lali avaliani

qarTuli modernizmis iZulebiTi aRsasruli

modernizmi, klasikuri realizmi da komunistur

ideologiaze orientirebuli literatura
(1920-iani wlebi)

`qarTuli sabWoTa literatura~ da

`qarTuli modernizmis~ urTierTmimarTeba

ociani wlebis damdegisa da, gansakuTrebiT, 1924 wlis SeT-

qmulebis arnaxuli sisastikiT CaxSobis Semdgom, sabolood
damarcxda xelovanis Tavisuflebis iluzia totalitarul sa-
xelmwifoSi. amis naTelsayofad mSrali statistikis moxmobac
kmara; `cisferyanwelebs~, 1924 wlis Semdeg, arcerTi period-
uli organo ar gamouciaT: Jurnal `meocnebe niamorebisa~ da
gazeT `barrikadis~ mxolod bolo nomrebi TariRdeba am wliT.
igive bedi ewvia `akademiuri mwerlobis asociaciis~ Jurnal-
gazeTebsac: `xomaldi~ (1921-23, redaqtori aleqsandre abaSeli),
`ilioni~, `lomisi~, `saqarTvelos samreklo~ (1922-23, redaqto-
ri konstantine gamsaxurdia), `kavkasioni~ (1924-25, redaqtori
pavle ingoroyva), `qarTuli sityva~ (1923, redaqtori vaxtang
kotetiSvili). pavle ingoroyvas sasowarkveTili mcdeloba im
droisaTvis marTlac saukeTeso da, `warmaval literaturul
modaze maRla mdgari~ Jurnalis gadasarCenad, sruli kraxiT
damTavrda; 1925 wlisaTvis redaqtori iZulebuli gaxda `kavka-
sioni~ saswrafod `axal kavkasionad~ gadaenaTla, Tumca esec ar
aRmoCnda sakmarisi: 1925 wliT daTariRebuli ori gaerTianebu-
li nomeri (# 1-2) ukanaskneli aRmoCnda.
modernizmisa da klasikuri realizmis pozitiuri urTi-
erTmimarTeba yvelaze TvalsaCinod Jurnal `kavkasionSi~ aRi-
beWda. am mxriv ganuzomelia pavle ingoroyvas Rvawli. aq ki
mcire eqskursi dagvWirdeba `akademiuri mwerlobis asocia-
ciis~ dasaxasiaTeblad:
is erTi romelime literaturuli mimdinareobis mimdevari
ar gaxldaT. amitom mas literaturuli skolis an Tundac li-
teraturul TanamoazreTa jgufis saxels ver mivakuTvnebT.

107
`asociaciaSi~ gaerTianebulni iyvnen sxvadasxva Taobis, gemov-
nebisa Tu mimarTulebis mwerlebi, romelTa mxatvruli mizan-
dasaxuloba da amocanebi zogjer urTierTsapirispiroc ki iyo.
sabWouri literaturaTmcodneoba `akademiuri mwerlobis
asociacias~ (cnobili iyo agreTve `akademiuri mwerlobis kav-
Siris~ da `Zveli mwerlobis kavSiris~ saxelwodebiTac) ukidu-
resad memarjvene, konservatorul, antirealistur, naciona-
listur dajgufebad miiCnevda. dRevandeli sazrisiT, arcerT
zemoxsenebul epiTets ara aqvs uaryofiTi Seferiloba. maSin
ki amgvari braldebebi Zalze saSiSi gaxldaT; miT umetes, rom
`akademiuri mwerlobis asociacia~ oqtombris revoluciis mier
damxobili klasebis ganwyobilebaTa gamomxatvelad iyo aRiarebuli.
asociacia mravalricxovani iyo; masSi Sediodnen: aleqsan-
dre abaSeli, konstantine gamsaxurdia, pavle ingoroyva, kote
mayaSvili, daviT kldiaSvili, niko lorTqifaniZe, mixeil javax-
iSvili, leo qiaCeli, varlam ruxaZe, xariton vardoSvili, ge-
ronti qiqoZe, Salva dadiani, sandro SanSiaSvili, terenti
graneli, marijani, aleqsandre quTaTeli, vaxtang kotetiSvili,
ivane gomarTeli, ilo mosaSvili, aristo WumbaZe, solomon Ta-
vaZe... `asociaciis~ beWdur organoebSi monawileobdnen grigol
robaqiZe, galaktion tabiZe da `cisferyanwelebic~.
gadaWarbebulia ukiduresi konservatizmis braldeba `aka-
demistebis~ mimarT; ZiriTadi birTvi qarTuli mwerlobis mo-
dernizaciisa da evropeizaciisaTvis iRvwoda. maTi konser-
vatizmi ufro socialur-politikur sferoSi aisaxa, vidre
mxatvrul-esTetikurSi. jgufis periodul presas rom gadav-
xedoT, gavocdebiT, isea daSorebuli maTi interesebi `social-
isturi aRmSeneblobis~ problemebisagan; maTTvis TiTqos arc
arsebobs oqtombris revolucia! am mxriv jgufi gansxvavdeba
`cisferi ordenisagan~, romelic mxolod deklaraciulad ki ar
miesalma, aramed leqsebic ki uZRvna `axal saqarTvelos~, sab-
WoTa xelisuflebasTan imTaviTve loialuri damokidebuleba
da TanamSromlobis survilic gaamJRavna.
`futurist-lefelTa~ jgufmac, Tundac litoni sityviT,
magram mainc revoluciis memkvidred gamoacxada Tavi, xolo
yvelaze `did sityvad~ oqtomberi aRiara.
`akademiuri mwerlobis asociacia~ ki gaemijna politikas,
misi umTavresi sazrunavi mwerlobis, Targmnis xelovnebis, li-
teraturaTmcodneobis problemebi gaxldaT.

108
 `akademistebma~ faseulobaTa gadafasebis `cisferyanwele-
biseuli~ da futuristuli radikalizmi ar gaiziares. isini war-
sulis kulturuli memkvidreobis, msoflio da qarTuli klasi-
kuri mwerlobis didi moamageni da popularizatorebi iyvnen.
usafuZvloa maTTvis antirealistTa iarliyis miwebebac; Tum-
ca maTi radikaluri frTa, romlis usaCinoesi warmomadgeneli
iyo konstantine gamsaxurdia, did interess avlenda antirea-
listuri mimarTulebebisadmi; iyo eqspresionizmis, misticiz-
mis qomagi, nicSeanizmis mqadagebeli da a. S.
`akademiuri mwerlobis asociacia~ dRes mweralTa meqanikur
gaerTianebad gvesaxeba. isini TviT iyvnen qarTul mwerlobaSi
`seqtantobisa~ da romelime calkeuli mimarTulebiT gatace-
bis winaaRmdegni. maT umravlesobas kargad hqonda gaazrebuli
da gacnobierebuli imdroindeli qarTuli mwerlobis naklo-
vanebebi, kerZod is, rom aziuri gavlenisagan gaTavisuflebu-
li qveyana kargad ar icnobda dasavleTis Zvel Tu Tanamedrove
literaturasa da xelovnebas. isinic, `cisferyanwelTa~ msgav-
sad, dasavluri mwerlobis popularizacias eweodnen, Tumca,
maTgan gansxvavebiT, `skolur~ mikerZoebas ar amJRavnebdnen.
is, rom `akademiuri mwerlobis kavSirs~ literaturuli sko-
lis, jgufis, an metadre, mimdinareobis Seqmnis mizani ar hqo-
nia, – mis pirvelsave JurnalSi gacxadda: `mimarTulebas arsad
Seuqmnia mwerali, piriqiT ki. Cvenc moviTxovT mwerlisagan ara
mimarTulebas, aramed, Semoqmedebas upirveles yovlisa.
...Tu realizms cxovrebis xundze hyavda gakruli mwerlis
suli, simvolizms igi haSiSiT gabruebuli uniadago sagalima-
tio sferoSi Sehyavda.
Cveni mwerali arc xundze unda gaekras, xolo arc sagalima-
tiod unda moicalos. misi gza erTi unda iyos – Tavisufali Semo-
qmedeba, romelic Sinagani damoukidebeli gancdis saSualebiT
SeigrZn-Seicnobs samyaros Tavisdanebisad gardaqmnisaTvis. am
gzas me ar unda vuwodo romelime skolis saxeli. is ufro sin-
Tezia, romelSic bolos da bolos unda moeqcnen yvela Ziebani
da mimarTulebani mwerlobisa...~ (alerti, `Cveni mwerlobis So-
riaxlo~, Jurnali `xomaldi~, 1921 wlis dekemberi, # 1).
grigol robaqiZisa da `cisferyanwelebis~ kvalobaze, kon-
stantine gamsaxurdiac mogvevlina nicSes apologetad, miuZR-
vna mas soneti `fridrih nicSes~ (`ilioni~, 1922 w., # 1):

109
 iyo golgoTa, vaimari da sils maria.
axali drois matiane Sen mogindeba.
Sen gvagrZnobine sinamdvile rom sizmaria,
rom axlovdeba Zvel RmerTebis Semobindeba.
... waxvedi sofliT varamisgan gulgamexili.
wminda fridrihi da jvarcmuli xar dionise,
Wabuki muxa grigalisgan gadatexili...

nicSes eZRvneba konstantine gamsaxurdiasa da irakli ta-

tiSvilis werilebic (`ilioni~, 1922 w., # №3).
`akademistebis~ rogorc radikaluri, aseve konservatoru-
li frTa aucileblobad miiCnevda qarTuli kulturis evro-
peizacias da modernizacias: `qarTvelobis winaSe dRes radi-
kaluri problema dgas – modernizacia.
me-19 saukunis qarTuli literatura sruliad CamorCenili
iyo Tavis dros. im primitiulma ideebma, romelic i. WavWavaZem,
n. nikolaZem da maTma literaturulma marqafebma Camoitanes
ruseTidan, qarTuli sulisa da kulturis renesansi ver gamo-
iwvies~ – konstantine gamsaxurdias es mosazreba (ix. `ilioni~,
1922 w., № 4), tyupiscaliviT rom Camohgavs `cisferi yanwebis~
10-iani wlebis deklaraciebs, avtors aTqmevinebs: `Cemze adre
gr. robaqiZem aiRo es gezi. me Tavidanve dasavleTis kulturis
apologeti viyavi. poeziaSic pirvelad (1918) mivuTiTe urbanis-
tul gzebze...~
es gancxadeba, ra Tqma unda, gadaWarbebulia. 1918 wlamde
galaktionic da `cisferyanwelebic~, arsebiTad da deklara-
ciuladac, – swored rom modernizmis, dasavleTis kulturis
apologetebad da urbanistebadac mogvevlinen.
unda iTqvas, rom Tu saTvalavSi ar CavagdebT drodadro
aRmocenebul mwvave polemikas, `akademistebi~ da `cisferyan-
welebi~ SemdegSi erTob mWidrod TanamSromlobdnen: gansa-
kuTrebiT gamoikveTa es viTareba `kavkasionSi~.
pavle ingoroyvam ase gansazRvra `kavkasionis~ gezi: `qarT-
veli sazogadoeba da pirvel rigSi TviT mwerlebi grZnoben im
Seuvsebel nakls, rom qarTul enaze ar arsebobs iseTi peri-
oduli organo, romelic iyves mTliani gamomxatveli qarTuli
Semoqmedebis da azrovnebis.
...Jurnali dgas yovelgvar viwro literaturul-jgufuri
interesebis gareSe. mweralTa kavSiri, romlis organoa `kavka-
sioni~, aerTianebs yvela qarTvel mwerlebs; yvela Tanamedro-

110
ve literaturul dajgufebebsa da skolebs, ramdenadac isini
marTlac warmoadgenen literaturul movlenas, daeTmobaT ad-
gili JurnalSi. erTaderTi sazomi, romliTac ixelmZRvanelebs
am SemTxvevaSi `kavkasioni~, es aris ideebi im maradi xelovnebisa,
romelic maRla dgas warmaval literaturul modaze, yovel-
gvar `memarjveneoba-memarcxeneobaze~. qarTuli mwerlobis
gverdiT, Jurnali sapatio adgils dauTmobs ucxoeTis lite-
raturis problemebis ganxilvas. qarTulma mwerlobam ukve da-
aRwia Tavi viwro provincialobas da `kavkasioni~ Seecdeba Se-
uwyos xeli qarTuli mwerlobis evropeizacias~.
`axali kavkasionis~ saredaqcio werili, dRevandeli dRis
samzeridan iZulebiT koniunqturulia, Tumca pavle ingoroyva
aqac zogjer sakmaod dauridebelia: `qarTveli Semoqmedi in-
teligenciis wreebi erTgvar gaorebas ganicdidnen axalSeqm-
nil pirobebSi; Tu erTis mxriv is socialuri ideebi, romlis ma-
tareblad gamodioda axali xelisufleba, ar iyo ucxo qarTuli
mwerlobisaTvis, meores mxriv, uneblied ibadeboda SiSi, rom
saqarTvelos axali xelisuflebis mier aRiarebuli erovnul-
kulturuli damoukideblobis principebi ver miiRebdnen
srul ganxorcielebas: rom erovnuli politikis xazi TandaTan
gaixreboda saqarTvelos sazianod, rom rusuli ena stiqiurad
dasCagravda qarTuls.
...Cven kidev erTxel movuwodebT qarTvel mweralTa farTe
wreebs gulwrfeli da aqtiuri TanamSromlobis niadagze sab-
WoTa xelisuflebasTan emsaxuron qarTuli mwerlobisa da
kulturis aRorZinebis saqmes.
...JurnalSi moTavsdeba Teoretiuli xasiaTis werilebi
marqsizmidan, sadac pirvel rigSi yuradReba mieqceva marq-
sizmis damokidebulebas xelovnebasTan...~
magram Jurnals da TviT `asociaciasac~ didi dRe aRar
ewera.
`proletaruli mwerlobis kavSiri~ (cnobilia sxva saxel-
wodebiTac: `proletarul mweralTa asociacia~, `proletaru-
li mwerloba~) 1922 wels TbilisSi daarsda. misi pirveli sa-
literaturo Jurnali `qura~ 1922 wlis martidan gamodioda.
Jurnalis saxelwodeba moskovis proletaruli mwerlobis
asociaciisa da misi Jurnalis – `kuznica~ – Taviseburi gadmo-
qarTuleba gaxldaT. `proletaruli mwerlobis kavSiri~ sab-
WoTa xelisuflebis da winamorbedi rusuli jgufis erTgvari
rupori iyo.

111
 maT imTaviTve daundobeli brZola gamoucxades `cisfer
ordens~, mogvianebiT, `futurist-lefelebsa~ da `akademiuri
mwerlobis asociacias~, viTarca antirealistur, sabWoTa ide-
ologiisaTvis sruliad Seuferebel mimdinareobebs.
literaturis klasobriobis principisa da SinaarsiT pro-
letaruli, formiT erovnuli mwerlobis aRiarebis Semdgom,
isini gadaWriT moiTxovdnen: `mwerloba Zvelad iyo individu-
alisturi, exla ki koleqtivisturi unda iyoso!~ Tanac, Semoq-
medebiT koleqtivistur procesSi, poetTa garda, muSebic unda
Cabmuliyvnen...
1921-23 wlebSi gamodioda `proletaruli mwerlobis~ mra-
vali Jurnali, asociacias mTavrobisagan arc sagangebo yurad-
Reba aklda da, cxadia, arc dafinanseba.
dRes es dajgufeba yvelaze odiozurad gveCveneba: Tavis
droze ki maT mxatvrul RirsebebSi eWvis Setana ar iyo `mizan-
Sewonili~. Tumca, samarTlianoba moiTxovs aRiniSnos, rom
qar-Tuli poeziis mxatvruli srulyofilebisaTvis brZola
arcrodis yofila maTi mizani: isini socialuri da politikuri
`dakveTis~ mondomebuli Semsruleblebi iyvnen.
aseTia mSrali faqtebi. magram dRevandel mkiTxvels uTuod
unda SevTavazoT is `koloriti~, romliTac imTaviTve gamoir-
Ca jgufi. `burJuaziul epoqaSi muSebs ar SeswevdaT arc dro
da arc garemoeba uwyobda maT xels, rom poeziis samsxverploze
moetanaT Tavisi Zala da energia. qarxanaSi mudamdRe momuSave
gamurul muSas ar SeeZlo goliaTuri nabijebi gadaedga Tavisi
muSuri poeziis ganviTarebis saqmeSi~ (`qura~, 1922).
asociaciis wevrebi `mavneblobad~ acxadebdnen devizs – `xe-
lovneba xelovnebisaTvis~; `cisferyanwelebs~ axasiaTebdnen
ro-gorc `ZmabiWebs quTaisidan~, romelnic evropis dasaRu-
pad ganwiruli kapitalizmis `loTifaSur~ suliskveTebas gad-
moscemdnen; `akademiuri mwerlobis asociacias~ retrogrado-
bas ukiJinebdnen: `Tu dari daudgaT, SeiZleba erTi saukuniT
ukan gadagvaqanono...~
maSin amgvar `saprogramo~ leqsebs hqonda gasavali:

...Tavs Semogavleb mecxramete saukunis qarTul mwerlobas,

did iliasac, eris saxeliT rom uyvarda RmerTTan baasi
da me Sens gverdiT davayeneb mxolod daniels,
Ripian batons rom CaarWo laxvari basri.

112
 Cemo egnate! saqarTvelo gamoicvala.
daviT droiZe Rrma miwaSi mZimed iZinebs.
TemaRmaskomis Tavmjdomared aris simona
da mSromel qalebs meTaurobs turfa qristine...

am leqsis – `egnates ZeglTan~ – avtorma, kale feodosiS-

vilma, platon qiqoZes rom davesesxoT, `proletaruli eTikis
kultis ganmaviTareblis mSvenieri magaliTiT~, – marTlac rom
`ukvdaveba~ daimkvidra. ai is `dauviwyari~ taepebic:
me mamas movklav, davaxrCob dedas,
revoluciam Tuki mibrZana...

SemdegSi cnobili prozaikosi konstantine lorTqifaniZe ki

maSin komunis erTgulebas samSoblos anacvalebda:
sanamde elavs gabasruli xmali komunis,
me Cems samSoblos yvelgan viSovi...

saocaria, rom zemoxsenebuli leqsebi ibeWdeba 1927 wels

(JurnalSi `proletaruli mwerloba~) anu galaktionis didi
krebulis, `zarniSiani wignis~ paralelurad! gavixsenoT, rom
amave wels iqmneba axali gaerTianeba `arifionic~, romelic
ise gansxvavdeba `proletaruli mwerlobisagan~, rogorc ca da
dedamiwa!
aseTi paradoqsebiT mdidaria imdroindeli qarTuli mwer-
loba; swored isini warmogviCenen ufskruls, romelic sufe-
vda WeSmarit poeziasa da Tavsmoxveuli `socialuri dakveTis~
SemsrulebelTa Soris; warmogviCenen tragedias, rac ganicada
qarTulma poeziam gasabWoebisa da, gansakuTrebiT, 1924 wlis
represiaTa Semdgom.

***
`cisferyanwelTa~ TaosnobiT daarsebul mweralTa kavSir-
Si (qarTveli mwerlebis pirveli, damfuZnebeli yriloba 1917
wlis 8-15 oqtombers Catarda), saqarTvelos aneqsiis Semdgom
wlebSive sabWoTa mTavrobam `proletaruli mwerloba~, faq-
tobrivad, ganusazRvreli uflebebiT aRWurva. mweralTa kav-
Siris istoriisa da literaturuli cxovrebis mkvlevris, revaz
kverenCxilaZis mravalwliani, skrupulozuri Sromis Sedegad,
sruliad naTelia `warsulis uarmyofel~ modernistTa wamy-
vani roli qarTvel mweralTa gaerTianebis uaRresad patrio-

113
tul saqmeSi: `cisferyanwelTa~ erT-erTi lideri, axalgazrda,
22 wlis tician tabiZe aRmoCnda is moRvawe, romelmac, Rrmad
hqonda ra gacnobierebuli Tavisuflebis mosapoveblad xalxis
erTianobis aucilebloba, saqveynod gaaxmovana am erTianobis
magaliTis misacemad mwerlebis erT samwerlo organizaciaSi
gaerTianebis idea. aseTi iyo Tanamokalmeebisadmi mimarTuli
misi `Ria baraTi~, romelic Tebervlis revoluciidan erTi Tvis
Tavze, 1917 wlis 6 aprils gamoaqveyna gazeT `saqarTveloSi~:

`mamuliSvilno da moqalaqeno!..
... eris suli mwerlobaSi laparakobs.

aravis ar aqvs ufleba eris saxeliT gamosvlis, es mwerlobis

saRmrTo movaleobaa...
dRes, roca qalaqidan qalaqSi, soflidan soflad dadian
albaT sxvadasxva partiis warmomadgenlebi da eris nebisyofas
aneleben kerZo jgufur Tu sxva moTxovnaTa SereviT, saWiroa
maT win uswrebdes qarTveli mwerlebis SeerTebuli xma, romel-
Sic yovel jgufobaze maRla mdgari qarTuli azri gamoiTqmeba~
(kverenCxilaZe 2008: 16-17).
mweralTa pirveli yriloba konstantine gamsaxurdias, Sal-
va dadianis, paolo iaSvilis, varlam ruxaZisa da leo qiaCe-
lis TaosnobiT momzadda; Tavmjdomare kote mayaSvili iyo:
dafuZnda `qarTvel mweralTa kavSiri~ (sabWo: k. gamsaxurdia, s.
dadiani, S. dadiani, p. iaSvili, p. ingoroyva, d. suliaSvili,
k. mayaSvili, a. papava, gr. robaqiZe, t. tabiZe, l. qiaCeli). sabWom
Tavmjdomared k. mayaSvili airCia. `qarTvel mweralTa kavSiris~
wesdeba notariusTan gaformda 1919 wlis 29 ivniss (kverenCxi-
laZe 2008: 19). miuxedavad ubinaobisa da xelmokleobisa, kavSir-
ma bevri sasikeTo wamowyeba iTava: `poeziis dRis~ daarseba,
go-lovinis gamzirisaTvis rusTavelis saxelis miniWeba, kafe
`qimerionis~ daarseba, romelic `im dros erTaderTi adgili
iyo, sadac mwerlebi da xelovnebis muSakebi xvdebodnen
erTmaneTs... axlac ki bevrjer menatreba is ganwyobileba da
STagoneba, romelic `qimerionSi~ sufevda~ – dawers mra-
vali wlis Semdeg kafe-klubis erT-erTi momxatveli lado
gudiaSvili.
tician tabiZec dadebiTad afasebda `memarcxene~ jgufis
mier mweralTa kavSiris Seqmnis iniciativas: `organizaciuli
mizniT, erovnuli interesebis dacvisaTvis, `cisferi yanwebis~
jgufi moxvda mweralTa kavSiris organizatorTa SuagulSi~

114
(`rubikoni~, 1923, № 13). swored erovnuli interesebis dacviT,
paolo iaSvilma didi klasikosis daviT kldiaSvilis ori iubi-
lis (1920, 1930) gamarTva iTava, giorgi leoniZis gaz. `baxtri-
onma~ ki wamoiwyo `didebuli kampania~ vaJa-fSavelas mTawmin-
daze gadasvenebisaTvis.
saqarTvelos aneqsiam Tavzari dasca mwerlebs; Tumca amas
ar SeuSlia xeli paolosa da ticianisaTvis Tavganwiruli da
saxifaTo saqme etvirTaT, – molaparakeba gaemarTaT XI armiis
mxlebel qarTvel bolSevikebTan da Tbilisis mosaxleoba
daecvaT Zaladobisa da maradiorobisagan (avaliani 2009: 66-
69). `cisferyanwelTa~ TaosnobiT ganxorcielda imJamad akaki
xoStarias kuTvnili daviT sarajiSviliseuli saxlis xelo-
vanTaTvis gadacemac: `mixvda ra – proletariatis droSiT Se-
mosuli qarTveli da rusi bolSevikebi da maTi mSier-titve-
li rusi jariskacebi maTTvis sasurvel saukeTeso sasaxleebs
daikavebeno – paolo iaSvilma 25 Tebervalsve Sekriba cnobili
mwerlebi, xelovnebis moRvaweebi da es delegacia saqarTve-
los axal xelisuflebas – revkoms warudga TxovniT – daviT
sarajiSvilisa da misi meuRlis anderZiT maTi saxli maT Sem-
deg qalaqs unda gadascemoda raime kulturuli dawesebulebis
gansaTavseblad. axla Cven vqmniT xelovanTa kavSirs, amitom
es sasaxle mwerlebsa da xelovnebis muSakebs gadmogveciT da
qarTvel xalxs vemsaxurebiT (kverenCxilaZe 2008: 36). imave
wlis 28 Tebervals saqarTvelos revkomma marTlac gadasca
saxli saqarTvelos mweralTa kavSirs `xelovanTa sasaxlis~
mosawyobad. irakli abaSiZis cnobiT, pirvel xanebSi aq mwerlebi
da xelovanebi binadrobdnen (meliton da andria balanCivaZeebi,
galaktioni, `cisferyanwelebi~ da sxv.), mogvianebiT, – mweral-
Ta kavSirma daido bina.
1926 wels, 21-24 Tebervals gaimarTa `sruliad saqarTvelos
mweralTa pirveli yriloba~, romelic gasabWoebis xuT wlisTavs
daamTxvies; amiT xazi gadaesva qarTvel mweralTa adrindel xuT
yrilobas, raTa `sufris TavSi~ marginaluri proletmwerlebi
daesvaT (kverenCxilaZe 2008: 83). aqedan iwyeba maTi aTwliani
diqtati.
proletaruli mwerlobis diqtaturasa da terorze, rasac
araferi hqonda saerTo literaturul kritikasTan, dResdReo-
biT TiTqmis amomwuravi informacia gvaqvs (akaki baqraZis `mwer-
lobis moTviniereba~, revaz kverenCxilaZis tomeulebi, vaxtang
xarCilavas `sisxliani qronikebi~, saba metrevelis `komunis-
turi agiografia~ da a.S.). maTi samizne, faqtobrivad, mTeli im-

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droindeli mwerloba iyo (maT Soris klasikosebic), Tumca
`cisferyanwelebs~, `akademistebsa~ da `futuristebs~ ufro
`gulmodgined~ esxmodnen Tavs; 1927 wels daarsebuli `arifi-
onic~ maleve moaSTes.
1929 wels aw ukve yofili `arifioneli~ mixeil javaxiSvi-
li werda: `proletraruli mwerloba madiT savse sicarielea...
proletmwerlebi dabadebidanve saWurisebi arian da Cvens da-
dumebasac lamoben. Tu droze ar gveSvela, qarTuli mwerloba
xuTiode weliwadSi sul daiRupeba. ... wiTlebis mizania yvela-
ni ertmaneTs SeaZulon da TavisTavic SeaZulon (antiqristes
moZRvrebac es aris)~ (javaxiSvili 2007: 175, 179).
imdroindeli literaturuli procesi savsea ucnauri
kontrastebiT. erTis mxriT, `proletaruli mwerlobis aso-
ciaciis~ ganusjeloba, ganukiTxaoba da ideologiuri Tavdas-
xma-dabezRebani da, meores mxriT, qarTuli modernistuli
romanistikisa da dramaturgiis aRzeveba (grigol robaqiZe,
konstantine gamsaxurdia, demna Sengelaia, sandro SanSiaSvili):
1924 wels gamoica demna Sengelaias `sanavardo~, 1925 wels kon-
stantine gamsaxurdias `dionisos Rimili~, 1926 – grigol roba-
qiZis `gvelis perangi~. faqtobrivad, es sami romani (dramebTan
da misteriebTan erTad) savsebiT sakmarisi iqneboda dasavleT
evropis romelime warCinebuli qveynisaTvis, raTa maTi avtorebi
msoflios aramcTu gaecno, eRiarebina kidec. grigol robaqi-
Zis `gvelis perangis~ germanulenovani gamocema Stefan cvaigis
winasityvaobiT (1928), sasiamovno gamonaklisad unda CaiTva-
los (Tumca, grigol robaqiZes, romelic erTxans mweralTa
kavSiris Tavmjdomaris silibistro Todrias moadgile (!) iyo,
SemdegSi esec wamoaZaxes). rogor ar gavixseno am wignis gamo-
cemamde Tqmuli paolo iaSvilis ironiuli, magram tkiviliani
fraza: `veravin Seeba sityvis uRels ise, rom gadaecilebina
igi samSoblos sazRvrebs da mieTria romelime evropis qalaqis
moednamdis~ (iaSvili 2004: 255). arc iyo moulodneli: qarTul-
ma mwerlobam xelovnulad aRmarTul rusul jebirs vera da ver
gadaabija.
amas daerTo mweralTa kavSiris (igive xelisuflebis) di-
reqtivebi – ra, rogor da raze unda ewera Semoqmeds; amuSavda
Taflakveris da maTraxis politikac.
qarTul `leninianas~, `stalinianasa~ da berias apologias,
axla, erT krebulSi rom movuyaroT Tavi, gamaognebel su-
raTs miviRebT: vin icis, ramdeni sasiqadulo qarTveli mwer-
lis saxels wavawydebiT (rom aRaraferi vTqvaT `socialisturi

116
aRmSeneblobis~, komunisturi partiisa da komkavSiris xotbaze)!
`im Sav-bneli epoqis vercerTi poeti vercerT taeps ver dabeW-
davda, partiasa da beladze rom ar daewera rame. ... vis ra da
rogor swamda – es sxva saqmea. am faqtebis gamo literatori ar
SeiZleba iqces saxelmwifo bralmdeblad~ (metreveli 2015: 239).
ew. socialistur realizms bevrma modernistma mweralma
gauRo xarki, Tumca, bolo mainc erTi iyo: dapatimreba, gadasax-
leba, fizikurad mospoba (sxvaTa Soris, ama Tu im mwerlis `lik-
vidirebis~ moTxovna `SeTavsebiT~, maSindeli mweralTa kavSiris
– xelisuflebis ruporis – prerogativac iyo).
axla, roca SesaZlebelia ifqlis RvarZlisagan gamorCeva,
TvalnaTliv gamoikveTa XX saukunis dasawyisis qarTvel mo-
dernistTa didi Zalisxmeva qarTuli literaturis evropul
konteqstSi mosaqcevad. upirobo pieteti mSobliuri klasiki-
sadmi; maTve didi wvlili miuZRviT qarTvel klasikosTa Txzu-
lebebis gamocemisa da popularizaciis saqmeSi.
qarTuli modernizmis bunebrivi ganviTarebis xelovnurma
wyvetam didi ziani miayena literaturul process. jer kidev
1928 wels paolo iaSvili werda: `Jurnal-gazeTebiT mTel rig
SemTxvevaSi umarTebulod da uxeSad esxmian Tavs qarTul mw-
erlobas... es ki damRupvelad moqmedobs literaturis ganviTa-
rebaze~ (Jurnali `qarTuli mwerloba~, # 4). cnobisaTvis: am
dros qarTvel modernistTa arcerTi perioduli organo aq
arsebobda...
1932 wlis sakavSiro `istoriulma~ dadgenilebam, Semdeg ki
sisxlianma 1937 welma gamousworebeli laxvari Casca armcTu
qarTul modernizms, aramed `damRupvelad imoqmeda~ mouTvi-
nierebel Tu moTvinierebul mwerlebzec – maTi fizikuri mos-
pobiT an socialisturi realizmis xundebSi moqceviT.

damowmebani:

avaliani 2009: avaliani l. `paolo iaSvili 1921 wlidan 1937 wlamde~.

wg-Si: qarTuli ena da literatura skolaSi. XX saukunis qarTuli li-
teratura. Tbilisi: 2009.
iaSvili 2004: iaSvili p. poeti saqarTveloSi. saiubileo saarqivo
gamocema or wignad. wigni pirveli. Tbilisi: 2004.
kverenCxilaZe 2008: kverenCxilaZe r. XX saukunis saqarTvelos lit-
eraturuli cxovreba. Tbilisi: 2008.
metreveli 2015: metreveli s.-f. komunisturi agiografia. I. Tbilisi:
2015.

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