soxumis saxelmwifo universiteti

socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa fakulteti

axali fsiqologiuri da sociologiuri teqnologiebis
samecniero-kvleviTi instituti

postindustriuli (axali) sazogadoebis kvlevis centri

kaxa qecbaia

sociologiis Sesavali
(leqciebi)

gamomcemloba `universali~
Tbilisi 2011
 wignSi avtor-Semdgenlis mier soxumis saxelmwifo universitetSi socialur
da politikur mecnierebaTa fakultetze `sociologiis SesavalSi~ wakiTxuli
leqciebia Tavmoyrili. saleqcio Tematikas Tan erTvis sxvadasxva saxis sakiTxave-
bi, Teoriuli da praqtikuli xasiaTis kiTxvebi da davalebebi, masalebi gansji-
saTvis, agreTve calkeul sociologiur terminTa ganmartebani da a. S. sociolo-
giis istoriidan motanili araerTi saintereso masala ki studentebs sociolo-
giuri warmosaxvis Camoyalibebasa da ganviTarebaSi unda daexmaros.
wigni socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa bakalavriatis programis stu-
dentebisa da, saerTod, sociologiis Seswavlis damwyebTaTvisaa gankuTvnili.

redaqtori: akaki yulijaniSvili

filosofiis doqtori,
Tsu-s sruli profesori

recenzentebi: 1. daviT zaqaraia

filosofiis doqtori, profesori
2. koba noniaSvili
filosofiis doqtori, profesori

lit. redaqtori: jemal Sonia

garekanis I gverdze _ Jan bodriaris foto: `rio,~ 1998 w.

k. qecbaia, 2011
gamomcemloba `universali~, 2011
Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, : 222 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30
E-mail: universal@internet.ge

ISBN 978-9941-17-463-6

2
 mainc ra aris es sociologia
sociologia mecnierebis erT-erTi dargia. mecniereba kulturis Taviseburi
fenomenia. es Tavisebureba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom masSi adamianis survilebi ki
ar aris ukufenili, aramed igi zepirovnuli movlenaa. mecniereba mowodebulia sa-
gani cnebaTa qselis saSualebiT ise warmoadginos, rogorc is TavisTavad arse-
bobs. mecniereba cnebebis saSualebiT gvaZlevs codnas saganze. aq adamiani TiT-
qosda Tavis Tavs malavs, Tumca rasac adamiani mecnierebis saxiT akeTebs, yvela-
feri es adamianisaTvis aris gamiznuli, radgan adamians sinamdvilis Tavis sasar-
geblod gamoyeneba surs. es ki ganuxorcielebeli iqneboda sinamdvilis Semecnebis
gareSe mecnierebis bunebis aseTi gageba sworia ara marto bunebismecnierebebis,
aramed socialuri mecnierebebis mimarTac, vinaidan es ukanasknelic saganTa (ker-
Zod socialur movlenaTa) bunebis codnas iZleva.
mecnierebis ramdenime saxe arsebobs, romlebic erTmaneTisagan codnis xasia-
TiT, SinaarsiT da kriteriumebiT gansxvavdebian. aqedan gamomdinare axdenen mecniere-
baTa klasifikacias. laparakoben bunebismecnierebebis da socialuri mecnierebebis,
humanitaruli da kulturis mecnierebebis, formaluri da istoriuli mecnierebebisa
da a. S. Sesaxeb. uaxlesi klasifikaciis mixedviT, mecnierebis sam jgufs gamoyofen _
formalurs, realursa da istoriuls.
formalur mecnierebaTa klasSi moiazrebian logika da maTematika. am mecniere-
baTa specifika imaSi mdgomareobs, rom isini TavianTi kvlevis sagnad ar ixdian rea-
lur faqtebs da movlenebs, maT saqme aqvT azrovnebis principebTan. meTodi, romel-
sac es mecnierebebi iyeneben, logikuri dasabuTebaa.
realur mecnierebaTa klasSi jgufdebian is mecnierebebi, romlebic meTodad ga-
moiyeneben dakvirebas, cdas da eqsperiments. realur mecnierebebs miekuTvnebian fi-
zika, qimia, astronomia, biologia, sociologia, politikuri da kulturis mecniere-
bebi da sxv.
istoriuli mecniereba ki swavlobs faqtebs, romlebic warsulSi moxda. igi aR-
weriTi mecnierebaa. misi mizania aRadginos da aRweros realurad momxdari faqti.
amisaTvis is pirvelwyaroebis kritikul analizs gamoiyenebs.
sociologia, am klasifikaciis mixedviT, realur mecnierebaTa jgufs gane-
kuTvneba, Tumca sociologias mecnierulobis kriteriumebi _ obieqturoba, gamoT-
vladoba, Semowmebadoba, intersubieqturoba, SefasebiTi msjelobisagan Tavisuf-
leba, _ rom daemkvidrebina, sakmao dro dasWirda da saintereso inteleqtualuri
Tavgadasavali gadaxda.
sociologia demokratiuli sazogadoebis mecnierebaa im martivi mizezis ga-
mo, rom tiraniis, diqtaturis, absoluturi monarqiis, totalitarizmisa da avto-
ritarizmis farglebSi socialuri sferos kvlevis saWiroeba ar arsebobs, rad-
ganac tradiciul sazogadoebebSi (aseve totalitarulSic, garkveuli saxesxvao-
biT) monarqi iTvleboda absoluturi WeSmaritebis matarebel figurad, romlis
Zalauflebis legitimacia RmerTs miewereboda.
sociologia sazogadoebis modernizaciis pirmSoa. sazogadoebis moderniza-
cia, Tavis mxriv, emyareba subieqtis aqtivobis principis damkvidrebas evropul
kulturaSi. adamiani acnobierebs, rom misTvis damaxasiaTebelia Tavisufali Se-
moqmedebiTi aqtivoba. aqedan gamomdinare, socialuri sferoc epoqis sulis Sesat-
3
yvisad mowyobas saWiroebs. RmerTis da monarqis gareSe darCenil samyaroSi saWi-
roa axali TamaSis wesebis SemoReba. racionaluri midgoma msWvalavs sazogadoe-
bisa da individis gagebasac. am epoqaSi individi aRar ganixileba, rogorc Tavis
TavSi substanciuri bunebis Semcveli. individi Tavis Rirebulebas sxva individeb-
Tan mimarTebaSi iZens. axali drois azrovneba funqciur-relaciur midgomas av-
rcelebs sazogadoebazec. rogorc axali drois sabunebismetyvelo azrovnebam
uaryo samyaros ierarqiuli gageba, aseve uaryofs axali drois socialuri da po-
litikuri azri sazogadoebis ierarqiul gaazrebas. sazogadoebis yoveli wevri
Taviseburi atomia, romelTa urTierToba sazogadoebis danarCen wevrebTan maT
mierve dadgenili wesebiT, magaliTad, konstituciiT, samoqalaqo kodeqsiT da sxv.
ganisazRvreba. kanonis winaSe yvela Tanasworia.
axal droSi moiZebna sruliad axali principi, romelic safuZvlad daedo sa-
moqalaqo-sekularuli sazogadoebis Camoyalibebas, esaa konvenciis principi, rome-
lic emyareba adamianis avtonomiurobisa da racios (gonebis) primats. axali droi-
saTvis damaxasiaTebelia msoflmxedvelobrivi pluralizmi, rac, erTi SexedviT, sa-
zogadoebaSi anarqistul ganwyobebs unda iwvevdes. saqme is aris, rom am msof-
lmxedvelobis mixedviT, adamiani cxaddeba avtonomiur arsebad, romelic ar SeiZ-
leba flobdes absolutur WeSmaritebas, aqedan gamomdinare, samarTalcnobiereba
am kulturaSi yalibdeba sazogadoebriv xelSekrulebaze dayrdnobiT, romelic
mravalpartiuli da demokratiuli institutebis monawileobiT msoflmxedvelobri-
vi pluralizmis gaTvaliswinebas uzrunvelyofs kanonSemoqmedebiT saqmianobaSi.
mokled, adamianebi, romlebic TavianTi aqtivobiT qmnian sazogadoebas, zebunebrivi
avtoritetis gareSe TviTon adgenen `TamaSis wesebs da aRiareben am wesebiT Tama-
Sis upirobobas. am dros mkvidrdeba kanonis uzenaesoba, religiasTan damokidebu-
leba cxaddeba adamianis pirad saqmed. eklesia gamoyofilia saxelmwifosgan, sko-
la-eklesiisagan.
axali drois sazogadoebis principia TviTorganizeba. xdeba sazogadoebis mo-
dernizacia. TamaSis wesebi emyareba umravlesobis nebas, an sxvagvarad rom vTqaT,
radganac absoluturi WeSmaritebis mflobeli suzereni aRar arsebobs, maSin sa-
xelmwifo unda imarTos umravlesobis nebis Sesatyvisad. umravlesobis neba gamoi-
xateba kanonmdeblobiT miRebuli konstituciiTa (ZiriTadi kanoni) da sxva kanone-
biT. TandaTanobiT mkvidrdeba kanonis uzenaesoba.
socialur sferoSi mimdinare cvlilebebma dRis wesrigSi daayena iseTi mecnie-
rebis Camoyalibebis aucilebloba, romelic socialur kanonzomierebebs gamoik-
vlevda, Seiswavlida sazogadoebis struqturasa da misi funqciobis xarisxs,
gamoikvlevda sazogadoebriv azrs da a.S. swored am moTxovnis safuZvelze gaCnda
axali mecniereba-sociologia, romelic ara mxolod sazogadoebaSi mimdinare pro-
cesebis kvleviT iyo dakavebuli, aramed momavlis mimarT interess amJRavnebda. da-
gegmva, prognozireba da winaswarmetyveleba sociologiis erT-erT ZiriTad amoca-
nad gamocxadda. sakmarisi ar aRmoCnda socialuri sinamdvilis deskrifcia. socio-
logiuri Teoriis `srulyofisaTvis sociologia iZulebuli gaxda gadaelaxa aR-
weris farglebi da miemarTa preskrifciisaTvis, rac, erTi SexedviT, gamarTlebuli
Cans, radgan, zogierTi mosazrebis Tanaxmad, sociologiis mizans ara marto sinam-
dvilis aRwera, aramed momavlis xdomilebebis ganWvretac evaleba da, aqedan gamom-
dinare, socialur Terapias warmoadgens.
4
 momavlis ganWvretisadmi ltolvam sociologia mecnierulobis kriteriumis
Sesustebamde da Teoriis moralizebamde miiyvana. es faqti aucileblad moiTxovda
yuradRebas sociologebis mxridan, radganac sociologia aseT SemTxvevaSi iqceva
filosofiad (socialur filosofiad), risgan gamoyofasac ase eswrafoda. socio-
logma unda akontrolos sazRvrebi deskrifciasa da preskrifcias Soris, mecniere-
basa da filosofias Soris, `unda iyos da `aris Soris. momavlis prognozireba
sociologiuri Teoriis farglebs gareT unda iqnes gatanili. winaaRmdeg SemTxveva-
Si sociologiuri Teoria darCeba filosofiur paradigmaSi da TeoriisTvis auci-
lebel simkacresa da obieqturobas dakargavs.
adamianisa da sazogadoebis Sesaxeb arsebuli Teoriebi SeiZleba pirobiTad
or jgufad davyoT: filosofiur da sociologiur Teoriebad. filosofiuri kon-
cefcia adamianisa da sazogadoebis jerarsul, metafizikur gagebazea orientire-
buli, rac imis aRiarebaa, rom adamianis moqmedeba realobis gareT arsebul sa-
fuZvlebs emyareba. es koncefciebi antiutilitaruli suliskveTebis matarebelia,
Tumca arsebobs e.w. utilitaruli filosofiuri koncefciebi, romlis ZiriTad
ideas adamianis moTxovnilebis dakmayofileba warmoadgens (loki, hobsi, hiumi).
sociologia individis da sazogadoebis moqmedebas ganixilavs, rogorc empi-
riul fenomens. igi yuradRebis gareSe tovebs moqmedebis filosofiur safuZvlebs
da maT adgils uTmobs sazogadoebis moqmedebis empiriul bunebas da kanonzomie-
rebas. e.w utilitaruli filosofiuri koncefcia sociologiis enaze `iTargmna~,
rogorc racionaluri arCevanis Teoria, xolo antiutilitaruli koncefciis so-
ciologiuri transformacia gamoixata Semdeg kiTxvebSi: aris Tu ara adamianis
moqmedeba misi survilebis Tavisufali gamoxatuleba, Tu determinirebulia kul-
turiT an socializaciis procesiT (veberi, parsonsi, gidensi)? amdenad, gansxvave-
ba socialur filosofiasa da sociologias Soris ara saganSi (erTic da meorec
sazogadoebas ikvlevs), aramed am sagnisadmi midgomis wessa da kvlevis meTodebSia.
sociologia filosofiisgan sabolood gasamijnad iyenebs empiriuli kvlevis
raodenobriv da Tvisebriv meTodebs, Tumca jer kidev frankfurtis skolis fuZemde-
beli m. horkhaimeri aRniSnavda, rom sociologiam ver SeZlo daekavSirebina specia-
luri socialuri mecnierebebi da, amdenad, ver SeZlo sazogadoebis mTliani sura-
Tis Seqmna. am skolis warmomadgenlebis (h.markuze, T.adorno) azriT, sociologia fi-
losofiis gareSe uZluria gadaWras misTvis saintereso problemebi. maTi azriT, so-
ciologia, romlebic hqonda amocana ekvlia sazogadoeba, rogorc mTeli, kmayofil-
deba iseTi fenomenebis SeswavliT, romelic principSi gazomvadia, rac imas niSnavs,
rom mas SeuZlia gasces pasuxi kiTxvas: rogor aris sazogadoeba mowyobili, magram
ver pasuxobs kiTxvas, Tu ratomaa es sazogadoeba aseTi. amitom socialur mecniere-
bebs, Tu maT surT iyvnen relevanturi, filosofiasTan sinTezs unda miaRwion.
frankfurtis skolis es idea dResac ar aris aqtualobas moklebuli.
mecnieruli obieqturoba da simkacre rom SeenarCunebina Tanamedrove socio-
logia iZulebuli gaxda xeli aeRo sazogadoebis, rogorc mTelis, kvlevaze, mo-
axdina socialuri sinamdvilis fragmentacia da Camoyalibda e.w. dargobrivi so-
ciologiuri disciplinebi: ojaxis sociologia, religiis sociologia, politi-
kis sociologia, xelovnebis sociologia, socialuri anTropologia, codnis so-
ciologia da Aa.S, anu gamoiyo socialuri cxovrebis is sferoebi, romelTa Ses-
wavlisaTvis upriania kvlevis empiriuli meTodebi.
5
 kidev erTi ram, romelmac SeiZleba safrTxe Seuqmnas sociologiis mecnieru-
lobas da obieqturobas _ es politikaa. sociologiisa da politikis mimarTeba
SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc mecnierebis mimarTeba aramecnierebasTan. saqme isaa,
rom sagani, romelic socilogiis kvlevis sferoa, politikis marTvis obieqts
warmoadgens, ris Sesaxebac ukve Camoyalibebulia garkveuli politikuri midgo-
mebi da ideologiuri diskursi. saxeze gvaqvs socialuri sinamdvilis ideologiu-
ri obieqtivacia, rac, Tavis mxriv, sociologiur kvlevebze erTgvari latenturi
Zalauflebis matarebelia. es garemoeba sociologias xSirad aqcevs politikuri
manipulirebis instrumentad. mecnierulobis SesanarCuneblad sociologia mudam
unda cdilobdes politikuri koniunqturis marwuxebidan gaTavisuflebas.
socialuri swavlebani saqarTveloSi SeiZleba daiZebnos adreul literatu-
rul ZeglebSi, arafers vambobT XVIII-XIX saukuneebSi Camoyalibebul socialur
Teoriebze. Tumca es jer kidev ar niSnavs, rom saqarTveloSi am droisaTvis arse-
bobda sociologia, rogorc realuri mecniereba. pirveli sociologiuri anketa,
romelic am tipis produqtisaTvis wayenebul yvelaze maRal moTxovnebs akmayofi-
lebs, Seqmnilia 1911 wels ivane javaxiSvilis mier, romelsac surda im periodis
qarTveli studentebis damokidebuleba gamoekvlia samSoblosTan mimarTebaSi (es
anketa sankt-peterburgis universitetis arqivSi moiZia axalgazrda mkvlevarma
soso kakubavam, romelic man Tavis sadisertacio naSroms daudo safuZvlad).
komunizmis epoqaSi istoriuli materializmi miiCneoda sazogadoebasa da mis
kanonzomierebaze arsebul saboloo instanciis Seuval WeSmarit moZRvrebad.
Tumca 30-ian wlebSi gamodis k. megreliZis wigni `azrovnebis sociologia~, ramac
avtors gadasaxleba da saboloo jamSi sastiki dasasruli moutana. sakvirvelia,
magram ukve 70-ian wlebSi qarTveli filosofosis v. qvaCaxias TaosnobiT Tbili-
sis saxelmwifo universitetSi yalibdeba sabWoTa kavSirSi erT-erTi pirveli so-
ciologiis kaTedra. 1984 wels ki iqmneba sociologiis specialoba. dReis mdgoma-
reobiT ramdenime wamyvan universitetSi arsebobs sociologiis specialoba, sadac
axalgazrdebi euflebian am metad saintereso da rTul mecnierebas.

akaki yulijaniSvili
Tbilisi, 25 seqtemberi, 2011 w.

6
 sociologiis Sesavali

vuZRvni Zvirfasi maswavleblis,

profesor biZina lutiZis naTel xsovnas

S e s a v a l i
profesia _ sociologi
yoveldRiur cnobierebaSi sociologia gamokiTxvebis CatarebasTan da sazo-
gadoebrivi azris SeswavlasTan asocirdeba xolme. garkveulwilad es asec aris,
radganac sociologiis sxva aspeqtebi uxilavia, magram dReisaTvis sociologias
interesTa ufro farTo diapazoni aqvs, romelic iwyeba sazogadoebis wevrTa po-
litikuri gemovnebidan, tansacmlis, saWmel-sasmelis, saojaxo teqnikisa da sxva
misTanebis SerCevisas maTi qcevis Taviseburebebidan da umuSevrobis, damnaSaveo-
bis, ganaTlebis, ojaxuri konfliqtebis da a. S. SeswavliT mTavrdeba. sociologi-
is ZiriTad dargebs miekuTvneba: ganaTlebis, ekonomikis, marTvisa da organizaci-
is, politikis, mediisa da komunikaciis, pirovnebisa da ojaxis sociologiebi da
sxv.
Cveni yoveldRiuri arCevani _ anu is, Tu rogor visvenebT, vqmniT ojaxs, xmas
vaZlevT Tu virCevT profesias, gviyvars Tu gvZuls viRac, _ didwilad sazogadoe-
basTanaa dakavSirebuli. es yvelaferi im sazogadoebaSi xdeba, romlis wevrebi
Cven varT da romelSic vcxovrobT. sociologias adamianis qcevisa da moqmedebis
socialuri gansazRvruloba ainteresebs, anu Cvens moqmedebaSi im TaviseburebaTa
gamovlineba, romlebic garemo pirobebis zegavleniT, ama Tu im socialuri jgufi-
sadmi (mamakacebi an qalebi, axalgazrda Tu saSualo asakis mqone, soflis Tu qa-
laqis macxovrebeli, mdidari Tu Raribi da sxva) kuTvnilebis Sedegad Camogviya-
libda. magaliTad, adamiani zamTarSi gareT paltoTi imitom gamodis, rom ar Ses-
civdes, magram is, Tu ra feris, rogor da ra fasis paltos SearCevs, es mis soci-
alur maxasiaTeblebzea (asaki, sqesi, ekonomikuri mdgomareoba, Sexeduleba modaze
da sxva) damokidebuli. Tumca ekonomikuri gaTvla `xarjebi-Semosavali~ yovel-
Tvis rodi gansazRvraven adamianis qcevas. xSirad Cvens moqmedebebs eTikuri Rire-
bulebebi, kulturuli normebi, adaT-wesebi, sxvadasxva saxis ideebi da Sexedule-
bebi gansazRvarven. magaliTad, skandinaviis qveynebSi giganturi kompaniis mflobe-
lisa da misi rigiTi TanamSromlis saSobao sufraze TiTqmis erTi da igive saW-
mel-sasmeli iqneba da miuxedavad imisa, maTi Semosavlebi gansxvavebulia, saSobao
saCuqrebSic isini daaxloebiT erTnair Tanxas daxarjaven, rac maTi religiuri
mrwamsis _ protestantizmis moqmedebis principebiT aixsneba, romlis mixedviT, sa-
kuTari Semosavlebis miuxedavad adamiani ubralod da ekonomiurad unda cxovrob-
des, xolo danarCeni fuli saqmeSi unda Cados. ase rom, am qveynebSi mdidruli
cxovreba ara maRali socialuri statusis, aramed uRirsi qcevis maCvenebelia. es
faqti sabazro ekonomikis mqone sazogadoebis aSenebis gzaze damdgari qveynebi-
saTvis Wkuis saswavlebeli unda iyos.
adamianTa qcevaze, adamianebs Soris urTierTobebis formebze dakvirveba mra-
val kiTxvas warmoSobs xolme. magaliTad, `ratom xarjavs adamiani kolosalur
Tanxebs cnobili brendis SesaZenad, maSin rodesac xarisxis mixedviT is sxva mar-
kisagan maincdamainc didad ar gamoirCeva?~ `iarsebeben Tu ara 50 wlis Semdeg
tradiciuli ojaxebi?~ `rogor aRweven adamianebi didebas, warmatebas da raSia mi-
si saidumlo?~ da a. S. kiTxvaTa aseTi rigi SeiZleba usasrulod gagrZeldes. am
kiTxvebs yoveli Tqvengani sakuTar pasuxs gascems, magram maT Soris swori pasuxe-
bis gamovlenaSi sociologiuri codna, warmosaxva da teqnologiebi dagvexmareba
mxolod. aqedan Cans, rom sociologs adamianebTan uwevs muSaoba; is specialurad
momzadebulia imisaTvis, rom imuSaos adamianebTan, marTos an konsultacia gauwi-
os, daexmaros maT, radganac yvelaze ukeT man icis adamianTa insteresebi da moT-
7
kaxa qecbaia

xovnilebebi, maTi adgili sazogadoebaSi, maTi perspeqtivebi, winaaRmdegobebi da

konfliqtebi, adamianebs Soris urTierTzemoqmedebis kanonzomierebebi da cxovre-
biseul praqtikaSi maTi efeqturad gamoyenebis gzebi da saSualebebi. am azriT,
sociologi mravalmxriv ganaTlebuli adamiania. ekonomistma sazogadoebis eko-
nomikuri mxare da misi damaxasiaTebeli kanonzomiereba icis; fsiqologma _ sazo-
gadoebis fsiqikuri mxare da kanonzomierebani; politologma _ politika da po-
litikuri Sre sazogadoebrivi organizmisa; istorikosma _ sazogadoebis istoria;
samarTalmcodnem _ samarTlebrivi urTierTobebi da a. S. yoveli maTgani sazoga-
doebis erT, calke aRebul romelime mxares Seiswavlis. maTgan gansxvavebiT, so-
ciologia sazogadoebas mis mTlianobaSi Seiswavlis, amitomac aris sociologis
profesia mravalganzomilebiani da yovlismomcveli.
sociologi _ sxva profesiebTan SedarebiT axalgazrda da perspeqtiuli
profesiaa, romelic sazogadoebrivi problemebis mogvarebazea orientirebuli.
praqtikulad Znelad Tu moipoveba sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi iseTi sfero, sadac
sociologs ar SeeZlos muSaoba.
msoflios TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi sxvadasxva tipis organizaciebisa da dawe-
sebulebebis mxridan sociologebis mimarT didi moTxovnaa. sociologebiT dain-
tereseba gansakuTrebiT didia im organizaciebisa da msxvili kompaniebis mxridan,
romlebic dakavebuli arian marketinguli gamokvlevebiT, inovaciuri teqnologie-
bis SemoRebiTa da danergviT, Sromis bazrisa da Tanamedrove ekonomikuri kultu-
ris SeswavliT, ganaTlebis da sxva sistemis reformebiT, pozitiuri sazogadoeb-
rivi imijis SeqmnasTan da reklamasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebiT da sxv.
arc erTi politikuri partiis saqmianoba da saarCevno kampania ar mimdinare-
obs sazogadoebrivi azris Seswavlis gareSe.
nebismieri organizaciis xelmZRvaneloba dainteresebulia sakuTari dadebiTi
imijiT, korporaciuli kulturis modernizaciiT, komunikaciis sistemebis efeqtu-
robiT, personalis stimulirebis optimaluri sistemis SeqmniT da organizaciuli
konfliqtebis mogvarebiT. am sakiTxebis mogvareba sociologis profesiuli da-
niSnulebaa.
sociologebi Seiswavlian reklamis efeqturobas, aanalizeben, Tu rogor aR-
wevs reklama miznobriv sivrces, rogoria misi aRqmisa da damaxsovrebis meqanizme-
bi, ra gavlenas axdens igi adamianTa qcevaze da a. S.
nebismieri telearxi, gazeTi Tu sxva tipis mediasaSualeba dainteresebulia,
rom mas hyavdes mayurebeli, msmeneli da mkiTxveli, rom mas endobodnen, xolo mis
mier gadmocemul informacias imaxsovrebdnen da iyenebdnen; am amocanebis Sesru-
lebaSi qmediT daxmarebas maT sociologebi uweven.
Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi sociologis saSualo Semosavali araerTgvarova-
nia, Tumca arc Zalian dabalia da arc Zalian maRali, SeiZleba iTqvas, saSualo-
ze maRalia. sociologis Semosavali im saqmianobis raodenobasa da sirTulezea
damokidebuli, romelsac is asrulebs. am SemTxvevaSi sociologiuri kvlevis cen-
tris muSakzea laparaki, Tumca sociologs karieruli zrdis yvelaze maRali maC-
veneblebi aqvs.
Cveulebriv, sociologiis mimarTulebis I kursis studentebi muSaobas in-
terviuerebad iwyeben, rac profesiuli karieris kargi dasawyisia. interviuerad
muSaoba xels uwyobs iseTi profesiuli unar-Cvevebis gamomuSavebas, rogoricaa
moTmineba, skrupulozuroba da adamianebTan urTierTobis codna. karieruli
zrdis momdevno etapi momavali specialistis mier sociologiis calkeul sfero-
ebs Soris gakeTebul arCevanze iqneba damokidebuli. visac samecniero saqmianoba
itacebs, mas SeuZlia swavlis gagrZeleba doqtoranturaSi, vinc praqtikul soci-
ologiur saqmianobas airCves, mas SeeZleba dasaqmdes sociologiuri kvlevis cen-
trebSi, analitikur da sakonsulatcio kompaniebSi, saxelmwifo da municipalur
dawesebulebebSi, piarkompaniebSi, imijcentrebSi, reklamisa da mediis sferoSi, sa-
kadro samsaxurebSi, kerZo firmebisa da kompaniebis marketingul ganyofilebebSi,
sagamomcemlo biznesSi da sxv. marketingis, reklamisa da imijis sferoSi momuSave
sociologis anazRaureba TveSi 600-dan 1500 aSS dolaramde meryeobs; biznesisa da
8
 sociologiis Sesavali

sabanko sferoSi dasaqmebuli sociologebis SemTxvevaSic daaxloebiT igive viTa-

rebaa. ase rom, sociologoba Zalze saintereso, perspeqtiuli da prestiJuli saq-
mianobaa.

`sociologi sazogadoebis mkurnalia~

sociologTa dasaqmebis ZiriTadi sferoebi

marTva da
menejmenti

ganaTleba, marketingi,
politika, piar-
ekonomika, kompaniebi,
medicina,
imijcentrebi
sporti,
xelovneba

profesia -
sociologi

sociologiuri media da
da komunikaciebi,
analitikuri sareklamo
kvlevis
saagentoebi
centrebi

art-
saagentoebi
da art-
biznesi

9
kaxa qecbaia

I leqcia

Tema: ra aris sociologia?

sociologia sxva mecnierebebTan SedarebiT yvelaze axalgazrdaa. cnobili
poloneli sociologis piotr Stompkas TqmiT, `sociologia _ axali mecnierebaa
Zalian Zveli Temis Sesaxeb.~ es Zveli Tema ki sxva araferia, Tu ara sazogadoeba.
paradoqsia, magram realobaa _ sazogadoeba bevrad ufro adre gaCnda, vidre mis
Sesaxeb mecniereba.
Tanamedrove gagebiT, sociologia wminda evropuli movlenaa. damoukidebl
mecnierebad misi Camoyalibeba axali drois evropaSi mimdinare sazogadoebrivma
gardaqmnebma da evropuli sazogadoebis gaRiavebis, demokratizaciis procesebma
ganapiroba. sociologiis Camoyalibeba da ganviTareba, SeiZleba iTqvas, evropuli
demokratiuli sazogadoebis formirebis Tanamdevi procesi iyo.
sityva `sociologia~ laTinuri da berZnuli sityvebisagan warmodgeba: laTi-
nuri _ socius kompanions, xolo Zveli berZnuli _ logos moZRvrebas, swavlebas
niSnavs; sityvasityviT sociologia urTierTobis, kompanionobis Sesaxeb moZRvre-
bas, swavlebas niSnavs. Tanamedrove gagebiT es adamianebs Soris urTierTobis
procesebis Seswavlaa. termin sociologiis meorenairi ganmartebac arsebobs, rom-
lis mixedviT is Semdegi nawilebisagan Sedgeba: laTinuri _ societas-sazogadoeba
da Zv. berZnuli _ logia-(Zv. berZnuli logos-is mravlobiTi ricxvidanaa nawarmoebi)
sityva, rac pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT iqneba `mravali, mravali sityva sazogadoebis
Sesaxeb.~ orive SemTxvevaSi termini naTlad mianiSnebs imaze, Tu ra aris socio-
logia: es aris moZRvreba, swavleba, mecniereba sazogadoebis Sesaxeb.
terminologiuri da mecnieruli TvalsazrisiT, sociologiis, rogorc sazo-
gadoebis Semswavleli mecnierebis, fuZemdebeli frangi sociologi ogiust kon-
tia. kontamde aseTi ram ar arsebobda.
imisaTvis, rom gavigoT sociologiis raoba, sazogadoebisadmi sociologiuri
midgomis Tavisebureba, aucilebelia kvlevis im sferos SemosazRvra, romelic
sfecifikuria sociologiisaTvis. amisaTvis ki sociologiis obieqtisa da sagnis
gansazRvrebaa aucilebeli.

Cveulebriv, ama Tu im mecnierebis obieqtSi Cvens garemomcvel materialur

an aramaterialur samyaros moiazreben, realobas, romelic mis Sesaxeb Cveni
codnisagan damoukideblad arsebobs. laTinuri sityva _ obiectum-damoukideblad
arsebuls niSnavs; am azriT, saganTan SedarebiT mecnierebis obieqti farTo mniS-
vnelobis mqone cnebaa.
obieqtisagan gansxvavebiT, mecnieruli kvlevis sagani mxolod mkvlevris
TavSi arsebobs, rac imas niSnavs, rom is mTlianad Cvens codnazea damokidebuli.
kvlevis sagnis gansazRvrebisas Cven abstraqtulad gamovyofT obieqtis erT an
ramdenime mxares da mis analizs vcdilobT. am logikiT SesaZlebelia kvlevis
yovel obieqts erTi an meti sagani Seesabamebodes.
magaliTad, aviRoT qvis Senoba. igi, rogorc Cvengad damoukideblad arsebu-
li obieqti, SesaZlebelia ekonomistis, arqiteqtoris, istorikosis da a. S. inte-
resis sagani iyos. ekonomisti mis agebaze daxarjuli saxsrebiT dainteresdebo-
da; arqiteqtori _ arqiteqturuli stiliTa da landSaftTan SexamebiT, istori-
kosi imiT _ Tu rodis, vis mier da ratom iqna igi aSenebuli da a. S. yoveli maT-
gani erTsa da imave obieqts utrialebs. is, rac TiToeul maTgans uSualod ain-
teresebs, aris swored maTi kvlevis sagani. am magaliTidan Cans, rom aseTi ram
mocemul obieqtSi TavisTavad ar arsebobda.
sociologiis obieqtia sazogadoeba mis mTlianobaSi. sazogadoeba, rogorc
mTeli, yovelTvis metia im nawilebze, romelTaganac is Sedgeba da romelTac
sxvadasxva mecnierebebi Seiswavlian.

10
 sociologiis Sesavali

sociologiuri codnis obieqtebia:

sazogadoeba, rogorc mTeli;
globaluri, msoflio sazogadoeba;
tradiciuli, nacionaluri sazogadoeba;
mikrosazogadoeba (socialuri jgufi, ojaxi da sxva);
individi, aqtori.
aRsaniSnavia, rom sociologias naklebad ainteresebs calke aRebuli indivi-
dis moqmedeba, azrebi, grZnobebi. igi individiT maSin interesdeba, rodesac masSi
tipur, yvelasaTvis damaxasiaTebel ganmeorebad niSan-Tvisebebs dainaxavs; Sesaba-
misad, es mecniereba dabadebisTanave principulad upirovnoa. amasTan dakavSire-
biT, Tanamedrove sociologiaSi damkvidrebuli tradiciis mixedviT, calke aRebu-
li sazogadoebis wevri ara individad an pirovnebad, aramed, specialuri socio-
logiuri terminologiiT, aqtorad miiCneva. aqtori _ es aris is, vinc garkveul
aqtebs axorcielebs, moqmedebs. amiT xazgasmulia, rom sociologia adamianebs
yofs ara pirovnebebad, aramed sxvadasxva funqciis matarebel tipebad. aseTi mid-
goma empiriuli sociologiuri gamokvlevebisTvisaa niSandoblivi, romlebic ano-
nimuri xasiaTis matarebelia.

aqtori _ individualuri rolis Semsrulebeli nebismieri erTeuli, moqme-

debis subieqti.

ramdenadac sociologia adamianis SemecnebiTi saqmianobis Sedegia, misi sag-

nis calsaxad da erTmniSvnelovnad gansazRvra TiTqmis SeuZlebelia. amis Sesaxeb
erTi yvelasaTvis misaRebi mosazreba, kontis droidan moyolebuli dRemde, ar ar-
sebobs. sociologiis sxvadasxva mimarTulebisa da skolis warmomadgenlebs
sxvadsaxvanairad esmodaT da esmiT sociologiis sagani, rac gakvirvebas ar unda
iwvevdes, radganac mecnierebis sagani mWidro kavSirSia samecniero kvlevebTan.
sociologiis fuZemdebelma ogiust kontma sociologia filosofias daupi-
rispira da igi gansazRvra, rogorc mkacrad pozitiuri (dadebiTi) mecniereba sa-
zogadoebis Sesaxeb, romelmac metafizikur, realobas mowyvetil (Zv. berZnulad _
`meta-ta-fizika~ _ fizikis iqiTa realoba) msjelobebs socialuri realobis Ses-
wavla daupirispira. filosofiisa da sociologiis brZolaSi sociologiam gai-
marjva.
sociologiis klasikosi emil diurkemi sociologiis sagnad socialur faq-
tebs miiCnevda. sociologiis didi warmomadgeneli maqs veberi sociologiis sag-
nad aqtoris socialur moqmedebas miiCnevda; mis mixedviT, amis Sesabamisad, socio-
logiis amocana am moqmedebaTa sazrisis gagebaa.
socialuri faqtis cnebiT diurkemi im socialur (sazogadoebriv) fenome-
nebs aRniSnavda, romlebic individebis mimarT garegania da SemzRudveli, maiZu-
lebeli mniSvneloba aqvs. rogorc amindi gvkarnaxobs imas, Tu ra CavicvaT, swo-
red ase gvkarnaxoben socialuri faqtebi Sesabamis moqmedebebs. es faqtebi rea-
lurad arseboben da gavlenas axdenen Cvenze. socologiam socialuri sinamdvi-
le socialuri faqtebis poziciidan da ara pirovnul-subieqturi motivaciebidan
unda axsnas.
sociologiis sagnis arsSi gasarkvevad mniSvnelovania sazogadoebis, rogorc
struqturis, sistemuri mTlianobis gageba, anu is aris iseTi mTeli, struqturu-
li mTlianoba, romlis nawilebi urTierTzemoqmedebaSi imyofebian. amis gaTvalis-
winebiT, Znelia imis Tqma, rom adamianebi TviTon irCeven maTTvis sasurvel saqmia-
nobas. sazogadoebisa da socialur urTierTobaTa mecnieruli, sociologiuri
analizi gviCvenebs, rom Cveni yoveldRiuri arCevani im sazogadoebazea damokide-
buli, romelSic Cven vcxovrobT. amgvarad, sociologiuri midgomis gamoyenebiT
aqedan Cven sul mcire or Wkuis saswavlebel da dasamaxsovrebel gakveTils vi-
RebT: pirvel rigSi, Cven vacnobierebT, rom Cvens moqmedebebs socialuri samyaro
ganapirobebs, da meore, socialuri samyaros kanonebisa da kanonzomierebaTa Ses-
11
kaxa qecbaia

wavliT sakuTar da sxvaTa moqmedebebze sasikeTo zegavlenis moxdena, mTeli rigi

socialuri procesebis marTva da koreqtireba SegveZleba. ase rom, sociologiis
sagani adamianebs Soris socialuri urTierTzemoqmedebaa; am zemoqmedebaTa kanone-
bisa da kanonzomierebaTa dadgena ki sociologiis umTavresi da uZiriTadesi amo-
canaa. am SemTxvevaSi sociologia interesdeba ara calkeuli, erTeuli faqtebiT,
aramed mas iseTi tipuri socialuri fenomenebi ainteresebs, romlebic yvelgan da
yovelTvis arseboben. am yvelafris gaTvaliswinebiT SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom socio-
logiuri kvlevis sagania:
sazogadoebis wevrebs Soris socialuri urTierTzemoqmedeba;
urTierTzemoqmedebis jgufuri formebi (magaliTad, konfliqtebi an integ-
racia sazogadoebis SigniT);
socialuri institutebis Camoyalibeba da funqcionireba (magaliTad, oja-
xis, religiis, sportis da a. S);
socialuri procesebi (magaliTad, migracia, socialuri mobiloba da
sxva);
socialuri subieqtebi.
sociologiis, rogorc socialuri qcevis, socialuri moqmedebisa da socia-
luri struqturebis Semswavleli mecnierebis, gansazRvreba germaneli sociolo-
gis giunter visvedes (1991 w.) mixedviT Semdegi saxiT SeiZleba warmovidginoT:

sociologiis
sagani

socialuri socialuri
moqmedeba struqturebi

socialurad socialurad socialu- socialuri

formirebuli mimarTuli ri niSnebi warmonaqmnebi
moqmedeba moqmedeba

am modelis mixedviT, `socialurad formirebuli moqmedeba~ _ es iseTi moq-

medebaa, romelic sazogadoebaSi arsebuli normebisa da Rirebulebebis gaTavise-
bis procesSi sazogadoebis gavleniT yalibdeba; xolo `socialurad mimarTulia~
moqmedeba, rodesac calkeuli adamianis moqmedeba garemomcvel adamianTa moqmede-
bebTanaa Sefardebuli, anu Cems moqmedebas mimarTulebas sociumi aZlevs. `socia-
luri struqturebis~ Semadgeneli nawilebia: socialuri niSnebi da socialuri
warmonaqmnebi. pirveli maTgani asakobriv, ekonomikur da profesionalur struqtu-
rebs moicavs. socialur warmonaqmnebSi ki iseTi erTobebi moiazreba, rogorebicaa
eklesia, samrewvelo kompania, sxvadasxva saxis sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebebi, or-
ganizaciebi da institutebi; sociologiis sagnis es modeli SesaZlebelia mokle-
buli iyos srulyofilebas, magram igi Tanamedrove sociologiaSi arsebuli zo-
gadi tendenciis maCvenebelia, romlis mixedviT, Tu sazogadoeba adamianTa urTi-
erTzemoqmedebis Sedegia, maSin sociologiis amocana am urTierTzemoqmedebaTa
socialuri (sazogadoebrivi) kanonzomierebebis Seswavla yofila, rac Sors dgas
sociologiis sagnis klasikuri gagebisagan, romlis mixedviT, sociologiis sagani
mTliani sazogadoebaa. am azriT sociologiis sagani da obieqti erTmaneTs em-
Txveva.
dRes sociologiis kvlevis sfero Zalze gafarToda. masSi moqceulia sazo-
gadoebrivi jgufebisa da pirovnebis socialuri moqmedebisa da qcevis kanonzomie-
rebani, sazogadoebis struqturisa da socialuri institutebis cnebebi, romlebic
sazogadoebrivi faqtorebiT aris ganpirobebuli.

12
 sociologiis Sesavali

sociologiis funqciebi

Tanamedrove sociologia, rogorc sazogadoebis arsebobisa da ganviTarebis

socialuri kanonzomierebebis Semswavleli mecniereba, Zalze farTo funqciebis
mqonea, romelTagan umTavresia:
SemecnebiTi funqcia:
sociologia sxvadasxva saxis sazogadoebrivi sistemis arsebobisa da funqcio-
nirebis socialur kanonzomierebebs Seiswavlis, rac misi SemecnebiTi funqciis
gamovlinebaa. es funqcia agreTve sociologiuri kvlevis Teoriisa da meTodolo-
giis SemuSavebasac gulisxmobs.
prognozistuli funqcia:
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis kanonzomierebaTa codnis safuZvelze sociologia
akeTebs mokle, saSualo da grZelvadian prognozebs sazogadoebis ama Tu im sfe-
ros (mosaxleobis migracia, socialuri struqturebis efeqturi funqcionireba,
urbanizacia, cxovrebis done, ganaTlebis reformebis mimdinareoba, kulturis
transformacia, mimdinare politikuri procesebi da sxva) Sesaxeb. sociologiuri
prognozi rekomendaciuli xasiaTis mqonea da arsebuli viTarebis sasikeTod Sec-
vlas isaxavs miznad.
socialuri proeqtirebis funqcia:
socialuri proeqtirebis amocana socialuri sistemebisa da erTobebis orga-
nizaciisa da funqcionirebis optimaluri modelebis SemuSavebasTan erTad dasa-
xuli amocanebis miRwevis menejmentsac iTvaliswinebs. ganviTarebuli samoqalaqo
sazogadoebis qveynebSi profesionali sociologebis umravlesoba am saqmianobi-
Taa dakavebuli.
socialur-teqnologiuri funqcia:
sociologiis am funqciis tipuri maCvenebelia sawarmoebSi, msxvil kompanieb-
sa da gaerTianebebSi sociologis muSaoba. aq isini koleqtivis fsiqologiuri
mdgomareobebisa da ganwyobebis analiziT, sakadro sakiTxebis gadawyvetiT, socia-
luri konfliqtebis marTviT arian dakavebulni. socialuri inJineriis farglebSi
organizaciul-teqnologiuri funqcia socialuri gamomgoneblobis saxiT warmod-
geba. sociologis mier gaweul daxmarebas socialuri sinamdvilis am sferoSi
Zalze didi mniSvneloba aqvs.
mmarTvelobiTi funqcia:
sociologia, umTavresad gamoyenebiTi sociologia, pirdapir kavSirSia mmar-
TvelobiT saqmianobasTan. Tanamedrove pirobebSi sociologiuri codnis gareSe
marTvis ganxorcieleba Zalze Zneli saqmea. am mxriv sociologia socialuri gar-
daqmnebis arapirdapir instrumentad gvevlineba. igi socialuri politikis Teori-
ul safuZvlebs qmnis.
ideologiuri funqcia:
sociologia garkveulwilad ideologiuri funqciebis matarebeli mecniere-
baa, ramdenadac is xsnis sazogadoebis mdgomareobas, man icis sazogadoebrivi az-
ri ama Tu im socialuri problemebis Sesaxeb da a. S. sazogadoebis Seswavlis
procesSi sociologia calkeuli ideebis formirebis processac uwyobs xels, ra-
Sic vlindeba misi ideologiuri funqcia, Tumca ideologia am SemTxvevaSi pozi-
tiuri mniSvnelobiT unda gavigoT. roca sociologiis ideologiur funqciaze
vsaubrobT, mxedvelobaSi ar gvaqvs gabatonebuli ideologia. piriqiT, sociolo-
gia ebrZvis amgvar ideologiebs, rasac mowmobs CvenSi am mecnierebis ganviTarebis
istoria. gabatonebuli ideologiis periodSi CvenSi sociologia akrZaluli iyo.
dRes sociologia SeiZleba warmovidginoT, rogorc Ria, demokratiuli sazogado-
ebis Teoria da ideologia, romelsac sxva alternativa ar gaaCnia.
sociologiis kanonebisa da kategoriebis Sesaxeb
sociologiis, rogorc axalgazrda mecnierebis, kanonebisa da kategoriebis
sistema jer kidev Camoyalibebis procesSi imyofeba. miuxedavad amisa, garkveulia,

13
kaxa qecbaia

rom sociologiis umTavres kategorias socialuris cneba warmoadgens, romelTa-

nac sociologiis iseTi kategoriebia kavSirSi, rogorebicaa: socialuri urTier-
Toba, socialuri institutebi, socialuri jgufebi, socialuri procesebi da so-
cialuri struqtura.
yoveli mecnierebis birTvs kanonebi qmnian. kanoni, rogorc cnobilia, aris
saganTa da movlenaTa arsebiTi, aucilebeleli, zogadi, obieqturi, sayovelTao
da ganmeorebadi kavSiris gamoxatuleba. kategoriebi ki kanonTa uzogadesi gamov-
linebebia. ase iqmneba yoveli mecnierebis gansakuTrebuli ena. rodesac specialis-
tebi TavianT enaze saubroben, am profesiaSi gauTviTcnobierebeli adamianisaTvis
gaugebaria es ena. arada, am SemTxveveaSi kanonebzea saubari. aqedan momdinareobs
anekdoti, romlis mixedviT, mecinierebasTan maSin gvaqvs saqme, rodesac gasageb
sagnebze gaugebrad saubroben. mTavaria imis dazusteba, rom sociologias socia-
lur kanonebTan aqvs saqme, romlebic adamianuri moRvaweobis nebismier sferoSi
moqmedeben. magaliTad, zogierTi maTgani moicavs mxolod mcire socialur jgu-
febs, zogierTi ki _ mTel sazogadoebas.
sxva kanonebis msgavsad, socialuri kanonebi Semdegi niSan-TvisebebiT xasi-
aTdebian:
kanoni garkveuli mocemulobebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi moqmedebs;
am pirobebSi kanoni yovelgvari gamonaklisebis gareSe vlindeba;
pirobebi, romelSic socialuri kanonebi moqmedeben, realizdeba arasru-
lad, nawilobriv da daaxloebiT.
socialuri kanonebi or ZiriTad jgufad SeiZleba daiyos: organizaciis anu
funqcionirebis kanonebi da ganviTarebis kanonebi. garda amisa, arsebobs sxva ka-
nonebic: magaliTad, ojaxis, SromiTi koleqtivis, pirovnebis da ama Tu im socia-
luri jgufis. swored isini qmnian socialur-sociologiuri Teoriebis karkass.
sazogadoebis sociologiuri xedva imis saSualebas iZleva, rom calkeuli socia-
luri movlenebi sxvebTan kavSirSi gavaanalizoT. sociologia sazogadoebrivi
movlenebisa da procesebis dinamikasa da statikaSi Seswavlis saSualebas iZleva.
socialuri movlenebis dinamikaSi Seswavla maTi prognozirebis saSualebas aZ-
levs sociologias. amerikeli sociologi Carlz raiT milsi ambobda, rom mxo-
lod sociologiur warmodgenas ZaluZs sazogadoebisa da pirovnebis urTierTmi-
marTebis urTulesi problemis swori gagebis mocema.
sabolood, sainteresoa oqsfordis universitetis profesorebis jein tompso-
nisa da judit pristolis mosazreba, romlis mixedviT, sociologia adamianebsa
da sazogadoebas Soris urTulesi urTierTmimarTebis Seswavlaa; imis kvlevaa, Tu
rogor qmnian da cvlian sazogadoebas adamianebi da piriqiT, rogor cvlis
sociumi adamianebs. marTalia, sociologiis ufro rTuli gansazRvrebac arsebobs,
magram sociologiis Sesavlis am kursis gacnobis Sedegad Tqven gaigebT, rom ada-
mianebsa da sazogadoebas Soris urTierToba iseTi elementaruli ram ar aris,
rogoric SeiZleba erTi SexedviT gvegonos. sociologia _ es aris saintereso
mecniereba, romelTanac gacnoba Cven aucileblad mogviwevs.

davaleba:
vfiqrobT, yvelasaTvis naTelia, rom sociologia aris mecniereba. mecnierulobis
qveS pirvel rigSi codnis dasabuTebuli sistema igulisxmeba. mecnieruli codnis
umTvaresi niSnebia:
empiriuloba (Zv. berZnulad _ empiriea-cda, gamocdileba) _ rac imas niS-
navs, rom codna dakvirvebasa da gamocdilebazea damyarebuli.
empiriulad Semowmebadoba (verificirebadoba) _ codnis praqtikuli Semow-
mebadoba.
aranormatiuloba _ Sors dgas Sesamecnebeli sagnisadmi yovelgvari Rire-
bulebiT-SefasebiTi mimarTebisagan, oRond es imas ar niSnavs, rom mecnie-
ruli kvleva RirebulebiTi vakuumis pirobebSi mimdinareobs. aq igulisxme-
ba, rom mecnierul codnas erTxel da samudamod dadgenili normis an ka-

14
 sociologiis Sesavali

nonis saxe ara aqvs.

gadacemadoba _ codna Taobidan Taobas gadaecema.
logikuroba _ azrebi erTmaneTs ki ar ewinaaRmdgebian, aramed erTmaneTisa-
gan gamomdinaroben.
zogadoba _ mecnieruli codna ganzogadebuli xasiaTis matarebelia.
axsniTi bunebis qona _ sagnebsa da movlenebs Soris mizez-Sedegobrivi kav-
Sirebis axsna igulisxmeba.
drouloba _ mecnieruli codna droiTi bunebis mqonea. is drois garkveu-
li periodis Semdeg SeiZleba Seicvalos.

codnis sxvadasxva tipebis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi

codnis tipebi

mecnieruli saRi azri miTosuri

empiriuloba + + _
empiriulad Semow- + _ _
mebadoba
aranormatiuloba + + _
gadacemadoba + _ _
logikuroba + _ _

zogadoba + _ +

axsniTi bunebis + _ +
qona
drouloba + + _

sazogadoebas arc erT epoqaSi ar mohklebia didi moazrovneebis yuradReba.

bunebrivia, maT hqondaT sakuTari Sexedulebebi sazogadoebaze, magram isini soci-
ologebi ar arian. TavianT koncefciebSi isini ufro metad idealur (rac unda
iyos da rogoric unda iyos) sazogadoebas gamosaxavdnen da Sors idgnen arsebu-
lis analizisgan. srulyofil socialur samyaroze sociologiis mamebic fiqrob-
dnen, magram maTi mTavari amocana realurad arsebuli sazogadoebis funqcionire-
bis problemas dastrialebda, rac sazogadoebisadmi mecnieruli midgomis sawin-
daria.
kontma da sociologiis sxva klasikosebma sociologia mecnierulobis gzaze
daayenes, xolo mecnierebad igi XX saukunis dasawyisSi amerikelma sociologebma
aqcies.
_ Tqveni azriT, ramdenad akamyofilebs sociologia mecnierulobis zemoT moy-
vanil kriteriumebs? kiTxvaze pasuxi calkeuli magaliTebis mixedviT moamzadeT.

ZiriTadi literatura:
1. b. lutiZe, sociologia, Tb., 2002. gv. 3-10.
2. q. kalhuni, d. laiTi, s. keleri, sociologia. ilias saxelmwifo
universiteti. Tb., 2007. mecniereba sazogadoebis Sesaxeb. Tavi I, gv. 7-14.
3. . , , . 2005. gv. 17-20.

15
kaxa qecbaia

damatebiTi literatura:
1. i. SCepanski, sociologiis elementaruli cnebebi, Tb., 1997. gv. 5-12.
2. k. noniaSvili, kvlevis meTodebi empiriul da gamoyenebiT sociologiaSi,
Tb., 2010. gv. 10-13.
3. kaxa qecbaia, Jurnalistikis sociologia (sagani, amocanebi, meTodebi), Tb.,
2003. gv.G5-13.
4. e. kodua, sociologiis Sesavali, Tb., 1998, gv. 7-25.
5. . , , , 2004. gv. 24-36.
6. . , . , , , 2004. gv. 9-36.
7. . , , . 2002. gv. 7-19.

masala gansjisaTvis
sazogadoeba mikroskopis qveS

`samyaros Cven, Cveulebriv, sami gan-

sxvavebuli jgufis `faqtebad~ vyofT
xolme. arsebobs biologiuri faqtebi:
sunTqva, kveba, Zili da a. S. magaliTad,
emociebi, siyvaruli, siZulvili anda si-
amovneba, romelsac ferweruli tilos
Wvretis Sedegad miRebuli aRqma gvani-
Webs, _ fsiqologiuri faqtebia. amasTa-
nave arsebobs sociologiuri faqtebi,
romlebic sazogadoebasTan da socia-
lur urTierTobebTanaa dakavSirebuli.
Cven viRacasTan vmegobrobT, vTanamSrom-
lobT samsaxurSi, varT sxvadasxva jgu-
fis wevri da a. S. Tuki amgvarad Sexe-
davT samyaros, maSin, saganTa logikidan
gamomdinare, mecnierebis yoveli dargi
mxolod garkveuli rigis faqtebs unda Seiswavlides. sinamdvileSi amgvari midgo-
ma ar varga. erTi da igive faqti mravali sxvadasxva mecnierebis sagani SeiZleba
iyos.
ganvixiloT qcevis ubralo magaliTi: qali oTx bileTs yidulobs havais kunZu-
lebze gasamgzavreblad, sadac is Tavis ojaxTan erTad orkvirian Svebulebas gaa-
tarebs. fsiqologi isurvebda, rom gamoerkvia, Tu ratom airCia man maincdamainc
havais kunZulebi; ekonomisti bileTebis yidvis am faqtSi fulis xarjvis sxva va-
riantebiT dainteresdeboda. sociologi ki am faqtSi danarCen sam mgzavrs _ am qa-
lis meuRlesa da Svilebs miaqcevda yuradRebas da ikiTxavda: Tu ra gavlena iqo-
nies maT am qalis mier miRebul gadawyvetilebaze. am magaliTidan Tqven SegiZli-
aT darwmundeT, rom qcevis erTsa da imave elements sxvadasxva mecnieruli dis-
ciplinebi sxvadasxvanairad xsnian. analizis morigi etapi sinamdvilis sociolo-
giuri da ara fsiqologiuri, ekonomikuri an kidev raime sxva maxasiaTeblebis ga-
movlenaa.~

neil smelzeri

16
 sociologiis Sesavali

ra aris sociologia da ras Seiswavlis is?

`sakuTar da sxva adamianTa cxovrebaze dakvirvebisas Cven vxedavT, rom is

ganuwyveteli moqmedebebisagan Sedgeba. Cven gamudmebiT vmoqmedebT, mudam raRacas
vakeTebT, mudmivad raRaciT varT dakavebuli. xan erT saqmes vasrulebT, xan meo-
res. an visvenebT, an vSromobT; drodadro viciniT an vtiriT; sxvebs vexmarebiT
da gviyvars viRaca, an viRaca gvZuls da vemterebiT; yoveli adamiani dabadebidan-
ve ganuwyvetliv moqmedebs. maT Soris zogi gacnobierebuli moqmedebaa, zogic _
gaucnobierebeli; zogierTi saqcieli mofiqrebulia, zogi ki _ ara; erTi kargia,
meore _ cudi. magram sanam adamiani cocxlobs, is moqmedebs. am moqmedebaTa daZa-
buloba mxolod Zilis saaTebSi sustdeba. adamianur moqmedebaTa xmauriani zRva
mxolod am SemTxvevaSi mSviddeba cota xniT. danarCeni drois ganmavlobaSi ada-
mianuri moqmedebebi xmaurian da mizanswraf mduRare CanCqers warmoadgens. amgva-
ri ganuwyveteli moqmedebiT miemarTeba adamianuri cxovreba. am yvelaferTan er-
Tad Cven sxva ramesac vxedavT. vxedavT, rom sxvadasxva adamianTa moqmedebebi ara-
erTgvarovania. glexi Tavisi cxovrebis did nawils miwaze muSaobaSi atarebs, mu-
Sa _ fabrikaSi, Cinovniki _ kancelariaSi, vaWari _ maRaziaSi. adamianTa erTi na-
wili xelisuflebaSia da sxvebs marTavs, meores marTaven; erTni mdidrebi arian,
meoreni _ Raribebi. erTni kargad cxovroben da samarTlianad iqcevian, meoreni
danaSauls sCadian da cixeSi xvdebian;
da ai, dgeba sakiTxi: ratom aris adamianTa saqmianoba aseTi da ara sxvanai-
ri? ratom aewyo calkeul adamianTa cxovreba ase da ara sxvanairad? ratom ar
moqmedeben adamianebi erTnairad? amasTan erTad Cven viciT, rom ara mxolod
calkeuli adamianebi, aramed adamianTa jgufebi, mTeli xalxebi TavianTi cxovre-
biTa da istoriiT gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan. ingliseli xalxi ar hgavs rus
ers, oriveni ki Zlier gansxvavdebian iaponelebisagan da a. S. am xalxebis xasiaTi,
cxovrebis wesi, religia, ena, adaT-wesebi, Cveulebebi gansxvavebulia erTmaneTisa-
gan.
ar hgavs erTmaneTs maTi istoria da istoriuli bed-iRbali. da aqac igive
sakiTxi wamoiWreba: riT avxsnaT aseTi gansxvavebebi? ratom Camoyalibda inglise-
lebis cxovreba ase da amgvarad da xolo Cinelebisa sxvagvarad?
sociologiis mTavari amocanaa axsnas rogorc calkeul adamianTa, ise xal-
xTa cxovreba, moqmedeba da bediswera.

***
erTad mcxovreb adamianTa krebuls, romlebic zemoqmedebas axdenen erTma-
neTze anu urTierTzemoqmedeben, socialuri jgufi anu sazogadoeba ewodeba. maT
erTobliv cxovrebas sazogadoebrivi cxovreba hqvia, maT Soris urTierTobebs ki
_ sazogadoebrivi anu socialuri urTierTobebi. ase rom, sazogadoeba, sazogado-
ebrivi cxovreba da sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebi socialur movlenebs warmoad-
genen. maTi Seswavla sociologiis umTavresi amocanaa. am gziT Cven bevr rames ga-
vigebT yoveli calkeuli adamianis qcevis Sesaxeb da, piriqiT, sazogadoebis Sesa-
xeb codnis gareSe SeuZlebeli iqneba calkeul adamianTa cxovrebis wvdoma. axla
ukve advilia termin `sociologiis~ gageba. Cveneburad is niSnavs _ `sityvas sa-
zogadoebaze.~am mecnierebaSi adamiani ganixileba ara rogorc gancalkevebiT
mcxovrebi arseba, aramed rogorc `erTobis wevri,~ SOCIUS-i, romelic sxva adami-
anTa Soris cxovrobs da urTierTzemoqmedebs maTze, anu gavlenas axdens maT moq-
medebebze da, Tavis mxriv, TviTonac sxva adamianTa zemoqmedebiT moqmedebs. amri-
gad, Cven mivediT Semdegi saxis daskvnamde:
sociologiis saboloo da umTavresi amocanaa adamianTa qcevisa da moqmede-
bebis Seswavla, magram ramdenadac adamianebi gancalkevebiT ki ara, erTad cxov-
roben da nebismieri adamianis moqmedeba da bed-iRbali sxvebzea damokidebuli, am-
denad am amocanis gadasawyvetad aucilebelia adamianTa erToblivi cxovrebis _

17
kaxa qecbaia

sazogadoebis, sazogadoebriv urTierTobaTa da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis mTli-

anobaSi Seswavla; saWiroa adamiani ganvixiloT ara rogorc ganmartoebuli arse-
ba, aramed rogorc SOCIUS-i, romelic msgavs arsebebTan erTad cxovrobs.~

pitirim sorokini
`sociologiis sistema,~ t. I.

sociologiis Seswavlis mniSvneloba

`sociologiis gacnoba pirvel rigSi Cveni gonebis maZiebluri bunebiTaa na-

karnaxevi. Tuki adamianuri azrovneba aracocxali bunebis agebulebisa da masSi
mimdinare procesebis Semecnebisaken miiswrafvis, Tuki mas unda, rom sicocxlis
gamovlinebaTa _ mcenareTa da cxovelTa samyaros Sesaxeb codnas flobdes, maSin
miT ufro daJinebuli iqneba misi survili TviT adamianis, adamianTa cxovrebisa
da moqmedebaTa da adamianuri istoriis kanonzomierebaTa Secnobisa.
magram sociologiis Seswavla mniSvnelovania ara mxolod am, aramed wminda
praqtikuli mosazrebebidan gamomdinare. codna da mecniereba yovelTvis iyo ada-
mianis arsebobisaTvis brZolis iaraRi. codnis wyalobiT aRemateba adamiani da-
narCen cocxal arsebebs. codnis saSualebiT daimorCila man aracocxali bunebis
mrisxane Zalebi: orTqli da eleqtroni, wyali da haeri; codnis gamoisobiT daf-
rinavs is caSi da dacuravs wyalSi; codna aZlevs mas saSualebas gvirabebi gaiy-
vanos mTebSi, mdinareebze da tbebze xidebi aagos, rkinigzis liandagebiT, tele-
fonisa da telegrafis xazebiT gadaseros mTeli dedamiwa, mindvrebSi marcvleu-
li daTesos da mcenareTa kultivireba moaxdinos.
codnam gaxada adamiani sxva cocxal arsebaTa baton-patroni. fizikuri Zalis
mxriv adamiani bevr cxovels CamorCeba, iseve rogorc sididisa da simaRlis mi-
xedviT, magram es maTze batonobaSi xels ar uSlis mas. man misTvis sasargeblo
cxovelebi moaSinaura, saziano ki Tavis sacxovrebels axlosac ar gaakara. cod-
nis wyalobiT mas didi miRwevebi aqvs daavadebebTan da sicocxlisTvis zianis
momtan movlenebTan brZolaSi. mecnierul codnasTan erTad sul uro srulyofi-
li xdeba medicina. is yovelwliurad axal-axal saSualebebs aZlevs adamianebs
daavadebebTan sabrZolvelad.
aseTive codna unda gvqondes adamianTa sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sferoSic.
Cven ufro metad cocxali da aracocxali bunebis Zalebisagan ki ar vitanjebiT,
aramed cudad mowyobili sazogadoebisa da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisagan. socia-
lur movlenaTa samyarosadmi Cveni udierobis gamo dRemde ar viciT, Tu rogor
gavumklavdeT siRaribes, romelic saTaves adamianTa socialuri cxovrebidan
iRebs. Cven ar viciT, rogor vaqcioT ugunuri gonierad, damnaSave _ patiosnad,
zarmaci _ bejiTad; Cven ar viciT sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis mowyoba ise, rom mi-
si yoveli wevri maZRari da kmayofili iyos; rom adamianTa Soris urTierToba pa-
tiosani da samarTliani iyos; rom adamiani ar vnebdes da ar amcirebdes sxva ada-
mians; rom yvelani gonierni da Sromismoyvareni viyoT. adamianebi kvlav agrZele-
ben erTmaneTis RrRnas; SimSili, sicive da usaxlkaroba, garyvnileba da damnaSa-
veoba, usamarTloba da eqspluatacia adamianTa sazogadoebis Tanamgzavria kvlav.
am ubedurebebTan brZolis arc erTma mcdelobam dRemde aranairi Sedegi ar mog-
vca. ar gvSvelis arc cixeebi, arc saxrCobelebi, arc daxvretebi da brZolis ki-
dev sxva uamravi xerxi da meTodi. am da kidev sxva tipis msgavs ubedurebebTan
brZolaSi warmatebas mxolod maSin unda vimedovnebdeT, rodesac kargad Sevis-
wavliT adamianTa sazogadoebriv cxovrebas da im kanonebs SevimecnebT, romel-
Tac is misdevs. ise rogorc cocxali da aracocxali materiis Semecnebis Sede-
gad adamianma bunebis stiqionebi sakuTar nebas dauqvemdebara, swored aseve sazo-
gadoebriv movlenaTa Rrma, safuZvliani Seswavlis Sedegad adamians ar gauZnel-
18
 sociologiis Sesavali

deba am ubedurebaTagan gansakurnebeli malamos povna. amis gakeTeba mxolod so-

ciologiis codnas ZaluZs. mas aqvs is codna, romlis saSualebiTac SesaZlebe-
lia, rom yoveli Cvengani bednieri, ganaTlebuli da patiosani iyos, rom adamiani
adamianisaTvis mgeli ki ara, RmerTi iyos.
ai, am praqtikuli mosazrebidan gamomdinare sociologiis Seswavla uzarma-
zari mniSvnelobis mqonea. jerjerobiT sociologia saTanadod ar aris ganviTa-
rebuli. Cven jer kidev cota ram viciT im sagnebis Sesaxeb, romelsac is Seiswav-
lis, amitomac sociologiis praqtikuli rCevebi naklebRirebulia, magram ueWve-
lia, rom Sors ar aris is dro, rodesac sociologia TandaTan ufro srulyofi-
li da popularuli gaxdeba, amasTanave Sesabamisad gaizrdeba misi praqtikuli
mniSvnelobac. naTqvami srulebiT sakmarisia sociologiis Seswavlis mniSvnelo-
bisa da aucileblobis gasagebad.~

pitirim sorokini
`sociologiis sistema,~ t. I.

msoflioSi cnobili sociologebi

neil smelzeri

gamoCenili amerikeli sociologi, Tanamedrove ekonomikuri sociologiis korife;

avtori sayovelTaod aRiarebuli wignisa `sociologia.~

19
kaxa qecbaia

II leqcia

Tema: sociologiis fuZemdeblebi

(mcire eqskursi sociologiis istoriaSi)

sazogadoebaze Sexedulebebi adamianebs uxsovari droidan moyolebuli hqon-

daT, magram mecnieruli codnis saxiT maTi koncentrireba didi xnis manZilze ver
moxerxda. amitom XIX saukunis pirvel naxevramde sociologiis Sesaxeb arc ter-
mini arsebobda da, bunebrivia, arc calke mecniereba. Tumca arsebobs mosazreba e.
w. `sociologiamdeli sociologiis~ arsebobis Sesaxeb. am mosazrebis warmomad-
genlebi kontis winamorbedebze akeTeben aqcents, romelTa naazrevi winaresocio-
logiur Teoriebad aqvT warmodgenili. maT ricxvs miakuTvneben frang ganmanaTle-
bels monteskies (`kanonTa goni,~ 1798 w.), Sotlandiel moralistebs: adam fergiu-
sons (`narkvevi samoqalaqo sazogadoebis istoriisaTvis,~ 1768 w.) da jon milards
(`sazogadoebriv fenaTa Soris sxvaobaze dakvirveba,~ 1771 w.), cnobil inglisel
ekonomists adam smits (`erTa simdidre,~ 1776 w.) da sxv. Tumca istoriuli faqtia,
rom arc erT maTgans sazogadoebis Semswavleli mecnierebis Seqmnis mizani ar
hqonia. garda amisa, maTi naazrevi socialur-filosofiuri, an socialur-ekonomi-
kuri xasiaTis matarebelia, romelic sociologiis Tanamedrove gagebasTan axlo-
sac ar aris.
sociologiis fuZemdebeli frangi swavluli ogiust kontia. konts miaCnda,
rom axali mecniereba sazogadoebas, rogorc struqturul organizms, ise unda ga-
nixilavdes, romlis yoveli ujredis Seswavla sazogadoebis keTildReobasa da
progress unda emsaxurebodes. igi `wesrigisa da progresis~ principis momxre iyo,
romelic mas, fizikis analogiiT, warmodgenili hqonda, rogorc sazogadoebis yo-
veli elementis simetriuli da gawonasworebuli mdgomareoba. xolo sociologia,
mis mixedviT, es aris codna sazogadoebis Sesaxeb, romelic pirvel rigSi adamia-
nebs Soris urTierTobaTa optimizaciisTvisaa aucilebeli. amasTan dakavSirebiT
sociologias igi or ZiriTad nawilad: socialur dinamikad da socialur stati-
kad yofda. socialuri statika sazogadoebis anatomias mogvagonebs. is sazogadoe-
bis aRnagobas Seiswavlis, imas aanalizebs, Tu rogor aigeba sazogadoebrivi mTe-
li sxvadasxva struqturuli elementebisagan.
yvelaze martiv socialur erTeulad mas ojaxi warmoedgina. ojaxi kontis-
Tvis sazogadoebis miniatiuruli modelia; socialuri dinamika sazogadoebis fi-
ziologias warmoadgens. is sazogadoebis cvlilebebsa da am cvlilebaTa kanon-
zomierebebs Seiswavlis. sociologiis, rogorc damoukidebeli mecnierebis, dafuZ-
nebas emsaxureba kontis `sami stadiis kanoni.~ `kontis maxvilma Tvalma kargad Se-
niSna misi Tanamedrove epoqis siluetebi da sainteresodac aRwera es siaxleebi.
man uSecdomod aRwera RirebulebaTa gadafaseba da sazogadoebis struqturuli
Secvla; iwinaswarmetyvela mecnierebisa da teqnikis xana, biznesis civilizacia,
pirovnebis qroba masaSi da misi anonimuri cxovreba.~ kontma sociologias didi
momavali uwinaswarmetyvela, rac gamarTlda kidec. sociologia, sabunebismetyve-
lo mecnierebaTa msgavsad, pozitiuri faqtebis Semswavleli mecnierebaa, amitomac
SemTxveviTi ar aris is faqti, rom Tavdapirvelad mas socialuri fizika erqva.
sociologiis damoukidebel mecnierebad CamoyalibebaSi didi roli misma in-
gliselma klasikosma herbert spenserma Seasrula. darvinis evolucionisturi Te-
oriis gavleniT man sazogadoeba cocxal organizms Seadara. spenseris azriT, sa-
zogadoeba ganviTarebadi organuli mTelia, romelic ufro metad rTulia, vidre
misi Semadgeneli nawilebis ubralo jami. spenserma sazogadoebis sistemur Teo-
rias daudo saTave. sociologia, spenseris Tanaxmad, sazogadoebis ganviTarebis
procesebis Semecnebaa, romlis mizani socialuri harmoniis miRwevaa. spenseridan

20
 sociologiis Sesavali

momdinareobs Tanamedrove sociologiaSi popularuli idea imis Sesaxeb, rom sa-

zogadoebis ganviTareba `progress~ ar niSnavs yovelTvis.
sociologiis fuZemdeblebs Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovani figura maqs vebe-
ria. misma sociologiurma koncefciam Tanamedrove sociologiaze udidesi gavle-
na moaxdina. man obieqturi da sxvadasxva RirebulebiTi sistemebisagan Tavisufali
sociologia Seqmna, amisaTvis Tavis SromebSi detalurad ganixila RirebulebiTi
sistemebi da maTi ganviTarebis kanonzomierebani. veberis azriT, sociologiis Zi-
riTadi cneba socialuri moqmedebaa, amitom mis mier Seqmnil sociologiur Teo-
rias `socialuri moqmedebis Teoria~ ewodeba. sazogadoeba moqmedi subieqtebis _
aqtorebis erTobliobaa, romelTagan TiToeuli maT mier dasaxuli miznebis miR-
wevisken miiswrafvis. aqtorTa interesebis kooperirebis Sedgad ki socialuri
jgufebi da socialuri institutebi iqmneba. sxva mecnierebaTagan sociologias mi-
si Sesaswavli sagnisadmi gansakuTrebuli midgoma gamoarCevs, rac gagebis meSveo-
biT socialuri moqmedebis sazrisis wvdomas gulisxmobs. amis gamo veberi `gagebi-
Ti sociologiis~ warmomadgenelia. fasdaudebelia veberis mecnieruli memkvidre-
oba socialuri mobilobis, religiis, qalaqis, ekonomikis, xelovnebis, Zalaufle-
bis da, mTlianobaSi, Tanamedrove sazogadoebis sociologiuri analizis saqmeSi.
veberma gaaTavisufla sociologia filosofiuri da sabunebismetyvelo mecniere-
baTa gavlenisagan da ganviTarebis Tanamedrove gzaze daayena.
Cveulebriv, veberTan erTad moixsenieba germanuli sociologiis klasikosi
karl marqsi. marqsi Tanamedrove sazogadoebis analizis saqmeSi Seudarebelia. sa-
kmaod swori aRmoCnda misi prognozi bunebisa da sazogadoebisagan adamianis ga-
ucxoebis problemasTan dakavSirebiT. socialuri progresis umTavresi mizani,
marqsis mixedviT, erTganzomilebiani adamianis _ `homo ekonomikusis~ formirebaa,
magram am miznis misaRwevad marqsis mier gaweuli rekomendaciebi sakamaTo da
xSir SemTxvevaSi miuRebeli aRmoCnda. marqsma sazogadoeba da adamiani istoriuli
ganviTarebis produqtad gamoacxada, rogorc dinamiurad ganviTarebadi struqtu-
ra. man aCvena socialuri uTanasworobisa da socialuri konfliqtebis mizezebi.
SemdgomSi marqsis ideebis eqsperimentireba moxda e. w. socialistur qveynebSi,
romlis Sedegebi dRes yvelasaTvis cxadia. miuxedavad amisa, Tanamedrove socio-
logiaSi marqsis ideebi TavianT gamoZaxils mainc pouloben. marqsma didi gavlena
miaxdina sociologiaze. misi roli, rogorc konfliqtebis Teoretikosisa, ro-
gorc Cans, momavalSic arsebiTi iqneba.
sociologiis, rogorc sazogadoebis Semswavleli damoukidebeli mecniere-
bis, dafuZnebaSi lomis wili sociologiis frang klasikoss emil diurkems ekuT-
vnis. diurkemis sociologiuri koncefciis amosavali principia socialuri faqtis
cneba. socialur faqtSi igulisxmeba adamianTa mikuTvneba sxvadasxva jgufebisad-
mi, religiuri gaerTianebebisadmi, romelTa saSualebiTac adamiani socialuri bu-
nebis matarebeli xdeba. isini adamianisaTvis gareganisa da maiZuleblis rols as-
ruleben, magram sxvagvarad sazogadoebaSi adamianis arseboba warmoudgenelia. so-
cialuri faqtis cnebas diurkemTan eTanadeba institutebis cnebac, amitom socio-
logiam socialuri institutebis Seswavla unda moaxdinos. socialuri institu-
tebis cnebaSi moaqcia man `danaSaulis~ cnebac.
1897 wels daweril naSromSi `TviTmkvleloba~ diurkemma pirvelma gamoiye-
na sociologiaSi dRes ukve farTod gavrcelebuli anomiis cneba. am naSromSi
man iseTi sazogadoeba aRwera, romelSic individebs aranairi myari saxelmZRva-
nelo principebi ara aqvT imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor moeqcnen erTmaneTs, rasac di-
urkemma anomia uwoda. msgavsi unormoba, diurkemis azriT, aratradiciuli, Tana-
medrove (modernistuli) sazogadoebisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, sadac koleqti-
ur cnobierebasa da socialur solidarobas fasi aqvs dakarguli. sazogadoeba
myar normatiul CarCoebSi arsebobs, romelTa moSla anomiaa. anomiis cnebis
originaluri gageba aqvs amerikel sociologs robert mertons, romelmac igi
socialuri struqturis cnebas daukavSira.

21
kaxa qecbaia

sainteresoa agreTve diurkemis `religiis sociologia,~ `Sromis sociolo-

gia,~ TviTmkvlelobis sociologiuri analizi, romlis Tanaxmad, TviTmkvleloba
xSiria im socialur jgufebSi, romlebic solidarobisa da socialuri kavSirebis
dabali xarisxiT gamoirCevian. am SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovan rols asruleben re-
ligia da ojaxi. diurkemma didi roli Seasrula mTeli rigi sociologiuri cne-
bebis SemuSavebasa da daxvewaSi. diurkemi sociologiaSi sociologizmisa (socia-
luris axsna socialuriT) da funqcionalizmis warmomadgenelia.
sociologiis fuZemdeblebs Soris germaneli sociologi ferdinand Tionisi
gamorCeulia Tavisi originaluri sociologiuri naSromiT `Temi da sazogadoeba~.
mis mixedviT, sazogadoeba adamianuri nebis Sedegad Seqmnili socialuri sinamdvi-
lea. sociologiis sagania adamianuri neba, rogorc sociumis Semqmneli umTavresi
faqtori. Tionisi orgvar nebaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas: bunebrivi neba _ Temis,
erTobis _ `Gemeinschaft-is~ safuZvelia, xolo racionaluri neba _ `Gesellschaft-is,~
sazogadoebis safuZvelia; pirveli maTgani tradiciul sazogadoebas, meore ki Ta-
namedrove sazogadoebas axasiaTebs.
am wignSi Tionisi didi gulistkiviliT aRwers tradici-
uli sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli erTobis dakargvasa
da adamianis gaxdomas upirovno masis wevrad, romelsac sazo-
gadoeba hqvia. adamianebs Soris siTboTi da siyvaruliT gam-
Tbari Temi Tavisi uSualo, bunebrivi da `pirvelyofili~ ur-
TierTobebiT istorias Cabarda. amieridan asparezi sazogado-
ebas ekuTvnis, romelSic yvelaferi gaTvlili da racionali-
zebulia. dostoevskis personaJis msgavsad, romelic ambobs,
rom `qimia modis, Zmao, qimia,~ Tionissac SeuZlia Tqvas: `so-
ciologia modis, Zmao, sociologia!~ da amiT axali sazoga-
doeba iwinaswarmetyvelos.
veberis `CrdilSi~ Tuki vinmes ewera Tavis gamoCena, es,
pirvel rigSi, georg zimeli iyo. igi imdenad didi moazrovne
da originaluri sociologia, rom veberis Tanamedrovem mainc moaxerxa Tavis dam-
kvidreba sociologiis klasikosTa da fuZemdebelTa Soris. zimeli ewinaaRmdege-
boda sociologiis pozitivizmze damyarebis mcdelobas. misi azriT, sociologias
sakuTari formaluri safuZvlebi gaaCnia. amis gamo zimeli formaluri sociolo-
giis fuZemdeblad aris miCneuli, romelSic mniSvnelovani adgili droTa ganmav-
lobaSi ucvlel logikur kavSirebsa da struqturebs uWiravs. sociologiis saga-
ni, zimelis mixedviT, sazogadoebis wevrebs Soris urTierTzemoqmedebis (`socia-
ciis~) formebia. zimelis sociologia sociumze individTa mxridan subieqturi so-
ciokulturuli reagirebis analizia. man didi roli Seasrula modis sociologi-
is, fulis sociologiisa da pirovnebis sociologiis fuZemdebluri principebisa
da sociologiuri midgomebisa da axleburi xedvebis SemuSavebaSi.
sociologiis sxvadasxva mimarTulebebisa da problemebis damuSavebaSi mniSvne-
lovani wvlili aqvT Setanili sociologiis klasikosTa mowa-
feebs, romelTa Soris gamorCeulia veberis mowafe, codnis so-
ciologiis fuZemdebeli karl manhaimi.
manhaimis sociologiis interesis sagani imis garkveva
iyo, Tu ra gavlenas axdens socialuri situaciebis cvlile-
ba sulier samyaroze. manhaimis mier swrafadcvalebad socia-
lur sinamdvileSi socialuri jgufebis bedis Seswavla Sem-
dgomSi axali sociologiuri ideebisa da Teoriebis safuZve-
li gaxda.
Tuki klasikuri sociologiis akvani evropaSi dairwa,
Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom araklasikuri, Tanamedrove so-
ciologiis samSoblo amerikis SeerTebuli Statebia. ameriku-
li sazogadoebis ganviTarebis tempebma da iq mimdinare soci-
karl manhaimi
alurma cvlilebebma mravali socialuri problema warmoSva,
(1893-1947)
romelic gadaWras moiTxovda. am amocanebTan da problemeb-
22
 sociologiis Sesavali

Tan Widilma didi saxeli da aRiareba moutana sociologias. Tanamedrove socio-

logia, faqtobrivad, amerikuli movlenaa.
amerikaSi sociologias pirveli gza lester uordma gaukvala Tavisi naSro-
miT `dinamiuri sociologia.~ manve Seqmna `sociologTa amerikuli asociacia.~ mis-
Tvis sociologia socialuri cvlilebebis meqanizmebis Semswavleli mecnierebaa.
adreuli amerikuli sociologiis warmomadgenlebidan uiliam samneria yvelaze
metad cnobili. igi socialuri kontrolis meqanizmebis analiziTaa gamorCeuli.
socialuri jgufebis tipologiiTaa cnobili amave periodis amerikeli sociolo-
gi Carlz horton kuli (1864-1929).
1921 wels amerikelma sociologebma robert parkma
da ernst berjesma sociologiis istoriis Semdegi saxis
qronologizacia moaxdines:
kontisa da spenseris epoqa, rodesac sociologia
filosofiuri Seferilobis matarebeli iyo da
progresisa da ganviTarebis Sesaxeb mecnierebas
warmoadgenda.
`sociologiuri skolebis epoqa~, rodesac sxvadas-
xva skolebis saxiT warmodgenili sociologiuri
azrovneba sakuTari koncefciisa da kvlevis sag-
nis gansazRvrebas cdilobda.
XX s-is dasawyisi _ konkretuli sociologiuri
gamokvlevebis dasawyisi.
SesaZlebelia qronologiisaTvis Tanamedrove soci-
Carlz raiT milsi
ologiis periodis mimatebac, romelic amerikaSi meore
msoflio omamde, evropaSi ki omis Semdgomi droidan iw-
yeba. am drois amerikul sociologiaSi araerTi kaSkaSa varskvlavis saxelia cno-
bili, romelTa Soris arian pitirim sorokini, talkot parsonsi, robert mertoni
da sxvebi.
harvardis universitetis sociologiis profesorebs Soris sociologiis
erT-erTi gavleniani wamomadgeneli talkot parsonsia. igi Tavisi `socialuri
moqmedebis TeoriiTaa~ cnobili, romelzec veberis, diurkemisa da zimelis gavle-
na aSkaraa. misi sociologiuri Teoria individualuri da socialuri moqmedebis
meqanizmebs aRwers, romelsac parsonsi urTierTqmedebaTa sistemis saxes aZlevs.
amisaTvis man socialuri sistemis modeli SeimuSava, romelSic moqmedebis subieq-
ti sakuTar moTxovnilebebsa da molodinebs sxvaTa moTxovnilebebTan da molo-
dinebTan aTavsebs, xolo, Tavis mxriv, es moTxovnilebebi da molodinebi Rirebu-
lebaTa zogad modelebzea orientirebuli. socialuri moqmedeba gulisxmobs: 1)
moqmedebis subieqts (agents), 2) moqmedebis mizans, 3) samoqmedo situacias, romlis
pirobas subieqtis mier kontrolirebadi saSualebebi miekuTvneba, 4) subieqtis
normatiul orientacias anu subieqtis mier im saSualebaTa arCevans, romlebic yo-
vel mocemul situaciaSi miznis misaRwevadaa gamosadegi.
am oTxi niSnis gareSe, parsonsis azriT, gaWirdeboda moq-
medebis, rogorc aseTis, racionaluri aRwera. parsonsis
ZiriTadi sociologiuri koncefciis mixedviT, moqmedeba
yovelTvis sistemas qmnis, romlis analizi socialuri
mecnierebis upirvelesi amocanaa. am amocanis Sesasruleb-
lad parsonsma iseTi rTuli modeli aago, rom socio-
logTa daucxromeli kritika daimsaxura (parsonsis soci-
ologiur koncefcias studentebi `Tanamedrove sociolo-
giuri Teoriebis~ kursis mosmenisas gaecnobian). Tumca is,
rac parsonsTan dakavSirebiT aRvniSneT, imaze mianiSnebs,
rom sociologiam damoukidebel mecnierebad formirebam-
de ganviTarebis Zalze rTuli gza gaiara. am gzaze ki so-
ciologiis araerTi saxelovani warmomadgeneli gamoCnda.
irving gofmani maT Soris mniSvnelovania iurgen habermasis, Teodor
23
kaxa qecbaia

adornos, Carlz rait milsis, irving gofmanis, harold garfinkelis, herbert mar-
kuzes, Jak deridas, pier burdies, Jan bodriaris, neil smelzeris, entoni gidensi-
sa da sxvaTa saxelebi. sociologiis fuZemdebelTa da Zveli da axali Taobis war-
momadgenelTa zemoT moyvanili rigisaTvis kidev araerTi saintereso saxelis mimate-
baa SesaZlebeli.
zogadad SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom sociologiis istoria iyofa klasikur, Tana-
medrove da postTanamedrove periodebad.
aRsaniSnavia isic, rom sociologias, rogorc mecnierebas, Tavisi mokrZalebu-
li, magram Zalze saintereso istoria aqvs saqarTveloSi.

sociologiis Tanamedrov amerikelma Teoretikosma jorj ritcerma Ta-

vis wignSi `Tanamedrove sociologiuri Teoriebi~ im faqtorebze gaamaxvila
yuradReba, romlebic socialuri Teoriebis Camoyalibebasa da ganviTarebaze
axdenen gavlenas. faqtobrivad, es is faqtorebia, romlis gareSec sociolo-
gia damoukidebel mecnierebad ver Camoyalibdeboda (ix. nax. 1 da 2.).

politikuri
revoluciebi

sazogadoebis
samrewvelo
gaRiavebis,
gadatrialebebi
demokratizacii
s procesi

socialuri,
politikuri da
sxva faqtorebi
feministuri urbanizmi
moZraobebi

religiuri mecnierebis
moZraobebi rolis zrda
(protestantiz-
mi)

nax. 1.

24
 sociologiis Sesavali

ganmanaTleb-loba

konservatiu-li
racionalizmi reqcia ganmanaTleb-
lobaze

inteleqtua-luri
faqtorebi

empirizmi pozitivizmi

nax. 2.

davaleba:
_ moiZieT sxva masalebi saprezentacio TemisaTvis: `sociologiis fuZem-
deblebi.~
_ imsjeleT jgufSi Temaze: aucilebelia Tu ara sociologiis istoriis
Seswavla?
_ moiZieT sxva masalebi saprezentacio TemisaTvis: `Tanamedrove ameriku-
li sociologiis warmomadgenlebi.~
_ daasaxeleT klasikuri, Tanamedrove da postTanamedrove sociologiis
warmomadgenlebi.

ZiriTadi literatura:
1. e. gidensi, sociologia, m. 2005. (rus. Enaze). gv. 17-20.
2. n. smelzeri, sociologia, m. 1994. (rus. Enaze). gv. 14-40.
3. j. masionisi, sociologia, m. 2004. (rus. Enaze). gv. 37-40.
4. p. berki, istoria da socialuri Teoria. Tb., 1992. gv. 2-19.
5. q. kalhuni, d. laiTi, s. keleri, sociologia. ilias saxelmwifo universi-
teti. Tb., 2007. nawili I, gv. 41-67.
6. g. asaTiani, Tanamedrove burJuaziuli sociologia. Tb., 1987. gv: 56-174.

damatebiTi literatura:
1. XX . gv.52-64. $4. Tavi I. wignSi:
. . 7. . 2009. (. ).
2. z. xasaia, socialuri filosofiis istoria, Tb., 2008. gv. 5-16.
3. s. danelia, narkvevebi axali da uaxlesi filosofiis istoriaSi, Tb., 1987.
gv. 422-462.
4. a. hofmani. klasikuri da Tanamedrove: etiudebi sociologiis istoriasa
da TeoriaSi, m. 2003 (rus. enaze). Ggv. 11-23.
25
kaxa qecbaia

es sainteresoa
socialuri fizikidan sociologiisaken
(rodis da rogor SemoiRo ogiust kontma termini `sociologia~)

sayovelTaod gavrcelebul ter-

mins `sociologia~ saintereso isto-
ria aqvs. sociologiis mamas _ ogi-
ust konts igi SemTxveviT ar daurqme-
via sazogadoebis Semswavleli mecnie-
rebisaTvis.
konti xedavda, rom axali drois
evropaSi mimdinare cvlilebebs _ sam-
rewvelo sazogadoebis formirebis
process, romelsac umtkivneulod ar
Cauvlia, Zvelis sanacvlod metafizi-
kur-Teologiiuri da spekulaturi,
axali filosofia sWirdeboda. am miz-
niT man SeimuSava pozitiuri filoso-
fia, rogorc faqtebisa da kanonTa
codnis dadebiTi mTliani mecnieruli
sistema. sazogadoebis Sesaxeb obieqtu-
ri mecniereba man pozitiur filoso-
fiaze daamyara. kontis varaudiT, sa-
zogadoebis Semswavleli axali mecnie-
reba kacobriobisaTvis bednierebis
momtani unda yofiliyo. masSi Cadebu-
li mTavari idea racionaluri wesrigi
da progresi iyo. kontma am mecnierebas
Tavdapirvelad `socialuri fizika~
uwoda (1822 w. aprili. traqtati: `mec-
nierul naSromTa gegma sazogadoebis
gardasaqmnelad~), ramac `sociologi-
is~ SemoRebamde erTgvari samuSao variantis roli Seasrula. SemdgomSi kontma igi
konceptualurad axali terminiT _ `sociologiiT~ Secvala, rasac, ra Tqma unda,
Tavisi mizezebi hqonda. 1822 wlis aprilSi kontma Tavisi maswavleblis sen-simonis
davalebiT moamzada `mrewvelTa katexizmo~ da mesame rveuli traqtatisa _ `mecnie-
rul naSromTa gegma sazogadoebis gardasaqmnelad,~ ramac principuli uTanxmoeba
gamoiwvia mxcovan maswavlebelsa da axalgazrda moswavles Soris. swored aq wamoa-
yena kontma sazogadoebis Sesaxeb pozitiuri mecnierebis axali idea, romelic dak-
virvebaze iqneba damyarebuli da saqme eqneba ara ganyenebul cnebebTan, aramed rea-
lur faqtebTan. am axal mecnierebas fizikis msgavsad sazogadoebis obieqturi kano-
nebi unda Seeswavla; sen-simoni ki sazogadoebis Sesaxeb mecnierebas organizmebis Se-
saxeb zogadi mecnierebis anu fiziologiis nawilad ganixilavda. socialuri orga-
nizmebis Sesaxeb axali mecniereba, kontis mixedviT, codnis damoukidebel sferos mi-
ekuTvneba, romelsac man `socialuri fizika~ daarqva (physique sociale). kontis TqmiT,
`socialuri fizika iseTive pozitiuri mecnierebaa, rogoric sxva nebismieri, rome-
lic dakvirvebas emyareba. misi Tavdajerebulobis wyaro relobaa.~ amgvarad, kontma
saerTofuZiani terminebiT saxeldebuli mecnierebis sami sferos kavSiris idea Camoa-
yaliba: fizikis (berZn. Physis _ mecniereba bunebis Sesaxeb), fiziologiisa (mecniereba
bunebrivi organizmebis Sesaxeb) da socialuri fizikis (sazogadoebis anu socialu-
ri organizmebis Sesaxeb mecniereba). maTi sagani TandaTanobiT rTuldeba. kontma
mecnierebaTa ierarqiis mwvervalze socialuri fizika moaTavsa, rogorc codnis yve-
laze rTuli dargi. 1825 wels man kidev ufro gaamyara `socialuri fizikis~ idea
Tavis statiaSi: `filosofiuri msjeloba mecnierebisa da mecnierTa Sesaxeb.~ `socia-
26
 sociologiis Sesavali

luri fizika, _ werda igi, _ es aris mecniereba, romlis namdvili mizani socialuri
movlenebis Seswavlaa. am movlenebs igi imgvarad ganixilavs, rogorc astronomia, fi-
zika, qimia da fiziologia _ Tavis Sesaswavl sagans.~
konti 1825 wlis aprilSi parizis politeqnikur kolejSi kiTxulobs Tavis
cnobil `pozitiuri filosofiis kurss.~ kursi 72 leqciisagan Sedgeboda (1826-1827
ww.). or Sesaval TemasTan erTad igi sam did nawilad iyo dayofili: 1) maTematika;
2) mecnierebaMmaterialuri sxeulebis Sesaxeb: astronomia, fizika, qimia da 3) mec-
nierebaOorganizmebis Sesaxeb: fiziologia, socialuri fizika; miRebuli saleqcio
gamocdilebis Sedegad 1828 wels kontma zemoxsenebuli kursis detalizebuli geg-
ma Seadgina, romelic ukve 50 leqciisagan Sedgeboda. am SemTxvevaSi man kidev uf-
ro daxvewa kursis is nawili, romelic socialur fizikas Seexeboda, kerZod, mas
daumata Semdegi nawilebi: Sesavali, meTodi; codna anu sakuTari Teoria.
1835 wels konti mis mier SemoRebuli terminis _ `socialuri fizika~ `uzur-
paciis~ faqts awydeba. cnobili belgieli maTematikosi da statistikosi adolf
ketle (sociologiaSi statistikuri skolis warmomadgeneli) wers wigns: `adamia-
nis unarebis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb anu socialuri fizikis cdebi.~ am wignSi ket-
lem `saSualo statistikuri adamianis~ koncefcia warmoadgina, romelmac socio-
logebis kritika daimsaxura, gansakuTrebiT diurkemisa. lazarsfeldis TqmiT, ket-
les warmodgenac ar hqonda imis Sesaxeb, rom misi sociologiuri Sexedulebebi di-
dad scdeba im maTematikuri modelebis farglebs, romlebic man SeimuSava. ketles
moTxovna iyo socialuri realobis maTematikuri meTodebiT Seswavla. man safuZveli
Cauyara moralur statistikas da im droisaTvis inglisSi popularul `politikur
ariTmetikas~ (j. gruanti, v. peti, e. halei). gaecno ra mis mier SemoRebuli terminis
misTvis ukve arasasurvel interpretacias, kontma araTu daicva sakuTari prioriteti
terminis konstruirebis saqmeSi, aramed arsobrivad ganaviTara igi aw ukve axali
terminis `s o c i o l o g i i s~ SemoRebiT. 1839 wlis martSi Tavisi leqciebis
kursis VI tomSi (46-51 leqciebi) man socialuri fizika sociologiiT _ sociologie _
Secvala. 1839 wlis marti termin sociologiis dabadebis TariRad SeiZleba miviCni-
oT (Comte, Auguste. Cours de philosophie positive. Tomr Quatrieme contenant partie dogmatique de la
philosophic sociale. 5e edition (Identique a la premiere). Paris. 1894).
termin sociologiis SemoRebasTan dakavSirebiT kontis argumentebi aseTi
iyo: 1) lingvisturi: bevrad umjobesia axali mecnierebis saxelwodebis erTi sit-
yviT da isic arsebiTi saxeliT aRniSvna. Tumca aRniSnuli mcdeloba garkveuli
riskis Semcvelic ki iyo, radganac kontis mier konstruirebuli sityva ori
sxvadasxva enidan iyo aRebuli _ laTinuridan _ Soci(etas) da berZnulidan _ Logos,
rac sityvaTSedgenis mkacri wesebis darRvevaa, magram kontis es mcdeloba iRbliani
gamodga. garda amisa, kontis mier Sedgenil mecnierebaTa klasifikaciaSi marjved
Cajda termini `sociologia,~ romelic `socialur fizikasTan~ SedarebiT ufro meti
komplementarulobiT gamoirCeva, Tanac kargad JRers _ `biologia-sociologia.~ 2)
meore argumenti ufro seriozulia. mis mixedviT, ketlesTan kontis `socialurma fi-
zikam~ sxva Sinaarsi SeiZina. igi individis socialur-demografiuli maxasiaTeblis
rolSi mogvevlina, xolo socialuri parametrebi `saSualo individis~ raodenobriv
maCveneblebTan iqna gaTanabrebuli. konts ki sxva amocana hqonda gadasaWreli: mas un-
da daefuZnebina axali mecniereba _ sociologia, sazogadoebis, rogorc mTliani or-
ganizmis, rogorc mTelis, Sesaxeb pozitiuri mecniereba. SemdgomSi kontma am axali
mecnierebis saxelwodeba SesabamisobaSi moiyvana sazogadoebis Sesaxeb TeoriasTan,
meTodologiasTan, kvlevis obieqtTan da saganTan. momdevno 48 leqciaSi am axali
terminis meSveobiT mTeli rigi sociologiuri cnebebis konstruireba moaxdina. es
cnebebia: sociologiuri mecniereba, sociologiuri kanoni, sociologiuri gamokvle-
va, statikuri sociologia da socialuri statika, dinamikuri sociologia da socia-
luri dinamika, socialuri ganviTareba, sociologiis mecnieruli meTodebi: ubralo
dakvirveba, sociologiuri dakvirveba, sociologiuri demonstraciis mecnieruli
Zalmosileba, Sedareba, sociologiuri Sedareba, SedarebiTi meTodi sociologiaSi,
istoriuli meTodi sociologiaSi, sociologiuri analizi. am cnebebze saavtoro
ufleba sociologiis mamas ekuTvnis.
27
kaxa qecbaia

mecnierebis ama Tu im sferos warmomadgenlebi TavianTi miRwevebiT imkvidre-

ben samaradiso saxels sakacobrio azrovnebis istoriaSi. sociologiis, rogorc
mecnierebis axali dargis, SeqmniT kontma sakuTari saxeli samudamod Cawera
msoflio mecnierebis istoriaSi. Tavdapirvelad axali termini Zalian male dam-
kvidrda safrangeTSi, Semdeg ki sxva qveynebSi. igi aRiares sociologiis sxva did-
ma klasikosebma: herbert spenserma da ferdinand Tionisma. rom ara konti, albaT
sxva vinme gaakeTebda am saqmes, magram mecnierebis istoriisaTvis mxolod is faq-
tia cnobili, rac kontma gaakeTa.

lamber adolf Jak ketle sen-simoni

(1796-1874) (1760-1852)

cnobili belgieli maTematikosi, astro- cnobili frangi ganmanaT-

lebeli, enciklopedisti, uto-
nomi, meteorologi, sociologi, statistikis
piuri socializmis Teoriis av-
erT-erTi fuZemdebeli (65 naSromi aqvs dawe- tori, kontis maswavlebeli. `so-
rili am sferoSi). sociologiasa da sazoga- ciologiis mama~ misi piradi
doebriv mecnierebebs zust, maTematikur prin- mdivani iyo.
cipebze afuZnebda. terminis `socialuri fizi-
ka~ avtoria konti, Tumca ketlem erT-erT Ta-
vis gamokvlevas es saxeli daarqva, riTac xe-
li Seuwyo kontis mier axali terminis _ `so-
ciologiis~ SemoRebas.

28
 sociologiis Sesavali

es sainteresoa
pirveli sociologi qali

sociologiaSi klasikosebis saxelma da

didebam mravali iseTi saintereso moazrovnis
saxeli daCrdila, romlebmac garkveuli wvli-
li Seitanes sociologiis, rogorc mecniere-
bis, formirebaSi. maT ricxvs miekuTvneba pir-
veli sociologi qali hariet martino. igi so-
ciologiis e. w. `klasikur epoqaSi~ moRvaweob-
da, Tumca misi saxeli mravalTaTvis ucnobia
dResac. is, ra Tqma unda, kontis, diurkemis an
veberis donis moazrovne ar yofila, magram
man mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana sociologi-
is popularizaciaSi.
igi daibada inglisSi. im droisaTvis Se-
saferisi ganaTlebac aqve miiRo. 500-ze meti
wignisa da uamravi eseis avtoria.
sociologiis winaSe misi damsaxureba
pirvel rigSi imaSi vlindeba, rom man erT-er-
Tma pirvelma Targmna kontis wigni `pozitiu-
ri filosofiis kursi~ da gaacno igi ingli-
sel mkiTxvels. hariet martino amave dros
hariet martino aris erTi imaTgani, vinc pirvelma Caatara sis-
(1802-1876) temuri sociologiuri gamokvlevebi. 30-ian
wlebSi man amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi imog-
zaura da amerikuli sazogadoebis sistemuri mecnieruli _ sociologiuri gamok-
vleva awarmoa. am gamokvlevebis safuZvelze man dawera sociologiuri naSromi:
`sazogadoeba amerikaSi.~
hariet martinos, rogorc sociologis, principi iyo sazogadoebis Seswavla
ara romelime aspeqtis mixedviT, aramed misi mravalmxrivi da siRrmiseuli anali-
zi. aqedan gamomdinare, sociologi sagangebod unda swavlobdes sazogadoebis po-
litikur, religiur, institucionalur da sxva ganzomilebebs maTs erTianobasa
da mTlianobaSi. amasTanave hariet martino sociologiaSi feministuri Teoriebis
warmomadgenladac unda miviCnioT. misi moTxovna iyo, rom sociologias gansakuT-
rebuli kvlevis sagnad eqcia qalTa cxovreba da mdgomareoba sazogadoebaSi. man
erT-erTma pirvelma miaqcia yuradReba iseTi problemebis sociologiur analizs,
rogoricaa qorwineba, ojaxuri da religiuri problemebi, bavSvTa, rasobrivi da
genderuli mwvave problemebi. amiT igi ojaxis sociologiis Teoretikosadac
gvevlineba. `bavSvTa oTaxi, saZinebeli da samzareulo SesaniSnavi skolaa adami-
anTa zne-CveulebaTa Sesaswavlad~, _ werda igi. sociologia arviTar SemTxvevaSi
ar unda dakmayofildes sazogadoebis ubralo, garegnuli dakvirvebiT, aramed ise
unda imoqmedos, rom sikeTe moutanos mas, _ ambobda martino. man didi roli Sesa-
rula qalTa uflebebis dacvisa da monaTa ganTavisuflebis saqmeSi.

29
kaxa qecbaia

III leqcia

Tema: sociologiuri codnis struqtura

mikro - da makrosociologia
sociologiuri codna erTmaneTTan organul kavSirSi myofi sami struqturu-
li erTeulisagan Sedegeba. esenia: zogadi sociologia, empiriuli sociologia da
saSualo donis sociologiuri Teoriebi. ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani cal-
calke.
sociologiis, rogorc damoukidebeli mecnieruli disciplinis, zogadTeori-
ul nawils zogadi sociologia warmoadgens. igi im socialur kanonzomierebebsa
da pirobebs adgens, romlebic saerTo, arsebiTi da ganmeorebadia nebismieri tipis
sazogadoebisaTvis, miuxedavad imisa, Tu romel epoqas miekuTvneba an ganviTarebis
ra stadiazea. sociologiuri codnis sxva Semadgeneli nawilebisadmi zogadi so-
ciologia paradigmatuli da msoflmxedvelobrivi funqciebis matarebelia. zogad
sociologiur principebsa da paradigmebze dayrdnobiT ikveTeba socialuri sinam-
dvilis empiriuli sazRvrebi, mopovebuli informaciis analizisa da ganzogadebis
swori parametrebi da sxva. zogadi sociologiis saSualebiT advili xdeba sxva-
dasxva sazogadoebrivi sistemebis socialuri arsis Secnoba, Tanamedrove sazoga-
doebaSi mimdinare procesebis ganWvreta da samomavlo amocanebis dasaxva.

sociologiuri paradigma sociologiis, rogorc mecnierebis, Teoriul-meTo-

dologiur safuZvlebs da amosaval, fuZemdeblur principebs gulisxmobs, ro-
melTa umravlesoba or nawilad: mikro - da makrosociologiad iyofa. TiToeul
maTgans socialuri realobis gansxvavebuli warmodgena aqvs.

empiriuli anu gamoyenebiTi sociologia pirveladi sociologiuri informa-

ciis mopovebis meToduri da teqnikuri saSualebebis erTobliobas gulisxmobs.
igi damoukideblobis sakmaod maRali xarisxis mqone sociologiuri codnaa. xSi-
rad mas gamoyenebiT sociologias an sulac sociografiasac eZaxian. es ukanaskne-
li sociologiuri codnis am donis deskrifciuli (aRweriTi) bunebis maniSnebe-
lia, rac mas namdvilad aqvs.
nebismieri saxis empiriuli sociologiuri gamokvleva sazogadoebis an misi
funqcionirebis zogadi kanonebis Seswavlas ki ara, konkretul drosa da sivrce-
Si romelime konkretuli socialuri problemis gamovlenasa da gadawyvetas emsa-
xureba. amgvarad mopovebuli informacia romelime dargis an mimarTulebis socio-
logiuri Teoriis saxiT iyris xolme Tavs, romelTac dRes `saSualo donis Teo-
riebad~ moixsenieben.
`saSualo donis Teoriebis~ cneba sociologiaSi robert mertonma Semoitana.
amiT is im Teoriebs aRniSnavs, romlebsac sociologiuri codnis struqturaSi
Sualeduri pozicia ukaviaT. isini arc zogadobisa da arc empiriulobis didi xa-
risxiT ar gamoirCevian. saSualos cnebis SemotaniT mertonma xazi gausva am Teo-
riebis `moqmedebaTa radiuss~, misi moqmedebis sazRvrebs da ara pirdapiri gagebiT
`sadRac SuaSi mdebares~, saSualo donis Teoriebs miekuTvneba:
sociologiuri koncefciebi, romlebic mecnierebaTa mijnaze yalibdeba, ma-
galiTad, samarTlis sociologia, medicinis sociologia, marTvis sociologia da
sxv.
institucionaluri sociologiis sxvadasxva sferoebi, romlebic socialu-
ri cxovrebis organizaciis myari formebis kvlevebTanaa dakavSirebuli. magali-
Tad, religiis sociologia, ojaxis sociologia da sxv.
socialuri cxovrebis iseTi calkeuli sferoebis Semswavleli Teoriebi,
rogorebicaa agraruli sociologia, urbansociologia da sxv.

30
 sociologiis Sesavali

sociologiuri codnis struqturaze saubari ar iqneba srulyofili, Tuki

mis iseT Semadgenel nawilze ar gavamaxvilebT yuradRebas, rogoric mikro - da
makrosociologiaa.
realurad Cveni socialuri cxovreba sociumis or ganzomilebaSi mimdinareo-
bs, Cven erTdroulad ori socialuri samyaros warmomadgenlebi varT. magaliTad,
Cveni yoveldRiuri cxovreba: universitetSi siaruli an biblioTekaSi wignebis
kiTxva, megobrebTan an naTesavebTan urTierToba da sxva mikrosociologiuri ana-
lizis sferos ganekuTvneba, Tumca amasTanave Cven ama Tu im sazogadoebas vekuT-
vniT, ufro didi socialuri jgufis wevrebi varT, rac, Tavis mxriv, makrosocio-
logiuri kvlevis sagania.
makrosociologia mTeli sazogadoebis an didi socialuri jgufebis, makro-
socialuri struqturebisa da sistemebis (ekonomikuri sistema, politikuri siste-
ma da sxva) Teoriul da empiriul sociologiur kvlevas niSnavs. makrosociolo-
gias miakuTvneben iseT gavlenian da solidur sociologiur Teoriebs, rogorebi-
caa: struqturuli funqcionalizmi (diurkemi, parsonsi, mertoni da sxva), kon-
fliqtebis Teoria (darendorfi, marqsi da sxv.), socialuri sistemebis Teoria
(niklas lumani da sxv.) da a. S. am rigis Teoriebs ekuTvnis agreTve socialur
cvlilebaTa Teoriebi, magaliTad, pitirim sorokinis sociokulturuli dinamikis
Teoria, progresisa da sazogadoebis cikluri ganviTarebis Teoriebi da sxv.
mikrosociologia sociologiuri codnis is sferoa, romelsac adamianebs
Soris urTierTmimarTebisa da urTierTzemoqmedebis Semswavleli Teoriebi da so-
ciologiuri kvlevebi miekuTvneba. umTavresi mikrosociologiuri kiTxva Cvens yo-
veldRiur cxovrebasa da moqmedebaze akeTebs aqcents. mikrosociologiuri Teori-
ebia: maqs veberis gagebiTi sociologia, jorj homansisa da piter blaus socia-
luri gacvlis Teoria, jorj herbert midis simboluri interaqcionizmi, alfred
Siucis socialuri fenomenologia, irving gofmanis socialuri dramaturgia, ha-
rold garfinkelis eTnomeTodologia da sxv.

harold garfinkeli, los-anJelesi, 2007 wlis foto.

31
kaxa qecbaia

mikrosociologiis farglebSi ganixileba pirovnebis socializaciis, socia-

luri moqmedebisa da mcire socialuri jgufis problemebi. sazRvrebi mikro- da
makrosociologias Soris sakmaod pirobiTia, Tumca Sesaswavli sinamdvilisadmi
msgavsi midgoma meTodologiurad gamarTlebulia. poloneli sociologis ian SCe-
panskis Tanaxmad, sociologia im Zalebs gamoavlens da Seiswavlis, romlebic sa-
zogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi moqmedeben da gavlenas axdenen rogorc
did, ise mcire socialur jgufebze.

mikrosociologia makrosociologia

individualuri done jgufuri done socialuri sistemis done

urTierTzemoqmedeba, pirveladi jgufebi, socialuri organizaciis

socialuri rolebi pirovnebaTSorisi ur- zogadi modeli,
TierTobebi jgufebsa sazogadoeba da didi soci-
da institutebSi, aluri gaerTianebebi
jgufTaSorisi urTier-
Tobebi

davaleba:
_ ra gansxvavebaa mikro- da makrosociologias Soris?
_ ras niSnavs `saSualo donis Teoriebi~ da riT gansxavdeba is socio-
logiuri codnis sxva struqturuli elementebisagan?
_ ratom miiCneva funqcionalizmi makrosociologiur Teoriad?

ZiriTadi literatura:
1. b. lutiZe, sociologia, Tb., 2002. gv. 26-34.
2. q. kalhuni, d. laiTi, s. keleri, sociologia. ilias saxelmwifo universi-
teti. Tb., 2007. mecniereba sazogadoebis Sesaxeb. nawili II, Tavi I, gv. 3-20.

damatebiTi literatura:
1. i. SCepanski, sociologiis elementaruli cnebebi, Tb., 1997. gv. 9-12.
2. e. kodua, sociologiis Sesavali, Tb., 1998, gv. 25-31.
3. . , , , 2004. gv. 36-43.
4. . , . , , , 2004. gv. 9-36.
5. . , , . 2002. gv. 45-63

32
 sociologiis Sesavali

sakiTxavi masala
sociologiis klasikosebi

`sociologiis mama~ _ ogiust konti

konti daibada 1798 wlis 19 ianvars safrangeTis qalaq

monpelieSi, wvrili moxelis (gasasaxadebis amkrefis) ojax-
Si. jer kidev monpelies liceumSi swavlis periodSi gamo-
avlina saocari midrekileba maTematikisadmi, liceumis
damTavrebis Semdeg parizis politeqnikur skolaSi Sevida.
iq gaecno igi dekartis, dalamberis, tiurgos, kondorses,
rusos, volteris, bekonis, adam smitisa da iumis, fizio-
logis _ biSasa da frenologis (tvinis Semswavleli mecni-
ereba) halis Sromebs. simwifis periodSi konti e. w. `tvinis
higienis~ princips icavda _ wignebis kiTxvas erideboda,
rom azrovnebis damoukidebloba ar Seesustebina. misi es
didi da farTo erudicia, faqtobrivad, axalgazrdobis
wlebSi SeZenili codnidan momdinareobda.
politeqnikur skolaSi momxdari incidentis gamo (erT-erTi pedagogi uxeSad
moeqca students, ramac didi mRelvareba gamoiwvia. Kukmayofilo studentebs saTa-
veSi konti edga), romelsac iq gamefebuli respublikuri suliskveTebac daemata,
skola daixura, konti ki parizidan monpelieSi gaaZeves. kontis mSoblebs _ mama
luis da deda rozalias, romlebic Zveli yaidis adamianebi iyvnen, ar moewonaT
Svilis aseTi saqcieli. 1817 wels konti parizSi dabrunda, sadac maTematikis ker-
Zo gakveTilebis CatarebiT irCenda Tavs. 1818 wels man gaicno sen-simoni _ socia-
lizmis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli. sen-simonis koncefciis mixedviT, istoriuli pro-
cesis mTavari faqtoria idea, azri. amdenad, socializmis dasamyareblad sakmari-
sia socialisturi ideebis gavrceleba sazogadoebaSi, rac, ra Tqma unda, utopia
iyo. kontma male SeiTvisa sen-simonis ideebi da mis TanamSromlad (mdivnad) iqca.
1819 wels man dawera naSromi `SexedulebaTa zogadi gamijvna survilebisagan.~ am
naSromSi igi ambobda, rom xalxs aqvs mravali moTxovnileba da maTi dakmayofi-
lebis survili, magram am miznis miRwevis gzebi ucnobia misTvis. es gza ki mecni-
erma unda uCvenos xalxs. 1820 wels kontma morigi axali statia _ `zogadi Sefase-
bebi warsulisa saerTod~ _ gamoaqveyna. am statiaSi konti ambobs, rom evropis is-
toriaSi 1789 wlis revoluciiT negatiuri mimdinareoba dasrulda da daiwyo axa-
li, pozitiuri era.
1822 wels sen-simonis broSuras _ `sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis Sesaxeb~ _
kontma Tavisi statia daurTo saxelwodebiT `samecniero muSaobis gegma, romelic
unda Catardes sazogadoebis gardasaqmnelad.~ kontis mier gamoTqmuli mosazrebis
ZiriTadi Sinaarsi aseTia: aucilebelia sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis kanonebis mec-
nieruli codnis safuZvelze sazogadoebis racionaluri gardaqmna, amitom pirve-
li rigis amocanaa sazogadoebis Semswavleli mecnierebis _ sociologiis Seqmna.
sazogadoeba, kontis mixedviT, gardaiqmneba maSin, rodesac politikis safuZveli
mecniereba gaxdeba. SemdgomSi kontma es statia Tavis `pozitiuri politikis sis-
temaSi~ Seitana. am naSroms maswavlebelTan seriozuli uTanxmoeba mohyva da igi
daSorda sen-simons.
1825 wels kontma dabeWda naSromi `mecnieruli azrebi mecnierebaTa da mecni-
erTa Sesaxeb,~ romelsac momdevno wels mohyva statia `azrebi sasuliero xeli-
suflebis Sesaxeb.~ konti am SemTxvevaSi liberalizmis mowinaaRmdeged mogvevli-
na, radganac miiCnevda, rom pirovnebis Tavisufleba (safrangeTis revoluciis mo-
napovari) sazogadoebriv wesrigs emuqreba da amitom igi unda SeizRudos sasulie-
ro an inteleqtualuri xelisuflebiT (konts aq erTmaneTSi aeria pirovnebisa da
empiriuli individis cnebebi, radganac revoluciis erT-erTi principi iyo `Tavi-
sufleba kanonis farglebSi~).

33
kaxa qecbaia

1825 wels konti karolina masenze daqorwinda, romelic moxetiale msaxiobTa

wesier aRzrda-ganaTlebas moklebuli qaliSvili iyo. miuxedavad amisa, igi praq-
tikuli moxerxebulobiT gamorCeuli adamiani aRmoCnda. gazrdili ojaxuri xar-
jebis dasafarad konti sakuTar binaSi sajaro leqciebis kiTxvas iwyebs. am leq-
ciebis mosasmenad modiodnen gamoCenili profesorebi da akademikosebi (al. hum-
boldti, blenvili, puasno, dinuaie, maTematikosi furie). warmatebuli leqciebi
kontis sulierma avadmyofobam Seaferxa. avadmyofoba gamowveuli iyo metismeti
gonebrivi SromiT, romelsac daemata garTulebuli urTierToba maswavlebelTan
da ukmayofileba ojaxSi karolinas TavaSvebuli yofaqcevis gamo. nervebaSlili
konti parizidan gaiqca. avadmyofi moTavsebul iqna fsiqiatriul saavadmyofoSi,
saidanac igi naxevrad gankurnebuli gamovida. konts gaujobeseba mas Semdeg daet-
yo, rodesac mosavlelad dedamisi Camovida monpeliedan. 1829 wels gamojanmrTe-
lebulma kontma ganaaxla Tavisi leqciebi. msmenelTa ricxvs Seemata saxelmoxve-
Wili fsiqiatri esqiroli da geometri bruse. es leqciebi SemdgomSi safuZvlad
daedo kontis mTavar naSroms `pozitiuri filosofiis kurss,~ romelsac igi 12
wlis manZilze beWdavda.
didxans ver aewyo kontis akademiuri kariera. amas daemata isic, rom parizi
mis wigns mdumared Sexvda. kontis naSroms 1838 wels inglisSi miaqcies yuradReba.
fizikos briusteris msgavsad, igi didad moewonaT gamoCenil filosofoss jon
stiuart milsa da istorikos jorj grots. milma xelmokle konts daxmarebis
mizniT 5000 franki Seugrova da gamougzavna, Tumca male maT Soris uTanxmoebis
Sedegad es daxmarebac Sewyda da kontma 1848 wels daxmarebis saTxovnelad sazo-
gadoebas mimarTa. Segrovda uamravi xelmowera mis sasargeblod, rac im droisaT-
vis Semosavlis erTaderT wyarod iqca misTvis. 1848 wels lui-filipes monarqiis
damxobis Semdeg konti aqveynebs `cirkulars,~ sadac winadadebas ayenebs imis Sesa-
xeb, rom dasavleT evropis yvela qveyanaSi daarsebul iqnes sazogadoeba, romlis
devizi iqneba `wesrigi da progresi~. wesrigi, rogorc safuZveli, xolo progresi,
rogorc mizani. `pozitivisturi sazogadoeba,~ kontis mixedviT, socializmisa da
komunizmis alternativa unda yofiliyo. am tipis sazogadoebis samoqmedo gegma
mxolod da mxolod mSvidobiani revolucia unda yofiliyo. am Tavisi ideebiT
kontma ruseTis imperator nikoloz pirvelsac mimarTa, Tumca pasuxi ar miuRia.
igive bedi ewia kontis baraTebs osmaleTis didi veziris reSid-faSasadmi da ie-
zuitTa ordenis general beqsisadmi.
1842 wels konti daSorda Tavis uRirs meuRles da sakuTari bedi daukavSira
viRac patimris nacolars klotilde de-vos. es qali mas Zlier Seuyvarda. Tumca
es grZnoba `platonuri siyvarulis~ farglebs ar gascdenia, magram man kontis
msoflmxedvelobaSi namdvili gadatrialeba moaxdina. amjerad igi rusos msgav-
sad rwmundeba, rom goneba grZnobebis mosamsaxurea; rom azrovnebis mizani grZno-
bis mier dayenebuli amocanebis gadawyvetaa. 1846 wels klotilde de-vo gardaicva-
la. misma xsovnam ucnauri kultis saxe miiRo kontis warmodgenaSi. igi mis mfar-
vel angelozad iqca, romlis sakurTxevlis winaSe muxlmodrekili mxurvaled
loculobda (sakurTxevlis rols is savarZeli asrulebda, romelSic klotilde
ijda). konti religiisken gadaixara. am periodSi igi aqveynebs naSroms `pozitiuri
politikis sistema, anu sociologiuri traqtati, romelic kacobriobis sarwmuno-
ebas awesrigebs~ (4 tomi). amJamad kontma pozitiuri religiis principebi SeimuSava,
riTac samudamo saxeli daimkvidra religiis sociologiis klasikosTa Sorisac.
religiis xelovnurad Seqmnis kontiseuli idea marcxiT damTavrda, magram am Sem-
TxvevaSi sainteresoa kontis miswrafeba _ evropuli sazogadoeba mosalodneli
anarqiisagan axali religiuri avtoritetiT ixsnas.
kontis SemoqmedebaSi mniSvnelovania misi `pozitiuri filosofiis kursi,~ sa-
dac igi sociologiis mamad gvevlineba. ukanaskneli misi nawarmoebi `subieqturi
sinTezia.~ amiT mas ganzraxuli hqonda momavali kacobriobis met-naklebad srul-
yofili mecnieruli suraTi moeca. man oTxtomiani naSromis mxolod pirveli to-
mis dabeWdva moaswro, romelSic moaTavsa `pozitiuri logikis sistema anu traq-
tati maTematikis filosofiisa.~ aq kontma gaaigiva logika da maTematika.
34
 sociologiis Sesavali

1857 wlis maisSi konti avad gaxda, 5 seqtembers saRamos gardaicvala. Tavisi
bina mis mier Seqmnil pozitivistur sazogadoebas uanderZa. ideur memkvidred
lafiti daniSna.
1902 wels parizSi, sorbonis win, konts Zegli auges.

kontis saflavi

`siyvaruli, rogorc wesrigis principi da safuZveli.

progresi, rogorc movaleoba.
siyvaruli wesrigs mieltvis da biZgs aZlevs progress. Tavis mxriv, wesrigi
siyvaruls amyarebs da progress warmarTavs. progresi ki wesrigs aviTarebs da
siyvaruliT sruldeba.~
`araferia samyaroSi siyvarulze ufro realuri.~
`icxovro sxvebisaTvis, namdvili bedniereba, ai, es aris.~

ogiust konti

35
kaxa qecbaia

es sainteresoa

ra kavSiri aqvs braziliis droSas sociologiasTan?

braziliis erovnul droSaze portugaliur enaze gakeTebuli warwera _

ORDEM E PROGRESSO _ `wesrigi da progresi~ sociologiis mamamTavris ogiust
kontis mier Camoyalibebuli pozitivizmis kredodan momdinareobs (pozitivizmis
fuZemdebels miaCnda, rom sazogadoebisaTvis aucilebelia `siyvaruli, rogorc
principi, wesrigi, rogorc safuZveli, da progresi, rogorc mizani~).
1888-1889 wlebSi braziliaSi monarqia daemxo da respublikuri mmarTveloba
damyarda. respublikis mamebs surdaT, rom revolucias ara ubralod Seecvala mo-
narqia, aramed is axali tipis saxelmwifos safuZveli gaxdariyo, romelSic `wes-
rigi da progresi~ braziliis moqalaqeebs Soris (TeTri, Savi da feradkanianebi)
maradiuli harmoniis sawindari iqneboda. am axali saxelmwifos suliskveTebas
yvelaze metad braziliaSi `pozitivizmis mociqulisa~ da kontianeli profesoris
raimundu teiSira mendesis (1855-1927) mier SemoTavazebuli devizi Seefereboda.
braziliaSi mendesma daafuZna pozitivisturi asociacia. droSis naxati mxatvarma
desio vilaresma Seasrula. misi uZvelesi egzemplari mendesis mier 1891 wels
rio-de-JaneiroSi daarsebul msoflioSi pirvel sakacobrio pozitivistur eklesi-
aSia Senaxuli.

36
 sociologiis Sesavali

IV leqcia
Tema: sociologiis adgili mecnierebaTa sistemaSi
sociologia, rogorc sazogadoebis Semswavleli mecniereba, sakuTar adgils
ikavebs mecnierebaTa sistemaSi. Sesaswavli sagnis mixedviT, zogadad mecniereba da
mecnieruli codna sam did nawilad SeiZleba daiyos: buneba da bunebismecnieruli
codna (fizika, qimia, biologia da sxv.), sazogadoeba da sazogadoebis Sesaxeb
codna (istoria, sociologia, ekonomika, politologia da sxv.) da azrovneba da
azrovnebis Sesaxeb codna (magaliTad, logika da sxv.); garda amisa, mecnierebaTa
klasifikaciis mravali modelia cnobili, magram amjerad Cven mecnierebaTa klasi-
fikaciis kontiseul modelze gavamaxvilebT yuradRebas, iqidan gamodinare, rom
kontma masSi gansakuTrebuli adgili sociologias miakuTvna.
kontma Tavis klasifikaciaSi mxolod mis mier ZiriTadad miCneuli mecniere-
bebi Seiyvana. magaliTad, botanikasTan da zoologiasTan SedarebiT kontma Ziri-
Tad mecnierebad biologia miiCnia, radganac is sicocxlis zogad kanonebs Seis-
wavlis, xolo botanika da zoologia sicocxlis konkretul gamovlinebebs aRwe-
ren. am principiT kontma sul 6 ZiriTadi mecniereba daasaxela, romelTagan pirve-
li _ maTematika, xolo ukanaskneli _ sociologiaa. SuaSi imyofeba astronomia,
fizika, qimia da biologia. mecnierebaTa amgvari ganlagebis safuZveli simartive
da zogadobaa. am SemTxvevaSi sociologiis mama moqmedebda principiT, romlis mi-
xedviTac `rac ufro martivia, miT ufro zogadia yovelive da, piriqiT, rac ufro
rTulia, miT ufro kerZoa igi.~ sociologia rTuli mecnierebaa, radganac misi sa-
gania sazogadoeba, romelic sxva mecnierebaTa sagnebTan SedarebiT rTulia.
astronomiis Seswavlas win maTematika unda uswrebdes, radganac ciur sxeulTa
moZraobas ver gavigebT racionaluri meqanikis gareSe. fizikis codna astronomiis
codnas gulisxmobs, radganac miwieri sxeulebi, romelsac fizika Seiswavlis, ciur
sxeulebze arian damokidebuli, _ miaCnia konts. fizikas qimia mosdevs, radganac fi-
zika aZlevs zogad kanonebs qimias, romlis sagani sxeulTa Sedgenilobis cvlile-
baa. qimiazea damokidebuli biologia, romlis sagania sasicocxlo procesebi, rom-
lebic qimiuri procesebis specifikur movlenebs warmoadgenen, vinaidan sicocxle
organizmis garemosTan Seguebaa. biologiis erT-erT nawilad kontma frenologia _
tvinze moZRvreba daasaxela.
biologia kanonebs aZlevs sociologias, romlis sagani sazogadoebaa. socio-
logia uSualod biologiazea damyarebuli, xolo misi meSveobiT _ sxva danarCen
mecnierebebze. sociologiis mizania sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis procesebis gageba,
rogorc biologiuri procesebis nairsaxeobisa. konts Tu davujerebT, sociologia
sazogadoebis biologiaa da misgan Sesaswavli sagniT gansxvavdeba. Tu biologia
calkeul adamians, rogorc cocxal arsebas, Seiswavlis, sociologia adamianTa kre-
buls Seiswavlis; misi sagania adamiani, rogorc sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis subieqti
anu socialuri arseba, sazogadoebrivi cxoveli, rogorc mas aristotele uwodebda
(`Zoon politikon~ _ rac adamianis socialur bunebaze yuradRebis gaamaxvilebaa,
radganac, rom ara sazogadoebrivi buneba adamianisa, is ver iqneboda politikuri ar-
seba, rac imas niSnavs, rom socialuri win uswrebs politikurs da mis safuZvels
warmoadgens. sociologiis primati sxva sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa Soris albaT
aqedan momdinareobs).
konti ambobs: rom gaigo ra aris socialuri `cxoveli,~ unda icode, ra aris bi-
ologiuri cxoveli. amitom sociologi, romlis kvlevis sagania sazogadoebrivi
`cxoveli~, Tavis mizans ver miaRwevs, Tu biologia ar icis, rac kontis mier mocemu-
li mecnierebaTa klasifikaciis seriozuli naklovanebaa, radganac dRes yvelam icis,
rom socialuri kanonebi biologiurze ar daiyvaneba, xolo, Tavis mxriv, biologiu-
ri kanoni sazogadoebis kanonad ver gamodgeba. es WeSmariteba albaT kontsac kargad
esmoda, magram mas am SemTxvevaSi sxva mizani amoZravebda, kerZod, sociologia bune-
bismecnierebis msgavsad sazogadoebis Semswavlel zust da kerZo mecnierebad Camoya-
libebuliyo. Tumca erTi ram faqtia: kontis mecnierebaTa sistemaSi mTavari adgili
37
kaxa qecbaia

sociologias uWiravs, romelic socialur movlenaTa fizika, anu socialuri fizi-

kaa. igi imave meTodebiT ikvlevs sazogadoebas, ra meTodebiTac fizika _ bunebas. um-
Tavresi moTxovna, rac sociologias kontma wauyena, aris sizuste. dRevandeli empi-
riuli sociologia am moTxovnas maqsimalurad ara, magram nawilobriv mainc asru-
lebs, ris garantiasac empiriuli kvlevis meTodika da meTodologia iZleva.
sakuTari kvlevis sferoebiT sociologia erT-erTi yvelaze farTo diapazonis
mqone mecnierebaa sxva sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa Soris. igi meTodologiur safuZ-
vlebs uqmnis sxva sazogadoebriv mecnierebebs, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, gansjisa da
ganzogadebisaTvis aucilebel masalas awvdian sociologias. sxva mecnierebebTan am-
gvar urTierTobas Tavisi specifika gaaCnia, rac, Tavis mxriv, aqtualurs xdis sa-
kiTxs sociologiis adgilisa da rolis Sesaxeb mecnierebaTa sistemaSi. kontis sis-
temis msgavsad, sakuTari universalurobiT sociologia centralur adgils ikavebs
sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa sistemaSi. faqtobrivad, ar arsebobs sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis sfero, romelSic ar aRwevs igi. amis gamo sociologia mraval calkeul
dargad specializdeba da es procesi dResac dasrulebuli ar aris.
socialur mecnierebebs Soris zogierTi maTgani, sakuTari kvlevis sagnidan
an meTodebidan gamomdinare, Zalze axlos aris sociologiasTan, amitom maT soci-
ologiis monaTesave disciplinebad ganvixilavT, romelTa Soris umTavresia:
socialuri filosofia,
socialuri da kulturuli anTropologia,
socialuri fsiqologia,
ekonomika,
politologia,
statistika,
socialuri geografia,
sociobiologia,
demografia,
socialuri ekologia,
eTnografia.
qvemoT moyvanil sqemaze naCvenebia sociologiis adgili mecnierebaTa siste-
maSi fineli sociologis e. aspis mixedviT.
filosofia

sabunebismetyvelo sazogadoebrivi humanitaruli

mecnierebani mecnierebani mecnierebani

sociologia

qimia, fizika, anTropologia, enaTmecniereba,

demografia, literatura,
biologia,
ekonomika,
botanika, musika,
fsiqologia,
zoologia samarTali,
xelovnebaTmcod-
politikuri neoba
mecnierebani

maTematika,
istoria,
geografia

mocemul sqemaSi aTvlis wertilad filosofiaa aRebuli. maTematika, istoria

da geografia zogad mecnierebebad aris warmodgenili, romlebic sxva mecnierebaTa

38
 sociologiis Sesavali

kvlevebisaTvis aucilebelia. maTTan mimarTebaSi sazogadoebrivi, humanitaruli da

sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebi arian. sistemis centri sociologias uWiravs.
masala gansjisaTvis

fragmenti entoni gidensis wignidan `sociologia~

aris Tu ara sociologia mecniereba?

`...diurkemi, marqsi da sociologiis sxva fuZemdeblebi mas mecnierebad miiC-

nevdnen, magram SegviZlia Tu ara Cven mecnierulad mivudgeT sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis Seswavlas? mecniereba gansazRvruli problemis Sesaxeb codnis ganvi-
Tarebis mizniT empiriuli kvlevebis sistematuri meTodebis gamoyeneba, monacemTa
analizi, Teoriuli gaazreba da logikuri Sefasebaa. am gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad,
sociologia mecnieruli saqmianobis sferos miekuTvneba. is empiriuli kvlevis
sistematur meTodebTan, monacemTa analizTan da faqtebisa da argumentebis sa-
fuZvelze miRebul Teoriul SefasebebTanaa dakavSirebuli.
adamianTa Seswavla fizikuri samyaros movlenaTa Seswavlisagan gansxvavebu-
lia, amitom sociologia ise ar unda miviRoT, rogorc bunebismecniereba. buneb-
rivi obieqtebisagan gansxvavebiT adamianebi sakuTar moqmedebaSi sazrissa da mi-
zans deben da mofiqrali arsebebi arian. CvenTvis SeuZlebelia sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis zusti aRwera manam, sanam adamianuri moqmedebis koncefciebs ar av-
xsniT. magaliTad, vinmes gardacvalebis, rogorc TviTmkvlelobis, aRwera niS-
navs, rom am adamianis ganzraxva winaswar ici. TviTmkvleloba SesaZlebelia ma-
Sin moxdes, rodesac adamiani amaze aqtiurad fiqrobs. manqanis mier SemTxveviT
gatanili adamiani, SeuZlebelia, rom TviTmkvlelad miviCnioT.
sazogadoebis Seswavla bunebis Seswavlisagan sxva mizeziTac gansxvavdeba. Cven
Cveni moqmedebebis saSualebiT sazogadoebas, romelSic vcxovrobT, mudmivad vqmniT
da gardavqmniT. sazogadoeba statikuri da ucvleli organizmi rodia. individTa
ganmeorebad moqmedebaTa wyalobiT socialuri institutebi mudmiv cvlilebebs ga-
nicdian. sociologia adamianebs Seiswavlis da ara inertul obieqtebs. Sesabamisad,
sociologiisa da misi sagnis kavSiri ganuxrelad gansxvavdeba im kavSirisagan, ro-
melic fizikur samyarosa da mis Semswavlel mecniers Soris arsebobs. adamianebi
reagireben socialur codnaze, rac bunebis elementebs ar SeuZliaT. am azriT Se-
saZlebelia, rom sociologia maemansipirebel Zalas warmoadgendes.
is faqti, rom adamianebsa da bunebis obieqtebs erTnairad ver SevimecnebT,
didwilad sociologiis upiratesobaa. mkvlevari sociologebi imaSi pouloben
xeirs, rom saSualeba aqvT pirdapir imas mimarTon SekiTxviT, visac isini ikvle-
ven, anu sxva adamianebs. sxva mimarTebaSi sociologia mTel rig iseT siZneleebs
qmnis, romlebTanac bunebismecnierebis sferos specialistebs Sexeba ara aqvT.
adamianebma, romlebmac ician, rom maTi saqmianoba daJinebiT Seiswavleba, Cveu-
lebriv ar iqcevian xolme, maT SeuZliaT sakuTari Tavis warmodgena im samyaro-
Si, romelic maTi msoflmxedvelobis sawinaaRmdego SeiZleba iyos ...~

davaleba:
_ Tqveni azriT, ra adgili uWiravs sociologias mecnierebaTa sistemaSi?
_ jgufSi isaubreT mecnierebaTa klasifikaciis kontiseuli sistemis dade-
biT da uaryofiT mxareebze.

ZiriTadi literatura:
1. b. lutiZe, sociologia, Tb., 2002. gv. 34-41.
2. q. kalhuni, d. laiTi, s. keleri, sociologia. ilias saxelmwifo universi-
teti. Tb., 2007. mecniereba sazogadoebis Sesaxeb. nawili II, Tavi I, gv. 3-20.
3. kaxa qecbaia, ganaTlebis sociologia (problemebi), Tb., 2002. Ppedagogika da
sociologia, gv.G7-13.

39
kaxa qecbaia

damatebiTi literatura:

1. i. SCepanski, sociologiis elementaruli cnebebi, Tb., 1997. gv. 9-12.

2. e. kodua, sociologiis Sesavali, Tb., 1998, gv. 25-31.
3. . , , , 2004. gv. 36-43.
4. . , . , , , 2004. gv. 9-36.
5. . , , . 2002. gv. 45-63.

fragmenti ian SCepanskis wignidan `sociologiis elementaruli cnebebi~

sociologia da sxva sazogadoebrivi mecnierebani
`sociologia imiT gansaxvavdeba sxva sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTagan, rom ik-
vlevs mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebel `adamianTa Soris~ warmoSobili movlene-
bis kanonebs, struqturebs, ese igi, erTobebSi adamianTa urTierTSeguebis kano-
nebs, erTobis, rogorc mTlianobis, Semadgeneli elementebis urTierTSeguebis ka-
nonebs, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela dargSi gamovlenil socialur Zalebs,
igi ikvlevs did da mcire erTobebSi moqmed im obieqtur Zalebs, romlebic war-
moiSobian spontanurad, individebisa da institutebis yovelgvari mizanmimarTuli
da winaswarganzraxuli moqmedebis gareSe. sociologis dainteresebis mTavar sa-
gans warmoadgens adamianTa erTobebi, mTlianobani, es erTobebi iqmneba adamianTa
urTierTmoqmedebiT, romelTa mizania TavianTi moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba,
imisda miuxedavad, gacnobierebulia es urTierTqmedeba Tu igi gamomdinareobs
socialuri jgufebisa da Zalebis Tanafardobidan, mTlianobidan, romelsac in-
dividebi, institutebi, kulturis nimuSebi da tradiciebi qmnian~.

ogiust kontis mecnierebaTa piramida

sociologia

biologia

qimia

fizika

astronomia

maTematika

40
 sociologiis Sesavali

mecnierebaTa klasifikacia Tavis droze mocemuli aqvT aristoteles, Zenons,

epikures, bekons, dalambers, spensers da sxvebs. konti mxolod `ZiriTadi mecnie-
rebebis~ klasifikacias axdens. magaliTad, biologias igi miiCnevs ZiriTad mecnie-
rebad, romelic moicavs botanikasa da zoologias. biologis kvlevis sagania si-
cocxle, botanikosi ki imas ikvlevs, Tu rogor cocxlobs ama Tu im jiSis mcena-
re. am principiT moaxdina man mecnierebaTa klasifikacia. mecnierebaTa mocemuli
ganlagebis safuZveli maTi simartive da zogadobaa. yvelaze ufro rTuli mecnie-
reba sociologiaa. misi sagani ara calkeuli adamiani, aramed adamianTa krebulia.
igi Seiswavlis sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi moqceul adamians.
kontiseul mecnierebaTa piramidaSi mravali angariSgasawevi mecnierebaa gamo-
tovebuli, mag., fsiqologia. kontis azriT, is ar aris mecniereba, radganac TviT-
dakvirveba, romelsac igi emyareba, `Rrma absurdobaa.~ is subieqtis gaorebas gu-
lisxmobs, rac konts SeuZleblad miaCnia. kontis klasifikaciaSi ver moxvda po-
litikuri ekonomia (im droisaTvis Zalze popularuli mecniereba), logika, filo-
sofia da sxva. kontma Tavisi pozitivisturi saTvalidan gulgrilad Sexeda fi-
losofias da arasworad Seafasa misi aucilebloba. qarTveli filosofosis ser-
gi danelias (mas ekuTvnis saintereso gamokvleva kontis cxovrebisa da moRvaweo-
bis Sesaxeb. ix. s. danelia. `narkvevebi antikuri da axali filosofiis istoriaSi,~
Tb., 1978) sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, `filosofia misi wignis mxolod ydas aweria, Sig
ki am wignSi ar moipoveba.~

o. kontis sami stadiis kanoni

codnis ganviTarebis stadia sazogadoebis ganviTarebis stadia

1. Teologiuri (berZn. `Teos~ _ RmerTi).
codnas miTosuri, religiuri xasiaTi aqvs da
rwmenas emyareba. adamiani miiCnevs, rom mis
garSemo momxdar movlenaTa mizezi zebunebri-
vi Zalebia, anTropomorfistuli da animistu-
ri azrovneba.
codna warmodgenasa da warmosaxvazea damoki-
debuli.
kacobriobis bavSvoba
Teologi
1. Zveli msofliosa da Sua saukuneebis
droindeli epoqa. iyofa sam perio-
dad:
_ fetiSizmi: adamianebi aRmerTeben sxva-
dasxva sagnebs, maTSi xedaven macocxle-
bel Zalas. adamians ara aqvs Segnebuli
Tavisi gansxvaveba gare sinamdvilisagan.
sazogadoeba bavSvurad azrovnebs anu
aklia TviTSegneba. yovel sagans sakuTa-
ri suli aqvs. veluri sazogadoeba.
_ poliTeizmi: macocxlebel Zalas
floben `fiqtiuri arsebebi~ _ mravali
RmerTi. faqtebi da movlenebi maTi meS-
veobiT aixsneba. saganTa da movlenaTa
jgufs aqvs erTi zogadi suli. mraval-
RmerTianoba. barbarosuli sazogadoeba
(saero da sasulieri xelisufleba nak-
lebadaa gamijnuli).
I. Teokratia (indoeTi).
II. ganuviTarebeli samxedro-poliTeizmi
(Zveli elada).
III. ganviTarebuli samxedro-poliTeizmi
(romi).
_ monoTeizmi: qristianoba qmnis axal
moralur wesrigsa da msoflmxedvelo-
bas. adamianTa cxovrebas mravali Rmer-
Tis nacvlad erTi RmerTi warmarTavs.
saganTa da movlenaTa mizezia erTi, yve-
lasaTvis saerTo RmerTis cneba. er-
TRmerTianoba. civilizebuli sazogado-
ebis Casaxva.
omianobis SezRudva, monobis Secvla ba-
tonymobiT, raindTa institutis gaCena,

41
kaxa qecbaia
2. metafizikuri
spekulaturi codna realur cxovrebas mowyve-
tilia da abstraqtuli xasiaTi aqvs.
zebunebrivi faqtorebi abstraqtuli Zalebi-
Taa Canacvlebuli. saganTa da movlenaTa mize-
zia spekulaturi cneba, romelic sxvadasxva
saxeliT moixsenieba: arseba, arsi, unari, Zala,
substanciuri forma da sxva. warmosaxvis ad-
gils gaazreba ikavebs. realoba cnebaTa er-
Tobliobaa.
Kkacobriobis siWabuke
metafizikosi
3. pozitiuri (laT. _ dadebiTi)
codna eqsperimentsa da gamocdilebas emyareba
da mecnieruli xasiaTis matarebelia. am Sem-
TxvevaSi adamianuri goneba acnobierebs, rom
misTvis absoluturi codna miuRwevelia, ami-
tom igi unda dasjerdes faqtebisa da movle-
nebis racionalur Semecnebas. pozitiuria is,
rac namdvilia. mecnieruli azrovnebis meTo-
debia: dakvirveba da eqsperimenti.
kacobriobis simwife
pozitivisti
mecnieri
SeniSvna:
kontis mixedviT, codnis ganviTarebis calkeul stadias sazogadoebis ganviTarebis Sesa-
bamisi stadia Seesabameba.
`sami stadiis~ kanoni kontma misi maswavleblisagan _ sen-simonisagan aiRo da srulyofi-
li da dasrulebuli saxe misca.
42
poligamiis Secvla monogamiiT, xelos-
nobisa da saqalaqo cxovrebis ganviTa-
reba.
Teologiur-mxedruli sazogadoeba
sazogadoebis erTaderTi mizania dap-
yroba.
2. revoluciebis epoqa
abstraqtuli codna kritikul xasiaTs
iZens. SesamCnevi xdeba socialuri kavSi-
rebis krizisi. es stadia daaxloebiT
XIV saukunidan iwyeba da XIX saukunis
dasawyisamde grZeldeba da moicavs re-
formaciisa da aRorZinebis epoqas, did
geografiul aRmoCenebs da kapitalizmis
Casaxvisa da ganviTarebis periods. I da
II stadias samxedro sazogadoeba Seesa-
bameba Tavisi samxedro-avtoritaruli
reJimiT.
Mmetafizikur-legisturi sazogadoeba
gardamavali periodia. axals ver qmnis,
magram angrevs Zvels.
I. XIV-XV ss. Teologizmis krizisi
da humanizmis ganviTareba.
II. XVI-XVII s-is I nax. protestantiz-
misa da kaTolicizmis brZola.
III. XVII s-is II nax. _ XVIII s. vaWro-
bisa da mrewvelobis ganviTarebis damab-
rkolebeli Zveli reJimis damxoba. deis-
tebi, ganmanaTleblebi da sxva.
sazogadoebis wamyvan fenas Seadgenen
iuristebi, oratorebi, literatorebi,
sityvis Tqmis ostatebi.
4. samrewvelo da msoflio, samoqalaqo
sazogadoeba
sazogadoebis industrializacia socia-
luri procesebis stabilizacias axdens
da uazroba xdeba yovelgvari saomari
moqmedebebi. konti miiCnevda, rom masob-
rivi warmoeba bevrad ufro efeqturad
aRwevs da ipyrobs sazogadoebis cxov-
rebis nebismier sferos, vidre Zalado-
bis gziT ganxorcielebuli aqti.
Mmecnierul-industriuli sazogadoeba.
demokratia.
sazogadoebis wamyvan fenas Seadgenen in-
Jinrebi, komersantebi, bankirebi, kapita-
listebi.
kerZo sakuTrebis gauqmeba da uTanaswo-
robis mospoba, kontis azriT, sazogado-
ebis mospoba iqneba.
 sociologiis Sesavali

sasurvelia davimaxsovroT
socialuri garemo _ adamianis garemomcveli sferos nawili, romelic individe-
bisagan, didi da mcire jgufebisagan, institutebisagan da kulturis elementebi-
sagan Sedgeba. is im pirobebis erTobliobaa (ekonomikuri, politikuri da suli-
er-RirebulebiTi), romelic individTa arsebobisa da moqmedebisaTvis aris auci-
lebeli da romelic am individebis mier aris Seqmnili.
sociologebi saubroben mikro- da makrosocialur garemoze.
makrogaremo erTad aRebul mTel socialur da ekonomikur sistemas moicavs.
mikrogaremo mxolod socialur sferos gulisxmobs.
sociodrama _ laTinur enaze _ `socius~ da berZn. `drama~ _ moqmedeba. jgufuri
fsiqoTerapiis teqnika. sociometriis fuZemdeblis iakob morenos mier SemuSave-
buli empiriuli meTodi, romelic rolur TamaSebsa da modelirebazea agebuli.
misi Tema jgufis problemaa, xolo mizani _ swavleba, romelic kreatiul (Se-
moqmedebiT) socialur cvlilebazea orientirebuli. farTod gamoiyeneba empiri-
ul, gansakuTrebiT eqsperimentul sociologiur kvlevebSi. ZiriTadi sociodra-
matuli teqnikis elementebia: dublireba (jgufis an individis), sarke, rolebis
gacvla, Sinagani monologi, aqtiuri sociodrama da sxv.

dargobrivi sociologiebi
_ zogadi _ Teoriuli sociologia
_ empiriuli sociologia
_ genderuli sociologia
_ metasociologia
_ mediisa da komunikaciis sociologia
_ codnis sociologia
_ kulturis sociologia
_ ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis sociologia
_ xelovnebis sociologia
_ modis sociologia
_ urbansociologia (qalaqis sociologia)
_ soflis sociologia
_ religiis sociologia
_ politikis sociologia
_ samarTlis sociologia
_ samxedro sociologia
_ sociografia
_ sociometria
_ socialuri gerontologia
_ socialuri inJineria
_ asakis sociologia
_ dasvenebis sociologia
_ koleqtivis sociologia
_ medicinis sociologia
_ reklamis sociologia
_ axalgazrdobis sociologia
_ moralis sociologia
_ sazogadoebrivi azris sociologia
_ sqesisa da seqsualobis sociologia
_ sportis sociologia
_ literaturis sociologia
_ organizaciis sociologia
_ Sromis sociologia

43
kaxa qecbaia

_ ekonomikuri sociologia
_ sabazro ekonomikisa da biznesis sociologia
_ saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa sociologia
_ sajaro sferos sociologia
_ yoveldRiurobis sociologia
_ ojaxis sociologia
_ marTvis sociologia
_ emociebis sociologia
_ instituciuri cvlilebebis sociologia
_ ekosociologia
_ eTnosociologia
_ gerontosociologia
_ sociologiis istoria da Teoria
_ vizualuri sociologia
_ fotosociologia da sxva.

sociologiis monaTesave disciplinebi

b. malinovski trobrianis kunZulebis aborigenebTan erTad*

socialuri da kulturuli anTropologia

socialuri da kulturuli anTropologia (`anTropos~ _ adamiani, `lo-

gos~ _ moZRvreba, swavleba, mecniereba; sityvasityviT _ moZRvreba adamianis Se-
saxeb. gansxvavebiT adamianis arsis Semswavleli filosofiuri disciplinisagan
_ filosofiuri anTropologiisagan, socialuri anTropologia adamianis soci-
aluri arsis Semswavleli mecnierebaa) disciplinaTaSorisi mecnierebaa zoga-
dad adamianis Sesaxeb. igi adamians ganixilavs, rogorc sazogadoebriv da kul-
turis Semoqmed arsebas. Tavdapirvelad igi e. w. `primitiuli sazogadoebSi~
adamianTa Tanacxovrebis wes-CveulebaTa Semswavleli mecniereba iyo. is adamia-
nis Sesaxeb mecnierebebs miekuTvneba, xolo ramdenadac sazogadoeba adamianTa
gaerTianebaa, imdenad maTi kavSiri sociologiasTan aSkaraa. am azriT igi soci-
iologiis monaTesave dargebs ganekuTvneba.
inglisuri sociologiuri da anTropologiuri skola socialur da kultu-
rul anTropologias erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad ganixilavs, maSin rodesac,
amerikuli tradiciis mixedviT, maT Soris seriozuli gansxvaveba ar arsebobs.
44
 sociologiis Sesavali

termini `socialuri anTropologia~ inglisSi axaldaarsebuli kaTedris

aRsaniSnavad iqna SemoRebuli, romelsac primitiuli sazogadoebebis cnobili
mkvlevari frezeri xelmZRvanelobda. frezeri ZiriTadad dainteresebuli iyo
adreuli sazogadoebebis tradiciebis, wes-Cveulebebisa da socialuri Tanac-
xovrebis principebis SeswavliT.
socialuri anTropologiis sagani naTlad
gamokveTes inglisuri socialur-anTropologiu-
ri skolis iseTma saxelovanma warmomadgenlebma,
rogorebic bronislav malinovski (1884-1942) da
alfred rejinald redklif-brauni (1881-1955) ari-
an. maT mixedviT, socialuri anTropologia soci-
alur urTierTobebsa da socialur struqturebs
Seiswavlis, xolo `kulturuli anTropologia~
(kulturanTroplogia) adamians ganixilavs, ro-
gorc `mwarmoebel arsebas~ (`homo faberi~), anu,
anglosaqsuri tradiciebidan gamomdinare, `iara-
Ris mkeTebel arsebas~ (`Tul meiqer~). Cvevebi,
ganwyobebi, msoflmxedveloba da rwmena am Sem-
TxvevaSi inteleqtualuri xasiaTis `teqnikuri sa-
Sualebebis~ saxiT ganixileba, romlebic socia-
luri cxovrebis samsaxurSi imyofebian. socialu-
alfred rejinald ri anTropologiis SemTxvevaSi wina planzea ada-
redklif-brauni miani, rogorc sociumis, socialuri jgufis wev-
ri, romelic sxvebTan komunikaciis uamravi saSu-
alebiTaa dakavSirebuli. diurkemis terminologiiT, kulturanTroplogiuri
midgoma socialur movlenebs Seiswavlis, rogorc nivTebs, xolo socialur-an-
Tropologiuri, piriqiT, nivTebs (nakeTobebs, iaraRebs, saritualo daniSnule-
bis sagnebs) ganixilavs, rogorc socialur movlenebs, anu maT socialur saz-
riss Seiswavlis.
kulturanTropologia materialuri kulturis sagnebidan amodis da im
faqtebis analizamde midis, romelic socialur cxovrebas SesaZlebels xdis;
socialuri anTropologiisaTvis ki amosavali Tavad socialuri cxovrebaa. ma-
terialuri kulturis sagani socialur anTropologiaSi im funqcias asrulebs,
romlis gasagebad aucilebelia ara marto istoriuli, geografiuli, meqanikuri
an fizikur-qimiuri, aramed socialuri faqtorebis gaTvaliswineba. funqciaTa
erToblioba axal cnebas, struqturas moiTxovs. amgvarad, socialuri struqtu-
rebis Seswavla socialur-anTropologiuri kvlevis moucilebeli nawili gax-
da, xolo socialur-anTropologiuri skola sociologiaSi struqturul-fun-
qcionalisturi mimarTulebis (romlis warmomadgenlebi sociologiis korifee-
bi: talkot parsonsi da robert mertoni arian) winamorbedad mogvevlina.
rogorc kulturuli, ise socialuri anTroplogia adamianis Semecnebisa-
ken miiswrafvian, oRond erT SemTxvevaSi amosavalia adamianis mier Seqmnili na-
keTobebi, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi _ misi warmodgenebi, am nakeTobaTa sazrisi
da daniSnuleba; am SemTxvevaSi kulturologiam anTropologia geografiasTan
da istoriasTan daakavSira, xolo azris socialurma mimarTulebam _ socio-
logiasTan da fsiqologiasTan, orive maTgani ki mWidro kavSirSia lingvisti-
kasTan. ase warmoiSva lingvisturi anTropologia, rameTu ena ara mxolod kul-
turuli movlenaa, aramed socialuri cxovrebis Semkvreli dvritac.
DdReisaTvis evropisa da amerikis universitetebis sociologiis mimar-
Tulebis samive donis (sabakalavro, samagistro da sadoqtoro) saswavlo prog-
ramebis aucilebeli moTxovnaa socialuri da kulturuli anTropologiis
swavleba.
*SeniSvna:
trobrianis, igive kirivinis, kunZulebi wynari okeanis samxreT-dasavleT
nawilSi mdebareobs da papua-axali gvineis kuTvnilebaa.
45
kaxa qecbaia

sociologiis monaTesave disciplinebi

` -
, , . -
, -
.~

politologia
sityva `politologia~ Zveli ber-
Znulidan momdinareobs. `politikon~ _
sazogadoebrivs, `polisi~ _ qalaq-saxel-
mwifos, `logos~ _ moZRvrebas, swavlebas
niSnavs; sityvasityviT politologia `po-
litikis Sesaxeb swavlebas,~ Zveli ber-
Znuli tradiciidan gamodinare, `politi-
kaze saubars, sityvas~ niSnavs; aqedan ga-
momdinare, politikuri mecnierebis saga-
nia politika. misi Zirebi Zvel berZnul
da romaul samyaroSia saZebni, Tumca ro-
gorc mecnierulma disciplinam, man saku-
Tari Tavi amerikaSi, kerZod kolumbiis
universitetSi, gamoavlina, sadac 1857
wels istoriisa da politikuri mecniere-
bis kaTedra iqna gaxsnili; 1872 wels ki
safrangeTSi gaixsna politikur mecniere-
baTa privatuli skola, romelic mxolod
politikur moxeleebsa da Cinovnikebs amzadebda.
sabWoTa kavSirSi sociologiis msgavsad politologiac akrZalul mecnie-
rebaTa ricxvs miekuTvneboda, amitom misi, rogorc damoukidebeli socialuri
mecnierebis, istoria CvenSi sabWoTa kavSiris daSlasa da damoukideblobis mo-
povebas ukavSirdeba. sabolood politologia mecnierebis saxiT XX saukunis
meore naxevarSi Camoyalibda. saqarTveloSi igi ganviTarebisa da aRmavlobis
gzaze imyofeba.
politologia aris socialuri mecniereba politikis, politikuri movle-
nebis, politikuri urTierTobebisa da procesebis, politikuri xelisuflebis
ganxorcielebis gzebis, kanonzomierebebis, formebis, organizebis, funqcionire-
bisa da ganviTarebis Sesaxeb.
politologiis gansazRvris sirTuled, Cveulebriv, politikis, rogorc
mecnierebis, obieqtad miCneva ganixileba, ramdenadac politika ufro farTo
mniSvnelobis mqone, universaluri fenomenia, romelic sazogadoebrivi cxovre-
bis TiTqmis yvela sferoSi aRwevs. am azriT, dasavleTSi politologias soci-
ologiasTanac ki aigiveben. msgavsi midgoma arasworia. politika da politikuri
cxovreba sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani Semadgeneli nawi-
lia; sazogadoeba ufro metia, vidre politika, misi soliduri da aqtualuri,
magram erTi calkeuli mxare, amitom politologiisa da sociologiis gaigiveba
Secdomaa da meti araferi; sociologia im mTelis Sesaxeb (sazogadoeba) mecnie-
rebaa, romlis calkeul nawilsac (politika) politologia Seiswavlis. poli-
tologiisa da sociologiis urTierTkavSiris gziT warmoiSva mecnierebis ise-
Ti dargebi, rogorebicaa: politikuri sociologia, Zalauflebis sociologia,
biurokratiis sociologia da sxv.
46
 sociologiis Sesavali

Cveulebriv, erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaveben politologiis farTo da viwro

mniSvnelobebs. farTo mniSvnelobiT politologia sxvadasxva saxisa, donisa da
masStabis codnas gulisxmobs politikis Sesaxeb, viwro mniSvnelobiT ki poli-
tologia aris mecniereba, romlis pirdapiri mowodebaa sazogadoebis politi-
kuri sferosa da masTan dakavSirebuli politikuri movlenebis, urTierTobebi-
sa da procesebis Seswavla. igi Seiswavlis politikur Sexedulebebsa da Teo-
riebs, politikur interesebsa da Zalebs, institutebsa (saxelmwifo, xelisuf-
leba, samarTali da sxv.) da organizaciebs (politikuri partiebi, moZraobebi,
blokebi da sxva), politikur sistemebs, politikur konfliqtebs, politikur
kulturas da a. S. mis funqciebs Soris mniSvnelovania: Teoriul-SemecnebiTi,
msoflmxedvelobrivi, praqtikul-gamoyenebiTi, ideur-aRmzrdelobiTi, progno-
zistuli da sxv.
sazogadoebis Seswavla srulyofili ar iqneba politikuri mecnierebis
miRwevebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe, amitom Tavis profesiul saqmianobaSi so-
ciologma igi aucileblad unda gaiTvaliswinos.
sociologia politikisadmi midgomiT gamoirCeva, amitom mas aucilebeli,
organuli kavSiri aqvs politologiasTan. dasavleTSi am or mecnierebas
erTmaneTTan aigiveben, ufro sworad, politologias sociologiis Semadgenel
nawilad ganixilaven.
sociologiisa da politologiis kavSiri kargad Cans politikisadmi
sociologiur midgomaSi. kerod im sakiTxebis kvlevaSi, romelsac sociologebi
axorcieleben. magaliTad, sociologiuri interesis sagania, Tu ratom ar
akmayofileben esa Tu is politikuri sistemebi sazogadoebis wevrTa didi
umravlesobis (gansakuTrebiT Raribebis) moTxovnebs. SeiZleba demokratiulad
miiCneodes sazogadoeba, romlis wevrTa umravlesoba politikuri apaTiis gamo
monawileobas ar iRebs arCevnebSi da a. S.
sociologiisaTvis politika da politikuri procesebi socialuri
ganzomilebis nawilia, Sesabamisad, sociologiuri TvalsazrisiT politika _
es aris socialuri instituti, romelic Zalauflebas anawilebs sazogadoebaSi
da misi ganviTarebis gzebs saxvas da Sesabamis gadawyvetilebebsac iRebs.
amitom sociologiuri TvalsazrisiT aqtualuria Zalauflebisa da
politikuri procesebis transformaciisa da sxva sakiTxebis kvleva, romlis
drosac sociologia politologiis monacemebs iTvaliswinebs.

masala gansjisaTvis

fragmenti jeni TeiCmanisa da qeTrin evansis wignidan `filosofia~

politikuri Tavisufleba,
rogorc warmomadgenlobiTi marTva

`... Tavisuflebis Ziebani xSirad iReben sityvieri omis, xolo zogjer nam-
dvili SeiaraRebuli brZolis formas monarqis an diqtatoris Zalauflebis wi-
naaRmdeg. monarqis an diqtatoris Zalaufleba izRudeboda, roca maTi qveSev-
rdomebi aRwevdnen erTgvar warmomadgenlobas ZalauflebaSi. amitom, sxva Tana-
bar pirobebSi, xalxis warmomadgenlobis gadideba niSnavs suverenis Zalaufle-
bis Semcirebas. aseTia is mizezi, romliTac politikuri warmomadgenloba Tavi-
suflebis asociacias iwvevs.
yovelgvari mTavroba zRudavs, met-naklebad, Tavis qveSevrdomebs, magram
Tavisufleba, sxva Tanabar pirobebSi, ukeTesia SezRudvebTan SedarebiT.
marTvis rogori forma uzrunvelyofs yvelaze met Tavisuflebas? bunebri-
via vivaraudoT, rom adamianebi, romlebic marTaven Tavis Tavs, uzrunvelyofen

47
kaxa qecbaia

sakuTari Tavisuflebis maqsimums, anu cxovrebis sxva ukeTes pirobebs, samoqa-

laqo mSvidobas.
magram ra aris TviTmmarTveloba? SeiZleba Tu ara mis damakmayofilebel
formad CaiTvalos saparlamento mmarTveloba? _ ara. aq bevri ram damokidebu-
lia imaTze, vinc parlamentSi sxedan. aseTia warmomadgenlobiTi mmarTveloba?
_ ara. es damokidebulia umTavresad imaze, mmarTvelobis organoebSi warmodge-
nilia mTeli xalxi Tu misi garkveuli nawili. es damokidebulia agreTve imaze,
nebadarTulia Tu ara politikuri partiebi, sakmaod samarTliania Tu sruliad
usamarTloa saarCevno sistema, imaze, ramdenad SeuZliaT moaxdinon kenWisyris
Sedegebis falsifikacia an ganaxorcielon sxva upatiosno manipulaciebi saar-
Cevno sistemaSi. es damokidebulia agreTve imaze, Tu igi garkveuli jgufebis,
magaliTad, SeiaraRebuli Zalebis, ucxoeli komunistebis an investori kapita-
listebis interesTa safarvelia.
demokratiaze raRa iTqmis? did sazogadoebaSi pirdapiri demokratia, roca
TiToeuli moqalaqe xmas aZlevs TiToeul politikur problemas, TiTqmis SeuZ-
lebelia. rogorc Cans, Tavisuflebis ideals TviTmmarTvelobis meSveobiT Ta-
namedrove erovnul saxelmwifoSi ar SeiZleba hqondes pirdapiri demokratiis
forma. am ideals yvelaze metad miudgeba warmomadgenlobiTi mmarTveloba, ro-
melic iTvaliswinebs regularul arCevnebs, sadac ufleba aqvs monawileoba mi-
iRos TiToeulma mozrdilma adamianma, romelSic monawileobis ufleba aqvs
yvela politikur partias da damoukidebel politikosebs, amasTan gamoricxu-
lia kenWisyris Sedegebis yovelgvari falsifikacia.
amboben, aTenis qalaq-saxelmwifo demokratiuli iyoo, am sityvis sakuTri-
vi gagebiT, romelsac marTavdnen uSualod moqalaqeni, magram farTod aris
cnobili, rom aTenis moqalaqeebad iTvlebodnen mxolod Tavisufali mozrdili
mamakacebi; cnobilia isic, rom ekonomika iq monobas emyareboda. sinamdvileSi
aTenSi ar iyo demokratia. am qalaqSi xorcieldeboda ara arCeviTi warmomad-
genlobiTi mmarTveloba, e. i. xalxis warmomadgenlebad gamodiodnen mozrdili
mamakacebi, romlebic kanonebs adgendnen ara marto TavianTTvis, aramed danar-
Cen moqalaqeTaTvisac...~

davaleba:
_ Tqveni azriT, politikuri mmarTvelobis romeli formaa saukeTeso da
ratom?
_ politikuri Tavisuflebis garda kidev ra saxis Tavisuflebaze SegiZ-
liaT laparaki?

48
 sociologiis Sesavali

sociologiis monaTesave disciplinebi

ekonomika

sazogadoebis arseboba didwilad

adamianTa sasicocxlo moTxovnilebebis
dakmayofilebisaTvis aucilebeli mate-
rialuri dovlaTis warmoebasTanaa da-
kavSirebuli, warmoeba ki Sromis gareSe
ar arsebobs. farTo mniSvnelobiT, war-
moebaSi moiazreba ara mxolod materia-
luri dovlaTis Seqmnis procesi, ara-
med mTliani sistema, romlis elemente-
bia ganawileba, gacvla da moxmareba,
warmoebuli produqtis moZraoba indivi-
adualur miTvisebamde. am yovelives sa-
kuTari kanonzomiereba gaaCnia, romel-
sac calke mecniereba Seswavlis. garda
amisa, Tanamedrove gagebiT, sazogadoe-
baze saubars sociologiis klasikosebi
(magaliTad, diurkemi) Sromis, warmoebis
sazogadoebriv danawilebas ukavSireb-
dnen. organizmis msgavsad, sadac ujredebis gamravleba maT Soris funqciebis
ganawilebas iwvevs, sazogadoebaSi mis wevrTa raodenobis zrdas Sedegad adami-
anTa diferenciacia da specializacia, Sromis sazogadoebrivi danawileba da
mis wevrTa Soris solidarobis zrda mohyveba. diurkemis mixedviT, es aris is
principi, romelic Tanamedrove sazogadoebas udevs safuZvlad. diurkemi ekono-
misti ar iyo, magram kargad icoda, rom ekonomikis gareSe sazogadoebis arsebo-
ba warmoudgenelia.
ekonomika berZnuli sityvidan momdinareobs. `oikos~ _ saxls, xolo `no-
mos~ _ kanons niSnavs. sityvasityviT `saxlis anu meurneobis warmarTvis kanons~
niSnavs. igi sazogadoebis sawarmoo moqmedebasTan da, saerTod, im urTierTo-
bebTan aris dakavSirebuli, romlebic warmoebis, gacvlis, ganawilebisa da mox-
marebis procesSi warmoiSoba.
Tavdapirvelad termini aristotelesTan gvxvdeba Zv. w. IV saukuneSi. aris-
totele ekonomikas `bunebriv mecnierebas~ uwodebda da mas `qrematistikas~
(adamianuri moqmedebis sfero, romelic sargeblianobis miRwevas isaxavs miznad)
upirispirebda.
amJamad ekonomikaSi moiazreba: a) materialuri da adamianuri resursebis
racionaluri marTva warmoebis procesSi; b) materialuri dovlaTis warmoebas-
Tan, ganawilebasTan da moxmarebasTan dakavSirebuli socialuri institutebis
mTeli sitema; g) ekonomika aris mecniereba, romelic Seiswavlis sazogadoebaSi
mwiri resursebisaTvis konkurenciis, maTi warmoebis, gacvlis, ganawilebisa da
moxmarebis procesebs, wesebsa da kanonebs.
rodesac sociologi adgens, Tu ra rols asrulebs ekonomikuri faqtori
sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi, igi usaTuod ekonomikuri mecnierebis monacemebs un-
da daeyrdnos anda, rodesac sociologi sxvadasxva sazogadoebrivi jgufebis
urTierTobas aanalizebs, igi ekonomikur kanonzomierebebs iTvaliswinebs auci-
leblad. maTi codnis gareSe ar SeiZleba srulyofili iyos sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis ama Tu im movlenebis arsi, radganac ekonomikuris gareSe maTi arse-
boba warmoudgenelia. Tavis mxriv, ekonomikuri movlenebis arsi gaugebari iqne-
ba, Tuki socialuris kanonzomierebebi ar viciT, amitom sociologia da ekono-
mika organul kavSirSi imyofebian erTmaneTTan da socialur mecnierebaTa Ziri-
Tad birTvs warmoadgenen. am mecnierebaTa sinTezis gziT aris Seqmnili mecnie-
rebis iseTi dargi, rogoricaa socialuri ekonomika da ekonomikuri sociolo-
gia. socialuri ekonomika ekonomikis iseTi mimarTulebaa, romelic mTlianad
49
kaxa qecbaia

sociumzea orientirebuli, amitomac mas Tanamedrove, civilizebuli samoqalaqo

sazogadoebis Sesaxeb mecnierebad miiCneven.

ekonomikuri sociologia
ekonomikuri sociologia sazogadoebis ekonomikur procesebs socialuri
Teoriebis prizmaSi ganixilavs. igi socialuri sinamdvilis ekonomikur da ara-
ekonomikur faqtorebs Soris kavSir-urTierTobas ikvlevs.
ekonomikuri sociologia tradiciuli ekonomikuri Teoriis mier war-
modgenili adamianis modelisaken, anu `homo ekonomikusisaken~ ixreba. es ada-
mianis gansakuTrebuli tipia, romelsac axasiaTebs egoizmi da sxvebisagan dis-
tancia, is Zalze racionaluri da amasTanave informirebulia; moqmedebs ise,
rogorc manqana, da ekonomikuri interesebis logikas eqvemdebareba mxolod. igi
daclilia yovelgvari sentimentalizmisa da romantizmisagan; misTvis mSvenie-
ria is, rac momgebiania; misi strategia Tanamimdevruli da refleqsuri moqmede-
baa, romlis mizani sakuTar momavalze zrunvaa. amasTanave is CarTulia forma-
lur da araformalur urTierTobaTa Zalze daxlarTul qselSi, xelmZRvane-
lis an daqvemdebarebaSi myofi piris saxiT Sedis sxvadasxva organizaciebSi,
moqmedebs socialur jgufSi, miekuTvneba lokalur da nacionalur erTobebs
da sxva (adamianis es tipi `homo faberSi~ aqvs aRwerili maqs friSs). adamianis
aseTi modeli daiwuna maqs veberma. Tanamedrove ekonomikurma sociologiam Ta-
visufali bazrebis dominanturobiT TiTqosda monaxa gamosavali, magram Cven
kvlav Tanamedrove kapitalizmis daundoblobis mowme varT.
ekonomikuri sociologia gaCnda, rogorc ekonomikuri movlenebis axleburi
xedva. xedvis siaxle imaSi mdgomareobda, rom unda axsniliyo, Tu ra rols asru-
lebdnen ekonomikuri struqturebi da institutebi sazogadoebaze da, piriqiT, sa-
zogadoebis gavlena ekonomikur struqturebze. ase Camoyalibda klasikuri ekono-
mikuri sociologiis ZiriTadi mimarTuleba: kapitalizmisa da Tanamedrove sazoga-
doebis urTierTmimarTebis problema. amgvari kvlevis magaliTia sociologiis
klasikosebis _ maqs veberis `protestantuli eTika da kapitalizmis suli~ da ge-
org zimelis `fulis filosofia,~ Tumca ekonomikuri sociologiis safuZvlad
aleqsis de tokvilis naSromi `demokratia amerikaSi~ (1835-1840 ww.) miiCneva. ekono-
mikuri sociologiis aRiarebuli yvelaze didi klasikosi ki karl marqsia. mar-
qsTan erTad mas warmoadgenen verner zombarti, iozef Sumperti da sxvebi.
klasikuri ekonomikuri sociologiis mixedviT, ekonomika Tanamedrove sa-
zogadoebis avtonomiuri sferoa, romelSic transaqciebis xasiaTs racionalu-
ri kalkulacia ganapirobebs da is araekonomikur cvladebs (religia, politi-
ka, ganaTleba da sxv.) naklebad eqvemdebareba. ekonomikaze araekonomikuri cvla-
debis gavlena da zemoqmedeba yvelaze kargad maqs veberma Seiswavla.
ekonomikuri da sxva socialuri institutebis urTierTadmokidebulebis
kvlevaSi didi wvlili Seitanes cnobili amerikeli sociologebis talkot par-
sonsisa da neil smelzeris Sromebma.
Tanamedrove ekonomikuri sociologia Seiswavlis kulturasTan, politi-
kur da sxva institutebTan ekonomikuri, safinanso da biznes-organizaciebis
kavSir-mimarTebebs, giganturi korporaciebis gavlenas sazogadoebaze, mosaxle-
obis yoveldRiur ekonomikur qcevaze da sxv.
XX saukunis 60-70-iani wlebidan ekonomikuri sociologiis wiaRidan aRmo-
cendnen iseTi dargebi, rogorebicaa: industriuli sociologia, Sromis bazris
sociologia, moxmarebis sociologia, Tavisufali drois sociologia, romel-
Tac cota mogvianebiT daemata sabazro ekonomikis sociologia, biznesis soci-
ologia da sxva. am mimarTulebiT ultraTanamedrove dargebia: racionaluri
arCevanis sociologia, romelic socialur gacvlasa da racionaluri arCeva-
nis ekonomikur Teorias emyareba (j. homansi da j. koulmani) da qseluri socio-
logia (sociologiis am mimarTulebebsa da Teoriebs studentebi `Tanamedrove
sociologiuri Teoriebis~ kursSi gaecnobian).

50
 sociologiis Sesavali

sociologiis monaTesave disciplinebi

demografia

demografia berZnuli sityvidan

momdinareobs: `demos~ _ xalxi da
`grafo~ _ vwer, sityvasityviT _ xal-
xTaRwera. es aris mecniereba, romelic
Seiswavlis mosaxleobis kvlavwarmoe-
bas, mis ricxovnobas, damokidebulebas
sazogadoebis socialur-ekonomikur
mdgomareobasTan da bunebriv pirobeb-
Tan; igi swavlobs migraciebsa da mig-
raciul procesebs, mosaxleobis gan-
lagebasa da Semadgenlobas; yvela im
cvlilebas, romelsac mosaxleoba ga-
nicdis, da aanalizebs am cvlilebaTa mizezebsa da Sedegebs rogorc lokalu-
ri, aseve globaluri masStabiT. iZleva sasargeblo rekomendaciebs demografiu-
li mdgomareobis gasaumjobeseblad. rogorc wesi, mosaxleobis aRweras demog-
rafebi akeTeben xolme. maT mier Catarebuli kvlevebi fasdaudebelia saxelmwi-
fos mier demografiuli politikis SemuSavebasa da gatarebaSi, SromiTi resur-
sebis proeqtirebaSi da sxv.
termini `demografia~ 1855 wels gaCnda, rogorc frangi swavlulis a. giia-
ris wignis saxelwodeba (`adamianis statistikis elementebi, anu SedarebiTi de-
mografia~). igi `demografias~ farTo mniSvnelobiT moiazrebda, rogorc `adamia-
nuri modgmis bunebriv da socialur istorias.~ Tumca demografiis Zirebi uf-
ro Sors _ aTaswleulebis miRma _ Zveli aRmosavleTis qveynebSia saZebni. igi
ukavSirdeba konfucis, platonisa da aristoteles saxelebs, magram mecnieruli
codnis saxe axal droSi miiRo. sazogadoebis socialur-ekonomikur ganviTare-
baSi demografiis rolis sakiTxi gansakuTrebuli msjelobis sagani XIX sauku-
neSi gaxda. am droidan moyolebuli demografiis Seswavlis sagnad Sobadoba da
sikvdilianoba iqca. demografiis SigniT gamoiyo demografiuli statistika da
demografiuli dinamika (mosaxleobis moZraoba).
dRes demografias Tavisi mkveTrad gamoxatuli kvlevis sagani aqvs _ es
aris mosaxleoba. igi mosaxleobis raodenobas, mis teritoriul ganlagebasa da
Semadgenlobas da masze socialuri, ekonomikuri, biologiuri da geografiuli
faqtorebis gavlenas Seiswavlis. umartivesi demografiuli erTeulia adamiani,
romelic mTel rig niSan-TvisebaTa _ sqesis, asakis, ojaxuri mdgomareobis, ga-
naTlebis, dasaqmebis sferos, erovnebis, moqalaqeobisa da a. S. _ matarebelia.
maT demografiul maxasiaTeblebs uwodeben. am niSan-TvisebaTagan bevri cvaleba-
dobas ganicdis, rac aseve mosaxleobis cvalebadobas gulisxmobs, rasac sabo-
lood mosaxleobis dinamikasTan mivyavarT. mosaxleobis moZraobas demografebi
sam jgufad yofen: bunebrivi _ gulisxmobs qorwinebas, ganqorwinebas, sikvdili-
anobas; migraciuli _ mosaxleobis teritoriul gadaadgilebas gulisxmobs, ro-
melic saboloo jamSi gansazRvravs mosaxleobis simWidroves, gansaxlebas, se-
zonur gadaadgilebas da sxv. socialuri _ erTi jgufidan meoreSi adamianTa
gadasvlas gulisxmobs. is didad ganapirobebs mosaxleobis socialuri struq-
turis kvlavwarmoebas.
mTel rig meTodebs Soris, romelsac demografia iyenebs, aRsaniSnavia mona-
cemTa statistikuri analizi, maTematikuri modelireba da sociologiuri kvle-
vis meTodebi. xalxTmosaxleobis Sesaxeb demografiuli codnis siRrmes xels
uwyobs misi kavSiri iseT mecnierebebTan, rogorebicaa: sociologia, ekonomika,
eTnografia, mosaxleobis geografia, socialuri higiena, samarTalmcodneoba; am
mecnierebebTan demografiis kavSiris Sedegad socialur mecnierebaSi mTeli rigi
axali dargebi gaCnda. maT Soris aRsaniSnavia socialuri demografia.
51
kaxa qecbaia

socialuri demografia xalxTmosaxleobis socialuri faqtorebis Semswav-

leli dargobrivi sociologiuri disciplinaa. igi ekonomikuri da geografiu-
li faqtorebisa da pirobebis Sesabamisad mosaxleobis ricxovnobas, xalxTmo-
saxleobas, mosaxleobis struqturas, migraciasa da sxva demografiul movlena-
Ta socialur kanonzomierebas Seiswavlis, aanalizebs demografiul problemas
da eZebs misi gadaWris optimalur gzebsa da saSualebebs. gansakuTrebiT mniS-
vnelovania misi roli globaluri demografiuli problemebis SeswavlaSi. pir-
vel rigSi sayuradReboa msoflio mosaxleobis raodenobis zrda. Tuki adreE
msoflio mosaxleobis gaorkecebas aTeuli saukuneebi sWirdeboda, amJamad ami-
saTvis oroide aTeuli welia saWiro, es ki mosaxleobis sursaTiT uzrunvelyo-
fis problemas qmnis. garda amisa, sayuradReboa Tanamedrove urbanizaciuli
procesebis (urbanizacia soflis mosaxleobis xarjze qalaqis mosaxleobis daC-
qarebul zrdas niSnavs) gaTvaliswineba, adamianTa uzarmazari masebis Tavmoyra
msoflios did qalaqebSi da sxv.

globalurad iTvleba problema, romelic mTel kacobriobas emuqreba

da seriozul saSiSroebas uqmnis mis awmyosa da momavals. Sesabamisad, misi
gadawyvetisaTvis msoflios qveynebis erToblivi Zalisxmevaa saWiro.

aRsaniSnavia agreTve mosaxleobis demografiuli struqturisa da masTan

dakavSirebuli problemebi (mosaxleobis Sedgenilobas demografiuli struqtu-
ra hqvia); Tu mosaxleobis ricxovnobis dinamika raodenobriv cvlilebebs asa-
xavs, misi Sedgenilobis Seswavla Tvisebriv maxasiaTeblebze warmodgenas iZle-
va. demografiuli maxasiaTeblebiT ganviTarebuli da ganviTarebadi qveynebi er-
TmaneTisagan ganxvavdebian. im qveynebSi, sadac dabalia sikvdilianoba da mci-
rea Sobadoba, xandazmulTa raodenoba didia; saqarTveloSi mosaxleobis rao-
denobaze da mis struqturaze Tavis droze uaryofiTi gavlena iqonia II msof-
lio omma, ruseT-saqarTvelos omma, romelsac Sedegad afxazeTisa da samaCab-
loSi mosaxleobis raodenobis katastrofuli Semcireba mohyva da a. S. socia-
lur-demografiul problemaTa rigs miekuTvneba dasaqmeba da umuSevroba, mosax-
leobis migraciebi da a. S.
demografiuli mimarTuleba sociologiaSi
sociologiaSi demografiuli mimarTulebis warmomadgenlebi sazogadoeb-
riv cxovrebas da masSi mimdinare mTel rig socialur faqtebsa da procesebs
demografiuli kanonzomierebiT xsnian. isini gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWe-
ben demografiul faqtors sazogadoebaSi. sinamdvileSi demografiuli faqtori
(mosaxleoba) sazogadoebis arsebobis erT-erTi ZiriTadi faqtoria; sazogadoe-
bis arseboba mis gareSe warmoudgenelia, magram sa-
zogadoebaSi mimdinare mravalferovani socialuri
procesebi mxolod am erT faqtorze ar aris damo-
kidebuli. demografiuli mimarTulebis dadebiTi
mxarea is, rom igi yuradRebis gareSe ar tovebs sa-
zogadoebis demografiul maxasiaTeblebs da demog-
rafiul kanonzomierebas, romelic sazogadoebas
axasiaTebs, magram mTeli sazogadoebis mxolod de-
mografiuli kanonebiT axsna misi seriozuli naklo-
vanebaa. demografiuli maxasiaTeblebi sazogadoebis
erT-erTi calkeuli mxarea mxolod.
demografiuli mimarTulebis tipuri warmomad-
genelia ingliseli mRvdeli, swavluli, demografi
da ekonomisti Tomas robert malTusi.
malTusma Tavisi cnobili doqtrina Camoayali-
ba wignSi: `mosaxleobis kanonis cda.~ es mosaxleo-
Tomas robert malTusi bis e. w. zeistoriuli kanonia, romlis mixedviT,
(1766-1834) mosaxleobis raodenoba geometriuli progresiiT,

52
 sociologiis Sesavali

xolo am mosaxleobis arsebobis saSualebebi ariTmetikuli progresiiT izrde-

ba. es qmnis winaaRmdegobas sazogadoebis ganviTarebaSi, amitom saWiroa mosax-
leobis araekonomikurad uzrunvelyofili nawilis raodenobis zrdis SezRud-
va, Seneleba. magaliTad, qorwinebis reglamentaciiT, Sobadobis regulirebiT
anda sulac omebiT. Tumca malTusis demografiuli kvlevis meTodologia Tana-
medrove demografebis mier dawunebulia, magram misi es doqtrina garkveulwi-
lad exmianeba Tanamedroveobas, kerZod, dRes msoflio masStabiT erT-erTi mwva-
ve problemaa demografiuli _ mosaxleobis zrdis regulirebis problema. neo-
malTusianelebis azriT ki, am problemis gadwyveta omis gziTaa SesaZlebeli,
rac am mecnierebis humanurobas eWvqveS ayenebs. Tavisi demografiuli Sexedule-
bebis gamo malTuss sociologadac ki miiCneven, rac arasworia. Tanamedrove ga-
gebiT, igi ar iyo sociologi.
demografiuli midgoma sociologiaSi
mTeli rigi socialuri faqtebisa da movlenebis Sesaswavlad sociologe-
bis mier gamoyenebul midgomebs Soris erT-erTi upirvelesia demografiuli
midgoma. xedvis es tipi demografiul maxasiaTeblebs sazogadoebaSi adamianTa
moqmedebas ukavSirebs, rac sazogadoebis sociodemografiul analizs niSnavs.
amerikeli sociologis neil smelzeris mixedviT, demografiuli xedvis Sedegad
irkveva, rom mesame samyaros ekonomikuri CamorCenilobis mizezebi didwilad de-
mografiuli faqtorebiTaa ganpirobebuli, radganac maTi resursebis udidesi
nawili mosaxleobis gazrdili raodenobis sursaTiT uzrunvelyofas xmardeba
(sxva tipis sociologiuri midgomebia: fsiqologiuri, jgufuri anu koleqtivis-
turi; urTierTzemoqmedebisa da kulturologiuri).

`mosaxleobis migraciis Sesaxeb~

`ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom nebismieri eris keTildReoba da sicocxli-
sunarianoba damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramdenad ZaluZs mas wonasworobis dac-
va suliersa da bunebismier sawyisebs, gonebrivsa da fizikur cxovrebas So-
ris. imisaTvis, rom maRal sulier donemde aRzevebuli erovneba ar daberdes,
saWiro raodenoba mosaxleobisa niadag unda idges misi gaaxalgazrdavebisa
da ganaxlebis saTaveebTan, mZime sayofacxovrebo pirobebSic ar wyvetdes kon-
taqts bunebasTan, miwasTan da aRniSnuli funqciis daurRvevlad periodulad
anaxlebdes inteleqtualuri cxovrebis sferos...
sulier safuZvelze aRmocenebuli demografiuli politika _ esaa svla
ara Znelidan iolisa da xelsayrelisaken, aramed, piriqiT, xelsayrelidan
Znelisaken am Znelis xelsayrelad qcevisaTvis. esaa gardamqmneli fausturi
politika ...~
nawyveti merab kostavas werilidan

davaleba:
_ moamzadeT Tema da moiZieT masalebi slaid-SousaTvis: `Cemi qalaqis, raio-
nis, soflis demografiuli problemebi da maTi gadaWris gzebi.~
_ moiZieT globaluri demografiuli problemebis amsaxveli sxvadasaxva saxis
vizualuri masala da jgufTan erTad gaakeTeT maTi prezentacia da interpre-
tacia.
_ gamarTeT diskusia demografiuli problemebisa da maTi gadaWris gzebis Se-
saxeb.
_ SeecadeT gaakeToT Tqveni qalaqis, soflis an raionis demografiuli sura-
Ti da jguTan erTad gaaanalizoT igi.

53
kaxa qecbaia

sociologiis monaTesave disciplinebi

sociobiologia
`sociobiologia~ momdinareobs sityvidan _ `socio~ _ sazogadoeba da `bio-
logia~ _ sicocxlis Sesaxeb moZRvreba. igi mravali sxvadasxva mecnierebis sinTe-
zis gziT Camoyalibebuli disciplinaTaSorisi mecnierebaa. is cocxal arsebaTa
qcevis axsnas biologiur, evolucionistur kanonzomierebaTa safuZvelze cdi-
lobs. sociobiologia biologiisa da sociologiis Svilobili mecnierebaa, ami-
tom misi kvlevis areali iseT sferoebs moicavs, rogoricaa: evolucionisturi Te-
oria, zoologia, genetika, arqeologia da sxv. socialur mecnierebaTa sferoSi
igi axlosaa sociologiasTan (biologizmi, socialuri darvinizmi da sxv.), evolu-
cionistur fsiqologiasa da qcevis fsiqologiasTan.
XX saukunis II naxevarSi igi erT-erTi yvelaze metad winaaRmdegobrivi dis-
ciplina gaxda. yvelaferi imiT daiwyo, rom 1975 wels entomologma (entomologia
_ mwerebis Semswavleli mecniereba) eduard uilsonma dawera wigni: `sociobiolo-
gia: axali sinTezi,~ romelSic igi evolucionisturi meqanizmebis gamoyenebiT cdi-
lobda cxovelTa (ZiriTadad WianWvelebis) iseTi socialuri qceva aexsna, rogori-
caa altruizmi, agresia da sxv. adamianebs am wignis mxolod ukanaskneli TaviRa
Seexeboda. mogvianebiT man es xarvezi Seavso da dawera wigni saxelwodebiT: `soci-
obiologia adamianTa qcevis Sesaxeb~, romelmac mas didi aRiareba moutana.
eduard uilsonis sociobiologiuri Teoriis amosavalia debuleba imis Sesaxeb,
rom adamianis qceva sazogadoebaSi genetikuri (biologiuri) da kulturuli evolu-
ciiT aris ganpirobebuli, kacobriobis ganviTareba ki bunebrivi gadarCevis gziT in-
dividualur, sqesobriv da jgufur doneze mimdinareobs; am Teoriis mimdevrebi arian:
robert triversi, riCard dokinzi, jorj uiliamsi, jozef lopretao da sxvebi.
sociobiologias Tavisi kritikosebic hyavs (magaliTad, riCard levontini da
stiven jei guldi). kritika ZiriTadad exeba imas, rom sociobiologia socialuri
darvinizmis aRorZinebas cdilobs; zogjer mas biosociologiadac moixsenieben,
rac, saboloo jamSi, arakoreqtulia da msoflio samecniero praqtikaSi ar aris
miRebuli.
54
 sociologiis Sesavali

biologisturi mimarTuleba sociologiaSi

biologisturi mimarTuleba Tanamedrove sociobiologiasTan naklebad aris
dakavSirebuli, magram, miuxedavad amisa, aucilebelia imis codna, rom sociologi-
aSi igi calke mimarTulebis saxiT Camoyalibda. ufro xSirad mas naturalisturi
sociologiis saxeliT moixsenieben. igi arsebiTad materialisturi koncefciaa,
romelic adamianis Tavisufali SemoqmedebiTi saqmianobisaTvis adgils ar tovebs.
misi Camoyalibeba da ganviTareba XIX s-is bolosa da XX s-is dasawyisSi evropaSi
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa ganviTarebis Sedegad moxda. igi ori ZiriTadi mi-
marTulebiTaa warmodgenili: organicizmi da socialuri darvinizmi.
biologisturi mimarTulebis fuZemdebelad herbert spenseri miiCneva. mis mi-
xedviT, sazogadoeba organul samyarozea daSenebuli, amitom mis ganviTarebas Tan
sdevs organuli samyaros ganviTarebis kanonebi. Sesabamisad, sazogadoebriv orga-
nizmebs biologiuri organizmebis kanonzomierebani ganageben. spensers ekuTvnis ga-
moTqma `sazogadoeba organizmia!~ biologiuri organizmebisaTvis aucilebelia kve-
bis organoebi (kuWi, RviZli, nawlavebi da a. S.), marTvis organoebi (tvini, nervuli
sistema) da sisxlis mimoqcevis organoebi (guli, sisxlZarRvebi); arc sazogadoeba
arsebobs organoTa am sistemis gareSe: sazogadoebisaTvis aucilebelia kveba, mar-
Tva da ganawileba, rasac mrewveloba, marTva da vaWroba Seesabameba. spenseris mi-
xedviT, identuria cocxali organizmisa da sazogadoebis organizaciis principebi,
struqtura da struqturuli elementebis funqcionaluri datvirTva da sxv. spense-
ris mimdevrebma xeluxleblad datoves cocxali organizmisa da sazogadoebis igi-
veobis principi da axali argumentebiT gaamyares igi (spenseris sociologiur kon-
cefcias sociologiis mimarTulebis studentebi `klasikuri sociologiuri Teori-
ebis kursSi~ Rrmad da safuZvlianad Seiswavlian).
spenseris mimdevarTagan p. fon lilienfeldma calkeuli individebi cxovelu-
ri organizmis ujredebs Seadara, organoebi ki _ ojaxs, erTmaneTis sawinaaRmde-
god (antimetriulad) ganlagebuli nawilebi ki _ gvarebs, erTmaneTis Semdeg gan-
lagebuli organoebi _ tomebs, xolo sazogadoebis integraciis iseTi forma, ro-
goricaa kacobrioba, cxovelTa samyarosaTvis ucxod miiCnia. lilienfeldma aRmoa-
Cina, rom sazogadoebisa da organizmis igiveoba paTologiis ganxriTac dasturde-
ba. daavadebuli ekonomika man gonebasisustes, dasnebovnebuli samarTali _ sigiJes,
xolo daavadebuli politika damblas Seadara.
spenseris meore mimdevarma a. Seflem sazogadoebis damcveli struqturebis
analogi cxovelebSic ipova javSnis saxiT; adamianTa Tavdapirveli gaerTianebebi

55
kaxa qecbaia

da cxovelTa homogenuri sazogadoebebis (frinvelTa gundi, irmebis jogi da sxv.)

fsiqikuri buneba man erT-erTma pirvelma gaaanaliza da im daskvnamde mivida, rom
orive maTganisaTvis identuri fsiqikuri procesebia damaxasiaTebeli;
spenserianeli a. fulie sazogadoebrivi organizmisa da sazogadoebrivi xel-
Sekrulebis Teoriebis Serigebas Seecada. am gziT man `xelSekrulebiTi organizmis
cneba~ Semoitana.

sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis (kontraqtis) Teoriis avtorebi arian

Jan-Jak ruso da Tomas hobsi. es bunebrivi mdgomareobidan sazogadoebriv
da politikur mdgomareobaze adamianTa gadasvlas gulisxmobs. mis mixed-
viT, adamianebma gansazRvres pirobebi, romlis Tanaxmadac isini mzadyofnas
gamoxataven erToblivi Tanacxovrebisa da xelisuflebis morCilebisaTvis.
sazogadoebrivi xelSekruleba adamianebs Soris uSualod dadebuli kon-
traqtia. igi socialuri wesrigis garants warmoadgens. dRes masSi politi-
kuri valdebulebebis sazRvrebis moniSvna igulisxmeba, romelsac sazoga-
doebis wevrebi emorCilebian.

idealuri sazogadeoba, fulies mixedviT, xelSekrulebiTi organizmia, ro-

melSic sazogadoebrivi interesebi individualur interesebs emTxveva.
biologisturi mimarTulebis warmomadgenelma r. vormsma ki sazogadoebasa da
organizms Soris mxolod raodenobriv gansxvavebaze miuTiTa. Tvisebrivad ki isini
identurad miiCnia. vormsi sainteresoa imiT, rom man erT-erTma pirvelma mianiSna
sazogadoebis darRveul nawilTa harmoniis aRdgenaze da amiT socialuri Terapi-
is cneba Semoitana. sociologia marTlac rom socialur Terapias eweva sazogado-
ebasTan mimarTebaSi. socialuri Terapiis saWiroeba ki socialuri paTologiebis
arsebobidan momdinareobs; socialuri higienisa da socialuri Terapiis Sesaxeb
vormsis mosazrebebma didi sasikeTo gavlena moaxdines sociologiis Sesaxeb dade-
biTi azris formirebaze. vormsma sazogadoebis gajansaReba sociologiis umTavres
amocanad miiCnia.
biologisturi mimarTulebis meore frTis _ socialuri darvinizmis cnobili
warmomadgenlebi arian: l. gumploviCi, l. voltmani, u. liapuJi da sxvebi. isini bi-
ologiuri samyaros kanonzomierebebs meqanikurad avrcelebdnen sazogadoebaze,
gansakuTrebiT, darvinis evoluciuri ganviTarebis Teorias. maT socialur cxovre-
baSi gadaitanes biologiuri samyaros evoluciuri ganviTarebis kanonebi. am Sem-
TxvevaSi humanizmisTvis aranairi safuZveli ar rCeba da hobsis principi moqmedebs,
romlis mixedviT omi adamianTa Soris maTi arsebobis bunebrivi wesia. erTi aviw-
roebs meores garkveuli bunebrivi, memkvidreobiT miRebuli an SeZenili upirateso-
biT da imarjvebs masze. gumploviCma arsebobisaTvis brZolisa da bunebrivi gadar-
Cevis (imarjvebs is, vinc Zlieria) kanonebis absolutizacia moaxdina. amgvarad ga-
gebuli sazogadoeba dapirispirebuli socialuri jgufebis brZolis velia, sadac
susti yovelTvis dasaRupadaa ganwiruli.
miuxedavad imisa, rom adamiani biosocialuri arsebaa (erTdroulad biologi-
uri arsebacaa da socialuric) da misi yofierebis struqturaSi biologiur fenas
garkveuli adgili ukavia, mainc arasworia socialuris biologiuramde dayvana da
amiT sazogadoebis sulier-goniTi da kulturul-SemoqmedebiTi mxareebis ugule-
belyofa. miuxedavad am savalalo Secdomisa, biologisturi mimarTulebis poziti-
uri mxare imaSi mdgomareobs, rom man sworad mianiSna sazogadoebis sistemur xasi-
aTze, mis struqturul mTlianobasa da struqturis Semadgeneli nawilebis funqci-
ur mimarTebaze. aqedan arc ise Soria sazogadoebis sistemur da struqturul-fun-
qcionalistur gagebamde, romelic XX saukunis II naxevris sociologiaSi Zalze
popularulia.

56
 sociologiis Sesavali

sociologiis monaTesave disciplinebi

statistika

sityva `statistika~ laTinuri Status-dan momdinareobs, rac `saqmis viTarebas~

niSnavs. mecnierebaSi termini germanelma swavlulma gotfrid axenvaldma 1747
wels Semoitana. man amiT germaniis universitetebSi gavrcelebul kurss _ `saxel-
mwifomcodneobas~ saxeli Seucvala da `statistika~ daarqva, riTac safuZveli Cau-
yara statistikas, rogorc mecnierebas da saswavlo disciplinas. miuxedavad amisa,
statistikuri aRwera kacobriobis istoriaSi bevrad ufro adre iyo cnobili, ma-
galiTad, Zveli aRmosavleTis qveynebsa da romis imperiaSi.
statistika monacemTa damuSavebisa da kvlevis specialur meTodologias Sei-
muSavebs. mis arsenalSia masobrivi statistikuri dakvirvebebi, dajgufebis, saSua-
lo sididis, balansuri, monacemTa grafikuli gamosaxulebisa da statistikuri
analizis meTodebi. TviT statistikuri praqtika saxelmwifos daarsebis droidan
iRebs saTaves. Tavdapirvelad masSi saxelmwifos ekonomikuri da politikuri
mdgomareobis aRwera miazreboda. magaliTad, 1792 wlis droindeli ganmartebis mi-
xedviT, statistika `saxelmwifos axlandeli mdgomareobis aRweras~ niSnavda. sa-
xelmwifo statistikuri samsaxurebis saqmianoba garkveulwilad SesabamisobaSia am
gansazRvrebasTan. mogvianebiT terminma `statistika~ ufro farTo mniSvneloba Sei-
Zina. napoleonis TqmiT, `statistika saganTa biujetia~.
dRes statistikuri meTodebi aRiarebulia ara mxolod zogadad marTvisa da
administrirebis efeqturobis misaRwevad, aramed calkeul dawesebulebaTa arsebo-
ba maT gareSe TiTqmis warmoudgenelia.
XIX saukunis II naxevarsa da XX saukunis dsawyisSi mecnieruli disciplina _
maTematikuri statistika (maTematikis nawili) Camoyalibda. am droidan moyolebu-
li statistikas, rogorc calke disciplinas, ganixilaven. dRevandeli mdgomareo-
biT, statistika im meTodebisa da principebis erTobliobaa, romelTa meSveobiT
ikribeba da analizi ukeTdeba raodenobriv (ricxobriv) mocemulobebs. amitom so-
ciologiuri TvalsazrisiT statistikaSi calkeuli socialuri procesebisa da
movlenebis raodenobrivi monacemebi moiazreba.
monacemTa statistikuri analizis meTodebi adamianuri moRvaweobis TiTqmis
yvela sferoSi gamoiyeneba. am mxriv mniSvnelovania e. w. `gamoyenebiTi da gamoT-
vliTi statistikis~ roli.
sociologis mier mopovebuli informacia, bunebrivia, analizs saWiroebs.
57
kaxa qecbaia

umetes SemTxvevaSi, es informacia ricxviTi monacemebis saxiTaa mocemuli. swored

am punqtSi ikveTeba sociologiisa da statistikis kavSir-mimarTeba. am azriT, sta-
tistika sociologiis monaTesave dargia.
monacemTa statistikuri damuSaveba sociologiuri gamokvlevis daskvniTi
etapis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi nawilia.
sociologiuri gamokvlevis Sedegad miRebuli monacemebis statistikuri ana-
lizisaTvis sociologebi ramdenime ZiriTad sazoms iyeneben, romelTa Soris mniS-
vnelovania saSualo maCveneblebi da korelaciebi.
sociologiuri gamokvlevis Sedegad miRebuli monacemebi saSualo maCveneb-
lis saxes iRebs. esenia: moda, saSualo mniSvneloba da mediana.
moda is cifria, romelic yvelaze xSirad figurirebs monacemTa simravleSi.
magaliTad, Tuki sociologi ikvlevs 5 ojaxs da daadgens, rom maTi wliuri Semo-
savlebi Semdegnairad aris ganawilebuli:
I _ 10 000 lari
II _ 10 000 lari
III _ 20 000 lari
IV _ 30 000 lari
V _ 50 000 lari
mocemul SemTxvevaSi modaluri Semosavali 10 000 lari iqneba, radganac sta-
tistikurad is ufro xSirad gvxvdeba. saSualoa is monacemi, romelic monacemTa
simravlis yvela ricxvis SekrebiT da Semdeg monacemTa saerTo raodenobaze gayo-
fiT miiReba.
mediana ricxvia, romelsac monacemTa Tanamimdevrul CamonaTvalSi Sua adgi-
li ukavia. yovelive es sociologiaSi sizustis Sesatanad xdeba.
rac Seexeba korelacias, igi or cvlads Soris mimarTebas gamoxatavs da, Cve-
ulebriv, korelaciis koeficientiT gamoisaxeba, romelic aTwiladricxvs warmoad-
gens nulidan erTamde. cvladebs Soris korelaciis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi kore-
laciis koeficienti 0-is tolia, xolo rodesac ori cvladi xSirad erTad
gvxvdeba, maSin saubaria dadebiT korelaciaze, romlis koeficienti +1,0-ia; amis
sapirispiroa srulyofili uaryofiTi korelacia, rodesac ori cvladi ukudakav-
Sirebulia, anu erTis arseboba meores gamoricxavs. am SemTxvevaSi korelaciis ko-
eficienti _1,0-ia. sociologiur monacemTa analizisas korelaciebis umetesoba or
cvlads Soris mizezobrivi kavSiris arsebobas Seexeba; arsebobs SemTxvevebi, ro-
desac korelacia SemTxveviTi xasiaTis mqonea anda sxva, mesame cvladis gavlenis
Sedegia, amitom sociologebi gadaamowmeben korelaciebs sxva mizezebis dasadge-
nad, rac validurobis (statistikuri damoukideblobis) Semowmebis erT-erTi saSu-
alebaa.
statistikuri informacia sociologiaSi cxrilebis saxiT aris warmodgeni-
li, amitom aucilebelia sociologma cxrilebis wakiTxva icodes.
dRes empiriuli sociologiuri codnis arsenali statistikisa da monacemTa
maTematikuri da kompiuteruli damuSavebis gareSe TiTqmis warmoudgenelia, ami-
tom saTanado sociologiuri ganaTleba am yovelives safuZvlian swavlebas gu-
lisxmobs.
statistikuri mimarTuleba sociologiaSi
statistikisa da sociologiis kavSirze mianiSnebs statistikuri mimarTule-
bis arseboba sociologiaSi, romlis udidesi warmomadgenelia belgieli mecnieri
adolf ketle. mas miaCnda, rom sociologiam sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis kanonzomi-
erebebi specifikuri maTematikuri da statistikuri meTodebis gamoyenebiT unda ik-
vlios, anu is unda daakvirdes da SemdegSi aRricxos da gaaanalizos mTeli rigi
socialuri kanonzomierebani, rac, ketles azriT, savsebiT realuria. radganac sa-
zogadoebaSi mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebi moqmedeben, dakvirvebis obieqti unda
iyos ara calkeuli individebi, aramed masobrivi xasiaTis mqone socialuri faqte-
bi da movlenebi. magaliTad, SedarebiTi statistikuri analizis mixedviT advilad
dgindeba adamianTa asakis, saqmianobis sferos, cxovrebis pirobebisa da sxva faq-
torebis gavlena Sobadobis, sikvdilianobisa da qorwinebis raodenobriv maCveneb-
58
 sociologiis Sesavali

lebze, xolo statistikur TanafardobaTa gaTvaliswinebiT SesaZlebelia dadgin-

des sazogadoebaSi moqmedi calkeuli kanonebi. ketlem sociologiaSi Semoitana e.
w. `saSualo adamianis~ cneba, rac saSualo ariTmetikuli monacemia. am `saSualo
adamianis~ ricxobrivi maCveneblis meSveobiT daskvna keTdeba mTeli sazogadoebis
korelaciur maCvenebelze, riTac ketlem sociologia sazogadoebis statistikur
kvlevas gauigiva.
statistikuri mimarTulebis meore cnobili warmomadgenelia le-ple, rome-
lic statistikis kanonebs mTels sazogadoebaze avrcelebda.
sociologiis am mimarTulebis udidesi damsaxurebaa is, rom man sworad mia-
niSna sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis raodenobriv maxasiaTeblebsa da maTi statistiku-
ri analizis aucileblobaze, magram socialuri cxovrebis Seswavla yovelive
amiT ar amoiwureba. Cven vendobiT socialur statistikas, rodesac saqme socialu-
ri faqtebisa da movlenebis ricxobriv maCveneblebs Seexeba; statistika zustad
adgens kvebis produqtebze fasebis zrdis raodenobriv maCveneblebs drois calke-
uli periodebis mixedviT, magram siZviris mizezebis dadgena mas ar ZaluZs. Sem-
dgomSi am mimarTulebam sociologiis empiriuli, praqtikuli amocanebis aqtuali-
zebas Seuwyo xeli. sociologiisa da statistikis gaigivebis mcdelobac unayofo
aRmoCnda, am yovelives mecnierebis am ori dargis kavSir-urTierTobebisaTvis xeli
ar SeuSlia. dRes statistika sociologiis erT-erT monaTesave dargad iTvleba,
yoveli SemTxvevisaTvis, socialuri statistika mainc.

sociologiis monaTesave disciplinebi

socialuri ekologia

sityva `ekologia~ berZnuli sityvebidan

momdinareobs. berZnulad `oikos~ _ saxls, sac-
xovrebel adgils, xolo `logos~ moZRvrebas,
swavlebas niSnavs. es aris mecniereba, romelic
garemosTan cocxali organizmebis kavSir-mimar-
Tebas Seiswavlis. termini `ekologia~ germanel-
ma biologma ernst hekelma Semoitana: mis mier
1866 wels daweril wignSi `organizmebis zogadi
morfologia~ igi pirvelad gvxvdeba.
hekelis droebasTan SedarebiT dRes ekolo-
giis cnebas ufro farTo mniSvneloba aqvs. amje-
rad ekologiur problemebSi garemos dacvis sa-
kiTxebia dominanturi, Tumca klasikuri ganmarte-
bis mixedviT ekologia aris mecniereba, romelic cocxali da aracocxali bunebis
urTierTzemoqmedebas Seiwavlis. am azriT is biologiur mecnierebas miekuTvneba.
ekologiisa da socialur mecnierebaTa sinTezis gziT aris warmoqmnili `so-
cialuri ekologia,~ romelic sociologiis monaTesave dargia. ekologiisagan gan-
sxvavebiT, misi istoria XX saukunis 20-iani wlebidan iwyeba. pirvelad igi amerike-
li sociologebis parkisa da berjersis SromebSi gamoCnda. Tavdapirvelad mis
kompetenciaSi biologiuri xasiaTis amocanebis gadawyveta Sedioda, magram, miuxe-
davad amisa, zogadi sociologiis erT-erT Semadgenel nawils warmoadgenda. Sem-
dgomSi TandaTanobiT gamoikveTa da daixvewa mis mier gadasaWrel problemaTa
sfero. amJamad igi dargobrivi sociologiuri disciplinaa, romelic biosferoSi
adamianis adgilisa da rolis SeswavliTaa dainteresebuli. igi gansazRvravs bios-
feroSi adamianis cxovrebisa da ganviTarebis optimalur wesebs. amasTanave igi im
socialuri faqtorebis SeswavliTaa dakavebuli, romlebic garemosTan mimarTeba-
Si moqmedeben.
Tanamedrove socialuri ekologia interdisciplinuri mecnierebaa, romelic
bunebisa da sazogadoebis urTierTmimarTebis socialur kanonzomierebebs Seimec-
59
kaxa qecbaia

nebs, aanalizebs am urTierTmimarTebaTa harmonizaciis principebs. misi ZiriTadi

amocanaa sazogadoebisa da bunebis urTierTmimarTebaTa harmonizeba, rac Tanamed-
rove pirobebSi sul ufro problemuri xdeba. adamianma da sazogadoebam Secvales
bunebrivi garemo. kacobriobis istoriis wina periodebTan SedarebiT amJamad saxe-
Secvlil bunebasTan gvixdeba urTierToba. mecnierebisa da teqnikis ganviTarebam
da masTan erTad warmoebis moculobis zrdam, bunebaze ukontrolo anTropogenur-
ma moqmedebebma globaluri ekologiuri problemebis winaSe daayena adamiani da
sazogadoeba. Tanamedrove sazogadoebis funqcionireba da ganviTareba ekologiuri
katastrofebis zRvarze mimdinareobs. msoflio masStabiT amis naTeli magaliTebi
uamravia.
am mxriv arc saqarTveloa gamonaklisi. bunebrivi stiqiuri movlenebisa da
garemoze ukontrolo negatiuri zemoqmedebis masStabebiTa da SedegebiT saqarTve-
los mTiani regionebi klasikuri tipis magaliTebad gamodgeba. mwvave problemad
rCeba atmosferosa da wylis dabinZureba, miwebis erozia, ekomigrantebis proble-
ma, ekologiurad sufTa sakvebi da a. S.
ekologiuri problemebis klasifikaciis sxvadasxva kriteriumia cnobili;
erT-erTi klasifikaciis mixedviT, ekologiuri problemebi iyofa: warmoSobis mi-
xedviT: ekologiur-hidroteqnikuri da samrewvelo-ekologiuri; simwvavis mixedviT
_ aramwvave, zomierad mwvave, mwvave da umwvavesi; sirTulis mixedviT _ martivi,
rTuli da Zalian rTuli; gadawyvetis mixedviT _ gadawyvetadi, Znelad gadawyveta-
di, gadawyveta praqtikulad SeuZlebelia; teritoriaTa moculobis mixedviT _
lokaluri, regionaluri da globaluri; drois mixedviT _ mcire periodis, xan-
grZlivi da praqtikulad mudmivi. ekologiur problemebs yofen agreTve geografi-
uli zonebis mixedviT, magaliTad, samxreTis mTis da a. S.
mwvave ekologiuri problemebis gadasaWrelad mowodebulia `mwvaneTa moZra-
oba.~ Zalze mniSvnelovania agreTve ekologiuri ganaTlebis, ekologiuri kultu-
risa da ekologiuri cnobierebis problemebi.D

masala gansjisaTvis

`ekologiuri omi saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg~

(nawyveti merab kostavas werilidan)
`buneba ubiwoa da qalwulebrivi. amadac esoden WeSmaritia frTeuli sityve-
bi Sellingisa: `buneba xiluli sulia, xolo suli _ uxilavi buneba.~ umeteswi-
lad SemTxveviT rodi cvlida goete Tavis qmnilebebSi sityva `RmerTs~ `bune-
biT.~ jer Tundac imitom, xSiri xsenebiT rom ar Seebilwa sityvaTa Soris umTav-
resi da uwmindesi, riTac erTdroulad aTi mcnebis cnobil punqtsac aRasruleb-
da. meorec, Seqmnili xom niadag Seesatyviseba Semqmnelis bunebas. ase rom, Tavisi
warmomavlobiT buneba RvTaebrivia. harmoniaSi, mTlianobaSi aRiqvamdnen Zveli
berZnebi RvTaebebsa da bunebas. mSvenieridan da gonivrulidan SeqmnilSi isini
erTaderT Semoqmedamde maRldebodnen. bunebas Taviseburad ganaRmrTobdnen jor-
dano bruno, spinoza, ruso, hegeli, goete, lev tolstoi, vaJa-fSavela, albert
stefeni, andrei beli, rudolf Staineri da sxvebi... sulis religiiT atacebul
adamianebSi arasodes minavlebula bunebis religia da sikeTis misxalsac buneba-
Si isini mudam RvTis madlad miiCnevdnen...
magram ukanasknel saukuneebSi, gansakuTrebiT ki Cvens saukuneSi, yvelafri-
sadmi utilitaristulma damokidebulebam mravalSi Zirfesvianad amoZirkva bune-
bisadmi siyvaruli da mowiweba. swored Cveni saukune, saukuneTa Soris uWkviane-
si, magram ara yovelTvis gonivruli, mecnierul-teqnikuri gigantizmis, amasTan
gaciebuli gulebisa da daxvewili biwierebis saukune ulmoblad aRemarTa bune-
bis winaaRmdeg, raTa waebilwa amsofliuri samyofeli da sarCo-sabadebeli. Seib-
Rala da gamoifita niadagi, dabinZurda wyali da haeri. oTxi elementidan erTa-
derTi cecxliRa darCa Seubilwavi...
gana ugunur Carevas bunebis saqmeebSi, uzarmazari masStabebis mSeneblobas,
60
 sociologiis Sesavali

transportiT gzebiT gadatvirTvas, nebismier gamonabolqv Sxamsa da warmoebaTa

narCenebs, wiaRiseuli da energetikuli resursebis ZiebiT gaumaZRrobas, soflis
meurneobis qimizacias, atomuri sadgurebiT zeaweul radiacias, tyis safaris ga-
ubadrukebas da a. S. ar mivyavarT ekologiur katasrofamde, florisa da faunis,
calkeul populaciaTa ganadgurebamde an Semcirebamde, dedamiwaze yovelive
cocxalis iavaryofamde? ras SeiZleba Seedaros es ambavi, Tu ara igavs muxisa
da Roris Sesaxeb? savalaloa, magram mecnierulma azrovnebam sakmaod gauswro
win kacobriobis moraluri ganviTarebis dones. samwuxarod, uZveles brZenTa sak-
raluri mowodeba: `erTi nabiji codnisaken saWiroebs moralisaken or nabijs~ _
ar iqna Sesmenili, amas ki, Tavis mxriv, ZaluZs dedamiwa daayenos Seubralebeli
moulodnelobebisa da erTob saxifaTo, gaurkveveli movlenebis winaSe...
bunebis saqmeebSi Careva, masSi cvlilebebis Setana mxolod iqaa saSuri, sa-
dac buneba Tavad gvitovebs moqmedebis saSualebas...

davaleba:
moamzadeT Tema da moiZieT masalebi slaid-SousaTvis: `Cemi qalaqis, raio-
nis, soflis ekologiuri problemebi da maTi gadaWris gzebi.~
moiyvaneT magaliTebi, romlebic sazogadoebis an jgufis Sesabamis `eko-
logiur kulturaze~ mianiSneben.
gamarTeT diskusia ekologiuri problemebisa da maTi gadaWris gzebis Se-
saxeb.

sociologiis monaTesave disciplinebi

socialuri geografia

Zvel berZnulad `geo~ _

miwas, `grafos~ _ aRweras niS-
navs. geografia _ sityvasit-
yviT `miwis aRwera.~ geografi-
isa da socialur mecnierebaTa
kavSiris Sedegad Seqmnil mec-
nierebaTa Soris erT-erTi so-
cialuri geografiaa. igi sa-
zogadoebis teritoriul or-
ganizacias Sesabamis socia-
lur maxasiaTeblebs uZebnis.
esa Tu is sazogadoeba am Tu
im bunebriv garemoSi arsebobs
xolme, amitom bunebrivi gare-
mo uSualo zemoqmedebas ax-
`klimatis Zala yovelgvar Zalas aRemateba..~ dens sazogadoebis ganviTareba-
monteskie ze. Tavis mxriv, sazogadoebac
zemoqmedebs bunebriv garemoze.
swored am urTierTzemoqmedebis socialur Taviseburebebs Seiswavlis socia-
luri geografia. is sabunebismetyvelo da socialur mecnierebaTa mijnaze imyo-
feba.
sazogadoebis garemomcvel bunebriv garemos miekuTvneba: dedamiwis relie-
fi, niadagi, savargulebi, wiaRiseuli, hava, zRvebi da mdinareebi, tbebi da wya-
roebi, flora da fauna, teritoriuli mdebareoba, atmosfero da sxv. es samya-

61
kaxa qecbaia

ros is nawilia, romelic aucilebelia adamianisa da sazogadoebis arsebobi-

saTvis. ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT, es yovelive or nawilad iyofa: 1) saarsebo
saSualebebiT mdidari garemo (cxovelebi, frinvelebi, nayofieri miwebi,
sasargeblo wylebi da sxva; 2) Sromis saSualebebiT mdidari garemo (wiaRiseu-
li, xetye, saamSeneblo masalebi da sxv. pirveli kvlavwarmoebadia, meore ki _
aRudgeneli. orive maTgani dedamiwaze uTanabrodaa ganlagebuli. Sesabamisad,
am mxriv sazogadoebebic araTanabar mdgomareobaSi imyofebian. sociologebs
didi xania, rac am yovelivesTan dakavSirebuli problemebi aRelvebT da sxva
yvelaferTan erTad sakiTxis gadawyvetaSi did daxmarebas socialuri geogra-
fiis monacemebic uweven.
sazogadoebis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis done garkveulwilad bunebrivi
garemos Taviseburebebzea damokidebuli. qveyana, romelsac saerTod an sakmari-
si odenobiT ar gaaCnia navTobi an xetye, iZulebulia es yvelaferi am resurse-
biT mdidari qveynebisagan SeiZinos, rac, Tavis mxriv, nedleulis momwodebelze
damokidebuls xdis mas. ase iqmneba qveynebs Soris ekonomikuri upiratesobebi,
rac Zalian advilad politikur upiratesobad gadaiqceva. ai, amgvari sakiTxebis
Seswavlas uwyobs xels socialuri geografia. sazogadoebaze geografiuli ga-
remos zemoqmedebasTan dakavSirebiT sociologiaSi specialuri Teoria arse-
bobs, romelic `geografiuli determinizmis~ saxeliTaa cnobili.

determinizmi laTinuri sityva determinare-dan momdinareobs da gansaz-

Rvrulobas, SezRudvas niSnavs. misi sawinaaRmdego cnebaa indeterminizmi.D

am Teoriis mixedviT, sazogadoebis ganviTarebas geografiuli garemo gan-

sazRvravs. Sesabamisad, sazogadoebis srulyofili ganviTareba mxolod misTvis
xelsayrel geografiul pirobebSia SesaZlebeli. civ da cxel klimatur piro-
bebSi myofi sazogadoeba primitiul doneze darCa, xolo xelsayrel garemo pi-
robebSi myofi ganviTarda da civilizaciis maRal safexurze avida.
bunebrivi garemo Tavis kvals ara marto sazogadoebis socialur da eko-
nomikur, aramed kulturul cxovrebazec axdens. igi aris mxatvruli STagone-
bis wyaro, romlis meSveobiTac iqmneba poeturi, prozauli, ferweruli, musika-
luri da sxva saxis nawarmoebebi. ase rom, sazogadoebis arseboba da ganviTare-
ba bunebrivi garemos gareSe warmoudgenelia. igi aCqarebs an anelebs sazogado-
ebis progress.

geografiuli mimarTuleba sociologiaSi

am mimarTulebis TvalsaCino warmomadgenelia frangi ganmanaTlebeli
Sarl lui monteskie (1689-1755), Tumca monteskiemde analogiur mosazrebebs ga-
moTqvamdnen antikuri epoqis moazrovneebi platoni, aristotele, straboni, he-
rodote, hipokrate da sxvebi. isini adamianTa SromiT saqmianobaze, wes-Ceule-
bebsa da xasiaTze klimaturi pirobebis gavlenaze miuTiTebdnen. magaliTad,
aristoteles miaCnda, rom CrdiloeTis civi haeris gamo am regionis mcxovreb-
lebi simamaciT gamoirCevian, Tumca politikuri gamWriaxobisaTvis aucilebeli
goneba ar gaaCniaT. aziis cxeli klimatis pirobebSi mcxovrebi adamianebi sib-
rZniTa da gonierebiT gamoirCevian, magram simamaceSi moikoWleben. amis gamo
isini mudmivad damorCilebul mdgomareobaSi imyofebian, rasac ver vityviT
Zvel berZnebze. zomieri klimatis pirobebSi mcxovrebi berZnebi mamacnic arian
da goniernic, Sesabamisad, sxvebze batonoben. miuxedavad amisa, es Sexeduleba
mainc ar aris klasikuri geografiuli determinizmis nimuSi. aseTi rame montes-
kiedan iRebs saTaves. Tavis wignSi `kanonTa goni~ man sazogadoebis sulieri,
fsiqikuri da materialuri cxovrebis gasagebad geografiuli garemo pirobebi
daasaxela. qveynis niadagi, landSafti da farTobi, monteskies mixedviT, gansaz-
Rvravs iq mcxovrebi xalxis ara marto xasiaTs, aramed mTlianad sazogadoebis
ganviTarebas.

62
 sociologiis Sesavali

monteskie amtkicebda, rom respublikuri

mmarTveloba Tavisi bunebiT mcire teritori-
as moiTxovs, xolo cxeli klimatis pirobebSi
myof qveynebSi mmarTvelobis despoturi for-
maa damyarebuli.
am mimarTulebis sxva warmomadgenlebs
Soris cnobilia ingliseli sociologi da is-
torikosi henri Tomas bokli (1821-1862), romel-
mac ZiriTadi aqcenti sazogadoebaze ara mar-
to klimatis, aramed landSaftis zegavlena-
zec gaakeTa. magaliTad, seismurad aqtiur re-
gionebSi mcxovrebi adamianebi mousvenrobiTa
da mudmivi SiSis grZnobiT gamoirCevian, ami-
tom isini logikur azrovnebas moklebulni
arian, xolo iq, sadac stiqiuri movlenebis
saSiSroeba naklebia, adamianebi racionaluri
monteskie azrovnebiTa da inteleqtis maRali doniT ga-
moirCevian. monteskiesagan gansxvavebiT, bokli
geografiul garemoze adamianis zemoqmedebis SeswavliTac iyo dainteresebuli.
geografiuli mimarTulebis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen agreTve rusi socio-
logebi s. soloviovi (1820-1879) da l. meCnikovi (1833-1888). pirveli maTgani sazo-
gadoebaze reliefis, kerZod mTa-goriani adgilebis, gavlenaze amaxvilebda yu-
radRebas. mTian adgilebSi mcxovreblebs, mis mixedviT, Tavisufleba da damou-
kidebloba axasiaTebT, xolo vakesa da dablob adgilebze dasaxlebulT er-
Tferovani cxovrebis wesi aqvT da a. S. meCnikovma ki kacobriobis civilizacia
mTlianad hidrosferoTi _ mdinareebiT, zRvebiTa da okeaneebiT, _ determinebu-
lad gamoacxada. sakacobrio civilizaciis umartivesi sawyisi forma, mis mixed-
viT, aris samdinaro epoqa, ramdenadac xalxTa Soris mxolod samdinaro kavSi-
ri arsebobda. amis magaliTebs Zveli aRmosavleTis qveynebi iZleva. egvipturi
kultura da civilizacia nilosis samdinaro kavSirebma warmoSva, tigrosisa da
evfratis saSualebiT asiriul-qaldeuri kultura Seiqmna, indisa da gangis saSua-
lebiT ki _ uZvelesi induri kultura da civilizacia. Semdgomi _ sazRvao epoqis
damwyebebi finikielebi arian, romelsac berZnebi da romaelebi agrZeleben. bolos
kacobrioba saokeano epoqaSi Sevida (kolumbis mier amerikis aRmoCena, vasko da ga-
mas mier indoeTisaken saokeano gzis gakvalva, dedamiwis garSemo magelanis mogza-
uroba da sxv.), romelic wina epoqebisagan Tavisuflebisa da solidarobis tenden-
ciebiTa da kulturaTa Soris dialogiT gamoirCeva.
XX saukuneSi geografiuli mimarTulebidan axali nakadi gamoizarda `geo-
politikis~ saxiT. `geopolitika~ sityvasityviT `miwis politikas~ niSnavs. ter-
mini XX s-is dasawyisSi Svedma mecnierma rudolf Celenma Semoitana. igi acxa-
debda, rom germaniisaTvis misi Sesaferisi sasicocxlo sivrcis Seqmnaa aucile-
beli, rac mezobeli patar-patara qveynebis aneqsiis xarjze unda momxdariyo.
SemdgomSi es mosazreba safuZvlad daedo germanul geopolitikas, romlis ma-
mamTavrad karl haushoferi miiCneva. germanuli geopolitika hitleris oficia-
lur doqtrinad iqca. SemdgomSi geopolitika dasavleTis sxva qveynebSic ganvi-
Tarda. geopolitikis Tanamedrove Teoriebs Soris aRsaniSnavia samuel hanTin-
gtonis civilizaciaTa Sexlis Teoria, s. koenis geostrategiuli arealisa da
geopolitikuri regionebis Teoria, i. galtungis zesaxlmwifoebis Teoria da
sxva. geopolitikis alternatiuli koncefciebia safrangeTis prezidentis de
golis gaerTianebuli evropis Teoria, javaharlal nerus (indoeTis premier-mi-
nistri) miumxroblobis koncefcia da sxva. rusuli geopolitikuri azrovneba
evrazianizmis principebs emxroba.
Tanamedrove liberaluri saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis SemTxvevaSi geopoli-
tikam transformacia ganicada. samxedro faqtorma ukana planze gadaiwia da adgi-
li dauTmo ekonomikur keTildReobasa da qveynebs Soris transpolitikur urTi-
63
kaxa qecbaia

erTobebs. geopolitika geoekonomikiTa da geoinformaciiT Seicvala, Tumca geog-

rafiuli faqtoris aqtualobis aRmniSvnelad kvlav rCeba winsarTi `geo~.
geografiuli determinizmis idea qarTuli samecniero tradiciebisaTvis
ucxo ar yofila. msgavsi ideebi SesaZlebelia vipovoT qarTveli mecnieris va-
xuSti batoniSvilis (1696-1757) naSromSi `aRwera samefosa saqarTveloisa.~ sa-
qarTvelos samefo-samTavroebis aRwerisas vaxuStis yuradRebis gareSe ar rCeba
geografiuli garemo, rac, Cveni varaudiT, monteskies msgavsi geografiuli de-
terminizmis niSnebs atarebs. Znelia dabejiTebiT imis Tqma, rom vaxuSti geog-
rafiuli determinizmis klasikuri warmomadgenelia, magram arc am mosazrebis
xelaRebiT uaryofa iqneba advili. am mimarTulebiT Sesabamisi mecnieruli
kvleva-Ziebaa saWiro da SesaZlebelia Cveni varaudebis gamarTleba. am yvela-
fers miT ufro aqtualurs xdis is faqti, rom vaxuSti monteskies Tanamedrove
moazrovne da mecnieria.
geografiul determinizmTan axlos aris qarTveli moazrovnis konstantine
kapanelis (Wanturaia) (1899-1925) organotropizmis Teoria, romlis mixedviT, sazo-
gadoeba mis mTlianobaSi geografiul, geologiur, klimatur, temperaturul da
sxva bunebriv faqtorebzea damokidebuli, Tumca igi amave dros geografiul faq-
torebze socialur-ekonomikuri procesebis gavlenazec amaxvilebda yuradRebas.
dRes sociologiaSi geografiuli determinizmi popularuli Teoria ar
aris, magram, miuxedavad amisa, misi mTeli rigi calkeuli debulebebis gaTva-
liswineba mainc aucilebeli xdeba xolme, Tundac im mosazrebidan gamomdinare,
rom geografiuli garemo sazogadoebis arsebobis erT-erT aucilebel pirobas
warmoadgens.

sociologiis monaTesave disciplinebi

socialuri fsiqologia

socialuri fsiqologia fsiqologiis dargia, romelic fsiqologiis sxva

dargebs Soris yvelaze axlosaa sociologiasTan, rac ganpirobebulia imiT,
rom igi sociumSi _ sazogadoebaSi adamianis qcevas Seiswavlis.
socialuri fsiqologia saTaves xalxTa fsiqologiidan, sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis pragmatistuli gagebidan da eqsperimentuli fsiqologiidan iRebs.
termini `socialuri fsiqologia~ mak-dugalma (1908 w.) Semoitana. socialuri
fsiqologia pirovnebis individualur qcevas masze moqmedi socialuri faqto-
64
 sociologiis Sesavali

rebis zegavleniT ganixilavs. aqedan gamomdinare, igi Seiswavlis sxvadasxvagva-

ri socialuri gaerTianebebis _ jgufis, masis, socialuri klasebisa da fene-
bis, organizaciebis, bunebrivi da kulturuli erTobebis, socialuri umcireso-
bebis da a. S. _ zegavlenas individis moqmedebis mzaobis iseT pirobebze _ ro-
goricaa ganwyobebi, stereotipebi, socialuri motivebi da sxva; qcevis tipebsa
da xerxebze (interaqcia, komunikacia da a. S.).
zogad da sxva saxis fsiqologiasTan erTad socialuri fsiqologia mWid-
ro kavSirSia sociologiasTan. ufro metic, mas dargobriv sociologiadac ki
ganixilaven. amis gamo igi marginalur interdisciplinur mecnierebad aris miCne-
uli. socialuri fsiqologia, marTlac, am ori mecnierebis SuaSi imyofeba. soci-
ologiaSi arsebuli calkeuli mimarTulebebisaTvis, rogoricaa magaliTad, sim-
boluri interaqcionizmi, igi marTlac sociologiuri disciplinaa. igi socio-
logias meTodologiuri TvalsazrisiTac emsgavseba. kvlevis procesSi Zalze
xSirad gamoiyenebs sistemuri dakvirvebisa da gamokiTxvis meTodebs. socialuri
fsiqologiis cnobili warmomadgenlebi k. levini da g. olporti arian.

fsiqologisturi mimarTuleba sociologiaSi

sociologiaSi fsiqologiuri mimarTulebis cnobili warmomadgenelia gab-
riel tardi (1843-1904), romlis mixedviT, sazogadoeba sulier atomTa krebulia,
romelTa nebismieri moqmedeba fsiqologiuri motivebiT aris ganpirobebuli,
amitom socialuri cxovrebis gasaRebi fsiqologiur
meqanizmebSia saZebni. sazogadoebis umTavresi kano-
ni, tardis mixedviT, aris ganmeorebadoba, romelic
socialur cxovrebaSi mibaZvis saxiT vlindeba. am
SemTxvevaSi amosavalia anTropologiuri principi,
romlis mixedviTac adamiani mimbaZveli arsebaa. mi-
baZva sazogadoebis Sinagani fsiqologiuri Tavise-
burebaa. tardis TqmiT, `sazogadoeba mibaZvaa!~ sazo-
gadoebaSi adamianis qceva da moqmedeba sxva adamia-
nebis wamxedurobiT xdeba. amis mixedviT, sociolo-
giam mibaZvis faqtebi da kanonebi unda Seiswavlos
da amgvarad gaerkves socialuri cxovrebis kanonzo-
mierebebSi. tardim dawvrilebiT gaaanaliza mibaZvis
meqanizmebi, magram ramdenadac mibaZva fsiqologiuri
gabriel tardi faqtia, man, faqtobrivad, sociologiisTvis adgili
ar datova.

fsiqologia _ Zv. berZnul enaze _ `psixe~ _ suli, `logia~ _ moZRvreba,

swavleba; sityvasistyviT _ mecniereba sulis Sesaxeb. misi warmoSoba da-
kavSirebulia aristoteles saxelTan, romelmac dawera naSromi saxelwo-
debiT: `peri psixe~ _ `sulis Sesaxeb.~ aristoteles droidan moyolebuli
dRemde fsiqologia mecnieruli codnis sferoa, romelic Seiswavlis fsi-
qikuri procesebis (SegrZneba, aRqma, warmodgena, warmosaxva, mexsiereba, az-
rovneba da sxv.), fsiqikuri mdgomareobebis (motivacia, emocia, grZnobebi
da sxv.), fsiqikuri maxasiaTeblebis (xasiaTi, temperamenti da sxv.), ganwyo-
bebis warmoSobas, maTs formirebas, ganviTarebis Taviseburebebsa da kanon-
zomierebebs, anu, farTo gagebiT, es aris fsiqikuris Sesaxeb mecniereba.
am SemTxvevaSi mxedvelobaSi unda gvqondes is faqti, rom suli da fsi-
qika erTi da igive rodia. suli ufro maRali instanciaa, vidre fsiqika.

amerikuli fsiqologisturi sociologiis warmomadgenelia lester uordi

(1841-1913). igi cnobilia SromebiT: `dinamikuri sociologia,~ `wminda sociolo-
gia,~ `gamoyenebiTi sociologia~ da sxvebi. uords miaCnia, rom sazogadoebis
arsebobas subieqturi da obieqturi rigis faqtorebi ganapirobeben. pirvel maT-

65
kaxa qecbaia

ganSi igi sazogadoebis wevrTa emociebs, miswrafebebs, interesebs, grZnobebs,

da a. S. gulisxmobs, meore rigis faqtorebSi ki _ adamianis sulier da inte-
leqtualur-gonebriv SesaZleblobebs (intuicia, gamomgonebloba da sxv.). faq-
torTa orive rigi fsiqologiuri xasiaTis matrebelia.
sazogadoebis mamoZraveblad fsiqologiur faqtorebs gansakuTrebul
rols akuTvnebda amerikeli sociologi franklin delano gidinqsi (1855-1913),
Tumca amasTanave arafsiqologiur faqtorebsac Sesabamis yuradRebas aqcevda.
sociologiam sazogadoeba unda Seiswavlos, rogorc fsiqo-fizikuri realoba,
magram am SemTxvevaSi safuZveli fsiqikuri unda iyos. am gziT sazogadoebis Se-
saxeb calkeul mecnierebaTa mier mopovebuli codna sociologiam unda ganazo-
gados. amis gamo is zogadi mecnierebaa socialuri cxovrebis Sesaxeb. igi sazo-
gadoebas, rogorc mTels, ise ganixilavs. am azriT, sociologi istorikosic
unda iyos, ekonomistic, samarTalmcodnec da statistikosic. sazogadoeba ki
sxva araferia, Tu ara `kompania, asociacia, adamianTa gaerTianeba~, oRond cno-
bieri gaerTianeba.
fsiqologisturi mimarTulebis gavlenian warmomadgenlad miiCneva socio-
logiis klasikosi geor zimeli imis gamo, rom man sociologiis sagnad adami-
anTa urTierTzemoqmedebis Tavisufali, TamaSebrivi formebi, misive terminiT,
`sociacia~ miiCnia. am mimdinareobas akuTvneben sociologiis iseT klasikoss,
rogoricaa pitirim sorokini, imitom rom igi sociologiis sagnad adamianTa
Soris urTierTobas miiCnevda. saerTod, amerikul sociologiaSi damkvidrebu-
lia tradicia, rom sazogadoeba adamianTa, mis calkeul wevrTa urTierTobaTa
kompleqsia, urTierToba ki socialurTan SedarebiT fsiqologiuri xasiaTis ma-
tarebelia. amasTan, arc zimeli da arc sorokini fsiqologebi ar yofilan. isi-
ni adamianebs Soris urTierTzemoqmedebisa da interaqciis ara fsiqologiur ma-
xasiaTeblebs, aramed socialur kanonzomierebebs adgendnen (e. w. fsiqologis-
turi mimarTulebis warmomadgenelTa naazrevs sociologiis mimarTulebis stu-
dentebi araklasikuri sociologiuri Teoriebisadmi miZRvnil saswavlo kursSi
gaecnobian).
fsiqologiur faqtorebs marTlac didi mniSvneloba aqvT pirovnebisa da
sazogadoebis sulieri procesebis SeswavlaSi. fsiqologisturma mimarTulebam
didi roli Seasrula sociologiis sagnis gafarToebaSi da xeli Seuwyo soci-
aluri fsiqologiis, rogorc calke dargis, formirebas, magram misi seriozu-
li nakli fsiqologiuri kanonzomierebis absolutizaciaSi mdgomareobs. fsi-
qologsac da arafsiqologsac unda gvaxsovdes, rom fsiqikuri sazogadoebis
erTi calkeuli mxarea, rogoric, vTqvaT, politikuri an ekonomikuri, amitom
fsiqologia verasodes ver daikavebs sociologiis adgils, romelic sazogado-
ebas mis mTlianobaSi, ra Tqma unda, fsiqikurTan erTad, Seiswavlis.

sasurvelia davimaxsovroT
socialuri diagnostika _ gamoyenebiTi sociologiis erT-erTi ZiriTadi mimarTu-
lebaa, romelic operatiulad afasebs socialuri obieqtis funqcionirebis mdgo-
mareobas, avlens gadaxrebs da xels uwyobs socialuri obieqtis ganviTarebas.

socialuri fsiqoTerapia _ gamoyenebiTi sociologiis (fsiqo-socialuri niSnis

mqone) dargia. igi socialur qcevaze zemoqmedebis meTodebis iseT sistemas moi-
cavs, romelic gadaxrebis nebismieri formis koreqtirebisaTvis gamoiyeneba.

66
 sociologiis Sesavali

sociologiis monaTesave disciplinebi

socialuri filosofia
socialuri filosofia filoso-
fiis dargia, romelic sazogadoebis
arsebobisa da cvalebadobis, sazoga-
doebrivi procesebis filosofiur ka-
nonzomierebebs, sazogadoebaSi adamia-
nis adgilisa da rolis filosofiur
safuZvlebs Seiswavlis. am azriT igi
Zalian axlosaa Teoriul, zogad soci-
ologiasTan. gansxvaveba imaSi mdgoma-
reobs, rom sazogadoebis analizisas
sociologiasTan mimarTebaSi socialu-
ri filosofia kritikuli funqciis ma-
tarebelia.
socialuri problematika filo-
sofiaSi antikuri da ufro adrindeli
droidan Sedis _ lao-Zisa da konfu-
cis, platonisa da aristoteles droi-
dan moyolebuli, magram es imas ar
niSnavs, rom isini sociologebi iyvnen.
Tanamedrove gagebiT, sociologia
Sors dgas sazogadoebis filosofiuri analizisagan, romelic zogadi xasiaT-
saa. ufro metic, sociologia filosofiur azrovnebasTan WidilSi Camoyalib-
da, rogorc damoukidebeli mecniereba, da gamarjvebac mas darCa, Tumca es ar
auqmebs socialur-filosofiuri Teoriebis saWiroebas sociologiisaTvis.

filosofia ori berZnuli sityvisagan _ `fileo~ - miyvars da `sofia~

_ sibrZne _ momdinareobs da sityvasityviT `sibrZnis siyvaruls~ niSnavs.
termini piTagoradan iRebs saTaves, xolo sityva `filosofosi~ _ herakli-
tedan. sayovelTao mniSvneloba ki sokratesTan da platonTan moipova.

CvenSi sabWoTa periodSi sociologiuri mecnierebis tradiciebis ararse-

bobis gamo socialuri filosofia sociologiasTan iqna gaigivebuli. amas sxva
safuZvelic hqonda, kerZod, marqsistuli ideologiisagan Tavis daRwevis miz-
niT qarTvelma moazrovneebma socialuri sinamdvilis filosofiur analizs
mihyves xeli, rac imdroindel viTarebaSi gamosavali SeiZleba yofiliyo, mag-
ram es yovelive Zalze Sors idga namdvili sociologiisagan. aseve arasworia
mosazreba, romelic sociologias filosofiis nawilad miiCnevs. filosofiisa-
gan sociologiis `gasaTavisufleblad~ Tavis droze didi jafa gaswies emil
diurkemma da maqs veberma. sociologia sociumis Semswavleli mecnierebaa, fi-
losofia ki _ samyarosa da adamianis Sesaxeb mecnieruli msoflmxedvelobaa,
romlis codna sociologisaTvis aucilebelia.

67
kaxa qecbaia
sakiTxavi masala

fragmenti sergi avalianis da kaxa qecbaias wignidan

`filosofia yvelasaTvis~
ra aris filosofia?
sityva `filosofia~ warmomdgaria ori berZnuli sityvisagan: `Phileo~ _ miy-
vars da `Sophia~ _ sibrZne. amrigad, `filosofia~ niSnavs sibrZnis siyvaruls. Ees
termini pirvelad ixmara berZenma filosofosma da maTematikosma piTagora samo-
selma (570-500 ww. qristes win), xolo sityva `filosofosi~ Semoitana meore did-
ma berZenma filosofosma heraklite efeselma (daaxl. 520-460 ww. qristes win),
magram filosofiis cnebam sayovelTao mniSvneloba moipova didi berZeni filo-
sofosis platonis (428-348 ww. qristes win) nawerebSi.
Zveli berZnebi Tvlidnen, rom brZeni, e. i. yvelaze Wkviani, yovlismcodne da
yvelaze gamocdili SeiZleba iyos mxolod RmerTi. adamians ki mxolod is SeuZ-
lia, rom uyvardes sibrZne, hbaZavdes RmerTs anu iyos sibrZnis moyvaruli, e. i.
filosofosi. cxadia, yvela adamiani ar aris da arc SeiZleba iyos sibrZnis moy-
vare filosofosi, aramed es niWi mxolod rCeulTa xvedria. Aamitom filoso-
fias jer kidev uZveles droSi yvela codnaze maRla ayenebdnen, xolo filoso-
foss yvela adamianze ukeTesad Tvlidnen. CvenSic xSirad gaigonebT: `es kaci
brZenia, namdvili filosofosiao~. platonis azriT, saxelmwifos filosofosebi
unda marTavdnen, vinaidan maT yvelaze ukeT SeuZliaT sazogadoebis interesebis
Secnoba da saxelmwifoSi iseTi kanonebis SemoReba, romelic xalxs sikeTes mo-
utans.
amasTan dakavSirebulia qarTuli sityva: `sibrZnismetyveleba~, romelic igi-
ves niSnavs, rasac `filosofia~. aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom qarTul univer-
sitetSi, romelic 1918 wels didi qarTveli mecnieris ivane javaxiSvilis Taos-
nobiT gaixsna, pirveli da im dros erTaderTi iyo sibrZnismetyvelebis fakul-
teti, romelic filosofiasTan erTad sxva mecnierebebsac aerTianebda. termini
`sibrZnismetyveleba~ dResac qarTul enaSi `filosofiis~ sinonimad ixmareba.
pirveli filosofiuri warmodgenebi Zveli aRmosavleTis qveynebSi (CineTi,
indoeTi) Caisaxa, magram filosofia, rogorc codnis dargi, Camoyalibda saber-
ZneTSi jer kidev VII-VI saukuneebSi. qristes win. ase rom, evropuli filosofia,
romelic namdvil filosofias warmoadgens, saTaves iRebs saberZneTSi, romelic
im dros yvelaze ufro civilizebuli qveyana iyo rogorc ekonomikuri, aseve
kulturuli TvalsazrisiT. imdroindelma berZnulma samyarom mogvca did fi-
losofosTa mTeli pleada. berZnuli filosofiis mwvervalebs ki warmoadgen-
dnen genialuri filosofosebi sokrate, platoni da misi yofili mowafe aris-
totele (384-322 ww. qristes win). mas Semdeg filosofiam evropis qveynebSi gan-
sakuTrebiT germaniaSi, inglissa da safrangeTSi did warmatebebs miaRwia, mag-
ram berZnuli filosofiis mniSneloba mainc imdenad didia, rom zogierTi fi-
losofosi (magaliTad, a. n. uaithedi, 1861-1947) dasavleTis qveynebis Tanamedrove
filosofiur azrovnebas platonis filosofiis komentarebad Tvlis. cxadia, am-
gvari Sefaseba gadaWarbebulia, Tumca igi Zveli berZnuli filosofiis did Ri-
rebulebaze miuTiTebs.
Zvel berZnul filosofias jer kidev pirvel saukuneebSi saqarTveloSic
kargad icnobdnen. varaudoben, rom qarTuli sityva `brZeni~ warmomdgaria sit-
yvisagan `berZeni~.
Casaxvisa da ganviTarebis pirvel etapze filosofiad Tvlidnen yovelgvar
codnas maTematikurs, astronomiuls da a. S. yvela did mecniers filosofosi
erqva. didi filosofosebi xSirad didi mecnierebic iyvnen. magaliTad, aristo-
tele iyo ara marto filosofosi, aramed agreTve didi astronomi, biologi,
fsiqologi, fizikosi da a.S. es garemoeba tradiciad damkvidrda Semdgomi dro-
is filosofiur azrovnebaSi. magaliTad, didi frangi filosofosi rene dekar-
ti (1596-1650) imave dros didi maTematikosi da fizikosi iyo.Ggermaneli filoso-
fosi gotfrid vilhelm laibnici (1646-1716) iyo maTematikosic, fizikosic, iuris-
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 sociologiis Sesavali

tic, istorikosic da enaTmecnieric. xSirad fizikosTa da maTematikosTa naSro-

mebi filosofiur gamokvlevebad iwodeboda. magaliTad, genialuri ingliseli
fizikosis isaak niutonis (1643-1727) mTavar Txzulebas, romelSic Camoyalibebu-
lia klasikuri meqanika, ewodeba `bunebrivi filosofiis maTematikuri principe-
bi~, e. i. fizikuri xasiaTis Txzuleba miCneulia `bunebriv filosofiad~.
amrigad, WeSmariti filosofiuri azrovnebis dasabami Zvel saberZneTSia. es
imitom, rom berZnuli filosofia principulad gansxvavdeboda aRmosavleTis
qveynebis winare arsebuli filosofiuri warmodgenebisagan. gansxvavebas is qmni-
da, rom berZnuli filosofiis warmoSobamde arsebul filosofiur warmodge-
nebs ar hqondaT codnis, dasabuTebis xasiaTi. filosofia, rogorc codna, dasa-
buTebuli sistema, pirvelad berZnul filosofiaSi Camoyalibda. magaliTad,
pirveli filosofosi Talesi (624-547 ww. qristes win) amtkicebda, rom samyaroSi
yvelaferi wylisagan warmoiSva; am mosazrebas, rogorc aristotele gadmog-
vcems, Talesi imiT asabuTebs, rom yoveli sagani wyals Seicavs; Tu mis zeda-
pirs gadavfxekT da davakvirdebiT, misi azriT, uTuod wylis niSnebs (sinestes)
aRmovaCenT. es niSnavs, rom sagnebi warmoSobilia imisagan, risganac igi Sedgeba,
e. i. wylisagan. Tqma ar unda, rom Talesi cdeboda; samyaros sagnebi wylisagan
rodia warmoSobili, magram am SemTxvevaSi es ar aris mTavari. mTavaria is, rom
Talesi cdilobda daesabuTebina Tavisi filosofiuri mosazreba anu codnis sa-
xe mieca Tavisi filosofiuri msoflmxedvelobisaTvis, rasac aRmosavlur fi-
losofiaSi ver vxvdebiT. filosofiuri warmodgenebis dasabuTebis mcdeloba
anu codnis saxiT warmodgena tradiciad damkvidrda ara marto berZnul filo-
sofiaSi, aramed mTeli Semdgomi epoqebis filosofiur azrovnebaSi. swored ami-
tom iTvleba, rom WeSmariti filosofiuri azrovnebis samSoblo aris saberZne-
Ti.
filosofiis sagnis Sesaxeb pirveli warmodgenebi jer kidev 25 saukunis wi-
naT antikur filosofiaSi Caisaxa. Ppirveli berZeni filosofosebi: Talesi,
anaqsimandre (610-546 ww. qristes win), anaqsimeni (585-525 ww. qristes win), herakli-
te da sxvebi svamdnen kiTxvebs: risgan gaCnda samyaro? igi materialuria Tu ide-
aluri? ra adgili uWiravs adamians samyaroSi? Seimecneba Tu ara garegani samya-
ro da a. S. es ki is kiTxvebia, romelnic filosofosebs yovelTvis aRelvebdaT
da axlac aRelvebT.
es kiTxvebi erT did kiTxvamde SeiZleba daviyvanoT, saxeldobr: rogoria
samyaros mTeli sinamdvilis uzogadesi kanonzomiereba? ra aris is, rac yo-
velgvar arsebuls uZevs safuZvlad? erTi sityviT, samyaros, rogorc mTelis,
uzogadesi kanonzomiereba aris filosofiuri kvlevis obieqti, misi sagani. es
aris filosofiis sagnis winaswari gansazRvreba.
samyaros, rogorc mTelis, erT-erTi uzogadesi niSania arseboba, romelic
Tanabrad miewereba materialursac da idealursac. maT Soris erT-erTi Ziri-Ta-
di gansxvaveba isaa, rom materialuri sagnebi sivrcesa da droSi arsebobs; isini
aris sadRac (sivrceSi) da odesRac (droSi). droSi arseboba imas niSnavs, rom
igi maradiuli ar aris. yvela materialuri sxeuli warmoiSoba, garkveuli dro-
is monakveTSi arsebobs da Semdeg ispoba, kvdeba. idealuri ki arc droSi arse-
bobs da arc sivrceSi _ zedroulia, maradiulia. igi arsebobs cnobierebaSi,
magram cnobierebisagan damoukidebelia. magaliTad, is azri, rom or wertils
Soris umokles manZils swori xazi warmoadgens an samkuTxedis kuTxeebis jami
udris ori swori kuTxis jams, sivrcisa da drois gareSea anu ar arsebobs arc
garegan samyaroSi (sivrceSi) da arc droSi, e. i. maradiulia. or wertils Soris
umokles manZils swori xazi warmoadgenda adamianis gaCenamdec da iarsebebs ma-
Sinac, adamiani amqveynad rom aRar iyos. amaSia misi maradiuloba anu zed-
rouloba; idealuria RmerTi, romelic sivrcisa da drois gareSea anu arc mate-
rialuria da arc Cvens cnobierebazea damokidebuli.
arsebobs iseTi `Suamdebare~ movlenebic, romlebic arc materialuria da
arc idealuri anu arc sivrceSi arsebobs da arc maradiulia. aseTia, magali-
Tad, Cveni emociebi, fsiqikuri gancdebi, romelic adamianis gareSe, e. i. sivrceSi
69
kaxa qecbaia

ar arsebobs, magram arc zedroulia, maradiuli ar aris. xan raRac gvixaria, xan
gvwyins, xan karg gunebaze varT, xan ki sevda Semogvawveba. es niSnavs, rom fsiqi-
kuri procesi droSi arsebobs anu ar aris maradiuli, idealuri. aseT proce-
sebs filosofiaSi `realurs~ uwodeben.
yvelaferi es imisaTvis vTqviT, rom yovelgvar arsebuls, materialursac da
idealursac, miuxedavad am gansxvavebisa, erTi uzogadesi kanonzomiereba aqvs,
romelic filosofiis Seswavlis sagania. nebismieri filosofiuri disciplina
Tavisi sagnis uzogades kanonzomierebas swavlobs; magaliTad, gnoseologia (Se-
mecnebis Teoria) Seiswavlis Semecnebisa da codnis uzogades kanonzomierebas,
filosofiuri anTropologia _ adamianis uzogades kanonzomierebas, eTika _
adamianebs Soris zneobrivi urTierTobis uzogades kanonzomierebas da a. S.
magram uzogadesi kanonzomiereba raRacis aseve uzogadesis _ kanonzomie-
rebas warmoadgens. es `raRac~ aris absoluturi arsi, romelsac filosofiaSi
`substancias~ (laT. `substantia~ _ `qvemdebare, safuZvlad mdebare~ _ arseba) uwo-
deben, vinaidan igi aris is, rac mTeli sinamdvilis yovelgvari arsebulis
qvemdebarea, misi uZiriTadesi safuZvelia. yovelgvari arsebulis arsebas anu
substanciur arsebas swavlobs filosofiis erT-erTi uZiriTadesi dargi _ on-
tologia. xSirad, rodesac filosofiis sagnis Sesaxeb laparakoben, ontologi-
is sagans gulisxmoben, rasac garkveuli gamarTleba aqvs, vinaidan filosofiu-
ri disciplinebidan yvelaze mTavars ontologia warmoadgens.
amrigad, absoluturi arsi anu substanciuri arseba, rogorc samyaros uzo-
gadesi kanonzomiereba, aris is, rasac filosofia Seiswavlis. TavianTi sagnebis
kanonzomierebas yvela mecniereba swavlobs. Ffizikas ainteresebs sinamdvilis
fizikuri kanonzomiereba, qimias _ qimiuri da a.S. magram isini am farglebs ga-
reT ar gadian. Ffilosofias ki ainteresebs ara sinamdvilis specialuri kanon-
zomierebani, aramed uzogadesi kanonzomiereba, romelic sinamdvilis calkeuli
sferoebis kanonzomierebebs iqvemdebarebs.
aqedan cxadi unda iyos, rom filosofia aris uzogadesi mecniereba, vinai-
dan uzogadesia misi sagani. ar arsebobs filosofiaze ufro zogadi codna. ami-
tom filosofia yvelaze abstraqtuli, konkretuli sinamdvilisagan ganyenebuli
codnis dargia, rac filosofiuri ideebis Seswavlis sirTules qmnis. gacile-
biT ioli gasagebia fizikis, qimiis, biologiis, Tundac maTematikis cnebebisa da
ideebis Sinaarsi, vidre filosofiisa. rodesac gveubnebian, rom atomi Sedgeba
eleqtronebisa da birTvisagan, cocxal samyaroSi mimdinareobs arsebobisaTvis
brZola an mTeli metia nawilze da a. S. maSin Cvens Semecnebas is aadvilebs,
rom maTi warmodgena ase Tu ise SesaZlebelia. magram roca gvesmis aseTi filo-
sofiuri debuleba: movlena aris arsebis gamovlena, maSin mas ver warmovidgenT,
vinaidan saqme exeba ara raRac konkretul sagans an movlenas, aramed sruliad
abstraqtul, ganyenebul mosazrebas, romlis warmodgena SeuZlebelia.
magram aqedan gamosavali is rodia, rom filoso-fiuri msjelobisagan Tavi
SevikavoT da konkretuli, specialuri mecnierebebiT davkmayofildeT. aseT Sem-
TxvevaSi Cven ar gveqneba sinamdvilis Sesaxeb Rrma codna, ar gvecodineba is,
rac yvelaze saWiroa vicodeT. filosofia ikvlevs sinamdvilis uzogades kanon-
zomierebas anu mis uRrmes sferoebs. yvela specialuri mecnierebis safuZvelSi
filosofia Zevs, vinaidan yvela konkretuli raRac ufro zogads, ufro siRrmi-
seuls emyareba. swored amitom didi mecnierebi TavianTi sagnis siRrmiseuli
sferoebis kvlevisas filosofiamde midian da filosofosobas iwyeben. amis na-
Teli magaliTia iseTi genialuri mecnierebis moRvaweoba, rogoric iyvnen fizi-
kosebi maqs planki (1858-1947), ainStaini (1879-1955), haizenbergi (1901-1976), maTemati-
kosi puankare (1860-1934) da sxvebi. filosofiis saWiroebas mxolod is uaryofs,
vinac Tavisi saqmec Rrmad ar icis.
zogierTi filosofosi substanciasa da RmerTs erTmaneTTan aigivebs. amis
gamarTlebas imaSi vxedavT, rom maT TiTqmis erTida igive niSnebi aqvT: substa-
nciac da RmerTic usasruloa, maradiulia, idealuria, Semoqmedia da a.S. amodi-
oda ra am mosazrebidan, frangi filosofosi r. dekarti werda: `vlaparakobT ra
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 sociologiis Sesavali

substanciis Sesaxeb, Cven SegviZlia iseTi ram vigulisxmoT, romelic Tavisi ar-
sebobisaTvis arafers ar saWiroebs garda Tavisi Tavisa... zustad rom vTqvaT,
aseTi aris marto RmerTi~. iziarebda ra am koncefcias, zogierTi filosofosi
RmerTs filosofiis sagnad Tvlida.
filosofiis sagnad RmerTis gamocxadeba platonisa da aristoteles fi-
losofiidan momdinareobs. aristotele filosofias (metafizikas) uwodebda
mecnierebas RvTaebis Sesaxeb. filosofiisa da Teologiis sagnebis gaigiveba ara
mxolod antikuri da Sua saukuneebis filosofiaSi gvxvdeba, aramed axal dro-
Sic. didi germaneli filosofosi hegeli (1770-1831) werda: filosofiasa da re-
ligias erTi da igive sagani aqvs; es aris RmerTi.
magram RmerTis cnebaSi filosofia da Teologia sxvadasxva Sinaarss debs.
filosofiaSi RmerTi niSnavs mTeli samyaros substancias, mis Semoqmeds. amis
iqiT filosofia ar midis. Teologia ki RmerTis cnebas ufro farTod moiaz-
rebs.
filosofia, cxadia, midis RmerTamde, rogorc yovelgvari arsebulis sub-
stanciamde, magram filo sofiis sagans RmerTi mainc ar warmoadgens. winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi filosofia da Teologia erTmaneTs daemTxveoda. filosofiis saga-
nia samyaros uzogadesi kanonzomiereba, substanciuri arsi. am sagnis kvlevis
procesSi igi Camoayalibebs uzogades SexedulebaTa sistemas garegani da Sina-
gani samyaros Sesaxeb, rac filosofiur msoflmxedvelobas warmoadgens. amri-
gad, filosofia aris msoflmxedveloba.
sityva `msoflmxedveloba~ TiTqmis yvela (yovel SemTxvevaSi, evropul) ena-
ze msoflios xedvas niSnavs, rac uSualod migviTiTebs filosofiis saganze.
filosofias xom msoflios (samyaros, mTeli sinmadvilis) uzogadesi kanonzomi-
ereba ainteresebs! amitom filosofia unda gavigoT, rogorc msoflios xedva
anu msoflmxedveloba. msoflmxedvelobis cneba ori _ farTo da viwro _ azriT
ixmareba. farTo azriT msoflmxedeloba niSnavs mTeli msoflios xedvas, mis
Sesaxeb SexedulebaTa sistemas, samyaros agebulebis, misi kanonzomierebis, misi
arsebis Sesaxeb garkveuli warmodgenebis erTobliobas. viwro azriT laparako-
ben politikur, religiur Tu miTologiur msoflmxedvelobaze, e. i. warmodgena-
Ta sistemaze, romelic adamianma SeimuSava ama Tu im kuTxiT samyaros danaxvis
Sedegad.
pirveli msoflmxedveloba, romelic civilizaciis gariJraJze Camoyalibda,
iyo miTologiuri. miTologia aris miTebis, ararealuri warmodgenebis erTob-
lioba samyaros warmoSobis, fantastikuri RmerTebisa da realuri adamianebis
urTierTobis Sesaxeb. igi, cxadia, cdilobs samyaros wesrigis axsnas, magram es
axsna yovelTvis iluziuria, ararealuria. magaliTad, miTologebi varaudob-
dnen, rom cis TaRi raRacaze unda idges, Torem Zirs Camovardeba. igi Zirs imi-
tom ar vardeba, rom titanis, goliaTis atlantis _ mxrebze dgas; aseve deda-
miwa kameCis rqebzea moTavsebuli. xmeleTs marTavs uzenaesi RvTaeba zevsi, xo-
lo zRvebsa da okeaneebs poseidoni. garda zevsisa arseboben sxva RmerTebic,
romlebic zevss emorCilebian. isini xSirad erevian adamianTa cxovrebaSi. maTi
cxovrebis wesi, berZeni miTologebis mixedviT, adamianTa cxovrebis wesisagan
arsebiTad ar gansxvavdeba. isini Wamen, svamen, Rreoben, mruSoben, qalebs itace-
ben, Surs iZieben da a. S.
miTologebs igive problemebi ainteresebdaT, rac mogvianebiT filosofose-
bis kvlevis sagani gaxda: risgan warmoiSva samyaro, igi materialuria Tu idea-
luri, Tavisufalia Tu ara adamianis qceva da a.S. Zveli berZeni poeti da miTo-
logi hesiode (daaxl. VIII-VII ss. qristes win) amtkicebda, rom samyaro qaosisa-
gan warmoiSva. TviTon genialuri homerosis (daaxl. VIII saukune qristes win) po-
emebSi `iliada~ da `odisea~ xSirad gxvdeba miTologiuri warmodgenebi. miTo-
logiaSi ar arsebobs araviTari dasabuTeba, araviTari argumenti; fantazia uze-
naes donezea atanili. miuxedavad amisa, miTologiuri msoflmxedveloba ara
marto win uswrebda filosofiur azrovnebas, aramed kidec amzadebda mis warmo-
Sobas. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, kiTxvebi, romelTac miTologebi ayenebdnen, fi-
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kaxa qecbaia

losofiaSi SenarCunebul iqna, magram am kiTxvebze filosofiuri pasuxebi miTo-

logiuri warmodgenebisagan arsebiTad gansxvavdeboda. gansxvavebas is qmnida,
rom filosofosebi cdilobdnen TavianTi Sexedulebebis dasabuTebas; maTi mo-
sazrebebi ar iyo iseTi fantastikuri, rogoric miTologias axasiaTebda. cxadia,
filosofiis warmoSobis Semdeg miTologias arseboba ar Seuwyvetia, magram igi
sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi dominantur rols aRar asrulebda.
garda filosofiuri da miTologiuri msoflmxedvelobisa arsebobs agreT-
ve religiuri msoflmxedveloba, romelic zebunebrivi Zalebis, kerZod RmerTis,
arsebobas emyareba. religiursa da miTologiur msoflmxedvelobebs Soris ar-
sebobs rogorc saerTo, ise ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi. maT Soris saerToa is, rom
arc erTi maTgani codnas ar warmoadgens, arafers ar asabuTebs. ufro zustad
rom vTqvaT, miTologiaSi dasabuTebas miTologiuri xasiaTi aqvs. ratom Zirs ar
vardeba cis TaRi? _ imitom, rom igi atlantis mxrebze dgas. aseTia miTologiu-
ri `dasabuTeba~, Tumca mas dasabuTebas ver davarqmevT, vinaidan masSi mecnieru-
li argumentaciis nasaxic ki ar aris. miTologiursa da religiur msoflmxedve-
lobebs sruliad gansxvavebuli warmodgenebi aqvT RmerTebis Sesaxeb. religia
RmerTs mowiwebiT ixseniebs, adamiani masSi xsnas xedavs, miTologiaSi ki Rmer-
Tebs adamianis bedi sruliad ar aintersebT. piriqiT, isini zogjer adamianebs
upirispirdebian, maTTvis ubedureba moaqvT. religiuri RmerTi zeciur sauflo-
Sia, romelic idumalebiT aris moculi da adamianebs mxolod saswaulebs Tu
mouvlens. miTologiuri RmerTebi ki dedamiwaze cxovroben; zevsi olimpos mTa-
zea da adamianebs xSirad stumrobs. yvelaferi es gvafiqrebinebs, rom religiasa
da miTologias Soris genetikuri kavSiri ar arsebobs, miTologias araviTari
wvlili ar miuZRvis religiis warmoSobaSi. rac Seexeba filosofias, marTalia,
igi miTologiisagan ar warmoSobila, magram isesxa is sakiTxebi, romelzec ze-
moT gvqonda laparaki.
religiuri msoflmxedveloba, Tavis mxriv, sxvadasxva msoflmxedvelobaTa
saxiT Camoyalibda. maT Soris yvelaze elementarul formas animizmi warmoad-
genda, romlis mixedviT, mTeli buneba sulierebiT aris ganmsWvaluli. Semdgom-
sa da ufro srul saxes warmoadgenda animizmi (laT. `anima~ suli), romelic
amtkicebda, rom mTeli samyaro sulebiT aris savse; sulebi ganageben ara marto
materialur samyaros, aramed adamianis qcevasac. ragind mcdaric unda iyos es
Tvalsazrisi, igi mainc Seicavs erT genialur ideas, romelmac Semdgomi epoqe-
bis filosofiursa da fizikur azrovnebaSi farTo asaxva pova. es aris materia-
luri samyaros inertulobis idea. animistebi Tvlidnen, rom materialuri samya-
ro mkvdaria, usicocxloa, gareSe Zalebisagan damoukideblad mas ar SeuZlia
arc amoZraveba, xolo Tu moZraobs, _ arc SeCereba. Aamave dros isini xedavdnen,
rom bunebaSi yvelaferi moZraobs, icvleba, araferi ar imyofeba uZrav, usicoc-
xlo mdgomareobaSi. saidan unda hqondeT materialur sxeulebs moZraobisa da
cvalebadobis unari? Aam unaris arseboba, maTi azriT, dakavSirebulia zebuneb-
rivi Zalebis, saxeldobr, sulebis arsebobasTan. mxolod suls SeuZlia mkvdari
materiis amoZraveba. aqedan ki isini im daskvnamde midiodnen, rom buneba gasuli-
erebulia, materialur sagnebsa da movlenebs zebunebrivi sulebi marTaven. es
aris animizmis ZiriTadi azri.
aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom materiis inertulobis idea, romelic animiz-
mSi Caisaxa, ufro mogvianebiT mecnierulad dadasturda. niutonis meqanikis pir-
veli kanoni, romelic cnobilia inerciis kanonis saxelwodebiT, swored materi-
is inertulobis dasabuTebas warmoadgens. aqedan ki mTeli rigi antimaterialis-
turi ideebis gamoyvana SeiZleba. imis aRniSvnac sakmarisia, rom Tu materia
inertulia (amas bunebismecniereba amtkicebs), maSin igi ar SeiZleba iyos sub-
stancia, samyaros Semoqmedi, rac imas niSnavs, rom materialisturi msoflmxed-
veloba, romelic materiis, rogorc substanciis, cnebidan amodis, mecnierul Si-
naarss moklebulia. es ki, Tavis mxriv, idealuri substanciis arsebobis ideamde
migviyvans, xolo sabolood _ Teologiamde.

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 sociologiis Sesavali

religiuri msoflmxedvelobis mesame formaa hiloZoizmi (berZn. `hyle~ _ niv-

Tiereba, materia; `zoe~ _ sicocxle), romelic animizmze ufro Sors midis da am-
tkicebs sicocxlis universalurobas. hiloZoizmis mixedviT, yvelaferi cocxa-
lia. ase fiqrobdnen pirveli materialistebi, romlebic isev da isev materiis
inertulobis ideidan amodiodnen. hiloZoizmis ideas bevri damcveli hyavda, maT
Soris XVIII saukunis frangi materialistebic (didro, robine).
religiur msoflmxedvelobas Tavdapirvelad poliTeizmis (mravalRmerTia-
nobis) xasiaTi hqonda. poliTeizmis idea man miTologiuri msoflmxedvelobidan
aiRo. SemdgomSi poliTeizmi monoTeizmma (erTRmerTianobam) Secvala. filosofi-
is istoriaSi cnobilia Zveli berZeni filosofosis qsenofanes (VI-V ss qristes
win) brZola poliTeizmis winaaRmdeg da monoTeizmis ideebis dacva. qsenofanes
monoTeisturi ide-ebi safuZvlad daedo monizmis (berZn. `monos~ _ erTi) warmo-
Sobas filosofiaSi, romelic samyaros sawyisad erT princips miiCnevda. aseTi
iyo parmenides (daib. 540 an 515 w. qristes win) moZRvreba arsis, rogorc erTa-
derTi principis, Sesaxeb. monizmis ideebi ara marto religiaSi SeiWra, aramed
filosofiuri azrovnebis erT-erT mamoZravebel faqtoradac iqca.
qristianuli religia monoTeisturia miuxedavad imisa, rom RmerTi erTi da
sampirovania: mama, Ze da suliwmida. Ze ieso qriste RmerTkacia; igi erTmaneT-
Tan akavSirebs mama RmerTsa da adamians; Suamavalia RmerTsa da adamians Soris
imiT, rom orbunebovania; igi aris RmerTic da adamianic. swored amitom ewodeba
marTlmadidebel qristianobas diofizituri orbunebovani.
qristianuli religia uaRresad humanuria; misi principebia: `ara kac hkla~,
`giyvardes mteri Seni~. es niSnavs, rom igi uzenaesi eTikuri da humanuri princi-
pebis damcveli da mqadagebelia, rac mas sxva religiuri nominaciebisagan ganas-
xvavebs. adamianTa cxovreba rom am principebze iyos agebuli, maSin ar iarsebeb-
da omebi, mkvlelobebi, boroteba. marTalia, Sua saukuneebSi kaTolikuri ideo-
logia filosofiaze iyo gabatonebuli da bevr borotebasac sCadioda kocon-
ze wvavdnen gansxvavebulad moazrovne adamianebs, magram amaSi brali TviTon
qristianul religias ki ar miuZRvis, aramed maT, vinc am uaRresad humanuri re-
ligiuri moZRvrebis saxeliT aseve uaRresad antihumanur aqtebs sCadiodnen.
saerTod, religiis mniSvneloba socialur sferoSi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom
igi win aRudges borotebas, codvebisagan ixsnas adamianebi, daamyaros mSvidoba
da saTnoeba sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. magram, samwuxarod, adamianebi iSviaTad
icaven religiur dogmebs an ise ganmartaven maT, rogorc maTTvisaa xelsayreli.
religia da filosofia rwmena da codna erTmaneTisagan principulad
gansxvavdeba da maTi erTmaneTSi aRreva SeuZlebelia. miuxedavad am principuli
gansxvavebisa, religias filosofiuri safuZvlebi aqvs. arsebobs religiis fi-
losofia, rogorc erT-erTi filosofiuri disciplina. religiisa da filoso-
fiis kavSiri gansakuTrebiT aSkara gaxda meoce saukunis kosmologiuri aRmoCe-
nebis Sedegad, romelmac aCvena religiuri da mecnieruli (kosmologiuri) krea-
cionizmis (arafrisagan yvelafris Seqmna) ideebis Tanxvdena, magram es calke Te-
maa da aq misi ganxilvisagan Tavs SevikavebT.
dasasrul aRvniSnavT, rom msoflmxedveloba ar aris ucvleli, inertuli.
xSirad yovel epoqas Tavisi msoflmxedveloba aqvs. bunebrivia, rom Tanamedrove
adamianis msoflmxedveloba antikuri epoqis msoflmxedvelobisagan principu-
lad gansxvavdeba.
amrigad, filosofiac, miTologiaca da religiac aris msoflmxedveloba
anu arsebobs filosofiuri, miTologiuri da religiuri msoflmxedvelobani.
miuxedavad am saerTo niSnisa, maT Soris principuli gansxvavebaa. miTologiuri
da religiuri msoflmxedvelobebis msgavseba-gansxvavebis Sesaxeb ukve gvqonda
laparaki. msgavseba is aris, rom orive msoflmxedvelobaa, arc erTi codnas ar
warmoadgens, rwmenis sferoa. filosofia ki orive maTganisagan imiT gansxvavde-
ba, rom igi codnis da ara rwmenis dargia, dasabuTebadi sistemaa.
axla vnaxoT, Tu ras niSnavs `filosofia~, rogorc mecnieruli msoflmxed-
veloba, rogoria filosofiisa da mecnierebaTa urTierToba.
73
kaxa qecbaia

filosofiisa da mecnierebis urTierTobis Sesaxeb filosofiis istoriaSi

ori urTierTsawinaaRmdego koncefcia Camoyalibda, romelTagan orive mcdaria.
pirveli koncefciis mixedviT, filosofia ara marto TviTon ar aris mecniereba,
aramed mecnierebis arsebobas saerTod ar saWiroebs. mecnierebis cnebis qveS am
SemTxvevaSi specialur, konkretul mecnierebebs gulisxmoben, magaliTad, fizi-
kas, qimias, biologias da, saerTod, yvela mecnierebas garda filosofiisa. Aam
koncefciis avtorebi da Tanamoazreni filosofiasa da mecnierebas erTmaneTisa-
gan wyveten, Tvlian, rom filosofias SeuZlia mecnierebisagan izolirebulad
sinamdvilis Semecneba; igi specialur mecnierebebze maRla dgas anu, rogorc am-
bobdnen, filosofia aris mecnierebaTa dedofali, xolo mecnierebani misi mxev-
lebia. ise, rogorc dedofali damoukidebelia mxevlebisagan, magram mxevlebi
damokidebuli arian dedofalze, aseve specialuri mecnierebani saWiroeben fi-
losofias, magram es ukanaskneli maT ar saWiroebs. filosofia sinamdvilis ka-
nonzomierebas martooden gonebrivi, logikuri operaciebis saSualebiT imecnebs.
amitom ewodeba am koncefcias spekulaciuri anu gonebaWvretiTi. erTi sityviT,
spekulaciuri filosofia uzomod ganadidebda filosofiis rols Semecnebis
procesSi, xolo, Sesabamisad, amcirebda specialuri mecnierebebis mniSvnelobas.
es koncefcia dasabams jer kidev antikur filosofiaSi iRebs. TviTon sit-
yva `filosofia~ anu `sibrZnis siyvaruli~ amaze metyvelebs. filosofosebi, ro-
gorc sibrZnis moyvarulni, am koncefciis damcvelTa azriT, sxva adamianebze
maRla dganan, vinaidan isini sxvaze ufro axlos arian RmerTTan, romelic erTa-
derTi brZenia. spekulaciuri filosofia gansakuTrebiT Sua saukuneebSi gav-
rcelda, e. i. roca religiuri ideologia mecnierebaze maRla idga, rwmena cod-
naze iyo gabatonebuli. magram am koncefcias momxreebi arc axal droSi mohkle-
bia. mas sxvadasxva metnaklebobiT icavdnen germaneli filosofosebi: fixte
(1762-1814), Selingi (1775-1854) da hegeli. erTi filosofosi (ostvaldi) ironiu-
lad SeniSnavda Selingis bunebis filosofiis Sesaxeb, rom Selings surs Tavis
grZnobebsa da azrebSi CaZirviT Seimecnos aqlemis arseba ise, rom cocxali aq-
lemi ar naxoso.
spekulaciuri filosofiis mTavar Secdomas specialuri mecnierebisagan
gankerZoeba warmoadgens. SeuZlebelia obieqturi sinamdvilis kanonzomierebis
Semecneba specialuri mecnierebebis Sedegebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe, romlebic
am kanonzomierebas specialurad swavlobs. filosofiis kavSiri gare samyaros-
Tan specialuri mecnierebebiT aris gaSualebuli. magaliTad, astronomiis cod-
nis gareSe filosofias ar SeuZlia imsjelos ciuri sxeulis moZraobis Sesaxeb
an qimiis codnis gareSe sxeulebis qimiuri Semadgenlobis Sesaxeb da ase Semdeg.
es niSnavs, rom filosofiisa da specialuri mecnierebebis erTmaneTisagan mow-
yveta SeuZlebelia.
meore ukiduresobas filosofiisa da specialuri mecnierebebis urTierTo-
bis sferoSi qmnis e. w. scientizmi (warmomdgaria laTinuri sityvisagan scientia
mecniereba). rogorc saxelwodebidanac Cans, scientizmi azviadebs mecnierebis
rols sinamdvilis Semecnebis procesSi, xolo Sesabamisad amcirebs, xSir Sem-
TxvevaSi kidec uaryofs filosofiis SemecnebiT Rirebulebas. scientizmis pozi-
ciebze dgas erT-erTi farTod gavrcelebuli filosofiuri mimarTuleba, rome-
lic cnobilia pozitivizmisa da neopozitivizmis saxelwodebiT. sityva `poziti-
vizmi~ warmomdgaria laTinuri sityvisgan `positivus~, rac niSnavs `dadebiTs~. am
SemTxvevaSi mxedvelobaSia dadebiTi anu specialuri, konkretuli mecnierebani
(fizika, qimia, biologia da a.S), romelTac am filosofiuri mimarTulebis mim-
devrebi uzenaes codnad Tvlian, xolo filosofiis damoukideblobas uaryofen.
maTi azriT, filosofias ara aqvs arc sakuTari problemebi da arc maTi gadaW-
ris gzebi; filosofiam unda ixelmZRvanelos specialuri mecnierebebis meTode-
biT; filosofia sxva araferia garda specialur-mecnieruli kvlevis Sedegebis
logikuri analizisa. amitom filosofia, pozitivistebis azriT, ar aris damou-
kidebeli codnis dargi. igi `specialur mecnierebebSia davanebuli~, _ ase werda
XX saukunis pozitivisturi (neopozitivisturi) mimarTulebis fuZemdebeli mo-
74
 sociologiis Sesavali

ric Sliki (1882-1936). es aris filosofiis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli scientisturi

pozicia, romelic pozitivizmis nebismier saxeobasa da nebismieri warmomadgen-
lis azrovnebas axasiaTebs.
pozitivizmi da, saerTod, scientizmi marTalia, rodesac amtkicebda, rom
filosofiam unda gamoiyenos specialur mecnierebaTa miRwevebi, unda moaxdinos
maTi logikuri analizi, magram igi ar aris marTali, roca filosofiis roli
mecnierebis Sedegebis logikur analizamde dahyavs. mecnierebis logikuri ana-
lizi filosofiis mizans ki ar warmoadgens, aramed _ sinamdvilis uzenaesi ka-
nonzomierebis anu substanciuri arsebis Semecnebis saSualebas. filosofia gaa-
analizebs mecnierebis monacemebs da mis safuZvelze daaskvnis (aRmoaCens) iseT
raimes, rac specialur mecnierebebs ar aRmouCeniaT sinamdvilis substanciuri
arsebis uzogades kanonzomierebas. es niSnavs, rom filosofias aqvs specialuri
mecnierebebisagan gansxvavebuli sagani, rac mis damoukideblobas niSnavs.
adreuli antikurobis epoqaSi filosofia da specialur-mecnieruli codna
ar iyo erTmaneTisagan diferencirebuli. sibrZnes uwodebdnen nebismier codnas
rogorc filosofiurs, aseve arafilosofiurs. pirveli berZeni filosofose-
bi werdnen wignebs saxelwodebiT `bunebis Sesaxeb~, romlebSic warmodgenili
iyo nebismieri codna bunebis Sesaxeb da yvela maTgani filosofiad iyo miCneu-
li. mecnierebis gamoyofa filosofiisagan gviandeli ambavia, rac dakavSirebuli
iyo rogorc filosofiuri, aseve specialur-mecnieruli codnis dagrovebasTan,
ganviTarebasTan. filosofias, romelic moicavda mTel codnas sinamdvilis Se-
saxeb, gamoeyo am sinamdvilis calkeuli sferoebis Semswavleli mecnierebani;
bunebaSi mimdinare fizikuri procesebis Seswavla fizikam daiwyo, qimiuri pro-
cesebisa qimiam, sicocxlis movlenebisa biologiam da a. S. ase dainawiles
specialurma mecnierebebma buneba, mTeli sinamdvile, romelsac manamde mxolod
filosofia swavlobda. amis Sedegad iseTi STabeWdileba Seiqmna, rom TiTqos
filosofia usagnod darCa. erTma germanelma filosofosma filosofia Seqspi-
ris tragediis mTavar gmirs mefe lirs Seadara, romelmac mTeli samefo da Za-
laufleba qaliSvilebs misca, xolo mas martooden mefis wodeba SerCa. Tu fi-
losofias aRar aqvs Seswavlis sagani, maSin misi arseboba SeuZlebeli da gau-
marTlebeli iqneba.
magram, sabednierod, es ase ar aris. marTalia, TiTqmis yvela specialuri
mecniereba filosofiidan warmoiSva, filosofias gamoeyo, magram amiT filoso-
fia odnavadac ar dazaralebula. specialurma mecnierebebma waiRes is, rac maT
ekuTvnodaT. fizikuri sinamdvilis Seswavla ar iyo filosofiis saqme; aseve iT-
qmis qimiur, biologiur, astronomiul da sxva bunebriv movlenebze. am diferen-
ciaciis anu specialur mecnierebaTa gamoyofis Semdeg filosofias darCa is,
rac swored mas ekuTvnoda da rasac mecnierebebi ver Seiswavlidnen _ es aris
mTeli sinamdvilis uzogadesi kanonzomiereba, substanciuri arseba, rasac igi
specialur mecnierebaTa miRwevebis filosofiuri ganzogadebis Sedegad adgens.
ase rom, filosofia usagnod ar darCenila da arc misi arseboba da kanonzomie-
reba dasmula eWvqveS.
germaneli filosofosebi v. vindelbandi (1848-1915) da h. rikerti (1863-1936)
Tvlidnen, rom filosofiis sagania Rirebuleba. es niSnavs, rom filosofias, ma-
Ti azriT, saqme aqvs ara obieqtur sinamdvilesTan, aramed am sinamdvilis Sefa-
sebasTan, subieqtur fenomenebTan. Rirebuleba marTlac aris filosofiis Ses-
wavlis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi obieqti (amis Sesaxeb am wignis calke TavSi
gveqneba msjeloba), magram misi sagani amiT ar amoiwureba. filosofiis erT-erT
centralur dargs ontologia arsze moZRvreba warmoadgens. es niSnavs, rom
filosofiis Seswavlis sfero gacilebiT farToa, vidre zemoaRniSnul filoso-
fosebs warmoedginaT.
davoben imis Sesaxeb, aris Tu ara filosofia mecniereba. zogierTi filo-
sofosi Tvlis, rom filosofia ar aris mecniereba. ZiriTad argumentad is mo-
aqvT, rom mecniereba agur-agur Sendeba. Yyoveli mecnieri ganagrZobs im gzas,
rac misma winamorbedma gaakeTa; filosofiaSi ki TiTqos araviTari memkvidreoba
75
kaxa qecbaia

ar aris. yvela filosofosi Tavidan iwyebs saqmes. mokled vityviT, rom es argu-
menti faqtobriv viTarebas ewinaaRmdegeba. erTi mxriv, specialur mecnierebebSic
xdeba revolucia. kopernikma (1473-1543) daangria ptolemes (II s.) geocentruli
sistema; ainStainma uaryo niutonis warmodgenebi sivrcisa da drois Sesaxeb; n.
lobaCevskim (1792-1856) uaryo evkliduri geometriis paralelobis aqsioma da a. S.
maSasadame, mecnierebi ukritikod rodi iReben winamorbedebis naazrevs. meore
mxriv, faqtia filosofiuri azrovnebis ganviTarebac; dRevandeli filosofiuri
azrovneba im doneze rodi dgas, ra donezec 20-25 saukunis win idga. maSasadame,
zemoaRniSnuli argumenti filosofiis mecnierulobas ver uaryofs. Tu filoso-
fia ar aris mecniereba, maSin ra aris igi: miTologiuri an religiuri msof-
lmxedveloba? cxadia, arc erTi. filosofia aris mecniereba.
magram es imas ar niSnavs, rom TiTqos filosofia iseTive mecnierebaa, ro-
goricaa fizika, qimia an sxva romelime specialuri mecniereba. principulad gan-
sxvavebulia misi saganic da am sagnis filosofiuri kvlevis Sedegebi. filoso-
fia Tavisi siRrmiTa da zogadobiT yvela mecnierebaze maRla dgas. `yvela mec-
niereba saWiroa, vidre is, magram masze ukeTesi arc erTi ar aris~ (aristotele).
Ffilosofiis, rogorc mecnierebis, cnebaSi mxolod is igulisxmeba, rom
igi aris codnis dargi, mecnierulad dasabuTebuli logikuri sistema. vinc uar-
yofs imas, rom filosofia aris mecniereba, codnis dargi, faqtobrivad, saer-
Tod uaryofs filosofias, rac sruliad gaumarTlebelia.
dasasrul, Zalian mokled filosofiisa da ideologiis damokidebulebis
Sesaxeb.
ideologia (berZn. `idea~ da `logos~ _ moZRvreba) aris ideebisa da Sexedule-
bebis sistema, romelic asaxavs adamianTa urTierTobas bunebrivsa da socialur
garemosTan, agreTve urTierTSoris. igi yovelTvis romelime sazogadoebis, kla-
sis, saxelmwifos interesebs emsaxureba, ganamtkicebs mis pozi-cias, warmoadgens
mis Teoriul safuZvels.
es niSnavs, rom ideologias WeSmaritebis sakiTxi saerTod ar ainteresebs
an mxolod imdenad ainteresebs, ramdenadac im miznisaTvis gamoadgeba, rasac igi
emsaxureba. aq aSkarad Cans ukve filosofiis, rogorc mecnierebis da ideologi-
is gansxvaveba. mecnierebis mizani vinmes samsaxuri rodia; mis mizans martooden
WeSmaritebis Semecneba warmoadgens. Tu mecnierebas romelime sazogadoeba, sa-
xelwifo an gabatonebuli klasi iyenebs (rac xSirad xdeba), es mecnierebis bra-
li ar aris. meore msoflio omSi fizikosebis aRmoCenebi atomur fizikaSi sa-
xelwifoTa meTaurebma daisakuTres da adamianTa gasaJletad gamoiyenes (xirosi-
ma, nagasaki), magram fizika am SemTxvevaSi uZluria. igi sruliad udanaSauloa.
SeiZleba Tu ara sazogadoebis arseboba ideo-logiis gareSe? _ ara, ar Se-
iZleba. ideologia xom ideebis sistemaa, romlis gareSe arc erTi civili-zebu-
li sazogadoeba ar SeiZleba arsebobdes! gaaCnia, vis emsaxureba es ideologia.
Tu mas saxelwifo Tavisi batonobis iaraRad iyenebs, rogorc es xdeboda faSis-
tur da komunistur saxelwifoebSi, maSin igi dasagmobia da aseTi ideologia
marTlac uaryofas imsaxurebs. sul sxvaa is ideologia, romelic sazogadoebis
interesebs emsaxureba. mis gareSe arc erTi sazogadoeba ar SeiZleba arsebob-
des.
arsebobs deideologizaciis anu ideologiis marwuxebisagan ganTavisufle-
bis idea. igi uaryofs iseT ideologias, romelic saxelmwifos samsaxurSi dgas.
amgvari deideologizaciis idea uTuod progresuli da misaRebia, magram igi
araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda gavigoT, rogorc, saerTod, ideologiis uaryofa.

76
 sociologiis Sesavali

sociologiis monaTesave disciplinebi

eTnografia
Zvel berZnul enaze `eTnos~ _ xalxs, xolo `grafo~ _ weras niSnavs. sit-
yvasityviT `xalxis aRwera.~
eTnografia istoriis nawilia, romelic eTnosebis warmoSobas (eTnogenezi),
Semadgenlobas, gansaxlebas, kulturul-sayofacxovrebo Taviseburebebsa da ma-
terialuri da sulieri kulturis nimuSebs Seiswavlis. am saqmianobiT adamiane-
bi uxsovari droidan iyvnen dakavebuli (Zveli aRmosavleTis qveynebi, saberZneTi
da romi).
eTnografiaSi mravali sainte-
reso Teoriuli mimarTulebis sko-
la arsebobs. maTgan sayuradReboa:
evolucionisturi skola (teilo-
ri, frezeri, morgani, baxofeni,
spenseri da sxvebi), romlis cen-
traluri kategoria adamiania; mis-
gan gansxvavebiT, funqcionalistu-
ri (malinovski, redklif-brauni da
sxvebi) da kulturanTropologiu-
ri (forbeniusi, midi da sxvebi)
skolebi aqcents kulturaze akeTe-
ben. maTgan gansxvavdeba sociolo-
giuri skola, romlis warmomadge-
nelia sociologiis klasikosi
emil diurkemi. sociologiidan eT-
eTnografi da pigmeelTa tomis Samani nografiaSi gadmovida diurkemis
`koleqtiuri warmodgenebis~ cneba.
masSi diurkemi erTi da imave sazo-
gadoebis wevrebisaTvis sistemis saxiT Camoyalibebul saerTo rwmena-warmodge-
nebs gulisxmobda, romlebic pirovnebis gamocdilebidan ki ara, sociumidan mom-
dinareoben da sociumSi adamianTa moqmedebas warmarTaven. eTnologiuri Tval-
sazrisiT, sainteresoa agreTve diurkemis mier SemoRebuli `sakralurisa~ da
`profanulis~ cnebebic. eTnografiis amerikuli skolidan aRsaniSnavia f. boasis
samecniero moRvaweoba; interess moklebuli ar unda iyos e. w. fsiqorasistuli
Teoria, romlis wamomadgenlebad
froidi da iungi iTvlebian.
froidis mixedviT, kulturis
wamoSoba `pirvelyofili mamis~
mkvlelobasTanaa dakavSirebuli.
Tavis naSromSi `totemi da tabu~
igi idiliuri mdgomareobisagan
Sors myof suraTs xatavs: pir-
velyofil TemSi yvela qals des-
poti mama flobs da Tavis vaJiS-
vilebs maTTan mikarebis saSuale-
bas ar aZlevs. es daZabuloba sa-
bolood imiT mTvardeba, rom Svi-
lebi mamas klaven da Wamen, Tumca SemdgomSi isini gaacnobiereben Cadenili da-
naSaulis simZimes da sisxlis aRrevasa da incests tabus daadeben. froidis
fsiqoanalizuri koncefciiT, orive saxis akrZalva `oidiposis kompleqsis~ war-
momSobi mizezi xdeba SemdgomSi. igi adamianebs memkvidreobiT gadaecema da kul-
turis safuZvels warmoadgens. totemizmis droidan moyolebuli, kultura ak-
rZalvebisa da normebis kompleqss warmoadgens, romelSic odindeli fsiqolo-
giuri konfliqti Tvlems. am mTvlemare pirvelyofili seqsualuri miswrafebe-
bis makontroleblis rolSi cnobiereba, gansja da bavSvobidan SeTvisebuli
77
kaxa qecbaia

kulturuli normebi gvevlineba, igi fsiqikis aracnobier Zalebs ar aZlevs sa-

Sualebas daarRvios tabu da akavebs mas. amitom, rac ufro maRalia kulturis
ganviTarebis done, miT ufro rTuldeba socialuri qceva, rasac ver uZlebs
fsiqika da aqedan iRebs saTaves agresia, omebi, revoluciebi, danaSauli, sxva ne-
gatiuri movlenebi da procesebi. froidis mixedviT, kulturuli procesebi sasi-
cocxlo-biologiuri procesebis gansakuTrebuli saxea, romelic dionisesa da
erosis mier dasaxuli gegmiT mimdinareobs, romelsac xels uSlis sazogadoeb-
rivi azri da socialuri aucilebloba. eTnografiuli aspeqtiT sainteresoa ag-
reTve froidis mimdevris iungis ideebi sizmrebTan da zRaprebTan dakavSirebiT.
eTnografia yvelaze axlos sociologiasTan aris. maT ara marto Teoriu-
li, aramed praqtikuli kavSir-urTierToba aqvT. eTnografebi TavianT gamokvle-
vebSi sociologiis iseT meTodebs mimarTaven, rogorebicaa: gamokiTxva (anketi-
reba, interviu da sxva), dakvirveba, SedarebiT-funqcionalisturi analizi da
sxv. am ori mecnierebis kavSiris Sedegia eTnosociologiis arseboba.

eTnosociologia
eTnosociologia sociologiis dargia, romelic eTnikuri jgufebis socia-
lur parametrebs Seiswavlis. kerZod, mas ainteresebs eTnikuri jgufebis iden-
tobisa da TviTorganizebis socialuri Taviseburebebis Seswavla, maTi erTob-
livi moqmedebis analizi da a. S.
eTnosociologebi ikvleven iseT problemebs, rogorebicaa: eTnikuri faqto-
rebis gavlena sazogadoebis socialur struqturasa da mosaxleobis migracia-
ze; eTnikuri kuTvnilebis gaTvaliswinebiT SromiTi da sxva resursebis raciona-
luri ganawilebis sakiTxebi; erovnuli TviTcnobierebis socialuri determini-
rebuloba; eTnokonfliqtebis socialuri Taviseburebebi; eTnikuri Rirebulebi-
Ti orientaciebi, qcevis stereotipebi da a. S.

msoflioSi cnobili sociologebi

pier burdie
(1930-2002)

cnobili frangi sociologi. poststruqturalisturi socialuri Teoriis

warmomadgeneli. `socialuri velisa (fr. champ) da habitusis~ Teoriis avtori.
politikis sociologiis aRiarebuli mkvlevari.

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 sociologiis Sesavali

V leqcia
Tema: sociologiis meTodebi
meTodis gareSe arc erTi mecniereba ar arsebobs. sityva `meTodi~ berZnuli
sityvidan _ `meTodos-idan~ momdinareobs da Semecnebis, kvlevis gzas, saSualebas
niSnavs. aqedanaa nawarmoebi sityva `meTodologia~ _ meTodebis Semswavleli spe-
cialuri mecniereba. imdenad, ramdenadac sociologiis mizani sazogadoebis Ses-
wavlaa, bunebrivia, mas am miznis miRwevis gzebi da saSualebebic gaaCnia, romle-
bic sociologiis meTodebs Seadgenen.
mecnieruli kvlevis saerTo meTodebi:
Cven ukve viciT, rom sociologiuri kvleva-Zieba sul mcire ori ZiriTadi mi-
marTulebiT warmoebs; esenia Teoriuli da empiriuli sociologiuri gamokvleve-
bi.
Teoriul-sociologiuri gamokvlevis SemTxvevaSi sociologia, rogorc mecni-
ereba, im meTodebiT sargeblobs, romlebic mecnierul SemecnebaSia damkvidrebu-
li. amitom yvela sxva mecnierebis msgavsad Teoriuli sociologia analizisa da
sinTezis meTodebs iyenebs. analizis saSualebiT nebismieri donis socialur
struqturas an sistemas azrobrivad vSliT, ris Semdegac maTi Semadgeneli ele-
mentebis calkeul niSnebsa da Taviseburebebs vadgenT; analizis Sedegad miRebul
codnas WeSmariti Rirebuleba maSin aqvs, rodesac, Cveni magaliTis SemTxvevaSi,
dadgenili iqneba socialuri struqturis elementebis mTliani mniSvneloba, rac
sinTezis gziT miiReba. analizis meSveobiT mopovebulis sinTezireba Sesaswavli
sagnis Sesaxeb srulyofili codnis miRebis aucilebeli pirobaa. analizisa da
sinTezis gziT miRebul Teoriul codnas sociologi erTeuli faqtidan mis
msgavs yvela sxva danarCen faqtze gaavrcelebs, rasac ganzogadeba hqvia. am azriT,
Teoriuli codna zogadobis maRali xarisxiT gamoirCeva.
Teoriul-sociologiuri kvlevis arsenalSia agreTve mecnieruli kvlevis
iseTi meTodebi, rogoricaa cda, dakvirveba da eqsperimenti. cdis saSualebiT so-
cialuri realoba ganixileba, rogorc empiriuli mocemuloba. es socialuri si-
namdvilis grZnobad mocemulobaze dayrdnobiT Secnobas niSnavs. dakvirveba soci-
aluri sinamdvilis uSualo aRqmas warmoadgens. Sesaswavli sagnis Sesaxeb, ro-
gorc wesi, pirvelad informacias dakvirveba gvaZlevs xolme. eqsperimenti ki so-
cialuri obieqtebis xelovnurad Seqmnili, dayenebuli pirobebis mixedviT Semec-
nebis saSualebas iZleva. laTinuri experimentum -gamocda saintereso socialuri
movlenis gamokvlevas, masze sagangebo dakvirvebas niSnavs, oRond amisaTvis
mkvlevari socialuri obieqtis iseT nimuSs qmnis, romelic TviTon ainteresebs da
Semdeg akvirdeba mas. igi dakvirvebisagan imiT gansxvavdeba, rom Sesaswavl obieq-
tze azrobrivi zegavlenis moxdenas iTvaliswinebs, rac, Tavis mxriv, aqtiurobiT
xasiaTdeba. eqsperimenti imiTaa kargi, rom misi ganmeorebaa SesaZlebeli. igi uSua-
lobisa da sizustis maRali xarisxiTac gamoirCeva. am meTodis seriozuli naklia
is, rom cdis piri arabunebriv garemoSi moxvedrisas daZabulia xolme, amitom am
xarvezis aRmofxvras e. w. `bunebrivi eqsperimentis~ dayenebiT cdiloben. am Sem-
TxvevaSi eqsperimentuli situacia cdis pirisaTvis realuri garemos msgavsad bu-
nebrivia.
dakvirveba, rogorc wesi, winaswar SemuSavebuli proeqtis mixedviT gegmazomi-
erad da kanonzomierad xorcieldeba, romlis drosac gasaTvaliswinebelia dam-
kvirveblis RirebulebiTi orientacia, emociuri mdgomareoba, amitom misi ganmeo-
rebis SesaZlebloba praqtikulad gamoricxulia. dakvirveba ar meordeba. igi mo-
cemul drosa da sivrceSi ganxorcilebuli erTjeradi procesia. mecnierebaSi Cve-
ulebriv sxvadasxva saxis dakvirvebas gamoyofen, magaliTad, struqturalizebuls
(kontrols daqvemdebarebuls) da arastruqturalizebuls (kontrols dauqvemdeba-
rebels); Tuki Sesaswavli jgufis saqmianobaSi sociologic monawileobs, ise rom
amis Sesaxeb jgufis sxva wevrebma araferi ar ician, maSin CarTul dakvirvebasTan

79
kaxa qecbaia

gvaqvs saqme. regularobis mixedviT arCeven sistematur da SemTxveviT dakvirve-

bebs; organizaciis pirobebis mixedviT _ laboratoriul da savele dakvirvebebs
da a. S.
im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac Sesacnobi sagani cdasa da dakvirvebaSi ar aris mo-
cemuli, sociologebi mecnierebaSi aprobirebuli meTodis _ modelirebis gamoye-
nebas mimarTaven. Teoriuli `modeli~ Sesaswavli sagnis TiTqmis yvela niSan-Tvi-
sebis matarebelia.
mecnieruli sociologiuri gamokvleva hipoTezebis SemuSavebiT iwyeba. hipo-
Teza berZnulad safuZvels, varauds niSnavs. hipoTeza movlenis mizezis Sesaxeb
sarwmuno varaudia, romelsac daskvnis saxe SeiZleba hqondes. misi saWiroeba maSin
warmoiqmneba, rodesac socialuri problemis mizezi ucnobia, Tumca misi winamor-
bedi mravali garemoebaa cnobili. hipoTezis wamoyeneba mxolod pirveli nabijia
mecnierul kvlevaSi. amis Semdeg misi dasabuTebaa saWiro. hipoTezis wamoyenebis
wesi aseTia: a) igi Tanxmobadi unda iyos yvela im movlenasTan, romelsac is exeba;
b) rigi faqtebis asaxsnelad wamoyenebuli hipoTezebidan misaRebia is, romelic
xsnis hipoTezaTa raodenobas. mas samuSao hipoTeza ewodeba; g) unda gacnobierebu-
li gvqondes, rom hipoTezuri daskvnebi albaTuri bunebis mqonea; hipoTeza ZiriTa-
dad ori saxisaa: induqciuri _ faqtobrivi sinamdvilis dakvirvebidan momdinare
da deduqciuri _ movlenis Sesaxeb codnis axleburi gaazrebidan momdinare. hipo-
Tezebis SemuSaveba sociologiuri gamokvlevis programis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani
Semadgeneli nawilia. zogadad, problema raime niSnis mixedviT ganisazRvreba. rea-
luri gamokvlevis Catarebis Semdeg misi Sedareba xdeba mis hipoTetur modelTan,
rac, faqtobrivad, hipoTezis Semowmebasa da daskvnebis gakeTebas gulisxmobs.
kvlevis Sedegad miRebuli saSualo mniSvneloba normatiul mniSvnelobas udarde-
ba da Tu maT Soris sxvaoba aRmoCndeba, maSin adgili aqvs problemas. Cveulebriv,
sociologiaSi ZiriTadad sami saxis hipoTezaa cnobili: 1) hipoTezebi raodenob-
riv mimarTebebze; 2) axsniTi hipoTezebi, socialuri sistemis elementTa mniSvne-
lobebis gamovlinebaze mimarTuli; 3) maprognozirebeli hipoTezebi.
mecnieruli kvlevis interdisciplinaruli meTodebi:
zemoT saubari iyo im meTodebze, romelnic sociologias mecnierebis yvela
dargTan saerTo aqvs. amasTanave igi iseTi meTodebiTac sargeblobs, romlebsac
mxolod zogierTi mecniereba iyenebs. aseTad SedarebiT-istoriuli analizis me-
Todi iTvleba. sociologiasTan erTad mas farTod iyeneben istoria, eTnografia,
anTropologia, enaTmecniereba, kulturologia da sxv. sociologia mas Sesaswav-
li obieqtebis saerTo da gansxvavebuli niSan-Tvisebebis, agreTve ganmasxvavebeli
Taviseburebebisa da urTierTSedarebisaTvis iyenebs. igi saxvadasxva epoqebis sa-
zogadoebebis socialuri pirobebis Sedarebis da misi cvalebadobis kanonzomie-
rebaTa dadgenis saSualebas iZleva. am mxriv mniSvnelovania agreTve SedarebiT-
statistikuri meTodic. igi idealuri saSualebaa masobrivi socialuri movlene-
bis raodenobrivi Tanafardobebis urTierTSejerebis gziT kvlevis saqmeSi. marTa-
lia, igi Riad tovebs socialuri movlenebis mudmivi ricxobrivi Tanafardobebis
determinaciis sakiTxs, magram ricxobriv TanafardobaTa dadgenis gziT Tvisebriv
Tanafardobebamde misvlis faqti sociologiur gamokvlevas ufro met damajereb-
lobas sZens.
sociologiis specifikuri meTodebi:
sociologiis specifikuri meTodebi im wesebisa da procedurebis erToblio-
baa, romelTac mxolod sociologia iyenebs da sxva mecnierebebSi sociologiidan
aris nasesxebi.
sociologiuri kvlevis meTodebi or ZiriTad jgufad iyofa: raodenobrivad
da Tvisebrivad. raodenobriv meTodebs miekuTvneba masobrivi da sxva saxis gamo-
kiTxva. isini iseTi raodenobrivi maCveneblebis kvlevaze arian orientirebuli,
rogoricaa ama Tu im socialuri faqtis Tu movlenis gamovlenis sixSire. raode-
nobrivi kvleva statistikuri analizis gamoyenebiT tardeba. garda raodenobrvi
maxasiaTeblebisa, socialur faqtebsa da procesebs Tvisebrivi mxarec gaaCnia. Se-
sabamisad, sociologiuri kvlevis Tvisebrivi meTodebi socialuri sinamdvilis am
80
 sociologiis Sesavali

mxaris kvlevazea orientirebuli. sociologiuri kvlevis Tvisebrivi meTodebi

sxvadasxva kvleviTi teqnikisa da strategiis matarebelia. magaliTad, igi SeiZle-
ba moicavdes intervius, dakvirvebas, monografiul gamokvlevas, SemTxvevis ana-
lizs, fokus-jgufs da a. S.
Tanamedrove sociologiuri kvlevis erT-erTi ZiriTadi saSualeba SerCeviTi
kvlevaa. igi sociologis mier specialurad SerCeuli socialuri obieqtebis Ses-
wavlis gziT saWiro informaciis mopovebas gulisxmobs. SerCevis dros garkveuli
socialuri jgufidan kvlevisaTvis calkeuli erTeulebi gamoiyofa, romelsac
uSualod exeba kvleva. maT aRsaniSnavad generaluri da SerCeviTi erTobliobis
cnebebi gamoiyeneba. generaluri erToblioba im jgufis yvela wevrs ewodeba, ro-
melsac gamokvleva moicavs, xolo SerCeviTi erToblioba am jgufis is nawilia,
romelic gamokvlevaSi uSualod monawileobs. SerCeviTi erTobliobis umTavresi
niSani reprezentatulobaa; igi imas aCvenebs, Tu ramdenad proporciulada warmod-
genili SerCeviT erTobliobaSi generaluri erTobliobis niSan-Tvisebebi. amgvari
kvlevis dros didi mniSvneloba aqvs im warmomadgenlobiTi nawilis SerCevas,
romlis saSualebiTac generaluri erTobliobis bunebis gagebas vvaraudobT. ami-
saTvis garkveuli wesebis dacvaa saWiro. SerCevis Semdegi modelebia cnobili:
SemTxveviTi SerCeva, rodesac SerCevis erTeulebi qaosurad aris amorCeuli.
amorCevis principi SemTxveviTia.
eqspertTa SerCeva, rodesac ama Tu im sferos aRiarebuli warmomadgenlebia
SerCeuli. miznobrivi SerCevis erT-erTi formaa.
kvoturi SerCeva, rodesac SerCevis zoma winaswar gansazRvrulia. magali-
Tad, marketinguli gamokvlevebis SemTxvevaSi SerCevis zoma damkveTis mier aris
gansazRvruli.
mobiluri populaciis SerCeva, romelic populaciis adgilmdebareobis dad-
genasTan aris dakavSirebuli.
SerCevis saxeebidan albaTuri da araalbaTuri SerCevaa cnobili. albaTuri
SerCevis dros generaluri erTobliobis yvela elements SerCeviT erTobliobaSi
moxvedris Tanabari Sansi aqvs. araalbaTuri SerCevis dros ki yvelas Sansi sxva-
dasxvagvaria. SerCeviTi kvleva garkveuli xarvezis matarebeli SeiZleba iyos, rac
imaSi vlindeba, rom mkvlevari uSualod ar aris dakavSirebuli realur cxovre-
basTan. es kavSiri respondentebis SexedulebebiTa da mosazrebebiT aris gaSuale-
buli, rac subieqturobis elementebis Semcvelia, Tumca amgvari SezRudulobis
mosaxsnelad sociologs kvlevis sxva meTodi gaaCnia, romelsac savele kvlevis
meTods eZaxian.
savele kvleva sazogadoebriv movlenebsa da procesebze uSualo dakvirvebis
gziT mimdinareobs. igi SeiZleba aSkara an faruli iyos. sociologis uSualo mo-
nawileoba Sesaswavl procesebSi gamokvlevas met damajereblobas aniWebs, Tumca
arc es meTodia unaklo, radganac SeiZleba, rom, rasac sociologi akvirdeba da
aRwers konkretuli viTarebis SemTxvevaSi, sxva faqtebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ar
aRmoCndes. Tumca savele kvlevis am naklis gamosworebas sociologiuri gamok-
vlevis sxva meTodebi cdiloben, romelTa Soris farTo gamoyeneba gamokiTxvis me-
Tods aqvs.
gamokiTxva sociologiur informacias zepiri an werilobiTi kiTxva-pasuxebis
saSualebiT moipovebs. kiTxva-pasuxebiT sociologi avlens respondentebis (gamo-
sakiTxi adamianebis) Sexedulebebs, ganwyobilebebs, poziciebs da a. S. rac ZiriTa-
dad ori wesiT: standartizebulad _ sagangebod winaswar SemuSavebul kiTxvarze
_ anketaze respondentis pasuxebis miRebis gziT da arastandartizebulad _ anke-
tis gareSe respondentTan sociologis gasaubrebis gziT xdeba. Sesabamisad, gamo-
kiTxvis ori ZiriTadi saxe arsebobs: anketuri gamokiTxva da interviu. anketa aris
kiTxvari, romelSic kiTxvebi Sinaarsisa da formis mixedviT aris dajgufebuli
da sagangebod SerCeuli. Sinaarsis mixedviT, anketaSi warmodgenili kiTxvebi
mTel rig socialur faqtebs da maT RirebulebiT Sefasebebs exeba. formis mi-
xedviT, kiTxvebi SeiZleba iyos Ria an naxevrad daxuruli an daxuruli. daxurul
kiTxvaze pasuxs repondenti TviTon irCevs mocemuli variantebidan (`diax,~ `ara,~
81
kaxa qecbaia

`miWirs pasuxi~); Riaa kiTxvebi, romlebsac asarCevi pasuxebi ar axlavs da respon-

dentma Sesaswavl problemasTTan dakavSirebiT Tavisuflad unda daafiqsiros sa-
kuTari mosazreba. anketuri gamokiTxvis Tavisebureba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom res-
pondentsa da mkvlevar-sociologs Soris urTierToba anketiTaa gaSualebuli. am
SemTxvevaSi respondentis anonimuroba mkacrad daculia, Tanac informacia swra-
fad da operatiulad miiReba. anketur gamokiTxvasTan erTad sociologiaSi gamoi-
yeneba agreTve satelefono, safosto, internet- da sxva saxis gamokiTxvebi.
gamokiTxvis meTodis im saxes, romlis drosac sociologi misTvis saWiro in-
formacias uSualod respondentisagan moipovebs, interviu ewodeba. Tumca am tipis
gamokvlevis Casatareblad Zalian didi droa saWiro. anketireba an interviu Se-
saZloa iyos jgufuri an individualuri, Tavisufali, klinikuri da sxva (socio-
logiuri gamokvlevis yvela meTods sociologiis mimarTulebis studentebi daw-
vrilebiT Seiswavlian momdevno kursebze, amitom amjerad maTze mxolod zogadi
saubrebiT SemovifarglebiT).
sociologiaSi xSiria magaliTebi, rodesac socialuri obieqtebis kvleva Se-
uZlebelia zemoT aRniSnuli meTodebis gamoyenebiT. es ZiriTadad gardasul so-
cialur faqtebsa da movlenebs Seexeba. msgavs viTarebaSi sociologebi arsebuli
werilobiTi, nabeWdi, foto da sxva masalis kvleviT Semoifarglebian. dokumente-
bi adamianebis mier Seqmnili masalebia, romelic informaciis gadacemas emsaxure-
ba. magaliTad, XIX saukunis demografiuli procesebis dadgena am periodis doku-
menturi masalebis analizis safuZvelzea SesaZlebeli, xolo ojaxTan an gvarTan
dakavSirebuli socialuri aspeqtebis gagebaSi istoriuli dokumentebi dagvexmare-
bian da a. S. dokumentebi sxvadasxvanairi SeiZleba iyos: werilobiT, romlebSic
socialuri movlenebi sityvieradaa aRwerili. mas miekuTneba nebismieri saxis we-
rilobiTi masala: saarqivo dokumentebi, presis masalebi, mTavrobis dadgenilebe-
bi, piradi werilebi, mogonebebi, memuarebi, avtografebi, oficialuri statistika
da mravali sxva. mniSvnelovania agreTve ikonografiuli dokumentebis gamoyenebac,
romlebSic socialuri sinamdvile fotoze, kinofirze, video an sxva saSualebeb-
zea gadmocemuli. yoveli maTgani sociologiuri gamokvlevis saintereso dokumen-
tur masalas warmoadgens.
Tanamedrove kvlevebSi sociologiuri informaciis mopovebis erT-erTi Zali-
an popularuli fokus-jgufis meTodia. es iseTi kvleviTi strategiaa, romelic
aqcents winaswar SerCeul adamianTa mcire jgufis interviuirebasa da intensiur
fokusirebul diskusiaze akeTebs. sadiskusio Tema, ra Tqma unda, kvlevis proble-
mas Seexeba. misi mizani garkveuli socialuri problemis Sesaxeb jgufSi gansxva-
vebuli Sexedulebebis, poziciebis, ganwyobebis, reaqciebisa da Sefasebebis Seswav-
laa. igi, SeiZleba iTqvas, Tvisebrivi da raodenobrivi meTodebis kombinirebuli
saxea. mas iyeneben marketingul kvlevebSi, magaliTad, biznesis sferoSi _ saqon-
lisa da momsaxurebis marketingi; arakomerciuli organizaciebis marketingi, rome-
lic sxvadasxva socialuri programebis efeqturobis Sefasebas iTvaliswinebs; po-
litikuri marketingi, romlis drosac politikuri moRvawis, partiis an organiza-
ciis imijis Seswavla mimdinareobs da sxv. fokus-jgufis parametrebi (jgufSi mo-
nawileTa raodenoba, socialuri da sxva maxasiaTeblebi da a. S) gamokvlevis miz-
nebiTa da amocanebiT ganisazRvreba, romlis warmateba im moderatorzea damokide-
buli, romelic diskusias warmarTavs.
Cveulebriv, yovel socialur jgufs formaluri da araformaluri, Ria da
dafaruli struqturebi gaaCnia, romelTagan araformalur, latentur (dafarul)
struqturas mniSvnelovanwilad subieqturi faqtorebi, mis wevrTa emociuri mdgo-
mareobebi da ganwyobebi ganapirobeben, rac, Tavis mxriv jgufis funqcionirebaze
udides gavlenas axdens. sociometriuli gamokvleva jgufis swored am faruli
struqturebis Seswavlaze akeTebs aqcents. meTodis avtori amerikeli fsiqiatri
da socialuri fsiqologi iakob levi morenoa.

cnobilia morenosa da froidis venaSi Sexvedris faqti (moreno venis universi-

tetSi swavlobda).
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 sociologiis Sesavali

leqciis Semdeg studentebiT garSemortymuli morenosTvis fsiqoanalizis

mamas SekiTxviT miumarTavs, Tu ras akeTebda igi, razec morenos upasuxia: `doq-
toro froid, me daviwye iq, sadac daamTavreT Tqven. Tqven adamianebTan xelov-
nurad Seqmnil viTarebaSi, Tqvens kabinetSi muSaobT, me ki maT bunebriv garemo-
Si, quCaSi an saxlSi vxvdebi. Tqven maT qcevebsa da ocnebebs aanalizebT, xolo
me vcdilob isini ufro Tamami da gabeduli gavxado, raTa maT xelaxla iocne-
bon. me maT RmerTTan TamaSs vaswavli ...~ froidi pasuxs RimiliT Sexvedria.

sociometriuli gamokvlevebis dros araformaluri

struqturisa da SromiTi koleqtivis, calkeul pirovne-
baTa RirebulebiTi orientaciebis Sesabamisoba-Seusabamo-
bis doneebis kvleva mimdinareobs. miRebuli monacemebis
safuZvelze ki jgufis socialur-fsiqologiuri klima-
tis sagrZnobi gaumjobeseba xdeba.
sociologiuri gamokvlevebis mniSvnelovani mxarea
socialuri cvladebis analizi. am SemTxvevaSi sociolo-
gi im faqts iTvaliswinebs, rom calkeuli rigis socia-
lur movlenaTa cvlilebebs aucileblobiT sxva rigis
movlenaTa cvlilebebi mosdevs, rom pirveli mizezia, me-
ore _ Sedegi. orive SemTxvevaSi cvladTan gvaqvs saqme.
cvladebs Soris urTierTdamokidebulebas korelacias
eZaxian. socialuri cvladis cneba sazogadoebrivi mov-
i. l. moreno lenis unars gamoxatavs, romlis mixedviTac is sxvadas-
(1889-1974) xvagvar mdgomareobasa da mniSvnelobas iZens. socialur
cvladebs miekuTvneba asaki, sqesi, ganaTleba, Semosavle-
bi, xelfasi da mravali sxva. socialuri cvladi orgvaria: damoukidebeli da da-
mokidebuli. damoukidebeli cvladis rols is movlena asrulebs, romlis Secvla
Sedegis Secvlas iwvevs. damokidebuli cvladi ki iseTi movlenaa, romlis cvale-
badoba sxva movlenis cvalebadobazea damokidebuli. Tuki mizez-Sedegobrivi kav-
Sirebi dadgindeba damokidebul da damoukidebel cvladebs Soris, sociologiu-
ri hipoTeza, romlis Sesaxebac Cven zemoT visaubreT, dasabuTebulad miiCneva.
dabolos, sociologiuri gamokvleva, rogorc wesi, ramdenime etapisagan Se-
dgeba. pirveli etapi sociologiuri gamokvlevis programis SemuSavebaa, romelSic
mkafiod unda iyos formulirebuli gamokvlevis mizani da gansazRvruli unda
iyos kvlevis meTodebi. sasurvelia programam sacdeli e. w. `pilotaJuri~ gamok-
vlevis Catareba gaiTvaliswinos, rac SerCeuli meTodis utyuarobaSi darwmunebis
kargi saSualebaa. kvlevis meore etapi uSualod gamokvlevis Catarebaa, romelsac
miRebuli informaciis dajgufeba, daxarisxeba da analizisaTvis momzadeba mos-
devs. miRebuli informaciis statistikuri damuSaveba specialuri kompiuteruli
programis saSualebiT xdeba, romlis codna sociologiis mimarTulebis studen-
tebisaTvis Tanamedrove pirobebSi aucilebelia. sociologiuri informaciis ana-
lizis Semdeg gamokvlevis daskvniTi etapi dgeba, romelic kvlevis Sedegebis Se-
jamebas da saboloo angariSis prezentacias iTvaliswinebs. daskvniTi nawili war-
moudgenelia im rCevebisa da rekomendaciebis gareSe, romelsac sociologi iZleva
sakvlev problemasTan dakavSirebiT.
ase SeiZleba davasruloT Cveni zogadi saubrebi sociologiuri kvlevis me-
Todebis Sesaxeb, radganac momaval sociologebTan erTad uaxloes momavalSi ma-
Ti safuZvliani Seswavla mogviwevs.

83
kaxa qecbaia

masala gansjisaTvis

fragmenti entoni gidensis wignidan `sociologia~

sociologiuri kiTxvebi
`kargi gamokvleva sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis axlebur gagebaSi unda gvex-
marebodes. is Tavisi SekiTxvebiTa da miRebuli SedegebiT unda gvakvirvebdes.
problemebi, romlebic Teoriuli da praqtikuli kvlevebis TvlsazrisiT soci-
ologebs ainteresebT, xSirad im kiTxvebs hgvanan, romlebic sxva adamianebsac
aRelvebT, Tumca msgavsi kvlevis Sedegebi Cvens yoveldRiur warmodgenebs xSi-
rad ewinaaRmdegeba.
rogoria umciresobaTa cxovrebis pirobebi? ratom aris, rom adrindelTan
SedarebiT dRevandel msoflioSi bevrad ufro meti mdidari cxovrobs, magram
SimSilis arseboba mainc faqtia? ra Sedegebamde migviyvans informaciuli teq-
nologiebis gamoyeneba? daiwyeba Tu ara ojaxis, rogorc institutis, ngreva?
am da msgavs mraval kiTxvaze pasuxs sociologebi scemen. maTi muSaobis Sede-
gebi sabolood araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda miviCnioT. miT ufro, rodesac
sociologiuri Teoriisa da gamokvlevis mizani im spekulatur manerebze ua-
ris Tqmaa, romlebic msgavsi sakiTxebis gansjisas obivatels axasiaTebs. kargi
sociologoba SekiTxvebis maqsimalurad sworad dasma da daskvnebis gakeTebam-
de yvelaze gamosadegi faqtobrivi mtkicebulebebis mopovebaa. am miznis misaR-
wevad CvenTvis sasargeblo sociologiuri kvlevis meTodebi unda vicodeT,
romlebic konkretuli samuSaos mimdinareobisas unda gamoviyenoT. aseve sauke-
Tesod unda vicodeT am meTodebiT miRebuli Sedegebis analizi.
im SekiTxvaTagan, romlebsac TavianT gamokvlevaSi sociologebi svamen,
zogierTi maTgani mTlianobaSi faqtologiuria. magaliTad, danaSaulisa da
marTlmsajulebis mTeli rigi aspeqtebis garkvevisaTvis sistemuri sociolo-
giuri gamokvlevaa aucilebeli. amasTan dakavSirebiT Cven SegveZlo Semdegi
kiTxvebi dagvesva: ra saxis danaSaulebia ufro metad gavrcelebuli? damnaSa-
veTa ra nawils akavebs policia? maT Soris ramdeni adamiani ixdis sasjels?
msgavsi faqtologiuri kiTxvebi pasuxisaTvis xangrZliv kvlevas saWiroeben.
ama Tu im sazogadoebis Sesaxeb faqtologiuri informacia yovelTvis ver
gvetyvis esa Tu is SemTxveva aratipuria Tu farTod gavrcelebul faqts war-
moadgens. xSirad sociologebs surT SedarebiTi SekiTxvebi dasvan. magaliTi-
saTvis, didi britaneTisa da aSS-is socialur wyobasa da kanonmdeblobas So-
ris arcTu mcire gansxvaveba arsebobs. tipuri SedarebiTi kiTxva SesaZlebe-
lia aseTi iyos: ra gansxvavebaa qcevis kriminalur modelsa da samarTaldam-
cavi organoebis saqmianobas Soris am or qveyanaSi?
sociologiuri saqmianobis ganxorcielebisas Cven ara marto ukve arsebul
sazogadoebebs Soris urTierTobebs unda vuyurebdeT, aramed erTmaneTs vada-
rebT maTs awmyosa da momavals. am SemTxvevaSi sociologebi ganviTarebis Se-
saxeb kiTxvebs svamen. imisaTvis, rom Tanamedrove samyaros xasiaTi gavigoT,
Cven sazogadoebis ukve arsebuli formebis Seswavla da momxdar cvlilebaTa
analizi mogviwevs, amitom Cven SegviZlia, magaliTad, gamovikvlioT, Tu rogor
gaCnda pirveli cixeebi da rogoria isini dRes.
faqtobrivi kiTxvis dasmiT Cven imas vakeTebT, rasac sociologebi empiri-
ul kvlevebs eZaxian. aq Cven gvainteresebs, Tu rogor xdeba raRac movlena.
oRond sociologia, rac unda mniSvnelovani ar iyos, mxolod faqtebis Segro-
veba ar aris. Cven yovelTvis am faqtebis interpretacias unda vaxdendeT da
amisaTvis Teoriuli SekiTxvebis dasma unda viswavloT. mravali sociologi
ZiriTadad empiriul sakiTxebze muSaobs, magram amasTanave, Tuki isini Teoriu-
li codniT ar ixelmZRvaneleben, saeWvoa, rom maTi saqmianoba Sedegiani iyos~.

84
 sociologiis Sesavali

sociologis mier SekiTxvis dasmis wesi

faqtobrivi kiTxva ra moxda? did britaneTSi
1980-iani wlebidan gogone-
bi ufro ukeTes Sedegebs
aRwevdnen swavlaSi, vid-
re vaJebi.
SedarebiTi kiTxva xdeboda Tu ara es es globaluri movlena
yvelgan? iyo Tu mxolod britaneTs
axasiaTebda?

ganviTarebis kiTxva xdeboda Tu ara es rogori iyo gogonaTa sa-

TandaTan? ganmanaTleblo momzadebis
done drois garkveul pe-
riodSi?
Teoriuli kiTxva ra udevs safuZ- ratom swavloben gogonebi
vlad am movlenas? ukeT? ra faqtorebis gaT-
valiwinebaa saWiro, rom
es fenomeni avxsnaT?

1963 wels harvardis universitetis profesorma qeneT endriusma biznes-politi-

kisadmi miZRvnil konferenciaze erT-erTma pirvelma gamoiyena analizis meTo-
di, romelic dRes `svot~ analizis saxeliT aris cnobili. am droidan moyo-
lebuli analizis am meTods farTod iyeneben adamianuri saqmianobis TiTqmis
yvela sferoSi. igi analizis dros sakvlevi obieqtis Zlieri da susti mxaree-
bis, SesaZleblobebisa da mosalodneli safrTxeebis gamoyofas iTvaliwinebs.

davaleba:
_ `svot~ analizis gamoyenebiT gamoarkvieT sociologiis kvlevis meTodebis
Zlieri da susti mxareebi da SeecadeT Sesabamisi informacia cxrilebis saxiT
warmoadginoT.

ZiriTadi literatura:
1. b. lutiZe, sociologia, Tb., 2002. gv. 65-76.
2. sociologiuri kvlevis MmTodebi, Tb., 1998. gv: 22-122.
3. q. kalhuni, d. laiTi, s. keleri, sociologia. ilias saxelmwifo universi-
teti. Tb., 2007. nawili II, Tavi II, sociologia da samecniero kvleva, gv. 3-
20.
4. k. noniaSvili, Kkvlevis meTodebi empiriul da gamoyenebiT sociologiaSi,
Tb., 2010. gv. 36-111.

damatebiTi literatura:
1. . , , . 2005. gv. 548-560.
2. . , , , 2004. gv. 54-90.
3. . , . , , , 2004. gv. 9-63.

85
kaxa qecbaia

anketis Sedgenis zogadi wesebi

sociologiuri gamokiTxvis anketa

pirveladi informaciis mopovebis erT-
erTi yvelaze metad gavrcelebuli sa-
Sualebaa, romlis Sedgena Zalze Sro-
matevadi da metad sapasuxismgeblo
saqmea Tundac im mxriv, rom Sesabamisi
meTodikis codnas moiTxovs, romelic
mkvlevar-siociologs garkveuli we-
sebis dacvas avaldebulebs.
anketis Sedgenisas upirvelesi
moTxovna, rac mkvlevarma unda gaiTva-
liswinos, misi miznebis gansazRvraa.
amis gareSe sxva danarCeni samuSao
azrs kargavs. anketis Sinaarsi: SekiTxvebi, pasuxebis variantebi, Sesavali da
daskvniTi nawilebi _ uSualo kavSirSia mis miznebTan. magaliTad, marketinguli
kvlevebis SemTxvevaSi anketirebis mizani klientTa moTxovnilebebis gamovlenaa.
Sesabamisad, miRebuli informacia dainteresebul kompanias saSualebas aZlevs
asortimentis koreqtireba moaxdinos, klientTa momsaxurebis xarisxi gaaumjobe-
sos, TanamSromlobis axal-axali formebi danergos da sxv.
sociologiuri gamokvlevis anketa erTiani kvleviTi CanafiqriT gaerTiane-
buli SekiTxvebia, romelic respondentisaken aris mimarTuli da Sesaswavli
obieqtis an sagnis Sesaxeb aucilebeli informaciis mopovebas isaxavs miznad.
igi maqsimalurad adaptirebuli unda iyos gamokiTxvis pirobebTan da, amasTana-
ve, respondentis socialur da fsiqologiur mdgomareobasTan.
anketaSi dasmuli SekiTxvebi naTlad da gasagebad unda iyos formulirebu-
li. maqsimalurad unda moveridoT rTul da respondentisaTvis gaugebar termi-
nologias. kiTxva unda iyos konkretuli, yovelgvar orazrovnebas moklebuli
da calsaxad interpretirebadi. mniSvnelovania agreTve anketis dizainisa da ga-
formebis sakiTxic. igi profesionalizmis gamovlenis kargi saSualebaa, rome-
lic gamokvlevisadmi dadebiT ganwyobas Seuqmnis respondents, amitom gasaTva-
liswinebelia, rom anketis
a) Sriftis zoma komfortuli da misaRebi unda iyos respondentisaTvis;
b) SekiTxvebi erTmaneTisagan gamoyofili unda iyos; SesaZlo pasuxis vari-
antebisagan sasurvelia maTi muqi an ufro msxvili SriftiT gamoyofa imisaTvis,
rom arc erTi SekiTxva respondentisaTvis SeumCneveli ar darCes;
g) Tuki SekiTxva Riaa, maSin anketaSi sakmarisi adgili unda iyos datovebu-
li imisaTvis, rom respondentma sakuTari mosazreba Tavisuflad Caweros;
d) Tuki SekiTxva rTulia, maSin sasurvelia damatebiTi miTiTebebis micema,
romelic gancalkevebuli unda iyos SekiTxvis teqstisagan;
e) anketis teqstis furclis orive gverdze dabeWdva sasurveli ar aris,
radganac sawinaaRmdego SemTxvevaSi didia albaToba imisa, rom anketa bolomde
Seuvsebeli darCes. am SemTxvevaSi gamonaklisi SeiZleba broSuris saxiT dabeW-
dili anketa iyos mxolod.

SekiTxvis saxeebi:
anketaSi dasmuli SekiTxva Sinaarsis mixedviT SeiZleba iyos:
SekiTxvebi, cnobierebis faqtebze orientirebuli,
qcevis, moqmedebis faqtebze orientirebuli.
respondentis pirovnebaze orientirebuli.
formis mixedviT:
Ria, naxevrad Ria,

86
 sociologiis Sesavali

daxuruli, naxevrad daxuruli,

kombinirebuli,
pirdapiri,
iribi.
funqciis mixedviT:
ZiriTadi
araZiriTadi
_ cnobierebis faqtebze orientirebuli SekiTxvebi mimarTulia admianTa Se-
xedulebebis, molodinebis, samomavlo gegmebis da sxva msgavsi kategoriebis ga-
movlenaze;
_ moqmedebaze orientirebuli SekiTxvebi ZiriTadad socialur qcevas Seexeba;
_ pirovnebaze orientirebul SekiTxvebSi respondentis pirovnuli maxasia-
Teblebi igulisxmeba;
_ Ria aris SekiTxva, romelsac SesaZlo pasuxis variantebi Tan ar axlavs
da respondentma misTvis sasurveli pasuxi TviTon unda Caweros Sesabamis gra-
faSi; Ria kiTxvebi respondents arafers ar unda karnaxobdes da arc arafers
unda axvevdes Tavs. naxevrad Ria SekiTxva ki nawilobriv daxuruli SekiTxvis
elementebis Semcvelia;
_ daxurul SekiTxvas Tan axlavs SesaZlo pasuxis variantebi, romelTagan
respondenti misTvis sasurvel variants irCevs; daxuruli SekiTxva alternatiu-
lia, Tuki respondenti pasuxis misTvis sasurvel mxolod erT variants irCevs,
xolo araalternatiulia, Tuki igi pasuxis ramdenime variants irCevs; naxevrad
daxuruli SekiTxva nawilobriv Ria kiTxvis elementebis Semcvelia. mocemuli
pasuxis variantebidan SesaZlebelia respondentisaTvis arc erTi ar iyos misa-
Rebi, amitom daxurul kiTxvebTan erTad Ria kiTxvasac sTavazoben xolme.
_ pirdapiria SekiTxva, romelic respondentisagan garkveuli movlenebisad-
mi kritikul midgomas iTvaliswinebs, rasac umeteswilad respondentebi Tavs
arideben xolme. aseT viTarebaSi saqmeSi iribi SekiTxvebi erTveba, anu respon-
dents warmosaxviTi situacia eZleva, romelic mTeli rigi uxerxulobebisagan
aTavisuflebs mas.
_ ZiriTadia SekiTxva, romelic uSualod kvlevis sagans Seexeba.
_ araZiriTadi SekiTxvebi ZiriTad SekiTxvaTa adresatis gamovlenas emsaxu-
reba (kiTxva-filtri) anda respondentis gulwrfelobas amowmebs (sakontrolo
kiTxvebi);
_ `menius~ tipis kiTxvebSi pasuxebi iseTnairadaa dalagebuli, rom logiku-
rad erTmaneTs ar gamoricxaven;
_ sakontrolo kiTxva azris, Sexedulebis simyares amowmebs;
_ kiTxva-filtri respondentTa dainteresebul nawils sxvebisagan gamoarCevs;
_ kiTxva-`maxe~ arakeTilsindisieri da arakompetenturi respondentebis ga-
mosavlenadaa mowodebuli;
_ sakontaqto kiTxvebi anketis daswyisSia moTavsebuli da respondentTan
kontaqtis damyarebas uwyobs xels. igi Zalze martivia da masze pasuxis gacema
respondentisaTvis sasiamovnoa;
_ CamxSobi SekiTxvebi, rogorc wesi, sakontrolo SekiTxvebis win eZleva
xolme respondents da misi emociuri aRgznebadobis Cacxrobasa da yuradRebis
sxva SekiTxvaze gadatanas emsaxureba;
_ buferuli anu gardamavali SekiTxvebi anketis azrobrivi blokebis wyal-
gamyofia. maTi meSveobiT xdeba Temidan Temaze gadasvla.

SekiTxvebis dasmisas sociologma unda gaiTvaliswinos, rom pasuxi `diax~

respondentisaTvis ufro misaRebia, vidre `ara.~ araviTar SemTxvevaSi responden-
tisagan ar unda moviTxovoT raime saxis angariSebi da sxva msgavsi ram. amasTa-
nave unda gvaxsovdes, rom anonimurobis principi mkacrad unda iyos daculi.
anketis Sedgenis process sociologebi konstruirebas eZaxian.

87
kaxa qecbaia

anketis struqtura
anketis Sesavali nawili
anketis es nawili Seicavs Txovna-mimarTvas respondentisadmi, mokled da
konkretulad acnobs mas kvlevis miznebs, SemkveTsa da Semsrulebels. aqve res-
pondentis gasaaqtiureblad sasurvelia imis xazgasma, Tu ra didi mniSvneloba
aqvs sakvlevi problemis gadawyvetaSi respondentis mosazrebebs. adamians yo-
velTvis siamovnebs, rodesac mis azrs afaseben, mas Wkuas ekiTxebian, amitom am
faqtoris gamoyeneba sociologiur gamokvlevaSi aucilebelia. anketis Sesavali
nawili sakontaqto kiTxvebiT unda iwyebodes. am martivma da sasiamovno SekiT-
xvebma respondenti sxva SekiTxvebze pasuxisaTvis unda moamzados ise, rom ar
mobezrdes es yovelive.
ZiriTadi nawili
gamokiTxvis miznebidan, amocanebidan da hipoTezebidan gamodinare, Sinaar-
sobrivi SekiTxvebi anketis am nawilSia Tavmoyrili. Sesabamisad, mTavar datvir-
Tvasac anketis es nawili atarebs, amitom mis formirebas, masSi SekiTxvebis gan-
lagebas didi mniSvneloba aqvs. Cveulebriv, misi formirebis sami ZiriTadi
principia met-naklebad cnobili.
_ SekiTxvebis logikuri Tanamimdevrulobis principi: rodesac SekiTxvebi
winaswar dadgenili sqemisa da logikis mixedviT aris formulirebuli.
_ monocentrulobis principi: rodesac anketaSi erTi centraluri SekiT-
xvaa formulirebuli da danarCenebi damxmare SekiTxvebis rols asruleben mxo-
lod. am SemTxvevaSi, rogorc wesi, ZiriTadi SekiTxva anketis Sua nawilSia mo-
Tavsebuli;
_ policentristuli principi: rodesac ara erTi, aramed ramdenime ZiriTadi
SekiTxvaa Camoyalibebuli.
daskvniTi (pasportuli) nawili
anketis es nawili respondentis socialur-demografiul maxasiaTeblebs
(sqesi, asaki, profesia, erovneba, ganaTleba, moqalaqeoba, ojaxuri mdgomareoba,
sacxovrebeli adgili an samuSao da sxv.) Seexeba.
anketis Sedgenisas unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli, rom mis Sesavsebad res-
pondents didi dro ar unda esaWiroebodes. amisaTvis sakmarisia 30-40 wuTi; anke-
ta ar unda iyos SekiTxvebiT gadatvirTuli; klasikuri tipis anketa 15-20 kiT-
xvaze mets ar Seicavs; sasurvelia, rTuli SekiTxvebi anketis Sua nawilSi iyos
moTavsebuli; yoveli SekiTxva gramatikisa da logikis wesebis dacviT unda iyos
Sedgenili; logikurobis principis dacva niSnavs, rom dasawyisSi ama Tu im faq-
tis dadgenaze unda iyos saubari da mxolod amis Semdeg mis Sefasebaze, rac
sociologiuri gamokvlevis umniSvnelovanesi moTxovnaa.
Tuki gamokiTxva intervius meTodiT tardeba, maSin kiTxvars an intervius
blanks Tan unda axldes calsaxad da erTmniSvnelovnad formulirebuli Sevse-
bis wesebi da calkeuli miTiTebebi interviuerisaTvis. formulirebebi, romel-
sac interviueri iyenebs, warmosaTqmelad advili unda iyos da rTul sintaqsur
konstruqciebs ar unda Seicavdes.

davaleba:
SeadgineT sociologiuri gamokiTxvis anketa TqvenTvis sasurvel rome-
lime Temaze.
jgufSi isaubreT imaze, Tu ra da ra saxis SekiTxvebi gamoiyeneT Tqven
mier Sedgenil anketaSi; cal-calke daaxasiaTeT TiToeuli maTgani.
isaubreT imaze, Tu ra principi daudeT safuZvlad Tqven mier Sedgenil
anketas da ratom.

88
 sociologiis Sesavali

mecnierul-sociologiuri kvlevis etapebi

e. diurkemis mixedviT

I etapi problemis gansazRvra

sakvlevi Temis SerCeva da ZiriTadi
koncefciebis gansazRvra.
II etapi literaturis mimoxilva
arsebuli Teoriis gacnoba da Te-
mis kvleva. Temis Sesaxeb arsebuli
literaturis analizi.
III etapi hipoTezebis Camoyalibeba
kavSiris dadgena gazomvad cvla-
debs Soris ise, rom SesaZlebeli
iyos maTi gazomva da hipoTezebis
Semowmeba*.
IV etapi kvlevis gegmis SerCeva
mkvlevarma unda moaxdinos im me-
Todis SerCeva, romlis meSveobi-
Tac Caatarebs gamokvlevas: mag. ga-
mokiTxva, dakvirveba, eqsperimenti
da a. S.
V etapi monacemTa Segroveba
hipoTezebis Sesamowmebeli monace-
mebis anu faqtebis Segroveba: sta-
tistikuri masala, intervius anda
anketirebis Sedegebi.
VI etapi monacemTa analizi
monacemebis damuSaveba
daskvnebis gakeTeba
VII etapi miRebuli Sedegebis Sejameba da ma-
Ti dakavSireba arsebul Teorias-
Tan; Semdgomi kvlevisaTvis prob-
lemebis dadgena

*SeniSvna:
cvladi sociologiuri sidide aris socialuri cxovrebis nebismieri aspeqti, rome-
lic droTa ganmavlobaSi icvleba. magaliTad, diurkemis mixedviT, aseTia TviTmkvlelo-
bis koeficienti. cvladi sidide SeiZleba iyos damokidebuli da damoukidebeli.

sasurvelia davimaxsovroT
Empirical Sociology
empiriuli sociologia _ sociologiis dargi; sociologiur gamokvlevaTa mTe-
li kompleqsi, romelic sociologiuri gamokvlevis meTodebisa da teqnikis sa-
fuZvelze socialuri informaciis mopovebasa da analizzea orientirebuli.
Empeiria berZnulad cdas, dakvirvebas niSnavs.
empiriulis qveS zogadad adamianuri gamocdileba, dakvirveba igulisxmeba.
Applied Sociology
gamoyenebiTi sociologia _ praqtikuli xasiaTis dargobrivi sociologiuri
disciplinaa. igi Teoriuli da empiriuli sociologiuri codnis, sociologiis
meTodologiisa da kvlevis sxvadasxva meTodebis saSualebiT Seiswavlis da
wyvets sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis mraval praqtikul amocanas.

89
kaxa qecbaia

sociologiuri gamokvleva
`... dadis, wers, gamokiTxvas atarebs, mTeli dRe kompiuterTan zis ...~
2010-2011 wlebSi soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis sociologiis mimarTu-
lebis I da II kursebis studentebma sociologiuri gamokvleva Caatares, rome-
lic qarTuli sazogadoebis sociologiuri codnis dones da Sesabamis kultu-
ras Seexeboda. gamokvlevaSi 50 studentma miiRo monawileoba. TiToeulma Sem-
TxveviTi SerCevis principiT 2-2 respondenti gamokiTxa. mTlianobaSi 100 adamia-
ni gamoikiTxa. studentebi maT Semdegi kiTxvebiT mimarTavdnen: `ra iciT socio-
logiis Sesaxeb?~ da `Tqveni azriT, vin aris da ras akeTebs sociologi?~
dasmul kiTxvas SedarebiT zusti pasuxi im adamianebma gasces, romlebsac
odesme hqoniaT Sexeba sociologiasTan an socialur mecnierebebTan saerTod
(universitetSi swavlis periodSi da sxv.); maTi procentuli maCvenebeli Zalian
dabali (6-7%) aRmoCnda. gamokiTxulTa daaxloebiT 30%-ma aRniSna, rom socio-
logi `sxvis azrebs Seiwavlis, dadis, wers, gamokiTxvas atarebs an mTeli dRe
kompiuterTan zis,~ xolo respondentTa didma umravlesobam, samwuxarod, ar
icoda, ra aris sociologia. unda iTqvas isic, rom gamokvlevaSi daaxloebiT
Tanabrad iyvnen warmodgenili sxvadasxva asakobrivi jgufebis warmomadgenlebi.
gamokvlevam gviCvena, rom sociologia saqarTveloSi arc ise popularuli
mecnierebaa, rasac Tavisi mizezebi gaaCnia. sabWoTa ideologiis wlebSi igi ak-
rZaluli iyo. mas gasaqani mxolod damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg mieca,
amitom didi xnis manZilze CvenSi, faqtobrivad, ar arsebobda sociologiuri
kvlevis tradiciebi, amitom am yvelaferma uaryofiTad iCina Tavi Cveni gamok-
vlevis SemTxvevaSi. garda amisa, sociologiis mimarTuleba saqarTveloSi arse-
buli umaRlesi saswavleblebidan ramdenimes aqvs mxolod. arc sociologiuri
kvlevis centrebis raodenobaa maincdamainc damakmayofilebeli. kerZo firmebi
da kompaniebi naklebad arian dainteresebuli profesionaluri sociologiuri
servisebiT. TiTqmis ar arsebobs dawesebuleba, sadac sociologia dasaqmebu-
li, magram, miuxedavad amisa, axalgazrdobis interesi am axalgazrda mecniere-
bis mimarT mainc sagrZnoblad matulobs. es kanonzomiericaa, radganac sazoga-
doebis demokratiuli gardaqmnebi, Tavisufali savaWro da sabazro ekonomikis
pirobebi, axali informaciuli teqnologiebi da sazogadoebis gaRiavebis pro-
cesebi sociologias aucileblad Rirseul adgils daumkvidreben qarTul sa-
zogadoebaSi da, Sesabamisad, sociologiuri codnis kulturis donec amaR-
ldeba. male albaT warsuls Cabardeba is dro, rodesac sociologis arseboba
mxolod moaxloebuli arCevnebis win gaaxsendebaT.

90
 sociologiis Sesavali

sasurvelia davimaxsovroT
Clinical Sociology
klinikuri sociologia _ gamoyenebiTi sociologiis nawilia, romelic socia-
luri adaptaciisa da sxva socialuri problemebis kvlevisas kvlevis Terapi-
ul meTodebs SeimuSavebs da gamoiyenebs.
dasavleTis qveynebSi Zalze popularuli specialobaa sociolog-klinicisti.

Social Engineering
socialuri inJineria _ gamoyenebiTi sociologiis dargia, romelic orientire-
bulia:
adamianTa qcevisa da ganwyobis Secvlaze.
socialur problemaTa gadawyvetaze.
cvalebad garemoSi socialuri institutebis adaptirebaze, socialuri
aqtivobis SenarCunebaze da sxv.

sakiTxavi masala
sociologiis klasikosebi

klasikuri franguli sociologiis mamamTavari

_ emil diurkemi
sociologiis klasikosi, franguli socio-
logiuri skolis udidesi warmomadgeneli emil
diurkemi daibada 1858 wlis 15 aprils parizis
Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT mdebare patara qalaq
epinalSi, rabinis ojaxSi. bavSvobidan sasulie-
ro moRvaweobisaTvis emzadeboda, magram mamis
gardacvalebis Semdeg am saqmeze xeli aiRo.
1879 wels mesame jerze moewyo parizis umaRles
skolaSi, romelic 1882 wels daamTavra. diurke-
mis maswavleblebi cnobili mecnierebi emil
butru da fiustel de kulanJi iyvnen. sami
wlis manZilze franguli provinciis liceumeb-
Si filosofias aswavlida. 1885 wels socialur
mecnierebaTa Sesaswavlad germaniaSi gaemgzav-
ra. iqidan dabrunebulma socialur mecnierebeb-
sa da filologiaSi bordos universitetSi da-
iwyo leqciebis kiTxva. 1893 wels sadoqtoro
disertacia daicva Temaze: `Sromis sazogadoeb-
rivi danawileba~ da 1896 wels socialur mecni-
erebaTa kaTedras Caudga saTaveSi. es faqtobri-
vad mTels msoflioSi sociologiis pirveli
kaTedra iyo.
bordos universitetSi muSaobis wlebSi diurkemma gamoaqveyna Tavisi ori yve-
laze metad cnobili da SemdgomSi sociologiis klasikad qceuli naSromi: 1) `so-
ciologiuri meTodis wesebi~ da 2) `TviTmkvleloba~. 1898-1913 wlebSi xelmZRvane-
lobda mis mier daarsebul msoflioSi pirvel samecniero Jurnals sociologiaSi
_ `sociologiur weliwdeuls.~ 1902 wels profesori gaxda da sorbonaSi gadavi-
da, sadac `sociologiisa da aRmzrdelobiT mecnierebaTa kaTedras~ Caudga saTa-
veSi. 1912 wels gamoaqveyna religiis sociologiis klasikad qceuli sqeltaniani
naSromi `religiuri cxovrebis elementaruli formebi.~ diurkemi 59 wlis asakSi
1917 wlis 15 noembers parizSi gardaicvala. misi Rvawli sociologiis sferoSi
fasdaudebelia. igi aris sazogadoebis struqturul-funqcionalisturi analizis
91
kaxa qecbaia

pioneri, religiis sociologiis klasikosi; didi wvlili miuZRvis sociologiis

damoukidebel mecnierul disciplinad Camoyalibebis saqmeSi. dResac angariSgasa-
wevi da aqtualuria deviaciis, socialuri solidarobisa da TviTmkvlelobis
problemaTa miseuli analizi.
diurkemma sociologiis sagnis naTlad Camoyalibebuli koncefcia SeimuSava.
igi sociologiuri meTodis klasikosad iTvleba (`sociologiuri realizmi~). di-
urkemis mixedviT, sazogadoeba samyaros zogad wesrigSi CarTuli obieqturi rea-
lobaa, romelsac specifikuri kanonebi gaaCnia. mis Semadgenel individebTan Seda-
rebiT igi pirveladia. sociologiam sakuTari meTodebis meSveobiT specifikuri
niSnebis mqone socialuri realoba unda Seiswavlos. aqedan gamomdinare, socio-
logiis sagania socialuri faqti. igi individisagan damoukidebelia da masTan mi-
marTebaSi normatiul-maiZulebeli funqcia gaaCnia. sociologiis amocanaa gaarkvi-
os, Tu ratom erTiandebian adamianebi sazogadoebis saxiT, ratomaa maTTvis Rire-
buli da mniSvnelovani stabiluri socialuri wesrigi da ra kanonebi marTavs
adamianTa Soris urTierTobebs. qveynis mTavrobas sociologiam rekomendaciebi
unda misces Tanamedrove sazogadoebis mowyobis Taobaze. sociologiuri kvleva
Tavisufali unda iyos yovelgvari politikuri, religiuri, metafizikuri da sxva
saxis zewolisagan. igi mecnierul simarTleze unda iyos dafuZnebuli. sociolo-
gia mkacri, obieqturi mecnierebaa da, Sesabamisad, sociologi principuli da
ukompromiso adamiani unda iyos.
diurkemma sazogadoebis ori ZiriTadi tipi gamoyo: arqauli da industriuli,
romlis safuZveli solidarobis xarisxiT ganisazRvreba. arqauli sazogadoeba me-
qanikuri solidarobiT gamoirCeva, sadac individualuri cnobiereba mTlianad ko-
leqtiuri cnobierebis mieraa STanTqmuli. industriuli sazogadoeba organuli
solidarobiT xasiaTdeba. misTvis niSandoblivia Sromis danawileba da misi Sesa-
bamisi specializacia. rac ufro primitiulia sazogadoeba, miT ufro hgvanan ada-
mianebi erTmaneTs, rasac ver vityviT industriul sazogadoebaze. rac ufro metia
sazogadoebaSi gansxvavebuloba, miT ufro metia adamianebs Soris solidarobisa
da tolerantobis xarisxi, miT ufro farTo da masStaburia demokratiis bazisi.
adamiani, diurkemis TvalsazrisiT, ormagi relobaa, Homo duplex, romelSic
ori _ pirovnuli da sazogadoebrivi, individualuri da socialuri ebrZvis er-
TmaneTs. sazogadoeba gansakuTrebuli saxis relobaa, romlis elementaruli `sa-
Seni agurebi~ socialuri faqtebia _ qcevis nimuSebi, romlebic individze garegan,
maiZulebel zegavlenas axdenen da obieqturobiT xasiaTdebian. sazogadoebis gan-
viTarebis adreul etapze koleqtiuri azrovnebis pirobebSi mxolod erTeuli
adamianis _ beladis neba vlindeba, mxolod mas Tu SeeZlo sazogadoebrivi azris
gamowveva. SemdgomSi es viTareba kardinalurad Seicvala samoqalaqo sazogadoe-
bis CamoyalibebiT (inglisuri, franguli da amerikuli sazogadoebebi).
socialuri solidaroba diurkemis sociologiis erT-erTi kardinaluri sa-
kiTxia. socialuri solidaroba aris is Zala, romelic sazogadoebas erT mTlia-
nobad kravs. solidarobis ori ZiriTadi tipi gamoyo diurkemma: meqanikuri da or-
ganuli; meqanikuri solidaroba industriulamdel sazogadoebas axasiaTebs. am
SemTxvevaSi individebi erTnair funqcias asruleben da erTmaneTisagan arafriT
gamoirCevian. organuli solidaroba industriuli sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTe-
beli niSania. am SemTxvevaSi saxezea Sromis danawileba da adamianebi im funqciisa
da rolis mixedviT, romlebsac isini sazogadoebaSi asruleben, maqsimalurad gan-
sxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan. es ki demokratiulobis safuZvels warmoadgens. rac
ufro organulia sazogadoeba, miT ufro maRalia misi demokratiis xarisxi. de-
mokratia sazogadoebis ganviTarebis mwvervalia. igi socialuri organizaciis
rTuli formaa, imitom rom individis winaSe socialuri faqtebis usazRvrod
vrceli arCevania. misi qceva polivariantuli xdeba, rasac adamiani totalitarul
sazogadoebaSi moklebulia. am tipis sazogadoebaSi adamianebi mkacrad dadgenil
erTsa da imave normebs avtomaturad asruleben.
diurkemi erT-erTi pirvelia koleqtiuri cnobierebis cnebis sociologiuri
analizis saqmeSi. koleqtiur cnobierebaSi igi erTi da imave sazogadoebis wevrTa
92
 sociologiis Sesavali

obieqturi xasiaTis mqone saerTo interesebs, RirebulebiT orientaciasa da mis-

wrafebebs moiazrebda. diurkemma sociologiaSi anomiis (paTologiis, normidan ga-
daxris) cneba Semoitana. Amis mixedviT, erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian normaluri
da paTologiuri sazogadoebebi. paTologiur sazogadoebaSi saxezea anomia _ Zve-
li normebisa da Rirebulebebis gaufasureba da ufunqcioba. diurkemis mixedviT,
anomiis saxeebia: socialuri uTanasworoba, Sromis rutinizacia, sawarmoo Zalis
degradacia, klasobrivi konfliqtebi. am problemebisagan Tavis daRwevis gzas re-
formebi warmoadgens.
diurkemma erT-erTma pirvelma mogvca TviTmkvlelobis sociologiuri anali-
zi. diurkemamde TviTmkvlelobis mravali sxvadasxva mizezi iyo dasaxelebuli:
klimaturi, geografiuli, biologiuri, fsiqologiuri, fsiqopaTologiuri da
sxva. diurkemma TviTmkvlelobis uamravi faqtis statistikur-sociologiuri ana-
lizi moaxdina da daaskvna, rom TviTmkvleloba socialuri faqts warmoadgens,
romelsac adamianebs Soris urTierToba ganapirobebs. man individis sxvadasxva
socialuri normebiT ganpirobebuli TviTmkvlelobis Semdegi tipebi gamoyo: 1)
egoisturi _ adamianis mier socialuri kavSirebis mizanmimarTuli gawyveta; sazo-
gadoebis maintegrirebeli Zalebi sustia. 2) altruistuli _ rodesac sazogadoe-
bis maintegrirebeli Zalebi TviTSenaxvis instinqtze maRldeba; 3) anomiuri _ ro-
desac sazogadoebaSi moSlilia socialuri regulireba da individs dakarguli
aqvs socialuri identoba; 4) fatalisturi _ rodesac romelime jgufi an organi-
zacia Zalumad Trgunavs pirovnebas; igi sazogadoebis mier adamianis `wregadasu-
li kontrolis~ gamo Cndeba. diurkemis mier SemoRebuli wesis mixedviT, TviT-
mkvlelobis koeficienti dgindeba TviTmkvlelobis raodenobasa da mosaxleobis
saerTo raodenobas Soris TanafardobiT. diurkemma yuradReba miaqcia im faqts,
rom kaTolikeebTan SedarebiT TviTmkvlelobis koeficienti protestantebs Soris
ufro maRalia. igive iTqmis qorwinebaSi armyofi, dauojaxebeli adamianebis mi-
marT. yovelive amis Semdeg sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli mosazrebis sapirispirod
diurkemma daaskvna, rom TviTmkvlelobis ZiriTadi mizezi socialuri kavSirebis
Sesustebaa.
diurkemi veberTan erTad samarTlianad iTvleba religiis sociologiis kla-
sikosad. religia mxolod sazogadoebaSi SeiZleboda warmoqmniliyo da meti ar-
sad sxvagan. religiis marqsistuli gagebisagan gansxvavebiT, diurkems miaCnia, rom
religia iluzia ki ar aris, aramed adamianuri moRvaweobis iseTi sferoa, sadac
RmerTis cnebaSi socialuri sinamdvile igulisxmeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom sicoc-
xleSi konti da spenseri ufro popularulebi iyvnen, Tanamedrove sociologiaSi
diurkems ufro meti yuradReba eqceva, vidre maT. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom diurkemma
sisruleSi moiyvana da daasrula kontisa da spenseris mier dawyebuli saqme da
amiT ukvdavyo sakuTari saxeli, xolo sociologiuri codna da sociologiuri
kultura ufro maRal doneze aiyvana. E

***
`socialuri realobis specifikis SegrZneba imdenad aucilebelia sociolo-
gisaTvis, rom mxolod gansakuTrebulad sociologiur kulturas SeuZlia misi
momzadeba da miyvana socialuri faqtebis gagebamde.~
`sociologia, marTlac, mxolod im dRes SeiZleboda dabadebuliyo, rodesac
igrZnes, rom aramaterialuri socialuri movlenebi mainc realur nivTebad rCebi-
an da kvlevas eqvemdebarebian.~
`SeuZlebelia socialuri movlenebis individualuridan gamoyvana, mTelisa _
nawilidan, rTulisa _ martividan, sazogadoebis deduqcia _ individidan. sazoga-
doeba aris realoba sui generis; mas sakuTari Tvisebebi aqvs, rasac saerTod ver
vxvdebiT mTels danarCen samyaroSi.~
emil diurkemi

93
kaxa qecbaia

sakiTxavi masala
empiriuli da gamoyenebiTi sociologiis mokle istoria
`sociologiis mowodeba daavadebuli sazogadoebis gankurnebaa.~
i. l. moreno

rogorc viciT, Tanamedrove gagebiT, sociologia, rogorc mecniereba, evro-

puli movlenaa, romelic XIX s-is I naxevarSi gaCnda. bunebrivia, sociologiis is-
toriac aqedan iwyeba. am faqtis gaTvaliswinebiT, antikuri an Sua saukuneebis
droindeli moazrovneebis sociologobaze saubari usafuZvloa. empiriuli da ga-
moyenebiTi sociologiis Sesaxebac igive iTqmis.
istoriulad sazogadoebrivi azris mimarT adamianebi gulgrilni arc erT
epoqaSi ar yofilan. miuxedavad amisa, klasikuri gagebiT, empiriuli sociologia
axali drois evropuli fenomenia.
empiriuli monacemebis SegrovebiT da mopovebiT adamianebi uxsovari droidan
iyvnen dakavebuli. pirveloba am SemTxvevaSi im xalxebs ekuTvniT, romlebmac sa-
xelmwifoebriobas Cauyares safuZveli. eseni Zveli berZnebi, romaelebi, egviptele-
bi, Cinelebi, indoelebi, sparselebi, kavkasielebi da ebraelebi arian.
empiriuli monacemebis Segrovebis yvelaze martivi da sayovelTaod gavrce-
lebuli forma im droisaTvis mosaxleobis aRwera iyo, romelic TiTqmis regula-
rulad _ or weliwadSi erTxel tardeboda Zvel egviptesa da romSi. e. w. socia-
luri statistika faraonebsa da mefeebs qveynis samarTavad sWirdebodaT. maT unda
scodnodaT, Tu ramdeni iyo qveyanaSi gadasaxadebis gadamxdelTa da potenciur
meomarTa raodenoba. ase rom, mxolod Zveli egviptidan msgavsi saxelmwifoebrivi
dokumentis saxiT 1,5 aTasze meti teqstia Cvenamde moRweuli. faraon amazisis
dros (570-526 ww. Zv. w.) yoveli mosaxle valdebuli iyo specialurad am saqmis-
Tvis daniSnuli moxelis winaSe gamocxadebuliyo da misTvis miewodebina sakuTa-
ri saqmianobis, Semosavlebisa da socialuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb informacia.
Zvel saberZneTSi solonis mmarTvelobis dros (daaxloebiT 635-559 ww. Zv. w.) mo-
saxleobis Semosavlebisa da gadasaxadebis aRricxvis sakmaod rTuli statistiku-
ri sistema arsebobda. aTenSi uZvelesi droidan moqmedebda Sobadobis, sikvdilia-
nobisa da mosaxleobis migraciis sakmaod gamarTuli reestri. msgavsi procedure-
bis Sesaxeb mdidar masalas romis istoria iZleva. sakuTari qveynis finansuri da
samxedro mdgomareobis codnis mizniT mosaxleobis aRwera orjer Cautarebia ro-
mis legendarul damaarsebel romuluss. mosaxleobis aRwera romSi yovel xuT

94
 sociologiis Sesavali

weliwadSi erTxel tardeboda. msgavsi saqmianobiT dakavebuli iyvnen aRmosavle-

Tisa da dasavleTis imperiebi. uZvelesi wyaroebi saintereso cnobebs iZleva sazo-
gadoebis socialuri stratifikaciis, profesiuli struqturis, Sromis socialu-
ri organizaciis Sesaxeb, rac angrevs miTs ZvelaRmosavluri sazogadoebebis pri-
mitiulobis Sesaxeb da maTSi socialur-ekonomikur urTierTobaTa mravalferov-
nebas adasturebs.
aRniSnuli mimarTulebiT saintereso masalas Sua saukuneebi da axali dro
iZleva. am mxriv aRsaniSnavia vilhelm dampyroblis davalebiT 1086 wels inglisSi
Seqmnili `saSineli samsjavros wigni.~ masSi samefo xelisuflebis daqvemdebareba-
Si myofi mamulebi iyo aRwerili. rogorc `saSinel samsjavroze~ ar daimaleba
araferi, aseve feodalebsac ar unda daemalaT mamulebi mefisaTvis. amis mixedviT
dawesda samefo gadasaxadebi. XVIII saukunidan Sobadobisa da sikvdilianobis aR-
wera kaTolikurma eklesiam regularulad daiwyo. ase rom, mosaxleobis socia-
lur-demografiuli maxasiaTeblebis Sesaxeb informaciam saeklesio wignebSi moi-
yara Tavi. msgavsi dokumentebi, iseve rogorc mosaxleobis aRweris damadasurebe-
li faqtebi (mosaxleobis aRweras mimarTavdnen qarTveli mefeebi da saqarTvelo-
Si mosuli dampyroblebi), saqarTvelos istoriidanac aris cnobili. analogiuri
wignebi inglisSi 1538 wels kromvelma SemoiRo. samrewvelo gadatrialebis Semdeg
axali drois evropaSi es wesi Seicvala. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom empiriuli socio-
logiis safuZvlebs swored am droidan eyreba safuZveli.
empiriuli sociologiis istoriis TvalsazrisiT, aRsaniSnavia Tomas malTu-
sis (1766-1834) moRvaweoba. socialur mecnierebaTa istoriaSi igi Sevida `xalxTmo-
saxleobis Sesaxeb kanoniT.~ socialur movlenaTa aRwerisas igi maTematikur apa-
rats iyenebda da socialur-demografiul procesebs mkacr maTematikur formuli-
rebas aZlevda, riTac didad Seuwyo xeli maTematikuri meTodebis danergvas soci-
ologiaSi. am saqmes didi amagi dasdo frangma maTematikosma da fizikosma pier
laplasma (1749-1827).
garTulebulma sazogadoebrivma cxovrebam empiriuli kvlevebi moiTxova, ra-
sac Sesabamisi meTodikis daxvewa dasWirda. am saqmiT bunebismetyvelebi, maTemati-
kosebi (j. graunti, e. halei, J. furie, p. laplasi) da saxelmwifo moxeleebi (g.
kingi, C. davenanti, J. kolberi, v. kersebumi da sxv.) iynen dakavebuli, maSin rode-
sac Teoriuli sociologiis ganviTarebaze sociologiis klasikosebi zrunavdnen.
Tanamedrove gagebiT empiriuli da gamoyenebiTi sociologia inglisSi, saf-
rangeTsa da germaniaSi Caisaxa da ganviTarda, arnaxul miRwevebs ki XX saukunis
20-iani wlebidan aSS-Si miaRwia. sociologiuri kvlevis raodenobrivi da Tviseb-
rivi meTodebis srulyofa-daxvewa (r. mertoni, p. lazarsfeldi, j. landbergi da
sxv.), sociologiis empiriuli mimarTulebis ganviTareba kapitalisturi sazogado-
ebis praqtikuli moTxovnilebebiT sazrdoobda. am viTarebis gamoxatuleba iyo
aSS-sa da inglisSi specialuri moZraobebis warmoSoba, romelic sxva araferi
iyo, Tu ara socialuri dakveTa.

empiriuli da gamoyenebiTi sociologiis ZiriTadi

mimarTulebebi da warmomadgenlebi

inglisi
empiriuli sociologiuri gamokvlevebis erT-erT samSoblod inglisi miiCneva,
rasac araerTi gamokvleva adasturebs. jer kidev 1598 wels gamoica jon stounis
naSromi `londonis gamokvleva~, xolo 1777 wels gamocemuli jon hovardis unikalu-
ri gamokvleva inglisisa da uelsis sagrafoebis cixeebis aRweras Seexeboda (pati-
marTa kveba, tanisamosi, Sromis pirobebi da sxv.). arsebuli mdgomareoba mis mier Se-
darebuli iyo safrangeTis, germaniis, holandiisa da Sveicariis cixeebSi arsebul
viTarebasTan. igi meTodologiuri TvalsazrisiT SedarebiTi analizis metad sainte-
reso nimuSs warmoadgens. anketirebis meTodis safuZvleze Seiswavla jon sinklerma
Sotlandiis soflis mosaxleobis Sromis pirobebi (21-tomiani naSromi).

95
kaxa qecbaia

aRsaniSnavia agreTve jeimz qei-Satluortis gamokvleva `manCesteris feiqarTa

cxovrebis moraluri da fizikuri pirobebi~ (1832 w), romelic muSaTa sanitarul
pirobebs Seexeboda. siRaribis problemis empiriul Seswavlas awarmoebda liver-
puleli mkvlevari Carlz buti (1840-1916). 1889-1903 ww-Si gamocemuli misi wigni
`adamianTa cxovreba da Sroma londonSi~ (17 tomi) CarTuli dakvirvebis safuZ-
velze iyo dawerili. amisTvis igi sagangebod londonis RaribTa kvartalSi cxov-
robda. manve Caatara intervius meTodiT (1800 interviu) mosaxleobis religiuro-
bis Seswavlisadmi miZRvnili gamokvleva, romelSic col-qmari beatrisa (1858-1943)
da sidnei (1859-1947) vebebi iRebdnen monawileobas. mogvianebiT col-qmarma maT mi-
er muSaTa moZraobis sociologiuri analizis safuZvelze gamoaqveyna gamokvleva
`tred-unionizmis istoria~ (1894). 1910 wels iorkSi s. rauntrim ojaxuri biujetis
problemebi gamoikvlia. 1890 wels C. butma da s. rauntrim pirvelebma daadgines
siRaribis zRvari. maSin is kviraSi 1 funtis toli iyo.
inglisurma sociologiam didi wvlili Seitana menejmentisa da Sromis prob-
lemebis Seswavlis saqmeSi. Sesabamisad, aq Sromisa da menejmentis sociologia
ganviTarda. am droidan moyolebuli inglisSi dRemde ar Senelebula yuradReba
gamoyenebiTi sociologiuri kvlevebis mimarT.

safrangeTi

safrangeTSi empiriuli sociologiis fuZemdeblad lui vilarmes (1782-1863)

miiCneven. napoleonis armiis yofilma eqimma socialuri higienis sferoSi mravali
naSromi gamoaqveyna. gansakuTrebiT cnobili gaxda misi gamokvleva frangul manu-
faqturebSi muSaTa mdgomareobis Sesaxeb (1840 w.). am gamokvlevis safuZvelze saf-
rangeTSi bavSvTa Sromis Sesaxeb sagangebo kanoni iqna miRebuli (1841 w.). socia-
luri higienis sferoSi empiriuli gamokvlevebiT cnobilia aleqsandra paran-diu-
Satle (1770-1836). safrangeTSi `moraluri statistikis~ fuZemdeblad miSel meri
(1802-1867) iTvleba Tavisi naSromiT `moraluri statistika safrangeTsa da inglis-
Si~ (1860). mrewvelobis ganviTarebasa da danaSaulis raodenobas Soris kavSiri man
aRmoaCina. muSaTa ojaxebis e. w. monografiuli kvlevis saqmeSi klasikad iTvleba
frederik le ples (1806-1882 ww.) Sromebi, romelTagan gamorCeulia `evropeli mu-
Sebi~ (6 tomi). masSi muSaTa ojaxebis tipologiaa mocemuli. am mimarTulebiT saf-
rangeTSi cnobilia e. w. `le ples skola~, romlis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen a. tur-
vili, e. delmoni da sxvebi. Teoriuli TvalsazrisiT isini, ZiriTadad, geografi-
ul determinizms warmoadgendnen. frangulma sociologiam msoflios empiriuli
sociologiuri kvlevebis Catarebisa da organizebis, kvlevis Sedegebis realiza-
ciis udidesi gamocdileba moupova. empiriul kvlevebs Tanamedrove safrangeTSi,
rogorc evropis erT-erT mowinave qveyanaSi, didi yuradReba eqceva.

ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi

am droisaTvis evropaSi empiriuli da gamoyenebiTi sociologiis ZiriTadi mi-

marTulebebi iyo:
politikuri ariTmetika _ sazogadoebrivi movlenebis ubralo ariTmetiku-
li, raodenobrivi aRwera.
socialuri fizika _ empiriuli sociologiuri gamokvlevebis erToblioba
(a. ketles mixedviT).
socialuri higiena _ Sromisa da yofa-cxovrebis sanitaruli pirobebis aR-
wera.
moraluriMstatistika _ mosaxleobis sxvadasxva fenebis inteleqtualuri
da moraluri maxasiaTeblebis raodenobrivi Seswavla.
sociografia _ teritoriuli da profesiuli gaerTianebebis monografiuli
aRwera.

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 sociologiis Sesavali

germania

germaniaSi zemoT aRniSnuli mimarTulebebi maincdamainc didi popularobiT

ar sargeblobda, Tumca zogierT maTgans Tavisi warmomadgenlebi germaniaSic ga-
mouCnda. aseTi iyo, magaliTad, `moraluri statistikis~ warmomadgeneli ernst en-
geli (1821-1896). igi e. w. `sabiujeto kanonis~ aRmoCenad aris miCneuli. am kanonis
mixedviT, gamovlenil iqna, rom ojaxis tipisa da Semosavlebis odenobis miuxeda-
vad arsebobisaTvis aucilebel sagnebze gaweuli xarjebi yovelTvis garkveuli
principiT nawildeba. man miaqcia yuradReba im faqts, rom rac ufro Raribia oja-
xi da mizerulia misi Semosavali, miT ufro metia kvebis xarjebi.
empiriuli sociologiisadmi didi interesiT, rogorc empirikosi sociologe-
bi, cnobili arian sociologiis klasikosebi: ferdinand Tionisi da maqs veberi.
im damsaxurebis garda, romelic Tioniss klasikuri sociologiis winaSe miuZRvis,
igi cnobilia, rogorc metad sayuradRebo statistikuri da sociografiuli ga-
mokvlevebis avtori da organizatori. igi praqtikulad ikvlevda damnaSaveobis,
TviTmkvlelobis da sxva problemebs. man Tavis Teoriul-sociologiur koncefci-
aSi erT-erTma pirvelma gamoyo empiriuli sociologia, rogorc aRweriTi dargob-
riv-sociologiuri disciplina.
sociologiuri kvlevis meTodologiuri sakiTxebis damuSavebas pirvelad ev-
ropaSi mTeli seriozulobiT maqs veberi miudga. Tavis mier dagegmil empiriul
sociologiur gamokvlevebSi igi TviTon Rebulobda monawileobas (6 gamokvleva).
1872 wels germaniaSi inteleqtualTa (sociologebi, istorikosebi, ekonomis-
tebi da sxv.) didma wrem, romelSic m. veberi, a. veberi, f. Tionisi, g. Smoleri Se-
diodnen, `socialuri politikis sazogadoeba~ daaarses. am sazogadoebam 1890-1891
ww-Si germaniaSi agraruli urTierTobebis Sesaswavlad sociologiuri gamokvle-
va Caatara. gamokvlevis programa da anketa 27 wlis maqs veberma Seadgina. darige-
buli 3 aTasi anketis 70% dabrunda, xolo 10 aTasi saeqsperto blankidan _ aTas-
ze meti. gamokvlevis Sedegebi 890-gverdian naSromSi aisaxa, romlis 120 gverdi mu-
SaTa da glexTa ojaxebis Semosavlebis amsaxvel cxrilebs ekava. sakuTari Zmis _
alfredis winadadebiT, 1908 wels veberi mrewvelobis sferoSi dasaqmebul muSaTa
mdgomareobis Seswavlas Seudga. `gamokvlevis gegma~ da instruqcia intervius
blankisaTvis manve Seadgina. veberis colma _ marianam 1924 wels gamokvleva calke
wignad gamoaqveyna. naSromSi veberi industriuli sociologiis meTodologiuri
principebis fuZemdeblad mogvevlina. 1910 wels veberma meSaxteebisa da feiqrebis
masStabur gamokiTxvaSi miiRo monawileoba (veberis coli safeiqro fabrikis me-
patrone iyo). veberis dros empiriuli sociologia maincdamainc popularuli ar
iyo. maRal akademiur wreebSi damkvidrebuli mosazrebis mixedviT, sociologia
elitarul mecnierebad iyo miCneuli, romelsac mosaxleobis dabal fenebTan ara-
feri esaqmeboda. veberi erT-erTi pirvelia, vinc msgavsi stereotipi daangria. is mi-
iCnevda, rom sociologia akademiuri elitis sadiskusio klubi ki ar aris, aramed
uaRresad praqtikuli mecniereba, romelsac sazogadoebisaTvis uamravi sikeTis mo-
tana SeuZlia. sagulisxmoa, rom sociologiuri mecnierebis ganviTareba germaniaSi
(da mTels dasavlur samyaroSi) veberis mier moniSnuli gziT warimarTa.
msoflio sociologiaSi germanuli sociologiuri skolis erT-erTi damsaxu-
reba empiriuli kvlevebis meTodologiuri safuZvlebis damuSavebaa. dReisaTvis
germaniaSi empiriul sociologiur kvlevebs Zalze xSirad mimarTaven sazogadoe-
bisaTvis mtkivneuli mTeli rigi problemebis gadasaWrelad.

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi

XIX saukunis bolos gamoyenebiTi sociologiis msoflio centrad aSS iqca.

zogadad aSS-Si gamoyenebiTi sociologiis istoria sam periodad iyofa:
I periodi XIX s-is bolosa da XX s-is 20-ian wlebs moicavs. am SemTxvevaSi
socialuri reformebisadmi interesi dominantobs. safuZveli eyreba socialur in-
97
kaxa qecbaia

Jinerias (f. teilori, g. emersoni. g. tauna, s. tompsoni). praqtikuli kvlevebisadmi

gulgrilni arc akademiuri sociologiis warmomadgenlebi darCenilan. magali-
Tad, albion smoli Cikagos samoqalaqo federalur samsaxurSi iyo CarTuli; ui-
liam tomasi Cikagos vice-komisiaSi muSaobda, xolo robert ezra parki Cikagos
samoqalaqo ligis wevri iyo, rac niSnavs imas, rom sociologebi praqtikuli saq-
mianobiTac iyvnen dakavebuli. amerikis sociologiur rukaze Cikago SemTxveviT ar
gaCenila. empiriuli sociologiis ayvavebis xana Cikagos skolas ukavSirdeba.
gamoyenebiTi sociologiis sakiTxi 1859 wels gaxda aSS-Si pirvelad aqtualu-
ri. sociologiis saWiroebaze mkvlevrebi bevrs davobdnen. sakiTxi Seexeboda imas,
Tu ra aris sociologiis saboloo mizani _ axali codnis Seqmna Tu konkretuli
mtkivneuli problemebis mogvarebaSi daxmarebis gaweva. sociologiis orma Ziri-
Tadma orientaciam aqedan aiRo saTave: 1) e. w. bazisuri sociologia, romelic axa-
li codnis miRebaze da, Sesabamisad, profesionalebze iqna orientirebuli da 2)
momxmarebelze, praqtikuli xasiaTis amocanebis gadawyvetaze orientirebuli gamo-
yenebiTi sociologia.
gamoyenebiTi sociologiis cnobili warmomadgenlebi arian `amerikuli moZra-
obis~ e. w. `mecnieruli menejmentis~ mimdevrebi: frederik uinslou teilori (1856-
1915), romelsac gadamwyveti sityva ekuTvnis Sromis sociologiis, Sromis organi-
zaciisa da menejmentis sferoSi; u. ogborni, p. lazarsfeldi, p. brijmeni, r. mer-
toni, g. zeterbergi. am droisaTvis aSS-Si ukve 3 aTasze meti sociologiuri ga-
mokvlevaa Catarebuli. am xnis ganmavlobaSi daixvewa testirebis, skalirebisa da
sociometriis meTodebi; srulyofili gaxda sociologiuri gamokvlevis procedu-
rebi da a. S. aSS-Si gamoyenebiTi sociologiis `bumi~ Sromis bazris moTxovnebiT
iyo nakarnaxevi. II msoflio omis Semdeg amgvari `bumis~ axali talRa wamovida.
II periodi _ 1920-1959 ww. sociologiuri kvlevis raodenobrivi meTodologiis
arnaxuli gafurCqvnis periodia. am periodSi gamoyenebiT sociologiaSi xdeba ma-
Tematikuri meTodebis saboloo damkvidreba, kvlevis axali meTodebisa da teqni-
kis Seqmna. XX s-is 40-50-ian wlebSi dRes ukve sayovelTaod cnobili sociologiu-
ri kvlevis meTodebis Camoyalibebis procesi TiTqmis dasrulda (ketles mier
Sedgenili pirovnebis Semswavleli Teqvsmetfaqtoriani testi; vaksleris Tematuri
apercefciisa da inteleqtis Semswavleli testi da sxva mravali). empiriuli so-
ciologiis sferoSi saintereso gamokvlevebs awarmoebdnen cnobili sociologebi:
l. uordi, u. samneri, f. gidinqsi, e. rosi, C. kuli, u. tomasi, fl. znanecki, s. ta-
ufleri, e. Slizi, g. blumeri, m. ianovici da sxv. 60-ian wlebSi Cikagoelebma empi-
riuli kvlevis gansakuTrebuli meTodi _ CarTuli dakvirveba SeimuSaves. 70-iani
wlebidan kvlevis raodenobrivi meTodebis primati Tvisebrivma Caanacvla. gansa-
kuTrebuli yuradReba gamaxvilda formalizebuli iterviusa da dokumenturi ana-
lizis meTodikis daxvewaze. dokumenturi analizis safuZvelze sociologebma ui-
liam Tomasma da florian znaneckim Seiswavles amerikaSi emigrirebuli polone-
li glexebis mdgomareoba, romelic klasikur naSromad iTvleba am sferoSi.
amerikuli sociologiis istoriaSi am droidan mowinave poziciebze harvar-
dis skola gamodis. 1927-1932 wlebSi harvardis universitetis swavlulTa jgufi e.
meios (1880-1948) xelmZRvanelobiT cnobil `hortonis eqsperimentebs~ atarebs. faq-
tobrivad, aqedan daiwyo amerikaSi industriuli sociologiis ganviTareba. eqspe-
rimenti Cikagos maxloblad, `vestern eleqtrik kompaniaSi~ oTx etapad tardeboda.
pirvel rigSi gamokvleul iqna ganaTebis roli warmoebis saqmeSi, Sedegad aRmoC-
nda, rom Turme sagrZnobi iyo misi gavlena Sromis nayofierebaze. kvlevis meore
etapma warmoebaSi dasaqmebulTa Soris urTierTobis latenturi (dafaruli) for-
mebis mniSvnelobas gausva xazi; mesame etapze jgufis, SromiTi koleqtivis kardi-
naluri Seswavlis aucileblobis sakiTxi dadga; kvlevis meoTxe etapze meiom
kvlevaSi aratradiciuli meTodebic CarTo da amisaTvis cnobili anTropologi u.
uaiti moiwvia. man e. w. soft-meTodologia, kerZod arastruqturalizebuli inter-
viu, gamoiyena. meios eqsperimentma aCvena, rom Sromis nayofiereba didwilad `ada-
mianur faqtorebzea~ damokidebuli. garda amisa, gamokvlevaSi gamoikveTa harvar-
dis skolis ZiriTadi amosavali principebi: 1) adamiani, rogorc socialuri jgu-
98
 sociologiis Sesavali

fis (mikro da makro) wevri da jgufze orientirebuli arseba; 2) biurokratiuli

sistema zRudavs adamianis Tavisuflebas; 3) ZiriTadi aqcenti unda gakeTdes adami-
anze da ara warmoebaze. aqedan Sromis sociologiis axali paradigma _ warmoebis
humanizacia, gunduri TamaSis principebi da mosamsaxureTa ganaTlebis srulyofa-
ze zrunva iRebs saTaves.
III etapi _ XX saukunis 50-iani wlebidan iwyeba da dRemde grZeldeba (a. mas-
lou, f. hercbergi, d. makgregori da sxv.). es periodi komerciuli sociologiuri
gamokvlevebis `bumiT~ aris gamorCeuli. gamoyenebiTi sociologiis instituciona-
lizaciis saqmeSi didi wvlili Seitana paul lazarsfeldma (1901-1976), romelmac
maTematikisa da fsiqologiis meSveobiT mTlianad gadaasxvafera gamoyenebiTi so-
ciologia. man 1943 wels germaniidan aSS-Si, niuaris universitetSi gadaitana mis
mier Seqmnili `ekonomikur-fsiqologiuri kvleviTi instituti,~ romelmac kvlevis
raodenobrivi da Tvisebrivi meTodebis kompleqsur gamoyenebas Cauyara safuZveli.
bolo dros empiriuli da gamoyenebiTi sociologiis namdvil meqad iqca aSS.
1980 wels aSS-Si sociologiis 120 fakulteti iyo. dRes aSS-Si asobiT organiza-
ciaa, romelic gamoyenebiTi sociologiiTaa dakavebuli. 1980 wels 14,5 aTasi soci-
ologi muSaobda aSS-is kolejebsa da universitetebSi, 6,8 aTasi ki _ empiriuli
sociologiis sferoSi (kerZo biznesi, aramomgebiani organizaciebi, mTavroba). es
maCvenebeli nel-nela empiriuli sociologiis sasargeblod icvleba.

aSS-Si gamoyenebiTi sociologiis specialistebis dasaqmebis sqema (%-Si)

dasaqmebis sferoebi 1990 w.

yvela sociologi 100%
mTavroba 41,26%
federaluri mTavroba 4,29%
Statebis mTavroba 28,01%
adgilobrivi mTavroba 8,96%
warmoebisa da momsaxurebis sfero 58,74%
ganaTleba 19,36%
sxva profesiuli organizaciebi 11,69%
jandacva 14,03%
arakomerciuli organizaciebi 7,67%
biznesi da menejmenti 5,06%
sxva samsaxurebi 0,92%
warmoebis sxva dargebi 0, 01%

aSS-is kolejebsa da universitetebSi praqtikosi sociologebis momzadebaSi

aqtiurad gamoiyeneba individualuri da auditoruli mecadineobebi, saswavlo
filmebi, roluri TamaSebi, sociodrama, audiotaipebi, kompiuteri da swavlebis
mravali sxva meTodi, romelTa procentuli wili swavlebaSi Semdegnairadaa war-
modgenili: savele gamokvlevebi (38%), damoukidebeli gamokvlevebi (25%), wignebi
(25%), filmebi (23,5%), roluri TamaSebi da sociodrama (21,3%), kompiuteri (20,4%),
saqmiani TamaSebi (19%), audiotaipebi (18,5%), TviTswavla (17,3%), zepiri prezentaci-
ebi (16,1%), kursebis teledemonstraciebi (15,1%), modulebi (12,9%), programireba (12,
5%), saxelmZRvaneloebi (9,8%), gamocdebi (9,15).

SeniSvna:
cxovrebiseuli situaciebi uamrav siurprizs sTavazobs praqtikos socio-
logs, amitom is mudmivad axal-axali gadawyvetilebebis miRebis proceSi imyofe-
ba. Sesabamisad, yvelaze didi sirTule swored aq iCens Tavs. kerZod, sociologi
advilad SeiZleba moeqces mmarTveli elitis anda kvlevis damkveTis gavlenaSi,
rac obieqturobis principis darRvevaa. is ar unda iqces maTi interesebis msaxu-
rad.

99
kaxa qecbaia

`ra varT Cven sazogadoebis gareSe? _ araferi!

ra aris sazogadoeba Cven gareSe? _ araferi!~

VI leqcia
Tema: sociologiis ZiriTadi cnebebi:
sazogadoeba
sociologiis cnebaTa Soris mTavari sazogadoebis cnebaa. is yvela socio-
logiur cnebasTan SedarebiT zogadobis maRali xarisxiT gamoirCeva. sociologi-
isaTvis sazogadoebis cnebas imitom aqvs gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba, rom mis ga-
gebazea damokidebuli sociologiis, rogorc mTliani mecnieruli sistemis, xasia-
Ti. amitom sazogadoebis cnebis gansxvavebuli gageba aseve erTmaneTisagan gansxva-
vebul sociologiur Teoriebs warmoSobs. sociologiis ama Tu im tips sazogado-
ebis esa Tu is gageba udevs safuZvlad. Tanamedrove amerikeli sociologi neil
smelzeri Tavis wignSi `sociologia~ ambobs, rom am sityvas yoveldRiur metyve-
lebaSi yvelani Tavisuflad viyenebT, magram mecnierebisaTvis misi ganmarteba
dRemde didi Tavsatexia, raSic, imave smelzeris TqmiT, sazogadoebis Sesaxeb sa-
yovelTaod gavrcelebuli mravali mosazrebis arseboba qmnis siZneles. mosazre-
baTa simravlidan mTavrisa da arsebiTis gamoyofa problema gaxda.
jer kidev aristotele SeniSnavda, rom sazogadoeba moqalaqeTa erToblio-
baa, romelic sakuTari arsebobisaTvis sakmarisia. amis Semdeg uamravi mosazreba
gamoiTqva sazogadoebaze, magram aristoteles azri, rom sazogadoeba adamianTa
erToba, kavSiri da gaerTianebaa, yvela maTganSia SenarCunebuli. hobsi, ruso da
loki ambobdnen, rom sazogadoeba kontraqtiT (xelSekrulebiT) gaerTianebul ada-
mianTa erTobaa. sociologiis mama konti miiCnevda, rom sazogadoeba socialuri
organizmis Semadgeneli elementebis erTobliobaa, xolo spenseris azriT, sazoga-
doeba adamianur mimarTebaTa mudmivobaa; tards miaCnda, rom sazogadoeba mimbaZ-
vel adamianTa urTierTobaa; sociologiis klasikosi diurkemi ki sazogadoebas im
individTa krebulad warmoadgenda, romlebic erTmaneTTan mudmiv mimarTebaSi im-
yofebian. TiToeuli am mosazrebidan Cans, rom sazogadoebis cneba erTi romelime
calke aRebuli niSnis mixedviT aris ganmartebuli, rac arasworia. am yvelafer-
Tan erTad sazogadoeba amave dros adamianTa urTierTobaa, adamianTa urTierToba
ki mravalgvari SeiZleba iyos. amitom SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom sazogadoeba urTier-
TobaSi myof adamianTa gaerTianebaa, romelic istoriuli da kulturuli xasia-
Tis mqonea. erTmaneTTan kavSiriT adamianebi istoriul da kulturul samyaros
qmnian, rac, Tavis mxriv, sazogadoebis specifikas warmoadgens.
sazogadoeba adamianTa erToblivi cxovrebis Sedegad warmoSobili sinamdvi-
lea, Tumca erTad cxovreba sazogadoebis arsobriv niSans ar warmoadgens, radga-
nac erTad cxovreba biologiuri samyaros calkeul warmomadgenelTaTvisac ar
aris ucxo. magaliTad, mwerebis, frinvelebis, cxovelebisa da civsisxliani orga-
nizmebis erTobas sazogadoebad moixsenieben xolme da ityvian: WianWvelebis sazo-
gadoeba, futkrebis sazogadoeba da sxv. Tumca TiToeuli maTganis bunebrivi er-
Toba Tvisebrivad gansxvavdeba adamianTa erTobebisagan. arc erTi bunebrivi erTo-
ba Segnebuli kavSirebis Sedegad ar aris Seqmnili. garda amisa, WianWvelebis sa-
zogadoeba, rac iyo aseulobiT wlebis winaT, iseTivea dResac, rasac ver vityviT
adamianTa im did erTobaze, romelsac sazogadoeba hqvia. sazogadoebis specifikis
gamomxatvelia termini sociumi. es imas niSnavs, rom mxolod adamianebi arian so-
cialuri, anu iseTi arsebebi, romlebic erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli arian erTob-
livi cxovrebiTa da saqmianobiT, Segnebuli, myari, aucilebeli da ganmeorebadi
urTierTobebiT. sazogadoeba _ es aris sociumi, romelsac Sromis socialuri da-
nawileba axasiaTebs (diurkemi). sazogadoebis cneba adamianTa Tanacxovrebis ka-
nonzomierebaTa gacnobierebas gulisxmobs. is adamianTa Segnebuli da gacnobiere-
buli erTobaa. misi interpretaciis araerTi saintereso paradigmaa cnobili soci-
ologiaSi.
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 sociologiis Sesavali

sazogadoebis cnebis interpretaciis paradigmebi:

sazogadoebis cnebis interpretaciis paradigma sul mcire or umTvares kiT-
xvaze pasuxs gulisxmobs: es kiTxvebia: ra aris sazogadoeba? ratom da rogor ic-
vleba is?
emil diurkemi _ funqcionalisturi paradigma:
diurkemis mixedviT, miuxedavad imisa, rom sazogadoeba subieqtebis erTobli-
obaa, is obieqturi bunebis matarebelia da, raoden ucnauradac unda mogveCvenos,
igi individebisagan Seqmnili, magram maTgan damoukidebeli realobaa. is ufro me-
tia, vidre individTa ubralo jami. igi sakuTari cxovrebiTa da kanonebiT arse-
bobs, romlebic Cveni piradi gamocdilebis farglebs scdeba. Cven mier Seqmnili
realoba CvenTan mimarTebaSi garegani da maiZulebeli xasiaTis mqonea. misi arse-
boba win uwrebs Cvens arsebobas: sazogadoeba arsebobda Cvenamde da Cven Semdegac
iarsebebs. ramdenadac is totaluri realobaa, mas Cvenze zemoqmedebis Zala aqvs
da, Sesabamisad, igi mimarTulebas aZlevs Cvens azrebsa da moqmedebebs. amas TiTo-
euli Cvengani sakuTar Tavze gamocdis sazogadoebis mier Seqmnili normebisa da
wesebis, ufro sworad, koleqtiuri cnobierebis zemoqmedebis saxiT, romlisagan
Tavis daRweva aravis ar SeuZlia. sazogadoebaSi yvelafers socialurobis damRa
azis. diurkemma daadgina, rom sazogadoebis mTlianobis uzrunvelyofa da Senar-
Cuneba misi Semadgeneli socialuri elementebis funqciis gareSe SeuZlebelia. am
azriT, sazogadoeba erT mTlianobad Sekruli sistemaa, romlis yoveli elementi
garkveuli funqciis matarebelia da sazogadoebas erT mTlian sistemad kravs.
Tundac iseTi uaryofiTi movlena, rogoric danaSaulia, diurkemis mixedviT, gar-
kveuli socialuri funqciis matarebelia. igi socialuri TvalsazrisiT `norma-
luri~ movlenaa, radganac mis gareSe sazogadoeba ar arsebobs. danaSaulis amgva-
ri gageba Sors dgas misi iuridiuli ganmartebisagan. diurkemis mtkicebiT, sazo-
gadoeba aramarto `Cven gareT,~ aramed `Cven SigniTac~ imyofeba, rac imas niSnavs,
rom TiToeuli Cvenganis pirovneba socialuri normebisa da wesebis gaSinaganebis
gziT viTardeba. Cveni azrebis, Sexedulebebis, grZnobebis, gancdebisa da moqmede-
bebis masazrdoebeli wyaro sazogadoebaa, romelic moraluri kanonebiTa da kul-
turuli normebiT Cvens qcevebs aregulirebs. diurkemis azriT, adamianTa survi-
lebsa da moTxovnilebebs sazRvari ara aqvs da maT SeiZleba daRupon igi, Tu
droze ar Caeria sazogadoeba Tavisi socialuri regulaciis meqanizmebiT, risi
saWiroeba da aucilebloba diurkemma TviTmkvlelobis analizisas daadastura. ma-
galiTad, ratom iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom pop-varskvlavi britni spirsi an rok-
momRerali kurt kobeini TviTngrevis tendenciis matarebelni arian? msgavs faq-
tebTan dakavSirebiT am musikalur mimdinareobaTa gaCenamde didi xniT adre diur-
kemma daadgina, rom TviTmkvlelobis maCvenebeli maRalia iq, sadac sazogadoebri-
vi regulirebis xarisxi Zalian dabalia. Sesabamisad, usazRvro Tavisufleba, ro-
melic axalgazrdobaSi simdidresTan da didebasTanaa dakavSirebuli, Tavis mxriv,
msxverplis saxiT TviTmkvlelobas moiTxovs.
diurkemma isic SeamCnia, rom tradiciul sazogadoebasTan SedarebiT Tanamed-
rove sazogadoeba naklebad zRudavs adamians, rac diurkems maincdamianc ar mos-
wons, radganac masSi anomiis (unormobis) saSiSroeba imaleba. anomiis destruqci-
ul efeqtze metyvelebs Semdegi magaliTic: moulodneli dideba adamianebs tradi-
ciul saqmianobasa da ojaxs aSorebs, angrevs mis RirebulebiT samyaros da bo-
los es yvelaferi SeiZleba fataluri SedegebiT damTavrdes, amitom, diurkemis
Tanaxmad, individualuri survilebi TanxmobaSi unda iyos socialur moTxovneb-
Tan, rac Tanamedrove samyaroSi Zneli misaRwevia. pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis
`brZolis arenaze~, nicSesagan gansxvavebiT, sociologiis klasikosi sazogadoebis
mxareze dgas. sazogadoebis Semkvreli da makonstruirebeli ZiriTadi faqtori,
diurkemis mixedviT, solidarobis principia. am principis mixedviT ganasxvava man
erTmaneTisagan tradiciuli da Tanamedrove sazogadoebebi. tradiciuli sazoga-
deba meqanikuri solidarobis principzea agebuli, rac imas niSnavs, rom adamianebi
erTmaneTisadmi saWiroebas meqanikurad, avtomaturad ganicdian.
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kaxa qecbaia

Tanamedrove sazogadoebam solidarobis sxva forma moiTxova. amieridan ada-

mianebi tradiciebiT, moraliTa da adaT-wesebiT ki ar arian erTmaneTTan dakavSi-
rebuli, aramed organuli solidarobis principiT, rac Sromis danawilebasa da
ekonomikuri saqmianobis specializaciaSi gamoixateba. Tu tradiciul sazogadoe-
baSi sxvebisadmi Cems urTierTmimarTebas moraluri wesebi ganapirobebdnen da amis
gamo viyavi maT mimarT solidaruli, Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi sxvebisadmi so-
lidarobas axali cxovrebis wesi ganapirobebs. amieridan TiToeuli Cvengani aTa-
sobiT CvenTvis ucnob, magram saWiro adamianebze varT damokidebuli CvenTvis au-
cilebeli sagnebisa da momsaxurebis mosapoveblad. aseTia diurkemiseuli sazoga-
doebis gageba. mogvianebiT misi funqcionalisturi paradigma ufro maRal socio-
logiur doneze amerikelma sociologebma talkot parsonsma da robert mertonma
aiyvanes.
gerhard lenski _ sociokulturuli paradigma:
cnobili amerikeli sociologis gerhard lenskis Sromebi sxvadasxva tipis
sazogadoebebs Soris kolosaluri gansxvavebebis danaxvaSi gvexmareba. lenskim Zi-
riTadi aqcenti im cvlilebebze gadaitana, romelic sazogadoebaSi axali teqno-
logiebis danergvas moaqvs Tan. am procesebis aRsaniSnavad lenskim, sorokinis
msgavsad, sociokulturuli evoluciis cneba moiSvelia. misi azriT, socialuri
cvlilebebis temps teqnologiebi ganapirobeben, Sesabamisad, sazogadoebis tipo-
logiasac is udevs safuZvlad. warmoidgineT ramdenime saukunis win mcxovrebi
adamiani Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi. ra mouvidoda mas, rodesac iseT faqtebTan
mouwevda Sexeba, rogoricaa seqsi telefoniT, xelovnuri guli, genuri inJineria,
sinjaris bavSvebi da in-vitro ganayofiereba, eleqtronuli fosta, birTvuli saf-
rTxe, transseqsualizmi, kompiuteruli teraqtebi, satelevizio Souebi da mrava-
li sxva. lenskim aCvena, rom axali teqnologiebi sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis siR-
rmeebSi aRwevs da mTlianad moicavs mas. es procesi yovel sazogadoebas axasia-
Tebs. amdagvari procesi iyo Tavis droze Cveni winaprebis mier orTqlis an qaris
energiis gamoyeneba. teqnologiuri cvlilebebi kulturis progressac niSnavs, ami-
tom kacobriobis sociokulturuli progresis gzaze lenskim 5 ZiriTadi tipis sa-
zogadoeba gamoyo. sazogadoebis tipologiaze lenskis garda araerTi Tanamedro-
ve sociologi amaxvilebs yuradRebas, Tumca yoveli maTganis umTavresi tendenci-
ebi mocemuli aqvs lenskis. garda amisa, lenskis tipologia sazogadoebis bunebi-
sa da raobis asaxsneladaa sayuradRebo.

monadireTa da SemgrovebelTa sazogadoeba

yvelaze primitiuli sazogadoebebi monadire-

obiTa da Semgrovebluri meurneobiT inaxaven
Tavs, rac nadirobisa da mcenareuli sakvebis Seg-
rovebisaTvis primitiuli iaraRebis gamoyenebas
gulisxmobs. lenski miCnevs, rom adamianis gaCeni-
dan moyolebuli Zv. w. me-12 aTaswleulamde yvela
adamiani an monadire, an Semgrovebeli iyo. msgavsi
sazogadoebebi kacobriobis istoriaSi mravlad
yofila da arian dResac. magaliTad, avstralie-
li aborigenebi, kaskas tomebi kanadis samxreT-da-
savleTiT, buSmenebi Crdilo-dasavleT afrikaSi,
batekebi malaiziaSi da sxv.

gerhard lenski
(dab. 1924 w. 13. 09.)

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 sociologiis Sesavali

afrikeli buSmenebi

cxovrebis am wesis mimdevar adamianebs didi sasicocxlo sivrce sWirdebaT,

amitom isini sacxovrebel adgils waramara icvlian. sazogadoeba gvarovnul prin-
cipzea agebuli. ojaxi moipovebs da anawilebs sakvebs, icavs sakuTar wevrebs. am
tipis sazogadoebis adamianebi erTmaneTisagan TiTqmis ar gansxavdebian, Tumca
garkveuli asakobrivi da genderuli Taviseburebebi aqac aris. magaliTad, bavSvebi
da moxucebi akeTeben imas, risi gakeTebac SeuZliaT. ZiriTadi saqmianobiT jan-
mrTeli da SedarebiT axalgazrdebi arian dakavebuli. mamakacebi nadiroben, Tev-
zaoben. qalebi sakvebad vargisi mcenareuli nayofis, bolqvebisa da Zirebis Seg-
rovebiT arian dakavebuli. genderuli upiratesoba, lenskis mixedviT, amgvar sazo-
gadoebaSi arc erTi sqesis warmomadgenels ara aqvs, arc formaluri lideria ga-
mokveTili. erTaderTi adamiani, vinc yvelas pativiscemas imsaxurebs, Samania mxo-
lod, romelic sxvebisagan gansxvavebuli materialuri upiratesobis mflobeli
ar aris. lenski amgvar sazogadoebas egalitaruls (laTinurad egalite -Tanasworo-
ba) uwodebs. sicivesa da sicxeSi gareT yofna am adamianTa gamravlebas aferxebs.
bevri maTgani ise kvdeba, rom 20 wlis asaksac ver aRwevs. dRes es sazogadoebebi
umZimes dReSi arian, radganac Cveni saukunis teqnologiurma progresma maTi saar-
sebo sivrce SezRuda. maTi cxovrebis pirobebis da wes-Cveulebebis Seswavla ki
sociologiuri analizis cxoveli interesis sagania yovelTvis.

miwaTmoqmedTa da mesaqonleTa sazogadoeba

10-12 aTasi wlis winaT momxdarma teqnologiam sazogadoebis cvlileba daiw-
yo. adamianebma Sromis primitiuli iaraRebis meSveobiT miwis damuSaveba da mosav-
lis moyvana daiwyes, Tumca am saqmianobas mxolod admianTa garkveulma nawilma
mihyo xeli, _ maT, romlebic nayofier miwebze cxovrobdnen, xolo udabnoebsa da
mTebSi mcxovreblebma cxovelebis moSinaureba daiwyes da mesaqonleobas mihyves
xeli. dRes miwaTmoqmedTa da mesaqonleTa sazogadoebebi samxreT amerikaSi, afri-
kasa da aziaSi gvxvdeba. gansakuTrebiT cnobilia saharis udabnoSi mcxovrebi tua-
regis tomi. cxovelTa moSinaurebam da miwaTmoqmedebam produqtebis warmoeba sag-
rZnoblad gazarda, aman, Tavis mxriv, xelosnoba da vaWroba ganaviTara.

103
kaxa qecbaia

adamianebma Tmebis SeWra da tatuireba daiwyes. gaCndnen

qurumebi. monadireTa sazogadoebasTan SedarebiT sazoga-
doebis es tipi ufro rTuli da specializebulia. mona-
dires samyaro gasulierebulad warmoedgina. miwaTmoqme-
di Tavis winaprebsa da RmerTs, rogorc yovelives Semoq-
meds, scems Tayvans. mesaqonleTa da miwaTmoqmedTa sazo-
gadoeba ufro mwarmoebluri gaxda, Sesabamisad, gaCnda
socialuri uTanasworoba, rasac omebi da kanibalizmi
mohyva.

agraruli sazogadoeba
lenskis azriT, daaxloebiT 5 aTasi wlis winaT axlo
aRmosavleTSi kidev erTi teqnologiuri revolucia mox-
da, romelmac Secvala msoflios didi nawili. es agro-
kulturis Camoyalibeba iyo, rac guTnis gamogonebasa da
misi saSualebiT xvna-TesvasTanaa dakavSirebuli.
tuaregis tomis
warmomadgeneli

am faqts lenski `civilizaciis gariJraJs~ uwodebs. am droidan moyolebuli

msoflios mosaxleobis didi nawili sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobiT iyo dakavebu-
li. soflis meurneobis ganviTarebam sazogadoebis wevrTa Sromis kidev ufro
rTuli danawileba gamoiwvia, rac, Tavis mxriv, socialuri diferenciaciis wyaro
gaxda. agraruli sazogadoebebi soflis mosaxleobis gazrdili raodenobiT gamo-
irCevian. mosaxleobis didi nawili glexebi da miwis mepatroneebi arian. lenskis
es sazogadoebis e. w. elitaruli nawilis Canasaxad miaCnia. am tipis sazogadoebis
wevrTa umTavresi saqmianoba soflis meurneobaa, Tumca mrewvelobac viTardeba,
magram mas wamyvani adgili jer ar ukavia. agrokulturam sazogadoebaSi manamde
arsebuli genderuli balansi daarRvia da mamakacs qalTan SedarebiT meti upira-
tesoba mieniWa. Tavis mxriv, agraruli sazogadoebebic ar aris erTgvarovani. es
imis gamoa, rom agraruli teqnologia adamianebs farTo cxovrebiseul arCevans
sTavazobs. agrarul sazogadoebas garkveulwilad tradiciul sazogadoebasac

104
 sociologiis Sesavali

uwodeben, Tumca aseTi definicia lenskisTvis miuRebelia. tradiciulia is sazo-

gadoeba, romelsac tradiciebi da adaT-wesebi marTaven.

industriuli (samrewvelo) sazogadoeba

industriuli sazogadoeba kacobriobis istoriaSi samrewvelo eris dadgomam
warmoSva. igi fabrikaqarxnuli warmoebis ganviTarebas gulisxmobs, rac, Tavis
mxriv, mniSvnelovani teqnologiuri cvlilebebiT aris gamowveuli. am tipis sazo-
gadoebis teqnologiuri niSnebia manqanebis, elqtroganaTebis, macivrebis, lifte-
bisa da sarecxi manqanebis warmoeba, rasac Zalian male mohyva telefonis, radios,
televizorisa da eleqtronuli Setyobinebis saSualebaTa gaCena, xolo Tanamed-
rove sazogadoeba ukve kompiuterisa da kompiuteruli teqnologiebis mowmec gax-
da. agraruli sazogadoebisagan gansxvavebiT, industriulma sazogadoebam adamia-
nebi saxlidan fabrika-qarxnebSi gadaiyvana. Sromis danawilebam, romlis Sesaxebac
Tavis droze diurkemi saubrobda, manamde arnaxul dones miaRwia. industriulma
teqnologiam ojaxis transformacia gamoiwvia. is ukve aRar aris socialuri
cxovrebis centri. lenskim mianiSna, rom industrializaciis ganviTarebam siRari-
bis Zveli problema mainc ver moxsna. industriamdel sazogadoebasTan SedarebiT
aq gaizarda ganaTlebul adamianTa raodenoba da, saerTod, ganaTlebis roli.
mniSvnelovani yuradReba eTmoba adamianis politikur da sxva uflebebs. indus-
triul sazogadoebaSi ukve naTlad aris gamokveTili urbanizaciisa da sekulari-
zaciis tendenciebi.
gansakuTrebiT saintere-
soa qalaquri cxovrebis wesis
damkvidreba da mosaxleobis
ganlageba megapolisebSi, rac
industriuli sazogadoebis
aucilebeli niSania. sayurad-
Rebo faqtia agreTve mecnie-
rebis ganviTareba, romelic
industriuli sazogadoebis
Tanamdevi procesia. sazogado-
ebis organizaciul-ekonomiku-
ri cvlilebebi axali teqno-
logiebis danergvas moiTxovs,
rac, Tavis mxriv, mecnierebis
ganviTarebis gareSe warmoud-
genelia. lenskis mixedviT,
dReisaTvis industriuli sa-
zogadoebebis ZiriTadi nawi-
li evropasa da aziaSi gvxvde-
ba.

postindustriuli sazogadoeba
industriuli sazogadoebebis umravlesoba (magaliTad, amerikuli, iaponuri,
finuri da sxv.) teqnologiuri ganviTarebis momdevno fazaSi Sevida, romelsac
postindustriuli sazogadoeba ewodeba. termini amerikelma sociologma deniel
belma Semoitana im axali teqnologiebis aRsaniSnavad, romelic ekonomikis axali
tipis safuZvels qmnis da informaciis warmoebazea orientirebuli.
postindustriuli sazogadoebis ekonomika `servisul meurneobazea~ agebuli. mas
maRali marketinguli kultura axasiaTebs, rac TavisTavad pirovnebaTSorisi ko-
munikaciebis, ganaTlebis, Teoriuli codnisa da mecnieruli kvlevebis priori-
tets gulisxmobs. Tu industriul sazogadoebaSi materialuri sagnebis warmoebaa
mniSvnelovani, postindustriulSi es adgili codnam, informaciam daikava. am ti-
pis sazogadoebis informaciul ekonomikas kompiuteruli teqnologiebi uzrun-
velyofen. am tipis sazogadoebis sinonimia `codnis sazogadoeba.~
105
kaxa qecbaia

socialuri organizaciebis mkvlevarma amerikelma soci-

ologma amitai etcionim 1968 wels Tavis erT-erT naSromSi
`aqtiuri sociumis~ idea wamoayena, romelSic Tanamedrove sa-
zogadoebaSi mimdinare cvlilebebsa da am cvlilebaTa Sede-
gebze amaxvilebda yuradRebas. etcionis mier warmodgenili
`aqtiuri sociumi,~ faqtobrivad, postmodernistuli sazoga-
doeba iyo im azriT, rom igi kardinalurad gansxvavdeba Ta-
namedrove, modernistuli sazogadoebisagan. Cveulebriv, pos-
tmodernistul sazogadoebas postindustriulTan aigiveben,
rac arasworia. postmodernistuli sazogadoeba bevrad gan-
deniel beli
sxavdeba postindustriulisagan (posmodernistuli sazogado-
(1919-2011)
ebis problematikas sociologiis mimarTulebis studentebi
`postmodernistuli sociologiuri Teoriebis~ kursis Seswavlisas gaecnobian).

informaciuli (qseluri) sazogadoeba

1962 wels amerikelma ekonomistma fristom meklapma gamoTqva mosazreba, rom Se-
saZlebelia codnis warmoeba, gadaadgileba da, Sesabamisad, nebismieri produqtis
msgavsad yidva-gayidva. amerikeli ekonomistis am ideaze iaponeli mkvlevrebi 10 weli
muSaobdnen. kvlevis idea materialur faseulobebTan SedarebiT informaciuli fase-
ulobebis prioritetis Sesaxeb mosazrebas emyareboda. codnisa da informaciis gai-
givebis gamo `informaciuli sazogadoebis~ cnebas xSirad akritikeben da mis sanac-
vlod `avtomatikisa da kavSiris sazogadoebis~ cnebas gvTavazoben (perti hemanusi,
ilki ninuluto da sxv.). miuxedavad am kritikisa, sociologebi `informaciuli sazo-
gadoebis cnebas~ dRes mainc xmaroben. informaciuli sazogadoebis Teoretikosad
iTvleba espaneli warmoSobis amerikeli sociologi manuel kastelsi.
informaciuli sazogadoebis ekonomika in-
formaciis Segrovebasa da moxmarebazea damo-
kidebuli. Tanamedrove sociologebis azriT,
postindustriuli sazogadoeba komunikaciuri
da informaciuli bunebis matarebelia, saida-
nac ukve erTi nabijia informaciul sazogado-
ebamde, romlis strategiuli resursi informa-
ciaa. informaciis warmomqmneli axali teqno-
logiebisa da komunikaciebis SesaZleblobebi
ki, faqtobrivad, grandiozulia.
yovelive zemoaRniSnulis Sejamebis Se-
degad SevamCnevT, rom, lenskis mixedviT, sa-
zogadoebad adamianebs aerTianebs yvelasaT-
vis saerTo kultura, romlis formebi teqno-
logiuri ganviTarebis doneebis mixedviT gan-
sxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan. teqnologiis gar-
manuel kastelsi (dab. 1942 w.)
TulebasTan erTad rTuldeba sazogadoebis
socialuri struqtura, adamianebs Soris ur-
TierTobis formebi da a. S. Sesabamisad, sazogadoebebs Soris gansxvavebebs qmnis
teqnologia, romelic socialur gardaqmnebs biZgs aZlevs.
karl marqsi _ konfliqtologiuri paradigma:
sazogadoebis cnebis interpretaciis erT-erTi paradigmatuli modelia mar-
qsis mier SemoTavazebuli Teoriuli modeli, romelic Tanamedrove sociologia-
Si konfliqtologiuri paradigmis saxeliT aris cnobili. mis mixedviT, warmoeba,
ekonomikuri faqtorebi sazogadoebis, rogorc `socialuri organizmis,~ arsebobi-
sa da cvalebadobis ganmsazRvrelni arian. Sesabamisad, sazogadoebis istoria
warmoebis, ekonomikis ganviTrebis istoriaa. is gansazRvravs sazogadoebisa da
adamianis ara marto fizikur arsebobas, aramed sulier cxovrebasac. marqsis mi-
xedviT, yoveli sazogadoebis bazisze garkveuli zednaSenia aRmarTuli. rogori-
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 sociologiis Sesavali

caa bazisi, iseTia zednaSeni, e. i. sazogadoebis politikuri, samarTlebrivi, zne-

obrivi, kulturuli da a. S. Rirebulebani. bazisi adamianTa warmoebiT urTierTo-
baTa erToblioba anu sazogadoebis ekonomikuri wyobilebaa. sazogadoebas warmo-
eba ganapirobebs, magram warmoeba mTeli rigi socialuri konfliqtebis matarebe-
lia. konfliqtis wyaro socialuri uTanasworobaa romelic, marqsis mixedviT, ki-
dev ufro autaneli xdeba kapitalizmis SemTxvevaSi.
mosaxleobis didi nawili kapita-
lizmis pirobebSi, ambobs marqsi, pro-
letarebad _ adamianebad, romlebic
TavianT samuSao Zalas yidian, gadaiq-
cevian. konfliqti proletarebsa da
fabrika-qarxnebis mepatroneebs Soris
gardauvali xdeba, rac, saboloo jam-
Si, revoluciebiT mTavrdeba. revolu-
ciis saboloo mizani uTanasworobis
mospoba da komunisturi sazogadoe-
bis aSenebaa. lenskis Sexedeulebebis
marqsis enaze Targmnis SemTxvevaSi
gamodis, rom adrindeli sazogadoebe-
bi komunistur sazogadoebaSi cxov-
robdnen. komunizmi iseTi sazogadoeb-
rivi wyobaa, rodesac sazogadoebis
yvela wevrs Tanabarad miuwvdeba xe-
li misTvis aucilebel materialur
resursebze. kapitalizmis SemTxvevaSi aseTi ram gamoricxulia, amitom igi mwvave
socialuri konfliqtebis wyaro xdeba. socialuri konfliqti pirvel rigSi klas-
Ta brZolas gulisxmobs (marqsis terminia). garda klasTa brZolisa, kapitalizmi
gaucxoebis wyaroa da amitomac miuRebelia marqsisTaTvis. man gaucxoebis oTxi
forma gamoyo: 1) Sromis procesisagan gaucxoeba _ kapitalizmis SemTxvevaSi Sro-
ma rutinul saqmianobad iqceva, romelic adamians adamianurobas akargvinebs da
manqanad aqcevs; 2) Sromis produqtebisagan gaucxoeba _ igulisxmeba, rom mis mier
warmoebuli saqoneli muSas ar ekuTvnis; 3) sxva muSebisagan gaucxoeba _ wesiT,
Sromam adamianebs Soris urTierToba unda moawesrigos, magram kapitalizmi aqac
amazrzen saxes iRebs, TanamSromlobis nacvlad konkurencias amkvidrebs da adami-
anebs erTmaneTis mtrebad aqcevs; 4) adamianis arsisagan gaucxoeba _ kapitalistu-
ri sazogadoeba adamians adamianurobis yvela niSan-Tvisebas ukargavs. adamiani
mowyvetilia sakuTar arss. am SemTxvevaSi adamianis axali tipi yalibdeba, romel-
sac marqsi `homo ekonomikuss~ uwodebs. es aris adamiani, romelsac mxolod eko-
nomikuri interesebi amoZravebs da meti araferi. gaucxoebis formebi kidev ufro
amZafreben socialur konfliqtebs.
Seqmnili mdgomareobidan gamosavali
revoluciaSia. marqsistul ideebs is-
toriam da drom mkacri ganaCeni gamo-
utana. am Teoriam sabWoTa eqsperimen-
ti ar gaamarTla da warsuls Cabarda,
magram marqsis idea sazogadoebis in-
terpretirebisas gasaTvaliswinebelia.
mogvianebiT sazogadoebis mar-
qsistul paradigmaze dayrdnobiT Sei-
muSava polonelma sociologma ian
SCepanskim `sazogadoebrivi cxovre-
bis~ cneba, romelSic man moiazra yve-
la movlena, romelic individTa ur-
TierTzemoqmedebiTa da erTobiT aris
ganpirobebuli. sazogadoebrivi cxov-
107
kaxa qecbaia

rebis ZiriTad faqtorebad man miiCnia biologiuri, teritoriuli, demografiuli,

ekonomikuri da kulturuli faqtorebi. aqedan gamomdinare, sazogadoeba aris bio-
logiuri, geografiuli, demografiuli, ekonomikuri da kulturuli safuZvlebiT
gaerTianebul adamianTa erToba. sabolood unda aRvniSnoT, rom Tuki diurkemi
sazogadoebaSi adamianTa erTobas xedavda, marqsma masSi misi sapirispiro tenden-
ciebi dainaxa _ ara erToba, aramed ganxeTqileba da socialuri konfliqtebi. sa-
zogadoebis cnebis marqsisagan gansxvavebuli gageba hqonda sociologiis klasi-
koss maqs vebers.
maqs veberi _ racionalisturi paradigma:
veberma uari Tqva rogorc teqnologiis, aseve warmoebis sistemis mixedviT
sazogadoebis cnebis interpretaciaze da adamianis mier samyaros xedvaze gaakeTa
aqcenti. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, industriamdeli sazogadoebebi tradiciaSi
arian CaZirulni, xolo kapitalisturi anu Tanamedrove sazogadoebebi _ raciona-
lurobaSi; tradiciaSi veberi im wes-Cveulebebs, rwmena-warmodgenebsa da ganwyobi-
lebebs moiazrebda, romlebic Taobidan Taobas gadaecema. tradiciuli sazogadoe-
bis wevrebi warsuliT cxovroben. es daaxloebiT Tionisis `gemaiSaftis~ (Temis)
msgavsi gaerTianebaa, romelic kontrastul suraTs qmnis Tanamedrove sazogadoe-
basTan _ `gezelSaftTan~ (sazogadoeba) mimarTebaSi, romlis ZiriTadi niSani, vebe-
ris mixedviT, racionalobaa. racionaloba niSnavs, rom adamianTa moqmedebas sazo-
gadoebaSi mkacrad gaTvlili da mizanmimarTuli xasiaTi aqvs. amis tipuri magali-
Tia kapitalisturi sazogadoeba. tradiciulidan Tanamedrove sazogadoebaze ga-
dasvlis aRsaniSnavad Semoitana veberma termini _ sazogadoebis racionalizacia.
es igive sazogadoebis `ganjadoeba~ da demagizaciaa, rac tradiciuli normebis
nacvlad samoqalaqo Rirebulebebis damkvidrebas niSnavs (es procesebi Tanamedro-
ve qarTul sazogadoebasac axasiaTebs, rac tradiciuli Rirebulebebis damcvel-
Ta mxridan Zalze mtkivneulad aRiqmeba. `sazogadoebis racionalizacia~ da `de-
sakralizacia~ TviTon sazogadoebis ganviTarebis Sinagani logikidan unda momdi-
nareobdes da ara xelovnurad, viRacis provocirebiT araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar un-
da xdebodes). veberis mixedviT, kapitalisturi sazogadoebis aRmavloba ara eko-
nomikurma, aramed moralur-eTikurma da religiurma faqtorebma ganapiroba, gan-
sakuTrebiT protestantizmma, romelic kargad moergo racionalizebul sazogado-
ebas. `kapitalizmis suli~ `racionalizmisa da protestantizmis sulTan~ Tanxmo-
baSi aRmoCnda, ramac Sedegad arnaxuli ekonomikuri warmateba moutana sazogadoe-
bas. racionalobam da protestantulma eTikam daudes saTave industriul revolu-
cias da kapitalizms, ramac, Tavis mxriv, gansazRvra Tanamedrove sazogadoeba. ve-
berma sazogadoebis racionaluri organizaciis 7 mTavari niSani gamoyo:
1) mkafiod gamoyofili socialuri institutebi _ rasac moklebuli iyo ad-
rindeli sazogadoeba. yvela socialuri institutis funqcias ojaxi asrulebda.
Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi ki mkafiod aris gamoyofili religiuri, politikuri,
ekonomikuri, jandacvisa da ganaTlebis funqciis matarebeli socialuri institu-
tebi. am SemTxvevaSi sicialur institutTa diferenciaciasTan gvaqvs saqme.
2) msxvilmasStabiani organizaciebi _ Tanamedrove racionaloba TvalSisace-
mia msxvilmasStabiani organizaciebis gavrcelebis Sedegadac. Tanamedrove sazo-
gadoebis wevrTa didi nawili, milionobiT adamiani, am tipis organizaciebSia da-
saqmebuli.
3) specializebuli amocanebi _ tradiciuli sazogadoebis wevrebisagan gan-
sxvavebiT, Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi adamianebi specializebul samuSaoTa mTel
wyebas asruleben. satelefono wignSi Caxedvac ki sakmarisia imisaTvis, rom davi-
naxoT, Tu ramdenad mravali profesia arsebobs Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi.
4) piradi disciplina _ Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi mniSvnelovani aqtivia
TviTdisciplina; TviTdisciplinebuli pirovnebis CamoyalibebaSi udides rols
protestantuli eTika asrulebs. veberis azriT, warmatebulobisa da efeqturobis
saidumlo swored religiur msoflmxedvelobaSi unda veZeboT.
5) drois faqtoris gacnobiereba _ tradiciul sazogadoebaSi adamianebi
dros Cveulebisamebr mzis garSemo dedamiwis moZraobis mixedviT sazRvraven. Tana-
108
 sociologiis Sesavali

medrove sazogadoebam ki drois faqtoris aqtualizeba moaxdina da adamianma ga-

acnobiera, rom `dro fulia!~
6) teqnikuri kopmpetenturoba _ tradiciul sazogadoebaSi adamianebi erTma-
neTs imis mixedviT afaseben, Tu vin vin aris. Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi ki adami-
anis Sefasebis kriteriumia, Tu vin ra aris, rac mTeli rigi unar-Cvevebis qonazea
damokidebuli.
7) pirovnulobis dakargva _ racionalur sazogadoebaSi axlo urTierTobeb-
Tan SedarebiT teqnikuri kompetenturobaa prioritetuli. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi,
rodesac Cven sxvadasxva specialobis admianebTan mivdivarT, srulebiT ar gvainte-
resebs maTi pirovnuloba, sulac ar aRviqvamT maT, rogorc pirovnebebs. raciona-
lizebul samyaroSi adamianuri grZnobebisa da pirovnulobisaTvis adgili ar rCe-
ba. Tanamedrove adamianma icis, rom maTi kontroli Zalze Znelia, amitom uars am-
bobs maTze. dRevandel sazogadoebas upirovno adamianebi warmoadgenen.
sazogadoebis racionalizaciasTan aris dakavSirebuli veberis biurokratiis
Teoria.
termini biurokratia XVIII saukunis evropaSi gaCnda da Tavidanve uaryofi-
Ti elferi dahkravda. pirveli, vinc mas dadebiTad Sexeda, veberi iyo. Cveuleb-
riv biurokratia saxelmwifo aparatis saSualo rangis Cinovnikuri sistemaa.
veberis mtkicebiT, Tanamedrove sazogadoebis oraganizaciuli forma ierarqi-
ulad mowesrigebuli rolebis ganawilebas moiTxovs, romelic Camoyalibebulia
mkafiod gansazRvruli upirovno wesebisa da procedurebis safuZvelze. veberma
gansazRvra biurokratiis `idealuri tipi~, romelic imis gasazomad gamoiyeneba,
Tu ramdenad biurokratiulia organizacia. biurokratiis niSnebia:
ierarqiulad organizebuli rolebis sistema. vertikaluri daqvemdebareba _
organizaciis xelmZRvaneliT dawyebuli rigiTi TanamSromlebiT damTavrebuli;
samuSao reJimis regulireba garkveuli wesebiT;
mkacri samsaxurebrivi disciplina;
kancelaria;
oficialurisa da piradulis mkacri gamijvna.
es yvelaferi, veberis mixedviT, organizaciis efeqturi saqmianobis pirobaa,
amitomac biurokratia Tanamedrove sazogadoebis umniSvnelovanesi Semadgeneli
nawilia. mis gareSe warmoudgenelia Tanamedrove sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis gage-
ba. rac Seexeba gaucxoebis problemas, marqsis msgavsad, veberic amCnevda, rom Ta-
namedrove sazogadoeba, romelic adamianTa keTildReobisTvisaa mowodebuli, nel-
nela monstrad (urCxulad, leviaTanad) gadaiqca, romelmac gadaylapa adamiani,
Tumca, marqsisagan gansxavavebiT, problemis mosagvareblad revoluciebisaTvis ar
miumarTavs. mas bolomde miamiturad sjeroda Tavisi racionalisturi koncefcii-
sa da egona, rom is adamianebs bednierebas moutanda, Tumca es ase ar moxda. raci-
onalizmma kraxi ganicada (nicSe da postmodernistebi) da sociologiur azrovne-
baSi axali horizonti gamoCnda postmodernistuli sociologiis saxiT. miuxeda-
vad amisa, veberis racionalisturma paradigmam, romelsac ferdinand Tionisic
iziarebs, sazogadoebis cnebis interpretaciis axal aspeqtebze gaamaxvila yurad-
Reba.
sazogadoebis cnebis sociologiuri kvleva dResac aqtiurad mimdinareobs.
mkvlevrebi mis sul ufro axal-axali aspeqtebis gamovlenaze arian orientirebu-
li. maTgan erT-erTi SedarebiT uaxlesi mosazrebebi warmodgenilia neil smelze-
ris wignSi `sociologia~, romelSic yvela Sexeduleba aris Tavmoyrili. mis mi-
xedviT, mTavaria imis codna, Tu adamianTa ra saxis gaerTianebas SeiZleba vuwo-
doT sazogadoeba. amis mixedviT, sazogadoebad adamianTa gaerTianeba iqceva maSin,
rodesac mas aqvs:
sakuTari teritoria. magaliTad, qarTuli sazogadoeba Tavis teritoriul
sazRvrebSi arsebobs;
hyavs sakuTari mosaxleoba da misi Sevseba xdeba SobadobiT. mniSvnelovania
agreTve migraciuli procesebic;
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kaxa qecbaia

ganviTarebuli kultura. kulturis modelebi sxvadasxvagvaria, imis mixed-

viT, Tu rogor aformebs esa Tu is sazogadoeba sakuTar biologiur da sxva mo-
cemulobebs;
`politikuri~ damoukidebloba. sazogadoeba raRac sxva sistemis qvesistema
ki ar aris, aramed TviTon aris damoukidebeli makrosamyaro.
sazogadoebis cneba ixmareba agreTve sxvadasxva profesiuli gaerTianebebis
aRsaniSnavadac. magaliTad, `eqimTa sazogadoeba~ _ erTi profesiis mqone adamian-
Ta jgufia; arsebobs aseve gamoTqma `maRali sazogadoeba.~ am SemTxvevaSi adamian-
Ta gaerTianebis safuZveli raRac gansakuTrebuli saxis saerTo interesebia. sa-
zogadoebis cneba sul sxva elfers iZens, rodesac mas romelime qveynis saxelwo-
debasTan erTad vaxsenebT, magaliTad, qarTuli an amerikuli sazogadoeba. am Sem-
TxvevaSi Cven sazogadoebis albaT yvelaze gavrcelebul Tanamedrove gagebasTan
gvaqvs saqme, romelic gulisxmobs garkveul geografiul sazRvrebs, erTian saka-
nonmdeblo da ekonomikur sistemas da a. S. ase rom, Cven davrwmundiT imaSi, rom
sazogadoebis cnebis definicia arc ise advili saqme yofila. garda amisa, saqmes
arTulebs agreTve socialuri transformaciebis saocrad daCqarebuli tempebi,
romlis aRsaniSnavad sociologebs axal-axali terminebi SemoaqvT.

ferdinand Tionisi: tradiciulidan Tanamedrove sazogadoebisaken: F

Temi sazogadoeba
`gemainSafti~ `gezelSafti~
tradiciuli adaT-wesebi, rwmena, formaluri samarTali, `dawerili kanone-
dauwereli kanonebi. bi.~
naTesauri kavSirebi, axlobloba. profesionaluri specializacia, romelic
saojaxo rolebs ar emTxveva.
TanagrZnoba da urTierTdaxmareba, pirovnuli interesebis racionaluri gan-
adamiani sxvas SeiZleba uangarod xorcieleba, adamianebs Soris saqmiani uri-
daexmaros. erTobebi, fuliT angariSsworeba da sxv.
kultura religiur Rirebulebeb- kultura saero, sekularizebul Rirebu-
zea dafuZnebuli; sakraluris pri- lebebzea dafuZnebuli,
mati. sakraluris profanacia.
ZiriTadi institutia ojaxi, Temi adamianTa xelovnuri gaerTianeba, didi ga-
da mezoblebi; soflis Temi. adami- erTianebebi da organizaciebi, asociaciebi
anTa bunebrivi gaerTianeba. da sxv. (mTavroba, saqmiani wreebi, politi-
kuri partiebi da a. S.).

Ria da daxuruli sazogadoeba

Ria da daxuruli sazogadoebis cneba avstro-ingli-
selma filosofosma da sociologma karl raimund poperma
SemoiRo.
poperis mixedviT, daxuruli sazogadoeba statikuri
socialuri struqturiT, SezRuduli socialuri mobilo-
biT, tradicionalizmiT, inovaciebisadmi moumzadeblobiTa
da dogmaturi avtoritaruli ideologiiT xasiaTdeba (ro-
gorc wesi, es totalitaruli sazogadoebaa).
Ria sazogadoeba ki sazogadoebis iseTi tipia, romelic di-
namiuri socialuri struqturiT, maRali socialuri mobi-
lobiT, inovaciurobiT, kriticizmiT (ar arsebobs Tema, ro-
melic kritikisaTvis daxurulia), individualizmiT da plu-
ralisturi demokratiuli ideologiiT xasiaTdeba. aq adami-
ans arCevanis sruli Tavisufleba aqvs. Ria sazogadoebaSi
k. r. poperi
saxelmwifo odeologia srulebiT ar arsebobs, xolo sin-
(1902-1994)
disis da sxva tipis Tavisufleba konstituciiT aris gamya-
rebuli. masSi didi asparezi eTmoba SemoqmedebiT azrovne-
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 sociologiis Sesavali

basa da novaciebs. Tu daxurul sazogadoebaSi yvelas magivrad erTi adamiani an

adamianTa mcire jgufia pasuxismgebeli, Ria sazogadoebaSi yoveli calkeuli ada-
miania pasuxismgebeli, amitom am tipis sazogadoeba pasuxismgeblobisadmi gansa-
kuTrebuli midgomiT gamoirCeva. poperma am sakiTxebis analizs specialuri naSro-
mi miuZRvna saxelwodebiT: `Ria sazogadoeba da misi mtrebi.~
ulrix beki: riskebis sazogadoeba
1986 wels miunxenis universitetis sociologiis profesorma ulrix bekma epoqa-
luri mniSvnelobis naSromi gamoaqveyna saxelwodebiT: `riskebis sazogadoeba~, ri-
Tac sociologiaSi sazogadoebis kidev erTi axali cneba Semoitana.
bekis mixedviT, modernizaciam da globa-
lizaciam industriul sazogadoebas bolo mo-
uRo, romlis siRrmeSi Tanamedroveobis axali
modeli _ riskebis sazogadoeba Tvlemda. pos-
tmodernizmis paradigma, romlis mixedviT Cven
ukve Tanamedroveobis miRma _ postTanamedrove-
obaSi vimyofebiT, bekma `meore Tanamedroveo-
bis~ cnebiT Secvala. is aRniSnavs, rom Tana-
medrove institutebma ukve globaluri xasiaTi
SeiZines, xolo yoveldRiuri cxovreba sabo-
lood ganTavisuflda tradiciebisagan da sa-
zogadoebis axali tipi _ riskebis sazogadoe-
ba gaCnda. imas, rasac postmodernistebTan qao-
si an modelebis ararseboba hqvia, bekTan riski
ulrix beki ewodeba. mecnierebisa da teqnologiebis prog-
resis fonze riski Tanamedroveobis centralu-
ri problema xdeba. riskebi ki uamravia genmodificirebuli produqtebiT dawyebu-
li globaluri daTbobiTa da qorwinebisa da ojaxis problemebiT damTavrebuli
(igulisxmeba ojaxis trasformacia). riskebi sazogadoebaSi yovelTvis iyo, ambobs
beki, magram dRevandeli riskebi adrindels ver Seedreba, radganac maT cvaleba-
doba ganicades. dRes isini sul sxva xasiaTis matarebelni gaxdnen. riskebis mar-
Tva ki ar oficialuri politikis, aramed `subpolitikis~ (bekis terminia) saqmea,
romelic demokratiuli politikis formalurobismiRma meqanizmebs gulisxmobs.
masala gansjisaTvis
fragmenti ian SCepanskis wignidan `sociologiis elementaruli cnebebi~
cxovelTa gaerTianebani
`cxovelTa gaerTianebebis kvleva kidev ufro sainteresoa sociologiisaTvis,
vinaidan cxovelebSi SeimCneva mdgradi kavSirebi. isini emyarebian miswrafebebs, rom-
lebic adamianebsac axasiaTebT. am kavSirebs cxovelTa arsebebs Soris ar gansaz-
Rvravs raime ekonomikuri an kulturuli faqtorebi, ris gamoc maTi magaliTiT SeiZ-
leba davadginoT, Tu ra gavlenas axdens fiziologiuri an, ufro farTod, biologi-
uri faqtorebi sazogadoebriv cxovrebaze, amitom cxovelTa sazogadoebrivi cxovre-
ba didi xania, rac sociologebis cxovel interess iwvevs.
cxovelTa samyaroSi arsebobs sxvadasxvanairi gaerTianebani. gaerTianebebs aq
Cven vuwodebT mxolod iseTebs, romlebSic vxvdebiT urTierTqmedebas cocxal arse-
baTa qcevaSi. masasadame, mwerebis gundi, zafxulis Rames parkSi anTebuli lampis
garSemo rom trialebs, jer kidev ar aris raime gaerTianeba, vinaidan is mxolod ar-
sebaTa grovaa, romelic lampam miizida dauZleveli tropizmiT, rac TiToeul arse-
baSi individualurad moqmedebs. cxovelTa sazogadoebebis ganxilvisas Cven viyenebT
gaerTianebaTa sxva gansazRvrebas, vidre mcenareTa grovis ganxilvisas. lampis garSe-
mo Tavmoyril mwerTa grovaSi ar arsebobs urTierTmoqmedeba da erTad yofna ar
warmoadgens raime moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebas. sxva arsebebTan kontaqtis moT-
xovnilebam ki ara, mxolod sinaTlisadmi swrafvam gaaerTiana es gundi. cxovelTa
gaerTianebaze vlaparakobT mxolod iq, sadac gaerTianeba dakmayofilebis Sedegia
da sadac erToblivi cxovreba saxeobis `nervuli wonasworobis~ piroba xdeba.

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kaxa qecbaia

cxovelTa gaerTianeba SeiZleba garkveuli wesiT ganvalagoT. gamovyofT,

uwinares yovlisa, ara koordinirebul gaerTianebebs, romlebSic erTmaneTis
Semcvel arsebaTa garkveuli raodenoba, ivseba ra axalmosulebiT, mWidrod
aris dakavSirebuli garkveul adgilTan. aseTi gaerTianebebi gvxvdeba mwerebSi:
magaliTad, taraknebi droebiT qmnian aseT gaerTianebebs, Tumca TiToeul maT-
gans SeuZlia icxovros agreTve izolirebuladac. Wiamaiebic grovdebian weli-
wadis garkveul dros da qmnian aseT gaerTianebebs.
martivi koordinirebuli gaerTianebani imiT gansxvavdebian wina gaerTiane-
bebisagan, rom maTSi gaerTianebuli arsebani koordinirebul funqciebs asrule-
ben. magaliTad, SevexoT muxluxebis erTobliv mogzaurobas, isini cocxali xa-
liCasaviT moZraoben erTi mimarTulebiT, Tumca maT Soris ar aris `winamZRo-
li,~ aseTivea kaliebisa da sxva migraciiT moqmedi mwerebis Rrublebi. aseT ga-
erTianebaSi yvela arseba erTsa da imave funqciebs asrulebs.
dabali tipis gaerTianebas axasiaTebs is, rom erTobliobaSi myof saerTo
amocanas asruleben. zogierTi muxluxebi, magaliTad, saerTo bades akeTeben,
obobebi qsoven saerTo ablabudas. maRali tipis gaerTianebas qmnian termitebi,
krazanebi, futkrebi da WianWvelebi. maTi konstruqciebi Zalian rTulia, arse-
bebs calke cxovreba ar SeuZliaT, es aris myari gaerTianebani, romlebic asru-
leben rTul, kargad koordinirebul funqciebs. am arsebaTa urTierTdamokide-
buleba Zalian maRal donezea.
xerxemlianebSi vxvdebiT warmavali xasiaTis ufro elementarul gaerTiane-
bebsac da myar, SekavSirebul gaerTianebebsac, romlebSic arsebaTa Soris meto-
qeoba minimumamdea dayvanili da romlebic koordinirebulad icvlian adgilsam-
yofels da avlenen Sromis danawilebis unars. maT ar axasiaTebT morfologiu-
ri gansxvavebani, romlebsac daemyareboda gaerTianebaSi Sesrulebuli gansxave-
buli funqciebi, rogorc es niSandoblivia mwerebisaTvis, magram ukve arsebobs
ierarqiis Canasaxebi da arian winamZRolebi. xerxemlianTa gaerTianebani SeiZle-
ba davyoT Semdegnairad: damoukideblad mcxovrebi, monogamiur xerxemlianTa
ojaxuri gaerTianebani. aq gvxvdeba sxvadasxva saxis ojaxebi, romlebic arsebo-
ben droebiT da mudmivad, isini zogjer erTiandebian Tavisufal jgufebad, ma-
galiTad, mglebis xrova. monogamur xerxemlianTa gaerTianeba, romlebic ewevian
jogur cxovrebas, Seadgenen monogamiuri ojaxebis myari gaerTianebis ufro
mudmiv saxeobas. eseni arian frinvelebi, romlebic qmnian droebiT mWidro da
Sekrul gunds da ar ikareben am saxeobis sxva arsebebs garkveul teritoriaze.
poligamiur xerxemlianTa gaerTianebani gvxvdeba SedarebiT xSirad ZuZumwov-
rebSi. magaliTad, Svlebi, veluri cxenebi da sxva cxovelebi qmnian aseT jo-
gebs. am saxis umaRlesi tipia maimunTa gaerTianeba.
xerxemlianTa gaerTianeba ufro naklebad aris Seswavlili, vidre mwerebis
gaerTianeba, vinaidan bunebriv mdgomareobaSi maTze dakvirveba gacilebiT ufro
Znelia. yovel SemTxvevaSi, maTs sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi aucilebelia ganvas-
xvaoT gaerTianebaSi cxovrebis Sedegebi calkeul cxovelTa Soris kavSirebis
Sedegebisagan. magaliTad, zogierTi cxoveli gaerTianebaSi gacilebiT advilad
egueba garemos cvlilebebs, maTi zoologiuri procesebi gaerTianebaSi mimdina-
reobs sxvanairad, vidre izolaciis mdgomareobaSi da a. S. am Sedegebisagan au-
cileblad unda ganvasxvaoT movlenebi, romlebic warmoiSoba ojaxuri kavSire-
bis, seqsualuri urTierTobis, memkvidreobaze zrunvis, ojaxSi dedal-mamlis
urTierTobis Sedegad.
cxovelTa sociologiis Seswavla umTavresad momdinareobs mwerebis sazo-
gadoebrivi biologiisa da xerxemlianTa sazogadoebrivi fsiqologiis Semecne-
bis gziT, Tumca es gamijvna biologiasa da fsiqologias Soris TviTneburia da
zogierTi mkvlevari mwerebis fsiqologiazec laparakobs. yovel SemTxvevaSi
rogorc mwerebis, ise xerxemlianTa gaerTianebebSi adgili aqvs diferenciacii-
sa da funqciebis ganawilebis ierarqiis, kasturobis movlenebs, calkeul arse-
baTa qcevis sazogadoebrivi regulirebis faqtebs, sxvadasxvanair kvebas, imis mi-
xedviT, Tu romel kastas ekuTvnian, rogoria Sromis danawileba, `monoba.~ xer-
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xemlianTa gaerTianebebSi gvxvdeba iseTi movlenebi, rogoricaa garkveuli teri-

toriis dapyroba da misi dacva sxva jogebis SemoWrisagan, Taviseburi erTob-
livi cxovrebis organizacia, rac damokidebulia teritoriaze, sakuTari teri-
toriis `mowyoba~ da misi `aRniSvna~, sazogadoebrivi ierarqia da Zalaufleba,
zrunva da aRzrda, `meuRleTa erTguleba~ da a. S.
cxovelTa sociologia anu cxovelTa sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis Seswavla
zoologiis specialuri ganyofilebaa, magram mis daskvnebs garkveuli mniSvne-
loba aqvs adamianTa sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis SeswavlisaTvis. uwinares yovli-
sa, Cven vxedavT, rom adamianTa erTobliv cxovrebaSi mimdinare bevri movlena
SeimCneva agreTve cxovelTa erTobliv cxovrebaSic. maT safuZvlebi aqvT orga-
nizmis konstituciaSi, fiziologiur procesebSi, impulsebsa da biologiur
moTxovnilebebSic. amitom cxovelTa sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis kvlevis Sede-
gebs didi mniSvneloba eniWeba agreTve adamianTa sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis bu-
nebrivi safuZvlebis Seswavlisas. ra Tqma unda, bunebrivi pirobebi adamianTa
erToblivi cxovrebis erTaderTi determinanti rodia, magram maTi Seswavla au-
cilebeli da mniSvnelovania~.E

davaleba:
_ yuradRebiT waikiTxeT zemoT moyvanili fragmenti da erTmaneTs Seada-
reT adamianTa da cxovelTa gaerTianebani, gamoyaviT maTTvis saerTo da gan-
sxvavebuli, specifikuri niSnebi;
_ moamzadeT esei Temaze: `adamiani da cxoveli.~

ZiriTadi literatura:
1. b. lutiZe, sociologia, Tb., 2002. gv. 3-10.
2. q. kalhuni, d. laiTi, s. keleri, sociologia. ilias saxelmwifo universi-
teti. Tb., 2007. mecniereba sazogadoebis Sesaxeb. Tavi I, gv. 7-14.
3. . , , . 2005. gv. 17-20.

damatebiTi literatura:
8. i. SCepanski, sociologiis elementaruli cnebebi, Tb., 1997. gv. 5-12.
9. kaxa qecbaia, Jurnalistikis sociologia (sagani, amocanebi, meTodebi), Tb.,
2003. gv.G5-13.
10. e. kodua, sociologiis Sesavali, Tb., 1998, gv. 7-25.
11. a. berZeniSvili, Ria-informaciuli sazogadoeba da demokratia. kr. `filo-
sofiuri Ziebani,~ t. XV, gv. 332-344.
12. . , , , 2004. gv. 24-36.
13. . , . , , , 2004. gv. 9-36.
14. . , , . 2002. gv. 7-19.
15. , . (The Open Society and Its Enemies), .1- 2, 1965,

113
kaxa qecbaia

ra aris sazogadoeba
`...jgufis saxiT individTa ubralo Tavmoyra jer kidev ar Seadgens sazo-
gadoebas. sociologiuri gagebiT, sazogadoeba iqmneba maSin, rodesac individ-
Ta urTierTSexebis garda maT Soris kooperacia arsebobs. sanam jgufis wevre-
bi TavianT Zalisxmevas erTi saerTo miznis an miznebis garSemo ar gaaerTiane-
ben, manamde maT Soris gamaerTianebeli kavSiri umniSvneloa...
sazogadoeba organizmia...~
herbert spenseri
H

masala gansjisaTvis

fragmenti zurab xasaias wignidan `metafizikuri nihilizmi~

Tavi V. adamianTa sazogadoeba

`e) sazogadoebisa da pirovnebis winaaRmdegoba

sazogadoeba pirovnebebisagan Sedgeba, xolo pirovneba sazogadoebis wevria.
Tu adamianebs ar esmiT sazogadoebrivi normebi, maSin sazogadoeba ar arsebobs. me-
ore mxriv, Tu sazogadoebaSi ar aRizarda, adamiani pirovnebad ar Camoyalibdeba.
magram sazogadoebasa da pirovnebas Soris mxolod dadebiTi kavSiri rodia.
maT Soris udidesi uaryofiTi urTierTobac arsebobs sazogadoeba zRudavs pi-
rovnebas, kvecavs mis Tavisuflebas. meore mxriv, pirovneba arRvevs sazogadoebis
normebs. es qmnis winaaRmdegobas sazogadoebas da pirovnebas Soris pirvelesad
unda aRiniSnos am winaaRmdegobis istoriulobis Sesaxeb. es winaaRmdegoba met-
naklebad yovelTvis arsebobs, magram saqmec am metnaklebobaSia. sazogadoebis is-
toria miemarTeba monoloTurobidan `qvanturobisken~ anu erTgvarovnebidan da
Sinagani simtkicidan mravalgvarobisa da aramdgradobisken, rRvevisken.
sazogadoebis erTgvarovnebas da monoloTurobas ganapirobebs misi upirov-
noba. adamianebSi naklebia TviTcnobiereba da sikeTesa da borotebas Soris arCe-
va. maTi cxovreba martivia da stiqiurad, bunebis msgavsad mimdinareobs. TviTon
ki, ase vTqvaT, naklebad erevian TavianT cxovrebaSi.

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 sociologiis Sesavali

aseT pirobebSi wesebic bunebrivad, stiqiuradaa Camoyalibebuli da adamia-

nebi maT mihyvebian udrtvinvelad, uyoymanod, dogmaturad. tabus movlena ganam-
tkicebs maT igiveobas TavianT wesebTan, TemTan. adamiani fiqradac ar uSvebs
darRvevas da monusxulia tabuTi.
amitom aq arc winaaRmdegobaa sazogadoebasa da pirovnebas Soris. adamiani
eTanxmeba normebs da, ase vTqvaT, Tavisuflad, garegani da Sinagani iZulebebis
gareSe emorCileba maT. Sesabamisad, arc sazogadoebaa mtrulad individis mi-
marT. is iseve zrunavs masze, rogorc cxoveli Tavis asoze.
sazogadoebisa da pirovnebis dapirispirebis pirvel istoriul gamovlenad,
albaT, unda CaiTvalos is dapirispireba, rasac puSkini poetisa da mdabios
() dapirispirebas uwodebda. am dapirispirebas Semoqmedebis aqti iwvevs.
mdabioebi isini arian, vinc cxovelebiviT TavCaRunulni mihyvebian cxovrebis
araistoriul dinebas. `poeti~ ki isaa, vinc ocnebobs da cdilobs egreT wode-
bul gaumjobesebas. es iwvevs tabus darRvevis SiSs da ucnaur gaucxoebas. `po-
ets~ moikveTaven, viTarca avsuls da mzakvars, xalxisTvis saSiS `recidivs~.
rogori Tbilicaa Temi Tvinieri wevris mimarT, iseve sastikia `poetis~ anu
`urjulos~ mimarT. unda vifiqroT, rom poeti iyo pirveli msxverpli sastiki
Temis. Tavidan es dapirispireba gakvirvebas ufro iwvevs Temis mxridan, vidre si-
Zulvils, magram istoriulad es winaaRmdegoba TandaTan swored siZulvilSi ga-
daizrdeba. TandaTan poeti meamboxe pirovnebad iqca, xolo mdabio moxeleTaA
Zalovan jgufad.
raki yinuli daiZra, dapirispireba ganviTarda. gaumjobesebisken swrafva,
rac poeturi fantaziidan aRmocenda, gadaizarda sameurneo winsvlaSi. Temi gar-
Tulda da korporaciebiT daiqsela. aman gaamravla wesebi da normebi. cxovrebis
bunebriv rxevaSi es normebi xSirad erTmaneTs gadaewneba da aiburdeba...
sazogadoebisa da pirovnebis dapirispireba Zalas ikrebs saxelmwifos war-
moSobis Semdeg. saxelmwifos warmoSoba imas niSnavs, rom sazogadoebis Sinagan-
ma danawevrebam umaRles zRvars miaRwia. sazogadoeba, rogorc erTiani monoli-
Ti, aRar arsebobs. is, ase vTqvaT, sazogadoebaTa krebulia.
Sesabamisad gaixrwna da sadRac gaqra `saerTo interesi~. samagierod, warmo-
iSva jgufuri da piradi interesebi. pirovneba sabolood gamoeyo sazogadoebas.
amieridan wesrigis damyareba SesaZlebelia mxolod garegani ZaldatanebiT. iq-
mneba formaluri Zalovani dawesebuleba, saxelmwifo, romelic pirovnebas ka-
nons uwesebs da Zalas atans...

v) `mikroadamiani~
`Tanamedrove adamiani~ sazogadoebis istoriuli formalizaciis Sedegia.
sazogadoeba istoriis gzaze nawevrdeba `mcire socialur jgufebad~ da eqvemde-
bareba formalur wesebs anu iseT normebs, romlebic miRebulia SeTanxmebiT da
daculia oficialurad gamwesebuli moxeleebis mier.
amiT adamiani kargavs misasvlel gzas egreT wodebuli saerTo interesebis-
ken. marTlac, sazogadoeba, rogorc saerTo interesebis matarebeli, aRar arse-
bobs is socialuri jgufebis grovaa. meore mxriv, adamiani Zalian mcirea imis-
Tvis, rom ataros didi interesi. is `didi Temobis~ wevri ki araa, aramed `mcire
socialuri jgufisa~. is `socialuri atomia.~
amgvari adamianis Camoyalibeba iwyeba jer kidev antikuri polisis rRvevi-
dan. didi imperiebis xanaSi berZeni mowyda sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobis cocxal
asparezs. is didi imperiis moqalaqed iqca, imperiisa, romelsac misi Tvali da
`plastikuri~ cnobiereba ver gaswvdeboda.
magram berZenma ipova Sinagani gza `zogadisken~ -- es iyo Caketva sakuTar
TavSi da mierTeba gonebasTan anu `aucileblobasTan~. stoelebma da epiku-
reelebma gakvales es axali gza pirovnebis gadasarCenad. TviTCaRrmavebiT adami-
ani uerTdeboda sakuTar `me~-ze upirobod maRla mdgom sulier erTianobas da
xdeboda didi, uxrwneli msoflios natexi.
qristianulma sarwmunoebam upirobod uaryo es gza. man codvad da warmar-
115
kaxa qecbaia

Tul cTomilebad gamoacxada goneba da aucilebloba. `bedTan Serigeba,~ rasac

stoelebi qadagebdnen, qristianebs did gaugebrobad eCvenebodaT. maT swamdaT,
rom buneba da zneoba sruliad gamoricxavs erTmaneTs. adamianma Tavi unda daaR-
wios bunebas, gonebasa da aucileblobas stoelebis am `warmarTul samebas~ da
miendos wminda werilebis saidumlos.
amiT `zogadTan~ adamianis mimarTeba SenarCunebulia, oRond axal safuZvel-
ze, da adamiani ganagrZobs cxovrebas `umaRles ganzomilebaSi~.
icvleba viTareba axal droSi. jer renesansi, mere ki ganmanaTlebloba uar-
yofs gonebisTvis miuwvdomel avtoritets erTaderTi mizeziT gonebisadmi
rwmenis gamo. TandaTan mkrTaldeba da ikargeba adamianis `didi ganzomileba~,
rogorc is esmoda Sua saukuneebs.
samagierod, adamians swams, rom goneba ixsnis mas. gonebiT miiRweva WeSmariteba
da namdvili arseboba -- `liberte, egalite, fraternite~ (`Tavisufleba, Tanasworoba, Zmoba~).
magram aqedan mainc gamosWvivis gezi `mikroadamianisken~. es gansakuTrebiT
Cans egreT wodebuli `adamianis bunebrivi uflebebis~ gakerpebaSi. adamiani uars
ambobs Tavis saerTo adamianur movaleobebze, rac mas bunebaze da yvela qmnile-
baze maRla ayenebda, da ebRauWeba Tavis miwier individualobas. es hgavs bibliu-
ri esavis sulmokleobas, roca man ospis SeWamadisTvis daTmo pirmSooba anu
RvTis kurTxeva.
ganmanaTlebloba gonebisadmi rwmeniT mainc inarCunebda mimarTebas `zogad-
Tan~, radgan swamda gonebis Sinagani, aucilebeli kavSiri zneobasTan. rogorc
berZnuli ganmanaTleblobis `kolorits~ sokrates, ise axali drois ganmanaT-
leblebsac swamdaT: mcodne ar Caidens borotebas!
didma frangulma revoluciam gafanta es iluzia. gonebam kidev ufro gaam-
ravla boroteba. gonebisadmi rwmena warsuls Cabarda da iqca teqnikisadmi rwme-
nad. adamianma uari Tqva sulier interesebze da Zalauflebis motrfialed iqca.
is iqca `socialur atomad~, romelmac icis mxolod Tavisi kuTxe-kunWuli, iste-
riulad icavs mas da cdilobs mis gafarToebas.
misTvis `RmerTi mokvda~. RmerTi, romelsac is waramara axsenebs, `misi Rmer-
Tia~, masaviT patara da mikerZoebuli. amitom es araa RmerTi. RmerTi `mkvdaria~.
nicSe am mdgomareobis erT mTavar mxared `RmerTis sikvdils~ acxadebs, meo-
re mxare ki `patara adamiania~, `kacunaa~. mas, fizikis enaze `mikroadamiani~ SeiZ-
leba vuwodoT.
`mikroadamiani~ pataraa, radgan man ar icis sulieri interesebi. is ver ga-
nasxvavebs sikeTesa da borotebas. maT Soris gansxvaveba sruliad pirobiTad, Se-
fardebiTad eCveneba.
SeiZleba dabejiTebiT iTqvas: am didi krizisis TavidaTavi `liberaluri de-
mokratiaa~. gonebisadmi rwmenac, faqtobrivad, liberaluri demokratiis sxvagva-
ri dasaxelebaa.
marTlac, adamianTa Tanasworobis qadagebam saSinel dReSi Caagdo pirovne-
ba. ukanasknels moenatra siqstus IV-s da dominikeli torkvemdas xana; is cecxli
da maxvili, riTac ebrZodnen mas warsulSi. berZnuli ostrakizmi, kaTolikuri
inkvizicia, iakobinuri giliotina, bolSevikuri gulagi yovelive es miznad
isaxavda pirovnebis ganadgurebas.
magram es saSualeba da iaraRi uvargisi iyo sawinaaRmdego Sedegs aRwev-
da. pirovnebis winaaRmdeg pirdapiri brZola aseTi xisti meTodebiT, piriqiT,
gmirs qmnida fizikurad ganadgurebuli pirovnebisgan. amitom, pirovnebis winaaR-
mdeg maradiuli omis miuxedavad, sazogadoebam ver gaanadgura pirovneba. piri-
qiT, didebis sxiviTa da SaravandediT Semosa igi.
mxolod liberalurma demokratiam anu mmarTvelobis srulma demokratiza-
ciam, cxovrebis am evroatlanturma modelma SeZlo pirovnebis ganadgureba. de-
mosis aSveba iqneb pirovnebis dasaSlelad iyo Cafiqrebuli. demosis yvela xvre-
lidan wamosulma sibinZuris niaRvarma gadarecxa sxvaoba sikeTesa da borotebas
Soris pirovnebis es aucilebeli piroba.
am gzaze didi roli iTamaSa sainformacio saSualebaTa teqnikurad aRWurva-
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 sociologiis Sesavali

mac. erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdego informaciebis kakafonia, riTac sunTqavs demokrati-

uli media, adamianis dabadebidanve qancavs da Slis mis pirovnul Sruaguls.
adamians Tavidanve ar anebeben ganmartoebas, sakuTar TavSi CaRrmavebas, Si-
nagani Zalebis Tavisufal ganviTarebas. adamiani rCeba, bibliis yaidaze rom
vTqvaT, codviT dacemul, wamxdari bunebis arsebad. es buneba kidev ufro viTar-
deba da teqnikurad aRiWurveba. tradiciul `mimarTebas RmerTTan~ cvlis `mimar-
Teba teqnikur mowyobilobebTan~. `mikroadamiani~ cxovrobs teqnologiur gare-
moSi da TviTonac teqnikur mowyobilobas edreba, oRond manqanebs Soris yvela-
ze gaumarTavi, uxarisxo manqanaa.
ai, ra Semzaravi WeSmaritebiT umaspinZldeba bhagvan rajniSi Tavis msmene-
lebs: `meti teqnika da komforti, meti foriaqi da tanjva, bedniereba ki nakle-
bi! ai mecnierebis mTeli warmateba. rac ufro metis gakeTeba SeuZliaT meqanikur
danadgarebs, miT ufro naklebad xarT saWironi Tavad Tqven da zedmet bargad
grZnobT Tavs. adre Tu gvian kompiuteri Seasrulebs Tqvens funqciebs mTlianad
da es mdgomareba TviTmkvlelobamde migiyvanT.
manqanebi sul ufro umjobesdeba da ixveweba. uTqvenodac yvelaferi kargad
midis. Tqven, ubralod, moZveldiT. gamodis da gamodis yvelafris axal-axal mo-
deli. mxolod adamiani rCeba araTanamedrove modelad. asea, saganTa Soris Tqven
erTaderTi moZvelebuli arseba xarT!~
davaleba:
moiyvaneT sazogadoebisa da pirovnebis winaaRmdegobis amsaxveli Tqven-
Tvis cnobili magaliTebi da jgufSi gaaanalizeT.
iziarebT Tu ara fragmentis avtoris mosazrebebs `mikroadamianis~ Sesaxeb
(pasuxi daasabuTeT)?
jgufSi imsjeleT teqnikuri progresis dadebiT da uaryofiT mxareebze.

sakiTxavi masala
sociologiis klasikosebi
klasikuri inglisuri sociologiis fuZemdebeli
_ herbert spenseri
didi ingliseli sociologi, sociologiis pozitiuri
skolis warmomadgeneli herbert spenseri daibada 1820 wlis 27
aprils qalaq derbiSi, maswavleblis ojaxSi. uari Tqva kem-
brijSi ganaTlebis miRebaze (SemdgomSi londonis sauniversi-
teto kolejis profesorobac iuara). erTi periodi maswavleb-
lobda kidec; iyo rkinigzis moxele, inJineri, Jurnalisti
(Jurnal `ekonomistis~ redaqtoris TanaSemwe). axlo urTier-
Toba hqonda im droisaTvis metad cnobil adamianebTan: j.
eliotTan, j. luisTan, j. s. milTan da j. tindelTan. safran-
geTSi ramdenimejer mogzaurobisas konts xvdeboda. 1853 wels
memkvidreobis miRebis Semdeg mTeli darCenili cxovreba mecni-
erebas (istoria, filosofia, sociologia) miuZRvna. misi msof-
lmxedvelobis Camoyalibebaze didi gavlena iqonia kontis po-
zitivizmma da im droisaTvis Zalze popularulma evolucio-
nizmma.
spenseris Semoqmedebis gasaRebs warmoadgens naSromi `ZiriTadi safuZvlebi~
(First Principles, 1862). darvinis saxeTa Teoriis gamoqveynebamde Svidi wliT adre spenser-
ma dawera statia `ganviTarebis hipoTeza~ (The Development Hypothesis), romelSic evolu-
ciis ideebi hqonda Camoyalibebuli. igi evoluciis erT-erT faqtorad bunebriv ga-
darCevas aRiarebda (is aris avtori terminisa `met-naklebad SeguebulTa gadarCena~).
evolucia mas esmoda, rogorc `materiis integraciisa da diferenciaciis procesi.~
spenseris mTavari naSromia mravaltomeuli saxelwodebiT `sinTezuri filosofiis
sistema~ (A System of Syntetic Philosophy). igi moicavs: `biologiis principebs~ (2 tomi. 1864-
1867), `fsiqologiis principebs~ (2 tomi. 1855), `eTikis principebs~ (2 tomi. 1892-93), `so-
117
kaxa qecbaia

ciologiis principebs~ (The Principles of Sociology, 3 tomi. 1876-1896). am naSromebidan mecni-

eruli TvalsazrisiT Zalze faseulia spenseris sociologiuri gamokvlevebi, aseve
misi ori sxva traqtati: 1) `socialuri statika~ (Social static, 1851) da @2) `sociologiu-
ri gamokvlevebi~ (The Study of Sociology, 1872) da rvatomeuli, romelSic sistematizebu-
lia sociologiuri monacemebi, `aRweriTi sociologia~ (Descriptive Sociology, 1873-1881).
spenseri `organicistuli sociologiuri skolis~ fuZemdebelia. mis mixedviT,
`sazogadoeba organizmia, romelic cocxali organizmis msgavsad evolucias ga-
nicdis.~ individualizmi socialuri evoluciis procesis Sedegia. Tavis avtobiog-
rafiaSi (gamoqveynda sikvdilis Semdeg, 1904 w.) igi ultraindividualistis saxiT
warmogvidgeba, adamianad, romelic TviTdisciplinebulobiTa da didi Sromismoy-
vareobiTaa gamorCeuli, oRond iumoris grZnobisa da romantizmis gareSe.
spenseri 1903 wlis 8 dekembers braitonSi gardaicvala. igi pozitivizmis, evo-
lucionizmis, organicizmis da liberalizmis udidesi warmomadgeneli iyo. ewina-
aRmdegeboda revolucias da socialistur ideebs ar iziarebda. sazogadoebis da-
bali fenebisaTvis ganaTlebis xelmisawvdomoba maincdamainc ar izidavda; uaryo-
fiTi damokidebuleba hqonda ganaTlebis demokratizaciis mimarT da sxv.
spenseri socialuri institutebis Teoriis avtoria. adamianTa socialuri cxov-
rebis TviTorganizebis formad mas socialuri institutebi miaCnda, ambobda, rom es
institutebi bunebiT asocialur arsebas _ adamians socialur arsebad aqcevso. spen-
seri Semdegi saxis socialur institutebs gamoyofda: saSinao _ ojaxi, qorwineba,
aRzrda-ganaTleba; ritualuri _ adamianis yoveldRiur qcevas aregulireben tradi-
ciebi, zne-Cveulebani, etiketi da sxva; politikuri _ Cndeba mTeli rigi konfliqte-
bis mosagvareblad; saeklesio _ eklesia-monastrebi, religiuri tradiciebi, samrev-
lo skolebi da sxva; profesiuli da samrewvelo institutebi _ Sromis danawilebis
safuZvelze iqmneba da profesiuli niSniT axdens adamianTa konsolidirebas. samrew-
velo institutebi sazogadoebis sawarmoo struqturas uzrunvelyofen.
spenseris Teoriis mixedviT, sazogadoeba, biologiuri organizmis msgavsad,
individTa erTobliobaa, romelic ibadeba, izrdeba da kvdeba. igi sami SedarebiT
avtonomiuri erTeulisagan Sedgeba: 1) mwarmoebeli, @2) mommaragebeli da 3)Mmare-
gulirebeli. man Semdegi saxis sazogadoebis tipologia mogvca: mxedruli sazoga-
doeba _ Zaladobasa da centralizebul kontrolzea damyarebuli; samrewvelo sa-
zogadoeba _ emyareba samrewvelo konkurencias, romelSic imarjvebs is, vinc mo-
raluri da inteleqtualuri TvisebebiT mdidari da Zlieria. Aam tipis sazogadoe-
ba politikuri TavisuflebiTa da mSvidobiani Tanacxovrebis principebiT gamoir-
Ceva. spenseris azriT, socialuri evoluciis principebia: `bunebrivi gadarCeva~,
`brZola arsebobisaTvis~ da `ZlierTa gadarCena.~ sazogadoebaSi mimdinare buneb-
riv procesebSi mTavroba ar unda Caerios. mxolod aseT pirobebSi imoqmedebs evo-
luciis kanoni. mTavroba am kanons xels ar unda uSlides. rac Seexeba socia-
lizms anda komunizms, is, spenseris mixedviT, SeuZlebelia, radganac adamiani pa-
tivmoyvare, usamarTlo da egoisti arsebaa. socialuri organizmis yoveli nawili,
biologiuri organizmis msgavsad, sakuTar funqcias asrulebs (amis gamo spensers
funqcionalizmis warmomadgenladac miiCneven). individualizmis momxre spenserma
pirovnebis ramdenime ZiriTad uflebaze gaamaxvila yuradReba. esenia: pirovnebis
usafrTxoeba, gadaadgilebis Tavisufleba, sindisisa da gamoxatvis Tavisufleba.
spensers miaCnda, rom politikuri uflebebi saWiroa pirovnebis uflebaTa dasaca-
vad. Tavisi liberalisturi Sexedulebebis miuxedavad, spenseri qalebisaTvis po-
litikur uflebaTa miniWebis sastiki winaaRmdegi iyo.

***
`yoveli adamiani unda akeTebdes imas, rac mas surs, Tuki es ar arRvevs sxva
adamianis Tavisuflebas.~
`mecniereba organizebuli codnaa.~
herbert spenseri

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 sociologiis Sesavali

`kultura adamianuri cxovrebis organizebas

axdens. adamianTa cxovrebaSi igi imave funqcias
asrulebs, rogorsac cxovelTa samyaroSi gene-
tikurad daprogramebuli qceva axorcielebs~
neil smelzeri

VII leqcia
Tema: sociologiis ZiriTadi cnebebi:
kultura
sazogadoebis cnebasTan erTad kulturis cneba Tanamedrove sociologiis
erT-erTi fundamenturi kategoriaa. igi im faqtorebisa da Zalebis kompleqsia,
romlebic sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis movlenebsa da procesebs gansazRvraven. am
movlenebisa da procesebis Sesaswavlad sociologiam specialuri xedva, midgoma
gamoimuSava, romelic kulturologiuri xedvis saxeliTaa cnobili. mis mixedviT,
socialuri sinamdvilisa da am sinamdvileSi adamianTa socialuri qcevisa da moq-
medebis saidumloebaTa gasaRebi kulturis kvlevaSi mdgomareobs. garda amisa, aR-
saniSnavia isic, rom Tavad kultura socialuri fenomenia. amis gamo Tanamedrove
dasavlur sociologiaSi sazogadoebasa da, kulturas Soris tolobis niSans sva-
men, anu, Cveulebriv, rodesac msjeloben sazogadoebaze, kulturas gulisxmoben
da, piriqiT, rodesac saubroben kulturaze, sazogadeba aqvT mxedvelobaSi. kul-
turisadmi msgavsi midgoma misi socialuri bunebidan momdinareobs. zogadi azriT,
kulturis cneba xom yvelafer imas gulisxmobs, rac adamianis mier aris Seqmnili.

Zvel saberZneTSi termin `kulturas~ eTanadeba sityva `paideia,~ romelic

`Sinagani kulturis~ gamomxatveli sityvaa. sityva `kultura~ laTinuri zmna _
colo-dan aris nawarmoebi, romelic (miwis) movlas, damuSavebas, zrunvas niSnavs.
pirvelad sityva `kultura~ markus porcius katon
ufrosis (Zv. w. 234-149 ww.) miwaTmoqmedebisadmi miZ-
Rvnil traqtatSi gvxvdeba (De agri cultura). traqtati
aramarto miwis damuSavebis wesebs, aramed misadmi
gansakuTrebul sulier damokidebulebasac Seexeba.
Semdgom romaelma oratorma markus tulius cice-
ronma (Zv. w. 106-43 ww.) sityva kultura filosofi-
asTan mimarTebaSi gamoiyena da aRniSna, rom `filo-
sofia sulis kulturaa,~ anu mas miaCnda, rom filo-
sofosi sulisa da gonebis kulturis matarebeli
gamorCeuli adamiania.
laTinur tradiciaSi sityva `kulturas~ ramde-
nime mniSvneloba hqonda. magaliTad, igi miwis damu-
Savebas, movlas, soflis meurneobas, aRzrdas, ganaT-
lebas, ganviTarebasa da Tayvaniscemas niSnavda. ter-
minma damoukidebeli cnebis statusi axali drois
ciceroni evropaSi moipova germaneli iuristisa da istoriko-
sis samuel pufendorfis naSromebSi, romelSic man
termini sazogadoebaSi, `xelovnur garemoSi~ aRzrdili adamianis bunebriv, `ve-
lur garemoSi~ aRzrdil adamianTan Sesadareblad gamoiyena.
kulturis cnebis warmomavlobis Sesaxeb arsebul sxva mosazrebaTagan sain-
teresoa misi dakavSireba siyva `kultTan~ _ msaxurebasTan. am gagebiT sityva
`kultura~ religiuri warmomavlobis mqonea, riTac xazgasmulia sulier-goniT
samyarosTan misi kavSiri. cnobili rusi mxatvari, filosofosi da publicisti,
arqeologi da mogzauri nikoloz rerixi kulturas `sinaTlis, samyaros keTili
sawyisis TayvaniscemasTan~ akavSirebda da ambobda, rom sityva `kultura~ warmo-
dgeba ori sityvisagan: `kulti~ yovelTvis msaxurebasTan asocirdeba, xolo
`uri~ aRmosavlur swavlebebSi cecxlisa da sinaTlis gamomxatveli sityvaa.
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kaxa qecbaia

kulturis Semswavlel specialur mecnierebaSi _ kulturologiaSi am cne-

bis oTxasze meti gansazRvrebaa cnobili. garda amisa, Cveulebriv yoveldRiur
metyvelebaSic mravalferovania `kulturis~ gageba, sadac mas Zalze xSirad viye-
nebT, gansakuTrebiT raimesadmi SefasebiTi midgomis SemTxvevaSi. magaliTad, rode-
sac vinmeze ityvian, `kulturuli adamianiao~, mis dadebiT Sefasebas gulisxmoben,
xolo gamoTqma `ukulturoa~ niSnavs, rom mas uaryofiTad afaseben. miuxedavad
imisa, rom yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi sityva `kultura~ mraval gansxvavebul asoci-
acias iwvevs, igi mainc rCeba Cveni cxovrebis maorganizebel umTavres faqtorad.
amis gamo sociologebs kulturisadmi gacxovelebuli inteleqtualuri da profe-
sionaluri interesi yovelTvis hqondaT.
kulturis mravali gansazRvrebidan umTavresis gamoyofiT mis Semdeg defini-
cias miviRebT:
kultura aris is, rac adamianis mier aris Seqmnili. is socialuri memkvid-
reoba anu socialuri tradiciaa;
kultura aris is, rasac swavloben. am azriT, igi ar warmoadgens adamianis
genetikuri bunebis gamovlenas. kultura socializaciis procesSi Seqmnili da Se-
Zenili normebis erTobliobaa;
kultura sazogadoebis mier aRiarebuli normebisa da Rirebulebebis siste-
maa, anu igi, erTi mxriv, socialuri urTierTmoqmedebis produqtia, meore mxriv, am
urTierTmoqmedebaTa saxeebis ganmsazRverli pirobaa. erTi sityviT, kultura aris
is Rirebulebebi, Sexedulebebi, qcevis normebi da materialuri sagnebi, romlebic
adamianis cxovrebis wesis formirebas axdenen.
adamianisa da sazogadoebis warmoSobasTan erTad axali fenomeni _ kultura
anu meore buneba Cndeba. misi arseboba mxolod adamianTan da sazogadoebasTan aris
dakavSirebuli. ar arsebobs mecniereba, romelsac am cnebasTan ar hqondes Sexeba. ma-
galiTad, mikroorganizmebis kultura, teqnikuri kultura, fizikuri kultura da
sxva. sxvadasxva saazrovno fenomeni kulturis cnebaSi sxvadasxva Sinaarss debda.
ganmanaTleblebma masSi ganaTlebis momenti Seitanes; kantma _ zneobrioba; hegelma _
gonis ganviTareba; neokantianelebma _ Rirebulebis cneba; struqturul-funqciona-
listuri skolis warmomadgenlebma _ RirebulebaTa sistema.
kultura iwyeba iq, sadac saganTa Tvisebebze, biologiur da sxva mocemulo-
bebze dayrdnobiT adamiani specialur arsebaTa samyaros, `meore bunebas~ qmnis. am
azriT, igi adamianis SemoqmedebiTi, SromiTi saqmianobis sferoa. arsebobs kultu-
ris farTo da viwro gageba. farTo gagebiT, kultura aris sazogadoebis istori-
is manZilze adamianTa mier Seqmnili da qmnadobis procesSi myofi materialuri
da sulieri Rirebulebebis erToblioba; viwro gagebiT, kultura mxolod adamia-
nis mier Seqmnil sulier RirebulebaTa erTobliobaa. am azriT, kulturis cneba
civilizaciis cnebas upirispirdeba.

`civilizacia~ laTinuri sityva civilis-idan momdinareobs, rac samoqalaqos

niSnavs. misi ramdenime mniSvnelobaa cnobili. erT-erTi mniSvnelobis mixedviT,
igi aris did sivrceze ganfenili cxovrebis wesi, romelsac damoukidebeli Ri-
rebulebaTa sistema da Sesabamisi msoflmxedveloba aqvs. am azriT, civiliza-
cia kulturis cnebis sinonimadac gamoiyeneba; frangul da inglisur ganmanaT-
leblur tradiciaSi civilizaciis cnebas velurobis cnebis sapirispirod iye-
nebdnen. am SemTxvevaSi civilizebuloba ltolvebis, afeqtebisa da Zaladobis
regulirebasa da urTierTobis formaTa daxvewas niSnavda. civilizaciis es ga-
geba Cveulebriv sityvaTxmarebaSi dResac gamoiyeneba.
civilizaciis is gageba, romelic mas kulturis cnebasTan apirispirebs,
germanelma filosofosebma, sicocxlis filosofiis warmomadgenlebma frid-
rix nicSem da osvald Spenglerma SeimuSaves. germanul saazrovno tradiciaSi
civilizacia mecnierebisa da teqnikis miRwevaTa instrumentul gamoyenebas niS-
navs. kultura codnas, moqmedebas, obieqtebsa da institutebs gulisxmobs, rom-
lebsac TavisTavadi, suverenuli Rirebuleba aqvs da profanuli cxovrebis
moTxovnilebebze maRla dgas, civilizacia ki profanuli cxovrebis moTxovni-
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 sociologiis Sesavali

lebebis iqiT ver midis da, Sesabamisad, mecnierebasa da teqnikas, ekonomikasa

da politikas aniWebs upiratesobas, kultura ki _ religias, xelovnebas, mo-
ralsa da tradiciebs; Spengleris azriT, civilizacia kulturis nasufraliT
ikvebeba; civilizaciis epoqa maSin dgeba, rodesac kulturis mze Caesveneba; ci-
vilizacia Tanamedrove sazogadoebis macnea. Spenglerma Tavis mTavar naSroms
`evropis daisi daarqva~, riTac tradiciuli sazogadoebis aRsasruli da axali
epoqis dadgoma iwinaswarmetyvela, am axali epoqis gaukuRmarTebuli cxovreba
ki saaSkaraoze fridrix nicSem gamoitana.

fridrix nicSe osvald Spengleri

(1844-1900) (1880-1936)E

kulturis upirvelesi arsebiTi Sinagani maxasiaTebeli aris Semoqmedeba. igi

adamianis SemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis niadagze iqmneba da ZiriTadad mis miznebsa da
interesebzea damokidebuli. igi aucileblad adamianis gaazrebuli moqmedebaa.
kulturis meore umTavresi maxasiaTebeli Tavisuflebaa. nebismieri Rirebulebis
Seqmnis procesSi adamians imis SesaZlebloba aqvs, rom is forma da Sinaarsi mis-
ces gardasaqmnel obieqts, gamosaxatav azrs, ideas, gancdas da a. S. romelic mas
surs. es ki mxolod Tavisufali SemoqmedebiTi saqmianobiT miiRweva. Tavisufleba
aris upirvelesi piroba imisa, rom bunebas gamostaco is, rasac igi masze aqtiuri
gavlenis gareSe ar iZleva. TavisuflebasTan erTad kulturis Sinagani maxasiaTe-
belia mizandasaxuloba. adamiani yovelives garkveuli miznis mixedviT, winaswari
ganzraxviT qmnis. maSasadame, mizniseuli elementi aucilebelia kulturisaTvis,
Tumca sakmarisi ar aris. kulturis nimuSis Seqmnas esTetikuri xedva sWirdeba.
adamianis mier Seqmnili xelovnuri samyaro mSvenierebis ideiTaa ganmsWvaluli. am
azriT, kultura lamazis, mSvenierisa da amaRlebulis gansaxierebaa.

materialuri da sulieri kultura

rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, yovelive, rac adamianis xeliT iqmneba, misi mizanmi-
marTuli saqmianobis Sedegia. igi yovelives xelebiTa da gonebiT qmnis. kulturis
wyaro adamianis idealuri, sulieri samyaroa. es sawyisi monawileobs kulturis
nebismier sferoSi. Cveulebriv, kulturas or did saxed: materialur da sulier
kulturebad yofen.
materialur kulturas adamianebis mier Seqmnili sagnebi Seadgenen. es SeiZle-
ba iyos Sromis iaraRebi, mowyobilobebi, produqtebi, istoriuli da Tanadrouli
Senoba-nagebobani, transporti da sakomunikacio saSualebani, sayofacxovrebo mox-
marebis sagnebi da a. S. anu yovelive is, rac adamianTa mravalferovani materia-
luri moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad aris Seqmnili. amitomac materialuri
kultura nivTierad arsebobs. igi materialuri Rirebulebis mqonea.
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kaxa qecbaia

sulieri kultura ki adamianis sulier-goniTi Semoqmedebis Sedegebs gulis-

xmobs. esa ideebi, Sexedulebebi, Teoriebi, xelovneba, literatura, mecniereba, re-
ligia, adamianTa jerovani qcevis wesebi da mravali sxva. maT arsebobis sulieri
xasiaTi aqvT da adamianTa sulieri moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad aris Seq-
mnili. Tu materialuri kultura Tavisi SinaarsiTa da mizniseuli gamovlinebis
formebiT nivTieria, sulieri piriqiTaa, SinaarsiT is idealuria, xolo gamovle-
nis formebiT _ materialuri. magaliTad, poeturi azrovneba enobriv garsSia moq-
ceuli, mxatvris Canafiqri _ ferebSi, musikosis idea _ bgerebSi, moqandakis ideebi
_ qvaSi da a. S. miuxedavad amisa, es dayofac mxolod pirobiTi xasiaTis matarebe-
lia, radganac Znelia saubari wminda materialur an wminda sulier kulturaze,
rac kulturis am ori saxis saerTo _ anTropul (adamianur) da socialur (sazo-
gadoebriv) safuZvlebze mianiSnebs, rac, Tavis mxriv, kulturebs Soris gansxvave-
bas karg niadags uqmnis. Tumca, miuxedavad kulturebs Soris gansxvavebisa, yovel
maTgans 5 ZiriTadi saerTo komponenti aqvs. esenia: simboloebi, ena, Rirebulebebi,
normebi da codna (teqnologia).

kulturis elementebi
simboloebi
sxva cocxal arasebaTa msgavsad, adamianebi garemomcvel samyaros grZnobis
organoebis saSualebiT aRiqvamen, magram maTgan gansxvavebiT adamians sxva unaric
aqvs ganviTarebuli _ igi sazriss debs realobaSi, anu samyaros calkeul elemen-
tebs simboloebad gardaqmnis (`adamiani somboloebis Semqmneli arsebaa,~ _ ernst
kasireri), mis mier Seqmnil sagnebsa da movlenebs simbolur mniSvnelobas aZlevs;
am SemTxvevaSi kultura simboloebisa da niSnebis mowesrigebuli sistemis saxiT
gvevlineba. kulturis es elementi xSirad gamoiyeneba reklamis teqnikaSi. simbo-
los amgvari gagebis gamo, Tavis mxriv, reklama ara marto biznesis aucilebeli
elementia, aramed kulturis Semadgenel nawilad iqceva. gansxvavebul kultu-
rasTan aradaekvaturi mimarTebis mizezi am kulturis simboloebis mniSvnelobis
arcodna an argageba SeiZleba iyos. aqedan ki e. w. `kulturul Sokamde~ Zalze ax-
lo manZilia. magaliTad, SesaZlebelia zog kulturaSi Tavis daqneva Tanxmobis
niSani iyos, zogan ki _ uaryofis. Sesabamisad, am kulturis simboloebis mniSvne-
lobis arcodna didi usiamovnebis mizezi SeiZleba gaxdes. gansxvavebuli simbo-
loebi aqvT ara marto sxvadasxva kulturebs, aramed erTi kulturis SigniTac Se-
iZleba gansxvavebuli simboloebis arseboba. magaliTad, erTsa da imave kultura-
Si SesaZlebelia bewvis qurqi simdidris niSanic iyos da cxovelebisadmi veluri
mopyrobis gansaxierebac.
ena
kulturis samyaros gasaRebs ena warmoadgens, radganac is adamianebs urTier-
Tzemoqmedebis, interaqciis saSualebas aZlevs. igi amave dros kulturul memkvid-
reobas da kulturuli transmisiis (procesi, romlis Sedegad kultura Taobidan
Taobas gadecema) meqanizms warmoadgens. Cvens organizmSi arsebuli genebis msgav-
sad, ena kulturis organizmis genebis funqcias asrulebs. enis meSveobiT mkvid-
rdeba kulturaSi saukuneobiT dagrovili sibrZne da tradiciebi. ena gvagebinebs
sxvaTa gamocdilebas. enis funqcia zogadad da gansakuTrebiT misi socialuri xa-
siaTi kargad Cans didi germaneli filosofosis martin haidegeris gamonaTqvamSi,
rom `ena yofierebis saxlia~. sociologias enasTan mimarTebaSi is ufro aintere-
sebs, Tu rogor myardeba adamianebs Soris urTierToba misi saSualebiT da ro-
gor ayalibebs ena socialur sinamdviles. sociologiis mama ogiust konti ambob-
da, rom `ena im tipis simdidres qmnis, romliTac erTdroulad da Tanabrad sar-
geblobs nebismieri adamiani da amiT mis codnas aranairi ziani ar adgeba~. Tana-
medrove amerikul sociologiaSi miRebuli Tezisis mixedviT, haidegeris cnobili
gamonaTqvami aseTnairad gaigeba: adamianebi socialur sinamdviles enis kulturu-
li prizmidan iReben.

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 sociologiis Sesavali

Rirebulebebi
sinamdvilisadmi SemecnebiT an esTetikur damokidebulebasTan erTad adamians
RirebulebiTi xedva da, Sesabamisad, RirebulebiTi unarebi da orientacia gaaCnia,
rac, faqtobrivad, sinamdvilisadmi SefasebiTs damokidebulebas niSnavs, oRond am
SemTxvevaSi Sefasebas vaWrobasTan da yidva-gayidvasTan araferi aqvs saerTo. Ri-
rebuleba raRacis mowonebas an armowonebas gulisxmobs da, amdenad, subieqturo-
bis niSniT xasiaTdeba. es is kriteriumebia, romlebic kargisa da cudis, sasurve-
lisa da arasasurvelis, keTilisa da borotis da a. S. garCevaSi gvexmareba. maga-
liTad, riTi aixsneba ledi gagas anda jeimz bondis popularoba? yoveli maTgani
garkveuli niSnebis matarebelia, romelTa meSveobiT faseulobaTa gavrcelebuli
da popularuli sistema iqmneba, romelsac TiToeuli Cvengani iziarebs an ar izi-
arebs. kulturuli Rirebulebebi did gavlenas axdenen pirovnebis Camoyalibebaze.
Tanamedrove sazogadoebis kulturuli Rirebulebebis Sesaxeb met-naklebad
srulyofili warmodgenis Sesaqmnelad ganvixiloT amerikeli sociologebis mier
Camoyalibebuli Tanamedrove amerikuli kulturis fundamenturi Rirebulebebi.
Tanamedrove amerikuli kulturis fundamenturi Rirebulebebia:
Tanabari SesaZleblobebi _ amerikuli sazogadoebis wevrebisaTvis mniSvne-
lovania ara Tanabari mdgomareoba, aramed Tanabari SesaZleblobebi, rac
imas niSnavs, rom warmatebis miRwevis Tanabari Sansi aqvs yvelas.
konkurentuloba da warmatebuloba _ rac imas niSnavs, rom sportSi, poli-
tikaSi, biznesSi, universitetsa Tu sxvagan mxolod gamarjvebisaTvis vTama-
SobT. konkurenciaSi gamarjvebuli Sesabamis jildosac iRebs warmatebis
saxiT.
materialuri komforti _ warmatebis miRwevis Sedegad mopovebuli fuli ma-
terialuri siamovnebis wyaro xdeba. naTqvamia, `bednierebas ver iyidio,~ mag-
ram SeZlebuli amerikelebisaTvis es sasaciloa.
aqtiuroba da Tavdadebuli Sroma _ amerikeli is adamiania, vinc Tavis Cana-
fiqrs bolomde miiyvans, oRond amas is didi Sromisa da aqtiurobis fasad
aRwevs. am SemTxvevaSi wamyvan Rirebulebas warmoadgens ara beds Serigeba,
aramed moqmedeba da mxolod moqmedeba.
praqtikuloba da efeqturoba _ amerikelebis didi nawili praqtikas ufro
metad afasebs, vidre Teorias. praqtikuli saqmianoba imdenad aris Rirebu-
li, ramdenadac mas fuli moaqvs. aRsaniSnavia, rom amis gamo amerikas ara
aqvs ganyenebuli filosofiuri azrovneba. amerikuli filosofia _ pragma-
tizmi _ sargeblianobis principzea agebuli. samagierod, amerikas, aqvs so-
ciologia, Zalze praqtikuli da efeqturi mecniereba, romelic fulis Sov-
nis samsaxurSia Camdgari.
progresi _ am RirebulebiTi orientaciis matarebeli adamiani fiqrobs, rom
awmyo yovelTvis jobia warsuls. progresi am SemTxvevaSi `siaxlis~ da `sa-
ukeTesos~ sinonimia da zneobriv ganviTarebasTan araferi saerTo ara aqvs.
mecniereba _ mecnieruli codna imitom aris amerikuli Rirebulebebis auci-
lebeli Semadgeneli, rom mis safuZvelze iqmneba uaxlesi teqnologiebi,
romelTa daxmarebiTac amerikelebi mravali mwvave problemis gadawyvetas
imedovneben.
demokratia da Tavisufali mewarmeoba _ es Rirebuleba politikur arCevneb-
Si Tavisuflebas, xolo ekonomikis sferoSi Tavisufali warmoebis ganviTa-
rebas gulisxmobs.
Tavisufleba _ igi pirovnebis individualuri iniciativebisaTvis didi mniS-
vnelobis miniWebas niSnavs. amerikelebi miiCneven, rom adamiani Tavisi perso-
naluri miznebis miRwevaSi SezRuduli ar unda iyos.
jgufisadmi kuTvnileba, identoba _ individualuri Tavisuflebis aRiare-
basTan erTad amerikelebis didi nawili adamians jer kidev afasebs gende-
ruli, eTnikuri, rasobrivi da a. S. kuTvnilebis mixedviT.
amerikuli kulturis RirebulebiTi orientacia motanilia amerikeli socio-
logis robin uiliamsis (1970 w.) mixedviT.
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kaxa qecbaia

RirebulebaTa sociologiuri analizis saintereso Temaa `RirebulebaTa kon-

fliqtis~ sakiTxi. xSirad sazogadoebaSi xdeba ise, rom misi erTi nawili romeli-
me Rirebulebis dasacavad gamodis, xolo sxva nawili uaryofs mas. msgavsi kon-
fliqtebi Tanamedrove sazogadoebis mSeneblobis gzaze gardauvalia. am SemTxve-
vaSi adamianebi kidev ufro metad swavloben winaaRmdegobaTa mogvarebis gzebis
Ziebas.
normebi
yoveli kultura Sesabamisi wesebisa da molodinebis (eqspeqtaciebis) siste-
mas qmnis, romelTa meSveobiTac is adamianTa qcevas aregulirebs. swored am wese-
bisa da molodinebis sistemas hqvia norma. RirebulebasTan SedarebiT mas viwro
mniSvneloba aqvs. magaliTad, Tuki patiosneba da individualizmi Rirebulebebia,
maSin maTgan gamomdinare wesi, rom studentma gverdze mjdomi studentisagan da-
valeba ar unda gadmoiweros, _ normaa. normebi umeteswilad situaciuri xasiaTis
mqonea da SemTxvevebisa da movlenebisagan momdinareobs, amitom RirebulebebTan
SedarebiT swrafad icvleba. normebi sxvadasxva kulturaSi sxvadasxvanairia, Tum-
ca erTi kulturis an erTi socialuri jgufis SigniTac SeiZleba sxvadasxva sa-
xis normis arseboba. adamianebi, romlebic kulturis SigniT aRiarebul normebs
uaryofen, meamboxeebad, marginalebad an snobebad miiCnevian. amasTan maT mimarT
midgoma sxvadasxva kulturaSi an erTi kulturis SigniT SeiZleba sxvadasxvanai-
ri iyos, magaliTad, tolerantuli an aratolerantuli. holandiur kulturaSi
homoseqsualistebis mimarT tolerantuli damokidebulebaa, rasac ver vityviT
romelime tradiciuli kulturis SemTxvevaSi da a. S. zogjer xdeba, rom norma
saxelmwifo kanonad gadaiqceva (magaliTad, kanoni Ralatis winaaRmdeg). zogjer
normebs avtoritetebic qmnian.
amerikul sazogadoebaSi arsebuli didi moraluri mniSvnelobis mqone norme-
bis aRsaniSnavad sociologma uiliam samnerma SemoiRo termini `Cveuleba,~ romel-
sac tabu, anu akrZalvebis sistema miekuTvneba; Tumca Tanamedrove kulturas ta-
bus tradiciulisgan gansxvavebuli gageba aqvs. is, rac tradiciul sazogadoebaSi
tabuirebuli iyo, TanamedroveSi nebadarTulia.
Rirebulebebisa da normebis safuZvelze iqmneba kulturis `realuri~ da
`idealuri~ modelebi. is, rac cxovrebaSi yoveldRiurad xdeba, bevrad CamorCeba
kulturis idealur tips. amis sailustraciod erTi amerikuli sociologiuri
gamokvlevis Sedegebi gamodgeba, romlis mixedviT, daojaxebul mamakacTa 25% da
qalTa 10% aRiarebs, rom xSirad Ralatobs Tavis meuRles. arada, `kulturis ide-
aluri tipis~ mixedviT, isini erTmaneTis erTgulni unda iyvnen, magram `realuri
kultura~ sul sxva rameze metyvelebs; Tumca es imas ar niSnavs, rom kulturul-
ma normebma azri dakarges.
codna da teqnologiebi
codnasa da teqnologiebSi faqtebis, mrwamsisa da praqtikuli unar-Cvevebis
erToblioba moiazreba, romelTac TiToeuli Cvengani droTa ganmavlobaSi iZens.
is yvela im informacias moicavs, romelic SeiZleba erT kiTxvaSi gavaerTianoT:
rogor? magaliTad, rogor Sevide internetSi? rogor davreko mobiluriT? rogor
davqoqo an vataro manqana da a. S.
Tanamedrove informaciul sazogadoebaSi mniSvnelovania codnis kontroli,
rac informaciis Tanabar ganawilebas gulisxmobs. es imitom aris mniSvnelovani,
rom sazogadoebaSi adamianTa kargad da cudad informirebulTa jgufebi da fene-
bi Cndebian, rac, Tavis mxriv, uTanasworobis axali formaa. warmoidgineT, es igi-
vea, mSieri da maZRari adamianebi rom SevadaroT erTmaneTs. aq `informaciul Sim-
Silzea~ saubari.Mis, vinc informaciis mflobelia, ufro warmatebulia da a. S.
teqnologiurma procesebma kulturis axal saxes _ virtualur kulturas Cauya-
res safuZveli. am tipis kulturis saxeebia mudam momRimare makdonaldi, disneis
personaJebi, supermeni da sxvebi. isini im Rirebulebebs ganasaxiereben, romlebic
Cveni Tanamedrove cxovrebis formirebas axdenen. magram erTi ram cxadia, rom maT
araferi aqvT saerTo istoriul, tradiciul RirebulebebTan. isini am Rirebule-
baTa surogatebia, romlebic erTi miznisaTvis _ fulis saSovneladaa Seqmnili.
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 sociologiis Sesavali

kulturuli mravalferovneba
kulturuli mravalferovnebis cnebiT sociologebi sxvadasxva kulturebis
gansxvavebaTa Sedegad kulturis, rogorc mTlianobis, Camoyalibebas aRniSnaven.
kulturuli mravalferovneba gulisxmobs, rom arsebobs sxvadasxva saxis Rirebu-
lebebi, gemovnebebi, codna da normebi, romlebic saboloo jamSi erTian msoflio
kulturas, anu msoflio kulturul mozaikas qmnian. es daaxloebiT sxvadasxva fe-
ris ZafebiT moqsovili feradi xaliCis msgavsia. am mravalsaxeobaSi TiToeuli
kultura unikaluri da ganumeorebelia, anu, Tanamedrove terminologiiT rom
vTqvaT, TiToeuli kultura sakuTari identobis matarebelia, raSic did rols
ena asrulebs. saqarTvelos magaliTi adasturebs, Tu ra didi roli Seasrula
qarTulma enam sabWoTa reJimis pirobebSi kulturuli identobis SenarCunebasa da
damoukideblobis mopovebaSi. kulturis mravalferovneba kulturebs Soris dia-
logsa da tolerantobas gulisxmobs.
Tavis mxriv, kulturaTa Soris kavSiri kulturuli difuziis mizezic SeiZ-
leba gaxdes. kulturaTa difuzia kulturebs Soris kavSiris meSveobiT erTi ad-
gilidan mezobel regionSi inovaciebis gavrcelebas niSnavs (kulturis difuziis
magaliTia al. makedonelis laSqrobebi, romlis meSveobiT aziis qveynebSi berZnu-
li kultura Sevida).

elitaruli da popularuli kultura

kulturuli mravalferovneba SesaZlebelia ama Tu im socialuri fenis an
jgufisadmi kuTvnilebas gulisxmobdes, rac, Tavis mxriv, imas niSnavs, rom sazo-
gadoebis garkveuli nawilisaTvis aris xelmisawdomi kulturis esa Tu is forma.
am tipis gansxvavebaTa aRsaniSnavad sociologebi elitaruli da popularuli
kulturis cnebebs iyeneben. elitaruli kultura sazogadoebis mxolod mcire na-
wilisaTvis, raRac niSniT gamorCeulTaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli (termini `elitaru-
li kultura~ saTaves `maRalSublianTa kulturidan~ iRebs. XIX saukuneSi popu-
laruli mecnierebis _ frenologiis gavleniT gavrcelebuli iyo Sexeduleba ada-
mianis pirovnebisa da pirovnuli Tvisebebis Tavis qalis formaze damokidebule-
bis Sesaxeb. amis mixedviT, `maRalSublian~ adamianTa gemovneba unaklod miiCneo-
da). popularuli kultura ki yvelasaTvis xelmisawvdomi da mosaxleobaSi far-
Tod gavrcelebuli kulturaa. kulturaTa aseTi dayofa miuRebelia, radganac
arc elitis da arc mosaxleobis farTo fenebis warmomadgenelTa gemovneba da in-
teresebi yovelTvis erTnairi ar aris da arc SeiZleba iyos.

subkultura
subkultura erTiani kulturis SigniT kulturis gansakuTrebul sferos aR-
niSnavs. is ara marto gansxvavebas, aramed ierarqiulobas gulisxmobs. igi gabato-
nebul an `meinstrimul~ (ZiriTadi kulturuli mimarTuleba drois garkveul mo-
nakveTSi) kulturaSi iseTi elementebis Serevas gulisxmobs, romelic mTels
msoflioSia aRiarebuli. sazogadoebaSi yovelTvis arseboben calkeuli jgufebi,
romlebic specifikur kulturas qmnian, magram es xels ar uSlis kulturis an-
dergraunds (kulturis WeSmariti, SemoqmedebiTi mimarTulebebis erToblioba) sa-
kuTari mravalferovnebis SenarCunebaSi.

multikulturalizmi
multikulturalizmi amerikaSi SemuSavebuli specialuri saganmanaTleblo
programaa, romelic amerikis kulturul mravalferovnebas aRiarebs, magram sxva-
dasxva kulturuli tradiciebis erTmaneTTan gaTanabrebas iTvaliswinebs. am saqme-
Si problemas qmnis enisa da umciresobebis sakiTxebi, Tumca multikulturalizmi
amerikaSi dRemde problematuria.

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kaxa qecbaia

kontrkultura
kontrkultura gabatonebuli kulturis sa-
pirispiroa. bevri mkvlevari mas kulturis ganax-
lebisa da gardaqmnis winapirobad ganixilavs.
kontrkulturis magaliTia 1960 wels arsebuli
kulturuli meinstrimis winaaRmdeg hipebisa da
mogvianebiT pankebis gamosvla amerikaSi, rome-
lic ewinaaRmdegeboda da gmobda konkurentul,
egoistur da meterialistur amerikul kultu-
ras da cxovrebis saerTo stilis mimdevari iyo.
kontrkulturebi dResac aqtiurad gamodian da
ibrZvian gabatonebuli kulturebis winaaRmdeg.

maskultura
masobrivi kultura XX saukunis movlenaa. igi manamde arsebuli yvela tradi-
ciuli kulturuli normis transkulturul normad gadaqcevas gamoxatavs. mas-
kultura e. w. saSualo, masis adamianzea gaTvlili da misTvis gasageb enazea Seq-
mnili. misi ZiriTadi mimarTulebebidan gamoyofen bavSvTa subkulturas, romelic
bavSvebisTvis gankuTvnili maskulturis sagnebis industrias warmoadgens _ esaa
standartuli saTamaSoebi da TamaSebi, bavSvTa manivelirebeli aRzrdis teqnolo-
giebi da sxv. maskulturas axasiaTebs Souindustria da masobrivi sanaxaobebi.
igi bazrisaTvis aris gankuTvnili da masSi War-
bobs seqsis kulti, Zaladobis propaganda da egoiz-
mi. mis demokratiul procesad SeniRbvasa da gasaRe-
bas xels uwyobs Tanamedrove media da komunikaciis
saSualebebi. maskultura adamians mxolod biosocia-
lur arsebad ganixilavs, romelsac Wamisa da seqsis
meti araferi axsovs.

marginaluri kultura
kulturologiuri gagebiT, tranzitul mdgomareobaSi myofi adamiani aris mar-
ginaluri (kideze, zRvarze myofi) kulturis warmomadgeneli, anu am tipis socialu-
ri jgufi gansazRvrul kulturul identobas moklebulia da misi kulturuli
mdgomareoba gaurkvevelia. marginaluri kultura socialuri transformaciebis Se-
degia. mas axasiaTebs kulturuli pluralizmi, arsebuli Rirebulebebisa da norme-
bis uaryofa, socialuri jgufis cnobierebis mTlianobis rRveva da Sinagani diskom-
forti. religiur terminologias Tu vixmarT, es aris `bolo Jamis,~ anu `apokalif-
suri kultura.~

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 sociologiis Sesavali

globaluri kultura
Tanamedrove globalizaciurma procesebma da informaciulma teqnologiebma
kulturis globalizaciis procesebi daaCqara. kulturis globalizacia niSnavs
imas, rom kulturis avtorebi mTeli msoflios xalxebi xdebian da Sedegad iseTi
kultura iqmneba, romelic samomxmareblo xasiaTis matarebelia. globaluri kul-
turis simboloebia supermarketebisa da hipermarketebis sistema. Tanamedrove
msoflios nebismier kuTxeSi Casvlisas Tqven aRmoaCenT, rom iqac iseTnairad acvi-
aT adamianebs, rogorc TqvenTan; arc iq mosmenili pop-musika iqneba TqvenTvis uc-
xo da a. S. es yvelaferi globalurma ekonomikam, komunikaciis globalurma siste-
mebma da globalurma migraciulma procesebma gamoiwvia. Tumca am yovelives gar-
kveuli winaaRmdegobac axlavs, kerZod is, rom adamianebi samyaros sakuTari kul-
turis prizmidan uyureben da Sesabamisad, aseTi adamianebi mtkivneulad ganicdian
kulturis globalizacias da globaluri kulturis warmoqmnis procesebs.

kulturis sociologiuri analizi

zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, rom kultura Cveni garemomcveli samyaros, pirvel
rigSi ki socialuri realobis gaazrebaSi gvexmareba. Sesabamisad, sociologiis
amocana kulturis SeswavlaSi mdgomareobs. am amocanis ganxorcielebis Sedegad
sociologiaSi ramdenime Teoriul-sociologiuri midgoma iqna SemuSavebuli, ro-
melTa Soris mniSvnelovania kulturis struqturul-funqcionalisturi analizi.

kulturis struqturul-funqcionalisturi analizi

struqturul-funqcionalisturi sociologiuri paradigma kulturas, rogorc

kompleqsur startegias, ganixilavs, romlis mizani adamianis moTxovnilebaTa dak-
mayofilebaa. am SemTxvevaSi kulturis safuZvlad Rirebuleba ganixileba (parson-
si, uiliamsi da sxv.). funqcionalisturi azrovneba sxva kulturebis sazrisis
wvdomasa da maTgan momdinare cxovrebis wesis gagebaSi gvexmareba. Tuki kulture-
bi adamianur moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebis strategiebia, maSin msoflioSi ar-
sebul kulturebs Soris saerTo niSnebi ufro meti yofila, vidre gansxvaveba maT
Soris. sxvadasxva kulturaTa SedarebiTi analizis gziT amerikelma sociologma
jorj merdokma maTi aTamde saerTo niSani gamoyo, romlebsac kulturuli univer-
saliebi uwoda. erT-erTi aseTi universalia aris ojaxi, romlis funqciebi nebis-
mier kulturaSi TiTqmis erTnairia. merdokis mier gamoyofili kidev erTi aseTi
universalia aris xumroba, romelic yvela kulturaSi socialuri daZabulobis
moxsnis funqcias asrulebs. kulturisadmi amgvar midgomas is naklovaneba axasia-
Tebs, rom igi kulturebs Soris gansxvavebebs nakleb yuradRebas uTmobs. es ga-
mowveulia imiT, rom misTvis kulturuli stabiluroba sociologiurad ufro
mniSvnelovani cnebaa, vidre kulturebs Soris gansxvavebuloba.

kultura socialuri konfliqtis Teoriis mixedviT

socialuri konfliqtis sociologiuri paradigma ZiriTad aqcents kultu-
rebs Soris uTanasworobaze akeTebs, ris magaliTad am Teoriis momxreebs (marqsi)
sazogadoebaSi erTi romelime kulturuli Rirebulebis gabatonebuli mdgomareo-
ba mohyavT. maT miaCniaT, rom kulturas ekonomika ganapirobebs. rac materialistu-
ri Teoriaa, romelic idealistur struqturul-funqcionalistur midgomas ewina-
aRmdegeba. es Teoria iseT Rirebulebas, rogoricaa Tavisufali konkurencia, kapi-
talistur ekonomikasTan aigivebs. aqedan momdinareobs kulturis iseTi gageba,
romlis mixedviT, is adamianebs Soris uTanasworobas aRrmavebs. yovelive amas
kulturaTa Sexlamde mivyavarT.

kulturuli Seyovneba _ uiliam filding ogbornis mier SemoRebuli cne-

baa. kulturuli Seyovneba maSin gvxvdeba, rodesac sazogadoebis materia-
luri da teqnologiuri mdgomareoba win uswrebs sulieri kulturis
(mrwamsi, adaT-wesebi, filosofiuri sistemebi da sxv.) transformacias.

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kulturis sociobiologiuri analizi

sociobiologiuri paradigma, erTi mxriv, biologias, xolo meore mxriv, so-
ciologias eyrdnoba. igi kulturis Seqmnis procesSi biologiuri faqtorebis mo-
nawileobaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas. magaliTad, sociobiolog alfred kinzs miaC-
nia, rom `ormagi standartis~ aSkarad universaluri seqsualuri qcevis safuZveli
wminda biologiuria. mis mixedviT, mTels msoflioSi qalebTan SedarebiT mamaka-
cebs ufro metad surT seqsualuri urTierTobebis qona ara marto erT, aramed
mraval partniorTan, rasac is qalisa da mamakacis organizmebis biologiuri gan-
sxvavebis safuZvelze, kerZod sxvadasxva produqtuli standartebis arsebobiT,
asabuTebs. miuxedvad amisa, sociobiologebs mainc mwiri faqtebi aqvT imis dasa-
dastureblad, rom kulturis Semoqmedeba biologiuri kanonebiTaa ganpirobebuli.
kultura socialuri faqtia, romelic adamianis Tavisufali SemoqmedebiTi saqmia-
nobis Sedegia. Tumca sociobiologiis damsaxureba is aris, rom is im meqanizmebs
aanalizebs, romlis mixedviTac kulturis miRwevaTa SeTviseba
xdeba. erTi ram cxadia, rom kultura bunebisagan gansxvavebuli
sinamdvilea. SeiZleba iTqvas, bunebis, biologiuri mocemulobis
adamianisa da sazogadoebis ideebis, Rirebulebebisa da norme-
bis mixedviT gaformebaa. yoveli damiani da sazogadoeba am pro-
cesSi unikaluri da originaluria. Sesabamisad, aqedan momdina-
reoben qarTuli, amerikuli, franguli da a. S kulturebi.
kulturas, rogorc socialur realobas, calke soci-
ologiuri disciplina Seiswavlis, romelsac kulturis so-
ciologia hqvia (sociologiis am dargis problemebs socio-
logiis mimarTulebis studentebi uaxloes xanebSi gaecno-
alfred veberi bian). termini `kulturis sociologia~ maqs veberis umcros-
(1868-1958) ma Zmam alfred veberma Semoitana.

masala gansjisaTvis
fragmenti ian SCepanskis wignidan `sociologiis elementaruli cnebebi~
kulturis gavlena sazogadoebriv cxovrebaze
`...SevadaroT ori aTi wlis biWi. erTi maTgani daibada loZSi, safeiqro mrewve-
lobis muSis ojaxSi, meore _ eskimosebis sadgomSi aliaskis Crdilo-dasavleT
sanapiroze. pirvelma maTganma icis gamravlebis
tabula, icis, ras emyareba avtomobilis muSaoba,
icis poloneTis bevri istoriuli TariRi, icnobs
quCaSi moZraobis wesebs, axsnis mzis amosvlasa da
Casvlas da a. S. yvelaferi es aliaskaSi mcxovreb
biWs arc gaugia.
samagierod, man icis karaqis keTeba, qamandis
xmareba, gzis gagneba qariSxalSic, polarul Rame-
Sic, SeuZlia marxilSi ZaRlebis Sebma da bevri
sxva ram, razedac loZel biWs araferi gaegeba. ma-
sac SeuZlia axsnas mzis amosvla da Casvla, magram
misi axsna sul sxvanairia, iseve rogorc misi war-
modgenebis sistema cxovrebaze, ojaxze, religiaze,
samarTalze da a. S. ai aRzrdis Sedegebi sxvadasxva
kulturaSi. fiziologiuri procesebi, romlebic
gansazRvraven maTi swavlebis biologiur safuZ-
vlebs, identuria, magram swavlebis Sedegebi _ sruliad gansxvavebuli, vinaidan
orive miekuTvneba sxvadasxva ekonomikur sistemas, maTi ojaxebi sxvadasxvanairad
moipoveben moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebis saSualebebs, gansxvavebulia erTobani,
romlebsac isini miekuTvnebian, gansxvavebulia maTi sazogadoebis kultura. amri-
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 sociologiis Sesavali

gad, orive biWis codna gansxvavebulia, maT RirebulebaTa sxvadasxva kriteriumi,

sxvadasxva wes-Cveuleba, sxvadasxva qcevis principebi da adamianebis qcevaze gan-
sxvavebuli reagireba aqvT. aliaskelma biWma icis, rom vinmes, pativiscemis niSnad,
zurgi unda Seaqcios da ise dadges; loZelma biWma icis, rom vinmes zurgis Seqce-
va Seuracxyofaa; aseTi magaliTebis moyvana kidev bevri SeiZleba.
bavSvis pirovnebis formirebisa da erTobaSi cxovrebasTan misi Seguebis am
process, romelsac safuZvlad udevs bavSvis swavleba da kulturasTan ziareba,
rac mas saSualebas aZlevs Caswvdes am kulturas da Segnebulad imoqmedos mis
farglebSi, Cven socializaciis process vuwodebT. am procesis meSveobiT kul-
tura ayalibebs sazogadoebis axal wevrebs, aswavlis maT, rogor moiqcnen, ra
akeTon, rom daisaxon mTavari cxovrebiseuli miznebi da miaRwion maT...~
davaleba:
_ yuradRebiT waikiTxeT moyvanili fragmenti da jgufSi gaaanalizeT. SeecadeT
Tqvenc moiyvanoT msgavsi magaliTebi.
_ raSi gamoixateba socializaciis procesis arsi da ra rols asrulebs kultu-
ra pirovnebis Camoyalibebis procesSi?
_ moamzadeT saprezentacio Tema: kultura da buneba.

masala gansjisaTvis
fragmenti Tamaz buaCiZis wignidan `filosofiuri narkvevebi~ (t. II.)
ra aris kultura?
`...buneba gansazRvravs adamianis cxovrebis mxolod erT nawils. meore nawilis
ganmsazRvreli TviTon adamiania. am debulebis naTelsayofad moviyvan martiv ma-
galiTs: adamiani, rogorc bunebis Svili, unda gamoikvebos, da sagulisxmoa is,
rom sakvebis mopovebis, damzadebis da miRebis wess TviTon adamiani adgens. es ma-
galiTi gamodgeba kulturis gansazRvrebisaTvis. am cnebas ufro xSirad farTo
azriT iyeneben. kultura farTo mniSvnelobiT yovelive imis erTobliobaa, rac
adamianis, Tavisufali moqmedebis, Semoqmedebis Sedegia. am SemTxvevaSi `kultura~
da `civilizacia~, aseve farTo gagebiT, emTxveva erTmaneTs. adamiani iwyeba mxo-
lod iq, sadac iwyeba ase gagebuli kultura an ase gagebuli civilizacia: adami-
ani imiT gansxvavdeba cxovelisgan, rom cxoveli cxovrobs mxolod bunebis sfe-
roSi, adamiani ki cxovrobs or sferoSi _ bunebisa da kulturis sferoSi. adami-
ani ver iarsebebs, Tu ar Seqmna xelovnuri iaraRebi, xelovnuri sagnebi, Tu ar
daumata isini bunebriv sagnebs. xSirad ismis kiTxva: nuTu adamianSi yvelaferi
cvalebadia, nuTu adamianSi ar SeiZleba raRac ucvlelis povna? adamiani xom
swored adamiania da ara niangi an virTxa? ra aris misi es ucvleli arseba? Cemi
pasuxi aseTi iqneba: adamianis ucvleli arseba swored Semoqmedebaa, e. i. cvaleba-
di sagnebis, axlis Seqmnis unaria. adamiani qmnis iseT fenomenebs, romlebsac bu-
nebaSi ver ipoviT _ magaliTad, tansacmels, saxls, taZars, mecnierebas, mwerlo-
bas, zneobriv wesebs, religias, saxelmwifo wyobas. adamianis arseba swored Se-
moqmedebaa, romlis nayofi tradiciad iqceva da TandaTanobiT Taobidan Taobas
gadecema. ase iqmneba adamianTa istoria. me aRvniSnavdi kidev erT garemoebas: ada-
miani qmnis kulturas, magram amave dros kultura qmnis adamians _ rogoricaa
kultura, iseTia adamiani, arc erT pirovnebas ar ZaluZs gadaabijos Tavis kul-
turas. yoveli bavSvi eziareba Tavisi eris enas, tradiciebs, zne-Cveulebebs: ena
adamianis Seqmnilia, magram bavSvis winaSe `Zevs~, rogorc asaTvisebeli obieqturi
sagani. asevea kulturis sxva fenomenebic.
radganac kultura gansazRvravs adamianis cxovrebis raobas, savsebiT gamar-
Tlebulia erTmaneTisagan ganvasxvaoT, vTqvaT, I saukunis adamiani Tanamedrove
adamianisagan, maSin rodesac I saukunis mgeli an virTxa Tanamedrove mglis an
virTxis igiveobrivia. rac Seexeba `kulturisa~ da `civilizaciis~ cnebaTa
sxvagvar gamoyenebas, unda iTqvas Semdegi: Spenglerma am ori mdgomareobis gan-
sasxvaveblad drois cneba Semoitana: yovel kulturas, e. i. Semoqmedebas, gar-
kveuli drois Semdeg mosdevs civilizacia _ Semoqmedebis kvdomis, gaxevebis
periodi. am kulturisa da civilizaciis wyalgamyofi droa.
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kaxa qecbaia

Tanamedrove kulturis ZiriTadi tendenciebi

axla sxva droa. dRes teqnikis arnaxuli ganviTarebis epoqaa. dRes adamians
emsaxureba uamravi ram _ Cqari matarebeli, feSenebeluri gemi, uswrafesi
TviTmfrinavi, sxvadasxva tipis avtomanqana. teqnikis ganviTarebas ar SeiZlebo-
da gavlena ar moexdina adamianze. Zalian xSirad fiqris, Wvretis `lirikis,~
`romantikis~ adgils ikavebs SiSveli saqme, `fizika.~ homerosis, Seqspiris, rus-
Tavelis samyaro Secvala garTobam _ SemTxveviTi rodia, rom adamianTa umrav-
lesoba asea gatacebuli serialebis cqeriT. Tanamedrove adamiani ufro `Homo
faber~-ia _ mwarmoebeli, vidre `Homo creator~-i _ Semoqmedi. is miwieri, yoveldRi-
uri interesebis monaa, aqedanaa Zaladobisa da seqsis kulti.
amgvari, me vityodi, antihumanuri gatacebebis daZleva SesaZlebelia ara ra-
Rac `koleqtiuri~ RonisZiebebis meSveobiT, aramed Tavisufali sazogadoebis
SeqmniT. dae, yovelma adamianma TviTonve gadawyvitos Tavisi bedi: ZaliT verc
erT adamians ver waarTmev `Homo faber~-obas.
davaleba:
_ waikiTxeT maqs friSis moTxroba `Homo faber~-i da daaxasiaTeT misi mTavari
gmiris valter faberis pirovneba. moZebneT analogiuri gmirebi sazRvargare-
Tul da qarTul mxatvrul literaturaSi da jgufSi imsjeleT maT Sesaxeb.

masala gansjisaTvis
fragmenti akaki yulijaniSvilis wignidan `kulturis Teoria~
kulturis TamaSebrivi Teoria
`... holandielma kulturologma iohan haizingam Ta-
maSi daakavSira ara mxolod xelovnebasTan, aramed kul-
turasTanac...
igi amtkicebs, rom kulturaSi monawileobs da arse-
biT rols asrulebs TamaSis elementi, metic, TamaSis es
elementia kulturis macocxlebeli suli, mis gareSe
kultura ver iarsebebs, xolo TamaSis sulis daknineba
kulturis dakninebasac niSnavs. haizingasTvis TamaSi
aris Tavisuflebis ganxorcieleba, romelic qmnis kul-
turas, rac ufro metia, vidre TviTSenaxva da gadarCeni-
saTvis brZola. haizingas azriT, TamaSi ufro metia, vid-
re wminda fiziologiuri movlena anda fiziologiurad
gansazRvruli fsiqikuri reaqcia. TamaSi, rogorc aseTi,
scildeba wminda biologiuri Tu wminda fsiqikuri moR-
iohan haizinga vaweobis farglebs, igi sazrisis mqone funqciaa. haizinga
(1872-1945) Tvlis, rom radganac TamaSi sazrisis mqonea, masSi ara-
materialuri elementic monawileobs, rasac gons, `suls~
uwodebs. TamaSi kulturaSi gvxvdeba, rogorc mocemuli sidide, romelic win
uswrebs kulturas da Semdgom Tan sdevs mas dasabamidan awmyomde. TamaSi
yvelgan warmogvidgeba, rogorc qcevis Cveulebrivi cxovrebisagan gansxvavebu-
li ragvaroba. haizingas azriT, TamaSi saxeebiT manipulirebas efuZneba, rom is
sinamdviles sicocxlis moZrav formebs unacvlebs da amiT mis gardasaxvas ax-
dens. haizinga cdilobs TamaSis procesSive dakvirvebiT Caswvdes TamaSs, ro-
gorc kulturuli cxovrebis faqtors.
haizingas azriT, adamianTa sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli moRvaweobis
yvela saxe imTaviTve gamsWvalulia TamaSiT. TamaSi TavisTavad aris kulturis
erT-erTi safuZveli da misi monawile. Tuki kulturaSi daknindeba TamaSis ro-
li da mniSvneloba, es mauwyebeli iqneba kulturis krizisisa. haizinga XX sau-
kunis kulturis krizisis fesvebs seriozulobiT aRsavse XIX saukuneSi xe-
davs, romelsac didi adgili ar dautovebia TamaSis funqciisaTvis kulturul
procesSi. tendenciebma, romelic am funqcias gamoricxavs, TandaTan gabatone-
buli adgili daikava. haizinga aRniSnavs, rom am periodis sazogadoebis su-
130
 sociologiis Sesavali

liskveTebaSi SemoiWra sasargeblos, fxizlis, prozaulis, keTildReobis bur-

Juaziuli ideali. sazogadoebrivi TviTSemecneba, ganaTlebisaken swarfva, mec-
nieruli gansja kulturuli procesis dominantebad iqca.
kulturis sazogado gaseriozulieba XIX saukunisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
movlenaa. es kultura winamorbed epoqaze gacilebiT naklebi zomiT TamaSde-
boda. haizingas azriT, XIX saukunis kulturis TiTqmis yvela gamovlinebaSi
TamaSis faqtori mkveTrad inacvlebs ukana planze, sazogadoebis rogorc go-
niTi, ise materialuri kultura mkveTrad aferxebs am faqtors. sazogadoebam
naTlad gaacnobiera Tavisi interesebi, mecnieruli gegmiT SeiaraRda da saku-
Tari miwieri keTildReobis mosapoveblad Sromas Seudga. ganaTlebisa da de-
mokratiis idealebma aRar dautoves adgili TamaSis maradiul princips.
haizinga gamowvlilviT aanalizebs XX saukunis kulturis konkretul
formebTan _ mecnierebasTan, sportTan, xelovnebasTan, politikasTan da sxva, _
TamaSis kavSirs da askvnis, rom XX saukunis kultura kidev ufro daclilia
TamaSis sulisgan. haizingas azriT, Tanamedrove sazogadoebrivi TamaSebrivi
Sinaarsis gasagebad jer kargad unda gavacnobieroT orgvari mcdari midgomis
SesaZlebloba. erTi mxriv, SeiZleba wavawydeT TamaSebrivi formebis met-nakle-
bad Segnebul gamoyenebas sazogadoebrivi da politikuri Canafiqris dasafa-
rad. am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs ar kulturis maradiul TamaSebriv elementTan,
aramed cru TamaSTan.
Tanamedrove sazogadoebis yoveldRiur cxovrebas gansazRvravs Tviseba,
raRaciT TamaSs rom waagavs da Tanamedrove kulturaSi TamaSis elementis da-
winaurebis iluzias qmnis. aseT mdgomareobas haizinga uwodebs puerelizms,
romliTac Cveulebriv aRiniSneba hubertitis periodisaTvis niSneuli sulis
mdgomareoba, raRac saSualo bavSvurobasa da Wabukur gauwonasworeblobas
Soris. haizingas azriT, Tanamedrove adamiani, rogorc wesi, ama Tu im organi-
zebulad moqmedi koleqtivis SemadgenlobaSi TiTqos hubertitis anu siyrmis
xanis masStabebiT iqceva. es is Cveulebebia, rasac sulieri urTierTobebis
dRevandeli teqnika apirobebs. puerelizms miekuTvneba, magaliTad, banaluri
garToba, uxeSi sensaciis survili, masobrivi sanaxaobisadmi ltolva, iumoris
grZnobis nakleboba, Seuwynarebloba, gamZafrebuli reaqcia rogorc antipaTi-
is, ise siyvarulis gamomxatvel sityvebze~.
davaleba:
_ Tqveni azriT, ra kavSiri aqvs kulturas TamaSTan?
_ eTanxmebiT Tu ara haizingas Teorias? pasuxi daasabuTeT.

davaleba:
_ Tqveni Sexedulebisamebr gamoyaviT klasikuri da Tanamedrove qarTuli kultu-
ris ZiriTadi Rirebulebebi da Sesabamisi masala cxrilebis saxiT warmoadgineT.
_ Tqveni azriT, SeiniSneba Tu ara Tanamedrove qarTul kulturaSi marginalobis
elementebi (dadebiTi pasuxis SemTxvevaSi konkretuli magaliTebi moiyvaneT)?
_ aRwereT, Tu ra gavlenas axdens media da komunikaciis Tanamedrove saSuale-
bebi kulturaze.

ZiriTadi literatura:
1. q. kalhuni, d. laiTi, s. keleri, sociologia. ilias saxelmwifo
universiteti. Tb., 2007. nawili II, pirovneba da sazogadoeba gv. 157-196.
2. i. SCepanski, sociologiis elementaruli cnebebi, Tb., 1997. gv. 32-41.
3. a. yulijaniSvili, kulturis Teoria, Tb., 2009. gv. 32-75; 122-197; 244-254.

damatebiTi literatura:
1. J. fereoli, sociologia, terminologiuri leqsikoni. (rus. Enaze). sankt-pe-
terburgi. 2003. gv. 50-54.
2. j. masionisi, sociologia, m. 2004. (rus. Enaze). gv. 100-138.
3. e. kodua, kulturis sociologia, Tb., 2001. gv. 113-185 ; 286-292.
131
kaxa qecbaia

praqtikumi kulturis sociologiaSi

Tema: kulturis sabWouri da postsabWouri modelebi

mizani: sabWouri da Tanamedrove simbolikisadmi saqar-

Tvelos moqalaqeebis damokidebulebis gamovlena
savaraudo obieqtebi: sxvadasxva Taobis 1) 30 wlamde,
saqarTvelos moqa- 2) 30-dan 50 wlamde,
laqeTa jgufebi 3) 50 wels zemoT.
kvlevis meTodi:
quCaSi gamokiTxva
gamokvlevis Catarebis
adgili: Tavisuflebis moedani, metro `rusTavelis~ amo-
sasvleli, metro `delisis~ amosasvleli, vag-
zlis moedani.
1) ras fiqrobT
gmirTa moedan- pasuxis variantebi:
ze mdgari ar- 1) momwons,
qiteqturuli 2) ar momwons,
Zeglis Sesa- 3) ar vici, ra vTqva.
anketuri SekiTxvebi: xeb?

igives ekiTxebiT ro-

melime sabWouri ar-
qiteqturuli Zeglis
Sesaxeb

2) Tqveni azriT, ras

aRniSnavs mocemuli
arqiteqturuli Zeg- Ria kiTxvaa da studenteb-
li? ma pasuxis variantebi unda
Caiweron
igives ekiTxebiT ro-
melime sabWouri ar-
qiteqturuli Zeglis
Sesaxeb
3) rogor fiqrobT,
ramdenad uxdeba Ta- pasuxis variantebi:
namedrove Tbiliss 1) uxdeba da unda iyos,
es arqiteqturuli na- 2) ar uxdeba da ar unda
muSevari? iyos,
3) ar vici, ra vTqva.
igives ekiTxebiT ro-
melime sabWouri ar-
qiteqturuli Zeglis
Sesaxeb

analitikuri jgufi, ro- sociologiis mimarTulebis I kursis studentebi

melic gamokvlevas Caata-
rebs

132
 sociologiis Sesavali

gamokvlevis Catarebis saswavlo kursis II semestris dasawyisi

vadebi

monacemTa analizis vade- saswalo kursis II semestris dasawyisi

bi

gamokvlevis Sedegebis jgufSi prezentacia da socialuri

warmodgenis forma debatebi sakvlev Temaze

meTodologiuri rekomendaciebi

sasurvelia, Tuki gamokvlevis Catarebamde gaecnobiT b. groisis wigns

`utopia da gacvla~, rac dagexmarebaT ukeTesad gaigoT, Tu ra adgili uWi-
ravs Tanamedrove simbolur sivrceSi kulturis postsabWoTa da Tanamedro-
ve modelebs.
Ria SekiTxvaze pasuxis miRebisas SeecadeT, rom respondentTan xan-
grZliv diskusiaSi ar SexvideT, magram arc ise moiqceT, rom mas saubari Se-
awyvetinoT.
imedia, praqtikumis Sesruleba mcire profesiul siamovnebas mainc mo-
ganiWebT.
momaval Sexvedramde auditoriaSi.

SeniSvna:
Tanamedrove da sabWouri kulturis Zeglebi SegiZliaT Tqven TviTon SearCi-
oT. aq moyvanili erT-erTi maTgani mxolod magaliTis rols asrulebs.

msoflioSi cnobili sociologebi

raimon aroni (1905-1983)

cnobili frangi sociologi da liberali; industriuli da postin-

dustriuli sazogadoebis erT-erTi Teoretikosi.

133
kaxa qecbaia

es sainteresoa

`ar SeiZleba raimes simarTleSi darwmunde, Tu is fotoze araa aRbeWdili~

emil zola

`Tuki gamonaTqvams `SeCerdi wamo _ ra mSvenieri xar~ kinematografiasTan

mimarTebaSi gamoviyenebT, maSin fotografias miviRebT ...~

fotosociologia
melanqoliuri fotografi _ reJisor mark romanekis (aSS, 2002 w.) filmidan
`foto erT saaTSi~ _ sayofacxovrebo fotosuraTebis siuxveSi Cveni cxovrebis
arafokusirebuli detalebis danaxvas cdilobs. `bevri ar iRebs iseT wvrilmanebs,
rogoricaa mitovebuli saxli, Wyleta benzingasamarT sadgurze, gadagdebuli sa-
TamaSo, magram swored msgavsi wvrilmanebi qmnian mTlian suraTs, ris fotografi-
rebasac adamianebi ar axdenen,~ _ gakvirvebulia igi.
fotosuraTis, rogorc artefaqtis (laTinurad
artefactum xelovnurad Seqmnils niSnavs; zogadad mate-
rialuri da sulieri kulturis nimuSebs kulturologi-
asa da sociologiaSi artefaqtebs miakuTvneben) arsi, mi-
si polisemiuroba (aseve plakatis, filmis an Ria bara-
Tis) iseTi konteqstebiTaa ganpirobebuli, rogorebicaa:
socialuri mocemuloba, realoba da reJisura. amitomac
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom fotografia aRmoCenaa sociologia-
Si. `fotografia da sociologia TiTqmis erTdroulad
moevlinen qveyanas~. Tavdapirvelad fotografiis, ro-
gorc socialuri informaciis wyaros, mimarT did inte-
ress maincdamainc ar iCendnen sociologebi, Tumca dRes
es viTareba gamosworebulia da vizualuri sociologia
erT-erTi yvelaze metad popularuli mimarTulebaa Tana-
medrove sociologiaSi. dRes fotoze aRbeWdili indivi-
dis an socialuri jgufis saxe da moqmedebis adgili so-
ciologiuri kvlevis mimzidveli sferoa. yoveldRiuro-
bis socialuri konstruqtivizmi da sajarooba aris is, rasac sociologi fotosu-
raTebSi, gansakuTrebiT saojaxo albomebSi eZebs.
sociologiuri TvalsazrisiT, fotografias Zalze didi evristikuli potencia-
li aqvs. sociologisaTvis fotografia sul mcire sami aspeqtiT mainc aris sainte-
reso:

134
 sociologiis Sesavali

rogorc kvlevis obieqti;

rogorc masala sociokulturuli analizisaTvis;
rogorc sociologiuri informaciis mopovebis erT-erTi saSualeba.
fototeqstis wakiTxva
sociokulturuli TvalsazrisiT, fotosuraTi Zalze saintereso teqstia. yo-
veli foto ama Tu im sociokulturuli realobis Sesaxeb gvesaubreba. masTan sa-
saubro ena yvelaze ukeT sociologma icis, rac fototeqstis ormag wakiTxvas gu-
lisxmobs: pirvelia teqstis warmomqmnel sistemaTa mniSvnelobis (simboloebisa
da niSnebis) wvdoma, meore ki _ fotosuraTze aRbeWdili situaciis mniSvnelobis
gageba. teqstis warmomqmneli movlenis subieqti is kulturuli realobaa, rome-
lic fotozea gamosaxuli. moqmedebis adgilis mniSvneloba fotografisa da fo-
tografirebis procesis socialuri urTierTzemoqmedebis Sedegia. fotografiaSi
`prokrustes sarecels~ qmnis ara kadris sazRvrebi, aramed fotografirebis pro-
cesi. amis SegrZneba yvelas SeuZlia, visac `araklasikuri~ obieqtebi erTxel ma-
inc gadauRia. cnobili faqtia, Tu rogori SiSi hqondaT fotografirebis mimarT
aborigenebs, rodesac fotoaparatis saSualebiT maT gamosaxulebebs anTopologe-
bi afiqsirebdnen. maT miaCndaT, rom fotosuraTi sulis garkveul nawils arTmev-
da. SemgomSi aRmoCnda, rom Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi aranakleb gauZnelda soci-
ologs fotoaparatiT, vidre anTropologs aborigenTa Soris. igulisxmeba is faq-
ti, rom Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi mravlad arian iseTi socialuri jgufebi,
romlebic TavianT yoveldRiur praqtikaSi fotografirebas ar gulisxmoben, Tum-
ca modernis kultura ase Tu ise mTlianobaSi mainc fotografirebis reglamenta-
cias axdens. amasTan, rogorc sxva saxis sociologiur gamokvlevebSi, eTikuri sa-
kiTxebi aqac Zalze mniSvnelovania.
zogadad, fotosociologia vizualuri sociologiis Semadgeneli nawialia.
fotosociologiis yvelaze metad cnobili erT-erTi Tanamedrove warmomadge-
nelia postmodernisti Jan bodriari, romelic fotografiiT iyo gatacebuli.
fotosociologiaSi da, zogadad, vizualur sociologiaSi saintereso wignis
avtoria Tanamedrove poloneli sociologi piotr Stompka. misi wigni `vizualuri
sociologia~ sociologiis am mimarTulebis klasikur naSromad aris miCneuli.

Tanamedrove sociologiidan
vizualuri sociologia
(mcire amonaridebi)
`Cveni cxovrebis did nawils fotosuraTebi warmarTaven. informaciuli
warwerebi ikonogramebma (informaciis matarebelma gamosaxulebebma) Secvala,
romlebic mTel rig akrZalvebs gamoxataven. amgvarad garesam-
yaros aRqma fotoebis saSualebiT xdeba. `vizualuri warmo-
saxva~ _ vizualuri samyarosa da masSi Cveni adgilis kriti-
kuli gaazrebaa.
sociologia da fotografia daaxloebiT erTdroulad gaC-
ndnen. 1839 wels konti wers `pozitiuri filosofiis kursis~
bolo fragmentebs, romelSic axali mecnieruli dargis aRsa-
niSnavad pirveladaa Setanili sityva `sociologia.~ TiTqmis
imave wels aRmoCenil iqna fotografia _ safrangeTSi lui da-
gerisa da nisefor nipesisa da inglisSi uiliam talbotis mier.
fotoebi ori umTavresi miznis realizebaSi gvexmareba:
piotr Stompka
1) fotoebze gamosaxuli detalebis dawvrilebiTi Seswav-
la sazogadoebis TaviseburebaTa axsnaSi gviwyobs xels, rac fotos ubralo aRwe-
ra ar aris. rogorc timoTi kari wers: `vizualuri sociologiis specialisti obi-
eqtebis garegnul mxareze dakvirvebiT Sinaganis damoaaSkaravebas cdilobs~. rac
exmianeba sociologiaSi gavrcelebul gamoTqmas: `roca raimes garegnuli mxare so-
ciologiur axsna-ganmartebasTanaa dakavSirebuli, SesaZlebelia imis Tqma, rom vi-
zualuri sociologiis specialistis davaleba Sesrulebulia.~

135
kaxa qecbaia

2) meore mizani, cota ar iyos, ufro ambiciuri da Znelia: fotogamosaxule-

bis meSveobiT gamovikvlioT sazogadoebis yoveldRiuri cxovrebis, kulturis an
sazogadoebrivi struqturis arsebuli kanonzomierebani. am SemTxvevaSi saubari
sazogadoebriv movlenebs Soris regulirebadi, ganmeorebadi damokidebulebebis
gamovlenas Seexeba.
vizualur monacemebs miekuTvneba nebismieri sagani, adgili, Setyobineba an
situacia, rac ki SesaZlebelia Tvalxilulma adamianma aRiqvas. vizualuri so-
ciologiisaTvis mxolod vizualuri monacemebi arsebobs, romlebic adamianis
moqmedebebs ukavSirdeba, ufro zustad, is monacemebi, romlebzec adamianis an
adamianTa jgufis zemoqmedebis nakvalevia aRbeWdili, rac vizualuri sociolo-
giis interesebis sferodan bunebis araCveulebriv panoramebs gamoricxavs. mTago-
riani peizaJis ulamazesi xedebi, okeanis horizontze mzis Casvla, tropikuli
mxecebi da sxva sazogadeobis Sesaxeb arafers gveubnebian (msgavsi fotoebi vi-
zualuri sociologiis Seswavlis sagani maSinaTve gaxdeba, rogorc ki maTze
adamianis zemoqmedebis kvali iqneba aRmoCenili). rodesac fotoze TxilamurebiT
mosrialeTa daSveba iqneba gamosaxuli, anda Tuki okeaneze gems SevniSnavT, cxo-
velebi ki saxlTan axlos galiaSi aRmoCndebian, maSin gaxdeba is sociologiuri
kvlevis sagani. am SemTxvevaSi foto SegviZlia maSinac ki SeviswavloT, Tuki mas-
ze adamiani araa gamosaxuli.
Tu fotoaparati adamianis Tvalis Taviseburi gagrZelebaa, maSin mis mier Ses-
rulebul operaciebs Cveulebriv enaze SeiZleba `xedva~ da `yureba~ vuwodoT. `xed-
va~ raRacis garedan danaxva, pasiuri dakvirvebaa; `yureba~ raRacaze aqtiuri kon-
centrirebaa, romelic subieqturi an kulturuli TvalsazrisiT Rirebulia.
fotoze dakvirvebisas aucilebeli yuradReba mivaqcioT:
imas, rac maszea gamosaxuli _ situacia an sagani;
fotoze gamosaxulis kulturul orientacias;
fotoze gamosaxulis subieqtur an kulturul reaqciebs, rac imaSi gamo-
xateba, Tu rogorebi Canan isini fotoze.
fotografi-sociologi sazogadoebis im wevrebs Soris, romelTa gamokvle-
vac miznad aqvs dasaxuli, garkveuli drois gatarebis Semdeg swavlobs, Tu risi
gadaRebaa umjobesi, sad xdeba ufro siRrmiseuli da ara zedapiruli socialu-
ri drama da rogoraa SesaZlebeli misi samzeoze gamotana.
amitomac aucilebelia:
gamosakvlevi amocanis naTlad Camoyalibeba;
gansazRvruli analizisaTvis fotomasalis amorCeva;
fotoebis kodirebis oqmis Sedgena: fotoze gamosaxulis sqesi, asaki, kanis
feri, Cacma-daxurvis manerebi (dasavluri Tu egzotikuri), garemocva (qalaqele-
bi Tu soflelebi), teqnologia (Sromis sagnebi da instrumentebi) da ritualebi
(religiuri qmedebebi);
subieqturobisagan TavdasaRwevad suraTebis kodireba;
fotoebis raodenobrivi analizi _ maTze aRbeWdili yoveli kategoriis
sixSiris gansazRvra;
daskvnebis Camoyalibeba.
***
`Cveulebriv, fotografia realobis Secnobis saSualebad miiCneva. is mtki-
cebulebaa. fotos naxvisas Cven yovelgvari eWvi gvefanteba da vwyvetT yoymans.
foto momxdari faqtis utyuari mtkicebulebaa.~
suzen zontagi
***
bodriaris mixedviT, fotografia mianiSnebs imaze, Tu rogori iluzoruli,
moCvenebiTi da virtualuri SeiZleba iyos realoba, romelSic Cven vimyofebiT.
foto realobis simulaciis kargi nimuSia, _ ase fiqrobs bodriari.

136
 sociologiis Sesavali

praqtikumi vizualur sociologiaSi

Tema: warmatebuli adamianis imiji XX-XXI saukunis

qarTul vizualur kulturaSi

mizani: adamianis idealuri tipis konstruirebis teqni-

kis kvleva sxvadasxva epoqis kulturuli saxee-
bisa da nimuSebis mixedviT
amocanebi: 1. pirovnebis reprezentaciisa da TviTprezen-
taciis cvlilebaTa analizi;
2. socialuri `warmatebis~ genderuli (qali
da mamakaci) stereotipebis Sedareba;
savaraudo obieqtebi poza da saxis gamometyveleba, mzeris mi-
(kvlevis indikatorebi) marTuleba;
horizontTan mimarTebaSi figuris mdgoma-
reoba;
mimika da Jestebi;
tansacmlis, interieris an landSaftis de-
talebi, romlis fonze `personaJebia~ gamo-
saxuli;
sxva admianebTan damokidebuleba;
`warmatebis atributebi~ _ simboloebi da
niSnebi, romlebic socialur gansxvavebas
niRbaven;
gamosaxulebis kompoziciuri Taviseburebe-
bi _ calkeuli fragmentebis `montaJis~
teqnika;
teqstebi `kadrebze~ an minawerebi gamosaxu-
lebebze da a. S.;
wyaroebi: sxvadasxva saxis fotodokumentebi;
Zveli gazeTebi da Jurnalebi;
mxatvruli nawarmoebebi, maT Soris kino-
filmebic;
saojaxo fotoalbomebi;
sxvadasxva saxis minawerebi saojaxo da
sxva saxis fotomasalebze da sxv.
individualuri davale- SevagrovoT vizualuri masala: 3 gamosaxuleba
ba: (2 mamakacis da 1 qalis) 1960-1970-ian wlebis dro-
indeli; 1990-2000 wlebis droindeli da 2000-2011
wlebis droindeli. yovel triadaSi 1 gamosaxu-
leba aucileblad xelmZRvaneli muSakis an po-
litikuri lideris unda iyos; 1 masobrivad
gavrcelebuli profesiis tipuri warmomadgen-
lis; 1 _ xelovnebis da kulturis wamomadgen-
lis. amgvarad, sul 9 gamosaxuleba iqneba saWiro
mosamzadebeli slaid-SousaTvis.
meTodebi: vizualuri analizi da dakvirveba
Catarebis vadebi: saswavlo kursis bolos
kvlevis Sedegebis war- individualuri an jgufuri prezentacia _ sla-
modgenis forma: id-Sou

137
kaxa qecbaia

yoveli studentis an studentTa jgufis namuSevari

Semdegi parametrebis mixedviT Sefasdeba:
konceptualoba, Sesasrulebeli proeqtis miznebisa da amocanebis Se-
sabamisoba;
Sesabamisi Teoriuli masalisa da literaturis codna.
empiriuli monacemebis xarisxi da analizis siswore.
logikuroba da argumentacia.
damoukidebeli xedva da daskvnebi.
gadmocemis stili da teqnologiebis codna.

meToduri rekomendaciebi
adamianis habitusi, saxis gamometyvelebisa da sxeulebrivi konstruqci-
is CaTvliTac ki, socialuri da profesiuli kuTvnilebis niSnebi, tansacme-
li da moda, individualuri gansxvavebebi da a. S. _ es yvelaferi sociolo-
giuri kvlevis amouwuravi interesis sagania. adamianis garegnuli saxe, misi
imiji SesaZlebelia kulturologiuri, fsiqologiuri, istoriuli, anTropo-
logiuri, sociologiuri da sxva saxis kvlevis sagani iyos, magram amjerad
Cveni mizania ganvixiloT is kulturuli niSnebi da simboloebi, romelTa
daxmarebiTac iqmneba (konstruirdeba) warmatebuli adamianis `socialuri
portreti,~ anu adamianisa, romelmac sayovelTao sazogadoebrivi aRiareba
moipova.
yovel epoqaSi `sxeulebriobis~ gansakuTrebuli teqnika arsebobda, ro-
melic gamoCenil, warmatebul adamianebs Sesaferis, komfortul garegnul
iers uqmnis. adre amisaTvis dRevandel imijmeikerebze aranakleb profesio-
nalurad zrunavdnen mkeravebi, fotografebi, mxatvrebi, modeliorebi da
sxva msgavsi specialobis adamianebi. sakiTxis Rrmad Seswavlisas irkveva,
rom warmatebuli adamianebis mier sxvebis winaSe sakuTari Tavis wardgenaze
yuradRebis gamaxvileba SemTxveviTi ambavi ar aris (Tanamedrove amerikul
sociologiaSi am sakiTxis Teoretikosi irving hofmania). is, rogorc reJi-
sori, ise iTvaliswinebs `sadamdgmelo efeqtebs.~ am SemTxvevaSi publikis
molodinebs ewireba sakuTari sulier-goniTi samyaro da piradi survilebi;
Tumca pirovnebis socialuri reprezentaciis saSualebebi sxvadasxvanairia,
amitom Cveni amocanaa gamovavlinoT is gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebi da
xerxebi, romlebic sxvadasxva droSi sxvadasxvanairia, amisaTvis ki vizualu-
ri sociologiis meTods gamoviyenebT.
mokle pasuxi kiTxvaze _ `ra aris vizualuri sociologiis meTodi?~ _
daaxloebiT aseTi SeiZleba iyos: es aris gamosaxulebis gaSifvris saSuale-
ba, romliTac dakvirvebis monacemebs verbaluri analitikuri saxe eZleva,
rac empiriuli monacemebis interpretaciis erT-erTi Zalze saintereso saSu-
alebaa.
vizualuri sociologiis meTodi pirvelad ingliselma da amerikelma
anTropologebma gamoiyenes `primitiuli kulturebis~ Sesaswavlad (Sesabami-
si fotoebi da filmebi); dRes vizualuri anTropologia erT-erTi moduri
specialobaa dasavleTSi. kvlevis es meTodi gamorCeulia imiT, rom:
kvlevis sagnad aRebulia ara sxva xalxebis, aramed sakuTari kultura;
empiriuli masalis saxiT gamoiyeneba mTeli rigi `vizualuri teqstebi~;
kvlevis procesSi aqcenti keTdeba ara calkeuli artefaqtebis Seswav-
laze, aramed simboluri da socialuri struqturebis urTierTmimar-
Tebaze (statusi, normebi da sxv.);
vizulauri analizis meTodis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiT sasurvelia
gaecnoT p. Stompkas, p. burdies, r. bartis, u. ekos da J. bodriaris naSro-
mebs, rac garkveulwilad gamokvlevis Teoriuli bazis Seqmnasa da damouki-
debeli xedvis CamoyalibebaSi gamogadgebaT. kvlevis dasrulebisTanave Tqven
138
 sociologiis Sesavali

mogiwevT sakuTari teqstis Seqmna. nu ifiqrebT imaze, sworia Tu ara is, rac
dawereT. sakuTari mosazrebebi CamoayalibeT riskianad da Tavisuflad. amas-
Tanave Tqven mier Sesrulebuli praqtikuli samuSao unda iyos Tanamimdev-
ruli, logikuri da sociologiuri da literaturuli gagebiT dasrulebu-
li. es praqtikuli davaleba Tqvengan saqmisadmi SemoqmedebiT midgomas moiT-
xovs; empiriuli vizualuri masala Teoriuli codniT datvirTeT da sabo-
loo jamSi sociologiuri interpretaciis nimuSi _ `najeri aRwera~ gamogi-
vaT (termini kliford gircma Semoitana).
imedia, praqtikumis Sesruleba mcire profesiul siamovnebas mainc mo-
ganiWebT.
momaval saauditorio Sexvedramde.

ZiriTadi literatura:
1. . (, , ),
2007, 4, gv. 6-12. URL:http://sociologist.nm.ru/articles/schtompka_01.htm
2. . Camera lucida. . ., 1997.
.: URL:http://nova.iatp.by/03/barthes_camera_lucida.pdf
3. . : //
. XX . . . I. .: , 1997.
4. . . . ., 1998.
5. . . .: "--",
" ", 2000, . 296-392. ( "
").
6. : : . . . /
. .. -, .. , .. . : ,
2007.
7. / . . . .: -, 2000.
8. .. ?
9. Sontag Susan. On photography URL: http://www.susansontag.com

damatebiTi literatura:
1. .. // . ,
. 2. .: , 2001.
2. .. : 1950- 1980-.
, , . .: - , 2008.
3. . . . .: Ad Marginem,
2002. . " ", 2005, 4.
4. . . // , 2007,
5. .. . .: 2002.
6. .., .. . ., 1989.
7. .. : //
, 2007.
8. .. - . .: -, 1999.
9. .. . . - .
.: , 2006.
10. Ad Marginem'93.
. .: "Ad marginem", 1994.

internetresuresebi:
1. URL:http://www.ruthenia.ru/folklore/hristoforova3.htm
2. :

. . - .

SeniSvna:
miuxedvadDimisa, rom pirvelkurselebTan naadrevia vizualuri socio-
logiis problemebsa da meTodikaze saubari, vfiqrobT, rom maTTan adreuli
Sexeba saqmes namdvilad ar gaafuWebs.
139
kaxa qecbaia

sakiTxavi masala
sociologiis klasikosebi
`adamiani didi asoebiT~ _ rusuli warmomavlobis didi amerikeli sociologi _
pitirim sorokini
`pitirim sorokini rTuli da raRaciT paradoq-
suli adamiani iyo. is zustad grZnobda drois kon-
fliqtebs da maTs swor formulirebas axdenda. Tavi-
si pedagogiuri da saswavlo-samecniero saqmianobiT
man didi wvlili Seitana harvardis universitetSi
sociologiis formirebis saqmeSi. sociologiis kori-
fe _ parsonsi misi kolega iyo, xolo `mister socio-
logia~ _ mertoni _ mowafe. pitirim sorokini _ es
iyo `adamiani didi asoebiT~ (amonaridi harvardis
universitetis gazeTidan).
XX saukunis erT-erTi udidesi sociologi piti-
rim sorokini daibada 1889 wlis 23 ianvars vologdis
guberniaSi, sofel turiaSi (amJamad respublika komi).
rogorc `tradiciul~ rusul ojaxSi gazrdils, me-
tad mZime bavSvoba hqonda. deda adre gardaecvala. xe-
losani mama mudmivad samuSaos ZebnaSi iyo da amito-
mac mcirewlovan bavSvebTan erTad bevrs mogzaurob-
da. alkoholis moyvaruls xSirad `TeTri xurveba~
emarTeboda, romlis drosac bavSvebs sastikad us-
wordeboda. bavSvebisadmi aseTi udieri mopyrobis Sedegi didxans emCneoda piti-
rims saxeze (mas tuCi gauskda). amis gamo man Tavis ZmebTan erTad miatova mama da
mas sikvdilamde (1900 wlamde) ar Sexvedria.
igi, rogorc eserTa partiis wevri, aqtiurad iyo CarTuli revoluciuri ide-
ebis popularizaciis saqmeSi, ris gamoc sami weli cixeSi ijda. cixeSi yofnis
Jams gaecno kropotkinis, tolstois, darvinisa da spenseris ideebs. partiul saq-
mianobas karga xans ganagrZobda `amxanag ivanovis~ fsevdonimiT.
1908 wels Cavida peterburgSi. surda sociologiis ganxriT gaegrZelebina
swavla bexterevis mier peterburgis universitetSi axaldaarsebul fsiqonevro-
logiur institutSi, magram mouxda iuridiuli fakultetis damTavreba (msoflio-
Si cnobilma sociologebma m. kovalevskim da e. de robertim aq daaarses socio-
logiis pirveli kaTedra. mogvianebiT petrogradis universitetSi pitirim soro-
kinmac daaarsa sociologiis kaTedra, sadac moRvaweoba mas ar dascalda). 1910
wels gamoCnda misi pirveli publikaciebi. sorokini xSirad monawileobda eTnog-
rafiul eqspediciaSi, rac SemdegSi aisaxa mis sociologiur SromebSi.
1922 wlis 26 seqtembers rusuli inteligenciis sxva cnobil warmomadgenleb-
Tan erTad gasaxlebul iqna peterburgidan e. w. `filosofiuri gemiT.~ mcire xniT
iyo berlinSi, Semdeg aSS-Si gamgzavrebamde cxovrobda CexeTSi. 1923 wels Cavida
aSS-Si. kiTxulobda leqciebs aSS-is sxvadasxva kolejebsa da universitetebSi.
1930 wels gaxda aSS-is moqalaqe. 1931 wels harvardis universitetSi daaarsa soci-
ologiis fakulteti, romelsac xelmZRvanelobda 1942 wlmade. 1931-1959 wlebSi iyo
harvardis universitetis profesori. iyo amerikis sociologTa asociaciis prezi-
denti (1965 w). gardaicvala 1968 wels.
ZiriTadi naSromebia: `sociologiis sistema.~ ortomeuli. 1920; `danaSauli da
SurisZieba, sociologiuri etiudi sazogadoebrivi qcevisa da moralis ZiriTad
formaTa Sesaxeb,~ 1914; `socialuri da kulturuli dinamika~ _ aRiarebulia soci-
ologiis klasikur naSromad, oTxi tomi. 1937-1941; `revoluciis sociologia,~ m.
2005; `socialuri mobiloba,~ m. 2005; `samarTlis zogadi Teoriis elementaruli
sakiTxebi,~ m. 2009; `ruseTis Tanamedrove mdgomareoba.~ 1923; `rusi eris ZiriTadi
niSnebi meoce aswleulSi,~ 1967; `Cveni drois krizisi,~ 1914; sainteresoa agreTve
misi statia `lenini _ fanatikosi da socialuri eqstremisti.~ 1963 wels aSS-Si
gamoica misi avtobiografiuli xasiaTis naSromi `grZeli gza.~ misi mowafeebi iy-
140
 sociologiis Sesavali

vnen msoflioSi cnobili da aRiarebuli sociologebi: mertoni, parsonsi, milsi.

hqonda mimowera a. ainStainTan, j. kenedisTan, a. toinbisTan, a. SvaicerTan.
Tavis Tavs `empiriul pozitivizms~ miakuTvnebda. aris sociokulturul
cvlilebaTa da socialuri mobilobis Teoriis avtori.
msoflio istoriuli procesi mis mier gagebuli iyo, rogorc kulturis Zi-
riTadi tipebis cikluri cvalebadoba, romlis safuZveli simboloTa da Rirebu-
lebaTa integrirebuli sistemaa. sorokinma didi yuradReba dauTmo Tanamedrove
kulturis krizisis problemis kvlevas; kulturis krizisidan Tavis daRwevis sa-
Sualebad man `religiuri idealisturi kultura~ miiCnia. amitomac misi sociolo-
giis amosaval principad iTvleba `ideacionaluri kulturis~ cneba, romlisaTvis
zneobis primatia prioritetuli. mis mixedviT, sociologiis sagania sxvadasxva is-
toriul da kulturul viTarebaSi funqcionirebad socialur jgufebs Soris ar-
sebuli urTierTobebis Seswavla. igi mravalmxriv saintereso moazrovnea. misi
ideebi sicocxlisunariania ara mxolod sociologiis, aramed filosofiis, isto-
riis, kulturologiis, samarTlis, eTikisa da xelovnebis sferoebSi.
igi erT-erTi pirvelia, vinc kritikulad afasebs rus ers. mudmivad opozici-
oners, inteligenciis sxva warmomadgenlebisagan gansxvavebiT, eyo gambedaoba, rom
jer kidev 1917 wels avismomaswavebeli diagnozi daesva sakuTari erisaTvis _
`ruseTi mZime seniTaa daavadebuli!~ am avadmyofobas bolSevizmi hqvia. mxolod
avadmyof ers aqvs eqskluzivi am fenomenTan dakavSirebiT. p. sorokinis statia
`sociologis Canawerebi _ avadmyofi ruseTi~ im Zeitgaist-is matarebelia, romelSic
is daiwera, magram kvlavac aqtualuria imdenad, ramdenadac ruseTi am avadmyofo-
bisagan jer kidev ar ganTavisuflebula, metic ubedureba, is aris, rom mas ar
surs am avadmyofobas Tavi daaRwios.

***
`Cven jer kidev imdenad cota ram viciT socialur movlenaTa `idumali~ sam-
yaros Sesaxeb, rom am sferoSi realobasTan miaxloebul nebismier codnasac ki
fasdaudebeli Rirebuleba aqvs.~
`sociologia unda iyos zusti mecniereba. is subieqturi msjelobebisagan un-
da ganTavisufldes.~
pitirim sorokini

msoflioSi cnobili sociologebi

frederik jeimsoni

amerikeli sociologi. modernizmisa da postmodernizmis aRiarebuli

mkvlevari. e.w. `zomieri postmodernizmis~ warmomadgeneli.

141
kaxa qecbaia

VIII leqcia
Tema: sociologiis ZiriTadi cnebebi:
socializacia
sociologiis ZiriTad cnebebsa da kategoriebs Soris erT-erTi mniSvnelova-
ni adgili socializaciis cnebas ukavia. socializacia adamianis sociumis wevrad
gaxdomas, anu, ubralo sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, adamianis gasazogadoebriobas, sazo-
gadoebriv arsebad qcevas niSnavs, amitom sociologia dainteresebulia sociali-
zaciis procesis mTeli rigi meqanizmebis SeswavliT.
socializacia adamianis mier socialuri normebis, kanonebis, qcevis wesebisa
da RirebulebaTa aTvisebis procesia, romlis drosac igi sazogadoebaSi cxovre-
bisa da socialuri normebis dacvis unar-Cvevebs gamoimuSavebs. amdenad, sociali-
zacia aqtiuri procesia, romelSic adamianis cnobiereba da nebeloba monawile-
obs. msgavsi ram cxovelTa samyaroSi ar arsebobs, radganac cxovelis qceva da
moqmedeba biologiurad winaswar daprogramebulia, adamianebi ki garkveul socia-
lur gamocdilebas saWiroeben imisaTvis, rom kulturuli Rirebulebebi aiTvison
da sazogadoebaSi Tavi komfortulad igrZnon. socialuri gamocdileba pirovne-
bis Camoyalibebis aucilebeli pirobaa. pirovneba am gamocdilebis internalizaci-
is anu SeTvisebis gziT yalibdeba. adamiani socializaciis procesSi sociumis mi-
er xangrZlivi istoriuli da kulturuli gamocdilebis Sedegad SemuSavebul
normebs Soris garkveul arCevans akeTebs: zog normas iRebs, rogoric is aris,
zogs kidev uaryofs. am uaryofis procesSi igi SeiZleba axali Rirebulebebis
Semqmneladac mogvevlinos. amitom socializaciis procesi arsebuli tradiciuli
memkvidreobis aTvisebasTan erTad siaxlesac gulisxmobs, anu am azriT sociali-
zacia novaciurobis tendenciebis matarebelic aris.
socializaciis procesi TviTobis SegrZnebasac gulisxmobs. sakuTar indivi-
dualobas, `meobas,~ anu Tanamedrove terminiT rom vTqvaT, identobas adamiani so-
cialur arsebad Camoyalibebis procesSi SeigrZnobs. am dros xdeba TviTobis gan-
viTareba. amitomac Tanamedrove sociologiam identoba da socializacia erTma-
neTTan daakavSira, ufro metic, xSir SemTxvevaSi gaaigiva kidevac.
socializaciis procesis sociologiuri analizi adamianis ganviTarebis zo-
gadi tendenciebis gaTvaliswinebas moiTxovs. am SemTxvevaSi saxezea ori ZiriTadi
midgoma: pirveli _ sabunebismetyvelo-biologiuri, romlis cnobili warmomadgene-
lia Carlz darvini. man adamianis ganviTareba memkvidreobiT miRebul biologiur
kanonzomierebas dauqvemdebara; xolo meore midgoma am saqmeSi socialur garemos
aniWebs upiratesobas da amitomac igi socialur-mecnierul midgomadaa cnobili
(magaliTad, b. uotsoni da sxvebi), oRond es imas ar niSnavs, rom biologia mTli-
anad unda amoviRoT adamianis ganviTarebis procesidan. amis gakeTeba ugunureba
iqneba, magram unda vicodeT, rom adamianis yofierebis struqturis pirveli Sre
aris biologiuri, bunebrivi mocemuloba, romelsac socialuris saxiT masTan Se-
darebiT yofierebis ufro maRali fena mosdevs. amitom, rodesac vambobT, rom ada-
miani biosocialuri arsebaa, swored es gvaqvs mxedvelobaSi. buneba am SemTxvevaSi
socialuris arsebobis fizikuri safuZvelia, amitom mas Tavis mniSvnelobas ar
vukargavT sociologiaSi, magram bunebaSi ar xdeba adamianis socializacia. es
procesi sociumis prerogativaa, amitom sociologiisaTvis yofierebis am sferos
kvlevaa mniSvnelovani. adamians adamianad socialuri garemo anu sazogadoeba _
`meore buneba~ ayalibebs. amis sailustraciod sociologiaSi xSirad mohyavT so-
cialuri izolaciis magaliTebi, magaliTad, socialuri garemosagan izolirebu-
li bavSvebis tragikuli istoriebi (gaixseneT radiard kiplingis moTxroba `maug-
li~) da sxv.

142
 sociologiis Sesavali

socializaciis Teoriebi
fsiqologisturi Teoriebi:
zigmund froidi: pirovnebis elementebi _ pirovnebis frodiseuli Teoria
fsiqoanalizis saxeliT aris cnobili. mis mixedviT, adamians ori ZiriTadi moT-
xovnileba aqvs: pirveli _ sqesobrivi, romelsac froidi cxovrebis instinqts anu
eross (ZvelberZnuli lxinisa da siyvarulis RmerTi) uwodebs, da meore _ agresi-
uli miswrafeba, sikvdilis instinqti anu Tanatosi (ZvelberZnuli sikvdilis
RmerTi). es urTierTsawinaaRmdego Zalebi (sicocxlis, siyvarulis survili da
sikvdili) adamianis fsiqikis Rrma fenis _ aracnobieris doneze moqmedeben da
Zalze xSirad arasasurvel fsiqikur atmosferos _ Rrma fsiqologiur daZabulo-
bas iwveven. moTxovnilebaTa amgavri gagebis safuZvelze froidma pirovnebis sam-
wevriani fsiqologiuri modeli Seqmna. pirovnebis Semadgeneli elementebia: idi,
me da zeme (`idi,~ `ego,~ da `superego~). `idi~ (laTinurad `is, igi) adamianis Ziri-
Tadi miswrafebebis gamoxatulebas warmoadgens da Tavisi fesvebi biologiur sam-
yaroSi aqvs gadgmuli. is dabadebisTanave arsebobs, magram sazogadoeba ewinaaR-
mdegeba mas. imisaTvis, rom ar moxdes frustracia (moTxovnilebaTa daukmayofi-
leblobisa da marcxis Sedegad warmoqmnili fsiqikuri mdgomareoba), bavSvma unda
iswavlos realisturi damokidebuleba sinamdvilisadmi. am saqmes axorcilebs ego
(laTinurad `me~), romelic individis gacnobierebul Zalisxmevas warmarTavs mem-
kvidreobiTi moTxovnilebebisa da sazogadoebrivi normebis erTmaneTTan SesaTav-
seblad. igi maSin viTardeba, rodesac Cven sakuTar identobas gavacnobierebT, mag-
ram amasTanave gvesmis, rom yvelafers, rac gvsurs, erTbaSad an saerTodac ver mi-
viRebT. sabolood adamianis pirovnebaSi superegos (laTinurad `zeme~) ganviTare-
ba xdeba, romelic Cven mier internalizebul (SeTvisebul) kulturul normebsa
da Rirebulebebs warmoadgens. is sindisis rols asrulebs da gvixsnis, Tu ratom
ar SeiZleba miviRoT is, rac gvsurs. misi formireba maSin iwyeba, rodesac bavSvi
mSobelTa kontrols gaacnobierebs da mixvdeba, rom sazogadoebrivi Rirebulebe-
bis gaTvaliswineba aucilebelia.
idi da superego erTmaneTTan konfliqtSi imyofeba da Tuki maTi mogvareba
bavSvobis asakSi ver moxerxda, igi SemdgomSi zedapirze amova da pirovnebis fsi-
qikur moSlas gamoiwvevs. mesa da zemes konfliqti _ es igive pirovnebisa da sazo-
gadoebis konfliqtia. maT Soris kompromiss froidma sublimacia daarqva. igi ada-
mianis egoisturi miswrafebebis socialurad misaReb qcevad gardaqmnas gulis-
xmobs (Tavis seqsualur energias sublimacias ukeTebs anu sxva, socialurad misa-
Reb miznebs dausaxavs da maT Sesabamisad moqmedebs). amis magaliTia ojaxis Seqmna
(froidis mixedviT, ojaxi sublimirebuli seqsia), sporti (agresiis sublimireba
xdeba) da a. S. froidis Sromebma didi dava da kamaTi gamoiwvia, magram froidma
adamianis pirovnebisa da socialuri bunebis TiTqmis yvela Tanamedrove mkvlevar-
ze udidesi gavlena moaxdina. sociologebs es Teoria aswavlis, rom socialuri
normebis aTvisebis procesi siRrmiseuli pirovnuli xasiaTis matarebelia da mi-
sadmi zerele damokidebuleba dauSvebelia.
Jan piaJe: pirovnebis kognituri ganviTareba _ Sveicarielma fsiqologma Jan
piaJem adamianuri kogniciis Seswavlis safuZvelze pirovnebis ganviTarebis Teo-
ria Seqmna. kognicia am SemTxvevaSi SemecnebiT da inteleqtualur SesaZleblobebs
niSnavs. amis mixedviT, man pirovnebis kognituri ganviTarebis oTxi etapi gamoyo:
sensomotoruli stadia _ am stadiaze bavSvebs araTu TavianTi Tavis aRqmis,
aramed sakuTari arsebobis SegrZnebac ki ara aqvT. es adamianis ganviTarebis
is donea, rodesac igi samyaros mxolod SeigrZnobs. adamianebTan da sagneb-
Tan interaqciis Sedegad bavSvi rwmundeba, rom misi garemomcveli sagnebi
mudmivia. amas piaJe saganTa mudmivobis koncefcias uwodebs. amis magaliTia
is, rom bavSvisTvis dedis arseboba mudmivobaa.
winare operacinaluri stadia _ daaxloebiT 2 wlis asakSi bavSvebi winare
operacinalur stadiaSi gadadian, rodesac isini pirvelad iwyeben enobrivi
da sxva simboloebis gamoyenebas. am SemTxvevaSi maT jer kidev ara aqvT zo-

143
kaxa qecbaia

misa da moculobis Sesaxeb warmodgena, rac abstraqtul azrovnebas saWiro-

ebs. am unaris ganviTareba ki daaxloebiT 7 wlis asakidan iwyeba.
konkretuli operaciebis stadia _ daaxloebiT 7-11 wlis asakidan bavSvebSi
ukve maTs garemomcvel sinamdvileSi arsebuli mizezobrivi kavSirebis aRqma
SeiniSneba. am stadiaze isini mxolod erTeuli simboloebiT operireben.
formaluri operaciebis stadia _ am stadiaze individebi abstraqtulad da
kritikulad azrovneben. igi daaxloebiT 12 wlis asakidan iwyeba.
piaJem pirovnebis socializaciis froidisagan gansxvavebuli Teoria warmoad-
gina, romelSic gadamwyvet sityvas azrovneba, gonebis aqtiuroba da Semoqmedeba
asrulebs, Tumca verc imis Tqma SeiZleba danamdvilebiT, rom socializaciis am
stadiebs adamiani nebismier sazogadoebaSi aucileblad gaivlis. amasTan gasazia-
rebelia piaJes mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom adamiani Tavisi kognituri, inteleqtu-
aluri monacemebiT sakuTari identobis, TviTobis formirebis procesis aqtiuri
da ara pasiuri monawilea.
sociologiuri Teoriebi:
Carlz horton kuli: `sarkiseburi mes~ Teoria _ amerikeli sociologis
Carlz horton kulis mixedviT, socializaciis procesSi didi mniSvneloba aqvs
imas, Tu ra wamodgena aqvT Cvenze sxvebs. amis meSveobiT vayalibebT sakuTar qce-
vas; virCevT visTan rogor moviqceT da ase vqmniT socialur sinamdviles.
ase rom, Cven garSemo myofi adamianebi erTgvari
sarkis rols asruleben CvenTan mimarTebaSi, ufro
sworad, Cveni identobis SefasebaSi. sarkiseburi me
sami nawilisagan Sedgeba: 1) ras vfiqrobT imaze, Tu
rogor gviyureben sxvebi? 2) rogor afaseben sxvebi
imas, rasac CvenSi xedaven? 3) ra damokidebuleba
gvaqvs Cven am Sefasebebis mimarT? aq ar unda vifiq-
roT, rom sarkiseburi me sxva adamianebis warmodgene-
bisa da Sefasebebis pirdapiri asaxvaa. amjerad sauba-
ri imas Seexeba, rom Cven sxvebis meSveobiT aRviqvamT
sakuTar identobas. sarke aq metaforaa im socialuri
sinamdvilisa, romelic nawilobriv Cveni Seqmnilia.
jorj herbert midi: socialuri `me,~ I da Me _ sazo-
gadoebis mier individis Camoyalibebis procesis saC-
veneblad amerikelma sociologma jorj herbert
midma (simboluri interaqcionizmis Teoritikosma) pirveli Taobis amerike-
`socialuri mes~ socialur-bihevioristuli (bihevio- li sociologi Carlz
rizmi qcevaTmecnierebas niSnavs) Teoria SeimuSava. horton kuli (1864-1929)
midis Tanaxmad, pi-
rovnuli `me~ socialuri gamocdilebis produqtia.
mas sazogadoeba qmnis adamianebs Soris urTierTmoqme-
debis (interaqciis) meSveobiT. interaqcia adamianebs
Soris simboloebis (sityvebi, Jestebi, sxvadasxva niS-
nebi) gacvlas warmoadgens (aqedan _ simboluri inte-
raqcionizmi), romelic erTmaneTis ganzraxvas gvagebi-
nebs. aq gasaTvaliswinebelia is faqtic, rom ganzrax-
vis gasagebad saWiroa sakuTari Tavisadmi `sxvisi Tva-
lebiT~ Sexedva, anu sxvisi rolis miReba. aq isev sar-
kis simbolosTan mivdivarT. rodesac me sakuTar Tavs
sxvisi TvalebiT vuyureb, es niSnavs Cemi mes gaorebas,
anu, ufro sworad, imas, rom me ori nawilisagan Sed-
geba: `subieqturi me~ _ I da `obieqturi me~ _ Me. subi-
eqturi me Cemi azrovnebisa da moqmedebis iniciatoria,
jorj herbert midi xolo obieqturi me sxvebis mier danaxuli Cemi Tavia.
(1863-1931) socialuri interaqcia am ori mes aqtiuri dialogia,
rac imas niSnavs, rom gavakeTo Tu ara rame an ase mo-
144
 sociologiis Sesavali

viqce Tu ise, _ amis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebas subieqturi me iRebs, xolo obieqtu-

ri me meubneba, rom ase Tu moviqcevi, aseTi iqneba sxvebis reaqcia, anu Cem mier mi-
Rebul gadawyvetilebaze sxvebis mxridan mosalodneli reaqciis Sesaxeb progno-
zebs akeTebs. garda amisa, midma `mes~ ganviTarebis koncefciac Camoayaliba, rom-
lis arsi sxvisi rolis aTvisebaSi mdgomareobs. pirvel etapze bavSvi sxvisi ro-
lis imitacias akeTebs mxolod. xolo rodesac laparaks iswavlis, me sakuTar
Tavs TamaSSi gamoavlens da ara yvela sxvis, aramed mxolod misTvis mniSvnelova-
ni sxvis (magaliTad, deda, mama, bebia, babua) rolebis TamaSs iwyebs. rolebis Ta-
maSi, midis mixedviT, socializaciis procesSi CarTulobis niSania, romlis mom-
devno etapi erTdroulad ramdenime sxvisi rolis TamaSs niSnvs. masSi ukve bevri
adamiania CarTuli. am bolo etapze me ramdenime sxva mes aerTianebs, romelis aR-
saniSnavad midma ganzogadebuli mes cneba SemoiRo. es igive socialuri mea _ me,
romelic socializaciis procesSi Camoyalibda.
socializaciis procesSi moraluri azrovnebis primatis Sesaxeb originalu-
ri mosazreba aqvs gamoTqmuli kognituri fsiqologiis warmomadgenels lorens
kolbergs, romelmac piaJes calkeuli debulebebi daazusta, Tumca misi kvlevebi
mxolod biWebs Seexeboda. am faqtma mis kolega qerol giligans ubiZga imisken,
rom socializaciis procesSi genderuli faqtori gaeTvaliswinebina. amisaTvis man
biWebisa da gogonebis moralur ganviTarebas miaqcia yuradReba da aRmoaCina, rom
orive maTgani qcevisa da Sefasebebis sxvadasxva standartebs iyenebs da amis mize-
zi kulturuli ganpirobebulobaa. misma gamokvlevebma kidev ufro gaafarTova so-
cializaciis procesis codna da sociologebis mzera manamde ucnobi faqtorebi-
saken mimarTa. Tanamedrove fsiqologma erik eriqsonma socializaciis process
ufro farTod da masStaburad Sexeda da mis mier gamoyofili stadiebis mixedviT
es procesi mTeli cxovrebis manZilze mimdinareobs. mTlianobaSi, mis mier moce-
mulma modelma socializaciis iseTi agentebis Seswavlas Seuwyo xeli, rogorebi-
caa ojaxi, skola, Tanatolebi da sxv.
socializaciis agentebi
socializaciaze nebismieri saxis socialuri an kulturuli gamocdileba ax-
dens gavlenas. miuxedvad amisa, zogierTi Cveulebrivi pirobebi socializaciis
procesSi gansakuTrebul rols asruleben, amitom maTi cal-calke ganxilvaa au-
cilebeli. maT socializaciis agentebs eZaxian.
ojaxi
upirvelesi socialuri samyaro bavSvisaTvis aris ojaxi. pirveli socialuri
da kulturuli gamocdilebis wyaro ojaxia. es is sarkea, romelSic bavSvebi Ta-
vianT Tavs xedaven. ojaxis Rirebulebebi, damokidebulebebi da cxovrebis wesi pi-
rovnebad ayalibeben bavSvebs. isini ojaxis meSveobiT iTviseben sakuTari sazoga-
doebis kulturas da sociumis wevrebad yalibdebian. ojaxSi gadaecema maT gende-
ruli stereotipebi (`qalis saqme~ da `kacis saqme~), istoriuli cnobiereba da
sxva. amitom ojaxis Seswavlas udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs socializaciis procesSi
gasarkvevad.
skola
skola bavSvis socialur samyaros kidev ufro afarToebs. igi imiTac aris
saintereso, rom aq bavSvebi manamde maTTvis ucxo da ucnob adamianebs xvdebian da
maTTan uwevT urTierToba. garda imisa, rom maTTvis aucilebel codnas iReben,
bavSvebi aq socializaciis Zalze aqtiur da sicocxliT aRsavse procesebSi arian
CarTulni. skolaSi swavlebasTan erTad aRzrdis procesic mimdinareobs, rac gar-
kveuli RirebulebiTi orientaciis qonas gulisxmobs, amitom skola socializaci-
is procesis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani agentia, Tumca genderuli faqtore-
bis gaTvaliswineba aqac aucilebelia.
Tanatolebi
megobrebTan, TanatolebTan yofna gansakuTrebuli movlenaa bavSvebisaTvis.
TanatolTa jgufi iseTi socialuri kategoriaa, romlis wevrebs aerTianebs saer-
To interesebi, socialuri mdgomareoba da asaki. es is garemoa, sadac bavSvebi uf-
rosebis kontrolis aridan gadian da sxvebTan urTierTobebs, ojaxisa da skoli-
145
kaxa qecbaia

sagan gansxvavebiT, damoukideblad amyareben. amitom TanatolTa wre mSoblebis

mudmivi Tavsatexi da problemaa xolme. TanatolTa wreSi moxvedrisas bavSvebi-
saTvis mniSvnelovania, rogor miiReben mas Tanatolebi, gamoucxadeben Tu ara
jgufur solidarobas da iqneba Tu ara popularuli da a. S. socialurad poziti-
uria, rodesac socializaciis agentebi SeTanxmebulad moqmedeben. magaliTad, ro-
desac ojaxisa da TanatolTa wris socializacia erTmaneTs emTxveva.
masmedia
masmedia sazogadoebis farTo fenebisaTvis gankuTvnil sakomunikacio saSua-
lebaTa erTobliobaa. masSi igulisxmeba radio, televizia, filmebi, videoCanawe-
rebi, kompaqt-diskebi, kompiuteruli programebi, wignebi, Jurnalebi, gazeTebi da
sxv. am mediasaSualebebidan bavSvebis socializaciaze gansakuTrebul gavlenas
televizia da kompiuteruli programebi axdenen. bavSvTa absoluturi umravlesoba
did dros atarebs an televizorTan, an kompiuterTan, rac mSoblebis SeSfoTebas
iwvevs, radganac telegadacemebis umravlesoba pirovnebis ganviTarebas ki ara, ga-
dagvarebas uwyobs xels. komikosi fred aleni xumrobda Turme termin mediaze,
romelic `saSualos~ niSnavs, _ amitomac aris, rom satelivizio gadacemebis um-
ravlesoba ukeTesis xilvis survils aRZravs xolmeo. seqsis, Zaladobisa da gar-
yvnilebis yureba, bunebrivia, uaryofiTad moqmedebs mozardebze da amitomac mSo-
belTa aRSfoTeba gasagebia, Tumca arc mediis rolis gazviadeba iqneba marTebuli
pozicia. mediidan miRebuli informacia saTanado interpretaciis SemTxvevaSi arc
ise saSiSi unda iyos, Tumca media socializaciis mZlavri agenti rom aris, amas
didi mtkiceba ar unda. Cveni yoveldRiuri cxovrebidan gamomdinare, es isedac na-
Telia.
socializacia zrdasrul asakSi.
resocializacia da desocializacia
marTalia, socializacias didi mniSvneloba eniWeba baSvobis asakSi, magram
socialuri da kulturuli Rirebulebebisa da normebis aTvisebis procesi mTeli
sicocxlis manZilze grZeldeba. socialuri samyaro aTasgvar oinebs gviwyobs da
yoveldRiurad axal-axal rolebs gvTavazobs, romelTa aTviseba an uaryofa
zrdasrul asakSi socializaciis aucilebeli maxasiaTebelia. aba, gavixsenoTO
kargad, manamde ucnobi ramdeni ramis `daswavla~ moaxerxa TiToeulma Cvenganma?
socializaciis ukanaskneli tipi, romelic milionobiT adamianis gamocdile-
bazea damyarebuli, iseT totalur institutTan aris dakavSirebuli, rogoric ci-
xe, sapyrobilea _ garemo piroba, romlis drosac adamiani sazogadoebisagan izo-
lirebulia da misi moqmedebebi cixis administraciis mier imarTeba. Tanamedrove
amerikeli sociologis irving gofmanis mixedviT, totalur institutebs sami ar-
sebiTi niSani axasiaTebT: 1) absoluturad yvelasa da yvelafris kontroli, TviT
sizmrebis CaTvliTac ki; 2) totaluri institutis sayofacxovrebo sfero absolu-
turad standartizebulia. tansacmeli, saWmel-sasmeli da sxva yvelasaTvis erTna-
iria; 3) patimars sxvebi karnaxoben, sad, rodis da rogor moepyras sakuTar Tavs.
am institutebs erTi mizani aqvT _ moaxdinon pirovnebis resocializacia, mkacri
kontrolis gziT patimris pirovnebis radikaluri Secvla. resocializacia orma-
gi procesia. is arsebuli identobis waSlas da axlis Camoyalibebas gulisxmobs.
zogi patimari axerxebs amas, zogi ki ver axerxebs da `maradiul tusaRad~ rCeba,
magram ra vqnaT Cven, romlebsac es ar gvexeba? ras gviSvreba Cven socializacia
_ aukuRmarTebs Tu amdidrebs Cvens pirovnebas? es kiTxvebi dafiqrebas saWiroeben.
axal cxovrebaSi socializaciis procesis siZnele kargad uwyian afxazeTi-
dan da samaCablodan devnilebma. maT gancdas albaT kargad gamoxatavs 1970 wels
amerikaSi dasaxlebuli laoseli emigrantis sityvebi, romelmac moulodnelad
tradiciuli sazogadoebidan maRalteqnologiur, heterogenul sazogadoebaSi amo-
yo Tavi: `Tavs ise vgrZnob, rogorc sagani, romelic cecxlSi Cagdebisas ar iwvis
da wyalSi moxvedrisas dinebas mihyveba.~ afxazeTidan da samaCablodan devnilTa
Zalian bevrma warmomadgenelma, samwuxarod, ver moaxerxa socializacia da Tavisi
sicocxle tragikulad daamTavra.

146
 sociologiis Sesavali

socialurobis gancdis gaqrobas desocializacia hqvia. pirovnebis desocia-

lizacia totaluri institutebis niSan-Tvisebaa. isini angreven pirovnebis socia-
lur mes da amitomac socialurad saSiS movlenas warmoadgenen. amaSi gamoixateba
totalitaruli sazogadoebebis antisocialuri buneba.
Cveulebriv, socializaci-
is mkvlevrebi arafers amboben
socializaciis sxva agentebis
Sesaxeb, amitom Cven davZenT,
rom tradiciul sazogadoebaSi
socializaciis agenti SeiZleba
iyos religia da religiuri
cnobiereba. dasavleli socio-
logebi masze imitom ar amaxvi-
leben yuradRebas, rom fiqro-
ben, Tanamedrove desakralize-
bul sazogadoebaSi religiam
dakarga es funqcia, rac saqmi-
sadmi araswori midgomaa. socia-
lizaciis kidev erTi saintereso
agenti SeiZleba iyos moda, rek-
lama, SromiTi koleqtivi, armia,
sxvadasxva klubebi da a. S.
devnilTa kopaqturi dasaxleba

davaleba:
_ CamoayalibeT sakuTari argumentirebuli mosazrebebi socializaciis Teorieb-
Tan dakavSirebiT. raSi EeTanxmebiT maT da raSi ara?
_ moiyvaneT magaliTebi realuri socialuri cxovrebidan, romlebSic asaxuli
iqneba ojaxis, skolis, Tanatolebis an mediis roli bavSvis socializaciis pro-
cesSi.
_ socializaciis agentebidan Tqven romels aniWebT upiratesobas da ratom?
_ unda daemsgavsos Tu ara saswavlo dawesebuleba totalur instituts imisaT-
vis, rom uzrunvelyos xarisxiani ganaTleba?
_ moiyvaneT resocializaciis magaliTebi da jgufSi imsjeleT maT Sesaxeb.

ZiriTadi literatura:
1. q. kalhuni, d. laiTi, s. keleri, sociologia. ilias saxelmwifo
universiteti. Tb., 2007. nawili II, pirovneba da sazogadoeba gv. 197-236.

damatebiTi literatura:
1. j. masionisi, sociologia, m. 2004. (rus. Enaze). gv. 170-196.
2. e. gidensi, sociologia, m. 2005. (rus.enaze). gv. 33-54.

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kaxa qecbaia

sakiTxavi masala
sociologiis klasikosebi
`sociaciis Teoria~ _ georg zimeli
klasikuri germanuli sociologiis sayovelTaod aRia-
rebuli warmomadgeneli, filosofosi da kulturologi,
gviandeli periodis `sicocxlis filosofiis~ warmomadge-
neli georg zimeli daibada 1858 wlis 1 marts berlinSi.
swavlobda berlinis universitetSi, sadac SemdgomSi 20
wlis ganmavlobaSi moRvaweobda. universitetis xelmZRvane-
lobis antisemituri ganwyobilebis Sedegad arc Tu ise
warmatebuli akademiuri kariera hqonda. didi xnis manZilze
privat-docentis dabali Tanamdeboba ekava, Tumca msmenel-
Ta Soris didi popularobiT da maqs veberisa da henrix ri-
kertis mxardaWeriT sargeblobda. 1914 wels strasburgis
universitetis Statiani TanamSromeli gaxda. pirveli msof-
lio omis gamo am universitetma funqcionireba Sewyvita.
zimeli 1918 wlis 28 seqtembers 60 wlis asakSi Tirkmlebis
kiboTi gardaicvala.
zimeli filosofiis istoriaSi cnobilia, rogorc
`sicocxlis filosofiis~ gviandeli periodis warmomadgeneli. nicSes naazrevTan
erTad misi msoflmxedvelobis Camoyalibebaze didi gavlena iqonia kantma da neo-
kantianelobam (misi disertacia kants Seexeboda). miuxedavad amisa, zimelis damsa-
xureba mecnierebis sferoSi, rogorc sociologiisa da kulturis Teoretikosisa,
ufro metia, vidre filosofiisa da esTetikis dargSi. sociologiaSi man sakuTari
Tavi `sociaciis TeoriiT~ anu `socialuri urTierTobis TeoriiT~ daimkvidra. mas
agreTve konfliqtologiis fuZemdebladac miiCneven.
zimelis mixedviT, wminda anu formaluri sociologia arkvevs imas, Tu rogor
iqmneba calkeuli individebis urTierTobebisagan sociumi. sazogadoeba socialuri
urTierTobebisagan iqmneba. socialuri cxovrebis ZiriTadi formebia: 1) socialuri
procesebi _ mas miekuTvneba mudmivi konkretuli mdgomareobebisagan damoukidebeli
movlenebi; magaliTad, iseTi, rogoricaa moda. moda msgavsi da gansxvavebuli niSne-
bis matarebeli socialuri cxovrebis formaa. modis mimdevari adamiani gansazRvru-
li jgufisadmi kuTvnilebasa da sakuTar gamorCeulobas erTdroulad avlens. modis
analizma zimeli `modis sociologiis~ fuZemdeblad aqcia.
2) socialuri cxovrebis formebs qmnis agreTve socialuri tipebi _ (cinoko-
si, Raribi, aristokrati, da sxv), da 3) `ganviTarebis formebi~ _ rac jgufis an
socialuri erTobis wevrTa ZalisxmeviT jgufis gafarToebis universalur pro-
cess gulisxmobs. jgufis wevrTa raodenoba individualobis xarisxis Semcirebis
xarjze xdeba.
zimelma didi dro moandoma sociologiis cnebiTi aparatis srulyofis saqmes.
mas miaCnda, rom sociologia damoukidebeli mecnierebaa, romelsac kvlevis sakuTari
sagani da meTodologia gaaCnia. oRond sociologia masTan `sociaciis~ farglebs
ver gascda. zimelis ZiriTadi naSromebia: 1) `socialuri diferenciacia. sociologi-
uri da fsiqologiuri gamokvlevebi~ (1890); 2) `istoriis filosofiis problemebi~
(1892-1893 ww); 3) `eTikis Sesavali~ (1892-1893 ww); 4) `fulis filosofia~ (1900); 5) `reli-
gia~ (1906); 6) `sociologia~ (1908); 7) `kulturis filosofia~ (1911); 8) `goeTe~ (1913); 9)
`rembrandti~ (1916); 10) `sociologiis fundamenturi sakiTxebi~ (1917).

***
`urTierTobaTa samyaro _ es aris TamaSi, romlis yoveli moTamaSe Tanaswo-
ria da romelSic yvela moTamaSe gansakuTrebuli pativiscemiT sargeblobs.~
`yoveli moda ise gamoiyureba, TiTqos maradiulad arsebobdes.
modis yoveli Semdgomi gavrceleba dasasrulisaken miemarTeba, radganac igi
gansxvavebulobas spobs.~
georg zimeli
148
 sociologiis Sesavali

es sainteresoa
ledi gagas fenomeni, rogorc sociologiuri kvlevis sagani
`xSirad Tavs uiRblo mowafesaviT vgrZnob xolme. amitom TiTqmis yovel
diliT veubnebi sakuTar Tavs, rom me supervarskvlavi var. me varwmuneb sakuTar
Tavs, rom SevZleb viyo iseTi, rogoric Cems fanebs surT. Tumca xSirad meCveneba,
rom adamianebs Cemi ganadgureba surT~.
ledi gaga
2011 w. 05.
stefani jonaTan anjelina germanota, igive ledi gaga, italiuri warmomavlo-
bis amerikeli pop-momRerali da kompozitori, daibada 1986 wlis 28 marts. igi xu-
Ti gremis da uamravi sxvadasxva prestiJuli jildosa da titulis mflobelia.
ledi gagas albomebi kolosaluri raodenobiT iyideba msoflioSi. misi fsevdoni-
mi `quinis~cnobili simReridan `Radio Ga Ga-dan~ momdinareobs.

`didebisa da warmatebis soci-

ologia~
2011 wlis gazafxulis semes-
tridan amerikaSi samxreT karoli-
nis universiteti sociologiis mi-
marTulebiT unikaluri akademiuri
kursis SemoRebas apirebs. igi pop-
momReral ledi gagas didebisa da
warmatebis `saidumloebas~ mieZ-
Rvneba, iuwyeba universitetis ga-
zeTi `The Daily Gamecock~. akademiu-
ri kursis saxelwodeba `didebis,
warmatebis sociologia~ iqneba.
mas universitetis sociologiis
kaTedris profesori meTiu defle-
mi waikiTxavs. igi piradad icnobs
momRerals da aris misi fani (mis
koncertebs eswreba da ledi gagas
simRerebis aseulobiT diskis
mflobelia). Tavidan mas Cafiqre-
buli hqonda ledi gagas fenomeni
magaliTad moeyvana `didebis, war-
matebis sociologiis~ saleqcio
kursis kiTxvis dros, magram SemdgomSi gadawyvita, rom mTeli kursi mieZRvna mis-
Tvis, raSic xeli studentebma Seuwyves, romlebmac ledi gagas ise Sexedes, ro-
gorc `socialur movlenas.~ `saqme mis pirovnebasa da im musikaSi rodia, romel-
sac is mReris, aramed es im movlenebTan da procesebTanaa kavSirSi, romelic Ta-
namedrove sazogadoebaSi xdeba. kerZod milionobiT internet-momxmarebeli `feis-
buqze~ Tavis Tavs momRerlis megobrad miiCnevs, xolo aseTebis ricxvma blog
`TviTerze~ eqvs millions miaRwia.~ am faqtebiT aRfrTovanebuli sociologi am-
bobs, rom es `didi socialuri fenomenia.~ kursis mizani am fenomenis analizi iq-
neba. pasuxi gaecema kiTxvas: ra gaxda pop-momRerlis didebisa da warmatebis mize-
zi? ra pirobebSi miaRwia man msoflio didebas? raSi mdgomareobs misi arnaxuli
Tavbrudamxvevi warmatebis saidumlo? amasTan erTad leqciebze yuradReba gamax-
vildeba iseT sakiTxze, rogoricaa `ras niSnavs popularul adamianad yofna da
rogor aRweven adamianebi warmatebas?~
meTiu deflemi 30 weliwadia sociologias swavlobs. 1995 wlidan ki universi-
tetis profesoria. igi kriminologiisa da samarTlis sociologiis specialistia,
romelic darwmunebulia imaSi, rom `nebismieri movlenis sociologiuri analizia
SesaZlebeli.

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kaxa qecbaia

klasikuri gagebiT, sociologia socialur faqtebsa da movlenebs aanali-

zebs. Tuki ledi gagas fenomens ise ganvixilavT, rogorc socialur movlenas, ma-
Sin igi TavisTavad Semova sociologiuri analizis sferoSi da, Sesabamisad, aq
gasakviri araferia. saqme isaa, Tu ra rakursiT SevxedavT am yvelafers. sociolo-
gias marTlac aintersebs sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor aRweven adamianebi war-
matebas, didebasa da popularobas. am SemTxvevaSi igi aqcents warmatebis ganmapi-
robebel socialur safuZvlebze akeTebs, ledi gagas SemTxvevaSi _ imaze, Tu ra
socialurma faqtorebma ganapiroba misi popularoba. msgavs problemebs aanali-
zebs axali dargobrivi sociologiuri disciplina `didebis, warmatebis socio-
logia.~
ledi gagas warmatebis saidumlo mravali ucnaurobiTa da siurpriziT aRsavse
Tanamedrove, postklasikuri sazogadoebis socialur sinamdvileSia saZebni, Tumca
erTi ram savsebiT naTelia: msgavsi araordinaruli saswavlo kursis SemoReba drois
moTxovnaa, droisa, romelic, vin icis, ki-
dev ra siaxleebs gvpirdeba.
ledi gaga aqtiurad gamodis arat-
radiciuli seqsualuri orientaciis
warmomadgenelTa (lesboselebi, biseqsu-
alebi, transgenderebi) uflebebis dasa-
cavad. am mxriv amerikis senatsac ki mi-
marTa TxovniT, rom gaeuqmebinaT kanoni,
romlis mixedviTac im adamianebs, vinc
sazogadoebis winaSe ar malaven sakuTar
aratradiciul seqsualur orientacias,
ekrZalebaT aSS-is armiaSi samsaxuri.
didebis sociologiisa da misi
msgavsi sxva tipis superTanamedrove so-
ciologiuri disciplinebis warmoSoba
postTanamedrove sazogadoebisaTvis da-
maxasiaTebeli sul mcire sami mizeziT
aris ganpirobebuli: 1) sazogadoebis de-
mokratizaciis maRali done; 2) tradici-
uli socialuri institutebis gavlenis
Sesusteba da 3) yoveldRiuri cxovrebis
`savaWro sagnad~ gadaqceva (merkanti-
lizmi).
dRevandeli sazogadoeba mTeli ri-
gi warmosaxviTi, virtualuri erTobebis
aracentralizebuli konglomerati gaxda, romelTac Tavisi arsiT erTmaneTTan
saerTo araferi aqvT. Tanamedrove adamianebi erTi romelime tradiciuli ideis
garSemo ar arian Tavmoyrili. am tipis sazogadoebis erTianobas qmnian e.w. warma-
tebuli, didebis mwvervalze myofi adamianebi, romelTa Soris erT-erTia ledi ga-
ga. Tanac aRsaniSnavia is, rom Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi adgili aqvs didebis
komercializacias.

davaleba:
_ rogor fiqrobT, rogor aRweven adamianebi cxovrebaSi didebasa da warmatebas?
_ airCieT TqvenTvis sasurveli romelime warmatebuli an didebis mwvervalze myo-
fi adamiani da moamzadeT esei imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor miaRwia man am yvelafers.

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 sociologiis Sesavali

`nacvlad imisa, rom gakicxoT adamianebi, ecadeT gaugoT maT.

ecadeT mixvdeT, ratom iqcevian isini ase da ara sxvagvarad~.
deil karnegi
IX leqcia
Tema: sociologiis ZiriTadi cnebebi:
interaqcia
socialuri urTierTmoqmedebis problemisadmi interesi sociologiam Tavisi
warmoSobis pirveli dReebidanve gamoavlina. sociologiis fuZemdebeli ogiust
konti Tavis `socialur statikaSi~ (sociologiis erT-erTi ZiriTadi nawili `so-
cialur dinamikasTan~ erTad) socialuri kavSirebis bunebis analizisas im das-
kvnamde mivida, rom socialuri urTierTmoqmedeba sazogadoebis struqturis saba-
ziso elementi SeiZleba iyos; xolo sociologiis klasikosis maqs veberis mier
SemoRebuli `socialuri moqmedebis~ cneba swored rom socialur urTierTmoqme-
debaTa bunebis gagebas iTvaliswinebs. am SemTxvevaSi socialuri moqmedeba sxvebze
mimarTuli moqmedebaa, romelic maTi qcevisa da ganwyobebis Secvliskenaa mimarTu-
li, rasac moTxovnilebaTa, miswrafebaTa da interesTa dakmayofileba mosdevs.
arc diurkemi yofila am problemis analizisagan didad daSorebuli. misi socio-
logiuri koncefciis umTavresi kategoria _ socialuri solidaroba _ urTier-
Tzemoqmedebis Rrma sociologiuri analizis Sedegadaa miRebuli. am droidan mo-
yolebuli dRemde am problemas sociologTa gansakuTrebuli yuradReba ar moh-
klebia da igi sociologiis erT-erT umnivnelovanes cnebad iqna aRiarebuli.
socialuri urTierTmoqmedeba _ es aris procesi, romlis meSveobiTac adamia-
nebi moqmedeben da sxvebTan urTierToben yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. is socialuri
realoba, romelSic TiToeuli Cvengani imyofeba, socialur urTierTmoqmedebaTa
Sedegia. sociologma unda icodes, Tu rogor konstruirdeba realoba, romelsac
is Seiswavlis. amis gamo socialuri urTierTmoqmedeba sociologiuri analizis
metad saintereso obieqtia, gansakuTrebiT Tanamedrove sociologiisa.
urTierTmoqmedeba socialuri kavSiris (kontaqtis) safuZvelze yalibdeba.
urTierTmoqmedeba moqmedebaTa sistemurobiTa da mudmivobiT xasiaTdeba, romlis
mizani partnioris reaqciis gamowvevaa. garkveuli azriT, es partniorze zemoqme-
debaa. aqedan irkveva, rom urTierTmoqmedeba, sul mcire, ori adamianis, ori erTo-
bis an ori jgufis moqmedebaTa sistemaa, romlis gareSe socialuri cxovreba ar
arsebobs, Tumca unda vicodeT, rom yvela saxis urTierTmoqmedeba ar aris socia-
lurobis bunebis mqone. socialuria iseTi urTierTmoqmedeba, romelic sxva adami-
anTan, jgufTan an erTobasTan aris mimarTebaSi anu, zogadad rom vTqvaT, es inte-
raqciuli urTierTmoqmedebaa _ urTierTmoqmedeba, romelsac Sedegad interaqcia
mohyveba. am SemTxvevaSi interaqcia da komunikacia ar unda avurioT erTmaneTSi.
komunikaciis cnebaSi umTavresi komunikaciis obieqtia, anu is, rasac saubari See-
xeba, maSin rodesac interaqciis SemTxvevaSi wina planze saubarSi monawileTa ur-
TierTobaa mniSvnelovani. termini interaqciac swored am mniSvnelobis mqonea (in-
glisur enaze: interaction laTinuridanaa Semosuli inglisurSi: inter da activus _ ur-
TierTmoqmedeba, aqtiuri urTierTzemoqmedeba adamianebs an jgufebs Soris, ro-
gorc uwyveti dialogi; urTierToba). komunikacia informaciis gacvlas gulis-
xmobs, romelic interaqciis _ urTierTobis Semadgeneli nawilia.
Tanamedrove sociologiaSi damkvidrebuli mosazrebis mixedviT, socialuri
sinamdvile aigeba sxvebTan Cveni urTiermoqmedebis, interaqciis meSveobiT. e. i. ga-
modis, rom socialuri struqtura masze yofila damokidebuli, Tumca, Tavis
mxriv, socialuri struqturac axdens gavlenas socialur urTierTmoqmedebaze. is
warmarTavs, mimarTulebas aZlevs socialur interaqcias. nebismier sazogadoebaSi
yoveldRiuri situaciebis gaazrebas adamianebi swored socialuri struqturis
meSveobiT axdenen. amdenad, aqtualuri xdeba sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu risgan Sed-
geba Cveni yoveldRiuri cxovreba.
socialuri interaqcia aucileblad socialur urTierTobas gulisxmobs. ameri-
kelma sociologma Carlz horton kulim, interaqciis xasiaTidan gamomdinare, pirve-
151
kaxa qecbaia

ladi da meoreuli socialuri jgufebi gamoyo, romelTac Sesabamisi urTierTobebi

axasiaTebT. pirveladi jgufis niSnebia: 1) mudmivi uSualo, pirispir urTierToba; 2)
mkveTrad gamoxatuli identifikacia jgufTan; 3) mkveTrad gamoxatuli kavSiri jgu-
fis wevrebs Soris; 4) urTierTobaTa mravalmxrivoba; 5) mdgradoba. meoreuli jgu-
fis niSnebia: 1) uSualo urTierTobaTa SezRuduloba; 2) jgufTan personaluri iden-
tifikaciis sisuste; 3) susti kavSirebi jgufis wevrebs Soris; 4) SezRuduli meoreu-
li urTierTobebi; 5) droebiToba. pirvelad jgufebSi adamianebs axlo urTierTobebi
aqvT erTmaneTTan; maT ician erTmaneTis Wir-varami; is tradiciuli sazogadoebisaT-
visaa damaxasiaTebeli. Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi ki urTierTobebi etiketze anu
kulturul normebzea damyarebuli; pirveladi, pirdapiri urTierTobebia megobroba-
sa da siyvarulze agebuli urTierTobebi; meoreuli anu arapirdapiri urTierTobaa
ucxoebs Soris urTierToba, TanamSromloba samsaxurSi, biurokratia da urTierTo-
bis yvela is forma, romelic garkveuli saxis SeTanxmebasa da kulturul Tu sxva
normebzea damyarebuli. garda amisa, arsebobs kidev urTierTobis mesame rigi, e. w. me-
sameuli urTierToba, romelSic CarTuli mxareebi SesaZlebelia arasodes ar Sex-
vdnen erTmaneTs, aseTia, magaliTad, mediaurTierToba.
statusi
socialuri urTierTmoqmedebis arseboba Zneli warmosadgenia masSi CarTul
adamianTa socialuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb winaswari sabaziso xasiaTis mqone Se-
fasebebis gareSe. socialuri mdgomareobis aRsaniSnavad sociologebi statusis
cnebas xmaroben. igi individis an socialuri jgufis met-naklebad myari poziciaa
sazogadoebaSi, romelic gansazRvrul uflebebTan da movaleobebTanaa dakavSire-
buli. Cveulebriv metyvelebaSi statusis cneba `prestiJis~ cnebasTanaa dakavSire-
buli. Tumca prestiJis `cneba~ SefasebiT poziciasTana dakavSirebuli, igi sazoga-
doebis an mis wevrTa mier sxvadasxva movlenebis socialuri mniSvnelobebis da-
debTi an uaryofiTi Sefasebaa, romelic socialuri aRiarebis, mowonebis, waxali-
sebis da a. S. motivacias warmoadgens.
statusi Cveni socialuri identobis nawilia, romelic interaqciaSi gvexmareba.
amaze mianiSnebda sociologiis erT-erTi klasikosi georg zimeli, rodesac ambob-
da, rom `visTanac ar unda iyos, urTierTobis upirvelesi piroba imis codnaa, Tu
visTan gaqvT Tqven saqme~. nebismier adamians erTdroulad ramdenime statusi SeiZle-
ba hqondes. magaliTad, mozard gogonas mSoblebisaTvis Svilis statusi aqvs, Zmis-
Tvis _ dis, TanatolebisaTvis _ megobris, xolo skolis gogonaTa fexburTis gun-
dis wevrebisaTvis _ mekaris da a. S. mTeli Tavisi cxovrebis manZilze adamiani aTo-
biT sxvadasxva statuss iZens da kargavs. sociologebi statusis klasifikacias imis
mixedviT axdenen, Tu ra principis safuZvelze xdeba misi mopoveba.
miwerili statusi _ socialuri mdgomareoba dabadebiT an memkvidreobiT an
uneburad miiReba (magaliTad, qalwulis an Tineijeris statusi).
miRwevadi statusi _ socialuri mdgomareba an pozicia sakuTari Zalisxme-
vis wyalobiT miiRweva (magaliTad, sociologiis doqtori, qmari, maswav-
lebeli da a. S.).
ZiriTadi anu dominanti statusi _ romelsac gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba
aqvs socialuri identobisaTvis da romelic mTeli cxovrebis manZilze
narCundeba (magaliTad, is ZiriTadi saqmianoba, romliTac adamiani mTeli
Tavisi cxovreba dakavebulia). negatiur planSi dominanti statusi SeiZleba
iyos raime saxis seriozuli daavadeba, magaliTad, Sidsi. aseTi statusis
mqone adamianebTan urTierTobas, Cveulebriv, eridebian xolme.
unda vicodeT, rom socialuri statusis cnebis safuZvelia ara ekonomikuri,
aramed socialuri mdgomareoba. socialuri statusis kvleva maqs veberis saxel-
Tanaa dakavSirebuli. igi mas socialuri diferenciaciis (stratifikaciis) anali-
zis adekvatur saSualebad iyenebda.
roli
socialuri urTierTmoqmedebis meore Semadgeneli nawilia roli. roli mosa-
lodneli qcevaa, romelsac individi kerZo situaciaSi asrulebs da romelic kon-
kretul statusTanaa dakavSirebuli. sazogadoebaSi adamianebs aqvT statusi da
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 sociologiis Sesavali

maT Sesabamis rolebs asruleben. statusi da roli didwilad kulturazea damo-

kidebuli. roli socialurad konstruirebuli qcevaa. mTeli Cveni socialuri
cxovreba rolebis aTvisebis (swavlis) procesia. rolebis klasifikacia moaxdina
parsonsma. man xuTi kriteriumis safuZvelze Semdegi saxis rolebi gamoyo:
emociurobis xarisxis mixedviT, zogi roli emociur TavSekavebas gulis-
xmobs, zogi, piriqiT, amJRavnebs mas;
miRebis wesis mixedviT, zogi individs miewereba, zogi ZalisxmeviT moipove-
ba;
masStabis mixedviT, zogi roli erTi saxis urTierTobebs moicavs, zogi
farTo da mravalaspeqtiania;
formalizaciis mixedviT, zogi roli Seesabameba dadgenil wesebs, zogier-
Ti araformalur urTierTobebs emyareba;
motivaciis mixedviT, zogi rolis Sesrulebas piradi sargeblianoba udevs
safuZvlad, zogs _ sxvaze an sazogadoebaze zrunva;
rolebis meSveobiT Cven SegviZlia molodinebi viqonioT da winaswar vico-
deT, Tu rogor moiqcevian sxvebi sxvadasxva situaciebSi da rogori iqneba maTze
reaqciebi. amdenad, rolebis arseboba sazogadoebaSi socialuri wesrigisa da so-
cialuri urTiermoqmedebis ganmsazRvrelia.

realobis socialuri konstruireba

miuxedavad imisa, rom yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi Cvens moqmedebas statusi da
roli aZlevs mimarTulebas, Cvenc Cvenive aqtiurobiT raRac axals vumatebT mas
da ase iqmneba is sinamdvile, romelSic gviwevs yofna. am procesis aRsaniSnavad
Tanamedrove sociologiaSi damkvidrebulia gamoTqma `realobis socialuri kon-
struireba.~ faqtobrivad, es aris socialuri urTierTmoqmedebis procesi, romlis
meSveobiT aqtiuri SemoqmedebiT adamianebi socialur realobas qmnian. interaqci-
is struqturis Sesaxeb Tanamedrove sociologiaSi arsebul Teoriebs Soris
mniSvnelovania: simboluri interaqcionizmi, dramaturgiuli midgoma, eTnomeTodo-
logia, saubris analizi, socialuri gacvlis Teoria da emociebis sociologia.

simboluri interaqcionizmi
maqs veberi iyo erT-erTi pirveli, romelmac yuradReba miaqcia im rols,
romelsac yoveldRiuri qceva socialuri struqturis SesanarCuneblad asrulebs.
SemdgomSi man araerT sociologiur Teorias misca biZgi am mimarTulebis kvleva-
ZiebaSi. am Teoriebs Soris jorj herbert midis simboluri interaqcionizmia ga-
morCeuli. termini simboluri interaqcionizmi midis mimdevar blumeris mier aris
SemoRebuli (1969 w.).
midis simboluri interaqcionizmi sam amosaval debulebazea damyarebuli:
1) adamianebi sagnebis mimarT im mniSvnelobebis safuZvelze moqmedeben, romlebic
am sagnebs maTTvis aqvs. es imas niSnavs, rom socialuri sinamdvile im mniSvnelo-
bebisagan Sedgeba, romelsac adamianebi sagnebsa da movlenebs miaweren; 2) saganTa
mniSvneloba im socialuri interaqciidan miiReba, romelic adamianebs Soris arse-
bobs; 3) es mniSvnelobebi ki simboluri interpretaciis sagani xdeba (xma, sityvebi,
Jestebi, gamometyveleba, aRnagoba da a. S.), anu, midis mixedviT, interaqcia simbo-
loTa gacvlis formis saxiT mimdinareobs. aqtori mniSvnelobebs im situaciis mi-
xedviT, romelSic is imyofeba, amowmebs da saxes ucvlis mas. simboluri interaq-
ciis dros adamianebi Jestebis interpretirebas axdenen, rac maTTvis Sesaferisi
mniSvnelobebis miniWebas niSnavs. interaqciis procesSi myofi adamianebi mxedve-
lobaSi iReben imas, Tu ras akeTeben sxvebi da sakuTar qcevas sxvaTa moqmedebebis
gaTvaliswinebiT ayalibeben, rac sxvisi rolis aRebas niSnavs. am SemTxvevaSi so-
cialuri interaqcia rolebis ormxriv aTvisebad gadaiqceva. saboloo jamSi, sim-
boluri interaqcionizmi Segvaxsenebs, rom sazogadoeba mis wevrebs Soris urTi-
erTzemoqmedebis Sedegia, oRond sazogadoebis qveS am SemTxvevaSi yoveldRiuroba
igulisxmeba, anu is sinamdvile, rogorsac mas adamianebi aqtualurad aRiqvamen.

153
kaxa qecbaia

eTnomeTodologia
simbolur-interaqcionistuli paradigma amtkicebs, rom adamianebi socia-
lur realobas yoveldRiuri interaqciis msvlelobaSi qmnian. magram rogor gan-
vsazRvravT Cven realobas? _ am kiTxvaze pasuxs eTnomeTodologia (`eTnos~_ xal-
xi, `meTodologia~ _ meTodebis, gzebis, saSualebebis Sesaxeb moZRvreba) iZleva.
eTnomeTodologia Tanamedrove amerikelma sociologma harold garfinkelma Seqmna
da is im gzebisa da saSualebebis Seswavlaa, romelTa daxmarebiTac adamianebi Tavi-
anT garemomcvel yoveldRiurobas gaiazreben. garfinkeli Seecada socialuri sinam-
dvilis Signidan gaazrebas. am gaazrebaSi TiToeul Cvengans xels uSlis is, rom Cven
dabadebidanve sxvadasxva kulturul scenarebs varT Sezrdili da amitom maT arse-
bobas saTanadod ver aRviqvamT, rac, pirvel rigSi, yoveldRiurobis rutinulobis
bralia. yoveldRiurobis gasaanalizeblad garfinkelma specialuri meTodi gamoigo-
na, romelsac breching _ eqsperimenti daarqva. eqsperimentis arsi imaSi mdgomareobs,
rom sagangebod moxdes sazogadoebaSi arsebuli kulturuli normebis darRveva da
Semdeg _ reaqciebis CaniSvna da analizi. es yovelive imis saCveneblad dasWirda gar-
finkels, rom socialuri realobis stabiluri wyoba TiToeuli Cvenganis erTmaneT-
Tan yoveldRiuri interaqciisagan aigeba. eTnomeTodologias Zalian bevri kritikosi
hyavs, romlebic mas araseriozul kvlevad miiCneven imis gamo, rom is Cveulebriv
movlenebs araCveulebrivi meTodebiT ikvlevs. asea Tu ise, eTnomeTodologia yovel-
dRiurobis siRrmiseul analizSi Seucvlelia.

garfinkeli Tavis studentebTan erTad sagangebod arRvevda sazogadoebaSi dam-

kvidrebul normebs da Semdeg am darRvevebze reaqciebs iwerda. eqsperimentis
dros garfinkelis studentebi saxlSi ise iqceodnen, TiTqos stumrebi yofiliy-
vnen; supermarketSi bazris msgavsad iqceodnen da a. S. arastandartul qcevebze
reaqciebis analiziT garfinkelma interaqciis im avtomatur, gaucnobierebel kano-
nebze gaakeTa aqcenti, romliTac socialuri realobis Camoyalibeba xdeba.

dramaturgiuli analizi: `TviTprezentacia~

dramaturgiuli midgomis Teoretikosi Tanamedrove amerikeli sociologi ir-
ving gofmania. mis mixedviT, socialuri sinamdvile improvizebuli TamaSebisa da
sketCebis seriaa. Sesabamisad, dramaturgiuli analizisaTvis socialuri interaqcia
Teatraluri warmodgenis msgavsia, oRond namdvili Teatrisagan gansxvavebiT aq rai-
me direqtivebi ar arsebobs, amitom moqmedi pirebi TviTon wyveten, vin ra rols Seas-
rulebs, magram amasTanave isini cdiloben sxva monawileebic daarwmunon imaSi, rom
maT mier Sesrulebuli roli bunebrivia. amis aRsaniSnavad man specialuri termini
`STabeWdilebaTa marTva~ Semoitana. gofmanis mixedviT, es aris saSualeba imisaTvis,
rom adamianma gaakontrolos is, Tu ras fiqroben sxvebi masze. interaqcia sakuTari
Tavis sxvebisadmi wardginebis, TviTprezentaciis procesia, warmodgenaTa marTva ki _
TviTprezentaciis Sedegad sxvebis SexedulebaTa kontroli. amitom sakuTari Tavis
sxvebisadmi wardgenisas didi mniSvneloba aqvs Sinagan (pirovnul) da garegan (Cacma-
daxurva da sxva) niSan-Tvisebebs. Zalian xSirad uvici Tavis uvicobas garegnuli niS-
nebiT (Cacma-daxurva) malavs. imisaTvis, rom warmodgena gagrZeldes, adamianebi xSi-
rad ise moqmedeben, TiTqos maT mier ganxorcielebuli roli bunebrivi iyos, xolo
Tuki vinme Secdomas dauSvebs, am SemTxvevaSi ise moiqcevian, TiTqos araferi SeumCne-
viaT. amas gofmani `ganzrax arSemCnevas~ eZaxis. imisaTvis, rom mudmivad scenaze yof-
niT ar daiRalos adamiani, socialur sinamdviles meore mxarec aqvs _ kulisebi, es
erTgvari dasasvenebeli adgilia, romelic uklebliv yvela dawesebulebas aqvs. hof-
manis dramaturgiuli analizi kidev ufro wingadadgmuli nabijia socialuri inte-
raqciis gasaRebis ZiebaSi.
saubris analizi
interaqcia, faqtobrivad, adamianebs Soris dialogia. dialogi saubris gareSe
warmoudgenelia, amitom XX saukunis sociologebma gansakuTrebuli yuradReba saub-
ris analizisaken warmarTes. saubris analizis Teoretikosi harvei saCsia. igi fiq-
robda, rom yoveldRiurobis wyoba saubrebis gziT aris warmoSobili. amis saCveneb-
154
 sociologiis Sesavali

lad SemTxveviT saubrebs iwerda da Semdeg maT detalur analizs akeTebda. saCsma
Tavisi kvlevebi saubris struqturis analiziT daiwyo, magram misi Semdgomi mkvlev-
rebi iseTi sakiTxebiTac dainteresdnen, rogoricaa saubris funqcia, Sinaarsi da in-
terpretacia. saCsma yuradReba miaqcia im faqts, rom TiTqmis yvela saubars bevri sa-
erTo damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba hqonda. saubris analizi gansazRvravs, Tu rogor viye-
nebT struqturas saubris wayvanisa da sakuTari miznebis misaRwevad.

socialuri gacvla
socialuri gacvlis Teoretikosebi amerikeli sociologebi jorj homansi da
piter blau arian.
maTi azriT, socialuri interaqcia gacvlis
principzea damyarebuli. saubaria rolebis gacvla-
ze. gacvla nacvalgebis principiT imarTeba. rode-
sac vinme CvenTvis gairjeba, yuradRebas mogvaqcevs
an raimes gvaZlevs, nacvalgeba moiTxovs, rom Cvenc
Sesabamisad gadavixadoT da vawarmooT balansi e. w.
socialuri aRricxvis wignSi. blau gacvlas ekono-
mikuri kuTxiT uyurebda, homansi ki _ biheviorizmis
poziciidan. anu mas miaCnda, rom adamianebi ufro
xSirad im qcevas imeoreben, romelmac maT warsulSi
raime jildo an warmateba moutana. am Teoriis mi-
xedviT, adamianebs Soris interaqcias swored gac-
vla warmarTavs, rac imas niSnavs, rom adamiani imis
gadawyvetis dros, ra moimoqmedos, afasebs potenci-
ur sargebelsa da xarjebs da maT dabalansebas
cdilobs. msgavsi ram teqnologiurad maRalganviTa-
rebuli sazogadoebisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli.
gacvla angarebas gulisxmobs, rac tradiciul sa-
jorj homansi (daibada
zogadoebaSi naklad miiCneva, Tumca amerikeli soci-
1910 w.), harvardis universi-
tetis sociologiis ologebi fiqroben, rom gacvla yovelTvis ar aris
profesori civi da angarebiani (magaliTad, mSoblebis Tavgan-
wirva SvilebisaTvis da sxv.).

emociebis sociologia
socialuri interaqciis bunebis asaxsneladaa mowo-
debuli e. w. emociebis sociologia, romelic grZnobe-
bisa da emociebis gamoxatvas miiCnevs interaqciis um-
niSvnelovanes saSualebad. magaliTad, SeWmuxnuli war-
bebi, gabrazebuli yvirili is Jestebia, romlebic sxveb-
Tan urTierTobaSi gvexmarebian. emociebi gvimxelen
SiSs, mrisxanebas, sircxvils Tu siyvaruls. TiToeuli
maTgani socialurad organizebulia. emociebis socio-
logiis warmomadgenlebi (Tomas sCifi da suzan reT-
zingeri) did yuradRebas uTmoben sircxvilis kvlevas
da miiCneven, rom is umTavresia adamianur emociebSi. man
SeiZleba SegvzRudos an biZgi mogvces garkveuli moqme-
debisaTvis. amitomaa saWiro emociebis marTva, rac Zal-
ze Zneli saqmea, magram adamianebma es unda iswavlon.
socialuri interaqcia garkveulwilad emociebis mar-
Tvasac gulisxmobs. Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi `axali
Taobis~ kompaniebis TanamSromlebs sTxoven, rom rac
piter blau (daibada ar unda uWirdeT, samsaxurSi saxis bednieri gamometyve-
1918 w.), kolumbiis uni- leba unda hqondeT da iRimebodnen, xolo ra imaleba am
versitetis sociologi- Rimilis ukan, es ar aris mTavari. amasTan unda iTqvas,
is profesori rom emociebi Tumca aris CarTuli interaqciul proce-
155
kaxa qecbaia

sebSi, magram prioritetuli poziciebi maT ar ukaviaT, rasac emociebis sociolo-

giam saTanado yuradReba unda miaqcios.

iumori: realobasTan TamaSi

socialur interaqciaze seriozuli saubari iumoris gareSe warmoudgenelia.
iumori Cveni yoveldRiurobis ganuyreli nawilia. interaqciis procesSi mas si-
laRe da sixalise Seaqvs. is TiTqmis yvela kulturaSia warmodgenli. igi realo-
bis konstruirebis produqtia da kontrastebidan momdinareobs. sociologebi ik-
vleven mis dinamikas, Tematikasa da funqciebs. mas didi mniSvneloba eniWeba soci-
aluri da fsiqologiuri daZabulobis mosaxsnelad, konfliqturi situaciebis
gansamuxtavad da sxv. masSi Warbad aris TamaSis elementebi, ris gamoc mas socia-
lur sinamdvilesTan TamaSadac ki ganixilaven. zogierTi mkvlevari miiCnevs, rom iu-
moris saSualebiT adamiani Segnebulad gaurbis an maRldeba rutinul yoveldRiu-
robaze, romelic arc ise xSirad Seesatyviseba Cvens moTxovnebs. cnobili faqtia, da-
Cagruli da dapyrobili qveynebi komikosTa didi raodenobiT gamoirCevian xolme. iu-
moris gareSe marTlac Zneli warmosadgeni da rutinuli da autaneli iqneboda ada-
mianebs Soris urTierToba. Tanac unda gvaxsovdes, rom Tu adamians iumoris grZnoba
ara aqvs, is ver acnobierebs sakuTar Tavisuflebas da rutinuli yoveldRiurobis
tyveobaSi rCeba samudamod. erTi mciredi gaRimebiT Cven SegviZlia sakuTar TavTan
erTad garemomcveli samyaros Secvla, amitom xSirad gaiRimeT.
rac Seexeba socialur interaqcias, igi socialuri cxovrebis yvelaze metad
amoucnobi, ucnauri da SemoqmedebiTi mxarea. yovelive is, rac mis Sesaxeb iTqva,
jer kidev araferia imasTan SedarebiT, rac mis siRrmeebSia damaluli, amitom am
mimarTulebiT warmarTuli sociologiuri kvleva-Zieba axal-axali siurprizebis
molodinSi unda iyos mudam.

davaleba:
_ SeecadeT CaataroT breching eqsperimenti Tqven mier SerCeul Cveulebriv gare-
moSi da jgufSi leqtoris daxmarebiT gaaanalizeT miRebuli Sedegebi.
_ gansazRvreT Tqveni socialuri statusi da roli. daagineT, ra kavSiria maT
Soris.
_ erT-erTi xumroba sociologebze aseTia:
`kiTxva: ramdeni sociologia saWiro naTuris gamosacvlelad?
pasuxi: arc erTi, radganac masTan yvelaferi wesrigSia; sistemis gamocvlaa sa-
Wiro.~
ra aris aq sasacilo? rogori adamianebi mixvdebian am xumrobas? ratom ver ga-
igebs mas yvela?
_ Tqveni azriT, ra gansxavebaa socialur da Teatralur dramaturgias Soris?
raSi eTanxmebiT hofmans da raSi ara?
_ ras niSnavs `socialuri buRalteria~ da iziarebT Tu ara socialuri gac-
vlis Teorias? pasuxi daasabuTeT.
_ am Temebidan erT-erTi moamzadeT saprezentaciod:
emociebis sociologia,
iumoris sociologia.

ZiriTadi literatura:
1. q. kalhuni, d. laiTi, s. keleri, sociologia. ilias saxelmwifo universi-
teti. Tb., 2007. nawili II, pirovneba da sazogadoeba gv. 99-156.

damatebiTi literatura:
1. j. masionisi, sociologia, m. 2004. (rus. Enaze). gv. 197-223.
2. n. smelzeri, sociologia, m. 1994. (rus.enaze). gv. 130-167.
4. i. SCepanski, sociologiis elementaruli cnebebi, Tb., 1997. gv. 72-82.
5. d. karnegi, rogor SeviZinoT megobrebi, rogor movimxroT adamianebi. Tb.,
1992. gv. 25-43.
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 sociologiis Sesavali

sakiTxavi masala
sociologiis klasikosebi
M ekonomikuri sociologiis korife _ karl marqsi

msoflioSi cnobili germaneli filosofosi, so-

ciologi, ekonomisti, politikuri Jurnalisti da sa-
zogado moRvawe karl marqsi (mordexai levi) daibada
1818 wlis 5 maiss prusiaSi, qalaq trirSi, advokatis
ojaxSi (misi saxl-muzeumi trirSi mdebareobs misamar-
Tze: Brucrtnstrase, 10). D1841 wls eqsternad daamTavra ber-
linis universiteti da dasacavad waradgina sadoqto-
ro disertacia Temaze: `gansxvaveba demokritesa da epi-
kures naturfilosofias Soris.~ iyo hegelianeli. uni-
versitetis damTavrebis Semdeg bonSi gadasaxlda aka-
demiuri karieris mowyobis mizniT, magram ebraelTa wi-
naaRmdeg mimarTuli mTavrobis politikis gamo gegmebi
CaeSala da uari Tqva samecniero karieraze. igi memar-
cxene hegelianelebTan daaxloebuli raineli radika-
luri burJuaziis warmomadgenlis mier kiolnSi daar-
sebul opoziciur gazeT `Rheinische Zeitung-Si~ jer Jur-
nalistad, Semdeg ki redaqtorad iwyebs muSaobas. am
droisaTvis igi prusiis monarqiis revoluciuri damxo-
bis lozungebiT gamodioda. mTavrobis mier gazeTis
daxurvam marqsi politikuri TvalsazrisiT moumzadeb-
lobaSi daarwmuna da igi didi gulmodginebiT Seudga am xarvezis aRmofxvras.
1843 wels daojaxda da sacxovreblad parizSi gadavida. aq igi hainrix hainesa
da fridrix engelss gaicnobs. am ukanasknels igi cxovrebis bolomde ar Sordeba.
muSaTa klasis problematikiT igi engelsma daainteresa. 1845 wels parizidan gaZe-
vebuli marqsi briuselSi gadabargda, sadac engelsTan erTad dawera naSromi
`germanuli ideologia,~ romelSic mkacrad gaakritika hegeli. 1847 wels is engel-
sTan erTad saidumlo organizacias _ `komunistTa kavSirs~ aarsebs da 1848 wlis
21 Tebervals Tavis cnobil `komunisturi partiis manifests~ aqveynebs. 1848 wlis
Tebervlis revoluciis dasawyisSi belgiidan gasaxlebuli marqsi jer parizSi,
Semdeg germaniaSi, kiolnSi Cadis da Tavisi gazeTis aRdgenas cdilobs, Tumca am
saqmeSi xelmocarvis Semdeg germaniidan gasaxlebuli londonSi idebs binas. mar-
qsi aq sicocxlis bolomde cxovrobda. londonSi man sabolood Camoayaliba Ta-
visi ekonomikuri Teoria da aqtiurad CaerTo muSaTa saerTaSoriso moZraobaSi.
1867 wlis maisSi daibeWda misi `kapitalis~ pirveli tomi. marqsi londonSi 1883
wlis 14 marts 65 wlis asakSi gardaicvala. marqsis `kapitalis~ momdevno II da III
tomebi misi sikvdilis Semdeg engelsma gamosca.
im adamianebs Soris, romlebmac didi kvali datoves msoflioSi (nicSe da
froidi), marqss erT-erTi pirveli adgili uWiravs. is mravalmxrivi figuraa da
amitomac mis mimarT gamoTqmuli Sefasebebic araerTgvarovania. marqsistuli ideo-
logiis 70-wliani diqtaturidan gamomdinare, CvenSi marqsizmi wyeul fenomenad
aris miCneuli. evropaSi mas `mkvdar ZaRls~ eZaxian. yvelaferi es marqsistuli Te-
oriis diqtatorul ideologiad da politikuri cxovrebis wesad qcevam gamoiwvia.
miuxedavad aseTi negatiuri Sefasebisa, marqsi mainc rCeba msoflioSi angariSgasa-
wev da genialur ekonomistad da sociologad. es is sferoebia, sadac marqsi maq-
simalurad kompetenturia dResac.
filosofiaSi marqsis Sromebma dialeqtikuri da istoriuli materializmis
formireba moaxdina; ekonomikaSi _ damatebiTi Rirebulebis Teoris Seqmna; poli-
tikaSi _ klasTa brZolis Teoriisa da sxv. sociologiaSi marqsma sazogadoebis
ekonomikuri analizi mogvca; aRsaniSnavia agreTve mis mier gaucxoebis problemis
analizi; marqsi cnobilia, rogorc sazogadoebisadmi sistemuri midgomis erT-er-

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kaxa qecbaia

Ti gavleniani warmomadgeneli. misi sociologiuri koncefciiT, socialuri ganpi-

robebulia ekonomikuriT, xolo sazogadoebis politikuri sistemis dasayrdeni Za-
laufleba da Zaladobaa. am konteqstSi igi `Zalauflebis sociologiis,~ `poli-
tikuri sociologiisa~ da konfliqtologiis klasikosad warmogvidgeba.
marqsis mixedviT, didebuli poezia da rTuli samarTlebrivi da socialuri
dawesebulebebi SimSilis winaaRmdeg ganuwyveteli brZolisa da mkacr klimatur
pirobebSi ver warmoiSoba. adamiani, mis mixedviT, sazogadoebrivi arsebaa. sazoga-
doeba gansazRvravs adamianis ganviTarebasa da pirad SesaZleblobebs. nebismieri
saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis Sinagan struqturas misi sawarmoo Zalebis ganvi-
Tarebis done ganapirobebs, amitomac sazogadoebis ekonomikis codna am sazogado-
ebis codnis tolfasia. ekonomikis codna ki sakuTrebis cnebis analizs moiTxovs.
swored sakuTrebis formebis sxvadasxva tipi udevs safuZvlad sazogadoebis sxva-
dasxva tips. marqsis azriT, sakuTrebis pirveli forma aris edemi. kacobriobis is-
toriis am stadiaze jer kdev ar aris warmoeba ganviTarebuli. monadireTa da me-
TevzeTa sazogadoebaSi Sroma TiTqmis ar aris ganawilebuli. sakuTrebis meore
forma aris monoba, romelic edemSic arsebobda, magram farulad. misi arseboba
ukve ivaraudeboda ojaxis struqturaSi. sakuTrebis
es forma mosaxleobis gamravlebis Semdeg Cndeba da
Tavis Tavs agrarul, feodalur sazogadoebaSic
inarCunebs. sakuTrebis mesame forma _ kapitalistu-
ri sakuTreba arsebobs yvelgan, sadac Tavs iCens
vaWroba da warmoeba, anu sadac sazogadoebis axali
fenis warmomadgenlebi _ kapitalistebi Cndebian.
marqsis mixedviT, kapitalistebi akontroleben war-
moebis saSualebebsa da fuls, Sesabamisad maT xel-
Sia Zalaufleba. sakuTrebis meoTxe forma socia-
listuri sakuTrebaa. am SemTxvevaSi kerZo sakuTreba
minimumamdea dayvanili da ukve erTi nabijia darCe-
nili uklaso _ komunistur sazogadoebamde, romlis
misaRwevad kapitalisturi sazogadoebis revoluci-
is gziT damxobaa saWiro. marqsis mier SemuSavebuli
modeli _ edemi, monoba, kapitalizmi yvela sazoga-
doebam unda gaiaros imisaTvis, rom komunizms miaR-
wios. Tumca msgavsi modeli winaaRmdegobaSi modis
istoriul faqtebTan, romelTa mixedviT, warmatebu-
marqsis MmTavari li socialisturi revoluciebi moxda ara evropisa
naSromi `kapitali~ da amerikis industriulad ganviTarebul qveynebSi,
aramed agrarul meurneobaze damyarebul saxelmwi-
foebSi _ ruseTSi, kubasa da CineTSi. ase rom, am mxriv marqsis koncefcia mravali
xarvezis Semcvelia. Tumca kapitalisturi sazogadoebis analizSi marqss badali
ar hyavs. realurad arsebuli sazogadoebis analizSi mas bevri ram daejereba, ra-
sac ver vityviT im sazogadoebaze, romelic marqsis ideaSi arsebobda da romlis
Sesaxebac is winaswarmetyvelebda.
marqsistuli Teoriis marcxis miuxedavad, misi avtoris naazrevma didi gavlena
moaxdina Semdgomi periodis dasavlur azrovnebaze, gansakuTrebiT egzistencia-
lizmze (Jan-pol sartri), Semecnebis Teoriaze (maqs Seleri), frankfurtis skolis
warmomadgenelTa naazrevze (maqs horkhaimeri, Teodor adorno, herbert markuze,
erix fromi, iurgen habermasi), struqturul sociologiaze da sxv. marqsistul Te-
oriasTan oponirebiT araerTi saintereso, axali da alternatiuli socialuri
Teoria iqna Camoyalibebuli (magaliTad, m. veberisa da k. poperis Teoriebi). mar-
qsizmi SeuTavsebeli aRmoCnda pirovnebis TavisuflebasTan da `Ria sazogadoebis
TeoriasTan.~
marqsis ZiriTadi Sromebia: 1) `ekonomikur filosofiuri xelnawerebi~ (1844 w.);
2) `Tezisebi foierbaxis winaaRmdeg~ (1845 w.); 3) `germanuli ideologia~ (1846 w); 4)

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 sociologiis Sesavali

`filosofiis siRatake~ (1847); 5) `politikuri ekonomiis kritikisaTvis~ (1859 w); 6)

`kapitali~ da sxv.
1999 wels Catarebuli gamokiTxvis Sedegad marqsi aTaswleulis udides moaz-
rovned iqna aRiarebuli, xolo amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis kongresis biblioTe-
kis monacemebiT marqsi pirvelia imaT Soris, visadmi yvelaze meti naSromia miZRvni-
li.

`politikaSi dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad TviT eSmakTan SeiZleba kavSiris

damyareba, oRond imaSi unda iyo darwmunebuli, rom Sen eSmaks moatyueb da ara
eSmaki mogatyuebs Sen.~K
karl marqsi

masala gansjisaTvis
fragmenti jeni TeiCmanisa da qeTrin evansis wignidan `filosofia~
marqsis memkvidreoba
`... Cvens dReebSi marqsis Teoria SeiZleba warmogvidges mxolod, rogorc inte-
leqtualuri TamaSi, romelic ifargleba moZvelebuli rwmeniT progresis Sesaxeb,
magram marqsis utopiur SexedulebaTa Zalis jerovani Seufasebloba misi moZRvre-
bis gaugebloba da SezRuduloba iqneboda. marqsis gavlena ganicada moazrovneTa
ara erTma Taobam ara marto evropaSi, aramed mTel msoflioSi. mTeli Cveni sauku-
nis manZilze yvela metad gamoCenili evropeli inteligenciis warmomadgeneli kiT-
xulobda marqss. Jan-pol sartri, simona de bovuari, miSel fuko, antonio gramSi,
rom aRaraferi vTqvaT herbert markuzeze, Teodor adornosa da iurgen habermasze,
_ yvela isini erT dros aRfrTovanebuli iyvnen misi TxzulebebiT.
sayovelTaod cnobilia agreTve, rom marqsis ideebi gadmoiRes da Taviseburad
gardaqmnes Cveni drois yvelaze saxelganTqmulma politikosebma. marqsizmis tran-
sformacia moaxdina leninma, romelmac es Teoria Seuxama Tavis xedvas ruseTis sa-
xelmwifo socializmis saWiroebaTa Sesaxeb. fidel kastrom gamoiyena igi kubis re-
voluciaSi. mao Zedunma isargebla marqsizmis Cinuri versiiT, gramSim _ evropuliT.
saxelmwifo socializmis ideis aqtiurma gamtareblebma sityvieri xarki moixades
klasobrivi brZolis winaSe, amtkicebdnen, rom proletariatis gamarjveba maT sazo-
gadoebaSi miRweulia, da es mtkiceba ewinaaRmdegeboda marqsizmis winaswarmetyvele-
bas saxelmwifos kvdomisa da usaxelmwifoo sazogadoebis ayvavebis Sesaxeb...~

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kaxa qecbaia

es sainteresoa
`Tanamedrove dasavleTSi seqsma ufro meti mniSvne-
loba SeiZina, vidre sulma. igi iseTive mniSvnelovani
gaxda, rogorc Tavad cxovreba~.
jorj ritceri

seqsualobis sociologia
qalis seqsualobis kontroli ara marto seqsualobis sociologiis, aramed,
saerTod, sakacobrio istoriis erT-erTi myari elementia.
Sua saukuneebis evropulma sazogadoebam amisaTvis specia-
luri mowyobiloba, e. w. `ubiwoebis qamari~ gamoigona, ro-
melsac qalebs acmevdnen da amiT uzRudavdnen maT seqsua-
luri aqtis Sesrulebas. dRes amgvar mowyobilobas versad
SevxvdebiT, magram seqsualobaze kontrolis meqanizmebi Ta-
namedrove sazogadoebaSic SenarCunebulia.
seqsualobas Tanamedrove sociologebi sxvadasxvagva-
rad ganixilaven. erT-erTi mosazrebis mixedviT, igi socia-
luri uTanasworobis gamoxatulebaa. amis magaliTs amerika
iZleva, romlis mTel teritoriaze prostitucia akrZalu-
`ubiwoebis qamari~ lia, magram policielebis mier dakavebulTa statistikiT
irkveva, rom am akrZalvis damrRvevTa umravlesoba qalebi
arian. rogorc wesi, am mizeziT isini ufro xSirad xvdebian policiis ganyofile-
baSi. es faqti sociologebs aZlevs imis Tqmis saSualebas, rom prostituciiT da-
kavebul qalTa raodenoba aseTi kolosaluri ar iqneboda, maT rom mamakacebis da-
ri ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebi hqonodaT. am mosazrebas sociologiaSi ZiriTadad
feministuri moZraobis warmomadgenlebi ar iziareben da, Sesabamisad, am kuTxiT
qalTa uflebebis dasacavad ibrZvian. feministebis azriT, Tuki qalSi mxolod seq-
sualobas mivaqcevT yuradRebas da mets arafers, maSin Zveli drois adamianebs da-
vemsgavsebiT, saidanac momdinareobs sityva `pornografia~ (berZnulad `porne~ _ ma-
makacis seqsualur mxevals, msaxurs niSnavs), romlebic qals, rogorc saxmar
nivTs, ise ganixilavdnen.
seqsualoba da seqsi Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi industriadaa qceuli. dRe-
vandel kulturaSi seqsualoba sportul gatacebad iqca. am yvelaferma Tavisi
asaxva pova Tanamedrove adamianis metyvelebaSi da a. S. seqsualobasTan dakavSire-
biT sociologiaSi cnobilia e. w. `ucnauri identobis Teoria,~ romelic mamakacTa
seqsualuri orientaciis sakiTxs Seexeba.
sayuradReboa agreTve seqsualuri ganaTlebis sakiTxic. amerikis mTeli rigi
skolebis saganmanaTleblo programebSi specialuri sagani _ `seqsualobis safuZ-
vlebia~ Setanili, rameTu amerikel TineijerTa naxevarze meti aRiarebs, rom maT
seqsualuri gamocdileba ukve 16 wlis asakSi hqondaT. aseT viTarebaSi myofi ame-
rikelebi miiCneven, rom seqsualuri ganaTlebis SemoRebas azri aqvs, Tumca amis
Semdeg arsebuli statistikuri monacemebi saqmis gamosworebasTan dakavSirebiT da-
debiTi tendenciebis arsebobas ar adastureben, amitom seqsualuri ganaTlebis Se-
moRebis mowinaaRmdegeebi am saqmeSi ojaxs da mSoblebs aniWeben upiratesobas.
es sakiTxi Zalze problematuria CvenTanac. masTan dakavSirebiT sazogadoeb-
rivi azri dRemde sxvadasxvagvaria.

sainteresoa, rogor fiqrobT Tqven am sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT?

Tema socialuri debatebisaTvis:

ra saWiroa seqsualuri ganaTleba?

moiyvaneT seqsualobaze kontrolis meqanizmebis magaliTebi Tanamedrove sazoga-
doebaSi?
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 sociologiis Sesavali

X leqcia
Tema: sociologiis ZiriTadi cnebebi:
deviacia
sazogadoebis istoria aris mowme imisa, rom sazogadoeba nebismier drosa da
epoqaSi cdilobda adamianuri qcevis arasasurveli formebis CaxSobas. sazogadoe-
bisaTvis miuRebeli qceviT umeteswilad borotmoqmedebi an geniosebi, zarmacebi
an zedmetad Sromismoyvareni, Raribebi an mdidrebi gamoirCevian xolme. sazogado-
baSi miRebuli da aRiarebuli saSualo normisagan dadebiTi an uaryofiTi mimar-
TulebiT gadaxra, rogorc wesi, sazogadoebis stabilurobas kiTxvis niSnis qveS
ayenebs. amitom sociologiaSi didi mniSvneloba aqvs sazogadoebis stabilurobis
meqanizmebis kvlevas, rac, faqtobrivad, deviaciis kvlevasac niSnavs.
deviacia laTinuri sityva deviattio - dan momdinareobs, rac gadaxras niSnavs.
man biologiasa da fizikaSi ufro adre daimkvidra Tavi, vidre sociologiaSi. so-
ciologiaSi igi SedarebiT gvian damkvidrda sazogadoebis mier aRiarebuli kul-
turuli normebis gacnobierebuli da winaswarganzraxuli darRvevis aRsaniSnavad.
misi gageba socialuri konteqstisa da situaciis gaTvaliswinebas saWiroebs. is
socialurad konstruirebuli moqmedebaa, rac imas niSnavs, rom igi socialuri
konteqstis gareSe ar arsebobs, anu qceva, TavisTavad aRebuli, arc normaluria
da arc devianturi. misi devianturoba socialuri konteqstidan da situaciidan
gamomdinereobs. deviantur qcevas xSirad adareben danaSauls _ sazogadoebaSi
oficialurad miRebuli sisxlis samarTlis normebis darRvevas, Tumca sociolo-
gebi maTi gaigivebis kategoriuli winaaRmdegi arian. magaliTad, gidensi miiCnevs,
rom devianturi qceva da danaSauli araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda avurioT erTma-
neTSi, radganac devianturi qceva ufro farTo mniSvnelobis mqonea, vidre danaSa-
uli. danaSauli normidan iseTi gadaxraa, romlis drosac irRveva kanoni. maSin
rodesac deviaciis mravali iseTi forma arsebobs, romelic kanoniT ar isjeba, ma-
galiTad, nudizmi (laTinurad nudus -SiSveli) da a. S.
danaSaulisa da devianturi qcevis SeswavliT ZiriTadad ori erTmaneTisagan
gansxvavebuli mecnierebaa dakavebuli. esenia kriminologia da devianturi qcevis so-
ciologia. kriminologia qcevis im formebs Seiswavlis, romlebic sisxlis samar-
Tlis kanoniTaa gaTvaliswinebuli. mas, rogorc wesi, danaSaulis kriteriumebi, dam-
naSaveobis donis cvlilebebi da mis Sesamcireblad mimarTuli politika aintere-
sebs. devianturi qcevis sociologia, bunebrivia, kriminologiuri gamokvlevis Sede-
gebs iyenebs, magram amasTanave igi iseT gadaxril qcevebs Seiswavlis, romelTac kri-
minologia ar exeba da mis kompetenciaSi ar Sedis. sociologebs ainteresebT, Tu ra-
tom ganixileba zogierTi qceva, rogorc devianturi, vin aris devianti, ra ubiZgebs
mas gaxdes devianti anda sad gadis zRvari normalurobasa da gadaxras Soris.

deviacia _ gadaxra aris nebismieri moqmedeba, romelic sazogadoebis an jgu-

fis mier sayovelTaod aRiarebul normebsa da Rirebulebebs arRvevs. qcevam
rom devianturis statusi miiRos, amisaTvis is socialur standartebs unda ar-
Rvevdes. ramdenadac socialuri standartebi icvleba, imdenad deviaciis Sesa-
xeb warmodgenac icvleba.

devianturi qcevis amxsneli Teoriebi

danaSaulisa da normidan gadaxris bunebis axsna adamians yovelTvis aintere-
sebda. mis axsnas araerTi mecniereba cdilobda. Sesabamisad, devianturi qcevis Se-
saxeb sxvadasxva Teoriebis warmoSobis safuZvelic es gaxda. droTa ganmavlobaSi
mecnierebaSi uamravi saintereso Teoriuli da sxvadasxva saxis empiriuli masala
dagrovda mis Sesaxeb. miuxedavad imisa, rom sociologias devianturi qcevis kvle-
vaSi soliduri samecniero gamocdileba daugrovda, sakiTxi mainc ar SeiZleba bo-
lomde gadawyvetilad CaiTvalos, radganac verc erTi Teoria amomwurav pasuxs
ver iZleva deviaciis bunebis Sesaxeb, Tumca maT gareSe devianturi qcevis meqaniz-
mebis metad daxlarTul labirinTebSi gzis gakvalva SeuZlebeli iqneba.
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kaxa qecbaia

biologiuri Teoriebi: `kriminaluri tipebi~

biologiuri Teoriis mixedviT, adamianis qceva biologiuri instinqtebis ga-
moxatulebas warmoadgens, amitom danaSaulisa da deviaciis kvlevisas aqcenti maT
biologiur mizezebze keTdeboda. cnobili italieli eqimi, fsiqiatri da krimina-
listi Cezare lombrozo fiqrobda, rom biologiur safuZvlebTan SedarebiT so-
cialuri pirobebis gavlena kriminalur qcevaze umniSvneloa. man cixis eqimad mu-
Saobisas damnaSaveTa garegnobisa da fizikuri niSan-Tvisebebis Seswavlis safuZ-
velze daaskvna, rom kriminaluri tipebis identificireba mTeli rigi anatomiuri
niSnebis mixedviTaa SesaZlebeli. lombrozos azriT, damnaSave amoicnoba, magali-
Tad, didi yurebiT, Tavis qalisa da ybebis sididiT, grZeli xelebiT da a. S. anu
damnaSave adamiani maimunismagvari winapris msgavsia. Sesabamisad, danaSaulis Cam-
deni degeneraciiTa da gonebrivi CamorCenilobiT gamo-
irCeva, ramdenadac is biologiurad ganuviTarebeli
darCa. lombrozom damnaSavis oTxi ZiriTad tipi gamo-
yo: sulTamxuTavi, qurdi, moZalade da TaRliTi. karga
xnis manZilze lombrozos mosazrebebi didi kamaTisa
da msjelobis sagani iyo, Tumca mis Semdgom arsebuli
biologiuri Teoriebis umravalesoba mis debulebebs
yuradRebis gareSe ar tovebda.

lombozo cixis eqimi da fsiqiatri iyo. mas Zali-

an bevri saintereso naSromi aqvs dawerili. deviacias-
Tan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa misi naSromi `qali _
damnaSave da meZavi.~ am naSromSi man qalis fenomeni
siyvarulTan, prostituciasTan da danaSaulTan mimar-
TebaSi ganixila da im daskvnamde mivida, rom qalis
ZiriTadi instinqti aris dedoba. swored is gansaz-
Cezare lombrozo
(1835-1909) Rvras qalis qcevas mTeli misi cxovrebis manZilze.

lombrozos wignSi (`damnaSave adamiani~) warmodgenili kriminaluri tipebi.

lombrozos mier miTiTebuli fizikuri niSnebis povna adamianTa nebismier po-

pulaciaSi ar gaWirdeba. garda amisa, mis mier dasaxelebuli fizikuri niSnebiT
SesaZlebelia araTu devianti, aramed normis damcveli da mimdevaric gamoirCeo-
des.

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 sociologiis Sesavali

lombrozos Semdeg msgavsi kvlevebi uiliam Seldonma Caatara. igi sxeulis

agebulebaze amaxvilebda yuradRebas da askvnida, rom damnaSaveobisaken ufro me-
tad aTleturi aRnagobis adamianebi arian midrekilni. dRes am problemebis kvle-
viT genetikaa dakavebuli, Tumca raime xelmosaWidi jerjerobiT napovni ar aris.
kriminaluri qcevis genetikuri safuZvlebis povna am mecnierebam ver moaxerxa,
rac imaze metyvelebs, rom am SemTxvevaSi biologiuri faqtorebis gamoricxva
arasworia, magram arc imis Tqma SeiZleba, rom deviacias biologiuri safuZvlebi
aqvs mxolod.
fsiqologiuri Teoriebi: pirovnuli faqtorebi, `anormaluri fsiqikuri mdgo-
mareoba~
deviantobis fsiqologiuri gageba individualuri anormalurobis cnebazea
damyarebuli. am Teoriis mixedviT, deviantobis mizezi warumatebeli socializaci-
is procesia. amis ilustrirebas axdens amerikeli mkvlevrebis uolter reklesisa
da saimon dinitcis Sromebi. maT aCvenes, rom deviantebi ZiriTadad paTologiuri
fsiqikis mqone pirovnebebi arian (magaliTad, sakuTar TavSi Caketilni, pirovnul
emociebs moklebulni, impulsurad moqmedni da a. S.). isini Zaladobidan siamovne-
bis miRebas cdiloben da, Sesabamisad, danaSaulsac am mizeziT sCadian. Tumca un-
da iTqvas, rom msgavs Teoriebs danaSaulis mxolod calkeuli aspeqtebis axsna
Tu SeuZliaT, radganac yvela saxis danaSaulis fsiqologisturi axsna gadaWarbe-
buli SeiZleba iyos. yoveli SemTxvevisaTvis, unda gaviTvaliswinoT, is rom orive,
rogorc biologiuri, aseve fsiqologisturi Teoria gveubneba (erT SemTxvevaSi
danaSaulis mizezi adamianis sxeulSia moTavsebuli, meore SemTxvevaSi _ TavSi),
rom danaSaulis SemTxvevaSi raRaca `sWirs pirovnebas~ da ara sazogadoebas, ami-
tom danaSaulis mizezebs sazogadoebaSi sociologia da sociologiuri Teoriebi
eZeben.
sociologiuri Teoriebi
funqcionalisturi Teoria _ emil diurkemi: deviantobis funqciebi
sociologiis klasikosma emil diurkemma gamoTqva mosazreba, rom deviantoba
socialuri organizaciis aucilebeli Semadgeneli nawilia. deviaciis diurkemise-
uli gagebis novatoruloba imaSi gamoixateba, rom gansacvifrebeli idea wamoaye-
na, romlis mixedviT, deviaciaSi araferi anormaluri ar aris. piriqiT, is aucile-
belia sazogadoebisaTvis, rac mis funqciebSi vlindeba. diurkemma deviaciis oTxi
ZiriTadi funqcia gamoyo:
kulturuli normebisa da RirebulebaTa gamyareba _ diurkemi miiCnevs, devi-
aciasTan mimarTebaSi sazogadoeba ayalibebs, Tu romeli qcevaa misaRebi da
romeli ara. es imas niSnavs, rom deviacia xels uwyobs normebis gamyarebas.
magaliTad, marTlmsajuleba danaSaulis cnebis gareSe azrs dakargavda.
deviaciaze reaqcia moralurobis sazRvrebs azustebs _ deviantis iarliyis
mikerebiT sazogadoeba zRvars avlebs da moniSnavs, Tu sad mTavrdeba nor-
maluroba da sad iwyeba misgan gadaxra.
deviaciaze reaqcia socialuri erTianobis piroba xdeba _ normidan gadax-
raze adamianebi erTnairad reagireben, rac maTda uneburad maTi erTianobis
piroba xdeba. rogorc wesi, sazogadoebis wevrebi erTnairad reagireben de-
viaciaze, anu, diurkemis terminologiiT, am saqmeSi isini solidarulebi
arian. es ki maT erTianobas niSnavs.
deviacia biZgs aZlevs socialur cvlilebebs _ deviantebi TavianTi qceviT
sazogadoebis normalurobis sazRvrebis Secvlis tendenciiT xasiaTdebian,
anu xSirad socialur cvlilebaTa biZgis rols asruleben. advili SesaZ-
lebelia, rom igi socialuri stabilurobis nacvlad socialur cvlileba-
Ta wyarod mogvevlinos sazogadoebaSi, oRond am SemTxvevaSi sazogadoebis
tips gaaCnia. tradiciuli sazogadoeba konservatiulia, xolo Tanamedrove
sazogadoeba heterogenulad udgeba am sakiTxs, anu sazogadoebaSi, sadac
mkveTrad dadgenili wesebi ar aris, deviaciisadmi midgoma msubuqia.

163
kaxa qecbaia

robert king mertonis daZabulobis Teoria

diurkemisagan gansxvavebiT, mertonma aCvena, rom deviantobis xasiaTi imazea
damokidebuli, Tu ra saSualebebs gvTavazobs sazogadoebrivi wesrigi mis mier
dawesebuli normebis misaRwevad, anu mertoni ambobs, rom deviaciis safuZvlebi
sazogadoebis struqturaSi devs.
man igi socialuri daZabulobis
cnebas daukavSira. socialuri
daZabuloba im adamianis qcevas
axasiaTebs, romelic iseT situa-
ciaSi aRmoCndeba, sadac sazoga-
doebis mier aRiarebuli normebi
socialur sinamdvilesTan kon-
fliqtSi modian. magaliTad, Ta-
namedrove sazogadoebaSi yvelas
mier miRebuli normebi materia-
luri warmatebis miRwevaze ake-
Teben aqcents, ris misaRwevadac
TviTdisciplina da intensiuri
Sromaa saWiro. Sesabamisad, ada-
mianebi, romlebic sinamdvileSi Seupovrad iRvwian, warmatebas unda aRwevdnen, mi-
uxedavad imisa, Tu saidan daiwyes maT cxovreba, magram sinamdvileSi es ase ar
aris, radganac adamianTa garkveuli nawilisaTvis am warmatebis miRwevis saSuale-
bebi SezRudulia. am SemTxvevaSi adamianebi warmatebis miRwevas nebismieri saSua-
lebebiT cdiloben, iqneba es kanonieri Tu ukanono. aseT pirobebSi deviantoba
ekonomikuri uTanasworobis meoreul produqtad iqceva. amgvarad, mertonis TqmiT,
arsebuli socialuri daZabuloba sxvadasxva saxis deviantur tips ayalibebs. maga-
liTad, konformisti tradiciuli miznebis misaRwevad sazogadoebis mier aRiare-
bul saSualebebs iyenebs, novatori ki aratradiciul saSualebebs mimarTavs tra-
diciuli miznebis misaRwevad, xolo ritualisti SesaZlebelia tradiciul miz-
nebs ar iziarebdes, magram maT misaRwev saSualebebs did mniSvnelobas aniWebdes.
misgan gansxvavebiT, retritisti (inglisur enaze retreat _ ukandaxeva) arc miznebs
iziarebs da arc saSualebebs. igi amovardnilia kulturis meinstrimidan (alkoho-
likebi, narkomanebi, `bomJebi~ da sxvebi). misi deviantoba cxovrebis tradiciuli
stilidan amovardnaSi mdgomareobs. cxovrebis daZabulobis Sedegad gancdil fi-
askoze reaqcia aris janyi, bunti yvelas da yvelafris winaaRmdeg. buntisTavebi
kontrkulturas ayalibeben da arsebuli socialuri wesrigis alternativas qmni-
an.
diurkemisa da mertonis funqcionalisturi midgoma deviaciis funqciebis
garkvevaSi dagvexmara, magram araferi gviTxra im procesis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor Se-
iZleba yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi adamiani devianti gaxdes. am kiTxvaze pasuxi sim-
bolur interaqcionistul Teorias aqvs momzadebuli.
simboluri interaqcionizmi: iarliyebis mikerebis Teoria
simboluri interaqcionistuli paradigma gvixsnis, Tu rogor gansazRvraven
adamianebi yoveldRiur situaciebSi deviacias. simboluri interaqcionizmis wiaR-
Si Caisaxa da ganviTarda iarliyebis mikerebis Teoria, romelic im procesebis
analizs axdens, rodesac garkveul individebs anu jgufebs pozitiur an negatiur
Taviseburebebs, stereotipebs an e. w. iarliyebs miaweren (`miakereben~). am midgomam
didi gavlena iqonia deviaciis problemis sociologiur analizze. iarliyebis mi-
kerebis Teoriis klasikosi hovard bekeri amtkicebda, rom moqmedebebi, TavisTavad
aRebuli, arc kargia da arc cudi: normaluroba da misgan gadaxra sxva araferia,
Tu ara socialurad gansazRvruli Tvisebebi, rac imas niSnavs, rom deviacia aris
ara moqmedebis Tviseba, aramed moqmedebisaTvis sxvaTa mier miwerili (`mikerebu-
li~) wesebi da sanqciebi. `Cikagos skolam,~ ufro sworad, simbolurma interaqcio-
nizmma aCvena negatiuri iarliyebis gavlena adamianTa TviTcnobierebaze, gansakuT-
rebiT, devianturi identobis, devianturi karierisa da devianturi subkulturis
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ganviTarebaze. vin axdens iarliyebis mikerebas? am saqmiT ZiriTadad dakavebuli

arian mosamarTleebi, media da policia, anu socialuri
kontrolis agentebi. Tumca zogjer xdeba ise, rom krimi-
naluri karieris (hofmanis mier SemoRebuli terminia)
adamianebSi devianturi qceva CvevaSi gadadis da stigmis
saxes iRebs. stigma mkveTrad gamoxatuli socialuri iar-
liyi an fizikuri niSania, romelic pirovnebis an jgufis
identobis devalvaciasa da diskreditacias axdens. devia-
ciis SemTxvevaSi aseTi niSani individis kriminaluri re-
putaciaa. iarliyebis mikerebis Teorias bevri kritikosi
hyavs. maT miaCniaT, rom iarliyebis mikerebis procesi am
TeoriaSi ukiduresad gazviadebulia, radganac avtomatur
procesadaa miCneuli, romelic individis pirovnul Tvi-
hovard bekeri sebebs ugulebelyofs.

amerikeli sociologi hovard bekeri miiCnevs, rom socialuri struqturebis

praqtikuli gamoxatuleba socialuri procesebia. sociologiam swored socialu-
ri procesebi unda Seiswavlos. socialur procesSi igi pirovnebas, socialur in-
stitutebsa da kulturas gulisxmobs.
hovard bekeri iarliyebis mikerebis Teoriis klasikosia.

pirveladi da meoreuli deviacia

amerikelma sociologma edvin lemertma SeniSna, rom garkveuli saxis nor-
maTa darRveva (magaliTad, leqciebis gacdena, adreul asakSi alkoholis miReba
da sxv.) garSemomyofTa mxridan susti reaqciebiT gamoirCeva. msgavsi tipis moqme-
debas lemertma pirveladi deviantoba uwoda. magram cnobilia iseTi SemTxvevebic,
rodesac devianturi moqmedeba adamianis cxovrebis wesad aris qceuli (magaliTad,
rodesac adamiani Tavs ar anebebs alkoholur sasmels, mas loTis iarliys miake-
reben, rac, Tavis mxriv, am adamianis kidev ufro met gaRizianebas iwvevs da igi ki-
dev ufro umatebs smas da cxovrebis wesad aqcevs mas). maSin meoreul devianto-
basTan gvaqvs saqme.
deviacia konfliqtis Teoriis mixedviT
konfliqtis sociologiuri Teoria aCvenebs, Tu rogor aisaxeba da ra gavle-
nas axdens deviaciaze socialuri uTanasworoba. amgvari midgomis mixedviT, devi-
antad vinmes aRiareba an araRiareba im kategoriis adamianebze aris damokidebuli,
romlebic Zalauflebis mflobelebi arian. jer kidev marqsi ambobda, kanoni mdi-
darTa interesebis dasacavad ariso Seqmnili. am Teoriis mixedviT, nebismier sa-
zogadoebaSi normebi mdidrebisa da Zalauflebis mqoneTa interesebis gamomxat-
velni arian, rac am yovelives moklebul adamians deviantad aqcevs. kapitalistur
sazogadoebaSi deviantis iarliys im adamians miakereben, vinc kapitalisturi
cxovrebis wesis winaaRmdeg gamodis, amitom amgvar sazogadoebaSi konfliqti yo-
vel wuTs aris mosalodneli. kapitalisturi sazogadoeba mxolod im normebis
darRvevaze reagirebs, romelic mxolod mas uqmnis safrTxes. ase rom, narkomania
amerikaSi mTavar socialur problemad ar ganixileboda manam, sanam is Raribebisa
da eTnikuri umciresobebis problema iyo, magram rogorc ki narkomanTa ricxvma
saSualo klasisa da TeTrkanianTa Soris moimata, igi imwuTas didi socialuri
safrTxis Semcvel movlenad moinaTla da mis winaaRmdeg intensiuri RonisZiebebis
gatareba daiwyo.
konfliqtis Teoriam deviaciis mizezad ekonomikuri uTanasworoba daasaxe-
la, Tumca man saTanadod ver gaiTvaliswina diurkemis Sexeduleba imis Sesaxeb,
rom deviacia sazogadoebis ekonomikuri sistemis miuxedavad yvelgan arsebobs.
socialuri kontrolis Teoria
amerikelma sociologma trevis hirSim socialuri kontrolis Teoria Seimu-
Sava, romlis mixedviT, devianturi qcevisadmi midrekileba, e. w. devianturi cdune-
ba, yvela adamianSia, magram aseTi saqcielisagan maT sociumi, garSemomyofTa wre
165
kaxa qecbaia

icavs. kerZod, adamianebi warmoidgenen, Tu ras ifiqreben maTze ojaxis wevrebi, ax-
loblebi, megobrebi. msgavsi warmodgena kidev ufro mZafri xdeba, rodesac adamia-
ni gaacnobierebs, rom mis urigo saqciels SeiZleba samsaxuris dakargva mohyves
da a. S. amgvarad, xorcieldeba e. w. socialuri kontroli; magram arian gamonak-
lisebic, romlebic fiqroben, rom maT araferi aqvT dasakargi da kanonis damrRve-
vebad gvevlinebian. hirSim socialuri kontrolis oTxi tipi SemogvTavaza:
mibmuloba _ myari socialuri kavSirebi konformulobis piroba xdeba, anu
adamianebs arsebul normebTan miabams, susti ki, piriqiT, Tavisufal sivrces uq-
mnis mas da deviaciisken ubiZgebs;
erTguleba _ Tu adamiani sakuTar SesaZleblobaTa realizaciis kanonieri
saSualebebis erTgulia, maSin is arasodes iqneba devianti. iseTi adamiania devian-
tobisaken midrekili, romelic naklebad aris darwmunebuli warmatebis miRweva-
Si;
CarTuloba _ adamianis CarTuloba kanonier saqmianobaSi (samsaxurSi, swav-
laSi, sportSi da sxva) deviantobis warmoSobasa da ganviTarebas aferxebs. isini,
vinc amgvari saqmianobiT dakavebuli ar arian da usaqmod dayialoben, didi alba-
Tobaa, rom deviantebi gaxdnen;
darwmunebuloba _ moraluri da sazogadoebrivi normebis mimarT rwmena
xels uSlis adamians devianturi qcevis CadenaSi.
hirSis analizSi devianturi qcevis manade arsebuli yvela mizezi erT mTlia-
nobaSia warmodgenili. Tumca aRmoCnda, rom sinamdvileSi deviacias sxvadasxva mo-
tivacia aqvs. es SeiZleba iyos siZulvili (danaSauli vinmes an rames siZulvilis
gamo), rasobrivi an eTnikuri SuRli, an sulac genderuli problemebi da sxva. so-
ciologebma Seiswavles agreTve danaSaulis saxeebi da gamoyves pirovnebis wina-
aRmdeg mimarTuli danaSauli (magaliTad, sxvebis mimarT Zaladoba), sakuTrebis
winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSauli (magaliTad, sxvisi sakuTrebis xelyofa), organi-
zebuli danaSauli da sxva. Sesabamisad, sazogadoebas mTeli rigi meTodebi aqvs
SemuSavebuli deviaciisa da danaSaulis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. am saqmis Se-
sasruleblad aris mowodebuli iseTi organizaciebi, rogorebicaa policia, sasa-
marTloebi da cixeebi. sociologebma sasjelis gamamarTlebel Semdeg oTx motiv-
ze gaakeTes aqcenti:
SurisZieba _ sasjelis erT-erTi uZvelesi formaa. sasjeli am SemTxvevaSi
Cadenili amoralurobis sazRaurad aris miCneuli;
dakaveba, sazogadoebisagan izolirebis saSualebiT _ amgvari midgoma Tana-
medrove epoqisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. am SemTxevaSi amosavali principia is, rom
deviacia damangrevelad moqmedebs sazogadoebaze da amitomac deviantebis izoli-
rebaa aucilebeli.
reabilitacia _ es socialur mecnierebaTa ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebuli
Tanamedrove strategiaa. am SemTxevaSi deviantoba ganixileba, rogorc socialuri
(magaliTad, siRaribe) da pirovnuli (fsiqikuri daavadeba da sxva) problemebis
Sedegi, romelic SeZlebisdagvarad sareabilitacio procedurebs gulisxmobs;
socialuri dacva _ esec Tanamedrove midgomaa, oRond reabilitaciasTan
SedarebiT ufro msubuqi. Tuki sazogadoebas ar ZaluZs an ar unda deviantebis
reabilitacia da socialuri pirobebis reformireba, ai, maSin iwyebs amoqmedebas
socialuri dacvis meqanizmebi, romelic samoqalaqo sazogadoebisTvisaa damaxasi-
aTeebli.
miuxedavad amisa, yovelma Cvenganma icis, rom policia, sasamarTloebi da ci-
xeebi deviaciisa da damnaSaveobis mxolod Semcirebas uwyoben xels. garda amisa,
sociologs mudam unda axsovdes, rom devianturi qceva `mxolod cudi adamianebi-
sagan~ ki ara, cudi sazogadoebisagan momdinareobs.

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 sociologiis Sesavali

delikvantoba
delikvantobis cnebiT sociologiaSi aRniSnaven aralegalur an antiso-
cialur moqmedebebs, romlebic sxvadasxva saxis socialur da samarTlebriv
normaTa darRvevasTanaa dakavSirebuli. delikvantobis kvlevis tradiciebs
sociologiaSi XX s-is 20-ian wlebSi saTave `Cikagos skolis~ sociologebma
(parki, burgesi) Cauyares, rodesac qalaquri ubnebis garemoSi e. w. `saZmoebisa~
da bandebis empiriuli Seswavla daiwyes. faqtobrivad, delikvanturi subkul-
turebis kvleva amiT daiwyo. sociologebma aCvenes, rom jgufSi arsebuli met-
naklebad myari struqturebi da Rirebulebebi damnaSaved qcevis process gana-
pirobebs. delikvanturi qcevis sxvadasxva pirobebs ikvlevda d. maca. man `de-
likvanturi dreifis~ cneba Semoitana. mis mixedviT, individebi devianturi
subkulturis saqmianobaSi ki ar arian CarTulni, aramed sazogadoebis mier
aRiarebuli moraluri miznebisa da normebis TandaTanobiT `neitralizebasa~
da maT subieqtur interpretacias axdenen, romlis mixedviT es normebi miuRe-
belia. am SemTxvevaSi individi arakanonier moqmedebebs sCadis ise, rom danaSa-
ulis an sircxvilis grZnobas saerTod ar ganicdis.

davaleba:
_ rogor fiqrobT, ratom aris deviacia sociologiuri gansjis sagani?
_ Tqveni azriT, ratom miakereben xolme adamianTa garkveul kategorias de-
viantis statuss?
_ kritikulad ganixileT deviaciis Sesaxeb arsebuli Teoriebi da Camoaya-
libeT sakuTari mosazrebebi maT Sesaxeb. am Teoriebidan romels eTanxmebiT
da romels ara?
_ SeecadeT, rom eseis an saprezentacio masalis saxiT warmoadginoT devia-
ciis problemis mogvarebis Tqveneuli xedva.

ZiriTadi literatura:
1. q. kalhuni, d. laiTi, s. keleri, sociologia. ilias saxelmwifo
universiteti. Tb., 2007. nawili II, pirovneba da sazogadoeba gv. 237-284.
2. e. gidensi, sociologia, m. 2005. (rus. Enaze). gv. 178-217.

damatebiTi literatura:
1. J. fereoli. sociologia, terminologiuri leqsikoni. (rus. Enaze). sankt-
peterburgi. 2003. gv. 13-16.
2. j. masionisi, sociologia, m. 2004. (rus. Enaze). gv. 257-300.
3. n. smelzeri, sociologia, m. 1994. (rus. Enaze). gv. 197-242.

167
kaxa qecbaia

sakiTxavi masala
sociologiis klasikosebi
`Temi da sazogadoeba~ _ Fferdinand Tionisi
(`Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft~)

klasikuri germanuli
sociologiis gavleniani fi-
gura ferdinand Tionisi dai-
bada 1855 wlis 26 ivniss
Slezing-holSteinis mxareSi,
qalaq oldensvortis max-
loblad mdebare patara so-
fel ripSi, fermeris ojaxSi.
cxovrobda patara qalaq hu-
sumSi. Tionisi germaniaSi
profesiuli sociologiis
erT-erTi fuZemdebelia. iyo
`gagebiTi sociologiis~ war-
momadgeneli da `formaluri
sociologiis~ Teoretikosi
da damcveli. mas mraval-
mxrivi ganaTleba hqonda mi-
Rebuli. swavlobda filoso-
fias, istorias, klasikur
enebs, arqeologias, ekonomi-
kasa da statistikas ienis,
bonis, laifcigis, berlinisa
da tiubingenis universite-
tebSi. 1877 wels tiubingenis
universitetSi klasikuri fi-
lologiis dargSi doqtoris
xarisxi miiRo. cxovrebis di-
di nawili kilis universi-
tetSi gaatara privat-docen-
tis wodebiT. sruli profe-
sori 1918 wels 63 wlis asak-
Si gaxda (pensiaze gasvlamde
ori wliT adre). pirveli msoflio omis Semdgom is jer kidev manamde aswavlida,
sanam 1933 wels nacistebma ar SeuSales xeli. is am droisaTvis msoflio donis
saxelovani mecnieri iyo. nacisturi doqtrinebi mis liberalur RirebulebiT ori-
entaciasTan SeuTavsebeli aRmoCnda miuxedavad imisa, rom erTi periodi socialis-
turi ideebisadmi simpaTiebsac ki iCenda. saxelovan mecniers ZaldatanebiT vera-
fers gaakeTebinebdnen da amitomac igi samsaxuridan daiTxoves. igi patara zRvis-
pira qalaq husunSi ganmartovda. Gferdinand Tionisi 1936 wlis 9 aprils q. kilSi
gardaicvala.
Tionisis mizani iyo sociologia mravalganzomilebian mecnierebad Camoeyalibe-
bina, romliTac is sociologiis formaluri Teoriis (skolis) fuZemdeblad gvevli-
neba. igi erTmaneTisagan ganarCevda wminda, gamoyenebiT da empiriul sociologias.
pirveli sazogadoebas statikur mdgomareobaSi Seiswavlis, meore _ dinamikaSi, xo-
lo mesame statistikur monacemebze dayrdnobiT Tanamedrove sazogadoebis cxovre-
biseul faqtebs Seiswavlis. empiriul sociologias man sociografia uwoda (sityva-
sityviT `sazogadoebis aRweras~ niSnavs). Tionisi sazogadoebis or tips da, Sesabami-
sad, sazogadoebrivi kavSirebis amdenive formas ganarCevda erTmaneTisagan: Temursa
da sazogadoebrivis xolo socialuri cxovrebis formebad miiCnevda: 1) socialur
urTierTobebs, 2) calkeul jgufebs da 3) gaerTianebebs, korporaciebs.
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 sociologiis Sesavali

Tionisis umTavresi sociologiuri naSromia `Temi da sazogadoeba~ (1887 w.).

am wignis mixedviT, sazogadoeba adamianuri nebis produqtia. nebis individualuri
gamoxatuleba mis koleqtiur gamoxatulebaSi erTiandeba da Sedegad socialuri
struqtura miiReba. is ori tipis nebas asaxelebs: a) bunebrivi _ Temis, `gemainSaf-
tis~ safuZvelia da b) racionaluri _ sazogadoebis, `gezelSaftis~ safuZvels
warmoadgens. pirveli maTgani tradiciuli sazogadoebis maxasiaTebelia, xolo me-
ore Tanamedrove industriuli sazogadoebisTvisaa niSandoblivi. Temi myar oja-
xur kavSirebze, siyvarulsa da urTierTgagebazea dafuZnebuli, sadac socialuri
kavSirebi bunebrivia. SeiZleba iTqvas, es `bunebrivi sazogadoebaa~, sazogadoeba ki
ekonomikur, e. i. `xelovnur~ sawyisebzea agebuli. am SemTxvevaSi socialur urTi-
erTobebs warmoeba da moxmareba ganapirobebs. es saqmiani `organizaciis~ msgavsi
realobaa, romelSic samoqalaqo, civilizebuli da racionalizebuli neba moqme-
debs. misTvis ucxoa siyvaruli da TanagrZnoba. am samyaroSi mZafri konkurencia
batonobs.
Tionisis mier SemuSavebuli sazogadoebis tipologia Tanamedrove socio-
logiaSi sicocxlisunariani da aqtualuria. ferdinand Tionisis sxva sociolo-
giuri naSromebia: `danaSauli, rogorc socialuri movlena~ (1909 w.); `morali~
(1909 w.); `sazogadoebrivi azris kritika~ (1922 w.); `sakuTreba~ (1926 w.); `progresi
da socialuri ganviTareba~ (1926 w.); `sociologiis Sesavali~ (1931 w.).

`socialuri cxovrebis faqtebi ise Zlier gansxvavdebian im faqtebisagan,

romlebsac bunebis mkvlevari Seiswavlis, rom es gansxvaveba arasodes ar unda ga-
mogvrCes mxedvelobidan, radganac socialur cxovrebaSi TandaTanobiT Semodis
socialuri nebis warmonaqmnebi, anu socialuri arsebebi, romelTa msgavsi mTels
danarCen samyaroSi arsad ar moipoveba.~
ferdinand Tionisi

***
adamianTa namdvili da myari erToblivi Tanacxovrebaa Temi. masTan
SedarebiT sazogadoeba gardamavali da iluzorulia. amitom `gemainSafti~ unda
gavigoT, rogorc cocxali organizmi, xolo `gezelSafti~, rogorc cvalebadi
agregati da artefaqti~.
f. Tionisi

169
kaxa qecbaia

XI leqcia
Tema: socialuri jgufebi da organizaciebi

socialuri jgufebi
yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi TiToeuli Cvengani ama Tu im socialuri jgufis wev-
ris saxiT aris CarTuli, anu erToblivi cxovrebis sxvadasxva formis Semadgene-
li nawili varT. adamianTa erToblivi cxovrebis sxvadasxva formebis Seswavla,
klasifikacia, misi Semadgeneli elementebis agebulebis aRwera da masSi mimdinare
procesebis analizi sociologiuri kvleva-Ziebis aucilebeli Semadgeneli nawi-
lia.
Cveulebriv, sociologiaSi adamianTa erToblivi myari cxovrebis aRsaniSna-
vad `socialuri erTobis~ cneba gamoiyeneba xolme. igi zogadi sociologiuri ka-
tegoriaa, romelsac farTo mniSvneloba aqvs da adamianTa yvelanair gaerTianebas
moicavs.
socialuri erTobis erT-erT formas
jgufi warmoadgens. socialuri jgufi er-
TmaneTTan urTierTobaSi myofi ori an me-
ti adamianisagan iqmneba. socialuri jgu-
fis wevrebs RirebulebaTa saerTo sistema
aqvT da sxva erTobisagan gankerZoebis
garkveuli principiT arian gamoyofilni.
Tanamedrove sociologiaSi damkvidrebu-
li Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, jgufi ar
aris mxolod pirovnuli kontaqtebis sa-
fuZvelze Seqmnili Tavisufali socialu-
ri warmonaqmni. mas sakuTari Sinagani or-
ganizacia, kontrolis Sesabamisi formebi
da qcevis nimuSebi gaaCnia. jgufis iden-
tobis niSani garkveul RirebulebebTan
erTad SeiZleba iyos simboloebi, lozun-
gebi, ideebi, sxvadasxva saxis materialuri
sagnebi da a. S. maTi aucilebloba jgufSi
erTobisa da jgufisadmi kuTvnilebis grZnobis ganviTarebiT aris gamowveuli.
jgufis RirebulebiTi orientaciis safuZvelze yalibdeba `jgufis cnobiereba,~
anu `Cvenis~ gageba. aqedan momdinareobs diqotomia: `Cven~ da `isini.~ `isini~ am Sem-
TxvevaSi im adamianebs gulisxmobs, romlebic jgufis wevrebi ar arian.
jgufis agebulebaSi sxva iseTi elementebic igulisxmeba, romlebic jgufis
wevrebi ar arian, rac imas niSnavs, rom zogjer adamiani jgufSi Sedis ara mTeli
Tavisi pirovnebiT, aramed mxolod masSi Sesasrulebeli rolis gamo. zogierTi
jgufi ki mTlianad STanTqavs pirovnebas (magaliTad, romelime politikuri an re-
ligiuri jgufi da sxva). amitom umeteswilad jgufi gansazRvravs misi wevris ga-
regnul ier-saxes (magaliTad, jarSi an policiaSi da sxva) da moralur niSanTa
kompleqss (magaliTad, iseTi rame ar unda Caidinos, rac jgufis Rirsebas SebRa-
lavs). jgufi adgens agreTve mis wevrTa funqciebsac. rogorc wesi, Sinaganad
mWidrod SekavSirebuli, fizikurad da moralurad mtkice da naTlad gamokveTili
funqciebis mqone jgufebi mniSvnelovani amocanebis Sesasruleblad arian mowode-
bulni.
mis wevrTa gaerTianebis mixedviT jgufi SeiZleba iyos Ria da daxuruli. Ria
aris jgufi, romlis wevrebs aranair gansakuTrebul moTxovnebs ar uyeneben da
amitom misi wevroba Tavisufalia yvelasaTvis, xolo daxurul jgufSi axali wev-
ris miRebis kriteriumebi zustad aris dadgenili da gansazRvruli. arsebobs ki-
dev e. w. SezRuduli jgufebi, romlis wevrad gaxdoma arc mkacrad SezRudulia
da arc mTlad Tavisufali.

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 sociologiis Sesavali

jgufis identobis safuZveli, rogorc zemoT iTqva, `Cven~ grZnobis qonasTa-

naa dakavSirebuli. miuxedavad imisa, rom jgufis Semadgenloba Zalze dinamikuria
(garkveuli drois Semdeg igi SeiZleba misma wevrebma gardacvalebis an sxva mize-
zis gamo datovon), igi mainc ar kargavs sakuTar identobas da arsebobas ganag-
rZobs.
jgufis erT-erTi ZiriTadi elementi is amocanaa, romlis Sesruleba misTvis
sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis mqonea. magaliTad, megobarTa wre advilad gadaiqceva
jgufad, Tuki is garkveul saerTo miznebsa da amocanebs daisaxavs (Tundac er-
Toblivi garTobis mowyoba). amocanebis qona maTi miRwevis gzebsa da saSualebebs
gulisxmobs, rac, Tavis mxriv, jgufis wevrebs Soris pasuxismgeblobis danawile-
bas moiTxovs da a. S. jgufis amocana mis wevrTa calkeul amocanaTa jami ki ar
aris, aramed ufro farTo mniSvnelobis mqone cnebaa, romelic calkeuli wevrebis
funqciebis Sesrulebis Sedegad SeiZleba warmoiSvas. jgufis amocanebi misi arse-
bobis sazriss qmnian, amitom warsulSi Sesrulebuli amocanebis gansja jgufis
tradiciis arsebiTi elementia.
jgufis wevrTa poziciebis sistemisagan iqmneba jgufis mikrostruqtura. jgu-
fis wevrTa pozicia jgufSi maTi mdgomareobaa, romelic garkveuli uflebamosi-
lebebis SesrulebasTanaa dakavSirebuli.
amerikelma sociologma erl edvard iubenkma (1887-1945, cincinatis universi-
tetis sociologiis fakultetis xelmZRvaneli) jgufebis Sesaxeb amerikul lite-
raturaSi arsebuli masalebis analizis Sedegad jgufis klasifikaciis 7 ZiriTa-
di principi gamoyo:
klasifikaciebi eTnikuri an rasobrivi kuTvnilebis safuZvelze;
kulturuli ganviTarebis donis mixedviT;
jgufis struqturis tipebis safuZvelze;
jgufis mier ufro did erTobebSi Sesrulebuli amocanebisa da funqciebis
safuZvelze;
wevrebs Soris kontaqtebis upiratesi tipebis safuZvelze;
jgufSi arsebuli kavSiris saxeobis safuZvelze;
sxva principebze damyarebuli sxvadasxva klasifikacia;
jgufis wevrTa raodenobis mixedviT gamoiyofa mcire, saSualo da didi jgu-
febi. mcire jgufi ramdenime aTeuli wevrisagan Sedgeba, romlebic saerTo saqmia-
nobiT arian erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulni da myari urTierToba aqvT erTmaneTTan.
didi socialuri jgufi mravalricxovani wevrebisagan Sedegeba, romelTac uSua-
lo urTierToba ara aqvT erTmaneTTan (magaliTad, adamianTa masobrivi gaerTiane-
bani, eTnikuri, religiuri da sxva jgufebi). did da mcire jgufebs Soris arsebo-
ben e. w. saSualo jgufebi. sociologebs miaCniaT, rom am saxis jgufebi Zalian
hgvanan did jgufebs da amitomac maTze yuradRebas specialurad ar amaxvileben.
jgufSi arsebul urTierTobaTa formis mixedviT erTmaneTisagan gamoirCeva
pirveladi da meoreuli jgufebi. termini `pirveladi jgufi~ amerikelma socio-
logma Carlz horton kulim Semoitana. pirveladi jgufi mcire jgufis gansakuT-
rebuli nairsaxeobaa, romelic mis wevrTa uSualo kontaqtzea damyarebuli. am
jgufis wevrebi jgufis saqmianobaSi maRali emociuri CarTulobiT gamoirCevian.
aseTi pirveladi jgufi aris ojaxi. kuli aRniSnavda, rom ojaxSi mimdinare urTi-
erTqmedebebs yvela civilizaciaSi erTgvarovani xasiaTi aqvs, rom es urTierTqme-
debani im kavSirebidan gamomdinareobs, romlis safuZveli sxva wevrebis winaSe pa-
suxismgebloba da maT mimarT mzrunveloba da siyvarulia. msgavsi xasiaTi aqvs
TanatolTa da mezobelTa erTobasac. meoreuli jgufi garkveuli miznis sareali-
zaciod aris Seqmnili. masSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba nivTobriv kontaqtebs
eniWeba.
jgufebi, romlebic organizaciisa da kontrolis formalur sistemas emyare-
bian, formalur jgufebs warmoadgenen. maTgan gansxvavebiT, araformaluri jgufe-
bi organizaciisa da kontrolis araformalur sistemas emyarebian. sociologebi
saubroben agreTve miznobriv (eqspresiul) jgufebzec, romlebic garkveuli tipis

171
kaxa qecbaia

samuSaos Sesasruleblad iqmneba. igi misi wevrebis emociuri moTxovnilebebis

dakmayofilebas iTvaliswinebs.
komunikaciis formis mixedviT jgufis saxeebia: `wre,~ `borbali,~ `jaWvi~ da
sxv. aseve gamoirCevian kenti da luwricxovani jgufebi; politikis sociologiaSi
gamoiyeneba iseTi terminebi, rogoricaa `interesTa jgufebi,~ `zewolis jgufebi~
da a. S. aRsaniSnavia agreTve `in da aut-jgufebic.~ `in-jgufad~ iseTi socialuri
jgufi iwodeba, romelic Tavis wevrebs jgufis identobisa da Rirsebis dacvisaken
mouwodebs. misi sapirispiroa `aut-jgufebi~ _ jgufebi, romlebic opoziciis an
mowinaaRmdegis rolSi gamodian.
jgufSi lideroba
jgufis funqcionireba didwilad damokidebulia jgufSi liderobaze. zog-
jer aris, rom Zalian bevr megobrul jgufSi gamokveTili lideri ar aris, rac
didi socialuri jgufis SemTxvevaSi gamoricxulia.
lideri jgufis xelmZR-
vanelia, romelsac jgufis
interesebis dasakmayofileb-
lad da dasacavad erTobli-
vi moqmedebisaTvis sxvebze
zemoqmedebis moxdena SeuZ-
lia.
meoreul jgufebSi li-
deri aucilebelia. socio-
logebi liderobis or Ziri-
Tad nairsaxeobas gamoyofen:
instrumentalur da eqspre-
siul liderobas. pirveli
maTgani jgufis iseT xel-
mZRvanels warmoadgens, ro-
melic mxolod jgufis mier dasaxuli miznebis miRwevazea orientirebuli. msgavsi
lideris SemTxvevaSi warmatebis miRwevaSi jgufis wevrebs eWvi ar eparebaT. am ti-
pis liderebs civi da ukareba xasiaTi aqvT. maTTvis mTavaria mxolod saqme. eq-
spresiuli liderisaTvis umTavresia ara jgufis miznebis miRweva, aramed jgufis
mTlianobisa da erTianobis SenarCuneba. isini urTierTobaSi Tbili da humanurni
arian.
liderobis sami stili
sociologebi liderobas im stilis mixedviT axasiaTeben, romelic gadawyve-
tilebebis miRebaSi vlindeba. Sesabamisad, liderobis sam gansxvavebul stilzea
saubari.
avtoritaruli lideroba: lideroba fokusirdeba gadawyvetilebaTa miRebi-
sas sxvisi azris miuReblobasa da lideris mimarT sxvebis usityvo morCi-
lebaze;
demokratiuli lideroba: aqcentirebulia gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis proces-
Si sxvebis maqsimalurad CarTulobasa da maTi azrebis gaTvaliswinebaze;
Muna laissez-faire-tipis lideroba (frangulad `martoobaSi darCenas~ niSnavs),
ganyenebuli lideroba: am tipis liderobis SemTxvevaSi jgufi liderisagan
damoukideblad funqcionirebs.
lideris Sesaxeb araerTi saintereso Teoria arsebobs. magaliTad, lideris
qarizmatuli koncefcia miiCnevs, rom lideri specifikuri salidero unarebiT ga-
morCeuli pirovneba unda iyos da ara nebismieri adamiani; interaqciuli Teorie-
bis mixedviT, lideri SeiZleba iyos interaqciis sistemaSi CarTuli nebismieri
adamiani, romelic Sesaferisi niSan-TvisebebiT gamoirCeva (pirovnuli Tavisebure-
bebi, jgufis wevrTa azri mis Sesaxeb da sxva); situaciuri Teoria anu jgufuri
dinamikuri midgoma ambobs, rom lideroba jgufSi Seqmnili situaciis Sedegia;
sinTezuri (kompleqsuri) Teoriis momxreebs ki miaCniaT, rom lideroba sinTezuri
xasiaTis movlenaa, romelic zemoaRniSnul yvela faqtors moicavs. miuxedavad az-
172
 sociologiis Sesavali

rTa sxvadasxvaobisa, sadavo ar aris is, rom lideri marTlac yovelmxriv gamor-
Ceuli pirovnebaa, romelsac SeuZlia sxva adamianebze zegavlenis moxdena, maTi
gayolieba; inteleqtis mxriv SeuZlia didi moculobis informaciis aTviseba da
saTanado interpretacia; Semgueblobis mxriv advilad egueba cvalebad moTxov-
nebs. lideris Tvisebebs Soris mniSvnelovania gulmodgineba, Sromismoyvareoba,
saqmisadmi didi enTuziazmiT midgoma, sakuTari interesebis msxverplad gaReba da
a. S.
socialuri qseli
sociologiis klasikosma georg zimelma Tavis droze mcire jgufebis soci-
aluri dinamika Seiswavla da bevri saintereso axali cneba Tu termini Semoitana
sociologiaSi. ori wevrisagan Semdgar socialur jgufs man diada uwoda (maga-
liTad, col-qmari). diada interaqciis intensivobiT gamoirCeva. masTan SedarebiT
triada (samwevriani jgufi) interaqciis kidev ufro maRali xarisxiT xasiaTdeba.
socialuri kavSiris erT-erTi mniSvnelovani formaa qseli. sociologebi mas
sust socialur kavSirebs miakuTvneben. miuxedavad kavSiris sisustisa (kavSiris
uSualoba igulisxmeba), is Tanamedrove informaciul sazogadoebaSi erT-erTi um-
Zlavresi resursia. misi sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli formaa msoflio ablabuda _
interneti, romlis gareSe Tanamedrove komunikaciebi warmoudgenelia.

socialuri organizaciebi
didi xnis ganmavlobaSi Cveni winaprebi ZiriTadad mcire socialur jgufebad
(ojaxebi, gvarebi, megobarTa da axlobelTa wreebi da sxva) cxovrobdnen. socia-
luri cxovrebis msgavsi forma tradiciuli tipis sazogadoebebisaTvis iyo dama-
xasiaTebeli. amJamad, Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi socialuri cxovreba mTeli rigi
formaluri organizaciebis garSemo trialebs, romlebTan urTierToba TiToeul
Cvengans yoveldRiurad uxdeba. ase rom, sociologiuri analizis sferoSi socia-
luri organizaciebis cneba Semodis.
termin `socialur organizacias~ ramdenime mniSvneloba aqvs. erT-erTi mniS-
vnelobis mixedviT, igi miznobriv jgufs, im adamianTa gaerTianebas aRniSnavs,
romlebic garkveuli miznebis ganxorcielebas organizebulad eswrafvian. zogier-
Ti sociologis azriT, `socialuri organizaciis~ msgavsi gageba Tanamedrove in-
dustriul sazogadoebasTanaa SesabamisobaSi, romelsac racionalizebuli Sinaga-
ni organizaciis mqone adamianTa didi gaerTianebebis arseboba axasiaTebs.
organizaciis cnebis meore mniSvnelobaSi adamianebisa da moqmedebis sxvadas-
xva saSualebebis xelmZRvanelobisa da marTvis wesebi da funqciebis koordina-
cia igulisxmeba.
organizaciis cnebis mesame mniSvneloba ki individebis, socialuri jgufebis
an institutebis moqmedebaTa sistemas gulisxmobs, romelic jgufis wevrTa Tanac-
xovrebis harmonizebas axdens. organizaciis cnebis am ganmartebebidan Cans, rom
igi sadiskusio sakiTxTa rigs ganekuTvneba. zogjer mis nacvlad `socialur wyo-
bas~ xmaroben, rac albaT politologiuri termini ufroa, vidre sociologiuri.
azrTa sxvadasxvaobis miuxedavad, Tanamedrove sociologiaSi socialuri organi-
zacia adamianebis, jgufebisa da institutebis marTvis, funqciebisa da saSualebe-
bis koordinebis meTodebis sistemad ganixileba, romelsac araferi aqvs saerTo
im spontanur wesebTan, romlebsac aravin ar warmarTavs.
sociologebi ganasxvaveben formalur da araformalur organizacias. pirve-
li zustad formalizebuli, institucionalizebuli rolisagan da sanqciebis
formaluri sistemebisagan Sedgeba, anu samarTlebrivi gziT dadgenili wesebisa
da dawesebulebaTa formaluri sistemisagan. araformalur organizaciebSi socia-
luri rolebis, araformaluri institutebisa da araformaluri sanqciebis iseTi
sistema moiazreba, romelic Taobidan Taobas adaT-wesebiTa da tradiciebiT gada-
ecema da yoveldRiuri interaqciis procesSi spontanurad warmoiSoba.
amerikelma sociologma amitai etcionim formaluri organizaciebis sami tipi
gamoyo: utilitaruli, normatiuli da iZulebiTi.

173
kaxa qecbaia

utilitaruli organizaciebi: yvela is adamiani, romelic xelfasis gamo mu-
Saobs, utilitarul organizacias ekuTvnis _ organizacias, romelic adami-
anebs TavianTi Sromis safasurs uxdis. magaliTad, msxvil biznesSi arse-
bobs mogeba mewarmisaTvis, xolo mosamsaxureTaTvis _ xelfasi. am SemTxve-
vaSi organizaciis wevrad gaxdomas safuZvlad xelfasis miReba udevs;
normatiuli organizaciebi: normatiul organizaciebSi adamianebi Sedian
ara xelfasis, aramed im miznis gamo, romelsac isini moralurad misaReb
Rirsebis saqmed miiCneven (magaliTad, sxvadasxva saxis Tavisufali asocia-
ciebis wevroba);
iZulebiTi organizaciebi: am tipis organizaciebis wevroba iZulebiT xdeba
(magaliTad, cixeebi an fsiqiatriuli saavadmyofoebi da sxva. Tumca unda
gaviTvaliswinoT, rom fsiqiatriuli saavadmyofo iZulebiTi organizaciaa
pacientisaTvis, magram utilitarulia fsiqiatrisaTvis, romelic iq muSaobs
da xelfass iRebs, xolo normatiuli organizaciaa im adamianisaTvis, rome-
lic nebayoflobiT qvelmoqmedebas eweva da saavadmyofos exmareba).
organizaciis cnebis sociologiuri analiziT ZiriTadad organizaciuli so-
ciologiaa dakavebuli, romelic Tavis safuZvlebs maqs veberis mier SemuSavebuli
biurokratiis Teoriidan iRebs. sociologiaSi arsebobs agreTve organizaciis Teo-
ria, romelic marTvis formaluri da araformaluri struqturebis Teoriul ana-
lizs akeTebs. masze didi gavlena iqonia struqturul-funqcionalisturma socio-
logiam. man organizacia sistemis saxiT warmoadgina, romelsac organizaciuli si-
cocxlisunarianoba da garemosadmi adaptacia axasiaTebs (parsonsi, mertoni).

biurokratia
Zalian martivad rom vTqvaT, biurokratia organizaciis efeqturi marTva da
organizaciuli sakiTxebis zutad gadawyvetis saSualebaa. igi marTvis Cinovnikur
aparatTan asocirdeba da uaryofiT Seferilobas iZens, Tumca maqs veberma biu-
rokratia sazogadoebis aucilebel elementad miiCnia da mis Sesaxeb yoveldRiu-
robaSi gavrcelebuli azris nacvlad pozitiuri Sinaarsi Cado masSi. veberma ide-
aluri biurokratiuli organizaciis 6 ZiriTadi niSani gamoyo. esenia:
specializacia: biurokratias specializaciis Sesabamisad movaleobebis mka-
fiod gansazRvreba axasiaTebs;
Tanamdebobrivi ierarqia: biurokratiuli organizacia TanamSromelTa ver-
tikaluri Tanamdebobrivi wesrigiT xasiaTdeba;
mkafiod gansazRvruli da dadgenili wesebi sistema: kulturuli tradicie-
bis nacvlad biurokratiuli organizacia winaswar dadgenili racionalize-
buli wesebis mixedviT moqmedebs;
teqnikuri kompetencia: biurokratebs maTi Sesaferisi unar-Cvevebi aqvT, ro-
melic dadgenili wesebis Sesasruleblad aucilebelia;
upirovnoba: pirovnebaze maRla biurokratiuli wesebi dgas. aq pirovnuli
momentebi gamqralia;
formaluri, werilobiTi komunikacia: biurok-
ratiis gulia ara adamianebi, aramed qaRaldebi. adami-
anebs Soris komunikacia mkacrad formalizebul da
oficialur saxes atarebs.
veberis mixedviT, idealuri biurokratia adamia-
nis yovel nabijs mizanmimarTulad aregulirebs, Tum-
ca realurad adamianebi sakamod kreatulebi arian bi-
urokratiul SablonebTan midgomaSi. aseT SemTxvevaSi
biurokratiis araformalur aspeqtebTan gvaqvs saqme.
biurokratias mTeli rigi problemebi axasiaTebs. maT
Soris erT-erTi biurokratiuli gaucxoebaa, romlis
Sesaxeb jer kidev veberi amaxvilebda yuradRebas. misi
azriT, formaluri institutebi adamians ganuwyvetliv
moZravi meqanizmis ubralo WanWikad aqceven. sociolo-
174
 sociologiis Sesavali

giis klasikosi darwmunebuli iyo, rom biurokratiuli aparati adamianTa sasike-

Tod aris Seqmnili da ara maT dasaTrgunad. biurokratiam pirovnuloba Seiwira
msxverplad, rasac, veberisagan gansxvavebiT, mZafrad ganicdidnen fridrix nicSe
da ferdinad Tionisi. biurokratiis kidev erTi Tavsatexi mertonis mier Semotani-
li biurokratiuli ritualizmis cnebaa. mertoni masSi biurokratiuli wesebis
ritualebis doneze ayvanas gulisxmobda, rodesac upiratesi biurokratiuli wese-
bia da ara organizaciis mier dasaxuli miznebis miRweva. XX s-is dasawyisSi ger-
manelma sociologma robert mixelsma (1876-1936) biurokratia oligarqiasTan (ada-
mianTa mcire jgufis mmarTveloba) daakavSira. biurokratiul ierarqiul sistema-
Si oligarqia gancxromaSi imyofeba. am droidan moyolebuli biurokratia poli-
tikuri mecnierebis cxoveli interesis sagani gaxda.
dRes sociologebi imedovneben, rom Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi midinare pro-
cesebi (mecnierebisa da teqnikis ganviTareba, Sromis saxisa da xasiaTis Secvla
da sxva) dadebiTad imoqmedeben biurokratiaze da ufro advili iqneba biurokra-
tiuli procesebis mecnieruli marTva, ris magaliTad amerikuli da iaponuri or-
ganizaciebi mohyavT xolme (magaliTad, makdonaldis qselebi), Tumca erTi ram
cxadia: miuxedavad siaxleebisa, pirovnebis TavisuflebasTan mimarTebaSi biurok-
ratiuli aparati kvlav problemad rCeba.

fragmenti ian SCepanskis wignidan

`sociologiis elementaruli cnebebi~
ra aris socialuri jgufi?
`... Cven (socialur) jgufs vuwodebT pirTa garkveul raodenobas (aranak-
leb sams) ... ratom aranakleb sam pirs? SeiZleba SexvdeT sociologebs, rom-
lebsac miaCniaT, rom ukve wyvili (ori) Seadgens socialur jgufs. me ki
vfiqrob, rom wyvili, ese igi, ori adamiani, qmnis garkveul saxeobas, romel-
Sic warmoSobil urTierTobebsac ar gaaCniaT didi erTobebis, uwinares yov-
lisa, jgufebis urTierTobaTa damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi. me vfiqrob, rom
jgufi iwyeba mxolod iq, sadac erTi socialuri organizaciis farglebSi
individ a-s urTierToba aqvs ara marto b-sTan, aramed g-sTanac, agreTve
imasTanac, rac xdeba b-sa da g-s Soris ...~

davaleba:
_ SeecadeT sakuTari gamocdilebidan moiyvanoT pirvelad da meoreul jgu-
febs Soris gansxvavebis magaliTebi.
_ Tqveni azriT, ratom zRudavs biurokratia pirovnebas da ra gamosavali
unda moiZebnos am problemis mosagvareblad?
_ liderobis romeli tipia TqvenTvis misaRebi da ratom?

ZiriTadi literatura:
1. q. kalhuni, d. laiTi, s. keleri, sociologia. ilias saxelmwifo
universiteti. Tb., 2007. nawili II, pirovneba da sazogadoeba gv. 609-654.
2. e. gidensi, sociologia, m. 2005. (rus. Enaze). gv. 308-331.

damatebiTi literatura:
1. J. fereoli, sociologia, terminologiuri leqsikoni. (rus. Enaze). sankt-
peterburgi. 2003. gv. 8-11.
2. j. masionisi, sociologia, m. 2004. (rus. Enaze). gv. 224-257.
3. n. smelzeri, sociologia, m. 1994. (rus. Enaze). gv. 168-196.
4. i. SCepanski, sociologiis elementaruli cnebebi, Tb., 1997. gv. 98-101, 113-122.

175
kaxa qecbaia

sakiTxavi masala
sociologiis klasikosebi

didi germaneli sociologi

_ maqs veberi

gamoCenili germaneli so-

ciologi, istorikosi da eko-
nomisti maqs (maqsimilian karl
emil) veberi daibada 1864 wlis
21 aprils erfurtSi (alfred
veberis ufrosi Zma). 1892-1894
ww.-Si berlinis universitetis
privat-docentia, SemdgomSi _
eqstraordinaruli profesori,
nacionaluri ekonomikis profe-
m. veberi Tavis studentebTan erTad sori fraiburgis (1894-1896 ww-
Si), haidelbergisa (1896w.) da
miunxenis (1919 w). universite-
tebSi; `germanuli sociologiuri sazoagadoebis~ damaarsebeli (1909). 1919 wels
versalis molaparakebaSi germanuli delegaciis mrCeveli iyo. misi Teoriuli naS-
romebia: `birJa da misi mniSvneloba,~ `meurneobis istoria,~ `mecniereba, rogorc
mowodeba da xeloba,~ `politika, rogorc mowodeba da xeloba,~ `gagebiTi socio-
logiis zogierTi kategoriis Sesaxeb,~ `protestantuli eTika da kapitalizmis su-
li,~ `qalaqi.~ igi aris `socialuri moqmedebis Teoriis,~ `gagebis sociologiis,~
`urbansociologiis,~ `ekonomikuri sociologiis,~ `politikuri sociologiis,~
`kapitalizmis Teoriisa~ da `religiis sociologiis~ Teoretikosi. Tanamedrove
sociologiis araerTi gavleniani da angariSgasawevi mimarTulebis warmomadgene-
li davalebulia misgan.
Mveberis filosofiuri msoflmxedvelobis Camoyalibebaze didi gavlena mo-
axdina vilhelm dilTais `gagebis Teoriam~ da neokantianelobis badenis skolis
(vindelbandTan da rikertTan erTad romlis warmomadgeneli veberic iyo) mier Se-
muSavebulma mecnierebaTa klasifikaciis koncefciam: sabunebismetyvelo (nomoTe-
turi kvlevis meTodi _ msgavsi, ganmeorebadi movlenebis kvlevaze orientirebuli)
da gonismecnierebani (idiografiuli meTodi _ unikaluri movlenebis kvlevaze
orientirebuli). sakuTar koncefcias veberma `gagebis sociologia~ uwoda. socio-
logia socialuri moqmedebis analizs axdens, mis mizezebs ikvlevs. socialuri
moqmedeba Tavisufali aqtoris (moqmedi individis) qcevaSi vlindeba, romelic su-
bieqturi sazrisis matarebelia. sazrisis Semecneba mxolod gagebis gziTaa SesaZ-
lebeli. gageba niSnavs socialuri moqmedebis im sazrisis Semecnebas, romelsac
Tavad subieqti debs am qcevaSi. amitomac sociologiaSi adamianur urTierTobaTa,
msoflmxedvelobaTa da ideaTa mTeli palitra, anu adamianuri kulturis mraval-
ferovneba iyris Tavs. K
veberma sociologiis agebisas kontisa da spenserisagan gansxvavebuli gza air-
Cia: man uari Tqva sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa msgavsad sociologiis zust mecni-
erebad Camoyalibebaze da sociologia, rogorc kulturis ganzogadebuli kvleva,
humanitarul mecnierul principebze daafuZna, romelic Tavisi meTodologiiTa da
sakvlevi sagniT codnis suverenul dargs warmoadgens. vebers, rogorc neokantia-
nels, miaCnda, rom sociologiis klasikosebis mier formulirebuli zogadi katego-
riebi: `sazogadoeba,~ `saxelmwifo,~ `instituti~ da sxva ontologiur statsuss mok-
lebuli fenomenebia, radganac TiToeuli maTgani cnobierebis mier Seqmnili kon-
struqciebia, romelTac saerTo araferi aqvT sinamdvilesTan. mxolod socialuri
moqmedebaa erTaderTi realoba sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. is aris sociumis `saSeni
aguri,~ atomi, amitomac masze unda iyos mimarTuli sociologis mzera. Tumca yvela-
nairi qceva ara aris socialuri moqmedeba. socialur moqmedebas Tavisi gansakuTre-
176
 sociologiis Sesavali

buli niSnebi aqvs. esenia: sazrisi _ gasazrisianebuli moqmedeba da am moqmedebaze

sxvaTa reaqcia da misgan mosalodnel Sedegze orientacia.
gagebis sociologiis ZiriTadi kategoriebia: qceva, moqmedeba da socialuri
moqmedeba. veberis mier formulirebuli socialuri moqmedebis formebia: 1) mizan-
racionaluri _ subieqtma zustad icis, Tu rogor unda miaRwios dasaxul mizans.
es formalur-instrumentaluri cxovrebiseuli orientaciis modelia; 2) Rirebu-
lebiT-racionaluri _ socialuri moqmedebis sazriss subieqtis RirebulebiTi
orientacia gansazRvravs; 3) tradiciuli _ subieqtis aqtivoba Sablonur qcevaSi
vlindeba, romlis sazrisic tradiciebiTa da sxva dadgenili norrmebiTaa gansaz-
Rvruli; 4) afeqturi _ subieqtis moqmedebas emociuri mdgomareoba, afeqtebi gana-
pirobeben. socialur moqmedebaTa sistema, veberis mixedviT, qmnis socialur urTi-
erTobebs. socialur urTierTobebs aRniSnavs iseTi cnebebi, rogoricaa brZola,
siyvaruli, konkurencia, gacvla da sxv. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac socialuri urTi-
erToba individis mier savaldebulodaa miCneuli, maSin is kanonieri socialuri
wesrigis statuss iZens. socialuri moqmedebis formaTa Sesabamisad veberi kanoni-
eri _ legitimuri wesrigis oTx tips gamoyofs: 1) tradiciuls, 2) afeqturs, 3) Ri-
rebulebiT-racionalurs da 4) legalurs.
veberis sociologiis meTodis ganmsazRvrelia misi `idealuri tipebis Teo-
ria.~ `idealuri tipi~ ama Tu im movlenis `kulturul sazriss~ afiqsirebs. is ev-
ristuli hipoTezaa, romelsac didZali istoriuli masala wesrigSi mohyavs. am
Teoriis mixedviT, veberma ekonomikis sociologiis kulturologiuri analizi ga-
akeTa, romlis mixedviT tradiciuli da mizan-racionaluri ekonomikuri moqmedeba
ganasxvava erTmaneTisagan. amaTgan pirveli uZvelesi droidan arsebobs, meore ki
mxolod axali droidan Cndeba.
tradicionalizmis daZleva Tanamedrove kapitalisturi ekonomikis ganviTarebas
ukavSirdeba. aqedan gamomdinare, veberma daaskvna, rom kapitalizmis idealuri tipi
racionalizmzea damyarebuli da, marqsisagan gansxvavebiT, mxolod ekonomikuri faq-
torebiT ar ganisazRvreba. Tavis naSromSi _ `protestantuli eTika da kapitalizmis
suli~ _ veberi Tanamedrove kapitalizmis geneziss xsnis, ukavSirebs ra am proble-
mas religiis sociologias, kerZod protestantobas. am SemTxvevaSi veberis genialu-
ri aRmoCena imaSi mdgomareobs, rom man yvelaze ukeT dainaxa is kavSiri, romelic
arsebobs protestantuli religiis eTikur kodeqssa da kapitalistur ekonomikas So-
ris. protestantobaSi ZiriTadi aqcenti keTdeba ara dogmatikaze, aramed moralur
praqtikaze, romelic adamianis amqveyniur daniSnulebaSi _ SromaSi vlindeba. Sroma
adamianis amqveyniuri valia. is yvelam unda moixados. es aris is, rasac veberma `sae-
ro katexizmo~ uwoda. saero cxovrebis racionalizaciis aRsaniSnavad veberma specia-
luri termini `ganjadoeba~ Semoitana. es aris procesi, rom-
lis drosac adamiani magiuri crurwmenebisagan Tavisuflde-
ba. kacobriobis istoriaSi igi reformaciasa da kapitaliz-
mis warmoSobas ukavSirdeba.
veberi agreTve cnobilia, rogorc Zalauflebis soci-
ologiis warmomadgeneli. mis mier gamoyofilia Zalauf-
lebis (batonobis) legitimaciis (Sesabamisad, politikuri
lideris) sami tipi: 1) racionaluri _ emyareba arsebuli
wesrigis kanonierebas; 2) tradiciuli _ emyareba tradici-
as da 3) qarizmatuli _ emyareba zebunebriobasa da iraci-
onalizms (zog SemTxvevaSi gmiroba, genialoba), romelic
logikur axsnas ar eqvemdebareba. am konteqstSia formu-
lirebuli veberis racionaluri biurokratiis koncefcia,
romelic Zalauflebis pirvel tipTanaa dakavSirebuli.
demokratiis cnebis analizisas veberi politikuri mmar-
veberis mTavari soci- Tvelobis am formis or nairsaxeobaze miuTiTebs: `bela-
ologiuri naSromi dis plebiscituri demokratia~ da `plebiscituri demokra-
tia beladis gareSe~, romlis mizani adamianis mier adamia-
nis Cagvris minimumamde Semcirebaa.
177
kaxa qecbaia

veberis sociologiuri Sromebi aqtualuria dResac. maT gareSe TiTqmis war-

moudgenelia Tanamedrove sociologia. veberi 56 wlis asakSi, 1920 wlis 14 ivniss
miunxenSi gavrcelebuli gripis epidemiis Sedegad gardaicvala. misi yvelaze me-
tad cnobili da aRiarebuli mowafeebi arian sociologebi: Siuci da garfinkeli.

***
`sociologia aris mecniereba, romelic miiswrafvis socialuri moqmedebis gagebi-
saken da amiT kauzalurad xsnis mis processa da moqmedebas.~
`samecniero sferoSi `avtoritetulia~ is, vinc mxolod erT saqmes emsaxureba.~
`mowodebiT mecnierebisa da namdvili profesionalebis mosasmenad Cvens leqcieb-
ze mosulma studentebma rodi uwyian, rom asi profesoridan oTxmocdaaTi araTu
ar aris cxovrebis fexburTis ostati, aramed saerTod Sors dgas im saqmisagan,
romelsac emsaxureba.~
`mxolod dardiTa da molodiniT verafers gaxdebi. sxvanairi moqmedebaa saWiro _
unda Seesabamebode `dRis moTxovnebs~ da sakuTar saqmes admianurad da profesio-
nalurad unda moepyra. mocemuli moTxovna martivi da gasagebi gaxdeba maSin, ro-
desac yoveli Cvengani sakuTar demons ipovis da mis xmas mousmens.~
Mmaqs veberi

es sainteresoa
sportis sociologia
sportis sociologia dargobrivi sociologiuri disciplinaa, romelic
sports ganixilavs, rogorc socialur fenomens. mis mixedviT, sporti gacnobie-
rebuli saTamaSo saqmianobaa, romelic kavSirSia ekonomikur, politikur, kul-
turul, erovnul da a. S. sxva socialur institutebTan. sportis sociologiis
problemebia: sporti, rogorc sociokulturuli movlena, sportis socialuri
funqcia, sporti da dasveneba, sporti da agresia da mravali sxva. igi Zalze
popularuli dargia ganviTarebul qveynebSi. am dargis specialistebi aqtiurad
arian CarTuli sportis sxvadasxva saxeobis ganviTarebaSi. dasavleTis qveyneb-
Si sportul dawesebulebebsa da klubebSi sociologiuri servisi Cveulebrivi
movlenaa. sportis sociologia sportuli koleqtivebisa da organizaciebis so-
cialuri problemebis kvlevas specifikuri meTodebiT axorcielebs.
pele, diego maradona, lionel mesi, debi uiliamsebi, rafael nadali, ma-
ikl jordani, rojer federeri, novak jokoviCi da a. S. _ dRes isini msoflio-
Si aleqsandre makedonelze, iulius keisarsa da napoleonze ufro metad cno-
bili adamianebi arian. maTi saxelebi msoflios nebismier kuTxeSi nebismieri
asakisa da specialobis adamianebma ician.
deb uiliamsebs `didi slemis~ tur-
niri erTeulTa Soris 20-jer aqvT mogebu-
li. vinusis angariSze 7 gamarjvebaa, xo-
lo serenam gamarjveba 13-jer izeima. rac
Seexeba erT-erT prestiJul _ uimbldonis
turnirs, ukanaskneli 11 turniridan maT 9
aqvT mogebuli. amasTan finalSi debi 4-
jer Sexvdnen erTmaneTs.
Tanamedrove sociologebi sports ga-
nixilaven, rogorc yoveldRiuri cxovre-
bis wessa da socialur movlenas. sportis
amgvari gaazreba mocemuli aqvs cnobil
frang sociologs pier burdies wignSi: `gansxvaveba, msjelobis socialuri
kritika~ (Targmnilia qarTul enaze). burdies mixedviT, sazogadoebis sxvadas-
xva socialuri fenebi gansxvavebuli intensivobiT misdeven sportis ama Tu im
saxeobas, romlis procentuli maCvenebeli miT ufro matulobs, rac ufro maR-
178
 sociologiis Sesavali

la avdivarT socialuri ierarqiis kibeze. socialuri stratifikaciisa da mobi-

lobis transformacia umal aisaxeba sportze. Amis mixedviT, erTmaneTisagan
gansxavdebian sportis e. w. `elitaruli~ da `masobrivi~ saxeobebi, magaliTad:
samTo-saTxilamuro sporti, doRi da CogburTi, Tumca am standarts angrevs
fexburTi. igi mTlianad moicavs sazogadoebis yvela fenis warmomadgenels.
Tanamedrove adamianisaTvis sportis mniSvnelobasa da rolze kargad mia-
niSnebs cnobili parizeli stilistis pol lagerfeldis magaliTi, romelic
ambobs, rom `dRes SeuZlebelia moduri iyo, Tuki sxeuli harmoniulad ar gaqvs
ganviTarebuli~ (sxeulis harmoniulad ganviTareba ki sportis gareSe warmoud-
genelia). lagerfeldis bina trenaJorebis darbazs hgavs. amiT xazgasmulia
sportis, rogorc cxovrebis wesis, aucilebloba.
unda vivaraudoT, rom saqarTveloSi es dargi male gaxdeba popularuli, rad-
ganac dRes maRalganviTarebul qveynebSi mTeli rigi sportuli warmatebebis
didi wili gamarTul sociologiur samsaxurze modis.
fexburTi, rogorc globaluri socialuri fenomeni

Tanamedrove pos-
tklasikuri sazogadoeba
Zneli warmosadgenia fex-
burTis gareSe. dRes is
erT-erTi globaluri Ta-
maSia. 2010 wlis msof-
lio Cempionatis msvle-
lobisas iaponelma eq-
spertebma 30 miliardze
meti satelevizio CarTva
daiTvales. es cifrebi
kidev ufro matulobs
CempionTa ligis TamaSeb-
ze. misi gavrcelebis are-
ali didad aWarbebs gae-
rosac ki. msgavsi masob-
rivi xasiaTis mqone msoflio fenomeni, bunebrivia, sociologiur axsnas saWi-
roebs. riT aixsneba fexburTis aseTi popularoba? rogoria misi popularobis
socialuri, ekonomikuri, politikuri da kulturuli safuZvlebi? ra gavlenas
axdens fexburTi Tanamedrove msoflio wesrigSi? es aris is kiTxvebi, romleb-
sac fexburTis sociologiam unda gasces pasuxi. gansakuTrebuli kvlevis saga-
nia fexburTis racionalizaciisa da komercializaciis sakiTxi. postklasikur
epoqaSi fexburTis transformacia moxda. igi, faqtobrivad, daicala iraciona-
lizmisagan da pragmatuli, Zalze merkantiluri saxe miiRo.

***
`fexburTma gaTanga da gaabrua masebi. adamianur da politikur dramaze
maRla adamianTa absoluturi umravlesoba uyoymanod, srulebiT Riad da dau-
faravad fexburTis matCs ayenebs.~
Jan bodriari

179
kaxa qecbaia

XII leqcia
Tema: socialuri institutebi
termini `instituti~ laTinuri sityva institutum-idan momdinareobs da imas niS-
navs, rac dawesebulia, dadgenilia. mas sociologiaSi, sxva mecnierebebSi da yovel-
dRiur cxovrebaSi sxvadasxva gageba aqvs, romlebic oTx ZiriTad mniSvnelobamde
SeiZleba daviyvanoT: 1) termini `instituti~ SeiZleba aRniSnavdes garkveul pirTa
jgufs, romlebic sazogadoebriv funqcias asruleben; 2) instituti SeiZleba iyos
im funqciebis organizaciuli kompleqsi, romlebsac jgufis zogierTi wevri MmTe-
li jgufis mimarT asrulebs; 3) instituti aris dawesebuleba an dawesebulebaTa
erToblioba, romelic calkeul individs an individTa jgufs saSualebas aZlevs
Seasrulos upirovno sazogadoebrivi funqciebi sakuTari an jgufis wevrebis moT-
xovnilebaTa dakmayofilebis mizniT; 4) instituts uwodeben socialur rols, rom-
lebsac gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs jgufisaTvis. institutis cnebis oTxive
ganmarteba SeiZleba mis or, farTo da viwro gagebaSi gavaerTianoT.
viwro gagebiT, institutis cnebas
teqnikuri mniSvneloba aqvs mxolod da
specializirebul samecniero Tu saswav-
lo dawesebulebebs aRniSnavs, farTo
mniSvnelobiT ki sazogadoebriv urTier-
TobaTa gansakuTrebuli sferos mareguli-
rebel normebs niSnavs. Tanamedrove soci-
ologiaSi miRebuli gansazRvrebis mixed-
viT, socialuri institutebis cnebaSi igu-
lisxmeba socialuri cxovrebis mTeli ri-
gi sferoebis: ojaxis, religiis, ganaTle-
bis, ekonomikisa da politikis, mareguli-
rebeli normebis, Rirebulebebis, simbo-
loebis, rwmena-warmodgenebis, rolebisa da statusebis SedarebiT stabiluri da
integrirebuli erToblioba.
institutis bunebis gasagebad moviyvanoT aseTi magaliTi: yvelasaTvis cnobi-
lia, rom garemosTan cxovelebi instinqtebis meSveobiT arian dakavSirebulni. in-
stinqti evoluciis procesis Sedegad cxovelTa gadasarCenad gamoCarxuli bune-
bis mZlavri instrumentia. magram ra qnas adamianma? man xom yvela Tavisi instin-
qti dakarga, xolo rac SemorCa, ar aris sakmarisi swrafadcvalebad socialur
garemoSi orientirebisaTvis. aseT viTarebaSi mSvelelis rolSi socialuri insti-
tutebi gamodian. isini sazogadoebaSi im rols asruleben, rasac instinqtebi cxo-
velTa samyaroSi. Tu instinqtebi bunebis evoluciis Sedegad arian gamoyvanilni,
socialuri institutebi kulturis evoluciis Sedegad arian miRebulni. oRond
socialuri institutebi exmarebian ara marto erTeul individebs, aramed mTlia-
nad sazogadoebas. maTi mizania sazogadoebis wevrTa umTavresi moTxovnilebebis
dakmayofileba. sociologebma Seiswavles msgavsi moTxovnilebani da aRmoaCines,
rom yvelasaTvis aucilebeli da umTavresi moTxovnilebani arc ise bevria; aRmoC-
nda, rom maTi raodeniba xuTs ar aRemateba, Sesabamisad, socialuri institutebis
raodenobac amdenivea.
gvaris gagrZelebis moTxovnileba (ojaxisa da qorwinebis instituti);
usafrTxoebisa da socialuri wesrigis moTxovnileba (politikuri institu-
tebi, saxelmwifo);
saarsebo saSualebaTa mopovebis moTxovnileba (ekonomikuri institutebi,
warmoeba);
momavali Taobebisadmi codnis gadacemis moTxovnileba (ganaTlebis insti-
tutebi, farTo gagebiT, mecniereba da kultura);
sulieri problemebis mogvarebisa da cxovrebis sazrisis Ziebis moTxovni-
leba (religiuri institutebi).

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 sociologiis Sesavali

erT-erTi pirveli, vinc masStaburad miudga

socialuri institutebis Seswavlis sakiTxs, ameri-
keli sociologi torstein vebleni iyo. mis mixed-
viT, sazogadoebis ganviTareba socialuri institu-
tebis bunebrivi gadarCevis procesia. sazogadoebis
istoriis gariJraJze adamianTa erTobaSi promiskui-
teti _ qaosuri seqsualuri urTierToba batonobda.
is adamianTa modgmas genetikuri gadagvarebiT emuq-
reboda, amitom TanadaTanobiTi akrZalvebis meSveo-
biT am urTierTobaTa SezRudva moxda. pirveli ak-
rZalva sixlis aRrevas Seexeboda. ase gaCnda kacob-
riobis istoriaSi socialuri normis pirveli saxe.
Semdeg droTa ganmavlobaSi sxva normebic gaCnda.
kacobrioba arsebobisaTvis brZolas swavlobda da
garemo pirobebTan adaptacias axdenda. ase warmoiq-
mna pirveli socialuri instituti _ ojaxi. ojaxu-
torstein bunde vebleni
ri cxovrebis normebi da wesebi sxva analogiur in-
(1857-1929)
stitucionalizebul normebTan erTad Taobidan Ta-
obas gadaecemoda. isini aZlevdnen mimarTulebas adamianTa cxovrebasa da azrovne-
bas, deviantebs mkacrad sjidnen da a. S. aqedan gasagebi unda iyos, Tu ratom miiC-
nevdnen socialur institutebs sazogadoebis mier dadgenili adaT-wesebisa da
tradiciebis sistemad institucionalizmis fuZemdebeli torstein vebleni da misi
mowafe uiliam hamiltoni. institutis cnebis am gagebidan momdinareobs institu-
cionalizmis cneba, rac socialuri urTierTobebis an socialur urTierTobaTa
praqtikis dakanonebas, dawesebas niSnavs. magaliTad, sociologiis instituciona-
lizaciaSi saxelmwifos mier standartebisa da dadgenilebebis SemuSaveba igu-
lisxmeba, romlis mixedviT unda funqcionirebdes sociologiuri kvlevis centre-
bi, saswavlo da samecniero dawesebulebebi sociologiis ganxriT, unda xdebodes
Jurnalebis, saxelmZRvaneloebisa da monografiebis gamocema da sxva. e. i. insti-
tucionalizacia socialuri normebis dakanonebas niSnavs. faqtobrivad, es insti-
tutebis formirebis, sazogadoebaSi Tavis damkvidrebis procesia.
socialur institutebs ikvlevda agreTve cnobili amerikeli sociologi, ra-
dikaluri sociologiis warmomadgeneli Carlz raiT milsi. instituti mas warmo-
edgina, rogorc calkeuli socialuri rolebis erTobliobis sazogadoebrivi
forma. institutebis klasifikacia man maT mier Sesasrulebeli amocanebis mixed-
viT moaxdina da religiuri, samxedro, ekonomikuri, politikuri da ojaxuri in-
stitutebi gamoyo.
institutis cneba socialur moqmedebebs daukavSira sociologma piter ber-
germa. mis mixedviT, instituti socialur moqmedebaTa gankerZoebuli kompleqsia
da meti araferi, magaliTad, qorwineba, iuridiuli kanoni, organizaciulad ga-
formebuli religia da a. S.
filosofiuri anTropologiis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli, germaneli sociologi
arnold geleni (1904-1976) instituts ganmartavda, rogorc adamianis moqmedebaTa
maregulirebel dawesebulebas, romelic iseve aucilebelia adamianis moqmedebebi-
saTvis mimarTulebis misacemad, rogorc cxenisTvis _ aRviri. es imas niSnavs, rom
institutebi ara marto awesrigeben adamianTa moqmedebas, aramed akontroleben ki-
devac imisaTvis, rom man rame iseTi ar Caidinos, rac sazogadoebisaTvis zianis
momtani iqneba.
sociologebis azriT, socialuri institutebi ama Tu im sazogadoebis socia-
lur da kulturul saxes gansazRvraven. isini ise ar hgvanan erTmaneTs, rogorc
kulturebi. magaliTad, qorwinebis instituti sxvadasxva xalxebs sxvadasxvagvari
aqvT gansxvavebuli ritualebiTa da qcevis wesebiT.
yvela instituti SeiZleba daiyos formalur da araformalur institutad.
magaliTad, adamianTa droebiT gaerTianebas, ezoSi fexburTis moTamaSe bavSvebs
TavianTi winamZRoli hyavT, magram am tipis instituts myari organizaciis garan-
181
kaxa qecbaia

tia ara aqvs, amitom mas araformalur instituts vuwodebT. rodesac winamZRoli
(lideri) oficialurad dadgenili wesebis mixedviT aris arCeuli da mas moqmede-
bis saSualebebi da meTodebi detalurad, kanonis msgavsad aqvs mowesrigebuli, ma-
Sin saqme gvaqvs formalur institutTan. bavSvTa fexburTis gundis winamZRoloba
araformaluri institutia, xolo qveynis prezidentoba _ formaluri.
Tanamedrove sociologiaSi damkvidrebulia institutebis dayofa maT mier
Sesasrulebeli Sinaarsobrivi amocanebis safuZvelze, rac institutebis gansaxor-
cielebel ZiriTad funqciebs Seesabameba. zogadad, institutebis funqcia adamian-
Ta cxovrebis umniSvnelovanesi problemebis mogvarebaa. magaliTad, milionobiT
Seyvarebuli adamiani ojaxisa da qorwinebis institutis daxmarebiT agvarebs Ta-
vis problemas, avadmyofobis SemTxvevaSi jandacvis institutebs mimarTavs da a.
S. adamianebi institutebis meSveobiT awesrigeben da ayalibeben socialur cxovre-
bas. am mizniT aris Seqmnili saxelmwifo, mTavroba, policia, sasamarTlo, advoka-
tura da sxv.
institutebi socialuri kontrolis funqciasac asruleben. isini TavianTi
normatiuli wesrigiT adamianebs stimuls aZleven Tavi Seikavon devianturi qcevi-
sagan da disciplinas amkvidreben sazogadoebaSi.
institutebi agreTve komunikaciuri funqciis matareblebic arian. am SemTxve-
vaSi isini kulturis im nawilad ganixileba, romlis meSveobiTac sazogadoeba in-
formacias avrcelebs, dagrovil istoriul gamocdilebas momaval Taobebs gadas-
cems da a. S. institutebs mniSvnelovan socialur faqtebad miiCnevda emil diurke-
mic. institutebis Sesaxeb yovelive zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT Zneli ar
aris institutebis zogadi damaxasiaTebeli niSnebis gamoyofa:
individebis mier institutebi aRiqmeba, rogorc garegani realoba: sxva sit-
yvebiT rom vTqvaT, yoveli calke aRebuli adamianisaTvis instituti garega-
nia anu damoukidebelia Cveni survilebisa da fantaziebisagan;
individebis mier institutebi aRiqmeba, rogorc obieqturi realoba: es, faq-
tobrivad, winamdebare daxasiaTebis ganmeorebas warmoadgens, magram mas ar
emTxveva.
institutebs maiZulebeli Zala aqvT: sazogadoebis wevrad yofna TiToeul
Cvengans, moswons Tu ara es, mTeli rigi wesebis Sesrulebas avaldebulebs.
asea institutebic, romlebsac pirovnebasTan mimarTebaSi maiZulebeli xasia-
Ti aqvT. magaliTad, ojaxis instituti gvaiZulebs davemorCiloT mis mier
dadgenil wesebs. asea politikuri, ekonomikuri da sxva institutebi.
institutebs moraluri avtoriteti aqvT: rac imaSi gamoixateba, rom insti-
tuti ara marto sjis deviants, aramed moralurad kicxavs mas.
institutebi istoriulobis niSniT xasiaTdebian: es imas niSnavs, rom insti-
tutebi sazogadoebis xangrZlivi istoriuli ganviTarebis Sedegia. isini ar-
sebobdnen Cvenamde da Cven Semdegac iarsebeben.

ZiriTadi socialuri institutebis funqciebi

da struqturuli elementebi

funqcia instituti ZiriTadi roli fizikuri niSani simboluri ni-

Sani
bavSvis movla- qorwineba deda, mama, Svili saxli beWedi (saqor-
patronoba, aR- da ojaxi wino), kon-
zrda. masze traqti
zrunva
sakvebis, tansac- ekonomiku- mewarme, daqira- fabrika, ofisi, fuli, savaWro
mlis da sacxov- ri vebuli muSa, maRazia da sxv. marka, reklama
reblis mopoveba myidveli, gam-
yidveli da sxv.

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 sociologiis Sesavali

arsebuli wesebi- politiku- kanonmdebeli, parlamenti, droSa, kodeq-

sa da kanonebis ri samarTlis subi- mTavrobis sasax- si, qartia
mxardaWera eqti da sxv. le, gamgeobis Se-
noba da sxv.
rwmenisa da ime- religiuri mRvdeli, mrevli taZari, eklesia- jvari, biblia,
dis ganmtkiceba monasteri sakurTxeve-li
adamianTa socia- ganaTleba maswavlebeli, skola, koleji, diplomi, xa-
lizacia, maT mier moswavle saxelmZRvanelo, risxi
sabaziso Rirebu- universiteti da
lebebis aTviseba sxv.

socialuri institutis funqcia Zalian martivia _ esaa sargeblianobis mota-

na sazogadoebisaTvis, Tumca zogjer igi amas ver asrulebs da maSin sociologe-
bi socialuri institutis disfunqciaze laparakoben. samwuxarod, dRevandel sa-
zogadoebaSi disfunqciis magaliTebi uamravia, magaliTad, rodesac ojaxi an ga-
naTleba Tavis funqcias ver asrulebs (ojaxis dangreva, pirovnebis manivelirebe-
li saganmanaTleblo programa da sxva). socialur instituts SeiZleba hqondes
aSkara da faruli (latenturi) funqcia da disfunqcia. institutis funqcia an
disfunqcia aSkaraa, rodesac igi oficialurad aris gamocxadebuli da amis Sesa-
xeb sazogadoebis yvela wevri informirebulia, xolo latenturi, piriqiT, sazo-
gadoebis wevrebisaTvis dafarulia. latenturi funqciebi latentur disfunqcias-
Tan SedarebiT uvnebelia da zianis momtani ar aris, amasTan aris SemTxvevebi, ro-
desac latenturi funqciebi pozitiuria. amis magaliTs cnobili saavtomobili
kompaniis `fordis~ Semqmnelis henri fordis cxovreba iZleva. mas WiriviT sZulda
profkavSirebi, didi qalaqebi, msxvili kreditebi da ganvadebiT vaWroba, magram is
erT-erTi iyo imaT Soris, vinc am institutebis stimulirebisa da xelSewyobisaT-
vis yvelafers akeTebda im mosazrebiT, rom am institutebis latenturi funqciebi
misi biznesis sasargeblod aris momarTuli.

SeniSvna:
sociologiis mimarTulebis studentebi axlo momavalSi ZiriTadi socialu-
ri institutebis Sesaxeb calke leqciebs moismenen. magaliTad: ojaxisa da qorwi-
nebis problemebs `ojaxis sociologiaSi~ gaecnobian; religiis sakiTxebs _ `re-
ligiis sociologiaSi;~ saxelmwifos, politikisa da Zalauflebis problemebs
`politikis sociologia~ gaacnobs maT; warmoebis, Sromisa da biznesis sakiTxebs
`ekonomikuri sociologia~ Seaswavlis; pirovnebis socializaciisa da ganaTlebis
problematikis analizs `ganaTlebis sociologiis~ kursi iTvaliswinebs; Tanamed-
rove sazogadoebaSi mimdinare instituciur cvlilebebs studentebi `instituciur
cvlilebaTa sociologiis kursze~ gaecnobian, amitom sociologiis Sesaval kur-
sSi maTi dawvrilebiTi ganxilva, vfiqrobT, mizanSewonili ar aris.

masala gansjisaTvis
fragmenti ian SCepanskis wignidan
`sociologiis elementaruli cnebebi~
socialuri institutebi
`... Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi yoveli adamiani sargeblobs uamravi sxvadas-
xva institutis momsaxurebiTa da muSaobiT. igi ibadeba ojaxSi, izrdeba
ojaxSi, skolamdel dawesebulebebSi, sxvadasxvagvar skolebSi, muSaobs sxva-
dasxva sawarmoSi, sargeblobs qalaqis transportiT, rkinigzis momsaxurebiT,
informacias iRebs gazeTebidan, radioTi, televiziiT; kinoTeatrebi, klubebi
awyoben misTvis gasarTobebs; sxvadasxva maRaziebi amarageben; mis usafrTxoe-
bas uzrunvelyofs milicia da sasamarTlo; saSinao meurneobas, wylis, gazis,
eleqtroenergiis miwodebas uzrunvelyofs Sesabamis dawesebulebaTa sistema;
igi sargeblobs jandacvis samsaxuriT da a. S. mokled rom vTqvaT, TiToeuli
adamiani iswrafvis daikmayofilos sasicocxlo moTxovnilebani, amitom amya-
rebs kontaqtebsa da socialur urTierTobebs, qmnis moTxovnilebaTa dakmayo-
183
kaxa qecbaia

filebis saSualebebs, muSaobs am saSualebaTa mopovebisaTvis, zemoqmedebs

sxva adamianebze an reagirebs maT moqmedebaze, yovel nabijze CarTulia sxva-
dasxva institutis qselSi, romlebic aregulireben mis saqmianobasa da qce-
vas.~

davaleba:
_ yuradRebiT waikiTxeT fragmenti. cnobili poloneli sociologis mier da-
saxelebul institutebs kidev ramdenime Tanamedrove socialur instituts
xom ar miumatebdiT?

sasurvelia davimaxsovroT
sekularizacia _ religiuri azrovnebis, religiuri cxovrebisa da organiza-
ciebis mier socialuri gavlenisa da mniSvnelobis dakargvis procesia. vebe-
ri ambobda, rom Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi mecnieruli azrovneba da racio-
nalizmi ikaveben religiuri rwmenis adgils. amas is sazogadoebis `ganjado-
ebas,~ `demagizacias~ eZaxda. faqtobrivad, es religiis saero, samoqalaqo
cxovrebis erT-erT rigiT nawilad gaxdomis procesia, romelic tradiciuli
Rirebulebebis momxreTa mZafr winaaRmdegobas awydeba yovelTvis. parsonsi
amis Sesaxeb ambobda, rom religia gavlenas ki ar kargavs, aramed ufro me-
tad specializebuli xdeba, rac sakamaTo sakiTxia dResac.

masala gansjisaTvis
fragmenti elvin tofleris wignidan `momavlis Soki~
dangreuli ojaxi

`... sadacaa novaciebis talRa dagvatydeba

Tavs... novaciebi Rrmad SeaRweven Cvens pirad
cxovrebaSi da ojaxis SigniT arnaxul daZabu-
lobas Seqmnian.
odesRac ojaxi miiCneoda sazogadoebis dar-
tymebisagan Tavdacvis mZlavr saSualebad. did
samyarosTan brZolis Semdeg nacem-nagvemi adamia-
ni ojaxSi moiTqvamda suls da Wrilobebs moiSu-
Sebda, magram zeindustriuli revoluciis ganvi-
TarebasTan erTad `es Sokis sawinaaRmdego~ saSu-
aleba TviTon xdeba Sokis wyaro.
sazogadoebis kritikosebisaTvis sanetaro
dro dadga: ojaxi `sruli gaqrobis zRvarzea,~ _
acxadebs ferdinand landbergi naSromSi `samya-
ros momavali saxecvlileba.~ mas eTanxmeba fsi-
qoanalitikosi uiliam vulfi: `ojaxi mokvda; is
elvin tofleri, bavSvis dabadebidan erT an or welze metxans
amerikeli sociologi da ver Zlebs. aseTi iqneba misi funqcia momavalSi.~
futurologi pesimistebi gvarwmuneben, rom ojaxi mizanmimar-
(daibada 1928 wels) Tulad mieswrafeba aryofnisaken, magram iSvia-
Tad amboben, Tu ra mova mis nacvlad.
maT sawinaaRmdegod optimistebi gvarwmuneben: rogorc arsebobda ojaxi
yvela sxva droSi, ise iarsebebs axlac. zogierTebi imis mtkicebasac ki cdi-
loben, rom ojaxi Tavis oqros xanas uaxlovdeba. mocaleobis zrdasTan er-
Tad, varaudoben isini, ojaxis wevrebi ufro met dros gaatareben erTad da
ufro met kmayofilebas miiReben erToblivi moqmedebidan. `ojaxi, sadac yve-
la erTad TamaSobs, erTad rCeba~ da a. S.
arsebobs sxva, ufro Rrma mosazrebac: momavali drois qariSxali ada-
mianebs aiZulebs ufro Rrmad Sevidnen ojaxSi. `adamianebi imitom iqorwine-
184
 sociologiis Sesavali

ben, rom ufro myar struqturaSi povon TavSesafari,~ _Dwers doqtor irvin
grinbergi, albert ainStainis samedicino kolejis fsiqiatriis profesori. am
mosazrebis Tanaxmad, ojaxi cvalebadobis qariSxlisagan dazRvevis saSuale-
baa. mokled ramdenad cvalebadi da uCveuloa gare samyaro, miT ufro mniSvne-
lovani xdeba ojaxis roli.
SesaZlebelia am kamaTSi orive mxare araswori iyos, ramdenadac momava-
li ufro naTelia, vidre gvgonia. ojaxebi, SesaZloa, ar gaqreba da arc axal,
oqros saukuneSi Seva. ufro mosalodnelia, rom is namsxvrevebad iqces, mag-
ram mxolod imisaTvis, rom SemdgomSi axali da ucnauri saxe miiRos.
davaleba:
_ eTanxmebiT Tu ara amerikuli socialuri futurologiis warmomadgenlis
mosazrebas ojaxis momavlis Sesaxeb?
_ rogor fiqrobT, ra SeiZleba iyos ojaxis dangrevis umTavresi mizezi?
_ tofleris terminebia `erTjeradi qorwineba~ da `seriuli qorwineba.~ Ti-
Toeuli maTgani warmatebuli droebiTi kavSirebis gamomxatveli cnebebia.
toflers miaCnia, rom Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi ojaxma transformacia ga-
nicada da `erTjerad ojaxad~ gadaiqca. eTanxmebiT Tu ara tofleris am mo-
sazrebas ojaxisa da qorwinebis transformaciis Sesaxeb?

davaleba:
_ moiZieT Sesabamisi masalebi, romlebic asaxaven qorwinebis ritualis gan-
sxvavebas sxvadasxva xalxebsa da kulturebSi da moawyveT maTi ganxilva-pre-
zentacia jgufSi.
_ Tqveni azriT, socialuri institutebis funqciebidan romelia ufro metad
mniSvnelovani da ratom?
_ Tqveni azriT, rogori iqneboda sazogadoeba socialuri institutebis gare-
Se?
_ moamzadeT esei Temaze: `pirovnebis Tavisufleba da socialuri institute-
bi.~ N

ZiriTadi literatura:
1. e. gidensi, sociologia, m. 2005. (rus. Enaze). gv. 155-177, 371-395, 426-460. 461-494.
2. i. SCepanski, sociologiis elementaruli cnebebi, Tb., 1997. gv. 85-90.

damatebiTi literatura:
1. J. fereoli. sociologia, terminologiuri leqsikoni (rus. Enaze). sanktpe-
terburgi. 2003. gv. 32-33.
2. a. kravCenko, sociologia, m. 1999. (rus. Enaze). gv. 332-352.
3. n. smelzeri, sociologia, m. 1994. (rus. Enaze). gv. 390-521.

185
kaxa qecbaia

sakiTxavi masala
fragmenti kaxa qecbaias leqciidan religiis sociologiaSi
sazogadoebis transformacia da religia
`sicrue iqneba ukanaskneli sayviris xma, romelic
adamianis modgmas RvTis samsjavroze mouxmobs,
radgan Tqmula, rom meored mosvlisas qriste ver
povebs rwmenas dedamiwaze.~
frensis bekoni
`adamians daaviwyda RmerTi da gacofda.~
Kkonstantine gamsaxurdia

Tanamedroveobam mravali siurprizi moumzada kacobriobas, romelTa Soris

erT-erTi socialuri transformaciaa. Seqmnil viTarebas postmodernul mdgomare-
obas uwodeben (liotari). am SemTxvevaSi transformaciis gareSe TiTqmis arc er-
Ti socialuri Tu sulier-goniTi fenomeni ar rCeba, maT Soris religiac, rome-
lic uaRresad konservatiuli fenomenia. igi, rogorc wesi, yovelTvis inarCunebs
TavisTavadobas, magram es xdeba klasikur epoqaSi, postklasikurSi ki igi kiTxvis
niSnis qveS dgeba. postmodernul epoqaSi religia maskulturis nawilad iqceva
(bodriari), rac sazogadoebas mTel rig novaciebs sTavazobs (religiur novacias-
Tan maSin gvaqvs saqme, rodesac e. w. axali religia Cndeba an ukve arsebuli ise
icvleba, rom is cdilobs ukeT moergos adamianTa saWiroebebs). am SemTxvevaSi
transformirdeba ara mxolod religia, rogorc socialuri instituti, aramed,
rac yvelaze metad sagangaSoa, religiuri rwmena. yovelive es Tanamedrove reli-
giis sociologiaSi mwvave debatebis sagani xdeba.
religiis sociologiaSi misi fuZemdeblebis (diurkemisa da veberis) droidan
moyolebuli yovelTvis aqtualuri iyo sakiTxi religiis momavlis Sesaxeb, Tumca
Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi mimdinare mTelma rigma globalurma procesebma re-
ligiis momavlis Sesaxeb sakiTxs ufro meti simwvave da aqtualoba SesZines da
igi erT-erT yvelaze metad sakamaTo sakiTxad aqcies.
religiis sociologiis, rogorc religiis Semswavleli mecnieruli discip-
linis, daniSnulebaSi impliciturad igulisxmeba misi Sesaswavli sagnis perspeq-
tivaSi danaxva da momavlis prognozireba, miT ufro maSin, rodesac religiasTan
dakavSirebiT dRes Seqmnili viTareba ramdenadme sagangaSoa.
dRes ukve yvelasagan aRiarebuli faqtia da siaxle amaSi araferia, rom ka-
cobrioba postklasikur epoqaSi imyofeba, rac klasikuri Rirebulebebis devalva-
cias niSnavs. Esakacobrio kulturaSi am procesis dawyebis mauwyebeli fridrix
nicSe iyo. man erT-erTma pirvelma auwya kacobriobas `RmerTis sikvdilis~ Sesaxeb.
`RmerTis sikvdili~ `adamianis sikvdilsac~ niSnavda, magram fufunebas, komfortsa
da yoveldRiur cxovrebiseul wvrilmanebs gamodevnebul kacobriobas maSin ami-
saTvis saTanado yuradReba ar miuqcevia. sabolood ki yovelive imiT damTavrda,
rom `RmerTis mkvlelma~ kacobriobam `adamianic mokla.~ Tuki XX saukunes `Rmer-
Tis sikvdilis~ damRa azis Sublze, XXI saukunisaTvis aseTi ram `adamianis sik-
vdili~ iqneba (arsebuli realoba imdenad pesimisturi da Semzaravia, rom TviT
yvelaze did pesimists _ Sopenhauersac ki SeSurdeboda aseT epoqaSi cxovreba).
Seqmnili realobis yovelgvari dramatizebis gareSe SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yoveli-
ve es Zalze mtkivneulad aisaxeba religiis momavalze.
amJamad aravin ar davobs imaze, rom globalizaciis procesis paralelurad sa-
zogadoebis axali tipis _ transformirebadi sazogadoebis Camoyalibeba xdeba, sa-
dac yvela socialuri instituti cvlilebas ganicdis. magaliTad, bolo aswleulSi
Seicvala kultura, ekonomika, politika, RirebulebaTa sistema da, savaraudoa, rom
yovelive amis msgavsad Seicvleba sazogadoebis religiuri cxovreba. Tanamedrove
sazogadoebaSi, romelic maRal teqnologiebsa da samyaros mecnierul midgomas ey-
rdnoba, religiis rolis ukana planze gadaweva moxda, ramac (klasikuri religiis
sociologiis msgavsad) Tanamedrove religiis sociologia religiis gaqrobaze aa-
186
 sociologiis Sesavali

laparaka. robert belis TqmiT, globalizaciam gamoiwvia `samoqalaqo religiis~ ga-

Cena, romelic kvazireligiuri loialurobaa, sadac moqalaqeoba religiur Seferi-
lobas iRebs. yovelive es postkonfesiuri sazogadoebis warmoSobas uwyobs xels.
sociologebis mixedviT, am tipis sazogadoebaSi wina planze wamoiweva eleqtronu-
li, e. w. kibereklesiis cneba, romelic saboloo jamSi `virtualuri religiurobis~
sawyisad moiazreba1. am SemTxvevaSi sazogadoebis ganviTarebis magistralur xazs
`sakraluridan saerosaken,~ `zesTasofluridan amsoflurisaken~ svla warmoadgens,
romlis drosac sakraluri sul ufro metad knindeba da saboloo jamSi desakra-
lizebul sazogadoebas viRebT. am yovelives sekularizaciis procesi udevs safuZ-
vlad, romelsac Tanamedrove religiis sociologiaSi, arcTu usafuZvlod, moderni-
zaciis process ukavSireben. `virtualuri religiiis~ cnebasTan erTad religiis so-
ciologiaSi kidev erTi axali termini _ `religiuri inovaciebi Semovida2.~
`virtualuri religiiis~ cneba `virtualuri sazogadoebisa~ da `virtualuri
adamianis~ cnebebTanaa kavSirSi. im mraval saWirboroto sakiTxTagan, romelic re-
ligiis momavalTan aris dakavSirebuli, erT-erTi axali teqnologiebia, romelic,
Tavis mxriv, postmodernuli realobis arsebiTi maxasiaTebelia imdenad, ramdena-
dac saubaria industriuli teqnologiis mniSvnelobis Canacvlebaze informaciul-
sakomunikacio teqnologiebiT, rac, TavisTavad, arsebuli realobis gaqrobas niS-
navs. mis adgils axali realoba ikavebs, romelic adamians Tanamedrove teqnologi-
ebiT _ televiziiT (ukve moZvelebuli), socialuri qselebiT da kolosalurad gaz-
rdili Tanamedrove mediasaSualebebiT miewodeba. imisaTvis, rom adamianma Seig-
rZnos sakuTari arseboba, is unda arsebobdes am virtualur sivrceSi _ sakomunika-
cio ekranze, feisbuqze, maisfeisze da a. S. postmodernist bodriaris mixedviT, Ta-
namedrove sazogadoebaSi mediasaSualebebi, codnisa da garTobis industria bato-
nobs, romelmac industriuli sazogadoeba da misi RirebulebiTi samyaro Caanac-
vla. qseluri sazogadoeba niSnebis mwarmoebeli sistemebiT manipulirebs, romelic
sakuTari Tavis garda sxvas arafers aRniSnavs. iqmneba iseTi totaluri virtualu-
ri realoba, romelic simulaciaze, TvalTmaqcobasa da mimbaZvelobazea damyarebu-
li. Ees aris axali sinamdvile, e. w. virtualuri realoba _ arsebuli sinamdvilis
xelovnuri asli, romelic ukve imdenad mniSvnelobs, rom namdvil sinamdviles az-
ri aqvs dakarguli. sociologiis enaze amas socialuris sikvdils eZaxian (bodria-
ri). amieridan adamiani simulirebulia _ namdvili adamianis nacvlad saxezea misi
simulacia.3 virtualur realobaSi adamiani mxolod misi cifruli gamosaxulebis
saxiT arsebobs, radganac erTaderTi realoba zerealuri, virtualuri sivrcea,
romelic sxva saxis realobas gamoricxavs. faqtobrivad, es is aris, rasac Cven
`adamianis sikvdils~ vuwodebT. bunebrivia, adamianisa da sazogadoebis virtualiza-
cia religiasac Seexo, ris gamoc sociologebi SeSfoTdnen da religiis momavlis
Sesaxeb alaparakdnen. daiwyo msjeloba da cxare kamaTi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra bedi
elis religias postklasikur, virtualur sazogadoebaSi.
mTavari, centraluri kiTxvebia: marTla xdeba Tu ara religiis rolis dakni-
neba Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi? Tuki es asea da religia sazogadoebaze Tavis
mniSvnelobasa da gavlenas marTlac kargavs, maSin rogori iqneba am procesis sa-
boloo finali? xom ar mivdivarT ureligio sazogadoebisaken? perspeqtivaSi es
yvelaferi e. w. axali religiebis warmoSobiT unda damTavrdes? Tu piriqiT mox-
deba, yovelive es sapirispiro reaqcias gamoiwvevs da tradiciuli religiebi
axal garemoSi axali energiiT Seivsebian da sisxlsavse cxovrebas daiwyeben? Ees
kiTxvebi realuria, radganac realuria sazogadoebis transformaciis daCqarebu-
li tempi. mTavari kiTxva ki aseTia: Tuki kultura iqca maskulturad, igive xom ar
emuqreba religiasac? miT ufro maSin, rodesac, bodriaris sityvebiT Tu vityviT,
Tanamedrove kultura nagvis warmoebad, xolo adamiani lamisaa nagvad iqces.

1
., , ., 2004. gv. 641-642.
2
amis Sesaxeb ixileT: q. kalhuni, d. laiTi, s. keleri. sociologia, Tb., 2008. ilias saxelmwifo
universitetis gamomcemloba. Tavi 13. religia. gv. 545.
3
Aix. Jan bodriari. `simulirebulebi da simulaciebi~ JurnalSi `paraleluri teqstebi,~ Tb., 1997.
gigi TevzaZis Targmani.
187
kaxa qecbaia

am kiTxvebze pasuxi drois moTxovnaa. es aris is gamowveva, romlis winaSec

religiis sociologia aRmoCnda dRes. am kiTxvebs, romlis dasmac ki religiuri
TvalsazrisiT mkrexelobaa, pasuxebi sWirdeba. tradiciul religiebs masze saku-
Tari momzadebuli pasuxi aqvT. sxva saqmea, Tu ras amboben amis Sesaxeb im mecnie-
ruli disciplinis warmomadgenlebi, romelTa uSualo profesiuli saqmianoba re-
ligiis Seswavlaa. am SemTxvevaSi gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoeba, rom religiis
momavlis sakiTxis Teoriuli analizi sociologiaSi empiriul masalasa da faq-
tebzea damyarebuli.
religiaze pirdapir Tu arapirdapir mTeli rigi faqtorebi axdenen gavlenas.
esenia: ganaTleba, mecniereba da teqnika, moralur-eTikuri normebi, politikuri
cxovreba da ekonomika; am sferoebSi mimdinare procesebi kidev ufro amwvavebs reli-
giis momavlis sakiTxs, amitom saboloo jamSi sakiTxi religiis momavlis Sesaxeb
zogadad sazogadoebis momavlis Sesaxeb sakiTxis erT-erTi ZiriTadi segmentia. Tu
religias ara aqvs momavali, maSin sazogadoebasac ar hqonia momavali da piriqiT.
istoriulad, pirveli prognozi religiis momavlis Sesaxeb sociologiis ma-
mas, konts ekuTvnis. kontis prognoziT, momavlis sazogadoebaSi religia mecniere-
bas unda Caenacvlebina. Ees azri azrovnebis istoriaSi karga xans batonobda, XIX
saukunis bolodan XX saukunis Sua xanebis CaTvliT. misi sayovelTaod cnobili
mimdevrebi sociologiaSi Epozitivizmis sxva warmomadgenlebTan erTad ernst ma-
xi da bertran raseli iyvnen. maTi azriT, mecniereba kacobriobas bednierebas mou-
tanda, Tumca gulis siRrmeSi am debulebis sisworeSi Tavis droze kontsac eWvi
epareboda. miuxedavad amisa, man, rogorc sociologma, icoda, rom sazogadoebas
yovelTvis sWirdeba raRac ideali, romelic mis wevrebSi altruizmsa da sul-
grZelobas aRZravs. swored msgavsi keTilSobiluri paTosiT iyo motivirebuli
misi pozitiuri religia. kontis prognozi ar gamarTlda. igi misi msgavsi sxva
ideebis darad Tavidanve uperspeqtivo iyo, radganac religiis Seqmna xelovnurad
SeuZlebelia. Cans, es Cveulebriv mokvdavTa Zalebs aRemateba. garda amisa, cxovre-
bam aCvena, rom mecnierebam araTu ver gaxada adamiani bednieri, piriqiT, mas mTeli
rigi ubedurebebi da tragediebi moutana. axla ukve yvelasaTvis sanukvari mecnie-
reba gaxda Tavsatexi. Kkontis idea mxolod erT punqtSi aRmoCnda warmatebuli;
kerZod, man aCvena sazogadoebisaTvis religiis aucilebloba. kontis Secdomaze
religiis sociologiis ufro didma warmomadgenelma diurkemma miuTiTa. man aR-
niSna is, rac konts mxedvelobidan gamorCa, es aris is, rom religia adamianis
gacnobierebuli, inteleqtualuri saqmianobis Sedegs arasodes ar warmoadgens,
rom misi Semoqmedi Zalebi adamianisaTvis ucnobia. igi TavisTavad Cndeba, rogorc
adamianis socialuri cxovrebis dasawyisi da garanti. religiis racionaluri
proeqtirebis faqti istoriaSi yovelTvis warumateblad mTavrdeboda, radganac
masSi racionalurs iracionaluri sWarbobs yovelTvis.
religiis gaqrobaze marqsistuli socialuri Teoriac saubrobda. marqsi re-
ligias gaucxoebis Sedegad da `yalbi cnobierebis~ formad miiCnevda, Tumca re-
ligiis sociologiuri analizi marqsTan calmxrivi iyo. igi saTanadod ver afa-
sebda religiis rols sazogadoebaSi. marqsistuli religiis sociologia utopiu-
ri Teoria iyo, romlis mcdaroba da utopiuroba kargad gamoCnda CvenSi marqsis-
tuli ideologiis kraxis epoqaSi. religiis gaqrobamde ufro adre religiis ara-
Tu marqsistuli Teoria, saerTod marqsizmi gaqra.
marqsis Semdeg veberma SemogvTavaza dafiqreba imaze, arsebobs Tu ara iseTi so-
cialuri funqcia, romelSic religia Seucvlelia. am sakiTxis sociologiuri ana-
lizis Sedegad man daaskvna, rom religiis gareSe adamians gauZneldeba sakuTari
cxovrebis kritikuli gaazreba; misTvis religia yovelTvis axal sazrisebs Sobs; ve-
beris mixedviT, religia radikaluri socialuri cvlilebebis potencialis mqonea
(igulisxmeba protestantizmi). sakraluris dakargvis Teoriis avtoric veberia. is mi-
iCnevda, rom teqnologiisa da biurokratiis batonoba Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi
adamianis cnobierebas da miswrafebebs pragmatuli interesebiT gansazRvravs da kom-
fortze zrunviT sazogadoebis iseT tips qmnis, romelSic yovelive winaswar dadge-
nili da gansazRvrulia. am SemTxvevaSi religiurobasTan erTad maRali idealebisa-
188
 sociologiis Sesavali

ken swrafva, mSvenierebis trfiali da heroikuli aRmafrena ikargeba. am procesis aR-

saniSnavad man `ganjadoebis~ cneba Semoitana. amjerad igi religiisa da Tanamedrove
cnobierebas Soris konfliqtis cnebidan amodioda da, kontis msgavsad, religiaze am
ukanasknelis gamarjveba iwinaswarmetyvela. Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi religiis ro-
lis dakninebas veberi samyaros racionaluri xedvis mier banaluri utilitarizmis
damkvidrebaSi xedavs, rac religiis mxridan racionalurobis hipertrofirebiT ga-
mowveuli sulieri avadmyofobis sindromad aRiqmeba.
religiis momavlis Sesaxeb klasikuri sociologiuri Teoriebis mxridan ase-
Ti arasaxarbielo prognozebis miuxedavad, religia Cveul ritmSi agrZelebs Ta-
vis arsebobas. is ki ara, piriqiT, XX saukuneSi mTeli rigi qveynebi (mag., saqarTve-
lo) religiuri renesansiTac gamoirCevian, rac imaze metyvelebs, rom sakraluris
arseboba grZeldeba, rac sociologebs aZlevs imis Tqmis saSualebas, rom reli-
gia gansakuTrebuli fenomenia, romelic ama Tu im formiT adamianTa cxovrebaSi
yovelTvis monawileobs. amaze mianiSnebda diurkemi, rodesac ambobda, rom reli-
giaSi maradiulia davanebuli, rom religia iluzia da samyaros yalbi xedva ki ar
aris, aramed sxva socialur institutebTan SedarebiT yvelaze metad cocxali re-
alobaa, romlis gaTanabreba mecnierebasTan an ideologiasTan ar SeiZleba miuxe-
davad imisa, rom ideologiur momentebs religia garkveulwilad Seicavs. religi-
isadmi diurkemis mimarTeba, miuxedavad misi pozitiuri Sinaarsisa, religiur ada-
mians ar moewoneba, radganac igi religiis sociologiur gagebas iZleva. es imas
niSnavs, rom religia diurkemisaTvis sainteresoa imdenad, ramdenadac igi adamia-
nebSi socialuri energiis aRmZvrelia; diurkems, rogorc sociologs, religia
ainteresebs, imitom rom igi masSi adamianis sociumis wevrad maformirebel
mZlavr faqtors xedavs (saerTod, unda iqvas, rom mecnierebisa da religiis dapi-
rispirebam religiis sociologiis SesaZleblobaze uaryofiTi gavlena iqonia,
magram mas Semdeg, rac es dapirispireba moixsna da codnisa da rwmenis tolpirve-
ladoba aRiarebul iqna, SesaZlebeli gaxda ufro Tamami saubari religiis socio-
logiis Sesaxeb. dRes igi dargobriv sociologiur disciplinebs Soris erT-erTi
yvelaze metad saintereso da gamorCeulia ara marto Tavisi sagniT, aramed imiT,
rom masSi erTmaneTs xvdebian saero, samoqalaqo da zesaero, zesamoqalaqo Rire-
bulebebi. igi miwierisa da zeciuris Sexvedris adgilia).
veberis msgavsad, diurkemic amCnevda sazogadoebis mimarTulebis gezs da ami-
tomac miaCnda, rom tradiciuli religiebi ver pasuxoben an ar Seesabamebian Tana-
medrove adamianisa da sazogadoebis socialur gamocdilebas; igi varaudobda,
rom samomavlod maTi transformacia gardauvali qneba. axali tipis sazogadoebas,
diurkemis azriT, axali religia dasWirdeba. Tuki es asea, maSin religiis momav-
lis Sesaxeb sakiTxi, diurkemis mixedviT, sxva rakursiT unda iqnes dasmuli. ker-
Zod, SesaZlebelia Tu ara sazogadoeba religiis gareSe? Tuki religias diurke-
miseburad gavigebT, maSin am kiTxvaze pasuxi uaryofiTi iqneba, magram sakraluris
arseboba ZalaSi darCeba, radganac sazogadoebas wminda, sakraluri sagnebis gare-
Se arseboba ar SeuZlia. sakraluris moTxovna yovelTvis ZalaSi iqneba, oRond is
RmerTi, romelsac tradiciuli religia gvTavazobda, daZleuli iqneba (bonxefe-
ri). religiis sociologiis did warmomadgenels sociumis saidumloebaTa gasaRe-
bis Ziebis procesSi mxedvelobidan gamorCa umTavresi ram _ is, rom WeSmariti re-
ligia da religiuri rwmena yovelTvis axali da Tanamedrovea.
vxedavT, rom tradiciuli religiebis arseboba faqtia. aqedan gamomdinare,
Zneli ar aris Tqma imisa, rom, garkveuli azriT, kontis, diurkemis, marqsisa da
veberis klasikuri Teoriebi religiis Sesaxeb araswori iyo da religia maradiu-
lia. miuxedavad amisa, mainc rCeba problemaTa rigi, romelic religiis momavlis
sakiTxs negatiur WrilSi warmoaCens. aseTia tilixis mosazreba Teizmis krizisis
Sesaxeb. is, rasac tilixi Teizmis kriziss eZaxis, veberis mier miniSnebuli sulie-
ri da socialuri cxovrebis racionalizaciis Sedegia. miuxedavad amisa, es proce-
sebi religiis arsebobas realur safrTxes ver uqmnian.
am sakiTxze yuradRebas amaxvilebs p. Bbergeric (amerikeli sociologi, so-
cialur-konstruqtivistuli mimarTulebis warmomadgeneli Tanamedrove sociolo-
189
kaxa qecbaia

giaSi. bostonis universitetis kulturis, religiisa da msoflio problemebis

kvlevis institutis xelmZRvaneli). misi azriT, religiam kargad auRo alRo Tana-
medrove sazogadoebriv progress. masSi TviTgadarCenis instinqtma imZlavra da
igi kargad Seewyo Tanamedrove sazogadoebas (p. bergers am SemTxvevaSi kaToli-
cizmi da protestantizmi aqvs mxedvelobaSi). bergeris sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, re-
ligia kargad mezoblobs Tanamedrove sazogadoebasTan. es niSnavs imas, rom igi am
sazogadoebis wevrebis mxolod piradi cxovrebiT Semoifargleba da uwindeli
centraluri, `universumis makonstruirebeli~ institutis funqcia dakarguli aqvs.
rac Seexeba saxelmwifos mxridan zewolas, es xdeba maSin, rodesac saxelmwifos
religia sakuTari legitimurobis garantad dasWirdeba da a. S. anu religia Tana-
medrove sazogadoebaSi mxolod formalurad arsebobs, rogorc samuzeumo eqspo-
nati, radganac sazogadoebis ganviTarebis kvaldakval eTnosi, kultura da saxel-
mwifo religiur sazriss TandaTan kargaven, Tumca es religiis dasasruls ar
niSnavs. Tanamedrove sociologebis azriT, es religiis tradiciuli formebis fi-
nals moaswavebs mxolod.
rodesac sociologebi religiis momavalze saubroben, maT sxvadasxvanairad es-
miT religiis cneba. klasikuri religiis sociologiis warmomadgenlebs religiis
tradiciuli gageba aqvT mxedvelobaSi. religiis sociologiis Tanamedrove mkvlev-
rebis gageba ki tradiciulisagan ramdenadme gansxvavebulia, radganac, raoden sakama-
Toc ar unda iyos, isini miiCneven, rom Tanamedrove sekularizebul sazogadoebaSi
demokratiis, pluralizmis, Tavisuflebisa da msgavsi sabazo Rirebulebebis zeobis
pirobebSi RmerTi tiranis saxiT warmodgeba da adgili aqvs religiurobis monopo-
lizebas (magaliTad, g.zimeli). g. zimelis mixedviT, sakiTxi Semdegnairad dgas: dro-
Ta ganmavlobaSi tradiciuli religiebi ver SeZleben TavianTi Rirebulebebis kon-
servacias, rac sazogadoebis desakralizacias ki ara, Teizmis kriziss moaswavebs. mi-
si azrebi am SemTxvevaSi tilixis azrebs emTxveva, romelic religiis momavals `Te-
izmis miRma~ xedavs. es ki tradiciuli religiis e. w. samoqalaqo religiad gadaqce-
vas niSnavs. Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi religiuroba maskulturis nawilad iqceva
da aseTi Teizmi aTeizmze uaresi SeiZleba iyos. tilixis prognoziT, sabolood re-
ligiuri rwmena ganiZarcveba religiuri samoslisagan da rCeba rwmena, romelsac sa-
kuTari sxeuli _ eklesia, kulti, Teologia ara aqvs. aseTia religiis aratradiciu-
li, Tanamedrove gageba, rac albaT Zneli wamosadgenia.
tilixis mier XX saukunis SuaxanebSi amgvarad warmodgenili religiuri
rwmenis sociologiuri portreti aratradiciuli religiebis saxiT mogvca r. be-
lam. Mmis wignSi `gulis Cvevebi. individualizmi da `komintmenti~ amerikul cxov-
rebaSi~ religia warmodgenilia, rogorc aSS-is sajaro cxovrebis erT-erTi rigi-
Ti struqturuli elementi, romlis meSveobiTac amerikelebi sakuTari Temis
cxovrebaSi arian CarTulni. religiis am Tanamedrove mkvlevris daskvna aseTia:
Tanamedrove amerikul sazogadoebaSi religiis roli sxva institutebis msgavsad
arsebiTad Seicvala. aq saqme religiis rolis dakninebas ki ar Seexeba mxolod.
religiuri doqtrinebis mniSvnelobis dakargva xom religiis aRsasrulis tolfa-
sia! amerikuli sazogadoebis transformaciis paralelurad transformacias ga-
nicdis religiac, rasac religiisaTvis socialuri sivrcis SezRudva mohyva Tan.
morwmune amerikelis azriT, misi urTierToba RmerTTan religiuri identobis
farglebs gareT gadis. amisaTvis igi saWirod ar miiCnevs romelime religiis aR-
msarebeli iyos. amerikeli sociologebis azriT, es religiisa da religiurobis
ultraTanamedrove safexuria, rasac isini postTanamedrove safexurs uwodeben.
aqamde amerikulma sazogadoebam religiuri progresis `adreTanamedrove~ sa-
fexuri gaiara, amitom isini erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaveben maRalganviTarebuli da
ganviTarebis gzaze Semdgari qveynebis religiebs. postTanamderove safexurze Tu
ra saxes miiRebs religia, amerikeli sociologebis azriT, bevrad aris damokide-
buli im sociokulturul transformaciaze, romelsac Tanamedrove sazogadoeba
ganicdis. am SemTxvevaSi tradiciul religiebs gauWirdebaT arseboba. Aamerikeli
sociologis, fenomenologiuri sociologiis fuZemdeblis a. Siucis azriT ki, am
tipis sazogadoebaSi religias mxolod pirovnuli xasiaTi eqneba da meti araferi.
190
 sociologiis Sesavali

sxva viTarebaa ganviTarebad qveynebSi. Aaq tradiciuli religiebi, grZnoben ra

mosalodnel safrTxes, SeZlebisdagvarad ibrZvian sakuTari identobis SesanarCuneb-
lad, Tumca aqac dawyebulia istoriulidan `adreTanamedrove~ religiiisaken svlis
procesebi. oRond am qveynebSi Tanamedrove uaxlesi teqnologiebis sazogadoebriv
cxovrebaSi CarTvis done Zalze dabalia. aq mxolod msgavs tendenciebTan an kidev
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis ganviTarebis donesTan Seusabamod msgavsi teqnologiebis
brma, gauazrebel eqsportTan gvaqvs saqme. miuxedavad amisa, am qveynebSi religia jer
kidev ar Tmobs sakuTar poziciebs da sakuTari Tavis gadarCenas Tanamedrove sazo-
gadoebis moTxovnebTan adaptaciis unaris gamomuSavebiT cdilobs. am SemTxevaSi pir-
veli rigis amocanaa sekularizaciisa da modernizaciis procesis gadalaxva an misi
gamklaveba, misTvis saTanado alternativebis monaxva da a. S.
sainteresoa agreTve cnobili socialuri futurologis, skandaluri wignis _
`momavlis Sokis~ avtoris e. tofleris prognozi religiis momavalTan dakavSirebiT,
romelic, am tipis sxva mkvlevrebis prognozebisagan gansxvavebiT, optimisturi da
damaimedebelia. tofleris azriT, Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi mimdinare procesebis
siswrafe da Tavisuflebis maRali xarisxi adamianTaTvis Sokismomgvreli iqneba. amas
is `momavlis Soks~ uwodebs. mis wignSi detaluradaa gaanalizebuli warmoudgeneli
masStabis is transformacia, romelic adamianisa da sazogadoebis TiTqmis arcerT
kuTxe-kunWuls ar tovebs xeluxleblad. erTaderTi gamonaklisi am totalur da
yovlismomcvel procesSi aris religia, romelic TviTmyofadobas kvlavac inarCu-
nebs da, Sesabamisad, misi momavalic naTliT mosilia4.
religiis momavlis Sesaxeb pesimistur da nihilistur warmodgenebs religiaze
Tanamedrove, uaxlesi sainformacio teqnologiebis sul ufro mzardi gavlena udevs
safuZvlad. am mxriv religiis sferoSi mimdinare procesebis aRsaniSnavad religiis
sociologiaSi mravali axali termini gaCnda. maT Soris erT-erTi aw ukve SedarebiT
moZvelebuli termini teleevangelizmia, rac saxarebiseuli Temebis saqadageblad sa-
televizio da mediateqnologiebis gamoyenebas niSnavs. es, faqtobrivad, evangelistu-
ri praqtikis amerikul-protestantuli versiaa5. teleevangelizmis ultraTanamedro-
ve versias am sferoSi internetpraqtika warmoadgens. es yvelaze mtkivneul da sakama-
To sakiTxTa rigs miekuTvneba dRes. mis Sesaxeb erTxel da samudamod Camoyalibebu-
li principuli pozicia araTu sociologebs, aramed tradiciuli religiebis warmo-
madgenlebs Sorisac Znelad Tu moiZebneba. azrTa sxvadasxvaobaSi ori ZiriTadi po-
ziciaa gamokveTili: erTni masSi religiis arnaxul transformacias, tradiciuli
religiebis finalsa da `axali religiis~ _ e. w. virtualuri religiis dasawyiss xe-
daven, meoreni am procesebSi religias veranair transformacias ver atyoben da mim-
dinare procesebs ganixilaven mxolod, rogorc komunikaciis, informaciis gadacemis
saSualebaTa efeqtur gamoyenebas religiur praqtikaSi. am Tvalsazrisis mixedviT,
religiis momavlis Sesaxeb nihilisturi sociologiuri Teoriebi saqmis viTarebas
gangeb amuqeben anda, ubralod rom vTqvaT, es yvelaferi maTi umecrebis Sedegia,
Tumca dRes ukve faqtia religiuri cxovrebis virtualizacia, rac, Tavis mxriv, mis
momavals erTob pesimisturs xdis.
TiTqos araferi sagangaSo ar unda iyos imaSi, rom kompiuteruli teqnologi-
ebi gamoyenebul iqnes Tundac qadagebebisaTvis, magram saqmes arTulebs misi gamo-
yenebis mcdeloba RvTaebrivi saidumloebebis Sesasruleblad. mxedvelobaSi
gvaqvs aRsarebis saidumlo. misi virtualizacia, romelsac dRes aqvs adgili, sru-
liad axali da gaugonari fenomenia. swored aqedan iRebs saTaves religiis fina-
lobis problema. religiuri TvalsazrisiT rac ar unda miuRebeli iyos, am teq-
nologias dRes ukve Tavisi momxmarebeli hyavs (amis damadasturebel faqtebs da-
interesebuli mkiTxveli dRes sociologiis nebismier saxelmZRvaneloSi ixilavs).
mravali sxvadasxva programa arsebobs, romelTa meSveobiT Tundac binidan gaus-
vlelad SesaZlebelia virtualuri eqskursia msoflios nebismieri taZris dasaT-

4
. . . . 2002. gv. 146-147.
5
q. kalhuni, d. laiTi, s. keleri. sociologia, Tb., 2008. ilias saxelmwifo universitetis
gamomcemloba. Tavi 13. religia. gv.563.
191
kaxa qecbaia

valiereblad. daTvalierebas kidev ara uSavs ra, rom ara aqamde gaugonari iseTi
faqti, rogoricaa virtualuri sanTlis danTeba. religiuri gagebiT, es umZimesi
codvaa, radganac am SemTxvevaSi usisxlo msxverplSewirvis religiuri aqtis Seb-
RalvasTan gvaqvs saqme. magram desakralizebul sazogadoebaSi, sadac `religia
specefeqti gaxda,~ aseTi ram savsebiT realuria6.
informaciuli sivrce adamianis sulieri cxovrebis mxolod da mxolod ze-
dapiruli garsia, amitom virtualuri da kibereklesia verasodes ver Secvlis nam-
dvil taZars. is realuri taZris parodia da simulaciaa mxolod. erTxelac iqne-
ba, adamiani gamoaRwevs am simulaciisa da virtualuri realobis tyveobidan da
isev miubrundeba maradiul WeSmaritebasa da namdvil religiur rwmenas. fsevdo-
religiisa da fsevdorwmenis iluziiT gaTanguls, etyoba, jer kidev didi gamocda
elis win. didi mixvedra ar sWirdeba imas, rom xelovnurad Seqmnil, virtualur
sivrceSi konstruirebul fsevdoreligias ara aqvs momavali da rom yovelgvari
eqsperimentebi am sferoSi imTaviTve dasaRupavad ganwirulia.
religiuri cxovreba transcendentTan cocxali urTierTobaa, romelic virtua-
lizaciis SemTxvevaSi ikargeba. virtualuri eklesia verasodes ver SeZlebs daexma-
ros Tundac im adamians, romelsac taZarSi siaruli janmrTelobis mdgomareobis
gamo uWirs. aseT adamians locvis gamZafrebul survils virtualuri eklesia ver
daukmayofilebs. rac Seexeba aRsarebis internetiT miRebis novacias, SesaZlebelia
es dasaSvebi iyos, magram am SemTxvevaSi gasaTvaliswinebelia is, rom aRsareba SeiZ-
leba anonimuri iyos. garda amisa, es saxifaToc SeiZleba iyos, miT ufro maSin, roca
saqme adamianis sulier cxovrebas Seexeba. yovelive es im eqimis moqmedebas hgavs, ro-
melsac avadmyofi TvaliT ar unaxavs da ise uniSnavs mkurnalobas. aRsarebis fun-
qcia marto codvaTa miteveba rodia. amasTan erTad misi mizania adamiani xelaxla
gaxados eklesiis wevri. xolo iq, sadac eklesia ar aris, bunebrivia, masSi Sesvlis
survilic ar arsebobs. virtualuri eklesia, piriqiT, Trgunavs taZarSi siarulis
survils. is aukuRmarTebs namdvil religiur grZnobebs.
eklesia qristes sxeulia. imisaTvis, rom am sxeulis nawili gaxde, masTan
cocxali kontaqtia saWiro, rasac internetaRsareba xels uSlis. rac Seexeba qa-
dagebas da RvTis sityvis gavrcelebas, amisaTvis interneti kargi saSualeba SeiZ-
leba iyos, magram qadageba xom mxolod mp3 formatis audio an videoCanaweri ar
aris, is RvTis cocxali sityvaa, romelic ambionidan unda warmoiTqvas. garda ami-
sa, internets sakuTari metyvelebis wesi aqvs, romelic RvTismsaxurebis enas ar
Seesabameba7. religiis cifruli gamosaxuleba absurdia da meti araferi.
am sakiTxebis analizisas gasaTvaliswinebelia is sayveduri, romelsac Tanamed-
rove avtorebi klasikuri Teoriebis momxreTa misamarTiT gamoTqvamen. kerZod, pos-
tsekularul epoqaSi usafuZvloa sekularuli sazogadoebis eniT metyveleba8. es
sayveduri, ra Tqma unda, gasaTvaliswinebelia, magram ara religiis misamarTiT, rad-
ganac religia marad axali da marad cocxali fenomenia. igive sociologebis das-
kvnebiT, veraferi ver Secvlis RmerTTan adamianis pirovnul mimarTebas, romelic
yvelaze kargad tradiciul religiur cxovrebaSia mocemuli. amitom aseT viTareba-
Si zogadi daskvna gansaxilvel sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT SeiZleba aseTi iyos: sazoga-
doebis transformaciis procesi faqtia, magram religiuri TvalsazrisiT arc iseTi
faqti, romelic msoflio religiebis arsebobas kiTxvis niSnis qveS daayenebs.
Tanamedrove sazogadoebis racionalizacia, virtualizacia da inteleqtis sa-
fuZvelze marTvis (qseluri ekonomika) moTxovna, savaraudoa, tradiciul religi-
ebSi bunebriv ukureaqcias gamoiwvevs da sazogadoeba isev dadgeba iracoinalizmi-
sa da mistikis moTxovnis winaSe. es ki desakralizebul sazogadoebas isev maradi-
ul RirebulebebTan daabrunebs, xels Seuwyobs masobrivi cnobierebis diskredi-
tacias da yovlisSemZle gonebis moralur uZlurebas kidev ufro gamoaaSkaravebs.

6
ix. . . . -. 2000. gv.36.
7
. http:/www:ierei-karenev.ru/list/internet.htm
8
Sdr. Tanamedrove sazogadoebis gamowveva. iurgen habermasisa da iozef ratcingeris werilebi.
mTargmneli gia baramiZe. redaqtori gia xubua. Tb., 2010.
192
 sociologiis Sesavali

Tanamedrove globalizaciuri procesebis paralelurad religias sazogadoe-

basTan dialogis ufro meti saSualeba mieca. klasikuri Tu araklasikuri socio-
logiuri Teoriebis mTeli rigi pesimisturi prognozebis miuxedavad, misi momava-
li bed-iRbali didad aris damokidebuli im adamianis zneobriv mdgomareobaze,
romelic globaluri problemebisa da gamowvevebis winaSe dgas. garda amisa sagu-
lisxmoa is faqtic, rom Rirebulebebi, romlis sadarajozec tradiciuli reli-
gia imyofeba, _ siyvaruli, mSvidoba, sasoeba da tolerantoba, is zogadsakacob-
rio Rirebulebebia, romlebzec uaris Tqmis SemTxvevaSi TviT kacobriobis momava-
li dadgeba eWvqveS. am kuTxiT religiis momavali ufro optimisturia, vidre amas
Tanamedrove socilogebi winaswarmetyveleben. Goptimizmis safuZvels iZleva ag-
reTve Tanamedrove religiuri cnobierebis Riaoba sazogadoebasTan da gansxvave-
bul kulturebTan mimarTebaSi.
saerosa da sasulieros Soris dialogi kargad exmianeba `planetaruli cno-
bierebis~ eTikasa da solidarobis zogadsakacobrio ideas. calkeuli araerTgva-
rovani religiuri reaqciebi, romelTac adgili aqvs Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi,
im winaaRmdegobaze mianiSnebs, romelic globalizaciis manivelirebel procesebs
sdevs Tan. Tuki met-naklebad mniSvnelovani faqtori, romelzec damokidebulia
Tanamedrove sazogadoeba, aris Rirseba dedamiwaze dRes mcxovrebi adamianisa, ma-
Sin religiis momavali damokidebuli iqneba imaze, Tu ra zomis socialurad mniS-
vnelovan wvlils Seitans adamiani im samyaroSi, romelSic igi cxovrobs, Aanu,
mokled rom vTqvaT, es damokidebuli iqneba imaze, Tu ramdenad SeinarCunebs ada-
miani adamianobas.
tradiciuli religiuri TvalsazrisiT, religiis finalobasa da transforma-
ciaze saubari mkrexelobaa da meti araferi, rac saboloo jamSi religiisa da ma-
radiuli Rirebulebebis finalobaze ki ara, Tanamedrove adamianisa da sazogadoe-
bis krizisze mianiSnebs, kerZod imaze, rom Tanamedrove adamianis yofiereba fina-
lobis (`yofna-aryofnis~) zRvarze imyofeba. bodriars Tu davujerebT, maradiuli
Rirebulebebi ki ara, adamiani mokvda.

SeniSvna:
advili SesaZlebelia, rom Rrmad morwmune, religiur adamianebs religiis
sociologiaze saubari araseriozulad miaCndeT, iqidan gamomdinare, rom religia
rwmenis saufloa, romelic mecnieruli diskursis miRmaa, xolo sociologia sa-
zogadoebis Semswavleli mecnieruli disciplinaa, romelic, erTi SexedviT, iq
yofs Tavs, sadac mas araferi esaqmeba.
sinamdvileSi es asec aris. saqme isaa, rom sociologias ar ZaluZs da arc eva-
leba religiur WeSmaritebaTa arc uaryofa da arc aRiareba. sociologia religiur
rwmenas aranair safrTxes ar uqmnis. sociologebi ar akeTeben daskvnebs romelime
religiis `avkargianobis~ Sesaxeb, religia sociologiuri kvleva-Ziebis sferoSi im
garemoebis gamo Semodis, rom igi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs adamianisa da sazo-
gadoebis cxovrebaSi. ar arsebobs ureligio sazogadoeba da ureligio adamiani. re-
ligia asazrisianebs adamianis cxovrebas, gansazRvravs mis qcevas, msoflmxedveloba-
sa da RirebulebiT orientacias. amaSi vlindeba religiis socialuri buneba, romel-
sac religiis sociologia Seiswavlis. zogadad, religiis sociologiis amocana re-
ligiis socialuri da ara zebunebrivi sazrisis ZiebaSi mdgomareobs.
religiis sociologia sxva sociologiuri disciplinebisagan ara mxolod
Tavisi sagniTaa gamorCeuli, aramed imiT, rom masSi erTmaneTs xvdeba saero, samo-
qalaqo da zesaero, zesamoqalaqo da sakraluri Rirebulebebi. igi miwierisa da
zeciuris, saerosa da sakraluri Sexvedris adgilia, rac mis mimarT interess er-
Tiorad zrdis.
warmodgenili leqcia statiis saxiT Jurnal `religiaSi~ (#4, Tb., 2010) gamoq-
veynda. avtorma igi religiis sociologiis mkvlevris, saqarTveloSi am dargis pi-
oneris, profesor oTar gabiZaSvilis xsovnas miuZRvna.

193
kaxa qecbaia

sakiTxavi masala
sociologia safrangeTSi

TiTqmis yvela mowinave evropul qveyanas aqvs safuZveli sociologiis samSob-

lod mohqondes Tavi, ramdenadac XIX saukunis dasawyisidan evropuli sazogadoe-
bis gardaqmnis procesi amis Tqmis saSualebas iZleva. sociologiis mamis ogiust
kontis naSromebic am procesebs exmianeboda. Camoyalibebis pirveli dReebidan, ame-
rikuli sociologiisagan gansxvavebiT, franguli sociologia Sors iyo mimdinare
socialuri problemebis praqtikuli moTxovnilebebis analizisagan. is imTaviTve
sazogadoebis uzogadesi kanonebis Seswavlisaken iyo orientirebuli. amis gamo
frangulma sociologiam Teoriuli saxe da buneba didxans SeinarCuna. gansakuTre-
buli inteleqtualuri gavlena masze e. w. frangulma socialurma azrovnebam (mon-
teskie, didro, volteri), frangulma ganmanaTleblobam (safrangeTi xom ganmanaT-
leblobis samSobloa) da dekartes racionalizmma moaxdina. oRond am inteleqtua-
luri nakadis warmomadgenelTa sociologoba imTaviTve unda gamoiricxos.
kontis `pozitiuri filosofiis kurss~ win uswrebda rusos socialuri kon-
traqtis Teoria, socialuri Tanasworobis (sen-simoni, furie), progresis (kondor-
se) da `socialuri fizikis~ (ketle) ideebi. amasTan erTad sociologiis warmoSo-
bamde frangul kulturas revoluciuri gamocdileba ukve miRebuli hqonda (mas
ukve hyavda revoluciis gmirebi: dantoni, marati, robespieri). aqedan ukve erTi na-
bijia `adamianis uflebaTa deklaraciamde.~ revoluciis droindeli safrangeTis
istoriis Seswavla (ingliseli istorikosi Tomas karlaili da sxvebi) SemdgomSi
evropuli masStabis socialuri azrovnebis warmoqmnis mizezi gaxda. erTi nawili
am Studiebisa ganmanaTleblobas eyrdnoboda: f. biube (1796-1865), l. blani (1811-
1882), J. Joresi (1859-1919), a. matezi (1874-1932); meore nawili ki mis kritikas awarmo-
ebda: a. lamartini (1791-1869), i. teni (1828-1893), l. madleni (1871-1956). yovelive amis
Sedegad frangul kulturas pirveli seriozuli istoriuli skola Seemata, ro-
melSic `restavraciis drois istorikosebi~ _ f. gizo (1787-1874), J. teri (1795-1856),
o. mine (1796-1884), _ Sevidnen. rac Seexeba kulturul konteqsts, XIX s-is Suaxane-
bidan, inglisisgan gansxvavebiT, safrangeTSi `pirvelobisaTvis brZolaSi~ istori-
uli mecniereba da sociologia ejibreboda ara politikur ekonomias, aramed di-
di gavlenis mqone mxatvrul literaturas: balzaki (1799-1850), hiugo (1802-1885),
floberi (1821-1880), mopasani (1850-1893), zola (1840-1902).
napoleonis Semdgomi franguli kulturis socialuri foni mniSvnelovani is-
toriuli movlenebiT mdidrdeboda. XIX saukunidan safrangeTi kolonialur sa-
xelmwifoTa klubis wevri xdeba. mas kidev ori (1830 da 1848) revolucia gadaxdeba
Tavs. bismarkis germaniasTan marcxis miuxedavad, Tavisuflebis idealebi frangul
xasiaTSi mainc ar ikargeba (1870 wlis parizis komuna). SemdgomSi Tanasworobis
idea frangul samarTalSi povebs TavSesafars, romelic napoleonis kodeqsze iyo
damyarebuli; Tavisuflebisa da progresis idea ki axal mecnierebaSi _ sociolo-
giaSi ipovis Tavis savanes. sociologiisaTvis SesaniSnav garemos warmoadgenda ev-
ropul sazogadoebaSi mimdinare socialuri cvlilebebi, kerZod insdustriuli
sazogadoebis formireba, mosaxleobis saSualo fenis Camoyalibeba, komerciuli
urTierTobebis aqtualizeba, fulis socialuri prestiJisa da statusis ganmapi-
robebel elementad qceva da sxv.
yovelive zemoaRniSnuli socialuri, politikuri, ekonomikuri, kulturul-in-
teleqtualuri foni iyo axali mecnierebisaTvis sociologiisaTvis. sociolo-
giis, rogorc sazogadoebis Semswavleli mecnierebis, idea safrangeTSi Caisaxa. es
ori revoluciis Sua periodSi (1830-1848 ww.) moxda. terminis Semqmneli pozitivis-
ti ogiust konti gaxda, romelmac `pozitiuri filosofiis kursis~ meoTxe tomSi
(46 leqcia) sazogadoebis stadiuri ganviTarebis kanonebi da mis Sesaxeb mecniere-
ba _ sociologia mogvca. kontis Tanamedroveni iyvnen statistikuri ganzomilebis
mqone `socialuri fizikis~ avtori ketle da `kaTolikuri sociologiis~ lideri
le-ple, romelic sociologiis istoriaSi darCa, rogorc ojaxis Seswavlaze ori-
entirebuli socialuri kvlevis monografiuli meTodis fuZemdebeli.
194
 sociologiis Sesavali

kontis mier Seqmnili axali mecnierebis ganviTarebis gza imTaviTve ar iyo ia-
vardiT mofenili, Tumca Zalian male gamoCnda kaci, romelmac es axali mecniereba
manamde arnaxul simaRleebamde aiyvana. Tanamedrove sociologiaze man didi gavlena
moaxdina. es kaci sociologiis klasikosi emil diurkemia. kontma sociologiis kon-
turebi SemosazRvra (Tqva, rom sazogadoeba bunebis msgavsad mecnierul Seswavlas
eqvemdebareba. am SemTxvevaSi maTi meTodebi identuria), diurkemma ki sociologia fi-
losofiisa da fsiqologiis gavlenisagan gaaTavisufla da fexze daayena.
diurkemis droidan sociologia ufro popularuli xdeba safrangeTSi. amis
niSania XIX s-is 80-90-ian wlebSi moqmedi sociologiuri gamocemebi: Jurnalebi:
`socialuri reforma,~ `socialuri mecnierebebi,~ mogvianebiT vormsis iniciativiT
Seqmnili `saerTaSoriso sociologiuri Jurnali.~ 1898 wels diurkemma daaarsa
`sociologiuri weliwdeuli~ (sul Jurnalis 12 nomeria gamosuli), romelSic di-
urkemis sociologizmis momxre mowafeebi: m. morisi, m. halbvarki, l. levi-briuli,
s. bugle, J. davi, p. folkone, f. simiani TanamSromlobdnen.
diurkemma pirvelma Seqmna franguli sociologiuri skola. gansakuTrebiT po-
pularuli gaxda diurkemi mas Semdeg, rac sociologiis erT-erTma korifem _ par-
sonsma Tavis cnobil wignSi `socialuri moqmedebis struqtura,~ romelic diurke-
mis gardacvalebidan 20 wlis Semdeg, 1937 wels gamovida, diurkemis sociologiuri
koncefcia specialuri analizis sagani gaxada. mis Sesaxeb parsonsi ambobs, rom so-
ciologiaSi diurkemi movida, rogorc kontis mimdevari, romelmac Zalze rTuli
da originaluri sociologiuri koncefciis SeqmniT daimkvidra Tavi. parsonsma
oTx ZiriTad etapad dayo misi sociologiuri Semoqmedeba:
1) pirvel periods Seesabameba diurkemis sadisertacio naSromi `Sromis sazo-
gadoebrivi dayofa~ (1893 w.). es e. w. formalur-pozitivisturi periodia _ gulis-
xmobs formaluri sociologiis formirebis process. am SemTxvevaSi diurkemis Za-
lisxmeva sazogadoebis individualisturi Teoriebis kritikiskenaa mimarTuli (kri-
tikis obieqti spenseris Teoriaa). diurkemi miiCnevs, rom sazogadoeba individTa ja-
mi rodia. azri imis Sesaxeb, rom socialuri urTierTobebi SeTanxmebul da dekla-
rirebul urTierTobebzea damyarebuli, romelic pirad interesebs efuZneba, diur-
kemisaTvis miuRebelia. sazogadoebis arsi zneobriv normebSia, romelic deklarire-
bul praqtikas aregulirebs. sazogadoebis buneba solidarobis im tipiT ganisaz-
Rvreba, romelic mis safuZvelSi devs. Tavis pirvel sociologiur naSromSi diur-
kemma meqanikuri da organuli solidarobis cnebebi Semoitana, romlebic sazogado-
ebriv urTierTobaTa sxvadasxva tipebs warmoadgenen. am periodSi diurkemi mxolod
Tanamedrove sazogadoebis utilitaruli Teoriebis kritikiT ar Semofarglula.
igi arc marqsis klasTa brZolis Teorias iziarebda da saerTod ar izidavda sa-
zogadoebis is Teoriuli modelebi, romlebic safrangeTsa da germaniaSi iyo Seq-
mnili. diurkemisaTvis amosavali socialurobis cnebaa. socialuroba, rogorc ase-
Ti, `individualuri qcevis kontrols~ gulisxmobs. amis gaTvaliswinebiT diurkemis
mier Semdgom periodSi Semotanili `socialuri faqti~ garegani da maiZulebeli
gaxdeba.
2) meore etapad parsonsi pozitiur meTodologiaze damyarebuli igive ideebis
sistematizacias ganixilavs, ris nimuSebad `sociologiuri meTodis wesebsa~ (1895 w.)
da `TviTmkvlelobas~ (1897 w.) miiCnevs. man xazi gausva am ukanasknelis gansakuTre-
bul mniSvnelobas empiriuli sociologiisaTvis. am periodSi Semoaqvs diurkems `so-
cialuri faqtisa~ da `anomiis~ cneba, ayalibebs deviaciis sociologiis safuZvlebs.
3) mesame etapSi pozitivisturi poziciebis gadaxedvas gulisxmobs parsonsi,
rac ramdenime statiaSia fiqsirebuli: `individualuri da koleqtiuri warmodge-
nebi~ (1899 w.), `moraluri ganaTleba~ (1902-1903 ww.), `moraluri faqtis determina-
cia~ (1907 w.) da sxv.
4) meoTxe periodi empiriuli gamokvlevebis axal sferos Seexeba, rac Tavis
kulminacias aRwevs naSromSi `religiuri cxovrebis elementaruli formebi~ (1913
w.). mniSvnelovani wvlili miuZRvis diurkems Tanamedrove sazogadoebis moraluri
krizisis analizis saqmeSi. am mxriv igi akritikebda Tavis Tanamedrove fsiqo-
logs, kriminalistsa da sociologs tards, romlis mixedviT, sazogadoebis Ziri-
195
kaxa qecbaia

Tadi kanonia mibaZva. amis sapirispirod, diurkemis azriT, sazogadoeba aris rea-
loba _ Sui Generis. igi erTgvar moralur erTobas warmoadgens (sociologia ki so-
cialuri faqtebis Semswavleli mecnierebaa), oRond aq religiuri morali ar igu-
lisxmeba. diurkemi am SemTxvevaSi saero moralis damfuZneblad gvevlineba.
gansakuTrebulia diurkemis Rvawli sociologiuri cnebebis Camoyalibebisa
da daxvewis saqmeSi. dRes ukve Tamamad SeiZleba Tqma imisa, rom ara marto fran-
guli, aramed mTlianad sakacobrio masStabiT sociologiis istoria diurkemam-
del da diurkemis Semdgomdroindel periodebad iyofa (msgavsad filosofiis is-
toriis sokratemdel da sokrates Semdgom, nicSemdel da nicSes Semdgomdrindel
periodebad dayofisa). SemdgomSi diurkemis sociologiuri ideebi gavlenas axdens
iseT mimdinareobebze, rogorebicaa struqturuli funqcionalizmi, struqturuli
lingvistika, saerTod, franguli struqturalizmi da sxv.
franguli sociologiis postdiurkemiseuli periodidan gamorCeulia edmond
goblos (1858-1935) 1925 wels gamocemuli wigni: `sociologiuri etiudi Tanamedro-
ve franguli burJuaziis Sesaxeb,~ romelSic franguli sazogadoebis socialuri
struqturis aqtualuri sakiTxebia gaanalizebuli diurkemis gardacvalebis Sem-
deg mis mier Seqmnilma sociologiurma skolam Tumca gaagrZela arseboba, magram
iseTi aqtiurobiTa da popularobiT ar gamoirCeoda, rogoriTac adreul period-
Si. am skolis tradiciebis SenarCunebaSi didi wvlili Seitanes misma mowafeebma:
marsel mosma (1872-1950), igi amave dros diurkemis axlo naTesavic iyo, da moris
xalbvakrma (1877-1945); mosma diurkemis mier daarsebuli Jurnalis gamocemis gag-
rZeleba scada. monawileobda parizis universitetSi eTnologiis institutis Seq-
mnaSi, iyo Joresis mier daarsebul gazeT `Humanite~-s TanamSromeli da 1906 wels
korespondentis rangSi ruseTSic imyofeboda. moris xalbvakri gvian SeuerTda
jguf Anne Sociologique-s. mis sicocxleSi arc erTi misi naSromi aRiarebuli ar yo-
fila TanamedroveTa mier. gardacvalebis Semdeg ki gairkva, rom igi axali socio-
logiuri koncefciis _ koleqtiuri mexsierebis Teoriis avtori yofila. is 1944
wels sorbonis universitetma axladSeqmnili socialuri fsiqologiis kaTedris
xelmZRvanelad airCia, Tumca 1945 wels nacistebma daapatimres da buxenvaldis sa-
koncentracio banakSi gaagzavnes, saidanac cocxali ar dabrunebula. misi wigni
`socialuri klasebi da morfologia~ 1970 wels xelaxla gamoica safrangeTSi.
II msoflio omis Semdgom frangul sociologiaze sagrZnoblad imoqmeda
frangulma egzistencializmma da marqsizmma (e. w. dasavluri marqsizmi). am perio-
dis anu (II msoflio omis Semdgomi) pirveli Taobis sociologebi arian: k. levi-
strosi _ funqcionalisturi mimarTulebis warmomadgeneli, struqturul lin-
gvistikaze dayrdnobiT socialur-anTropologiuri kvlevebiT iyo dakavebuli; J.
fridmani _ industriuli sociologiis problemaTa kvlevis iniciatori safran-
geTSi; J. stetceli _ didi roli Seasrula safrangeTSi sazogadoebrivi azris
kvlevis saqmeSi; sayuradReboa misi 1957 wels dawerili statia `sociologia saf-
rangeTSi.~ am Taobis sociologebs Soris mainc gamorCeuli figura raimon aronia.
man miaRwia imas, rom 1958 wels umaRlesi ganaTlebis frangul sistemaSi SemoRe-
bul iqna sociologis diplomi _ Licence de Sociology. saintereso gamokvlevebi aqvs
arons Teoriuli sociologiisa da, gansakuTrebiT, politikuri sociologiisa da
industriuli sociologiis sferoSi. omis Semdgomi `pirveli Taobis sociologeb-
ma~ myari mecnieruli safuZvlebi Seqmnes momdevno, e. w. `meore Taobis~ sociolo-
gebisaTvis, romelTa Soris gamoirCevian: m. kroze, a. tureni, a. mendrasi, J. reino,
e. de dempri. sociologiuri iniciacia maT amerikaSi miiRes.
safrangeTi gamorCeulia agreTve didi tradiciebis mqone sociologiuri
kvlevis centrebiTa da institutebiT, romelTagan gamorCeulia 1924 wels daarse-
buli `sociologiis franguli instituti,~ parizis, bordosa da strasburgis uni-
versitetebis sociologiis kaTedrebi; 1946 wlidan dRemde saintereso gamokvle-
vebs atarebs `sociologiur gamokvlevaTa centri,~ 1945 wlidan _ `demografiul
gamokvlevaTa nacionaluri instituti,~ 1938 wlidan _ `sazogadoebrivi azris
franguli instituti~ da `statistikur da ekonomikur mecnierebaTa nacionaluri
centri.~ safrangeTSi funqcionirebs sociologiuri kvleviTi centrebi da insti-
196
 sociologiis Sesavali

tutebi dargobrivi mimarTulebiT, magaliTad, `Sromis sociologiis instituti,~

`fsiqosociologiur gamokvlevaTa instituti,~ `sociologiisa da religiis kaTo-
likuri centri~ da sxv.
franguli sociologiis Tanamedrove warmomadgenelTa Soris gavleniani fi-
gurebi arian pier burdie (1930-2002), Jak derida (1930-2004), miSel fuko (1926-1984)
da Jan bodriari (1929-2007).
burdies ar moixsenieben `meore Taobis~ frang sociologTa Soris, imitom
rom aRiarebis piks amerikaSi miaRwia. igi parizSi socialur mecnierebaTa umaRle-
si skolis direqtori iyo 1960 wlidan, aronis gadadgomis Semdeg ki evropuli so-
ciologiuri centris direqtoris posti ekava. 1970 wlidan ganaTlebisa da xelov-
nebis sociologiis problemebs ikvlevda. 1975 wels daaarsa interdisciplinuri
Jurnali `Actes de la recherch en sciences socisle,~ xolo 1975 wels gamosca wigni `gan-
sxvavebani,~ 1980-ian wlebSi ki `Homo Academicus~-i, `ena da simboluri Zalaufleba,~
2000 wels _ `paskalianuri ganazrebani.~ igi axali ideebis sinTezirebis didosta-
tia Tanamedrove frangul sociologiaSi, aviTarebda interesis Teoriaze agebul
moZRvrebas adamianisa da sazogadoebis Sesaxeb.
Tanamedrove cvalebad samyaroSi aqtorze orientirebul sociologiur Teo-
riebs Soris gamorCeulia Jak deridas poststruqturalisturi dekonstruqciis
koncefcia, miSel fukos struqturalisturi da postmodernistuli Teoria, Jan-
fransua liotaris postmodernuli mdgomareoba da Jan bodriaris postmodernis-
tuli sociologia; am moazrovneTagan franguli postmodernistuli sociologiis
korife Jan bodriaria gamorCeuli, romelic Tanamedrove transformirebadi soci-
aluri samyaros gasaRebs iZleva. misma sociologiurma koncefciam didi gavlena
moaxdina ara marto frangul, aramed mTlianad Tanamedrove sakacobrio sociolo-
giur azrovnebaze.
sociologiuri kvlevis centrebiT, Teoriuli da empiriuli sociologiuri
codnis klasikuri da Tanamedrove umdidresi tradiciebiT, sauniversiteto, sas-
wavlo da akademiuri kvlevis gamocdilebiT safrangeTi sociologiis namdvili
oazisia.
***
`..socialuri upirobod arsebobda, magram axla ukve is ar
aris... socialuris perspeqtiuli sivrce dasrulda...SeiZleba
Tu ara sociumze kvlavindeburad saubari? Llos-anJelesSi uk-
ve araviTari socialuroba ar arsebobs da mis Sesaxeb Semdgom
Taobebs araferi ecodinebaT. jerjerobiT los-anJelesSi te-
leviziis, kinos, telefonisa da avtomobilis Taoba cxov-
robs...ganTesili Taoba, rogorc socialuri, mxolod perspeq-
tivis sivrceSi, simulaciis sivrceSi arsebobs. simulaciis siv-
rce _ es realobisa da modelis Serevis adgilia.~

***
Jan bodriari `mxedvelobis dakargavsTan erTad saTvaleebi da kontaq-
(1929-2007) turi linzebi gaxda Cveni sagvareulo proTezi. amis msgav-
sad kompiuteri gadaiqca xelovnur proTezad adamianebisa,
romlebic azrovnebis unars kargaven.~

***
`..Cveni kultura nagvis warmoebad iqca. sxva kulturebi, ubralo gacvliTi cik-
lis Sedegad, Warb produqcias qmnidnen da siWarbis kulturas daudes saTave, Cve-
ni ki auareba nagavs awarmoebs, romelsac namdvili sacvleli Rirebuleba adevs.
adamianebi sakuTar narCenTa narCenebi xdebian _ ai, aseTia sazogadoeba, romelic
gulgrilia sakuTari Rirebulebebisadmi, sazogadoeba, romelic Tavisive Tavs
gulgrilobisa da siZulvilisaken ubiZgebs.~
Jan bodriari
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kaxa qecbaia

XIII leqcia
Tema: socialuri stratifikacia
socialuri stratifikacia sociologiis erT-erTi centraluri Temaa. is sa-
zogadoebis fenebad dayofas Seexeba da pasuxs iZleva kiTxvaaze, Tu ratom iyofi-
an adamianebi Rarib, SeZlebul da mdidarTa fenebad. re-
alur socialur cxovrebaSi adamianebs Soris uTanaswo-
roba did rols asrulebs. es is kriteriumia, romlis
mixedviTac Cven garkveuli jgufis warmomadgenlebs so-
cialuri ierarqiis maRal an dabal safexurze vayenebT,
rac sazogadoebis fenebad dayofas anu socialur stra-
tifikacias niSnavs.
termini stratifikacia laTinuri enidan momdinare-
obs (stratumfenas, xolo facio keTebas niSnavs). socio-
logiaSi igi geologiuri mecnierebidan Semovida (geologiuri TvalsazrisiT, mi-
wa sxvadasxva fenebad aris dayofili).
Tanamedrove sociologiaSi socialuri stratifikacia ganimarteba, rogorc
sistema, romlis saSualebiTac sazogadoeba garkveuli kategoriis adamianebs ie-
rarqiulad anawilebs. igi oTx ZiriTad princips eyrdnoba:
socialuri stratifikacia individualur gansxvavebaTa ubralo gamoxatu-
leba ki ar aris, aramed sazogadoebis Taviseburebas warmoadgens: arc mdidrebi,
arc Raribebi ar arian pasuxismgebeli socialuri stratifikaciis warmoSobisaT-
vis. es maTze ki ara, sazogadoebazea damokidebuli. is qmnis msgavs sistemas, rome-
lic SemdgomSi yoveli Cvenganis cxovrebas gansazRvravs.
socialuri stratifikacia Taobebs moicavs: imaSi dasarwmuneblad, rom
stratifikacia sazogadoebis niSania da ara individis, is faqtic metyvelebs, rom
uTanasworoba Taobebs moicavs. TiTqmis yvela sazogadoebaSi Svilebs is socia-
luri mdgomareoba ukaviaT, rac adre maT mSoblebs ekavaT. Tumca adamianTa mdgo-
mareoba sazogadoebaSi ufro xSirad `horizontalur~ planSi icvleba, rodesac
isini samsaxurs icvlian. rogorc wesi, adamianTa umravlesobisaTvis socialuri
mdgomareoba mTeli cxovrebis manZilze ucvleli rCeba, miuxedavad iseTi gamonak-
lisebisa, rogorebicaa, magaliTad, britni spirsi an maikl jordani, romlebsac
amJamindelTan SedarebiT adre sakmaod mokrZalebuli socialuri mdgomareoba
ekavaT sazogadoebaSi.
socialuri stratifikacia universaluria, magram amasTanave cvalebadi: soci-
aluri stratifikacia yvelganmyofia, magram ra mizeziT da ramdenad uTanasworoa
adamianTa mdgomareoba, es konkretul sazogadoebazea damokidebuli. erT SemTxveva-
Si es prestiJiTaa ganpirobebuli, meore SemTxvevaSi _ simdidriT an ZalauflebiT.
zogierT sazogadoebaSi uTanasworoba aSkara da TvalSisacemia, zogSi ki ara.
socialuri stratifikacia ara mxolod uTanasworobas, aramed garkveul
damajereblobasac gulisxmobs: damajereblobaSi igulisxmeba is, rom miuxedavad
uTanasworobisa adamianebs sjeraT arsebuli socialuri wesrigis samarTlianoba.

stratifikaciis istoriuli tipebi

kasturi sistema: sazogadoebis kasturi stratifikaciis SemTxvevaSi adamiani
sazogadoebriv mdgomareobas STamomavlobiT iRebs. kasta socialuri normebiT,
specifikuri tradiciebiT, qceviTa da cxovrebis erTnairi stiliT gaerTianebul
adamianTa daxuruli fenaa. misi wevroba winaswar dadgenili da garkveulia. kon-
taqtebi sxva kastebTan akrZalulia da kastidan kastaSi gadasvla warmoudgene-
lia. rogorc wesi, igi ZiriTadad araekonomikuri kriteriumebiT iqmneba. kasturi
stratifikacia axasiaTebs mTel rig agrarul sazogadoebebs. amis erT-erTi cnobi-
li magaliTia indoeTi da samxreT afrika (aparteidis politika, romelic uaxlo-
es periodamade 5 milionamde evropuli warmomavlobis samxreTafrikelis Zalauf-

198
 sociologiis Sesavali

lebasa da simdidres uzrunvelyofda qveynis 35-milionian Savkanian macxovrebleb-

Tan SedarebiT).
klasobrivi sistema: agrarulisagan gansxvavebiT, industriuli warmoeba did-
wilad adamianis talantzea damokidebuli, rac klasobrivi sistemis warmoqmnas
uwyobs xels. sazogadoebis klasobrivi stratifikacia adamianis warmomavlobas-
Tan erTad mis individualur miRwevebzea damokidebuli. kasturTan SedarebiT
klasobrivi stratifikacia ufro Riaa im adamianebisaTvis, romlebsac Sesabamisi
ganaTleba da saWiro unar-Cvevebi aqvT. klasobrivi sistemis ganviTarebuli for-
maa meritokratia.
klasi sazogadoebis socialur stratifikaciaSi iseTi makrojgufia, romelic
msgavsi materialuri resursebis da cxovrebis wesis mqone adamianebs aerTianebs.
klasis cneba marqsis SemoRebulia mecnierebaSi. mis mixedviT, klasis warmoSoba
warmoebis saSualebebisadmi adamianis damokidebulebiT aris ganpirobebuli. mar-
qsisgan gansxvavebiT, veberis azriT, klasobrivi stratifikaciis ganmapirobebelia
ganaTleba, kvalifikacia, gamocdileba, socialuri statusi da prestiJi; Tanamed-
rove sociologiaSi am kriteriumebs daemata profesia, Semosavlebis odenoba, re-
ligiuri kuTvnileba da sxv.
meritokratia: industriuli sazogadoeba meritokratiisaken miiswrafvis (me-
ritokratia sazogadebis rCeuli nawilia, romlisadmi kuTvnileba ganisazRvreba
ara CamomavlobiT an socialuri mdgomareobiT, aramed pirovnuli unarebiTa da
individualuri ZalisxmeviT; is sityvasityviT `niWierTa mmarTvelobas~ niSnavs). am
SemTxvevaSi socialuri ierarqiis kibeze adamianis mdgomareobas gansazRvravs misi
miRwevebi da mis mier Sesrulebuli samuSao. am tipis stratifikacia yvelasaTvis
warmatebis miRwevis Tanabar SesaZleblobebs qmnis, Tumca molodini iseTia, rom
Tanabar Sedegebs albaT yvela ver miaRwevs.

socialuri stratifikaciis Teoriul-sociologiuri analizi

struqturul-funqcionalisturi paradigmis mixedviT,

socialuri stratifikacia sazogadoebis socialur cxovrebas amyarebs da
keTilismyofel gavlenas axdens masze.
socialuri stratifikacia adamianis talantsa da SesaZleblobebs mis mier
dakavebul TanamdebobasTan awonasworebs.
is Rirebulebebi, romlebic socialur uTanasworobas akanoneben, sazogado-
ebis farTo fenebis mier aris aRiarebuli.
ramdenadac socialuri stratifikacia sasargebloa sazogadoebisaTvis, im-
denad igi stabiluria.

socialuri konfliqtis paradigmis mixedviT,

socialuri stratifikacia socialuri konfliqtis Sedegia. konfliqtis wya-
ro socialuri da sxva saxis resursebis mxolod calkeuli adamianebisaT-
vis xelmisawvdomobaa.
socialuri stratifikacia axSobs da gzas uRobavs adamianis talantisa da
SesaZleblobebis ganviTarebas.
socialuri stratifikacia mxolod calkeul adamianTaTvisaa sasargeblo;
igi aucileblobas ar warmoadgens.
ramdenadac stratifikacia mxolod sazogadoebis mcire nawilis interesebs
gamoxatavs, imdenad is didi stabilurobiT ar gamoirCeva.
socialuri stratifikaciis marqsis mier SemoTavazebuli alternatiuli va-
rianti uklaso sazogadoeba iyo. am tipis sazogadoebis Seqmnis sabWoTa gegmam
kraxi ganicada. marqss miaCnda, rom socialuri ierarqiis arseboba ideologiaze
(kulturuli Rirebulebebis, Sexedulebebis, ideebis sistema, romelic arsebul
socialur stratifikacias amarTlebs) iyo damokidebuli, amitom uklaso sazoga-
doebis asaSeneblad Sesabamisi ideologia iyo saWiro. marqsis am Canafiqris nawi-
li iyo sabWoTa ideologia, romelmac adamianebs dapirebuli bedniereba ver mou-

199
kaxa qecbaia

tana. ralf darendorfma oTxi mizezi daasaxela imisa, Tu ratom ar xdeba mar-
qsistuli revoluciebi.
kapitalistTa klasis fragmentacia: dRes msxvili kompaniebis mflobelebi
milionobiT aqcionerebi arian. istorias Cabarda is dro, rodesac kapitals
mxolod erTeulebi flobdnen.
cxovrebis maRali done: sazogadoebaSi gaizarda gonebrivi SromiT dakave-
bul adamianTa ricxvi da adamianTa umetesoba sakuTar Tavs uzrunvelyofi-
lad miiCnevs.
muSaTa organizaciebis raodenobis gazrda: adre muSebs ar hqondaT mZlavri
organizaciuli gaerTianebebi, amJamad maT aqvT profkavSiruli da sxva uf-
lebadacviTi organizaciebi.
ufro farTo samarTlebrivi dacva: Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi Sroma usaf-
rTxoa da kanonmdeblobiTaa daculi. garda amisa, arsebobs uamravi sadaz-
Rvevo kompania da a. S.

maqs veberi: klasi, statusi da Zalaufleba

vebermac icoda, rom socialuri stratifikacia klasobrivi konfliqtis Sem-
cvelia, magram es konfliqtebi mxolod ekonomikur faqtorebamde ar dahyavda. ve-
beris mixedviT, socialur stratifikacias uTanabrobis sami gansxvavebuli maCvene-
beli aqvs:
ekonomikuri uTanasworoba: veberma mas klasis mdgomareoba uwoda. is, mar-
qsisagan gansxvavebiT, klasebs ganixilavda ara rogorc mkacrad formuli-
rebul kategoriebs, aramed iseT mocemulobad, romelic ierarqiul kibeze
maRalsa da dabals Sua, sazRvarze imyofeba;
statusi anu socialuri prestiJi: veberis azriT, sazogadoebis socialur
wyobaSi individis adgili damokidebulia im statussa da prestiJze, rome-
lic mas aqvs;
Zalaufleba: Zalauflebis qona socialuri stratifikaciis mniSvnelovani
maxasiaTebelia. Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi SesaZlebelia, rom Cinovniki
imis gamo, rom Zalauflebis mflobelia, socialuri ierarqiis maRal safe-
xurze imyofebodes, magram amave dros Zalze dabali prestiJiT xasiaTdebo-
des, da piriqiT.
aqedan Cans, rom, marqsisagan gansxvavebiT, veberis midgoma stratifikaciisadmi
mravalaspeqtiania, romelmac didi gavlena moaxdina mis Semdgom sociologiaze.

stratifikaciis gazomva
warmovidginoT socialuri sivrce, romelSic vertikaluri da horizontalu-
ri mdgomareobebi uTanabroa. daaxloebiT ase moiazrebda socialur stratifika-
cias pitirim sorokini, romelmac erT-erTma pirvelma daamuSava igi. man yuradReba
miaqcia imas, rom statusebs Soris uTanasworoba stratifikaciis umTavresi Tvise-
baa. ase rom, sorokinidan momdinareobs stratifikaciis gazomvis sakiTxi, romel-
sac stratifikaciis ZiriTadi formebi Seesabameba.
ekonomikuri stratifikacia _ izomeba Semosavlebis odenobiT;
politikuri stratifikacia _ izomeba Zalauflebis flobis maCveneblebiT;
profesiuli stratifikacia _ izomeba prestiJiTa da ganaTlebis doniT;
stratifikaciis sxva formebic SeiZleba arsebobdes, magram isini imdenad mniSvne-
lovani araa.
Tanamedrove sociologiaSi stratifikaciis gasazom koordinatTa sistemaSi
sazomi erTeulebi vertikalurad da erTmaneTis gverdiT arian ganlagebulni. es
erTeulebia:
Semosavlebi (dolarebSi),
Zalaufleba (imis mixedviT, Tu ramden adamianze vrceldeba miRebuli ga-
dawyvetileba),
ganaTleba (ganaTlebis misaRebad daxarjuli wlebis raodenoba),
prestiJi (statusisadmi pativiscema).

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 sociologiis Sesavali

socialuri fenebi Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi (aSS-is magaliTi).

Cveulebriv sazogadoebaSi gamoyofen `dabal,~ `maRal~ da `saSualo~ fenebs.
socialuri fenebi didi socialuri jgufebis msgavsad iqmneba adamianTa uTanas-
woro mdgomareobis Sedegad. isini, vinc did sazogadoebriv jgufs miekuTvnebian,
erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian TavianTi qonebrivi mdgomareobiT, SemosavlebiT, uf-
leba-movaleobebiT, kulturis doniT, cxovrebis wesiT da sxva niSnebiT. magali-
Tad, aSS-Si maRali klasis Sida zeda fenas Zalze mdidari adamianebi miekuTvnebi-
an, xolo maRali klasis Sida qveda fenas _ aristokratiuli warmomavlobis, mag-
ram sakuTari ZalisxmeviT mopovebuli qonebis patronebi. saSualo klasis, e. w.
`TeTrsayeloianTa~ (gonebrivi Sromis adamianebi) zeda fenaSi maRali ganaTlebis,
inteleqtualuri Sromisa da didi Semosavlebis mqone adamianebi _ iuristebi, eqi-
mebi, bankirebi da sxvebi, Sedian. saSualo klasis dabali fena ZiriTadad sakan-
celario dargebSi momuSave adamianebisagan Sedgeba. dabali klasis zedafenas, e.
w. `cisfersayeloianebs~ (fizikuri SromiT dakavebuli adamianebi) samrewvelo da
msgavs sxva sferoebSi dasaqmebuli adamianebi miekuTvnebian. dabali klasis dabal
fenas yvelaze gaWirvebuli, ekonomikurad da socialurad naklebad uzrunvelyo-
fili adamianebi qmnian.
aRsaniSnavia, rom msgavsi procesebi nela, magram bunebrivad mimdinareobs qar-
Tul sazogadoebaSic. sabWoTa sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli socialuri
stratifikaciis modeli (partiuli nomenklatura, inteligencia, muSaTa klasi da
glexoba) istorias Cabarda. amJamad qarTul sazogadoebaSi igive stratebia, rac
amerikulSi an britanulSi. rac Seexeba maTi ganviTarebis (gansakuTrebiT saSua-
lo fenis) dabal dones, Tuki sxva faqtorebma ar Seuwyves xeli, sazogadoebis
ganviTarebis Sinagani kanonebi mainc izruneben mis mogvarebaze.

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis (1991w.) droidan dRemde arnaxul transformacias

ganicdis sazogadoebis socialuri stratifikacia. 1991 wlidan dRemde adamianTa
erTi nawili Zalian gamdidrda, xolo meore nawili Zalian gaRaribda.

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kaxa qecbaia

socialuri stratifikaciis funqciebi

iqneb paradoqsia, magram socialuri TvalsazrisiT socialuri uTanasworoba
mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi. amerikelma sociologebma
kingsli devisma da vilbert murma daaxloebiT 50 wlis winaT gamoTqves msgavsi
mosazreba. kiTxvas, Tu ratom aris sazogadoeba stratificirebuli, maT Semdegnai-
rad upasuxes: imitom rom es sazogadoebis keTildReobisaTvisaa aucilebeli. maTi
es mosazreba Tanamedrove sociologiaSi `devis-muris Tezisis~ saxeliTaa cnobi-
li. am Tezisis avtorebs miaCniaT, rom nebismieri sazogadoeba SeiZleba iyos ega-
litaruli (frangulad egalite _ Tanasworoba), oRond im doziT, ra doziTac asru-
leben adamianebi ama Tu im samuSaos, romlisTvisac isini garkveul jildos iRe-
ben. mokled rom vTqvaT, Cven mier keTilsindisierad Sesrulebuli samuSaosaTvis
sazRauri anu jildo iqneba Semosavali, prestiJi an garkveuli Zalaufleba, ro-
melTa mopoveba gansazRvravs Cvens adgils sazogadoebis am Tu im fenaSi. am mo-
sazrebas sociologiaSi ukritikod ar Cauvlia. sociologma melvin tuminma Semde-
gi saxis sakiTxi wamoayena: rogor unda moxdes garkveuli saxis saqmianobis mniS-
vnelobis Sefaseba? tuminis azriT, am Tezisis avtorebs mxedvelobidan gamorCaT
is, rom socialuri stratifikacia yovelTvis ar uwyobs xels pirovnuli unarebis
gamovlinebas. Tavis mxriv, amgvari kritikuli mosazreba isev konfliqtebis Teori-
asTan gvabrunebs, rac imas niSnavs, rom socialuri uTanasworoba ara marto so-
ciologiis, aramed zogadad kacobriobis maradiuli da dawyevlili problemaa.

masala gansjisaTvis

kurt voneguti _ `saSiSi Tanasworoba~

cnobili amerikeli mwerlis kurt vonegutis moT-

xroba `harison berJeroni~ aseTi sityvebiT iwyeba:
`aravin aravisze ufro Zlieri da swrafi ar iyo...
midioda 2081 weli da, bolos da bolos, yvela adamia-
ni Tanaswori gaxda. ara mxolod RvTisa da kanonis wi-
naSe, isini Tanasworni iyvnen yvela mimarTebaSi. aravin
ar iyo aravisze Wkviani. aravin ar gamoiyureboda sxva-
ze ukeTesad. Tanasworoba konstituciis 211-e, 212-e da
231-e Sesworebidan gamomdinareobda da generaluri gam-
Tanabreblis agentebis mudmivi sifxizliT iyo uzrun-
velyofili ...~
voneguti gvafrTxilebs, rom yvelasaTvis mimzidve-
li da sanukvari Tanasworoba SesaZlebelia saSiSic
aRmoCndes. Tavis moTxrobaSi man socialuri inJineriis
koSmari aRwera, romlis meSveobiTac is unarebi, rac
adamianebs erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs, mTavrobis mier
sistematuri saxiT aris neitralizebuli. vonegutis
kurt voneguti daskvna aseTia: egalitarul sazogadoebas pirovnebis
(1922-2007) individualobis nivelireba maqsimumamde ahyavs.

davaleba:
_ rogor fiqrobT, socialuri uTanasworoba aucilebelia Tu ara sazogadoebi-
saTvis?
_ eTanxmebiT Tu ara cnobili amerikeli mwerlis mosazrebas? pasuxi daasabuTeT.

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 sociologiis Sesavali

davaleba:
_ Tqveni azriT, ra gansxvavebaa sazogadoebis kastur da klasobriv stratifikaci-
as Soris?
_ ra saxiT uwyobs xels Tanamedrove sazogadoeba meritokratiis ganviTarebas?
_ rogor fiqrobT, ratom unda hqondes, devis-muris Tezisis mixedviT, firmis di-
reqtors meti anazRaureba, vidre rigiT TanamSromels?
_ moiZieT Sesabamisi masalebi saprezentacio TemisaTvis: `socialuri stratifika-
ciis transformacia saqarTveloSi.~

ZiriTadi literatura:
1. e. gidensi, sociologia, m. 2005. (rus. Enaze). gv. 251-307.
2. g. asaTiani, sazogadoebis socialuri struqtura. Tb., 1969. gv. 5-28.

damatebiTi literatura:
1. J. fereoli, sociologia, terminologiuri leqsikoni (rus. Enaze). sankt-
peterburgi. 2003. gv. 128-129.
2. a. kravCenko, sociologia, m. 1999. (rus. Enaze). gv. 207-232.
3. n. smelzeri, sociologia, m. 1994. (rus. Enaze). gv. 273-361.

masala gansjisaTvis
genderis sociologia
fragmenti jeni TeiCmanisa da qeTrin evansis wignidan `filosofia~
erTi Tu ori sqesi
`... 1949 wels simona de bovuari werda: `simarTle rom vTqvaT, sakmarisia sase-
irnod gavideT, xalxs Tvali movavloT da davrwmundebiT, rom adamianebi or kla-
sad iyofian. gansxvavebulia maTi tansacmeli, saxeebi, sxeulebi, Rimili, siaruli,
interesebi, saqmianoba.~
magram, meore mxriv, arsebobs da Rrma fesvebi aqvs gadgmuli sapirispiro
Sexedulebas, TiTqos sinamdvileSi kacobrioba erTsqesiania. es, rogorc Cans,
aracnobieri Sexeduleba, kerZod, vlindeba warmodgenaSi qalebis, rogorc aranor-
maluri mamakacebis, Sesaxeb. qalebi arian bavSvobaSi zrdaSeCerebuli, avadmyofi
an kastrirebuli mamakacebi. es ucnauri azri gvxvdeba zogierTi moazrovnis, maT
Soris aristoteles, Sopenhaueris, froidis da oto vainingeris TxzulebebSi.
Tvalsazriss, romlis Tanaxmad, kacobrioba erTsqesiani saxeobaa an SeiZle-
ba aseTad iqces, iziarebs zogi feministi avtori, romlebic icaven androginobis
ideals.
es ideali gulisxmobs, rom yvelaze saukeTeso SesaZlebeli mdgomareoba
isaa, romelSic gauqmebuli iqneboda sqesobrivi rolebi Casaxvis, orsulobisa da
dedobis donemde. yvela institucionaluri da pirovnebaTSorisi urTierToba
aseT mdgomarobaSi Tavisufali iqneboda xelisuflebisagan, daTrgunvisa da usa-
marTlobisagan. androginuli idealis ganxorcieleba SeiZleboda uaxloes moma-
valSi xelovnuri ganayofierebisa da mecnierul damuSavebaTa meoxebiT, rac Seq-
mnida saSualebas bavSvebis dabadebisa da gazrdisa laboratoriebSi.
feminizmis am nairsaxeobis momxreni amtkiceben, TiTqos mamakacebisa da qale-
bis gansakuTrebuli fsiqikuri maxasiaTeblebi socialuri inJineriis Sedegia. maTi
azriT, unda daviviwyoT fuZemdebluri ideologiebi, rac qalebs saSualebas mis-
cems iyvnen Zlierni da gambedavni, logikurad moazrovneni da analizis unaris
mqoneni, naklebad ainteresebdeT iseTi uRirsi da momqancveli saqme, rogoricaa
Cvili bavSvis movla. Tavis mxriv, mamakacebi iqnebodnen ufro mzrunvelni da
mgrZnobiareni, Tuki es Tvisebebi kvlavindebur Rirsebad CaiTvleba.
feminizmis sxvadasxva tipi
androginuli ideali, rogorc Cans, gulisxmobs, rom tradiciuli qaluri
rolebi mosawyeni, momqancveli da uRirsia, maSin rodesac tradiciuli mamakacuri
rolebi saintereso da adamianurad mniSvnelovania, magram zogierTi feministi
203
kaxa qecbaia

sxva Sexedulebisaa.
am meore skolis feministebi amtkiceben, rom mamakacebisa da qalebis buneba nam-
dvilad gansxvavebulia da rom qaluri buneba da fsiqologia iseTive Rirebulebis
mqonea, rogoriTac mamakacuri. qalebs aqvT gansakuTrebuli Tvisebebi da unarebi, qa-
luri azrovnebis stili ufro intuiciuria, emociurad ufro gulwrfelia, Semoqme-
debiTi da farToa, vidre mamakacebis azrovneba. es stili warmoadgens mecnieruli,
racionaluri, logikuri, analitikuri azrovnebis wesis srulfasovan alternativas.
am feministebis amocanaa ar ganxorcieldes androginuli ideali, maT unda miaRwion
specifikuri qaluri unarebis, maTi WeSmariti Rirebulebebis aRiarebas, romlebic
saukuneTa manZilze saTanadod ar fasdeboda patriarqalur sazogadoebaSi.
feministuri moZraoba or klasad iyofa Tanasworobisa da samuSao adgilis
sakiTxebis Taobazec.
erT-erTi am skolis Tanaxmad, mamakacebTan Tanasworoba samuSao adgilebze
arsebiTi mniSvnelobis amocanaa. sxva skolis feministebi ki amtkiceben, rom aseTi
wonasworobis miRweva ar aris saWiro. gansxvaveba sqesebs Soris unda aRiaros sa-
zogadoebam, magram axali formiT, ramdenadac Tanaswori damokidebuleba mamakace-
bisa da qalebisadmi niSnavs usamarTlo damokidebulebas am ukanasknelebisadmi.
qalebi zrdian bavSvebs da bavSvebze zrunva umTavresad maT ekisrebaT. samuSaoze
daqiravebisas Tanabari pirobebi niSnavs, rom qalebi unda muSaobdnen ufro mets,
vidre mamakacebi (rac xdeboda kidec yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi).
magram savsebiT cxadia, rom Tu Sromis Tanaswori pirobebi iwveven usamar-
Tlobas, Sromis uTanasworo ganawilebas, maSin es Sromis pirobebi sinamdvileSi
ar aris Tanaswori. saboloo angariSiT, gansxvaveba or zemoaRniSnul Tvalsaz-
riss Soris emyareba sityva `Tanasworis~ gaurkvevel mniSvnelobas...~

cnobili amerikeli feministis anJela devisis kanadaSi, albertas universitetSi sityviT

gamosvla (2006 w.).

davaleba:
_ rogoria Tqveni pozicia feministur debatebSi: iziarebT Tu ara feministur
ideebs? pasuxi daasabuTeT.

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 sociologiis Sesavali

sakiTxavi masala
sociologia inglisSi

Zalze saintereso istoria aqvs sociologias inglisSi. sociologiuri cod-

nis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT inglisi mowinave qveynebs miekuTvneba. inglisur
sociologiur skolas araerTi msoflioSi aRiarebuli warmomadgeneli hyavda da
hyavs dResac, ris dasadasturebld sociologiis klasikosis herbert spenserisa
da entoni gidensis saxelis xsenebac ki ikmarebda.
dRevandeli inglisis saganmanaTleblo sistema sociologiis swavlebis gare-
Se warmoudgenelia. sociologia savaldebulo saganTa ricxvSia Setanili. ingli-
surma sociologiam didi roli Seasrula sociologiis, rogorc mecnieruli dis-
ciplinis, sagnis Sesaxeb sruliad gansxvavebuli xedvis CamoyalibebaSi. inglisu-
ri sociologiuri skolis tradiciebidan momdinareobs mosazreba, rom sociolo-
gia aris ara ubralod sazogadoebis Semswavleli mecniereba, aramed misi upirve-
lesi sagani mravalferovani socialuri urTierTobebia, romlisganac moiqsoveba
mTeli socialuri sinamdvile. amitom, inglisuri tradiciidan gamomdinare, soci-
ologia sxva sazogadoebriv mecnierebebTan _ socialur anTropologiasTan, soci-
alur fsiqologiasTan da socialur politikasTan _ erTad iswavleba. dReisaTvis
inglisis 80-ze met universitetSi 3000-ze meti sociologia dasaqmebuli. yovel-
wliurad 1000-ze meti axalgazrda iRebs sociologiis bakalavris diploms.
inglisSi sociologiis Camoyalibebasa da ganviTarebaze didi gavlena iqoni-
es politikurma da kulturulma faqtorebma. politikuri cxovrebidan aRsaniSna-
via parlamentarizmi, politikur cxovrebaSi ganviTarebis Sualeduri gzebis pov-
na, imperiis gadaqceva e. w. `msoflio saxelosnod,~ vigebisa da torebis konfliq-
ti, muSaTa da Cartistuli moZraobebi, saarCevno reforma, politikuri cxovrebis
stabiluroba da sxvebi; kulturuli faqtorebidan aRsaniSnavia jentlmenobasTan
dakavSirebuli identoba da RirebulebiTi orientacia, romlis amosavali princi-
pia: `Cemi saxli Cemi cixesimagrea.~
britanuli kulturuli tradiciis centraluri idea pirovnebis damoukideb-
loba da samoqalaqo Rirsebisa da movaleobis cnebaa. yovelive aman sakmao safuZ-
veli Seuqmna iseTi fenomenis warmoSobas, rogoric britanuli sociologiaa. igi
sociologiis msoflio gamocdilebisa da sakuTriv britanuli empiriuli da Teo-
riuli samecniero-kvleviTi tradiciebis originaluri Serwymaa. Tavis mxriv, bri-
tanuli socialuri azrovneba anglosaqsuri kulturis safuZvels qmnis, romelic
TavisTavadobas globalizaciis epoqaSic inarCunebs. misTvis damaxasiaTebeli niS-
nebia: politikuri liberalizmi, religiuri tolerantoba, kompromisebi mTel rig
ukiduresobebs Soris, empirizmisa da pozitivizmisaken midrekileba. gansakuTrebiT
es ukanasknelia sayuradRebo. zogadad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom empirizmi da poziti-
vizmi inglisuri movlenaa azrovnebis istoriaSi. e. w. inglisuri sociologiuri
pozitivizmi kembrijis filosofiuri tradiciebis (b. raseli, l. vitgenSteini) sa-
fuZvelzea aRmocenebuli. garda amisa, inglisuri sociologia aucileblad iTva-
liswinebs Sotlandiur ganmanaTleblobas, inglisur politikur ekonomias, darvi-
nizmsa da socialuri samarTlianobis Teoriebs (Tundac utopiurs). saboloo jam-
Si inglisuri sociologia empirizmisa da pozitivizmis gzas daadga. amitom aq
Zalze popularuli empiriuli sociologiaa.
institucionaluri TvalsazrisiT, inglisSi sociologiis istoria col-qmar
vebebis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli. maT mier 1835 wels daarsebul londonis eko-
nomikur da politikur mecnierebaTa skolaSi sociologiac figurirebda. socio-
logiis pirveli kaTedra aq 1907 wels daarsda Sotlandieli filanTropis, vinme
martina uaitis saxsrebiT. misi pirveli xelmZRvaneli evolucionisturi Teoriis
mimdevari l. t. hobhauzi (1864-1929) iyo, romelic sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis zneob-
rivi progresis momxre iyo. Tavis ideebi man 1906 wels gamocemul wignSi _ `zneob-
riobis evolucia~ _ gadmosca. pirveli Taobis inglisel sociologebs Soris To-
mas hemfri marSali gamoirCeva naSromiT `moqalaqeoba da socialuri klasi,~ ro-
melic 1949 wels kembrijSi wakiTxuli leqciebis safuZvelze daiwera. masSi das-
205
kaxa qecbaia

mul sakiTxTagan umTavresi kiTxva `muSis jentlmenad gadaqcevis SesaZleblobas~

Seexeboda. marSalis kvlevam aCvena, rom sazogadoebis wevrTa statusiT Tanaswo-
roba ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre Semosavlebis mixedviT Tanasworoba.
inglisuri sociologiis mkvlevris jorj raminis azriT, imdenad popularul
da angariSgasawev inteleqtualur mimarTulebad Camoyalibda inglisSi socialu-
ri anTropologia, rom man, faqtobrivad, sociologiis adgilic ki daikava. misi
sayovelTaod aRiarebuli warmomadgenlebi arian: edvard vestermarki (1886-1939, Zi-
riTadi Sromebia: `msoflio ideebis warmoSoba da ganviTareba,~ 1906-1908; `saqorwi-
no rituali marokoSi,~ 1914; `qorwinebis mokle istoria,~ 1926; `rituali da rwmena
marokoSi,~ 1926; `sibrZne da goniereba marokoSi,~ 1930; `qorwinebis momavali dasav-
lur civilizaciaSi,~ 1936; `qristianoba da morali~ 1939); alfred rejinald red-
klif-brauni (1881-1955, ZiriTadi naSromebia: `eTnologiisa da socialuri anTropo-
logiis meTodebi,~ 1923; `kunZulelebis cxovreba,~ 1922 da sxv.) da bronislav kas-
par malinovski (1884-1942, ZiriTadi Sromebia: `magia, mecniereba da religia,~ 1928;
`danaSauli da adaT-wesebi velurebis sazogadoebaSi,~ 1926; `primitiuli fsiqolo-
giis miTi,~ 1926; `rwmenisa da moralis safuZvlebi,~ 1936; `seqsis fsiqologia,~ 1923;
`fsiqoanalizi da anTropologia,~ 1924; `mama primitiul fsiqologiaSi,~ 1927; `ve-
lurebis seqsualuri cxovreba,~ 1929.). socialuri anTropologiis gareSe marTlac
Zneli warmosadgenia inglisuri sociologia, magram maTi gaigiveba mTlad swori
ar aris. unda vicodeT, rom socialuri anTropologia erT-erTi wamyvani mimarTu-
lebaa inglisur sociologiaSi.
mkvlevrebi (magaliTad, profesori hosli da sxvebi) inglisuri sociologiis
istoriis ramdenime periods gamoyofen. adreuli periodi XIX saukunis meore na-
xevridan meore msoflio omis dasrulebamdel dros gulisxmobs. inglisurma so-
ciologiam sakuTari ier-saxe faqtobrivad II msoflio omis Semdgom miiRo. e. w.
`oqros xanad~ aris miCneuli 1950-1970 wlebi. rac Seexeba dRevandelobas, inglisu-
ri sociologia dRes erT-erTi mowinavea mTels msoflioSi. `oqros xanis~ ingli-
seli sociologebi arian: Celdi holsi, ralf darendorfi, jon vestergardi. am
droisaTvis marqsizmisa da parsonsianelobis kritikiT darendorfis Sromebia gan-
sakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani. momdevno periodSi kembrijsa da oqsfordSi moxda so-
ciologiuri codnis ayvaveba da axal simaRleebamde asasvleli gzebis Zieba daiw-
yo, rac warmatebiT ganaxorciela dRevandeli inglisuri sociologiis yvelaze
metad aRiarebulma warmomadgenelma entoni gidensma.
gidensi msoflioSi `struqturaciis TeoriiTaa~ cnobili (termini `struqtu-
racia,~ romelic saucxood JRers da `struqturis Seqmnas~ niSnavs, man cnobili
frangi fsiqologis Jan piaJes SromebSi aRmoaCina). Polity Press-is damaarsebelma da
redaqtorma gidensma britanuli sociologia aqamde arnaxul simaRleebamde aiyva-
na. gidenss oponirebas uwevs oqsfordis universitetis profesori d. moldtorpi
_ empiriuli tradiciebisa da kvlevis raodenobrivi meTodologiis upiratesobis
momxre. igi britanuli sazogadoebis profesiuli struqturis Sesaxeb brwyinvale
sociologiuri gamokvlevis avtoria.
inglisuri sociologiis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebia: zogadi Teoriebi da sis-
temebi; meTodologiuri problemebi; industriuli sociologia; axalgazrdobis
sociologia; ekonomikuri sociologia; aRzrdis sociologia; mediis sociologia;
medicinis sociologia; rasobrivi urTierTobani; socialuri da politikuri an-
Tropologia da mravali sxva. sazogadoebis struqturis sakiTxebs Soris centra-
luri adgili uWiravs socialuri mobilobisa da stratifikaciis Seswavlas; oja-
xis problematikas; qalaqis zogierTi jgufis martoobisa da msgavsi sakiTxebis
analizs; teqnikur progresTan mimarTebaSi socialur mmarTvelobas, globalur-
socialur problemebs da sxv.
inglisSi moqmedi mravalricxovani sociologiuri organizaciebidan gamorCe-
ulia `sociologTa britanuli asociacia,~ romelic sociologiis umTavres da-
niSnulebad praqtikuli xasiaTis amocanebis gadaWrasa da am gziT sazogadoebis
keTildReobisaTvis zrunvas miiCnevs (magaliTad, profesori t. botomori).

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 sociologiis Sesavali

sociologia mowinave poziciebzea londonis, liverpulis, Sefildis, birmin-

gemis, braitonis, oqsfordisa da kembrijis universitetebSi, sadac araerTi soci-
ologiuri kvlevis centri da instituti moqmedebs. msgavsi dawesebulebaa, magali-
Tad, 1948 wels daarsebuli The Action Society Trust, romelSic socialuri da ekono-
mikuri problemebis kvlevebi mimdinareobs; analogiuria saerTaSoriso afrikuli
instituti _ sociologiuri gamokvlevebis organizacia, romelic mxolod mTavro-
bis mier SekveTil problemebze muSaobs, da sxv. sociologiis ganviTarebas in-
glisSi xels uwyoben finansurad umsxvilesi fondebi, magaliTad, nufildisa da
rokfeleris fondebi.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom dRevandelma ingliselebma kargad ician sociologiis
fasi, amitomac iCenen mis mimarT gansakuTrebul yuradRebasa da mxardaWeras.

***
`dRes, XXI saukunis dasawyisSi, Cven Zalze saganga-
So, magram mravlismomtan samyaroSi vcxovrobT. es aris
samyaro, romelic cvlilebebiTaa moculi. igi Rrma kon-
fliqtebiT, daZabulobiT, socialuri uTanxmoebebiTa da
bunebrivi samyaros damangreveli Tanamedrove teqnolo-
giebis mizanmimarTuli SeteviT gamoirCeva. da mainc, Cven
ZalgviZs sakuTari bed-iRblis baton-patroni viyoT da
iseTnairad movawyoT Cveni cxovreba, rom msgavsi ram
verc ki warmoedginaT Cvens winamorbedebs.
rogor Seiqmna es samyaro? ratom aris, rom Cveni
cxovrebis pirobebi ase ar hgavs im pirobebs, romelSic
Cveni mSoblebi, bebiebi da babuebi imyofebodnen? saiTken
miqris momavali cvalebadoba? es kiTxvebi sociologii-
saTvis, kvlevis im sferosaTvis, romelic mniSvnelovan
rols asrulebs Tanamedrove azrovnebis kulturaSi,
pirvelxarisxovan interess warmoadgns.
sociologia _ es aris mecniereba adamianTa jgufe-
entoni gidensi bisa da erTobebis socialuri cxovrebis Sesaxeb. maTi
Seswavla gasaocari da gasatacebeli mecadineobaa, ram-
denadac sociologiis sagans Cveni, rogorc socialuri
arsebis, qceva warmoadgens. ganuzomlad farToa sociologiuri gamokvlevis mas-
Stabebi. igi yvelafers moicavs _ quCaSi adamianTa SemTxveviTi Sexvedridan dawye-
buli globaluri socialuri procesebiT damTavrebuli.
sociologia abstraqtuli azrovnebis sfero ki ar aris, aramed es aris mec-
niereba, romelsac adamianTa cxovrebisaTvis pragmatuli sazrisi aqvs. sociolo-
giis profesiis daufleba mosawyen saqmianobad araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda ga-
daiqces. saqmis aseTi viTarebisagan Tavis daRwevis saukeTeso saSualeba warmosax-
vis gamZafreba da sakuTari cxovrebis konkretul magaliTebTan sociologiuri
ideebisa da dakvirvebebis Sexamebaa.~
entoni gidensi

207
kaxa qecbaia

sakiTxavi masala
sociologia italiaSi
italia, uZvelesi evropuli universitetebis samSoblo (boloniis universite-
ti daarsda 1222 wels, romis universiteti _ 1303 wels), raoden gasakviric unda
iyos, didi xnis Semdeg daadga demokratiuli gardaqmnebis gzas, rac, ra Tqma un-
da, am qveyanaSi yvelaze demokratiuli mecnierebis _ sociologiis ganviTarebasac
Seexo. istoriulad politikisa da socialuri mecnierebisadmi interesiT italia
erT-erTi gamorCeuli qveyanaa, Tumca italiuri sociologiuri skola veberisa da
marqsis donis sociologebiT ar gamoirCeva, magram dRes italiuri sociologia
msofloSi aRiarebuli fenomenia. es aRiareba mas iseTma moazrovneebma moupoves,
rogorebic klasikuri italiuri sociologiis warmomadgenlebi vilfredo pareto
da gaetano moska arian.
pareto cnobilia, rogorc inJineri, ekonomisti
da sociologi. socialur da politikur mecniere-
bebSi aRiarebulia misi `elitis Teoria.~ sxva ita-
liel moazrovneTagan igi gamorCeulia liberaluri
azrovnebiT. misi mTavari naSromebia: `politikuri
ekonomiis kursi~ (1896-1897); `socialisturi sisteme-
bi~ (1902-1903); `zogadi sociologiis traqtati~ (1916);
`zogadi sociologiis Semoklebuli saxelmZRvane-
lo~ (1920).
italieli iuristi da sociologi gaetano mos-
ka paretosTan erTad `elitis Teoriis~ avtorad
aris miCneuli.
italiaSi sociologiuri Sexedulebebis Camoya-
libebasa da ganviTarebas didad Seuwyo xeli italie-
li neohegelianeli filosofosis benedito kroCes
(1866-1952) moRvaweobam, kerZod misma mosazrebebma sa-
xelmwifosa da politikis moraluri aspeqtebis Sesa-
vilfredo pareto xeb (igi italiis liberaluri partiis fuZemdebeli
(1848_1923) da ganaTlebis ministri iyo); meore msoflio omis
Semdgom Tavisi aqtiuri samecniero da saxelmwifoeb-
riv-politikuri saqmianobiT cnobili gaxda italieli sociologi luiji sturcio.
aRsaniSnavia agreTve sociologebis roberto mixelsisa (1876-1936) da antonio gram-
Sis (1891-1937 ww. _ marqsisti sociologi da politikuri moRvawe) saqmianoba.
sociologiaSi saswavlo kursebi italiis universitetebSi XIX saukunis 80-ian
wlebSi iqna SemoRebuli, Tumca sociologiis swavleba am droisaTvis savaldebu-
lod ar iyo miCneuli, radganac italieli swavlulebisaTvis sociologiis mniSvne-
loba jer kidev problematuri rCeboda. miuxedavad oficialuri mxardaWeris ararse-
bobisa, italiuri universitetebis Tavisufali saganmanaTleblo sivrce sociologi-
is ganviTarebisaTvis idealur pirobas warmoadgenda. aseT viTarebaSi italiaSi
mZlavr mimarTulebad Camoyalibda `kriminaluri sociologia~, romlis fuZemdeblad
iTvleba cnobili fsiqiatri Cezare lombrozo (1835-1909), xolo gamoCenili warmomad-
genlebi arian enriko feri (1856-1929) da alfredo niCefero (1876-1960).
rogorc wesi, sociologiuri kvlevebis aqtualizebas ekonomikuri da socia-
lur-politikuri pirobebi uwyobs xolme xels, rasac agrarul-industriuli eko-
nomikuri struqturisa da gadauWreli politikuri problemebis mqone italia kar-
ga xans moklebuli iyo. meore msoflio omis Semdeg italieli mecnierebi am mi-
marTulebiT msoflio gamocdilebis gacnobas da Seswavlas iwyeben. am saqmeSi di-
di roli Seasrula italielma sociologma frank feratorim, romelmac CikagoSi
Seiwavla `samrewvelo-industriuli sociologia~ da 1956 wels sociologiis Ta-
visufali maswavlebeli gaxda. 1961 wels igi romis universitetSi saTaveSi Caudga
italiaSi sociologiis pirvel kaTedras. kaTerda mrewvelobisa da saxelmwifo
marTvis struqturebis dargSi socialur eqspertebs amzadebda. SemdgomSi socio-

208
 sociologiis Sesavali

logiis kaTedris miznebi da amocanebi gafarTovda. gansakuTrebiT popularuli

iyo frankfurtis skolisa (adorno, horkhaimeri, markuze) da neomarqsistebis (beni-
amini, raixi) sociologiuri koncefciebi. SemdgomSi italiaSi sociologiis Ziri-
Tad mimarTulebad iqca am Teoriebisadmi alternativis Zieba, romelic `alterna-
tiuli sociologiis~ CamoyalibebiT dasrulda.
dRes italiaSi sociologiuri ganaTleba elitarul da prioritetul movle-
nadaa qceuli. sociologia italiis universitetebSi didi mowonebiT sargeblobs.
Sesabamisad, didia sociologiis dargSi kvalificiur kadrebze moTxovna. socio-
logiis kursdamTavrebulebs iwveven kerZo da sajaro
kvleviTi institutebi, universitetebi da kolejebi, bankebi
da saqalaqo samsaxurebi (socialur muSakebad), kulturis
sferos dawesebulebebi da sxv. italiaSi moqmedi kanonis
mixedviT, sociologs SeuZlia monawileoba miiRos zogadi
profilis Tanamdebobebze gamocxadebul konkursebSi (eko-
nomikis sfero, politika, kultura, samarTali da a. S.).
italiis universitetebSi sociologiis kaTedraze moqme-
debs kvalifikaciis asamaRlebeli kursebi. Camoyalibebisa
da ganviTarebis magistraluri xazis araTanamimdevrulo-
bis miuxedavad dRes italias sociologiis sferoSi mowi-
nave da ultraTanamedrove saswavlo-saganmanaTleblo sis-
tema aqvs, empiriuli sociologiuri kvlevebis rakursi ki
socialuri sistemebisa da struqturebis analizidan soci-
aluri procesebis dinamikisaken aris gadaxrili.
gaetano moska (1858-1941) M

***
`istoria aristokratiis sasaflaoa.~
vilfredo pareto

msoflioSi cnobili sociologebi

florian znanecki
(1882-1956)
polonuri warmomavlobis amerikeli sociologi. poloneTSi sociologiis
akademiuri skolis fuZemdebeli. Cikagos skolis warmomadgeneli. uiliam
tomasTan erTad dawerilma misma wignma; `poloneli glexebi evropasa da
amerikaSi~ empiriul sociologias daudo saTve.
florian znaneckis mixedviT, sociologia socialur sisitemaTa Semdegi
oTxi tipis Semswavleli mecnierebaa: 1) socialuri urTierTobani, 2)
socialuri rolebi, 3) socialuri jgufebi da 4) sazogadoebebi.

209
kaxa qecbaia

XIV leqcia
Tema: socialuri mobiloba
socialur stratifikaciasTan erTad sociologiis erT-erTi ZiriTad cnebas
socialuri mobiloba warmoadgens. rogorc wesi, sociologiaSi socialur stra-
tifikaciaze saubars aucileblobiT mosdevs socialuri mobilobis ganxilvac,
radganac Tuki stratifikacia sazogadoebis fenebad dayofas gulisxmobs, mobi-
loba am fenebis SigniT da fenebs Soris moZraobas niSnavs. termini laTinuri
sityva mobilis-dan momdinareobs, rac moZravs, cvalebads niSnavs.
yvelasaTvis cxadia, rom sazogadoebrivi
cxovreba ar aris statikuri mocemuloba. sa-
zogadoebis SigniT adamianebi ganuwyvetliv
moZraobaSi arian, droisa da viTarebis Sesa-
bamisad icvlian TavianT mdgomareobas socia-
luri ierarqiis kibeze, romelzec zogi maR-
la adis, zogi kidev dabla Camodis. swored
amgvar moZraobas eZaxian sociologebi socia-
lur mobilobas. adamianebTan erTad moZrao-
basa da cvalebadobas ganicdis sazogadoe-
bac. misi moZraoba an progresisaken, an reg-
resisaken aris mimarTuli. sazogadoebis cva-
lebadobis procesis Tanamdevia TiToeuli
Cvenganis an calkeuli socialuri jgufebis poziciebis cvalebadoba, mobiloba
anu gadaadgileba erTi poziciidan meoreSi.
sazogadoebis ierarqiul (stratifikaciul) kibeze calkeuli individebis an
socialuri jgufebis erTi poziciidan meore poziciaSi gadasvla ori ZiriTadi
mimarTulebiT gadaadgilebas gulisxmobs: qvemodan zemoT, rodesac statusis ga-
umjobeseba xdeba, maSin adgili aqvs `aRmaval mobilobas~ da zemodan qvemoT, ro-
desac statusis daqveiTeba xdeba, maSin saxezea `daRmavali mobiloba.~ arsebobs
agreTve vertikaluri da horizontaluri socialuri mobiloba.
socialuri ierarqiis kibeze moZraoba socialuri mobilobis arss warmoad-
gens. vertikaluri socialuri mobilobis SemTxvevaSi adgili aqvs individis an
jgufis gadasvlas erTi fenidan an erTi klasidan meore fenaSi an klasSi. am Sem-
TxvevaSi dabal socialur fenaze myofi jgufi an adamiani socialur fenaTa zeda
eSelonebSi moeqceva an, piriqiT, zeda fenidan qveda fenaSi aRmoCndeba. msgavsi so-
cialuri mobiloba gamoricxulia kasturi stratifikaciis mqone sazogadoebaSi.
igi industriuli, kapitalisturi sazogadoebisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. hori-
zontaluri socialuri mobilobis dros poziciis an mdgomareobis Secvla xdeba
erTi fenis SigniT.

prestiJi aris socialuri Sefaseba, pativiscema an dafaseba, romelic adamians

yvela im Tvisebis gaTvaliswinebiT eniWeba, romelsac sazogadoeba afasebs.

faqtobrivad, socialuri mobiloba adamianis an jgufis statusisa da rolis

Secvlaa. admianis socialuri mdgomareobis gansazRvrisaTvis misi garkveuli maxa-
siaTeblebis codnaa aucilebeli. magaliTad, amisaTvis unda vicodeT ojaxuri
mdgomareoba, Tanamdeboba, prestiJi, warmomavloba, rwmena, politikuri kultura,
erovneba da sxv. erTi da imave socialuri jgufis warmomadgenlebs erTi socia-
luri pozicia aqvT da, Sesabamisad, maTi socialuri mdgomareobac identuria. gan-
sxvavebuli socialuri jgufis warmomadgenlebs, romlebic sxvadasxva rolebs as-
ruleben, gansxvavebuli socialuri poziciebi uWiravT sazogadoebaSi. aqedan ir-
kveva, rom jgufisadmi kuTvnileba da socialuri roli gavlenas axdens adamianis
sazogadoebriv mdgomareobaze.

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 sociologiis Sesavali

sociologebi saubroben agreTve individualur da jgufur mobilobazec. in-

dividualuria mobiloba, rodesac yoveli adamianis vertikaluri an horizonta-
luri gadaadgileba sxvebisagan damoukideblad xdeba, xolo jgufuria mobiloba,
rodesac koleqtiur, jgufur gadaadgilebas aqvs adgili. magaliTad, revoluciis
Sedegad momxdari gadaadgileba da sxv. jgufuri mobiloba, iseve rogorc mobi-
lobis sxva formebi, pirvelad amerikelma sociologma pitirim sorokinma gaaana-
liza Tavis naSromSi: `socialuri mobiloba~ (1927 w.). man jgufuri mobilobis
Semdegi mizezebi daasaxela:
socialuri revoluciebi,
ucxouri intervenciebi da Tavdasxmebi,
saxelmwifoTaSorisi omebi,
samoqalaqo omebi,
samxedro gadatrialebebi,
politikuri reJimis Secvla,
Zveli konstituciis axliT Secvla,
glexTa ajanyebebi,
aristokratul gvarebs Soris brZola,
imperiis Seqmna.
jgufur mobilobas maSin aqvs adgili, rodesac sazogadoebis stratifikacia
transformacias ganicdis. individualur mobilobas rac Seexeba, sociologebma
gamoikvlies individualuri mobilobis ZiriTadi faqtorebi da is mizezebi daad-
gines, romlis gamoc erTi adamiani ufro warmatebulia, vidre meore. aRmoCnda,
rom es mizezebia:
ojaxis socialuri statusi,
ganaTlebis done,
erovnuloba,
fizikuri da gonebrivi SesaZleblobebi,
Sesaferisi aRzrda,
sacxovrebeli adgili,
momgebiani qorwineba.
mobiluri adamianebi socializacias erT fenaSi iwyeben da sxva fenaSi asru-
leben. isini ufro met moqnilobas iCenen garemo pirobebTan da situaciasTan mi-
marTebaSi da, Sesabamisad, warmatebas advilad aRweven.
mobilobis sxva formebs Soris struqturuli mobilobaa gamorCeuli. igi sa-
zogadoebisaTvis xelmisawvdomi profesiebis raodenobisa da saxeobebis cvlile-
baa dasaqmebulTa im raodenobasTan mimarTebaSi, romelTac maTi Sesrulebis una-
ri aqvT. Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi mas Semdegi ZiriTadi faqtorebi ganapirobe-
ben:
soflis meurneobis struqturis cvlileba da menejeruli vakansiebis gafa-
rToeba,
saSualo fenaSi axalgazrdobis nakleboba,
ganaTlebis xelmisawvdomoba.
erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba Taobis Sida da TaobaTa Soris socialuri mobi-
loba. pirveli socialuri poziciebis cvalebadobas erTi Taobis SigniT avlens,
meore ki _ ramdenime Taobis mwkrivSi (mama, Svili, SviliSvili). am tipis monaceme-
bis meSveobiT sazogadoebrivi wyobis xasiaTis Sesaxeb garkveuli warmodgena iq-
mneba.
socialuri mobiloba ori ZiriTadi maCveneblis mixedviT izomeba. esenia mobi-
lobis distancia da moculoba.
mobilobis distancia aris im safexurebis raodenoba, romlebzec adamianma an
jgufma asvla an Camosvla SeZlo. normalur distanciad miiCneva erTi an ori sa-
fexuriT maRla asvla an dabla Camosvla. socialuri mobilobis didi nawili am-
gvarad xdeba. aranormaluri distancia socialur kibeze moulodnel aRmasvlas
an, piriqiT, Zirs daSvebas niSnavs.

211
kaxa qecbaia

mobilobis moculobis cnebaSi individebis an jgufebis is raodenoba igu-

lisxmeba, romlebmac drois mcire monakveTSi socialur kibeze vertikaluri mi-
marTulebiT gadaadgileba moaxerxes.

socialuri mobilobis demografiuli faqtorebi

vertikalur da horizontalur mobilobaze gavlenas axdens asaki, sqesi, So-
badobisa da sikvdilianobis maCveneblebi, mosaxleobis simWidrove. sociologiuri
kvlevebis Sedegad dadgenilia, rom mTlianobaSi axalgazrda mamakacebi ufro mo-
bilurebi arian, vidre asakovnebi da qalebi. iq, sadac Sobadobis done maRalia,
mosaxleoba ufro axalgazrdaa da amitom SedarebiT mobiluria, da piriqiT.
axalgazrdebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia profesiuli, zrdasrulTaTvis _ eko-
nomikuri, asakovanTaTvis _ politikuri mobiloba; fenebs Soris Sobadobis donec
ar aris erTgvarovani. rogorc wesi, maRali fenis warmomadgenlebTan SedarebiT
dabali fenis warmomadgenlebs ufro bevri bavSvi hyavT. amasTan dakavSirebiT Sem-
degi saxis kanonzomiereba arsebobs: rac ufro maRla miiwevs adamiani socialur
kibeze, miT naklebi bavSvi hyavs mas. Tumca, madloba RmerTs, es aqsioma ara aris.
Tanamedrove sazogadoeba sxva tipis sazogadoebebTan SedarebiT mobilobis
maRali doniT gamoirCeva. mis saxes da xasiaTs mniSvnelovanwilad swored socia-
luri mobiloba gansazRvravs. magaliTad, vertikaluri mobilobis SesaZlebloba
sazogadoebis `Riaobis~ sazomad aris miCneuli. miT ufro Ria da demokratiulia
sazogadoeba, rac ufro met SesaZleblobas iZleva socialuri ierarqiis kibeze
Tavisufali gadaadgilebisaTvis. demokratiuli sazogadoebis erT-erTi Tavisebu-
rebac swored es aris _ socialuri mobilobis Tavisufali SesaZlebloba, rode-
sac erTi fenidan meoreSi gadasvlas ideologia, diqtatura, Zalaufleba an sxva
ram ar eRobeba win da mobilobis ganmsazRvrel mZlavr faqtorad pirovnebis in-
dividualuri monacemebi da ganaTleba rCeba.

davaleba:
_ rogor fiqrobT, ra rols asrulebs prestiJi socialur mobilobaSi?
_ moiyvaneT vertikaluri da horizontaluri mobilobis amsaxveli ramdenime maga-
liTi realuri cxovrebidan da jgufSi gaaanalizeT. moyvanil magaliTSi ra faq-
torebma ganapirobes socialuri mobiloba?
_ moamzadeT esei Temaze: `socialuri mobiloba Tanamedrove qarTul sazogadoe-
baSi.~

ZiriTadi literatura:
1. e. gidensi, sociologia, m. 2005. (rus. Enaze). gv. 267-274.
2. b. lutiZe, sociologia, Tb., 2002. gv. 360-363.

damatebiTi literatura:
1. J. fereoli, sociologia, terminologiuri leqsikoni (rus. Enaze). sankt-
peterburgi. 2003. gv. 60-61.
2. a. kravCenko, sociologia, m. 1999. (rus. Enaze). gv. 254-276.
3. n. smelzeri, sociologia, m. 1994. (rus. Enaze). gv. 273-304.
4. q. kalhuni, d. laiTi, s. keleri, sociologia. ilias saxelmwifo
universiteti. Tb., 2007. nawili II, pirovneba da sazogadoeba gv. 300-321.

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 sociologiis Sesavali

sakiTxavi masala
sociologia germaniaSi
evropaSi sociologiis namdvil samSoblod safrangeTTan erTad germaniac
unda CaiTvalos. sociologiis mecnierul disciplinad CamoyalibebaSi germanul
sociologias udidesi wvlili muZRvis.
sociologiaSi pirveli namdvili profesiuli mecnieruli skola Tavisi or-
ganizaciuli roliTa da mniSvnelobiT germaniaSi formaluri sociologia iyo,
romelic mxolod safrangeTSi arsebul diurkemis skolas Tu Seedreba. im droi-
saTvis evropul sociologiaSi kontisa da spenseris mier safuZvelCayrili evo-
lucionisturi naturalizmi iyo gabatonebuli. garda amisa, mniSvnelovani amocana
iyo sociologiis daxsna filosofiis gavlenisagan da misi gamoyvana `elituri
akademiuri salonebidan~ da codnis yvelasaTvis xelmisawvom dargad qceva. SeiZ-
leba iTqvas, rom germanulma formalisturma sociologiam yvela am amocanas Tavi
warmatebiT gaarTva. skolas miekuTvnebian ara mxolod germaniaSi, aramed mTels
msoflioSi cnobili sociologebi da swavlulebi: g. zimeli, m. veberi, a. veberi,
f. Tionisi, l. fon vize, g. Smoleri, a. frikandti. originaluri zogadsociologi-
uri TeoriebiTa da sazogadoebis empiriuli kvlevis meTodologiasa da praqtika-
Si Setanili wvliliT maT waruSleli kvali datoves sociologiis istoriaSi,
riTac germanuli sociologia maRal mecnierul simaRleebze aiyvanes. formalis-
tebi miiswrafodnen mravalferovani socialuri samyaros _ socialuri movlenebi-
sa da urTierTobebis formalizebuli sociologiuri cnebebis saxiT moazrebisa-
ken. maTi sociologiuri koncefcia analitikur safuZvels emyareba (g. zimeli). zi-
melis mixedviT, formaluri anu wminda sociologia individebs Soris urTierTo-
bis formebs Seiswavlis. mas miaCnda, rom sazogadoeba aucilebeli (aprioruli)
socialuri formebisa da maT Soris kavSirebisagan aigeba. zimelis formaluri
sociologiis amosavali `sociaciis~ (socialuri jgufis) cnebaa.
germaniaSi sociologiis fuZemdebelTa Soris gamorCeuli figuraa maqs vebe-
ri, cnobili mecnieri, alfred veberis ufrosi Zma. veberis gardacvalebis Semdgo-
mi droidan moyolebuli ar darCenila dasavluri sociologiis arc erTi didi
warmomadgeneli, romelsac misi gavlena ar ganecados. veberis Sromebi zogadi so-
ciologiis, socialuri politikis, religiis sociologiis, sazogadoebis socia-
lur-ekonomikuri istoriis, meurneobisa da qalaqis sociologiis klasikur naS-
romebs warmoadgens, xolo veberis `idealuri tipebis Teoria~ sayovelTaodaa
aRiarebuli. Tanamedrove socialuri moqmedebis Teoriebi saTaves veberis `socia-
luri moqmedebis Teoriidan~ iReben. veberma gansakuTrebuli roli Seasrula so-
ciologiuri cnebebisa da kategoriebis, sociologiis meTodologiis Seqmnasa da
srulyofaSi.
veberis sociologiuri Teoria oponirebas uwevda marqsistul koncefcias.
germanuli sociologiis erT-erTi yvelaze metad winaaRmdegobrivi figuraa karl
marqsi (1818-1883). marqsistuli sociologiis kraxis miuxedavad, marqsis mTeli rigi
ideebi mainc sicocxlisunariani aRmoCnda, gansakuTrebiT is nawili, romelic sa-
zogadoebis ekonomikur cxovrebas Seexeba. SeiZleba aqedanac iRebs saTaves Tana-
medrove germanuli ekonomikuri sociologia. marqsi sociologiaSi konfliqtis
Teoretikosis (klasTa brZola da revolucia) saxeliTacaa cnobili. veberisagan
gansxvavebiT, marqsi sazogadoebisaTvis materialuri faqtorebis gadamwyvet rol-
ze akeTebda ZiriTad aqcents da, aqedan gamomdinare, kulturisa da istoriis mate-
rialistur gagebas iZleoda. sazogadoebaSi mimdinare procesebis erTi _ ekonomi-
kuri faqtoris saSualebiT axsnam marqsi erTfaqtorian sociologiur TeoriaTa
warmomadgenlad aqcia (veberi ki mravalfaqtoriani Teoriis warmomadgenelia); ve-
beris msgavsad, marqsic ar iyo gulgrili empiriuli sociologiuri gamokvleve-
bis mimarT. am mxriv mas muSaTa klasis problematikis kvlevebi ainteresebda, ris-
visac gamokiTxvis anketebsac ki adgenda.
maqs veberTan erTad yovelTvis moixsenieba germanuli klasikuri sociologi-
is kidev erTi didi warmomadgeneli ferdinand Tionisi, romlis ZiriTadi naSromi

213
kaxa qecbaia

`Temi da sazogadoeba~ sociologiis klasikur naSromadaa aRiarebuli. am wignma

da masSi ganxiluli sakiTxis avtoriseulma gagebam udidesi zegavlena moaxdina
araerT dasavlel sociologze. Tionisis mier SemoRebuli Gemeinschaft-isa da
Gesellschaft-is cnebebs sxva enaze Sesatyvisebi Znelad moepoveba, radganac isini im
droisaTvis evropul sazogadoebaSi mimdinare procesebis specifikuri germanuli
Tvalsazrisis gamomxatvelni arian. saqme Seexeba Zveli wodebrivi sazogadoebis
axal industriul sazogadoebad transformaciasa da mis Tanamdev procesebs, ro-
melzec naSromis avtori didi gulistkiviliT saubrobs. Tionisis gagebiT, `Temi~
tradiciul ojaxTan aris dakavSirebuli da Tavis myudroebiTa da idiliiT aR-
savse soflis cxovrebas aRniSnavs, romlisTvis damaxasiaTebelia Tanxmoba, adaT-
wesebisadmi morCileba, ojaxuri meurneoba da miwaTmoqmedeba, religiuri cnobie-
rebis primati. igi qalaquri civilizaciisagan Zalian Sorsaa; sazogadoebis cneba
ki did qalaqs (Tanamedrove gagebiT _ megapolisi), saqmosnur operaciebs, indus-
triasa da mecnierebas gulisxmobs. am SemTxvevaSi religia sekularizebulia (mxo-
lod samoqalaqo funqciebs asrulebs) da religiuri rwmenisa da tradiciuli
adaT-wesebis adgils mecnieruli azrovneba ikavebs. socialur-fsiqologiur aspeq-
tSi Tems `arsobrivi neba~ (Wesenwille) Seesabameba, xolo sazogadoebas `Segnebuli
arCeviTi neba~ (Kurwille). germanuli sazogadoebis detaluri da originaluri ana-
lizis safuZvelze miRebuli Tionisis daskvnebi fasdaudebel daxmarebas gviweven
amerikuli, inglisuri, franguli da sxva sazogadoebebis Seswavlis procesSi. Ti-
onisis ideebi sicocxlisunariania dResac. sociologiis mimarTulebis nebismier-
ma studentma icis misi saxeli.
Tionisis mimdevari iyo berlinis universitetis profesori alfred firkan-
dti (1867-1953). igi Tionisis mier mocemuli `Temisa~ da `sazogadoebis~ dapirispi-
rebis moxsnas cdilobda, aRniSnavda ra im adamianur urTierTobaTa Soris gan-
sxvavebulobas, romlebic `Temobriv~ urTierTobasTan axlos an Sorsaa. fir-
kandts germanul sociologiaSi sxva damsaxurebac ekuTvnis. kerZod, man 1931 wels
`sociologiuri leqsikoni~ (Handworterbuch der Soziologie) gamosca, romelic socio-
logiuri mecnierebis progresis gzaze, udavod, wingadadgmuli nabiji iyo. firkan-
dti yovelgvari iluziebisagan Tavisufali pesimisturad ganwyobili moazrovne
iyo, romelsac `adamianTa moqmedebis motivebSi gabatonebulma trivialobam~ wa-
ruSleli kvali daaCnia. germanul formalur sociologias male gamouCndnen mo-
winaaRmdegeebic. magaliTad, laifcigeli profesori hans freieri, romelic Tavis
wignSi _ `sociologia, rogorc mecniereba sinamdvilis Sesaxeb~ _ werda: `fenome-
ni, romelsac `sazogadoeba~ ewodeba da romelsac sociologia Seiswavlis, mona-
Tesave da struqturul formaTa ganmeorebad mravlobiTobas rodi warmoadgens,
romelic konkretul-istoriul situaciaTa gareSe wminda formebis saxiT sistema-
Si moyvanis SesaZleblobas iZleva, aramed, uwinares yovlisa, totalur situacia-
Ta Seuqcevad Tanamimdevrobas, romelTa wiaRSi istoriuli cxovreba mimdinare-
obs.~ Tumca h. freiers mxedvelobidan gamorCa sazogadoebaSi arsebuli droebiTi
tipuri formebi, romlebic socialuri droisa da sivrcis miuxedavad meordeba.
miuxedavad kritikisa, sociologiis istoriaSi `formalisturi skolis~ tradicie-
bi ufro gamZle da sicocxlisunariani aRmoCnda, vidre misi mowinaaRmdege Teori-
ebi. Tumca is, rom arc erTi Teoria kritikis gareSe ar darCenila, yvelaze metad
niSandobliv movlenad iqca germanul sociologiaSi.
tradiciulad formaluri, Teoriuli sociologiis progress germaniaSi empi-
riuli sociologiis mniSvnelovani warmatebebi axlda Tan. upiratesad es ukavSir-
deba e. engelis, a. vagneris, a. levenStainisa da sxvaTa saxelebs, Tumca germanuli
sociologiis mamebis rolic gansakuTrebulia am saqmeSi. germanuli sazogadoebis
industrializaciisa da urbanizaciis procesebma dargobrivi sociologiebisa da
empiriuli kvlevebis stimulizatoris roli Seasrules. am mxriv sainteresoa m.
veberis naSromi `industriuli Sromis fsiqofizikisaTvis~ (1909 w.), romelic meTo-
dologiuri xasiaTis matarebelicaa. am droidan moyolebuli dRemde germaniaSi
Zalze popularulia industriuli sociologia. misi cnobili warmomadgenlebi
arian: hans-paul bardti, ernst-avgust iuresi, Teo pirkeri, zigfrid brauni, Mal-
214
 sociologiis Sesavali

fred Steberi, fridrix feltci. isini Tanamedrove industriuli sociologiis

fuZemdeblebi arian germaniaSi. ernst engeli statistikis mamis ketles gavlenas
ganicdida. igi ketlesTan erTad 1853 wels statistikosTa pirveli saerTaSoriso
kongresis organizatoria, romelzec xazgasmiT aRiniSna sociologiisaTvis sta-
tistikis aucilebloba. adolf vagneri ki TviTmkvlelobis statistikuri anali-
ziT iyo gatacebuli. yovelive es didad uwyobda xels empiriuli sociologiis
ganviTarebas germaniaSi. am saqmeSi, udavod, mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula 1872
wels germaniis universitetebis profesorTa mier Seqmnilma `socialuri politi-
kis ligam~ (Zmebi veberebi, Tionisi, Smoleri da sxvebi). am droisaTvis empiriuli
kvlevebis centrad germania gadaiqca. `ligis~ mier 1880-1890 wlebSi Catarebuli ga-
mokvlevebi Seexeboda xelosnebis problemebs, safeiqro fabrikis muSa-mosamsaxu-
reebs, vaWrebs, komerciul flots, transports, qalaqis ganviTarebas da im droi-
saTvis saWirboroto mraval sxva problemas (erTaderT gamonakliss industriul
warmoebaSi dasaqmebuli muSebi warmoadgendnen, romlebTan Sexeba bismarkis mTav-
robis mier nebadarTuli ar iyo).
statistika aCvenebda, rom evropaSi industriul ganviTarebasTan erTad muSa-
Ta raodenoba swrafad izrdeboda, rac am axali fenis socialuri bunebis gaxsnas
aqtualurs xdida. am problemebze momuSave sociologebs Soris aRsaniSnavia emil
ledereri da iakob marSaki.
1920-iani wlebidan germaniaSi moduri xdeba profesiaTa sociologia, rome-
lic socialuri stratifikaciis sakiTxebiT dainteresebis Sedegi iyo. gansakuTre-
biT popularuli iyo `klasisa~ da `wodebis~ sociologiuri analizi. am sakiTxe-
bis kvleviT gamoiCina Tavi Teodor gaigerma, Tumca misi pirveli Teoretikosi
maqs veberia, romlis kvlevebma aCvena, rom Tanamedrove dasavluri civilizaciis
mTeli rigi problemebis axsna SeuZlebelia primitiuli da, kerZod, aRmosavluri
kulturis analizis gareSe. germanul sociologiaSi am tendenciis gzaze mniSvne-
lovan Sedegebs miaRwia rihard Turnvaldma, romlis mixedviT, Tavis ganzogade-
bebSi sociologia ara mxolod dasavluri sazogadoebis analizs unda emyarebo-
des, aramed erTnairad unda moicavdes saerTod mTel kacobriobas, misi yvela
epoqisa da teritoriis socialur faqtebs, riTac igi h. freieris mosazrebas upi-
rispirdeboda, romelic sociologiis sagnad mxolod Tanamedrove sazogadoebas
miiCnevda. Turnvaldis proeqti eTnografiuli da preistoriuli (winareistoriu-
li) masalis sociologiur analizs iTvaliswinebda, rasac man xorci Seasxa xuT-
tomian naSromSi `adamianTa sazogadoeba mis eTnosociologiur safuZvlebSi~
(1931-1935). yovelive amiT germanul sociologiaSi kidev erTi axali dargis _ eT-
nosociologiis konturebi gamoikveTa (dRes es dargi Zalze popularulia); Tur-
nvaldi pirveli evropeli sociologi iyo, romelmac specialurad Seiswavla da-
savluri sazogadoebis gavleniT pirvelyofili kulturis safexurebze myof xal-
xTa cxovrebaSi momxdari cvlilebebi, riTac mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana ko-
lonializmis sociologiaSi, rac imdroindeli germaniis egocentruli kolonia-
lizmiTac iyo ganpirobebuli.
1920-1930-ian wlebSi germaniaSi sociologiis ganviTarebaze didwilad moqme-
debda fsiqologiis gavlena, kerZod, didi iyo `xalxTa fsiqologiis~ avtoris
vilhelm vundtis (1832-1920) gavlena, romelmac am Tavisi cnobili naSromiT kul-
turisa da individualuri cnobierebis urTierTobis Seswavlas daudo saTave ger-
maniaSi. aqedan ukve erTi nabijia axal mecnierul disciplinamde _ kulturis so-
ciologiamde, romlis fuZemdeblad alfred veberi iTvleba. kulturis spekula-
tur-mecnieruli Seswavlis magivrad igi misi empiriul-sociologiuri analizis
momxre iyo. a. veberis mixedviT, `kulturis sociologebi evropaSi socialuri da
individualuri faqtorebis axsniTa da analiziT unda iyvnen dakavebuli.~ dRes
kulturis sociologia socialur mecnierebebs Soris erT-erTi mowinavea. amave pe-
riodSi popularuli iyo vilhelm-lange aixbaumis naSromi `genia, sigiJe da dide-
ba~ (1931). igi veneli fsiqologis gustav ixhaizeris Teziss emyareboda, rom `sazo-
gadoebaSi qcevis idealurad miCneul sqemasa (`patiosneba _ saukeTeso politikaa;~
`warmatebis Rirsi niWieria~) da warmatebis faqtobriv meqanizms Soris Seusabamo-
215
kaxa qecbaia

baa, risTvisac aucilebelia, rom miznis misaRwevad gamoyenebuli meqanizmebi ver-

balurad gamoxatul normaTa da faseulobaTagan damoukideblad unda Seiswavle-
bodes. genialoba da warmatebuli adamianebis didebisa da warmatebis saidumloe-
baTa analizi dRemde rCeba sociologebis sayvarel Temad.
nacizmis batonobis periodSi germaniaSi sociologiisaTvis aravis ecala,
amitom sociologiuri organizaciebi daiSala, Sewyda sociologiuri Jurnalebisa
da krebulebis gamocema; daiSala sociologTa germanuli sazogadoebac. germane-
li da avstrieli sociologebi sazRvargareT wavidnen, xolo vinc germaniaSi
darCa, mecnierebis e. w. `neitralur~ dargebs _ eTnologia, folklori, literatu-
raTmcodneoba, demografia da sxva _ Seafara Tavi. rogorc yvela diqtatori, na-
cistebic darwmunebuli iyvnen, rom sociologebze meti icodnen sazogadoebis Se-
saxeb da amitomac maT sociologia araferSi ar sWirdebodaT. Sesabamisad, 1933-
1945 wlebSi germaniaSi axali da RirsSesaniSnavi sociologiuri naSromi, faqtob-
rivad, ar gamoqveynebula.
sociologias erTgvari gamo-
cocxleba germaniaSi II msoflio
omis Semdgom daetyo. 1946 wels
leopold fon vizem aRadgina so-
ciologiis germanuli sazogadoe-
ba. ganaxlda mTeli rigi socio-
logiuri Jurnalebis gamocema. ame-
rikuli sociologiis gavleniT
progresis gzas daadga empiriuli
sociologia. gansakuTrebiT gaaq-
tiurda `sociografiuli~ da sta-
tistikuri mimarTulebani. germa-
nelma sociologebma klasikuri
germanuli sociologiis paradig-
mebis axleburad gaazreba daiwyes.
Seiqmna didZali sociologiuri
literatura, romelic nicSesa da
maqs horkhaimeri da Teodor adorno 1965 Spengleris tradiciebs ar iviwyeb-
wels haidelbergSi da. gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis
mqone faqtia 1930 wels frankfur-
tis skolis Seqmna germaniaSi. misi warmomadgenlebi gasagebi mizezebis gamo 1933
wels amerikaSi wavidnen. am skolas warmoadgenen msoflioSi cnobili mecnierebi:
maqs horkhaimeri (1895-1973, ZiriTadi Sromebi: `tradiciuli da kritikuli Teoria,~
`ganmanaTleblobis dialeqtika~ _ adornosTan erTad); Teodor adorno (1903-1969,
ZiriTadi Sromebi: `negatiuri dialeqtika,~`avtoritetuli personaluroba,~ `musi-
kis sociologia,~ `socialur mecnierebaTa logikisaTvis,~ `axali musikis filo-
sofia~); herbert markuze (1898-1979, ZiriTadi Sromebi: `erosi da civilizacia,~ `er-
Tganzomilebiani adamiani,~ `narkvevi ganTavisuflebis Sesaxeb,~ `utopiis dasasru-
li,~ `kultura da sazogadoeba,~ `goneba da revolucia~) da erix fromi (1900-1980,
`floba Tu yofna,~ `gaqceva Tavisuflebisagan,~ `janmrTeli sazogadoeba,~ `adamia-
nuri destruqciulobis anatomia,~ `adamianis suli,~ `siyvarulis xelovneba~).
TiToeuli maTgani socialur urTierTobebSi adamianuri sawyisis priorite-
tulobas usvamda xazs (integraluri sinTezis Teoria); maTi naazrevi dasavluri
marqsizmis liberalur formadaa miCneuli. isini aqtiurad ibrZodnen faSizmis wi-
naaRmdeg. evropaSi dabrunebili horkhaimeri 1953 wlamde xelmZRvanelobda `socia-
lur gamokvlevaTa instituts.~ am postze igi Teodor adornom Secvala. am sko-
lis warmomadgenelia msoflio donis mecnieri iurgen habermasi. igi sazogadoebis
komunikaciuri Teoriis avtoria, modernis ukanaskneli damcveli da Teoretikosi,
1971 wlidan vaiczekerTan erTad samecniero-teqnikur samyaroSi adamianis cxovre-
bis pirobebis maqs plankis institutis direqtori.

216
 sociologiis Sesavali

XX saukunis germanuli sociologiuri Teoria warmoudgenelia codnis soci-

ologiis erT-erTi damaarseblis karl manhaimis (1893-1947) gareSe. sociologiuri
TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovania agreTve ideologiis cnebis miseuli analizi; XX
saukunis sociologiis korifeebs miekuTvneba agreTve `sazogadoebis sistemuri
Teoriis~ Semqmneli niklas lumani (1927-1998), romelsac 77 wigni da 250-ze meti
statia aqvs dawerili Tanamedrove sazogadoebis mwvave problemebis Sesaxeb. mis
naazrevs udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs Tanamedrove komunikaciisa da mediis sociolo-
giisaTvis. socialur Teoriasa da praqtikaSi sayuradReboa agreTve Tanamedrove
germaneli filosofosis peter sloterdaikis (daibada 1947 w.) moRvaweoba. igi 2001
wlidan karlsrueSi dizainis umaRlesi skolis prezidentia.
dReisaTvis Teoriuli sociologiis sferoSi miR-
weuli warmatebebi germaniaSi empiriuli kvlevebisad-
mi didi interesis fonze mimdinareobs. sociologiuri
gamokvlevebi popularulia germaniis mTel rig uni-
versitetebSi. am mxriv gamoirCevian boxumis, bilefel-
dis, bonis, hamburgis, kiolnis, giotingenis, bremenis,
berlinis, mainis frankfurtisa da sxva universitete-
bi.

iurgen habermasi.
dabada 1929 wlis 18 ivniss

msoflioSi cnobili sociologebi

zigmunt baumani
polonuri warmomavlobis Tanamedrove ingliseli sociologi. lidsis
universitetis sociologiis profesori. saxli gaiTqva holokostisa da
postmodernistuli konsumerizmis kvleviT. mas ekuTvnis uxilavi, eleqtronuli
sazogadoebis cneba. misi azriT, sayovelTaod aRiarebuli demokratia sxva
araferia Tu ara socialurisa da individualuris konsesusis
xelovneba.LlidsSi misi saxelobis instituti arsebobs.

217
kaxa qecbaia

XV leqcia
Tema: socialuri transformaciebi
termini `socialuri cvlilebebi~ anu socialu-
ri transformaciebi sociologiaSi farTo da viwro
mniSvnelobebiT gamoiyeneba. farTo mniSvnelobiT,
socialuria yvela is cvlileba, rac ki sazogadoe-
baSi xdeba. am SemTxvevaSi socialuri cvlilebebi
sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mTeli rigi ni-
San-Tvisebebisa da viTarebebis cvlilebas gulis-
xmobs. viwro mniSvnelobiT ki, `socialuri cvlile-
ba~ socialur cxovrebaSi _ sazogadoebis struqtu-
raSi, socialur jgufebSi, organizaciebsa da insti-
tutebSi mimdinare xdomilebebis gamomxatveli cne-
baa. am azriT mas ganmartaven, rogorc drois gan-
sazRvrul monakveTSi sazogadoebis umTavresi socialuri institutebis modifika-
ciis xarisxs (gidensi).
TiToeuli Cvenganis cxovrebaze mTeli rigi dinamiuri socialuri Zalebi ax-
denen gavlenas Tanamedrove uaxlesi teqnologiebiT dawyebuli da urbanuli, biu-
rokratiuli da sxva procesebiT damTavrebuli. yoveli maTgani socialur cvli-
lebaTa, kulturuli da socialuri institutebis transformaciis ama Tu im aspeq-
tebs warmoadgenen.
zogadad, cvlilebebi samyaros, bunebis uzogadesi kanonzomierebaa, magram
transformaciebi bunebasa da sazogadoebaSi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebulia. bune-
baSi mimdinare cvlilebebs stiqiuri xasiaTi aqvs da garemoebaTa gaSlis wesiT
mimdinareobs. socialuri cvlileba ki adamianTa Segnebul, winaswarganzraxul
moqmedebas gulisxmobs da gacnobierebuli xasiaTi aqvs. Tumca zogjer sazogado-
ebac ar aris bolomde Tavisufali mTeli rigi gauTvaliswinebeli elementebisa-
gan, rac stiqiurobis niSans adebs calkeul socialur procesebs, magram mTlia-
nobaSi es ar cvlis adamianTa Segnebuli da gacnobierebuli saqmianobis erTian
suraTs. bunebaSi mimdinare cvlilebebi calsaxa da determinaciuli xasiaTis mqo-
nea, maSin rodesac socialuri cvlilebebi adamianTa mravalferovani mizanmimar-
Tuli da Tavisufali Semoqmedebis Sedegia. socialuri transformaciebi adamianTa
aqtiuri zemoqmedebis saSualebiT mimdinareobs. cxovelTa samyaroSi msgavsi ram
warmoudgenelia. bunebis sagnebi da movlenebi cvalebadobis procesSi erTsa da
imave xasiaTsa da Taviseburebebs inarCuneben, sazogadoebas ki TviTcvalebadobisa
da TviTganaxlebis unari aqvs, romelsac ogiust konti sazogadoebis specifikur
niSan-Tvisebad miCnevda.
Tanamedrove sociologiaSi socialuri transformaciis procesis oTxi auci-
lebeli niSania gamoyofili:
socialuri cvlileba gardauvalia: erTi Zveli andaza ambobs, rom `arafer-
Si ar unda iyo darwmunebuli sikvdilisa da gadasaxadebis garda~. Tumca Tanamed-
rove sazogadoebaSi orive maTgani transformacias ganicdis. sicocxlis saSualo
xangrZlivobam sagrZnoblad moimata, aseve icvleba gadasaxadebis sistemac. ameri-
keli sociologis uiliam ogbornis azriT, Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi uaxlesi
teqnologiebis wyalobiT materialuri kultura bevrad uswrebs aramaterialur
kulturas. magaliTad, genuri teqnologiebi ufro swrafad miiweven win, vidre is
eTikuri standartebi, romelTa meSveobiTac maTi regulireba unda moxdes. sazoga-
doeba, rogorc spenseri ityoda, cocxali organizmia, romelic miwyiv icvleba,
transformirdeba, rac gardauvalia.
erTi SexedviT, socialur cvlilebebs winaswar ganzraxuli forma aqvs,
Tumca maTi umetesoba yovelgvari winaswar dadgenili gegmis gareSe xorcieldeba:
industriuli sazogadoeba sxvadasxva saxis cvlilebaTa stimulirebas axdens. ma-

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 sociologiis Sesavali

galiTad, mecnierebi energiis ufro efeqtur formebs eZeben, maSin rodesac sarek-
lamo agentebi gvarwmuneben, rom eleqtrosaqonlis gareSe Cveni yoveldRiuri
cxovreba srulyofilebas moklebuli iqneba. gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom soci-
aluri transformaciebis mTeli rigi Sedegebis winaswar gaTvaliswineba, rogorc
wesi, TiTqmis SeuZlebelia.
socialuri transformaciebi winaaRmdegobrivia: sazogadoebis istoria aCve-
nebs, rom socialur cvlilebebs kargi da cudi mxareebi aqvs. magaliTad, garkveu-
li saxis socialuri cvlileba SeiZleba sazogadoebis romelime fenis an jgufi-
saTvis sasargeblo iyos, magram amasTanave sxva fenis an jgufisaTvis _ saziano
da a. S. transformaciis winaaRmdegobrivi buneba swored amas niSnavs.
sxva cvlilebebTan SedarebiT zogierT cvlilebebs ufro meti mniSvneloba
aqvs: zogierT cvlilebas droebiTi xasiaTi aqvs da, amdenad, naklebmniSvnelovania
(magaliTad, sagazafxulo an saSemodgomo moda), zogierTi ki, piriqiT, xangrZlivi
procesia da metad mniSvnelovani (magaliTad, informaciul sazogadoebaSi kompiu-
terebis gavrceleba da sxv.).

socialuri transformaciis mizezebi

Cveulebriv, socialuri transformaciebi aTasgvari mizeziT xdeba xolme. ko-
munikaciisa da mediis Tanamedrove saSualebebiT dakavSirebul globalizebul
samyaroSi nebismier regionSi momxdari novacia mTels danarCen samyaroSi umal
vrceldeba. socialur cvlilebaTa mizezebs Soris mniSvnelovania gamomgoneblo-
ba, romelic axal socialur realobas udebs safuZvels. gamomgoneblobis Sedegia
in-vitro ganayofiereba da sinjaris bavSvebis gaCena, rac, Tavis mxriv, axal soci-
alur sinamdviles warmoadgens adamianebs Soris sxva tipis, axali urTierTobe-
biT; gamomgonebloba udevs safuZvlad kosmosuri xomaldebis arsebobas, romel-
sac dRes Cven ubralo mocemulobad aRviqvamT, magram SesaZlebelia XXI da mom-
devno saukuneebSi kosmosuri mogzauroba yvelasaTvis xelmisawvdomi gaxdes.
socialuri transformaciis mizezi SeiZleba iyos sxvadasxva saxis aRmoCene-
bi. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania medicinis sferoSi gakeTebuli axal-axali aRmo-
Cenebi, romelic adamianis sicocxlis gasaxangrZliveblad da sxvadasxva saxis
mwvave daavadebebis winaaRmdeg aris mimarTuli.
socialuri cvlilebebis gamomwvevi SeiZleba iyos agreTve difuzia anu sa-
qonlis, produqciis, adamianebisa da informaciis erTi kulturidan meoreSi gada-
adgileba. am mosazrebas iziarebs amerikeli sociologi ralf lintoni. mis mixed-
viT, yovel kulturaSi moipoveba sxva kulturaTa gavlenis Sedegebi. magaliTad,
abreSumi aRmosavluri da aziuri movlenaa, saaTebi _ evropuli da a. S.
socialur cvlilebaTa potenciuri agentebia vaWroba da migraciuli proce-
sebi. magaliTad, aSS-is kultura evropidan emigrirebuli adamianebis Seqmnilia.
Tavis mxriv, mTels msoflioSi gavrcelebuli Cizburgerebi, hip-hopi da samagis-
tro xarisxebi amerikuli movlenaa da a. S.
socialuri transformaciis erT-erT mizezad sociologebi konfliqtebsac
miiCneven. am sakiTxis analizSi didi wvlili marqss aqvs Setanili. marqsisagan
gansxvavebiT, vebers miaCnda, rom socialur cvlilebebs ideebi ganapirobeben. amis
sailustraciod man aCvena, Tu ra gavlenas axdens religiuri (protestantuli)
ideebi kapitalizmis ganviTarebaze. socialur cvlilebaTa gamomwvevi da mamoZra-
vebeli Zala, veberis azriT, ideebia. xSirad socialur cvlilebaTa mizezad cal-
keul adamianTa an jgufis warmatebis miRwevis survilic SeiZleba mogvevlinos.
magaliTad, garemos damcvelTa moZraoba, feministuri moZraoba da a. S.
Tanamedroveoba (moderni)
socialuri transformaciis kvlevaSi mniSvnelovan rols Tanamedroveobis
anu modernis cneba asrulebs. Tanamedroveobas sociologiaSi modernis epoqa See-
sabameba. sociologiuri TvalsazrisiT, masSi industrializaciis socialuri
formebi igulisxmeba, romlebic dasavleT evropaSi industriuli revoluciis Se-
degad gaCnda XVIII s-is SuaxanebSi, momdevno 50-60 wlis Semdeg ki _ amerikis Seer-
Tebul StatebSi. sociologebi saubroben agreTve modernizaciis (`gaTanamedrove-
219
kaxa qecbaia

ba~) Sesaxeb, romelic sazogadoebis industrializaciis Sedegad dawyebuli pro-

cesis gamomxatvelia. CvenTvis cnobilma sociologma piter bergerma modernizaci-
is oTxi ZiriTadi Tavisebureba gamoyo:
adamianTa tradiciul gaerTianebaTa dasusteba: p. bergeris azriT, adamianTa
tradiciuli erToba, romelic ojaxis garSemo iyo Tavmoyrili da agraruli me-
urneobiT irCenda Tavs, warsuls Cabarda. aseTi gaerTianebebi SesaZlebelia ax-
lac ki arsebobdnen msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeSi, magram isini socialuri gage-
biT aminds ver qmnian, Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi warsulis reliqtis rols as-
ruleben, amiT isini saintereso sakvlevi obieqtebia sociologebis, eTnologebis,
demografebisa da anTropologebisaTvis. rac Seexeba sofels, dRevandeli sofeli
didad gansxvavdeba tradiciuli soflisagan Tavisi kompiuterebiT, mobiluri te-
lefonebiT, mediisa da komunikaciis Tanamedrove saSualebebiT. ase rom, adamianTa
tradiciuli erTobebi ki ar dasustda, aramed, SeiZleba iTqvas, saerTod gaqra.
Tavisufali arCevanis farTo SesaZlebloba: tradiciuli sazogadoebis war-
momadgenlebs sjerodaT, rom maTi cxovreba sxvadasxva zebunebriv Zalebze iyo
damokidebuli. modernis epoqis adamiani ki cxovrebas, rogorc Tavisufali arCeva-
nis asparezs, uyurebs, saidanac misTvis sasurvels irCevs. bergeri amas individua-
lizacias uwodebs. magaliTad, Tanamedrove adamiani Tavisi cxovrebis stils xSi-
rad icvlis, rac tradiciuli sazogadoebis SemTxvevaSi warmoudgenelia.
socialuri mravalsaxeobis gaZliereba: wina industriuli sazogadoeba so-
cialurad erTferovani iyo, modernizaciam ki sazogadoeba socialurad mravalfe-
rovani gaxada. qalaqebis raodenobis zrdam, biurokratiis gaZlierebam, adamianTa
socialurma Serevam da sxva amgvarma procesebma sazogadoebaSi socialur forma-
Ta da moqmedebaTa mravalsaxeobis gazrda gamoiwvia.
momavalze orientireba da drois faqtoris gaZliereba: Tuki adre adamiane-
bi warsulze iyvnen orientirebulni, Tanamedrove epoqaSi orientiri momavalia.
momavalze orientacia efeqtur moqmedebas gulisxmobs, efeqturi moqmedeba ki
drois faqtors aZlierebs. Tanamedrove adamians yvelaferi wamebsa da wuTebSi
aqvs gaTvlili, radganac `dro fulia.~ modernizaciis xarisxs bergeri saaTiani
adamianebis ricxviT zomavs. modernistul sazogadoebaSi, bergeris TqmiT, bavSveb-
sac ki ukeTiaT saaTebi.
modernizaciasTan CvenTvis, rogorc sociologebisaTvis, erT-erTi yvelaze
mniSvnelovani faqtia dakavSirebuli. evropu-
li sazogadoebis modernizaciis pirmSoa sa-
zogadoebis Semswavleli mecniereba _ socio-
logia. sociologia Tavis warmoSobas swo-
red am procesebs unda umadlodes. pirveli
evropeli da amerikeli sociologebi moder-
nistuli sazogadoebis analiziT iyvnen daka-
vebuli. am saxiT sociologias manamde ana-
logi ar gaaCnia da amitomac unikalur mov-
lenas warmoadgens.
sazogadoebis gaTanamedroveobis proce-
sis sxva maxasiaTeblebze mianiSnebdnen soci-
ologiis klasikosebi: ferdinand Tionisi _
erTobis dakargvaze, maqs veberi _ sazogadoe-
herbert markuze (1893-1979) bis racionalizaciaze, emil diurkemi _ Sro-
mis danawilebaze, karl marqsi _ socialur
konfliqtze. Tuki TiToeuli maTganis amosaval debulebebs gaviTvaliswinebT, ma-
Sin modernizacia axali tipis _ masobrivi sazogadoebis cnebas SegviZlia davu-
kavSiroT. masobrivia sazogadoeba, sadac biurokratiisa da mrewvelobis ganviTa-
rebis Sedegad tradiciuli socialuri kavSirebi SezRudulia, xolo socialur
cxovrebas masobrivi xasiaTi aqvs, rac imas niSnavs, rom usamnod gaizarda Cveni
yoveldRiuri cxovrebis masStabebi, adamiani upirovno masis wevri gaxda, anu gama-
sobrivda. tradiciuli sazogadoebis modernulad gardaqmna socialuri tran-
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 sociologiis Sesavali

sformaciis procesis maCvenebelia, romelic kidev ufro win miiwevs da modernul

sazogadoebas postmodernulad aqcevs.
sazogadoebis modernizaciis process, romelsac veberi racionalizacias
uwodebda, ukritikod ar iRebs frankfurtis sociologiuri skolis warmomadgene-
li herbert markuze.
misi azriT, Tanamedrove sazogadoeba racionaluri ki ara, iracionaluria,
radganac mas adamianTa umravlesobis moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofileba ar SeuZlia
(markuzes mxedvelobaSi aqvs SimSili, rogorc globaluri probleba). garda amisa,
teqnikis srulyofam adamians sakuTar cxovrebaze kontroli daakargvina, radga-
nac Zalauflebam im profesiul jgufebSi moiyara Tavi, romlebmac Tanamedrove
teqnologiebis marTva ician. igi uaryofda mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom Tanamed-
roveobis globalur problemebs teqnologiebi agvareben da amis sapirispirod am-
tkicebda, rom, piriqiT, teqnologiebi axal-axal problemebs qmnian.
Tanamedroveobas adamiani yovelTvis progresTan, winsvlasTan akavSirebs. Sesa-
bamisad, stabiluroba aRiqmeba, rogorc uZraoba, magram sxvadasxva kulturaSi
progresis sxvadasxva gageba arsebobs. tradiciul kulturaSi Tanamedroveoba su-
lac ar niSnavs progress. garda amisa, rogorc wesi, progresSi teqnikur progress
moiazreben xolme, romelic yovelTvis sasikeTo gavlenas ver axdens sazogadoeba-
sa da adamianze. teqnikur progress adamianTa umravlesoba yvela epoqaSi eWvis Tva-
liT uyurebda. magaliTad, avtomobilma da telefonma Tumca gaaadvila gadaadgi-
leba, magram amasTanave sakuTar sacxovrebelTan tradiciuli kavSiri daarRvia.
asea kompiuteric, romlis meSveobiTac msoflios sxvadasxva adgilas myof adamia-
nebTan myardeba kontaqti, maSin rodesac sakuTar mezobelsa da axlobels xar mow-
yvetili da urTierToba ar gaqvs. erTi sityviT, samyaro, romelSic Cven vimyofebiT,
swrafad transformirebadi realobaa. igi transformaciis arnaxuli tempebiT gamo-
irCeva. swored arnaxulma socialurma transformaciebma mogvca postTanamedrove
anu postmodernistul sazogadoebaze yuradRebis gamaxvilebis saSualeba.
postTanamedroveoba (postmoderni)
Tuki industriulma revoluciam modernis epoqas daudo saTave, informaci-
ulma eram postmodernis epoqa da postmodernuli anu postTanamedrove sazogado-
eba warmoSva. dasavleli sociologebi postmodernulad moixsenieben im socia-
lur formebs, romlebic industriulis Semdgomi anu postindustriuli sazoga-
doebisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli.
termin `postmodernis~ zusti Sinaarsi dRemde cxare kamaTis sagania. igi ar-
qiteqturidan Semovida (amerikelma arqiteqturis Teoretikosma jenqsma 1976 wels
Semoitana). sociologiaSi postmoderni im mdgomareobas aRniSnavs, romelic Tana-
medroveobis Semdgomi periodis sazogadoebas axasiaTebs. cnobili frangi moaz-
rovne Jan-fransua liotari, romelmac 1979 wels postmodernizmis cneba Semoitana,
Semdegnairad aRwers postTanamedrove, postklasikuri epoqis anu, rogorc TviTon
uwodebs, `postmodernul mdgomareobaSi~ myofi adamianis yoveldRiur cxovrebas:
`radioSi usmenen regis; kinoSi vesterns uyureben; lanCze `makdonaldsSi~ midian,
xolo sadiloben adgilobrivi samzareulos restornebSi; tokioSi frangul suna-
mos xmaroben da retros stilis tansacmels icvamen honkongSi.~
msgavsi situaciis naxva msoflios nebismier wertilSia SesaZlebeli, rac ad-
re warmoudgeneli ram iyo. es yovelive Tanamedrove transformirebadi sazogadoe-
bis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebia, rac cxovrebis sruliad axal stilsa da strategi-
as, TamaSis axal wesebs sTavazobs adamianebs.
nicSes Semdgomi droidan _ `RmerTis sikvdilidan~ moyolebuli _ postmoder-
nul sazogadoebaSi religiuri eTika sxvadasxvagvari alternativebiT Seicvala.
realobas Caenacvla virtualuri, hiperrealoba. adamiani mis mier Seqmnili hiper-
realobis zedapirze motivtive virtualur arsebad gadaiqca, romelic yofierebis
siRrmeebs erideba. Cveulebrivi kulturuli praqtika gaxda turizmi, rogorc rea-
lobidan gaqcevisa da simulaciis simbolo. Semecnebis tradiciulma praqtikam
momxmareblur sazogadoebaSi ukana planzea gadaiwia da moduri gaxda emociuri
licenziis ganaTleba, romlis lozungia `akeTe is, rac gsurs.~ inteleqtualTa
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kaxa qecbaia

mdgomareobam transformacia ganicada da mwerali, filosofosi, moazrovne Secva-

la eqspertma. postmodernis epoqam tradiciul sazogadoebaSi did pativSi myof
inteleqtualebs yvelaferi waarTva. isini ufunqciod darCnen. liotaris azriT,
ukanaskneli didi inteleqtuali Jan-pol sartri iyo. mis erT-erT wigns aseTi sa-
xeli aqvs _ `inteleqtualis saflavi,~ riTac is ambobs, rom postmodernma, tradi-
ciuli gagebiT, inteleqtualebi daasaflava. maTi dro wavida!
am tipis sazogadoebis wevrTa mizani nebismieri saSua-
lebebiT profesiuli da personaluri warmatebis mopove-
baa. ganaTlebis sistemac amisaTvis saWiro unarebis gamomu-
Savebazea orientirebuli. misTvis niSandoblivia karnava-
luri, sanaxaobrivi kultura. klasikuri gagebiT, es efeme-
ruli kulturaa, romelSic wamyvan rols masmedia da rek-
lama asrulebs. aq yvela da yvelaferi Teatralizebulia,
gansakuTrebiT politikuri cxovreba, romelic Tavisi
transformaciiT tradiciuli azrovnebisa da gemovnebis
mqone adamianTa reaqcias iwvevs. politika am SemTxvevaSi
ganixileba ara rogorc adamianis aqtiuri da seriozuli
saxelmwifoebrivi saqmianoba, aramed rogorc xmauriani sa-
naxaoba, emociuri gantvirTvis adgili, seriozulobisa da
araseriozulobis gaurkveveli nazavi. amitom aseT epoqaSi
arc erTi politikuri batalia revoluciiT ar dasrulde-
Jan-fransua liotari ba. revoluciis SemTxvevaSi sikvdil-sicocxlis sakiTxi
(1924-1998) dgas, romelic postmodernul sazogadoebaSi fulis, moge-
bis momtani Sous elementia da meti araferi. es yvelaferi
im kulturuli paradigmebis cvlilebis Sedegia, romelic `RmerTis sikvdilidan~
(nicSe) iwyeba da sabolood adamianis sikvdiliT (bodriari) sruldeba. bodriaris
TqmiT, realoba anu tradiciuli gagebiT sazogadoeba virtualur sazogadoebad
gadaiqca. amieridan adamiani da sazogadoeba mxolod virtualur sivrceSi arse-
bobs realurad. am virtualur sivrces ki Tanamedrove teqnologiebi qmnian. yve-
laze intimurma cxovrebiseulma movlenebmac ki transformacia ganicades, magali-
Tad, seqsma. hipersazogadoebaSi adamianebi kmayofilebas virtualuri seqsiT iRe-
ben da es miaCniaT realobad. anu namdvili sinamdvile Secvala misma virtualurma
oreulma. amieridan adamiani da sazogadoeba simulirebulia. am yvelafers bodri-
ari adamianisa da sazogadoebis sikvdils uwodebs. bodriaris TqmiT, postmoder-
nuli transformacia ganicada sociologiamac. Tu klasikuri gagebiT sazogadoeba
ar aris da mis nacvlad postsazaogadoeba gvaqvs, maSin klasikuri gagebiT socio-
logiamac amowura Tavisi Tavi da mis adgilas postsociologia unda iyos.
postmodernze saubari rom ar gagvigrZeldes, mokled aRvniSnoT is ZiriTadi
niSnebi, riTac postmodernistuli sazogadoeba gansxvavdeba modernulisagan (pos-
tmodernis Sesaxeb ki safuZvliani saubari sociologiis mimarTulebis studentebTan
calke disciplinis `postmodernistuli sociologiuri Teoriebis~ leqciebze gag-
rZeldeba):
Tanamedroveobam umTavresi problemebis mogvareba ver moaxerxa: modernis
epoqam arc erTi misi dapireba ar Seusrula adamianebs da imedebi gaucrua.
piriqiT, ufro imata SimSilma da siRaribem. postmoderni aravis arafers ar
hpirdeba. adamianebma yoveldRiuri cxovrebiT unda icxovron.
progresis manaTobeli `Suqis~ Caqroba: modernistuli sazogadoebis adamia-
nebi warsulSi iyurebian da iq eZeben saimedo momavals. postmodernis Sem-
TxvevaSi adamianebi msgavsi optimizmiT ar gamoirCevian. isini realurad afa-
seben Seqmnil viTarebas da `progresisagan~ maincdamainc did cxovrebiseul
dividendebs ar moelian.
mecnierebam dakarga Tavisi prioriteti; is ukve kiTxvebze pasuxs aRar iZleva:
postmodernistebis azriT, mecnierebam verc erTi mis winaSe dasaxuli amoca-
na ver gadawyvita. is WeSmaritebis miRwevas dahirda adamianebs, rac ver Seas-
rula. postmodernistebis azriT, `didi naraciebis~ (monaTxrobebis) dro wa-
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 sociologiis Sesavali

vida. rac Seexeba obieqtur realobasa da WeSmaritebas, aseTi ram saerTod

ar arsebobs. WeSmariteba modernistuli sazogadoebis qimera iyo, romelic
postmodernSi ar arsebobs. postmoderni WeSmaritebaTa simravleze akeTebs
aqcents, xolo rac Seexeba realobas, igi `socialuri konstruqciis~ ekviva-
lentia.
kulturul uTanxmoebaTa gaZliereba: Tanamedroveoba tolerantobisa da so-
lidarobis era unda gamxdariyo, magram man amasac ver miaRwia, amitom pos-
tmodernma igi iseTi sakiTxebiT Caanacvla, rogoricaa socialuri samar-
Tlianoba, seqsualuri da aTasi sxvadasxva juris umciresobebis uflebaTa
dacva da a. S. anu xeli Seuwyo kulturul uTanxmoebaTa gaZlierebas.
socialuri institutebis transformacia: postmodernistul sazogadoebaSi
transformacias ganicdis TiTqmis yvela socialuri instituti. magaliTad,
politika iqceva trans da postpolitikad, ojaxi _ trans ojaxad da a. S.
postmodernistul ojaxs erTi konkretuli, gamokveTili saxe ara aqvs. aq
adamianebs ojaxuri cxovrebis axal-axali variantebidan maTTvis sasurve-
lis amorCevis sruli Tavisufleba aqvT.
rogorc vxedavT, modernma adamianebs imedebi gaucrua, xolo postmodernma
axali araferi SesTavaza, rac imas niSnavs, rom Cven winaSe socialuri sinamdvile
kvlav mravalucnobian amocanad rCeba, romelic kdev ufro metad aRZravs mis mi-
marT momavali Taobebis interess. erTi ram ki savsebiT cxadi da garkveulia: Ta-
namedrove sazogadoebis mtkivneul problemaTa mogvareba sociologiis codnis
gareSe SeuZlebelia. amasTanave gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom socialuri stransfor-
macia ganviTarebas ar gulisxmobs.

davaleba:
_SeadareT erTmaneTs modernisa da postmodernis sazogadoebebi. ra gansxvavebaa
maT Soris?
_socialuri transformaciis mizezebidan romeli migaCniaT umTavresad da ratom?
_Tanamedrove sazogadoebis daxasiaTebaSi sociologiis romel klasikoss (Tio-
nisi, veberi, diurkemi, marqsi) eTanxmebiT da ratom?
_moiyvaneT kulturis postmodernistuli transformaciis magaliTebi da jguf-
Si imsjeleT maT Sesaxeb.
_moamzadeT saprezentacio Tema: `qarTuli sazogadoebis postmodernistuli
transformacia.~

ZiriTadi literatura:
1. e. gidensi, sociologia, m. 2005. (rus. Enaze). gv. 55-77, 579-578.
2. b. lutiZe, sociologia, Tb., 2002. gv. 389-408.
3. a. yulijaniSvili, kulturis Teoria. Tb., 2009. marginaluri kultura gv.
252-254; postmodernuli kultura. 300-302.
4. e. kodua, kulturis sociologia. Tb., 2001. gv. 157-184.
5. d. zaqaraia, postindustriuli _ informaciuli sazogadoeba (problemebi). Tb.,
2006. gv. 5-30.

damatebiTi literatura:
1. j. masionisi, sociologia, m. 2004. (rus. Enaze). gv. 716-745.
2. -, . , 2001. gv.56-59. 79-91. 342-351. 570-
581.
3. . . gv. 791-810.
4. fridrix nicSe, ese ityoda zaratustra, Tb., 1993. gv. 244-275.
5. J. bodriari, amerika (internet versia).
6. J. bodriari, omis pornografia, kr. `sociologiuri etiudebi,~ Tb., 2010.
gam. `universali.~ (Targmna eka lekiSvilma).
7. g. zimeli, sociologia (internet versia).
8. f. fukuiama, istoriis dasasruli da ukanaskneli adamiani, Tb.,1999. gv. 295-320.
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kaxa qecbaia

virtualuri samyaros ucnaurobani

internetSi aravin ar icis, kata var, ZaRli Tu adamiani.

***
`adamianTa urTierTgagebis saidumlo imaSi mdgomareobs, rom maT hqondeT
unari, sakiTxs sxva adamianebis TvaliT Sexedon da igi sakuTari da sxvisi
inetresebis gaTvaliswinebiT gadawyviton.~
henri fordi

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 sociologiis Sesavali

sakiTxavi masala
sociologia amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi
adreuli periodi
Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom, Tanamedrove gagebiT, sociologiis samSoblo
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebia. sociologiis evropeli klasikosebis Semdgomi
droidan moyolebuli aSS sociologiis namdvil meqad iqca. amerikeli sociolog
jorj ritceris azriT, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi sociologiis, rogorc mec-
nierebis, dabadebis zusti daTariReba Zalze Znelia, Tumca faqtia, rom jer kidev
1885 wels oberlinSi socialuri problemebisadmi miZRvnili specialuri kursi
arsebobda. arc kontis mier SemoRebuli termini _ `sociologia~ yofila ucxo
amerikelebisaTvis. 1854 wels mas iyenebda jorj fichiu, xolo uiliam grehem sam-
nerma 1873 wels ielSi socialur mecnierebaTa kursi SemoiRo. XIX saukunis 80-ia-
ni wlebidan amerikis universitetebSi gaCnda kursi saxelwodebiT `sociologia.~
1889 wels sociologiis erT-erTi pirveli ganyofileba kanzasis universitetSi
albion smolis mier iqna SemoRebuli, romelic 1892 wels Cikagos universitetSi
gadavida da iq daafuZna analogiuri ganyofileba. ase Caeyara safuZveli e. w. `Ci-
kagos skolas,~ romelsac am droidan II msoflio omamde amerikul sociologiaSi
wamyvani poziciebi ar dauTmia. amerikuli sociologiis adreuli periodis warmo-
madgenlebi politikuri liberalizmiT xasiaTdebian. am periodis sociologiuri
Teoriebi konceptualur safuZvlebs qmnian pirovnebis Tavisuflebis, misi keTil-
dReobisa da sazogadoebis progresisaTvis.
amerikaSi pirveli sociologiuri naSromebis gamoCenis droidan _ 1854 wli-
dan dRemde amerikuli sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi arc erTi iseTi faqti Tu movle-
na ar yofila, romelic sociologiis yuradRebis gareSe darCeniliyo. mTels
msoflioSi amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi albaT erTaderTi qveyanaa, sadac yvela-
ze metad ician sociologiis fasi, misi roli da mniSvneloba sazogadoebisaTvis.
amerikelma sociologebma imTaviTve aiRes kursi socialur problemaTa mecnieru-
li Seswavlis gziT gadawyvetis mimarTulebiT. sociologiis klasikosebidan ad-
reul amerikul sociologiaze herbert spensers hqonda didi gavlena. am droisaT-
vis socialuri darvinizmis didi warmomadgeneli uiliam grehem samneri (1840-1910)
iyo, romelic sakuTar Teorias spenseris msgavsad darvinizmze amyarebda da adami-
anisa da mis garemomcvel garemos Soris konfliqtze amaxvilebda yuradRebas, mi-
iCnevda, rom am tipis garemoSi warmatebas mxolod Zlierebi aRweven, sustebi ki
warumateblobisaTvis arian ganwiruli. `im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki ar mogvwons is, rom
Zlieri gadarCeba, maSin Cven mxolod erTaderTi SesaZlebeli alternativaRa
gvrCeba mxolod, _ vaswavloT sustebs gadarCenis gzebi.~ msgavsi Teoriuli siste-
ma aSS-Si kapitalizmis ganviTarebas Seesabameboda. amerikeli sociologebis az-
riT, uiliam samneris sociologiuri koncefcia kapitalizmisaTvis konkurentuli
garemos SenarCunebis mcdeloba iyo.
samners ar eyo Zala sociologiuri skolis Camosayalibeblad. aseTi ram mog-
vianebiT Cikagos universitetSi moxda. rac Seexeba samners, miuxedavad popularo-
bisa, romliTac is im droisaTvis sargeblobda, dRes misi saxeli sociologiis
istorikosebma Tu ician mxolod. samnerTan erTad socialuri darvinizmis warmo-
madgenelia leter uordi (1841-1913), oRond ara radikaluri warmomamdgeneli. igi
imdenad popularuli iyo, rom 1906 wels niu-iorkis universitetTan Seqmnili `ame-
rikuli sociologiuri sazogadoebis~ (American Sociological Society) pirvel preziden-
tad airCies, romelsac gardacvalebamde edga saTaveSi. sociologTa es gaerTiane-
ba dResac wamyvan rols TamaSobs aSS-is erovnul-sociologiur asociaciaTa So-
ris. uordi erTmaneTisagan asxvavebda wminda sociologias, romelic socialur
cvlilebaTa bazisur kanonebsa da sazogadoebis agebulebas Seiswavlis, da gamo-
yenebiT sociologias, romelsac mecnieruli codnis safuZvelze sazogadoebis
gardaqmna evaleba.
am periodis amerikuli sociologiis warmomadgenelia torstein vebleni (1852-
1929). igi institucionalur skolas miekuTvneba. vebleni sociologiaSi ekonomiku-
ri mecnierebidan movida. mis sociologiur Teoriaze didi gavlena iqonies kantis,
225
kaxa qecbaia

samneris, marqsisa da klarkis ideebma. igi aswavlida Cikagos, misurisa da niu-ior-

kis universitetebSi. Tanamedrove dasavluri sociologia warmoudgenelia veble-
nis teqnokratiuli Teoriis gareSe (romlis centraluri sakiTxia `biznesisa~ da
`warmoebis~ konfliqti). msoflio aRiareba moutana mas naSromma: `mmarTveli kla-
sis Teoria~ (1899), romelSic igi moxmarebis sociologiuri Teoriis avtorad
gvevlineba. romelime Cveulebrivi nivTis mopovebis individualuri aqti manqanuri
warmoebis epoqaSi ara imdenad sasaqonlo-finansur-ekonomikur operacias warmoad-
gens, ramdenadac `moCvenebiTi moxmarebis~ aqts, romelic sinamdvileSi individis
klasobrivi kuTvnilebis maCvenebelia. individTa mier nivTebis moxmarebas vebleni
ganixilavs, rogorc simboloebs anu moxmarebis statusis maCvenebels. veblenma
Tavisi TeoriiT ZiriTadi aqcenti warmoebidan moxmarebaze gadaitana, riTac da-
savlur sociologiaSi `momxmarebluri sazogadoebis~ Teorias daudo saTave.
torstein veblenis sociologia erTgvari gardamavali rgolia amerikuli so-
ciologiis adreul periodsa da `Cikagos skolas~ Soris, romelic sociologiis
istoriaSi erT-erTi yvelaze metad gamorCeuli fenomenia. Cikagos universitetSi
dawyebuli sociologiuri kvleva-Ziebis (Teoriulisa da empiriulis) tradiciebi
Tavis mniSvnelobas dResac ar kargavs. Cikagos skola araerTi sicocxlisunariani
da aqtualuri sociologiuri Teoriis akvania.

Cikagos skola
Cikagos universitetSi sociologiis ganyofileba 1892 wels Seiqmna albion
smolis iniciativiT. smoli iyo sociologiis pirveli saxelmZRvanelos avtoric
(1894 w.). 1895 wels man daaarsa `amerikuli sociologiuri Jurnali,~ romelic
dRemde iTvleba avtoritetul sociologiur gamocemad. `amerikuli sociologiu-
ri sazogadoebac~ smolis mier iqna Camoyalibebuli. abreviaturis warumateblo-
bis gamo (American Sociological Society, SemoklebiT _ Ass ingl. enaze virs niSnavs), 1959
wels igi `amerikul sociologiur asociaciad~ (American Sociological Association _
ASA) gadakeTda.

adreuli periodis Cikagos skola

smolma didi roli Seasrula amerikaSi sociologiis institucionalizaciis
saqmeSi, originaluri Teoriebis avtorebad ki sxvebi gvevlinebian. aseTia, magali-
Tad, uiliam tomasi (1863-1947), romelic Cikagos skolis adreuli etapis warmomad-
genelia. igi Cikagos skolis sociologiis ganyofilebis TanamSromeli iyo. Tavisi
disertacia man aqve Seasrula. mas msoflio aRiareba moutana florian znaneckis-
Tan erTad dawerilma wignma: `poloneli glexebi evropasa da amerikaSi,~ romelic
dokumenturi analizis meTodze iyo damyarebuli. am naSromma didi wvlili Seita-
na sociologiuri kvlevis Tvisebrivi meTodologiis srulyofis saqmeSi. igi so-
ciologiis klasikur naSromTa ricxvs miekuTvneba.
Cikagos skolis sxva avtoritetuli da gavleniani warmomadgenelia robert
parki (1864-1944). sanam Cikagos skolas Caudgeboda saTaveSi, parki evropaSi zimel-
Tan ganiswavla. masze didi gavlena moaxdina veberisa da zimelis sociologiurma
Teoriebma, romelTac, faqtobrivad, gansazRvres Cikagos skolis sociologiuri
kvlevis problematika, kerZod parkis `fenomenologiuri sociologiis~ ZiriTadi
principebi. parki did dros uTmobda aspirantebTan muSaobas, ramac, bunebrivia, Se-
sabamisi Sedegic gamoiRo. SemdgomSi Cikagos skolis araerTi gavleniani warmo-
madgeneli didad aris davalebuli parkisagan. 1921 wels parkma ernst berjesTan
erTad `sociologiis Sesavali~ gamoaqveyna, romelic sociologiis erT-erT sauke-
Teso saxelmZRvanelod iqna aRiarebuli. Cikagos skolis wamyvani poziciebi didad
Searyia Cikagos universitetidan fiskis `Sav universitetSi~ parkis gadasvlam. saq-
me is gaxldaT, rom parki arasodes ar kargavda Tavis mZafr interess rasobrivi
urTierTobebis mimarT, rasac zed daerTo buker taliafero vaSingtonTan (1858-
1915), cnobil Savkanian sazogado moRvawesTan, parkis axlo urTierTioba.

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 sociologiis Sesavali

gviandeli periodis Cikagos skola

parkis wasvlis miuxedavad, Cikagos skolas gviandeli periodSi erTob gamor-
Ceuli figurebi warmoadgenen. eseni arian: Carlz horton kuli, jorj herbert mi-
di da everest hiuzi. am periodis Cikagos skolis umTavresi monapovari simboluri
interaqcionizmia. miuxedavad imisa, rom Carlz herbert kuli (1864-1929) miCiganis
universitetSi muSaobda, Teoriul planSi misi naazrevi Cikagos sociologiur
skolas miekuTvneba. sociologiaSi cnobilia misi `sarkiseburi me~-s koncefcia,
romlis mixedviT, cnobiereba da socialuri konteqsti erTmaneTis igiveobrivia.
igi midTan erTad uaryofda bihevioristuli midgomis ZiriTad princips, rom ada-
mianebi gaucnobiereblad reagireben garegan stimulebze, rasac `sarkiseburi me~-s
koncefcia gamoricxavs. `sarkiseburi me~ am SemTxvevaSi sakuTari Tavis sxvebis ad-
gilze dayenebas niSnavs, rac socialur urTierTobaTa gasaRebia.
Cikagos skolis yvelaze cnobili warmomadgeneli aris ara sociologi, ara-
med filosofosi jorj herbert midi (1863-1931), romelic simbolur-interaqcionis-
tuli sociologiuri Teoriis klasikuri warmomadgenelia. midma amerikas socia-
lur-fsiqologiuri Teoria aCuqa, romelic didad gansxvavdeba am Teoriis evropu-
li nairsaxeobebisagan. midis interaqcionizmi araerTi Tanamedrove sociologiuri
Teoriis ideuri safuZveli gaxda. am Teoriidan iRebs saTaves, magaliTad, irving
hofmanis `dramaturgiuli analizis~ Teoria, mis debulebebs iTvaliswinebs ha-
rold garfinkelis `eTnomeTodologia~ da sxv.

Cikagos skolis daRmavloba

XX saukunis 30-iani wlebidan, ufro sworad, midis gardacvalebidan da par-
kis gadasvlidan Cikagos skolam Tavisi wamyvani poziciebi daTmo. amerikeli
mkvlevrebi (fred meTiuzi, jorj ritceri da sxvebi) Cikagos skolis dacemis or
ZiriTad mizezs asaxeleben: 1) Cikagos skolam Tavidanve orientacia sociologiu-
ri kvlevis Tvisebriv meTodebze aiRo. parki kvlevis raodenobriv meTodologias
_ statistikas `kabinetur magias~ uwodebda da ver itanda; 2) Cikagos skolas bevri
arakeTilmosurne gamouCnda. isini ver itandnen mis wamyvan poziciebs da alterna-
tiul opoziciur gaerTianebebs qmnidnen. am mizniT 1930 wels Seiqmna `aRmosavlu-
ri sociologiuri sazogadoeba,~ daarsda axali Jurnali `amerikuli sociologi-
uri mimoxilva.~ am procesebs Tan sdevda sxva mZlavri centrebis warmoSoba. maga-
liTad, harvardis, kolumbiis da a. S. simbolurma interaqcionizmma pirveloba da-
karga da ufro organizebul sociologiur Teoriebs dauTmo asparezi, magaliTad,
struqturul funqcionalizms, integralur sociologiasa da sxv.

empiriuli kvlevebi Cikagos skolaSi

amerika empiriuli sociologiis samSoblocaa. am mxriv sayuradReboa Cikagos
skolis sociologTa Rvawli, romlis stili da meTodika individualur da soci-
alur doneze socialuri dezorganizaciis zusti empiriuli aRweriT iyo gansaz-
Rvruli. sociologiis istoriaSi pirvelad Cikagos skolis sociologebma gamoi-
yenes CarTuli dakvirveba, arastruqturizebuli interviu, dokumenturi analizi
da a. S. gansakuTrebiT moduri iyo calkeul saqalaqo gaerTianebaTa kompleqsuri
aRwera, e. w. `SemTxvevis~ aRwera~ _ case study (adamianis qcevis motivebis mikrosko-
puli analizi qalaqis Teoriul koncefciasTan sinTezSi, romelic robert parkma
SemoiRo).
Cikagos skolis empiriuli kvlevebis xasiaTi aseTia:
poloneli emigrantebis cxovrebis aRwera (Tomasi da znanecki), romlis
safuZvelzec Seiqmna `cxovrebis istoriis meTodiT~ dawerili klasikuri
sociologiuri naSromi.
SavkanianTa mdgomareoba CikagoSi (C. jonsoni).
dasavleTSi migrirebuli sezonuri muSebis problemebi (e. maueri).
ojaxis dezorganizacia (r. keiveni).
ebrauli geto (l. vriTi).

227
kaxa qecbaia

qalaqis socialur-teritoriuli stratifikacia, `oqros qalaqi da jur-

Rmuli~ (p. zorbau).
garTobis sociologiuri problemebi _ `Ramis klubebi,~ `fasiani sacekvao
darbazebi~ da sxv. (k. kresi).
organizebuli danaSauli CikagoSi (j. landesko).
`jek-roleri~ anu damnaSavis cxovrebis wesi (k. Sau).
gaficvebi (e. hilaeri).
rusi malaknebis Temi (p. iungi) da mravali sxva.
mTavari aqcenti kvlevis Tvisebriv meTodebze keTdeboda.

feministuri nakadi adreul amerikul sociologiaSi

sociologiuri Teoriebis SeqmnaSi sociologiis aRiarebul da msoflioSi
cnobil klasikosebTan erTad naklebad cnobili an, xSir SemTxvevaSi, ucnobi war-
momadgenlebic monawileobdnen. sociologiis istoria, rogorc wesi, maT naazrevs
gverds uvlis xolme. eseni qalTa sqesis is warmomadgenlebi arian, romlebic fe-
ministur nakads warmoadgenen sociologiaSi. qalTa es jgufi novatoruli idee-
bis SemuSavebas cdilobda sociologiaSi, amitom maTi es mcdeloba ukvalod ar
unda gaqres. maT ricxvs miekuTvnebian: jein edamsi (1860-1935), Sarlota perkins
Jilmani (1860-1935), ana Julia kuperi (1858-1964), ida uels-barneti (1862-1931), mariana
veberi (1870-1954), beatris poter vebi (1858-1943) da sxvebi. jorj ritceri maT mi-
marT uyuradRebobas Semdegi mizezebiT xsnis: 1) maTi naazrevi lokaluri subieq-
turi xasiaTis mqonea; 2) isini ZiriTad aqcentebs qalTa gamocdilebaze akeTeben,
romlis drosac ganze rCebaT mTavari da umTavresi; 3) maTi yuradRebis centrSi
genderuli uTanasworoba dgas mxolod.
miuxedavad am naklovanebebisa, es qalbatonebi mniSvnelovan rols asruleb-
dnen Crdiloatlantikuri sazogadoebis gardaqmnisa da srulyofis saqmeSi, amitom
isini sazogado moRvaweebi da aqtivistebi ufro arian, vidre sociologebi, Tumca
maTi damsaxureba isaa, rom isini sociologiur Teoriebs ara gansjisaken, aramed
moqmedebisaken mouwodebdnen. dRes feministuri nakadi solidur rols asrulebs
Tanamedrove amerikul sociologiaSi. am droidan moyolebuli feministuri Teo-
riebi angariSgasawev Zalas warmoadgenen.

harvardis skola
harvardis universitetSi sociologiis ganviTarebas safuZveli rusuli war-
momavlobis erT-erTma didma amerikelma sociologma pitirim sorokinma (1889-1968)
Cauyara, romelmac aq Tavisi samecniero saqmianoba 1930 wels daiwyo. man gaxsna
harvardis universitetSi sociologiis fakulteti, romlis pirveli xelmZRvane-
lic TviTon iyo. sorokini cnobilia, rogorc `sociokulturuli dinamikis Teo-
riis~ avtori. mis sociologiur Teorias `integraluri sociologia~ ewodeba. mas-
ve ekuTvnis araerTi saintereso naSromi sociologiaSi. igi imdenad mniSvnelovani
figuraa sociologiaSi, rom mis naazrevs dRes gverds ver auvlis verc erTi so-
ciologi. harvardis skolis sorokinis mier mopovebuli damsaxurebisa da didebis
ganmtkicebasa da did simaRleebamde ayvanas Seuwyo xeli sorokinis mier parson-
sis mowvevam. am droidan moyolebeuli parsonsi amerikuli sociologiis gavleni-
an figurad iqca. talkot parsonsi (1902-1979) `socialuri moqmedebis Teoriis~ av-
toria. Tavis mowafe robert mertonTan erTad igi struqturuli funqcionalizmis
udidesi warmomadgenelia. harvardis skolis lideris poziciebze parsonsma Tavi-
si ufrosi kolega sorokini Secvala, rodesac misi Tanamdeboba _ sociologiis
departamentis xelmZRvanelis posti daikava. maT Soris mowafe-maswavleblis gul-
Tbili urTierToba sociologiis korifeebis arcTu keTilmosurne debatebad ga-
daiqca. bolos sorokini iqamdec ki mivida, rom ideebis moparvaSi adanaSaulebda
parsonss.
harvardis skolis cnobili warmomadgenelia agreTve sociologi jorj homan-
si (1910-1989), romelic `socialuri gacvlis Teoriis~ avtoria. homanss ekuTvnis

228
 sociologiis Sesavali

socialuri jgufis sistemuri analizis mTeli rigi amosavali principebis formu-

lireba. masve ekuTvnis idea sociologiuri codnis erTianobis Sesaxeb, romlis
mixedviT, arc burJuaziuli, arc komunisturi da arc sxva tipis sociologia ar
arsebobs, obieqturad sociologiuri codna erTiania yvelgan.

kolumbiis skola
kolumbiis universiteti sociologTa yuradRebis centrad sociologiis kla-
sikosma robert mertonma (1910-2003) aqcia. igi sorokinisa da parsonsis mowafe iyo,
`amerikis sociologiuri asociaciis prezidenti~ (1957 w.), kolumbiis universite-
tis sapatio profesori. igi erTaderTi sociologia, romelic sociologiaSi Se-
tanili wvlilisaTvis Seamkes tituliT _ `MISTER SOCIOLOGYA.~ ganuzomelia mi-
si wvlili Teoriuli sociologiis, sociologiuri kvlevis meTodologiis, Tana-
medrove sociologiis ZiriTadi cnebebisa da kategoriebis, mecnierebis sociolo-
giis, medicinis sociologiis, socialuri struqturis, biurokratiis, socialuri
stratifikaciis, socialuri deviantobisa da sxva araerTi sakvanZo problemis ana-
lizis saqmeSi. igi `saSualo donis sociologiuri Teoriebis~ avtoria. misi Taos-
nobiTa da xelmZRvanelobiT aSS-Si 50-60-ian wlebSi mravali seriozuli da mas-
Staburi empiriuli sociologiuri gamokvleva iqna Catarebuli. Tavisi cxovrebis
bolo wlebSi igi sociologTa ufrosi Taobis warmomadgenlebTan: kozerTan da
blausTan erTad struqturuli funqcionalizmis meTodologiis aRorZinebas cdi-
lobda, romlis meSveobiTac Tanamedrove dasavluri sociologiis xelaxali ga-
azreba surda. igi amerikuli sociologiis erT-erTi yvelaze sapatio da avtori-
tetuli figuraa, romelmac udidesi kvali daaCnia sociologiis ganviTarebas ara
marto aSS-Si, aramed mTels msoflioSic.
robert mertonTan erTad kolumbiis skolis gamoCenili warmomadgenlebi arian:
robert morison mark-aiveri (1882-1907), romelic cnobilia, rogorc sociologi da
politologi, man didi wvlili Seitana amerikaSi mSrali empirizmisagan socio-
logiis gamoyvanis saqmeSi, igi socialuri interesebis tipologiiT aris cnobili;
fsiqodramisa da sociometriis mamamTavari _ iakob levi moreno (1892-1974); paul
feliqs lazarsfeldi (1901-1976), romelmac mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula socio-
logiaSi maTematikuri meTodebis gamoyenebisa da danergvis saqmeSi. kolumbiis
skolis warmomadgenlad iTvleba `radikaluri sociologiis~ warmomadgeneli Car-
lz raiT milsi.

empiriuli kvlevebi kolumbiis skolaSi

Cikagos skolisagan gansxvavebiT, kolumbiis skola aqcentebs kvlevis raode-
nobriv meTodebze amaxvilebda. Sesabamisad, aq moxda am meTodebis saboloo daxve-
wa da Camoyalibeba. mniSvnelovania is faqti, rom kolumbiis universitetSi gamoi-
ca amerikaSi pirveli statistikis saxelmZRvanelo sociologTaTvis. kolumbielma
sociologebma gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miaqcies eqsperimentul kvlevebs, rom-
lis meTodika SemuSavebul iqna donald kempbelis mier. zemoT xsenebul universi-
tetebTan erTad saintereso gamokvlevebi tardeba amerikis sxva umaRles saswav-
leblebsa da kolejebSi.

radikaluri sociologia amerikaSi

amerikuli sociologiis TiTqmis yvela warmomadgeneli Tavis Teorias mar-
qsistuli koncefciis alternativad miiCnevda, Tumca amerikis sociologTa wreeb-
Sic iyvnen e. w. radikaluri sociologiis warmomadgenlebi, romlebic sakuTar
Tavs marqsistuli Teoriis momxreebad miiCnevdnen. maT ricxvs miekuTvneba cnobi-
li amerikeli sociologi Carlz raiT milsi (1916-1962), romlis daintereseba mar-
qsiT kubaSi momxdarma revoluciam ganapiroba. swored marqsistulma radikaliz-
mma gadaisrola milsi amerikuli sociologiis periferiaze. kritikis obieqtad
yofnam milsi sociologiis kritikamde miiyvana, rac naTlad Cans mis wignSi `so-
ciologiuri warmosaxva~ (1959).

229
kaxa qecbaia

milsis kritikis obieqti iyo parsonsi (saerTod, parsonsi, misi koncefciis

sirTulidan gamomdinare, imdenad iyo sociologiaSi mZafri kritikis obieqti, rom
sociologTa Soris damkvidrda gamoTqma: `Tuki Sen ar gagikritikebia parsonsi,
Sen ara xar sociologi~). araerTma sociologma parsonsis Teoria milsis kriti-
kiT gaicno. milsi ise gardaicvala, rom, faqtobrivad, gagdebul iqna sociolog-
Ta wridan, Tumca milsis radikaluri mosazrebebi misi gardacvalebidan 10 wlis
Semdeg gaxda sociologiaSi aqtualuri. milsi mebrZoli da Seupovari adamiani
iyo. am Tavisi xasiaTis gamo mudmivi konfliqtebi hqonda kolegebTan. viskonsinis
universitetSi aspirantobis wlebSi misi Tavdasxmis obieqti iyvnen misi maswavleb-
lebi; viskonsinis universitetis sociologiuri ganyofilebis xelmZRvanels ho-
vard bekers `aSkara sulels~ uwodebda. parsonsTan erTad misi kritikis obieqti
iyo kolumbiis universitetis profesori pol lazarsfeldi. milsma sabWoTa kav-
SirSic imogzaura, sadac mas aRfrTovanebiT xvdebodnen, rogorc cnobil antiame-
rikels. amis sapasuxod man stalinuri reJimis mier daxvretili trockis sadReg-
rZelo omaxianad dalia (`im dRes gaumarjos, rodesac lev trockis TxzulebaTa
sruli krebuli gamoqveyndeba sabWoTa kavSirSio~).

Tanamedrove amerikuli sociologia

XX saukunis amerikul sociologiaSi erT-erTi yvelaze gavleniani figuraa
irving gofmani (1922-1982), amerikis sociologTa asociaciis prezidenti (1982 w.),
herbert blumeris mowafe, kaliforniis berklis universitetis sociologiis pro-
fesori, `dramaturgiuli analizis Teoriis,~ _ scenisa da socialuri urTier-
Tqmedebis igiveobis sociologiuri Teoriis _ avtori, `yoveldRiurobis socio-
logiis~ Teoretikosi. Mmisi wigni `yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi sakuTari Tavis sxvebi-
sadmi wardgena~ XX saukunis saukeTeso wignebis aTeulSia Sesuli. Zalze produq-
tiuli aRmoCnda misi dramaturgiuli midgoma empiriul sociologiur gamokvle-
vebSi.
gofmanis moRvaweobis periods daemTxva e. w. `yoveldRiurobis sociologiis~
bumi amerikaSi (XX saukunis 70-80-iani wlebi). am mxriv amerikuli sociologiis
erT-erTi avtoritetuli figuraa alfred Siuci (1899-1959), `fenomenologiuri so-
ciologiis~ mamamTavari. nacistebisgan gamoqceuli Siuci 1939 wels avstriidan
amerikaSi Cavida. misi wigni `socialuri samyaros fenomenologia~ 1923 wels pirve-
lad germaniaSi daibeWda, inglisur enaze ki 1967 wels iTargmna. man udidesi ze-
gavlena moaxdina Tanamedrove amerikul sociologiur Teoriaze. amerikaSi axal-
Camosulma Siucma niu-iorkis `sociologiur gamokvlevaTa axal skolaSi~ daiwyo
muSaoba. ganuzomlad didia misi wvlili ara marto fenomenologiuri sociologi-
is, aramed eTnomeTodologiis ganviTarebaSic. igi edmund huserlis fenomenolo-
gias eyrdnoboda, romelic transcendenturi me-s Semecnebaze iyo orientirebuli.
am Teoriaze dayrdnobiT igi im saSualebebs ikvlevda, romlis meSveobiTac adami-
anebi `aRweven~ sxvis cnobierebaSi. igi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas intersubieqtu-
robaze amaxvilebda. mTeli sinamdvile Siucis mier warmodgenilia, rogorc soci-
aluri cxovrebis _ yoveldRiuri cxovrebiseuli samyaros aspeqtebi.
fenomenologiuri cnebiTi aparatis sirTule miuwvdomels xdida Siucis Teo-
riis mTel rig fuZemdeblur debulebebs. Aigi rTul da Znelad gasageb sociolo-
giur TeoriaTa ricxvs miekuTvneba. Siucis Teoria sxva avtorTa mier daweril
naSromTa saSualebiT aRwevda dainteresul mkiTxvelamde. amasTan dakavSirebiT
sainteresoa is faqti, rom 1967 wels amerikelma sociologebma piter bergerma da
Tomas lukmanma erToblivi naSromi gamosces saxelwodebiT: `realobis socialu-
ri konstruireba,~ romelmac imiT daCrdila Siucis naSromebi, rom masSi socio-
logiuri fenomenologiis didi warmomadgenlis ideebi yvelasaTvis gasageb enaze
iyo gadmocemuli, amasTanave igi harmonizebuli iyo Tanamedrove sociologiis Zi-
riTad paradigmebTan.
Siucis gavlena Zalze didi iyo mis mowafeebze, romelTagan gamorCeulia eT-
nomeTodologiis Teoretikosi harold garfinkeli (daibada 1917 wels), kalifor-
niis universitetis emeritus profesori (gardaicvala 2011 wlis 21 aprils). sanam
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Siucs daemowafeboda, igi parsonsTan swavlobda. amitomac misi sociologiuri

koncefcia parsonsisa da Siucis naazrevis sinTezirebis safuZvelzea Seqmnili.
didi aRiareba moutana garfinkels misma naSromma: `gamokvlevebi eTnomeTodolo-
giaSi.~ dRes es Teoria mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs Tanamedrove sociologiaSi.
TiTqmis SeuZlebelia sociologiis iseTi saxelmZRvanelos povna, romelSic am
Teoriaze ar iyos saubari.
1970-iani wlebidan iurgen habermasis gavleniT amerikaSi Zalze popularuli
xdeba marqsistuli Teoria, Tumca es didxans ar gagrZelebula. sabWoTa kavSiris
daSlis Semdeg marqsizmis gavlena amerikul sociologiaSi sabolood dasrule-
bulad miiCneva. amis magaliTia ronald aronsonis wigni `marqsizmis Semdeg~, sa-
dac naTqvamia, rom `marqsizmi dasrulda da awi Cven sakuTari Tavis anabara varT.~
marqsis ideebisadmi simpaTiiT ganwyobil amerikel moazrovneTa Soris aRsaniSna-
via e. w. `struqturuli marqsizmis ~ warmomadgeneli altiuseri (1918-1990); `ekono-
mikuri marqsizmis~ mimdevrebi suizi (daibada 1910 w.) da brevermani (1920-1976); `is-
toriuli marqsizmis~ warmomadgeneli emanuel valerstaini (dibada 1930 w.). ase
rom, am mxriv problemebi amerikul sociologiaSi jer kidev arsebobs.
am periodSi amerika mogvevlina, rogorc feministuri moZraobebisa da gende-
ris sociologiis samSoblo, rac e. w. `axali talRis~ feministuri gamowvevebiT
iyo ganpirobebuli. kerZod, gamZafrda qalTa moZraoba samoqalaqo Tanasworobi-
saTvis, romelic didi xania, rac amerikis farglebs gascda da msoflio masSta-
bebSi gadaizarda (feministur moZraobas sul mcire sam etapad yofen: I etapi im
periods moicavs, rodesac qalebma arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba miiRes (1921
w.); II etapi XX s-is 70-80-iani wlebia, romelic qalTa maRali politikuri aqtiu-
robiT gamoirCeva, ris Sedegad igi saerTaSoriso fenomeni gaxda; III etapi dRevan-
delobas gulisxmobs, romlis ZiriTadi problema Zaladoba da seqsualur umcire-
sobaTa uflebebia). feminizmis Tanamedrove Teoretikosebs Soris mniSvnelovania
ariadna riCis, nensi Codrous, jesika benjaminis da sxvaTa saqmianoba. amerikaSi
Zalze popularulia feministuri Tematikis Jurnalebi `niSnebi,~ `feministuri
kvlevebi,~ `genderi da sazogadoeba.~ arsebobs profesiuli gaerTianeba `sociolo-
gebi qalTa mdgomareobisaTvis~ da `qalTa kvlevis nacionaluri asociacia.~
amerikuli sociologiis wiaRSi warmoiSva mikrosociologia, romlis gamoCe-
nili warmomadgenelia moreno. morenos sociometria sociologiaSi sruliad
axal safexurad iqna miCneuli. marTlac, fasdaudebelia misi roli mcire socia-
luri jgufebis Seswavlis saqmeSi, rac imaze mianiSnebs, rom zogad-Teoriul
problemebTan erTad sociologiis yuradRebis centrSi mikroproblemebi _ mar-
tiv socialur sistemaTa analizic moeqca.
dReisaTvis amerikul sociologiaSi popularuli sociologiuri Teoriebis
mizania sociologiuri analizis sxvadasxva doneebis sinTezirebiT axali integ-
rirebuli sociologiuri paradigmis SemuSaveba, romlis magaliTia jefri aleq-
sanderis `mravalganzomilebiani sociologia~ (1983w.). misi msgavsi xedva aqvT nor-
bert uils, jeimz koulmans da alen lisks. ZiriTadi problema am SemTxvevaSi so-
cialuri struqturisa da socialuri moqmedebis integraciaa. Tanamedrove ameri-
kul sociologiaSi popularulia agreTve Tanamedroveobis, postTanamedroveobisa
da post-postTanamedroveobis sociologiuri koncefciebi: informaciuli sazoga-
doebis Teoria _ magaliTad, deniel beli; racionaluri arCevanis Teoria; momxma-
rebluri sazogadoebis Teoria da mravali sxva. mniSvnelovani yuradReba eqceva
polikulturul, e. w. Queer Teoriebs (arasasurvel, ucnaur da saeWvo Teoriebs),
romlis problematika seqsualuri umciresobebisa da msgavsi problemebis kvlevaa.
sociologiuri Teoriebis msgavsi xasiaTi didwilad gansazRvravs Tanamedro-
ve empiriuli sociologiuri kvlevebis ZiriTad tendenciebs. Sesabamisad, gaCnda e.
w. `popsociologia~, rodesac sociologiuri gamokvlevebiT araprofesionalebi,
arasociologebi arian dakavebuli. bolo dros momravlda da moduri gaxda ara-
sociologebis mier dawerili teqstebi; gamoCndnen sociolog-publicistebi da
sociolog-Jurnalistebi, magaliTad, r. iakobi, d. rismeni da sxvebi. yovelive es
amerikul sazogadoebaSi sociologiis popularobas SeiZleba davabraloT, magram
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kaxa qecbaia

mTavari damnaSave am saqmeSi postklasikuri epoqaa, romelSic sociologia mudmivi

transformirebis procesSi imyofeba.

sociologTa profesiuli gaerTianebani

aSS-is sociologTa regionaluri asociaciebidan mniSvnelovania ohaios so-
ciologTa asociacia (daarsda 1925 w.), wynari okeanis asociacia (daarsda 1930 w.),
aRmosavleTis (daarsda 1936 w.), Sua dasavleTis (daarsda 1936 w.), samxreT-dasavle-
Tis (daarsda 1938 w.); am organizaciebis msgavsia `amerikis sociologTa asociaci-
is~ kolumbiis ganyofileba (daarsda 1936 w.), romelSic 200-mde sociologia gaer-
Tianebuli. maTi umravlesoba aSS-is saxelmwifo aparatSia dasaqmebuli. garda ami-
sa, arsebobs kidev specializebuli sociologiuri gaerTianebebi. magaliTad, ase-
Tia `socialur problemaTa Semswavleli sazogadoeba~ (daarsda 1952 w.). misi pir-
veli prezidentis ernst verjesis TqmiT, am organizaciis ZiriTadi mizania im kon-
kretuli socialuri problemebis kvlevebisaTvis xelSewyoba, romlebic amerikul
sazogadoebas kritikul momentebSi axasiaTebs. am tipis organizaciebis saqmiano-
bis ZiriTadi sfero mainc sociologiisa da socialuri cxovrebis daaxloebiT
Semoifargleba. analogiuri saxis gaerTianebaa `soflis sociologiis sazogadoe-
ba~ (daarsda 1937 w.), romelic aSS-is fermeruli meurneobis problematikis kvle-
vebiTaa dakavebuli.
saerTod, aSS-Si didad afaseben dargobrivi sociologiuri disciplinebis
kvlevis Sedegebs. ase rom, soflis meurneobis mTeli rigi problemebis gadawyve-
tisas am dargis specialistebi rCevas ekiTxebian soflis sociologiis warmomad-
genlebs. igive viTarebaa qalaqis sociologiis, sportis sociologiisa da sxva
analogiur SemTxvevebSi. gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis centrSia `sociologiuri
kvlevis asociacia,~ romlis wevrebad mxolod gansakuTrebuli damsaxurebis mqone
gamoCenil sociologebs irCeven, amitomac am gaerTianebis wevrTa raodenoba mkac-
rad gansazRvrulia (100 kacs ar aRemateba).
sociologiis amerikuli Jurnali (`American Journal of Sociology~) erT-erTi uZve-
lesi sociologiuri gamocemaa amerikaSi. igi 1895 wels aris dafuZnebuli. gamoi-
cema TveSi orjer Cikagos universitetSi. impaqtfaqtoriani (msoflioSi Jurnale-
bis reitingi impaqtfaqtorebiT izomeba) Jurnalebis reitingSi mas meore adgili
uWiravs. amJamad misi redaqtori Cikagos universitetis profesori endriu ebotia.
ufro adre _ 1967-1973 wlebSi misi winamorbedi C. andersoni iyo.

umTavresi sociologiuri gamocemebi

erT-erTi uZvelesi amerikuli sociologiuri gamocemaa Cikagos universitetis
sociologiis ganyofilebis mier 1895 wels daarsebuli Jurnali `The American
Journal of Sociology~, romlis redkolegiis wevrebi iyvnen parsonsi, sorokini, manhaimi
da sxva araerTi gamoCenili sociologebi. 1922 wlidan CrdiloeT karolinis uni-
versitetSi gamoicema hovard odumis institutis mier daarsebuli Jurnali `Social
Forces~. 1936 wlidan ibeWdeba `American Sociological Rewiew~ _ `amerikis sociologTa
asociaciis~ oficialuri organo, romelic am sazogadoebis maSindeli preziden-
tis j. bernardis mier aris daarsebuli. specializebul sociologiur Jurnalebs
Soris aRsaniSnavia 1953 wels daarsebuli `Social Problems~, romelTanac sociolo-
giis sxvadasxva mimarTulebis warmomadgenlebi TanamSromloben. 1936 wlidan ga-
modis `Rural Sociology~, romlis redaqciaSi moRvaweoben aSS-is sxvadasxva Statebis
soflis meurneobis institutebis TanamSromlebi. aSS-is sociologiur gamocemaTa
nusxa mxolod amiT ar Semoifargleba. am mxriv amerika erT-erTi mowinave qveyanaa
msoflioSi.
amerikuli sociologiis mniSvnelovani wili, rogorc wesi, universitetebsa
da kolejebze modis, romelTagan mniSvnelovania Cikagos, kanzasis, indianis, kali-
forniis, nebraskis, ilinoisisa da sxva Statebis universitetebi, romlebSic 25
aTasze meti sociologi moRvaweobs. maT did nawils (daaxloebiT 75%) sociolo-

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 sociologiis Sesavali

giis pedagogebi Seadgenen. Tanamedrove sociologiis warmomadgenelTa didi um-

ravlesoba amerikelebi arian. ase rom, maTi saxelebi mTels msoflioSia cnobili.
aRsaniSnavia, rom DdRes amerikaSi wignis bazarze sociologiur gamocemebs
mesame adgili uWiravs religiuri da mxatvruli literaturis Semdeg. ase rom, so-
ciologia erT-erTi yvelaze popularuli mecnierebaa amerikaSi.
sabWoTa diqtaturis wlebSi amerikul sociologias (iseve rogorc dasavle-
Tis araerTi mowinave qveynis sociologiebs) burJuaziul sociologiad moixseni-
ebdnen da arasaTanadod afasebdnen. samwuxaroa, rom sabWouri mentalitetis ada-
mianebisaTvis dRemde gaugebari rCeba amerikuli sociologiis mniSvneloba. ameri-
kuli sociologiis namdvil arss yvelaze ukeT momavali, axalgazrda Taoba Cas-
wvdeba, rac yalbi socialuri Teoriebis gemo ar gausinjavs. yvelaze didi gakve-
Tili, romelic ki SeiZleba adamianma amerikuli sociologiidan iswavlos, es pi-
rovnebis Tavisuflebaa. amerikuli gadasaxedidan sociologia gvevlineba, rogorc
Ria _ demokratiuli sazogadoebis Teoria. Tuki Cven gvsurs msgavsi tipis sazoga-
doebis aSeneba, maSin aucileblad mogviwevs sociologiis sferoSi dagrovili
amerikuli gamocdilebebis gacnoba, maTi Seswavla da kritikuli analizi.

SeniSvna:
amerikuli sociologiis klasikuri da Tanamedrove warmomadgenlebis kon-
cefciebs sociologiis mimarTulebis studentebi dawvrilebiT gaecnobian klasi-
kuri da Tanamedrove sociologiuri Teoriebisadmi miZRvnili kursebis mosmenisas,
amitomac am SemTxvevaSi amerikul sociologiaze zogadi saubriT unda Semovifar-
gloT.

M
robetr parki talkot parsonsi
(1864-1944) (1902-1979)

Renowned Columbia Sociologist and National Medal of Science Winner

Robert K. Merton Dies at 92
kolumbiis universitetis gazeTi mertonis gardacvalebis Sesaxeb
avtori: jeison holanderi

233
kaxa qecbaia

cnobili kolumbieli sociologi, mecnierebis dargSi erovnuli medlis kava-

leri robert king mertoni 92 wlis asakSi gardaicvala.

kolumbiis univesitetis gamoCenili sociologi da aSS-Si socialur mecniereba-

Ta sferos erT-erTi udidesi novatori da gzis gamkvalavi _ robert king mertoni
kviras, 23 Tebervals niu-iorkSi 92 wlis asakSi gardaicvala. mertoni sayovelTa-
od cnobili sociologia. Tavisi Teoriuli naSromiT socialuri struqturis ana-
lizis Sesaxeb man sociologTa Soris pirvelma 1994 wels miiRo erovnuli samec-
niero medali.
mertoni manhetenze cxovrobda; kolumbiis uni-
versitetis sociologiis fakultets igi 1941 wels
SeuerTda da msoflio saxeli gauTqva mas. man mas-
Staburi sociologiuri Teoriebis nacvlad `saSua-
lo donis~ Teoriebze moaxdina aqcentireba. merton-
ma ganaviTara funqciis idea da Tavis kolegebTan
erTad safuZveli Cauyara `fokusirebul intervius,
romelic dRes farTod gamoiyeneba sociologiaSi.
mertonma Tavisi araerTi sayuradRebo idea adamia-
nebis urTierTzemoqmedebaze dakvirvebis Sedegad Ca-
moayaliba. mertonis naazrevis logikurobam da Tan-
mimdevrulobam eJen garfildis aRfrTovaneba gamo-
iwvia (sainformacio specialisti). is werda: `misi
naTqvamidan imdeni ramaa absoluturad cxadi da
marTali, rom Zneli warmosadgenia, aqamde ratom
aravin Seiwuxa Tavi da miaqcia maT yuradReba.
1942 wels mertonma yuradReba miipyro, rode-
sac `mecnierebis eTosi aRwera. kerZod is, Tu ra
gavlenas axdens RirebulebiTi orientacia mecnier-
robert k. mertoni Ta qcevaze instituciuri dogmebis pirobebSi. man
daaxasiaTa mecnierebi, rogorc individebi, romel-
Tac aqvT Sesabamisi motivacia da survilebi da garkveuli SiSebic; amdenad, isini
arian yvelaze mouxelTebeli da SemoqmedebiTi moazrovneebi msoflioSi.
mertonis naSromebis Sedegebis mniSvneloba akademiurobis farglebs xSirad
scildeboda.
misi sakmaod gavleniani Sroma socialur struqturasa da anomiaze damyare-
buli iyo frangi sociologis emil diurkemis gamokvlevaze anomiis Sesaxeb. is
cdilobs axsnas, rom deviacia socialuri struqturebis arsebidan gamomdinare-
obs.
kolumbiis universitetis reqtori jonaTan r. kouli 1960-ian wlebSi merto-
nis studenti iyo da mertons ixsenebda, rogorc `bumberazs sociologTa Soris.
sociologiaSi nobelis premia rom yofiliyo dawesebuli, is am premias ueWvelad
miiRebda.
`bob mertoni struqturul-funqcionaluri analizis lideri gaxda sociolo-
giaSi. amasTanave igi im sociologebis lideri iyo, romlebic cdilobdnen iseTi
sociologiuri Teoriebis Seqmnas, romelTa empiriuli Semowmeba SesaZlebeli iq-
neboda, _ ambobda kouli. is iyo STamagonebeli maswavlebeli da ubadlo redaq-
tori. mertoni bevrs Sromobda amerikaSi sociologiis dasafuZneblad da dasam-
kvidreblad. igi did drosa da energias uTmobda studentebTan muSaobas. `CemTvis
is samagaliTo maswavlebeli da damrigebeli, sando kolega da axlo megobari
iyo. misi gardacvaleba me-20 saukunis sociologiiaSi erT did periods asru-
lebs, _ ambobda kouli.
mertoni 1910 wlis 4 ivliss filadelfiaSi daibada. is qalaqis Raribul,
samxreT nawilSi gaizarda, sadac misi ebraeli emigranti mSoblebis (misi winapre-
bi ukrainidan Camosaxlebuli ebraelebi iyvnen) kuTvnili sabaylo-gastronomiu-
li maRazia mdebareobda. dedamisi TviTnaswavli filosofosi iyo, is amxnevebda
234
 sociologiis Sesavali

Svils da urCevda, rom filadelfiis kulturuli SesaZleblobebi gamoeyenebina.

bavSvobisas mertons xSirad naxavdiT karnegis biblioTekaSi, romelic saxlis ga-
zis lampasTan SedarebiT ukeTesi ganaTebiT iyo uzrunvelyofili. mertoni musi-
kis akademiasa da filadelfiis xelovnebis muzeumSi siaruliT tkbeboda.
14 wlis asakSi man Tavisi saxeli _ meier robert skolniki robert merliniT
Secvala, Tumca maleve igi misma megobrebma daarwmunes, rom es gvari Zalze fan-
tastikuri iyo, amitom man misi amerikanizebuli varianti _ mertoni arCia sabolo-
od. misi bavSvoba samxreT filadelfiis jurRmulebSi gansacvifreblad momxib-
lavi da momajadoebeli iyo.
mertoni stipendias templis universitetSi iRebda. universitetis derefnebSi
xetialis dros sruliad SemTxveviT sociologiis auditoriaSi moxvda. misma
myisierma gatacebam am sagniT stimuli misca mas, rom gamxdariyo magistri da fi-
losofiis doqtori harvardSi. mogvianebiT mertoni sociologiis departamentis
Tavmjdomare gaxda tulanSi. kolumbiaSi is 1941 wels Camovida, sadac 5 aTwle-
ulze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi aswavlida. am xnis manZilze igi muSaobda gamoyene-
biTi sociologiuri kvlevis biuros direqtorad (1942-1971 ww.); iyo gidinqsis so-
ciologiis profesori 1963-1974 wlebSi da kolumbiis universitetis sociologiis
profesori 1974 wlidan pensiaze gasvlamde (1979 wlamde).
kolumbiaSi mertoni axalgazrda sociolog p. lazarsfelds Sexvda. isini ga-
nuyreli megobrebi gaxdnen. am wyvilma erTmaneTi SesaniSnavad Seavso, ramdenadac
mertoni Teoriisaken ixreboda, lazarsfeldi ki _ empirizmisaken. 1944 wels maTi
iniciativiT gamoyenebiTi sociologiuri kvlevis biuro daarsda, rac maT Teori-
asa da empiriul kvlevas Soris kavSiris gaZlierebaSi daexmara. maTi erToblivi
kvleva erT-erTi pirveli iyo im gamokiTxvebs Soris, romelic amerikis mosaxleo-
baze radiosa da televiziis zemoqmedebas Seexeboda.
am biuros mier gamocemul gamokvlevebs Soris aRsaniSnavia krebuli `xalxis
arCevani,~ romelic 1940 wlis saprezidento kampaniaSi kenWisyris daskvnebs aanali-
zebs. aRsaniSnavia agreTve pirovnebaTaSorisi komunikaciis sferoSi Catarebuli
gamokvlevebi, romlebmac istorikosi everet rojersi ise aRafrTovana, rom man
`mertonisa da lazarsfeldis sociologiur biuros~ masobrivi komunikaciis
kvlevis `dabadebis adgili uwoda.
1979 wels mertonma miatova swavleba da universitetis specialuri momsaxu-
rebis profesoris tituli moipova. am tituliT kolumbiis universitetis gansa-
kuTrebuli ndobiT aRWurvili pirebi sargebloben mxolod. igi gulisxmobs `spe-
cialur samsaxurs,~ romelsac msgavsi titulis mqone pirebi universitets uweven.
kolumbiis universitetma 1990 wels socialur mecnierebebSi robert mertonis
profesura daaarsa.
mis mier mecnierebaSi Setanili uzarmazari wvlilis gamo mertoni pirveli so-
ciologi gaxda, romelmac amerikeli eris umaRlesi samecniero jildo _ mecniere-
bis erovnuli medali miiRo. rodesac mas acnobes, rom is miiRebda am jildos 1994
wlis ceremoniaze, romelsac maSindeli prezidenti bil klintoni maspinZlobda,
mertonma Tqva: `es jildo met aRiarebas sociologias ufro moutans, vidre me.~
mertoni 20 wignisa da 200-ze meti statiis avtori, Ta-
naavtori da redaqtori iyo, Tumca albaT yvelaze metad
cnobilia Tavisi naSromiT: `socialuri Teoria da socia-
luri struqtura~, romelic mraval enaze iTargmna da 30-
ze metjer gamoica. mis sxva naSromebs Soris Teoriuli
da empiriuli sociologiis araerTi saintereso gamokvle-
vaa aRsaniSnavi.
mertons hyavda meuRle, sociologi hariet zakermeni,
erTi biWi _ robert mertoni da ori qaliSvili: stefani
amerikis erovnuli tombrelo da vanesa mertoni, aseve 9 SviliSvili da 9
SvilTaSvili. misi xsovnisadmi miZRvnili Sexvedra kolum-
samecniero medali
biis universitetis ezoSi am gazafxulze Catardeba.
25 Tebervali, 2003 w.
235
kaxa qecbaia

SeniSvna:
robert mertoni 2003 wlis 23 Tebervals gardaicvala.

mertoni makarturis stipendiis mflobelic iyo, romlis odenoba 500 000 aSS
dolaris tolia. Estipendia jon da qeTrin makarturebis fondis mier aris dawe-
sebuli da nebismieri sferos warmomadgenels eZleva gansakuTrebuli miRwevisa da
xangrZlivi da nayofieri SemoqmedebiTi saqmianobisaTvis. am jildos xSirad moix-
senieben, rogorc `grants genosTaTvis.~ stipendiaze nominirebas anonimurad axor-
cielebs fondis komiteti.

teqstis qarTuli varianti moamzada

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis sociologiis
mimarTulebis studentma eka lekiSvilma

sakiTxavi masala
sociologia iaponiaSi
Tanamedrove msoflioSi im qveynebs Soris, romlebic saTanadod afaseben so-
ciologiis rols sazogadoebis sxvadasxva sferos warmatebul funqcionirebaSi,
amomavali mzis qveyanaa gamorCeuli. iaponiaSi sociologiam did warmatebebs meo-
re msoflio omis Semdeg miaRwia, Tumca sociologiis istoria iaponiaSi ufro
adreuli periodidan iwyeba. am SemTxvevaSi 1878 weli miiCneva aTvlis wertilad,
rodesac tokios saimperatoro universitetSi amerikelma sociologma e. fenolzma
sociologiisa da sociologebisadmi miZRvnili leqcia waikiTxa.
iaponelebma Tavdapirvelad sociologia Targmnes, rogorc `gungaku~ _ mecni-
ereba koleqtivis, jgufis Sesaxeb, Tumca male iaponur enaSi gaCnda termini `saka-
iagaku~ _ mecniereba sazogadoebis Sesaxeb. 1882 wels iaponiaSi iTargmna da gamoi-
ca spenseris `sociologiis principebi.~ imave xanebSi iaponelebs saSualeba mie-
caT mSobliur enaze sociologiis mamis ogiust kontis naSromebsac gascnobod-
nen.
sociologiis istoria iaponiaSi ramdenime etapad iyofa, kerZod, sawyis peri-
odad XIX saukunis 70-iani wlebi miiCneva, romelic pirveli msoflio omis dasru-
lebamde grZeldeba; meore etapi iaponiaSi sociologiis institucionalizaciis
xanaa. igi pirveli msoflio omis dasrulebidan iwyeba da XX saukunis 30-ian wle-
bamde grZeldeba; momdevno etapi ki XX saukunis 30-iani wlebis bolodan iwyeba da
meore msoflio omis dasrulebamdel periods moicavs; meoTxe etapi meore msof-
lio omis dasrulebidan iwyeba da dRemde grZeldeba.
tokios universitetis sociologiis pirveli profesori 1893 wels masaoka
toiama gaxda. amave universitetSi 1903 wels amomavali mzis qveyanaSi sociologi-
is pirveli kaTedra gaixsna, 1920 wlidan ki sociologia savaldebulo sagnis sa-
xiT TandaTanobiT CaerTo iaponiis sxvadasxva umaRlesi saswavleblebis saswavlo
programebSi.
pirveli sayuradRebo sociologiuri naSromi iaponiaSi 1883-1884 wlebSi gamo-
cemuli nagao arugas samtomiani `sociologia~ iyo.
sociologia, dasavluri warmomavlobis miuxedavad, iaponiaSi ganviTarebis
sakuTari gziT miemarTeboda, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom SedarebiT Tavisufali iyo da-
savluri gavlenisagan, radganac dasavluri sociologiisaTvis ucxo iyo sruliad
unikaluri movlenis _ iaponuri sazogadoebis specifika, amitom dasavluri soci-
ologia iaponiaSi erTgvari orientiris rols asrulebda mxolod.
iaponiaSi sociologiis popularizaciaSi didi wvlili miuZRvis cnobil ia-
ponel ganmanaTlebels fukuZima iukitis (1835-1901); kontis ideebis gamavrcelebeli
iyo agreTve cnobili ganmanaTlebeli amane nisi, romelmac didi roli Seasrula
iaponiaSi akademiuri sociologiis formirebis procesSi.

236
 sociologiis Sesavali

1920 wlis dasawyisSi iaponur sociologiaSi ori ZiriTadi sociologiuri

skola gamovlinda: pirveli maTgani kiotos universitetis bazaze funqcionirebda
da Teoriul sociologiur kvlevebze iyo orientirebuli, xolo meore tokios em-
piriuli sociologiuri skolis saxeliTaa cnobili. iaponiaSi sociologiis gan-
viTarebaSi mniSvnelovania agreTve t. tongos (1871-1945) saxeli, romelic tokios
saimperatoro universitetis sociologiis kaTedras edga saTaveSi, sadac 1903
wels iaponuri sociologiis konservatorul-nacionaluri mimarTulebis warmo-
madgenlis tatebes xelmZRvanelobiT `sociologiuri wre~ Seiqmna, romlis bazaze
1913 wels iaponiis sociologiis instituti (Nihon Shakaigakuin) daarsda.
II msoflio omis Semdeg iaponiaSi sociologiis ganviTarebaze parsonsis ide-
ebma iqonia didi gavlena, kerZod misma struqturul-funqcionalisturma socio-
logiurma Teoriam, romelic ganixileboda, rogorc `modernis~ epoqis sociolo-
gia. 1960-iani wlebidan parsonss mimdevarTa mTeli pleada gamouCnda. maTgan ga-
morCeulia tominaga keniti; am droisaTvis TandaTan gamoikveTa iaponuri socio-
logiis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi da dargebi. esenia: koparativistuli sociologia,
genderuli sociologia, axalgazrdobis sociologia, soflis sociologia, qala-
qis sociologia, ojaxis sociologia da sxv. iaponiaSi didi yuradReba eqceva so-
cialuri, eTikuri da kulturuli identobis kvlevas.
dRes iaponel sociologTa solidur nawils `iaponuri sociologiuri aso-
ciaciis~ farglebSi moqmedi samecniero dajgufebebi da kvleviTi centrebi warmo-
adgenen. maT ricxvs miekuTvneba: hitocubasis tokios universitetis globaluri
kvlevebis institutis evropis Semswavleli centri, romelic profesor hitoSi
aokis xelmZRvanelobiT evropul samecniero-kulturul tradiciebsa da novaciebs
Seiswavlis. analogiuri kvlevis centrebia `amerika da islami,~ `evropa evropis
gareSe~ da sxv.
iaponuri sazogadoebis ekonomikur warmatebaSi sociologia did rols asru-
lebs. igi yvela im procesis uSualo monawilea, romelic socialuri cxovrebis
am sferoSi mimdinareobs, amitomac didad popularulia ekonomikuri sociologia,
Sromis sociologia da biznesis sociologia. msoflioSi cnobili iaponuri fir-
mebis, magaliTad, `toiotas,~ warmatebis saidumlo iaponuri sazogadoebis speci-
fikur socialur urTierTobebSi devs, romelic sociologebis gamudmebuli yu-
radRebis qveSaa moqceuli; amitom im firmebsa da kompaniebs, romlebic iaponuri
gamocdilebis kopirebas axdenen, am faqtebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe naklebad un-
da hqondeT warmatebis imedi. sociologiis profesoris dipak lalis TqmiT, iapo-
nelebi cxovrebisagan sul sxva rames moelian, vidre evropelebi, Sesabamisad, ma-
Ti moqmedeba sxva RirebulebiTi orientaciiTaa motivirebuli.
Tanamedrove iaponeli sociologebis usayvarlesi Temaa globalizaciis epo-
qaSi sakuTari identobis SenarCuneba. Sesabamisad, sociologiur gamokvlevaTa Zi-
riTadi rakursi swored am mimarTulebiTaa koncentrirebuli. msgavsi tipis gamok-
vlevebis finansur uzrunvelyofasa da monitorings saxelmwifo axorcielebs.
1960 wlidan iaponur sociologiur literaturaSi Zalze popularuli gaxda
`iaponelisa da iaponuri kulturis Teoria.~ amis magaliTia masimoti saskis moR-
vaweoba, romelic iaponuri kulturis originalurobaze amaxvilebs gansakuTre-
bul yuradRebas. am mxriv sayuradReboa sociologisa da eTnografis ianagita ku-
nios gamokvlevebi. igi zemoT xsenebuli sakiTxis mkvlevar mecnierTa jgufs xel-
mZRvanelobda, romelSic Sediodnen: iaponiaSi soflis sociologiis fuZemdebeli
suZuki eitaro, 1940 wels gamoqveynda misi naSromi `iaponiis soflis sociologiis
principebi;~ socioanTropologi nakane tie (avtori wignisa `vertikaluri struq-
turis sazogadoeba~); sugimoto eiso da ros muri (`iaponuri kulturuli naciona-
lizmis~ Sesaxeb dawerili naSromis avtorebi); iaponuri sazogadoebis struqturu-
li saxis agebis mcdeloba aqvs mocemuli nakane ties, romelic specialurad swav-
lobda stratifikaciisa da mobilobis problemebs. mis mier Catarebulma socio-
logiurma gamokvlevam aCvena, rom nacionaluri identobis miuxedavad iaponiaSi
qsenofobiis safuZvlebi ar arsebobs.

237
kaxa qecbaia

sociologiis fakulteti II msoflio omis Semdeg iaponiis 140-ze met univer-

sitetsa da kolejSi arsebobda. sociologiis popularizacias didad Seuwyo xe-
li 1923 wels daarsebulma iaponiis sociologiurma sazogadoebam, romelic maSi-
nac da dResac Tavis wevrTa ricxovnobiT mxolod amerikis analogiur organiza-
cias Tu CamorCeba. kunio odavas TqmiT, `aSS-is Semdeg yvelaze Zlieri kadrebi so-
ciologiaSi iaponias hyavs~, rac namdvilad ar aris moklebuli safuZvels.
cnobili iaponeli sociologebi arian: tongo takebe; toxokus universitetis
profesori masamito shimei (mis mixedviT, sociologia sinTezuri mecnierebaa, ro-
melic socialuri cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferos urTierTmimarTebas Seiswavlis);
xoseis universitetis profesori bunitiso maumato (`sociologiis safuZvlebis~
avtori); teimo toda (ojaxis sociologiis cnobili warmomadgeneli, ojaxisa da
ekonomikuri mdgomareobis korelaciis mkvlevari); cnobilia agreTve ivaki meseis
universitetis sociologiis profesori, klasikuri sociologiis aRiarebuli spe-
cialisti ovane takeSi.
saintereso samecniero tradiciebi aqvs iaponiaSi mrewvelobis, industriis
sociologias, romelsac 1947 wlidan tokios universitetSi Caeyara safuZveli. em-
piriuli kvlevebis istoriis kuTxiT sainteresoa iaponuri sazogadoebis socia-
luri daZabulobis kvleva, romelic 1951 wlidan dRemde yovelwliurad tardeba.
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis darad, sociologia iaponiaSi Zalze popularuli
mecnierebaa. am mxriv iaponuri gamocdilebis gaziareba, udavod, saSuri sqmea.
dRes iaponeli mecnierebi nayofierad iRvwian msoflios sxvadasxva samecniero-
kvleviT centrebsa da institutebSi, samTavrobo Tu arasamTavrobo seqtorebSi da
sxv. amis naTeli magaliTi iaponuri warmomavlobis cnobili amerikeli moazrovne
frensis fukuiamaa.

***
`roca nicSes zaraTuSTram
brbos ukanaskneli adamianis Sesa-
xeb mouTxro, yvirili atyda: _
`mogvec es ukanaskneli adamiani,
zaratustra!~ `ukanasknel adamia-
nad gvaqcie!~ _ ayvirda xalxi. uka-
naskneli adamianis sicocxle fi-
zikur usafrTxoebasa da materia-
lur keTildReobas niSnavs, anu
swored imas, rasac dasavleli po-
litikosebi gulmxurvaled hpirde-
bian TavianT amomrCevlebs. marTla
mxolod `amaze iyo~ kacobriobis
istoria momarTuli am bolo
aTaswleulis ganmavlobaSi? nuTu
unda gveSinodes, rom Cveni mdgoma-
reobiT erTdroulad bednierni
frensis fukuiama
da kmayofilni ukve adamianebi ki
iaponuri warmomavlobis amerikeli
ara, homo sapiens-is gvaris cxove-
moazrovne. daibada 1952 wlis 27 oqtombers
lebiRa viqnebiT?~
frensis fukuiama

238
 sociologiis Sesavali

sakiTxavi masala
sociologia ruseTSi
cnobili rusi sociologi da istorikosi m. kovalevski ixsenebda, rom ucxoe-
Tidan samSobloSi dabrunebisas sazRvarze Jandarmma hkiTxa: `xom ar mogaqvT wig-
nebi sociologiaSi? iciT Tu ara, rom ruseTSi es akrZalulia?~ es ambavi naTlad
mianiSnebs im faqtze, rom dasavleTisagan gansxvavebiT ruseTSi sociologia didi
xnis ganmavlobaSi akrZaluli iyo; ar hqonda sakuTari dawesebulebebi, laborato-
riebi, saswavlo kursebi, gamocemebi, Jurnalebi da a. S. Tavisufali mecniereba
Tavdapirvelad miuRebeli aRmoCnda mefis ruseTisaTvis, Semdeg ki _ bolSevikuri
da bolos _ sabWoTa xelisuflebisaTvis. simarTle rom vTqvaT, totalitaruli
reJimebi ver itanen sociologias im martivi mizezis gamo, rom diqtaturis piro-
bebSi aravis ainteresebs sxvisi (sazogadoebrivi) azrebisa da Sexedulebebis Ses-
wavla. sociologia ruseTSi mtrul damokidebulebaSi imyofeboda xelisuflebe-
bis mxridan. ruseTSi rom sociologiis ganviTarebisaTvis xelsayreli pirobebi
yofiliyo, iqidan ar gaasaxlebdnen msoflio donis sociologs, harvardis univer-
sitetSi sociologiis fakultetis damaarsebel pitirim sorokins, romelic dRes
xelaxla aRmoaCines ruseTSi; Tumca ramdenic unda ilaparakon, dRes sorokini
amerikuli sociologiuri skolis warmomadgenlad aris miCneuli. xelisuflebis
mxridan arakeTilmosurne damokidebulebis miuxedavad, sociologiisadmi interesi
rusuli sazogadoebis ganaTlebul fenaSi ar ganelebula.
1907 wels ruseTSi, peterburgSi cnobilma mecnierma v. bexterevma pirveli Ta-
visufali saswavlo-samecniero dawesebuleba `fsiqo-nevrologiuri instituti~ da-
aarsa, sadac 1908 wels cnobilma sociologebma m. kovalevskim da e. de robertim
ruseTis imperiaSi sociologiis pirveli kaTedra daaarses. swored aq swavlob-
dnen p. sorokini da n. kondratievi. im droisaTvis 160-milionian qveyanaSi es soci-
ologiis erTaderTi kaTedra iyo. sociologiisadmi uaryofiTi damokidebuleba
ruseTSi kidev didxans gagrZelda. 20-iani wlebidan sociologiisadmi interesi
TiTqos gaizarda, rasac 1918 wels petrogradisa da iaroslavlis universitetebSi
sociologiis kaTedrebis daarseba adasturebs, xolo 1920 wels petrogradis uni-
versitetSi mowveuli profesoris pitirim sorokinis TaosnobiT sociologiis fa-
kultetic gaixsna, sadac saxelovanma mecnierma mxolod 1922 wlamde, ruseTidan
gandevnamde imuSava.
mkvlevrebi sociologiis istorias ruseTSi ramdenime etapad yofen (mag., ia-
dovi, novikovi da sxv.): I etapi XIX saukunis Suaxanebidan iwyeba da 1918 wlamde
grZeldeba; II etapi XX saukunis 20-iani wlebidan iwyeba da 50-iani wlebis bolom-
de grZeldeba; III etapi XX saukunis 60-iani wlebidan iwyeba da dRemde grZeldeba;
I etapze wina planze wamoweulia e. w. `subieqturi skola~ _ p. lavrovi da n. mixa-
ilovski; naturalisturi Teoriebi _ l. meCnikovi; organicizmi _ a. stronini, p.
lilienfeldi; fsiqologiuri mimarTuleba _ e. de roberti, n. kareevi; kovalev-
skis pluralisturi skola, romelic sociologias sinTezur mecnierebad miiCnev-
da; orTodoqsaluri marqsizmi _ v. lenini, g. plexanovi; neokantianeloba _ socio-
logiuri gnoseologia _ a. lapo-danilevski, b. kistiakovi; legaluri marqsizmi _
m. baranovski, p. struve; II etapze sociologia yvelaze arasasurvel mdgomareoba-
Si aRmoCnda. am periodidan sociologiuri gamokvlevebi ruseTis masStabiT Sew-
yvetilia. istoriuli materializmi (yalbi marqsistuli moZRvreba sazogadoebisa
da istoriis Sesaxeb), politikuri ekonomia da mecnieruli komunizmi (aseve yalbi
mecniereba) krZalaven sociologiur mecnierebas. es sociologiis dacemis perio-
dia. Semdgom etapze mdgomareoba TiTqos gamosworda, magram imperiuli da sabWou-
ri mentalitetisagan sabolood Tavis daRweva rusul sociologias dRemde uWirs.
xruSCovis droidan sociologia TiTqos aRidgens Tavis statuss, dasavleTSi
Zalze popularul mecnierebas, viTomda inteleqtualuri CamorCeniloba ar dag-
vwamono, saTanado yuradRebas aqceven sabWoTa kavSirSic. 1960 wels sakavSiro mec-
nierebaTa akademiis filosofiis institutSi daarsebul iqna pirveli sociologi-
uri dawesebuleba _ sociologiuri gamokvlevebis ganyofileba (amJamad ruseTis
mecnierebaTa akademiis sociologiis instituti), analogiuri dawesebuleba gaix-
239
kaxa qecbaia

sna leningradis universitetSic. 1974 wlidan funqcionireba daiwyo specialize-

bulma Jurnalma `sociologiuri gamokvlevebi.~
1989 wlis 6 ivniss sociologiis fakulteti gaixsna moskovis lomonosovis
saxelobis saxelmwifo universitetSi, sadac amJamad sociologiis 12 kaTedra
funqcionirebs, rac praqtikulad sociologiuri codnis yvela donesa da mimar-
Tulebas moicavs. aq sociologiuri kvlevis prioritetuli mimarTulebebia: soci-
aluri procesebis globalizacia, informacionalizmi, solidaroba, socialuri
ekologia, socialuri konfliqtebi, tolerantoba, socialuri sitemebis usaf-
rTxoeba, eqstremizmi da terorizmi da sxv. saswavlo kursebi moicavs kompiute-
rul swavlebas (mag., kompiuteruli praqtikumi).
sociologiuri kvlevis SedarebiT mdidari tradiciebiT gamorCeulia ruse-
Tis mecnierebaTa akademiis sociologiis instituti, romelic 1968 wels daarsda
sabWoTa kavSiris mecnierebaTa akademiis sistemaSi. instituts aqvs aspirantura,
sadac sociologiis dargSi samecniero kadrebis momzadeba xdeba. es instituti
konkurencias uwevs sauniversiteto sociologias da sociologiaSi akademiuri mi-
marTulebis soliduri warmomadgenelia. institutis bazaze Seqmnilia humanita-
rul mecnierebaTa saxelmwifo-akademiuri universiteti, romelsac sociologiis
fakulteti da kaTedra gaaCnia. fakultetis dekania cnobili sociologi, Tanamed-
rove rusuli akademiuri sociologiis aRiarebuli warmomadgeneli vladimer ia-
dovi (sociologiaSi Setanili wvlilisaTvis n. pokrovskisTan erTad dajildoe-
bulia sorokinis didi oqros medliT). mas Tanamedrove `rusuli sociologiis
mertons~ eZaxian. ruseTSi sociologiis popularizacias xels uwyobs `sociolog-
Ta sazogadoeba,~ romelSic profesionali sociologebia gaerTianebuli.
sabWoTa epoqaSi sociologiis mdgomareobaze araerTi saintereso mosazrebaa
gamoTqmuli cnobili amerikeli sociologebis mier, romlebic sabWoTa kavSirSi
stumrad arian namyofi. maT ricxvs miekuTvneba talkot parsonsi, raimon aroni,
jorj fridmani, robert mertoni, henri rikeni-ufrosi, t. marSali da t. botomleri.
maTgan gamorCeulia struqturul-funqcionalisturi mimarTulebis meTauris
talkot parsonsis STabeWdilebebi da mosazrebebi aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSire-
biT. 1964 wlis 5 maisidan 22 maisamde talkot parsonsi sakavSiro mecnierebaTa aka-
demiis filosofiis institutis mowveviT moskovSi Camovida (8 dRe gaatara moskov-
Si, 4 _ leningradSi, 1 _ kievSi da 2 dRe ialtaSi daisvena); sabWoTa kavSirSi mi-
Rebuli STabeWdilebebi man momdevno wels amerikis sociologiur JurnalSi gamo-
aqveyna saTauriT: `amerikuli STabeWdilebebi sociologiis Sesaxeb sabWoTa kav-
SirSi~ (Amer. Sociol. Rev. V. 30. # 1. P. 121-125). aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom parsonsis vi-
zitidan 10 wlis Semdeg daarsda specialuri sociologiuri Jurnali `sociolo-
giuri gamokvlevebi~ (rusul enaze), romelic dResac funqcionirebs. mis moxsene-
bebze aqturobdnen i. davidovi, p. gaidenko, m. mamardaSvili, g. osipovi da sxv. sa-
qarTvelodan parsonsis leqciebs daeswro prof. venor qvaCaxia. maTTan Sexvedreb-
ze parsonsi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas amaxvilebda im faqtze, rom sociologia
sabWoTa kavSirSi mkacrad ideologizebuli iyo, rac seriozul winaaRmdegobas
warmoadgenda am mecnierebis ganviTarebisaTvis. parsonsis SeniSvnebi Seexeboda so-
ciologiis sferoSi specialuri samecniero da saswavlo literaturis naklebo-
bas, empiriuli sociologiuri gamokvlevebisadmi arasaTanado damokidebulebas,
xolo sazogadoebis marqsistul-leninuri Teoriis Sesaxeb man moxerxebulad mi-
aniSna: _ socialuri sinamdvile imdenad mravalganzomilebiani da transformire-
badi realobaa, rom SeuZlebelia marqss, engelssa da lenins winaswar scodnodaT
yvela mosalodneli cvlileba, rasac is ganicdis. amiT is sabWoTa mkvlevrebs
eubneboda, rom yalbi marqsistuli Teoriis iqiTac gaexedaT da ufro rTuli da
seriozuli sociologiuri Teoriebisaken miepyroT mzera.
dasavleTis gavleniT, dReisaTvis sociologia yvelaze popularuli mecnie-
ruli disciplinaa ruseTSi. sociologiis fakulteti da kaTedrebi gaaCnia ruse-
Tis teritoriaze moqmed TiTqmis yvela umaRles saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebas
(komerciuli saswavleblebi, umaRles saswavleblebTan arsebuli Tu damoukidebe-
li sociologiuri kvlevis centrebi, romlebic farTo empiriul da Teoriul ga-
240
 sociologiis Sesavali

mokvlevebs atareben sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferos Sesaswavlad).

sociologiisadmi bolodroindeli pozitiuri damokidebulebis miuxedavad, SeiZ-
leba iTqvas, sociologia ruseTSi Tavisi gziT midis, sazogadoeba ki _ TavisiT.
am yvelaze demokratiuli mecnierebis arsenali ruseTSi dRes gamouyenebelia. da-
savleTis qveynebisagan gansxvavebiT, dRes ruseTis xelisufleba sociologebs
arafers ar ekiTxeba, amitomac, SeiZleba iTqvas, sociologia iq Tavis wvenSi ixar-
Seba radganac sakuTar funqciebs saTanadod veRar asrulebs.

1901 wlis 14 noembers parizSi sazogadoebriv mecni-

erebaTa pirveli rusuli skola gaixsna, romelsac zogi-
erTi mkvlevari sociologiis fakultetis winamorbedad
ganixilavs, amitom 14 noemberi ruseTSi sociologis
dRed aris miCneuli.

vladimer iadovi _ ruseTis mecnierebaTa akademiis sociologiis insti-

tutis Teoriuli da istoriuli sociologiuri kvlevis centris xel-
mZRvaneli, leningradis sociologiuri skolis fuZemdebeli, pirovnebis
socialuri qcevis regulirebis dispoziciuri Teoriis avtori, rusul
sociologiaSi integraciuli mimarTulebis erT-erTi gamoCenili warmo-
vladimer iadovi. madgneli, sociologiis sferoSi mravali wignisa da samecniero gamok-
daibada 1929 wlis 25 vlevis (statiis) avtori.
aprils

`sabWoTa eqsperimenti~

`.. sabWoTa eqsperimenti socialur struqturaSi saxelmwifos SeWris yvelaze

eqstremaluri magaliTia mTels msofioSi. Cven kargad viciT, rom Tundac iseTi
yovlisSemZle saxelmwifo, rogoric sabWoTa saxelmwifoa, sakmao odenobiT kano-
nierebis uzrunvelmyofi socialuri pirobebis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi ver SeZ-
lebs arsebobas...
sabWoTa kavSirisa da, saerTod, aRmosavleT evropis meore msoflio omis Sem-
dgomma istoriam Cven mraval mimarTebaSi Cagvitara gakveTili, romlis arss Sesa-
niSnavad gamoxatavs fraza: `primordialuris daucxromloba sazogadoebaSi~ (pri-
mordialuri _ pirveladi, odindeli, ZirZveli). socialuri struqturebis racio-
nalurobis zrdasTan erTad primordialuri Zalebis daSretis Sesaxeb warmodge-
niT dasavluri sociologia Tionisidan moyolebuli dRemde SecdomaSi iqna Sey-
vanili. mTeli Tavisi istoriis ganmavlobaSi sabWoTa kavSiri ojaxis, religiisa
da pirvel rigSi eTnikuri erTobis _ eris, naciis mospobas cdilobda, Tumca sa-
boloo jamSi am mcdelobam marcxi ganicada. erT-erTi mZlavri faqtori, romel-
mac sabWoTa komunizmi saboloo damarcxebamde miiyvana, erovnuli damoukideblo-
bisaken miswrafeba iyo. dRes ukve aSkaraa, rom es odindeli, `Gemeinschaft~-is
(`Gemeinschaft~_ Temi, erToba gansxvavebiT `Gesellschaft~ _ sazogadoebisagan) Zalebi
mTels msoflioSi socialur da politikur brZolaSi regionaluri, eTnikuri da
lingvisturi cnobierebis saxiT avlenen sakuTar Tavs. es movlenebi saWiroeben,
rom sociologebma gadaxedon socialur cvlilebaTa uwindel Teoriebs da pri-
mordialur struqturebs saTanado da Rirseuli yuradReba dauTmon, iseTi, ro-
gorsac es Teoriebi yovelTvis imsaxurebdnen..~
neil smelzeri

241
kaxa qecbaia

sakiTxavi masala
fragmenti kaxa qecbias wignidan
`ganaTlebis sociologia~ (problemebi)
Tanamedrove, civilizebuli sazogadoebis arseboba warmoudgenelia ganaTle-
bis gareSe. postindustriul-informaciul sazogadoebaSi codna umTavresi sim-
didre da Zalaa. kompiuteris, internetisa da sxva uaxlesi teqnologiebis epoqaSi
sul ufro cxadi xdeba genialuri bekonis sityvebis WeSmariteba: `codna _ Zalaa~
da am Zalas moklebuli adamiani uZluri iqneba swori orientiris povnasa da Cve-
ni saukunis aTasgvari winaaRmdegobebiTa da problemebiT aRsavse cxovrebis labi-
rinTebSi gzis gakvlevaSi.
ganaTlebas didi adgi-
li uWiravs Tanamedrove
adamianis cxovrebaSi. xSir
SemTxvevaSi igi adamianTa
umetesi nawilis mTel
cxovrebas ikavebs. Tanamed-
rove adamianis kulturoge-
nezi ganaTlebis gareSe
warmoudgenelia. aseT Sem-
TxvevaSi ismis metad sayu-
radRebo da amave dros zo-
gadsakacobrio kiTxva: _
rogori aris da rogori
unda iyos Tanamedrove ga-
naTleba, ramdenad srulyo-
filia ganaTlebis Tanamed-
rove sistema, am kiTxvaze
kompetenturi pasuxis gace-
ma moiTxovs ganaTlebisad-
mi mecnieruli, sociologi-
uri midgomis aucileblo-
bas, am sferoSi arsebuli
problemebis sociologiur Seswavlas.
ganaTleba socialuri yofierebis erT-erTi urTulesi da sapasuxismgeblo
ubania, romelsac mis Sesaxeb arsebul sxva specialur mecnierebebTan erTad (pe-
dagogika, fsiqologia) Seiswavlis ganaTlebis sociologia. am dargis mowinave
specialistebis azriT, Tanamedrove civilizaciis pirobebSi saxezea ganaTlebis
krizisis problema. zogadad Tu vityviT, es igive Tanamedrove civilizebuli ada-
mianis krizisis problemaa, romelic Tavis gamoxatulebas poulobs socialuri
yofierebis TiTqmis yvela sferoSi. Camoyalibda da kidev ufro Rrmavdeba dispro-
porcia adamianur kulturasa da Tanamedrove swavla-ganaTlebis sistemebs Soris,
sazogadoebis miRwevebsa da `masebis kulturas~ Soris. yovelive aman ki Tavisi ga-
moxatuleba pova viwro specializaciaSi. adamianebi sul ufro da ufro Caketil-
ni arian TavianTi viwro specialobis wiaRSi imdenad, rom maTTvis SeumCneveli
xdeba TviT sakuTari moRvaweobis Sedegebi. iqmneba winaaRmdegoba komunikaciis
sferoSi. garda amisa, axalgazrda, romelsac aqvs pretenzia iyos saSualo donis
specialisti, iZulebulia swavla-ganaTlebas moandomos sul mcire 13 weli, xolo
imisTvis, rom umaRlesi kvalifikacia miiRos, sWirdeba 20 weli mainc, Tanac ganaT-
leba iwyeba Zalian adreul asakSi. ase rom, yrmobis, bavSvobisa da axalgazrdo-
bis sanukvari wlebi ganaTlebas xmardeba. aris SemTxvevebi, roca adreul asakSi
bavSvebs or an met ucxo enas aswavlian. ganaTlebis miRebis yvelaze sapasuxis-
mgeblo fazebi modis im periodze, rodesac adamianis socialurad TviTdamkvidre-
ba xdeba _ iqneba es profesiuli, saojaxo Tu samoqalaqo _ da yvelaferi es xde-
ba fsiqofizikur Sedegebze yovelgvari warmodgenis gareSe. fsiqologebi adastu-

242
 sociologiis Sesavali

reben, rom gaxangrZlivebuli swavleba xSirad infantilurobis nayofs iZleva,

amis gamo axalgazrdebi bevr SemTxvevaSi stresul mdgomareobaSi vardebian. aseTi
mdgomareoba xSiria skolaSi moswavleebs Sorisac.
ganaTlebis sferos problemebi kidev ufro Rrmavdeba e. w. `avadmyofuri prob-
lemebis~ gamo. CvenSi dogmatizmis, aTeizmisa da marqsistuli ideologiis batono-
bam didi gavlena moaxdina adamianis sulier samyaroze, mis gadagvarebaze. adgili
hqonda srul izolacias msoflio civilizaciisagan. yovelive aman ki Seasusta im
Rirebulebebis gaTaviseba da gamoyeneba, romelic am xnis ganmavlobaSi warmoiSva
sakacobrio pedagogikasa da ganaTlebis sistemaSi. amas xeli Seuwyo ganaTlebis
sistemis totalitarulma sistemam, sadac aqcenti marTvis administraciul meTo-
debze iyo gakeTebuli. xdeboda iniciativebis CaxSoba; ikrZaleboda saqmisadmi Se-
moqmedebiTi midgoma. mTlianad ideologizebuli iyo saswavlo procesis Sinaarsi
da organizacia. amis mixedviT xdeboda e. w. seleqcia damjeri pedagogebisa, rac pi-
rovnebis nivelirebas axdenda. araviTari novacia, ganaTlebis sistema mTlianad uni-
ficirebuli iyo _ yvela mihyveboda mmarTveli organoebis mier dadgenil erT de-
bulebas. eqsperimentis Catarebis ufleba hqonda mxolod e. w. mmarTvel, zemdgom
organoebs _ saministrosa da akademiis institutebs. yovelive aman gamoiwvia fsev-
doganaTlebisaken swrafva da WeSmariti ganaTlebis prestiJis dacema. swavlisadmi
swrafvis `bunebrivi~ interesi `diplomis Sovnis~ moTxovnilebam Secvala.
* * *
XIX-XX saukuneebSi zogadfilosofiuri da zogadsakacobrio problemebidan
ganaTlebis socialuri problemebis gamoyofa da maTze yuradRebis gamaxvileba
moxda. faqtobrivad, am droidan iwyebs Tavisi arsebobis istorias erT-erTi dar-
gobriv-sociologiuri disciplina _ ganaTlebis sociologia. mas safuZveli Caeya-
ra aSS-Si.
amerikaSi ganaTlebis sociologiis Camoyalibebasa da ganviTarebaSi didi
wvlili miuZRviT lester uordis da jon diuis. am dargis ganviTarebas biZgi mis-
ca l. uordis naSromma: `dinamikuri sociologia~ (L.Word. Dinamik sociology, N-Y.
1883). j. diui ki Tavis naSromSi `skola da sazogadoeba~ (J. Dewey. The school and
sociology. Chi. 1899) ganaTlebis sistemis Secvlis, gardaqmnis moTxovniT gamovida,
romlis ZiriTadi principebi bavSvze iyo orientirebuli. bavSvi unda iyos ganaT-
lebis sistemis centraluri figura. amiT daiwyo ganaTlebis krizisis gacnobiere-
ba da, faqtobrivad, safuZveli Caeyara axal sociologiur disciplinas, mecniere-
bis dargs ganaTlebis Sesaxeb. j. diui uaryofda swavlebis arsebul meTodikas,
romelic ZiriTadad mimarTuli iyo codnis dauflebaze. axali principi swavlebi-
sa unda yofiliyo bavSvis cnobierebis aqtivoba. `unda Seicvalos saskolo inven-
taric ki. saskolo inventaric moswavles aorientirebda mosmenasa da pasiurobaze.
saWiroa iseTi inventari, romlis momxmarebeli SeZlebs aqtiurobis gamovlenas~, _
werda diui. pirveli kvleviTi organizaciebi am dargSi jer kidev pirvel msof-
lio omamde Seiqmna amerikasa da evropaSi.
germaniaSi ganaTlebis sociologiis saTaveebTan dganan maqs veberi da karl
manhaimi. maT ganaTlebis sociologia pirvelad gamoyves socialuri pedagogikisa-
gan, sadac ZiriTadi yuradReba gamaxvilebuli iyo ganaTlebis filosofiur-eTi-
kur aspeqtebsa da motivebze.
safrangeTSi am saqmes saTaveSi edga cnobili sociologi emil diurkemi. gansa-
kuTrebiT sayuradRebo da dResac angariSgasawevia misi Sromebi: `ganaTlebis soci-
ologia~ da `ganaTleba cvalebad sazogadoebaSi~. frangi da amerikeli sociologe-
bi dResac ar Tmoben TavianT mowinave poziciebs am dargSi. sawyis etapze mkvlevre-
bi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmoben iseTi sakvanZo sakiTxebis garkvevas, rogori-
caa: a) ganaTlebis adgili da roli socialur institutebsa da sazogadoebriv sis-
temaSi; b) ganaTlebis procesis urTierTmimarTeba da damokidebuleba sazogadoeb-
rivi yofierebis, cxovrebis sxva sferoebTan da procesebTan: ekonomikasTan, poli-
tikasTan, socialuri stratifikaciis problemebTan; g) ganaTlebis specialuri de-
terminantebi; d) pedagogis socialuri statusi sazogadoebaSi da sxv.
aRsaniSnavia agreTve ingliseli sociologis herbert spenseris wvlili am
243
kaxa qecbaia

mecnierebis CamoyalibebaSi.
saqarTveloSi am dargSi pirveli mecnieruli naSromi ekuTvnis prof. ed. ko-
duas. wignSi `sociologia~(Tb., 1998) igi ganixilavs dargobriv sociologiebs da
maT Soris ganaTlebis sociologiasac (Tavi me-5).
rac Seexeba samecniero-kvleviT centrebsa da laboratoriebs, romlebic spe-
cialurad ganaTlebis sociologiis problemebis kvleviT arian dakavebulni, ase-
Ti ram saqarTveloSi jerjerobiT ar arsebobs. guldasawyvetia, rom am dargSi
kvleva-Zieba CvenSi ignorirebulia (etyoba, CvenSi ganaTlebis mesveurebs naklebad
ainteresebT sazogadoebrivi azri am problemebTan dakavSirebiT) da es didi arse-
nali ganaTlebis sistemis gardaqmnaSi gamouyenebelia, rac metyvelebs imaze, rom
sistemis gardaqmnaSi kerZo interesebia CarTuli, rac yovlad miuRebelia, radga-
nac aseT viTarebaSi reformebis warmateba kiTxvis niSnis qveS dgeba.
* * *
ganaTlebis sociologiis obieqti: rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, ganaTlebis socio-
logia aris dargobrivi sociologiuri disciplina, mecniereba, romelic Seiswav-
lis ganaTlebas.
ganaTlebis sociologiis obieqti savsebiT naTelia. igi emperiuladac ki fiq-
sirdeba _ es aris ganaTlebis sfero, sazogadoebrivi yofierebis erT-erTi mxare,
sadac mimdinareobs da funqcionirebs ganaTlebis procesi, moqmedeben garkveuli
subieqtebi da sxvadasxva saswavlo dawesebulebebi Tu organizaciebi.
sagani: obieqtisagan gansxvavebiT, SedarebiT rTuli da Zneli saqmea ganaTle-
bis sociologiis sagnis gansazRvra, rac, Tavis mxriv, am metad saintereso da
rTuli obieqtis iseTi mxaris gamoyofas niSnavs, romelic iqneba arsebiTi da ama-
ve dros, am dargis, rogorc mecnierebis, specifikas warmoadgens. sakiTxi ganaTle-
bis sociologiis sagnis Sesaxeb dResac sadavoa. amasTan dakavSirebiT, SeiZleba
iTqvas, imdeni Tvalsazrisia, ramdeni mkvlevaricaa. amjerad mokled ganvixilavT
zogierT maTgans.
amerikeli sociologi m. trou (ganaTlebis sociologiis amerikeli warmomad-
geneli) miiCnevs, rom ganaTlebis sociologiis Seswavlis sagani unda iyos sazo-
gadoebaSi arsebuli e. w. formaluri sazogadoebrivi dawesebulebebi _ skolebi,
kolejebi, universitetebi da a.S. ganaTlebis sociologiis sagnis aseTi gansaz-
Rvreba, SeiZleba iTqvas, Zalze farTo da masStaburia. igi am dargis moqmedebisaT-
vis farTo sferos moicavs, Tumca aq gaurkveveli rCeba sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu
ra aris am kvlevaSi ZiriTadi, romelic aerTianebs, Tavis TavSi moicavs ganaTle-
bis sferos TiTqmis yvela elements. aqedan gamomdinare, aq ufro obieqtia mocemu-
li da ganxiluli, vidre sagani.
enciklopediebSi ganaTlebis sociologiis Semdegi gansazRvrebaa mocemuli:
`ganaTlebis sociologia aris sociologiis dargi, romelic Seiswavlis ganaTle-
bas, rogorc socialur instituts, rogorc sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis formas~. am
SemTxvevaSi isev garkveuli tipis zogad debulebasTan gvaqvs saqme, Tumca aqve mi-
niSnebulia ganaTlebis sociologiis erT-erTi ZiriTadi Tavisebureba, rac imaSi
mdgomareobs, rom misi sagania ganaTlebis, rogorc socialuri institutis, socia-
luri procesis, socialuri analizi.
ufro farTod aris warmodgenili ganaTlebis sociologiis sagani a. meieris
wignSi. mis mixedviT, am dargis Seswavlis sagania ganaTleba da aRzrda, rogorc so-
cialuri procesis funqcionirebisaTvis saWiro erT-erTi ZiriTadi saSualeba. ganaT-
lebis sociologiam swored am procesisaTvis aucilebeli damaxasiaTebeli kanonzo-
mierebani unda daadginos. am SemTxvevaSi aqcenti gakeTebulia ganaTlebisa da aR-
zrdis problemebisadmi zogadsociologiuri midgomis aucileblobaze, rac misaRe-
bia kidec, magram ganaTlebis sociologiis aseTi farTo gansazRvrebisas ikargeba
konkretuli, is, rac sagnobrivi kuTxiT am mecnierebisaTvis aris saintereso.
sakiTxs exeba bulgareli sociologi donevi. mas ganaTlebis sociologiis
sagnis gansazRvrebaSi Seaqvs ganaTlebis sferos sxva sazogadoebrivi dargebisad-
mi mimarTebis sakiTxi. `ganaTlebis sociologia Seiswavlis im kanonzomierebebs,
romelic axasiaTebs ganaTlebas sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sxva sferoebTan mimar-
244
 sociologiis Sesavali

TebaSi.~ sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sxva sferoebis ganaTlebaze gavlenis gaTva-

liswineba aucileblad saWiroa, Tumca igi ver gamodgeba sociologiis sagnad,
radganac igi sagnis erT-erTi mxarea.
rusi avtorebi (neCaevi, filipovi da sxv.) miiCneven, rom radganac ganaTlebis
cnebis Sinaarsi swavlebis cnebas moicavs, amitom ganaTlebis sociologiis saga-
nic es unda iyos. swavleba, swavla aris ganaTlebis Sinaarsi, es ki am dargis Sig-
niT ori specialobis dakavSirebas niSnavs: pedagogikisa da sociologiis. aq aspa-
rezze gamodis axali socialuri disciplina _ pedagogikis sociologia, magram
igi warmoudgeneli iqneba ganaTlebis sociologiasTan kavSiris gareSe.
umravlesoba mkvlevrebisa erTgvar sifrTxiles iCens am sakiTxisadmi, rac
albaT imiT aris gamowveuli, rom jer kidev sabolood ver moxerxda ganaTlebis
sociologiis, rogorc mecnierebis, specifikis dadgena.
zogi avtori (mag., meieri) Tvlis, rom ganaTlebis sociologia aris kultu-
ris sociologiis qvedargi, qvedisciplina. zogjer ganaTlebis sociologia war-
modgenilia, rogorc aRzrdis sociologiis dargi. marTalia, swavleba aRzrdisa-
ken aris mimarTuli, magram, Tavis mxriv, aRzrdac mTlianobaSi pirovnebiskenaa mi-
marTuli. amitom aRmzrdelobiTi sfero ufro farTo cnebaa, romelic, SeiZleba
iTqvas, mTel sazogadoebriv cxovrebas moicavs. aqedan gamosavali erTia _ socio-
logiam aRzrdac unda ganixilos.
ganaTlebis sociologiis sagani unda moicavdes ganaTlebis sferos sasicoc-
xlo dinamikasa da statikas, ganaTlebis sferos urTierTobas sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis sxva sferoebTan.
kidev ufro naTeli gaxdeba msjeloba ganaTlebis sociologiis sagnis Sesa-
xeb, Tu garkveuli iqneba ganaTlebis cnebis Sinaarsi. aqac azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa.
erTni mas miiCneven iseT procesad, romlis saSualebiT Taobebs Soris codnis,
tradiciebis, Cvevebisa da Rirebulebebis gadacema xdeba (n. smelzeri); meoreni
Tvlian, rom ganaTleba aris informaciisa da calkeul gamocdilebaTa SeZenisa
da Tavmoyris saSualeba (stolpieri); sxvebi ganaTlebas aigiveben skolasTan, sko-
la ki amjerad ganixileba iseT institutad, sadac adgili aqvs pirovnebis Camoya-
libebas (r. bernsi). aqedan gamomdinare, ganaTlebis sociologiis sagania swavla
da saswavlo dawesebulebani (aq Sedis yvela tipis saswavlo dawesebuleba). pirov-
nebis aqtiuri socializaciis procesi, ZiriTadad mainc, skolaSi mimdinareobs.
aRzrda-ganaTleba aris mZlavri socialuri meqanizmi, romlis meSveobiT xorci-
eldeba pirovnebis socializacia. misi meSveobiT erTveba individi sazogadoebriv
cxovrebaSi, swavlobs mis kulturas, igi pirovnebis mizanmimarTuli formirebaa.
`bavSvis pirovnebis formirebisa da erTobaSi cxovrebasTan misi Seguebis process,
romelsac safuZvlad udevs bavSvis swavleba da kulturasTan ziareba, rac mas
saSualebas aZlevs Caswvdes am kulturas da Segnebulad imoqmedos mis fargleb-
Si, Cven socializacias vuwodebT.~ socializacia aswavlis bavSvs rogor moiqces,
ra akeTos, raTa cxovrebiseul miznebs miaRwios. `adamiani adamianad ki ar ibade-
ba, aramed adamianad iqceva aRzrdis procesSi~ (e. parki). aRzrdisa da ganaTlebis
meSveobiT xdeba adamiani sazogadoebrivi arseba, amitomac ganaTlebis gareSe war-
moudgenelia sazogadoebis arseboba da ganviTareba.
skola aZlevs bavSvs imas, rasac verc erTi sxva socialuri instituti da
saswavlo dawesebuleba ver miscems, amitom savsebiT gamarTlebulia ganaTlebis
sociologiis sagnad skolisa da saswavlo procesis miCneva. skola am SemTxvevaSi
ZiriTad birTvs Seadgens. skolis merxidan ukve miniSnebuli da gansazRvrulia
adamianis adgili sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi, misi socialuri statusi. yovelive
es mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens sazogadoebis struqturis formirebasa da srul-
yofaze. Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi elitis srulyofas gansazRvravs ara warmoSo-
ba an qoneba, aramed ganaTleba da kvalifikacia.
ganaTlebis mimarT sociologiur midgomas sul mcire ori mxare mainc aqvs:
a) Teoriuli da b) praqtikuli.
Teoriuli midgomisas aucilebelia ganaTlebis cnebis gansazRvreba, dadgena
imisa, aris Tu ara ganaTlebis sociologia mecniereba, ra adgili uWiravs mas
245
kaxa qecbaia

mecnierebis arsebul sistemaSi, ra mimarTebaSia ganaTlebis sistema sazogadoebas-

Tan da a. S.
praqtikuli, empiriuli midgoma ki niSnavs ganaTlebis sferoSi konkretul-em-
piriul gamokvlevebze dayrdnobiT arsebuli sistemis srulyofas, ganaTlebis
sistemis sxvadasxva rgolis mimarTebas konkretul sazogadoebriv moTxovnebTan.
ganaTlebis sociologiis amocanebi: ganaTlebis sociologia aanalizebs ga-
naTlebis sistemis struqturas, mis orientacias, adgens skolis, rogorc gansa-
kuTrebuli socialuri institutis, tips, mis struqturas da organizacias; swav-
lobs maswavlebelTa socialur funqcias; saswavlo dawesebulebebSi pirovnebis
formirebis problemebs; skolis pedagogiuri koleqtivisa da moswavleebis urTi-
erTobas; pedkoleqtivisa da misi xelmZRvanelobis urTierTdamokidebulebis sa-
kiTxebs. swavlobs moswavleTa profesiul orientacias; skolis direqciisa da
mSobelTa mimarTebas; mSoblebisa da pedagogebis urTierTobas. ganaTlebis socio-
logia gansazRvravs moswavleze da saswavlo procesze ojaxis, quCis, ubnis, Ta-
naklaselis da sxva garemos gavlenas. dReisaTvis Zalian aqtualuria iseTi sakiT-
xi, rogoricaa Tineijerebi da skola da sxv.
sociologia ikvlevs swavlis formebisa da meTodebis efeqturobis sakiTxebs,
saxelisuflebo Tu arasamTavrobo struqturebis gavlenas ganaTlebaze. yovelive
amas emateba mTeli rigi problemebi, romelic ganaTlebis sistemis nebismier
rgolSi dgas.
Zalian Sors wagviyvanda ganaTlebis sociologiis konkretuli amocanebis
sruli CamoTvla, amitom mxolod erTs aRvniSnavT: dReisaTvis aris mravali qveya-
na, sadac ar arsebobs ganaTlebis saministro da adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis or-
ganoebi ganageben saskolo Tu sxva saganmanaTleblo cxovrebas. am SemTxvevaSi
isini absoluturad eyrdnobian ganaTlebis sociologias, romlis Tanamedrove Zi-
riTadi principia urTierTTanamSromloba moswavlesa da maswavlebels, maswavle-
belsa da mSobels, skolis direqciasa da pedkoleqtivs Soris.
TiToeuli am amocanis ukan gadauWreli an Zalze sadavo problema dgas. bu-
nebrivia, maTi mogvareba warmoudgenelia ganaTlebis sociologiis gareSe.
saWiroa ganaTlebis mesveurebma gaiTvaliswinon yovelive es da ganaTlebis
sferoSi farTod gauRon kari sociologebs, radganac sociologi, xatovani
TqmiT, _ es aris `sazogadoebis mkurnali~. mkurnaloba da movla-patronoba sazo-
gadoebis nebismier sferos sWirdeba da am saqmes dargobrivi sociologiuri dis-
ciplinebi axorcieleben. ganaTlebis sferos problemebs ganaTlebis sociologia
`umkurnalebs~, soflis meurneobasa da ekonomikas _ soflis meurneobisa da eko-
nomikis sociologia da a. S. Tu yovelive es ar iqna gaTvaliswinebuli, yvela am
sferoSi raime sagrZnob warmatebas naklebad unda velodoT.
ganaTlebis sociologia da pedagogika: yvelaze meti gamocdileba saswavlo
procesis Seswavlasa da ganaTlebaSi pedagogikas aqvs, Tanac misi sagani ufro
farToa, vidre swavla da ganaTleba. igi mTlianobaSi ganixilavs saswavlo-aR-
mzrdelobiT process sxva, arasaswavlo procesebTan erTad.
uZvelesi droidan moyolebuli pedagogikis Semecnebis obieqti iyo mozardi,
axalgazrda Taoba, Tumca mis istoriaSi araerTxel dasmula zrdasruli adamia-
nis aRzrdis sakiTxic.
pedagogikis uSualo interesis sagania pedagogebis profesiuli moRvaweoba
da am mxriv misi ZiriTadi amocanaa maTi uzrunvelyofa Teoriuli, meToduri Tu
praqtikuli moRvaweobis mdidari arsenaliT. saswavlo saqmianobis sxvadasxva
formis Seswavlas exeba pedagogikis sxvadasxva dargi. ganaTlebis sociologiam
swored pedagogikasTan erTad unda gadawyvitos ganaTlebis sistemaSi arsebuli
mravali problema, Tumca dasanania, rom sociologebis miRwevebi am sferoSi jer
kidev umniSvneloa. CvenTan am or mecnierebas urTierTobis aranairi praqtikuli
gamocdileba TiTqmis ar gaaCnia.
ganaTlebis sociologia da fsiqologia: pedagogikis erT-erTi meTodologiu-
ri safuZvelia fsiqologia, kerZod ganaTlebis fsiqologia. misi amocanaa saswav-
lo procesis fiziologiuri da socialuri meqanizmebisa da kanonzomierebebis ga-
246
 sociologiis Sesavali

movlena, moswavlis mier saswavlo masalis SeTvisebisa da reproduqciis sakiTxe-

bi. organulia ganaTlebis fsiqologiisa da ganaTlebis sociologiis kavSiri.
fsiqologebi iZulebuli arian TavianT gamokvlevebSi sul ufro metad CarTon
sociologebi, iseve rogorc es xdeba piriqiT.
ganaTlebis sociologia da filosofia: ganaTlebis sociologia mxolod ax-
la dgams pirvel nabijebs, amitom am etapze misTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs filo-
sofias. kerZod gnoseologiuri da wminda msoflmxedvelobrivi sakiTxebis gadaw-
yvetisas. pedagogiur saqmianobaSi Zalze xSirad erTmaneTTan aigiveben saswavlo
da zogadSemecnebiT moqmedebas. am SemTxvevaSi ki filosofia aucilebelia. ganaT-
lebis filosofiur problemebs exeba calke filosofiuri disciplina _ ganaT-
lebis filosofia. filosofiam unda gasces pasuxi kiTxvebs: ra idealebsa da Ri-
rebulebebze unda iyos orientirebuli ganaTleba? ra saSualebebiTa da meqanizme-
biT unda iqnes miRweuli progresuli ideebis realizacia da a.S. yovelive es fi-
losofiuri rigis sakiTxebia. ase rom, kavSiri filosofiasa da ganaTlebis soci-
ologias Soris aSkaraa. mas filosofiuri elferi dahkravs.
garda amisa, ganaTlebis sociologia organul kavSirSia iseT mecnierebasTan,
rogoricaa ojaxis sociologia, pirovnebis sociologia, mecnierebis sociologia,
aRzrdis sociologia, filosofiuri anTropologia da a. S.
ganaTlebis sociologiis struqtura: imdenad, ramdenadac ganaTlebis socio-
logia aris axalgazrda mecniereba, amitom igi SedarebiTi suverenitetiT xasiaTdeba.
jer kidev Camoyalibebis procesSia misi struqtura. ganaTlebis sociologiis Ziri-
Tadi kategoriebia: ganaTleba, swavleba da aRzrda. Tavis mxriv, es kategoriebi qmni-
an am mecnierebis struqturis ZiriTad Sinaarss da gamokvlevebis ZiriTad mimarTu-
lebebs. ZiriTadi mimarTuleba empiriuli gamokvlevebisa ganaTlebis sferoSi unda
iyos sazogadoebrivi moTxovnebis Seswavla da maTi realizacia. garda amisa, unda
dadgenil iqnes ganaTlebis socialuri determinantebi da efeqturoba.
upirvelesi problema ganaTlebis sociologiaSi aris sazogadoebrivi cxov-
rebis sxva sferoebis gavlena ganaTlebaze; sazogadoebrivi moTxovnilebebisa da
ganaTlebis Sesabamisoba; ganaTlebis sferos dinamikuri procesebis Seswavla. yo-
velive es ganaTlebis struqturis garegnul saxes Seadgens, xolo ganaTlebis so-
ciologiis struqturis Sinagan, Sinaarseul mxareSi Sedis: swavleba, rogorc so-
cialuri movlena; swavlebis meTodika; socialuri institutebi ganaTlebis sfe-
roSi; SromiTi koleqtivebi da sxv.
calke struqturuli elementia ganaTlebis sistemis marTva da regulacia;
diagnostika; ganaTlebis srulyofisaTvis mimarTuli RonisZiebebi: kerZod novaci-
ebi (rac Seexeba novaciebs, CvenTan maT meqanikuri xasiaTi aqvs, rac imaSi gamoixa-
teba, rom ucxouri gamocdilebis da mTeli rigi siaxleebis kopireba da pirdapir
gadmoReba xdeba). ganaTlebis sociologiis struqturuli elementia meTodikac. am
SemTxvevaSi ZiriTadia diagnostika, modelireba, prognozireba da proeqtireba.
calke gamoiyofa agreTve ganaTlebis sistemaSi moqmedi kanonzomierebebis
Seswavla. maTgan gamoiyofa ramdenime ZiriTadi: 1) ganaTlebis ganpirobebuloba
socialuri urTierTobebiT, mecnierebis mdgomareobiT, politikiT, yofiTi prob-
lemebiT, kulturiT; 2) socialuri sferos gafarToebis kanonzomiereba; 3) ganaT-
lebis sociologiis Sinagani organizaciis SedarebiTi damoukideblobis kanonzo-
miereba; 4) TviTregulirebis kanonzomiereba da sxv.
ganaTlebis sociologiis meTodebi: ganaTlebis Seswavlis mizniT ganaTlebis
sociologia gamoiyenebs socialuri da fsiqologiuri kvlevis TiTqmis yvela me-
Tods, iqneba es empiriuli Tu Teoriuli kvleva.
gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia empiriuli kvlevis iseTi meTodebi, rogoricaa: in-
terviu (saubari moswavlesa da maswavlebels, mSobelsa da pedagogs Soris), anke-
tireba, dokumenturi analizi, dakvirveba, sociometria, fsiqologiuri da socio-
logiuri testi da sxv.
sazogadoebrivi moTxovnebi da ganaTlebis progresis problema: ganaT-
lebis Seswavlis mizniT am sferoSi Tavisi CareviT sociologma ziani ki ar unda
miayenos ganaTlebis sistemas, aramed ukeTesobisaken warmarTos, xeli Seuwyos ga-
247
kaxa qecbaia

naTlebis progress, Tumca, Tavis mxriv, ganaTlebis progresi umeteswilad sazo-

gadoebriv moTxovnebzea damokidebuli.
ganaTlebis organizacia iwyeba kiTxviT: ra vaswavloT da rogor? am SemTxve-
vaSi gamocdileba didia. miuxedavad amisa, garkveuli sifrTxilea saWiro. gaumar-
Tlebeli iqneba, Tuki sociologebs eqnebaT pretenzia, Tu rogori unda iyos ga-
naTlebis procesis Sinaarsi. es specialistebis, pedagogebis, kulturisa da sazo-
gado moRvaweebis saqmea. sociologma ki pasuxi unda gasces kiTxvas: rogor unda
aisaxos ufro adekvaturad da sworad sazogadoebrivi moTxovnebi ganaTlebis
sferoSi? rogoria maTi realizaciis meqanizmi? ramdenad pasuxobs ganaTlebis ar-
sebuli sistema drois moTxovnebs?
arsebobs mosazreba, rom dRevandeli ganaTlebis sistema Zalian Sors dgas
sazogadoebrivi moTxovnebisagan, rom igi moqmedebs paralelizmis reJimiT.
erT-erTi kardinaluri sakiTxi Cvens qveyanaSi ganaTlebis sistemis reorgani-
zaciisa unda iyos gabeduli mibruneba ganaTlebisa sazogadoebrivi da erovnuli
moTxovnebisaken. es ki niSnavs ganaTlebis miznis garkvevas, kerZod, mravalgvari
saswavlo moqmedebiT moamzados adamiani imisaTvis, rom igi produqtiulad Caer-
Tos Tanamedrove sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi, SromiT saqmianobaSi da sxv.
am mizniT ganaTlebis sociologiaSi cnobilia sami modeli: eqstensiuri,
produqtiuli da intensiuri.
I. eqstensiuri modelis mixedviT ganaTlebis saSualebiT unda moxdes arsebu-
li miRwevebis rac SeiZleba srulyofili gadacema da axalgazrdebSi mTvlemare
potencialis gamoRviZeba.
II. produqtiuli modelis arsi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom swavla-ganaTlebis me-
Todika xelmisawvdomi iyos yvelasaTvis. ganaTlebis done unda iyos sazogadoeb-
rivi moTxovnebiTa da sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebiT nakarnaxevi.
III. intensiuri modeli ufro metad socialur-fsiqologiuri xasiaTis matare-
belia. kerZod, sazogadoebrivi progresiTa da universalur Rirebulebebze day-
rdnobiT saswavlo procesiT dakavebuli adamianebisaTvis garkveuli ganwyobile-
bis Camoyalibeba imisaTvis, rom isini yovelmxriv mzad Sexvdnen ganaTlebis Sem-
dgom srulyofas, gabedulad CaerTon ganaTlebis reorganizaciaSi.
ganaTlebis sferoSi sazogadoebrivi moTxovnebis gavlenis dinamika Seiswav-
leba empiriuli sociologiuri gamokvlevebiT. ganaTlebis sociologiis aqsioma-
turi debulebaa is, rom ganaTlebis sistema maSin iqneba srulyofili, Tu is rea-
lur SesabamisobaSia sazogadoebriv moTxovnebTan.
ganaTlebis reforma aSS-Si. ganaTlebis krizisi
CvenSi rodesac ganaTlebis sferos reformaze saubroben, ufro xSirad re-
formaSi gulisxmoben ucxouri, kerZod e. w. `dasavluri~ modelis, gadmoReba-kopi-
rebas. es xdeba maSin, rodesac e. w. `dasavluri~ da amerikuli ganaTlebis sistema
Tavad aris krizisSi da WeSmarit reformas saWiroebs. amaSi gvarwmunebs araerTi
amerikeli Tu dasavleTevropeli sociologi Tu ganaTlebis sistemis eqsperti.
kerZod, amerikeli mkvlevari filip markusi ukve daufaravad laparakobs ganaTle-
bis sistemis Rrma krizisis Sesaxeb. amerikelebic eZeben gamosavals da raoden pa-
radoqsulic ar unda iyos, arCevans isev tradiciul sistemaze akeTeben, maSin ro-
ca CvenSi sastiki brZolaa gamocxadebuli ganaTlebis tradiciuli sistemisadmi.
amitom kidev erTxel goniereba da dafiqreba gvmarTebs: kargad unda iqnes garkve-
uli, ras vuwodebT reformas.
mkvlevarTa azriT, bolo dros aSS-Si ganaTlebis sistemis `raodenobrivi~
zrda ufro SesamCnevia, vidre `Tvisobrivi~. maTi monacemebiT, 1970 wels skolamde-
li ganaTlebiT sargeblobda mosaxleobis 1/3, anu 3-dan 5-wlamde asakis amerikel
bavSvTa 38%. 1982 wels es maCvenebeli 52%-s gautolda. rac Seexeba SavkanianTa
Svilebs, maTi daswreba skolamdel dawesebulebebSi Seadgens 98%-s.
dReisaTvis saSualo skolis kursdamTavrebulTa norma 89%-s udris. es maCve-
nebeli 1950 wels 50% iyo.
gaizarda kolejebSi moswavleTa ricxvi. kerZod, 1950 wlidan 1982 wlamde ko-
lejebSi moswavleTa ricxvi 2,7 milionidan 12,3 milionamde gaizarda. gaoTxmagda
248
 sociologiis Sesavali

kolejebis raodenobac. es Seexo kolejebSi fakultetebis ricxvsac, romelic 266

000-dan 633 000-mde gaizarda.
1982 wels magistris xarisxi miiRo 296 000-ma adamianma, rac 1970 wlis maCvene-
bels 45%-iT aRemateba, xolo 60-70-iani wlebidan moyolebuli aSS-is sainforma-
cio saSualebebi yovel kviras axali saSualo da umaRlesi saswavleblebis gax-
snas amcnoben mosaxleobas. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aSS-is mTavroba Zalze did Tan-
xas axmars ganaTlebis sistemas. fulis problema am sferoSi ar arsebobs. am saq-
misaTvis weliwadSi 215 miliardi dolari ixarjeba (1983 wlis maCvenebeli), rac
1970 wlis maCvenebels 20%-iT aRemateba.
rac Seexeba moswavleTa raodenobas, erT maswavlebelze 17 moswavle modis,
wina wlebSi ki 29-s udrida, Tumca SesamCnevia moswavle-maswavlebels Soris si-
Zulvilis grZnoba.
yovelive zemoaRniSnuli naTel warmodgenas iZleva aSS-is ganaTlebis siste-
mis zrdis raodenobriv maCveneblebze.
axla rac Seexeba Tvisebriobas: misi mkveTrad gauaresebis Sesaxeb da am sfero-
Si arsebul krizisze jer kidev 40-50-ian wlebSi gamaxvilda yuradReba. kerZod, 1947
wels `niu-iork Taimsis~ mimomxilvelma ganaTlebis sakiTxebSi _ benJamin fainma ga-
nacxada, rom `amerikis zogadsaganmanaTleblo sistema Tavisi arsebobis manZilze
yvelaze Rrma krizisSia.~ krizisi ki, faqtobrivad, 70-ian wlebSi daiwyo, roca Seiq-
mna moZraoba `ganaTlebis xarisxisaTvis~, romelic mouwodebda mSoblebs exsnaT Ta-
vianTi Svilebi ubadruki ganaTlebis sistemisagan. mas mxari dauWires sxvadasxva ker-
Zo firmebma da kompaniebma, romlebic iZulebuli gaxdnen ezrunaT TavianTi Tanam-
Sromlebis xelaxali ganaTlebisaTvis, kerZod, miecaT maTTvis elementaruli maTema-
tikuri da humanitaruli ganaTleba, radganac es adamianebi, umartives maTematikur
operaciebs rom Tavi davaneboT, TavianT avtobiografias da gancxadebis teqstsac
ver werdnen. Seiqmna e.w. minimaluri kompetenturobis testebi. 1980 wels aSS-is mTav-
robam gaamkacra diplomebis gacema pedagogebze, xolo ganaTlebis departamentma gaa-
keTa gancxadeba: `amerikeli eri safrTxeSia.~ bolo dros amaze alaparakdnen poli-
tologebi da masmedia. daiwyes mizezebis Zebna. erT-erT mizezad dasaxelda saswavlo
programebis gamartiveba da Sefasebis kriteriumebis Secvla-Semcireba.
sxvaTa Soris, igive tendencia SeiniSneba Cvens ganaTlebis sistemaSi, ris Se-
degadac mimdinareobs e.w. saswavlo programebis gamartiveba da maT mixedviT iq-
mneba gamartivebuli saxelmZRvaneloebi, romlebic mSrali faqtebis konstataciaa
(mag., saqarTvelos istoriis saxelmZRvanelo). igive iTqmis im eqsperimentebze, ro-
melic mimdinareobs Sefasebis kriteriumebis arsebuli sistemis SecvlasTan dakav-
SirebiT. saxelmZRvaneloTa gamartivebam, amerikeli eqspertebis azriT, mogvca
`axali tipis saxelmZRvaneloebi, oRond sisulelemde gamartivebuli~. yovelive es
ki mkvlevrebs aZlevs daskvnis saSualebas, romlis mixedviT, 2001 wels da Semdeg
axali Taoba ufro cudad iqneba momzadebuli, vidre winamorbedi. magaliTad, hen-
fordi Tvlis, rom, Tu 2001 wels 1963 wlis dones mainc mivaRwieT maTematikaSi,
cudi namdvilad ar iqneba, xolo 1963 wlis done Tu davibruneT humanitarul ga-
naTlebaSi, es namdvilad win gadadgmuli nabiji iqneba.
ismis kiTxva: ratom mivida krizisamde aseT fufunebaSi myofi aSS-is ganaTle-
bis sistema? pirvel rigSi es gamowveulia amerikuli cxovrebis wesiT, sadac ba-
tonobs pragmatizmi, pozitivizmi da cxovrebis nebismieri stilis miRebis filo-
sofia (am azrs iziarebs amerikeli mkvlevari saul belou).
am procesis gaRrmavebaSi uaryofiTi roli Seasrula teqnikurma progresmac.
wigni, faqtobrivad, kompiuterma Secvala. logikur-analizuri da SemoqmedebiTi
azrovnebis adgili daikava ubralo konstruirebam. amas Sedegad mohyva totaluri
gaucxoeba. Seicvala adamianuri urTierTobebi. adamianebi erTmaneTis mimarT agre-
siulebi gaxdnen. gulis logika Secvala `civi gonebis~ logikam.
ganaTlebis krizisis problemis saTave amerikul civilizaciaSia saZebni, ci-
vilizaciaSi, romelic upirispirdeba kulturas. gaucxoebam Secvala moswavle-mas-
wavleblis urTierToba.
amis sademonstraciod mogvyavs aSS-is skolis problemebi ed. dvinis mixedviT:
249
kaxa qecbaia

(skolis problemebi)

1940 w. 1982 w.
1. laparaki. 1. gaupatiureba.
2. saReWi rezina. 2. Zarcva.
3 xmauri. 3. Tavdasxma.
4. derefanSi sirbili. 4. qurdoba.
5. qaRaldis Zirs dayra. 5. bombis afeTqeba.
6. gacdenebi.
7. vandalizmi.
8. narkomania.
9. alkoholizmi.
10. bandebs Soris brZola.
11. aborti.
12. ven. daavadebebi.
13. mkvlelobebi...

amerikis ganaTlebis departamentma miiRo gadawyvetileba, romlis mixedviT,

ganaTleba isev tradiciul sistemas unda daubrundes... da erTi sayuradRebo de-
tali ganaTlebis aSS-is nacionaluri angariSidan, romelic miiCnevs, rom skolam
unda aiRos orientacia akademiuri ganaTlebisaken, am saqmeSi gansakuTrebuli ro-
li ki filosofiis safuZvlebis swavlas eniWeba. am dokumentSi pirdapir aris
naTqvami, rom `filosofiis safuZvlebis codna aucilebelia naciisa da civiliza-
ciisaTvis~, maSin, roca CvenSi filosofiis mospobis tendencia midis (filosofi-
is kaTedrebis gauqmeba, filosofiis institutis gauqmeba, saStato erTeulebis
Semcireba da sxv.). moswavleebi daxsnil unda iqnen teqnokratiuli da `emociuri
licenziis~ (`akeTe is, rac gsurs~) tipis ganaTlebisagan.
ukan, tradiciisaken! _ ai, aSS-is ganaTlebis sistemis dRevandeli devizi,
tradicia ki zneobasTan aris dakavSirebuli, zneoba _ religiasTan da amitomac
religiuri aRzrda-ganaTleba priviligebuli unda gaxdes.
SeuZlebelia, rom tradiciuli, erovnuli pedagogiuri principebi uvargisi
iyos, radgan maT safuZvelSi Zevs erovnuli _ qarTuli geni, Rrma sulierebiTa da
esTetizmiT aRsavse. am sistemam misca saqarTvelos iseTi Svilebi, rogorebic iy-
vnen: petre iberi, grigol xanZTeli, SoTa rusTveli, daviT aRmaSenebeli, Tamari,
qeTevan wamebuli, didi ilia, galaktioni, konstantine gamsaxurdia ... romeli maT-
gani CamovTvaloT, maTi ricxvi Zalze didia.
amitom, roca ganaTlebis reformasa da modernizaciaze vsaubrobT, aucileb-
lad unda gaviTvaliswinoT Tundac aSS-is magaliTi, romelsac reformad tradi-
ciuli _ akademiuri ganaTlebisaken mibruneba miaCnia da mas Tvlis krizisidan ga-
mosvlis erT-erT saSualebad.
krizisidan Tavis daRwevis gzebsa da saSualebebs sociologebi, kerZod ga-
naTlebis sociologiis specialistebi, eZeben, romelTa gareSe problemis gadaw-
yveta TiTqmis SeuZleblad migvaCnia.
dabolos, ganaTlebis sistemaSi reformistuli azrovnebis SeWra msoflio
globalizaciuri procesebis erT-erTi Semadgeneli nawilia. dRevandel msoflio-
Si sul ufro da ufro izrdeba miswrafeba ganaTlebis erTian sistemaze gadasas-
vlelad. msoflioSi iqmneba ara marto saerTo valuta, ekonomika da politika,
aramed codnac.

250
 sociologiis Sesavali

sakiTxavi masala

sociologia saqarTveloSi
saqarTveloSi sociologiuri azrovneba XX saukunis dasawyisidan iRebs da-
sabams da igi evropuli sociologiiT sazrdoobda mudam. unda iTqvas, rom msof-
lioSi aRiarebuli sociologiuri Teoria saqarTveloSi ar Seqmnila da, Sesabami-
sad, veberis, Tionisis, mertonis an parsonsis msgavsi sociologebi Cven ar gvyo-
lia, rasac Tavisi obieqturi mizezebi gaaCnia, Tumca es yovelive srulebiT ar am-
cirebs imas, rac sociologiis sferoSi saqarTveloSia gakeTebuli da amJamad
keTdeba.
sayovelTaod aRiarebuli faqtia, rom sociologia ver gaCndeba da ganviTar-
deba iq, sadac adamiani da sazogadoeba yovelmxriv SezRudulia, sadac sazogado-
ebis bunebriv ganviTarebas uamravi xelisSemSleli faqtori eRobeba win. saqarTve-
los SemTxvevaSi swored msgavs viTarebasTan gvaqvs saqme. ruseTis mier saqarTve-
los aneqsiam Ria, demokratiuli mecnierebis _ sociologiis ganviTareba sag-
rZnoblad Seaferxa, xolo sabWoTa diqtaturis wlebSi sazogadoebis Sesaxeb mec-
niereba yalbi istoriul-materialisturi TeoriebiT iqna Canacvlebuli, Tumca
qarTveli mecnierebi didi riskis fasad mainc axerxebdnen sociologiuri proble-
mebis damuSavebas da safuZvels uyridnen sociologiis, rogorc sazogadoebis
Semswavleli damoukidebeli mecnierebis, saukeTeso tradiciebs saqarTveloSi.
sadavoa sakiTxi qarTuli sociologiis, rogorc suverenuli saazrovno feno-
menis, Sesaxeb, Tumca am SemTxvevaSi gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom, ubralod, erTma-
neTSi ar avurioT calkeul moazrovneTa socialuri Sexedulebebi da sakuTriv
sociologiuri Teoriebi. socialuri Sexedulebis qona sociologobas ar niSnavs.
es rom ase iyos, maSin adamianTa umravlesoba sociologi iqneboda. erTia calkeu-
li Sexedulebebis qona sazogadoebaze da meore _ mecnierulad dasabuTebuli Te-
oria mis Sesaxeb.
saqarTveloSi sociologia imTaviTve ori _ akademiuri da sauniversiteto mi-
marTulebiT viTardeboda. XX saukunis dasawyisSi saqarTveloSi sociologiis mi-
marTulebiT moRvaweobdnen: arCil jorjaZe da grigol robaqiZe, romelmac 1902
wels `sociologiuri etiudebis~ saTauriT 5 werili gamoaqveyna; xolo mixako we-
reTlis `eri da kacobrioba~ samarTlianad aris miCneuli angariSgasawev socio-
logiur gamokvlevad; sociologiuri gamokvlevebis mniSvnelobas didad afasebda
didi ivane javaxiSvili, romelsac sami sociologiuri gamokvleva aqvs Catarebu-
li; 1923 wlidan Tbilisis universitetSi sociologiis kurss aleqsandre vaCeiSvi-
li kiTxulobda. masve ekuTvnis pirveli saleqcio kursi `sociologiis Sesavali~,
rogorc damxmare saxelmZRvanelos I nawili, misi II nawilis gamocema ver moxer-
xda; amave periodSi universitetSi leqciebis wasakiTxad iurievis (tartus) univer-
sitetis kursdamTavrebuli irodion surgulaZe moiwvies, xolo 1926 wlidan _ im
droisaTvis evropidan dabrunebuli giorgi naneiSvili. samive maTgani specialo-
biT iuristi iyo, Tumca maT didi wvlili Seitanes sociologiis sauniversiteto
skolaSi socialuri problematikis damuSavebaSi. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT aRsaniS-
navia safrangeTidan dabrunebuli konstantine kapanelis Rvawli, romelic qarTu-
li mecnierebis gamorCeuli figuraa. igi originaluri sociologiuri Teoriis _
`organotropizmis~ avtoria, rac im faqtis dadasturebaa, rom sociologiis sfe-
roSi originaluri Teoriebis Seqmnis ambicia qarTvelebsac hqondaT. sociologi-
is problemebis damuSaveba Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi XX s-is 20-iani
wlebis bolomde gagrZelda.
1925 wels saqarTvelos kompartiis centraluri komitetis mier ideologiur
sakiTxebze miRebuli gadawyvetilebis Sedegad sociologias seriozuli winaaR-
mdegobebi Seeqmna, xolo 1930 wels sociologiis sakiTxebze gamarTul diskusias
sociologiis sruli ignorireba mohyva. Sesabamisad, Tbilisis universitetSi so-
ciologia amoRebul iqna saswavlo disciplinebidan.
sociologiisaken xelaxali Semobruneba `xruSCovis droidan~ iwyeba, kerZod,
1962 wlidan sabWoTa kavSiris masStabiT sociologiis reabilitacia moxda. imxa-
251
kaxa qecbaia

nad leningradSi gaxsnili sociologiis institutisa da leningradis universite-

tis sociologiis laboratoriis saqmianobas specialurad gaecno cnobili qar-
Tveli mecnieri venor qvaCaxia. swored misi TaosnobiT sabWoTa kavSirSi pirvelad
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi gamoyenebiTi sociologiis laboratoria Se-
iqmna, romlis bazaze 1968 wels konkretul-sociologiuri kvlevis kaTedra daar-
sda. misi xelmZRvaneli profesori venor qvaCaxia iyo. igi nayofierad, Rrmad da
safuZvlianad ikvlevda sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis formebis interdisciplinuri,
sistemuri gaazrebis problemebs, ramac mas sociologTa saerTaSoriso kongreseb-
ze evianSi (safrangeTi), varnaSi (bulgareTi) da gansakuTrebiT upsalaSi (Svecia)
didi aRiareba moupova. arsebiTad aman gansazRvra TbilisSi (1981 wlis agvistoSi)
pirvelad sabWoTa kavSirSi sociologTa saerTaSoriso asociaciis aRmasrulebe-
li komitetis sxdomis Catareba, sadac venor qvaCaxia kidev erTxel aRiarebul iq-
na, rogorc gamoCenili mecnier-mkvlevari da sociologi. misi iniciativiT saqar-
TveloSi araerTxel gaimarTa saerTaSoriso, sakavSiro da respublikuri masSta-
bis simpoziumebi da samecniero konferenciebi. misi Zalisxmevis Sedegad sociolo-
gia CarTul iqna saqarTvelos socialuri ganviTarebis dagegmvis saqmeSi, momzad-
da saleqcio kursebi sociologiaSi, dacul iqna disertaciebi.
venor qvaCaxiam aqtiuri monawileoba miiRo TbilisSi aracnobieris Sesaxeb
gamarTul simpoziumSi. saqarTveloSi Seiqmna sociologTa asociacia, romlis pre-
zidentebi iyvnen paata guguSvili da venor qvaCaxia, Semdeg ki _ profesori edu-
ard kodua. konkretul-sociologiuri kvlevis kaTedrasTan moqmedebda damnaSaveo-
bis sociologiis sakiTxebis Semswavleli laboratoria (xelmZRvaneli profesori
anzor gabiani). mogvianebiT misi adgili studenti axalgazrdobis sociologiuri
kvlevis laboratoriam daikava.
XX saukunis 30-40-ian wlebSi moRvaweobda cnobili qarTveli mecnieri kita meg-
reliZe, romelic saqarTveloSi `azrovnebis sociologiis~ fuZemdebelia. faqtobri-
vad, saqarTveloSi man Cauyara safuZveli azrovnebis sociologiis mniSvnelovan
dargs. am Teoriis mixedviT, azrovnebis specifika mis socialurobaSi vlindeba. mxo-
lod struqturul-funqciuri, mTlianobiTi midgoma gvaZlevs imis saSualebas, rom
azrovneba gavigoT, rogorc Tavisufali, SemoqmedebiTi aqtivoba, sabolood ki _ ro-
gorc RirebulebaTa da kulturSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis sawyisi; kita megreliZis
azrovnebis, cnobierebis sociologia namdvilad axali sityva da wingadadgmuli na-
biji iyo ara marto qarTul sociologiaSi, aramed qarTul mecnierebaSi saerTod.
1982 wels, venor qvaCaxias gardacvalebis Semdeg, zemoT xsenebuli kaTedris
gamge profesori eduard kodua gaxda, romlis TaosnobiT 1989 wels Tbilisis iva-
ne javaxiSvilis saxelobis saxelmwifo universitetis filosofiis fakultetze
sociologiis specialoba gaixsna, romelic mogvianebiT sociologiis ganyofile-
bad gadakeTda, xolo kaTedras _ sociologiis kaTerda, fakultets ki filoso-
fiisa da sociologiis fakulteti ewoda. profesorma eduard koduam saqarTvelo-
Si sociologiis dargis ganviTarebas didi Rvawli da amagi dasdo. sociologiu-
ri mecniereba man axal simaRleebamde aiyvana. rac Seexeba dRevandelobas, amJamad,
universitetis reorganizaciis Sedegad, sociologiis fakulteti sociologiis mi-
marTulebad aris gadakeTebuli da socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa fakul-
tetis erT-erTi Semadgeneli nawilia.
saqarTveloSi sociologiis ganviTarebaSi didi wvlili miuZRvis sociolo-
giis akademiur skolas, romelsac adre saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis siste-
maSi Semavali demografiisa da sociologiis instituti warmoadgens (amJamad ili-
as saxelmwifo universitetis demografiisa da sociologiis instituti a.
sulaberiZis TaosnobiT.). instituti sociologiuri kvlevis mdidari tradiciebis
matarebelia saqarTveloSi. sociologiis am skolis mniSvnelovani warmomadgene-
lia akad. paata guguSvili, romelsac mecnierebis am sferos Sesaxeb araerTi sain-
tereso naSromi aqvs Sesrulebuli.
saqarTveloSi sociologia, gansakuTrebiT gamoyenebiTi sociologia, araso-
des rCeboda mTavrobis `yuradRebis gareSe.~ mTavroba mas sakuTari miznebisaTvis
iyenebda an saerTod uars ambobda masze. am mxriv aRsaniSnavia, rom e. SevardnaZis
252
 sociologiis Sesavali

periodSi saqarTvelos mTavrobasTan arsebobda `sazogadoebrivi azris Semswav-

leli centri~, romelic, faqtobrivad, xelisuflebis dakveTebs asrulebda.
sociologiis ganviTarebaSi erTgvari gardatexa erovnuli xelisuflebis
droidan moxda, rodesac igi mTlianad ganTavisuflda yalbi ideologiisa da ste-
reotipebisagan da Tavisufali ganviTarebis asparezi mieca. am droidan moyolebu-
li sociologiis swavlebisadmi SiSi da undobloba gaqra. sazogadoebam Seigno
misi aucilebloba, Tumca sociologiuri codnis kulturas saqarTveloSi saTana-
do donemde jer kidev ver miuRwevia.
rogorc zemoT iTqva, sabWoTa diqtaturis wlebSi sociologiaSi sazogadoe-
bis Sesaxeb yalbi marqsistul-leninuri moZRvreba istoriuli materializmi mo-
iazreboda, romlisgan Tavis daRwevas qarTveli mecnierebi sociumis Sesaxeb fi-
losofiuri TeoriebiTa da doqtrinebiT cdilobdnen, anu sociologiuri proble-
mebis analizi filosofiur sibrtyeze gadahqondaT, ramac meore ukiduresobaSi
gadavardna gamoiwvia _ sociologiam filosofiuri Seferiloba miiRo.AdRes sa-
qarTveloSi sociologia TavisTavadobas iZens da am mdgomareobidan gamodis. so-
ciologiis dargSi saintereso gamokvlevebi aqvT profesorebs: eduard koduas, bi-
Zina lutiZes, bondo kartozias, vaJa gorozias, guram asaTians, zurab xasaias, ami-
ran berZeniSvils, iago kaWkaWiSvils da sxvebs.
Tanamedrove sazogadoebis problemebze muSaoben savle wereTlis filosofi-
is institutis, ilias saxelmwifo universitetis profesorebi, romlebic saqarTve-
loSi moqmed sxva samecniero da saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi moRvawe mecni-
erebTan erTad garkveulwilad Sesaferis aminds qmnian sociologiis sferoSi. di-
di xani ar aris, rac maT ricxvs soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis sociologiis
mimarTuleba da socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa fakultetTan arsebuli
`axali fsiqologiuri da sociologiuri teqnologiebis samecniero-kvleviTi in-
stituti~ Seemata. aqve funqcionirebs `sociologTa klubi.~ dRes TbilisSi sazo-
gadoebrivi azris Semswavleli ramdenime sociologiuri centri arsebobs.
qarTvel sociologTa Tanamedrove Taoba sociologiis klasikuri da uaxle-
si paradigmebis kritikuli aTvisebis procesSi imyofeba, ris Sedegadac TandaTa-
nobiT ikveTeba is mimarTulebebi, romlebic Tanamedrove sazogadoebis socialuri
problemebis saTanado analizis saSualebas iZleva.
dRes Tanamedrove msoflios civilizebul qveynebSi rogorc sameurneo-ekono-
mikuri, socialur-politikuri da kulturuli cxovrebis mowyoba-mowesrigeba, ise
adamianTSoriso urTierTobebis srulyofa warmoudgenelia sociologiuri momsa-
xurebis gareSe. es procesi dawyebulia saqarTveloSic, romelic Tavisuflebis,
demokratiisa da sabazro ekonomikis gzas adgas.
axali saqarTvelos mSenebloba gaZneldeba am saqmeSi sociologebis monawi-
leobis gareSe.
sociologebi imuSaveben samrewvelo da sasoflo gaerTianebebSi, firmebsa da
asociaciebSi, politikuri da sazogadoebrivi marTvis organoebSi, sociologiuri
kvlevis centrebsa da laboratoriebSi, mediaSi, sareklamo saagentoebsa da imij-
centrebSi da a. S.

SeniSvna:
sociologia, mecnierebis sxva dargebTan erTad, zeerovnuli fenomenia, ami-
tom mTel rig uxerxulobas qmnis erovnuli niSniT sociologiaze saubari, magram
am SemTxvevaSi Cven mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs sociologiuri codnis is arsenali, rome-
lic ama Tu im qveyanaSia dagrovili.

253
kaxa qecbaia

***

`Tanamedrove teqnikam adamians ganuzomlad didi Se-

saZleblobebi misca, magram amiT igi ver gaxda sakuTari
bednierebiT daimedebuli da damSvidebuli. piriqiT, es Se-
saZleblobebi ukiduresad saSiSi Seiqna misTvis. adamians
aqamde arasodes ar SeeZlo moespo kacobrioba, axla es
SesaZloa. kacobriobis mier Seqmnili teqnika daupirispir-
da adamians, adamianisaTvis sakuTari Semoqmedebis nayofi
ucxo gxda, gaucxoebis am Tvaluwvden okeaneSi gaisma SOS
_ adamiani safrTxeSia! steinbekis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,
`TviT adamiani gaxda Cveni udidesi saSiSroeba~ da rode-
sac mamazecieris imedi aRaraa, `isev adamiania Cveni erTa-
derTi imedi.~ adamiani mecnieruli Seswavlis centrSi
dgeba, xolo adamianis Semswavlel mecnierebaTa Soris
centralur adgils sociologia ikavebs.~

venor qvaCaxia venor qvaCaxia

1924-1982

msoflioSi cnobili sociologebi

paul lazarsfeldi
(1901 1976)

gamoCenili amerikeli sociologi; mediis mkvlevari, romelic Tavisi

meTodologiuri da empiriuli TeoriebiTaa cnobili. mediis sociologiaSi
Semoitana `orsafexuriani komunikaciisa da SexedulebaTa lideris~ cnebebi; 1937
wels xelmZRvanelobda rokfeleris fondis mier dafinansebul radios kvlevis
proeqts prinstonis universitetSi. mogvianebiT proqeti kolumbiis universitetSi
gadavida da mis bazaze cnobili `socialur gamokvlevaTa biuro~ Seiqmna. II
msoflio omis Semdeg empiriul gamokvlevaTa centri Camoayaliba osloSi. igi
mertonTan erTad Teoriuli da empiriuli codnis sinTezirebis safuZvelze
sociologiuri codnis gardaqmnelad mimarTuli moZraobis TvalsaCino
warmomadgenelia. lazersfeldi 35 wlis ganmavlobaSi kolumbiis universietis
sociologiis profesori iyo.

254
 sociologiis Sesavali

sakiTxavi masala

fragmenti kaxa qecbaias wignidan `Jurnalistikis sociologia

(sagani, amocanebi, meTodebi)~

Tanamedrove dasavluri soci-

ologiis Tanaxmad, sazogadoeba
Tavis ganviTarebaSi ramdenime sta-
dias gadis. aqedan V stadia, rome-
lic ganviTarebul qveynebs axasia-
TebT, aris informaciuli stadia
da mas informaciuli sazogadoeba
Seesabameba. igi XX-s-is 80-ian wleb-
Si Seiqmna (iaponia). misTvis niSan-
doblivia informaciis warmoeba,
ganawileba, gacvla da moxmareba.
am dros erovnul SemosavalSi
Zalze didia ganaTlebis, mecniere-
bisa da teqnikis (eleqtronikis) wi-
li. am SemTxvevaSi gadamwyvetia
aramaterialuri warmoeba. iqmneba sainformacio bankebi. informacias gadascems
presa, televizia, e. w. IV xelisufleba, romelic nel-nela I xelisuflebad SeiZ-
leba iqces. am mxriv aRsaniSnavia uaxlesi teqnologiebis gamoyeneba, kerZod, kos-
mosuri kavSirgabmulobis sistemis Seqmna da Tanamgzavruli televizia. bunebri-
via, yovelive es sociologebis mxridan Seswavlas, kvleva-Ziebas, analizsa da gan-
zogadoebas moiTxovs. am mizniT XX saukuneSi konkretul-sociologiur discip-
linebs Seemata sruliad axali disciplina Jurnalistikis sociologiis saxiT.
Jurnalistika, rogorc sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobis erT-erTi saxe, mWidro
kavSirSia sazogadoebis Sesaxeb mecnierebasTan _ sociologiasTan. Jurnalisturi
saqmianoba warmoudgenelia informaciis Segrovebis, damuSaveba-analizis, ganzoga-
debis da masobrivi gavrcelebis gareSe (`Jurnalistika~ franguli enidan momdina-
reobs _ dRiuri, gazeTi.). am SemTxvevaSi igi siciologiuri kvlevis meTodebs iye-
nebs; yovelive es metyvelebs imaze, rom Tanamedrove Jurnalistika sul ufro da
ufro sociologiuri xdeba.
Jurnalistikis sociologiis, rogorc mecnieruli disciplinis, Sesaxeb cal-
ke mecnieruli gamokvleva qarTul enaze ar arsebobs, rac savsebiT gasagebia; mar-
qsizmis batonobis periodSi am mecnierebis (sociologiis) ganviTareba mkacrad
ideologizebuli iyo; yovelive es ki xels uSlida misi, rogorc srulyofili
mecnierebis, Camoyalibebas. igi yvelaze `Tavisufali~ da `demokratiuli~ mecniere-
baa, romelic, bunebrivia, ver ganviTardeboda totalitarizmis pirobebSi.
bolo dros sul ufro izrdeba interesi konkretuli sociologiuri kvleve-
bis mimarT. am saqmiT dakavebul adamianTa raodenoba Cvens sinamdvileSi yovel-
wliurad matulobs. bunebrivia, am mxriv gamonakliss arc Jurnalistebi da Jurna-
listika warmoadgens da es albaT ar aris gasakviri, radgan sociologia Jurna-
listikasTan yvelaze axlos myofi, SeiZleba iTqvas, monaTesave mecnierebaa. amaSi
sagangaSo araferia, magram safrTxe imaSi mdgomareobs, rom saxezea e. w. `anketoma-
nia~. sociologia dReisaTvis yvelaze moduri mecnierebaa, rasac adasturebs Tun-
dac anketebiT aWrelebuli Jurnal-gazeTebi.
cnobili sociologis iadovis SeniSvniT, amas akeTeben enTuziastebi, romleb-
sac ara aqvT specialuri ganaTleba, arada, sociologiuri gamokvlevis Catarebi-
saTvis seriozuli da soliduri mecnieruli codnaa saWiro, rac Cvens Jurnal-ga-
zeTebSi naklebad Cans. visac ki kiTxvis dasma SeuZlia, yvelas sociologad mo-
aqvs Tavi. aravin ar icis, kvlevis ra meTodebi iqna gamoyenebuli da ramdenad rep-
rezentatulia miRebuli informacia. am SemTxvevaSi saxezea fsevdosociologia.
aseT viTarebaSi Jurnalistma, romelic sociologiuri kvleviT aris dakavebuli,
255
kaxa qecbaia

unda gaiTvaliswinos yovelive zemoaRniSnuli da uari Tqvas e. w. uxarisxo stan-

dartebze, gavrcelebul daStampul stereotipebze. amas sociologiuri ganaTleba
sWirdeba, amitom dRis wesrigSi dgeba sociologiuri ganaTlebis mqone Jurnalis-
tis _ sociolog-Jurnalistis saWiroeba.
amjerad Cven SevecdebiT mokled gadmovceT is
sakiTxebi da problemebi, rac ase mwvaved dgas am
mecnierebis winaSe. amasTan migvaCnia, rom misi
srulyofili mecnieruli Seswavla calke gamok-
vlevas moiTxovs, romlis drosac aucileblad un-
da gaewios angariSi Jurnalistikis Teorias da Ta-
namedrove Jurnalistikis praqtikul miRwevebs, Ta-
namedrove, uaxlesi teqnologiebis gamoyenebis do-
nes am sferoSi da sxv. yovelive es ki namdvilad
aRemateba erTi mkvlevris SesaZleblobebs. am saqme-
Si sociologebTan erTad monawileoba unda miiRon
Jurnalistebma _ im adamianebma, romlebic praqti-
kuli Jurnalistikis sferoSi moRvaweoben; yoveli-
ve es ki momavlis saqmea.
Jurnalistikis sociologia, rogorc mecniereba
kontidan moyolebuli, Tanamedrove sociologiam ganviTarebis metad rTuli
da saintereso gza ganvlo; am xnis ganmavlobaSi gafarTovda sociologiuri ga-
mokvlevebis sfero, ramac gamoiwvia e. w. specializacia sociologiur discipline-
bad. am disciplinebs Soris erT-erTi mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs Jurnalisti-
kis sociologias.
Jurnalistikis sociologia aris specialuri sociologiuri disciplina, ro-
melic mecnieruli disciplinis saxiT dasavleTSi Camoyalibda. misi ganviTareba
Tavisufali iyo yovelgvari ideologiisagan da amitomac Jurnalistikis socio-
logias iq dRes ufro daxvewili da Camoyalibebuli saxe aqvs, rasac ver vityviT
Cvenze. CvenTan es dargi jer kidev ganviTarebisa da Camoyalibebis stadiaSi imyo-
feba. marqsizmis batonobis dros am dargis Teoriuli safuZveli iyo e. w. istori-
uli materializmi, romelic zogadi sociologiuri Teoriis rols asrulebda.
bunebrivia, Jurnalistikis zogadi Teoriac mis safuZvelze iyo Seqmnili. aseT vi-
TarebaSi Jurnalistika sociologiasTan mimarTebaSi gamodioda, rogorc kerZo
socialuri Teoria, romelic Jurnalistikis problemebs ganixilavda, rogorc so-
cialur movlenas.
Jurnalistikis sociologia aris socialuri mecniereba Jurnalistikis Sesa-
xeb, romelic Jurnalistikas ganixilavs, rogorc specifikur socialur movlenas,
rogorc faqts.
Jurnalistikis sociologiis mkvlevarTa Soris dResac mimdinareobs dava am
mecnierebis saxelwodebasTan dakavSirebiT; mkvlevarTa erTi nawili Tvlis, rom
es mecnieruli mimarTuleba unda iwodebodes `presis sociologiad.~ Tumca, rogo-
radac ar unda ganixilebodes presa, am SemTxvevaSi misi gageba viwroa, radganac
sxva planze rCeba radio, televizia da masobrivi informaciis kidev sxva saSua-
lebebi. amitom Jurnalistikis sociologiis nacvlad Cndeba termini: `masobrivi
komunikaciebis sociologia~. Jurnalistika gansxvavdeba sxvadasxva tipis komunika-
ciis saSualebebisagan, amitom am terminis uvargisobis mizezi Sinaarsobrivi xasi-
aTisaa. aqedan gamomdinare, dasadgenia generaluri cneba, romelic aRwers mecnie-
rul disciplinas, mTlianad moicavs misi sagnis umTavres niSnebs. Cvens SemTxveva-
Si igi ganpirobebuli iqneba informaciis SinaarsiT, misi mopovebisa da damuSave-
bis saSualebebiT, am amocanebis realizaciisas subieqturi TvisebebiT da sxv.
termini, romelic mTlianad warmoadgens aRniSnuli mecnieruli disciplinis
kvlevis sagans, amave dros Seesabameba mecnieruli kvlevis tradiciebs da, amasTan
erTad, obieqtis Tanamedrove gagebas, aris Jurnalistika. igi mTlianad moicavs
yovelive zemoaRniSnuls da, amdenad, misi xmareba savsebiT gamarTlebulia. garda
256
 sociologiis Sesavali

amisa, am terminis xmarebis dros qreba iluzia imisa, rom TiTqos Jurnalistur
disciplinaTa sistemis gverdiT arsebobs e. w. `masobrivi komunikaciis Teoria~ da,
amis Sesabamisad, calke sociologiuri disciplina, Tumca am SemTxvevaSi Jurna-
listikis sociologia ekuTvnis sociologiur disciplinebs da amave dros Sedis
Jurnalistikis Sesaxeb arsebul mecnierebebSi. amitom Jurnalistikis sociologi-
is sagani arsebobs Jurnalisturi gamokvlevebis sagnis SigniT. mas aqvs rogorc
Teoriuli, aseve praqtikuli amocanebi, rac Jurnalistikis Tanamedrove problema-
tikis SigniT ikveTeba. am SemTxvevaSi, Jurnalisturi saqmianoba iqceva sociologi-
uri kvlevis sagnad. Tavis mxriv, gazeTi (presa), radio da telegadacema bevrad
ufro saintereso da mecnieruli iqneba sociologiuri gamokvlevis Sedegebis gaT-
valiswinebis SemTxvevaSi. Tumca nayofieri sociologiuri analizi SeuZlebelia
myari sayrdenis gareSe, romelsac warmoadgens Jurnalistikis Sesaxeb arsebuli
mecnierebis Teoriuli da meTodologiuri nawili,
Jurnalistur saqmianobaSi ZiriTadia informaciis Segroveba, misi mopoveba,
damuSaveba, analizi, ganzogadeba da gamoyeneba, amiT erTmaneTs hgvanan Jurnalis-
ti da sociologi. sociologiuri gamokvleva iZleva imas, rac JurnalistebisaT-
vis ase aucilebelia, magram ver floben mas, magaliTad, auditoriis raodenob-
rivi Semadgenloba, interesebis struqtura, informaciis miRebis mecnieruli meTo-
debi, Temebs Soris damokidebuleba, damokidebuleba rubrikisadmi, Janrebisadmi
da sxv. yovelive es Jurnalists aZlevs saSualebas, rom Tavis Tavs auditoriis
TvaliT Sexedos, rom mkiTxveli da mayurebeli ar aris mxolod informaciis pa-
siuri mimRebi, rom mas yovelTvis ar moswons is, rasac Jurnalistebi did mniSvne-
lobas aniWeben. araviTar SemTxvevaSi, erTmaneTSi ar unda avurioT masobrivi in-
formaciis saSualebebis sociologia (`masmediis sociologia~) da Jurnalistikis
sociologia. masobrivi informaciis saSualebaTa sociologia, iseve rogorc Jur-
nalistikis sociologia, calke, konkretul-sociologiuri disciplinaa, romlis
ZiriTadi sagania sazogadoebrivi azri. bunebrivia, Jurnalistikis sociologia
ver iqneba mTlad mowyvetili sazogadoebrivi azris Sesaxeb mecnierebas, is auci-
leblad iTvaliswinebs am mecnierebis kvleva-Ziebis Sedegebs. Tavis mxriv, sazoga-
doebrivi azri Zalze saintereso sferoa mecnieruli kvlevisaTvis.
sazogadoebrivi azris mniSvnelobaze gansakuTrebul yuradRebas amaxvilebs
nikolo makiaveli Tavis umTavres TxzulebaSi `mTavari~, ris gamoc bevri mkvleva-
ri swored mas miiCnevs am terminis fuZemdeblad, Tumca, sinamdvileSi termini `sa-
zogadoebrivi azri~ inglisuri warmoSobisaa. igi XII saukuneSi inglisSi gaCnda.
termini pirvelad ingliselma mweralma da saxelmwifo moRvawem jon solberim
ixmara 1159 wels. aqedan gavrcelda igi sxvadasxva qveynebSi. dawvrilebiTi cnobe-
bi am terminis warmoSobasTan dakavSirebiT mocemulia germaneli sociologis ha-
bermasis wignSi: `cvalebadobis struqtura sazogadoebriv azrSi~. sazogadoebrivi
azris cnobili mkvlevrebi arian: p. lazarsfeldi, k. xarti, j. gelapi, g. lasue-
li, e. uilsoni, olporti, qentrili, berelsoni, xovlendi, Serifi da sxv. am da
sxva mkvlevrebis naazrevs angariSs uwevs Jurnalistikis sociologia. sazogado-
ebrivi azris SeswavlaSi gansakuTrebuli wvlili miuZRviT sociologebs: g. tar-
dis, u. lipmans, r. mertons, g. blumers da sxvebs.
Tavis mxriv, sociologiasTan kavSirSi Jurnalistika aviTarebs ara mxolod
Teorias, aramed aRrmavebs da srulyofs praqtikul mxaresac.
dRes mravali redaqcia, tele- da radiostudia iyenebs sociologebis gamoc-
dilebas. sociologiuri gamokvlevebi maTTvis informaciis ZiriTadi wyaros
rols asrulebs. Tanamedrove JurnalistikaSi farTod SeaRwia sociologiuri
kvlevis meTodebma, ramac gamoiwvia Jurnalistikisa da sociologiis urTierTga-
dakveTa da dRis wesrigSi daayena Jurnalistikis Sesaxeb calke sociologiuri
disciplinis arsebobis sakiTxi.
Jurnalistikis sociologiis sagani, amocanebi, meTodebi
sagani: Jurnalistikis sociologiis sagani ar aris Jurnalistikis istoriu-
li ganviTareba, rogorc es bevr mkvlevars miaCnia, Tumca igi farTod iyenebs is-
toriul codnas.
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kaxa qecbaia

mas ainteresebs Jurnalistikis dinamikuri ganviTarebis procesi, Jurnalisti-

ka, rogorc cocxali faqti, rogorc realuri cxovreba mTliani organizmisa. igi
qmnis da ayalibebs axal codnas masobrivi informaciis saSualebebze, rogorc
funqcionirebad, moqmed, dinamikur sistemaze, rac, Tavis mxriv, Teorias aZlevs
praqtikuli gamoyenebis saSualebas, amitom is swavlobs praqtikuli moqmedebis
realur principebs. misi sagania Jurnalistika, rogorc socialuri fenomeni.
amocanebi: Jurnalistikis sociologia, rogorc calke mecniereba, mravali
Tanamedrove problemis gadaWris saSualebas iZleva, romelTa fonze TandaTan ik-
veTeba misi, rogorc mecnieruli disciplinis, amocanebi. esenia: a) Sesaswavli obi-
eqtis aRwera (e.w. `suraTis gadaReba~). am amocanis Sesrulebas didi mniSvneloba
aqvs, roca sociolog-Jurnalistis winaSe dgas e.w. gacnobiTi samuSaoebis Catare-
bis aucilebloba. is SeiZleba CaiTvalos sawyis etapad, mas SeiZleba aRweriTi ga-
mokvlevis Catarebac davarqvaT. am SemTxvevaSi mkvlevarma pasuxi unda gasces kiT-
xvas: `ra aris es?~ `ras niSnavs es?~ aman ki, Tavis mxriv, aucilebeli da saWiro
informacia unda mogvces; b) axsna im mizezebisa, Tu Sesaswavli obieqti ratom
aris aseTi da ara sxvanairi? mag., ratom ikiTxeba erTi masala erTi Jurnalistisa
interesiT, vidre igive masala meorisa? saWiroa e.w. `idealuri modelis Seqmna~; g)
Semdegi amocana SesaZlo obieqtis funqcionirebis optimizaciis mizniT rekomenda-
ciebis SemuSavebaa, rac warmoadgens gadasvlas sociologiuri gamokvlevis daba-
li donidan maRalze. am SemTxvevaSi izrdeba pasuxismgebloba, rac moiTxovs Sesa-
bamis codnas da unar-Cvevebs mkvlevrisagan. aq daSvebuli mciredi Secdomac ki Se-
iZleba zianis momtani gaxdes redaqciis an tele-radiokorporaciisaTvis, fosti-
saTvis da sxv. d) Jurnalistikis sociologiis erT-erTi umTavresi amocanaa ag-
reTve JurnalistTa organizaciuli da profesiul-SemoqmedebiTi muSaobis gaumjo-
beseba, e.w. kompleqsuri gamokvlevebis Catarebis gziT, romlis subieqtebi iqnebian
calkeuli Jurnalistebi. ase rom, sociologias didi praqtikuli sargeblobis mo-
tana SeuZlia JurnalistikisaTvis, Tumca yoveli konkretuli sociologiuri ga-
mokvleva srulebiT ar aris Jurnalistikis sociologiis sagani.
garda praqtikuli xasiaTis amocanebisa, Jurnalistikis sociologias aqvs Te-
oriuli tipis amocanebic, kerZod, Tavisi gamokvlevebiT is zrdis da amdidrebs
Jurnalistikas, rogorc mecnierebas, Jurnalistur gamokvlevebs aZlevs mecnierul
saxes, rac Taviseburad amravalferovnebs da srulyofs Tanamedrove Jurnalisti-
kis istorias. igi gansazRvravs im faqtorebsa da socialur pirobebs, romelTa
saSualebiT xeli Seewyoba Jurnalistikis ganviTarebas, adgens Jurnalistikis
rols sazogadoebis progresSi. Tavis mxriv, Tanamedrove Jurnalistikis Teoriac
unda daeyrdnos sociologiur gamokvlevebs.
sociologia emsaxureba, amave dros, Jurnalisturi ganaTlebis ganviTareba-
sac. am aspeqtiT, mas e.w. `saganmanaTleblo~ amocana aqvs da is aris ara damxmare
disciplina, rogorc zogierTebs warmoudgeniaT, aramed mecnierebis dargi, rome-
lic Jurnalistikis TeoriasTan da istoriasTan erTad Seadgens e.w. `triumvi-
rats~ Jurnalistikis Sesaxeb arsebuli fundamenturi mecnierebisa, rasac samomav-
lod didi perspeqtivebi aqvs, amitom aucilebelia igi iswavlebodes Jurnalisti-
kisa da sociologiis specialobebze. garda amisa, Tavis mxriv, Jurnalistebi cal-
ke unda swavlobdnen sociologias, Tundac konkretuls. am fonze Tamamad SeiZle-
ba iTqvas, rom sociolog-Jurnalisti momavlis specialobaa.
meTodebi: Jurnalistikis sociologia iyenebs e.w. zogadmecnierul, filoso-
fiur da kerZo meTodebs.
rac Seexeba sakuTar, specialur meTodebs, maTi gamoyeneba damokidebulia
kvlevis sagansa da amocanebze. rogorc konkretul sociologiaSi, aqac meTodikas
kvlevis sagani gansazRvravs.
struqtura: Jurnalistikis sociologia SedarebiT axalgazrda mecnierebaa,
amitom misi calkeuli nawilebi da mimarTulebebi naklebadaa diferencirebuli.
igi, rogorc socialuri kerZo mecnieruli disciplina, Semdegi nawilebisagan
Sedgeba: a) beWvdiTi sityvis, presis sociologia; b) komunikaciis saSualebaTa so-
ciologia (telegrafi, fosta da sxv.); g) radios socioologia; d) tele, kino (vi-
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deo) sociologia.
calke gamoiyofa Jurnalistur urTierTobaTa sociologia da sxv. yvela ese-
ni Jurnalistikis sociologiis struqturuli elementebia, romlebic jer kidev
formirebis procesSi arian da calke kvleva-Ziebas saWiroeben.

sociologiuri kvlevis meTodebis gamoyeneba

Jurnalistikasa da sociologiaSi
(mokle mimoxilva)
Jurnalistikasa da sociologias Soris ar aris mxolod erTi mimarTulebis,
calmxrivi urTierToba, maTTvis saerToa kvlevis zogierTi meTodi. magaliTad,
iseT meTodebs, rogoricaa dakvirveba, zepiri interviu, didi xnidan iyenebs Jurna-
listika; Tavis mxriv, sociologiac did gamocdilebas iRebs aqedan, xolo Jurna-
listebi ufro metad orientirebuli xdebian arsebul situaciaSi, amdidreben ra
TavianT instrumentalur codnas urTules socialur fenomenze da mimarTaven
kvlevis iseT meTodebs, romlebic naklebadaa cnobili Jurnalistur samyaroSi.
informaciis mopovebis meTodebi Jurnalistikasa da sociologiaSi igiveobri-
via da amiT isini emsgavsebian kidec erTmaneTs, magram maT Soris aris arsebiTi
xasiaTis sxvaobac. kerZod, sociologiuri kvlevis meTodebi mecnieruli meTode-
bia, maSin roca JurnalistikaSi maT aqvT stiqiur-empiriuli xasiaTi. Jurnalists
moeTxoveba flobdes mraval meTodsa da xerxs, garda imisa, rom SeeZlos gamar-
Tulad wera. cxovrebis Rrma SreebSi SeRweva da misi safuZvliani da yovelmxrivi
analizi misgan moiTxovs informaciis wyaros sworad SerCevas da masTan goniTi,
gagebiTi urTierTobis qonas, es ki warmoudgenelia sociologiuri kvlevis meTo-
debis codnis gareSe.
gansxvaveba sociologiasa da Jurnalistikas Soris aris meTodur planSi, me-
Todebisadmi midgomaSi. sociologiis kvlevis meTodebi yovelTvis mecnieruli me-
Todebia, xolo JurnalistikaSi is warmoadgens Semecnebis meTodebs, romelic xSi-
rad rCeba stiqiur-empiriul doneze, anda praqtikuli Semecnebis doneze, rac da-
kavSirebulia praqtikul saqmianobasTan da sakuTar Tavs inarCunebs cxovrebiseu-
li sibrZnisa da praqtikuli gamocdilebis saxiT.
Jurnalistur praqtikaSi mravlad SeiZleba vipovoT sxvadasxva done konkre-
tul-sociologiuri gamokvlevis meTodebis gamoyenebisa da xarisxis Tvalsazri-
siT.
meToduri msgavseba aSkaraa publicistikaSi. Jurnalisti mudmiv urTierToba-
Sia sociumTan, amitom mimarTavs igi socialuri mecnierebis kvlevis meTodebs.
aqedan gamomdinare, dakvirveba, interviu, dokumentebis analizi, sociometria, so-
cialuri eqsperimenti da sxva Jurnalisturi Semecnebis tradiciul meTodad iqca.
a) dakvirveba sociologiasa da JurnalistikaSi. sociologiuri kvlevis meTo-
debs Soris dakvirveba erT-erTi yvelaze martivi meTodia. am meTodis xasiaTi gan-
pirobebulia socialuri obieqtiT, gansxvavebiT fizikuri movlenebis dakvirvebi-
sagan; mag., vulkanis amofrqvevis SemTxvevaSi, mkvlevar-damkvirvebeli mSvidadaa,
radganac icis, rom verafers Secvlis; socialuri dakvirveba mkvlevrisagan reagi-
rebas moiTxovs. igi martivi meTodia, imitom rom meTodologiuri struqturis
erT-erT elements Seadgens, damoukidebel saxes ki maSin iRebs, rodesac kvleva
atarebs e.w. `dazverviT~ xasiaTs da miznad aqvs problemebis dazusteba. am meTods
JurnalistikaSi iyeneben, rodesac Seiswavlian calkeul faqts an movlenas, maSin
rodesac didi statistikuri masalis mopoveba ar aris saWiro reportaJis an sta-
tiisaTvis masalebis Segrovebis dros, Tumca aqac gansxvavebulia dakvirvebis do-
neebi. umTavresad gamoiyofa ori ZiriTadi done: mecnieruli da cxovrebiseuli.
dakvirvebis meTodis gamoyenebisas gansxvaveba sociologiasa da Jurnalistikas
Soris Semdegi saxiT vlindeba: sociologiaSi dakvirveba damokidebulia zustad
gansazRvrul kvlevis programaze: igi igegmeba winaswar mofiqrebuli proceduriT.
yvela monacemi oqmSi fiqsirdeba, erTi sityviT, mecnieruli saxe aqvs; Jurnalis-
tur masalaSi dakvirvebis gziT miRebuli informacia xvdeba informaciaTa kom-
pleqsSi (informaciuli kolaJi), romelic, Tavis mxriv, sxva meTodebiTaa mopove-
259
kaxa qecbaia

buli. rogoricaa Jurnalisturi saubrebi, dokumenturi masalis Seswavla da sxv.

amitom is ar aris mocemuli wminda saxiT, rogorc sociologiaSi. Jurnalistika-
Si es meTodi e.w. cxovrebiseul doneze ganixileba, Tumca arsebobs gardamavali
etapic, romlis drosac gadasvla xdeba mecnierul doneze.
Jurnalistur praqtikaSi dakvirvebis mizezebad gvevlineba sinamdvilis mov-
lenebi, romelTa Soris Jurnalisti ganixilavs sazogadoebisaTvis (auditorii-
saTvis) mniSvnelovans da es procesi wminda stiqiur-empiriuli xasiaTisaa, maSin
rodesac sociologiaSi piriqiTaa.
mas Semdeg, rac xdeba obieqtis SerCeva, Jurnalistebi dgebian iseTi sakiTxis
winaSe, rogoricaa _ rogor daakvirdes? aq ki saWiroebis mixedviT isini mimarTa-
ven dakvirvebis Semdeg saxeebs: CarTuli dakvirveba, Ria da inkognito dakvirveba.
savele dakvirvebisas, sociologiuri TvalsazrisiT, obieqti saxezea, maSin roca
laboratoriuli dakvirvebis dros `modelirebis~ gziT xdeba saWiro situaciis
Seqmna, rac naklebad gamoiyeneba JurnalistikaSi da es albaT misi sirTuliTac
aris ganpirobebuli.
yofil ssrk-Si am meTodis gamoyeneba akrZaluli iyo e.w. partiuli moTxovne-
bis gamo. yovel SemTxvevaSi, Jurnalisturi saqmianobis warmateba, am meTodiT mu-
Saobisas, damokidebulia mis codnaze. JurnalistikaSi gavrcelebuli forma am me-
Todis gamoyenebisa aris Canawerebi bloknotSi an dRiurSi, Tumca am meTodis ga-
moyenebisas Jurnalistebi dgebian mTeli rigi siZneleebis winaSe, rac gamowveu-
lia meTodis uaryofiTi mxareebiT. pirvel rigSi es aris drois problema, sando-
obis xarisxi da teqnikuri saSualebebis gamoyeneba.
dakvirvebis meTodis am Zalze mSrali ganxilvidanac Cans, rom, rodesac Jur-
nalistika daadgeba sociologiur gzas, maSinve ixsneba uamravi problema. socio-
logizaciis gziT Jurnalisturi kvlevis meTodebi iZenen mecnierulobas da amave
dros ar kargaven TavisTavadobas, bolomde Jurnalisturi rCebian, Tumca ki axal
saxes iReben. aqve gasaTvaliswinebelia is faqti, rom Jurnalistur praqtikaSi di-
di mniSvneloba aqvs TviTon Jurnalistis pirovnebas. is did gavlenas axdens masa-
lis emociurobaze, maSin roca sociologiaSi es minimumamde aris dayvanili, ami-
tom, obieqturobis mizniT, saWiroa Jurnalisturi dakvirvebisadmi sociologiuri
midgoma. rac ufro Tanmimdevrulad gamoiyenebs Jurnalisti sociologiur meTo-
debs, miT ufro gaizrdeba mis mier mopovebuli informaciis sandoobis xarisxi. is
Jurnalisturi nawarmoebi, sadac es miRweulia, iZens mkafiod gamoxatul elements
Jurnalisturobisa.
b) dokumentis Seswavla-analizi sociologiasa da JurnalistikaSi. es meTodi
erT-erTi uZvelesi meTodia ara marto sociologiaSi, aramed zogadad sazogado-
ebriv mecnierebebSi. dokumentur wyaros xSirad mimarTaven Jurnalistur praqtika-
Sic. aseT viTarebaSi SesaZlebelia visaubroT am meTodis or aspeqtze: erT Sem-
TxvevaSi dokumenti gamodis, rogorc dafaruli, mkiTxvelisa da mayurebel-msmene-
lisaTvis miuwvdomeli informacia; meore SemTxvevaSi ki dokumenti xdeba mxolod
erTi nawili Jurnalisturi gamokvlevisa, anda zogjer gvevlineba sruliad damo-
ukidebeli saxiT. dokuments, rogorc obieqtur mowmes, Jurnalisti garkveuli
TvalsazrisiT aanalizebs, vidre gamoitandes auditoriis winaSe. am analizs ki
SeiZleba hqondes stiqiur-empiriuli anda mecnierul-sociologiuri xasiaTi. do-
kumentTan damokidebulebis erT-erTi martivi forma SeiZleba iyos aseTi: `aiRe da
gamoiyene, moixmare!~. magram am damokidebulebasac codna sWirdeba. saWiroa doku-
mentebis analizebis codna, dokumentebisadmi faqizi, mecnieruli midgoma da maTi
safuZvliani analizi. am SemTxvevaSi Jurnalistika isev da isev sociologias mi-
marTavs.
sociologiaSi `dokumenti~ ufro farTo gagebis cnebaa, vidre Jurnalistika-
Si, sadac is informaciis oficialur wyaros warmoadgens. sociologiaSi ki doku-
ments warmoadgens nebismieri dabeWdili, xelnaweri, tele, foto, video da audio-
masala. dokumentebis (werilebi, dRiurebi da sxv.) analiziT miiReba sruliad axa-
li cxovrebiseuli informacia. am meTodis gamoyenebisas, sociologisagan gansxva-
vebiT, mkvlevar-Jurnalisti Tavis miznebs da amocanebs acnobierebs ukve dokumen-
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tebis gacnobis procesSi. pirveli amocana dokumentebze muSaobisas aris maTi gac-
noba da klasifikacia.
yvelaze metad gavrcelebuli, umartivesi forma dokumenturi wyaros gamoye-
nebisa aris misgan cifrobrivi anda faqtobrivi mocemulobebis SerCeva da maTi
CarTva ZiriTad teqstSi. mTlianobaSi dokumenti rCeba mkiTxvelis an mayureblis
yuradRebis farglebs gareT, romelic endoba Jurnalists. magram am ndobas gamar-
Tleba sWirdeba, amitom Jurnalistma dokumenturi masalidan unda SearCios iseTi,
romelic namdvilad asaxavs aRsaweri movlenis WeSmarit arss. JurnalistikaSi do-
kumenti unda iqces masobrivi gansjisa da dafiqrebis saSualebad. ismis kiTxva:
ratom mimarTaven Jurnalistur praqtikaSi ufro metad am meTods? amasTan dakav-
SirebiT unda iTqvas, rom: a) gaTvaliswinebulia mayureblis an mkiTxvelis miswra-
feba e.w. `SiSveli faqtebisadmi~, pirdapiri mowmisadmi, romelsac dokumentis sa-
xiT awvdis maT Jurnalisti; b) dokumentSi mocemulia ara marto faqtobrivi masa-
la, aramed igi Taviseburad axasiaTebs mis avtors, warmoaCens mis fsiqotips, xasi-
aTs, RirebulebaTa orientacias da a. S., rac meTodis udavod mniSvnelovani maxa-
siaTebelia. dReisTvis adamianis sulieri samyaro ufro da ufro daxSuli xdeba
JurnalistisaTvis, amitom masSi SesaRwevad man sociologiasTan erTad uTuod un-
da gaiTvaliswinos filosofiuri anTropologiis (adamianTmcodneobis), sociolo-
giuri fsiqologiisa da sxva sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebis miRwevebi.
dokumentebis damuSavebisas mniSvnelovania maTi gageba, gaazreba da logiku-
ri analizi. yovel mecnierebas, romelsac odnavadac ki aqvs Sexeba dokumentebTan,
SemuSavebuli aqvs maTTan damokidebulebis sakuTari meTodi, iqneba es literatu-
ruli, lingvisturi, istoriuli, fsiqologiuri, iuridiuli, Jurnalisturi Tu so-
ciologiuri. dokumentebis logikuri analizis ori ZiriTadi saxea cnobili Jur-
nalistikasa da sociologiaSi. esenia: tradiciuli klasikuri Tvisebrivi analizi
da Tvisebriv-raodenobrivi, raodenobriv-formalizebuli analizi anu kontent-ana-
lizi, dokumentebis Sinaarsis Tvisebrivi gazomva, rac gamomdinareobs maTi raode-
nobrivi analizidan. dokumentebis analizis es meTodebi yovelTvis ar gamoiyeneba,
radganac dokumentebi yovelTvis ar saWiroeben zust raodenobriv da Tvisebriv
analizs. kvantifikaciis meTodi, kontent-analizis meTodi erTaderTia, roca: a)
gvaqvs erTgvarovani dokumentebis masivi da isini warmoadgenen Sesaswavl obieqts;
b) rodesac saWiroa analizis maRali sizuste; g) masala imdenad didia da bevri,
rom ar SeiZleba maTi Seswavla raodenobrivi Sefasebis gareSe; d) roca masala
ar aris sistematizebuli. kontent-analizi iZleva Sedarebis informaciis Sepiris-
pirebis saSualebas (mag., redaqciaSi Semosuli werilebis Sepirispireba avtorTa
SexedulebebTan), magram mas ar SeuZlia moicvas dokumentebis mTeli simdidre,
amitom is unikaluri masalebis Seswavlis dros gamoiyeneba.
a) tradiciuli Tvisebrivi analizi. igi ramdenime etapisagan Sedgeba: sawyisi
etapia werilebis, dokumentebis winaswari gacnoba-wakiTxva Jurnalistis mier. es
aris e.w. `gamokvleva miniatiuraSi~. am SemTxvevaSi analizis logika sociologia-
sa da JurnalistikaSi TiTqmis igiveobrivia. dgindeba dokumentis namdviloba,
mdgomareoba, misi Seqmnis dro da adgili; xdeba avtoris ganzraxvaze yuradRebis
gamaxvileba. JurnalistikaSi avtors didi mniSvneloba aqvs, radganac is ara mar-
to informaciis wyaroa, aramed dakvirvebis elementic. yovelive es am meTodis ga-
regan mxares Seadgens. arsebobs kidev misi Sinagani aspeqtic, romlis drosac ga-
saTvaliswinebelia mocemuli dokumentis adgili da roli sazogadoebriv cxovre-
baSi. socialuri faqtebis gaxsnis mizniT bevri mkvlevari am proceduras rTulad
miiCnevs, magram arc erT sociologs ar uxdeba dokumentebTan ise xSirad urTier-
Toba, rogorc Jurnalists. maTi wakiTxva, SeiZleba iTqvas, JurnalistisTvis yo-
veldRiuri saqmianobaa, romlis drosac saWiro unar-Cvevebi Jurnalists avtomatu-
rad uviTardeba SemoqmedebiT procesSi.
b) Tvisebriv-raodenobrivi, raodenobrivi formalizebuli analizi; kontent-
analizi.
(kontent-analizis Sesaxeb vrceli informacia mocemulia wignSi: a.
zdravomislovi. sociologiuri gamokvlevebis meTodologia da procedura. Tb.
261
kaxa qecbaia

1975). sociologiis istoriaSi cnobili faqtia, rodesac seriozuli saxis

gamokvleva daiwera mxolod da mxolod dokumentebis analizis meTodis
gamoyenebiT _ poloneli sociologebis tomasisa da znaneckis naSromi:
`poloneli glexebi amerikaSi~. igi mTlianad eyrdnoba amerikaSi emigrirebuli
poloneli glexebis werilebs, nawerebs sasamarTlo saqmeebis, masobrivi
informaciis saSualebebSi polonel emigrantebze masalebis, biografiebis
Seswavlisa da analizis gziT. rac Seexeba kontent-analizs, igi dokumentebis
analizis meTodis gansakuTrebuli saxesxvaobaa. ZiriTadad mas iyeneben
Jurnalistebi. kontent-analizi SeiZleba Cautardes ara mxolod presis masalebs,
aramed radio da telemasalebsac. etimologiurad `kontent-analizi~ `Sinaarsis
analizs~ niSnavs (inglisuridanaa). specialuri baraTis blankze Tavsdeba
gazeTSi gamoqveynebuli politikuri informaciis tipebi, avtorTa vinaoba,
geografia socialur-demografiuli Taviseburebebis mixedviT. ZiriTadia:
azrobrivi erTeulebis gamoyofa da raodenobrivi aRricxva (cnobili faqtia,
rom inglisis dazvervam meore msoflio omis dros, germaniis radios
gadacemebis kontent-analizis meTodis gamoyenebiT Seswavlis Sedegad daadgina
saomari operaciis dawyebis zusti dro). am meTodis procedura Semdegi saxisaa:
mkvlevari Tavidan gansazRvravs dokumentebis Sinaarsis (JurnalistikaSi _ weri-
lebis) mizans da sagans, ris Semdegac axdens maT formalizebas mravali misTvis
saWiro cnebis mixedviT. am SemTxvevaSi gamoiyofa analizis iseTi kategoriebi, ro-
goricaa Tema, sfero, romelic werilSia aRwerili, problema, romelic masSia
gadmocemuli da sxv. amis Semdeg es Teoriuli cnebebi unda mivuyenoT avtorTa
konkretul gamonaTqvamebs, romelic teqstSia mocemuli. amisaTvis teqstSi gamoi-
yofa specialuri kategoriebi, misi Sinaarsis Semadgeneli elementebi anu azrob-
rivi erTeulebi. isini analizis kategoriis maCveneblebia; analizis sandooba mo-
iTxovs, rom gamoyofili elementebis Sinaarsi moicavdes SerCeul kategorias
mTlianobaSi, rac niSnavs imas, rom CamovTvaloT, mag., yvela sfero, romelic Se-
dis `Temis~ kategoriaSi. am dros ki saWiroa werilis Sinaarsis Tvisebrivi anali-
zis, teqstis struqturis codna, misi elementebis interpretacia. es ki, Tavis
mxriv, gansazRvravs, Tu rogor da romel erTeulebSi moxdeba werilis Sinaarsis
gazomva. mag., gazeTis teqstis analizisas SeiZleba gamoviyenoT farTobis, pwkaris,
abzacis gazomvis sxvadasxva erTeulebi. dokumentis analizisas ki saWiroa raode-
nobrivi gazomva. am samuSaos Sesrulebisas mniSvnelovania kompiuteris gamoyeneba.
am meTodiT mravali redaqcia Tu telestudia sargeblobs dRes, Tumca sxva saq-
mea, rogoria am SemTxvevaSi sociologiuri codnis done. konkretuli gamokvleve-
bi adastureben, rom dokumenturi wyaroebis gonieri, mecnieruli gamoyeneba war-
moadgens yvelaze sando informacias sxva meTodebTan SedarebiT.
yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan Cans, Tu ramdenad saWiro da saSuri saqmea Jurna-
listebis daostateba-gawafva dokumentebis analizis meTodikaSi.
g) kontent-analizi, rogorc teqstualuri analizis instrumenti.
kontent-analizis meTodis gamoyenebis pirveli cdebi istoriulad ukavSirde-
ba publicisturi saxis sagazeTo teqstebs. am mxriv dasafasebelia amerikelebis
gamocdileba. 1943 wels amerikuli gazeTis `namdvili amerikelis~ teqstebis kon-
tent-analizi amerikis umaRlesi sasamarTlos mier miRebul iqna, rogorc mniSvne-
lovani dokumentacia sasamarTlo eqspertizis TvalsazrisiT. kerZod, meore msof-
lio omis dros aSS-Si gamodioda inglisurenovani profaSisturi organo _ gaze-
Ti `namdvili amerikeli~. cnobilma sociologebma lasuelma da leitesma gazeTis
teqstis kontent-analizi Caatares. sociologebma teqstSi, rogorc teqstis erTeu-
lebi, sxvadasxva saxis profaSisturi Sexedulebebi da gamonaTqvamebi gamoyves.
maT Soris:
1. `prezidenti ruzvelti_ arasasurveli piri.~
2. `germania samarTliani da Zlieria.~
3. `iaponia _ Zlieri saxelmwifoa.~

262
 sociologiis Sesavali

4. `amerika _ sustia.~
5. `aSS da misi mokavSireebi komunistebis kontrolqveS imyofebian~ da sxv.
dadginda, rom msgavsi profaSisturi ideebis sixSire TerTmetjer metia mis
sapirispiro SexedulebaTa sixSireze. umaRlesma sasamarTlom kontent-analizis
Sedegebi miiRo, rogorc eqspertizis obieqturi mtkicebuleba, da mis safuZvelze
gazeTis gamocema akrZalul iqna. garda amisa, kontent-analizi rCeba albaT erTa-
derT meTodad, romelic gamoiyeneba ara marto presis masalebis, aramed litera-
turuli teqstebis sociologiuri analizisaTvis.
cnobilma sociologma pitirim sorokinma evropuli portretuli ferweris
kontent-analizis safuZvelze sagangebod Seiswavla, Tu rogor icvleboda sxva-
dasxva epoqaSi klasebsa da sqesTa Soris urTierToba. man SeniSna, rom mxatvarTa
SemoqmedebaSi mamakacTa portretebTan SedarebiT ufro meti yuradReba eTmoba da
maRali Sefaseba qalTa portretebs eZleva. p. sorokini saWirod da aucileblad
Tvlida xelovnebis nawarmoebTa kontent-analizs, rac, misi azriT, xelovnebasTan
dakavSirebul mraval Rrma socialur problemas axdida fardas (msgavsi saxis
kvlevebiT dakavebuli iyvnen mkvlevrebi: u. uilsoni, j. koli, l. louentali, b.
berelsoni, m. albrexti, r. inglisi, l. vitmani, d. eifleri da sxv.). yovelive ze-
moaRniSnulidan naTelia, rom teqstualuri analizis erT-erTi mZlavri instru-
menti aris kontent-analizi. igi Jurnalistebs fasdaudebel daxmarebas gauwevs
(Tumca CvenSi naklebad vxvdebiT am meTodis gamoyenebas da mis safuZvelze Ses-
wavlil da gaanalizebul teqstebs).
d) gamokiTxva sociologiasa da JurnalistikaSi. gamokiTxvis meTodi (inter-
viu, saubari) erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovania JurnalistikaSi. igi yvelaze metad
aris Seswavlili Jurnalistebis mier da misi calkeuli momentebi sociologia-
Sic gamoiyeneba. aq aSkarad Cans Jurnalistikisa da sociologiis urTierTkavSi-
ri. JurnalistikaSi ufro metad gamoiyeneba intervius meTodi. Jurnalistikis Te-
oriaSi interviu ganisazRvreba, rogorc Janri, romelic warmoadgens saubars
Jurnalistsa da erT an ramdenime pirs Soris kiTxvebis saSualebiT. rac Seexeba
Jurnalistur da sociologiur praqtikas, aq is aris ara Janri, aramed informa-
ciis miRebis erT-erTi meTodi, da am gziT miRebuli informacia SeiZleba Car-
Tul iqnes nebismier Jurnalistur nawarmoebSi. am meTodis gamoyenebas Jurnalis-
tikasa da sociologiaSi bevri saerTo mxare aqvs, Tanac ar unda iqnes daviwyebu-
li TiToeuli maTganis specifika. sociologiaSi interviu mecnierulobas inarCu-
nebs, JurnalistikaSi ki igi Zalze farTo diapazonSia mocemuli _ Cveulebrivi
saubridan dawyebuli, detaluri da winaswar dagegmili saubris CaTvliT damTav-
rebuli. es ukanaskneli ki aucilebel kavSirSia intervius sociologiur meTod-
Tan.
Jurnalistika intervius yvela cnobil meTods iyenebs _ iqneba es Tavisufa-
li interviu, paneluri, fokusirebuli, jgufuri da sxva. Zalian Znelia Jurna-
listikaSi e.w. masobrivi intervius Catareba, romlis drosac didi jgufi gamoi-
kiTxeba. aseT SemTxvevaSi mimarTaven anketur gamokiTxvas. am SemTxvevaSi Jurna-
lists es meTodi ainteresebs gazeTisadmi, mayureblisadmi, gadacemisadmi mkiTxve-
lis damokidebulebis gasarkvevad. garda amisa, Jurnalisturi nawarmoebis momza-
debisas gamokiTxvis meTods Zalze xSirad iyenebs presa, e.w. `gazeTis sociolo-
gia,~ da televizia. am SemTxvevaSi anketis adgils iWers gazeTis furceli (soci-
ologiuri anketa gazeTis furclebze anda interaqtiuli gamokiTxva satelevizio
gadacemebisas dReisaTvis Cveulebriv movlenad iqca).
e) socialuri eqsperimenti, fsiqologiuri testi da sociometria.
es meTodebi naklebadaa aprobirebuli JurnalistikaSi. am sferoSi isini ax-
la ikideben fexs. mniSvnelovania maTi kombinirebuli saxiT moxmareba. amasTan da-
kavSirebiT unda aRiniSnos, rom am da sxva meTodebis gamoyenebas JurnalistikaSi
ar unda hqondes stiqiuri xasiaTi, rac, Tavis mxriv, isev da isev Jurnalistikis
sasargeblod metyvelebs. zemoaRniSnuli meTodebidan JurnalistikisaTvis met-nak-
lebad cnobilia socialuri eqsperimentis meTodi, Tumca mis gamoyenebas isev da
isev kombinirebuli xasiaTi aqvs. socialuri eqsperimenti sociologiuri gamok-
263
kaxa qecbaia

vlevis erT-erTi meTodia. igi saintereso movlenis gamokvlevas, masze dakvirvebas

gulisxmobs, oRond mkvlevari-sociologi amisTvis xelovnurad qmnis specialuri
obieqtis iseT niSnebs, romelic mas ainteresebs da Semdeg akvirdeba mas. sxva me-
Todisagan, rogoricaa dakvirveba, gansxvavebiT igi Sesaswavl obieqtze zemoqmede-
bas gulisxmobs. aq laparakia azrobriv zemoqmedebaze, romelsac axasiaTebs aqti-
uroba. is Tavis TavSi Seicavs modelirebas. igi sakvlevi movlenis garkveuli me-
Toduri gegmis safuZvelze Seswavlis saSualebas iZleva. axasiaTebs sizuste,
uSualoba da ganmeorebadoba. misi naklovani mxareebidan SeiZleba gamovyoT is,
rom eqsperimentSi monawile subieqti fsiqologiurad daZabulia da es ar iZleva
saSualebas bolomde CavwvdeT socialuri movlenis arss, Tumca amis aRmofxvras
cdiloben e.w. `bunebrivi eqsperimentis~ gziT. am dros eqsperimentuli situacia
cdis pirisaTvis iseTive bunebrivi rCeba, rogoric realuri garemoa. masSi sxva-
dasxva formiT warmodgenilia TiTqmis yvela saxe danarCeni meTodebisa, rac gan-
pirobebulia TviT eqsperimentis msvlelobiT, misi Catarebis metad rTuli teqni-
kiT, romlis drosac saWiroa dakvirvebis, gamokiTxvis, dokumentebis analizisa
da sxvadasxva saxis fsiqologiuri proceduris Catareba. miuxedavad am Tavisi
sinTezurobisa, igi damoukidebel meTodad rCeba, romelSic Zalze didia praqti-
kuli elementebis roli. es meTodi did rols asrulebs Jurnalisturi gamokvle-
vis momzadebaSi, Tumca mis absolutizacias yovelTvis savalalo Sedegebi moaqvs.
e) sociologiuri telereportaJi. sociologiuri filmebi. sociologiuri ki-
no.
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis socialfsiqologiuri aspeqtebis ukeT Seswavlis
mizniT Jurnalistika iyenebs sociologiur telereportaJs. misi meSveobiT SesaZ-
lebelia cxovrebiseuli detalebis Zalze Rrma siciologiuri da fsiqologiuri
analizi. am SemTxvevaSi sociologebi, sul mcire, ori aspeqtiT warsdgebian Cven
winaSe: I. rogorc teleauditoriis mkvlevrebi da II. rogorc tele-kinooperatore-
bi. es exeba kinodokumentalistebsac, romlebic TavianT ZiriTad amocanad saxaven
Tanamedrove sazogadoebis Seswavlas kinematografiis meSveobiT.
sociologiuri telereportaJi _ es aris romelime mwvave socialur da fsiqo-
logiur problemaze mecnieruli TvalsazrisiT gamarTlebuli, xolo kinematogra-
fiuli aspeqtiT _ gamomsaxvelobiTi gamokiTxva-interviu. aq problemis SeswavlaSi
CarTulia musika, titrebi, kameris obieqtivis moZraoba da sxv. garda Teoriulisa,
radio-telereportaJs didi praqtikuli daniSnuleba aqvs. istoriidan cnobili faq-
tia, rom epton sinkleris mier sociotelereportaJis gamoqveynebis Semdeg aSS-is
prezidentma sasaklaoebis mdgomareobis Seswavlis brZaneba gasca, xolo senatma
amis Sesaxeb axali brZaneba miiRo. telereportaJis warmateba bevrad aris damokide-
buli mis sociologiur mxareze e.w. mis sociologiurobaze, romlis meSveobiT re-
portiori Seiswavlis da mxatvrulad an publicisturad gaSualebuli saxiT ekran-
ze warmoaCens axal socialur faqtebs, movlenebs, romlebic niSandoblivia sazoga-
doebrivi cxovrebisaTvis. aseTi kvlevis didi praqtika aqvT aSS-is, safrangeTis da
yofil ssrk-Si baltiispirel Jurnalistebs.
saqarTveloSi am tipis gamokvlevebi axla idgamen fexs da maTTvis Jurnalis-
turTan erTad Zalze Rrma sociologiuri ganaTlebaa saWiro. socioreportaJTan
kavSirSia sociologiuri filmebi, sociologiuri kino, romelic Tanabrad ekuT-
vnis rogorc sociologias, ise xelovnebas (kinoxelovnebas, igi calke, specialu-
ri saxis kvlevas moiTxovs). unda aRiniSnos, rom kinoreportiori an kinodokumen-
talisti, romelic sociologis rolSi gvevlineba, specifikuri saxis figuras
warmoadgens. maTTan SedarebiT kinoreJisori mxatvrul saxeebze, mayureblis
grZnobad aRqmazea orientirebuli. Tumca orive maTganis sinTezi _ sociologiu-
ri kino (dokumenturi an mxatvruli) socialuri sinamdvilis kidev ufro sainte-
reso da mravlismetyvel suraTs iZleva.

264
 sociologiis Sesavali

cnobili amerikeli sociologi, sazogadoebrivi azris

erT-erTi avtoritetuli da gavleniani mkvlevari, sa-
zogadoebrivi azris mecnieruli Seswavlis meTodikis
avtori, romelmac 1935 wels sazogadoebrivi azris Ses-
wavlis msoflioSi cnobili amerikuli instituti daa-
arsa. man 1936 wels amerikis saprezidento arCevnebze
prezident ruzveltis gamarjveba iwinaswarmetyvela
(6%-iani cdomilebiT), ramac didad Seuwyo xeli mis po-
pularobas.

jorj gelapi
(1901-1984)

mcire daskvna: Jurnalistikis sociologiis sakiTxebis am Zalze mokle da

zogadi mimoxilvidanac naTelia, Tu raoden saWiroa es mecniereba Tanamedrove sa-
zogadoebisaTvis, amitom am mxriv kvleva-Ziebas, udavod, unda mieces gasaqani ro-
gorc Teoriulad, aseve praqtikulad. dasaxvewia agreTve meTodika, kerZod socio-
logiuri kvlevis meTodebis JurnalistikaSi gamoyenebis Teoria da praqtika.
cxadia, sazogadoebrivi azris Seswavlis gareSe Jurnalistika did warmate-
bebs ver moipovebs, xolo am amocanas igi sociologiasTan kavSiris gareSe, uda-
vod, ver Seasrulebs. am aspeqtSi Jurnalistikasa da sociologias Soris kavSiri
urTierTsasargebloa. darwmunebuli varT, rom presis, radio-televiziisa da sa-
gamomcemlo saqmis muSaoba bevrad ufro nayofieri da qmediTi iqneba sociologi-
asTan kavSirSi. amis dadasturebaa sruliad axali specialobis (profesiis) _ so-
ciolog-Jurnalistis Camoyalibeba.
dasasruls SevniSnavT, rom Jurnalistikis sociologiis, rogorc mecnieruli
disciplinis, winaSe mdgari problemebis kvleva-Zieba, ra Tqma unda, ar Semoifar-
gleba mxolod yovelive zemoaRniSnuliT. ueWvelia, rom igi ufro farTo da Rrma
mecnierul analizs moiTxovs; dasadgenia is kanonzomierebani, romelic specifiku-
ria Jurnalistikis sociologiisaTvis, rogorc mecnierebisaTvis, rac advili saq-
me ar aris da arc Cven gagvaCnia am mxriv raime pretenzia. Cven gvindoda warmogve-
Cina am mecnierebis winaSe mdgari problematika, ZiriTadad, misi meToduri aspeqte-
bi.

265
kaxa qecbaia

es sainteresoa
saerTaSoriso sociologiuri organizaciebi

sociologiis saerTaSoriso instituti

International Institute of Sociology

msoflio sociologiur organizaciaTa Soris erT-erTi upirvelesi socio-

logiis saerTaSoriso _ (`International Institute of Sociology~ _ IIS) institutia. igi
profesional sociologTa uZvelesi gaerTianebaa, romelic 1893 wels sociologma
rene vormsma parizSi Camoayaliba (vormsi amave dros politikiTac iyo dakavebu-
li. igi safrangeTis saxelmwifo sabWos wevri iyo). Tavisi arsebobis pirvelive
wlidan moyolebuli organizacia periodulad iwvevs kongresebs. pirveli xuTi
kongresi (1893-1903 ww.) parizSi Catarda. Tavdapirvelad instituts cnobili sazo-
gado da politikuri moRvaweebi _ yofili ministrebi da vice-prezidentebi xel-
mZRvanelobdnen. 1903 wels instituts saTaveSi profesionali sociologi lester
uordi Caudga. vormsis gardacvalebis Semdeg, 1926 wels institutis generaluri
mdivnis posti misma uaxloesma megobarma riser gastonma daikava. sxvadasxva dros
institutis prezidentebad arCeuli iyvnen p. lilienfeldi, m. kovalevski, n. karee-
vi, p. sorokini. amJamad prezidentis posti Sved profesor boran vitrovs ukavia,
xolo vice-prezidentebi arian: aiSe caglari (centraluri evropis universitetis
profesori, ungreTi); xuan pini (CineTis socialur mecnierebaTa akademia) da elke
kox-vezer amasari (romis universiteti); generaluri mdivnis Tanamdeboba peter
herdstroms (oqsfordis universiteti) ukavia. institutis samdivno SvedeTSi mde-
bareobs.
instituti Tavidanve vormsis mier daarsebul sociologiur Jurnals _ `The
International Review of Sociology~ gamoscemda, romelTan erTad dRes `sociologiis sa-
erTaSoriso institutis analebi~ _ `Anals of the International Institute of Sociology~ gamo-
icema.
meore msoflio omamde sociologTa msoflio kongresebs `sociologiis sa-
erTaSoriso instituti~ atarebda. omis Semdgomi periodidan, 40-iani wlebidan
dRemde am saqmes sociologTa saerTaSoriso asociacia udgas saTaveSi, Tumca, Ta-
vis mxriv, msgavs RonisZiebebs institutic atarebs, magram warmomadgenlobis
TvalsazrisiT msoflio sociologiur kongresebTan SedarebiT is imdenad masSta-
buri ar aris, ramdenadac instituti sociologTa elituri gaerTianebaa. mis wev-
rTa raodenoba 300-s ar aRemateba.

sociologTa saerTaSoriso asociacia

International Sociological Association

profesional sociologTa yvelaze warmomadgenlobiTi da demokratiuli ga-

erTianeba `sociologTa saerTaSoriso asociaciaa~ _ `International Sociological
Association - ISA .~ is meore msoflio omis Semdeg, 1949 wels iuneskos egidiT Seiq-
mna da msoflios sxvadasxva qveynis sociologebs aerTianebs. damfuZnebeli kon-
gresi 1949 wlis seqtemberSi osloSi Catarda, sadac asociaciis aRmasrulebeli
komitetis prezidentad luis vriTi (aSS) airCies. Aasociaciis oficialuri enebia:
inglisuri, franguli da espanuri. dRes igi socialur mecnierebaTa sferoSi gae-
ros konsultantis statusiT sargeblobs. misi ZiriTadi mizania: globaluri mas-
StabiT sociologiuri codnis ganviTareba da Semdgomi winsvla; samecniero-soci-
ologiuri skolebisa da empiriuli sociologiuri kvlevebisa da kvleviTi xedve-
bis mxardaWera; sociologTa Soris pirovnuli da institucionaluri kontaqte-
bis gaRrmaveba; Tanamedroveobis araerTi mwvave socialuri problemis gansaxilve-
lad msoflio sociologiuri kongresebis organizeba, sociologiur gamokvleva-
Ta da gamocemaTa mxardaWera da a. S. mis SemadgenlobaSi 58 nacionaluri da 11
regionaluri (evropis, azia-wynari okeanis da sxva) sociologiuri asociacia, 73
266
 sociologiis Sesavali

samecniero instituti da sociologiis fakulteti da 109 qveynis 3 000-ze meti in-

dividualuri wevri Sedis. kongresebs Soris SualedSi aTeulobiT samecniero-
kvleviTi komiteti moqmedebs, romlebic Sesabamisi mimarTulebis sociologebs
aerTianeben. sociologTa saerTaSoriso asociaciis prezidenti sociologTa yo-
vel saerTaSoriso kongresze airCeva.

sociologTa saerTaSoriso asociaciis prezidentebi

Pprezidentobis prezidenti qveyana

wlebi
1949-1952 l. vriTi aSS
1953-1956 r. anjeli aSS
1956-1959 d. fridmani safrangeTi
1959-1962 t. marSali aSS
1962-1966 r. kionigi germania
1966-1970 i. SCepanski poloneTi
1970-1974 r. hili aSS
1974-1978 t. boltmeri didi britaneTi
1978-1982 u. himelstrandi SvedeTi
1982-1986 f. kardozo brazilia
1986-1990 m. arCeri didi britaneTi
1990-1994 T. k. omeni indoeTi
1994-1998 e. valerstaini aSS
1998-2002 a. martineli italia
2002-2006 p. Stompka poloneTi
2006-2010 m. viviorka safrangeTi

sociologTa msoflio kongresebi

sociologTa msoflio kongresi yovel oTx weliwadSi erTxel imarTeba.

Catare-
kon- Catarebis
bis we- kongresis ZiriTadi Tematika
gresi adgili
li
I 1950 ciurixi `saerTaSoriso urTierTobebze sociologi-
(Sveicaria) ur gamokvlevaTa zemoqmedeba ~
II 1953 lieJi (bel- `socialuri stratifikacia da socialuri
gia) mobiloba,~
`saerTaSoriso konfliqtebi da maTi gadaw-
yveta,~
`sociologiur gamokvlevaTa Tanamedrove
ganviTareba,~
`sociologTa swavleba, profesiuli saqmia-
noba da pasuxismgebloba.~
III 1956 amsterdami `socialur cvlilebaTa problema XX sau-
(holandia) kuneSi~.
IV 1959 milani da `sociologia da sazogadoeba~.
streze
(italia)
V 1962 vaSingtoni `sociologebi sazogadoebriv da politikur
(aSS) asparezze,~
`ganviTarebis sociologia,~
`sociologiur TeoriaTa arsi da probleme-
bi~.

267
kaxa qecbaia

VI 1966 eviani (saf- `sociologiis erTianoba da mravalferovneba,~

rangeTi) `saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa sociologia~.
VII 1970 varna `momavali da Tanamedrove sazogadoeba _ sa-
(bulgareTi) zogadoebrivi ganviTarebis mecnieruli
prognozebi da socialuri dagegmareba~.
VIII 1974 toronto `mecniereba da revolucia Tanamedrove sam-
(kanada) yaroSi~.
IX 1978 upsala (Sve- `socialuri ganviTarebis gzebi~.
deTi)
X 1982 mexiko (meq- `socialuri Teoria da praqtika~.
sika)
XI 1986 niu-deli `socialuri cvlilebebi: problemebi da
(indoeTi) perspeqtivebi~.
XII 1990 madridi (es- `sociologia erTiani msofliosaTvis~.
paneTi)
XIII 1994 bilefeldi `sakamaTo sazRvrebi da cvalebadi solida-
(germania) roba~.
XIV 1998 monreali `socialuri codna: memkvidreoba, gamowveve-
(kanada) bi, perspeqtivebi~.
XV 2002 brisbeni `XXI saukunis socialuri samyaro: ambiva-
(avtralia) lenturi memkvidreoba da axal-axali gamow-
vevebi~
XVI 2006 durbani `socialuri arsebobis xarisxi globalize-
(samxreT af- bad msoflioSi~.
rika)
XVII 2010 gioteborgi `sociologia moZraobaSi _ omi da Zalado-
(SvedeTi) ba, mdgradi ganviTareba, ganxvavebaTa samya-
ro, moqmedeba da warmosaxva, religia da Za-
laufleba~.
XVIII Catar- dauzustebe-
deba li infor-
2014 maciiT, Se-
wels saZlebelia
Catardes
ruseTSi an
indoeTSi

msoflioSi cnobili sociologebi

miSel fuko (1926-1984)

`adamiani ar aris arc yvelaze Zveli, arc yvelaze mudmivi problema ...
... adamiani iseve gauCinardeba, rogorc zRvis qviSaze moxazuli figura...~

268
 sociologiis Sesavali

sociologTa XVII saerTaSoriso kongresis posteri

269
kaxa qecbaia

daskvnis sanacvlod

sociologiis klasikosTa rCevebi momaval sociologebs

klasikuri sociologiuri Teoriebisa da sociologiuri klasikis codnis

aucileblobis Sesaxeb
`... iseTi gamWriaxi avtorebis SemoqmedebiTs laboratoriaSi SeRweva, rogore-
bic diurkemi da veberi arian, Teoriul planSi mniSvnelovani sociologiuri
problemis gansazRvrebisas kargi gemovnebis Camoyalibebasa da problemis mogvare-
bis warmatebuli gzis ZiebaSi gvexmareba. klasika _ es aris wignebi, romlebic
maTSi CaRrmavebuli mkiTxvelis gonebas amaxvileben...~
robert king mertoni

sociologiuri warmosaxvis aucileblobis Sesaxeb

`... sociologiis Seswavlis erT-erTi Sedegi gazeTis kiTxvis codna unda
iyos. sagazeTo masalebSi gasarkvevad, romelic arc ise ioli amocanaa, aucilebe-
lia gazeTis mier namcnobi movlenebis erTmaneTTan dakavSireba da sazogadoebri-
vi cxovrebis ufro zogad warmodgenebTan mimarTebaSi gageba viswavloT... saqmis
arsi SemdegSi mdgomarobs: sociologia, upirvelesad, es aris saSualeba imis Car-
Coebidan gasasvlelad, rasac Cven gazeTSi vkiTxulobT. is iZleva cnebaTa da kiT-
xvaTa sistemas, romelic Cven amis gakeTebaSi gvexmareba. Tuki aseTi ram ar xdeba,
maSin sociologia, rogorc liberaluri ganaTlebis nawili, usafuZvlo aRmoCnde-
ba...~
Carlz raiT milsi

sociologiur codnasa da yoveldRiur cxovrebiseul gamocdilebas Soris

kavSiris aucileblobis Sesaxeb
`... sociologiuri codnis orientiri yoveldRiuri cxovreba unda iyos. audito-
riaSi miRebuli codnis cxovrebaSi miRebul gamocdilebasTan integrirebis gareSe
sociologiis swavlebis procesi ubralo pedantizmi iqneba da meti araferi. cxovre-
biseuli Sinaarsebisagan daclili mSrali, formaluri sociologiuri cnebebisa da
kategoriebis dazuTxva did saSiSroebas uqmnis sociologiur ganaTlebas... ~

robert ezra parki

270
 saxelTa saZiebeli
adorno, T 5, 24, 158, 159, 209, 216
avaliani, s 68
aixbaumi, v.l 215
aleni, f 146
aleqsanderi, j 231
aleqsandre makedoneli 178
amazisi 94
ainStaini, a 70, 76, 141, 185
amilaxvari, a 46
amasari, e.k.v 266
anaqsimandre 69
anaqsimeni 69
andersoni, C 232
anjeli, r 267
aristotele 41, 49, 51, 62, 67, 68, 100, 203,
aroni, r 133, 196, 240
aronsoni, r 231
aruga, n
arCeri, m 267
asaTiani, g 25, 203, 253
aspi, e 38
atlanti 71, 72
axenvaldi, g 57

balzaki, o 194
bardti, h.p 214
barti, r 138
baramiZe, g 192
baranovski, m 239
batoniSvili, v 64
baumani, z 217
baxofeni, i 77
bekoni, f 33, 41, 186, 242
beli, a 60
beli, d 105, 106, 231
beki, u 111
bekeri, h 164, 165, 230
bela, r.n 190
benjamini, j 231
bergeri, p 189, 190, 220, 230
berki, p 25
bernardi, j 232
bernsi, r 245
berjesi, e 23, 59, 226
berJeroni, h 202
berZeniSvili, a 113, 253
bismarki, o.f 194
biube, f 194

saxelTa saZiebeli Seadgines soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis sociologiis mimarTulebis

studentebma: jaba arabiZem, mari morgoSiam, qeTi civaZem da nodar Jvaniam.
271
biSa,m. f.k 33
blau, p 31, 155
blani, l 194
blenvili, J 34
blumeri, g 98, 153, 257
boasi, f 77
bodriari, J 24, 135, 136, 138, 179, 187, 197, 222, 223,
bokli, h.T 63
boltmeri, t 240, 267
bouvari, s.d 159
botomori, t 206
brauni, z 214
brevermani, a 231
brijmeni, p 98
bruno, j 60
bruse, J 34
buaCiZe, T 129
bugle, s 195
burgesi, j
burdie, p 24, 78, 138, 178, 197
buti, C 96
butru, 91

gabiani, a 252
gabiZaSvili, o 193
gablo, e 196
gaigeri, T 215
gaidenko, p 240
galtungi, i 63
gamsaxurdia, k 186, 250
garfildi, e 234
garfinkeli, h 24, 31, 154, 230
gastoni, r 266
gelapi, j 257, 265
geleni, a 181
gidensi, e 5, 24, 25, 39, 84, 147, 167, 175, 185, 203, 205, 206, 207, 212, 223,
gizo, f 194
gidinqsi, f.d 66, 98
giiari, a 51
giligani, q
goete 60, 148
gorozia, v 253
gofmani, i 23, 24, 31, 154, 230
gramSi, a 159
graunti, j 95
grinbergi, i 185,
grosi, b 133
groti, j 34
gruanti, j 27
guguSvili, p 252
guldi, s.j 54
gumploviCi, l 56

272
da gama, v 63
davi, J 195
davidovi, i 240
davenanti, C 95
daviT aRmaSenebeli 250
dalamberi, J.l 33, 41
danelia, s 25, 41
dantoni, J 194
darvini, C 117,
darendorfi, r 31, 206
da ros muri s.e 237
de goli, S 63
devisi, a 204
devisi, k 202
de-vo, k 34
dekarte, r 33, 68, 70, 194
de dempri, e 196
de roberti, e 140, 239
delmoni, e 96
derida, J 24, 197
deflemi, m 149
didro, d 194
dinuaie, J 34
diui, j 243
diurkemi, e 11, 21, 22, 23, 31, 45, 49, 67, 77, 86, 91, 92, 93, 100, 101, 163, 189, 195, 196, 220,
243,
dokinzi, r 54
dostoevski, T 22

eboti, e 232
evansi, q 47, 159, 203,
edamsi, j 228
eko, u 138
elioti, j 117
engeli, e 97, 214, 215
engelsi, f 157, 240
endriusi, q 85
emersoni, g 98
epikure 41
esqiroli, J.d 34
etcioni, a 173
vagneri, a 214
vainingeri, o 203
vaiczekeri, k.f 216
valerstaini, e 231, 267
vaskleri, v 98
vaJa-fSavela 60
vaSingtoni, b.t 226
vaCeiSvili, a 251
vebi, b 96, 205, 228
vebi, s 96, 205
veberi, a 97, 128, 213, 215
veberi, m 97, 228

273
veberi, m 5, 11, 21, 22, 23, 50, 67, 97, 108, 109, 128, 148, 151, 152, 158, 172, 174, 176, 177, 178,
188, 189, 199, 200, 213, 214, 215, 220, 226, 251,
vebleni, t.b 181, 225
vestergardi, j 206
vestermarki, e 206
viviorka, m 267
vize, l.f 216
vilarme, l 96
visvede, g 12
vilaresi, d 36
vilhelm dampyrobeli 95
vindelbandi, v 75
vitgenSteini, l 205
vitrovi, b 266
volteri, J.f 33, 194
voltmani, l 56
voneguti, k 202
vormsi, r 56, 195, 266
vriTi, l 227, 266, 267
vulfi, u 184
vundti, v 215

zakermani, h 235
zaratustra 238
zaqaraia, d 223
zdravomislovi, a 126
zevsi 71
zeterbergi, g 98
zimeli, g 22, 23, 66, 148, 149, 172, 190, 223, 226,
znanecki, f 98, 209, 226, 227
zola, e 134, 194
zombarti, v 50
zontagi, s 136
zorbau, p 227

Talesi 69
Tmar mefe 250
TevzaZe, g 187
TeiCmani,j 47, 159, 203,
Tionisi, f 22, 28, 97, 110, 168, 169, 213, 214, 215, 220, 251,
Turnvaldi, r 215

iadovi, v 239, 240, 241, 255

iakobi, r 231
ianovici, m 98
iberi, p 250
ieso qriste 68, 73,
iulius keisari 178
iubenki, e.ed 171
iukiti, f 236
iungi, k.g 77
iungi, p 228

274
iuresi, e.a 214
ixhaizeri, g 215

kakubava, s 5
kalhuni, q 15, 25, 32, 39, 85, 113, 131, 147, 156, 167, 175, 187, 191, 212,
kanti, i 120, 148, 225
karlaili, T 194
kapaneli, k 64, 251
kardozo, f 267
kareevi, n 239, 266
karnegi, d 151, 156, 159
kartozia, b 253
kasireri, e 122
kastelsi, m 106,
kastro, f 159
katoni 119
kaWkaWiSvili, i 253
keleri, s 15, 25, 32, 39, 85, 113, 131, 147, 156, 167, 175, 187, 191, 212
keiveni, r 227
kenedi, j 141
keniti, t 237
kersebumi, v 95
ketle, l.a.J 27, 28, 58, 59, 96, 98, 174, 194, 215
kingi, g 95
kinzi, a 128
kionigi, r 267
kistiakovi, b 239
klarki, m 226
klintoni, b 235
kobeini, k 101
koeni, s 63
kovalevski, m 140, 239, 266
kolberi, J 95
kolumbi, q 63
kodua,e 16, 32, 39, 113, 131, 223, 244, 252, 253
kondorse, m.J.a.n 33
kondratievi, n 239
konti, l 33
konti, o 10, 11, 15, 20, 23, 25, 26, 28, 29, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 41, 42, 93, 100, 117, 151, 176,
188, 194, 195, 218, 236,
konti, r 33
konfuci 51, 67
koperniki, n 76
kostava, m 53, 60,
kouli, j.r 234
koulmani, j 50, 231
kravCenko, a 185, 203, 212,
kresi, k 228
kroze, m 196
kromveli, o 95
kroCe, b 208
kulanJi, f 91
kuli, C.h 23, 98, 144, 151, 227,
kunio, i 237

275
koulmani, j 50
kuperi, a.J 228

lagerfeldi, p 179
lazarsfeldi, p 27, 95, 98, 99, 229, 230, 235, 254, 257
laibnici, v 68
laiTi, d 15, 25, 32, 39, 85, 113, 131, 147, 156, 167, 175, 187, 191, 212
lavrovi, p 239
lali, d 237
lao-Zi 67
lamartini, a 194
landbergi, f 184
landbergi, j 95
landesko, j 227
laplasi, p 95
lapo-danilevski, a 239
lasueli, g 257
lafiti, J 34
levini, k 65
levenStaini, a 214
lev-briuli, l 195
levi-strosi, k 196
levontini, r 54
ledi gaga 149, 150
ledereri, e 215
lekiSvili, e 223, 236
lemerti, e 165
lenini, v 140, 159, 239, 240
lenski, g 102, 103, 105, 106, 107
le-ple, f.p 59, 96, 194
liapuJi, u 56
lilienfeldi, p 55, 239, 266
liotari, J.f 197, 221, 222
lipmani, u 257
liski, a 231
lobaCevski, n 76
loki, j 5
lombrozo, C 162, 163, 208
lomonosovi, m 240
lopretao, J 54
lui, j 117
lui-filipe 34
lumani, n 31, 217
lukmani, T 230
lutiZe, b 5, 15, 32, 39, 85, 113, 212, 223, 253

magelani, f 63
madleni, l 194
makarturi, d 236
makarturi, q 236
makgregori, d 99
mak-dugali, u 64
malTusi, T 52, 53, 95

276
malinovski, b 44, 45, 77, 206
mamardaSvili, m 240
manhaimi, k 22, 217, 232
maradona, d 178
marati, J 194
mark-aiveri, r.m 229
markuze, h 5, 24, 158, 159, 209, 216, 220, 221
marSaki, i 215
marSali, t.h 205, 240, 267
martineli, a 267
martino, h 29
marqsi, k 21, 31, 50, 106, 107, 108, 127, 157, 158, 159, 165, 188, 199, 206, 213, 220, 226, 231, 240,
maseni, k 34
masionisi, j 25, 131, 147, 156, 167, 175, 223
maslou, a 99
matezi, a 194
maueri, e 227
maumato, b 238
megrelie, k 5
meTiuzi, f 227
meio, e 98
meklapi, f 106
mendesi, r.t 36
mendrasi, a 196
meri, m 96
merdoki, j 127
mertoni, v 236
mertoni, r.k 23, 31, 95, 98, 140, 141, 164, 174, 228, 229, 234, 235, 236, 237, 240, 251, 257, 270
mertoni, r 236
mesi, l 178
meCnikovi, l 63, 239,
midi, m 77,
midi, j.h 31, 144, 153, 227,
milardi, j 20
mili, j.s 34, 117
milsi, C.r 14, 23, 24, 141, 181, 229, 230, 270
mixailovski, n 239
mixelsi, r 174, 208
monteskie, S.l 20, 61, 62, 63, 64, 194,
mopasani, g 194
morgani, l 77
moreno, i.l 82, 83, 94, 229, 231
morisi, m 195
mosi, m 196
moska, g 208, 209
muri, v 202

nadali, r 178
naneiSvili, g 251
napoleoni 57, 96, 178, 194
neru, j 63
neCaevi, n 245
nikoloz I 34
ninulito, i 106

277
niutoni, i 69, 76
nisi, a 236
nicSe, f 101, 109, 116, 120, 121, 148, 186, 196, 216, 221, 223,
niCefero, a 208
novikovi, v 239
noniaSvili, k 16, 85,
nufildi, s 207

ogborni, u 98, 127, 218

odava, k 238
oidiposi 77
odumi, h 232
olporti, g 65, 257
omeni, T.k 267
osipovi, g 240
ostvaldi, v.f 74

paran-diuSatle, a 96
parki, e 245
parki, r.e 23, 59, 98, 226, 227, 233, 270
pareto, v 208
parmenide 73
parsonsi, t 5, 23, 31, 140, 141, 174, 195, 206, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 237, 240, 251
pele 178
peti, v 27
piaJe, J 143, 144, 206
piTagora 68
pini, x 266
pirkeri, T 214
planki, m 70, 216
platoni 34, 51, 62, 67, 68,
plxanovi, g 239
pokrovski, n 240
poperi, k 110, 111, 158
poseidoni 71
pristoli, j 14
ptoleme 76
puankare, a 70
puasno, a 34
pufendorfi, s 119

Jilmani, S.p 228

Joresi, J 194, 196
raseli, b 205
ratcingeri, i 192
rauntri, s 96
rajniSi, b 117
rerixi, n 119
rikeni, h 240
rikerti, h 75, 148
rismeni, d 231
ritceri, j 24, 160, 225, 227, 228

278
riCi, a 231
redklif-brauni, a.r 45, 77, 206
reino, J 196
rembrandti 148
reSid-faSa 34
rokfeleri, j 207
robaqiZe, gr 251
robespieri, m 194
romaneki, m 134
romulusi 94
rosi, e 98
rojersi, e 235
ruzvelti, T 262
rusTaveli 250
ruso, J.J 33, 56, 60, 194,

samneri, u.g 23, 98, 225, 226

sartri, J.p 158, 159, 222
saski, m 237
saCsi, h 154
sen-simoni 26, 28, 33, 42, 194
simiani, f 195
sinkleri, j 95
siuzi, j 231
siqstus IV 116
sloterdaiki, p 217
smelzeri, n 16, 19, 24, 25, 119, 156, 167, 175, 185, 203, 212, 241, 245,
smiti, a 20, 33
smoli, a 98, 225, 226
sokrate 68, 116, 196
solberi, j 257
soloviovi, s 63
soloni
sorokini, p 18, 19, 23, 31, 66, 140, 141, 211, 228, 229, 232, 239, 240, 266,
spirsi, b 101, 198
spenseri, h 20, 23, 28, 41, 55, 77, 93, 114, 117, 118, 176, 205, 225, 243
spinoza, b.b 60
steinbeki, j 254
stefeni, a 60
stetceli, J 196
stouni, j 95
straboni 62
stronini, a 239
struve, p 239
sturcio, l 208
sulaberiZe, a 252
surgulaZe, i 251
suZuki, e 237
shimei, m 238

tabiZe, g 250
takabe, t 238
takeSi, o 238

279
tardi, g 65, 195, 257
tauna, g 98
taufleri, s 98
teilori, e 77
teilori, f 98
teni, i 194
teri, J 194
tie, n 237
tilixi, p 189, 190
tindeli, j 117
tiurgo, a.r.J 33
toda, t 238
toiama, m 236
toinbi, a 141
tokvili, a 50
tolstoi, l 60
tomasi, u 98, 98, 226, 227
tompsoni, s 98
tompsoni, j 14
tongo, t 237
torkvemda, t 116
tofleri, e 184, 191,
triversi, r 54
trou, m 244
trocki, l 230
turvili, a 96
tureni, a 196

uaiti, m 205
uaithedi, a.n 68
uels-barneti, i 228
uili, n 231
uiliamsi, v 178
uiliamsi, r 123
uiliamsi, s 178
uiliamsi, j 54
uilsoni, e 54, 257
uordi, l 23, 65, 98, 225, 243, 266
uotsoni, b 142
faberi, v 130
federeri, r 178
feltci, f 215
fenolzi, e 236
feratori, f 208
feri, e 208
fergiusoni, a 20
fereoli, J 131, 167, 175, 185, 203, 212,
floberi, g 194
filopovi, a 245
fichiu, j 225
fixte, i.g 74
folkone, p 195
fon vize, l 213
forbeniusi, f 77

280
fordi, h 183, 224
frezeri, j 45, 77
freieri, h 214, 215
frikandti, a 213, 214
fridmani, d 267
fridmani, J 196
fridmani, j 240
friSi, m 50, 130
froidi, z 77, 82, 83, 143, 203,
fromi, e 158, 216
fuko, m 159, 197, 268
fukuiama, f 223, 238
fulie, a 56
fulie, J 34
furie, S 95, 194

qei-Satluorti, j 96
qeTevan wamebuli 250
qentrili, j 257
qecbaia, k 16, 39, 68, 113, 186,
qvaCaxia, v 5, 240, 252, 254
qsenofane 73
yulijaniSvili, a 5, 130, 131, 223
Sau, k 228
Seleri, m 158
Selingi, f.i 74
SevardnaZe, e 252
Serifi, j 257
Sefle, a 55
Svaiceri a 141
Siuci, a 31, 190, 230
Slizi, e 98
Sliki, m 75
Smoleri, g 97, 213, 215
Sopenhaueri, a 186, 203
Spengleri, o 120, 121, 129, 216
Staineri, r 60
Steberi, a 215
Stompka, p 135, 138, 267
SCepanski, i 16, 32, 39, 107, 111, 113, 128, 131, 156, 175, 183, 185, 267
Sumperti, i 50

Celeni, r 63
Codorou, n 231
cagleri, a 266
ciceroni 119
Zeduni, m 159
Zenoni 41

wereTeli, m 251
WavWavaZe, i 250
xanZTeli, gr 250

281
xarti, k 257
xasaia, z 25, 114, 253
xovlendi, e 257
xruSCovi, n 251
xubua, g 192

javaxiSvili, i 5, 68, 251, 252

jeimsoni, f 141
jenqsi, C 221
jokiviCi, n 178
jonsoni, C 227
jordani, m 178, 198
jorjaZe, a 251

habermasi, i 23, 158, 159, 192, 216, 217, 231, 257

haidegeri, m 122
haizenbergi, v 70
haizinga, i 130, 131
halbvakri, m 195, 196
hali, f.i 33
halei, e 27, 95
hegeli 60, 71, 74, 120, 157
hekeli, e 59
hemanusi, p 106
heraklite 68, 69
herdstromi, p 266
herodote 62
hercbergi, f 99
hesiode 71
hilaeri, e 228
hili, r 267
himelstrandi, u 267
hiugo, v 194
hiuzi, e 227
hipokrate 62
hirSi, t 165, 166
hiumi, d 5, 33
hobsi, T 5, 56
hobhauzi, l.t 205
hovardi, j 95
hovlendi, j
holanderi, j 233
holsi, C 206
hosli, C 206
homansi, j 31, 50, 155, 228
homerosi 71
horkhaimeri, m 158, 209, 216
hofmani, a 25
huserli, e 230
humboldti, a 34

282
Dewey, J 243
Comte, A 27
Sontag, S 139
Word, L 243

, 139
, 16, 32, 40, 113
, 139
, 192
, 25
, 139
, 15, 113
, 139
, 139
, 139
, 139
, 16, 32, 85, 113
, 139
, 139
, 16, 32, 40, 85, 113, 187
, 139
, 139
, 16, 32, 40
, 139
, 139
, 113
, 139
. 139
, 139
, 191
, 139
, 139
-, 139

283
 s a r C e v i

mainc ra aris es sociologia _ redaqtoris winaTqma _ a. yulijaniSvili..........3

Sesavali _ profesia _ sociologi ................................................................................................................... 7

leqcia I _ ra aris sociologia .............................................................................................................................10

masala gansjisaTvis: sazogadoeba mikroskopis qveS _ n. smelzeri .................................16
ra aris sociologia da ras Seiswavlis is _ p. sorokini.........................................................17
sociologiis Seswavlis mniSvneloba _ p. sorokini .........................................................................18

leqcia II _ sociologiis fuZemdeblebi (mcire eqskursi

sociologiis istoriaSi ..................................................................................................................................................20
es sainteresoa: socialuri fizikidan sociologiisaken .............................................................26
es sainteresoa: pirveli sociologi qali ...................................................................................................29

leqcia III _ sociologiuri codnis struqtura, mikro- da

makrosociologia ..................................................................................................................................................................30
sakiTxavi masala _ sociologiis klasikosebi:
`sociologiis mama~ _ ogiust konti...................................................................................................................33
es sainteresoa: ra kavSiri aqvs braziliis droSas sociologiasTan...........................36

leqcia IV _ sociologiis adgili mecnierebaTa sistemaSi.......................................................37

masala gansjisaTvis: aris Tu ara sociologia mecniereba _ e. gidensi.....................39
masala gansjisaTvis: sociologia da sxva sazogadoebrivi
mecnierebani _ i. SCepanski ..............................................................................................................................................40
o. kontis sami stadiis kanoni .................................................................................................................................41
dargobrivi sociologiebi ..........................................................................................................................................43
sociologiis monaTesave disciplinebi: socialuri da kulturuli
anTropologia ...........................................................................................................................................................................44
sociologiis monaTesave disciplinebi: politologia..................................................................46
masala gansjisaTvis: politikuri Tavisufleba, rogorc warmomadgenlobiTi
marTva _ j. TeiCmani, q. evansi.....................................................................................................................................47
sociologiis monaTesave disciplinebi: ekonomika ............................................................................49
sociologiis monaTesave disciplinebi: demografia .......................................................................51
sociologiis monaTesave disciplinebi: sociobiologia ...........................................................54
sociologiis monaTesave disciplinebi: statistika ........................................................................57
sociologiis monaTesave disciplinebi: socialuri ekologia..............................................59
masala gansjisaTvis: ekologiuri omi saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg (fragmenti) _
m. kostava...........................................................................................................................................................................................60
sociologiis monaTesave disciplinebi: socialuri geografia ............................................61
sociologiis monaTesave disciplinebi: socialuri fsiqologia.......................................64
sociologiis monaTesave disciplinebi: socialuri filosofia.........................................67
sakiTxavi masala: ra aris filosofia (fragmenti) _ s. avaliani, k. qecbaia ...........68
sociologiis monaTesave disciplinebi: eTnografia .........................................................................77

leqcia V _ sociologiis meTodebi ..................................................................................................................79

masala gansjisaTvis: sociologiuri kiTxvebi _ e. gidensi.......................................................84
anketis Sedgenis zogadi wesebi................................................................................................................................86
sociologiuri gamokvleva ..........................................................................................................................................90
sakiTxavi masala _ sociologiis klasikosebi: klasikuri franguli
sociologiis mamaTavari _ emil diurkemi .................................................................................................91
sakiTxavi masala _ empiriuli da gamoyenebiTi sociologiis
mokle istoria ..........................................................................................................................................................................94

284
leqcia VI _ sociologiis ZiriTadi cnebebi: sazogadoeba........................................................100
masala gansjisaTvis: cxovelTa gaerTianebani (fragmenti) _ i. SCepanski ..................111
ra aris sazogadoeba (fragmenti) _ h. spenseri........................................................................................114
masala gansjisaTvis: adamianTa sazogadoeba (fragmenti) _ z. xasaia ..........................114
sakiTxavi masala _ sociologiis klasikosebi: klasikuri inglisuri
sociologiis fuZemdebeli _ herbert spenseri.......................................................................................117

leqcia VII _ sociologiis ZiriTadi cnebebi: kultura ...............................................................119

masala gansjisaTvis: kulturis gavlena sazogadoebriv cxovrebaze
(fragmenti) _ i. SCepanski.................................................................................................................................................128
masala gansjisaTvis: ra aris kultura (fragmenti) _ T. buaCiZe .....................................129
masala gansjisaTvis: kulturis TamaSebrivi Teoria
(fragmenti) _a. yulijaniSvili ..........................................................................................................................................................130
praqtikumi vizualur sociologiaSi .................................................................................................................132
es sainteresoa: fotosociologia .......................................................................................................................134
Tanamedrove sociologiidan: vizualuri sociologia
(fragmenti) _ p. Stompka ....................................................................................................................................................135
praqtikumi vizualur sociologiaSi .................................................................................................................137
sakiTxavi masala _ sociologiis klasikosebi: `adamiani didi
asoebiT,~ _ rusuli warmomavlobis didi amerikeli sociologi
_ p. sorokini ..............................................................................................................................................................................140

leqcia VIII _ sociologiis ZiriTadi cnebebi: socializacia................................................142

sakiTxavi masala _ sociologiis klasikosebi: `sociaciis Teoria~
_ georg zimeli ..........................................................................................................................................................................148
es sainteresoa: ledi gagas fenomeni, rogorc sociologiuri kvlevis sagani;
`didebisa da warmatebis sociologia~ ...........................................................................................................149

leqcia IX _ sociologiis ZiriTadi cnebebi: interaqcia.............................................................151

sakiTxavi masala _ sociologiis klasikosebi: ekonomikuri
sociologiis korife _ kral marqsi..................................................................................................................157
masala gansjisaTvis: marqsis memkvidreoba _ j. TeiCmani, q. evansi .................................159
es sainteresoa: seqsualobis sociologia....................................................................................................160

leqcia X _ sociologiis ZiriTadi cnebebi: deviacia ....................................................................161

sakiTxavi masala _ sociologiis klasikosebi: `Temi da sazogadoeba~
_ ferdinand Tionisi .........................................................................................................................................................168

leqcia XI _ socialuri jgufebi da organizaciebi .......................................................................170

ra aris socialuri jgufi? (fragmeniti) _ i. SCepanski ..............................................................175
sakiTxavi masala _ sociologiis klasikosebi: didi germaneli
sociologi _ maqs veberi ..............................................................................................................................................176
es sainteresoa: sportis sociologia................................................................................................................178

leqcia XII _ socialuri institutebi...............................................................................................................180

masala gansjisaTvis: socialuri institutebi (fragmenti)
_ i. SCepanski ...............................................................................................................................................................................183
masala gansjisaTvis: dangreuli ojaxi (fragmenti) _ e. tofleri...................................184
sakiTxavi masala: sazogadoebis transformacia da religia
(fragmenti k. qecbaias leqciebidan religiis sociologiaSi) .............................................186
sakiTxavi masala _ sociologia safrangeTSi ........................................................................................194

leqcia XIII _ socialuri stratifikacia ......................................................................................................198

masala gansjisaTvis: kurt voneguti _ `saSiSi Tanasworoba~ ................................................202

285
masala gansjisaTvis: genderis sociologia _ `erTi Tu ori sqesi~ (fragmenti) _
j. TeiCmani, q. evansi ............................................................................................................................................................203
sakiTxavi masala _ sociologia inglisSi...................................................................................................205
sakiTxavi masala _ sociologia italiaSi ..................................................................................................208

leqcia XIV _ socialuri mobiloba .................................................................................................................210

sakiTxavi masala _ sociologia germaniaSi................................................................................................213

leqcia XV _ socialuri transformaciebi .................................................................................................218

virtualuri samyaros ucnaurobani _ (nax.) ...............................................................................................224
sakiTxavi masala _ sociologia amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi...........................................225
sakiTxavi masala _ sociologia iaponiaSi ..................................................................................................236
sakiTxavi masala _ sociologia ruseTSi .....................................................................................................239
`sabWoTa eqsperimenti~ (fragmenti) _ n. smelzeri................................................................................241
sakiTxavi masala _ `ganaTlebis sociologia~ (fragmenti k. qecbaias wignidan)
sakiTxavi masala _ sociologia saqarTveloSi......................................................................................251
sakiTxavi masala _ `Jurnalistikis sociologia~
(fragmenti k. qecbaias wignidan) ...............................................................................................................................255
es sainteresoa: saerTaSoriso sociologiuri organizaciebi................................................266
sociologTa XVII saerTaSoriso kongresis posteri .....................................................................269
daskvnis sanacvlod: sociologiis klasikosTa rCevebi momaval sociologebs .270
saxelTa saZiebeli ..................................................................................................................................................................271

286
 avtoris Sesaxeb

krebul `sociologiuri etiudebis~ prezentacia soxumis saxelmwifo universitetSi

kaxa qecbaia _ filosofiis doqtori, saqarTvelos filosofiur mec-

nierebaTa akademiis akademikosi; soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis socia-
lur da politikur mecnierebaTa fakultetis sociologiis mimarTulebis
sruli profesori. savle wereTlis filosofiis institutis direqtoris
moadgile.

specialobiT sociologi. muSaobs Teoriuli filosofiis (ontologia,

gnoseologia), sociologiis (Teoriuli da praqtikuli sociologia, dar-
gobrivi sociologiebi, metasociologia), religiis filosofiisa da soci-
ologiis da postTanamedrove sazogadoebis problemebze. gamoqveynebuli
aqvs 100-ze meti samecniero naSromi (statiebi da sxv.) mecnierebis am sfero-
ebSi da Svidi wigni (maTs Soris ori saxelmZRvanelo). eweva aqtiur pedago-
giur da mTargmnelobiT saqmianobas. aris saqarTvelos prezidentis stipen-
dianti (2003-2006 ww.).

287
 Kakha Ketsbaia

Introduction to Sociology
(Leqtures)
(in Georgian)

gamomcemloba `universali~
Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, : 222 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30
E-mail: universal@internet.ge

288