinas saflavze. axla igi
patimaria, Wleqi sWirs da sisxls axvelebs. Tina uSiSari
gogona iyo. erTxel, roca biktorma hkiTxa, sikvdilze Tu
gifiqriao, Tinam upasuxa: `sad aris sikvdili, roca mze ase
icinis? roca ase hyvavis sasaflao? roca ase amwvanebula
87
vel-mindori? sad aris sikvdili, ra dros sikvdilia _ sic­
ruea sikvdili~.
sicocxleze Seyvarebuli qaliSvilis romantikuli fiqri
mware sinamdvilem Secvala. igi Tavis TanamebrZolebTan
erTad daeca, xolo daWrili biktori cxedrebTan erTad
morgSi daagdes da karga xnis Semdeg palataSi gadaiyvanes.
`ra binZuria dRevandeli sazogadoeba _ ambobs biktor
agiaSvili _ aq erTi meores arTmevs lukmas da arc ki rcxve­
nia, aq erTi lxinobs, aTass lukma puri enatreba arc ki
rcxvenia. aq erTis namuSevars iTvisebs meore da arc ki
rcxvenia... aq iyideba sindisi, aq iyideba namusi da arc ki
rcxveniaT~.
biktori svams Tevzis qons da imediT Sescqeris xvalin­
del dRes. `ara, biZia, ara varT damarcxebuli _ eubneba
igi cixis ufross _ mokaliT Cveni rwmena? mokaliT Cveni
siyvaruli? mokaliT Cveni Tqvendami zizRi? mokaliT Cve­
ni didi survili? tyvia rom gulSi gvartyiT, bawari rom
kiserSi mogviWireT, amiT mokaliT romelime survili Cve­
ni, romelic Tqven ar mogwondaT? maS, rad ambobT gavimar­
jveTo? vcaniT Cveni Tavi damnaSaved da patieba gTxoveT?
Tu, mogvkaliT da aRar geSiniaT Cveni, maS, rad daukargeT
saflavebs saxeli? bnelaSi rad amoTxareT ormo da mere
rad gadaasworeT ise, rom dilas aravis ecno _ aq vinme
daumarxavTo? da erTi ram kidev: roca saflavebs eZeben,
roca saflavebze miaqvT yvavilebi, roca saflavi uyvarT
da iq midian salocavad, satirlad, SurisZiebis wyurvilis
gasaZliereblad, geSinodeT Tqven im saflavis. is ar aris
saflavi damarcxebulis~.
Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT im garemoebas, rom es stri­
qonebi iwereboda cixeSi TviT politikuri patimris _ Wola
lomTaTiZis mier, advilad darwmundebiT, ra sulier simt­
kices da moqalaqeobriv gmirobas amJRavnebda `pirveli mai­
sis~ avtori.
kompaqturi, WeSmaritad noveluri siuJetiT gamoirCeva
`SiSi~. SuaRamisas revolucionerebi, petre da arCili, ni­
goiTSi ivane sanadiraZis saxls miadgnen Ramis gasaTevad.
ivane, `Zveli nacimbiral-naubedurali~, stumrebs siyvaru­
88
liT miegeba (arCili misi disSvilia). es ambavi ruseTis pirve­
li revoluciis dros xdeba. is droa, roca `erT saRamos
daswves sadguri natanebi. meore saRamos ozurgeTi aenTo
da guria gaanaTa. ramdenime dReSi guriis Rameebma cecxlis
TvalebiT daiwyes cqera. da am camde avardnil als gars
exvia SiSi savse zRapruli saSinelebiT _ kacismWamelebiT,
moRalateebiT, dacinviT, uimedobiT...~
Tbilma buxarma da adesis Rvinom Tavisi hqna da araqa­
Tgamoclil stumrebs male CaeZinaT. ivane da mura mTeli
Rame darajobdnen, gauTvaliswinebeli ram rom ar momx­
dariyo. da ai, diliT ZilburanSi myof arCils da petres
ezoSi laparaki moesmaT. maspinZeli sam SeiaraRebul kacs
eubneboda, `xom giTxari, erTi weiyvaneT, eger aris, ufrosi.
meore ki.... Svili rom mTxuo, Svils mogcem da imas vera _
avaT aris. axla rom igenis xelSi Cavardes _ merme aRar
gamodgeba.
_ ho da kargi, erTi iyos... movakiTxavT SuadReze, arsa
guuSva.
_ rac vTqvi, vTqvi. sityva ar gatydeba _ erTi weiyvaneT~.
revolucionerebma daaskvnes, rom mosulni policielebi
iyvnen da ivanem Ralati Caidina. oridan erT-erTs (Tavis
disSvils) ver Seelia, xolo meore stumari gawira.
Secbunebul-gaocebulebma swrafad Caicves, iaraRi ais­
xes da gasaqcevad moemzadnen.
_ rava amgzavrebulxarT? _ hkiTxa morTulmokazmul
stum­rebs ivanem.
`Cven araferi vuTxariT.
_ igini dResve wavlen, fiqri araa. geigoneT, rom sofel­
Si arien? dResve wavlen, imiza iyvnen Cemsas.
_ raT iyvnen, ivane? _ gakvirvebiT vkiTxe me.
_ CoxataurSi mivlen. bargis gadasatani xarebi da urmebi
unda mogvceTo. mevidnen CemTan aTisTavebi... daRalulia
Cemi xari, mara mogvSorden oRond da... miore avaT aris,
fexi itkina. erTs weiyvaneben, Tu cali uSoves...~(`SiSi~).
cixis cxovrebis aRweriT, tusaRis fsiqologiis uzus­
tesi gadmocemiT xasiaTdeba Wola lomTaTiZis vrceli
moTxroba `sapyrobileSi~.
89
 zis kameraSi politikuri patimari mciriSvili. `eh, da­
viRale amdeni siaruliT. momwyinda. Svidi nabijia, Svidi,
Svidi. es manZili ar imatebs arc xval, arc zeg, arc ga­
isaT. sul mudam Svidi nabiji iqneba. Svidi... Svidi... da me
_ damwyvdeuli galiaSi, dRiTi dRe, dilidan dilamde, Cemi
fiqrebiT, Cemi tkivilebiT, Cemi ocnebebiT da imedebiT, Cemi
sizmrebiT~.
mciriSvili WleqiTaa daavadebuli, magram saocrad ama­
yi da Zlieri nebisyofis mqone kacia. igi kategoriul uars
ambobs SemoTavazebul zedmet ulufaze, romelic mas
dauniSnes, rogorc sasikvdilo seniT Sepyrobils. mciri­
Svili gonebagamWriaxi da uSiSari social-demokratia. erT­
xel cixis administraciam misi gamocda gadawyvita, miugza­
vnes zedamxedveli sukini, romelmac uCurCula: Tu gnebavT,
werili miswereT vinmes, me waviRebo. mciriSvilma maSinve
dawera da gaatana. werilSi ewera: `ra sulelaT mnaxeT, b-no
cixis ufroso, rom gegonaT sukinisTana mxecs vendobodi.
me Seuracxyofilad mimaCnia Tavi. gTxovT, SemdegSi ar ifiq­
roT agre~.
mwerals didi damajereblobiT dauxatavs patimris yofa.
yovel nabijze damcireba, Seuracxyofa, Rirsebis Selaxva
swored imaTgan, visac Rirseba TviT ar gaaCnia.
`arsad ise ar swyuria adamians sicocxle, rogorc aq, sa­
tusaRoSi. rac metad gamdableben, dascinian Sens Tavmoyva­
reobas, Sens imedebs, Sens saTayvanos, rac ufro metad ada­
mianebi administraciis tansacmelSi aaSkaraveben pirutyeul
mxareebs, adamianSi damaluls, rac ufro metad rwmundebi,
rom garSemo gaxvevia jalaTebi, adamianur grZnobebs mokle­
buli pirebi, romelTac neba aqvT, rac undaT is giyon, miT
ufro ginda icocxlo, ufro ginda icocxlo da itanjo: da
amasTan, ra advilia satusaRoSi Tavis mokvla. ver warmoid­
gen, ra advilia~.
uflebaayril adamianebs yvelafers ukrZalaven. `akrZa­
luli gvaqvs mtredebi vkveboT _ garTobaa eso. xolo yovel­
nairi garToba akrZalulia aq, satusaRoSi~.
cixeSi mciriSvilma gaicno patimari kolia drozdovi,
swored kolia drozdovis mier moTxrobili ambavia moTxro­
90
bis siuJeturi xerxemali. da unda davsZino, fsiqologiu­
rad uaRresad zusti pasaJi:
kolia drozdovs sikvdili miusajes. moqalaqe ganaCenis
kiTxvas amTavrebs. `me gavixede dedaCemisken _ hyveba dro­
zdovi _ isic Turme me micqerda. da ici? man gamicina me,
diax, gamicina Cemma beberma dedam da, mgoni, mec RimiliT
vupasuxe. rom eyvira iq, Tavisi WaRara Tmebi rom gaeSala da
daeglija, saxe rom daekawra, RmerTmani, ase ar damamZimeb­
da, ase ar damikodda guls. _ ai axlac vxedav im damzral,
gayviTlebul Rimils. Semxeda man TvalebSi, saxe gaufiTrda,
uceb, TiTqos erTian daberda, isedac moxuci dedaCemi, uceb
moixara, motyda welSi _ me ki gamicina _ saCqarod gavixede
ganze, erTi aseTi Semoxedva, erTi aseTi Rimili kidev da me
muxlebze davecemodi, velur bRavils movrTavdi~.
drozdovi sikvdilmisjilTa karcerSi gadaiyvanes: `gami­
gonia, magram axla me TviTon davrwmundi, sikvdiliT dasja
TviTon rodia ise Zneli, rogorc misi molodini. roca ici,
rom sikvdili dgas karebTan da es-esaa gadmodgams Sensken
nabijs amiT Seubraleblad sargebloben da didxans, didxans
aCereben dasasjels sikvdil-sicocxlis Sua~.
bolos drozdovs CamoxrCoba samudamo katorRiT
Seucvales, rogor Seafasa es faqti dedam?
`sacodavs gauxarda is, rom misi erTaderTi Svili, coc­
xlad iqneba dasamarebuli... esec sasixarulo gamodga~.
sulierma stresma drozdovi gatexa da maRali idealebi­
sTvis brZolas CamoaSora: `axla rom gamaTavisuflon, tyeSi
davimalebi, uRran tyeSi, sadac adamianis xmas verasodes ver
gavigoneb... uzarmazari muxis qveS moviRobav qoxs da dav­
munjdebi~.
usiuJeto, asociaciuri mxatvruli azrovnebiT dawe­
rilia `TeTri Rame~. moTxroba im principzea agebuli, rasac
mogvianebiT evropuli literaturismcodneni cnobierebis
nakads daarqmeven. `TeTr Rames~ erTi fabula ara aqvs. igi
politikuri patimris, social-demokrat mixas (sxvaTa So­
ris, Wola lomTaTiZis yovel nawarmoebSi aRmoaCenT avto­
ris biografiul momentebs. amdenad, es WleqiT daavadebuli

91
social-demokratic SegviZlia Wola lomTaTiZis prototi­
pad miviCnioT) usistemo mogonebebzea agebuli.
pirveli mogoneba. tusaRi vasos cols _ lizas ukavSird­
eba. liza periodulad, wlebis ganmavlobaSi xvdeba cixeSi
Tavis qmars da erTgulebas eficeba. bolos vaso werils
Rebulobs, saidanac irkveva, rom liza qmars, sayvarlisave
TanxmobiT wlebis ganmavlobaSi atyuebda, da umalavda mware
simarTles, amiT satusaRos kedlebSi autanel cxovrebas
umsubuqebda. mixas miaCnia, rom es `Rorobaa~, rom aravisa
aqvs ufleba simarTle (Tundac mkacri) daumalos Tavisu­
flebawarTmeul adamians da yalbi iluziebiT kvebos igi.
`TeTri Ramis~ meore pasaJi cixeSi patimris umZimes, da­
mamcirebel yofas exeba. ostaturad gvixatavs mwerali, ro­
gor abuCad igdeben, fexqveS Telaven cixis moxeleni (mose,
litvinovi) tusaRTa adamianur Rirsebebs.
`roca me tusaRobis vadas gavaTaveb _ ambobs mixa _ Tqven
mkiTxavT, ra ufro mZimea satusaRoSio, gipasuxebT, yvelaze
mZime aris gamoRviZeba-meTqi. diax, ase gipasuxebT da es Cemi
pasuxi gulwrfeli iqneba. satusaRoSi kaci iseT mSvenier
sizmrebs xedavs da uceb gaeRviZeba _ ra SeiZleba iyos um­
waresi imaze, rom sizmris qveynidan tusaRis qveyanaSi gada­
dixar erTbaSad~.
aqve gviambobs mwerali TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZoli,
amayi qaliSvilis tragikul bedze. elenas xuTi weli mi­
usajes. man _ generlis qaliSvilma, ar isurva Sewyalebis
baraTze xelis mowera da Tavisi patimari TanamebrZolebis
bedi gaiziara. cixeSi Tavi Rirseulad uWiravs. zizRs
ucxadebs satusaRos administracias iqamdec ki, rom fexze
ar dgeba, roca zedamxedveli an cixis ufrosi Sedis masTan
sakanSi. bolos cixis damqaSebma izrunes `urCi patimris~
janmrTelobaze da elenas sifilisi Sehyares. elenam Tavi
moikla.
`TeTri Ramis~ mesame epizodi moTxrobis mTavari gmiris,
mixas, erTi uiRblo siyvarulis istorias exeba. revolu­
cioneri quCaSi Sexvda somex qaliSvils manuSkas da moewona.
manuSkamac TanagrZnobiT upasuxa da axalgazrdebs Soris
sasiyvarulo Zafi gaiba. mixam `stiopad~ gaacno Tavi Seyva­
92
rebuls da Tavisi revoluciuri warsuli daumala konspira­
ciuli mosazrebiT. ise ki erTi suli aqvs amcnos, rom igi
TviTmpyrobelobis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli jariskacia, rom
`jer kidev Zlierni arian mtrebi. maT xelSi aqvT Zala da
uflebac. maT xelSi aqvT brZolis iaraRebi, mosyidul mec­
niereTa razmebi, moralistebi da mqadageblebi, artistebi,
momRerlebi da mwerlebi. yvelaferi es maT exmareba. maT
ician borkilebis Wedva, maTi, TiTqos saTuTi da sufTa xe­
liT ukmexi da usulo satusaRoebi Sendeba, magram mainc
maTi aRsasruli axloa~.
policiam am sityvebis uTqmeladac `aRmoaCina~ revolu­
cioneri. mas `sul ubralod daumtkices, rom stiopa ar iyo
da arxangelskis guberniaSi ukres Tavi~. patimarma sami weli
mSvenier manuSkaze mogonebebiT icxovra da roca gaaTavi­
sufles, peterburgisaken gaswia. swored peterburgSi Sem­
TxveviT waawyda moseirne wyvils da rakiRa sicili ecnaura,
dainteresda. patimaryofili ar Semcdara _ misi satrfo,
manuSka, viRac oficerTan seirnobda... es Ralati miiRo
mixam Tavisi TeTri Rameebis, manuSkasadmi patimruli erT­
gulebis da cixeSi agebuli ocnebaTa koSkebis pasuxad.
Wola lomTaTiZis novelaTagan SedarebiT moisustebs
`Ze kacisa~. aqac cixeSi xdeba moqmedeba, aqac zneobis prob­
lemaa win wamoweuli, magram rogorc Cans, mwerals parti­
ulma orientaciam sZlia weris dros da ojaxis tradiciul
simtkice-siwmindes `Tavisufali siyvarulis~ social-de­
mokratiuli gulubryvilo principi daupirispira.
mivyveT moTxrobis siuJets: tusaRi giorgi adamaSvili
colma _ ninom inaxula. cota ar iyos civad Sexeda meuRle
patimar qmars. ninom bavSvic ar moiyvana mamasTan im dRes,
cxela da Sewuxdebodao. wasvlisas ninom giorgis werili
Caudo xelSi. werilSi garkveviT ewera: me Seni siyvarulis
Rirsi ara var, me erTi unamuso, saZageli dedakaci varo.
giorgi adamaSvili SeaZrwuna am ambavma. mas Tavzari daeca.
Cauwyda gulSi is imedis Zafi, gare samyarosTan rom akav­
Sirebda. daaskvna, rom nino ukve sxvisi colia da vin icis, am
ori wlis ganmavlobaSi iqneb atyuebda kidec, sanaxavad rom
modioda da erTgulebas eficeboda. giorgi sakanSi aravis
93
umalavs Tavis ojaxur tragedias. tusaRebi gulwrfelad
TanaugrZnoben `rqebdadgmul~ patimars. zogi arwmunebs,
guls nu gaitex, yvela qali erTnairia, Ralati qalis Cveu­
lebrivi Tvisebaao.
sinamdvileSi saqme arc ise tragikuladaa. ninom mego­
brebTan erTad qalaqgareT gaiseirna da seirnobis dros mas
`yofilma paklonikma~, vaso zambaxaZem, akoca. meore dRes
sindisis qenjnam seawuxa nino da misi ucnauri werilis
mizezad swored es faqti iqca. megobari qali, magda, ar­
wunebs ninos, rom sisulele Caidina, mcire SemTxveva qmars
rom gaagebina. magdas azriT, ninos sinamdvileSi qmrisTvis
ar uRalatnia. is kocna wuTieri gatacebis Sedegi iyo da
aseTi epizodebis gamocxadebiT qmars problemebi ar unda
Seuqmnao. ninos ver warmoudgenia, rogor SeiZleba sayvarel
qmars daumalos es, Tundac `uneblie~ Ralati.
axla vnaxoT giorgi adamaSvilma rogor Seafasa ninos
saqcieli. Tavdapirvelad, rogorc aRvniSne, Sewuxda, gaSra,
sasowarkveTaSi Cavarda patimari, mere ki Zala moikriba da
cols aseTi werili gaugzavna.
`gamakvirva, nino, Senma werilma. risi grcxvenia?! siyva­
ruli gana sircxvilia. darwmunebuli var, vinc Segiyvarda,
Rirsi iqneba Seni siyvarulisa, SensaviT patiosani da kargi.
ra gaqvs, Se kai qalo, sabodiSo Cems winaSe?.. Cven Semdeg­
Siac kargi da erTguli megobrebi viqnebiT erTmaneTis... me
rom vinme Semyvareboda, movidodi yvelafers dawvrilebiT
getyodi da odnavadac ar Semrcxveboda... ra Tqma unda,
Znelia CemTvis yvelaferi, magram es kidev ar niSnavs, rom
mqondes ufleba – gisayveduro. maS, veli Sens dawvrilebiT
pasuxs da vrCebi Seni iseve da isev erTguli, madlieri da
moyvaruli megobari giorgi~.
Wola lomTaTiZis SemoqmedebaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili
ukavia moTxrobas `saxrCobelis winaSe~. 1907 wels daweril
am nawarmoebiT avtori prozis Cinebul ostatad gvevlineba.
sikvdilmisjilis fsiqikaSi Rrma wvdoma, sicocxlis uZle­
velobis ganwyobileba, TavisuflebisaTvis brZolis sidi­
ade, sikvdilis winaSe sruliad bunebrivi SiSi da amave dros
adamianis Sinagan ZalaSi darwmunebuli lirikuli gmiris
94
gansacvifrebeli optimizmi Cans ganwiruli kacis sulier
mdgomareobaze daweril am uaRresad saintereso moTxro­
bidan.
ocdaxuTi wlis mebrZols, jeiran vardosaniZes, Camoxr­
Coba miusajes. prokuroris gamosvla mokle da maRalfer­
dovani iyo, man brali dasdo, jeirans rogorc mefis, ojaxis,
zneobis, sindisis, sakuTrebis, kulturisa da sazogadoebis
dauZinebel mters, religiis Seuracxmyofels. gansasjeli
garegnulad mSvidad Sexvda sasikvdilo ganaCens, magram
roca sakanSi daabrunes da momxari gaaanaliza, SiSma aitana.
`me damaxrCoben. gulgrilad gamomiyvanen aqedan gan­
Tiadisas. windawin damimzadeben saflavs. xelebs zurgsu­
kan gamikraven, mimiyvanes saxrCobelasTan, erTxel kidev
wamikiTxaven ganaCens raTa ar damaviwydes, rom am sikeTes
yaCaRi ki ar sCadis, aramed kanoni. Camomafareben saxeze
tomaras, Semayeneben skamze da orboZSua gadmokidebul, ga­
sanTlul bawarSi gamayofineben Tavs. jalaTi gamomaclis
skams fexqveS, damekideba fexebze, rom Toki ufro Semomex­
vios kiserze da Semdeg gamakonwialebs.
erTi piroba jeiranma isic ki gaifiqra, Cems sikvdils
aravis gavagebineb, cixeSi areuloba rom ar daiwyos da tu­
saRebi ar daisajono.
`roca Cems wasayvanad movlen, Cumad gavyvebi, aravis dav­
emSvidobebi, vici, atydeba erTi aliaqoTi, yvirili, daam­
tvreven skamebsa da fanjrebis minebs. me ufro avReldebi da
Sevwuxdebi. araferi ki ar gamova garda imisa, rom ramdenime
kacs karcerSi daamwyvdeven. me ki mainc CamomaxrCoben~.
mere am ganwyobilebas cvlis mogonebaTa kaleidoskopi.
jeirani igonebs adre gardacvlil dedas, romelic mas ve­
Rar daitirebs da saflavze xels ver gadausvams, igonebs
satrfos, romelsac xeirianad siyvarulic ver auxsna,
igonebs quCebSi SefeTebul meZavsac, romelic oTaxisken
eqaCeboda, jeiranma ki xelSi maneTiani Caudo da gaocebuli
qali quCasve Seatova.
dro elvis siswrafiT garbis. ganTiadi axlovdeba, pati­
mars sikvdilis qSena uaxlovdeba. sicocxlis SenarCunebis
ukanaskneli, mkrTalad mbJutavi imedic Caqra. jeirans ewvia
95
veqili da auwya, rom umaRlesma sasamarTlom uyuradRebod
datova misi saCivari. es ukve ueWvel sikvdils niSnavs.
sikvdilmisjilis arseba panikurma SiSma moicva. igi
brals sdebs mTel sazogadoebas, TviT RmerTsac ki, rom
misive Seqmnili, janmrTeli arseba sruliad ulogikod unda
gamoasalmon sicocxles.
`roca RmerTis winaSe warvsdgebi, enagadmogdebuli, kbi­
lebdakreWili, Tvalebgadmocvenili `muraviovis halstux­
iT~ kisrSi, me gamovijgimebi mis winaSe da vetyvi: maqvs pa­
tivi uRirssa monas Sensas, mogaxseno, meufeo, rom roca
virTvebodi amrigad, Tumca me ar momwonda morTuloba Cemi,
magram iqve mdgomare sulieri mama Cveni _ mRvdeli jvriT
xelSi, kanoni, romlis morCileba gvibrZane Sen monaTa SenTa,
Sens mier movlinebuli mTavroba da eklesia iqve idgnen, ma­
gram arc erT maTgans SeniSvna ar Semoutania da ase amrigad
morTul-mokazmuli gamomiZaxes winaSe SensameTqi, rogor
fiqrob, iqac xom ar gadamiwyveten CamoxrCobas, kadnierebad
xom ar CamiTvlian am sityvebs?~
dabolos, patimris sicocxlis daTvlili wuTebis Cam­
Tavrebisas jeiran vardosaniZem Tavis TavSi saocari Zala
ipova. man sZlia sikvdils.
`maS, aswieT, maRla aswieT droSa sicocxlisa da brZola
sikvdilis... sikvdili sikvdils! dautoveT sikvdili mkvd­
arT! _ sad aris axla Cemi prokurori, aba, erTi naxos dam­
Zlia Tu ara... sikvdilo, nuTu aseTi susti xar, rad veRar
maSinebs Seni gulgrili saxe, Seni civi qSena? vera, veRar
damZlev, bebero, veRar. amayad, uSiSrad giyureb TvalebSi.
amayad, uSiSrad avabijeb fexs skamze... aha, jalaTo! mzadaa
kiseri!~.
ara marto Tavis warmodgenaSi gaimarjva sikvdilze, jei­
ranma Tavis amxanagebzec izruna. ar isurva gamoTxovebis
sentimentaluri suraTebis xilva da sxva patimrebsac op­
timizmi dautova sagzlad civi saknebis grZel saaTebSi gu­
lis gasaTbobad. xma gaavrcela, rom CamoxrCoba oci wlis
katorRiT Seucvales da xval sxva cixeSi gadahyavT. erT
tusaRs (spiridoni) samaxsovrod saaTi aCuqa, me, rogorc
katorRels, saaTis tarebis ufleba aRar maqvso.
96
 am tyuiliT jeiran vardosaniZem TanamebrZolebs mosa­
lodneli amboxebis usiamovnebanic aacila.
jalaTis fexis xma axlovdeba.
wavida jeirani, rogorc gmiri, sikvdilma igi mokakvuli
da damarcxebuli ver ixila.
`vardosaniZe CamoaxrCves~ _ iuwyebodnen gazeTebi.
Wola lomTaTiZe lirikuli prozis ostatia. mis nawar­
moebebSi reportaJuli, aRweriTi elementebi sWarbobs
dinj, epikur Txrobas. TiTqosda Cqarobs avtori, moTxro­
bis pasaJs zogjer daumTavrebels gvawvdis, striqonebs So­
ris svegamwarebuli mwerlis nervul sunTqvas grZnobT, aki,
TviTonve aRniSnavs erTgan:
`es striqonebi mxatvruli nawarmoebi rodia. es striqone­
bi ubralo werilebia gamwarebuli adamianisa, romelic ver
moTavsebula satusaRos oTx kedelSi, romelic ver SeCvevia
tyveobas, romelic mTeli arsebiT iltvis imaTken, visac is
uyvars. es striqonebi mxatvruli nawarmoebi rodia, es nawe­
ria aCqarebuli xeliT, Cxrekisa da sxva aseTebis molodin­
Si~, rom uceb SesaZlebeli iyos maTi mospoba _ imitom, rom
me ar msurs waikiTxos es iman, visac ar vuyvarvar, Tan ar
vici, vis gavugzavno es rveuli. rveuli, naweri TeTr Ramee­
bSi, mwvave wuTebSi, roca gansakuTrebiT vgrZnobdi xolme
tyveobasa da damcirebas~ (`TeTri Rame~).

7. r. miSvelaZe. t. XXV 97
 ociani wlebis literaturuli dajgufebani

1917 wlis Tebervlis revoluciam ruseTis imperatori

taxtidan Camoagdo, es iyo msoflio istoriis erT-erTi
arcTu moulodneli, magram lamis uprecedento SemTxveva.
amboxebuli inteligenciis bandam xelyo mefis kanonieri
xelisufleba. imperatori nikoloz II gadadga. misi adgi­
li droebiTma mTavrobam daikava. es, Turme, jer kidev ar
iyo revoluciis dasasruli. droebiT mTavrobas kriWaSi
Caudga inteligenciis meore frTa bolSevikebis saxiT. am
ukanasknelT lenini da stalini meTaurobdnen. inteligen­
cias xazs imitom vusvam, rom Tebervlisa da oqtombris
SeTqmulebebi sruliadac ar iyo muSur-glexuri ajanyebebi,
rogorc amis Sesaxeb SemdgomSi werdnen komunisturi im­
periis damqaSi istorikosebi. es iyo brZola Zalauflebis
gayofisaTvis. bolSevikebma SeTqmuleba mouwyes droebiT
mTavrobas da gaimarjves. daiwyo axali era kacobriobis is­
toriaSi, romelsac komunisturi imperiis, anu komunisturi
tiraniis era daerqmeva. saqarTvelos ruseTis imperatoris
taxtidan CamogdebaSi monawileoba ar miuRia, Tu mxedv­
elobaSi ar miviRebT im garemoebas, rom revoluciis saWes­
Tan idga qarTveli kaci _ ioseb juRaSvili (stalini). arc
am yovlad usamarTlo da uRmerTo aqtSi miuRia qarTvel
kacs monawileoba, rasac hqvia imperator nikoloz II da misi
ojaxis gaugonari da mxecuri, umowyalo daxvreta leninis
brZanebiT 1918 wels. imperia daingra. saqarTvelo Tavisu­
flebis meCeCze darCa. amis Sesaxeb SemdgomSi galaktioni
dawers:

Cven, poetebi, varT areuli,

varT Sinauri da gareuli,
Cven depeSebiT miviReT omi
da oqtomberi mzamzareuli.
98
 1918 wlis 26 maiss saqarTvelom Tavi damoukidebel
respublikad gamoacxada. dasrulda saqarTveloSi ru­
seTis batonobis asCvidmetwlovani xana da qveyanam Sve­
biT amoisunTqa, warsuls Cabarda qarTuli enis swavlebis
akrZalva skolebSi, agreTve _ qarTuli Jurnal-gazeTebis
umowyalo devnis Cinovnikur-cenzuruli periodi. saqarT­
velom yvelaze didi sarkmeli evropisken gamoaRo da ux­
vad SemouSva Tavisufali kulturis macocxlebeli haeri.
erovnul Tavisuflebas, rasakvirvelia, kulturuli Tavi­
suflebac mohyva. saqarTveloSi gaCnda evropuli liter­
aturuli skolebi simbolizmis, futurizmis, impresioniz­
mis, eqspresionizmis, avangardizmis, imaJinjizmis da sxvaTa
saxiT. saqarTvelo aRar iyo msoflio civilizaciisagan
lamis ganmartoebuli erovnul-eTnikuri kunZuli, Cveni
qveyana evropuli civilizaciis ferxulSi Caeba. magram
ruseTi ar apirebda ase iolad Tavisi koloniis daTmobas.
xalxTa sapyrobilis _ caristuli imperiis adgilas gaCe­
nili modernizebuli bolSevikuri imperia ara Tu ruseTis
mier adre dapyrobili teritoriebis kvlav SemoerTebas,
aramed axali miwebis dapyrobasac cdilobda. msoflios
erT meeqvseds sabediswerod modebuli marqsistuli Savi
Wiri mTeli msoflios gawiTlebisaken iswrafoda. omgadat­
anili da revoluciiT SemkrTali evropuli saxelmwifoebi
damoukidebeli saqarTvelos cnobas da qmediT daxmarebas
ar Cqarobdnen. ekonomikurad SeWirvebul, samoqalaqo omiT
gaTangul da Tavdacvis unars moklebul saqarTvelos ki
nel-nela uaxlovdeboda bolSevikuri imperiis aCrdili.
msofliom udidesi civilizaciis mqone, patara musulmanur
okeaneSi lamis eulad myofi qristianuli qveyana _ saqa­
rTvelo, bedis anabarad daagdo. 1921 wlis 12 Tebervals
saqarTvelos erTdroulad oTxi mxridan Semoesia imperiis
axali pirsisxliani mmarTvelis _ leninis mier Sekowiwebu­
li banda, e. w. XI armia. saqarTvelom mters medgari winaaR­
mdegoba gauwia. gansxvavebiT XX saukuneSi ruseTis meore
agresiisagan (1992 w.), maSin saqarTvelos erovnulma xelisu­
flebam samSoblos dasacavad sayovelTao mobilizacia gamo­
acxada. studentebi leqciebidan mieSurebodnen frontze da
99
samSoblosaTvis brZolaSi Tbilisis maxloblad kvdebodnen,
raTa samocdaaTi wlis Semdeg mamuls Sewiruli gmirebis Ze­
glebad aRmarTuliyvnen. amis erTi TvalsaCino magaliTia
kote mayaSvilis qaliSvili, maro mayaSvili, romelic uni­
versitetis ezodan moxalised wavida omSi da xuTas gmir
iunkerTan erTad daeca. bolos Zalam Tavisi gaitana. 1921
wlis 25 Tebervals TbilisSi Semovida dampyrobeli meTer­
Tmete armia, romelsac mouZRodnen kirovi da orjonikiZe.
diax, Cvenda savalalod, saqarTvelos mters, rogorc es
Cvens istoriaSi araerTxel momxdara, amjeradac gamyidve­
li qarTveli SemouZRva. saqarTvelo daipyro bolSevikurma
ruseTma da igi ramdenime xnis Semdeg e. w. sabWoTa kavSirSi
Semaval respublikad gamocxadda.
ociani wlebis literaturul skolaTa da dajgufeba­
Ta Soris gansakuTrebiT oTxi gamoirCeoda: qarTveli sim­
bolistebi, anu `cisferyanwelebi~, akademiuri asociacia,
futuristebi da proletaruli mwerloba.
`cisferyanwelebi~ _ axalgazrda poetma, paolo iaSvil­
ma, XX saukunis aTian wlebSi parizidan simbolistTa po­
eturi krebulebi da am erT-erTi udidesi da TviTmyofadi,
saxelovani literaturuli skolis esTetikuri principebi
Camoitana.
simbolizmi, rogorc cnobilia, evropaSi Caisaxa, rogorc
SemoqmedebiTi inteligenciis reaqcia imperializmis peri­
odSi gamefebuli yofis mimarT. es mimdinareoba xelaRebiT
uaryofs klasikur lozungs: _ `xelovneba xalxisaTvis~ da
esTetikur azrovnebas mxolod da mxolod erTi muWa eli­
tis _ e. w. TanamoazreTa sakuTrebad miiCnevs. simbolizmis
mimdevarni kategoriulad acxadeben, rom ar aris saWiro
xelovnebis nawarmoebi yvelas esmodes. mxatvari (mwerali)
unda azrovnebdes simboloebiT, romelic mxolod misTvis
da misi mkiTxvelisTvis iqneba gasagebi.
1913 wels qarTvelma simbolistebma gamosces Jurnali
`oqros verZi~, xolo 1916 wels _ Jurnali `cisferi yanwebi~.
`cisferyanwelTa~ poeturi ordeni aSkarad ganicdida
frangi simbolistebis Semoqmedebis gavlenas da simbo­list­
Ta im dros gaxmaurebuli leqsebi: artur rembos `mTvra­li
100
xomaldi~, pol verlenis `yorani~ da edgar pos `eldorado~
maT TavianTi esTetikuri kredos amosaval SemoqmedebiT Ze­
glebad miaCndaT. kolau nadiraZe igonebs, rom `cisferyan­
welTa~ pirveli jgufi Tanamoazre, poeziaze fanatikurad
Seyvarebuli da literaturis gardaqmnis mosurne axal­
gazrda poetebis gaerTianeba iyo. ise fanatikurad iyvnen
gatacebulni frangi Zmebis SemoqmedebiT, rom poeturi
azrovnebis mwvervalad mxolod isini miaCndaT da quTai­
sis sadarbazoebSi zogjer gaTenebamde msxdomi axalgazrda
poetebi, maTi azriT, imdroindel damyayebul mwerlobas
Signidan afeTqebas upirebdnen. klasikosi qarTveli mwer­
lebidan upirvelesad pativs scemdnen SoTa rusTavelsa da
vaJa-fSavelas da amaTac upiratesad imitom, rom am ori
geniosis SemoqmedebaSi simbolizmis elementebs xedavdnen.
rac Seexeba iliasa da akakis, pirvels socialur-politikur
sakiTxebze gadayolil moRvawed Tvlidnen, xolo meores
ubralo mesazandred miiCnevdnen.
qarTvel simbolistTa Sexedulebani ufro daixvewa da
literaturuli skolis niSnebiT aRiWurva Jurnal `cisferi
yanwebis~ gamosvliT. Jurnalis redaqtori paolo iaSvili
gaxldaT. masve ekuTvnis Jurnalis pirveli nomris uaRresad
saintereso winasityvaoba, sadac vkiTxulobT: `vcxovrobT
naTelSi da simTvraleSi. gvwams yovelgvari orgia. vadidebT
damsxvrevis mSvenierebas. uarvyofT warsuls, rogorc mziT
ganaTebuls, ise RameSi Sewuxebuls... Zliereba xalxis suls
da avadmyof sxeuls... SeverTdiT da saqarTvelos momavlis
mtrebs erTxmad SevZaxiT: `aruli!~, `aruli!~, `aruli!~.
`cisferi yanwebis~ pirveli avtorebi iyvnen: p. iaSvili,
t. tabiZe, g. tabiZe, v. gafrindaSvili, gr. robaqiZe, i. gri­
SaSvili, n. lorTqifaniZe da sxvani.
unda iTqvas, rom `cisfer yanwebSi~ dabeWdili leqsebi,
Canaxatebi da Targmanebi maRali literaturuli RirsebiT
ar gamoirCeva. Jurnalis Rirebuleba amJamad upiratesad is
gaxlavT, rom `cisferyanwelebi~ xSirad gadadian liter­
aturis tradiciuli, magistraluri xazidan zogjer ucna­
urobamde rebusuri striqonebiT literaturis ganaxlebas
cdiloben. umTavresi, riTac SeiZleba `cisferi yanwebis~
101
damsaxurebaze imsjelos kacma, is gaxlavT, rom `cisferi
yanwebis~ pirvel nomerSi gamoqveynebulia g. tabiZis ori ge­
nialuri leqsi: `mTawmindis mTvare~ da `lurja cxenebi~.
`cisferi yanwebis~ aSkarad gamoxatulma xelovnurma
originalurobam gaaRiziana imdroindeli sazogadoeba da
gazeTebSi daibeWda araerTi kritikuli gamoxmaureba `cis­
feri yanwebis~ Sesaxeb. Jurnalis meore nomris mowinave am
gamoxmaurebaTa Sedegi gaxlavT. avtgori wers, rom sazoga­
doebam Jurnals ver gaugo, konservatorma mamebma misi
Cawixlva moindomes da a. S. yuri davugdoT mowinaves av­
tors: `Cven movismineT Tqveni wyevla, davinaxeT, rogor
anTebdiT kocons Cveni mRelvarebiT savse gulebis dasaw­
vavaT... viciT, kidev didxans iqneba Cvens garSemo Tqveni
sacodavi yvirili~.
rogorc aRvniSneT, Jurnalma meore nomridanve Sewyvi­
ta arseboba, magram `cisferyanwelTa~ ordeni sicocxles
ganagrZobda am literaturuli skolis sxva gamocemebSi:
`meocnebe niamorebi~, `mSvildosani~, `barikadi~, `baxtrioni~.
Tavdapirvelad qarTvel `cisferyanwelTa~ saTaveebTan
13 axalgazrda mwerali idga da isini TavianT maswavle­
blad da sulier mamad gr. robaqiZes miiCnevdnen. SemdgomSi
orTodoqs `cisferyanwelebad~ Camoyalibdnen paolo iaS­
vili, tician tabiZe, valerian gafrindaSvili, kolau nadi­
raZe, sergo kldiaSvili, giorgi leoniZe, grigol robaq­
iZe, nikolo miwiSvili, sandro cirekiZe, Salva karmeli da
sxvebi.
`vuaryofT warsuls, Cven gvsurs SevqmnaT gaugebari da
ucnauri sityvebi~ _ ewera `cisferyanwelTa~ manifestSi
da isini aRiarebdnen ra simaxinjis apologias, seriozu­
lad Tvlidnen, rom `lamazi statiuria, maxinji _ dinami­
uri~, rom, Cveulebriv, sifxizlis mdgomarobaze gacilebiT
ufro sainteresoa mTvral mdgomareobaSi yofna, rom ide­
ali adamianuri Semecnebisa, es aris Cveulebrivi normebidan
gadaxra. SeiZleba bevri ram iyos sakamaTo `cisferyanwelTa~
esTetikur naazrevSi, magram erTi ram naTelia: `cisferyan­
welebma~ qarTul literaturas WeSmaritad ganaxlebis sio
dahqroles. maTi swrafva literaturuli evropeizaciisaken
102
Tu bundovnebis arealSi mxatvruli azrovnebis SeniRbva,
erTgvari protesti iyo im dros momZlavrebuli bolSevi­
kuri wiTeli ferisa da imperiuli ideologiis winaaRmdeg,
romelic qveyanas mxatvruli azrovnebis marwuxebSi moqce­
viT emuqreboda. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom `cisferyanwele­
bi~ ar darCenilan frangi da rusi simbolistebis ubralo
epigonebad. maTi Semoqmedeba, upirveles yovlisa, qarTuli
sinamdvilidan sazrdoobda da aSkarad igrZnoboda zogjer
pirdapiri (`magram Cven sxva dro wamogvewia. Cvenc, albaT,
sadme CagvaZaRleben~), zogjer ki ezopuri damokidebuleba
arsebuli reJimis mimarT. 1937 wlis represiebis dros xe­
lisuflebis bneli Zalebi ramdenime `cisferyanwels~ mTeli
sisastikiT gauswordnen, swored maTi simbolisturi warsu­
lis gamo.
`akademiuri asociacia~ aRmocenda 1917 wels Seqmnili `qa­
rTvel mweralTa kavSiris~ bazaze. igi iyo ZiriTadi birTvi
qarTuli mwerlobisa da ilia WavWavaZis SexedulebaTa erT­
gulebiT gamoirCeoda. 1922 wels konstantine gamsaxurdia
werda: `ilia WavWavaZe gmirobisa da patriotobis apolo­
geti iyo, Cven _ misi sulieri Svilebi, vinc misi tragikuli
sikvdilis Semdeg fexze vdgavarT, misgan viswavleT mamaci
mamuliSviloba da keTilSobili saqmisaTvis brZola~.
akademiuri asociacia, rogorc literaturuli skola,
1921 wels gaformda da mis SemadgenlobaSi vxedavT kon­
stantine gamsaxurdias, kote mayaSvils, galaktion tabiZes,
aleqsandre abaSels, ioseb griSaSvils, vaxtang koteti­
Svils, varlam ruxaZes, leo qiaCels, pavle ingoroyvas, niko
lorTqifaniZes da sxvebs.
akademiuri asociacia sxvadasxva dros gamoscemda lit­
eraturul Jurnalebsa da gazeTebs: `saqarTvelos samrek­
lo~, `xomaldi~, `ilioni~, `lomisi~, `kavkasioni~, `axali ka­
vkasioni~ da `qarTuli sityva~.
1930 wlamde iarseba qarTvel mweralTa `akademiurma aso­
ciaciam~. 1930 wlis 15 noembers saqarTvelos sabWoTa mwer­
lobis federaciis plenumma Salva radianis, beso JRentis,
simon Ciqovanisa da iakinTe lisaSvilis winadadebiT daSala
`akademiuri asociacia~, xolo 1931 wlis 17 maiss federaciis
103
prezidiumis sxdomaze mweralTa kavSiridan garicxes `akade­
miuri asociaciis~ wevrebi: konstantine gamsaxurdia, pavle
ingoroyva, Salva SaraSiZe, geronti qiqoZe, irakli tatiS­
vili, ioseb imedaSvili, simon qvariani, simon janaSia, mixeil
mrevliSvili, simon yauxCiSvili da dimitri uznaZe. ra iyo
`akademiuri asociaciis~ ase umowyalod darbevis mizezi?
`akademiurma asociaciam~ ar miiRo sabWoTa wyobileba. isini
saqarTvelos okupirebul qveynad Tvlidnen da miaCndaT,
rom 1921 wlis 25 Tebervali iyo wiTeli bolSevikuri ruse­
Tis mier saqarTvelos aneqsiis dRe.
`akademiuri asociaciis~ erT-erTma wevrma, ioseb griSaS­
vilma, 1921 wlis 25 Tebervals dawera leqsi _ `axal xe­
lisuflebas~, romelSic vkiTxulobT:

ha, aRsrulda, Tqven moxvediT,

Cvenc migiReT cremliT cxeliT,
magram xalxi ar SegindobT,
rom sxvis xiStiT SemoxvediT.

`akademiuri asociaciis~ aqtiur liderad iTvleboda

konstantine gamsaxurdia. saocaria misi erovnuli pozicia
swored im wlebSi, rodesac qarTuli skolebidan umowya­
lod idevneboda ilia WavWavaZe, xolo saqarTvelos Tavi­
suflebisa da damoukideblobis survili nacionalistobad
eTvleboda mwerals da represiebis msxverplad iqceoda igi.
am dros medgrad afrialebda droSas `akademiuri asocia­
cia~ da konstantine gamsaxurdia acxadebda, rom igi ilia
WavWavaZis mimdevari da umcrosi Tanamzraxveli iyo.
ociani wlebis presaSi xSirad waawydebiT konstantine
gamsaxurdias werilebs, sadac igi eWvs gamoTqvams bolSevi­
kuri xelisuflebis mimarT, xazs usvams saqarTvelos iara­
RiT dapyrobiT istoriul usamarTlobas da im periodSi
daweril erT-erT leqsSi bagrationTa saqarTvelos warsu­
lisadmi aSkara erovnuli nostalgiiT wers:

daefina mtkvars mkerdze safironis sioni,

mokvda bagrationi, mokvda bagrationi.

104
 ruseTis xiStiT saqarTvelos dapyrobasTan erTad ara
marto bagrationTa mze, aramed saqarTvelos Tavisuflebis
mzec Caesvenao. aseTia konstantine gamsaxurdias saimdroo
ganwyobileba. xolo cota adre `dionises Rimilis~ avtoris
moqalaqeobrivi simamace iqamde midis, rom axalgazrda mwe­
rali Ria werils swers, arc meti, arc naklebi _ ruseTis
axalgamomcxvar wiTel imperators, lenins. werilSi gatare­
bulia azri patrioti qarTveli kacisa imis Sesaxeb, rom ru­
seTi ar wavides istoriis dinebis sapirispirod da ar daipy­
ros saqarTvelo. ruseTi didi qveyanaa. mas miwebi da ZaliT
SemoerTebuli koloniebi ar aklia, xolo saqarTvelos xel­
yofiT ruseTi ver ganimtkicebs Tavis poziciebs kavkasia­
Si, piriqiT, dauSvebs rusi mefeebis adrindel Secdomas da
mTel kavkasias gadaimterebs. ruseTi dainteresebuli unda
iyos kavkasiaSi erTmorwmune, Tavisufali saqarTveloTi.
imperiis axali tiranis reagireba konstantine gamsaxurdias
am werilze arsad Cans. ufro safiqrebelia, rom lenini ar
icnobda am werils, xolo rac Seexeba imas, Tu rogor ugdo
yuri leninma konstantine gamsaxurdias msgavs `viwro na­
cionalistebs~, iqidanac kargad Cans, rom swored leninis
dasturiT Semovida saqarTveloSi avadsaxsenebeli XI armia
da 1921 wlis 25 Tebervals daaCoqa saqarTvelo. `akademiuri
asociaciis~ Tavmjdomare erTxans iyo poeti kote mayaSvi­
li. igi Tanamimdevrulad ibrZoda qarTvel mweralTa oja­
xis gasaerTianeblad da imisTvisac, rom erovnuli mwerloba
erovnuli droSis qveS damdgariyo da es droSa sxva ara iyo
ra, Tu ara ilia WavWavaZisa da misi mamaci razmis erovnul-
ganmaTavisuflebeli simbolo-alami, romelsac ewera erT
mxares _ Zmoba, erToba, Tavisufleba, meore mxares _ ena,
mamuli, sarwmunoeba.
poeti kote mayaSvili im gmiri qarTveli studentis maro
mayaSvilis mama gaxlavT, romelic ruseTis intervenciis
dros pirdapir leqciebidan wavida kojorSi. iq ibrZoda
legendarul iunkrebTan erTad da mtris tyviiT gangmiru­
li daeca. saqarTvelos gulmduRare Wirisufali, kote ma­
yaSvili, am SemTxvevis gamo daweril leqsSi erTdroulad

105
dastiris TavisuflebawarTmeul Tavis samSoblos da si­
cocxlewarTmeul Tavis qaliSvils:

arc sikvdilis, arc sicocxlis,

aRara maqvs xalisi,
Tebervalma damizamTra
samudamod maisi.

bunebrivia, erovnuli ideebiT aRWurvili `akademiuri

asociacia~ araerTgzis iqca bolSevikuri presis samizned.
wiTeli xelisufleba `xalxis mtrebs~ uwodebda `akademiuri
asociaciis~ wevrebs. yovelmxriv, yovlis RonisZiebiT uSl­
ida xels maTi Jurnal-gazeTebis gavrcelebas. bunebrivia,
xelisuflebis am dawolas ver gauZlo `akademiurma asocia­
ciam~ da ociani wlebis miwuruls misi wevrebi daiqsaqsnen.
zogi sxva dajgufebebs SeuerTda, zogi ki sabWoTa mwer­
lebis ojaxSi gaerTianda. Tumca, maT umetesobas bolomde
SerCa ilias saqmisadmi, erovnuli saxelmwifosadmi erT­
gulebis grZnoba.
`futurizmi~ _ mesame literaturuli mimdinareoba
ociani wlebisa, romelsac literaturis meistorie gverds
ver auvlis, iyo `futurizmi~, `futurizmic~ evropuli li­
te­raturis wiaRSi daibada da misi ideologi iyo italieli
poeti marineti, romlis mier saukunis dasawyisSi dawerili
manifesti aseTi myvirala fraziT iwyeboda: `cecxli bib­
lioTekebsa da muzeumebs~. futurizmi uSualod ruseTis
gziT Semovida CvenTan da qarTvel futuristTa jgufs amS­
veneben: simon Ciqovani, besarion JRenti, nikoloz CaCava,
daviT gaCeCilaZe da sxvani. futuristebma saqarTveloSi
gamosces TavianTi presa da xazgasmiT unda iTqvas, rom mo­
dur literaturul skolaTagan saqarTveloSi futuris­
tuli skola yvelaze radikaluri iyo, xolo futuristTa
mxatvruli Semoqmedeba _ rebusebiTa da gaugebari sityve­
biT savse. futuristebis Jurnal-gazeTebs erqva: `Н2SO4~,
`literatura da sxva~, `drouli~, `memarcxeneoba~... fu­
turistebma moiTxoves sintaqsis Secvla, punqtuaciis mox­
sna da mxatvruli saxe-simboloebis nacvlad maTematikuri
106
cifrebis Semotanac ki. am mxriv gansakuTrebuli aqtiuro­
biT gamoirCeoda vladimer xlebnikovi, Tumca futurizmi
ruseTSi ramdenadme gardaiqmna, roca am jgufs SeuerTda
uniWieresi poeti vladimer maiakovski. ai, erT-erTi magali­
Ti futuristuli mwerlobisa. es leqsi daibeWda JurnalSi
`Н2SO4~.

gogona. mogona, xanZari,

sofeli, mofora, moSara,
Tan surda Surduli xvanjari,
Tan Surda Sandi da SroSani.

`proletaruli mwerloba~ _ ociani wlebis meoTxe mim­

dinareoba proletarul mweralTa gaerTianeba gaxldaT da
am skolis saxelwodebidanac ki naTlad Cans, rom es iyo
bolSevikebis ubeSi SeyuJul mweralTa asociacia. proleta­
rul mwerlobaSi gaerTianebulni iyvnen: sandro euli, alio
maSaSvili, karlo kalaZe, konstantine lirTqifaniZe, pan­
teleimon CxikvaZe da sxvebi. gamoscemdnen Jurnal-gazeTebs:
`qura~, `prolemafi~, `liandagi~ da `proletaruli mwerlo­
ba~. xazi unda gaesvas im garemoebas, rom bolSevikuri xe­
lisufleba energiulad cdilobda qarTuli mwerlobis ara
marto ideur, aramed wodebriv gadaxalisebasac. mas surda,
rac SeiZleba meti mwerali da Semoqmedi yofiliyo muSaTa
da glexTa wridan. proletaruli mwerlobis warmomadgen­
lebi aSkarad upirispirdebodnen sxva literaturul sko­
lebs da gansakuTrebiT `akademiur asociacias~ . xolo TviT
proletar mweralTa naRvawi xSirad Sedgeboda aseTi `mar­
galitebisagan~.

o, movklav dedas da movklav mamas,

revolucia Tu metyvis amas!

proletarul mweralTa asociacia gansakuTrebuli ri­

xiT idga muSur-glexuri saxelmwifos sadarajoze, xolo
maTi kritikosebis naazrevSi literaturul gansjas xSirad

107
enacvleba aSkara dasmena da igrZnoba nawarmoebis Sefaseba
mxolod erTi _ ideuri kriteriumiT.

***
ras akeTebs am dros galaktion tabiZe? igi xan `cis­
feryanwelebs~ miekedla, erTxans `akademiur asociaciaS­
ic~ vxedavT, magram `lurji cxenebis~ avtori vera da ver
Tavsdeba romelime `izmis~ prokrustes sarecelze da 1922
wlis 3 dekembers gamoscems sakuTar Jurnals, romelsac
`galaktion tabiZis Jurnali~ hqvia. es Jurnali literatu­
ris ganaxlebis surviliT da amave dros qarTuli poeziis
tradiciebis erTgulebiT aris gamsWvaluli.

***
1926 wels Catarda qarTvel mweralTa pirveli yrilo­
ba. am yrilobaze gamoirkva, rom qarTvel mweralTa erT
erovnul razmad gaerTianeba am etapze ver moxerxdeboda
maTi mrwamsis sxvadasxvaobis gamo. 1928 wels mweralTa
meore yriloba Seikriba. bolSevikuri xelisuflebis war­
momadgenlebma, valia baxtaZem da filipe maxaraZem, mwer­
lebs TiTi dauqnies maTive tribunidan da ganucxades: `Cven
sakmaod didxans viTmineT Tqveni dabneuloba da axla ki
bolSevikuri saqmeebis aSkara Ralats aRar gapatiebTo~.
kidev cota xans ibogines tribunawarTmeulma literatu­
rulma skolebma da partiis cekas 1932 wlis aprilis dadge­
nilebiT maT arsebobas oficialurad daesva wertili. sab­
WoTa kavSiris teritoriaze gauqmda yvela literaturuli
dajgufeba da Seiqmna erTiani sabWoTa mwerlebis kavSiri,
romelmac Tavisi pirveli yriloba 1934 wels Caatara.
am yrilobaze Jdanovma sabWoTa mwerlebis erTaderT
SemoqmedebiT meTodad socialisturi realizmi gamoacxa­
da. socialisturi realizmi Cveulebrivi realizmisagan
imiT gansxvavdeboda, rom igi gulisxmobda socialisturi
sinamdvilis asaxvas mis perspeqtiul-optimistur ganviTa­
rebaSi.
maS ase, asaxeT cxovreba optimisturad! _ misces miTiTe­
ba mwerlebs da Semoqmedebis uaRresad individualuri mdi­

108
nareba erTian socialistur arxSi miuSves. `raki sabWoTa
qveyanaSi cxovrob, sizmrebic sabWouri unda gqondes~,
ityvian mogvianebiT ilfi da petrovi, ra Tqma unda ironi­
ulad.
socialisturi realizmi imTaviTve iqca dasavleTel
esTetikosTa kritikis sagnad. rogor SeiZleba, uzarmazar
qveyanaSi xuTiaTasamde mwerals erTi SemoqmedebiTi skola
Tu meTodi hqondeso, werda parizSi mcxovrebi literatur­
ismcodne vitte.
magram sabWoTa literaturuli qaravani ukve daZruli
iyo da msoflio diskusiebSi Cabmas ar apirebda.
samocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi mZvinvarebda dedamiwis
erT meeqvsedze literaturuli alikapi socialisturi re­
alizmis saxiT.

109
 Salva dadiani
(1874-1959)

meoce saukunis qarTul dramaturgias saTave Salva da­

dianma daudo. dramatuli qmnilebebis garda igi ramdenime
TvalsaCino romanis, moTxrobisa da literaturuli minia­
turis avtoria. eweoda aqtiur Teatralur saqmianobas ro­
gorc msaxiobi da reJisori. `TeTnuldis~ avtoris saxeli
qarTuli kinos warmoSobasTanacaa dakavSirebuli. man 1911
wels dawera scenari filmisaTvis `vefxistyaosani~, xolo
1912 wels _ `bagrat IV~.
Salva dadiani daibada 1874 wlis 20 maiss daba zesta­
fonSi. Salvas mama niko dadiani imdroindel saqarTveloSi
cnobili publicisti da mTargmneli gaxldaT. gazeT `droe­
baSi~ xSirad ibeWdeboda samegrelos mTavarTa am erT-erTi
ukanaskneli naSieris werilebi, niko dadiani iyo `vefxisty­
aosnis~ teqstis damdgeni komisiis wevri da mSobliuri kul­
turis winsvlisaTvis araerTi sasargeblo saqmis iniciato­
ri da monawile.
mwerlis deda _ lida wulukiZe imereli aristokratis
anton wulukiZis asuli _ saTno da ganaTlebuli qali, sam­

110
wuxarod adre gardaicvala (Salva dadiani mxolod oTxi
wlisa iyo). dedis gardacvalebis Semdeg momaval mwerals
zrdida ZiZa _ kato mzarelua.
bavSvoba Salva dadianma mamiseul saxlSi, maSindeli sena­
kis mazris sofel berTemSi gaatara. rva wlis rom Seiqna,
axloblebi fiqrobdnen, rom Salvas saswavlebelSi miaba­
rebdnen, magram niko dadianma, yvelasaTvis moulodnelad,
uari Tqva `rusifikatorul~ skolaSi Svilis miyvanaze. es iyo
progresuli qarTveli inteligentis protesti im skolis
mimarT, romelic niko dadianisve TqmiT, umeteswilad
`Cinovnikebs zrdida da tvins ulayebda bavSvebs berZnulisa
da laTinuri enis gakveTilebiT~.
mefis erTgul msaxurTa aRmzrdeli skolis gauvlelo­
ba mxolod keTilad daetyo Salva dadianis pirovnebas. man
dadianTa umdidresi sagvareulo biblioTekis meoxebiT da
ganswavluli mamis xelmZRvanelobiT enciklopediuri ga­
naTleba miiRo. ra sargeblobas moutanda Tavisi eris sam­
saxurisTvis ocnebad qceul ymawvils gimnaziis garusebul
moxeleTa putuni, roca TviT niko dadianis ojaxi warmoad­
genda dasavleT saqarTvelos kulturuli cxovrebis erT
saimedo da myudro navsadgurs, sadac sasurveli maspinZlis
wyalobiT drodadro ikribeboda qarTvel sazogado moR­
vaweTa Zvirfasi elita ilia WavWavaZis, niko nikolaZis, akaki
wereTlis, sergei mesxis, besarion RoRoberiZis, petre umi­
kaSvilis, iona meunargias, kirile lorTqifaniZis, rafiel
erisTavis, daviT kldiaSvilis da sxvaTa SemadgenlobiT.
literaturuli saqmianobisadmi interesi Salva dadian­
ma adreve gamoamJRavna. daiwyo leqsebiT. ToTxmeti wlisa
iyo, roca xelnaweri Jurnali `mozardi~ (1909 w.) daaarsa.
am Jurnals didi gulisyuriT ekideboda axalgazrda mwe­
rali (oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi oTxmocamde nomeri gamos­
ca) da SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Cveni literaturis istoriaSi
ar arsebobs sxvaTa magaliTi, rom xelnaweri Jurnali ase
produqtuli, mkacr periodulobas damorCilebuli da Ta­
visi drois kulturuli cxovrebis obieqturad amsaxveli
yofiliyo.

111
 `mozardSi~ vxvdebiT ara marto leqsebsa da moTxro­
bebs, aramed axalbeda mwerlis vrcel saintereso korespon­
denciebsac qveynis socialur-politikur da ekonomikur
sakiTxebze, sakmaod kvalificiur literaturul-kritikul
statiebs da Teatralur recenziebs. gasaocaria Segneba imi­
sa, rom am urTules literaturul samuSaos Tavs arTmevda
14-18 wlis biWi, TviTon agrovebda, asworebda da, rac mTa­
varia, TviT iyo upirvelesi avtori `mozardSi~ dabeWdili
masalebisa.
1892 wels niko dadianis ojaxi quTaisSi gadasaxlda da
Wabuk mwerals meti saSualeba mieca ganexorcielebina oc­
neba _ xelovnebisa da Tavisi eris uangaro samsaxuri. erTi
wlis Semdeg quTaisis Teatris scenaze gamoCnda maRali,
pirtitvela, sasiamovno xmisa da rainduli mixvra-moxvris
mqone ymawvili, romelsac ZiriTadad epizodur rolebSi
asaqmebdnen. Salva dadianis gamsaxiobebas misi aristokra­
tiuli wre didi aRfrTovanebiT rodi Sexvda. am periods
ekuTvnis axalgazrda msaxiobis Canaweri, romelSic xelov­
nebis samsaxurisTvis misi jiuti survilia gacxadebuli da
momavali didi mwerlis moqalaqeobrivi sispetakis dastur­
ic gaxlavT:
`...arc mamas moswons maincdamainc es Cemi kariera, magram
ra vqnaT... `es sofeli aseTia, moeTia, mieTia... mama mitom
miwunebs, rom Sengan qveyana mets moeliso da movale xar
kidec meti misceo, Sen Cvens tanjul samSoblos scenaze
grexiTa da manWviT ki ver dauameb wyluls, aramed ufro
xelmosakidi, sisxlis, oflmonawuri Rvawli unda daudoo.
es SeiZleba egrec iyos, magram erTi, rom literaturis da
xelovnebis win waweva gana xalxsac win ar waswevs? ufro
met Rvawls rom mTxovs, saidan mTxovs, magisi Tavi me ar
mabia. me Cemi Ronis Sesaferisad vcdilob, rom mTlad ar
davukargo unayofod erTi axalgazrda Zali, romelic me
bunebam Camabara... sanam pirSi suli midgia~(`mnaTobi~, #12,
1975.gv.121).
am dRidan sicocxlis bolo wlebamde Salva dadians qa­
rTuli Teatris scenidan fexi ar Camoudgams. man asze meti
speqtakli dadga da samasamde roli Seasrula. Cveni Teat­
112
ris ormocdaaTiani wlebis mayureblebsac ki axsovT, rogor
idga qarTuli mwerlobis patriarqi, qarTuli dramatur­
giis klasikosi statistebis gverdiT scenaze da ra gul­
modginebiT TamaSobda xSirad sruliad umniSvnelo rolsac
ki. marTalia Salva dadianis reJisorul saqmianobas qarTu­
li Teatris istoriisaTvis saetapo mniSvneloba rodi aqvs,
magram sagulisxmoa TviT faqti imisa, rom `guSindelnis~
avtors arasodes hqonia xelovnebaSi viwro specializaciis
da TviTmiznuri `gaprofesionalebis~ survili. am sakiTx­
Si Cveni mecxramete saukunis mwerlebi didebul magaliTs
iZlevian; aleqsandre yazbegi didxans cekvavda `qarTuls~
provinciul scenaze, rogorc moxetiale dasis msaxiobi,
giorgi wereTeli Tavs soflis meurneobis specialistad
Tvlida, xolo Sio aragvispireli mTeli sicocxlis manZil­
ze beiTlad muSaobda da sruliadac ar eTakileboda, rom
mas `giulisa~ da `cicinaTelas~ avtors zogjer SuaRamisas
Seawuxebdnen da fur-kameCis samkurnalod miarbeninebdnen.
dRes vin ar icis, rom maTTvis upirvelesi safiqrali mw­
erloba iyo, magram didxans ver `bedavdnen~ (`Tavi ar eR­
irsebodaT~) Cveni literaturis es wminda mamebi mxrebze
profesionali mwerlis mantia moegdoT da `oromtrials ama
cxovrebisas~ garidebodnen.
1893 wels Seasrula kote mesxis TeatrSi Salva dadianma
Tavisi pirveli roli da im welsve gamosca leqsebis pirve­
li krebuli (`naperwkali~) qujis fsevdonimiT.
1905 wlis revoluciis wina dRiT Salva dadians mos­
kovSi vxedavT. universitetSi swavlis misaRebad Casulma
axalgazrda mweralma verc amjerad ganaxorciela Tavisi
ganzraxva, radganac am dros ukve mtkiced Camoyalibebuli
proletarul-demokratiuli ideebis mqone Salva dadianma,
bunebrivia, ver SeZlo gulgrili darCeniliyo revoluci­
is moaxloebuli gugunis mimarT. man studentTa erT-erT
gamosvlaSi miiRo monawileoba da policiis devnas rom ga­
rideboda, samSoblosaken gamoeSura.
am wlebSi Salva dadiani aqtiur literaturul da propa­
gandistul muSaobas eweva. revoluciis mxardaWeris utyuar
faqtebad SerCa istorias am periodSi dawerili da scenaze
8. r. miSvelaZe. t. XXV 113
ganxorcielebuli Zvelis ngrevisa da axlis, progresulis
damkvidrebis ideiT aRbeWdili piesebi _ `mRvimeSi~ da `ros
nadimobdnen~, es ukanaskneli 1907 wels reaqciis mZvinva­
rebis periodSi S. dadianma TviTon dadga quTaisis Teatris
scenaze, magram mamxilebluri tonisa da didi rezonansis
gamo speqtakli male aikrZala.
oqtombris revoluciis wina wlebSi Salva dadianma Seq­
mna balaganuri tipis Teatri `mogzauri dasi~. amgvari Teat­
ris Seqmnas ori gamarTleba hqonda. jer erTi, cenzura
iolad ver boWavda momTabare Teatrs da meorec Salva da­
diani amgvari dasiT ukeT axerxebda revoluciuri ideebis
propagandas saqarTvelos yvela kuTxeSi. `mogzauri dasis~
daucxromeli mecadineobiT Seiqnma am periodSi baTumisa da
soxumis dramatuli Teatrebi.
aqtiuri revoluciuri saqmianobisaTvis policiam 1913
wels xelmeored scada Salva dadianis dapatimreba. saqme
Sedgenili da sanqcia gacemuli iyo, magram `gegeWkoris~ av­
tori axlac saswaulebrivad gadaurCa TviTmpyrobelobis
klanWebs.
saqarTvelos teritoriaze Salva dadianis Teatralur-
propagandistuli muSaobis gagrZeleba rom SeuZlebeli
Seiqna, mwerali baqos gaemgzavra da 1916-17 wlebSi baqos
proletariats razmavda, rogorc muSaTa Teatraluri dasis
meTauri da sulisCamdgmeli.
oqtombris revoluciis pirveli dReebidanve Salva dadi­
ani saqarTveloSi brundeba da damoukidebeli saqarTvelos
kulturis mSenebelTa pirvel rigebSi dgeba.
gansakuTrebiT nayofieri iyo Salva dadianisTvis ocdaa­
Tiani wlebi. am periodSi gamoaqveyna man `giorgi rusi~ da
qarTuli sabWoTa dramaturgiis saetapo nawarmoebebi _ `ka­
kal gulSi~ da `TeTnuldi~.
Salva dadianis rogorc mwerlisa da moqalaqis pozicia
kargad Cans misi erTi gamosvlidanac: `visurvoT, rom yve­
las, yvelas hqondes puri arsebobisa, rom iyos Cvens Soris
tkbili, Zmuri megobroba, suyvelani daveteviT am qveyanaze,
rogorc eteva zRvaSi zvirTi da varskvlavi caze. visurvoT,
rom saukunidan saukunemde yovel wlobiT umjobesdebodes
114
xalxis cxovreba, rom aRaravin grZnobdes Tavs daCagru­
lad da adamiani, ragind patara iyos igi, ekuTvnodes patara
ersa, mainc siamayiT iRerebdes yels, rogorc Tanaswori
TanasworTa Soris, rom ra enazec ar unda laparakobdes is
da misi eri, rogoric ar unda hqondes kanis feri, yvelgan,
yvela vizaze da anketaze Tamamad da daubrkolebliv moa­
werdes xels. minda, rom yvelgan umRerodnen bednierebas,
rom mtrobam arvis dauyenos mermiss Tvalebi~ (sityva war­
moTqmuli aWaraSi 1954 wlis 17 oqtombers).
garda praqtikuli samwerlo da saTeatro moRvaweobisa,
Salva dadiani Tavisi oficialuri TanamdebobiTac Cveni
kulturis ganviTarebis saWesTan idga. 1914 wels igi qarTve­
li Teatralebis pirvel yrilobaze msaxiobTa amxanagobis
Tavmjdomaris moadgiled, xolo 1917 wels Tavmjdomared
airCies. 1921 wels mas ganaTlebis saxalxo komisariatis
Teatrebisa da musikalur ganyofilebaTa gamged vxedavT,
xolo 1924 wlidan qarTuli kulturis saxlis direqtorad
moskovSi, sadac igi oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi xelmZRvan­
elobda Cveni xelovnebis am mniSvnelovan keras. 1928 wlidan
igi xelovnebis mTavari sammarTvelos ufrosia, xolo 1935
wlidan saavtoro uflebaTa dacvis ganyofilebis xelmZR­
vaneli. 1945 wlidan sikvdilamde igi saTaveSi edga saqarT­
velos Teatralur sazogadoebas, rogorc misi damaarsebe­
li da sulisCamdgmeli.
sicocxleSi oTxjer gadauxades Salva dadians iubile _
1923 wels, 1939 wels, 1944 wels da 1955 wels. yoveli saiu­
bileo saRamo Tavisi uangaro moRvawisadmi xalxis siyvaru­
lis didi demonstracia iyo.
sikvdilamde ori TviT adre mxcovani mwerali radioTi
gaesaubra Tavis ers. misi sityva valmoxdili moRvawis op­
timizmiTa da siyvaruliT gamsWvaluli sityvaa: `ase ityvian
CvenSi, kargi moweuliao. mec egre moweuli var, 84 wlis,
Sen ki, sikvdilo, araviTari mkacri zomebi ar migiRia. sru­
liad ar mesmis Cems axlos Seni ConCxis Zvlebis Cxriali.
piriqiT, metad jentlmenurad magrZnobineb dauZlurebas,
guliscemis zogjer aCqarebul Zvras. Cemdami ratomRac me­
tad zrdilobiani xar. ar ginda damaSino. Tumca, ager erTi
115
xania gaviZaxi, sikvdilis ar meSinia-meTqi da es marTlac
asea. movides Tunda, ai, axla, rodesac am sityvebs me Tqven
geubnebiT. marTlac, ra kargi iqneboda, efeqturi _ me xom
Teatris kacica var, miyvars efeqtebi, movides Tunda, ras
damaklebs. dReebs wamarTmevs sasicocxlos? didi ambavi.
gana ar vici, rom me ukve Cemi kalo gavlewe, mwerlobaSic,
sazogadoebriv muSaobaSic. marTalia, gasakeTebeli kidev
bevria Cems qveyanaSi CemisTana pirovnebisTvisac, magram ase
rom gavyveT, akakisa ar iyos, `ra mohklavs mamuliSvilis
survilsa~...
`gvirgvilianebis ojaxis~ avtori 1959 wlis 15 marts gar­
daicvala Tavisi memuarebis wignis (`rac gamaxsenda~) kore­
qturiT xelSi.
dasaflavebulia mweralTa da sazogado moRvaweTa mTaw­
mindis panTeonSi.

***
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, Salva dadianis pirveli nabiji
mwerlobaSi 1993 wels qujis fsevdonimiT gamocemuli leq­
sebiT (`naperwkali~) daiwyo. sevdiTa da elegiuri gancdebiT
aRsavse am epigonur leqsebs male daemSvidoba avtori da
1896 wels `iveriaSi~ gamoaqveyna pirveli prozauli nawar­
moebi `wminda cremlebi~.
Salva dadianis originaluri stili da, rac mTavaria,
re­voluciisadmi misi damokidebuleba gansakuTrebiT gamoi­
kveTa cxraasian wlebSi qarTuli presis furclebze (gan­
sakuTrebiT `cnobis furcelSi~) mis mier gamoqveynebuli
miniaturebis ciklSi, romelsac SemdgomSi mweralma `Camok­
rulebi~ uwoda.
am wlebSi gamoqveynebuli pirvelive miniatura ganaxlebis
yiJiniTaa savse da bneli Zalebis damxobisaken mwerlis aSka­
ra mowodebas Seicavs:
`qalaqSi gesmiT ra xrialia?! ara es ar hgavs moTqma-kvne­
sas, es yiJinaa, Sori ki, magram myari, Zlieri, TiTqo Sededda
ZalTa Zali da he, mquxarebs.
mesmis saimedo, gmiruli xmebi: xeli gavmarToT, aw Sevin­

116
ZreT, iriJraJao. aRsdeqi monav, aw Seigne _ bnelSi aRar xar!
raRad emxobi aba pirqve, Tamamad da win!~
Salva dadianis miniaturebi _ `mona _ yma _ muSa~, `mdina­
re~, `meore mdinare~, `mzis Wiati~, `xma~, `wamovizardeniT~
da sxvani aSkara revoluciuri paTosiT gamoirCeodnen da
masaTa mobilizebisaTvis saTanado rols asrulebdnen revo­
luciis wlebSi. miniaturaSi `mdinare~ mwerali yovelgvari
alegoriulobis gareSe xatavs TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZoli
laSqris grandiozul msvlelobas:
`laSqari modis!
...bevri daSavda am gzaze; bevri gakawra gzis ekal-narma;
bevric am uSvelebeli mdinaris zvirTebSi gadaiCexa.
magram mainc win mivdivarT.
ukve veRaraferi Segvakavebs!~ (`mdinare~, rCeuli Txzu­
lebani, t. 1, gv.20).
revoluciis droebiTma marcxma, stolipinis reaqciis
mZvin­varebam guli rodi gautexa mwerals. igi maSinac qar­
Tvel inteligentTa im mcire jgufs ekuTvnoda, momavals
imediani TvaliT rom Sehyurebdnen. reaqciis wlebs ekuT­
vnis Salva dadianis erTi usaTauro alegoria, romelSic
moTxrobilia, Tu rogor datora daTvma (reaqcia) simarT­
lis Svili _ mzeWabuki (revolucia), magram daTvs isev CaeZi­
na, xolo `mofrinda zRapruli faskunji da Tavisi uebari
frTis SexebiT iaras umrTelebs Wabuks~.
klasobrivi brZolis suraTebisa da imdroindel so­
cialur urTierTobaTa farTo planiT gamoxatva mocemulia
Salva dadianis mier 1905 wlis revoluciis dros Seqmnil
piesebSi `mRvimeSi~, `ros nadimobdnen~, `gegeWkori~ da sxva.
`mRvimeSi~ Salva dadianis erT-erTi pirveli piesaa.
piesisi siuJeti alegoriul-simboluri sinamdvilis
fonze iSleba, magram Zneli misaxvedri rodia, rom misa­mar­
Tebis amgvari SeniRbva avtors dasWirda mxolod da mxolod
cenzurisaTvis Tvalis asaxvevad.
nawarmoebis ZiriTadi konfliqti mRvimis saxelmwifoSi
daxavsebuli TaRis dangrevas ukavSirdeba. erTi mxriv dga­
nan `bedis mWedelni~ TaRis dangrevisaTvis mebrZoli adami­
anebi, romelTac Rrmad sjeraT, rom sibnelisa da monobis
117
simbolos _ TaRis CamoqceviT mRvimeSi mze da Tavisufle­
ba damkvidrdeba. xolo meore mxares dganan `xavsis moyva­
rulni~, Zveli reJimis damcvelni, darwmunebulni imaSi, rom
TaRis dangreviT bolo moeReba saukuneebiT ganmtkicebul
klasobriv idilias da erTbaSad CamoSvebuli mze Tavisu­
flebas miuCvevel adamianebs daabrmavebs.
saqme am martivi alegoriiT rodi mTavrdeba: `mRvime­
Si~ uaRresad rTuli da novatoruli piesa imitomac aris,
rom Salva dadianma SeZlo istorikosis Seumcdari TvaliT
gamoexata revoluciis mamoZravebelTa, mowinaaRmdegeTa
da revolucias damgzavrebulTa suliskveTeba konkretul
personaJTa miswrafeba-Sexedulebebis CvenebiT.
`mRvimeSi~ mkafiod Cans mebrZoli muSa (muSa ficxela),
radikalurad ganwyobili wvrili burJuazia (saxieri da
mzenaTi), anarqistuli Sexedulebebis inteligencia (mgosani
zenisi), konservatiul-reaqciuli Tavadaznauroba (dedo­
fali, qurumTqurumi), Tavadaznauruli inteligneciis pro­
gresuli nawili (nazibrola) da msxvili burJuaziis ideo­
logiac (uSuy-veziri).
musa ficxela omaxianad acxadebs:
`gamovalT Cven, Savi xalxi, SiSvel-titvelni, magram Ta­
visufalni da Cvenis gaSlilis TiTebiT davlewavT im bu­
nagebs, sadac Cveni damRupvelni Cabudebulan. davangrevT
am myar kedlebs, sulis SemxuTvels, CamovTxleST am xavss,
kedlebis gamamagrebels da Cvenve davangrevT TaRs, ese
myarsa da mtkices. Cven CamovSliT mas da CamovuSvebT im
saucxoo mzes, romelic yvelas agre enatreba. maS, gaumar­
jos muSa xalxs!~.
`mRvimeSi~ im dros iwereboda, roca 1905 wlis revolu­
cia zenitSi iyo da mwerlis fanjaraSi naZaladevisa da na­
sakiralis yiJina Semodioda. Salva dadianma Taviseburad
iwinaswarmetyvela ruseTis pirveli revoluciis finali:
azvirTebuli masis Setevam TaRi Zirs dasca. mRvime mzis
TvalismomWrelma elvarebam gaanaTa: muSa ficxela Seewira
TavisuflebisaTvis brZolis stiqias, xolo xelisuflebi­
saTvis brZolis anarqiaSi uSuy-vezirma moaxerxa muSaTa
sisxliT mopovebul Tavisuflebaze xelis moTboba. Zalau­
118
fleba yalbi dapirebebis ostatma, gaiZvera uSuy-vezirma
Caigdo xelT. am finaliT avtorma xazi gausva 1905 wlis
revoluciis burJuaziul-demokratiul xasiaTs da piesis
saerTo paTosiT muSaTa saqmis sabolood gamarjvebis didi
istoriuli simarTle gviqadaga.
revoluciis periodis Temas, rac avtorma zemoxsenebu­
li piesiT daamuSava, uSualod agrZelebs `erTmoqmedebiani
sanaxaoba _ `ros nadimobdnen~. am piesiT Salva dadiani im­
droindeli urTierTobebis da xalxis sxvadasxva fenis su­
liskveTebis uzustes mxatvrul gardasaxvas aRwevs. imdenad
tipiuria piesis personaJebi, ise zustad moargo mweralma
TiToeul maTgans TavianTi klasis zneobrivi Tu ekonomi­
kuri principebi, rom moqmedi pirebis umetesobas konkre­
buli saxeli arc ki gaaCnia. sanadimo sufras usxedan sauku­
neobrivi rutinizmiT moRlili, TavianT bedsa da socialur
rols Seguebuli personaJebi: batoni, qalbatoni, beri, mec­
nieri, mgosani da sxvani.
nadims gaZvaltyavebuli glexi uaxlovdeba, magram misi
cremliani Txovna sufraze Tavisi adgili gamouZebnon, `Zli­
erTa ama qveynisaTa~ sasacilod ar hyofniT da swored am
dros grgvinvasa da mexTatexaSi sufras saidanRac daacxre­
ba `marseliozas~ Tavzardamcemi hangi da ukanaskneli me­
jlisis ubadruk monawileTa winaSe muSis Ronieri figura
aRimarTeba. ganaCeniviT gaismis misi monologi:
`Cvens ukan laSqaria!...
...mova es laSqari da ZaliT waiRebs imas, rac simarTliT
mas ekuTvnis!~
epoqis socialuri sinamdvilis ostaturi CvenebiT, niad­
agamoclili adamianebis uRimRamo cxovrebis xatviT gansa­
kuTrebiT gamoirCeva Salva dadianis ori piesa `Seni Wirime~
da `guSindelni~.
`Seni Wirime~, 1912 wels daiwera. am piesiT avtorma ara
marto gadagvarebuli Tavadaznaurobis sulieri sicari­
ele dagvixata, aramed win wamoswia da ganaviTara mis mier
adrindel piesebSi konturebis saxiT warmodgenili burJua-
inteligentis saxe.

119
 piesis siuJeti, erTi SexedviT, iseTi araoriginaluri
da tradiciuli konfliqtis fonze iSleba, rogoric gax­
lavT sasiyvarulo samkuTxedi. Tavad sosiko granbatovans
da glexis Svils, umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone agronoms _
solomon burduls kniaJna olRa SehyvarebiaT. winaaRmdego­
ba am or Sevyarebul rainds Soris iqamde midis, rom fuqsa­
vati Tavadisgan Seuracxyofili inteligneti revolveriT
hklavs Tavis metoqes. sikvdilis win sosiko gamarjvebuls
_ solomon burduls bednier cxovrebas usurvebs da xazs
usvams, rom misi sikvdili Tavisive aRviraxsnili cxovrebis
logikuri Sedegia.
`Seni WirimeSi~ mocemuli tragedia banaluri melodra­
mis STbeWdilebas datovebda, rom sasiyvarulo konfliqti
aq garegnuli xerxi ar iyos privilegiadakarguli Tavadaz­
naurobis da praqticizmiT Sepyrobili burJuaziuli in­
teligenciis dasapirispireblad. am winaaRmdegobas Rrma
socialuri fesvebi aqvs. aqamde literaturaSi burJua upi­
ratesad vaWris saxiT iyo gamoyvanili da misi sazogadoe­
brivi gamZleoba mxolod da mxolod fulis yulabas ukav­
Sirdeboda, Salva dadianma ki solomon burdulis saxiT
pirvelma CasWida xeli glexTa wridan gamosul burJua-in­
teligents, romelsac saocari Semgueblobis da gamZleo­
bis garda mecnieruli codnac umagrebs mxrebs. solomon
burdulis nihilistur SexedulebebSi, mis araTanmimdevru­
lobaSi da revoluciis saqmisadmi zerele damokidebule­
baSi avtorma imdroindeli inteligenciis erTi nawilis mso­
flmxedvelobrivi atrofia gviCvena.
sofels ganukiTxaoba RrRnis da sWams. `eklesia dan­
greulia, saswavlebeli daketilia, gzebi ar varga, baRi
gave­ranebulia, bogiri Caqceulia~. swored im dros soflad
xma dairxa, rom mazris ufrosi apirebs Camosvlas. am epi­
zodiT iwyeba `guSindelni~. am komediiT Salva dadianma
samarcxvino boZze gaakra ara marto rusuli Cinovnikuri
`aristokratia~ da maTi mliqvnelebi, aramed is adamianebic,
sazogado saqme rom arad miaCndaT da TxunelasaviT Tavi­
si soros iqiT verafers xedaven. soflis gasaWirze mazris
ufross unda moxsendes. marTalia, xelisuflebis warmomad­
120
geneli CamosvlisTanave acxadebs: `gadaeciT sofels Cemi
gulwrfeli madloba da uTxariT, rom amJamad me saqmisTvis
ar Camovsulvaro~, magram sofeli mainc Tavisas ar iSlis.
umetesobas gulubryvilod sjera, rom mazris ufrosi roca
saqmis viTarebas Seityobs, Seecdeba uwamlos maTs Wirsa da
varams. vin Seabams katas eJvans? vin warsdgeba ufrosis wi­
naSe soflis satkivriT?
mamasaxlisi malxaz pitriSaZe mazris ufross vrceli pa­
Tetikuri sityviT mimarTavs da am uTavbolo panegirikSi
`saqmeze laparaki~ daaviwydeba, Tavadi kowia mineralebis
gasaRebaSi Semweobaze evedreba ufross, xolo misi meuRle
saziaro gzis gayofaSi daxmarebisaTvis, glexi jibo kvant­
riSvili bogiris SekeTebis nacvlad mamasaxlisze saCivars
CauCurTavs jibeSi mazris ufross, legaluri socialisti
karlo yayutaZe `mTavrobisgan sasikeTos arafers moelis~
da ufrosTan Sexvedraze uars ambobs. erTaderTi imedi
davrdomili generali berdosania, magram es ukanasknelic
zurgs Seaqcevs sasoflo saWiroebas da stumars pensiis mo­
matebaze esaubreba.
`guSindelni~ didi socialuri JReradobis piesaa. mas
dResac ar daukargavs Tavisi didi emociuri mniSvneloba.
mweralma `guSindelTa~ ubadruki cxovrebis CvenebiT Cvens
winaSe Tamamad daayena daqsaqsulobis, saerTo miznis uqon­
lobis, sazogadoebrivi gulgrilobis problema.
komedia `kakalgulSi~ Salva dadianma 1928 wels dawera
jer kidev maSin, roca zogs saeWvod miaCnda `sabWoTa dra­
maturgiaSi~ am Janris arsebobis SesaZleblobac, qarTul
scenaze gamoCnda Cvens sinamdvileSi gaCenili axali tipis
biurokratisa da kancelariis virTxebis winaaRmdeg mimar­
Tuli pirveli qarTuli komedia, romelic dadgmisTanave
gaxmaurda.
erT dawesebulebaSi Tavi mouyriaT TavianTi umecre­
biT, uniaTobiT, mliqvnelobiTa da angarebiT erTimeoreze
ufro `Zlier muSakebs~. oTaxidan oTaxSi garbi-gamorbian
kveJenaZe, goColava, rinkveli, paraskidi, irakli da sxvani
da TavianTi umweobiT mayureblis mrisxane sicils iwveven.
ganmkiTxavi aravin Cans. dawesebulebis ufrosis `aRmzrdel
121
qalbaton makas TvalSi mouva Sirma da saxelmwifos sa­
kuTreba daufiqreblad Sin miaqvs. sadac biurokratiaa, iq
meqrTameobac Cndeba. mis mzakvrul saxes veraviTari Sirma
ver dafaravs. piesaSi aseT dialogs vxvdebiT:
`me-2 mTxovneli _ am saqmem SeiZleba bolo momiRos, uwin
aq rom Seni magieri iyo, veraferi gavawyve imasTan. erTi
ucodinari, xepre kaci iyo. venacvale RmerTs, gadaugdiaT
axla... raRac ambavi Sexvedria partiaSi, ras daveZeb, axla
Sen xar, Cemi didi xnis kargi nacnobi da megobari da nuRar
miWianureb saqmes. Seni xelis mowera unda mxolod.
irinarxi _ geubnebi, me araferi ar minda... ra sakadrisia
amisTana sityvebi, mxolod Cven invalidTa kasas unda Ses­
wiro meaTedi mTeli sumisa.
me-2 mTxovneli _ ho, kargi, vici... mxolod meaTedi Za­
lian bevria, xuTasi maneTic geyofa.
irinarxi _ me ra? gevaWrebi Tu rogor aris? CemTvis xom
ar minda?
me-2 mTxovneli _ ho, vici visTvisac ginda, magram metis­
metad bevria, ojaxi ver aitans~...
piesaSi gansakuTrebiT mkveTrad Canan maudis monaTa,
rus CinovnikTa uaxloesi naSierni. axal viTarebaSi maT mxo­
lod samosi gamoucvliaT, Torem faqtiurad, SexedulebiT,
saqcieliT, Wkua-gonebiT isev Zveleburad gamoiyurebian. ai,
rogor axasiaTebs aqtivisti gogona am dawesebulebis per­
sonaJebs: `erTi sul `iasno dalSes~ gaiZaxis, magram misi ias­
nosi kacs vera gaugia ra, mxolod dalSe sad mivyavarT, Tvi­
Tonac ar gaegeba. meorea da yovel qarTul frazas, yovel
sityvas rusulad giTargmnis, TiTqo amiTi maRali notari­
usis mowmoba unda daartyaso. da Tan iseTi gvelaZuaa, rom
misgan xeirians verafers gamoitan, erTia kidev da mis win
iubkians veravis ver gauvlia, rom mouridebeli da msunagi
winadadebiT ar mimarTos. amboben Tanac meqrTamea Turme
gacxarebuli da kombinatori usaSvelo. aris erTi kaci,
TiTqo cocxal adamiansa hgavs, magram masac yvelaferze
xeli Cauqnevia da mxolod Worebsa hkrefs~...
Zvelisa da axlis Widili, konservatizmisa da umecrebis
winaaRmdeg SemarTuli mecnieruli WeSmaritebiT liboga­
122
magrebuli sinamdvile daedo safuZvlad mwerlis mier 1931
wels daweril tragedias `TeTnuldi~.
roca Tavis mamapapeul taxtze mTvlemare qora maxvSma
argiSdma Seityo, rom axalgazrda inteligentebi lahil
da gelaxsan svaneTis gasanaTleblad Camosulan, elda eca;
`yvelam icodes, Cven arsaiT viZvriT, arsad mivdivarT da
nurc isini modian Cvenken~ _ aseTia argiSdis devizi. civi­
lizaciisadmi SiSi argiSds imitomac uRrRnis gonebas, rom
eqimi da mecnieri mis sofelSi modis misi mokveTili SviliS­
vilis lahilis da am ukanasknelis qmris _ argiSdis ZvelT­
aZveli mosisxlis gelaxsanis saxiT. winaparTa tradiciebi­
sadmi monuri morCileba, mama-papaTa wminda adgilebis
xelyofis SiSi aiZulebs qora maxSvs sinaTlis winaaRmdeg
umzakvresi gzebiT imoqmedos. igi TeTnuldis dasalaSqra­
vad gamzadebul gelaxsans Tavis SviliSvils soTrans miu­
Cens, raTa am ukanasknelma udanaSaulo mTamsvleli kldeze
gadaCexos. amaoa soflis maswavleblis ciqvildis cde­
bi, argiSdis bnel gonebas sikeTisaken veRaraferi Semoa­
brunebs. kidev kargi axalgazrda svanebs _ soTrans da gu­
randas eyoT keTilgoniereba da veragi papis mier naCveneb
gzas gadauxvies, magram amay TeTnuldTan WidilSi gelax­
san mainc daiRupa. is-is iyo svaneTis erT sufelSi kvlav
iRviZebda miTi TeTnuldis miuvalobisa da daupyroblobis
Sesaxeb, rom TeTnuldis TeTr Subls fexi daadga qalma _
lahilma. amiT man Tavis Rirseul qmarsac daudga ukvdavebis
Zegli da patriarqaluri svaneTis fsiqikaSic didi zneo­
brivi gardatexa moaxdina. aki swored TeTnuldis aReba iqca
svaneTis siwmindis SebRalvis pirvel niSnad argiSdisaTvis
da swored TeTnuldze hgodebda igi TviTmkvlelobis win:
`fuWia amieriT Cveni cxovreba! simtkice Cveni damsxvreul
ars, siwminde Cveni Seginebuli: azri Cveni darRveuli; zneni
da Cveulebani Cveni damxobili... aRara Rirs sicocxle, ara
aqvs mas niSati arsobisa...~
TeTnuldis aReba mxolod erTi simboluri detalia
piesis ideuri xerxemlisa. axlis mier Zvelis, dromoWmu­
lis damarcxeba aq gamoxatulia ocdaaTiani wlebis svane­
Tis zneobriv-eTikuri problemebis mTeli kompleqsiT,
123
axal cxovrebas svaneTisaTvis ganaxlebis grigali moaqvs;
crurwmenebis, Selocvebis, maxSvisadmi monuri erTgulebis,
kerpebisadmi uazro Tayvaniscemis svaneTi kvdeba da axal
svaneTs uTmobs asparezs.
`giorgi rusis~ avtoris SemoqmedebaSi gansakuTrebu­
li adgili uWiravs 900-iani wlebis saqarTvelos sinamdvi­
lis amsaxvel dramas `naperwklidan~. aq dramaturgis mier
gamogonili personaJebis gverdiT moqmedeben istoriuli
pirovnebebic, siuJetis originalur ganviTarebaSi CarTu­
lia Cveni saukunis dasawyisis baTumis revoluciuri faqte­
bi; 1901 wlis axali wlis Rame, 1902 wlis 9 martis muSaTa
demonstracia, manTaSevis da rotSildis qarxnebis muSaTa
gaficva da sxv., piesis finalSi qarTvel bolSevikTa brZo­
lis bunebriv gagrZelebad moCans leninisa da stalinis Sex­
vedra tamerforsis konferenciaze.
marTalia, qarTuli literaturis istoriisaTvis saeta­
po Rirebuleba da ganumeorebeli adgili Salva dadians
rogorc dramaturgs ekuTvnis, magram mSobliur kulturas
`TeTnuldis~ avtorma amave dros didi amagi dasdo rogorc
prozaikosma. mwerlis miniaturul prozaze Cven zemoT vis­
aubreT, amJamad S. dadianis mravalricxovan prozaul qmni­
lebaTagan mxolod istoriul roman `giorgi rusze~ sau­
kunis pirveli aTwleulis sinamdvilis amsaxveli epopea _
`gvirgvilianebis ojaxze~ da memuarebis wignze (`rac gamax­
senda~) SevCerdebiT.
istoriuli TematikiT Salva dadiani-dramaturgic ara­
er­Txel dainteresebula (`gegeWkori, `bediis erisTavi~,
`varami~ da sxv.), magram mwerlis mier istoriuli warsulis
Rrma codna da gardasuli epoqis Tanamedroveobis prob­
lematikasTan misadagebiT xatvis unari Salva dadianma Sesa­
niSnavad gamoamJRavna 1916-1924 wlebSi dawerili istori­
uli romaniT `giorgi rusi~.
gareSe mtrebis TareSiT Tavgabezrebuli qarTveli Ta­
vadebis erTma jgufma saxlTuxuces varden dadianis xelm­
ZRvanelobiT gadawyvita axalgamefebul Tamars erTmor­
wmune da Zlieri saxelmwifos ufliswuli SerTos. aseTad

124
iuri dolgorukis STamomavali andrei bogolubskis Svili
giorgi (iuri) miiCnies. didebulTa am gadawyvetilebas is
`keTilSobiluri~ ganzraxvac edo safuZvlad, rom `saqar­
Tvelo odiTgan iswrafoda did CrdiloeTel megobarTan
Zmuri kavSiris damyarebisaken~, da cduneba miT ufro didi
iyo, rom qarTvel feodalebs araswori cnobebi hqondaT
rusTa samTavroebis urTierTdamokidebulebaze da Sec­
domiT fiqrobdnen, rom giorgi russ marTlac `samasamde
rusTa mTavari emorCileboda~. didvaWarma zaqan zoraba­
belma male mohgvara qarTvelTa samefo kars CrdiloeTe­
li sasiZo, romelmac Tavdapirvelad didebulebze cudi
STabeWdileba rodi datova. sikeTiTa da sibrZniT aRsavse
Tamari saqarTvelos momavlisTvis daTanxmda am misTvis un­
ebur qorwinebas. qorwinebis meore dResve mixvdnen varden
dadianis momxreni, rom kovzi nacarSi CauvardaT, Tamari
samefo skiptris daTmobas da qveynis marTva-gamgeblobis
Tavisi ucxo tomis qmrisTvis gadabarebas ar apirebda. male
yvela darwmunda, rom giorgi rusi Tamar mefis meuRled
ver gamodgeboda. rusi mTavrebis am udReur STamomavals
WkuamokleobasTan erTad loTobisaken miswrafeba da mamaka­
cisTvis friad damamcirebeli ukuRmarTuli seni sWirda.
karga xans iTmina Tamarma Tavisi avadmyofi qmari, karga xans
dafara brZenma mefem ubeduri rusis sazizRari saidumlo
da bolos kaTalikosisa da mxargrZelis dasturiT gior­
gi rusi saqarTvelodan gaaZeves. Seuracxyofili siZe ar
dacxra. man momxreebi iSova da nialis velze Tamaris laSqa­
rTan Sebma gabeda, magram sastikad damarcxda. saqarTvelos
mefe daviT soslanze daqorwinda. aseTi gaxlavT giorgi ru­
sis siuJeturi xerxemali.
am romanis Sesaqmnelad Salva dadians didZali istori­
uli masala gamouyenebia. garda `qarTlis cxovrebisa~ igi
safuZvlianad gascnobia rus istorikosTa wyaroebsac, raTa
giorgi rusis tragedia WeSmaritebis beWdiT daedasture­
bina. mkiTxveli ecnoba daviT aRmaSeneblis mier dawyebul
im did brZolas erTiani saqarTvelosTvis, rac Tamaris me­
fobis adreul wlebSi jer kidev ar damTavrebula. gavlenis

125
sferoebisTvis didebulTa urTierTSuRlis mizeziT xsnis
mwerali Tamaris am pirvel uiRblo qorwinebasac. nawarmoe­
bSi mkiTxvelis yuradRebas imsaxurebs STambeWdav personaJ­
Ta mTeli wyeba varden dadianis, giorgi rusis gamzrdelis
brZeni da windaxeduli rusis _ kuzmas, kaxaberis, kaTaliko­
sis, rusudanis, daviT soslanis da sxvaTa saxiT.
ormocdaaTian wlebSi daamTavra mweralma Tavisi tri­
logiad Cafiqrebuli wignis `menji robus~ pirveli nawili
`gvirgvilianebis ojaxi~. `menji robus~ sxva wignebis Seqmna
Salva dadians ar dascalda, magram SeiZleba amTaviTve iTq­
vas, rom `gvirgvilianebis ojaxis~ saxiT qarTul romanisti­
kas Seemata kidev erTi monumenturi qmnileba, xolo Cveni
saukunis pirveli aTeulis saqarTvelos samoqalaqo isto­
riis vrcel wigns erTi utyuari mxatvruli qronika.
`am nawarmoebSi SemrCa mxolod `wamoqoCrili~ xalxi, Sem­
degi maTi sagulisxmo saqcieli, nebisyofa da xasiaTis gamov­
lineba auwereli damrCa~ _ wers avtori `gvirgvilianebis
ojaxis~ boloTqmaSi. marTlac, nawarmoebSi moqmedeba zed
1905 wlis parmaRze wydeba, magram mweralma iseTi mxatvru­
li sisavsiT da damajereblobiT daxata epoqis socialur-
ekonomikuri Taviseburebani, ZalTa dajgufeba moaxloe­
buli revoluciis winadReebSi da adamianTa winaSe mdgari
msoflmxedvelobrivi problemebi, rom mkiTxvels advilad
SeuZlia amoicnos ara marto mTxrobelis swori pozicia,
aramed mimarTulebaTa epoqiseul simravleSi saTanado ori­
entirebac moaxerxos.
gvirgvilianebis mravalricxovani ojaxi Zveli feoda­
luri budis rutinuli cxovrebiT cxovrobda, magram mec­
xramete saukunis dasasruls mZlavrma socialurma zarebma
igi saukuneobrivi zamTris Zilisgan gamoaRviZa da axali
cxovrebis ferxulSi Caayena. am ojaxis bedis magaliTze mw­
eralma TvalnaTliv gviCvena aristokratiuli sazogadoe­
brivi institutis gardauvali rRvevis procesi da is tipi­
uri Sedegebi, rac miiRo keTili nebis sazogadoebam amgvar
ojaxTa saxecvlili STamomavlebisagan.
romani mravalplaniani nawarmoebia. erTmaneTTan mWid­
rod dakavSirebuli movlenebiT da daxlarTuli siuJetiT
126
mwerali cdilobs sazogadoebis sxvadaxxva fenis, sxvadasxva
rwmenisa da Sexedulebebis epoqis panoramuli suraTebi war­
mogvidginos.
`gvirgvilianebis ojaxSi~ mainc gamoirCeva ramdenime
ufro srulyofilad gamokveTili siuJeturi xazi. erTi
gaxlavT vamex lipartelianis cxovreba _ am `progresuli
feodalis~ da tipiuri liberalis dramatizmiT aRsavse
yofa. meorea _ social-demokratiuli ideebis matarebeli,
revolucioner taia gvirgvilianis brZoliTa da imedebiT
aRsavse gza, mesamea gvirgvilianTa konservatul mdumare­
bas CabRauWebuli neqtarinasa da misi gaiZvera sayvarlis
gutatis xazi. romanis meoTxe aseve bolomde gamokveTili
fabuluri sistema gaxlavT SesaniSnavi rusi qalis marina
riabininas da begi gvirgvilianis cxovrebis istoria. roma­
nis mravalricxovan gmirTa moqmedeba, rasakvirvelia, amiT
ar amoiwureba. aq usaTuod unda vaxsenoT avtoris mier Ses­
aniSnavad gamokveTili farna bJalava, manCa jgerenaia, obix­
Sia, kotia, gududia da, rac mTavaria, didi cxovrebiseuli
simarTliT daxatuli da-Zma Cela da miqe.
sicocxlis bolo wlebSi Salva dadianma dawera me­ mu­
a­
rebis SesaniSnavi wigni `rac gamaxsenda~. meoce saukunis
qar­Tuli mwerlobis patriarqs, romelmac cxovrebis didi
gza gamoiara, marTlac da bevri ram gaxsenebia. es wigni
ara marto drois koloritis aRsadgenadaa istoriisaTvis
Zvirfasi, igi TviT mwerlis moqalaqeobrivi sispetakisa da
misi poziciis dasaxasiaTebladac bevr SesaniSnav masalas
gvawvdis.
Salva dadianis, rogorc epoqis mwerlis, gansakuTrebu­
li adgili Cveni saukunis literaturaSi misma mxatvrulma
individualobamac ganapiroba. Salva dadiani, rogorc ze­
moT aRvniSneT, im gamonaklisTa ricxvs ekuTvnis, romelTa
Semoqmedebasac Tavisi kvali ver daatyo literaturulma
modam. miuxedavad aTasgvari formalistur-impresionistu­
li cdunebebisa, rasac uxvad awvdida mwerals imdroindeli
literaturuli sinamdvile, igi bolomde erTguli darCa
realisturi tradiciebisa. mkiTxvels xiblavs Salva dadia­
nis mier dramaturgiis kanonebis SesaniSnavi codna (rac ase
127
kargad Cans mis piesebSi) da personaJTa ostaturi gamokveTi­
sa da saintereso situaciebis xatvis unari. rasakvirvelia,
`TeTnuldis~ avtors _ rogorc mxatvars, aqvs xarvezebi,
misi zogi piesa (mag., `Savi qva~, an `cocxi da lokokina~) mx­
atvrulad moikoWlebs, `gvirgvilianebis ojaxi~ kompozici­
urad sagrZnoblad Seukvrelia da mosawyeni publicistu­
ri msjelobebiT aSkarad gadatvirTulia, magram am nakls
TiTqmis mTlianad faravs Salva dadianis mier cxovrebis
Rrma codna da movlenaTa obieqturad Wvretis unari.
meoce saukunis qarTuli dramaturgiis mama _ Salva da­
diani Cveni aqtiuri Tanamedrovea.

128
 grigol robaqiZe
(1880-1962)

komunisturi tiraniis dros, gansakuTrebiT ormocian-

ormocdaaTian wlebSi, fanjris darabebs rom mivketavdiT
da ucxo talRis mosasmenad radios SemovusxdebodiT, xmis
sabWouri CaxSobis brdRvinva-RrWialSi zogjer gamoaRwev­
da xolme `Tavisuflebis~ diqtoris naTqvami: `dRes Cveni
stumaria grigol robaqiZe!~ SiSiTa da mokrZalebiT gavir­
ind-gavisusebodiT. SiSiT imitom, rom grigol robaqiZis
saxelis xsenebac ki akrZaluli gvqonda, mokrZalebiT imi­
tom, rom misi mxolod da mxolod `gvelis perangi~ wagve­
kiTxa malulad, yvelaze saimedo kacis xeliT mowvdili,
gazeTSemoxveuli, gacrecili, yviTeli wigni. meti araferi
vicodiT grigol robaqiZisa da igi Cvens TvalSi saidum­
loebiT moculi, legendaruli kaci iyo `sabWoTa samoTxi­
dan~ gaqceuli da Tavisi samSoblosaTvis niadag mlocveli.
radioreproduqtorSi gaismoda grigol robaqiZis
momnus­xveli, boxi xma. igi akaki xoravas xmas waagavda da
`otelos~ intonaciebsac ki viWerdiT tragikuli qarTvelis
okeanismiRmur daZaxilSi _ `qarTvelno!~

9. r. miSvelaZe. t. XXV 129

 ra erqva grigol robaqiZis radiomimarTvebs? `ra unda
agondebodes qarTvels~, `mimarTva axalgazrdobisadmi~,
`mimarTva qarTvel xalxs~, `sulis daSla~, `mimarTva qarT­
vel mwerlebs~...
raze swuxda, raze hgodebda, ras mouwodebda mSobliur
ers saqarTvelos es daRvremili Wirisufali?
bolSevizmis demonur Zalas qedi ar mouxaroTo, `ada­
miani mxolod maSinaa adamiani, roca Tavisufaliao~, vici,
`sabWoeTSi kacs SiSis gamo mosvenebiT ver dauZinia~, magram
qarTuli amayi jiSis yivils, qarTul gens gaufrTxildiT.
msoflioSi qarTuli kulturis didi wvlili gaiTaviseT da
rogorme gasZeliTo. qarTvelo mwerlebo, Tavi anebeT par­
tiis karnaxiT weraso, ar ekadreba gansaxurdias da leoniZes
beladis xotba da verc griSaSvils movuwoneb beriaze leq­
sis gaSanSalebaso~.
Sewydeboda naxevarsaaTiani qarTuli sityva radioTavi­
suflebisa da SeTqmulebiviT gamovdiodiT quCaSi. TiTqos­
da, dids rasme saidumlos vatarebdiT guliT. grigol
robaqiZem Cven mogvmarTa _ qarTvel axalgazrdebs, Cven
dag­vmoZRvra. ukve Cveni saidumlo gvqonda. erTmaneTsac ar
vumxeldiT, rom sxvebsac moesmina miunxenidan grigol ro­
baqiZis mTrTolvare sityva.
dro gadioda. imperia cvdeboda. haerSi saqarTvelos Ta­
visuflebis suni trialebda da dRiTi dRe ufro da ufro
axlos modioda CvenTan tanjuli emigraciis saxelovan
SvilTa saqme da saxeli; grigol robaqiZe, viqtor nozaZe,
mixako wereTeli, giorgi gamyreliZe, ilia kuWuxiZe, papave­
bi, karlo inasariZe, giorgi yifiani...
imperiis nawilobriv daSlas grigol robaqiZe ver mo­
eswro.
1962 wlis 19 noembers gardaicvala igi JenevaSi lamis
upatronod, martoxela, bedisagan devnili, moxuci, magram
amayi da qedmouxreli bolomde.
mere, roca kvlav gveRirsa meoce saukuneSi samwliani da­
moukidebloba, grigol robaqiZe mTeli sisruliT warmos­
dga qarTuli literaturis kabadonze.

130
 xelaxla daibeWda misi Txzulebani. iTargmna germanul
enaze dawerili nawarmoebebic.
rasakvirvelia, `akrZaluli xilis~ sindromma Tavisi
hqmna. nebadarTuli grigol robaqiZe akrZalul grigol
robaqiZesTan SedarebiT ramdenadme sxva TvaliT davinaxeT,
rakiRa realuri profiliT mogvevlina. molodinis eifo­
riam gagviara da axla saSualeba gvaqvs, es mSvenieri qarTve­
li mwerali literaturismcodnis sazomebiT `axloiT gan­
vCxrikoT~ da Tavisi adgili mivuCinoT qarTuli mwerlobis
istoriaSi.
ra ganapirobebs grigol robaqiZis originalur, ganumeo­
rebel rols Cveni kulturis wiaRSi?
upirveles yovlisa, movlenebisadmi artistuli, roman­
tikuli damokidebuleba, ganuwyveteli Widili qarTul
sityvasTan (TviTeuli sityvis `sunis da gemos gasinjvas­
Tan~ erTad misi fonetikuri danawevrebac, fuZis Zieba se­
mantikur-istoriul fesvTa aRmosaCenad) gansacvifrebeli
erovnuli siamaye, romelsac me sruliad veTanxmebi, magram
`rafinirebul~ evropels SeiZleba zogjer provinciulad
moeCvenos, gaubzaravi, Seucvleli rwmena saqarTvelos Ta­
visuflebisa da damoukideblosaTvis mebrZoli patriotisa.
grigol robaqiZem da misma razmma irwmunes, rom bolo
ori saukunis manZilze saqarTvelos yvelaze didi mteri,
misi dammonebel-dampyrobeli ruseTia da saqarTvelos
ruseTisgan xsnis istoriul gzaze yovelgvari kompromisi
dauSvebelia.
grigol robaqiZe werda romanebs, moTxrobebs, leqsebs,
piesebs, narkvevebs, esseebs, literaturul-kritikul weri­
lebs da meoce saukunis aTiani wlebidan mokidebuli, sanam
`samSoblos moRalated~ da `xalxis mtrad~ gamoacxadebdnen,
qarTuli mwerlobis avangardSi idga. mis SemoqmedebaSi sa­
ocrad SenivTda-SeduRabda da monoliTur literaturul
fenomenad Camoyalibda nacionalizmiT libogamagrebuli
modernizmi. literaturuli moda formaSi, xolo Sinaars­
Si _ ilia WavWavaZis xazis erTguleba, qarTveli mwerlis
tradiciuli saTqmelis gamoxatva _ ase SeiZleba daxasiaT­
des mwerlis stili.
131
 meoce saukunis qarTul literaturaSi avangardizmisa
da modernizmis mamamTavrad iwodeba grigol robaqiZe. en­
ciklopediurad ganswavluli mwerali ara marto qarTuli
literaturis istoriaSi Sevida uaRresad originaluri
stilis mqone publicistad, prozaikosad da poetad, aramed
emigraciaSi wasvlis Semdeg Tavisi drois literaturul ev­
ropaSic friad angariSgasawev mwerlad iTvleboda. garda
modernistuli literaturis akvnis darwevisa, grigol ro­
baqiZis damsaxurebaa saukunis dasawyisSi kosmopolituri
azrovnebis moZalebis viTarebaSi moduri literaturuli
skolisTvis erovnuli azrovnebis, erovnuli problematikis
morgeba da qarTuli fenomenis gansakuTrebulobis qadage­
ba, raic ase saSuri saqme gaxldaT erTa Soris gansxvavebaTa
nivelirebisa da `msoflio moqalaqis~ Ziebis paradoqsul
SexedulebaTa ayvavebis saukuneSi.
grigol robaqiZe 1880 wels daibada imereTSi, varcixis
maxloblad, sofel svirSi. quTaisis gimnaziis damTavrebis
Semdeg mas evropaSi mouxda swavlis gagrZeleba. swavlob­
da tartusa da laipcigis universitetebSi da, SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom evropuli ganswavlis wlebma Camoayaliba misi
azrovnebis stilic da evropuli kulturisadmi Tayvanis­
cemamde misuli midrekileba, rasac axalgazrda mwerali
saqarTveloSi dabrunebis Semdeg farTo sazogadoebis wi­
naSe daucxromelad qadagebda. axalgazrda leqtors didi
popularoba moupova evropul da msoflio civilizaciaze
leqciebiT gamosvlam farTo sazogadoebis winaSe. erT-erT
leqcias TviT akaki wereTelic daswrebia da friad kmayo­
fili darCenila. mas gazeT `TemSi~ gamouqveynebia statia,
sadac xazgasmiT aRniSnavs: `moveswar, vnaxe is, visac mTeli
sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi vnatrobdi _ qarTveli inteli­
genti~, aTian da ocian wlebSi grigol robaqiZis saxeli
quxda. `axali~, `originaluri~, `uCveulo~ xSirad gaismoda
es sityvebi grigol robaqiZis Semoqmedebis Sefasebad. igi
TiTqmis yvela mimarTulebis literaturuli presis redaq­
ciaTa sasurveli stumari iyo. gansakuTrebuli megobroba
ki simbolistebTan da, raoden paradoqsuladac unda mo­

132
geCvenoT, simbolistebisagan radikalurad gansxvavebuli
mimarTulebis akademiur asociaciasTanac hqonda.
1923-26 wlebSi grigol robaqiZe qarTul Teatrs dau­
kavSirda. Teatris ganaxlebis zari darekes misma piesebma:
`lamaram~ da `londam~. piesebs, leqsebs da esseebs mohyva im
droisaTvis popularuli romani `gvelis perangi~ (1926 w.),
romlis filosofiur-miTologiuri Sreebic mkiTxvelTa
Soris kamaTs iwvevda, magram yvela kritikosi ukamaTod erT
rames aRiarebda: Cvens winaSe ariso uaRresad niWieri mwer­
lis axleburad, aratradiciulad dawerili wigni.
ocdaaTiani wlebis Semdeg, roca komunisturma parti­
am xelovnebas TandaTanobiT mouWira cenzuris marwuxebi,
xolo `Ceka~ yoveli cnobili mwerlis SemoqmedebaSi gafa­
ci­cebiT daeZebda rasme arasabWours, grigol robaqiZem
Tavisi utyuari mwerluri intuiciiT igrZno saSiSroeba da
meuRlis mkurnalobis sababiT gaemigrantda. 1931 wlidan
berlinSi cxovrobda, xolo 1945 wlidan _ SveicariaSi, Jene­
vis maxloblad.
tragikulad aewyo mwerlis piradi cxovreba. orive qali­
Svili mcirewlovani gardaecvala. bolos wlebis ganmav­
lobaSi sarecels mijaWvuli meuRlec moukvda da marto­
sulad darCenili, nostalgiiT Sepyrobili dendi TiTqmis
ori aTeuli wlis ganmavlobaSi samSobloSi dabrunebaze
amao fiqriT aTen-aRamebda da Tavis usaSvelo sevdas ebr­
Zoda. saqarTveloSi grigol robaqiZis, rogorc samSoblos
moRalatis, xseneba akrZaluli iyo. aTasSi erTxel igi ofi­
cialuri weriliT Tu Seexmianeboda saqarTvelos mweralTa
kavSiris Tavmjdomares _ irakli abaSiZes, da im pirad wer­
ilebSic poetis sawuxars ori ram warmoadgenda: ruseTis
mier saqarTvelos dapyroba da misi saxelisadmi gulgrili
damokidebuleba, iqamdec misuli, rom mas vaJa-fSavelas
nawarmoebis moparvac ki braldeboda. erT-erTi ukanaskneli
naTeli da samSoblosTan ziarebis SemTxveva iyo grigol
robaqiZisaTvis sikvdilamde cota xniT adre saqarTvelos
simRerisa da cekvis damsaxurebuli ansablis gastrolebi
evropaSi da grigol robaqiZis daswreba maT koncerteb­
ze. `kagebesagan~ SeSinebuli ansamblis wevrebi da xelmZR­
133
vanelebi iqiT-aqeT yurebiT, SiSiTa da ridiT arTmevdnen
xels parikosan moxuc emigrants da, vin icis, zogi maTgani
iqneb verc acnobierebda, rom es Tvalcremliani emigranti
sxva aravin iyo, Tu ara socialisturi ideebis risxva, xal­
xis mtrad wodebuli _ grigol robaqiZe. am gastrolebTan
dakavSirebiT grigol robaqiZem dawera brwyinvale werili:
`qarTuli genia rokvaSi ganfenili~, sadac man gaimeora adre
`gvelis perangsa~ da `esseebSi~ gamoTqmuli Sexedulebani
qarTuli genis sidiadisa da gansakuTrebulobis Sesaxeb.
1962 wels JenevaSi mis patara, Cveulebriv germanul
ko­tejSi Sewyda martoxela grigol robaqiZis majiscema.
Tavdapirvelad igi JenevaSi dakrZales. mere qarTvel emi­
grantTa ZalisxmeviT parizis maxloblad levilis sasa­
flaoze gadaasvenes. saqarTveloSi ki grigol robaqiZis
legalizacia oTxmociani wlebis dasawyisSi moxda, maSin
rodesac imperias kbilebi moucvda da erTa damonebis prin­
cipiT Sekrulma am borotebis xuxulam ngreva iwyo. ger­
maniaSi germanul enaze dawerili ramdenime ese da moTxroba
dResac ar aris Targmnili qarTulad, grigol robaqiZis
arqivi dResac ar aris mTlianad qarTveli eris sakuTreba,
rom mis sulier memkvidres _ qarTvel ers, sruli warmod­
gena hqondes `gvelis perangis~ avtoris mravalwaxnagovan
Semoqmedebaze.
dabrunda grigol robaqiZis saxeli saqarTveloSi da
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom akrZaluli grigol robaqiZe ufro
popularuli iyo saqarTveloSi im dros, vidre dRes gax­
lavT. Tu emigrantobis momxibvlel, legendarul naTels
yuradRebas ar mivaqcevT da obieqturi Semfaseblis TvaliT
SevxedavT, grigol robaqiZe, rogorc mxatvari, rasakvirve­
lia, ver gautolebs Tavis SemoqmedebiT frTebs saukunis
qarTuli prozis or mwvervals: konstantine gamsaxurdias
da mixeil javaxiSvils.
amJamad iwereba narkvevebi da gamokvlevebi grigol ro­
baqiZeze. zog maTganSi sworad aris Sefasebuli mwerlis
Cvens xelT arsebuli memkvdireoba, zogi avtori ki aSkarad
tendenciuria da mTeli seriozulobiT imasac ki amtkicebs,
rom faSistur germaniaSi cxovrebis dros grigol robaqi­
134
Zes opoziciuri damokidebuleba hqonda hitlerTan da mu­
solinTan da lamis faSisturi reJimis sawinaaRmdego moZ­
raobis wevrobac daswamon. namdvili ki is gaxlavT, rom 1941
wels germaniaSi aTiaTasiani tiraJiT gamovida grigol ro­
baqiZis broSura: `musolini~, xolo ufro adre ienaSi 1939
wels asiaTasiani egzempliariT grigol robaqiZis maSindel
germaniaSi sakmaod gaxmaurebuli wigni: `adolf hitleri~.
grigol robaqiZis simpaTiebi raixis mesveurTadmi sru­
liad bunebrivia, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im garemoebas, rom
faSizmis brZolaSi ruseTis imperiis winaaRmdeg grigol
robaqiZe xedavda imperiisagan misi samSoblos daxsnis erT
gza-saSualebas da germaniis maRal wreebSi winaswar amza­
debda ruseTis damarcxebis SemTxvevaSi damoukidebeli
saqarTvelos aRdgenis safuZvlebs. mas sZulda marqsizmis
gamfetiSebeli sabWoTa wyobileba. ara marto Tavis saeta­
po nawarmoebSi gamoxatavda igi damTrgunveli sabWouri
`demokratizmisadmi~ zizRs, aramed radio `Tavisuflebis~
tribunidanac pirdapir mimarTavda qarTvel axalgzardo­
bas, xalxs. samagaliTod movixmob grigol robaqiZis 1854
wlis mimarTvas qarTveli axalgzardobisadmi miunxenis ra­
diodan: `mamuri guliT gixmobT SoreTidan axalgazrdebo!
Tu Cemi mwerluri namli ucnobia TqvenTvis, saxeli mainc
gagegonebaT Cemi. SemekiTxebiT, Tu ratom davtove saqarT­
velo, Cveni mamuli da deduli, egzom mSvenieri da tkbili.
mogiTxrobT: bolSevikebi gahyvirian xalxur demokratias
vamyarebTo. siyalbe am saxeldebaSic Cans. `demos~ berZnu­
lad niSnavs xalxs. maSasadame, `xalxuri demokratia~ ase
unda ikiTxebodes _ xalxuri xalxosnoba... adamiani mxolod
maSinaa adamiani, roca igi Tavisufalia... vinaa Tavisufali
sabWoeTSi? aravin! iq yvelaferi akrZalulia... sabWoeTSi
SiSis gamo mosvenebiT veravis dauZinia. eSinia sizmarSi bod­
viT ar wamoscdes gulnadebi azri raime. aseTia sabWoeTis
samoTxe. es samoTxe mivatove da ara namdvili samoTxe~ (ra­
dio `Tavisufleba~, 1954 weli, seqtemberi).
germaniaSi tyved namyofi erTi mebrZoli igonebs, rom
grigol robaqiZes zogjer axvedrebdnen sakoncentracio
banakebSi myof qarvel tyveebs. es iyo faSisturi propagan­
135
dis erTi xerxi, rom jariskacebisaTvis SeeZulebinaT Tavi­
anTi `sabWoTa samSoblo~ da grigol robaqiZis piriT eTqvaT,
Tu ra fuWi saqme iyo vermaxtis winaaRmdeg brZola. grigol
robaqiZe, rasakvirvelia, Tavidan uambobda jariskacebs sab­
WoTa wyobilebis sulisSemxuTvel reJimze, kapitalisturi
samyaros Tavisuflebaze, magram iqve bolos dasZenda xolme,
`icodeT, biWebo, me tragikuli kaci var, samSobloze Zvir­
fasi da sayvareli ara aris amqveynad da saerTod mSobli­
uri jojoxeTi gerCivnoT sxvagan samoTxeso~.
roca grigol robaqiZes kiTxviT mivmarTavdiT, Rirs Tu
ara ucxoeTSi darCena, igi aramc da aramc ar gvirCevdao,
dasZens tyvedyofili. ase rom grigol robaqiZe mTeli si­
cocxlis manZilze darCa Tavisi samSoblos gulmxurvale
patriotad. misi erovnuli siamayisa da mamulis Wirisu­
flis iersaxisTvis odnavadac ar miuyenebia Crdili faSisti
liderebisadmi mcireodeni simpaTiis gaRebas mxolod da
mxolod misi ubadruki samSoblos gadarCenis mizniT. ro­
gorc zemoT aRvniSneT, grigol robaqiZe mravalmxrivi mwe­
rali iyo. igi werda esseebs, kritikul werilebs, leqsebs,
moTxrobebsa da romanebs. gadaWriT Znelia Tqma, ra iyo misi
Semoqmedebis umTavresi Janri da riTi daiwyo: leqsebiT,
dramaturgiiT Tu esseebiT literaturuli cxovreba. igi
saqarTveloSi ukve cnobili poeti iyo, `cisferyanwelTa~
erT-erTi ideologi da `avangardizmis~ erT-erTi pione­
ri, saxelganTqmuli dramaturgic (gansakuTrebiT londas~
dadgmis Semdeg), rodesac gamoaqveyna Tavisi mTavari wigni
`gvelis perangi~.
`gvelis perangi~ _ socialur-alegoriuli romania. igi
gviambobs pirveli msoflio omisa da oqtombris revoluci­
is periodis msoflio ambebze da am procesSi saqarTvelos
monawileobis momentebze. romani iseve, rogorc grigol
robaqiZis yvela Txzuleba, mZimed ikiTxeba xazgasmuli ro­
mantikulobis, Warbi filosofizmisa da specifiuri, erTi
SexedviT, odnav RvarWnili, cota ar iyos `nawvalebi sti­
lis~ gamo, magram romanis mZafri siuJeti da avtoris mkve­
Tri pozicia qarTuli genis apologiasTan dakavSirebuli,
romans sulmouTqmelad wagakiTxebT da misi novatori av­
136
torisadmi didi simpaTiiT gangawyobT. araerTgvarovani iyo
`gvelis perangis~ Sefaseba. ilia WavWavaZis, daviT kldiaSvi­
lis, egnate ninoSvilis, akaki wereTlis da Sio aragvispire­
lis prozas miCveul mkiTxvels erTbaSad examuSa grigol
robaqiZis araordinaluri mwerluri metyveleba. recenzen­
tebidan zogni ambobdnen, es rebusuri romani antiliter­
aturaa, romlis wakiTxva ar SeiZlebao, zogni ki `gvelis
perangs~ axali prozis zaris darekvas adarebdnen da did
literaturul gzas uwinaswarmetyvelebdnen.
sparseTis qalaq hamadanSi, istoriul hekbatanaSi ing­
liseli mxatvari, arCibald mekeSi, Tavis sayvarelTan, olga
balaSovasTan erTad mogzaurobs. sparseTSi man erT-erT
restoranSi gaigona saocrad mwyobri, melodiuri simRera,
romelsac ara hqonda ra saerTo sparsul baiaTebTan. dain­
teresda arCibald, sufras miuaxlovda da simReraze aranak­
leb gaaoca sparselTagan gansxvavebuli moqalaqeebis Cac­
mulobam da ierma. moqeifeebma sufrasTan miiwevies. isini
qarTvelebi aRmoCndnen. maTi simReris da sadRegrZeloe­
bis mosmenis Semdeg arCibalds ucnauri grZnoba daeufla.
TiTqos sadRac enaxa es xalxi... TiTqos sadRac moesmina maTi
simRera. sxvebTan SedarebiT ufro axlos gaicno qarTvel­
Tagan vamexi da sergi petriZe. Sin dabrunebul arCibalds
ar asvenebs qarTvelebze fiqri. ukvirs ara marto mwyobri,
romantiuli wesi sufrisa da gansacvifrebeli simRerebi,
ukvirs isic, Tu am axaldawyebul, Tavbrudamxvev saukuneSi
rogor aZleven qarTvelebi Tavs imis uflebas, saaTobiT
isxdnen sufrasTan da lxinis dros Wirveuli yofis bari­
erebi lamis daiviwyon. am fiqriT aris igi erTianad savse
da gaaxsendeba mamamisis danatovari patara yuTi warweriT:
`gaxseni, roca erTi fiqriT iqnebi liToniviT savse~. gaxsna
yuTi da iq aRmoCnda nawyvet-nawyveti qronikebi irubaqiZeTa
gvaris cxovrebidan. irkveva, rom irubaqiZe Zveli qarTuli
gvaria, rom jer kidev grigol xanZTelis dros cxovrobda
misi erT-erTi winapari, romelsac mtrebi gamoekidnen da
colma sTxova: `gadamagde, dae, me daviRupo, oRond Sen ga­
darCeo~. irubaqiZem mcire yoymanis Semdeg gaimeta coli da
xramSi gadaagdo. gavida wlebi, meTevzeebTan erT-erTi st­
137
umrobis dros irubaqiZes moaxsenes, rom maTTan aris qali,
romelic qmarma xramSi gadaagdo da maT ipoves. irubaqiZes
warudgines coli. sindisis qenjnam sZlia sayvarel colTan
Seyris sixaruls. `ra patara vyofilvar, rogor gagimete~,
Cailaparaka irubaqiZem da Tavi moikla. ai, aseTi deteqtu­
ri siuJetebia irubaqiZeTa gvaris istoriidan da bolos, am
qronikebis avtori Tavis pirad cxovrebaze gviambobs, misi
gvari warmomdgara irubaqiZeTa Tavaduri gvaridan, rom
irubaqiZeTa gvaris STamomavlebi kaxeTSi mayaSvilebad iwo­
debian. mas kaxeTSi cxovrebisas xuTi Svili daeRupa, Semdeg
gadasaxlda sairmeSi. bolos mokida xeli Tavis erTaderT
Svils da wavida emigraciaSi, raTa gvaris gamgrZelebeli ga­
daerCina da Tavis avtobiografias Tamaz mayaSvili ase am­
Tavrebs: me, Tamaz mayaSvili, gadaxvewili saqarTvelodan,
vwer bolo sityvas. mec xom irubaqiZe var. Cveni gvari bolo
saukuneebSi kaxeTs dabinavda _ iyalToSi, moedva seni, bneda
da SeSliloba. mamaCemi imereTSi gadasaxlda, sairmis axlos.
iqac gahyva ubedureba. mokvda mama avi seniT. dedaCemi ga­
dahyva Zeobas. momikvda oTxi Zma da sami da. maTSi erTi Zma
mters Seakvda da meore cxeniT xramSi gadaiCexa. debSi erTi
qmarma mohkla da meore avma znem gaaqro, davkarge sami vaJi
da ori qali. colic Zeobas gadahyva. davrCi marto. damrCa
oTxi wlis vaJi. momadga gadaSeneba. gavyide mamuli. mova­
Sure evropas, sadac ymawvilobaSi vswavlobdi. myavs siyr­
mis megobari lord k-rt. evropaSi vaJic Tan wamoviyvane.
saxeli `arCil~ `arCibaldad~ Sevucvale. gvarad meZaxdnen
`mayaSs~, `mekeSad~ gadavakeTe. sevda aqac mklavda. raRac
auxsneli, momenatra saqarTvelo. movisurve dabruneba. ve­
Rar gavbede. Semdeg vaJi megobars Cavabare. is upatronebs.
davutove 30000 sterlingi. me ki mival baskeTis mxareSi.
Tu movrCi, Svils vnaxav, mklavs sevda saqarTvelosi. guli
ixsenebs lamaz n-s~.
ra Tqma unda, Tavisi fesvebis Ziebam moiyvana arCibald
saqarTveloSi. manamde ki gamoiara areuli qveyana _ ruseTi,
Tavisi revoluciuri koloniebiT, warmodgena Seeqmna le­
ninze, rogorc am revoluciis beladze.
olga balaSova Seewireba vamexis gadarCenas. bolos sair­
138
meSi arCibald mekeSi Tavis mamas Sexvdeba. es aris dramatuli
da tragikuli Sexvedra. finalSi gairkveva, rom es ucnauri
moxuci, romelmac mamapapuri xmali icno da kopitis xeebs
mouqnia, Tamaz mayaSvili iyo. igi ukanasknelma aRtkinebam
sikvdilis karamde (safeTqelSi qva moxvda) miiyvana.
xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom romans Tavidan bolomde
gasdevs qarTuli sulis ukvdavebis, qarTuli genis gansa­
kuTrebulobis grigol robaqiZeuli koncefcia.
`gvelis perangi~ 1926 wels daiwera. swored im periodSi,
roca bolSevikebi msoflio revoluciaze gahyvirodnen da
erTa nivelirebis, erTmaneTSi gaTqvefis, `sabWoTa xalxis~
Teoria sicocxles iwyebda. am dros romelime eris gansa­
kuTrebulobaze da misi genetikuri Zirebis Sesaxeb sityvis
daZvra rasizmis mimdevrobad inaTleboda da Tu im viTare­
bas gaviTvaliswinebT, advilad mivxvdebiT, rom `gvelis per­
angi~ novatoruli marto formiT rodi iyo, ai, ras vkiTxu­
lobT romanSi qarTuli cekvis Sesaxeb: `moSorebiT ukravs
sazandari (axlovdeba), cekvaven lekurs. es saxeli Seusabam­
oa. leks aq ra unda. es cekva qarTulia da garda qarTvelisa
mas ver icekvebs veravin, rassa ar eyofa~.
romani `Cakluli suli~ grigol robaqiZem 1932 wels
emigraciaSi dawera, germanul enaze. nawarmoebi sulisSem­
xuTveli komunisturi reJimis winaaRmdegaa mimarTuli da,
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am romaniT mweralma jer kidev 1932
wels iwinaswarmetyvela mrisxane 1937 weli.
romanis mTavari personaJia Tamaz enguri. igi niWieri
axalgazrda mweralia. muSaobs kinostudiis sascenaro gan­
yofilebaSi da aSkarad ar moswons axalfexadgmuli kinos
politikuri agitaciis saSualebad gadaqceva. igi Tavisu­
fali xelovnebis momxrea da politscenarebs aTvalwun­
ebiT ucqeris. Tamazis Sexedulebebs aSkarad ar iziareben
masTan `SemTxveviT~ daaxloebuli Tanamdebobebis pirebi:
latvieli berzini da qarTveli poeti niko bregvaZe, ro­
melic poetobas mSvenierad uTavsebs damsmenis saZraxis mi­
sias. Tamazs erTgulad udgas gverdiT momxibvleli sacole
_ nata. erTxel, nadirobis Semdeg, leqsebis kiTxvis dros,
berzini gabrazda: leninze ratom ar kiTxulobT, ise iqce­
139
viT, TiTqosda TqvenTan arc yofila revoluciao, diaRac,
ar yofila, giorgi saakaZis nakvalevze fexs ver moikidebs
revoluciao, pasuxs aZlevs Tamaz enguris megobari levani.
rasakvirvelia, Tamazisa da levanis es `urCi~ ganwyobile­
ba-gamonaTqvamebi maTive `megobrebis~ daxmarebiT grovdeba
sadac jer ars. Ceka sababs eZebs `sxvagvarad moazrovneTa~
dasapatimreblad.
Tamazs mweralTa yrilobam daavala misalmeboda sabWoTa
wyobilebis aTi wlisTavs. gamosvlisas axalgazrda mweral­
ma `sxvaTa Soris~ Tqva: `revolucia sisxlis gamoSvebaao~.
am `mkrexelobas~ zed erTi faqtic daerTo. Tamazma vinme
petrovs (rogorc Semdeg gairkveva, igi jaSuSi aRmoCnda)
aTxova dostoevskis wigni, romlis arSiebze Tamazis uneblie
minawerebSi erTgan ewera: `juRa _ rkinis widas~ niSnavs. am
garemoebiT Ceka ufro imitom dainteresda, rom moskovSi
erT-erTi eWvmitanili politikosis Cxrekisas dostoevs­
kis wignis arSiaze msgavs minawers miakvlies da hgoniaT es,
raRac erTiani opoziciuri organizaciis saidumlo Sifria.
Ceka Tvlis, rom sakmarisi samxili aqvT `politikuri
mtrebis~ dasapatimreblad. amitomac Tamazs da levans apa­
timreben. fexmZime nata darbis Tamazis gadasarCenad. ber­
zini, romelsac moswons nata, daxmarebas aRuTqvams da, ro­
gorc Cans, arc Tu uangarod, sanacvlod qalis siyvarulis
mopovebas cdilobs. male berzinsac daiWeren.
romanSi sabWoTa wyobilebis ganmaqiqebel sxva pasaJebTan
erTad aris erTi Tavi _ `stalinis horoskopi~, romelic im­
periis qarTveli meTaurisadmi aSkara zizRisa da protestis
grZnobiT aris dawerili. am Tavs romanis siuJetur qso­
vilTan organuli kavSiri ara aqvs, magram igrZnoba, rom emi­
granti mwerali aSkarad ar iziarebs bolSevikuri imperiis
axalgamomcxvari beladis cxovrebis wess da `Cexvis~ miseul
meTodebs.
Semdeg romanSi movlenebi amgvarad viTardeba. Tamazs
nebisyofam umtyuna da erT-erTi dakiTxvis dros gasca Ta­
visi megobari levani, romelmac igi baTumSi emigrants Seax­
vedra.
levani daxvrites. Tamazi ki imiT dasajes, rom gaaTavi­
140
sufles, raTa gamyidvelis tituli ataros cxovrebis darCe­
nil gzaze. Tamazi mivida levanis ojaxSi da saSinel sindisis
qenjnas ganicdis Cadenili saqcielis gamo. mis ganwyobile­
bas simZafres is garemoebac sZens, rom levanis ojaxSi ar
ician, rom igi cocxali aRar aris. bolos Tamaz engurma
Tavis mokvla gadawyvita, magram levanis ZaRlma moabruna
sicocxlisaken. megobris sayvarelma arsebam swored maSin,
roca Tamazma Tavis mokvla gadawyvita, lokva-wkmutuni
dauwyo.
`Cakluli suli~ inteligenciis umZimes yofaze, swored
rom naTeli teroristebis mier Tavisuflebis `Caklul sul­
zea~ dawerili, Tumca aqve unda davsZinoT, rom igi `gvelis
perangis~ msgavsi mxatvruli srulyofilebiT ar gamoirCeva.
grigol robaqiZis sxva, emigraciaSi Seqmnili romanebi­
dan gamosarCevia 1924 wlis ajanyebis gamoZaxiliT Seqmnili
`graalis mcvelni~ da daumTavrebeli romani `falestra~.
grigol robaqiZis leqsebi aTian-ociani wlebis liter­
aturul periodikaSi da ocdaaTiani wlebidan qarTul emi­
grantul gamocemebSia mimobneuli. rogorc Cans, leqss es
sakmaod xelxvaviani mwerali iSviaTad mimarTavda. qarTu­
lad grigol robaqiZis leqsebi or aTeuls Zlivs aRemateba,
ramdenime leqsi germanuladac dauweria (maT Soris gansa­
kuTrebiT sainteresoa `haine da orfeosi~, `momakvdavi ar­
wivi~, `Jana darki~, `elvanakravi~...) es aris sul.
am dros ukve qarTveli mkiTxvelis gonebas lamis erT­
baSad ipyrobs da meoce saukunis moqalaqis sulis kvle­
vaSi saswaulebs aRwevs galaktion tabiZe, am dros kvlav
mZlavrad gaismis vaJasa da akakis omaxiani poeziis eqo da
mainc kritikosebi grigol robaqiZes xSirad axseneben, qar­
Tuli simbolistebi mas TavianTi `cisferi ordenis~ wevrad
Tvlian da Jurnal `cisferi yanwebis~ pirvelsave nomerSi
kars farTod uReben. mogvianebiT grigol robaqiZe dawers:
`me viyav `yanwelebTan~ mxolod rogorc megobari, ufrosi,
damxmare da wamaxalisebeli. xazs vusvam `mxolod~ risTvis?
raTa aRvniSno, rom Cems SemoqmedebaSi iyo gulvebul `sim­
bolosTan~ erTad `miTosic~.
`simbolos~ da `miToss~ grigol robaqiZe ara marto Ta­
141
visi poeziis, saerTod, Tavisi Semoqmedebis umTavres niSnad
miiCnevs da werilSi `saTaveni Cemi Semoqmedebisa~ garkveviT
acxadebs: `visac `simbolo~ da `miTosi~ ar esmis, igi Cems
Semoqmedebas ver gaigebs. iqve garkvevisaTvis dasZens: `Cven­
Si dRemde ver ganusxvavebiaT `simboluri~ `simbolisturi­
sagan~ _ samwuxarod, poezia simboluria imTaviTve. arasim­
boluri poezia qveyanaze ar yofila da arc iqneba~.
`wminda ninos~ _ ase hqvia grigol robaqiZis erT friad
gaxmaurebul leqss, romelSic ara marto poetis msofl­
gancdaa gamoxatuli, misi poeturi xelweris tipiuri Tvise­
bebic lamis srulad Seicnoba. `wminda ninos~ 1923 welsaa
dawerili. axalgadavlilia 1921 wlis omis grigali. saqa­
rTvelo okupirebulia veragi dampyroblis mier. WeSmari­
ti qarTveli boRmis cremls ylapavs da Tan sayovelTao
erovnuli amboxebisaTvis emzadeba. grigol robaqiZe wminda
ninos saxiT saqarTvelos imeds esaubreba:

ici _ Seni jvari lxinia lerwebis,

totebs aiyrian meti axelebiT,
roca gadasxlaven sastiki sasxlaviT,
qalwulo nino, aTasjer gvenaxe,
Sen gealerseba deduli venaxi.

ratom moismis am, erTi SexedviT, religiur leqsSi ase

aSkarad erovnuli reqviemi? ratom usvams poeti xazs wminda
ninosadmi miZRvnil, garegnulad uxmauro leqsSi im gare­
moebas, rom qarTuli vazi, ninos jvari `meti axelebiT~
swored maSin aiyris ylortebs, `roca gadasxlaven sastiki
sasxlaviT?~ amis axsna Zneli ar gaxlavT `graalis mcvelis~
avtoris imdroindeli ganwyobilebidan gamomdinare.
leqsSi sxva adgilzec gamosWvivis saqarTvelos verdaCo­
qebis poetiseuli pozicia:

SoriTgan giyurebs, avs rom agaSoros,

xmalamoRebuli mzevaJi laSari,
is aris iveris mcveli da mzveravi
da jvarsa vazisas waarTmevs veravin.

142
 leqsi locviT mTavrdeba:

dao da dedao,
RvTismSoblis dobilo,
varT Senze dandobili
da Seni SendobiT
ar gadavSendebiT.

maRalgemovnebian mkiTxvels, SeiZleba, yuri moWras le­

qsis finalis mxatvrulma uxerxulobam (`SendobiT~, `ar
gadavSendebiT~, ori zmnis musikalurma axlos yofnam), ma­
gram sxva mxriv leqsi moqalaqeobrivi gabedulebis nimuSia.
`wminda ninos~ religiur-erovnul iersaxes poeti gaZlebis
simbolod saxavs da mtarvalTa zraxvebs upirispirebs. `sxva
rogor vigulvoT aq Seni nacvali!~ mimarTavs poeti vazis
jvriT saqarTveloSi Semosul wmindans da es striqoni
laitmotivad gasdevs mTels leqss.
vazis jvarSi xedavs grigol robaqiZe qristianobisa da
qarTuli fenomenis erTianobas da sxva, ucxo jvriT mosu­
li, mis guls ar ekareba:

ar gvinda, dedao, sxva jvari berwebis,

ar gvinda sxva miwa da sxva nasaxlevi.

vimeoreb, `wminda nino~ im dros daiwera, roca bolSe­

viki avazakebi `did rus ZmasTan~ saqarTvelos xelaxla Caxu­
tebis sazizRar speqtakls TamaSobdnen. Ceka gamadidebeli
SuSiT ucqeroda literaturas, xom ar Rviviso sadme na­
cionalizmis naperwkali. aseT viTarebaSi erovnuli Tavi­
suflebis RvTi­ur fiqrs ar sZinavs: grigol robaqiZe wers
`wminda ninos~, ioseb griSaSvili, erTi SexedviT, politikis
gareSe mdgari, pamakisa da gedis yelis trubaduri ioseb
griSaSvi­lic ki isvris okupantebisken mrisxane yumbaras le­
qsiT `axal xelisuflebas~. amas hqvia eris gverdiT dgoma da
ara imas, Jurnalists survili rom gauCndeba am Znel dro­
Si xalxis sayvareli poeti gadaarCinos, erovnuli daquc­
macebis protests rom mogiZebnis adreul leqsebSi da Sen

143
saqveynod rom xels gaasavsaveb _ aseTi ram fiqradac ar
momsvlia da nu SemawuxebTo.
imperiaTa WidilSi aramkiTxe meomrad gawveuli, Tavis
sab­rZolo samiznes, Tavis keras mocilebuli qarTveli ka­
cis gamosarClebaa grigol robaqiZis `qarTveli dedis weri­
li omSi gayvanil Svilisadmi~.

egeb gciva, Svilo, ucxo mxareSi

yinvebia, Turme, mand nametnavi,
rom vicodeT, Tua kidev, netavi,
cxraTvala mze saqarTvelos gareSe.

moTqvams leqsis lirikuli gmiri _ qarTveli deda da

aTasobiT mis bedSi myofis, ZuZugamSrali, lodiniT Tvale­
bamoRamebuli qalis urvas exmianeba:

cremlis deniT daSretili dedebi

vefinebiT TmagaSlili tye-velTa.
saqarTvelos miwis sakurTxevelTan
migvaqvs urva ZuZudamSral mkerdebiT.

patriotuli lirikis brwyinvale nimuSia grigol ro­

baqiZis erT-erTi ukanaskneli leqsi `mSobeli miwis mimarT~.
es leqsi, bunebrivia, emigraciaSia dawerili da erTgvari
aRsarebaa Tavisi Soreuli samSoblos gasagonad Tqmuli,
poetis sulis amonakvnesia, nostalgiiT Sepyrobili sulisa.
ai, rogor warmoudgenia leqsis liriul gmirs ucxoeTSi
Tavisi miusafari yofna:

daTuTqul locvas Zlivs ikavebs obobas qseli.

Ramuras Srials moaqvs Cumad dumili mwiris,
vxedav kretsabmels: lokokina miRoRavs sveli
da mec viT igi gamomZvrali qurqidan mcire
movTqvam da vtiri.

144
 am leqsiT poetma TiTqosda iwinaswarmetyvela Tavisi
euli aRsasruli samSoblos gareT da RvTiur warmosaxvaSi
iq qarTveli qalic dalanda, obol cremls rom gauyinavs
TvalSi poetis gaxsenebis kaeSani.
`Sen ici mxolod, mSobelo miwav, Tu risTvis venTe~ _ am
sityvebiT miandobs mSobel miwaze mlocveli emigranti misi
wvis danaxva-Sefasebas mSobliur miwas da STamomavlobas.
intimur-meditaciuri leqsi `mSobeli miwis mimarT~ dinami­
uria, ganwyobilebis uSualoba, emigrantis sulis tkivil­
Tan dakavSirebuli _ mas Sinagani dramatizmiT tvirTavs da
sulmouTqmelad gakiTxebT.
karlo inasariZes, romelmac 1984 wels miunxenSi gamos­
ca grigol robaqiZis leqsebisa da werilebis metnaklebad
sruli krebuli, Tavis winasityvaobaSi moaqvs erTi strofi
poetis zemoTxsenebuli leqsisa:

midamo, mkvdari, garujuli landebis kuTxe,

Zveli sajvare, surneleba damWnari dafnis.
samaris sevda, moduneba mlaSe da wuTxe,
obol xatis win acremlili sanTeli Taflis.

da aseT komentars ukeTebs:

`aq yoveli sityva, yoveli winadadeba garegan-Sinagani
ritmiTa da harmoniulobiTaa gaJRenTili, lakoniurad da
Zunwad Camosxmuli, rac, TiTqos, miTiur-realistur su­
raTTa rigia, romelSic formis formaluri Sinaarsi da
Sinaarsis Sinaarsobrivi forma ise organuladaa Sesisxl­
xorcebuli, rom mkiTxveli, TiTqos, `damWknari dafnis sur­
nelebasac ki ynosavs. aq sityva ukve suraTia, misi pirveladi
formaa; sxva sityvebiT: aq saqme gvaqvs ara `daweril~, aramed
`naTqvam, `metyvelebiT~, `suraTadqceul sityvasTan~.
gamorCeuli adgili uWiravs grigol robaqiZis Semoq­
medebaSi or leqss _ `aqlemi da `vasaka~.
aTiani wlebis bolos (1918-19) daweril am leqsebs aSkarad
etyoba modernistuli poeziis sunTqva. qarTuli leqsis
tradiciul TxrobiTobas da metaforulobas aq enacvleba
eqspresionistuli depeSuroba da zedsarTav mimReobebis
10. r. miSvelaZe. t. XXV 145
CamoTvliT portretis Seqmna. poets am SemTxvevaSi mxolod
movlenis xati ainteresebs. aRweriT, StrixebiT qmnis igi
simbolur suraTs imisas, rac poeturi xedvis fokusSi mo­
qceula. es suraTi ki saocrad msuye da STambeWdavia. maga­
liTad:

ayudebuli, ayroyvili orkuziani,

cxune sivrceTa koSmarebis ugvano buSi.
baiasaviT gamomwvari zangela burSi,

ucxo, uTviso, matantala Sorigziani.

ampartavani, neli, dinji, Tavaziani,
modunebuli meocnebe SoreTis murSi,
morcxvi kekela moalerse, mususi, mruSi,
gaxunebuli, magram mainc marad mziani...

(`aqlemi~)

ra ferebia, ra zusti bgerweraa da saerTod, abstraqtu­

lis gamorCevis ra mwerluri niWi Cans. uneblied magondeba
Cingiz aitmatovis mier daxatuli aqlemi am ramdenime wlis
winaT gamocemul mis gaxmaurebul romanSi _ `da dRe iyo
ufro didi wuTisofelze~.
axla vnaxoT bayays _ vasakas, rogor xatavs poeti.

ukarebeli, zafranian tangatrunuli,

xavisfer kanze mzis xaoTi sqlad mowveTili.
sovelSi cocviT mkerdze TeTrad gadacveTili,
rumi, gverdula, almacera, cqeraqurduli.

Tavisianebs TaviZulviT Camowyvetili.

muxisa wylian fuRuroSi gadaburduli.
qosa, Tvalkusa, lorwiani, cxvirgasurduli.
soflis avizniT cxare tvinSi xSirad wyvetili.

mxatvruli saxeebiT mdidar, kompoziciurad mtkice am

leqsebSi axali araordinaluri poeziis sio hqris da Tu xe­

146
dvis maneras, xatvis formalur mxares CaveZiebiT, usaTuod
mivalT iqamde, ratomac Tvlidnen grigol robaqiZes avan­
gardizmisa da simbolizmis pirvel mercxlad saqarTveloSi.
poeturi intuiciis winaswarWvretis nimuSia grigol ro­
baqiZis leqsi `gera (paolo iaSvilis dogis mogoneba maisSi~).
leqsi paolo iaSvilis sicocxleSia Seqmnili. avtori
aRwers Tavisi sulieri Zmis (paolos `Zmas~ uwodebs, r. m.)
ZaRlis savalalo xvedrs da leqsis dasasruls uecrad siu­
Jets amgvari sentenciiT Semoatrialebs:

lamazo gera! vici, ZaRlis waiRe wyena.

cremls nu miCveneb, Tu giyvarde, amasa gvedri.
vin icis, egeb Seni Treva _ miyivlos enam!
iyos agreTve moSxamuli Cemi Zmis xvedri.

mitovebuli, davardnili RvTis anabarad,

egeb SensaviT igi erTxel Caiqces RreSi.
daitireben Sens paolos kolxeTis barad
JuJuna wvima Cveni yanis da rbili xreSi...

ra iyo es? moaxloebuli ocdaCvidmetis Soreuli gu­

guni? poeturi gumaniT nagrZnobi xvalindeli dRe? is,
razec cota xnis Semdeg poeti ityvis _ `Cven axla sxva dro
wamogvewia, Cvenc, albaT, sadme CagvaZaRleben~.
grigol robaqiZe qarTvel simbolistTa literaturul
presaSi swored leqsebiTaa warmodgenili `cisferi yan­
webis~ pirvel nomerSi (1916 w.) dabeWdilia poetis erTi le­
qsi _ `sirenas simRera~ (`rveulidan `lali da zurmuxti~),
xolo amave Jurnalis meore nomerSi ori `soneti locvis~
da `veris xidze~.
`sirenas simRera~ musikalur-romantikuli leqsia. zRvi­
sa da mzis harmoniiT vnebamoreuli miTiuri qalis simRera-
monologia aseTi metaforuli simboloebiT datvirTuli:

verTvi Tvlemas, _
nelinel Tvals enisleba sizmareTi,
aRar maxsovs Tu vina var, zRvis Tvali Tu mzis nakveTi.

147
 aseTive eiforiuli, dinamiuri, mkveTrad gamokveTili
simbolisturi leqsia `veris xidze~. leqsis maJoruli gama
wuTisoflis giJuri srbolis asociacias aRZravs:

veris xidze qari giJi davlurs uvlis, stvens da hkivis,

Winka Winkas misdevs cekviT, kudiani xtis da hyivis.

TematikiT da intonaciiT am leqsTagan gansxvavebu­

lia `cisferi yanwebis~ #2-Si dabeWdili `soneti locvis~,
romelsac grigol robaqiZe uZRvnis `axal mxedarT: v. gaf­
rin­daSvils, p. iaSvils, t. tabiZes, g. tabiZes~.
am leqsSi grigol robaqiZis xelwerisaTvis damaxasiaTe­
beli poeturi Strixebis Tanmimdevruli dalagebis prin­
cipi, e. w. depeSuri poeturi stili sevdian ganwyobilebas,
religiur mistikur melodias qmnis:

uZiro sevda, neli sevda, viT Zili qvisa,

ficxeli fiqris, mwvavi fiqris, wiTeli gzneba,
unislo tevri, xSirad tevri usityvo Tqmisa,
damwvari Tvlema: myudro mkrTali, damwvari vneba.

grigol robaqiZis poeziaze sxvadasxva dros TavianTi

Sexedulebebi gamouTqvamT kita abaSiZes, ipolite varTaga­
vas, vaxtang kotetiSvils, konstantine gamsaxurdias, kon­
stantine WiWinaZes, karlo inasariZes, giorgi gamyreliZes,
kalistrate salias da sxvebs. werilebSi saubaria grigol
robaqiZis TiTo-orola leqsze da avtorTa umetesoba `aqle­
mis~ avtors qarTuli modernizmis mamamTavrad asa­xelebs.
lamis daujereblobis zRvarzea cnobili germaneli mwer­
lebis gamonaTqvamebi grigol robaqiZis leqsebze, romelT­
ac germanelebi xelnawerebSi gaecvnen.
`gancvifrebuli vdgavar _ werda grigols poeti frank
maraun _saocari SeTvisebis winaSe, romliTac Tqven germa­
nuli ena da misi poeturi gamoTqmebis SesaZleblobani jer
miuRwevel, arnaxul doneze aiyvaneT. Cemi gulwrfeli rwme­
naa, rom rilkes Semdeg ase srulyofilad araferi gamosula
germanul enaze~.

148
 aseve aRfrTovanebulia grigol robaqiZis leqsebiT cno­
bili germaneli poeti da mTargmneli, homerosis ganTqmuli
mkvlevari tasilio fon Sefer: `Zvirfaso maestro! ra Ses­
aniSnavia Tqveni Sairi `momakvdavi arwivi~. rogor SesZeliT
Tqven, ucxoelma, Cveni Zneli germanuli enis ise gaSla da
amaRleba, rogorc amas ver SeZlebda TviT germaneli? Si­
naarsidan ra vigrZeni, amas Tqven mixvdebiT, rogorc didi
poeti. xolo am Sinaarsis aseT gamoTqmebSi ganfena rom
SesZeliT, es aris meti, vinem madli. me SemSurdeboda Tqveni
geniisa, rom raime midrekileba mqondes Surianobisa, magram
radgan es ara maqvs, damrCenia mxolod, aRfrTovanebuli
viyo TqveniT~ (germanel avtorTa orive citata amoRebulia
kalistrate salias werilidan). marTalia, goeTes eris war­
momadgenelTa es Sefasebani mxolod pirad baraTebs, epis­
tolarul sferos ganekuTvneba da am striqonebis avtors
urCevnoda es azrebi maTi avtorebis mier dabeWdili exila,
magram Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom sxvaTa SefasebaSi Zunwi
germanelebi epiTetebs haiharad ar isvrian, unda virwmunoT
am SefasebaTa gulwrfeloba.
grigol robaqiZes, rogorc poets da moazrovnes, araer­
Ti leqsi uZRvnes qarTvelma poetebma. im leqsebis ganxilva
amJamad Cvens amocanas ar Seadgens. magram parnasze axlad­
movlenili, sul gamoqveynebuli sami-oTxi leqsis avtoris
_ grigol robaqiZisadmi miZRvnili tician tabiZis leqsidan
erT nawyvets amovwer:

xar meorejer monaTluli dantes embazSi,

iyavi mefe _ zecas giwers bedis mwerali.
dacemis ormo da aRdgomis TeTri mwvervali
didebis cecxli marad ginTebs samefo karavs,
gamarjvebis mzes ubedoba veRar dafaravs
poets, megobars maamayeb meleqseT baSi.

ra xdeba? galaktionis pirveli wigni Svidi wlis gamosu­

lia da ra `mefobaze~, `dantes embazze~, `didebis cecxlze~
elaparakeba tician tabiZe grigol robaqiZes? amas usaTu­
od axsna sWirdeba da, Cemi azriT, axsna swored is gaxlavT,

149
rom grigol robaqiZem literaturaSi axali skolis Seqm­
niT WeSmaritad axali da swored Tavisi siaxliT ucnauri,
uCveulo leqsi moitana. rasac hqvia avangardizmi, moder­
nizmi saerTod da simbolizmi konkretulad, swored rom,
aTiani wlebis meore naxevarSi grigol robaqiZem daamkvi­
dra da amiT Cvens mwerlobaSi evropuli moduri skolebis
gavrcelebas libo gaumagra.
grigol robaqiZe saerTod xuTi, xolo maTgan ori gax­
maurebuli piesis avtoria. eseni gaxlavT `londa~ da `lama­
ra~. 1923 wels misteria-tragedia `londa~ sandro axmetel­
ma dadga rusTavelis TeatrSi. speqtakls aRfrTovanebuli
recenzia uZRvna tician tabiZem.
qveyanaSi saSineli gvalvaa. miwa damskdara. mcenare
zezeulad xmeba. uwylobiT pirutyvi ixoceba. xalxi saso­
warkveTilebas moucavs. mTavarma moiwvia qurumi. qurumi
amcnobs, rom RmerTi sadsadasi gamwyralia maTze da qveyanaSi
yvelaze lamazi qaliSvili unda Seswiron, Torem gvalvisa­
gan daiRupebian. yvelaze lamazi qaliSvili londaa. londa
Tamaz batoniSvilis sacolea. Tamaz batoniSvili uars am­
bobs londas msxverplad Sewirvaze. Cemi sicocxle miiRos
RmerTma msxverplad. me Sevewirebi londas nacvlado, am­
bobs igi, magram qurumi uZluria Secvalos RmerTis neba.
bolos Tamaz batoniSvilis siyvaruls sZlevs movaleobis
grZnoba RvTisa da saxelmwifos winaSe da londas RmerTs
Seswiraven _ xramSi gadaisvrian. sqematurad gadmocemuli
am siuJetidanac naTlad Cans, rom `londa~ Zveli berZnu­
li tragediebis stilSia dawerili (qoro, qurumi, misani...),
Tumca nawarmoebSi Zneli SesamCnevi rodia erovnuli suli,
ase Zalumad rom axasiaTebs grigol robaqiZis TiTqmis yve­
la qmnilebas.
`lamara~ (1926) adamiani-grZneulis, bunebasTan mosaubre
kacis (vaJas `gvelis mWameli~...) moaruli siuJetis drama­
turgiuli interpretaciaa. rasakvirvelia, rogorc avtori
miuTiTebda, igi ar aris `gvelis mWamelis~ Tanmimdevruli
gapieseba, magram imis damtkiceba gaWirdeba, TiTqos nawar­
moebi absoliturad Tavisufali iyos vaJa-fSavelas gav­
lenisagan.
150
 uaRresad sainteresoa grigol robaqiZe, rogorc eseisti
da literaturis kritikosi. misi Sexedulebani rusTavelze,
ilia WavWavaZeze, akakize, qarTul leqsze, qarTul fenomen­
ze, galaktionis poeziaze (`nikorwminda~) da qarTul cekvaze
(`qarTuli genia rokvaSi ganfenili~) dResac saintereso da
Rirebulia.

***
`Cemi natvraa _ werda grigol robaqiZe _ roca me am sof­
lad aRar viqnebi, midiodes vinme qarTveli deda yovel wels
mcxeTas, mwifobis, Cemi dabadebis TveSi. sanTels aanTebdes
am pawa salocavis win da locviT axsenebdes Cems saxels.
mets aras vTxov saqarTvelos~.
ucxoobaSi daferflil mwerals, Tavisi eris WeSmarit
Wirisufals, diaxac, unda Seusrulos qarTvelma dedam es
upretenzio Txovna.

151
 niko lorTqifaniZe
(1880 - 1944)

saqarTvelos damoukideblobis samma welma (1918-21)

Tavisi kvali daamCnia erovnuli kulturis ganviTarebas.
Seiqmna saqarTvelos mweralTa kavSiri kote mayaSvilis ini­
ciativiT. imperiuli marwuxebisagan ganTavisuflda liter­
atura da dasabami mieca moduri literaturuli skolebis
damkvidrebas mwerlobaSi. sxva literaturul mimdinareo­
baTa Soris fexs ikidebs impresionizmic. igi realizmisa­
gan fragmentuli saxeobriobiT, konkretuli drois asaxvis
uaryofiT da originaluri, depeSuri stiliT gansxvavdeba.
impresionisti, Cveulebrivi tradiciuli realisti mwerli­
sagan gansxvavebiT, ambavs ar gviyveba, movlenas Tanamimdev­
robiT ar xatavs, igi literaturuli StrixebiT azrovnebs.
impresionizmis Semomtani da damamkvidrebeli qarTul pro­
zaSi niko lorTqifaniZe gaxlavT. aqve xazi unda gavusvaT,
rom niko lorTqifaniZem bolomde ar uerTgula impresio­
nizms. sruliad bunebrivia, rom mis SemoqmedebaSi TandaTan
Semovida konkretuli epoqis konkretuli satkivari da axla,
rodesac niko lorTqifaniZis rCeul Txzulebebs aviRebT

152
xelSi, Cvens winaSe warmodgeba patrioti mwerlis sevdi­
ani saxe, xolo sevdas, rasakvirvelia, qarTuli sinamdvile
asazrdoebs. es aris JamTa siavis gamo dangreuli budeebis
da gayiduli saqarTvelos sinamdvile. impresionistuli ki
mwerlis SemoqmedebaSi, nawilobriv depeSuri stili, aRwe­
ras aridebuli mxatvruli metyveleba gaxlavT.
niko lorTqifaniZe daibada 1880 wels, imereTSi quTaisis
maxloblad sofel CuneSSi, tradiciul imerul, aristokra­
tiul ojaxSi. CuneSSi mTis kortoxze axlac dgas lirTqi­
faniZeTa sagvareulo oda, romelSic mwerlis saxl-muzeumia
gamarTuli. samwuxarod, maRali materiebisadmi gulgrili
damokidebulebis am epoqaSi, rogorc literaturis da xe­
lovnebis wisqvilebs saerTod, niko lorTqifaniZis saxl-
muzeumsac martoobisa da upatronobis qari uberavs.
pirveldawyebiTi ganaTleba niko lorTqifaniZem ojaxSi
miiRo. mere quTaisis klasikur gimnaziaSi Sevida da ori wlis
Semdeg swavla ganagrZo vladikavkazis gimnaziaSi, romlis
dasrulebis Semdegac momaval mwerals vxedavT xarkovis in­
stitutSi samTamadno fakultetze. xarkovis universitetis
diplomi ar auRia, radganac studentTa amboxebaSi monawile­
obis miRebisaTvis igi daiTxoves da swavlis gasagrZeleblad
evropaSi wavida. swavlobda germaniis da avstriis univer­
sitetebSi. saqarTveloSi dabrunebuli niko lirTqifaniZe
TbilisSi cxovrobs. sxvadasxva saswavlebelSi aswavlis qar­
Tul literaturas da germanul enas. 1912 wlidan sacxovre­
blad gadadis quTaisSi da klasikur gimnaziaSi germanuls
aswavlis 1825 wlamde. 1926 wlidan kvlav TbilisSia da po­
liteqnikuri institutis ucxo enis kaTedris gamged iniS­
neba, Tan aqtiur literaturul-sazogadoebriv saqmianobas
eweva. gardaicvala 1944 wels, dasaflavebulia didubis pan­
TeonSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom sabWoTa periodSi sakmao xans
icxovra, igi Tavisi msoflmxedvelobiT, literaturuli az­
rovnebiT da cxovrebis wesiTac did samocianelTa umcrosi
Zma da Tanamoazre iyo.
rogorc aRvniSneT, niko lorTqifaniZis adreuli Semoq­
medeba impresionizms uxdis xarks. es aris literaturuli
Canaxatebis saxiT dawerili miniaturebi. umetesoba maTgani
153
panaSvidis ciklis miniaturebis saxiTaa warmodgenili. mwe­
rali gvesaubreba wuTisoflis amaoebaze, cxovrebis absur­
dulobaze, adamianis amqveynad movlinebisa da misi daniS­
nulebis gaurkvevlobaze. saerTo paTosi aseTi gaxlavT:
cxovreba erTi didi panaSvidia, sadac adamianebi yoveldRe
mivdivarT erTmaneTTan da vusamZimrebT Cveni ubedurebis
gamo. ubedurebaTa Soris gansakuTrebiT mwarea xelovanis
xvedri amqveynad. xelovani, garda piradi ubedurebisa,
sxve­bis ubedurebiTac cxovrobs, radgan mis mier Seqmnil
mxat­vrul qmnilebebs Tavisi sicocxlis nawils aZlevs ise,
rogorc niko lorTqifaniZis erTi miniaturis (`moqanda­
ke~) gmiri, romelmac yvelaferi misca Tavis qandakebas _
sicocxle, siTbo, cremli, mwuxareba da TviTon, yoveli
amqveyniuri grZnobisagan daclili, gardaicvala.
gadis dro da niko lorTqifaniZis SemoqmedebaSi ufro
Zalumad Semodis realizmi, romelic aiZulebs mwerals yov­
el nawarmoebSi Tavisi drois da eris duxWir cxovrebaze
ilaparakos.
aRsaniSnavia niko lorTqifaniZis erTi gansakuTrebiT
xaz­gasmuli stiluri niSani; mwerlis nawarmoebTa umeteso­
baSi TariRiani, konkretuli dro TiTqmis ar Cans, Tumca
amocnoba am droisa Zneli ar aris. amasTan erTad, niko lor­
TqifaniZes upiratesad ainteresebs adamianis fsiqiur Sesa­
ZleblobaTa amplituda, ufro konkretulad rom ­ vTqvaT,
zRvari adamianur sikeTesa da borotebas Soris. mweralma
icis, rom yovel adamianSia dabadebidanve angelozic da
mkvle­lic, kargic da borotic da niko lorTqifaniZe cdi­
lobs adamiani gviCvenos ori sapirispiro grZnobis gaRviZe­
bis wuTebSi da mkiTxvels uTxras: SeuqmeniT adamians sike­
Tis gamovlenis pirobebi, nu gaaRviZebT masSi mTvlemare
mxecs. am Sexedulebis tipiuri nimuSia niko lorTqifaniZis
mZafrsiuJetiani miniatura `tragedia ugmirod~ da `mris­
xane batoni~.
niko lorTqifaniZem qarTul literaturaSi daamkvidra
prozauli miniaturis Taviseburi saxe. es aris uaRresad
kompaqturad dawerili mcire zomis novelebi mZafri siu­
JetiT da mtkice kompoziciiT.
154
 `tragedia ugmirod~. mSieri bavSvebis kivils garidebul­
ma mamam Sin erTi jami nasesxebi fqvili moitana. `swrafad
mozila comi da gavarvarebul kecs daakra~. sixaruliT
aJivJivebuli bavSvebi oxraxuSze gagzavna.
`Wadis sunma aitaca~ kecidan Wadi aiRo, gatexa. gas­
agrileblad dabera da `gasasinjad~ lukma pirSi Caido. sxe­
uls ganuzomeli mada moedo.
meore lukma.
swvavda enas da mainc Wamda.
bavSvebi Semovardnen.
_ momeci, mama!
_ mec!
_ gadiT, Tqve gasawyvetlebo!
_ mama! mama!
_ mama, erTi lukma!
bavSvebi cali xeliT milaxa da lafaroSi gayara~.
mxolod kargi xnis Semdeg bJolis ZirSi migdebul bav­
Svebs gverdiT rom miuwva, gaisigrZegana Tavisi saqcieli.
wavida da mezoblis ezoSi, mezoblis xeze, mezoblisave
bawriT Tavi CamoixrCo.
ra gviTxra am miniaturiT mweralma? amaod dauwyebT mas­
Si Zebnas romelime konkretuli socialuri epoqis kritikas.
niko lorTqifaniZes ainteresebs, upirvelesad, pirovnebis
qcevis amplituda. rogor SeiZleba grZobaTa Soris yvelaze
Zlieri da saTuTi mSobliuri grZnobac ki gaacamtveros
mizezis gamo gaRviZebulma, adamianis arsebaSi mTvlemare
mxecma.
`saqarTvelo iyideba~ saSobao miniaturebis ciklidanaa.
cikls aseTi winaTqma axlavs: `iq, sadRac Sors, beTlemSi,
cxrameti saukunis winaT varskvlavebiT moWedil Rames, mRvi­
meSi daibada ieso, Ze qalwulis mariamisa, maSvralTa imedi
da nugeSi, tanjvis Semamsubuqebeli, sikvdiliTa sikvdilis
damTrgunveli. aq ki dRes...~
am winaTqmas mosdevs WeSmariti mamuliSvilis saocari
godeba mamulis sve-bedze. es godeba, 1910 wels Tqmuli,
samwuxarod, dResac gamoxatavs Cvens upirveles erovnul

155
problemas da ganwyobilebas: `iyideba saqarTvelo _ min­
dor-veliT, mTa-goriT, tyiT, venaxiT, saTesiT, warsulis
istoriiT, momavali sve-bediT, mSvenieris eniT, naqargi
farCa-xaverdiT, vaJkacuri xasiaTiT, stumarTmoyvareobiT,
didebuli sanaxaobiT, wminda haeriT, naamagari saxliT da
kariT, CuqurTmiani monastrebiT da eklesiebiT, mCqefare
nakadulebiT, lurji zRviT. mowmendil-mokaSkaSebuli ciT,
eriT, beriT, Tvalwarmtac banovanTa gundebiT, gonebagaxs­
nil vaJebiT, malxazi bavSvebiT, vercxlisferi TmiT Semosil
pativsadeb moxucebiT, iyideba saqarTvelo dediT da mamiT,
SviliT da ZiriT, ZmiT, diT, coliT da naTesav-moyvrebiT.
hyidis yvela: Tavadi, mRvdeli, vaWari, avazaki, didi da
patara, Wkviani da suleli, loTi da pirakruli.
iyideba yvelgan _ quCaSi da saxlSi, TeatrSi da sasamarT­
loSi, saswavlebelSi, satusaRoSi, etlSi, matarebelSi,
dRisiT da RamiT, sicxeSi da siciveSi, darSi da avdarSi.
iyideba erTianad. _ Savi zRvidan kaspiis zRvamde da ose­
Tidan sparseTamde. iyideba nawil-nawil; kaxeTi da imereTi,
qarTli, svaneTi da samegrelo, guria da leCxumi, aWara,
raWa da javaxeTi. iyideba patar-patara naWrebad, visac ram­
deni surs da rogorc unda: nisiad, ufasod, naRdad, droe­
biT da samudamod, bankis saSualebiT da Cveni daxmarebiT.
iyideT barem mTlad, gaweweT da gaglijeT, rasac saqa­
rTvelo erqva da rac dRes oxraddarCenili aZRebs yornebs
da guls uklavs uZlur Wirisufals~.
Sinaur da gareSe mterTagan gasayidad ganwiruli saqa­
rTvelosTvis zrunva-wuxili gamosWvivis miniaturidan
`literaturuli saRamo~.
literaturuli saRamos wina dRes mweralma ucnobi eqi­
mis werili miiRo. meo, swerda eqimi, eqimobaze xeli aviRe,
radganac saqarTvelos ubedurebis gadamkides `galucina­
ciebi damewyo~ da mwerlobaSi vxedav sulis salbunso. gig­
zavniT Cems aRsarebas da iqneb waukiTxoT sazogadoebaso.
ai, es aRsarebac.
`Cemi ojaxis fanjridan xSirad moCans TeTri TovliT da­
faruli, mzis sxivebiT daferili myinvari da Soridan misi
xma ismis, viT xma nazi qalwulisa:
156
 mouareT saqarTvelos~!
mTvarian RameSi bagratis taZris nangrevebi. TalxiT­
mosil WirisufalsaviT rom dascqerian quTaiss, uxmod me­
tyveleben:
mouareT saqarTvelos!
zogjer quCaSi win gadameRobeba sulis mesaidumle SoTa
da brZanebis kiloTi ambobs:
mouareT saqarTvelos!
Ramis wyvdiadSi yurs movkrav mdinareTa galoba-simReras.
iwyebs mkvircxli rioni, SemosZaxebs giJmaJi Tergi da
bans eubneba dinji mtkvari:
mouareT saqarTvelos!
nuTu, batono Cemo, guSinwin rom kokispirulma wvimam
daasxa, ar gagigoniaT gauTavebeli, gabmuli Zaxili yoveli
wveTisa _ mouareT saqarTvelos~.
niko lorTqifaniZes impresionizmis aSkara gavlena etyo­
ba novelaTa ciklSi `panaSvidi~. uimedobis ganwyobileba,
sevda mogvrili imis gamo, rom cxovreba ise araa mowyo­
bili, rogorc lirikul gmirs surs, WeSmariteba zogjer
macduris niRbiT gvevlineba, adamianis cxovrebas RirsebaTa
jami an logika ki ar marTavs, aramed bediswera _ moira.
xelovani Tavis wil sicocxles Tavis qmnilebaSi anawilebs
da bolos obobasagan gamoxruli futkariviT mSral `fut­
liarad~ iqceva _ aseTia wminda impresionistuli stiliT
daweril am novelaTa Tematuri rkali. CavxedoT maTgan ti­
piurobiT gamorCeuls.
`mokvda adamiani~ _ saSinelebaa sikvdili, sazizRari ki is
mdgomareobaa, romelSiac micvalebuli TiTqmis yovelTvis
vardeba.
sadac unda mokvdes adamiani, TiTqmis yovelTvis ga­
moCndeba yvavi, yvavi _ an frTosani, Tvalebis amomkortni,
an yvavi _ adamiani.
frTosani yvavi sjobia aTaswil yvavs _ adamians. Savi yva­
vi Tvalebs amogkortnis da gaTavda.
yvavi _ adamiani ki sZiZgnis mTels suls _ yovelisfers,
rac ki gahqra da rac ki darCa adamianisagan, eZebs rasme sa­
sargeblos, saxeiros.
157
 naTesavebi _ memkvidreobas.
mRvdeli _ sawiravs~.
mwerals TvalTmaqcobad miaCnia cxedarTan dagvianebuli
TavSi cema da cremlis Rvra, piris xokva:
`roca mwuxared daiareboda Cvens Soris niSnad Tana­
grZobis rad ar gahyeviT erTi-ori nabiji da rad ar ganub­
nieT mware fiqrebi? rad ar gaarTeT, rad ar SeumsubuqeT
mZime tvirTi?
...niSnad pativiscemisa, rad ar dagqondaT misi suraTi?
Tu Tayvans scemdiT, rad ar uTxariT gasamxneveblad,
rad ar gamoucxadeT madloba?~
`buneba~ erT mSvenier dilas mxatvarma gadawyvita daxa­os
bunebis sinazisa da harmoniuli mSvenirebis amsaxavi suraTi
saxelwodebiT `deda-buneba~. moimarjva molberti da gavida
bumberaz mTaTa Soris cis sarked gawolili ulama­zesi tbis
piras. xatavs gatacebiT, magram saRamoxans ca moiRrubla,
didma, Savma Rrubelma dafara aremare, miwa iZra da delgma-
TqeSi daacxra qveyanas, mTa moirRva da tbaSi Cavarda. na­
pirebidan gadmoxeTqilma tbam irgvliv yovelive waleka _
daaxrCo mwyemsebi, gaitaca saqoneli...
warRvnas saswaulebrivad gadarCenil mxatvars aRar
surs `dedabunebis~ xatva. fiqrobs, rom `motivi iyo bavS­
vuri, suleluri...~ igi axla sxva suraTs xatavs, romelsac
`TvalTmaqc bunebas~ daarqmevs.
`Semoqmedi~.cnobil moqandakes megobrebi dabadebidan
ormoci wlis iubiles umarTaven _ moqandakis saxelosnoSi
Tvals Seavleben didebul qandakebaTa Soris Cadgmul `av­
toportrets~ da ukvirT; `_ SexedeT Cvenis moqandakis su­
raTs. rogori cocxali, Ronieri da lamazi yofila. axla ki
rasa hgavs? sul 15 weli gavida am suraTis daxatvis Semdeg
da ra cvlilebaa.
qandakebani ki erTmaneTs uyurebdnen da sevdiT lapara­
kobdnen: `suleli adamianebi... suleli adamianebi~.
ratom iyvnen adamianebi sulelni da miamitni? svams kiTx­
vas mwerali da TviTve pasuxobs. imitom, rom ver mimxvdari­
yvnen: siCauqe, simkvircxle, Zala, vnebac ki, rac gaaCnda.
moqandakem Tavis qmnilebas misca.
158
 bolos, roca moqandakis samuSao oTaxSi axladdamTavre­
bul, TixaSeumSral Sedevrs waawydnen saxelwodebiT `suli
_ sikvdilTan mebrZoli~, aRfrTovanebis gamosaTqmelad av­
tors dauwyes Zebma.
`sawol oTaxSi Sevidnen da lognze gardacvlili moqan­
dake hpoves~.
aTian wlebSi daweril moTxrobaSi `uialqnod~ niko
lorTqifaniZe ase gadmogvcems Tavis impresionistul `ars
poetikas~.
`me sxvadasxva surTs mogawvden cxovrebidan, maTi erT­
maneTTan SekavSireba SenTvis momindvia, me mainc mgonia,
rom mkiTxvels meti adgili unda daeTmos fantaziisaTvis,
SemoqmedebisaTvis. mkiTxvels moswyinda yvelaferi ukve Se­
muSavebuli Tav-Tavis adgilze hpovos.
mweralma marmarilo, tilo, saerTo azri, CarCo, ori-
sami xazi unda daamzados; damTavreba, daboloeba nawarmoe­
bisa mkiTxvelis gemovnebasa da survils miandos~.
marTlac, oriode StrixiT gvixatavs mwerali cxovrebis
zRvaSi uialqnod gasuli kacis _ lazare kvixaSvilis cxov­
rebas.
gubernatoris gansakuTrebul mindobilobaTa moxele,
lazare kvixaSvili, quTaisSi erT-erT perspeqtiul axal­
gazrdad da sasurvel sasiZod iTvleboda, magram mis avto­
ritets da karieras im dRes daesva wertili, roca igi erT
dRes Teatris loJaSi qalaqis cnobili roskipis gverdiT
gamoCnda. am daufiqrebeli nabijis gamo igi qalaqis aris­
tokratiulma sazogadoebam aiTvalwuna, xolo gubernator­
ma samsaxuridan daiTxova.
erTxans redaqciebSi muSaobda, mere fostis moxeled,
bolos `cxovrebis fskerze~ mTlianad daeSva; is meZavi co­
lad SeirTo da galoTda.
lazares gardacvalebis Semdeg misi mwiri publicisturi
nawerebi moTxrobis avtors Cauvarda xelSi da sabolood
darwmunda, rom kvixaSvilis saxiT maRali sulis pirovneba
dakarga sazogadoebam.
`Sen mokvdi, patara adamiano, naSromi ar dagitovebia,
saxeli ar mogixveWavs.
159
 marTalia, arc tkbilis CangiT gimReria, arc uzenaesi Za­
lebi aRgiZravs samoqmedod, magierad idumals, Seugnebels
Cvens survils xorcSesxmulad vxedavdi, SenSi, Sens gulis
siRrmeSi galobdi zars Cvenis naRvelis da kaeSnisas.
uRrmesi pativiscemis, usazRvro siyvarulis, uguliTa­
desi pativiscemis magier, Tu sadme samarTalia, Sen unda
CamogZaxon Jamsa mas sanetaros: `Tavisufalia~.
maSin pirvelad gaiRimeb.
maSin pirvelad Segecodeba Seni Tavi.
maSin pirvelad Segnandeba, rom saxeli ver dastove qvey­
nad~ _ aseTia moTxrobis bolo striqonebi.
impresionistuli maneriT dawerili moTxroba `Selocva
radioTi~ nostalgias _ samSoblos sevdas exmaureba. igi Ta­
viseburad gviCvenebs qarTul fenomenad qceul erTianobas
pirovnebasa da mSobel miwas Soris da qarTveli qalis rain­
dul sispetake-siamayesac gvisuraTxatebs.
rusma oficerma aristokratma vladimer borenkovma
colad SeirTo Salva gordelianis asuli, mSvenieri eli.
qorwinebis pirvelive Rames rusi `aristokrati~ aryiT gamo­
tyvra, sawol oTaxSi Tavisi mTvrali Tanamesufreni Seiyva­
na, mZinare meuRles sabani gadaxada da misi SiSveli tani
`megobrebs~ uCvena; naxeT, ra lamazi coli myavso. amasobaSi
gaeRviZa patarZals da Tavisi qmris RorobaSi raki darw­
munda, fexSiSveli gamoeqca uRirs Tanamecxedres. gzaSi,
misdaiRblad, ieronime SvindaZe Sexvda da misi SemweobiT
TbilisSi Camovida.
cota xnis Semdeg eli ieronime SvindaZes gahyva colad.
es qorwinebac uiRblo gamodga. SvindaZesTan ganSorebis
Semdeg elis Tvali daadga ingliselma komersantma jon
heqsleim. eli heqsleis parizSi gahyva. parizis medidur ho­
telebSi cxovrebam bedniereba ver moutana elis. mas Ta­
visi Tbilisi, viwro quCabandebi da moxuci mama enatreba.
parizSi eli jon heqsleis megobars, amerikel miliardels,
bromleis, Seuyvarda TavdaviwyebiT. erTxel kazinoSi sa­
miveni indoeli qalis da gvelebis cekvas daeswrnen. elis
ar moewona indoelis cekva, me ukeTesad vicekvebdio. raki
ase darwmunebuli xar, icekve da rasac mTxov, Segisrule­
160
bo, bromleim. samSobloSi damabrune, sulmouTqmelad
daudo piroba elim. qarTveli qali gvelebTan sacekvaod
gamoawyves, magram indoelma prodiuserma uari ganacxada,
qalbatons Sampaniuris suni asdis, gvelebs ki alkoholi ar
uyvarT da aucileblad dakbeneno. elim ukan ar daixia, bo­
los indoelic daiyolies. elim gvelebTan rokviT yvelani
gaaoca da roca cekvis dasasruls, erTma gvelma alkoholis
suni ikra, mocekvaves loyaze ukbina. `uSveleT mamas! Sel­
ocva roskanma gamomigzavnos~ _ es iyo elis ukanaskneli si­
tyvebi. elvis siswrafiT moZebnes saqarTveloSi Semlocve­
li dedaberi roskani. Selocva radioTi gadasces parizs,
magram ukve gvian iyo. eli daiRupa. nostalgiiT Sepyrobili
qali, romelmac samSobloSi dabrunebis ocneba ver aisru­
la, bromleim mdidrulad daasaflava.
gansakuTrebuli mimarTeba aqvs niko lorTqifaniZes is­
toriasTan. istoriuli faqti mwerals imisaTvis sWirdeba,
rom misi mxatvruli gansxeulebiT Tanamedroveobis prob­
lema wamoswios. amitomac gardasul saukuneTa cxovrebaze
daweril mis TxzulebebSi iSviaTad dauwyebT Zebnas cnobil
istoriul pirovnebebsa da istoriuli faqtis zedmiwevniT,
zust aRweras. paTosi niko lorTqifaniZis `istoriul~ Tx­
zulebaTa umetesobisa erT fokusSi iyris Tavs. es gaxlavT
feodalTa SuRlisa da Sinaomis kritika. am TvalsazrisiT
sainteresoa vrceli istoriuli moTxroba `JamTa siave~.
moTxroba aseTi pasaJiT iwyeba: imerel batoniSvils,
iulons, mefis momxre sami Tavadi ewvia. mikiTxv-mokiTxvi­
sa da mefis ndoba-wyalobis gamocxadebis mere erT-erTma
stumarTaganma aseTi davaleba Seapara maspinZels: iulonma
miparviT unda mohklas mefis gaurCebuli feodali arCili.
iulonis Txovnaze, iqneb xmalSi gamomewvia da ise momeklao,
mefis erTgulma damqaSebma uariT upasuxes: ityvian, aq me­
fis xeli ureviao. iulonma sastikad iuara RalatiT, muxT­
lad arCilis mokvla da am `urCobisTvis~ gaavebul stum­
rebs Zlivs daaRwia Tavi.
am nabijis gamo mefesTan dapirispirebulma aiulonma
gzad mefis karsgaridebul, moxuc mwignobarTan, otiasTan,
11. r. miSvelaZe. t. XXV 161
Seuxvia, otiasa da iulons Soris saqarTvelos bedsa da mo­
maval orientaciaze saintereso saubari gaimarTa.
otia wuxs, rom imereTis mefes `arc goneba aqvs maxvili
da arc xorciT aris Zlieri, rTul saqmes ver arCevs da
iZulebulia mas daujeros, vinc rasme CahfuCunebs~. iulo­
nis SekiTxvaze _ `maS daiRupa qveyanao?~ otia pasuxobs:
`finikielebi vaWrebi iyvnen. gvjobnidnen moxerxebiT _
daiRupnen, Cven davrCiT. Zlierni iyvnen jarSi romaelni
_ gvZlies, magram Cven davrCiT. silamazis marad msaxurni
berZenni _ gadaSendnen, Cven ki varT rogorc Wadarni sxva
xeTa Soris. Cven vaWrebic varT, meomarnic da qurumnic mS­
venierebisa, magram araferSi vaWarbebT. Cveni dRec dadgeba
odesme, ueWvelia, magram gangebas jer ar gadauwyvetia~.
iulonis kiTxvaze, rogor moviqceT samomavlad, ra pozi­
cia unda daikavos imereTmao, otia brZanebs:
`ai, ra, Svilo, saqarTvelo irgvliv mtrebiTaa garemo­
culi. osmalo, sparsi, leki, axla moskovic Zlierdeba. cal-
calke qarTli, kaxeTi, guria, odiSi ver gauZlebs mozR­
vavebul mters. nel-nela gvwewen. gvaniaveben. xom uyureb,
rogor TaTrdeba saqarTvelos saukeTeso nawili samcxe,
mesxeTi _ samSoblo petriwisa, niadagi opizisa, magram Tu
erTad viqnebiT, Tu Sinauri SfoTi moispo, mefe Tu gveyola
Zlieri da didebulTagan damoukidebeli _ araferi gvi­
Wirs. dro Tamarisa da daviT aRmaSeneblis isev gananaTebs
RvTismSoblis xvedr qveyanas. saqarTvelos mesamedi osma­
leTs upyria, didi nawili sparseTma daiufla. Tavisufali
Cveni patara imereTiRa darCa da Cven unda gadavuxadoT wi­
naT Cvenze gaweuli amagi saqarTvelos danarCen kuTxeebs~.
marTalia, iulonma arCilis miparviT mokvlaze uari ga­
nacxada, magram cdilobs arCili, rogorc mefis moRalate,
Sors daiWiros, Svilis am survils ewinaaRmdegeba didi
qal­batoni, iulonis deda gaiane. igi ar malavs, rom arCili
misi sayvarelia da erT-erTi SekamaTebis dros Tavis Svils
nabuSars uwodebs. ganrisxebulma iulonma es Seuracxyofa
ver aitana da Tavisi roskipi deda kldidan gadaagdo. dedis
­mkvlels male sxva ubedureba ewvia. arCili eaxla, daapatim­
ra da mefes warudgina. Turme mefem Semoiriga arCili da
162
axla mas daavala iulonis datyveveba. is, rac iulonma ar
ikadra _ Ralati, arCilma siamovnebiT iTava. mefis ganaCeni
mkacri aRmoCnda _ iulons Tvalebi dasTxares. male moRa­
latec daisaja. TvalebdaTxrilma iulonma Tavis biZaSvils
_ daTunas daavala arCilis mokvla, romelmac `gadaWarbe­
biT~ Seasrula davaleba _ arCils Svilic zed daakla. ase
tragikulad damTavrda qiSpiT dabrmavebuli ori feoda­
lis bedi. ase urTierTSuRlis gamo partaxdeba ojaxebi da
sustdeba qveyana.
ZmaTa omis saSinelebas usvams xazs niko lorTqifaniZis
moTxroba `raindebi~. igi satirul-oroniuli nawarmoebia.
afxazni gauorguldnen saqarTvelos samefos. mefem Serva­
SiZeTa dasja gadawyvita. engurTan imereTis jars mcire­
ricxovani odiSelnic SeuerTdnen. odiSelTa erTma nawilma
ar ineba saomrad gamosvla, rakiRa `afxazTa~ didi nawili
maTi Zmadnaficni, axlonaTesavni da biZaSvilebi arian. axla
saqme omis dawyebis drozea. erTmaneTs `Zmebi~ muxanaTurad
xom ar daesxmian Tavs. afxazebma Suamavlad moRalate uCar­
dia gagzavnes.
_ RvTis wyaloba mefes!
_ keTili iyos Tqveni mosvla. ras gvetyviT sayurad­
Rebos?
_ mTavriSvilebi mogaxseneben, rodis inebebT omis daw­
yebaso?
_ rac ufro male SeveqceviT, miT ukeTesia, _ mokled
moWra mefem~.
diax, gaRma-gamoRma `raindebi~ arian...
erTma `afxazma~ qarTvelT ori sardali, avaliani da aba­
SiZe, Tvalwin moukla. roca mefis Zma, arCili, gavida masTan
Sesarkineblad, moulodnelad `mteri~ cxenidan Camoxta da
danebebis niSnad sayelos Rili gaixsna.
_ `vina xar? _ daekiTxa ucnobs uxerxul mdgomareobaSi
Cavardnili batoniSvili.
_ alaneli, Tqveni ZiZiSvili.
_ modi aq.
alaneli eaxla. arCili cxenidan gadmoixara da alanelma
gulze akoca, arCilma _ Tavze~.
163
 ase ibrZvian raindebi.
mwerlis ironia ufro Rrmavdeba.
inalipa da odiSis mTavari erTmaneTs SeebrZolnen. ina­
lipa sasikvdilod daiWra. sikvdilis win afxazTa mTavarma
sTqva: `axia Cemze, rac momivida. ar momwons dausrulebeli
omi odiSTan da imerlebTan. gadaeciT mefes, rom Tavis msx­
verplad Sewirva ar mindoda, magram mis gamarjvebas Cems
RmerTsac vevedrebodi~.
maS, raRaze hRvridnen erTmaneTis sisxls?
axla vnaxoT rogoria raindTa damokidebuleba damar­
cxebuli mtris da maradioris mimarT.
`agiaSvilma SeniSna colisZmis cxeni.
mouklavTo, ifiqra.
miuaxlovda, viRac mZimed daWrilis gverdiT egdo.
daWrilma Tavs Zala daatana da Caixrotina.
_ undoda iaraRi waerTmia... muWi davkari.
_ ade, zizRiT mimarTa giorgim ymawvils _ vaJkacobas
swavlob Tu Zarcvas? Segircxva Tavi _ da maTraxi mTelis
ZalRoniT gadakra.
bavSvi daiklakna, wamodga darcxvenili.
_ Seajine es kaci cxenze. iaraRi mounaxe da Cems karavSi
waiyvane, ilarions uTxari mouaros.
mere daWrils miubrunda da uTxra:
_ nu gaamxel magis Tavsslafis dasxmas, nu mosWri samu­
damod Tavs, ymawvilia, gaswordeba~.
afxazni damarcxdnen. mefis jarma gaimarjva.
damarcxebulni da gamarjvebulni erTad nadimoben. afxa­
zeTis mTavris Svils ekiTxebian:
_ `gulaxdilad Tqvi sajarod, ratom ar Seutie mefes,
roca erTmaneTs SexvdiT, xom ki eZebdi mas?
batoniSvilma Tavi CaRuna da mefes Sexeda, TiTqos hkiT­
xavda, vTqvao?
_ brZane, brZane.
_ mironcxebuli mefe _ morcxvad warmosTqva ymawvilma
_ Cemze xniTac ufrosia da gvariSvilobiTac umaRlesi _
pirvelad mas unda enebebina xmlis moqneva...

164
 _ mefev batono, axla Sen unda gviTxra, ratom ar Seebr­
Zole batoniSvils?
_ rogorc ki pirvelad Sevxede, gavifiqre, aseTi vaJka­
cis gafuWebas RmerTi ar Seundobs kacs meTqi da Cavuare
gverdi. meored rom vuaxlovdebodiT erTmaneTs, davupire
xmlis moqneva, magram mis cxens fexi dausxlta.
_ da waqceuls ki, ar ikadre Sexebodi! Seni Wirime Seni!
_ aRtacebiT iyvira viRacam boloSi~.
ase ebrZvian qarTvelebi erTmaneTs. moTxrobaSi arsad
gakvriT, miniSnebiTac ki ar igrZnoba, rom afxazebi sxva
gvartomisani arian: mwerals sruliad samarTlianad afxa­
zebi qarTvelebad miaCnia. maS, ra qceula problemad omis
dros raindTaTvis? is, rom afxazTa laSqarSi Crdiloka­
vkasieli gadamTielnic iqneven xmals. ra interesebi aqvT
alanelT da CerqezT? amazecaa pasuxi gacemuli nawarmoebSi.
`mefes wamoewia agiaSvili da hkiTxa:
_ mteri gaqcevazea, ra vqnaT?
_ Cven sazRvramdis mivdenoT, mere rac nebavT, is qnan.
_ da rom Semobrundnen?
_ SeuZlebelia! yvela es alanelebi, Cerqezebi roca
dainaxaven, rom odiSidan verafers waiReben, TviT afxazeTs
Seesevian~.
rogor hgavs SuasaukuneTa sinamdvileze dawerili am
moTxrobis problema dRevandels. xom odnavadac ar Secv­
lila CeCen-afsua-Cerqez-adiRevelTa damokidebuleba saqa­
rTvelos ZirZveli, ganuyofeli kuTxis _ afxazeTis mimarT.
samSoblos TavisuflebisaTvis brZola unda iyos yoveli
WeSmariti mamuliSvilis safiqrali da sazrunavi. am mxriv
arc niko lorTqifaniZe yofila gamonaklisi. mwerlis nove­
laTa ciklSi, romelsac `erT tafaSi~ hqvia, patriotuli
mgzne­barebiT gamoirCeva erTi novela _ `amayi~, igi pasuxia
yvela `dacvednebul gonierTa~ da `frTxilTa~ mimarT, riT­
ac saocrad exmaureba Tanamedroveobas.
qveyana mtersa aqvs. samSoblo warTmeulia. soflis
SuagulSi mTavar cixes dampyroblebi dapatronebian. sof­
lad SiSsa da rutinas dausadgurebia. mterTan Sebmas ve­

165
ravin bedavs. da ai, gamoCnda erTaderTi amayi biWi. man ver
aitana damamcirebel-damadedlebeli mSvidoba.
`_ dedilo!
_ a? Svilo?
_ ar Rirs, dedilo, ase cxovreba. an mokvdes kaci, an
cocxali iyos...
_ mere ra ginda?
_ cixes aviReb!
_ gadairie? mogklaven.
_ jani gavardnia... mivdivar, dedilo. marto ar mindoda
wasvla, aravin wamyva. am Cems boRmas mainc amoviReb guli­
dan. mere rac iqneba, iqneba~.
da biWi marto wavida.
wavida sruli SegnebiT imisa, rom moklaven, magram viRa­
cam xom unda daiwyos, raTa aTasebs gza gaukvalos.
`cixis kars viRacam Zalumad daukakuna:
_ vin xar?!
_ gaaRe!
_ xval modi!
_ axla gaaRe!
_ visTan gaqvs saqme?
_ SenTan!
_ ver gicnob!
_ gauRe, erTia, ras gvizams! _ moisma meore darajis xma.
karis gaRebaze Semosulma xmali Seabriala. erTi daraj­
Tagani waiqca.
_ es erTi! _ wailaparaka Semosulma.
_ esec meore!
cixeSi CoCqoli Seiqna.
_ viRac gaxelebula!
_ SekariT!
_ es mesame! es meoTxe! es mexuTe!
_ erTad mivardiT oTxiv mxriT da aswieT Subze.
_ esec meeqvse!
_ vai! momkles. jani gamvardnia, araferi wamigia...~
marTalia sofelmac winamaswrobad, metiCrobad da amao
Tavganwirvad CauTvala amays es nabiji, magram gavida wlebi
166
da am euli gmiris magaliTze aTasebi gaizardnen. eri erT
muStad Seikra, Seeba mters da daamarcxa.
`gaTavda omi. daqanculi, daWrili, gaveranebuli qveynis
Wirisufalni mainc mxiaruli arian. cremlebisa da oflis
iqiT bedis madlieri, jansaRi momRimari saxeebi moCans. Ta­
visuflebis cocxal fers daufaravs danaklisis fermkrTa­
li buneba.
_ Zmebo, nu daiviwyebT, vinc pirvelma ver moiTmina da
martod SeebrZola mters!
_ ganusvenos ufalma! _ grialebs xalxi...
winaT amowyvetilsa da gadamwvar or sofels Soris aRmar­
Tulia amayis qandakeba, niSani eris Zlierebisa da mterTagan
gaTavisuflebisa~.
adamianis fsiqikur SesaZleblobaTa kvlevas, sikeTisa
da borotebis rxevis amplitudis axsnas moicavs vrceli
moTxroba `mrisxane batoni~. am TvalsazrisiT igi erT­
gvari gagrZeleba-gaRrmavebaa im problemisa, raic mweralma
erTxel ukve dasva moTxrobaSi `tragedia ugmirod~.
mefis spasalari, levani, mTel qveyanaSi ganTqmuli iyo
mrisxanebiT da daundoblobiT. ampartavanma levanma irmis
mokvlisTvis mamasaxlisis biWs Tvalebi dasTxara da koWSi
gadatexa. levanis gaborotebas xels isic uwyobda, rom igi
uSvilZirod berdeboda, da wuTisofelze Tavisi sve-bedis
gamoc iyo aRrenili. levanis cxovrebaSi imedis sxivad dae­
Sva Tvrameti wlis cicino, meZavobiT da avxorcobiT im mxa­
reSi badali rom ar hyavda. levanma jer sayvarlad daisva
momxibvleli qali da mere, roca cicinom gaumJRavna, muce­
li meZrao, mrisxane batonma, miuxedavad imisa, rom cicinos
warsuli kargad moexseneboda, jvari daiwera. meZavis gade­
doflebam ganarisxa TviT levanis deda _ didi qalbatonic,
romelic mrisxane Svilze gamwyrali iyo da 15 wlis ganmav­
lobaSi Tavisi oTaxidan ar gamosula. cicinom, rasakvirve­
lia, Cveuleba ar moiSala, magram SeZlo sasaxlis kari misi
nebisTvis daemorCilebina da TviT levanic moelmobiere­
bina. erT dRes moRalate tyispirelma glexebma levans Ta­
visi `gandgomili~ Zmiswuli _ vaxtangi mihgvares. vaxtangi
batonma sapyrobileSi Seagdo. axal patimars Tvali hkida
167
cicinom, siyrmis megobari amoicno masSi da miZinebuli si­
yvarulis gacocxleba scada, araerTxel sakanSi ewvia vax­
tangs da evedreboda, oRond SenTan mamyofe, aqedan gaga­
pareb da mTeli sicocxle moaxled dagidgebio. vaxtangi
uarze idga; kanonier cols ver vuRalatebo. patimrisa da
dedoflis saidumlo serobas SemTxveviT Seeswro levani da
mis da mis arsebaSi kvlav mxecma gaiRviZa. gamZvinvarebulma
ukanaskneli imedic moaSTo Tavis arsebaSi. mas ukve aRara
sjera adamianebis. `damnaSaveTa~ mimarT saSineli sasjeli
moifiqra: brZaneba gasca, oriveni gaveSebuli mozvrebis
zurgze daekraT da amgvarad Semkuli mozvrebi erTmane­
Tze mieSvaT. mozverTa rkinebis saSinelma sanaxaobam TviT
mrisxane batonic ki SesZra. Zmiswulisa da colis dafleTi­
li sxeulebis xilvam mas saero yofis erTbaSad mitoveba
gadaawyvetina, brZaneba gasca: gaexsnaT saganZuri da yvelas
waeRo, rac surda. mefes ki miswera: _ Tqvenis jaris winamZ­
Rolobis Rirsi ara var da viTarca codvili, vtoveb ra
yovelive miwiers, msurs `zeciurs Sevavedro suli Cemio!~
`mowameTis pirdapir, mdinaris gaRma, gamoqvabulSi Sea­
fara Tavi moxucma. dayudebuli beri yvelas morCilebiT,
moridebiT epyroboda. Citebi Tamamad jdebodnen mis Tavze
da niskarts iwmendnen Tmaze. Sveli, wyalze Camosuli, xe­
lidan arTmevda Wadis natexs, moxuci ki loculobda xis
xatis win, ganuwyvetliv kiTxulobda saxarebas, ufals Sen­
dobas evedreboda balaxis gadaTelvisaTvis, mzis sxivis
SeuracxyofisaTvis, oriode lukmisTvis, romelsac Soriax­
lo utovebdnen mcxovrebni. erT dilas mwyemsma naxa gamoq­
vabulSi gacivebuli gvami, gulze dakrefil xelebSi micva­
lebuls eWira xis xati~.
ase mTavrdeba `mrisxane batoni~.
`Tavsafriani dedakaci~ dedaSvilobis problemas exeba.
dedaazri moTxrobisa martivia da TiTqmis moTxrobis zeda­
pirze devs: `giyvardes moyvasi Seni, pativi eci dedasa da
mamasa Sensas~.
adre daqvrivebulma Tavsafrianma dedakacma sami Svili
wviTa da dagviT gazarda. samiveni daaojaxa. TiTqosda bed­
nieri unda iyos. qveynisa da ojaxis winaSe Tavisi vali moixa­
168
da. axla SeuZlia mSvidad iyos da mieces Tavisi cxovrebis
Semodgomas, magram, samwuxarod, Tavsafrianma dedakacma su­
lieri kmayofileba ver hpova. TiTqosda funqcia dakarga.
xan erT SvilTan aris, xan meoresTan, magram `deda saxlisa~
aRar aris. pirveloba daaTmobina axalma viTarebam. erTxel
SviliSvils winda mouqsova.
`fexi ar Caetia.
_ gaixade bebi. amas Sens Zamias wavuReb. Sen ki sxvas mo­
giqsov.
bavSvis tirili.
dedam sTxova:
_ mieci, sulerTia, oRond gaCumdes.
_ raTa, Svilo, amas kowias wavuReb... bavSvs nu gaanebivreb.
bavSvi ufro tiris.
_ raa, deda. Segenana gana erTi winda; ginda meore Svilic
moimadliero? nuTu amis saRiral pativs ar gcemT?
windebi xelidan gauvarda~.
es SemTxveva sakmarisi aRmoCnda imisaTvis, rom Tavsafri­
ani dedakaci saxlidan gadakarguliyo.
`Svilebma karga xans ver gaiges dedis gadakargva. erTs
meoresTan egona~.
deda ki am dros Tbilisis quCebSi damaTxovrobs da Svi­
lebs ukanasknel werils ugzavnis.
`sayvarelo Svilebo, nu miwyenT, salocavad wavedi. nu
meZebT... SviliSvilebi damikocneT. Cemze nu swuxxarT...
mSvi­dobiT samudamod~.
yvelaferi imiT damTavrda, rom erT dRes vakis CixSi
micvalebuli moxuci qalis gvami ipova policiam.
igi Tavsafriani dedakaci iyo.
impresionistuli stiliT dawerili es moTxroba SesamC­
nevad frangmentulia. mas ar etyoba mwerlisTvis damaxasi­
aTebeli mxatvruli sizuste da sinatife. ar mimaCnia sworad
Tavsafriani dedakacis saxeSi qarTveli qalis tipuri saxis
aCemebuli xilva zogi kritikosis mier da miTumetes, arc
oTaraanT qvrivisTvis misi Sedareba. Tavsafriani dedakacis
gagulisebaSi, cota ar iyos, avadmyofuri sWarbobs. rZlis
naTqvami sruliadac araa sakmarisi imisaTvis, rom ojaxis
169
dedam Svilebi miatovos da am didze didi sasjeliT dasa­
jos isini, visac suli STabera da mTeli sicocxle Seswira.
niko lorTqifaniZis stili erTgvarovani ar gaxlavT. Tu
impresionistul novelebSi fraza SekumSulia da zogjer
daumTavrebeli suraTis an rebusuri pasaJis STabeWdile­
ba grCebaT, samagierod, Semoqmedebis meore periodSi niko
lorTqifaniZis, rogorc mxatvris ostatoba, uzadoa. mwer­
als aqvs odnav sevdiani da zedmiwevniT zusti scenebi. amave
dros iumoris, ironiis gafaqizebuli grZnoba, rac Tval­
saCinod cnaurdeba novelebSi `episkoposi nadirobaze~, `be­
brebi~, `kbilTxaraZe~ `rumbi~, `Rvinis qurdebi~, `soflis
aSiki~ da sxva.
niko lorTqifaniZis saxiT Cvens winaSe dgas mwerali _
dendi, brwyinvale qarTvel aristokratTa Rirseuli STa­
momavali, saqarTvelos daRvremili Wirisufali, ukompro­
miso mamuliSvili da uangaro, mSobeli qveynis siyvaruliT
guldaferflili eriskaci.

170
 mixeil javaxiSvili
(1880 - 1937)

mixeil javaxiSvilis proza SeiZleba CaiTvalos XX sau­

kunis pirveli naxevris saqarTvelos mxatvrul matianed.
mwerlis Semoqmedeba Cveni kazmuli sityvis mSvenebaa, xolo
`jayos xiznebis~ avtori is mweralia, romelic kidec did­
xans alaparakebs mkiTxvelTa Taobebs Cveni qveynisaTvis
uaRresad rTuli saukunis peripetiebze. man axal simaRleze
aiyvana qarTuli moTxrobis Janri da axali suli STabera
qarTul romans. Tu davumatebT yovelive zemoTTqmuls
uaRresad mZafri siuJetebis da gamokveTili kolorituli
xasiaTebis mTel galereas, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom mixeil
javaxiSvilis saxiT qarTul mwerlobas hyavs ubadlo me­
sityve.
mixeil javaxiSvili daibada 1880 wels, axlandeli mar­
neulis raionSi, maSindel borCalos mazraSi, sofel weraqv­
Si. istoriuli usamarTlobis gamo, samwuxarod borCalos
mazra dResac ucxo tomis warmomadgenlebiT aris dasaxle­
buli. XIX saukunis bolos ki, miT umetes, mTels mazraSi
oriode qarTuli sofeli Tu iyo.

171
 mwerlis mama _ saba adamaSvili _ qiziyeli glexi iyo,
borCaloSi gadmosuli. pirveldawyebiTi ganaTleba mixeil
javaxiSvilma sofel weraqvis oTxklasian rusul saswavleb­
elSi miiRo, radganac sofelSi qarTuli mosaxleobis mci­
rericxovnobis gamo qarTuli skola ar arsebobda. mixeil
javaxiSvilma swavla ganagrZo winamZRvrianTkaris sameurneo
saswavlebelSi. es ilia winamZRvriSvilis istoriuli saswav­
lebeli gaxldaT, romlis gaxsnazec ilia WavWavaZem Tavisi
brwyinvale mamuliSviluri sityva brZana. am saswavlebelSi
swavlebis periods ekuTvnis mixeil javaxiSvilis Sexvedra
ilia WavWavaZesTan saguramoSi. eris sulier beladTan Sex­
vedram waruSleli kvali datova momavali mwerlis Semo­
qmedebaSi. winamZRvrianTkaris saswavleblis damTavrebis
Semdeg mixeil javaxiSvili yirims gaemgzavra da mebaReo­
ba-meRvineobis institutis studenti gaxda. magram oriode
wlis Semdeg swavla Sewyvita da saqarTveloSi dabrunda
misgan damoukidebeli, erTi saSineli SemTxvevis gamo. sabas
Sin aryofnis dros mis ojaxs daesxnen, misi ufrosi dis _
sofios gasataceblad. saba Sin ar iyo, qalebma moZaladeebs
medgari winaaRmdegoba gauwies da yaCaRebma ojaxis yvela
wevri daxoces. am tragediis Semdeg sabam cota xans icocx­
la da darCa mixeil javaxiSvili marto. TiTqmis uprofesio
kaci TbilisSi Camovida da Tavs dRiuri SromiT irCenda. am
tragediis Semdeg mas Tavisi soflisken aRarc ki gauxedavs.
TbilisSi erTxans Jurnalistobda, dazRvevis moxeledac
muSaobda, policiis mudmivi meTvalyureobis qveS imyofebo­
da, amitom erTxans emigraciaSi gaxldaT. iyo jer social-
federalistTa partiis, Semdeg erovnul-demokratiuli
partiis wevri. redaqtorobda gazeTebs: `iverias~, `ers~ da
`glexs~. 1923 wels daapatimres, magram gadarCa, 1937 wels
kvlav daapatimres da daxvrites.
mixeil javaxiSvilma pirveli moTxroba `CanCura~ 1903
wels dawera. am moTxrobaSi mwerali gviambobs Tbilisis ba­
zarSi moxetiale patara, maxinj, yru-munj da lamis suli­
erad degradirebul mawanwalaze, romlis namdvili saxeli
aravin icis da yvelani CanCuras eZaxian. CanCura daxlidan
misTvis samowyalod gadagdebuli narCenebiT ikvebeba, ma­
172
gram am narCenebSi mas Tavisi sayvareli, `macionic~ aqvs.
es gaxlavT filtvis naWeri, romelsac igi umad miirTmevs.
swored am filtvis naWris gamo gaimarTa CanCurasa da baz­
ris ZaRlis orTabrZola, romelic CanCurasaTvis tragiku­
lad damTavrda. CanCura etlma gasrisa.
am moTxrobis Sefasebis dros, literatorebi, ratomRac,
yuradRebas mxolod CanCuraze amaxvileben da xazs usvamen im
garemoebas, Tu rogor esarCleba da exmaureba mwerali upa­
trono, bazris biWs, magram mxedvelobidan rCebaT umTavre­
si, mwerlis braldeba im sazogadoebis mimarT, romelic
gulgrilia sacodavi arsebis bedisadmi. es aris mTeli ba­
zari _ maTi orTabrZolis Semyure, sazogadoeba, romelsac
Tavisi movaleoba daviwynia da adamianisa da ZaRlis sabedis­
wero orTabrZolaSi mxolod gasarTobs eZebs.
xazi unda gavusvaT im faqts, rom mixeil javaxiSvilis
moTxrobaTa umetesobas dakvirvebis sagnad TiTqmis fsker­
ze dasuli, avadmyofi e. w. `patara adamiani~ gauxdia da maTi
ubeduri bedis daxatviT msjelobs mwerali sazogadoebis
mzadyofnaze, Seibralos, an ar Seibralos moyvasi Tvisi.
am tipis moTxrobebs ganekuTvneba `kurkas qorwili~,
`meCeqme gabo~, `upatrono~ da sxvebi.
bazris biWia kurkac. oRond CanCurasTan SedarebiT cota­
Ti normaluri. igi mejRane baxCosTan muSaobs. Tavisi ofliT
napovni oriode groSiT kmayofilic aris da mowiwebiT Ses­
cqeris Tavis patrons, baxCos, romelmac lukma gauCina. erT
dRes bazarma baxCos saxiT ulmobeli gadawyvetileba miiRo.
gaerTos sacodavi kurkas qorwiliT. sacoled SeRerebul
kurkas baxCo Tavis sayvarels _ maSos `SerTavs colad~. da,
rodesac qorwinebis pirvelsave Rames yvelaferi gairkveva,
kurkas gulSi samudamod Cawyda raRac da es raRac sxva ara
iyo ra, Tu ara ndobis susti Zafi, romelic kurkas adamia­
nebTan akavSirebda (`kurkas qorwili~).
aseTive `patara adamianis~ tragediaze gviambobs `meCeqme
gabo~. mas sakuTari saxlic hqonda, col-Svilic hyavda, ro­
gorc meCeqme urigo ar iyo, magram erTi nakli dahyoloda
_ qalebi uyvarda. mSvenieri sqesisadmi gansakuTrebulma
ltolvam miiyvana igi iqamde, rom sakuTari saxlis nawili
173
meZavebs miaqirava, aqaoda Sors wasvla ar damWirdeba, mec
meZavTa `Zvirfasi~ sazogadoebis xSiri stumari viqnebio.
Turme meZavTa diasaxlisi skrupolozuri sizustiT iwer­
da meCeqme gabos danaxarjs da, rodesac warudgina Tama­
suqi gasanaRdeblad, gabo SeZrwunda, magram ukve gvian iyo.
gabos saxli mTlianad meZaveebma daisakuTres, xolo mas bina
sardafSi miuCines.
garda am naxevrad paTologiur adamianebze dawerili
moTxrobebisa mixeil javaxiSvils wminda realisturi xasia­
Tis moTxrobebic aqvs: `ybaCam daigviana~, `marTali abdula~,
`tyis kaci~ da sxvani.
moTxroba `ybaCam daigviana~ dawerilia siyvarulis Te­
maze. igi uaRresad kompaqturi siuJetiT da mwerlisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli humanisturi paTosiT gamoirCeva. meisre
Tomas hyavs lamazi, brma qaliSvili Tina. igi oblad gazrdi­
li gogonaa, romelsac mamisa da Tavisi siymawvilis nandau­
ris, ybaCas, meti qveyanaze aravina hyavs. uaRresad keTil da
faqizi sulis patron Tinas mxolod SexebiTi warmodgena
aqvs mis irgvliv arsebul sagnebze. man ar icis, Tu ra aris
lurji ca, mwvane balaxi, arasodes unaxavs mama da sulis­
levamde ainteresebs, Tu rogoria misi erTguli ybaCa. magram
bedis gangebiT movlenebi sxvagvarad viTardeba. sofelSi
Camodis rkinigzis muSa _ solo. dagrexilfexebiani, grZel­
xeleba, Seuxedavi, xanSi Sesuli, ucolo kaci, romelsac
mixeil javaxiSvili saocari ferwerulobiT xatavs. so­
lom metad pikantur viTarebaSi gaicno Tina. igi mdinareSi
banaobis dros waawyda sruliad SiSvel mzeTunaxavs. Semdeg
aseve arcTu jentlmenuri dainteresebiT ukan mihyva mas da
roca gaigo, Tomas erTaderTi qaliSvili iyo, gadawyvita
qaliSvilis gulis mosagebad Tomas ojaxs daaxloeboda. gu­
lubryvilo, brma qalisTvis solo pirveli siyvaruli iyo.
Tina miendo rkinigzis muSas, da, roca saqme jvrisweraze
midga, solom qalaqSi wasvla moimizeza da TviT solos­
Tvisac gauTva­liswinebeli ambavi moxda; sasiZo qalaqSi avad
gaxda. gulga­ xeTqili Tina ramdenime dRe eloda saqmros,
da, raki solo ar gamoCnda, guda-nabadi aikra da martod­
martom gaswia qalaqs solos saZebrad. didi faTerakebisa
174
da kiTxva-kiTxvis Semdeg ipova solo da imaSic darwmunda,
rom rkinigzis muSas misi Ralati gulSi arc gauvlia, igi
ubralod avad gaxda. gamomjobinebulma solom Tinas Tva­
lebzec izruna; miuyvana Tvalis eqims, moxda saswauli, Ti­
nas Tvalebze libri gadauwmindes arcTu rTuli operaciiT.
Tinam sinaTle ixila. misTvis axali cxovreba daiwyo. cxadi
ufro sastiki aRmoCnda, vidre mis warmodgenaSi arsebuli
da mxolod xmiTa da SexebiT dadasturebuli. misi qmari _
solo asatanze ufro maxinjia, qalaqSi samuSaod wasuli da
moulodnelad dabrunebuli ybaCa ki _ tanaSoltili, lamazi
ymawvili. am cecxls Tivas umatebs is garemoebac, rom ybaCas
Tina Zveleburad uyvars. qalaqSic imitom wasula, rom ori­
ode groSi eSova, momagrebuliyo da Tina SeerTo colad.
darCa Tina samudamod Tavis did siyvarulTan da veeber­
Tela sevdasTan erTad. `ratom daigviane ybaCa, biWo, Se uR­
merTo, ratom daigviane?~ _ ambobs qali, magram mis arsebaSi
keTili solosadmi movaleobis grZnoba sZlevs siyvarulsa
Tu gatacebas. man icis, rom igi samudamod ekuTvnis kacs,
romelmac Seiyvara iseTi, rogoric iyo da romlis unapiro
sikeTemac brma qals Tvali auxila.
aseve uaRresad sainteresoa `marTali abdula~. moTxroba
sasamarTlo procesiT iwyeba. abdulas oTxi rusi moqalaqis
gaZarcva da erTi maTganis mokvla braldeba. amaoa tusa­
Ris qviTini da yelgamoRadvriT mtkiceba, rom igi udana­
Sauloa. abdulas Sin moparuli nivTebis nawili upoves da,
rac mTavaria, igi dazaralebulebma amoicnes. mosamarTles
isRa darCenoda, rom abdulasTvis miesaja aTi wliT Tavi­
suflebis aRkveTa. marTali abdula cixeSia. man ar icis,
Tu vin umuxTla. vis dasWirda da ratom, udanaSaulo Ta­
Tris cixeSi yofna. cixis administracia male rwmundeba,
rom abdula alali, uaRresad keTili da morCili kacia. mas
ramdenjerme Camoakles patimrobis wlebi da sul samiode
wlis Semdeg gaaTavisufles. sixarulisagan frTaSesxmuli
TaTari Sinisaken miiCqaris. gulSi eWvis mcire naperwkali
uRvivis. eqvsi Tvea Tavisi lamazi coli, fatma, da deda,
zovra, ar unaxavs. miaRwia Tavis kar-midamos da naxa, rom iq
ukve aRaravin cxovrobs. saxl-kari gapartaxebula da Tavisi
175
naTesavebisagan Seityobs, rom deda karga xania gardacvli­
la, misi coli xasad dausvams missave noqars, xolo axla­
xans abdulas cixidan gamosvlis SiSiT gudanabadi aukravs
da yazans gaqceula. abdula erTbaSad moiCvara, misTvis
yvelaferi damTavrda. mas sicocxle aRar unda, erTaderTi,
rac amoZravebs, aris SurisZieba Tavisi biZaSvilis _ mus­
tafas mimarT, romelmac swored abdulas aivanze Seinaxa
naZarcvi nivTebi. darwmunda abdula biZaSvilis avkacobaSi,
mieWra mustafas Sin, yelSi xanjali gauyara da col-Svilic
zed daakla. mas Semdeg TiTqosda valmoxdili TaTari kvlav
orTaWalis cixeSi brundeba da darajs eZaxis: gamiReT kari,
xom xedavT, sisxlSi var mosvrili da damapatimreTO. sa­
samarTloze marTali abdula miseburi pirdapirobiT da mi­
amituri silaRiT hyveba simarTles. bedad mowmec aRmoCnda,
sikvdils gadarCenili moxuci TaTris qali .da sasamarTlos
ganaCeni iseTia, Tavisi obieqturobiT dRevandel sasamarT­
losac rom SeSurdeba: mosamarTlem igi udanaSaulod miiC­
nia da gaaTavisufla.
martoobis, soflisagan gandgomis tragediiT sunTqavs
moTxroba `tyis kaci~. glexkacs coli moukvda da gadawyvita
sofels gaecalos, ganapirdes. wavida da Tavisi ori biWiT
Suagul tyeSi dasaxlda. TiTqmis gatyiurebul kacs ube­
dureba daatyda Tavs. orive Svili daeRupa. igi mixvda Tavis
sabediswero Secdomas, magram ukve gvian iyo. am moTxrobaSi
ganviTarebuli gandgoma-gandegilobis problema mixeil ja­
vaxiSvilisaTvis, SeiZleba iTqvas, axalia da verc mis sxva
nawarmoebebSi vxvdebiT msgavs ganwyobilebas.
Semoqmedebis adreul periodSi `sawyal adamianTa~
galerea mixeil javaxiSvilma siyvarulis msxverpli ori qa­
liTac gaamdidra. esenia nuca (`upatrono~) da eka (`eka~).
orive moTxrobidan motyuebuli qalebi gvimzeren. Secdeni­
li moaxle qalebi beds damorCilebuli, upretenzio adami­
anebi arian. isini uxmod daatareben siymawvilis codvas. es
patara moTxrobebi Sorsaa `kako yaCaRuri~ an `suramis cixu­
ri~ socialuri datvirTvisagan, isini ubralod `sakiTxavi
moTxrobebia~.

176
 `upatrono~ meqaTme nucas Cvidmeti weli Seusrulda .
qal­batonis ojaxSi samadlod gazrdil gogos, dapirebi­
samebr albaT, gaaTxovebdnen da mcireoden mziTevsac ubo­
Zebdnen, oTxmocdaaTi wlis qalbatoni `moulodnelad~ rom
ar gardacvliliyo. memkvidreoba orma xanSiSesulma qalma
da erTma oficerma Caibara. oficerma Tvali daadga upat­
ono gogos da meqaTmeobidan pirisfareSad `daawinaura~. nu­
cas saRamoobiT batonTan samovriT Cai ahqonda da bato­nic
mas imaze gacilebiT metxans itovebda, vidre Cveulebriv
moaxles itoveben xolme patiosani kacebi. am `datovebebs~
Sedegad is mohyva, rom nuca daorsulda. windaxedulma
oficerma fexmZime gogo mWedel pavles miaTxova. mWedels
ojaxis da siyvarulis bevri araferi gaegeboda, magram im­
deni codna ki hqonda, rom bavSvi cxra TveSi Tu ara, uki­
dures SemTxvevaSi, Svid TveSi mainc unda dabadebuliyo.
raki nucas biWi vadaze gacilebiT ufro adre eyola, pavlem
sabolood irwmuna, rom axalSobili misi Svili ar iyo. gamZ­
vinvarebulma mWedelma CaquCiT mokla axalSobili. eldisa­
gan Wkuaze Seirya nuca, xolo pavle daapatimres.
`eka~. studenti ardadegebze Tavis sofelSi dabrunda.
dedamisma moaxle gogo, eka, warudgina. students moewona
moxdenili eka da erTxel RamiT mis oTaxSi `gadaipara~. vne­
bam Tavisi gaitana. eka win ver aRudga niaRvariviT movar­
dnil siyvaruls.
diliT studentis dedam yvelaferi Seityo da moaxle
gogo saswrafod daiTxova.
gavida wlebi. TbilisSi ganTqmuli eqimi (yofili stu­
denti) pacientebs Rebulobs. lamaz dedikos aTiode wlis
ymawvili axlavs. eqimma da ekam, rasakvirvelia, icnes erT­
maneTi, magram ekam daumala eqims, rom biWi misi Svili iyo.
`amas mama hyavs~ _ uTxra. Zveli iaris ganaxleba saWirod
aRar CaTvala da kari gaixura.
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom mixeil javaxiSvilis moTxro­
bebSi araerTgan waawydebiT paTologiur, jansaRi fsiqolo­
giuri wyobidan gadaxril adamianebs da iseT pasaJebs, esTe­
tikuris sferos rom scildeba. amgvar adgilebs vxvdebiT

12. r. miSvelaZe. t. XXV 177

moTxrobebSi `mususi~, `upatrono~, `CanCura~, `oqros kbi­
li~, `patara dedakaci~, `lambalo da yaSa~ da sxv. adamianur
WuWySi xelis faTuri da avadmyofuri sulis labirinTeb­
Si Wvreta mwerals, albaT, imisTvis sWirdeba, rom siu­
Jeti ufro gaamZafros da amiT saTqmeli ufro mkveTrad
gvagrZnobinos.
STambeWdavi siuJetiT gamorCeuli, uaRresad saintereso
fsiqologiuri moTxrobaa `jildo~. vfiqrob, mixeil java­
xiSvilis nawarmoebTa Soris saSualo skolebSi es moTxro­
bac unda iswavlebodes. 1905 wels dawerili `jildo~ gviam­
bobs, rogor SeiZleba revoluciur qaosSi sruliad ubralo
kaci mkvlelad iqces da yvelaze didi codviT daimZimos
suli.
aRtkinebuli brbo quCaSi `wesrigis dasamyareblad~
gamoyvanil ociode `saldaTs~ Tavs daesxa. gafiTrebuli
saldaTebi ukan ixevdnen da muSebs afrTxilebdnen: Sesd­
eqiT, Torem gesvirTo, magram srolas ar apirebdnen da arc
dapatimrebuli oTxi `damnaSavis~ gaSveba surdaT. am orom­
trialSi SeSinebul, ferwasul saldaTs, giorgi joxaZes,
`Savgvremani, maRali, Casxmuli~ muSa daesxa Tavs da Tofis
warTmeva daupira. giorgim Tofi ar daTmo da muSam igi
win gaiTria. jer muSti Semohkra, mere qvas dawvda da Tavi
gautexa. Tofs oriveni iqiT-aqeT eqaCebodnen. am bRlarZun­
Si Sublgasisxlianebulma giorgim Tofs xeli uSva, muSas
Stiki mucelSi moxvda da iqve ganuteva suli.
yazarmaSi dabrunebulma giorgim sulieri wonasworoba
dakarga. igi mkvlelia.
`Tavisi deda moagonda da mokluli muSis magivrad Tavi­
si Tavi warmoidgina, moxuci dedakacis magivrad ki _ Tavisi
deda da guli etkina, gaaJrJola, Tvalebze cremli moawva~.
jariskacebi soflel tlu biWs mkvleliviT ucqerod­
nen, gulcivad pasuxoben da gaurbian. `biWo, marTla kaci
Semogakvda?~ _ ekiTxeba megobari.
am ambidan ori dRis Semdeg giorgi `rotis ufrosma~
daibara, `erTguli samsaxurisTvis~ madloba gadauxada da
oqros TumnianiT daajildova.

178
 `giorgi oqros Tumnians karga xans atrialebda xelSi da
ar icoda, amdeni fuli risTvis misces. iseTi grZnobiT iyo
Sepyrobili, TiTqos es fuli quCaSi epovna da ar icoda,
rogor moqceuliyo. ar icoda, vis daekarga es fuli, vin
iyo imis patroni, sad cxovrobda, rogor epovna misi bina, an
visTvis gadaeca is, rac imas ar ekuTvnoda~.
bolos giorgim kiTxva-kiTxviT miakvlia moklulis
saxls, dedas da cols uambo yvelaferi, auxsna, rom unebu­
rad Semoakvda da roca, TiTqosda, daarwmuna Wirisufalni
Tavis udanaSaulobaSi, Tumniani amoiRo da moklulis dedas
gauwoda. dedam, rasakvirvelia, iuara da `mkvlels~ wyevla-
qoqola daayara. giorgi gamoiqca, magram SuaRamisas isev
miipara dedabris saxlTan da oqros Tumniani fanjaridan
Seagdo.
amis mere saldaTma SvebiT amoisunTqa. gadawyvita, samu­
damod gaewyvita kavSiri qalaqTan, romelmac igi mkvlelad
aqcia, moeglija rusis jaris saldaTis samxreebi da Tavis
sofels dabruneboda.
`mtkice da dinji nabijiT midioda. midioda zeviT, zedaz­
nis mTisken. midioda iq, sadac arc polki iyo, arc myrali
yazarma, arc sulieri movaleoba, arc ugemuri saWmeli da
arc aTasi batoni, mas windawinve uxaroda Tavisufleba...
midioda dezertiri da Tan raRac simReras RiRinebda~.
lambalo da yaSa~ ruseTis imperialisturi zraxvebis mam­
xilebeli moTxrobaa. igi 1925 wels aris dawerili, ese igi,
im dros, roca wiTelma ruseTma sisxlSi CaaxSo saqarTvelos
1924 wlis erovnuli ajanyeba. bunebrivia, im dros mixeil
javaxiSvili qarTul sinamdvileze imperiis klanWebisagan
Tavgamoxsnis ideiT gaJRenTil nawarmoebs ver dawerda,
amitomac moqmedeba urmiaSi, iran-azerbaijanis sazRvarze
gadaaqvs da gviCvenebs, Tu rogor cdilobs ruseTi sparseTs
wahgvaros Tavisi istoriuli miwebi. sxvisi teritoriebis
miTvisebis mekobruli Tviseba russ Cvens dReebamde SerCa.
amaSi isic advilad darwmundeba, vinc Tundac ukanaskneli
drois movlenebs _ saqarTveloSi, azerbaijansa Tu CeCneTSi
ruseTis mier gaCaRebul dampyroblur omebs gaixsenebs.

179
 azerbaijaneli alali, patiosani ymawvili, maSadi hasani,
qarTveli eqimis meetle da megobaria. hasani, romelsac
metsaxelad lambalos eZaxian, sikeTiTa da sxva adamianuri
RirsebebiT gamorCeuli oci wlis biWia. urmiaSi rusebi
SeWrilan. dampyrobel russ sZuls yvela ararusi da, miTu­
metes, musulmani. adgilobrivi mosaxleobis mimarT gamov­
lenil maTs cinizms sazRvari ara aqvs. ai, rogor xvdeba qa­
rTvel eqims, episkoposis niRbiani tipiuri rusi Sovinisti
_ pavle.
`_ dabrZandiT, batono eqimo. rogor imgzavreT, rogor
mogewonaT aqauroba? Tqven qarTveli brZandebiT, ara?
_ diax, qarTveli gaxlavarT _ xazgasmiT vupasuxe.
man TanagrZnobiT da nugeSiT mipasuxa:
_ qarTveloba didi ubedureba ar aris, radgan qarTvel­
ic adamiania da keTili qristiani qarTvelebSic moipoveba.
me TvalebSi Sevxede, magram amarida.
_ marTals brZanebT, Tqveno usamRvdeloesobav, _ epis­
koposis lmobier kilozeve davudasture me _ keTili adami­
ani marto qarTvelebSi ki ara, rusebSic ki moiZebneba.
axla erTmaneTi TvalebiT davxvriteT, Cemma `rusebSic
ki~ gakravebuli mgeli Sig gulSi daWra.
_ isic udidesi WeSmaritebaa, rom `qarTvelic adamiania~,
_ davumate me.
_ ra Tqma unda... ra Tqma unda. me mogaxseneT qar­Tveloba...
_ Tqven brZaneT _ CamovarTvi sityva _ Tqven brZaneT,
qarTveloba didi ubedureba ar ariso.
_ marTalia, magram...
_ magram _ xelmeored CamovarTvi sityva da xmaSi foladi
Cavisxi _ gulwrfelad mogaxsenebT, Tqveno usamRvdeloeso­
bav, rom qarTveloba CemTvis udidesi bedniereba gaxlavT.
_ voot kak?~
ori kacis am sityvier duelSi naTlad ikveTeba imperiis
damqaSi mRvdlis suliskveTeba da saxvalio didi erovnuli
dramac inaskveba.
rusebis yurmoWrilma monam, gaiZvera aisorma mRvdelma,
yaSa lazarem, SeiZula lambalo. yaSas paTologiuri siZul­
vili musulmani vajkacis mimarT iqamde mivida, rom jer axa­
180
lamoTxrili Wa auvso sibinZuriT, Semdeg ki, daasmina da
miuxedavad qarTveli eqimis Suamdgomloba-cdisa, lambalo
umowyalod gaarozgvina. lambalom rusuli wkeplis qveS da­
lia suli. borotebasac aqvs Tavisi aRsasruli. lambalos
mamam _ maSaTi izaTma, Suri iZia _ gvelebi Seusia mZinare
yaSas da saSineli wamebiT amoxada suli. xolo, roca rusi
iZulebuli gaxda urmiidan kudi amoeZuebina, pavle epis­
koposi daiWires da dasasjelad Svilmkvdar mamas miugdes.
maSadi izaTma imave ezoSi dakla veragi episkoposi, sadac am
ukanasknelis brZanebiT mis lambalos suli amoxades.
moTxrobaSi Seufaravad Cans avtoris pozicia. mixeil
javaxiSvili aSkara protests acxadebs rusi dampyroblis
mimarT da imperiis CeqmiT gaTelil kavkasiis xalxebs eqo­
mageba. es ki, dagverwmunebiT, im droisaTvis didi moqa­
laqeobrivi gmiroba iyo.
sabWoTa sistemis mier gonebabrmobili, fsiqikadarRveul,
momxveWel-wamglej (`dampatiJe~) da dogmaturi, marqsis­
tuli azrovnebisagan manqurTadqceul (`damdnari jaWvi~)
adamianTa saxeebi dagvixata mixeil javaxiSvilma oqropir-
dampatiJes da wiTel direqtor, apolon rapoliZis saxiT.
ubadlo mesityved da WeSmaritad epoqis mxatvrad aRmar­
Tula Cvens winaSe mixeil javaxiSvili Tavisi sworupovari
romanebiT: `jayos xiznebi~, `arsena marabdeli~, `kvaWi kvaWan­
tiraZe~, `TeTri sayelo~, `givi Saduri~, `qalis tvirTi~...
es romanebi imgvar mxatvrul qronikebad unda CaiTvalos,
uzustes warmodgenas rom uqmnian mkiTxvels XIX-XX sauku­
neTa sinamdvileze.
`jayos xiznebi~ revoluciisSemdgomi periodis qarTul
sinamdviles Seexeba. igi daibeWda 1924 wels Jurnal `mna­
TobSi~.
istoriis grigalma dahqrola, Seicvala saqarTvelos
bedi da yofa. sazogadoebriv asparezze axali Zala gamoCnda.
igi nel-nela epotineba da Tavisi tlanqi xeliT sakmaod
mouxeSavad ipyrobs cxovrebis yvela sferos. gauferule­
bulia maRali kategoriebi: demokratia, Tavisufleba, da­
moukidebloba, qveynis samsaxuri. jayoebis droa. yofil Ta­
vadsa da sakmaod uniaTo inteligents _ Teimuraz xevisTavs,
181
lamazi coli hyavs, margo. cxovroben isini qalaqad, beds
Serigebulni, umweo inteligentis cxovrebiT. maT yofas
uRimRamos xdis Teimurazis sisxlnakluli, kompromisuli
da aSkarad aravaJkacuri buneba. margo SesaSuri aqtiuro­
biT amaod cdilobs, zogjer vnebis sarecelTan miityuos
qmari, magram Teimurazi ufro didi `saqveyno saqmeebiT~
aris garTuli, vidre sakuTari colis mofereba gaxlavT.
mkiTxveli grZnobs, rom xevisTavTa cxovreba ase duned
ar gagrZeldeba da maT ojaxSi erTbaSad SemoiWra tlanqi
sinamdvile, osi mouravyofilis, jayos saxiT. xepre, uxeSi,
gaunaTlebeli, cbieri da veragi jayo xevisTavTa sasaxle-
mamulis miTvisebas ar jerdeba. misi utifroba iqamde mi­
vida, rom naTavadars coli gaubaxa. bolos gaubedurebuli
margo sabolood wahgvara qmars da morig colad daisva. es
aris siuJeturi qarga romanisa, xolo finali, viTom jayos
dasja da glexTa SemarTebis zeimi, naZaladevis STabeWdile­
bas tovebs.
`jayos xiznebi~ _ ubrwyinvalesi evropuli tipis ro­
mani, niSneuli da Zvirfasi swored rom Tavisi epoqaluri
sinamdviliT gaxlavT. am romanis Sefasebisas, jer iyo da
recenzentebma jvars acves mwerali, aqaoda qarTveli in­
teligencia, qarTveli qali daamcirao, xolo mwerlis re­
abilitaciis Semdeg morcxvad uvlidnen gverds romanis
WeSmarit problematikas. es problematika ki romanSi ori
mimarTulebiTaa ganfenili.
1) socialuri sakiTxi, Zala, romelic movida qveynis
baton-patronad social-demokratebis saxiT, aris uxeSi,
tlanqi, gaiZvera. batonobs instinqtze damyarebuli Zala
da igi qveyanas sikeTes ar moutans.
2) problemaTa meore Wrili ki erovnuli sakiTxs ukav­
Sirdeba. nu daisvam Tavze ucxotomels. nu miscem Sens mi­
was sajijgnad gadamTiels, Torem igi adre Tu gvian Sensave
mamulSi xiznad gaqcevs _ gagvafrTxila ocian wlebSi mix­
eil javaxiSvilma. dRes ki, rodesac stumarma xalxebma saqa­
rTvelos teritoriis mesamedi miitaces da Cven Cveni simar­
Tle msofliosTvis ver migviwvdenia, sinanuliT vigonebT
samocdaaTi wlis winaT naTqvam am mware simarTles.
182
 romani `TeTri sayelo (1926) mravalplaniania. igi mar­
tooden civilizaciisa da tradiciuli eTnikuri yofis
dapirispirebis problemas rodi ayenebs Cvens winaSe. aqve
naTladaa gamokveTili ruseTis imperiis wiTel xelisufle­
basTan qarTveli eris damokidebulebis, zogierT daxavse­
bul CveulebasTan mimarTebis, sikvdil-sicocxlis, siyvaru­
lis da sxva problemebi.
elizbari spilenZis madnis aRmosaCenad mTaTuSeTs gaemg­
zavra, magram gza daebna da xevsureTis erT-erT mivardnil
sofelSi amohyo Tavi. elizbari oden spilenZis maZiebeli
ar gaxlavT, igi gaeqca macdur, gautanel qalaqs, gaeqca
saeWvo yofaqcevis cols _ cucqias da, rac mTavaria, gaeqca
_ sabWoTa xelisuflebas. amis dasadastureblad movitan
nawyvets jurxa wiklaursa da elizbars Soris (jurxa eliz­
baris Zmadnaficia, romelic man didi xnis ganSorebis Semdeg
swored am sofelSi ipova) dialogidan:
jurxa _ `Cven batonymoba ara gvqoniv, srul mudam Ta­
visuflebisaTvis vomobdiT da axlac Tavisufalni varT.
Tqven ki ubatonod arc winac gicxovriaT da exlac wiTel
uRelCi RbixarT.
elizbar: _ agrea, agre! mec mag uRels gamoveqeci~.
rusul xiStiT Semosul xelisuflebas emaleba xevsurT
sofeli, upirvels yovlisa, da ara civilizaciasa da TeTr
sayelos, rogorc zogierT kritikoss gulubryvilod hgonia:
gzadabneul elizbars mTaSi cxenosani SeefeTa. cxeno­
sanma soflisken gza ar aswavla.
`furxam gaiRima da waqas sifrTxile mouwona.
_ ras ufrTxoda, vis emaleboda? (ekiTxeba elizbari).
_ jer Cven sofelSi wiTeli eSma ar amosul da imas ve­
malebiT.
_ ra, am sofelSi sabWoTa xelisufleba ar amosula?~
axla gasagebia ras da vis gaurbis xevsurT sofeli. ra­
tom darCa elizbari Tavis ZmadnaficTan sacxovreblad,
ratom gaafrTxila jurxam qalaqs gabrunebuli elizbaris
mxlebeli:
`me gicnob Sen. axmeteli naCafrali xar, givargis Svili.
yuri migde: Tu es sofeli giswavlebia vismesTvis, vai Seni
183
brali! miwaSi rom CaZvre, mainc gipovi da dagaxrCob. axla
mSvidobiT~.
risi imediT da molodiniT cxovrobs sabWoTa xelisu­
flebas da rusis Ceqmas Tavgaridebuli, mTaSi miyuJuli
sofeli?
`_ kidev ras ubnoben?
kidev ubnoben; TaTaric da rusic Zmadnafici gamxdaran.
_ maS daviRupebiT, kidev ra?
_ kidev ubnoben: ucxoeTSi axali batoniSvili gamoCeni­
la, namdvili bagrationi, nefis erekles SviliSvili.
borbalos mTasaviT uvnebo jurxa axla ki zewamoiWra.
_ is, as, is! Teimuraz batoniSvili uTqvamT. Teimurazi!
vicnob Tu ara Teimuraz batoniSvils?
_ ara, ar vicnob. arc gamigia. bagrationebi bevrni arian,
magram erekles SviliSvilebi yvelani daixocnen.
_ ar daxocilan! _ hkivis jurxa.
_ daixocnen-meTqi!
_ maS, Svilis Svili iqnebis.
_ merme? Tund egrec iyos, merme?
_ rogor Tu `merme~ _ ukvirs juxras.
ar esmis, raki me egre advilad Sevurigdi `pirobis wig­
nis~ (giorgievskis traqtati, r.m.) gafuWebas, maS, me qarTve­
li ara vyofilvar!
_ romeli wignisa, jurxa?
_ im wignisa, nefe ereklem rom daudva rus xelmwifesa.
_ ho, magram...
_ bagration unda mavidas da mcxeTas unda igrgvinas! _
gadasWra jurxam da sxvebmac yayaniT daudastures.
_ mavas! mavas!
_ igrgvinebs! igrgvinebs!~
TeTri sayeloc nawilobriv sabWoTa xelisuflebis sim­
boloa romanSi. amitomac gaurbis mas ase daJinebiT tradici­
uli saqarTvelo. rac Seexeba elizbaris dabrunebas; bolos
mainc civilizaciam gaimarjvao, amayad rom askvnida zogi
kritikosi, arc asea saqme. elizbarma CaTvala, rom mimal­
viT saqmes ar eSveleba. sabWoTa xelisufleba adre Tu gvian
mainc moagnebs jurxaiskars. saWiroa aqtiuri brZola mter­
184
Tan _ wiTel xelisuflebasTan. mters ki ar unda gaeqce (an
daemalo), cixeSi unda dauxvde.
` _ sxva xalxi zvaviviT mogvaskda da qarTulic ki dag­
vaviwyes. sakuTari aRaraferi SegvarCines, arc Coxa, arc
qudi, arc cxviri da arc Tvali.
_ mTaSi Sexizvna gaqcevaa da meti araferi _ mivuge me _
brZolis veli qalaqSia da omsac iq movigebT an davmarcx­
debiT.
momxvdurs dedacixesTan unda dauxvde, me ki iqidan
gamoviqeci da davimale.
_ iq ver ibrZoleb, vaJikav.
_ Sen ki ibrZvi? daTvis bunagSi SemZvralxar da damalva
miznad gadagiqcevia.
jurxa Seyoymanda. iyuCa da Tqva.
_ qalaqSi gagawiTleben~.
am amonawerebidan naTlad Cans, rom `TeTri sayelo~
aSkarad antisabWoTa nawarmoebia, xolo mwerlis mier mo­
qmedebis xevsureTSi gadatana mxolod xerxia imis xazgasa­
smelad, rom saqarTveloSi TiTqmis yvelas, qalaqelsac da
mivardnil sofelSi mcxovrebsac, erTnairad sZulT wiTeli
xelisufleba da cdiloben gadaarCinon Tavisuflebis amayi
suli _ Cveni gadarCenis mizezT-mizezi.
dampyroblisadmi zizRiT gamsWvaluli romania `kvaWi
kvaWantiraZe~. misi beWdva 1923 wels `droSaSi~ daiwyo da
1924 wels `mnaTobSi~ dasrulda.
mecxramete saukunis miwuruls samtrediaSi silibistro
kvaWantiraZis meuRles _ pupis SeeZina vaJi, romelsac kvaWi
daarqves.
rva wlisa arc iyo kvaWi, roca mamamisma zugdideli afe­
ristis, aSordias, SemweobiT aznauroba moikvaraxWina da
didgvarovneba usagzla saswavleblad quTaisSi gagzavnil
ymawvils.
Tavdapirvelad `gimnazielis axal formaSi gamowyobili
kvaWi gulmodgined Seudga swavlas~, magram male darwmunda,
rom patiosnebiT gzas ver gaikafavda. imperiis sinamdvile
ymawvils Tavis gadasarCenad mliqvnelobas, cbierebas, `gaZ­

185
vrom-gamoZvromas~, qlesobas, tyuils, gautanlobas, orpi­
robas sTavazobda.
...da kvaWi kvaWantiraZe misdauneburad profesional
TaRliTad Camoyalibda.
`gulmosaloki Rimilis, gamacurebeli qebis, adamianis
dabma-mowvelis~ Taviseburi niWis da Tavisi sayvarlebis
wyalobiT kvaWim saqarTvelodan imperiis centrSi gadai­
nacvla. mwerali didi ostatobiT agviwers xelmwifis karis
garyvnilebas, rus CinovnikTa imperiul ambiciebs, `mcire
erebisadmi~ siZulvils da velikorusul yoyloCinobas. ai,
grigol rasputinisa da kvaWis pirveli dialogi:
` _ Sen vina xar? _ hkiTxa.
_ Tavadi kvaWantiraZe gaxlavarT, wminda mamao.
_ maS kavkasieli iqnebi... ar miyvars... veluri xalxia...
sul xanjalze uWiravT Tvali. `basurmanebi~ arian.
kvaWim tkbilad ganumarta:
_ me qarTveli gaxlavarT, wminda mamao, qarTvelebi ki
marTlmadideblebi arian~.
kavkasielTa `velurobaze~ laparakobs ruseTis xelm­
wifis karTan yvelaze daaxloebuli kaci, garyvnili griS­
ka rasputini, romelic TviT imdenad kulturulia, rom
didgvarovanTa erT-erT wveulebaze Sarvals gaixsnis da Ta­
vis `mamakacur Rirsebas~ amoiRebs yvelas dasanaxavad, Tavis
Sesarcxvenad.
axla vnaxoT sufris adaTi rogori aqvT, rogori qeifi
ician imperiis centrSi.
`erTi oTaxidan ganuwyveteli kivili da rCeuli rusuli
gineba ismoda... uceb im oTaxidan, sadac griSka rasputini
qeifobda, qalis xangrZlivi kivili moisma.
_ miSveleT, momkles!
kvaWi jer aivanze gavarda, merme quCisken daeSva. alaya­
fis karebTan sruliad titveli da Tmagawewili qali Seefe­
Ta, romelic wivil-kiviliT mirboda quCisken. ukan raspu­
tini misdevda. isic SiSvel-titveli iyo. misdevda da Tan
Tasmis qamriT titvel qals Soltavda~.
aseTi gaxldaT didi mwerlis TvaliT danaxuli dampyro­
beli qveyana, romlis `ganmanaTleblur~ misiasac jer kidev
186
ilia WavWavaZem gausva xazi briyvi `rusis aficris~ RaRadeb­
iT `mgzavris werilebSi~. romel dampyrobelze galapara­
kebdnen 1924 wels, Cven xom `sabWoeTis Zmuri ojaxis~ Tanas­
woruflebiani wevri viyaviT. wiTeli cenzuris Tvalis
asaxvevad `kvaWi kvaWantiraZis~ avtors pasuxi mzad hqonda:
igi xom samefo kars abiabruebda, im samefo kars, romelic
TviT bolSevikebma daamxes. imperiis `damqaSTa~ mxileba
ki maSin oficialurad daSvebulic ki iyo. da bolos, isev
dampyrobeli iyo damnaSave imaSi, rom imperiis nangrevebSi
moyolili Tavisi dabneuli samSoblos da aburduli bedis
gadamkidem, ocdaCvidmeti wlis avantiuristma, kariera sa­
roskipos mflobel liza xanumis qmrobiT da am saZraxisi
dawesebulebis `mouravis~ TanamdebobiT daasrula.
`givi Saduri~ sabWoTa wyobilebis sulisSemxuTvel re­
Jimze dawerili romania. am nawarmoebiT mixeil javaxiSvilma
auwya mkiTxvels, rom saqarTveloSi movida wyobileba, ro­
melic adamianis uflebebs arad dagidevs. policiur qveya­
naSi `samarTlis damcvels~ ganusazRvreli Zalaufleba gaaC­
nia. igi kamaTeliviT aTamaSebs adamianis beds da ganmkiTxavi
aravin aris. lamis aTi wliT adre iwinaswarmetyvela 1937
wlis represiebi. niRabi Camoxsna ruseTume moxeleebs da
maTs moskovel mfarvelebs.
nawarmoebi galoTebul-gaubedurebuli kacis _ givi
Saduris qarTvel mwrlebTan dialogiT iwyeba. givi saso­
warkveTili, samudamod gulgatexili kacia.
`uwin ityodnen xolme: yvela gza romisken midiso. me ki
mogaxsenebT, tyuilia, Woria! yvela gza da biliki imedis
nangrevebze iyris Tavs~ _ ambobs givi.
erT dros Tavmoyvare da pewiani Saduri Tavis axlandel
yofas ase gvixatavs:
`amJamad me Citsa vgavar _ udardels da uzrunvelsa.
arca vxnav, arca vTesav, aramed TqvenisTana madliani xalxis
wyalobiT TiTqmis mudam maZRari gaxlavarT. nasufrali _
ai, Cemi ulufa. metic ar minda... me ukve nakacari var. war­
sulma momatyua, awmyo mawvalebs, momavali maSinebs da ise
davdivar amqveynad, rogorc qvrivi sasaflaoze~.
ram miiyvana givi Saduri imedTa nangrevebamde?
187
 gamomZiebel anton afTariZes givi Saduris lamazi coli,
rusiko, moewona da misi xelSi Cagdebis mizniT givi daapatim­
ra. braldeba? `viTom viTaRliTe, vijibgire, sxvis salaroSi
Cavyavi xeli~. qmris bediT Sewuxebuli rusiko araerTxel
eaxla gamomZiebels. erT-erTi viziti imiT damTavrda, rom
arakac gamomZiebels udanaSaulo patimris meuRle danebda.
givi Saduri gamouSves. mware aRmoCnda meuRlis mier namu­
sis gayidviT mopovebuli Tavisufleba. Sadurma ver apatia
rusikos uneblie Ralati, Tumca kargad icis, rom colma es
nabiji mxolod misTvis gadadga. ojaxi daingra.
es siuJeti ociani wlebisTvis iSviaTi, magram ocdaaTiani
wlebis bolosTvis lamis tipiuri gaxldaT sabWoTa saxelm­
wifoSi. ramdeni daiWires da gaacimbires viTomda `trockis­
tobisaTvis~, sinamdvileSi ki misi lamazi colis xelSi Cag­
debis mizniT.
bolSevikur-imperiuli reJimi ara marto givi Sadurebs
aubedurebs, arc im Ramurebs epyroba kargad, visac erovnu­
li Rirseba daukargavs da sxvas Sehkedlebia; petre Sevar­
deniZe ruseTSi dasaxlda.
`ojaxi? sagvareulo?
_ nu xarT romantikosebi _ mokled mogviWra saqmianma
naTesavma (petre SevardeniZe, r. m)...
_ sadac me var, Cemi samSobloc iq aris _ gvaswavlis
petre~.
gavida ocdaaTi weli. ver pova sulieri simSvide da bed­
niereba sxvis karze, sxvis miwaze petre SevardeniZem. ar
SeiTvisa igi rusma. ar daufases samsaxuri. igi, sibereSi
gadamdgari gakotrebuli da nostalgiiT nervebdaRrRnili,
werils swers dedas:
`ooh, rom icode, rogor momwyurda, rogor momSivda de­
daSviloba, mSvidoba, Sroma da tkbili sityva. ubeduri var,
dedi, ubedurTa ubeduri~...
werili rusulad iyo dawerili da sul bolos miwerili
hqonda: `aqamde petre sokolovi, amieridan ki _ isev Sevar­
deniZe~.
dabrunda Ze Secdomili samSobloSi.

188
 `petre sokolovi isev SevardeniZed gadaiqca. dadis da
adgils eZebs, diliT rom gadis, bindisas brundeba. mTeli
dRe gareT daborialebs:
advilia, SevardeniZe sokolovad gadakeTdes, magram so­
kolovi rom kvlav SevardeniZed gadaiqces, ase advili ro­
dia. amitomac veRar poulobs yofili sokolovi samSoblo­
Si Tavis adgils.
romanSi Zalumad gaismis rusis mier dapyrobili, gaTe­
lili samSoblos reqviemi:
`moxeve aRar darajobs larsis yels...
sadRaa mTis mgeli iago?
...Temi Zveleburad aRar Temobs.
amis Semdeg mravli weliwadi gaivlis da samagierod wi­
Teli Temi damyardeba, dekanozis nacvlad aRmaskomi gamoi­
tans wiTel droSas da axal TemTaobas gauZRveba da Tu
dasWirda, axali Temis RalatisTvis sakuTar mamas, goCasac,
gahgmiravs~.
rogorc ityvian, komentarebi zedmetia.
mixeil javaxiSvili istoriasac gadawvda da mecxramete
saukunis or TvalsaCino movlenas _ glexTa 1829 wlis
ajanyebas da TavadaznaurTa 1832 wlis SeTqmulebas uZRvna
brwyinvale romani `arsena marabdeli~.
fexiT gaTela ruseTma georgievskis traqtati. saqarT­
veloSi mefis taxti da eklesiis avtokefalia gaauqma. qar­
Tul monastrebSi XI-XII saukuneebis didebuli freskebi TeT­
rad gadaReba da qarTuli ena gandevna saxelmwifoebrivi
xmarebidan. erTi sityviT, 1801 wlidan waiSala saqarTvelo
msoflio rukaze, rogorc saxelmwifo. igi ruseTis guber­
niad gadakeTda da lamis ase ganicdeba dResac msoflios
araerTi politikosis TavSi.
aiqoCra damoukideblobadakarguli saqarTvelo. dro­
dadro ifeTqebs ajanyeba-gamosvlebi, SeiaraRebuli Setake­
bani rusis damsjel eqspediciebTan, magram dampyrobeli
sastikad uswordeba meamboxeebs. Cveulebrivi movlenaa qa­
rTul majaze sacimbiro rusuli xundebi, xolo soflebSi
buntis Casaqrobad damsjeli razmebis _ e. w. egzekuciis
parpaSi.
189
 calTvala devis, RvTisavar oZelaSvilis nakvalevze, mi­
si Svili, arsena Sedga... arsena siyrmidanve aiTvalwuna zaal
baraTaSvilma da daCagrulTa qomagi biWisTvis `Wkuis swav­
leba~ gansakuTrebuli simkacriT maSin gadawyvita, roca ar­
senam moaxle gogo wahgvara da colad daisva. magram ukve
gvian iyo. arsenas gverdiT erovnul-socialuri CagvriT
gamwarebuli lamis mTeli qarTlis glexoba idga.
Widaobis sceniT iwyeba akakis mSvenieri erovnuli
moTxroba `baSi aCuki~ da `arsena marabdelic~. Widaoba anu
usisxlo dueli am qmnilebebSi dapirispirebul mxareTa So­
ris momavli samkvdro-sasicocxlo Setakebebis preludiaa.
Widaoba aq marto sporti ar gaxlavT. im dRes Tavisi gamar­
jvebiT da erovnuli droSis momarjvebiT arsena marabdelma
Seupovrobis magaliTi misca glexebs da TavisuflebisTvis
mebrZoli suli gadaarCina.
zaal baraTaSvilebs rogorme auvidoda glexoba, mis
gverdiT axali da ufro veragi damcveli rom ar idges ru­
suli koloniuri politikisa. es gaxlavT imperiis aRvirax­
snili moxele, qarTvelTmoZule maiori arlovi. SeTqmuli
glexebis _ tyis Zmebis brZola, upirvels yovlisa, rusi
mCagvrelebis winaaRmdegaa mimarTuli.
romanSi Zalumad feTqavs erovnuli mtris winaaRmdeg
qarTvelTa SekavSirebis idea. amboxebuli glexebi Tavadaz­
naur SeTqmulTa gverdiT aRmoCndebian xolme, rakiRa orive
mxares saerTo mizani _ imperiis klanWebidan Tavis daxsna
aerTianebs da swored erovnul brZolaSi SemweobisaTvis
amaod mimarTavs arsena evropas _ `modi da gvinapalavneo~.
Zlieri da daundobeli dampyroblis winaaRmdeg kveTebas
Seewirebian romanis gmirebi, magram maT mier gawalduli gza
rCeba TaobaTa magaliTad. izrdebian algeTeli lekvebi da
isini monobaSi darCenas ar apireben. soflad sasoebiT ina­
xaven erovnul droSebs da Zlevis yiJinad ileseba _ ifereba
daJanguli xmlebi.
1905 wlis revoluciaze, mis mamoZravebel Zalebze,
saimperio revoluciaSi saqarTvelos poziciis garkvevaze
dawerili romania `qalis tvirTi~. romanSi naTlad Cans, rom
saxalxo amboxebis CasaxSobad rusi qarTvelebSive eZebs Za­
190
lebs da, samwuxarod, poulobs kidec. imperiis samsaxurSi
Sesulni xSirad ufro mkacri damsjelebi arian sakuTari
xalxisa da ufro erTguli damqaSebi rusuli reJimisa, vidre
imperiis centridan movlenili Cinovnikebi. cxvris-qurqiani
mgelic araerTi etmasneba revolucias, amRvreul wyalSi
Tevzis damWernic blomad arian. revolucia sastikia, am si­
sastikis msxverpli xdeba romanis mTavari personaJi qeTevan
axatneli.
da mainc, bolo keTilia. bneli Zalebi unda damar­cxdnen.
xalxis azvirTeba ukvalod ar Caivlis... am imediT da rwme­
niT mihyveba marTa gadasaxlebaSi Tavis katorRamisjil
qmars, Seupovar revolucioners, zurab gurgeniZes.
zemoT aRvniSneT, rom mixeil javaxiSvilma Semoqmede­
biTi gza JurnalistobiT daiwyo. igi jer araerTi gazeTis
reportiori da politikuri mimomxilveli gaxldaT, Semdeg
_ faqtiuri redaqtori. mebrZoli publicisturi paTosis
da saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aSkarad propagandisa­
Tvis gazeT `glexis~ redaqtori, mixeil javaxiSvili, cxraa­
sian wlebSi samarTalSic ki misces da redaqtoroba samu­
damod aukrZales, magram miuxedavad amisa, 1917 -20 wlebSi
mwerali lamis konspiraciulad xelmZRvanelobda erovnul-
demokratiuli partiis organos _ gazeT `saqarTvelos~.
mixeil javaxiSvilis publicistikas saqarTvelos bedSi
Rrmad garkveuli eris Wirisuflis beWedi azis. jer kidev
oqtombris gadatrialebamde mixeil javaxiSvili aSkarad
moiTxovs sxvadasxva partiebisa da politikuri dajgufe­
bebis erTi miznis qveS gaerTianebas, xolo es mizani sxva ara
aris ra, Tu ara ruseTis klanWebisgan samSoblos gamoxsna.
damoukidebeli saqarTvelos periodSi (1918-21) mixeil ja­
vaxiSvili qadagebs, rom saqarTvelom erTxel da samudamod
unda gaiTavisuflos Tavi mfarveli ruseTis qveSevrdomobis
sindromisagan da aSkarad daadges dasavleTis orientacias.
gaurkveveli, gaorebuli politika mwerals damRupvelad
miaCnia. aseve bevrs wers. m. javaxiSvili-publicisti Turqe­
Tis veragul politikaze, miitacos saqarTvelos ZirZveli
istoriuli miwebi tao-klarjeTi, mesxeTi da aWara. mwerali
wuxs, rom arc somxeTi da azerbaijani adganan damoukide­
191
beli saqarTvelos samegobro politikas. mimdinare qaotur­
ma istoriulma procesma, mixeil javaxiSvilis azriT, mada
aRuZra am mezobel qveynebs da erTmaneTs aswreben qarTuli
miwebis misataceblad (mixeil javaxiSvilis `saqarTveloseu­
li~ publicisturi naazrevi pirvelma Seiswavla da gaaanal­
iza profesorma avTandil nikoleiSvilma). pedagogikuri
mgznebarebiT gamoirCeva `werili Svilisadmi~ aTi mcnebis
saxeliT rom damkvidrda qarTul publicistikaSi.
sagulisxmoa mixeil javaxiSvilis werilebi liter­
aturaze, enaze, Teatris problemebze da a.S.
mixeil javaxiSvili uzado mxatvaria.
uaRresad aqtualuri, cxovrebiseuli problemebi daay­
ena man Tavis TxzulebebSi mkiTxvelTa winaSe. gviCvena am
problemaTa gadawyvetis gzebic da gansacvifrebeli moqa­
laqeobrivi gabedulebiT Seqmna XX saukunis saqarTvelos
cxovrebis mxatvruli matiane.
mZafri siuJetebiT, ostaturad, mtkiced Sekruli kom­
poziciiT da ferweruli, Tvaladuri qarTuliT dawerili
mixeil javaxiSvilis moTxrobebi da romanebi uRrmes STabe­
Wdilebas axdenen mkiTxvelze. margo, Teimuraz xevisTavi,
jayo, arsena, qeTevan axatneli, jurxa, elizbari, givi Sa­
duri da sxvani mwerlis STambeWdavad daxatuli literatu­
ruli tipebia, msoflio mwerlobis personaJTa galereas
samudamod rom Seezardnen.
mixeil javaxiSvilis nawarmoebTa leqsikuri geografia
lamis mTel saqarTvelos moicavs da versad SexvdebiT si­
yalbis, frazaze miZalebis kvals. mwerali erTnairi siZli­
eriT flobs qarTlur, imerul, kaxur, fSav-xevsurul Tu
ZvelTbilisur kilokavebs.
misi gmirebis msgavsad, mowamebrivi iyo mixeil javaxiSvi­
lis cxovrebac.
`jayos xiznebis~ avtoris moRvaweoba gamudmebuli brZo­
la gaxldaT sulisSemxuTveli sabWoTa sistemis winaaRmdeg
da aki am brZolas Seewira kidec avadsaxsenebel 1837 wels,
`kaenis sulis aRzevebis~ dros.

192
 leo qiaCeli
(1884 - 1963)

leo qiaCelis literaturuli cxovreba sabWoTa imperiis

wlebSi Catarda. mas sabWouri saliteraturo kritika Tvli­
da sabWoTa sinamdvilis mexotbed, socialisturi realiz­
mis warmomadgenlad da sakolmeurneo cxovrebasa Tu ko­
munistur aRmSeneblobaSi wildadebul Semoqmedad. ase iyo
Sefasebuli leo qiaCelis TiTqmis yvela nawarmoebi, gansa­
kuTrebiT `haki aZba~ da `gvadi bigva~. axla, roca dadga dro
zogierTi mwerlisa Tu literaturuli nawarmoebis gada­
fasebisa, leo qiaCelis Txzulebebs rom CavxedavT, Cvens
winaSe warsdgeba socialisturi aRmSeneblobiT arcTu di­
dad kmayofili mwerali, romlis SemoqmedebaSi sakmarisze
metad Cans ironia socialisturi wyobilebis gamo. es faqti
kidev erTxel usvams xazs im garemoebas, rom saiTac ar unda
eqaCebodes mas oficialuri kritika, WeSmariti Semoqmedi
yovelTvis simarTlis mxardamWeria da Tavis sindiss ar Ra­
latobs.
menSevikuri social-demokratiuli partiis wevri, da­
moukidebeli saqarTvelos dros zugdidis erobis Tavm­

13. r. miSvelaZe. t. XXV 193

jdomare, revoluciuri saqmianobisTvis araerTgzis cixeSi
moxvedrili leo qiaCeli, partiuli cxovrebis logikiT
sabWoTa xelisuflebis mxardamWeri unda yofiliyo, magram
igi imTaviTve mixvda, rom sabWoebis xelisufleba xalxis
nebiT ar mosula. ubralod, wiTelma ruseTma daipyro saqa­
rTvelo. es azri gasdevs qarTuli prozis am erTi Cinebu­
li ostatis mTels Semoqmedebas. roca erTma avstraliel­
ma gamomcemelma roman `gvadi bigvas~ disidenturi uwoda,
xolo mis mTavar personaJs _ socialisturi wyobis msxver­
pli, sabWoTa kritikosebmac eWvis TvaliT dauwyes yureba
leo qiaCels, magram ukve gvian iyo. moxuci mwerali araerTi
premia-ordenis laureati da qarTuli mwerlobis mowinave
razmis wevri gaxldaT.
leo qiaCeli (Sengelaia) daibada 1884 wels walenji­
xis raionis sofel obujSi. soflis samrevlo skolis dam­
Tavrebis Semdeg igi quTaisis klasikur gimnaziaSi swavlobs,
magram ver amTavrebs mas revoluciuri saqmianobis gamo.
mere ganswavlis mizniT sazRvargareT miemgzavreba, kerZod,
laipcigSi da JenevaSi. uaxlovdeba rus revolucionerebs.
cota xniT saqarTveloSi dabrunebuls quTaisis cixeSi
svamen. iqidan gvirabiT gaipareba. mere isev sazRvargareT
vxedavT. 1918 wels, sakmao revoluciuri biografiis mqone
levan Sengelaia damoukidebel saqarTveloSi brundeba
da zugdidis erobis Tavmjdomared airCeven. imis Semdeg,
rac wiTelma ruseTma 1921 wlis TebervalSi saqarTvelos
erovnuli xelisufleba daamxo, leo qiaCeli protests
acxadebda saqarTvelos okupaciaze. 1921 wlis 18 marts man
baTumidan noe Jordania gaacila. TviT ar isurva emigracia­
Si gaqceuliyo, Tumca rogorc damoukidebeli saqarTvelos
samsaxurSi myofs, daWera eloda. marTlac, daapatimres,
magram 30 marts gaaTavisufles. mainc ar dacxra. aSkarad
uTanagrZnobda 1924 wlis ajanyebis monawileebs. rodesac
qarTveli Streixferexebis daxmarebiT ruseTma sisxlSi
CaaxSo 1924 wlis ajanyeba, es, marTlac, erovnuli ajanyeba,
leo qiaCeli CamoSorda politikas da mTlianad literatu­
rul cxovrebas mieca.

194
 werda moTxrobebs, romanebs, eweoda mTargmnelobiT saq­
mianobas, Tumca iSviaTad. iyo profesionali mwerali, Tumca
misi misi namsaxurobis nusxa TiTqmis 1924 wels mTavrdeba,
igi sicocxlis bolomde aqtiurad monawileobda saqarT­
velos sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. gardaicvala 1963 wels,
dasaflavebulia mTawmindis panTeonSi.
`warsuli awmyoSi~ leo qiaCelis erT-erTi pirveli no­
ve­
laa. igi ironiuli nawarmoebia. ironia ki mimarTulia
sazogadoebis im fenebisadmi, `maRali aristokratia~ rom
erqva da dResac aristokratoben, Tumca mkacrma sinam­
dvilem maTs socialur tituls karga xania sityva `yofili~
warumZRvara. ruseTis mier dapyrobili qveynis es kudabzika
Svilebi Zveleburad yelyelaoben da lamis arad dagideven,
rom maTs samSoblos karga xania saxelmwifos nacvlad gu­
bernia daarqva rusma, xolo maTsave patara samTavro-sam­
flobelos _ mazra.
axla vnaxoT imperiis moxele _ mazris ufrosi rogor
afasebs batoniSvilebs.
`TviT mazris ufrosi, veeba tanis, grZel-ulvaSebiani da
rixiani rusi maiori, Cveulebrivad ase uwodebda maT:
_ `Братья Батонишвилебови~.
RirsSesaniSnavi iyo uTuod, rom mazris ufrosi ori sit­
yvidan pirvels `branwis~ magivrad gamoTqvamda, yovel Sem­
TxvevaSi, rusulis armcodneT es sityva, umravles SemTx­
vevaSi, `branwad~ esmodaT. mis warmoTqmisas mazris ufrosi,
Cveulebriv, cal ulvaSs eSmakurad aacmacunebda da isedac
wvril, WroRa Tvalebs saidumlo mniSvnelobiT moWutavda,
magram maincdamainc aSkara rom ar gamosvloda dacinva,
zedized magrad daaxvelebda da ulvaSis viTom Zalaune­
bur cmacuns da Tvalis cbier moWutvas uecar daxvelebas
daabralebda~.
diax, batoniSvilebis kuTxes axla ukve axali mTavari
hyavs, mazris ufrosi, romelsac buzad eCveneba maRalgva­
rosani yofili mTavrebi. `yofilni~ ki imis nacvlad, rom
raime iRonon, moTminebiT itanen `branws~, qveynis gaTavi­
suflebisTvis arafers akeTeben. samagierod, erTmaneTs
kvlav `dido batonoTi~ mimarTaven, nadimoben da dRedaRam
195
`didebas~ eWidebian. es `dideba~ ki sxva ara aris ra, Tu ara
uSvelebeli, mamapapuri yanwi.
`batoniSvili vaxtangi misma simamrma dadianma awvia
sanadirod~.
siZe didi pativ-nadimiT miiRes.
nadirobis meore dRes dadianis sasaxlis kari sruli
SemadgenlobiT gamoefina siZis gasacileblad.
rodesac siZe maspinZlebs gamoeTxova da Tavis `arwivs~
dezi Semohkra, moxda sruliad gauTvaliswinebeli, cxenis
fiziologiur mdgomareobasTan dakavSirebuli SemTxveva,
rasac Cveulebriv, normalur sazogadoebaSi yuradRebas
aravin miaqcevda. didma batonma, Tavmoyvare siZem ki ver
aitana es Seuracxyofa. cxenidan Camoxta da udanaSaulo pi­
rutyvs Tavi waagdebina.
ase sasacilod gamoiyureba uadgilod gadmonergili
warsuli awmyoSi. ase gulismomkvlevad cxenis kudqveSi­
dan gamocemuli xmiT eTxoveba warsuli gadapranWul aris­
tokratias.
leo qiaCelis Semoqmedebis adreul periodze liter­
aturaTmcodneTa erTi nawili msjelobs, rogorc imgvar
debiutze, sadac naTlad Cans simbolistur-dekadenturi
skolebis gavlena. roca konstantine gamsaxurdias eqspre­
sionizmze an niko lorTqifaniZis impresionizmze vlapara­
kobT, gafacicebul kritikoss SeuZlia gamadidebeli SuSiT
mainc aRmoaCinos am modur mimarTulebaTa kvali, magram
leo qiaCelTan amgvari kvleva, vfiqrob, TviTmiznuris
STabeWdilebas tovebs. Tu moTxrobaSi adamianis cxovrebis
amaoebazea laparaki, gana imas niSnavs, rom mwerali dekaden­
tizmis tyveobaSia, an Tu avtori bolomde frCxilebis gax­
snas erideba da miniSneba-simboloebiT gveubneba saTqmels,
aucileblad simbolisti unda iyos? gana msgavs magaliTebs
uxvad ar Seicavs WeSmariti mwerlis Semoqmedeba Tundac
Suasaukuneebisa, roca mwerals simbolizmi da dekadentizmi
arc ki smenia?
aviRoT leo qiaCelis erT-erTi pirveli novela `ste­
fane~.

196
 meTevze stefane da soflis glaxa, munji Zoko, megobrebi
arian. saerTod, meTevzeebi sityvaZviri xalxia, maTi profe­
siidan gamomdinare, rakiRa umetes SemTxvevaSi marto uxde­
baT yofna. stefanec sityvaZviri gaxldaT da roca etyod­
nen, Tqvi rameo, uxerxulobis gasafantavad pasuxobda `gana
ambavi mxolod sityviT iTqmis?! yvelaze ukeTesi ambavi is
aris, romelic usityvod esmis yvelas~.
ase, usityvod maslaaToben stefane da Zoko.
`sofels ukvirda maTi ambavi. xSirad unaxavT mdina­
ris piras martod msxdarni da saubriT garTulni. Zoko
`elaparakeboda~ stefanes, Tu stefane uambobda Zokos, sul
erTi iyo, orsave SemTxvevaSi isini yuradRebiT usmendnen
erTmaneTs~.
roca daaZaleben rame mohyevio, stefane tyuilebs moiSve­
liebs, Tu ara da aris Cumad, an isev Tavis ZokosTan mieCqa­
reba. mis gverdiT Cumad yofna urCevnia. es yovelive ste­
fanes xasiaTis Strixebia. mTavari aq munjisa da metyvelis
megobrobaa, maTi usityvo dialogia da sruliad uadgiloa
am samfurclian novelaSi evropuli modernizmis kvali _
sulTa mistiuri saubari (?!) veZioT.
aseve araferia dekadentur-mistikuri `codvis Svileb­
Si~. moTxroba or damTxveul, arasrulyofil pirovnebazea
dawerili. oridan erTi _ jvebe, ubralod, Seuracxadia, meo­
re ki _ beko, yofili mnaTe _ mawyevari, kacTa SurisZiebisa­
gan SeSinebuli, aseve aranormaluris STabeWdilebas tovebs
_ RvTis saxls gamoqcevia da wisqvils Sexizvnia, Tumca Tavis
yofil xelobas _ wyevlas, xatze gadacemas aqac ar iSlis.
saerTod, roca kaci mwerlobas iwyebs, gonebaSi pirvelad
siyrmis STabeWdilebaTagan gansakuTrebiT dasamaxsovrebe­
li araCveulebri faqtebi da xasiaTebi amotivtivdeba. axal­
gazrda mwerals zogjer hgonia, rom Cveulebriv adamianze
ufro metad mkiTxvels ucnauri, araordinaluri, normidan
gadaxrili ainteresebs. ase emarTeba Semoqmedebis adreul
periodSi leo qiaCelsac. mwerals surs swored TevzTan
molaparake, SiSisagan gonebabrmobili, gvelis momTviniere­
beli ucnauri personaJebi dagvamaxsovros.

197
 ra xdeba `codvis SvilebSi?~
`avi zniT Sepyrobilsa da suliT avadmyof~ jvebes, ro­
melsac irgvliv yvelani daexoca (rakiRa maTi papa erT
dros mezobelma saxlis gadawvisaTvis xatze gadasca) pat­
roni gamouCnda. es gaxlavT mnaTeyofili mewisqvile beko.
bekom upatrono giJi wisqvilSi Seikedla da samadlod luk­
ma gauCina. erTxel jvebe mowme gaxda, Tu rogor swyevlida,
xat­ze gadascemda beko Tavisi ZmisSvilis mkvlelebs da ise­
dac dabinduli goneba ufro aemRvra. gadawyvita, gacloda
codvil mewisqviles, magram ukve gviani iyo, raRac uxilavi
Zala mawyevrisken ezideboda. isRa moaxerxa, rom wyevlis
ritualis dros bekos mier xeSi CarWobil lursmnebs Cumad
iRebda da gulmodgined malavda, raTa amiT dawyevlilTa
sulebi gadaerCina. bolos jvebem gadawyvita, bekos wisqvili
daewva, raTa am gziT xatze gadamcemeli mewisqvile sofli­
saTvis moeSorebina. giJma cecxli gauCina wisqvils, magram
mizans ver miaRwia. axla mTeli soflis Tvalwin daswyev­
la da wminda giorgis samsjavros gadasca bekom wisqvilis
damwveli. imdenad didi iyo xatis risxvis SiSi, rom jvebes
brmobilma gonebam ver gauZlo: Serisxulma, SeSlilma mdi­
nareSi daixrCo Tavi. bekom gadarCena scada, magram isic
STanTqa stiqiam. ase daiRupnen codvis Svilebi.
`wuTisofeli~ hqvia novelas, romelsac arcTu Zalian
saintereso siuJeti aqvs da arc raime didi sazogadoebrivi
problemis dayenebiT ipyrobs yuradRebas. sofleli mSrom­
eli dedakacis _ marTas erTaderTi vaJi qalaqSi saukeTeso
muSad iTvleba. marTas ki Sin oblad gazrdili gogona _
cira hyavs. novelaSi lirikul gmirs, iulons, uyvars cira
da xSirad modis marTas karmidamosTan, raTa Cumad, wab­
lis ZirSi mijdes da ciras simReras usminos. erT dRes an­
dro Camovida. marTas bednierebas sazRvari ara aqvs, Svili
daubrunda. marTas bednierebis koSki samiode dReSi sava­
lalod daimsxvra. androm dasaviT TanSezrdili cira qalaqs
gaitaca da colad daisva, marTas ki baraTi gamougzavna:
`mapatie, deda, magram sxvanairad ar SemeZlo movqceuli­
yavio~.

198
 `wuTisofelTan~ SedarebiT epoqis sunTqvas gacilebiT
Rrmad exmianeba `mama oqropiri~. damarcxda 1905 wlis revo­
lucia da soflis mRvdels mama oqropirs imedi mieca, rom
erTobiT `gabruebul~ glexebs kvlav moiqcevs gavlenis qveS
da Zveleburad farad aqcevs. igi welSi amayad gamarTuli
Camomjdara cacxvis ZirSi, xelSi gazeTi uWiravs da glexebs
atyuebs: aq weria, `visac am ori wlis ganmavlobaSi dramis
gadasaxadi ar Seutania, cimbirSi unda iqnes gadasaxlebu­
lio~. am `informaciiT~ SemkrTal glexebs rusis erTguli
oqropiri, Txovnaze, iqneb cota SeRavaTi mainc mogvceno,
niSnismogebiT miugebs: `kakraz Seni WkuiT dadis swored
rusi xelmwifeo. saqarTvelom erTi Ralati xom uRalata
`erTobis~ dros... imis magier, rom rus xelmwifeze gelo­
caT, samudamod misi madlieri yofiliyaviT, Camogdeba
daupireT...~
cxovreba ki Tavisi gziT midis. boTlidan jini amosu­
lia da veRar Caabruneb. gaRviZebul glexebs mama oqropiri­
sac aRar sjeraT; marTalia, oqropirma sxvebis gasagonad
utu daaimeda: modi xval CemTan da mowmobas mogcem, viTom
gadasaxadi Setanili gaqvso, magram TviTonac eWvi epareba,
rom saRamos utu miakiTxavs ZRveniT xelSi.
kvlav ubrundeba ucnaur, araordinalur personaJebs mwe­
rali `jadosanSi~. jadosani menaxire tagu gaxlavT. tagus
momnusxveli mwvane Tvalebi aqvs da mefuri mixvra-moxvra.
`sofeli kargad icnobs tagus. yvelam icis, rom igi ubiT
gvels daatarebs. metic ician _ es meti is aris, rom tagus
jado aqvs TvalebSi da iseTi Zlieria, rom mis nebas usulo
sagnebic ki morCileben. Tavisi mwvane TvalebiT moajadova
tagum mezoblis qali gaiane da Tavis vnebas daumorCila.
gaianes azriT, jadosani yvelaze Zlieri mamakacia mTels
duniaze, yoveldRe xvdebian isini mdinaris piras erTmaneTs
da `ar yofila SemTxveva, rom gaianes tagusTan yofnis dros
xma amoeRos~.
cxovreba erTi grZeli maskaradia. adamianebi namdvili
saxiT iSviaTad eCvenebian erTmaneTs. TiTqmis yvelani niR­
biT dadian, amitomac Znelia pirovnebis WeSmariti amocno­

199
ba. ase daemarTa vaJs, romelsac maskaradze qali moewona.
gamoekida da qalma niRabi xes Seatova, roca Tavisi saxiT
warudga vaJs, realoba gacilebiT ufro martivi da uin­
tereso aRmoCnda, vidre niRabi, romelsac `kacobrioba Ta­
visi naklis dasafaravad TvalTmaqcurad mihmarTavs xolme
(`eskalde~).
zemoganxiluli novelebi, Cemi fiqriT,mainc erTgvari
literaturuli varjiSi gaxldaT ufro seriozul TemebTan
SesaWideblad, leo qiaCelis novelistikaSi gamorCeuli ad­
gili sam brwyinvale novelas uWiravs, esenia: `Tavadis qali
maia~, `almasgir kibulan~ da `haki aZba~.
bolSevikebisagan gaubedurebuli, simdidreCamorTmeuli
Tavadis qali maia Zveleburi inerciiT zRvaze midis dasas­
veneblad. magram Zveleburi pewi aRar SerCenia. SavCoxiani
vaJkacebic aRar acileben da arc Tavaduri etli miaqanebs.
WaobSi gulisgamawvrileblad moyanyale uremze zis da gver­
diT oblad gazrdili erTaderTi erTguli moaxle gogo _
dafino axlavs. urems ki dafinoze Seyvarebuli `mobolSe­
viko~ glexi ambako miuZRvis. `aha, gaZarcvulia Tavadis qali
yovelnairad. qonebasa da didebasTan erTad gahqra misi ax­
algazrdobac~.
zRvasTan Tavadis qalis urems maias Zveli sayvareli,
Tavadi bondo daxvda, magram maias grZneulma Tvalebma ma­
Sinve Seatyves, rom bondos gulSi misdami trfobis cec­
xli kargaxania ganelebula, TavadiSvils axla sxva samxili
swvavs. igi dafinos eSxiT xvdeba urems. Seuracxyofilma Ta­
vadis qalma SurisZieba gadawyvita: bondo daarwmuna, rakiRa
aRar gindivar, ra gaewyoba, minda Cveni Zveli siyvarulis
sanacvlod ukanasknelad dagajildovo _ wadi karavSi da
dafinos gamogigzavnio. cota xnis Semdeg gulubryvilo mi­
jnuryofils man, marTlac, gaugzavna moaxle gogona, magram
dafinos ukan misi nandauri, bondoze moeWviane da masze aR­
renili ambakoc miayola. is iyo karavSi Sesul dafinos Ta­
vadiSvilma xelebi moxvia da ambakos tyviac wamoewia.
SurismaZiebelma amqveynad Tavisi misia amowurulad CaT­
vala. Tavisi Tvalmargaliti, lamaz TiTebze rom esxa, zRvas
`aCuqa~ da TviTonac stiqias misca Tavi.
200
 araa saWiro am moTxrobaSi mancdamainc socialur-poli­
tikuri problema veZeboT, aqao da, maia da bondo momakvdavi
klasis Svilebia da usaTuod unda wavidneno, ambako ki, raki
bolSevikia _ momavalic mas ekuTvniso. es moTxroba dawer­
ilia adamianur tragediaze, wuTisoflis miTaJamindel dra­
maze _ drois ulmoblobasa da Seuracxyofili siyvarulis
gamo SurisZiebaze, raic oden arc maias TavadiSvilobam ga­
napiroba da arc ambakos bolSevikobam. es drama cxovrebis
mkacrma gamocanam, xasiaTTa ulmobelma Widilma amoativ­
tiva da asazrdova.
vaJkacobaze, mamaSvilur urTierTobaze, sikvdil-si­
cocxlis problemaze dawerili brwyinvale novelaa `almas­
gir kibulan~. svanebi engurze morebs acureben. maT Sorisa­
sa xaldeli almasgir kibulan Tavisi TxuTmeti wlis vaJiT
_ givergiliT.
givergil moxdenili, Cauqi biWia _ mamis siamaye. morebi
enguris SuaSi aRmarTul kldesTan gaixidnen, erTmaneTze
Selagdnen da jebiri aRmarTes. moijaradre kauza fifia,
`erT Cervonecs~ pirdeba, vinc jebirze gava da qveda mors
Toks gamoabams, raTa napirze darCenilebma Ronivrad daqa­
Con da jebiri daSalon, es saxifaTo saqme givergilma iTava.
igi, marTlac, Sedga jebirze da is iyo Toki unda Caeba,
rom jebiri saSineli gruxuniT Camoingra da givergils
Tavze daeca. Svilis dakargviT gamxecebulma almasgirma Sav
zRvam­de sdia Svilis cxedars da bolos TviTonve daixrCo
enguris SesarTavTan.
epoqaluri, erovnuli tkivilebis da Rrma qveteqstebis
Semcveli novelaa `haki aZba~. nawarmoebSi miniSnebulia, ra
utifrad upotinebs xels wiTeli ruseTi damoukidebel
saqarTvelos. ra axlosaa Tavisufali saqarTvelos xelaxa­
li dapyroba axla ukve bolSevikuri imperiis mier.
1918 welia. saqarTvelom esesaa damoukidebloba gamo­
acxada da soxumis sanapiroze bolSevikebis kreiseri,
legen­daruli `Smidtic~ gamoCnda. qalaqi aforiaqda. pani­
kam moicva. `yvelam uwyoda, Tu ra interesi unda hqonoda
oqtombris revolucias Savi zRvis sanapiro adgilebSi...
aravisTvis saidumloebas ar warmoadgenda, rom miuxedavad
201
yofili imperiis samxreTiT axladSeqmnili respublikebis
damoukideblobisa, maTi teritoriebi mainc Sediodnen `didi
oqtombris sadarajos~ farglebSi da, am mxriT gamonakliss
afxazeTic ar warmoadgenda.
soxumis qalaqis Tavs, samson davanaZes, rom ityvian, pir­
dapir Tavzari daeca. ar icoda, rogor Sexvedroda bolSe­
vikebis samxedro gems. TbilisSi saidumlo depeSa gagzavna,
magram pasuxi igvianebda.
amasobaSi SeSinebuli soxumi Tadarigs iWerda:
`moqalaqeni metwilad TavianT saxlebs utrialebdnen da
wiTeli droSebiT amkobdnen. didi da patara erT survils
aetana; rac SeiZleba male, saswrafod, mezoblebze ufro
adre gamoekida Tavisi saxlis win wiTeli droSa da amiT
yoveli eWvi Tavidan aecilebina. visac Sin droSa ar aRmo­
aCnda, bazrisaken garboda, wiTel narmas yidulobda da uceb
dabrunebuli, gzadagza drois mosagebad, droSas saxelda­
xelod amzadebda, joxze amagrebda~.
bolos soxumis sabWos saerTo krebam gadawyvita, CaT­
revisTvis Cayola emjobinebinaT da bolSevikebis kreisers
garegnulad mSvidad, megobrulad daxvedrodnen, radganac
sxva ara iyos ra, Zala aRmarTsa xnavda.
ramdenime kaci ar monawileobda sazeimo Sexvedris fus­
fusSi da erTi maTgani iyo mefis yofili oficeri ujuS
emxa.
`_ igi wiTlebis ieriSebis Smag navards gamoqceoda. aTa­
si safrTxisa da gansacdelisagan Tavi daeRwia, ganuyrelad
masTan myofi uerTgulesi mxleblis, misTvis mudam Tavgan­
wiruli ZiZiSvilis, haki aZbas, daxmarebiT, romelTanac er­
Tad uvnebeli mSobel keras dabruneboda~.
roca `Smidtma~ Ruza CamouSva, Sesagebeblad misuli
delegatebi `Sehzara gemis kapitnis, `kuzma mrisxaned~ wo­
debuli, kuzma kilgas saSineli, daCexili saxis danaxvam da
misma medidurma familarobam, rac imaSi gamomJRavnda, rom
`TviTon napirze ar gadmovida da soxumelebis mier mowyo­
bil zeims ar daeswro~. mitingze daswrebis survili arc
utifar mezRvaurs, vasil xritaniuks (`vaska-piratad~ wo­
debuls) gamouTqvams. man Tavis amfsonebTan erTad, pirvel
202
rigSi bazars miaSura, da roca Tvali hkida Cqari nabijiT
mimaval `TeTrgvardiel oficers~ ujuS emxas, kbilTa RrWi­
aliT mivarda da epoletebis Camoglejva daupira. `imave
wams revolveri gavarda da gangmiruli vasil xritaniuki
miwaze piraRma gaiSxlarTa~.
roca kilgasTan am samwuxaro SemTxvevis gamo bodiSis
mosaxdelad soxumis xelmZRvanelTa delegacia mivida, kuz­
mam Tavisi `sami Tvali~ mrisxaned mimoavlo da zurgi Seaq­
cia: `amaTi dedac... ceremonias miwyoben raRac sulelurs
da masuleleben. mimifurTxebia me magaTi Tavaduri manWva-
gre­xisaTvis. hei, morigev!~ _ aseTia bolSevikis diplomatiis
(da zrdilobis) ani da hoe. kapitanma soxumelebs ultimatu­
mi wauyena: erT saaTSi moeZebnaT da CaebarebinaT mkvleli.
ujuSma, rogorc rainds Sehferis, gadawyvita samalavi­
dan gamosuliyo, mters Cabareboda da amiT qalaqi gadaer­
Cina, magram haki aZbam Tavis Tavze aiRo mkvleloba da soxu­
mis miliciis ufross ganucxada _ mezRvauri me movkalio.
qalaqis xelmZRvanelobam gadawyvita kuzma kilgasTvis ori­
veni waredgina.
bolSevikma kapitanma, rasakvirvelia, gamoicno namdvi­
li mkvleli. ase rom, hakis Tavdadebis saSualeba ar misca.
ujuSi sapatimroSi Caamwyvdia, xolo hakis winadadeba misca
gemze darCeniliyo. hakis emxas gadarCenis naperwkali auki­
afda gulSi da mTeli Rame erTgulebas eficeboda kapitans,
magram bolSevikebs xumroba ar uyvarT da maT cremlebi­
sac aRar sjeraT; gamTeniisas ujuS emxa daxvrites da zRva­
Si gadauZaxes. gacofda haki aZba. jer kapitans mivarda da
`sisxliani ZaRli~ uwoda, mere mezRvaurebs miaxta Suris
saZieblad. `misi Tvalebi Seurigeblobis cecxlis naper­
wklebs afrqvevdnen garSemo~. bolos gaqceva scada, magram
gembanis moajirze Semxtars kuzma mrisxanes tyvia wamoewia.
`sulerTia es mona adamianad mainc ar gamodgeboda~ _ ase
mokle da ulmobelia kuzma kilgas ganaCeni. ase uRirs bol­
Seviks ZiZiSvilisTvis Tavganwiruli kaci.
Zneli SesamCnevi ar gaxlavT is garemoeba, rom `haki
aZba~ Tavidan bolomde wiTeli ruseTisadmi protestis
grZnobiTaa gamsWvaluli. mwerali naTlad xedavs saqarT­
203
velos sazRvrebTan gamoCenil bolSevikur urCxuls, esmis
misi cxe­li qSena, am urCxulSi advilad cnobs axali ju­
ris dampyro­ bels da droulad afrTxilebs mkiTxvelsac
mosalodneli saSiSroebis Sesaxeb, Tumca, samwuxarod, ukve
gvian aris. damoukidebeli saqarTvelos bedi bolSevikur
urdoSi ukve gadawyvetilia. gaivlis ori weli da leninis
gankargulebiT saqarTvelos sazRvrebs wiTeli ruseTis
me-11 armia moadgeba.
romani `tariel golua~ leo qiaCelma emigraciaSi (Jeneva)
dawera da 1916 wels gamoaqveyna.
nawarmoebi saukunis dasawyisis pirveli aTeulis so­
cialur qartexilebs Seexeba. wyalSemdgari, magram jer
kidev Zlieri TviTmpyrobelobis winaaRmdeg masaTa brZolis
ideiT aris STagonebuli. mZafri siuJetis fonze naCvenebia
sazogadoebis sxvadasxva fenis warmomagenelTa urTierT­
damokidebuleba da maTi fsiqologiuri ganwyobileba. ro­
manis furclebze saintereso, STambeWdavi xasiaTebis da
mZafri vnebebis rkinebaa.
axalma saukunem axali ZaliT gaaRviZa imperiis kirTebis
qveS moTminebis fialaaRvsili saqarTvelo. glexma irwmuna,
rom oden marqsistuli wreebiT da inteligent moqadageTa
rudunebiT Tavisufleba ar miiRweva. saWiroa ufro qmedi­
Ti, praqtikuli brZola. soflad iqmneba calkeuli razmebi.
isini aralegalurad, mzis Casvlis mere Cndebian asparezze.
dadian karikar da xalxs erTobis erTgulebaze aficeben.
sofel cixiskarSi erTobis burjebi policiis meTvalyureo­
bis miuxedavad, atareben krebebs samcacxvis ZirSi. erT-erTi
Camovla-daficebis dros aznaur daviTis qaliSvili, Tina,
mamis saxls gamoarida erTobis moTavem, tariel goluas
Svilma, mebuxre levan goluam. daviTi daedevna moZaladee­
bs da antonia bukaZis mitovebul saxlSi alya Semoartya.
tariel goluas CareviT saqme mSvidobianad damTavrda. qali
mamas daubrunes. revoluciis cecxli TandaTan moedo same­
grelos soflebs. amboxebul glexTa xelmZRvanel birTvSi
nayaCaRari gaioz gadalendia SeZvra. gaiozs garda reaqci­
is dakveTisa, piradi mizanic amoZravebs; masac uyvars Tina
da gadawyvetili aqvs metoqe _ levani gzidan CamoiSoros.
204
provokatorma mizans miaRwia. qurdulad, mzakvrobiT mokla
levani. Tumca `erTobis~ cecxli amiT ar Camqrala, amboxe­
bul glexebs saTaveSi TviT tariel golua Caudga. mTels
mxareSi sibrZniTa da siqveliT cnobili tarieli arc repre­
siebs SeuSinda da cixidan gamosvlis Semdegac kvlav erTo­
bis samsaxurSia. rac Seexeba gaioz gadalendias, levanis
megobarma, beJanam, Suri iZia, gaiozs gzaze dauxvda da si­
cocxles gamoasalma.
romanSi naTlad Cans, rom yvela ubedurebis Tavi da Tavi
ruseTis koloniuri politikaa. borotebas imperiuli Zal­
momreoba umagrebs mxars. mazris ufrosi tarielis dapatim­
rebis dros pirdapir ucxadebs mamasaxliss: `amisi Svili
xvalve momgvare qalaqSi gabawruli... es ki dapatimrebulia
da Tan mimyavs... magaT cixe da cimbiri gaasworebs. vaCveneb,
Tu ra aris `bunti~, rusis mTavrobis Zala, sCans, jer kidev
ar unaxavs~.
`rusis Zala~ erTnairad Cagravs yvela qarTvels, glex­
sac da aznaursac. sailustraciod cixiskaris mcxovrebTa
daCoqebis scenac sakmarisia:
`На колени!~ _ gaimeora axla ufro mkacrad mazris
ufrosma da maTraxi maRla aswia. risxvis cecxli gadaaf­
rqvia yrilobas.
_ ar gesmiT? ras dgaxarT?! daiCoqeT, brZanebs! _ Ca­
gonebiT gaimeores boqaulebma. maSin nel-nela, CurCuliT
moiyara xalxma muxli da Tavi daxara. ganze mdgomi aznaure­
biRa darCnen fexze.
_ aznaurebi varT... aznaurebi... _ gaubedavad upasuxes
aznaurebma.
_ aznaurebs aq adgili ara aqvT. mefis qveSevrdomia
yvela! _ daiyvira mazris ufrosma da Tavisi mkacri `На коле-
ни~ kvlav gaimeora~.
ar daufasdaT aznaurebs xelmwifis samsaxuri.
dampyrobelma isinic daaCoqa.
am paTosiT aris dawerili mTeli romani. nawarmoebis
TiTqmis yvela personaJi (tarieli, levani, gaiozi, Tina, da­
viTi, barbale, beJana, gio, munji baCua..) uaResad saintere­
so, individualuri niSan-TvisebebiT aRbeWdili saxeebia.
205
 1905 wlis revoluciis damarcxebis Semdgom periods,
e. w. `stolipinis reaqciis xanas~ asaxavs leo qiaCelis ro­
mani `sisxli~ (1927). nawarmoebSi naCvenebia saqarTve­os Tan­
mimdevruli brZola imperiis mier Tavsmoxveuli erovnul-
socialuri Cagvrisagan Tavis gamoxsnisaTvis. daxatulia
sazogadoebis sxvadasxva fenis ganwyobileba da damokide­
buleba revoluciisadmi. romanSi mwerals araerTi bio­
grafiuli detali gamouyenebia da, rac uTuod xazgasa­
smelia, nawarmoebSi aSkarad Cans social-demokratTa ori
dajgufebis ori taqtikis _ menSevikurisa da bolSevikuris
urTierTdapirispireba. miuxedavad imisa, rom `sisxli~ sab­
WoTa imperiis dros daiwera, roca mZvinvarebda cenzura da
menSevikebs mxolod wyevla-krulviT moixseniebdnen, mwer­
alma mainc SeZlo gaeparebina aSkara simpaTia menSevikuri
xazisadmi. romanis mTavari gmiri, menSeviki arCil dadaSiani
da bolSeviki niko xSirad upirispirdebian erTmaneTs. es da­
pirispireba ZiriTadad ori mizeziT xdeba. jer erTi, arCili
ufro erovnulia da upirvelesad samSoblosTvis zrunvas
moiTxovs, niko ki aSkarad kosmopolitia da msoflio pro­
letariatis mxardamxar brZolas qadagebs: meorec arCili
inteligentia da revoluciur saqmianobasTan aSkara sisx­
lisRvras da Zarcva-glejas (bolSevikebi rom `eqspropriac­
ias~ uwodebdnen) SeuTavseblad Tvlis, niko eqstremistia da
`revoluciis gamarjvebisaTvis~ marto iaraRiT brZolas ki
ara, iseT saCoTiro saqmesac ar erideba, rogoric saxazino
matarebelze Tavdasxma gaxlavT. bolSevik nikos SeuZlia
mohklas daWrili amxanagi, rakiRa misi tareba safrTxeSi ag­
debs TanamebrZolebs.
saqarTveloSi reaqcia mZvinvarebs. qveyana policiurma
reJimma moicva. quCebSi aRar ismis `marseliozas~ xmebi da
verc demonstracia-mitingebs vxedavT. saxalxo moZraobam
iatakqveSeTSi gadainacvla. revolucioneri arCil dadaSiani
foTis muSaTa farul wres xelmZRvanelobs. aqvea, nikoc,
romelic ver egueba menSevikur inteligentobas da `Teo­
riul wreobanas~. igi aqtiur moqmedebas, reaqciis winaaRm­
deg misive meTodiT brZolas moiTxovs (`mters teroriTve
unda gasce pasuxi~). nikom isargebla arCilis quTaisSi yof­
206
niT, aiyolia ramdenime amxanagi da fulis gatacebis mizniT
Tavs daesxa safosto matarebels. Setakebis dros ramdenime
Tavdamsxmeli mokles, danarCenebma tyes Seafares Tavi. am
SemTxvevis gamo `gamofxizlebulma~ policiam matarebelze
Tavdasxmis braldebiT quTaisSi arCil dadaSianic daapatim­
ra. gareT darCenilma megobrebma gadawyvites dapatimre­
bulTa daxsna quTaisis sagubernio cixidan. am saqmeSi arCi­
lis TanamebrZoli andro qarivaZec aqtiurobs. SeTqmulebma
imdens miaRwies, rom cixeSi Semaval gvirabs arc meti, arc
naklebi swored cixis ufrosis, meliton ablandias ezos
gavliT sWrian. melitonTan andros Tavisi angariSic aqvs.
Jandarmma adre soflel biWs Seyvarebuli vardo waarTva da
colad daisva. Tumca androsa da vardos Soris wminda siyva­
ruli grZeldeba da cixis ufrosis coli farulad exmareba
revolucionerebs gvirabis gayvanaSi. moxda gauTvaliswine­
beli ram: melitonma Tavis cols waaswro, roca igi arCils
TeTri cxvirsaxociT niSans aZlevda. ablandiam `umkacre­
si zomebi~ miiRo, ris gamoc Seuracxyofili vardo rionSi
gadaxta da Tavi daixrCo. andro Surs iZiebs vardosTvis da
hklavs ablandias. amis Semdeg policiis zedamxedvelobiT
Tavgabezrebuli arCil dadaSiani Salva da caca ramaZeeb­
Tan erTad moskovs miemgzavreba. arCilisTvis miuRebelia
bolSevik nikos brZolis meTodebi da igi samoqmedod sxva
adgil-asparezs irCevs. romanis qveteqstSi aSkarad Cans, rom
revoluciuri brZolis saTaveebs TandaTanobiT xelSi ig­
debs bolSevikuri Zala, romelic inteligenciis uaryofiT
da yaCaRoba-sisxlisRvriT miiwevs xelisuflebisaken. es
Zala qveyanas sikeTes ver moutans _ aseTi gaxlavT romanis
logikuri qveteqsti. aki arc moutana.
meore msoflio omis movlenebs asaxavs romani `mTiskaci~.
mteri kavkasionsac moadga, sofel sous mkvidri, baTu
qardua, garemoebam aiZula omSi Cabmuliyo; igi patriotia
da miuxedavad xandazmulobisa, gadamTiels Tavis samkvi­
dros ar gaaTelvinebs; esec ar iyos, momxvdurT ebrZvis
misi pirmSo joto da mama Tavs movaled Tvlis jariskacs
gverdiT edges _ gaamxnevos da daexmaros.

207
 ibrZvis baTu, rogorc SeuZlia. igi jariskacebs bargis
gadazidvaSi exmareba da miuval WiuxebSi gzas uCvenebs. mTis
kacis fiqri niadag jotos dastrialebs. mebrZolT Svili­
viT Sescqeris da maTi gadarCenisTvis Tavganwirvasac ar
erideba, radganac man Tavisi funqcia omSic ipova _ Svils
yvelaze didi gansacdelis Jams gverdiT unda daudges,
samizne gausworos da Tu saWiro gaxdeba, misTvis nasrol
tyviasac mkerdi SeuSviros.
`mTiskacs~ alag-alag etyoba, rom avtors omi uSualod
ar unaxavs da saomari pasaJebis, bataluri suraTebis xatva
uWirs. Tanac am romans leo qiaCelis sxva nawarmoebebisagan
gansxvavebiT socialisturi realizmis kvali aSkarad amCnev­
ia. igi paTetikuri, zeaweuli toniTaa dawerili. dialogebi
zogjer plakaturis, arabunebrivis STabeWdilebas tovebs.
1934 wels leo qiaCelma dawera kino-scenari `narinjis
veli!, xolo 1937 wels `narinjis velis~ masalebze dayrdno­
biT _ romani `gvadi bigva~.
`gvadi bigva~ ocdaaTiani wlebis e.w. `sakolmeurneo cxov­
rebis ganmtkicebis~ periods exeba. komunistebma mSromeli
glexobis ukeT gayvlefis mizniT sabWoTa imperiis uzarma­
zar teritoriaze Seqmnes koleqtiuri meurneobebi. es imas
niSnavda, rom miwis muSas miwa saerTod ar gaaCnda. mis droe­
biT mflobelobaSi iyo (ara gayidvis uflebiT), mxolod mka­
crad mozomili sakarmidamo nakveTi. saerTod, miwa ekuT­
vnoda mxolod saxelmwifos (?!) da saxelmwifos soflad miwa
ulogiko, gaucxadebeli komunisturi ijariT daTmobili
hqonda kolmeurneobisTvis. saxelmwifo miwis yovel gojs
da Sesabamisad kolmeurneobasac mkacrad akontrolebda.
wlis bolos mosavlidan lomis wils TviT waiRebda, kol­
meurnes ki mxolod imdens utovebda, rom wlidan wlamde
Tavi gaetana. ase rom, glexi lamis monis mdgomareobaSi
iyo. jer erTi, mas gasayidi TiTqmis araferi rCeboda da
zogi sasoflo produqtis bazarSi gatanac akrZaluli iyo.
saerTod, kolmeurneobis gamgeoba eWviT uyurebda bazarSi
mosiarule kolmeurnes. kolmeurneoba glexis damcirebis,
daSinebis, moxerxebulad Zarcvis forma gaxldaT da sxva
araferi. wiTelma xelisuflebam `genialurad~ moifiqra igi;
208
raRa individualuri begara Sevawero glexs da mere mis Sesa­
groveblad kardakar viaro, barem erTad vamuSaveb, mosvals
misxal-misxal davuTvli da wlis bolos mis mier gamomcx­
vari didi Wadidan patar naWers glexsac movutexavo. Wkvi­
ani glexi maSinve mixvda, ra `fafa moxarSa~ imperiam da uari
ganacxada kolmeurneobaSi Sesvlaze. man uari Tqva Tavisi
ofliT monagari saqon-sayolis sakolmeurneo sakuTrebad
qcevaze. aseTi glexi xelisuflebam `kulakad~, `xalxis
mtrad~ gamoacxada. misi `gankulakebis~ (qonebis warTmevis
da daWeris~), kampania wamoiwyo da xalxs kidev erTi Cvari
CasCara pirSi, raTa igi morCil, gansjis unarmoklebul ma­
sad eqcia. es periodi (XX saukunis ocdaaTiani wlebi) aris
asaxuli `gvadi bigvaSi~.
samegrelos erT mivardnil sofelSi, bnel jargvalSi
cxovrobs gvadi bigva Tavisi xuTi obliT (bardRunia, Ru­
tunia, kitunia, kuWunia da Wirimia).
gvadi avadmyofi, bunebiT zarmaci da amis gamo Rarib-
Rataki kacia. aseTebi kolmeurneobaSi xalisiT Sediodnen (ra
hqondaT dasakargi), magram gvadi fexs iTrevs, ufro sworad,
kolmeurneobaSi mxolod fiqtiurad iTvleba, sakolmeur­
neo mindors keTrovaniviT gaurbis. jer erTi, xelis gaqneva
ezareba da meorec, ar sjera, rom `koleqtivi~ mas sikeTes
moutans. bazrobis dRes gvadi mZinare Svilebs sabans gaus­
worebs, jargvalis kars gamoixuravs, ezoSi Tu rame dalan­
da gasayidi, xels gamoayolebs da bazrisaken miiCqaris... iq
arCil forias meurveobis qveSaa. sabWoTa xelisuflebasTan
`ubrad myofi~ arCili gvadi bigvas imiT exmareba, rom saspe­
kulaciod iyenebs. daxlis biWis funqciiT kmayofilia gvadi.
`xalxis mterma~ igi gadaibara, saqme gauCina da oblebis sar­
Cenad oriode groSis Sovnis saSualeba misca. gvadis `mosax­
arSad~ da `sakolmeurneo cxovrebis ferxulSi Casabmelad~
arc meore mxare _ kolmeurneobis gamgeobaa gulxeldakre­
fili. gvadis odis asaSeneblad ficrebi gamouyves da ori
soflis _ sanariis da orkeTis socSejibris Semmowmebeli
komisiis wevradac ki airCies. amiT gvadize didi fsiqologi­
uri zewola moaxdines. uRirsi, mconara da bogano daafases,

14. r. miSvelaZe. t. XXV 209

xalxSi garies, es meore cduneba ufro didi iyo, vidre ar­
Cil forias `saeWvo gziT naSovni~ nivTebis iqiT-aqeT tareba
da bazarSi gasaReba. gvadi bigva kolmeurneobisaken erT­
baSad Semobrundeba. ara marto Semobrunda, sakolmeurneo
sakuTrebis mtkice damcveli gaxda da roca arCil foriam
kolmeurneobisagan misTvis warTmeuli (!) saxerxi qarxnis
dawva gadawyvita, gvadi sibneleSi wamoewia da mamapapuri
xanjliT Tavi gaupo.
romanis mTeli moqmedeba sam dReSi xdeba. dakvirvebuli
Tvali iolad SeamCnevs, rom `gvadi bigvaSi~ bevri ram iro­
niulad gazviadebulia. movlenaTa hiperbolizeba mwerals
imisTvis sWirdeba, rom am myvirala, damkvreluri drois ab­
surdulobaSi daarwmunos mkiTxveli. mxatvrul-fsiqologi­
uri logikiT SeuZlebelia gvadis msgavsi sizarmacemoreuli
da iolcxovrebasgaCveuli mewvrilmane, qurdbacaca sam dRe­
Si radikalurad gardaiqmnas. zogierTi sabWoTa kritikosi
gvadis sasikeTo metamorfozas, sakolmeurneo qonebis dam­
cvel gmirad mis gadaqcevas sazeimo ieriT acxadebda. is ki
aviwydeboda, rom romanis bevri pasaJi aSkarad parodiulia
da arc gvadis `gmirobaSia~ raime Sesaxarbebel-misabaZi.
sakolmeurneo propagandam xom es kaci, bolos da bolos,
mkvle­lad aqcia.
kiTxulobT leo qiaCelis nawrmoebebs da mZlavri vne­
bebis, samkvdro-sasicocxlo jajguris omaxiani guguni
ges­
miT. aq ver ixilavT literaturuli reminiscenciebis
Teatralur cecxls, gverdebis Sesavsebad gamogonil yalb­
minorul idiliebs, mwerlis maxvili mzera ori samyaros
Widilis tragedias wvdeba da imgvar xatebad agviristebs,
daviwyeba rom ar uxerxdeba.
qarTuli ar ujerebda, misi dialogebi Targmnili gegone­
baTo, qirqilebdnen leo qiaCelis zurgs ukan isini, visi
Caxu­
WuWebuli frazebic maTsave TiTidan gamowovil, yal­
bromantikul Txzulebebs samudamod gahyva mousavleTSi.
me ki mgonia, qarTul prozaSi iSviaTad SexvdebiT zRvis
Relvas ase ferwerulad gadmocemuls:
`zeca ar Canda.

210
 kidiT-kidemde mxolod Savi Rrublebi mimoqrodnen
zRvis zedapirze garTxmulebi.
mTebiviT maRla aziduli talRebis razmebi napirebs gri­
aliT exeTqebodnen da dedamiwas yumbarebs uSendnen.
kvamlsa da bolSi gaxveul saomar velze gamosuli
tankebis Semotevas hgavda maTi mrisxane ieriSi.
ufskrulis layuCebiT amonaberi Savi grigali zRvis
Suagulidan giJuri stveniTa da bRaviliT imuqreboda.
wylis veeba, haerSi atatebul lodebs burTiviT aTamaSebda.
sad ngrevisa da texis Semzaravi grialiT Caigugunebda, sad
risxvis Weqasa da quxils daayenebda da bneli sivrcis ki­
durze Savi elvis msgavsad gaekvreboda.
pirvelyofili qaosis naxleCebis brma srbolas hgavda
dausabamo ukuneTSi misi awyvetili TareSi~ (`haki aZba~).
leo qiaCeli siuJetebis da gamokveTili xasiaTebis mwe­
rali gaxlavT. misi personaJebi erTi da imave tipis varia­
ciebs ki ar warmoadgenen, aramed ukiduresad gansxvavebul,
TviTmyofad, originalur moqmed pirebs. ramdenime maTgans
gagaxsenebT: tariel golua, gvadi bigva, gaioz gadalendia,
tagu, baTayva, maia, munji baCua, stefane, ujuS emxa, kuzma
mrisxane, almasgir kibulan.
leo qiaCelis, rogorc portretis ostatis, dasaxasia­
Teblad marto almasgir kibulanis grafikuli portreti
rad Rirs:
`aimzira almasgir kibulan devis landiviT saSineli.
mzisgan Serujul kldeebs Soris TviTonac gverdebSe­
lewil kldes hgavda, romelsac saswaulebriv suli Casdgo­
moda da amoZravebuliyo.
axmaxi iyo, usworod nagebi. uxorco, kuTxeeb-CamoxeTq­
ili. nakvTsa da nakvTs Soris SeRruebuli. mxrebsa da gul­
mkerdSi svanuri rkiniT Sesaltuli.
gamoxedva iribi hqonda, undobi da mali, Camozneqil
Sublze warbebi Savi frTebiviT esxa, romlebic moyviTalo,
xorblis marcvlisfer Tvalebs uCrdilavdnen.
aRmarTze rom Sedga, barisodena xelisguli Tvalebze
Camoifara da mzis ukanasknel sxivze oqrosfrad moxamxame
Soreul mTebs gaxeda. saxis Zvalze dabegvili abediviT gada­
211
kruli kani CaRrmavebul naoWebs daesera da zed gaurkveve­
li SiSis landi gadafenoda~.
epoqis mweraliao, leo qiaCelze iTqmis.
swored rom misma mwerlurma alRom SeniSna dromoW­
mulis dasaTrgunavad mosuli axali drois Zalis xmebi da
mrisxaneba, axlisa, romelmac patieba ar icis da dasaRupa­
vad ganwiruls mSvidi, civi saxiT aseT ulmobel ganaCens
gamoutans.
`_ sul erTia, es mona adamianad mainc ar gamodgeboda...
aiReT, gadaagdeT~ (`haki aZba~).
meoce saukunis pirveli naxevris saqarTvelos cxovrebas
Cveni STamomavlebi mxatvruli sityvis ramdenime ostatis
nawerebiT gaecnobian. TiTze CamosaTvlelia maTi ricxvi,
vis simarTlesac momavali Taobebi endobian da daujereben,
vis nawerebsac yavli ar gauva.
erTi maTganis, epoqis sando mematianis tituli karga xa­
nia mkiTxvelma leo qiaCels mianiWa.

212
 ioseb griSaSvili
(1889 - 1965)

axalgazrda poeti iyo ioseb griSaSvili, mis leqsebs rom

mReroda Tbilisi. meoce saukunis aTiani wlebis aSuRur-
qalaqur folklors, `xarfuxelma firuzam~ axali gza-sadi­
nari misca, ufro romantikul-lirikuli gaxada igi. `nu, nu
stiri, nu, nu hgodeb, genacva~... miTxar, miTxar egre male,
vardo, feri rad icvale...~ `baraSka-jan, ar Segcivdes!~
ismoda orTaWalis baRebsa Tu riyv-avlabris samikitnoe­
bSi da `siyvaruliT damwvarma~ moqeife-moqalaqeebma arc
ki icodnen, rom am leqsebis avtori swored is Savaxalux-
ver­
cxlisqamriani, fergacrecili da tanmorCili biWi iyo,
yovel diliT abanoebTan rom Camoivakebda, TaTris moedans
gadaWrida da sanapiro quCiT Teatrisaken miiCqaroda.
mere erTbaSad movida saxeli da aRiareba, presa da kri­
tikosTa keTili Tvali. `Tbilisis momRerali~, `siyvarulis
trubaduri~, `kocnis poeti~ _ aseTi gaxldaT _ ioseb gri­
SaSvilis literaturuli portretis kritikiseuli Strixe­
bi da ise popularuli iyo griSaSvilis leqsi, rom quTaisSi
axalgazrda poets vaJa-fSavelasTan erTad iwveven poeziis
saRamos gasamarTavad.

213
 magram gavida xani da ioseb griSaSvilma daamtkica, rom
mis saxelze gacemuli literaturuli Tamasuqebi srulad
rodi gamoxatavdnen mis SemoqmedebiT bunebas;
swored im ubedur dRes, 1921 wlis 25 Tebervlis, roca
wiTeli ruseTis meTerTmete armiam kirovisa da orjonikiZis
winamZRolobiT mebrZol patriotTa sisxliT SeReba Tbili­
sis Semogareni, qalaqis damcvelTa rkali gaarRvia, raTa
wiTeli droSis frialiT erovnuli xelisuflebis damxoba
ecnobebina moskovisTvis, swored im dRes ioseb griSaSvilma
dawera leqsi `axal xelisuflebas~.

marTalia, dRes es leqsi bevr komunists gaajavrebs,

magram mainc Tamam sityvas movaxseneb axal mTavrebs.
Tqven ambobdiT: saqarTvelo, rac gind bevri gaibrZolos,
did ruseTis komunistad gadiqceva mainc bolos!

ha, aRsrulda, Tqven moxvediT, Cvenc migiReT cremliT cxeliT,

magram xalxi ar SegindobT, rom sxvis xiStiT SemoxvediT.
gana Cven aq gvqonda taxti, an zed davsviT vinme mefed,
rom qarTvelTa wminda sisxli daRvareT da aamSxefeT?!

gana Cveni arwivebi gaurbodnen droSas wiTels _

rom dRes Cvenze axarxarebT yvela bilws da yvela skviTels.
o, Cven ise SeveCvieT Cvens miwa-wyals, Cvens fers, Cvens xmas,
rom verasdros ver avitanT gamarjvebul rusis Ceqmas.
zeinabad gardviqceviT, guls CavikravT aRTqmas Smagurs
da usisxlod mters ar mivcemT arc erT kuTxes, arc erT agurs...

diax, im sabediswero dRes, roca umZimesi erovnuli So­

kisagan qveyana jer kidev gons ver mosuliyo, roca Jorda­
nias xelisufleba facxafucxiT kravda bargs da Tbilisidan
garboda, xolo eris trubadurTa erTi nawili xelisufle­
basTan erTad saemigracio matarebelSi ijda, xolo meore
damarcxebul mTavrobas TeTri cxeniT mcxeTamde acileb­
da, raTa Semobrunebuls `axalmosulisTvis~ daekra Tavi,
am dros cremlgamSrali poeti xarfuxidan dascqeroda
mglovi­are dedaqalaqs da zemoT motanil striqonebs werda.

214
`axal xelisuflebas~ pirveli, meyseuli pasuxi iyo wiTeli
ruseTis mier saqarTvelos okupacia-aneqsiaze da _ qarT­
vel mweralTa erovnuli, mebrZoli razmis poziciis gamoxa­
tulebac. sxva rom aRaraferi daewera ioseb griSaSvils, am
leqsiTac SerCeboda igi qarTvelTa ganmaTavisuflebeli
brZolis istorias.
wiTeli urCxuli ukve mkvidrad Camomjdariyo saqar­Tve­
los cisTavanze da xarbad nTqavda samwliani Tavisuflebis
narCenebs, ioseb griSaSvilma `axal xelisuflebas~ axali
leqsi _ `Cemi locva~ moayola:

meufeo, Cemi locva dRes iqneba sul sxvagvari;

me ar minda saswaulad momivlino ninos jvari,
ax, ar minda me arc saba, ax, ar minda arc isaxar _
dRes Cems gulSi, meufeo, sul sxva locva Caisaxa;
me minda, rom saqarTvelo _ es samoTxis Svebis wyaro, _
mtrebs ar misce sajiriTod, Seitkbo da Seiyvaro.

meufeo, yovel mxridan gvexveoda mteri gvelad,

Cveni sulis Casaqrobad, Cveni niWis asagvelad,
seljukebi, monRolebi gvecemodnen urdo-urdoT...
magram kmara, meufeo, aRara gvsurs gaviqurdoT.

gveyo, gveyo es sasjeli, esodeni Wiri, seni,

saqarTvelo, meufeo, daixseni... daixseni.

ra gziT warmoudgenia poets istoriis am mosaxvevze

saqarTvelos daxsna? ra uSvelis saqarTvelos?

da maS, vidre locvad vdgavar, da maS, vidre dari ari

gagvimagre meufeo, bambaki da dariali,
da simtkicis dasacvelad Cveni cixis zRaprul kedels
Camatane dediserTa, nu dastoveb Cauketels.

diax, darialis Caketvas sTxovs poeti RmerTs, raTa dam­

pyrobeli rusis Ceqmam kavkasionze ver gadmoabijos, magram
`Cemi locva~ oden Txovna-ajis doneze rodi Cerdeba, igi
aSkara muqarasac Seicavs:

215
 magram Tuki, hoi, RmerTo, CagviTvlian locvas tyvilad;
locvas wyevlad gadavaqcevT, avaduRebT cremlebs tyviad, _
da vai mas, vinc mtris stvirze Tavis hangsac axmatkbilebs,
mas pasuxsac ar vakadrebT, mas CavumtvrevT sibrZnis kbilebs.
mas Sxamadac Sergebia Cveni dedis tkbili xseni...
saqarTvelo, meufeo, daixseni... daixseni.

samwuxarod, poetis locva ufalma ar Seismina da ara

Tu dariali gavamagreT, im gamcem qarTvelTa ricxvma mom­
devno wlebSi araCveulebrivad imata, vinc `mtris stvirze
Tavis hangs axmatkbilebda~. ioseb griSaSvili ki darCa da­
pyrobili saqarTvelos da Zveli Tbilisis trubadurad. igi
drodadro daikvnesebda: `axlebSi ar myavs Zma-moyvarulio~,
magram triumfiT mimqroli komunisturi matareblis xma
irgvliv erTeulTa erovnul amonakvess faravda. wiTeli
orkestris zurna-grialSi gadioda dro meoce saukunis sa­
qar­TveloSi.
ioseb griSaSvili daibada 1889 wels Tbilisis gareubanSi
_ xarfuxSi. mama, grigol mamulaiSvili, jer kalatozobda,
mere mikitnobas mihyo xeli. deda gaqarTvelebuli somxis,
isak oganezovis, asuli gaxldaT, saxelad _ ekaterine.
saTavadaznauro skolis mesame klasis mowafe iyo iosebi
(`firuzas~ eZaxdnen lurji Tvalebis gamo), mama rom gar­
daecvala. male deda gaTxovda da oblad darCenilma biWma
damoukidebeli cxovreba daiwyo. jer duqnis biWad irje­
boda, mere stambaSi Segirdad moewyo. erTxans saflavis epi­
tafiebs Txzavda da imiT irCenda Tavs. 1906 wels leqsebis
pirveli wigni `sityvis kona~ gamosca, 1907 wels valerian
guniam TeatrSi mokarnaxed moawyo. amave periodidan Tanam­
Sromlobda gazeT `niSaduris~ da `iveriis~ redaqciebSi,
werda patara-patara vodevilebsac. ioseb griSaSvilis fsev­
donimebia: gri-gri, axali yanweli, dediserTa ioTami, eme,
erTeli, ioane maruSiZe, xvliki, mamuliSvili, soso, niaza
aiseli, sufliori, f. mamulovi, Santekleri, wkipurtiZe da
sxv.
1917 wels saqarTvelos mweralTa kavSiri Seiqmna da
ioseb griSaSvili sabWos wevrad airCies.

216
 1959 wels samocdaaTi wlis poets `saqarTvelos saxalxo
poetis~ wodeba mianiWes. gardaicvala 1965 wels. dakrZalu­
lia mTawmindis panTeonSi.
mtarvalTagan samSoblos daxsnis, Tavisuflebis moax­
loebis guguni ismis jer kidev 1914 wels patriotul mo­
tivze daweril leqsSi `qarTuli simRera~.

`Tavisufleba~, Tavisufleba~
ai, es sityva, sityva Tilismis,
viT momxiblavi Coganis cema,
irgvliv xmaurobs, irgvliv gaismis,

mtarvalo gveyo mZlavrT ukmexoba,

CamovibertyeT Seni dideba,
damidga Jami aRsasrulisa.
da rac rom iyo _ is aRar aris,
da rac rom aris _ arc is iqneba.
axal cxovrebis axal yalibSi
axali azri Camoiqneba.

(`qarTuli simRera~)

ioseb griSaSvilis patriotuli lirikis umTavresi

Tviseba saqarTvelos awmyos swori gaazreba (`uyidian miwa-
wyalsa, ugineben enas, rjulsa~) da momavlis optimisturi
Wvretaa. es naTlad gamosWvivis aleqsandre sumbaTaSvili­
sadmi miZRvnili leqsidan:

...xolo roca saqarTvelos, isec damwvar-datanjulsa,

uyidian miwawyalsa, ugineben enas, rjulsa, _
maSin myisve magondeba anania Tavis ficiT
da msurs mec vTqva: xanjlis dakvra qarTvelebma gulSi viciT.

magram roca yovelive miwynardeba... miyuCdeba.

gaianes dasaxsnelad roca daTo arsad Cndeba,
ros SuRli da mliqvneloba _ es umsgavsi kacTa ganZi,
kvlav Rrmad aris tlanqis fesviT Cvens gulebSi ganakvanZi,

217
 ros awmyoze gulgatexils aRara gvwams momavali,
maSin Sensken imzireba, oTarbego, Cveni Tvali.
da es saxe, frTa warsulis, CvenTan dahqris, CvenTan frinavs
da Cvenc vambobT akakiviT: `ar momkvdara, mxolod sZinavs~.

(`aleqsandre sumbaTaSvils~)

aseve saqarTvelos TavisuflebisTvis brZolis mzadyof­

niT da aSkara mowodebiTaa gaJRenTili valerian gunias iu­
bileze wakiTxuli leqsi:

kmara, rac rom dayvavebiT mterma guli agviWrela,

Cven erekles TofxanaSi gazrdilni varT, TiTqmis yvela.
viciT brZola uSiSari, vetrfiT maxvils moWaxWaxes,

an vis unda SevuSindeT, mterma Cvens zurgs mouara?

Cven win davxvdeT! didi SoTas memkvidreni varT Tu ara?!

(`daTovlili medroSe~)

movida 1924 weli. saqarTvelos erovnulma ajanyebam

qveyana rusis Ceqmisgan ver ixsna. poetis ganwyobileba miwa­
gamskdar tfiliss eTanawyoba:

magram ar mwyalobs bedi ficxeli,

miwa gamskdari, ca monaRrubli,
da poeziac TvalSi micqeris,
rogorc ilias daWrili Subli.

(`tfilisis miwa~)

gaivlis wlebi. samSoblos bedisadmi ioseb griSaSvilis

damokidebuleba ise dramatuli aRar aris, rogorc ocian
wlebSi iyo. Cans, wiTelma uTom _ sabWoTa cenzuram, Ta­
visi saqme gaakeTa. poetis patriotuli lirika aseT zogad,
deklaraciul kalapotSi miedineba:

218
 `es mTa Cvenia~, `es xe Cvenia~,
me vimeoreb yovel ganTiads,
Tuki ram kargi gadamrCenia,
isic samSoblos droSad anTia.

(`samSoblosadmi~)

arc axali Tbilisi aRavsebs poets Zveleburad sevdiT.

Zvel dedaqalaqTan poets angariSi gausworebia, xolo axali
sazeimo-sasimRerod ganawyobs misi sulis simebs:

Sen sul sxvagvari feri gaqvs,

sxva zurmuxti da lalebi,
samSoblos natvrisTvali xar
Tbiliso, genacvalebi!

(`axali Tbilisi~)

sanam es striqonebi daiwereboda, poetma Tbilisisadmi

miZRvnili mTeli epopea Seqmna. swored rom ocian wlebSi
daweril leqsebSi Cans avtoris WeSmariti pozicia da reli­
qviebisadmi erovnuli damokidebuleba.
zemoT aRvniSneT, rom ioseb griSaSvilma axal simaRles
aziara qarTuli poeziis erTi Taviseburi toti _ Tbili­
sis aSuRuri leqsi. marTlac, poeti iyo da rCeba Cveni
dedaqalaqis erT-erT upirveles momReral-mexotbed. Zveli
Tbilisi ioseb griSaSvilis siyvarulisa da zrunvis sagania.
1925 wels daweril leqsSi, `gamoTxoveba Zvel TbilisTan~,
vkiTxulobT:

siZvelisadmi grZnoba, pativi,

Tu SenSi odnav mainc elvarebs _
mixvdebi, ase andamativiT
risTvis vdarajob Tbilisis karebs.

magram amave leqsSi naTlad Cans, rom poetis guSagobas

Tbilisis karebTan martooden `siZvelisadmi grZnoba, pa­
tivi~ar asazrdoebs.

219
 dudukis nacvlad _ qarxnis sayviri,
dumbo da Zili daaxSo rkinam.
bulbuls _ yafaza, grZnobas _ aRviri,
aRarc duduki... aRarc yiJina.

da me ar vici, viRas vemono.

aseT yofaSi TiTqos movberdi.
vrCebi otelo udezdemonod
me sxva cxovrebis winamorbedi.

didi migneba ar sWirdeba im faqts, rom poetis sevdas

axal TbilisTan mimarTebaSi swored rom `grZnobis aRvi­
ri~ boWavs (ase uxvad rom moitana komunisturma yofam) da
kidev imis Segneba, ramac poets Tamamad aTqmevina: `me sxva
cxovrebis winamorbedi~ varo.
Zveli Tbilisis nostalgia ioseb griSaSvils marto imis
saTqmelad rodi sWirdeba, `Zveli Rvinis sma~ da `yaraCoRe­
li~ moisaklisos, igi axalTa mimarT Tavis damokidebule­
basac Semogvaparebs leqsSi da pirdapir gvimJRavnebs, rom
`axlebSi ar hyavs Zma-moyvaruli~.

moqeifeno, Zvelma Tbilisma

mec CamomarTva uZarRvo xeli,
magram sad aris Zveli Rvinis sma,
sad aris Zveli yaraCoReli?

grZnoba yalbi aqvT, xma _ naqurdali,

braziT Sevyureb am suraTs uCvevs,
da meriqife loTi, murdali,
tuCze damadebs gaqonil tuCebs.

gavtexav Wiqas, rom vaTqmevino:

axlebSi ar myavs Zma-moyvaruli,
da avtirdebi, rogorc es Rvino
kintos perangze CamoRvaruli.

(`aSpaSxanisken~)

220
 axalma viTarebam, sxvaTa Soris, is sikeTe moitana, rom
klasikosTa wignebidan amoxeul furclebs bazarSi sanova­
gis Sesaxvev qaRaldad hyidian. poets awuxebs `geniosebis
bedi Tbilisis bazarze~ da es leqsi gangaSia CaZinebuli
saqarTvelos SesanjRrevad atexili:

qveviT, bazarze kviradRiT, vanqTan,

mtvrian quCebSi, dampal havaze,
woniT viyide eqvsi girvanqa:
SoTa, akaki da WavWavaZe.

...ai, sad hyria Cveni dideba!

lamis sircxviliT amewvas loya,
ai, qarTlis xma sad iyideba, _
javaxiSvilo da ingoroyva!

(`geniosebis bedi Tbilisis bazarze~)

ioseb griSaSvilis Semoqmedebis didi nawili satrfia­

lo lirikas eTmoba. qali mTeli Tavisi momxibvlelobiT,
vnebiT, macduri RimiliT, RalatiTac poetis liriuli xe­
dvis mTavari obieqtia. aq siyvaruli sulisSemZvreli, ada­
mianis arsebis mTlianad momcveli, sikvdiliviT uZleveli
grZnobaa, romelic xSirad damuxtulia gaorebis, Ralatis
dramatizmiT.

rad ar miTxar, Tu icodi,

rom eg guli sxvisken rboda,
rad momSxame, ras merCodi?
ra gindoda, ra gindoda?!

(`sinanuli~)

iseT Cveulebriv, siyvarulis Tanmxleb movlenad esaxe­

ba liriul gmirs iWvi da Ralati, rom wminda siyvarulis
grZnobasac eWvis qveS ayenebs:

221
 siom fiWvi nedli fiWvi,
saTuT RelviT Searxia
da damZaxa _ `a, Senc iwvi? Seni muzac aqviTinda?
Cemo bavSvo, ar arsebobs siyvaruli yovlad wminda _
mxolod cocxlobs trfobis iWvi da TviT Svebac Sig marxia~

(`sios vkiTxe~)

satrfosTan damokidebuleba zogjer naturalisturad

gulubryviloa da, SeiZleba iTqvas, primitiul-seqsual­
uric. magaliTad `manolac~ ikmarebda:

Sen abanodan gamodiodi,

marto ki ara, qmarTan _ xelkaviT,
da botanikur baRis sioTi
gegrileboda xuWuWa Tavi.

...arc ki grcxvenian! viT alamdari

afen Sens sxeuls vaJis maxloblad.
abanos boxCiT mogdevda qmari
da zed ewera: `Cemi saxloba!~

...axla ra meTqmis? vnebis onavars

getyvi, rom ukve daeSvi tafobs.
gicqer sajarod naabanovars
da eg siwiTle yvelafers ambobs.

magram amgvari `gaSiSvlebuli grZnoba~ mxolod gamonak­

lisia i. griSaSvilis satrfialo lirikisaTvis. Cveulebriv
sayvarel arsebasTan liriuli gmiri amRerebuli da Tavda­
viwyebamde erTgulia:

ra kargi xar, ra kargi,, koxta, zRvisferTvaleba,

Tmebze Rame gicinis, pirze _ dRis brwyinvaleba.
ra kargi xar, ra kargi! SuSpara da mCqefare,
roca movkvde, genacva, Zeglad gadamefare.

(`ra kargi xar, ra kargi~)

222
 zogjer es siyvaruli griSaSvilis lirikisaTvis sruli­
ad moulodnelad aseTi haerovani da zeaRmavalia:

Tqvenma bunebam wamaxalisa,

mxiblavs gancdebi leqsiT naferi,
me mxolod miyvars suli qalisa,
sxva araferi... sxva araferi...

(`dianas isrebi~)

ioseb griSaSvilis satrfialo lirikas amSveneben agreTve

leq­sebi: `yurTbaliSi~, `siyvarulis nekrologi~, `glarjis
mi­li~, `vardis kvnesa~, `arc hos~, ambobs, arc `aras~, `Cemi
niSnuli~, `moRalates~, `zRapari gamakSi~, `xelTaTmanis
da­­
Ri­lis~, `daaCqare~, `tyeSi~, `CemTan modi~, `Cemi aRmarTi~
da sxv.
ioseb griSaSvili bavSvebis sayvareli poeti iyo. `babaja­
nas qoSebi~, `mustafas viri~, `onavari~, `zarmaci~, `miyide~
da sxva leqsebi marad daamSveneben qarTul saymawvilo mw­
erlobas.
miuxedavad imisa, rom poets oficialurad (umaRles
sko­laSi) arsad uswavlia, igi cnobili mwignobari, mecnieri
da saerTod, enciklopediurad ganaTlebuli pirovneba
iyo. dawerili aqvs saintereso gamokvlevebi saiaTnovasa
da aleq­ sandre WavWavaZeze. gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa
1926-27 wlebSi dawerili `Zveli Tbilisis literaturuli
bohema~, romelSic mimoixila Zveli Tbiliseli aSuRebis:
giviSvilis, skandarnovas, anton ganjiskarelis, ieTim
gurjis, beCaras da haziras Semoqmedeba. agreTve _ Tbili­
suri yofis ganuyreli atributebi: yeenoba, krivi, amqro­
ba, abano, naRli, aSuRebi dReobebSi, kinto da yaraCoReli
da sxv.
...ioseb griSaSvilis poezia da mecnieruli gamokvlevebi,
misi sazogado Rvawli, erTi gamorCeuli furcelia meoce
saukunis kulturis istoriisa, iseTive uangaro da upreten­

223
zio, rogoric gaxlavT poetis xeliTve dawerili sakuTari
saflavis warwera:

gana ar vici, movkvdebi, Cemi mzec daiwvereba,

erTi patara werili Cemzedac daiwereba.
gazeTis bolo furcelze moaTavseben cnobada:
siyvaruls umRerodao, sicocxlis ukvdav nobaTad.

siyvaruls umRerodao, gana siZulvils? flidobas?

siyvaruls umRerodao da erTa Soris mSvidobas.
rodi yofila sawuTro undo da dasaZraxeli,
radgan amqveynad davtove SeubRalavi saxeli.
Tu Cemi leqsis javari erTs mainc emaxsovreba,
vityvi: uqmad ar gavlie Cemi patara cxovreba.

224
 konstantine
gamsaxurdia
(1891-1975)

kolxuri koSkidan saqarTvelos umzers ori gansacvi­

freblad metyveli da maradJams fxizeli Tvali.
am Tvalebis patrons _ konstantine gamsaxurdias erTi
SexedviT kuSti gamoxedva hqonda. maRali quTuToebi, win
wamoweuli Taflisferi Tvalebi, niadag mokumuliviT, TiTq­
mis utuCebo piri, Cavardnili, odnav nerviuli ybebi, ar­
wiviseburi cxviri, niadag gabrazebuli kacis iers aZlevd­
nen misi saxes.
igi SiSisa da ridis grZnobas iwvevda imaT TvalSic ki,
vinc axlos icnobda.
saqarTvelos didxans ar daaZinebs didostatis is ori
fxizeli da grZneuli Tvali.
Cemi Taobis kaci bavSvobisas rom idumali garindebiT
Cauvlida kolxuri koSkis galavans da mere konstantine gam­
saxurdias mowafeoba da umcrosi megobroba arguna bedma,
axlac misi sulis kamertonze zomavs da swonis Tavis nabi­
js: `batoni konstantine rogor ityoda, batoni konstantine
moiwonebda Tu ara...~

15. r. miSvelaZe. t. XXV 225

 ityoda, `klasikosTa dafnis gvirgvinebi sastikad mZul­
so~, magram mTeli cxovreba klasikosiviT icxovra. misi
cxovrebis wesi ampartavani kacis STabeWdilebas uqmnida
imas, visac `didostatis marjvenis~ damweris simaRle aRi­
zianebda.
SeiZleba, marTlac iyo mis yoveldRiurobaSi raRac ar­
qauli da pativmoyvaruli, magram veravin daamtkicebs, rom
originaluroba misTvis xelovnuri poza iyo Tavis gamosa­
Cenad mogonili.
Tavis gamoCvenisTvis farTifurTi mas siymawvilidanve
ar sWirdeboda, _ `dionisis Rimili~ qmnida maRalostato­
bisa da misi niWisadmi Tayvaniscemis garantias.
gana axla, roca igi karga xania aRar aris Cvens Soris,
gasaocar cisfer Suqs ar gvfens misi araCveulebrivi svla
Tavis wuTisofleSi?
iqneb im ganmartoebiT da saimedod SemoRobili kol­xuri
koSkiT Cven, teqnizaciisa da urbanizmis qaosiT damtveri­
lebs, Taviseburi, amayi TeatralobiT gakveTili mogvca imi­
sa, Tu rogor unda cxovrobdes klasikosi.
gvaswavla, rogorc unda SeinarCunos man cxovrebis qar­
texilebSi siZliere da Seuvaloba sulisa, rogor ar unda
aayolos fexi zogierTi SemTxveviT aRzevebuli `politiko­
sis~ saeWvo uzundaras.
amas winaT `meranis~ foieSi erT mxcovan literators
ekiTxebodnen umrwmesni _ gaurboda Tu ara Jurnalistebso,
iyo Tu ara miukarebeli, mohkidao Tu ara erTxel yurSi
xeli ama da am ministrs uadgilo xumrobis gamo?
`iyo, iyo... bevri ram sworia, xandaxan ver mozomavda
kidec, magram mas yvelaferi uxdebodao~, upasuxa im kacma.
diax, mas yvelaferi uxdeboda...
uxdeboda Tbilisis quCebSi provinciidan Camosul meyav­
resaviT tyavis jubaCiT, kravelis boxoxiTa da `galifea­
ziackebiT~ siaruli, mweralTa kavSirSi amoCemebul `kon­
stantines savarZelSi~ ganmartoebiT jdoma, televiziidan
arcTu mTlad sabuTiani sityvis Tqma lamaz qalebze da
kolxuri koSkis Wiskris svetebze Tavisi xeliT gakruli,

226
arcTu mTlad stumarTmoyvaruli, warwerac: `winaswar Seu­
Tanxmeblad nu SemawuxebT~.
sityvasTan iakobiviT dRemudam morkinal RmerTkacs
hqonda ufleba sibereSi, cota ar iyos, axirebuli da aris­
tokratulad pativmoyvare yofiliyo.
miT umetes, rom mas gamoevlo wlebi, roca mravaltanju­
li samSoblosadmi misi erTgulebis simtkice surdaT gae­
texaT, kaenis sulis aRzevebis periodSi kolxur koskTan ma­
Traxic gatkacunebula da `mosaTaTbirebladac~ araerTxel
Seuwuxebia Rameul stumars konstantine gamsaxurdia.
mis mier gacocxlebul ukvdav istoriul gmirTagan gad­
moedo xasiaTis sikerpe da medroveTa TvalSi oTxmoci wlis
moxuci bolomde darCa `urC gamsaxurdiad~.
xSirad mifiqria didostatis orsaxovnebaze: SinaurebSi
samurzayanoeli glexiviT ubralod, SesamCnevi megruli
aqcentiT da zogjer Wirveuli bavSviviT gulubryvilod
mosaubre, Tu axlomaxlo ucxo kacis geSs daicemda, welSi
gaimarTeboda, gamoicvleboda da `batonobiT~ da aforizme­
biT iwyebda laparaks. SekiTxvaze maSinve ar gipasuxebda,
yovel sityvas zomavda da swonida.
dalaxvros RmerTma, ise gamityuebs fiqri, rom aRarc ki
vici, romeli iyo namdvili konstantine gamsaxurdia: Sinau­
rebSi Sinaurulad rom moiCliqavda enas, Tu kolxuri koS­
kis banidan uxomaldo admiraliviT rom gadaxedavda dedaqa­
laqs da Tavisi evropuli ganswavlulobis salarodan iseT
tyuilsa Tu marTals amoiRebda, rom gamoucdel mosaubres
piri dageRo _ `es mainc saidan icis, saidan axsovs amdeni?~
mTelis pasuxismgeblobiT vityvi: ers es `meore gamsax­
urdia~ ufro daamaxsovrda. albaT imitom, rom igi ufro
sWirdeboda. erTian, Tavisufal saqarTveloze meocnebe Ta­
vis mefeebsa da xuroTmoZRvarT Soris Camdgari, Coxa-axa­
luxSi TiTqos sul sasuraTed gamowyobili.
romantiulad maRali, qamar-xanjalze xelebdawyobili,
TiTqosda klasikosTa koleqtiuri portretidan SemTxve­
viT gadmosuli konstantine gamsaxurdia momnusxvel STabe­
Wdilebas axdenda.

227
 ukanasknelad me mas vesaubre sasikvdilo sarecelze mi­
jaWvuls, TvalebCamqrals da majadasustebuls. mivedi, rom
mecrua mis winaSe, cremlebi damemala, gamemxnevebina, meTqva,
rom cxovreba jer kidev win aris, jer cocxal klasikoss im
siyvarulis momka arc ki dauwyia, ra siyvaruliTac uyvars
igi moazrovne, Segnebul saqarTvelos.
es yvelaferi mindoda meTqva, magram vis dasWirda Cemi
gamxneveba. Tavi aswia da daiCivla: kalams mimalaven eqimebi,
Torem `Tamarze~ muSaobas gavagrZelebdio. mere miseburad,
gverdulad gamomxeda da dabejiTebiT miTxra: im kviraSi
fexze unda wamovdge da tyviiT srolaSi varjiSi daviwyo,
nadirobis sezoni modis, unda gavemzadoo.
ise gadamdebi iyo misi jiuti neba da sicocxlisadmi
dauokebeli ltolva, rom Zalauneburad avyevi da saubari
davuwye sanadiro Tofebze da ZaRlebzec ki, Tumca vicodi,
rom karga xania Jangi mohkideboda didostatis sanadiro
Tofebs da arc misi erTguli mwevari _ geri iyo am qveyanaze.
mweralTa sasaxleSi rom daasvenes, didxans Sevscqerodi
sayvareli moZRvris daRlil saxes, am wuTisofelTan anga­
riSi rom gaesworebina da ukvdavebis grZel gzad gamzade­
buliyo.
gamikvirda gulzedaWdeul xelebSi sanTeli rom ar kia­
fob­da da arc xanjali edo gverdiT, is xanjali, ase lamazad
da marTlad rom akvesebda Tavisi Zneli sicocxlis manZilze.
sxva pewi hqonda rogorc moqalaqes da sxva fxa da Wra
mis naTqvams.
Tu sadme gamoCndeboda, im Sekrebis bedi gadawyvetili
iyo. kaciSvili fexs ar moicvlida darbazidan _ iqneb ba­
tonma konstantinem brZanoso oriode sityva.
icoda, sayovelTao yuradRebiT iyo garemoculi da Ta­
vis sityvas fass sdebda, wamdauwum mikrofonTan dgomiT
ar gvanebivrebda. Tu raimes ityoda xmadabla da saqmianad,
yvirilisa da gulze xelis bragunis gareSe.
erTxel farsmanis piriT arsakiZes mSvidad cxovrebis
aseTi zneobrivi sibrZne uqadaga: `brZenkaci unda iyve da
Slegad moaCvenoo Tavi, gmiri unda iyve da jabaniviT da­
diode, ostati unda iyve da xelmocarulad mogqondes Tavi,

228
radgan aravis imdeni mteri ara hyavso amqveynad, ramdenic
brZenkacsa, gmirsa da ostats~.
magram sveticxovlis tolfasi literaturuli Zeglis
amgebi, TviT arasodes yofila Seguebis am principTa mim­
devari. amayi iyo da vaglaxad buzs ver aufrenda veravin,
radganac Tavisi fasi icoda, arc aravis usamarTlod daCa­
gravda da arc aravis daeCagvrineboda.
Tu `didi RonisZiebebis~ organizatorebi `SemTxveviT~
mosawvev baraTs daugvianebdnen, daupatiJeblad movidoda.
scenaze gamoCndeboda, prezidiums Tavs rodi daukravda,
grZel magidas TavSi miujdeboda da ijda garindebuli. ta­
Sis grialiTRa Tu mixvdebodnen sxvani, rom konstantine
gamsaxurdia mobrZanda.
TviT ki TiTqosda, arc taSs dagidevdaT, ijda wel­
Si gamarTuli, saxeze nervic ar erxeoda, TiTqosda Tavis
TavTan iyo, Tavis lands fiqrebiT ebaaseboda. mere aseve
unebarTvod (ra mkacri sityvaa) adgeboda da wavidoda.
`mwerali unda iyos didi da keTilSobili gulis patro­
ni. mxolod guliT spetaki vaJkacebi Tu gamxdaran didi
mwer­lebi~ _ werda.
mTeli cxovreba ase, Suasaukunuri raindiviT spetak va­
Jkacad iara. Tavad didi da mowyale gulis mqone, avazasaviT
SeimarTeboda, roca saqme simarTlis dacvas Seexeboda. po­
lemikaSi Semtevi da ukompromiso iyo. avyiaobas, gulded­
lobas, wajeq-ukujeqobas ar gapatiebda.
rogorc misma sworupovarma arsakiZem, konstantine gam­
saxurdiamac sayvarel xelovnebas mTlianad misca suli.
Sealia sicocxle `uRrmesi sibrZnis naTladCenas ubirTa­
gan ubirisTvisac~.
me igi Tavissave mnaTe oqropirs magonebs mklavebis daw­
yvetamde rom arisxebda grigalSi zarebs, ganwiruli ma­
maRmerTiviT rom idga libogamoTxril, Casaqcevad gamzade­
bul samrekloze. mrevlis gaRviZebis eqstazSi rom daiRupa
da angelozebma misi suli cisken rom gaaqanes.
es man, msoflios yvelaze patara mdinaris piras dabade­
bulma konstantine gamsaxurdiam, erT duRabad Sekra sxva­

229
dasxva Taobis qarTvelTa ocneba da gulisTqma, es man um­
Rera ers ukvdavebis sulisSemZvreli himni.
es amn `aswia adamiani maRla, sul maRla da dasva Semoq­
medis marjvena mxares~.
meoce saukunis qarTuli literaturis upirvelesi ro­
manisti da uaRresad originaluri stilis mwerali _ ase
Sevida konstantine gamsaxurdia msoflio mwerlobis is­
toriaSi. qarTuli kulturis saganZurSi mis mier Setanili
wvli­li SeiZleba amgvarad ganisazRvros:
konstantine gamsaxurdiam Cveni epoqis mweralTagan erT-
erTma pirvelma scada gaegrZelebina da ganeaxlebina lit­
eraturaSi sulxan-saba orbelianisa da daviT guramiSvilis
mier libodadebuli tradicia qarTul kulturaSi aRmosav­
luri da evropuli kulturebis imgvari sinTezisa, organu­
lad rom Seerwymoda qarTul erovnul suls da nacionalur
fsiqologias.
konstantine gamsaxurdianm ociani wlebis moduri lite­
raturuli jgufebis mier `romanis Janris kvdomis~ Teoriis
kampaniis viTarebaSi axali suli STabera qarTul romans,
ganaaxla da arnaxul mxatvrul siaxleebs aziara igi.
konstantine gamsaxurdiam didi Sroma Seswira qarTuli
klasikuri novelis Seqmnas. novelis sayovelTaod miRebuli
Janruli kanonebis erTgulebiT am Janris qarTul liter­
aturul niadagze gadmonergva k. gamsaxurdias uSualo dam­
saxurebaa.
konstantine gamsaxurdiam qarTuli publicistikis arse­
nals SesZina misTvis manamde sruliad axali Janri, liter­
aturul-publicisturi azrovnebis originaluri forma _
esseis saxiT.
konstantine gamsaxurdiam qarTuli enis ganviTarebaSi
TiTqmis iseTive mniSvnelobis gardatexa moaxdina, rogorc
Tavis droze SoTa rusTavelma da ilia WavWavaZem. man erT-
erTma pirvelma gamdabiurebis saeWvo inerciebs gamoglija
qarTuli ena, Zveli da axali qarTuli saliteraturo enis
Taviseburi sinTeziT, agreTve dialeqtTa saRi ylortebis
gaTvaliswinebiT Seqmna ganumeorebeli, darbaisluri mxat­
vrul-enobrivi stili, romelsac gasaocra mdidari leqsika

230
da frazis Taviseburi konstruqcia sxva Tanamedrove qa­
rTveli prozaikosis stilisagan gansxvavebul iers aniWebs.
konstantine gamsaxurdiam Seqmna ra istoriuli romanis
ax­leburi, Taviseburi koncefcia, riTac, sxvaTa Soris, isto­
riul Janrs alegoriulad, upirvels yovlisa, Tanamedrove
problematikiT daintereseba daakisra, dawera brwyinvale se­
ria istoriuli romanebisa. SeZlo gaecocxlebina Soreuli
warsulis Zvirfasi suraTebi da istoriul-mxatvrul qroni­
kebad amoeyenebina gverdiT `qarTlis cxovrebisaTvis~. am
romanebma udidesi roli Seasrules, erTi mxriv, qarTveli
kacis erovnuli TviTSegnebis ganmtkicebisa da, meore mxriv,
msoflio civilizaciis istoriaSi qarTuli kulturisa da
filosofiuri azrovnebis adgilis garkvevisaTvis.
da, rac mTavaria, konstantine gamsaxurdiam SeZlo STam­
beWdavad da sisxlsavsed gamoexata Cveni dro. Tanamedrove
qarTul prozaSi Zalian Zneli mosaZebnia ociani wlebis
saqarTvelos sxvadasxva socialuri fenis da gansakuTrebiT
evropuli ganswavlis gzebze xetialiT daRlili, erT dros
privilegirebuli wodebis warmomadgenelTa cxovrebis asax­
vis iseTi marTali suraTebi, rogorsac `dionisos RimilSi~
vxvdebiT. ocdaaTiani wlebis winaaRmdegobrivi buneba, Zve­
lis ngrevisa da axlis damkvidrebis grandiozuli suraTebi
didi realisturi sisavsiT da mxatvruli monumenturobiT
daixata `mTvaris motacebaSi~, xolo omamdeli da omisSemd­
gomi periodis qarTul sinamdviles didi SemecnebiTi Rire­
bulebiT asaxavs `vazis yvaviloba~.
ase rom, miuxedavad istoriul JanrSi epoqaluri mniS­
vnelobis RirebulebaTa Seqmnisa, konstantine gamsaxur­
dia, upirveles yovlisa, Tanamedroveobis mweralia. gansa­
kuTrebiT sagulisxmoa k. gamsaxurdias erovnuli pozicia.
dampyrobeli ruseTisadmi ukompromiso damokidebuleba
Cans TiTqmis yvela mis TxzulebaSi da gansakuTrebiT ro­
manSi `dionisos Rimili~.

***
konstantine gamsaxurdia daibada 1891 wlis 15 maiss
sofel abaSaSi aznauris simon gamsaxurdias ojaxSi. mwer­

231
lis deda elisabedi abaSeli aznauris siko TofuriZis qali
iyo. momavali mwerlis mSoblebi Tavisi drois kvalobaze
ganaTlebuli, wignieri adamianebi iyvnen. simon gamsaxurdias
ojaxSi SoTa rusTavelis, daviT aRmaSeneblis, qarTuli
folkloruli da klasikuri poeziis, saqarTvelos brwyin­
vale istoriuli warsulis kulti iyo da Tavad qarTuli
kulturis SesaniSnavi mcodne da damfasebeli, Tavis eqvs
Svilsac (besarion, aleqsandre, biktori, vano, sofio, kon­
stantine) am suliskveTebiT zrdida.
siyrmeSi miRebuli STabeWdilebani, megruli folklor­
is nimuSebi da istoriuli warsuliT daintereseba cxovlad
daaCnda patara konstantines suls da Semdgom mis Semoq­
medebaSi TavsaCino gamovlena hpova.
inteleqtualuri sazrdos garda simon gamsaxurdia Ta­
vis Svilebs fizikuri srulyofis sakmaod gabedul gakveTi­
lebsac aZlevda. bavSvobidanve aCvevda amtanobas da mtkice
nebisyofas unergavda.
`erTxel Tavad (mama, r. m.) xednida sakmaod oCan ulays,
xeli wamavlo da ubelo da uaRviro cxenze Semagdo, ulays
maTraxi gadahkra gavaze, SemomZaxa: aba, marjved gaaWeneo.
cxeni saocaris siswrafiT gaWenda TemSaraze. me Zlier
SevSindi, gzaSi Semxvedr glexs vevedrebodi _ miSveleT-
meTqi. bolos, ra davrwmundi veravin mSveloda, orive xe­
liT fafarze moveWide cxens da Sveba vigreni. bolos ise
gavTamamdi, qusli vkari da Sin mivbrundi~ _ wers poeti Ta­
vis mogonebaTa wignSi _ `landebTan lacici~.
Tanaxmad qarTvel Tavad-aznaurTa Zveli Cveulebisa,
k. gam­
saxurdias gamdelic miuCines. gamdeli ekaia qarTu­
li kulturis istoriaSi saxeldamadldamkvidrebuli gam­
delebis (akakis, ilia WavWavaZis, n. nikolaZis da sxv.) Rirseu­
li STamomavali gaxldaT da ymawvilis Semecneba imTaviTve
gamdidrda kolxuri legendebiT, zRaprebiTa da SelocvebiT.
abaSi samreklo skolis damTavrebis Semdeg mamam konstan­
tine da misi Zma vano senakSi Camoiyvana da saTavadaznauro
skolaSi miabara. am skolaSi abaSel ymawvils mSobliuri eni­
sa da erisadmi siyvaruls cnobili pedagogebi _ arsen wiT­
liZe da niko janaSia unergavdnen.

232
 1905 wlis revoluciis qartexilma simon gamsaxurdias
ojaxsac gadauqrola. gimnazisti ymawvilis suli SeZra im
dReebis quTaisma, TviTmpyrobelobis winaaRmdeg muStad
Sekrulma barikadebma, mamis dapatimrebam revolucionerTa
gadamalvaSi xelSewyobis gamo.
quTaisis klasikur gimnaziaSi moxda k. gamsaxurdias ad­
reuli sulieri formireba. erTi mxriv, revoluciuri gare­
mo, xolo meore mxriv, imdroindeli saqarTvelos kultu­
ris meqa _ Tavisi evropuli esTetizmiT da literaturuli
salonebiT xels uwyobda momaval mweralSi progresisaTvis
brZolisa da ganswavlis grZel gzaze Sedgomis dauokebeli
survilis gamomuSavebas.
gansakuTrebuli siyvaruliT k. gamsaxurdia gimnazi­
is maSindel direqtors _ ioseb ocxels igonebs. uangaro
sazogado moRvawem da didma pedagogma imTaviTve SeniSna
k. gam­
saxurdias gansakuTrebuli siyvaruli literaturi­
sadmi da swavlaSi gasaocari gulmodgineba, amitomac TveSi
aTi oqros maneTi stipendia dauniSna.
mwerlis maSindeli ganwyobilebis TvalsaCino faqtad
unda miviCnioT is garemoeba, rom gimnaziaSive, k. gamsaxur­
dia da misi patara Tanamzraxvelebi aarseben saidumlo
jgufs saxelwodebiT _ `cxra muxa~. am jgufs sakmaod mkaf­
iod gamoxatuli antiSovinisturi ganwyobileba hqonda.
TviTmpyrobelobis winaaRmdeg aSkara saqmianobisaTvis
(prokl­amaciebis dabeWdva da gavrceleba, reaqcioneri maswav­
leblis cema, saidumlo krebebi...) Jandarmeriam `cxamuxelebi~
daapatimra da ioseb ocxeli rom ar gadafareboda axalbeda
meamboxeebs, vin icis, rogor warimarTeboda maTi bedi.
1912 wels k. gamsaxurdiam friadebze daamTavra quTai­
sis klasikuri gimnazia, qalaqis gamgeobisagan gainaRda ilia
WavWavaZis saxelobis stipendia da kita abaSiZis sarekomen­
dacio weriliT xelSi peterburgis grZel gzas daadga. im
werilSi cnobili qarTveli kritikosi Txovda peterburgis
universitetis profesor niko mars niWieri ymawvilisadmi
yuradReba da mzrunveloba gamoeCina.
k. gamsaxurdia peterburgis universitetis aRmosav­
leTmcodneobis fakultetis studenti gaxda, magram male

233
iZulebuli Seiqna daetovebina universiteti. universiteti­
dan wasvlis mizezi am saswavleblis mesveurTa umetesobis
aSkarad nacionalisturi ganwyobileba da mcire eris war­
momadgenelTa mimarT Sovinisturi qedmaRloba iyo, xolo
sababi niko maris mier erT-erT seminarze ilia WavWavaZis
upativcemulod moxsenieba.
kenigbergis, laipcigisa da miunxenis universitetebSi
sxvadsxva dros eufleba k. gamsaxurdia evropul liter­
aturas da filosofias, miunxenSi ecnoba da uaxlovdeba
igi Tomas mans. miunxenis gazeTebSi aqveynebs werilebsa da
Targmanebs. pirveli msoflio omis dawyebisTanave k. gam­
saxurdias ruseTis jaSuSad miiCneven da apatimreben. Tomas
manis mecadineobiT aTavisufleben momaval mwerals tra­
nuStainis sapyrobiledan.
bolos k. gamsaxurdias berlinSi vxedavT. 1919 wels man
daamTavra berlinis universitetis filosofiuri fakulte­
ti da italiaSi gaemgzavra. italia, Sveicaria, inglisi, saf­
rangeTi, skandinaviis qveynebi... ase vrceli da masStaburi
gaxlavT k. gamsaxurdias swavlis geografiuli garemo.
enciklopediurad ganswavluli, imdrois evropis mowi­
nave suliskveTebas ziarebuli, ucxo enebis codniT aRWur­
vili k. gamsaxurdia 1919 wels saqarTveloSi Camodis da ma­
Sinve aqtiurad ebmeba literaturul cxovrebaSi.
1919 welsve aarsebs Jurnal `promeTes~, 1922 wels gamos­
cems `alions~, amave periodSi redaqtorobs gazeTebs: `saqa­
rTvelos samreklos~, `qarTul sityvas~, (1923), `lomiss~
(1922).
1922-1027 wlebSi saTaveSi udgas `akademiur asociacias~.
am asociaciiT k. gamsaxurdiam SeZlo qarTuli literatu­
ris demokratiuli tradiciebisaTvis brZolis droSis qveS
gaeerTianebina iseTi pirvelxarisxovani mwerlebi, rogor­
ic iyvnen: a. abaSeli, S. dadiani, l. qiaCeli, s. SanSiaSvili,
n. lorTqifaniZe, k. mayaSvili, k. WiWinaZe, p. ingoroyva, i.
griSaSvili, x. vardoSvili, i. mWedliSvili, a. WumbaZe...
1944 wels k. gamsaxurdia saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa aka­
demiis namdvil wevrad airCies, xolo 1965 wels mas mieniWa
rusTavelis premia tetralogiisaTvis `daviT aRmaSenebeli~.

234
 k. gamsaxurdias romanebi Targmnilia rusul, ukrainul,
be­
lorusul, litvur, latvur, estonur, uzbekur, tajikur,
fran­gul, germanul, inglisur, ruminul, Cexur da sxva enebze.
ukanasknel wlebSi, miuxedavad mwerlis avadmyofobisa,
k. gamsaxurdias `kolxur koSkSi~, mis samuSao kabinetSi Ram­
RamobiT kvlav kiafobda sinaTle. Rvawlmosili mwerali
axal istoriul romanze _ `Tamarze~ muSaobda.
igi kvlav Cveul energiiT iRvwoda sazogado sarbiel­
ze. iyo sxvadasxva gamomcemlobaTa samxatvro sabWoebisa da
Jurnal-gazeTebis redkolegiebis wevri. mweralTa kavSiris
prezidiumis wevri. rCeva-darigebiTa da gzis dalocviT
xels umarTavda axalgazrda mwerlebs.
`didostatis marjvenis~ avtori Tavis uaxloes megobarTa
Soris asaxelebda giorgi nikolaZes, konstantine WiWinaZes,
ivane javaxiSvils, jvebe ioselians, akaki SaniZes, grigol
wereTels, korneli kekeliZes, andria razmaZes, qristefore
raWveliSvils, galaktion tabiZes, paata guguSvils, ale­
qsandre abaSels, irakli abaSiZes, akaki gawerelias, pavle
ingoroyvas, sergi Wilaias, giorgi natroSvils, besarion
JRents da elguja maRraZes.
1973 wels k. gamsaxurdias qarTvelma xalxma didi zeimiT
gadauxada dabadebis 80 wlis iubile.
1975 wlis 17 ivliss Sewyda didi qarTveli mwerlis ma­
jiscema. madlierma qarTvelma xalxma konstantine gamsax­
urdia misi anderZisamebr didis pativiT dakrZala galis
quCaze mdebare mwerlis sacxovrebeli saxlis _ `kolxuri
koSkis~ ezoSi.

***
evropidan konstantine gamsaxurdias farTo ganaTlebas­
Tan erTad imdroindeli moduri skolebis literaturuli
gavlenebi Camohyva. gansakuTrebiT ganicdida igi eqspre­
sionizmis gavlenas. eqspresionizmi sxva dekadentur mimdi­
nareobaTagan gansxvavebiT cxovrebasTan aqtiur damokide­
bulebas qadagebda da Tavisi kosmiurobiTa da religiur
fanatizmTan kavSiriT ufro uaxlovdeboda k. gamsaxurdias
axalgazrdul temperaments da imdroindel ganwyobilebas.

235
swored am poziciidan `mkvdarTan Sexvedris~ avtorma 1922
wels dawerili weriliT `impresionizmi Tu eqspresionizmi~
(`lomisi~, #1, 1922) sxva dekadentur mimdinareobebs (impre­
sionizms, simbolizms) brZola gamoucxada.
marTalia, k. gamsaxurdia, rogorc yvela didi mwerali,
ver eteoda romelime moduri skolis CarCoebSi, misTvis
imTaviTve viwro aRmoCnda eqspresionizmis prokrustes sa­
recelic, magram mas, vinc xelaRebiT uaryofs k. gamsa­xurdias
monawileobas ociani wlebis literaturul dajgufebebSi
da mwerlis mravalferovan qmnilebebSi ucxour gavlenaTa
kvals ver xedavs, TviT mwerlisave sityvebs movagonebT:
`ganswavlisa da mogzaurobaTa wlebSi me ar damklebia
bergsonis, eduard hartmanis, artur Sopenhaueris, sevden­
borgis, Staineris da kirkegos zegavlenani.
ufro mets vityodi, gansazRvrul periodebSi angelus
sileziuss, suzos da franCesko asizelis sunTqvac momwvde­
nia, imave wlebSi gatacebuli vyofilvar Cinuri, arabuli da
induri filosofiis SedevrebiTac.
isic cxadia, vinc siWabukeSi aravis damowafebia, mas si­
bereSi aravis ostatoba ar SesZlebia~.*
am amonaweridanac naTlad Cans, rom k. gamsaxurdiasaT­
vis dekadentoba erTi etapi iyo misi SemoqmedebiTi Ziebebis
grZel gzaze, magram modur literaturul gavlenas mTli­
anad rodi daupyria axalgazrda mwerlis maZiebeli goneba,
maSinac ki igi eWvis TvaliT Sescqeroda cxovrebisagan gand­
gomis mqadagebel dekadentur moZRvrebebs da Cinur, arabul,
indur filosofiaSi eZebda WeSmaritebis amoxsnis saidum­
los, Tu amas davumatebT imTaviTve mwerlis winaSe mdgar
erovnul problemebs da Zval-rbilSi gamjdar tradiciebs
qarTuli mwerlobisas, amaod davuwyebT Zebnas k. gamsaxur­
dias imdroindel SemoqmedebaSi wminda saxis eqspresionizms.
es ukanaskneli sxvadasxva msoflmxedvelobrivi minarevebiT
gamdidrebuli, magram mainc gvxvdeba k. gamsaxurdias adrin­
del leqsebsa da novelebSi.
k. gamsxurdiam literaturaSi leqsebiT Semodga fexi.
aTiani wlebis mrume, filisturi evropa. xelmokleobiT da

* k. gamsaxurdia, rvatomeuli, t.VIII, 1967, gv. 892.

236
nostalgiiT gaRizianebuli filosofiis axalgazrda doq­
tori. germaniis mkacri sinamdvile poetis Wabukur iluziebs
erTbaSad amsxvrevs. axalgazrda lirikosis nervebs simebi­
viT aTamaSebs miusafarobis saSiSi mermisi. gareT sibnelea
da saoswarkveTa. fanjrebze maTxovris xalaTgadacmuli
boroti beberiviT akakunebs noembris qari. es yvelaferi
sevdiani mistikis impulsad iqceva k. gamsaxurdias adreul
leqsebSi. poetis evropuli dRiurebi misi SeSfoTebuli gan­
wyobilebis anareklia mxolod da ara literaturuli remi­
niscenciebiT keklucoba. misticizmis landebTan lacici k.
gamsaxurdiasaTvis mware sinamdviliT gamowveuli droebiTi
movlenaa da mis jansaR suls didxans ar SerCeba. harmoniisa
da sulieri siTbos Zebnam `maria stellas~ RvTiur hangebs
gamodevnebuli poeti RvTaebis sakurTxevelTanac miiyvana.

daveZeb RvTiur harmonias, hangad darxeuls,

daveZeb taZars RvTaebisas da viTxov Svelas!
waval vemTxvevi macxovaris wamebul sxeuls,
da muxlmodrekiT mec vimRereb `maria stellas~

(`maria stella~)

swored am striqonebSi Cans k. gamsaxurdias eqspresion­

istuli gataceba, magram martoobis `demonuri siluetebi~
da `maria stellas~ RvTaebrivi melodiebi male ifanteba
poetis sulis Sinagani amboxebiT.

...am Cems boboqar suls veRar itevs,

Cemi rxeuli, Zveli sxeuli.
movel satanav, kidev SemrCa me siTamame,
movel satanav, gamovswordeT Tu ginda xmalSi.

(`movel satanav~)

ganswavlis periodSi myofi axalgazrda mgosnis sulieri

peripetiebi _ qarTuli nacionaluri bunebis dasavlur mis­
tikur atmosferosTan dajaxebiT gamowveuli, damoukide­

237
beli saqarTvelos natvra, literaturuli modiT gataceba
da `verharnebis~, graf cepelinebis Tu `repmanebis~ TviT­
miznuri xseneba, odnav sasowarkveTili da gabrazebuli
lirikuli gmiri, ucxo sityvebiTa da gamoTqmebiT keklu­
coba da pirvelaRmomCenis mravlisaRmqmeli poza, leqsis
romantikuli xasiaTi da romantikosebisTvisve damaxasi­
aTebeli arqauli leqsikuri maragi _ zogadad ase SeiZleba
k. gamsaxurdias adreuli leqsebis daxasiaTeba.

daexata mtkvars mkerdze safironis cioni,

`mokvda bagrationi, mokvda bagrationi~,
agugundnen zarebi, aqviTinda sioni.

(`tfilisuri saRamo~)

es striqonebi 1917 wlis oqtomberSi daiwera. am leqsis

daweris dros komentarebi ar sWirdeba. roca revoluciis qa­
riSxali qveyanas azanzarebs da msoflio axali, jer gamouc­
nobi molodiniT aris aRsavse, axalgazrda qarTveli poeti
guSin peterburgSi maris leqciebs rom ismenda da axla berli­
nis mwvane Straseebze aTen-aRamebs, zis Tavis studentur magi­
dasTan da TiTqos revoluciur xmebs gamoeqcao, nacionaluri
sevdiT CurCulebs: `mokvda bagrationi, mokvda bagrationi~. ra
motivebi asazrdoeben am leqsis naRvlian ganwyobilebas, ratom
Caesmis axalgazrda poets sionis zarebis xmaSi sasowarkveTili
`mokvda bagrationi?~ dRes advilia im dReTa civi gonebiT gan­
sja, magram, albaT, k. gamsaxurdias am erT-erTi pirveli leqsis
daweridan unda gasuliyo didi dro, rom mwerlis azrovnebaSi
`mTvaris motacebis~ filosofia momwifebuliyo. didi ilias
tradiciebze dafuZnebuli misi literaturul-filosofiuri
profili, albaT, swored aseTi unda yofiliyo da axalgazrda
mgosnis moqalaqeobrivi sispetakis dasturia swored is, rom
igi aseTi iyo, rom igi ar tyuoda da gundruks ar ukmevda misT­
vis manamde ganucdel socialur da politikur WeSmaritebebs.
k. gamsaxurdias poetur suls, mis ganwyobilebas moergo
meoce saukunis dasawyisis evropul literaturaSi gamefe­
buli misticizmisa da martoobis motivebi, magram am damTx­
vevas axalgazrda poeti epigonTa rigebisaTvis ar miumate­

238
bia. daabijebs qveynad yaribi axalgazrda _ k. gamsaxurdias
adreuli leqsebis lirikuli gmiri, sayeloaweuli emigran­
tis jiut Tvalebsa da moxril beWebSi Seucnobelis Secnobis
dauokebeli wyurvili igrZnoba. man icis, rom `kacTa modgma
gulmaviwyia~ da `saxelisaTvis maTxovrobas~ ar apirebs. igi
movida amqveynad Tavisi patara samyaroTi da surs swrafadve
ganvlos sofeli `viT mZinar tyeSi SuaRamis matareblma~.
k. gamsaxurdias adreuli leqsebis lirikulma gmirma
mSve­nivrad icis, rom istoriis didi JamTacvla moaxlov­
da, rom meoce saukunem umZlavresi qSeniT daiwyo cxovreba
da SexedulebaTa saocari gadafasebis am usaSvelo orom­
trialSi sadRac, revoluciis sisxliT morwyul quCaze
`fexSiSveli da ganukiTxavi ufali modis~. da sabolood
yvelaferi unda dacxres, unda damSviddes. amboxebaTa gri­
gali Cadges da axalgazrda mgosnis ganswavlis boboqar pe­
riods dasasruli moeZebnos. gza samSoblosaken _ erTad­
erTi gzaa. Sors, lurji cis kabadonze mSobliuri sanaxebi
irekleba _ `islis saxli, islis saxli, qari! qari~ qari~.
k. gamsaxurdias lirikuli gmiri am dros gafarToebuli
TvalebiT Sescqeris atortmanebul samyaros da cdilobs
mis winaSe wamoWRil uamrav kiTxvas axsna mouZebnos. igi im
dReTa poetia, roca `revoluciis aRviraxsnili dahqrolavs
raSi~ (`parizi, 1919 w.~). man icis, rom evropis mTvlemare
sinamdvilezec male gadaivlis `amboxebis pirquSi mdevi~,
raTa adamianTa mier TviT adamianebisve dasaTrgunavad
gamogonili `kanonebi fexqveS gaTelos~.
poetis imdroindeli ganwyobilebis sailustraciod
sainteresoa 1918 wels dawerili leqsi `berlini~. es leqsi
didi qalaqis xasiaTis Seqmnis erT-erTi pirveli cdaa Cvens
poeziaSi da k. gamsaxurdias demokratiuli orientaciis sa­
siamovno dasturic aris: Sprees napirad uzarmazari sinaT­
lis rgoli tortmanobs. am rgolSi, rogorc proJeqtoris
Suqze, mTeli qalaqi ixateba. berlinis majiscemis jados­
nur ritmSi `ismis xriali, xraSa-xruSi, zarebis JRera, qSena,
zanzari, TqaraTquri, rbena, gangaSi~ da dedaqalaqis Zilga­
texil quCebSi misi `avxorcobis wiTeli raSi daSliginebs~.
RamiT berlini poetis zRvis wiaRidan amotyorcnil, sava­

239
lalod mqSinav gveleSaps agonebs, dRisiT ki igi qalaqis
`macduri feriebis~ garda berlinSi sxva ramesac xedavs:

Sens qarxnebs asdis oxSivarad oxvra miwisa,

vxedav Wirnaxuls da sadRaa Semqmneli xeli,
kacunebs vxedav pirSeburvilT tyviisfer maskiT.

tyviisfer `maskebSi~ gamowyobil adamianTa nebas `uxila­

vi disko~ marTavs. adamiani gauTelavs arsebobisaTvis brZo­
lis momqancvelobas, igi `yviTeli eSmakis~ da `ciferblatis
monad qceula~.

mozraobs disko uxilavis da Seucnobis,

milionebi erTis nebis gamomxatvelni.
munji msaxurni viRac kuStis, viRac ucnobis,
aq uflis nacvlad eleqtrobas evedrebian.

yviTel liTonsa Seucvlia macxovris xati.

milionebi Tvalis fSvnetiT fexze dgebian,
aq isaria mbrZanebeli da ciferblati.

samyaros gardaqmnis Jamis moaxloebis winaTgrZnoba po­

ets am periodSi daweril sxva leqsebSic ar tovebs:

hkrTodeT,
maRalo,
TvalSeudgamo
sasaxleebo,
hotelebo,
Ramis barebo! _

mimarTavs igi Cveni saukunis dasawyisis parizs da uwinas­

warmetyvelebs:
visac ocnebiT zrdidnen monebi,
movelineba msoflios cxadad
axali modgma adamis tomis
maRal RvTaebas umRers osanas.

240
 aseTi iyo poeti konstantine gamsaxurdia. miuxedavad
eqspresionizmis motivebiTa da formalisturi ZiebebiT
gatacebisa, misi poeturi Semoqmedeba Sors iyo wminda es­
Tetis TiTis wovisa da ukiduresad dekandenturi ganwyo­
bilebisagan.
eqspresionizmiT gataceba gansakuTrebiT sagrZnobia k. gam­
saxurdias adreul novelebSi: `mkvdarTan Sexvedra~, `tabu~,
`lil~, `porcelani~, `klara~, `fotografi~, `saaTebi~ da sxv.
`mkvdarTan SexvedraSi~ daupirispirda erTmaneTs pirve­
lad qarTuli klasikuri mwerlobis magaliTebiT nasazr­
doebi mwerlis realisturi tendenciebi da literaturuli
modis Zlieri simptomebi. ukanasknelma droebiT gaimarjva.
berlinis maxlobel tyeSi, saRamo xans, saseirnod gasuli
axalgazrda mkvdars waawyda. Semzaravma suraTma da Tavzar­
damcemi aqtis sruliad moulodnelma sinamdvilem mxilve­
li daabnia. mas Zala aRar eyo micvalebuli xidan Camoexsna.
sirbiliT Sin mobrunebulma Tavis oTaxSi igrZno sindisis
qenjna. igrZno, rom manac danaSauli Caidina mkvdris winaSe.
rogorc mkiTxveli SeamCnevs, am novelis fabulaSi ultra­
dekadenturi araferia. eqspresionistuli Sefaseba movleni­
sa mxolod novelis finalSi xdeba sacnauri: `Tvals vaxel da
ori sinaTlisagan daclili Tvali Semomcqeris sayveduriT:
sasTumali, sabani, sagebi yvelaferi cxelia. Camovdivar log­
inidan da civ iatakze garTxmuli visveneb, rogor miama sig­
rile! ase undoda am kacsac, Zirs CamomeRo da momesvenebina.
fui Sens kacobas, Se mSiSara, Se mSiSara!..
vwevar piraRma iatakze da vfiqrob: Cven yvelani sagnebis
Tokze vkidivarT dRe da Ram da gamvlel-gamomvlels veR­
rijebiT: `Zirs CamomiRe, damasvene, Se qristiano~.
roca es novela iwereboda, swored im xanebSi germanuli
eqspresionizmi Tavis Teoriul sistemas ayalibebda. swored
maSin qveyndeboda literaturul periodikaSi adamianis ar­
araobis, gareSe sagnebsa da movlenebze misi samardJamod mi­
jaWvulobis, adamianis gautanlobis, axali RmerTis Seqmnis
saWiroebis da sxva eqspresionistuli `gabedulebis~ aRm­
nusxveli masalebi. `mkvdarTan Sexvedrac~ am ganwyobilebis
uSualo anareklia.

16. r. miSvelaZe. t. XXV 241

 realisturi sinamdvilis Cvenebisagan xelovnebis ganTa­
visuflebis tendecia gamokveTilad `porcelanSi~ gvxvdeba.
erT-erT maskaradze novelis gmirma gaicno madam rostrupi.
male axalnacnobebs Soris megobruli urTierToba damyar­
da. kacs, rostrupis ojaxSi, sxvaTa Soris, Cinuri Cais Wur­
Weli `porcelani~ izidavda. erT mSvenier dRes stumars Cais
sxva WurWliT gaumaspinZldnen, xolo Tavazianma maspinZel­
ma acnoba, rom porcelani erT amerikel Jurnalists mihyida
niu-iorkis erT-erTi muzeumisaTvis.
im dRidan novelis gmirs im ojaxSi fexi ar daudgams.
porcelanis dakargviT gawyda jaWvi, romelic mas ros­
trupebis ojaxTan akavSirdeba.
am sevdian novelaSi avtoris pozicia gamJRavnebulia
madam rostrupTan dialogSi da porcelanis WurWelTan
gmiris arqaizebul mimarTebaSi.
`Cveni sinamdvile mtknari sicrue yofila meTqi. kidev yo­
fila meore sinamdvile. xelovneba ki mesame sinamdvilea mxat­
vris mikroskopSi danaxuli. am Segnebamdis am aTiode wlis
winaT mivedi da iracionalis ferebis Sexameba daviwye. maSin
sad iyvnen eqspresionistebi? me maTda damoukideblad miva­
geni racionalur eqspresionizms~ _ ambobs madam rostrupi
da misi mosazreba Tanamosaubris mxridan araviTar eWvs ar
iwvevs. am `hipoTezas~ saRi esTetiuri azri ar upi­rispirdeba.
arsebuli sinamdvile ar akmayofilebs novelis gmirs
(`Senc fexi Sesdgi, megobaro, ukulturobis molipul gza­
ze... qaRaldis naglejebiT mofenil gzaze...~), magram arc
porcelanis `akademiuri~ drois dabrunebisTvis brZolis
Zali Seswevs. porcelani misTvis xelovnebis unikaluri qm­
nilebacaa da warsulTan damokidebulebis damsxvreuli har­
moniac. rac Seexeba am Zvirfasi WurWlis samuzeumo eqspo­
natad qcevas, avtors amazec opoziciuri Tvalsazrisi aqvs:
`hm, muzeumi!
muzeumi sxva raRaa, Tu ara uSvelebeli sasaflao, sadac
yoveli eri Tavis grZnobebs hmarxavs... saflavi micvalebul
grZnobaTa, dromoWmul feradebisa da riTmebisa~.
Tu gavixsenebT dekadentur skolaTa imdroindel axire­
bul lozungebs (`cecxli muzeumebs da biblioTekebs~), ad­

242
vilad davrwmundebiT, rom k. gamsaxurdias adreul novel­
ebSi dekadentur-eqspresionistuli sio dahqris.
`fotografi~ (1919 w.) samSoblodan gadaxvewili xe­
lovanis mosawyen cxovrebaze gviambobs. daexeteba parizSi
fotografi, misi survli, Seqmnas suraTi, romelic dros
SeaCerebs, ufro zustad epoqis fotografiuli asli iqneba,
surviladve rCeba, radganac Tavbrudamxvevi drois SeCereba
aravis ZaluZs. fotografs sevda morevia. igi zedmeti kacia
am matyuara qalaqSi. `fotografma versad adgili ver iSova,
isev quCas miaSura~.
mozeime xalxis talRa barebisa da restornebis karebs
awydeba, fotografma ramdenime restoranSi Seuxvia, versad
adgili ver iSova. isev quCas gahyva, bolos melanqoliiT
Sepyrobili, avi zmanebebiT da uZilobiT gawamebuli foto­
grafi Tavis sofelSi Cadis, magram sanugeSos iqac veras
povebs. soflad RmerTdakarguli Coxosnebi (erTma maTganma
xats revolveri esrola), ciebiani bavSvebi da siZvis isteri­
iT Sepyrobili diacebi momravlebulan. fotografs imedis
patara naperwklebic Cauqra, `eleqtroni~ Caaqro, samaresa­
viT civ loginSi Cawva, `qveyana SemZulda~, ambobda igi xma­
maRali fiqriT.
eqspresionizmisadmi erTgulebiT daweril am nove­
las sikvdilisa da uimedobis laitmotivad gasdevd magi­
uri `Savi frinvelis~ aCrdili, romelic xan fotoaparatze
Camojdeba, xan dasaRupavad ganwiruli gemis anZaze da xan
radiotelegrafis mavTulze wamoskupuli fotografs avis­
momaswavebeli yrantaliT Tavs abezrebs. `qveyana~ suraTis
gadaRebad ara Rirs!~ Savi frinvelis es sasowarkveTili Cxa­
vili gaxlavT swored am novelis dedaazri. Zneli SesamCnevi
rodia, rom aq yvelaferi, Canafiqridan moyolebuli TviT
weris maneramde, eqspresionistuli ganwyobilebis anareklia
da `literaturuli modiT~ axalgazrda mwerlis gatacebis
TvalsaCino dasturi gaxlavT. Tumca am moTxrobaSic aqa-
iq SeiniSneba erovnuli koloritiT nasazrdoebi mxatvruli
azrovneba, mag., rodesac parizis quCas aRwers, reklamebis
feierverks da didi qalaqis Rriancels gvixatavs, uecrad
`Cauvardeba fexi~ mSobliur niadagSi, `policielebi iseve

243
dadiodnen avtomobilebSi, rogorc ioane zedazneli mxecTa
Soris~.
eqspresionizmiT k. gamsaxurdias gatacebis erT periods
wertils usvams `lil~. am novelaSi mxatvruli pirobiTobis
da xazgasmuli simbolurobis adgils gaSiSvlebuli saxe­
obrioba da SesamCnevi naturalizmis iWers. novelis siuJe­
ti aseTi gaxlavT: axalgazrda pacients moewona da Semdeg
Seuyvarda kidec eqim Saruxias ulamazesi meuRle lil. vin
icis, riT damTavrdeboda meocnebe pacientis romani da misi
xSiri vizitebi Saruxias binaze, rom TviT eqims ar gamoeCina
iniciativa. eqimma Seyvarebul ymawvils malulad daanaxva
zRvaSi mobanave lil. novelis gmirs Tavzari dasca im gare­
moebam, rom misi sayvareli arseba _ ulamazesi lil rax­
itiani aRmoCnda. ase ugemurad (cota ar iyos uxerxuladac
_ r. m.) damTavrda es romani.
Tavisi mwerluri poziciis dadgenisa da SemoqmedebiTi
Ziebis rTul gzaze aseTi zigzagebiT miemarTeba k. gamsax­
urdias STagoneba. igi erTsa da imave periodSi xan eqspre­
sionizms uxdis xarks da xan, uneblied, naturalizmis WaobSi
xvdeba.
erTi ram imTaviTve cxadia: axalgazrda mwerals ar ak­
mayofilebs Tavisi SemoqmedebiTi principebi, cxovrebis da­
naxvis is mxatvrul-filosofiuri modeli, romelsac Semoq­
medebis adreul asakSi eziara.
am wlebSi k. gamsaxurdias SemoqmedebiTY labirinTSi
mesame gzac gailanda. mweralma scada Tavisi dekadenturi
ganwyobilebani qarTul erovnul niadagze gadmoenarga da
miTologiur-folklorul sawyisebze daemyno. axalgazrda
novelistis es survili gansakuTrebiT `tabuSi~ gamomJRan­
vda.
`tabu~ xarbediebisa da biskaiebis sabediswero Serkinebis
burusiT mocul ambavs gviambobs. sofel naWyvedSi biskaieb­
ma xarbediebs Cagvra dauwyes. Sewuxdnen monis uRels mi­
uCveveli xarbediebi, magram SurisZieba mamakacTagan vervin
gabeda. bolos aisxa iaraRi qalma _ xvaramze xarbediam.
biskaiebis dasjis surviliT anTebulma man eSmaks gauyo sa­
receli da Sva morieli, romelmac sicocxles gamoasalma

244
biskaiebis beladi lomkacia biskaia. misticizmis burusiTaa
moculi am novelis mTeli rigi pasaJebi. aq legenda da
sinamdvile, realuri da zRapruli, folkloruli da mi­
Tologiuri erTmaneTSia areuli da aSkarad Cans mwerlis
miswrafeba dekadenturi TviT folklorisa da religiuri
fanatizmis wiaRSi ipovos. novelaSi ostaturadaa CarTuli
xalxuri Selocvebi, crurwmenaTa gamomxatveli siuJetebi
da moCvenebani. es mistikuri garsi novelas realuri sa­
myaros Cveulebrivi movlenebisagan aTavisuflebs da ire­
aluris burusSi axvevs.
eqspresionistul-modernistuli novelebis gverdiT k.
gamsaxurdia werda realisturi xasiaTis nawarmoebebsac.
magaliTad, SeiZleba 1919 wels dawerili novela `klara~
davasaxeloT. es aris novelis Janruli kanonebis sruli
gaTvaliswinebiT dawerili, fsiqologiurad uaRresad dam­
ajerebeli nawarmoebi. `klara~ exeba moulodneli Sexve­
dris im Zvirfas wuTs, romelic zogjer Cvens cxovrebaze
waruSlel kvals stovebs, Tumca, SeiZleba arasodes aRar
ganmeoredes.
berlinis sagareubno matarebelSi novelis gmirs Sexv­
da klara _ momxibvleli germaneli qali. kupeSi maT garda
aravinaa. qal-vaJs Soris ndobisa da urTierTswrafvis uxi­
lavi, idumali Zafi gaiba. vaJi ver bedavs sityvis Tqmas,
vaiTu amiT dairRves es sanetaro harmonia, dairRves es us­
ityvo SeTanxmeba (Tu TanagrZnoba), rac yovelgvar sityvaze
Zlieria.
`icode, klara, es wami aRar mobrundeba, sakmarisia axla
Sen adge, Semdeg sadgurze Camoxvide da brboSi gaerio, merme
vin icis, sad gipovni am xuTmilionian masaSi~.
asec moxda, erT-erT sadgurze kupeSi uamravi mgza­
vri Semocvivda da novelis gmirma mimavali klaras mrgval
mxrebisTavebs mohkra Tvali. mTeli novelis manZilze maT
sityvac ki ar uTqvamT erTmaneTisaTvis, magram es iyo Ta­
visi dramatulobiT sulisSemZvreli Sexvedra, didi osta­
tobiT daxatuli mwerlis mier.
magram am zedmiwevniT marTal novelaSic gakrTeba aqa-iq
k. gamsaxurdias eqspresionistuli ganwyobilebani. mag.:

245
 `adamianebs raRac zrdilobis kanonebi gamougoniaT. Tu
vinmem ar gagvacno did qalaqSi qali, ise ar SeiZleba masTan
dalaparakeba, ra ician am Slegebma, egeb Cveni sulebi erTx­
elac ganukveTeli erTeulebi iyvnen, miriad saukuneebis
saxecvlaSi isini gasTiSa sivrcem, drom da gardacvalebam
da axla isev SevxvdiT erTimeores am bnel gvirabSi~.
sakmarisia sagareubno matareblis qrolaSi wamiT CaTv­
limos klaras Tanamgzavrma, rom maSinve amgvari qimeruli
azrebi daeseva: `liwinliwini gaaqvT gamxmar Stoebs cxenis
torebis Cqamze da me igi aRara var raca var da arc iqa var,
sadac var da mec is ara mqvia, raca mqvia~.
egzotikur Ziebebsa da naturalizms k. gamsaxurdia `qa­
lis rZiT~ gamoeTxova da 1924 wels gamoaqveyna poeturi
novela `zarebi grigalSi~, romliTac sruliad axali etapi
daiwyo mwerlis SemoqmedebaSi. am novelaSi, rogorc fokus­
Si, Tavi moiyara im samagaliTo mxatvrulma niuansebma, ramac
SemdgomSi gamsaxurdias romanistikaSi pova ganviTareba. es
gaxlavT, pirvel yovlisa, poeturi proza _ romantizebu­
li mxatvruli pasaJebi da Txrobis amRerebul-amaRlebuli,
metaforuli manera.
`eqstazSi daRupulTaTvis~ daweril am novelaSi k. gam­
saxurdiam SeZlo daexata adamiani, romelsac ZaluZs Tun­
dac erTxel da sabediswerod aujanydes Tavis Tavs, sZlios
mis arsebaSi Cabudebul mTvlemare angeloss da grigalSi
miwvdes misi rutinuli cxovrebis damangrevel zarebs. es
novela erT-erT saukeTesoa aramarto k. gamsaxurdias Semo­
qmedebaSi. igi ase iwyeba:
`mnaTe oqropir mxolod maSin mixvda, rom `qveyana gamoicv­
ala~, roca didmarxvis orSabaTs, wm. zaqarias eklesiis gumba­
Tze jvari veRar naxa, jvari aRar iyo samreklozedac~.
mnaTe oqropir saWiro aRar aris. samrekloze sduman za­
rebi. xucesi Seguebia axal dros. soflis boloSi samikitno
gauxsnia da `yviTeli eSmakisaTvis~ miuyidia suli. oqropir ki
sxva kacia. igi ase advilad ver Serigebia `RmerTis sikvdils~.
mas aRar ZaluZs axal RmerTs sces Tayvani. amitomac gulam­
Rvreuli dadis da melanqolias Seupyria misi arseba.
erT saRamos oqropir gamoeqca galeSil naxucars, miaR­

246
wia eklesiis ezos, samreklos kibeze aforTxda da zarebs
miwvda.
uaRresad damajerebeli da Rrmad simboluria mnaTe
oqropiris es nabiji. Tavisi susti xelebiT igi Tavdauzo­
gavad rekavs zarebs, TiTqos gzasacdenil sofels warsuli­
saken mouxmobs, TiTqos Rrublebis Tavze miZinebul RmerTs
aRviZebs, raTa man erTxel kidev mzrunveli Tvali moavlos
Tavis samwysos.
magram ganmkiTxavi aravinaa.
zarebs mxolod qaraSoti gamoexmaura.
`da mTeli cxovreba fiqrobda oqropir, ra iyo, Tu
ara zRapari xanmokle? zarebis jarebi foladis abjarSi,
mdevrebi uSiSo, Tavgametebulni misdevdnen grigalis gaf­
re­nil mernebs. mihqrodnen mTvarisken Rrublebis gemebi
alisfer sisxliT gamurul afrebiT da pirqve ekida ieso
zecaSi, Rrublebis anZaze, viT mali focxveri sisxls mowyu­
rebuli. gasdrika welSi mZle goliaTebi, samreklo tkrci­
aliT Seirya, gahqanda. tortmaniT daeca miwaze~.
samreklo Caiqca da mnaTe oqropir daiRupa.
aseTi aRmoCnda mnaTes aRsasruli, magram eqstazSi daRu­
pul RvTismosavs novelis avtoris cremlebi imitom efrqve­
va, rom man SeZlo rwmenisTvis Tavganwirva, igi aqtiuri kaci
aRmoCnda. swored es sulis siZliere xiblavs mkiTxvels
oqropiris saxeSi.
`ar vici, sad waiyvanes (angelozebma, r.m.) mnaTe oqropiris
sabralo suli.
me vityodi: aswieT adamiani maRla, sul maRla da dasviT
Semoqmedis marjvena mxares, radgan sibneleSi dabrmavebul­
ma erTxel mainc igrZno aRtaceba da eqstazSi daiRupa.
me minda vimRero eqstazSi daRupulTaTvis~.
`zarebi grigalSi~ weris maneris TvalsazrisiT aqa-iq Tu
kidev atarebs eqspresionizmis daRs, `qosa gaxu~ da `didi
iosebi~ wminda realisturi xasiaTis nawarmoebebia.
ukve aRar sWirdeba mwerals novelis saSeni masalisTvis
dekadenturi Tvalebis sresa, evropul literaturul sa­
lonebSi, an warmarTul qimeraTa Soris xetiali, am novel­
ebiT k. gamsaxurdia gabedulad mivida cxovrebis sinamdvil­

247
esTan. xolo am ukanasknelma mwerlis maxvil Tvals maSinve
miawoda waruSleli xasiaTebi da realuri yofis dauviwyari
suraTebi.
qosa gaxu, Tavad manuCaris naSieri, feodaluri warsu­
lis erT-erTi ukanaskneli mohikani, xeze cxovrobs. giJis
perangi Caicva gaxum, rom Tanasoflelebma Seicodon da is­
toriis qartexils, ganadgurebas gadaarCinos batoniSvilTa
STamomavali, Tavisi pirmSo Temra. Temra izrdeba. qosa gaxu
da naxucari iona darwmunebuli arian, rom Zveli dro da­
brundeba da batoniSvilis Senaxvis didi misia maT awevT
kiserze. isini efuTSi amaod eZeben `bolSevikebis wasvlis
dRes~, magram yvelaferi sxvagvarad warimarTa. Temras msx­
lis toti Camoutyda da daiRupa. qosa gaxum imedi dahkarga.
man moicila SeSlilis niRabi da angariSi gaaswora `ukuR­
marT~ cxovrebasTan. cecxls misca xeze aSenebuli facxa,
xolo TviTon mdinareSi Tavi daixrCo.
novelaSi `didi iosebi~ dgas literaturisaTvis kargad
cnobili, erTi zogadadamianuri problema _ patara adamiani
da simdidre. naCvenebia ubralo kacis sulieri peripetiebi
moulodneli gamdidrebis molipul gzaze.
didi iosebi _ raWveli mekurtne, SemTxveviT Zvirfasi
saxlis da avejis mflobeli gaxda. `didi kaci~ saqarTvelos
gasabWoebis dros menSevikur mTavrobas gahyva da misi saxli
mekurtnes darCa.
nivTebma Sescvales mekurtne. igi, rasakvirvelia, Tavis
`profesias~ aRar swyalobs. axali saqme, axali sazrunavi
gauCnda. magram male iosebs TviTneburad miTvisebuli bina
CamoarTves da meezoved gaamweses. didi iosebi isev quCaSi
aRmoCnda, magram cota xans `gamarTlebam~ samudamod daa­
maxinja misi suli. iosebi veRar daubrunda muSis alal
lukmas. igi gaborotda, galoTda. mere viRac kontraband­
ist students daukavSirda da es kalapotidan amovardnili,
sakuTari sindisis msxverpli manqanam gasrisa, swored maSin,
roca yalbi fuliT savse Cemodani daniSnulebis adgilze
mihqonda.
k. gamsaxurdias novelebis gansakuTrebuli adgili Ta­
namedrove qarTul literaturaSi imanac ganapiroba, rom

248
am novelebiT Cvens winaSe warmosdga sruliad axali sti­
lis, brwyinvale ostatobis mqone mwerali, romelmac Tavisi
ramdenime noveliT imdroindeli msoflios sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis bevri iseTi mxare moicva, romelsac CvenSi jer­
jerobiT mwerlis kalami ar Sexeboda.
novela qarTul literaturaSi im dros sakmaod did pa­
tivSi iyo. magram samyaro, romelic k. gamsaxurdiam Tavisi
novelebiT moitana, ar hgavda S. aragvispirelis, W. lomTa­
TiZis, n. lorTqifaniZis da sxvaTa mier daxatul liter­
aturul garemos. qarTvelma mkiTxvelma maSinve igrZno, rom
k. gamsaxurdias saxiT literaturul asparezs uaRresad
TviTmyofadi niWi Seemata.
ocian wlebSive mohkida xeli k. gamsaxurdiam axali epo­
qis Sesatyvisi, Tanamedrove romanis Seqmnas. am umZimes lit­
eraturul saqmes Sealia man mTeli Semdgomi literaturu­
li cxovreba. erTimeores miumata ubrwyinvalesi epikuri
tiloebi, xolo, rac Seexeba leqss da novelas, am JanrebSi
Tavisi SesaZleblobani amowurulad CaTvala da Semdgom
leqs­sa da novelas aRar dabrunebia.
1924 wels koknstantine gamsaxurdiam gamoaqveyna romani
dionisos Rimili~. igi sruliad axali sityvaa qarTul ro­
manistikaSi. misi novatoruli buneba SemdegSi mdgomareobs:
a) qarTul romanSi pirvelad gamoCnda evropulad gan­
swavluli personaJi, romlis fsiqikas Tavisi drois filis­
teruli evropis moduri filosofia asazrdoebs.
b) Tu manamde qarTul literaturaSi privilegiadakar­
guli Tavadaznaurobis degradacia i. WavWavaZis, d. kldi­
aSvilis, n. lorTqifaniZisa da sxvaTa ostaturi kalmiT
gamoikveTa da daixata qarTuli sinamdvilis poziciidan, Tu
kudabzika aznaurTa ubadruki cdebi Tavis gadasarCenad ar
Sordeba qarTuli erovnuli asparezis farglebs (vaWarTa
wresTan daaxloeba, mamulebis gayidva-gagiraveba, SromiT
saqmianobaSi Cabma, maWanklobiT Tavis gatana, qalaqs gadmo­
saxleba da sxv.), gamsaxurdiam Tavis gmirs axali gza mouZe­
bna _ evropul civilizacias aziara.
g) `dionisos Rimili~ Tematur-problematuri masStabe­
biT uaRresad originaluri nawarmoebia. igi mxars usworebs

249
Cveni saukunis dasawyisSi evropul literaturaSi mimdinare
Zvrebs. dawerilia Sinagani monologis, cnobierebis nakadisa
da dedramatizaciis am axali formebiT, rac literaturis
istoriaSi jois-kafka-prustis nawarmoebTa prioritetadaa
miCneuli.
d) `dionisos Rimili~ novatorulia imiTac, rom igi
Cvens literaturaSi pirveli cdaa romanis Janrul siste­
maSi realisturi da modernistuli principebis (es gansa­
kuTrebiT avtoris Txrobis maneras emCneva) gaerTianebisa.
bunebrivicaa, es romani dawerilia maSin, rodesac k. gamsax­
urdia _ eqspresionists cvlida k. gamsaxurdia _ realisti
da cxovrebis sinamdvilis utyuari suraTebi ufro da ufro
Rrmad mkvidrdeboda mwerlis SemoqmedebaSi.
`dionisos Rimilis~ Janris Sesaxeb erTgan TviT avtori
SeniSnavs: `dionisos RimiliT me movZebne sinTezuri gezi
evropulsa da sparsul samijnuro romans Soris~. sparsuli
samijnuro romanis elementebad mwerali im sentimentalur
romanul epizodebs miiCnevs, arcTu iSviaTad rom gvxvdeba
konstantine savarsamiZis areul cxovrebaSi, xolo evro­
puli romanis niSnebad nawilobriv nawarmoebSi mimobneul
calkeul eqspresionistul suraTebsac gulisxmobs, magram
Tavis droze saliteraturo kritikam yuradReba ar miaqcia
`dionisos Rimilis~ or uaRresad sayuradRebo Janrul ni­
Sans. pirveli is gaxlavT, rom `dionisos RimilSi~ principad
iqca mwerlis stilis is SesaniSnavi Tviseba, rac mis novel­
ebSi krToda da rac, pirobiTad, poeturi prozis saxeliT
SeiZleba moinaTlos. gadaWarbebuli ar iqneba Tu vityviT,
rom meoce saukunis qarTul literaturaSi poeturi prozis
nimuSebi pirvelad k. gamsaxurdiasTan gvxvdeba.
imdroindeli saliteraturo kritikis mier saTanadod
gauSifravi meore Janruli Rirseba am romanisa isaa, rom
avtoris poziciiT, cxovrebis logikis gamoxatviT `dioni­
sos Rimili~ uaRresad realisturi nawarmoebia. romanis
TvalSisacemma formalurma eqsperimentebma mkiTxvelTa
erT jgufs imgvari warmodgena Seuqmna, TiTqos konstantine
savarsamiZe xelovnuri, mogonili, literaturuli reminis­
cenciebiT nasazrdoebi saxe iyo da qarTul sinamdvilesTan

250
cota ram hqonda saerTo. faqtiurad ki mweralma `dioni­
sos RimilSi~ dagvixata Cveni Tavadaznaurobis erT-erTi
ukanaskneli mohikanis uaResad kolorituli saxe~, romlis
fsiqikac, nasazrdoebi saukunis klasobrivi tendenciebiT
da Seferadebuli evropuli ganswavlulobiT, ver Sehguebia
saqarTvelos axal sinamdviles. savarsamiZis melanqolias
uaRresad marTali socialur-fsiqologiuri motivebi asaz­
rdoebs. maSin, roca mis samSobloSi `revoluciis dahqroda
raSi~ (galaktioni), savarsamiZe, evropuli `inteleqtualiz­
mis~ myudro yureebs eZebda. axalgazrda inteligentis maZ­
iebelma sulma ver pova Sveba ucxo mxareSi da Tavis qveya­
nas moaSura, magram samSoblo gawiTlebuli da dapyrobili
aRmoCnda. kraxi gardauvali iyo da konstantine savarsamiZe
damarcxda. cxovrebis naxevargzaze SemoaRamda. misi euli
sulis amokvnesaa misi monologi: `taia Selia, me marto var
am uRran tyeSi. Svidi profesia gamovicvale da ver vipove
Cemi adgili am cxovrebaSi. taia Selia gigoneb da geZaxi _
gulTmisano Cemo gamzrdelo. egeb Sen maswavlo gza, rogor
gavide am uRran tyidan~.
konstantine savarsamiZe uaResad rTuli, mravalplani­
ani saxea. cxovrebis morevSi didi imedebiT SeWril axal­
gazrda kacs epoqis sinamdvilem ar gaumarTla, damarcxda
igi karieris kibezec, saxelis moxveWis asparezzec, siyvar­
ulSic, megobrobaSic. konstantine romanis mTels manZilze
mkiTxvelis interess da TanagrZnobas iwvevs imis gamo, rom
igi aqtiuri kacia, bolomde ebrZvis da ebRauWeba cxovre­
bas. umeteswilad keTili zraxvebiT da sayovelTao harmo­
niis damkvidrebis surviliT. cxovrebaSi sakuTari adgilis
Ziebis gzebze sruliad bunebrivia savarsamiZis wuwuni: `Cemi
samSoblo me ar micnobs da ar mafasebs, saqarTveloSi zed­
meti kaci var... Cemi gza gascilda saqarTvelos cxovrebis
gzas... saqarTvelo veRar vicani~.
marTalia, `dionisos Rimils~ TiTqmis ar gaaCnia erTiani
mkvrivi siuJeturi xazi (igi am mxrivac novatorulia), ma­
gram nawarmoebis siuJeturi xerxemali mainc jenetisa da
konstantines tragikuli siyvarulis istoriaze gadis. xSir­
ad dabneuli da aCqarebuli konstantine, romlis samijnuro

251
Tavgadasavlebs bolo ar uCans (ingebori, bluti, luCia,
Tina), jenetis siyvarulSi metnaklebad Tanmimdevrulia.
sparseTis elCs _ ali mirza xans wagvara savarsamiZem jeneti.
am qalisadmi siyvaruli savarsamiZes mTeli Tavisi beddam­
wvari cxovrebis manZilze SerCa. melanqoliis yvelaze mZime
dReebSic ki, roca konstantine hkargavda rwmenas ara marto
siyvarulisadmi, aramed sakuTari pirovnebis mimarTac, sak­
marisi iyo jenetis naxva, rom ocnebaTa wiaRSi moxetiale
`poeti~ miwaze daSvebuliyo da cxovrebis xalisi dabrune­
boda. gvartomiT qarTveli, sparseTis elCis nacolari,
jeneti Tavisi erTaderTi avadmyofi SviliT _ farviziT
saqarTveloSi brundeba. aq kvlav Sexvdnen Seyvarebulni
erTmaneTs. magram Sexvdnen vnebaCamqralni, cxovrebisagan
daRlilni da, axla ukve meramdened konstantine xdeba jen­
etis gaubedurebis mizezi. avadmyof Wabuks dedis nebadau­
rTvelad konstantine cxenze Sesvams da farvizi tragiku­
lad iRupeba.
gawyda is Zafic, savarsimiZes cxovrebasTan rom akavSir­
deba. win gaurkvevlobis burusi dgas, ukan dabruneba Seu­
Zlebelia: `taia Selia, Cemi cxovrebis naxevar gzaze Semo­
maRamda~.
gamzrdeli taia Selia, qarTveli glexi, _ romlis saxe­
bac niadag Tan dahyveba savarsamiZes, romanis auracxel per­
sonaJTagan gamoirCeva Tavisi individualobiTa da kolori­
tulobiT. upirvelesad taia Selia akavSirebs gzadabneul
snobs Tavis samSoblosTan. taia Seliac ganapirobebs im
garemoebas, rac konstantine savarsamiZis winaaRmdegobriv
xasiaTSi yvelaze naTeli mxarea _ `gmiri xalxis nabolaras~
usazRvrod uyvars samSoblo, amayobs misi xalxis didebuli
warsuliT da Tavisi `lazuri sisxliT~.
`mTvaris motaceba~ pirveli literaturuli qmnileba
gaxlavT, romelSic saukunis ocdaaTiani wlebis didi si­
marTle araCveulebrivi epikuri sicxadiT da poeturi ST­
agonebiT gamoixata.
TaraS emxvari da arzayan zvambaia – ori samyaro, ori
uaRresad kolorituli tipi ocdaaTiani wlebisa, ori sxva­
dasxva Tvalsazrisi, sxvadasxva midgomaa im epoqaluri

252
Zvrebisadmi, laRumebis RrialiTa da patriarqaluri yo­
fis daundobeli ngreviT rom miikvlevs gzas `axal saqarT­
veloSi~. am ori pirovnebis cxovrebiseul konfliqtSi, maTs
farul Tu aSkara WidilSi, mZafrad igrZnoba drois majis­
cema. es ori axalgazrda kaci dasabams da dasasruls aZlevs
romanis calkeul koliziebs. maTs vnebebsa da brZolazea
dafuZnebuli `mTvaris motacebis~ uaRresad dramatuli in­
trigebi da siuJeturi xveulebi. Tumca aSkarad Cans, rom
mwerlis simpaTia TaraS emxvars ekuTvnis.
Cvens saliteraturo kritikaSi gamoiTqva azri imis Ses­
axeb; TiTqos TaraS emxvari konstantine savarsamiZis liter­
aturul dublikats warmoadgendes da avtors Tavis am axal
romanSi savarsamiZis saxis gagrZeleba-ganviTareba, misi mo­
mavali bedis kvleva daesaxos miznad. marTlac, erTi Sexed­
viT, savarsamiZesa da TaraS emxvars bevri ram aqvT saerTo _
oriveni feodaluri saqarTvelos ukanaskneli warmomadgen­
lebi, oriveni evropulad ganswavlulni da cxovrebaSi xel­
mocaruli adamianebi arian, magram, Tu kargad davakvirdebiT,
advilad davaskvniT, rom es ori personaJi, ori sxvadasxva
epoqis Svili, TavianTi fsiqikiT da xasiaTis niSnebiT ra­
dikalurad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. savarsamiZes axal
drosTan Segueba TiTqmis ar ucdia, yovel SemTxvevaSi wi­
Tel saqarTvelosTan saerTo enis gamonaxvis gzaze mis mier
gadadgmuli oriode gaubedavi da uniaTo nabiji saimedos
arafers uqadis, maSin rodesac, TaraS emxvari tragikulad
ganicdis Tavis mdgomareobas da ara marto awuxebs epoqis
oromtrialisagan misi ganmartoeba, aramed energiulad iR­
vwis Tavis gadasarCenad, cxovrebis ferxulSi Casabmelad.
TaraSma kargad icis, rom bolSevikur saqarTveloSi misi
warmomavlobac gadaulaxav barierad qceula: `piradad Cem­
Tvis cocxalic rom davrCe, albaT, es gzac daxuruli iqne­
ba. erTi imitom, rom Tavadi var da winaprebis Cemis codvebs
uTuod momkiTxaven... garda amisa, me sul sxva kulturaze
var gazrdili da Zalian saeWvoa, bolSevikebma Cemi gulwrf­
eloba iwamon~. TaraS emxvaris tragediis erTi mizezi isic
aris, rom mas aRar daujereben, aRar endobian. savarsamiZe
Tavis qaotur urwmunoebaSi ufro mtkice da Tanmimdevru­

253
lia, vidre TaraS emxvari. am ukanasknelma gadawyvita erTis
xelis dakvriT CamoiSoros klasobrivi ampartavnobis mrume
samoseli, dasaxldes svaneTSi, Toxs da bars mohkidos xeli,
colad SeirTos ubralo svanis gogo lamaria da cxovrebis
ferxulSi Caebas, magram aq ukve misgan damoukidebelma mize­
zebma SeuSala TaraS emxvars xeli. lamaria wminda siyvaru­
lis Rirsi ar aRmoCnda. igi mijnurma arzayan zvambaiasTan
alersSi Seiswro da erTxel kidev gautyda guli emxvarebis
gvaris zviad warmomadgenels cxovrebaze, WeSmarit siyvar­
ulze. TaraSi ufro praqtikuli kacia, vidre savarsamiZe.
igi am ukanaskneliviT ocnebaTa samyaroSi unayofo xetials,
saqmes arCevs. sadisertacio naSromiT warudgeba univer­
sitets, magram aqac umtyuna fortunam, aqac imedgacrueba
_ universitetSi misi disertacia daiwunes. savarsamiZisagan
gansxvavebiT, TaraS siyvarulSic ufro Tanmimdevrulia. ma­
Sin, rodesac savarsamiZes warmoudgenladac ki miaCnia di­
acisadmi erTguleba da mas xSirad ucqeris rogorc Jinis
mosaklav, codvebiTa da kompleqsebiT dazuzRul arsebas.
TaraS emxvari, Tu misi gaorebis zog epizods mxedvelo­
baSi ar miviRebT (da esec srulad bunebrivi, adamianuri
simptomia), erTguli rCeba Tamaris siyvarulisa. am siyvaru­
lis mowodebiT Seagelvebs igi cxens aboboqrebul engurSi
da sayvareli arsebis xilvisaTvis stiqiasTan uTanasworo
WidilSi iRupeba kidec.
Tamar ServaSiZe naxucar tariel ServaSiZis ulamazesi
da usaTnoesi qaliSvili erTdroulad SeyvarebiaT TaraS
emxvarsa da misi ZuZumtes arzayan zvambaias. qalis simpa­
Tiebi TaraSis mxarezea, Tumca arc arzayans ucqeris igi
yovelTvis gulgrilad. romanuli xazi dramatul ganvi­
Tarebas iZens. ZuZumteebs Soris swored is ganxeTqilebis
vaSli gagordeba, romelmac Serigeba da daTmoba ar icis.
magram TaraS da arzayan bolomde raindulad, erTmaneTis
Rirsebis Seulaxavad cal-calke ezidebian siyvarulis am
umZimes tvirTs. bolos Tamari mainc TaraS emxvars rCeba,
magram qalisaTvis yvelaze kritikul momentSi afxaz aris­
tokratTa gvaris am ampartavan warmomadgenels mamakacuri
suli, vaJkacoba ar hyofnis, raTa qals sabolood gauwo­

254
dos xeli. romanis dasasruls lukaia labaxuas cnobiT SeZ­
rwunebuli TaraSi, romelSic kvlav gaiRviZa am udidesma
adamianurma tkivilma, sulTmobrZavi Tamaris sanaxavad mi­
iltvis. magram ukve gvian aris. unatifesi Tamari TaraSis
saxelis xsenebiT iRupeba zugdidSi, xolo emxvari mTvaris
motacebis saocrad ferwerulad daxatuli simboluri su­
raTis ganwirul detalad rCeba.
romanis meore da mTavari xazi, riTac `mTvaris motaceba~
udides SemecnebiT Rirebulebas iZens, im socialuri fonis
Cvenebaa, romelSic romanis mravalricxovani, mkveTri indi­
vidualobiT warmodgenili personaJebi cxovroben. komunis­
tur uxeSobas da TviTnebobas sazRvari ara aqvs: raikomis
mdivanma arenba arlanma raki kac zvambaisagan cxenis miyid­
vaze uari miiRo, arzayani Tanamdebobidan gadaayena, xolo
kac zvambaia kulakad gamoacxada da misTvis cxenebisa da
saqonlis CamorTmevis dadgenileba gamoitana. kac zvambaiam
protestis niSnad pirutyvi daxoca. SemaZrwunebeli STambe­
WdaobiT dagvixata es suraTi avtorma. dabolos, am romanSi
Cvens yuradRebas imyrobs sulisSemZvreli pasaJi:
bolSevikuri propagandiT dabrmavebuli arzayan zvambaia
sakuTar mamas _ kac zvambaias hklavs. sabWoTa wyobilebisad­
mi mwerlis damokidebuleba am tragediidanac naTlad Cans.
sicocxlis siyvaruli, brZolis heroika, gautexeli nebi­
syofa _ qarTveli kacis yvela es Tviseba Saravandedad da­
hyveba roman `vazis yvavilobas~.
vaxtang korinTelisa da goderZi elaniZis TaosnobiT
ber­muxaSi, araSenda gveleTis zeganze, qarTuli vazi gacoc­
xlda, mkvdreTiT aRsdga.
bermuxa masStabSemcirebuli saqarTveloa. am soflis si­xa­
ruli da satkivari, sameurneo Tu socoalur, moralur-eTi­
kur problemaTa didi nawili, rasac mwerali bermuxis cxov­
rebis magaliTze warmogviCens, imdroindeli qarTuli soflis
uaRresad Tanadrouli da mwvave problematika gaxlavT.
istoriis yovel mosaxvevs Tavisi ganumeorebeli elferi
da originaluri sazogadoebrivi fsiqologia aqvs. konstan­
tine savarsamiZisa da arzayan zvambaias Semdeg omisdroin­
del qarTul soflamde sakmaod didi dro gasula. dros axa­

255
li sazrunavi, Tu gnebavT, axali satkivari moutania: gvanj
afaqiZeTa da tariel ServaSiZeTa nafuZarze abria ujri­
aulebi da spekulanti koberiZeni amosulan. gunebadamZime­
bul adamianTa erT nawils aSkara brZolaze uari uTqvams da
qonebis dagrovebaze, momxveWelobaze gadasulan.
`vazis yvavilobas~ upirvelesi Rirseba swored is gax­
lavT, rom konstantine gamsaxurdias utyuarma mxatvrulma
alRom sworad SeniSna adamianis fsiqikaSi momxdari cvl­
ilebani da personaJTa bunebis zedmiwevniTi codniT war­
mogviCina is simaxinjeni pirovnebis suls rom daamCnia ko­
munisturma wyobilebam.
sikeTisa da borotebis tradiciul rkinebaSi zogi per­
sonaJi iRupeba, zogi ki mZimed tramvirebuli eSveba miwaze,
magram mTeli romanis manZilze mkiTxvels mZle laitmoti­
vad Caesmis qarTveli kacis gautexeli sulis amonakvesi:
`kidevac daizrdebian~.
aqve unda SevniSnoT `vazia yvavilobis~ erTi TvalSi­
sacemi nakli; misi personaJebi metnaklebad sworxazovani
xasiaTis, zogjer erTplanovan adamianebad gamoiyurebian.
swored am romanSi igrZnoba naTlad mwerlis survili da­
hyos isini dadebiT da uaryofiT personaJebad. erT mxareze
dganan moqalaqeobrivi RirsebiT Semkuli gmirebi (goderZi
elaniZe, vaxtang korinTeli, nunu ujriauli, susqia mind­
eli, raikomis mdivani cixisTavi da sxv.), xolo meore mxa­
reze, bneleTis warmomadgenlebi abria ujriauli, koberiZe,
kankre, deida vara da sxvani. ratomRac mweralma CaTvala,
rom epoqaSi, romelsac igi xatavs, upiratesad swored
amgvari adamianebi cxovroben, raSic swored avtors katego­
riulad ver daveTanxmebiT. romanis furclebidan ar unda
gamqraliyo adamianTa is rTuli, winaaRmdegobrivi buneba,
riTac ase mravalwaxnagovani da saintereso Candnen kon­
stantine gamsaxurdias sxva romanTa personaJebi.
Cven zemoT aRvniSneT, rom konstantine gamsaxurdias
saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli qarTuli istoriuli romanis
aRorZineba da am Janris originaluri koncefciis gamo­
muSaveba. Cveni istoriuli romanis sworupovar nimuSebad
iTvleba `didostatis marjvena~ da trilogia `daviT aR­

256
maSenebeli~, xolo Janris mwerliseul interpretaciad av­
toris mier araerTgzis ganviTarebuli Tvalsazrisi imis
Sesaxeb, rom istoria mas ainteresebs mxolod Tanamedro­
veobis samsaxurisaTvis da cdilobs Tavis istoriul Tx­
zulebebSi is problemebi daayenos, dResac rom inarCuneben
TavianT cxovelmyofelobas.
mwerals surda Tavisi istoriuli romanebi mxarSi amo­
eyenebina qarTuli istoriuli qronikebisaTvis. am ideis
ganxorcielebaa mis mier Seqmnili uZvirfasesi mxatvru­
li Zeglebi meaTe-meTerTmete saukuneebis saqarTvelos
cxovrebisa. meTormete saukunis saqarTvelos materialuri
da sulieri cxovrebis mxatvrul matianed iyo Cafiqrebuli
`Tamar~, romlis damTavrebac avtors ar dascalda.
`didostatis marjvena~ meoce saukunis qarTuli liter­
aturis mSvenebadaa CaTvlili. igi Targmnilia msoflios
mraval enaze da yvelgan aRiarebuli popularobiT da si­
yvaruliT sargeblobs. konstantine gamsaxurdia am roma­
niT warmogvidgeba istoriuli realobisa da Suasaukunuri
kulturis brwyinvale mcodned, gardasul saxeTa gacocx­
lebis, maTTvis ukvdavi sulis STabervis sworupovar os­
tatad. mwerlis istoriuli romanebi, upirveles yovlisa,
imiT gansxvavdebian istoriul Temaze CvenSi adre Seqmnili
Txzulebebisagan, rom am naweramoebebSi pirvelad gadailaxa
is zRvari, romelsac istorizmis tyveobaSi myofi mwerlebi
aRmarTavdnen xolme mefe-didebulebsa da mdabioTa Soris.
konstantine gamsaxurdiamde iSviaTad rom vinmes daexatos
aseTi cxovelmyofelobiT mefe-adamiani: tradiciuli sqema­
turobiT da freskuli erTplanovnebiT ki ara, aramed Ta­
visi adamianuri vnebebiT da Tu gnebavT, winaaRmdegobrivi
bunebiTac.
`didostatis marjvena~ meaTe saukunis miwurulsa da
meTerTmete saukunis dasawyisis ambebs gvisuraTebs. nawar­
moebis ZiriTadi problema _ xelovanis bedi monarqiul
saxelmwifoSi gadajaWvulia uamrav socialur da zneobriv
sakiTxTan. SeiZleba gadauWarbeblad iTqvas, rom konstan­
tine gamsaxurdiam iSviaTi ostatobiT, araCveulebrivi mec­
nieruli alRoTi da saTanado kompaqturobiT gaacocxla

17. r. miSvelaZe. t. XXV 257

Cvens Tvalwin `oqros xanis~ winadRe, is rTuli da Znelbedi
epoqa, romelic win uZRoda rusTavelis saukunes.
_ xelovneba ekuTvnis xalxs, WeSmariti xelovani eris
momavlisaTvis brZolis samsaxurSi unda idges, qeduxre­
lad itandes civilizaciis mterTa avbediT Semotevebs da
mTeli arsebiT unda ekuTvnodes im didebul saqmes Tavisi
cxovrebis miznad da azrad rom aurCevia. _ saukuneebis gan­
mavlobaSi aTas esTetikur ukiduresobaTa winaaRmdeg brZo­
laSi gamotarebuli da Cvenamde msoflios ukvdav xelovan­
Ta mxrebiT motanili es WeSmariteba mweralma konstantine
arsakiZe mihmadla. arsakiZis SaravandediT mosili saxe, ro­
gorc mis mier xelTqmnili sveticxoveli, arasodes dakar­
gavs momxibvlelobas. igi Cvens literaturaSi mudam iqneba
Tavisi sayvareli saqmisaTvis, Tavisi sveticxovelisTvis
Tavdadebuli xelovanis simbolo, saxe mxatvrisa, romel­
mac Tavisi suli da sxeuli mTlianad da uyoymanod Tavisi
eris ukvdavebas, xalxis erovnuli geniis gamovlenas moax­
mara. uWirs tiranul saxelmwifoSi cxovreba xelovans! _
`didostatis marjvenis~ qveteqstSi mimaluli es braldeba
komunistur epoqazec vrceldeba.
laz konstantine arsakiZes saqarTvelos mefem giorgi
pirvelma sveticxovlis aSeneba miando. axalgazrda xuroT­
moZRvrisTvis es didi pativi ukve sakmarisi iyo imisaTvis,
raTa `aRzevebul~ xelovans mefis karze mtrebi gaeCina.
Seudga arsakiZe taZris agebas. mas SesaniSnavad esmis Tavisi
istoriuli misia, mxolod da mxolod RvTis saxls ki ar
agebs, aramed xelovnebis unikalur nimuSs utovebs STamo­
mavlobas. amitomac erTi xelis dakvriT uaryofs berZnul
da bizantiur taZarTa mimbaZvelobas. miaCnia, rom marTalia,
sveticxoveli msoflio xuroTmoZRvrebis monapovarTa gam­
Zle sayrdenebze unda idges, magram masSi, upirvelesad yov­
lisa, qarTuli suli unda enTos, mis svetebsa da CuqurT­
ma-gumbaTebSi Cveni erovnuli TavisTavadoba, nacionaluri
koloriti unda gamosWviodes. arsakiZem gaimarjva. suli
sxeulze ufro Zlieri aRmoCnda. sveticxoveli _ qarTuli
kulturis `igavmiuwvdeneli legenda~ dResac Seuryevlad
dgas aTi saukunis qar-wvimiT damZimebuli, xolo mis fasa­

258
dze amokveTili arsakiZis moWrili marjvena sveticxovlis
Semqmnelis tragikul bedze sinanuliT dagvafiqrebs. maSin,
roca arsakiZe sveticxovlis grZneul CuqurTmebiT iyo gar­
Tuli, mis Tavze nel-nela grovdeboda epoqisa da muxTali
bedis Savi Rrublebi. jer iyo da melqisedek kaTalikosma
SeiZula arsakiZe, radganac axalgazrda xelovani RmerT­
Tan Serkinebul kacs xatavda da mouclelobis momizeze­
biT, wirvasac acdenda zogjer. melqisedekis gagulisebas
safuZveli hqonda. arsakiZis saxiT eklesias religiuri fa­
natizmiT Sepyrobili, morCili morwmune rodi hyavda, Rmer­
TTan adamianis rkinebis ferweriT da religiuri sqolas­
tikis artaxebis rRveviT sveticxovelis amgebi Tavis axal
RmerTs qmnida da mTeli arsebiT mas emsaxureboda. fars­
man sparsi _ `agorebuli Wori~, uerovno da usindiso kaci
dauZinebel mtrad gauxda axalgazrda lazs im dRidanve,
rac mefem sveticxovelis ageba mas miando. dabolos, pirad
mterTa guliswamRebi wkavwkavi iqneb ver moreoda arsakiZ­
es, rom erT dRes av enaTa daucxromeli mecadineobiT mefe
giorgic mis mowinaaRmdegeTa Soris ar aRmoCeniliyo. gior­
gi pirveli, albaT, ar ahyveboda melqisedekisa da farsman
sparsis Worebs, rom saqme Sorenamde ar misuliyo. Sorenas
siyvarulis gzaze ki mefe aravis da arafers indobda. man
moawamvlina Wiaber erisTavi, siyvarulSi moqiSpis poziciiT
daRupa yveliscixis patroni _ girSel da bolos Sorenas
trfobac iyo erT-erTi mizezi imisa, rom mefis brZanebiT
sveticxovlis amgeb konstantine arsakiZes mklavi mohkveTes.
mefe giorgi `didostatis marjvenis~ erTi uaResad sain­
tereso da gamokveTili saxea. bagrationTa am saxelovan STa­
momavals mZime droSi mouxda mefoba. mas, jer kidev uwver­
ul Wabuks, Tormeti wlis ymawvils samefo skiptra misces
xelT da qveynis saSinao da sagareo sakiTxebis urTules
politikaSi garkveva miandes. avtorma saocari zomierebiT,
mokrZalebiT da mxatvruli taqtiT Seqmna mefe-monarqis
kolorituli saxe. gviambo tragikul bedze axalgazrda
brZeni mefisa, romelmac xanmokle sicocxlis manZilze yve­
la Rirseba da nakli Tavisi erisa Seurcxvenlad atara, ro­
gorc mefem da rogorc kacma.

259
 `didostatis marjvenis~ sxva personaJebs TavianTi ada­
mianuri vnebebi amoZravebT, miswrafebaTa TavianTi konkre­
tuli sfero aqvT, giorgi mefes ki, upirveles yovlisa, Ta­
visi samefo vali umZimebs beWebs da aiZulebs yvelaze da
yvelaferze maRla idges. es man unda upasuxos bizantiis
keisris melur politikas xan xmliTa da xan erTmmarTvelis
sibrZniT, man unda uwinamZRvros laSqars sarkinozTa winaaR­
mdeg damRlel, gaWianurebul omebSi, man unda alagmos Tav­
gasul feodalTa TviTneboba sruliad saqarTvelos erTi,
monarqiuli droSis qveS gasaerTianeblad, gverdiT unda
edges kaTalikoss qveynis sabolood moqcevaSi qristes jvris
Tayvaniscemad, zogjer religiuri litaniis niRbiT, zogjer
ki ZaliT Seutios warmmarTTa yovliswamlekav SemarTebebs
qristes savaneTa dasarbevad, dabolos, giorgi mefis brZo­
las kidev erTi aranakleb rTuli samizne axlavs _ sakuTari
Tavi. mefe niadag ebrZvis mis pirovnebaSi Cabudebul meo­
re kacs, romelic xandaxan samefo gvirgvins moaxsnevinebs,
mda­biur Coxas gadaacmevs da ymaTa cxovrebisaken mouxmobs.
mefes TavdaviwyebiT uyvars Talagva kolonkeliZis asuli
Sorena. warmoidgineT mdgomareoba kacisa, romelsac gareg­
nulad TiTqosda ganuzomeli uflebebi aqvs, magram iZule­
buli xdeba mTeli romanis manZilze tanjviTa da tkivile­
biT farulad zidos siyvarulis umZimesi tvirTi. jer erTi,
Sorena im feodalis Svilia, romelsac urCobisaTvis mefem
Tvalebi dasTxara (da aqedan gamomdinare, Sorena potenci­
uri mteria mefisa), xolo meorec, mefes sasaxleSi saqarT­
velos dedofali, kanonieri meuRle hyavs da gamijnurebulma
mmarTvelma kidevac rom gadawyvitos misi Ralati, amis nebas
arc misi mdgomareoba miscems da arc kaTalikosi melqise­
deki, TvalmouxuWavad rom icavs Tavisi samwysos Rirsebisa
da zneobis saqmes. siyvarulis mwveli Zalis qveS qedmoxrili
mefe kamaTlebiviT aTamaSebda imaT beds, vinc am siyvarulis
gzaze eRobeboda. bolos, rodesac Sorena Tavis sasaxlesTan
gadmoiyvana da yvelaze axlos iyo Tavis sanukvar mizanTan,
mefes axali metoqe gauCnda konstantine arsakiZis saxiT, im­
denad TvalsaCino iyo sve­ gamwarebuli mefis ampartavnuli
buneba da imdenad didi iyo masSi Sorenas siyvaruli, rom

260
sveticxovelis amgebic ki ar daindo da misTvis marjvenis
mokveTa brZana, im marjvenisa, romelmac sveticxovelis zRa­
pruli CuqurTmebi gamohkveTa da qvaSi gansxeulebuli poe­
ziiT ers ukvdavebis pasporti misca.
sinatifiT da liriulobiT, sibrZniT da siyvarulisadmi
erTgulebiT gamoirCeva Sorena. igi marto lamazi qali ro­
dia da pasiuri mWvreteli yovelive imisa, rac mis garSemo
xdeba. Sorenas romanSi didi siuJeturi datvirTva aqvs da
Tavisi mkveTrad gamoxatuli poziciiTac gamoirCeva. Tavi
rom davaneboT im faqts, rom Sorenaa STamagonebeli roma­
nis gmirTa umetesobisaTvis saqveyno da saraindo saqmeebisa,
amasTan erTad, Sorena uZlieresi nebisyofis da didi Sina­
gani potenciis mqone qalia. man ara da ar gascvala sadedo­
flo savarZeli Tavisi utas, Tavisi TanaSezrdili lazis si­
yvarulze, man Tavis sust beWebze aiRo romanis dasasruls
fxovelTa amboxebis mowyobis da mamamisis amoSanTuli Tva­
lebisaTvis mtrisaTvis zRvevis umZimesi movaleoba da bo­
los Sorenam Tavis TavSive hpova Zala monastris kbodedan
freskis angeloziviT gadafreniliyo da Tavisive nebiT gas­
cloda am gauxarel sicocxles.
mwerlisTvis damaxasiaTebeli epikuri sicxadiTa da
monumenturobiTaa gamokveTili romanis sxva personaJebic:
Talagva kolonkeliZe, zviad spasalari, mamamze erisTavi,
melqisedek kaTalikosi, farsman sparsi, girSel, Wiaberi,
dedofali mariam, Savleg toxaisZe da sxvani.
saqarTvelos istoriaSi daviT aRmaSeneblis rolis
gadaWarbebiT Sefasebva Znelia. saukuneTa wyvdiadidan sam­
Soblos siyvarulisa da gamWriaxi mmarTvelis magaliTad
gvinaTebs ukvdavi mefis mWmunvare saxe. qveynis winaSe sa­
saxelod moxdili valisaTvis erma igi wmindanad Seracxa
da aRmaSenebeli uwoda. meTerTmete saukunis dasasrulis
da meTormete saukunis dasawyisis saqarTvelo daviT aR­
maSeneblis mefobis wyalobiT politikuri da ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis iseT mdgomareobas aRwevs, rom Tavisi drois
msoflios uZlieresi saxelmwifoebi angariSs uwveven da mas­
Tan saerTo enas eZeben. saqarTvelos sabolood gaerTianeba
erTxelisuflebianobis da erTsarwmunovani monarqiis pri­

261
cipebiT, Tbilisis gaTavisufleba Turq-seljukTa oTxas­
wlovani batonobisagan, regularuli armiis Camoyalibeba
da misi ganmtkiceba ormoci aTasi yivCaRis CamosaxlebiT,
ruis-urbnisis kreba da saero Tu saeklesio mmarTvelobis
grandiozuli reformebi, ara marto mecenatoba qarTuli
aRorZinebuli kulturisa, aramed Tavisi kalmiTac (`galo­
bani sinanulisani~) aqtiuri monawileoba mSobliuri liter­
aturis ganviTarebaSi _ daviT aRmaSeneblis sasaxelo saqme­
Ta es arasruli siac naTels xdis, Tu ra rTuli amocana
idga konstantine gamsaxurdias winaSe Tavisi vrceli epo­
peis, tetralogia `daviT aRmaSeneblis~ werisas.
am romanze konstantine gamsaxurdia TiTqmis ocdaxuTi
wlis ganmavlobaSi muSaobda. mkiTxvels aocebs is mZime da
Sromatevadi samuSao, mwerals Cveuli keTilsindisierebiT
rom Seusrulebia istoriul masalaTa mopovebis da maTi Se­
dareba-Sejerebis wminda mecnierul saqmeSic.
romanSi Tanmimdevruladaa gadmocemuli daviT aR­
maSeneblis boboqari cxovreba, im dRidan, rac man, Wabukma
ufliswulma, mamamisis misaSveleblad pirvelad Caicva Tor­
ni, im dRemde, roca man sikvdilTan ukanaskneli omi gadaixa­
da. daviT aRmaSenebeli Tamamad usworebs mxars msoflio
literaturaSi sxvadasxva dros Seqmnil mefeTa istoriul
saxeebs (dikensis, floberis, hiugos, valter skotis, aleq­
sei tolstois, hainrix haines, lion foixtvangeris, derenik
demirWianis da sxvaTa romanebSi warmodgenilT). Tu para­
lels gavavlebT daviT aRmaSenebelsa da mwerlis mier adre
Seqmnil giorgi pirvelis saxes Soris, davinaxavT mwerlis
survils, es ori mefe gansxvavebuli individualuri Tvise­
bebisa da sxvadasxva gonebrivi diapazonis moRvaweebad war­
moedgina. giorgi pirveli ufro Cqari da grZnobis amyolia,
igi mzad aris Tavis siyvarulisaTvis yvelaferi gaswiros,
maSin, rodesac daviT aRmaSenebeli yvelaferze maRla
saqveyno saqmes ayenebs da igi saqarTvelos gasaZliereblad
dedisimedsac Tmobs _ Tanxmdeba aTraqa SaraRaniZis wina­
dadebaze ormoci aTasi yivCaRis safasurad colad SeirTos
yivCaRTa beladis qaliSvili _ guranduxti. giorgi mefe
ulmobeli mbrZanebelia. igi Seubralebelia orgul feo­

262
dalTa mimarT da maTi fizikuri ganadgurebis gzasac uy­
oymanod mimarTavs, daviTma ki SesaniSnavad icis ZmaTa omis
saSineleba da araerTgzis mSvidobiani gziT cdilobs veragi
liparit orbelianis da misi Svilis _ ratis Semomtkice­
bas. giorgi mefe zogjer zedmetad romantikuli da jiutia.
igi cota TavkerZacaa, maSin rodesac daviTi praqtikuli
gonebis kacia da sxvaTa rCevas didi gulisyuriT usmens.
saerTo ki am ori Tavdadebuli mefis cxovrebaSi is aris,
rom oriveni raindebi arian. orive maTgans samefo togis
SigniT cxovrebis trfialiT anTebuli guli ucems da maTi
cxovrebis tragedia, garda qveynis mZime mdgomareobisa, imi­
Tacaa gamowveuli, rom maTi samefo skiptra da gvirgvini
zogjer asatanze ufro mZime xdeba, maTi ukidegano Zalau­
fleba zogjer borkilebadac iqceva xolme. daviT aRmaSene­
blis saxis mTeli didebuleba imaSic mdgomareobs, rom igi
Tavidan bolomde adamianis Sinagani TavisuflebisaTvis br­
Zolis himnia da swored amiT xdeba `galobani sinanulisanis~
avtori Cveni Tanamedrove.
sayovelTao siyvaruliT garemoculi mefe, romelmac
didgoris omi gadaixada da ojaxuri dramis morevSic Rrmad
Sescura, romelmac Tbilisi gaaTavisufla da Tavisi same­
fos sazRvrebi zRaprulad gaafarTova, bolos mainc marto
darCa sikvdilTan da roca sulTmobrZavs didi xnis winaT
ugzoukvlod dakarguli, dedaTa monasters Sexiznuli de­
disimedi daadga Tavs, valmoxdilma mefem Tavis gamSrali
bageebiT Sendoba sTxova: `mapatie dao, Seni da Cemi sicocx­
le saqarTvelos rom Sevwire tarigad~.
`daviT aRmaSenebeli~ yuradRebas ipyrobs ara marto
didi istoriuli simarTliT da epoqis xasiaTis yovelmxrivi
gadmocemiT, igi Zvirfasi Zeglia Cveni literaturisa per­
sonaJTa siuxviTa da TiTqmis yvela maTganis ostaturi, ST­
ambeWdavi gamokveTiT. garda istoriulad cnobili pirebisa,
nawarmoebSi uxvad arian mwerlis fantaziiT Seqmnili per­
sonaJebi. `daviT aRmaSeneblis~ moqmed pirTa Soris mkiT­
xvels gansakuTrebiT amaxsovrdeba: dedisimedi, giorgi
Wyondideli, niania bakuriani, maxare, Sergil lipartiani,
jondi erisTavi, liparit orbeliani, rati, gvanca, dedo­

263
fali rusudan, mariam dedofali, guranduxt dedofali da
sxv.
romanSi gvxvdeba ubralo wris warmomadgenelTa epizo­
duri, magram kolorituli saxeebic. mag., meqaTme Teona,
guTnisdeda gabriel xorgai, asisTavi laTeria, rusi mWe­
deli nikala, nadiakvnari xaxuta da sxvani.

***
konstantine gamsaxurdias qarTulma saliteraturo kri­
tikam prozis didostati Searqva. `mTvaris motacebis~ av­
tori Tavisi brwyinvale niWiT da mxatvrul saSualebaTa
mravlferovnebiT WeSmaritad imsaxurebs am tituls.
konstantine gamsaxurdias mxatvrul-gamomsaxvelobiTi
samyaro specialuri kvlevis sagania. gamomsaxvelobiTi ar­
senalis mravalferovnebisa da mxatvrul feierverkTa am
okeaneSi Cven mxolod mwerlis ostatobis zogierT mxares
SevexebiT.
upirveles yovlisa, aRsaniSnavia mwerlis originaluri
enobrivi stili, romelzedac zemoTac gvqonda laparaki.
es gaxlavT sxvaTa sityvis o-s xSiri gamoyenebiTa da zm­
nis winadadebis TavSi an SuaSi moqceviT miRweuli, qarTu­
lisaTvis sruliad bunebrivi, harmoniuli da darbaisluri
metyveleba. me vfiqrob, kamaTs ar unda iwvevdes keTilx­
movaneba amgvari frazisa `lainisferi gadahkvroda zRvas mS­
vidad mTvlemares~ (gamsaxurdia), amave frazis Tanamedrove
konstruqciasTan SedarebiT. mag., `mSvidad mTvlemare zRvas
lainisferi gadahkvroda~.
Tanamedrove qarTul prozaSi Znelad moiZebneba sxva mw­
erali, romelsac ufro meti ram SeeZinos saliteraturo
qarTuli enis ganviTarebisaTvis, romelic ise momWirneo­
biT da didi pasuxismgeblobiT ekidebodes TiToeul fra­
zas, rogorc es k. gamsaxurdias nawarmoebebidan Cans. mis
mier gacocxlebul Zvel sityvebs rom Tavi gavaneboT, Cvens
enaSi ukve waruSlelad damkvidrda mwerlis mier Semotani­
li iseTi axali sityvebi, rogoricaa qvemexi, Sinabera, ote­
buli da sxv.

264
 k. gamsaxurdias prozis stili ufro poeturia, vidre
prozauli (am cnebis tradiciuli mniSvnelobiT). igi Tavs
aridebs dawvrilebiT aRwerebs, saganTan prozaul axlos mis­
vlas da xSirad movlenebis poeturi mWvretelis poziciiT
kmayofildeba. es poeturi xerxi k. gamsaxurdiasTan sistemad
iqceva da misi romanebis erTi nawili zogjer ritmuli pro­
ziT, aSkarad gamoxatuli TeTri leqsiT aris dawerili.
misi Txzulebebi siuJetis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT
uaRresad tradiciulia. TiTqmis yvela nawarmoebi saintere­
so siuJetis Semcvelia. mwerali erideba siuJetis zedmet
ganStoebebs, siuJetis ganviTarebisaTvis usargeblo para­
lelebs, TviTmiznur xveulebs. kompozicia konstantine gam­
saxurdias romanebisa uaRresad daxvewilia. am sqeltanian
romanebSi epizodebi isea SerCeuli, rom mkiTxveli ar iRle­
ba, Tanac mwerlis meTodi, movlenas sxvadasxva aspeqtiT
Sexedos, mas situaciebis Seqmnis did gasaqans aZlevs. Tanac
`mTvaris motacebis~ avtori misxal-misxal swonis calkeul
scenebs, iSviaTad SexvdebiT gameorebul situaciebs, msgavs
epizodebs.
konstantine gamsaxurdia umetesad xatavs, igi iSviaTad
hyveba. amitomac misi suraTebi uaRresad ferweruli da
monumenturia. gavixsenoT Sorenas TviTmkvlelobis scena
`didostatis marjvenidan~.
_ mcire xans gatrunuli ijda, merme wamodga, mTva­
reuliviT wabarbacda qarafisaken. alvisxemdis rom miaRwia,
efemiam miaZaxa:
sad mixvalo SuSanik!
axlave movalo, dedao efemia.
es sTqva, pirjvari gadaiwera, garRveuliviT dabarbacda
da gadaeSva qarafidan Sorena.
jer ise mxrebgaSlili wavida Zirs, rogorc gafrenil
angelozebs hxatavdnen xolme freskis ostatebi~... am de­
talSi ar aris arc erTi zedmeti sityva, arc erTi zedmeti
niuansi, epizodi uaRresad kompaqturia da xatovani.
TiTqos mTeli Tavisi mxatvruli grZneuleba erTbaSad
mieZalao, gansakuTrebiT Zlieria mwerali Tavisi romanebis
finaluri scenebis xatvisas. aq k. gamsaxurdias poezia Ta­

265
vis apogeas aRwevs. moigoneT `didostatis marjvenis~, `mT­
varis motacebis~, `daviT aRmaSeneblis~ ukanaskneli Tavebi.
konstantine gamsaxurdias gmirebi iseTi didebuli, mefuri
sikvdiliT gveTxovebian (arsakiZe, daviT aRmaSenebeli), rom
ucremlod Znelia im adgilebis wakiTxva. Tavisi romanebis
finalSi k. gamsaxurdia wuTiT tovebs realisturi Txrobis
maneras da Rrma simbolurobaSi gadadis. TaraS emxvari ase
kvdeba:
`gaSala mklavebi emxvarma. mostaca Tvali movarvare
diskom mTvarisam, TiTqos ufskruleTs darCenoda cecxleb
mgznebare cali Tvali da mihyva mTvares cnobawarTmeuli
curviT. magram iZala isev engurma, iburTava mTvare, gamo­
staca qancmileul mcuravs da gaaqana ufskero SaveTSi.
uTenia Savi zRvisaken mihqonda engurs piraRma mwoliare
SavCoxiani cxedari~. stiqiasTan brZolis qaosidan ukanask­
nel detalamde iseTi zRvaria, iseTi grafikuli perspeqti­
va da masStaburobaa (Tavganwiruli kveTeba mTvaresTan da
Sedegi _ engurs zRvisken piraRmamwoli SavCoxiani cxedari
miaqvs), romlis danaxva mxolod da mxolod did mxatvars
SeuZlia.
konstantine gamsaxurdia portretis xatvis SesaniSnavi
ostatia, igi zogjer erTi detalis xazgasmiT adamianis
garegnobis dauviwyar suraTs gvawvdis. ai, ra ferweruli
sisavsiTaa daxatuli `mTvaris motacebaSi~ mebornis xelebi:
`garujuli, dakorZebuli xelebi gamouwoda mebornem
arzayans da akvakvaris naWeri CabRuja moxarSul kibosaviT
wiTel da daxeTqil TiTebSi.
arzayans arsad enaxa aseTi uzarmazari da wiTeli xelebi.
veluri vazis lerwebsaviT daRvarWnili ZarRvebi mosCand­
nen. damskdar, dakoJril TiTebs TiTebis niSati dahkargo­
daT, daxeTqili kanis areebSi Savad Calekoda wvire, zed
Sexorceboda da es TiTebi romeliRac mtaceblis Wangebs
damsgavsebodnen. moSvebuli frCxilebi beberi mamlis deze­
bsaviT yviTeli iyo da gakaJebuli~.
sakmarisia mkiTxvelma gaixsenos mwerlis mier SesaniSna­
vad daxatuli bataluri scenebi, peizaJebi, xalxuri adaT-
wesebisa da ritualebis gamomxatveli epizodebi da naTliv

266
darwmundeba, Tu ra maxvili Tvalis mqone mweralTan da de­
talebis xatvis ostatTan aqvs saqme konstantine gamsaxur­
dias saxiT.
TiTqmis ar arsebobs literaturis Janri, romlisTvisac
ar miemarTos XX saukunis qarTuli mwerlobis klasikoss
_ konstantine gamsaxurdias da Tavisi kvali ar daemCnios
misi ganviTarebisaTvis. garda zemoCamoTvlilisa mas dawer­
ili aqvs SesaniSnavi mxatvrul-dokumenturi romanebi _ `be­
ladi~ da `goeTs cxovrebis romani~, agreTve narkvevebis
mTeli cikli, romelTagan aRsaniSnavia: `ukrainis Temidi~,
`nataxtari~, `kolxeTSi~ da sxv. eweoda mTargmnelobiT
saqmianobasac (dantes `RvTaebrivi komedia~, goeTes `axal­
gazrda verteris vnebani~, Seqspiris piesaTa fragmentebi) da
rogorc Tavisi drois didi mwerali da moazrovne aqtiurad
moRvaweobda sazogadoebriv asparezze. gamoaqveyna uamravi
kritikuli werili, Cveni literaturisaTvis axali Janris _
esseis nimuSebi.
`kurTxeulia mxolod nabiji valmoxdilisa~ _ aTqmevina
konstantine gamsaxurdiam erT Tavis personaJs da SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom meoce saukunis qarTuli prozis olimpieli sa­
saxelod valmoxdil mamuliSvilTa pleadas amSvenebs.

267
 galaktion tabiZe
(1891-1959)

1959 wlis 17 marts Tbilisis erT-erT saavadmyofoSi

(ilia WavWavaZis prospeqti #3) meoTxe sarTulidan gadmox­
ta da TviTmkvlelobiT daasrula sicocxle qarTuli poe­
ziis mSvenebam, meoce saukunis erT-erTma udidesma poetma,
galaktion tabiZem.
daibada 1891 wels, vanis raionSi, sofel WyviSSi. mama,
vasil tabiZe, soflis maswavlebeli iyo. sicocxlis bolo
wels mRvdlad akurTxes, magram mSobliur sofelSi wirva-
locva ar dascalda. deda, makrine adeiSvili, didxans gahy­
va poetis cxovrebas naTel idealad da STagonebis wyarod.
rva wlisa quTaisis sasuliero saswavlebelSi Seiyvanes. 1908
wlidan Tbilisis sasuliero seminariaSi agrZelebs swavlas.
seminariaSive redaqtorobda xelnawer Jurnals _ `Suqi~.
pirveli wigni 1914 wels gamosca, meore _ 1919 wels.
1915 wels olRa okujavaze daqorwinda. male moskovSi
gaemgzavra da sareJisoro kursebis msmenelad moewyo.
1916 wels simbolistTa `cisfer yanwebSi~ ori didebuli
leqsi dabeWda: `lurja cxenebi~ da `mTawmindis mTvare~.

268
 oqtombris revolucias petrogradSi Sexvda.
gulma male damoukidebeli saqarTvelosken gamouwia. am
droidan moskovSi, sadac meuRle partiul samuSaoze imy­
ofeboda, iSviaTad Cadioda. colic TiTqmis Seegua ugal­
aktionobas. vici, Seni yofna mand ufro aucilebelia da
mwyins, rom es Cemi siyvarulis msxverplad Sewirvis fasad
xdebao, werda.
1937 wels olRa okujavas trockistoba daswames da
daapatimres. igi cimbirSi, politikur patimarTa `gulagSi~
gardaicvala.
1922 wels `galaktion tabiZis Jurnali~ gamosca.
1924 wels ajanyebis cxel kvalze dawera poema `mogone­
bani im dReebisa, roca ielva~, ris gamoc Jurnal `mnaTo­
bis~ mTeli nomeri gaanadgures, xolo galaktioni sami dRiT
daapatimres.
mere daiwyo komunistur tiraniasTan poetis `Tanacxov­
rebis~ urTulesi periodi.
poeti ver egueba sabWoTa wyobilebas, romelmac mis
sam­Soblos Tavisufleba waarTva da imperiis wiaRSi SeaT­
ria, magram iZulebuli xdeba mis arsebaSi geniosi poetis
gadasarCenad iSviaTad, ZvaliviT gadaugdos sulisSemxuT­
vel wiTel qofaks sabWouri leqsi. TiTo-orola aseTi le­
qsis wyalobiT oficialuri xelisufleba qmnis miTs galak­
tionze, rogorc socialisturi aRmSeneblobis momReralze,
sinamdvileSi, Tu poetis Semoqmedebis urTules xveulebs
obieqturi mkvlevris gonebiT CavuRrmavdebiT, advilad
davaskvniT, rom `lurja cxenebis~ avtori sabWoTa wyobi­
lebis mxares erTi dRec ar mdgara.
Zneli aRmoCnda lamis ormocdaaTi weli poeturi niRbis
tareba.
umZimesi cxovrebiseuli stresebis Sedegad galaktioni
ramdenjerme miiyvanes TviTmkvlelobamde, bolos galoTda
da qronikuli alkoholis diagnoziT moaTavses im klini­
kaSi, saidanac sabediswero naxtomi gaakeTa.
es yovelive saukunis upirvelesi poetis boboqari sicoc­
xlis mSrali TariRebia. am TariRebSia moqceuli grZneuli
ka­cis idumalebiT savse cxovreba.
269
 roca galaktioni ukve aRar iyo amqveynad da literatu­
ris ideologiuri Sefasebis sabWouri kriteriumebic war­
suls Cabarda, erTma kritikosma poetisTvis komplimentis
Tqmis surviliT ganacxada: galaktioni politikas axlosac
ar ekarebodao.
ar aris marTali.
meoce saukunis qarTuli poeziis zevsi niadag yelamde
iyo Cafluli Tavisi epoqis tkivil-sazrunavSi, aTasi uxi­
lavi ZafiT iyo mibmuli Tavisi samSoblos bedze da misi
gansacvifreblad mgrZnobiare poeturi nervebi kamertoni­
viT abrunebdnen poetis sulze darxeuli urTulesi yovel­
dRiurobis eqos.
gana politikis gareSe dgas 1917 wels dawerili leqsis
striqonebi: `xanma undobarma gza rom SeeReba, uxvad moi­
tana sisxli da `cxedrebi~.
gana politikis gareSe dgas, erTi SexedviT, siyvarulze
dawerili leqsis aseTi strofi:

Zvirfaso, Zvirfaso,
bedi hklavs Cems sxeuls,
TvalebSi yornebis
mqenjnian klanWebi,
amirans mijaWvuls da
mgosans waqceuls
viRac frTebs mikvecavs,
aha, vitanjebi...

anda, politikas gana axlos ar ekareba msaxvrali droisa­

gan ganwiruli poetis amonakvnesi:

simkacriT Semxedavs saSveni

Tvalebi Sekruli kamaris,
jvars ecvi, Tu ginda, saSveli
ar aris, ar aris, ar aris!

rogor hgavs TbilisSi mdgari galaktionis simbolur

Zegls TviT saqarvelo: TiTqos alidan amosvlas lamobso,

270
qarisgan wvergaxrili, Tavaweuli, Ronieri qediTa da Sors
gamiznuli mzeriT dgas igi, saukunis moxuci, bibliurad
lamazi da daujerebeli. dgas da Tavisi nerviuli xmiT
droJams gasZaxis: `o, ubralo xmebisTvis arasodes mecala,
daisera samyaro gamoucnob wylulebiT~.
garda imisa, rom qarTuli leqsis mxatvruli done dide­
bul, TvalSeudgam mwvervalebs aziara, galaktionma politi­
kasTan, cxovrebis sinamdvilesTan damokidebulebis dauvi­
wyari gakveTilebic mogvca.
jer erTi, gvaswavla, rom epoqis tkivilebisgan mowyveti­
li `drois, epoqis da sivrcis gareT~ dawerili leqsi aravis
sWirdeba.
meorec, gvaswavla, rom unda SegveZlos Cveni simarTlis
sadarajoze mkvidrad, gautexavad dgoma da, droebiT dam­
arcxebis SemTxvevaSic ki, ZlierTa ama qveynisaTa winaSe qedi
ar movixaroT, moigoneT:
ra saWiroa axla godeba.
me vici, am gzas rac ewodeba,
matareblisgan ros mimiRia,
an mowyaleba, an Secodeba.

dabolos, galaktionmave agvixsna, rom politika mac­

duri qaliviT aris, SeiZleba Segiyolios da ufskrulSi
gadagCexos, amitom WeSmariti mwerali politikanis Wirveu­
lobaze maRla unda dadges, `maRla mxedis~ piedestali­
dan dascqerodes movlenebs da roca saWiro gaxdeba, iqneb
Semoiburos kidec grZneulis saburveli, gaikeTos gulu­
bryvilo, miamiti kacis niRabi mkacri drois, mkacri xelisa­
gan poeziis oqros zodebis gadasarCenad.
dabolos, roca Semodgomis mze moaxlovda da irgvliv
`yovelive ganazda~, galaktionma moicila ganze mdgomi,
bevr rameSi vergarkveuli kacis niRabi da daiCivla:
ar vemduri am cxovrebas,
ar yofila TiTqmis,
aryofilze sayveduri
aba, rogor iTqmis.

271
 poeziis metris TviTmkvlelobis mizezi gaubedurebul
sinamdvilesTan poetis damokidebulebiT gamowveuli saso­
warkveTac iyo.

cxovreba gacvda viT Zveli groSi,

udaburebad iqca yoveli...

ocnebebi mtvrad da nacrad iqca, taZrisken mimavali gza

gamrudda, Camaval mzes mkacrad mihyveboda imedebis qaravani:

o, fiqrebo, msvlelno taZrad,

o, qceulno, mtvrad da nacrad
rad mihyvebiT ase mkacrad,
Camaval mzes, Camavals...

galaktionma mis Semdeg mosul Taobebs isic aswavla, rom

poets da mwerals saTuTi mopyroba sWirdeba, poetis sul­
ze medrovis tlanqi xelebi sabediswero danaSrevs tovebs
da ermac da bermac unda aacilos mterTa ciliswameba xe­
lovans, radganac

is maRalia, didia mainc,

misTvis moismis zarebis zari!

diax, galaktioni Cveni boboqari Tanamedrovea. Cvens

sulze ufro da ufro mets sasikeTo zemoqmedebas axdens
da am rTul viTarebaSic poeziis wminda lampriT win migviZ­
Rveba.
rogor exmaureba da esadageba galaktionis erT-erTi
bolo leqsis striqonebi Cvens dRevandel ganwyobilebas:

...wyaro Cans da wyali arsad ari,

yvelaferi aris Zlier kargad,
yvelaferi Zlier cudad aris.

ulmobeli dro TandaTanobiT Slis marjaniSvilis quCaze

mcxovrebi moqalaqis _ galaktion tabiZis kvals, radganac

272
dRiTi dRe ipyrobs Cvens sulsa da gonebas ufro didi gal­
aktioni _ Cveni maradiuli sulieri Tanamgzavri, mesaidum­
le, saukunis poeziis azrTa mpyrobeli.
mogonebebis gayviTlebul furclebsRa SemorCa is bi­
likebi, riTac `lurji cxenebis~ avtori didi cxovrebisak­
en miabijebda: WyviSis fSanebi, imeruli oda rionis pirad,
quTaisis sasuliero saswavlebeli, Tbilisis sasuliero sem­
inaria, farcxnalis dawyebiTi skolis maswavlebloba, xel­
naweri Jurnalebidan pirvel wignebamde misvla. dRiurebma
da piradma werilebmaRa Seinaxes poetis meuRlis _ usaTno­
esi olRa okujavasa da galaktionis siyvarulis tragikuli
istoria. sadRac evropis sanaxebSi gaicrica ocnebasaviT
miuwvdomeli meri ServaSiZe. cotasRa axsovs am saukunis
gariJraJze soflis maswavlebelTa yrilobis monawile gal­
aktioni da arc kominternis VI kongresis delegatTa Sori­
saa bevri cocxali, `epoqis~ avtoris STagonebuli saxe rom
Semoenaxa.
da mainc, gonebis Tvali dResac xedavs elbaqiZis xid­
ze rweviT mimaval, didCanTian maRal kacs, romelic Ta­
vis patara saqmeebze gaqceul moqalaqes jiutad akvirdeba,
TiTqos raRac unda amcnos, raRac unda uTxras. ubrad Cav­
lils naRvlianad gaayolebs Tvals, xels Caiqnevs da gzas
ganagrZobs.
es yvelaferi galaktionis yvelasTvis advilad dasanaxi,
CvenTvis Zvirfasi garegnuli xati gaxlavT, magram namdvili
galaktioni sul sxva iyo. gasaocaria, arc erT fotoze Ta­
visTavs ara hgavso, Tqva amaswinaT erTma misma Tanamedrovem
galaktionis gamofenis daTvalierebisas da igi marTali
iyo. Cveulebriv adamianTagan, samwuxarod, Zalian cotas Za­
luZda swori logikuri kavSiri daemyarebina im galaktion­
sa, xandaxan komunalur gadasaxads dagvianebiT rom ixdida
da wyneTSi mimavali avtobusis bolo savarZelze mgzavrebs
Soris CaWediliyo, da im galaktions Soris, romlis gonebis
mefuri moZraoba mis sworupovar poetur SedevrebSia.
mwignobari tabiZeebis tradiciul ojaxSi aRzrdili,
adre wasuli maswavleblis vasil tabiZisa da didebuli
makrine adeiSvilis pirmSo, bolos aTas qarSi gamovlili ak­
18. r. miSvelaZe. t. XXV 273
ademikosic, iseTive alali da wminda iyo, rogorc rva wlis
ymawvili, quTaiss rom gaagzavna mosiyvarule dedam.
gasaocrad keTilSobili pirovneba gaxldaT. misi nac­
nob-megobrebi hyvebian, Tu rogor moaxerxa, zogjer saTa­
nadod verSecnobilma uaxlesi poeziis mefem, ar gareuli­
yo kacTa Wirveulobasa da pativmoyvarul kinklaobaSi,
misi pirovnuli da poeturi mantia yanaoTiviT TeTri da
sufTa iyo miwyiv. rogor axarebda mcireodeni yuradRe­
bac ki TanamedroveTa, ra gulmodgined da keTilsindisi­
erad ekideboda Tavis movaleobas im patara, TiTqosda um­
niSvnelo samsaxurebriv skamebze, rac misTvis sicocxleSi
gaimetes (poeziis seqciis Tavmjdomared rom airCies, Tavisi
mxrebiT aitanao meore sarTulze, sadRac, sardafSi migde­
buli Zveli wignebis karada; `komunistis~ literaturuli
konsultantoba rom daavales, gulisamaCuyebel werilebs
swerda Turme xelmocarul poetebsa da grafomanT, bavS­
vuri gulmodginebiT usmenda da Tavs uqnevda misi axali
wignis gaWirveulebul redaqtors, xSirad ukana rigebSi ri­
giT mayureblad mjdari aRfrTovanebiT ukravda taSs Tavis
literaturul kolegebs).
namdvili megobrebi cota hyavda. bunebrivicaa. Tavis
xvaSiads mxolod imas gauziarebda, visac imis Rirsad CaT­
vlida. aseTebi ki bevri rodi exvia irgvliv. grZneuliviT
cnobda mosaubres. amitomac Tvals didxans ar usworebda,
ganze gaaparebda xSirad mzeras. TiTqosda diogeniviT mTe­
li cxovreba viRacas eZebda – kacs namdvils da WeSmarits.
imqveynad vali aravisi gahyolia. usiyvarulod da ule­
qsod ar dautovebia is Soreuli, cisferTvaleba, ucnobi
qalic ki, erTxel qarSi mosasxmaze poets qinZisTavi rom
daumagra.

* * *
pirad cxovrebaSi ase Cumi da moridebuli, mxatvrul
SemoqmedebaSi uaRresad amayi da ukompromiso iyo.
kargad icoda, zedmeti Tavmodreka WeSmarit xelovanTa
sidiadeSi mxolod daaeWvebT gulubryvilod mziralT.
rogorc meoce saukunis poeturi sityvis mesiam, man
274
erTbaSad moitana mxatvruli Semoqmedebis oqros zodebi
da Tavisi jiuti nebiT ara marto aiZula literaturuli
azri, daenaxa da daefasebina es oqros zodebi, gamoCenisTa­
nave dadga erovnuli poeziis saWesTan da sicocxlis bolo
dRemde ar gauSvia xelidan winamZRolis CiraRdani.
meoce saukuneSi aravis mouxdenia qarTul mwerlobaze
esoden grandiozuli gavlena da dResac, TiTqosda, galak­
tionis misnuri xeli marTavs Tanamedrove qarTul poezias.
didebuli poeturi tradiciis udReur gamgrZelebelTa
xelSi daRlili qarTuli leqsi galaktionma aitaca, Svili­
viT Seifara da axal simaRleebs aziara.
`lurja cxenebis~ avtoris mier moxdenili versifikaci­
uli saswaulebi Cvens poeziaSi dRemde miuRweveli da ganu­
meorebelia.
galaktionma umSvnieresi qarTuli sityva iseT arnaxul
konteqstebSi warmogvidgina, rom Cveni enis silbo da sinat­
ife naTliv dagvanaxa, axali masStabebi da ganzomilebani
mouZebna poetur metyvelebas.
am genialur poet-kompozitors gaaCnda sityvis musi­
kalur saidumloebaTa amocnobis araCveulebrivi unari..
saliteraturo asparezze galaktionis gamoCenas rodi
axlda poeturi siyrmis gaubedavi nabijebi. TiTqosda igi
axalgazrda poeti arasodes yofila, am cnebis saSeRavaTo
gagebiT. imTaviTve dasrulebuli ostati iyo. `artistuli
yvavilebi~ galaktionis meore wignia da poetis mxatvruli
ostatobis yvelaze mkafio gamovlinebac.
swored galaktions xvda wilad Cawvdomoda Cveni Taname­
drovis sulis urTules xveulebs, Seumcdarad evlo Cveni
fiqrebis labirinTebSi, iuveliris sizustiT aexsna da mzis
sinaTleze gamoetana yovelive natifi da mSvenieri, adam­
ianTa adamianobas rom adasturebs. albaT, iSviaTia kacTa
ganwyobileba, galaktionis uzenaes poetur kamertonze rom
ar areklila, albaT, iSviaTia mkiTxveli `meris~ avtoris
poeziaSi rom ver ipovos salbuni sulisa.
am saukunes qarTuli mwerlobis istoriis did wignSi
galaktionis saukunes daarqmeven momavlis mkvlevarni.

275
 * * *

ruseTis imperiis sabediswero wlebSi, ros haerSi denTis

suni idga da mdumare `avrora~ sadacaa axali eris macned
daiquxebda, moskovis quCebSi daabijebda Sav kostiumSi
gamowyobili, maRali, gamxadri axalgazrda kaci. misi sa­
guldagulod davarcxnili, Suaze gayofili TmiT, gaxame­
buli TeTri perangiTa da moduri Savi yelsaxveviT Tu im­
sjelebdiT, romelime sakonsulos Cinovniki gegonebodaT.
meocnebe, wyliani TvalebiT akvirdeboda igi TviTmpyrob­
elobis ganwirul talanebs, revoluciiT danaRmul quCeb­
Si euli frantis saeWvo svliT dainteresebul policiels
uCvenebda sabuTs, rom sareJisoro kursebis msmeneli iyo
da sacxovreblad moskovSi gadmosuliyo bedismaZiebeli,
romelsac surda Teatraluri xelovnebisaTvis Seewira
cxovreba. sinamdvileSi ki sareJisoro kursebis msmenels
ukve ganaRdebuli hqonda ukvdaveba. `ocdaxuTi wlisac ar
iqneboda da ukve daewera `lurja cxenebi~, `Tovli~, `meri~,
`mTawmindis mTvare~, `mamuli~, `mesaflave~, `atmis yvavile­
bi~, `getera~, `romeli saaTia~, `usiyvarulod~, `me da Rame~,
`guriis mTebi~, `Semodgomis dRe~... poeziis caze ase erT­
baSad da mkafiod gabrwyinebuls ukve daeswro lupemomar­
jvebul istorikosTaTvis da morcxvobagaSvebiT eTqva: `rom
mefe var da poeti...~
ra moxda? rad gamoqceoda igi umanko Casaxebis mamaTa
savanes, mwuxare saxis angelozs grZeli pergamentiT xelSi,
nawvimarSi Casilul vards, atmis `daRalul rtos~, _ mis
mier Seqmnilsa da ferSesxmul xatebs WeSmariti poeziisas?
revoluciis akvnis adgilas qarTveli poeti swored misma
utyuarma poeturma gumanma, samyaros ganaxlebis winadRiT
Camovardnilma didma da saSiSma siCumem moiyvana.
igi ar iyo profesionali revolucioneri. vagonebSi ar
SexvdebodiT SriftiT savse CemodniT xelSi da arc ara­
legalur stambebSi uTevia Rame, magram gza, galaktioni
`mgloviare serafimebidan~ `jon ridamde~ rom miiyvana,
mar­to `mTawmindis mTvareze~ rodi gadioda, poetis sul­

276
Si siyrmidanve mzaddeboda xalxis azvirTebis logikuri
dasasrulis Zlieri socialuri drama. jer kidev pirveli
revoluciis gariJraJze quTaisSi, rionis piras, nacvliS­
vilebis saxlSi ikribeboda mowafeTa revoluciuri wre.
uwverul SeTqmulTa Soris vladimer maiakovski da galak­
tion tabiZec Candnen. vin ifiqrebda maSin, rom cecxlis pi­
ras, jorkoze Camomjdar am aRgznebul ymawvilTagan erTs
rusuli poeziis ganaxleba mouwevda, xolo meores _ meoce
saukunis qarTuli poeziis mefis gvirgvini.
mebrZoli poetis faraja mZime iyo, miT umetes, rom gal­
aktionis Tvalwin revolucia Teatraluri dekoratiulo­
biT ki ar Catarda, aramed mTeli Tavisi sisastikiT (`gasa­
ocarni da idumalni vidodnen mZime kreiserebi~).
ra RvTiuri poeturi smena hqonda. ra didebulad
iTavsebda misi muza erT dRes `droSebi Cqara~ daewera da
meore dRes muxlmoyrils, `daRlil qaliviT~ xatebTan mi­
suls, idumali CurCuliT eTqva:
mzeo TibaTvisa, mzeo TibaTvisa,
locvad muxlmoyrili graals Sevedrebi,
igi, vinc miyvarda didi siyvaruliT
frTebiT daifare, amas gevedrebi.

...did mwerlebs maRali iumoris grZnobac axasiaTebT da,

bunebrivia, galaktionic ar iyo am mxriv gamonaklisi.
komunisturi reJimi adamianis Tavisuflebas rom yo­
velmxriv Trgunavda, im reJimiT nakarnaxevi cxovrebis wesi
poetisa _ martosuloba, ra Tqma unda, iZleoda safuZvels,
`lurja cxenebis~ avtors ironiiT Seexeda zogierTi mov­
lenisaTvis, satiris maxviliT gaekenwla, rac ar moswonda,
sicilis faric mieSvelebina umdidresi literaturuli ar­
senaliT aRWurvils.
Tanamedroveebs axsovT mweralTa kavSiris foieSi `ub­
ralo rameze~ axarxarebuli galaktioni da ufro xSirad
ironiulad TvalmoWutuli, TvalebSi aTasi eSmaki rom uTa­
maSebda da mosaubres `bolomde ar gaexsneboda~, ezopes
eniT, gadakvriT pasuxobda da saukunis xumrobas TiTqosda
ise, sxvaTaSoris styorcnida xolme.
277
 Semoqmedebis adreul wlebSi galaktioni wmindaniviT
iSviaTad iRimeba. axalgazrda poetis gawamebuls suls da
dekadentur ganwyobilebas TiTqosda, ar uxdeba (da ami­
tomac ar axlavs) satira da iumori. mere sevdis grigalebi
rom gadaivlis, asakTan erTad poets ironiuli xedvis un­
aric emateba, masSi polemikosic ibadeba da polemika xom
satiris maxvilis gareSe iSviaTia.
brwyinvale meditaciur poeziaSi galaktioni zogjer
ironiul lirikasac gaurevs, magram satiras da iumors gac­
ilebiT uxvad Seicavs poetis kritikuli Canaxatebi, wer­
ilebi, mogonebebi da sxvadasxva viTarebaSi warmoTqmuli
sityvebi.
galaktionis poezias niadag axlavs faruli Tu aSkara
polemika aRzevebul uniWoTadmi, poetis sicocxleSive me­
drovis dauokebeli instinqtebiT utifrad rom epotine­
bodnen poetis gvirgvins:

rodesac poeti yalbi poetia,

amaod fiqrobs, rom igi goeTea...
vaimars gagzavnon aviokalaTiT,
virze Camobrundes xaxviT da salaTiT.

rodesac poeti mavne poetia,

enaWartalaa, mieT-moeTia _
win CoTqi udevs da naboZi xalaTi,
poeti ki ara _ is aris jalaTi!

taSis maZiebelTadmi ironiiT aRsavse leqsia `saubari

talRebTan~:

poeti mihyves, mihyves

sasaxlesa da quCas _
Tu taSiscema briyvis
did dafasebad uCans.
dgas usazRvroba droTa,
hquxs maradisis raSi...
o, Tavs moiklavs SoTa,

278
 Tu ara daukres taSi.

Tu ver gaiges wminda

genia dReTa mnaTi,
arc maTi dafna minda,
arc taSiscema maTi.

igi miarTvan imas,

vinc poeziis didis
azrs idiotis Rimis
neba-survilze yidis!

magram nugeSi sxvaa

didi epoqis xmaSic,
igi mRelvare zRvaa...
taSic aris da taSic.

uniWo Svebas hpovebs,

igi senisgan morCa:
klakiorebis brboebs
moisyidis da morCa.

galaktionis satiruli maxvili zogjer mkiTxvelsac ga­

daswvdeba xolme:

aris mkiTxveli
mSvenier wignis
da aris mxolod
gadamkiTxveli...

is furclavs, niSnavs,
adarebs, CiCqnis,
magram vin aris
aq gamkiTxveli?

galaktioni zogjer sarkazmis maxvils imarjvebs da maSin

igi mrisxane da daundobelia. erTi xelis mosmiT gamoaqvs

279
erTstrofian leqsSi ganaCeni Tavisi drois qarTuli kri­
tikisadmi:

gonebaClungi da
kvlav enatiktika _
ai, rogoria
qarTuli kritika.

aramkiTxe `mrCevel kritikosze~ aSkara ganawyeneba Cans

am striqonebSic:

erTma masebTan kavSiri,

marqsis tomebi urCia...
rom ar miiRo arcerTi,
erTxmad iZaxes: urCia!

mkiTxvels vTxov, galaktionis moqalaqeobriv gabedule­

bas kidev erTxel miaqcios yuradReba. marqsis ironiulad
xsenebas sxva leqsSic vxvdebiT da es leqsic ocdaaTian
mrisxane wlebs ekuTvnis:

Cemo maqsime,
ra gza maqvs, i, me!
rom ar vikiTxo
axla marqsi me.

saukunis azrTa mpyrobeli komunisturi samoTxis im `sik­

eTesac~ kargad xedavs, aTeuli wlebis Semdeg erTa da kul­
turaTa gaTqvefis (saboloo jamSi garusebis, r. m.) uwyinar
Teoriad rom Camoayaliba marqsizmis `didma SemoqmedebiTad
ganmaviTarebelma~ _ breJnevma:

es valias, es Tedores,
es tariels, es ki moses,
jer viTvlebiT qarTvelebad,
Tu ar gagvaeskimoses.

280
 da am striqonebis damweri zogjer amoikvnesebda:

saTqmeli sxvebze
da Tavis Tavze
aqvs, magram piri
wyliTa aqvs savse,

poetis ironiul lirikaSi ilandeba `axali drois~ pirm­

Sos, moCvenebiTad saqmiani (sinamdvileSi ki usaqmo) kacis
satiruli portreti. es im gafuyuli kacis winaparia, ase
mwvaved rom gaamaTraxes Semdgom murman lebaniZem da SoTa
niSnianiZem. movusminoT galaktions:

Rmuis tyiani qedi,

rogorc beberi mgeli _
kacis boroti bedi!
gadagvareba neli!

wignTa areul TaRebs

hgavda fiqrebi mkacris,
simpaTiuri saxis
mudam usaqmo kacis.

feodaluri baRis
ukanaskneli naZvi _
simpaTiuri saxis
marad usaqmo kaci!

ucxoa galaktionisTvis medrove, fuls da loJa-parters

gamodevnebuli pirovneba. erTstrofian leqsSi cxadad
dagvixata poetma Tavisi da `im kacis~ portretis konkre­
tuli Strixebi:

Tqven genatrebaT loJa, parteri,

Tqven gindaT gaxdeT miliarderi.
me ki varCevdi gzas unapiros,
cota siyvaruls da Rer papiross.

281
 uniWo poetTa da medroveTa gakilva-gakenwvlidan galak­
tioni mrisxane socialur satirazec gadadis. iq ukve sati­
ris samizne mTeli sinamdvilea. visac komunisturi reJimis
marwuxebze odnavi warmodgena mainc aqvs, dameTanxmeba, rom
radios sarkastuli xseneba leqsSi im droisaTvis moqa­
laqeobrivi gmirobis tolfasi iyo:

warmosTqva ra sityva Tvisi

grZeli da sapatio,
erTxel kidev aRrialda
da gaCumda radio.
vifiqre, Tu axla mainc
moisvenebs tanjuli,
magram ager moqalaqe
modis gadaRranjuli.

ca qudad ar miaCnia
da gahkivis Siqastebs,
mTel Tvis grZnobas usindiso
TavdadebiT Siga sdebs.

TiTqosda am leqsisi pirvel strofSi Cadebulma Tavisive

naRmma (`radio~) SeaSinao, galaktioni momdevno or strofSi
akonkretebs leqsis adresats da joxs `gadaRranjul mo­
qalaqeze~ gadatexs, magram dakvirvebuli Tvali SeamCnevs,
rom satiris maxvili swored arsebuli socialuri sinamd­
vilis winaaRmdegaa mimarTuli. sinamdvilisa, ase mkacri da
umaduri rom iyo `lurji cxenebis~ avtoris mimarT.
gamaxvilebuli grZnoba iumorisa, ase uxvad rom mohm­
adla galaktions bunebam, mxolod situaciur iumorsa da
movlenasTan ironiul mimarTebaSi rodi mJRavndeba. poets
satiruli portretis Seqmnis iSviaTi unaric axasiaTebs. ai,
ra STambeWdavad, metaforulad dagvixata man poema `jon
ridSi~ revoluciis dReebis beberi ruseTis satiruli xati:
`sdgas erTi grandiozuli skami, romelsac, marTlac,
motexili aqvs sami fexi da zed Zlivs zis jer isev Zveli
ruseTi. qveS daxeuli xaliCa ugia. win damtvreuli jami ud­

282
gas qaSiT. aqvs carieli skivri, savse satkivriT. am siciveSi
sawyals ar aqvs qveSsagebi, misTvis baliSi ar arsebobs da
arc sabani, mxolod Tovlia misi bumbuli qarSi, Tovl-Wy­
apSi amowumpuli sanTeli didi xania gauqro qarma. zurgze
hkidia tomara, xelSi carieli doqi, qamris magier Toki.
welze hkidia qvabi da gatexili taSti, wasuli drois naSTi.
xelSi uWiravs joxi, Tavze axuravs gobi _ yovelive amis Ses­
axeb Semdeg mova viRac, romelic romanebs daRvris CafebiT,
is ityvis: uzarmazari boqlomi daado ruseTs monobam, gas­
aRebi xalxma ipova. mefem umZimesi urduliT gamoxura ru­
seTis karebi. misi skiptra axlac miyudebulia romeliRac
muzeumSi _ xalxma amoiRo kvesi, monaxa abedi, gahkra kvess,
maSin, rodesac pirsaxociT mxarze da xelSi savarcxliT wy­
arosken miimReroda feodaloba~.
galaktionis ubis wignakSi aRmoCnda 1948 wels dawerili
siuJetiani satiruli leqsi. am leqsis dedaazri alegori­
ulad Seicavs protests arsebuli reJimisadmi da, albaT,
esec iyo mizezi imisa, rom galaktions igi arc erT kre­
bulSi ar Seutania:

Tevzma Tevzs uTxra;

ra giTxra, ici,
daiZar cota
iqiT miiwi.
man upasuxa:
_ sad waval, aba,
vixrakebiTo
oriv erT tafas.

iumorisa da ironiis adgils saukunis poeziis metris

cxovrebasa da SemoqmedebaSi yvelaze ukeT TviT galaktio­
nis leqsi _ avtoportreti miuTiTebs:

Sens TeTr Sublze TviT geniis

zeciuri mironia,
mxolod bagis kuTxeSi krTis
RvTaebrivi ironia.

283
 zRvaebr didi, vrceli grZnoba
mwuxarebas Svenis martos,
saxis Senis gamocnoba
ZaluZs mxolod leonardos.

galaktionis sworupovari lirika tradiciulad sam mo­

tivad ganitoteba: simbolizmisa da misticizmis motivebi
(`Tovli~, `udabno~, `me da Rame~, `Savi yorani~, `lurja cx­
enebi~, `mTawmindis mTvare~, `Semodgomis dRe~, `sad?~, `rom­
eli saaTia?~, `atmis yvavilebi~, `Semodgomis fragmenti~,
`aTovda zamTris baRebs~, `atmis rtoo, daRalulo rtoo~,
`efemera~, `salaJvarde anu vardi silaSi~, `Semodgoma uamnko
Casaxebis mamaTa savaneSi~, `angelozs eWira grZeli pergamen­
ti~, `mas gaxelili darCa Tvalebi, `rogor ebrZodnen zarebs
zarebi~...), patriotuli lirika (`he, mamulo~, `guriis mTebi~,
`mSobliuro, Cemo miwav~, `werili megobrebisadmi~, `wamye be­
Taniisaken~, `sadRegrZelo iyos misi~, `samSoblo~, `qebaTa
qeba nikorwmindas~, `aspinZa~, `mesxis gamoxedva~, `mamulo si­
cocxleo~, `es mSobliuri qari~, `mSobliuri efemera~... ) da
satrfialo lirika (`meri~, `usiyvarulod~, `me moval~, rac
ufro Sors xar, `isev efemera~, `cameti wlis xar~, `mzeo
TibaTvisa~, `mova, magram rodis?~, `mesaflave~, `gagondeba
Tu ara~, `Rvinos daabraleben~, `winandaleli naTeli~, `
ra dros romanseroa~, `qari hqris~, `qalav~, `mainc davimsa­
xure~...).
geniosi verasodes Tavsdeba romelime `izmis~ prokrustes
sarecelze.
galaktionTanac yovelgvari klasifikacia literatu­
rul skolasTan Tu romelime motivTan misi Tanaziarobis
dasamtkiceblad, pirobiTia.
simbolisturad miCneuli galaktionis leqsebi bolomde
ar arian simbolisturni, am skolis Camoyalibebul kriteri­
umebs bolomde ver akmayofileben.
aseve nebismier leqsSi, roca mas romelime motivs akuT­
vneb, SeiZleba aRmoCndes sxva Temisa da problemis niuan­
sebic...

284
 ase rom, vfiqrob, galaktionis Semoqmedebis motivebad
dayofac saxifaToa ise, rogorc `efemeris~ avtoris Semoq­
medebaSi ori periodis aSkarad xelovnuri Zieba.

** *
galaktioni ocze meti poemis avtoria. maTgan `sabediswe­
ro fiqri~ da `Tasi~ pirvelad poetis TxzulebaTa Tormet­
tomeulSi gamoqveynda, ori poema: `alvis xeebi~ da Zveli
koSki~ dakargulia. sami poema: `epoqa~, `pacifizmi~ da `revo­
luciuri saqarTvelo~ poetma sicocxleSive daSala leqsTa
ciklebad, daiwyo tradiciuli, siuJetiani poemebiT, mere
poemis JanrSi daucxromelma Ziebam lirikul `jon ridamde~
miiyvana , Tumca `jon ridis~ Semdegac daubrunda epikur,
siuJetian poemebs (`akaki wereTeli~, `mSvidobis wigni~, `ami­
rani~, `Zleuli seni~, `ambavi erTi Ramisa~, `qitesa~, `sinaT­
lis yvavili~), gardacvalebamde ramdenime wliT adre gal­
aktionma dawera lirikuli poema `saubari lirikis Sesaxeb~,
romelSic faqtiurad poetis `ars poetikaa~ gadmocemuli
(arsebobs am poemis prozauli variantic).
mravalferovania galaktionis poemebis Tematika. Tavi­
si masStaburobiT da porblemaTa mravalgvarobiT, poetis
epikuri memkvidreoba naTlad warmogvidgens Tavisi epoqis
saWirboroto sakiTxebze Rrmad dafiqrebul poet-tribuns.
...da mainc, galaktion tabiZem ver moaxerxa poema Tavisi
mcireformiani lirikuli SedevrebisTvis gverdiT amoeyene­
bina. poets epikuri sunTqva aSkarad ar hyofnis. am poemaTa
met-naklebi mxatvruli naTeba safuZvels gvaZlevs imisaT­
vis, rom `meris~ avtoris genialobis sabuTi isev mis brwyin­
vale leqsebSi veZeboT.

** *
galaktionis erT ukanasknel leqsSi weria:

saRamoTi nacnob SariT

Sen saxlisken gaswev nela
da SekrTebi erTi wamiT _
Sens fanjrebSi isev bnela.

285
 yovelgvari gahqra vada...
ar emCneva fanjrebs nTeba,
TiTqos viRac wavida da
arasodes dabrundeba.

lodiniT, martoobiT daRlili moxuci, romlisTvisac

`yovelgvari gaqra vada~, Tavis Camqral fanjaras Sehyurebs
da samudamod wasulze fiqrobs.
am fiqridan erTi nabijia sasowarkveTamde.
`ra hqna?~ _ es kiTxva awuxebda didsa da pataras galak­
tionis sikvdilis dRes.
murman lebaniZem kinokadris sizustiT daiWira `meris~
avtoris ucnauri sikvdiliT gamowveuli gaurkvevloba TviT
qarTvel mweralTa Sorisac:

konstantine batonTan leoniZec iq idga.

`ra hqna?~ _ umisamarTod Ciqovanma ikiTxa.
`ra hqna? _ axla iraklim Tqva da Tavi daxara, _
im dRes avad meniSna es amdeni WaRara.

sikvdiliT kidev erTi kiTxvis niSani dausva Cveulebriv

mokvdavTaTvis Znelad Casawvdom Tavis sicocxles da Semo­
qmedebas.
TiTqos miseburad, eSmakurad gagvexumra sikvdiliTac ki.
erTi Tvis win radioSi Tavis yvelaze paTetiur, opti­
mistur leqsebs gvikiTxavda sicocxliT, iumoriT, imediT
savse (aseTi Canda erTi SexedviT). galaktionisagan TviTmkv­
leloba daujerebelic ki Canda.
`ra hqna?~ _ es kiTxva maSin sruliad bunebrivi kiTxva
iyo, magram axla, roca galaktionis ukanasknel leqsebs
vfurclav, me cxadad vxedav, rogor mzaddeboda am didi
sicocxlis dasasruli, saukunis moxucis mimavali nabijebis
xma mkafiod Camesmis.
iSviaTze iSviaTia Tavis sicocxleSi bolomde Secnobili
Semoqmedi.
mizezi amisa martivia; poetis pirovneba Tavisi xasiaTiT,
WirveulobiT, ucnaurobebiT (Tundac mxolod is, rom Cven­

286
saviT icvams da Cvens Soris daabijebs) xSirad xels gviSlis,
ucdomeli kavSiri davamyaroT adamiansa da mis mier Seqm­
nils Soris.
ra dasamalia, da bevri didi poetis msgavsad galaktion­
ic ar iyo sicocxleSi bolomde wakiTxuli.
misi mefuri goneba grZnobda am zRvars: `neta, rogor
xdeba aseT sibneleSi, Sen cas rom anaTeb da Sen vervin gxe­
davs da Sen ver ugrZvnixar, o, ra mizezia, neta gacodina
aseT dabrmavebis, gasaocaria, Zlier, metismetad~.
am fiqridan ki erTi nabijia sasowarkveTamde.
sicocxlis mimwuxrs daweril leqsebSi xSirad ismis
`moaxlovebuli orTqmavlis guguni~, `saxlidan gasvlis da
ardabrunebis~, `Camaval mzis~ mwuxare hangebi:

o, fiqrebo, msvlelno taZrad,

o, qceulno mtvrad da nacrad,
rad mihyvebiT ase mkacrad
Camaval mzes, Camavals.

poeti, TiTqosda, isev ubrundeba yrmobis gardasul xil­

vebs, isev gaismis leqsSi sasaflaosa da sikvdilis reqviemi:

rogor gacivda Tqveni ocneba

rogor damSvidda Tqveni qafneba,
Tqveni mze aRar daikocneba,
Tqveni mze aRar daidafneba.

samare mZime Tqveni sulisa,

mxolod siciviT aris mdidari,
arc mogoneba sixarulisa
arc warwerebi araviTari.

naxeT, rogor moabijebs idumalebis taZarSi wuTisoflis

gzebze daRlili lirikuli gmiri yviTeli (mwuxarebis feri)
yvavilebiT xelSi:

287
 me momaqvs, me momaqvs yviTeli sanTlebi,
yviTeli vardebis livlivi elvare,
yviTeli foTlebis ocneba mRelvare,
avanTeb CiraRdnebs da locvad davdgebi.

osana, sad aris yviTeli vardebi?

rad Caqra simRera, simRera mCqefare?
me momaqvs yviTeli vardebi elvare,
me momaqvs, me momaqvs yviTeli vardebi.

amaoebis am gancdidan, moaxloebuli aRsasrulis am tkiv­

ilidan ki erTi nabijia sasowarkveTamde.
Cveni saukunis samociani wlebi istoriaSi Seva, rogorc
mniSvnelovani gardatexis weli adamianis fsiqikaSi, bevri
SemoqmedisaTvis erTbaSad gaxda cnobili, rom misi nawerebis
sakmaod mozrdili nawili panegirikis xelovnur yvavilebs
warmoadgens da drois ulmobeli Crdili male gamoxravs.
yovel SemTxvevaSi, TviT epoqam bevri ram axleburad warmo­
aCina. uraenTuziazmiT, yalbi romantikiT (riTac zogi mw­
eralic ase uxvad sazrdoobda) Zveleburad cxovreba aRar
SeiZleba.
galaktionis melanqolias Rrma socialuri fesvebic
gaaCnia.

qveyana gacvda viT Zveli groSi,

udaburebad iqca sofeli,
nu gaocdebi, rom aseT droSi
mcire bedisac var madlobeli.

...viT SeiZleba iqne lamazi,

roca sitlanqe modis mgmobeli!
droa, davtovo fiqri amaze
mkacri bedisac var madlobeli.

galaktionma sicocxleSive moipova klasikosis saxeli.

igi XX saukunis qarTuli poeziis saTavesTan dgas, Seqmnili
aqvs `lurja cxenebi~ da `mTawmindis mTvare~, dawerili aqvs

288
`epoqa~ da mainc ukmarisobis grZnoba, rac yvela WeSmariti
Semoqmedis Tvisebaa, sicocxlis bolo wlebSi galaktion­
isTvisac ar aris ucxo:

warsulTa dReTa enamWevrobav,

gafrenav qoris,
ramdeni darCa gaugebroba
Cems da Sens Soris.

`gaugebrobaTa~ erT wyebas poeti aSkara Secdomebad naT­

lavs:

netav, xelaxla Camsva im navSi,

ra sidiades mivscemdi Sromas,
ar davuSvebdi amden Secdomas,
damawyebina oRond xelaxla.

magram drois ulmobeli celi Tavisas miiqnevs. rusTavel­

ze moabijebs wverosani poeti Tavisi didi cisferi wigniT
xelSi, Tavisi simaRlisa da pirvelobis SesaniSnavi mcodne.
cxovrebis wignis zog striqons rom Caxedavs, sinanuliT
CaiRimebs: `dro aRar darCa, rom axali iwyo cxovreba~.
Zneli amosacnobi rodia, ratom laparakobs mravalbrZo­
lagadatanili ukve gaRma, ukvdavebis samudamo napirze ga­
suli galaktioni rwmenis dakargvaze:

Semoqmedebav, azro, gonebav,

ubraloebaT warsulTa wamTa,
is aRara mwams, rac winaT mwamda,
rodemde vivliT aseT tkiviliT?

ara, es marto siberis tkivili ar aris, poets, romelmac

dawera: `sikvdilis gza arra aris vardisfer gzis gardao~,
Zu mgeliviT momxtari siberec ver SeaSinebda, galaktionis
sevdas, mistikis da cremlis adreul poeziasTan mis dab­
runebas samocian wlebSi kompleqsuri mizezebi ganapiro­
bebda. maT Soris iqneb samedicino daskvnebic moviSvelioT,

19. r. miSvelaZe. t. XXV 289

iqneb martokacis gancdebic, iqneb siberisa da daZabunebis
SiSi da mainc ratom gaismis `jon ridis~ avtoris xmaSi ase
uRmerTod rwmenis dakargvis sagangaSi zari?

magram es dRe dRevandeli

guls daawva msgavsad lodis,
rwmenac Cahqra, viT kandeli
da moeRo bolo lodins.

rwmenis Caqrobidan ki, mogexsenebaT, erTi nabijia saso­

warkveTamde.
da is erTi nabijic gadaidga.
galaktionis jiuti neba iyo diriJori aqac.
rogorc Cans, TviT ar isurva ZalawarTmeuli, rwmenaS­
eryeuli, sapyari galaktioni enaxa saqarTvelos.

290
 polikarpe kakabaZe
(1893 - 1972)

polikarpe kakabaZis dramatulma qmnilebebma axali Te­

mebiT da problemebiT gaamdidres qarTuli mwerloba, xolo
`yvaryvare TuTaberma~ mTeli epoqa Seqmna qarTuli Teatris
ganviTarebaSi. yvaryvare meoce saukunis im TiTze CamosaTv­
lel klasikur literaturul tipTa Soris naTobs, qarTul
mwerlobas da xelovnebas msoflio rezonansi rom SesZines.
polikarpe malxazis Ze kakabaZe daibada 1893 wels xonSi.
bavSvoba baTumSi gaatara. swavla baTumis gimnaziaSi daiwyo
da quTaisis gimnaziaSi gaagrZela. Tvrameti ar Sesrulebo­
da, ojaxi TbilisSi rom gadavida sacxovreblad da mere po­
likarpe kakabaZis mTeli samwerlo-sazogadoebrivi cxovre­
ba TbilisSi Catarda. gardaicvala 1972 wels. dakrZalulia
didubis panTeonSi.
raki polikarpe kakabaZis Semoqmedebis mwvervals (Tu sa­
erTod qarTuli dramaturgiis ara) `yvaryvare TuTaberi~
warmoadgens, Cvenc saubari am piesiT daviwyoT. igi 1929
wels daiwera da male brwyinvaled dadga kote marjaniSvil­
ma. lamis oTxmoci welia grZeldeba `yvaryvare TuTaberis~

291
svla qarTuli Teatris scenaze. rusTavelis da marjaniSvi­
lis Teatrebis garda, piesa met-naklebi warmatebiT TiTqmis
yvela TeatrSi daidga. am triumfis saidumlo is gaxlavT,
rom `yvaryvare TuTaberSi~ dasmuli problema erTi rome­
lime lokaluri drois farglebSi ar Tavsdeba. gaaznaure­
buli mdabio, garemoebis wyalobiT aRzevebuli uRirsi, kaci
ara Tavis adgilze... maradiulad awuxebs kacobriobas da
cxovrebis normalurad mowyobaSi xels uSlis. `yvaryvare
TuTaberis~ yoveli premieridan mayurebeli im fiqriT gamo­
dis, rom piesa swored dRevandel dReze, mis cxovrebazea
dawerili da uyoymanod dagisaxelebT kidec, xelisufleba­
Si dRes mokalaTebul araerT yvaryvares. ase rom, yvaryva­
re ar berdeba ise, rogorc _ yvaryvarizmi saerTod. Cvens
politikaSic ki damkvidrda yvaryvarizmis cneba araprofe­
sionalizmis, uvicobis, bedis maZiebeli avantiuristis, met­
iCara, ambiciuri, crulideris dasaxasiaTeblad. marTalia,
yvaryvares ise, rogorc iliam luarsab TaTqariZes, pirvel­
ma polikarpe kakabaZem CasWida xeli da cxovrebis samsja­
vroze gamotaniT ukvdaveba mianiWa, magram yvaryvares, ra­
sakvirvelia, winaprebi hyavda (oRond ara literaturaSi, _
istoriaSi), xolo meoce saukunis qarTuli mwerlobis lit­
eraturul personaJTagan, rogorc sworad SeniSna uaxlesi
qarTuli literaturis cnobilma mkvlevarma avT. nikoleiS­
vilma, yvaryvare hgavs m. javaxiSvilis tipebs _ jayos, dam­
patiJes da kvaWi kvaWantiraZes (avTandil nikoleiSvili,
XX saukunis qarTuli literaturis istoriis narkvevebi,
quTaisi, 1997).
zogierTebs yvaryvare TuTaberis ZiriTadi problema
calmxrivad, martivad esmiT. TiTqosda, mweralma am piesiT
amxila yvaryvare _ SemTxveviTi kaci, aRzevebuli gaiZvera da
meti araferi. nawarmoebs gacilebiT ufro farTo socialur-
politikuri daniSnuleba aqvs. yvaryvare TuTaberis genial­
uri saxis SeqmniT polikarpe kakabaZem, upirveles yovlisa,
gaakritika is sazogadoeba, is istoriuli viTareba, sadac
SeiZleba yvaryvarizmi ganviTardes. ase rom, amaod ukravd­

292
nen taSs loJis siRrmeSi mimjdari cekas mdivnebi speqtakls,
Cven ra gvenaRvleba, moqmedeba Tebervlis revoluciis wina
dReebSi mimdinareobso. sinamdvileSi yvaryvare TuTaberis
aRzeveba swored rom revoluciis Semdeg moxda. sanam mefes
Camoagdebdnen, TuTaberi erTi sacodavi nacarqeqia iyo,
swored, rom Tebervlis Semdgom amRvreul wyalSi daiWira
yvaryvare TuTaberma Tevzi. misi parpaSi muSur-glexuri xe­
lisuflebis dadgomas mohyva., yvaryvarem warmatebiT gaiara
menSevikebis mmarTvelobis xana da bolSevikuri qurqic mS­
venivrad moirgo. ase rom, yvaryvare TuTaberi _ gafrTx­
ilebaa, igi mwerlis mkvaxe SeZaxilia momavali TaobebisaT­
vis: gansakuTrebiT didi istoriuli kataklizmebis dros
gmarTebT yuradRebis gafaciceba. e, mand, sadme yvaryvare
TuTaberi ar SemogeparoTo. yvaryvare masaTa brZolis Sede­
gad mopovebul sikeTes usircxvilod daepatrona da mere
swored revoluciis Semoqmed xalxs moajda kiserze axali
juris wurbelad.
mivyveT yvaryvares nabijebs.
piesa imiT iwyeba, rom yvaryvare TuTaberi wisqvilSi
Camqral SuacecxlTan zis da nacarSi qeqviT erToba. iqve
mewisqvile fusfusebs. mewisqvilis naTqvamidan Cans, rom mas
ukve moswyinda es Sekedlebuli muqTamWameli, SeSis daCex­
vaSic rom ar exmareba da misi qaliSvilis SemweobiT (ro­
melic sadacaa gamoCndeba) gagdebas upirebs. marTlac, male
gamoCndebian mewisqvilis qaliSvili gulTamze da revolu­
cioneri sevasti, maT fexdafex saidumlo policiis agente­
bi mosdeven. policielebma wisqvilis kari Semoglijes.
yvar­yvare gadacmul revolucionerad miiCnies, gakoWes da
miuxedavad wuwunisa, me ar var is kaci, Tqven rom eZebTo,
Tan waiyvanes. gamomZiebeli dabejiTebiT urCevs yvaryvares,
yvelaferi aRiaros da aRiarebis SemTxvevaSi imden pativs
scems, rom CamoxrCobas daxvretiT Seucvlis. dakiTxvis
dros petrogradidan gamogzavnili depeSa SemoaqvT. depeSa
mefis gadadgomas iuwyeba. yvelaferi Tavdayira dadga. gene­
rali, polkovniki, podpolkovniki da saidumlo policiis

293
mTeli Stabi `cnobil revolucioners~ fexqveS egeba, rom
moiRos mowyaleba da Seibralos. yvaryvares jer CamoxrCo­
biswina TvalTmaqcoba egona, mere ki mixvda, ram auwvaT kuWi
policielebs, welSi gaimarTa da revolucioneroba SeiSno.
amasobaSi mitingze uxmes. yvaryvare aseT `martiv~, magram
`mgznebare~ sityvas ambobs:
`sityva giTxraT? ra Rirsi xarT, Torem sul wyaliviT
vilaparakeb. vinc Sromobda, mdidari atyavebda. iyvnen brme­
bi, magram gaTenda! gadasaxadebs awesebdiT Cemi saxrCobelis
win RipiT Zirmompal taxtze, magram gaimarjvebs simarTle
da xalxi SurisZiebiT da xelebiT, da frCxilebiT, da kbile­
biT!.. usaZirkvlo jalaTebo! cixis kedlebi sul daimsxvra,
axla ras mipasuxebT, mtarvalebo!~
da daiwyo TviTmarqvia revolucioneris triumfi.
...droebiTi mTavrobis amierkavkasiis rwmunebulTan maz­
ris komisari tite natutari Sedis da magidaze mandats udebs.
`rwmunebuli _ ras maZlev?
tite _ Tqveni mocemuli mandatia.
rwmunebuli _ es qaRaldis nafleTia, me ki Tqven mazra
CagabareT~.
da maSin, roca mazris komisars Tavis gabolSevikebul
mazraSi dabrunebaze laparakic ar unda, rwmunebuls Seatyo­
bineben, rom qalaqisken ruseT-TurqeTis omidan mobrunebu­
li jari moemarTeba, romelsac legendaruli yvaryvare Tu­
Taberi xelmZRvanelobso. droebiT mTavrobas imedi mieca.
aTi-aTaskaciani rkiniseburi disciplinis mqone jari xum­
roba ar aris. daiwyo qebaTaqebis niaRvari yvaryvare Tu­
Taberis mimarT. yvaryvare SeiaraRebuli jarebis sardlad
daniSnes. tite natutari `axlave mzad aris dajdes da daxu­
Wuli TvaliT daweros bednieri saxelmwifos sruli kon­
stitucia~. xolo, roca `brbosagan~ Sewuxebulma `xelisu­
flebam~ yvaryvares Tavisi aTiaTaskaciani armiidan wesrigis
dasamyareblad erTi aseulis gamoyvana mosTxova:
`yvaryvare (tites) _ kaco, uTenia, rom dameci Tavze, am
qveynis mTavroba varo, axla erTi aseulic ara gyavT?

294
 tite (SeZvreba magidis qveS) _ Semodi!
yvaryvare _ kacs qveyanas mpirdebodi da axla mand maZ­
vren?~
sinamdvileSi `saxalxo gmirs~ araviTari laSqari ara
hyavs da arc hyolia. igi SemTxveviT frontidan gamoqceu­
li demoralizebuli laSqris saTaveSi moeqca. am laSqri­
dan zogma Tavis keras miaSura, zogi gayaCaRda, erTi nawili
gabolSevikda da yvaryvare panRuriscemiT moisrola
jaridan da rwmunebulis rezidenciidan gamogdebulma
yvaryvare TuTaberma far-xmali ar dayara da karieris ki­
beze ki kidev erTxel scada abobReba: romeliRac revkomSi
revkomis Tavmjdomaris moadgiled moewyo.
`ai, yvaryvares `xelmZRvanelobis meTodebi~,
`yvaryvare _ xalxi Tavis mteria. Tu ar mowyemse, uWkuo
saqoneliviT xramSi gadavardeba. Tu Sno gaqvs, joxs Tvi­
Ton mogcems, oRond Zalian Wkvianad unda daartya (Semodis
pirveli razmeli).
pirveli razmeli _ amdeni xalxi erT sardafSi ar eteva!
yvaryvare _ kari xom miuxure?
pirveli razmeli _ rogor ara!
yvaryvare _ maS dateulan da eg ari~.
pirveli razmeli _ sasunTqav fanjaras mainc gavuReb,
Torem suls ver iTqvamen.
yvaryvare _ mere iqidan rom gadmococdnen? ara, mixure.
pirveli razmeli – vinc susti gulisaa, im sardafSi
mokvdeba.
yvaryvare _ susti gulis patroni proletariats rad
unda. met tvirTad daawveba. axla es miTxari, ginda porle­
tariati rom Sewuxdes?
pirveli razmeli _ ar minda.
yvaryvare _ aba, dadeqi Sens adgilze.
yvaryvarem uyoymanod daapatimra Tavisi mezoblebi da
bav­Svobis megobrebi: quCara da kakuta (es ukanaskneli axal­
SerTuli coliT) imis SiSiT, rom isini simarTles ityodnen
`revoluciis gmiris~ nacarqeqiuli warsulis Sesaxeb.

295
 yvaryvare TuTaberis kabinetSi qali Sedis. revkomis Tav­
mjdomaris moadgiles TvalSi mouvida fer-xorciani qali.
`qali _ me gTxovT, gaaTavisufloT erTi usamarTlod
Sepyrobili adamiani.
yvaryvare _ SeiZleba.
qali _ oh, rogor madlobeli var, sul udanaSauloa.
yvaryvare _ vin aris, brZaneT da am wuTSi gavaTavisuf­
leb. is ki ara, suli rom mTxovoT, am yelidan amoviReb da
mogcem (uaxlovdeba qals).
qali _ is Cemi qmaria (qali ukan daixevs).
yvaryvare _ qmario? es sxva saqmea, is didi damnaSavea. me
axla kanons fexs ver gadavadgam imisTana kontrrevolucio­
neris gulisaTvis.
qali _ ras brZanebT, sul mTlad marTalia.
yvaryvare _ viTom ar gyoliaT, unda daiviwyoT.
qali _ vin daviviwyo, Se mxeco?! qmari daviviwyo?!~
bolos mainc icnes yvaryvare. niRabi Camoglijes da misi
namdvili saxe gamoaSkaraves. revolucioneri sevasti amxels
mas:
` _ mefis dros Cems magivrad daiWires da am SemTxvevis
wyalobiT Tavi gausaRebia revolucionerad!~
yvaryvare Seipyres da rogorc `Wkuanaklebi~ gaaTavi­
sufles.
am didebul piesaSi finali moikoWlebs. igi paTetiur-
deklaraciulia da ver dgas piesis sxva scenebis simaRleze.
aSkarad Cans, rom avtors komunisturi imperiis mZvinvarebis
xanaSi es finali xelisuflebis da mkacri cenzuris Tvalis
asaxvevad sWirdeba. sevasti ambobs:
` _ sabWoTa xelisuflebis pirobebSi es adamiani aravi­
Tar saSiSroebas ar warmoadgens da amitom vaTavisuflebT...
mxolod im xelisuflebaSi, romelic aq Cvenamde, naCqarevad
Sedga im areulobaSi, SeeZlo yvaryvare TuTabers gmiris ad­
gili daeWira da xalxisTvis vneba mieyenebina. Cven ki, axla
mas niRabi movxseniT da, dee, Tavisi namdvili saxiT, nacar­
qeqias saxeliT iaros qveyanaze!~

296
 nacarqeqia ki imeds arc axla kargavs:
` _ guli ar gaitexo, yvaryvare. daiRupa is, vinc sir­
cxviliT soroSi CaZvra. me kidev avcocdebi!~
marTlac, merec araerTgzis `acocda~ yvaryvare karie­
ris kibeze. acocda sabWoTa imperiis `ayvavebis dros~, ac­
ocda saqarTvelos meore samwliani Tavisuflebis (1990-93)
dros da axlac gamoCnda neokomunistur saqarTveloSi.
yvaryvarizmis wyalobiTaa, xalxs TvalSi nacars rom ayrian
da ruseTisgan am saukuneSi xelmeored dapyrobil qveyanas
damoukidebel, demokratiul saqarTvelod rom acxadeben.
cdeba sevasti, roca ambobs: `mxolod im xelisuflebaSi~
SeeZlo yvaryvare TuTabers gmiris adgili daeWirao. arc
axal (socialistur) xelisuflebazea polikarpe kakabaZe
idealuri warmodgenis. piesaSi amis damadasturebeli fra­
zebi cota rodia:
`quCara (kakutas) _ asea. xom gesmis, socialistebi marto
imas Tvlian simarTled, rasac TviTon amboben~.
vin arian bolSevikebi? Tavisufali Zarcvis mxardamWerni:
`quCara _ aq bolSevikebma iqadages, rom es mTavroba Ra­
ribs nebas ar aZlevs mdidari gaZarcvoso. mTavroba agines~.
verc rkinis strategiiT da principulobiT gamoirCevian
socialistebi:
`mdivani _ am socialistebis ambavi me mkiTxe, kuds eSmak­
sac gadauskvnian~.
roca mesiad movlenil socialists, yvaryvare TuTabers,
tite natutari urCevs: `es dro Senia da moixmare, gegmas me
mogcemo~, yvaryvare mSvidad pasuxobs:
`Seni gegma rad minda. rogorc ar unda Seicvalos mTav­
roba, sul erTia, vinc iqneba, Tavi me unda damikras~ _ ase­
Tia `darwmunebuli marqsistis~ filosofia.
menSevikebi rom bolSevikebma Secvales, yvaryvare ar
dabneula, axal viTarebaSic gamokra xeli Tanamdebobas. eg
aris, `bolSevikur laparakSi unda gawafva~ da meti araferi.
polikarpe kakabaZis pirveli piesa _ `gzajvaredinze~ _
1918 wels daidga baqoSi.

297
 `gzajvaredinze~ naTlad avlens polikarpe kakabaZis
damokidebulebas revoluciisadmi saerTod da social-de­
mokratiul gadatrialebisadmi, kerZod.
piesis mTavari personaJi, borisi, romelmac mTeli si­
cocxle revolucias Seswira, Tebervlis revoluciis dros
sasikvdilo sarecelze wevs da kargad xedavs, rom misi br­
ZoliT mopovebuli sikeTe sxvas ergo wilad. revoluciis
monapovars mitmasnilebi da angarebiani medroveni (Salini)
daepatronen. `yvaryvares~ tradicia SemTxveviTi xalxis xe­
lisuflebaSi mosvlisa _ am piesaSic igrZnoba.
amave pierodSi dawerili piesa, `sami asuli~, mayurebels
aqtiuri moqmedebisaken mouwodebs. yoymanisa da orWofo­
bis savalalo Sedegebze mianiSnebs. sami asuli cixe-koSkSia
gamomwyvdeuli. usixarulod rbian qaliSvilTa molodi­
niT aRsavse dReebi. da ai, SuaRamisas koSkis karebze kakuni
gaisma. viRac vaJi mudariT iTxovs, gauRon kari. asulebs
jer SeeSindebaT, mere didi kamaTisa da WoWmanis Semdeg
gadawyveten karis gaRebas, magram ukve gvian aris. idumali
stumari karebTan mkvdari wevs. igi gayinulia. piesa Tavise­
burad saxarebis frazasac exmianeba, macxovris mier Tqmuls:
`dagikakuneT da ar gamiReT, geZaxdiT da ar gameciT xma...~
rutinisa da erTferovani cxovrebis idilias `sami asu­
lis~ finalSi moaxloebuli laSqris guguni arRvevs.
ocdaaTian wlebSi qarTuli Teatrebis repertuars am­
Sve­­nebda komedia `kolmeurnis qorwineba~. recenzentebi
erT­ xmad aRniSnavdnen, rom igi sakolmeurneo cxovrebis
si­
keTeze dawerili piesa iyo. dRevandeli gadasaxedidan
`kol­meurnis qorwineba~ umeteswilad parodiuli nawarmoe­
bia. bevri pasaJi (da dialogic) aSkara dacinvaa ara marto
sakolmeurneo sinamdvilisa, aramed im paTetikuri piesebi­
sac, romlebic ocdaaTian wlebSi socialisturi sofli­
sTvis xotbis Sesasxmelad iwereboda. piesas saxelic paro­
diuli aqvs _ `kolmeurnis qorwineba~. mwerali ironiulad
migvaniSnebs: Cveulebrivi qorwineba ar gegonoT. swored
kolmeurnis qorwinebaao. xolo kolmeurnis qorwineba imi­

298
Taa originaluri, rom xidobnis mowinave kolmeurne, gasaT­
xovari qaliSvili gviristine _ karga xania Tavisi piradi
saqmeebisaTvis ver iclis. mas moxuci mamis (xaxulis) mo­
savleladac ara scalia, xolo ojaxSi yvelaze sasixarulo
ambavi is gaxlavT, rom gviristine staxanovelTa Sekrebis
delegatadaa arCeuli. gviristine sakuTar bedsac ver ga­
nagebs. misi gaTxovebis problemac ganzogadebulia. xidoba­
nis kolmeurneobis Tavmjdomares, jamleTs, Tavzari daeca,
roca Wori dairxa, gviristine mezobel sofel buqnarSi
Txovdebao. buqnaris kolmeurneobis Tavmjdomare, xari­
toni, ki sixaruliT cas ewia. ra xdeba? Turme nu ityviT,
mowinave kolmeurnis `dakargviT~ xidobnis `mze Caesveneba~,
samagierod, buqnaris kolmeurneoba gviristines saxiT `var­
skvlavs~ SeiZens da socSejibrSi dawinaurdeba... da aris
saqorwino bagiris gadaqaCva xidobansa da buqnars Soris.
ase `didebulia~ sakolmeurneo yofa. ase waarTva individu­
aloba pirovnebas socialisturma aRmSeneblobam. namojama­
girali xaxuli nabatonar manuCars qaliSvilis rZlad mice­
maze mtkice uars eubneba. mizezi? `Cemi qali ordenosania,
Seni ki staxanovelic ar aris~.
1954 wels polikarpe kakabaZem istoriul Temaze Seqmna
piesa `kaxabris xmali~ (Tavdapirvelad mas `daviT merve~ erq­
va). patriotuli JReradobis es nawarmoebi meToTxmete sau­
kunis pirvel naxevars, e. i. im ZnelbediT periods moicavs,
saqarTvelo monRolTa batonobis qveS rom gminavda.
me vfiqrob, rom istoria aq dramaturgma upiratesad
Tanamedroveobis alegoriad gamoiyena. polikarpe kakaba­
Zes surs gviCvenos, Tu ra emarTeba dapyrobil ers, rogor
cdilobs mteri misi Zalebis daqsaqsvas da xalxSi Tavisu­
flebis wyurvilis amoSanTvas. aqve xazgasmulia, ra evaleba
dapyrobili qveynis moqalaqes ucxo tomis kirTebisagan Ta­
vis dasaxsnelad. komunisturi tiraniis mZvinvarebis epoqaSi
amaze miniSnebac ki ioli rodi gaxldaT, amitom karga xans
ido `kaxabris xmali~ Cveni Teatrebis ujrebSi da mis dadg­
mas veravin bedavda.

299
 saxalxo gmiris, kaxabris xmali piesaSi xsnis, erTianobis,
imedis simboloa, ise, rogorc graalis Tasi grigol roba­
qiZis romanSi `mcvelni graalisa~.
...qveyana SimSils da sasowarkveTas moucavs... gle­
xis qali, gulqani, Tavis qmars, gostaSabs, kars ar uRebs,
radganac gostaSabi nacarqeqiaa bostanSi samuSaod gagza­
vnili, xelsac ar anZrevs sarCo-sabadebeli rom moipovos.
uRaribes ojaxs Sehkedlebia moxuci rostom brZeni, arc
mas aqvs xalxSi gasvlis da qveynis Svelis survili. SiSobs
`saxeli erTidan meorisTvis gadasacemad mCatea. xorcieli
kaci ki emZimebaT. Saraze damagdebeno~. aseT dros sofelSi
patara imedi akiafda. liparite ki kotem gostaSabs kaxabris
xmali SesTavaza. gostaSabma igi gamosacdelad jirks dah­
kra. xmali jirks ise Rrmad Caeso, rom amomRebi aravin Cans.
liparite ase paTetiurad mimarTavs Rarib keriasTan
jirkSi gaCxeril xmals; `ra Jami dgeba? patiosano qarTulo
gorda, eris cecxliT gaWedilo, sad gdixar?... Seni simar­
TliT momerie, magrZnobine, rom im rtos vWridi, romelze­
dac vijeqi... me ise mwared viyare Senze javri, ukan dasaxevi
gza aRar maqvs. qarqaSi gagiyide, gagiZarcve da muraSi gad­
agagde~.
piesaSi Cans, rom Ralati da qiSpi, SinaaSlilobaa qvey­
nis ubedurebis Tavi da Tavi. RalatiT Caagdes ormoSi gmi­
ri kaxaberi da misi xmali gaitaces, xolo Zmis moRalate
bagrat xani TaTrebs (monRolebs) SemouZRva da eklesiebi
aaoxra, `xatebi folorcebSi gadayara~.
qveyana mainc ubralo xalxis sibrZnem daayena xsnis gza­
ze. xmliani jirki keriis cexlSi daiwva da kaxabris xmali
uvnebeli darCa, xolo mrisxane bagrat xans Tavis RviZl qa­
liSvilad baxtrionis cixeSi glexis coli, gulqani, mihgva­
res. gulqani mware simarTles Sehkadrebs moRalate bagrat
xans, bagrat xani ki am simarTlisTvis imiT asaCuqrebs, rom
jer yaenis mesame colad upirebs gagzavnas, mere ki urCo­
bisaTvis dilegSi agdebs.
ers oden kaxaberi da mamaci mefe ki ara, gamarjvebis
rwme­na amarjvebinebs. gostaSabma kaxaberis guda gaakeTebina

300
da TiTqos kaxaberi uZRoda jars, amiT gamxnevebulma qa­
rTvelebma guli moices, xolo mteri kaxabris saxelma Sea­
Sina da ukuiqcnen.
polikarpe kakabaZis erT-erTi bolo piesaa `lopiane~. es
komedia mweralma 1958 wels dawera, magram mis dabeWdvas da
dadgmas ver moeswro. `lopianes~ dRemde ar eRirsa scenuri
sicocxle.
lopiane Tematurad TiTqos `yvaryvare TuTaberis~ gag­
rZelebaa. Cauvlia revoluciebis epoqas. aRar aris qaosi
da mauzerobana. qveyanaSi sabWouri wesrigi damkvidrebula.
zis rbil savarZelSi axali drois yvaryvare-lopiane Zval­
ZvaliCi. misi saqmianoba da movlenebisadmi damokidebuleba
TiTqmis arafriT gansxvavdeba yvaryvares saqcielisagan,
oRond eg aris karieris kibeze igi Tavisi nacarqeqiuli gaZ­
vromgamoZvromiT rodi Seskupula. mTlianad da savsebiT
devkaJianis `keTil Tvalzea~ damokidebuli. devkaJiani ki iq
zis maRla (devkaJianis pirovnebaSi da bedSi SeiZleba berias
prototipi Seicnos kacma) da buzsac veravin aufrens.
lopianes miReba aqvs, vin ar trialebs mis irgvliv. ra
mliqvnelobis koriantels ayeneben mliqvnelobiT aRzeve­
buli zefore da qarxnis direqtori gerasime, mamadaWeri­
li sayvareli zablonia da poeti miWuWune (romelic Tavis
kerpze weliwadSi 5-6 saxotbo leqss wers)... zog maTgans
saxelic ki ar aRirsa dramaturgma da `pirveli momuSavis~,
`meore momuSavis~ iarliyiT moixseniebs.
lopianes azrovnebis masStabebi CvenTvis TiTqmis cno­
bilia:
`geniosebi am droSi rom gacocxldnen, Cvens Wkuaze
davawerinebdiT da rac winaT daweres, imaze bodiSs movax­
devinebdiT... Cven geniosebs vafasebT, mxolod maTi azrebis
amyols cocxlebSi, tyavs vaZrobT~.
lopianes `gemovneba~ ufro daxvewilia, yvaryvares ge­
movnebasTan SedarebiT:
`muzeumebidan gamovitan Zvirfas nivTebs da aq avazim­
zimeb~, samagierod `spekuliantebis sinsilas ar gavuSveb,

301
koWis Zafis qurdobisaTvis vspob, vwmend qveyanas xarbebi­
sagan, mxveWelebisagan, xalxis mtrebisTvis maxvils vlesav~.
lopiane misi pirovnebis odnavi gakilvisTvisac ki cixeSi
amolpobiT imuqreba, ratom?
`me Cems Tavs ar vekuTvni. xalxis var da Cemi gakilva
qveynis Seginebaa~.
lopianec yvaryvaresaviT mSiSaraa. rogorc ki kriti­
kis sustma niavma dahqrola, damlageblebs mdidari aveji
ZveliT Seacvlevina, fardebic Camoxsna da ubralo xalaTi
moirgo beWebze, xolo roca Zvelma skamma kani gaufxaWna,
akankalda, sisxli ar momewamloso. miWuWunes winadadebaze,
axlave cnobil profesorebs davuZaxebo, lopiane pasuxobs:
`ho, magram TiTom, TiTo namdvili eqimi wamoiyvanos,
ubralo, daujildoebeli, Torem magens Cemi wardgeniT aqvT
wodeba miRebuli da roca TviTon WirdebaT mkurnaloba,
erTmaneTs ar endobian~.
amdeni medicinaze yvaryvarem namdvilad ar icoda, diax,
lopiane ufro daxvewili gaiZveraa. rogor ucqeris igi
xalxs, masas?
`Tqven zaris xmas gaigonebT, magram saidan aris es me vici
mxolod. Cemze kargad devkaJianma icis. mis yurSi xalxis
tirili tkbils galobad midis, xolo xalxis galoba da si­
cili esmis ajanyebad da aRSfoTebad. mec misi yuriT vismen
da aq misTvis var, rom gacinebuli avatiro da atirebuls
`vaSa~ vaZaxebino~.
rogoria lopianes damokidebuleba marTlmsajulebis
mimarT?
`Tu marto mtyuani dasaje, maSin marTali Tavs aiSvebs.
piriqiT, mtyuani isedac SeSinebulia. marTali unda daisa­
jos da maSin yvela morCili iqneba~.
bolos, rasakvirvelia, yvelaferi mTavrdeba da lopianes
parpaSmac bolo eReba; moskovidan xma dairxa, devkaJiani,
rogorc sabWoTa saxelmwifos mteri, jaSuSi daiWireso.
`me rom devkaJians veZaxdi, misi suraTebi yvela oTa­
xidan saswrafod CamoxseniTo~, saswrafod `miiRo zomebi~

302
lopianem da mis mfarvels `bolo wixlic~ miayola, magram am
fandma ver uSvela.
moxsnes da erT-erT qarxanaSi inJinrad gaamweses.
imeds ar kargavs. yvaryvaresaviT `isev acocebis~ imedi
aqvs.
`movimagreb fexs da axlad viskupeb...~
raoden marTalia mwerali, roca yvaryvareebsa da lopia­
neebs erTxel kidev aRzevebis Sanss utovebs.
aki ar gamoilia Cvens cxovrebaSi yvaryvare-lopianeTa
xtoma-navardi.
aki dRemde ver ganTavisuflda kacobrioba yvaryvariz­
mis sindromisagan.

303
 paolo iaSvili, tician tabiZe,
valerian gafrindaSvili

qarTul poeziaSi samjer moxda klasikuri reforma. jer

iyo da meTormete saukuneSi rusTavelma gaaTavisufla poe­
zia himnografiul-saxotbo da arqaistul-sqolastikuri
artaxebisagan, mere akakim da iliam STaberes axali sicocx­
le leqss, romelic Sua saukuneTa inerciiT miedineboda da
`crurusTavelTa~ xelSi udrood berdeboda. movida meoce
saukune da leqsis reformis saWiroeba kvlav dadga dRis
wesrigSi. iliasa da akakis devuri ruduneba _ leqsi xalx­
uri metyvelebisTvis daeaxlovebinaT, sxva poetTa xelSi
tetiur-mdabiur gagrZelebas hpovebda da Tu ase gagrZel­
deboda, orRobis poezia SegvrCeboda xelT. ...da movida
galaktioni, meoce saukunis poeziis mesia. man axali gza
– sadinari misca qarTul leqss. igi evropul-qarTulad
gardaqmna, ufro rafinirebuli da inteleqtualuri gaxada.
galaktionis kvalze da mxardamxar meoce saukunis qar­
Tuli leqsis revoluciis akvans arwevdnen qarTveli sim­
bolistebi. Tavdapirvelad isinic camet siriel mamaTa
msgavsad cametni iyvnen. Jurnal `cisferi yanwebis~ da qarT­
vel simbolistTa sxva organoebis gavlena qarTul poeziaze
uaRresad mniSvnelovania.
...saukunis aTiani wlebis dasawyisSi quTaisidan ramden­
ime axalgazrda gaeSura swavlis gasagrZeleblad. tician
tabiZe, valerian gafrindaSvili da ali arseniSvili mos­
kovis universitetis studentebi gaxdnen. paolo iaSvilma
moskovs gverdi auara da parizs miaSura.
ymawvili poetebi upirvelesad literaturul cxovre­
bas daewafnen. es is periodia, roca evropaSi yvelaze mo­
dur literaturul mimdinareobad simbolozmia aRiarebu­
li. moskovSic Zalumad hqroda simbolizmis niavi, paolo ki
pirdapir `dawyevlil poetTa~ ordenis Tanamgzavri gaxda da
simbolist poetebTan Tu mxatvrebTan erTad xSirad Canda

304
monmartris axlomaxlo kafe-SantanebSi, gansakuTrebiT `ro­
tondaSi~.
ganswavlis wlebma gaiqroles da megobrebi `simbolizmiT
mowamlulni~ dabrundnen quTaisSi. `literaturul gezze~
bevri ar ufiqriaT. maSinve simbolistTa kafe `qimerioni~ da
Jurnali `cisferi yanwebi~ daaarses. es iyo 1916 wels.

20. r. miSvelaZe. t. XXV 305

 paolo iaSvili
(1892 -1937)

qarTvel simbolistTa lideri, cisferyanwelTa skolis

meTauri da `beWis damWreli~ (irakli abaSiZe) paolo iaSvi­
li `cisferi yanwebis pirveli nomris `pirvelTqmaSi~ werda
`...Cveni amayi ocneba gadascilda yovel sazRvars da iq, sa­
dac Cven, ukvdavi Zmebi, SevikribeT axali silamazis sadide­
blad _ vxedavT, rogor axalisebs Cvens raindul arsebas
yoveli wuTi aRtacebul sicocxlisa... Cven vadidebT sity­
vas axals, mkacrs da iseT gabeduls, rogorc mefuri xelis
gafrena gagiJebul diriJorisa... yoveli simSvide, siCume da
mTvaris sinaziT gaSuqebuli mSveniereba daviviwyeT Cven, _
mRelvarebis, xmierobis da siCqaris madideblebma~. ase dau­
pirispirdnen TavianTi `axali silamaziT~ `cisferyanwelebi~
Zvels, rutinuls da erTferovnad mSvids literaturaSi.
ufro metic, `cisferyanwelebSi~ ise didi iyo ganaxlebis
survili, rom kinaRam RmerTsac daupirispirdnen `im taZars,
romelSic xalxi ukanasknel cocxal Zalas nislian locvaSi
klavda, Cven vucqeriT, rogorc borotebis saxls...~
qarTulma simbolizmma, marTlac, didi roli Seasrula
poeziis ganaxlebaSi. man aRmosavlur-aSuRuri metaforu­

306
lobis saeWvo inerciebs gamoglija ilias, akakis da vaJas
mier libodadebuli, WeSmaritad saxalxo leqsi da evropu­
li poeziis inteleqtualur dinebas aziara.
da miuxedavad modernizmisadmi fanatikuri erTgulebi­
sa, simbolizmi CvenSi mainc qarTuli simbolizmi iyo. aki
am­bobda elene darianis piriT paolo iaSvili:

gavyveT simRerebs! Cemi vneba aldarTulia,

da is maxarebs, mamaisebs baRSi Semosuls,
rom Cemi kocna, siyvaruli, xmac qarTulia,
yovelTvis ciurs jer ucnobi sigiJe rom msurs...

(`uvertura~)

paolo iaSvili 1892 wels daibada saCxereSi (sof. argve­

Ti). jer quTaisis klasikur gimnaziaSi swavlobda, mere _
anapaSi. 1913 wels Tanamoazre axalgazrdebTan erTad Jur­
nali `oqros verZi~ gamosca da imave wels parizs gaemgza­
vra. 1816 wels `cisferi yanwebis~ ori nomris dabeWdvaRa
moaswro. 1917 wels TbilisSi gadmovida sacxovreblad. Tan
wamohyva `cisferi ordenis~ wevrTa erTguli jgufi. mwer­
alTa kavSiris Seqmnis dRidan aqtiur sazogadoebriv moR­
vaweobas eweoda. iyo araerTi kulturuli wamowyebis moTave
da sulisCamdgmeli. inJiner vladimer JiqiasTan megobrobda
da rionhesis mSeneblobas mecenatobda. am megobrobam im­
sxverpla kidec. 1937 wels v. jiqia rom xalxis mtrad ga­
moacxades, paolo iaSvils winadadeba misces, emxilebina
`mteri~. rainduli sulis poeti ar dahyva Cekas survils.
urCobisaTvis paolos Semoubrundnen da xalxis mterTan
SeTqmulebaSi monawileoba daabrales. legendaruli cis­
feryanwelis Tavze Savi Rrublebi grovdeboda. rogorc
aseT dros arc Tu iSviaTad xdeba, guSindeli megobrebic ki
ganudgnen paolos mweralTa kavSiris prezidiumSi da `Wkuis
rigeba~ dauwyes. paolom ar indoma megobarTa RalatSi bo­
lomde darwmunebuliyo. arc ugvano mosamarTleebs Caugdo
xelSi sajijgnad sxeuli. 1937 wlis 22 ivliss man mweralTa
kavSiris SenobaSi sanadiro TofiT Tavi moikla.

307
 dadis qalaqSi bevris msgavsi Cemi sxeuli.
Cemze amboben, es kacia leqsis mwerali,
magram vin icis, ra cecxlSia gamoxveuli
es Cemi tvini _ dasaqcevi, tvini verani. _

werda paolo iaSvili da TiTqos iwinaswarmetyvela Ta­

visi damokidebuleba mkacr sinamdvilesTan. leqsis mwerali
kacis faqizi suli ver SeeTvisa jalaTur epoqas. sindi­
sis kompromisi misi rainduli bunebisTvis SeuZlebeli aR­
moCnda. swored es iyo paolos TviTmkvlelobis mizezi. igi
ar gaqceula. mweralTa kavSirSi, Tavis kabinetSi, Tavis sa­
guSagoze daeca.
cota xniT davtovoT paolo iaSvilis tvinSesxmuli civi
kedeli da misi bralmdeblebis civi saxeebi (sikvdilis merec
ar daindes `megobrebma~ da mis ukanasknel nabijs `pravaka­
cia~ uwodes) da cisferyanwelTa beladis SemoqmedebiTi
gzis dasawyisTan mivideT.
igi savsea aseTi Tamami, mcdari, magram gulwrfeli gana­
vardebiT klasikosTa avtoritetis damTrgunveli gavlenis
uaryofis mosurne Wabukisa:

paolo iaSvils momewyina yviTeli dante,

vaqebdi Seqspirs, magram farda, Seqspirs uari,
ra vqna, rom CemTvis beTxoveni mxolod yru ari
da rom warsulma ver gadmomca me andamati.

vfiqrob leqsebiT, Cqari da xan gveliviT zanti,

magram yovelTvis mixaria cexlis anTeba,
Cemi ocnebis naperwkali xalxs gadvufante,
da ukvdaveba civ xelebiT me melandeba.

(`paolo iaSvils momewyina~)

poetebs gansacvifrebeli intuicia, telepatiis msgavsi

winaswarWvretis unari aqvT. ocdasami wlis paolo iaSvilma
1916 wels dawera `farSevangebi qalaqSi~. leqsSi amgvar xil­
vebs waawydebiT:

308
 sisxlisfer gveleSaps brazi emateba,
qalaqSi SeniSnes haeris anTeba.
moulodnelad, mduRare mzis mTvrali gangebiT
haeri ayvavilda wiTel farSevangebiT.
iyo maTi movlena wiTeli qartexili,
iyo maTi yvirili mxurvaled datexili...

gaivlis sul raRac oTxi weli da `wiTeli xelisufle­

ba~ daacxreba `axladfrTebSesxmul~ damoukidebel saqarT­
velos. imperiis meTaerTmete armia cecxliTa da maxviliT
Semoeseva Tbiliss, ase rom, leqsSi SemTxveviT rodi fig­
urirebs sabediswero wiTeli feri `sisxlisferi gveleSa­
pis~, `wiTeli farSevangebis~, `wiTeli qartexilis~ saxiT.

ainTnen saxlebi almuris modebiT

xalxi ireoda kvnesiT da vaebiT,
yviriliT mohqrodnen Cqari tramvaebi,
da farSevangebi hkiodnen, hkiodnen.
maRal saxlebidan katebi cviodnen
da giJi cxenebi... xedva axveuli
moCandnen svetebze, mkerdgadaxeuli.
oxravdnen haerSi mzisgan devnilebi,
sisxliT atlasobdnen Zirs qvafenilebi.
wiTel qarSi zarTa reka
Semoesma yru da Cqari,
yvela SiSma gadareka,
mxolod mkvdarTan moCans mkvdari,
cxeli orTqli, cremlisferi,
mduRare cas efineba,
Cumad aris yvelaferi
qalaqs wiTlad eZineba.

(`farSevangebi qalaqSi~)

leqss TariRad `1916~ rom ar eweros, daeWvdeboda kaci

misi daweris droSi, ise poeturad zustad, kaleidoskopu­
radaa aRwerili saqarTvelos aneqsiis pirveli dReebi. mar­
Tlac, wiTeli ZiliT eZina maSin sisxlisgan daclil qalaqs.

309
 moabijebda qarTuli poeziis cisfer taZarSi paolo. mo­
dioda mxned, Ronieri nabijebiT, Tavis ZalebSi darwmuneb­
uli, amayi da cota ar iyos, sayvareli bavSviviT ganebivre­
buli:

ampartavani da yovelTvis pirgaparsuli,

bunebiT Savi, xelovnurad gaTeTrebuli,
lamaz riTmisTvis erTi wuTiT Cafiqrebuli,
vamayob imiT, rom ara maqvs vrceli warsuli.
...saqarTvelosi ar iwames Cemi dendoba,
me maxalisebs mxolod Cemi `salto-mortale~,
magram bodleris civi landi Tuki mendoba
xalxis winaSe me viqnebi mudam marTali.
Sevxari mzesa, vetrfi mTvaris yviTel xaverdsa
da rusTavelTan gadavdivar me alaverdsa.

(`avtoportreti~)

1918 wels TurqeTis sulTanma aWaris warTmeva dagvip­

ira. patriot qarTvelTa sisxlis Rvari Woroxs erTvoda.
rusma, tradiciisamebr, `ne viJus~ politika ifara (`da Sens
meomar, amarTul mTaze sZinavs zarbazans rusuli ZiliT~),
Cveni Semwe mTels duniaze Cveni mklavis garda aravinaa. am
dros sangrebTan paolo iaSvili poet-tribunad aRimarTeba:

`amxanagebo, nu xarT dardulad,

dRes saqarTvelo me veRar vcani,
droa ayvirdes ukve qarTulad
mrisxane Tofi da zarbazani.

brZaneba ismis da smena Cqara,

gaSaleT mzeze kriala xmlebi,
an davibrunoT Cveni aWara,
anda baTumTan davtovoT Zvlebi!

(`dacemul baTums~)

310
 1915 wliTaa daTariRebuli paolo iaSvilis leqsebis
cikli `elene darianis dRiurebi~. qalis fsevdonimiT poeti
leqsebs TiTqmis rva wlis ganmavlobaSi werda da aqveynebda.
`elene darianma~ daamkvidra WeSmaritad Tavisufali da Sei­
Zleba iTqvas, qaluri morcxvoba _ kdemisganac Tavisufali
leqsi. amiT, vfiqrobT, paolo iaSvilma simbolistTa Soris
poeti qalis Tavisufali adgilic Seavso qarTuli poeziis
`tabulaze~. vnebiani, musikaluri, metaforuli darianu­
li leqsi male saocrad popularuli gaxda da miuxedavad
imisa, rom `yanwelebma~ kargad icodnen, vin iyo `dariani~,
dainteresebuli mkiTxvelebi mainc didxans eZebdnen `poet
qals~. es Zebna Cvens dReebamde grZeldeba. Tumca stiliT,
leqsikuri konstruqciiT, frazaTa dalagebiT da mxatvru­
li saxeebiT advilad dgindeba, rom elene darianis leqsebi
swored rom paolo iaSvils ekuTvnis da sxvas aravis.
visRa davumaloT, saqarTvelos gasabWoebis Semdeg paolo
iaSvili axali cxovrebis ferxulSi Caeba. araerTi leqsi uZ­
Rvna komunistur mSeneblobas da leninic cremliani sityviT
(`lenins~, 1924 w.) daitira, magram samarTlianoba moiTxovs
aRiniSnos, rom im droSic poets araerTgzis ewveoda xolme
`mowyeniloba da mwuxareba~ imis gamo, rom axalma yofam
imedebi ver gaamarTla:

me menatreba cxovreba
patiosani
magram ra vqna, rom gamaTxovreba
bedi yofila qarTvel mgosanis.
nu geSinia, gulo, darCebi
yovelTvis oqro uzarmarzari,
vin miscems nebas marTlac CarCebma
gamarTon `Zvirfas gulTa bazari~.

ra aris fuli, ra aris vali,

mowyeniloba da mwuxareba,
rodesac xalxis xorci da Zvali
gadaqceula mSromel xarebad.

(`poeti da adamiani~)

311
 sevda da martoobis grZnoba ufrodaufro eZaleba poets:

qarTulad vTargmni puSkinis ambavs,

axla jerSia misi `cignebi~,
magram siCume saubars abams;
`marto xar, marto, martoc iqnebi~.
vkiTxulob SoTas, vaJas da sabas
da ver mSvelian maTi wignebic,
vwvebi, Tavamde vixurav sabans
mesmis: `marto xar, martoc iqnebi!~

(`werili kolau nadiraZes~)

erTferovan, rutinul, CarCoebian komunistur mwyo­

brSi paolo iaSvils suli exuTeba, sinamdvile `vaJkacuri
gaqrolebis~ saSualebas ar aZlevs:

rogorc farTo WadarTan

Ceroebis jeri,
ise Cumad Catarda
Cemi leqsi bevri.

`rogorc afris tkacuni,

movardnili zRvidan,
iseTi vaJkacuri
gaqroleba minda

(`rogorc afris tkacuni~)

zogjer umweobis mZafri SegrZneba poets aSkara protes­

tis, sarkazmisa da ironiis gunebaze ayenebs:

ufalo, usmine Sevardens,

mis xeliT gigzavni baraTs,
miSvele RorebSi Cavardnils,
RorebSi darCenils marad.

312
 ...fiqrebi samwyemso Rorebze
yoveldRe cremlebiT msjida.
ufalo galavnis yoreze
damniSne beRura Citad.

(`meRoris locva~)

axlovdeba ocdaCvidmeti. miuxvdnen, mSvenierad miuxvd­

nen Cekas meZebrebi paolo iaSvils im `martoobis mizezsac,
`meRoris locvasac~ da... paolo iaSvilisTvis tyvia ukve
Camosxmulia:

nu Cagafiqra Wirveuli Woris xroebma,

CemTvis siCume RameSi rom moizanteba,
saSinelia, rogorc omis moaxloeba,
saSinelia, rogorc CemTvis tyviis mzadeba.

(`lirikuli misamarTebidan~)

mere iyo Tofis daquxeba ocdaCvidmetis ivlisis im

sabediswero dRes.
im Tofis eqosagan eldanakravi saqarTvelo didxans iyo
Cumad. paolo iaSvilis saxeli ar WaWanebda sabWoTa saqarT­
velos nabeWd furclebze.
reabilitaciis (sasaciloa!) droc dadga, magram es ukve
ukan midevnebuli lampari iyo.
paolo iaSvili werda moTxrobebs (`feradi buStebi~, `sami
tkivili~), Targmnida puSkins, maiakovskis, balmonts, seve­
rianins, bodlers, artur rembos, oskar uailds... araerTi
saintereso werilic gamoaqveyna; kerZod, `vefxistyaosanze~,
iakob nikolaZeze, lado mesxiSvilze, niko firosmanze...
sicocxleSi erTi wignis gamocemac ver moaswro.

313
 tician tabiZe
(1895 - 1937)

tician tabiZis cnobili portreti sandomiani pirisax­

is, odnavRababiani, lamaznakvTeba dendi. Sublze TmaCam­
ovarcxnili, aCaCuli, moduri, jibeebiani xalaTiT. gulis­
jibesTan wiTeli mixaki ubrwyinavs, lamaz TiTebSi sigareti
mouCans. fotografs pirdapir Sescqeris, raRacnairi erT­
gulebiT da siamayiT. es siamaye ar apaties.
daibada 1895 wels vanSi, sofel WyviSSi.
quTaisis klasikuri gimnazia...
moskovis universiteti.
1910 wels dabeWda pirveli leqsi.
Tanmimdevruli simbolisti iyo. `cisferi yanwebis~ erT-
erTi sulisCamdgmeli.
leqsebis garda poemebs, miniaturebs, moTxrobebs, weri­
lebs da narkvevebs werda:
Ronieri qediT eweoda qarTveli mwerlis mZime uRels.
1937 wels xerxemali gadaumtvries samSoblos siyvaru­
lisTvis, poeziis erTgulebisTvis, sispetakisTvis...
erT avtobiografiaSi tician tabiZe Tavis mSobliur Sua­

314
mTas, orpiris fSanebs da rionis wyaldidobas rom igonebda,
sxvaTaSoris, werda: `didebul mdinares Tan mohqonda dan­
greuli saxlebi, akvnebi, garRveuli saflavebidan wamoRe­
buli kuboebi~.
es striqonebi poetis sikvdilamde erTi wliT adre dai­
wera. uCveulo suraTia iseTi mSvidi Janris TxzulebisaT­
vis, rogoric gaxlavT avtobiografia. xom ar iyo es magiuri
poeturi winaTgrZnoba imisa, rom male ticiansac miwvde­
boda delgma _ wyaldidoba, raTa poetis kuboc gaetacna da
STamomavalTaTvis samudamod daekarga misi saflavi.
bedis ironia iqneba, Tu dResac cocxalia is ukeTuri
kaci, jvarosnuli meTodebiT rom cdilobda tician tabiZis
`gamotexvas~, raTa aRiarebis SeTiTxnil qaRaldze `xalxis
mtris~ xelmowerac yofiliyo da im naZiralas damSvidebuli
sindisiT Seekera `saqme~ poetis ganadgurebis, saukunis da­
naSaulad rom amotivtivdeboda wlebis Semdeg.
ra danaSauli miuZRoda? iqneb mxolod is, rom WeSmariti
poetis siyvaruliT uyvarda es qveyana, mxolod is, rom mis
didron cisfer TvalebSi niadag erTa Zmobisa da moyvasis
Tanadgomis survili enTo; mxolod is, rom udanaSaulo ka­
cis alali sisxlis wveTiviT gulTan wiTeli mixaki uelav­
da da amayo iyo. amayi iyo _ Tavisi saqarTveloTi, Tavisi
rusTaveliT, Tavisi STamagonebeli poeziiT. iqneb is iyo
tician tabiZis danaSauli, rom erTxel patriotul amoox­
vras amoayola: `sjobs, aRar gqondes sulac samSoblo, anda
ar iyos ase lamazi~.
TiTqosda ticiani imTaviTve grZnobda, rom ar aclidnen
`ocnebaTa davaJkacebas~. mis adreul leqsebsac etyoba, rom
maT damwers avi bedi uTvalTvalebs. amitomac Caikvnesebda
zogjer poetis arcTu umizezo sifrTxiliT: `sakuTar Zma­
sac veRar gavumxel, rac Cakirula gulSi balRami~.
jer kidev Sors iyo aRsasrulis wyeuli Jami, roca paolo
iaSvils dauwera: `saqarTvelos mze gaanaTebs sicocxles
lamazs, maSinac, roca poeziiT daviRupebiT... sxva megobarma
da poetma gvadara almass, vici gavtydebiT da arasdros
moviRunebiT~.

315
 ori aTeuli wlis Semdeg am sityvebs umkacresi gamocda
mouwyo cxovrebam. WeSmaritad, `siamis tyupni~ da `cisferi
Zmebi~ avi bedis winaSe ar moxrilan, ar gadrekilan.
xolo saqarTvelos siyvaruls zvarakad Sewiruli kaci
Cven mainc ar gvemduris da sulgrZelad gvitovebs gulSi im
imedis naperwkals, rom kaenis codvebi Cven ar mogvekiTxos:
`me yaCaRebma momkles aragvze, Sen am sikvdilSi ar gidevs
brali~.
madloba yvelas, vinc poetis mteroba ar daijera da ti­
cianis leqsTa wignaki baliSqveS saimedod SeCurTa, raTa
SuaRamisas, mTvaris sinaTleze, iqneb sakuTari col-Svilis­
agan damalulad waekiTxa: `mival, mivdivar da mivimReri, Tan
saqarTvelos mimaqvs ocneba, var gauTleli lerwamis Reri,
tuCmiudeblad rom ikocneba~.
Semogvcqeris portretidan `orpiris fSanze gazrdi­
li biWi, dendurad mSvidi da pewiani. TeTri kvarTi acvia,
lamazad moxril TiTebSi abolebuli sigareti uWiravs.
Semogvcqeris ocdaaTiani wlebidan ager ocdameerTe sau­
kunis moqalaqeebs. Semogvcqeris im Tavmdabluri imediT,
rom misi striqonebi `erT poets mainc gulze moxvdeba da
es eyofa gamosarClebad~. am suraTze poeti axalgazrda da
lamazia, Tan sevdianic.
tician tabiZis sicocxle marto erisTvis damaSvrali
poetis brwyinvale da jiuti faqti rodia, igi samudamo
gafrTxilebacaa gulis ficarze imis dasawerad, rom xe­
lovanis sicocxles keTil darajad unda vedgeT da `niadag
suli unda vuberoT~, _ Casaqrobad ki ara, gasaRviveblad,
gasaRoniereblad.
beberi vanis sanaxebidan Cveni saukunis dasawyisSi ori
arwivis marTve afrinda. erT maTgans saukunis azrTa mpyro­
belis da uaxlesi poeziis mamis roli arguna bunebam, meores
ufro mokrZalebuli, magram eris kulturis istoriaSi
TviTmyofadi, kaSkaSa adgili miakuTvna.
saukunis poeziis sardlebs erTmaneTTan Zmebis mkacrsi­
yvaruliani, moridebuli, sajarod gaucxadebeli urTier­
Toba hqondaT, magram erTmaneTis fasi Zalian kargad icod­

316
nen. swored es Tbili Tanalmoba iyo zogjer Tavisi grZneuli
lirikis abreSumSi mTvaresaviT gaxveul, TiTqosda saaqaos
droebiT mowvyetil galaktions rom daaZaxebinebda xolme
saqveyno saqmeebis oromtrialSi yelamde Caflul, Sublzeo­
flgadamdinare Tavisi biZaSvilisTvis: _ tite, Zamiko!
quTaisis gimnaziis periods rom igonebs, ticiani erTgan
wers:
`maSin qarTuli ena idevneboda da kviraSi mxolod
erTi gakveTili gvqonda, magram CvenTan am dros farTod
gavrcelebul literaturul wreebSi warmatebiT mimdin­
areobda mSobliuri enis swavleba~.
ra gasakviria, rom dedaenas akrZaluli xiliviT, lamis
qurdulad dawafebul ticians udidesi siyvaruliT hyvare­
boda Tavisi mravaltanjuli qveyana da samSoblos Tavisu­
flebis fasic scodnoda.
epoqis Svili iyo da drois damRa aCnda mis raindul
suls. es mouTokavi suli ticianis ganswavlis wlebSi yali­
bdeboda da iwrToboda. moskovis universitetis filolo­
giis fakultetze swavlisas Tavisi TvaliT naxa, rogor
datoves erT dRes progresulad moazrovne profesorebma
universiteti, radganac ganaTlebis ministrma, kasom, uni­
versitetis avtonomia gaauqma da mecnierebis es umaRlesi
kera Cinovnikur instanciebs daumorCila
mere, qarTuli leqsis Tematur-versifikaciuli ganax­
lebis surviliT cisferyanwelTa ordenis Seqmna, simbolis­
turi niavis ucxo qrola erovnuli poeziis saufloSi,
quTaisis sadarbazoebSi mgznebare kamaTi da manifestebis
wera. dros mihyveba epigonuri poeziis siyviTleni, magram
rCeba literaturuli debatebis keTili kvali _ poetTa
mier Tavisi Tavis aRmoCena, qarTuli sityvis axal SesaZle­
blobaTa saidumloebebis mikvleva, msoflio poeziisTvis
fexawyobis gabeduli survili.
da mainc, ticianis poezia Tavisi qveynis cisartyelidan
ar gasula.
maSinac ki, simbolistur samoss rom irgebda tanze da
Tavis megobrebTan erTad `dawyevlil poetTa~ qolgis qveS

317
dgeboda, mSobeli qveynis sves ar gaSorebia misi fiqri, qa­
rTuli urva uTrTolebda sulis nervebs, eris gamofxi­
zlebis zars rekavda, radganac kargad uwyoda, rom `yvela
daartyams Tavze uros, Tuki naxa xalxi mZinare~.
yvelafers xarbad isrutavda misi poeturi goneba, bobo­
qar dReTa cxeli kvali atyvia ticianis leqsebs, ras ifiq­
rebdnen poetTa purisWamis mgalobeli Tanamgzavrebi _ de­
das levani da daniela uria, rom swored im mkerdmixakiani
da xaverdisxmiani, Sublze mowafurad TmaSeWrili da nab­
axusevze Zlivs SesamCnevad darweuli biWis wyalobiT mou­
wevda maTs bohemur saxelebs poeziaSi samudamod darCena.
simon Ciqovans ticianze daweril erT narkvevSi poet­
is SemoqmedebiTi portretis Strixebad, sxvaTa Soris, ori
leqsis nawyvetic moaqvs: `baTomi misces da orpirze modis
TaTari~ da `aq rom mReroda rusTveli, vin gaaCuma, aq rom
ibrZoda saakaZe, vin gaakava?~ es dvrita, es erovnuli sevda
iyo ticianis poeziis ani da hoe.
poetis yurs istoriis nerviuli xmebi wvdeboda, _ sio­
nis zarebis kivili da omSi mimaval samas aragvelTa `sayvi­
rebis korianteli~, yurs miapyrobda ganwirulTa Zaxils da
SemkrTali kiTxulobda: `vin gaaCerebs am xmebis grigals,
amdeni Zvlebi rad damigroveT! me Tu momTxovdiT simReras
axals, me Tu gindodiT Tanamedroved?~
diax, ticians sruli moraluri ufleba aqvs, dRes qarT­
vel mwerlebs, Tavisi grZeli, natifi TiTi dagviqnios, Tu
eris satkivars yurs wavuyruebT da yalbi qebaTaqebis buksa
da naRaras davcemT.
axali epoqis grdemls rom dahkres, poetma tribunis man­
tia moisxa beWebze, siWabukis simbolistur ocnebaTa gamo­
glovac moaswro da `axali cxovrebis alaverdobac~, kreml­
Si Sexvedrili orpireli komkavSirelisaTvis odis SeTxzvac,
doloresisa da telmanis sabrZolo yiJinasac aayola leq­
sis naRara da amgvari lozunguri striqonic aaxmiana: `vin
daxris droSas maRaltarians, roca is miaqvs proletari­
ats~, magram es ar iyo namdvili ticiani. es iZulebiTi, `sim­
wris simRera~ iyo.

318
 saocar xmebs gamoscemda misi leqsis `gauTleli lerwa­
mis Reri~, es mxolod ticianis xma iyo. xan eris mebairax­
tred, samyaros bedze pasuxismgeblad, poeziis spasalarad
Tvlida Tavs, xan ki rusTavelisa da vaJas aCrdilTa Sem­
yure, SekrTeboda da morcxvad waiCurCulebda: `erT sawyal
poets amaze meti sindisiT aRar moeTxoveba~.
ticiani ar iyo daxvewili frazis da rafinirebuli
hangebis poeti. urmuliviT sada da ubraloa misi poezia.
werda `ise ubralod, rogorc muxranze gazafxulispirs mo­
dis balaxi... ise ubralod, rogorc mercxali daubrundeba
SarSandel budes~.
wuxda imaze, rom araerT poets `leqsis gza-kvali aub­
nies~, rom poeziad saRdeboda mSrali deklaracia.
Tavis poetur mimarTvebSi ukompromisod pirdapiri, va­
Jkacuri da kategoriulia.
masStaburi xedva hqonda da eris Wirisuflis atkivebuli
guli. oci wlisa arc ki iyo, roca saqarTvelos istoriaze
am striqonebs werda:
`ra aris mTeli istoria Zveli saqarTvelosi, Tu ara
sabediswero dueli.
RmerTis uzarmazar qveyana-cirkSi idga saqarTvelo, ro­
gorc ukvdavi gladiatori. tani misi iyo daWrili da elavda
mewamuli iarebiT, magram idga da ibrZoda~.
maSin, rodesac TviT ilia WavWavaZis SefasebaSic ki erT­
sulovneba ar sufevda da `oTaraanT qvrivis~ avtoris sax­
eli ugunuri gansjis saeWvo sasworze Seagdes, ticianma
dawera: `gadaumeteblad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom me-19 saukune
saqarTveloSi iliam kidec moigona, kidec Sehqmna da Tavisi
sisxliT kidec dahkira... am xnis ganmavlobaSi ilia WavWavaZe
idga, rogorc giganti. yoveli mozRvavebuli talRa, ucxo
Tu Sinauri, imas daetakeboda da iliac moigeriebda... ilias
sikvdilma gulis ZarRvamdis Searyia saqarTvelo. ubralo
xalxic ambobda: aq aris dasawyisi axali erovnuli Segnebi­
so. amis faqtebs Cven yoveldRe vxedavT~.
ormocdaori wlisa wavida am qveynidan. am asakis poets
Cven axalgazrda poets veZaxiT.

319
 ramdeni moaswro! gaocebas marto ticianis monoliTu­
ri poezia ki ar iwvevs, sazogado moRvawis is veeberTela
tvirTic, jvrad rom aitana Tavissave golgoTaze.
ra didi guli hqonda, ra farTo diapazonis kaci iyo!
marto literaturiT ki ara, momxiblavi piradi TvisebebiT­
ac. rogor moaxedes saqarTvelosken ticianma da misma mego­
brebma pirvelxarisxovani rusi mwerlebi. ra gulismomkvle­
lad daitira esenini: `lamazo biWo, sergei esenin, cocxals
ar gesmis es saficari~.

davbadebulvar, rom viyo mona,

da saqarTvelos medgas uReli,
_ maS, gamarjveba, tkbilo sicocxlev,
davrCebiT erTad Cven ganuyreli _

werda ticiani.
saqarTvelos uReldadgmul kacs ver gadavefareT sisx­
lian ocdaCvidmetSi.
igi `tkbil sicocxlesTan~ udrood gayara ugunurma
kveTebam, magram qarTul ZarRvmagar poeziasTan, marTlac
rom ganuyrelia misi leqsi.
Semoqmedis maradi sicocxlec xom es aris.
xuTi poemis dawera moaswro: `cxeni angelosiT~, `Tvrame­
ti weli~, `rioni-poeti~, `roald amurdsen~ da `guldagul~.
aqedan gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa `Tvrameti weli~ da
`guldagul~. pirveli damoukidebeli saqarTvelos mZime
dReebze gviambobs da somex-qarTvelTa ugunur sisxlis­
Rvrasac exmianeba, meore literaturul oratorias hgavs.
igi Taviseburi radiomonologia da erTgvar poetur mani­
festacias warmoadgens.
...dabolos, isev im wlebTan mivideT, sabediswero rom
aRmoCnda saqarTvelosTvis da cisferyanwelebs mtkiced
gadaawyvetina, sicocxlis SesanarCuneblad karga xans sab­
Wouri niRbebiT unda evloT.
1921 wlis agvistoSi tician tabiZe dawers:

320
 sxva megobarma da poetma gvadara almass
vici, gavtydebiT da arasdros moviRunebiT,
Zvel poezias kadnierad vaxuravT Calmas,
magram savsea siyvaruliT Tvalis upeebi.
(`paolo iaSvils~)

ocnebisTvis iWeren da cixeSi svamen. sakmarisia yelsax­

vevi da inteligentis ieri, rom muSur-glexurma xelisu­
flebam sazogadoebis muwukad gamogacxados. ticians Caes­
mis SurismaZiebelTa guguni da tani ugrZnobs mosalodnel
represiebsac:

Zveli ordeni TavismkvlelTa: ilo, zenoni,

Cveni ordeni poetebis, Sxamis yanwebiT.
Tavismkvlelobis Tavze dagvfrens igiv demoni;
me vxedav im morgs, mowamluli sadac davwvebiT.

(`nina mayaSvils~)

leqsSi zogjer gamoTxovebis reqviemic gaereva:

marTali guliT, ukanasknel Tavis ganwirviT,

mivmarTav yvelas, usaTuod gamomitiron.

(`sezonis falavani~)

rodemde SeiZleba gulSi inaxavde dapyrobili, gaTelili

qveynis dardsa da varams:

CofuraSvilTan viyaviT wuxel,

Senze RrialiT gaskda arRani.
sakuTar Zmasac veRar gavumxel,
rac Cakirula gulSi balRami.

(`sergei esenins~)

meti gamxela raRa iqneboda.

21. r. miSvelaZe. t. XXIV 321

 TiTqmis bolo leqsi, 1937 wels dawerili . daxvretamde
ramdenime TviT adre... leqsi usaTauroa. igi ase iwyeba:

ra minda me aq, risTvis movedi,

gana me vityvi Cems gulis saTqmels?
yelwagdebuli imReris gedi,
pirdapira scems yurs da safeTqels.

da ase mTavrdeba:

Soridan vumzer myinvars, ialbuzs,

am orma devma mxolod ician,
poetis guli ra cecxliT miduRs
da rac atirebs sawyal ticians.

ticianis tirili mxolod leqsSi gaisma da leqsSive Car­

Ca. igi arc gamtydara da arc gaRunula.
cols loyaze mouTaTuna, Svils akoca. gaiRima da gahyva
jalaTebs SuaRamisas.
ar mouxedavs. icoda, sad midioda.

322
 valerian
gafrindaSvili
(1890 - 1941)

Tu wiTelma terorma Seficul simbolistTa erTi jgu­

fis (paolo iaSvili. tician tabiZe...) gatexva ase Tu ise mainc
moaxerxa, Tu uari aTqmevina cisferyanwelTa SemoqmedebiT
principebze da socialisturi realizmis ferxulSi Caaba
(yovel SemTxvevaSi, garegnulad ase Canda), valerian gafrin­
daSvili lamis bolomde simbolistad darCa. Tumca mkacr
dros xarki mainc gauRo revoluciis beladebze dawerili
ramdenime leqsiT. rac mTavaria, ociani wlebis bolos, roca
cisferyanwelebi literaturuli siyviTlis evropuli seniT
daavadebul mjRabnelebad gamoacxades da mere oficialu­
rad akrZales yvela literaturuli dajgufeba, valerian
gafrindaSvilma ar moirgo sabWouri literaturuli qurqi,
ar ahyva sabWoTa moRvaweebad gardaqmnil Tavis megobrebs.
marTalia, arc energiuli protesti ganucxadebia komunis­
tur arxSi literaturis miSvebis gamo, magram is ki moaxerxa
rom, ramdenadme ganze gadga, CrdilSi yofna arCia. ticianisa
da paolos msgavsad, wiTeli xelisuflebisTvis erTgulebis
damtkiceba ar ucdia da verc cakis RonisZiebebze Sexvde­

323
bodiT mgznebare sityvebiT gamosuls. karga xans literatu­
ruli firfita gamoicvala, sxva Janrebze gadavida, leqsebis
weras uklo da mTargmnelobiT-eseisturi saqmianobiT ikma­
yofilebda Tavis literaturul Jins. verc sulieri Zmebis
_ paolos da ticianis savalalo bedma SeaSina `meocnebe nia­
morebis~ redaqtori. fizikurad gatexa ki. ocdaCvidmetis
terors igi, rasakvirvelia, eloda, magram `niWierTa Jleta~
Tu ase farTo masStabebs miiRebda, ar egona. `heroikul
droSi~ didxans aRar ucocxlia. jer cisferi ordenis lit­
eraturuli ocnebani Tavis ZmadnaficebTan erTad daasamara
da mere TviTonac gaSorda wuTisofels.
wavida valeriani da Tan gaiyola datanjuli siyrme,
gvemuli suli, imperiis mier Semsxvreuli literaturuli
frTebi da ocneba Tavisufal saqarTveloze. imgvar qvey­
anaze, sadac leqsis dawerisTvis marjvenas ar gkveTen da sa­
dac Tamamad SegiZlia Sens mkiTxvels ise warudge, rogorc
Seni suli gkarnaxobs da Sens fantazias esuraTxateba.
valerian gafrindaSvili 1890 wels daibada quTaisSi,
swavlobda quTaisis klasikur gamnaziaSi, mere _ moskovis
universitetSi tician tabiZesTan erTad. pirveli wigni, `da­
isebi~, 1919 wels gamosca.
gardaicvala 1941 wels.
aTasi mizeziT gapirobebuli sevdiT, uimedobiT, sastiki
drois SegnebiT, magram mtkice miznis uqonlobiT movida va­
lerian gafrindaSvili literaturaSi. erT-erT pirvel le­
qsSi (Sexvedra, soneti) igi wers:

qalwulT grovaSi me ar vici is romelia,

vicani, viwvi mis winaSe, rogorc sanTeli,
uecrad Tvalebs gadaekra sudara bneli:
...is brbos morevSi CaiZira, viT ofelia.

saRamo nazad monarnare CemTvis mwvelia,

cis kamaraze rad ainTo varskvlavT kandeli?
me var warsulSi, ar maxarebs me axlandeli:
eg wuTi CemTvis sastiki da ulmobelia.

324
 ra didi iyo simbolisturi cduneba. ra gametebiT eZaxda
axalgazrda poets literaturuli modis wiaRi:

avanTeb sanTels vrubelis win moTenTil xeliT,

gadavSli bodlers, gadvikiTxav mis `martoobas~,
metyvian landni, ucxo landni: isev mogeliT,
SemogvierTdi axlobelo, gicxadebT Zmobas.

Cven Segviyvarda Seni saxe, CvensaviT mkrTali,

Seni ocneba uimedo, grZnoba sneuli,
nu SegaSinebs Ramisferi Cveni Sriali,
Cveni alersi, Cveni krToma, xma Soreuli...

avaxel Tvalebs da gahqreba landTa Rrubeli,

_ Cems win bodleri, gadaSlili viT saxareba;
giJur TvalebiT Semomxedavs Cemi vrubeli,
sinamdvileSi dabruneba damezareba.

(`...pirveli~)

martooden simboloebiT azrovneba ki ar msWvalavs va­

lerian gafrindaSvilis adreul leqsebs, simbolisturia
poetis msoflgancdac, movlenebTan damokidebuleba. idum­
alebis qveyanaSi dagatarebT lirikuli gmiri, drodadro
mTvaris mkrTali patiosnebac aviwydeba da Rameul mTasTan
martoobis qorwils ixdis:

Cavida mTvare lmobieri, zanti, keTili,

da damaviwya Tvisi mkrTali patiosneba.
qalaqis gareT, sad ZonZebis mTa dafleTili
amayobs Savad, me meZaxis Cemi ocneba.

movdivar Cumad _ qveynisagan dasafaravad,

da vynosav haers, yvavilebis suniT dalorwils.
da is ZonZebi mimzadeben me _ Ramis Tavads
yru martoobis da wyvdiadis sayvarel qorwils.

325
 sevdamoreuli poeti Tavs zamTarSi mowyenil beRuras
adarebs:

var mowyenili viT zamTarSi nazi beRura,

viT Semodgomis RameebSi TeTri versali.
Sens silamazes Cemi trfoba esafexura.
var mowyenili, viT zamTarSi nazi beRura.

(`sentimentaluri trioleti~)

ra realuric unda iyos `adamianis~ mgznebare avtori,

mamia gurieli, da ra cxadadac unda esaxebodes poets Wleq­
iani gurielis gamxdari tani, leqsSi es `mwveli sinamdvile~
simbolistur-mistikur burusSia gaxveuli.

isev maocebs dadumebul leqsTa zraxvani,

da yviTlad mxiblavs moqeife loTi mamia,
misi maradi sakuTari makadamia,
sabediswero, sasikvdilo, yru balaxvani.

iyo orgia da sazRvrebis gadalaxvani;

rionis pirad rux facxaSi bneli wamia,
wevs da ar sZinavs gafiTrebuls iq adamians,
radgan Zvirfasobs lal-TvalebiT gamxdari tani...

(`mamia gurieli~)

gahyurebs mSobliur qalaqs qarSi poeti da `momxiblav

qaosSi~ kvlav da kvlav Tavis Zvirfas simbolistur aCrdi­
lebs xedavs:

bevri mgosani meCveneba damsxvreul mtverSi,

rogorc miminos, aTamaSebs yorans edgari
da ganrisxebul aCrdilebiT savse eTerSi,
gaurbis verlens artur rembo daudegari.

326
 isev kankalebs grigalidan lalis daisi
lalis daisSi aCrdilebi warsuls stirian...
mxolod qaris dros Seviyvare me quTaisi _
safiron qarSi es qalaqi sxvanairia.

(`quTaisi qarSi~)

iseve, rogorc galaktionis sentimentaluri siyvarulis

STagoneba romantizmis burusidan gamosuli meris Zvirfa­
si saxea, valerian gafrindaSvilis simbolistur leqsebSi
xSirad gaielvebs ofelia:

da mze TandaTan wylis ufskrulSi Caesveneba,

rogorc xomaldi datvirTuli bnel hamletebiT.
da kidev erTxel ofelias nazi Cveneba
ixrCoba wyalSi, danatiri Savi gedebiT.

(`daisebis sinaqsari~)

martoobis, miusafrobis, mourCeneli sevdis mrume Ra­

meebidan valerian gafrindaSvilis lirikuli gmiri sigiJis,
Wleqis da TviTmkvlelobis apologiamde mivida:

samarcxvinoa poetisTvis sxva kariera

garda TviTmkvlelobis.
ar msurs viyo viqtor hiugo, an akaki,
me mirCevnia daviRupo, rogorc bohema.
samarcxvinoa poetisaTvis sxva kariera
garda sigiJis.

ara msurs viyo bednieri, rogorc goete.

me mirCevnia daviRupo rogorc rollina.
samarcxvinoa poetisTvis sxva kariera
garda Wleqisa!

327
 dRegrZel malarmes mirCevnia isev laforgi.
poetisaTvis me viwame es kariera:
sigiJe, Wleqi da TviTmkvleloba,
salami Sen _ trotuaris poeto!..
(`bohemis monologi~)

gavida cota xanic da ocdaoTxi wlis sisxlisRvram mu­

zebi qarSi mimofanta, mere ki poetebs xeli dauqnia, sim­
bolistur-futuristuli warsuli mkacrad uangariSa da
TiTis qneviT gaafrTxila sabWoTa mwerlis plaTformaze
damdgariyo:

dRes bevri aris momduravi da bralmdebeli

da bevrisagan ulmobeli mesmis mtyuneba;
risTvis viyavi ofelias mona-mxlebeli,
da Cemi qedi warsulis win rad iRuneba?

(`pasuxi~)

1925 wels valerian gafrindaSvilma dawera poema `parizis

komuna~.

CemTan modian Rameebi,

datvirTulni komunarebis
dacxrilul taniT;
CemTan modian Rameebi
barikadebiT da quCebiT,
sadac kvdebian
bavSvebi da qalwulebi,
moxucni da Wabukni.
CemTan modian Rameebi,
rogorc navebi traurul droSiT,
rogorc xomaldi,
romlis kapitania
TviT ulmobeli
da xarbi
sikvdili _

328
 vkiTxulobT poemaSi.
ram gaaxsena 1925 wels poets parizis komuna? marTalia,
poemaSi oqtombericaa naxsenebi da leninic... isicaa naTqva­
mi, rom parizis komuna oqtombris revoluciis preludiaa,
magram mainc ratom Caesmis mkiTxvels am poemis kiTxvis dros
sul ramdenime Tvis winaT TbilisSi darxeuli kvnesa-vaeba?
swored am dros dawera galaktionma 1924 wlis ajanyebaze
poema `mogonebani im dReebisa~ da igi italiis ganmaTavisu­
flebel moZraobas miuZRvna. axla aSkaraa, rom italia gal­
aktionma Sirmad aafara Tavis cecxlovan poemas cenzuris
Tvalis asaxvevad (mainc ver auxvia, `mnaTobis~ mTeli ti­
raJi gaanadgures). valerian gafrindaSvilis `parizis komu­
nac~ albaT, 1921 an 1924 wlis gamoZaxilia. kvlav CavxedoT
poemas:

Semodian parizSi.
magram ar aris aRebuli kidev qalaqi,
tieri icinis da napoleonis poziT
moelis parizis
ukanasknel kvnesas.
tieri-tartiufi, tieri-gombeSo,
tieri-gonji!
mek-magoni _ `sedanis gmiri~.
isev aRadgens Tavis Tavs,
rogorc sardali.
parizi ibrZvis da kvdeba
momakvdavi gedis simReriT...

TiTqosda rusi jalaTebis – meTerTmete armiis sisx­

lian kvalzea dawerili poema. TiTqosda... `parizis~ nacv­
lad `Tbilisi~, `tieris~ nacvlad _ sergo da yvelaferi Ta­
vis adgilze dadgeba.
magram es ise... jerjerobiT varaudis saxiT.
valerian gafrindaSvili uaResad nayofieri da maRali
profesionalizmiT gamorCeuli mTargmnelic iyo. Targmna
puSkini, nekrasovi, SevCenko, bloki, briusovi, maiakovski,
esenini, goeTe, haine, edgar po, bodleri, Teofil gotie.

329
laforgi, verleni, artur rembo, malarme, verharni, ovanes
Tumaniani da sxvebi.
sagulisxmoa valerian gafrindaSvilis eseebi da liter­
aturuli narkvevebi daviT guramiSvilze, malarmeze, ilia
WavWavaZeze, terenti granelze, baraTaSvilze, briusovze,
lermontovze, belisnkize, grigol robaqiZeze da sxv.
werilSi `gamZleoba poeziaSi~ valerian gafrindaSvili
werda `cisfer yanwebamde~ literaturuli skola, am sity­
vis swori mniSvnelobiT, saqarTveloSi ar arsebobdao.
iqneb marTlac ase iyo.
yovel SemTxvevaSi arc erTi literaturuli dajgufebis
wevrebs ise ar uxdebaT erTad, erTi literaturuli almis
qveS dgoma, rogorc paolos, ticians da valerians.
TiTqosda poeziis naTelic samives erTi adgaT Tavze,
gvirgvinic, Tu SeiZleba ase xdebodes, saziaro aqvT.

330
 terenti graneli
(1898 _ 1934)

1934 wlis 27 seqtembris Rrublian dilas TbilisSi

sabargo matarebels Camohyva saSualoze maRali tanis, be­
WebSi moxrili. TmawvergaZeZili, gamxdarze gamxdari, cis­
ferTvaleba kaci.
saxelogacveTili, yavisferi palto ecva, TeTri tilos
Sarvali da xakis lanCaamZvrali fexsacmeli.
palto SiSvel mxrebze moecva. yelze ki grZeli molur­
jo kaSne Semoexvia.
mamadaviTs axeda, raRac Caibutbuta da tramvais gaCe­re­
bisken wavida.
merkvilaZis quCaze, sadac aTiode wlis winaT kibis qveS
erTi patara oTaxi hqonda daqiravebuli, Ramis gaTevaze
uari uTxres.
rusTavelze gavida.
nacnobebi xvdebodnen, magram aravis misalmebia.
isinic ver cnobdnen da, kacma rom Tqvas, gulSi uxaroda
kidec, rom ver cnobdnen.

331
 axalgazrda poetma geno qelbaqianma gza gadauWra, xele­
bi gaSala da gadaexvia.
_ ssu... aravis uTxra, rom Semxvdi. momsdeven da SeiZleba
wuTi-wuTze damiWiron, marcxniv aixede, im saxuravidan miT­
valTvaleben... wavedi!
ramdenime dRe eulad ixetiala Tbilisis quCebSi.
gazeT `qarTuli mwerlobis~ redaqcias miakiTxa, karga
xans idga karebTan. mere pirvelsave gamvlels sTxova es le­
qsebi ama da am oTaxSi Seitane da, vinc dagxvdes, dautoveo.
`glexis saxlSi~, sadac uyvarda xolme misvla, teva ar
iyo. `maswavlebelTa sastumroSic~ ar SeuSves.
Rames sadguris baqanze, TavSesafarSi aTevda.
sadgurs gvian RamiT akiTxavda. manamde kukiis sasa­
flaoze ijda garinduli, avi fiqrebiT Sepyrobili.
gacivda da maRalsicxiani TavSesafridan viRac RvTian-
madlianma avlabarSi, qalaqis pirvel saavadmyofoSi, miiyvana.
mxolod iq auwya mowyalebis das CurCul-vedrebiT: me
poeti terenti graneli var. suramis sagiJeTidan gamoviqe­
ci. Tu da xar, Cemi saxeli aq aravisTan dagcdes, Torem
damiWeren da isev suramSi wamaTreveno.
gardaicvala 1934 wlis 10 oqtombers.
mowyalebis dam mxolod sikvdilis Semdeg gaamJRavna
avadmyofis vinaoba.
poetis gardacvaleba Tbiliss, rasakvirvelia, ar Seu­
tyvia.
ara da, gardaicvala terneti graneli _ leqsis kaci.
romlis saxelic ocian da ocdaaTian wlebSi, gadaWarbebiT
rom ara vTqva, quxda.
jibeSi oTxad gakecili rveuli upoves, romlis danasve­
leb-SenaSrob, gayviTlebul gverdebze Zlivs ikiTxeboda:
`Ria samares hgavs Cemi sakani.
wmindao RmerTo! me viRupebi TandaTan da vgrZnob
ukanaskneli wamis moaxloebas.
...dro sizmariviT gadis.
Cemi guli, romelic Camovarda wuxel, dRes qalebma ipo­
ves baRSi.
me axla aRara var.
332
 Cemi guli gadaeciT Tbiliss, Tu aRmoCnda sadme~.
dakrZales petre-pavles sasaflaoze.
presaSi arc nekrologi dabeWdila da arc samgloviaro,
gamosaTxovari sityvebiT Seuwuxebia vinmes Tavi.
droTa viTarebam waSala terenti granelis saflavi.
oden samociani wlebis dasawyisSi moxerxda misi rCeulis
gamocema (1961 wels).
gardasuli didebis varskvlavi kvlav akiafda.
sevdis poetis neSti qarTvelma mwerlebma 1987 wels
didubis panTeonSi gadaasvenes.
ucnauri da uCveulo iyo am martosuli kacis cxovre­­bis
gza.
gegonebodaT, saflavidan aRmdgari landia da, rac ir­
gvliv xdeba, mas ar exebao; revoluciebi, literatorTa
Wirveuloba da urTierTobis dramatuli garkveva axal
sinamdvilesTan, poeziis maJoruli qarebi da dafnis gvirg­
vinisTvis gamarTuli marula...
terenti granelis cisfer ocnebaTa qveyanas ver swvde­
boda yofis Wreli kaleidoskopi.
igi ar icvleboda.
gulzexeldaWdeuli, sakuTari Tavis da samSoblos pana­
Svids eswreboda eris es daRvremili Wirisufali da misi
poeziac saocrad hgavda avtors.
ganumeorebeli iyo misi cxovrebis wesic da leqsic.
mgloviare landebi... pesimizmi... umizno xetiali mwu­xare
sulis labirinTSi... gauTavebeli glova... misticizmi... sa­
saflaos ganwyobileba _ amgvari frazebiT axasiaTebda yve­
la kritikosi, visac ki terenti granelze oriode sityva
dascdenia.
cremlian poetze cremliani frazebiTve saubrobdnen
terentis sikvdilis Semdeg misi gulwrfeli damfasebelni
_ geno gelbaqiani. daviT kobiZe. sergi Wilaia, givi cqiti­
Svili. leri alimonaki, elizbar ubilava, soso sigua...
...da mainc, terenti graneli ar aris oden mrume Rruble­
bze Semdgari, cxovrebas lamis mowyvetili sevdiani meocnebe.
terentis urvac Rrmad cxovrebiseulia da misi tra­
gediac adamianTa gulcivobiT nasazrdoebi _ rogoricaa,

333
saerTod, yoveli niWieri kacis arsebobis tragedia am Cvens
uTavbolo wuTisofelSi.
terenti graneli swored maSin gamovida asparezze, roca
revoluciebis mrisxane epoqa droebiT Camcxrali iyo da
saqarTvelos caze uRimRamo damoukideblobis eiforiuli
aTinaTi krToda.
poets ise, rogorc mis samSoblos, ar daacales, damo­u­
kideblobis mtevnebi egemna.
1921 wlis 25 Tebervals wiTelma ruseTma saqarTvelo
daipyro, xolo samiode wlis Semdeg TavisuflebisTvis od­
navi gafaCunebac ar apatia ilia WavWavaZis qveyanas da bol­
Sevikurma Cekam sisxlis kalo daatriala.
sanam mwerlobas sabolood amosdebdnen socialisturi
realizmis alikaps, saqarTveloSi literaturul skolaTa
da dajgufebaTa gamravlebis arnaxuli xana sufevda.
terenti graneli arcerT dajgufebas ar mikedlebia.
arc simbolistTa da futuristTa rebusuri mxatvruli
`originaluroba~ izidavda da arc proletarul mweralTa
primitiuli `sisadave~.
misma poeturma STagonebam sruliad axali biliki gakva­
la da axali sadinari hpova. kerZod:
terenti granelma jiutad daamkvidra sasaflaos siCume­
Si dabadebuli da sevda-sikvdilis idumal ganwyobilebaze
aRmocenebuli. swored rom `graneluri~ leqsi.
am leqss ar axlavs simbolistTaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
versifikaciuli `brwyinvaleba~, arc `aRmSeneblobis epoqis~
publicisturoba da momwodebluri dafdafebi.
roca terenti granelis leqsebs kiTxulobT, TvalSi arc
moWarbebuli _ TviTmiznuri `saxeobrioba~ gecemaT.
poeti gesaubrebaT ubralod da mokrZalebiT.
igi rodi gimtkicebT rasme, oden geCurCulebaT gansacvi­
freblad sada, mSvenivrad ubralo sityvebiT cremlebze,
sikvdilze, martoobaze, miusafrobaze, sulier sapatimroze
(radac misi samSoblo qceula).
...da karga xnis Semdeg, poetis leqsTa krebulis TiTqmis
naxevari rom CagikiTxavs, erTbaSad igrZnob, rom WeSmariti

334
poetis grZneulma leqsma gagiyolia, idumalebis nacnob,
naRvlian napirze gagiyvana.
primitiulobisa da genialurobis zRvarze, mis mierve
qamandnasroli literaturuli cixesimagris Tokis xidze
gadis da wuTisoflis (mayureblis) yayan-Rrianceli odna­
vadac ar akrTobs.
yovelTvis gamarjvebuli rCeba.
misi SemoqmedebiTi profili lamis misive Taobis ukvdav
(magram sicocxleSi verSecnobil) niko firosmanis profils
gvagonebs. cota xniT terentize adre aseve upatronod da
miusafrad rom miinavla kibis qveS.
gadavxedoT terentis ubeduri miwieri sicocxlis dReebs.
1998 wlis 17 ivniss daibada walenjixaSi. mamas _ samson
kvirkvelias _ iqve ezoSi saxarazo jixuri edga.
unagirisa da maTraxis xeloba icoda da wuRa mestebsac
keravda. deda, ivlita lukava, 28 wlisa gardaicvala.
sami oblis (terenti, maSo, zozia) aRzrda dedinacvalma
daria meboniam ikisra.
pirveli sulieri travma cametiode wlisam miiRo _ mami­
seuli saxli daewva da im xanZris koSmari karga xans ar as­
venebda.
saSualo skola ver daamTavra. ojaxis usaxsrobis gamo
mamas exmareboda saxelosnoSi.
Tvrameti wlisa, mamis rCeviT, Tbiliss gaemgzavra swav­
lis gasagrZeleblad.
TbilisSi terentim da misma ufrosma dam _ maSom patara
oTaxi daiqiraves.
mamis mier gamogzavnili oriode groSiT da maSos kerviT
naSovni kapikebiT irCendnen Tavs.
male samson kvirkvelia gardaicvala.
maSo gaTxovda masaviT Rarib kacze.
terenti marto darCa.
swavlis gagrZelebis ocneba Soreul miraJad iqca.
merkvilaZis quCaze kibis qveS oTaxis msgavsi oTxmetriani
sakani daiqirava, sadac, rom ityvian, Tagvi kuds ver moiqnevda.
ramdenime wlis Semdeg binis qiris gadauxdelobis gamo di­
asaxlisTan urTierToba rom gaurTulda, quCaSi aRmoCnda.
335
 sadac dauRamdeboda, iq aTenebda.
erTxans alio mircxulavas Seekedla, magram `komkav­
Sirelma poetma~ poema `me da baraTaSvili~ rom gamoaqveyna,
waeCxuba da axlos aRar gahkarebia.
cota xans gaioz imedaSvilTan cxovrobda.
bunebiT amayi iyo.
`stumrad yofnas~, `samadlo lukmas~ ver itanda da `upa­
tronoTa TavSesafarSi~, `glexTa saxlSi~ an sasaflaoebze
aTevda Rames.
naxevradmSieri, ubinao, ojaxur siTbos moklebuli
terenti profesionali poetis cxovrebiT cxovrobda.
im periodSi bevrs werda da bevrsac beWdavda.
Sexvedrebs uwyobdnen, poeziis moyvaruli gogonebic ta­
SiTa da mowonebis TvaliT miacilebdnen rusTavelis pros­
peqtze eulad mimavals.
Sesaxedavadac moxdenili ymawvili iyo. maRali, lamaz­
Subla, xuWuWTmiani, lurjTvaleba...
aravis SesCivlebda usaxsrobas, aravis Seawuxebda piradi
gasaWiriT.
honorars cotas rodi iRebda, magram maSinve xarjavda.
momWirneoba ucxo iyo misTvis.
samsaxuri xels SemiSlis, poeziis oqros wuTebs wamarT­
mevso, ambobda da Cinovnikur saqmeebs guls ver udebda.
erTxans Sikrikad da koreqtorad imuSava redaqciebSi,
rkinigzaze konduqtorobac mosinja, magram male gaaneba
Tavi.
ocdaeqvsi wlisam smas mouxSira da alkoholma ufro
gauSiSvla, daususta isedac susti nervebi.
coli ar SeurTavs.
ojaxis Seqmnis fortunam erTxel gauRima, magram uSe­
degod.
kievidan viRac rusis qali sasiyvarulo werilebs swer­
da. Sens mets colad aravis gavyvebio, eficeboda.
terentimac ucnob `beatriCesTan~ yofnis ocnebis koSki
aago. TbilisSi moiwvia. sadgurze didCemodniani banovani
rom dainaxa, ar moewona da arcTu raindulad moiqca _
saerTod daemala `miwer-moweriT~ Seyvarebuls.
336
 `imxela Cemodani eWira, mivxvdi, samudamod darCenas
apirebda CemTan. jer erTi, sad wameyvana ubinaos, meorec,
poetur, bohemur Tavisuflebas samudamod wamarTmevda da,
mesamec, is qali werilebidan ufro lamazi Canda, sinamd­
vileSi cota xnieri da tansruli aRmoCndao, _ ityoda
Turme da isic maSin, roca mTvrali iyo.
gansakuTrebuli, Tbili, nazi siyvaruliT uyvarda debi _
maSo da zozia. araerTi mSvenieri leqsi aqvs miZRvnili maT­
Tvis. zozias SviliSvilebi _ mamanti da gizo rogavebi cnobi­
li eqimebi da mecenatebi _ erTgulad zrunaven TavianTi sax­
elovani biZis SemoqmedebiTi memkvidreobis ukvdavsayofad.
xom gulCaxveuli da martokaci iyo, guliTadi megobro­
ba icoda da megobar-Tayvanismcemlebic ar aklda.
xSirad xedavdnen uaxloesi megobrebiT (zaqaria WiWinaZe,
galaktioni, giorgi quCiSvili, korneli sanaZe, geno qel­
baqiani, daviT kobiZe, daria axvlediani, gaioz imedaSvili...)
garemoculs.
saqarTvelos Tavisuflebis dakargvas (1921) ver Seegua
da, rogorc SeeZlo, ise gamoxatavda protests komunisturi
tiraniis mimarT _ saprotesto qveteqstebiT da zogjer
pirdapiri miniSnebebiT aRsavse leqsebiT, uimedobis apolo­
giiT, cxovrebis wesiTac.
`me amaTTan ara var... eseni me ar gamaxarebeno~... araerT­
gzis uTqvams TanameinaxeTaTvis.
`moyuriadeT~ terenti granelis `antoba~ ar gamorCeniaT
da xSirad uqmnidnen usagno winaRobebs.
erTxel rusTavelis TeatrSi poeziis saRamo CauSales.
cenzura mis yvela striqons gafacicebuli simkacriT
kiTxulobda.
fsevdonimi `graneli~ laTinuri Zirisagan (marcvals niS­
navs) aiRo.
namdvili gvari, rogorc mogaxseneT, kvirkvelia gaxlavT.
pirveli leqsi 1918 wels `saxalxo gazeTSi~ gamoaqveyna.
raoden gasakviric unda iyos, sicocxleSi 5 wignis gamo­
qveyneba moaswro: `panaSvidebi~ (1920 w.), `samgloviaro xa­
zebi~ (1921 w.), `sulidan saflavebi~ (1922 w.), `memento mori~
(1924 w.) da `leqsebi~ (1927 w.).
22. r. miSvelaZe. t. XXV 337
 oficialuri kritika xSirad Tavs esxmoda, `uideo~, `bne­
leTis poets~ uwodebda.
Tavs imiT inugeSebda, rom mowonebis xeli dahkres mxarze
axalgazrda Tanamokalmes vasil barnovma, valerian gafrin­
daSvilma, ivane gomarTelma da konstantine gamsaxurdiam.
mkacri dro iyo.
ar mixedes, qaris mxridan ar amoudgnen. TavSesafari ver
gaimetes niWieri poetisaTvis.
1928 wels, me mgoni, Cekam daamTavra urCi poetis `nel cecx­
lze dawvis~ operacia da suliT avadmyofis diagnozic dausva.
ase `ajildoebdnen~ xSirad Znelad aRsazrdel SemoqmedT
bolSevikuri ideologiuri samsaxuris muSakebi.
gana TbilisSi ar iyo suliT davrdomilTa saavadmyofo
(sadac aleqsandre yazbegi gardaicvala), magram terenti
granels suramis sagiJis sagzuri gamouweres.
Cans, Cekas jurRmulebSi miiCnies, rom meamboxe sulis
poeti dedaqalaqidan rac SeiZleba Sors unda yofiliyo.
mainc ver daaokes.
eqvsi weli `mkurnalobdnen~ suramSi da TiTqmis yovel
sam-oTx TveSi gamoipareboda.
redaqciebSi leqsebs Camoarigebda, megobrebs inaxuleb­
da, mamadaviTze avardeboda, Tavis sulier savanes _ sasa­
flaos moivlida.
amasobaSi `aRmoaCendnen~ da mkacr `sanitarTa~ etapiT
ukan, suramSi, abrunebdnen.
bolo gamoqcevis savalalo Sedegze ukve mogaxseneT.
terenti granelis axlad aRmoCenil striqons axla rom
oqros fasi aqvs, ase ar iyo poetis sicocxleSi.
Serisxuli kalmosnisgan Tavmobezrebuli zogi redaq­
tori emaleboda, xelnawers ukargavdnen, yalbi dapirebebiT
istumrebdnen.
mTavrobas ar siamovnebs misi gvaris xsenebao da Taname­
drove poetTa yvelaze grZel siaSic ki gamotovebdnen
xolme `ideuri kritikosebi~.
terenti graneli ki werda... werda yvelgan da yovelTvis:
Zveli wignis ydaze, asanTisa da papirosis kolofze. avad­
myofobis istoriis furcelze, tuCis mosawmend qaRalde­
bzec, oTaxis kedlis ficarze...

338
 vin icis, ramdeni leqsi daekarga.
igi oden poeziiT cocxlobda, poezia iyo misi cxovrebis
azri da erTaderTi ganZic.

dReTa simZime Cems guls aCnia

da vxedav foTlebs baRSi dafenils.
leqsebis garda, ra gamaCnia,
iyos leqsebi, sxva araferi.

(`Sensken mohqrian...~)

terenti granelis poeziis ZiriTadi magistrali intimur-

meditaciuri lirikaa.
am rkalSi sWarbobs filosofiuri poezia – sevdisa da
misticizmis motivebi. SeiniSneba sikvdil-sicocxlis prob­
lematika da kantikuntad siyvarulis motivi.
Tumca qals poeti ocneba-molodinis, zeciuri, wminda
arsebis arealSi ganixilavs da qali, rogorc vnebis wyaro,
mas ar ainteresebs.
samoqalaqo-publicisturi, socialuri poezia terenti
granelis sulsa da guls iSviaTad ipyrobs, Tumca am ga­
naserSic TvalsaCinod warmogvidgeba poetis urvis mizezi _
bolSevikTa mier damonebuli samSoblo da WanWikadqceuli
pirovnebis uilajo, miusafari yofa.
Wabukobisdroindel leqsebSi RvTisadmi SiSisa da mor­
Cilebis ganwyobileba bohemuri cxovrebis wesis SeuTavse­
blobis SegnebaSi gansxeuldeba da poeti Sendobas iTxovs:

sevdian sarkeSi da ucxo Ramidan

sanTlebiT misdeven yvavebi am aprils.
poets garindebuls rogorc piramidas, _
zarebis tirilSi grigali gamafrens.

...me, Cumi, mivyvebi landebis aseuls,

Rame udabnoa, vneba koSmaria.
quCaSi mcxovrebs da saxlidan gaqceuls,
Seminde, Seminde, wmindao mariam!

(`faruli vedreba~)

339
 mere poeti TandaTanobiT religiuri misticizmisganac
Tavisufldeba.
igi xsnas ukve uflisganac aRar elis da nawamebi liri­
kuli gmiri sikvdilis gzaze gulxeldakrefili miabijebs:

o, es guli, isev guli mtkiva,

siCumea usicocxlo velebis,
ranairi nawamebi mival,
mimaqvs Cumi dakrefili xelebi.

wiTeli mze aelvarda minebTan,

modis Cumi da cisferi Rame,
uimedo gulis Zgera minelda,
Sen, wmindao macxovaro, amin!

(`sicocxlis gradacia~)

zamTari, Tovli, qari, sikvdili, samare... ai, mwuxare po­

etis leqsis nisliani atributebi:

igi wavida gvian,

TeTri TovliviT civi,
zamTari, rogorc tyvia,
mova qariT da wvimiT.

Sensken movdivar erTi

da mesmis reka zaris.
sikvdili momdevs gverdiT
da var moRlili mgzavri.

(`mogoneba Soreulze~)

erT CanaxatSi poeti Tavisi dasaflavebis ceremonialsac

winaswarmetyvelebs:

`movkvdebi RamiT, gaTenebisas, rodesac gareT iqneba za­

mTris gacivebuli mTvare da yinva...

340
 gadavecemi sikvdilis mdumare xelebs...
Cemi wamebuli sxeuli SeuerTdeba msoflio elementebs.
da me vigrZnob umaRles mosvenebas.
kubo Cemi iqneba sada da procesia ucremlo...
panaSvidi gaTavdeba qarSi.
Cems cxedars nela CauSveben samareSi...
da Cemi samaris samudamo daraji iqneba Cemi unazesi da
_ siCume~.

(`sikvdilis Semdeg~)

poeti sikvdilTan isea gaSinaurebuli, rom masze wers

ara rogorc mosalodnel ubedurebaze, aramed _ rogorc
`umaRles mosvenebaze~, nanatr siCumesTan miaxlebaze.
ra poeturi masStabebia, Tu gnebavT, sikvdilze amaRle­
bac da zeciuri, magiuri xilvebic leqsSi `micvalebulis
dRiuridan~:

Sen ver mixilav da nurc dameZeb,

sadRac wamiRes bneli mklavebiT.
me wuxel movkvdi SuaRameze,
rodesac krTodnen cad varskvlavebi.

...da ecemodnen sadRac wvimebi

Soreul Rrublis sanapirodan.
kubosTan idgnen serafimebi
da RvismSobeli Cemze tiroda.

arc Soreuli debis locvebi

Cems gadarCenas xels ar uwyobda.
mimasvenebdnen angelozebi
da kubos qriste win mouZRoda.

terenti granelis grZneuli goneba TiTqosda sakuTari

sxeulidan amoxtomas lamobs, kanonikur Cveulebriobas (si­
cocxle, sikvdili) ver egueba da mesame gzis ZiebiT imux­
teba:

341
 `ara sicocxle,
ara sikvdili.
aramed raRac sxva.
vambob: ar arian sityvebi grZnobisaTvis...
gareT isev qariSxalia, wvimis wveTebi isev ecemian minas
da isev siSoreze tiris roiali~.

(`gulidan sisxlis wveTebi~)

dedamiwaze verdateuli xilvebi poetisa zeciur-RvTiur

poeziad kristaldeba:

wami aRmafrenis,
da fiqri naCvevi.
RmerTo! gamafrine
da qriste maCvene...

netav, zRvis Zaxilze

grigals gavetace.
RmerTo, gamaRviZe
me sxva planetaze.

(`locva gafrenisaTvis~)

galaktionTan gansakuTrebul sulier naTesaobas grZnobda.

saaTobiT SeeZlo elaparaka `meris~ avtoris poeziaze.
saocari sinaziT axsenebs dRiurebSi galaktionTan yov­
el Sexvedras.
da mainc, rogorc Tanamedroveni igoneben, iyo raRac
qveSecneuli qiSpoba mis garindebaSi, roca galaktions Ta­
vis poetur frTebs atolebda:

avad viyavi, wuxel vkvdebodi,

axla migonebs, albaT, zozia,
galaktionSi aris demoni
da CemSi ufro angelozia.
(`me da galaktioni~)

342
 ver eteva poetis suli dedamiwaze.
drodadro gaarRvevs yoveldRiurobis mosawyen erT­
ferovnebas da umizno xetials samyaros ukidegano sivrcee­
bSi iwyebs.
im sivrceebidan gamoxedavs dedamiwas da:

Sen, dedamiwav, ufro maSineb,

roca ocnebiT zecas moviar,
wmindao RmerTo! rad gamaCine,
me xom sicocxle ar miTxovia?!

(`umizno xetiali~)

ara maJoruli xmebi revoluciis an sirenebis Wirveuli

gangaSi, ara quCis uTavbolo kakafonia an Tundac moqeifeTa
amRvreuli xmebi, aramed siCume, simSvide, garindeba enatre­
ba poetis suls.
mxolod siCumes _ poetis unazes das _ moaqvs gazafxu­
lis grZneuli sunTqva da aseTi idiliuri suraTi:

gazafxulis saRamoa mSvidi,

xidan xeze gadafrinda Citi.

win meSleba sxva ocnebis are,

miwis cqeriT daiRala mTvare.

(`gazafxulis saRamo~)

terenti granelma kargad icis misi poeziis fasi.

Tu ram awuxebs, esaa kacTa gulgrilobiT da verSecnobis,
vergagebis kedliT gamowveuli gaucxoveba sazogadoebisa,
araerTi didi Semoqmedis cxovrebas qudbedad rom dahyolia.

nela gadis dReebi da Znelia garCeva,

me, Zvirfaso, ver moval, gza Senamde Soria.
Cemi gvari _ graneli poezias darCeba,
Cemi guli da sisxli es `memento mori~-a.
(`memento mori~)
343
 Znelia moiZebnos sxva poeti, sikvdils rom ase SeCvevia
da gaSinaurebia.
lirikuli gmiri ise ubralod, sxvaTa Soris, Cailaparakebs:

me imdenad SeveCvie sikvdils,

aqamde rom cocxali var, mikvirs!

(`saaxalwlo elegia~)

dro gadis da grZnobs, wasvlis Jamic male darekavs:

Cemo zozia, me waval male,

araraoba gamabnevs qarSi.
am naTurebis cofian Tvalebs
Cumi sanTlebi Secvlian maSin.

Cemo zozia, me waval male,

dedis aCrdili momelis gzaSi,
am naTurebis cofian Tvalebs
qristes Tvalebi Secvlian maSin.

(`Cemo zozia, me waval male~)

avadmyofobis istoriasaviT dawerili, TiTqosda poetis

dramatuli cxovrebis lirikuli panoramaa, TiTqosda poe­
ziiT atkivebuli gulis kardiogramaa terenti granelis le­
qsebi.
umizno xetiali, saflavebs Soris RamisTeva, SeSlilis
saxiT gamocxadeba gulcivi sazogadoebis winaSe, sadac misi
fasi ar ician... da ai, ukanaskneli leqsebic:

gadarCeba? _ eqimebs ekiTxeba zozia.

gadarCeba? _ gminaven lazareTis kedlebi...
dao, Seni cremlebi CemTvis avgarozia,
dao, mjera sicxians, sadRac davexetebi...

(`gadarCeba?~)

344
 da bolos, rakiRa miwam Tavisi moiTxova, avma senma mi­
wisken daqaCa da suls afrena wamiT gauWirda:

sadRac sdums mTebi, sadRac nislia,

ver gadurCebi sulis wvalebas.
me rom gafrena ar SemiZlia,
es ukve niSnavs gardacvalebas.

(`sadRac sdums mTebi~)

es ukve dasasrulis dasawyisi iyo.

daRlili sxeuli miwaze darCa.
sulis RaRadisi mTvarem gaigona.
igi wamiT Seyovnda poetis sevdis fanjarasTan. mxolod
wamiT da mere Tavisi uJamo-dausabamo svla ganagrZo kos­
mosSi poetis cadamaRlebul sulTan erTad.

da fiqrma isev maRla gaswia,

gaCnda ocnebis cisferi mxare.
dgas fanjarasTan es akacia
da fanjarasTan Cerdeba mTvarec.

(`mTvare fanjarasTan~)

sanam cxovreba gariyavda, terenti granelma TviTon Tqva

uari mkacr sabWour sinamdvileze.
damTrgunvelad imoqmeda mis sulze saqarTvelos aneqsi­
am (1921) da TavisuflebisaTvis erovnuli ajanyebis sisxlSi
CaxSobam (1924).
`axal epoqasTan~ aseTi dramatuli damokidebuleba hqonda:

qalaqis kvamli, mRelvareba, Ramis alebi

da Soreuli raindebis umweo SfoTi.
samaradiso mwuxareba moklul Tvalebis
da Cemi suli amarTuli, viT eSafoti.

(`sulis cecxli~)

345
 rac ufro grovdeboda Savi Rrublebi damoukidebeli
saqarTvelos caze, miT ufro mSfoTvareba ipyrobda.
afiqrebda saqarTvelos bedi da mis tkivils ganicdida
(`samSoblos~), xolo, roca kojris Tovli iunkrebis sisx­
liT SeiReba da Tbilisis Tavze dampyrobelTa wiTeli dro­
Sa afrialda, terenti granelma daikvnesa:

axla es fiqri sxva samarea,

movida qari, xe Searxia.
da saqarTvelo es is mxarea,
sadac cocxali xalxi marxia.

(`1921~)

im droidan daiwyo Cekas meTvalyureoba poetze.

xSirad grZnobda zurgTan tyavisjubaCiani meTvalTva­
lis nabijebs.
ramdenimejer dagegmili deboSi gauTamaSes da daa­pa­timres.
araerTgzis ixila cixis kedlebi isedac sulier satusa­
RoSi myofma. amitom gaCnda terenti granelis SemoqmedebaSi
`cixis poezia~ (ix. leqsebi: `poeti patimari~, `cixis elegia~,
`mTvare cixidan~, `vdgavar maRlobTan~...).
mogvianebiT `dRiurSi~ dawers: `me wavedi orTaWalis
baRSi, axlos davinaxe is cixe, sadac me viyavi damwyvdeuli.
mixaria, rom Tavisufali vumzer satusaRos. vzivar erT pa­
tara jirkvze da vwer leqss~.
ra upretenzio da sadaa poetis damokidebuleba samSob­
losadmi.
ra cota hyofnis Tavisi gulmduRare siyvarulis safa­
surad:

qveviT saflavebia da zevidan fiqrebi,

(albaT, geniosi var da cisferi siSore).
dao, ase mgonia, bednieri viqnebi,
sadme axlos, TbilisTan, Tu samare viSove.

(`cisferi siSore~)

346
 rac Seexeba satrfialo motivs, terenti granelis liri­
kulma gmirma siyvarulic aramiwieri, originaluri, sifaq­
iziT gamorCeuli icis.
depresiis Jams igi araerTgzis mouxmobs qals _ sayva­
rel arsebas, romelic sulier tkivils dauamebs, magram es
`SoriT dagva~ arasodes gadadis fizikuri siaxlovis ganc­
daSi.
qali poets oden distanciaze eguleba da masTan ganSo­
rebis dramatuli momenti ufro ainteresebs (ix. leqsebi: `qa­
lis agonia~, `rva ivnisia~, `Sens molodinSi~, `Zvirfas qals~,
`ganSorebis Semdeg~, `monologi udabnos yvavilebze~).

mihqroda wami TandaTanobiT,

suliT daRupvas grZnobdi winaTac,
Sen ganSorebas ufro nanobdi
da TvalSi TeTri cremli brwyinavda.

nela wydeboda foTlebi xeebs

da sadRac sdumda xe gaZarculi.
Sen igonebdi gafrenil dReebs
da Tvalwin gedga Cveni warsuli.

(`ganSorebis Semdeg~)

leqsebs uZRvnis Tamar jafariZes, ira radovskaias, sxva

qalebsac. magram terenti granelis poeziaSi siyvarulis mo­
tivis saerTo maxasiaTeblad poetis es strofi gamodgeba:

davrCi bedis kuTxeSi, brbo micqeris uxeSi,

mova qalis nugeSi saidumlo qnarebiT.
miraJebis krebuli aris gaTeTrebuli
da me gafiTrebuli Sensken moveqanebi.

(`monologi udabnos yvavilebze~)

terenti granelis leqsi versifikaciuli iersaxiT, erTi

SexedviT, galaktionis leqss hgavs. oRond galaktioni ufro

347
rafinirebulia, Tu gnebavT, ufro daxvewili da mxatvruli
saxeebiT mokazmuli.
`cixis elegiis~ avtoris leqsi SedarebiT sadaa, oRond
RvTaebrivad sadaa da iolad aRsaqmeli.
es sruliad bunebrivia.
poetis melanqoliur ganwyobilebas ritmis xSiri cva­
lebadoba da TvalSisacemi garegnuli samkaulebi ar moux­
deboda.
ase rom, terenti granelis leqsis musika swored rom
Semoqmedis Sinagani wvis anareklia, xolo mxatvruli saxeebi
uaRresad STambeWdavia; zogjer avadmyofuri xilvis nay­
ofic. mag., `da vxedav maRla, rom sovel Werze kacis saxea
gamosaxuli~. an `cixe dgas, rogorc saSineleba, damZimebuli
da keTrovani~...
terenti granelis TiTqmis yvela leqsi konkretul­
saxeobrivi da gamWirvalea (saocaria, ratom miakeres kri­
tikosebma mistikuris da bundovanis iarliyi).
igrZnoba ostatis xelwera. ganwyobilebis uSualoba, Sin­
agani siuJeti da dramatizmi.
erTaderTi nakli terneti granelis poeziisa Tematur-
problemuri erTferovnebaa, rac erT gamaze awyobilis,
monotonuris iers aZlevs mis poezias. Tumca igive niSani
saocar TviTmyofadobasac sZens: teranti granelis leqsi
sxvis leqsebSi ar agerevaT.

* * *
RamiT upatronod gardaicvala igi _ uTvistomo, miusa­
fari, Raribi poeti Tbilisis pirvel saavadmyofoSi.

ukve daRamda, me isev vtiri

da uxilavi sivrce mitacebs.
suli gafrinda TeTri mtrediviT,
sxeuli darCa codvil miwaze.

(`maradisobis laJvardebi~)

348
 wavida... amaRlda... poetis msoflio sevda maradisobis
cisfer Suqs Seeria da laJvardebSi STainTqa.
terenti graneli, Tavisi sikvdilis Tavisive TvaliT dam­
naxavi grZneuli kaci, leqsiT _ `saidumlo misalmeba~ Ta­
vis epoqaze guldawyvetili da gabrazebuli, Tanamedrove
mkiTxvelTan gadmodis alaverds:

zarebis rekva wertilebiT Semomesia,

uiRblo yofnis sinanuli sulSi grovdeba.
saqarTveloSi mxolod Sen erTs Tu gagondeba, _
gabrwyinebuli Cemi saxe, viT eklesia.

maisi, 2004, Tbilisi

349
 giorgi leoniZe
(1899 _ 1966)

giorgi leoniZis poezia uaResad originaluri da WeS­

mariti poeturi madliT mosili literaturuli fenome­
nia, xolo samocian wlebSi dawerili novelebis krebuli
`natvris xe~ WeSmariti prozaikosis maRali ostatobiT
gamoirCeva. giorgi leoniZe sazogado moRvaweobiT Rarib
Cvens saukuneSi im gamonaklisTa rigs amSvenebs, rudunebiT
rom zides eris gulSematkivris, mamuliSvilis mZime uReli.
1899 wels daibada sagarejos raionis sofel patarZeul­
Si, mama _ publicisti niko leoniZe, adre gardaicvala, deda
_ sofio gulisaSvili, saTno da Tavisi droisaTvis friad
ganaTlebuli mandilosani gaxldaT.
1913 wels momavalma poetma Tbilisis sasuliero sas­
wavlebeli daamTavra da swavla sasuliero seminariaSi ga­
nagrZo.
seminariis damTavrebis Semdeg `cisferyanwelTa~ ordens
dauaxlovda da qarTvel simbolistTa gamocemebSi aqtiu­
rad TanamSromlobda.
sicocxlis bolo wlebSi SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis
literaturis institutis direqtorad muSaobda. garda

350
wminda literaturuli saqmianobisa, saintereso mecnierul
gamokvlevebsac werda.
uaRresad popularulis poeti da kolorituli pirovne­
ba iyo.
`Zmobam, cecxlma, siyvarulis iaram~ bolos mainc Tavisi
gaitana da yivCaRis paemanis~ avtori saqarTvelos Tvalw­
inve Caqra da daiferfla 1966 wels.
kargi tarosi daudga mis poezias. rac dro gadis, ufro
da ufro xSirad mivdivarT giorgi leoniZesTan _ maSvralni
sibrZnisa da silamazis wyaros ewafebian, svegamrudebul­
ni imeds poveben, umrwemesi poetebi erovnuli Cangisadmi
rainduli damokidebulebis da tkbilqarTulis gakveTilebs
iReben misgan. saqarTvelos qomagi da mexotbe iyo gogla da
misi vaJkacuri leqsi samSoblos darajadve darCa. man gvas­
wavla qveynis movla-patronobis bevri saidumlo, man gviqa­
daga Cveni pirofliani winaprebis Rvawlis dafasebis sibrZne
da axla, rodesac TviTonve iqca winaprad, azriani saqarT­
velo mis mierve zarxmobili da gamofxizlebuli grovdeba
mis saflavTan da CurCuliT: imeorebs `gaumarjos, visi gu­
lic gulia!~.
wlebi rom emateboda, TandaTan ufro da ufro emsgavse­
boda beber arwivs da misi mZlavri frTebis qveS mTeli misi
amqari eteoda, sxvis karg striqonze bavSviviT gaixarebda
da wyromis buxuns mohyveboda, gulsgareT dawerils rom
waawydeboda. literaturuli Rlabuci WiriviT sZulda.
profesionali iyo, am sityvis umkacresi da ufarToesi
mniSvnelobiT. cota meguleba poeti, misebri pasuxismge­
blobiT rom ekidebodes qaRaldze daweril TiToeul si­
tyvas. leqss ise Camoasxamda, Camoagviristebda, bzars ver
upovidi. viqeqebiT axla mis uzarmazar arqivSi da yvelaze
kritikuli ganwyobis drosac ki veraferi aRmogviCenia
giorgi leoniZis memkvidreobaSi haiharad Seqmnili. guliT
Seebmoda, rasac Caifiqrebda, etratTa da palimfsestTa
amokiTxviT dRe da Rames asworebda, roca `Tbiliss~ werda
da vaxtang gorgasalis legendarul aCrdils uxmobda Cvens
saukunesTan. firosmanis kvalis ZebnaSi Tbilisis sardaf-
siraCxana ar dautovebia unaxavi. prozas mohkida xeli da
351
gansacvifrebeli, amatirebeli `natvris xe~ dawera, mec­
nierebaSi scada kalami da mSvenieri Zeglebi daudga ioseb
tfilels, besiks, sulxan-saba orbelians, siaTnovas...
da mainc, upirvels yovlisa, poeti iyo suliT, mowodeb­
iT, msoflxedviT, da, Tqven warmoidgineT, garegnobiTac.
poeziis mZlavri sunTqva gvesmis marto misi leqsebidan ki
ara, prozauli qmnilebebidan, mecnieruli narkvevebidan da
sazogado saqmeebidanac. poezia iyo misi cxovrebis stili
da sicocxlis azri. poeturadve gagvSorda ulmobeli seniT
Signidanve gabzaruli, magram Sesayvareblad bibliuri da
sikvdilisagan daumarcxebeli.
`samSoblos CuqurTmis mWrelma~ kargad uwyoda, saiT
midioda saqarTvelos xomaldi, Segnebuli hqonda poetis
istoriuli misiac TaobaTa winaSe, icoda, rom, marTalia,
`Calagdnen yvela Cingisxanebi~ da ers mSvidi cxovrebisa da
Senebis saSualeba mieca, magram axlac aranakleb saWiroa
erovnuli arsenalis saguldagulo alesva. drodadro unda
Seexsenebina Tavisi mkiTxvelisaTvis _ `visi gorisa xar~ da
ra gevaleba rusTavelis STamomavals. samSoblo iyo misi up­
irvelesi dvrita da misi leqsis saxeli; `mxolod Sen _ minda
Cems Cangurs ukvdavi suli mobero, Cemo cav, Cemo qveyanav,
Cemo gulgauyofelo~.
mzesaviT ganawilda misi marTali leqsi saqarTveloSi.
xSirad uyvarda Tavisive striqonebis gameoreba:

gana leqsi leqsi ari,

Tu darCeba munji,
poetebo, gulsac unda
bertyva, rogorc xurjins.

saqarTvelos romel kuTxeSi ar SexvdebodiT yvelasaT­

vis sasurvel stumars gogla leoniZes `gulis sabertya­
vad~, `qarTveli kacis mosafereblad da sanugeSod misuls.
araerT ojaxSi waawydebiT `oles~ avtoris xeliT saSinao
albomSi Caweril striqonebs.
Cemi saqme rom iyos, mis saflavze am striqonebs wavawer­
di _ yvela gardasuli meomris nacvlad mis mierve Tqmuls:
352
 Tu gauWirda samSoblos,
kvlav cecxliT davidagebiT,
Cven gamovamtrevT saflavebs,
xmliT qarTlis mTebze davdgebiT.

giorgi leoniZe, rogorc aRvniSneT, Semoqmedebis ad­

reul wlebSi simbolizmis gavlenas ganicdida, simbolistu­
ri msoflxedviT da mxatvruli stiliT xasiaTdeba poetis
leqsebi: `zamTris melodia~, `lurji Tvali~, `soneti qarT­
vel husarebs~, `ucnob qals kabareSi~, `oforti~, `avtopor­
treti~, da sxv. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom giorgi leoniZis
simbolisturi lirika Sorsaa frang simbolistTa epigono­
bisgan. poets aSkarad izidavs erovnuli sawyisi, uyvars
`droSebi saqarTvelos gamoyvanili~ da tanze `rasis Wri­
lobebs iTvlis~.

rasis Wrilobebs tanze viTvli, rogorc yvavilebs,

qarTlis Tavadi da parizis didi tribuni,
miyvars droSebi saqarTvelos gamoyvanili,
mze _ Cemi gvaris laSqrobaSi gaTeTrebuli.

poeziaSi, rogorc rumbSi Cayudebuli,

yvela wvenebSi, yvela SxamSi suli Cavawe,
artur rembosTan borot tyupad Caxutebuli
madgamen gvirgvins Teimuraz da WavWavaZe.

(`avtoportreti~)

meoce saukunis aTiani Tu ociani wlebis periodikaSi mi­

mobneuli giorgi leoniZis adrindeli leqsebi dRemde araa
Sekrebili da calke wignad gamocemuli. maSin, roca sim­
bolizms poets `siWabukis senad~ uTvlidnen, TviTve gaemij­
na (yovel SemTxvevaSi, garegnulad ase Canda) maT da sicocx­
leSi gamocemul arc erT krebulSi ar Seutania. ara da,
giorgi leoniZis simbolisturi gatacebis araerTi nayofi
WeSmariti, maRali poeziiT sunTqavs.
umTavresi motivi `oles~ avtoris Semoqmedebisa patri­
otuli motivia. giorgi leoniZe patriotuli ganwyobis poe­

23. r. miSvelaZe. t. XXV 353

ti gaxlavT da swored rom yelamde Cafluli Tavisi qveynis
sazrunav-safiqralSi:

mSobel miwaSi midgas fesvebi,

rogorc wyalSi dgas wnoris Zirebi,
sicocxles vervis davesesxebi,
Tu samSoblosgan gaviwirebi.

maradi SuqiT brwyinvalebs igi,

misi naTeli damTovebia,
sicocxle _ misi mSvenebis iqiT _
erT nabijzedac ar mdomebia.

... gulis naTeli me mipovia,

qarTlis didebis me var mnaxveli
samSoblo _ Cemi gulis feTqvaa,
samSoblo _ Cemi leqsis saxeli.

(`vumRer samSoblos~)

jer kidev 1917 wels Tvrameti wlis Wabuki leqsSi `saqa­

rTvelo~ miniSnebis gareSe miuTiTebda imaze, Tu rogor
gaaSava ucxoelma samSoblos `TeTri gvirgvini~ da mzadyof­
nas gamoTqvamda, Cangis nacvlad Subi daeWira xelT:

CaCqan-muzarads dasCnevia Jangi Jamisa,

TeTri gvirgvini ucxoelma SegiRamisa _
sakurTxevelsac SemosZarcva man mewamuli.

zRvad obol xomalds mivamsgavse Cemi mamuli,

rogor maJRerebs saqarTvelos nazi naRveli,
o, Cangis nacvlad mepyras Subi pirwamaxuli.

amave saxelwodebis sxva leqsi 1924 wliT TariRdeba. aq

ukve aSkarad Cans Crdiloeli mezoblisgan saqarTvelos
okupaciis tragedia. sisxlgamSrali lirikuli gmiri gves­
aubreba darialis Sexsnil karze, alaverdis motalRul

354
kedlebze, da mterTa filangebze, romelsac kondotieri
mouZRveboda.

taZars alaverds Semoafrens talRas morevi,

dganan uzangSi RvTismSobeli da mouravi,
rkinis paloze gadavardnils vxedav xanZarebs.
modis Samqori, soRanluxi, droSebis mtveri
zurniT falangebs mouZRveba kondotieri
da Seni sisxliT gaWedili SiSiT zanzarebs.

(`saqarTvelo~)

giorgi leoniZis patriotuli lirika poetis TvaliT

danaxuli samSoblos sruliad axali, ferweruli xatebiT
brwyinvalebs. swored rom giorgi leoniZiseulia koxta bi­
WiviT amosuli ciskari da `rZiT gavsebul tagans~ Sedar­
ebuli mTvare:

mTvare Srialebs fiWviviT,

dausrulebel oxvraSi,
amodis koxta biWiviT
ciskari axal CoxaSi...

Seni brdRviala kalmaxi,

acvia TiTqos CiTebi,
dila, romelsac niskartiT
ezidebian Citebi.

...mTvare gomborze waiqca

rZiT gavsebuli tagani,
iorze vmReri wnorebTan,
erTi im wnorebTagani.

(`ivris Rame~)

movida `axali saqarTvelo~, dalewa eklesiis TaRebi,

uarhyo RmerTi, erekles eklesiaSi aravin Cans, SuaRamisas

355
ki tanabjriani kacis qviTini ismis. ase daxata poetma saqa­
rTvelo 1925 wels. marTalia, leqss `Zveli saqarTvelo~
(albaT, cenzuris Tvalis asaxvevad) hqvia, magram mkiTxveli
advilad mixvdeba, rom aq axal saqarTvelozea laparaki:

es eklesia
ereklesia...
ambobs warwera zed amoWrili.
ar Cans aravin eklesiaSi
arc daCoqili moCans morCili.
gadapobila TaRi Suaze
da xavss kedelze gaaqvs bibini.
SuaRamisas ismis uecriv
tanabjriani kacis qviTini.

(`Zveli saqarTvelo~)

patara erebis wamlek imperiaSi poeti Cvens erovnul

orientirebs ebRauWeba, gadarCenis gzas heroikuli warsu­
lis gaTavisebaSi xedavs.

Savleg, Seni yawimi,

dedis cremliT nawvimi,
isev mzeze prialebs...
Seni basri maxvili
da lomuri saxeli
guls kvlav gvilamprianebs!
Seni sisxli vaJuri,
samSoblosTvis naJuri,
kvlav CvenSi Cqefs qarTulad,
Seni mklavi medgari,
omSi daudegari,
mterze kvlav SemarTula!
rom aravin wagvlekos
Savleg, biWo, Savlego.

(`Savlego~)

356
 `qarTlis cxovrebas~ poeti mxolod matianed rodi aRiq­
vams. igi qarTlis mkvlelobis erT istoriul gammad, erov­
nul rekviemad esaxeba:

gaSale...yvela furceli
ari foladi nacari,
damsxvreul xmalTa Jriali,
devkacTa namamacari.

gaSale... yvela furceli

gulze nawoli lodia...
dolbandiani jarebi
sikvdilis piriT modian.

Savi droSebi nisliviT

samSoblos daefineba.
xmals sisxlis orTqli auva,
sikvdiliT daikbineba.

(`wigni `qarTlis cxovreba~)

didxans uvlida gars saliteraturo kritika giorgi le­

oniZis erT-erT ubrwyinvales leqss `oles~. kritika, ro­
melic mSvenivrad xvdeboda, rom daWril arwivSi vaJa samSob­
los gulisxmobda, xolo `cxraklitulSi mjdomare satrfo~
akakis beddamwvari samSoblo iyo, eulad mdgar, tyavdamsk­
dar, naoxar, martoobis SxamiT Signidan gamomwvar, frTeb­
mimsxvreuli, dakidebuli arwivis msgavs martoxeSi ver xe­
davda saqarTvelos simbolur iersaxes. arada droa, `oles~
erTxel da samudamod CamovaciloT mkvlevarTa moqsovili
bundovanebis pirsaburi da igi poetis patriotul lirikas
mivakuTvnoT. ocdaaTiani wlebis yelSiwamWer cenzuras du­
elis xelTaTmaniviT esrola giorgi leoniZem `oles~ momwo­
debluri, heroikuli, maJoruli finali:

raSo, miwas miWedilo,

gasWer, aiqrole,

357
 martoobis artaxebi
gadaxie, ole!
... modi CemTan,
vidre mexi
dagkravs,
agabolebs,
tyavdamskdaro,
naoxaro,
martoxeo
ole!

patriotuli mgznebarebiT, samSoblos sadideblis su­

liskveTebiTaa gamorCeuli agreTve giorgi leoniZis leqse­
bi: `daviT-gareja~, `vefxistyaosans~, `metexis Tavze~, `Cemo
samSoblov, Seni mekvle var~, `deda ena~, `did Tamars~ `daviT
aRmaSenebels~, `hei arwivno~, `mxedari pirtaxia~, `samSoblos
gmirebs~, `mesxeTi~, `Sinmousvlelo, sada xar~, `warwera wign­
ze~, `axlos moiwi~, `samSoblos gulo~ da sxv.
Taviseburia giorgi leoniZis satrfialo lirika. igi ar
aris griSaSviliseburad datkbiluli da alag-alag aRmosav­
lur-skrapezuli; giorgi leoniZesTan qali qarTuli folk­
loris tradiciis WrilSicaa danaxuli da liriuli sawyisi
avtorisa ufro mkafio, uceremonio, mamakacuria.

ninowminda... palatebi mefeTa...

galavanSi _ jami aqafebuli;
Seni saxe risTvis SemomefeTa,
xati iyav _ vefxvi daqalebuli.

...rogorc xmali, Zmebo, tamerlanisa,

siyvaruli ise damjaxebia!
me mivtiri Rames zambaxebians
da siyvaruls aTabagis qalisas.

ZuZuebi oqros kalmaxebia,

wamwamebi aqvs TavTuxis yanisa.

(`ninowmindis Rame~)

358
 Cven zemoT folkloruli tradicia vaxseneT da am Tval­
sazrisiT pirvel rigSi `yivCaRis paemans~ unda gavusvaT xazi.
igi muxranuli `Semomeyara yivCaRis~ Taviseburi poeturi
interpretacia-gagrZelebaa. Tu xalxuri leqsi yivCaRs da­
jaxebuli qmris liriuli monologia, giorgi leoniZesTan
swored yivCaRi hyveba, Tu rogor naxa qali xoxbobas, ro­
gor moixibla misi silamaziT da tramal-tramal sdia, sanam
mcxeTasTan qmarTan erTad Seeyreboda. aTasi wlis Semdeg
kvlav aRmsdgari yivCaRi muxranis bolos Casafrebula da
siyvaruls uxmobs:

modi, momxvie xeli Wrilobas,

veRara gxedav, sisxliT viclebi...
rogorc saZroxe qvabs oxSivari,
qarTlis xeobebs asdis nislebi.
modi, geZaxi aTas wlis mere
damnacros elvam Seni tanisa,
vardis furclobis niSani ari
da dro axali paemanisa.

(`yivCaRis paemani~)

dinamizmiT, movlenaTa xedvis araordinaluri rakursiT,

STambeWdavi saxeobriobiT da momnusxavi Sinagani eqspresiiT
`yivCaRis paemani~ erT-erTi saukeTesoa qarTul satrfialo
lirikaSi.
qali giorgi leoniZesTan oden sinazis da vnebis gansax­
iereba rodia, igi erovnuli StrixebiT ixateba da swored
erovnul fenomenad aRiqmeba:

piranTebuli hSvenodi,
gadaqneuli xmaliviT,
SavTmaCaSlili qalwuli
mohqrodi qariSxaliviT...

qvabebis naorTqlar nislSi

Rreobda TuSTa yriloba,

359
 quslamokruli qurani
mihqroda niavqaruli...
...da xmovanebiT ciuri,
viT idumali galoba,
jiriTis qarSi mesmoda
JReroda Seni sayure.

(`TuSis qals alaverdobaSi~)

saocari ferwerulobiT, STambeWdavi metaforuli sax­

ovnebiT daxata giorgi leoniZem nino WavWavaZis saxe. poeti
WavWavaZeTa ulamazes asuls `gazafxulis banaks~, `silamazis
naz grigals~ uwodebs:

Tu gadamqrali Sen xar varskvlavi,

axlac minaTebs Seni mSveneba.
Sengan Sevityve, rom silamazes
ar uweria gadaSeneba.

Sen cocxali xar, Seni mgosnebic

da gaJrJoleba maTi gulisa,
TavSesafari ramden ocnebis,
iyav banaki gazafxulisa!

Sens silamazis iqiT bneldeba,

daixureba ciskris karebi.
Sen mogayares miwa beltebad,
mkerdze rom vardsac Zlivs ikarebdi.

asi wlis Semdeg me Sen gigalob,

aTas wels gasZlebs Seni mSveneba,
Sen, silamazis nazo grigalo,
Sengan arodes momesveneba.

(`nino WavWavaZe~)

garda zemoT CamoTvlilisa, giorgi leoniZis satrfialo

lirikis mSvenebas warmoadgenen leqsebi; `Tovli~, `karmen~,

360
`zRva da medea~, `gadamiviwye~, `vin memdureba~, `TvirTvila~,
da sxv.
giorgi leoniZe epikur Janrsac emsaxureba. igi avto­
ria poemebisa: `ambavi Tbilisisa~, `forToxala~, `berSoula~,
`stalini~. bavSvoba da yrmoba~, `firosmani~...amaTgan `for­
Toxala~ erTi uCinari qarTveli qalis sadideblad daweri­
li Txzulebaa. poeti Savi zRvis pirad dabadebuli da gar­
dasuli dedis cxovrebas gviambobs da daaskvnis:

matiane Sens saxelze

albaT, mitom gainaba,
grigaliviT Caqsovili
rom ar gecva oqros kaba.

`berSoula~ da `stalini~... ruseTis imperiis saTaveSi md­

gomi didi qarTvelis bavSvobis wlebs acocxleben mkiTxve­
lis winaSe. `firosmani~ poets daumTavrebeli darCa, xolo
`ambavi Tbilisisa~ (pirvel gamocemas `samgori~ erqva) vr­
celi istoriuli poemaa. igi ZiriTadad vaxtang gorgasa­
lis ukanasknel oms _ sparselebis winaaRmdeg, ujarmasa da
samgoris velebze qarTvelTa brZolas asaxavs.
vaxtang gorgasalis tragikulad dasrulebuli cxovre­
ba poemis siuJetis xerxemalia. qveynis Znelbedoba avtors
erovnuli da socialuri movlenebiT aqvs motivirebuli.
Sinaur da gareSe mtrebmoWarbebul qveyanas brZen da Seuval
guSagad adgas saxelovani mefe. mTliani saqarTvelos ideas
mowinaaRmdegenic blomad hyavs. konfliqti poemis pirvel
epizodSive igrZnoba: samgoris velze mejogeebi irevian.
saxalxo dResaswaulze mileTis xalxi Segrovda. episkoposi
jvriT xelSi RvTis morCilebas da marxviT sulis ganwmendas
qadagebs. da am dros: `axmaurda muxranidan kverTxaweviT
beri Taya _ ar vcem Tayvans jvarcmulis jvars, milursmul
RmerTs ar vcem Tayvans! mTvarisa da mzis Zma viyav, rad min­
doda mkvdari RmerTi? cecxls vanTebdi, cas swvdeboda, ra
avanTo sanTlis RvenTiT?~
protests, rogorc mosalodneli iyo, Teologiuri sar­
Culi daedo. qristianoba axali Semosulia da jer sabolood

361
damkvidrebuli ar aris. mefe qristianobis uerTgulesi qo­
magia da misi moqiSpeni, bunebrivia, kerpTayvanismcemelTa
Soris eZeben mxardamWerT. nawarmoebSi amTaviTve gamoikveTa
ori banaki. erT mxares dgas mefe Tavisi erTguli eriskace­
biT, xolo meore mxares – Saravel gardabneli SeTqmulTa
viwro wriTurT. Saravels gonebas ubnelebs mefis dideba da
Sesaferis moments eZebs, rom Tavisi Savi zraxvani Seasrulos.
Saravelis gulSi mefisadmi mtrobam ufro imata mas Semdeg,
rac mefem igi gardaban-Tbilisis pitiaxSobidan gadaayena da
sapitiaxSo kverTxi guram bivritians uboZa. Saravels guram
bivritianTan sxva saqiSpo saganic aqvs. maT orives vaxtang
gorgasalis asuli _ pirimze SehyvarebiaT. Sendeba Tbilisi.
qarTlis mefem da romis imperatorma piroba Sehkres, rom
erTurTs daxmarebis xels gauwvdian. Tbilisis kurTxevis
zeimi ar CamTavrebuliyo, rom vaxtangs sparseTis Sahis _
kavadis despani eaxla. kavadi colad sTxovda asuls da ro­
maelTa winaaRmdeg galaSqrebas urCevda, vaxtangma icoda,
rom misi uariT Seuracxyofili kavadi ar SearCenda urCo­
bas da omis Tadarigi daiWira. sparselTa marbieli laSqari
saqarTvelos Semoesia. vaxtang gorgasalma saarako gmiro­
bis magaliTebi uCvena qarTvel meomrebs. man zed Sahis kar­
vamde SeaRwia. kavadis Svili moukla, magram iqve moRala­
tis isari zurgSi moxvda da mkerdSi gauara. mxcovani mefe
moRalate meabjrem _ gagam imsxverpla. uTanasworo brZo­
laSi qarTvelTa sisxliTac moirwyo samgoris veli, magram
mefis asulma, pirimzem, Suri iZia, momxvdurni ukuaqcia da
Tbilisi gaaTavisufla.
sainteresoa am poemis arqiteqtonika, epizodebi isea
dalagebuli, rom am sakmaod vrceli poemis kiTxvisas arsad
ar igrZnobT erTferovnebas. interess aZlierebs is gare­
moebac, rom mSvid Txrobas xSirad enacvleba lirikuli
gadaxvevebi. realuri ambavi zogjer fantastikur-romanti­
kuli suraTiT icvleba.
garda amisa, poema yuradRebas iqcevs versifikaciuli
RirebulebiTac. ritmisa da zomis monacvleoba, mxatvrul
saxeTa feierverki, poemaSi margalitebad gabneuli liri­
kuli leqsebi nawarmoebs maRalmxatvrul qmnilebad war­
362
mogvidgenen. sailustraciod poemidan g. leoniZiseuli
leqsis ramdenime magaliTic kmara: `saZirkvlis saRvTo...
xoragi... cecxlmoCuxCuxe qvabebi... garTxmuli muxis cxed­
rebi, aTaswlovani ambebiT... sufris gamSleli qalebi...
pirvel Tbilisis qalebi... ferTovli dilavardisa riJraJis
naSuqalebi... me siyvaruli damwamda... mercxlis Tvalebis
wamwamTa... sicocxle maSin damwarda, Tu maT ar miveTvale­
bi... Tqveni yayaCos tuCebi... budeSuruli Tvalebi...~
sakmarisia gascdes prozauli ambis savaldebulo gadmo­
cemas, rom maSinve igrZnobT poetis leqsis Cveul surnele­
bas: `vina hyavda mowme diliT? mxolod zeca mowmendili, mx­
olod yana Tavankara, dazvinebul zvirTis cema, silurjiT
rom daicremla, _ hgavda qarTlis TvalTa firuzs. da mas
mere qalis Suqi vaJma TvalSi Seiyina... da mas mere qveyanamac
vardis SuqiT iwyo brwyinva~.
juanSeris Txzulebis gacnobisas mkiTxveli rwmundeba,
rom avtori moxiblulia vaxtang gorgaslis pirovnebiT, misi
vaJkacobiT da gamWriaxobiT, amitomac juanSeri xSirad is­
torikosis palitras mxatvris palitraze cvlis da araCveu­
lebrivi mxatvruli eqstaziT gviambobs vaxtangis brZolisa
da cxovrebis ambavs. rogorc davinaxeT, giorgi leoniZe
gorgaslis saxis xatvisas ZiriTadad juanSeris Txzulebas
eyrdnoba, magram, rasakvirvelia, SemoqmedebiTad, nawarmoe­
bis xasiaTisa da poetis mizandasaxulobis Sesaferisad iy­
enebs igi juanSers. kerZod, giorgi leoniZem Semoacila vax­
tang mefis saxes is naxevrad zRaprulobisa da RvTissworad
warmodgenis religiuri qurqi, juanSeris mier Seqmnils rom
gaaCnia da gorgasali realur pirovnebad warmogvidgina.
nawarmoebis prologSive istoriis saZvaledan moismis ab­
jris Cxriali da Cvens winaSe wamoimarTeba goliaTi mefe,
romlis abjris naxevidan gamoJonili sisxli saukuneebs
moswveTavs. `Cafxuts exata lomi da mgeli da xmalic maTi
RoniT alesa, mklaviT mozRuda qarTli, egrisi, kari Seaba
darialisa~.
Tu juanSers vaxtangis upirvels da umTavres Tvisebad
Wabukuri siZliere da siCauqe miaCnia, giorgi leoniZis po­
emis gmirs pirvelad maSin vecnobiT, roca samgoris velze
363
pirveli xnuli gaaqvs. mefes wesad hqonia, gazafxulze pirve­
li kvali TviTon gaetana. vaxtang gorgasali yovel Rones
xmarobs, raTa qveyanaSi mSvidoba sufevdes. mxolod gamou­
val mdgomareobaSi miwvdeba misi xeli xmals. poemis pirveli
Tavebidan Cvens winaSe warmodgeba mefe, romelic guTneuls
mihyveba, loculobs: `kvlav iloceba mefe: _ gamCeno, Sen
agvacile yvela sasjeli! RmerTo ZalTao! moxede venaxs da
nayofs, dasxmuls Senis marjveniT! Cems pirmSo Tbiliss,
Cemgan naSenebs, Senis wyalobis TvaliT moxede! Sen ga­
mimagre, rom ver Semusros miwisZvram, mterma oxermoxetem!~
mefe aSoSminebs meamboxeT, aSenebs Tbiliss, `mibrZanebia: ax­
lomaxlodan gamoerCios eri mSromeli... xuT Zmidan erTi
dasaxldes Tbiliss, guliT da mklaviT daudgromeli! Cadi,
RvTisavar, dasaxldi Tbiliss, iq awrTe xmali, iq Wede rkina!
de, gugunebdes Sua qalaqSi Seni grdemlis xma, soflad rom
grgvinavs!~.
aseTia igi, farze lom-mgel gamosaxuli mefe. igi bi­
zantiis Semosarigeblad agzavnis despans, Tavs dastria­
lebs Tbilisis xaraCoebs da mamaSvilurad locavs momavali
dedaqalaqis pirvel meqorwileebs _ ganZas da ciskaras, xalx­
ic arnaxuli siyvaruliT pasuxobs keTil da gamWriax mefes:
`mefes mReriT moagebes xeleuris bRurjeuli; darCeuli
TavTavebi, mtkavlis tola, uCveulo... mReral glexebs gaxa­
rebiT CamoarTva mefem ZRveni, emTxvia da mklavs gadiwyo...
da is iyo, dasZra cxeni...~
ramdenadac didia vaxtangis ruduneba, qveynad sikeTe
da saTnoeba daamyaros, imdenad Zlieria Sinaur da gareSe
mterTa cdebi – kvlav cecxlis alSi gaxvion mravaltanju­
li qveyana. axalnagebi Tbilisis karibWe misi kurTxevis wina
dRes Seibilwa avismzraxvelis xeliT. moRalate Saravel
gardabneli qarTlis mefobisaken miiltvis. SahinSa kavadi
romaelTa winaaRmdeg xmlis aRmarTvas urCevs vaxtang gor­
gasals. aq vaxtangi kidev erTxel amJRavnebs sisxlisRvri­
sadmi Tavis damokidebulebas: ` _ ar gvinda omi, _ ityoda
vaxtang, _ gvinda keTili yovelTa erTa! mzad var qarTlisT­
vis yoveldRiurad jvarze gavekra qristesTan erTad!~.

364
 magram raki istoriis qartexilebi gardauval oms uqadi­
an saqarTvelos, vaxtang mefe brZanebs: `sircxvils sikvdili
Cven gvirCevnia, Cems xalxs saxeli uyvars sviani!~.
giorgi leoniZe mxatvruli ferebiT xatavs vaxtangis sao­
mar aRWurvas. xuTi xmali gadaitexa muxlze gorgasalma: `da
meeqvse xmals emTxvia mefe _ am xmlis foladSi mexis cecxls
sZinavs! midis vaxtangi, RmerTs hgavs vaxtangi, gadaudgeba
TviT RmerTsac wina!~
Tor-muzaradSi Camjdari mxcovani xelmwife SurisZiebad
SemarTuli Tavisi laSqris winaSe warsdgeba: ` _ lomni iya­
viT! _ mihmarTavs laSqars, _ nu SegaSinebT sparsTa mrav­
loba, rom Cveni Zvlebi ar amobertyos miwidan Cvenma STa­
momavlobam!~
omSi mefem saarako gmiroba gamoiCina. igi martodm­
arto, cxendacxen SeiWra mtris banakSi da `elduris dar­
tymiT CasWra beWamdis mefem kavadis vaJi bartami~, magram
aqac moRalatis xelma iCina Tavi. mefis meabjrem zurgsukan,
qurdulad jaWvis naxevSi iRliis qveS isari styorcna vax­
tang gorgasals. `ayvirda gaga, iSenda TavSi: `mefe dagvi­
Wres, gagviwyra jvari! _ yba gadauketa mefem xelebiT: `monav
daCumdi, Sedrkeba jari!~.
momakvdavi mefis fiqrebi kvlav samSoblos dastrialebs:
`wamoiwia mefem daWrilma _ sisxli izRvieT aq daTxeuli!
gamoitaneT sparsTa mklavebi, sparsTa droSebi gadaxeuli!
Tavi anebeT moTqma-tirilsa, xmas nu damiyriT me sikvdili­
sas! brZolas nu moSliT, modiT andeze! mamulze dgomas me
gianderZebT!~
Caqra vaxtang gorgaslis boboqari sicocxle. Sxamianma
isarma Tavisi hqmna. amao gamodga mkurnalTa wamali da de­
daTa locva. magram ers ukvdavebis magaliTad SemorCa misT­
vis Tavdadebuli gmiris saxeli: `vaxtangis xmlis narecxs
Wabukebs asmevdnen, mis saflavidan mohqondaT miwa, is mters
hrekavda, is mTebs drekavda da samareSi arasdros iwva... is
yurs ugdebda yovelwamier mamlis kvnesas, omis borgvasa, _
misTvis ver SesZres saukuneTa, mSvildisriani gmiri gor­
gasal!~

365
 roca qarTvelTa laSqarma Suri iZia, roca aRmdgarma
erma momxdurTagan gawminda qarTlis miwa-wyali, madlierma
xalxma pirvelad vaxtangi moigona; `fexT dauxales mtris
droSa vaxtangs mcxeTas, saflavze, rogorc lerwami! gmiris
xmlis tarze anTes sanTlebi, axares qarTlis aRdgenis wami!~.
1961 wels giorgi leoniZem daamTavra novelebis wigni
`natvris xe~, romelsac aseTi epigrafi axlavs: `am wigns vuZ­
Rvni Zvirfas dedas, romelmac maswavla iebis sispetakisa
da mSobliuri miwis siyvaruli~. leqsis ostatma amjerad
prozauli debiutiTYsasiamovnod gaaoca Tavisi mkiTxveli.
`natvris xe~ margalitebiviT brwyinavs qarTuli novelis
varskvlavedSi _ msuye qarTuliT, STambeWdavi siuJetebiT
da marTali xasiaTebiT. igi, rom ityvian, erTi amosuTq­
viT ikiTxeba. `natvris xe oci novelisagan Sedgeba. esenia:
`natvris xe~, `Cveni Werami~, `TaRria~, `fufala~, `meetle
iagora~, `xvedia~, `ori Semoxedva~, `samTo sabalaxe~, `mox­
uci guTnisdedis sikvdili~, `Ciriki da Cikotela~, `saxe­
lis milocva~, `Rvinjua~, `deida maiko~, `soflis Saraze~,
`cicikore~, `marita~, `Corexi~, `niSarZeulis wyali~, `Wam­
pura~ da `bunbula~.
`eliozs swamda: ianvris sastik yinvian RameSi Tu SuaRa­
misas moxvdi tyeSi da cis gaxsnas Seeswar, maSin dainaxav
turfad ayvavebul jadosnur xes. ara mSveniereba mas ara
sjobia. is xe, Turme, erT saaTSi kidec ayvavdeba, kidec nay­
ofs moisxams. Tu misi nayofi xelT igde, erTi gakvneta da
morCa. siRaribe imwamsve Camogecleba samudamod~.
dadis uRaribesi glexi ianvris RameebSi tyeSi cis gax­
snisa da natvris xis molodinSi. `da erT zamTris dilas,
roca sicives WaxWaxi gaudioda, tyidan marxiliT Camoas­
venes gafiCxuli eliozi~. natvris xis Zebna-lodinSi yinviT
ayvavebul xis qveS gayinuliyo.
`poetebi mxolod qaRaldze riTmebiT molaparakeni rodi
arian. poeturi TvaliT, poeturi guliT da didi ocnebiT
gasxivosnebuli sxvac bevri dadis dedamiwaze~ _ am sityve­
biT amTavrebs avtori `natvris xes~ da gonebis Tvals ar
Sordeba bednierebis maZiebeli jiuti kacis romantikuli,
ucnauri saxe.
366
 WeSmariti prozaikosis nacad Tvals amouyvania mex­
sierebis skivridan da saukuno sicocxle miuniWebia mwerals
`siRaribiT daqancul `zarmac TaRriasTvis, romlis coli,
foTola, dRedaRam wuwunebs: marto am Cveni darejanis mer­
cxlisa mrcxvenia, ras ityvis Cvens siRaribezeo (`TaRria~),
`aqvea ganumeorebeli fufala, samocsgadacilebuli Sina­
bera calrqa iremiviT rom dadis, rakiRa axlandeli kacebi
ar moswons (`magas mainc ar gavyvebi, sul marto rom davrCe
mindvris TagviviT~). fufala siymawvilis ferad sizmrebSi
cxovrobs, TavisTvis gamougonia Siola – Cauqi sasiZo,
Tumca ucnauri Cacmulobisa da ferumariliT SeTiTxnili
saxis gamo balRebi dascinian, magram ixtibars ar itexs. ar
surs `bnel~ glexebSi gaiTqvifos, ar unda WuWyian sinamd­
vileSi gadmosaxleba. qari savalalod aqanavebs eul tir­
ifze TavCamomxrCval meetle iagoras, sikvdilis molo­
dinSi aivnidan mwvane vels gascqeris guTnisdeda ninia, aqve
arian Ciriki da Cikotela, Rvinjua, darbaiseli cicikore
da saflavSi mwoli `gulnazuqa~, cnobili moqeife Wampura.
cocxali, cxovrebiseuli dauviwyari xasiaTebi Semogvcqe­
rian `natvris xidan~.
giorgi leoniZe saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis nam­
dvili wevri iyo da qarTuli literaturis cnobili mkvle­
vari. man Cveni literaturismcodneoba gaamdidra uaRresad
saintereso naSromebiT sulxan-saba orbelianis, besikis, sa­
iaTnovas, daviT guramiSvilis, ioseb Tbilelis, mamuka bara­
TaSvilis da sxvaTa Sesaxeb.

* * *
sicocxlis bolo wlebSi, rogorc araerT WeSmarit po­
ets, giorgi leoniZesac xravda dardi mkacri drois ganaCe­
niT uRvTod, usamarTlod gardasuli megobrebisa:

uZoze isev mReris bulbuli,

isev maisis CaxCaxebs Rame,
Tqven ki sada xarT gadabugulni
gadaferflilni, _ Zmebo, xma gameT.

367
 Tqvenma wamebam guli dasera
da uTqvenoba viT ar meZnelos,
Tu Rvinom yanwi ver gaasvela,
cremliT avavseb Tqven sadRegrZelos.

netav ra gqondaT Sesandobari

da rad vawveTeb me purze Rvinos?
hei, tician, sad xar mdumari,
hei, paolo, sad xar uRvinod.

garda warsul dReTa nostalgiisa, giorgi leoniZis sev­

das daukmayofileblobis, eWvis grZnobac asazrdoebda imis
gamo, rom bolomde ver Tqva saTqmeli, rom komunisturma
tiraniam saSualeba ar misca poeziis `gemowminda~ bolomde
Seesva da `frTaSi wylulic gauCina~:

ra leqsi ginda, Cemo droebav,

gamagebine _ ra leqsi ginda,
rom ar momeci me myudroeba,
arc wyali masvi me gemowminda.

rad damigrixe xorxze sabeli

da frTaSi wyluli rad gamiCine,
rad akvlevine kaens abeli,
rom erTi Zmac ki ar SemirCine.

es lamis bolo leqsi giorgi leoniZis Taviseburi po­

eturi ganaCeni iyo im mkacri drois mimarT, sicocxle rom
mouSxama qarTvel poetTa araerT Taobas.

368
 irakli abaSiZe
(1909 _ 1992)

irakli abaSiZe erT leqsSi ambobs:

gind Raribobdes,
gind maTxovrobdes,
gind brolis edgas
win mTa _ gorebic _
poeti mainc unda cxovrobdes
mxolod poetis didi cxovrebiT.

(`poeti mainc~)

axla, roca am striqonebis avtoris mier ganvlil gzas

gonebis Tvals vadevnebT, SeiZleba Tamamad iTqvas, rom
irakli abaSiZem poetis didi cxovrebiT icxovra. jer erTi,
qarTul poeziaSi Tavisi mkafio kvali gaavlo, Tavisi an­
euli gaitana (`palestina, palestinas~ saxiT, SeiZleba iTq­
vas, SedevriT gaamdidra Cveni literatura), piradi cxovre­
biTac, biografiiTac misca momaval Taobebs `poetis didi
cxovrebiT~ cxovrebis magaliTi. irakli abaSiZe, jer kidev
24. r. miSvelaZe. t. XXV 369
ymawvili, xonidan dedaqalaqSi Camosuli, ufaqizesi sulis
poeti, ar Seepua komunisturi xelisuflebis sitlanqes,
Tavis TavSi rodi Caiketa da ganze ki ar gadga, piriqiT,
saxelovno wiTel wisqvilTa samsaxurSi Cadga. didxans iyo
mweralTa kavSiris Tavmjdomare, Jurnal-gazeTebis redaq­
tori, bolos _ saenciklopedio komitetis xelmZRvaneli.
amiT mxolod saqmeSi Cauxedavi, avadmoqirqile moSurnis
TvalSi moipova `funqcioneri poetis~ saxeli. sinamdvileSi,
meoce saukunis mTeli ormocdaaTi wlis manZilze saqarT­
veloSi gansrulebuli yvela erovnuli saqme irakli aba­
SiZis saxelsac ukavSirdeba.
gaxsna muzeumebi da biblioTekebi, aaRorZina mTargm­
nelobiTi saqmianoba da qarTvel mwerals saerTaSoriso
asparezze gasvlis pirobebi Seuqmna, saTaveSi Caudga kla­
sikosTa dafasebis saqmes maTi iubileebis CatarebiT da Tx­
zulebaTa sruli tomeulebis gamocemiT, ers SesZina fas­
daudebeli ganZi _ `qarTuli enciklopedia~.
daibada xonSi 1909 wels, mamas _ besarion abaSiZes, Ter­
Tmeti Svili hyavda. momavali poeti nabolara iyo. saSualo
skola xonSive daamTavra. 1926 wlidan Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universitetis filologiis fakultetis studentia. dam­
TavrebisTanave universitetis aspiranturaSi Cairicxa, ma­
gram mecnierul muSaobas guli ver daudo da profesional
mwerlad Camoyalibda. aspiranturis damTavrebisTanave Ju­
rnal `Cvens Taobas~ edga saTaveSi, xolo 1939 wlidan 1967
wlamde saqarTvelos mweralTa kavSirs xelmZRvanelobda.
paralelurad 1946-53 wlebSi Jurnal `mnaTobs~ redaqto­
robda.
irakli abaSiZis pirveli wigni 1932 wels gamovida.
1966 wels ciklisTvis `palestina palestina~ rusTavelis
premia mieniWa.
iyo saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis namdvili wevri
da erTxans akademiis vice-prezidentic.
sicocxlis bolo wlebSi enciklopediis mTavar redaq­
torobas rusTavelis sazogadoebis da wignis moyvarulTa
sazogadoebis Tavmjdomareobasac uTavsebda.
gamoqveynebuli aqvs saintereso publicisturi werile­

370
bi, Canaxatebi, dRiurebi. maRalprofesionalurad Targmna
puSkinis, mickeviCis, maiakovskis da sxvaTa leqsebi.
1992 wels gardaicvala. dakrZalulia didubis panTeonSi.
garegnulad galaRebuli da dardimandi, niadag mofus­
fuse da megobar-TanamzraxvelTa gundiT garemosili, Sina­
ganad gansacvifreblad dramatuli, rTuli pirovneba iyo.
kargad icoda, rom `ar sunTqavs qveynad mgosnis suli
utragediod~ da isic uwyoda, rom:

ar aris cremli,
romelic erTxel
daedos wamlad Sens kacur marcxebs,
ar aris sityva,
romelmac metyvels
amogwvas suli da sulic dacxres.

(`ar aris Zili~)

amitomac Tavis kolegebs niadag Seaxsenebda:

Tu visme gvelis RvTisgan wyaloba,

Tu visme gvergos Rrmad moxucoba, _
mxolod es azri
gvqondes ocnebad:
movxucdeT,
magram movkvdeT mgosnebad.

(`poets vin aclis~)

marTlac, rom mgosnad miicvala. oTxmocsmitanebuli po­

eti erT-erT ukanasknel leqsSi werda:

axla davkecoT,
axla davdoT,
axla davxuroT,
rac ram damTavrda,
rac ram gaqra,

371
 rac ram danacrda...
uSuamavlod, umsajulod, umeTvalyurod
damtoveT marto
me am dResTan, am qveyanasTan.

(`dagvtoveT marto~)

SemTxveviT rodi rekavs leqsSi `uSuamavlod, umsaju­

lod, umeTvalyurod~. diax, irakli abaSiZes Tavis mkacr
droSi, Tavis qveyanasTan (da Tavis TavTanac) marto iSvia­
Tze iSviaTad darCenils, sicocxlis miwurvis Jams mounda
umeTvalyurod, marto da Tavisuflad eTqva saTqmeli.
roca irakli abaSiZe sasikvdilo sarecelze iwva,
TbilisSi zarbaznebi quxdnen. imperia Tavisufali saqarT­
velos moTokvas da Tavis wiaRSi kvlav SeTrevas lamobda.
sinaTlegamorTul saxlSi sanTlis Suqze adioda mileTis
xalxi irakli abaSiZesTan gamosamSvidobeblad da adamianTa
daRvremil saxeebs aSkarad etyoboda, rom `palestina, pal­
estinis~ avtors _ martod STenils, ukve eTqva qveynisTvis
Tavisi tkivilian-gziani sityva.
moaswro irakli abaSiZem ukeTuri epoqis Sefasebac, Sei­
Zleba iTqvas. komunistur tiraniasTan angariSis gaswore­
bac. aki erT-erTi pirveli gaxldaT qarTvel poetTa Soris
`kaenis sulis aRzevebis~ Savbnel wlebs rom Seexmiana:

Zvel samSobloze
Sen SegeZlo
locviT geloca,
axal mamulSic
vercxlze ara gagicvlia ra;
Sen, Sen daeci im wels,
roca saqarTveloze
kaenis sulis aRzevebam
gadisriala.
TviTon mterTagan
saqarTvelos mtrebze miTvlili
swuxdi, meZaxdi,

372
 Tan damdevdi oci welia,
rom geTqvas CemTvis
mag oci wlis Seni sikvdiliT
mgosans WeSmarits
rom sikvdili ar uweria.

(`paolo iaSvils~)

gansakuTrebiT xazgasasmelia irakli abaSizis damokide­

buleba qarTuli poeziis zevsTan _ SoTa rusTavelTan.
am Temas uZRvna poetma ori uaRresad saintereso cikli
`rusTavelis nakvalevze~ da `palestina-palestina~.
ormocdaaTs miaxloebuli poeti-akademikosi rusTave­
lis kvalma indoeTis gzas gauyena da dgas gangis napirze
Svidasi wlis Semdeg qarTveli poeti:

TiTqos vxedav,
TiTqos, marTlac,
naTlad vxedav
Cums da fermkrTals,
janmrTelsa da sulmrTels.
ara, es gza
rogorc mgosans,
rogorc mxedars,
ar iqneba,
ar enaxos rusTvels
ra iSova,
ra wago, ra moigo,
ra dakarga,
qveynad arvin icis,
mxolod mesxeTs
ucxo ganZad wamoiRo _
siyvaruli indoeTis miwis.

(`rusTavelis nakvalevze~).

`palestina-palestinas~ poetis aseTi `winasityva~ axlavs:

`guliT wyuroda Sens Soreuli STamomavals warmoedgina,

373
ras ganicdidi da fiqrobdi Sen sicocxlis ukanasknel
dReebSi.
maS, es `xmebi~ ise CauTvale mas, TiTqos, marTlac, gaego­
nos igi palestinis qarTuli jvris monasterSi _ Sens ukanask­
nel TavSesafarSi, Seni dakargvidan Svidasi wlis Semdeg~.
palestinis eqspedicia (irakli abaSiZe, akaki SaniZe, gior­
gi wereTeli) oden rusTavelis freskuli gamosaxulebis aR­
moCeniT ki ara, irakli abaSiZis TerTmeti `xmiT~ _ TerTmeti
SedevriT, Tanamedrove qarTuli poeziis gamdidrebiT dam­
Tavrda. pirveli xma jvris monasterTan rusTavelis `kvalis
dasrulebaze~ migvaniSnebs:

Sen aq xar,
aq xar...
dasrulda kvali.
mSobeli miwis
es medo vali,
aq Seni mSvidi
nabiji Sewyda,
aq dawda cremli,
xmeleTs rom recxda,
edgavar Sens saxlTan,
Sens Camqral cecxlTan
wuxili mesxTa,
Zaxili mesxTa.

(`Sen aq xar~)

rusTaveli RmerTs eCurCuleba. `vefxistyaosnis~ av­

toris locva muxlzedacemuli morCilis litania rodia
mxolod. igi kacTa mier RvTisagan `gandgomis dabrale­
bas~ uaryofs, magram Tavisi `Secodebis~ masStabic icis da
ufals Sinagan paeqrobasac Sehbedavs:

me Cems gonebas,
cnobas vTvlidi,
Cems did saunjed,
radgan arsTagans
374
 me meboZa
es saboZveli,
Sen mTxovdi Tayvans,
mxolod Tayvans,
Tayvans ganusjels,
me mxolod gansjis,
mxolod gansjis
viyav mlocveli...
me am wadiliT,
me am locviT
viyav damwvari;
xams locva Cemi
ar memwuxros,
xams ar wammwardes
da Tu Sen mainc
codvad miTvli
am Cems sawadels _
codva, arcodvis
WeSmariti
sad Zevs samZRvari?!

(`xma jvris monastris galavanTan~)

sxva xmaSi kvlav grZeldeba rusTavelis Sinagani mono­

logi, misi kamaTi uzenaesTan:

me Sens did kanons,

did gangebas rodi gardavel,
rodi davakel
siTbo locvas,
locvas monebrivs,
magram Tu zogjer
ver vuWerdi fiqrsac sadaves _
rad momec niWi,
gulisyuri, Tvali gonebis.

am aRsarebaSi miniSnebulia is garemoebac, rom Tu poetma

uneblied ram Sescoda, mxolod imitom, rom igi kaci iyo.

375
 me azri viyav...
bedi kacTa
me ar mebara,
Cemad nugeSad,
Cemad tanjvad
me es meyofis...
me kacic viyav,
mec am miwis
medo begara: _
me viyav mona
siyvarulis
da erTmefobis.
(`xma jvris monasterSi~)
rusTavelis xma da misi miwieri sicocxlis gasagisi up­
irvelesad mamuls ekuTvnis da samSoblos siyvaruliTaa ga­
ciskrovnebuli:
o, palestinav,
palestinav!
yovlis momcvelis,
yovlis mflobelis
mwamda Senis sityvis, cxovlisa,
magram uadres,
uwinares,
umal yovlisa,
me samSoblosTvis,
samSoblosTvis
viyav mlocveli.
neqtriT is mwvavda,
mware misgan gammwarebia,
mis cis qveS
ymobac
CemTvis iyo alamdaroba,
me ukvdaveba
mamuls gareT ar mwamebia,
ar miZebnia mamuls gareT mamamTavroba.
(`xma zeTisxilis baRSi~)
376
 `xma TeTr senakSi~ Tamar mefisadmi poetis unapiro si­
yvarulis RaRadisia, xolo `xma katamonTan~ qarTuli enis
ukvdavebis sagalobeli gaxlavT:

_ o, enav Cemo,
dedao enav,
Sen, Cveno niWo,
srbolav da frenav,
Sen, Cveno sunTqvis dido alamo,
Sen, WirTa CvenTa tkbilo malamo,
Sen, kiro CvenTa qvaTa da kirTa,
Sen erTi SemrCi samaris pirTan.

...daeces iqneb simagre yvela,

moisras iqneb yvela yma velad,
daedos mtveri yvela did xsovnas,
daakvdes azri napovnis povnas,
yovel nergs, iqneb, daatydes mexi,
yovel Zegls, iqneb, daedgas fexi.
mxolod Sen uWknobs,
Sen xatad qceuls,
ra dro, ra dascems
Sens ukvdav sxeuls?

(`xma katamonTan~)

mkveTrad gamoxatuli patriotuli ganwyobis poeti iyo.

eris ukvdaveba sjeroda da am boboqar, paradoqsebis sauku­
neSic gaZlebis, gaZelqvebis niWiT ajildoebda mkiTxvels:

Tu yvelaferi aris sizmari,

Tu bindisferi aris yoveli,
maSin ratom dgas dRes mcxeTis jvari,
ratom dgas isev sveticxoveli?

(`mcxeTa~)

377
 ciklSi `indoeTis nakvalevze~ irakli abaSiZis lirikuli
gmiris nostalgia aseT sulSiCamwvdom leqsad CamoiRvara:

bevri amqveynad
erT Tbil dRes natrobs,
bevrs Tovlic ar wvavs,
guliT rom surdes.
me ki sxva miwis ra unda mSurdes,
samSoblov Cemo, Sens Svils da patrons.
...sunTqva xar, sunTqva, gulis fancqali,
lxinis afrena, Wiris moTmena,
magram mcire xar,
Sen genacvale,
sul patara xar, gulisodena, _

(`bevri amqveynad~)

mravalnanax, qveyanamovlil poets suls mxolod mSobli­

uri rionis qari uforiaqebda:

ara evfratis, ara angaris,

ara alaznis, ara araqsis,
mxolod amgvari,
mxolod amgvari.
arsad amgvari qari ara qris...
mudam cecxliviT, mudam denTiviT,
mudam borgviT ro
Jins ver iokebs;
me am qarebiT var gaJRenTili,
suls sikvdilamde rom awiokebs.

(`qarebi rionis xeobaSi~)

ra gulwrfelia, ra sada da bunebrivi mSobliuri quTai­

sis monatreba:

378
 rogorc daTbeba,
rogorc daTbeba,
da mze Catkbeba Semkul daisSi,
unda aRsruldes, rac menatreba _
unda gavfrinde Cem quTaisSi.

(`rogorc daTbeba~)

saqarTvelos Znelbedi istoriiT gajerebuli, Cveni be­

dis poeturi interpretaciaa `sami cixe~.

...iqneb mogesmas mamebs, winaprebs, _

qveynad mSvidoba rad ar hqoniaT...
Sesdeq lomgmirTa xsovnis winaSe,
yuri miugde am sam goliaTs.

yuri miugde, rogor gadarCa

mtris xmals qveyana cremldanamuli...
`dauxvdi~ `dahkar~ da `ar gauSva~
ai, ra aris Cveni mamuli.

(`sami cixe~)

poetis siyvarulis sagans sruliad saqarTvelo warmoad­

genda. erT leqsSi Tu saqarTvelos ZirZvel bastions _ mesx­
eTs eTayvaneboda:

ufro mxurvaled,
vidre arasdros,
minda, gemTxvio da geTayvano,
aTas avdarSi aTas varamSi
Sen, dauSlelo Cveno akvano!

(`mesxeTs~)

sxva leqsSi saqarTvelos ganuyofeli kuTxe _ afxazeTi

ipyrobda irakli abaSiZis poetur gumans:

379
 mwyurodes mudam,
rogorc mwyuria
mTebis, qedebis brolis naJuri:
qceuli sizmrad _
dioskuria,
qceuli sizmrad _
ca afxazuri.

(`ca afxazuri~)

irakli abaSiZis patriotizmi dafuZnebulia imis Segne­

baze, rom samSoblo martooden saxelovani warsuli rodia.
poeti Rrmadaa darwmunebuli, rom qveynis `saunje da sagan­
Zuri~ dResac ganagrZobs brwyinvas da samSoblos gaZlebis
saidumlo `marad uqrobi cecxlis~ ZiebaSia.

Sen xar warsuli,

magram arasdros
mxolod namyo da mxolod warsuli,
sunTqvas ganagrZobs
brwyinvas ganagrZobs
Seni saunje da saganZuri.

Sen xar sicocxle,

radgan gauZel
aTas Wirsa da xmliT gaciebas;
aTas gaqrobis dResaswaulze
xar marad uqrob cecxlis Zieba.

(`himni tradiciuli~)

patriotuli mgznebarebiT gamoirCeva agreTve leqsebi:

`aq davsaxldebi~, `naxe gaxede~, `mka gremSi~, `arawi~, `alazan­
Tan~, `ra dagaviwyebs~, `Tbiliss~, `sadac ar unda moxvdes qa­
rTveli~, `Cveni ilia, Cveni akaki~, `samSoblo iyos Cveni dide­
ba~, `kapitani buxaiZe~ da sxv.
irakli abaSiZes satrfialo lirikiT maincdamainc ar

380
gaunebivrebia mkiTxveli. qalisadmi trfials mis poeziaSi
arcTu didi adgili uWiravs, Tumca siyvarulis gulwrfeli
himnia `pirveli Tovlis simRera~.

wuxel Tovda,
netav CemTan rad ar gaCndi,
genaxe da ZilSi Tbilad dagexure...
me avdeqi pirvel Tovlze ganTiadSi
da veZebdi Sens patara nafexurebs.

daeyara saxlebze da veris gzaze

Tovli, TeTrad dasaxuli,
ase TeTrad, gulubryvilod hyvavis ase
imereTSi tyemlis xeze gazafxuli.

(`pirveli Tovlis simRera~)

poetis satrfialo lirikas amSvenebs agreTve `yvela sim­

Rera~, `siyvarulisTvis~, `aprilis da maisis~, `Sen dagitoveb~
da sxva.
irakli abaSiZes gulTbili iumorisa da msubuqi satiris
didi niWic hqonda. misi xumrobani elvis siswrafiT vrcel­
deboda saqarTveloSi da esec ganapirobebda `sami cixis~ av­
toris did popularobas. irakli abaSiZis satirul maxvils
verc oTxmociani wlebis komunistTa krebomania gadaurCa.
leqss hqvia `gabaaseba vladimer maiakovskisTan~.

erTad, erTpirad,
gana yvela Tavis nebaze,
saxe aTasi
ferad vardi
ferad pilpili.
Sensobas organ,
axla samgan vzivar krebaze,
calke xel-fexi,
calke zurgi,
calke cxvir-piri.

381
 ...Tqvens Semdeg wlebi,
mSenebloba,
omianoba...
bevrs rasme vZlieT,
bevri davgmeT,
bevrs moveswariT,
magram Tu rasme
marTla hqvia
`msxdomiaroba~,
`msxdomiaroba~ Cven rom vzivarT,
ai, es aris.

siWarmagis gadasaxedidan irakli abaSiZem gaxeda samzeo-

saaqaos, gaisigrZegana am wuTisoflis tkbil-mware da inatra:

o, ara gazafxulze
am mzeSi, am darSi,
o, ara gazafxulze _
zamTarSi... zamTarSi!

roca kvdeba miwac,

kvdeba nela, nela;
roca gareT bnela,
roca Sigac bnela.

roca susxi mefobs,

am barSi, am mTaSi...
o, ara gazafxulze _
zamTarSi... zamTarSi!

TiTqosda bunebam usminao...

Seusrula natvra irakli abaSiZes.
zamTarSi gaiwvia wuTisoflidan.

382
 lado asaTiani
(1917 _ 1943)

lado asaTiani, mirza gelovani, giorgi nafetvariZe,

se­
ve­rian isiani, aleqsandre sajaia, revaz margiani, aleko
Sen­gelia, giorgi SatberaSvili, ioseb noneSvili, lado su­
la­beriZe... isini ocdaaTiani wlebis bolos gamovidnen aspa­
rez­ze. `cisferyanwelTa~ Semdeg aseTi TviTmyofadi da ga­
mok­veTili Taoba ar Canda literaturis horizontze.
isini erTad idgnen, erTmaneTisTvis mxarmicemulni.
nabij-nabij amkvidrebdnen TavianT saxelebs poeziaSi da er­
Tad icavdnen sakuTar SemoqmedebiT princips. es principi ki
sxva ara iyo ra, Tu ara qarTuli tradiciuli, metaforuli
leqsis da qarTuli mwerlobis erovnuli tradiciebis erT­
guleba.
dRes arc erTi maTgani aRaraa cocxalTa Soris.
lamis ise erTad gaikrifnen wuTisoflidan, rogorc
movidnen.
zogs omis qarcecxlian gzebze mouswro sikvdilma, zog
maTgans ulmobelma senma WabukobaSive dahria xeli.

383
 axla isini TavianTi marTali wignebidan da gacrecil-
gayviTlebuli studenturi portretebidan Semogcqerian.
`ocdaaTianelTa~, anu rogorc maSin uwodebdnen `axal­
TaobelTa~ Soris gamorCeulia lado asaTiani.
daibada 1917 wlis 14 ianvars quTaisSi, maswavleblebis _
meqi asaTianis da lida cqitiSvilis ojaxSi. bavSvoba cager­
is raionis sofel bardnalaSi gaatara. cagerSive daamTavra
teqnikumi da 1934 wels quTaisis pedagogiuri institutis
biologiis fakultetze Cairicxa, magram sabunebismetyvelo
sagnebs guli ver daudo da pirveli kursidanve filolo­
giis fakultetze ganagrZo swavla. 1937 wels lados dedas,
q-n lidas, trockistoba daabrales da gadaasaxles.
pedagogiuri institutis damTavrebisTanave lado asa­
Tiani TbilisSi gadmovida da `norCi leninelis~ redaqciaSi
daiwyo muSaoba.
1940 wels colad SeirTo aniko vaCnaZe, romlisganac Se­
eZina qaliSvili _ manana.
am droisaTvis poeti ukve WleqiT iyo daavadebuli, ma­
gram mainc gaiwvies samxedro samsaxurSi, Tumca ramdenime
TveSi ukanve gamoabrunes janmrTelobis gauaresebis gamo.
sicocxlis bolo wlebSi ramdenjerme iyo abasTumanSi
samkurnalod, magram verag senTan brZola uSedegod das­
rulda.
1943 wlis 23 ivliss gardaicvala TbilisSi. dakrZales
vakis sasaflaoze, xolo 1968 wels didubis panTeonSi ga­
daasvenes.
pirveli leqsi 1935 wels (15/X) gamoaqveyna quTaisSi,
gazeT `stalinelSi~. TbilisSi aqtiurad TanamSromlobda
`Cvens TaobaSi~, `norC leninelSi~ da `literaturul gazeT­
Si~. 1942 wels daibeWda lado asaTianis leqsebis pirveli
wigni, magram `mTavlitma~ mas gavrcelebis neba ar misca xaz­
gasmuli patriotuli mimarTulebisa da disidenturi qvete­
qstebis gamo. wigni stambaSive gaanadgures da amiT sabWoTa
imperiam axalgazrda poetis ocnebas erTxel kidev Seakveca
frTebi.
iqneb am faqtmac mouswrafa sicocxle.
sikvdilSic did poetebs daemgvana.

384
 ocdaeqvsi wlis biWma nika agiaSvils miswera: `me dawyev­
lili lado asaTiani _ erTi kviraa, rac geaxeliT Tbiliss.
TiTqmis xuTi Tve gavatare abasTumanSi absoluturad mar­
tom _ sul wignebTan. araviTari gaumjobeseba ar mimiRia
janmrTelobis mxriv. Cemi filtvebis mixedviT me male unda
mivicvalo~...
am stiqonebs sxvaTa Soris wers, cota ar iyos, ironiula­
dac. mTeli werili xumrobebiT aris savse. jer adresats
eqilikeba. Sengan ra vikingi dadgeba, koWebamde wyalSi Zlivs
scuravo, mere TbilisSi gaCenil axal funagoriebs iSveli­
ebs da ase simRer-simRer, sicil-sicil CaamTavrebs werils.
sxvaTa Soris...
`Cemi filtvebis mixedviT me male unda mivicvalo~.
amis warmodgenis unars Cven vin mogvTxovs, magram erTi
wuTiT warmoidgine, mkiTxvelo, ocdaeqvsi wlis iyo da ime­
dis wyali gadagewuros, dReebi daTvlili gqondes.
sxvanairad unda meTqva: ocdaeqvsi wlis lado asaTiani
iyo sicocxleze Seyvarebuli, lamaz wuTebze daxarbebuli
da icode, rom `male unda miicvalo~.
am werilis avtori ki sicxisagan gaTanguli, ulmobeli
senisagan filtvebdaRrRnili axalgazrda kaci, meore dRes
miujdeba ufardago magidas da mowafuri melan-kalmistriT
calxazian rveulze yru xvelebiT dawers leqss `gulbaaT
WavWavaZeze~. qeifiT, yiJiniT, salaRobo motiviT savse leqss.
imisTvis, vinc gmirobas marto xmlis qnevaSi ar xedavs, es
saqcieli WeSmariti gmirobaa.
`aspinZis avtori~ Tavis droze rom dabadebuliyo, iq
mokvdeboda, sadac misi leqsis cxra Zma daeca:

erTi maTgani, daWrili ubeSi droSas malavda,

iwva sisxlisgan daclili... kurTxeul iyos marabda!
es awewili fafari Tu mSobliuri nislia?
visia cxra bedauri, cxra daraxtuli visia?

obolma biWma baraTaSvilis asakSi imdeni moaswro, rom

misi leqsebis citireba uxerxulobas mgvris, ise qrestoma­
Tiuli da sayovelTaoa misi poezia.

25. r. miSvelaZe. t. XXV 385

 keTilma Wirisuflebma lado asaTianis TiTqmis yvela
striqoni moiZies, piradi werilebi, ubis wignakebi, siyrmis
rveulebi, gazeTebi gadaqeq-gadmoqeqes da gamomcemloba
`saqarTvelom~ 1979 wels poetis mSvenieri erTtomeuli mia­
woda poeziis moyvarulT.
am wignSia axla yvelaze srulad Cateuli misi simRera,
fiqri, survili da misi naRvliani cxovrebac.
WeSmariti poetisa zogjer marto WeSmarit poetebs es­
miT. xom ase laRia asaTianis poezia da xelisguliviT cxadi,
magram mainc bevrjer gaawiTlebs da daabnevs igi mis wignTan
yovlismcodnis poziT misuls.
`erTtomeulis~ lado asaTiani poeziis zRaprul saqa­
nelaze mjdomiviT xan uCveulod mogviaxloebs Tavis aRg­
znebul saxes, xan ki meocnebe Tvalebs caTa Sina aRapyrobs
da zemodan dagxedavs.
roca valebze, Wleqze, ubinaobasa da redaqciaSi leq­
sis uadgilod Semcirebaze laparakobs, `salaRobos~ avtori
saSualebas gvaZlevs, axlos mixvide, sulSi Caxedo, Cveu­
lebriv kacad CaTvalo, magram rogorc ki Zalian gauTama­
mdebi da mxarze familarulad xels mouTaTuneb, mwyralad
Semogxedavs da isev Tavis simaRles, Tavis masStabebs, Tavis
parnass daubrundeba:

TviTon varskvlavebs emaxsovrebaT

(me mxsnelad myavda varskvlavT krebuli),
rom iyo mudam Cemi cxovreba
mkvdrebis mzesaviT gayviTlebuli.

mkvdarTa mzis mkrTali, civi aTinaTiT daCenili lado

asaTianis maRali Zegli _ alali, xalasi Semoqmedeba marto
imis maCvenebeli ki ar aris, rogor unda emsaxuro qveyanas,
imis samwuxaro gakveTilic aris, rom poets meti yuradReba
da mxardaWera sWirdeba.
...roca zRapruli saqanela axlos modis, lado asaTiani
eremia qareliSvils miswers: `lit. gazeTi miviRe, ufro ukan
rom gadagedoT, ajobebda, magram magaze bolo adgili aRar
aRmoCnda~. magram sakmarisia STagonebis cecxliT gonebis
386
erTi ganaTeba da lado asaTiani `iqidan~ geCurCuleba: `siz­
marSi vnaxe fiordebi, lurji, sul lurji, didi da momcro
yureebi _ Cveni naislarebiviT~.
RmerTTan mosaubre kacs sizmrebic sxvanairi hqonda.
amitom meCveneba yovelTvis naklulovnad mecnierebis
lampirT poetis piradi cxovrebis labirinTebSi xetiali.
Temis _ `lado asaTiani~ _ sakiTxSi kompetenturobis daCe­
meba Znelia.
me, rogorc vatyob, sicocxleSi lado asaTians (mis
pirovnebas) srulyofilad aravin icnobda ise, rogorc gal­
aktions TiTqmis aravin hyavda mesaidumle.
ase rogor moiwesriga ocdaeqvsi wlis biWma yvelaferi,
risTvisac poetebs zogjer erTi grZeli sicocxle ar hyof­
niT, ranairad SeZlo qarTuli leqsis ganaxlebis zaric
daereka da Rvinisagan gulaCuyebuli kacis loSniT ki ara,
siyvarulis avadmyofobiT gafxizlebuli gonebiT ise mofe­
reboda Tavis qveyanas, Tavis rusTavels, Tavis krwaniss, Ta­
vis galaktions, Tavis sikvdilis sakansac _ abasTumnis pata­
ra galias, rom misi wigniT yelTamde savses, erTi wamocdena
wamogcdeba: `kidev rom ecocxla, raRa unda ekeTebinao.
Tavisi portreti TviTonve daxata lamazad da samudamod:

am xeivanSi is Zalze xSirad

daseirnobda Cvens sasaxelod,
xelSi cisferi wigni eWira
da aweuli hqonda sayelo.

erTi SexedviT uzomod mkacri,

axlos aravis ar ikarebda
da idga, rogorc sxva drois kaci,
foTlebdacvenil baRis karebTan.

lado asaTiani _ poeti iqa dgas, sadac samaradisod na­

Toben ukeTesi qarTveli poetebi. saxelovan micvalebulTa
elitas amSvenebs misi STamagonebeli, sufTa saxe.
lado asaTiani _ cremlebamde Sesayvarebeli, alali,
brZeni bavSvi ki am patara amonawerebSic amoicnoba:

387
 `mweralTa saxlis baRSi erTi mwerali ijda _ rafielis _
`samSoblo xevsurisa~ adgilobrivi, kuTxuri patriotizmia,
Sovinizmis suni udiso, sul suleli vuZaxe; unda mecemna,
Zlivs gamaswro~.
`Zvirfaso nikoloz! im beberi ZaRlis mosagonari iyos,
romelic 1937-38 wlebSi xSirad gvxvdeboda im sastumro
`grand-otelis~ win, sadac Sen cxovrobdi~.
`ocdaaT wlamde sul poezia, Semdeg proza da drama­
turgia... manamde xels ver movkideb, ver gavbedav!~.
`WianWvelam Tu icis Cveni arseboba? saerTod, cxoveleb­
ma Tu ician ras vxlaforTobT Cven. sainteresoa, ras fiqro­
ben, roca uyureben Cvens nacodvilars da naxelavs?~.
ra kargad icoda kacis fasi! moTavebuli vaJkacio, ityvi­
an aseT kacze, ra amayad vlida da rogor mohqonda Tavi
qarTvelad rom dabada gamCenma, raodeni ridi da mowiweba
hqonda qarTvelTa sulieri mamisadmi:
`yoveli qarTveli poeti ise unda ivsebdes pirsa da gon­
ebas SoTas SairebiT, rogorc demosTeni ivsebda pirs kenWe­
biT, enabrgvilobis dasaZlevad~.
leqsebSi firosmans bevrjer axsenebs. erTi gasaocari
leqsi aqvs terenti granelze. am leqsSi daTovlili say­
dris fonze giJis TeTri xalaTiT dgas terenti graneli da
mwuxared Semogvyurebs. upatrono, umweo terenti granels
umowyalod aTovs mxrebze da mSveleli ar Cans.
Tovs da anaTebs sadRac kandeli,
didi sasaxlis brwyinavs karebi.
Sen ki viT Tovlis TeTri fanteli,
daRupvisaken mieqanebi.

agitans SiSi da Jruanteli,

gagifiTrdeba TvalTa upeni,
nuTu, viT Tovlis TeTri fanteli,
Senc ise mSvidad daiRupebi?

...lado asaTiani erT werilSi Tavis meuRles abasTum­

nidan swers: netav imis saxsari da SesaZlebloba mogvca, aq
kidev erT Tves gamaCeron, maSin usaTuod movrCebodio.

388
 iqneb amitomac stkioda kibis qveS gaTavebuli nikala,
iqneb, amitomac ekiTxeboda gulgrilobiT guldamwvar
terenti granels: `nuTu viT Tovlis TeTri fanteli, Senc
ase mSvidad daiRupebio~.
mainc ra moxda, ratom akritikeben komkavSirelTa yovel
morig konferenciaze an ratom dauWres pirveli wigni?
lado asaTiani im dros gamovida samwerlo asparezze,
roca sityva `saqarTvelos~ xseneba lamis akrZaluli iyo
(`saqarTvelos~ nacvlad `respublika~ unda geTqva), xolo
samSoblosadmi siyvarulis gamoxatva kuTxurobad da `na­
cionalizmad~ (`nacionalizmi~ im dros yvelaze saSiSi si­
tyva iyo) iTvleboda. samSoblos gageba mxolod `did sab­
WoeTs~ ukavSirdeboda.
ai, aseT dros gaisma lado asaTianis omaxiani leqsi,
romelSic Zalumad JRerda samSoblos dacvis paTosi saqa­
rTvelosTvis damaSvral gmirTa sadideblad.

hei, Tqven aragvelebo, gaumaZRarno omiTa,

Tqvens saflavebTan mosvla da muxlis modreka mominda

(`krwanisis yayaCoebi~)

poeti pirdapir da cxadad eubneba Tavis Tanamedroveo­

bas, rom masac cotne dadianis saxmili swvavs:

ra qarTveli xar da ra Wabuki,

Tu mamuls Tavi ar anacvale?
es awvalebda cotne dadians,
mec qarTveli var da es mawvalebs.

rom vdgavar axla Tbilisis karTan,

Sen gekiTxebi, cao naTelo,
am uxeiro leqsebis garda
ras gavukeTeb me saqarTvelos?

(`Tqven geubnebiT, Zmebo, mgosnebo~)

389
 aSkarad igrZnoba lado asaTianis leqsebSi arsebuliT
ukmayofileba. igi Tavis Taobas imasve usayvedurebs, rasac
didi ilia usayvedurebda _ `sul Zili, Zilio~, poeti darw­
munebulia, rom winapris mecixovnis xma aRar ismis social­
istur saqarTveloSi:

cxovrebis oromtrialSi
upirvelesad yovlisa _
Sen xma dakarge winapris
mamaci mecixovnisa!

me gavacocxle xma igi

da minda yurSi CagZaxo,
adeq, mglis muxli maibi,
ram wagaxdina, yazaxo.

(`warwera wignze~)

CasZinebia qveyanas CasZinebia beber cixes. mis yofas

mxolod sizmariRa alamazebs; Caivlis heroikuli sizmari
da modis uxaliso cxadi, sadac cixis galavanze arwivebi
Tvlemen.

roca mTvare Sewyvets kaSkaSs

da bnels Semoixvevs,
ise, rogorc daRlil vaJkacs,
mZimed sZinavs cixes.

...eRiZeba rogorc sisxliT

gagiJebul mxedars.
eRiZeba, magram ZilSi
nanaxs veRar xedavs.

veRar xedavs, gaavdeba,

aSlis xavsis balans
da gruxunebs naadrevi
gazafxulis gvarad.

390
 mere isev alamazebs
sizmriT Tavis sve-beds
da xavsian galavanze
arwivebi Tvlemen.
(`cixis sizmari~)

am leqsis emociuri areali awymosadmi aSkara ukmayo­

filebiTaa danaRmuli. sinamdvile uferuli da usaxoa. be­
beri cixe ZilSi nanax arwivebs cxadSi veRar xedavs...
es sakmarisi aRmoCnda `patriotulad aRtkinebuli~ po­
etis pirveli wignis gasanadgureblad.
patriotuli lirika lado asaTianis Semoqmedebis mTa­
vari motivia. nakaduliviT, rakrakiT momdinare misi amRere­
buli leqsi TiTqosda mamulis siyvarulis hangad daibada:

tkbilia, rogorc dedis rZiT balRi tuCSeuSrobeli,

tkbilia, rogorc cis nami, rogorc alersi mSobelis,
tkbilia, rogorc velebze jejilis mwvane fafari,
tkbilia, rogorc Zilispirs Zveli qarTuli zRapari.

barSi bulbulTa jaria, mTaSi iremi yvirisa,

tkbilia, rogorc surneli axladmoxdili Rvinisa,
tkbilia, rogorc surneli axladgamomcxvar purisa,
tkbilia, rogorc nugeSi bedisgan daRupulisa.

(`Cemo samSoblo~)

Sinagani eqspresiiT, omaxianobiT, dramatizmiT, ganwyo­

bilebis uSualobiT gamorCeulia `salaRobo~. igi iseTive
popularuli leqsia saqarTveloSi, rogoricaa akakis `gan­
Tiadi~, ilias `yvarlis mTebs~, galaktionis `meri~, giorgi
leoniZis `yivCaRis paemani~. Tavisi momwodebluri paTosiT,
vaJkacuri JiniT `salaRobo~ marad aRanTebs mkiTxvels:

daukariT, rom Zvel xanjals elda eces,

gaisarjos da brZolaSi daixarjos!

391
 gaumarjos saqarTvelos mzes da zecas,
saqarTvelos Zlierebas gaumarjos!

daukariT jer xom sisxli gviduRs ZarRvSi,

jer xom saros foTlebi ar gascvenia,
jer xom mcxeTis sveticxovlis didi taZarSi
saqarTvelos cxeli guli asvenia!

daukariT! da imRereT ise magrad,

rom filtvebi gvetkinos da dagveberos!
daukariT, rom Wabukni viyoT marad,
da cxovrebam verasodes dagvaberos!

daukariT da imRereT madiani,

ficxel omSi rom mReroda maCabeli,
daukariT Zveleburi dardiani,
daukariT arwivebis asafreni!

cxra laxvari rom damartyan cxrajer gulSi,

mtris jinaze cxrajer mwared gavicineb,
daviRlebi saqarTvelos siyvarulSi,
sasTumalze erTxelac ar daviZineb!

(`salaRobo~)

daakvirdiT, ra STambeWdavad dauxatavs poets uZveles

iberielTa sofeli, sadac xalibur folads adnoben da qar­
Tul xmals sWedaven da ra Zalumad igrZnoba leqsSi `ajanye­
buli eris~ monatreba:

iberielTa sofeli... maRal-maRali cxenebi...

xalibis folads adnoben mamaci xalibelebi,
pirvelyofili samWedlo _ grdemli da uro Zlieri,
qarTul iaraRs awrToben mamaci iberielni.

kveriTxuroi veeba, rvalis da rkinis mWedeli

da saberveli, veSapis ybasaviT gauxedneli.

392
 uganivresi filtvebi, haeri daJangebuli,
baasi: Weqa-quxili da eri ajanyebuli.

(`pirveli mWedlebi~)

marTlac rom leqsis ostatis grZneulebiT Caatia po­

etma mcire moculobis leqsSi cxra Zma xerxeuliZis Tav­
ganwiruli kveTeba. es leqsi mamulisTvis brZolis mTeli
epopeaa, gasaocari ferwerulobiT Seqmnili panoramuli ti­
loa, STambeWdavi tragikuli siuJetiT gamorCeuli da mt­
kice kompoziciiT Sekruli:

es gafrenili fafari, Tu mSobliuri nislia?

visia cxra bedauri, cxra daraxtuli visia?
saiT wavidnen vaJebi, rad miatoves, raSebi,
raSebi TamaS-TamaSa, omebSi naTamaSebi?

...erTi maTgani daWrili, ubeSi droSas malavda,

iwva sisxlisgan daclili... kurTxeul iyo marabda!

es awewili fafari, Tu mSobliuri nislia?

visia cxra bedauri, cxra daraxtuli visia?
dawrialeben, daZrwian qafmoreuli laSebiT...
mxedrebo, ase uRmerTod rad miatoveT raSebi?!

(`cxra Zma xerxeuliZe~)

lado asaTianis SemoqmedebaSi samSoblos siyvaruliT

STagonebul leqsTa Soris unda davasaxeloT agreTve `Cemi
qveynis oqroyana~, `ar vici ase ram Semayvara~, `saqarTvelo­
Si~, `bardnala~, `yayaCo~, `simRera Tbilisze~, `namkaSuris
wisqvilebi~, `gaifiqreb da gagexardeba~, `saqarTvelo iyo
maTi saocnebo saxeli~ da sxva.
kocnasaviT mxurvale da zRvis niaviviT nazia lado asa­
Tianis satrfialo lirika:

393
 ra damaviwyebs Sens lamaz Tvalebs,
ram damaviwyos es alublebi!
icode, roca sxvas Seviyvareb,
am siyvarulze vesaubrebi.

vetyvi, Tu rogor gviyvarda Zvelad

Cven trfialeba wregadasuli,
Tu rogor gaqara ocneba yvela
da mogonebad darCa warsuli.

(`albomidan~)

zogjer sicocxleze Seyvarebuli poetis leqsidan crem­

li mowveTavs Zlieri seniT damCneuli Savi Crdilebis gamo:

rogor ar minda, Zliero seno,

leqsSi qarTulad rom mogixseno!
rogor ar minda, Cems siWabukes,
daaCndes Seni Savi Crdilebi.

es ra uSreti cecxliT dambuge,

pirs marideben qaliSvilebi.

(`rogor ar minda~)

sami poema dagvitova: `basianis brZola~, `aspinZa~ da

`kolxida~, agreTve _ Targmanebi, mdidari epistolaruli
memkvidreoba da saoxunjo salaRobo leqsebi (e. w. funago­
riebi) qarTvel mwerlebze.

* * *
erT-erT bolo leqsSi lado asaTianis aseTi Txovna-an­
derZi gakrTa:

vidre sikvdili gamaxvevdes bnels mosasxamSi,

vidre sikvdilis Wvali gulze damesobodes,

394
 ukanasknelad damawvineT Cems oda saxlSi,
ukanasknelad, vidre Tvalni damevsebodnen.

ukanasknelad papiCemis gajorkil taxtze

damigeT magrad, damaxureT Savi nabadi,
ukanasknelad, udrtvinvelad mamyofeT ase,
vidre sikvdili SfoTian suls gaminabavdes.

(`vidre sikvdili~)

ise wavida `salaRobos~ avtori, rom es mcire Txovnac

ver SevusruleT.

395
 ioseb noneSvili
(1919 – 1980)

meoce saukunis samociani wlebidan kalmiT eris msax­

uris funqciam axali niuansebic SeiZina. mkiTxvelma sru­
liad samarTlianad mosTxova poets praqtikosis, sazogado
moRvawis tvirTis tareba. rakiRa galaktioni da giorgi
leoniZe aRar iyvnen cocxalTa Soris, epoqam aseTi kiTx­
va dausva Tavis poets: dRes, roca niWier kalmosans bevrs
vxedav, xolo sazogado moRvawes SedarebiT cotas, momeci
ufleba gkiTxo; garda am mSvenieri leqsebisa, sxva ra arge
Sens qveyanas? aitane Tu vera maRal sakuTrTxevelze eris
qomagisa da Wirisuflis mZime jvari?
im TiTze CamosaTvlel SemoqmedTagan am kiTxvas rom
welgamarTulni upasuxebdnen, piroflianni rom idgnen sru­
liad saqarTvelos droSis qveS da niadag TvalmoxuWavni
yurs ugdebdnen misi gulis feTqvas _ erTi ioseb noneSvili
gaxldaT.
saqarTvelo yuradRebiT usmenda ioseb noneSvils da
swored Cvens dReebSi, roca zogs egona, rom inteleqtua­
lur poezias dawafebuli, verlibriTa da filosofiur-med­

396
itaciuri leqsiT daRlili mkiTxveli devis nabijiT Sorde­
bao demokratiuli poeziis yureebs. swored am mkiTxvelma
sicocxleSive saxalxo poetad aRiara ioseb noneSvili (Tum­
ca oficialurad es wodeba galaktionis gardacvalebis Sem­
deg imave skeptikosebis msubuqi xeliT gauqmebuli iyo) da
poetis dakrZalvis dRes erTsulvani gloviT, zRva xalxis
maRla awvdil xelebze didubemde dauSveblad micurebuli
kuboTi daamtkica, Tu ra Zvirfasi iyo misTvis `CuqurT­
mismWrelis epitafiis~ avtoris neSti, ra axlobeli iyo
misTvis poetis mier Semokruli zari, poetisa – ers misT­
vis saWiro da gasageb enaze rom esaubreboda.
ioseb noneSvilis popularobas Tavisi mizezebi hqonda.
pirveli leqsebidanve gamoirCa misi xma `Cveni Taobis~ garSe­
mo Semokrebil debiutantTa Soris. ioseb noneSvilma lit­
eraturul mesazandred iara mTeli cxovrebis manZilze da
misi mJReri, sadRegrZelosaviT amRerebuli, publicisturi
poezia erTferovan kantatad arasodes qceula. igi uaR­
resad faqizi smenis poeti iyo da garemoebis sayviris mis­
ia akakisa da vaJas wminda memkvidreobiT hqonda miRebuli.
zigzagebiani rodi gaxldaT ioseb noneSvilis SemoqmedebiTi
gza, poetis pozicia imTaviTve naTeli da garkveuli iyo _
pirdapiri, mikib-mokibvisa da `izmebis~ gareSe saubari xalx­
Tan. swored amitomaa, rom mis leqsebs scenuri efeqti, ama­
Rlebuli intonacia, artistizmi axlavs.
ioseb noneSvili daibada 1919 wlis 6 aprils gurjaanis
raionis sofel kardenaxSi.
mama elioz ilias Ze noneSvili (1890-1922) kardenax­
eli glexi, bavSvobidanve Caeba revoluciur moZraobaSi,
aqtiur monawileobas iRebda siRnaRis mazris 1906 wlis
revoluciur gamosvlebSi. 1905-1907 wlebis revoluciis
damarcxebis Semdeg gamefebuli reaqciis pirobebSi arale­
galurad ganagrZobda revoluciur muSaobas. deda _ manana
Tedos asuli xelaSvili (1901-1936) im drois kvalobaze ga­
naTlebuli da uaRresad sandominai qali gaxldaT.
ioseb noneSvili 1926 wlidan pirvel dawyebiT Svidwlian
ganaTlebas iRebs sofel kardenaxSi, dedis gardacvalebis
Semdeg TbilisSi Camodis da amTavrebs dedaqalaqis me-18 sa­
397
Sualo skolas. 1933 wlidan swavlas ganagrZobs Tbilisis
saxelmwifo universitetis filologiis fakultetze. 1938
wels gamoqveynda axalgazrda poetis pirveli leqsebi, xolo
1940 wels daibeWda pirveli krebuli `leqsebi~ (`sablit­
gami~). 1941 wels moxalised midis omSi da 1941-1946 wlebSi
amierkavkasiis frontze mTeli rigi saarmio gazeTebis lit­
muSakad da pasuxismgebel mdivnad muSaobda.
1947 wlidan Jurnal `niangis~ redaqtoris moadgilea,
xolo 1952-63 wlebSi Jurnal `dilas~ redaqtori. 1963-67
wlebSi `literaturul gazeTs~ redaqtorobda, 1967 wlidan
sikvdilamde saqarTvelos mweralTa kavSiris gamgeobis mdi­
vnad muSaobda. arCeuli iyo: saqarTvelos mSvidobis dacvis
komitetis Tavmjdomared. 1981 wlis TebervalSi, gardacva­
lebis Semdeg, mieniWa SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis premia.
gardaicvala 1980 wlis 6 oqtombers. dakrZalulia mwer­
alTa da sazogado moRvaweTa didubis panTeonSi.
ioseb noneSvilis poezia ZiriTadad sam nakadad miedine­
boda _ publicistur poeziad, intimur-meditaciur nakadad
da satrfialo lirikad. qarTuli poeziis am samive tradici­
ul saxes poetma Tavisi kvali daatyo, axali aRmoCenebiT
gaamdidra Cveni Tanamedrovis sulieri kvlevis urTulesi
saqme. Tanac ioseb noneSvilis, rogorc poetis Rirseba,
is gaxlavT, rom poeziaSi epoqis regaliebis Zieba misTvis
TviTmiznad arasodes qceula, qarTuli leqsis tradiciul
hangSi poeti mokrZalebiT `Semogvaparebda~ xolme imas, rac
swored rom epoqis atributi gaxlavT da riTac upirveles­
ad exmaureba poeti Tavisi drois problemebs.
ioseb noneSvilis SemoqmedebiT profils upirveles­
ad mainc publicisturi, samoqalaqo poezia gansazRvravs.
swored samoqalaqo poeziiT Tqva poetma Tavisi ZiriTadi
saTqmeli, poeti tribunis saxelic am Janris leqsebiT daig­
do. publicisturi poeziis nakadi mis SemoqmedebaSi piro­
biTad SeiZleba Semdeg Temebad da problemebad davyoT: pa­
triotuli lirika, samamulo omis Tema, epoqis sinamdvile
da xalxTa megobrobis porblema, romlis organul nawils
Seadgens ioseb noneSvilis sazRvargareTuli leqsebis cik­
li.
398
 nu gaikvirvebT,
rogorc pafizi
am yvavilebSi var Camarxuli.
da aTasebis gulSi nafici,
CemSic gugunebs es gazafxuli.

(`nu gaikvirvebT~)

TiTqmis am sityvebiT SemoaRo ioseb noneSvilma qarTuli

poeziis karebi (es misi erT-erTi adreuli leqsia) da bo­
lomde darCa samSoblos yvavilebSi _ mis warsulsa da aw­
myoSi yelamde Caflul poetad. magram poetis SemoqmedebiT
kredos oden yvavilisa da bulbulis netarebismieri lit­
ania rodi gansazRvravda. ioseb noneSvilma kargad icis
saqarTvelos istoria da araerTxel miwvda Cveni warsulis
sisxlian furclebs:

cremliT igonebs beri meTevze

aTas Cingis xans, aTas amiras.
roca xel-fexi hqonda amirans
magrad Sekruli mSobliur mTebze.

roca xalxs xalxi xmlebis trialiT

sdevnida, swvavda, rogorc warmarTebs,
roca sikvdilis gzebiT warmarTes
aTiaTasTa bedi tiali.

(`mTvarem farulad SuqiT Segvmosa~)

warsulis gaxseneba poets mkiTxvelisTvis sevdiani mo­

gonebebis aRsaZvrelad ki ar sWirdeba mxolod da mxolod,
leqsebSi Cans poetis aqtiuri pozicia imaT mimarTa, vinc
saqarTvelos saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi gaugonari mexTtexa
mouvlina.

399
 milionebis bed-iRbals rom xmliT imonebdi,
bnel samareSi saganZurad ra Cagyolia?!
sisxlian poets ukuRmarTi guli gqonia,
mitom ukuRma dagiwere mec es soneti.

(`ukuRma soneti Sah-abass~)

istoriis patriotuli gaazreba gansakuTrebiT TvalsaC­

inoa leqsebSi _ `didgoriT didi guli aqvs qarTvels~, `ix­
are muxav~, `modinaxe~, leqsebis ciklSi `qarTvlis dedebi~
da sxva.
1968 wels poetma TurqeTSi imogzaura da Tan Camoitana
`TurqeTis saqarTveloSi~ mcxovrebTa ukurnebeli sevda.
TurqeTis STabeWdilebebze Seqmnil patriotul leqsebSi
(TurqeTis qarTvelebTan~, `nene~) gamosWvivis didi gulist­
kivili saqarTvelos `moWrili ZuZus~ gamo, aziis cis qveS
RvTis anabarad darCenili Satberdisa da xaxulis gamo. igi
madlobas swiravs qarTuli sulis ukvdavebis simbolos _
dedas (nenes), rom Svilebs akvnidanve Seaswavla mSobliuri
ena, madlobas swiravs maspinZlebs `tanjviT Senaxul, mal­
viT Senaxul qarTvelobisTvis~ da mowiwebiT ixris qeds ra
nenes winaSe, mkiTxvels momavlis imedsac unTebs sulSi.

_ im dedas gaumarjos, _
Tqven nened rom uxmobT,
misiT guli guladobs,
misiT muxli muxlobs.

ra vTqvaT misda saqebrad

vidre is gvyavs, gvjera:
qarTuli ar gaqreba,
ar Caqreba kera.

(`nene~)

qarTuli keris argaciebis, qarTuli genis ukvdavbis

motivi Zalumad gaismis ioseb noneSvilis lirikaSi. poets

400
mtkiced sjera, rom aTas qartexilebSi gamovlili Cveni
qveyana istoriis am mosaxvevsac gaivlis da TanamedroveTa
rudunebiT axal saukuneebs, axal gzebs mieaxleba:
vinc xmali moiqnia,
vaglax, Cven ar agvcda...
magram vin Tqva, qarTuli
Cveni miwa-wyali
gailia, gacvda,
viT brZolaSi xmali?

(`gviyvardes, saqarTvelo...~)

patriotuli lirikis zogierTi nimuSi originaluri

gadawyvetiT rodi gamoirCeva, igi mxolod da mxolod le­
qsi-sadRegrZeloa saxotbo intonaciiTa da saganTa paTe­
tikuri CamoTvliT, magram aseTi leqsebic, TiTqosda, Seg­
nebulad Seuqmnia poets, TiTqosda gacxarebiT da, cota ar
iyos, nerviuladac CasZaxis mkiTxvels samSoblos siyvaru­
lis wmindaTawminda locvas, TiTqosda avtoris poetur xe­
dvas miwvdao garemoebis gamo CaTvlemili qarTvelis saxe da
surs SeanjRrios, moagonos Tavisi vali, patriotuli gan­
wyobiT aRWurvos misi goneba, daarwmunos, rom samSobloze
didi ganZi adamians ara gaaCnia ra:

Cveni ocneba Sensken iswrafvis,

Cvens gulSic Seni brwyinavs ciskari,
he, saqarTvelov, Senze Zvirfasi
ra gvaqvs Sens Svilebs dasaficari.

(`ixare, muxav...~)

samSoblosadmi miZRvnili himnis zemoqmedebiT aRiqme­

ba da mkiTxvelTa Soris didi popularobiT sargeblobs
ioseb noneSvilis sxva patriotuli leqsebic: `dedao saqa­
rTvelov~, `gviyvars, rogor ar gviyvardes~, `Cemi sofeli kar­
danaxi~, `aris aseTi qveyana~, `Semodgoma TbilisSi~, `ai kaxe­
Ti~, `Cveni qarTuli sityvaqarguli~.

26. r. miSvelaZe. t. XXV 401

 1941 wlis zafxulSi Tbilisis axalgazrdobis antifa­
Sistur mitingze sityva misces erT fermkrTal, mkvircx­
alTvaleba axalgazrda poets. `qarTvlis dideba davicvaT~
gamoacxada man leqsis saTauri da muqariT gaJRenTili xma
daakvesa: `gana imitom ismoda mTidan yvirili xarisa, Savi
kldis Tavze JRriali voJa jurRais farisa... rom batonebad
dagvadgnen Tavze xmalamomarTulni; enac ki gagviveranon,
Cveni lamazi qarTuli!...~
tribunas moSorda, win gamovida da nariyalas beber ga­
lavans xma miawvdina:

ar dagviwixlon samSoblo
mraval Wir-varam nanaxi,
mama-papaTa saflavze
ar amovides balaxi!

leqsi rom daamTavra da taSi dacxra, gulze miido mar­

jvena xeli da gamoacxada: mec male frontze viqnebi da
Cvens samSoblos marto kalmiT ki ara, SaSxaniTac davicavo.
es axalgazrda poeti ioseb noneSvili gaxldaT.
omis pirveli dReebidanve mZlavrad gaisma qarTvel po­
etTa saprotesto mowodeba da im mowodebaSi erT gamosarCev
xmad ioseb noneSvilis leqsic eria.

Cemi qveynis ZvelTa Zveli miwa-wyali,

mzedakruli venaxebi rqaxSiri.
TeTr RrublebSi anTebuli oqros kvari,
varskvlavebi _ naperwklebad gaSlili, _
vin wagvarTvas, vin gabedos dagvCrdilos,
vin daswyevlos qveynad Cveni gaCena?!
vinc vaJkacobs, vinc winapriT gvariSvilobs.
visac erCis gulica da marjvenac _
es imaTi maxvilebi kaSkaSeben.
vin wauvaT verag mterTa urdodan?!..

(`satevari, mama-papis satevari~)

402
 omis Temaze dawerili leqsebis lirikul gmirs poeti up­
irvelesad asazrdoebs deda-samSoblosTan, mSobel miwasTan,
adgilis dedasTan dakavSirebuli erovnuli asociaciebiT.
qarTveli deda am sityvebiT acilebs omSi mimaval Svils:

da Tu Svilo, SiSiT uZlurs

tyvias zurgSi gipovnian,
vityvi, rom Sen Cemi ZuZu
arasodes giwovia.

(`dedis darigeba~)

`donis miwaSi~ Tu stalingradTan qarTveli meomris

daRvril sisxls poeti aRiqvamda rogorc, upiratesad, sa­
kuTari keriis dacvisTvis TavSewirvas da Tavis meomrul
lirikaSic erovnul dvritas debda. swored amgvari paTosiT
gamoirCeva leqsebi: `adeq, aiRe franguli~, `oTxi Zma lesel­
iZe~, `Cvidmetni~, `goris cixe~, `saaxalwlo werili frontze~,
`Seni maxvili~, `Sen Seni qveynis saxels icavdi~, `baraTi fron­
tidan~ da sxv.
ioseb noneSvili erTaderTi poemis avtoria da is poemac
msoflio omis legendarul gmirze, 1944 wlis 10 aprils
gestapos jurRmulebSi daRupul simferopolel qarTvel
partizan qaliSvilze zoia ruxaZeze gaxlavT. `ambavi erTi
qaliSvilisa~ sakmaod vrceli epikuri tiloa omis qariSx­
lian dReebze Seqmnili. aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom poet­
ma TviT miakvlia yirimSi zoia ruxaZis saflavs, daviwyebis
mtveri gadaacila mas da ara marto gaucocxla ers Tavisi
mebrZoli qaliSvili, aramed am SesaniSnavi poemiT WeSmariti
literaturuli Zeglic augo `qarTvel zoias~.
omis damTavrebis Semdegac ar ganelebula poetis sul­
Si samamulo omis mZlavri eqo. cremliT igonebs poeti da­
Rupul gmirebs da Tavis TanamedroveT avalebs maradJams
Seinaxon samudamod wasulTa wmidaTawmida xsovna. poetu­
rad aSrialdnen leqsSi `Zmebi nergebi~ sofel kardanaxSi
SinmousvlelTa ukvdavsayofad darguli xeebi:

403
 mec TqvenTan viyav,
rogorc ityvian
mec cecxlis ali mecva perangad,
vahTu Tqven mogxvdaT,
Zmebo, is tyvia,
me rom mesrola mterma, veragma.

...mxvdeba oTxasi nergi Sriala _

muxa, muryani, cacxvi, mocxari...
iqneb oTxasi nergi ki ara.
oTxasi Zma xarT, marad cocxali.

(`Zmebi nergebi~)

aseve RrmadSTambeWdavia 1966 wels dawerili leqsi `nu

iTamaSeb, Svilo omobanas~. mozardTa uwyinari TamaSic ki
(omTan dakavSirebuli) am leqsis lirikuli gmiris sulSi
sevdian asociaciebs badebs:

me bedad gadavrCi,
sisxli drom mombana
axla SeniT vxarob... sxva ra gamaCnia,
nu iTamaSeb, Svilo, omobanas
cudi TamaSia!
(`nu iTamaSeb, Svilo, omobanas~)

TiTqmis naxevari saukunis ganmavlobaSi ismoda saqarT­

veloSi ioseb noneSvilis xma. Cveni sinamdvilis poeturi
matianes SemqmnelTa Soris erTi TvalsaCino saxeli ioseb
noneSvilia, romelSic Tavisi mSobliuri kaxeTis lamazi
gadasaxedidan natyviarTa moSuSebisa da Sromis ferxulSi
Cabmuli Cveni Tanamedrove dagvixata:

civ-gomboridan simReriT
sicocxlis gadasaxedi,
mosCans cisfer nislebSi
kaxeTi Cemi kaxeTi,

404
 ...zvrebs zemoT didi marani
dgas yurZnis mTebSi Cafluli,
mTeli kviraa rqawiTels
qvevrebSi gaaqvs Cqafuri.

...vinc frontze sisxli daRvara,

dRes oflis daRvra uxdeba,
Rvinis sma, yelmoRereba,
SexeT rarigad uxdeba.

(`civ-gomboridan simReriT~)

Tavisi leqsebiT poeti cdilobs Tanamedroveobis ma­

jiscema gmirul warsuls daukavSiros da mSvidobiani gar­
ja samSoblos xmliT dacvis tolfas saqmed warmoudginos
mkiTxvels. poeturi dafiTa da naRariT igi axlis damkvi­
drebisTvis brZolaSi swored im adamians mouxmobs, ro­
melic pasuxismgeblad Tvlis Tavs yovelive imis winaSe, rac
mis irgvliv xdeba:

dRes saqarTvelos ise sWirdeba

Cveni guli da Cveni marjvena,
viT maSin, roca mteri gvitevda,
rekda: sikvdili... an gamarjveba!
...keraze Rvelfi ar gavacioT,
yana gavmargloT... gavsxlaT venaxi,
qudze kacio, qudze kacio,
deda qarTlisa isev gveZaxis.

(`dRes saqarTvelos ise sWirdeba~)

vin aris igi, vinc Sromis maRal xaraCoebze dgas da Cau­

qobs, visi cxovreba ganaTebula Sromis mwvervalTa dapy­
robis romantikiT, vin udgas erTgulad kvalSi mamaTa
devur nabijebs, vin anTebula aRmoCenaTa cecxliT _ poetis
azriT, es axalgazrdobaa _ xvalis imedi da dRevandelobis
mebairaxtre.

405
 axalgazrdoba _ momaval dReTa
imedis talRa xalisiani,
axalgazrdoba _ Sriali xeTa,
aTqvirebuli yanis Sriali;
axalgazrdoba _ cidan rom lxeniT
hkrefs mzis almasebs,
mTvaris almasebs,
axalgazrdoba rom sjera, xeliT
TviT dedamiwas Seabarbacebs.

(`axalgazrdoba~)

gansakuTrebuli adgili daiWira ioseb noneSvilis Semo­

qmedebaSi Tbilisis Temam. siyvaruliT umRera poetma Cvens
dedaqalaqs da am mxriv igi qalaqur-aSuRuri poeziis (saiaT­
nova, griSaSvili, ieTim gurji) tradiciebis Rirseul
warmomadgenlad mogvevlina. Tbilisisadmi miZRvnil ioseb
noneSvilis leqsTa Soris (`dedis guliviT alal-marTali~,
`Tbilisis mSeneblebs~, `miyvars, Tbiliso, dasaficaro~), gan­
sakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia `Semodgoma TbilisSi~. am leqsSi
poetma SesaniSnavi mxatvruli alRoTi da ferwerulobiT
Seqmna Tbilisis dauviwyari koloriti, misi ganumeorebeli
poeturi xateba.
epoqis masStaburi aRweris survilma poeti gaacila
saqarTvelos sazRvrebs. Tanamedroveobis amsaxvel leqsTa
lirikul gmirs xan mezobel somxeTSi vxedavT, xan yazax­
eTis velebze da xan cimbiris taigaSi (`es feriscvaleba~,
`velebi dausabamo~). rogorc Tavisi qveynis moqalaqe poe­
ti welgamarTuli dadis dedamiwaze da yvelgan movlenebs
erovnuli prizmidan xedavs. yamiris asaTviseblad mimaval
axalgazrdebs igi `kavkasionis arwivobas~ da dedasamSoblos
moagonebs, xolo yazaxeTis velebze papis Zvlebs daeZebs,
papisas usamarTlobam borkili rom daado da am tramalebSi
apovnina samudamo gansasvenebeli (`biWo, iqneb papa iyo Seni~).
sxva erebisadmi pativiscemisa da Zmobis grZnoba qarTve­
li kacis erovnuli Tviseba gaxlavT da, bunebrivia, rom
xalxTa megobrobis motivebma saTanado asaxva poves mra­

406
valsaukunovan qarTul mwerlobaSi. es sasaxelo tradicia
kargad gaagrZela ioseb noneSvilmac. igi xSirad iyo warg­
zavnili qarTuli kulturis elCad sazRvargareT da poeti-
tribunis piriT msoflios gzebze laparakobda stumarT­
moyvare saqarTvelo.
ioseb noneSvili ucxoeTs yofnisas `qarTul quds aras­
dros ixdida Tavidan~. Rrma fesvebiT iyo dakavSirebuli
samSoblosTan da sxva qveynebisadmi pativiscemas upirve­
lesad Tavisi mSobliuri kuTxisadmi Rrma siyvaruli gana­
pirobebda.

ucxo cazec mnaTobni

kiafoben aTobiT,
mzesac oqros feri sZevs,
magram sul sxva ram aris
sxivebnaTamaSari, saqarTvelos cxeli mze.
(`sad ar viyav, sad ara~)

ioseb noneSvilma kargad icis, rom mSvidobis SenarCu­

nebis magistrali xalxTa megobrobaze gadis da Tavis omax­
ian poetur xmas uerTebs keTili nebis adamianTa mZlavr sim­
Reras, erTa Soris Zmobisa da megobrobisTvis mowodebuls.

mRerian Cangni, frangni, indoni,

xmebi laJvardebs exeTqebian...
iRviZebs gangis vrceli mindori
apeninebi fexze dgebian.
Suqad adgeba baRebs, gadaSlils,
veeba qarxnebs kvamlis kalTians
bavSvis RimilSi dedis nanaSi
am did simReris Suqi anTia.
ras uzams mterTa yefa gniasi,
qveyana misma eqom moicva.
guTnis WrialSi, grdemlTa grialSi
ismis simRera megobrobisa..

(`simRera megobrobisa~)

407
 sazRvargareTuli leqsebis cikli ioseb noneSvilis Semo­
qmedebaSi gansakuTrebul adgils iWers. Soreuli gzebze
gamdgari poeti am leqsebSi warmogvidgeba ara mxolod mSvi­
dobis elCad da demokratiul-humanisturi azrebis moqad­
age poet-propagandistad, arc aRtacebuli poeti-turistis
Sorisdebulebi dominirebs ucxoeTis poetur STabeWdile­
bebSi. waikiTxavT am leqsebs da igrZnobT, rom gesaubrebaT
Tanamedroveobis aqtualur problemebze Rrmad Cafiqrebu­
li poeti. igi patiosani, miukerZoebeli kacis obieqturo­
biT afasebs mis winaSe gaSlil msoflios kaleidoskops,
gamocdili, dinji dastaqariviT ayuradebs mis majiscemas,
eqomageba daCagruls da leqsebSi yvelgan inarCunebs Rrma
pativiscemas erebisa da erovnebebisadmi. am ciklSi zogjer
poetis ironiac gakrTeba sazRvargareT mogzaurobis Zvel,
Cinovnikur barierebTan dakavSirebiT:

Cven, rogorc bavSvebs,

gvaridebdnen
cdunebas mravals...
SiSobdnen,
vahTu, ver gagvego
kargi da cudi...

ar agvreoda
sxva qveynebSi
Tvalebi avad,
ar Segvercxvina,
maTis azriT,
namusis qudi,

da axla,
asakmiRweulad
CagvTvales albaT.
Tu gsurT, wadiTo,
gaiareT,
qveyana naxeT.
Tan dagvariges

408
 rogor unda moviqceT kargad
rom xalxs vuCvenoT,
rogorc gviTxres,
Cven Cveni saxe

gvirCies: wveri gaviparsoT

Cven yovel diliT,
kargi tonia, daviWiroT
Cangali marcxniv.
kapitalistTan saubarSi
sjobs viyoT frTxili,
ar mogvivides ucxoeTSi
patara marcxic.

bolos, Seavses anketebi,

wesia rogorc,
gaformda vizac,
aha, ukve mogvces saSvebi
o..., ar SegarcxvenT!
darigeba gvakmareT oRond...
o, ar SegarcxvenT!...
RmerTo Cemo,
ar varT bavSvebi.

(`Soreul gzebze~)

ioseb noneSvilis sazRvargareTuli leqsebis ciklidan

poetis mkveTrad gamoxatuli moqalaqeobrivi poziciiT da
zogjer aSkara alegoriulobiTac gamoirCeva leqsebi: `bev­
ri iara, Tu cota iara~, `indieli gogonas locva, peruSi gago­
nili~, `Soreul gzebze~, `Cest prace~, _ dideba Sromas~, `Rame
benarusSi~, `viyoT gulRia~, `beiruTSi~, `eladis yvavilebi~,
`aTenSi, baironis ZeglTan~, `nisli edeba aTens~, `gamarjobaT
baskebo~ da sxv.
marTalia, ioseb noneSvilis SemoqmedebiT profils
ZiriTadad publicisturi poezia gansazRvravs, magram
ar viqnebiT obieqturni, Tu ar gaviTvaliswinebT Sina­

409
gan samyaroSi CaRrmavebis, poetis meore `mesTan~ saubris,
cxovrebis azris gansjis, daeWvebis im sagulisxmo motivebs
kritikosebi intimur-meditaciur nakadad rom uxmoben.
ormocdaaTi wlis poetma aseTi kiTxva dausva sakuTar
Tavs:

xom ar maklia marTlac simSvide

da fiqrTan xSirad wyvilad darCena?
xom ar vebrZodi qaris wisqvilebs
viTomda qveynis gadasarCenad?
xom ar dahfara mgosnis tkbili xma
omma, zeimma, taSis quxilma?
xom ar miyuCda sulSi lirika
veRar vexebi simebs uxilavs?

(`Cemi SuadRec damdgara ukve~)

es kiTxva gansakuTrebiT Tavisi sicocxlis mimwuxrze

mieZala ioseb noneSvils. leqsebSi poetis adrindeli Semo­
qmedebisaTvis ZiriTadad ucxo grZnobebi _ eWvi da sevda
gamoCnda. erT-erT ukanasknel leqsSi Tavisi avtoportre­
tis Strixebic moxaza da imasac gausva xazi, rom xSirad
garemoebis gamo utarebia bednieri kacis niRabi, Torem Tu
kargad daakvirdebiT, mis saxezec xSirad SeniSnavdiT `CaR­
amebuli Tvalebis sevdas~.

igi rusTavelze RimiliT midis,

nacnobs Tu ucnobs daaswrebs salams,
radgan qarTveli,
am miwis mkvidri,
sakuTar da-Zmad egulvis marad.

viT msaxiobi
rampis mkveTr Suqze,
ise gamodis saxlidan gareT,
ragind saxmili moawves gulze,
saxeze wuxils ar miikarebs.

410
 magram, rodesac eSveba farda
da Tavis TavTan sul martod rCeba,
gascems, mTeli dRe
ra cecxli swvavda
CaRamebuli Tvalebis sevda.

(`mas eZaxian bednier poets~)

magram es ar iyo moaxloebuli siberis SiSiT gamowveuli

sevda, arc sakuTar SemoqmedebiT ZalebSi daeWveba, es gax­
ldaT samociani wlebis mier motanili tendencia, swored
aseTi mgrZnobiare poetis Cangs rom unda datyoboda up­
irveles yovlisa. paTetika da pompezuroba warsuls Cabar­
da. ioseb noneSvilmac bevri ram gadaafasa da zogierT mov­
lenas axali TvaliT Sexeda. amis gamoa, rom mis leqsebSi
sul ufro xSirad gvxvdeba dafiqreba sikvdil-sicocx­
leze, yofna-aryofnaze, JamTa swrafi cvalebadobis rekvi­
emi (`wuTisoflis stumrebi varT~). poeti grZnobs Tavisi
qmnaris ganaxlebis poeturi `mes~ Sinagani metamorfozis
saWiroebas:

Senc, poeto,
ara kmara
darCe Zvelis anabara,
guSindelis imedad...,
am wuTier wuTisoflis
ukvdavebis anabana,
poeziis anabana
Secnobaa Seucnoblis,
axal ferTa Zieba.

(`axal ferTa Zieba~)

`eWvi da fiqri~ samoci wlis parmaRze rom daemgzavra,

poetis SemoqmedebaSi TandaTanobiT globalur masStabebs
iRebs da zogjer iqamde midis, rom dRemde Seqmnils kiTxvis
niSnad daadgeba Tavs:

411
 ra sanugeSo
vuTxari mamuls?
anda SemeZlo
nugeS ram meca?
iqneb dRes mgosans
arcara ZaluZs,
iqneb amaod
davSveri meca?

(`ra sanugeSo vuTxari mamuls?~)

am periodSi ioseb noneSvili fiqrobs poetis daniSnule­

baze da TandaTan midis im WeSmarit azramde, rom Semoqmedi
suverenuli unda iyos, rom damamcirebelia misTvis karis
poetis xalaTi da mexotbis mantia.

poeto, Tavi ar daimciro,

rad ginda sxvisi samadlo Rvino.
Sens leqss Sens saxels ramdeni cdilobs
Seeqilikos da SeuRrinos.

nu miendobi, avkaci roca

SeWirvebis Jams gpirdeba Svelas.
mas rom SeeZlos is yvela mgosans
daumtvrevs kalams, dauxSobs smenas...

(`darCi poetad da kacur kacad~)

lirikuli intonaciis gansxvaveba da meditaciuri CaR­

rmaveba sakuTar sulSi iseT leqsebsac ki daetyo, sxva dros
poeti qebis Sesxmis erTplanovan oratoriad rom Camoasx­
amda xolme. adamianis mier mTvaris dapyrobam poets gonebis
uZlevelobaze siamayis grZnobasTan erTad amgvari ganwyo­
bac mohgvara:

me ZilSi Camyva am dRis dideba

roca sizmarma kalTa damxura,

412
 megona viRac daabijebda
Cemi patara saxlis saxuravs.

TiTqos usazRvrod lamazs da maRals

Tavs damamsxvries ca gasarkuli.
TiTqos Zvirfasi davkarge raRac
da Zil-RviZilSi metkina guli.

(`adamiani mTvareze dadis~)

ioseb noneSvilis filosofiur-meditaciur ganwyobile­

baTa erTgvar reziumes warmoadgens poetis mier 1979 wels
epitafiasaviT amonakvnesi erTstrofiani leqsi:

ecadnen da
ver gamxades boroti,
ecadnen da
ver gamxades flidi...
wuTisofels kacad SerCe bolomde,
Turme, esec gmirobaa didi.

(`ecadnen da...~)

ioseb noneSvilma qalis siyvarulis unazesi grZnoba

faqi­zad da dramatulad gamoxata. poetis satrfialo liri­
kis nimuSebi: `Sen saqarTvelos dedofloba dagSvendeboda~,
`saubari naZvebTan~, `frTxilad iyav, frTxilad iyav lamazo~,
`yelsabami~, `Sen ara gaqvs mefis gvari~, `CuqurTmismWrelis
epitafia~, `gvelic ara hkbenso guTnisdedas~, `magram gagibe­
dav~, `usaxelo yvavili~, `ra uecrad daqaldi~ da sxva leqsebi
qarTuli satrfialo poeziis saganZurSi Sevida da mis av­
tors Cvenma mkiTxvelma sruliad damsaxurebulad Searqva _
siyvarulis mgosani.
siyvaruli am leqsebis lirikuli gmirisTvis is yovlis­
momcveli grZnobaa, upirvelesad, suls rom ipyrobs da
Tvalsac Tavis nebas hkarnaxobs:

413
 rad giyureb?
surT am Tvalebs umecarT
SegamCnion naklica da mSvenebac.
Torem, Tuki
Semiyvarda uecrad,
yvelaferi kargad momeCveneba.

(`ras giyureb?~)

poetma kargad icis, rom swored siyvarulia is uneta­

resi grZnoba sagmiro saqmeebisken rom mouxmobda mijnurebs
da raindul TvisebaTa gamoCenis asparezs rom uqmnida. si­
yvarulis gagebaSi ioseb noneSvili uxvad esesxeba Tavis wi­
namorbed qarTvel poetebs:

Sen saqarTvelos dedofloba dagSvendeboda,

dagSvendeboda da rarigad dagSvendeboda.
Sens erT sityvaze qalaqebi aSendeboda
da daiwyebda udabnoSi Srials walkoti...

(`Sen saqarTvelos dedofloba dagSvendeboda~)

arc is aris SemTxveviTi, rom `CuqurTmismWrelis epi­

tafia~ gamijnurebuli sulis RaRadisia da, raki swored
Seyvarebul guls SeuZlia Seqmnas yovelive diadi, leqsis
avtoric RvTismSoblis TvalebSi swored rom mijnuris Tva­
lebs daeZebs.

me TviT ar vici, saidan gaCnda

Cemi mijnuri SemarTul isriT;
da RvTismSobelis Tvalebis nacvlad
rogor davxate Tvalebi misi...

(`CuqurTmismWrelis epitafia~)

ioseb noneSvilis satrfialo lirika gamoirCeva sayva­

reli arsebisadmi nazi, natifi damokidebulebiT, igi Sor­
414
saa skrabezulobisa da xorciel vnebaTa apologiisagan. am
TvalsazrisiT poeti Tavisi genialuri winamorbedis _ gal­
aktionis erTguli mimdevaria. siyvaruli mis leqsebSi ada­
mianis amamaRlebeli, ganwmendeli da gamakeTilSobilebeli
grZnobaa.

maSin mova siyvaruli

roca sulac ar eli,
iisferad, vardisferad
ganaTdeba mTa-veli.
...mibrZane da zeca SevZra
ver gagvyaron verasdros:
varskvlavebi mZivad Sevkra
yelze agiferado.

(`maSin mova siyvaruli~)

ioseb noneSvilis Semoqmedebaze msjeloba sruli ar

iqneba, Tu ar vaxsenebT saymawvilo poezias (mag., `bavSvebi
da Semodgoma~, `gamarjvebis didi droSa~, `naZvis xeo, sayva­
relo~ da sxv.), agreTve im uaRresad saintereso moxsene­
ba-gamosvlebsac sxvadasxva drosa da viTarebaSi rom war­
mouTqvams rogorc mweralTa saerTaSoriso Sexvedrebis
monawile saxelovan qarTvel poets.
idga ioseb noneSvili mweralTa saberZneTis saerTaSor­
iso konferenciis tribunaze da mTeli msoflios gasago­
nad ambobda: `neba miboZeT, Tavidanve ar daveTanxmo Cveni
konferenciis Temis formulirebas. xalxTa dayofas did da
mcire xalxebad. radgan ar arseboben mcire da didi xalxebi.
xalxis sidide ganizomeba ara ricxovnebiT, aramed misi wv­
liliT saerTo-sakacobrio kulturaSi. swored amis mixed­
viT da ara mcxovrebTa raodenobiT aris zogierTi xalxi
samarTlianad didi xalxi~.
idga ioseb noneSvili mweralTa bulgareTis saerTaSori­
so simpoziumis tribunaze da msoflios gasagonad ambobda:
`Cveni valia STamomavlobas davutovoT ara qvis culebi da
xelketebi, aramed adamianis keTilgonierebas damorCilebu­

415
li industria. yvelas rom gawvdeba gamWvirvale ca, cisferi
mdinareebi, Cveni marCenali vel-mindvrebi. dRes ki erTi
yumbaramzidis fasad sam milion tonaze meti xorblis yidva
SeiZleba, xolo erTi reaqtiuli TviTmfrinavis fasad asi
aTasi tona Saqari SeiZleba SevuZinoT Cvens bavSvebs~.
idga ioseb noneSvili amerikel da qarTvel mweralTa ba­
Tumis Sexvedris maRal tribunaze da msoflios gasagonad
ambobda: `Cven unda gavufrTxildeT Cvens ocnebas, rogorc
nergs. ar mivakaroT civi niavi, yinva da papanaqeba, rameTu
momavalSi mogvfens igi Crdilsa da sigriles~.
ase, erTgul guSagad edga ioseb noneSvili Tanamedro­
veobas, ase erTiani iyo misi poeturi sityvac da saqmec.
sagangebo msjelobis Rirsia qarTuli leqsis ritmul-
intonaciur da saxeobriv gamdidreba-gamravalferovnebaSi
ioseb noneSvilis ganumeorebeli wvlili.
poetis leqsi imTaviTve gamoirCa ara imdenad formal­
uri ZiebiT (am mxriv poeti bolomde erTguli darCa riTmi­
ani, metaforuli, konvenciuri leqsisa), aramed saTqmelis
originalurobiT da movlenebTan axleburi, ioseb noneS­
viliseuli kavSiris damyarebis unariT.
qarTuli folkloriT da klasikuri poeziis tradiciebiT
nasazrdoebi misi leqsi gamoirCeva lakoniurobiTa da sinat­
ifiT. ioseb noneSvilisTvis ucxo iyo mieT-moeTebi, rebuse­
biT da bundovani saxeebiT azrovneba, igi TemasTan misvlis
umokles gzas irCevda da saTqmels pirdapir, xelovnuri
zizil-pipiloebis gareSe ambobda. am sisadavem zogierT kri­
tikoss leqsis gaprimitiulebis saSiSroeba moaCvena, magram
drom daamtkica, rom ioseb noneSvilis leqsi demokratiuli
poeziis gamZle sayrdenebze idga da gulubryvilobisa da
zedmeti gaubraloebis seni ar emuqreboda.
ioseb noneSvilis poeturi Tvali uaRresad maxvili da
zusti, mxatvruli saxeebi ki aseTi konkretuli da ferw­
eruli iyo:

416
 mTvare axali
mTebs mobjenili,
gatyda, viT Turqis
iatagani,
da mTawmindaze,
dedis cremliviT,
gaRvivda erTi
iaTagani.

(`rogorc imedis didi afrebi~)

ioseb noneSvilis poeziaSi Zalumad feTqavs saqarT­

velosTvis, misi awmyosa da momavlisaTvis atkivebuli guli
da naTlad moCans usazRvro siyvaruli, poeti rom ase ux­
vad asxivebda sicocxleSi da asxivebs axlac misi marTali
wigniT.

27. r. miSvelaZe. t. XXV 417

 murman lebaniZe
(1922-2002)

meoce saukunis qarTul poeziaSi murman lebaniZem samu­

damod daimkvidra adgili uaRresad TviTmyofadi leqsiT da
erTxel da samudamod gamokveTili, monoliTuri socialur-
literaturuli poziciiT. epoqis sunTqviT, drois mZafri
gancdiT, eris Wir-varamis SegnebiT da samSoblos momavlis
winaSe pasuxismgeblobis grZnobiT gamoirCeva murman leba­
niZis poezia. saukunis sinamdvilesTan aTasi ZafiT mibmuli
poeti, romlis gumans Zalumad wvdeba wuTisoflis yayani,
Tavisi leqsiT epoqis dvritis, saqveyno samxilis gamomx­
atveli aRmoCnda.
daibada 1922 wlis 14 noembers daba aRstafaSi, sadac mama
_ dalaqi silovan firanis Ze lebaniZe pirveli msoflio
omidan dabrunebuli droebiT muSaobda. deda _ vera gera­
simes asuli goSaZe diasaxlisi gaxldaT.
1923 wlidan lebaniZeTa ojaxi TbilisSi gadmosaxlda,
murmanis erTaderTi da _ naTela 1942 wels gardaicvala 16
wlis asakSi.
1939 wels daamTavra Tbilisis 35-e saSualo skola.

418
 1940 wels Sevida Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis
filologiis fakultetze da meore kursis studenti 1942
wlis 9 marts gaiwvies did samamulo omSi. monawileobda sa­
brZolo operaciebSi maruxisa da qluxoris uReltexilze.
daiWra 1943 wlis TebervalSi krasnodarTan.
demobilizaciis Semdeg erTxans imuSava Tbilisis Sinagan
saqmeTa organoebSi gamomZieblad.
1945 wlidan swavla ganagrZo universitetSi da 1945 wels
korneli kekeliZis xelmZRvanelobiT daicva sadiplomo naS­
romi folkloris sakiTxebze.
sxvadasxva dros muSaobda: 1945 wels Jurnal `dilas~
redaqciis gamged, 1946-47 wlebSi gazeT `norCi leninelis~
pasuxismgebel mdivnad, 1948-49 ww. _ kvlav `dilas~ redaqci­
is gamged, 1950-60 wlebSi Jurnal `pioneris~ pasuxismgebel
mdivnad da redaqtoris moadgiled. 1966-67 ww. saqarTvelos
ssr ministrTa sabWosTan arsebuli wignis gamomcemlobaTa
da poligrafiis saxelmwifo komitetis mTavar redaqtorad;
bolos literaturis, xelovnebisa da arqiteqturis dargSi
saxelmwifo premiebis komitetis Tavmjdomared.
murman lebaniZis poeziis rTul samyarosTan misasvlel
biliks naTels hfens poetis damokidebuleba poeziisadmi
saerTod da konkretulad poetis adgilis, daniSnulebis
da saqarTvelos literaturuli tradiciebis gaazreba.
`Sen kargad ici, vinc xar, da rac xar, anu ratom da risT­
vis, rusTvlis patroni erT poets sawyals, Wiqas givsebs
da giwvdis~ (`sadac Sexvedi, Rvinos gawvdian~). es mokrZa­
lebaa swored, xalxisaTvis ramdeni gulis mosafxani sit­
yvis mTqmels Tavisi garjis dammalavi kai ymis xmiT rom war­
moaTqmevinebs: `vwux, TvaldaxelSua gkarge! vwux, vgonebdi,
sityviT gqarge! sityva, sityva mebara da sityviTac ver
garge~ (`alisferad danaferi~).
murman lebaniZis lirikulma gmirma kargad icis, rom po­
eti epoqis majaze yurmidebul im Semoqmeds hqvia, romelic
samyaros bedze fiqrobs da keTili mrCevlis mantia umS­
venebs beWebs:

419
 gaTendeba da
miwis burTi kvlav sadRac mihqris,
Sen xar poeti _
fiqri gmarTebs da msoflioba,
ar daamadlo,
poeto, fiqri
Sens mter-moyvares,
Sens sabralo kacobriobas!

(`daRamdeba da...~)

murman lebaniZis Rrma rwmeniT, poetis daniSnuleba WeS­

maritebis qadagebaa, mxolod da mxolod WeSmaritebis RaRa­
disze gadis xalxis gulamde misasvleli cisferi gza:

WeSmariteba,
poetebo, Cveni sjuli da
WeSmariteba _
sicisfre Sori...
aris wignebi _
amozrdili mrude sulidan!
aris wignebi saxrCobelis ZeliviT swori!

(`aris wignebi~)

amitomacaa, rom poets `saqmed qceuli wignebis~ Seqmna

dausaxavs umTavres ocnebad:

_ RmerTo, wignebi damawerine

qveynis satkivris sarked da saxed!
_ RmerTo, lencofa amaceline,
Cemi wignebi miqcie saqmed.

(`oTaxis cikli~)

poeti Tavis Tanamokalmeebs da Tavis Tavsac omaxianad mou­

wodebs: xalxis siyvaruls da yuradRebas gaufrTxildnen, `Tax­

420
sirtyuilze~ uari Tqvan da Conguri simarTlis xmas aayolon:

xalxis siyvaruls gaufrTxildi

Congurs awyob da hferav wlobiT;
Sekrul Sublebs daukvirdi,
Semogcqerian jerac ndobiT.
ar wagvixde sibereSi da
ar gabriyvde, Se RvTiSvilo,
ar gagiTavdes mwife leqsi!
ar gagiwyaldes _ Zelgi Rvino!

(`ar gaTamamde _ sibereSi~)

swored rom poetis poziciaze, xalxTan, xalxis gver­

diT da ara karis poetis tkbili lukmis Zebnazea dawerili
murman lebaniZis alegoriuli leqsi _ `rudaqi ityvis~, ro­
melic ase mTavrdeba:

maS, gaswi fexiT!

purs gawvdian CangSi da TarSi!
svi xalxis Rvino _
xalxis Svili xalxadve darCi!
ar SegeSalos,
ar gabriyvde,
ar iyo bavSvi _
aramc da aramc
ar Caujde
xelmwifes navSi!

(`rudaqi ityvis~)

poeti-pirovneba, poeti-mebrZoli, poeti-winamZRoli,

poeti-moqalaqe, _ ai, ra aris murman lebaniZis lirikuli
gmiris ideali:

poeti unda kaci iyos _

meomrad vargodes.

421
 is unda xalxTan, xalxSi iyos, _
sxva saxli ar hqondes.

(`poeti unda kaci iyos~)

qveynis satkivarze gulacruebul, Tavis rCenis merkan­

teluri surviliT anTebul Semoqmeds gaawna murman lebani­
Zem sila erTi Tavisi pamfleturi, sarkastuli leqsiT:

kaci gwers werils,

kaci gsaxavs imedad eris,
kacad ucvnixar _
mekobreze, yaCaRze, Tulze
gwers, gTxovs iyviro, _
kaci Sengan kacobas elis, _
xma amoiRo sakiTxebze Zalian rTulze...
fu, Sens kacobas!
fui, poets _ monas da morCils!
Sen iRimebi:
_ mere, Zama
Sen mirCen col-Svils?!

(`kaci gwers werils~)

poetis azriT, ara mexotbe da ybaaRerili panegerikia

qveynis winsvlis mebairaxtre, aramed swored niadag maZie­
beli da arsebuliT ukmayofilo poeti:

kacTa modgmas Tu ram win swevs, _

dReis dReze xvalis mjobineba...
evaleba, poezias evaleba
arsebuliT ukmayofileba.

(`win miiwevs neba-neba~)

samwuxarod, bolomde verc murman lebaniZem uerTgula

Tavis rwmenas. xelmwifis navSi Cajdomis survilma masac sZlia.

422
 murman lebaniZis poeziaSi gansakuTrebul adgils iWers
samamulo omis lirika. igi, bunebrivia, uSualod ukavSird­
eba qveynad mSvidobis problemas da Sedgeba rogorc uSua­
lod meore msoflio omis periodSi dawerili leqsebisagan
(`molandeba~, `gariaCi kliuCidan krasnodaramde~, `ros usi­
amo JRaruniT~), ise omis Semdgom poetis mier sakacobrio
ngrevis saSinelebaTa filosofiuri gaazrebis Sedegad gaCe­
nili lirikuli dRiurebisagan.
murman lebaniZiseuli saomari lirika Sorsaa paTetiki­
sagan da maJoruli xmebisagan. igi sevdiTa da cremliTaa aR­
savse, Tanac yvelgan konkretulTemiani da zustsaxeobrivia:
cxrameti wlis daWrilma jariskacma brZolis Semdeg mkv­
drebiT savse velze daSvebul svavebs auqSia, qva esrola
(`daWrili~). leqsSi meti TiTqmis araferi weria, magram ra­
oden sulisSemZvrelia es scena Tavisi dramatuli simZaf­
riT da omis saSinelebaTa xazgasmiT.
omis dReebis STambeWdavi mwuxare rekviemia poetis `sami
elegia~, sadac teqsilSi dacemuli xuTasi qarTveli vaJka­
cis xsovna ganaTebulia patrioti holandieli qalis _ ko­
rnelias xatebiT:

uWirisuflo
sasaflaos mwuxri avlia,
magram anazdad
dedobili gamodis Cveni,
yvaviliT xelSi,
mwuxarebis saxalxod mCeni
dgas kornelia _
Subli misi Rrubliania.

(`sami elegia~)

baladaSi `Tagvisferi, romelic mwvaneSi gadadis~ moTxro­

bilia SemaZrwunebeli ambavi: gariaCi kliuCSi daWrilma ja­
riskacma mkvdari germaneli jariskacebiT mofenil velze
Caiara, micvalebulebs Tagvisferi frenCebi gaxada, so­
flamde aTria da mere TiTo germanuli frenCi TiTo Tav

423
WarxalSi gadacvala, raTa hospitalSi Tavisi mSieri Taname­
brZolebi daepurebina. sxva baladaSi `qluxorTan~ saubaria
imaze, Tu rogor amoitana baladis lirkulma gmirma klde-
RreSi da tyviebis kananadSi jarSi gawveuli virebiT mebr­
ZolTa arsebobis puri _ orcxobila. mkiTxveli SeniSnavda,
rom murman lebaniZe Tavis omis dRiurebSi swored, da mx­
olod imaze wers, rac TiTqosda, jariskacuri cxovrebis
yoveldRiurobaa, magram STambeWdavi gaxlavT swored imis
gamo, rom poeziaSi, lamis yuradRebamiuqcevelia. amitomac
SeniSnavs poeti utrirebismoyvarulTa misamarTiT:

rac vici, imas vwer

(`kargad vici me sisxlis wvimis!)
rac cudad icis,
pretenzia
briyvsa aqvs imis!

(`qluxorTan~)

saomari epizodebis maRalmxatvruli warmosaxviT da

Rrma realizmiT mkiTxvels amaxsovrdeba, agreTve, murman
lebaniZis `omis lirikis~ leqsebi: `cxenebi~, `marSi~, `gadai­
ara armiam uReltexili berxinidan `maruxisaken~, `batalioni
pozicias WiuxSi icvlis~ da sxv.
am ciklis leqsTa logikuri gagrZelebaa Tanamedrove
msoflios bedze dafiqrebuli poetis Rrmadsimboluri
Canaxati, romelSic epoqis sunTqva Zalumad igrZnoba:
`ukanaskneli meoTxedi me-20 saukunis! SuSisgan qsovili~
navTisgan xizilala! mowyenili mimodis xalxi! buzRunebs
demosi, kuprisferi muSa! biisferi inteligenti! frTosani
raketebi, bombi neitronis! metastazebi miwisqveSa samxedro
qalaqebis!, xolo laJvardebs kosmosuri seraven xomaldebi,
cas miapoben sahaero lainerebi _ miafrenen fiqrSi CaZirul
prezidentebs (wamdauwum) erTmaneTisken~. (`kacobrioba Sem­
krTalia da dabneuli~).
mSvidobis ganmtkicebis ufro qmediTi nabijebisken mou­
wodebs poeti ZlierTa ama qveynisaTa:

424
 mSvidobas vaSa!
ki-ki! oRond mSvidoba Tua
dRes es jaxiri
namdvil oms da am civ oms Sua.
ocdaTxuTmeti weliwadi msoflio bzua,
xmlispiri ar Cans _
kisrebs basravs maxvilis yua!

(`mSvidobas vaSa!~)

murman lebaniZis leqsebis lirikuli gmiri _ Tavidan fexe­

bamde yanaoTiseburi TeTriT mosili, Tavisi laSqris win dgas,
Tavis qoros esaubreba. samSoblo qveynis Wirisufali poetis
es laSqrobiswina baasi im sazriani da windaxeduli sardlis
sjas waagavs, gaWramde measejer rom unda gazomos _ rodis?
vis? saiT? rogor?... da bolos poetis es nerviuli locva
Tu ganwirulis suliskveTeba farajian-maxviliani lirikosis
amgvari aqariSxlebiT mTavrdeba: `aris sikeTe _ hyavs sikeTes
mtrad boroteba; grZeldeba omi, grZeldeba da ar bolovde­
ba, maS, win! _ win sulis uRranebSi qariSxaliT mZafriT! win!
win! cal xelSi maxviliT da cal xelSi lampriT!~
murman lebaniZis erovnul lirikas umTavresad ori ni­
Sani axasiaTebs _ tragizmamde gancdili sevda qveynis is­
toriuli bedis gamo da Tanamedroveobis mZafri SegrZneba.
`raa warsuli CemTvis, _ kerZod qarTvelisaTvis?! _ kiTxu­
lobs erT leqsSi poeti da iqve aseT pasuxs iZleva:

Tu warmovidgenT wvimaSi wiwilas,

abuzuls xis Ziras,
romelsac axsovs erTaderTi xasxasa mdelo!
da araferze imis garda ar unda fiqri,
rom im mdelos mze dahRuoda,
rom im mdeloze
Tavsayarad hqonda sakenki _
margalitis simsxo xorbali,
romelic cxvirwin aacancqles wiTurma
mamlebma _

425
 es var me da
es iqneba CemTvis warsuli...
ase aris es!
qarTveli xar, ar geswavleba!
ra aris awmyo? satalaxo gza aris igi,
romelic dampal bogirze gadis,
wyalgaRma ki _ myoobadia.

(`raa warsuli~)

rom ityvian, am striqonebs komentarebi ar sWirdeba.

poetma kargad icis, rom martooden `warsul droebze
dardiT~ ver Seeweva Tavis qveyanas~, amitomac rkinis qal­
amnebs icvams igi da Tavisi samSoblos `dasazverad~ midis.

qalamans gaiCens
poeti rkinisas!
yavarjens daibjens
brZolis da Jinisas!
ukve aprilia _
sjera da arca sjera...
ra xdeba samSobloSi
wava dasazverad.

(`Tovlebma iTovles~)

qveynis Tanamedrove suraTi xSirad sanugeSos cota

raimes aZlevs mxatvris Semecnebas, `mowyenili mimodis
xalxi~, poets gansakuTrebiT `gatyevebuli soflebi~, `bo­
qlomiani saxlebi~, mitovebuli budeebi zaravs:

mowyenil soflebs _
aRarc stviri, aRarc fanduri!
gapartaxeba,
myudroeba mzaravs saydruli!
arc vazis mynoba,
arc Sexeba maRalmxatvruli!

426
 arc qalis wkvrela,
arc yiJina axalgazrduli!
aRarc `qvedrula~
da ferxuli mravalsarTuli!
aRarc momsvleli
da pasuxad, aRarc damxvduri!

(`eg _ araferi~)

magraciis sevda lirikuli gmiris fsiqikaSi amgvar, sabu­

Tian SiSis hbadebs:

es soflebi es liqoki, es arxoti,

cariela es partaxi saigavo,
meSinia, es samoTxe, es walkoti
sxva aravin movides da daikavos!

(`meSinia~)

sxvaTa miwis dakaveba-mitacebis veluri siTamame, gu­

guliviT sxvis budeSi kvercxis dadebis usulguloba, ad­
gilobrivi, maRalkulturuli eris memkvidred Tavis ga­
mocxadebis uxerxuloba poetis sulSi kanonier protests
aRZravs:

afxazeTze am kacs Tvali uWiravs _

es kacia, albaT, Turqis Temis...
da me vyviri: _ Cems sisxls dalevs uwinamc!
da me vmReri _ afxazeTi Cemi!

(`afxazeTze...~)

poeti mtkivneulad ganicdis saqarTvelos Tanamedrove

demografiul viTarebas. igi Rrmadaa darwmunebuli, rom
Cveni eris gadarCenis erTi umTavresi magistrali swored
rom gamravlebaze da miwaze mosaxleobis Tanambradganawile­

427
baze gadis. moiSveliebs igi warsuls TanamedroveTaTvis
TavianTi moqalaqeobrivi valis Sesaxseneblad.

Cemo TvalnaTelo, Cemo sanatrelo,

odesRac didi yofila saqarTvelo.

am leqsSi Rrma sevdiTaa gadmocemuli istoriis is um­

kacresi ganaCeni gareSe mterTa TareSma rom ganumzada saqa­
rTvelos:

CvenTvis monRolia pirveli sasjeli

monRols mohyolia Turqi da sparseli.
turfa saqarTvelo yvav-yornebs wauRiaT,
sparseTs da osmaleTs Suaze gauyviaT.
CaSlila Tvali da jaWvi CarRveula,
iyalTo daketila, gulaTi dangreula.

(`odesme didi yofila saqarTvelo~)

eris winaSe poetis mier gabedulad dayenebuli prob­

lemebi cxovrebis Rrma codniTaa ganpirobebuli. Tavisi
saerovno lirikuli fiqrebiT murman lebaniZe samocianelTa
Rirseuli STamomavalia. man kargad icis mis mier Semokruli
zaris saWiroeba da isic uwyis, am `ganwirulis suliskveTe­
bas~ saTanado gamoZaxili rom mohyveba eris sulSi:

magram me vici, rom mze cxraTvala

am yru xeobis dadgeba Tavze,
Cems wigns Caxvdeba bavSvic patara,
mova qarTveli da ityvis ase:

_ visi leCxumi da risi raWa!

risi svanur da Wanur-megruli!
mas saqarTvelos ocneba darCa _
uxvis, Zlieris, muStad Sekrulis.

428
 amas rom werda, zamTari iyo,
avdari iyo siTboreuli,
mTaSi amindi wamxdari iyo _
marTali iyo, marTali iyo,
marTali iyo is cxonebuli!

(`sircxvili Cveni!..~)

zemoT aRvniSneT murman lebaniZis poeziis Tanadroulo­

ba da aqtualuri buneba. am garemoebam dabada kritikuli,
polemikuri paTosiT gaJRenTili leqsebis mTeli cikli po­
etis SemoqmedebaSi.
roca murman lebaniZis polemikur poezias ecnobiT,
Tqvens warmodgenaSi erTbaSad qreba wiTeli kunelisa da
`CibuxSi Casadebi Rrublis~ qveyanaSi lirikuli CurCuliT
mdgari poeti, mkacri sityvis maTraxis tkacuni CagesmiT da
Cirgvebisken sacodavi CifCifiT gaqceul imaT zurgebs xe­
davT, vinc poetis muzas `yefa~ aswavla. poetma kargad icis,
rom Cvens sazogadoebaSi arsebuli bevri nakli scildeba
`gadmonaSTis~ umtkivneulo rkals da igi socialur mov­
lenad warmogvidgeba. amitom Seupovari publicisturi mg­
znebarebiT ebrZvis poeti gafuyul kacs, `kaci _ gafuyuli
dadis, kaci _ RrubeliviT dadis spasalaris mixra-moxriT,
mkacri gamoxedviT dadis, anu aris brZeni vinme, anu _ qatod
ar Rirs mWadis. amas vwux da amas vstir me _ Cveni motyueba
swadis~ (`kaci _ gafuyuli dadis~).
magram poets isic kargad moexseneba, rom boroteba jer
kidev sakmaod Zlieria da orTav fexze dgas. amitomac Sem­
tevi da ukompromisoa lirikuli gmiris pozicia.

araviTari _ daTmoba!
araviTari _ zavi!
araviTari _ dandoba!
Tovli sisxlisgan Savi!
Cemi xelidan mkvdari xar,
CemgniT cocxali ar xar.

429
 vai, rom, fexze mdgari xar,
Tan orTav fexze dgaxar!

(`iyo dro Tavmoyvarobis~)

daundobelia poeti yvelas mimarT, visac kacoba da

sindisi daukargavs, `wuTisoflis WiqaSi wveTis ardato­
vebis~ arxein Teoriaze damdgara da garemos qimiuri qarxnis
narCenebze naklebad rodi aWuWyianebs.
myari da Seuvalia poetis moqalaqeobrivi pozicia. ziz­
RiT ucqers igi `amao fusfuss, fuW laybobas, yalb xmau­
robas~, RrmadsafuZvliania poetis ironia `TavisTvis
mcxovreb~ patara kacTa mimarT:

dajerebuli, saqmiani nabijiT mkacriT,

(gamowkepili, `volga~ _ ferad kaspiis zvirTis!)
primitiuli, xanSesuli gamodis kaci,
aRebs garaJs da, rogorc ambobs, saqmeze midis.
gaRimebuli yovel diliT vxvdebi am suraTs _
ra daJineba, ra nabiji, ra Zal-Ronea!
_ dafiqrdi, kaco,
wlebi gadis, iqneba sulac
ar aris saqme,
rac Sen marTla saqme ggonia!~

(`dajerebuli~)

mxilebisa da kriticizmis qarcecxliT murman lebaniZis

publicisturi poezia ilias, hainesa da maiakovskis satirul
lirikas waagavs. medrove snobebsa da poets Soris samudamo­
daa Catexili ndobisa da Serigebis xidi:

minaxavs ase: namdvili mkvleli

Zvirfas kubosTan
idga Tvalsveli,
ar hyavda pirSi simarTlis mTqmeli
da CurCulebdnen: `vin hyavs damSleli!~

430
 ara imisTvis vwux winwin sikvdils,
rom moyvass, Tvistoms,
xalxs daatydeba,
aramed misTvis _ pirveli mteri
rom Wirisuflad
Tavs dagadgeba.

(`minaxavs ase...~)

krilovis igavis personaJebiviT sazogado tvirTis sx­

vadasxva mxrisken qaCvaa gakicxuli da erTi azriT, erTi
droSis qveS darazmvis survili Cans murman lebaniZis
striqonebSi:

me sul ar mikvirs arseboba sxvadasxva azris

SefasebaSi sagnis, saqmis, kacis da Rvawlis
da meRimeba:
Sen ra droSa unda gaSalo,
rom erTis fiqriT es amdeni xalxi gamsWvalo,
rodesac xuTi WianWvla TavisTvis cignobs,
sazrdos miaTrevs
da xuTive Tavisas fiqrobs?!

(`kaci kacs aqebs~)

murman lebaniZis lirikuli gmiri Tavis laSqars agrovebs

simarTlisa da patiosnebisaTvis gamarTul saukunovan br­
ZolaSi gadamwyveti ieriSisaTvis. Caatarebs igi mkiTxvels
TanamzraxvelTa aTasiani simboluri laSqris win da poeti-
tribunis frTxili SegonebiT SesZravs mis sulsa da gonebas:
`ar Seaqcia zurgi Zleuls demosma romels? taSs ukravs igi
gamarjvebis kvarcxlbekze mdgomels! da daskvna Cveni Tumc
mkacria, marTebulia: damnaSavea vinc damarcxda _ bralde­
bulia! gind iyav kaci, gind eriskacT SeTqmulTa dasi, gind
TviTon eri _ damarcxebuls groSi aqvs fasi! rad dagamar­
cxes? rad damarcxdi? raxan agrea, maSasadame, raRac giWirs,
raRac gaklia!~

431
 garda zemoT Tqmulisa, murman lebaniZis poezias kidev
erTi mSvenieri nakadi axasiaTebs _ satrfialo lirika. po­
etisaTvis qali, upirveles yovlisa, eris gadamrCeni, qveynis
momavlis Semqneli da dauSreteli sikeTis wyaroa. amitomac
aRtacebiT Sehyurebs quCaSi bavSviT xelSi momaval patara
qalbatons _ axalgazrda dedas:

eris wigno gaSlilo

axalo kabadono,
gamarjoba, TvalWrelo,
patara qalbatono!
...Sen xar mwvane balaxi
pirvel rilo, _ Wrilos,
Semogcqeris qalaqi,
daginaxos cdilobs.

(`gogos, TviTon pataras~)

murman lebaniZesTan qali rodia platoniuri miuwvdom­

lobis da ciuri idalis simbolo. araerT satrfialo le­
qsSi (`rom giTxra: _ msurxar dasaviT~, `am qals daarqves Savi
pantera~, `ojaxis qalma dastova qmari~, `cico~) poeti Tama­
mad laparakobs miwier grZnobebze, vnebaze qalis WeSmarit
siyvaruls rom bunebrivad Tan axlavs. satrfosTan poetu­
ri `SeTamameba~ mamakacuri JiniTaa savse, magram skrabezu­
lobaSi arasdros gadadis.

marekebi Slidnen banaks,

qari Cami-CumiT qroda,
viweq, romeliRac balaxs
ucbad _ qalis suni hqonda.

...RmerTo! RmerTo! me sul veli

sikvdils _ Sen macocxlo vinZlo,
sanam vicno es surneli,
sanam eg surneli vigrZno!

(`marekebi Slidnen banaks~)

432
 mSvenieri sqesisadmi uaRresi mowiwebis, Tayvaniscemis
motivi JRers dedis, colisa da satrfosadmi miZRvnil po­
etis leqsebSi _ `sicili qalis~, `Tamunia qavTaraZes~, `amao
fusfuss...~ `me xelT mipyria nazad~, `lelav~, `daTvebi~ da sxv.
murman lebaniZem poeziidan erTi xelis dakvriT gandevna
moZvelebuli da nacadi aqsesuarebi. mis leqsebSi tradici­
uli `poeturi sagnebi~ aRar naToben. Warb poetur CuqurT­
masamkaulebs ki ara, bunebis aRwerebsac iSviaTad mimarTavs.
igi umTavresad msjelobisa da analizis poetia, magram
iseTi saerovno sjisa, romelic SeZaxiliT da mowodebiT
mTavrdeba, eris gaRviZebis zarebis rekvisas igi konstan­
tine gansaxurdias erTi novelis mnaTes magonebs _ tuCebmo­
kumuls, Tvalebgabrwyinebuls, Tavis samreklos samkvdro-
sasicocxlod CabRauWebuls.
murman lebaniZis leqsebSi uxvad gvxvdeba folklori _
andazebi, xalxuri frTiani gamoTqmebi _ raWuli dialeqtis
silbo da sinatife. xalxuri sibrZnis ostaturi poeturi
gaTavisebis nimuSebia: `CibuxSi Casadebi Rrubeli ar Canda~,
`uqudo Rebels qudiani gloveli Sexvda~, `obols SehkiTxes~
da sxv.
xazgasasmelia murman lebaniZis poeziis artistizmi,
mrisxane sarkazmidan (mag, `wereT, Zama, ar SeferxdeT qa­
RaldiT da melniT! markebs unda awebebdeT magisTana eniT~..)
mas ZaluZs uecrad gadavides msubuq, unazes ciur suraTze
(`cis bilikebiT, dedofalo, cis bilikebiT, cis bilikebiT
kvlav ganagrZe Seni msvleloba!~). poeti amgvari zusti da
xatovani metaforuli azrovnebis ostatia: `patara xeobaSi
patara nakaduli patara wisqvilis lajebSi gamoZvreba~.
murman lebaniZis lirikul leqsebsac ki atyvia epikosis
sidinje da masStaburoba. poetis leqsebSi iSviaTad naxavT
mxolod da mxolod asociaciebze damyarebul mxatvrul
azrovnebas, fragmentul ganwyobilebebs. murman lebaniZe
hyveba. igi cdilobs yovel leqss Taviseburi siuJeti da
dramatuli qarga mouZebnos. es poetis didi Rirsebaa. Cai­
kiTxavT zogjer `wminda lirikosis~ sqeltanian wigns, masSi
TiTqo yvelaferi rigze iyo, poeti gabedulad dagatarebdaT
Tavis lirikul samyaroSi, Tqven gjerodaT emociaTa uSua­
28. r. miSvelaZe. t. XXV 433
loba, ganicdidiT da ai, daxureT wigni da saocrad giWirT
masze saubari. giWirT daasaxeloT, romeli leqsi ufro mo­
gewonaT, ra ufro dagamaxsovrdaT, imitom, rom poeti ki ar
hyveboda, igi lirikul xatebs gawvdidaT, xatebs, romlebic
iqneb erTmaneTs ara hgavdnen, magram erTi poeturi samyaros
nervebs warmoadgendnen. xolo wignis wakiTxvis Semdeg Tqven
dagrCaT saintereso, magram abstraqtuli warmodgena poet­
ze, konkretulobas moklebuli. amaSi iqneb poeziis amouc­
nobi saidumloc aris. maRal poezias cota SerCa mxolod da
mxolod eqspresiaze, ritmze da asociaciebze dayrdnobili
leqsi. mkiTxvelis didi nawili, upirveles yovlisa, ambavs,
siuJets da dramatizms eZebs. minda mkiTxvels gavaxseno
murman lebaniZis mier mcire moculobis lirikul leqsebSi
daxatuli araerTi STambeWdavi epikuri pasaJi (mag. leqsebis
cikli galaktionze, `guram TikanaZis xsovnas~, `Tamunia qa­
vTaraZes~, `mkvdrebi~)
murman lebaniZe mxolod ori poemis avtoria. eseni gax­
lavT _ `cimbiris papa~ da `anisis aReba~. poeti maincdamainc
ara swyalobs epikur tiloebs. igi Tavis saTqmels lirikul
leqsebSi atevs, magram SeiZleba danamdvilebiT iTqvas, rom
m. lebaniZis orive poema Tavisi TematikiT da mxatvrul-
esTetikuri RirsebebiT is `jiuti faqtebia~, romelsac
gverds ver auqcevs qarTuli poemis istoriis mkvlevari.
`cimbiris papis~ mTavari gmiris xatvis principi sagrZno­
blad gansxvavdeba murman lebaniZis meore poemas `anisis
aRebis~ centraluri personaJis xatvis principisagan. Tu
`anisis aRebaSi~ Cvens yuradRebas ipyrobs daviT aRmaSeneb­
lis rTuli, tragikulamde amaRelvebeli monumenturi saxe,
nestor kalandariSvili avtorma sxva saRebavebiT Seamko.
Cvens winaSea Cveulebrivi mokvdavi uSualobiT humoruli
metaforulobiT da Sexumrebuli avtoris distanciidan da­
naxuli `cimbiris papa~.
miuxedavad avtoris amgvari `siTamamisa~, nestor ka­
landariSvilis saxis mimarT, rac erTi SexedviT SeiZleba
moeCvenos mkiTxvels, `cimbiris papasTan~ poetis, rogorc
fermweris, damokidebuleba arsad ar tovebs uaRresi
mokrZalebis CarCoebs da familarobaSi ar gadadis.
434
 saqarTvelodan ase Sors myofi gmiri, romelic iaponel­
Ta da aTasi juris mterTa winaaRmdeg cimbirul divizias
sardlobda, Tavisi ocnebebi, miswrafebebiT da vnebebiT
murman lebaniZem, upirveles yovlisa, WeSmarit qarTvel pa­
triotad dagvixata. nestor kalandariSvils mudam dasdevs
Soreul samSobloze fiqri:

...da sxva fiqrebs Soris,

Tu uomrad gaTendeba,
nestors, pirvel yovlis,
saqarTvelo axsendeba.
Tovda, Tovda! _ yiJiniT
zeca fexqveS gaefina...
dacxri, gulo, dacxri
da sixaruls gauZeli!
edeboda lajSi _
Toxitara mauzeri.

murman lebaniZe ar mihyveba nestor kalandariSvi­

lis cxovrebis Tanmimdevrul aRweras. igi Tavis poemaSi
calkeul fragmentebs gvawvdis. poemaSi daxatul suraTTa
umetesoba statiuria, rac ufro met monumenturobas ani­
Webs nawarmoebSi aRweril epizodebs. mag., poemis dasawyisSi
aRwerilia baikalis piras mdebare sofeli, romelic cxenis
oflis, maxorkis, `seliodkis~ da aryis suniT ayrolebulia
da saSineli anarqia sufevs, suraTi mTavrdeba imiT, rom
sofelSi `zantad Semodis cimbiris papa~. meore suraTSi
omgadaxdil cimbiris papas sZinavs. mesame suraTSi cimbiris
papas kremlSi vxedavT, xolo meoTxe suraTSi `irkutskisak­
en zantad migoravs furgoni~, romelzec cimbiris legenda­
ruli gmiri asvenia. am oTxi epizodisagan gaxlavT agebuli
poemis mTeli kompoziciuri Senoba.
`anisis aReba~.
anisis brZola saqarTvelos istoriis brwyinvale fur­
celia da qarTvel-somexTa mravalsaukunovani Zmobis erTi
uTvalsaCinoesi dasturi. murman lebaniZis istoriuli po­
ema `anisis aReba~ Tavisi TematikiTac aqtualuri masala da

435
mxatvruli RirsebebiTac Cveni literaturis erT-erTi sa­
gulisxmo SenaZenia.
`aniselma mstovrebma daviT aRmaSenebels dawvrilebiT
amcnes Turq-seljukTa mier Seviwroebuli qalaqis viTa­
reba. qarTvelTa mxedrioni daiZra anisisaken. daviT mefis
marbiel laSqars ajanyebuli aniselnic wamoeSvelnen da
mteri Zleul iqna, anisi ganTavisuflda. esaa poemis fab­
ula. nawarmoebis siuJeturi qsovili erTi epizodis _ an­
isis aRebis farglebs ar Sordeba. poema Tavidan bolomde
erTi galaSqrebis literaturuli istoriaa da rac SeiZleba
SekumSuli, daxvewili konstruqciiT xasiaTdeba. parale­
lur siuJetTa ararseboba da momijnave ambebisa da pasa­
Jebis gamodevnebaze uaris Tqma, am poemas sulmouTqmelad
wagakiTxebT.
`anisis aReba~ (Tumca aseTi saTauri, cota ar iyos, me­
CoTireba, igi ufro mecnierul-publicisturi JRerado­
bisaa, vidre mxatvruli, xom ar ajobebda ubralod `anisi~
daerqmia?) erTplaniani poemaa prologiTa da epologiT.
prologic da epilogic udavod maRal literaturul do­
nezea Sesrulebuli da am nawarmoebSi, garda dasawyisisa da
dasasrulis logikuri mxatvrul-esTetikuri akordebisa,
isini sxva funqciasac asruleben.

am poemaSi ambavi xdeba _

ara, ar mkiTxo ratom da risTvis,
aTas xuTasi qarTveli kvdeba
ara TavisTvis, aramed sxvisTvis.

es aris prologis pirveli striqonebi. xazgasma ar

sWirdeba imas, Tu raoden yuradRebis mimtaci da damain­
teresebelia es dasawyisi. Cven amJamad sxva gvainteresebs.
am prologiT murman lebaniZe mis winaSe arsebul isto­
riul masalas dRevandelobis problematikiTac tvirTavs
da mxatvris utyuari alRoTi bevr sagulisxmo movlenaze
migvaniSnebs. daviT mefem anisi aiRo, muxli moiyara somxis
dedoflis saflavTan, xolo:

436
 seljukiani garbis mkvexara, qristes taZarSi
zarebi JReren
`miepatrona somxis qveyanas...~
sxedan varpetni da wignebs weren.
didi moednebze iyofen alafs, qarTveli
somxis imedebs anTebs!
`aTina _ berZens! baRdadi _ arabs!
anisi _ somexs, Tbilisi _ qarTvels!~

dakvirvebulma mkiTxvelma prologSive unda amoicnos,

risTvis dawera poetma `anisis aReba~ dRes _ mxolod sax­
elovani warsulis suraTTa gasacocxleblad, Tu sxva dan­
iSnulebac aqvs mas Cveni dReebisaTvis. erTi sityviT, is­
toriuli fabulis gaTanamedroveobis rTuli mxatvruli
problema avtorma poemis prologSi SesaniSnavad gviCvena.
epilogi?
ganTavisuflebuli anisidan zariTa da zeimiT brundeba
qarTvelTa laSqari. mteri Zleulia, ganwyobileba Cinebuli
da uecrad daviT aRmaSenebels sevda moeZala, ra iyo es,
anisis karibWesTan samudamod darCenili aTas xuTasi qa­
rTvelis glova, Tu sxva ram pirovnuli tkivili udidesi
qarTveli mefisa? poemis avtori frCxilebs ar xsnis.
magram amas Tavi davaneboT. poemis epilogSi aris aseTi
striqonebi:

ra Tqma unda, ra Tqma unda, mtriani,

magram qristed, aRdgenilad mkvdreTiT,
ukve gqonda saqarTvelo mTliani,
da mTlianzec bareorjer meti.

aResrulnen ocnebani feradni:

sxvad aTinad da uaRres misad,
ukve gqonda, ukve gqonda gelaTi
saydrad qveynis da saZvaled Tvisad.

poetma ufro axlobeli gaxada mkiTxvelisaTvis daviT

aRmaSenebeli im oqros xanaze miniSnebiT, saukuneebis gan­

437
mavlobaSi qarTvelTa ocnebad da tkivilad rom iqca (`ukve
gqonda saqarTvelo mTliani~). ase rom, epilogSi anisis
aRebisas lomiviT mZvinvare, umamacesi da umxnesi daviT
_ Suasaukuneobrivi romantikulobiT da kac-cxenis kve­
TiT Cvengan ase Sors, saukuneTa miRma mebrZoli, erTbaSad
mogviaxlovda, mere mWmunvare mefisadmi mkiTxvelis Tana­
grZnobiT gamsWvalul fiqrebs poetma maSinve miaSvela: xe­
davT, Tavis sicocxlis Semodgomaze wuTisoflis amaoebis
sevda daeufla TviT daviT aRmaSenebels, romelsac mTliani
saqarTvelo da `xanZariviT saxeli~ hqondao; xolo Semdgom
amisa, nawarmoebSi epilogis logikur wertilad dairxa `ga­
lobani sinanulisani~ _ es erT-erTi udidesi mistikur-fi­
losofiuri qmnileba da Tavisi drois uaResad sayuradRebo
mxatvruli Zegli. aseTia `anisis aRebis~ prologisa da epi­
logis ideur-esTetikuri funqcia. nawarmoebis mxatvrul
CanafiqrTan Cveni Tanamedroveobis esoden ostaturi misad­
ageba, me vfiqrob, am poemis erTi Rirsebaa.
poemis centrSi dgas daviT aRmaSenebeli. didgoris
gmiris saxe Cvens literaturaSi TvalsaCinod gamokveTilia;
marto konstantine gamsaxurdias monumenturi tetralogia
rad Rirs. amas rom davumatoT Zvel istorikosTa cnobebi
da, TviT `galobani sinanulisani~ (ase didebulad rom war­
moacens daviT aRmaSeneblis rTulsa da winaaRmdegobriv
bunebas), SeiZleba iTqvs, rom daviTis saxis Seqmnisas po­
emis avtori sagrZnobi sirTulis winaSe idga. literaturaSi
ukve Seqmnili da popularuli saxe istoriuli gmirisa, Za­
launeburad ayenebs mwerals Tavisi didi zegavlenis qveS
da mkiTxvelsac winaswar ganawyobs. murman lebaniZes uc­
dia, ramdenadac poemis siuJeti amis saSualebas aZlevda,
originaluri mxatvruli StrixebiT gaemdidrebina daviT
aRmaSeneblis saxe. m. lebaniZis poemis gmiri swored is swo­
rupovari mefe da raindia, sicoxleSive rom eziara Rmer­
Tistol didebas. anisisaken miemarTebian samefois spani...
`daviT dro da dro taiWs gaaqvavebs da laSqris msvlelobas
qoriviT gadahyurebs~. _ am or striqonSi ukve Cans zviadi
da mzrunveli mefe-patroni. poemis erT-erTi uZlieresi ad­
gilia daviT aRmaSeneblis Sesvla omSi. cota didi citata
438
iqneba, magram gvinda mkiTxvels erTxel kidev gavaxsenoT m.
lebaniZis mier aRwerili bataluri suraTi, romelic, Cveni
azriT, mxatvruli SesrulebiT uzadoa da qarTvel kla­
sikosTa ukvdavi poemebis analogiur scenebs Tamamad daumS­
venebs mxars:

_ brZenma sibrZniT, lomman simxniT,

mamam spaTa abjrianTa,
`waRkaZoriT jondis mixmeT~ _
sTqva da omSi STabrialda,
winamebrZols anelT spisas
xmali marjvniT daanaxa,
mters balRsaviT fari dahkra,
zuCi Tavze daanaya.
jer anelni Seacbuna,
SeaZrwuna guli laSqris,
kvlav qalaqSi Seabruna,
spas brZaneba warsca gaSlis.
umal yarselT miubrunda,
lomebrivman qmniT da saxiT,
Tavi Tavsa Seujaxa,
SeuZaxa xmiTa maRliT.
`ara Tu viT sxvai vinme
zurgiT udga oden ymaTa,
anu SoriT uzaxebda~, _
win uZRoda lomebr spaTa.
xmals xmarobda, fars farobda,
Tan Cqarobda Zlevas Turqis.
Tumca spai ar kmaroda _
Tumca fiqri hqonda zurgis.
`hka wunklebso!~ _ damaSvralma
Tvali hkida bakurians.
mofrinavda spa maSveli,
mostopavda axurians.
ufliswuli ejze icno _
gverdSi udga nianias,
xrmals iqnevdnen, Turqis laSqars

439
 miarRvevdnen riaria.
qneva xrmlis da Zgera Subis,
mtvreva isris: Txeva sisxlis,
Tmena gaCexili Sublis
da veluri RrWena risxvis...
da SeZrwunda spaTurqmanTa
da urjulo meot iqmna
da Sebrunda spa TurqmanTa
da qarTveli CexviT mihyva...

me vfiqrob, am amonaweris ferwerul xatovanebas da

araCveulebriv plastikurobas komentarebi ar sWirdeba.
omi damTavrda, ganTavisuflebuli anisis quCebSi mimavali,
Sav huneze mjdomi, daviT brwyinvale `qereWisferi zuCiT
Tavze~, omis RmerTs waagavs:

gamobrZandnen `jans~ hyvirodnen

deda-wuliT da Cvilis balRiT
`vah!~ _ hkvirobdnen,
Tan stirodnen,
mefis daviTis piris naxviT.

moZmeTaTvis maradJams xelgawvdili, mosarCle da mow­

yale mefe, amave dros, friad windaxeduli da praqtikuli
gonebis mrCevelia:

xaTri xaTrad, madli madlad da,

zRvidan zRvamde qveynis mpyrobelman,
somxis didvaWrebs
esreT hkadra,
viTarca mamam da
viTarca mSobelman:
`anu xrmali daikideT,
viTarc spani ikidian,
anu roqis spa iyideT,
mec yivCaRni miyidian.

440
 daviT aRmaSeneblis gverdiT poemaSi araerT dasa­
maxsovrebel personaJs da uaResad koloritul epizods vx­
vdebiT. mkiTxvelis yuradRebas usaTuod miiqcevs jojiki _
daviT mefis erTguli mstovari, romlis saxesac ase axasi­
aTebs misi somexi megobari arwruni:

Turqi xar, arabi xar, qurTi xar, skviTi xar,

dRes vaWrob, xval CarCob, zeg berad roWikob.
es oci weli, sul bewvze hkidixar,
es _ Sen gagimarjos jojiko!

dasamaxsovrebelia somexi meTare SurisZiebad anTebuli

TvalebiT da datyvevebul samSobloze Tavisi saocrad sev­
diani alegoriuli leqsiT. SesaniSnavad dauxatavs poemis
avtors ufliswulis saxe, daviT aRmaSeneblisa da misi pirm­
Sos mefuri da mamaSviluri siyvaruliT.

TeZoze miebRuja ufliswuls franguli,

ijda RvTaebrivi Tavis yalanqarze.
tkbilad Seuqanda xelmwifes qva-guli
sabrZolo droSebSi pirmSos danaxvaze.

loms Tavis bokveri geSisTvis SeeCvia,

bokvers Sestyoboda lomoba brWyalebSi,
samefo karvisTvis adgili SeerCia,
da kiTxviT Sesqceroda meufes TvalebSi.

Tanxmoba uCurCules sardlebma daviTs,

daviTma zevsiviT qalaqSi Caixeda,
mowyaled dauqnia ufliswuls Tavi,
Tvali gadahkra da Rimili gaimeta.

aseve Zunwad da lakoniurad, magram didi mxatvruli si­

zustiT aRwers m. lebaniZe somex mRvdelmTavarTa epizods.
wminda mamebs anaforebis SigniT Torebi scmodaT, raTa an­
isis ganTavisuflebaSi qmediTi monawileoba mieRoT:

441
 ara! ar iyvnen wveulni
oden jvriTa da wigniT!
Tavadac scmodaT Torebi
anaforebis SigniT:

daxades anaforebi,
TiTo arayi scecxles,
gamoucvales jorebi
da taiWebze Sesxes.

ra marTali, ra gulSiCamwvdomi detalia poemaSi devka­

cis brZola Tormeti Turqis winaaRmdeg. daviT aRmaSene­
belma Tvali hkida, rom erTi goliaTi Tormets Sebmoda da
CuxCarxebs ubrZana, droze mieSveleTo. ucxo moymem miSvle­
ba iTakila, mters martoc gavumklavdebio. man mefis Camog­
zavnil mebrZols cxenis aRvirze xeli utaca da uTxra:

CuxCoba mwads, mona-spa var,

mcvelad vaxlavar amiraxors;
erwuxis omSi nanaxi vyavar,
uTxaro mefes, daminaxos.

`anisis aReba~ Tavisi leqsuri arsenaliTac gamoirCeva.

leqsis zomisa da ritmis monacvleoba poemas sasiamovno
sakiTxavs xdis, xolo nawarmoebis zomierad arqaizebuli ena
istorizmisa da koloritis sasurvel ganwyobilebas gviqm­
nis.
poemis leqsikur qsovilSi SesaniSnav poetur eqscesebT­
an avtoris mier TiTqosda sagangebod CarTuli prozaizmebi
uSualobiTa da intimurobiT msWvalavs Txrobas da azro­
briv-emociur amplitudas ufro moqnilsa da misawvdoms
xdis.

am poemaSi ambavi xdeba, _

ara, ar mkiTxo, ratom da risTvis,
aTas xuTasi qarTveli kvdeba
ara TavisTvis, aramed sxvisTvis!

442
 ..da amitom da amisTvis
ama mizezTa gamo,
daviTisaTvis anisiT
etrati gaxlavT amo.

poeti grafikuli sizustT Zerwavs ferwerul suraTebs

(mag., `idga mecixovne anisis caSi _ aziis usaSvelo Rames
gahyurebda~ da sxv.).
SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom murman lebaniZis epikuri Semo­
qmedeba mxars usworebs mis mebrZol lirikas, xolo orive
erTad Tanamedrove qarTuli poeziis originalur Senakads
warmoadgens.

443
 ana kalandaZe
(1924-2008)

samocian wlebSi fizikosTa da lirikosTa erT-erT

disputze konstantine gamsaxurdiam Tqva: `mTeli qveyana
uzarmazar qarxnad rom iqces bulbulis galoba ufro san­
atreli da sasurveli iqnebao~. amiT didma mweralma faq­
tiurad daamTavra kamaTi imis Sesaxeb, gauZlebda Tu ara
kibernetikis epoqas leqsi da iyo Tu ara saWiro igi atomur
saukuneSi, daamTavra bulbulis, poeziis sasargeblod.
bulbulis galobasaviT gaisma saqarTveloSi ana kalanda­
Zis leqsi swored maSin, roca meore msoflio omi axaldam­
Tavrebuli iyo. adamianis sulis ufaqizesi simebi msoflio
ubedurebisgan gatlanqebul-gauxeSebuli gaxldaT da lit­
eraturaSi dominirebda saomari, momwodebluri, gazeTur-
patriotuli poezia. mkiTxveli jer gairinda, mere ki mTeli
taniT Sebrunda poeti-bulbulisaken, eulad, sevdianad rom
ustvenda da mSvenierebas, erTi SexedviT, SeumCnevel sagneb­
Si, mrisxane droisgan daviwyebul movlenebSi eZebda.
axla ana kalandaZis wabaZviT bevri wers. epigons iqneb

444
zogi ram ukeTesadac gamoudis, magram ana kalandaZe roca
gamoCnda, igi erTaderTi poeti iyo, Tavisi unazesi Cur­
CuliT rom SesZra mkiTxvelTa gulebi. pirvelma gaabatona
meoce saukunis meore naxevris qarTul lirikaSi poetu­
ri kdema da qaluri sawyisi, axali suli STabera leqss da
WeSmariti poetis grZneuli xeliT axal poetur samyaroSi
Segvaxeda.
Tu ana kalandaZis iersaxes ar gaauxeSebs, oriode Tari­
Ri davasaxeloT misi cxovrebidan. 1924 wels daibada guri­
aSi, sofel xidisTavSi. saSualo skola quTaisSi daamTavra.
1942 wels Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis filologiis
fakultetze ganagrZo swavla.
universitetis damTavrebas daemTxva misi pirveli le­
qsebis gamoCena qarTul literaturul periodikaSi.
dRes rusTvelis premiis laureati da qarTveli mkiTx­
velisTvis uaRresad sayvareli poetia _ WeSmaritad Cveni
gulebis mesaidumle.
ana kalandaZis sworupovari poeziis garda Cvens warmod­
genaSi arsebobs TviT ana kalandaZis _ rogorc moqalaqis
saxe, romelic karga xania literaturul fenomenad iqca.
qarTvel poetTa leqsebidan gamoiyureba Tanamedrove qa­
rTuli poeziis dedofali _ RrublebSi amaRlebuli, kde­
mamosili, usaTnoesi pirovneba, Tavisi siamayiT maradis
Tavaweuli da ama qveynis yayans, TiTqosda garidebuli,
eulad mdgari ganze, rogorc WeSmarit piets Sehferis _
miukerZoebeli da mousyidveli: bednieri damTxvevaa, roca
Semoqmedeba da pirovneba gasaocrad hgavs erTmaneTs. orive
erTnairad sufTaa da mSvenieri, Zlieri da gamZle, marTali
da sikeTiT savse. ana kalandaZis monoliTuri pirovneba mis
poezias gasaxmianeblad aw naklebad sWirdeba, igi gvWird­
eba Cven, rogorc kamertoni Cveni damtverili nervebis gasa­
ferad da mosamarTavad. igi gvWirdeba rogorc magaliTi
imisa, Tu rogori unda iyos WeSmariti xelovani da ra didi
raindobaa dRes `suli gqondes uspetakes Tovlisa~.

445
 literaturis istoriis naTel xsovnas SerCa is efeqti,
omis Semdgom pirvelsave wels poeziaSi mosulma ana ka­
landaZem rom moaxdina. is ganumeorebeli STabeWdileba _
kanonadebian drois Semdeg Camomdgar siCumeSi torolas ga­
lobasaviT rom gaisma TviTmyofadi poetis Cangis xma. es
momenti yvelaze kargad murman lebaniZem gamoxata ana ka­
landaZisadmi miZRvnil leqsSi: `Sen migvaniSne poeziis sa­
gani zusti _ wiaRi sulis, kvalad zecis lurji naWeri: Sen
Seaxsene sisxliT maZRars yvavili susti, Sen umaRlesi saT­
noebiT gulSi dagvWeri~.
marTlacda, ana kalandaZem gamoCenisTanave bejiTad daim­
kvidra ganumeorebeli adgili qarTul poeziaSi da roca Ta­
vis parnasze amaRlebuls Seavles Tvali, sixarulTan erTad
gaocebis grZnobac gaCnda _ nuTu es adgili aqamde carieli
iyo? diax, didxans eloda saqarTvelo poet qals, romelic
Tan axalsamyaros moitanda, axlebur intonaciebs daamkvi­
drebda, qarTuli sityvis axal saSualebebs aRmoaCenda da
yovelives gaanaTebda miseuli aTinaTiT.
ioli rodi iyo mkiTxvelis sulis unazesi simebis Serx­
eva da yuradRebis miqceva maSin, roca ukve dawerili gaxl­
daT `mzeo TibaTvisa~ da smenas ar Sordeboda `atmis rtoo
daRalulo rtoo~ ...roca Ronivrad epyraT Cangi qarTuli
poeziis orfeosebs _ galaktionsa da goglas. didi gabed­
uleba iyo swored `atmis rtoos~ CurCuliTve geTqva: `qari
marxevs da yvavilebs maclis, yvavils momwyvets, gamitacebs
mindvrad. damiyvave, qaro nu xar mkacri, patara var, mofe­
reba minda~. ana kalandaZis pirvelsave leqsebs etyoboda
originaluri xmis mqone dasrulebuli ostatis xeli. `saqa­
rTveloo lamazos~ avtoris Semoqmedebas Tvalgadevnebuli
lamis almacerad vucqeri ybadaRebul cnebebs: `Semoqmedeb­
iTi winsvla~, `ostatobis amaRleba~...WeSmariti poeti zrda­
dasrulebuli gvevlineba imTaviTve. ana kalandaZis poezias
didi esTetikuri Zvrebi ar ganucdia, SexedulebaTa cva­
lebadobis gansacvifrebeli wlebis Semdegac poetis Cangs
ieri ar Seucvlia, misi msoflgancda iseTive uSualo da

446
bunebrivia, rogorc pirvel leqsSi iyo. swored amas hqvia
talantis TviTmyofadoba.
magram arc imis Tqma SeiZleba, rom TiTqos ana kalandaZ­
es Ziebisa da SemoqmedebiTi arsenalis gaferva-gafxvierebis
wlebi ar ganecados. karga xans TiTqmis arafers beWdavda.
mere axali leqsebi gamoaqveyna da misi Tayvanismcemelni
erTbaSad sagonebelSi Caagdo. Cvens winaSe poetis talanti
axali ZaliT rom gamobrwyinda, faqti gaxldaT, magram imaze
vWoWmanobdiT, rom pirvel xanebSi gviWirda migveRo sxva am­
pluaSi warmodgenili ana kalandaZis leqsi, sadac adrindel
sasaubro intonaciebs da lapidarul metyvelebas Zveli qa­
rTuli kdema da monumenturoba Senacvleboda, xolo leq­
sis Tavisufal mdinarebas, TiTqos sagnagebodve amosdeboda
lagami. miniaturuloba, erTi mxriv, aforistul sizustes
matebda leqss. meore mxriv ki, poeturi sunTqvis xelovnuri
Sekavebis iluzia rCeboda. bolos TviTonve dagvarwmuna,
rom didi poetis sityvasa da saTqmels, WeSmariti Semoqme­
dis sulis rTul Sreebs mravali ganzomilebani gaaCnia da
literaturul stereotips vera da ver miusadageb. igi im­
denad Zlieria, rom gaiZulebs Cahyve mis nebas.
karga xani gavida im bednieri dRidan, roca ana kalan­
daZe moevlina qarTul mwerlobas. dRemde ara marto ana
kalandaZis poezia kaSkaSebs Cvens literaturaSi da uzarma­
zar gavlenas axdens Tanamedrove sulier cxovrebaze, ar­
amed arsebobs sakmaod soliduri kritikuli literaturac
poetis Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb. magondeba is pirveli werili
_ misalmebanic (qarTvel mweralTa ufrosi Taoba xom ana
kalandaZis SefasebaSi imTaviTve erTsulovani iyo) da sa­
mocianel kritikosTa gulisxmieri sjanic qarTuli liter­
aturis istoriaSi ana kalandaZis erovnuli, maRali adgilis
gansazRvrisaTvis (maTgan erT-erT yvelaze sayuradRebod
nodar CxeiZis werili meCveneba).
... da mainc, yoveli gulisxmieri mkiTxvelis warmodge­
naSi ana kalandaZis saxelis xsenebisas gakrTeba poetis mier
aSenebul-nagviristali lirikuli samyaro, yvelasaTvis

447
TiTqmis sakuTari da amiT zogadkacobriulic. im poetur
qveyanaSi keTili nebis adamianebs Tavze naTeli adgaT da
mTvaris bilikiT moabijeben. Rameebs serafimis frTaTa Sri­
ali akrTobs, gaciskrebuli taZris siaxloves rusTavels
batis frTa uWiravs xelSi da cargvals gahyurebs. erTgan
RvTaebrivs mTaze wminda mamebs unTiaT zeTi, xolo meo­
regan cxovreba duRs Tavisi vnebebiTa da oromtrialiT; qu­
Cis ganapiras dgas vardebis gamyidveli Tvalmayvala, xolo
`portis sanapiroze~ mxiaruli stveniT midis `siyvarulis
dostaqari~ _ fexSiSveli boSa qali da am qveynis centrSi
dgas unazesi poeti, romelic mzisken xelawvdili imeorebs:
`iSriale, dido verxvo, igugune, dedamiwav!~
ana kalandaZis poeziis socialuri mniSvneloba calmxri­
vi iqneboda, rom igi mxolod tkbili xmebis gamomcem ganmar­
toebul mgalobel bulbulad warmovidginoT. igi mebrZoli
poetic gaxlavT da ciur xmebs xSirad unacvlebs mamxileb­
el, Semtev ganwyobilebas. ai, poetis striqonebi, sufTa
sindisis da kacurkacobis gamosarClebad Tqmuli:

Ziri eTxreba wminda ocnebas,

soflis sacduri roca Zaladobs...
risi Rirsia is qondriskaci,
sindis-namusi visac Ralatobs?

ar giCns kaxabrad, vinac ar aris, _

fexTiT migidis TxaTa arvebi...
suls umamacess da sisxlTa Txevas,
Sens gzas erTaderTs _ mivesalmebi.

saqarTvelo Tavs uxris da yvavilebs esvris ana kalan­

daZes swored imis gamo, rom man kargad icis Tanamedrove
epoqaSi poetis misia da Tanmimdevrulad eweva poetisa da
moqalaqis mZime tvirTs, swored rom keTili sulis gadasar­
Cenad da siaveTa dasaTrgunavadaa mowodebuli misi leqsi:

448
 gadaudgeba uZReb fitulebs
drodadro Seni susti aCrdili;
Seni xanmokle sicocxlis fasad,
kacobriobis gadasarCenad.

ase rom, ana kalandaZes Tamamad da welgamarTulad Seu­

Zlia gaimeoros: `gveamayeba, rom Cvens maRal suls cxovrebis
WuWyi ver moereva~.
ana kalandaZes, rogorc poets, Tavisi feri, Tavisi jado,
Tavisi saTqmeli aqvs, igi Tavis biliks mihyveba; xolo po­
etis Tqmisa ar iyos: `es biliki zecisken midis~.
ana kalandaZis leqsi zedmeti samkaulebis gareSe, saxe­
obriv zizil-pipiloebsgaridebuli, ase laRad da msubuqad
miedineba:

jejilSi CaiSriala Tvalgaxelilma yanama?

mTiT moberilma niavma, nargizis iavnanama,
erTi pawia Ciora muxidan momesalama,
ia gangebam daxata, Tu firosmanis yalamma?
yayaCos `Rvino salxino~ rogor ar Sesvas anama.
`JuJuna wvima movida, didi mindori danama~.

(`JuJuna wvima movida~)

poets ZaluZs kalmis mosmiT bunebis harmoniis magiuri

suraTi Seqmnas. aq yoveli Strixi, ferTa gamma da ganwyo­
bileba mxolod miseuli, anaseulia:

TavgamodebiT galobda SaSvi

da sxivTamTovars
eTxoveboda mzes naZvis wveri.
wiTeli iyo ca, ezo, oda.
wisqvili, Sqeri. iyo raRaca imqveyniuri
mzis grZneul rkalSi
da ZvelisZveli...

29. r. miSvelaZe. t. XXV 449

 TavgamodebiT galobda SaSvi.
da sxivTa mTovars
eTxoveboda mzes naZvis wveri.

(`eTxoveboda~)

ana kalandaZem ara marto axali urTierToba daamyara

samyarosTan, ara marto Taviseburi harmonia daudo safene­
lad mis unazes lirikas, ritmic Taviseburi daamkvidra:

Sens lurj mwvervalebs

Tovli rom faravs,
Tergs da darials,
Cemo qveyanav, dideba marad,
mravalJamier.

(`mravalJamier~)

an kidev

Tu davixrCvebi, Rvinom damaxrCos,

vgavde yayaCos saTisxalians.
Zlivs mobarbacebs mTvrali yayaCo,
omar xaiam!

ana kalandaZem qarTul poeziaSi CurCulis intonacia

daamkvidra. daarwmuna mkiTxveli, rom didi saTqmeli urapa­
triotuli gulze mjiRis cemisa da maJoruli, dasartyme­
linstrumentebiani orkestris msgavsi leqsis gareSec Sei­
Zleba:

Sen ise Rrma xar, qarTulo cao,

Sen ise Rrma xar...
samkvidro Sens qveS mtrad Semosulma
veravin naxa.
verca osmalom, verca monRolma
da verca sparsma.

450
 Seni didebis momReralia
oSki da zarzma.
beberi tao...
Sen ise Rrma xar, ise faqizi,
qarTulo cao.

(`Sen ise Rrma xar~)

poetis leqsi xan ganwyobilebis uSualo lirikuli xatia

(magram ara fragmentuli, aramed xativiT sruli), xan ki _
siuJetiT dakonkretebuli da dramatizmiT damuxtuli. mag­
aliTad:
da ra qali? xelisguliT satarebi...
ra Tvalebi? elvis cecxlis damWeri,
boSa qali, varskvlavebis sadarebi,
Sexedes da... SeukurTxes gamCeni.

mezRvaurebs gamomwvevad gverds auvlis,

etyvian da, isic etyvis urigos.
xelgaSlili gadudgeba mezRvauri:
_ mxolod erTxel makoceo, suliko!

es pawia siyvarulis dostaqari,

gana dardobs, Tvalebs cremliT iosebs?
mxiaruli fexSiSveli boSa qali
stveniT midis portis sanapiroze.

(`boSa qali~)

CurCuliTve gadmogvcems poeti lirikuli gmiris tragi­

kul xilvebs da esaa swored misi ostatobis saidumlo:

da guldamwvari vtoveb osvencims,

savses ZvlebiT da oqros kbilebiT
da mgonia, rom Cems sicocxleSi
me arasodes dameZineba.
(`osvencimSi~)

451
 Rrmaa da idumali ana kalandaZis poezia. zogjer ase ma­
giuri, aramiweri xilvebiT savse:

me davemalo kvlav, gaveqce Cems mbrwyinavs cTomils,

ase didebuls lamaz cas da qveyanas Soris,
da davinTqa im uZiro sicarieles,
sad uferod rbian dReebi?
Tu... me gaviqce masTan, ise viswrafi misken,
viT wylis suli da miwis suli mifrinavs cisken
lurji kldeebiT?

(`me davemalo...~)

xazgasasmelia ana kalandaZis leqsis kidev erTi Tviseba _

sityvieri lakonizmi. arc erTi zedmeti striqoni, arc erTi
zedmeti sityva, kompoziciuri simtkice araCveulebrivi si­
sadaviT miiRweva:

dgaxar quCis ganapiras,

iebs hyidi... _ Cemo kargo,
arabi xar? _ iezidi.
rogorc ia Tavdaxrili buCqis Ziras,
morcxvi xar da rogor gSvenis kdema didi...
_ Tqvi, SavTvalav, arabi xar?
_ iezidi.

(`dgaxar quCis ganapiras~)

kiTxulobT ana kalandaZis leqsebs da ar SeiZleba ar

g­a­ga­ocoT poeturi xedvis masStabebma. TiTqosda cad amaR­
lebuli mgosani zemodan dascqeris dedamiwis burTs:

madli gadmodis cisfer mTebze uxilav gzebiT

da lurji tbebis, lurji tbebis TvalebSi krTeba...
es aris miwis, dedamiwis maradi vseba.
im grZneulebiT, rac mis sulSi arasdros qreba...
o, uxilavno, kvlav dideba Tqvens meufebas.

(`kvlav dideba Tqvens meufebas~)

452
 naxeT, ra lapidarulad Caaqsova poetma patara minia­
turaSi bunebis mTeli saidumlo _ Citis tragedia da iqneb
ara marto Citis?

romeli Citi iSenebs budes

ZeZvis rtoebze, romeli Citi
da mere tovebs Tavis sayofels
da cxra mTas iqeT mifrinavs, midis?

Tu... arad uCans Tvisi sauflo,

warsulic Tvisi uCans arafrad,
rom daugdia mas igi vani
qvewarmavalT da gvelTa anabrad?

qanaobs bude garejis cis qveS.

mas katasaviT eparvis bindi.
romeli tovebs Tavis samkvidros
ZeZvis rtoebze, romeli Citi?

(`romeli Citi~)

ana kalandaZis bgerwera panoramulia. poeti abstragire­

bas ukeTebs movlenis zogad niSnebs da prozaul detali­
zaciamde TiTqmis arasodes eSveba. gavixsenoT zamTrispiris
uzustesi grafikuli suraTi:

Sen emzadebi TovlisaTvis: varskvlavis sxivebs

guli dauxSe da gaaxme yvela yvavili.
gaSiSvlebuli vel-mindvrebi miugde wvimebs
Seginebuli salocaviviT.
Sors gadaxizne yvela Citi, Sors gadakarge
da yovel foTols daumkvidre sasufeveli.
modis zamTari TeTri cxeniT, civi xelebiT,
viTarc mteri da mSvenebis Senis mrbeveli...
Sen emzadebi TovlisaTvis, o, dedamiwav!

(`Sen emzadebi~)

453
 gana es bibliuri suraTi renesansis ukvdav warmomad­
genelTa ferwerul siuJetebs tols daudebs?

dabrwyinebuli iyo taZari,

cecxlma aavso da TvalTa sxivman.
xma gugunebda gumbaTioniT
`Seqmen safare, ver garyvnas mRilman!~

Sens lamaz saxes kelaptris ali

miRmaqveyniur sinaTles hfenda.
xma gugunebda isev da isev:
`saxls nu aageb qviSasa zeda!~

dgas Soreuli, momwvano elva.

qerubionis, caTa myofisa,
kvlav CurCulebda moxuci maTe:
`Sen xar marili ama soflisa!~
gaciskrebuli iyo taZari...

(`gabrwyinebuli iyo taZari~)

daviT aRmaSenebelze ramdeni dawerila, Tumca poeziaSi

saqarTvelos upirvelesi mefis didebuli, magram Sinaganad
winaaRmdegobrivi (da swored amiT saintereso) saxis Seqmna
ana kalandaZem STambeWdavad SeZlo:

fexi damadgiT,
gulze damadgiT fexi yovelman,
wyaloba hyaviT.
saqarTvelois yovlis mpyrobelman
visurve, daviT...
fexqveS gacviTeT saflavis lodi
yurZnis mtevnebiT.
_ aseTi codva ra gaqvs, mefeo,
miutevebi?
Rirsmsaxurebdi qarTul miwa-wyals,

454
 rai gadardebs?
gaswie igi `nikofsiiTgan
darubandamde~...
Tu es maRalTa Tavmdablobaa
odiT da odiT?
Tu codvili xar, maSin, mefeo,
raRa hqnan codvilT,
sulis simSvidis, sulis simSvidis
versiT mpovelTa?
_ gulze damadgiT, fexi damadgiT
gulze yovelTa.
(`fexi damadgiT~)

ra gafacicebulia poetis mzera, ra ultramgrZnobiarea

misi poeturi nervi, ise saTuTia misi poeturi mgrZnobelo­
ba, rom am boboqar saukuneSi, roca qveyana denze CarTu­
liviT dgandgarebs, mas SeuZlia beRuras mkerdis feTqvac
SeamCnios:

beRuras sZinavs grZneuli ZiliT,

beRuras sZinavs da yovel diliT
igi JivJiviT Sexvdeba mzesa.
da kiparisis amayi Crdili
kvlav mZime rxeviT daefineba
vard-yvavilebiT moxatul kedels...
o, rogor feTqavs beRuras mkerdi.

(`beRuras sZinavs~)

galaktionis xsovnisadmi miZRvnil leqsSi ana kalandaZe

wers:

lamazi suli qariT, foTlebiT,

Tavis simSvidiT da SeSfoTebiT,
qliavisa da atmis totebiT

455
 sagazafxulo miwas Sordeba.
da zambaxebi Cumi etlebiT
da beTaniis lurji iebi,
angelosebi pergamentebiT
Rrublebisaken miacileben.

(`galaktionis xsovnas~)

aq arc erTi sityva ar aris galaktionis saxotbod aRv­

lenili, magram mTeli leqsi, swored rom galaktionis poe­
ziiT sunTqavs.
ana kalandaZis leqsi amqveynad siyvarulis da saTnoebis
mociqulia. am grZneuli fenomenis gareSe bevrs dakargavda
meoce saukunis qarTuli leqsi.

456
 nodar dumbaZe
(1928 _ 1984)

meoce saukunis `samocianelTa~ Taobis prozaikosTa So­

ris nodar dumbaZes gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs:
daibada 1928 wels TbilisSi partiuli funqcioneris,
vladimer dumbaZis ojaxSi. deda _ ana baxtaZe, diasaxlisi
gaxldaT. 1937 wels nodar dumbaZis mSoblebi daapatimres
da momavali mwerali guriis sofel xidisTavSi bebiam aR­
zarda.
1950 wels nodar dumbaZem Tbilisis saxelmwifo uni­
versitetis ekonomikuri fakulteti daamTavra. erTxans
iqve muSaobda laborantad. male mkvlelobis braldebiT
daapatimres, magram danaSauli ar daumtkicda da gaaTavi­
sufles. studentobis dros leqsebs werda, mere `niangSi~
gamoqveynebuli feletonebiT (jvebe dumbavas fsevdonimiT)
niWieri feletonistis saxeli daigdo. 1960 wels gamoaqveyna
pirveli romani `me, bebia, iliko da ilarioni~.
rva wlis ganmavlobaSi (1965-73) `niangs~ redaqtorobda,
bolos saqarTvelos mweralTa kavSiris Tavmjdomarec iyo.
gardaicvala 1984 wels.

457
 `me bebia, iliko da ilarioni~ mkiTxvelma gulTbilad miiRo.
prozaikosma Cvens winaSe gaacocxla `guriaSi yvelaze
mxiaruli sofeli, romelsac marjvniv gubazouli Caudis
da marcxniv laSis Rele, Rele savsea RorjoebiT da Sar­
valdakapiwebuli biWebiT, yovel gazafxulze movardnil
wyals miaqvs xidi da mxolod xidis Tavi rCeba~. aq kurd­
Rlis nacvlad sakuTar ZaRlze nadiroben da mere adamiani­
viT dastirian. aq rusulis swavla uWirT imis miuxedavad,
rom `mTeli ruseTi rusulad laparakobs~. aq mxolod erTi
Sarvali aqvT da yovel wels ori saSemodgomo gamocda. aq
xelmocaruli mevele sakuTar Txas iWers, muSaobaSi Cam­
eTvlebao. aq sakolmeurneo kantoris Senobas angreven da
Tavmjdomaris saxlis win dgamen. aq omis dros qaRaldis na­
klebobis gamo, zuriko vaSalomiZe mxolod Svid-rva leqss
wers dReSi. _ amas yvelafers keTili humoris madli hfenia.
magram aq yvelaze jansaRi da `seriozuli~ cxovreba duRs.
adamianebi civ zamTarSi ukanasknel nabads da Ceqmas ixdian
da ugzavnian omSi wasulT. bebia olRa TeTri zamTris civ
RameSi Tavisi moxuci sxeuliT gamTbari matyliT windebs
uqsovs jariskacs. `ilikos cali Tvali gafuWebuli aqvs da
cxovrebas saRi TvaliT uyurebs~. n. dumbaZe axerxebs da
ostaturadac, humoruli sisadave gaubraloebamde ar dai­
yvanos, ris saSiSroebac xSirad dgas mweral-iumoristis wi­
naSe. romanSi mxatvruli zomierebiT enacvleba erTmaneTs
sicili da tirili, sixaruli da sinanuli, satiruli da
lirikuli momentebi.
1962 wels mweralma gamoaqveyna meore romani `me vxedav
mzes~.
moqmedeba isev sofelSi iSleba. moqmedebis dro isev sama­
mulo omis periodia, da, bunebrivia, moqmedi pirnic soflis
ubralo adamianebi arian.
1941 wlis ivnisis erT Cveulebriv dilas yanaSi mimavali
kolmeurneebi Sedgnen moulodnelobisa da gaocebisagan. ai,
rogor zomierad, rom ityvian, kalmis erTi mosmiTaa daxat­
uli omis gamocxadebis suraTi:
`mTeli Cveni sofeli fostis win idga. Toxebze dayrd­
nobil xalxs Tavi maRla aewia da fostis svetze gadmokide­

458
bul dafleTil radios ugdebda yurs. reproduqtori cax­
caxebda, xrialebda da xrinwiani xmiT raRacas gadmoscemda.
yvela sdumda. me rom mivedi, reproduqtoric dadumda.
_gamarjoba Tqveni _ vTqvi me, xma aravis gaucia.
_ gamarjoba, xalxo, Tqveni _ gavimeore me gaubedavad.
aravin araferi mipasuxa.
_ gerasime biZia, ra moxda? _ vkiTxe karis mezobels da
SevanjRrie. man uazrod momxeda, mere fostis kibeze Camo­
jda, TuTuni amoiRo da ise gaaxvia, TiTqos arc davenaxe.
_ Tqvi, asalo biZia, ra moxda? _ Sevevedre axla gerasimes
gverdiT Camomjdar meore mezobels. man Tavidan-fexebamde
amaTvalier-CamaTvaliera. didxans miyura TvalebSi. mere
piri amarida da ise miTxra:
`omia, sosoia, biZia, omi~.
Txroba pirvel pirSi mimdinareobs. 12-16 wlis sofleli
biWi hyveba romanSi moTxrobil mTel ambavs. amiT mweralma
moqmedebis ganviTarebis metad Zneli gza airCia. aq mwerlis
SemoqmedebiTi fantazia erTgvar CarCoebSia moqceuli. fex­
dafex unda mihyvebode, zedmiwevniT unda icnobde im asakis
bavSvis cnobierebas. movlenebSi unda dainaxo mTlianad is
da mxolod is, rasac sosoia mamalaZe dainaxavda. da weris
stilic, enac unda Seufardo bavSvis xasiaTsa da metyve­
lebas.
am sirTules nodar dumbaZem SesaniSnavad gaarTva Tavi.
nawarmoebis yvela striqoniT Tqven gesaubrebaT ymawvili
da ise damajereblad, TiTqos mwerlisTvis adgilic ki ar
rCeba, mkiTxvels Seaxsenos Tavisi arseboba. igi sosoias su­
lis siRrmeSi zis da WeSmariti mxatvris uxilavi xeliT mar­
Tavs misi gulisa da gonebis yovel moZraobas.
omi...
lukaia focxiSvils vaSli miaqvs bazarSi gasayidad da
omis dawyebis ambavs rom Seityobs, Sua gzidan ukan brundeba.
da ai, soflis moedanze uamrav xalxs mouyria Tavi. aq
arian omSi mimavalTa dedebi, mamebi, colebi, Zmebi, Svilebi.
yvela maTganma icis, rom gulis yvelaze mtkivneuli Zafi
iZabeba, iWimeba da sadacaa gawydeba. magram cremls iSvia­
Tad SeniSnav maTs Tvalebze. isini icinian, xumroben. imedian

459
ganwyobilebaze arian, ase xedaven sosoia da mwerali maT
saxeebs da aseTia TviT cxovrebac. komikuri situaciebis
da maxvili frazebis CarTviT nodar dumbaZe srulebiTac
ar aubraloebs gamomSvidobebis, adamianis cxovrebaSi am me­
tad dramatuli momentis suraTs. aba, daakvirdiT dedebis,
colebis da sacoleebis cremlmoreul Tvalebs, daakvirdiT
beberi maestros acaxcaxebul beWebs da mowyenil saxes. dak­
virvebuli mkiTxveli advilad SeamCnevs, rom aq xumroba ime­
dianobis, rwmenis ganmtkicebis, sikvdilisadmi protestis
mizniTaa CarTuli da situacias srulyofilebas aniWebs.
sxva dro iyo, roca qarTveli deda omSi mimaval vaJkacs
xmals awvdida da eubneboda _ vaJkacurad mokvdio. magram
axla sxva omia. sxva epoqaa. es kargad icis romanis avtorma
da moxuci qalis sityvebi: `ar Seakla, nena, Tavi mag sasikv­
dileebso~ _ ufro bunebrivad, Tbilad, STambeWdavad JRers.
`is dRe gavda zRvis moqcevas~, sofelSi aRar ismis va­
Jkacebis omaxiani xma. maT nacvlad `Sromis frontze~ qalebi
dadgnen, daTiko brigadiri qsenia brigadirma Secvala da
SemTxveviTi rodia kowia fostalionis misalmeba: gamarjo­
baT Tqveni, qalebo, miuxedavad imisa, rom gerasime, lukaia,
besariona da sosoia iq arian.
sofels TiTqos Cais buCqebiviT aacala omma norCi
ylortebi, magram igi kvlav Zveleburad cocxlobs. sosoias
SekiTxvaze mamida upasuxebs, swavlac iqneba, JorJikas qor­
wilic iqneba da yvelaferi iqnebao. ai, xalxis suliskveTeba,
besariona SalikaSvilis piriT Tqmuli:
`agi dunia patara nu ggoniaT. ramdeni besariona da qse­
nia deiareba am qveyanaze da urtyams Toxs? ramden lukaies
da gerasimes biWs ukavia Tofi xelSi? ramdeni sosoie da
xatie darbis am qveyanaze? imdeni dRe da xani daWirdeba
hitlers, sanam oms moigebdes. sisxli ar eyofa ZarRvSi da
Zala muxlSi~.
omma sruliad moulodnelad moswyvita adamianebi keras.
zogma axalSerTuli meuRle datova, zogma _ Tvalcremliani
sacole. maT miwasTan, romelic gaurkveveli xniT unda das­
tovon, didi Ronieri jaWvi akavSirebT, aq uRalata zogi­
erTs nebisyofam da brZolis velidan laCrulad gamoiqca.

460
bunebrivia, rom maT dezertirebs, samSoblos gamyidvelebs
uwodeben. magram aq sakiTxs meore mxarec aqvs, namdvilad
boroti, gulqva, usiyvarulo adamianebi arian isini (ra Tqma
unda, yvela `dezertirze~ ar SeiZleba es azri gavrceldes),
Tu mTeli maTi tragedia xasiaTis, nebisyofis sisustidan
iRebs saTaves?
qeTevanma maSinve icno daTikos xma, magram karebs ar
uRebs da brigadiris Zaxilze:
_ `kari gamiRe, daTiko varo~ _
_ `daTiko jarSiao~ _ upasuxebs. am erT frazaSic naT­
lad Cans, rom qals ar unda sayvarel adamianSi moRalate
dainaxos.
sofeli _ es xalxia, xalxi TviT cxovrebaa da rogorc
adamians sakuTar cxovrebisagan mowyveta ar SeuZlia, ise
ver gaZlebs igi uxalxod, uadamianebod.
_ ar gindebvarT? arc me mindebxarT, gegonaT, ver gav­
Zlebdi uTqvenoT? _ ambobs daTiko da `tyeSi garbis mge­
liviT~. sofelma moikveTa, SeiZula igi, da am sayovelTao
`boikotiT~ sastikad daamarcxa. diax, daTiko motyuvda,
tyeSi mxolod im SemTxvevaSi gasZlebda firali, Tu xalx­
isgan `magari zurgi~ hqonda, udroo drois yaCaRs ki wisq­
viliTac aukrZales sargebloba. daTikos kacic ki Semoakv­
da; magram mkvlelis suli arasodes mjdara mis sxeulSi da
nawarmoebis bolos xalxisagan ganwiruli (radganac xalxi
iSviaTad gapatiebs did Secdomebs) mweralma mTlianad ar
gaswira igi. xatias gadarCenis Semdeg daTikos tyisken ar
gadauxvevia, gzas gahyva, es gza iqneb simboluri miniSneba­
caa monanie kacis wor gzaze dadgomisa.
samagierod, xalxi Rirseulad epyroba Rirseuls. ai,
ra monumenturi suraTi dagvixata mweralma lukaia fo­
cxiSvilis sakolmeurneo krebaze gamosvlisas, im lukasi,
romelsac omSi erTaderTi Svili (kukuri) daeRupa, im kre­
baze, romelzedac zarmacebisa da spekulantebis sakiTxs
ixilaven.
`lukaia am Ramis Semdeg xmaamoRebuli aravis unaxavs. igi
mzeze adre amodioda koncxoulas mTaze, muSaobda xariviT,
mzeze gvian Cadioda Tavis ezoSi. wveboda parmaRze, Tvalebs

461
xuWavda da qveyana rom daqculiyo, Tvals ar gaaxelda. lu­
kaia Secba, gakvirvebuli adga, mere isev dajda, magidasTan
gavida, wyali dalia da uceb daixriala.
_ TuTuni! _ wina merxebze msxdomma aTma kacma Caiyo jibe­
Si xeli da magida TuTuniT gaivso. aTma kacma moxia gazeTi
da magida qaRaldiT gaivso. aTma kacma Camohkra kves-abedi
da oTaxi damwvari abedis sasiamovno, tkbili da damaTro­
beli suniT aivso. xelis kankaliT gaaxvia lukaiam ceris sim­
sxo sigara. moqaCa da Rrmad CaisunTqa. klasi sdumda samare­
saviT, lukaias Sublze civi ofli esxa cvariviT.
_ me ra, me _ daiwyo lukaiam _ CemTvis omi didi xania gaT­
avebulia. me axla gulze unda mekrifos mklavebi da suls
unda vRafavde, magram sadaa miqel gabrieli, arc RmerTi
swams da arc rjuli... ar modis ar modis da nu mova. sanam
mosula, ver davikref gulze xels, rac sisxli maqvs, oflad
vaqcev, rac cremli SemrCenia, sisxlad vaqcev, ipovis Cemi
biWis kvals, dedamiwis guls rom gaiars, aba, ras izams~.
lukaias xsenebasTan dakavSirebiT minda romanis erT-erT
metad saintereso detals gavusva xazi.
anatolim lukaias da varvaras samgloviaro arSia mo­
acilebina kukuras suraTisaTvis. rogor sWirdeboda maSin
daRupuli kukuras mamas nugeSi, imedis micema da anatolim
sityvebiT `qaRaldi miiRe da damarxe biWi? rogor gaimete
ase uceb erTi Svili sasikvdilod? ar gyvarebia Svili. cno­
ba miiRe mokvdao? me mogcem as cnobas, rom cocxaliao~ _
anugeSi ki ara, TiTqos Svili gaucocxla mas.
lukaiam xelis kankaliT Camoxsna fanjrebze Savi fardebi
da mere mas mTelma sofelma mibaZa. `vin icis, iqneb cocxa­
lia, iqneb Secdnen depeSis gamomgzavnni?~ _ amas fiqrobdnen,
am fiqriT elodnen wasulT.
da nodar dumbaZis personaJebi uars amboben am `matyuara
qaRaldze~.
`...es uzarmazari, SiSiviT gatrunuli darbazi Cumad
adga, rogorc gasvenebaze, ise TiTo-TiTom moridebiT Cau­
ara magidaze damxobil kowias da depeSebs. TiTqos magidaze
Savi WiriT gaTavebuli, saxeze sudaragadafarebuli micva­
lebuli esvena~.

462
 romanSi Cans, rom nodar dumbaZe kargad icnobs omis­
droindel sofels. da misi cxovrebis marTal, koloritul
suraTebs iZleva.
ra adamianuria babilosa da kakanos damokidebuleba si­
mindis saSovnelad wamosul xatiasa da sosoiasadmi. ra kar­
gad Cans aq stumarTmoyvaruli buneba, ase fesvmagrad rom
aris gamjdari qarTveli kacis gulsa da xasiaTSi.
nawarmoebis mTavari personaJis, sosoia mamalaZis saxe
zemoTac aRvniSneT, rom saintereso da damajerebelia. mis
xasiaTSi araferia sakamaTo da gadaWarbebuli. igi keTi­
li, tlu sofleli biWia, romlis gulSi, rogorc sarkeSi,
Seuferadeblad aisaxeba movlenebi. zogjer, SeiZleba zeda­
piruladac, magram maSinac ise, rogorc bavSvis goneba aRiq­
vamda.
nawarmoebSi mSvenivrad igrZnoba sosoias xasiaTis zrdac.
yvelaze ufro dasamaxsovrebeli saxe romanSi mainc xa­
tiaa. es usinaTlo gogona TiTqos sikeTis, siyvarulis
pirdapiri gansaxierebaa da xasiaTis kargi (mxolod kargi)
Tvisebebi imdenadaa mis pirovnebaSi xazgasmuli da amaRleb­
uli, rom mkiTxvelis cxovrebaSi igi zogjer eTiSeba kidec
garemomcvel samyaros da simbolurobamde adis.
saTno, keTili qalia mamida, igi nawarmoebSi, erTi Sexed­
viT, yvelaze Cumi, upretenzio pirovnebaa da amave dros
movlenebis mimarT arasodes ar aris pasiuri.
aseve saintereso personaJia anatoli. igi vaJkacuri
bunebis rusi glexia. aqve mcire SeniSvnac unda gavakeToT
imis Sesaxeb, rom mwerals auxsnelad ar unda daetovebina,
saidan gaCnda igi guriis sofelSi.
`me vxedav mzes~ SesaniSnavi mxatvruli formiTac
gamoirCeva. nawarmoebi savsea frTiani TqmebiT, marTali Se­
darebebiT, ganpirovnebebiT, moxdenili epiTetebiT.
soflis SaragzasTan sosoias saubrebi sainteresoa xa­
lasi biWis msoflmxedvelobis, suliskveTebis gasagebad da
mxatvruli SesrulebiTac erT-erTi sainteresoa romanSi,
moviyvanT ramdenime magaliTs:
`saiT midixar, Cemo soflis biliko, saiT migyavs Cemi
sofeli, me pirvelad gnaxe Sen, cocxali, moZravi, ormoc­

463
daerTSi. maSin Sen waxvedi da sad waiyvane imdeni zRva xalxi.
Saragzao, omSi? mereda, sul daRma xom ar midixar, dalocvi­
lo, sadRac xom Tavdebi da brundebi ukan, hoda, damibrune
Cemi xalxi, Saragzao, damibrune mezoblebi, yvelaferi da­
mibrune...~
da Semdeg `ukan brundeboda ormocdaerTSi am cudad
mokirwyluli SaragziT wasuli Cemi sofeli. igi brunde­
boda ordenebiT mkerddamSvenebuli, daWrili, daglejili,
sisxldakarguli, magram mainc Zvalmagari, Ronieri da Zl­
ieri. igi brundeboda evropis usasrulo Saragzebidan Ceq­
madamtverili, TiTo-TiTo, gafantuli, imave bilikiT, rom­
liTac wavida ivnisis mcxunvare dRes~.
da (daukvirdiT aq ra marTali, ra mSvenieri Sedarebaa)
`es biliki axla morevSi gadagdebuli didi badis mosazid
Toks hgavda, romelsac frTxilad da daJinebiT eweoda Ta­
visken miwaze fexmomagrebuli sicocxle~.
romanists iumoristuli xasiaTebis da situaciebis Seqm­
nis dauSreteli unari gaaCnia. mkiTxvels bolomde Rimili
ar moscildeba. iumori nawarmoebis mxatvrul da ideur te­
qstSic da qveteqstSic ostaturad aris CarTuli da zom­
ierebis farglebs iSviaTad an TiTqmis ar scildeba.
iSviaTad meTqi imitom vaxsenebT, rom gvaqvs oriode
SeniSvnac.
xatia, romelic yvelaze lamazi da Wkviani gogoa mTels
jgufSi, axalSemosul maswavlebels ver gaubedavda: `moxar­
Suli wabli ar giyvarT, maswavlebelo?~
nawarmoebis saerTo xazidan amovardnilia da moZvelebu­
li feletonis STabeWdilebas tovebs kolmeurneobis winaSe
Tbiliseli leqtoris mier _ `eTikis normebze~ saubari.
ramdenime wlis Semdeg nodar dumbaZem axali romani mia­
woda mkiTxvels saxelwodebiT `mziani Rame~.
`mziani Rame~ ormocdaaTiani wlebis Tbiliss exeba. igi
student Temo baramiZis tkbilmware dReebze gviambobs. iw­
yeba imiT, rom gadasaxlebidan Camodis Tormeti wlis unax­
avi deda da mTavrdeba dedis sikvdiliT. am or TariRs So­
ris Cateula romanis moqmedeba. baramiZis xasiaTis wvrTna

464
quCaSi sxvadasxva zneobisa da Sexedulebebis adamianebTan
urTierTobis garkveviT miedineba.
samocdaaTiani wlebis dasawyisSi (1971) nodar dumba­
Zem dawera `nu geSinia, deda~. romanis mTavari personaJi,
avTo jayeli, mesazRvrea. romanSi mesazRvreTa heroikuli
cxovrebis Cvenebas sruliad bunebrivi sevdac axlavs; sevda
orad gaxleCili saqarTvelos gamo. sarfTan es tragedia
gansakuTrebiT mZafrad SeigrZnoba. erTimeores Sescqerian
Suaze gayofili soflis mkvidrni da erTmaneTisTvis xma ver
miuwvdeniaT. im arcTu umniSvnelo (magram ukanono) mizezis
gamo, rom soflis erTi nawili sxva saxelmwifos ekuTvnis,
xolo meore nawili _ meore saxelmwifos.
nodar dumbaZis am axal romanSi vxvdebiT SesaniSnavad
daweril epizodebs, brwyinvaled mignebul pasaJebs, jansaR,
maxvilgonivrul iumors:
jansaRi iumoris nimuSi:
`_ yovelive zemoTqmulidan, arsebulidan, Seswavlili­
dan da dadgenilidan Tamamad SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom
saqarTvelo aris msoflio civilizaciis erT-erTi kera
da akvani _ daamTavra eqskursiamZRolma Tavisi mgznebare
sityva, Sublze momskdari ofli uzarmazari TeTri cxvir­
saxiciT moiwminda da generals miaSterda. yvelani smenad
viqeciT. saboloo sityva generals ekuTvnoda. generalma
kidev erTxel gaxeda sivrces.
_ Мдаа... хороший наблюдательный пункт!
maRali, gonivruli iumoris nimuSi:
`midi, aba, gagzomaven! _ mivedi da gamzomes.
_ ramdenia? _ ikiTxa komisiis Tavmjdomarem.
_ erT metri da 69 santimetri.
_ dawere metr semdesiat! _ ubrZana mzomavs.
_ `gmadlobT, batono! _ vuTxari me.
_ Tu ginda, metr semdesiat adins dagiwer, _ miTxra man
da mzrunveli Tvali Semavlo.
_ gmadlobT, batono, metr semdisiati meyofa, _ davukari
Tavi~.
profesionali mwerlis gamocdili xeliT, didi mxat­
vruli damajereblobiT da STambeWdaobiTaa dawerili `saz­

30. r. miSvelaZe. t. XXV 465

Rvris damrRvevi~ daviTis epizodi. soflisa da qalaqis sasa­
flaoTa Sedareba, merabias saocrad lirikuli, humanizmiT
aRsavse motivi. aRlevebis gareSe ver waikiTxavT brwyinva­
led daweril xanZris scenas da mevnunesa da avTandil jay­
els Soris gamarTul aseT suliSemZvrel dialogs:
` _ xom ar gvemduri, gogo, mevnune?
_ ras ambob, juma mogaferi, Tqven rom ara, mTeli sofe­
li daiwveboda.
_ SeSindiT, mevnune?
_ Cven raRa gviWirs awi, juma mogaferi. Sen xom ar
daiwvi?
_ ara uSavs, mevnune, gamivlis.
_ ra gaxda, juma mogaferi, mainc da mainc, qveyana unda
daiwvas, ise axlos rom gxedavde Cems sisxlsa da xorcs?~
`TeTri bairaRebi~ ise, rogorc nodar dumbaZis sxva
romanebi uxvadaa nasazrdoebi mwerlis avtobiografi­
uli momentebiT. zaza nakaSiZe kacis mokvlis braldebiT
daapatimres. romanSi SesaniSnavadaa daxatuli cixis atoms­
fero da axalgazrda inteligentis damokidebuleba kamer­
aSi aTasi juris damnaSavesTan. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom nodar
dumbaZe samociani wlebis erT-erTi pirveli mweralia, sab­
WoTa cixeSi rom Segvaxeda. romans wiTeli zoliviT gasdevs
imedi imisa, rom adre Tu gvian samarTalma puri unda sWa­
mos da zaza nakaSiZis udanaSauloba unda damtkicdes. zazas
optimizmi amjerad gamarTlda. igi gaaTavisufles, Tumca
cixeSi yofnam sagrZnoblad gardaqmna misi buneba, zazam
adamianis yadri gaigo. av-kargis garCeva iswavla.
1980 wels nodar dumbaZis axal romans, `maradisobis
kanons~, sabWoTa imperiis umaRlesi jildo _ leninuri pre­
mia mieniWa.
nawarmoebSi avtoris moqalaqeobrivi poziciis gamomx­
atveli, upiratesad, romanis mTavari personaJi, mwerali
da redaqtori, baCana ramiSvilia. romanSi movlenebi baCana
ramiSvilis TvaliTaa danaxuli da Sefasebuli, baCana ra­
miSvilia is kaci, romelmac `maradisobis kanoni~ aRmoaCina,
romlis irgvlivac ikvreba romanis siuJeturi intrigebi.
nawarmoebi ZiriTadad baCanas avad gaxdomis (infarqti) da

466
misi gamojanmrTelebis istoriaa. Tu baCana ramiSvili TviT
mwerlis msoflmxedvelobrivi poziciis mTlianad gamomx­
atveli ar aris, is mainc etyobna romanis mTels moqmedebas,
rom avtoris simpaTiebi baCana ramiSvilis mxarezea.
baCana ramiSvili romanis personaJTa Soris uaRresad
kacTmoyvare, obieqturi, sufTa sindisis mqone, alalmar­
Tal kacadaa miCneuli Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom baCana sak­
maod uprincipo, gandidebis maniiT Sepyrobili, usulgulo
da umegobro kacia. igi xSirad usvams xazs, rom yvelaze hu­
manuri mweralia, deputati da cekas wevri. wamdauwum pit­
nasaviT atenis cxvirSi sxvebs Tavis `patiosnebas~ da roca
ekiTxebian komunistur partiaSi ratom SedixarTo, _ minda,
rac SeiZleba meti patiosani kaci iyos partiaSio.
baCana ramiSvili literaturulma kritikam lamis samag­
aliTo personad warudgina sazogadoebas, Tumca sinamd­
vileSi igi swored sabWoTa wyobilebis msxverpli gaxlavT.
Tavis Tavze avadmyofurad Seyvarebuli, snobizmiT daavade­
buli baCana, albaT, mweralma aseT kacad imitom Caifiqra,
rom amiT eCvenebina, Tu rogor SeiZleba sazogadoebis maRal
fenebSi (da maRal Tanamdebobaze) gamZvraliyo swored ms­
gavsi aragulwrfeli, mliqvneli da cinizmiT Sepyrobili
redaqtori, romlis rTuli bunebis amoxsna irgvliv myofT
ar ZaluZT swored kacur kacobaze TavianTi `sabWouri~
warmodgenis gamo.
garda romanebisa, nodar dumbaZe saintereso moTxro­
bebis avtoricaa. moTxrobaTagan gansakuTrebiT Rirebulia:
`ZaRli~, `korida~, `deda~, `xazarula~, `didro~, `sisxli~, `he­
lados~, `kukaraCa~, `boSebi~ da sxva.
vfiqrob, nodar dumbaZes, xalasi iumorisa da sevdiani
pasaJebis mwerals, mkiTxvelis yuradReba didxans gahyveba.

467
 SoTa niSnianiZe
(1929 _ 1999)

karga xania qarTul poeziaSi gaismis SoTa niSnianiZis

saxeli. karga xania mkiTxvelis Tvalwin miabijebs poet­
is monumenturi figura poeziis marTali wigniT xelSi, im
TiTo-orola poetTagan, visac mkiTxvelTa milioniani masa
rTul sazogadoebriv situaciebSi Tavis orientirad saxavs,
visi sityva da saqmec karga xania veRar eteva Cveulebrivi
leqsis kacis cxovrebis kalapotSi da xalxis yuradRebiT
garemoculi ganzogadebis iers iZens, erTi pirvelTagani
SoTi niSnianiZe gaxldaT. igi im pirvelxarisxovan poetTa
elitas ekuTvnoda, romelic misive sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,
`aq am darbazSi lomis niRbiT rodi seirnobs, auditoriis
gasarTobad da saseirod~.
SoTa niSnianiZe daibada 1929 wlis 18 marts TbilisSi,
samxedro mosamsaxuris ojaxSi.
1948 wels daamTavra Tbilisis vaJTa 37-e saSualo skola.
imave wels misaRebi gamocdebi Caabara Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universitetis filologiis fakultetze, romelic daam­
Tavra 1953 wels.

468
 1958-60 wlebSi swavlobda moskovis m. gorkis saxelobis
literaturul institutTan arsebul umaRles literatu­
rul kursebze.
1968-74 wlebSi muSaobda gamomcemloba `meranis~ qar­
Tuli mxatvruli literaturis redaqciis gamged, 1974-77
wlebSi mweralTa kavSiris litkonsultantad, 1977-82 wleb­
Si almanax `saunjis~ mTavar redaqtorad. 1981 wlidan saqa­
rTvelos mweralTa kavSiris gamgeobis mdivnad da Tavmjdo­
mared (1984-86 ww.).
pirveli wigni SoTa niSnianiZem 1956 wels gamoaqveyna (`me
da Sen~).
1975 wels SoTa niSnianiZe SoTa rusTavelis saxelo­
bis premiis laureati xdeba, xolo 1977 wels _ galaktion
tabiZis saxelobis premiisa.
gardaicvala 1999 wlis 23 ivliss. dakrZalulia didubis
panTeonSi.

* * *
ormocdaaTiani wlebi, omis WrilobaTa moSuSebis Semd­
gomi aTwleulebi. axal viTarebasTan urTierTobis garkve­
vis, zogisTvis rwmenisa da Sexedulebebis mkacri gamocdis,
ramdenime socialur-politikuri Rirebulebis gadasinjvis,
mxoflios Zala wonasworobis swrafi cvalebadobis uaRres­
ad rTuli epoqa. qarTul literaturas axalma siom dahqro­
la. mwerloba TiTqos erTbaSad gamdidrda axali TemebiT.
poeziaSi lirikuli sawyisi kvlav gabatonda; axali sicocxle
SeiZina mZlavri tradiciebis mqone poemis Janrma. am dros
jer kidev cocxalia galaktioni. kvlav Wabukuri energiiT
iRvwian da qmnian qarTuli mwerlobis Zveli gvardiis ja­
riskacebic. literaturuli siaxle, pirvel yovlisa, maTs
Semoqmedebas daetyo.
am viTarebaSi qarTvel mweralTa ojaxs erTbaSad Seemata
ramdenime imedismomcemi axalgazrda. maTs gamoCenas mkiTx­
velTa yuradReba da literaturul mamaTa gulTbili Ri­
mili Seegeba. male am Taobis warmomadgenelTa erTi nawili
`ciskris~ garSemo gaerTianda. rogorc Cans, epoqis Tavise­

469
burebamac Seuwyo xeli ormocdaaTian wlebSi saintereso da
TviTmyofadi Taobis mosvlas mwerlobaSi. meoce saukunis
qarTul poezias ramdenime aseTi ganaxlebis periodi emC­
neva. es iyo aTiani wlebis dasasruls, roca axalgazrda
galaktionis bumberazi aCrdili daadga impresionistuli
TavsatexebiT daRlil da revoluciuri romantizmiT gaR­
viZebul qarTul poezias. es iyo ocdaaTiani wlebis dasas­
ruls, roca dekadentur-simbolisturi saymawvilo senidan
erTbaSad gamoirCnen da WeSmariti poeziis xomalds Seemat­
nen giorgi leoniZe, simon Ciqovani, paolo iaSvili, tician
tabiZe. es iyo ormociani wlebis parmaRze, roca lado asa­
Tianis Taobam pirveli literaturuli nabijebi gadadga.
Rrma kvali daaCnies qarTul literaturas ormocdaaTiani,
samociani, samocdaaTiani da oTxmociani wlebis Taobebma.
TaobaTa estafeta sabednierod grZeldeba.
ormocdaaTiani wlebis rusul poeziaSic TiTqmis igive
movlena aRiniSna, swored am gardamaval epoqas daemTxva
literaturaSi a. voznesenskis, b. axmadulinas, e. evtuSen­
kos, r. roJdestvenskis, r. kazakovas, v. cibinis da sxvaTa
mosvla. Tu SevadarebT erTmaneTs am ori (rusuli da qar­
Tuli) Taobis mier literaturaSi motanil siaxleebs (Ta­
visebur msoflxedvas, poetur memkvidreobasTan damokide­
bulebas, originalur Tematikas, poeziis masStaburobis
gazrdas, JanrebTan Tavisebur damokidebulebas) bevrs rasme
saerTos aRmovaCenT. aqve isic unda aRvniSnoT, rom Cveni
kritika didxans laparakobda `ciskrel~ poetTa saxifaTo
msgavsebaze, rac Seexeba SoTa niSnianiZes, SemoqmedebiTi
gzis dasawyisSi mis poezias `moduri literaturis~ elferi
ar dahkravda. es originalobisken jiuti swrafvis mizeziT
ki ar xdeboda, aramed poetis bunebiT misi Taviseburi lit­
eraturuli mrwamsiT iyo nakarnaxevi. SoTa niSnianiZe qar­
Tuli folkloris, erovnuli poeziis demokratuli tradi­
ciis, galaktionis da giorgi leoniZis skolis erTguli iyo
imTaviTve.
SoTa niSnianiZis poeziaSi upirvelesad TvalSisacemia
maRalpatriotuli ganwyoba, _ erovnul-patriotuli liri­

470
ka (`cixe taZarTa sagalobeli~, `vazis simfonia~, `mcxeTis qa­
laqs~, `Tevdore~, `ostato, bero mxedaro~, `me ra vicodi Tu
winapari~, `cotne dadiani~, `winaparTa sagalobeli~, `qarTu­
li leqsisadmi~, `vefxvi~, `sizmrada maqvs naxuli~, `mameluke­
bi~, `qarTuli sityva~, `xari~, `xevsuri~...), samoqalaqo-publi­
cisturi lirika Tanamedroveobis aqtualur problemebTan
misadagebuli (`komunistebi~, `mgluri kanonis balada~, `bi­
Webi~, `rkinis eskadroni~, `barierTan~, `balada kapitanze~,
`sityva Tanamedroves~, `megobar poets~, `futkari~, `Seib
naxvili!~, `guli~, poema `aqilevsis qusli da fari...), kriti­
cizmi da polemikuri paTosi (`poeziis kalendari~, `simar­
Tle~, `niRbebi~, `sizmari~, `Zveli filosofosis naTqvami~,
`naxevrad vin ra aRmoaCina~, `ra ucnauri eri varT~, `zogs
didostatis mklavi ukurTxes~), internacionaluri motivebi
(`garsia lorka~, `afxazuri kantata~, `simRera ukrainul pil­
pilze, anu taras bulbaze, `ian JiJkas anderZi~) da satrfialo
lirika (`amurTan gamoTxoveba~, `miSa da mezoblis gogona~,
`Tu gaxsovs, xSirad galodinebdi~).
upirvelesi motivi qarTuli literaturisa _ patrio­
tizmi, SoTa niSnianiZis lirikaSi gatkepnil gzas ki ar ga­
hyva, aseve STambeWdav poetur xatebad Camoiqna:

hoi, ra macduria, zRvao, Seni saxe,

Cemi dioskuria kargad Seminaxe.
magram gana gavTavdiT, gana waxda yismaTi, _
_ saqarTvelo sadamdis? marad, ukunisamdis!
mec mwvavs Zveli Wriloba, ZvelisZveli gzebi,
magram dedaSvilobas, nuRa mesizmrebiT...

(`sizmarada maqvs naxuli...)

erovnuli TematikiT gamsWvalul poetis leqsebSi erT­

maneTs gadajaWvia legendebi da sinamdvile. warmarTul ce­
cxls usxedan Cveni winaprebi da fazisis velebze amorZalebi
daaWeneben uxedn ulayebs, Soridan ismis cotne dadianis
cxenis Tqaruni da laqaSebs moarRvevs mtris `megzuri~ _

471
Tavdadebuli mRvdeli Tevdore, monasterTa grZel Rameeb­
Si foliantebs da etratebs Cahkirkiteben Torosani, brZeni
mamebi, saqarTvelos cixeebze mzis Subosani dgas mecixovned
_ maradisoba, xolo cixis qonguridan winapris omaxiani Za­
xili ismis:

me aq vbinadrob aqa mZinavs

cxra saukune,
saTofurebSi Cemi sunTqvis eqo gugunebs.
gadamTieli aq avCexe mezvrem, mexrema
aq Caveglise gadamsxvreul cixis xerxemals
da JRali Coxa wvimebma rom amitalaxa; _
me gavixade da Cavacvi cixes balaxad.
aq Cavinacre, am galavnebs Sambad SemovrCi,
`Savo mercxalo~ rom emReraT
saqarTveloSi.

Cveni qveynis warsulTan SoTa niSnianiZes dramatuli,

tkiviliani mimarTeba aqvs. es gaxlavT saocari sifaqiziT
da mgrZnobelobiT Seqmnili poeturi kaleidoskopi, sadac
mgosnis nervebs aTrTolebs ara marto zRvaSi CaZiruli di­
oskurias tragedia, aramed mitovebuli budeebis sevdac;
`mowyenil budes qari arwevs mCate TxiliviT, daesizmreba
gardasuli Jivil-xivili da raRac uTqmel gaognebiT Sig
iyureba nacrisferi cis udabureba~. am ganwyobilebas esad­
ageba poetis mier siamayiTa da sinanuliT naTqvami:

ostato
bero,
mxedaro,
roca ki mteri gekveTa _
gagiReWia sikvdili, Segimtvrevia legenda.
ra grjida, Se RvTisniero, viTom gza
gamiiole!
Cems magivradac imRere.
Cems magivradac iome.

472
 _ valad damade didgori, valad damade
arabda,
freskebi, cixe-koSkebi,
vefxis da moymis balada.
valad damade sicocxle, valad damade
sikvdilic,
SenTan, CemTan da RmerTTanac
sammagad miwevs Widili.

(`ostato, bero, mxedaro~)

mxatvruli sityvis upirveles daniSnulebad SoTa niSni­

aniZes samSoblos samsaxuri miaCnia, amitomac ase mJReri da
momwodebluri paTosiTaa gamsWvaluli qarTuli leqsisadmi
miZRvnili striqonebi:

o, kidev bevrjer aRmogaCenen,

wagikiTxaven kidev da kidev
da xma qarTuli, RvTis ganaCeniT,
qveynebs gawvdeba kidiTi kide.

gamoiRviZe vefxo, bebero,

Seni kuTvnili gza gamokvere
da SeuZaxe, rogorc Segferis
Sens nakvalevze gazrdil bokverebs.

(`qarTuli leqsisadmi~)

poeturi azris patriotul masStabebSi koncentrireba

S. niSnianiZis poezias WeSmaritad erovnul elfers aniWebs.
wava-wamova misi leqsebis lirikuli gmiri, amorZalTa leg­
endarul yofaze dafiqrdeba Tu mamelukebis sevdian bedze,
bolos mainc saqarTvelos satkivars ukavSirdeba.

aha, grigali mogelaobs cxenze Semjdari,

samefoebi ecemian, ukan ixeven...

473
 Sors ki patara saqarTvelos aklia jari
da mteri arbevs qarTul cixeebs.

(`mamelukebi~)

SoTa niSnianiZis leqsebSi vaziviT aris Cawnuli Cveni

warsuli da dRevandeloba. risTvis sWirdeba mas gardasul
mamaTa aCrdilebis gamoxmoba. isev da isev Tanamedroveo­
bis samsaxurSi Casayeneblad, ai, rogor xedavs poeti giorgi
saakaZis Zegls:

kaspSi ki Zegli _ ukuRmarTi

drois dideba
veeberTela (ara maxvils)
javrs ezideba.
elva, grigali, dakunTuli
jgro muxis rkoTa
cdilobs amoxtes brinjaodan
bedidan, drodan.

(`giorgi saakaZe~)

aTasi wlis winandeli ambavia: giorgi mTawmindelma saqa­

rTveloSi oTxmoci upatrono bavSvi moagrova da Soreul
saberZneTSi, aTonis mTaze waiyvana mosanaTlavad, gasana­
Tleblad, RmrTisa da qveynis samsaxurSi Casayeneblad. es
gaxlavT istoriis patara furceli. berisa da filosofosis
_ giorgi mTawmindelis am saqciels Sedegad is mohyva, rom
wlebis mere oTxmoci ganswavluli beri dafaTurobda aTo­
nis iverTa monasterSi. aToni Sua saukuneebis qarTuli kul­
turis udides kerad iqca da qarTveli kacis gonebis Suqi
am wminda mTidan mTel imdroindel civilizebul msoflios
wvdeboda. SoTa niSnianiZis erT leqsSi daxatulia, erTi
SexedviT upretenzio suraTi _ obol bavSvTa laSqris svla
aTonisaken. Cxakuna fandurebis, Surdulebisa da saTamaSo

474
celebis qneva-JRaruniT miabijeben isini evraziis mtvrian
gzaze. Tan miaqvT patar-patara ocnebebi, miamiti sizmrebi,
keriis kvamli, raic xval beris sakanTa siCumed da samSob­
los usaSvelo sevdad iqceva.

samSoblos tovebs fermkrTali da saxegamSrali

obol bavSvTagan Sekrebili qristes laSqari

(`kojrisa da aTonis dialogi~)

sruliad bunebrivia, is cremli da sulieri TrTolva

am leqsis wakiTxva rom mohgvris mgrZnobiare mkiTxvels,
qristes samsaxurad Semdgari oTxmoci fexSiSvela bavSvi qa­
rTvelTa istoriuli simbolocaa, Znelbedi warsulis gax­
senebac da, Tu gnebavs, sevdiani novelac kacobriobis ocne­
baTa msxvrevis dramatul sinamdvileze.
erT leqsSi niSnianiZe ambobs:

netavi, RmerTo mec momca

jani da mada xarisa,
sityva _ xariviT gamwevi
mamulis gasaxarisad,
viyo xariviT amtani,
viyo xariviT momTmeni,
Cemi patara qveynisTvis
mec SevZlo xarisodeni.

(`xari~)

vfiqrob, ukumentarodac naTlad Cans, avtoris survili,

poeziam mamulis samsaxurSi xariviT gamwevi sityvis roli
Seasrulos.
swored rom erovnuli sulis poeturi Cangi akvnesebs S.
niSnianiZis poeziaSi bolomde erTgulad daWimul larebs
da legendebidan Tavdadebuli mRvdeli Tevdores aCrdil­
sac gamouxmobs:

475
 _ Tevdoreee!
_ Tevdoreee!
SenisTana mekvle gvinda,
Seni eri kidev bevrjer
gamogixmobs legendidan.
...mTaSi fandurs aJRavleben,
wvims gmiruli kafia,
caSi elviT iwereba
Seni epitafia.

(`Tevdore~)

erovnuli saqmeebi unda keTdebodes, ra Tqma unda,

Tanamedroveobis saxeliT, magram warsulTan moTaTbirebi­
Ta da tradiciis gamZle niadagze dayrdnobiT. amitomacaa,
rom S. niSnianiZis leqsebSi yovelTvis igrZnoba warsulidan
gamomzirali ori ufxizlesi Tvali:

me ra vicodi Tu winapari.
miTvalTvalebda saTofuridan,
Tu Cems striqonebs, rogorc napralebs,
JinJRiliT xelSi Camouvlida.

(`me ra vicodi, Tu winapari~)

vin aris igi, mkiTxvelis cnobierebis fonze ase golia­

Turad rom wamomarTula da eWviTa da sinanuliT, xan ki
siamayiT da sixaruliT Cvens sulSi imzireba S. niSnianiZis
samoqalaqo publicistur poeziaSi wlebis ganmavlobaSi Cam­
oyalibebuli da srulqmnili lirikuli gmiri? _ igi Cveni
Tanamedrovea. winaaRmdegobebiT da dramatizmiT aris savse
misi Zneli cxovreba. xan jambaziviT bewvis xidze gadis, xan
uneburad, erTferovani yoveldRiurobis mwyobrSi miabi­
jebs (`sxva dros cxovreba mec TqvensaviT maCeCebs niRbebs,
vwvalob, vjaxirob, vwvrilmandebi da valebs viReb~...), xan
im klounis beds iziarebs, cecxlmokidebuli cixeSi rom
Serbis (`ariqa cecxli! xalxo, cecxli, Tavs uSveleTo!~),

476
magram ar ujereben. daabijebs S. niSnianiZis mier daxatuli
kaci Cvens Soris da mtermoyvaris saukunur jajgurSi ada­
mis tomis axal-axal codvebs rom dalandavs, xan brZenis
mowyeniT moiwyens, xan ki poetiwinamZRolis nebiT SesZaxebs
Tavis xalxs: `magram dalocvil saqarTveloSi ar SeiZleba
ar iyos cotnec!~
`mgluri kanonis balada~ hqvia S. niSnianiZis erT publi­
cistur leqss. iwyeba igi im Soreuli warsulis gaxsenebiT,
roca mgluri kanoni sufevda dedamiwaze da bunebrivi Ser­
Cevis sastik bomons emorCileboda yvelaferi. gavida dro.
samyaro ise `kulturuli~ gaxda, rom `aRgvila igav-araki,
rogorc zRapruli Tebe; cirkSi malayebs gadadis lomi _
nadirTa mefe. atrialeben karusels, daTvs axtuneben cve­
dans, mamlayinwa da melia vefxvis fitulze sxedan~ da ai,
amgvarad `mowesrigebul~ saukuneSi poets mglebis ymuili
Caesmis. mglebi afrTxileben kacobriobas: Cven romisa da
romulis gamzrdelebi, Cven amCqarebelni da zardamcemni
sustTa da zarmacTa, dResac `partizanulad~ vomobT, cir­
kis maimunebad ar vqceulvarT da Tumc galiasTan verSeg­
uebis gamo nel-nela wydeba Cveni jiSi, viRupebiT, magram
ar vnebdebiTo. am Rrmadalegoriul poetur igavTan poe­
tis damokidebuleba daufaravad Cans striqonebSi. `Cemive
leqsis bwkarebSi damwyvdeuli var mglisebr, mgeliviT mi­
vdi-movdivar, Zlivs vatrialeb kisers. da CemSi mgeli am­
Tqnarebs mgluri kanonis gamo, mfxotnis da mewkurwkureba
gareT gavardnas lamobs~. Seguebis, gularxeinobis, civi­
lizaciis yurbaliSze udardelad Tavis midebisa da TviT­
kontrolis dakargvis winaaRmdeg mimarTul am leqss zemoq­
medebis didi Zala aqvs. miTumetes, rom misi ganzogadebuli
simbolika masStabur sicxades iZens da marto pirovnebas ki
ara, mTels ersac esadageba: `Senc dagkbens mgluri kanoni,
verc Sen idgebi calke, romSi xar dabadebuli, Tu gazrdili
xar algeTs~.
poets miaCnia, rom Tanamedroveobis samsaxurSi yofna
barikadaze dgomas utoldeba:

477
 raxan xalxs unda leqsic, musikac
da msaxuri xar raxan,
sawer magidas ki ar uzixar _
barikadaze dgaxar;
barikadaze, barikadaze
sityvas avardes boli!
CvenTvis dacemul mraval aTasebs
Seexmiane sroliT!

(`sityva Tanamedroves~)

es striqonebi Tavisi ganwyobilebiT da temperamentiT ase

rom hgavs maiakovskis da galaktionis ocian wlebSi Seqmnil
leqsebs, axlaxans, Cveni saukunis samocdaaTian wlebSi dai­
wera. amiT poetma erTbaSad daayena eWvis qveS sayeloaweul,
TeTrxelTaTamnian esTetTa yalbi msjelobani imis Sesaxeb,
TiTqos axla lirikuli, akademiuri, CurCulis intonaciebis
droa poeziaSi, rom siyvarulis xmamaRali gacxadebisa da
leqsis momwodebluri paTosis dro wavida.
poetis mier Seqmnili samoqalaqo lirikis nimuSebi maRal­
poeturobiT gamoirCeva. aSkarad Cans, rom samoqalaqo moti­
vi misTvis poza ki ar aris, an publicistikisadmi uneblied
gaRebuli xarki, aramed guliT gancdilia da Semoqmedebis
gamZle quraSi gamotarebuli. S. niSnianiZem cota dawera,
magram poeturi, qarTvel mevenaxeebze, guTnisdedaze, Sro­
mis heroikaze naTqvam mis alal simRerebs WeSmariti poeziis
Saravandi adgas: `mze guTaniviT iyo daxrili da xarebs qin­
qla exviaT gundad. glexi ki ara, oflad gaRvrili TiTon
ufali ekida guTans!~
Tanamedroveobis samsaxurSi, am rTul saqmeSi adamianis
istoriuli misiis gansrulebisTvis brZola, poetis azriT.
swored rom gmiruli biografiis nawilia:

vina Tqva Seni Raribuli biografia?

axali wigni, qandakeba, tilo, musika!
belts abruneb Tu kombainis saWes uzixar,
rac diadia, rac RirsebiT dasadafnia _

478
 gana ar aris es gmiruli biografia?
mitingze dgaxar Tu martenSi Rmuis liToni,
kreba gelis Tu saZovari, farTo taSiri,
Sen aitaceb gmirul ritmebs, gmirul striqonebs,
da mTel sxeulze Semoixvev patrontaSiviT.

(`megobar poets~)

SoTa niSnianiZis poezia Tavidan bolomde Tanamedroveo­

bis sunTqviTaa gamsWvaluli. igi, rogorc msoflios majis­
cemaze yurmipyrobili poeti, didi moqalaqeobrivi gabed­
ulebiT gviambobs im tkivilsa da imedebze patara erebs rom
awuxebT mecnierul-teqnikuri revoluciis Cvens saukuneSi.
poeti istoriis gmir biWebs, maTi tragikuli bediT gu­
latkivebuli, keTili Zmisa da patronis sityviT mimarTavs:

wadiT biWebo: saxlebSi wadiT,

wigni ikiTxeT, an iTamaSeT...
magram biWebi drois wadiliT
istoriisTvis weren ganaCens.

(`biWebi~)

im lamazi, ukvdavi aCrdilebis gens Cvens SvilebSic

aSkarad xedavs poeti da aki amitom, imedianad da vaJkacu­
rad SesZaxis momavals: `kacobrioba rom ar daberdes, hei,
vin modis mand, momavlidan?!~
oTxmocdaaTiani wlebidan SoTa niSnianiZis leqsi axali
ZaliT Caeba rusi dampyroblis winaaRmdeg gamarTul saqa­
rTvelos erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel brZolaSi.
S. niSnianiZis publicisturi poeziidan naTlad Cans, rom
dRes poeti TvaldaxuWuli mgalobeli ki ar aris, aramed
brZolis aqtiuri monawilea. misi Rirseba da simaRle imiT
izomeba, Tu ra siaxleebi Seitana man ukeTesi samyarosaTvis
brZolis keTilSobilur saqmeSi, riT gaamdidra, rogorc
poetma da moqalaqem, Tavisi drois zneobrivi arsenali, ro­
gor Seuwyo xeli adamianis sulis sasikeTod mobilizebas.
479
 maradiul sifxizlisken, erovnuli meobis, eTnografi­
uli Seuvalobis SenarCunebisken mowodebad gaismis S. niS­
nianiZis sityvebi:

dRea Tu Rame _ me giRviZeb sixaruls, tkivils,

Tavwasagdebi mamaliviT vyivi da vyivi:
_ ar CageZinos, ar CagTvlimos, Seib maxvili.
Seib maxvili! Seismine mgosnis Zaxili!

(`Seib maxvili~)

Tanamedroveobis mtkivneul problemebs exeba SoTa niS­

nianiZis daumTavrebeli poema `aqilevsis qusli da fari~.
rogorc gamoqveynebuli fragmentebidan Cans, poets igi
Caufiqrebia ormociani wlebis mozardis cxovrebis amsax­
vel epikur tilod. nawarmoebSi STambeWdavad Cans is si­
yrmiseuli STabeWdilebani Tu cxovrebiseuli peripetiebi,
ramac Cveni Tanamedrovis sulier CamoyalibebaSi gadamwyve­
ti roli iTamaSa.
polemikuri paTosi da kriticizmi ase Zalumad rom
igrZnoba SoTa niSnianiZis poeziaSi, rutinisa da moSvebu­
lobis winaaRmdeg im amboxebis gamoxatulebaa, ramac erTba­
Sad Secvala poetis TiTqosda dadgenil-dawmendili intere­
sebis sfero. kriticizmi, rasakvirvelia, im naklovanebaTa
samxileblad daibada, Cvens cxovrebas rom usiamovno bari­
erad eRobeba. poetis saqebrad unda iTqvas, rom Tavisi didi
winaprebis (akaki, ilia, vaJa) msgavsad man wminda poeziis mu­
zas mamxileblisa da gamkicxavis Zneli tvirTic gabedulad
ahkida.

vazia Cveni biblia da Cveni anbanic

qarTvelma kacma galobac ki vazs miamgvana,
diax, vazia lxinis RmerTi, lxinis ufali,
Wirnaxulis Tu Wir-varamis Wirisufali.
`vazo SvilivT nazardoo~... uTqvams winapars,
mironi icxo vazis jvriT da gza gailampra,

480
 sulo mfarvelo, am patara kurTxeul qveynis,
iseT saqarTvelos momaswar kidev _
bazarSi idges qarTveli glexi
da namdvil Rvinos yiddes.

(`natvra~)

raodeni sinanuli, sayveduri, gulistkivili da mowode­

baa am leqsis TiTqosda uwyinar publicistur finalSi. ra
mware simarTlea _ naTqvami imaT gasagonad, vinc qarTuli
Rvinis Rirsebas ase ugunurad, lafSi svris.
kriticizmiT gamsWvaluli Tavisi leqsebiT SoTa niSni­
aniZem erTxel kidev daamtkica, rom WeSmariti poeziisaTvis
ar arsebobs erTxel da samudamod gansazRvruli Temebi.
maRali literaturuli tribunidan mebrZoli muzis mier
naTqvam sityvas sxva fasi da gasagisi aqvs. roca namdvili
Semoqmedebis Saravandi moefineba, erTi SexedviT, sruliad
arapoeturi saganic saocari ganzogadebis Zalas iZens da
sxvagvar aTinaTs gamoscems.

zogs didostatis mkvlavi ukurTxes,

(rogor ar aris gasaocari).
ar mouWria erTi CuqurTma,
isea didi xuroTmoZRvari,
RvTaebriv freskebs ecema bindi
da vardis fasi adevs samyuras,
bevri kai ymis niWsa da sindiss
uCinmaCinis qudi axuravs.
...sakiTxavia, ras vetyviT SoreTs,
xvalindel msajuls da istorias?
swori pasuxi sadaa, Torem
kiTxva iseda yvela sworia.

(`zogs didostatis mklavi ukurTxes~)

xazgasasmelia is moqalaqeobrivi gabeduleba, SoTa niSni­

aniZis poeziam rom SeiZina naklovanebaTa gabeduli mxilebi­

31. r. miSvelaZe. t. XXV 481

sas. es gaxlavT sruliad axali motivi poetis Semoqmedeba­
Si. maSin, rodesac uzneobam frTebi Seisxa da, ra dasamalia,
zogierTi mweralTagani an saeWvod sdumda, an gundruks uk­
mevda Seqmnil viTarebas, SoTa niSnianiZe ijda da werda: `igi
RmerTiviT arsad aris da mainc aris. rwmena, niRabi, maxvili,
fari! (simarTlis saqme, rogorc xedavT, RmerTiviTaa), si­
marTlis did wigns, bibliur wigns, rogorc naTloba, rwmena
da msxverpli SeSvenis ydebad. qveynad yoveli usamarTloba
mainc simarTlis saxeliT xdeba~ (`simarTle~).
bunebrivia, rom polemikur ganwyobas SoTa niSnian­
iZis poeziaSi Tan mohyva satiruli mrisxaneba, rac gansa­
kuTrebiT sagrZnobia poetis pamfletur, alegoriul le­
qsSi _ `ZaRlebi~.

zogs sisxls da jilags imdens uqeben,

aRar kadrulobs sxvebTan garevas,
bewvad mozrdia gazuluqeba
da morevia zanti mTqnareba.

daloxebia tani uebro,

damsgavsebia dandala cvedans,
mowyeniloba da gaqsueba
sveli drunCidan lorwkiviT wveTavs.

Turme ZaRlebsac amedidurebs,

da umaxinjebs ZaRlur bunebas
zedmeti qeba, jildo, tituli,
zedmeti lizRi da fufuneba.

aseTebs mudam loJebSi svamen

da rogorc wesi, _ manqaniT dahyavT.
isinic lerwi TvalebiT svamen
cirkis siyalbes da SemTbar yayans...

(`ZaRlebi~)

482
 satirasTan erTad arc uwyinari iumoria ucxo poetis
SemoqmedebiTi palitrisaTvis, riTac misi muza zog kolega­
sac Seeqilika.

matareblebi da poetebi?!
es Sedareba riT gavamarTloT?
aris Tav-Tavis SemoqmedebiT
zogi saxalxo, zogic – sabargo.
zogi did gzebze gadis grialiT,
zogi CixSia da buqsirs elis,
zogma msoflio Semoiara
arc avis aris, arc kargis mTqmeli...
zogi sindisis winaSe scodavs _
bevri ubia da miaqvs cota.

(`matareblebi da poetebi~)

satiruli maxviliT SoTa niSnianiZis aRWurvas Rrma so­

cialuri mizezebi aqvs. mkiTxveli waikiTxavs kriticizmiT
gamsWvalul mis leqsebs da darwmundeba, ra Zlieria poetis
arsebaSi protestis grZnoba imisadmi, rac Cvens cxovrebas
aufasurebs, ra Zlieri da ukompromisoa poetis Sinagani am­
boxeba rutinis da azrTa dogmebis mimarT. SoTa niSnianiZe
xSirad esTeti-lirikosis TeTr xelTaTmanebs rom moisvris
da mebrZoli poetis farajiT aRiWurveba, amaSi xedavs igi
(da samarTlianadac) Tanamedrove poetis RvTiur vals Ta­
visi qveynis winaSe.
SoTa niSnianiZis erT leqss aseTi epigrafi aqvs: `iaponi­
aSi firma `matusita-eleqtrikas~ aqvs specialuri oTaxi, sa­
dac direqtoris fituli dgas. ganawyenebul muSas ufleba
aqvs javri iyaros direqtorze misi fitulis cema-tyepiT~,
ai, ra asociaciebi dabada ironiulad ganwyobili poetis
gonebaSi am iaponurma siuJetma:

me rom mWirdeba,
imden fituls vin daamzadebs?

483
 sxva rom ar iyos,
sad daatev im aramzadebs?
magram, vaiTu, im fitulebs vebrZvi tyuilad,
vaiTu maTTvis mec fituli var.

(`iaponuri da Cveneburi fitulebi~)

Rrma alegoriulobiT da sulieri oportunizmisadmi

zizRiT xasiaTdeba leqsi, romelsac `sizmari~ hqvia:

_ hei, vina xar, Tvalebze rom xelebs mafareb?

_ cremlebs gimSraleb... geZaleba raki mal-male...
_ xelebze xundebs mideben da mtkiva saSinlad.
_ Se kaco, majas gisinjavTo, ram SegaSina...
bolos didebis piedestalze videq fermkrTali,
taSis grialSi, fanfarebis gabmul xmaurSi
da roca yelze Camomkides oqros medali,
vigrZeni, rogor moesalta kisers maryuJi.

(`sizmari~)

swored rom mizezma, epoqis naklovanebebma, kacTa

cxovrebis mouwyoblobam, gauTavebelma pompezurobam da
zeimomaniam dabada SoTa niSnianiZis es sevdiani striqonebi:

xalxi ver xedavs maT xelebs,

ar icnobs imaT saxelebs,
vinc gvapampulebs, gvaxtunebs
vinc gvaTamaSebs, gvamRerebs.
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
taSisTvis vambobT simarTles,
taSisTvis veZebT xifaTebs,
vai, rom Calis fasi aqvs
masxaris naTqvam simarTles.
. . . . . . . . . . . .
RmerTo, am taSis Wirime
vcxovrobT laRad da gancxromiT,

484
 ...vai taSo da didebav,
naSovno takimasxrobiT.

(`reportaJi taSismoyvarulTaTvis
Tojinebis Teatridan~)

SoTa niSnianiZis kriticizmis saSuri Tviseba ukompro­

misoba gaxlavT. poeti Seurigebelia yvela juris avkacis
mimarT, vis saqcielSic eris Semarcxvenel Tvisebebs xedavs.
amitomac misi maxvili arc maRal skamebze Semoskupul an
`halstuxis avazakebs~ indobs:

zogic purs imiT Soulobs,

gvirgvins moargebs xbos Tavs,
imperatorTan klounobs
da tragikosobs brbosTan.

(`zekacebisa da maimunebis Sesaxeb~)

poetma SesaniSnavad icis, rom skiptriani `giJi~ gacile­

biT ufro saSiSia sazogadoebisTvis, radganac mas Tavisi
SeniRbuli avzneobiT meti siavis motana SeuZlia.

qveyanas bevrjer ar gaumarTlda

da gamudmebul sikvdilis qiSiT
mudam naxevrad giJi Rupavda
da ara TxemiT terfamde giJi.

(`naxevrad vin ra aRmoaCina~)

SoTa niSnianiZe Tavisi mebrZoli, polemikuri lirikiT

duelSi iwvevs yvela juris yalbismqnelTa da kadnierT:

yalbo gvirgvinebo, dro aris gavswordeT,

javri ar masvenebs kadnierTa,
Cemia, Cemia, pirveli gasrola,
_ barierTan!
(`barierTan~)
485
 movlenebisadmi poetis mier imTaviTve mtkiced arCeuli
swori pozicia gansazRvravs SoTa niSnianiZis Semoqmedebis
internacionalistur xasiaTsac. es internacionalizmi da
xalxTa megobrobis lamis unapiro gancda swored rom qa­
rTveli kacis xasiaTidan momdinareobs da qarTuli poeziis
mravalsaukunovan tradiciaSia ganfenili. amaze RaRadebs
poetic:

mogzauro, am miwaze SeCerdi,

modi, naxe qarTuli cisqveSeTi, _
locvebiviT amozrdia gulidan
eklesiac,
sina-gogac,
meCeTic.
poetebis mwvel hangebiT naSuqi
hgavs Tbilisi saaxalwlo CiCilaks,
Sen xar uflis xeldasxmuli aSuRi,
xelSic mtkvari, jan, TariviT giWiravs.

(`saiaTnova~)

1962 wels profesor Jordanias mier Cadenilma gmirobam

(TviTmfrinavis katastrofis dros Tavisi maSveli rgoli
ubileTo inglisel gogonas dauTmo) SoTa niSnianiZis le­
qsSi qarTveli kacis internacionaluri bunebis ganmazoga­
debeli poeturi saburveli SeiZina:

misis Tqven ukve gaTxovdiT, Tqven ukve gqviaT deda,

bednieri xarT, Zvirfaso, bednieri xarT metad,
da vinc sicocxle gaCuqaT, Tu gagondebaT neta?
Tqvenc gesizmrebaT is kaci da verc iviwyebT radgan
maSveli rgoli im sulmnaTs Saravandedad adgas.

(`balada profesor Jordanias

gmirobaze~)

486
 federiko garsiasadmi miZRvnili leqsiT SoTa niSnianiZe
TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZol msoflios poetebTan gadadis
alaverds.

Sen gindoda espaneTi, ucremlo da uxiSto,

angelozmac gisaCuqra oqros Cangi, muxis Sto...
_ ax, gitarav sayvarelo, vici daiRupebi –
pawawina barikadav _ burjo Tavisuflebis,
magram brZolis poezia mudam droSis tarzea,
federiko, federiko, federiko garsia.

(`federiko garsia lorka~)

ucxo tomis Svilis _ arabi abos Tavdadeba saqarTvelo­

sadmi da qristianuli sarwmunoebisadmi mSvenieri leqsiT
Seamko SoTa niSnianiZis liram:

rac ar unda didi iyos saqarTvelos msxverpli,

siyrue da gulqvaoba gadamTiel xepris,
im ferfls,
Sav ferfls
siZulvilis auwonel zRva ferfls,
abos ferfli gadaswonis, erTi muWa ferfli.

(`habo, anu ferflis legenda~)

SoTa niSnianiZis satrfialo lirika qalisadmi unazesi

damokidebulebiT gamoirCeva. xan siyvarulis didi jildoTi
aRtaceba gamosWvivis da xan, gafrenili wlebiT gamowveuli
tkiviliani sevda. lirikuli gmiri amurs mimarTavs:

erTxel kidev Semaswari mag RvTaebriv zuzuns,

erTxel kidev damasizmre amorZalis ZuZu,
...ra iqneba, eg isari erTxel kidev sinjo,
Se cuRluto, Se verago, saZagelo biWo.

(`amurTan gamoTxoveba~)

487
 qalisadmi lirikuli gmiris damokidebuleba arc afeq­
turi siCqariT xasiaTdeba da arc skrabezulobiT. poetis
siyvaruls zomiereba da pirvelyofili momxibvleloba ax­
lavs:

gazafxulis TqeSi uSxapunebs fanjrebs,

yvela aivani gadmokidebs CanCqers
da mezoblis gogoc gaixarebs maSin,
wvimis asaRebad gavardeba karSi,
rom xval ufro kargad Tmebi zimzimebdes,
rom xval ufro kargad me ver viZinebde.
gareT Citunebi gafantulan wvimiT,
me ki fanjarasTan ver vikaveb Rimils,
rom mezoblis gogom patara da tyupi
orad ori Citi Seifara ubiT.
gareT niaRvari qvebzed aqanavebs
Camocvenil foTlebs da qaRaldis navebs,
mavTulebze mijriT wveTi wveTze cocavs
da me Sensken vatan gaubedav kocnas.

(`wvima da mezoblis gogona~)

sxva SemTxvevaSi ase Semtevi da rixiani SoTa niSnianiZis

leqsebis lirikuli gmiri sayvarel arsebasTan saubrisas
CurCulis intonaciaze gadadis da rainduli kdemisa da
Tavmdablobis magaliTs gvaZlevs.

rad Semiyvare Ze-xorcieli,

ratom itvirTe codva maradi,
o, angeloso _ sulo ciuro,
ra uyav frTebi da Saravandi?
Seni freskuli saxe mecnoba,
Seni Rimili, sulo ciuro,
rad uaryavi angelosoba,
ra unda mogce samagiero?

(`rad Semiyvare Ze-xorcieli~)

488
 mkiTxvelis yuradRebas usaTuod miiqcevs SoTa niSni­
aniZis maRali poeturi kultura: riTmaTa da intonaciaTa
araCveulebrivi simdidre, leqsis Zaldautanebeli, laRi
mdinareba, mxatvrul xerxTa feierverki, poeturi kompaq­
turoba, mis poeziaSi davanebuli artistizmi da heroikul-
romantikuli mgznebareba, azris sicxade (ver ipoviT bundo­
vanebas, xelovnur nakvesebs, TiTidan gamowovil situaciebs,
yalb xlarTebs) da emociuroba. aq yvelafers ganumeorebe­
li poeturi feri adevs. es gaxlavT SoTa niSnianiZiseuli
mwerluri ferwera, gamorCeuli klasikur-konvenciuri leq­
sisadmi erTgulebiT da metaforuli brwyinvalebiT.
roca SoTa niSnianiZis leqsebs kiTxulobT, mTeli sicxa­
diT grZnobT Turme ra poeturi yofila is, erTi Sexed­
viT, SeumCneveli, Cveulebrivi, yofiTi sinamdvile, raSic
Cven vcxovrobT. versifikaciuli simarjve aq mxolod erTi
meaTedi saSualebaTagania poeturi gamarjvebisaTvis. mTa­
vari is gaxlavT, rom poets ZaluZs sagnebsa da movlenebs
Soris axleburi, originaluri, mxolod miseuli damokideb­
uleba daamyaros. sakuTari ferebi, ganwyobileba da musika
gaamefos am axalSeqmnil poetur samyaroSi da WeSmariti mx­
atvris magiuri xeliT da gonebiT Seqmnili es poeturi qvey­
ana ise frTxilad da saTuTad Caataros Cven win, rom Cven
ucxo (da amave dros saocrad nacnobi) silamaziT damux­
tulT dro aRar gveyos ukan davixioT, civi gonebiT aRvi­
WurvoT da xelmeored vcadoT Sefaseba imisa, ramac Cvens
Tvalwin es-esaa moxdenilad Caiara. yuri daugdeT raodeni
Sinagani eqspresiiT da gulistkiviliTaa gamsWvaluli es pa­
tara leqsi, socialuri problemis Semcveli es poeturi ale­
goria, ra SesaniSnav poetur samoselSia moqceuli: `aravis
gindaT bavSvis guli, amayi guli? waiReT, Zmebo, momaSoreT,
me veRar vuvli... arc gorozia, arc ubiri, arc avadmyofi,
ra bevri unda am sawyals da ra cota yofnis. ver egueba
verc sibrmaves da verc siyrues, _ aijagreba da mgeliviT
wamoiymuvlebs, ver egueba qedmaRlobas da gaqsuebas, verc
niRab-rolebs, verc sixarbes ver egueba. mec mijanydeba. am
bolo dros mec ar movwonvar, mitevs da mitevs... migizgi­

489
zebs mTel tans koconad. kaci vberdebi da aqamde ver Semi­
tyvia: vin visi baton-patronia, vin visi tyvea. danaRmuli
xar sakuTari guliT, poeto, danaRmuli xar siyvaruliT da
imedebiT. frTxilad, biWebo, gulebs tlanqad ar wamovedoT
da moZmis gulze, rogorc naRmze, nu avfeTqdebiT~ (`guli~).
aqve unda aRiniSnos is garemoebac, rom SoTa niSnianiZe
qarTuli metaforuli leqsis gamZle tradiciebis erTgu­
lia. misi leqsis metaforuli brwyinvaleba am mcire mag­
aliTebidanac Cans:

_ cxenis Zuaze gamoabes mTeli azia

da velur stveniT miaTries qveynis kidemde,
maT naterfalebs sikvdili da yvavi asxia,
samrekloebze zarebs xsnian, Wixvins hkideben.

(`monRolebi~)

aRtaceba da SiSi amitans

striqonebiviT mijril zolebis,
da moTaxTaxe Seni tanidan
dgeba aziis sicxe zmorebiT.

(`vefxvi~)

wlebma ixuvla, ixvarTqla da cixes Seeba;

xavsad, dumilad, Wilyvavebad da budeebad.
qvebze dgafunebs sxivCaSlili moCanCqere mze,
o, am godlebis, qongurebis saCeCelebze
mravali zeca daiCeCa, droSac mravali,
saqarTveloze RrubeliviT gadmomavali.

(`cixe-taZarTa sagalobeli~)

skviTiaSi Tu TrakiaSi kvali ireva,

meomar tomebs mohkivian TavgametebiT.
da unagirebs gadahkides nanadirevad
mcire aziis Rameebi da legendebi.
(`amorZalebi~)
490
 xazgasasmelia, agreTve, is Sinagani poeturi disciplina
SoTa niSnianiZes rom axasiaTebs. igi ar aqveynebs fragmentul
suraTebs, Canaxatebs, erTi frazisTvis daweril leqsebs.
misi TiToeuli leqsi dasrulebuli nawarmoebia, azris kon­
centraciiT, siuJetiT, kompoziciis nacadi kanonebiT mow­
esrigebuli. sailustraciod `futkaric~ gamodgeba:

Sen RvTis fiqri xar, fusfusa fiqri,

maZiebeli fiqri, kirkita
gabruebuli skisaken mihqri,
rom daibados saqme fiqridan.
Tu Cemi sityva Sens xvedrs gaiyofs,
marTla mqonia qveynad saTqmeli,
imaze didi ra unda iyos,
kacs Tafli misce,
RmerTs ki sanTeli.

(`futkari~)

zusti ferweruli xatebi SoTa niSnianiZis poeziis erTi

yvelaze niSneuli komponentia.
individualoba Semoqmedisa swored is aris, rom iseT sa­
gansa da movlenaze mimaqcevinos yuradReba, rac aqamde ar
daminaxavs, an minaxavs, magram ar ganmicdia. yoveldRiuri
fusfusiT garTuls ver SemimCnevia da gulgrilad Camiv­
lia. SoTa niSnianiZe iuveliris sifaqiziT eZebs STambeWdav,
ganumeorebel suraTebs. eZebs da iseT grafikul sicxades
aniWebs, rom im poetur Strixs aRarc ki sWirdeba logikis
dawvrilebiTi mfarveloba, an ambis, SeTxzulis romanti­
kuli waSveleba. zog leqsSi statiuri suraTis garda sxva
araferia: mag., gzis piras mkvdari viri agdia. Tavs dadgo­
mia `yurebdaxrili, lenCad qceuli~ CoCori da daJinebiT
Cascqeris. CoCori guSinac ase idga. vfiqrob, mkiTxvels
ar sWirdeba axsna imisa, Tu ra tkivilia naRmad Cadebuli
am ferwerul suraTSi, risi Tqma surs poets da ra kargad
axerxebs igi literaturuli manWva-grexis gareSe mkacrad

491
da xmamaRla Semohkras im zars, adamians rom adamianobisken
mouxmobs da Tavis RvTiur vals moagonebs.
ornairi leqsi dominantobs SoTa niSnianiZis poeziaSi.
pirvel gaxlavT leqsi-suraTi, leqsi-mowodeba, leqsi-
problema, leqsi-Canaxati. erTi sityviT, leqsi, romelsac
moqmedebis dinamiuroba ar sWirdeba. amgvar leqsebSi av­
tori freskis ostatis momWirneobas iCens, Zunwsityvaobs,
saTqmels mokled sWris da mkiTxvelis yuradRebas mTava­
risken mxatvruli StrixebiT ise ostaturad amaxvilebs,
rom erTi SexedviT, TviT ostati ar Cans, ganze dgeba.
meore leqsi siuJetiani gaxlavT. kargad galeqsili ambebi,
poeziis rkinis kanons damorCilebuli siuJetebi. amgvarad
dinamiur leqsSi gvxvdeba publicisturi msjelobani, fi­
losofiuri wiaRsvlebi. erTi SexedviT mogeCvenebaT, rom
galeqsili prozaa, magram prozaulobis saSiSroebas Rrmad
CakvirvebisTanave abaTilebs fabulad avtoris mier swored
poeturi movlenis SerCeva da poeturi kompozicia _ pro­
zauli detalizaciisagan sruliad gansxvavebuli. Znelia
mkiTxvelis mexsierebidan amoiSalos iseTi STambeWdavi dax­
vewili poeturi novelebi, rogoricaa: `msaxiobi~, `ZaRli~,
`beberi mearRne~, `xevsuri~, `vefxvi~, `morZalebi~, `mesizmra
giorgi SatberaSvili~, `patara gogos mamiko uyvars~ da sxv.
daakvirdiT, riT ar aris es leqsi mZafri siuJetis mqone
novela, romlis dawera ramdenime gverdze SeiZleboda da
poetis jadosnur yalams amgvari poeturi formiT mouwvdia
CvenTvis: `daxriginebda quCa-quCa Zveli furgoni... unomro
ZaRlebs quCa-quCa dasdevdnen badiT, meetle mefistofe­
liviT ikriWeboda da Solts gviqnevda patara biWebs. bev­
risTvis iyo es ambavi sanaxaoba, mxolod zogierTs gvtkioda
guli, fugonze rkinis galiaSi erTmaneTs kbendnen da tyve
AZaRlebi gisosebTan lamobdnen dgomas, rom am qveynisT­
vis sxvebze ufro didxans ecqiraT... maSin patara viyavi da
Zlier mikvirda, imden unomro quCis ZaRlebSi nomrianebic
ratom eria?~ (`daxriginebda...~).

492
 SeiZleba gadauWarbeblad iTqvas, rom qarTulma xalxur­
ma mwerlobam daarwia Cveni klasikuri literaturis akvani,
saukuneebs Cvenma folklorma marto kazmuli sityvis umS­
venieresi gakveTilebi ki ar misca, Janruli kanonebic ukar­
naxa. SeiZleba Tamamad iTqvas, rom SoTa niSnianiZe yelamde
dgas qarTul folklorSi. misi leqsis farTo popularo­
bisa da sayovelTao demokratiulobis erTi mizezi swored
folklorTan mWidro kavSiri gaxlavT. poetis leqsebSi
xSirad SexvdebiT qarTuli folkloris pasaJebs, oCokoCebs,
devebs, qondriskacebs, qosatyuilebs, xars – wiqaras, saer­
Tod qarTuli miTologiidan S. niSnianiZis poeziaSi gadmo­
suli xari did emociur datvirTvas iZens:

me var misani xari wiqara,

Seni dvrita var mamul-dedulo,
zRapridan misTvis gamovipare,
rom gemsaxuro da gierTgulo.

(`me var misani...~)

bunebrivia, arc qarTuli erovnuli sulis erT-erT zRa­

prul-miTologiur gansxeulebas _ amirans stovebs poeti
uyuradRebod:

salami welo axalo, Zveli wavida... gafrinda...

_ amiran darejanis Zev, saidan moxvel?
_ zRapridan!
_ daxnav, dabarav, daTesav, aTas satkivars moarCen,
avi sulebis laxvaro, alali lukmis mosarClev.

(`amiranis weliwadi~)

dRes, roca poezia lamis walekos kosmopoliturma,

fsevdointeleqtualurma escesebma, SoTa niSnianiZis myarad
dgoma qarTuli xalxuri poeziis mSobliur niadagze miT
ufro samagaliTo da mosawonia.

493
 SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom SoTa niSnianiZe im bednier po­
etTa ricxvs miekuTvneba, romelTac SeZles Cveni mRelvare
epoqis pirobebSi TavianT sulSi `keTili bavSvis~ gadarCena.
mas Tamamad SeuZlia Tqvas:

simReris gzaze vinc moikoWlebs,

sxvis kalams xmarobs yavarjeniviT...
me mxolod Cemi lerwami movWer.
var cdunebisgan gadarCenili.

494
 wer ilebi

vuSveloT kulturul memkvidreobas

kulturaze sazogadoebrivi moTxovna anu socialuri da­

kveTa politizirebul-militaristul da sabazro ekonomikis
saukuneSi an saerTod ar Cans, an morcxvad Segvaxsenebs Tavs
mxolod maSin, roca sityva maskulturaze, seqsualur, gas­
arTob xelovnebaze, an fexisgulebze mosafxan Zilispirul
Soukulturaze Camovardeba.
raki xelisuflebam mcdarad miiCnia, rom erovnul kul­
turaze sazogadoebrivi moTxovna didi ar aris, TiTqmis ig­
norirebulhyo, xolo zog SemTxvevaSi abuCad aigdo igi.
Capaevebis da budionebis epoqaSi, an Tu gnebavT, im, saqarT­
velosTvis sabediswero, dReebSi, roca kirovi da orjonikiZe
dampyrobel wiTel jars Tbilisisken mouZRodnen, moqalaqeni
ar daijerebdnen, rom odesme saqarTvelo damoukideblobas
moipovebda, ar daisaWirovebda kulturas da mecnierebas.
ager a, Cvens Tvalwin 2007 wlis 21 agvistos saqarTvelos
prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis gankargulebiT SuaRamisas
policiis specrazmi Tavs daesxa saqarTvelos mweralTa kav­
Sirs, okupirebulhyo mweralTa sasaxle da quCaSi gadmoyara
galaktionis, gamsaxurdias, mixeil javaxiSvilis, giorgi le­
oniZis, lado asaTianisa da sxvaTa piradi nivTebi. eqvsi we­
lia mwerlebs mweralTa sasaxleSi ar uSveben da, samwuxarod,
arc saakaSvilis Semdeg mosulma mTavrobam daayena am saqmes
saSveli.
2006 wels saakaSvilisve gankargulebiT xelisuflebam
umowyalod daarbia ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis
saxelmwifo universiteti. Senobidan gamoaZeves 236 erovnu­
lad moazrovne profesori da gaauqmes SoTa rusTavelis,
ilia WavWavaZis, akaki wereTlis, vaJa-fSavelas, galaktionis
da konstantine gamsaxuridias kabinetebi. yovelgvari mecni­
eruli dasabuTebis gareSe gaauqmes an `gaamsxviles~ funda­
menturi fakultetebi, riTac saxelovan universitets mec­

495
nieruli Tavi warkveTes da saqarTvelos erovnuli kadrebis
samWedlo TiTqmis kolejad gadaakeTes. universitetis axa­
li xelmZRvaneloba cdilobs saakaSvilis mier Cadenili am
saSineli danaSaulis gamosworebas, magram win uamravi barieri
eRobeba.
igive bedi ewia saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiasac.
sakvlev-samecniero institutebwarTmeuli `akademia~ sulis­
SexuTvamde kastrirebul dawesebulebas daemsgavsa. samwu­
xarod, qarTvel swavlulTa es mecnieruli Stabi veraviTar
gavlenas ver axdens saqarTvelos daxeibrebul samecniero
cxovrebaze.
qarTuli fenomenis winaaRmdeg brZola Cvens dReebamde
grZeldeba. qarTul saxelovno wisqvilebze saakaSvilis me­
kobruli Tavdasxmebis Sedegad dafinanseba 95 procentiT
Seumcires kinostudias, kompozitorebs TiTqmis mouspes
TavianTi axali nawarmoebebis orkestrirebis saSualeba
da yaCaRurad, ukanonod waarTves borjomis dasasvenebeli
e. w. `kompozitorTa saxli~, faqtiurad, aRar funqcionirebs
saqarTvelos Teatrebis umetesoba, savalalo mdgomareoba­
Sia jer kidev mfeTqavi saxelovani pantomimis Teatri, ax­
aldabombils hgavs am Teatris Senobis interieri... romeli
erTi CamovTvalo.
daujerebelia, magram faqtia, rom saqarTvelos preziden­
ti Tavisi prezidentobis 10 wlis manZilze saqarTvelos arc
erT TeatrSi ar Sesula. ufro metic, am aTi wlis manZilze
saqarTvelos kulturis ministric ki ar daswrebia arc erT
TeatrSi arc erT speqtakls.
saqarTveloSi TiTqmis aRar imarTeba gamoCenil pirovne­
baTa saiubileo saRamoebi. ufro metic, istoriul gmirTa
saxelebis sazogadoebisTvis Sexsenebis RonisZiebaTa waxal­
iseba xelisuflebis mxridan nulis tolia.
rakiRa erovnuli kultura sabolood SeiZula, da igi
globalizaciis sacris avbediTi dgandgarisTvis gaswira, saa­
kaSvilma daiwyo ucxoeTSi karga xnis winaT Camowerili San­
sone momRerlebis mravalmilionad Rirebuli koncertebis
gamarTva. TiTqosda `winwyaros~, `kaxuri mravalJamieris~ da
zaqaria faliSvilis qveyana imdenad papuasur doneze iyo,
rom igi musikalurad kutunios moyirWebul simRerebs unda
aRezarda.
TiTqosda piri Sekreso, saqarTvelos arc erTi satele­
vizio arxi ar cdilobs mayurebels gaacnos erovnuli kul­
tura. ekranze ar Cans qarTveli mwerali. rogorc Cans, cud to­
nad uTvlian teleJurnalistebs maTi globalisti patronebi
qarTuli kulturis originalurobaze, `vefxis­tyaosnis~ mniS­
vnelobaze, qarTuli kinosa da Teatris erovnul tradiciebze
saubars. erTaderTxel aRimaRla xma saqarTvelos parla­
mentma qarTuli enis damaxinjebis winaaRmdeg da warmoadgina
dadgenilebis nedli proeqti, romelSic jarimebi iyo CamoT­
vlili enis SemryvnelTa mimarT da unda genaxaT, ra kriaxi
atexa Jurnalistikam. esao, diskriminaciuli kanoniao. rogor
SeiZleba, enis damaxinjebis gamo moqalaqeTa dajarimebao. vi­
sac Cveni qarTuli ar moswons nu mogvismenso... parlamenti
miCumda da isev daiwyes Jurnalistebma qarTuli enis gamdi­
dreba TavianTi `dijeebiT~, `SopingebiT~, `istebliSmentebiT~,
`menejerebiT~, `menejmentebiT~, `mesijebiT~, `jeostarebiT~,
`jeobarebiT~ da `kempingebiT~.
axla, roca es striqonebi iwereba, ramdenic unda ukaku­
noT satelevizo pults, Tqven versad waawydebiT qarTul
kinofilms, Cveni aw gardasuli kinostudiis naxelavs _ suls
rom agiforiaqebs da kidev erTxel rom moggvris siamayes imis
Segneba, rom qarTvelad daibade. CamovTvalo? `jariskacis
mama~, `magdanas lurja~, `qeTo da kote~, `dakarguli samoTxe~,
`arsena~, `giorgi saakaZe~, `rac ginaxavs, veRar naxav~, `Cveni
ezo~, `Serekilebi~, `cisferi mTebi anu tian-Sani~, `dariko~,
`natvris xe~ da a. S.
samagierod, CarTeT nebismieri satelevizio arxi da ine­
beT, Cveni televiziis mecenatebis mier SemoTavazebuli
morigi `mSveniereba~ _ yvela arxze Turquli, mainc da mainc
Turquli mravalseriani filmebi. Zlivs gadavurCiT samxre­
Tamerikuli serialebis epidemias da axla meore ukidureso­
baSi gadavvardiT; lamis wagvlekos Turqulma serialebma.
saqarTvelo TurqeTis filials emsgavseba. televizors rom
gamorTav da quCaSi gamoxval, iqac ar gasvenebs Turquli han­
gi. Tu Ria fanjarasTan Caivli, Turquli `Siqsata~ iRvreba

497
fanjrebidan. moZme TurqeTis kinoxelovnebis gacnobis sawi­
naaRmdego vis ra unda hqondes, Tu amas epizoduri xasiaTi
eqneba, magram ase erTad? ase erTbaSad da Tanac yvela arxze?
STabeWdileba iseTi iqmneba, rom TiTqosda, kategoriulad
aukrZala viRacam qarTul telestudiebs qarTuli filmebis
Cveneba. `cisferi mTebis~ nacvlad pitnasaviT gCrian cxvirSi
Turqul mravalserials `didebuli saukune~. TiTqosda qar­
Tveli mayurebeli suls levdes imis gasagebad, Tu ra urT­
ierTobaSi iyvnen erTmaneTTan XVI saukunis TurqeTis sul­
Tani suleimani da misi ukraineli sayvareli _ hiuremi. me
Cemi gasaWir da Cemi erovnuli satkivari maqvs TurqeTis kinos
faravnad qceulo, batono kinomenejero. ver gavige, ratom ar
ginda, marto damtovo Cems sevdasTan, Cems golgoTasTan. vin
dagavala, qarTveli kaci Tavis mTavar safiqrals CamoaSore
da misi yuradReba Turqul `problemebze~ gadarTeo.
gana ar SeiZleba, is fuli, romelic Camowerili ucxoeli
momRerlebis koncertebisaTvis an Turquli mravalseriani
filmebis daqiravebisTvis ixarjeba, qarTul Teatrs da kinos
movaxmaroT, magram roca qarTuli xelovnebis ganviTarebis
politikuri neba ar arsebobs, iq yvelaferi dasaSvebia. unda
daumtkico amerikas da evropas, rom dasavleTs marto poli­
tikurad ki ar emorCilebi, aramed Seni erovnuli kulturac
fexqveS unda gaufino.
ratom?
unda `daumtkico~ daupatiJebel stumrebs, rom ara marto
ekonomikurad xar `ganviTarebadi~, aramed Seni kulturac Ca­
nasaxovan mdgomareobaSia.
da saqarTvelos 2008 wlis ruseT-saqarTvelos omze qa­
rTveli msaxiobebis da reJisorebis gverdis avliT prezidenti
filmis gadaRebas mravalmilioniani dafinansebiT ukveTavs
amerikel reJisors, romelic acxadebs, rom aqamde saqarTvelo
arc gaegona da arc ruseT-saqarTvelos omze icoda rame. sru­
liad bunebrivia, rom `sxvisi Wiri _ Robes Cxiris~ principiT
amerikelma `vesterni~ gadaiRo da filmSi saqarTvelos erovnu­
li tkivili ki ara, saomari malay-Jongliorobaa naCvenebi. ra­
tom ignorirebulhyo xelisuflebam qarTveli xelovanni? gana
qarTvelma msaxiobma da reJisorma ukeT ar icis, ra gvWirs da

498
visgan? es im dros xdeba, roca Cveni kinos moRvaweni usaxsro­
bis gamo usaqmod sxedan da lamis SimSiloben.
saerTod savalaloa msaxiobis bedi saqarTveloSi.
rakiRa periferiis Teatrebis TiTqmis umetesoba gamo­
ketilia da Ramurebis TavSesafradaa qceuli, xolo dedaqa­
laqis ori-sami jer kidev mfeTqavi Teatri weliwadSi TiTo
premieriT kmayofildeba, msaxiobebi ver axerxeben TavianTi
niWis realizebas. ise daberdeba niWieri aqtiori, rom misi
msaxioburi ostatoba mxolod TiTo-orola roliTRa daa­
maxsovrdeba mayurebels. niWis romel realizebazea laparaki,
roca scenis kacisTvis mTavari lukmapuris Sovna gamxdara da
awydebian niWieri msaxiobebi telestudiebs, iqneb `klipis~ an
reklamis gadaRebaSi mainc daasaqmon. erTi nawili sazRvarga­
reT garbis da iq brodveize Tu soxos moedanze bulvaruli
Teatrebis pantomaqtiorad gardaiqmneba. esec mxolod imi­
tom, rom enobrivi barieri uSlis xels da romel Semoqmedeb­
iT zrdaze SeiZleba laparaki, roca sametyvelo TeatrisTvis
dabadebuli msaxiobi sazRvargareT saarsebo puris mopovebi­
sTvis `munj rolebSi dakavebuli~ scenaze mi da mo daxtunao­
bs. ara da, wlebi gadis, msaxiobi `formas kargavs~, berdeba da
misi dauxarjavi niWi dRes Tu xval braldebad waeyeneba imas,
vinc igi aseT dReSi Caagdo.
calke unda gamovyo pantomimis saxelmwifo Teatris
sakiTxi. amiran SalikaSvilis mier am ormoci wlis winaT
daarsebulma pantomimis Teatrma kargaxania saerTaSori­
so aRiareba moipova. Teatris arc Tu xangrZliv istorias
araerTi `granpri~ da oqros medali amSvenebs, magram CvenSi
xom Sinaur mRvdels Sendoba ara aqvs da saqarTveloSi TiTze
CamosaTvlel TeatrTagan am erT-erT cocxal Teatrs aTeuli
wlebis ganmavlobaSi mouSorebel Wirad Tan sdevs gulgri­
loba. repeticiebi gayinul darbazSi tardeba. rogorc ze­
moT mogaxseneT, Senobis interieri TiTqmis dangreulia da
mayurebeli elementarul santeqnikur komfortsac moklebu­
lia. SemaZrwunebeli is aris, rom saakaSvilma Teatris Senoba
erT larad gayida da axla Teatris Tavze damokles maxvili­
viT hkidia gamosaxlebis safrTxe. sazogadoeba arc am faqts
aRuSfoTebia.

499
 roca kulturul memkvidreobaze vlaparakobT, ar SeiZle­
ba gverdi avuaroT okupirebul teritoriaze darCenil Cvens
istoriul Zeglebs. umadurma stumrebma rusi okupantebis
daxmarebiT Seryvnes qarTuli siwmindeebi. savalalo mdgo­
mareobaSia e. w. afxazeTis damoukidebel saxelmwifoSi bediis,
moqvis, biWvinTis, gagris da iloris taZrebi. vandalebma qa­
rTuli freskebi da warwerebi mTlianad gaanadgures am aTas­
wlovani taZrebis kedlebze, aqaoda varemontebTo, freskebi
gajiT Seleses. kulturis ZeglTa mimarT am barbarosuli da­
naSaulis gamo `iuneskom~ erTi amoiknavla da miCumda. saerTa­
Soriso institutebma erTi aRSfoTebis notac ar gaugzavnes
Tavgasul ruseTs.
uares dReSia Sida qarTlis eklesia-monastrebi. qarT­
velTa kvalis wasaSlelad Cveni `moZme osebi~ yoveldRiurad
energiulad iRwvian. qarTul eklesiebSi yvelgan Sewyvetilia
wirva-locva. saydrebs karebi Camoxsnes da zogi Tavgasuli
mwyemsi RvTis saxlebs gomurad iyenebs. aseTi ram saqarT­
veloSi Cvens `nacad~ dampyroblebs _ arabebs, sparselebsa da
monRolebsac ar CaudeniaT.
dResac, roca TiTqosda Seqmnilia msoflio sazogadoeb­
rivi azri saqarTvelos teritoriuli xelSeuxeblobis Sesa­
xeb da xelmowerilia sarkoz-medvedev-saakaSvilis 2008 wlis
dokumenti, rusi utifrad ganagrZobs Cveni teritoriis miT­
visebas. man e. w. `mSvidobiani dapyrobis gza~ _ mcocavi an­
eqsia wamoiwyo, qarTul miwaze mavTulxlarTebis gadmoweviT
yoveldRiurad faskunjiviT ylapavs qarTul miwebs da gam­
kiTxavi aravin aris. `ruseTis sazRvarSi ukve moeqca ramde­
nime qarTuli saydari, sasaflao da sacxovrebeli saxli. na­
Zirala okupantebma aiZules araerTi mSvidobiani mcxovrebi
sakuTari saxli Tavisive xeliT daengria da mavTulxlarTebs
aqeT gadmoetana. da es xdeba im msoflios Tvalwin, romelsac
TiTqosda araerTi saerTaSoriso uwyeba (gaero, evrokavSiri,
evroparlamenti, saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo...) gaaCnia umweo
patara saxelmwifoebis dasacavad. magram rad ginda. Seayare
kedels cercvi. CvenTvis yvela saerTaSoriso diplomatiuri
instituti (da TviT `natoc~) urgebia.
tragikulia istoriul tao-klarjeTSi qarTuli samonas­

500
tro Zeglebis bedi. garda imisa, rom Tanamedrove somex is­
torikosTa najRabnebSi es eklesia-monastrebi somxuradaa
miCneuli (da iuneskos samecniero centrebSi erTi Wkuadam­
jdari ucxoeli mkvlevaric ar gamoCnda, romelic am monas­
terTa ueWvel qarTulobas daamtkicebda da Wirveul somxebs
maTi `mitacebis~ madas sabolood daukargavda), Zeglebs sxva
ubedurebac sWirs: Cveni uZvirfasesi materialuri kultu­
ris Zeglebi TurqeTSi RvTis anabaraa mitovebuli. awvims da
aTovs Satberds, banas, dolisyanas, xanZTas, oSks, iSxans... am
ukanasknelis saxeldaxelo, moCvenebiTi remonti daiwyes axla­
xan Turqebma da sanacvlod baTumSi grandiozuli meCeTis
aSenebis nebarTva mogvTxoves. keTili da patiosani, magram
aTaswlovan iSxans rogorc Cveulebriv Turqul sacxovriss
is rom aremonteben da restavracia-gamagrebaze rom lapara­
kic ar aris? Cavida oriode kviris win `mSenebare~ iSxanis mo­
sanaxuleblad saqarTvelos kulturis saministros delega­
cia. axed-daxedes, aaTvalier-CaaTvaliees, `oh, oh, oh, oho~,
Cailaparakes da ukan wamovidnen. aba maspinZel Turqebs xom
ver Sekadrebdnen SeniSvnebs. iSxani iSxanad, magram sxva gaube­
durebuli Zeglebis bediT ratom ar dainteresda Cveni kul­
turis saministro? ratom kiTxviT mainc ar ikiTxes; ratom
gadaakeTes Turqebma meCeTad xaxulis monasteri, sadac 900
weli `xaxulis RvTismSobeli~ brZandeboda? ratom ismis mo­
las galoba 1000 wlis qristianul taZarSi _ parxalSi? ratom
ar moisaklisa Cvenma delegaciam qarTuli saeklesio xuroT­
moZRvrebis ori didebuli nimuSi _ tbeTi da opiza? kidev kar­
gi, tbeTi da opiza ar gaxsenebiaT, Torem delegaciis wevrTa
Tvalze cremli maSin unda genaxaT. aRar arsebobs tbeTi, mi­
wasTanaa gasworebuli opiza. am or monasters Turqebma gzebi
daumiznes da gzis mSeneblobis motiviT iavarhyves qarTuli
monastrebi. es rom sxvagan momxdariyo `iunesko~ msoflios
gasagonad zarebs daarisxebda, magram saqarTvelo xom bedSavi
saqarTveloa, yvelasgan dabriyvebuli da daCoqebuli, pati­
vayrili da upatrono.
okupirebul teritoriebze rom aRaraferi vTqvaT, iqneb
SemorCenil teritoriaze (sadac Cveni iurisdiqcia vrcelde­
ba) arsebuli Zeglebi maincaa saxelmwifos yuradRebiT gare­

501
moculi? ngrevis pirasaa kvetara, suls Rafavs jruWis monas­
teri, bebris RojebiviT dgas geguTi da sadacaa CamoiSleba...
milionebs vxarjavT gasarTob Sou-sisuleleebSi da Cveni sim­
didrisTvis ver mogvivlia.
upatronobiT iZarcveba da eqsponatebi dRiTidRe akldeba
konstantine gamsaxurdias, mixeil javaxiSvilis, nato vaCna­
Zis, sergo zaqariaZis, niko lorTqifaniZis, terenti grane­
lis saxl-muzeumebs. barbar-osebma Seuracxyves vano maCablis
saxl-muzeumi.
romeli erTi CamovTvalo.
STabeWdileba iseTi rCeba, rom xelisufleba arc TviTon
afinansebs didi tradiciebis mqone Cvens literaturul or­
ganoebs da biznesmenebsac ukrZalavs, rom samwerlo Jurnal-
gazeTebi daafinanson.
mitovebul eklesias hgavs saqarTvelos mweralTa kavSiri.
mwerlebs jiutad ar ubruneben kuTvnil Senobas. ra xdeba?
xelisufalni midian da modian, prezidentebi icvlebian, ma­
gram mwerlebisadmi gulgrili damokidebulebis yru kedeli
ucvleli rCeba.
ra mdgomareobaa sxvagan?
msoflioSi ar yofila sxva SemTxveva, rom xelisuflebas
mweralTa sasaxle daerbios da mwerlebi TavianTi istoriul-
memorialuri nivTebianad quCaSi gamoeyaros.
amas winaT mweralTa kavSirSi stumrad gvyavda slovakiis
mweralTa kavSiris Tavmjdomare. sxvaTa Soris, mweralTa so­
cialur mdgomareobazec vkiTxeT.
weliwadSi erTxel yovel mwerals eZleva xuTTviani sam­
werlo mivlineba TveSi 1000 evroTi da nebismier kurortze
ufaso momsaxurebiTo. garda amisa, mweralTa kavSiris wevri
sicocxlis manZilze sruli ufaso samedicino momsaxurebis
paketiT sargeblobso...
ager a, azerbaijanSi mweralTa kavSiris wevrs TveSi 500
dolari aqvs da somxeTis mweralTa kavSiris bevrs 200 dol­
ari; waxkaZoris mweralTa saxlSi ufaso momsaxurebiT.
Cven ra dagvemarTa?
ilia WavWavaZis samSobloSi ratom gauucxovdnen mavanni
da mavanni erovnul kulturas.

502
 am gulgrilobis brali xom ar aris, rom axalgazrdebis
SemoqmedebaSi nel-nela mkvidrdeba nihilizmi saqarTvelos
erovnuli bedisadmi, qarTuli fenomenisadmi?
axlaxan kulturul memkvidreobaze mzrunvelebma kidev
erTi `mSveniereba~ SemogvTavazes: parlamentSi Sevida kanoni,
romelic iTvaliswinebs saxelmwifoebrivi saWiroebis gamo
nebismieri istoriuli SenobisTvis kulturuli memkvidreo­
bis statusis CamorTmevas.
Tu es kanoni ZalaSi Seva, igi xom xels gauxsnis mavanT
nebismier istoriul Zegls xelaRebiT CamoaWran tituli da
gaasxvison. ver uvli? arc restavraciis Tavi gaqvs? adeqi da
gayide...
amaze kulturis saministros gangaSi unda aetexa. Cvenma,
kulturul memkvidreobaze `gulatkivebulma~ ministrma ki
morcxvad Cailaparaka: `oqros Sualedze SevCerdeTo~.
aseTi Wkvianuri `Sejerebis~ Sedegad SeinarCuna man kul­
turis ministris posti. aba ra.
sanam gvian ar aris, gamovifxikoT yurebi, qarTvelebo!
15.XI.2013
Tbilisi

soso sigua

soso sigua samwerlo asparezze gasuli saukunis samocdaa­

Tian wlebSi gamovida.
horizontze maSin gamoCnda, roca kritikoss literatu­
ruli procesebis `warmmarTvelis~ mantia aRar emosa.
CamTavrebuli iyo beso JRentis epoqa, anu is dro, roca
kritikosis mZafri gamosvla ganaCeni gaxldaT da gakritike­
buli mwerlis bediT arc meti, arc naklebi, Ceka interesde­
boda.
sabWoTa kritikis mZvinvarebis dros ar arsebobda mxat­
vrul nawarmoebze `uwyinari azris~ gamo Tqmis cneba.
saorWofo frazebi `me ase vfiqrob~, `iqneb vcdebode~,
`xom ar ajobebda...~ modaSi ar iyo.
503
 Sefasebis kategoriulobas gangaSis zaris darisxebis Zala
hqonda. `igi Cveni kaci ar aris~, `xalxis mtrebTan wilnayar­
ia~, _ xSirad waawydebodiT xelisuflebasTan Caxutebuli,
oficialuri kritikosebis naazrevSi.
samociani wlebidan dro Seicvala da literaturis kri­
tikoss, Semfaseblis funqciasTan erTad, esTetikuri mrCev­
lis rolic daekisra.
da swored maSin, roca guram asaTianma libo daudo nawar­
moebis mravalmxrivi da ara sworxazovani (ideuri! r. m.) Se­
fasebis tradicias saliteraturo kritikaSi gamoCnda erTi
saTvaliani, simpaTiuri, xmel-xmeli, inteligenturi garegno­
bis axalgazrda kaci, romelmac mkiTxvelis yuradReba miipy­
ro gulwrfelobiT, Rrma ganswavlulobiTa da mwerlisadmi
Tanadgomis surviliT.
soso sigua avtors maRlidan rodi dascqeroda. arc imas
cdilobda, Tavisi naazrevi literaturuli momsaxurebis
sferomde daeyvana. pirveli striqonebidanve igrZnobdiT,
rom Tqven gelaparakebodaT kolega-literatori, romelsac
mxolod da mxolod daxmareba surda, raTa nawarmoebi ufro
srulyofili gamxdariyo da amave dros ori amocanis gadawyve­
tas cdilobda. pirvel rigSi, mkiTxvels ganumartavda, ra
Rirseba-naklovanebebi gaaCnda avtoris qmnilebas, ra iyo
mwer­lis CanafiqrSi mTavari da arsebiTi da meorec, liter­
aturuli arbitris Seumcdari alRoTi zust adgils uZebnida
sarecenzio nawarmoebs literaturis istoriis did wignSi.
am survilma bevrs waatexina fexi.
araerT kritikoss Seetyo, rom igi tendenciuri iyo,
aSkarad cruobda da Tan gemovnebac Ralatobda.
`ospis wvenze~ gayiduli kritikosebi TandaTanobiT Camo­
Sordnen literaturas.
cocxal literaturul process sjulmdeblad da gonier
Tanamdgomad ramdenime kritikosi SerCa da maT Soris uniWi­
eresi, SeubRalavi saxelisa da nawarmoebis Sinagani pulsaciis
utyuari mweral-Semtyobari soso sigua gaxlavT.
SeiZleba Tamamad iTqvas, rom igi dRes upirvelesi kri­
tikosia.

504
 soso siguas mier nawarmoebze Tundac radikalurad kri­
tikuli azris gamoTqmasac ki avtorebi Rirsebis saqmed miiC­
neven.
maT ician, rom soso siguas piriT WeSmariteba RaRadebs.
igi arafers wers Casafrebulis poziciidan.
misTvis mTavaria WeSmariteba da WeSmarigebis saxeliT igi
Tundac mware SeZaxilsac ar erideba.
`ar erideba~ SemTxveviT ar wamomcdenia.
soso sigua Tavis gansjaSi uSiSaric gaxlavT.
asjer gazomavs da erTxel gaWris, magram gaWris iq, sadac
gasaWrelia.
mTeli ormoci wlis manZilze soso sigua fxizel guSagad
keTil mkiTxvel-ganmCxreklad edga gverdiT mwerals.
mis Tvals am xnis manZilze ar gamohparvia, rac ki Rire­
buli Seiqmna qarTul literaturaSi.
mere da mere soso sigua mwerlobaSi dadebiTi tenden­
ciebis SemmCnev da TvalsaCino literaturuli movlenebis
Semfaseblad Camoyalibda.
man CaTvala, rom kalamze moZalade da gandidebis maniiT
Sepyrobil grafomanebs mainc verafers Seagnebinebda da kri­
tikuli mzera niWierTa Semoqmedebisken mimarTa.
soso siguas stili ori tendenciis bednieri sinTezia,
pirveli gaxlavT eseistur-prozauli manera werisa, rode­
sac kritikuli naazrevi sulmouTqmelad ikiTxeba da meore _
msoflio literaturis Rrma codnaze damyarebuli Sedarebi­
Ti analizi. am ukanaskneli meTodis momarjvebis dros soso
sigua Tavs arasodes gaxvevs nakiTxobiT miRweul upirateso­
bas.
cocxali literaturuli procesebis Seswavlis mxardamx­
ar soso siguas literaturis mecnieris, literaturaTmcod­
nis urTulesi filologiuri samuSaos Sesrulebac mouxda.
unda garkveuliyo, ra emociur-tradiciuli kavSiri arse­
bobda samwerlo Taobebs Soris. iyo Tu ara qarTuli litera­
tura erTiani literaturuli sxeuli, ra saerTo da ganmasx­
vavebeli arsebobda Zvel, axal da uaxles mwerlobas Soris.
Caujda arqivs filologiis yvelaze axalgazrda doqtori
soso sigua.

505
 Caujda da umokles droSi daadga Tavi im saqmes, risTvisac
araerTi mokirkite mecnieri `amaod daSvra~ swored imitom,
rom zogierT Cvens muyaiT da energiul kolegas masStaburi
xedvis, faqtebis mecnieruli klasifikaciis, ganzogadebis
una­ri ar aRmoaCnda.
am Tvisebebis gareSe ki literaturis istoria ar iwerebda.
soso siguam erTimeoris miyolebiT gamoaqveyna uaRres­
ad saintereso gamokvlevebi ociani wlebis literaturul
skolebze, modernistul mimdinareobebze, simbolizmze, avan­
gardizmze...
rac mTavaria, am wignebSi soso sigua cdilobs dainaxos,
rogor uwyobda fexs meoce saukunis pirveli aTwleulebis
qarTuli mwerloba msoflio literaturul procesebs. xom
ar iyo qarTuli literatura egzotikur-provinciuli lite­
raturuli kunZuli.
roca ociani wlebis literaturuli panorama liter­
aturis istorikosis maxvili TvaliT dainteresebul mkiTx­
velTaTvis sacnaurhyo, soso sigua Seudga meoce saukunis
upirvelesi romanistis, Tavisi Semoqmedebis mravalwaxna­
govnebiT, msoflmxedvelobis winaaRmdegobrivi bunebiT da
Janruli TvalsazrisiT problemuri iersaxis mqone mwerlis
konstantine gamsaxurdias cxovrebisa da Semoqmedebis Ses­
wavlas.
aT welze meti moandoma konstantine gamsaxurdias mraval­
saxovani naazrevis labirinTebSi mecnierulis lampriT svlas
da qarTveli mkiTxvelis Taroze dado `didostatis marjve­
nis~ avtorze dawerili oTxi sqeltaniani tomi.
aw da maradis konstantine gamsaxurdia uniWieresi mkv­
levris TvaliT da gonebiT Sefasebulia diaRac rom maRal­
profesiuli da maRalkvalificiuri ganxilviT.
kritikos-mecnieris mxridan msgavsi Tanadgoma arc erT qa­
rTvel mwerals (TviT rusTavelsac ki) ar Rirsebia.
konstantine gamsaxurdia mxatvruli sityvis ostati, kon­
stantine gamsaxurdia filosofosi, konstantine gamsaxurdia
qarTuli enis didi reformatori, konstantine gamsaxurdia
eris qomagi da gulmxurvale mamuliSvili... soso siguas oTx­
tomeulSi warmodgenilia mTeli Tavisi didebulebiT.

506
 am roman-monografiis stilic ki iseTivea, rogoric mwe­
ralsa da rainds, konstantine gamsaxurdias ekadreba.
soso sigua wers ise laRad da xatovnad, Sedarebebis da
kalamburebis momarjvebiT da, rac mTavaria, adresatisad­
mi ganuzomeli siyvaruliT, rom oTxtomeuli marTlac rom
maRalxarisxovani prozis siamovnebiT ikiTxeba.
es wigni yovelTvis iqneba Zvirfasi magaliTi soso siguas
kvalze misul filolog-mecnierTaTvis, magaliTi imisa, Tu
rogor unda elaparako WeSmarit mwerals, rogori unda iyos
brZeni Suamavali mweralsa da mkiTxvels Soris.
yvelaze xelxvavian mwerlebsac ki aqvT erTi an ori iseTi
nawarmoebi, romlebSic maTi talanti da SemoqmedebiTi ener­
gia SedarebiT srulad gamJRavnda.
me vfiqrob `konstantine gamsaxurdias cxovreba da Semoq­
medeba~ jerjerobiT soso siguas mTavari wignia. yovel SemTx­
vevaSi, soso siguas xsenebisas mkiTxvels `daviT aRmaSeneblis~
avtorze Seqmnili didebuli mecnieruli epopea warmoudgeba.
am masStaburi naSromis Seqmnidan aTwleulebi gavida.
literaturul procesSi kritikosis adgilmac da, Tqven
warmoidgineT, movaleobamac garkveuli saxecvlileba gani­
cada.
dRes kritikosi Zveleburad veRar axdens gavlenas sa­
mwer­lo cxovrebaze da rakiRa igi TandaTanobiT literatur­
isTvis ukan midevnebul lamprad iqca, mweralic Zveleburi
gulis­yuriT aRar elodeba kritikosis msjavrs mis naazrevze.
...da soso siguas maZiebeli goneba filologiur-esTeti­
kuri mecnierebis SedarebiT axal dargze _ kulturologiaze
dakoncentrirda.
ukve SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am mimarTulebiTac gamarTlda
cnobili qarTuli andaza `visac mouklavs is mohklavs~.
soso siguam rekordulad mokle droSi Seqmna da gamosca
`kulturologiis safuZvlebis~ sami tomi da amiT safuZveli
Cauyara, libo gaumagra qarTul kulturologiur mecnierebas.
soso siguas `kulturologiis safuZvlebi~ dawerilia
msoflio kulturologiis uaxlesi miRwevebis gaTvaliswi­
nebiT da, rac uaRresad niSandoblivia, eyrdnoba qarTul ma­
salas.

507
 aqve ar gamomrCes, soso siguas literaturuli moRvaweobis
kidev erTi mxare _ igi maRalkvalificiuri, keTilsindisieri,
WeSmaritad profesionali mTargmnelia. naTqvamis sailus­
traciod Tundac aleqsandr blokis poeziac ikmarebda.
soso siguas portreti sruli ar iqneba, Tu ar aRvniSnavT
mis aqtiur sazogadoebriv-pedagogiur saqmianobas. `lit­
eraturuli saqarTvelos~ mTavari redaqtori, radiosa da
televiziis literaturuli sammarTvelos ufrosi, mweralTa
kavSiris prezidiumis wevri, konstantine gamsaxurdias kabi­
netis damaarsebeli, `mwerlis gazeTis~ redaqtori, araerTi
aspirantis da doqtorantis mecnier-xelmZRvaneli, studen­
tebisaTvis sayvareli, tkbilmoubari profesori... aseTia
soso siguas namsaxurobis arasruli CamonaTvali.
soso sigua male samocdaxuTisa gaxdeba.
mogexsenebaT, SemoqmedisTvis es saSualo asakia.
am xnis ganmavlobaSi soso siguas jildoTa nusxam izarda da
izarda: igi gaxlavT daviT aRmaSeneblis, saqarTvelos saxelm­
wifo, geronti qiqoZis da ivane maCablis premiebis laureati.
ase rom, soso siguas saxiT qarTul mwerlobas saxelovani
mwerali da kritikis klasikosi hyavs, xolo ers WeSmariti
patrioti, gulmxurvale mamuliSvili da sazogado moRvawe.

2013 w.

RmerTma xeli moumarTos

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo uni­

versitetSi erovnuli suli dabrunda.
am sasiamovno movlenis upirveles niSnad isic kmara, rom
axalarCeulma reqtorma, akademikosma lado papavam kabinetSi
Sesvlisas pirvelive dRes mtverwayrili skivridan amoiRo
universitetis damaarseblis suraTi da kedelze dakida.
es ukve cxadhyofda axali reqtoris samomavlo orienta­
cias.

508
 marTlacda, xeli rogor unda mogibrundes reqtors, rom
kedlidan ivane javaxiSvilis suraTi Camoxsna.
axla vnaxoT, vin aris igi, vinc saqarTvelos upirveles
universitetSi ivane javaxiSvilis savarZelSi zis.
karebSive SegegebebaT sandomiani axalgazrda kaci, uaR­
resad daxvewili manerebis mqone, ukompleqso pirovneba da
pirveli wuTebidanve igrZnoba, rom stumris Rirsebis sruli
dacviT, saqmianad gelaparakeba.
universitetis karebSi aRar dgas policia da sabuTebs ar
gisinjaven.
reqtoris misaRebSi ori uaRresad zrdili TanaSemwe
yuradRebiT geqceva da Tavs ar gabezrebs SekiTxviT: dagi­
baraT? Tu dabarebuli ara xarT, ver migiRebT, aq tyuilad
nu moicdiT...
es yvelaferi warsuls Cabarda.
roca moaxseneben, reqtori kars TviTon aRebs da aTas
bodiSs gixdis, rom sul raRac aTiode wuTi galodina.
gamodixar misi kabinetidan da ambob _ aSenda Seni gamz­
rdeli.
lado papavas saqarTvelo kargad icnobs.
pirovnuli xibliT, niWierebiT da SromismoyvareobiT,
WeSmariti mamuliSvilobiT man nabij-nabij Seiqmna kacuri ka­
cis imiji.
igi movida sazogado moRvawis saxeliT da madloba rogor
ar vuTxra im akademiur sabWos, romelmac igi Seicno da ga­
moarCia.
vis davumalo, qveyanam icis, rom aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi
universitets zemodan daniSnuli reqtorebi hyavda.
aRar minda `warsulze dardi~.
erTs vityvi mxolod: ra sikeTe unda moutanos qveyanas
da ra erovnuli intiligencia unda aRzardos reqtorma,
romelsac bibilioTekidan wignebis moparvas daabraleben,
erT `mSvenier dRes~ studentTa garTobis formad deref­
nebSi qaRaldis TviTmfrinavebis srolaSi Sejibrs gamarTavs
da, Tu gnebavT, ise moublagvdeba erovnuli nervi, rom ivane
javaxiSvilis suraTs gaataninebs kabinetidan.
igi aravis ar dauniSnavs.

509
 reqtoris mantia beWebze misma didma, patiosanma saxelma
moasxa.
universitetis gacocxlebis mimarTulebiT mSvenieri az­
rebi aqvs.
man kargad icis, rom garda dafasTan carciT dgomisa da
kompiuterTan urTierTobisa, SualedebSi studentis dro
imi­Tac unda amoavsos, ris gareSec momavali specialisti ver
warmoidgineba.
universitetSi ganaxldeba Sexvedrebi saintereso adamia­
nebTan.
universitetSi aRsdgeba erovnuli TariRebis aRniSvnis
tradicia.
universitetSi gacocxldeba sadiskusio klubi.
gaimarTeba saerTaSoriso konferenciebi mecnierebis glo­
balur problemebze.
ganaxldeba axalgazrda mweralTa wre da sistematurad
gamoicema literaturuli almanaxi `pirveli sxivi~.
sunTqva daubrundeba sauniversiteto gamomcemlobas
da...
romeli erTi CamovTvalo.
lado papavam kargad icis, rom universitetis axalgazrda
mweralTa wreSi dafrTianda TiTqmis yvela Cveni Tanamedrove
saxelovani mwerali.
vesaubre axal reqtors da davrwmundi, rom igi swori
mimarTulebiT gauZRveba erovnuli inteligenciis samWedlos.
SeiZleba amTaviTve iTqvas, rom deda-universiteti gadar­
Cenilia.

2013 w.

510
 asarCevi
sagnis mizani da amocanebi......................................................... 7
XX saukunis dasawyisi da mwerloba....................................... 10
mecxramete saukunis dasasrulisa da meoce saukunis
dasawyisis saqarTvelos socialur-politikuri da
literaturuli viTareba........................................................ 13
egnate ninoSvili (1859 - 1894)............................................... 26
vasil barnovi (1857 - 1934)..................................................... 43
daviT kldiaSvili (1862 - 1931).............................................. 52
Sio aragvispireli (1867-1926)................................................ 69
Wola lomTaTiZe (1878 - 1916)................................................ 84
ociani wlebis literaturuli dajgufebani........................ 98
Salva dadiani (1874-1959)...................................................... 110
grigol robaqiZe (1880-1962)................................................ 129
niko lorTqifaniZe (1880 - 1944).......................................... 152
mixeil javaxiSvili (1880 - 1937).......................................... 171
leo qiaCeli (1884 - 1963)...................................................... 193
ioseb griSaSvili (1889 - 1965).............................................. 213
konstantine gamsaxurdia (1891-1975) .................................. 225
galaktion tabiZe (1891-1959)................................................ 268
polikarpe kakabaZe (1893 - 1972)........................................... 291
paolo iaSvili, tician tabiZe, valerian gafrindaSvili.... 304
paolo iaSvili (1892 -1937)................................................... 306
tician tabiZe (1895 - 1937)................................................... 314
valerian gafrindaSvili (1890 - 1941) ................................ 323
terenti graneli (1898 _ 1934)............................................. 331
giorgi leoniZe (1899 _ 1966)............................................... 350
irakli abaSiZe (1909 _ 1992)................................................. 369
lado asaTiani (1917 _ 1943)................................................... 383
ioseb noneSvili (1919 – 1980).............................................. 396
murman lebaniZe (1922-2002).................................................. 418
ana kalandaZe (1924-2008)........................................................ 444
nodar dumbaZe (1928 _ 1984).................................................. 457
SoTa niSnianiZe (1929 _ 1999)................................................. 468
werilebi
vuSveloT kulturul memkvidreobas.................................. 495
soso sigua............................................................................... 503
RmerTma xeli moumarTos...................................................... 508
511
 Реваз Мишвеладзе
Избранные произведения
в 25 томах
Том XXV
Издательство „Сакартвелос Мацне”
Тбилиси 2013

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