ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis

saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. I

Tbilisi. 2011

andro gogolaZe, Temur Todua

aleqsandre makedoneli da kavkasia

(berZnul-qarTuli wyaroebis SedarebiTi analizi)

qarTul istoriul mwerlobaSi aleqsandre makedo-

nelis qarTlSi laSqrobis ambavi `moqcevaჲ qarTlisaჲs~
matianeSi da leonti mrovelis `mefeTa cxovrebaSi~
gvxvdeba. mecnierTa nawils es istoria aleqsandres
Semdgomi istorikosebis TxzulebebSi gaCenili ambebis
gamoZaxilad miaCnia. qarTvel mematianeTa es cnobebi
aseve ideologiur-politikur da sakralur datvirTvas
Seicavs _ aleqsandresTan, ukve legendad qceul `uswo-
ro did xelmwifesTan~ daekavSirebinaT qarTuli sa-
xelmwifos genezisi, misi memkvidreobisaTvis brZolaSi
Sobili qarTlis samefos formirebis procesi.
aleqsandre makedonelis Tavgadasavali misma Tana-
medrove Tu momdevno xanis mravalma istorikosma, sa-
xelmwifo moxelem Tu TanamebrZolma aRwera. misi sag-
miro saqmeebi imdenad popularuli iyo, rom jer kidev
mis sicocxleSi daiwyes aleqsandres cxovrebis zRap-
ruli ferebiT Semosva. am legendarulma versiebma mog-
vianebiT Sves romani, romelic istoriaSi `aleqsan-
drianis~ saxelwodebiT aris cnobili. misi avtori uc-
nobia da pirobiTad mas fsevdokalisTenes uwodeben.

39
 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. I

romanis Seqmnis drod II-III saukuneebs miiCneven. romanis

uZvelesi xelnaweri III saukunis laTinuri originalia,
romelic ekuTvnis iulius valerianes.1
`aleqsandriani~ mraval enaze iTargmna, maT Soris
qarTuladac, magram mis uZveles qarTul versias Cvenam-
de ar mouRwevia. mecnierTa varaudiT, qarTuli versia
IX saukuniT TariRdeba. gvaqvs mogviano xanis Targmani,
romelic XVII-XVIII saukuneebis mijnaze uTargmnia arCil
mefes, xolo arCiliseuli `aleqsandriani~ gauleqsavs
petre CxataraiZes. es qarTuli Targmani serbul-rusuli
variantidan aris gadmoRebuli. TviT serbuli variantis
wyaro ki berZnuli dednis teqsti iyo. savaraudod, qar-
Tuli Targmani, romanis erT-erT uZveles versias eyrd-
noba. berZnuli originalis es versia, XIII-XIV saukunee-
bis xelnaweri, dakargulia, Tumca SemorCenilia roma-
nis sxva xelnawerebi, romlebic ufro adrindel xanas,
faqtobrivad misi Seqmnis axlo periods ganekuTvneba.
isini IV-VIII saukuneebiT TariRdeba. saerTod, Zvel ber-
Znul enaze cnobilia am romanis eqvsi xelnaweri.2
romani aRwers aleqsandre makedonelis Tavgada-
savals, romelic, rogorc aRvniSneT, savsea mTavari
gmiris garSemo Seqmnili mravali istoriuli, folklo-
ruli Tu legendaruli siuJetiT. swored `aleqsandri-
anSi~ ganviTarebul erT-erT siuJets miiCneven mecniere-
bi `moqcevaÁs~ matianisa da leonti mrovelis wyarod _
aleqsandres laSqrobis Sesaxeb qarTlSi da zogadad

1 s. yauxCiSvili. berZnuli literaturis istoria. t. II. Tb. 1949, gv.

230-231; aleqsandriani. teqsti gamosacemad moamzada, gamokvleva,
komentarebi, leqsikoni da saZieblebi daurTo r. mirianaSvilma.
Tb. 1980, gv. 3-5.
2 aleqsandriani, gv. 7-9; v. vaSakiZe. mefeTa cxovreba da berZnuli
aleqsandriani. kr. `istoriul-wyaroTmcodneobiTi gamokvlevebi~.
Tb. 1991, gv. 39-40.
40
 andro gogolaZe, Temur Todua. aleqsandre makedoneli da kavkasia
(berZnul-qarTuli wyaroebis SedarebiTi analizi)

kavkasiaSi. k. kekeliZis azriT, romanSi aRwerili ambavi,

aleqsandres mier velur xalxTa gandevnisa da Crdi-
loeTis mTebSi gadarekvis, maTi iq Semwyvdevis istoria
safuZvlad daedo qarTul wyaroebSi CvenTvis kargad
nacnob istoriebs, aq aleqsandres mier xorcismWameli
da uwminduri xalxebis damarcxebis Sesaxeb. s. yauxCiS-
vili varaudobs, rom romanSi kavkasiis gaCena modis
TviT aleqsandres avtorebisgan, radgan maT indoeTSi
laSqrobis ambavi SecdomiT daakavSires aleqsandres
mier kavkasosis mTebis gadalaxvasTan. aqedan romanis
zogierT versiaSi gaCnda kavkasiis mxareebi, rogorc
aleqsandres dapyrobili adgilebi. T. yauxCiSvili eTan-
xmeba am versiebs da aRniSnavs, rom `aleqsandriani~ da-
edo wyarod qarTveli mematianeebis cnobebs.3 qarTuli
da berZnuli Txzulebebis teqstologiuri Sedarebebis
safuZvelze v. vaSakiZe askvnis, rom leonti mroveli
sargeblobda `aleqsandrianis~ im xelnaweriT, romelic
samecniero literaturaSi J redaqciiT aris cnobili.4
unda aRiniSnos, rom `aleqsandrians~ adreuli xa-
nebidanve icnobda Zveli qarTuli mwerloba. romanis
fragmentebis kvali marTlac Cans qarTul wyaroebSi.
kerZod, Cvens mier dasaxelebuli Txzulebebis garda,
romans icnobs daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosi da Jam-
TaaRmwereli. romanis mixedviT, aleqsandre makedone-
lis aRmosavleTSi laSqrobis marSruti zogadad ase-
3 k. kekeliZe. Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis istoria. t. I. Tb. 1951, gv.
219; s. yauxCiSvili. berZnuli literaturis istoria. t. II. Tb. 1949,
gv. 232-235; T. yauxCiSvili. berZeni mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelos
Sesaxeb. V. Tb. 1983, gv. 148-150; iv. javaxiSvili. Txzulebani. t. VIII.
Tb. 1977. gv. 114-115.
4 v. vaSakiZe. mefeTa cxovreba da berZnuli aleqsandriani. mec-
nierebaSi miRebulia romanis Zveli berZnuli teqstis eqvsi
redaqcia da maT aRniSnaven Semdegnairad: α, β, γ, δ, λ, ε. versiebi. gv.
39, 44-45.
41
 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. I

Tia: sparseTi _ mefe herakles (iraklis) da semiramida

dedoflis samefo; makiriniis Walakni _ brahmanTa da
netarTa samyofeli, maTi mbrZanebelis iovanTes (iova-
nes, rusul versiaSi _ Ивант) samyaro, samoTxis kari
(iqidan gamomavali oTxi mdinariT: geoni, fisoni, tig-
rosi da evfrati) – zRapruli adamianebiT, cxovelebiT,
ukvdavebis wylebiT savse samyaro. aqedan eqvsi dRis sa-
valze indoeTis sazRvari _ mefe poris samefo, ro-
melsac amarcxebs aleqsandre pirispir SebmaSi; Semdeg
mazianes (amaZonebis) qveyana, amazinis dedofal kliTev-
ras sabrZanebeli; aqedan aRmosavleTiT mersilonis qve-
yana, sadac mefobda evriminTe. swored evriminTes da-
marcxebis Semdeg SeSindnen urwmuno warmarTebi da
aleqsandrem devna isini CrdiloeTis kidemde: `warmarT-
Ta maT urwmunoTa mis kidissaganTa sdevna maT, vidre
maRalTa da didTa mTamde, romelTaca borcvni Crdi-
loeTisani ewodebodian~. rogorc romanSia aRwerili,
es tomebi aleqsandrem Sehyara mTebSi, RmerTebis daxma-
rebiT Caketa isini iq, gaakeTa didi spilenZis kari,
wausva jadosnuri wamali, romelsac arc cecxli ekare-
boda da arc rkina.5
am kars arCiliseul TargmanSi kadspidni, serbu-
lis uZveles rusul TargmanSi, romelic XV saukuniT
TariRdeba Врата аспидеска6 ewodeba. aRniSnul ambavs Tan
axlavs CamonaTvali warmarTi xalxebisa da am sias Zve-
li aRTqmis, winaswarmetyvelebebis da gamocxadebebis
kvali adevs. isini moxseniebulni arian gogisa da mago-
gis xalxebad. qarTul teqstSi maTi CamonaTvali ase-

5 aleqsandriani, gv. 143-144.

6 Александрия, Роман об Александре Македонском по русской рукописи XV ве-
ка. издание подготовили М. Н. Ботвинник, Я. С. Лурье и О. В. Творогов. М-Л.
1965, gv. 55, 120.
42
 andro gogolaZe, Temur Todua. aleqsandre makedoneli da kavkasia
(berZnul-qarTuli wyaroebis SedarebiTi analizi)

Tia: RoRTi da maRoRTi, naRosni, aRasie, zanixi, avarne-

si, TiTie, anevi, farzani, klemiadi, zaneriTi, Teinani,
marTiani, xomoni, kenianei, salaTari.7
berZnul teqstSi gogisa da magogis xalxebi mon-
RolebTan da goTebTan arian dakavSirebulni. am Camo-
naTvalSia qaldevelebi. rusul teqstSi qaldevelebi
moxseniebulni arian, rogorc Хамони. qarTulSic, ru-
sulis mixedviT _ xomoni. danarCeni qarTvel mTargm-
nels meqanikurad aqvs gadmotanili. rogorc vxedavT,
am xalxebis identifikacia realur istoriul samyaro-
Si faqtobrivad SeuZlebelia, miT umetes, rom romanis
mixedviT aleqsandres laSqrobis geografiuli punqte-
bis lokalizacia Zalian Znelia. n. nikoloziSvili fiq-
robs, rom romanis siriul da ebraul versiebSi moce-
muli es xalxebi msgavsia istoriuli eTnosebis, bib-
liuri personaJebis da istoriul-geografiuli saxele-
bis. is varaudobs, rom es faqti amyarebs azrs, aleqsan-
dres kavkasiaSi laSqrobis Sesaxeb.8
rac Seexeba qarTuli wyaroebis cnobebs, aleqsand-
res mier warmarTi xalxebis damarcxebis Sesaxeb, `moq-
cevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ siuJetiT, rodesac aleqsandre movi-
da qarTlSi, `ixilna naTesavni bun-Turqni msxdomareni
mdinaresa mtkuarsa... daukvirda aleqsandres da cna, ra-
meTu ieboselTa naTesavni iyvnes, yovelsa xorcielsa
Wamdes da samare maTi ar iyo~, amis Semdeg aleqsandre
aiyara da wavida. am droisaTvis qarTlSi movidnen qal-
develTagan devnilni honni (hunebi Tu huriani _ am sa-
kiTxze mkvlevarebSi azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa), `da Semdgo-
7 aleqsandriani, gv. 144.
8 n. nikoloziSvili. `qarTuli elinizmis da qristianobis saTave-
ebTan `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁsa~ da `qarTvel mefeTa cxovrebis~ mi-
xedviT~. disertacia istoriis mecnierebaTa kandidatis samecniero
xarisxis mosapoveblad. Tb. 2006, gv. 12-17.
43
 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. I

mad ramodenisame Jamisa movida aleqsandre mefe yovli-

sa queyanisaÁ da dalewna samni ese qalaqni da cixeni
da honTa dasca maxvili da meot iqmnnes~.9
leonti mrovelis cnobiT: `aleqsandre gamovida
dasavliT da Sevida samxriT, Semovida CrdiloT, gar-
damovlina kavkasni da movida qarTlad da povna yovel-
ni qarTvelni uborotes yovelTa naTesavTa sjuliTa...
yovelsa suliersa Wamdes, mkudarsa SesWamdes, viTarca
mxecni da pirutyuni... da ixilna ra ese naTesavni sas-
tikni warmarTni, romelTa igi Cuen bunTurqad da yiv-
Cayad uwodT...
Semdgomad amissa ganZlierda aleqsandre da daipy-
ra yoveli queyana da aRmovida queyanasa qarTlisasa...
xolo sarkinelT bunTurqTaganTa agines mefesa da ga-
niwyra aleqsandre da moicva qalaqi sarkine... xolo
sarkinelTa SesWirda, rameTu hbrZoda TerTmet Tue. iw-
yes farulad kldesa kafa da ganÃurites klde da igi
Seiltvodes kavkasiad~.10
rogorc vxedavT, garkveuli msgavseba aleqsandres
mier velur xalxTa damarcxebis Sesaxeb am Txzulebeb-
Si marTlac SeiniSneba. magram unda aRvniSnoT, rom
qarTul wyaroebSi ar aris cnobebi am xalxebis mTebSi
Caketvis da iq karis (simagreTa sistemis) Seqmnis Sesa-
xeb. CrdiloeTSi laSqrobisa da iq cixe-simagreTa si-

9 Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi. I. Tb. 1963,

gv. 81-82. bun-Turqebis da sxva warmarTi xalxebis qarTlSi mosax-
leobis legendis warmoSobis Sesaxeb ix. g. mamulia. klasobrivi
sazogadoebis da saxelmwifos Camoyalibeba Zvel qarTlSi. Tb.
1979, gv. 149-155; m. gogolaZe. qarTlis socialuri da politikuri
istoria `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ mixedviT. Tb. 2004, gv. 62-73.
10 leonti mroveli. `cxovreba qarTuelTa mefeTa da pirvelTagan-
Ta mamaTa da naTesavTa~. qarTlis cxovreba. teqsti dadgenili yve-
la ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier. t. I. Tb.
1955, gv. 17-18.
44
 andro gogolaZe, Temur Todua. aleqsandre makedoneli da kavkasia
(berZnul-qarTuli wyaroebis SedarebiTi analizi)

stemis Seqmnis ambebs ara aleqsandres, aramed qarTvel

mefeebs miaweren qarTveli mematianeebi. leontis cno-
biT, mirianma _ saurmagis Svilobilma ilaSqra durZu-
keTs: `Sevida mirvan durZukeTs da moaoxra durZukeTi
da WarTali da Seabna karni qvitkiriTa da uwoda saxe-
lad darubal~.11
juanSeris gadmocemiT, vaxtang gorgasalma daamar-
cxa CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi gogisa da magogis xalxebi,
alanebi da xazarebi, Seqmna kari darialis: `xolo dai-
morCilna ovsni da yivCayni da Seqmna karni ovseTisani,
romelTa Cuen darianisad uwodT. da aRaSenna mas zeda
godolni maRalni da daadgina mcvelad maxlobelni
igi mTeulni~.12
juanSeri maT ag da magugis saxelwodebiT, xolo
qveyanas magugeTis saxeliT icnobs.13
mkvlevarTa varaudiT, romanSi mocemuli fragmenti
_ velur xalxTa CamonaTvalis Sesaxeb modis `meTode
patarelis gamocxadebidan~. igi Seiqmna VII saukuneSi,
xolo misi uZvelesi xelnaweri laTinuria da ganekuT-
vneba VIII saukunes. am mosazrebiT vxedavT, rom romanSi
am xalxebis ambavi mogviano CanarTia, kerZod, sadRac,
VII-VIII saukuneebis. e. i. Zvel originalebSi _ II-III sau-
kunis versiebSi is ar gvxvdeba.14

11 leonti mroveli. cxovreba qarTuelTa mefeTasa da pirvelTagan-

Ta mamaTa da naTesavTa, gv. 28.
12 juanSeri. `cxovreba vaxtang gorgaslisa~. qarTlis cxovreba.
teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiS-
vilis mier. t. I. Tb. 1955, gv. 156.
13 juanSeri. `cxovreba vaxtang gorgaslisa~, gv. 162-163.
14 aleqsandriani, gv. 183; Роман об Александре Македонском по русской ру-
кописи XV века, gv. 248; k. kekeliZe varaudobs, rom leonti mrovelis
erT-erTi wyaro SeiZleba yofiliyo fsevdo-meTode patarelis `ga-
mocxadeba~. k. kekeliZe. Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria. t.
II. Tb. 1981, gv. 255: Zveli qarTuli versia ar SemorCenila, aris
XVII saukunisATargmani, romelic rusulidan aris Sesrulebuli
`xronoRrafi, sityva meored mosvlisaTvis patarelisni~.
45
 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. I

aqedan gamomdinare, Tu meTodi patarelis gamocxa-

debaSi mocemuli siuJeti – gogisa da magogis da sxva
warmarTi xalxebis ambavi daedo safuZvlad fsevdoka-
lisTenes romanis aRniSnul monakveTs, maSin Zalian
saeWvoa, rom `aleqsandrianis~ es fragmenti gamxdariyo
safuZveli `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~-is avtorisaTvis da mi-
si TxzulebiT mosargeble leonti mrovelisaTvis. n.
nikoloziSvilis azriT, Tu leontis cnobebi momdina-
reobs aleqsandrianidan, `moqcevaÁs~ cnobebi ar aris
aRebuli am romanidan, radgan iq ar gvxvdeba msgavsi
siuJetebi. xolo aleqsandres qarTlSi Semosvlis is-
toriul realobaze msjelobisas yuradRebas amaxvi-
lebs wyaroSi aleqsandres titulaturaze da misi
laSqrobis Semdeg qarTulSi gaCenil berZnuli termi-
nologiaze. mecnieri varaudobs, rom `moqcevaÁ qarTli-
saÁs~ cnoba aleqsandres qarTlSi laSqrobis Sesaxeb
ar unda ganvixiloT, leontis mrovelis cnobebTan er-
Tad, rogorc fsevdo-kalisTenes berZnuli aleqsan-
drianidan momdinare.15
savaraudod, qarTul matianeebSi am xalxTa kavka-
siaSi gamoCena, maTi yivCaRebad, bunTurqebad da xazare-
bad aRqma, ara fsevdokalisTenes romanis gaazrebiT,
aramed kidev ufro Zveli, bibliuri memkvidreobis gav-
leniT xdeba.
zogierTi mkvlevris azriT, am veluri xalxebis
daxasiaTeba, maTi gogisa da magogis ZeebTan Sedareba
aqvT mocemuli antikuri samyaros avtorebs herodotes,
strabons, plutarqes. amitom qarTul wyaroebSi am
xalxebis daxasiaTeba mxolod fsevdokalisTenes roma-
nis mixedviT ar unda iyos swori, miT umetes, strabons

15n. nikoloziSvili. `aleqsandre makedoneli da `nastagisi~. kreb.

`klio~. Tb. 2003, gv. 4-6.
46
 andro gogolaZe, Temur Todua. aleqsandre makedoneli da kavkasia
(berZnul-qarTuli wyaroebis SedarebiTi analizi)

da plutarqes ver davwamebT, rom folkloruli `aleq-

sandrianis~ STabeWdilebebiT werdnen.16
sainteresoa, qarTul TargmanSi aleqsandres kare-
bis geografiuli dasaxeleba - `kadspidni~, romelic
etimologiurad msgavsia darubandis, kaspiis karisa.
magram kaspiis kari am gadmosasvlelis gviandeli for-
maa, qarTul wyaroebSi is sxva saxelwodebiT gvxvdeba.
leonti mrovelTan da saerTod Zvel qarTul mwerlo-
baSi kaspiis kars darubands, darubandis kars, daruban-
dis gzas uwodebdnen. rac Seexeba darials, leonti mas
`karni kavkasianTas~ uwodebs, saidanac gza gadadioda
oseTSi. unda aRiniSnos, rom wyaroebi xSirad urevdnen
erTmaneTSi darialis da darubandis gadmosasvlelebs
da saerTo saxeli kaspiis kari, an aleqsandres kari
ewodeboda. Zvel berZnul mwerlobaSi kaspiis kari, kas-
piis bWeni _ es hirkaniis mTebia _ gadasasvleli mi-
diidan parTiaSi.17
`aleqsandrianis~ gogisa da magogis samyaro aR-
mosavleTSi, indoeTis mxareebSia. romanSi mocemuli
geografiuli adgilebi zust konturebs ar iZleva.
aleqsandrem es xalxebi sadRac aRmosavleTSi, ukidu-
res mxareebSi daamarcxa. maSindeli indoeTi, zogadad,
mTel aRmosavleTs aRniSnavda. indoeTi, im drois war-
modgenebiT, miwieri samoTxis _ adam da evas samyofels
moicavda, sadac, rogorc romani mogviTxrobs, ukvdave-
bas eZiebda misi mTavari gmiri.
qarTul wyaroebSi aleqsandres laSqroba konkre-

16 gr. qavTaria. fsevdo-kalisTenes aleqsandriani da Zveli qarTu-

li saistorio mwerloba. qarTuli diplomatia (weliwdeuli). t. 9.
Tb. 2002, gv. 540.
17 berZeni mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. V. Zveli berZ-
nulidan Targmna, gamokvleva da saZieblebi daurTo TinaTin yaux-
CiSvilma. Tb. 1983. gv. 137-138.
47
 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. I

tul geografiul arealSia moqceuli, rac romanSi ase

ar aris aRqmuli. miT umetes, rom romanis arc berZ-
nul, arc serbul da rusul da arc qarTul versiebSi
kavkasiaze araferia naTqvami maSin, roca siuJeti exeba
aleqsandres laSqrobas CrdiloeTSi.
Tumca, erTi unda aRvniSnoT, romanis mixedviT,
aleqsandre am xalxebis samyofelSi xvdeba mas Semdeg,
rac igi gaivlis amazinis-amaZonebis qveyanas. amaZonebis
samyofeli, zogadad, kolxeTis mezoblad, Savi zRvis
samxreTiT igulisxmeboda. miuxedavad imisa, rom amaZo-
nebis arseboba realur istoriul samyaroSi saerTod
saeWvoa, maSindeli berZnuli geografiuli warmod-
genebiT, daaxloebiT am regionSi lokalizdeba. ariane,
romelic aRwers aleqsandres laSqrobebis istorias,
aRniSnavs, rom amaZonebi im droisaTvis (aleqsandres
epoqaSi) ukve aRar iyvnen, magram misTvis cnobili iyo
maTi arsebobisa da kolxeTTan mezoblobis Sesaxeb.18
Tu Cven amaZonebs realur istoriul sivrceSi gan-
vixilavT, maSin, romanis mixedviT, aleqsandrem gamoia-
ra Savi zRvis samxreT sanapiroebi da CrdiloeTis ma-
Rali mTebisaken Semovida kavkasiaSi. iq daamarcxa es
xalxebi, gadareka mTebs iqiT da Seqmna kaspiis kari.
am rekonstruqciiT aleqsandres marSruti kavkasia-
Si aseTia: amaZonebis qveyana – samxreT kavkasia, Savi
zRvis sanapiroebi. CrdiloeTis mxareebi – qarTli da
misi mTianeTi, iq myofi xalxebi. kadspidni – kaspiis ka-
ri, kavkasiis gadmosasvlelebi – dariali da darubandi.

18 aleqsandriani, gv. 142-143; T. yauxCiSvili. berZeni mwerlebis cno-

bebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. gv. 124-125, 184-185: kurcius rufusi gvaZ-
levs cnobas, rom `amaZonebi hirkaniis mezobeli tomi iyo. maT hyav-
daT dedofali Talestrisi, romelic mbZaneblobda kavkasosis
mTebsa da mdinare fasiss Soris~. antikuri kavkasia, enciklopedia,
t. I. wyaroebi. Tb. 2010, gv. 494.
48
 andro gogolaZe, Temur Todua. aleqsandre makedoneli da kavkasia
(berZnul-qarTuli wyaroebis SedarebiTi analizi)

rac Seexeba romanSi CrdiloeTis (CrdiloeTis ki-

de, borcvni CrdiloeTisani) moxseniebas, kavkasiis gad-
mosasvlelebad mis aRqmas, es jer kidev Zvel winaswar-
metyvelebebsa da mwerlobaSi gvxvdeba. ezekielis da
ieremias winaswarmetyvelebebSi CrdiloeTi, gogisa da
magogis xalxebis samefod aRiqmeba. qarTul mwerlo-
baSi Crdilo, CrdiloeTi sazRvari, iq mcxovrebi to-
mebiT, geografiulad moicavs, rogorc kavkasiis gaR-
ma mxareebs, aseve sakuTriv qarTlsac.19
Cveni azriT, SesaZloa, romanSi aRwerili aleq-
sandres es marSruti gaxda safuZveli qarTul wyaroeb-
Si aleqsandres qarTlSi laSqrobis istoriisa. Tumca
migvaCnia, rom qarTul wyaroebSi aleqsandres mosvlis
ambavs, garda romanis siuJetebisa, udevs sxva wyaroebi-
sa da gadmocemebis kvali, Tundac istoriuli sinamdvi-
lisgan cota Sors mdgomi, magram aucileblad gasaTva-
liswinebeli. es aris Zveli berZnuli wyaroebi, romle-
bic moixsenieben aleqsandres mier kavkasiis dapyrobas
da flobas.
garda fsevdokalisTenes romanisa, qarTuli sais-
torio mwerloba met-naklebad kargad icnobda antiku-
ri da elinisturi xanis mweralTa Semoqmedebas. es Cans
kidec Cveni mematianeebis TxzulebebSi, romelTaTvisac
cnobili iyo aramarto maTi saxelebi (herodote, plu-
tarqe, aristobule, ioseb flaviosi, kurcius rufusi),
aramed maTi nawarmoebebic. aleqsandres mier kavkasiis

19 leonti mroveli ovsebs da lekebs `CrdiloTa naTesavebs~ uwo-

debs, `cxovreba qarTuelTa mefeTa da pirvelTaganTa mamaTa da
naTesavTa~, gv. 46; abos wamebis avtori ki xazarebs `magogis STamo-
mavalT~ uwodebs, xazarebis qveyanas ki `queyanasa mas CrdiloÁsa-
sa, sada igi ars sadguri da banaki da sabanake ZeTa magogisTaÁ~.
Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturi Zeglebi. t. I. (V-X ss).
Tb. 1963, gv. 46.
49
 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. I

dapyrobis ambebi moTxrobili aqvT aseve iseT avtorebs,

romelTa Sesaxebac ar aris cnobebi qarTul wyaroebSi,
magram sainteresoa maTi informaciebi sakiTxis garSe-
mo, radgan isinic SeiZleba yofiliyvnen qarTvel mema-
tianeTa pirvelwyaroebi.
gaius plinius sekundusi (ax. w. I s.) aRniSnavs, rom
aleqsandrem daipyro kavkasia, `es aris makedonia, rome-
lic odesRac mTeli samyaros mpyrobeli iyo da swvde-
boda azias, armenias, iberias, albanias, kapadokias, si-
rias, egviptes, tavruss, kavkasias~.20
msgavsi cnoba aqvs gaius iulius solinuss (ax. w.
III s.), romelic imeorebs pliniusis naTqvams `aleqsan-
dre didma daimorCila azia, armenia, albania ... tavrosi
da kavkasosi gadalaxa~.21
ioseb flaviosis (ax.w. I s.) gadmocemiT, romaelebi
vespasianes dros apirebdnen ESeWriliyvnen midiaSi da
`amitom hirkanelTa mefesTan molaparakebas awarmoebd-
nen. es imitom, rom hirkanelTa mefe iyo mflobeli ga-
sasvlelis, romelic mefe aleqsandrem rkinis bWeebiT
Caketa. hirkanelTa mefem maT gza misca. mravalricxova-
ni alani Tavs daesxa midielebs~.22
kurcius rufusis (ax.w. I s.) aRweril aleqsandres
laSqrobaSi moxseniebulia kavkasosis mTebi, sadamdec
manZili makedonelebma 17 dReSi gaiares. kavkasosi sxva
wyaroebSi indoeTis mTebad aris warmoCenili, magram am
avtorTan aleqsandres laSqrobis marSruti kavkasosis
mTebisaken midis amaZonebis samyofelis gavliT, rac
eWvs badebs, rom avtoris aRwerili ambavi exeba kavka-

20 antikuri kavkasia, gv. 497.

21 antikuri kavkasia, gv. 560.
22 antikuri kavkasia, gv. 227; T. yauxCiSvili. berZeni mwerlebis cno-
bebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. V, gv. 92.
50
 andro gogolaZe, Temur Todua. aleqsandre makedoneli da kavkasia
(berZnul-qarTuli wyaroebis SedarebiTi analizi)

sias da ara indoeTis mxareebs. kurcius rufusi amaZo-

nebis samyofels kavkasiaSi, kerZod, mdinare fasisis
mxareebSi moixseniebs.23
klavdios ptolemaiosis (ax. w. II s. ) cnobiT, sarma-
tiis karTan siaxloves iyo aleqsandres svetebi. sarma-
tiis kari ki avtorTan darialis gadmosasvlels aRniS-
navda.24
somexi istorikosi mose xorenelic aRniSnavs, rom
aleqsandrem daipyro kavkasia. igi wers vinme did qarT-
vel pitiaxS mihrdatze, romelic `aleqsandrem iveriel-
Ta qveynidan moyvanili tyveebis xelisuflad daadgina.
mihrdats miando CrdiloeTis mxaris da pontos zRvis
gamgebloba~.25
am wyaroebidan Cans, rom aleqsandrem daipyro kav-
kasia, magram amis mtkiceba Znelia, radgan is mematiane-
ebi, romlebic aleqsandres Tan axldnen laSqrobaSi,
an misi Tanamedroveni iyvnen, ar aRniSnaven aleqsandres
kavkasiaSi mosvlas. aqedan gamomdinare, mkvlevrebs
eeWvebaT qarTvel mematianeebTan daculi cnobebis is-
toriuli sinamdvile. miuxedavad imisa, rom am cnobebs
mecnierebi pirvelwyaroebs ver uZebnian, xelaRebiT ver
uaryofen mis WeSmaritebas.
TviT arianec garkveul miniSnebas iZleva aleq-
sandres mier kavkasiis flobis Sesaxeb. mas aRwerili
aqvs aleqsandres aRmosavleTSi laSqroba. igi kritiku-
lad afasebs misi winamorbedebis naSromebs aleqsand-

23 antikuri kavkasia. gv. 493-495.

24 T. yauxCiSvili. berZeni mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelo Sesaxeb.
V, gv. 138; antikuri kavkasia, gv. 356 b.
25 movses xorenaci. somxeTis istoria. Zveli somxuridan Targmna,
Sesavali da komentarebi daurTo a. abdalaZem. Tb. 1984, gv. 111: Tum-
ca, unda aRvniSnoT, rom movses xorenaci, savaraudod, im wyaroe-
biT sargeblobs, riTac sargeblobdnen qarTveli mematianeebi.
51
 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. I

res Sesaxeb. Sesworebebic ki Seaqvs Zvel cnobebSi. es

exeba ara marto istoriul faqtebs, aramed laSqrobis
istoriul-geografiul sakiTxebsac. rogorc cnobilia,
arianes mocemuli aqvs aleqsandres kavkasosis mTebSi
yofna, magram mematiane iqve ganmartavs, rom es ara hir-
kaniis zRvasTan mdebare kavkasionia, aramed indoeTis
parapamisosis (hindi-yuSi) mTebi. igi eTanxmeba eritos-
Tene kvirinels im sakiTxSi, rom makedonelebma aleq-
sandres kavkasiaSi mosvla _ promeTes gamoqvabulTan,
mefis saameblad Seqmnes. amitomac, mTa kavkasosi ponto-
dan dedamiwis ufro aRmosavleTSi gadaitanes.26
vfiqrobT, sayuradReboa arianes erTi cnoba, sadac
aleqsandre mimarTavs jars da CamoTvlis im xalxebs
da mxareebs, romlebic makedonelebma daimorCiles: `Tu
Tqven yvelas gindaT wasvla, yvelani wadiT, xolo Sin
rom mixvalT, uambeT [Tqvenianebs, rom miatoveT] Tqveni
mefe, aleqsandre, romelmac gaimarjva sparselebze, mi-
dielebze, baqtrielebze da sakebze, daimorCila uq-
siebi, araxotebi, drangebi; mflobeli parTielebis, xo-
razmelebis, hirkanielebis vidre kaspiis zRvamde; is,
romelmac gadaiara kavkasosi kaspiis bWis zemoT, gada-
laxa mdinare oqsosi da tanaisi, aseve mdinare indosi,
rac dionises garda aravis gadauvlia.27
Cveni azriT, aq saubaria kavkasiis mTebze da ara
indoeTis hindiyuSze. T. yauxCiSvili eWvobs, rom es kav-
kasioni iyos, radgan aleqsandres kavkasiis mTebi ar ga-
daulaxavs, magram iqve aRniSnavs, rom es adgili dama-
fiqrebelia.28

26 T. yauxCiSvili. berZeni mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb.

V, gv. 181-182; Арриан. Поход Александра. СПб. 1993, gv. 132-133.
27 T. yauxCiSvili. berZeni mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb.
V, gv. 184; Арриан. Поход Александра, gv. 190.
28 T. yauxCiSvili. berZeni mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb.
V, gv. 184.
52
 andro gogolaZe, Temur Todua. aleqsandre makedoneli da kavkasia
(berZnul-qarTuli wyaroebis SedarebiTi analizi)

arianes am cnobas yuradReba miaqcia n. nikolozi-

Svilma, romelic aRniSnavs, rom SesaZlebelia aq sauba-
ria pontos kavkasiaze da masTan dakavSirebuli ambebi
xelovnurad Tu uneblieT miawera avtorma indoeTis
kavkasias.29
kaspiis bWe – kaspiis kari, es hirkaniis mTebia –
midiidan parTiaSi gadasasvleli. kaspiis zRvis samxre-
Ti – hirkaniis kari.30
Tu kaspiis bWe hirkaniis mTebia, maSin mis zemoT
arsebuli mTebis sistema kavkasionis mTagrexilia da
ara hindiyuSi. hindiyuSi namdvilad ver iqneboda hirka-
niis mTebs zemoT.
aq erTi SexedviT Cans, rom aleqsandres kavkasiac
daupyria da es exmianeba, rogorc zemoT dasaxelebuli
berZeni avtorebis, ise qarTveli mematianeebis mier
aRweril ambebs.
Cveni azriT, qarTveli mematianeebis wyarod, fsev-
dokalisTenes romanis `aleqsandrianis~ garda, SeiZle-
ba miviCnioT zemoT CamoTvlili berZeni istorikosebis
Txzulebebi, romlebic pirdapir migvaniSneben aleqsan-
dre makedonelis saqarTveloSi laSqrobis da mis mier
kavkasiis flobis Sesaxeb. makedonelis kavkasiaSi laSq-
robis sinamdvilis mtkiceba Znelia wyaroTa urTierT-
gamomricxavi cnobebis gamo, magram vfiqrobT, rom ga-
saTvaliswinebelia am Txzulebebis is siuJetebi, rom-
lebic zemoT dasaxelebul ambebs aseT interpretacias
ukeTeben.

29 n. nikoloziSvili. qarTuli elinizmis da qristianobis saTave-

ebTan `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁsa~ da `qarTvel mefeTa cxovrebis~ mi-
xedviT, gv. 36-37.
30 pliniusi da dion kasiusi kaspiis karSi darials an darubands
gulisxmoben.
53
 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. I

Andro Gogoladze, Temur Todua

ALEXANDER OF MACEDON AND THE CAUCASUS

(COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE GRAECO-GEORGIAN
SOURCES)

Summary

The narrative about Alexander the Great’s campaign in Kartli

(Eastern Georgia) is inspired by the Greek writings and literary legacy.
This story is told in two principle Georgian records: “Conversion of
Kartli” (Moktsevai Kartlisai) and “The Life of Kartli (Georgia)” (Kartlis
Tskhovreba”). And historians think this story to be derived from
Alexander’s Romance by Pseudo-Callisthenes. Comparative analysis of
the Greek and the Georgian sources led us to a conclusion as follows:
some more Greek records had been applied to create the Georgian story
for Alexander’s voyage in Kartli.

54