13

Tavi 1. fsiqologiis mecniereba Cvens cxovrebaSi

• ratomaa fsiqologia unikaluri?

 gansazRvrebebi
 fsiqologiis miznebi

• fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi: ratomaa saWiro fsiqologiis Seswavla?

• Tanamedrove fsiqologiis ganviTareba

 fsiqologiis istoriuli safuZvlebi
 Tanamedrove fsiqologiis mimdinareobebi

• ras akeTeben fsiqologebi

• fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi: vifiqroT momavalze

• sakvanZo sakiTxebi
 ZiriTadi cnebebi
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1954 wels SeerTebuli Statebis uzenaesma sasamarTlom brauni topekas
ganaTlebis sabWos winaaRmdeg saqmeSi ganaCeni gamoitana, romlis mixedviTac
Savkaniani da TeTrkaniani bavSvebis skolebis segregacia ukanonod gamocxadda.
uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebaze araviTari zemoqmedeba ar mouxdenia
fsiqologebis da sxva socialuri mecnierebebis warmomadgenlebis Cvenebebs,
romlebmac sasamarTlos kvlevis Sedegebi warudgines. Sedegebi naTlad
metyvelebda imaze, rom segregirebuli swavleba Savkanian bavSvebze uaryofiTad
moqmedebda. mogvyavs erT-erTi fsiqologis, kenet klarkis Cveneba, romelmac
Savkanian bavSvTa jgufi ikvlia vaiTmeni, (Whiteman, 1993, 49-51 gv.):

testireba gasuli kviris xuTSabaTs da paraskevs Cavatare Tqvni moTxovnis

mixedviT skot branCis dawyebiT skolaSi, ZiriTadad pirvel klasSi. gamoviyene
meTodi, romelzec adre gesaubreT - zangi da TeTri Tojinebi, romlebic kanis
feris garda sxvamxriv absoluturad identuria. moswavleebs furclebi vaCvene,
romelbzec es Tojinebi exata....
bavSvebs am Tojinebs vaCvenebdi da Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT vusvamdi am kiTxvebs:
"maCveneT, romeli Tojina mogwonT yvelaze metad? an romliT TamaSi gindaT
yvelaze metad?", maCveneT "cudi" Tojina".....
sul 6-dan 9 wlamde 16 bavSvi gamovkiTxe, maTgan aTma airCia TeTri Tojina, is
yvelaze metad moewonaT, Tanac maT es Tojina daaxasiaTes, rogorc "sasiamovno".
ar dagaviwydeT, rom es ori Tojina absoluturad identuria, kanis feris garda.
TerTmetma bavSvma miiCnia, rom yavisferi Tojina cudad gamoiyureba. es Sedegebi
Tanxvdeba adre miRebul rezultatebs, romelic 300-ze met bavSvze Catarebulma
gamokvlevam gviCvena. Sedegebi ase avxseniT: zangi bavSvi ukve 6, 7 an 8 wlis asakSi
eqceva sakuTari jgufis Sesaxeb arsebuli negatiuri stereotipebis tyveobaSi.....
iZulebuli var davaskvna, rom klarendonis sagrafos es bavSvebi, iseve rogorc
nebismieri sxva adamiani, romelic aSkarad daqvemdebarebul statuss atarebs
sazogadoebaSi, pirovnuli ganviTarebis procesSi daziandnen. maTSi naTlad
SeimCneva arastabilurobis niSnebi da, Cemi azriT, yvela fsiqologi swored
amgvarad axsnida miRebul Sedegebs.

xedavT, ratom hqonda am Cvenebas _ fsiqologiuri kvlevis monaTxrobs _ didi

zemoqmedeba uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebaze da imaze, Tu rogor aRiqva
mTeli qveynis mosaxleobam segregaciis fsiqologiuri Sedegebi?
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kenet klarkis Cveneba miuTiTebs fsiqologiuri kvlevis potenciur gavlenaze
rogorc calkeuli adamianebis, aseve sazogadoebis cxovrebaze. es magaliTi am
saxelmZRvanelos ZiriTad miznebze miuTiTebs: wagiyvanoT mogzaurobaSi, sadac
adamianuri gamocdilebis sirTuleebs daxvewili kvleviT gamovavlenT, es ki
saSualebas mogvcems ukeT vakontroloT is Zalebi, romlebic Cvens cxovrebas
ayalibebs. fsiqologia da cxovreba tvinis da fsiqikis Sinagani sivrcidan
adamianis qcevis garegan ganzomilebamde migviyvans. SeviswavliT iseT procesebs,
romlebic azris mqone struqturas mianiWeben Tqvens gamocdilebas; magaliTad,
iseT sakiTxebs, rogoricaa: rogor aRviqvamT samyaros, rogor vswavlobT,
vurTierTobT sxvebTan, vazrovnebT, vimaxsovrebT. SevecdebiT gavarkvioT adamianis
cxovrebis ufro dramatuli gamovlinebebi, rogoricaa, rogor da ratom
naxuloben sizmrebs adamianebi, rogor uyvardebaT erTmaneTi, ratom morcxvoben,
ratom arian agresiulebi, ratom avaddebian fsiqiurad. da bolos, vaCvenebT,
rogor SeiZleba gamoviyenoT fsiqologiuri codna, raTa gavigoT da - zogierT,
magaliTad, segregaciis SemTxvevaSi - SevcvaloT kidec Cvens cxovrebaSi moqmedi
kulturuli Zalebi.
Cven, fsiqologiis da cxovrebis avtorebs, fsiqologiis kompetenturobis
gvjera. pedagogiuri da samecniero karieris manZilze fsiqologia sul ufro da
ufro momxibvleli gaxda CvenTvis. bolo wlebSi fsiqikuri da qcevis procesebis
warmmarTveli ZiriTadi meqnizmebis Sesaxeb informaciis mozRvavebas aqvs adgili.
Zveli Sexedulebebi axali ideebiT icvleba. magram adamianis bunebis mravali
momajadovebeli mxare jer kidev amoucnobi rCeba. imedi gvaqvs, rom am
mogzaurobis dasaruls Tqvenc saTuTad moepyrobiT fsiqologiuri codnis
sakuTar marags.
mogzaurobis ZiriTadi mizani iqneba wvdomis mecnieruli wyurvili. davsvamT
kiTxvebs adamianis qcevis Sesaxeb _ rogor, ratom, ra, rodis da im qcevis
mizezebis da Sedegebis Sesaxeb, romelsac Tqven sakuTar TavSi, sxva adamianebSi,
cxovelebSi aRmoaCenT. avxsniT, ratom fiqrobT, grZnobT da iqecviT ase. riTi
gansxvavdebiT sxvebisagan, raSia Tqveni unikaloba da mainc, ratom iqceviT xSirad
sxvebis msgavsad? Tqvens CamoyalibebaSi memkvidreobam iTamaSa roli, Tu piradma
gamocdilebam? rogor Tanacxovrobs am rTul qmnilebaSi - adamianur cxovelSi _
agresia da altruizmi, siyvaruli da siZulvili, sigiJe da Semoqmedeba? am TavSi
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ganvixilavT, rogor da ratom gaxda yvela es kiTxva mniSvnelovani fsiqologiis,
rogorc disciplinis miznebisaTvis.

ratomaa fsiqologia unikaluri?

fsiqologiis unikalobisa da erTianobis dasafaseblad unda gaarkvioT, rogor

esmiT fsiqologebs kvlevis da praqtikis miznebi da areali. wignis damTavrebis
Semdeg Tqven unda iazrovnoT, rogorc fsiqologma, xolo am TavSi pirvelad
gaecnobiT seriozulad, Tu ras unda niSnavdes es.

gansazRvrebebi

mravali fsiqologi eZebs pasuxs fundamentur kiTxvaze: rogoria adamianis

buneba? am kiTxvas fsiqologia imiTi pasuxobs, rom swavlobs individSi mimdinare
procesebs, iseve rogorc fizikur da socialur garemoSi aRmocenebul Zalebs. am
TvalsazriT, fsiqologias formalurad ganvmartavT, rogorc individis qcevis da
fsiqikuri procesebis mecnierul Seswavlas. ganvixiloT am ganmartebis
mniSvnelovani nawilebi; mecnieruli, qceva, individi da fsiqikuri.
fsiqologiis mecnieruli aspeqti moiTxovs, rom fsiqologiuri daskvnebi
mecnieruli meTodis principebis mixedviT mopovebul monacemebs efuZnebodes.
mecnieruli meTodi moicavs problemis analizisa da gadaWrisaTvis saWiro
Tanmimdevrul nabijebs. es meTodi daskvnebis gamosatanad obieqturad Segrovebul
monacemebs iyenebs. mecnieruli meTodis maxasiaTeblebs ufro dawvrilebiT me-2-e
TavSi ganvixilavT, rodesac gavecnobiT, Tu rogor atareben fsiqologebi kvlevas.
qceva is iaraRia, romlis saSualebiTac organizmi garemos ergeba. qceva
moqmedebaa. fsiqologiis sagani ZiriTadad adamianis da cxovelis dakvirvebadi
qcevaa. sicili, tirili, sirbili, Sexeba qcevis is magaliTebia, romlebsac
SeiZleba daakvirde. fsiqologebi ikvleven, ras da rogor akeTebs individi
mocemul garemoSi da ufro farTo socialur da kulturul konteqstSi.
fsiqologiuri analizis sagani yvelaze xSirad aris individi _ axalSobili,
mozardi sportsmeni, kolejis studenti, romelic studentur saerTo
sacxovrebelSi cxovrebas egueba, Suaxnis mamakaci, romelic karieras icvlis, an
qali, romelmac unda gadalaxos alchaimeris daavadebiT Sepyrobili meuRlis
TandaTanobiTi ukusvliT gamowveuli stresi. amave dros, kvlevis sagani SeiZleba
iyos Simpanze, romelic komunikaciisaTvis saWiro simboloebs swavlobs,
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labirinTSi mosiarule TeTri virTxa, an safrTxis signalze moreagire zRvis
loqora. individi unda SeviswavloT mis bunebriv garemoSi, an kvleviT
laboratoriaSi, gakontrolebul (kontorlirebad) pirobebSi.
mravali mkvlevari fsiqologi aRiarebs, rom adamianis moqmedebas fsiqikuri
procesebis, anu adamianis fsiqikis muSaobis axsnis gareSe ver gavigebT. adamianuri
aqtivobis didi nawili Sinagania _ azrovneba, dagegmva, msjeloba, Semoqmedeba
(Seqmna), ocneba. mravali fisqologisaTvis swored fsiqikuri procesebia
fsiqologiuri Ziebis yvelaze saintereso aspeqtebi. male gaigebT, rom fsiqologma
mkvlevrebma daxvewili teqnikebi gamoigones fsiqikuri movlenebis da procesebis
Sesaswavlad - raTa es piradi gamocdileba sazogado gaxadon.
am sakiTxebis kombinacia fsiqologias unikalur sferod aqcevs. maSin, rodesac
fsiqologebi ZiriTadad individebis qcevaze arian fokusirebuli, sociologebi
swavloben adamianTa qcevas jgufebSi an organizaciebSi, xolo anTropologebi
yuradRebas amaxvileben qcevis ufro farTo konteqstze sxvadasxva kulturaSi.
miuxedavad amisa, fsiqologebi farTod iyeneben sxva mecnierebebis miRwevebs.
rogorc erT-erTi socialuri mecniereba, fsiqologia iyenebs ekonomikas,
politologias, sociologias da eTnologias. fsiqologebs bevri saerTo
interesi aqvT biologebTan, gansakuTrebiT maTTan, vinc tvinis procesebs da
qcevis bioqimiur safuZvlebs swavlobs. fsiqologebs ainteresebT, Tu rogor
muSaobs admianis fsiqika, rac, axlad warmoSobili kognituri mecnierebebis _
kompiuteruli mecnierebis, xelovnuri inteleqtis da gamoyenebiTi maTematikis
kvlevasa da TeoriasTanaa dakavSirebuli. rogorc janmrTelobis mecniereba _
medicinasTan, ganaTlebasTan, iurisprudenciasTan da ekologiasTan dakavSirebuli
fsiqologia _ cdilobs gaaumjobesos TiTeuli individisa da koleqtivis
cxovrebis done. fsiqologia, aseve, inarCunebs kavSirebs filosofiasTan, sxva
humanitarul mecnierebebTan, religiasTan da xelovnebis iseT dargebTan,
rogoricaa literatura da dramaturgia.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Tanamedrove fsiqologiis siRrme da farTo Tvalsawieri
siamovnebis wyaroa ukve Camoyalibebuli specialistebisaTvis, studentebisaTvis,
vinc pirvelad ecnoba fsiqologias, is erTgvar sirTules warmoadgens.

• fsiqologia (psychology) _ individebis qcevis da fsiqikuri procesebis

mecnieruli Seswavla
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• mecnieruli meTodi (scientific method) - im procedurebis wyeba, romlebic

obieqturi informaciis Segrovebisa da interpretaciisaTvis gamoiyeneba, Tanac
imgvarad, rom Secdoma minimumamdea dayvanili da ganzogadeba sandoa.

• qceva (behavior) - is moqmedebebi, romlis saSualebiTac organizmi garemos

ergeba.

fsiqologiis saganze kidev bevria saTqmeli, magram, bevri Rirebuli

informaciis miReba SegiZliaT am Sesavali Tavidan. fsiqologiis sferos
Seswavlis saukeTeso gzad fsiqologTa miznebis garkveva migvaCnia, modiT,
ganvixiloT es miznebi.

fsiqologiis miznebi

im fsiqologebis mizani, romlebic fundamentur kvlevas axorcieleben, aris

qcevis aRwera, axsna, winaswarmetyveleba da gakontroleba. gamoyenebiT (praqtikos)
fsiqologebs kidev erTi, mexuTe mizani aqvT _ adamianis cxovrebis gaumjobeseba.
es miznebi fsiqologiuri saqmianobis safuZvels Seadgens. ra igulisxmeba TiTeul
am mizanSi?

movlenis aRwera

fsiqologiis pirveli amocanaa zusti dakvirveba qcevaze. Cveulebriv,

fsiqologebi aseTi dakvirvebis Sedegad miRebul masalas monacemebs uwodeben.
qceviTi monacemebi aris organizmis qcevis da im pirobebis aRwera, romelSic es
qceva xorcieldeba. monacemebis Segrovebisas mkvlevrebma unda airCion analizis
saTanado done da SeimuSaon qcevis is sazomebi, romlebic misi obieqturad
Seswavlis garantias gvaZlevs.
individis qcevis kvlevis mizniT analizis sxvadasxva donis gamoyeneba SeiZleba
- yvelaze farTo, globaluri donidan yvelaze detalur, specifikur donemde.
fsiqologiuri aRweris gansxvavebuli doneebic sxvadasxva kiTxvas pasuxobs.
fsiqologiuri analizis yvelaze farTo doneze mkvlevrebi swavloben mTliani
pirovnebis qcevas rTul socialur da kulturul konteqstSi. am doneze
mkvlevrebma SeiZleba Seiswavlon Zaladobis kros-kulturuli sxvaobebi,
crurwmenebis mizezebi, fsiqikuri daavadebis Sedegebi. Semdeg doneze,
fsiqologebi qcevis ufro natif erTeulebs swavloben, rogoricaa SuqniSanis
sinaTleze reaqciis siCqare, Tvalebis moZraoba kiTxvis dros, bavSvebis mier
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daSvebuli gramatikuli Secdomebi enis Seswavlisas. mkvlevrebs qcevis kidev
ufro mcire erTeulebis Seswavla SeuZliaT. isini cdiloben Seiswavlon qcevis
biologiuri safuZvlebi, anu daadginon tvinis is ubnebi, romlebic
pasuxismgebelia sxvadasxva tipis mogonebis Senaxvaze; daswavlis dros
warmoSobili bioqimiuri cvlilebebi, smenaze, an mxedvelobaze pasuxismgebeli
sensoruli gzebi. analizis TiTeuli done gvaZlevs im arsebiT informacias,
romlis saSualebiTac dgeba adamianis bunebis saboloo saerTo portreti, risi
miRwevis imedic aqvT fsiqologebs.
• qcevis monacemebi (Behavioral data) _ organizmis qcevis da im pirobebis aRwera,
romlebSic es qceva mimdinareobs, an icvleba.

rac ar unda farTo an viwro iyos dakvirvebis fokusi, fsiqologebi cdiloben,

rom qceva obieqturadDaRweron. im faqtebis Segroveba, romlebic realurad
arsebobs da ara iseTebisa, rogorsac mkvlevari moelis, an surs, rom iyos,
upirvelesi mniSvnelobisaa. radganac yovel damkvirvebels dakvirvebis procesSi
sakuTari, subieqturi Tvalsazrisi Seaqvs - esenia mikerZoeba, crurwmena,
molodini _ aucilebelia, rom am Tvalsazrisma ar daamaxinjos monacemebi.
rogorc Semdeg TavSi naxavT, fsiqologma mkvlevrebma mravalgvari meqanizmi
Seqmnes obieqturobis SesanarCuneblad.

movlenis axsna

maSin, rodesac aRwera TvalsaCino informacias unda eyrdnobodes, axsna

aRqmulis miRma unda ixedebodes. qceviT da fsiqikur procesebSi
kanonzomierebebis aRmoCena fsiqologiis mravali dargis mTavari mizania.
fsiqologebs surT aRmoaCinon, rogor muSaobs qceva. ratom iciniT moulodnel
situaciebSi? ra garemoebebi ubiZgebs adamians Caidinos suicidi, an danaSauli?
fsiqologiuri axsna ZiriTadad aRiarebs, rom qcevaTa umetesobaze gavlenas
axdens faqtorTa kombinacia. zogierTi faqtori individis SigniT moqmedebs,
rogoricaa genetikuri mocemuloba, motivacia, inteleqtis done, an TviTSefaseba.
qcevebis am Sinagan determinantebs organizmis
organizmis (organizmuli) cvladebi ewodeba,
radgan isini organizmis Sesaxeb gvawvdis informacias. adamianis SemTxvevaSi, am
determinantebs dispoziciuri cvladebi ewodeba. arsebobs agreTve garegani
faqtorebi. warmoidgineT, rom bavSvi cdilobs asiamovnos maswavlebeli, raTa
prizi moigos, an transportis sacobSi moxvedrili mZRoli agresiuli da mtruli
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xdeba. am qcevebze did gavlenas axdens pirovnebis gareT arsebuli movlenebi.
qcevaze garegan zegavlenas garemos, an situaciis (situaciuri) cvladebi ewodeba.
rodesac fsiqologebs qcevis axsna surT, isini TiTqmis yovelTvis iTvaliswineben
axsnis orive tips. warmoidgineT, rom fsiqologs surs axsnas, ratom iwyebs
adamiani sigaretis mowevas. SesaZlebelia individi gansakuTrebiT midrekilia
riskisaken (dispoziciuri axsna), an zogierTi individi ganicdis TanatolTa
zewolas (situaciuri axsna) - an, rom orive aucilebelia (kombinirebuli axsna).
xSirad fsiqologis mizania qcevis farTo diapazoni safuZvlad mdebare erTi
mizeziT axsnas. warmoidgineT situacia, romelSic Tqveni maswavlebeli ambobs,
rom kargi niSnis misaRebad aucileblia gakveTilze diskusiaSi aqtiuri
monawileobis miReba. Tqveni megobari yovelTvis kargad swavlobs, magram
gakveTilze ar aqtiurobs, xels ar iwevs da ar gamoTqvams Tavis azrebs da
Sexdulebebs. maswavlebeli sayvedurobs, rom saTanadod motivirebuli araa da
miiCnevs, rom igi gonieri ar aris. igive adamiani dadis wveulebaze, magram
arasodes iwvevs vinmes sacekvaod, Riad ar icavs sakuTar azrs, Tuki vinme
sakiTxSi masze nakleb Caxeduli ekamaTeba, iSviaTad erTveba saubarSi sufrasTan.
ra diagnozs dasvamdiT? safuZvlad mdebare romeli mizezia am tipis qcevebze
pasuxismgebeli? mravali sxva morcxvi adamianiviT, Tqveni megobaric ver axerxebs
ise moiqces, rogorc saWiroa, Ciki da zimbardo (Cheek, 1989, Zimbardo, 1990). aq
SegviZlia morcxvobis cneba gamoviyenoT da Tqveni megobris qcevaTa mTeli
diapazoni amiTi avxsnaT.

• organizmis cvladebi (organizamic variables) _ organizmis qcevis Sinagani

determinanti.
• dispoziciuri cvladebi (dispozitional variables) _ organizmis cvladi, anu qcevis
Sinagani determinanti, romelic adamianebSi Cndeba.
• garemos cvladebi (environmental variables) – garegani zemoqmedeba qcevaze.
• situaciuri cvladebi (situational variables) – garegani zemoqmedeba qcevaze.

amgvari mizez-Sedegobrivi axsnebis mosapoveblad mkvlevrebi xSirad sxvadasxva

tipis monacemis Segrovebis SemoqmedebiT process axorcieleben. daxelovnebuli
deteqtivi Serlok holmsi nawyvet-nawyveti monacemebis safuZvelze akeTebda
gamWriax daskvnebs. msgavsad amisa, yovelma mkvlevarma unda gamoiyenos warmosaxva
da SemoqmedebiTad Serwyas is, rac icis, da is, rac jer ar icis. kargad
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ganswavlul fsiqologs SeuZlia monacemebi adamianis gamocdilebis sakuTari
wvdomisa da sxva mecnierebis mier aRmoCenili faqtebis safuZvelze axsnas.
fsiqologiuri kvlevis umetesoba cdilobs gansazRvros, mravali SesaZlo
variantidan romeli xsnis yvelaze zustad mocemul qcevas.

winaswarmetyveleba

fsiqologiaSi winaswarmetyveleba niSnavs, rom garkveuli qceva an mocemuli

kavSiri raRac albaTobiT gamovlindeba. xSirad qcevis romelime formis
safuZvlad mdebare mizezebis zusti axsna saSualebas aZlevs mkvlevars zustad
iwinaswarmetyvelos momavali qceva. magaliTad, Tu migvaCnia, rom Tqveni megobari
morcxvia, SegviZlia darwmunebiT viwinaswarmetyveloT, rom is uxerxulad
igrZnobs Tavs, Tu ucnob adamianTan gasaubrebas vTxovT. rodesac romelime qcevis
an kavSiris asaxsnelad sxvadasxva axsna arsebobs, maT imis mixedviT Seafaseben,
ramdenad kargad SeuZliaT zusti da amomwuravi winaswarmetyveleba. Tqven
megobars warmatebiT rom daemyarebina ucnobTan kontaqti, diagnozi unda
Segvecvala.
zustad iseve, rogorc dakvirveba, mecnieruli winaswarmetyvelebac obieqturi
da naTlad Camoyalibebuli unda iyos, ise, rom SesaZlebeli iyos misi Semowmeba
da uaryofa, Tu faqtebi mas ar adasturebs. mecnieruli winaswarmetyveleba imis
gagebas emyareba, Tu rogor aris dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan movlenebi da
varaudobs, romeli meqanizmebi akavSirebs am movlenebs garkveul winapirobebTan.
mizez-Sedegobrivi winaswarmetyveleba azustebs im pirobebs, romelSic qceva
Seicvleba. magaliTad, garkveuli asakis Semdeg bavSvebsa da maimunebSi ucnobi
piris Tandaswreba SfoTvis niSnebs iwvevs. dakvirvebul qcevaSi gamowveuli
cvlilebebi ki SeiZleba damokidebuli iyos situaciis SigniT variaciebze,
magaliTad, ucnobobis (ucxoobis) xarisxi. ucnobi imave asakis rom yofiliyo, rac
bavSvi da maimuni, nakleb SfoTvas miviRebdiT? kauzaluri winaswarmetyvelebis
gaumjobesebis mizniT mkvlevari sistematurad cvlis garemo pirobebs da maT
bavSvis reaqciaze gavlenas akvirdeba.

kontroli
mravali fsiqologisaTvis kontroli centraluri, yvelaze mniSvnelovani
mizania. kontroli niSnavs, rom qceva an moxdeba, an ar moxdeba - daviwyoT,
SevinarCunoT, SevaCeroT da zemoqmedeba movaxdinoT mis formaze, Zlierebaze an
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gamovlenis sixSireze. qcevis mizez-Sedegobrivi axsna damajerebelia, Tu is qcevis
gakontrolebis saSualebas qmnis.
qcevis gakontrolebis unari mniSvnelovania, radgan is fsiqologebs saSualebas
aZlevs adamianebs cxovrebis donis gaumjobesebaSi daexmaron. am wignSi
periodulad SexvdebiT fsiqologebis mier gamogonebul sxvadasxva tipis Carevas
im mizniT, rom daexmaron adamianebs TavianTi cxovrebis problemuri aspeqtebis
gakontorlebaSi. me-16 Tavi, magaliTad, exeba fsiqikuri daavadebebis mkurnalobas.
wignSi agreTve aRwerilia, rogor SeuZliaT adamianebs aRmofxvran arajansaRi
qcevebi, rogoricaa magaliTad, sigaretis moweva, wamoiwyon jansaRi qcevebi,
rogoricaa regularuli varjiSi (Tavi 13). Tqven SeityobT aRzrdis ra stili
exmareba mSoblebs SvilebTan myari kavSiris SenarCunebaSi (Tavi 11). ris gamo ar
surs ucxo adamians daexmaros sxvas ubeduri SemTxvevis dros da rogor SeiZleba
am xelisSemSleli faqtorebis gadalaxva (Tavi 18). aq moyvanilia mxolod
ramdenime magaliTi im uricxvi situaciidan, romlebSic fsiqologebi TavianT
codnas iyeneben, raTa gaaumjobeson da gaakontrolon adamianebis cxovreba. am
TvalsazrisiT, fsiqologebi sakmaod optimistebi arian. mraval maTgans sjera,
rom praqtikulad nebismieri arasasurveli qceva SeiZleba Seicvalos saTanado
CareviT. fsiqologia da cxovreba iziarebs am optimizms.
interess moklebuli ar iqneba aRvniSnoT, rom gageba da ara kontroli
warmoadgens mravali aziuri da afrikuli qveynis fsiqologebis saboloo mizans,
noubels da triandisi (Nobles 1980, Triandis 1990). kritikosebs miaCniaT, rom
kontrolze yuradRebis gamaxvileba dasavlur fsiqologiaSi im kulturuli
mikerZoebis amsaxvelia, romelic industrializaciis, evropelTa kolonializmis
da aSS-Si arsebuli dampyrobluri mentalitetis Sedegia. dasavluri fsiqologiis
kontrolze fokusireba agreTve mamakacur midgomad iTvleba, is aseTi
dominanturi ar iqneboda, qalebs rom eTamaSaT wamyvani roli fsiqologiis
ganviTarebaSi bornSteini da qvina, (Bornstein, Quina, 1989; Riger, 1992).

Sejameba

am Sesaval TavSi warmovadgenT fsiqologiis da cxovrebis zogierT seqcias,

romlebic specialurad SevadgineT, raTa ufro efeqturad aiTvisoT teqsti.
Sejamebis qveTavi Tan sdevs yoveli Tavis garkveul, msxvil informacias. amgvari
Sejameba ganvlili masalis sakvanZo sakiTxebis ukeT gagebaSi dagexmarebaT. yovel
 23
Tavs boloSi darTuli aqvs seqcia, romelsac sakvanZo sakiTxebi ewodeba. es
seqcia teqstis wvdomis Sesamowmeblad unda gamoiyenoT. Tu armoaCenT, rom ar
gesmiT Sejameba, teqsts daubrundiT da Sesabamisi masala Tavidan waikiTxeT, sanam
ar darwmundebiT, rom namdvilad gesmiT teqsti. amgvari seqciebi testirebisaTvis
mzadebaSi dagexmarebaT.

Sejameba
fsiqologebi mecnierul meTods imisaTvis iyeneben, rom individebis qcevisa da
fsiqikuri procesebis Sesaxeb daskvna gaakeTon. fsiqologebs ramdenime mizani
aqvT: obieqturad da saTanado doneze aRweron qceva, axsnan misi aRmZvreli
Zalebi, iwinaswarmetyvelon rodis ganxorcieldeba qceva da gaakontrolon is,
raTa cxovrebis done gaaumjobeson.

fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi: ra saWiroa fsiqologia?

am Sesavali Tavis kiTxvisas SeiZleba dainteresdeT, ra saWiroa fsiqologia?
Cveni pasuxi am kiTxvaze sakmaod pirdapiria: gvjera, rom fsiqologiur kvlevas
dauyovneblivi da mniSvnelovani gamoyeneba aqvs yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi.
fsiqologiis da cxovrebis erT-erTi umTavresi mizania fsiqologiuri
gamocdilebis pirovnuli da sazogadoebrivi mniSvneloba gaaSuqos.
yovel semestrSi vxvdebiT studentebs, romlebic fsiqologiis disciplinis
Sesaval kurss eswrebian da garkveuli kiTxvebi uCndebaT. xandaxan es kiTxvebi
maTi sakuTari gamocdilebiTaa gamowveuli ("rogor unda moviqce, Tu vfiqrob, rom
deda fsiqikurad daavadebuli myavs?" "es sagani maswavlis, rogor unda miviRo
ukeTesi niSnebi?"); xandaxan es kiTxvebi presis saSualebiT gavrcelebuli
fsiqologiuri informaciiTaa gamowveuli ("marTalia, rom rac ufro didia bavSvi,
miT ufro konservatulia igi?" "qalebi yovelTvis ukeTesi mSoblebi arian, vidre
kacebi?"). CvenTvis am kursis swavlebis sirTule swored imaSia, rom mecnieruli
kvlevis is Sedegebi warmoavaCinoT, romlebic mniSvnelovania studentebisaTvis.
fsiqologiisa da cxovrebis TiTqmis yvela seqcia cdilobs swored amgvar
kiTxvebs upasuxos. am gamocemaSi specialuri CanarTebi movaTavseT - fsiqologia
Cvens cxovrebaSi. TiTeuli aseTi CanarTi pasuxobs kiTxvas, romelic araerTxel
gvsmenia studentebisagan. Cvens mizans warmoadgens mecnierulad agvexsna is
sakiTxebi, romlebic yvelaze metad aRelvebT studentebs. imedi gvaqvs
 24
dagveTanxmebiT, rom fsiqologiis Seswavla gaamdidrebs Tqvens cxovrebiseul
gamocdilebas.

Tanamedrove fsiqologiis ganviTareba

XXI saukuneSi CvenTvis SedarebiT advilia ganvmartoT, ras niSnavs fsiqologia

da ra aris fsiqologiuri kvlevis miznebi. Tumca, fsiqologiis Seswavlis
dawyebisas mniSvnelovania gesmodeT is mravali Zala, romelmac Tanamedrove
fsiqologiis gaCena ganapiroba. es istoriuli mimoxilva emyareba erT martiv
princips: mniSvneloba aqvs ideebs. fsiqologiis mecnierebis ganviTarebis mTel
manZilze gacxarebuli kamaTi mimdinareobda fsiqologiis sagnisa da kvlevis
meTodebis Sesaxeb.
Cveni istoriuli mimoxlva analizis or doneze ganxorcieldeba. pirvel
ganyofilebaSi mimovixilavT istoriis im periods, roca fsiqologias safuZveli
Caeyara, xolo meore ganyofilebaSi farTod aRvwerT amJamad arsebul Svid
mimdinareobas. fokusirebis orive donisaTvis SeecadeT warmoidginoT is
inteleqtualuri vneba, romliTac Cndeboda es Teoriebi.

fsiqologiis istoriuli safuZvlebi

"fsiqologias xangrZlivi warsuli aqvs, magram mokle istoria", werda

eqsperimentuli fsiqologiis erT-erTi warmomadgeneli, herman ebinhausi (Hermann
Ebbinghaus, 1908). mecnierebs saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi ainteresebdaT admianis
bunebis mravali saidumlo - rogor aRiqvams adamiani realobas, rogoria
cnobierebis buneba, saidan modis sigiJe - magram amgvar kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemis
SesaZlebloba kvlevis saTanado iaraRis ararsebobis gamo ar gaaCndaT.
gavixsenoT Cvens welTaRricxvamde meoTxe da mexuTe saukuneSi berZeni
filosofosebis: sokrates, platonis da aristoteles mier dasmuli fundamenturi
SekiTxvebi. marTalia, fsiqologiis garkveuli formebi induri iogas uZveles
tradiciaSic arsebobda, dasavluri fsiqologiis safuZvlebi swored did berZen
moazrovneTa dialogebSi unda veZeboT, sadac midioda msjeloba imaze, Tu rogor
muSaobs goneba, ra aris Tavisufali neba, ra mimarTebaa calkeul moqalaqeebsa da
maT saxelmwifos Soris. me-19-e saukunis bolosTvis mkvlevrebma sxva
mecnierebebidan, rogorebicaa fiziologia da fizika, kvlevis laboratoriuli
 25
meTodebis fsiqologiaSi gadmotana daiwyes, raTa pasuxi gaecaT filosofosebis
mier dasmul am fundamentur kiTxvebze.
Tanamedrove fsiqologiis ganviTarebaSi gadamwyveti roli Seasrula vilhelm
vundtma (Wilhelm Wundt), romelmac, 1879 wels laipcigSi eqsperimentuli
fsiqologiis pirveli laboratoria daaarsa. marTalia, vundti ganaTlebiT
fiziologi iyo, samecniero karieris manZilze misma interesebma sxeulis
Seswvlidan fsiqikis Seswavlaze gadainacvla. mas surda Seeswavla SegrZnebis da
aRqmis ZiriTadi procesebi da martivi fsiqikuri procesebis siCqare. im
droisaTvis, rodesac vundtma fsiqologiuri laboratoria daaarsa, ukve
ganxorcielebuli hqonda kvlevaTa seria da gamoqveynebuli Tavisi fiziologiuri
fsiqologiis safuZvlebis pirveli gamocema (sul 7 aseTi gamocema iyo) kendleri,
(Kendler, 1987). laboratoriis gaxsnis Semdeg vundtma fsiqologiis studentebis
aRzrda daiwyo, misma mowafeTa didma raodenobam SemdegSi TavianT samSobloSi
daaarsa msgavsi laboratoriebi.
raki fsiqologia damoukidebel disciplinad Camoyalibda, CrdiloeT amerikis
mraval universitetSi fsiqologiuri laboratoriebi gaCnda, pirveli maTgani _
jons hopkinsis universitetSi, 1883 wels. am adreul laboratoriebs vundtis
gavlena etyoboda. magaliTad, eduard titCeneri (Edward Titchener) vundtis mowafe,
erT-erTi pirveli fsiqologi gaxldaT aSS-Si, romelmac 1892 wels kornelis
universitetis laboratoria daaarsa. Tumca, daaxloebiT amave dros, harvardis
universitetis filosofiis axalgazrda profesorma, romelic medicinas
swavlobda da literatura da religia ainteresebda, wminda amerikuli xedva
SeimuSava. uiliam jemsma (William James), didi romanistis, henri jemsis Zmam, or
tomad gamosca "fsiqologiis safuZvlebi" (1890/1950), romelic, mravali eqspertis
azriT, yvelaze mniSvnelovani fsiqologiuri naSromia. maleve, 1892 wels, h.
stenli holma amerikis fsiqologTa asociacia daaarsa. 1900 wlisTvis CrdiloeT
amerikaSi 40-ze meti fsiqologiuri laboratoria funqcionirebda, hilgardi
(Hilgard, 1986).
fsiqologiis gaCenisTanave daiwyo debatebi misi kvlevis sagnisa da meTodebis
Sesaxeb. am debatebSi gamokveTili zogierTi sakiTxi jerac ar kargavs
mniSvnelobas. ganvixiloT dava struqturalizmsa da funqcionalizms Soris.

struqturalizmi: fsiqikis Sinaarsi

 26
rodesac fsiqologia laboratoriuli mecniereba gaxda da eqsperimentuli
kvlevebis Catareba daiwyo, naTlad gamoCnda misi potenciali unikaluri wvlili
Seetana codnis SeZenaSi. vundtis laboratoriaSi cdis pirebi martiv reaqciebs
("ki"-s an "ara"-s Tqma, Rilakze TiTis daWera) iZleodnen sxvadasxva pirobaSi
aRqmul stimulebze. radganac monacemebi sistematuri da obieqturi procedurebis
saSualebiT iyo Segrovebuli, sxvebsac SeeZloT am eqsperimentebis Sedegebis
gameoreba. vundtis fsiqologiuri tradiciis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebia aqcenti
mecnierul meTodze, zust gazomvebsa da monacemTa statistikur analizze.
rodesac titCenerma vundtis fsiqologia aSS-Si Caitana, igi amtkicebda, rom
cnobierebis sakvlevad swored amgvari mecnieruli meTodebi unda gamoeyenebinaT.
cnobieri fsiqikuri cxovrebis elementebis Seswavlis miseuli meTodi
introspeqcia iyo - individis mier konkretuli sensoruli gancdiT gamowveuli
azrebis da grZnobebis ganxilva. titCeneri aqcents fsiqikis Sinaarsis raobaze
akeTebda da naklebad ainteresebda kiTxvebi "ratom" da "rogor". mis midgomas
struqturalizmi
struqturalizmi ewodeba,
ewodeba anu swavleba fsiqikis da qcevis struqturis Sesaxeb.
struqturalizmi efuZneba varauds, rom adamianis fsiqikuri gancda SeiZleba
gavigoT, rogorc ZiriTadi komponentebis kombinacia. am midgomis mizani iyo
fsiqikis struqtura SegrZnebis da fsiqikuri cxovrebis sxva gancdebis
Semadgeneli elementebis analizis gziT ekvlia. mravali fsiqologi
struqturalizms sam frontze daesxa Tavs: (1) is reduqcionistuli iyo, radganac
adamianis gancdis mTeli sirTule martiv SegrZnebebamde daiyvana; (2) is
elementaruli iyo, radgan nawilebs an elementebs erT mTelSi aerTebda da
uSualod am mTel qcevas ar swavlobda; (3) is mentalisturi iyo, radgan
adaimianis cnobieri gancdis mxolod verbalur aRweras swavlobda da ar
iTvaliswinebda maT gamocdilebas, visac ar SeeZlo Tavisi introspeqciis aRwera,
maT Soris, cxovelebs, bavSvebs da fsiqikurad daavadebul avadmyofebs.
struqturalizmis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani alternativa iyo gelStalt
fsiqologia, romlis fuZemdebeli gaxldaT germaneli fsiqologi maqs verthaimeri
(Max Wertheimer). misi azriT, mraval movlenas fsiqika aRiqvams, rogorc geStalts
_ organizebul mTels da ara martivi nawilebis erTobas: rodesac, magaliTad,
naxats aRviqvamT, is ufro metia, vidre saRebavis calkeuli monasmebis
erToblioba. rogorc mexuTe TavSi vnaxavT, geStalt fsiqologias kvlavac aqvs
gavlena aRqmis Seswavlaze.
 27
struqturalizmis kidev erTi sapirispiro mimdinareobaa funqcionalizmi.

funqcionalizmi: mizanmimarTuli fsiqika

uiliam jemsi titCeners eTanxmeboda, rom fsiqologiis Seswavlis sagani

cnobiereba unda iyos, magram misTvis cnobiereba ar daiyvaneboda elementebze,
Sinaarssa da struqturebze. cnobiereba aris nakadi, fsiqikis Tviseba, romelic
mudmiv urTierTqmedebaSi imyofeba garemosTan. adamianis cnobiereba mis
garemosTan morgebas aadvilebs, amdenad, mniSvnelovania fsiqikuri procesebis
moqmedebebi da funqciebi da ara Sinaarsi.
funqcionalizmisaTvis umniSvnelovanesia daswavlili Cvevebi, romlebic
organizms garemosTan morgebis da efeqturad funqcionirebis saSualebas aZlevs.
kvlevam pasuxi unda gasces kiTxvas "ra aris nebismieri qceviTi aqtis funqcia an
mizani?" funqcionalizmis skolis damaarsebeli iyo amerikeli filosofosi jon
diui. mis mier fsiqikuri procesebis praqtikuli gamoyenebis mcdelobam
ganaTlebis sferoSi mniSvnelovan warmatebas miaRwia. misma msjelobam impulsi
misca progresul ganaTlebas sakuTar laboratoriul skolaSi da Semdgom mTel
aSS-Si: "meqanikuri daswavla uaryves da praqtikiT swavlaze gadavidnen im imediT,
rom es inteleqtualur cnobismoyvareobas aRZravda da Sedegad masalis ukeTesi
wvdoma miiReboda" (kendleri 1987, gv. 124).
marTalia, jemss dakvirvebis sjeroda, vundtis mier SemuSavebul daxvewil
laboratorul meTodebs is mcire mniSvnelobas aniWebda. jemsis fsiqologiaSi
arsebobda adgili emociebis, me-s, nebisyofis, Rirebulebebis, religiuri da
mistikuri gancdebisTvisac ki. misi „Tbilsisxliani“ fsiqologia aRiarebda, rom
TiTeuli individi unikaluria da ver daiyvaneba formulebze an testis qulebze.
jemsisTvis fsiqologiis mizans warmoadgenda axsna da ara eqsperimentuli
kontroli, arkini (Arkin, 1990).

am mimdinareobebis memkvidreoba

miuxedavad maT Soris gansxvavebisa, struqturalizmis da funqcionalizmis

praqtikosTa aRmoCenebma is inteleqtualuri konteqsti Seqmnes, romelSic
Tanamedrove fsiqologia ganviTarda. amJamad fsiqologebi swavloben qcevis
rogorc struqturas, aseve funqcias, magaliTad, metyvelebis procesi.
warmoidgineT, rom megobris kinoSi dapatiJeba gsurT. amisaTvis Tqvens mier
warmoTqmulma sityvebma sworad unda Seasrulos Tavisi funqcia - varskvlavuri
 28
omebi CemTan erTad am saRamos - amave dros winadadebas unda hqondes swori
struqtura: swori ar iqneba Tu ityviT "ginda varskvlavuri omebi erTad CemTan am
saRamos wamosvla?" metyvelebis procesis gagebis mizniT mecnierebi swavloben, Tu
rogor axerxebs mosaubre erTmaneTs moargos sityvis mniSvneloba (funqcia) da
enis gramatikuli struqtura, boki (Bock 1990). (enis da metyvelebis zogierT
process mecxre TavSi aRvwerT). am wignSi aqcents gavakeTebT rogorc
struqturaze, ise - funqciaze, ganvixilavT rogorc klasikur, aseve Tanamedrove
kvlevebs. fsiqologebi mraval sxvadasxva meTods iyneben yvela individisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli zogadi movlenebisa da TiTeuli individis unikaluri aspeqtebis
Sesaswavlad.

• struqturalizmi (Srtucturalism) _ swavleba fsiqikisa da qcevis Sesaxeb, sadac

fsiqikuri gamocdileba gaigeba, rogorc martivi elementebis an movlenebis
kombinacia.
• funqcionalizmi
funqcionalizmi (Functionalism) _ swavleba, romelic fokusirdeba organizmis
garemosTan urTierTqmedebis dros fsiqikisa da qcevis funqciebze.

Tanamedrove fsiqologiis mimdinareobebi

ganvixilavT Tanamedrove fsiqologiis ZiriTad mimdinareobebs. TiTeuli

maTgani _ biologiuri, fsiqodinamikuri, bihevioristuli, humanisturi, kognituri,
ganviTarebis da fsiqo-kulturuli _ iZleva xedvis kuTxesa da daSvebebs,
romelic gavlenas axdens imaze, Tu ras Seiswavlian fsiqologebi da rogor:
adamianebs Tavisufali neba gaaCniaT, Tu memkvidreobiT miRebul (biologiuri
determinizmi), an garemoTi ganpirobebul (garemos determinizmi) scenars
aTamaSeben? organizmi aqtiuri da SemoqmedebiTia, Tu meqanikuri da reaqtiuli?
SesaZlebelia fsiqologiuri da socialuri fenomenebi fiziologiuri procesebiT
aixsnas? rTuli qceva mravali ufro mcire komponentis jamia, Tu mas axali da
gansxvavebuli Tvisebebi aqvs? fsiqologiis mimdinareoba ganapirobebs, ra eZebos,
sad da ra meTodebiT. yoveli momdevno seqciis wakiTxvisas miadevneT Tvali,
rogor gansazRvravs qcevis mizezebs da Sedegebs TiTeuli aseTi mimdinareoba.
marTalia, fsiqologiis centralur sakiTxebs TiTeuli es mimdinareoba
gansxvavebulad udgeba, mravali fsiqologi sesxulobs da erTmaneTs uTavsebs
sxvadasxva mimarTulebis cnebebs. TiTeuli mimdinareoba saSualebas gvaZlevs ukeT
 29
gavigoT adamianis gamocdileba. amitom, aq TiTeuli mimarTulebis wvlils
ganvixilavT, xolo erTad aRebuli, isini Tanamedrove fsiqologias asaxaven.

biologiuri mimdinareoba

biologiuri mimidnareobis warmomadgenlebi qcevis mizezs genebis, tvinis,

nervuli da endokrinuli sistemebis funqcionirebaSi eZeben. organizmis
funqcionireba axsnilia mis safuZvlad mdebare fizikuri struqturebis da
bioqimiuri procesebis terminebiT. gancda da qceva gaigeba, rogorc nervul
ujredebs Soris da SigniT qimiuri da eleqtruli aqtivobis Sedegi.
am mimarTulebis warmomadgenlebi Tvlian, rom fsiqologiuri da socialuri
fenomenebi SeiZleba bioqimiuri procesebis terminebiT aixsnas: yvelaze rTuli
fenomenic ki SeiZleba gagebul iqnas ufro mcire, ufro specifikur erTeulebze
dayvaniT. magaliTad, isini Seecdebian axsnan, rogor kiTxulobT am winadadebis
Semadgenel sityvebs tvinis ujredebSi mimdinare zusti fizikuri procesebis
gziT. aq qceva misi fizikuri struqturiT da memkvidreobiTi procesebiT
ganisazRvreba. safuZvlad mdebare biologiuri struqturebis da procesebis
SecvliT gamocdilebam SeiZleba qcevac Secvalos. mkvlevrebma SeiZleba gkiTxon:
"ra cvlilebebi xdeba Tqvens tvinSi, roca kiTxvas swavlobT? fsiqobiologiuri
mimarTulebis amocanaa qceva analizis yvelaze zust doneze gaigos.
mravali aseTi mkvlevari universitetebsa da samedicino laboratoriebSi
muSaobs, sxvebi klinikebSi. pirvelebi swavloben, SeiZleba Tu ara gavaumjobesoT
asakovani virTxebis mexsiereba Canasaxovani virTxebis qsovilebis gadanergviT,
xolo meoreni - avtosagzao SemTxvevis an daavadebis Sedegad gamowveuli
mexsierebis dakargvas. am mkvlevrebis gamaerTianebelia biologiuri Zalebisagan
warmoSobili qcevis aspeqtebis Seswavla.

fsiqodinamikuri mimdinareoba

fsiqodinamikuri mimarTulebis mixedviT, qcevas marTavs, an mis motivs

warmoadgens Zlieri (mZlavri) Sinagani Zalebi. adamianis qcevebi Tandayolili
instinqtebidan, biologiuri ltolvebidan, pirovnul moTxovnilebebsa da
sazogadoebis moTxovnebs Soris konfliqtis gadaWris mcdelobidan momdinareobs.
deprivaciis mdgomareoba, fiziologiuri aRgzneba da konfliqtebi qcevis
ganxorcielebis energias zustad iseve iZleva, rogorc naxSiri - sawvavs orTqlis
lokomotivisaTvis. am modelis mixedviT, organizmi wyvets reagirebas, Tu misi
 30
moTxovnilebebi dakmayofilebulia da misi ltolvebi - Semcirebuli. qcevis
mTavari mizania daZabulobis Semcireba.
motivaciis fsiqodinamikuri principebi yvelaze srulad venelma eqimma zigmund
froidma (Zigmund Freud) ganaviTara 19-e saukunis bolos da 20-e saukunis
dasawyisSi. froidis ideebi fsiqikurad daavadebul pacientebTan muSaobis
Sedegad warmoiSva, magram, misi azriT, is principebi, rolmebic man avadmyofebTan
aRmoaCina, vrceldeba rogorc normalur, jansaR, ise _ paTologiur qcevaze.
froidis fsiqodinamikuri Teoriis mixedviT, pirovnebas aqeT-iqeT eqaCeba Sinagani
da garegani Zalebi. froidis modelSi pirvelad iyo naCvenebi, rom adamianis
buneba yovelTvis racionaluri ar aris, rom qcevebi SeiZleba iseTi motivebiT
iyos gamowveuli, romlebic ar aris gacnobierebuli. froidis Semdeg es Teoria
misma mimdevrebma sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT ganaviTares. froidis mixedviT,
pirovnebis Camoyalibebis periodi adreuli bvSvobaa, neo-froidianelebma
gaafarToves misi Teoria da masSi socialuri zemoqmedeba da urTierTqmedeba
CarTes, romelic indvidis sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi iCens Tavs.
froidis ideebs didi gavlena hqonda fsiqologiis mraval sferoze. misi
wvlilis sxvdasxva aspeqts waawydebiT, rodesac gaecnobiT bavSvis ganviTarebis,
sizmris, daviwyebis, aracnobieri motivaciis, pirovnebis da fsiqoanalituri
Terapiis sakiTxebs. magram gakvirvebiT aRmoaCenT, rom misi ideebi arasodes
yofila sistematuri mecnieruli kvlevis Sedegi. nacvlad amisa, es iyo
gamorCeuli SemoqmedebiTi gonebis nayofi, romelic Sepyrobili iyo adamianis
azrebis, grZnobebisa da moqmedebebis Rrmad dafaruli saidumlos amocnobis
surviliT.

bihevioristuli mimdinareoba

am mimdinareobis warmomadgenlebi swavloben, Tu rogor akontrolebs

konkretuli tipis qcevas garemos konkretuli stimuli. upirveles yovlisa,
bihevioristebi aanalizeben garemos winapirobebs, im pirobebs, romlebic win
uswrebs qcevas da organizms imisaTvis amzadebs, moaxdinos Tu ara reagireba.
Semdeg isini ganixilaven qceviT reaqcias, romelic maTi kvlevis mTavar obieqts
 31
warmoadgens, qceva unda gavigoT, viwinaswarmetyveloT da gavakontroloT. bolos,
ikvleven reaqciis dakvirvebad Sedegebs. bihevioristis interesis sagania,
magaliTad, rogor cvlis motocikletistis marTvis stils, aiZulebs mas ufro
frTxilad iaros, an saerTod Tavi daanebos tarebas (qceviTi reaqcia) sagzao
jarimebi (Sedegi).
monacemebs bihevioristebi gakontrolebuli (kontrolirebadi) laboratoriuli
eqsperimentebidan iReben, maT SeiZleba eleqtronuli aparatura da kompiuterebi
gamoiyenon stimulis warsadgenad da reaqciis dasafiqsireblad. isini miiCneven,
rom Sesaswavli fenomeni zustad unda iyos ganmartebuli da raodenobrivad
gamoxatuli. xSirad isini cxovelebs swavloben (umetes SemTxvevaSi mtredebs da
virTxebs), radgan eqsperimentis pirobebs aq ufro srulad gaakontroleben, vidre
adamianebis SemTxvevaSi. bihevioristebi Tvlian, rom cxovelebze Seswavlili
ZiriTadi procesebi igivenairad mimdinareobs sxva saxeobebSic.
biheviorizmi farTod gamoiyeneba fsiqologiis praqtikaSi. mis mier moTxovnili
zusti eqsperimentireba da cvladebis zedmiwevniTi dadgena fsiqologiis sferoTa
umetesobaSi gaiziares. bihevioristebis mier cxovelebze aRmoCenili
kanozomierebebi adamianis problemebzec gamoiyenes. bihevioristulma principebma
ganaTlebisadmi ufro humanur midgomamde migviyvana (dasjis nacvlad dadebiTi
ganmtkicebis gamoyeneba), Seiqmna qceviTi darReevebis axali tipis Terapia da
utopiuri sazogadoebis modelis Seqmnis instruqciebi.

humanisturi mimdinareoba

humanisturi fsiqologia 1950-ian wlebSi gaCnda, rogorc fsiqodinamikuri da

bihevioristuli modelebis alternativa. humanisturi fsiqologiis mixedviT,
adamianebis qcevas ar ganapirobebs arc Sinagani, instinqturi Zalebi, rogorc amas
froidianelebi miiCneven da arc garegani Zalebi, rogorc bihevioristebs miaCndaT.
adamianebi aqtiuri qmnilebebi arian, Sinaganad kargebi da arCevanis gakeTebis
unari aqvT. humanisturi mimdinareobis mixedviT, adamianis ZiriTadi amocanaa
swrafva sakuTari potenciis, SesaZleblobebis ganviTarebisken.
humanisti fsiqologebi swavloben qcevas, magram ara laboratoriul pirobebSi
da ara mis Semadgenel elementebze an komponentebze dayvaniT. isini adamianTa
cxovrebis manZilze gamovlenil cxovrebiseul istoriebis paternebs akvirdebian.
biheviorisitebisgan mkveTrad gansxvavebiT, humanisturi fsiqologiis
 32
warmomadgenlebi swavloben individis mier gancdil subiqtur samyaros da ara
garegani damkvirveblis da mkvlevris TvaliT danaxul obieqtur samyaros. amitom,
isini fenomenologiuri fsiqologiis warmomadgenlebadac iTvlebian, radgan
movlenebze calkeuli (moqmedi) subieqtis (actor) pirad Sexedulebas swavloben.
garda amisa, humanisti fsiqologebi cdiloben mTliani pirovneba Seiswavlon da
holistur midgomas aRiareben. maTi azriT, namdvili wvdoma niSnavs individis
fsiqikis, sxeulis da qcevis codnas socialuri da kulturuli faqtorebis
gaTvaliswinebiT.
humanisturi midgoma afarToebs fsiqologiis sferos da masSi literaturis,
istoriis, xelovnebis Seswavlidan miRebul gakveTilebs rTavs. amgvarad,
fsiqologia ufro savse disciplina xdeba. humanisturi fsiqologiis
warmomadgenlebi amboben, rom maTi midgoma aris is safuari, romelic exmareba
fsiqologias adamianis bunebis cxovelur aspeqtebze da uaryofiT Zalebze zemoT
dadges. rogorc 16-e TavSi vnaxavT, humanisturma mimdinareobam didi gavlena
iqonia fsiqoTerapiaSi axali midgomebis gaCenaze.

• bihevioristuli mimdinareoba (Behaviorists perspective) _ am mimdinareobas

ainteresebs dakvirvebadi qceva, romelic obieqturad fiqsirdeba da
dakvirvebadi qcevis mimarTeba garemos stimulebTan.
• biheviorizmi (Behaviorism) _ mecnieruli midgoma, romelic fsiqologiis
Seswavlas mxolod gazomvadi an dakvirvebadi qceviT farglavs.
• humanisturi mimdinareoba (Humanistic perspective) _ fsiqologiuri modeli,
romelic aqcents individis fenomenologiur samyaroze, racionaluri
arCevanis gakeTebisa da maqsimaluri potencialis ganviTarebis Tandayolil
unarze akeTebs.

kognituri mimdinareoba

kognituri revolucia fsiqologiaSi gaCnda, rogorc biheviorizmis

SezRudulobis kidev erTi gamowveva. kognituri mimdinareobis centrSi dgas
adamianis Semecneba da codnis SeZenis yvela procesi _ yuradReba, azrovneba,
damaxsovreba da gageba. kognituri mimarTulebis mixedviT, adamianebi moqmedeben,
radgan isini azrovneben, xolo azrovneben, radgan adamianebi arian.
 33
kognitur modelSi qceva mxolod nawilobrivadaa ganpirobebuli garemos
winmswrebi movlenebiT da warsuli qcevebis SedegebiT, rogorc es bihevioristebs
miaCniaT. zogierTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani qceva azrovnebis sruliad axali da ara
warsulSi gamoyenebuli gzebidan Cndeba. im alternativebis warmodgenis unari,
romlebic sruliad gansxvavdeba imisgan, rac aris, an iyo, saSualebas aZlevs
adamians momavlisken iswrafos da awmyo situacia gadalaxos. individi realobaze
reagirebs ara ise, TiTqos is obieqturi samyaro iyos, aramed ise, rogorc is misi
fiqrebis da warmosaxvis Sinagani samyaros subieqtur realobaSi aisaxeba.
kognituri fsiqologebisaTvis azrebi qcevebis rogorc Sedegi, aseve mizezia. Tu
viRacas awyenineT da nanobT, es azria, romelic qcevis Sedegad gagiCndaT, xolo
sinanulis gancdis Semdeg bodiSis moxda azris, rogorc qcevis mizezis
magaliTia.
kognituri fsiqologiis warmomadgenlebi iseT umaRles fsiqikur procesebs
swavloben, rogoricaa aRqma, mexsiereba, enis gamoyeneba, problemis gadaWra da
gadawyvetilebis miReba sxvadasxva doneze. maT SeiZleba ikvlion tvinSi sisxlis
moZraobis sqemas sxvadasvxa tipis kognituri amocanis gadawyvetisas, studentis
mogonebebs adreuli bavSvobis SemTxvevaze, an sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi
mexsierebis unaris cvlilebebs. fsiqikur procesebze fokusirebis gamo, mravali
mkvlevrisaTvis kognituri mimdinareoba dRes fsiqologiaSi dominanturia.

evoluciuri
ev oluciuri mimdinareoba

evoluciuri mimdinareoba cdilobs Tanamedrove fsiqologia biologiuri

mecnierebebis ZiriTad ideebs, Carlz darvinis bunebrivi SerCevis gziT evoluciis
Teorias daukavSiros. bunebrivi SerCevis idea sakmaod martivia: garemosTan ukeT
Seguebuli organizmebi ukeTes STamomavlobas iZlevian (da gadascemen Tavis
genebs), vidre cudad Seguebulebi. mravali Taobis manZilze, adaptaciis unari
sul ufro da ufro Zlierdeba da ixveweba. fsiqologiaSi evoluciuri
mimdinareoba gulisxmobs, rom fsiqikuri, iseve, rogorc fizikuri unarebi
milionobiT wlis ganmavlobaSi viTardeboda, raTa konkretul adpataciur miznebs
momsaxureboda.
mkvlevrebi im garemo pirobebs swavloben, romlebSic adamianis tvini
ganviTarda. adamianis ganviTarebis istoriis 99% pleistocenis eraSi mcire
 34
jgufebad cxovrebas, nadirobasa da SemgroveblobaSi mimdinareobda (uxeSad, 2
milionwliani periodi, romelic 10 000 wlis win damTavrda). evoluciuri
fsiqologia evoluciuri biologiis mdidar Teoriul CarCos iyenebs, raTa is
centraluri adaptaciuri problemebi daadginos, romlebic cocxal arsebebs udga
win: mtaceblebisa da parazitebis Tavidan acileba, sakvebis Segroveba da gacvla,
wyvilis mopoveba da SenarCuneba, janmrTeli bavSvebis gazrda. adaptaciuri
problemebis dadgenis Semdeg evoluciuri fsiqologia daskvnebs akeTebs im
fsiqikuri meqanizmebis, an fsiqologiuri adaptaciis Sesaxeb, romelic SeiZleba am
problemebis gadasWrelad gaCeniliyo.
evoluciuri fsiqologia sxva mimarTulebebisagan upirvels yovlisa, imiT
gansxvavdeba, rom misi ZiriTadi amxsneli principi evoluciis ukiduresad
xangrZlivi procesia. am mimarTulebis warmomadgenlebi cdiloben gaigon qalisa
da mamakacis mier aRebuli gansxvavebuli sqesobrivi rolebi, rogorc evoluciis
da ara Tanamedrove sazogadoebis gavlenis produqti. imis gamo, rom evoluciuri
fsiqologiis warmomadgenlebs ar SeuZliaT eqsperimentebis Catareba, radgan
evoluciis process ver Secvlian, maT araordinaruli gzebis Zieba uwevT, raTa
Teoriis damamtkicebeli sabuTebi moipovon.

• kognituri mimdinareoba (Cognitive perspective) _ fsiqologiis mimdinareoba,

romelic aqcents akeTebs adamianis azrovnebis da codnis SeZenis procesebze,
rogoricaa yuradReba, azrovneba, damaxsovreba, molodini, problemis gadaWra,
fantazia da cnobiereba.
• evoluciuri mimdinareoba (Evolutionary perspective) _ fsiqologiis midgoma,
roemlic xazs usvams qceviTi da mentaluri adapaturobis mniSvnelovnebas im
varaudis safuZvelze, rom fsiqikuri unarebi milionobiT wlis ganmavlobaSi
viTardeboda, raTa konkretul adpatur miznebs momsaxureboda.
• kulturuli mimdinareoba (Cultural perspective) _ aqcents qcevis mizezebis da
Sedegebis kros-kulturul sxvaobaze akeTebs.

kulturuli mimdinareoba

am mimdinareobis warmomadgenlebi qcevis mizezebisa da Sedegebis kros-

kulturul sxvaobebs swavloben. kulturuli mimdinareoba mniSvnelovani pasuxia
im kritikaze, rom fsiqologiuri kvleva zedmetad xSirad emyareba adamianis
bunebis gagebis dasavlur koncefcias da ikvlevs mxolod TeTrkanian, saSualo
 35
klasis amerikelebs gergeni (Gergen et al; 1996). kulturuli Zalebis saTanado
gaTvaliswineba erTi da imave eris SigniT jgufebis Sedarebasac gulisxmobs.
magaliTad, mkvlevrebma SeiZleba Seiswavlon kvebiTi aSlilobebi TeTrkanian da
Savkanian amerikel mozardebSi aSS-Si (ixileT me-12-e Tavi). kulturuli Zalebi
SeiZleba aseve Sefasdes sxvadasxva erSi, magaliTad, moraluri msjelobebis
Sedareba aSS-sa da indoeTSi (Tavi me-11-e). kros-kulturuli fsiqologiis
warmomadgenlebs ainteresebT, yvela adamians exeba arsebuli Teoriebi, Tu ufro
viwro, specifikur populaciebs.
kros-kulturuli mimdinareoba fsiqologiuri kvlevis TiTqmis yvela sferoze
vrceldeba: zemoqmedebs Tu ara kultura adamianis mier samyaros aRqmaze?
ganapirobebs Tu ara ena samyaros aRqmas? rogor zemoqmedebs kultura bavSvis
ganviTarebaze? rogor zemoqmedebs kulturuli ganwyobebi moxucebulobis asakis
gamocdilebaze? ganapirobebs kultura sakuTari Tavis aRqmas? zemoqmedebs Tu ara
kultura imaze, Tu rogor gamoxatavs adamiani emociebs? ganapirobebes Tu ara
kultura imas, Tu ra qcevebs ganaxorcielebs individi? zemoqmedebs Tu ara
kultura imaze, Tu ra zomiT ganicdian adamianebi fsiqikur aSlilobebs?
amgvari kiTxvebis dasmiT kulturuli mimdinareoba xSirad iseT daskvnebs
gvaZlevs, romlebic sxva mimarTulebis mier wamoyenebul Tezisebs ewinaaRmdegeba.
magaliTad, mkvlevarTa azriT, froidis Teoriis mravali aspeqti ar miesadageba
venis kulturisagan Sors mdgom sazogadoebebs. amgvari idea jer kidev
anTropologma bronislav malinovskim (Bronislav Malinowski) gamoTqva 1927 wels da
froidis mamaze centrirebuli Teoria axali gvineis magaliTis safuZvelze
gaakritika, sadac ojaxebi dedazea centrirebuli. amrigad, kulturuli
mimdinareoba miiCnevs, rom fsiqodinamikuri mimdinareobis zogierTi debuleba
arasworia. kulturis sxvadasxvaoba da simdidre gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos,
rodesac adamianis gamocdilebis Sesaxeb daskvnebis ganzogadebas vaxdenT.

mimdinareobebis Sedareba: agresiis magaliTi

Svidive mimdinareoba sxvadasxva daSvebazea agebuli da gansxvavebulad esmis

qceva. cxrili 1.1. ajamebs am mimdinareobebs.
cxrili 1.1. Tanamedrove fsiqologiis Svidi mimdinareobis Sedareba

mimdinareoba rogor esmis qcevis kvlevis kvlevis

 36

adamianis buneba determinanteb fokusi ZiriTadi

i Temebi

biologiuri pasiuri memkvidreoba, tvini da qcevis da

meqanisturi bioqimiuri nervuli fsiqikuri
procesebi sistemis procesebis
procesebi bioqimiuri
safuZveli

fsiqodinamik instinqtiT memkvidreoba, aracnobieri qceva,

uri marTuli adreuli ltolvebi, rogorc
gamocdileba konfliqtebi aracnobieri
motivebis
garegani
gamoxatva

biheviorist reagirebs garemo, konkretuli qceva da misi

uli stimulze, stimulis garegani stimulebi,
SeiZleba misi Semcveli reqciebi mizezebi da
Secvla pirobebi Sedegebi

humanisturi aqtiuri, potenciurad adamianis cxovrebis

usazRvro sakuTari gamocdileba paternebi
potencialis Tavisadmi da faseulobebi,
mqone mimarTuli potenciali miznebi

kognituri SemoqmedebiTad stimulis fsiqikuri qceviTi

aqtiuri, Semcveli procesebi, indikatorebis
reagirebs pirobebi, ena saSualebiT
stimulze fsiqikuri Seswavlili
procesebi fsiqikuri
procesebi
evoluciuri plesitocenis adaptacia ganviTarebul ganviTarebis
eris problemebis gadarCenis i adapturi
gadaWraze mizniT fisqologiur funqciebis
 37

adaptirebuli i adaptacia TvalsazrisiT

ganxiluli
fsiqikuri
meqanizmebi
kulturuli icvleba kulturuli damokidebule adamianis
kulturis normebi bebisa gamocdilebis
zegavleniT (attitudes) da universaluri
qcevebis kros- da
kulturuli kulturulad
sqemebi specifikuri
aspeqtebi

magaliTisaTvis mokled ganvixiloT, rogor axsnida TiTeuli es Teoria

agresiis faqts, imas, Tu ratom iqcevian adamianebi agresiulad. yvela es midgoma
iyo gamoyenebuli agresiisa da Zaladobis bunebis gagebis mcdelobisas. TiTeuli
mimarTulebisaTvis mogvyavs mkvlevrebis mier SesaZlod gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi
da SesaZlod ganxorcielebuli eqsperimentebi.

• biologiuri. ikvlveven tvinis konkretuli sistemebis rols agresiaSi. isini

sxvadasxva regions astimulireben da Semdeg amiT gamowveul destruqciul
moqmedebebs afiqsireben. agreTve, swavloben, raime normidan gadaxra xom ar aris
seriuli mkvlelebis tvinSi, xom ar aris dakavSirebuli qalis agresia
menstrualur ciklTan.

• fsiqodinamikuri. aanlizeben agresias, rogorc reaqcias frustraciaze,

romelsac siamovnebis miRwevis dabrkolebebi iwvevs, rogoricaa, magaliTad,
usamarTlo xelmZRvaneli. es mimdinareoba agresias uyurebs, rogorc bavSvobaSi
mSoblebis mimarT gancdili mtrobis gadatanas zrdasrul asakSi.

bihevioristuli. adgens warsulSi Cadenili agresiuli qcevebis ganmtkicebis

faqtebs, vTqvaT, moswavlem klaselebis, an Tanatolebs daartyma da es zedmeti
yuradRebis sagani gaxda. es midgoma amtkicebs, rom bavSvebi mSoblebisagan
agresiul mopyrobas swavloben da Semdeg Tavis Svilebsac aseve epyrobian.
 38

• humanisturi. ikvlevs im pirovnul Rirebulebebs da socialur pirobebs,

romlebic xels uwyobs agresiul da TviTSemzRudav gamocdilebas da ara
harmoniul ganviTrebas.

• kognituri. swavlobs mtrul azrebs da fantaziebs, romelsac adamiani

Zaladobis aqtis yurebisas ganicdis. ikvlevs filmebSi arsebuli agresiis, maT
Soris pornografiuli Zaladobis gavlenas iaraRis xmarebisadmi,
gaupatiurebisadmi da omisadmi damokidebulebaze.

• evoluciuri. ganixilavs, ra pirobebis gamo gaxda agresia adaptaciuri

(adapturi) qceva adreuli adamianebisaTvis. adgens fsiqologiur meqanizmebs,
romlebic pasuxismgebelia agresiuli qcevis seleqciur warmoSobaze.

• kulturuli. ganixilavs, rogor avlenen da xsnian agresias sxvadsxva

kulturis warmomadgenlebi. rogor zemoqmedeben kulturuli Zalebi agresiuli
qcevis sxvadasxva tipis gamovlenis albaTobaze.

ras akeTeben fsiqologebi

ukve sakmarisi iciT fsiqologiis Sesaxeb, raTa is kiTxvebi CamoayaliboT,

romlebic fsiqologiuri kvlevis mTel diapazons moicavs. kiTxvebis amgvari sia
rom mogemzadebinaT, sxvadasxva dargis fsiqologis saeqsperto sferos
SeexebodiT. 1.2 cxrilSi amgvari kiTxvebis Cveneuli versiaa moyvanili Sesabamisi
dargis fisqologebis miTiTebiT. Tu dro gaqvT, Tqvni sakuTari kiTxvebis sia
CamowereT. gadaxazeT TiTeuli kiTxva, rogorc ki mis pasuxs amoikiTxavT am
wignSi.
cxrili 1.2. fsiqologiuri kvlevis mravalferovneba

kiTxva vin pasuxobs am kiTxvas?

rogor unda gadaWran adamianebma ukeT klinikuri fsiqologiis

TavianTi yoveldRiuri problemebi? warmomadgeneli
fsiqiatri
fsiqologi konsultanti
(counceling psychologist)
Temis fsiqologi (community
psychologist)
 39

rogor inaxeba mogonebebi tvinSi? bio-fsiqologi

fsiqofarmakologi
rogor SegviZlia vaswavloT ZaRls eqsperimentuli fsiqologiis
brZanebebis Sesruleba? warmomadgeneli
qcevis analitikosi

ratom ver vixseneb yovelTvis informacias, kognituri fsiqologiis

romelic namdvilad vici? warmomadgeneli
kognituri mecnierebis
warmomadgeneli
ratom gansxvavdebian adamianebi pirovnebis fsiqologiis
erTmaneTisagan? warmomadgeneli
qcevis genetikosi

rogor muSaobs "TanatolTa zewola"? socialuri fsiqologiis

warmomadgeneli
ra ician Cvilebma samyaros Sesaxeb? ganviTarebis fsiqologiis
warmomadgeneli
ratom iwvevs CemSi depresias Cemi samuSao? Sromis fsiqologiis
warmomadgeneli
adamianis faqtoris fsiqologi
rogor unda moepyras maswavlebeli "amrev" ganaTlebis fsiqologiis
moswavles? warmomadgeneli
skolis fsiqologi

ratom vxdebi cudad yoveli gamocdis win? janmrTelobis fsiqologiis

warmomadgeneli
Seuracxadi iyo braldebuli danaSaulis sasamarTlo fsiqologiis
Cadenis dros? warmomadgeneli
ratom miWirs sunTqva kalaTburTis sportis fsiqologiis
mniSvnelovani matCebis dros? warmomadgeneli

albaT, ukve mixvdiT, rom msoflioSi Zalian bevri fsiqologia. gamokvlevebi

aCvenebs, rom, maTi raodenoba 500 000-s aWarbebs, maTgan 62-dan 82 aTasamde
 40
fsiqologiuri kvlevis sferoSi moRvaweobs (ixileT suraTi 1.2). marTalia,
fsiqologebis procenti dasavleTis industriul qveynebSi metia, sxva mraval
qveyanaSic izrdeba interesi fsiqologiis mimarT. fsiqologiuri mecnierebis
saerTaSoriso kavSirSi 64 qveynis fsiqologia gaerTianebuli rozencvaigi
(Rozenzweig, 1999a). amerikis fsiqologTa asociacias (APA) 1998 wlis bolos 155 000
wevri yavda msoflios yvela kuTxidan fouleri (Fowler, 1999). kidev erTi
saerTaSoriso organizacia, amerikis fsiqologTa sazogadoeba (APS), 16 000-ze met
wevrs aerTianebs da fsiqologiis ufro samecniero aspeqtebzea fokusirebuli,
vidre klinikur, mkurnalobis mxareze.

sur. 1.2. fsiqologTa samuSao

saavadmyofoebi, garemo
klinikebi, sxva
samsaxurebi _ 24,5
naCvenebia sxvadasxva adgilas
akademiuri
dawesebulebebi _ momuSave fsiqologTa procenti
24,5 33,9
33,9 daudgenelia _ 2,9 amerikis fsiqologTa asociaciis
fsiqologiis doqtoris akademiuri
skolebi da sxva
saganmanaTleblo xarisxis mqone wevrTa Soris
2,9 dawesebulebebi _ 3,7
22 3,7 Catarebuli gamokiTxvis mixedviT.
biznesi, mTavroba _
13 13,0

damoukidebeli
praqtika _ 22,0
fsiqologiis doqtoris xarisxis

sur. 1.3. qalebisaTvis miniWebuli

miniWebuli
mwone qalebis procentuli wili

70

60
fsiqologiis doqtoris xarisxis
50
procenti
40

gasuli 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi am mxriv

30

20
qalebi umetesobas Seadgenen
10

0 ar gagikvirdebaT imis gageba, rom

1971 1981 1991 1997

fsiqologiis kvlevac da praqtikac

 41
mamakacebis dominirebiT mimdinareobda, magram mcire raodenobiT qalma
fsiqologebma arsebiTi wvlili Seitanes am sferoSi (Russo and Denmark, 1987;
Scarborough and Furomoto, 1987). 1894 wels margaret uoSbornma (Margaret Washburn)
kornelis universiteti daamTavra da qalebSi pirvelma miiRo doqtoris xarisxi.
man dawera cnobili saxelmZRvanelo "cxovelis goneba". 1895 wels meri kalkinsma
(Mary Calkins) warCinebiT daamTavra harvardis universitetis doqtorantura, magram
administracia mas ar aZlevda doqtoris xarisxs. amisda miuxedavad, kalkinsi
warmatebuli mkvlevari da amerikis fsiqologTa asociaciis pirveli qali
prezidenti gaxda. ana froidma (Anna Freud) mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana
fsiqoanalizis praqtikaSi. wamyvani qali mkvelevrebis Sromebs saxelmZRvaneloSi
araerTxel SexvdebiT.
Tanamedrove fsiqologiaSi qalebi da mamakacebi erToblivad iziareben Teoriis
da praqtikis warmatebebs. rogorc 1.3 suraTzea naCvenebi, doqtoris xarisxis
umetesoba amJamad qalebs aqvT pioni da sxv. (Pion et al; 1996) da es tendencia 21-e
saukuneSi myarad narCundeba miurei da uiliamsi (Murray and Williams, 1999). rac ufro
meti wvlili Seaqvs fsiqologas adamianis Seswavlis saqmeSi, miT meti da meti
adamiani - qali da kaci, sazogadoebis yvela segmentis warmomadgeneli misdevs am
karieras.
Tqven gzas adgaxarT. imedi gvaqvs, rom fsiqologia da cxovreba Rirs
mogzaurobad, romelic savsea moulodneli siamovnebebiT da samaxsovro
momentebiT. daviwyoT, an, rogorc italielebi ityvian, "wavediT!" (andiamo!)

Sejameba
adre fsiqologebs miaCndaT, rom fsiqologiuri procesebi detreminizmis
doqtriniTaa marTuli - fsiqikuri da fizikuri movlenebi ganpirobebulia
konkretuli mizezebiT. erT-erTi adreuli midgoma, struqturalizmi, aqcents
fsiqikur Sinaarsebsa da qcevis struqturaze akeTebda, meore midgoma,
funqcionalizi ki - qcevis funqciaze.
Tanamedrove fsiqologia Svid ZiriTad mimdinareobas moicavs; biologiuri
mimdinareoba swavlobs mimarTebas qcevasa da tvinis meqanizmebs Soris,
fsiqodinamikuri mimarTulebisaTvis qceva cnobieri da aracnobieri
motivaciebiTaa gamowveuli, bihevioristuli mimarTulebisaTvis qceva garegani
stimuluri pirobebiTaa ganpirobebuli, humanisturi mimarTulebisaTvis aqcenti
 42
keTdeba individis Sinagan unarze miaRwios pirovnul zrdas (individualur
cvlilebas), kognituri mimarTulebisaTvis mTavaria is fsiqikuri procesebi,
romlebic qceviT reaqciebze zemoqmedebs, evoluciuri mimarTulebisaTvis qceva
gadarCenisaTvis brZolisas garemosTan Seguebis Sedegia, da bolos, kulturuli
mimarTulebisaTvis qceva da misi interpretacia kulturis konteqstSi ganixileba.

fsiqologebi kiTxvaTa did diapazons pasuxoben. fsiqologis profesia gasuli

ramdenime aTwleulis manZilze Seicvala, misi Tvalsawieri ufro
internacionaluri gaxda da met qals moiTvlis.

fsiqologia 21-e saukuneSi: vifiqroT momavalze

fsqologiis da cxovrebis am gamocemas mokle eseebi davamateT, romlebic
fsiqologiaSi, rogorc mecnierebaSi momxdar vclilebebs arwers 21-e saukuneSi
gadasvlasTan erTad. am TavSi mokled aRvwereT, Tu rogor Seicvala es
disciplina gasuli 100 wlis ganmavlobaSi, gansakuTrebiT, Teoriuli
mimdinareobebis kuTxiT. ras mogvitans Semdegi 100 weli? aSkaraa, rom fsiqlogiis
Sinaarsi da praqtika momavalSi Seicvleba.
marTalia, zogierTi sakiTxi, romelsac fsiqologebi swavloben, droze ar aris
damokidebuli, magaliTad, rogoria enis aTvisebis ZiriTadi procesebi, magram
arsebobs iseTi sakiTxebic, romlebic konkretul dros moaqvs. magaliTad, me-17-e
da me-18-e TavebSi ganxiluli socialuri fsiqologiis kvlevebis umetesoba im
mecnierebma wamoiwyes, vinc cdilobda gaego, ra Zalebma ganapiroba meore
msoflio omis saSinelebani. Cven ver viwinaswarmetyvelebT, romeli
sazogadoebrivi moZraoba Seipyrobs msoflios 21-e saukuneSi, magram
danamdvilebiT SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom fsiqologebi dauyovnebliv reagirebas
moaxdenen am sakiTxebze da maT Seswavlas daiwyeben. fsiqologiur kvlevaze
agreTve did gavlenas moaxdens is teqnologiuri siaxleeebi, romlebic
adamianebsa da kulturebs Soris manZils amcirebs. internetis gamo 21-e saukuneSi
didi mniSvneloba mieniWeba sxvadasxva kulturis msgavsebisa da sxvaobis sakiTxs.
teqnologiuri siaxleni fsiqologiis kvlevis meTodebzec iqoniebs gavlenas,
radgan fsiqikuri procesebis kvlevisas ukve 20-e saukunis bolos farTod
gamoiyeneboda kompiuterebi da tvinis Sesaswavli sxva mowyobilebebi, romlebzec
vundts da mis kolegebs warmodgenac ki ar hqondaT. kidev ufro daxvewili
 43
teqnologiuri miRwevebis Sedegad mkvlevrebs saSualeba miecemaT zedmiwevniT
zustad gaarkvion, ra mimarTebaa fsiqikur procesebsa da tvinis aqtivobas Soris.
aseve, genetikuri kvlevis teqnologiuri iaraRebis ganviTarebam SesaZloa swrafad
Secvalos is gzebi, romlebiTac mkvleverebi acalkeveben bunebisa da aRzrdis
zegavlenas TiTeuli individis cxovrebaSi.
am tipis sakiTxebs - inovaciebi fsiqologiis Sinaarssa da praqtikaSi -
mivmarTavT sowred am specialur seqciaSi, fsiqologia 21-
21-e saukuneSi.
veb gverdebi:
www.apa.org - amerikis fsiqologTa asociaciis gverdi
www.psychologicalscience.org - amerikis fsiqologTa sazogadoebis gverdi

sakvanZo sakiTxebi

ratomaa fsiqologia unikaluri?

• fsiqologia aris individebis qcevis da fsiqikuri procesebis mecnieruli
Seswavla
• fsiqologiis mizania qcevis aRwera, axsna, winaswarmetyveleba da
gakontrolebis xelSewyoba
Tanamedrove fsiqologiis ganviTareba
• vundtis da titCeneris Sromebidan ganviTarda struqturalizmi, romelic
aqcents elementaruli SegrZnebebisagan agebuli fsiqikisa da qcevis
struqturaze akeTebs.
• jemsisa da diuis mier ganviTarebuli funqcionalizmi aqcents qcevis miRma
(gareT) arsebul mizanze akeTebs.
• am Teoriebma Seqmnes Tanamedrove fsiqologiis safuZvlebi
• fsiqologiis Seswavlis Svidive Tanamedrove midgoma gansxvavebulad xedavs
adamianis bunebas, qcevis determinantebs, kvlevis sferosa da meTodebs.
• biologiuri mimdinareoba qcevasa da tvinis meqanizmebs Soris mimarTebas
swavlobs
• fsiqodinamikuri mimarTulebisaTvis qceva instinqturi ZalebiTa da Sinagani
konfliqtebiT, cnobieri da aracnobieri motivebiTaa ganpirobebuli
• biheviorizisaTvis qceva ganpirobebulia garegani stimulebiT
 44

• humanisturi mimarTulebisaTvis mniSvnelovania racionaluri arCevanis gakeTebis

Tandayolili unari individSi
• kognituri mimdinareoba xazs usvams im fsiqikur procesebs, romlebic qceviT
reaqciebze zemoqmedebs
• evoluciuri mimdinareoba Tvlis, rom qceva gadarCenis procesSi Seguebis
Sedegad ganviTarda.
• kulturuli mimdinareoba qcevas da mis interpretacias kulturul konteqstSi
ganixilavs
ras akeTeben fsiqologebi
• fsiqologebi sxvadasxva sferoSi muSaoben da sxvadasxva specialobis
gamocdilebas eyrdnobian. fsiqologiis profesiis warmomadgeneli pasuxs
scems TiTqmis yvela kiTxvas, romelic realur cxovrebiseul gamocdilebas
exeba
• 21-e saukunis dasawyisisaTvis fsiqologis profesia moculobiT ufro
internacionaluri da praqtikosebisa da mkvlevrebis SemadgenlobiT ufro
mravalferovani gaxda.

ZiriTadi cnebebi

ZiriTadi cnebebi yvela TavSi muqi SriftiTaa gamoyofili, rom advilad

SeamCnioT. xolo yoveli Tavis bolos igive terminebi ganmeorebiTaa mocemuli
Sesabamisi gverdis miTiTebiT. garda amisa, yvela ZiriTadi cneba wignis bolos
leqsikonSia mocemuli anbanis mixedviT.

biheviorizmi organizmis cvladebi

bihevioristuli mimdinareoba situaciis cvladebi
biologiuri mimdinareoba struqturalizmi
garemos cvladebi funqcionalizmi
dispoziciuri cvladebi fsiqodinamikuri mimdinareoba
evoluciuri mimdinareoba fsiqologia
kognituri mimdinareoba qceva
kulturuli mimdinareoba qcevis monacemebi
mecnieruli meTodi humanisturi mimdinareoba
 37

Tavi 2. fsiqologiis kvlevis meTodebi

• aRmoCenis etapi

• dasabuTebis etapi:
etapi: obieqturobis dacvis saSualebebi
 damkvirveblis tendenciuroba da operaciuli gansazRvrebebi
 eqsperimentuli meTodi: alternatiuli axsna da kontrolis saWiroeba
 korelaciuri meTodi
 qvezRurblovani zemoqmedeba?

• fsiqologiuri gazomva
 sandooba da validoba
 TviTangariSi
 qcevis dakvirveba da gazomva

• kvlevis eTikuri sakiTxebi

 informirebuli Tanxmoba
 riskis/sargeblis Sefaseba
 ganzrax motyueba
 kvlevis Semdgomi interviu
 cxovelTa kvleva: mecniereba, eTika, politika

• rogor gamoviyenoT sworad mecnieruli kvlevis Sedegebi

• fsiqologia 21-
21-e saukuneSi: fsiqologiuri kvleva da informaciis afeTqeba

• sakvanZo sakiTxebi
 ZiriTadi cnebebi
 38
Tavis avtobiografiaSi namdvilad xumrobT, mister feinman (1985) nobelis
premiiis laureatma fizikosma riCard feinmanma (Richard Feynman) WianWvelebis
navigaciis unaris araformaluri kvlevis programa aRwera (gv. 93-95):

prinstonis universitetis oTaxSi nalis formis rafiani fanjara mqonda. erT

mSvenier dRes WianWvelebi gamoCndnen. davinteresdi, rogor moZraoben WianWvelebi?
rogor xvdebian, saiT unda wavidnen? SeuZliaT erTmaneTs uTxran, sad aris
saWmeli, rogorc amas futkrebi akeTeben? aqvT geometriis raime SegrZneba?
axalbedasaviT viqceodi, dRes yvelam icis pasuxi am kiTxvebze, magram maSin ar
vicodi.....
erT eqsperimentSi fanjris rafaze SuSis bevri mikroskopuli slaidi davalage,
romlebzec WianWvelebi win da ukan dadiodnen winaswar dayrili Saqris
mosapoveblad. Semdeg, Zveli slaidi axliT Sevcvale da amgvarad SevZeli
meCvenebina, rom WianWvelebs geometriis araviTari SegrZneba ar aqvT: ver
xvdebodnen, sad iyo raime moTavsebuli. Tu raRac erTi gziT midiodnen
Saqrisaken, ukanac aucileblad imave gziT brundebodnen, sxva, ufro mokle gzas
ar irCevdnen.
amave dros, WianWvelebma garkveuli kvali datoves SuSis slaidebze, rasac
eqsperimentebis mTeli seriebi moyva imis Sesamowmeblad, Tu ramden xans
narCundeba es kvali, SeiZleba Tu ara misi advilad waSla, da sxv. aRmovaCine, rom
kvals mimarTuleba ar gaaCnda. rom ameyvana WianWvela, Semetrialebina da missave
kvalze damebrunebina, is araswor gzas daadgeboda, Tanac amas ver xvdeboda, sanam
sxva WianWvelas ar Sexvdeboda.
feinmanis martivi, magram gonivruli eqsperimentebi saSualebas aZlevdnen mas
WianWvelebis qcevis Sesaxeb cnobismoyvareoba daekmayofilebina.

SesaZloa, Tqven arasodes gagCeniaT kiTxvebi WianWvelebis qcevis Sesaxeb, magram

sxva tipis kiTxvebi namdvilad gagiCndebodaT adamianis an cxovelis qcevasTan
dakavSirebiT. am TavSi visaubrebT imaze, rogor pasuxoben fsiqologebi kiTxvebs,
romlebic TqvenTvisac sainteresoa. vnaxavT, rogor iynebs fsiqologia mecnerul
meTodebs kvlevisaTvis. gvinda, rom gaigoT, rogor gegmaven fsiqologebi TavianT
kvlevas: rogor SeiZleba rTuli da xSirad aburduli monacemebidan azrovnebis,
grZnobebis da qcevebis Sesaxeb myari, seriozuli daskvnebis gakeTeba.
 39
am TavSi mowodebuli informaciis daufleba Zalian sasargeblo iqneba
TqvenTvis im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu arasodes ganaxorcielebT mecnierul kvlevas.
Cveni mizania dagexmaroT kritikuli azrovnebis gaumjobesebaSi imiT, rom
gaswavloT, rogor unda dasvaT swori kiTxvebi da fsiqologiuri movlenebis
mizezebis, Sedegebis da korelatebis Sesaxeb miRebuli pasuxebi SeafasoT.
masmediaSi gamudmebiT SexvdebiT amgvar frazas: "kvleva aCvenebs, rom...." Tqveni
inteleqtualuri skepticizmis daxvewis gziT dagexmarebiT kvlevis Sedegebi ufro
brZnulad moixmaroT. gaCvenebT, rogor gadaWraT kamaTi "faqtebTan da ara
polemikasTan" mileri (Miller, 1992).

aRmoCenis etapi

fsiqologiuri kvlevis procesi SeiZleba or Semadgenel nawilad davyoT, Tanac

am TanmimdevrobiT: ideis Camoyalibeba (aRmoCena) da misi Semowmeba (dasabuTeba).
aRmoCenis etapi kvlevis sawyisi fazaa, romlis ganmavlobaSic dakvirvebas,
Sexedulebas, informacias da zogad codnas movlenis axleburi xedvisaken
mivyavarT. saidan uCndeba kiTxvebi mkvlevars? zogierTi maTgani movlenaTa,
adamianTa da cxovelTa uSualo dakvirvebidan modis, zogierTi ukve tradiciad
qceul sakiTxebs swavlobs, romlebic fsiqologiaSi did, gadauWrel problemad
iTvleba. xSirad mkvlevrebi Zvel ideebs da maT kombinaciebs axleburad
warmoadgenen. WeSmaritad Semoqmedi moazrovnis sinji axali WeSmaritebis
aRmoCenaa, romelic mecnierebas da sazogadoebas ukeTesi mimarTulebiT
amoZravebs.

• aRmoCenis etapi (context of discovery) _ kvlevis sawyisi fazaa, romlis

ganmavlobaSic dakvirvebas, Sexedulebas, informacias da zogad codnas
movlenis axleburi xedvisaken mivyavarT.

fsiqologiuri Teoriebi cdiloben gaarkvion, rogor funqcionirebs tvini,

fsiqika, qceva da garemo da ra kavSiria maT Soris. Teoria aris cnebebis
organizebuli wyeba, romelic movlenas an movlenaTa erTobliobas xsnis.
fsiqologiuri TeoriebisTvis saerTo isaa, rom isini determinizmis poziciaze
dganan. determinizmi gulisxmobs, rom yvela movlena - fizikuri, fsiqikuri da
qceviTi - ganpirobebulia konkretuli mizeziT, anu mis Sedegs warmoadgens. es
mizezebi SeiZleba Tavad adamianSi iyos, an garemoSi. amave dros, mkvlevrebi
 40
uSveben, rom qcevac da fsiqikuri procesebic mimarTebaTa kanonzomierebebs
misdevs (xasiaTdeba, avlens) da maTi aRmoCena kvlevis saSualebiTaa SesaZlebeli.
amitom, fsiqologiuri Teoria, Cveulebriv, amgvar kanonzomierebaTa mizezebs eZebs.
Teoriam ukve cnobili faqtebi unda axsnas da, amave dros, axali ideebi da
hipoTezebi wamoayenos. hipoTeza aris mizezebsa da Sedegebs Soris mimarTebis
Sesaxeb arsebuli Semowmebadi debuleba. hipoTezebs xSirad "Tu-maSin"
winaswarmetyvelebis formiT ayalibeben, konkretuli pirobebidan gansazRvruli
Sedegebis miRebis mizniT. SegviZlia, magaliTad, viwinaswarmetyveloT, rom Tu
bavSvebi bevr Zaladobas uyureben televiziiT, maSin isini ufro agresiulad
moiqcevian TavianT TanatolebTan. kvlevam "Tu-maSin" mimarTeba unda Seamowmos.
Teoriebi ukiduresad mniSvnelovania axali hipoTezebis CamoyalibebisaTvis.
rodesac mecnieruli monacemebi ar adasturebs hipoTezas, mkvlevarma unda
gadasinjos Tavisi Teoria. amrigad, Teoriasa da kvlevas Soris mudmivi
urTierTqmedebaa.
aRmoCenis etapis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani nawilia kvlevisaTvis saWiro
saTanado Rirebulebebi da damokidebuleba. mecniereba moiTxovs Ria - kritikul
da skeptikur - damokidebulebas nebismieri daskvnisadmi manam, sanam is ar aris
miRebuli damoukidebeli mkvlevrebis mier. Riaoba or mizans emsaxureba. pirveli,
WeSmariteba absoluturi ar aris, is damokidebulia garkveul pirobebze da axali
monacemebis gaCenis SemTxvevaSi misi gadasinjva SesaZlebeli unda iyos. meore, Ria
orientaciis gamo mkvlevrebi seriozulad udgebian iseT fenomenebsac ki,
romlebisac Tavad ar sjeraT, rogoricaa, magaliTad, eqstrasensoruli aRqma (bemi
da honortoni, (Bem, Honorton, 1994).
mecnieruli praqtika im monacemebs emyareba, romlebic gakontrolebuli
dakvirvebiTa da frTxili gazomviTaa miRebuli. mecnierebis samyaroSi, roca kargi
monacemebi eqspertebis azrs upirispirdeba, sakiTxi monacemebis sasrgeblod
wydeba. saidumloeba gaZevebulia kvlevis proceduridan, is Riaa SemowmebisaTvis,
anu, sxva mkvlevrebs unda hqondeT SesaZlebloba Seamowmon, gaakritikon,
gaimeoron, an uaryon monacemebi da meTodebi. monacemebis, Sedegebisa da
monacemebis Segrovebis meTodis aRwera maTgan gakeTebuli daksvnebisagan calke
dgas. samecniero publikaciebSi kvlevis TiTeuli nawili calke seqciaSia
moyvanili da amiT mkiTxvels saSualebas aZlevs erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavos
obietquri monacemebi da maTi subieqturi interpretacia. da bolos, kvleva unda
 41
gamoqveyndes, radgan kvlevis Sedegebi da monacemebi ar unda daikargos, Tanac,
sxva mecnierebs unda mieceT saSualeba, rom gaimeoron kvleva.

• Teoria (Theory) _ cnebaTa organizebuli wyeba, romelic movlenas an

movlenaTa erTobliobas xsnis.
• determinizmi (Determinism) _ es doqtrina gulisxmobs, rom yvela movlena -
fizikuri, fsiqikuri da qceviTi - ganpirobebulia konkretuli mizezebiT,
romelTa dadgena SesaZlebelia.
• hipoTeza (Hypothesis) _ Semowmebadi debuleba mizezebsa da Sedegebs Soris
mimarTebis Taobaze, xSirad is gamoxatulia winaswarmetyvelebis formiT,
konkretul pirobas gansazRvruli Sedegi moyveba.

Sejameba

aRmoCenis etapi kvlevis is fazaa, romelSic mkvlevrebi dakvirvebas,

informacias da codnas iyeneben, raTa axali ideebi da Teoriebi Camoayalibon.
fsiqologiuri Teoriebi cdiloben gaarkvion tvins, fsiqikas, qcevasa da garemos
Soris arsebuli deterministuli mimarTeba.

dasabuTebis etapi: obieqturobis dacva

umetes SemTxvevaSi mkvlevrebi aRmoCenidan Teoriebis Semowmebaze gadadian.

dasabuTebis
dasabuTebis etapi kvlevis is fazaa, romelSic hipoTezis Sesamowmeblad faqtebis
mopovebaa saWiro. es ki sakmaod rTulia, fsiqologebma iseTi monacemebi unda
Seagrovon, romlebic validuri daskvnebis gakeTebis saSualebas miscemT.
amisaTvis fsiqologebi iyeneben mokavSires: mecnierul meTods.
meTods mecnieruli meTodi
aris monacemTa Segrovebisa da interpretaciis procedurebis erToblioba,
romlis saSualebiTac minimumamdea dayvanili Secdomis wyaro da sando daskvnebia
miRebuli. fsiqologia mecnierebad imdenad iTvleba, ramdenadac is mecnieruli
meTodis mier damkvidrebul wesebs misdevs.
radganac mecnieruli kvlevis monacmebis Segrovebisa da maTi analizis fazebze
subieqturoba minimumamde unda iyos dayvanili, amitom, obieqturobis gasazrdelad
gamoiyeneba specialuri damcavi saSualebebi. erT-erT maTgans axsnac ki ar
sWirdeba: mkvlevrebma srulad unda daafiqsiron monacemTa Segrovebisa da
analizis stadiebi iseTi formiT, rom sxva mkvlevars maTi gageba da Sefaseba
 42
SeeZlos. amitom, jer aRvwerT, ra safrTxe aqvs obieqturobas da Semdeg
ganvixilavT masTan brZolis gzebs.

damkvirveblis tendenciuroba da operaciuli gansazRvrebebi

erTi da igive movlenebze dakvirvebisas adamianebi yovelTvis erTsa da imaves
ar "xedaven". am seqciaSi damkvirveblis tendeciurobis problemas da misi
gadaWris gzebs ganvixilavT.

obieqturobis
obieqturobis sirTule

damkvirveblis tendenciuroba pirovnuli motivebisa da molodinebisagan

gamomdinare Secdomaa. xSirad adamianebs is esmiT da imas xedaven, rasac moelian
da ara imas, rac sinamdvileSi xdeba. ganvixiloT damkvirveblis tendenciurobis
saintereso magaliTi: 20-e saukunis daswyisSi erT-erTma wamyvanma fsiqologma,
hiugo miunsterbergma (Hugo Munsterberg) mSvidobis Temaze sityva warmosTqva didi
auditoriis winaSe, romelSic Jurnalistebic Sediodnen. man Semdegnairad aRwera
Tavisi sityvis gaSuqeba mediaSi:

reportiorebi dauyovnebliv moTavsdnen platformis garSemo. erT-erTma

Jurnalistma dawera, rom auditoria imdenad iyo gaocebuli Cemi sityviT, rom
srul siCumeSi moismina is, meorem aRniSna, rom Cems gamosvlas gamudmebiT wyvetda
mquxare aplodismentebi, xolo sityvis dasrulebisas taSi wuTebis ganmavlobaSi
ar wydeboda. kidev erTma dawera, rom Cemi oponentis gamosvlisas gamudmebiT
viRimebodi, xolo sxvam aRniSna, rom saxe sruliad uZravi (utyvi) mqonda da
erTic ki ar gamiRimia. erTma miuTiTa, rom aRelvebisagan Zlierad gavwiTldi,
xolo meorem, rom qaRaldiviT gavTeTrdi (1908, 35-36 gv.).

saintereso iqneboda marTlac gvenaxa imdroindeli gazeTebi da Segvemowmebina,

ra kavSirSi iyo reportaJebi avtorebis politikur SexedulebebTan. SesaZloa,
maSin mivmxvdariyaviT, ratom "dainaxes" Jurnalistebma ase da ara sxvagvarad.
fsiqologiur eqsperimentSi damkvirveblebs Soris sxvaoba aseTi radikaluri ar
unda iyos, rogorc minusterbergis SemTxvevaSi iyo, magram es magaliTi gvaCvenebs,
rom sxvadasxva damkvirvebelma SesaZloa gansxvavebuli daskvnebi gamoitanos erTi
da igive monacemebis safuZvelze. damkvirveblis tendenciuroba filtria,
romelSic informaciis nawili mniSvnelovnad iTvleba, xolo danarCenis
ugulvebelyofa xdeba, radgan irelevanturad da uazrodaa miCneuli.
 43

• dasabuTebis etapi (context of justification) _ kvlevis is fazaa, romelSic hipoTezis

SemowmebisaTvis faqtebia saWiro (faqtebi unda moipovo).
• mecnieruli meTodi (Scientific method) _ monacemTa Segrovebisa da interpretaciis
procedurebis erToblioba, romlis saSualebiTac minimumamdea dayvanili
Secdomis wyaro da sando daskvnebia miRebuli.
• damkvirveblis tendenciuroba (observer bias) _ realobis damaxinjeba, romelic
damkvirveblis pirovnuli motivebisa da molodinebisagan momdinareobs.

mkvlevrebi xSirad akvirdebian movlenebs. yovel damkvirvebels Tavisi

gamocdileba Semoaqvs dakvirvebaSi, iseve rogorc simpatiebi romelime
Teoriisadmi. axla xedavT, ratom aCens problemas damkvirveblis tendenciuroba.
ra SeuZliaT gaakeTon mkvlevrebma, raTa es tendenciuroba minimumamde daiyvanon?

problemis gadaWris saSualeba

damkvirveblis tendenciurobis minimumamde dayvanis mizniT mkvlevrebi iyeneben

standartizacias da operaciul gansazRvrebebs. standartizacia niSnavs monacemTa
Segrovebis yvela fazaze Tanmimdevrulad dalagebuli da yvelasaTvis saerTo
procedurebis gamoyenebas. testis, an eqsperimentis yvela faza standartuli unda
iyos, anu, kvlevis yvela monawile erTsa da imave pirobaSi unda imyofebodes.
standartizacia niSnavs, rom kiTxvebs erTnairad svamT da pasuxebs winaswar
dadgenili wesebiT aniWebT qulebs. Sedegebis Cawera (dafiqsireba) saSualebas
gvaZlevs SevadaroT isini sxva dros da adgilas, sxva cdis pirebze da sxva
mvklevrebis mier miRebul monacemebs.
Tavad dakvirvebis procedurac unda iyos standartuli. mecnierebma unda
SeZlon TavianTi Teoriebi iseT cnebebad Targmnon, rom maT SeTanxmebuli
mniSvneloba hqondeT. cnebebis mniSvnelobis standartizaciis strategias
operacionalizacia ewodeba. operaciuli gansazRvreba cnebas konkretuli
operaciebis an procedurebis terminebiT ganmartavs. eqsperimentis yvela cvlads
unda hqondes operaciuli gansazRvreba. cvladi aris nebismieri faqtori, romelic
raodenobrivad an Tvisebrivad icvleba. stimulis piroba, romlic sxva nebismieri
cvladisagan damoukideblad icvleba eqsperimentul garemoSi, aris damoukidebeli
cvladi.
cvladi nebismieri cvladi, romlis mniSvneloba erTi an meti damoukidebeli
cvladis cvlilebis Sedegia, aris damokidebuli cvladi _ is damokidebulia
stimulis pirobebis cvlaze.
 44
warmovidginoT, rom gvsurs adre moyvanili hopTezis Semowmeba: is bavSvebi,
romlebic bevr Zaladobas uyureben telviziiT, ufro agresiuli iqnebian TavianT
TanatolebTan. SegiZliaT dagegmoT eqsperimenti, sadac agresiis siZlieris
manipulirebas moaxdendiT (damoukidebeli cvladi), da Semdeg naxavT, ra zomiT
avlens bavSvi agresias (damokidebuli cvladi). Tqveni eqsperimentisaTvis
mniSvnelovania orive cvladis _ sxvadasxva teleprogramaSi arsebuli Zaladobis
raodenoba da Tqveni eqsperimentis monawileebis mier gamnvlenili agresiis zoma -
operacionalizacia moaxdinoT. ra procedurebi unda gamoiyenoT, rom zustad
gazomoT es ori cvladi?
fsiqologebisaTvis xSirad problemaa zogierTi rTuli cvladis
operacionalizacia. rogor moaxdendiT, vTqvaT, bavSvis mSobelTan urTierTobis
xarisxis operacionaliziacias? (pasuxs me-11-e TavSi ixilavT). fsiqologebs
agreTve iseTi cvladebis operacionalizacia uxdebaT, romelTa uSualod
dakvirveba SeuZlebelia. rogor moaxdenT TviTpativiscemis operacionalizacias?
(ixileT Tavi 14-e). Tu Tqven fsiqologi mkvlevari xarT da cvladis
operacionalizacia moaxdineT, Tqveni kolegebi SeiZleba ar dageTanxmon da
CaTvalon, rom TviTpativiscemis Tqveneuli operacionalizacia arasworia, magram
Tu Tqveni operaciuli gansazRvreba zustia, maT ecodinebaT, rogor gaimeoron da
Seafason Tqveni Sroma.

• standartizacia (standardization) _ testSi, interviuSi an eqsperimentSi

monawilisadmi mopyrobis an monacemebis dafiqsirebis unificirebuli
procedura.
• operaciuli gansazRvreba (operational definition) _ axdens cvladis an pirobis
definicias konkretuli operaciebis an procedurebis terminebiT.
• cvladi (variable) _ nebismieri faqtori, romelic raodenobrivad an Tvisebrivad
icvleba
• damoukidebeli cvladi (independent variable) _ eqsperimentul garemoSi, stimulis
piroba, romelic sxva nebismieri cvladisagan damoukideblad icvleba.
• damokidebuli cvladi (dependent variable) _ eqsperimentul garemoSi, nebismieri
cvladi, romlis mniSvneloba erTi an meti damoukidebeli cvladis cvlilebis
Sedegia.
 45
eqsperimentuli meTodi: alternatiuli axsna da kontrolis saWiroeba

yoveldRiuri gamocdilebiT iciT, rom adamianebi erTi da igive Sedegis mraval

mizezs dagisaxeleben. fsiqologebi imave problemis winaSe dganan, roca mizez-
Sedegobriobis dadgenaze aqvT pretenzia. mizez-Sedegobrivi orazrovnebis
gadasalaxavad mkvlevrebi eqsperimentul meTods iyeneben. isini axdenen
damoukidebeli cvladis manipulirebas, raTa naxon, ra zemoqmedeba eqneba amas
damokidebul cvladze. am meTodis mizania daadginos erTi cvladis mizez-
Sedegobrivi kavSiri meoresTan. am seqciaSi ganvixilavT alternatiuli axsnis
problemas da misi gadaWris gzebs.

obieqturobis sirTule

rodesac fsiqologebi hipoTezas amowmeben, ukve winaswar aqvT garkveuli

warmodgena imaze, Tu ratom SeiZleba Secvalos damoukidebeli cvladis
cvlilebam damokidebuli cvladi ase da ara sxvagvarad. magaliTad, SeiZleba
iwinaswarmetyveloT da eqsperimentulad aCvenoT, rom televiziiT Zaladobis
yureba agresiis maRal dones iwvevs. magram saidan iciT, rom namdvilad
Zaladobis yurebaa agresiis mizezi? hioTezis yvelaze Zlieri SesaZlo mizezis
dasadgenad fsiqologebi yovelTvis unda eZebdnen alternatiul axsnebs. SesaZlo
Sedegis rac meti alternatiuli axsna arsebobs, miT naklebad viqnebiT
darwmunebuli Tavdapirvel varaudSi. Tu kvlevis procesSi eqsperimentatoris
mier specialurad Semotanili damoukidebeli cvladis garda raRac sxva ereva da
monacemebis interpretacias arTulebs, mas damatebiTi cvladi ewodeba. rodesac
romelime qcevis efeqtis realur mizezs damatebiTi cvladi Seereva,
eqsperimentatoris mier monacemTa interpretacia sarisko xdeba. warmovidginoT,
magaliTad, rom televiziiT naCvenebi Zaladobis scenebi ufro xmamaRla da meti
moZraobiT mimdinareobs, vidre sxva tipis scenebi. aseT SemTxvevaSi, "Zaladobas"
ereva am scenebis sxva, zedapiruli aspeqtebi. mkvlevars aRar SeuZlia gaarkvios,
romeli faqtori ganapirobebs agresiul qcevas.
marTalia, TiTeuli eqpserimentuli meTodi potenciurad alternatiul axsnaTa
unikalur wyebas iwvevs, SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT ori tipis damatebiTi cvladi,
romelic TiTqmis yvela eqsperimentSi gvxvdeba. esenia molodinis efeqti da
placebo efeqti. molodinis efeqti Cndeba maSin, roca mkvlevari Zalauneburad
mianiSnebs monawileebs, ra tipis qcevas moelis maTgan, riTic sasurvel reaqcias
 46
iRebs. am dros, gamomwvevi mizezi ara damoukidebeli cvladi, aramed
eqsprimentatoris molodinia.

• eqsperimentuli meTodi (experimental method) _ kvlevis meTodi, romelic

damoukidebeli cvladiT manipulacias gulisxmobs, raTa dadgindes misi efeqti
damokidebul cvladze.
• damatebiTi cvladi (confounding variable) _ cvladi, romelic monawilis qcevaze
zemoqmedebs eqsperimentatoris mier Semotanili damoukidebeli cvladis garda.
• molodinis efeqti (Expentancy effects) _ Sedegi, romelic maSin Cndeba, roca
mkvlevari Zalauneburad mianiSnebs monawileebs, ra tipis qcevas moelis maTgan,
riTic mosalodnel reaqcias iRebs.

robert rozentalma (Robert Rothental) molodinis tendenciurobis fenomeni

Seiswavla da naxa, rogor amaxinjebs is kvlevis Sedegebs (rozentali, 1966):

saidan viciT

virTxebi Tqvens molodins gaamarTleben

am saxelmZRvaneloSi fsiqologiuri kvlevis Sedegebs gagiziarebT. Cveni
daskvnebi xSirad swored mTels msoflioSi Catarebuli amgvari kvlevebis
Sedegebs daeyrdnoba. am seqciis mizania gaecnoT eqsperimentebs, romlebic
pirdapir pasuxoben konkretul kiTxvebs. TiTeuli saidan viciT saSualebas
gvaZlevs davinaxoT kavSiri eqsperimentsa da mignebas Soris. aq mokled
ganvixlavT eqsperiments, sadac Cans, rogor SeiZleba eqsperimentatorma
zemoqmedeba moaxdinos kvlevis Sedegze.
klasikur eqsperimentSi 12 students misces virTxebis jgufebi,
romlebisTvisac labirinTSi gasvla unda eswavlebinaT. studentebis naxevars
uTxres, rom maTi virTxebi labirinTSi kargad gamsvlel jiSs miekuTvneba, xolo
meore naxevars, rom maTi virTxebi labirinTSi cudad gamsvlel jiSs
miekuTvneba. sinamdvileSi, orive jgufisaTvis gadacemuli virTxebi sruliad
erTnairi iyo. Sedegebi Seesabameboda studentebis molodins. karg gamsvlelebad
dasaxelebuli virTxebi cud gamsvlelebad dasaxelebul virTxebze ukeT
swavlobdnen (Rosenthal & Fode), 1963).

rogor fiqrobT, rogor Seatyobines studentebma TavianTi molodinebi

virTxebs? albaT xvdebiT, rom saqme kidev ufro rTuladaa, roca adamianebze
 47
vatarebT kvlevas da ara cxovelebze. molodinis efeqti aRmoCenis Sinaarss
amaxinjebs.
placebo efeqti maSin Cndeba, roca eqsperimentis monawileebi eqsperimentuli
manipulaciis Carevis gareSe icvlian qcevas. es termini medicinidan modis, im
SemTxvevebis aRsaniSnavad, rodesac pacientis janmrTelobis mdgomareoba qimiurad
inertuli wamlis miRebis Semdeg mainc umjobesdeboda. janmrTelobis
mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba xdeba rwmenis gamo, rom mkurnaloba efeqtiani iqneba.
kvlevebiT aRmoCnda, rom zogierTma arasamedicino efeqtis mqone mkurnalobam
pacientTa 70%-Si gamoiwvia placebo efeqti (Roberts et al; 1993).
fsiqologiuri kvlevis situaciaSi placebo efeqti Cndeba yovelTvis, roca
qceviT reaqciaze zemoqmedebas axdens pirovnebis molodini, Tu ra gaakeTos, an ra
igrZnos da ara realuri gamomwvevi mizezi. gavixsenoT televiziiT Zaladobis
yurebisa da momatebuli agresiis eqsperimenti. vTqvaT, aRmoCnda, rom im cdis
pirebmac maRali agresia aCvenes, visac ar uyurebia amgvari gadacemebisaTvis.
SeiZleba vivarudoT, rom es adamianebi xvdebian, rom radgan agresiis gamosavlen
situaciaSi moaTavses, maTgan agresiis gamovlenas moelian da amitom iqcevian ase.
eqsperimentatorma yovelTvis unda icodes, rom cdis pirebi icvlian qcevas, roca
ician, rom viRac ucxo uyurebs, akvirdeba, amowmebs maT. magaliTad, monawileebi
gansakuTrebulad grZnoben Tavs, roca kvlevaSi monawileobisaTvis SearCeven da
amitom gansxvavebulad iqcevian da ara Cveulebrivad. amgvari efeqtic moqmedebs
kvlevis Sedegebze.

problemis gadaWris saSualeba

radgan adamianis da cxovelis qceva rTulia da xSirad mravali gamomwvevi

mizezi aqvs, kargi kvlevis gegma yvela damatebiT cvlads iTvaliswinebs da maT
gauvnebelyofas cdilobs. aseT strategias kontrolis procedurebi ewodeba _
meTodebi, romlebiTac mkvlevari cdilobs mudmivi hqondes yvela cvladi da
piroba, garda ganzrax Semotanili damoukidebeli cvladisa. instruqciebi, oTaxis
temperatura, davalebebi, eqsperimentatoris Cacmuloba, gamoyofili dro,
monacemTa Caweris xerxi da situaciis sxva mravali detali eqsperimentis yvela
monawilisaTvis erTnairi unda iyos. erTaderTi sxvaoba monawilis gamocdilebaSi
unda iyos damoukidebeli cvladis mier Semotanili. vnaxoT, rogor cdiloben
fsiqologebi gadaWran molodinis da placebo efeqtiT gamowveuli problemebi.
 48

• placebo efeqti (Placebo effect) _ maSin Cndeba, roca eqsperimentis monawileebi

eqsperimentuli manipulaciis Carevis gareSe icvlian qcevas
• kontrolis procedurebi (Control procedures) _ meTodebi, romelTa saSualebiTac
eqsperimentatori cdilobs mudmivi hqondes yvela cvladi da piroba, garda
ganzrax Semotanili damoukidebeli cvladisa.

warmoidgineT, rom agresiis eqsperimenti gaamdidreT da masSi kidev erTi jgufi

CarTeT, romelic komediur gadacemebs uyurebda. frTxilad unda iyoT, rom
gansxvavebulad ar moepyraT komediis da Zaladobis mayurebel monawileebs Tqveni
molodinebidan gamomdinare. amdenad, sasurvelia, rom kvlevis asistentma,
romelmac unda Seafasos cdis pirTa agresia, ar icodes, romel jgufs
miekuTvneba cdis piri. saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, tendenciurobis aRmofxvra
SesaZlebelia maSin, roca arc asistents da arc monawileebs ar ecodinebaT,
romel pirobaSi moxvdnen isini. am teqnikas ormagad brma kontroli ewodeba.
mraval eqsperimentSi monawileobis ufleba ar eZlevaT maT, visTvisac cnobilia
kvlevis hipoTeza.
placebo efeqtis aRmosafxvrelad mkvlevrebs kidev erTi, sakontrolo piroba
SeaqvT eqsperimentSi, am dros Careva ar xdeba. amas placebo kontrols vuwodebT.
placebo kontroli kontrolis zogad kategoriaSi Sedis, romelic Sedarebis
saSualebas aZlevs eqsperimentators. gaixseneT gogonas istoria, romelsac
hkiTxes, uyvarda ufrosi da, Tu ara. man ki upasuxa: "rasTan SedarebiT?". es kiTxva
unda daisvas da pasuxic unda gqondeT, radgan sxvagvarad ver gaigebT, ras niSnavs
kvlevis Sedegebi. davuSvaT, gaecaniT kvlevis Sedegebs, romlis mixedviTac,
"mowevis danebebis msurvelTa 3/4-ze metma warmatebas nikotinis salbuniT miaRwia",
endriusi (Andrews, 1990). rasTan SedarebiT? sad aris sakontrolo jgufi? am
kvlevaSi sakontrolo jgufis wevrebi nikotinis gareSe salbuns atarebdnen da
maTma 39%-ac Tavi daaneba mowevas! metic, rac ufro didxans atarebdnen isini
samedicino TvalsazrisiT absoluturad usargeblo salbuns, miT ufro meti
albaTobiT anebebden Tavs mowevas, abelini da sxvebi, (Abelin et al., 1989). amrigad,
nikotinis salbuni efeqturi saSualeba aRmoCnda, magram misi zemoqmedebis
naxevari placebo efeqtis damsaxurebaa, radgan mwevlebs molodini hqondaT, rom
es salbuni maT uSvelidaT. sakontrolo pirobaSi miRebuli monacemebi
mniSvnelovan safuZvels gvaZlevs, romelsac eqsperimentis efeqts vadarebT.
 49
kvlevis zogierT sqemaSi, romelsac cdis pirTa Soris sqemas uwodeben, cdis
pirebs SemTxveviTad anawileben eqsperimentul (erTi an meti eqsperimentuli
CareviT) da sakontrolo (eqsperimentuli Carevis gareSe) pirobebSi. cdis pirebis
SemTxveviTi ganawileba erT-erTi yvelaze efeqturi saSualebaa im damatebiTi
cvladebis aRmosafxvrelad, romlebic cdis pirebs Soris arsebuli
individualuri gansxvavebebis gamo iCens Tavs. swored amgvar sqemas
vgulisxmobdiT agresiis eqsperimentSi. eqsperimentul da sakontrolo pirobaSi
cdis pirebis SemTxveviTi ganawileba did Sanss gvaZlevs imisa, rom orive jgufSi
msgavsi cdis pirebi moxvdebian, radgan SemTxveviTi ganawilebisas TiTeul cdis
pirs rogorc sakontrolo, aseve eqsperimentul jgufSi moxvedris erTi da igive
albaToba aqvs. aseT SemTxvevaSi, ar gamova ise, rom eqsperimentul jgufSi
mxolod Zaladobis scenebis moyvaruli cdis pirebi moxvdebian da sakontroloSi
- Zaladobis scenebis moZule cdis pirebi. SemTxveviTma ganawilebam orive tipis
adamiani unda moaxvedros TiTeul jgufSi. Tu Sedegad jgufebis Sedegebs Soris
sxvaobas miviRebT, ufro darwmunebuli viqnebiT, rom am sxvaobas Cveni Careva
iwvevs da ara cdis pirebs Soris gansxvaveba.
mkvlevrebi cdiloben SemTxveviT SerCevas miuaxlovdnen, roca cdis pirebs
kvlevaSi monawileobis misaRebad iwveven. Cveulebriv, fsiqologiur eqsperimentSi
20-dan 100-mde cdis piri monawileobs. SerCevaze miRebul Sedegebs ki mkvlevari im
populaciaze azogadebs, saidanc miiRo es SerCeva. davuSvaT, gsurT SeamowmoT
hipoTeza, rom 6 wlis bavSvebi ufro mets ityuebian, vidre 4 wlis bavSvebi.
kvlevaSi msoflios am asakis bavSvTa mxolod mcire nawils Tu CarTavT, magram
ganzogadebis gasakeTeblad darwmunebuli unda iyoT, rom Tqvens mier SerCeuli
bavSvTa jgufebi nebismieri SemTxveviT SerCeuli jgufis Sesabamisi iqneba. SerCeva
populaciis reprezentatulia,
reprezentatulia Tu is imeorebs populaciis zogad maxasiaTeblebs,
rogorebicaa, magaliTad, sqesi, asaki da sxv. SerCevaSi mxolod biWebi rom
gyavdeT, ufleba ar geqnebaT, rom gogonebze gaakeToT daskvna da a. S.

• ormagad brma kontroli (Double-blind control) _ eqsperimentuli teqnika, romelic

saSualebas gvaZlevs Tavidan aviciloT eqsperimentatoris molodinis efeqti,
imiT, rom arc asistentma da arc monawileebma ar ician, romel pirobaSi
moxvdnen isini.
 50

• placebo kontroli (Placebo control) _ eqsperimentuli pirobaa, rodesac Careva ar

xdeba da im SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba, roca placebo efeqtis saSiSroeba Cndeba.

• cdis pirTa Soris sqema (between subjects design) _ cdis pirebs SemTxveviTad
anawileben eqsperimentul da sakontrolo pirobebSi.
• SerCeva (Sample) _ populaciis nawili, romelic eqsperimentSi monawileobisaTvis
gadaarCies
• populacia (Population) _ individTa sruli erToblioba, romelzec, eqsperimentul
SerCevaze dayrdnobiT, generalizacia gakeTdeba.
• reprezentatuli SerCeva (representative sample) _ SerCeva populaciis
reprezentatulia, Tu is imeorebs populaciis zogad maxasiaTeblebs,
rogorebicaa, magaliTad, sqesi, asaki da sxv
• cdis pirTa SigniT sqema (within subjects design) _ kvlevis sqema, sadac TiTeuli
cdis piri sakuTari Tavis kontrolia. cdis piris eqsperimentul pirobaSi qceva
SeiZleba SevadaroT missave qcevas am pirobamde, an mis Semdeg.
• A-B-A sqemaSi cdis pirebi jer xvdebian safuZvlis pirobaSi (A), Semdeg
eqsperimentul CarevaSi (B), xolo Semdeg ubrundebian safuZvlis pirobas.

eqsperimentuli sqemis kidev erTi tipia cdis pirebs SigniT sqema - aq TiTeuli
cdis piri sakuTari Tavis kontrolia. magaliTad, SeiZleba erTmaneTs SevadaroT
cdis pirTa qceva Carevamde da Carevis Semdeg. A-B-A sqemaSi cdis pirebi jer
xvdebian safuZvlis pirobaSi (A), Semdeg eqsperimentul CarevaSi (B), xolo Semdeg
isev ubrundebian safuZvlis pirobas (A): ukan, safuZvlis pirobaSi dabruneba
mkvlevars saSualebas aZlevs sabolood darwmundes, rom cvlileba mxolod misi
Carevis da ara romelime damatebiTi cvladis, magaliTad, drois gasvlis, Sedegia.

saidan viciT?

bavSvebis agresiuli TamaSi A-B-A sqemaSi

amgvari sqema iyo gamoyenebuli kvlevaSi, sadac fsiqologs surda Seemowmebina
Semdegi hipoTeza: Tu bavSvebs ecodinebaT, rom anonimurebi arian, isini ufro
advilad gamoavlenen agresiul qcevas. skolis moswavleebi dapatiJes
maskaradze, iseT wveulebaze, sadac yvela specialur kostiumSi gadacmuli
modioda. bavSvebs mravalgvar TamaSs sTavazobdenen, rig maTgans agresiuli
qcevis gamowveva SeeZlo, rigs - araagresiulis. safuZvlis pirobaSi (A) bavSvebi
 51

kostiumebis gareSe TamaSobdnen, Carevis pirobaSi (B) kostiumebi Caicves da

Tavisi surviliT irCevdnen TamaSebs. bolos, safuZvlis pirobaSi (A)
dabrunebisas, maT kostiumebi kvlav gaxades, oRond TamaSis gagrZeleba SeeZloT.
rogorc 2.3 suraTze xedavT, Sedegebma daadastura kvlevis hipoTeza. bavSvebi
bevrad ufro agresiulad iqceodnen, roca anonimurebi iyvenen (B) (Fraser, 1974).

aqamde aRweril kvleviT meTodologiebSi damoukidebeli cvladiT manipulireba

da misi damokidebul cvladze efeqtis gazomva xdeba. marTalia, eqsperimentuli
meTodi saSualebas aZlevs mkvlevrebs cvladebs Soris kauzaluri kavSiris
Sesaxeb daskvna gamoitanon, zogierT situaciaSi am meTodis gamoyeneba arc ise
sasurvelia. upirveles yovlisa, qcevas xSirad xelovnurad Seqmnil garemoSi
swavloben, raTa advilad gaakontrolon yovelgvari situaciuri faqtori,
samagierod, xSirad aseTi situacia realurisagan sakmaod Sors dgas. kritikosebis
azriT, gakontrolebul eqsperimentul pirobebSi kvlevisas qcevis mTeli
simdidre da mravalferovneba ikargeba, radgan mxolod erTi, an mcire
raodenobiT cvladis da reaqciis gamartivebul kvlevas ewireba. meorec, cdis
pirebma ician, rom eqsperimentSi monawileoben da maT cdian da zomaven. isini
cdiloben imgvari reagireba moaxdnon,
rogoric eqsperimentators esiamovneba
agresiuli aqtebis saSualo procenti

90

80 da, saerTodac, maTi qceva gansxvavebuli

70

60
iqneba Cveulisagan, radgan ician, rom
50 sxva akvirdebaT. mesame, arsebobs
40

30 mniSvnelovani eTikuri sakiTxebi,

20
romelTa gamoc eqsperimentis Catareba
10

0 SeuZlebeli xdeba. magaliTad, ver

A1 sawyisi B anonimuroba A2 saboloo
mdgomareoba mdgomareoba vikvlevT, memkvidreobiT gadaecema Tu
ara bavSvis Cagvris tendencia, radgan
daCagruli bavSvebis eqsperimentuli jgufi da aradaCagrulebis sakontrolo
jgufi unda gvqondes. Semdeg seqciaSi kvlevis iseT meTods davubrundebiT,
romelic xSirad awydeba amgvar problemebs.

sur. 2.3. anonimurobiT gamowveuli agresia

anonimurobis efeqti mniSvnelovania: erTi da igive bavSvebi bevrad maRal
agresias avlenen anonimur pirobaSi, vidre manam da Semdeg araanonimur pirobebSi.
 52

korelaciis meTodi

kavSirSia inteleqti kreatulobasTan? optimistebi ufro janmrTelebi arian,

vidre pesimistebi? aris kavSiri bavSvobaSi Cagvris gancdasa da SemdegSi
fsiqikuri daavadebis gaCenas Soris? es kiTxvebi iseT cvladebs moicavs,
romlebiT manipulirebas fsiqologi ase martivad ver moaxerxebs, Tanac, aq
eTikuri mosazrebebic erTveba. amitom, amgvar kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad iyeneben
korelaciis meTods.
meTods fsiqologebi
A
korelaciis meTodebs iyeneben, roca surT
A B
gansazRvron, ra zomiTaa erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli ori cvladi.
or cvlads Soris korelaciis ufro zustad gansazRvrisaTvis fsiqologebi
iyeneben statistikur sazoms, romelsac korelaciis koeficienti ewodeba (r).
korelaciis koeficienti icvleba +1-dan -1-mde, sadac +1 aris sruli dadebiTi
korelacia, -1 - sruli uaryofiTi korelacia, xolo 0 niSnavs, rom korelacia ar
arsebobs. dadebiTi korelaciis koeficienti niSnavs, rom Tu izrdeba erTi
cvladis maCveneblebi, izrdeba meore cvladis maCveneblebic. uaryofiTi
korelacia niSnavs, rom erTi cvladis maCveneblebis zrdas meore cvladis
maCveneblebis Semcireba mohyveba (ixileT suraTi 2.4)..

sur. 2.4. dadebiTi da uaryofiTi korelaciebi

es warmosaxviTi monacemebi dadebiT da uaryofiT korelaciebs Soris sxvaobas
aCvenebs. TiTeuli wertili erT fexburTels asaxavs. (a) zogadad, rac ufro met
burTs gaitans fexburTeli, miT met fuls gamoimuSavebs. ese igi, am or cvlads
Soris dadebiTi korelaciaa. (b) uaryofiTi korelaciis magaliTi, rac ufro
nakleb jarimas daimsaxurebs fexburTeli, miT met fuls gamoimuSavebs.

nulTan axlos myofi korelacia niSnavs, rom ori sazomis qulebs Soris susti
kavSiria, an is saerTod ar aris. rac ufro uaxlovdeba korelaciis koeficienti
1-s, miT ufro Zlieria kavSiri or cvlads Soris. magaliTad, Tu mkvlevari
ikvlevs muSakis produqtulobasa da stress Soris kavSirs, man unda gazomos, ra
zomiT stress ganicdian adamianebi cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi da rogor aisaxeba es
maT muSaobaze. operaciulad stresi SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT, rogorc stresis
kiTxvarze miRebuli qula, xolo produqtuloba, rogorc produqciis, saqonlis
is raodenoba, romelsac adamiani dReSi amzadebs. Semdeg mkvlevari am cvladebs
 53
mraval adamianze gazomavs da maT Soris korelaciis koeficients gamoTvlis.
Zlieri uaryofiTi korelacia imis maCvenebli iqneba, rom stresis zrdas
produqtulobis Semcireba moyveba. Sesabamisad, Tu mkvlevarma icis romelime
adamianis stresis qula, mas SeuZlia iwinaswarmetyvelos misi produqtuloba.
mkvlevarma SeiZleba kidev erTi nabiji gadadgas da Tqvas, rom stresis
Semcireba produqtulobis gazrdas gamoiwvevs. amgvari daskvna arasworia. Zlieri
korelacia mxolod imas miuTiTebs, rom monacemTa ori jgufi sistematuradaa
dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan, magram ar gveubneba, rom erTi cvladi iwvevs meores.
korelacia mizez-Sedegobrioba ar aris. korelaciam SeiZleba asaxos SesaZlo
mizez-Sedegobrivi efeqtidan nebismieri, an arcerTi. magaliTad, stressa da
produqtulobas Soris arsebuli uaryofiTi korelacia SeiZleba niSnavdes, rom
(1) saxlSi gancdili stresis gamo adamianebi uaresad muSaoben, (2) dabali
produqutuloba iwvevs stress adamianebSi, (3) garkveuli tipis adamianebi ufro
metad ganicdian stress da uaresad muSaoben. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom ukanasknel
SemTxvevaSi mesame cvladi iwvevs danarCen ors. da bolos, davuSvaT, rom axali
teqnologiis gamo samsaxurSi bevrad meti xmauria, rac, Tavis mxriv, ufro met
stress (radganac adamianebi ver axdenen koncentracias) da ufro dabal
produqtulobas iwvevs (radgan TanamSromlebi erTmaneTTan ver urTierToben).
korelacia isev darCeba, magram mizez-Sedegobrioba _ aRar.

• korelaciis meTodi (correlational method) _ gansazRvravs, Tu ra zomiTaa

erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli ori cvladi.
• korelaciis koeficienti (r)
( ) (correlation coefficient) _ statistika, romelic or
cvlads Soris kavSiris xarisxs aCvenebs.

korelacia, SesaZloa, mcdari iyos, radgan mkvlevarma saTanado sakontrolo

Sedarebebi ar ganaxorciela. ganvixiloT savaraudo kavSiri 1965 wels niu iorkSi
momxdar sinaTlis Caqrobasa da cxra Tvis Semdeg Sobadobis maCveneblis zrdas
Soris. '"niu iorkelebi Zalian romantiulebi arian, es sanTlis Suqis gamo moxda"
_ Tqva erT-erTma mamam. saxelmwifo moxelem ki es faqti amgvarad axsna: "im
saRamos seqsis Canacvlebis yvela saSualeba _ Teatri, saloni, Sexvedra, kartis
TamaSi _ moispo da sxva raRa darCenodaT?" ("niu iork Taimsi", 8/11/1966). msgavsi
korelaciaa aRmoCenili, agreTve, qariSxlis da sxva bunebrivi katastrofebis
Semdeg. "miwisZvram SeiZleba Sobadobis afeTqeba gamoiwvios" _ werda san
 54
francisko qronikli, Ceni (Chen, 1990). magram, Tu ar davizarebT da am Sedegebs
Sobadobis sezonur maCveneblebs SevadarebT, aRmoCndeba, rom korelacia mizez-
Sedegobriobad SeniRbuli damTxveva aRmoCndeba. anu, sezonsa da Sobadobis
maCvenebels Soris namdviladaa korelacia da swored esaa katastrofasa da
Sobadobis maCvenebels Soris korelaciis sakontrolo piroba. naTelia, rom
korelaciis Sedegebs imave sifrTxliT unda movekidoT, rogorc eqsperimentis
meTodis gamoyenebisas miRebul Sedegebs.
ar gvinda iseTi STabeWdileba dagrCeT, TiTqos korelaciis meTodi usargebloa.
wignSi xSirad SevxvdebiT korelaciur kvlevebs, romlebmac mniSvnelovani
aRmoCenebi Semates fsiqologias. madaze mosayvanad kidev erT magaliTs gTavazobT:

saidan viciT?

biWebis cudi yofaqcevis saTaveebi

garemos romeli faqtorebi xsnis, Tu ratom avlenen zogierTi 5 wlis asakis
biWebi problemur qcevas, xolo sxvebi ara? mkvlevarTa gundis azriT, amgvari
sxvaobis safuZvlebi, nawilobriv, da-Zmebs Soris destruqciul konfliqtSi unda
veZeboT,Ygarsia da sxv (Garcia et al; 2000). maTi azriT, da-ZmebTan gancdili
konfliqtis done ganamtkicebs sxva situaciebSi gamovlenil agresiul qcevas. am
mizniT, mkvlevrebma videokameriT gadaiRes 180 biWis da-ZmasTan TamaSi. es
TamaSebi da-Zmebs Soris konfliqtis raodenobisa da intensiurobis mxriv
Seafases. korelaciurma analizma daadastura varaudi, rom da-ZmasTan
konfliqtis maRali donis mqone biWebi ufro metad avlendnen agresiul da
destruqciul qcevas.

xedavT, ratomaa saWiro korelaciuri kvlevis gamoyeneba am SemTxvevaSi?

jgufebSi SemTxveviTad ver gaanawileb bavSvebs, romlebsac cota an bevri
konfliqti aqvT da-ZmasTan, unda daicadoT da mxolod Semdeg dainaxavT,
gamovlindeba Tu ara raime sxvaoba situaciebs Soris.

qvezRurblovani zemoqmedeba?

am seqciis dasasruls gTavazobT imis konkretul magaliTs, Tu rogor

gamoiyenes fsiqologiuri kvleva reklamis gamomSvebTa saqmianobis Sesafaseblad,
romlebsac didi survili aqvT dagarwmunoT, rom maTi produqcia saukeTesoa.
albaT, SegxvedriaT qvezRurblovani reklamebi, romlebic gpirdebian, rom
 55
amieridan Tqveni cxovreba sruliad Seicvleba. erTi reklama ukeTes seqsualur
cxovrebas gpirdebaT, meore - dabali TviTSefasebis swraf gazrdas gTavazobT,
mesame - wonis swraf da efeqtur daklebas, rogor? Zalian martivad, gamudmebiT
unda usminoT kasetas, romelzec "qviSian napirze okeanis talRebis nazi Sxapunis
xmaa" Cawerili.
"qvezRurblovan" zemoqmedebas xangrZlivi istoria aqvs. marTalia, es
praqtikulad xriki iyo, 1957 wels Catarebulma gamokvlevam didi aJiotaJi
gamoiwvia presis furclebze. qvezRurblovani reklamis "gamomgonebeli"
amtkicebda, rom kinofilmis msvlelobisas ekranze gaelvebulma warweram "iyideT
batibuti!" 58 procentiT meti batibutis gayidva gamoiwvia, rojersi, (Rogers, 1993).
uol stritis JurnalSi ewera, rom niu orleanis supermarketma mniSvnelovnad
Seamcira qurdoba sistemaSi Semdegi qvezRurblovani teqstis ganTavsebiT: "Tu
moviparav, cixeSi Cavjdebi". ohaios StatSi, toledoSi Catarebulma satelefono
gamokiTxvam aCvena, rom gamokiTxuli 400 mozardis 75 procents sjera, rom
qvezRurblovani reklama warmatebiT gamoiyeneba marketingis specialistebis mier.
rac ufro metad ganaTlebuli iyvnen respondentebi,
respondentebi miT ufro metad sjerodaT
maT qvezRurblovani reklamis.
axla ukve gaqvT sakmarisi codna, rom upasuxoT kiTxvas: namdvilad zemoqmedebs
qvezRurblovani kasetebi fsiqikur mdgomareobasa da qcevaze? pasuxs Cvens mier
aRwerili eqsperimentuli meTodis saSualebiT gavcemT (ixileT suraTi 2.5).

sur. 2.5. qvezRurblovani kasetebis efeqturobis Sesamowmebeli kvlevis

eqsperimentuli gegma
eqsperimentis am gamartivebul versiaSi SerCeva populaciidanaa gakeTebuli.
cdis pirebs jer winaswar uzomaven damokidebul cvlads, Semdeg SemTxveviTad
anawileben jgufebSi, sadac isini usmenen mexsierebis, an TviTSefasebis teqstis
Semcvel qvezRurblovan kasetas. Semdeg maT kvlav uzomaven saTanado Tvisebebs,
raTa ipovon raime SesaZlo cvlileba damokidebul cvladSi: mexsierebasa da
TviTSefasebaSi. kvlevam qvezRurblovani darwmunebis sando zemoqmedeba ver
aRmoaCina.

saidan viciT?

qvezRurblovani efeqtis Sefaseba

mkvlevarTa gundma gadawyvita mexsierebis da TviTSefasebis gaumjobesebaze
 56
qvezRurblovani teqstis mosmenis efeqti Seefasebina. kvlevaSi 18-dan 60 wlamde
237 qali da mamakaci monawileobda. jer maT mexsiereba da TviTSefaseba
Seumowmes saTanado testebis da kiTxvarebis meSveobiT da Semdeg SemTxveviTad
gaanawiles or jgufSi. erT jgufs moasmenines mexsierebis kaseta, meores -
TviTSefasebis. isini regularulad usmendnen kasetebs 5 kviris ganmavlobaSi da
Semdeg laboratorias daubrundnen, rom xelmeored gaezomaT maTi mexsiereba
(oTxi testiT) da TviTSefaseba (sami skaliT). mkvlevrebma ar icodnen (brma
sqema), romeli cdis piri romel pirobaSi moxvda (Greenwald et al; 1991).

am gakontrolebuli eqsperimentis Sedegebi miuTiTebs, rom arc TviTSefaseba da

arc mexsiereba sandod ar gaumjobesebula. Tumca, gaCnda erTi, Zalian Zlieri
efeqti: placebo efeqti _ cdis pirebi moelodnen, rom maT daexmarebodnen.
mkvlevrebma gaiTvaliswines es efeqti da kidev erTi damoukidebeli cvladi
daamates. orive jgufis cdis pirTa naxevars mexsierebis kasetaze arasworad ewera
"TviTSefaseba", xolo TviTSefasebis kasetaze "mexsiereba". cdis pirebs sjerodaT,
rom TviTSefaseba gaumjobesdeboda, Tu Sesabamisi warweris mqone kasetas
mousmendnen, da mexsiereba gaumjobesdeboda, Tu kasetebs eqneboda warwera
"mexsiereba", Tumca, sinamdvileSi, isini sxva kasetas usmendnen!
es daxvewili eqsperimenti sakmod konkretuli rCevis micemis saSualebas
gvaZlevs: nu daxarjavT fuls tyuilad, qvezRurblovani kasetebi placebo efeqtis
garda arafers gvTavazobs. fsiqologiis da cxovrebis mniSvnelovani mizania myar
eqsperimentul meTodebze damyarebuli amgvari konkretuli daskvnebi mogawodoT.
es eqsperimenti, agreTve, specifikur magaliTs gaZlevT cvladebis im tipebis
Sesaxeb, romlebsac fsiqologebi zomaven - am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvqonda cdis
pirebis rwmenasTan, rom maTi mexsiereba da TviTSefaseba gaizrdeboda da imave
mexsierebisa da TviTSefasebis obiequr gazomvasTan. Semdeg seqciaSi ufro
zogadad ganvixilavT, Tu rogor zomaven fsiqologebi gamocdilebis sxvadasxva
ganzomilebas da mniSvnelovan procesebs.

Sejameba
kvlevis procesis meore fazaa dasabuTeba. amisaTvis fsiqologebi mecnierul
meTods iyeneben. damkvirveblis tendenciuroba daZleulia, roca monacemTa
Segrovebis procedurebis standartizacia da cnebebis operaciuli gansazRvra
 57
xdeba. eqsperimentuli meTodi mkvlevrebs mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris kvlevis
saSualebas aZlevs.
agreTve, mkvlevrebma unda gaacnobieron alternatiuli axsnis arsebobis
faqtic, rogoricaa molodinis da placebo efeqtebi. myari daskvnebis misaRebad
isini iyeneben iseT procedurebs, rogoricaa ormagad brma kontroli da placebos
kontroli. cdis pirTa Soris sqemis dros jgufebSi cdis pirTa SemTxveviT
ganawileba kontrolis mniSvnelovani iaraRia da sakontrolo da eqsperimentul
jgufebs Soris msgavsebis garantias gvaZlevs. cdis pirTa SigniT sqema moicavs A-
B-A sqemas, sadac monawileebi sakuTari Tavis kontrolad gamodgebian. mkvlevrebi
korelaciis meTodebs iyeneben, raTa gansazRvron, ra zomiT arian erTmaneTTan
dakavSirebuli cvladebi. korelaciis mniSvnelovani SezRudva isaa, rom is ar
gulisxmobs mizez-Sdegobriobas. eqsperimentuli meTodebi SeiZleba gamoviyenoT,
realuri samyaros zemoqmedebis SeswavlisaTvis, rogoricaa, magaliTad,
qvezRurblovani kasetebis efeqti.

fsiqologiuri gazomva

radgan fsiqologiuri procesebi mravalferovani da rTulia, maTi gazomva

siZneleebTanaa dakavSirebuli. zogierTi qceva advilad dakvirvebadia, xolo
sxvebi, magaliTad, SfoTva da sizmari _ ara. amdenad, mkvlevaris erT-erTi
amocanaa uxilavi xiluli gaxados, Sinagani movlenebi da procesebi _ garegani,
xolo piradi gamocdileba _ sazogado. Tqven ukve naxeT, ramdenad mniSvnelovania
sakvlevi fenomenis operaciuli gansazRvreba. es gansazRvrebebi im proceduras
gvaZlevs, romliTac xdeba sxvadasxva donis, zomis, intensiurobis an raodenobis
cvladisaTvis raodenobrivi mniSvnelobis mikuTvneba. arsebobs gazomvis mravali
meTodi, yovel maTgans Tavisi upiratesobani da nakli gaaCnia.
fsiqologiuri gazomvis ganxilvas gazomvis sizustis or indikators Soris
gansxvavebis ganxilviT viwyebT, esenia sandooba da validoba. Semdeg ganvixilavT
monacemTa Segrovebis sxvadasxva teqnikas. rogorc ar unda agrovebdes fsiqologi
monacemebs, hipoTezis Sesamowmeblad igi saTanado statistikur monacemebs unda
iyenebdes. statistikur damatebaSi aRwerilia, Tu rogor aanalizeben fsiqologebi
monacemebs.

sandoobis da validobis miRweva

 58
fsiqologiuri gazomvis mizania sando da validuri daskvnebis miReba. sandooba
niSnavs fsiqologiuri testirebis an eqsperimentuli kvlevis Sedegad miRebuli
qcevis monacemebis Sesabamisobas da sarwmunoebas. sando Sedegi sxva dros, msgavs
pirobebSi Semowmebisas unda gameordes. Tu sazomi instrumenti sandoa, misi
ganmeorebiT gamoyenebisas msgavsi qulebi unda miviRoT. ganvixiloT eqsperimenti,
romelmac aCvena, rom qvezRurblovani kasetebi mxolod placebo efeqts iZleva. am
eqsperimentSi 237 cdis piri iyo. eqsperimentatoris pretenzia, rom Sedegi sandoa,
niSnavs, rom daaxloebiT igive zomis jgufze eqsperimentis gameorebis Semdeg
msgavsi Sedegebi unda miviRoT.
validoba niSnavs, rom kvleva, an testireba im fsiqologiur cvlads, an
Tvisebas zomavs, romlis gazomvasac apirebda. magaliTad, bednierebis validuri
sazomi saSualebas unda gvaZlevdes viwinaswarmetyveloT, ramdenad bednieri
iqnebiT Tqven ama Tu im situaciaSi. validuri eqsperimenti niSnavs, rom mkvlevars
ganzogadebis gakeTeba SeuZlia, anu, Sedegebis gavrcoba laboratoriidan realur
samyaroze. rodesac kasetebis eqsperimentze dayrdnobiT rCeva mogeciT, vicodiT,
rom kvlevis Sedegebi validuria. SesaZloa eqsperimenti da testi sando iyos,
magram ara - validuri. magaliTad, Tqveni bednierebis maCveneblad SegviZlia
Tqveni fexsacmlis zoma gamoviyenoT. es sazomi sando iqneba (yovelTvis igive
pasuxs miviRebT), magram ara validuri. SeecadeT sandoobis da validobis
TvalsazrisiT SeafasoT is sazomebi, romlebsac am wignSi SexvdebiT.

TviTangariSi

mkvlevrebs xSirad ainteresebT imgvari gamocdilebis kvleva, romelsac

uSualod ver daakvirdebi. esenia Sinagani fsiqologiuri mdgomareobebi _
grZnobebi, damokidebulebi (attitudes), Sexedulebebi. SesaZloa, es gamocdileba
garegani qcevac iyos, magram fsiqologi mainc ver daakvirdes mas, magaliTad,
seqsualuri aqtivoba an kriminaluri qceva. aseT SemTxvevebSi kvlevebi
TviTangariSs (self-report measures) eyrdnoba. es aris mkvlevris mier dasmul
kiTxvebze miRebuli werilobiTi an zepiri verbaluri pasuxebi. amgvari
Sefasebebis raodenobrivi saxiT gadmocemis sando xerxebi arsebobs, ase rom,
fsiqologebs SeuZliaT sxvadasxva adamianis pasuxi Seadaron erTmaneTs.
TviTangariSi intervius dros an kiTxvarze miRebul pasuxebs gulisxmobs.
kiTxvari an anketa kiTxvebis werilobiTi krebulia, kiTxvebis Sinaarsi SeiZleba
 59
iyos: faqtobrivi ("Tqven amomrCeveli xarT?") warsuli an awmyo qcevis Sesaxeb
(ramdens eweviT?) damokidebulebebisa da grZnobebis Sesaxeb ("ramdenad
gakmayofilebT Tqveni samuSao?"). Ria kiTxvebi saSualebas aZlevs respondents
Tavisuflad, sakuTari sityvebiT gasces pasuxi SekiTxvas. arsebobs, agreTve,
daxuruli kiTxvebi, sadac pasuxis variantebi mocemulia, magaliTad, diax, ara, ar
vici.
• sandooba (reliability) _ xarisxi, romliTac testi msgavs Sedegebs iZleva yoveli
gamoyenebisas, instrumentis gamoyenebiT miRebuli qulebis stabiluroba da
Sesabamisoba
• validoba (validity) _ testi zustad imas zomavs, ris gazomvasac apirebda
• TviTangariSi (self-report measures) _ adamianis mier sakuTar Tavze dakvirvebis
Sedegad miRebuli monacemebi

interviu aris mkvlevarsa da individs Soris dialogi detaluri informaciis

miRebis mizniT. mTlianad standartizebuli kiTxvarisagan gansxvavebiT, interviu
interaqtiuria. interviuerma SeiZleba Secvalos kiTxvebi imisda mixedviT, Tu ras
pasuxobs respondenti. kargi interviuerebi socialuri interaqciis processac
iTvaliswineben da amyareben raports - dadebiT socialur urTierTobas
respondentTan, romelic ndobas da piradi informaciis gaziarebis survils
iwvevs.
marTalia, mkvlevrebi sakuTari TviTangariSis mravalgvar sazoms iyeneben, maT
umetesobas ver gamoviyenebT patara bavSvebTan, wera-kiTxvis ucodinar
zrdasrulebTan, sxva enaze molaparakeebTan, gonebrivad CamorCenil adamianebTan
da cxovelebTan. xolo iq, sadac maTi gamoyeneba SeiZleba, SesaZloa gaCndes
sandoobis da validobis problema. monawileebma SeZleba ver gaigon kiTxvebi an
zustad ver gaixsenon TavianTi warsuli gamocdileba. ufro metic, sakuTari
Tavis Sefasebaze, SesaZloa, imoqmedos socialuri sasurvelobis efeqtma -
rodesac adamiani araswor pasuxs iZleva, raTa sakuTar Tavze sasurveli (xandaxan
arasasurveli) STabeWdileba Seqmnas. maT SeiZleba moeridoT namdvili grZnobebis
gamoxatva. Tu respondentebma ician intervius an kiTxvaris mizani, maT SeiZleba
tyuili Tqvan, raTa miiRon samuSao, gamovidnen saavadmyofodan an raime sxva
mizans miaRwion. intervius situacia aseve iZLeva saSUalebas, rom tendenciurobam
 60
da mikerZoebam gavlena moaxdinos interviueris mier dasmul kiTxvebze da
respondentis mier gacemul pasuxebze.

qcevis gazomva da dakvirveba

fsiqologebs qcevaTa farTo speqtri ainteresebT. isini swavloben virTxis

labirinTSi gavlas, bavSvs, romelic suraTs xatavs, students, romelic leqss
izepirebs, an muSas, romelic raRac davalebas asrulebs. qcevis sazomi garegan,
dakvirvebad da dafiqsirebad qcevebs da reaqciebs swavlobs.
qcevis Seswavlis erT-erTi ZiriTadi gza aris dakvirveba. dakvirveba unda iyos
dagegmili, zusti da sistematuri. dakvirveba fokusirdeba qcevis procesze an
produqtze. magaliTad, daswavlis eqsperimentSi mkvlevari akvirdeba ramdenjer
imeorebs cdis piri sityvebis sias (CamonaTvals) (procesi) da Semdeg ramden
sityvas aRadgens igi (produqti). uSualo dakvirvebisaTvis sakvlevi qceva advilad
dasanaxi da Casaweri unda iyos. magaliTad, emociebis laboratoriul
eqsperimentSi vakvirdebiT cdis piris saxis gamometyvelebas, rodesac is emociis
gamomwvev stimuls xedavs.
uSualo dakvirvebas xSirad teqnikas axmaren. magaliTad, Tanamedrove
fsiqologebi xSirad iyeneben kompiuterebs, raTa zustad gazomon is dro,
roemlic kvlevis monawileebs sWirdebaT, raTa sxvadasxva davaleba Sesarulon,
rogoricaa, magaliTad, windadebis wakiTxva, an porblemis gadaWra. marTalia,
zusti gazomvis zogi forma kompiuteris eris gaCenamdec arsebobda, kompiuterebi
araCveulebrivi moqnilobis saSualebas iZleva zusti informaciis Segrovebisa da
analizisaTvis. mesame TavSi uaxloes teqnologiebs aRvwerT, romlebic
saSualebas aZlevs mkvlevrebs qcevis RirSesaniSnavi gazomva ganaxorcielon da
naxon, rogor muSaobs tvini.
bunebrivi dakvirvebis dros mkvlevari bunebrivad gaCenil qcevas akvirdeba,
magram ar ereva masSi. magaliTad, mkvlevari SeiZleba calmxrivi sarkidan
akvirdebodes bavSvebis TamaSs, romlebmac ar ician, rom maT uyureben. adamianis
qcevis zogierTi saxis Seswavla mxolod bunebrivi dakvirvebiTaa SesaZlebeli,
radgan araeTikuri an arapraqtikuli iqneba sxvagvarad moqceva. magaliTad,
araeTikuri iqneba bavSvi mkacri deprivaciis pirobebSi movaTavsoT, raTa bavSvis
Semdgom ganviTarebaze misi zemoqmedeba SeviswavloT.
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laboratoriaSi qcevis Seswavlisas mkvlevari ver dainaxavs, Tu ra xangrZlivi
efeqti aqvs adamianis bunebriv garemos misi qcevis rTuli sqemis (paternis)
formirebaze. bunebrivi dakvirvebis erT-erTi yvelaze Rirebuli magaliTia jein
gudalis (Jane Goodall) Sroma (1986-1990; petersoni da gudali 1993). gudali 30 wlis
manZilze swavlobda Simpanzeebis qcevas afrikaSi, tanganikis tbaze. igi aRniSnavs,
rom 10 weliwadSi rom daemTavrebina Sroma, rogorc amas Tavdapirvelad apirebda,
swor daskvnebs ver gaakeTebda:

• qcevis gazomva (Behavioral measures) _ garegani qcevebi da reaqciebi, romlebsac

akvirdebian da iweren, eqskluziuri an TviTangariSiT aRwerili qceva.

Simpanzeebis da adamianebis qcevaSi mraval saerTos davinaxavdiT, magram

dagvrCeboda STabeWdileba, rom Simpanzeebi bevrad ufro mSvidobiani arsebebi
arian, vidre adamianebi. radganac pirveli dekadis Semdegac gavagrZeleT kvleva,
SevZeliT dagvefiqsirebina socialuri jgufis dayofa da am or axal jgufs
Soris warmoSobili sastiki agresia. aRmoCnda, rom zogierT SemTxvevaSi
Simpanzeebma SeiZleba moklan da SeWamon kidec Tavisi saxeobis warmomadgenlebi.
meores mxriv, Simpanzeebma ojaxis wevrebisadmi ukiduresad xangrZlivi emociuri
kavSirebi gamoavlines. . . kargad ganviTarebuli kognituri unarebi, kulturuli
tradiciebis (ganviTareba). . . (Goodall, 1986, gv.3-4)

kvlevis dasawyis etapze bunebrivi dakvirveba gansakuTrebiT sasargebloa. is

mkvlevrebs movlenis sazRvrebis dadgenaSi exmareba, an warmodgenas uqmnis,
romeli iqneba mniSvnelovani cvladi, an kavSiri. bunebrivi dakvirvebis monacemebi
mkvlevars xSirad miniSnebebs aZlevs konkretuli hipoTezis, an kvlevis gegmis
CamoyalibebisaTvis.
sanam fsiqologiuri gazomvis Temas davamTavrebT, xazi unda gavusvaT imas, rom
mravali kvleviTi proeqti TviTangariSisa da qcevis dakvirvebis meTodebs
kombinaciaSi iyenebs. magaliTad, mkvlevarma SeiZleba Seiswavlos, ras ambobs
adamiani momavali qcevis Sesaxeb da realurad rogor iqceva (ixileT 17-e Tavi).
kidev erTi, zogierTi kvleva SemTxvevis Seswavlas warmoadgens, anu, erT
individze tardeba. calke aRebuli individis intensiurma analizma xandaxan
SeiZleba bevrad meti sayuradRebo informacia mogvces, vidre didi raodenobiT
adamianebis kvlevam. magaliTad, 3-e TavSi SeityobT, rom tvinis dazianebis mqone
 62
calkeuli pacientebis yuradRebiT Seswavlam tvinSi enis funqciis lokalizaciis
Sesaxeb Teoriebis warmoSobas daudo safuZveli.
Cven aRvwereT mkvlevrebis mier gamoyenebuli sxvadasxva tipis procedura da
sazomi instrumenti. Semdeg seqciaSi im eTikur standartebs ganvixilavT,
romlebic am meTodebis da procedurebis gamoyenebas marTavs.

eTikuri sakiTxebi adamianis da cxovelis kvlevisas

qvezRurblovani Setyobinebis efeqturobis Sesamowmebel kvlevaSi mkvlevrebma

monawileebi moatyues, radgan kasetebze araswori warwerebi gaakeTes. maT es
ganzrax Caidines, rom enaxaT, xom ar iwvevs monawilis molodini, rom mas
daexmarebian, daijeros, rom Setyobineba sasargebloa maSinac ki, roca
mexsierebisa da TviTSefasebis obieqturi sazomebi aCvenebda, rom es ase ar iyo.
motyueba arsodes aris kargi, magram rogor Seafasebdnen mkvlevrebi am
SemTxvevaSi araswori rwmenis placebo efeqts? rogor unda SevadaroT kvlevis
SesaZlo sargebeli im xarjTan, romelsac wevs kvlevis monawile, Tu procedura
riskiani, tkivilis, an stresis momyenebeli, motyuebiTia? fsiqologebi amgvar
kiTxvebs gamudmebiT usvamen sakuTar Tavs (rozentali, 1994).
adamianebis da cxovelebis ZiriTadi uflebebis pativiscema yvela mkvlevris
aucilebeli movaleobaa. am uflebebis dacvisaTvis arsebobs specialuri
komitetebi, romlebic kvlevis yvela proeqts ixilavs da SesabamisobaSi mohyavs is
aS.S.-s janmrTelobis departamentis mier gamoqveynebul mkacr instruqciebTan.
universitetebs, kolejebs, saavadmyofoebs da kvleviT dawesebulebebs reviziis
sabWoebi hyavT, romlebic amgvar proeqtebs ixilaven. amerikis fsiqologTa
asociaciam (1992) detaluri eTikuri standartebi SeimuSava, ganvixiloT rigi
maTgani.

informirebuli Tanxmoba

adamianebze Catarebuli labratoriuli kvlevis dasawyisSi monawileebs

aRuweren proceduras, masTan dakavSirebul potenciur risks da im Sedegebs,
romlis miRebasac moelian kvlevis dasasruls. monawileebs arwmuneben, rom
maTgan miRebuli informacia daculi da xelSeuxebeli iqneba gareSe pirTaTvis:
maTi monacemebi dafiqsirdeba da specialur adgilas Seinaxeba, xelmisawvdomi
iqneba mxolod mkvlevrebisaTvis, xolo, Tu mkvlevars kvlevis Sedegebis
 63
moxsenebis survili gauCndeba, monawileTa Tanxmobis gareSe amas ver gaakeTebs.
monawileebs xels awerineben gancxadebaze, sadac weria, rom kvlevis Sesaxeb
sruli informacia miawodes da isini Tanaxma arian monawileobaze. garda amisa,
monawileebs afrTxileben, rom maT nebismier momentSi SeuZliaT datovon kvleva
da oficialuri pirebis sakontaqto monacemebs aZleven, Tu maT Civilis survili
gauCndebaT.

riskis/sargeblis Sefaseba

fsiqologiuri kvlevis umetesoba ar aris dakavSirebuli raime riskTan,

miTumetes, roca mis monawileebs rutinuli davalebebi eZlevaT. magram aris iseTi
eqsperimentebi, romlebic adamianis bunebis ufro pirad aspeqtebs swavlobs -
rogoricaa emociuri reaqcia, me-s xati, konformuloba, stresi an agresia -
romlebmac SeiZleba aaRelvos, an fsiqologiurad Seawuxos adamiani. amitom,
amgvari kvlevisas riski minimumamde unda iyos dayvanili, monawileebs unda
SevatyobinoT riskis Sesaxeb da winaswari zomebi unda miviRoT, rom Zlier
reaqciebs gavumklavdeT. aseT riskian SemTxvevebSi, sabWoebi yuradRebiT ixilaven,
aucilebelia kvleva Tu ara, SesaZlebelia Tu ara riskis gareSe misi Catareba,
ramdenad bevris momtania amgvari kvleva mecnierebisa da sazogadoebisaTvis.

ganzrax motyueba

zogierT kvlevaSi monawileebisaTvis sruli informaciis miwodeba SeuZlebelia,

radgan es kvlevis Sedegebze imoqmedebs. magaliTad, roca agresiaze televiziiT
Zaladobis yurebis zemoqmedebas swavlobT, ar unda uTxraT Tqveni mizani
monawiles. zogierT mkvlevars miaCnia, rom monawilis motyueba arcerT
SemTxvevaSi ar aris gamarTlebuli, korni (Korn, 1987). amerikis fsiqologTa
asociaciis (1992) instruqciebi amis Taobaze sakmaod naTelia: (1) kvlevas sakmarisi
mecnieruli da saganmanaTleblo mniSvneloba unda hqondes, rom motyueba
gavamarTloT, (2) mkvlevarma unda aCvenos, rom motyuebis gaereSe mizans ver
miaRwevs, (3) monawileebi arasodes unda movatyuoT im sakiTxebSi, ris gamoc maT
SeiZleba saerTod uari Tqvan monawileobaze, (4) kvlevis dasasruls monawileebs
unda avuxsnaT, ratom movatyueT. amgvari eqpserimentebi SesaZloa sabWom
SezRudos, an saerTod ar miiRos, steiningeri da sxvebi, ( Steininger et al; 1984).

kvlevis Semdgomi interviu

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fsiqologiur kvlevaSi monawileoba yovelTvis mkvlevarsa da monawiles Soris
informaciis ormxrivi gacvla unda iyos. monawilis reqciebidan da pasuxebidan
mkvlevari raRac axals igebs im movlenis Sesaxeb, romelsac swavlobs, xolo
monawiles unda SevatyobinoT kvlevis miznebi, hipoTeza, SesaZlo Sedegebi da
kvlevis mosalodneli sargeblianoba. eqpserimentis dasasruls, yovel monawiles
unda CavutaroT kvlevis Semdgomi interviu, sadac mkvlevari maqsimalur
informacias miawodebs kvlevis Sesaxeb da ar gauSvebs monawiles, sanam ar
darwmundeba, rom is aRelvebuli, dabneuli, an damorcxvebuli ar aris. Tu
kvlevis romelime etapze monawilis motyueba aucilebelia, eqsperimentatori
dawvrilebiT uxsnis, ratom gaakeTa es. da bolos, monawileebs ufleba aqvT
gaauqmon TavianTi monacemebi, Tu miaCniaT, rom maTi uflebebi dairRva.

cxovelTa kvleva: mecniereba, eTika, politika

SeiZleba Tu ara cxovelebis gamoyeneba fsiqologiur da samedicino kvlevebSi?

es kiTxva xSirad Zalian polarizebul pasuxebs iwvevda. erT mxares arian
mkvlevrebi, romlebic miuTiTeben, rom cxovelebze Catarebulma kvlevebma
umniSvnelovanesi aRmoCenebi misces mecnierebas domjani, purdi, petrinoviCi
(Domjan and Purdy, 1995; Petrinovich, 1998). cxovelebze Catarebuli kvlevebis miRwevebia
iseTi wamlebis gamogoneba da gamocda, romlebic SfoTvas da fsiqikur
daavadebebs mkurnaloben, narkomaniis Sesaxeb mniSvenlovani codnis miReba
(mileri, 1985) da sxv. cxovelebze Catarebuli kvlevebi Tavad cxovlebisaTvisac
gamosadegia. magaliTad, fsiqologiurma kvlevebma aCvena, rogor unda SevamciroT
zooparkSi, galiebSi myofi cxovelebis stresi. cxovelTa daswavlisa da
socialuri organizaciis sferoSi gakeTebulma mignebebma maTi volierebis
ukeTesi dagegmareba da janmrTelobisaTvis ufro sasikeTo garemo pirobebis
Seqmna gamoiwvia, nikoli da sxv., (Nicoll et al; 1988).
miRwevaTa amgvari CamonaTvali ar aris sakmarisi sabuTi cxovelTa uflebebis
damcvelebisaTvis. maTi azriT, adamianebs jer kidev mcdarad miaCniaT, rom "homo
sapiensis sxva qmnilebebisagan gamoyofa moralurad gamarTlebulia", boudi da
Sapiro (Bowd and Shapiro 1993, p. 136; Shapiro, 1998). am Secdomis gamosasworeblad
gvTavazoben "laboratoriuli kvlevebidan minimalurad manipulaciur kvlevebze
gadavideT, romlebic bunebriv da naxevrad bunebriv garemoSi tardeba" (boudi da
 65
Sapiro, 1993, gv. 140). yoveli specialisti gansakuTrebuli sifrTxiliT unda
miudges cxovelebis kvlevas.

• kvlevis Semdgomi interviu (Debriefing) _ mkvlevari maqsimalur informacias

miawodebs kvlevis Sesaxeb da ar gauSvebs monawiles, sanam ar darwmundeba,
rom is aRelvebuli, dabneuli, an damorcxvebuli ar aris.
cxovelebis kvlevaSi gansakuTrebul sifrTxileze miuTiTebs, agreTve,
gamokiTxvis Sedegebi, romelSic fsiqologiis fakultetis studenti 1188 da
amerikis fisoqologTa asociaciis 3982 wevri monawileobda, plousi (Plous, 1996a,
1996b):

• gamokiTxulTa daaxloebiT 80 procents miaCnia, rom bunebriv garemoSi

Catarebuli dakvirveba dasaSvebia. ufro naklebi (30 dan 70 procenamde) mxars
uWers iseT kvlevebs, romlebic galiaSi Casmul cxovelebze tardeba, rac,
nawilobriv cxovelis tipzea damokidebuli (magaliTad, virTxebi, mtredebi,
ZaRlebi, an primatebi). rogorc studentebma, aseve, leqtorebma uaryves
tkivilis mimyenebli an sikvdilis gamowvevi kvlevebi cxovelebze.

• orive jgufis umravlesobam (daaxloebiT 60-ma procentma) mxari dauWira

fsiqologiis saswavlo kursebSi cxovelebis gamoyenebas, magram orive jgufSi
mxolod erTma mesamedma CaTvala, rom cxovelebTan laboratoriuli muSaoba
bakalavris xarisxis mosapovebel aucilebel moTxovnad unda iyos miCneuli.

Tqven ras fiqrobT? rogor SeafasebdiT cxovelebze Catarebuli kvlevis

sargebels da xarjs?

Sejameba

fsiqologiurma gazomvam imgvari Sedegebi unda mogvces, romlebic erTdroulad

sandocaa da validuric. sakuTari Tavis Sefasebis gazomva kiTxvarebis da
interviuebis saSualebiT xdeba. fsiqologi iyenebs agreTve qcevis sazomebs,
rogoricaa uSualo dakvirveba da bunebrivi dakvirveba. adamianis kvlevis
mniSvnelovani eTikuri sakiTxebia informirebuli Tanxmoba, kvlevis riskis da
mogebis Sefaseba, ganzrax motyuebis gamoyeneba da kvlevis Semdgomi intervius
aucilebloba. mkvlevrebma frTxilad unda ganixilon cxovelebze Catarebuli
kvlevebis eTikuri Sedegebi.
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rogor gamoviyenoT sworad mecnieruli kvlevis Sedegebi

am Tavis bolos ganvixilavT kritikuli azrovnebis im unarebs, romlebic

imisaTvis gWirdebaT, rom fsiqologiuri codna azrianad moixmaroT. es nebismieri
pirovnebisaTvisaa aucilebeli Cvens dinamikur sazogadoebaSi, im situaciaSi,
romelic aRsavsea pretenziiT WeSmaritebaze, "saRi gonebis" mcdari miTebiT,
konkretuli interesebis samsaxurSi Camdgari mikerZoebuli daskvnebiT. kritikuli
azrovneba niSnavs informaciis miRma xedvas, imis siRrmeSi Wvretas, rac zedapirze
ar Cans, arsis Cawvdomas, rom garegnulma mxarem ar mogatyuoT.
fsiqologiur codna fsiqologiurad daxvewili sazogadoebis moazrovne,
mgrZnobiare subieqtis yoveldRiuri cxovrebis mudmivad Tanmdevi aspeqtia.
samwuxarod, fsiqologiuri informaciis didi raodenoba ara mecnieruli
wignebidan, statiebidan da kvlevebidan, aramed gazeTebis furclebidan, tele da
radio gadacemebidan, popularuli fsiqologiis "bulvaruli" wignebidan modis.
davubrundeT fsiqikis qvezRurblovani kontrolis ideas. marTalia, is mogebaze
orientirebuli marketingis konsultantis jeims vikaris motyuebiTi propagandiT
daiwyo (rojersi, 1993) - da, rogorc vnaxeT laboratoriulma kvlevam uaryo, es
idea jer kidev muSaobs da adamianebi isev xarjaven fuls amgvar kasetebSi!
fsiqologiis codna monacemebze dayrdnobiT brZnuli daskvnebis gakeTebaSi
dagexmarebaT. yovelTvis unda ecadoT fsiqologiis Seswavlidan miRebuli
formaluri codna im araformalur fsiqologiur informacias miuyenoT, romelic
gars gartyiaT. dasviT kiTxvebi Tqveni sakuTari, an sxva adamianebis qcevis
Sesaxeb, pasuxebi racionaluri fsiqologiuri Teorebis safuZvleze eZebeT da
TqvenTvis xelmisawvdom faqtebze dayrdnobiT SeamowmeT es pasuxebi.
yovelTvis unda gaxsovdeT zogierTi zogadi wesi, romelic informaciis zRvaSi
garkvevaSi dagexmarebaT:
• korelacia mizez-Sdegobrioba ar aris.
• mniSvnelovani terminebi da cnebebi operaciulad unda iyos gansazRvruli,
ise rom yvelas erTnairad esmodes maTi mniSvneloba.
 67

• sanam Teoriis, hipoTezis an Sexedulebis damamtkicebel sabuTebs dauwyebT

Zebnas, ifiqreT, rogor SeiZleba misi uaryofa.
• yovelTvis eZebeT SemoTavazebuli axsnis alternatiuli variantebi,
gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca axsna “SemomTavazebels” (anu avtors) aZlevs xels.
• gaxsovdeT, rom pirovnul tendenciurobas SeuZlia daamaxinjos realobis
aRqma.
• eWvi SeitaneT kompleqsuri kiTxvebis martiv pasuxebSi, an rTuli problemebis
da movlenebis martiv mizezebsa da gadaWris gzebSi.
• eWvi SeitaneT raime mkurnalobis, Carevis, an produqtis efeqturobaSi,
aucileblad SeadreT is ukve arsebul saSualebas.
• Ria da amave dros skeptikuri iyaviT: aRiareT, rom daskvnaTa umetesoba ar
aris naTeli da xelSesaxebi, axali damamtkicebeli sabuTebi eZebeT, mzad
iyaviT sakuTari azris SecvlisaTvis.
gvinda, amave Ria skeptikuri midgomiT ganixiloT es wigni, ar gvinda,
fsiqologiis Seswavla TqvenTvis mxolod faqtebis aTviseba iyos. imedi gavqvs,
rom monawileobas miiRebT ideebis aRmoCenaSi, maT SemowmebaSi da es siamovnebas
moganiWebT.

fsiqologia 21-e saukuneSi

fsiqologiuri kvleva da informaciis afeTqeba

internetSi fsiqologiisadmi miZRvnil uamrav gverds waawydebiT. magaliTad,
Sizofrenia erT-erT misamarTze 83.760 gverdze iyo naxsenebi (ixileT Tavi 15). sxva
misamarTze imave Temaze 63.812 gverdi vipoveT. ueWvelia, am wignis gamosvlamde es
raodenoba kidev ufro gaizrdeba. es monacemebi naTlad aCvenebs, ratom uwodeben
Tanamedroveobas informaciis afeTqebis periods. yvela CvenTaganisaTvis namdvili
gamowvevaa am informaciis brZnuli moxmareba. rogor ganvsazRvroT, internetSi
ganTavsebul romel informacias vendoT da romels ara?

biblioTekaSi bevrad ufro advilia informaciis wyaros gansazRvra, radgan aq

ZiriTadad seriozuli samecniero Jurnalebia moTavsebuli, romelTa umetesoba
amerikis fsiqologTa asociaciis, an amerikis fsiqologiuri sazogadoebis
gamocemulia. rodesac kvleva JurnalSi igzavneba, is Semowmebis rTul process
gadis. redaqcia mas 2-dan 5-mde aRiarebul specialists ugzavnis, romlebic
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naSroms detalurad ixilaven misi Teoriuli safuZvlebis, meTodologiis da
Sedegebis TvalsazrisiT. Tu eqspertebi moiwoneben kvlevas, is qveyndeba.
magaliTad, 1998 wels amerikis fsiqologTa asociaciis mier (1999) gamoqveynebulma
Jurnalebma mowodebuli naSromebis 69 procenti uaryves. ra Tqma unda, es procesi
srulyofili ar aris, zogierTi Rirebuli Sroma usamarTlod uariyofa, xolo
zogi SedarebiT susti rogorRac "gaZvreba", magram, zogadad, es procesi
garantias gvaZlevs, rom JurnalTa umetesoba maRal standartebs akmayofilebs.
amitom, rodesac informacias internetSi naxavT, yovelTvis dainteresdiT,
saidan modis is, ra aris misi wyaro. SegiZliaT internetSi seriozuli samecniero
Jurnalebis eleqtronuli versiebi ixiloT. aseve, nebismieri informacia unda
Seicavdes gamoyenebuli literaturis CamonaTvals da aqedanac mixvdebiT,
ramdenad seriozul wyarosTan gaqvT saqme. fsiqologia da cxovreba-Si moyvanili
informaciis sandoobaSi eWvi ar unda SegeparoT, radgan yvelagnaa miTiTebuli
saTanado samecniero wyaro, amitom, internetSi muSaobisas imave principiT
imoqmedeT!

sakvanZo sakiTxebi

aRmoCenis etapi
• kvlevis aRmoCenis stadiaze dakvirvebas, Sexedulebas, informacias da zogad
codnas movlenis axleburi xedvisaken mivyavarT. mkvlevari Teorias da hipoTezas
ayalibebs.

dasabuTebis etapi: obieqturobis dacvis saSualebebi

• es is fazaa, romelzec ideebi mowmdeba da dasturdeba, an uariyofa.
• ideebis SemowmebisaTvis mkvlevrebi mecnierul meTods iyeneben. es aris
monacemebis imgvarad Segroveba da inetrpretireba, rom Secdomebi minimumamde
iyos dayvanili.
• mkvlevrebi ebrZvian damkvirveblis tendenciurobas procedurebis
standartizaciis da operaciuli gansazRvrebebis gamoyenebis gziT.
• kvlevis eqsperimentuli meTodebi gansazRvravs, arsebobs Tu ara cvladebs
Soris mizez-Sedegobrivi mimarTeba.
• mkvlevrebi alternatiul axsnebs kontrolis saTanado porcedurebis
gamoyenebiT gamoricxaven.
 69

• kvlevis korelaciuri meTodi gansazRvravs, ramdenad aris ori cvladi

dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan. korelacia ar gulisxmobs mizez-Sedegobriobas.

fsiqologiuri gazomva
• fsiqologebi cdiloben ise gazomon monacemebi, rom isini sando da validuri
iyos.
• fsiqologiuri kvleva moicavs sakuTari Tavis Sefasebis da qcevis gazomvas.
kvlevis eTikuri sakiTxebi
• yvela mkvlevari valdebulia pativi sces kvlevis monawileTa, ara aqvs
mniSvneloba, adamianis, Tu cxovelis, ZiriTad uflebebs. eTikuri da humanuri
mopyrobis garantirebisaTvis SemuSavebulia rigi damcveli saSualebebi.

rogor gamoviyenoT sworad mecnieruli

mecnieruli kvlevis Sedegebi
• imisaTvis, rom kvlevis Sedegebi sworad gamoviyenoT, unda vicodeT, rogor
viazrovnoT kritikulad da rogor SevafasoT kvlevis Sedegebi.

ZiriTadi cnebebi
a-b-a sqema molodinis efeqti
aRmoCenis etapi operaciuli gansazRvreba
TviTangariSi ormagad brma kontroli
dasabuTebis etapi placebo efeqti
damatebiTi cvladi placebo kontroli
damokidebuli cvladi populacia
damoukidebeli cvladi reprezentatuli SerCeva
damkvirveblis tendenciuroba sandooba standartizacia
determinizmi qcevis gazomva
eqsperimentuli meTodi SemTxvevis Seswavla
validoba SerCeva
Teoria cvladi
kvlevis Semdegi interviu cdis pirTa Soris sqema
kontrolis procedura cdis pirTa SigniT sqema
korelaciis koeficienti hipoTeza
korelaciuri meTodi
mecnieruli meTodi
Tavi 3.
3. qcevis biologiuri safuZvlebi

• memkvidreobiToba da qceva
 evolucia da bunebrivi gadarCeva
 adamianis genotipis cvalebadoba

• biologia da qceva
 miyuradeba tvinze
 nervuli sistema
 Tavis tvinis struqturebi da maTi funqciebi
 hemisferoTa lateralizacia
 endokrinuli sistema

• fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi: miRwevebi tvinis funqciebis lokalizaciis

sferoSi

• nervuli sistema moqmedebaSi

 neironi
 moqmedebis potenciali
 sinafsuri gadacema
 neirotransmiterebi da maTi funqciebi

• fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi: rogor gavlenas axdens cxovrebiseuli

gamocdileba tvinze?
• sakvanZo sakiTxebi
 ZiriTadi cnebebi
 71
1848 wlis 13 seqtembers rkinigzis muSas, fineas geijs ubeduri SemTxveva
mouvida: _ moulodneli afeTqebis Sedegad daaxloebiT erTi metri sigrZis
palo TavSi SeerWo. srul gonebaze myofi, geiji etliT miiyvanes
sastumromde, sadac man kibeebze Tavad SeZlo asvla. momdevno ori-sami kviris
ganmavlobaSi geiji sikvdils ebrZoda, oqtombris Sua ricxvebidan ki misi
mdgomareoba mudmivad umjobesdeboda. jon harlou, eqimi, romelmac es
SemTxveva masaCusetis samedicino sazogadoebas 1968 wels moaxsena,
aRniSnavda, rom geijis gadarCena samedicino TvalsazrisiT saswauls
warmoadgenda:

es SemTxveva daaxloebiT oci wlis winaT moxda. naklebad cnobil qalaqSi

(kavendiSi, vermonti). SemTxveva aRweril iqna naklebad cnobili soflis
eqimis mier da metropolitenis eqimebis mierac Zalian didi sifrTxiliT iqna
miRebuli. mravali maTgani uars ambobda daejerebina am adamianis gadarCena,
vidre maT TiTebi mis TavSi arsebul xvrelSi ar Cayves… (harlou, 1968, gv.329).

sinamdvileSi geijs saocrad msubuqi fizikuri dazianebebi qonda. man

dakarga mxedveloba marcxena TvalSi da misi saxis marcxena mxare
nawilobriv paralizebuli iyo, magram misi sxeulis poza, moZraoba da
metyveleba ucvleli darCa. Tumca, fsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT, es iyo sxva
adamiani, rogorc amas misi eqimis angariSi adasturebs:

balansi mis inteleqtualur SesaZleblobebsa da cxovelur midrekilebebs

Soris dairRva. is gaxda meryevi, mouridebeli, RvTisgmobis gamovlenebis
momTmeni adamiani (rac mas adre ar sCveoda). Tavisi megobrebisa da kolegebis
mimarT araviTar pativiscemas ar amJRavnebs; ver itans veranair SeZRudvebs, an
rCevebs, Tu es mis survilebs ar eTanxmeba. zogjer Zalian jiuti da meryevi
uamrav gegmebs awyobs da vidre maT ganxorcielebas daiwyebs, ukve sxva
gegmebze gadadis. Tavis travmamde. is cnobili iyo, rogorc moxerxebuli da
Wkviani biznesmeni, Zalian energiuli da Tanmimdevruli sakuTari gegmebis
aRsrulebaSi. am TvalsazrisiT, misi goneba radikalurad Seicvala, imdenad
cxadad, rom misi megobrebi erTxmad aRniSnavdnen, _ „es aRar iyo geiji“ (gv.
339-340).

geijis travma moxda maSin, rodesac mecnierebi mxolod iwyebdnen

hipoTezebis Seqmnas tvinis funqciebsa da kompleqsur qcevas Soris
kavSirebis arsebobis Sesaxeb. Tumca aravin isurvebda geijis
saxelganTqmulobis gaziarebas, misi SemTxveva dRemde SemorCa istorias,
 72
radganac is warmoadgens yvelaze ufro adreul dokumentirebul cnobas imis
Sesaxeb, rom fsiqologiur procesebs tvinis cxovelqmedeba gansazRvravs.

ratom aris TiToeuli CvenTagani unikaluri individi? fineas geijis

istoriidan gamomdinare, pasuxs am kiTxvaze nawilobriv Tavis tvini da, ufro
zogadad, Tqveni biologiuri Taviseburebebi gansazRvravs. imis gagebaSi rom
dagexmaroT, Tu ra gangansxvavebT Tqven garSemomyofTagan, Cven aRvwerT, ra
rols TamaSobs memkvidreobiToba Tqveni cxovrebis Camoyalibebisa da Tqveni
tvinis formirebis saqmeSi. dafiqrdiT, _ qcevis ra SesaZleblobebi gaaCniaT
adamianebs da rogor vlindeba es SesaZleblobebi TiToeul CvenganSi?
garkveulwilad wignis es Tavi Tqveni biologiuri potencialis
mniSvnelovani aspeqtis dadasturebas warmoadgens. Tqveni tvini sakmarisad
kompleqsuria imisaTvis, rom sakuTari funqciebis sistematuri kontroli da
koordinireba ganaxorcielos. ratom aris is aseTi mniSvnelovani? adamianis
tvins xSirad kompiuters adareben. iwonis ra mxolod 1500 grams, Tqveni tvini
met ujreds Seicavs, vidre varskvlavia Cvens galaqtikaSi – 100 miliardi
ujredi, romelic erTmaneTTanaa dakavSirebuli da informaciis gacvlasa da
Senaxvas saocari efeqturobiT axerxebs. magram msoflioSi yvelaze ufro
Zlieri kompiuteric ki ver SeZlebs im wesebis asaxvas, romlebic mis sakuTar
operaciebs gansazRvraven. ase rom Tqven nebismier kompiuterze bevrad ufro
rTuli agebulebisa xarT; Tqveni cnobiereba saSualebas gaZlevT
gansazRvroT is wesebi, romlebic Tqvens cxovelqmedebas uzrunvelyofen.
kvleva, romelsac Cven wignis am TavSi avRwerT, warmoiqmna adamianis
survilidan, _ Seicnos sakuTari Tavi.
bevri studentisaTvis es Tavi ufro did sirTules warmoadgens, vidre
mTeli am wignis darCenili nawili. is moiTxovs Tqvengan anatomiisa da
mravali axali terminis swavlas, romelic TiTqos Zalian Sorsaa im
informaciisagan, romelsac Tqven fsiqologiis Sesavlis kursSi moelodiT.
miuxedavad yvelafrisa, Tqveni biologiuri bunebis gageba dagexmarebaT ufro
kompleqsurad SeigrZnoT urTierTkavSiri tvins, gonebas, qcevasa da garemos
Soris, romelic im gansakuTrebul SegrZnebas gansazRvravs, rasac qvia iyo
adamiani.
am Tavis mizania, agixsnaT, Tu rogor monawileobs biologia unikaluri
individebis SeqmnaSi. am miznis misaRwevad Cven jer avRwerT, rogor
gansazRvravs evolucia da memkvidreobiToba Tqvens biologiasa da qcevas;
Semdeg vnaxavT, rogor gvexmareba laboratoriuli da klinikuri kvleva
 73
tvinis, nervuli da endokrinuli sistemebis muSaobis SeswavlaSi. amis
Semdgom ganvixilavT saintereso kavSirebs biologiur funqciebsa da
cxovrebiseul gamocdilebas Soris. dabolos, Cven SeviswavliT individebs
Soris gansxvavebas tvinsa da qcevas Soris kavSiris fonze.

memkvidreobiToba da qceva

pirvel TavSi Cven ganvsazRvreT, rom fsiqologiis erT-erTi umTavresi

amocanaa, Seiswavlos adamianis qcevis mravalferovnebis gamomwvevi mizezebi.
am mizezebis dadgenaSi dagvexmareba kavSir-gansxvaveba iseT punqtebs Soris,
rogoricaa buneba – aRzrda; memkvidreobiToba – garemo. Tqven SegiZliaT
warmoidginoT, rom individebi agresiulni arian maTi biologiuri
Taviseburebebis gamo. SesaZloa maT romelime mSoblisagan memkvidreobiT
ergoT tendencia agresiulobisaken. alternatiuli variantia imis daSveba,
rom yvela adamianSi agresiuloba Tanabradaa warmodgenili da misi
gamomJRavnebis xarisxi damokidebulia im garemoze, sadac es adamianebi
aRizardnen. swori pasuxi am kiTxvaze Zireulad gansazRvravs imas, Tu rogor
unda moepyros sazogadoeba agresiul individs – moaxmaros Zalisxmeva
garemos garkveuli pirobebisa Tu Tavad adamianebis Tvisebebis Secvlas.
Tqven unda SegeZloT ganasxvavoT garemos gavlena memkvidreobiTobisagan.
radganac garemoze dakvirveba pirdapir SeiZleba, ufro advilia imis
dadgena, Tu rogor axdens is gavlenas adamianis qcevaze. magaliTad, Tqven
SegiZliaT daakvirdeT mSoblis agresiul qcevas bavSvis mimarT da
warmoidginoT, ra gavlenas moaxdens es momavalSi bavSvis agresiulobaze;
Tqven SegiZliaT daakvirdeT Warbdasaxlebul da Rarib garemocvas, romelSic
bavSvebi izrdebian da dainteresdeT, SeuZlia Tu ara am garemo pirobebs
agresiuli qcevis gamowveva. biologiur Zalebs, romlebic qcevas
gansazRvraven, SeuiaraRebeli TvaliT verasdros davakvirdebiT. qcevis
biologia rom ukeT gaiTavisoT, Cven daviwyebT zogierTi iseTi principis
aRweriT, romelic saxeobebis qcevis potenciur repertuars gansazRvravs
(evoluciis Teoriis elementebi) da mere aRvwerT, Tu rogor gadaecema
qceviTi variaciebi Taobidan Taobas.

evolucia da bunebrivi gadarCeva

1831 wels Carlz darvini, romelmac koleji Teologiis ganxriT

daamTavra, inglisidan gem „bigliT“ gaemgzavra xuTwlian eqspediciaSi
samxreT amerikis sanapiros Sesaswavlad. mogzaurobis dros darvini
 74
agrovebda yvelafers, rac ki mas gzad xvdeboda: _ zRvis cxovelebs,
frinvelebs, mcenareebs, namarxebs, niJarebsa da qvebs. misi dakvirvebebis
Sedegebi safuZvlad daedo wigns, romelic moicavda sakiTxebs dawyebuli
geologiidan zoologiisa da emociebis CaTvliT. wigni, romelmac mas
sayovelTaod gauTqva saxeli, aris 1859 wels gamocemuli saxeobaTa
warmoSoba. am naSromSi darvinma Camoayaliba mecnierebis erT-erTi
umniSvnelovanesi Teoria: _ moZRvreba dedamiwaze sicocxlis evoluciis
Sesaxeb.

bunebrivi gadarCeva
darvinma Camoayaliba moZRvreba evoluciis Sesaxeb, romelSic
mogzaurobis dros Segrovili dakvirvebebis Sedegebi aisaxa. erT-erTi im
mravalricxovan adgilTa Soris, romelic „biglma“ moinaxula, iyo
galapagosis kunZulebi – vulkanuri arqipelagi samxreT amerikis dasavleT
sanapirosTan. am kunZulebze uamravi cxoveli binadrobs, maT Soris amJamad
darvinis skvinCad cnobili frinvelis 13 saxeoba. darvini dainteresda, Tu
ratom arsebobda skvinCas amdeni sxvadasxva saxeoba arqipelagze. cxadi iyo,
rom isini kontinentidan ver gadmovidodnen, radganac iq es saxeobebi ar
binadrobdnen. man ivarauda, rom saxeobaTa es sxvadasxvaoba iyo Sedegi
garkveuli procesisa, romelsac mogvianebiT bunebrivi gadarCeva uwoda.

• bunebrivi gadarCeva – darvinis Teoriis mixedviT, saxeobis zogierTi warmomadgenlis ukeTesi Segueba
garemosadmi, saSualebas aZlevs mas sxvasTan SedarebiT ufro warmatebulad gamravldes.

darvinis Teoriis Tanaxmad, skvinCas yoveli saxeoba saerTo winaprisagan

warmoiSva. Tavidan frinvelebis patara gundma daido bina kunZulebze; isini
gamravldnen erTmaneTTan Sejvarebis gziT. droTa ganmavlobaSi, zogierTi
frinveli arqipelagis sxva kunZulze gadavida. procesi, romelic Semdgom
etapze ganviTarda, iyo bunebrivi gadarCeva. sakvebi resursebi da
sacxovrebeli pirobebi – bunebrivi pirobebi – mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba
sxvadasxva kunZulze. zogan uxvadaa kenkra da Teslovani mcenareebi, zogi
kunZuli kaqtusebiTaa dafaruli, xolo sxvaze uamravi mweria. erTi SexedviT,
populaciebi sxvadasxva kunZulze msgavsi iyo – magram yovel kunZulze
frinvelebs Soris garkveuli araerTgvarovneba arsebobda. imis gamo, rom
kunZulebze sakvebi resursebis raodenoba SezRuduli iyo, skvinCebis
gadarCenis Sansi izrdeboda, Tu maTi niskartis forma ukeT iyo misadagebuli
am kunZulze arsebuli sakvebis mopovebisaTvis. magaliTad, skvinCebi,
 75
romlebic kenkriTa da Teslovani mcenareebiT mdidar kunZulebze
binadrobdnen, gadarCebodnen, Tu msxvili niskarti hqondaT. frinvelebi
wvrili, wawvetebuli niskartiT, romelic mouxerxebelia Teslis gatexvisa
Tu gaxsnisaTvis, aseT kunZulebze iRupebodnen. yoveli kunZulis garemo
pirobebi gansazRvravda, frinvelebis sawyisi populaciidan romeli
gadarCeboda da gamravldeboda, da romeli daiRupeboda STamomavlobis
gareSe. droTa ganmavlobaSi aman gamoiwvia kunZulebze Zalian gansxvavebuli
populaciebis Camoyalibeba da xeli Seuwyo saerTo winaprisagan darvinis
skvinCebis sxvadasxva saxeobebis ganviTarebas.
zogadad, bunebrivi gadarCevis Teoria gulisxmobs, rom organizmi,
romelic kargad aris Seguebuli bunebriv garemos, rogoric ar unda iyos
igi, ufor met STamomavlobas tovebs, vidre naklebad Seguebuli. drois
ganmavlobaSi, organizmebi, romelTac gadarCenisaTvis saWiro niSan-Tvisebebi
gaaCniaT, ricxobrivad imateben imaTTan SedarebiT, romelTac es niSan-Tviseba
ar aqvs. evoluciisaTvis individis warmateba izomeba mis mier datovebuli
STamomavlobis raodenobiT.
Tanamedrove gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom bunebriv gadarCevas mokle drois
ganmavlobaSic ki dramatuli efeqtebis gamowveva SeuZlia. peter da rozmari
grantebis mier (Grant & Grant, 1989; Grant, 1986; Weiner, 1994) galapagosis
arqipelagis erT-erT kunZulze darvinis skvinCebze Catarebul iqna
gamokvlevaTa seria, romlis drosac registrirebul iqna naleqebis
raodenoba, sakvebis miwodeba da frinvelebis populaciis zoma. 1976 wels
populacia moicavda aTasze met skvinCas. momdevno wels gamanadgurebelma
gvalvam mospo sakvebis maragi. patara zomis Teslebi gamoifita, darCa
mxolod didi da uxeSi. im wels frinvelTa populacia Semcirda 80%-ze
metiT, TumcaRa, unda aRiniSnos, rom patara niskartebis mqone mcire zomis
skvinCebi ufro meti daiRupa, vidre mozrdili zomis frinveli msxvili
niskartiT. Sesabamisad, rogorc amas darvini winaswarmetyvelebda, momdevno
wels didi zomis frinvelTa raodenobam imata. ratom? imitom rom mxolod
eseni, didi sxeulebiTa da msxvili niskartebiT iyvnen sakmarisad Zlierni
imisaTvis, rom epasuxaT gvalviT gamowveuli garemos cvlilebebisaTvis.
sainteresoa, rom 1983 wels naleqebis raodenoba Warbi iyo da Teslebi,
gansakuTrebiT mcire zomis, uxvad ganviTarda. Sedegad, mcire zomis
frinvelebma raodenobaSi ajobes didi zomis frinvelebs, imitom, rom maTi
niskartebi ukeT iyo morgebuli mcire zomis Teslebis mopovebisaTvis. peter
 76
da rozmari grantebis kvlevam aCvena, rom bunebrivi gadarCeva mniSvnelovan
efeqtebs drois mokle periodSic iZleva. dResac mkvlevaebi agrZeleben
sxvadasxva saxeobebis bunebriv gadarCevaze garemo pirobebis gavlenis
Seswavlas, maT Soris evropul xilis buzze (Huey et al., 200) da Tevzebis
sxvadasxva saxeobaze (Rundle et. al., 2000).

genotipi da fenotipi
skvinCebis populaciis zrda-Semcirebis magaliTi cxadyofs, Tu ratom
uwodebda darvini evoluciis process ukeT Seguebulis gadarCenas.
warmoidgineT, rom yoveli saxeobisaTvis nebismier garemoSi uamravi saarsebo
sirTule moiZebneba. saxeobis is warmomadgenlebi, romelTac garemosTan ukeT
Sexamebuli fizikuri da fsiqologiuri atributebi gaaCniaT, ufro advilad
gadarCebian. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom am atributebis gadacema SesaZloa
Taobidan TaobaSi (da garemoSi es sirTuleebi droTa ganmavlobaSi
narCundeba), saxeobis evoluciis Sansi izrdeba.
bunebrivi gadarCevis procesis detaluri Seswavlis mizniT, Cven unda
SemovitanoT evoluciuri Teoriis ramdenime mniSvnelovani cneba. modiT,
SevCerdeT calkeul skvinCaze, kerZodDki im faqtze, rom am skvinCam misi
mSoblebisgan memkvidreobiT genotipi,
genotipi anu genetikuri struqtura miiRo.
konkretuli garemos konteqstSi am genotipma gansazRvra skvinCas ganviTareba
da qceva. skvinCas garegnoba da misi qcevis repertuari ganixileba rogorc
fenotipi.
fenotipi Cveni skvinCas SemTxvevaSi genotipi gansazRvravs mocemul garemo
pirobebTan erTad mokle niskartis fenotips; am niskartiT SesaZlebelia
patara Teslebis akrefa. yvela tipis Tesli mravlad rom yofiliyo, maSin am
fenotips gadarCenisaTvis araviTari mniSvneloba eqneboda. magram Tu
davuSvebT, rom mxolod mcire zomis Teslebis mopoveba yofiliyo
SesaZlebeli, maSin Cven skvinCas msxvili niskartis mqone skvinCebTan
SedarebiT seleqtiuri upiratesoba eqneboda. mxolod didi zomis Teslebis
arsebobis pirobebSi iqneboda Cveni skvinCa araxelsayrel mdgomareobaSi.
mxolod gadarCenil skvinCebs SeuZliaT gamravleba. memkvidreobiT
TavianTi genotipis gadacema SeuZliaT mxolod im cxovelebs, romlebic
mravldeba. Sesabamisad, Tuki garemoSi mxood mcire zomis Teslebi moipoveba,
mravali Taobis Semdeg mxolod mcireniskartian skvinCebs miviRebT –
Sesabamisad mxolod mcire zomis Teslebis mopovebis unariT. ase cvlis
garemo saxeobis qcevis SesaZlo repertuars. suraTi 3.1 warmogvidgens
 77
bunebrivi gadarCevis gamartivebul models. Cven SegviZlia es idea adamianis
evoluciasac mivusadagoT.

• genotipi – organizmis genetikuri struqtura, romelsac is mSoblebisagan memkvidreobiT iRebs.

• fenotipi – organizmis xiluli niSan-Tvisebebi, romlebic misi genotipisa da garemos
urTierTqmedebis Sedegad yalibdeba.

adamianis evolucia
Tuki gadavxedavT im garemoebebs, romlebSic adamianis saxeobis evolucia
moxda, mivxvdebiT, Tu ratom warmoadgenen garkveuli fizikuri da qceviTi
Tvisebebi adamianis saxeobis biologiuri kapitalis nawils. adamianis
evoluciaSi bunebrivi gadarCevisTvis ori umTavresi Tviseba – bipedalizmi
da encefalizacia – iyo gadamwyveti. orivem erTad ganapiroba kacobriobis
civilizaciis warmoqmna. bipedalizmi niSnavs or fexze amarTulad siarulis
unars, xolo encefalizacia – Tavis tvinis zomis momatebas. es ori
adaptacia pasuxismgebelia adamianis evoluciis umravles – Tu ara, yvela
miRwevaze, kulturuli ganviTarebis CaTvliT. rodesac Cvenma winaprebma
SeZles or fexze amarTuli siaruli, maT SeiZines garemos Seswavlisa da
axali resursebis eqspluataciis unari; Tavis tvinis zomis momatebasTan
erTad ki maTi inteleqti gaumjobesda, maT SeiZines kompleqsuri azrovnebis,
msjelobis, damaxsovrebisa da dagegmvis unari (Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom
ufro didi tvinis evolucia ar warmoadgens ufro didi inteleqtis
garantias – mniSvnelovani iyo is, Tu ra tipis tvinis qsovili viTaredeboda
da ra adgils ikavebda is tvinis farglebSi). genotipma, romelic
gansazRvravda Wkvian da mobilur fenotips, nel-nela gandevna naklebad
warmatebulad adaptirebuli genotipebi adamianTa genuri fondidan, ramac
gamravlebis unari ufro Wkvian orfexa arsebebs misca.
bipedalizmisa da encefalizaciis Semdeg, Cveni saxeobis evoluciis gzaze
yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovani etapi iyo metyvelebis warmoqmna (Bicketron, 1990;
Holden, 1998). ifiqreT, ra SeguebiTi upiratesoba SeeZlo moetana metyvelebis
ganviTarebas adreuli periodis adamianebisaTvis. iaraRebis gakeTebisaTvis
saWiro martivi miTiTebebi, kargi sanadiro Tu saTevzao adgilebis povna da
saSiSroebis Tavidan acileba zogavda dros, Zalas da sicocxles. imis
magier, rom yovel jerze Tavidan eswavlaT sakuTari gamocdilebidan cdisa
da Secdomis meTodiT, adamianebma SeZles sxvaTa gamocdilebis gamoyeneba.
saubari, iumoric ki, aZlierebda socialur kavSirebs bunebrivad isedac
 78
sazogadoebrivi saxeobis wevrebs Soris. yvelaze mniSvnelovania is, rom
metyvelebis warmoqmna-ganviTarebam SesaZlo gaxada dagrovili codnis
gadacema Taobidan Taobaze.

garemos gavlena
(cvlilebebi garemoSi)

konkurencia
(resursebisaTvis)

ukeT Seguebuli
fenotipis SerCeva
(mraval fenotips Soris)

warmatebuli reproduqcia
(Seguebuli fenotipis Sesabamisi genotipi
gadaecema momdevno Taobas)

am genotipis (da fenotipis)

sixSire matulobs
(momdevno TaobaSi)

sur. 3.1. rogor muSaobs bunebrivi gadarCeva

garemo pirobebis cvlileba ganapirobebs saxeobis wevrebs Soris
konkurencias resursebisaTvis brZolaSi. mxolod im individebs, romelTac am
cvlilebebTan ukeT Seguebuli Tvisebebi gaaCniaT, eqnebaT gadarCenisa da
gamravlebis Sansi. momdevno TaobaSi Seguebuli genetikuri struqturis mqone
individTa raodenoba meti iqneba.

metyveleba warmoadgens kulturuli evoluciis bazas - kulturebis

tendecia, daswavlis gziT adapturad upasuxos garemos cvlilebebs.
kulturulma evoluciam ganapiroba iaraRebis warmoebis warmateba, soflis
meurneobis gaumjobeseba da industriisa da teqnologiebis ganviTareba da
daxvewa. kulturuli evolucia saSualebas gvaZlevs Zalian swrafad
SeveguoT garemo pirobebis cvlilebebs. personaluri kompiuteris
gamoyenebis Segueba, magaliTad, bolo 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi ganviTarda.
miuxedavad amisa, kulturuli evolucia ver iarsebebs genotipis gareSe,
 79
romelic kodirebs daswavlisa da abstraqtuli azrovnebis unars. kultura –
xelovnebis, literaturis, musikis, samecniero codnisa da filantropiuli
aqtivobebis CaTvliT – SesaZloa mxolod adamianis genotipis potencialis
gamo.

adamianis genotipis cvalebadoba

Tqven naxeT, rom adamianis evoluciis dros upiratesoba saziaro

biologiur potencials eniWwboda: mag. bipedalizmi da azrovnebisa da
metyvelebis unari. magram am saziaro potencialSic rCeba adgili sagrZnobi
variaciebisaTvis. Tqvenma ded-mamam gadmogcaT mxolod nawili imisa, rac maT
mSoblebisgan, bebia-babuisagan da Tqveni ojaxis yvela sxva wina Taobisagan
hqondaT mirebuli, ramac Sedegad mogvca Tqveni ganviTarebis unikaluri
biologiuri gegma. memkvidreobiTobis (winaprebis fizikuri da fsiqologiuri
niSan-Tvisebebis miRebas) meqanizmis Semswavlel mecnierebas genetika ewodeba.

genetikis safuZvlebi

Tqveni yoveli ujredis birTvSi moTavsebulia genetikuri masala,

romelsac dnm (dezoqsiribonukleinis mJava) ewodeba. dnm organizebulia
umcires nawilakebad, genebad.
genebad genebis zusti raodenoba adamianis genomSi
(genTa erToblioba) dRemde araa cnobili; asaxeleben ricxvs 30 000-dan 150
000-mde (Pennisi, 2000). genebi Seicaven cilebis sinTezisaTvis saWiro
instruqciebs. es cilebi aregulireben sxeulSi mimdinare fiziologiur
procesebs da ganapirobeben fenotipis eqspresias: _ sxeulis formas, fizikur
Zalas da bevr sxva qceviT Tvisebas.
genebi moTavsebulia struqturebze, romelTac qromosomebi ewodeba.
Casaxvis momentSi Tqven iRebT mSoblebisagan 46 qromosomas – 23-s dedisgan
da 23-s mamisgan. yoveli qromosoma aTasobiT gens Seicavs – spermisa da
kvercxujredis Serwyma Sedegad gvaZlevs genTa mravali milioni SesaZlo
kombinaciidan mxolod erTs. sasqeso qromosomebi Seicaven informacias
mamrisa Tu mdedris fizikuri ganviTarebis Sesaxeb. Tqven iRebT X qromosomas
dedisgan da X an Y qromosomas mamisgan. XX kombinacia ganapirobebs
mdedrobiTi Tvisebebis ganviTarebas, xolo XY kombinacia – mamrobiTi
Tvisebebis ganviTarebas.

• memkvidreobiToba – niSan-Tvisebebis biologiuri gadacema mSoblebidan STamomavlobaze.

• genetika – mecniereba winaprebisgan miRebuli fizikuri da fsiqologiuri Tvisebebis
memkvidreobiTobis Sesaxeb.
• dnm (dezoqsiribonukleinis mJava) - genetikuri informaciis gadacemis fizikuri baza.
• geni – memkvidreobiTobis fizikuri erTeuli; qromosomebis patara ubani, romelic
pasuxismgebelia Tvisebebis gadacemaze.
 80

miuxedavad imisa, rom Tqvens dedmamiSvilebTan Tqven daaxloebiT genTa

50% saerTo gaqvT, genTa Tqveni kombinacia absoluturad unikaluria, Tuki
Tqven ar gyavT erTkvercxiani tyupi. genebs Soris sxvaoba aris erT-erTi
mizezi, Tu ratom gansxvavdebiT Tqven fizikurad da qceviTac Tqveni Zmebisa
da debisagan. sxva mizezi ki isaa, rom Tqven ar cxovrobT absoluturad
identur garemoSi. fsiqologiis mniSvnelovani mizania, zemoqmedebis am or
wyaros Soris wonasworobis (balansis) gageba.

genebi da qceva
Cven vnaxeT, rom evoluciurma procesma SesaZlo gaxada adamianis
genotipSi uamravi cvalebadobis arseboba; am genotipTa urTierTqmedeba
garemosTan qmnis cvalebadobas adamianTa fenotipSi. adamianTa qcevis
genetikis sferoSi mkvlevrebi Tanabrad iyeneben genetikisa da fsiqologiis
meTodebs, raTa Seiswavlon mizezobrivi urTierTkavSiri niSan-TvisebaTa
memkvidreobiTobasa da qcevas Soris (Maccoby, 2000; Plomin & Rende, 1991; Plomin et
al., 1994).
qceviTi genetikis logikis Sesaswavlad Cven unda aRvweroT saocari
aRmoCena: _ Tqveni subieqturi kargad yofnis – bednierebis, romelsac Tqven
Tqveni cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi ganicdiT – safuZvels, SesaZloa, genetikuri
komponenti gansazRvravdes.
saidan viciT

bednierebis memkvidreobiToba
bednierebis genetikuri komponentis Sesaswavlad mkvlevrebma gamoiyenes
qceviTi genetikis klasikuri meTodi. maT Seiswavles monozigoturi
(genetikurad identuri) (MZ) da dizigoturi (e.w. fraternuli, anu sibsebis
msgavsi) (DZ) tyupebis mier sakuTari bednierebis Sefaseba. tyupebis
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bednierebis done fasdeboda specialuri kiTxvariT, romelSic iyo aseTi
tipis kiTxvebic, magaliTad, „sxvebTan SedarebiT, ramdenad bednieri xarT?“.
mkvlevrebma Seiswavles MZ da DZ pasuxebis ori seria, rodesac
respondentebi Sesabamisad 20 da 30 wlisa iyvnen. maT Caatares e.w. jvaredini
analizi (suraTi 3.2): _ 30 wlis respondentis gamonaTqvami Seadares misi
tyupiscalis gamonaTqvams 20 wlis asakSi. gamoirkva, rom TiTqmis ar
arsebobda korelacia DZ tyupebis pasuxebs Soris. maSin rodesac MZ
tyupebSi pasuxebis 80%-is korelacia jvaredini analizis Sedegad
dadasturda. mecnierebis warmodgeniT, es maRali korelacia SeiZleba aixsnas
mxolod im daSvebiT, rom bednierebas genetikuri komponenti aqvs (Lykken &
Tellegen, 1996).

arsebobs korelacia?
20 wlis 30 wlis

„A“ tyupis bednierebis „A“ tyupis bednierebis

done done

„B“ tyupis bednierebis „B“ tyupis bednierebis

done done

sur. 3.2. bednierebis genetikuri safuZvlis Semswavleli cdis sqema

mecnierebma Seiswavles korelacia erTi tyupis bednierebis doneebs Soris 20
da 30 wlis asakSi.

xom ar gagikvirdaT, rom bednierebasac ki SesaZloa Zlieri genetikuri

komponenti hqondes? Tqven, albaT, fiqrobT, rom bednierebas garemo ufro
metad gansazRvravs. Tqven romantiuli urTierToba gaqvT? ramdenad rTulia
Tqveni swavlis procesi? romelia Tqveni cxovrebis mTavari winaaRmdegobebi?
mkvlevrebs miaCniaT, rom garemos aseTi movlenebi iwvevs dabadebis dros
miRebuli „bednierebis saSualo donis“ garkveul variaciebs. analogiisaTvis.
gaixseneT rogor muSaobs Termostati. davuSvaT, Tqven temperatura daayeneT
20°C-ze; garemo garkveulad Secvlis am temperaturas, magram saSualo
maCvenebeli igive darCeba. bednierebis sakiTxis kvlevam aCvena, rom yovel
Cvengans aqvs bednierebis donis raRac sawyisi maCvenebeli (analogiiT, mag.,
10°C, 20°C, an 30°C), romelic narCundeba mTeli cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi
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mimdinare movlenebis miuxedavad. magram aucilebelia, rom amas geni (an
genebi) gansazRvravdes? gaixseneT wignis meore Tavidan: _ „korelacia ar aris
mizezobrioba“. SesaZloa, rom individis qcevis sxva aspeqtebma, an
gamocdilebam gansazRvros genetikurad ganpirobebuli bednierebis
gamovlena. identuri da dizigoturi tyupebis magaliTi gviCvenebs, rom
genomis elementebs aqvT gavlena bednierebaze. davuSvaT, rom Tqveni
genetikuri memkvidreoba gansazRvravs, Tu rogor afasebT Tqven momxdar
movlenebs – rom Tqveni da an Zma genetikurad ganwyobilia ufro metad
daiTrgunos umniSvnelo problemebisagan. Tqven, SesaZloa, ufro bednieri
iyoT, magram genetika gansazRvravs, Tu rogor axdenT Tqven samyaros
interpretacias, romelic, Tavis mxriv, ganapirobebs gansxvavebebs
bednierebaSi, an, SesaZloa, saSualo keTildReoba warmoadgens balanss
pozitiuri da negatiuri emociebis gamomwvev genebs Soris (Hamer, 1996).
rogori axsnac ar unda moiZebnos, erTi ram cxadia: mSoblebisagan miRebuli
genebi ufro farTo gavlenas axdenen Tqvenze, vidre mxolod Tvalis ferisa
Tu Tqveni simaRlis gansazRvraa.
daimaxsovreT, rom genebSi Tqveni bedis kodi araa Cadebuli. is rom Tqven
maRali xarT, ar niSnavs, rom kalaTburTi unda iTamaSoT; is, rom Tqven qali
xarT, ar niSnavs, rom aucileblad bavSvebi unda gaaCinoT. yovelTvis
gaxsovdeT, rom genotipis eqspresia mxolod garkveul konteqstSia
SesaZlebeli. fizikuri zoma, magaliTad, ganpirobebulia genetikuri masaliTa
da kvebis racioniT erToblivad. fizikuri Zala rogorc mamakacebSi, ise
qalebSi, SesaZloa, ganviTarebul iqnes specialuri savarjiSoebis meSveobiT.
inteleqtualuri ganviTareba ganpirobebulia rogorc genetikuri
potencialiT, ise aRzrdis pirobebiT. verc marto genebi da verc marto
garemo ver gansazRvravs, vin xarT Tqven da ra pirovnebad CamoyalibdebiT.
adamianis qcevis genetikaSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba individualuri
gansxvavebebis warmoSobis Seswavlas eTmoba: _ individualuri genetikuri
masalis ra faqtorebi gansazRvraven Tqveni azrovnebisa da qcevis maneras?
sociobiologebi cdiloben am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemas qcevis farTo
speqtris fonze. es sfero Seiswavlis socialur qcevas da adamianebisa da
sxva cxovelebis socialuri sistemebis evoluciur safuZvlebs. modiT
bednierebaSi ufro meti vigulisxmoT. Cven mxolod qceviTi genetikis kvleva
aRvwereT, romelic bednierebis sferoSi individualur gansxvavebebs
Seiswavlis, magram rogor SeiZleba aixsnas evoluciuri perspeqtividan
 83
adamianis saxeobis zogadi unari bednierebis gancdisa? basi (2000) uSvebs, rom
adamianTa bednierebaSi garkveuli SezRudvebia „Tanamedrove da Zvel
garemoebebs Soris arsebuli Seusabamobebis“ gamo (gv. 15). magaliTad,
miuxedavad imisa, rom adamianebi mcire zomis jgufebis konteqstSi
ganviTardnen, bevri dRes did urbanul garemoSi cxovrobs, sadac didi
raodenobiT ucxoebiT aris garemoculi. Cven aRar SegvrCa mWidro kavSirebi
individTa im jgufebTan, romelTanac saarsebo sivrces viyofT; kavSirebi,
romlebic gvexmareba bednieri cxovrebis gancdaSi. ra SeiZleba gakeTdes?
miuxedavad imisa, rom Tqven ar SegiZliaT ukan daabrunoT am cvlilebebis
gamomwvevi kulturuli evolucia, Tqven SegiZliaT arsebuli viTarebis
kompensireba Tqvens ojaxTan da megobrebTan mWidro kavSirebis damyarebiT
(Buss, 2000).

Sejameba
saxeobebi warmoiqmneba da icvleba drois ganmavlobaSi bunebrivi
gadarCevis Sedegad, romelic warmoadgens organizmis unars sxvadasxva
intensivobiT gamravldes fenotipuri Tvisebebisa da garemos Soris
urTierTqmedebis gamo. adamianis evoluciaSi ori umTavresi Segueba iyo
bipedalizmi da encefalizacia. metyvelebis ganviTarebam SesaZlo gaxada
swrafi kulturuli evolucia.
adamianis qceviTi genetikis mkvlevrebi Seiswavlian kavSirs memkvidreobiT
miRebul genebsa da qcevas Soris. sociobiologebi iyeneben evoluciur
midgomas saxeobebis socialuri qcevis gagebisaTvis.

biologia da qceva

modiT, axla Cveni yuradReba mivapyroT adamianis genotipis mniSvnelovan

produqts: im biologiur sistemebs, romelTa meSveobiTac azrovnebisa da
qcevis mTel speqtrs vaxorcielebT. bevrad ufro adre darvinis
mogzaurobamde, mecnierebi, filosofosebi da sxvebi msjelobdnen, Tu ra
rols asruleben biologiuri sistemebi yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. tvinis
Seswavlis istoriaSi erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi figura iyo rene dekarti
(1596-1650), romelmac SemogvTavaza imdroisaTvis Zalzed radikaluri idea: _
adamianis sxeuli aris „cxoveluri manqana“, romelic SeiZleba mecnierulad
SeviswavloT –empiriuli dakvirvebis gziT bunebrivi kanonebis aRmoCenios
meSveobiT. dekarti Tvlida, rom adamianis qmedeba aris meqanikuri refleqsi
 84
garemos mxridan stimulaciis sapasuxod. man ivarauda, rom fizikuri energia
aagznebs grZnobis organos. stimulirebis Semdeg grZnobis organo gadascems
tvins agznebas „cxoveluri sulis“ meSveobiT; tvini, Tavis mxriv, gadascems
cxovelur suls kunTebis Sesabamis jgufs, romlebic moZraobiT refleqsur
pasuxs axorcieleben.
refleqsis dekartiseul cnebas mecnieruli dasabuTeba ar hqonda 1906
wlamde, rodesac ser Carlz Seringtonma aRmoaCina, rom refleqsebis
safuZvels warmoadgenen pirdapiri kavSirebi sensorul da motorul nervul
boWkoebs Soris zurgis tvinis doneze. Seringtonma wamoayena idea, rom
nervuli sistema rogorc amagznebel (nervuli aqtivobis gaZliereba), ise
Semakavebel (nervuli aqtivobis Semcireba) procesebs moicavs. me-20 saukunis
dasawyisamde mecnierebma araferi icodnen nervuli sistemis struqturuli
erTeulis, neironis Sesaxeb. santiago ramon kaxali iyo pirveli, vinc
aRmoaCina fizikuri zRvari mezobel neironebs Soris da ganaviTara Teoria
neironebs Soris informaciis gadacemis Sesaxeb. ormocdaaTi wlis Semdeg,
eleqtronuli mikroskopis gamoyenebam daadastura misi ideebi. 1948 wels
donald hebma ivarauda, rom tvini ara mxolod nervuli qsovilis masaa,
aramed integrirebuli struqturebis, e.w. „ujreduli ansamblebis“
erTobliobaa, romlebic specifikur funqciebs asruleben.
dekartis Semdeg moxseniebuli mkvlevrebi Tavs neiromecnierebs uwodeben.
dRes, neiromecniereba kvlevis erT-erTi yvelaze ufro swrafad
ganviTarebadi sferoa. mniSvnelovani aRmoCenebi gamaognebeli regularobiT
xdeba. neiromecnierebis Sesaxeb Cveni saubari daiwyeba im teqnikuri meTodebis
aRweriT, romlebac mkvlevrebi axali aRmoCenebisaTvis iyeneben. Semdeg
gavecnobiT nervuli sistemis zogad struqturas, romelsac tvinis ufro
detaluri Seswavla mosdevs. dabolos, Cven gavecnobiT endokrinuli sistemis
moqmedebas – meore makontrolebeli biologiuri sistema, romelic nervul
sistemasTan erTad muSaobs.

• neiromecniereba – moZRvreba nervuli sistemisa da qcevaze misi gavlenis Sesaxeb.

movusminoT tvins

neiromecnierebi cdiloben sxvadasxva meTodebis meSveobiT Seiswavlon

tvinis muSaoba – dawyebuli operaciebiT did, TvalisaTvis dasanax
struqturebze damTavrebuli ujredebiT, romelTa danaxva mxolod Zlieri
 85
mikroskopis qveSaa SesaZlebeli. mkvlevrebis mier gamoyenebul teqnikas
analizis garkveuli done Seesabameba. aq Cven ganvixilavT yvelaze ufro
xSirad gamoyenebad meTodebs, romlebic Tavis tvinis ubnebis funqciebisa Tu
qcevis gansazRvrisaTvisaa saWiro.

intervencia tvinSi
mravali kvleviTi meTodi neiromecnierebaSi gulisxmobs tvinSi pirdapir
intervencias. es meTodebi istoriul sawyiss fineas geijis SemTxvevidan
iReben, romliTac Cven wignis es Tavi daviwyeT. geijis Tavis tvinis
dazianebis Semdeg qcevis dramatulma cvlilebebma eqimebs afiqrebina, rom
tvini warmoadgens racionaluri qcevisa da pirovnuli Tvisebebis safuZvels.
TiTqmis imave periodSi, rodesac geiji travmis Semdeg mdgomareobidan
gamodioda, pol broka swavlobda tvinis rols metyvelebaSi. misi pirveli
kvleva am sferoSi warmoadgenda adamianis autofsias, romelsac Searqves
„tan“ im erTaderTi sityvis mixedviT, romlis warmoTqmac mas SeeZlo. brokam
naxa, rom „tanis“ tvinis Sublis marcxena ubani Zlier dazianebuli iyo. am
aRmoCenam ubiZga brokas Seeswavla im pacientebis tvini, romelTac
metyvelebis moSliloba hqondaT. yvela SemTxvevaSi broka poulobda msgavs
dazianebas tvinis igive ubanSi, romelsac exla brokas are ewodeba.
Tanamedrove mkvlevrebi kvlavac cdiloben ipovon Sesabamisoba qcevis
cvlilebebsa da tvinis dazianebas Soris.
SemTxveviT dazianebuli tvinis SeswavlaSi garkveul problemas
warmoadgens is, rom mecnierebs ar SeuZliaT Tavad gansazRvron dazianebis
ubani da zoma. tvinis safuZvliani Seswavlisa da qceviT Tu kognitur
funqciebs Soris kavSirebis dadgenis mizniT mecnierebs sWirdebaT meTodebi,
romlebic maT tvinis dazianebuli qsovilis zusti specifikaciis saSualebas
miscems. mkvlevrebma ganaviTares meTodebi, romelTa saSualebiTac SesaZloa
zustad gansazRvruli dazianebebis gamowveva. maT SeuZliaT, magaliTad,
tvinis gansazRvruli ubnebis mocileba, am ubnebis neironuli kavSirebis
gadaWra, an am ubnebis dazianeba sicxis, sicivisa Tu eleqtrobis gamoyenebiT.
rogorc, albaT, mixvdiT, tvinis eqsperimentuli dazianeba mxolod sacdel
cxovelebze, da ara adamianebze, xorcieldeba (gaixseneT Cveni diskusia
wignis meore TavSi, rom aseTi tipis cxoveluri eqsperimentebis eTika amJamad
umkacres kontrols eqvemdebareba). tvinis Cveneuli gageba radikalurad
Seicvala, rodesac mecnierebma Seadares da Seiswavles cxovelebze
dazianebiTi cdebis Sedegebi adamianebis klinikuri monacemebis Sedegebs.
 86
garkveul pirobebSi mecnierebs SeuZliaT tvinis funqciebis Seswavla misi
ubnebis pirdapiri stimulaciis meSveobiT. magaliTad, 50-ian wlebSi, valter
hesi iyo tvinis Rrma struqturebis eleqtruli stimulaciis pioneri. man
Canerga eleqtrodebi Tavisuflad moZravi katis tvinSi. Rilakze TiTis
daWeriT mas SeeZlo Canergil eleqtrodSi eleqtruli muxtis gamowveva. hesma
daaxloebiT 500 kataze detalurad Seiswavla tvinis 4500 ubnis eleqtruli
stimulaciis Sedegebi da aRmoaCina, rom eleqtrodis lokalizaciis mixedviT
SesaZlebeli iyo Rilakze TiTis daWeriT Zilis, sqesobrivi aqtivobis, SiSisa
Tu SfoTvis gamowveva an, Sesabamisad, gamorTva. magaliTad, tvinis
gansazRvruli regionebis eleqtruli stimulacia iwvevda mSvidi katebis
agresiulobas.

• brokas are – Tavis tvinis ubani, romelic azrebs metyvelebasa da/an JestebSi gardaqmnis.
• dazianeba – tvinis qsovilis daSaveba.

tvinis aqtivobis registracia da warmosaxva

sxva neiromecnierebi tvinis funqciebis kartirebas axdenen gareSe
stimulaciaze tvinis eleqtruli aqtivobis eleqtrodebiT registraciis
meSveobiT. tvinis eleqtruli aqtivoba SesaZloa sxvadasxva sizustiT iqnes
Seswavlili. yvelaze ufro specifikur doneze mkvlevrebi tvinSi
ultramgrZnobiare mikroeleqtrodebs aTavseben misi calkeuli ujredebis
eleqtruli aqtivobis Caweris mizniT. aseTi registracia naTels hfens
individualuri neironis aqtivobis cvlilebebs garemo stimulaciaze
sapasuxod.
adamianebisaTvis mecnierebi xSirad iyeneben sxva tipis eleqtrodebs. maT
Tavis zedapirze aTavseben didi, integrirebuli eleqtruli aqtivobis
registraciis mizniT. am eleqtrodebiT iwereba eleqtroencefalograma (eeg),
anu tvinis aqtivobis gaZlierebuli Canaweri. eeg-s iyeneben fsiqologiur
aqtivobasa da tvinis pasuxebs Soris kavSiris dasadgenad. magaliTad, erT
eqsperimentSi pacients warmoudgenen saxeebis serias da sTxoven maT
damaxsovrebas. eeg-ze aRiniSneba am dros tvinis specifikuri aqtivoba (Sommer
et al., 1995).
yvelaze ufro SesaniSnavia is teqnikuri meTodebi, romlebic
Tavdapirvelad neiroqirurgebisaTvis iyo SemuSavebuli insultisa Tu sxva
daavadebebis mkurnalobaSi daxmarebis mizniT. es mowyobilobebi cocxal,
aqtiur tvins aCveneben invaziuri procesebis gareSe, rac qsovilis dazianebis
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risks mniSvnelovnad amcirebs. tvinis warmosaxva Zalian imedismomcemi
meTodia misi normaluri Tu paTologiuri funqciebis SeswavlisaTvis
(Barinaga, 1997; Posner, 1993).
pozitronul-emisiuri tomografiis (anu PET-skani) gamoyenebis dros cdis
pirs Seuyvanen radiaqtiur (magram ara mavne) substanciebs, romlebic tvins
aRweven da garkveuli ujredebis mier STainTqmebian. Tavis gareT
moTavsebuli Camweri xelsawyoebi am dros afiqsireben radiaqtiurad
moniSnul ujredebs, romlebic sxvadasxva kognitiuri Tu qceviTi aqtivobis
drosaa aqtiuri. es infromacia gadaecema kompiuters, romelSidac tvinis
dinamiuri ruqa dgeba da romelic uCvenebs, Tu sad mimdinareobs
fiziologiuri aqtivobis sxvadasxva tipi.
magnitur-rezonansuli tomografia (MRI) iyenebs magnitur velebs da
radiotalRebs tvinis SigniT energiis pulsebis warmoqmnisaTvis. radganac
pulsebi sxvadasxva sixSiriTaa dayenebuli, zogi atomi magnituri velis
paralelurad ganTavsdeba. rodesac magniuri pulsi iTiSeba, atomebi
vibrirebas (rezonirebas) iwyeben sawyis mdgomareobaSi dabrunebis gamo.
specialuri radio iWers am signalebs da gadaaqvs informacia kompiuterSi,
romelic gviCvenebs sxvadasxva atomebis lokalizacias tvinSi. suraTis
meSveobiT mkvlevrebs SeuZliaT tvinis struqturebis dakavSireba
fiziologiur procesebTan.
MRI anatomiuri detalebis warmosaxvisTvisaa gamosadegi; PET-skani ufro
detalur informacias gvawvdis funqciis Sesaxeb. arsebobs axali meTodi, e.w.
funqciuri mrt, anu fMRI, romelic iTavsebs orive meTodis upiratesobas
tvinSi sisxlis mimoqcevis magnituri cvlilebebis registraciis meSveobiT.
fMRI saSualebas iZleva ufro zustad SeviswavloT struqtura da funqcia.
mkvlevrebi iyeneben fMRI-s iseTi kognitiuri funqciebis Seswavlisas,
rogoricaa: _ yuradReba, aRqma, metyveleba da mexsiereba (Cabeza & Nyberg, 2000).

• eleqtroencefalograma (eeg) – tvinis eleqtruli aqtivobis registracia.

• PET--skani – tvinis suraTebi, romlebic sxvadasxva kognitiuri Tu qceviTi aqtivobis dros
cocxali tvinis aqtivobas uCveneben ujredebis mier STanTqmuli radioaqtivobis
dafiqsirebis meSveobiT.
• magni
magnitur-
tur-rezonansuli tomografia (MRI)
( ) – tvinis suraTebis Seqmnis meTodi, romelic
magnitur velebsa da radiotalRebs iyenebs.
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300 welze metma ganvlo mas Semdeg, rac dekartma daiwyo tvinis Seswavla;
100 weli gavida mas Semdeg, rac brokam daadgina, rom tvinis garkveuli
ubnebi specifikur funqciebs asruleben. am aRmoCenebis Semdeg kulturulma
evoluciam saSualeba misca mkvlevrebs gamoiyenon teqnologia tvinis
saidumloebebis Sesaswavlad. wignis am Tavis darCenili nawili tvinis
saidumloebebs eZRvneba.

nervuli sistema

nervuli sistema Sedgeba miliardobiT specializebuli nervuli

ujredisagan, neironisgan da nervuli boWkoebisagan, romlebic mTels
sxeulSia gabneuli. nervuli sistema iyofa or mTavar nawilad: _
centraluri nervuli sistema (cns) da periferiuli nervuli sistema (pns).
cns Sedgeba Tavisa da zurgis tvinisagan, xolo pns – im neironebisagan,
romlebic qmnian nervebs da akavSireben cns-s sxeulTan. suraTi 3.3
warmoadgens kavSirs cns-sa da pns-s Soris.

• funqciuri magni
magnitur rezonansuli tomografia
tomografia (fMRI)
( ) – meTodi, romelic aerTianebs PET
skanisa da mrt-s upiratesobebs da aRricxavs tvinis sisxlis mimoqcevis magnitur cvilebebs.
• centraluri nervuli sistema (cns) – nervuli sistemis nawili, romelic Tavisa da zurgis
tvinisagan Sedgeba.
• periferiuli nervuli
nervuli sistema (pns) – nervuli sistemis nawili, romelic spinaluri da
kranialuri nervebisagan Sedgeba, romelTa meSveobiTac xorcieldeba kavSiri cns-sa da
sensorul receptorebs, kunTebsa da jirkvlebs Soris.

cns-is amocanaa sxeulis yvela funqciis integrireba da koordinireba,

Semosuli nervuli informaciis gadamuSaveba da sxeulis sxvadasxva
nawilebSi pasuxebis gagzavna. cns iRebs da agzavnis nervul informacias
zurgis tvinis (nervuli mili, romelic Tavis tvins pns-Tan akavSirebs)
saSualebiT. Tavad es nervuli mili moTavsebulia xerxemlis arxSi.
spinaluri nervebi gamodis zurgis tvinidan xerxemlis malTa wyvilebs Soris
da ukavSirdeba mTel sxeulSi gabneul sensorul receptorebs, kunTebsa da
jirkvlebs. zurgis tvini aregulirebs sxeulis marcxena da marjvena
nawilebis aqtivobas da pasuxismgebelia im martivi, swrafi refleqsebis
ganxorcielebaze, romelTa kontrolSi Tavis tvini araa CarTuli. mag.,
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organizms, romlis zurgisa da Tavis tvinebi gancalkevebulia, SeuZlia
mtkivneul gamaRizianebelze sapasuxod kiduris ganrideba. miuxedavad imisa,
rom intaqturi Tavis tvini Cveulebriv pirobebSi informirebuli iqneboda am
qmedebis Sesaxeb, organizms am reaqciis ganxorcieleba misi Carevis gareSec
SeuZlia. zurgis tvinis nervebis dazianeba iwvevs sxeulisa da qveda
kidurebis damblas, rogorc es naCvenebia paraplegiur pacientebSi. damblis
gavrceleba damokidebulia imaze, Tu ra doneze moxda zurgis tvinis
dazianeba: zeda segmentebis dazianeba ufro farTo damblas iwvevs.
miuxedavad Tavisi mmarTvelobiTi funqciisa, cns-s ar aqvs uSualo
kontaqti gare samyarosTan. es pns-is funqciaa, miawodos mas informacia
sensoruli receptorebis saSualebiT, magaliTad, Tvalebisa da yurebidan da
aseve gaataros cns-is brZanebebi kunTebisa da sxeulis sxva organoebisaken.
pns ZiriTadad boWkoTa ori tipisagan Sedgeba. somaturi nervuli sistema
aregulirebs sxeulis ConCxis kunTebis moqmedebas. mag. warmoidgineT rom
beWdavT werils. Tqveni TiTebis moZraoba kompiuteris klaviaturaze
regulirdeba somaturi nervuli sistemis meSveobiT. roca Tqven iRebT
gadawyvetilebas, Tu ra TqvaT, Tqveni Tavis tvini agzavnis brZanebas
TiTebisaken, daaWiron Sesabamis Rilaks. amavdroulad TiTebidan Tavis tvinSi
ukukavSiris saSualebiT igzavneba informacia maTi moZraobisa da poziciis
Sesaxeb. Tuki Tqven araswor Rilaks daaWireT TiTi, somaturi nervuli
sistema atyobinebs amis Sesaxeb Tavis tvins, romelic Sesabamis koreqcias
ganaxorcielebs da Tqven myisierad waSliT Secdomas da daaWerT TiTs swor
Rilaks.
pns-is meore nawilia avtonomiuri nervuli sistema (ans), romelic ZiriTad
sasicocxlo procesebs awesrigebs. es sistema 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi
muSaobs, aregulirebs ra sxeulis iseT funqciebs, romlebic Cveulebriv
nebiT kontrols ar eqvemdebareba, mag. sunTqva, saWmlis moneleba da agzneba.
ans maSinac muSaobs, rodesac Tqven gZinavT; is uzrunvelyofs sasicocxlo
funqciebis ganxorcielebas anesTeziisa da xangrZlivi komis drosac.

• somaturi nervuli sistema – periferiuli nervuli sistemis nawili, romelic akavSirebs

centralur nervul sistemas kansa da ConCxis kunTebTan.
• avtonomiuri nervuli sistema (ans) – periferiuli nervuli sistemis nawili, romelic
akavSirebs centralur nervul sistemas gluv da gulis kunTebTan da jirkvlebTan da
aregulirebs sxeulis uneblie motorul pasuxebs.
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nervuli sistema

centraluri nervuli sistema periferiuli nervuli sistema

(Tavisa da zurgis tvini) (nervuli qsovili Tavisa da zurgis tvinis
farglebs gareT)

somaturi nervuli sistema avtonomiuri nervuli sistema

(sensoruli da motoruli nervebi, (Sinagani sistemebi, uneblie)
nebiTi)

simpaTikuri nawili parasimpaTikuri nawili

sur. 3.3. adamianis nervuli sistemis ierarqiuli agebuleba

centraluri nervuli sistema Sedgeba Tavisa da zurgis tvinisagan.
periferiuli nervuli sistema funqciis mixedviT or nawilad iyofa: _
somaturi nervuli sistema akontrolebs nebiT moZraobebs, xolo avtonomiuri
nervuli sistema – Sida procesebs. avtonomiuri nervuli sistema aseve or
nawilad iyofa: _ simpaTikuri nervuli sistema aregulirebs qcevas kritikul,
daZabul situaciebSi, xolo parasimpaTikuri sistema akontrolebs qcevas
Cveulebriv pirobebSi.

avtonomiuri nervuli sistema aregulirebs ori tipis reaqciebs: _

organizmis reaqciebs safrTxeze da organizmis cxovelqmedebas Cveulebriv
pirobebSi. am funqciebis ganxorcielebisaTvis avtonomiuri nervuli sistema
kidev or nawilad iyofa: _ simpaTikuri da parasimpaTikuri nawilebi. es
ganyofilebebi urTierTsawinaaRmdego funqciebs asruleben. simpaTikuri
nawili aregulirebs organizmis reaqciebs daZabul situaciebSi,
parasimpaTikuri ki sxeulis Sida funqciebs akontrolebs mSvid
mdgomareobaSi. simpaTikuri sistema SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes, rogorc
daZabuli mdgomareobebis momgvarebeli – safrTxis, an stresis dros is
amzadebs tvins „brZolisaTvis“. saWmlis moneleba wydeba, sisxli Sida
organoebidan kunTebisaken nawildeba, Jangbadis mowodeba Zlierdeba da
guliscemis sixSire matulobs. safrTxis gavlis Semdeg erTveba
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parasimpaTikuri sistema, raTa ganmuxtos procesebi da organizmi wynardeba.
saWmlis moneleba aRdgeba, guliscema wynardeba, da sunTqva ufro mSviddeba.
parasimpaTikuri nawili pasuxismgebelia organizmis Cveulebrivi
mdgomareobis koordinirebaze, rogoricaa ZalTa danaxarjis gabaTileba,
vizualuri sistemis dacva (cremlisa da gugis Seviwroebis meSveobiT) da
sxeulis energiis xangrZlivi Senaxva. simpaTikuri da parasimpaTikuri
sistemebis gansxvavebuli funqciebi meoTxe suraTzea (3.7) asaxuli.

sur. 3.4 (7
(7). avtonomiuri nervuli sistema
parasimpaTikuri nervuli sistema, romelic organizmis yoveldRiur Sida
reaqciebsa da qcevas aregulirebs, marcxena mxarezea gamosaxuli; simpaTikuri
nervuli sistema, romelic igive funqciebs stresis dros axorcielebs,
naCvenebia marjvena mxareze. miaqcieT yuradReba imas, rom simpaTikuri
nervuli sistema zurgis tvinis siaxloves nervuli kvanZebis erTobliobas,
e.w. simpaTikur vels qmnis.

Tavis tvinis struqturebi da maTi funqciebi

Tavis tvini centraluri nervuli sistemis yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovani

nawilia. adamianis Tavis tvini sami urTierTdakavSirebuli Srisagan Sedgeba.
yvelaze ufro Rrmad regionSi, romelsac tvinis Rero ewodeba, moTavsebulia
iseT avtonomiur procesTa maregulirebeli centrebi, rogoricaa guliscema,
sunTqva, ylapva da saWmlis moneleba. centralur Sres qmnis limburi sistema,
romelic CarTulia motivaciis, emociisa da mexsierebis procesebis
ganxorcielebasa da kontrolSi. am or regions gars ekvris cerebrumi – didi
tvini. tvinis swored es nawili ganagebs adamianis gonebas. didi tvini, da
misi gare Sre, qerqi (korteqsi) axdens sensoruli informaciis integrirebas,
koordinacias uwevs moZraobas da axorcielebs abstraqtul azrovnebasa da
msjelobas (suraTi 3.5 3.8) axla ufro guldasmiT gavecnoT Tavis tvinis am
sami ganyofilebis funqciebs. daviwyoT tvinis ReroTi, TalamusiTa da
naTxemiT.

sur. 3.5. Tavis trvinis struqturebi

Tavis tvinis ZiriTadi urTierTdakavSirebuli nawilebia tvinis Rero,
naTxemi, limburi sistema da didi tvinis qerqi.

tvinis Rero, Talamusi da naTxemi

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tvinis Rero yvela xerxemlian cxovels gaaCnia. misi struqturebi
aregulirebs sxeulis Sinagan mdgomareobas (suraTi 3.6 3.9). zurgis tvinis
zeda sazRvarze moTavsebuli mogrZo tvini warmoadgens sunTqvis, sisxlis
wnevisa da guliscemis centrs. radganac es procesebi sicocxlisaTvis
aucilebelia, mogrZo tvinis dazianeba SeiZleba fataluri iyos. sxeulidan
aRmavali da tvinidan daRmavali nervuli boWkoebi mogrZo tvinSi
jvaredindeba, rac imas niSnavs, rom sxeulis marcxena nawilis kontrols
tvinis marjvena mxare axorcielebs da piriqiT, sxeulis marjvena nawili
tvinis marcxena nawilTanaa dakavSirebuli.

sur. 3.6. tvinis Rero, Talamusi da naTxemi

es struqturebi ZiriTadi sasicocxlo procesebis regulaciaSia CarTuli:
_ sunTqva, pulsi, agzneba, moZraoba, wonasworoba da sensoruli informaciis
pirveladi gadamuSaveba.

uSualod mogrZo tvinis Tavze moTavsebulia xidi, romelic agzavnis

informacias tvinis Reros sxva struqturebSi da naTxemSi (misi saxeli
swored am funqcias ukavSirdeba). retikuluri (badebrivi) formacia
warmoadgens nervebis xSir qsels, romelic tvinis Reros darajis funqcias
asrulebs. is ganapirobebs didi tvinis qerqis mzaobas, miiRos axali
stimulacia da Zilis drosac inarCunebs sifxizlis garkveul dones (Kinomura
et al., 1996). am ubnis seriozuli dazianeba komas iwvevs.
retikuluri formaciis grZeli boWkoebi Talamuss ukavSirdeba, romelsac
Semosuli sensoruli informacia didi tvinis qerqis Sesabamis ubanSi
gadaaqvs, sadac es informacia muSavdeba. magaliTad, Talamusi gadascems
informacias Tvalebidan mxedvelobis kortikalur ubans.
neiromecnierTaTvis didi xania cnobilia, rom naTxemi, romelic tvinis
RerosTanaa dakavSirebuli da tvinis fuZesTan mdebareobs, koordinirebas
uwevs sxeulis moZraobas, akontrolebs pozas da xels uwyobs wonasworobis
SenarCunebas. naTxemis dazianeba iwvevs moZraobis Cveuli ritmis darRvevas,
is arakoordinirebuli da wyvetili xdeba. bolo drois gamokvlevebma aCvena,
rom naTxemi aseve mniSvnelovania daswavlisaTvis anu is xels uwyobs
sxeulis moZraobis kontrolis swavlas (Baringa, 1996; Raymond et al., 1996).

limburi sistema
limburi sistema akontrolebs motivirebul qcevas, emociur mdgomareobasa
da mexsierebas. is aseve aregulirebs sxeulis temperaturas, sisxlis wnevas
 93
da sisxlSi Saqris dones da, aseve, axorcielebs sxva Sinagan funqciaTa
kontrols. limburi sistema Sedgeba sami struqturisagan: _ hipokampi,
amigdala (nuSisebri kompleqsi) da hipoTalamusi (suraTi 3.7 3.10).

• simpaTikuri sistema – avtonomiuri nervuli sistemis nawili, romelic sagangaSo situaciaSi

energiis mobilizacias axorcielebs.
• parasimpaTikuri sistema – avtonomiuri nervuli sistemis nawili, romelic yoveldRiur
funqciebs asrulebs da inaxavs sxeulis energias.
• tvinis Rero – Tavis tvinis struqtura, romelic aregulirebs sxeulis ZiriTad sasicocxlo
funqciebs.
• mogrZo tvini – tvinis Reros ubani, romelic akontrolebs sunTqvas, sifxizles da
guliscemas.
• xidi – tvinis Reros ubani, romelic akavSirebs zurgisa da Tavis tvins, aseve Tavis tvinis
sxvadasxva nawilebs.
• retikuluri formacia – tvinis Reros ubani, romelic gansazRvravs Tavis tvinis mzaobas
miiRos sensoruli informacia da pasuxismgebelia cnobierebis SenarCunebasa da
gamofxizlebaze.

sur. 3.7. limburi sistema

limburi sistemis struqturebi mxolod ZuZumwovrebSia warmodgenili;
isini monawileoben motivaciuri qcevis, emociuri mdgomareobisa da
mexsierebis procesebis regulaciaSi.

hipokampi, romelic limburi sistemis yvelaze ufro didi struqturaa,

mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs eqsplicituri mexsierebis procesebSi
(Eichenbaum, 1999; Squire, 1992) – mexsierebis, romelic Tqvens cnobierebaSi
aisaxeba (ix. Tavi 8). arsebobs uamravi klinikuri monacemi, romelic am
Sexedulebas adasturebs, kerZod fsiqologiis istoriaSi, albaT, yvelaze
ufro cnobili pacientis, h.m-is istoria.

saidan viciT

hipokampis dazianebis zogierTi Sedegi

27 wlis asakSi h.m.-s Cautarda operacia epilefsiuri Setevebis sixSiris
Semcirebis mizniT. operaciis dros mas hipokampi amokveTes. Sedegad, h.m.-s
SeeZlo mxolod Soreuli warsulis gaxseneba. man dakarga axali informaciis
Senaxvisa da misi grZelvadian mexsierebaSi gadatanis unari. operaciidan
 94
didi xnis Semdegac ki pacients egona, rom jer kidev 1953 weli iyo, weliwadi,
rodesac mas operacia Cautarda.

hipokampis dazianebam, meore mxriv, ar gamoiwvia implicituri mexsierebis

darRveva, anu h.m-s SenarCunebuli hqonda axali unar-Cvevebis gamomuSavebis
unari, romlebic cnobierebasTan ar iyo dakavSirebuli. e.i., hipokampis
dazianebis Semdeg Tqven SeinarCunebT axali amocanebis gadawyvetis unars,
magram ar geqnebaT amis damaxsovrebis SesaZlebloba (ix. Tavi 8).
nuSisebri kompleqsi monawileobs emociebis kontrolSi da emociuri
mexsierebis formirebaSi. makontrolebeli funqciis gamo, am ubnis dazianebam
SeiZleba agresiuli pirebis dawynareba gamoiwvios (Cven ganvixilavT
fsiqoqirurgias me-16 TavSi). garda amisa, nuSisebri kompleqsis dazianebis
Sedegad ikargeba saxis emociuri gamometyvelebis amocnobis unari (Adolphs et
al., 1994). im pirebSi, romlebsac nuSisebri kompleqsi aqvT dazianebuli,
yvelaze ufro metad daqveiTebulia uaryofiTi emociebis, gansakuTrebiT ki,
SiSis gamoxatuleba. mkvlevrebi varaudoben, rom nuSisebri kompleqsi
SesaZloa gansakuTrebul rols TamaSobdes adamianebis mier SiSisa da
safrTxis amocnobis unarSi (Adolphs et al., 1999).
hipoTalamusi tvinis erT-erTi yvelaze ufro patara zomis struqturaa,
TumcaRa umniSvnelovanes rols TamaSobs Tqvens yoveldRiur aqtivobebSi. is
Sedgeba mravali birTvisagan _ neironTa patara grovebi, romlebic
motivaciur qcevaSi CarTul fiziologiur procesebs aregulirebs (kveba,
temperaturis regulireba da sqesobrivi qceva). hipoTalamusi inarCunebs
sxeulis Sida aris mudmivobas, anu homeostazs. rodesac sxeulis energiis
rezervebi dabalia, hipoTalamusi erTveba organizmis stimulaciaSi, raTa man
sakvebi ipovos da Wamos. rodesac sxeulis temperatura klebulobs,
hipoTalamusi iwvevs sisxlZarRvTa SekumSvas, an mokle uneblie moZraobebs –
TrTolas. hipoTalamusi aseve aregulirebs endokrinuli sistemis moqmedebas.

didi tvini
adamianebSi didi tvini faravs tvinis darCenil nawils da misi masis or
mesameds qmnis. misi funqciaa tvinis umaRlesi kognituri da emociuri
funqciebis regulireba. didi tvinis gare fena, romelic miliardobiT
neironebisgan Sedgeba da daaxloebiT 2,5 mm sisqis Sres qmnis, iwodeba didi
tvinis qerqad.
qerqad didi tvini aseve iyofa or, TiTqmis simetriul naxevrad,
cerebralur hemisferoebad (Cven hemisferoebs am Tavis momdevno nawilSi
 95
ganvixilavT). ori hemisfero dakavSirebulia erTmaneTTan nervuli boWkoebis
msxvili masiT, romelsac korZiani sxeuli ewodeba. es kavSiri hemisferoebs
Soris informaciis gacvlas emsaxureba.

• Talamusi – Tavis tvinis nawili, romelic sensorul informacias gadascems didi tvinis qerqs.
• naTxemi – Tavis tvinis nawili, romelic ukavSirdeba tvinis Reros da akontrolebs motorul
koordinacias, pozas da wonasworobas, aseve sxeulis moZraobis kontrolis daswavlis unars.
• limburi sistema – Tavis tvinis regioni, romelic aregulirebs emociur qcevas, ZiriTad
motivaciur survilebs da mexsierebas, aseve mTavar fiziologiur funqciebs.
• hipokampi – limburi sistemis nawili, romelic konkretuli mexsierebis CamoyalibebaSi
monawileobs.
• nuSisebri kompleqsi – limburi sistemis nawili, romelic akontrolebs emocias, agresiasa da
emociuri mexsierebis formirebas.

neiromecnierebma moniSnes orive hemisfero, gamoiyenes ra ori

mniSvnelovani orientiri. erTi Rrmuli, romelsac centraluri Rari ewodeba,
yofs yovel hemisferos vertikalurad da meore, msgavsi Rrmuli, romelsac
lateraluri naprali ewodeba, yofs TiToeul hemisferos horizontalurad
(suraTi 3.8 3.11). es vertikaluri da horizontaluri dayofa gvexmareba
gamovyoT tvinis oTxi ubani, anu wili, TiToeul naxevarsferoSi.
frontaluri (Sublis)
Sublis) wili,
wili romelic CarTulia motorul kontrolsa da
kognitur qmedebaSi, rogoricaa dagegmva, gadawyvetilebis miReba da miznebis
dasaxva, moTavsebulia lateraluri napralis zemoT da centraluri Raris
win. am ubnis dazianeba iwvevs adamianis individualobis Secvlas. es swored
is ubani iyo, romlis dazianebamac fines geijis dramatuli cvlileba
gamoiwvia (Damasio et al., 1994). parietaluri (Txemis) wili pasuxismgebelia iseTi
SegrZnebebis kontrolze, rogoricaa Sexeba, tkivili da temperatura da
moTavsebulia uSualod centraluri Raris ukan. ocipitaluri (kefis) wili,
wili
vizualuri informaciis bolo samizne, Tavis ukana nawilSia moTavsebuli.
temporaluri (safeTqlis) wili, romelic pasuxismgebelia smenis
ganxorciele-baze, moTavsebulia lateraluri napralis qvemoT, TiToeuli
hemisferos gverdiT zedapirze.
Secdoma iqneboda imis mtkiceba, rom romelime wili ama Tu im specifiur
funqcias marto akontrolebs. tvinis strquturebi TavianT movaleobas
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erToblivad axorcieleben, muSaoben erTad, rogorc integrirebuli erTeuli,
ise, rogorc simfoniuri orkestri. rodesac Tqven recxavT WurWels,
angariSobT, an saubrobT megobarTan, Tqveni tvini muSaobs, rogorc erTiani
sxeuli, TiToeuli wili sxvebTan TanamSromlobs. miuxedavad amisa,
neiromecnierebs SeuZliaT tvinis oTx wilSi im ubnebis gansazRvra,
romlebic iseTi specifikuri funqciebis ganxorcielebisTvisaa aucilebeli,
rogoricaa mxedveloba, smena, metyveleba da mexsiereba. maTi dazianebis
SemTxvevaSi es funqciebic ziandeba, an sruliad ikargeba.

sur. 3.8. qerqi

didi tvinis qerqis TiToeul hemisferoze oTxi wilia. TiToeuli wili
asrulebs sxvadasxva sensorul da motorul funqciebs.

• hipoTalamusi – tvinis struqtura, romelic aregulirebs motivaciur qcevas (rogoricaa

kveba da daleva) da homeostazs.
• homeostazi – sxeulis Sida aris mudmivoba.
• didi tvini – tvinis nawili, romelic umaRles kognitur da emociur funqciebs
aregulirebs.
• qerqi – didi tvinis gare zedapiri.
• hemisferoebi – didi tvinis ori naxevari, romlebic korZiani sxeuliTaa dakavSirebuli.
• korZiani sxeuli – nervul boWkoTa erToblioba, romelic tvinis or hemisferos
akavSirebs.
• Sublis wili – tvinis ubani, romelic gverdiTi napralis zemoT da centraluri Raris
winaa moTavsebuli; monawileobs motorul kontrolSi da kognitiur qmedebebSi.

sxeulis 600-ze meti nebiTi kunTis qmedeba kontroldeba motoruli qerqiT,

romelic Sublis wilSi uSualod centraluri Raris winaa moTavsebuli.
gaixseneT, rom tvinis erTi mxridan wamosuli brZanebebi sxeulis meore
mxarisTvisaa gamiznuli. garda amisa, sxeulis qveda ubnebSi moTavsebuli
kunTebi – mag., fexis TiTebi - kontroldeba motoruli qerqis yvelaze ufro
zemo nawilis neironebiT. sxeulis zeda nawilis kunTebi, rogoricaa yeli,
kontroldeba motoruli qerqis qveda nawilis neironebiT. rogorc 3.9 (3.12)
suraTze xedavT, sxeulis zeda nawili bevrad ufro detalur motorul
instruqciebs iRebs, vidre qveda. realurad, motoruli qerqis ori udidesi
ubani xelis TiTebTanaa dakavSirebuli – gansakuTrebiT cerasTan – da im
kunTebTan, romlebic metyvelebis procesSia CarTuli. qerqis ubnebis sidide
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im mniSvnelobis maCvenebelia, romelic adamianis xeliT manipulirebisa da
metyvelebis unars gaaCnia.

• Txemis wili – tvinis ubani Sublis wilis ukan da lateraluri napralis zemoT; Seicavs
somatosensorul qerqs.
• kefis wili – tvinis yvelaze ufro ukana nawili; moicavs pirvelad mxedvelobiT qerqs.
• safeTqlis wili – tvinis ubani, romelic lateraluri napralis qvemoTaa moTavsebuli;
Seicavs smenis qerqs.
• motoruli qerqi – didi tvinis qerqis ubani, romelic akontrolebs sxeulis nebiT
moZraobebs.

somatosensoruli qerqi uSualod centraluri Raris ukanaa moTavsebuli

marcxena da marjvena Txemis wilebSi. tvinis am ubanSi gadamuSavdeba
informacia temperaturis, Sexebis, sxeulis pozisa da tkivilis Sesaxeb.
motoruli qerqis msgavsad, sensoruli qerqis zeda nawili sxeulis qveda
nawils ukavSirdeba, xolo qveda nawili dakavSirebulia zedasTan.
sensoruli qerqis didi nawili dakavSirebulia tuCebTan, enasTan, cera da
saCvenebel TiTebTan – anu sxeulis im nawilebTan, romlebic yvelaze ufro
mniSvnelovan sensorul informacias atareben centrisken. aseve, motoruli
qerqis msgavsad, somatosensoruli qerqis marjvena nawili dakavSirebulia
sxeulis marcxena mxaresTan, xolo marcxena mxare _ marjvena nawilTan.

sur. 3.9. motoruli da somatosensoruli qerqi

sxeulis sxvadasxva nawilebi gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan mgrZnobelobiT
garemo stimulaciisadmi da tvinis kontrolisadmi. mgrZnobeloba sxeulis
garkveul nawilSi damokidebulia qerqis im ubnis zomaze, romelic sxeulis
am konkretul nawils akontrolebs. am suraTze adamianis sxeulis nawilebi
qerqis Sesabamisi makontrolebeli ubnebis zomebis mixedviTaa warmodgenili.
rac ufro didi zomisaa suraTze gamosaxuli sxeulis nawili, miT ufro
maRalia misi mgrZnobeloba garemo stimulaciisadmi da miT ufro Zlieria
tvinis kontroli mis moZraobaze.

smeniTi informacia muSavdeba smeniT qerqSi, romelic ori safeTqlis

wiliTaa warmodgenili. auditoruli qerqi TiToeul hemisferoSi iRebs
informacias orive yuridan. auditoruli qerqis erTi ubani metyvelebis
ganxorcielebaSi monawileobs, xolo meore ubani – metyvelebis gagebaSi.
vizualuri informacia muSavdeba tvinis ukana nawilSi, vizualur qerqSi,
romelic kefis wilSia moTavsebuli. aq udidesi nawili eTmoba informacias,
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romelic baduras centraluri ubnebidan modis, im adgilidan, romelic
Tvalis ukana zedapirzea ganlagebuli da sadac yvelaze ufro detaluri
mxedvelobiTi informacia aRiqmeba.

• somatosensoruli qerqi – Txemis wilis nawili, sadac sxeulis sxvadasxva ubnebidan

miRebuli sensoruli informacia muSavdeba.
• smeniTi qerqi – safeTqlis wilis nawili, sadac miiReba da muSavdeba smeniTi informacia.
• mxedvelobis qerqi – kefis wilis nawili, sadac mxedvelobiTi informaciis gadamuSaveba
mimdinareobs.

qerqis yvela ubani araa CarTuli sensoruli informaciis gadamuSavebasa

da kunTebisaTvis brZanebebis gacemaSi. sinamdvileSi, qerqis udidesi nawili
CarTulia infromaciis interpretaciisa da integraciis procesebSi. iseTi
procesebi, rogoricaa dagegmva da gadawyvetilebis miReba, xorcieldeba
asociaciur qerqSi. asociaciuri ubnebi qerqis sxvadasxva nawilebSia
gabneuli (erTi regioni 3.9 suraTzea moniSnuli). asociaciuri qerqi gaZlevT
sxvadasxva modalobis sensoruli informaciis kombinirebis saSualebas, raTa
garemos stimulebis Sesabamisi sapasuxo reaqciebi daigegmos.

• asociaciuri qerqi – qerqis nawili, sadac umaRlesi nervuli procesebi xorcieldeba.

rogor muSaoben tvinis es sxvadasxva ubnebi erTad? warmoidgineT

magaliTisaTvis, ra xdeba Tqvens tvinSi, rodesac daweril sityvas
kiTxulobT (suraTi 3.10 3.13). davuSvaT, Tqveni fsiqologiis maswavlebeli
gaZlevT qaRaldis furcels, romelzedac sityva Sokoladi weria da gTxovT
xmamaRla warmoTqvaT es sityva. biologiuri procesebi, romlebic am
qmedebaSia CarTuli, saocrad natifi da kompleqsuria. neiromecnieri Tqvens
verbalur qcevas ramodenime etapad dayofda. pirvel rigSi, vizualuri
stimuli (dawerili sityva Sokoladi) aRiqmeba nervuli ujredebis mier
Tvalis baduraSi, romlebic nervul impulsebs Talamusis gavliT vizualur
korteqsSi agzavnian. vizualuri qerqidan nervuli impulsebi gadaigzavneba
safeTqlis wilis ukana ubanSi (angularuli xveuli), sadac sityvis
vizualuri kodireba mis akustikur kodirebas unda Seedaros. dadgindeba Tu
ara Sesabamisi akustikuri kodireba, is gadaecema ubans auditorul qerqSi,
romelsac vernikes are ewodeba, sadac xdeba misi dekodireba da
interpretacia: _ „ah! Sokoladi! ar vityodi uars.“ nervuli impulsebi mere
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egzavneba brokas centrs, romelic Tavis mxriv agzavnis informacias
motorul qerqSi, rac tuCebis, enisa da xorxis stimulacias iwvevs sityva
Sokoladis warmosaTqmelad.

sur. 3.10. rogor vambobT wakiTxul sityvas

informacias dawerili sityvis Sesaxeb nervuli impulsebi Talamusis
gavliT atareben Tvalis baduradan qerqis mxedvelobiTi asociaciuri
ubnebisaken. vizualuri qerqi agzavnis nervul impulsebs safeTqlis wilis
ukana nawilSi, angularul xveulSi, sadac xdeba sityvis vizualuri kodis
(asoebis forma da ganlageba) Sedareba mis akustikur kodTan (JReradoba).
Sesabamisi akustikuri kodis povnis Semdeg is gadaecema smeniT qerqSi e.w.
vernikes ares, sadac xdeba am informaciis dekodireba da interpretireba.
nervuli impulsebi egzavneba brokas ares, romelic Tavis mxriv agzavnis
informacias motorul qerqSi. motoruli qerqi uzrunvelyofs sityvis
warmoTqmas tuCebis, enisa da xorxis sinqronuli gaaqtivebis meSveobiT.

es sakmaod didi mentaluri Zalisxmevaa mxolod erTi sityvis

warmoTqmisaTvis. axla ki warmoidgineT, ra xdeba tvinSi, rodesac Tqven
xmamaRla kiTxulobT wigns, an, Tundac, reklamas. yvelaze ufro gasaocari ki
isaa, rom Tqveni tvini TiTqmis Zaldautaneblad da Zalian efeqturad
umklavdeba am amocanas, Targmnis ra qaRaldze arsebul aTasobiT niSans
nervul kodad, gadascems informacias tvinis sxvadasxva ubnebs mimdinare
amocanebis Sesaxeb, dabolos, am sityvebis gamoTqmis saSualebas gaZlevT.
Cven ukve ganvixileT nervuli sistemis yvelaze mniSvnelovani
struqturebi. rodesac Cven daviwyeT saubari did tvinze, aRvniSneT, rom
cerebraluri struqtura ori hemisferoTia warmodgenili. qcevebis farTo
speqtrSi naxevarsferoebi gansxvavebul funqciebSi monawileoben.
davubrundeT am gansxvavebebs Tqveni tvinis hemisferoebs Soris.

hemisferoTa lateralizacia

ra informaciam aiZula mecnierebi efiqraT, rom arsebobs garkveuli

gansxvaveba Tavis tvinis hemisferoTa funqciebs Soris? gaixseneT, rodesac
pol brokam tanis autofsia Caatara, man tvinis dazianeba marcxena
naxevarsferoSi aRmoaCina. momdevno gamokvlevebSi brokam naxa, rom sxva
pacientebSic, romelTac metyvelebis msgavsi darRveva hqondaT (daavadeba,
romelsac dRes brokas afazias uwodeben), dazianeba marcxena naxevarsferoSi
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iyo lokalizebuli. igive ubnebis dazianeba tvinis marjvena hemisferoSi
msgavs efeqts ar iwvevda. ra daskvna SeiZleba gamovitanoT?
hemisferoTa Soris gansxvavebebis Seswavlis Sansi pirvelad epilefsiis
qirurgiuli wesiT mkurnalobis dros gaCnda. mkurnalobis es meTodi
gulisxmobs korZiani sxeulis (daaxloebiT 200 milioni nervuli boWkos
erToblioba, romelic hemisferoTa Soris informaciis gacvlas emsaxureba)
gadaWras (suraTi 3.11 3.14). qirurgiuli Carevis mizania, xeli SeuSalos
epilefsiis Tanamdev agresiul eleqtrul aqtivobas, gavrceldes orive
hemisferoze. operacia, rogorc wesi, warmatebulia da pacientebis qcevac
ZiriTadad ucvleli rCeba. pacientebs, romlebmac es operacia gadaitanes,
xSirad uwodeben pacientebs „gayofili tviniT“.

sur. 3.11.
3.11. korZiani sxeuli
korZiani sxeuli warmoadgens nervuli boWkoebis erTobliobas, romelic
erTmaneTTan akavSirebs didi tvinis or hemisferos. korZiani sxeulis
gadaWra azianebs hemosferoTa Soris komunikacias.

gancalkevebuli hemisferoebis SesaZleblobaTa Semowmebis mizniT rojer

sperim (1968) da maikl gazanigam (1970) SeimuSaves iseTi meTodika, romlis
saSualebiTac SesaZlo iyo vizualuri informaciis wardgineba TiToeuli
hemisferosaTvis cal-calke. speris da gazanigas meTodika emyareboda
vizualuri sistemis anatomiis Taviseburebebs (suraTi 3.12 3.15). yovel TvalSi,
marjvena mxedvelobiTi velidan miRebuli informacia marcxena hemisferoSi
xvdeba da, piriqiT, informacia marcxena mxedvelobiTi velidan gadaecema
marjvena hemisferos. rogorc wesi, orive hemisferos Soris informaciis
gacvla Zalian swrafad warmoebs korZiani sxeulis meSveobiT. magram,
radganac am pacientebSi korZiani sxeuli gadaWrili iyo, marcxena da
marjvena mxedvelobiT velebSi arsebuli informacia Sesabamisad mxolod
marjvena da marcxena hemisferoebs gadaecemoda (suraTi 3.13 3.16).
radganac adamianTa umravlesobaSi metyvelebas marcxena hemisfero
akontrolebs, mas SeuZlia mkvlevaebs „elaparakos“ maSin, roca marjvena
hemisfero am saSualebas moklebulia. komunikacia marjvena hemisferosTan
miRweul iqna manualuri amocanebis Sesrulebis gziT.: es amocanebi nivTebis
identifikacias, SeTavsebas, an maTgan jgufebis Sedgenas gulisxmobda da
maTi gadawyveta sityvebis gamoyenebas ar saWiroebda. ganixileT „gayofili
tvinis“ mqone pacientis SemTxveva, romelic marcxena hemisferos iyenebs misi
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marcxena xelis mier Catarebuli qmedebebis aRsawerad maSin, rodesac
marcxena xels marjvena hemisfero akontrolebs.

saidan viciT

hemisferoebi moqmedebaSi
marjvena hemisferos warudgines Tovliani peizaJi, xolo marcxena
hemisferos– qaTmis fexis gamosaxuleba. cdis pirs mis win arsebuli
obieqtebidan am ori suraTis Sesabamisi nivTebi unda SeerCia. marjvena xeliT
man miuTiTa qaTmis Tavze, xolo marcxena xeliT – Tovlis niCabze. pacienti
ambobda, rom niCabi saWiroa qaTmis narCenebis (da ara Tovlis) gasawmendad.
radganac tvinis marcxena nawilma korZiani sxeulis gadaWris gamo ar icoda,
Tu ras xedavda marjvena naxevarsfero, mas unda aexsna, Tu ratom uTiTebda
marcxena xeli niCabze, rodesac marcxena hemisfero qaTmis fexs xedavda.
marcxena hemisferos kogniturma sistemam SeimuSava Teoria, romelsac unda
gaemarTlebina sxeulis sxva nawilebis moqmedeba (Gazzaniga, 1985).

sur. 3.12. mxedvelobiTi informaciis nervuli gza

mxedvelobiTi informaciis nervuli gza, romelic TiToeuli Tvalis Sua
zedapiridan iwyeba, jvaredinad gadadis tvinis erTi mxridan meoreze
korZiani sxeulis meSveobiT. mxedvelobiTi informacia Tvalis gare ubnidan
ar jvaredindeba. korZiani sxeulis gadaWra xels uSlis mxedvelobis
marjvena velSi warmodgenili informaciis gadacemas marjvena hemisferoSi,
xolo mxedvelobis marcxena velSi warmodgenili informacia ver aRwevs
marcxena hemisferos.

sur. 3.13. Tvalisa da xelis koordinacia

Tvalisa da xelis koordinacia normaluria, Tu pacienti „gayofili
tviniT“ iyenebs marcxena xels im obieqtis sapovnelad, romelic mis marcxena
mxedvelobiT velSia moqceuli, radganac orive procesis ganxorcielebas
marjvena hemisfero akontrolebs. magram, rodesac Tqven sTxovT pacients,
gamoiyenos marjvena xeli im obieqtis asaRebad, romelic mis marcxena
mxedvelobiT velSia moqceuli, mas amis gakeTeba ar SeuZlia, radganac
sensoruli informacia marjvena xelidan marcxena hemisferos veRar aRwevs
gadaWrili kavSiris gamo. am SemTxvevaSi cdis piri msxlis magier Wiqas iRebs.

zemoaRwerilis garda, arsebobs mravali sxva meTodi, romelTa

meSveobiTac Cven viciT, rom adamianTa umravlesobaSi metyvelebasTan
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dakavSirebuli funqciebi lateralizebulia marcxena hemisferoSi. funqcia
lateralizebulad iTvleba, Tu mis ganxorcielebaSi Tavis tvinis mxolod
erTi hemisfero TamaSobs wamyvan rols. metyveleba (enis gamoyenebis unari),
albaT, yvelaze ufro metad lateralizebulia funqciaTa Soris.
neiromecnierebma aRmoaCines, rom memarjveneebis mxolod daaxloebiT 5
procentsa da caciebis 15 procentSi metyvelebas marjvena hemisfero
akontrolebs, xolo caciebis 15 procentSi metyveleba orive hemisferoTi
regulirdeba (Rasmussen & Milner, 1977). adamianTa umravlesobaSi, Sesabamisad,
metyveleba marcxena hemisferos funqcias warmoadgens. Sedegad, marcxena
naxevarsferos dazianeba iwvevs metyvelebis moSlas. sainteresoa, rom yru-
munjTa enis gamoyenebisas (romelic xelis TiTebis poziciisa da moZraobis
mixedviT gadmoscems azrs), marcxena hemisferos dazianeba aseve iwvevs
darRvevebs (Corina, 1999; Hickok et al., 1996; Poizner et al., 1991). ase rom,
lateralizebulia ara metyveleba, rogorc aseTi, aramed rogorc vokaluri,
ise manualuri Jestebis warmoqmnis unari, romlebic komunikacias
ganaxorcieleben.
ar unda gegonoT, rom marcxena hemisfero „ukeTesia“, vidre marjvena.
mkvlevrebma uCvenes, rom orive hemisferos erTi da igive amocanis amoxsnis
gansxvavebuli „stili“ aqvs. marcxena hemisfero ufro analitikuria da is
informacias nabij-nabij amuSavebs; marjvena hemisfero ki ufro holisturia
da is informacias mTlianad aRiqvams. orive hemisferos (misTvis
damaxasiaTebeli muSaobis stiliT) kombinirebuli qmedeba ganapirobebs Cveni
aRqmis srulyofilebas. magaliTad, Tqven ar gagikvirdebaT imis gageba, rom
marcxena hemisfero, romelic mcire detalebs yuradRebas aqcevs, wamyvan
rols TamaSobs problemaTa didi nawilis gadaWraSi. amavdroulad, marjvena
hemisferos roli win iwevs, rodesac problemis gadaWras SemoqmedebiTi
midgoma sWirdeba – marjvena hemisfero gexmarebaT mexsierebis mobilizebaSi
(Bowen & Beeman, 1998).
miuxedavad imisa, rom mecnierebs SeuZliaT darwmunebiT ganasxvavon, Tu
romeli funqciebia lateralizebuli „saSualo“ tvinSi, gaTvaliswinebul
unda iqnes individualuri gansxvavebebi. rodesac metyvelebis
lateralizaciaze vsaubrobdiT, Cven aseve vaxseneT tvinis funqciaTa pirveli
individualuri gansxvaveba: _ caciebSi SesaZloa metyvelebas marjvena
hemisfero, an orive hemisfero erTdroulad akontrolebdes. sxva
gansxvavebebi, romlebic Tavis tvinis funqciaTa lateralizaciis dros unda
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ganvixiloT, sqesiTaa ganpirobebuli. arsebobs zogadi gansxvavebebi
mamakacebisa da qalebis tvinis funqciebis principebSi (Breedlove, 1994; Kimura,
1999). Tanamedrove meTodebis saSualebiT SesaZlebeli gaxda dagvenaxa
sxvaoba mamakacebis da qalebis tvinSi sxvadasxva amocanebis gadaWrisas.
magaliTad, funqciuri mrt-s saSualebiT Seiswavlidnen mamakacTa da qalTa
tvinis aqtivobebs Soris gansxvavebebs, rodesac cdis pirebs enis mosmenisas
unda gamoetanaT daskvnebi (eriTmeba erTmaneTs tani da kani?). mamakacebSi
ZiriTadi aqtivoba marcxena hemisferoSi iyo lokalizebuli maSin, rodesac
qalebSi am amocanis amoxsnaSi orive hemisfero TiTqmis Tanabrad
monawileobda (Shaywitz et al., 1995). aseTi Sedegebi kidev erTxel gvabrunebs
sakiTxebTan, romlebic bunebisa da aRzrdis Tanafardobas exeba. ibadebian
mamakacebi da qalebi ukve gansxvavebuli tviniT, Tu es modifikacia
cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis Sedegia? Semdgom wlebSi am kiTxvas
neiromecnierTa xelT arsebuli teqnikis gamoyenebiT pasuxi unda gaeces.
Cven ganvixileT nervuli sistemis bevri mniSvnelovani struqtura. axla ki
ganvixiloT endokrinuli sistema, romelic nervul sistemasTan erTad
sxeulis funqciebs aregulirebs.

endokrinuli sistema

adamianis genotipi gansazRvravs meore Zalzed specifiur maregulirebel

sistemas – endokrinul sistemas, raTa nervuli sistemis muSaoba Seavsos.
endokrinuli sistema jirkvlebis erTobliobas warmoadgens, romlebic
gamoimuSaveben da sisxlSi gamoyofen qimiur mesenjerebs – hormonebs (suraTi
3.14 3.17). hormonebi Zlier gavlenas axdenen organizmis yoveldRiur
cxovelqmedebaze, TumcaRa isini gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania sicocxlis
garkveul periodebSi da zogierTi gansakuTrebuli situaciis dros.
hormonebi gavlenas axdenen sxeulis zrdaze; isini gansazRvraven da xels
uwyoben pirveladi da meoradi sasqeso niSnebis ganviTarebas; gavlenas
axdenen sifxizlesa da yuradRebaze; warmoadgenen ganwyobisa da xasiaTis
Secvlis safuZvels; aregulireben metabolizms da sxeulis energetikul
danaxarjebs. endokrinuli sistema uzrunvelyofs organizmis gadarCenas,
exmareba ra mis brZolas infeqciisa da daavadebaTa winaaRmdeg. is xels
uwyobs saxeobebis gadarCenas maTi seqsualuri agznebis regulirebis,
reproduqciuli ujredebis warmoqmnis, meZuZur dedebSi rZis gamomuSavebis
 104
meSveobiT. ase rom, efeqturi endokrinuli sistemis gareSe Tqven ver
gadarCebiT.

sur. 3.14. qalisa da mamakacis endokrinuli jirkvlebi

hipofizi marjvniv aris warmodgenili; es mTavari jirkvalia, romelic
marcxena mxares naCvenebi jirkvlebis moqmedebas aregulirebs. hipofizi,
Tavis mxriv, kontroldeba hipoTalamusidan, romelic limburi sistemis
mniSvnelovani nawilia.

endokrinuli jirkvlebi pasuxoben sisxlSi qimiuri nivTierebebis doneze

an maTi stimulireba sxva hormonebisa Tu Tavis tvinidan momavali nervuli
impulsebis mier xdeba. amis Sedegad hormonebi gamoiyofa sisxlSi da
gadaadgildeba moSorebuli samizne ujredebisken, romelTac specifikuri
receptorebi gaaCniaT. hormonebi qimiuri regulaciis programiT
gaTvaliswinebul zemoqmedebas mxolod sxeulis genetikurad gansazRvrul
adgilebSi gamoavlenen. sxvadasxva, magram specifikur organoebsa Tu
qsovilebze gavleniT hormonebi aregulireben uamrav bioqimiur process, amis
gamo maT „sicocxlis mesenjerebi“ ewodebaT (Carpo, 1985). es mravalmxrivi
sakomunikacio sistema akontrolebs organizmSi nela, mudmivad mimdinare
procesebs, rogoricaa sisxlSi Saqris donis gansazRvra, kalciumis
Semcveloba, naxSirwylebis metabolozmi, da sxeulis zrda. magram ra xdeba
krizis dros? endokrinuli sistema gamoyofs sisxlSi hormon adrenalins;
adrenalini energias matebs sxeuls ise, rom mas unari Seswevs swrafad
moaxdinos reagireba safrTxeze.
rogorc adre ukve aRvniSneT, tvinis struqtura, hipoTalamusi, warmoadgens
gadamrTvel ubans endokrinulsa da centralur nervul sistemebs Soris.
hipoTalamusis specializebuli ujredebi iReben informacias tvinis sxva
ubnebidan, romlebic mas ubrZaneben gamoyon sxvadasxva hormonebi hipofizSi,
riTac isini astimulireben, an akaveben sxva hormonebis sekrecias. hormonebi
sxeulis sxvadasxva ubnebSi gamomuSavdeba. es „qarxnebi“ sxvadasxva hormonebs
awarmoebs, romlebic sxeulis sxvadasxva funqciebs aregulireben, rogorc es
3.1 cxrilSia warmodgenili. axla ki yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovani procesebi
ganvixiloT.
 105

• endokrinuli sistema – jirkvlebis qseli, romlebic gamoimuSaveben da sisxlSi gamoyofen

hormonebs.
• hormonebi – qimiuri mesenjerebi, romlebic gamomuSavdeba endokrinuli jirkvlebis mier,
aregulireben metabolizms, da gavlenas axdenen sxulis zrdaze, xasiaTsa da sasqeso niSan-
Tvisebebze.

hipofizs xSirad „mTavar jirkvals“ uwodeben, radganac is 10 sxvadasxva

saxis hormons gamoimuSavebs, romlebic yvela sxva endokrinuli jirkvlis
sekretorul muSaobaze gavlenas axdenen, aseve aq sinTezirdeba zrdis
hormonebi. zrdis hormonis ararseboba iwvevs sxeulis zrdis Seferxebas –
qondriskacobas. misi siWarbe iwvevs gigantizms. mamakacebSi hipofizis
sekreciis produqtebi aaqtiveben saTesleebSi testosteronis sinTezs,
romelic Tavis mxriv spermis gamomuSavebas astimulirebs. hipofizi aseve
monawileobs mamakacebis meoradi sasqeso niSnebis CamoyalibebaSi, rogoricaa
sxeulis Tmis safarvelis ganviTareba, xmis Secvla da fizikuri simwife.
testosteronma SesaZloa gamoiwvios agresiisa da seqsualuri ltolvis
gaZliereba. qalebSi, hipofizis hormonebi astimulireben estrogenis
warmoebas. estrogeni im hormonaluri jaWvuri reaqciebis aucilebeli
komponentia, romlebic ovulaciasa da qalis nayofierebas gansazRvraven.
Casaxvis sawinaaRmdego zogierTi preparatis moqmedeba emyareba hipofizis
specialuri aqtivobis daTrgunvas, romelic hormonebis gamomuSavebas da
ganawilebas akontrolebs, amiT ki saboloo jamSi irRveva ovulaciis
procesi.

Sejameba
Sejameba
neiromecniereba cdilobs pasuxi gasces saukunovan kiTxvas, Tu rogoria
kavSiri tvinsa da qcevas Soris. neiromecnierebi uamrav meTods mimarTaven
tvinis funqciebis ukeT Seswavlis mizniT. isini swavloben pacientebs tvinis
dazianebebiT, iwveven tvinis gansazRvruli ubnebis dazianebas, astimulireben
tvinis regionebs, iweren tvinis aqtivobas da kompiuteruli teqnikis
daxmarebiT qmnian tvinis gamosaxulebebs misi muSaobis procesSi.

• hipofizi – moTavsebulia tvinSi, gamoimuSavebs zrdis hormonebs da gavlenas axdens sxva

endokrinuli jirkvlebis mier hormonebis sekreciaze.
• testosteroni – mamakacTa sasqeso hormoni, romelic saTesleebSi gamomuSavdeba da
astimulirebs spermis produqcias; aseve pasuxismgebelia mamakacTa meoradi sasqeso niSan-
Tvisebebis Camoyalibebaze.
• estrogeni – qalTa sasqeso hormoni, romelic sakvercxeebSi gamomuSavdeba da pasuxismgebelia
ovulaciis procesze, aseve qalebis reproduqciuli struqturebis ganviTarebasa da meoradi
sasqeso niSnebis Camoyalibebaze.
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nervuli sistema iyofa centralur da periferiul nawilebad. centraluri

nervuli sistema Sedgeba Tavisa da zurgis tvinisagan; periferiuli nervuli
sistema Sedgeba somaturi da avtonomiuri nervuli sistemebisagan.
Tavis tvini SeiZleba daiyos tvinis Rerod, limbur sistemad da did
tvinad. tvinis Rero aregulirebs ZiriTad sasicocxlo funqciebs, rogoricaa
sunTqva, guliscema da saWmlis moneleba. naTxemi koordinirebas uwevs
sxeulis moZraobas da gavlenas axdens daswavlis zogierT procesze.
limburi sistema mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs motivaciis, emociebisa da
mexsierebis procesebSi. didi tvini pasuxismgebelia metyvelebisa da
azrovnebis umaRles funqciebze.

cxrili 3.1. mTavari endokrinuli jirkvlebi da maT mier gamomuSavebuli

hormonebis funqciebi
jirkvali regulirebadi funqciebi

hipoTalamusi hipofizis hormonebis gamoyofa

wina hipofizi saTesleebi da sakvercxeebi

rZis gamomuSaveba
metabolizmi
reaqcia stresze
ukana hipofizi wylis konservacia
rZis gamoyofa
saSvilosnos SekumSva
farisebri jirkvali metabolozmi
zrda da ganviTareba
paraTireoiduli jirkvali kalciumis done
nawlavi saWmlis moneleba
pankreasi glukozis metabolizmi
Tirkmelzeda jirkvali „brZolisa da gaqcevis“ pasuxebi
metabolizmi
sqesobrivi ltolva qalebSi
sakvercxe qalebis sasqeso niSnebis ganviTareba
 107

kvercxujredis warmoqmna

saTesle mamakacis sasqeso niSnebis ganviTareba

spermis gamomuSaveba
sqesobrivi ltolva mamakacebSi

kvlevam uCvena, rom didi tvinis ori hemisfero sxvadasxva rols TamaSobs
yoveldRiuri funqciebis SesrulebaSi. magaliTad, adamianTa umravlesobaSi
marcxena hemisfero metyvelebas akontrolebs. zogadad, marjvena hemisfero
informacias ufro holisturad aRiqvams, marcxena ki ufro analitikuria.
ori hemisferos funqciaTa Sesaxeb zogadi daskvnebis gakeTebisas unda
gvaxsovdes individualuri da, maT Soris, sqesobrivi gansxvavebebi.
endokrinuli sistema aris jirkvalTa qseli, romelic gamoimuSavebs
hormonebs sasicocxlo procesebis regulirebisaTvis.

fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi: _ miRwevebi tvinis funqciebis lokalizaciis sferoSi

daafiqsireT TvalebiT nivTebi Tqvens garSemo, iqneb xe, romelic
fanjaraSi Cans, an kompiuteri Tqvens magidaze. axla ki daxuWeT Tvalebi da
SeecadeT warmoidginoT igive obieqtebi. ra xdeba Tqvens tvinSi am ori
qmedebis dros? ramdenad SesaZlebelia, rom tvinis igive ubnebi iyos
CarTuli orive procesSi, romlebic aRqmasa da vizualur warmosaxvas
gulisxmobs? teqnologiurma progresma SesaZlo gaxada neiromecnierTaTvis
am saintereso kiTxvas zusti pasuxi gascen.
rogorc Tqven naxavT wignis me-4 TavSi, mecnierebma did warmatebebs
miaRwies mxedvelobis nervuli safuZvelebis SeswavlaSi. maT SeuZliaT Tvali
miadevnon vizualuri informaciis transformacias Tvalebis baduradan kefis
wilis vizualur qerqamde. rogor unda gansazRvron mecnierebma, CarTulia
Tu ara vizualuri qerqis erTi da igive ubnebi, rodesac adamiani
axorcielebs vizualuri warmosaxvis da ara vizualuri aRqmis process?
mkvlevarTa jgufma stiven koslinis xelmZRvanelobiT (Kosslyn et al., 1999)
gamoiyena ori meTodi: _ pet (pozitronul-emisiuri tomografia) skani,
romelic Cven ukve warmogidgineT, da ganmeorebiTi transkranialuri
magnituri stimulacia (rTMS), romelic sruliad axali teqnologiaa da sul
ramodenime wlis winaT iqna gamoyenebuli adamianTa kognitur
neiromecnierebaSi.
kvlevaTa am seriaSi, cdis pirebs sTxovdnen daemaxsovraT oTxi
kvadratuli gamosaxuleba da mere warmoedginaT isini daxuWuli TvalebiT.
 108
cdis pirTa amocana iyo, pasuxi gaecaT kiTxvebze sxvadasxva gamosaxulebaSi
obieqtis zolebis fardobiTi siganis Sesaxeb. es amocana ise iyo
SemuSavebuli, rom cdis pirebs aucileblad unda warmoedginaT vizualuri
gamosaxuleba. pet gamokvlevaSi monawileTa tvini Seswavlili iyo amocanis
gadawyvetis momentSi. skanma uCvena, rom aqtiuri iyo vizualuri qerqis is
ubnebi, romlebic mxedvelobiTi stimulaciis drosac aqtiuri iqneboda.
magram gaixseneT wignis meore Tavidan, rom korelacia ar aris mizezobrioba:
is, rom orive amocanis dros aqtiuria tvinis igive ubnebi ar niSnavs, rom
erTi da igive funqcia sruldeba.
am etapze ki ki erTveba rTMS, romlis saSualebiTac SesaZloa ufro zusti
daskvnebis gakeTeba. es axali teqnika iyenebs magnituri stimulaciis pulsebs
droebiTi, Seqcevadi „dazianebebis“ warmoqmnisaTvis. qsovilis faqtobrivi
dazianebis gareSe SesaZloa tvinis regionebis inaqtivacia. ra xdeba zolebis
Sedarebisas, rodesac rTMS gamoyenebis Sedegad cdis pirebs „uzianebdnen“
pirvelad vizualur qerqs? iseve rogorc Ria TvalebiT mxedvelobiTi
aRqmisas, vizualuri warmosaxva seriozulad ferxdeba. es ki saSualebas
gvaZlevs davaskvnaT, rom pirveladi vizualuri qerqi CarTulia vizualuri
warmosaxvis procesSi.
gagakvirvaT am monacemebma? Tqven ra kiTxvebi gaqvT tvinSi funqciebis
ganawilebis Sesaxeb? radganac mecnierebi agrZeleben muSaobas axali
teqnologiebis gamoyenebiT, didia imis albaToba, rom Tqvens kiTxvebsac male
gaecema zusti pasuxebi.

nervuli sistema moqmedebaSi

adreuli periodis fiziologTa erT-erTi umTavresi amocana iyo nervuli

sistemis muSaobis principebis gageba. Tanamedrove neiromecnierebma
mniSvnelovan progress miaRwies, magram isini agrZeleben muSaobas, rom am
mravalwaxnagovani problemis yvela nawili amoxsnan. wignis am qveTavSi Cveni
mizania gavaanalizoT da gaverkveT, Tu rogor gadaecema Cveni grZnobaTa
organoebis mier aRqmuli informacia sxeulis sxva nawilebsa da tvins
nervuli impulsebis meSveobiT. Cven viwyebT nervuli sistemis ZiriTadi
erTeulis, neironis, niSan-Tvisebebis ganxilviT.

neironi

neironi aris specializebuli ujredi, romlis funqciaa miiRos,

gadaamuSavos da/an gadasces informacia sxva ujredebs sxeulis SigniT.
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arsebobs sxvadasxva formis, zomis, qimiuri Semadgenlobisa da funqciis
neironebi (ZuZumwovarTa Tavis tvinSi 200-ze meti sxvadasxva saxis neironia
napovni), magram yvelas aqvs saerTo ZiriTadi struqtura (suraTi 3.15 3.18).
adamianis Tavis tvinSi neironTa raodenoba 100 miliardsa da 1 trilions
Soris meryeobs.

sur. 15. neironTa tipebi

yuradReba miaqcieT dendritebis gansxvavebul formasa da datotvis
xasiaTs. isrebiT naCvenebia informaciis moZraobis mimarTuleba.
warmodgenilia interneironis ori tipi.

rogorc wesi, neironebi iReben informacias erTi, da gadascemen mas

meore boloTi. ujredis datotvil morCebs, romlebic Semomaval signalebs
iReben, dendritebi ewodebaT. dendritebis ZiriTadi funqciaa sensoruli
receptorebidan an sxva ujredebidan stimulaciis miReba. ujredis sxeuli,
anu soma, Seicavs birTvs da citoplazmas, romlebic mis
sicocxlisunarianobas gansazRvraven. somaSi xdeba dendritebis stimulaciis
Sedegad (an zogierT SemTxvevaSi, uSualod sxva neironidan) miRebuli
informaciis integrireba da misi gadacema erTi, wagrZelebuli boWkosaTvis,
romelsac aqsoni ewodeba. Tavis mxriv, aqsoni gadascems informacias mTel
Tavis sigrZeze, romelic, mag. zurgis tvinSi SeiZleba erT metrs
aRematebodes, xolo Tavis tvinSi – milimetrze naklebi iyos. aqsonis meore
boloSi ganlagebulia Semsxvilebuli, bolqvismagvari struqtura, e.w.
terminaluri balTa, romlis saSualebiTac neirons SeuZlia mimdebare
jirkvlebis, kunTebisa da sxva neironebis stimulireba. rogorc wesi,
neironebi informacias mxolod erTi mimarTulebiT gadascemen _
dendritebidan somis gavliT aqsonis gaswvriv terminaluri balTisaken
(suraTi 3.16 3.19).

• neironi – nervuli sistemis ujredi, romelic specializebulia miiRos, gadaamuSavos da/an

gadasces informacia sxva ujredebs.
• dend
dendritebi – neironis datotvili morCebi, romlebic Semosul informacias mimRebloben.
• soma – neironis ujredis sxeuli, romelic birTvsa da citoplazmas Seicavs.
• aqsoni – neironis wagrZelebuli boWko, romlis gaswvrivac nervuli impulsebi vrceldeba
somidan terminaluri balTisaken.
• terminaluri balTa
balTa – bolqvismagvari struqtura aqsonis bolos, romelic
neirotransmiteriT savse buStukebs Seicavs.
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sur. 3.16. neironis mTavari struqturebi

neironi nervul impulss dendritebis saSualebiT iRebs; Semdeg nervuli
impulsi igzavneba aqsonis gaswvriv terminaluri balTisaken, sadac sxva
neironebis stimulaciisaTvis neirotransmiterebis gamoyofa xdeba.

arsebobs neironTa sami mTavari jgufi. sensoruli (mgrZnobiare) neironebi

iReben informacias sensoruli receptorebidan da atareben mas centraluri
nervuli sistemisaken, receptoruli ujredebi Zalzed specializebulni da
mgrZnobiareni arian, magaliTad, sinaTlisadmi, bgerisadmi, an sxeulis
poziciisadmi; motoruli (mamoZravebeli) neironebi atareben informacias
centraluri nervuli sistemidan kunTebisa da jirkvlebisaken; tvinis
neironTa ZiriTad masas interneironebi qmnian, romlebic gadascemen
• sensoruli
informacias neironi – neironebi,
sensorulidan romlebic
motorul an sensoruli
sxva receptorebidan
interneironebs. informacias
TiToeul
centraluri nervuli sistemisaken atareben.
motorul neironze tvinSi daaxloebiT 5 aTasi interneironi modis,
• motoruli neironi – neironebi, romlebic informacias centraluri nervuli sistemidan
romlebic tvinis ZiriTad muSa masas qmnian (Nauta & Feirtag, 1979).
kunTebisaken da jirkvlebisaken atareben.
•
•sensoruli
senso ruli neironi
interneironi – tvinis –neironebi,
neironi, romelic
romlebic sensoruli
informacias receptorebidan
sensorulidan sxva inter- an
informacias centraluri nervuli
motorul neironebs gadascemen. sistemisken atarebs.
• motoruli neironi _ neironi, romelic informacias centraluri nervuli
sistemidan kunTebisken da jirkvlebisken atarebs.
• interneironi _ tvinis neironi, romelic informacias sensorulidan sxva
inter- an motorul neironebs gadascems.

imis saCveneblad, Tu rogor muSaobs es sami tipis neironi erTad,

ganvixiloT tkivilze ganridebis refleqsi (suraTi 3.17 3.20). rodesac kanis
zedapiris siaxloves ganlagebuli tkivilis receptorebi stimulirdeba
wvetiani obieqtiT, isini agzavnian informacias sensoruli neironebis
saSualebiT zurgis tvinis interneironebisaken. interneironi sapasuxod
aagznebs motorul neirons, romelic, Tavis mxriv, aagznebs sxeulis
Sesabamisi ubnis kunTs da ganaridebs mas mtkivneul gamaRizianebels. mxolod
mas Semdeg, rac es neironuli aqtivoba ganxorcieldeba da sxeuli
mocildeba mtkivneul obieqts, Tavis tvini iRebs informacias situaciis
Sesaxeb. msgavs SemTxvevebSi, rodesac gadarCena swraf reaqciebzea
damokidebuli, tkivilis SegrZneba Cndeba mxolod mas Semdeg, rac Tqven ukve
fizikurad upasuxeT safrTxes. cxadia, incidentis Sesaxeb informacia
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Seinaxeba tvinis mexsierebis sistemaSi ise, rom Semdeg jerze Tqven gaaridebT
Tavs potenciurad mtkivneul obieqts manam, vidre is Tqven gatkenT.

sur. 3.17. tkivilis ganridebis refleqsi

am refleqsis ganxorcielebaSi mxolod sami neironi monawileobs: _
sensoruli, motoruli da interneironi.

tvinis neironTa qselSi gabneulia maTze xuTjer Tu aTjer ufro meti

raodenobis gliuri ujredebi (glia). Tavad es sityva momdinareobs
berZnulidan da webos niSnavs; saxelwodeba ukve miganiSnebT am ujredebis
mTavar funqciebze: _ isini neironebis sayrdens warmoadgenen. xerxemlianebSi
glias bevri mniSvnelovani funqcia aqvs. pirveli funqcia ganviTarebis
safexurze Cndeba. gliuri ujredebi exmarebian axalSobil neironebs ipovon
maTi Sesabamisi lokalizacia tvinSi. meore funqciaa cxovelqmedeba. rodesac
neironebi ziandeba da iRupeba, dazianebis ubanSi gliuri ujredebi
mravldeba da asufTavebs ujredul narCenebs; maT, aseve, SeuZliaT
neironTaSoris napralebSi neirotransmiterebisa da sxva substanciebis
STanTqma; mesame funqciaa izolacia. gliuri ujredebi zogierTi aqsonis
irgvliv qmnian saizolacio safarvels, romelsac mielinis garsi ewodeba. es
cximovani izolacia mniSvnelovnad zrdis nervuli signalis gadacemis
siCqares; gliis meoTxe funqciaa daicvas tvinis mgrZnobiare neironebi
sisxlTan erTad Semosuli toqsinuri nivTierebebisgan. specializebuli
gliuri ujredebi, romelTac astrocitebi ewodebaT, qmnian e.w. hemato-
encefalur bariers, romelic warmoadgens tvinis sisxlZarRvTa irgvliv
uwyvet cximovan Sres. cximSi uxsnadi substanciebi am bariers ver
gadalaxaven, radganac mravali Sxami da sxva mavne nivTiereba cximSi ar
ixsneba da, Sesabamisad, tvinSi SeRwevac ar SeuZliaT. dabolos,
neiromecnierebi sul ufro xSirad fiqroben, rom glia gavlenas axdens
neironTa Soris komunikaciaze im ionTa koncentraciaze zemoqmedebis gziT,
romlebic nervuli impulsis gatarebas uzrunvelyofen.

• glia – ujredi, romelic akavSirebs neironebs da aCqarebs nervul gadacemas, aSorebs

dazianebul da daRupul neironebs, da xels uSlis sisxlSi arsebul toqsiur substanciebs
SeaRwion tvinSi.
• amgznebi
amgznebi „Sesavali“ – informacia, romelic neironSi aRwevs da iwvevs mis agznebas.

moqmedebis potenciali
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aqamde Cven vsaubrobdiT neironebze, romlebic „agzavnian informacias“ da
„astimulireben“ erTimeores. movida dro, ufro detalurad aRvweroT
eleqtoqimiuri signalebi, romelTac nervuli sistema iyenebs informaciis
gadamuSavebisa da gadacemisaTvis. swored es signalebi warmoadgenen Tqveni
codnis, grZnobebis, survilebisa da Semoqmedebis safuZvels.
yoveli neironis mier dasmuli ZiriTadi kiTxvaa: _ ganimuxtos Tu ara (anu,
upasuxos Tu ara gamRizianebels)? martivad rom vTqvad, neironebi am
gadawyvetilebas iReben maTi dendtrirebisa da somis mier miRebuli
informaciis kombinirebis Sedegad da imis gansazRvrisas, es signalebi maT
„ganmuxtvas“ Tu „arganmuxtvas“ ubrZaneben. ufro detalurad ki, yoveli
neironi iRebs amgznebi – ganimuxte! – da Semakavebeli – ar ganimuxto! –
signalebis balanss. neironebSi amgznebi impulsebi iwvevn moqmedebis
potencials da neironi ganimuxteba.

moqmedebis potencialis bioqimiuri safuZveli

imis asaxsnelad, Tu rogor muSaobs moqmedebis potenciali, Cven unda
aRvweroT is bioqimiuri garemo, romelSic neironi arsebobs da iRebs
Semosul informacias. mTeli neironuli komunikacia xorcieldeba
eleqtrulad damuxtuli nawilakebis, ionebis, nakadiT, romelic ganWolavs
neironis membranas – Txel „kans“, romelic ujredis SigTavss garemomcveli
garemosagan gamoyofs. warmoidgineT, rom nervuli boWkoebi makaronia,
romelic mariliani wyliTaa savse da marilian supSi dacuravs. rogorc supi,
ise makaronis SigniT arsebuli siTxe Seicavs ionebs – natriumis (Na+),
qloris (Cl-), kalciumisa (Ca+) da kaliumis (K+) atomebs – romelTac rogorc
dadebiTi (+), ise uaryofiTi (-) muxtebi gaaCniaT (suraTi 3.18 3.21). membrana, anu
makaronis zedapiri, gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs orive siTxeSi ingredientebis
Sesabamisi balansis SenarCunebaSi. rodesac ujredi ar aris aqtiuri, anu
imyofeba mosvenebul mdgomareobaSi, mis Sida areSi daaxloebiT aTjer ufro
meti kaliumis ionia vidre gareT, xolo natriumis ionTa koncentracia
piriqiT, gareT ufro metia. membrana srulyofili barieri araa, is
saSualebas aZlevs natriumis ionebs SemoaRwion ujredis SigniT. amis
aRmosafxvrelad, bunebam Seqmna satransporto meqanizmebi membranis SigniT,
romelic „gamotumbavs“ natriums da „Catumbavs“ kaliums. am tumboTa
warmatebuli muSaobis Sedegad siTxe ujredis SigniT uaryofiTadaa
damuxtuli (70/1 000 volti) ujredgare sivrcesTan SedarebiT. es ki niSnavs,
rom ujredis Sida garemo polarizebulia. am polarizacias mosvenebis
 113
potenciali ewodeba. is qmnis im eleqtroqimiur garemos, romelSic nervul
ujreds SeuZlia moqmedebis potencialis warmoqmna.

sur. 3.18. moqmedebis potencialis bioqimiuri safuZveli

aqsonuri membrana gamoyofs siTxeebs, romlebic gansxvavdeba natriumisa da
kaliumis ionebis SemcvelobiT. gareSe are daaxloebiT aTjer ufro met
natriumis ions Seicavs, vidre Sida. kaliumis ionebTan mimarTebaSi
Tanafardoba sawinaaRmdegoa. membranas cilovani arxebi ganWolavs, romlebic
rogorc seleqtiuri arxebi ise moqmedeben, atareben ra an mxolod natriumis,
an mxolod kaliumis ionebs. mosvenebul mdgomareobaSi, rodesac nervuli
impulsi ar gadis, orive tipis arxi Caketilia da ionuri tumbo inarCunebs
ionur ganawilebas (Signidan gareT „gamotumbavs“ natriumis ionebs da
„Catumbavs“ kaliumis ionebs). aqsonis Sida are uaryofiTadaa damuxtuli 70
milivoltis odenobiT. Tuki es Zabva Semcirdeba nervuli impulsis
moaxloebis gamo, natriumis arxebi ixsneba da natriumis ionebi Semodis
aqsonSi. odnav mogvianebiT, natriumis arxebi ixureba, ixsneba kaliumis arxebi
da kaliumis ionebi gamodis gareT. arxebis monacvleobiTi Caketva da gaxsna
uzrunvelyofs nervuli impulsis gavrcelebas.

nervuli ujredi iwyebs gadasvlas mosvenebis potencialidan moqmedebis

potencialze amagznebeli Tu Semakavebeli informaciis sapasuxod. nebismieri
tipis Semosul informacias SeuZlia Secvalos ionuri balansi membranis
Sida da gare areebs Soris. es aseve iwvevs cvlilebebs ionuri arxebis
funqciebSic – ujreduli membranis agznebadi nawilebi, romlebic SerCeviTad
uzrunvelyofen zogierTi ionis moZraobas membranis gavliT. Semakavebeli
informacia aiZulebs ionur arxebs ufro mZafrad imuSaon da SeinarCunon
Sida aris uaryofiTi muxti, rac daicavs neirons ganmuxtvisagan.
amagznebeli impulsacia iwvevs ionuri arxebis gaxsnas da natriumis ionebi
Semodis ujredis Sida areSi, rac mas saSualebas aZlevs ganimuxtos.
radganac natriumis ionebi dadebiTi muxtis matarebelia, maTi Semosvla
iwvevs dadebiTi da uaryofiTi muxtebis gadanawilebis Secvlas ujreduli
membranis gaswvriv. moqmedebis potenciali aRmocendeba maSin, rodesac
amagznebeli impulsacia sakmarisad Zlieria SemakavebelTan SedarebiT da
iwvevs membranis depolarizacias –70 milivoltidan –55 milivoltamde:
sakmarisi raodenobis natriumi Semovida ujredSi, raTa es cvlileba
gamoewvia.

• Semakavebeli „Sesavali“ – Semosuli informacia, romelic neirons ubrZanebs, ar ganimuxtos.

• moqmedebis potenciali – nervuli impulsi, romelic neironSi warmoiqmneba, aqsonis gaswvriv
vrceldeba da iwvevs sinafsSi neirotransmiterebis gamoTavisuflebas.
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iwyeba Tu ara moqmedebis potencialis aRmoceneba, natriumi iCqaris

ujredis Sida areSi. Sedegad, ujredis Sida are dadebiTad imuxteba, rac
neironis srul depolarizacias niSnavs. Semdgom dominos efeqti iwvevs
moqmedebis potencialis gavrcelebas aqsonis gaswvriv; depolarizaciis
mowinave ubani ki aqsonis mimdebare regionebSi natriumis arxebis gaxsnas
ganapirobebs da ionebi Semodis ujredSi. am gziT – Tanamimdevruli
depolarizaciiT – signali vrceldeba aqsonSi (suraTi 3.18 3.21).
rogor ubrundeba neironi mis sawyis mosvenebul mdgomareobas ganmuxtvis
Semdeg? rodesac neironis Sida are dadebiTad imuxteba, natriumis arxebi
ixureba da ixsneba kaliumis arxebi, kaliumis ionebi gamodian gareT.
kaliumis gamosvla aRadgens neironis uaryofiT muxts. maSin, rodesac
signali miaRwevs aqsonis bolos, ujredis is nawilebi, sadac moqmedebis
potenciali warmoiqmna, ukve ubrundeba mosvenebul mdgomareobas da mzadaa
momdevno stimulaciisaTvis.

moqmedebis potencialis maxasiaTeblebi

moqmedebis potencialis gavrcelebis bioqimiuri buneba mraval
maxasiaTebels gansazRvravs. moqmedebis potenciali emorCileba sul an
arafris kanons:
kanons _ moqmedebis potencialis zoma ar aris damokidebuli
stimulaciis intensivobaze, Tuki is gansazRvrul zRurbls aRwevs. miaRwevs
Tu ara amagznebeli impulsi zRurbls, iwyeba potencialis generireba. Tuki
gaRizianeba qvezRurblovania, potenciali ver aRmocendeba. sul an arafris
kanonis damatebiTi Sedegia is, rom moqmedebis potencialis zoma ar icvleba
aqsonis mTel sigrZeze _ moqmedebis potenciali TviTgavrcelebadia, erTxel
dawyebuls, mas ar sWirdeba gareSe stimulacia.
sxvadasxva neironebSi aqsonis gaswvriv moqmedebis potencialis
gavrcelebis siCqare gansxvavebulia. yvelaze ufro swrafebSi signali
moZraobs 200 m/wm-Si siCqariT, yvelaze ufro nelSi ki – 10 sm/wm-Si. swrafi
neironebis aqsonebi dafarulia mWidrod Semoxveuli mielinis garsiT,
romelic, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, gliuri ujredebisgan Sedgeba da aqsoni
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emsgavseba simze acmul mokle milTa erTobliobas. milakebs Soris arsebul
sivrces ranvies Seviwroveba ewodeba (suraTi 3.16). mielinis garsian
neironebSi moqmedebis potenciali „xtunaobs“ erTi Seviwrovebidan meoreze,
riTac zogavs aqsonis yvela ubanze ionuri arxebis gaxsna-daxurvisaTvis
saWiro drosa da energias. mielinis garsis dazianeba iwvevs moqmedebis
potencialis gavrcelebis Senelebas da bevri problemis safuZveli xdeba.
gafantuli sklerozi (MS) erT-erTi im saSinel daavadebaTagania, romelic
aqsonebis demielinizaciiTaa gamowveuli. misTvis damaxasiaTebelia ormagi
gamosaxulebis aRqma, kankali, da, sabolood, dambla. gafantuli sklerozis
dros sxeulis specializebuli imunuri ujredebi Slian mielinizebuli
neironebis garss da azianeben normalur sinafsur gadacemas (Joyce, 1990).

• ionuri arxebi – nervuli ujredis membranis nawilebi, romlebic ionTa SerCeviT

ganvladobas uzrunvelyofen.
• sul an arafris kanoni – moqmedebis potencialis zoma ar aris stimulaciis intensivobaze
damokidebuli garkveuli zRurblis Semdeg.
• refraqteruli periodi – mosvenebis periodi, romlis ganmavlobaSic axali nervuli
impulsi ver warmoiqmneba aqsonis segmentSi.

mas mere, rac moqmedebis potenciali aqsonis garkveul ubans gaivlis, am

segmentze yalibdeba e.w. refraqteruli periodi (suraTi 3.19 3.22).
absoluturi refraqteruli periodis dros momdevno stimulacia, rac ar
unda intensiuric iyos igi, ver iwvevs moqmedebis potencialis generirebas;
SefardebiTi refraqteruli periodis dros neironi ganimuxteba mxolod
normalurze ufro Zlieri impulsis sapasuxod. gicdiaT unitazis Carecxva,
rodesac is wyliT ivseba? unitazSi unda arsebobdes wylis kritikuli done,
rom mas Carecxvis saSualeba hqondes. amis msgavsad, imisaTvis rom neironma
aRidginos axali moqmedebis potencialis generirebis unari, is unda
„gadaimuxtos“ da Tavidan aicilos qvezRurblovani stimulacia.
refraqteruli periodi uzrunvelyofs moqmedebis potencialis mxolod erTi
mimarTulebiT gavrcelebas: _ mas ar SeuZlia ukan dabruneba, radganac
aqsonis winamdebare segmentebi refraqterul mdgomareobaSia.

sur. 3.19. eleqtruli cvlilebebis droSi

droSi ganawileba moqmedebis
potencialis dros
natriumis ionebi, romlebic neironSi Semodis, depolarizaciis gziT
iwveven mosvenebis mdgomareobaSi arsebuli mosvenebis msubuqad uaryofiTi
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potencialis Secvlas msubuqad pozitiuriT. rodesac neironi
depolarizebulia, masSi mokle refraqteruli periodi myardeba, romlis
drosac momdevno stimulacias axali moqmedebis potencialis gamowveva ar
SeuZlia. axali moqmedebis potenciali SeiZleba aRmocendes mxolod maSin,
rodesac aRdgeba ionuri balansi gare da Sida areebs Soris.

sinafsuri
sinafsuri gadacema

rodesac aqsonuri potenciali daasrulebs mis mogzaurobas aqsonis

gaswvriv da miaRwevs terminalur balTas, man unda gadasces informacia
mezobel neirons. magram neironebi erTmaneTs ar exeba. isini sinafsebs qmnian,
patara sinafsuri napraliT presinafsur membranasa (informaciis gadamcemi
neironis terminaluri balTa) da postsinafsur membranas (mimRebi neironis
dendtritis an somis zedapiri) Soris. rodesac moqmedebis potenciali aRwevs
terminalur balTas, is iwvevs moqmedebaTa mTeli jaWvis gaaqtivebas,
romelsac sinafsuri gadacema ewodeba da romelic warmoadgens informaciis
gadacemas erTi neironidan meoreze sinafsuri napralis gavliT (suraTi 3.20
3.23). sinafsuri gadacema iwyeba, rodesac moqmedebis potenciali aqsonur
daboloebaSi iwvevs patara sferosebri buStukebis, sinafsuri vezikulebis,
moZraobas aqsonuri daboloebis Sida membranisaken da masTan mimagrebas.
yoveli vezikulis SigniT neirotransmiteria moTavsebuli – bioqimiuri
nivTiereba, romelic sxva neironebis stimulirebas iwvevs. moqmedebis
potenciali aseve iwvevs ionuri arxebis gaxsnas da kalciumis Semosvlas
aqsonur daboloebaSi, rac sinafsuri vezikulebis gaskdomas da maTSi
arsebuli neirotransmiteris gamoTavisuflebas ganapirobebs. amis Semdeg
neirotransmiteri Zalian swrafad gadadis sinafsur napralSi da aRwevs
postsinafsur membranas. sinafsuri gadacemis dasrulebisaTvis,
neirotransmiterebi ukavSirdeba postsinafsur membranaze arsebul
receptorul molekulebs.

sur. 3.20. sinafsuri gadacema

moqmedebis potenciali presinafsur neironSi iwvevs neirotransmiterebis
gamoTavisuflebas sinafsur napralSi, risi gadalaxvis Semdegac, isini
astimulireben postsinafsur membranaSi arsebul receptorul molekulebs.
erTi da igive neironis SigniT SeiZleba mravali neirotransmiteri
arsebobdes.
 117

• sinafsi – or neirons Soris arsebuli naprali.

• sinafsuri gadacema – erTi neironidan meoreze informaciis gadacemis procesi sinafsuri
napralis gaswvriv.
• neirotransmiterebi – qimiuri mesenjerebi, romlebic neironebidan gamoiyofa, gaivlis
sinafss, aRwevs meore neirons da mis stimulacias iwvevs.

neirotransmiteri ukavSirdeba receptorul molekulas ori winapirobis

Sesrulebis Semdeg. pirveli, sxva arc erTi neirotransmiteri, an qimiuri
nivTiereba ar SeiZleba daukavSirdes receptorul molekulas; meore,
neirotransmiteris forma unda Seesabamebodes receptoruli molekulis
formas ise, rogorc gasaRebi ergeba klites. Tu romelime piroba
darRveulia, neirotransmiteri ver daukavSirdeba receptors, rac imas
niSnavs, rom postsinafsuri membranis stimulireba SeuZlebeli iqneba. Tuki
neirotransmiteri daukavSirda receptorul molekulas, mas SeuZlia mezobel
neirons gadasces informacia „ganmuxtvis“ an „arganmuxtvis“ Sesaxeb.
Seasrulebs ra Tavis funqcias, neirotransmiteri Sordeba receptorul
molekulas da ukan, sinafsur napralSi gadadis. aq is an iSleba enzimebis
zemoqmedebis Sedegad an ukuSeiwoveba aqsonuri daboloebis mier
ganmeorebiTi gamoyenebis mizniT.
receptorul molekulaze damokidebulebiT, neirotansmiters SeiZleba
hqondes amgznebi, an Semakavebeli efeqti. e.i. erTi da igive neirotransmiteri
SeiZleba iyos amgznebi erTi sinafsisaTvis da Semakavebeli meorisaTvis.
TiToeuli neironi amuSavebs miRebul informacias aTasidan aTi aTas
neironTan erTad imisaTvis, rom gadawyvitos, warmoqmnas Tu ara axali
moqmedebis potenciali. swored am aTasobiT amgznebi da Semakavebeli
informaciis integracia aZlevs saSualebas moqmedebis potencials Seqmnas
adamianis gamocdilebis safuZveli.
Tqven albaT gsurT gaigoT, ratom ganvixilavT ase detalurad nervul
sistemas. es xom fsiqologiis kursia, romelic Seiswavlis qcevas,
azrovnebasa da emociebs. sinamdvileSi, sinafsebi swored is biologiuri
mediumia, romelTa meSveobiTac yvela es qmedeba xorcieldeba. Tuki Tqven
SecvliT sinafsis normalur aqtivobas, Tqven cvliT adamianTa qcevas, maT
azrovnebas da grZnobebs. sinafsis muSaobis principebis gagebam SesaZlebeli
gaxada ukeT gagvego daswavlisa da mexsierebis meqanizmebi, emociebi,
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebi, wamaldamokidebuleba, da, zogadad, sulieri
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janmrTelobis qimiuri formula. am TavSi miRebuli codna Tqven
dagexmarebaT gaigoT mTeli wigni _ fsiqologia da cxovreba.

neirotransmiterebi da maTi funqciebi

tvinSi neirotransmiteris funqcias asrulebs 60-ze meti sxvadasxva qimiuri

substancia. intensiurad Seswavlili neirotransmiterebi garkveul teqnikur
kriteriumebs akmayofileben. TiToeuli maTgani gamomuSavdeba presinafsur
aqsonur daboloebaSi da gamoTavisufldeba, rodesac moqmedebis potenciali
aRwevs am daboloebas. neirotransmiteris arseboba sinafsur napralSi iwvevs
postsinafsuri membranis biologiur pasuxs da, Tu misi gamoTavisufleba ar
Sedga, Sesabamisi pasuxi ver gamoiwveva. imisaTvis, rom Tqven SegeqmnaT
warmodgena, Tu ra gavlenas axdenen sxvadasxva neirotransmiterebi qcevis
regulaciaze, Cven gansaxilvelad gTavazobT im neirotransmiterebs,
romlebic miCneulia yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovnad nervuli sistemis
warmatebuli yoveldRiuri funqcionirebisaTvis. mokle diskusia aseve
SesaZlebels gaxdis imis gagebas, Tu ra xdeba, rodesac neirotransmiterebis
moqmedeba irRveva.

acetilqolini
acetilqolini gvxvdeba rogorc centralur, ise periferiul nervul
sistemaSi. alchaimeris daavadebis (degeneratiuli daavadeba, romelic
ZiriTadad asakovan pacientebSi gvxvdeba) dros pacientebSi mexsierebis
darRvevas iwvevs acetilqolinis sekretoruli neironebis dazianeba.
acetilqolini aseve amgznebad moqmedebs nerv-kunTovan SeerTebaSi, sadac is
kunTebis SekumSvas iwvevs. mraval toqsins SeuZlia acetilqolinis sinafsuri
moqmedebis Secvla. magaliTad, botulinumis toqsini, romelic arasworad
konservirebul sakvebSi xSirad gvxvdeba, wamlavs adamians, aferxebs ra
acetilqolinis gamoTavisuflebas sasunTq sistemaSi. kurare, amazoniis
indielebis mier gamoyenebuli Sxami, romliTac isini isrebis boloebs
wamlaven, iwvevs sasunTqi kunTebis damblas acetilqolinis receptorebis
blokirebis gziT, xels uSlis ra neirotransmiteris normalur sinafsur
aqtivobas.

gaemi
gaemi (gama-amino-erbos-mJava) Tavis tvinSi yvelaze ufro farTod
gavrcelebuli Semakavebeli neirotransmiteria. gaemi tvinis sinafsebis
daaxloebiT erT mesamedSi gamoiyeneba rogorc mesenjeri. gaem-mgrZnobiare
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neironebi tvinis iseT regionebSia lokalizebuli, rogorebicaa Talamusi,
hipoTalamusi da kefis wili. gaemi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs
fsiqopaTologiis zogierT formaSi, akavebs ra neironul aqtivobas. rodesac
am neirotransmiteris done klebulobs, adamianebSi es iwvevs damatebiT
nervul aqtivobas, romelic SfoTvaSi gamoixateba (Paul et al., 1986). SfoTvebs
xSirad mkurnaloben benzodiazepinebis Semcveli wamlebiT, rogoric valiumi
da qsanaqsia, romlebic gaem dones zrdian (Ballenger, 1999). benzodiazepinebi
pirdapir ar ukavSirdeba gaem receptorebs, samagierod isini xels uwyoben
gaems Tavad ufro efeqturad daukavSirdes postsinafsur receptorul
molekulebs.

dofamini, norepinefrini da serotonini

kateqolaminebi warmoadgenen qimiuri substanciebis klass, romelic or
mniSvnelovan neirotransmiters, dofaminsa da norepinefrins Seicavs. orive
maTgani umniSvnelovanes rols TamaSobs iseT fsiqologiur daavadebebSi,
rogoricaa guneba-ganwyobilebis aSlilobebi da Sizofrenia. norepinefrini
CarTulia depresiis zogierT formaSi: wamlebi, romlebic tvinSi am
neirotransmiteris donis momatebas uwyoben xels, xasiaTis gaumjobesebasa
da depresiis Semsubuqebas iwveven. sawinaaRmdegod, normaze maRali dofaminis
Semcveloba nanaxia SizofreniiT daavadebulebSi. rogorc Tqven albaT
ggoniaT, am daavadebis mkurnalobis erT-erTi SesaZlebloba iqneboda iseTi
wamlebis gamoyeneba, romlebic tvinSi dofaminis donis Semcirebas
gamoiwvevda. medikamentozuri mkurnalobis adreul periodSi warmoiqmna
saintereso, magram naklebad saxarbielo problema. wamlis maRali dozebis
gamoyenebam Sizofreniis winaaRmdeg gamoiwvia parkinsonis daavadebis niSnebi
– progresuli da fataluri daavadebis, romelic moZraobis darRvevebs
iwvevs (parkinsonis daavadebis mizezia dofaminis masinTezirebeli neironebis
gamofitva). am monacemebma aiZuila mecnierebi daewyoT kvleva Sizofreniisa
da parkinsonis daavadebis medikamentozuri mkurnalobis gasaumjobeseblad.
yvela neironi, romelic serotonins gamoimuSavebs, moTavsebulia tvinis
ReroSi, romelic agznebisa da mravali sxva avtonomiuri procesis
regulaciaSia CarTuli. halucinogenuri nivTiereba LSD (lizerginis mJavas
dieTilamidi) moqmedebs serotoninerguli neironebis efeqtebis daTrgunvis
gziT. es serotoninerguli neironebi Cveulebriv sxva neironTa Sekavebas
iwveven, magram LCD-Ti gamowveuli Sekavebis nakleboba iwvevs cocxal da
uCveulo emociebs, romelTagan zogi ramodenime saaTi grZeldeba. bevri
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antidepresanti, mag. prozaki, aZlierebs serotoninis aqtivobas, xels uSlis
ra mis mocilebas sinafsuri napralidan (Barondes, 1994).

• neiromodulatori – substancia, romlic cvlis an amodulirebs postsinafsuri neironis

aqtivobas.

endorfinebi
endorfinebi qimiur nivTierebaTa jgufia, romelTac Cveulebriv
neiromodulatorebs uwodeben. neiromodulatori aris substancia, romelic
cvlis an amodulirebs postsinafsuri neironis aqtivobas. endorfinebi
(Semoklebulia endogenuri morfinebi) mniSvnelovan rols TamaSoben
emociuri qcevisa (SfoTva, SiSi, daZabva, siamovneba) da tkivilis kontrolSi
– opiumisa da morfis msgavsi nivTierebebi tvinSi erTi da igive receptorebs
ukavSirdeba. endorfinebs uwodeben „samoTxis gasaRebs“ maTi siamovnebis
gamomwvevi Tvisebis gamo. gamokvleul iqna SesaZlebloba, rom endorfinebi
nawilobriv mainc pasuxismgebelia tkivilis Semamsubuqebel efeqtebze
akupunqturisa da placebos dros (Fields & Levine, 1984; Murray, 1995; Watkins &
Mayer, 1982). es testebi emyareba nivTiereba naloqsonis gamoyenebas, romelic
morfinisa da endorfinebis receptorebis blokirebas iwvevs. nebismieri
tkivilgamayuCebeli procedura, romelic endorfinebis gamoTavisuflebas
iwvevs, araefeqturia naloqsonis miRebisas. naloqsonis ineqciis dros
akupunqtura da placebo kargavs Tavis Zalas, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom
swored endorfinebi ganapirobebdnen maT zemoqmedebas.
mecnierebma uCvenes, rom iseTi airebi, rogoricaa naxSirbadis monooqsidi
da azotis oqsidi, moqmedeben rogorc neirotransmiterebi (Barinaga, 1993). am
axali klasis warmomadgenlebi ar emorCilebian neirotransmiterebis
moqmedebis tradiciulad Camoyalibebul principebs. magaliTad, Cvens mier
aRweril neirotransmiterTagan gansxvavebiT, imis magier, rom daukavSirdnen
receptorul molekulebs, es airadi transmiterebi pirdapir ganWolaven
mimRebi ujredis gare membranas. am gasaocarma aRmoCenam unda dagarwmunoT,
rom Tavis tvinSi jer kidev bevri saidumlo unda gaixsnas.
wignis am TavSi Cven mokled ganvixileT is SesaniSnavi da araCveulebrivi
samyaro, Tqveni tvini, romelic mxolod kilonaxevars iwonis. erTia, imis
Secnoba, rom tvini akontrolebs qcevas da Tqven sulier procesebs, magram
meorea imis gageba, Tu rogor axorcielebs tvini yvela am funqcias.
neiromecnierebi CarTulni arian am gasaocari problemis amoxsnaSi, rom
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gaigon tvinis SigniT da garemosa da tvins Soris mimdinare procesebi. Tqven
axla ukve gaqvT sabaziso codna, romelic dagexmarebaT damatebiTi codnis
SeZenaSi.

Sejameba

neironTa ZiriTadi tipebia sensoruli, motoruli da interneironebi. Tavis

tvinis neironTa umravlesoba interneironia, romlebic garSemortymulia
gliuri ujredebiT. neironebi ganimuxteba amgznebi da Semakavebeli
impulsebis Sesabamisi balansis miRebis sapasuxod. neironebi sul an arafris
kanonis Sesabamisad agzavnian informacias moqmedebis potencialis saxiT
aqsonis gaswvriv. neirotransmiterebi Tavisufldeba sinafsur napralSi da
gadascemen informacias mezobeli neironis receptorul molekulasTan
dakavSirebis gziT. mravali sasicocxlo procesia damokidebuli iseTi
mniSvnelovani neirotransmiterebis moqmedebaze, rogorebicaa _
acetilqolamini, dofamini da serotonini.

fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi: _ rogor gavlenas axdens cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba tvinze?

wignis am Tavis wakiTxvisas, Tqven axal informacias iZenT – niSnavs Tu
ara es, rom Tqveni tvini icvleba? _ savaraudoa! studentebi, romlebic
pirvelad Sedian SexebaSi Tanamedrove neiromecnierebasTan, xSirad
interesdebian, Tu rogor gavlenas axdens cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba maT
tvinze.
klasikuri cdebis seria, romelic mark rozencvaigisa da misi kolegebis
mier iqna Catarebuli, aCvenebs gansxvavebebs virTagvebs Soris, romlebic
gamdidrebul da gaRaribebul garemoSi aRizardnen (Rosenzweig, 1996, 1999b).
gaRaribebul garemoSi virTagvebi marto iyvnen moTavsebuli galiaSi;
gamdidrebul garemoSi isini mozrdil galiaSi sxvebTan erTad iyvnen da
yoveldRiurad ecvlebodaT saTamaSoebi. garkveuli periodis (ramodenime
kvira da Tve) Semdeg mecnierebma Seiswavles virTagvebis tvini. Sedegebi
dramatuli iyo. gamdidrebul garemoSi gazrdili virTagvebis saSualo tvini
ufro mZime da msxvili – pozitiuri atributebi - iyo, vidre gaRaribebul
garemoSi gazrdili cxovelebisa. SesamCnevi sxvaoba miiRweoda maSinac ki,
rodesac virTagvebi gamdidrebul garemoSi mxolod ramodenime dRiT
Tavsdebodnen. sxvaoba zrdasrul virTagvebSic aRiniSneboda, anu, ara marto
mzardi, aramed zrdasruli virTagvebic gamdidrebul areSi moTavsebis
Semdeg uCvenebdnen upiratesobas. miuxedavad imisa, rom es gamokvleva
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virTagvebze Catarda, cdis Sedegebis gadatana adamianebzec SeiZleba: mdidar
garemos dadebiTi gavlena aqvs tvinis ganviTarebasa da muSaobaze.
tvinis damasuraTebeli teqnikiT SesaZlebelia Zalzed specifikuri
gansxvavebebis aRmoCena, romlebic cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis Sedegad
Camoyalibda. musikosebma, romlebic violinoze ukraven, Zalian natifad unda
akontrolon marcxena xelis TiTebi. Tuki Tqven daubrundebiT 3.9 suraTs,
naxavT rom sensoruli qerqis didi nawili TiTebs eZRvneba. tvinis skanirebam
uCvena, rom qerqis ubnebi, pasuxismgebeli marcxena xelis TiTebze,
meviolineebSi ufro didia, vidre sakontrolo jgufSi (Elbert et al., 1995). es
efeqti araa nanaxi marjvena xelis TiTebisaTvis, romelTac ar aqvT aseTi
mniSvnelovani datvirTva violinoze dakvrisas. marcxena TiTebis
reprezentacia sensorul qerqSi yvelaze ufro didi iyo im musikosebSi,
romelTac violinoze dakvra bavSvobaSi, 12 wlis asakamde daiwyes.
Tqven, albaT, ukve ifiqreT imaze, rom cxovrebiseul gamocdilebas
SeuZlia aseve uaryofiTi gavlena moaxdinos tvinis muSaobaze. gaixseneT
tvinis struqtura, hipokampi, romelic Cven manamde aRvwereT, rogorc
gadamwyveti struqtura konkretuli mexsierebis CamoyalibebisaTvis.
mecnierebma uCvenes, rom qronikuli stresi – mdgomareoba, rodesac
organizmis fizikuri da fsiqologiuri resursebi maqsimaluradaa daZabuli
(ix. Tavi 13) – iwvevs hipokampis neironTa dendritebis atrofias (McEwen, 1999;
Sapolsky, 1996). rogorc Tqven, albaT, ukve mixvdiT, Sedegia mexsierebis
zogierTi formis darRveva. magaliTad, virTagvebi qronikuli stresis
pirobebSi kargaven labirinTSi orientaciis unars (Conrad et al., 1996).
neiromecnierebis Tanamedrove mimarTulebebis mniSvnelovani amocanaa im
meTodebis aRmoCena, romlebic tvins uaryofiTi cxovrebiseuli
gamocdilebisagan daicaven. aseTi kvlevis Sedegebi yvelasaTvis sasargeblo
iqneba.

sakvanZo sakiTxebi
memkvidreobiToba da qceva
• saxeobebi warmoiqmneba da icvleba drois ganmavlobaSi bunebrivi
gadarCevis Sedegad.
• adamianTa evoluciaSi, or fexze siarulma da encefalizaciam
mniSvnelovani Sedegebi, maT Soris metyvelebisa da kulturis ganviTareba,
gamoiwvia.
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• memkvidreobiTobis mTavari erTeuli genia. genebi gansazRvraven im gavlenis

CarCoebs, romelsac garemo faqtorebi iwvevs da romlebic fenotipis
cvlilebiT gamoixateba.

biologia da qceva
• neiromecnierebi uamrav sxvadasxva meTods iyeneben, rom tvinsa da qcevas
Soris damokidebuleba gaarkvion: tvinis dazianebis mqone pacientTa
Seswavla, tvinis garkveuli ubnebis dazianeba, tvinis eleqtruli
stimulacia, tvinis aqtivobis registracia, da kompiuteruli teqnikis
meSveobiT tvinis gamosaxulebis miReba.
• Tavisa da zurgis tvini centralur nervul sistemas (cns) qmnian.
• periferiuli nervuli sistema (pns) Sedgeba neironebisagan, romlebic cns-
sa da sxeuls akavSireben. pns Sedgeba somaturi nervuli sistemisagan,
romelic ConCxis kunTebis moqmedebas aregulirebs, da avtonomiuri
nervuli sistemisagan (ans), romelic aregulirebs sasicocxlo procesebs.
• Tavis tvini Sedgeba sami urTierTdakavSirebuli Srisagan: _ tvinis Rero,
limburi sistema da didi tvini.
• tvinis Rero pasuxismgebelia sunTqvaze, saWmlis monelebasa da
guliscemaze.
• limburi sistema monawileobs grZelvadiani mexsierebis, agresiis, kvebiT da
sqesobriv qcevebSi.
• didi tvini akontrolebs umaRles mentalur procesebs.
• zogi funqcia lateralizebulia Tavis tvinis erT romelime hemisferoSi.
magaliTad, adamianTa umravlesobaSi metyvelebas marcxena hemisfero
akontrolebs.
• miuxedavad imisa, rom orive hemisfero erTad muSaobs, maT funqcionirebis
sxvadasxva tipi axasiaTebT: _ marcxena hemisfero ufro analitikuria,
marjvena ki – holisturi.
• individualuri gansxvavebebis fonze zogadi daskvnebi SeiZleba Seicvalos.
magaliTad, mamakacebsa da qalebs lateralizaciis gansxvavebuli saxeebi
axasiaTebT.
• endokrinuli sistema gamoimuSavebs da sisxlis nakadSi gamoyofs
hormonebs.
• hormonebi xels uwyoben zrdas, pirveladi da meoradi sasqeso niSnebis
ganviTarebas, metabolizms, saWmlis monelebasa da agznebas.
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• hipoTalamusi akontrolebs endokrinul sistemas hipofizis stimulirebis

gziT.

nervuli sistema moqmedebaSi

• neironi, nervuli sistemis ZiriTadi erTeuli, iRebs, amuSavebs da
gadascems informacias sxva neironebs, jirkvlebsa da kunTebs.
• neironebi gadascemen informacias dendritebidan ujredis sxeulis (soma)
gavliT aqsonis gaswvriv terminaluri balTisaken.
• sensoruli neironebi iReben informacias specializebuli receptoruli
ujredebidan da agzavnian mas cns-ken. motoruli neironebi agzavnian
informacias cns-dan kunTebisa da jirkvlebisaken. interneironebi
gadascemen informacias sensoruli neironebidan sxva motorul an
interneironebs.
• rodesac impulsaciis sumacia miaRwevs gansazRvrul zRurbls, moqmedebis
potenciali igzavneba aqsonis gaswvriv aqsonuri daboloebisaken.
• sul an arafris kanons damorCilebuli moqmedebis potenciali
aRmocendeba, rodesac gaxsnili ionuri arxebi ujredis membranis Sida da
gare areebs Soris ionTa ganvladobas uzrunvelyofs.
• neirotransmiterebi gamoTavisufldeba sinafsur napralSi. napralis
gadalaxvis Semdeg isini uerTdeba postsinafsuri membranis receptorul
molekulebs.
• aagzneben Tu Seakaveben es neirotransmiterebi membranas, damokidebulia
receptoruli molekulis bunebaze.
ZiriTadi cnebebi

• adamianis qcevis genetika • neiromodulatori

• amagznebeli „Sesavali“ • neironi
• asociaciuri qerqi • neirotransmiterebi
• avtonomiuri nervuli sistema • nuSisebri kompleqsi
(ans)
• parasimpaTikuri sistema
• aqsoni
• periferiuli nervuli sistema (pns)
• brokas are
• PET (pozitronul-emisiuri tomografia)
• bunebrivi gadarCeva skani
• genebi • retikuluri formacia
• genetika • refraqteruli periodi
• genotipi • safeTqlis wili
• glia • sasqeso qromosomebi
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• dazianeba • sensoruli neironi

• dendritebi • simpaTikuri sistema
• didi tvini • sinafsi
• didi tvinis qerqi • sinafsuri gadacema
• dnm (dezoqsiribonukleinis • smeniTi qerqi
mJava)
• soma
• eleqtroencefalograma (eeg)
• somatosensoruli qerqi
• endokrinuli sistema • somaturi nervuli sistema
• estrogeni • sociobiologia
• Talamusi
• sul an arafris kanoni
• Txemis wili
• tvinis Rero
• interneironi
• tvinis hemisferoebi
• ionuri arxebi
• terminaluri balTa
• kefis wili • testosteroni
• korZiani sxeuli • fenotipi
• limburi sistema
• funqciuri magnetur-rezonansuli
• magnetur-rezonansuli tomografia (fMRI)
tomografia (MRI)
• Semakavebeli „Sesavali“
• memkvidreobiToba
• Sublis wili
• mogrZo tvini
• centraluri nervuli sistema (cns)
• mosvenebis potenciali
• xidi
• motoruli neironi • hipoTalamusi
• motoruli qerqi • hipokampi
• moqmedebis potenciali
• hipofizi
• mxedvelobis qerqi
• homeostazi
• naTxemi
• hormonebi
• neiromecniereba

Tavi 4. SegrZnebebi

• samyaros sensoruli Semecneba

– fsiqofizika
– fizikuri movlenebidan fsiqikuri movlenebisaken

• mxedvelobis sistema
– adamianis Tvali
– guga da broli
– badura
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– Tavis tvinisaken mimavali nervuli gzebi
– ferTa SegrZneba
– vizualuri obieqtebis kompleqsuri analizi

• fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi: SeuZlia teqnologiasDdazianebuli

mxedvelobis aRdgena?

• smenis SegrZneba
– bgeris fizika
– bgeris fsiqologiuri ganzomilebebi
– smenis fiziologia

• sxva SegrZnebebi
– ynosva
– gemos SegrZneba
– Sexeba da kanis SegrZnebebi
– wonasworobisa da kinesTetikuri SegrZnebebi
– tkivili

• fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi: ratom iwvevs cxare saWmeli

tkivils?

• sakvanZo sakiTxebi
– ZiriTadi cnebebi
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jonaTan i. iyo mxatvari. man Tavisi warmatebuli SemoqmedebiTi karieris
ganmavlobaSi Seqmna mravali abstraqtuli tilo, romelic warmoadgenda
kaSkaSa, cocxali ferebis didebul sinTezs. samocdaxuTi wlis asakSi man
sruliad dakarga ferTa SegrZnebis unari Tavis tvinis dazianebis gamo. roca
is uyurebda Tavis namuSevrebs, xedavda yovelives mxolod rux, Sav da TeTr
ferebSi; Tuki is adre aRiqvamda ferebs, romlebic misTvis Rrma pirovnuli
asociaciebis matarebeli iyo, axla igi xedavda mxolod “uswormasworo” da
“WuWyian“ laqebs. es ar exeboda mxolod mis Semoqmedebas. cvlilebebi moxda
mis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSic. magaliTad, man SezRuda Tavisi sakvebi meniu
mxolod Savi da TeTri saWmelebiT _ Savi zeTisxili da TeTri brinji
gamoiyureboda misTvis gacilebiT ufro jansaR, normalur sakvebad, vidre
feradi sakvebi, romelsac is axla aRiqvamda usiamovno rux ferebSi da
eCveneboda ugemuri.
miuxedavad yovelive amisa, jonaTan i.-is istoria arc ise tragikuli
aRmoCnda. droTa ganmavlobaSi igi Seegua am mdgomareobas, scada
gaegrZelebina Tavisi Semoqmedeba da daiwyo xatva Savi da TeTri saRebavebiT.
jonaTan i.-is Tayvanismcemlebma es aRiqves, rogorc misi SemoqmedebiTi
karieris axali da saintereso etapi. maT ar icodnen, rom mxatvruli
mimarTulebis Secvla ganpirobebuli iyo Tavis tvinis dazianebiT. jonaTan i.
mixvda, rom misma ucabedma ferTa sibrmavem vizualuri samyaros axali
aspeqtebi gadauSala win: “Tumca, jonaTan i. ar uaryofda imas, rom bevri ram
dakarga da garkveulwilad swuxda amis gamo, magram man igrZno, rom misi
mxedveloba gaxda “uaRresad daxvewili”, privilegirebuli, rom is uyurebs
wminda formebis samyaros, romelsac ar uSlis xels feri.” (Sacks, 1995, p.38).
amrigad, miuxedavad imisa, rom jonaTan i.-im dakarga ferTa SegrZnebis unari,
misma sensorulma sistemam uzrunvelyo is samyaros axali versiiT, romelic
mas SeeZlo aReqva da gadaeqcia xelovnebad.

dagafiqraT jonaTan i.-is istoriam Tqvens sakuTar sensorul

SesaZleblobebze? dainteresebulxarT odesme, Tu rogor axerxebs Tqveni
Tavis tvini, romelic gamomwyvdeulia Tavis qalis bnel, mdumare sakanSi,
gagancdevinoT van gogis naxatebis ferTa sisavse, rok-n-rolis swrafi
melodiebi da riTmi, sazamTros macocxlebeli gemo cxel zafxulSi, bavSvis
kocnis rbili Sexeba, an mindvris yvavilebis surneli gazafxulze? am TavSi
Cven vecdebiT avxsnaT, Tu rogor axerxebs Cveni sxeuli da tvini gaerkves
stimulaciis im nakadSi, romelic mudmivad aris Cvens garSemo _ danaxuli
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obieqtebSi, mosmenili bgerebSi da sxva mravalSi. Tqven dainaxavT, Tu rogor
aRgWurvaT evoluciam unariT, gamoavlinoT gancdis sxvadasxva
ganzomilebebi. Tqven aRmoaCenT, rom SegrZnebebs, romliTac Tqven
dagajildovaT bunebam, Zalian rTuli meqanizmi aqvs.
es Tavi exeba Cveni gancdis ZiriTad biologiur elementebs: SegrZneba aris
procesi, roca sensoruli receptoris gaRizianeba dasabams aZlevs nervul
impulsebs, rac iwvevs sxeulis SigniT Tu gareT arsebuli pirobebis gancdas,
maT gacnobierebas. mexuTe Tavi ki exeba perceptul procesebs, romelic
dakavSirebulia centraluri nervuli sistemis ufro maRali donis
aqtivobasTan. igi SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rogorc sensoruli gancdis
identifikacia, interpretacia, integracia da klasifikacia. Semdegi Tavis
bolos Tqven gaigebT, Tu rogor axerxebs Tqveni Tavis tvini sxvadasxva
informaciis gaerTianebas, raTa mogawodoT samyaros erTi mTliani suraTis
gancda.

• SegrZneba (sensation) _ procesi, roca sensoruli receptoris gaRizianeba

dasabams aZlevs nervul impulsebs, rac iwvevs sxeulis SigniT Tu gareT
arsebuli pirobebis gancdas, maT gacnobierebas.

SegrZnebebis samyaroSi mogzaurobis dawyebamde, neba momeciT, yuradReba

gavamaxvilo SegrZnebaTa ormag funqciaze: esaa TviTgadarCena da grZnobadoba
(Sensuality). Tqveni SegrZnebebi, rogorc gamafrTxilebeli signali, ise
gexmarebaT, gibiZgebT swrafad imoqmedoT safrTxis winaaRmdeg da warmarTavs
Tqvens moqmedebas, raTa ganicadoT TqvenTvis ufro misaRebi SegrZnebebi.
garda amisa, Tqveni SegrZnebebi gansazRvravs Tqvens grZnobadobas. gZrnobadia
adamiani, romelic gatacebulia SegrZnebebisagan miRebuli siamovnebis
gancdiT. grZnobadoba iwvevs swrafvas, miiRoT da isiamovnoT mravalferovani
SegrZnebebiT _ mxedvelobis, smeniTi, Sexebis, gemosa Tu ynosvis. roca
waikiTxavT am Tavs, Tqven SeZlebT imsjeloT imaze, Tu rogor gexmarebaT
SegrZnebis meqanizmebis codna, raTa aRmoaCinoT grZnobadobis janmrTeli
survili da iswavloT, Tu rogor SeiZleba miiRoT siamovneba bgerebis,
ferebis, sunebis, gemos da Sexebis samyaroSi.

samyaros sensoruli Semecneba

gare samyaros gancda unda iyos zusti da Tavisufali Secdomebisagan.

sxvagvarad Tqven ver SeZlebdiT gadarCenas; Tqven gWirdebaT: ikveboT, raTa
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SeinarCunoT arseboba; TavSesafari, romelic dagicavT; sxva adamianebTan
urTierToba, raTa daikmayofiloT socialuri moTxovnilebani da safrTxis
gacnobiereba, raTa daicvaT Tavi. am moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebisaTvis
Tqven unda miiRoT sando informacia samyaros Sesaxeb. cxovelTa yvela
saxeobam ganaviTara informaciis Segrovebis garkveuli saxis specialuri
meqanizmebi. adamiani ki ar aris specializebuli mxolod erT gansakuTrebul
sensorul sferoze: Tqven ara gaqvT iseTive srulyofili mxedveloba,
rogorc, magaliTad, Sevardens, iseTive maxvili smena, rogorc Ramuras da
iseTive ynosva, rogorc mRrRnelebs. magram adamianebi arian aRWurvilni
sensoruli meqanizmiT, romelic aZlevs maT SesaZleblobas, gadaamuSavos
Semomavali rTuli sensoruli signalebis farTo speqtri.
sakiTxis mniSvnelovnebis gamo, sensoruli procesebis Seswavla yovelTvis
inarCunebda gansakuTrebul adgils fsiqologiuri mecnierebis mTeli
istoriis ganmavlobaSi. roca vundti (Wundt, 1907) eqsperimentuli
fsiqologiis safuZvlebs qmnida, man mecnierebas SesTavaza idea, romlis
mixedviT, SegrZnebebi da grZnobebi elementaruli procesebia, romelTagan
igeba ufro rTuli gancdebi. titCenerma (Titchener, 1898) es idea Seitana
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi da SegrZnebam centraluri adgili daikava mis
introspeqciul kvlevebSi cnobierebis Sinaarsebis Sesaxeb. rogorc
mogvianebiT vnaxavT, SegrZnebis adreul fsiqologiuri kvlevebSi, ZiriTadad,
Seiswavleboda garemoSi mimdinare movlenebsa da adamianTa mier am
movlenebis gancdas Soris kavSirebi.

fsiqofizika
ramdenad Zlieri unda iyos saxanZro gangaSis xma qarxanaSi, raTa muSebma
gaigonon is momuSave manqanebis xmaurSi? ramdenad kaSkaSa unda iyos
sinaTlis gamafrTxilebeli signali pilotis sakontrolo panelze, raTa
misi sikaSkaSe orjer aRematebodes sxva ganaTebuli obieqtebis sikaSkaSes?
ramdeni Saqari gWirdebaT Wiqa yavaSi, raTa is TqvenTvis gaxdes tkbili? am
kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad Cven unda SegveZlos sensoruli gancdis
intensivobis gazomva. es aris fsiqofizikis ZiriTadi amocana _ Seiswavlos
kavSiri fizikur gamRizianeblebsa da qcevas an im fsiqikur gancdebs Soris,
romelsac es stimuli aRZravs. fsiqofizika fsiqologiuri mecnierebis
uZvelesi sferoa (Levine & Shefner, 1981).
yvelaze mniSvnelovani figura fsiqofizikis istoriaSi iyo germaneli
fizikosi gustav fexneri (Gustav Fechner1801_1887). fexnerma Semoitana termini
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fsiqofizika da Seqmna meTodika, romelic akavSirebda fizikuri
gamRizianeblis intensivobas _ gazomils fizikur erTeulebSi _ sensoruli
gancdis sididesTan _ gazomils fsiqologiur erTeulebSi (Fechner, 1860/1966).
fexneris teqnika aris erTnairi nebismieri modalobis stimulisaTvis _
sinaTlis, bgeriTi, ynosviTi, gemos Tu SexebiTi gamRizianeblisaTvis:
mkvlevarebi gansazRvraven SegrZnebis zRurblebs da qmnian fsiqofizikur
skalebs, romelic akavSirebs SegrZnebis intensivobas gamRizianeblis
intensivobasTan.

absoluturi zRurblebi da sensoruli adaptacia

rogoria gamRizianeblis is umciresi, usustesi energia, romlis SemCnevac

SeuZlia organizms?"? magaliTad, ramdenad susti SeiZleba iyos toni, raTa
jer kidev SesaZlebeli iyos misi gagoneba? es kiTxvebi exeba stimulaciis
absolutur zRurbls _ fizikuri energiis im minimalur raodenobas,
romelic saWiroa sensoruli gancdis warmosaqmnelad. mkvlevarebi
absoluturi zRurblis gazomvisas sTxoven yuradRebiT myof damkvirveblebs,
Seasrulon SemCnevis amocana, magaliTad, SeamCnion mkrTali Suqi bnel
oTaxSi an Seecadon gaigonon Zalian susti bgera srul siCumeSi. cdaTa
mravali seriis ganmavlobaSi xdeba sxvadasxva intensivobis stimulebis
gamoyeneba da TiToeul cdaSi damkvirveblebi aRniSnaven, SeamCnies Tu ara is.
(Tuki Tqven rodesme SegifasebiaT Tqveni smenis simaxvile, maSasadame, Tqven
monawileoba migiRiaT absoluturi zRurblis gansazRvris testSi).
absoluturi zRurblis Seswavlis Sedegebi SeiZleba SevajamoT
fsiqometruli funqciis saxiT: horizontalur RerZze gadazomilia
gamRizianeblis intensivobebi, xolo vertikalur RerZze _ aRebuli
intensivobis mqone gamRizianeblebis SemCnevaTa procenti. tipiuri
fsiqometruli funqcia naCvenebia suraTze 4.1-
4.1-ze.
ze

suraTi 4.1
absoluturi zRurblis gamoTvla
radganac gamRizianebeli ar xdeba meyseulad SesamCnevi garkveul
wertilSi, absoluturi zRurbli ganisazRvreba, rogorc intensivoba,
100
rodesac gamRizianebeli SesamCnevi xdeba SemTxvevaTa naxevarSi.
miRebuli
SemCnevaTa procenti

Teoriuli
(“diax “ pasuxebi)

zRurblis zRurblis
mrudi mrudi
50

absoluturi
zRurbli
(SemCnevaTa 50%)
0
 131

(dabali) (maRali)
stimulis intensivoba (pirobiTi erTeuli)

sinaTlis Zalian susti gamRizianeblis pirobebSi SemCneva aris 0

procenti; xolo kaSkaSa gamRizianeblis pirobebSi _ 100 procenti. im
SemTxvevaSi, rom yofiliyo erTaderTi, WeSmariti absoluturi zRurbli,
mosalodneli iqneboda SemCnevaTa procentis gadaxra 0%-dan 100%-mde Zalian
mkveTrad da grafikic gaswordeboda wertilSi, sadac miaRwevda zRurbls.
magram es ar xdeba, sul mcire, ori mizezis gamo: damkvirveblebi, nawilobriv,
yovelTvis icvlebian mcirediT, roca cdiloben gamRizianeblis SemCnevas
(yuradRebis cvlilebis, daRlilobis da sxva mizezebis gamo) da zogjer
isini dadebiTad pasuxoben gamRizianeblis ararsebobis pirobebSic. (mcdari
gangaSis saxe, romelsac signalis SemCnevis Teoriis aRwerisas mokled
SevexebiT,). amrigad, fsiqometruli mrudi yovelTvis aris gluvi, S-formis
mrudi, romelSic aris monakveTi, sadac xdeba gadasvla sruli
SeumCnevadobisagan gamRizianeblis drodadro SemCnevadobisaken da Semdgom
sruli SemCnevadobisaken.
radganac garkveuli intensivobis gamRizianebeli ar xdeba aSkarad
SesamCnevi nebismier dros, absoluturi zRurblis operacionaluri
gansazRvreba iqneba Semdegnairi: es aris gamRizianeblis done, romelzedac
xdeba sensoruli signalis SemCneva SemTxvevaTa naxevarSi.
cxrilSi # 4.1 naCvenebia absoluturi zRurblis done ramdenime nacnobi
bunebrivi gamRizianeblisaTvis. sxvadasxva sensoruli modalobis zRurblebi
SeiZleba gaizomos analogiuri proceduriT, ubralod unda Seicvalos
gamRizianeblis ganzomileba.

cxrili 4.1.
4.1. miaxloebiTi zRurblebi nacnobi movlenebisaTvis
movlenebisaTvis
sensoruli
SemCnevis zRurbli
modaloba
sinaTle sanTlis ali, 48 km manZilze srul sibneleSi
bgera saaTis wikwiki srul siCumeSi 6 m manZilze
gemo erTi Cais kovzi Saqari 9 l wyalze
 132

ynosva sunamos erTi wveTi gafantuli samoTaxiani binis mTel

sivrceSi
Sexeba 1 santimetris simaRlidan loyaze daSvebuli futkris frTa

• fsiqofizika (psychophysics) _ mecniereba fizikuri stimulaciisa da

fsiqologiuri SegrZnebis Sesatyvisobis Sesaxeb.
• absoluturi zRurbli (absolute threshold) _ fizikuri energiis is minimaluri
raodenoba, romelic saWiroa sensoruli gancdis warmosaqmnelad;
operacionalurad is ganisazRvreba, rogorc gamRizianeblis done,
romelzedac xdeba sensoruli signalis SemCneva SemTxvevaTa naxevarSi.
• fsiqometruli funqcia (psychometric function) _ grafiki, romelic asaxavs
gamRizianeblis SemCnevaTa procents (vertikalur RerZze) gamRizianeblis
TiToeuli intensivobisaTvis (horizontalur RerZze).

Tumca, SesaZlebelia SemCnevis absoluturi zRurblis gansazRvra,

mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom Tqveni sensoruli sistema ufro mgrZnobiarea
sensoruli garemos cvlilebebisadmi, vidre myari mdgomareobebisadmi.
sistemebi iseTnairad viTardebian, rom xels uwyoben axali garemo
signalebisadmi SeCvevas adaptaciis procesis saSualebiT. sensoruli
adaptacia aris sensoruli sistemebis mgrZnobiarobis daqveiTeba xangrZliv
gaRizianebaze.1 magaliTad, Tqven albaT SeginiSnavT, rom mzis kaSkaSa
sinaTle Cans naklebad damabrmaveblad, roca Tqven garkveuli periodis
ganmavlobaSi imyofebiT gareT. adaptaciis yvelaze sasurveli gamocdileba
adamianebs aqvT ynosvis sferoSi: Tu Tqven SedixarT oTaxSi, sadac mZafri
suni dgas, garkveuli drois Semdeg Tqveni ynosviTi sistema adaptirdeba da
sunis SegrZnebac Semcirdeba. garemo, romelSic Tqven cxovrobT, yovelTvis
savsea mravalferovani sensoruli gamRizianeblebiT. adaptaciis meqanizmi
Tqven gaZlevT saSualebas, SeamCnioT da imoqmedoT ufro swrafad
informaciis axali wyaros moTxovnebis Sesatyvisad.

pasuxis sistematuri Secdoma da signalis SemCnevis Teoria

Cvens mier zemoT ganxilul TavebSi Cven vgulisxmobdiT, rom yvela
damkvirvebeli erTnairia, magram absoluturi zRurblis gazomvaze SeiZleba
gavlena moaxdinos, agreTve, pasuxis sistematurma Secdomam _ sistematurma
tendenciam, romlis drosac damkvirvebeli reagirebs gansakuTrebuli gziT

1
adaptacia aris ara mxolod mgrZnobiarobis daqveiTeba, aramed misi momatebac susti intensivobis
gamRizianeblis zemoqmedebis pirobebSi. (redaqtoris SeniSvna).
 133
iseTi faqtorebis zemoqmedebis Sedegad, romlebic ar arian dakavSirebulni
stimulis sensorul TvisebebTan. vTqvaT, Tqven monawileobas iRebT
eqsperimentSi, romelSic gevalebaT SeamCnioT susti sinaTle. eqsperimentis
pirvel seriaSi mkvlevari gaZlevT 5 dolars, Tuki Tqven sworad upasuxebT:
“diax, aris sinaTle”. meore seriaSi, mkvlevari gaZlevT 5 dolars, Tuki
sworad upasuxebT: “ara, ar aris sinaTle”. TiToeul seriaSi Tqven
jarimdebiT 2 dolariT nebismieri araswori pasuxisaTvis. SegiZliaT
warmoidginoT dajildovebis es struqtura, rogor Seqmnis gadaxras pasuxis
sistematur SecdomaSi erTi seriidan meoreSi gadasvlisas? gana ar ityviT
“diax”-s ufro xSirad pirvel seriaSi, vidre meoreSi, Tundac warmodgenili
stimulebi erTnairi donis SemCnevadobiT xasiaTdebodnen?
• sensoruli adaptacia (sensory adaptation) _ movlena, roca receptoruli
ujredebi kargaven TavianT Zalas, moaxdinon reagireba garkveuli periodis
ganmavlobaSi ucvlel gamRizinebelze; is iZleva ufro swrafi reagirebis
saSualebas informaciis axal wyaroze.
• pasuxis sistematuri Secdoma (response bias) _ sistematuri tendencia,
romelic Sedegia arasensoruli xasiaTis faqtorebis zemoqmedebisa
damkvirvebelze da ganapirobebs garkveuli gziT reagirebas.

signalis SemCnevis Teoria aris sistemuri midgoma pasuxis sistematuri

Secdomis problemisadmi (Green & Swets, 1966). signalis SemCnevis Teoria
nacvlad mkacrad fokusirebisa sensorul procesebze, yuradRebas amaxvilebs
Tavad msjelobis procesze gamRizianeblis arsebobisa Tu ararsebobis
Sesaxeb. maSin, roca klasikuri fsiqofizika axdens erTaderTi absoluturi
zRurblis gansazRvras, signalis SemCnevis Teoria gansazRvravs or
gansxvavebul process sensorul deteqciaSi: (1) sawyisi sensoruli procesi,
romelic asaxavs damkvirveblis mgrZnobiarobas gamRizianeblis siZlieris
mimarT da (2) Semdgomi gadawyvetilebis miRebis damoukidebeli procesi,
romelic asaxavs damkvirveblis pasuxis sistematur Secdomas.
signalis SemCnevis Teoria gvTavazobs orive _ sensoruli da
gadawyvetilebis procesebis erTdrouli Sefasebis proceduras. ZiriTadi
modeli mocemulia suraTze 4.2 susti stimuli warmodgenilia cdaTa
naxevarSi; meore naxevarSi stimuli saerTod ar aris warmodgenili. TiToeul
SemTxvevaSi damkvirveblebi pasuxoben “diax”, roca isini fiqroben, rom
 134
stimuli warmodgenilia da “ara”, roca isini fiqroben, rom stimuli ar aris.
rogorc naCvenebia naxatze, matrica A-ze, TiToeuli pasuxi daTvlilia
rogorc warmatebuli damTxveva, pasuxis gamotoveba, mcdari gangaSi, an swori
reaqcia, imisda Sesabamisad, warmodgenili iyo Tu ara stimuli da pasuxobda
Tu ara damkvirvebeli sworad.
damkvirvebeli, romelic qronikulad ambobda “diax”-s, iZleoda
warmatebuli damTxvevebis did raodenobas da, agreTve, mcdari gangaSis did
ricxvs, rogorc es naCvenebia matrica B-ze. is, vinc qronikulad ambobda
“ara”-s, iZleoda rogorc warmatebuli damTxvevebis, aseve, mcdari gangaSis
mcire raodenobas, rogorc es naCvenebia matrica C-ze.
A. miRebuli pasuxi
diax ara
signal signal
ar i aris

warmatebuli pasuxis
damTxveva gamotoveba

mcdari swori
aris

gangaSi pasuxi
i

B.. “diax” pasuxebisaken midrekili

diax ara
signal signal
ar i aris

92% 8%

46% 54%
aris
i

C. “ara” pasuxebisaken midrekili

diax ara
signal signal
ar i aris

40% 60%

4% 96%
aris
i

sur. 4.2 signalis SemCnevis Teoria

 135
matrica A gviCvenebs SesaZlo Sedegebs, roca subieqts ekiTxebian aris Tu
ara miznobrivi stimuli mocemul cdaSi. matricebi B da C - tipiur pasuxebs,
roca subieqti midrekilia “diax” pasuxebisaken da “ara” pasuxebisaken.

warmatebuli damTxvevebisa da mcdari gangaSis procentebze muSaobis

procesSi mkvlevarebma gamoiyenes maTematikuri procedura, raTa gamoeTvalaT
cal-calke damkvirveblis mgrZnobiarobisa da pasuxis sistematuri Secdomis
maCveneblebi. es procedura SesaZleblobas iZleva davadginoT, aqvs Tu ara
or damkvirvebels erTnairi mgrZnobiaroba miuxedavad didi gansxvavebisa
pasuxebSi. sensoruli procesebis gamoyofiT pasuxis sistemuri Secdomisagan,
signalis SemCnevis Teoriam saSualeba misca eqsperimentators, ganesazRvra
da ganecalkevebina sensoruli gamRizianeblisa da individis faqtoris roli
erTmaneTisagan saboloo pasuxis Camoyalibebisas.
• signalis SemCnevis Teoria (signal detection theory _ SDT) aris statistikuri
midgoma pasuxis sistematuri Secdomisadmi, romelmac saSualeba misca
eqsperimentators, ganesazRvra da ganecalkevebina sensoruli procesebisa
da individis faqtoris roli erTmaneTisagan.

signalis SemCnevis Teoriis midgoma gvTavazobs gadawyvetilebis miRebis

models, romelic SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas gansxvavebul konteqstSic.
Zalian xSirad gadawyvetilebani Cvens yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi moicavs
gansxvavebul jildoebs yoveli warmatebuli damTxvevisa da swori
pasuxebisaTvis da dasjas yoveli gamotovebuli signalisa da mcdari
gangaSisaTvis. magaliTad, Tuki Tqven uaryaviT mipatiJeba kinoSi, amiT
aicileT Tavidan mosawyeni saRamo (swori uaryofa), Tu gaanadgureT
siyvarulis gaxangrZlivebis Sansi (signalis gamotoveba)? Tqveni
gadawyvetileba, albaT, ganpirobebuli iqneba prognozirebuli mogebisa da
wagebis SefardebiT. magaliTad, Tuki “aras” Tqma stimulis arsebobis
SemTxvevaSi (signalis gamotoveba) ufro Zvirad gvijdeba, vidre “diax” pasuxi
stimulis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi (mcdari gangaSi), “diax” pasuxebi CvenTvis
gaxdeba norma. qirurgebi xSirad arian msgavs situaciaSi. isini, Cveulebriv,
amjobineben gaakeTon operacia im SemTxvevebSic ki, roca ar arian
darwmunebulni, rom simsivne avTvisebiania da, amgvarad, riskaven imiT, rom
maTi pasuxi mcdari gangaSi iqneba; gamotovebuli signali ki _ avTvisebianoba,
SeiZleba sikvdilis mizezi gaxdes. sazogadod, gadawyvetilebis miRebisas
gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos arsebuli faqtebi, TiToeuli tipis Secdomis
 136
SefardebiTi Rirebuleba da TiToeuli swori gadawyvetilebis SefardebiTi
mogeba. signalis SemCnevis Teoria warmoadgens mniSvnelovan instruments
gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesebis kvlevisas.

sxvaobis zRurbli

warmoidgineT, rom dagiqiravaT sasmelebis kompaniam, romelsac surs

awarmoos SesamCnevad ufro tkbili kolas produqti, vidre arsebulia, magram
daamatos rac SeiZleba naklebi Saqari (fulis ekonomiis mizniT). Tqven
gTxoven gazomoT sxvaobis zRurbli,
zRurbli umciresi fizikuri sxvaoba or
gamRizianebels Soris, romlebic SeiZleba gansazRvrul iqnas, rogorc
gansxvavebulebi. sxvaobis zRurblis gasazomad Tqven unda gamoiyenoT
gamRizianebelTa wyvili da SeekiTxoT Tqvens damkvirveblebs, aris ori
gamRizianebeli erTnairi Tu isini gansxvavebulebi arian.
sasmelis problemis SemTxvevaSi Tqven miawodebT damkvirveblebs or
kolas TiToeul cdaSi, romelTagan erTi iqneba standartuli receftis da
meore odnav ufro tkbili. TiToeuli wyvilisaTvis individma unda Tqvas:
“igivea” an “gansxvavebulia”. mravali aseTi cdis Semdeg Tqven daxazavT
fsiqometruli funqciis grafiks, sadac abscisaTa RerZze gadazomavT realur
gansxvavebebs da ordinataTa RerZze _ mis funqcias _ “gansxvavebulia”
pasuxebis procentebs. sxvaobis zRurbli operacionalurad ganisazRvreba
rogorc wertili, romelzedac gamRizianeblebi arian gacnobierebuli,
rogorc gansxvavebulni SemTxvevaTa naxevarSi. sxvaobis zRurblis sidide
aris cnobili rogorc odnav SesamCnevi sxvaoba.
sxvaoba odnav SesamCnevi sxvaoba aris
nebismieri ori SegrZnebis fsiqologiuri gansxvavebis sididis sazomi
raodenobrivi erTeuli.
1834 wels ernest veberma (Weber), sxvaobis zRurblis pirvelma mkvlevarma,
aRmoaCina mniSvnelovani damokidebuleba, romelic ilustrirebulia suraTze
4.3. davuSvaT, Tqven atarebT sxvaobis zRurblis gansazRvris eqsperiments,
romelSic gamoyenebulia 10 mm sigrZis swori xazi _ standartuli nimuSi. am
eqspermentis Casatareblad Tqven warudgenT cdis monawileebs or xazs,
romelTagan erTi aris 10 mm standartuli sigrZisa da meoris sigrZe mcired
gansxvavdeba standartulisagan. monawileTa amocanaa, upasuxon, aris Tu ara
es ori xazi erTnairi sigrZis Tu gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan. Tqven
dainaxavT, rom sxvaobis zRurbli aris miaxloebiT 1 milimetri. 10
milimetris sigrZis xazs ganasxvaveben 11 milimetris sigrZis xazisagan
SemTxvevaTa 50%-Si, magram ukve 20 milimetris sigrZis standartuli
 137
xazisaTvis 1 milimetris namati ar aris sakmarisi. Tqven dagWirdebaT 2
milimetris damateba, raTa miiRoT odnav SesamCnevi sxvaoba. 40 milimetri
sigrZis standartuli xazis gamoyenebisas ki dagWirdebaT 4 milimetris
damateba. suraTi 4.3 gviCvenebs, rom odnav SesamCnevi sxvaoba izrdeba
Tanabrad standartuli xazis sigrZis zrdasTan erTad.
rac rCeba mudmivi orive grZeli da mokle xazebisaTvis, es aris namatis
odenobis Sefardeba xazis sigrZesTan, romelic qmnis odnav SesamCnev
sxvaobas. magaliTad, 1 mm/10 mm=0.1; 2 mm/20 mm=0.1. es damokidebuleba
Sejamebulia veberis kanonSi:
kanonSi or stimuls Soris odnav SesamCnevi sxvaobis
Sefardeba standartuli stimulis intensivobasTan aris konstanturi sidide.
amrigad, rac ufro didia an ufro intensiuria standartuli stimuli, miT
ufro didi namatia saWiro odnav SesamCnevi sxvaobis misaRebad.

sur. 4.3 odnav SesamCnevi sxvaoba da veberis kanoni:

rac ufro grZelia standartuli xazi, miT ufro didia is odenoba,
romelic unda daamatoT (∆L), raTa dainaxoT odnav SesamCnevi sxvaoba.
sxvaobis zRurbli aris sigrZis namati, romelic SesamCnevia cdaTa 50 %
SemTxevaSi, Tuki Cven am namats SevafardebT zrdadi stimulis sigrZesTan,
proporcia darCeba igive _ 1/10 standartuli sigrZisa. es namati gadazomilia
vertikalur RerZze, xolo standartuli xazis sigrZe horizontalurze.
miRebuli damokidebuleba wrfivia, rac gamoixateba swori xaziT grafikze.
Cven SegviZlia viwinaswarmetyveloT, rom ∆L iqneba 0.5, roca standartuli
xazis sigrZe aris 5 milimetri.

La -Lb = ∆L
A B
odnav grZeli xazis standartuli
11.0-10.0=1.0
xazi sigrZe

16.5 -15.0 = 1.5

11 mm 10 mm
22.0 –20.0 = 2.0
16,5 mm 15 mm

22 mm 20 mm 27.5 – 25.0 = 2.5

27,5 mm 25 mm
 138

veberis kanoni
3
2,5
sxvaobis zRurbli (∆L)

2
1,5 ∆ L / Lb=0,1
1
0,5
0
5 10 15 20 25
standartuli xazis sigrZe (Lb) milimetrebSi

es kanoni marTebulia nebismieri sensoruli sistemisaTvis. formula

veberis kanonisaTvis Semdegi saxis iqneba: ∆I/I=k, sadac I aris standartuli
intensivoba, ∆I ki aris namati, im sxvaobis odenoba, romelic qmnis odnav
SesamCnevi sxvaobas. veberma aRmoaCina, rom TiToeuli stimulis
parametrisaTvis arsebobs misTvis damaxasiaTebeli proporcia. am formulaSi
k aris proporcia, anu veberis konstanta stimulis TiToeuli
parametrisaTvis. (yuradRebiT ganixileT suraTi 4.3, raTa darwmundeT, rom
kargad gaigeT, Tu ra aris odnav SesamCnevi sxvaoba, veberis kanoni, Tu
rogor arian isini dakavSirebulni erTmaneTTan). veberis kanoni sakmaod
zustia, magram is mainc ar aris universaluri. magaliTad, maSin, roca
stimulis intensivoba xdeba Zalian maRali.
cxrilSi 4.2 Tqven xedavT, rom veberis konstantas aqvs gansxvavebuli
mniSvnelobebi stimulis gansxvavebuli ganzomilebisaTvis _ umciresi
mniSvneloba niSnavs imas, rom adamians SeuZlia SeamCnios umciresi
gansxvaveba. ase magaliTad, es cxrili giCvenebT, rom Tqven SegiZliaT
bgeraTa sixSire ufro meti sizustiT ganasxvavoT erTmaneTisagan, vidre
sinaTlis intensivobebi, rac, Tavis mxriv, ufro advilad SemCnevadia, vidre
sunisa da gemos umciresi gansxvavebani. sasmelebis kompanias dasWirdeboda
SedarebiT ufro didi raodenobis Saqris damateba, raTa awarmoos ufro
tkbili kola!

cxrili 4.2. veberis konstantis mniSvnelobebi stimulTa arCeuli

ganzomilebebisaTvis
 139

stimulis ganzomileba veberis konstanta

(k))

bgeris sixSire 0.003

sinaTlis intensivoba 0.01
sunis koncetracia 0.07
dawolis intensivoba 0.14
bgeris intensivoba 0.15

gemos koncentracia 0.20

• sxvaobis zRurbli (difference threshold) _ umciresi fizikuri gansxvaveba or

gamRizianebels Soris, romelic jer kidev SeiZleba gacnobierdes,
rogorc gansxvavebulebi; sxvaobis zRurbli operacionalurad
ganisazRvreba rogorc wertili, romelzec gamRizianeblebi arian
gacnobierebuli, rogorc gansxvavebulni SemTxvevaTa naxevarSi.
• odnav SesamCnevi sxvaoba (just noticeable difference _ JND) _ umciresi gansxvaveba
or SegrZnebas Soris, romlebic SeiZleba miCneul iqnan gansxvavebulebad.
• veberis kanoni amtkicebs, rom sxvaobis zRurblis sidide standartuli
gamRizianeblis intensivobis proporciulia.

fizikuri movlenebidan fsiqikuri movlenebisaken

fsiqofizikis ganxilvam gagvacnobierebina SegrZnebis umniSvnelovanesi
saidumlo: rogor xdeba, rom fizikuri energia dasabams aZlevs specifikur
fsiqologiur gancdas? magaliTad, rogor aRmocendeba sinaTlis talRis
sxvadasxva sigrZisagan cisartyelas gancda? sanam ganvixilavT specifikur
sensorul sferoebs, zedapirulad mimovixiloT informaciis gadasvla
fizikuri movlenebidan _ sinaTlisa da bgeris talRebidan, rTuli qimiuri
nivTierebebidan da sxva, fsiqikuri movlenebisaken _ sinaTlis, bgeris, gemosa
da ynosvis SegrZnebebisaken.
sensoruli fiziologia Seiswavlis fizikuri movlenebis nervul
movlenebad gardaqmnis biologiur meqanizmebs. am sferos mizania, aRmoaCinos,
Tu ra xdeba nervul doneze im movlenaTa jaWvSi, romelic ganlagebulia
fizikuri energiidan sensorul gancdamde. erTi formis fizikuri energiis,
magaliTad, sinaTlis gadaqcevas meore formad _ nervul impulsad, ewodeba
transformacia.
 140
radganac yvela tipis sensoruli informacia transformirdeba nervuli
impulsebis identur tipSi, Tqveni Tavis tvini ganasxvavebs sensorul
informacias imis saSualebiT, rom Tavis tvinis qerqis calkeul zonebs
miusadagebs TiToeul sensorul sferos. mkvlevarebi cdiloben TiToeuli am
sensoruli sferosaTvis daadginon, Tu rogor xdeba fizikuri energiis
transformacia nervuli sistemis eleqtroqimiur aqtivobaSi, romelic
warmoSobs Tvisobrivad (magaliTad, wiTeli _ mwvane) da raodenobrivad
(xmamaRali _ Cumi) ganxvavebul SegrZnebebs.
nebismieri sensoruli sistemis moqmedebas biZgs aZlevs garemo movlenis an
gamRizianeblis SemCneva. garemo gamRizianeblebis SemCneva xdeba
specializirebuli sensoruli receptorebis saSualebiT. (magaliTisaTvis, ix.
cxrili 4.3) sensoruli receptorebi gardaqmnian sensoruli gamRizianeblis
fizikur energias ujredis signalebad, romelic SeiZleba gadamuSavebuli
iqnas nervuli sistemis mier. ujredis signalebi awvdian informacias ufro
maRali donis neironebs, romlebic informaciis integrirebas axdenen
sxvadasxva deteqtoruli blokebidan. am etapze neironebi agroveben
informacias stimulis ZiriTadi Tvisebebis Sesaxeb, rogoricaa misi zoma,
intensivoba, forma da manZili. sensoruli sistemebis siRrmeSi informacia
kombinirebulia ufro rTul kodebSi da is gadaecema Tavis tvinis qerqis
specifikur ubnebs, romlebic pasuxismgebelni arian SegrZnebisa da
asociaciis procesebze.

cxrilSi 4.3 Sejamebulia stimulebi da receptorebi TiToeuli

SegrZnebisaTvis.

cxrili 4.3.
4.3. adamianis sensoruli sistema: fundamenturi
fundamenturi Tvisebebi
sensor
SegrZneba stimulebi uli receptori SegrZneba
organo
mxedveloba sinaTlis Tvali Cxirebi da ferebi,
talRebi kolbebi obieqtebi,
teqstura,
moZraoba, siRrme
smena bgeriTi yuri ZiriTadi membranis xmauri, toni
talRebi bewviani ujredebi
Sexebis eqsternaluri kani nervuli dabo- Sexeba, tkivili,
SegrZnebebi kontaqti loebani kanSi siTbo, sicive
(merke-lis diskebi,
rufinis sxeulebi)
ynosva aqroladi cxviri ynosvis suni (muskusi,
 141

nivTierebebi organoebis yvavilovani,

bewviani damwvris,
epiTeliumi pitnis)
gemo xsnadi ena gemos bolqvebi gemo (tbili,
nivTierebebi mJave, mlaSe,
mware)
wonasworob meqanikuri da Sinagan naxevarrkalovani moZraoba
is gra-vitaciuli i yuri arxebis bususebi sivrceSi,
SegrZneba Zalebi da derefani gravitaciuli
miziduloba
kinesTeTiku sxeulis kunTebi nervuli boWkoebi sxeulis
riSegrZnebe moZraoba , kunTebSi, myesebSi nawilebis
bi myesebi, moZraoba da
saxsreb pozicia
i

• sensoruli fiziologia (sensory physiology) Seiswavlis fizikuri movlenebis

nervul movlenebad gadaqcevis biologiur meqanizmebs.
• transformacia (transduction) Seiswavlis erTi formis fizikuri energiis
gardaqmnas meore formad; magaliTad, sinaTlis transformirebas nervul
impulsebad.
• sensoruli receptorebi (sensory receptors) _ specializirebuli ujredebi;
isini gadaaqceven fizikur signalebs ujredis signalebad, romlebic Semdeg
gadamuSavdeba nervuli sistemis mier.

Sejameba

fsiqofizikis mkvlevarebi swavloben damokidebulebas fizikur movlenebsa

da damkvirveblebis mier am movlenebis fsiqologiur gancdas Soris.
damkvirveblis SegrZnebis absoluturi zRurbli damokidebulia stimulis
Zalaze da gansazRvrul pirobebze, rogoricaa damkvirveblis sensoruli
adaptaciis done _ absoluturi zRurblis definicia asaxavs misi moqmedebis
cvalebadobas. signalis SemCnevis Teoria SemuSavda sensoruli procesebis
gasamijnad pasuxebis sistematuri Secdomisagan damkvirveblis moqmedebaSi.
fsiqofizikis mklevarebi, agreTve, dainteresebulni arian imiT, Tu ramdenad
unda gaizardos an Semcirdes gamRizianeblis sidide, rom damkvirvebelma
SesZlos gansxvavebis aRqma. veberis kanoni asaxavs fizikuri stimulaciisa da
damkvirveblis aRqmis cvlilebebs Soris damokidebulebebs.
sensoruli fiziologiis mizania, Seiswavlos, Tu ra gziT xdeba fizikuri
movlenebis gadaqceva tvinSi mimdinare procesebad. mkvlevarebi, agreTve,
 142
aRweren informaciis gadasvlas sensoruli receptorebidan Tavis tvinis
qerqisaken.

mxedvelobiTi sistema
mxedveloba aris yvelaze rTuli, maRalganviTarebuli da mniSvnelovani
SegrZneba adamianisa da sxva moZrav arsebaTa umravlesobisaTvis. im
cxovelebs, romlebic bunebam daajildova kargi mxedvelobiT, aqvT
uzarmazari evoluciuri upiratesobani. kargi mxedveloba maT exmarebaT,
SeamCnion msxverpli an mteri Sori manZilidan. mxedveloba SesaZleblobas
aZlevs adamianebs, gaacnobieron fizikuri garemos cvalebadi Tvisebebi da
Seusabamon mas TavianTi qceva. mxedveloba aris yvelaze kargad Seswavlili
sfero SegrZnebis modalobaTa Soris.

adamianis Tvali

Tvali aris fotoaparati Tavis tvinisaTvis, romelic asaxavs samyaros

suraTs (ix.. suraTi 4.4).
4.4 fotoaparati uyurebs samyaros linzebis saSualebiT,
romelic axdens sinaTlis Sekrebas da fokusirebas. Tvali, aseve, krebs
sinaTles da axdens mis fokusirebas _ sinaTle Semodis rqovanaSi, Tvalis
win mdebare gamWvirvale amoburcul nawilSi. Semdeg is gaivlis wina sakans,
romelic savsea siTxiT _ namiT. fotoaparatis fokusirebisas Tqven
amoZravebT mis linzas obieqtis mimarTulebiT, an aSorebT mas. imisaTvis, rom
Tvalma sinaTlis fokusireba moaxdinos, lobios marcvlis formis kristali
_ Tvalis broli _ icvlis Tavis formas, wvrildeba, roca fokusireba xdeba
moSorebul obieqtebze da msxvildeba axlomdebare obieqtebze
fokusirebisas. fotoaparatSi Semomavali sinaTlis raodenobis
gasakontroleblad Tqven cvliT linzis gaxsnis xarisxs. TvalSi ki irisis
kunTuri diski cvlis gugis sidides, ese igi im xvrelis sidides, romlis
saSualebiTac sinaTle Semodis TvalSi. fotoaparatis ukana nawilSi aris
fotomgrZnobiare firi, romelic afiqsirebs linzaSi Semosuli sinaTlis
variaciebs. analogiurad, TvalSi, sinaTle mogzaurobs minisebr sxeulSi,
bolos ecema baduras _ Txel firfitas, romelic warmoadgens Tvalis
kaklis ukana kedels.
rogorc naxeT, fotoaparatisa da Tvalis Tvisebebi Zalian emsgavseba
erTmaneTs. axla ganvixiloT mxedvelobiTi procesis komponentebi ufro
detalurad.

Tvalis guga da broli

 143
Tvalis guga ixsneba irisSi, romelSic gadis sinaTle. irisi aiZulebs
gugas, gafarTovdes an SeikumSos, raTa gaakontrolos Tvalis kaklisaken
mimavali sinaTlis raodenoba. sinaTle, romelic gaivlis gugas, brolis mier
fokusirdeba baduraze; broli atrialebs aRqmul obieqtebs. igi
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, radganac is icvlis fokuss axlo da
Sorsmdebare sagnebisaTvis. wamwamovan kunTebs SeuZliaT, Secvalon brolis
sisqe da, aqedan gamomdinare, misi optikuri Tvisebebic. am process ewodeba
akomodacia.
adamianebs normaluri akomodaciiT SeuZliaT Tvalis fokusireba sakmod
did diapazonSi _ dawyebuli 7,5 sm manZilidan ise Sors, sanamdec SeuZliaT
obieqtebis danaxva. Tumca, uamrav adamians awuxebs akomodaciasTan
dakavSirebuli problemebi. magaliTad, axlomxedvelebs akomodaciis
diapazoni gadaxrili aqvT ufro axlos maTken da amis Sedegad maT ar
SeuZliaT kargad fokusireba Sorsmdebare sagnebze; Sorsmxedvelebs
akomodaciis diapazoni gadaxrili aqvT maTgan Sors da amitom maT ar
SeuZliaT normalurad fokusireba axlomdebare obieqtebze. asakTan erTad,
agreTve, izrdeba akomodaciis problemebic. broli aRar aris iseTive sufTa,
gamWvirvale da amozneqili, rogorc adre. asakis zrdasTan erTad broli
xdeba ufro mkvrivi, gaumWvirvale, muqi da brtyeli, is kargavs Tavis
elastiurobas. am cvlilebebis Sedegad brols aRar SeuZlia sakmarisad
SekumSva, raTa dainaxos axlomdebare sagnebi. ormocdaxuT wels
gadacilebul adamianebisaTvis is uaxloesi wertili, romelzedac SeuZliaT
kargad fokusireba, progresulad Sordeba maT.

sur. 4.4
rqovana, guga da broli axdens sinaTlis fokusirebas baduraze. nervuli
signalebi baduridan gadaecema Tavis tvins optikuri nervis saSualebiT.

badura

Tqven uyurebT TvalebiT, magram xedavT Tavis tvinis saSualebiT. Tvali

krebs sinaTles, axdens mis fokusirebas da dasabams aZlevs Tavis tvinisaken
mimaval nervul signals. amrigad, Tvalis yvelaze mniSvnelovani funqciaa
gare samyaros Sesaxeb informaciis sinaTlis talRidan nervul impulsad
gardaqmna. es xdeba baduraze, Tvalis ukana mxareze. mikroskopis qveS Tqven
SegiZliaT dainaxoT, rom baduras aqvs sxvadasxva tipis neironebisagan
Semdgari ramdenime maRalorganizebuli Sre.
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sinaTlis energiis ZiriTadi gardaqmna nervul impulsad xdeba baduraze
Cxirebisa da kolbebis _ sinaTlis mimarT mgrZnobiare receptorebis
saSualebiT. es fotoreceptorebi unikalurad arian ganlagebulni vizualur
sistemaSi, kargad naTdebian gare samyarodan da emijnebian nervuli
procesebis Sida samyaros. vinaidan Tqven zogjer giwevT TiTqmis sibneleSi
muSaoba da zogjer ki kaSkaSa ganaTebis pirobebSi, bunebam uzrunvelgyoT
sinaTlis gardaqmnis ori gziT, CxirebiTa da kolbebiT. (ix. suraTi 4.5). 120
milioni wvrili Cxiri moqmedebs saukeTesod susti ganaTebis pirobebSi. 7
milioni msxvili kolba aris specializebuli naTel, ferad garemoSi
samuSaod.
• akomodacia (accommodation) _ procesi, romlis saSualebiTac wamwamovani
kunTebi cvlianEBTvalis brolis sisqes, rac saSualebas aZlevs, Secvalos
fokusi axlo da Sori obieqtebisaTvis.
• badura (retina) _ Tvalis ukan mdebare Sre, romelic Seicavs
fotoreceptorebs da gardaqmnis sinaTlis energias nervul reaqciaSi.
• fotoreceptorebi (photoreceptors) _ baduraze mdebare sinaTlisadmi
mgrZnobiare receptoruli ujredebi.

Tqven SegiZliaT SeigrZnoT gansxvaveba Cxirebisa da kolbebis muSaobaSi

yovelTvis, roca daZinebis win CaaqrobT xolme Suqs. Tqven, albaT, bevrjer
SeginiSnavT, rom Tavidan bevrs verafers xedavT darCenili mkrTali
ganaTebis pirobebSi, magram cota xnis Semdeg Tqveni mxedvelobis
mgrZnobiaroba kvlav umjobesdeba. Tqven ganicdiT sibnelisadmi adaptaciis
process _ Tvalis mgrZnobiarobis gradualur gaumjobesebas ganaTebis
cvlilebis Sedegad sinaTlidan TiTqmis sibnelisaken. sibnelisadmi
adaptaciis mizezia Cxirebis amoqmedeba. isini xdebian ufro mgrZnobiareni,
vidre kolbebi. drois gasvlis Semdeg Cxirebi reagireben ufro nakleb
sinaTleze, vidre kolbebi.

sur. 4.5.
4.5. retinaluri gzebi
es diagrama warmodgenilia tradiciuli da Zalian gamartivebuli saxiT.
is gviCvenebs gzebs, romelic akavSirebs nervuli ujredebis sam Sres
retinaSi. Semomavali sinaTle gaivlis samive Sres, sanam miaRwevs
receptorebs, romlebic ganlagebulni arian Tvalis kaklis ukana mxareze da
mimarTulni arian sinaTlis wyaros sapirispiro mxares. aRsaniSnavia, rom
bipolaruli ujredebi kreben impulsebs erTze meti receptoruli ujredidan
 145
da agzavnian Sedegebs gangliozuri ujredebisaken. am ujredebidan ki
nervuli impulsebi stoveben Tvals optikuri nervis saSualebiT da
miemarTebian Semdegi gadamrTveli punqtisaken.
baduris centrTan axlos aris patara ubani, romelsac uwodeben foveas. is
Seicavs mxolod mWidrod ganlagebul kolbebs. iq ar aris Cxirebi. es adgili
gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiarea ferebis mimarT, aseve, yvelaze ufro zustad
uzrunvelyofs sivrciTi detalebis SemCnevas. baduris sxva ujredebi arian
pasuxismgebelni im informaciis integraciaze, romlesac iReben Cxirebidan da
kolbebidan. bipolaruli ujredebi aris nervuli ujredebi, romlebic
axdenen nervuli impulsebis kombinirebas mravali receptoridan da agzavnian
Sedegebs gangliozur ujredebSi. TiToeuli gangliozuri ujredi Semdeg
axdens impulsebis integrirebas erTi an ufro meti bipolaruli ujredidan
erT ganmuxtvaSi. centraluri foveis kolbebi agzavnian TavianT impulsebs
gangliozuri ujredebisaken maSin, roca baduris periferiaze mdebare Cxirebi
da kolbebi erwymian bipolarul da gangliozur ujredebs. gangliozuri
ujredebis aqsonebi qmnian optikuri nervs, romelic atarebs vizualur
informacias Tvalidan Tavis tvinisaken.
horizontaluri ujredebi da amakrinuli ujredebi axdens informaciis
integrirebas baduris gaswvriv. am ujredebis funqcia ufro metad
gamoixateba ara signalebis gagzavnaSi Tavis tvinisaken, aramed ujredebs
Soris kavSiris damyarebaSi. horizontaluri ujredebi akavSireben
receptorebs erTmaneTTan, amakrinuli ujredebi ki aerTeben bipolarul
ujeredebs sxva bipolarul ujredebTan da gangliozur ujredebs sxva
gangliozur ujredebTan.
baduris anatomiur agebulebaSi aris erTi saintereso ucnauri adgili,
sadac optikuri nervi gamodis. am adgils ewodeba optikuri diski, anu brma
wertili. igi srulebiT ar Seicavs receptorul ujredebs. miuxedavad amisa,
Cven ver vamCnevT am xarvezs, Tuki specialur pirobebs ar SevqmniT amisaTvis.
es xdeba ori mizezis gamo: pirvel rigSi, orive Tvalis brma wertilebi
iseTnirad arian ganlagebulni, rom TiToeuli Tvalis receptorebi imis
registracias axdenen, rac gamorCa meore Tvals. meore mizezi isaa, rom
Tavis tvini “avsebs” am adgils Sesatyvisi sensoruli informaciiT garSemo
myofi areebidan.
imisaTvis, rom aRmoaCinoT brma wertili, Tqven unda SexedoT suraTs 4.6
Semdegi pirobis dacviT: daikaveT es wigni daaxloebiT gaSlili mklavis
 146
sigrZeze, daxuWeT Tqveni marjvena Tvali, moaxdineT fiqsireba bankis
figuraze Tqveni marcxena TvaliT da nel-nela miitaneT wigni Tqvensken
Zalian axlos. rodesac dolaris niSani iqneba Tqvens brma wertilze, is
gaqreba, magram Tqven ver SeamCnevT xarvezs Tqveni mxedvelobis velSi. Tqveni
vizualuri sistema Seavsebs cariel adgils TeTri foniT, romelic gars
akravs am adgils. ase rom, Tqven “dainaxavT” mxolod siTeTres, romelic
realurad iq ar aris da ver dainaxavT Tqvens fuls, romelic moaTavseT
bankSi, sanam dakargavdiT mas!
brma wertilis meore demonstraciisaTvis SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT igive
procedura da moaxdinoT fokusireba jvarze, romelic mocemulia suraTze
4.6-ze.
4.6 Tuki Tqven miitanT wigns axlos TvalebTan, dainaxavT rom wyvetili
xazi gamTlianda.

4.6. ipoveT Tqveni brma wertili

sur. 4.6.
imisaTvis rom ipovoT Tqveni brma wertili, daikaveT es wigni daaxloebiT
gaSlili mklavis sigrZeze, daxuWeT Tqveni marjvena Tvali, moaxdineT
fiqsireba bankis figuraze Tqveni marcxena TvaliT da nel-nela miitaneT
wigni Tqvensken Zalian axlos. rodesac dolaris niSani iqneba Tqvens brma
wertilze, is gaqreba, magram Tqven ver SeamCnevT xarvezs Tqveni mxedvelobis
velSi. analogiurad, Tuki Tqven gamoiyenebT igive proceduras da moaxdenT
Tvalis fiqsacias plus niSanze, xazi gamTliandeba maSin, roca xarvezi
iqneba Tqvens brma wertilze. orive SemTxvevaSi vizualuri sistema avsebs
cariel adgils TeTri foniT, romelic gars akravs am adgils. ase rom, Tqven
“dainaxavT” mxolod siTeTres, romelic realurad iq ar aris.

Tavis tvinisken mimavali nervuli

nervuli gzebi

vizualuri informaciis saboloo daniSnulebis adgili aris Tavis tvinis

kefis wilis is adgili, romelic cnobilia, rogorc ZiriTadi mxedvelobis
qerqi. miuxedavad amisa, informaciis umetesi nawili, romelic tovebs
baduras, gaivlis Tavis tvinis sxva regionebs, sanam miaRwevs mxedvelobis
qerqs. modiT, gavyveT im gzas, romelsac gaivlis vizualuri informacia (Van
Essen et al., 1992).
gangliozuri ujredebis milionobiT aqsoni, romelic axdens TiToeuli
optikuri nervis formirebas, miemarTebian erTad mxedvelobis jvaredinSi
(qiazmaSi), romelic formiT mogvagonebs berZnul aso χ (romelic
gamoiTqmis, rogorc “xi”). aqsonebi TiToeul optikur nervSi iyofian or
 147
konad mxedvelobis jvaredinTan. boWkoebis naxevari TiToeuli baduridan
rCeba sxeulis im mxareze, romlidanac isini modian, xolo TiToeuli Tvalis
Sida mxridan wamosuli aqsonebi gadakveTen erTmaneTs da agrZeleben TavianT
gzas Tavis tvinis ukana nawilisaken (ix.
ix. suraTi 4.7).

saidan viciT

mxedvelobiTi funqciebis dayofa

dons 14 wlis asakidan awuxebda mwvave, xangrZlivi Tavis tkivilebi da
hqonda sensoruli xasiaTis sirTuleebi marcxena vizualur velSi. roca is
iyo 34 wlis, gadawyvita gaekeTebina operacia, romlis drosac
neiroqirurgebi amoWridnen marjvena kefis wilis patara nawils. qirurgebi
mudmivad mkurnalobdnen donis Tavis tkivilebs, magram man mTlianad
dakarga mxedveloba misi vizualuri velis marcxena nawilSi, radgan
amokveTili nawili Seicavda pirvelad mxedvelobiT qerqs. magaliTad, roca
ganaTebul laqas uCveneben fiqsaciis wertilis marcxniv (fiqsaciis wertili
_ esaa centraluri wertili, romelzedac sTxoven cdis pirs Tvalebis
fokusirebas), igi, ubralod, ver acnobierebs mis arsebobas.
fsiqologebma sTxoves dons mainc savaraudod amoecno, Tu sad
mdebareobs ganaTebuli wertili marcxena xelis saCvenebeli TiTis
saSualebiT. Sedegebi SesaniSnavi iyo. donma TiTqmis iseve zustad
gansazRvra ganaTebuli laqis mdebareoba mis “brma” marcxena mxedvelobis
velSi, rogorc axerxebda amas “saR” marjvena vizualur velSi. Semdgomma
eqsperimentebma, agreTve, aCvena, rom mas SeeZlo gamoecno mis brma velSi
naCvenebi xazi iyo vertikaluri Tu horizontaluri da naCvenebi figura iyo
X Tu O. testis ganmavlobaSi doni sruliad ver acnobierebda laqebis,
xazebis da figurebis arsebobas. is amtkicebda, rom ubralod savaraudod
ambobda. roca dons uCvenes testirebis video Canaweri, is gaocebuli iyo
imiT, rom uTiTebda ganaTebul laqaze, romelsac ver xedavda. (Weiskrantz et al.,
1974).

boWkoebis am or konas, romelic Seicavs aqsonebs orive Tvalidan, ukve

axla am adgilidan ewodeba optikuri traqtebi. optikuri traqtebi agzavnis
informacias ujredebis ori blokisaken tvinSi. mkvlevarebi mxars uWeren
Teorias, romlis Tanaxmadac vizualuri analizi iyofa or gzad: pirvelis
funqciaa xatebis amocnoba _ Tu rogor gamoiyurebian obieqtebi da meoris
adgilmdebareobis gansazRvra _ Tu sad arian obieqtebi (Rao et al., 1997; Wilson et
 148
al., 1993). vizualuri funqciebis dayofa ufro dramatulad gamoiyureba, roca
individebi kargaven mxedvelobiTi qerqis nawils travmis an qirurgiuli
Carevis Sedegad. ganixileT Semdegi SemTxveva:
donis “mxedvelobas”, Sesabamisad, uwodes brma mxedveloba. misi qceva
xorcieldeboda vizualurad miRebuli informaciis Sedegad, Tumca, is ver
acnobierebda obieqtis arsebobas. msgavsi Sedegebi iyo miRebuli testebSi
sxva pacientebTan mxedvelobiTi qerqis analogiuri darRvevebiT. es movlena
adasturebs im faqts, rom is qerqqveSa struqturebi, romlebic rCeba
xeluxlebeli dazianebuli Tavis tvinis qerqis pirobebSi, uzrunvelyofs
vizualuri analizis iseT dones, romelic Seesabameba am amocanebs, magram
gacnobierebis gareSe. Tumca, es daskvna sakamaTo rCeba, radgan Tavis tvinis
mier vizualuri informaciis kodirebisaTvis gamoyenebuli uamravi gza
arsebobs. (Gazzaniga et al., 1994; Weiskrantz, 1995). rogoric ar unda iyos nervuli
meqanizmebi, es movlena adasturebs, rom mxedvelobis zusti funqcionireba
SeiZleba ganxorcieldes cnobierebis gareSec.
• vizualuri qerqi (visual cortex) _ kefis wilis nawili, romelSic xdeba
vizualuri informaciis gadamuSaveba.
• optikuri nervi (optic nerve) _ gangliozuri ujredebis aqsonebi, romlebic
atareben informacias Tvalidan tvinisaken.

Tqven ukve ganixileT, Tu rogor nawildeba is informacia, romelic

miemarTeba Tvalebidan Tavis tvinisaken. mecnierebma kvlavac bevri ram unda
Seiswavlon: arsebobs vizualuri qerqis daaxloebiT 30 anatomiuri
qveganyofileba da sxvadasxva Teoriebi am qveganyofilebebs Soris
komunikaciis saxeebis Sesaxeb (Hilgetag et al., 1996). axla davubrundeT
vizualuri samyaros calkeul aspeqtebs. adamianis vizualuri sistemis erT-
erTi yvelaze saocari Tavisebureba is aris, rom Cvens mier formis, feris,
mdebareobis da siRrmis gancda dafuZnebulia erTi da igive sensoruli
informaciis gadamuSavebaze sxvadasxva gziT. rogor xdeba es
transformaciebi, romlebic SesaZleblobas gaZlevT, dainaxoT vizualuri
samyaros es gansxvavebuli Taviseburebani?
4.7. adamianis vizualuri sistemis gzebi
sur. 4.7.
diagrama gviCvenebs, rom vizualuri velidan Semosuli sinaTle airekleba
orive baduraze da gviCvenebs marSruts, romliTac nervuli Setyobineba
baduridan gadaigzavneba TiToeuli hemisferos orive vizualur centrSi.
 149
feris SegrZneba
fizikur obieqtebs aqvT saocari Tviseba _ isini SeiZleba davxatoT
sxvadasxva feris saRebavebiT. Tqven Zalian xSirad migiRiaT STabeWdilebebi
kaSkaSad Seferili obieqtebisagan _ mwvane naZvis xeebisagan, meJolias lurji
kvercxebisagan, magram ferebis naTel gancdas safuZvlad udevs am
obieqtebisagan Tqvens sensorul receptorebze sinaTlis sxivebis asaxva. erT-
erTi pirveli, vinc ganixila es sakiTxi jer kidev 1671 wels, iyo isaak
niutoni:
sxivebi (sinaTlis) sworad rom vTqvaT, ar aris Seferili. maTSi araferia,
garda energiisa da ama Tu im feris SegrZnebis aRmocenebis unarisa. aseve,
bgera, iqneba es zaris, musikaluri simis Tu sxva ram mJReri sxeulis,
araferia, garda rxevadi moZraobisa da haerSi araferia, garda obieqtidan
gavrcelebuli moZraobisa, …. . . ase rom, obieqtis ferebi araferia, garda
unarisa, aireklos ama Tu im saxis sxivebi ufro farTod, vidre danarCeni . .
ferebi aRmocendeba maSin, roca Tavis tvini amuSavebs informacias,
romelic kodirebulia sinaTlis wyaroSi.

fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi

SeuZlia Tu ara teqnologias dazianebuli mxedvelobis aRdgena?

1999 wlis dekemberSi ramdenime sainformacio saagento iuwyeboda, rom
stiv uanderi, romelic TiTqmis dabadebidan iyo brma, imedovnebda, rom
Caitarebda eqsperimentul qirurgiul proceduras, romelic aRadgenda mis
mxedvelobas. proceduras atarebdnen ventai lui, mark humaiuni (Wentai
( Lui,
Mark Humayun)) da mkvlevarTa maTi jgufis sxva wevrebi (Lui et al., 2001). am
proceduraSi patara mikroprocesori pirdapir ukavSirdeboda baduras da
cvlida kolbebisa da Cxirebis funqcias, romelic ar funqcionirebda
daavadebis gamo. samwuxarod, uanderi Zalian xangrZlivi drois
ganmavlobaSi iyo brma da is ar iyo kargi kandidati am procedurisaTvis.
Tumca, es teqnika imeds aZlevda maT, visac vizualuri sistemis jaWvis didi
nawili jer kidev dauzianebeli hqondaT.
brma adamianTa umravlesobis dabrmavebis mizezi gaxda maT baduraze
mdebare receptoruli ujredebis _ kolbebisa da Cxirebis kvdoma _
degeneraciuli daavadeba (uanderis sibrmave gamowveuli iyo imiT, rom
inkubatorSi, romelic is ganaTavses dabadebis Semdeg, miwodebuli iqna
zedmeti raodenobis Jangbadi). maSinac ki, roca sensoruli receptorebi
 150
wyveten TavianT arsebobas, vizualuri gzebis sxva ujredebi, rogoricaa
bipolaruli da gangliozuri ujredebi, ganagrZoben arsebobas. baduris
struqturis mocemulobisas (ix. suraTi 4.5), es ujredebi xelmisawvdomia
pirdapiri eleqtruli stimulaciisaTvis. mikroprocesori, konstruirebuli
luis, hiumainisa da maTi kolegebis mier, zustad amas akeTebda: igi axdenda
eleqtrul stimulacias, romelic agzavnida Semomaval signals
arafunqcionirebadi kolbebisa da Cxirebis nacvlad.
mTlian sistemas, romelic cnobilia, rogorc mraval-elementiani
xelovnuri retinaluri mikroprocesori (multiple-unit artificial retinal chipset MARC),
aqvs ramdenime komponenti, romelic funqcionirebs rogorc Tvalis kaklis
gareT, aseve, SigniT. magaliTad, miniaturuli video-kamera iWers
gamosaxulebas garemodan.
es gamosaxuleba muSavdeba da igzavneba mikroprocesorisaken, romelic
qirurgiulad aris implantirebuli baduraze Tvalis ukana mxares. es
mikroprocesori stimulirebas ukeTebs gangliozur ujredebs badeSi da
funqcionirebs msgavsad televizoris Tu kompiuteris ekranisa: TiToeuli
elements am simravlisa _ TiToeul piqsels _ SeuZlia miiRos nacrisferi
feris sxvadasxva elferi, raTa uzrunvelyos mxedvelobiTi SegrZnebebis
farTo diapazoni.
rogorc Tqven SegiZliaT Tavad daaskvnaT, aRniSnuli mikroprocesori ar
aRadgens mxedvelobas srulyofilad, iseTnairad, rogorc es nagulisxmebi
iyo statiaSi stiv uanderis Sesaxeb.
informaciis is raodenoba, romelsac uzrunveloyofs es xelsawyo aris
sakmaod SezRuduli imasTan SedarebiT, rasac Tqven Cveulebriv iRebT
Tqveni uamravi kolbebidan da Cxirebidan. miuxedavad amisa, am eqsperimentis
monawileebs SeeZloT martivi gamosaxulebebisa da formebis
identificireba. arsebobs imedi, rom es mikroprocesori aRadgens
mxedvelobas iseT doneze, rom adamianebi SesZleben imoZraon sakuTar
garemoSi da gaarCion didi zomis SriftiT dabeWdili teqsti. uamravi
adamianisaTvis mTel msoflioSi, romelsac daavadebis gamo dazianebuli
aqvs Cxirebi da kolbebi, MARS msgavsi teqnologiebis ganviTarebam SeiZleba
SeunarCunos mxedveloba.
Web site:
www.ece.ncsu.edu/er/erl_eye.html
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talRis sigrZe da feri

sinaTle, romelsac Tqven xedavT, aris mxolod patara nawili fizikuri

ganzomilebisa, romelsac ewodeba eleqtromagnituri speqtri. (ix. suraTi 4.8).
Tqveni vizualur sistema ar aris aRWurvili saTanadod imisaTvis, rom
dainaxos sxva tipis talRebi speqtrSi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, X sxivebi,
mikrotalRebi da radio talRebi. fizikuri Tviseba, romelic ganasxvavebs
eleqromagnituri energiis tipebs, maT Soris sinaTlisac, aris talRis
sigrZe, manZili ori uaxloesi talRis qims Soris. xiluli sinaTlis talRis
sigrZe gaizomeba nanometrebSi (metris memiliarde nawilSi). is, rasac Tqven
xedavT, rogorc sinaTles, aris talRis sigrZis diapazoni 400-dan 700
nanometramde. garkveuli fizikuri talRebis sinaTlis sxivebidan
aRmocendeba garkveuli feris gancda _ magaliTad, iisferi-lurji ufro
mokle sigrZiani talRebisagan speqtris erT boloSi da wiTeli-narinjisferi
_ ufro grZelis sigrZis talRebisagan speqtris meore boloSi. amrigad,
sinaTle aris aRwerili fizikurad talRis sigrZis terminebSi da ara
ferebSi; ferebi arsebobs mxolod Tqvens sensorul sistemaSi, rogorc
talRis sigrZeTa interpretacia.

4.8. eleqtromagnituri speqtri

sur. 4.8.
vizualur sistemas SeuZlia SeigrZnos talRis sigrZis mxolod mcire
diapazoni eleqtromagnitur speqtrSi. Tqven SeigrZnobT talRis sigrZis im
diapazons, romelic naxatze gadidebulad aris mocemuli, rogorc ferebs
iisferidan wiTlisaken.

feris gancda xasiaTdeba sami ZiriTadi TvisebiT: feris toni, simaZRre da

sikaSkaSe. feris toni aris Tviseba, romelic gulisxmobs sinaTlis feris
Tvisobriv gancdas. martiv sinaTleSi, romelic Seicavs mxolod erTi
talRis sigrZes (rogoricaa, magaliTad, lazeris gamosxiveba), feris tonis
fsiqologiuri gancda Seesabameba pirdapir sinaTlis talRis sigrZis
fizikur ganzomilebas. suraTi 4.9 gviCvenebs, Tu rogor aris ferTa tonebi
ganlagebuli ferTa wreSi. is ferebi, romlebic aRiqmebian, rogorc
erTmaneTis msgavsni, arian mosazRvre ferebi. es Tanamimdevroba asaxavs
speqtrSi ferebis Tanamimdevrobas. simaZRre aris feris SegrZnebis Tviseba,
romelic gamoxatavs imas, Tu ramdenad wmindaa feri. Seurevel ferebs aqvs
yvelaze meti simaZRre; Sereul, arasufTa, pastelur ferebs aqvT simaZRris
saSualo raodenoba; rux fers aqvs nulovani simaZRre. sikaSkaSe aris feris
 152
Tviseba, romelic gulisxmobs sinaTlis intensivobas. TeTr fers aqvs
yvelaze meti sikaSkaSe; Savs _ yvelaze naklebi. roca vaanalizebT ferTa
SegrZnebis am Tvisebebs, aRsaniSnavia erTi garemoeba: adamianebs SeuZliaT
vizualurad ganasxvavon erTmaneTisagan daaxloebiT 7 milioni sxvadasxva
feri! miuxedavad amisa, adamianTa umravlesobas ar SeuZlia ferTa garkveul
kategorias miakuTvnos maTi didi nawili.
modiT, avxsnaT ramdenime movlena ferTa gancdis Tqveni yoveldRiuri
gamocdilebidan. Tqven, albaT, iciT isaak niutonis aRmoCenis Sesaxeb, rom
mzis sinaTle krebs yvela sigrZis sinaTlis talRas: Tqven SegiZliaT
gaimeoroT niutonis cda prizmis gamoyenebiT da daSaloT mzis sxivi ferTa
srul cisartyelad. prizmis saSualebiT Tqven gaigebT, rom sxvadasxva
sigrZis talRaTa swori kombinacia warmoqmnis TeTr fers. sxvadasxva sigrZis
talRaTa Serwymas ewodeba damatebiT ferTa Sereva. kidev erTxel SexedeT
suraTs 4.9.
• feris toni (hue) _ feris Tviseba, romelic gulisxmobs sinaTlis feris
Tvisobriv gancdas.
• simaZRre (saturation) _ feris Tviseba, romelic gamoxatavs imas, Tu ramdenad
wmindaa feri.
• sikaSkaSe (brightness) _ feris Tviseba, romelic gulisxmobs sinaTlis
intensivobas.

4.9. ferTa wre

sur. 4.9.
ferebi arian ganlagebuli maTi msgavsebis mixedviT. Semavsebeli ferebi
arian ganlagebuli erTmaneTis mopiradapire mxareze. Semavsebeli ferebis
Sereva warmoqnis neitralur rux an TeTr sinaTles centrSi. ricxvebi
TiToeuli feris tonis gaswvriv miuTiTebs speqtraluri ferebis talRis
sigrZis mniSvnelobaze, im ferebisa, romlebic moTavsebuli arian
mxedvelobiTi yviTel-mwvane
mgrZnobelobis diapazonSi.
araspeqtraluri feris toni miiReba mokle da grZeli sigrZis
speqtraluri talRis sigrZeTa SereviT.
 153

mwvane yviTeli
lurj-mwvane yviTel-narinjis feri
(lurjis Semavsebeli)
(wiTlis Semavse-

560

573
521
beli) 580
494
narinjisferi
607
mwvane- TeTri
lurji 490
talRis
480 wiTeli
470 sigrZeebs,
lurji
mowiTalo iisferi romlebic
(mwvanis
molurjo Semavsebeli) ferTa wris
indigo-lurji
iisferi
(yviTlis
Semavsebeli) mopirdapire
araspeqtraluri ferebi
mxareebzea
ganlagebuli ewodeba Semavsebeli ferebi.
ferebi isini Serevisas qmnian TeTri feris
SegrZnebas. gindaT Tavad darwmundeT Semavsebeli ferebis arsebobaSi?
ganixileT suraTi 4.10. mwvane-yviTeli-Savi droSa mogcemT Tqven negatiuri
Tanamimdevari kvalis gancdas (Tanamimdevar kvals ewodeba negatiuri, radgan
is aris sawyisi feris sapirispiro). am movlenas Cven avxsniT feradi
mxedvelobis Teoriebis ganxilvisas, roca Tqven daJinebiT daacqerdebiT
raime fers sakmaod didxans, Tqveni receptorebis arasrul gadaRlamde da
Semdeg mzeras gadaitanT TeTr zedapirze, Tqven dainaxavT sawyisi feris
Semavsebel fers.

• Semavsebeli
Semavsebeli ferebi (complementary colours) _ ferebi, romlebic mdebareoben
erTmaneTis mopirdapire mxareze ferTa wreze; roca aditurad erevian
erTmaneT,s qmnian TeTri sinaTlis SegrZnebas.

Tqven, albaT, SeginiSnavT Tanmimdevari kvali Tqvens yoveldRiur

cxovrebaSi ferTa gancdisas. Tumca, Tqveni gancdebis didi nawili ar
warmoiqmneba Semavsebeli ferebidan. Tqven, SesaZloa, dro da dro erTobiT
naxatSi feradi fanqrebisa da saRebavebis kombinirebiT. feri, romelsac
xedavT, roca uyurebT feradi fanqrebiT daxatul raime obieqts an sxva
ferad zedapirs, aris sinaTlis talRis sigrZe, romelic ar aris STanTqmuli
zedapiris mier. miuxedavad imisa, rom yviTeli saRebavi gamoiyureba umetes
SemTxvevaSi yviTlad, zogierTi sigrZis talRa ar airekleba, rac qmnis mwvane
feris SegrZnebas. analogiurad, lurji saRebavi saSualebas aZlevs
garkveuli sigrZis talRebs ar iqnas areklili, rac qmnis lurjisa da
cotaodeni mwvanis SegrZnebas. roca yviTeli da lurji ferebi arian
kombinirebuli, yviTeli STanTqavs lurjs da lurji STanTqavs yviTels _ da
 154
erTaderTi feri, romelic darCeba STaunTqmeli _ gamoiyureba mwvaned! am
movlenas ewodeba substraqciuli (substractive) ferTa Sereva2. darCenili
talRis sigrZe _ STaunTqmeli talRis sigrZe aris arekvlili da swored is
aZlevs ferebis narevs im fers, romelsac Tqven aRiqvamT.

sur. 4.10. negatiuri optikuri kvali

sur. 4.10.
mzera daafiqsireT mwvane-Sav-yviTeli droSis centrSi sul cota 30 wamis
ganmavlobaSi. Semdeg mzera gadaitaneT TeTri qaRaldze da daafiqsireT is
furclis centrSi an kedelze. CaatareT es cda megobrebze.
zogierTi es kanoni ar vrceldeba im adamianebze, romlebic dabadebuli
arian feris SegrZnebis garkveuli anomaliiT. ferTa sibrmave aris ferebis
garCevisYnawilobrivi an sruli uunaroba. mwvane, wiTeli da Savi feris
droSaze Tvalebis fiqsirebisas Tqven ar gagiCndebaT negatiuri optikuri
kvali, Tuki gaqvT ferTa sibrmave. ferTa sibrmave, Cveulebriv, memkvidreobiT
gadaecema. es defeqti dakavSirebulia X qromosomas genTan. radgan mamakacebs
aqvT mxolod erTi X qromosoma, maT ufro meti Sansi aqvT, gamouvlindeT es
recesiuli Tavisebureba, vidre qalebs. qalebs defeqturi geni orive X
qromosomaze unda hqondeT, rom gamouvlindeT ferTa sibrmave. kavkasiel
mamakacTa 8% da qalTa 0.5% naklebs axasiaTebT ferTa sibrmave (Coren et al.,
1999).
yvelaze xSiria nawilobriv ferTa sibrmavis is saxe, roca adamians uWirs
mwvane da wiTeli ferebis garCeva, gansakuTrebiT, Tu isini susti simaZRrisa
arian. ufro iSviaTad gvxvdeba xalxi, romelic urevs erTmaneTSi yviTel da
lurj ferebs. yvelaze iSviaTi ki aris sruli ferTa sibrmavis SemTxvevebi,
roca adamiani saerTod ver arCevs ferebs da xedavs mxolod sinaTlis
xarisxis sxvadasxva variacias. (mister i.-s SemTxveva, romelic naxsenebi iyo
am Tavis dasawyisSi, sakmaod uCveuloa, radgan misi sruli ferTa sibrmave
gamowveuli iyo Tavis tvinis dazianebiT 65 wlis asakSi). imis gasagebad,
gaqvT Tu ara raime defeqti ferTa SegrZnebaSi, SexedeT suraTs 4.11. Tuki
Tqven dainaxavT cifrebs 1-s da 5-s am wertilebis erTobliobaSi, Tqveni
feradi mxedveloba, albaT, normaluria. Tuki Tqven dainaxavT kidev raimes,
Tqven, albaT, gaxasiaTebT, sul cota, ferTa nawilobrivi sibrmave. (CautareT
es testi sxvebsac _ kerZod imaT, viszedac iciT, rom axasiaTebsFferTa
sibrmave da Tqven gaigebT, ras xedaven isini am testSi). axla vnaxoT, Tu
rogor xsnian mecnierebi ferTa aRqmis iseT faqtebs, rogoricaa Semavsebeli
ferebi da ferTa sibrmave.

2
qarTul fsiqologiur literaturaSi naxsenebia, rogorc ferTa Serevis meore kanoni (red.SeniSvna)
 155
ferTa SegrZnebis Teoriebi

ferTa SegrZnebis pirveli mecnieruli Teoria SemoTavazebuli iyo ser

tomas iungis (Sir Thomas Young) mier 1800 wels. is amtkicebda, rom arsebobs
feris SemgrZnebi sami tipis receptori normaluri mxedvelobis mqone
adamianis TvalSi, romelic warmoqmnis fsiqologiurad pirvelad SegrZnebebs:
wiTels, mwvanesa da lurjs. yvela danarCeni feri, misi azriT, iyo miRebuli
am sami pirveladi ferisagan, rogorc Semavsebeli ferebis an ori mosazRvre
feris kombinaciis Sedegi. iungis Teoria SemdgomSi gaumjobesda da
gafarToebuli herman von helmholcis (Hermann von Helmholtz) mier da gaxda
cnobili, rogorc iung-helmholcis triqromatuli Teoria.3
triqromatuli Teoria sakmaod damajereblad xsnida adamianis ferTa
SegrZnebebs da ferTa sibrmavesac (am Teoriis Tanaxmad, ferTa sibrmavis
SemTxvevaSi adamianebs aqvT mxolod erTi an ori tipis receptorebi). Tumca,
sxva movlenebi ar aixsneba aseve kargad am Teoriis mier. ratom warmoqmnis
erTi feris mimarT adaptacia negatiur Tanamimdevar kvals? ratom aqvT
nawilobrivi ferTa sibrmavis mqone adamianebs sirTuleebi yovelTvis ferTa
wyvilebis garCevisas: wiTlisa da mwvanis, lurjisa da yviTlis?
• triqromatuli Teoriis (trichromatic theory) Tanaxmad, arsebobs feris
SemgrZnebi receptorebis sami tipi, romlebic warmoqmnian pirveladi
ferebis _ wiTlis, mwvanis da lurji ferebis SegrZnebas.

4.11. ferTa sibrmavis testi

sur. 4.11.
pirovneba, romelsac ar SeuZlia wiTeli da mwvane ferebis gansxvaveba, ver
SeZlebs figuraSi damaluli cifrebis identificirebas. ras xedavT? Tuki
Tqven xedavT ricxv 17
17--s wertilebis simravleSi, Tqveni ferTa SegrZneba,
albaT, normaluria.

am kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema gaxda qvakuTxedi ferTa SegrZnebis meore

TeoriisaTvis, romelic SemoTavazebuli iyo evald heringis (Ewald Hering) mier
1800-iani wlebis bolos. misi sawinaaRmdego procesis Teoriis Tanaxmad,
nebismieri feris SegrZneba miiReba sami ZiriTadi sistemisagan, romelTagan
TiToeuli Seicavs or sawinaaRmdego elements: wiTeli mwvanis sapirispirod,
lurji yviTlis sapirispirod da Savi (arc erTi feri) TeTris (yvela feri)
sapirispirod. heringi fiqrobda, rom ferebi warmoqmnian maTi Semavsebeli

3
qarTul fsiqologiur literaturaSi moxseniebulia, rogorc "sami komponentis Teoria”
(red.SeniSvna)
 156
feris mqone Tanamimdevar kvals, roca am sistemis erTi elementi gadaiRleba
(xangrZlivi stimulaciis pirobebSi) da, amrigad, gaizrdeba misi oponenturi
elementis SefardebiTi wvlili. heringis TeoriaSi ferTa sibrmavis tipebi
qmnian wyvilebs, radgan ferTa SegrZnebis sistema realurad aris Seqmnili
sapirispiro wyvilebisagan da ara erTi pirveladi ferisagan.
mravali wliis manZilze kamaTobdnen mecnierebi am Teoriebis Rirsebis
Sesaxeb. sabolood, maT aRiares, rom es Teoriebi ar ewinaaRmdegebian
realurad erTmaneTs. isini ubralod aRweren procesis or sxvadasxva etaps,
romelic Seesabameba suqcesiur fiziologiur struqturebs mxedvelobiT
sistemaSi (Hurvich & Jameson, 1974). Cven axla viciT, rom marTlac arsebobs sami
tipis kolbebi, Tumca, am kolbebidan TiToeuli reagirebs garkveuli sigrZis
talRebis diapazonze, mainc arsebobs talRis is sigrZe, romlis mimarTac
TiToeuli maTgani yvelaze metad aris mgrZnobiare.

saidan viciT

kolbebi upiratesobas aniWeben garkvuli talRis sigrZes

mxedvelobiTi procesebis mkvlevarebma ganaviTares teqnika, romlis
saSualebiTac xdeba calkeuli kolbebis eleqtruli aqtivobis analizi.
maimuni makakas kolbis ujredebi “gamowovil” iqna specialuri minis
milidan, romlis diametric iyo adamianis Tmis Reris diametris 1/25-ze
naklebi. sxvadasxva sigrZis sinaTlis talRas anaTebdnen milSi, eleqtruli
signalis Zalas, romelsac gamoasxivebda kolbis ujredebi jer zrdidnen da
Semdeg zomavdnen. am teqnikis gamoyenebiT mkvlevarebma aRmoaCines, rom
zogierTi ujredi reagirebs yvelaze kargad 435 nanometris (nm) sigrZis
talRis diapazonSi (“lurji” ujredebi), zogi _ 535 nanometris (“mwvane”
ujredebi) da zogi ki 570 nanometris (“wiTeli” ujredebi) sigrZis talRis
diapazonSi (Baylor, 1987).

am tipis kolbebis reaqcia eTanxmeba iungisa da helmholcis hipoTezas,

rom ferTa SegrZneba efuZneba sami tipis mxedvelobiTi receptorebs.
adamianebs, romlebTac axasiaTebT ferTa sibrmave, aqvT erTi an meti am tipis
receptoruli kolbebis defeqti.
Cven, agreTve, viciT, rom retinaluri gangliozuri ujredebi axdens am
sami tipis kolbebidan gamomavali signalis kombinirebas heringis
sawinaaRmdego procesebis Teoriis Tanaxmad.(De Valois & Jacobs, 1968)
sawinaaRmedego procesebis Teoriis Tanamedrove versiiT, romelsac mxars
 157
uWers leo harviCi da doroti jamesoni (Leo Hurvich da Dorothea Jameson, 1974),
ferTa TiToeuli wyvilis ori wevri moqmedebs erTmaneTis sapirispirod
(arian oponentebi), nervuli Sekavebis procesis saSualebiT. zogierTi
gangliozuri ujredi iRebs aRmgzneb signals sinaTlidan, romelic Cans
wiTlad da Sekavebis signals im sinaTlidan, romelic Cans mwvaned. sistemis
sxva ujredebs aqvT aRgznebisa da Sekavebis procesebis sapirispiro wesrigi.
gangliozuri ujredebis es ori tipi erTad qmnis wiTel-mwvane oponenturi
sistemis fiziologiur baziss. sxva gangliozuri ujredebi qmnian
lurj/yviTel oponentur sistemas. sistema TeTri/Savi monawileobs Tqvens
mier ferebis simaZRrisa da sinaTlis xarisxis aRqmaSi.

vizualuri obieqtebis kompleqsuri analizi

samyaros ferebis aRqma aris mxolod mcire nawili im kompleqsuri

amocanisa, romelic dgas Tqveni vizualuri sistemis winaSe. Tuki Tqven
gindaT daiWiroT fexburTis burTi an Tavi aaridoT krazanebis budes, Tqven
unda SeamCnioT am obieqtebis ier-saxe an forma, maTi siRmre an daSoreba da
maTi moZraoba sivrceSi. Tqveni vizualuri sistema moicavs ramdenime
gancalkevebul da damoukidebel qvesistemas, romelic aanalizebs erTi da
igive retinaluri xatis sxvadasxva aspeqtebs. neironebis calkeul jgufebs
aqvT unikaluri Tvisebebi, dasabami misces feris, formis, kontrastis,
moZraobisa da teqsturis aRqmas (Livingstone & Hubel, 1988; Vinjie& Gallant, 2000).
Tumca, Tqveni aRqma, saboloo jamSi, warmoadgens erTian vizualur suraTs,
Tqvens mier misi danaxva ganpirobebulia uamravi nervuli gzebiT Tqvens
vizualur sistemaSi, romlebic normalur pirobebSi uaRresad faqizadaa
koordinirebuli. (Merigan & Maunsell, 1993)
Tqven SeiZleba gaigoT, Tu rogor mimdinareobs rTuli vizualuri
analizi erTi faqtis magaliTze: vizualuri nervuli gzebis TiToul doneze
ujredebi reagireben seleqtiurad vizualuri velis mxolod specifiur
nawilebze. magaliTad, Cven aRvniSneT adre, rom TiToeuli retinaluri
gangliozuri ujredi aerTianebs mravali receptoruli ujredidan miRebul
informacias. ujredis receptoruli veli es aris adgili vizualur velSi,
saidanac is iRebs stimulacias.
retinaluri gangliozuri ujredebis receptoruli veli aris ori tipis
(ix. suraTi 4.12 A da B nawilebi): (1) is ujredebi, romelTa stimulacia velis
centrSi aRagznebs ujreds da stimulacia mis garSemo mdebare nawilebSi
 158
iwvevs masSi Sekavebis process; (2) ujredebi sapirispiro organizaciiT _
Sekavebis procesiT centrSi da aRgznebis procesiT periferiaze.
ganglioizuri ujredebi reagireben stimulaciis sxvaobaze mis centrsa da
periferias Soris. isini yvelaze metad aRigznebian stimulebis kontrastiT;
on-centris mqone ujredebi yvelaze Zlierad ganimuxtebian naTel laqaze,
romelsac aqvs bneli sazRvrebi, xolo off-centris mqone ujredebi
ganimuxtebian energiulad bnel laqaze, romelsac aqvs naTeli sazRvrebi.
erTnairi ganaTeba ki iwvevs centrisa da periferiis aqtivobis gabaTilebas
da ujredi ar aris iseTnairad aRgznebuli, rogorc es xdeba naTeli laqis
SemTxvevaSi.

sur. 4.12 gangliozuri da qerquli ujredebis receptoruli velebi

ujredis receptoruli veli aris vizualuri velis are, romlidanac is
iRebs stimulacias. baduris gangliozuri ujredebis receptoruli velebi
aris wriuli formis (A, B); mxedvelobiTi qerqis umartivesi ujredebi
garkveuli mimarTulebiT aris wagrZelebuli (C, D, E, F). orive SemTxvevaSi, is
adgili, sadac sinaTle aRagznebs ujreds, aRniSnulia plus niSniT da sadac
iwvevs Sekavebis process, aRniSnulia minus niSniT. amasTanav,e stimuli,
romelic yvelaze metad aRagznebs ujreds aris is, romelSic areebi, sadac
sinaTle aRmgznebia (aRniSnulia “+” niSniT), aris ganaTebuli, xolo areebi,
sadac sinaTle iwvevda Sekavebis process (aRniSnulia “_” niSniT), aris
sibneleSi.

A
C E

• sawinaaRmdego procesebis Teoriis (opponent-process theory) Tanaxmad, nebismieri

feris SegrZneba miiReba sami sistemisagan, romelTagan TiToeuli Seicavs
or “oponentur” elements: (wiTeli mwvanis sapirispirod, lurji yviTlis
 159
sapirispirod da Savi TeTris sapirispirod).
• receptoruli veli (receptive field) _ adgili mxedvelobiT velSi, saidanac
mocemuli gangliozuri ujredi iRebs informacias.

Tqven axla gaecaniT vizualuri informaciis gadamuSavebis Taviseburebebs

receptoruli da gangliozuri ujredebis doneze. magram ra xdeba vizualuri
sistemis ufro maRal doneebze? pirveli naSromi am sferoSi Sesrulebuli
iyo devid hiubelisa da torsten vizelis (David Hubel & Torsten Wiesel) _
sensoruli procesebis fiziologebis mier. maT moipoves nobelis premia 1981
wels receptoruli velebis ujredebis SeswavlisaTvis mxedvelobiT qerqSi.
vizelma da hiubelma moaxerxes katis mxedvelobiT qerqis calkeuli
ujredebis ganmuxtvis registracia, romlebic reagirebdnen moZrav laqebsa da
zolebze vizualur velSi. roca hiubelma da vizelma agegmes am qerquli
ujredebis receptoruli velebi, maT aRmoaCines ujredebis organizacia,
romlebic ufro zustad reagirebdnen garkveul vizualur stimulaciaze
(Hubel & Wiesel, 1962, 1979). erTi tipis qerquli ujredebi, martivi ujredebi
yvelaze Zlierad reagirebdnen gansazRvruli, maTTvis “gamorCeuli”
orientaciis mqone sinaTlis zolebze (ix. suraTi 4.12). kompleqsur ujredebs,
agreTve, hqondaT arCeuli erTi, maTTvis “gamorCeuli” orientacia, magram
isini, aseve, irCevdnen moZraobis garkveul mimarTulebasac. hiperkopleqsuri
ujredebi ki specializebulni iyvnen gansazRvruli orientaciisa da sigrZis
mqone moZrav zolebze an moZrav kuTxeebze. ujredebi agzavnian gansxvavebuli
saxis informacias Tavis tvinis ufro maRali donis mxedvelobiT centrebSi,
rac maqsimalurad exmareba tvins obieqtebis cnobaSi.
am nawilSi Cven gavamaxvileTG yuradReba vizualuri sistemis reaqciaze
garemodan miRebul gaRizianebaze. mexuTe TavSi Cven davinaxavT, rom
adamianTa aRqma Zalian xSirad warmoadgens garemodan miRebuli informaciis
_ sinaTlis talRebis, romelic aRwevs Tvals _ da informaciis Sida wyaros
kombinacias _ codnas, romelic ukve Senaxulia tvinSi.
axla ganvixiloT bgeraTa samyaro.

Sejameba
adamianis Tvali funqcionirebs fotoaparatis msgavsad: sinaTle
fokusirdeba Tvalis brolis mier baduraze. swored baduraze xdeba
sinaTlis energiis ZiridaTi gardaqmna nervul aqtivobad. baduraze mdebare
 160
receptorebi – Cxirebi funqcionireben susti ganaTebis pirobebSi, kolbebi ki
specializdebian naTel, ferad garemoSi samuSaod da sivrciTi detalebis
garCevaSi. baduridan miRebuli informacia agrZelebs gzas Tavis tvinisaken
gadamuSavebis doneebis mTeli seriis gavliT, romelTa saSualebiT xdeba
informaciis seleqcia obieqtebis identifikaciisa da maTi mdebareobis
gansazRvris mizniT. brma mxvedvelobis fenomenma daadastura vizualuri
analizis gansxvavebuli tipebis arseboba.
feris aRqma ganpirobebulia sinaTlis talRis sxvadasxva sigrZiT da mas
axasiaTebs sami ZiriTadi Tviseba: feris toni, simaZRre da sikaSkaSe.
sxvadasxva sigrZis talRis kombinacia qmnis gansxvavebuli feris SegrZnebas
ferTa Serevis niutonis kanonebis Tanaxmad. ferTa sibrmave sxvadasxva
xarisxisaa; iSviaTia sruli ferTa sibrmave. feradi mxedvelobis mkvlevarebi
mxars uWeren rogorc triqromatul Teorias, aseve, oponent-procesualur
Teorias. vizualur sistemas aqvs sami tipis kolbebi, romlebic upiratesobas
aniWeben gansxvavebuli talRis sigrZeebs. es sami tipis kolbebi erTiandebian
informaciis gadamuSavebis ufro maRal doneze da dasabams aZleven oponent-
procesualur fenomens.
vizualuri analizis zogierTi saxe efuZneba gangliozuri ujredebis
receptorul velebs, zogi ki _ ufro maRali donis ujredebis mier arCeul
specializacias _ obieqtTa mdebareobis, orientaciis da moZraobis
mimarTulebis mixedviT.

smena

Tqven mier samyaros gancdisas smena da mxedveloba asrulebis erTmaneTis

Semavsebel funqciebs. Tqven xSirad gesmiT stimulebi, sanam dainaxavT maT,
gansakuTrebiT, Tuki isini Tqvens ukan mdebareoben an arian gaumWirvale
obieqtebis, magaliTad, kedlebis miRma.
Tumca, mxedveloba aris ufro srulyofili saSualeba im obieqtis
identificirebisaTvis, romlebic erTxel mainc moxvdnen mxedvelobis velSi,
vidre smena, Cven xSirad mxolod imitom vxedavT obieqtebs, rom Cvenma
yurebma miuTiTes Tvalebs swori mimarTuleba. smeniTi procesebis ganxilvas
daviwyebT im fizikuri energiis saxeebis ganxilviT, romelic aRwevs Cvens
yurebamde.

bgeris fizika
 161
SemohkariT taSi. daustvineT. daakakuneT fanqriT magidaze. ratom
warmoqmnis es moqmedebebi bgerebs? amis mizezi isaa, rom isini iwveven
obieqtebis rxevas. rxevis energia gadaecema garemos, Cveulebriv, haers,
rogorc ki rxevadi obieqtebi ubiZgeben garemos molekulebs. amiT gamowveuli
wnevis mcire cvlilebebi vrceldeba rxevadi obieqtidan garemoSi
sinusoiduri talRebis erTobliobis saxiT, romelic moZraobs 335 metri
wamSi siCqariT. (ix. suraTi 4.13). bgera ar SeiZleba gaCndes srul vakuumSi
(magaliTad, kosmosur sivrceSi), radgan iq ar aris haeris molekulebi,
romelTac aamoZravebda rxevadi obieqtebi.
sinusoidur talRas aqvs ori ZiriTadi fizikuri Tviseba, romelic
gansazRvravs mis JReradobas: sixSire da amplituda. sixSire izomeba rxevaTa
im raodenobiT, romelsac asrulebs talRa drois mocemul SualedSi. rxeva,
rogorc miTiTebulia suraTze 4.13, aris manZili marcxnidan marjvniv erTi
talRis pikidan momdevno talRis pikamde. bgeris sixSire, Cveulebriv,
gamoisaxeba hercebSi (hc), romelic zomavs rxevaTa raodenobas erT wamSi.
amplituda zomavs bgeriTi talRis siZlieris fizikur Tvisebas _ simaRles
pikidan dadablebamde. amplituda ganisazRvreba bgeris wnevis an energiis
erTeulebSi.

fsiqologiuri
fsiqologiuri ganzomilebani
sixSirisa da amplitudis fizikuri Tvisebebi dasabams aZlevs bgeris sam
ZiriTad ganzomilebas (Tvisebas) 4: bgeris tonis simaRle, siZliere da
tembri. axla detalurad ganvixiloT es movlenebi.
haeris haeris
SekumSva gafarToeba
amlituda

erTi
cikl
dro

4.13. sinusoiduri
sur. 4.13. sinusoiduri talRis warmodgena
sinusoiduri talRis ori ZiriTadi Tviseba aris sixSire _ rxevaTa
raodenoba drois fiqsirebul erTeulSi da misi amplituda _ rxevis
vertikaluri diapazoni.

bgeris tonis simaRle

4
mTargmnelis SeniSvna
 162
bgeris tonis simaRle ganisazRvreba bgeriTi talRis rxevis sixSiriT;
maRali sixSireebi warmoqmnian maRal tonebs, dabali sixSireebi ki _ dabal
tonebs. sufTa5tonebis mimarT adamianis mgrZnobiaroba cvalebadobs
diapazonSi 20 hercis sixSiridan 20 000 hercis sixSiremde. 20 hercze dabali
sixSireebi adamianma SeiZleba SeigrZnos, rogorc vibracia ufro Sexebis
saSualebiT, vidre bgeris saSualebiT. Tqven advilad warmoidgenT, Tu
ramdenad didia es diapazoni, Tuki gaiTvaliswinebT, rom fortepianos 88
klaviSi faravs mxolod 30 hercidan 4.000 hercamde sixSiris diapazons.
rogorc gaxsovT fsiqofizikidan, kavSiri sixSiresa (fizikur realobas)
da bgeriT tons (fsiqologiur efeqts) Soris ar aris wrfivi. sixSiris
skalis dabal maCveneblebisas sixSiris zrda mxolod ramdenime herciT
iwvevs bgeriTi tonis SesamCnev cvlilebas, xolo sixSiris skalis maRal
maCveneblebis SemRxvevaSi, Tqven gacilebiT metad unda gazardoT sixSire,
raTa SeamCnioT gansxvaveba sixSireSi. magaliTad, fortepianos ori yvelaze
dabali noti erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba mxolod 1.6 herciT, maSin roca ori
yvelaze maRali noti gansxvavdeba 235 herciT. es aris odnav SesamCnevi
sxvaobis kidev erTi magaliTi fsiqofizikaSi.

bgeris siZliere

bgeris siZliere anu fizikuri intensivoba ganisazRvreba misi amplitudiT.

didi amplitudis bgeriTi talRebi ganicdeba, rogorc xmamaRali da mcire
amplitudisa ki _ xmadabali. adamianis smeniTi sistema mgrZnobiarea fizikuri
intensivobebis uzarmazari diapazonis mimarT.
• bgeris tonis simaRle (pitch) _ Tviseba, romelic ZiriTadad ganisazRvreba
bgeriTi talRis rxevis sixSiriT.
• bgeris siZliere (loudness) _ bgeris perceftuli Tviseba, romelic
gamoxatavs bgeriTi talRis amplitudas; didi amplitudis bgeriTi talRa
saerTod ganicdeba rogorc xmamaRali, xolo mcire amplitudis bgeriTi
talRa ganicdeba rogorc xmadabali.

majis saaTis wikwikis xma, romelic gvesmis daaxloebiT 6 metris

manZilidan, mdebareobs intensivobis qveda zRvarze. es aris sistemis
absoluturi zRurbli. Tuki is ufro mgrZnobiarea, SeiZleba gaigonoT
sisxlis moZraobis xmac Tqvens yurebSi. intensivobis zeda zRvarze mdebared
ki SeiZleba ganvixiloT reaqtiuli TviTmfrinavis xma, romelic mifrinavs

5
sufTa tonebs, agreTve, uwodeben martiv tonebs an wminda tonebs (mTargmn. SeniSvna)
 163
daaxloebiT 90 metris simaRleze. es xma imdenad Zlieri iqneba, rom
tkivilsac ki gamoiwvevs yurebSi. bgeris wnevis fizikuri erTeulebis
terminebSi, reaqciuli TviTmfrinavi warmoqmnis bgeriT talRas, romelic
miliardjer ufro Zlieria, vidre saaTis wikwiki.
radgan smeniTi diapazoni Zalian didia, bgeris fizikuri intensivobis
diapazoni, Cveulebriv, gamoixateba ufro SefardebiTi, vidre absoluturi
odenobis erTeulebSi. bgeris wneva _ misi amplitudis donis maCvenebeli, rac
iwvevs xmamaRlobis gancdas _ izomeba erTeulebSi, romelTac ewodeba
decibalebi (db). suraTze 4.14 naCvenebia zogierTi tipiuri bunebrivi bgeris
intensivobis sidide decibalebSi da bgeris wnevis Sesatyvis erTeulebSi
(dini/sm2) SedarebisaTvis.
rogorc xedavT, or bgeras, romelic 20 decibaliT gansxvavdeba
erTmaneTisagan, aqvT bgeris wnevis Sefardeba 10/1 proporciiT. aRsaniSnavia,
rom 90 decibalze xmamaRalma bgerebma SeiZleba gamoiwvios smenis dakargva.
es damokidebulia maTi eqspoziciis xangrZlivobaze.

tembri
bgeris tembri asaxavs rTuli bgeris talRis komponentebs. tembri aris is,
rac ganasxvavebs, magaliTad, fortepianos xmas fleitis xmisagan. fizikuri
stimulebis mcire raodenoba, magaliTad, kamertoni gamoscems sufTa tons,
romelic Sedgeba erTi sinusoiduri talRisagan. sufTa tons aqvs mxolod
erTi sixSire da erTi amplituda. bgeraTa umetesoba realur cxovrebaSi ar
arian sufTa toni. isini arian kompleqsuri talRebi, romlebic Seicaven
sixSirisa da amplitudis garkveul kombinacias. suraTze 4.15 naCvenebia
rTuli talRebis formebi, romelic Seesatyviseba ramdenime nacnob bgeras.

sur. 4.14 nacnobi bgerebis doneebi decibelebSi

naxazze naCvenebia bgeraTa diapazoni decibalebSi, romelzedac reagirebs
adamianis smeniTi aparati absoluturi zRurblidan raketis gafrenis xmamde.
decibalebi gamoTvlilia bgeris wnevis saSualebiT, romelic aris bgeriTi
talRis amplitudis donis maCvenebeli da zogadad Seesatyviseba imas, rasac
adamiani ganicdis, rogorc bgeris xmamaRlobas..
 164

decibalebis done (db)

180 → raketis afrenis xma (daaxloebiT 45 metris
simaRleze)
→
→
→
bgeris wnevis done (dini/sm2)

160 →
→
→
→
2000. 140 →reaqtiuli TviTmfrinavis xma (24 metris
simaRleze)
→ tkivilis zRurbli
→
→
200. 120 →xmamaRali Weqa-quxili, rok-jgufi
→
→orZraviani TviTmfrinavi
→
20. 100 →metros matareblis vagonSi
→
→smenis dakargva xangrZlivi stimulaciis pirobebSi
→
2. 80 →xmaurian manqanaSi
→
→uxmauro manqanaSi
→
0.2 60 →Cveulebrivi saubari
→
→Cveulebrivi ofisi
→
0.02 40 →uxmauro ofisi
→
→wynari oTaxi
→
0.002 20 →xmadabali CurCuli (1.5 metris manZilze)
→
→
→
0.0002. 0 →smenis absoluturi zRurbli (1000 hercis tonisaTvis)

grafiki suraTze 4.15 gviCvenebs bgeraTa speqtrs fortepianos nota “si”-

saTvis (pirveli oqtava) yvela sixSires, romelic realurad warmodgenilia
am notSi da maT amplitudebs.
• tembri (timbre) _ smeniTi kompleqsur tonSi, rogoricaa magaliTad, nota
SegrZnebis Tviseba, “si”, yvelaze dabali sixSire (daaxloebiT 256 hc)
romelic asaxavs pasuxismgebelia im tonze, romelic Tqven gesmiT.
bgeriTi talRis mas uwodeben ZiriTad tons, ufro maRali
sirTules. sixSiris tonebs ki harmonikebs, an obertonebs,
maTi sixSire ramdenjerme aRemateba ZiriTad
rxevis sixSires. sruli bgera, romelic Tqven gesmiT, aris warmoqmnili
ZiriTadi bgerebisa da harmonikebis erToblivi moqmedebis Sedegad, rogorc
naCvenebia speqtrSi. Tuki am sixSiris sufTa tonebi da intensivobebi
erTmaneTs daemateba, amis Sedegad Tqven gaigonebT bgeras, romelic JRers
iseTnairad, rogorc nota “si” fortepianoze.
bgerebs, romelTac Tqven uwodebT xmaurs, ara aqvs ZiriTadi sixSireebisa
da harmonikebis naTeli, martivi struqtura. xmauri Seicavs mraval sixSires,
romelic ar aris sistematikurad dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan. magaliTad,
stacionaruli xmauri, romelic Tqven gesmiT radiosadgurebs Soris, Seicavs
 165
yvela smenadi sixSiris energias; Tqven mas aRiqvamT ise, TiTqos ar hqondes
simaRle, radgan mas ara aqvs ZiriTadi sixSire.

smenis fiziologia
axla Tqven ukve gaqvT garkveuli informacia bgeraTa fsiqologiuri
gancdebis fizikuri safuZvlebis Sesaxeb. axla ganvixiloT, Tu rogor
aRmocendeba es gancdebi smeniTi sistemis fiziologiuri aqtivobisagan.
pirvel rigSi, vnaxoT, Tu rogor muSaobs yuri. Semdeg Cven ganvixilavT
zogierT Teorias smeniT sistemaSi bgeriTi tonis simaRlis kodirebisa da
bgerebis lokalizaciis Sesaxeb.

fleita afeTqeba

nota si
klarneti

adamianis xma

dro
nota si-s bgeriTi speqtri
amplituda

sixSire

1.0

0.5
 166
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
6000

sur. 4.15
es naxazi gviCvenebs nacnobi bgerebis talRis formebsa da bgeris speqtrs
pianinos nota “si”-saTvis. ZiriTadi talRis sigrZe aris nawarmoebi ZiriTadi
sixSirisagan, am SemTxvevaSi, 256 herci, magram pianinos simebi, agreTve,
vibrirebs ufro maRal sixSireebzec (romelic cnobilia, rogorc
obertonebi anu harmonikebi). isini qmnian kbilanebs talRis nimuSze. es
damatebiTi sixSireebi aris identificirebuli bgeriT speqtrSi.

smenis sistema
sistema
Tqven ukve iciT, rom sensoruli procesebi axdens eqsternaluri energiis
formebis gardaqmnas nervul impulsebad. imisaTvis, rom gaigonoT, unda
moxdes ZiriTadi energiis oTxi transformacia. ix. suraTi 4.16:
4.16 (1) haerSi
gavrcelebuli talRebi unda gardaiqmnas siTxis talRebad, romelic
moTavsebulia yuris lokokinaSi, (2) siTxis talRebi Semdeg iwveven ZiriTadi
membranis meqanikur rxevas, (3) es rxevebi gardaiqmneba eleqtrul impulsebad
da (4) impulsebi gadaigzavneba smeniT qerqSi. TiToeuli es transformacia
ganvixiloT ufro detalurad.
pirveli transformaciisas haeris rxevadi molekulebi Sedian yurebSi (ix.
suraTi 4.16). zogierTi bgera Sedis pirdapir yuris gareTa sasmen milSi da
zogi ki _ gareTa yuridan anu niJaridan arekvlis Semdeg. bgeriTi talRa
mogzaurobs sasmeni milis gaswriv gareTa yuris gavliT, sanam ar miaRwevs
milis bolos. aq is ejaxeba Txel membranas, romelsac uwodeben dafis apks.
bgeriTi talRis wnevis cvlilebebs mohyavs dafis apki moZraobaSi. dafis apki
gadascems rxevas gare yuridan Sua yurSi, RruSi, romelic Seicavs sam
umciresi zomis Zvals adamianis sxeulSi: CaquCs, grdemls da uzangs. es
Zvlebi ayalibeben meqanikur jaWvs, romelic gadascems rxevas da axdens mis
koncentrirebas dafis apkidan smenis ZiriTadi organosaken _ lokokinasaken,
romelic moTavsebulia Sida yurSi.
meore transformaciisas, romelic xdeba lokokinaSi, haerSi
gavrcelebuli talRebi gadaiqceva “zRvis talRebad”. lokokina aris siTxiT
gavsebuli spiralurad daxveuli mili, mas aqvs membrana, romelic cnobilia
ZiriTadi membranis saxeliT. is ganTavsebulia mis Sua nawilSi mTeli
sigrZis gaswvriv. roca irxeva uzangi, romelic mdebareobs ovalur
sarkmelTan, lokokinas fuZesTan axlos, lokokinaSi mdebare siTxe iwvevs
 167
ZiriTadi membranis talRisebr moZraobas (rogorc zemoT iyo naxsenebi,
“zRvis talRebs”).
energiis mesame gardaqmnisas ZiriTadi membranis talRisebri moZraoba
arxevs masTan dakavSirebul patara bewvian ujredebs. bewviani ujredebi aris
smeniTi sistemis receptoruli ujredebi. bewviani ujredebis rxeva iwvevs
nervuli daboloebebis stimulirebas da axdens ZiriTadi membranis meqanikuri
rxevebis gardaqmnas nervul aqtivobaSi.
sabolood, energiis meoTxe gardaqmnisas, boWkoebis konaSi gamavali
nervuli impulsebi toveben lokokinas. es boWkoebi warmoadgenen smenis nervs.
isini xvdebian Tavis tvinis fuZeSi mdebare lokokinas birTvebs. msgavsad
vizualur sistemaSi nervebis gadakveTisa, erTi yuridan momavali gaRizianeba
gadaecema Tavis tvinis orive nawils. smeniTi signalebi gaivlian sxva
birTvebis mTel rigs da miaRweven smeniT qerqs, romelic mdebareobs Tavis
tvinis naxevarsferoebis safeTqlis wilSi. am signalebis maRali donis
gadamuSaveba iwyeba smeniT qerqSi. (rogorc Tqven momavalSi naxavT, yuris
sxva nawilebi, romelic gamosaxulia suraTze 4.16, monawileoben sxva
SegrZnebebis aRmocenebaSi).

sur. 4.16.
4.16. adamianis yuris agebuleba
bgeriTi talRebi miemarTeba gareT yuris anu niJaris saSualebiT, gareTa
sasmeni milis gavliT da iwvevs dafis apkis rxevas. am rxevas moqmedebaSi
mohyavs Sua yuris patara Zvlebi _ CaquCi, grdemli da uzangi. meqanikuri
rxevebi gadaecema ovaluri sarkmlis saSualebiT lokokinas. maT moZraobaSi
mohyavT mis RruSi arsebuli siTxe. patara bewviani ujredebi ganlagebuli
arian ZiriTadi membranis gaswvriv lokokinaSi da irxevian siTxis
moZraobaze, riTac axdenen maTTan uSualod dakavSirebuli nervuli
daboloebebis stimulirebas. amis Semdeg meqanikuri energia gardaiqmneba
nervul energiaSi da egzavneba tvins smeniTi nervis saSualebiT.

es oTxi gardaqmna xdeba srulyofilad momuSave smeniT sistemaSi.

milionobiT adamians aqvs darRvevebi smeniTi sistemaSi. arsebobs smeniTi
darRvevebis ori zogadi tipi, TiToeuli gamowveulia smeniTi sistemis erTi
an meti komponentis defeqtiT. naklebad seriozuli dazianebaa siyrue,
romelic dakavSirebulia haeris rxevebis gamtarobasTan lokokinisaken. am
tipis dazianebis dros xSirad Sua yuris Zvlebi ar funqcionirebs
Sesabamisad. am defeqtis gamosworeba SesaZlebelia mikroqirurgiuli gziT
xelovnuri grdemlisa da uzangis CasmiT. ufro seriozuli tipis dazianebaa
 168
nervuli siyrue, defeqti im nervul meqanizmebSi, romelic warmoqmnis nervul
impulsebs yurSi an gadaaqvs isini smeniT qerqSi. smeniTi qerqis dazianeba,
agreTve, warmoqmnis nervul siyrues.

• lokokina (cochlea) _ smenis ZiriTadi organo; siTxiT gavsebuli spiralurad

daxveuli mili, romelic moTavsebulia Sida yurSi.
• ZiriTadi membrana (basilar membrane) mdebareobs lokokinaSi, roca is modis
moZrobaSi, iwvevs bewviani ujredebis stimulirebas, (aRizinaebs maT)
romlebic warmoqmnian smeniTi gaRizianebis nervul efeqtebs.
• smenis nervi (auditory nerve) atarebs impulss lokokinidan tvinSi mdebare
lokokinis birTvebSi.
• smeniTi qerqi (auditory cortex) _ safeTqlis wilis are, romelic iRebs da
amuSavebs smeniT informacias.
• adgilis Teoria (place theory) amtkicebs, rom sxvadasxva sixSiris toni qmnis
aqtivaciis maqsimums ZiriTadi membranis sxvadasxva adgilebSi, amis Sedegad
bgeriTi tonis simaRle SeiZleba kodirebuli iyos im adgilis mixedviT,
romlis aqtivaciac moxda.
• sixSiris Teoria (frequency theory) amtkicebs, rom toni warmoqmnis im siCqaris
rxevas ZiriTad membranaSi, romelic ekvivalenturia misi sixSirisa, amis
Sedegad, bgeriTi tonis simaRle SeiZleba kodirebuli iyos nervuli
reaqciis sixSiriT.

bgeriTi tonis aRqmis Teoriebi

arsebobs ori gansxvavebuli Teoria, romelic xsnis Tu rogor xdeba
smeniT sistemaSi bgeriTi talRis gardaqmna bgeriTi tonis SegrZnebad:
adgilis Teoria da sixSiris Teoria.
adgilis Teoria Tavidan SemoTavazebuli iyo fon herman helmholcis
(Hermann von Helmholtz) mier 1800 wels da Semdeg georg von bekesis (Georg von
Bekesy) mier iqna modificirebuli, gadamuSavebuli da Semowmebuli. man am
kvlevisaTvis 1961 wels aiRo nobelis premia. adgilis Teoria efuZneba im
faqts, rom ZiriTadi membrana moZraobs, roca bgeriTi talRa Semodis Sida
yurSi. sxvadasxva sixSire iwvevs ZiriTadi membranis gaswvriv garkveuli
adgilis amoZravebas. maRali sixSiris tonebi yvelaze did talRur
moZraobas iwveven lokokinis fuZesTan, sadac ovaluri da mrgvali
sarkmelebi arian ganlagebulni. dabali sixSiris tonebi yvelaze did
 169
talRur moZraobas iwveven ZiriTadi membranis mopirdapire boloSi. amrigad,
adgilis Teoria amtikicebs, rom bgeriTi tonis simaRlis aRqma
damokidebulia ZiriTadi membranis im garkveul adgilze, romelic yvelaze
metad Riziandeba.
meore Teoria, sixSiris Teoria,
Teoria bgeriTi tonis simaRles xsnis ZiriTadi
membranis rxevis siswrafiT. es Teoria varaudobs, rom 100 hercis sixSiris
bgeriTi talRa iwvevs ZiriTadi membranis rxevas 100-jer wamSi. sixSiris
Teoria, agreTve, amtikicebs, rom ZiriTadi membranis rxevebi iwveven
neironebis ganmuxtvas imave siCqariT, ase rom, ganmuxtvis siCqare aris
bgeriTi tonis simaRlis nervuli kodi. erTi problema, romelic am dros
Cndeba, isaa, rom individualur neironebs ar SeuZliaT im siswrafiT
ganmuxtva, rom warmoadginon maRali bgerebi, radgan arc erT maTgans ar
SeuZlia ganmuxtva ufro meti siCqariT, vidre 1000-jer wamSi. amis gamo, erT
neirons ar SeuZlia ganasxvavos 1000 hercze meti sixSiris bgerebi, rasac
Cveni smeniTi sistema sakmaod kargad axerxebs. es SezRudva SeiZleba
daiZlios e.w. zalpis principiT, romelic xsnis imas, Tu ra xdeba maRal
sixSireebze. rogorc naCvenebia suraTze 4.17, ramdenime neirons
kombinirebuli moqmedebiT, anu zalpSi, SeuZlia ganimuxtos im sixSireze,
romelic Seesabameba 2000 hc, 3000hc da a.S. sixSiris tonebs. (Wever, 1949).

4.17. zalpis principi

sur. 4.17.
smeniTi nervuli ujredebis jamur koleqtiur aqtivobas aqvs igive
struqtura, rac Semosul bgeriT talRas, maSinac ki, roca TiToeul
calkeul boWkos SeiZleba ar hqondes sakmarisad swrafi ganmuxtva, rom Tan
axldes bgeriTi talRis struqturas.

bgeriTi talRis signali

boWko a

boWko b

boWko c

boWko d

boWko e
 170

koleqtiuri smeniTi reaqcia

rogorc ferTa SegrZnebis triqromatuli da sawinaaRmdego procesebis

Teoriebi, aseve, adgilisa da sixSiris Teoriebic, orive sargeblobs
warmatebiT mxolod bgeraTa tonis simaRlis gancdis sxvadasxva
aspeqtebisaTvis. iTvleba, rom sixSiris Teoria kargad xsnis 5000 hercze
ufro dabali sixSireebis kodirebas. ufro maRali sixSireebisaTvis
neironebs ar SeuZliaT ganimuxton ise swrafad da zustad, rom moaxerxon
signalis kodireba adeqvaturad, zalpSic ki. adgilis Teoria ufro
warmatebulad xsnis bgeriTi tonis simaRlis aRqmas 1000-hercze ufro maRali
sixSireebisaTvis. 1000 hercze ufro dabali sixSireebisaTvis ZiriTadi
membrana irxeva imdenad farTod, rom mas ar SeuZlia uzrunvelyos signalis
gansxvaveba nervuli receptorebisaTvis, romelTaTvis ZiriTadi membranis
rxeva aris bgeriTi tonis simaRlis gansxvavebis saSualeba. 1000 hercidan 5000
hercamde sixSiris diapazonSi orive meqanizmi muSaobs. rTuli sensoruli
amocana iyofa or sistemas Soris, isini erTad gvTavazoben ufro maRal
sensorul sizustes, vidre es SeeZlo, uzrunveleyo mxolod erT sistemas.
Cven Semdeg davinaxavT, rom adamiani flobs, agreTve, or SeTanxmebul nervul
sistemas, romelic exmareba mas garemoSi bgeraTa lokalizaciis amocanis
gadawyvetaSi.
• zalpis principi (volley principle) _ esaa sixSiris Teoriis ganvrcoba,
romelic amtikicebs, rom roca bgeriTi talRis sixSire aRemateba im
sixSires, romliTac calkeul neirons SeuZlia ganmuxtva, ramdenime
neironi ganimuxteba erTad, rogorc jgufi, Semosuli bgeris tonis
simaRlis Sesatyvisi sixSiriT.

bgeraTa lokalizacia
delfinebi da Ramurebi ar iyeneben mxedvelobas obieqtTa
adgilmdebareobis gansazRvrisas Rrma wylis Tu mRvimis sibneleSi. amis
nacvlad, isini sargebloben eqolokaciiT _ isini agzavnian maRali sixSiris
bgerebs, romlebic aireklebian obieqtebis mier, riTac qmnian ukukavSirs da
iZlevian informacias obieqtebamde manZilis, maTi adgilmdebareobis, zomebis,
teqsturis da moZraobis Sesaxeb. erT-erTi saxeobis Ramuras SeuZlia
eqolokaciis saSualebiT ganasxvavos obieqtiebi, romlebic arian
 171
daSorebulni erTmaneTisagan mxolod 0.3 milimetriT (Simmons et al., 1998).
Tumca, adamians ar gaaCnia es specialuri unari, is mainc iyenebs bgerebs
obieqtebis adgilmdebareobis gansazRvrisaTvis sivrceSi, gansakuTrebiT
maSin, roca maTi danaxva gaZnelebulia. es xerxdeba ori meqanizmis
gamoyenebiT: im drois SedarebiTi SefasebiT, romelic saWiroa bgeris
misaRwevad TiToeul yurTan da im bgerebis intensivobis SedarebiTi
SefasebiT, romlebic aRweven TiToeul yurTan (Middlebrooks &Green, 1991; Phillips,
1993).
pirveli meqanizmi Seicavs neironebs, romlebic adareben im droebs
erTmaneTs, rac sWirdeba Semomaval bgeriT signals TiToeul yurTan
misaRwevad. magaliTad, bgera, romelic lokalizdeba marjvena mxares,
miaRwevs marjvena yurs ufro adre, vidre marcxenas (ix. wertili B suraTze
4.18).
4.18 smeniTi sistemis neironebi specializebulni arian am gansxvavebis
SemCnevaze. Tavis tvini iyenebs am gansxvavebas droSi, raTa gaakeTos sivrceSi
bgeris SesaZlo lokalizaciis zusti Sefaseba.
meore meqanizmi efuZneba im princips, rom bgeras aqvs odnav ufro didi
intensivoba im yurSi, romelsac is pirvelad miaRwevs, radgan adamianis Tavi
TviTon qmnis bgeriT Crdils, romelic asustebs signals. intensivobis es
gansxvaveba damokidebulia im bgeriTi tonis talRis sigrZis SedarebiT
zomaze, romelic aRwevs adamianis Tavs. grZeli talRebi anu dabali sixSiris
tonebi, faqtiurad, intensivobis araviTar gansxvavebas ar gviCveneben maSin,
roca mokle talRebis, maRali sixSiris tonebis intensivobebis gansxvaveba
savsebiT gazomvadia. adamianis tvinSi aris ujredebi, romlebic
specializdebian im signalebis intensivobebis gansxvavebis SemCnevaze,
romelic aRmocendeba or yurSi.

4.18. droiTi Seusabamoba da bgeris lokalizacia

sur. 4.18.
bgeraTa sivrceSi lokalizaciis gansazRvris mizniT Tavis tvini iyenebs
gansxvavebas droSi, romelsac andomebs bgera TiToeul yurTan misaRwevad.
magram ra xdeba maSin, roca bgeris wyaro Tanabrad aris daSorebuli
orive yuridan, maSin xom ar SeiZleba arsebobdes arc droSi da arc
intensivobaSi gansxvaveba? swored aseTi situaciaa gamosaxuli suraTze 4.18.
bgera, romelic vrceldeba A wertilidan, Tanabrad aris daSorebuli orive
yuridan. daxuWuli TvalebiT SeuZlebeli iqneba misi lokalizaciis zusti
gansazRvra. ase rom, Tqven unda SemoabrunoT Tavi da yurebis mdebareoba
 172
SecvaloT ise, rom daarRvioT simetria, es SesaZlebels gaxdis miiRoT
bgeris lokalizaciis gansazRvrisaTvis aucilebeli informacia.

Sejameba

bgeriTi talRis sixSirisa da amplitudis kombinacia dasabams aZlevs

bgeriTi tonis simaRlis, siZlierisa da tembris aRqmas. smeniTi informacia
ganicdis ramdenime transformacias yuridan Tavis tvinisaken mimaval gzaze:
bgeriTi talRa gardaiqmneba siTxis talRebad, siTxis talRebi warmoqmnian
nervul reaqcias. bgeriTi tonis simaRlis aRqma axsnilia ori meqanizmis
kombinaciiT: adgilis Teoria amtkicebs, rom sxvadasxva simaRlis mqone bgera
warmoSobs ZiriTadi membranis gansxvavebuli adgilebis moZraobas; sixSiris
Teoria amtkicebs, rom bgeriTi tonis sxvadasxva simaRle iwvevs ZiriTadi
membranis misTvis Sesatyvisi siCqariT rxevas. bgeris lokalizaciac moicavs,
sul cota, or gansxvavebul process: Tavis tvinSi aris ujredebi, romlebic
amCneven gansxvavebas droSi, rac sWirdeba bgeras TiToeul yurTan misaRwevad
da gansxvavebas intensivobaSi, romelsac aRiqvams TiToeuli yuri.

sxva SegrZnebebi
Cven yvelaze didi dro davuTmeT mxedvelobisa da smeniTi procesebis
ganxilvas, radgan es sakiTxebi yvelaze ukeT aris Seswavlili mecnierTa
mier. magram sxva SegrZnebebic mniSvnelovan rols asruleben adamianis
TviTgadarCenis da, aseve, garemos dauflebis unarSi. Cven mokled
ganvixilavT sxva SegrZnebebs.

ynosva

Tqven, albaT, SegiZliaT warmoidginoT situacia, roca bednieri iqnebodiT

ynosvis SegrZnebis dakargviT: gyoliaT rodisme ZaRli, romelsac waugia
skunsTan brZola? magram Tavidan rom aviciloT skunsis sunis gancda, Cven,
agreTve, unda davkargoT vardis surnelis, cxeli popkornis, zRvidan
momavali sunis SegrZnebis unari. suni _ kargi Tu cudi _ pirvelad Tavis
arsebobas gvatyobinebs receptoris cilebTan urTierTqmedebisas, romelic
mdebareobs ynosvis bususebis membranaze. (ix. suraTi 4.19).
4.19 mas SeuZlia miiRos
nivTierebis mxolod rva molekula, raTa dasabami misces erT-erTs am
nervuli impulsebidan, magram, sul cota, 40 nervuli daboloeba unda iyos
stimulirebuli, raTa SeigrZnoT nivTierebis suni. es nervuli impulsebi
agzavnian sunis Sesaxeb informacias ynosvis bolqvSi,
bolqvSi romelic ganlagebulia
 173
receptorebis zemoT da Sublis wilis qvemoT. ynosviTi procesi iwyeba
qimiuri nivTierebis SesvliT ynosviTi neironebis ionur arxebSi, es ki,
rogorc naxsenebi iyo mesame TavSi, iwvevs moqmedi potencialis aRmocenebas
(Restrepo et al., 1990).
ynosvis SegrZneba aris erT-erTi im mcire funqciaTagani nervul sistemaSi,
romelic aris TviTganaxlebadi: roca Tqveni ynosvis receptorebi
daberdebian da mokvdebian, maT cvlis axali ujredebi, romelic ayalibebs
axal kavSirebs ynosvis bolqvTan (Farman, 1992).

sur.
sur. 4.19.
4.19. ynosvis receptorebi
cxviris RruSi mdebare ynosvis receptoruli ujredebi Riziandebian
garemoSi arsebuli qimiuri nivTierebebiT. isini agzavnian informacias
ynosvis bolqvisaken tvinSi.
• ynosvis bolqvi (olfactory bulb) _ centri, sadac ynosvis receptorebi agzavnian
TavianT signalebs, romelic ganlagebulia zustad Tavis tvinis qerqis
Sublis wilis qveviT.
• feromenebi (pheromones) _ qimiuri signalebi, romelsac gamohyofen
organizmebi mocemuli saxeobis sxva wevrebTan urTierTobis
dasamyareblad; xSirad funqcionireben, rogorc distanturi seqsualuri
mimzidvelebi.

ynosva, rogorc Cans, ganviTarda, rogorc sistema, romelic emsaxureboda

sakvebis aRmoCenasa da adgilmdebareobis gansazRvras (Moncrieff, 1951). Zalian
bevri saxeobisaTvis ynosva, agreTve, gamoiyeneboda safrTxis potenciuri
wyaros aRmosaCenad. is am funqcias kargad asrulebda, radgan organizmebi ar
unda Sesuliyvnen pirdapir kontaqtSi sxva organizmebTan, raTa daeynosaT
isini. garda amisa, ynosva SeiZleba iyos aqtiuri komunikaciis mZlavri forma.
zogierTi saxeobis cxovelebi erTmaneTTan kontaqtSi Sedian qimiuri
signalebis gamoyofiTa da aRmoCeniT. am qimiur signalebs feromenebs
uwodeben. feromenebi aris qimiuri nivTierebebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba erTi
saxeobis farglebSi, rogorc seqsualuri mgrZnobelobis, safrTxis,
teritoriuli sazRvrebisa da sakvebi wyaros signalebi. magaliTad,
sxvadasxva saxeobis mwerTa mamri gamohyofs feromenebs, riTac atyobinebs
mdedrebs, rom is mzadaa SewyvilebisaTvis. (Farine et al., 1996; Minckley et al., 1991).
 174
ynosvis SegrZnebis mniSvneloba icvleba saxeobaTa Soris. ZaRlebs,
virTxebs, mwerebsa da sxva bevr cocxal arsebas, visTvisac ynosva
umniSvnelovanesia TviTgadarCenisaTvis, aqvs gacilebiT maxvili ynosva, vidre
adamians. maTi Tavis tvinis SedarebiT didi nawili emsaxureba ynosvis
SegrZnebas. adamianebi ynosvas, rogorc Cans, ZiriTadad, iyeneben gemosTan
kavSirSi, raTa ipovon da airCion sakvebi, magram arsebobs zogierTi faqtebi,
rom adamianebic gamoyofen da SeigrZnoben feromenebis msgavs nivTierebebs
(Jacob&McClintock, 2000). amas gvafiqrebinebs, magaliTad, is faqti, rom droTa
ganmavlobaSi axlo megobrebis menstrualuri cikli qalTa saerTo
sacxovrebelSi iwyebs sinqronizacias (McClintock, 1971; Stern & McClintock, 1998).
es sinqronizacia aixsneba qimiuri signalebiT, romlis SegrZnebac xdeba
ynosvis saSualebiT (Cutler et al., 1986; Preti et al., 1986). mecnierebi, agreTve,
amtkiceben, rom ynosva SeiZleba garkveul rols TamaSobdes seqsualuri
aqtivobisadmi adamianis mzaobaSi.
albaT, gagaocaT ynosvis SegrZnebis mniSvnelobam adamianis seqsualur
cxovrebaSi.

saidan viciT

asrulebs Tu ara ynosva raime rols adamianis seqsualur aqtivobaSi?

kvlevaSi monawileobas iRebda 289 qali. maT unda SeefasebinaT
androstenonis, kacis oflis ZiriTadi komponentis suni. qalebis umetesoba
suns afasebda, rogorc “arasasiamovnos” an “aramimzidvels”. gamonaklisi am
zogadi kanonzomierebidan iyvnen qalebi, visac hqondaT ovulacia. maTi
Sefasebebi sunis mimarT iyo ufro neitraluri. ra daskvna SeiZleba
gavakeToT? mkvlevarebi varaudoben, rom qalebi, visac hqondaT ovulacia da
amitomac dafexmZimebis ufro didi Sansi _ naklebad savaraudoa, rom
winaaRmdegobas gauweven mamakacTa seqsualur iniciativas, mxolod maTi
arasasiamovno bunebrivi sunis gamo. (Grammer, 1993)

gemos SegrZneba

sakvebisa da Rvinis gurmanebs aqvT kargad ganviTarebuli unari, SeamCnion

odnavi gansxvaveba gemoSi, Tumca, maTi umetesoba amisaTvis iyenebs realurad
ynosvas da ara gemos SegrZnebas. roca Tqven WamT, ynosvisa da gemos
SegrZnebebi mWidrod TanamSromloben erTmaneTTan. roca gaciebuli xarT,
sakvebi ugemuri geCvenebaT, radgan Tqveni cxviris Sesasvlelebi
 175
blokirebulia da dakarguli gaqvT ynosva. Tqven Tavad SegiZliaT
darwmundeT amaSi: cxvirze xelwaWerilma SeecadeT ipovoT gansxvaveba
erTnairi teqsturis, magram gansxvavebuli sunis mqone sakvebs Soris,
magaliTad, vaSlisa da kartofilis um naWrebs Soris. im saerTo
sacxovrebelSi mcxovrebi zogierTi studentis azriT, romelic
saxelganTqmuli iyo Tavisi cudi sakvebiT, cxvirsacobis gakeTeba Wamis dros
saWmels ukargavs gemos, ris Sedegadac yvela kerZs erTnairi gemo aqvs, rac
bevrad ukeTesia, vidre maTi sakuTari gemo!
Tqveni enis zedapiri dafarulia gemos dvrilebiT, romelic aniWebs mas
uswormasworo iers. am dvrilebis didi nawili Seicavs gemos receptoruli
ujredebis jgufebs, romelsac uwodeben gemos bolqvebs (ix. suraTi 4.20).
4.20
gemos receptoris erTi ujredis Canaweri gviCvenebs, rom individualuri
receptoruli ujredebi yvelaze kargad reagireben gemos oTxi Tvisebidan
erT-erTze: tkbilze, mJaveze, mwaresa da mlaSeze (Frank & Nowlis, 1989). gasul
wlebSi mkvlevarebma aRmoaCines gemos mexuTe, ZiriTadi Tvisebis receptorebi,
umami (umami) (Chaudhari et al., 2000). umami aris natriumis glutamati (MGS),
romelsac xSirad umateben aziur saWmelebs da bunebrivad gvxvdeba cilebiT
mdidar sakvebSi, rogoricaa xorci, zRvis produqtebi da Zveli yveli. Tumca,
am xuTi Tvisebis receptoruli ujredebi mcired reagireben sxva gemozec,
“saukeTeso” reaqcia yvelaze sworad asaxavs Tvisebas. rogorc Cans, gemos am
ZiriTadi klasebisTvis gardaqmnis sistemebi erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad
arsebobs (Bartoshuk &Beauchamp, 1994).
gemos SegrZnebis receptorebi SeiZleba daziandnen alkoholis, sigaretis
bolis, mJavis Sedegad. sabednierod, gemos SegrZnebis receptorebi icvleba
ramdenime dReSi erTxel _ ufro xSiradac, vidre ynosvis receptorebi.
marTlac, gemos SegrZnebis sistema dazianebis mimarT yvelaze didi
winaaRmdegobis unariaonobiT gamoirCeva, sxva SegrZnebebTan SedarebiT.
Zalian iSviaTia SemTxvevebi, rom vinmem srulebiT, samudamod dakargos gemos
SegrZneba (Bartoshuk, 1990).

4.20. gemos receptorebi

sur. 4.20.
nawili A gviCvenebs dvrilebis ganawilebas enis zeda mxareze.
nawili B gviCvenebs erT dvrils, romelic naxatze isea gadidebuli, rom
Cans calkeuli gemos bolqvebi.
nawili C gviCvenebs gadidebulad erT-
erT-erT gemos bolqvs.

Sexebisa da kanis SegrZnebebi

 176
kani SesaniSnavad adaptirebadi organoa. garda imisa, rom is gicavT
zedapiris dazianebisagan, gamoSrobisagan, gexmarebaT temperaturis
regulaciaSi, is Seicavs nervul daboloebebs, romlebic warmoSoben wnevis,
siTbosa da sicivis SegZnebebs. am SegrZnebebs ewodebaT kanis SegrZnebebi.
SegrZnebebi
radganac Tqven didi raodenobiT sensorul informacias iRebT Tqveni
kanis saSualebiT, gansxvavebuli tipis mravali receptoruli ujredi
funqcionirebs sxeulis zedapirTan axlos (ix. suraTi 4..21). naxatze
gamosaxuli TiToeuli tipis receptori reagirebs sxvadasxva tipis
kontaqtze kanTan (Sekular & Blake, 1994). meisneris sxeulebi yvelaze kargad
reagireben maSin, roca raime exaxuneba kans, xolo merkelis diskebi yvelaze
metad arian aqtiurebi maSin, roca raime patara obieqti awveba kans. Tqven,
albaT, gagikvirdebaT, roca gaigebT, rom siTbosa da sicivis
SegrZnebebisaTvis gansxvavebuli receptorebi arsebobs. Tqven ar gaqvT erTi
receptori, romelic moqmedebs Termometris msgavsad, Tqveni Tavis tvini
axdens siTbosa da sicivis calkeuli signalebis integrirebas, raTa
akontrolos garemos temperaturuli cvlilebebi.

4.21. kanis SegrZnebaTa

sur. 4.21. SegrZnebaTa receptorebi
ramdenime sxvadasxva tipis receptori aris pasuxismgebeli kanis
SegrZnebaTa gancdaze, rogoricaa Sexebis, siTbosa da sicivis SegrZnebebi.
magaliTad, meisneris sxeulebi yvelaze kargad reagireben raime obieqtis
gaxaxunebaze kanis mimarT, merkelis diskebi yvelaze aqtiurni arian patara
obieqtebis kanze dawolis mimarT.

kanis mgrZnobiaroba wnevisadmi Zalian farTo diapazonSi icvleba sxeulis

sxvadasxva ubanze. magaliTad, Tqven 10-jer ufro zustad gansazRvravT
stimulis lokalizacias Tqveni TiTebis wverebze, vidre zurgze. sxeulis
sxvadasxva nawilis mgrZnobiarobis gansxvavebuloba ganpirobebulia nervuli
daboloebebis simWidroviT garkveul ubnebSi da, agreTve, sensoruli qerqis
didi farTobiT, romelic maT Seesatyviseba. mesame TavSi Tqven naxeT, rom
mgrZnobiaroba udidesia iq, sadac es yvelaze metad gWirdebaT _ saxeze, enasa
da xelebze. zusti sensoruli ukukavSiri sxeulis am nawilebidan
uzrunvelyofs Wamis, laparakis da aRqmis procesebis efeqtur mimdinareobas.
kanis mgrZnobelobis erTi aspeqti asrulebs centralur rols adamianur
urTierTobebSi: esaa Sexeba. Sexebis saSualebiT Tqven gadascemT sxvebs
Tqvens survils, miiRoT an gasceT simSvide, mxardaWera, siyvaruli da vneba.
Sexebis adgils didi mniSvneloba aqvs erotiuli an seqsualuri SegrZnebis
 177
aRmocenebaSi. am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiare adgilebs
erogenuli zonebi ewodeba. sxva mgrZnobiare erotiuli adgilebis aRgznebis
potenciali interindividuluri gansxvavebulobiT xasiaTdeba. is
damokidebulia daswavlil asociaciebze da sensoruli receptorebis
koncentraciaze mocemul adgilze.
• kanis SegrZnebebs (cutaneous senses) miekuTvneba wnevis, siTbosa da sicivis
SegrZnebebi.
• erogenuli zonebi (erogeneous
( zones)) _ ares kanis zedapiris adgilebi,
romlebic gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiareni arian gaRizianebisadmi da
warmoSoben erotiul da seqsualur
seqsualur SegrZnebebs.

Sexeba SeiZleba garkveul rols TamaSobdes TviTgadarCenis procesSi.

magaliTad, naadrevad dabadebuli bavSvebi, romelTac saavadmyofoSi
utardebodaT yoveldRiuri masaJi 45 wuTis ganmavlobaSi, gacilebiT ufro
swrafad izrdebodnen da viTardebodnen
viTardebodnen gonebrivadac Tavis TanatolebTan
SedarebiT, romelTac ar utardebodaT masaJebi ).
(Field & Schanberg, 1990).
virTxebze Catarebuli kvleva gviCvenebs, rom energiuli stimulacia
aTavisuflebs zrdis hormonebs da aaqtiurebs zrdis ferments _
dekarboqsilazas (ODC
( - onithine decarboxylase) Tavis tvinsa da sxva sasicocxlo
organoebSi. is naSierebi, romlebic sicocxlis pirvel wlebSi xSirad
ayavdaT xelSi, ufro janmrTelebi iyvnen mTeli cxovrebis manZilze.
sakontrolo jgufis cxovelebTan SedarebiT, stimulirebuli naSierebi
gamoirCeodnen
gamoirCeodnen stresisadmi ufro meti winaaRmdegobis gawevis unariT, isini
berdebodnen ufro nela, maTi Tavis tvinis ujredebi ufro didxans
inarCunebda sicocxlisunarianobas da hqondaT ukeTesi mexsiereba ((Meany et al.,
). aqedan gamomdinare, praqtikuli rekomendacia
1998). rekomendacia aseTia: SeexeT xSirad
imaT, viszedac zrunavT da sxvebic waaxaliseT, rom Tqvenc Segexon xSirad –
es ara marto siamovnebas mogvgvriT, aramed gaaumjobesebs rogorc Tqvens,
agreTve, maT janmrTelobasac (Montague,
( , 1986).

wonasworobis da kinesteTikuri SegrZnebebi

SegrZnebebi
wonasworobis da kinesteTikuri SegrZnebebi TqvenTvis SeiZleba ucnobic
ki iyos, radganc maT ara aqvT receptorebi, romelTa danaxva SeiZleba,
rogorc magaliTad, Tvalebis, yurebis an cxviris. wonasworobis SegrZneba
gvaZlevs sivrceSi Cveni sxeulis, gansakuTrebiT, Tavis orientaciis
SegrZnebas. am informacias gvawodeben receptorebi, patara bususebi,
 178
romelnic mdebareoben Sida yurSi _ siTxiT savse parkuWebsa da arxebSi. es
bususebi ixreba, roca siTxe moZraobs da awveba maT, es ki maSin xdeba, roca
Tavs swrafad amoZravebT. parkuWi da tiki gatyobinebT informacias
sworxazovani moZraobis aCqarebisa da Senelebis Sesaxeb (ix. suraTi 4.16).
4.16) sami
arxi, romelTac naxevarrkalovan arxebs uwodeben, erTmaneTis mimarT marTi
kuTxiTaa ganlagebulni, rac saSualebas gvaZlevs miviRoT informacia
nebismieri mimarTulebiT moZraobis Sesaxeb _ Tu rogor moZraobs Tavi, roca
Cven vtrialdebiT, roca vaqnevT mas an gverdze gadavxriT.
adamianebi, vinc dakarga wonasworobis SegrZneba ubeduri SemTxvevebisa Tu
avadmyofobis gamo, arian sakmod dezorientirebulni, xSirad ecemian,
axasiaTebT Tavbruxveva. miuxedavad amisa, aseTi adamianebis umravlesoba,
bolos da bolos, axerxebs am naklis kompensirebas imiT, rom ufro metad
eyrdnoba vizualur informacias. gulis reva moZraobisas aRmocendeba maSin,
roca vizualuri sistemidan momavali signalebi konfliqtSi Sedis
vestibularuli aparatidan wamosul signalebTan. moZrav transportSi
kiTxvisas adamianebs xSirad uCndebaT gulis revis SegrZneba. amis mizezi
isaa, rom vizualuri signalebi modis uZravi obieqtidan, xolo
vestibularuli SegrZnebebi moZravi obieqtidan. mZRolebs iSviaTad emarTebaT
es avadmyofoba, radgan isini xedaven da grZnoben kidevac moZraobas.
• wonasworobis SegrZneba (vestibular sense) informacias gvawvdis Cveni sxeulis
orientaciis Sesaxeb sivrceSi.
• kinesTetikuri SegrZneba
SegrZneba (kinesthetic sense) informacias gvawvdis Cveni
sxeulisa da misi nawilebis moZraobisa da mdgomareobis Sesaxeb.

rasac ar unda akeTebdeT, idgeT vertikalurad, xatavdeT Tu varjiSobdeT,

Tqvens tvins sWirdeba zusti informacia Tqveni sxeulis poziciisa Tu misi
nawilebis sivrciTi mimarTebisa da moZraobis Sesaxeb. kinesTetikuri
SegrZneba uzrunvelyofs mudmiv sensorul ukukavSirs sxeulis motoruli
aqtivobis Sesaxeb. amis gareSe Tqven ver SeZlebdiT nebismieri moZraobebis
didi nawilis koordinirebas.
Tqven gaqvT kinesTetikuri informaciis ori wyaro: receptorebi, romlebic
mdebareoben saxsrebSi da receptorebi, romlebic mdebareoben kunTebsa da
myesebSi. saxsrebSi mdebare receptorebi reagireben im daWimulobaze,
romelic Tan axlavs kidurebis sxvadasxva pozicias da daWimulobis
cvlilebebze, rasac iwvevs saxsrebis moZraobebi. kunTebsa da myesebSi
 179
mdebare receptorebi reagireben im daZabulobis cvlilebebze, romelic Tan
axlavs kunTebis SekumSvasa da gafarToebas.
Tavis tvini xSirad axdens kinesTetikuri SegrZnebebidan miRebuli
informaciis integrirebas Sexebis SegrZnebidan miRebul informaciasTan.
Tavis tvins ar SeuZlia, magaliTad, im signalebis srulyofili gaazreba,
romelic modis TiToeuli TiTidan, Tuki mas ar ecodineba zustad TiTebis
mdebareoba erTmaneTis mimarT. warmoidgineT, rom agrovebT raRac sagnebs
daxuWuli TvalebiT. Sexebis SegrZneba gaZlevT saSualebas, mixvdeT, aris Tu
ara aRebuli obieqti qva, magram kinesTetikuri SegrZneba giqmniT warmodgenas
mis sidideze.

tkivili
zemoT Cven ganvixileT Sexebis SegrZnebis garkveuli aspeqtebi. Tqven iciT,
rom fizikuri kontaqtis garkveuli formebi iwveven tkivils. tkivili aris
organizmis reaqcia mavne zemoqmedebis mqone gamRizianeblebiT stimulaciaze,
romelic aris sakmaod intensiuri, raTa gamoiwvios qsovilis dazianeba an
Seuqmnas mas safrTxe. xarT Tu ara Tqven srulebiT kmayofili aseTi kargad
ganviTarebuli tkivilis SegrZnebiT? Tqveni pasuxi, albaT, iqneba ”kic da
arac”. “kis” SemTxvevaSi Tqveni tkivilis SegrZneba aris mniSvnelovani Tqveni
gadarCenisaTvis. adamianebi, visac dabadebidan dakarguli aqvT tkivilis
SegrZnebis unari, xSirad iReben sxeulis sxvadasxva dazianebebs, romelTa
Tavidan acileba SesaZlebeli iqneboda, Tuki Tavis tvini SeZlebda maT
gafrTxilebas mosalodneli safrTxis Sesaxeb (Larner et al., 1994). maTi magaliTi
gasagebs xdis tkivilis SegrZnebis, rogorc dacvis signalis mniSvnelobas _
igi gafrTxilebT potenciuri zianis Sesaxeb. “aras” upasuxebT, radgan
zogjer aris momentebi, roca Tqven bednieri iqnebodiT, rom SegZlebodaT
tkivilis SegrZnebis gamorTva. 50 milionze meti adamiani aSS-Si itanjeba
mudmivi, qronikuli tkiviliT. samedicino xarjebi tkivilis gasayuCeblad da
dakarguli samuSao dReebi Sefasebulia 70 miliard dolarad weliwadSi
(Turk, 1994). rogorc Cans, uwyveti, qronikuli tkivili xSirad iwvevs mwvave
depresias da mizezia imisa, rom aseTi tkivilebis mqone adamianebi
uaryofiTad afaseben TavianT cxovrebas (Banks & Kerns, 1996). gasagebia, rom
mecnierebs ainteresebT tkivilis SegrZnebis gamomwvevi meqanizmebis Seswavla,
raTa daeuflon misi Semcirebis teqnikas.

tkivilis meqanizmebi
 180
TiTqmis yvela cxoveli ibadeba ama Tu im tipis tkivilis dacviTi
sistemiT, romelic iwvevs avtomaturad garkvuli stimulebisagan gaqcevis
refleqss. roca stimulis intensivoba miaRwevs zeda zRurbls, organizmi
pasuxobs gaqceviT, ra Tqma unda, Tuki SeuZlia. garda amisa, is swrafad
swavlobs tkivilis gamomwvevi stimulebis identificirebas da
SeZlebisadagvarad Tavidan icilebs maT.
arsebobs ori saxis tkivilis SegrZneba: nocicefturi da nevropaTiuri.
nevropaTiuri
nocicefturi tkivili aris uaryofiTi SegrZneba, romelsac iwvevs mavne
zemoqmedebis mqone gamRizianebeli. magaliTad, es aris SegrZneba, romelic
gagiCndebaT cxel qurasTan Sexebis SemTxvevaSi. kanSi mdebare specialuri
nervuli daboloeba agzavnis tkivilis Setyobinebas Tqveni xelidan zeviT,
zurgis tvinis gavliT Tavis tvinisaken. xelis ukan gamoweviT SegiZliaT am
tipis tkivili SewyvitoT. nevropaTiuri tkivili gamowveulia nervebis
aranormaluri gadaWarbebuli funqcionirebiT. igi aRmocendeba dazianebuli
an daavadebuli nervebidan, risi mizezicaa magaliTad, ubeduri SemTxveva an
kibo. medikamentebs da mkurnalobis sxva saSualebebs, romlebic awynareben
nervebs, SeuZliaT Seamsubuqon aseTi tipis tkivilebi.
mecnierebma daiwyes im specifikuri receptorebis gansazRvra, romlebic
reagireben tkivilis gamomwvev stimulebze. maT aRmoaCines, rom zogierTi
receptorebi reagireben mxolod temperaturaze, zogierTi _ qimiur
nivTierebebze, sxvebi ki _ meqanikur stimulebze. arseboben receptorebi,
romlebic reagireben tkivilis gamomwvevi stimulebis kombinaciaze. tkivilis
boWkoebis qseli qmnis SesaniSnav bades, romelic faravs mTel sxeuls.
periferiuli nervuli boWkoebi agzavnian tkivilis signalebs centralur
nervul sistemaSi ori gziT: swrafi gamtarunariaonobis nervuli boWkoebiT,
romlebic dafarulni arian mieliniT da neli, ufro patara nervuli
boWkoebiT, mielinis safarvelis gareSe. zurgis tvinTan dawyebuli impulsebi
gadaecema Talamuss da Semdeg Tavis tvinis qerqs, sadac xdeba tkivilis
lokalizaciisa da intensivobis gansazRvra, dazianebis mniSvnelovnebis
Sefaseba da samoqmedo gegmis formulireba.

tkivilis fsiqologia
emociuri reaqciebi, konteqstualuri faqtorebi da situaciis
interpretacia SeiZleba iseTive mniSvnelovan rols asrulebdes tkivilis
gancdaSi, rogorc realuri fizikuri stimuli (Price, 2000; Turk, 1994).
fsiqologiuri procesebis mniSvnelobas tkivilis gancdaSi naTlad
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gviCvenebs Semdegi ori ukiduresi SemTxveva: erTi, roca aris tkivili, magram
ar arsebobs misi gamomwvevi fizikuri stimuli da meore, roca ar aris
tkivili, miuxedavad didi intensivobis tkivilis gamomwvevi stimulis
arsebobisa. magaliTad, im adamianTa 10 %-ze meti, visac amputirebuli aqvs
kidurebi, uCivian mwave da qronikul tkivilebs im kidurSi, romelic maT
aRar aqvT _ fantomuri kiduris fenomeni (Melzack, 1992). amis sapirispirod,
zogierT individs, romelic monawileobs religiur ritualebSi, SeuZlia
tkivilis SegrZnebis blokireba tkivilis gamomwvevi intensiuri stimulaciis
pirobebSic, rogoricaa, magaliTad, cxel nakverCxlebze siaruli an nemsiT
sxeulis gaxvreta.
• tkivili (pain) _ organizmis reaqcia mavne zemoqmedebis mqone
gamRizianeblebis stimulaciaze, romelic aris sakmaod intensiuri, raTa
gamoiwvios qsovilis dazianeba an Seuqmnas mas safrTxe.
• nocicefturi tkivili (nociceptive pain) gamowveulia mavne zemoqmedebis mqone
eqsternaluri stimuliT; kanSi arsebuli specializebuli nervuli
daboloebebi agzavnian tkivilis Sesaxeb Setyobinebas kanidan zurgis
tvinis gavliT Tavis tvinSi.
• nevropatiuri tkivili (neuropathic pain) gamowveulia nervebis aranormaluri
an zedmetad aqtiuri funqcionirebiT; is nervebis dazianebis an daavadebis
mizezia.
• fantomuri kiduris fenomeni (phantom limb phenomenon) mwvave da qronikuli
tkivilis SegrZneba im kidurSi, romelic amputirebulia.

saerTod, tkivilis SegrZnebaze didi gavlenas axdens konteqsti da

reagirebis SeZenili Cvevebi. radgan tkivili aris fsiqologiuri reaqciebis
erT-erTi saxe, is SeiZleba Seicvalos iseTi mkurnalobis Sedegad, romelic
iyenebs zemoqmedebas fsiqikur procesebze, rogoricaa hipnozi, Rrma
relaqsacia, yuradRebis gadatana. magaliTad, anesTeziis gareSe mSobiarobis
mosamzadebeli lamazes (Lamaze) meTodi cdilobs Seamciros samSobiaro
tkivilebi ramdenime aseTi meTodis kombinaciiT. lamazes sunTqviTi varjiSebi
exmareba relaqsaciaSi da yuradReba gadaaqvs tkivilis adgilidan.
yuradRebis gadatanis, sasiamovno warmodgenebis, Setyobinebebis gamoyeneba
qmnis rbil, sasargeblo Semxvedr stimulacias da socialuri mxardaWera
meuRlisa Tu megobrisagan _ yvelaferi erTad aZlevs momaval dedas am
mtkivneul situaciaze kontrolis Zlier gancdas.
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• karibWis kontrolis Teoria (gate-control theory) exeba tkivilis Semcirebas,

romelic xdeba maSin, roca zurgis tvinis garkveuli ujredebi moqmedebs
rogorc kari, uSlis xels tkivilis gavrcelebas da misi zogierTi
signalis blokirebas axdens da zogierTs ki agzavnis Tavis tvinSi.

fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi: ratom iwvevs cxare saWmeli tkivils?

gqoniaT odesme aseTi gamocdileba? Tqven miirTmevT romelime Zalian
cxare kerZs Cinur an tailandur restoranSi da SemTxveviT CakbiCeT Zalze
cxare wiwaka. am momentSi is siamovneba, romelsac iRebT sakvebisagan,
gadaiqceva Zlier tkivilad. Tuki aseT ram odesme SegmTxveviaT, Tqven iciT,
rom gemos sferoSi arsebobs kavSiri mas Soris, rac ganiWebT siamovnebas
da rac ganiWebT tkivils. ganvixiloT es damokidebuleba.
fiziologiurad advilia avxsnaT, Tu ratom iwvevs cxare wiwaka tkivils.
Tqvens enaze arsebuli gemos bolqvebi dakavSirebulia nocicefturi
tkivilis boWkoebTan (Bartoshuk, 1993). amrigad, erTi da igive qimiurma
nivTierebam SeiZleba gaaRizianos rogorc gemos bolqvebSi mdebare
receptorebi, aseve, masTan Zalian axlos mdebare tkivilis boWkoebi
(Caterina et al., 2000). cxare wiwakis SemTxvevaSi, es nivTierebaa kafsacini. Tuki
Tqven gsurT isiamovnoT cxare sakvebiT, Tqven unda SeecadoT sakvebSi
SeinarCunoT am nivTierebis saWiro koncentracia, ise, rom man ufro metad
gaaRizianos Tqveni gemos receptorebi, vidre tkivilis receptorebi.
Tqven, albaT, gainteresebT ratom gansxvavdebian adamianebi cxare
sakvebis mimarT damokidebulebis mixedviT erTmaneTisagan? maT ukvirT
xolme, roca maT megobrebs SeuZliaT an ar SeuZliaT cxare sakvebis Wama.
kvlav mivmarToT fiziologias, raTa avxsnaT es gansxvaveba. naxatze
naCvenebia ori adamianis enis fotosuraTebi (Linda Bartoshuk). Tqven
SegiZliaT dainaxoT, rom erT-erT maTgans aqvs gacilebiT bevri gemos
bolqvebi, vidre meores. rac ufro metia gemos bolqvebi, miT ufro metia
tkivilis receptorebic. amitom ufro didia imis albaToba, rom is
adamianebi, visac bevri gemos bolqvebi aqvs, ufro Zlier tkivils
ganicdian kafsacinisagan. im individebs, romelTac bevri gemos bolqvebi
aqvT, daarqves superdegustatorebi (Bartoshuk, 1993), xolo maT, visac ufro
mcire raodenebiT aqvT es receptorebi _ nondegustatorebi. individTa es
ori jgufi ar gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan mravali gemos SegrZnebebis
 183
mixedviT _ Tqven SeiZleba arc icodeT xarT Tqven superdegustatori,
nondegustatori Tu raRac Sualeduri. gansxvaveba Cndeba mxolod
garkveuli qimiuri nivTierebebis, magaliTad, kafsacinis mimarT
mgrZnobiarobaSi.
gemos bolqvebis simWidrovis mixedviT interindividualuri sxvaoba
aRmoCnda genetikuri (Bartoshuk et al., 1994). qalebi ufro xSirad arian super
degustatorebi, vidre kacebi. superdegustatorebi, saerTod, ufro
mgrZnobiareni arian mware qimiuri nivTierebebis mimarT, es ki
damaxasiaTebelia sawamlavTa didi umravlesobisaTvis. radganac qals
yovelTvis ufro meti pasuxismgebloba ekisreboda STamomavlobis
gazrdasa da kvebaSi evoluciis manZilze, im qalebis bavSvebs, romlebsac
meti gemos mgrZnobiareoba axasiaTebda, gadarCenis ufro meti Sansi
hqondaT. radganac degustatoris statusi genetikuria, am aspeqtSi
gansxvaveba ukve patara bavSvebSic SeimCneva (Anliken et al., 1991). xuTidan Svid
wlamde superdegustatori bavSvebi upiratesobas aniWeben rZes yvelTan
SedarebiT da piriqiT _ nondegustatorebi _ yvels rZesTan SedarebiT.
ratom? superdegustatorebi rZes aRiqvamen, rogorc ufro tbils da yvels
_ rogorc ufro mwares vidre nondegustatorebi. amrigad, genetikuri
gansxvavebebi gvexmareba avxsnaT, Tu ratom aqvs zogierT bavSvs ase
gamoxatuli gemos Taviseburebani.
magram, modiT davubrundeT restornis kerZs, romelmac gamoiwvia
tkivilis SegrZneba. Tqven, albaT, SegimCneviaT, rom tkivilis SegrZneba
TandaTan qreba. am mxriv, pirSi ganlagebuli tkivilis receptorebi
moqmedebs sxva sensoruli receptorebis msgavsad: droTa ganmavlobaSi
Tqven adaptirdebiT mudmivi stimulaciis mimarT. es, albaT, Zalian kargia,
rom sensoruli procesebs aqvT tkivilis Semsubuqebis funqciac da mas
gvTavazoben xolme saWiro momentSi.

rogor gavlenas axdens tkivilis SegrZnebaze fsiqologiuri konteqtsi?

erT-erTi Teoria, romelic exeba tkivilis Semcirebis gzebs, cnobilia
karibWis kontrolis Teoriis saxeliT ( Ronald Mezlack, 1973, 1980). am Teoriis
mixedviT, zurgis tvinis ujredebi moqmedeben rogorc nevrologiuri kari,
romelic xels uSlis tkivilis zogierT signals, SeaRwios Tavis tvinSi da
mis blokirebas axdens, zogierTs ki _ atarebs. Tavis tvini da kanis
receptorebi agzavnian signals zurgis tvinisaken, raTa man gaaRos an
daketos es kari. Tavis tvinidan swored daRmavali es signali uzrunvelyofs
 184
fsiqologiur konteqsts, romelic axlavs Tan tkivils. gasul wlebSi
melzakma (Melzack, 1999) warmoadgina ganaxlebuli Teoria _ tkivilis
neiromatriculi Teoria, romelic xsnis im faqtebs, rom adamianebi xSirad
ganicdian tkivils Zalian mcire intensivobis an ararsebuli fizikuri
gamRizianeblis pirobebSi: am SemTxvevaSi tkivilis gancda mxolod tvinSi
aris aRmocenebuli.
Tu rogor aRiqvamT tkivils, Tu ras eubnebiT mis Sesaxeb sxvebs, Tu
rogor reagirebT tkivilgamayuCeblebze, asaxavs ufro Tqven fsiqologiur
mdgomareobas, vidre tkivilis gamomwvevi gamRizianeblis intensivobas. is,
rasac Tqven aRiqvamT, SeiZleba iyos sakmaod gansxvavebuli da zogjer
srulebiTac damoukidebeli imasagan, Tu ras SeigrZnobT _ rogorc naxavT
amas mexuTe TavSi, romelic eZRvneba aRqmis fsiqologias.

Sejameba
ynosvis SegrZnebis nervuli impulsebi aRmocendeba maSin, roca haerSi
arsebuli qimiuri nivTiereba kontaqtSi Seva ynosvis bususebTan. ynosva did
rols asrulebs seqsualuri qcevis regulaciasa da sxva mniSvnelovani
funqciebis ganxorcielebaSi. ynosvisa da gemos sistemebi SeTanxmebulad
moqmedebs sakvebi produqtebis umravlesobis SegrZnebisas. gemo warmoadgens
Sesatyvisi gemos bolqvebis reaqciebis nazavs sitkboze, simJaveze, simwaresa
da simlaSeze.
Tqven SegiZliaT ganicadoT wnevis, siTbosa da sicivis SegrZnebebi kanSi
moTavsebuli receptoruli ujredebis saSualebiT. Sexeba mniSvnelovan rols
asrulebs komunikaciasa da gadarCenis procesSi. wonasworobis SegrZneba
uzrunvelyofs Tqveni Tavisa da sxeulis orientacias sivrceSi.
kinesTetikuri SegrZneba pasuxismgebelia sxeulis sxvadaxva nawilebis
poziciaze da gexmarebaT nebismieri moZraobebis koordinirebaSi.
Tqven ganicdiT nociceftur tkivils mavne stimulis zemoqmedebis
SemTxvevaSi da nevropaTiur tkivils _ nervebis aranormaluri
funqcionirebis dros. fsiqologiuri konteqsti, nawilobriv, gansazRvravs
tkivilis gancdis intensivobas.

sakvanZo sakiTxebi
samyaros sensoruli Semecneba
 185
• imis gamo, rom sensoruli procesebi mniSvnelovan rols asruleben Cvens
mier samyaros SemecnebaSi, mecnierebi fsiqologiis ganviTarebis adreul
etapebzec swavlobdnen SegrZnebebs.
• fsiqofizika swavlobs fizikur gamRizianebelze fsiqologiur reaqcias.
mecnierebi zomaven absolutursa da sxvaobis zRurblebs.
• signalis aRmoCena saSualebas aZlevs mkvlevarebs gamoyon erTmaneTisagan
SegrZnebis simaxvile da pasuxis sistematuri Secdoma.
• fsiqofizikis mkvlevarebma gansazRvres kavSiri gamRizianeblis fizikur
intensivobasa da fsiqologiur efeqts Soris maTematikuri funqciis
saSualebiT.
• SegrZneba gamRizianeblis fizikur energias nervul kodad gardaqmnis.
• mecnierebi cdiloben Seiswavlon informaciis dinebis procesi sensoruli
receptorebidan Tavis tvinis qerqisaken.
mxedvelobiTi sistema
• baduraze mdebare fotoreceptorebi, romelTac uwodeben kolbebsa da
Cxirebs, gardaqmnian sinaTlis energias nervul impulsSi.
• baduris gangliozuri ujredebi axdenen receptorebidan da bipolaruli
ujredebidan momavali signalis integrirebas. maTi aqsonebi warmoqmnian
optikur nervebs, romlebic xvdebian erTmaneTs mxedvelobis jvaredinTan.
• vizualuri informacia aris ganawilebuli tvinis sxvadasxva ubnebSi, sadac
muSavdeba vizualuri garemos sxvadasxva aspeqtebi, rogoricaa sagnebis
garegnuli saxe da maTi mdebareoba.
• sinaTlis talRis sigrZe warmoadgens gamRizianebels ferTa
SegrZnebisaTvis.
• feris SegrZnebebi gansxvavdeba toniT, simaZRriTa da sikaSkaSiT.
• ferTa SegrZnebis Teoriebi aerTianebs sami feris SemgrZnebi receptoris
triqromatul Teorias da sawinaaRmdego procesebis Teorias, romelic
eyrdnoba sawinaaRmdego elementebis kompozicias.
• gamRizianeblis TvisebaTa aRmoCena xdeba baduris ujredebisa da ufro
maRali donis vizualuri centrebis moqmedebiT.

smena
• smenis SegrZneba warmoiqmneba bgeriTi talRiT, romelsac gaaCna sixSire,
amplituda da sirTule.
 186
• lokokinaSi bgeriTi talRebi transformirdebian siTxis moZraobaSi,
romelic amoZravebs ZiriTad membranas. ZiriTadi membranis bewvebi nervul
impulsebs gadascemen smeniT qerqs.
• adgilis Teoria saukeTesod xsnis maRali sixSireebis kodirebas, sixSiris
Teoria ki saukeTesod xsnis dabali sixSireebis kodirebas.
• bgeris warmoSobis mimarTulebis gansazRvrisaTvis moqmedebs ori tipis
nervuli meqanizmi _ bgeraTa intensivobisa da im drois SedarebisaTvis,
romelic dasWirdeba bgeriT signals TiToeul yurTan misaRwevad.
sxva SegrZnebebi
• ynosvisa da gemos SegrZnebebi reagireben nivTierebaTa qimiur Tvisebebze da
moqmedeben erTad, roca adamiani eZebs da irCevs sakvebs.
• ynosva sruldeba sunisadmi mgrZnobiare ujredebiT, romlebic
ganlagebulni arian cxviris RruSi.
• gemos receptorebi aris gemos bolqvebi, romlebic moTavsebuli arian gemos
dvrilebSi, ZiriTadad enaze.
• Sexebis SegrZneba gulisxmobs dawolisa da temperaturul SegrZnebebs.
• wonasworobis SegrZneba gaZlevT informacias sxeulis moZraobis
mimarTulebisa da siswrafis Sesaxeb.
• kinesTetikuri SegrZneba gaZlevT informacias sxeulis nawilebis
mdebareobis Sesaxeb da gexmarebaT moZraobis koordinirebaSi.
• tkivili aris organizmis dacviTi reaqcia potenciurad mavne zemoqmedebis
mqone gamRizianebelze.
• tkivilis fiziologiuri reaqcia moicavs sensorul reaqcias tkivilis
gamomwvevi gamRizianeblis mxareze da nervul impulsebs, romlebic
moZraoben Tavis tvinsa da zurgis tvins Soris.
• tkivili aris nawilobriv fsiqologiuri reaqciac. is SeiZleba Seicvalos
mkurnalobiT, romelic aqcents akeTebs fsiqikur procesebze da gadaaqvs
yuradReba.

ZiriTadi cnebebi

• absoluturi zRurbli • sensoruli receptorebi

• akomodacia • sensoruli fiziologia

• amakrinuli ujredebi • sibnelisadmi adaptacia

 187

• adgilis Teoria • signalis SemCnevis Teoria

• badura • sikaSkaSe

• bgeris siZliere • feris toni

• bgeris tonis simaRle • sixSiris Teoria

• bipolaruli ujredebi • smeniTi nervi

• gangliozuri ujredebi • smeniTi qerqi

• erogenuli zonebi • sxvaobis zRurbli

• absoluturi zRurbli • tembri

• veberis kanoni • tkivili

• zalpis principi • transformacia

• kanis SegrZnebebi • triqromatuli Teoria

• karibWis kontrolis Teoria • fantomuri kiduris fenomeni

• kinesTetikuri SegrZneba • feris simaZRre

• kolbebi • feromonebi
• lokokina • fovea
• mxedvelobis qerqi • fotoreceptorebi
• nevropatiuri tkivili • fsiqometruli funqcia

• nocicefturi tkivili • fsiqofizika

• odnav SesamCnevi sxvaoba • ynosvis bolqvi

• optikuri nervi • SegrZneba

• pasuxis sistematuri Secdoma • Semavsebeli ferebi
• receptoruli veli • Cxirebi
• sawinaaRmdego procesebis • ZiriTadi membrana
Teoria
• sensoruli adaptacia • wonasworobis SegrZneba
Tavi 5. aRqma

• SegrZneba, organizeba, identifikacia da cnoba

– proqsimaluri da distaluri stimulebi
– realoba, orazrovneba da iluziebi
– aRqmis Semswavleli midgomebi

• fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi: - virtualuri realoba

• yuradRebis procesebi
– seleqciuri (SerCeviTi) yuradReba
– yuradReba da sagnebi garemoSi

• aRqmis organizaciis procesebi

– figura, foni da dasrulebuloba (Sevsebuloba)
– perceptuli dajgufebis principebi
– sivrciTi da droiTi integracia
– moZraobis aRqma
– siRrmis aRqma
– aRqmis konstantoba

• fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi: - rogor iWerT mfrinav burTs

• identifikacia da cnoba
– aRmavali da daRmavali procesebi
– sagnebis cnoba
– molodinis da konteqstis gavlena
– bolo gakveTili

• sakvanZo sakiTxebi
– ZiriTadi cnebebi
 2

ganvixiloT kengis SemTxveva, romelic ekvatoruli afrikis fijmis

kulturidan iyo. kengs mTeli cxovreba xSir tropikul tyeebSi hqonda
gatarebuli. erT dRes mas SesaZlebloba mieca, pirvelad emogzaura manqaniT
gaSlil velze anTropolog kolin tarbulTan (Colin Tutnbull) erTad. mogvianebiT
tarnbelma aRwera kengis reaqciebi.

kengma gadaxeda velebs da im adgils, sadac ramdenime milis moSorebiT

asiode bizoni Zovda. man mkiTxa, ra mwerebi iyvnen isini, razedac vupasuxe, rom
isini bizonebi iyvnen, Tanac misTvis cnobil tyis bizonebze orjer ufro
didebi. kengma xmamaRla gaicina da miTxra, rom es sisulele aRar meTqva da
kvlav igive kiTxva damisva. mere, radgan sakmaod Wkvian kompanionad ar mimiCnia,
TavisTvis laparakobda da cdilobda, bizonebi sxvadasxva WianWvelebisa da
xoWoebisaTvis miemsgavsebina, romlebic mas manamde enaxa.
amasobaSi manqanaSi CavsxediT da im adgilisaken daveSviT, sadac cxovelebi
Zovdnen. kengi akvirdeboda, ufro da ufro rogor diddebodnen isini da, Tumca,
yvela fijmelis msgavsad, Tavadac guladi iyo, mainc CemTan axlos gadmojda
da Caibutbuta, rom es raRac jadoqroba iyo. . . . bolos, roca kengi mixvda,
rom cxovelebi marTla bizonebi iynen, ukve aRar eSinoda, Tumca, kvlav
afiqrebda, ratom iyvnen isini ase patarebi, an marTla patarebi iyvnen da uceb
gaizardnen, Tu es yvelaferi raRac oini iyo (Turnbull 1961, gv.305).

kengis ambavi sakmaod naTlad gviCvenebs gamocdilebis gavlenas aRqmaze.

radgan kengma cxovreba tropikul tyeebSi gaatara, mas ar hqonda saTanado
codna, raTa dauyovnebliv moexdina sensoruli informaciis _ Sori manZiliT
daSorebuli obieqtebidan TvalebSi areklili sinaTlis _ interpretacia. am
TavSi SeiswavliT, rogor moqmedebs codna adamianis SesaZleblobebsa da
aRqmaze.

Mme-4 TavSi vnaxeT, rom garemo savsea sinaTlisa da bgeris talRebiT. Tumca,
miuxedavad amisa, maTi saxiT mainc ar ganicdiT samyaros. Tqven sinaTlis
talRas ki ar `xedavT”, aramed _ plakats kedelze, bgeris talRa ki ar
`gesmiT”, aramed musika _ iqve arsebuli radiodan. SegrZnebiT iwyeba
sinamdvilis uSualo asaxva, magram kidev meti raRac sxvaa saWiro, rom
stimuli azriani da saintereso gaxdes da, rac mTavaria, saSualeba mogeceT,
efeqturad upasuxoT mas. aRqma aris im procesebis erToblioba, romlebic
sensorul xatSi awesrigeben informacias da am informaciis, rogorc
 3
garesinamdviliT warmoqmnilis, gancdas uzrunvelyofen. es procesebi
uzrunvelyofs interpretaciis umaRles dones, rac saSualebas gvaZlevs,
warmatebiT gaverkveT garemoSi.
SegrZnebasa da aRqmas Soris kavSiris ukeT gagebis mizniT gTavazobT martiv,
TvalsaCino magaliTs. daiWireT xeli saxis win, rac SeiZleba Sors. Semdeg is
nela miuaxloveT saxes. saxesTan miaxlovebisas xeli sul ufro da ufro met
vizualur vels faravs. Sedegad, SeiZleba veRar dainaxoT plakati xelis ukan,
kedelze. rogor faravs xeli plakats? xeli gadidda Tu plakati dapataravda?
Tqveni pasuxi iqneba - `ra Tqma unda, ara!~ es magaliTi gviCvenebs SegrZnebebs
da aRqmas Soris gansxvavebas. xeli imitom faravs plakats, radgan saxesTan
miaxloebisas is SedarebiT did gamosaxulebas qmnis baduraze. es aRqmis
procesebia, romlebic, baduraze miRebuli gamosaxulebis zomebis cvlilebis
miuxedavad, saSualebas gaZlevT gaigoT, rom xelis da plakatis realuri
zomebi ar icvleba.
• aRqma (Perception) _ procesebi, romlebic sensorul xatSi
awesrigebeninformacias da am imformaciis, rogorc samganzomilebiani
garesinamdviliT warmoqmnilis, gancdas uzrunvelyofen.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aRqma SegrZnebas aZlevs azrs. perceptuli procesebi
mniSvnelobas iReben mudmivad cvalebadi, xSirad qaoturi Semavali sensoruli
informaciidan (input) da mas stabiluri, mowesrigebuli perceptuli xatebis
saxiT awesrigeben. perceptuli xati aris is, rac aRqmulia (fenomenologiuri
an gancdiTi), aRqmis procesis Sedegi. is fizikuri sagani an receptorSi sagnis
xati ki ar aris, aramed perceptuli aqtivobis fsiqologiuri Sedegia. amrigad,
xelis aRqma, retinaluri gamosaxulebis zomebis cvlilebis miuxedavad,
ucvleli rCeba, radgan interpretacia ucvleli perceptuli aqtivobiT
mimdinarobs. umetesad, aRqma da SegrZneba imdenad Zaldautaneblad, uwyvetad da
avtomaturad xdeba, rom mas TavisTavad procesad miviCnevT. Cveni mizania, am
TavSi gagacnoT procesebi, romlebic saSualebas gvaZleven, saTanadod avxsnaT
samyaro aseTi aSkara ZaldautaneblobiT. Tavdapirvelad ganvixilavT
perceptul procesebs vizualur sferoSi.

SegrZneba, organizeba, identificireba da cnoba

termini aRqma, misi farTo mniSvnelobiT, niSnavs garemoSi sagnebis da

movlenebis wvdomis zogad process, raTa SevigrZnoT isini, gavigoT,
movaxdinoT identifikacia, mivakuTvnoT raime kategorias da movemzadoT maTze
 4
reagirebisaTvis. aRqmis procesebis ukeT gagebis mizniT maT sam safexurad
yofen - SegrZneba, perceptuli organizacia da identifikacia/sagnebis cnoba.
rogorc me-4 TavSi vnaxeT, SegrZneba niSnavs nervul kodebSi fizikuri
energiis gardaqmnas, romelsac tvini acnobierebs. magaliTad, SegrZnebiT viRebT
vizualuri velis Sesaxeb bazisur monacemebs. baduris ujredebi imgvarad arian
mowyobilni, rom gaarCion sagnis konturebi da kontrastebi, Tumca, mxolod
sustad reagireben ucvlel, mudmiv stimulirebaze (gaRizianebaze). tvinis
qerqis ujredebi sawyis niSnebs retinis Semavali informaciidan iReben.
perceptuli organizacia Semdegi safexuria, rodesac sagnis Sinagani
gamosaxuleba formirdeba da yalibdeba garegani stimulis aRqma; Sinagani
gamosaxuleba gvawvdis samyaros zedapirul monaxazs. mxedvelobis SemTxvevaSi
perceptuli procesebiT xdeba obieqtis savaraudo zomis, formis, moZraobis,
daSorebis da orientaciis Sefaseba. es Sefasebebi efuZneba goniT gaTvlas,
romelic adamianis warsul codnas mocemul grZnobad realobasa da stimulTan
aerTianebs, misi (stimulis) perceptuli Sinaarsis farglebSi. aRqmisas xdeba
sagnis perceptSi iseTi martivi sensoruli niSnebis sinTezi (integracia da
kombinacia), rogoricaa sagnis feri, konturebi, xazebi. saganis amocnoba
Semdgom xdeba. es fsiqikuri aqtivobebi xdeba swrafad da mizanmimarTulad,
gacnobierebis gareSe.
Aam or safexurs Soris gansxvavebis ufro naTlad gasagebad ganvixiloT
doqtor riCardsis avadmyofobis SemTxveva, romlis tvinis dazianebam
perceptuli procesebi daamaxinja, Tumca SegrZneba ucvleli darCa.
• perceptuli organizacia (Perceptual organization) _ procesebi, romlebic
sensorul informacias aerTianeben, raTa aRqmas miscen TvalsaCino saxe
vizualur velSi.

saidan viciT

SegrZnebis da perceptuli organizaciis darRveva

doqtori riCardsi iyo ganaTlebuli da didi gamocdilebis mqone fsiqologi.
samwuxarod, mas tvinis dazianeba hqonda, romelmac vizualuri gancdis Secvla
gamoiwvia. rogorc Cans, ar dazianda tvinis metyvelebis centrebi, ase rom, mas
SeeZlo sakmaod naTlad aRewera Tavisi sakmaod uCveulo vizualuri
gamocdileba. mokled rom vTqvaT, tvinis dazianebam imoqmeda sensoruli
monacemebis sworad gaerTianebis unarze. magaliTad, doqtor riCardsi aRwerda,
rom Tu igi xedavda rTul (kompleqsur) obieqts, rogoricaa adamiani da mis
 5
vizualur velSi axlomaxlo kidev ramdenime adamiani iyo, igi zogjer adamianis
nawilebs gancalkevebulad xedavda, romlebic ar erTiandebodnen erT
gamosaxulebaSi. mas, aseve, uWirda erTi da imave movlenis xmisa da
gamosaxulebis gaerTianeba. rodesac vinme mReroda, mas SeiZleba daenaxa piris
moZraoba da gaegona xma, magram ise, TiTqos xma dublirdeboda araswori
CanaweriT, raime ucxo filmSi.
movlenis nawilebi rom erTianobaSi daenaxa, doqtor riCardss sWirdeboda
raime Cveulebrivi faqtori, romelic `webos~ msgavsad imoqmedebda. magaliTad,
Tu danawevrebuli adamianis yvela nawili erTi mimarTulebiT imoZravebda,
roCardsi nawilebs kvlav gaerTianebulad, dasrulebuli adamianis saxiT
aRiqvamda. Tumca, perceptul `webos~ zogjer SeiZleba raime absurduli
konfiguracia Seeqmna. doqtor riCardsi erTnairi feris obieqtebs, rogoricaa,
magaliTad, banani, limoni, kanaris Citi, gaerTianebulad dainaxavda maSinac ki,
Tu isini sivrceSi gancalkevebulni iqnebodnen. brboSi adamianebi Serwymulad
moeCveneboda, Tu isini erTnairi feris tansacmelSi iqnebodnen gamowyobilni.
doqtor riCardsi garemos danawevrebulad, frangmentulad da ucnaurad
ganicdida, rac absoluturad gansxvavdeboda normaluri gancdisagan (Marcel,
1983).

problema doqtor riCardsis TvalebSi ar iyo, arc stimulis niSnebis

analizis unarSi – igi zustad xedavda sagnis nawilebs da Tvisebebs. misi
problema sinTezSi iyo, anu mas ar SeeZlo sensoruli informaciis nawilebis
ise gaerTianeba, rom mxedvelobis velSi calkeuli movlena erTianad,
TvalsaCinod aReqva. doqtor riCardsis SemTxveva naTels xdis aRqmasa da
SegrZnebis procesebs Soris gansxvavebas. is, aseve, giCvenebT, rom sensoruli
analizi da perceptuli organizacia uwyvetad mimdinareobs, miuxedavad imisa,
rom ver acnobierebT maT moqmedebas.
identifikacia da cnoba am klasifikaciaSi mesame safexuria, rodesac
perceptul xats mniSvneloba eZleva. mrgvali sagnebi `gadaiqceva~ burTebad,
monetebad, saaTebad, forToxlebad an mTvareebad. adamianebi SeiZleba
identificirdnen qalad an kacad, megobrad an mtrad, naTesavad an rok-
varskvlavad. am etapze perceptuli SekiTxva - `ras hgavs es sagani?~ icvleba
identifikaciis SekiTxviT: - `ra aris sagani?~ dabolos, cnobis SekiTxviT: -`ra
aris sagnis funqcia?~ imisTvis, rom raimes identifikacia movaxdinoT, vicnoT
da gavarkvioT, ra ewodeba mas, anda rogor SeiZleba vireagiroT masze, maRali
donis kognituri procesebia saWiro, romlis mimdinareobaze gavlenas axdens
 6
Cveni Teoriebi, mexsiereba, Rirebulebebi, rwmenebi, obieqtTan dakavSirebuli
atitudebi.
amrigad, mokled mimovixileT informaciis gadamuSavebis safexurebi,
romlebic perceptuli samyaros azriani gagebis saSualebas gvaZleven. radgan
me-4 Tavi SegrZnebebs Seexeboda, am TavSi met yuradRebas davuTmobT aRqmis
aspeqtebs fizikuri energiis sawyisi transformaciis Semdeg. yoveldRiur
cxovrebaSi aRqma sruliad Zaldautaneblad mimdinareobs. Semdegi qveTavis
dasawyisSi SevecdebiT, dagarwmunoT, rom realurad sakmaod daxvewil
informaciis gadamuSavebas asrulebT, did gonebriv samuSaos, raTa sabolood
`siadvilis~ am iluziamde mixvideT.

proqsimaluri da distaluri stimulebi

warmoidgineT, rom Tqven xarT sur.5.1.a-
sur.5.1.a-ze gamosaxuli pirovneba, romelic
oTaxs akvirdeba moxerxebuli skamidan. oTaxSi moTavsebuli sagnebidan
areklili sinaTlis nawili Tvalebamde aRwevs da Tvalis baduraze qmnis
gamosaxulebebs. suraTi 5.1.b gviCvenebs, Tu ras davinaxavdiT oTaxSi yofnisas
marcxena TvaliT (marjvniv CanaWdevi aris Tqveni cxviri, qvemo kideze ki _ xeli
da muxli). ramdenad Seesabameba retinaluri gamosaxuleba garemos, romelmac
igi Seqmna?
erT-erTi Zalze mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba maT Soris isaa, rom baduraze
miRebuli gamosaxuleba organzomilebiania maSin, roca Tavad garemo
samganzomilebiania. am gansxvavebas bevri Sedegi mohyveba. magaliTTad,
SevadaroT sur. 5.1.a-ze mocemuli obieqtebis formebi baduraze miRebuli
gamosaxulebebis formebs (sur.
sur. 5.1.g). magidas, noxs, fanjaras da suraTs realur
samyaroSi yvelas marTkuTxa forma aqvs, magram retinaluri gmosaxulebebidan
mxolod - fanjras. suraTis xati aris trapecia, magidis Tavis xati aris
arawesieri oTxkuTxa figura da xaliCis xati, faqtobrivad, aris sami
gancalkevebuli regioni ocze meti gansxvavebuli aspeqtiT! da, kvlav, Cveni
Tavdapirveli perceptuli Tavsatexi: - rogor aRviqvamT yvela am obieqts,
rogorc erTian, standartul marTkuTxa formis sagnebs?
situacia aq cotaTi ufro rTulia. Tqven, albaT, SeniSnavT, rom bevri ram,
rasac oTaxSi aRiqvamT, ar aris mocemuli retinalur gamosaxulebebSi.
magaliTad, Tqven aRiqvamT vertikalur zRvars or kedels Soris, romelic
mTels iataks mihyveba, magram zRvris retinaluri gamosaxuleba magidis TavTan
wydeba. aseve, retinalur gamosaxulebaze noxis nawilebi magidiTaa dafaruli,
Tumca, miuxedavad amisa, Tqven noxs aRiqvamT, rogorc erTian, daunawevrebel
 7
marTkuTxeds. faqtobrivad, rodesac ganixilavT yvela gansxvavebas garemos
obieqtebsa da baduraze maT Sesabamis gamosaxulebebs Soris, SeiZleba
gagikvirdeT, rom Tqven samyaros amdagvarad aRiqvamT.
samyaroSi fizikur sagansa da baduraze mis optikur gamosaxulebas Soris
gansxvaveba imdenad didia da mniSvnelovani, rom fsiqologebi maT aRqmis or
gansxvavebul stimulad miiCneven. rogorc es sur. 5.2-zea
5.2 mocemuli, garemoSi
mocemul fizikur sagans ewodeba distaluri stimuli
stimuli (damkvirveblidan
daSorebuli), xolo baduraze mis optikur gamosaxulebas _ proqsimaluri
stimuli (damkvirvebelTan axlos).
• identifikacia da cnoba (Identification and recognition) _ perceptuli xatisaTvis
azris micemis gzebi.
• distaluri stimuli (Distal
( stimulus) _ proqsimaluri stimulisagan anu baduraze
optikuri gamosaxulebisagan gansxvavebiT, aRqmis procesSi samyaroSi
mocemuli fizikuri sagani.
• proqsimaluri stimuli (Proximal stimulus) _ distaluri stimulisagan anu
samyaroSi fizikuri sagnisagan gansxvavebiT, baduraze miRebuli optikuri
gamosaxuleba.

Cveni msjelobis ZiriTadi azri ufro mkafiod SeiZleba Semdegnairad

CamovayaliboT: - risi aRqmac gvsurs, aris distaluri stimuli – garemoSi
mocemuli `realuri ~ sagani, xolo stimuli, romlidanac informacia unda
miviRoT, aris proqsimaluri stimuli – baduraze miRebuli sagnis
gamosaxuleba. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aRqmis ZiriTadi amocanaa proqsimalur
stimulSi mocemuli informaciidan distaluri stimulis gansazRvra. es exeba
aRqmis sxvadasxva modalobas: - smenas, Sexebas, gemos da a.S. aRqma moicavs
procesebs, romlebic iyeneben proqsimaluri stimulebis informacias, raTa
mogvawodon informacia distaluri stimulis Tvisebebze.
rom vnaxoT, distaluri da proqsimaluri stimulebi rogor ergebian aRqmis 3
safexurs, ganvixiloT sur. 5.1-
5.1-ze gamosaxuli erT-erTi obieqti, kedelze
dakidebuli suraTi. sensorul safexurze es suraTi Seesabameba baduris
gamosaxulebaze organzomilebian trapecias; misi zeda da qveda kideebi
marjvniv erTmaneTs uaxlovdebian da marjvena da marcxena kideebi sxvadasxva
sigrZisaa. es proqsimaluri stimulia. perceptuli organizaciis safexurze am
trapecias xedavT, rogorc samganzomilebian sivrceSi gadaxril marTkuTxeds.
mis zeda da qveda kideebs aRiqvamT, rogorc paralelurs, romlebic marjvna
mxares daxrilebi arian, marjvena da marcxena kideebs ki tolad. perceptuli
 8
procesebi qmnis hipoTezebs distaluri stimulis fizikuri Tvisebebis Sesaxeb.
Semdeg ukve saWiroa stimulis identifikacia. cnobis etapze am marTkuTxa
obieqtSi amoicnobT suraTs. suraTze 5.3 mocemulia blok-sqema, romelic am
movlenebis Tanmimdevrobas gviCvenebs. procesebi, romelTac informacia erTi
safexuridan meoreze gadaaqvT, blokebs Soris isrebiTaa gamosaxuli. am TavSi
ganvixilavT yvela interaqcias, romelic naxazzea mocemuli.

sur. 5.1. retinaluri gamosaxulebebis interpretacia

vizualuri aRqmis mTavari amocanaa proqsimaluri stimulidan (sagnisagan
Seqmnili retinaluri gamosaxuleba) moaxdinos distaluri stimulis (garemoSi
arsebuli realuri sagani) interpretacia da identifikacia.

sur. 5.2. Ddistaluri da proqsimaluri stimulebi

distaluri stimuli aris garemoSi arsebuli fizikuri stimuli,
proqsimaluri ki - sensoruli aqtivobis forma, romelic distaluri
stimuliTaa gansazRvruli. rogorc suraTzea naCvenebi, proqsimaluri stimuli
SeiZleba hgavdes distalur stimuls, magram isini gansxvavebuli movlenebi
arian.

sur. 5.3. SegrZnebis, perceptuli organizaciis da identifikacia/cnobis

safexurebi
diagrama gviCvenebs procesebs, romlebic Semosuli informaciis
transformacias axdenen SegrZnebis, perceptuli organizaciis da,
identifikacia/cnobis safexurebze. arqmis aRmavali procesebi (qvemodan zemoT)
maSin erTvebian, rodesac Semosuli sensoruli informaciidan perceptuli
gamosaxuleba yalibdeba. daRmavali procesebi (zemodan qvemoT) im SemTxvevaSi
moqmedeben, rodesac perceptul gamosaxulebaze gavlenas axdens warsuli
codna, motivacia da fsiqikuri funqcionirebis sxva aspeqtebi.

realoba, orazrovneba, iluziebi

aRqmis funqcia ganvsazRvreT, rogorc proqsimaluri stimulidan distaluri

stimulis identifikacia. am funqciis Sesabamisi perceptuli meqanizmebis
gacnobamde, ganvixiloT garemoSi mocemuli stimulebis is aspeqtebi, romlebic
aRqmas kompleqsurs xdian. esenia: _ orazrovani stimulebi da iluziebi.

orazrovneba
 9
aRqmis ZiriTadi amocanaa samyaroze zusti warmodgenis Seqmna. swori reaqcia
garemoSi sagnebisa da movlebis zust aRqmazea damokidebuli. magaliTad, xeze
moZravi arseba vefxvia? - es yovelTvis advili gasarkvevi ar aris. daakvirdiT
TeTr da Sav laqebs sur. 5.4-
5.4-ze.
ze ra figuraa es? SeecadeT stimuli figura
gamoyoT fonidan da dainaxoT mimavali dalmatineli. ZaRli Zneli dasanaxia,
radgan is ereva fons da konturebic gamokveTili ar aris (SeniSvna: - ZaRli
naxatis marjvniv aris, Tavi centrisaken aqvs mimarTuli). es stimuli
orazrovania, radgan kritikuli informacia aklia, misi nawilebi uCveulodaa
ganlagebuli da Cveuli struqtura ar Cans. orazrovneba aRqmis gagebisTvis
mniSvnelovani cnebaa. is gviCvenebs, rom sensorul safexurze mocemuli
calkeuli xati SeiZleba mravalnairad interpretirdes aRqmisa da
identifikaciis safexurebze.

sur. 5.4. orazrovani suraTi

ras xedavT suraTze? SeecadeT dainaxoT mimavali dalmatineli.

sur. 5.5-
5.5-ze mocemulia orazrovani figurebis sami magaliTi. TiToeuli
maTganis ornairad interpretaciaa SesaZlebeli. daakvirdiT TiToeul
gamosaxulebas, sanam ar dainaxavT or alternatiul figuras. aseve, SevniSnavT,
rom mas Semdeg, rac orive figuras dainaxavT, orazrovani figuris yurebisas am
alternativebs SenacvlebiT (xan erTs, xan meores) aRiqvamT. orazrovani
figurebis es perceptuli labiloba (arastabiloba) maTi erT-erTi yvelaze
mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebelia.
larnaki Tu profilebi
nekeris kubi: zemoT Tu qvemoT
ixvi Tu kurdReli

sur. 5.5. perceptuli orazrovneba

TiToeuli nimuSis orgvari interpretaciaa SesaZlebeli, magram orives
erTdroulad gancda ar SegiZliaT. amCnevT, rogor enacvlebian es
SesaZleblobebi erTmaneTs?

larkani/profilebi da nekeris kubi orazrovani figurebis nimuSebia

perceptuli organizaciis safexurze. am erTi da igive figurebs Tqven
orgvarad aRiqvamT. larkani/profilebi SeiZleba dainaxoT, rogorc Savi fonis
centrSi moTavsebuli TeTri sagani, an ori Savi sagani maT Soris gamyofi
 10
TeTri sivrciT. nekeris kubi SeiZleba dainaxoT, rogorc samganzomilebiani
carieli kubi an Tqvengan qvemoT da marcxniv kuTxiT an Tqvengan zemoT
marjvniv kuTxiT. cxadia, kubsa da larnaki/profilebTan orazrovani
alternativebi erTi da imave stimuli xatiT arian gamowveulni, Tumca
stimulebis orazrovnebas samganzomilebian sivrceSi figurebis specifikuri
wyoba ganapirobebs.
kurdReli/ixvi figura aris orazrovnebis nimuSi cnobis etapze. orive
SemTxvevaSi is erTi da igive fizikur figurad aRiqmeba. Tumca, vinaidan
figura Sereuli tipis informacias moicavs, SesaZlo alternativebis gamoyofa
da klasifikacia mis orazrovnebas iwvevs.
• orazrovani gamosaxuleba (Ambiguity) _ perceptuli obieqti, romelsac
SeiZleba erTze meti interpretacia hqondes.

bevrma gamoCenilma mxatvarma gamoiyena aRqmis orazrovneba, rogorc

mniSvnelovani SemoqmedebiTi saSualeba Tavis namuSevrebSi. magaliTad,
salvador dalis mona marketi volteris uCinari biustiT. es namuSevari
kompleqsur orazrovnebas gviCvenebs. suraTis mTeli nawili radikalurad
gansxavevebulad unda interpretirdes, raTa davinaxoT frangi filosofosis
volteris `dafaruli~ biusti. TeTri ca qveda TaRis qveS volteris Subli da
Tmaa. ori qalbatonis kabis TeTri nawili _ misi loyebi, cxviri da nikapia.
rogorc ki dainaxavT volteris biusts s. dalis am suraTze, veRar SeZlebT
suraTs SexedoT imis codnis gareSe, Tu sadaa frangi filosofosis figura
damaluli.
normaluri aRqmis erT-erTi yvelaze fundamenturi Tvisebaa garemos
orazrovnebis da gaurkvevlobis naTeli interpretaciiT Secvla, raTa
Tavdajerebuli moqmedeba SevZloT. cvlilebebiTa da aramdgradobiT savse
samyaroSi perceptuli sistema unda akmayofilebdes mdgradobis da stabilobis
miRwevis moTxovnilebas.

sur. 5.6. orazrovneba xelovnebaSi

salvador dalis am naxats ewodeba mona marketi volteris uCinari biustiT.

xedavT volters? dali erT-erTi im Tanamedrove mxatvarTagania, romlebmac
Tavis namuSevrebSi orazrovneba gamoiyenes.

iluziebi
 11
orazrovani stimulebi perceptul sistemebs rTul amocanas uyeneben -
ramdenime SesaZleblobidan amoicnon erTi unikaluri figura. orazrovani
stimulebis interpretaciis siswore an simcdare Ceveulebriv kontqstzea
damokidebuli. rodesac perceptuli sistema stimulis struqturas mkveTrad
amaxinjebs da cvlis, Tqven iluzias ganicdiT.
sityva `iluzia~-s igive fuZe aqvs, rac `Seusabamo~-s, `uazro~-s, `sasacilo~-s
(ludicrous). orive warmodgeba laTinuri sityvidan illudere, rac naSnavs dacinvas,
masxarad agdebas. erTnair iluziebs ganicdian adamianTa umetesoba erTsa da
imave perceptul situaciaSi, sensoruli sistemis msgavsi fiziologiis da
samyaroSi sagnebis msgavsad gancdis gamo (rogorc VI TavSi vnaxavT, iluziebi
gansxvavdeba halucinaciebisagan: - halucinacia aris aragavrcelebuli
perceptuli damaxinjeba, rac adamianis uCveulo fizikuri an fsiqikuri
mdgomareobiTaa gamowveuli). ganvixiloT sur. 5.7-ze warmodgenili klasikuri
iluziebi, Tumca, CvenTvis ufro advilia, vizualuri iluziebis ganxilva;
iluziebi arsebobs sxva iseT sensorul modalobebSic, rogoricaa: - smena
(Bregman 1981; Saberi 1966; Shepard & Jordan,1984) da gemo (Todrank & Bartoslu, 1991).
mas Semdeg, rac 1854-55 wels j.opelma (J.J.Oppel) iluziebis pirveli
mecnieruli analizi gamoaqveyna, aTasobiT statia daiwera iluziebze bunebaSi,
SegrZnebebSi, aRqmasa da xelovnebaSi. opelis mokrZalebuli wvlili iluziebis
SeswavlaSi iyo xazebis ubralo rigi, romelic ufro grZeli Canda, roca
segmentebad iyo dayofili (varianti a), vidre maSin, roca mxolod bolo xazebi
iyo mocemuli (varianti b).
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | (a)

| |

a. gamoiyeneT saxazavi, b. romeli yuTia standartuli yuTis toli?

kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad
sur. 5.7. xuTi savarjiSo iluzia romeli ufro didia an patara? gazomeT, raTa
aRmoaCinoT iluzoruli efeqti

TiToeuli nimuSi gviCvenebs aRqmis iluziebis gamomwvev pirobebs. mkvlevrebi

xSirad iyeneben iluziebs TavianTi Teoriebis Sesamowmeblad. es Teoriebi
xsnian, perceptul sistemebSi, romlebic, Cveulebriv, sakmaod zustad muSaoben,
gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi rogor warmoiqmneba iluziebi.

opelma Tavis naSroms geometriuli optikuri iluziebis Seswavla uwoda.

iluziebi miuTiTebs perceptul xatsa da realobas Soris gansxvavebaze. maT
SeiZleba gviCvenon abstraqtuli konceptualuri gansxvaveba SegrZnebebs,
 12
perceptul organizacias da identifikacias Soris da dagvexmaron aRqmis
garkveuli fundamenturi Tvisebebis gagebaSi.
mkvlevrebi xSirad igoneben axal iluziebs an iyeneben Zvels, raTa
perceptuli gadamuSavebis mniSvnelovani Taviseburebebi gviCvenon. ganvixiloT
miuler-laieris iluziis sxvadasxva versia, romelic sur. 5.8-zea mocemuli.
versia a pirvelad franc miuler-laierma (Muller-Lyer) 1889 wels ganixila
naSromSi optikuri iluziebis Sesaxeb. Semdegi versiebi miulerma da misma
kolegebma 1900 wlamde Seqmnes. TiToeul SemTxvevaSi monakveTebis sigrZe (an b
versiaSi kuTxeebis wveroebs Soris manZili) Tanabaria. adamianebs xSirad
ukvirT es faqti, Tqven ki gadasamowmeblad SegiZliaT gazomoT. imis miuxedavad,
rom es iluzia sakmaod didi xnis winaa aRmoCenili da mkvlevrebmac mravaljer
scades axsna, misi warmoSobis Sesaxeb Teoriebi icvleba (Green & Nelson 1997).
misi simtkice, rac ufro didi sigrZis iluziis advilad SeqmnaSi gamoixateba,
vizualuri gadamuSavebis sferoSi Teoretikosebs axal problemebs uqmnis. es
magaliTi gviCvenebs, rom iluziebi ubralod ucnauroba ar aris. isini
fsiqologiuri TeoriebisaTvis mniSvnelovan monacemebs iZlevian. amrigad,
mkvlevrebs mxolod iluziebi ki ar ainteresebT, aramed im garemoebebis
Seswavlac, romlebSic aRqma samyaroze zust informacias iZleva.

iluziebi yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi

iluziebi Cveni cxovrebis ganuyreli nawilia. ganvixiloT Cveni planeta

dedamiwis yoveldRiuri gamocdileba. Tqven xedavT mzis `amosvlas~ da
`Casvlas~ Tumca, iciT, rom mze dasabamidan mzis sistemis centrSia
moTavsebuli. albaT gasagebia, ratom iyo udidesi simamacis gamovlena
qristefore kolumbis da sxva zRvaosnebis mxridan, rom uareyoT dedamiwis
sibrtyelis aSkara iluzia da misi erT-erTi kidisaken gaecuraT. aseve, roca
savse mTvare cazea, geCvenebaT, rom sadac ar unda waxvideT is Tan mogyvebaT,
Tumca, iciT, rom es ase ara aris. esec iluziaa, romlsac Tqven Tvalebsa da
mTvares Soris arsebuli udidesi manZili iwvevs. saqme imaSia, rom mTvaridan
areklili sinaTlis sxivebi Tqveni moZraobis mimarTulebis mimarT ZiriTadad
paraleluri da perpendikularuli rCeba, mniSvneloba ara aqvs, Tu sad
midixarT.
adamianebs SeuZliaT iluziebis kontroli sasurveli efeqtebis misaRwevad.
arqiteqtorebi da interieris dizainrebi aRqmis principebs iyeneben sivrceSi
sagnebis Sesaqmnelad, romlebic maT realur zomebze ufro didad an mcired
gamoiyurebian. mcire zomis bina ufro farTod gamoCndeba, Tu mas naTeli
 13
ferebiT SeRebaven, avejiT ar gadatvirTaven da patara dabal taxtebs, skamebs
da magidebs kedlis gaswvriv ki ar ganalageben, aramed - oTaxis centrSi. a. S.
S. nasaSi (nasa), sivrciT programebSi momuSave fsiqologebma aRqmaze garemos
gavlena gamoikvlies, raTa kosmosuri xomaldis Sida sivrce ise moewyoT, rom
sasiamovno sensoruli Tvisebebi hqonoda. dekoraciebisa da ganaTebis
reJisorebi kinosa da Teatralur xelovnebaSi ganzrax qmnian iluziebs filmsa
da scenaze. am iluziebidan zogi ufro sasurvelia, vidre sxvebi. Cven,
Cveulebriv, mogvwons kargad mowyobili garemo. mkvlevrebi swored imitom
ikvleven iluziebs, rom ukeT axsnan aRqmis moqmedebis kanonzomiereba. iluziebi
ki, Tavis mxriv, gvarwmuneben, rom perceptuli sistemebiT yovelTvis
srulyofilad ver miiReba proqsimaluri stimulidan distaluri stimuli.
• iluzia (Illusion) _ stimulis paternis gancda, romelic aSkarad mcdaria,
Tumca, igives ganicdian sxva adamianebic igive perceptul garemoSi.

sur. 5.8. miuler-

miuler-laieris iluziis variaciebi
miuler-laieris iluziis yvela mocemuli variacia 1900 wlamde Seiqmna.
aRiqvamT sigrZeebs Soris gansxvavebas TiToeul SemTxvevaSi? aRqmis mkvlevrebma
iluziebis axsna Teoriebis SeqmniT scades.

fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi

virtualuri realoba
ai, saukunis dasawyisis teleSouebisa da filmebisTvis tipuri siuJeti: - qali
da mamakaci personaJebi xvdebian kimpiuteriT Seqmnil virtualur samyaroSi,
rasac dramatuli Sedegebi mosdevs. magaliTad, `matricaSi“, (Tu filmi ar
gaqvT nanaxi, azri ara aqvs Semdegi winadadebis wakiTxvas) mTavari personaJi
aRmoaCens, rom yvelaferi, rac `realurad“ miaCnia, sinamdvileSi
superkompiuterebis mier Seqmnili detalurad damuSavebuli virtualuri
realobaa da es superkompiuterebi akontroleben planetas. sabednierod,
CvenTvis xelmisawvdomi virtualuri realobis versiebi, jerjerobiT sakmaod
uwyinaria: - Cven sakmaod iolad SegviZlia virtualuri garemosgan Tavis
daRweva atraqcionebsa da gasarTob centrebSi. virtualuri realobis gancdis
xarisxis gaumjobeseba xSirad damokidebulia mkvlevrebis unarze, Seqmnan
perceptuli sistemis SecdomaSi Sesayvani axali saSualebebi. virtualuri
realobis Semqmnelebi cdiloben, perceptuli procesebis mniSvnelovani
kvlevebidan miRebuli codna sruliad axali samyaros cxovel gancdebSi
 14
gadmoitanon.
mravali virtualuri realobis sistemis mizani monawileTaTvis virtualur
samyaroSi yofnis gancdis Seqmnaa. yofna ramdenime ganzomilebaze
ganisazRvreba, maT Soris aris monawilis CarTva socialurad mdidar an
interaqciul ambavSi (Lombard & Ditton, 1997), Tumca, aRqmis TvalsazrisiT,
virtualur samyaroSi yofnis SegrZneba, rogorc wesi, damokidebulia
virtualur samyaroSi CaZirvaze, rac perceptulad realurad aRiqmeba. bolo
wlebSi mkvlevrebma daiwyes im perceptuli informaciis sistematuri Seswavla,
romelic saWiroa virtualur samyaroSi TiTqmis srulyofilad yofnis
uzrunvelsayofad. yofnis Sesafaseblad mkvlevrebi xSirad zomaven, ramdenad
kargad SeuZlia adamians amocanis Sesruleba sxvadasxva perceptuli
konfiguraciis mqone virtualur samyaroSi (Nash et al. , 2000; Nichols et al., 2000).
ganvixiloT proeqti, romelSic ikvlies vizualuri gamosaxulebis
zemoqmedeba simulatorSi manqanis marTvis unarze. am amocanas mkvlevrebma
uwodes gzis savali nawilis SenarCuneba (lane keeping ) (Kappe et al., 1999).
monawileebi ukeT inarCunebdnen gzis saval nawils, rodesac ekrani perceptuli
gadamuSavebisaTvis saintereso realur samyaroseul monacemebs iZleoda.
gavixsenoT, rom realuri samyaros gancdisas informacias iRebT rogorc
yuradRebis centridan, ise _ periferiidan. sainteresoa, rogor xdeba es
virtualur samyaroSi? mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines, rom monawileebi ukeT
inarCunebdnen gzis saval nawils, rodesac ekrani periferiul informacias
iZleoda, Tumca, ar iyo saWiro, rom es periferiuli informacia, realuri
samyaros gancdis analogiurad, Zalze detaluri yofiliyo. es aRmoCenebi
vizualuri ekranebis dizainisTvis mniSvnelovan informacias iZleva. am tipis
eqsperimenti gvarwmunebs, rom mxolod vizualuri velis centri saWiroebs
Zlier detalizacias. periferiuli informacia mniSvnelovania, magram misi
Sevseba SeiZleba globaluri vizualuri struqturiT.
ueWvelia, rom ramdenime weliwadSi virtualuri samyaro kidev ufro
mimzidveli gaxdeba: - mkvlevrebsa da gamomgoneblebs ukeT ecodinebaT, rogor
daarwmunon Tqveni perceptuli sistemebi kompiuteriT Seqmnili samyaros
`realurobaSi”.
Web sites
• WWW.hitl.washington.ed/projects/knowlege-base/onthenet.html, (veb gverdi, romelic
virtualur realobaze moicavs monacemebs)
• WWW.vrs.org.uk (virtualuri sazogadoebis veb gverdi)
 15
aRqmis Semswavleli midgomebi
midgomebi

Tqven ukve gaecaniT aRqmis ramdenime arsebiT kiTxs: - rogor aRadgens

perceptuli sistema informacias garemos struqturis Sesaxeb? rogor xdeba
perceptuli orazrovnebis problemis gadaWra? ratom Cndeba iluziebi? am
kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemamde, saWiroa ukeT gaverkveT im TeoriebiSi, romelTac
mniSvnelovani adgili ukaviaT aRqmis kvlevaSi.
am Teoriebs Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebis danaxva SesaZlebelia me-3 TavSi,
sadac saubaria Tandayolilis (nativizmis) da SeZenilis (empirizmis)
urTierTgamijvnaze. sakiTxi ase dgas: - ra raodenobis sawyisi SesaZleblobebis
matarebelia Tqveni genotipi. rogorc nativistma, SeiZleba amtkicoT, rom
samyaroSi garkveuli tipis Sinagani codniT an tvinis struqturebiT SedixarT,
romelic samyaros interpretaciaSi gexmarebaT? an rogorc empiristma, SeiZleba
amtkicoT, rom samyaroSi SedixarT, rogorc sufTa dafa, mzad imisaTvis rom
SeiswavloT perceptuli samyaro?. Tanamedrove Teoritikosebis umravlesoba
Tanxmdeba imaze, rom samyaros gancdisTvis mniSvnelovania Tandayolilisa
da SeZenilis kombinacia, Tumca, vnaxavT, rom isini ver Tanxmdebian am
kombinaciis balansze.

helmholcis klasikuri Teoria

1866 wels herman fon helmholci (Hermann von Helmholtz) aRqmaSi gamocdilebis
anu SeZenilis mniSvnelovnebis pozicias icavda. misi Teoriis mixedviT, nervul
sistemaze moqmedi, xSirad orazrovani stimulebis interpretaciisas
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba fsiqikur procesebs eniWeba. garemos Sesaxeb
warsulSi miRebuli codnis safuZvelze damkvirvebeli qmnis hipoTezebs, anu
varaudebs imis Taobaze, Tu rogoria esa Tu is sagani sinamdvileSi. magaliTad,
tyeSi moulodnelad danaxul oTxfexa arsebas, albaT, ZaRlad ufro miiCnevT,
vidre _ mglad. amdenad, aRqma induqciuri procesia –konkretuli, savaraudo
kerZo xatidan daskvnis gakeTeba sagnebis an movlenebis zogad klasze,
romelsac SeiZleba es konkretuli xati miekuTvneba. radgan es procesi
cnobierebis monawileobis gareSe mimdinareobs, helmholcma mas aracnobieri
daskvna (unconscious inference) uwoda. es daskvniTi procesi, Cveulebriv, zustad
muSaobs, Tumca, SeiZleba perceptuli iluziebi warmoiqmnas, rodesac uCveulo
garemoeba erTi da igive stimulis mravalnairi interpretaciis saSualebas
iZleva, an rodesac axlis nacvlad Zveli da nacnobi gziT xdeba interpretacia.
 16
helmholcis Teoria aRqmas or etapad yofs. pirvel, analitikur etapze
grZnobis organoebi fundamenturi SegrZnebebis doneze axdenen samyaros
analizs; meore, sinTezis, safexurze xdeba am sensoruli elementebis
gaerTianeba da sinTezireba obieqtebis da maTi Tvisebebis aRqmis saxiT.
helmholcis Teoriis mixedviT, Cven SegrZnebebis interpretacias garemodan
miRebuli gamocdilebis safuZvelze vaxdenT. Cveni interpretaciebi,
faqtobrivad, warmoadgens Cveni percepciis (aRqmis) Sesaxeb informirebul
varaudebs.

geStaltmidgoma

geStaltfsiqologia,
geStaltfsiqologia romelic XX saukunis II naxevarSi germaniaSi
Camoyalibda, did yuradRebas uTmobda perceptul gamocdilebaSi Tandayolili
struqturebis rols. geStaltfsiqologiis gamoCenili warmomadgenlebi: - kurt
kofka (Kurt Koffka, 1935), volfgang keleri (Wolfgang Kohler, 1947) da maqs
verThaimeri (Max Wertheimer, 1923) amtkicebdnen, rom fsiqologiuri fenomenis
gageba mxolod maSin aris SesaZlebeli, Tu mas organizebul, struqturul
mTlianobad miviCnevT da ar davanawevrebT primitiul, martiv perceptul
elementebad. germanuli termini geStalti miaxloebiT `formas~, `mTlians~,
`konfiguracias~ an `arss~ niSnavs. geStaltistebma uaryves fsiqologiaSi
arsebuli atomisturi Tvalsazrisi. isini amtkicebdnen, rom mTeli gacilebiT
metia, vidre misi nawilebis ubralo meqanikuri jami. magaliTad, roca musikas
vusmenT, mTlian melodias aRviqvamT, miuxedavad imisa, rom is calkeuli
bgerebisagan Sedgeba. geStaltfsiqologiis mixedviT, samyaros holsturi aRqmis
Camoyalibeba ganpirobebulia Tavis tvinis qerqis (korteqsi) funqcionirebis
TaviseburebiT. Cven CvenTvis Cveuli gziT imitom vawesrigebT sensorul
informacias, rom es Semomavali sensoruli informaciis organizebis
umartivesi da yvelaze ekonomiuri gzaa, tvinis struqturidan da
fiziologiidan gamomdinare (Semdeg qveTavSi ganvixilavT geStaltistebis mier
SemoTavazebul, perceptuli organizaciis magaliTebs).

gibsonis ekologiuri optika

jeims
jeims gibsonma (James Gibson, 1966, 1979) da elinor gibsonma (Eleanor Gibson)
aRqmis Zalze mniSvnelovani midgoma SemogvTavazes. gibsoni aRqmas orgnizmis
struqturis Sedegad ki ar miiCnevda, aramed fiqrobda, rom misi ukeT gageba
uSualo garemos (anu misi ekologiis) analiziT iyo SesaZlebeli. erT-erTi
avtoris TqmiT, gibsonis midgoma aseTi iyo: - `ar ikiTxoT, ra aris Tqvens
 17
TavSi, ikiTxeT _ ris SigniTaa Tqveni Tavi~ (Mace, 1977). gibsonis ekologiuri
optikis Teoria garegani stimulebis Tvisebebs ufro met yuradRebas aqcevda,
vidre im meqanizmebs, romliTac am stimulebis aRqma xdeba. es midgoma
radikalurad gansxvavdeboda manamde arsebuli yvela Teoriisgan. gibsonis
koncefciaSi aRqma gagebulia, rogorc garemos aqtiuri gamokvleva. rodesac
damkvirvebeli garemoSi moZraobs, baduraze stimulaciis paterni mudmivad
icvleba drosa da sivrceSi. ekologiuri optikis Teoria cdilobda,
ganesazRvra garemos Sesaxeb is informacia, romelic xelmisawvdomi iqneboda
moZravi damkvirveblis TvalisaTvis. gibsonis mimdevari Teoritikosebi
Tanxmdebian imaze, rom perceptuli sistemebi ganuviTardaT organizmebs,
romlebic rTul da cvalebad garemoSi aqtiurebi iyvnen _ moipovebdnen sakvebs,
wyals, mewyvilesa da TavSesafars (Gibson, 1979; Greeno, 1994; Nakayama, 1994).

• aracnobieri daskvna (Unconscious inference) _ helmholcis termini, romelic

gacnobierebis gareSe mimdinare aRqmas aRniSnavs.
• geStaltfsiqologia (Gestalt psychology) _ fsiqologiuri skola, romelic
amtkicebs, rom fsiqologiuri fenomenis gageba mxolod maSin aris
SesaZlebeli, Tu mas organizebul, struqturul mTlianobad miviCnevT da ar
davanawevrebT promitiul, martiv, perceptul elementebad.
• Eekologiuri optikis Teoria (Theory of ecological optics) _ aRqmis Teoria,
romelic xazs usvams sastimulo informaciis mravalferovnebas da aRqmas
garemos aqtiur gamokvlevad miiCnevs.

gibsonis mixedviT, kiTxvaze - `rogor swavlob garemos?’’ pasuxi sakmaod

advilia. Tqven garemodan pirdapir iRebT informacias sensoruli informaciis
invariantuli anu stabiluri Tvisebebis Sesaxeb. am SemTxvevaSi araa saWiro
perceptuli daskvnis maRali donis sistemebis hipoTeturi konstruqtebis Seqmna
_ aRqma pirdapir, uSualod xdeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom garemoSi arsebuli
TiToeuli sagnis retinaluri zoma da forma icvleba damkvirveblidan sagnis
daSorebulobisa da xedvis kuTxis mixedviT, cvlilebebi SemTxveviTi ar aris.
metic, es cvlilebebi sistematuria da sagnidan areklili sinaTlis ZiriTadi
Tvisebebi ar icvleba (invariantulia) aRqmis kuTxisa da daSorebis aseTi
cvlilebis pirobebSic ki. vizualuri sistema isea mowyobili, rom amCnevs am
invariantulobas. adamianebi iseT garemoSi viTardebodnen, sadac swored
invariantobis aRqmas hqonda sasicocxlo mniSvneloba.
 18
amrigad, Tqven ukve gaecaniT im Teoriebs, romlebic mkvlevrebma perceptuli
procesebis asaxsnelad Seqmnes. am procesebis gacnobamde ganvixiloT, rogor
xdeba samyaroSi xelmisawvdomi informaciis mcire nawilis SerCeva da misTvis
yuradRebis mipyroba.

Sejameba

aRqmis mTliani procesi SeiZleba sam safexurad daiyos: - SegrZneba,

perceptuli organizacia da identifikacia/cnoba. vizualuri aRqmis ZiriTadi
amocanaa distaluri stimulis (garemoSi arsebuli realuri obieqtis)
identifikacia da interpretacia, proqsimaluri stimulidan (obieqtis
retinaluri gamosaxulebidan) miRebuli informaciis safuZvelze. orazrovan
figurebs mxolod erTi interpretacia aqvs sensorul doneze, mravali SesaZlo
interpretacia ki - organizaciis da identifikaciis doneze. iluziebi
SezRudvebs uqmnian perceptuli procesebis Sesaxeb Teoriebs.
aRqmis Teoriebi, Cveulebriv, Tanxmdebian imaze, rom perceptuli unari
Tandayolili da SeZenili procesebis Sedegia, Tumca, ver Tanxmdebian maT
Soris balansze. helmholci xazs usvamda gamocdilebis mniSvnelovnebas da
varaudobda, rom aRqmis didi nawili aracnobier daskvnas efuZneboda. geStalt-
midgoma aRniSnavda, rom perceptuli gamocdileba ganxilul unda yofiliyo,
rogorc mTeli da aRqmaSi Tandayolili procesebis rols uWerda mxars; jeims
gibsoniseuli midgoma ki xazs usvamda damkvirveblis, rogorc aqtiuri
subieqtis rols da did mniSvnelobas aniWebda garemodan wamosul invariantul
informacias.

yuradRebis procesebi

SeecadeT, Tqvens irgvliv aRmoaCinoT aTi ram, romelic am momentamde ar

SegimCneviaT. SeamCnieT laqa kedelze? saaTis wikwiki? Tu garemos Zalze
yuradRebiT davakvirdebiT, aRmovaCenT, rom aTasobiT sagania irgvliv,
romlisTvisac yuradRebis miqceva SeiZleboda. zogadad, rac metad mivaqcevT
yuradRebas sagns Tu movlenas, metis aRqmasa da gagebas SevZlebT masze. amitom
aris yuradReba aRmis Seswavlisas mniSvnelovani Tema. yuradRebis fokusi
gansazRvravs, ra tipis informacia iqneba yvelaze xelmisawvdomi perceptuli
 19
procesebisavis. rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, mkvlevrebi Seecadnen gaerkviaT, Tu
garemodan momdinare ra tipis stimulebs eqceva Cveni yuradReba da ra wvlili
Seaqvs yuradRebas stimulebis gancdaSi. Tavdapirvelad ganvixilavT, rogor
funqcionirebs yuradReba seleqciurad, raTa garemoSi garkveul sagnebsa da
movlenebs meti mniSvnelovneba mianiWos.
• yuradReba (Attention) _ xelmisawvdomi perceptuli informaciis romelime
nawilze cnobierebis fokusireba.
• mizniT marTuli seleqcia (Goal-directed selection) _ gansazRvravs imas, Tu
adamianebi ratom irCeven Semomavali sensoruli informaciis raRac nawils
Semdegi gadamuSavebisaTvis. SerCeva adamianis miznebidan gamomdinare xdeba.
• stimuliT gamowveuli yuradRebis mipyroba (Stimulus-driven capture) _
gansazRvravs imas, Tu adamianebi ratom irCeven sensoruli Semomavali
informaciis raRac nawils Semdegi gadamuSavebisaTvis; xdeba maSin, rodesac
stimulebis niSnebi (sagnebi garemoSi) avtomaturad ipyroben yuradRebas,
adamianis kerZo miznebisgan damoukideblad.

seleqciuri (SerCeviTi) yuradReba

am qveTavis dasawyisSi gTxoveT, yuradReba migeqciaT ramdenime sagnisaTvis,

romlebic manamde ar SegimCneviaT. es eqsperimenti gviCvenebs yuradRebis
mniSvnelovan funqcias, rac Semavali sensoruli masalis garkveuli nawilis
SerCevaSi gamoixateba; es nawili Semdeg gadamuSavdeba. vnaxoT, rogor virCevT,
samyaros romel nawils (subset) mivaqcioT yuradReba da ra Sedegi mosdevs am
gadawyvetilebas CvenTvis iolad xelmisawvdomi informaciis TvalsazrisiT.

yuradRebis faqtorebi

rogor virCevT sagnebs, romlebic Cveni yuradRebis centrSi eqcevian? am

kiTxvaze pasuxs ori komponenti aqvs. maT mizniT marTul seleqcias (goal-derected)
da stimuliT gamowveul yuradRebis mipyrobas (stimulus-driven capture) uwodeben6
(Jantis, 1993). mizniT marTuli SerCevisas Tqveni miznebidan gamomdinare irCevT,
Tu romel obieqts miaqcioT yuradReba. cxadia, rom SegiZliaT eqspliciturad
airCioT calkeuli obieqtebi Sesaswavlad. stimuliT gamowveuli SerCeva maSin
xdeba, rodesac stimulis _ garemoSi arsebuli obieqtebis _ maxasiaTeblebi
TavisTad, avtomaturad iqceven yuradRebas Tqveni, rogorc damkvirveblis,
miznebisagan damoukideblad. stimuliT gamowveul SerCeva iqneba, magaliTad, Tu

6
qarTul fsiqologiaSi: aRqmis subieqturi da obieqturi faqtorebi (redaqtoris SeniSvna)
 20
saWesTan mjdomi SuqniSanze gaCerdebiT da ocnebebSi waxvalT; SuqniSnis
moulodneli cvlileba _ wiTeli Suqidan mwvaneze _ gansakuTrebuli
koncentraciis gareSec miiqcevs Tqvens yuradRebas.
sainteresoa, ra kavSiria am or process Soris. kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom
garkveul pirobebSi mainc, stimuliT gamowveuli yuradReba Warbobs mizniT
marTul seleqcias.

saidan viciT

procesebs Soris konkurencia, romlebic yuradRebis fokusirebasac gansazRvraven

mkvlevrebma Seqmnes vizualuri ekranebi, romlebic mizniT marTul SerCevasa
da stimuliT gamowveul yuradRebas konkurenciul pirobebSi ayenebdnen
(Theeuwes et al., 1998). rogorc 5.9 suraTis a nawilzea mocemuli, eqsperimentis
TiToeuli sinjis dasawyisSi cdis pirebs uCvenebdnen vizualur ekrans,
romelzedac mocemuli iyo 6 nacrisferi wre SigniT Cawerili cifriT 8. erTi
wamis Semdeg ekrani icvleboda. seriebis meore naxevarSi, rogorc b nawilzea
mocemuli, erTi wris garda yvela wre wiTeli feris gaxda. cdis pirebis
amocana iyo, SeexedaT darCenili nacrisferi wrisTvis da eTqvaT, masSi
Cveulebrivi c ewera, Tu Sebrunebuli. cdis pirebi am amocanis Sesrulebisas
mizniT marTul SerCevas iyenebdnen. maT ganzrax, mizanmimarTulad gadahqondaT
yuradReba darCenil nacrisfer wreze.
axla ganvixiloT 5.9 suraTis g nawili. am SemTxvevaSi, romelic cdebis meore
naxevars warmoadgens, vizualur mwkrivs axali elementi daemata _ wiTeli wre.
axali obieqtebi im saxis stimulebs miekuTvneba, romlebic, Cveulebriv,
stimuliT gamowveul SerCevas iwveven. Cveulebriv pirobebSi mosalodneli
iqneboda, rom cdis pirebi mzeras am axal obieqtze gadaitandnen, Tumca, am
konkretul eqsperimentSi maT es ar moeTxovebodaT. maT isev sTxovdnen,
daefiqsirebinaT mxolod erTi nacrisferi wris Sinaarsi. Dda ra xdeboda? cdis
pirebi ar aqcevdnen yuradRebas wiTel wres? faqtobrivad, umetes SemTxvevaSi
axali obieqti avtomaturad iqcevda cdis pirTa yuradRebas, miuxedavad imisa,
rom is sruliad ar Seesabameboda eqsperimentatoris mier maTTvis dasaxul
mizans.

es fenomeni SeiZleba stimuliT gamowveul SerCevad miviCnioT, radgan is

aRmqmelis miznebis sapirispirod moqmedebs. cxadia, monawileebi ukeT
Seasrulebdnen amocanas, Tu yuradRebas ar miaqcevdnen wiTel wres, magram maTi
ignorireba SeuZlebelia (miuxedavad imisa, rom monawileebs TiTqmis yovelTvis
 21
urCevniaT, rac SeiZleba kargad Seasrulon mkvlevris mier dasaxuli amocana).
mniSvnelovani zogadi daskvna isaa, rom Cveni perceptuli sistema isea
mowyobili, rom yuradReba avtomaturad eqceva garemoSi gamoCenil axal sagnebs
(Yantis & Jonides, 1996).

sur. 5.9. yuradRebis

yuradRebis gamomwvevi procesebi

am eqsperimentis TiToeuli seriis dasawyisSi, cdis pirebi uyurebdnen ekrans,

romelzec gamosaxuli iyo eqvsi nacrisfer wre (nawili a). rodesac ekrani
icvleboda, cdis pirebis amocana iyo, eTqvaT, darCenil nacrisfer wreSi
rogori c iyo Cawerili. seriis naxevarSi ekranze ar iyo axali obieqtebi
(nawili b), meore naxevarSi ki _ iyo (nawili g). miuxedavad imisa, rom cdis
pirebis amocana iyo erTi nacrisferi wrisTvis yuradRebis miqceva, axali
obieqti gamoCenisTanave avtomaturad ipyrobda maT yuradRebas.

yuradRebis miRma darCenili informacia

Tu Tqven SerCeviTad miaqcieT yuradReba perceptuli ekranis romelime

nawils, sakuTari miznebidan an stimulis Tvisebebidan gamomdinare, ra bedi
eweva yuradRebis miRma darCenil informacias? warmoidgineT, rom usmenT
leqcias, Tqvengan orive mxares ki adamianebi saubroben. rogor SeZlebT mihyveT
leqciis Sinaarss? ra gesmiT saubridan? SeiZleba rame iseTs mokraT yuri
romelime saubris SinaarsSi, rac leqciidan Tqveni yuradRebis gadanacvlebas
gamoiwvevs?
am kiTxvebiT pirvelad ronald broudbenTi (Ronald Brodbent, 1958) dainteresda.
igi tvins sakomunikacio arxs _ telefonis xazs an kompiuteris kavSirebs _
adarebda, romelic aqtiurad gadaamuSavebs da gadascems informacias.
broudbenTis Teoriis mixedviT, tvins, rogorc sakomunikacio arxs, informaciis
sruli gadamuSavebis SezRuduli SesaZlebloba aqvs. amis gamo saWiroa, rom
yuradRebam mkacrad daareguliros Semavali sensoruli informaciis
cnobierebaSi gadasvla. yuradReba aviwroebs kognitur sistemaSi Semavali
informaciis nakads, filtravs garkveul nawils da danarCen informacias
Semdeg safexurze uSvebs. yuradRebis filtris Teoria (filter theory) amtkicebs,
rom Semomavali informaciis seleqcia misi mniSvnelobis wvdomamde xdeba.
filtris Teoriis Sesamowmeblad mkvlevrebma laboratoriaSi Seqmnes
realuri cxovrebiseuli situacia, sadac Semomavali informaciis mravali
wyaro gvaqvs. amisaTvis maT gamoiyenes dixotomiuri mosmenis meTodi. am
eqsperimentSi monawileebs ukeTiaT yursasmenebi, romelSic erTdroulad
 22
usmenen or Caweril informacias. TiToeul yurSi gansxvavebuli informacia
miewodebaT. monawileebs eZlevaT instruqcia, eqsperimentators gadascen
mxolod erT-erTi Setyobineba da ar mousminon meore yurSi miwodebul
informacias. am proceduras uwodeben yuradRebamiqceuli informaciis
daCrdilvas (shadowing the attended mesasge) (ix.
ix. suraTi 5.10).
5.10
filtris Teoriis mosazreba eWvqveS dadga, rodesac aRmoCnda, rom zogierTi
msmeneli ixsenebda iseT momentebs, romelTa gaxsenebasac ver SeZlebda,
yuradRebas mTlianad rom gaefiltra ignorirebuli masala (Cherry, 1953).
sanimuSod ganvixiloT sakuTari saxelis magaliTi. adamianebi xSirad amboben,
rom yuri mokres sakuTar saxels xmaurian oTaxSi maSinac ki, roca isini sxva
saubarSi iyvnen CarTulni. amas koqteilis wveulebis fenomens (cocktail party
phenomenon) uwodeben.
• diqotomiuri mosmena (Dichotic listening) - eqsperimentuli meTodi, rodesac
gansxvavebuli audialuri stimuli miewodeba TiToeul yurs.
• yuradRebamdeli gadamuSaveba (Preattentive processing) - sensoruli informaciis
gadamuSaveba, romelic yuradRebas specifikur obieqtze mimarTavs.

sur. 5.10.
5.10. diqotomiuri mosmenis amocana
cdis piri erTdroulad ismens sxvadasxva cifrebs TiToeul yurSi: - 2
(marcxena), 7 (marjvena), 6 (marcxena), 9 (marjvena), 1 (marcxena), 5 (marjvena). igi
mosmenils ambobs swor rigad – 261 da 795. xolo, rodesac sTxoven, mousminos
mxolod marjvena yurSi miwodebul masalas, cdis piri ambobs mxolod 795-s.

saidan viciT

gvWirdeba Tu ara yuradReba sakuTari saxelis `gasagonad”?

cdis pirebi erTdroulad ismendnen ori adamianis xmas, romlebic
erTmarcvliani sityvebis mwkrivs kiTxulobdnen. maT sTxovdnen, yuradReba
mieqciaT mxolod marjvena yurSi miwodebuli informaciisaTvis da sityvebi
maqsimalurad zustad gaemeorebinaT. eqsperimentis mimdinareobis garkveul
momentSi TiToeul monawiles (sakontrolo jgufis garda) sxva sityvebTan
erTad ekiTxeboda Tavisi saxeli im yurSi, romelSi mowodebuli
informaciisTvisac yuradReba ar unda mieqciaT. sainteresoa, gaigones Tu ar
maT sakuTari saxelebi? cdis pirTa daaxloebiT 1/3-ma (34%-ma), romelsac saxels
ukiTxavdnen, gaigona sakuTari saxeli. Tumca maT ver gaigones verc erTi sxva
saxeli iseve, rogorc sakontrolo jgufis cdis pirebma (romelTac saxelebs
 23
ar ukiTxavdnen). garda amisa, damCrilavi qmedebis (shadowing perfomance) gamo,
monawileebi, romlebmac sakuTari saxeli gaigones (da mxolod es jgufi),
saxelis gagonebis Semdeg maSinve ferxdebodnen (Wood & Cowan, 1995a).

es Sedegebi gviCvenebs, rom sakuTari saxeli aucileblobiT ar iqcevs

yuradRebas, vinaidan msmenelTa 2/3-ma ver gaigona is. miuxedevad amisa, Sedegebi
naTlad gviCvenebs, rom mainc xdeba ignorirebuli arxis garkveulwilad
gaazrebuli analizi – sxva SemTxvevaSi msmenelTa 1/3 verasodes miaqcevda
yuradRebas sakuTar saxels.
aseTi tipis eqsperimentis safuZvelze mkvlevrebi varaudoben, rom yuradRebis
miRma darCenili informacia garkveulwilad mainc gadamuSavdeba, magram
imdenad ara, rom cnobierebis sazRvrebs miaRwios (Woods & Cowan 1995).
informacia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi miiqcevs yuradRebas, Tu yuradRebis miRma
darCenili informaciis maxasiaTeblebi sakmarisad gamodiferencirebuli iqneba
magaliTad, Tu es iqneba msmenelis saxeli, (yuradRebasa da cnobierebas Soris
kavSirs me-6 TavSi davubrundebiT). zogadi principi isaa, rom yuradRebis miRma
darCenili informaciis arsebobis Sesaxeb araferi viciT. amrigad, gasagebia,
ratoma aris saxifaTo yuradRebis gadanacvleba mocemul momentSi aqtualuri
amocanidan an miznidan. Tu yuradRebas ver miaqcevT garkveul informacias,
magaliTad, profesoris leqcias, masala TavisTvis darCeba da Tqven ver
moismenT mas!
axla vnaxoT, ra roli ekisreba yuradRebas garemoSi sagnebis moZebnasa da
maT sworad identificirebaSi.

yuradReba da sagnebi garemoSi

yuradRebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi funqciaa xmaurian vizualur garemoSi

konkretuli obieqtebis moZebna. am meqanizmis sanaxavad sakmaod martivi
eqsperimentis Catareba SeiZleba. dadeT wigni erTi wuTiT da SeecadeT:
• moZebnoT rame wiTeli. axla scadeT, ipovoT rame alisferi;
• moZebnoT rame oTxkuTxedi. axla scadeT, ipovoT rame mrgvali;
• moZebnoT rame lurji, Semdeg scadeT, ipovoT rame, rac mrgvalic
iqneba da lurjic.
TiToeul SemTxvevaSi risi povna ufro gagiZneldaT? mkvlevrebi irwmunebian,
rom alisfris povna ufro advilia, vidre wiTlis (Treisman & Gormican, 1988);
oTxkuTxedis ufro advilia, vidre _ mrgvalis (Kim & Cave, 195-) da rames erTi
niSniT gansazRvruls ufro advilia, vidre ori _ niSniT gansazRvrulis
 24
(Treisman & Sato, 1990). rogor fiqrobT, ratoma aris ase? Tqven es-esaa gaecaniT
yuradRebamdeli gadamuSavebis (preattentive processing) zogierT maxasiaTebels, rac
gansxvavdeba gadamuSavebis im procesebisagan, romlebic yuradRebas saWiroeben.
miuxedavad imisa, rom cnobieri mexsiereba da sagnebis cnoba yuradRebas
saWiroebs, informaciis sakmaod rTuli gadamuSaveba yuradRebisa da
cnobierebis gareSec xdeba (Kubovy et al., 1999). gadamuSavebis am adreul etaps
yuradRebamdeli gadamuSaveba ewodeba, radgan is Semomaval sensorul masalaze
yuradRebis miqcevamde, sensoruli receptorebidan tvinSi SesvlisTanave,
moqmedebs.
yuradRebamdeli gadamuSavebis saSualebiT advilad vpoulobT mxolod erTi
niSniT gamorCeul sagnebs (Treisman & Sato, 1990; Wolfe, 1992). SexedeT 5.11 suraTis a
nawils. SegiZliaT, ipovoT TeTri `T”? esa aris oTaxSi, Tqvens irgvliv, lurji
obieqtebis povnis msgavsi amocana. yuradRebamdeli gadamuSaveba saSualebas
gaZlevT, pralelurad gadasinjoT garemo erTi calkeuli gamorCeuli niSnis
mixedviT. es niSnavs, rom Tqven SegiZliaT erTdroulad gadasinjoT ekranis
mTeli zedapiri. am paraleluri gadasinjvis Sedegad yuradReba erT saTanado
obieqtze koncentrirdeba, Tumca, yuradReba miaqcieT, rom yvela calkeuli
niSani Tanabrad gamorCeuli ar aris. bevri adamianisaTvis kvadratis povna
ufro advilia, vidre _ wris, albaT, imitom, rom marTkuTxedis kuTxeebi
gamokveTilia (Kim & Cave, 1995). adamianebis umetesoba ufro advilad poulobs
ZiriTadi ferisgan gansxvavebul fers, rogorc, magaliTad, alisferi
gansxvavedeba wiTlisagan, albaT, imitom, rom aseTi feri gansxvavebulia
garemos normisagan (Treisman & Gormican, 1988 ).
calkeul niSnebs Soris aSkara gansxvavebis miuxedavad, mainc gagiWirdebaT
maTi kombinaciebis aRmoCena. ganvixiloT 5.11 suraTis b nawili. kidev erTxel
scadeT TeTri T-s povna. ar geCvenebaT, rom es ufro Znelia? am SemTxvevaSi
yuradRebis sistema ar aris aRWurvili imisaTvis, rom paraleluri
gadasinjvisas (Zebnisas) TeTri T TeTri L-gan gamoyos. Tqven kvlav SegiZliaT
gamoiyenoT paraleluri gadasinjvis SesaZlebloba da ugulvelyoT yvela Savi
T, magram Semdeg mogiwevT yvela TeTri simbolos saTiTaod an seriulad
gadasinjva. es gamocdileba gansxvavdeba garemoSi erTdroulad wiTeli da
wriuli sagnis povnis gamocdilebisgan. yuradRebamdeli gadamuSaveba
saSualebas gaZlevT, swrafad ipovoT wiTeli feris an mrgvali formis sagnebi;
igi garemos marTuli gadasinjvis saSualebas iZleva (Wolfe, 1994; Wolfe & Gancarz,
1996). am TvalsazrisiT, Tqven mainc gWirdebaT TiToeul saganaze
 25
individualurad yuradRebis miqceva, raTa gansazRvroT, Seesabameba Tu ara is
ori niSnis kombinacias_ wiTelsa da mrgvals.
mkvlevrebi ganasxvaveben paralelur da seriul Zebnas imis gansazRvriT, Tu
ramdenad Znelia samiznes povna, romelic yuradRebis gamfantvebis (distractors)
raodenobis funqcias warmoadgens. davuSvaT, gTxovT, moZebnoT ekranze TeTr T
xuTi Savi T-s garemocvaSi (rogorc 5.11 suraTis g nawilSia) da 34 Savi T-s
garemocvaSi (rogorc a nawilSia). radgan Tqven am ori amocanis Sesruleba
paralelulad SegiZliaT, TiToeul SemTxvevaSi TeTri T-s povnas daaxloebiT
erTnairi dro dasWirdeba. meore mxriv, rodesac am suraTze b nawilidan d
nawilze gadaxvalT, igrZnobT, rom d nawilSi ufro advilad poulobT TeTr T-
s. Tqven TiToeuli TeTri elementisaTvis seriulad yuradRebis miqceva giwevT,
ase rom, TiToeuli TeTri elementi, romelsac uyurebT (sanam sasurvels
ipoviT) damatebiT dros garTmevT.
mkvlevrebs SeuZliaT am logikis gamoyeneba perceptuli samyaros sxva iseTi
aspeqtebis aRmosaCenad, romlebic SeiZleba yuradRebamdel gadamuSavebas
saWiroebdnen. ganvixiloT 5.12 suraTis A nawili: - SeecadeT, ipovoT yviTeli da
Savi sagnebi. b nawilSi SeecadeT, ipovoT yviTeli saxli lurji fanjrebiT.
meore amocana ufro advili ar iyo vidre pirveli? davalebis Sesrulebze
nakleb gavlenas axdenen yuradRebis damatebiTi gamfantvelebi (extre distractors),
rodesac ori feri CarTulia sagnis nawilebsa da mTlianSi (Wolfe et al., 1994). am
saxis magaliTebi gvarwmunebs, rom yuradRebamdeli gadamuSaveba garemoSi
sagnebis sapovnelad SedarebiT daxvewil (kargad damuSavebuli meqanizmis
mqone) daxmarebas gvTavazobs.
axla ukve SegviZlia martivi niSnebis gadamuSavebidan mTliani sagnebisa da
garemos aRqmis ganxilvaze gadavideT.

sur. 5.11. yuradReba da vizualuri Zebna

(a) ipoveT erTi gamorCeuli niSniT gansxavvebuli sagani, SegiZliaT
gamoiyenoT paraleluri Zebna (gadasinjva);
(b) ipoveT sagani niSnebis erTobliobis mixedviT, unda gamoiyenoT seriuli
Zebna.
(g) vinaidan paraleluri Zebna gamoiyeneba, moZebnas erTnairi dro sWirdeba
yuradRebis gamfantvelebis raodenobis miuxedvad.
(d) seriul Zebnaze yuradRebis gamfantavelebis raodenoba axdens gavlenas. d
nawilSi Zebna ufro swrafad xdeba, vidre _ b-Si.
 26
Sejameba
garemoSi stimulebs SerCeviTad (seleqciurad) aqcevT yuradRebas mizniT
marTuli seleqciis gamo an imitom, rom stimulebidan raRac iqcevs Tqvens
yuradRebas, esaa stimuliT gamowveuli SerCeva. yuradRebis filtris Teoriis
mixedviT, tvins SezRuduli SesaZleblobebi aqvs. yuradRebis miRma darCenili
informacia iSviaTad cnobierdeba. yuradRebamdeli gadamuSaveba saSualebas
gaZlevT, garemoSi ipovoT sagnebi, romlebic SeiZleba erTi gamorCeuli niSniT
identificirdnen.

sur. 5.12. orferiani sagnis moZebna

(a) moZebneT yviTeli da lurji sagani.
(b) moZebneT yviTeli saxli lurji fanjrebiT.
(g) moZebna Zalian mouxerxebelia, rodesac sagnis ori nawilis ori
feris erTobliobaa mosaZebni.
(d) moZebna ufro advilia, rodesac mTeli sagnis feris da misi erT-erTi
nawilis feris erTobliobaa mosaZebni.

aRqmis organizaciis procesebi

warmoidgineT ramdenad uwesrigo iqneboda samyaro, rom ar SegvZleboda

milioni retinaluri receptoridan miRebuli informaciis Tavmoyra da
organizeba. TvalebTan moZravi da mbrunavi ferebis daukavSirebeli nawilebis
kaleidoskopi geqnebodaT. procesebs, romlebic sensorul informacias
aerTianebs Tanmimdevruli aRqmis misaRebad, perceptuli organizaciis
procesebi ewodeba. Cven ukve viciT, rom rasac adamiani aseTi perceptuli
gadamuSavebis Sedegad ganicdis, percepti (aRqmis xati) ewodeba.
magaliTad, 5.13 suraTze mocemuli organzomilebiani geometriuli
kompoziciis perceptuli xati, albaT, sam diagonalur rigad ganlagebuli
figurebia, romelTagan I rigi kvadratebisgan Sedgeba, II – isrebisgan da III–
rombebisgan. amaSi TiTqos araferia ucnauri, Tumca, rogorc wina TavSi
aRvniSneT, aRqmis yvela es, erTi SexedviT, TavisTavadi procesi daxvewili,
natifi gadamuSavebiT aris gaadvilebuli. mravali organizaciuli procesi,
romelsac am qveTavSi ganvixilavT, pirvelad geStaltistebma aRweres. isini
amtkicebdnen, rom aRqma damokidebulia organizaciis kanonebze, anu im martiv
principebze, romelTa saSualebiTac sagnis formebs an gamosaxulebebs
aRviqvamT.
 27
figura, foni da dasrulebuloba (Sevsebuloba)

ratom aRviqvamT 5.13 suraTs CvenTvis Cveuli gziT? am gamosaxulebis aRqmisas

organazaciuli procesi mas figurad da fonad yofs. figura Cans, rogorc
sagnismagvar win wamoweul are, xolo foni _ rogorc sivrce, romelzec
figura devs. 5.13 suraTze muq adgilebs, albaT, figurad aRiqvamT, naTel
adgils _ fonad. Tumca, es stimuli SeiZleba sxvagvaradac dainaxoT figurisa
da fonis SenacvlebiT, rogorc amas orazrovani larnaki/profilebis
SemTxvevaSi akeTebdiT. amisaTvis, SeecadeT, dainaxoT TeTri sivrce, rogorc
didi TeTri furceli, romelzedac ganlagebuli 9 amoWrili figuridan Savi
foni moCans.

sur. 5.13. organzomilebiani

organzomilebiani geometriuli figuris percepti
rogoria am geometriuli figuris Tqveni percepti?

figuris fonidan win wamoweulad danaxvis tendencia Zalze Zlieria.

faqtobrivad, es maSinac xdeba, rodesac figura realurad ar arsebobs! 5.14
suraTis pirvel gamosaxulebaSi Tqven, albaT, xedavT naZvis xes fonze,
romelic TeTr zedapirze mocemul ramdenime Sav wres warmoadgens. Tumca,
SevniSnavT, rom aq aranairi naZvis xe arsebobs. figura Sedgeba mxolod 3
gancalkavebuli Savi figurisa da xazebisagan. Tqven iluzorulad xedavT win
wamoweul TeTr samkuTxeds, radgan Savi gamosaxulebebis kideebi isea
ganlagebuli, rom mTliani TeTri samkuTxedi geCvenebaT. 5.14 suraTis meore
gamosaxuleba qmnis erTi dasrulebuli samkuTxedis iluzias, romelic meores
adevs, Tumca, realurad arc erTi arsebobs.
am magaliTSi, rogorc Cans, figura-fonis organizaciis sami donea: - TeTri
naZvis xe, Savi wreebi da ufro farTo TeTri zedapiri am yvelafris ukan.
aRvniSnavT, rom stimulSi TeTr ares Tqven perceptulad yofT or gansxvavebul
regionad: TeTr samkuTxedad da TeTr fonad. am gayofis adgilze aRiqvamT
iluzorul konturebs.
konturebs isini realurad arseboben ara distalur stimulSi,
aramed _ mxolod Tqvens subieqtur gamocdilebaSi. iluzoruli konturebi
pirvelad 1900 wels aRweres, magram yvela saidumlo jer mainc ar aris
amoxsnili (Lesher, 1995).
• figura (Figure)- fonisagan gansxvavebuli, sagnismagvari win wamoweuli are
vizualur velSi.
• foni (Ground)- sivrce vizualur velSi, romelzedac figura devs.
 28
am suraTebze TeTri samkuTxedis aRqma kidev erT mZlavr organizaciul
process– dasrulebulobas (Sevsebulobas) _ gviCvenebs. dasrulebuloba
(Sevsebuloba) daumTavrebel figurebs damTavrebulad, dasrulebulad
(Sevsebulad) gvanaxebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom stimulSi mxolod kuTxeebia
mocemuli, Cveni perceptuli sistema avsebs kuTxeebs Soris arsebul sivrces
(qmnis konturebs), rac figuras dasrulebul naZvis xed aqcevs.
dasrulebulobis procesis saSualebiT SesaZlebelia stimulebis
dasrulebulad, balansirebulad da simetriulad aRqma, maSinac ki, rodesac
saxezea gansvla, disbalansi da asimetria.

sur. 5.14. subieqturi konturebi, romlebic

romlebic kuTxeebs avseben

xedavT am suraTze gamosaxul naZvis xes da or erTmaneTze dadebul

samkuTxeds? samkuTxedebi rom ararealuria amaSi darwmundebiT, Tu or kuTxes
cera TiTebiT dafaravT. subieqturi konturebis SeqmniT, perceptuli
organizebis procesebi stimulSi figurasa da fons gamoyofs.

perceptuli dajgufebis principebi

5.13 suraTze mocemuli gamosaxuleba Tqven aRiqviT 9 figurad, romlebic

rigebadaa dajgufebuli. TiToeuli maTgani agebulia diagonaluri xazebis
gaswvriv ganlagebuli 3 identuri gamosaxulebisagan. rogor ajgufebs
vizualuri sistema am obieqtebs da ra faqtorebi gansazRvraven mas?
dajgufebis sakiTxi pirvelad farTod geStaltfsiqologma maqs verThaimerma
(1923) Seiswavla. verThaimeri damkvirveblebs uCvenebda martivi geometriuli
figurebis wyebas. cvlida ra calkeul faqtors da akvirdeboda, rogor
moqmedebda is figuraTa struqturis aRqmaze, verThaimerma SeZlo dajgufebis
wesebis Camoayalibeba. suraT 5.15-ze mocemulia ramdenime wesis ilustracia.A a
nawilSi mocemulia Tanabrad daSorebuli wreebis mwkrivebi, romlebic
SeiZleba sxvadasxvagvarad dajgufdes. Tqven SeiZleba erTnairi warmatebiT
dainaxoT am wreebis svetebi an rigebi. Tumca, rodesac intervali mcirediT
icvleba ise, rom wreebs Soris horizontaluri intervali vertikalur
intervalze naklebia (rogorc es b nawilzea mocemuli), Tqven
erTmniSvnelovnad horizontalur mwkrivebad organizebul wreebs xedavT.
rodesac intervalebis cvlilebisas vertikaluri intervali ufro naklebia
(rogorc d nawilzea mocemuli), Tqven wreebs vertikalur svetebad
ganlagebulad aRiqvamT. es 3 saxis dajgufeba verThaimeris siaxlovis kanonis
 29
ilustracias warmoadgens. rodesac sxva danarCeni pirobebi ucvlelia,
erTmaneTTan yvelaze axlos ganlagebuli elementebi (yvelaze proqsimalurebi)
erTad jgufdeba. geStaltistebma aseTi Sedegebi imiT axsnes, rom mTliani
stimulis paterni garkveulad gansazRvravs misi nawilebis ganlagebas. sxva
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, mTliani percepti gansxvavdeba misi nawilebis ubralo
meqanikuri jamisgan.
5.15 suraTis d nawilSi, intervalis nacvlad, feri icvleboda. miuxedavad
imisa, rom wreebs Soris intervali Tanabaria, vizualuri sistema avtomaturad
ganalagebs stimuls rigebad, ferebis msgavsebis gamo. e nawilSi wreebs
svetebad ganlagebulad xedavT, msgavsi zomebis gamo, v nawilSi ki _ rigebad
ganlagebulad, formisa da orientaciis msgavsebis gamo. dajgufebis es efeqtebi
SeiZleba gaerTiandes msgavsebis kanoniT,
kanoniT rac imaSi gamoixateba, rom sxva
Tanabar pirobebSi, msgavsi elementebi erTad jgufdeba.
rodesac vizualur velSi elementebi moZraoben, erTnairi mimarTulebiT
moZraoba elementebis dajgufebas iwvevs. saerTo bedis
bedis kanonis mixedviT, sxva
Tanabar pirobebSi, erTnairi mimarTulebiTa da tempiT moZravi elementebi
erTad jgufdeba. Tu z nawilSi yvela svetis wertili zeviT imoZravebda,
gamosaxulebebs Tqven svetebad daajgufebdiT, moZraobis mimarTulebis
msgavsebis gamo. igive efeqtia baletis SemTxvevaSi, rodesac ramdenime mocekvave
sxvebisagan gansxvavebulad moZraobs. gavixsenoT doqtor riCardsis SemTxveva: -
sagani mis vizualur velSi sworad organizdeboda, rodesac igi moZraobda,
rogorc erTi mTliani. misi SemTxveva naTels xdis saerTo bedis mZlavr
organizaciul gavlenas.

sur. 5.15. dajgufebis fenomeni

TiToeul mwkrivs, b nawilidan z-mde, garkveuli saxiT dajgufebulad
aRviqvamT, geStaltis dajgufebis sxvadasxva principebidan gamomdinare.

sivrciTi da droiTi integracia

geStaltis yvela wesi, romelic aqamde ganvixileT, dagarwmunebdaT, rom

aRqma, umeteswilad, warmoadgens samyaros `sworad~ gaerTianebul nawilebs.,
Tumca, xSirad Tqven ar SegiZliaT aRiqvaT mTliani movlena Tvalis erTi
SevlebiT an fiqsaciiT (gaixseneT saubari yuradRebis Sesaxeb). rasac mocemul
momentSi aRiqvamT, xSirad aris yvela mimarTulebiT ganvrcobili,
Tvaluwvdeneli vizualuri samyarodan miRebuli SezRuduli, SemWidroebuli
STabeWdileba. garemoze sruli warmodgenis Sesaqmnelad, sivrciTi da droiTi
 30
integraciaa saWiro, anu, Tqven unda SekriboT sivrcis sxvadasxva adgilidan
fiqsirebuli informacia drois sxvadasxva momentSi.
SeiZleba gagikvirdeT, magram vizualuri sistema ar qmnis (`Tavs ar iwuxebs”)
TiToeuli momentis zustad amsaxvel, Tanamimdevrul, integrirebul suraTs.
mkvlevrebi irwmunebian, rom garemoze TiToeuli fiqsaciiT vizualur
mexsierebaSi ar inaxeba zusti, mciredi detalebi (Carlson-Radvansky & Irwin, 1995;
Irwin, 1991, Simons, 2000). faqtobrivad, damkvirveblebi xandaxan ver afiqsireben,
rodis icvleba mTliani obieqti erTi fiqsaciidan meore fiqsaciaze.

saidan viciT

ra dainaxeT axlaxan
eqsperimentis erT-erT seriaSi cdis pirebi ori wamis ganmavlobaSi
uyurebdnen suraTze 5 nacnobi obieqtis mwkrivs. daaxloebiT 4 wm-is Semdeg
isini uyurebdnen meore mwkrivs. seriebis naxevarSi meore mwkrivi pirvelis
identuri iyo. seriebis meore naxevarSi, rogorc es 5.16 suraTis a nawilzea
mocemuli, meore rigi pirvelisgan sami variantidan erT-erTi saxiT
gansxvavedeboda: - erTi sagani Tvisobrivad icvleboda (magaliTad, pirvel
mwkrivSi stepleri Seicvala gasaRebiT), orma saganma Seicvala mdebareoba da
sagnebis mTeli wyeba axali konfiguraciiT ganlagda. cdis pirebs unda eTqvaT,
rigebi iseTive iyo Tu gansxvavebuli. Tqven SeiZleba ifiqroT, rom es ioli
amocanaa. rogor SeiZleba ver SeniSnoT, rom stepleri gasaxsneliT Seicvala?
miuxedavad amisa, rogorc naCvenebia 5.16 suraTis b nawilze, aRmoCnda, rom
identurobisa da gadanacvlebis cvlilebebis SemTxevaSi amocnobis maCvenebeli
Zalze dabali iyo. cdis pirebi ver ` xedavdnen“ mTel rig Zalze aSkara
cvlilebebs (Simons, 1996).

bevr adamians aocebs aseTi Sedegi. warmoudgenelia, rom Cven informaciis

gadamuSavebis imdenad mwir resurss vflobT situaciis detalebis Sesanaxad,
rom verc ki SevniSneT, rogor Seicvala stepleri gasaxsneliT. pasuxi,
nawilobriv, SeiZleba is iyos, rom samyaro Tavad aris, zogadad, informaciis
mudmivi, stabiluri wyaro (O'Regan, 1992). ubralod, ar aris saWiro iseTi
informaciis damaxsovreba, romelic mudmivad xelmisawvdomia garemoSi; amitom
arc mogvepoveba procesebi, romelebic, Cveulebriv, amis saSualebas mogvcemda.
erT-erTi saintereso Sedegi, romelic sxvadasxva fiqsaciidan miRebul
informacias SeiZleba mohyves, iluziebia, romelTac `SeuZlebel~ sagnebs
uwodeben, (5.17 suraTze mocemuli obieqtebi). magaliTad, sagnis kuTxeebisa da
 31
gverdebis TiToeuli fiqsacia samganzomilebiani samkuTxedis interpretacias
iwvevs (gamosaxuleba a), Tumca, rodesac cdilobT mis erT mTlianobaSi
gaerTianebas, nawilebi kargad ver ergeba erTmaneTs (gamosaxuleba b). g
gamosaxulebas ori ganStoeba aqvs, romelic, sanam kargad ar daakvirdebiT,
rogorRac gadaiqceva samkbilad; d gamosaxulebaze perceptuli kibe
dausruleblad adis da Camodis.

sur. 5.16. cvlilebis SeumCnevloba

(a) eqsperimentis monawileebs ekiTxebodnen, meore gamosaxuleba pirvelis
msgavsi iyo Tu gansxvavebuli. b) roca gamosaxulebaze sagani icvleboda an ori
sagani akldeboda, cdis pirebi xSirad ver afiqsirebdnen cvlilebebs. isini
TiTqmis yovelTvis sworad mxolod maSin miuTiTebdnen, roca mTliani
konfiguracia icvleboda.

moZraobis aRqma

aRqmis erT-erTi saxeoba, romelic samyarodan miRebuli sxvadasxva, swrafad

cvalebadi STabeWdilebebis urTierTSedarebas saWiroebs, moZraobis aRqmaa.
ganvixiloT 5.18 suraTze mocemuli ori gamosaxuleba. davuSvaT, es individi
idga, sanam Tqven uaxlovdebodiT mas. Tqvens baduraze miRebuli misi
gamosaxulebis zoma miaxlovebasTan erTad izrdeba. retinaluri gamosaxulebis
zrdis xarisxi individTan miaxloebis temps giCvenebT (Gibson, 1979).
axla, davuSvaT, Tqven garda yvela sxva sagani moZraobs. moZraobis aRqma,
formisa da orientaciis aRqmis msgavsad, xSirad aTvlis sistemazea
damokidebuli. Tu Tqven dajdebiT Cabnelebul oTaxSi da mzeras daafiqsirebT
sinaTlis umoZrao laqaze, romelic ganaTebul, win da ukan Zalian nela moZrav
oTxkuTxedzea moTavsebuli, Tqven umoZrao oTxkuTxedze win da ukan moZrav
wertils aRiqvamT. es iluzia, romelsac moCvenebiTi moZraoba
moZraoba (induced motion)
ewodeba, maSinac xdeba, rodesac mzeras sakmaod uZravad afiqsirebT wertilze.
moZraobis deteqtori ujredebi saerTod ar aRigzneba uZravi wertiliT, Tumca
sakmaod mZlavrad Riziandeba oTxkuTxedis moZravi xazebiT. imisaTvis, rom
wertili moZravad dainaxoT, saWiroa perceptuli organizaciis umaRlesi done,
romelzec wertili da misi nagulisxmevi moZraoba oTxkuTxedis aTvlis
sistemaSi aRiqmeba.
rogorc Cans, vizualur sistemas axasiaTebs Zlieri tendencia, didi,
SemosazRvruli figura aiRos aTvlis sistemad masSi mocemuli SedarebiT
patara figurisaTvis. Tqven, albaT, codnis gareSec bevrjer geqnebaT gancdili
 32
moCvenebiTi moZraoba. xSirad gveCveneba, rom mTvare (romelic TiTqmis uZravia)
moZraobs RrublebSi maSin, roca, faqtobrivad, Rrublebi moZraoben. mTvaris
irgvliv Tavmoyrili Rrublebi iseve qmnian mTvaris moCvenebiTi moZraobis
iluzias, rogorc oTxkuTxedi _ wertilis moZraobisas (Rock, 1983; 1986).
yofilxarT odesme matarebelSi, romelic Zalian nela iwyebs moZraobas? ar
mogCvenebiaT, TiTqos sadguris baqanze filebi an Tqven gverdiT gaCerebuli
matarebeli sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT moZraobs?
moZraobis kidev erT iluzias, romelic moZraobis aRqmaSi umaRlesi donis
organizaciuli procesebis CarTulobas adasturebs, aSkara/TvalsaCino
moZraobas (apparent motion) uwodeben. aSkara/TvalsaCino moZraobis umartivesi
formaa Φ fenomeni (phi phenomenon). es fenomeni maSin SeiniSneba, rodesac
vizualuri velis sxvadasxva adgilze sinaTlis ori uZravi laqa monacvloebiT
inTeba da qreba daaxloebiT 4-5-jer wamSi tempiT. igive efeqtia gare sareklamo
niSnebsa da diskoganaTebis ekranebze. sinaTlis Senacvlebis am SedarebiT
dabali tempis miuxedavad, gveCveneba, rom erTi sinaTle win da ukan moZraobs
or pozicias Soris. traeqtoria, romelic erT wertils meoresTan aerTebs,
SeiZleba mravalgvarad warmovidginoT. Tumca, adamiani, Cveulebriv, xedavs
umartives traeqtorias _ or wertils Soris swor xazs (Gutting& Proffitt, 1982;
Shepard, 1984). unda aRiniSnos, rom pirdapiri xazis es principi Tavsmoxveulia,
rodesac damkvirvebels monacvleobiT uCveneben moZravi adamianis sxvadasxva
gamosaxulebas; Semdeg vizualuri sistema Tavad aRadgens adamianis normaluri
biologiuri moZraobis traeqtorias (Shiffar, 1994; Stevens et al., 2000).
• moCvenebiTi moZraoba (Induced motion) _ iluzia, rodesac moZrav aTvliT
sistemaSi uZravi wertili moZravad gveCveneba, Tavad aTvlis sistema ki _
uZravad.
• aSkara/TvalsaCino moZraoba (Apparent motion) _ moZraobis iluzia, rodesac erTi
an meti wertilis uwyveti anTeba-Caqroba erT moZrav wertilad aRiqmeba.
aSkara/TvalsaCino moZraobis umartivesi formaa Φ fenomeni
• Φ fenomeni (Phi
( phenomenon) _ aSkara/TvalsaCino moZraobis umartivesi forma,
moZraobis iluzia, rodesac erTi an meti uZravi sinaTle, romelic uwyvetad
qreba da inTeba, erT moZrav sinaTled aRiqmeba.

sur. 5.17. SeuZlebeli figurebi

 33
rodesac am obieqtebs uyurebT, TiToeuli calkeuli fiqsacia garwmunebT,
rom is samganzomilebiani figuraa. mxolod, Tu ecdebiT sxvadasxva fiqsaciebis
gaerTianebas, maSin aRmoaCenT, rom isini SeuZlebeli sagnebia.

sur. 5.18. kaci, romelic gaixlovdebaT

stimulTan miaxloebasTan erTad izrdeba misi gamosaxulebis zoma Tqvens
baduraze.

siRrmis aRqma

aqamde mxolod sibrtyeze mocemul organzomilebian paternebs ganvixilavdiT,

yoveldRiuri aRqma ki sagnebs samganzomilebian sivrceSi moicavs. samive
sivrciTi ganzomilebis aRqmas sasicocxlo mniSvneloba aqvs CvenTvis, raTa
mivuaxlovdeT sasurvel obieqtebs, magaliTad, saintereso adamianebs an karg
sakvebs da Tavi avaridoT imas, rac saSiSia, magaliTad, manqaniT swrafad
siaruls an waqceul roials. sivrcis aRqma saWiroebs zust informacias
rogorc siRrmeze (manZili Cvengan obieqtamde), ise _ mimarTulebaze. smena
gvexmareba mimarTulebis gansazRvraSi, magram _ ara siRrmis gansazRvraSi.
siRrmis aRqmis ganxilvisas unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom vizualuri sistema
iyenebs retinalur gamosaxulebas, romelsac mxolod ori ganzomileba aqvs _
vertikaluri da horizontaluri. imis saCveneblad, Tu ra problemas qmnis
organzomilebiani badura samganzomilebiani aRqmisas, ganvixiloT 5.19 suraTi.
suraTi
rodesac sinaTle aRizianebs baduras a wertilSi, Cven ar viciT, is a1
poziciidan ecema, Tu a2-dan faqtobrivad is SeiZleba dacemuliyo A wrfeze
arsebuli nebismieri wertilidan, radgan sinaTle am wrfis yvela wertilidan
erTsa da imave retinalur ujredze aisaxeba. aseve, B wrfis yvela wertili
erTsa da imave retinalur wertilze _ b wertilze _ proeqcirdeba. metic,
monakveTi, romelic A wrfis nebismier wertils B wrfis nebismier wertilTan
aerTebs (magaliTad, monakveTi a1b2 an a2b1), baduraze erTi da igive
gamosaxulebas Seqmnis. Sedegad, baduraze miRebuli gamosaxuleba siRrmis
TvalsazrisiT orazrovania: is SeiZleba warmoqmniliyo sxvadasxva manZiliT
daSorebuli nebismieri obieqtisgan.
5.5 suraTze gamosaxuli nekeris kubis ori SesaZlo xedi, aseve, siRrmis
TvalsazrisiT, orazrovnebis Sedegia. is faqti, rom garkveulma pirobebma
SeiZleba aRqmis orazrovneba gamoiwvion, gviCvenebs, rom siRrmis aRsaqmelad
saWiroa Semomavali sensoruli masalis interpretacia da rom es interpretacia
zogjer SeiZleba mcdari iyos (TqvenTvis es gasagebi iqneba, Tu erTxel mainc
 34
mogiqneviaT Cogani burTisTvis da mxolod haerisTvis mogixvedrebiaT). siRrmis
interpretacia manZilis Sesaxeb informaciis mraval wyaros eyrdnoba (maT
xSirad siRrmis maniSneblebsac uwodeben), romelTa Sorisaa binokularul
maniSneblebi, moZraobis maniSneblebi da piqtoruli (gamosaxulebis)
maniSneblebi.

sur. 5.19. siRrmis orazrovneba

A wrfis nebismieri wertili baduraze erTi da igive a wertilze
proeqcirdeba. B wrfis nebismieri wertili baduraze b wertils qmnis. aseve, A
da B wrfeebis SemaerTebeli nebismieri monakveTi identur gamosaxulebas
Seqmnis baduraze. am suraTidan SeiZleba davinaxoT, ratom iqmneba siRrmis
orazrovneba: - sxvadasxva manZiliT daSorebuli sagnebi erTnair retinalur
gamosaxulebebs qmnian.

binokularuli da moZraobis maniSneblebi

odesme dainteresebulxarT, ratom gaqvT ori Tvali da ara erTi? meore

Tvals saTadarigoze meti funqcia aqvs _ is siRrmis Sesaxeb saukeTeso,
fasdaudebel informacias gvawvdis. binokularuli siRrmis Sesaxeb informacia
ori wyarodan miiReba: - retinaluri disparati (disparaty) da konvergencia.
vinaidan Tvalebi daaxloebiT 5-6 santimetriT aris erTmaneTisagan
horizontalurad daSorebuli, isini samyaros odnav gansxvavebul suraTs
iReben. amaSi dasarwmuneblad, scadeT Semdegi eqsperimenti. jer daxuWeT
marcxena Tvali da gaaxileT marjvena, raTa ori saCvenebeli TiTi patara
daSorebul sagans gausworoT. erTi TiTi daikaveT mklavis sigrZeze, meore _
saxesTan daaxkloebiT 30 sm–is daSorebiT; axla daxuWeT marjvena Tvali da
gaaxileT marcxena, Tan ganagrZeT daSorebul saganze fiqsacia. ra mouvida
TiTebis pozicias? meore TvaliT ver xedavT TiTebs daSorebul obieqtze
gasworebulad, radgan is odnav gansxvavebul suraTs iRebs.
Tvalebis baduraze miRebuli gamosaxulebebis horizontalur poziciebs
Soris Seusabamobas retinaluri disparati ewodeba. is siRrmis Sesaxeb gvawvdis
informacias, radgan Seusabamobis anu gansxvavebis odenoba Cvensa da obieqts
Soris manZilzea damokidebuli (ix. sur. 5.20). magaliTad, rodesac Tvali
daxuWeT, ufro axlos myofi TiTi daSorda mklavis sigrZeze gaCerebul TiTs.
• retinaluri disparati (Retinal disparity) _ Tvalebis baduraze gamosaxulebebis
horizontalur poziciebs Soris Seusabamoba.
 35

• konvergencia
onvergencia (Convergence)
( _ saganze fiqsaciisas Tvalebi SigniT, erTmaneTisken
Sebruneba.

sur. 5.20. retinaluri disparati

retinaluri disparati or sagans Soris siRrmeSi daSorebasTan erTad
izrdeba.

rodesac orive TvaliT iyurebiT, Tqvens mier danaxul saganTa umravlesoba

Tvalebis baduris sxvadasxva adgils aRizianebs. Tu erTi da igive obieqtis
orive baduraze miRebul gamosaxulebebs Soris Seusabamoba sakmaod mcirea,
vizualur sistema maT erTi obieqtis siRrmiT aRqmaSi aerTianebs (Tumca, Tu
Tvalebis gadakveTisas ori gamosaxuleba Zalian gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan,
realurad gaorebul gamosaxulebas dainaxavT). Tu davfiqrdebiT, mivxvdebiT,
rom Cveni vizualuri sistema sruliad gasaocar rames akeTes: iRebs or
gansxvavebul retinalur gamosaxulebas, adarebs maT erTmaneTs Sesabamisi
nawilebis horizontaluri wanacvlebis dasadgenad (binokularuli disparati)
da qmnis sagnis erTian percepcias siRrmeSi. faqtobrivad, vizualuri sistema
or gamosaxulebas Soris Seusabamobas samganzomilebiani samyaros siRrmed
(mesame ganzomilebad) aRiqvams.
siRrmeze sxva binokularul informacias konvergencia iZleva. obieqtze
fiqsaciisas Tvalebi, garkveulwilad, SigniT brundeba (ix. sur. 5.22). rodesac
Zalian axlos _ saxesTan ramdenime santimetrze _ daSorebul sagans vuyurebT,
Tvalebi erTmaneTisken sakmaod unda Sebrundes, raTa orive TvalSi
dafiqsirdes erTi da igive gamosaxuleba. Tqven realurad SegiZliaT Tvalebis
konvergenciis naxva, Tu daakvirdebiT megobars, romelic koncentrirdeba jer
daSorebul saganze da Semdeg - ramdenime santimetriT daSorebulze. Tvalis
kunTebidan miRebul informacias tvini siRrmeze daskvnis gasakeTeblad iyenebs,
Tumca, Tvalebis kunTebidan konvergenciaze miRebuli informacia siRrmis
aRsaqmelad daaxloebiT 3.5 metrzea mxolod gamosadegi. rodesac ufro did
manZilze daSorebul sagans uWvretT, kuTxuri gansxvaveba TiTqmis SeumCnevelia,
radgan am dros Tvalebi TiTqmis paralelur mdgomareobaSia.

sur. 5.21. siRrmis konvergenciuli maniSneblebi

rodesac sagani TqvenTan axlosaa, Tvalebi metad unda Sebrundes, vidre
Zalian daSorebuli sagnis SemTxvevaSi. tvini iyenebs Tvalebis kunTebidan
miRebul informacias, raTa konvergencia siRrmis maniSneblad gamoiyenos.
 36
imis sailustraciod, Tu rogor gvawvdis moZraoba (kidev erTi wyaro)
siRrmeze informacias, vcadoT Semdegi: - wina SemTxvevis msgavsad, axlac
daxuWeT erTi Tvali da ori saCvenebeli TiTi gausworeT daSorebul sagans.
Semdeg Tavi gadawieT gverdze, amasTan, SeinarCuneT obieqtze fiqsacia da
TiTebis uZravi pozicia. Tavis moZraobisas TiTebsac moZravad xedavT, magram
axlos myofi TiTi ufro Sors inacvlebs da swrafad, vidre _ daSorebuli
TiTi. fiqsirebuli obieqti ki saerTod ar moZraobs. siRrmeze informaciis am
wyaros fardobiTi moZraobis paralaqsi (relative motion parallax) ewodeba. moZraobis
paralaqsi imitom gvawvdis siRrmeze informacias, rom moZraobisas sagnebis
fardobiTi daSoreba gansazRvravs maTi retinaluri gamosaxulebebis moZraobis
odenoba da mimarTulebas. Semdeg, manqaniT mgzavrobisas SegiZliaT fanjaridan
moZraobis paralaqss daakvirdeT. moZravi manqanidan daSorebuli sagnebi ufro
uZravad mogerCvenebaT, vidre _ SedarebiT axlos myofni.

piqtoruli (gamosaxulebis) maniSneblebi

davuSvaT, xedavT mxolod erTi TvaliT. SeZlebdiT siRrmis aRqmas?

faqtobrivad, siRrmeze informacia erTi TvaliTac miiReba. am wyaroebs
piqtoruli (gamosaxulebis) maniSneblebi ewodebaT, radgan isini naxatebSi
aRmoCenili siRrmis Sesaxeb informaciis matareblebi arian. mxatvrebi,
romlebic samganzomilebian gamosaxulebebs qmnian (organzomilebian qaRaldze
an tiloze), daxelovnebulni arian piqtoruli maniSneblebis gamoyenebaSi.
gadafarva (interposition) an okluzia (occlusion) Tavs iCens maSin, rodesac
gaumWvirvale obieqti faravs meore obieqtis nawils (sur. 5.22). gadafarviT
viRebT informacias, rom gadafaruli sagani ufro Sorsaa, vidre _ gadamfaravi.
gadamfaravi zedapiri, aseve, axdens sinaTlis blokirebas da warmoqmnis
Crdilebs, rac siRrmeze informaciis damatebiT wyarod SeiZleba iqnes
gamoyenebuli.
piqtoruli informaciis damatebiTi sami wyaro ukavSirdeba meTodebs,
romliTac sinaTle samganzomilebiani samyarodan organzomilebiani baduris
zedapirze proecirdeba. esenia: - fardobiTi sidide, wrfivi perspeqtiva,
teqsturis gradientebi. fardobiTi sidide eyrdnoba sinaTlis proeqciis
ZiriTad princips: - erTi da igive zomis, magram sxvadasxva manZiliT
daSorebuli sagnebi gansxvavebul gamosaxulebebs qmnian baduraze. uaxloesi
sagani qmnis yvelaze did gamosaxulebas, yvelaze daSorebuli ki _ yvelaze
mcires. am wess sididisa da manZilis urTierTmimarTebis wesi ewodeba. rogorc
 37
5.23 suraTidan Cans, Tu erTnairi obieqtebis mwkrivs uyurebT, yvelaze patara
obieqtebs yvelaze daSorebulad aRiqvamT.

• fardobiTi
fardobiTi moZraobis paralaqsi (Relative
( motion parallax)) _ siRrmeze informaciis
wyaro, rodesac damkvirveblidan sagnebis fardobiTi daSoreba gansazRvravs
Sesabamisi retinaluri gamosaxulebebis moZraobis odenobas da mimarTulebas.

wrfivi perspeqtivac siRrmis maniSnebelia, romelic, aseve, sididisa da

manZilis urTierTmimarTebazea damokidebuli. rodesac paraleluri xazebi
(gansazRvrebis mixedviT, ragind grZeli xazebi, romlebic mTel sigrZeze
Tanabrad arian daSorebuli erTmaneTisgan) siRrmisken midian, retinalur
gamosaxulebaSi horizontis wertilisken ixrebian da erTdebian (ix. sur. 5.24).
5.24
am mniSvnelovani faqtis gamoxatvis meTodi pirvelad, klasikuri epoqis Semdeg,
renesansis epoqis italielma mxatvrebma xelaxla 1425 wels aRmoaCines, riTac
siRrmis srulad gamoxatva SeZles (Vasari, 1568; 1967). am aRmoCenamde isini
iyenebdnen gadafarvas, Crdilebs da fardobiT sidides, magram ar SeeZloT
realisturi scenebis gamoxatva, sadac obieqtebi sxvadasxva siRrmeSi iqneboda
ganlagebuli.
vizualuri sistemis mier konvergirebuli xazebis interpretacia ponzos
iluzias qmnis (rac, aseve, naCvenebia 5.24 suraTze). zeda xazi ufro grZeli Cans,
vinaidan konvergirebuli gverdebi, wrfivi perspeqtivis mixedviT, siRrmeSi
gadaxril paralelur xazebad aRiqmeba (interpretirdeba). amitom siRrmeSi
mimavali zeda xazi Tqven ufro daSorebuli geCvenebaT da Sesabamisad,
grZelic. baduraze erTnair gamosaxulebebs warmoqmnis ori obieqti, Tu
SedarebiT daSorebuli obieqti ufro didi zomis iqneboda, vidre _ axlos
myofi.
teqsturis gradientebic siRrmis maniSneblebs iZleva, radgan zedapiris
siRrmeSi ganvrcobasTan erTad izrdeba teqsturis simkvrivec. 5.25 suraTze
gamosaxuli xorblis yana teqsturis siRrmis maniSneblis magaliTia. es
SeiZleba sididisa da manZilis urTierTmimarTebis kidev erT gamovlinebad
miviCnioT. am magaliTSi, erTeulebi, romlebic teqsturas qmnian, miT ufro
mcirdebian, rac ufro Sors gadadian siRrmeSi, vizualuri sistema ki am
Semcirebul marcvlebs samganzomilebian sivrceSi ufro daSorebulad
gvawvdis. gibsons (Gibson, 1966, 1979) miaCnda, rom teqsturisa da siRrmis
urTierTmimarTeba perceptul garemoSi arsebuli erT-erTi mudmivaa.

sur. 5.22. siRrmis maniSneblebi

 38
ra vizualuri maniSneblebiT askvniT rom es qali gisosebis ukanaa?

TqvenTvis, albaT, ukve naTelia, rom siRrmis aRqmisaTvis informaciis

mravali wyaro arsebobs. normaluri mxedvelobis pirobebSi, am wyaroebidan
miRebuli informacia garemos erT mTlian, TvalsaCino gamosaxulebaSi
erTiandeba. Tqven aRiqvamT siRrmes da ara siRrmis proqsimalur stimulSi
mocemul, sxvadasxva maniSnebels. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, vizualuri sistema
avtomaturad, cnobierebisgan damoukideblad iyenebs sivrcis iseT maniSneblebs,
rogoricaa: - diferencialuri moZraoba, gadafarva da fardobiTibiTi sidide,
rTuli gaTvlis sawarmoeblad, rac samganzomilebian garemoSi siRrmis aRqmas
uzrunvelyofs.

sur. 5.23. fardobiTi sidide, rogorc

rogorc siRrmis maniSnebeli
axlos myofi sagnebi ufro did gamosaxulebas qmnian baduraze; amitom,
rodesac erTnairi sagnebis rigs uyurebT, SedarebiT patara sagnebs ufro Sors
myofad aRiqvamT, vidre SedarebiT dids.

aRqmis konstantoba

vizualuri aRqmis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani Tvisebis gamosavlenad, gTxovT,

gamoiyenoT es saxelmZRvanelo. dadeT saxelmZRvanelo magidaze da Tavi
ramdenime santimetris manZilze miuaxloeT mas. Semdeg aswieT Tavi da
daubrundiT kiTxvis normalur mdgomareobas. xom ver SeniSneT wignis zomis
cvlileba, miuxedavad imisa, rom axlo manZilidan is baduris ufro did
nawils aRizianebda, vidre Sori manZilidan? axla wigni vertikalurad
daiWireT da Tavi saaTis isris mimarTulebiT amoZraveT. am dros baduraze
wignis gamosaxuleba saaTis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT brunavs, Tumca, mas
kvlav vertikalurad aRiqvamT.
zogadad, SegrZnebis receptorebSi stimulaciis cvlilebis miuxedavad, Tqven
samyaros xedavT, rogorc ucvlels, mdgrads da stabilurs. fsiqologebi am
fenomens aRqmis (perceptul)
perceptul) konstantobas uwodeben. uxeSad rom vTqvaT, Tqven
aRiqvamT distaluri stimulebis, Cveulebriv, mdgrad Tvisebebs da
araproqsimaluri stimulebis Tvisebebs, romlebic Tavisa da Tvalebis
moZraobisas mudmivad icvleba. sasicocxlo mniSvneloba aqvs samyaroSi
arsebuli obieqtebis mudmivi da stabiluri Tvisebebis aRqmas, sinaTlis
paternebis Tvisebebis im uTvalavi variaciis miuxedavad, romelic Tvalebis
stimulirebas axdens. aRqmis umTavresi amocanaa, garemos ucvleli
 39
(invariantuli) Tvisebebis aRmoCena, maTi retinaluri gamosaxulebebis
variaciebis miuxedavad. axla vnaxvT, rogor xdeba es sididis, formisa da
orientaciis SemTxvevaSi.

sididis da formis konstantoba

ra gansazRvravs sagnis sididis aRqmas? sagnis realur sidides, nawilobriv

baduraze misi Sesatyvisi gamosaxulebis sididis safuZvelze aRviqvamT. Tumca,
wigniT Catarebuli eqsperimenti gviCvenebs, rom baduraze gamosaxulebis zoma
damokidebulia rogorc wignis realur sidideze, ise _ Tvalidan mis
daSorebaze. rogorc iciT, daSorebaze informacias siRrmis sxvadasxva
maniSnebliT viRebT. sagnis sididis aRsaqmelad vizualuri sistema am
informacias aerTianebs xatis sididis Sesaxeb retinalur informaciasTan.
sagnis sidide, Cveulebriv, distaluri stimulis zomas Seesabameba. sididis
konstantoba niSnavs sagnis realuri sididis aRqmis unars, baduraze misi
gamosaxulebis cvlilebisda miuxedavad.

Tu sagnis sidide manZilis maniSneblebis gaTvaliswinebiT aRiqmeba, maSin

manZilze zusti informacia arqonis SemTxvevaSi, mas yovelTvis damaxinjebulad
aRviqvamT. erT-erTi aseTi iluzia xdeba eimsis oTaxSi, romelic 5.26 suraTzea
mocemuli. Tavis 120 sm simaRlis gogonasTan, tania zimbardosTan SedarebiT, 180
sm simaRlis Tqveni avtori Zalze dabali Cans oTaxis marcxena kuTxeSi, Tumca,
uCveulod maRalia marjvena kuTxeSi. am iluziis mizezi isaa, rom Tqven oTaxs
oTxkuTxedad aRiqvamT, romelsac Tqvengan Tanabari manZiliT daSorebuli ori
ukana kuTxe aqvs. amdenad, tanias realur simaRles orive SemTxvevaSi baduraze
gamosaxulebis konsistenturad aRiqvamT. realurad tania ar aris Tanabari
manZiliT daSorebuli, radgan eimsis oTaxi gonebamaxvilur iluzias qmni; is
gveCveneba marTkuTxa formis oTaxad, sinamdvileSi ki agebulia aramarTkuTxa
zedapirebiT, romlebic siRrmesa da simaRleSi araTanabari zomis kuTxeebs
qmnian, rogorc es fotos Tanmxleb naxazzea mocemuli. oTaxis marjvena
kuTxeSi myofi nebismieri adamianis retinaluri gamosaxuleba ufro didi
iqneba, radgan igi orjer ufro axlos iqneba damkvirvebelTan, vidre oTaxis
marcxena kuTxeSi myofi adamiani. (iluziis misaRebad ekrans erTi TvaliT unda
SexedoT saWvretidan. suraTi 5.26 swored aqedan aris gadaRebuli. Tu Tqven
oTaxis yurebisas mis irgvliv imoZravebT, vizualuri sistema zust informacias
miiRebs oTaxis uCveulo struqturaze.)

• perceptuli konstantoba (Perceptual constancy) _ sagnis xatis ucvlelad darCena,

 40
retinaluri gamosaxulebis cvlilebis miuxedavad.

kidev erTi saSualeba, romliTac perceptuli sistema sagnis realur

sidideze gvawvdis informacias, msgavsi formis obieqtebis sididis Sesaxeb
warsuli codnis gamoyenebaa. magaliTad, saxlis, xis, an ZaRlis formis
aRqmisTanave, warmodgena geqmnebaT TiToeuli maTganis zomaze, Tumca, SeiZleba
arc ki icodeT, ra manZili gaSorebT maTTan. rodesac warsuli gamocdileba
Zalze daSorebul nacnob obieqtebze ver gawvdiT informacias, sididis
konstantoba SeiZleba dairRves. am problemas waawydebiT, rodesac adamianebs
caTambjenis saxuravidan gadaxedavT da isini WianWvelebad mogeCvenebaT.
swored es gamocdileba udevs safuZvlad am Tavis dasawyisSi mocemul ambavs
kengis Sesaxeb. SegaxsenebT, rom kengma, romelmac mTeli cxovreba xSir tyeebSi
gaatara, ver aRiqva moSorebiT mobalaxe bizonebis gamosaxulebebi. ucnob
perceptul garemoSi kengi Tavdapirvelad Seecada, misTvis ucxo aRqma cnobili
konteqstisTvis moergo da ivarauda, rom pawawina daSorebuli wertilebi
mwerebi iyo. vinaidan mas ar hqonda Sori manZilidan bizonebis aRqmis warsuli
gamocdileba, ar hqonda sididis konstantobis safuZvelic da radgan swrafad
moZravi manqana cxovelebs uaxlovdeboda da retinaluri gamosaxulebebi
TandaTan diddeboda, kengi ganicdida SemaSfoTebel iluzias, rom cxovelebi
zomaSi icvlebodnen. Cven SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom droTa ganmavlobaSi kengi,
tarbulis msgavsad, SeZlebda bizonebis danaxvas. miRebuli codna mas
sensoruli gamocdilebis saTanado perceptuli interpretaciis SesaZleblobas
miscemda.
formis konstantoba mWidrod ukavSirdeba sididis konstantobas. Tqven
sworad aRiqvamT obieqtis realur formas maSinac ki, rodesac sagani
Sebrunebulia da Tavad obieqtisagan arsebiTad gansxvavebuli saxis retinalur
gamosaxulebas qmnis. magaliTad, daxrili oTxkuTxedi baduraze trapeciis
formis gamosaxulebas qmnis, daxrili wre _ elifsis formis gamosaxulebas (ix.
sur. 5.27). miuxedavad amisa, Tqven zustad aRiqvamT maT formebs _ sivrceSi
daxril wres an oTxkuTxeds. rodesac siRrmeze swori informaciaa
xelmisawvdomi, vizualur sistemas obieqtis realuri formis gansazRvra
Tqvengan obieqtis sxvadasxva nawilebis daSorebis gaTvaliswinebiTac SeuZlia.
• sididis konstantoba (Size constancy)_ sagnis realuri sididis aRqma, misi
retinaluri gamosaxulebebis cvlilebis miuxedavad.

sur. 5.26. eimsis oTaxi

 41
eimsis oTaxi isea agebuli, rom erTi TvaliT saWvretidan xdeba misi
dakvirveba; fotoebic am moxerxebuli adgilidanaa gadaRebuli. eimsis oTaxi
agebulia aramarTkuTxa zedapirebiT, romlebic araTanabar kuTxeebs qmnian
siRrmesa da simaRleSi. saWvretidan dakvirvebisas vizualuri sistema mas
Cveulebriv oTaxad aRiqvams da tania da filip zimbardoebis simaRleebis
uCveulo aRqmas iwvevs.

fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi

rogor iWerT mfrinav burTs

odesme gqoniaT aseTi gamocdileba: Tqven dgaxarT Sors marcxena mindorze,
gesmiT Cognis dartymis xma da xedavT beisbolis burTs, romelic Tqvenken
mofrinavs? saidan iciT, Tu saiT unda gaiqceT burTis dasaWerad? Tu Tavad
arasodes giTamaSiaT autfildze, jer kidev gaqvT saSualeba, gaocdeT
romelime moTamaSis STambeWdavi TamaSiT. sainteresoa, rogor xvdeba igi saWiro
adgilas saWiro dros?
agdebuli burTis daWeris situacias aRqmis mkvlevrebi, sruliad
samarTlianad, rTul percepciaTa rigs miakuTvneben: - `burTis moaxloebis
paterni moicavs yvela ZiriTad sivrciTi mdebareobas da siRrmis maniSnebels,
romlis gaTvaliswineba ar xdeba traeqtoriis bolo monakveTamde” (McBeath et al.,
1995, gv.569). amis miuxedavad, adamianebi sakmaod kargad iWeren burTebs.
mkvlevrebis amocana iyo iseTi Teoriis Seqmna, romelic erTmaneTTan
daakavSirebda gamoTvlebiT miRebul sirTulesa da praqtikul siadviles
(gavixsenoT, rom Tavis dasawyisSi miznad davsaxeT, agvexsna, Tu rogor qmnis
perceptuli procesebi siadvilis iluzias).
ra tipis vizualuri maniSneblebis safuZvelze ikvlevT gzas burTisaken?
mkvlevrebma gamoyves invariantuli maniSneblebis 2 tipi, romelsac moZravi
burTi warmoqmnis (ix. zemoT: invariantobis ganxilva gibsonis midgomaSi).
mkvlevarTa erT jgufi irwmuneba, rom moTamaSeebi sirbilis dros im gzas
irCeven, romelzec vertikalur ganzomilebaSi burTis moZraobis vizualuri
aRqma konsistenturi rCeba (Dannemiller et al, 1996). mkvlevarTa meore jgufis
mixedviT ki, moTamaSeebi irCeven gzas, romelic sirbilis dros im kuTxis
SenarCunebis saSualebas aZlevs, romliTac burTi fonTan mimarTebSi
konsistenturad moZraobs (McBeath et al, 1995, 1996). rogor xdeba am Teoriebis
Semowmeba? rogorc wesi, mkvlevrebi videokameriT iweren, rogor iWeren
moTamaSeebi maT mier gaSvebuli burTebs. kvlevis Semdegi etapia moTamaSeebis
 42
moqmedebisTvis maTematikuri funqciebis morgeba, raTa vnaxoT, burTis frenis
vizualuri aRqmis ra aspeqtebis konsatantobis SenarCunebas cdilobdnen isini
(Tqven, albaT axla gixariaT, rom realur cxovrebaSi am amocanis
gadasaWrelad ar gWirdebaT aRqmis perceptuli problemis maTematikis gageba).
mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines, rom moTamaSeebis umetesoba burTis daWeras or fazad
yofs (Jacobs et al, 1996; McBeath, 1996); I faza axlaxans ganvixileT _ swrafad
gaqceva saWiro adgilas mosaxvedrad; II fazaze moTamaSeebi aneleben moZraobas
da SeiZleba saerTod gaCerdnen kidec. TamaSis II fazaSi adgilmdebareobisa da
siRrmis maniSneblebi erTveba, radgan burTi swrafad uaxlovdeba xelTaTmans.
rodesac moTamaSes burTi ukve xelTaTmanSi aqvs, moqmedeba xSirad jer kidev
ar aris damTavrebuli: man rac SeiZleba swrafad unda Seagdos burTi ukan
infildze, rom mowinaaRmdegem qula ar miiRos da ar dawinaurdes. amrigad,
moTamaSeebi xSirad asruleben burTis daWeris kompleqsur moqmedebas da, amave
dros, yuradRebas aqceven garemos mniSvnelovan aspeqtebs.
SegiZliaT, cota xniT mowydeT swavlas da burTiT iTamaSoT? es aRqmis am
specifikuri problemis Sesaxeb sakuTari Sexedulebebis CamoyalibebaSi
dagexmarebaT.
 43

orientaciis konstantoba

Tu wignis yurebisas Tavs gverdze gadaxriT, garemoc gadaxrilad ar

mogeCvenebaT. orientaciis konstantoba aris sayaroSi sagnebis realuri
orientaciiis aRqma, baduraze maTi orientaciis cvlilebis miuxedavad.
orientaciis konstantoba eyrdnoba Sida yuris vestibularuli sistemidan
miRebul informacias (ganxilulia meoTxe TavSi) Tavis daxrilobaze.
vestibularuli sistemidan miRebuli informaciisa da retinaluri orientaciis
kombinirebiT, Cveni vizualuri sistema, Cveulebriv, garemoSi arsebuli obieqtis
zust aRqmas ayalibebs.
nacnob garemoSi warsuli gamocdileba realur orientaciaze damatebiT
informacias iZleva. Tumca, Tqven SeiZleba gagiWirdeT rTuli da ucnobi
figurebis amocnoba, Tu isini uCveulo orientaciiTaa mocemuli. rodesac
figura rTulia da sxvadasxva nawilebisagan Sedgeba, orientaciis aRsaqmelad
TiToeuli nawilis mimarTuleba cal-calke unda moawesrigoT (Rock, 1986). ase
rom, sanam erT nawils saTanado mimarTulebiT abrunebT, danarCen nawilebs jer
kidev moubruneblad aRiqvamT. SexedeT popvarskvlavis - madonas or
Semobrunebul fotosuraTs. Tqven, albaT, amCnevT, rom erTi-erTi maTgani odnav
aris Secvlili pirsa da TvalebTan, magram suraTebi sakmaod gavs erTmaneTs.
axla wigni SemoabruneT da kvlav SexedeT fotosuraTebs. igive fotosuraTebi
absoluturad gansxvavebulad gamoiyureba. erTze isev madonaa, meoreze ki _
amazrzeni monstria, romelic sakuTar dedasac ar eyvareboda! Tqven ver
SeniSneT es aSkara gansxvaveba wignis amobrunebamde, SesaZloa imitom rom ver
SeZeliT saxis yvela nawilis erTdroulad amobruneba. amobrunebuli samyaros
sworad danaxvas da saxeebis uCveuli orientaciaSi aRqmas wlebis manZilze
perceptuli treiningi sWirdeba.

sur. 5.27. formis konstantoba

monetis brunvisas misi xati icvleba- gadaiqceva elifsad, Semdeg TandTan
viwrovdeba da Txel marTkuTxeds emsgavseba, Semdeg kvlav elifsad gadaiqceva
da dasasrul - wred. am cvlilebebisdamiuxedavad, igi yovelTvis mrgval
monetad aRiqmeba.

feris konstantoba

ganvixiloT suraTi 5.29. rodesac suraTze gamosaxul aguris kedels uyurebT,

zog agurs ufro muq wiTlad da zogs Ria wiTlad ki ar aRiqvamT, aramed
 44
aRiqvamT kedels, romelSic yvela aguri erTnairi ferisaa da zogierTi maTgani
CrdilSia moqceuli (Goldstein, 1959). esaa feris konstantobis magaliTi: - feris
konstantoba aris ganaTebis xarisxis cvalebad pirobebSi obieqtebis siTeTris,
siruxis an siSavis ucvlelad aRqmis tendencia.
adre ganxiluli yvela sxva konstantobis msgavsad, feris konstantobac
sakmaod xSirad ganvicdiT yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. magaliTad, davuSvaT,
gacviaT TeTri maisuri da bneli oTaxidan naTel mzis SuqiT ganaTebul quCaSi
gadixarT. mzis sinaTleze maisuridan gacilebiT meti sinaTle airekleba Tqven
Tvalebze, vidre _ bnel oTaxSi, Tumca, orive SemTxvevaSi is TiTqmis erTnairad
naTlad geCvenebaT. aq, faqtobrivad, feris konstantoba moqmedebs, radgan
sagnidan areklili sinaTlis procentuli raodenoba daaxloebiT igive rCeba,
sinaTlis absoluturi odenoba ki icvleba. naTeli TeTri maisuri ireklavs
arsebuli sinaTlis 80-90%-s, Savi jinsi – daaxloebiT 5%-s, amitom, rodesac maT
erTi da igive situaciaSi vxedavT, maisuri yovelTvis ufro naTeli Cans, vidre
jinsi.
amrigad, am qveTavSi ganvixileT mTeli rigi organizaciuli procesebi,
romlebic aRqmis procesSi monawileoben. am Tavis bolo qveTavSi ganvixilavT
identifikaciisa da cnobis procesebs, romlebic mniSvnelobas aZleven garemos
sagnebsa da movlenebs.
• formis konstantoba (Shape constancy) _ sagnebis realuri formis aRqmis unari
retinaluri gamosaxulebis zomebis cvlilebis miuxedavad.
• orientaciis/mimarTulebis konstantoba (Orientation constancy) _ samyaroSi
sagnebis realuri mimarTulebis aRqmis unari, retinaluri gamosaxulebis
mimarTulebis cvlilebis miuxedavad.
• feris konstantoba (Lightness constancy) _ ganaTebis xarisxis cvalebad
pirobebSi obieqtebis siTeTris, siruxis an siSavis ucvlelad aRqmis
tendencia.

sur. 5.28. 90 gradusiT Semobrunebuli afrikis kontinenti

cnobT Semobrunebul afrikis kontinents? xSirad, sakmaod Znelia naklebad
nacnobi figurebi uCveulo orientaciaSi icnoT.

Sejameba

figuris fonis win aRqmis tendencia imdenad Zlieria, rom iluzorul

konturebis aRqmas iwvevs. geStaltfisqologebma perceptuli dajgufebis
 45
ramdenime principi Camoayalibes, maT Soris, siaxlovis, msgavsebis da msgavsi
bedis principebi.
perceptuli procesebi samyarodan axal informacias yoveli calkeuli
fiqsaciiT iReben. baduris stimulaciis paterni moZraobis maniSneblebs iZleva.
siRrmis aRqma informaciis mravali konvergenciuli wyarodan yalibdeba.
binokularuli disparati da konvergencia siRrmis binokularuli maniSneblebia,
romelTac Tvalebis horizontaluri mdgomareoba iwvevs. fardobiTi moZraobis
paralaqsi sagnebis fardobiT daSorebulobaze iZleva informacias. mxatvrebi
iyeneben iseT piqtorul maniSneblebs, rogoricaa: - gadafarva, wrfivi
perspeqtiva da teqsturis gradientebi, raTa organzomilebian naxatebze
samganzomilebiani gamosaxuleba Seqmnan.
zomis konstantobas aRviqvamT daSorebis maniSneblebisa da nacnobi sagnebis
sididis Sesaxeb warsuli codnis gamoyenebiT; formis konstantobas xels uwyobs
siRrmis Sesaxeb informacia. orientaciis konstantoba efuZneba vestibularul
SegrZnebebsa da sagnis realuri orientaciis Sesaxeb warsul codnas; feris
konstantobas imitom arsebobs, rom nebismieri ganaTebis pirobebSi sagnebi maTze
dacemuli sinaTlis met-naklebad erTi da igive procentul raodenobas
ireklaven.

sur. 5.29. feris konstantoba

feris konstantoba gexmarebaT imis gagebaSi, ratom aRiqvamT kedels erTanairi
agurebiT agebuls.

identifikacia da cnoba

aqamde aRwerili perceptuli procesebi distaluri stimulis fizikuri

Tvisebebis _ samganzomilebian sivrceSi sagnebis poziciis, zomis, formis,
teqsturisa da feris _ Sesaxeb sakmaod zusti informaciis wyarod SeiZleba
miviCnioT. miuxedavad amisa, mxolod am imformaciis safuZvelze mainc ar
gecodinebodaT, ra sagnebTan gaqvT saqme, an ginaxavT Tu ara isini odesme;
garemos imitom aRiqvamT nacnobad, rom SegiZliaT adre nanaxi sagnebis cnoba da
identifikacia. ase rom ar iyos, Tqveni gamocdileba daemsgavseboda ucxo
planetaze mogzaurobas, sadac yvelaferi ucxo iqneboda: - ar gecodinebodaT, ra
geWamaT, ra dagexuraT Tavze, ras gasclodiT an rogor ageTvalaT dro.
identifikacia da cnoba perceptul xats mniSvnelobas, sazriss aZleven.

aRmavali da daRmavali procesebi

 46
sagnis identifikaciisas, amJamad nanaxi unda SeadaroT warsulSi miRebul,
Senaxul codnas. sensoruli monacemebis garemodan miRebas da tvinSi
gadagzavnas amorCevisa (extraction) da analizisaTvis aRmavali gadamuSaveba
(`qvemodan-
qvemodan-zemoT”) ewodeba. aRmavali gadamuSaveba empiriul realobas efuZneba
da informaciis mcire nawilebs Seexeba; is stimulis konkretul fizikur
niSnebs abstraqtul xatebad gardaqmnis. am tipis gadamuSavebas monacemebiT
aRZrul gadamuSavebasac (data driven processing) uwodeben, radgan identifikaciis
sawyis wertils garemodan miRebuli monacemebi warmoadgens.
bevr SemTxvevaSi, perceptuli identifikaciis gasaioleblad, SesaZlebelia
ukve xelT arsebuli informaciis gamoyeneba. magaliTad, zooparkSi namdvilad
icnobT zogierTi saxeobis cxovels. iq metad geqnebaT vefxvis naxvis molodini,
vidre Tqveni saxlis ukana ezoSi. rodesac molodinebi gavlenas axdens aRqmaze,
fenomens daRmavali gadamuSaveba (`
(`zemodan-
zemodan-qvemoT”) ewodeba. daRmaval
gadamuSavebas samyaros aRqmaSi Semoaqvs warsuli gamocdileba, codna, motivebi
da kulturuli foni. daRmaval gadamuSavebisas umaRlesi fsiqikuri
funqcionireba gavlenas axedns sagnebisa da movlenebis gagebaze. daRmavali
procesebs konceptualurad (anu cnebebis doneze, an hipoTeziT) aRZrul
gadamuSavebasac uwodeben, radgan mexsierebaSi Senaxuli cnebebi gavlenas axdens
sensoruli monacemebis interpretaciaze. daRmavali procesebis mniSvnelovnebis
Cveneba SeiZleba naxatebiT, romelTac `drudlebi” (droodles) ewodeba (Price, 1953,
1980). dasaxelebebis gareSe es naxatebi yovelgvar azrs moklebulia; Tumca,
rogorc ki moxdeba maTi identificireba, advilad davinaxavT maTSi Cadebul
azrsac (ix. sur. 5.30).
aRmavali da daRmavali procesebis ukeT garCevis mizniT, metyvelebis aRqmas
mivubrundeT. Tqven uTuod geqnebodaT SemTxveva, rodesac gicdiaT saubris
gagrZeleba Zalian xmaurian wveulebaze. aseT situaciaSi Tqvens mier
warmoTqmuli yvela sityva erTmniSvnelovnad ver aRwevs mosaubris yuramde.
Tqveni naTqvamis nawils uTuod dafaravs Caxveleba, xmauriani musika da sicili.
miuxedavad amisa, adamianebi iSviTad acnobiereben, rom isini fizikur signalebs
xarvezebiT iReben. am fenomens fonemuri rekonstruqcia ewodeba (Warren, 1970).
rogorc me-11 TavSi vnaxavT, fonema aris bgeris minimaluri, Sinaarsiani erTeuli
enaSi. fonemuri rekonstruqcia xdeba maSin, rodesac adamianebi daRmaval
gadamuSavebas iyeneben gamotovili fonemebis Sesavsebad. msmenelebs xSirad
uWirT gansazRvra, maT xmauriT nawilobrivad dafaruli sityvebi esmiT, Tu
 47
sityvebi esmiT xmaurTan erTad, romelic zed edeba mTel signals, Tumca, ar
faravs mas.

sur. 5.30. `drudlebi” (Droodles)

(
es ra cxovelebia? xedavT a gamosaxulebaSi Cits, romelmac mozrdili Wiayela
daiWera, b-Si ki _ Jirafis kisers? es orive suraTi SeiZleba TqvenTvis raRac
Zalian nacnobis gamosaxulebad miviCnioT, Tumca, maT, rogorc wesi, ver cnobT
saidentifikacio informaciis arqonis gamo, Tumca sakmarisia am informaciis
mowodeba, rom iolad amoicnoT isini.
• aRmavali gadamuSaveba (Bottom-up processing) _ garemoSi xelmisawvdom sensorul
informaciaze dafuZnebuli perceptuli analizi. analizis Sedegebi aRmavali
gziT SedarebiT abstraqtul reprezentaciebisken miemarTeba.
• daRmavali gadamuSaveba (Top-down processing) _ perceptuli procesebi, rodesac
adamianis warsuli gamocdileba, codna, molodinebi, motivacia da konteqsti
gavlenas axdens aRqmuli obieqtis interpretaciasa da klasifikaciaze.

davuSvaT, xmaurian wveulebaze Tqveni megobris naTqvami ise wydeba, rom Tqven
yuramde mxolod aRwevs: - `saxlSi unda wavide (xmauri)aRli myavs
gasaseirnebeli~ Tu xmauri faravs bgera `Z~-s, mosalodnelia, ifiqroT, rom
marTlac srulad gaigoneT sityva `ZaRli~. sainteresoa, ratom? Cven gvaqvs
calkeuli bgerebi, romlebic sityvebs qmnian da Tavad sityvebi. roca bgerebi /a/,
/R/, /l/ da /i/ Sedian am sistemaSi, isini aRmavali gziT, sityvis doneze,
gvawvdian informacias. amis safuZvelze gviyalibdeba versiebi, Tu ra
SeiZleboda eTqva megobars. Semdeg ukve daRmavali procesebi erTveba –
konteqsti gexmarebaT, arsebuli versiebidan `ZaRli~ SearCioT, rogorc am
frazisTvis yvelaze Sesaferisi sityva. vinaidan es yvelaferi sakmaod swrafad
xdeba _ savaraudo sityvebis aRmavali identifikacia da yvelaze albaTuri
swori variantis daRmavali SerCeva – Tqven veRar igebT, rom bgera `Z~
gamotovebulia. perceptuli sistema garwmunebT, rom sityva dasrulebuli iyo
(Samuel, 1997). Semdgom, xmaurian garemoSi moxvedrisas, kmayofili iqnebiT, rom
perceptuli procesebi ase efeqturad avseben bgerebs!
informaciis gadamuSavebis daRmavali procesebis bolo magaliTad ganvixiloT
5.32 suraTze gamosaxuli adamianebi. Tu maTi popularoba xanmokle ar iyo,
Tqven SeZlebT maT cnobas. magram aseTebi arian isini realurad? - albaT, ara,
ukidures SemTxvevebSi, saukeTeso wlebSi mainc. am karikaturebis identifikaciis
unari mowmobs, rom samyaros aRqma mxolod sensoruli receptorebidan Semosul
 48
aRmaval informaciaze ar aris damokidebuli. Tqveni codnis _ daRmavali
informaciisa da danaxulis _ aRmavali informaciis gaerTianebis unari am
karikaturebSi edi merfisa da hilari klintonis cnobis saSualebas gaZlevT.
faqtobrivad, kvleva gviCvenebs, rom karikaturebis amocnoba ufro advilia,
vidre cnobili adamianebis ufro `zusti~ gamoxatulebebisa, radgan
karikaturebSi is maxasiaTeblebia gamokveTili, romlebic adamians gamorCeuls
xdis (Mauro & Kubovy, 1992; Rhodes et al., 1997).

sur. 5.32. rogor cnobT am cnobil adamianebs

cnobT TiToeul maTgans? am adamianebis saxeebis nacnobobis safuZvelze –
daRmavali gadamuSaveba- am karikaturebSi `realuri~adamianebs amoicnobT.

sagnebis cnoba

metyvelebis aRqmis magaliTidan SeiZleba gadavideT zogad midgomaze,

romelic mkvlevrebma sagnis cnobis aRmaval procesebSi Semoitanes. maT gamoyves
safexurebi, romelTac perceptuli sistemebi mTliani perceptuli xatis
cnobisaTvis iyeneben. enis SemTxvevaSi, metyvelebisas aRqmis procesebi,
calkeuli sityvebis amosacnobad, aerTianebs bgeraTa Tanmimdevrobebis Sesaxeb
garemodan miRebul informacias. ra erTeulebiT agebT samyaroSi arsebuli
obieqtebis reprezentaciebs? magaliTad, rogor wyvetT, rom nacrisferi ucnauri
formis, saSualo zomis bewviani arseba namdvilad kataa? savaraudod, Tqven
gaqvT katis mexsierebiTi xati. identifikaciis procesi gulisxmobs perceptSi
mocemuli informaciis Sedarebas katis mexsierebiT xatTan, magram rogor
xorcieldeba es Sedareba? erT-erTi variantia, rom sxvadasxva sagnebis
mexsierebiTi xatebi moicaven sagnis Semadgenel komponentebs da informacias am
komponentebis urTierTkavSirze (Marr & Mishihara, 1978). irvin bidermanis mixedviT
(Irvin Biederman, 1987; Hummel & Biederman, 1992), yvela obieqti SeiZleba Sedgebodes
geometriuli ionebis anu geonebisagan. geonebi ar aris formebis didi an
SemTxveviTi erToblioba. bidermani irwmuneboda, rom yoveli 36 geonis
erTianoba Semdegi wesiT SeiZleba ganisazRvros: - TiToeuli samganzomilebiani
geoni qmnis organzomilebiani baduris stimulaciis unikalur paterns. es
unikalurobis wesi saSualebas unda gvaZlevdes, sensoruli stimulaciis
paternidan mivxvdeT, ra sagania garemoSi mocemuli. 5.33 suraTze naCvenebia, Tu
rogor aris SesaZlebeli standartuli nawilebisgan obieqtebis ageba.
mkvlevrebma aCvenes, rom aseT nawilebs realuri mniSvneloba aqvT sagnis
cnobisaTvis. amisaTvis isini cdis pirebs uCvenebdnen danawevrebuli sagnebis
 49
suraTebs, sadac srulad iyo, an ar iyo mocemuli Semadgeneli nawilebi
(Biederman, 1987; Biederman & Cooper, 1991). 5.34 suraTis pirvel svetSi mocemulia
Cveulebrivi sagnebis konturebi. Sua svetSi igive obieqtebi xarvezebiT aris
mocemuli, rac jer kidev iZleva nawilebis cnobis da maTi urTierTkavSiris
gagebis saSualebas. marjvena svetSi xarvezebi xels gviSlis komponentebisa da
maT Soris kavSiris aRmoCenaSi. gveTanxmebiT, rom mesame svetSi mxolod
monaxazis saxiT mocemuli obieqtebis cnoba yvelaze Znelia? kontrasti
gvarwmunebs, rom obieqtis cnoba SezRuduli informaciiTac SesaZlebelia
(fonemebis aRdgenis msgavsad), magram mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu informacia
aucilebel komponentebs Seicavs.
miuxedavad amisa, mxolod komponentebis amocnoba yovelTvis ver iqneba
sakmarisi obieqtis sacnobad (Hayward & Williams, 2000; Tarr, 1994). erT-erTi siZnele,
rogorc es 5.35 suraTzea mocemuli, isaa, rom obieqtebs xSirad sruliad
gansxvavebuli persepeqtivebidan xedavT. sagnis Semadgeneli nawilebi SeiZleba
sruliad gansxvavebulad Candes sxvadasxva perspeqtividan. am siZnelis
dasaZlevad calkeuli ZiriTadi perspeqtivisaTvis unda SeinaxoT calkeuli
mexsierebiTi xatebi, romelTac standartuli sagnebis ganxilvisas gamoiyenebT
(Tarr & Pinker, 1989). rodesac garemoSi romelime obieqts xedavT, SeiZleba gonebaSi
perceptis transformireba mogiwioT, raTa gaarkvioT, zustad Seesabameba Tu ara
is romelime am xats. amrigad, nacrisfer, ucnauri formis, saSualo zomis
bewvian cxovelSi rom kata amoicnoT, is unda amoicnoT, rogorc garkveuli
rakursiT mocemuli geonebis Sesatyvisi kombinacia.

sur. 5.33. cnoba komponentebis

komponentebis safuZvelze
suraTze mocemulia samganzomilebiani obieqtebis Semadgeneli nawilebi da
maTi gaerTianebis nimuSebi. figuris zeda naxevarSi mocemuli obieqtebi
sxvadasxva zomis cilindrebiTaa agebuli; figuris qveda naxevarSi ki, ramdenime
sxvadasxva nawilis gaerTianebiT, nacnobi obieqtebia agebuli.

sur. 5.34. nawilebis gavlena obieqtis cnobaze

Sua svetSi vizualuri informaciis xarvezebi nawilebs ar azianebs, marjvena

svetSi ki - azianebs. gveTanxmebiT, rom Sua svetSi ufro advilia obieqtebis
cnoba?

sur. 5.35.
5.35. erTi d aigive obieqti sxvadasxva perspeqtividan
 50
sxvadasxva perspeqtividan Tqven sagnis sxvadasxva nawilebs xedavT.Mam
sirTulis dasaZlevad Tqven rTuli figuris mraval xats inaxavT mexsierebaSi.

molodinis da konteqstis gavlena

nacrisfer, saSualo zomis, ucnauri formis bewvian arsebas ufro advilad

icnobT, Tu mas Cveul adgilas, Tqven saxlSi naxavT. es aRqmis daRmavali
aspeqtia: - molodinebma SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinon aRqmaze da danaxulis
interpretaciaze. odesme, SemTxveviT, ginaxavT nacnobi adamianebi moulodnel
adgilze, magaliTad, sxva qalaqSi, an sxva socialur jgufSi? gacilebiT meti
droa saWiro maT sacnobad am situaciaSi da xandaxan arc ki xarT
darwmunebuli, rom Nnamdvilad isini arian. saqme is ki ar aris, rom isini
gansxvavebulad gamoiyurebian, aramed konteqstia sxva _ Tqven ar eliT maT am
situaciaSi. sivrciTi da droiTi konteqsti, romelSic sagnebi amoicnoba,
mniSvnelovan informaciul wyaros warmoadgens. konteqstidan gamomdinare, Tqven
geqmnebaT molodini, Tu ra obieqtebis naxvaa mosalodneli, an moulodneli
irgvliv.

sur. 5.36a. axalgazrda lamazi qali

perceptuli organizacia damokidebulia rogorc molodinze, ise _ sagnis

xilvad Tvisebebze. sagnis cnoba aris konstruqciuli interpretaciis procesi: -
identifikacia SeiZleba Seicvalos imis mixedviT, rac ukve iciT, Tu sad xarT
da ras xedavT irgvliv. waikiTxeT Semdegi sityvebi:

THE CAT sworia? axla isev SexedeT TiToeuli sityvis Sua asos. es ori aso
zustad erTnairia, Tumca, pirvels aRiqvamT rogorc H-s da meores, rogorc A-s,
ratom? naTelia, rom aRqmaze gavlena moaxdina inglisuri sityvebis codnam.
konteqsti, romelsac qmnis T_E, metad SesaZlebels xdis H-s da naklebad
SesaZlebels _ A-s maSin, roca C_T konteqstisTvis sawinaaRmdegoa swori.
mkvlevrebma araerTxel daasabuTes aRqmaze konteqstisa da molodinis gavlena
setis SeswavliT. seti (set)
( ) aris stimulis garkveuli saxiT aRqmis da masze
reagirebis droebiTi mzaoba. arsebobs sami tipis seti: - motoruli,
fsiqologiuri da perceptuli. motoruli seti aris mza, swrafi pasuxis
gasacemad mzaoba. morbenali varjiSobs motoruli setis daxvewaze, raTa
sastarto gasrolis xmaze rac SeiZleba swrafad gamovides sastarto blokidan.
fsiqologiuri seti aris mzaoba, ganixiloT iseTi situacia, rogoricaa -
amocanis gadaWra, an TamaSi, daswavlili wesebis, instruqciebis, molodinebis, an
 51
Cvevebis daxmarebiT. fsiqologiurma setma SeiZleba Tavidan agvaridos amocanis
gadawyveta, roca Zveli wesebi ver ergeba axal situacias. amas me-9 TavSi
vnaxavT, problemis gadawyvetis procesis Seswavlisas. perceptuli seti aris
mocemul konteqstSi garkveuli stimulis SeniSvnisTvis mzaoba. magaliTad,
axalbeda dedisaTvis es SeiZleba bavSvis tirilis gageba iyos.
xSirad seti gvaiZulebs, SevcvaloT orazrovani stimulis interpretacia.
SexedeT sityvaTa am or rigs:
bebia, babua, da, Zma, deda, ma?a

ana, sofo, nino, Tea, nata, ma?a

waikiTxeT CamonaTvali? ra sityva mogividaT TavSi TiToeul SemTxvevaSi

`ma?a~-s wakiTxvisas? Tu Tqven `mama~ da `maia/maka~ gaifiqreT, es imitom moxda,
rom sityvaTa CamonaTvaliT SegimuSavdaT seti, romelmac sityvebis Zebnisas
garkveuli mimarTulebiT warmarTa Tqveni mexsiereba.

saxeldebam SeiZleba Seqmnas konteqsti, romelic orazrovani figurisTvis

perceptul sets iZleva. Tqven ukve naxeT, azrs moklebuli `dudlebi~ (doodle)s
rogor gadaiqca azrian obieqtebad. yuradRebiT SexedeT qalis gamosaxulebas
5.36.a suraTis wina gverdze. Tqvenma megobarma (da ara Tqven) naxos suraTi 5.36b
am gverdze. Semdeg erTad SexedeT 5.36g suraTs. ras xedavs TiToeuli Tqvengani?
iqonia Tu ara raime gavlena wina gverdebze mocemuli saxeldebuli orazrovani
gamosaxulebebis naxvam am gamosaxulebis aRqmaze? Tqven SegiZliaT, eqsperimenti
sxvebze gaimeoroT da naxoT, iRebT Tu ara igive Sedegebs.
imisaTvis, rom konteqstma aRqmaze moaxdinos gavlena, saWiroa: - mexsiereba ise
iyos organizebuli, rom konkretul situaciebTan dakavSirebuli informacia
saWiro dros xdebodes xelmisawvdomi. sxva sityvebiT, saTanado (an arasaTanado)
molodinebis Camosayalibeblad Tqven unda SegeZloT mexsierebaSi Senaxuli
codnis gamoyeneba. zogjer `mexsierebiTac” iseve xedavT, rogorc TvalebiT. me-8
TavSi ganvixilavT mexsierebis Tvisebebs, romlebic SesaZlebels xdis aRqmaze
konteqstis gavlenas.

sur. 5.36b. xandazmuli qalbatoni

bolo gakveTilebi

am TavSi naswavlis Sesajameblad, yuradRebiT SexedeT 5.3 suraTs. Tqven ukve

gaqvT mTeli sqemis gasagebad saWiro codna. 5.3 suraTis ganxilva, aseve,
dagarwmunebT, rom mniSvnelovani daskvna, romelic aRqmis Seswavlidan unda
 52
miiRoT, isaa, rom mastimulirebeli movlenis sapasuxo perceptuli gamocdileba
pirovnebis, rogorc mTelis, reaqcias warmoadgens. sensoruli receptorebis
gaRizianebiT miRebuli informaciis garda, saboloo aRqma damokidebulia imaze,
Tu vin xarT, visTan erTad xarT, ra gindaT, ras eliT da ra Rirebulebebi
gaqvT. aRmqmeli xSirad asrulebs or gansxvavebul rols, romelic SeiZleba
SevadaroT azartul TamaSsa da interieris dizains. rogorc azartuli
moTamaSe, aRmqmeli mowadinebulia, niZlavi dados, rom mocemul Semaval
sensorul masalas warsuli gamocdilebisa da personaluri Teoriebis
terminebiT gaigebs. rogorc mgznebare, sakuTar saqmeze Seyvarebuli interieris
dizaineri, aRmqmeli mudmivad cdilobs stimulebis ise organizebas, rom isini
ukeT moergon situacias da metad urTierTdakavSirebulad gamoiyurebodnen.
araTavsebadi da mouwesrigebeli xatebi ukuigdeba da naTeli, sufTa da
Tanmimdevruli xazebiT Canacvldeba.
aRqmis procesi rom mTlianad aRmavali yofiliyo, Tqven erT, aq da amJamad
mocemul konkretul realobas iqnebodiT mijaWvuli.…SegeZlebodaT Tqveni
gancdebis fiqsireba, magram ver gadaitandiT maT momavalSi, verc samyaros
dainaxavdiT gansxvavebulad sxvadasxva situaciaSi, perceptuli gadamuSaveba
mxolod daRmavali procesi rom yofiliyo, Tqven daikargebodiT sakuTari
molodinebisa da imedebis, fantaziis samyaroSi. am or ukiduresobas Soris
saTanado balansiT miiRweva aRqmis ZiriTadi mizani: samyaros iseTi gancda,
romelic optimalurad emsaxureba adamianis, rogorc biologiuri da socialuri
arsebis (romelic moZraobs da egueba socialur da fizikur garemos)
moTxovnilebebs.

• seti (Set) _ stimulis aRqmis da masze garkveuli saxiT reagirebis droebiTi

mzaoba.

sur. 5.36g. axla ras xedavT?

Sejameba

identifikacia da cnoba moicavs aRmaval da daRmaval procesebs, romlebic

erToblivi moqmedebiT samyaros naTel, TvalsaCino gagebas uzrunvelyofen.
sagnis amocnoba iwyeba sagnis Semadgenel nawilebad, anu geonebad dayofiT.
obieqtis amosacnobad nawilebis codna xSirad rakursis, anu xedvis kuTxis
codnasac saWiroebs. sivrciTi da droiTi konteqsti, romelSic sagania
 53
mocemuli, ayalibebs molodins; is gavlenas axdens sagnis cnobis unarze.
mkvlevrebma aRqmaze konteqstis gavlena setis efeqtebis SeswavliT daasabuTes.

sakvanZo sakiTxebi

SegrZneba, organizeba, identificireba da cnoba

• perceptuli sistemebi ubralod ki ar iReben gare samyaroze informacias,
aramed aqtiurad axdenen mis intepretaciasa da organizacias.
• aRqma samsafexuriani procesia. is Sedgeba SegrZnebis, perceptuli
organizaciisa da identifikacia-cnobis safexurebisgan.
• gadamuSavebis sensorul safexurze fizikuri energia gardaiqmneba nervul
energiad da sensorul gancdad.
• organizaciis safexurze perceptuli procesebi SegrZnebebs TvalsaCino
xatebad aerTianebs da sagnebis da paternebis aRqmas ganapirobebs.
• identifikaciisa da cnobis safexurze sagnebis perceptebi dardeba
mexsierebiT xatebs, raTa isini amovicnoT rogorc nacnobi da azriani sagnebi.
• aRqmis amocanaa distaluri (eqsternaluri) stimulis gansazRvra
proqsimaluri (sensoruli) stimuliT mowodebuli informaciidan.
• orazrovneba iqmneba maSin, rodesac SesaZlebelia erTi da igive sensoruli
informaciis sxvadasxva perceptebSi (xatebSi) organizeba.
• perceptuli iluziebis Sesaxeb codnam SeiZleba SezRudos Cveulebrivi
perceptuli procesebi.

yuradRebis procesebi
• yuradReba aris Semavali sensoruli informaciis nawilis SerCevisa da
danarCenis ignorirebis unari.
• pirovnuli miznebi da garemoSi arsebuli sagnebis Tvisebebi gansazRvraven
Cveni yuradRebis mimarTulebas.
• yuradRebis miRma darCenili informacia Zalze mcired moqmedebs mimdinare
gamocdilebaze.
• yuradRebamdeli gadamuSaveba vizualuri garemos efeqturad gadasinjvis
saSualebas iZleva.

organizaciuli procesebi aRqmaSi

• organizaciuli procesebi sensoruli monacemebis Sesabamis aRqmis xatebs
qmnian.
• es procesebi perceptebs fonidan win wamoweul figurebad aerTianebs.
 54
• TqvenTvis damaxasiaTebelia dausrulebeli figurebis dasrulebulad
danaxvisa da calkeuli obieqtebis msgavsebis mixedviT dajgufebis tendencia.
• TqvenTvis damaxasiaTebelia tendencia _ aq da amJamad mocemuli sivrciTi da
droiTi konteqstidan gamomdinare moaxdinoT sagnis nawilebis organizeba da
interpretireba.
• Tqven, aseve, gaxasiaTebT realuri sensoruli stimulis miuxedavad, aTvlis
sistemis uZravad da masSi mocemuli nawilebis moZravad aRqmis tendencia
• baduris organzomilebiani informaciis samganzomilebiani siRrmis aRqmad
gardasaqmnelad vizualuri sistema iyenebs iseT informacias, rogoricaa: -
obieqtis zoma da obieqtamde manZili.
• Tqven gaxasiaTebT obieqtebis zomis, formis, orientaciisa da feris mixedviT
ucvlelad aRqmis tendenciiT.

identifikacia da cnoba
• perceptuli gadamuSavebis bolo safexurze, rodesac xdeba obieqtis
identifikacia da cnoba, percepti mniSvnelobas iZens aRmavali da daRmavali
gadamuSavebis erToblivi moqmedebiT.
• konteqstma, molodinebma, perceptulma masalam SeiZleba gansazRvros
dausrulebeli orazrovani monacemebis erTi mimarTulebiT amocnoba, meore,
Tanabrad SesaZleblis, nacvlad.
• amgvarad, aRqma eyrdnoba rogorc warsul codnas da molodins, aseve _
sensorul stimuls.

ZiriTadi cnebebi
aracnobieri daskvna. figura
aRmavali gadamuSaveba foni
aRqma formis konstantoba
aRqmis konstantoba ganaTebis konstantoba
aSkara moZraoba geStalt-fsiqologia
konvergencia identifikacia da cnoba
daRmavali gadamuSaveba iluzia
dasrulebuloba (Sevsebuloba) iluzoruli konturebi
distaluri stimuli marTuli gadasinjva
diqotomiuri mosmena mizanmimarTuli SerCeva
ekologiuri optikis Teoria moCvenebiTi moZraoba
Φ fenomeni msgavsebis kanoni
 55
msgavsi bedis kanoni
orazrovneba
orientaciis konstantoba
perceptuli organizeba
proqsimaluri stimuli
retinaluri disparati
fardobiTi moZraobis paralaqsi
seti
siaxlovis kanoni
stimuliT aRZruli seleqcia
yuradReba
yuradRebamdeli gadamuSaveba
sididis konstantoba
 Tavi 6. goneba, cnobiereba da Secvlili mdgomareobebi

• cnobierebis Sinaarsi
 gacnobiereba da cnobiereba
 cnobierebis xelmisawvdomoba
 cnobierebis Sinaarsebis kvleva

• cnobierebis funqciebi
 cnobierebis gamoyeneba
 cnobierebis funqciebis kvleva

• fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi: rodis uyalibdebaT bavSvebs

cnobiereba?

• Zili da sizmari
 cirkaduli riTmebi
 Zilis cikli
 ratom Zili?
 Zilis darRvevebi
 sizmari: gonebis Teatri

• fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi: 24/7 cxovrebis stili da Zili

• cnobierebis Secvlili mdgomareobebi

 dakvirvebadi sizmrebi
 hipnozi
 meditacia
 halucinaciebi
 religiuri eqstazi
 cnobierebis Semcvleli nivTierebebi

• sakvanZo sakiTxebi
 ZiriTadi cnebebi
 2

ganvixiloT N. N-is SemTxveva _ axalgazrda kanadeli mamakaci, romelsac

avtokatastrofis Sedegad Tavis tvini dauzianda. fsiqolog endel tulvingis
(Endel Tulving, 1985) aRweris mixedviT, N. N-ma am travmis Sedegad mravali iseTi
gamocdilebis miRebis unari dakarga, rasac qvemoT aRvwerT da cnobierebas
vuwodebT. magaliTad, miuxedavad imisa, rom N. N-ma „mcire ram icis Tavisi
warsulidan, vTqvaT, romel wels gadavida misi ojaxi amJamindel sacxovrebel
adgilas; im skolebis saxelebi, romlebSic swavlobda anda sad atarebda
zafxuls skolis periodSi, mas ar SeuZlia gaixsenos romelime konkretuli
movlena Tavisi warsulidan.“ (gv. 4). tulvingi wers:
N.N-s ar hqonda problemebi qronologiur drosTan dakavSirebiT. is
kargad erkveoda drois erTeulebsa da maT Soris arsebul mimarTebebSi.
zedmiwevniT SeeZlo qronologiuri drois grafikulad gamosaxva, Tumca,
drois Sesaxeb abstraqtuli codnis sruliad sapirispirod, ukiduresad
darRveuli hqonda subieqturi drois cnobiereba. rodesac wina dRis
saqmianobis Sesaxeb ekiTxebodnen, is pasuxobda, rom ar icoda. Tu
hkiTxavdnen, ras apirebda SemdgomSi an ras gaakeTebda xval, misi pasuxi
igive iyo _ man ar icoda...
rodesac sxvadasxva SemTxvevebSi sTxovdnen NN. N-s, aRewera is
„sicariele“, romelic mis gonebaSi isadgurebda „xvalis“ Sesaxeb fiqrisas,
is ambobda, rom es „Zilismagvari mdgomareobaa“ anda „didi sicarielea“. Tu
sTxovdnen analogiis terminebiT aRewera es mdgomareoba, igi ambobda, rom
„es hgavs situacias, rodesac cariel oTaxSi moxvedril adamians oTaxSi
ararsebuli skamis povnas sTxoven”. sxva SemTxvevaSi is ambobda, rom „es tbis
SuagulSi curvas hgavs, sadac araferia irgvliv xelCasaWidi.“ rodesac
guSindeli saqmianobis Sesaxeb fiqrisas gonebaSi Seqmnili mdgomareobis
aRweras sTxovdnen, is ambobda, rom „raRacnairi sicarielea“. N.N amas
mSvidad da uSfoTvelad akvirdeba yovelgvari emociis gareSe. mxolod
maSin, rodesac ekiTxebodnen ratom ar ukvirs, rom „iq araferia“, rodesac is
 3
fiqrobs guSindelsa Tu xvalindelze is amJRavnebda mcireodeni, xanmokle
aJitacias da sustad aRmoxdeboda gaocebis SeZaxili.
SegiZliaT Tqveni Tavi warmoidginoT N.N -is adgilze, rodesac sakuTari
warsulisa an momavlis Sesaxeb fiqrs cdilobT da mxolod „sicarieles“
awydebiT? modiT, erTi wuTiT ifiqreT raime erT-erT mniSvnelovan movlenaze
Tqveni warsulidan; axla dafiqrdiT, Tu ra SeiZleba moxdes xval an zeg?
saidan modis warsulis es mogonebebi an warmodgenebi momavlis Sesaxeb?
miuxedavad imisa, rom Cvens tvinSi didi informacia inaxeba, naklebad
albaTuria, rom es azrebi iseve mogvdiodes „gonebaSi“, TiTqosda visxdeT da
teqsts vkiTxulobdeT. metic, Tavs ukeTesad vigrZnobT, Tu vityviT, rom azrebi
Cveni cnobierebidan da tvinis iseTi ubnebidan momdinareobs, romelic manamde
ar iyo cnobieri. magram mainc ibadeba kiTxva: mainc rogor mogvdis garkveuli
azrebi TavSi (gonebaSi)? ganvixilavT ki realurad sxvadasxva mogonebebs an
momavlis variantebs? sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, cnobierad vaxorcielebT
arCevans? Tu azrebi garkveuli aracnobieri operaciebis meSveobiT rogorRac
Cndebian Cvens cnobierebaSi? ra SesaZleblobebi gagvaCnia Cven, romelic N.N-ma
ase tragikulad dakarga?
Tu yuradRebiT davakvirdebiT, ras warmoadgens normaluri individisaTvis
azrebis Camoyalibebis martivi aqti, intuiturad ukve Segveqmneba warmodgena am
meeqvse Tavis ZiriTadi Temebis Sesaxeb. am TavSi SevecdebiT vupasuxoT Semdeg
kiTxvebs: _ ra aris Cveulebrivi gacnobiereba? ra ganapirobebs Cveni
cnobierebis Sinaarsebs? risTvis gvWirdeba cnobiereba? SeuZliaT Tu ara
realuri zegavlenis moxdena aracnobier fsiqikur movlenebs Cvens azrebze,
emociebsa da qcevaze? rogor icvleba cnobiereba dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi da
rogor SegviZlia mizanmimarTulad vcvaloT Cveni cnobierebis mdgomareoba?
imedis momcemi fsiqologi, aseve, dainteresdeba, Tu rogor aris SesaZlebeli
gonebis aspeqtebis mecnieruli Seswavla, rogor xdeba Sinaganis gareT
gamotana da, piriqiT, sazogadoebrivis pirovnulad qceva (internalizacia) da
rogor aris SesaZlebeli subieqturi gamocdilebis zedmiwevniTi gazomva?
Cven analizs cnobierebis Sinaarsebisa da funqciebis ganxilviT daviwyebT,
amasTan, yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT adamianis gonebaze. SevecdebiT dagexmaroT
filosofosTa, fsiqologTa da neiromecnierebebisTvis uZvelesi problemis
gagebaSi: _ ra damokidebuleba arsebobs Tavis tvinsa da gonebas Soris. Semdeg
gadavinacvlebT im regularul cvlilebebze, romelsac ganvicdiT ocnebis,
fantaziis, Zilisa da sizmrebis dros. dabolos, vnaxavT, Tu rogor icvleba
 4
cnobiereba hipnozis, meditaciis, religiuri ritualebisa da narkotikebis
zemoqmedebis Sedegad

cnobierebis Sinaarsi
Tavdapirvelad unda aRiniSnos, rom termini „cnobiereba“ orazrovania. is
SeiZleba gamoviyenoT rogorc gonebis zogadi mdgomareobis, ise misi
specifikuri Sinaarsebis aRsaniSnad: zogjer vambobT, rom „cnobier“
mdgomareobaSi viyaviT „aracnobieris“ sapirispirod (magaliTad, anesTeziis an
Zilis dros); sxva SemTxvevaSi vambobT, rom cnobier mdgomareobaSi varT anu
vacnobierebT konkretul informacias an moqmedebas. aq naTlad Cans garkveuli
Tanmimdevroba _ imisaTvis, rom vacnobierebdeT raime konkretul informacias,
cnobier mdgomareobaSi unda vimyofebodeT. am TavSi, rodesac visaubrebT
cnobierebis Sinaarsebze, mxedvelobaSi gveqneba is informacia, romelsac
vacnobierebT, romlis Sesaxebac viciT.

gacnobiereba da cnobiereba
adreul fsiqologiur kvlevaTa nawili cnobierebis Sinaarsebs eZRvneboda.
XIX saukunis dasawyisSi TandaTanobiT daSorda ra fsiqologia filosofias,
is Camoyalibda, rogorc cnobierebis, gonebis Sesaxeb mecniereba. vundti da
titCeneri introspeqciis meTods iyenebdnen cnobieri fsiqikis Sinaarsebis
sakvlevad, uiliam jemsi ki sakuTari cnobierebis nakadis kvleviT iyo
dakavebuli (ix. Tavi 1). faqtobrivad, misi klasikuri naSromis _ „fsiqologia“
(1892w.) pirvel gverdze jemsi fsiqologias ganmartavs, rogorc „mecnierebas
cnobierebis, rogorc aseTis, mdgomareobebis aRwerisa da axsnis Sesaxeb.“
Cveulebrivi fxizeli cnobiereba moicavs Cvens aRqmebs, azrebs, grZnobebs,
warmodgenebsa da survilebs mocemul momentSi anu mTel mentalur aqtivobas,
razec vaxdenT yuradRebis koncentracias. Cven vacnobierebT Tavad moqmedebas,
romelsac vaxorcielebT da im faqtsac, rom vaxorcielebT am qmedebas.
xandaxan imasac vacnobierebT, rom sxvebi akvirdebian, afaseben da reagireben
Cvens mier ganxorcielebul qcevebze. sakuTari Tavis SegrZneba modis
gamocdilebidan, romelsac privilegirebuli „Sinagani“ poziciidan sakuTar
Tavze dakvirvebiT viRebT. es sxvadasxvagvari gonebrivi aqtivobebi, erTad
aRebuli, qmnian cnobierebis Sinaarss _ yvela am gamocdilebas cnobierad
aRviqvamT drois garkveul momentSi (Natsouias, 1998).
axla ufro zustad SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT cnobierebis sami sxvadasxva
done. isini pirobiTad Seesatyviseba: (1) bazisuri done _ Sinagani da garegani
 5
samyaros cnobiereba; (2) meore done _ imis asaxva, gaazreba, rasac vacnobierebT
da (3) mesame, umaRlesi done _ sakuTari Tavis, rogorc cnobieri, moazrovne
individis, gacnobiereba. bazisur doneze cnobiereba warmoadgens imis
gacnobierebas, rom Cven aRviqvamT da vreagirebT xelmisawvdom perceptul
informaciaze. am doneze Cven vacnobierebT saaTis wikwiks da SimSilis odnav
SesamCnev SegrZnebas. meore doneze cnobiereba simbolur codnas eyrdnoba,
romelic gvanTavisuflebs realur obieqtebsa da mimdinare movlenebze
mijaWvulobisgan. am doneze SegviZlia vimsjeloT da movaxdinoT manipulireba
obieqtebiT maTi aryofnis pirobebSi, warmovisaxoT axali formebi da
gamoviyenoT ukve nacnobi formebi an paternebi, davgegmoT/SevqmnaT utopiebi.
cnobierebis umaRlesi donea TviTcnobiereba,
TviTcnobiereba Semecneba, (gacnobiereba) imisa,
rom pirovnulad gancdil movlenebs avtobiografiuli xasiaTi aqvs.
TviTcnobiereba gvaZlevs pirovnuli istoriisa da identurobis SegrZnebas.
cnobierebis am doneze, Tu Cvens gamocdilebaSi samyaro arsebobs, rogorc
naTeli, Tanmimdevruli da prognozirebadi ram, maSin TandaTanobiT
gviyalibdeba amis Sesatyvisi molodinebi, da es molodinebi aRgvWuravs
awmyoSi saukeTeso mimdinare qmedebiT da momavlis dagegmvas axdens.
gavixsenoT N.N-is SemTxveva, riTac daviwyeT saubari, romelic Tavis
dazianebis Sedegad TiTqmis mTlianad TviTcnobierebis gareSe darCa
(tulvingi, 1985). mas ar gaaCnda rogorc pirovnuli drois perspeqtiva, ise _
droSi ganfenili sakuTari avtobiografiis cnobiereba.

cnobierebis xelmisawvdomoba
Cven ganvsazRvreT informaciis zogadi tipebi, romelic SesaZloa
gancobierdes garkveul adgilze da garkveul droSi, magram ra ganapirobebs
imas, Tu ra cnobierdeba swored am momentSi? magaliTad, am wuTSi acnobierebT
Tu ara Tqvens sunTqvas? albaT, ara. sunTqvis kontroli aracnobieri
procesebis nawilia. fiqrobT Tu ara Tqvens bolo Svebulebaze an „hamletis“
avtorze? albaT, isev ara. aseTi azrebis kontroli winarecnobieri mexsierebis
nawilia. acnobierebT Tu ara iseT fonur xmaurebs, rogoricaa saaTis wikwiki,
transportis moZraobis xma an naTuris zuzuni? sakmaod rTuli iqneba am
yvelafris gacnobiereba (aRqma) da Tan sruli koncentraciis SenarCuneba am
Tavis Sinaarsze. yvela es stimuli yuradRebis miRma darCenili informaciis
nawilia. dabolos, arsebobs aracnobieri informacia, romelic Znelad
xelmisawvdomia cnobieri aRqmisaTvis, aseT informacias miekuTvneba,
magaliTad, gramatikuli wesebi, romelic SesaZlebels xdis winadadebis
 6
mniSvnelobis gagebas. axla cal-calke ganvixiloT cnobierebis TiToeuli
tipi.

aracnobieri procesebi
es aris mTeli rigi aracnobieri sxeulebrivi aqtiobebisa, romlebic Zalze
iSviaTad Tu iWreba cnobierebaSi. aracnobieri procesebis muSaobis magaliTia
sisxlis wnevis regulacia. nervuli sistema adevnebs ra Tvalyurs
fiziologiur informacias, uwyvetad afiqsirebs mimdinare cvlilebebs da
Sesabamisad reagirebs maTze yovelgvari gacnobierebis gareSe. garkveul
SemTxvevebSi, zogierTi Cveulebrivi aracnobieri aqtivoba SeiZleba cnobieri
gaxdes. magaliTad, SeiZleba miznad davisaxoT sunTqvis cnobieri
gakontroleba. miuxedavad amisa, nervuli sistema mraval mniSvnelovan
funqcias uzrunvelyofs cnobierebis yovelgvari procesis gareSe.

winarecnobieri mexsiereba
mogonebebi, romlebic mxolod mas Semdeg xdeba cnobierebisaTvis
xelmisawvdomi, rac raRac warmarTavs Cvens yuradRebas maTze, winarecnobieri
mogonebebis saxeliT aris cnobili. mogonebebi uzarmazari moculobis mqone
informaciasTan erTad inaxeba, rogoricaa, magaliTad, enebis, sportis an
geografiis zogadi codna da mogonebebi pirovnulad gancdili movlenebis
Sesaxeb. winarecnobieri mexsiereba SeumCnevlad arsebobs Cvens gonebaSi manam,
sanam ar Seiqmneba maTi cnobierad arsebobis saWiroebis situacia (rogorc
maSin, rodesac mniSvnelovani warsuli movlenis mogoneba gTxoveT). mexsierebis
Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT visaubrebT VIII TavSi.
• cnobiereba (Consciousness) _ Sinagani movlenebisa da garemos pirobebis
cnobierad aRqmis mdgomareoba (gacnobiereba)

• TviTcnobiereba (Self-awareness) _ cnobierebis umaRlesi done, pirovnulad

gancdili movlenebis avtobiografiuli xasiaTis Semecneba.

• aracnobieri (Nonconscioes) _ informacia, romelic, Cveulebriv,

xelmiuwvdomelia cnobierebisaTvis an mexsierebisaTvis.

• winarecnobieri mexsiereba (Preconscious memories) _ mexsiereba, romelic

mocemul momentSi ar aris cnobieri, magram cnobierdeba aucileblobis
SemTxvevaSi.

yuradRebis miRma darCenili informacia

 7
nebismier mocemul momentSi uricxvi raodenobis stimuliT varT
garSemortymulni. rogorc V TavSi iTqva, Cven mxolod maT mcire nawilze
SegviZlia yuradRebis fokusireba. raze movaxdenT fokusirebas da, amasTanave,
romeli mogonebebi gacocxldeba, mniSvnelovnad aris damokidebuli imaze, Tu
ra gvaqvs cnobierebaSi. Tumca, xandaxan SeiniSneba iseTi informaciis
aracnobieri reprezentacia, romelic ar xvdeba yuradRebis fokusSi.
gavixsenoT magaliTi V Tavidan: xmaurian wveulebaze cdilobT yuradRebis
koncentrirebas TqvenTvis mimzidvel TariRze da am dros uyuradRebod
stovebT iqve mimdinare saubars manam, sanam Tqvens saxels ar mohkravT yurs.
moulodnelad aRmoaCenT, rom rogorRac, gaucnobiereblad usmendiT am
saubars da xmaurSi gaarCieT kidec garkveuli konkretuli signali (Wood &
Cowan, 1995a).

aracnobieri
Cven, Cveulebisamebr, vafiqsirebT aracnobieri informaciis arsebobas,
rodesac ver vxsniT zogierT qcevas cnobieri Zalebis moqmedebiT qcevis
mimdinareobis momentSi. aracnobieri Zalebis Sesaxeb pirveli Teoria zigmund
froids ekuTvnis, romlis Tanaxmadac, garkveuli cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba
_ travmuli mogonebebi da tabuirebuli survilebi _ imdenad SiSis
momgvrelia, rom specifikuri mentaluri procesebi (romelTac XIV TavSi
ganvixilavT), permanentulad devnian maT cnobierebidan. froidis mixedviT,
rodesac originaluri, miuRebeli ideebi da motivebi gandevnilia anu
cnobierebis farglebs miRmaa, azrebTan asocirebuli Zlieri gancdebi isev
inarCuneben TavianT Zalas da zegavlenas axdenen qcevaze. aracnobieris
froidiseuli „aRmoCena“ ewinaaRmdegeba dasavluri azris xangrZliv tradicias.
ingliseli filosofos lokis (1690/1975) gonebis Sesaxeb dawerili klasikuri
naSromis „esse adamianis Semecnebis Sesaxeb“ _ gamoqveynebis Semdeg,
moazrovneTa umravlesoba miiCnevda, rom racionaluri arsebebis
damaxasiaTebelia sakuTari gonebis yvela aqtivobaze xelmisawvdomoba.
froidis pirveladi hipoTeza aracnobieri mentaluri procesebis arsebobis
Sesaxeb Seuracxmyofelad da aRmaSfoTeblad iTvleboda mis TanamedroveTa
Soris (Dennett, 1987). (Cven kvlav davubrundebiT froidis ideebs XIV TavSi,
rodesac visaubrebT pirovnebis unikalurobis Sesaxeb.)
dResdReobiT mravali fsiqologi iyenebs termins aracnobieri im
informaciisa da procesebis aRsaniSnad, romelic ufro sasurveli da
misaRebia, vidre azrebi, romelic, froidis Tanaxmad, gandevnas eqvemdebareba.
 8
magaliTad, mravali enobrivi procesi aracnobier procesebs eyrdnoba.
7
ganvixiloT winadadeba (Vu et al., 2000): She investigated bark. rogor movaxdenT am
winadadebis interpretirebas? warmovidgenT qals, romelic ZaRls akvirdeba
Tu qals, romelic xes aTvalierebs? vinaidan sityva bark orazrovania da
winadadebis konteqsti didad ver gvexmareba, Cven mxolod SegviZlia
vivaraudoT, Tu risi Tqma undoda avtors. axla ganvixiloT igive winadadeba
ufro farTo konteqstSi: The botanist looked for a fungus. She investigated bark.8 amCnevT,
rom winadadebis gageba ufro gaadvilda am konteqstSi? Tu gaiolda, es
imitom, rom Cvenma aracnobierma enobrivma procesebma gamoiyena damatebiTi
konteqsti da Zalze swrafad gaakeTa arCevani sityva bark-is or mniSvnelobas
Soris.
am magaliTiT kargad Cans, rom cnobieri donis miRma moqmedi procesebi
xSirad axdenen gavlenas Cvens qcevaze _ am SemTxvevaSi, amis ilustraciaa is
simsubuqe, romliTac mivediT winadadebis swor gagebamde. amgvarad, Cven
TandaTanobiT gadavinacvleT cnobierebis Sinaarsis ganxilvidan cnobierebis
funqciebis ganxilvaze. sanam detalurad ganvixilavT am sakiTxs, mokled
aRvwerT or gzas, romliTac SesaZlebelia cnobierebis Sinaarsis Seswavla.

• xmamaRla fiqris oqmebi (Think-aloud protocols) _ angariSi, romelic iqmneba Tavad

cdis pirTa mier da aRweren mentalur procesebsa da strategiebs, romelTac
isini mimarTaven davalebis Sesrulebisas

• gamocdilebidan
gamocdilebidan nimuSebis SerCevis meTodi (Experience-sampling method) _
eqsperimentuli meTodi, romelic exmareba mkvlevrebs cnobierebis tipuri
Sinaarsebis aRweraSi; cdis pirebs evalebaT signalis miRebisTanave
daafiqsiron TavianTi azrebi da grZnobebi.

cnobierebis Sinaarsebis kvleva

cnobierebis Seswavlis mizniT mkvlevrebs unda SeemuSavebinaT
meTodologia, romlis saSualebiTac SesaZlebeli xdeba Rrma piraduli
gamocdilebis gazomva. erTi meTodi vundtisa da titCeneris introspeqciis
meTodis axali versiaa: eqsperimentis monawileebs eZlevaT mTeli rigi
davalebebi da moeTxovebaT xmamaRla msjeloba da laparaki am davalebaTa
Sesrulebis procesSi. isini SesaZleblobis farglebSi maqsimalurad

7
bark inglisuri sityva, romelsac ori mniSvneloba aqvs: (1) yefa da (2) merqani. vinaidan qarTulad am
sityvas ori sxvadasxva mniSvneloba Seesabameba, SeuZlebeli iyo am etapze winadadebis Targmna. amitom
mizanSewonilad miviCnieT originaluri variantis motana.
8 botanikosi aTvalierebda xavss, is ikvlevda xis merqans.
 9
detalurad aRweren davalebis Sesrulebisas TavSi mosuli azrebis
Tanmimdevrobas. cdis pirTa angariSebi, e.w. xmamaRla fiqris oqmebi,
oqmebi gamoiyeneba
mentaluri strategiebisa da codnis reprezentaciebis dokumentirebisaTvis,
romelTac monawileebi davalebis Sesrulebisas iyeneben. es oqmebi, aseve,
davalebis aRqmasa da masTan gamklavebas Soris arsebuli ganxsvavebebis
dafiqsirebis saSualebas aZlevs mkvlevrebs (Ericsson & Simon, 1993).
gamocdilebidan nimuSebis SerCevis meTodSi monawileebi aRWurvilni arian
mowyobilobiT, romliTac iReben signals imis Sesaxeb, Tu rodis unda daiwyon
angariSis keTeba TavianTi azrebisa da grZnobebis Sesaxeb. magaliTad, erT-erT
SemTxvevaSi cdis pirebs eleqtronul peijerebs aZleven. radiogadamcemi
sxvadasxva SemTxveviT SerCeuli drois SualedebSi axdens peijeris
aqtivizacias dReSi erTxel an ufro xSirad. rodesac modis peijeris signali,
cdis pirebs, evalebaT iseT kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema, rogoricaa, magaliTad, _
„ramdenad axerxebdiT koncentrirebas?“ am gziT mkvlevrebi axerxeben cdis
pirTa azrebis, cnobirebisa da yuradRebis koncentrirebis mimarTulebebis
yoveldRiuri, Cveuli paternebis Sesaxeb Canawerebis mopovebas (Csikszentmihalyi,
1990).
 10

saidan viciT

ras fiqroben mozardebi?

gaixseneT Tqveni mozardobis periodi. ra Temebi ikavebdnen, ZiriTadad, Tqvens
cnobierebas? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad mkvlevarTa jgufma 218 moswavle
eleqtronuli peijerebiT aRWurva, romelic SemTxveviT signalebs iZleoda
azrebisa da grZnoebebis aRweris dasawyisis maniSneblad (Richard et al., 1998).
moswavleTa gamocdilebidan nimuSi sul orjer SeirCa oTxi wlis manZilze.
pirveli periodi iyo V-dan VIII klasis CaTvliT, meore _ IX-dan XII klasis
CaTvliT. eqsperimentis aseTi gegma asakis matebasTan erTad mozardTa
cnobierebis Sinaarsis cvlilebebis dafiqsirebis saSualebas iZleoda.
mkvlevrebs gansakuTrebiT ainteresebdaT wyvilSi urTierTobebi mozardobis
periodSi, amitom detalurad ikvlevdnen,Tu ras fiqrobdnen mozardebi
megobrebis Sesaxeb. kvlevis Sedegebis Tanaxmad, asakis matebasTan erTad
azrebi, ZiriTadad, sapirispiro sqeszea mimarTuli. Tu 5-6 klaselebis mxolod
1% fiqrobs sapirispiro sqesze, merve klasSi es ricxvi 5.8%-mde izrdeba.
kvlevaSi, aseve, saintereso gansxvavebebi dafiqsirda gogonebsa da vaJebs
Soris: Tu peijeris signalis miRebis momentSi ar imyofebodnen megobrebis
wreSi, gogonebTan ufro meti iyo orive sqesis megobrebze fiqris albaToba,
vidre vaJebTan. mkvlevrebi varaudoben, rom sqesTa Soris es gansxvavebebi
miuTiTebs da prognozirebs im faqts, rom qalebi mozrdil asakSi mets iReben
interpersonaluri urTierTobebidan.

am magaliTidan kargad Cans, Tu rogor SeuZliaT mkvlevrebs gamocdilebiT

SerCevis meTodis gamoyeneba cnobierebis calkeuli tipuri Sinaarsebis
gasaerTianeblad.

Sejameba
cnobiereba SeiZleba sam doneze ganisazRvros: Sinagani da garegani samyaros
gacnobiereba, imis gaazrebis SesaZlebloba, rasac vacnobierebT (aRviqvamT) da
sakuTari Tavis, rogorc cnobieri, moazrovne arsebis gancda. mravali
sxeulebrivi procesi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, sunTqva, Cveulebriv,
aracnobieria. Cven vflobT uzarmazar informacias, romelic inaxeba
mexsierebaSi; es ukanaskneli ki winarecnobiers warmoadgens, saidanac
moTxovnisTanave SeiZleba gadavides saWiro informacia cnobierSi. yuradRebis
miRma darCenili informacia aris garemoSi arsebul stimulTa didi raodenoba,
romelsac cnobierad ar vaqcevT yuradRebas. Tu froidi aracnobiers
 11
gandevnil mogonebebTan akavSirebda, Tanamedrove mkvlevrebi afarToeben
aracnobieris cnebas da masSi informaciisa da procesebis mraval saxeobas
moiazreben. fsiqologebi cnobierebis Sinaarsis Sesaswavlad iyeneben iseT
teqnikebs, rogoricaa xmamaRali fiqris oqmebi da gamocdilebiT SerCevis
meTodi.

cnobierebis funqciebi
rodesac vsvamT kiTxvas cnobierebis funqciebis Sesaxeb, vcdilobT gavigoT,
Tu risTvis gvWirdeba cnobiereba _ ras matebs is Cvens adamianur
gamocdilebas? am Tavis dasawyisSi ganxiluli N.N-is SemTxveva ramdenime
mniSvnelovan miniSnebas iZleva dasmuli kiTxvis pasuxis mimarTulebiT.
warsulisa da momavlis gancdis gareSe N.N-is cxovrebis mniSvnelovani
aspeqtebi ubralod sicarieliT icvleba. am qveTavSi ufro srulad
ganvixilavT cnobierebis mniSvnelovnebis sakiTxs adamianis gadarCenisa da
socialuri funqcionirebisaTvis.

cnobierebis gamoyeneba

adamianis cnobiereba evoluciur garemoSi yvelaze mtrulad ganwyobil

ZalasTan _ sxva adamianebTan Widilsa da SejibrSi gamoiwrTo. adamianis
goneba, SesaZloa, ganviTarda, rogorc adamianTa winaprebis ukiduresi
sociobilurobis Sedegi, rac, savaraudod, mtaceblebisgan jgufuri Tavdacvisa
da resursebis ufro efeqturad mopovebis ZiriTad saSualebas warmoadgenda.
Tumca, mWidro jgufuri cxovreba axal moTxovnebs qmnis rogorc
TanamSromlobis, ise konkurenciisaTvis. bunebrivi gadarCeva swyalobda maT,
vinc azrovnebda, gegmavda da warmoisaxavda alternatiul realobebs, rac
naTesaobis erTad Sekvrisa da mtrebze gamarjvebis winapirobas qmnida. isini,
visac ufro adaptirebuli goneba aRmoaCnda da vinc Seqmna sametyvelo ena da
Sromis iaraRebi, gamarjvebulni gamovidnen gadarCenisaTvis brZolaSi da
moipoves udidesi jildo _ gadarCnen, SeinarCunes sicocxle da, sabednierod,
is Cvenamdec moitanes (Donald, 1995; Mcphail, 1998).
vinaidan cnobierebam evolucia ganicada, ar unda gagvikvirdes, rom is
uzrunvelyofs saxeobis gadarCenisTvis saWiro mTel rig funqciebs (Baars, 1997;
Baars & McGovern, 1994; Cheney & Seyfarth, 1990; Ornstein, 1991). cnobiereba, aseve,
 12
mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs pirovnuli da saerTo kulturuli realobebis
SeqmnaSi.

gadarCenaSi daxmareba

biologiuri TvalsazrisiT, savaraudod, cnobierebis ganviTareba miznad

isaxavda individisaTvis garemodan momdinare informaciis miRebasa da am
informaciaze dayrdnobiT moqmedebis saukeTeso da maqsimalurad efeqturi
gegmis SedgenaSi daxmarebas. Cveulebisamebr, Cven informaciuli gadatvirTvis
safrTxis winaSe vdgavarT. uiliam jemsi aRwerda informaciis did raodenobas,
romelic SegrZnebis receptorebs ejaxeba, rogorc yvela mxridan momdinare
„mozuzune, mzardi qaosi“. gvarkvevs ra stimulTa mravalferovnebaSi,
cnobiereba garemosTan adaptaciaSi gvexmareba. amas is sami sxvadasxva gziT
axorcielebs:
pirveli. cnobiereba amcirebs Semaval stimulTa nakads SemCneuli da
yuradRebis centrSi moxvedrili stimulebis raodenobis SezRudviT.
cnobierebis es SemzRudavi funqcia gamoricxavs imwuTieri miznebisa da
amocanebisaTvis Seusabamo informaciis did nawils. yvelaferi, rac fasdeba,
rogorc „Seusabamo“, gadaiqceva fonur xmaurad da ignorirdeba, cnobieri
aRqma ki „relevantur“ gamRizianeblebze anu im signalebze fokusirdeba,
romelTac viRebT da vpasuxobT.
meore. cnobiereba axorcielebs seleqciuri (SerCeviTi) Senaxvis funqcias.
mas Semdeg, rac mTeli Semavali sensoruli masala gadamuSavdeba perceptul
doneze da gardaiqmneba ufro mcire raodenobis cnobad paternebad da
kategoriebad, cnobiereba saSualebas gvaZlevs SevarCioT da SevinaxoT is
stimulebi, romelTa analizi, interpretacia da maTze reagireba gvsurs
momavalSi. cnobiereba movlenaTa da pirovnuli saWiroebisTvis Sesatyvisi da
araSesatyvisi gamocdilebis klasificirebis saSualebas gvaZlevs zogierTi
maTganis arCeviTa da zogierTis ignorirebiT.
mesame. cnobierebis mesame funqciaa SeCereba, alternativebis gaazreba,
ganxilva da sxvadasxva SesaZlo Sedegebis warmosaxva warsul codnaze
dayrdnobiT. es damgegmarebeli anu aRmasrulebeli makontrolirebeli funqcia
Zlieri survilebis daTrgunvis SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs, rodesac isini
ewinaaRmdegebian moralur, eTikur an praqtikul miznebs. am saxis cnobierebis
gareSe SimSilis SegrZnebis gaCenisTanave, SesaZloa, pirvelive danaxuli
sakvebi, magaliTad, vaSli moviparoT. gvaZlevs ra cnobiereba farTo droiT
perspeqtivas, romelSic unda ganxorcieldes potenciuri qceva, Cven SegviZlia
 13
warsulisa da momavlis abstraqtuli reprezentaciebis moxmoba mimdinare
gadawyvetilebebze gavlenis mosaxdenad. yovelive zemoT Tqmulidan
gamomdinare, cnobiereba cxovrebis cvalebadi moTxovnebis sapasuxod moqnili,
adekvaturi reaqciebis ganxorcielebis did SesaZleblobas iZleva.

realobis pirovnuli da kulturuli konstruqtebi

ar arsebobs ori adamiani, romelic situaciis sruliad erTnair

interpretacias mogvcemda. realobis personaluri konstruqti warmoadgens
mimdinare situaciebis Cveneul unikalur interpretacias, romelic zogad
codnas, warsuli gamocdilebis mogonebebs, awmyo moTxovnebs, Rirebulebebs,
rwmenebsa da momavlis miznebs eyrdnoba. TiToeuli pirovneba garemodan
momdinare stimulTa garkveul, sxvebisgan gansxvavebul maxasiaTeblebs
uTmobs yuradRebas, radganac realobis misi pirovnuli konstruqti unikaluri,
Semosuli masalis SeCevis Sedegad aris warmoqmnili. rodesac realobis
pirovnuli konstruqti SedarebiT stabiluria, Cveni „me“-s gancda droSi
uwyvetobas iZens.
realobis pirovnul konstruqtTa Soris individualuri gansxvavebebi ufro
didia im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac adamianebi izrdebian gansxvavebul kulturebSi,
cxovroben erTi kulturis farglebSi gansxvavebul garemoSi an gansxvavebuli
amocanebi dgas maT winaSe; da, piriqiT, vinaidan mocemuli kulturis adamianebi
mraval msgavs gamocdilebas floben, maT xSirad realobis amsaxveli msgavsi
konstruqtebi uyalibdebaT. realobis kulturuli konstruqtebi warmoadgens
samyaros Sesaxeb mosazrebaTa erTobliobas, romelsac iziarebs mocemuli
jgufis wevrTa umravlesoba. rodesac sazogadoebis wevri kulturuli
konstruqtis Sesatyvis realobis pirovnul konstruqts aviTarebs, mas iRebs
kultura da, amave dros, is Tavad xdeba kulturuli konstruqti. realobis
cnobieri konstruqtebis urTierTmiRebas SeTanxmebul mtkicebulebas uwodeben.
• konceptualuri mtkicebuleba (Consensual validation) _ realobaze cnobieri
Sexedulebebis urTierT miRebaa.

saidan viciT

SeTanxmebuli mtkicebulebis funqcia

germanel moqalaqeebs aCerebdnen quCaSi, an uSualod damkrZalavi biuros

win, an misgan daaxloebiT 100 metris manZilze. mkvlevrebi varaudobdnen, rom
 14

damkrZalavi biuros TvalTaxedvis areSi yofna adamianebSi maTi sasrulobis

(mokvdaobis) gancdas gaamZafrebda da Sedegad ufro metad aiZulebda maT
SeTanxmebul mtkicebulebaSi eZebnaT komforti. rodesac adamianebi
imyofebian mdgomareobaSi, romelsac mkvlevrebi „egzistencialur terors“
uwodeben, Teoriis mixedviT, adamianebs saerTo, sayovelTao kulturuli
rwmenebi da ganwyobebi aerTianebT. am mtkicebis Sedegi isaa, rom damkrZavali
biuros xedvis pirobebi individebs maTi ganwyobebis kulturuli
normebisadmi ufro miaxloebulad aRqmisken ubiZgebda. am kvlevaSi cdis
pirebs sTxovdnen SeefasebinaT, Tu sxva germaneli moqalaqeebi ramdenad
gaiziarebdnen maT mosazrebebs saemigracio politikis Secvlis Sesaxeb.
umciresobaSi myofi individebi konsensusis TavianT Sefasebas 10%-ze metiT
zrdidnen, rodesac isini uSualod damkrZalavi biuros win imyofebodnen,
vidre am dawesebulebidan 100 metrze daSorebulni (Pyszczynski et al., 1996).

kvlevis es Sedegebi adasturebs im daSvebas, rom individebs SeTanxmebuli

mtkicebuleba maT cnobierebaSi mokvdaobis/sakuTari sasrulobis grZnobebis
SeWris pirobebSi ufro metad esaWiroebaT. kulturul rwmenebTan da
ganwyobebTan cnobieri Tanxmobis miReba amsubuqebs am grZnobebs.

cnobierebis funqciebis kvleva

cnobierebis mravali funqcia moicavs implicitur Sedarebebs, romelic

aracnobieri rCeba. amitom mravali cnobieri procesi xSirad zemoqmedebs an
Tavad ganicdis aracnobieri procesebis zemoqmedebas. cnobierebis funqciebis
Sesaswavlad mkvlevrebs xSirad ainteresebT cnobierisa da aracnobieris mier
qcevaze ganxorcielebul zegavlenaTa Soris gansxvavebebi. maT mravali meTodi
Seqmnes imis saCveneblad, Tu rogor zemoqmedeben aracnobieri procesebi
cnobier qcevaze (Nelson, 1996; Westen, 1998).
magaliTad, mkvlevrebi iyeneben laboratoriulad gamowveuli
predispoziciis Sedegad bgeraTa gadanacvlebis meTods _ SLIP (Spoonerisms of
Laboratory-Induced Predisposition-laboratoriulad gamowveuli winaswari mzaobis
spunerizmi _ imis gansasazRvrad, Tu rogor moqmedebs aracnobieri Zalebi
metyvelebaSi wamocdenebis albaTobaze (Baars et al., 1992). SLIP procedura
eqsperimentators wamocdenebis gamowvevis saSualebas aZlevs bgeraTa
garkveuli paternebis molodinebis SemuSavebiT. amgvarad, iseTi sityvaTa
wyvilebis seriis warmoTqmis Semdeg, rogoricaa ball doze, bell dark da bean deck,
 15
cdis pirma SesaZloa darn boze-is nacvlad SecdomiT barn door warmoTqvas.
eqsperimenti amocanisgan damoukidebeli situaciuri cvladebis Secvlis
Sedegad bgeris garkveuli saxiT cvlilebis albaTobaze cnobieri an
aracnobieri zemoqmedebebis Sefasebis saSualebas iZleva. magaliTad, cdis
pirebSi ufro albaTuri iyo daeSvaT Secdoma bad shock (shad bock-is nacvlad),
rodesac maT sjerodaT, rom eqsperimentis dros xandaxan mtkivneul eleqtrul
Soks miiRebdnen (Motley & Baars, 1979). aseve, mamakac cdis pirebSi meti iyo
SecdomiT good lags-is (lood gegs-is nacvlad) warmoTqmis albaToba, rodesac
maTTan mimzidveli garegnobis eqsperimentatori qali muSaobda. es Sedegebi
wamocdenebis formirebaSi aracnobieris wvlilze miuTiTebs.
cnobier da aracnobier procesebs Soris urTierTmimarTebis sakvlevi meore
gzaa maTi dapirispireba (Jecoby et al., 1999). ganvixiloT kvleva, romelSic iqmneba
aseTi dapirispireba.

esmiT _ 6 5 19 28 11 17 41 12 . . .

faza 1: sur. 6.1.

cdis pirebi xmamaRla aracnobieri
kiTxuloben kompiuterze mogonebebis
warmodgenil ucnob zegavlena
saxelTa sias; amave dros „adrian mari“ saxelis
cdiloben mosmenil cnobilad aRqmaze
ricxvTa siaSi sami
wyvili ricxvi
aRmoaCinon.

faza 2:
cdis pirebs moeTxovebaT saxelTa CamonaTvali miakuTvnon
cnobil an ucnob saxelebs.

maT eubnebian, rom manamde wakiTxuli yvela saxeli

ucnobia.

amrigad, Tu maT axsovT,

„saxeli „adrian mari“
rom saxeli iyo
CamonaTvalidan maxsovs; is
CamonaTvalSi, ityvian,
ucnobi saxelia.“
rom is ucnobia: Tu maT
 16

cnobierad axsovT
saxeli, maT ecodinebaT,
rom is ver iqneba
cnobili.

rodesac isini cnobilad

miiCneven siaSi arsebul
saxels es imitom xdeba,
rom aracnobieri
mexsiereba mas nacnobs
xdis.
„saxeli „adrian mari“ mecnoba,
Tumca, ar maxsovs
CamonaTvalidan. is nacnobi
saxeli unda iyos.“

cdis pirebs xSirad surT Tqvan, rom saxeli cnobilia da

amiT met
yvelebs aracnobieri mogonebebis gavlenaze.

saidan viciT

cnobieri da aracnobieri procesebi erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdegod

ganvixiloT naxatze warmodgenili eqsperimenti: am situaciaSi cdis

pirebs moeTxovebaT miakuTvnon saxeli „adrian mari“ cnobilTa an ucnobTa
kategorias. arCevanis gakeTebamde isini xmamaRla kiTxuloben saxelTa
grZel sias (sadac „adrian maric“ aris naxsenebi) situaciaSi, romelSic ar
eZlevaT saxelebze srulad koncentrirebis saSualeba. rodesac cdis
pirebi waradgenen Tavian daskvnebs, maT afrTxileben, rom maT mier
wakiTxuli siidan aravin iyo cnobili pirovneba. amgvarad, Tu saxeli
siidan nacnobi aRmoCndeboda, isini iZulebulni iqnebodnen is ucnobad
CaeTvalaT. axla warmovidginoT, rom cdis pirebi miadgnen saxels „adrian
mari“. Tu maT SeuZliaT am saxelis Sesaxeb cnobieri mogonebis povna, maT
ecodinebaT, rom is warmodgenil siaSi imyofeboda da, amgvarad, ityvian,
rom „adrian mari“ ar aris cnobili. Tu isini ver aRmoaCenen cnobier
mogonebas, maT savaraudod eqnebaT zogadi grZnoba imisa, rom „sadRac
gaugoniaT es saxeli adre“ da ityvian, rom „adrian mari“ cnobili saxelia.
es fenomeni cnobiers („Tqvi ara!“) da aracnobier (Tqvi diax!) procesebs
Soris dapirispirebaa. faqtobrivad, cdis pirebi metad midrekilni arian
Tqvan, rom „adrian mari“ cnobili personaa da amiT naTels xdian, rom
 17

aracnobieri mexsiereba gavlenas axdens maT msjelobaze (Jacoby et al., 1989).

fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi: rodis uyalibdebaT bavSvebs cnobiereba?

didad albaTuria, rom cxovrebis garkveul etapze axalSobilisaTvis, an
Zalian patara bavSvisaTvis SegexedaT da dainteresebuliyaviT: „netav, ra xdeba
mis TavSi?“ xSirad es kiTxva gardaiqmneba cnobierebis Sesaxeb sakiTxad: rodis
iwyebs bavSvi sakuTari Tavis, rogorc aseTis, gacnobierebas? mkvlevrebi
fiqroben, rom bavSvebi Tavdapirvelad iZenen subieqtur „me“-s da mxolod amis
Semdeg _ obieqtur „me“-s (Lewis, 1991; 1999).

bavSvebi maSin iZenen subieqtur „me“-s anu subieqtur TviTcnobierebas,
rodesac maTTvis naTeli xdeba, rom isini gamocalkevebulni arian
sxvebisgan. bavSvs aqvs SesaZlebloba imisa, rom gare samyaro aqcios
cnobieri dakvirvebis obieqtad.

bavSvebi maSin iZenen obieqtur „me“-s anu obieqtur TviTcnobierebas,
rodesac maT eZlevaT saSualeba imisa, rom TavianTi cnobiereba mimarTon
sakuTar Tavze anu rodesac SeuZliaT sakuTari Tavis cnobieri analizis
obieqtad qceva. bavSvebs SeuZliaT gaiazron, rom „ician, rom ician“ an
„axsovT, rom axsovT“.
bavSvebis mier obieqturi TviTcnobierebis SeZenis Sesaxeb klasikuri kvleva
eyrdnoba sarkesTan qcevas. mkvlevrebs ainteresebdaT: rodis iwyebs bavSvi
mixvedras, rom sarkeSi asaxuli gamosaxuleba TviTon aris? am kiTxvaze
pasuxis gasacemad mkvlevrebi sTxovdnen dedebs, rom TavianTi SvilebisaTvis
cxvirze waesvaT pomada ise, rom bavSvebs ar scodnodaT amis Sesaxeb; es iyo
laqiani cxviris testi (nose dot test). bavSvebi sakmaod adreul asakSi amCneven
sarkis zogierT Tvisebas. magaliTad, eqvs Tvemde bavSvebi cdiloben miswvdnen
da Seexen sarkeSi asaxuli gamosaxulebis nawilebs, Tumca, mxolod 18 Tvis
Semdeg bavSvebi ikideben xels cxvirze, rodesac cxvirze laqa aqvT (Bertenthal &
Fischer, 1978). naTelia, rom am asakamde bavSvebi ar fiqroben (nebismieri formiT):
„es me var sarkeSi; ra ucnauri wiTeli niSani maqvs cxvirze?“
maSinac ki, roca bavSvebi warmatebiT asruleben laqiani cxviris tests,
 18

mainc ar aqvT bolomde „me“-s Camoyalibebuli gancda. maT jer kidev ar aqvT
Camoyalibebuli drois komponentis mqone obieqturi „me“-s Sesaxeb idea anu
sakuTar Tavze, rogorc warsulSi, awmyosa da momavalSi uwyvetad arsebulze
fiqris unari. laqiani cxviris procedurasTan adaptaciis Seswavla mkvlevrebs
„me“-s droSi ganfenilobis kvlevis saSualebas aZlevs (Povinelli et al., 1996). am
kvlevaSi videofirze iRebdnen 30-42 Tvis bavSvebs, rodesac eqsperimentatori
Cumad awepebda Tmebze webovan qaRalds. zogierT bavSvs pirdapir eTerSi
aCvenebdnen TavianT Tavebs webovanaTi: maT SeeZloT daenaxaT TavianTi
webovanqaRaldiani Tma im saqmianobis procesSi, riTic iyvnen dakavebulni.
danarCenebi ki sam wuTiani Sualedis Semdeg uyurebdnen Canawers: isini
naxulobdnen sakuTar Tavs Tmaze webovani qaRaldiT uaxloesi warsulidan.
pirvel jgufSi bavSvebis orma mesamedma moikida Tavze xeli maSin, rodesac
meore jgufSi mxolod erTma mesamedma gaakeTa es. faqtobrivad, mxolod 4
wlis asakis Semdeg bavSvebi axerxeben, rom naxon uaxloesi warsulis Canaweri
da daiWiron kavSiri Tmis webovan qaRaldTan. rogorc Cans, bavSvebisTvis
sakmaod rTulia awmyoSi mimdinare movlenis Sesaxeb daskvnebis gakeTeba
warsulis, Tundac uaxloesi warsulis, reprezentaciebze dayrdnobiT.
gagakvirvaT am Sedegebma? Tu yofilxarT 2-3 wlis bavSvTan erTad,
gecodinebaT, rom man mSvenivrad icis, vin aris da ras akeTebs. kvlevis
Sedegebi aCvenebs, Tu ramdenad realuria bavSvebisTvis daswavla da,
Sesabamisad, ramdenad marTlac rTulia Cveni, mozrdilebis cnobiereba.

Sejameba
cnobiereba gadarCenaSi gvexmareba imiT, rom: _ amcirebs Semomavali
stimulebis nakads; gansazRvravs, Tu romeli stimuli unda iqnes Senaxuli da
SesaZlo Sedegebis gaTvaliswinebiT iZleva moqmedebebis dagegmvis saSualebas.
cnobiereba, aseve, adamianis realobis pirovnul da kulturul konstruqtebs
Soris amyarebs mimarTebas. ikvleven ra cnobierebis funqciebs, mkvlevrebi
xSirad qmnian paradigmebs cnobier da aracnobier procesebs Soris
urTierTobebis Sesafaseblad da sakvlevad.

Zili da sizmrebi

TiTqmis yoveldRe Tqven ganicdiT cnobierebis Rrma cvlilebebs: _ rodesac

gadawyvetT, rom Tqveni dRe dasrulda, Tqven ganewyobiT ZilisaTvis da sanam
gZinavT, ueWvelad xedavT sizmrebs. cxovrebis mesameds ZilSi vatarebT,
 19
rodesac kunTebi „paralizebulia“, tvini ki sxvadasxva aqtivobebiT aris
dakavebuli. am nawils Zil-RviZilis zogadi biologiuri ritmis ganxilviT
daviwyebT. Semdeg ufro detalurad visaubrebT Zilis fsiqologiaze. bolos
ganvixilavT ZilTan Sewyvilebul ZiriTad gonebriv aqtivobas _ sizmars da
SevecdebiT gavarkvioT, Tu ra rols asrulebs sizmari adamianis
fsiqologiaSi.

cirkaduli ritmebi

yvela cocxali arseba ganicdis dRe-Ramis bunebrivi ritmis zemoqmedebas.

Cveni sxeuli sinqronizdeba drois ciklTan, romelic cirkaduli ritmis
saxeliT aris cnobili: _ sisxlis wneva, metaboluri procesebi, gulis cemis
sixSire, sxeulis temperatura da hormonaluri aqtivoba Sinagani saaTis
mixedviT icvleba (Moore-Ede et al., 1982). es aqtivobebi, umeteswilad, dRis
ganmavlobaSi, Cveulebisamebr, SuadRisiT aRweven cxovelqmedebis piks da
maqsimalurad mcirdebian RamiT Zilis dros. kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom organizmSi
arsebuli saaTi zustad ar emTxveva saaTs kedelze: _ garegani saaTis
yovelgvari miniSnebebis gareSe, adamianis Sinaganma „tempis momcemma“
daamkvidra 24.18- saaTiani cikli (Czeisler et al., 1999). mzis amosvla yoveldRiurad
gvexmareba 24- saaTian ciklTan SeguebaSi. mzis sinaTlis Sesaxeb informacias
TvaliT viRebT, magram cirkaduli ritmis maregulirebeli receptori ar aris
igive, romelic samyaros danaxvis SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs: _ cxovelebi
Cxirebisa da kolbebis gareSec (ix. Tavi 4) grZnoben sinaTles, rac maT
cirkaduli ritmis SenarCunebis saSualebas aZlevs (Freedman et al., 1999).

• cirkaduli ritmi (Circadian rhythm) _ organizmis aqtivobis Sinagani saaTiT

determinirebuli mdgradi paterni, romelic, Cveulebisamebr, 24 an 25 saaTs
grZeldeba.
biologiur da garemos saaTebs Soris gansvlis gamomwvevi cvlilebebi
moqmedebs imaze, Tu rogor vigrZnobT Tavs da rogor moviqceviT (Moore-Ede,
1993). aseTi gansvlebis warmoqmnis yvelaze dramatuli magaliTebi xangrZlivi
mogzaurobebis dros xdeba. rodesac adamianebi gadafrindebian sxvadasxva
9
drois sartyelSi, maT SeiZleba ganicadon e.w. Jet lag anu daerRveT dReRamuri
ritmi; es aris mdgomareoba, romelsac axlavs gadaRliloba, dauZleveli
Zilianoba da Sedegad Zil-RviZilis uCveulo ganrigi. Jet lag Tavs iCens,

9 dReRamuri ritmis darRveva ramdenime droiTi sartylis swrafad gadakveTis, magaliTad, gadafrenis
Sedegad.
 20
radganac Sinagani cirkaduli ritmi vardeba Cveuli droiTi garemos fazidan
(Redfern et al., 1994). magaliTad, Cveni sxeuli ambobs, rom Ramis 2 saaTia da,
Sesabamisad, mravali fsiqologiuri parametris mixedviT funqcionirebis
yvelaze pasiuri periodia, rodesac adgilobrivi dro Cvengan SuadRis
Sesabamis aqtivobas moiTxovs. Jet lag, pilotTa gansakuTrebuli problemaa,
mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs pilotTa mier daSvebul SecdomebSi, romelic
ubeduri SemTxvevebis mizezi xdeba (Coleman, 1986).
ra cvladebi zemoqmedeben Jet lag-ze? yvelaze mniSvnelovani cvladia
mogzaurobis mimarTuleba da gadakveTil droiT sartyelTa raodenoba.
aRmosavleTisken mogzauroba met Jet lag-s qmnis, vidre dasavleTisken, radganac
Cveni biologiuri saaTi ufro iolad SeiZleba gaxangrZlivdes, vidre
Semcirdes, rogorc amas aRmosavleTisken mogzauroba iTxovs (RviZilis
mdgomareobaSi xangrZlivad yofna ufro advilia, vidre adre daZineba).
rodesac janmrTeli moxaliseebi gadaafrines evropidan aSS-Si da ukan, Cveuli
qcevebis aRdgena dasavleTis mimarTulebiT mogzaurobis Semdeg oridan oTx
dRemde gaxda SesaZlebeli maSin, roca aRmosavleTisken mogzaurobis Semdeg
amas 9 dRe dasWirda (Klein & Wegmann, 1974).

Zilis cikli

cirkaduli ritmis erTi mesamedi qceviT uZraobas eTmoba, romelsac Zils

vuwodebT. bevri ram, rac Zilis Sesaxeb aris cnobili, tvinis eleqtrul
aqtivobas ukavSirdeba. Zilis kvlevaSi meTodologiuri gardatexa 1937 wels
moxda, rodesac gamoiyenes teqnologia, romelic mZinare adamianis Tavis tvinis
eleqtruli aqtivobis eleqtroencefalogramis (eeg) saxiT Caweris saSualebas
iZleoda. eeg uzrunvelyofs Zilisa da RviZilis periodebSi adamianis Tavis
tvinis aqtivobis cvlilebebis obieqtur da mimdinare gazomvas. eeg-s
saSualebiT mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines, rom Tavis tvinis talRebi icvleba Zilis
ganmavlobaSi da es cvla sistematur, Tanmimdevrul da prognozirebad xasiaTs
atarebs (Loomis et al., 1937). Zilis sferoSi Semdegi mniSvnelovani aRmoCena iyo
Tvalebis swrafi moZraobis (REM – rapid eye movement) dafiqsireba, romelic
garkveuli intervalebiT periodulad iCens Tavs Zilis ganmavlobaSi (Aserinsky
& Kleitman, 1953). periods, rodesac mZinare adamians ar aReniSneba REM-i,
Tvalebis swrafi moZraobis gareSe Zils (non-REM anu NREM) uwodeben.
mogvianebiT vnaxavT, rom REM da NREM Zili mniSvnelovan funqciebs
asruleben Ramis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi aqtivobisaTvis _ sizmrisaTvis.
 21
axla Tvali gavadevnoT Cveni Tavis tvinis aqtivobas Ramis ganmavlobaSi.
rogorc ki dasaZineblad mzadebas daviwyebT, eeg daafiqsirebs, rom Tavis
tvinis talRebis sixSirea daaxloebiT 14 cikli wamSi (cw/herci). rodesac
komfortulad movewyobiT sawolSi da movdundebiT, Tavis tvinis talRebi
Senelebas daiwyebs 8-12 cw/herci -mde. rodesac CagveZineba, iwyeba Zilis cikli,
romlis TiToeuli faza gansxvavebul eeg-s paterns aCvenebs. pirvel fazaze eeg
3-dan 7 cw/hercamde Tavis tvinis talRebs aCvenebs. meore fazis manZilze
miRebuli eeg-s Zilis RerZs uwodeben, rodesac eleqtruli aqtivoba wuTSi 12-
16 cw/hercia. Zilis Semdeg or fazaze (faza 3 da 4) gadavdivarT
relaqsirebuli Zilis Zalian Rrma mdgomareobaSi anu Zalze Rrmad gvZinavs.
Tavis tvinis talRebi neldeba 1-2 cw/hercamde, mcirdeba, aseve, sunTqvisa da
guliscemis sixSire. bolo fazaze isev matulobs Tavis tvinis eleqtruli
aqtivoba da eeg-s Canaweri 1 da 2 fazebis Canawers emsgavseba. swored am fazaze
aqvs adgili REM Zils da vxedavT sizmars (ix. suraTi 6.2). (vinaidan REM Zilis
dros Cawerili eeg mRviZari adamiani Canawers hgavs, REM Zils paradoqsalur
Zilsac uwodeben).

• Tvalebis swrafi moZraoba (Rapid eye movement – REM) _ im fazis qceviTi

gamovlineba, romlis drosac mZinare adamiani sizmrismagvar gonebriv
aqtivobas axorcielebs.

• Zili Tvalebis swrafi moZraobis gareSe (Non-REM anu NREM sleep) _ periodi,
rodesac mZinare adamianTan ar fiqsirdeba Tvalebis swrafi moZraoba;
xasiaTdeba REM ZilTan SedarebiT naklebi sizmrisebri aqtivobiT.

Zilis pirveli oTxi fazis gavlas, romelic mTlianobaSi NREM Zils qmnis,
daaxloebiT 90 wT sWirdeba, REM Zili ki daaxloebiT 10 wT-s grZeldeba. Ramis
Zilis ganmavlobaSi am 100 wT-ian cikls 4-6-jer gavdivarT (ix. suraTi 6.3).
TiToeul ciklSi Rrma ZilisTvis (3 da 4 fazebisTvis) gankuTvnili dro
mcirdeba, xolo REM Zilze daxarjuli dro izrdeba. bolo ciklSi ukve
TiTqmis 1 sT-s vuTmobT REM Zils. mTlianobaSi Zilis 75-80% NREM Zils
eTmoba, 20-25% ki _ REM Zils.
yvelas ar sZinavs erTnairi xangrZlivobiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom
adamianebisaTvis arsebobs Zilis genetikurad ganpirobebuli saWiroeba, Zilis
realuri raodenoba, romelsac iRebs TiToeuli individi, cnobieri qmedebebis
mniSvnelovan zegavlenas ganicdis. adamianebi aqtiurad akontroleben Zilis
xangrZlivobas sxvadasxva saSualebebiT, rogoricaa gvian daZineba an
 22
maRviZaris gamoyeneba. Zilis xangrZlivobas, aseve, akontrolebs cirkaduli
ritmi; amitom aris, rom daZinebis dro (anu rodis viZinebT) gavlenas axdens
Zilis xangrZlivobaze. NREM da REM Zilis adekvaturi, sakmarisi raodenobis
miReba mxolod maSin aris SesaZlebeli, rodesac standartirebuli gvaqvs
daZinebisa da gaRviZebis dro mTeli kviris manZilze, dasvenebis dReebis
CaTvliT. am SemTxvevaSi metia albaToba imisa, rom sawolSi gatarebuli dro
uaxlovdeba Cveni cirkaduli ritmis Zilis fazas.
Cveni interesis Semdgomi sagania Zilis paternis is TvalSi sacemi
cvlilebebi, romelsac adgili aqvs individis cxovrebis manZilze (ix. suraTi
6.4). am qveyanaze cxovrebas dReSi 16 sT-iani ZiliT viwyebT, romlis TiTqmis
naxevars REM ZilSi vatarebT. 50 wlis asakSi SeiZleba mxolod 6 sT eZinos
adamians da mTeli am drois mxolos 20% eTmobodes REM Zils. axalgazrdebs,
Cveulebriv, 7-8 sT sZinavs, romelSic 20% REM Zils ukavia.

ratom Zili?

adamianebsa da cxovelebSi Zilis fazebis Tanmimdevruli ganviTareba

gvafiqrebinebs, rom arsebobs Zilis evoluciuri safuZveli da biologiuri
saWiroeba. adamianebi sakmaod kargad funqcionireben, rodesac 7-8 sT sZinavT
Ramis ganmavlobaSi (Harrison & Horne, 1996). ratom sZinavT adamianebs amdeni da ra
funqciebs emsaxureba NREM da REM Zilis saxeobebi?
NREM Zilis ori umTavresi funqcia SeiZleba iyos Senaxva (konservacia) da
aRdgena. Zili cxovelebs gakveuli drois ganmavlobaSi energiis dazogvis,
Senaxvis saSualebas aZlevs, rodesac ar aris sakvebis mopovebis, wyvilis
povnis an Sromis aucilebloba (Allison & Cicchetti, 1976; Cartwtright, 1982; Webb, 1974).
meore mxriv, Zili ramdenime gziT aRdgenis SesaZleblobas aZlevs sxeuls.
Zilis dros sinTezirdeba dRis ganmavlobaSi daxarjuli neirotransmiterebisa
da neiromodulatorebis saWiro raodenoba, postsinafsur receptorebs ki
mgrZnobelobis optimalur doneze dabrunebis saSualeba eZleva (Porkka-Heiskanen
et al., 1997; Rainnie et al., 1994). kvlevis Sedegebi, aseve, mowmobs, rom Tavis tvinis
energiis wyaro xelaxla ivseba NREM Zilis dros (Benington & Heller, 1995).
Tu Ramis ganmavlobaSi ganvicdiT REM Zilis deprivacias, Semdeg Rames
CveulebrivTan SedarebiT xangrZlivi REM Zili gveqneba, vinaidan REM Zilic
emsaxureba garkveul aucilebel funqciebs. mTel rig saintereso, Tumca,
jerjerobiT arasrulad warmodgenil sargebels REM Zils miakuTvneben (Moffitt
et al., 1993). magaliTad, rogorc Cans, Cvilobis periodSi REM Zili pasuxs agebs
 23
nervul daboloebebsa da kunTebs Soris Tvalebis moZraobis uzrunvelsayofad
saWiro kavSiris Camoyalibebaze. REM Zili qmnis Tavis tvinis iseT
funqcionalur struqturebs, romlebic aucilebelia motoruli Cvevebis
daswavlisaTvis. REM Zilma, aseve, SeiZleba garkveuli roli Seasrulos
ganwyobilebisa da emociebis SenarCunebaSi. garda amisa, is SeiZleba saWiro
iyos mogonebebis Senaxvisa da mimdinare gamocdilebis ukve arsebul
mogonebebTan da ganwyobebTan TanxmobaSi moyvanisaTvis (Cartwright, 1978; Dement,
1976). fsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT, mkvlevrebi fiqroben, rom REM Zili
aucilebelia NREM Zilis Semdeg Tavis tvinis balansis aRdgenisaTvis: NREM
ZilisTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tavis tvinis aqtivobis Cveulma tipma SeiZleba
Secvalos Tavis tvinis balansi imgvarad, rom aucilebeli gaxdes normasTan
dabruneba REM Zilis meSveobiT (Benington & heller, 1994)

Zilis darRvevebi

mSvenieria, rodesac yovelTvis SegviZlia RamiT kargad daZineba. samwuxarod,

mravali adamiani itanjeba Zilis darRvevebiT, rac seriozulad moqmedebs maT
pirad cxovrebasa da samsaxureobriv saqmianobaze. darRveul Zils socialuri
Sedegebic SeiZleba hqondes. adamianebi, romelTa samuSao ganrigi RamiT
gadaadgilebas saWiroebs, mTeli kviris ganmavlobaSi erTxel mainc Tvlemen
samuSao adgilze. msoflioSi zogierTi yvelaze seriozuli industriuli
ubeduri SemTxveva _ Three Mile Island, Cernobili, Bhopal-i da Exxon Valdez
gansacdeli _ gvian saRamos saaTebSi moxda. ambobdnen, rom es SemTxvevebi
imitom moxda, rom Zilis ukmarisobis gamo pasuxismgebelma personalma
optimalurad ver Seasrula Tavisi funqcia. vinaidan Zilis darRvevebi
mniSvelovania mravali studentis cxovrebaSic, aq maTzec visaubrebT. teqstis
kiTxvisas gaxsovdeT, rom Zilis darRveva varirebs siRrmis, simwvavis mixedviT;
Sesabamisad, darRvevebis mizezic varirebs biologiur Tu fsiqologiur Zalebs
Soris.

insomnia
rodesac adamianebi ukmayofiloni arian TavianTi Zilis odenobiT an
xarisxiT, isini insomniisgan itanjebian. saTanadod daZinebaSi qronikuli
warumatebloba xasiaTdeba swrafad ver daZinebiT, Zilis ganmavlobaSi xSiri
adgomebiT an diliT adre gaRviZebiT. ukanasknel gamokiTxvaSi 18 da meti wlis
mozrdilebis 58% aRniSnavs, rom bolo wlis manZilze yoveli kviris
ganmavlobaSi ramdenime RamiT an ufro xSirad ganucdia insomnia (National Sleep
 24
Foundation, 2000). insomnia kompleqsuri darRvevaa, romelsac fsiqologiuri,
garemo pirobebis da mravali biologiuri faqtori ganapirobebs (Spielman &
Glovinsky, 1997). laboratoriul pirobebSi insomniis mqone individebis
Seswavlisas maTi realuri Zilis xarisxi da raodenoba mniSvnelovnad
icvleboda, normaluri Zilidan darRveulamde. mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines, rom
insomniis mqone mravali individi, romelic uZilobas uCioda, realurad Zilis
sruliad normalur fiziologiur paterns avlenda, Tumca, es mdgomareoba
subieqturad insomniad aRiqmeboda da aRiwereboda. aseve, kuriozulia aRmoCena,
rom Zilis darRvevis mqone zogierTi adamiani ar uCivis insomnias (Trinder, 1988).
amgvari gansvla imisa Sedegia, Tu adamianebi rogor sxvadasxvagvarad axdenen
fxizeli Zilis interpretirebas, magaliTad, SeiZleba mocemul adamians
fxizeli Zili adrindelTan SedarebiT ufro xSiri da stresuli eCvenebodes
da ar axsovdes Rrmad rom eZina.

narkolefsia
narkolefsia Zilis darRvevaa, romelic dRis ganmavlobaSi perioduli
ZiliT xasiaTdeba (Aldrich, 1992). is xSirad katapleqsiasTan10 kombinaciaSi iCens
Tavs, ris Sedegadac adamiani moulodnelad Zirs ecema. narkoleptikebi
TiTqmis daZinebisTanave gadadian REM ZilSi. REM ZilSi aseTi swrafi
gadasvla maT ganacdevinebs da cnobierad aRaqmevinebs sizmris naTel, mkafio
xatebs, zogjer ki _ SemaSinebel halucinaciebs. narkolefsia 2000-dan mxolod
erT adamianTan gvxvdeba. vinaidan narkolefsia gavrcelebulia ojaxebSi,
mecnierebi askvnian, rom daavadebas genetikuri safuZveli aqvs (Mignot, 1998).
surT ra uecrad Zilad mivardnis gamo uxerxulobisaTvis Tavis arideba,
narkolefsia xSirad uaryofiT socialur da fsiqologiur gavlenas axdens
daavadebul individebze (Broughton & Broughton, 1994). narkoleptikisTvis
gamosavals warmoadgens Tavisi daavadebis bunebis garkveva da socialuri
mxardaWeris jgufSi Sesvla.

Zilis apnoe
Zilis apnoe aris zeda sasunTq gzebTan dakavSirebuli Zilis darRveva,
rodesac adamiani Zilis dros wyvets sunTqvas. rodesac es xdeba, sisxlSi
mcirdeba Jangbadis raodenoba da gamomuSavdeba damxmare (sasignalo)
hormonebi, rac, Tavis mxriv, aiZulebs adamians, rom gaiRviZos da ganaaxlos
sunTqva. miuxedavad imisa, rom umravlesobasTan iSviaTad gvxvdeba apnoes aseTi

10 katapleqsia _ kunTebis sisuste an kunTebze kontrolis dakargva, rac emociur aRgznebas (rogoricaa:
_ sicili, risxva, SiSi, gaoceba an SimSili) axlavs Tan.
 25
Ramis epizodebi, Zilis apnoeTi daavadebul zogierT adamianTan asamde aseTi
cikli meordeba yoveli Ramis ganmavlobaSi. apnoes epizodi zogjer aSinebs
mZinare adamians, Tumca, xSirad es epizodi imdenad xanmoklea, rom igi ver
akavSirebs moWarbebul Zilianobas am epizodebTan (Orr, 1997). magaliTisaTvis
ganvixiloT cnobili fsiqologis SemTxveva, romelsac gamouvleneli Zilis
apnoes Sedegad ar SeeZlo RviZilis mdgomareobaSi yofiliyo leqciebisa da
mecnieruli Sexvedrebis dros. rodesac mas meuRlem acnoba Ramis darRveuli
qcevis Sesaxeb, man mimarTa Zilis darRvevebis klinikas, sadac warmatebiT
imkurnala da gadairCina kariera (Zimbardo, personal communication, 1991). sxva
analogiur SemTxvevebSi adamianebi kargaven samuSaos, megobrebs da zogjer
meuRleebsac ki, radganac maTi qceva dRis ganmavlobaSi Zalze darRveulia
Ramis periodis darRvevis gamo.
Zilis dros apnoe xSiria naadrevad dabadebul/dRenaklul axalSobilebSic,
romlebic xandaxan sunTqvis ganaxlebisaTvis fizikur stimulirebas
saWiroeben. srulad Camoyalibebuli sasunTqi sistemis arqonis gamo aseT
Cvilebs intensiuri Terapiis ganyofilebaSi monitorze aerTeben imdeni xniT,
ramden xansac grZeldeba problemebi.

dRis Zilianoba

aSS-s Zilis darRvevebis centrebSi mosul pacientTa umravlesoba dRis

ganmavlobaSi moWarbebul Zilianobas uCivis. aSS-Si 1154 mozrdilidan 43%
miuTiTebs, rom yovelTviurad ramdenime dRe, an ufro xangrZlivi periodi,
imdenad eZinebaT, rom irRveva maTi Cveuli dRis aqtivobebi; 20% miuTiTebs, rom
dRis Zilianoba ramdenime dRis an yovelkvireulad negatiuri movlenaa maTi
dRis saqmianobebisaTvis (National Sleep Foundation, 2000). moWarbebuli Zilianoba
iwvevs sifrTxilis dakargvas, reaqciis drois gazrdas da motoruli da

•insomnia (Insomnia) _ normalurad daZinebis qronikuli uunaroba; simptomebSi

Sedis sirTuleebi daZinebisas, xSiri gaRviZeba, gaRviZebis Semdeg CaZinebis
unaris arqona, diliT adre gaRviZeba.
•narkolefsia (Narcolepsy) _ Zilis darRveva, romelic xasiaTdeba dRis
ganmavlobaSi daZinebis dauZleveli moTxovnilebiT.

•Zilis apnoe (Sleep apnea) _ zeda sasunTq gzebTan dakavSirebuli Zilis

darRveva, rac aiZulebs adamians, rom Zilis dros sunTqva Sewyvitos.

•dRis Zilianoba (Daytime sleepiness) _ moWarbebuli Zilianoba dRis aqtivobebis

dros; Zilis darRvevis centrebSi misul pacientTa ZiriTadi Civili.
 26
kognituri amocanebis Sesrulebis xarisxis gauaresebas. adreul kvlevebSi
moWarbebuli Zilianobis mqone pacientTa TiTqmis naxevari aRniSnavda, rom
xvdebodnen avtosagzao SemTxvevebSi, xolo naxevarze mets samuSaoze hqonda
ubeduri SemTxveva, zog SemTxvevaSi seriozulic ki (Roth et al., 1989).
Zilis deprivaciis darRvevis Sesaxeb dokumenturi filmis Sleep Alert-is
momzadebisas fsiqologi jeims maasi aRniSnavda, rom „arseboben adamianebi,
romlebic zombebis msgavsad dadian“ (Maas, 1998). man ikvlia pilotebi,
romlebic aRniSnavdnen, rom muSaobis periodSi Tvlemdnen xanmokle
periodebiT. maasis mixedviT, damamTavrebeli klasebis moswavleTa 30%-mde
erTxel mainc iZinebs gakveTilze. garkveuli xarisxis Zilianoba
mosalodnelia, rodesac individebis cxovrebis stili an samuSaos
Taviseburebani xels uSlis sakmaris Ramis Zils. Tumca, moWarbebul
Zilianobas xSirad fiziologiuri safuZveli aqvs da aseT pacientebs
samedicino daxmareba esaWiroebaT (White & Mitler, 1997).

sizmari: gonebis Teatri

Cveni cxovrebis yoveli Cveulebrivi Ramis ganmavlobaSi sizmrebis rTul

samyaroSi vxvdebiT. Tu sizmrebi erT dros mxolod winaswarmetyvelebis,
fizikosebisa da fsiqoanalitikosebis interesis sferos warmoadgenda,
dResdReobiT mecnieruli kvlevebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani mimarTulebaa.
sizmris kvlevaTa umravlesoba Zilis laboratoriebSi daiwyo, sadac
eqsperimentatorebs SeeZloT Tvali edevnebinaT da CaeweraT mZinare adamianis
REM da NREM Zilis periodebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom individebi ufro met
sizmrebs yvebodnen, Tu REM periodSi aRviZebdnen maT, gaRviZebulTa 80%-Si
NREM Zilis drosac aqvs adgili sizmrebs - amas mowmobs am periodSi
gaRviZebulTa 54% (Foulkes, 1962). NREM mdgomareobasTan dakavSirebuli sizmrebi
naklebad xasiaTdeba emociuri CarTulobis mqone SinaarsebiT. maTSi Warbobs
sensoruli xatebiT naklebad datvirTuli dRis azrebi. Tumca, NREM Zilis
sizmrebis raodenoba izrdeba/matulobs Zilis darRvevebis SemTxvevaSi da
janmrTel mZinare adamianTan gviani dilis saaTebSi (Kondo et al., 1989).
imis gamo, rom sizmari aseT mniSvnelovan adgils ikavebs adamianebis
fsiqikur cxovrebaSi, faqtobrivad, yvela kultura mivida erT kiTxvamde: _
aqvs Tu ara am sizmrebs raime mniSvneloba? umravles SemTxvevaSi pasuxia
„diax, aqvs“. amitomac kulturaTa umravlesobaSi arsebobs rwmena, rom ase Tu
 27
ise sizmrebs mniSvnelovani pirovnuli da kulturuli mniSvneloba aqvs. axla
ganvixilavT sizmrebisaTvis mniSvnelobis miniWebis zogierT gzas.

fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi: 24/7 cxovrebis stili da Zili

aTi an oci wlis win mcire ram iyo, rac SeiZleboda gekeTebina SuaRamis
Semdeg. saSiano davalebis Sesrulebis Semdeg moswavleebsa da studentebs
unda amoerCiaT: _ televizorisTvis eyurebinaT Tu daeZinaT. amis sapirispirod,
XX saukunis bolo aTwleulma moitana intenretis arseboba da masTan erTad
24/7-iani stimulaciis uzrunvelyofa. dRisa da Ramis nebismier momentSi Cven
SegviZlia vimogzauroT an visaubroT (Chat oTaxebSi) internetis saSualebiT.
Cven SegviZlia vasrulebdeT Ramis vaxSams berlinSi, koneqtikutSi (aSS) da
vesaubrebodeT vinmes, vinc miirTmevs adreul sauzmes berlinSi, germaniaSi.
internetis gafarToeba SeiZleba davaxasiaToT, rogorc Zilisadmi
adamianebis ambivalenturi (ormagi) _ siyvaruli-siZulvilis _ damokidebuleba.
adamianebs uyvarT Zili, radganac dasvenebulebi kargad grZnoben Tavs (xolo
roca eZinebaT _ saSinlad). rogorc vnaxavT am TavSi, Cvens sxeuls efeqturad
funqcionirebisaTvis Zili sWirdeba. TumcaRa, adamianebs sZulT Zili, radganac
uamravi sasiamovno ram arsebobs, romliTac SeuZliaT dakavdnen RviZilis
mdgomareobaSi. interneti mniSvnelovnad zrdis sasiamovno saqmianobebis
raodenobas. wignis avtorebi mzad arian aRiaron, rom qselSi mogzaurobis
Sewyvetas mizanimimarTulad erCiaT uZilod yofna.
mravali mkvlevris azriT, internetis qseli 24/7 arsebobas mxolod
auaresebs. isini wlebis manZilze SfoTavdnen imis gamo, rom mozardebsa da
kolejis studentebs ar eZinaT sakmarisi drois manZilze (Dement & Vaughan, 1999;
Wolfson & Carskadon, 1998). miuxedavad imisa, rom eqspertebis Tanaxmad, nebismier
admaians esaWiroeba 8 saaTiani Zili, Zilis nacionaluri sazogadoebis mier
2000 wels Catarebuli gamokiTxvis Sedegad gamoirkva, rom 18-dan 29 wlamde
asakis adamianebSi saSualo maCvenebeli arasodes Tanxvdeba am standarts.
kviris dReebis manZilze am asakis individTa Zilis saSualo xangrZlivobaa 6,8
saaTi; dasvenebis dReebSi, kviris bolos es maCvenebeli 7,8 saaTamde izrdeba.
ueWvelia, rom kolejis studentTa umravlesoba gamocdebTan da sakurso
naSormebis dawerasTan dakavSirebuli stresis gamo kargavs Zils (Mutphy &
Archer, 1996). Tumca, gamokiTxvaSi monawile 18-29 wlis asakis adamianTa 55%
daeTanxma debulebas: _ „xSirad mRviZavs gvianobamde, radganac vuyureb
televizors, an var internetSi.“ Tqvenc eTanxmebiT amas?
 28

Cven ar vcdilobT, uari gaTqmevinoT internetis moxmarebaze. Cven mxolod

gTavazobT dakvirvebis Sedegebs, romlis Tanaxmadac, axal teqnologiebs
xSirad uZilobis axali mizezebi sdevs Tan. uZilobas mravali seriozuli
Sedegi mohyveba: _ zogierTi maTgania dabali niSnebi, problemebi samsaxurSi da
avtosagzao SemTxvevebi. metic, mecnierebs SeuZliaT iseTi abebis Seqmna,
romelic Zilisgan Tavis Sekavebis saSualebas mogvcems, Tumca, veraferi
gaaqrobs Zilis saWiroebas. Tqven unda gansazRvroT, Tu ra pirovnuli nabijebi
unda gadadgaT, rom XXI saukune TqvenTvisac ar iqces uZilobis saukuned.
veb gverdebi:

www.sleepfoundation.org, Zilis nacionaluri sazogadoebis gverdi.

www.stanford.edu/~dement, es gverdi Seqmnilia Zilis kvlevis pioneris uiliam
dementis mier, romelic gvTavazobs didi raodenobiT Zilis Sesaxeb ZiriTad
informaciasa da kavSirebs.

sizmrebis froidiseuli analizi

Tanamedrove dasavlur kulturaSi yvelaze cnobili Teoria sizmrebis

Sesaxeb zigmund froids ekuTvnis. froidi sizmrebs „warmaval fsiqozsa“ da
„yovelRameul sigiJes“ uwodebda. aseve is sizmrebs „aracnobierisken mimaval
samefo gzad“ miiCnevda. sizmrebis analizi fsiqoanalizis qvakuTxedad aris
warmodgenili mis klasikur naSromSi „sizmrebis interpretacia“ (1900).
froidis mixedviT, sizmris Sinaarsi Zlieri, aracnobieri, gandevnili
survilebis simboluri gamoxatulebaa. es survilebi sizmarSi SeniRbuli,
dafaruli saxiT gveZleva, radganac maT ukan iseTi akrZaluli survilebi
imaleba, rogoricaa, magaliTad, sapirispiro sqesis mSoblisadmi seqsualuri
ltolva. sizmarSi ori dinamikuri Zala moqmedebs; esenia survili da cenzura
anu dacva survilisagan. cenzura axorcielebs dafaruli mniSvnelobis anu
latenturi
latenturi (faruli) Sinaarsis gardasaxvas sizmris manifestirebul (xilul)
Sinaarsad;
Sinaarsad es ukanaskneli ki damaxinjebis procesis Sedegad im saxis sizmrad
yalibdeba, romelsac xedavs mZinare adamiani. Sinaarsis damaxinjebis am
process froidi sizmris muSaobas uwodebs. xiluli Sinaarsi realuri
istoriis misaRebi versiaa; faruli Sinaarsi ki socialurad an pirovnulad
miuRebeli variantia, Tumca, ufro realisturia yovelgvari damaxinjebis
gareSe.

• faruli Sinaarsi (Latent content) _ froidiseul sizmrebis analizSi sizmris

 29

dafaruli azri.

• xiluli (manifestirebuli) Sinaarsi (Manifest content) _ froidiseul sizmrebis

analizSi sizmris Sinaarsis zedapiruli mxare, romelic mowodebulia
sizmris realuri mniSvnelobis SesaniRbad.

• sizmris muSaoba (Dream work) _ froidiseul sizmrebis analizSi procesi,

romliTac Sinagani cenzura sizmris farul Sinaarss xilul Sinaarsad
gardaqmnis.

froidis mixedviT, sizmris interpretacia ukumimarTulebiT muSaobas

moiTxovs xiluli Sinaarsidan faruli Sinaarsisken. fsiqoanalitikosisaTvis,
romelic sizmrebis analizs pacientis problemebis garkvevisa da maTi
mkurnalobisaTvis iyenebs, sizmrebi naTels xdis pacientis aracnobier
survilebs, am survilebTan SeWidul SiSebsa da im dacviTi meqanizmebis
Taviseburebebs, romelTac iyenebs pacienti survilebsa da SiSebs Soris
warmoqmnil fsiqikur konfliqtTan gasamklaveblad. froids miaCnda, rom
sizmarSi warmodgenili simboloebi da metaforebi orgvar _ idiosinkrezul _
calkeuli individebisTvis specifikur _ da universalur _ mravali maTgani
seqsualuri xasiaTis mqone _ mniSvnelobas atarebs:
yuTebi, CanTebi, skivrebi, karadebi da Rumelebi, aseve, carieli,
CaRrmavebuli sagnebi, gemebi da nebismieri saxis transporti ganasaxierebs
saSvilosnos. sizmarSi oTaxebi, Cveulebriv, qalis simboloa; Tu sizmarSi
maTSi Semavali da gamavali sxvadasxva gzac aris warmodgenili, maSin
interpretacia naklebad iwvevs eWvs... sizamarSi sadac oTaxebis mTel rigs
gavivliT, bordeli an haremia warmodgenili... didad albaTuria, rom
yoelgvari rTuli manqanuri danadgari da aparatura sizmarSi genitaliebis
simbolizaciaa (da, rogorc wesi, mamakacis genitaliebis)... (Freud, 1900/1965,
pp.389-391)
sizmrebis interpretaciis froidiseuli Teoria sizmris simbolikas
adamianis fsiqologiis zogad Teorias ukavSirebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom
mkvlevrebma ver moipoves sizmris faruli da xiluli Sinaarsis Sesaxeb am
Teoriis damadasturebeli empiriuli monacemebi, sizmrebis fsiqologiuri
mniSvnelovnebis xazgasmam mimarTuleba misca sizmris Sinaarsis Tanamedrove
kvlevebs (Domhoff, 1996; Fisher & Greenberg, 1987).

sizmrebis interpretaciisadmi aradasavluri midgoma

 30
dasavlur kulturaSi adamianTa umravlesoba arasodes fiqrobs seriozulad
sizmrebis Sesaxeb fsiqologiis fakultetze moxvedramde an Terapiis
dawyebamde; mraval aradasavlur kulturaSi ki, piriqiT, sizmrebis
interpretacia kulturis ganuyofeli nawilia (Lewis, 1995; Tedlock, 1987).
ganvixiloT ekvadoris arCuris tomis indielTa yoveldRiuri cxovreba (Schlitz,
1997, p.2):
sxva Cveulebrivi dReebis msgavsad, (soflis) mamakacebi patara wreSi
sxdebian... isini wina Ramis sizmrebs uyvebian erTmaneTs. sizmrebis gaziarebis
es yoveldRiuri rituali arsebiTia arCuris tomis cxovrebisaTvis. maT
swamT, rom TiToeuli sizmari ara mxolod sizmris mnaxvelisaTvis, aramed
mTeli tomisTvis aris mniSvnelovani. individualuri gamocdileba
koleqtivis moqmedebas emsaxureba.
aseTi dilis Sekrebebze TiToeuli individi Tavis sizmars hyveba, danarCenebi
ki TavianT interpretacias sTavazoben im imediT, rom miaRweven SeTanxmebas,
konsensuss sizmris mniSvnelobis gagebaSi. rwmena imis Sesaxeb, rom individi
sizmars „mTeli tomisTvis“ xedavs, ewinaaRmdegeba froidis mier
SemoTavazebul mosazrebas, rom sizmari individis aracnobierisken mimavali
„samefo gzaa“.
bevr kulturaSi miRebulia, rom adamianTa garkveuli jgufi sizmrebis
interpretaciis gansakuTrebul Zalasa da unars flobs. magaliTisTvis maias
indielebi SeiZleba ganvixiloT, romlebic meqsikis, gvatemalas, belazisa da
gondurasis sxvadasxva nawilebSi cxovroben. maias kulturaSi Samanebis
funqciaa sizmrebis interpretacia. faqtobrivad, maias zogierT sub-jgufSi
Samanebs am rolisaTvis maSin irCeven, rodesac maT esizmrebaT RvTaeba,
romelic SamanTa mowodebas amcnobs maT. am axlad arCeuli Samanebidan
momdinareobs religiuri ritualebis Sesaxeb instruqciebic, romlebic maT,
Tavis mxriv, sizmris xilvebidan iReben. miuxedavad imisa, rom Samanebi da sxva
religiuri figurebi floben sizmrebis interpretaciisTvis saWiro codnas,
Cveulebrivi, rigiTi adamianebic hyvebian da ganixilaven sizmrebs. sizmris
mnaxvelebs, Cveulebriv, SuaRamisas aRviZeben meuRleebi; zogierT tomSi dedebi
diliT ekiTxebian Svilebs sizmrebis Sesaxeb. Cvens droSi maias tomis
adamianebi samoqalaqo omis msxverplad iqcnen sakuTar miwaze; mravali
adamiani daiRupa an devnilad iqca. anTropolog barbara Tedlokis mixedviT,
„sizmrebisa da xilvebisadmi momatebulma yuradRebam SeaZlebina maT, rom
 31
SeenarCunebinaT kavSiri winaprebTan da wminda miwa, romelzec cxovrobdnen“
(Tedlock,1992, p.471).
mraval iseT aradasavlur kulturul jgufSi, sadac pativiscemiT epyrobian
sizmrebs, droiTi perspeqtiva arsebiTad gansxvavebulad moiazreba. froidis
Teoria sizmris interpretaciisas warsulze, bavSvobis gamocdilebasa da
gandevnil survilebzea orientirebuli; mraval sxva kulturaSi ki sizmari
momavlis winaswarmetyvelebad iTvleba (Basso, 1987). magaliTad, eTiopiisa da
sudanis sazRvarTan arsebuli regionis _ ingesanas maRlobis (Ingessana Hills)
xalxSi dResaswaulebis TariRebis SerCeva sizmriseuli xilvebis safuZvelze
xdeba. religiuri adgilebis mflobelebs maTi mamebi da sxva winaprebi
ecxadebaT sizmrebSi da amcnoben, rom „dResaswaulis gamocxadebis droa.“ sxva
jgufebi sizmris simboloebsa da maT mniSvnelobaTa Soris kulturulad
ganpirobebul sistemebs floben. ganvixiloT centraluri braziliis kapolos
tomis indielTa interpretaciebi (Jedrej, 1995, p.104):
Tu gvesizmreba, rom cecxlSi viwviT, mogvianebiT raime veluri arseba
gvikbens, magaliTad, oboba an mkbenari mweri.
rodesac sizmarSi qalebTan gvaqvs seqsi, cxadSi Cven Zalze warmatebulad
viTevzavebT.
rodesac biWi ganmartoebulia da mas esizmreba, rom xeze micocavs, an
meores esizmreba grZeli gza, isini didxans icocxleben. es aseve marTali
iqneba maSinac rodesac gvesizmreba, rom tyeSi farTo mdinareze
gadavdivarT.
daakvirdiT, rom TiToeuli am interpretaciaTagani momavlisken iyureba.
sizmris interpretaciisas momavalze orientireba mdidari kulturuli
tradiciis mniSvnelovani komponentia.
sizmris Sinaarsis fiziologiuri Teoriebi

sizmrebis interpretaciisadmi dasavluri Tu aradasavluri midgomis

amosaval wertils warmoadgens is faqti, rom sizmari Seicavs informacias,
romelsac realuri Rirebuleba aqvs calkeuli pirovnebisTvis Tu eTnikuri
jgufisaTvis. es mosazreba eWvqveS dgeba biologiuri safuZvlis mqone
TeoriebSi. gavixsenoT, rom zogierTi mkvlevari Tvlis, rom arsebobs REM
Zilis fiziologiuri saWiroeba, raTa Tavis tvini Tavdapirvel mdgomareobas
daubrundes NREM Zilis dros momxdari cvlilebebis Semdeg (Benington & heller,
1994). aris Tu ara sizmari mxolod Tavis tvinis sxva aqtivobebis gverdiTi
movlena, romelsac ar gaaCnia TavisTavadi mniSvneloba? ganvixiloT j. alan
hobsonisa da robert makqarlis (Allan Hobsob & Robert McCarley, 1977; Hobson, 1988)
 32
mier SemoTavazebuli aqtivacia-sinTezis modeli. am modelis mixedviT, nervuli
signali warmoiqmneba tvinis ReroSi da axdens Tavis tvinis qerqis ubnebis
stimulirebas. es eleqtruli ganmuxtva avtomaturad xorcieldeba
daaxloebiT yovel 90 wuTSi erTxel da 30 wT-is ganmavlobaSi inarCunebs
aqtivobas, riTac aixsneba REM da NREM Zilis ciklebis monacvleoba. es
ganmuxtvebi aaqtiurebs winatvinsa da qerqis mimdebare ubnebs da, aqedan
gamomdinare, acocxlebs mogonebebsa da individis warsul gamocdilebasTan
asocirebul faqtebs. hobsonisa da makqarlis TvalsazrisiT, ar arsebobs
araviTari logikuri kavSirebi, Sinagani mniSvnelobebi da koherentuli
paternebi am eleqtruli „signalebis“ SemTxveviT amofrqvevebs Soris.
mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom sizmrebi SemTxveviTi signalebis Sedegia
ewinaaRmdegeba sizmrebis Sinaarsis kvlevebs (Domhoff, 1999). am kvlevebis
mixedviT, pirvel rigSi, sizmris Sinaarsi didi raodenobiT moicavs mZinare
adamianis dRis problemebs. magaliTisTvis ganixsenoT zemoT ganxiluli
kvleva, romelSic naCvenebi iyo igive da sapirispiro sqesis megobrebis Sesaxeb
vaJebisa da gogonebis azrebs Soris ganxsvavebebi (Richards et al., 1998). msgavsi
sqesobrivi gansxvavebebi gamoavlina 9-15 wlis mozardTa sizmrebis Seswavlamac
(Strauch & Lederpogen, 1999). sxva tipis Sedegebmac eWvqveS daayena mosazreba
sizmrebis, rogorc mxolod SemTxveviTi signalebis Sedegebis, Sesaxeb: _
mozrdil asakSi individis sizmrebis Sinaarsebi TiTqmis ucvleli rCeba.
sizmrebis eqsperti uiliam domhofi (William Domhoff, 1999, p. 207) fiqrobs, rom
„mozrdilebSi wlebisa da aTwleulebis manZilze sizmrebis Sinaarsebis
ucvleloba ar Seesabameba Teorias, romelic sizmars Tavis tvinis qerqis
saukeTeso reaqciad miiCnevs, romelic Tan sdevs tvinis Rerodan momdinare
SemTxveviTi stimulebis mier periodul dabombvas.“ Cven, albaT, Tavad unda
vzidoT Cveni sizmrebis tvirTi _ SevecadoT gaRviZebisTanave yoveldRiurad
CaviweroT sizmrebi da vnaxoT, Tu ramdenad ukavSirdeba isini dRis sazrunavs
da ramdenad icvleba Tu ar icvleba maTi Sinaarsebi droTa ganmavlobaSi.
sizmrebis kidev erTi saintereso aspeqti: drodadro mravali adamianisgan
gvsmenia, rom bevri mniSvnelovani problemis gadawyveta Tu saintereso axali
ideebi sizmarSi mouvidaT TavSi (Shepard, 1978). gTavazobT mxolod ramdenime
magaliTs: _ frederik kilule gvamcnobs, rom benzinis qimiuri struqtura
sizmarSi naxa: gvelismagvarma molukulurma jaWvma uecrad piri Caavlo
sakuTar kuds da gaCnda rgoli. elas houm naxa sizmari: mas Seuties Subebma,
romelTac wamaxvilebul mxares naxvreti hqondaT. am sizmarma ubiZga mas, rom
 33
daesrulebina sakeravi manqanis gamogoneba. iseTi kompozitorebi, rogorebic
iyvnen mocarti da Sumani, aRniSnavdnen, rom mniSvnelovani musikaluri ideebi
sizmrebSi mosdiodaT.

Ramis koSmarebi
Tu sizmari gvaSinebs imiT, rom umweoni vxdebiT, an situacia Cvens kontrols
aRar eqvemdebareba, maSin Tqven Ramis koSmari dagsizmrebiaT. adamianTa
umravlesobisaTvis Ramis koSmarebi SedarebiT iSviaTia. 220 studentisgan
Semdgar SerCevaSi, romlebic iwerdnen sizmrebs, yoveldRiurad Ramis
koSmarebis saSualo sixSire (orkviriani periodis mixedviT) iyo daaxloebiT
24 erTi wlis manZilze (Wood & Bootzin, 1990). Tumca, zogierTi adamiani
gacilebiT xSirad xedavs Ramis koSmars, zogjer yovel RamiTac ki. bavSvebSi,
magaliTad, ufro metia Ramis koSmarebis gamovlenis albaToba, vidre
mozrdilebSi (Mindell, 1997). garda amisa, adamianebs, romelTac iseTi travmuli
gamocdileba aqvT, rogoricaa gaupatiureba an omi, SesaZloa ganmeorebadi
koSmarebi hqondeT, rac maT gadatanili travmuli movlenis zogierTi aspeqtis
gacocxlebas aiZulebs. kolejis studentebTan, romelTac san-franciskos didi
miwisZvra hqondaT gadatanili, orjer meti iyo Ramis koSmarebis arsebobis
albaToba, vidre sakontrolo jgufis studentebTan, romelTac ar hqondaT
aseTi gamocdileba. amasTan, cxadia, rom koSmarebis umravlesoba miwisZvris
damangrevel Sedegebs Seexeboda (Wood et al., 1992).
Ramis koSmarebi SeiZleba ganvixiloT Zilis, rogorc cnobierebis
yoveldRiuri cvililebis, zeda zRvari. qvemoT visaubrebT im garemoebebze,
romelSic individi mizanmimarTulad cdilobs yoveldRiuri gamocidilebis
farglebis miRma gasvlas.

Sejameba
cirkaduli ritmi gulisxmobs biologiuri saaTis muSaobas. Tavis tvinis
aqtivobis paternebi mniSvnelovnad icvleba Ramis Zilis manZilze, rasac Tan
axlavs dilasTan miaxloebul yovel axal ciklSi REM Zilis procentuli
momateba (NREM Zilis odenobis klebis sapirispirod). adamianisTvis sakmarisi
Zilisa da REM da NREM Zilis Tanafardoba asakisa da cxovrebis pirobebis
mixedviT icvleba. Zili emsaxureba Senaxvisa da aRdgenis funqciebs.
milionobiT adamiani itanjeba Zilis iseTi darRvevebisgan, rogorebicaa
insomnia, narkolefsia, Zilis apnoe da dRis Zilianoba. mraval kulturaSi
swamT sizmris Sinaarsis mniSvnelovnebis. sizmrebis interpretaciis yvelaze
cnobili dasavluri Teoria zigmund froids ekuTvnis. sizmrebis
 34
interpretacia Zalze gavrcelebulia aradasavlur kulturebSi, sadac
miRebulia, rom sizmris simboloebi misi mnaxvelis momavlis Sesaxeb
informaciis matarebelia. zogierTi fiziologi mkvlevari fiqrobs, rom
sizmris Sinaarsi Tavis tvinis SemTxveviTi signalebidan momdinareobs, magram
am mosazrebas ewinaaRmdegeba sizmris Sinaarsebis analizis kvlevebi. Ramis
koSmarebs gansakuTrebiT SemaSinebel sizmrebs uwodeben.

cnobierebis Secvlili mdgomareobebi

nebismier kulturaSi adamianebs ar akmayofilebT fxizeli cnobierebis

Cveulebrivi cvlilebebi. maT ganaviTares garkveuli teqnikebi, romliTac
SesaZlebeli xdeba cnobierebis nacnobi mdgomareobebis miRma gasvla da
cnobierebis Secvlil mdgomareobebSi gadasvla. zogierTi aseTi praqtika
individualuria, rogoricaa, magaliTad, rekreaciuli preparatebis miReba;
zogierTi ki, rogoricaa garkveuli religiuri praqtika, warmoadgens cnobieri
gamocdilebis Cveuli sazRvrebidan gasvlis jgufur mcdelobas. Cven
mimovixilavT iseT sxvadasxva gamocdilebas, romelSic cnobierebis Secvlili
mdgomareobebi mTeli rigi procedurebiT miiRweva.

dakvirvebadi sizmrebi

aris Tu ara SesaZlebeli, rom vacnobierebdeT, rom sizmars vxedavT,

rodesac vxedavT sizmars? dakvirvebadi sizmrebis Teoriis momxreebi
gvaCveneben, rom cnobierebis SenarCuneba sizmris xedvis procesSi swavlebadi
da regularuli praqtikiT gavarjiSebadi unaria, romelic mZinare adamians
sizmris mimarTulebis kontrolis saSualebas aZlevs (Gackenbach & LaBerge, 1988;
LaBerge & DeGarcia, 2000).

saidan viciT

dakvirvebadi sizmrebis eqsperimentuli realoba

stefan labergma da misma kolegebma ganaviTares meTodologia, romelic

dakvirvebadi sizmrebis realobis gadamowmebis saSualebas iZleva.
demonstracia eyrdnoba winmswreb kvlevas, romelmac aCvena, rom REM Zilis
zogierTi Tvalebis moZraoba Tanxvdeba mZinare adamianis mzeris moxsenebul
mimarTulebas. aqedan gamomdinare, mkvlevrebi sTxovdnen dakvirvebadi sizmrebis
gamocdilebis mqone adamianebs, rom ganexorcielebinaT Tvalebis nebismieri
(gaazrebuli, mizanmimarTuli) moZraobebis calkeuli paternebi, rodesac isini
 35

gaacnobierebdnen, rom sizmars xedavdnen. dagegmili Tvalebis moZraobis

signalebi Cndeboda REM Zilis deteqtoris CanawerebSi da amiT xdeboda
demonstrireba imisa, rom eqsperimentis monawileni marTlac dakvirvebad
sizmrebs xedavdnen REM Zilis periodSi (LaBerge et al., 1981).

dakvirvebadi sizmrebis gamowvevis mravali meTodi arsebobs. magaliTad,

dakvirvebadi sizmrebis zogierT kvlevaSi mZinare adamianebs ukeTeben
specialur saTvales, romelSic REM Zilis dafiqsirebisas wiTeli sinaTle
inTeba. cdis dawyebamde monawileebma iswavles, rom wiTeli sinaTlis
gamoCenisas unda gaacnobieron, rom sizmars xedaven (LaBerge & Levitan, 1995).
acnobiereben ra, rom sizmars xedaven da, amasTanave, isev sZinavT, cdis pirebi
dakvirvebadi sizmrebis mdgomareobaSi gadadian, romelSic SeuZliaT TavianTi
sizmrebis gakontroleba, maTi Sinaarsebis warmarTva pirovnuli miznebis
Sesabamisad da TavianTi mimdinare survilebis Sesabamisad sizmris dasruleba.
dakvirvebadi sizmris naxvis SesaZlebloba matulobs, Tu mZinare adamians
sjera, rom SesaZlebelia aseTi sizmrebi da regularulad iyenebs maT
gamomwvev teqnikas (LaBerge & Rheingold, 1990). iseTi mkvlevari, rogoricaa,
magaliTad, stefan labergi, amtkicebs, rom sizmrebis „arakontrolirebad“
movlenebze kontrolis ganmtkiceba jansaRi qcevaa, radganac es zrdis
TviTdarwmunebulobis xarisxs da axdens individisaTvis dadebiTi
gamocdilebis generirebas. Tumca, zogierTi Terapevti, romelic sizmrebis
analizs pacientis problemebis ukeT gagebis mizniT iyenebs, ewinaaRmdegeba
aseT procedurebs, radgan es procedurebi arRvevs sizmris bunebriv
mimdinareobas.

hipnozi

sazogadoebaSi garcelebulia azri, rom hipnotiziori mZlavr Zalas flobs

mis nebayoflobiT Tu uneblie monawileebze. ramdenad marTebulia es
mosazreba hipnozis Sesaxeb? ra aris hipnozi, ra mniSvnelovani niSnebiT
xasiaTdeba da rogoria misi sasargeblo/validuri fsiqologiuri gamoyeneba?
termini hipnozi hipnos-idan, berZnul miTologiaSi Zilis RmerTis saxelidan,
momdinareobs. Tumca, Zili aranairad ar monawileobs hipnozSi, Tu ar
CavTvliT imas, rom zogjer Rrmad relaqsirebuli adamianebi garegnulad
Zilis magvar mdgomareobaSi imyofebian. (Tu adamians marTlac sZinavs, maSin is
 36
ar reagirebs hipnozze). ufro zustad Tu ganvsazRvravT, hipnozi aris
cnobierebis Secvlili mdgomareoba, romelic xasiaTdeba zogierTi adamianis
gansakuTrebuli unariT _ moaxdinos STagonebaze reagireba, rasac Tan axlavs
aRqmis, mexsierebis, motivaciisa da TviTkontrolis gancdis cvlilebebi (Orne,
1980). imyofebian ra hipnotur mdgomareobaSi, monawileebi momatebuli
STagonebadobiT xasiaTdebian hipnotizioris STagonebis mimarT _ isini xSirad
grZnoben, rom maTi qceva yovelgvari ganzraxvisa da cnobieri Zalisxmevis
gareSe xorcieldeba (Hilgard, 1968).

• dakvirvebadi sizmrebi (Lucid dreaming) _ Teoria, romlis Tanaxmadac, sizmris

xedvis procesis cnobieri aRqma daswavladi unaria, romelic iZleva sizmris
mimarTulebisa da Sinaarsis kontrolis saSualebas.

• hipnozi (Hypnosis) _ cnobierebis Secvlili mdgomareoba, romelic xasiaTdeba

Rrma modunebiT (relaqsaciiT), STagonebisadmi mimReblobiT da aRqmis,
mexsierebis, motivaciisa da TviT-kontrolis cvlilebebiT.

mkvlevrebi xSirad ver aRweven Tanxmobas hipnozis dros moqmedi

fsiqologiuri meqanizmebis Taobaze (Kirsch & Lynn, 1995, 1998). zogierTi adreuli
Teoriis mixedviT, hipnozis zemoqmedebis qveS myofi individebi transis
mdgomareobaSi gadadian, romelic didad gansxvavdeba fxizeli cnobierebis
mdgomareobisgan. sxva Teoriebis Tanaxmad, hipnozi sxva araferia, Tu ara
momatebuli motivacia. arsebobs Teoriebi, romelTa azriT hipnozi socialuri
roluri TamaSis nairsaxeoba, placebo reaqciis saxeobaa hipnotizioris
mowonebis dasamsaxureblad (ix. Tavi 2). faqtobrivad, mkvlevrebma gamoricxes
mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom hipnozi gansakuTrebul, transismagvar cvlilebebs
iwvevs cnobierebaSi. Tumca, vinaidan individebs hipnoturi zegavlenis gareSec
SeuZliaT hipnoturi mdgomareobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli qceviTi paternebis
ganxorcieleba, naTeli xdeba, rom hipnozs motivaciuri an placebo procesebis
garda sxva damatebiTi efeqtebic gaaCnia. hipnoturi stimulaciisa da
hipnobilurobis ganxilvis Semdeg aRvwerT mis zogierT efeqts.

hipnoturi stimulacia da hipnobiluroba

hipnozi hipnoturi stimulaciiT (hypnotic induction) iwyeba. es aris

mosamzadebel aqtivobaTa erToblioba, romelsac minimumamde dahyavs garegani
gamRizianeblebi da monawileebs mxolod SeTavazebul stimulebze
amaxvilebinebs yuradRebas da STaagonebs, rom isini cnobierebis
gansakuTrebul mdgomareobaSi gadasasvlelad emzadebian. mosamzadebeli
 37
aqtivobebi gulisxmobs garkveuli gamocdilebis warmodgenas an movlenebisa
da reaqciebis vizualizacias. ganmeorebadi praqtikis SemTxvevaSi
mosamzadebeli procedurebi daswavlili signalis funqcias iZens, Sesabamisad,
monawileebi swrafad gadadian hipnotur mdgomareobaSi. STagonebis tipuri
procedurebi moicavs Rrma relaqsaciis mdgomareobis SeTavazebas, Tumca
zogierTi adamiani iseTi aqtiuri, qmediTi stimulaciiTac hipnotizirdeba,
rogoricaa velosipediT siarulis warmodgena (Banyai & Hilgard, 1976).

• hipnobiluroba (Hypnotizability) _ aCvenebs, Tu ra xarisxiT eqvemdebareba

mocemuli individi standartul hipnotur STagonebas.

hipnozis scenuri warmodgenebi gviqmnian STabeWdilebas, rom hipnozis Zala

hipnotiziorisgan momdinareobs, Tumca, hipnozis erTaderTi umniSvnelovanesi
faqtoria monawilis unari Tu „niWi“ imisa, rom hipnozs daeqvemdebaros.
hipnobiluroba gviCvenebs, Tu ra xarisxiT eqvemdebareba individi hipnoturi
reaqciebis gancdis standartul instruqciebs. arsebobs individualur
gansxvavebaTa farTo speqtri, STagonebadobis sruli arqonidan totalur
STagonebadobamde.
suraTi 6.5 gviCvenebs kolejis studentTa procentul ganawilebas
hipnobilurobis xarisxis mixedviT, rodesac maT pirvelad gaiares hipnoturi
stimulaciis testi. ras niSnavs am skalaze „maRali“ an „Zalian maRali“
maCvenebeli? testis dasrulebis Semdeg hipnotiziori iZleoda posthipnotur
instruqciaTa serias, romelic TiToeuli individis qcevas Seexeboda. rodesac
hipnotiziori eubneboda, rom maTi gaSlili xelebi rkinis naWrad iqceoda,
Zalze hipnotizirebuli individebi ver axerxebdnen xelebis moxras. Sesabamisi
instruqciis SemTxvevaSi maT SeeZloT xeli gaeqniaT ararsebuli mwerisaTvis.
aseve, Zalze hipnotizirebul individebs ar SeeZloT „ara“-s niSnad Tavis
gaqneva, Tu hipnotiziori eubneboda, rom maT aRar SeeZloT amis gakeTeba.
hipnobilurobis „dabali“ maCveneblis mqone studentebi TiTqmis ar avlendnen
msgavs reaqciebs.
hipnobiluroba SedarebiT stabiluri maxasiaTebelia. mozrdilebSi es
maCvenebeli, faqtobrivad, ucvleli rCeba 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi sxvadasxva
dros Catarebuli gazomvebis dros (Morgan et al., 1974). kolejSi hipnobilurobis
testirebaSi monawile 50 cdis pirs (qalebi da kacebi) 25 wlis Semdeg
Cautarda ganmeorebiTi testireba da miRebuli Sedegebi mniSvnelovnad
korelirebda (koeficientiT 0.71) adrindel monacemebTan (Piccione et al., 1989).
bavSvebi ufro STagonebadni arian, vidre mozrdilebi; hipnoturi
 38
STagonebadoba maqsimums aRwevs mozardobis periodSi da Semdeg mcirdeba.
arsebobs garkveuli monacemebi hipnobilurobis genetikuri determinantebis
Sesaxeb., kerZod, identuri tyupebis maCveneblebi ufro uaxlovdeba erTmaneTs,
vidre araidenturi tyupebis (Morgan et al., 1970). miuxedavad imisa, rom
hipnobiluroba SedarebiT stabiluria, is ar korelirebs arc erT iseT
pirovnul maxasiaTebelTan, rogoricaa mimndobloba an konformuloba (Fromm &
Shor, 1979; Kirch & Lynn, 1995). metic, hipnobiluroba moiazrebs hipnotur
mdgomareobaSi mTlianad CarTvis unikalur kognitur unars.

hipnozis efeqtebi

hipnobilurobis gazomvis proceduris aRwerisas saubari gvqonda hipnozis

zogierT standartul efeqtze: hipnoturi zemoqmedebis qveS individebi
reagireben motoruli SesaZleblobebisa (magaliTad, maT xelebs ver xridnen)
da perceptuli gamocdilebis (magaliTad, maT eCvenebodaT buzebi) Sesaxeb
miTiTebebze. Tumca, rogor unda davrwmundeT, rom es qcevebi hipnozis
gansakuTrebuli SesaZleblobebidan momdinareobs da ar aris monawilis
Zlieri survili, rom daimsaxuros hipnotizioris mowoneba? am mniSvnelovan
kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad mkvlevrebi xSirad atareben eqsperimentebs,
romelSic erTmaneTs adareben da upirispireben namdvilad hipnotizirebul
individebsa da simuliantebs.
 39

saidan viciT

hipnozi metia, vidre simulacia

eqsperimentSi studentTa ori jgufi monawileobda. erTi jgufi realurad iqna

hipnotizirebuli. meore jgufs hipnozis simulirebis instruqcia misces: pirveli
eqsperimentatoris instruqciis Tanaxmad, maT unda moetyuebinaT meore
eqsperimentatori da daerwmunebinaT igi, rom marTlac hipnotozirebulni iyvnen. amis
Semdeg orive jgufs waredgina tonebis seriebi da moeTxova am tonebis simaRlis
Sefaseba. eqsperimentis mniSvenlovani nawili iyo moTxovnis instruqcia, romelSic
cdis pirebs eubnebodnen, Tu ra unda ganecadaT (Reed et al., 1996, p.143).
isini, visac erT jerze metad waredgina toni, midrekilni iyvnen hipnotur
mdgomareobaSi darCenisken, rac mniSvnelovnad amcirebs maT mier gagonili bgeris
intensivobas. Tqven, albaT, am bolo cdaze isev hipnotur mdgomareobaSi
dabrundebiT da amitom Zalze mcire bgeras gaigonebT. savaraudoa, rom is
saerTodac ver gaigonoT.
Tu hipnozis yvela efeqts eqsperimentatoris moTxovnebis Sesabamisad individis
moqmedebis survils mivawerT, unda movelodeT, rom hipnotizirebuli da simulianti
monawileebi msgavsad unda asrulebdnen moTxovnebs, realurad ki ase ar xdeba.
namdvilad hipnotizirebuli individebi gamocdilebaTa farTo speqtrs aRweren: isini
TavianT realur gamocdilebasTan miaxloebul gancdebs ufro hyvebian, vidre imas,
Tu risi gagonebac surs maTi azriT eqsperimentators ( Reed et al., 1996)

am SemTxvevaSi simuliantebi arasworad varaudoben, rom rac unda ganecadaT,

realuri hipnozi iyo. aseTi tipis eqsperimentebidan naTeli xdeba, Tu
konkretulad ra damoukidebeli wvlili Seaqvs hipnozs adamianis
gamocdilebaSi.
hipnozis erT-erTi Rirebuleba, romelzec ar kamaToben, tkivilis Semcirebis
unaria (hipnoturi analgezia). Cveni goneba winaswari ganWvretiTa da SiSiT
aZlierebs tkivilis stimulebs; am fsiqologiuri efeqtis Semcireba hipnoziT
aris SesaZlebeli (Chaves, 1999). tkivilis kontroli sxvadasxva hipnoturi
STagonebiT miiRweva: sxeulis mtkivneuli nawilis araorganulad (xis an
plastikatisgan gakeTebulad) an mTliani sxeulisgan gancalkevebulad
warmodgena, gonebis ganTavisufleba sxeulisgan da drois sxvadasxvagvarad
damaxinjeba. adamianebs maSinac ki SeuZliaT tkivilis gakontroleba, rodesac
yvela azri da warmodgena gandevnilia cnobierebidan (Hargadon et al., 1995).
hipnozi gansakuTrebiT Rirebulia qirurgiuli pacientebisaTvis, romelTanac
 40
SeuZlebelia sruli anesTeziis miRweva, dedisTvis fiziologiuri mSobiarobis
dros da simsivniani pacientebisTvis, romlebic daavadebasTan da mis
mkurnalobasTan dakavSirebul tkivilTan gamklavebas swavloben. TviT-hipnozi
(autohipnozi) tkivilis kontrolisadmi saukeTeso midgomaa, radganac pacients
tkivilis gamoCenisTanave SeuZlia kontrolis gaZliereba. erT-erT kvlevaSi
ikvlies metastazuri simsivnis mqone 86 qali, romlebic tkivils TviThipnoziT
akontrolebdnen. aRmoCnda, rom maTTan tkivili orjer naklebi iyo, vidre
sakontrolo jgufSi (Spiegel et al., 1989).
mkvlevrebi tkivilis Semcirebis faqtebiT aCveneben, rom hipnozis efeqtebi
scildeba monawileTa eqsperimentatoris an Tavad maTi molodinebis
Sesabamisad moqcevis survils. Zalze hipnotizirebad individebTan tkivilis
Semcireba hipnoturi STagonebiT ufro efeqturad miiRweva, vidre tkivilis
Semamcirebeli sxva teqnikebiT (Miller & Bowers, 1993).

saidan viciT

hipnozi amcirebs tkivils

moxaliseebs Camouyalibes kunTebis autaneli tkivili. individebis mier

tkivilis amtanoba eqsperimentTa sam seriaSi izomeboda: (1) Zalze
mamotivirebeli instruqciebiT; (2) hipnoturi analgeziis gamowveviT da (3)
placebo kafsulis gadaylapviT, romelic cdis pirebs eZleodaT, rogorc
tkivilis momxsneli. (1) da (2) seriebs Soris gansxvaveba hipnozis im efeqtis
Sefasebis saSualebas iZleoda, romelic cdis piris mier instruqciaTa
kargad Sesrulebis survilisgan damoukideblad miiRweoda. (2) da (3) seriebs
Soris gansxvaveba imis demonstrirebis saSualebas iZleoda, rom hipnozi
placebo efeqtze metia. eqsperimentatorma, romelic atarebda testirebas, ar
icoda Tu romel cdis pirebs hqondaT miRebuli placebo kafsula da
arasworad egona, rom yvela hipnoturi analgeziis qveS iyo. aRmoCnda, rom 24
cdis piridan naxevari cdis pirebisa Zalzed hipnobilurebi iyvnen, danarCen
naxevars ki dabali maCvenebeli hqonda hipnobilurobis skalaze.
placebo abebi mniSvnelovanwilad amcirebda tkivils yvela monawilesTan,
miuxedavad motivaciuri instruqciebis xarisxisagan damoukideblad. amasTan,
hipnozis molodini tkivilis Sesamcireblad, aseve, yvela monawilesTan
 41

iZleoda mniSvnelovan efeqts – placebo molodinis efeqti. Tumca, Zalze

hipnobilur monawileebSi tkivilis amtanoba hipnoturi analgeziis gamowvevis
periodSi gacilebiT meti iyo, vidre naklebad hipnobilurebTan da vidre sxva
nebismier danarCen mdgomareobaSi _ hipnozi ar iyo mxolod placebo (McGlashan
et al., 1978).

dabolos erTi SeniSvna hipnozis Sesaxeb: _ hipnozis Zala ar momdinareobs

hipnotizioris gansakuTrebuli SesaZleblobidan Tu unaridan; es mxolod im
pirovnebis an pirovnebaTa hipnobilurobis Sedegia, romelic hipnoturi
zemoqmedebis qveS imyofeba. hipnozSi yofna ar niSnavs pirovnuli kontrolis
dakargvas; faqtobrivad, hipnozSi yofnis gamocdileba individs kontrolis
gavarjiSebis axali gzebis daswavlis saSualebas aZlevs _ hipnotiziori
SeiZleba mwvrTnels SevadaroT, romelic wvrTnis subieqts, romelic
axorcielebs qcevas. es yvelaferi kargad unda gvaxsovdes, rodesac vuyurebT
scenaze gaTamaSebul sanaxaobas, sadac adamianebi ucnaur qmedebebs
axorcieleben hipnoturi zemoqmedebis qveS. scenis hipnotiziori imiT qmnis
cocxal sanaxaobas, rom egzgibicionisturi maxasiaTeblebis mqone adamianebs
sxvebis TandaswrebiT iseT qcevebs axorcielebinebs, rasac adamianTa
umravlesoba arasodes ar gaakeTebda. mkvlevrebisa da TerapevtebisaTvis
hipnozi warmoadgens teqnikas, romliTac SesaZlebelia cnobierebis
SesaZleblobebis gamokvleva da modificireba.

meditacia

aRmosavluri mravali religia da tradiciuli fsiqologiuri mimdinareoba

muSaobs cnobierebis gamocalkevebaze yoveldRiuri, aqtualuri
safiqralebisgan. isini cdiloben mentalur da spiritualur „me“-ze Sinagani
fokusirebis miRwevas. meditacia warmoadgens cnobierebis Secvlis formas,
romelic mowodebulia Rrma simSvidis mdgomareobis miRwevis saSualebiT
sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb codnisa da subieqturi keTildReobis, kargad yofnis
gaRrmavebisTvis. meditaciis dros pirovneba SeiZleba fokusirdebodes da
iwesrigebdes sunTqvas, iRebdes garkveul pozebs (iogas pozebi), minimumamde
dahyavdes garegani stimulacia, axdendes specifikuri mentaluri xatebis
generirebas an aTavisuflebdes gonebas yovelgvari azrisagan.

• meditacia (Meditation) _ cnobierebis Secvlis forma, romelic mowodebulia

TviTcnobierebis Semcirebis saSualebiT sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb codnisa da
 42

TviTSegrZnebis gaumjobesebisaTvis.

• halucinacia (Hallucinations) _ mcdari aRqma, romelic Cndeba obieqturi

gamRizianeblis ararsebobis pirobebSi.

garkveulwilad sakamaTod rCeba meditaciis gazomvadi efeqtebi. kritikosTa

TvalsazrisiT, TiTqmis ar arsebobs fsiqologiuri sxvaoba normalur
„TvaldaxuWul“ modunebul mdgomareobasa da meditaciis konkretul
procedurebs Soris (Holmes, 1984). Tumca, meditaciis damcvelebi amtkiceben, rom
meditaciis realuri fiziologia SeiZleba daxasiaTdes, rogorc mSvidi
sifxizle anu minimaluri sxeulebrivi aRgznebis, magram maqsimaluri
cnobierebis mdgomareoba (Dillbeck & Orme-Johnson, 1987; Morrell, 1986). amrigad,
meditacia, sul mcire, Seamcirebs SfoTvas, gansakuTrebiT maTTan, visac
stresul garemoSi uwevs funqcionireba (Anderson et al., 1999; Shapiro et al., 1998).
Tumca, meditaciuri praqtikis mizani gacilebiT metia, vidre Tavis droebiTi
daRweva daZabulobisgan. meditaciis praqtikosebis Tanaxmad, rodesac aseT
praqtikas regularuli xasiaTi aqvs, meditaciis zogierT formas xelewifeba
cnobierebis gaZliereba, gaciskrovnebis miRwevaSi daxmarebis gaweva imiT, rom
individs saSualeba misces nacnobi sagnebis axleburad danaxvisa da aZlevs
aRqmisa da azrovnebis ganTavisuflebis SesaZleblobas avtomaturi, kargad
daswavlili paternebis akrZalvebisgan. zogierTi mkvlevari fiqrobs, rom
meditaciis regularuli praqtika afarToebs gonebis farglebs dasavluri
fsiqologiis mier aRiarebuli sazRvrebs miRma da mis Sedegad SesaZlebelia
gazomvadi inteleqtisa (IQ; ix. Tavi 10) da kognituri unarebis (Cranson et al., 1991)
maCveneblis zrda. meditaciis wamyvani budisti maswavlebeli naT hani (Nhat Hanh)
(1991) gvirCevs, gavacnobieroT sakuTari sunTqva, ubralod davakvirdeT Cvens
irgvliv arsebul garemos da davgegmoT yoveldRiuri moqmedebebi, rac
fsiqologiuri wonasworobisken maval gzaze dagvayenebs.

halucinaciebi

uCveulo pirobebSi SesaZloa adgili hqondes cnobierebis damaxinjebas,

rodesac individi xedavs an esmis is, rac awmyoSi realurad/obieqturad ar
aris mocemuli. halucinacia aris naTeli aRqma, romelic Cndeba obieqturi
stimulaciis ararsebobis pirobebSi; es aris individis Secvlili realobis
mentaluri konstruqcia. halucinaciebi gansxvavdeba iluziebisgan, romelic
realuri stimulis perceptuli damaxinjebaa. ganvixiloT suraTi 6.6. am
naxatze adamianTa umravlesoba samkuTxeds xedavs, Tumca, is „realurad“ ar
 43
aris gamosaxuli, Tumca, am faqts halucinacias ver vuwodebT, radganac,
rogorc avxseniT mexuTe TavSi, samkuTxedi Cvens mier samyaros aRqmis
normaluri procesebis Sedegad „Cndeba“. Cven ver gavaqrobT am iluzorul
samkuTxeds imiT, Tu gavixsenebT, rom is ar aris realuri. iluziisgan
gansxvavebiT, halucinaciebi individualuri gamocdilebaa, romelsac ar
iziareben igive situaciaSi moxvedrili sxva adamianebi. zogierTi halucinacia
xanmoklea; Tu pirovneba sakuTari TavisTvis halucinaciis ararealurobis
swrafad dafiqsirebas SeZlebs realobasTan misi dapirispirebiT,
halucinaciuli gancda savaraudod dasruldeba. Tumca, zog SemTxvevebSi
individebi ver axerxeben halucinaciebis „realurobis“ daZlevas da es
halucinaciebi maT cxovrebaze zemoqmedeben (Siegel, 1992).
halucinaciebs xels uwyobs momatebuli agznebadoba, intensiuri saWiroebis
mdgomareoba an SemaSinebeli azrebis gandevnis uunaroba. isini maSinac Cndeba,
rodesac tvini uCveulo, iSviaTi gamRizianeblis zemoqmedebas ganicdis,
magaliTad, maRali sicxis, epilefsiuri gulyris an Sakikis dros; aseve, mZime
gonebrivi aSlilobis mqone pacientebTan, romelnic ise reagireben Sinagan
mentalur movlenebze, TiTqos isini garegani sensoruli gamRizianeblebi iyos.
xSirad halucinaciebs iseTi fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebebic iwvevs, rogoricaa
LSD da peioti, da, aseve, halucinaciebi axlavs alkoholze uaris Tqmas mwvave
alkoholizmis SemTxvevebSi (aseT halucinaciebs delirium tremens-s uwodeben, DTs).
am qimiurad gamowveuli halucinaciebis arsebobas tvinze nivTierebaTa
pirdapiri zemoqmedeba uwyobs xels.
zogierT kulturul da religiur garemoSi halucinaciebi sasurveli da
mniSvnelovani movlenaa (Siegel, 1992). am pirobebSi halucinaciebi mistikur
xilvad, gamocxadebad aRiqmeba, rac maT mnaxvels gansakuTrebul statuss
aniWebs. amgvarad, sxvadasxva garemo pirobebSi spiritualur ZalebTan aSkara
kontaqtis erTi da igive mkafio aRqma SeiZleba ganixilebodes, rogorc
sulieri avadmyofobis an rogorc gansakuTrebuli niWis maniSnebeli. xSirad
aseTi gonebrivi statusis Sefaseba Tanabrad aris damokidebuli rogorc
damkvirveblis Sefasebaze, ise Tavad perceptuli gamocdilebis Sinaarsze.

religiuri eqstazi

meditacia, locva, marxva da spiritualuri komunikacia religiuri

gamocdilebis gaZlierebas, intensifikacias emsaxureba. uiliam jemsisaTvis
(1902) religiuri gamocdileba warmoadgens unikalur fsiqologiur
 44
gamocdilebas, romelic xasiaTdeba movlenebis erTaderTobisa da
dakavSirebulobis, gamocdilebis realurobisa da mkafioobis gancdiT, da
komunikaciis unaris arqoniT, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, mTliani
gamocdilebis xasiaTiT. mravali adamianisaTvis religiuri gamocdileba
namdvilad ar warmoadgens maTi Cveulebrivi cnobierebis nawils.
TiTqmis ar moiZebneba apalaCias wminda aCrdilis (Holy Ghost) tomis xalxis
religiur gamocdilebaze ufro Zlieri religiuri gamocdileba. maTi rwmenebi
da qcevebi cnobierebis unikalur formas qmnis, romelic maT ganakuTrebuli
qcevebis ganxorcielebis saSualebas aZlevs. RvTismsaxurebisas maT Sxamiani
gvelebi da cecli uWiravT xelSi, svamen striqninis sawamlavs. am qcevebisTvis
mosamzadeblad usmenen grZel qadagebebs da monawileoben xmamaRal,
yuradRebis mimzidvel simRerebsa da velur trialsa da cekvebSi:
enTuziazmi SeiZleba Zaladobis zRvars miuaxlovdes... wevrebi Wylopineben
da irxevian da glosolaliis (lingvistur Sinaarss moklebuli xelovnurad
Seqmnili ena) gaurkvevel, eqstazur „axal enaze“ metyvelebaze gadadian...
maTi xelebi erTmniSvnelovnad civia, ceclis xelSi daWeris Semdegac ki. es
situacia SesaZloa Tanxvdebodes sxva religiur kulturebSi arsebuli
transuli mdgomareobebis kvlevebis monacemebs. es mexsierebis arqoniT,
TiTqmis sensoruli amneziiTac SeiZleba aixsnas, ris sailustraciod
mkvlevrebs gvelebisa da cecxlis xelSi mWerTa magaliTebi mohyavT
(Watterlond, 1983, pp.53, 55)
gvelis xelSi damWerTa religiuri jgufis wevrebis fsiqologiurma kvlevam
aCvena, rom isini kargad adaptirebuli, gawonasworebuli adamianebi arian,
romelebic jgufSi yofniT Zlier fsiqologiur da socialuri mxardaWeras
iReben. „sulis momaswaveblebis” ritualSi monawileoba „maTTvis personaluri
jildos tolfasia, romelsac maTi cxovrebis verc erTi aspeqti ver
gautoldeba“ (Watterlond, 1983).

cnobierebis
cnobierebis cvlilebis gamomwvevi nivTierebebi

adamianebi antikuri xanidan iyenebdnen sxvadasxva nivTierebebs realobis

aRqmis Sesacvlelad. arsebobs arqeologiuri monacemebi, rom aSS-is samxreT-
dasavleTsa da meqsikaSi 10 000 wlis manZilze uwyvetad iyenebdnen „Rrma Zilis
marcvlebs“ (sophora seed) anu meskalis11 marcvals. antikuri actekebi ludSi
azavebdnen meskalis marcvlebs. antikuri xanidan moyolebuli, CrdiloeT da

11 erTgvari narkotiki.
 45
samxreT amerikis mcxovreblebis ritualebis nawils Seadgenda Teonanaqtalis,
fsilocibis sokos gadaylapva, romelic „RmerTebis sxeulis“ saxeliTac aris
cnobili. am sokos mcire dozebi naTel halucinaciebs iwvevs.
dasavlur kulturebSi narkotikebi garTobasTan, dasvenebasTan ufro
asocirdeba, vidre jgufur sakralur ritualebTan. adamianebi mTel
msoflioSi iReben narkotikebs, raTa modundnen, gaumklavdnen stresebs, Tavi
aaridon arsebuli realobis usiamovnebebs, komfortulad igrZnon Tavi
socialur situaciebSi an ganicadon cnobierebis Secvlili mdgomareobebi. as
welze meti xnis win uiliam jemsi – romlis citirebac Cven ukve
ramodenimejer movaxdineT, rogorc amerikaSi fsiqologiis damfuZneblis –
aRwerda cnobierebis Semcvlel nivTierebebze mis mier Catarebul
eqsperimentebs. azotis oqsidis SesunTqvis Semdeg jemsi aRniSnavda, rom „am
mdgomareobis umniSvnelovanesi momentia Zlieri metafizikuri iluminaciis
moWarbebuli aRmagznebeli SegrZneba. WeSmariteba TiTqmis uxilavi movlenebis
siRrmeSia da amavdroulad Riaa dakvirvebisaTvis. goneba myisierad da
TvalSisacemi sisxartiT wvdeba arsebulis yvela logikur mimarTebas da amis
analogi ar moiZebneba normalur cnobierebaSi; ver gavavlebT paralels
normaluri cnobierebis funqcionirebasTan“ (James, 1882, p.186). amgvarad,
cnobierebis Seswavlisadmi jemsis interesi cnobierebis TviT-gamowveuli
Secvlili mdgomareobis kvlevamde gafarTovda.
cnobierebis Secvlis mizniT nivTierebebis gamoyenebis popularizacia aldos
haqslis (Aldos Huxley, 1954) publikaciis _ „aRqmis karibWis“ gamoqveynebis Semdeg
daiwyo. haqsli sakuTar cnobierebaze meskaliniT eqsperimentirebda. misi wignis
gamosvlidan ramdenime aTwleulis Semdeg, 1998 wels Catarebuli gamokiTxvis
Sedegebis mixedviT, romelSic 12 wlidan zemoT asakis daaxloebiT 25 500
moqalaqe monawileobda, aSS-is moqalaqeTa 6,2% aRniSnavda, rom ukanaskneli
erTi wlis manZilze miRebuli hqonda erTi an meti akrZaluli nivTiereba
(Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration _ SAMHSA, 1999). sixSire
gacilebiT maRali iyo gviani mozardobis asakSi: 16-17 wlis mozardebis 16,4%
da 18-20 wlis mozardebis 19,9% aRniSnavda narkotikebis romelime tipis
moxmarebas. garda amisa, SerCevis 51,7% gamokiTxvamde erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi
xandaxan iRebda alkohols, 27,7% ki _ eweoda sigarets. es monacemebi xsnis
imas, Tu ratom dgas aucileblobiT mecnierTa dRis wesrigSi narkotikebis
gamoyenebis mizezebisa da Sedegebis kvleva.

damokidebuleba da miCveva
 46
fsiqoaqtiuri
fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebebi qimiuri naerTebia, romelic cnobieri aRqmis
droebiTi SecvliT zegavlenas axdens mentalur procesebsa da qcevaze.
xvdebian ra tvinSi, ejaWvebian sinafsis receptorebs da garkveuli reaqciebis
blokirebas an stimulirebas axdenen. amiT safuZvlianad cvlian tvinis
sakomunikacio sistemas, zemoqmedeben aRqmaze, mexsierebaze, guneba-
ganwyobilebasa da qcevaze. mocemuli nivTierebebis gaxangrZlivebuli
gamoyenebis Sedegad viTardeba tolerantoba, anu imave efeqtis misaRwevad
ufro da ufro meti doza xdeba saWiro (tolerantobis zogierT fsiqologiur
safuZvelze VII TavSi visaubrebT). tolerantobas Tan sdevs fiziologiuri
damokidebuleba,
damokidebuleba procesi, romlis drosac organizmi eCveva da damokidebuli
xdeba mocemul nivTierebaze, nawilobriv imitom, rom narkotikis xSiri
arsebobiT, SemcvelobiT gamoifiteba neirotransmiterebi. tolerantobisa da
damokidebulobis tragikuli Sedegia miCveva.
miCveva adamians, romelic miCveulia
mocemul nivTierebaze, organizmSi esaWiroeba narkotiki da Tu nivTiereba ar
aris damangreveli, mtkivneuli simptomebiT (kankali, oflianoba, gulisreva da
alkoholis ar arsebobis zogierT SemTxvevaSi ki sikvdili) itanjeba.

• fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebebi (Psychoactive drugs) _ qimiuri naerTebi, romelic

cnobieri aRqmis droebiTi SecvliT zegavlenas axdens mentalur procesebsa
da qcevaze.

• tolerantoba
tolerantoba (Tolerance) _ situacia, romelic nivTierebis xangrZlivi
gamoyenebis Sedegad iqmneba, rodesac igive efeqtis misaRwevad individs ufro
da ufri meti doza sWirdeba.

• fiziologiuri damokidebuleba (Psysiological dependence) _ procesi, rodesac

organizmi eCveva da damokidebuli xdeba mocemul nivTierebaze

• miCveva (Addiction) _ mdgomareoba, rodesac organizmi iTxovs narkotiks, raTa

funqcionireba SeZlos, mis aryofnaze yovelgvari fizikuri da fsiqologiuri
reaqciebis gareSe; xSirad Tan sdevs tolerantobasa da damokidebulobas.

• fsiqologiuri damokidebuleba (Psychological dependence) _ narkotikis

fsiqologiuri saWiroeba an survili.

Tu individi mocemuli nivTierebis gamoyenebas imdenad sasurvelad da

sasiamovnod miiCnevs, rom viTardeba swrafva, Zlieri survili (miCvevis an
miCvevis gareSe), mdgomareobas fsiqologiur damokidebulebas uwodeben.
fsiqologiuri damokidebuleba SeiZleba nebismieri nivTierebis mimarT
ganviTardes. nivTierebaze damokidebulebis Sedegad adamianis cxovrebis stili
 47
imdenad fokusirdeba narkotikis miRebis irgvliv, rom izRudeba an mcirdeba
misi funqcionirebis SesaZlebloba. garda amisa, narkotikis miRebis yovedRiuri
Cvevis SesanarCuneblad da danaxarjebis dasafarad xSirad ubiZgebs
nivTierebaze damokidebul individs qurdobisken, yaCaRobisken,
prostituciisken an narkotikebiT vaWrobisken. dResdReobiT narkotikebze
miCvevis Tanmxlebi yvelaze momakvdinebeli safrTxea hipodermuli nemsebis
Tanaziari moxmarebis Sedegad SidsiT daavadebis saSiSroeba; intravenuri
narkotikebis momxmareblebma sruliad gauazreblad SeiZleba gauziaron
organizmis siTxeebi imaTac visac es momakvdinebeli daavadeba aqvT.
mozardebi emociuri stresebisgan Tavis daRwevisa da yoveldRiur
stresorebTan gasamklaveblad akrZaluli nivTierebebis gamoyenebis Semdeg
xangrZlivi uaryofiTi SedegebiT itanjebian.

fsiqoaqtiur nivTierebaTa
nivTierebaTa saxeebi

gavrcelebuli fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebebis nusxa mocemulia 6.1 cxrilSi (me-

16-e TavSi sxva tipis fsiqoaqtiur nivTierebebze visaubrebT, romlebic
fsiqikuri aSlilobebis dasaZlevad gamoiyeneba). Cven mokled mimovixilavT, Tu
rogor aRwevs TiToeul klasSi Semavali nivTierebebi maTTvis damaxasiaTebel
fiziologiur da fsiqologiur gavlenas; garda amisa, SevexebiT nivTierebebis
borotad gamoyenebis pirovnul da socialur Sedegebs.

saidan viciT

nivTierebebis borotad gamoyenebis Sedegebi

mozardebis mier narkotikebis moxmarebis rvawliani kvleva 1976 wels

daiwyo. gamokvlevaSi monawileobda damamTavrebeli klasis 1634 moswavle los
anjelesidan. sruli yovelwliuri monacemebi Seikriba 739 monawileze. maT
Soris 10%-ze naklebi regularulad an qronikulad moixmarda narkotikebs,
10%-ze naklebs ki saerTod ar hqonda narkotikebTan aranairi Sexeba. miRebuli
Sedegebis dayofa oTx jgufad gaxda SesaZlebeli (Newcomb & Bentler, 1988; Stacy et
al., 1991):

narkotikis yoveldRiuri moxmareba uaryofiTad moqmedebda pirovnul da
socialur adaptaciaze, arRvevda urTierTobebs, amcirebda swavlis
potencials, zrdida kriminals Zaladobis gareSe da xels uwyobda
dezorganizebul azrovnebas.

Zlieri nivTierebebi, rogoricaa stimulatorebi da narkotikebi, zrdida
 48

suiciduri da TviT-damangreveli azrebis sixSires da amcirebda socialur

mxardaWeras, riTac xels uwyobda martoobas.

nivTierebis efeqtebi icvleboda maTi tipisa da kombinirebuli gamoyenebis
Sesatyvisad. ase, magaliTad, kokaini zrdida konfrontacias da asustebda
axlo urTierTobebs, Tumca, fsiqologiuri da fizikuri janmrTelobisaTvis
yvelaze damangrevel efeqts Zlieri nivTierebebisa da sigaretis kombinacia
iZleoda.

moulodneli iyo, rom mozardebTan, romlebic zomierad iRebdnen alkohols
da sxvas arafers (aranair narkotiks), aRiniSneboda momatebuli socialuri
integracia da TviTpativiscema. es mozardebi Tavis TanatolebTan SedarebiT
ukeTesad adaptirebulni SeiZleba yofiliyvnen.

cnobierebis yvelaze fundamentur cvlilebebs iwvevs nivTierebebi, romlebic

halucinogenebis an fsiqodelikebis saxeliT aris cnobili. es nivTierebebi
cvlis rogorc garegani samyaros, ise Sinagani cnobierebis aRqmas. rogorc
dasaxelebidan Cans, es nivTierebebi xSirad iwveven halucinaciebs da me-sa da
arame-s Soris sazRvrebis gaqrobas. oTxi yvelaze cnobili halucinogenia
meskalini (miiReba kaqtusisgan), fsilocibini (miiReba sokosgan) da LSD da PCP
(sinTezirdeba laboratoriebSi). PCP, anu angelozis mtveri, iwvevs
gansakuTrebulad ucnaur disociaciur reaqciebs, romlis drosac adamians
ekargeba tkivilis SegrZneba, ibneva da garSemo arsebuli sinamdvilisgan
gamocalkevebulad grZnobs Tavs. halucinogenuri nivTierebebi moqmedeben
tvinSi specifikur receptorul ubnebze, qimiur neirotransmiterze _
serotoninze (Aghajanian & Marek, 1993).
kanafi fsiqoaqtiuri efeqtis mqone mcenarea. misi aqtiuri ingredientia THC,
romelic napovnia rogorc haSiSsa (mcenaris dafxvnili fisi) da, aseve,
marixuanaSi (mcenaris gamxmari foTlebi da yvavilebi). THC-s SesunTqviT
gamowveuli gancdebis buneba damokidebulia dozirebaze: mcire dozebi iwvevs
msubuq, sasiamovno gabruebas, didi dozebi ki _ xangrZliv halucinogenur
reaqciebs. regularuli gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi aRiniSneba eiforia, kargad
yofnis gancda, sivrcisa da drois aRqmis rRveva da, ra Tqma unda, sxeulidan
gasvlis gancdebi. Tumca, konteqstidan gamomdinare, SesaZloa negatiur
efeqtsac hqondes adgili _ SiSi, SfoTva da dabneuloba. mkvlevrebma wlebis
manZilze icodnen, rom kanafinoidebi, marixuanas aqtiuri qimiuri naerTebi,
Semakaveblad moqmedebs tvinis specifikur receptorebze; es kanafinoiduri
 49
receptorebi hipokampSi anu mexsierebaze pasuxismgebel Tavis tvinis ubnebSia
ganlagebuli. mxolod bolo aTwleulSi iqna nakvlevi axlad aRmoCenili
anandamidi _ neirotransmiteri, romelic, aseve, Semakavebel efeqts axdens igive
receptorebze (Di Marzo et al., 1994; Staht, 1998). amitomac aRweven kanafinoidebi
cnobierebis Semcvlel efeqts anandamidisadmi (tvinSi bunebrivad arsebuli
nivTierebisadmi) mgrZnobiare tvinis ubnebze. garda amisa, mecnierebma
aRmoaCines, rom Sokoladi Seicavs nivTierebas, romelic gavlenas axdens
tvinis mier anandamidis moxmarebaze (di Tomaso et al., 1996)! Sokoladis
molekulebma SeiZleba Seakavos kanafinoiduri receptorebi an zemoqmedeba
moaxdinos nervuli reaqciebis zomaze. es molekulebi ar aris aRmoCenili
TeTr SokoladSi, riTac SeiZleba avxsnaT is faqti, rom adamianebs ufro
xSirad undebaT rZis Sokoladi da Savi Sokoladi.
opiatebi, rogoricaa heroini da morfini, Trgunavs fizikur mgrZnobelobasa
da gamRizianeblebze sapasuxo reaqciebs. heroinis intravenuri miRebis
Tavdapirveli efeqtia siamovnebaSi gadaSveba _ yvela safiqralisa da
sxeulebrivi moTxovnebis gacnobierebis adgils eiforiis grZnoba ikavebs.
heroinis moxmareba xSirad iwvevs miCvevas. III TavSi aRvniSneT, rom tvini
Seicavs endorfinebs (endogenur morfinebs), romelic mZlavr zegavlenas
axdens guneba-ganwyobilebaze, tkivilsa da siamovnebis gancdaze. opiumisa da
morfinis msgavsi narkotikebi tvinis igive receptorul ubnebs akavebs (Harrison
et al., 1998; Reisine, 1995). amrigad, opiatebi da marixuana (rogorc zemoT aRiniSna)
imitom aRweven maTTvis damaxasiaTebel efeqtebs, rom isini Seicaven iseT
aqtiur komponentebs, romelic tvinSi bunebrivad arsebuli nivTierebebis
msgavsi qimiuri TvisebebiT xasiaTdeba. rodesac nervuli receptorebi
xelovnulad stimulirdeba cnobierebis Semcvleli nivTierebebiT, tvins
kargavs faqiz balanss.
cxrili 6.1.
fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebebi: samedicino gamoyeneba, xangrZlivoba da damokidebuleba
efeqtis
samedicino damokidebuleba
dasaxeleba xangrZlivoba
gamoyeneba
(saaTebSi) fsiqologiuri fiziologiuri
opiatebi
(narkotikebi)
morfini tkivilgamayuCabeli 3-6 maRali maRali
heroini kvlevis procesSi 3-6 maRali maRali
 50
kodeini tkivilgamayuCebeli, 3-6 zomieri zomieri
xvelis aRmkveTi

haluciogeni
LSD ara 8-12 ara ar aris
cnobili

PCP veterinaruli varirebs ar aris maRali

(penciklidini) anesTetiki cnobili
meskalini ara 8-12 ara ar aris
(peioti) cnobili
fsilocibini ara 4-6 ar aris ar aris
cnobili cnobili
kanafi qimioTerapiis 2-4 msubuqad ar aris
Tanmxlebi
(marixuana) zomieri cnobili
gulisrevis
aRmkveTi

depresantebi
barbituratebi sedatiuri, Zilis 1-16 zomierad zomierad
(magaliTad, wamali,
maRali maRali
seqonali) anesTetiki,
antikonvulsanti
benzodiazepini SfoTvis 4-8 msubuqad msubuqad
(magaliTad, Semamcirebeli,
zomieri zomieri
vali sedatiuri, Zilis
umi) wamali,
antikonvulsanti
alkoholi antiseptiki 1-5 zomieri zomieri

stimulatorebi
amfetamini hiperkinezia, 2-4 maRali maRali
narkolefsia, wonis
kontroli
kokaini ara 1-2 maRali maRali

nikotini nikotinis saReWi varirebs msubuqad zomierad

rezini
maRali maRali
mowevisTvis Tavis
dasanebeblad
kofeini wonis kontroli, 4-5 ar aris zomieri
stimulanti mwvave
 51
respiratoruli cnobili
sirTuleebisas,
analgetiki
depresantebSi Sedis barbituratebi da, gansakuTrebiT AaRsaniSnavia,
alkoholi. am nivTierebebs axasiaTebT gonebrivi da fizikuri aqtivobis
daTrgunva (Seneleba) centralur nervul sistemaSi nervuli impulsebis
gadacemis Sekavebis an Semcirebis saSualebiT. depresantebis moqmedebis efeqti,
nawilobriv, miiRweva sinafsebSi nervuli komunikaciisTvis xelis SewyobiT,
sadac gamoiyeneba GABA neirotrasmiteri (Dehaney & Sah, 1999; Malizia & Nutt, 1995).
GABA xSirad nervuli gadacemebis Semakaveblis funqcias asrulebs, riTac
aixsneba depresantebis Semakavebeli efeqtebi. barbituratebi Zalze saxifaTo
SeiZleba iyos. 15-wlian kvlevaSi gamovlinda, rom narkotikebis dozis
gadametebis SemTxvevaTa daaxloebiT naxevari barbituratebze modioda (Howard,
1984). yvelaze xSirad daniSvnadi depresantebi, rogoricaa valiumi da qsanaqsi,
mniSvnelovanwilad xasiaTdeba miCvevis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobiT (Miller,
1999).
alkoholi iyo erT-erTi pirveli fsiqoaqtiuri nivTiereba, romelic farTod
gamoiyeneboda uxsovari droidan. misi gavlenis qveS myofi adamianebi
sulelebi, xmaurianebi, megobrulebi da enawylianebi xdebian; zogierTi maTgani
agresiuli da moZalade xdeba, zogi ki iTrguneba da depresiul gancdebSi
iZireba. mkvlevrebma dRemde ar ician, Tu konkretulad rogor moqmedebs
alkoholi tvinze, Tumca, sxva depresantebis msgavsad, rogorc Cans, isic
zemoqmedebs GABA-s aqtivobaze (De Witte, 1996). mcire dozis SemTxvevaSi
alkoholma SeiZleba gamoiwvios relaqsacia da mozrdilTa reaqciebis
siswrafis mcired gaumjobeseba, Tumca, organizms mxolod mcire odenobis
alkoholTan SeuZlia gamklaveba. didi raodenobiT alkoholi xanmokle
periodSi iwvevs centraluri nervuli sistemis gadatvirTvas. avtosagzao da
ubeduri SemTxvevebi 6-jer ufro xSiria adamianebTan, romelTa sisxlSic 0,10%
alkoholis Semcveloba, vidre maTTan, visTanac es maCvenebeli 2-jer naklebia.
alkoholuri intoqsikaciis meore Sedegi, romelsac wvlili Seaqvs ubedur
SemTxvevebSi, Tvalis gugebis gafarToebaa, rasac Tan sdevs RamiT xedvis
problemebi. rodesac sisxlSi alkoholis Semcveloba 0,15% aRwevs, adgili
aqvs momatebul negatiur zemoqmedebas azrovnebaze, mexsierebasa da gansjis
unarze, rasac Tan axlavs emociuri arastabiluroba da motoruli
koordinaciis rRveva.
 52
alkoholis moxmareba umTavresi socialuri problemaa aSS-Si. alkoholTan
dakavSirebuli avtokatastrofebi 15-25 wlis adamianTa sikvdilianobis wamyvani
mizezia. rodesac smis raodenoba da sixSire zemoqmedebs samsaxurze, auaresebs
socialur da ojaxur urTierTobebs da seriozul problemebs uqmnis
janmrTelobas. aseTi viTarebis Sesatyvisi diagnozia alkoholizmi. fizikuri
damokidebuloba, tolerantoba da miCveva _ es yvelaferi xangrZlivi
intensiuri smis fonze viTardeba. zogierTi individisTvis alkoholizmi smaze
uaris Tqmis unaris arqonasTan asocirdeba; zogierTisTvis ki, alkoholizmi
gamoixateba ramodenime Wiqis Semdeg smis SeCerebis unaris arqonaSi. 1998 wels
Catarebuli gamokiTxvis monacemebis Tanaxmad, 18-25 wlis respodentTa 13,8%-s
aReniSneboda intensiuri sma, anu isini svamdnen 5 da met Wiqas erT
jerze/dalevaze yovel xuT an met dReSi erTxel erTi Tvis ganmavlobaSi
(SAMHSA, 1999), Tumca, yvela asakis respodentTa saSualo maCvenebeli
mamakacebTan (9,7%) gacilebiT maRali iyo, vidre qalebTan (2,4%).
stimulatorebs, rogoricaa amfetamini da kokaini, aRgznebisa da eiforiis
mdgomareobis gamowvevis mizniT iReben. stimulatorebi moqmedeben tvinSi iseTi
neirotrasmiterebis donis momatebiT, rogoricaa norepinefrini, serotonini da
dopamini. magaliTad, stimulatorebi akaveben tvinSi im molekulebis
moqmedebas, romelTac, Cveulebriv, dopamini gamohyavs sinafsebidan (Giros et al.,
1996). kokainiT xangrZlivi sargebloba iwvevs cvlilebebs tvinis siamovnebis
gancdaze pasuxismgebel sistemaSi (Gawin, 1991). stimulatorebis zemoqmedeba sam
sxvadasxva efeqts iwvevs: _ momatebuli TviT-darwmunebuloba, moWarbebuli
energia da hiperaqtiuroba da eiforiasTan miaxloebuli guneba-ganwyobileba.
intensiuri momxmareblebi ganicdian SemaSinebel halucinaciebs da
uviTardebaT rwmena imisa, rom sxvebi maTTvis tkivilis miyenebas cdiloben. am
rwmenebs paranoidalur iluziebs ewodeben. kokainis moxmarebis Tanmxleb
gansakuTrebul safrTxes eiforiul aRmafrenasa da Zalze depresiul
Cavardnebs Soris arsebuli kontrasti qmnis. es garemoeba aiZulebs kokainis
momxmareblebs, rom yovelgvari kontrolis gareSe gazardon narkotikis
moxmarebis sixSire da dozebi. kokainis yvelaze sufTa formaa crack-i,
gansakuTrebiT damangreveli quCis narkotiki, romelic swrafad abruebs da
swrafadve kargavs moqmedebis Zalas. vinaidan mcire odenobiT da iafad iyideba,
es nivTiereba yovelTvis xelmisawvdomia Raribebisa da axalgazrdebisaTvis;
crack-i mraval socialur jgufs angrevs.
 53
ori stimulatori, romelTac xSirad ar aRviqvamT fsiqoaqtiur
nivTierebebad, aris kofeini da nikotini. rogorc SeiZleba sakuTari
gamocdilebidan vicodeT, ori finjani magari yava an Cai sakmarisi raodenobis
kofeins Seicavs imisaTvis, rom Rrma zegavlena moaxdinos gulze, sisxlsa da
cirkularul funqciebze da daZinebasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi Segviqmnas.
TambaqoSi aRmoCenili qimiuri naerTi nikotini sakmarisad Zlieri
stimulatoria, romelsac adgilobrivi amerikeli Samanebi maRali
koncentraciiT iyenebdnen mistikuri mdgomareobebisa da transis gamosawvevad;
Tumca, zogierTi Tanamedrove momxmareblisgan gansxvavebiT, maT icodnen, rom
nikotini miCvevas iwvevs da did sifrTxiles iCendnen, Tu rodis unda
yofiliyvnen misi gavlenis qveS. miCvevis gamomwvevi sxva nivTierebebis msgavsad,
nikotini tvinSi bunebrivad gamomuSavebul qimiur naerTebs hgavs. kvlevebiT
dadgenilia tvinis moqmedebis is regionebi, romelic pasuxismgebelia nikotinsa
da kokainze miCvevis ganviTarebaze (Pich et al., 1997). nikotinSi Semavali qimiuri
naerTebi im receptorebis stimulirebas axdens, romelic Tavs kargad
gvagrZnobinebs raime kargis/sworad gakeTebis Semdeg, rac gvagrZnobinebs, rom
yvelaferi wesrigSia _ fenomeni, romelic xels uwyobs gadarCenas. samwuxarod,
nikotini tvinis igive receptorebs aRizianebs, romelic gvatyobinebs, rom
yvelaferi kargadaa, roca veweviT, Tumca, realurad es ase ar aris. nikotinis
mier janmrTelobaze uaryofiTi zemoqmedeba mTlianobaSi didad aRemateba
yvela sxva fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebis zemoqmedebas erTad, heroinis, kokainisa
da alkoholis CaTvliT. sazogadoebrivi janmrTelobis samsaxuris monacemebis
Tanaxmad, weliwadSi 400 000 sikvdili sigaretis mizeziT xdeba. miuxedavad
imisa, rom moweva Seuqcevadi avadmyofobisa da sikvdilis mTavari mizezia, is
legalizebulia da yovelwliurad milionebi ixarjeba sigaretis
reklamirebaze. 60 mln amerikeli jer kidev mwevelia, Tumca, mowevis
sawinaaRmdego kampaniebi garkveul Sedegs aRwevs da mcirdeba mwevelTa saerTo
raodenoba (SAMHSA, 1995). yovelwliurad 2,1 milioni adamiani iwyebs mowevas da
maTi umravlesoba 18 welze naklebi asakisaa. es, nawilobriv, warmatebuli
sareklamo kampaniis Sedegi SeiZleba iyos, romelic xSirad swored
axalgazrdobazea mimarTuli: mozardTa Soris mwevelTa raodenobis
mniSvnelovani momateba mTeli rigi sareklamo kampaniebis Sedegad moxda (Pierce
& Gilpin, 1995).

es Tavi N.N-is SemTxvevis ganxilviT daviwyeT da SevecadeT mis

gamocdilebasTan Segvedarebina warsulis mogonebisa da momavlis dagegmvis
 54
Cveni unari. es magaliTi imis saCveneblad warmovadgineT, Tu rogor badebs
Cvens mier ganxorcielebuli sruliad Cveulebrivi aqtivobebi cnobierebis
Sesaxeb zogierT saintereso SekiTxvas: _ saidan modis Cveni azrebi? rogor
Cndeba isini? sad inaxeba es azrebi? axla ukve viciT zogierTi Teoria,
romelic pasuxs gascems am kiTxvebs da viciT, rogor unda SevZloT am
TeoriaTa gadamowmeba. Cven vnaxeT, rom cnobiereba, saboloo jamSi, saSualebas
gvaZlevs, rom gvqondes mTeli rigi gamocdilebisa, rac adamianad gvaqcevs.
aseve, ganvixileT cnobierebis ufro da ufro naklebad Cveuli gamoyenebis
SemTxvevebi. Cven davsviT kiTxva: _ ratom arian adamianebi ukmayofiloni
yoveldRiuri Cveuli cnobierebiT da ratom eZeben misi Secvlis mravalferovan
gzebs? Cveulebriv, ZiriTadi fokusi arsebuli amocanebis mimdinare
moTxovnebsa da situaciebze gakeTda, Tumca, Cveni cnobierebis realobidan
gamomdinare SezRudvebsac vacnobierebT; aseve, vacnobierebT, rom SezRudulia
Cveni gamocdilebis diapazoni da siRrme, rac arsebuli potencialis srulad
gamovlenis SesaZleblobas gvarTmevs. drodadro, albaT, sevda Segvipyrobs
Cveuli realobis farglebs miRma gaRwevis Zlieri survilis gamo da Cveuli
usafrTxo stabilurobis nacvlad Tavisuflebis ganusazRvrelobas varCevT.

Sejameba
nebismieri kulturis warmomadgenlebi eZieben cnobierebis Secvlis
saSualebebs. dakvirvebadi sizmrebis mqone adamianebi acnobiereben, rom sZinavT
da SeuZliaT sizmris dasasrulis kontrolireba. adamianebi erTmaneTisgan
gansxvavdebian imiT, rom Tu ramdenad eqvemdebarebian hipnozis zemoqmedebas.
mkvlevrebi adareben namdvilad hipnozirebuli adamianebisa da simuliantebis
reaqciebs, raTa gaimijnos hipnozis originaluri efeqti hipnotizioris gulis
mosagebad ganxorcielebuli qcevebisagan. hipnotizmi gansakuTrebuli mZlavri
teqnikaa tkivilis Sasamcireblad. adamianebs xSirad aqvT „faruli
damkvirveblis“ gamocdileba, rac gulisxmobs hipnozis zemoqmedebis qveS
yofnisas movlenebis farul, aracnobier aRqmas.
meditaciiT SesaZlebelia cnobierebis cvlilebebisa da sxva tipis
kognituri winsvlis ganxorcieleba. halucinaciebi warmoadgens mkafio
perceptul gamocdilebas garegani gamRizianeblis ararsebobis pirobebSi.
zogierTi adamiani flobs religiur gamocdilebas, romelic ar aris
Cveulebrivi cnobierebis nawili. cnobierebis Secvlis mizniT nivTierebebis,
rogorc eqstraordinaluri saSualebebis, gamoyeneba xSirad saxifaToa,
radganac arsebobs albaToba miCvevis ganviTarebis da zogjer sikvdilisac ki.
 55
narkotikebi centralur nervul sistemaze neirotrasmiterebis stimulirebiT,
daTrgunviT an SecvliT zemoqmedeben.

sakvanZo sakiTxebi

cnobierebis Sinaarsi
• cnobiereba gonebis Sinaarsebis gacnobierebas, maT Sesaxeb codnas
warmoadgens;
• arsebobs cnobierebis sami done: (1) samyaros bazisuri cnobiereba, (2)
gaazreba imisa, Tu ras vacnobierebT da (3) TviTcnobiereba;
• RviZili periodis cnobierebis Sinaarsi gansxvavdeba aracnobieri
procesebisgan, winarecnobieri mexsierebisgan, yuradRebis miRma darCenili
informaciisgan, aracnobierisgan da cnobieri aRqmisgan;
• sakvlevi teqnikebi, rogoricaa xmamaRla fiqris oqmebi da eqsperimentis
SerCeva cnobierebis Sinaarsis Sesaswavlad gamoiyeneba.

cnobierebis funqciebi
• cnobiereba gvexmareba gadarCenaSi da gvaZlevs realobis pirovnuli da
kulturuli konstruqtebis Seqmnis SesaZleblobas;
• mkvlevrebi swavloben cnobier da aracnobier procesebs Soris arsebul
urTierTmimarTebas.

Zili da sizmari
• cirkaduli ritmi asaxavs biologiuri saaTis moqmedebas;
• Ramis Zilis ganmavlobaSi icvleba Tavis tvinis aqtivobis paternebi. REM
Zili xasiaTdeba Tvalebis swrafi moZraobiT da Tanxvdeba mkafio sizmrebis
periods. mTliani Zilis daaxloebiT 1/4 REM Zilia 4-5 calkeuli periodis
ganmavlobaSi;
• Zilis raodenoba da REM da NREM Zilis Tanafardoba asakTan erTad
icvleba;
• REM da NREM Zili sxvadasxva funqciebs emsaxureba, Senaxvisa da aRdgenis
CaTvliT;
• Zilis darRvevebi, rogoricaa insomnia, narkolefsia da Zilis apnoe
uaryofiT gavlenas axdens dRis manZilze adamianis funqcionirebis unarze.
dRis Zilianoba, aseve, farTod gavrcelebuli seriozuli problemaa;
• froidi Tvlida, rom sizmrebis Sinaarsi aracnobieri masalaa, romelmac
gaiara sizmris cenzura;
 56
• sxva kulturebSi sizmrebis interpretacia regularulad xdeba da amas
gansakuTrebuli kulturuli rolis mqone adamianebi axorcieleben.
interpretacia momavlis winaswarmetyvelebis funqcias emsaxureba.
• sizmris zogierTi Teoria maTi wyaroebis biologiur warmomavlobaze
amaxvilebs yuradRebas, Tumca, es Teoriebi srulad ar Tanxvdeba sizmris
Sinaarsebs.

cnobierebis Secvlili mdgomareobebi

mdgomareobebi
• dakvirvebadi sizmrebi aris gacnobiereba imisa, rom sizmars vxedavT da
mimarTulia sizmris kontrolze.
• hipnozi cnobierebis Secvlili mgdomareobaa, romelic xasiaTdeba
STagonebaze reaqciis saxiT hipnotizirebuli adamianebis aRqmis, mexsierebis,
motivaciisa da TviTkontrolis SecvliT.
• meditacia cvlis cnobier funqcionirebas ritualuri praqtikis saSualebiT,
romelic garegani sazrunavebidan Sinagan gamocdilebaze gadaanacvlebs
yuradRebas.
• halucinaciebi naTeli aRqmaa, romelic Cndeba obieqturi gamRizianeblebis
ararsebobis pirobebSi.
• zogierT kulturul jgufSi adamianebi intensiur religiur gamocdilebas
ganicdian.
• fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebebi, cvlian ra nervuli sistemis aqtivobas,
zemoqmedeben mentalur procesebze cnobierebis droebiTi SecvliT.
• cnobierebis cvlilebebis gamomwvev fsiqoaqtiur nivTierebaTa ricxvSi Sedis:
_ halucinogenebi, opiatebi, depresantebi da stimulatorebi.

ZiriTadi cnebebi

• aracnobieri • faruli Sinaarsi

• gamocdilebis SerCevis meTodi • fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebebi
• dakvirvebadi sizmrebi • fsiqologiuri
damokidebu
leba
• dRis Zilianoba • SeTanxmebuli validizacia
• Tvalebis swrafi moZraobiT Zili • cirkaduli ritmi
(REM)
• Tvalebis swrafi moZraobis gareSe • cnobiereba
Zili (NREM)
• TviTcnobiereba • winarecnobieri mexsiereba
• insomnia • Zili apnoe
 57

• meditacia • xiluli Sinaarsi

• midrekileba • xmamaRla fiqris oqmi
• narkolefsia • halucinaciebi
• sizmris muSaoba • hipnobiluroba
• tolerantoba • hipnozi

Tavi 7. daswavla da qceviTi analizi

• daswavlis unaris kvleva

 ra aris daswavla?
 biheviorizmi da bihevioraluri analizi
• klasikuri ganpirobebuloba: daswavlis winaswarganmwyobi faqtorebi
 pavlovis sakvirveli dakvirvebebi
 ganpirobebulobis procesi
 SeZenaze fokiusireba
 klasikuri ganpirobebulobis gamoyeneba
• operantuli ganpirobebuloba: swavleba Sedegebis Sesaxeb
 efeqtis kanoni
 qcevis eqsperimentuli analizi
 ganpirobebulobis ganmtkiceba
 ganmamtkiceblis maxasiaTeblebi
 ganmamtkicebelTa cxrilebi
 Seipingi
• fsiqologia Tqvens cxovrebaSi:
• biologia da daswavla
 instinqtTa kompleqti
 gemos aversiiT daswavla
• kognituri sferos gavlena daswavlaze
 cxovelTa kognicia
 dakvirvebiT swavla
• sakvanZo sakiTxebi
 ZiriTadi cnebebi
 58

Tavis wignSi “jadoqari lorenco” mwerali robert franklin lesli aRwers

Tavgadasavals daSavebuli cisferi Cxikvisa, lorencosi, romelic leslis
ojaxis stumari gaxldaT. am epizodSi lorenco swavlobs iseT rames, rac
SeiZleba bevri TqvenganisaTvis nacnobi iyos:

rodesac lorencom miaRwia im asaks, romelsac Cven mozrdilobas veZaxiT,

movawyveT didi dResaswauli da moviwvieT misi adamiani megobrebi, rasac erTma
Cemma megobarma Cxikvis bari micva (Bar Mitzvah) uwoda.sufra savse iyo lorencos
sayvareli kerZebiT, rasac davumateT sakramentuli Rvino, fFunTuSa da
Sebolili oraguli. wveulebis bolos leam (leslis meuRlem) lorenco
samzareuloSi Rvinis Wiqebis narCenebTan miyuJuli aRmoaCina. mis Zaxilze
yvela stumari saswrafod Secvivda samzareuloSi, raTa sakuTari TvaliT enaxa
danis saxelurze mofarTxale Citi. misi mTvrali Wyipini kasetis Senelebuli
CanaweriviT JRerda. ukan gaCoCebuli, igi TaviT Cavarda samzareulos niJaraSi,
romelic naxevrad savse iyo WurWlis sarecxi siTxiT. rodesac onkanis qveS
meWira, man raRac “amoiluRluRa” da fexebis rtyma daiwyo.
me igi linoliumis iatakze gadmovsvi, vinaidan ver mivcemdi mas imis
uflebas, rom sveli frTebiT ecada gadmofrena. leam mas gzaze sarke daudo,
raTa lorencos kargad daenaxa, Tu rogor gamoiyureboda. es is gamadidebeli
sarke iyo, romelsac mamakacebi maSin iyeneben, rodesac ulvaSebs iWrian. Cvenma
damwuxrebulma lorencom iribad gaxeda sarkes Tavisi damZimebuli
quTuToebidan, waibarbaca da Senelebuli moZraobiT Zirs daemxo. mas Semdeg,
rac saswrafod galiaSi moaTavses, kidev ufro saSinlad gamoiyureboda.
meore dilas erTic ar daukvnesia. kidev erTxel, Cvenma TavgadasavlebiT
aRsavse Citma, praqtikuli gamocdileba SeiZina. veterinaris gamoZaxebisa
Semrcxva, vinaidan me da lea vuvlidiT nabaxusev frinvels.

mas Semdeg, lorencom samudamod Seaqcia zurgi sasmels, miuxedavad

dResaswaulebisa. man im sakvebzec ki uari Tqva, romelic RviniT mzaddeboda.
misi TavSekaveba ar iyo absurduli.

ratom erideba lorenco am sabediswero SemTxvevis Semdeg Rvinos? pasuxi,

romelic savaraudod gvafiqrdeba, isaa, rom man axali asociacia daiswavla –
leslis sityvebiT, man ”praqtikuli codna SeiZina” - romelic man SeiZleba
kidev araerTxel gamoiyenos cxovrebis manZilze. dameTanxmebiT, STambeWdavia,
rogor iswavla lorencom Wkua da dainteresdebiT kidec, ra meqanizmiT moxda
es: rogor aiTvisa lorencom es axali asociacia ase advilad? igive
 59
warmatebiT SegiZliaT sakuTar Tavs dausvaT SekiTxva: rogor euflebiT axal
asociaciebs?
fsiqologebi didi xania, dainteresebulebi arian ganpirobebulobiT anu im
meqanizmebiT, romelTa saSualebiTac qceva da movlena dakavSirebulni arian
erTmaneTTan. winamdebare TavSi ganixileba ganpirobebulobis ori ZiriTadi
tipi: klasikuri ganpirobebuloba da operantuli ganpirobebuloba. TiToeuli
maTgani wamoadgens organizmis gansxvavebul reaqciasa da informaciis
gadamuSavebis formas. ganpirobebulobis TiToeuli formisaTvis aRvwerT ara
marto ZiriTad meqanizmebs, romlebic mas marTaven laboratoriis pirobebSi,
aramed mis gamoyenebis magaliTebs yoveldRiur cxovrebaSic.
magram sanam ganvixilavT ganpirobebulobis am formebs, ganvixiloT
daswavlis fenomeni evoluciuri perspeqtividan. daswavla, umetesad,
genetikuradaa CvenSi Cadebuli, iseve, rogorc Cveni gamocdilebis sxva mravli
aspeqti. adamianebi, iseve, rogorc sxva organizmebi, memkvidreobiT iReben
daswavlis unars. daswavlis unarebi gansxvavdeba genetikuri kodis mixedviT.
iseT arsebebs, rogorebicaa qvewarmavlebi da amifibiebi, daswavlis unari
garemosTan urTierTobiT unmtkicdebaT da swavloben kidec cotas.
maTi gadarCena damokidebulia SedarebiT ucvlel garemoSi cxovrebaze,
sadac maTi Tandayolili unarebiT, upasuxon garemos ama Tu im movlenas, isini
an iReben imas, rac sWirdebaT an ganeridebian arasasurvels.. sxva cxovelebSi,
adamianebis CaTvliT, genebs gacilebiT ufro mcire roli aqvT garemo-qcevis
urTierTqmedebis ganpirobebaSi da gacilebiT elastiuri da vareabiluria
daswavlasTan mimarTebaSi. am cxovelebs SeswevT unari daiswavlon imis
mixedviT, Tu rogor icvleba garemo maTi qcevis, moqmedebis Sedegad . ar unda
dagvaviwydes, rom genetikurad mxolod daswavlis unars viRebT. rogor
moxdeba am unaris realizacia, es genebze ukve aRaraa damokidebuli.
• ganpirobebuloba (conditioning) – gzebi, romliTac movlenebi, stimulebi
da qceva asocirdeba erTmaneTTan

daswavlis unaris kvleva

am kvlevis dasawyebad saWiroa, upirvelesad, ganvsazRvroT daswavlis cneba.

ra aris daswavla?
daswavla aris procesi, romlis Sedegadac viRebT SedarebiT stabilur,
mudmiv cvlilebas qcevaSi an qcevis potencialSi da damyarebulia
gamocdilebaze. Tumca, am gansazRvebaSi gamoiyofa sami kritikuli nawili.
 60
cvlileba qcevaSi an qceviT potencialSi
potencialSi

aSkaraa, rom daswavlis procesi maSin SeiZleba ganxorcielebulad

CaiTvalos, rodesac Sedegi gvaqvs saxeze – magaliTad, SegiZliaT manqanis
marTva an mikrotalRovani Rumelis gamoyeneba. SeuZlebelia, davakvirdeT
uSualod daswavlis process, radgan, Cveulebriv, am procesiT gamowveuli
cvlilebebi tvinSi ar Cans, magram daswavlis procesis arseboba aSkara xdeba
qcevis ganmtkicebiT. Tumca, miuxedavad amisa, xSirad qcevaSi ar vlindeba, rac
naswavlia. xSirad, agreTve, adamians aqvs zogadi ganwyobebi – magaliTad,
damokidebuleba Tanamedrove xelovnebisadmi an aRmosavluri filosofiis
codna, rac ar vlindeba gazomvad moqmedebebSi. aseT SemTxvevebSi, miRweulia
potencia qceviTi cvlilebisaTvis, radgan naswavlia damokidebuleba da
Rirebulebebi, rac gavlenas axdens im literaturis SerCevaze, rasac adamiani
kiTxulobs, agreTve, Tavisufali drois gatarebis formaze. esaa saxecvlili
daswavlis magaliTi – sxvaoba imas, rac naswavlia da imas Soris, rac
gamoixateba qcevaSi.

SedarebiT mudmivi cvlileba

imisaTvis, rom aRvweroT, rogorc naswavli, daswavlili, qceva an qceviTi

potenciali unda iyos stabiluri, mudmivi sxvadasxva SemTxvevaSi. magaliTad,
Tu erTxel viswavleT curva, yvela SemTxvevaSi SevZlebT am codnis
gamoyenebas, viqnebiT zRvaze Tu sacurao auzze. aRsaniSnavia, rom stabiluri
cvlileba araa yovelTvis mudmivi cvlileba. magaliTad, SeiZleba gavxdeT
sakmaod kargi badros mtyorcneli mocemuli droisaTvis, magram Tuki Tavs
davanebebT am sports, gansazRvruli drois Semdeg SevniSnavT, rom ise kargad
veRar vflobT mas, Tumca, xelaxla swavlis SemTxvevaSi igrZnoba is siadvile,
romliTac daswavla xdeba, TiTqos codnis raRac nawili Senaxulia warsuli
gamocdilebis Sedegad. am konteqstSi, cvlileba SeiZleba iyos mudmivi.

gamocdilebaze dafuZnebuli procesi

daswavla mxolod gamocdilebiT SeiZleba. gamocdileba gulisxmobs

informaciis miRebas (Sefasebas da transformacias) da reagirebas, rac
gavlenas axdens garemoze. daswavla Sedgeba mexsierebis gakveTilebis Sedegad
aRmocenebuli sapasuxo reaqciisagan. naswavli qceva ar gulisxmobs cvlilebas
fizikuri momwifebis, an tvinis ganviTarebis SemTxvevaSi, organizmis asakis
 61
matebasTan erTad, agreTve, avadmyofobis an tvinis dazianebis dros. zogierT
xangrZliv cvlilebas qcevaSi sWirdeba gamocdilebisa da momwifebis,
mzadyofnis kombinacia. magaliTad, warmovidginoT skala, romelzec asaxulia,
ra asakSi iwyebs bavSvi tualetis damoukideblad gamoyenebas. yovelgvari cda
am Cvevis daswavlisa im asakamde, romelSic kanonzomieria am unaris SemuSaveba,
amao iqneba, sanam bavSvi sakmarisad ar ganviTardeba. fsiqologebi
gansakuTrebiT dainteresebulebi arian imiT, Tu qcevis ra aspeqtebi SeiZleba
Seicvalos da ra meqanizmebiT SeiZleba ganxorcieldes es cvlilebebi.
• daswavla (Learning)
( _ gamocdilebaze damyarebuli procesi, romlis
drosac SedarebiT mudmivad icvleba qceva an qceviTi potenciali.
• daswavla-
daswavla-gamovlenis gansxvaveba
gansxvaveba (Learning-Performance
( distinction) _
gansxvaveba imisa, Tu ra iyo daswavlili da ra gamomJRavnda qcevaSi.

bioheviorizmi da bihevioraluri analizi

Tanamedrove fsiqologiaSi daswavlis Teoriebis didi nawili saTaves jon

uotsonis (John Watson 1878 -1958) Sromebidan iRebs. uotsonma daaarsa
fsiqologiuri skola, romelic cnobilia, rogorc biheviorizmi. daaxloebiT
50 wlis manZilze, amerikul fsiqologiaSi dominirebda bihevioristuli
tradiciebi, romlebic gamoxatuli iyo uotsonis 1919 wels gamosul wignSi
„fsiqologia bihevioristis gadmosaxedidan“. uotsoni amtkicebda, rom
introspeqcia – adamianebis verbaluri moxsenebebi maTi gancdebis, xatebisa da
SegrZnebebis Sesaxeb, ar iyo misaRebi saSualeba qcevis Sesaswavlad, radgan es
zedmetad subieqturi meTodi iyo. rogor unda ganesazRvraT mecnierebs aseTi
TviTdakvirvebebis sizuste? magram Tuki introspeqcia uaryofilia, raRa
rCeboda fsiqologiis sagani? uotsonis pasuxi am kiTxvaze iyo dakvirvebadi
qceva. uotsonis sityvebiT, „cnobierebis mdgomareobebi, egreT wodebuli
spiritualizmis fenomeni, araa obieqturad gansazRvradi da am mizeziT
verasodes gaxdeba monacemi mecnierebisaTvis“ (Watson, 1919, p.1). uotsonma, aseve,
gansazRvra fsiqologiis ZiriTadi mizani, rogorc „qcevis kontroli da
prognozi“ (Watson, 1913, p.158).
skinerma (B.F. Skinner 1904-1990) ufro ganavrco uotsonis ideebi. misi pozicia
cnobilia, rogorc radikaluri biheviorizmi. skinerma aRiara, rom evoluciis
Sedegad yoveli saxeoba aRWurvilia qcevaTa gansazRvruli paternebiT. Tavis
yvelaze popularul wignSi „Tavisuflebisa da Rirsebis miRma“ (1972) igi
 62
amtkicebs, rom am paternebis miRma arsebuli yvela saxis qceva ganxilul unda
iqnas, rogorc daswavlis martivi formebi.
skinerma wamoiwyo kvleva, romelic miiyvanda mas am poziciis
formulirebamde. 1924 wels gamosuli uotsonis wignis _ ”biheviorizmis” _
wakiTxvis Semdeg skineri swavlas agrZelebs harvardSi. skineri eTanxmeba
uotsons Sinagani mdgomareobebisa da fsiqikuri movlenebis ararsebobaSi.
Tumca, skinerma aqcenti ufro metad gaakeTa ara maTi, rogorc monacemebis,
gamoyenebis SeuZleblobaze, aramed maTi, rogorc qcevis gamomwvevi mizezebis
ararsebobaze (Skinner, 1990). sxva sityvebiT, igi Tvlis, rom fsiqikuri movlenebi,
rogorebicaa azrovneba da warmosaxva, ar iwveven qcevas. metic, isini, Tavis
mxriv, ganixileba, agreTve, rogorc qcevis forma, romelic garemo stimuliTaa
ganpirobebuli. magaliTad, vaSimSiloT mtredi 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi,
movaTavsoT mowyobilobaSi, sadac mas SeuZlia, niskartis patara diskze
dakakunebiT moipovos sakvebi. aRmovaCenT, rom igi swored ase akTebs. skineri am
SemTxvevaSi daasabuTebda, rom mtedis qceva ganpirobebulia garemo movlenebiT
– SimSiliT da sakvebis, rogorc ganmamtkiceblis gamoyenebiT. SimSilis
subieqturi gancda, romlis pirdapir Seswavla an gazomva ar SeiZleba, ar aris
am qcevis mizezi, es qceva mxolod deprivaciis Sedegia. amitom arafris
mTqmelia imis daskvna, rom mterdma SimSilis an sakvebis mopovebis surviliT
daiwyo diskze kakuni. imisaTvis, rom avxsnaT, ras akeTebs sinamdvileSi mtredi,
ar aris saWiro misi Sinagani fsiqologiuri mdgomareobis garkveva – saWiroa,
ubralod, gavecnoT daswavlis martiv principebs, romlebic saSualebas aZlevs
mtreds, asociacia daamyaros qcevasa da jildos Soris. esaa skineris
biheviorizmis sakvanZo wertili (Delprato & Midgley, 1992)
swored es Sexeduleba daedo safuZvlad bihevioralur analizs,
fsiqologiis im sferos, romelic aqcents daswavlisa da qcevis garmeo
determinantebis aRmoCenaze akeTebs (Grant Evans, 1994) sazogadod, bihevioraluri
analizi cdilobs imis damtkicebas, rom adamianuri buneba SeiZleba
SeviswavloT sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis meTodebisa da sferos
gafarToebiT. amocana isaa, rom aRmoaCinon universaluri kanonzomierebebi,
romlebic saerToa cxovelTa yvela saxeobisaTvis, adamianebis CaTvliT.
mkvlevarebi askvnian, rom daswavlis procesi yvela saxeobaSi gvxvdeba, ra Tqma
unda, sxvadasxva formiT, magram SenarCunebuli ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebiT.
amitom kvlevebi cxovelebze xSirad xvdeboda kritikis qarcecxlSi. daswavlis
kompleqsuri formebi warmoadgens martivi procesebis kombinacias da ara
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raRac gansxvavebul fenomens. bihevioraluri analizi cdilobs, aRmoaCinos is
ZiriTadi principebi, romelTa mixedviT adamianis qceva icvleba gamocdilebaze
pasuxad. ZiriTadi aqcenti ki keTdeba qcevasa da garemo movlenebs Soris da
ara qcevasa da fsisikur movlenebs Soris.
• bihevioraluri analizi (Behavioral Anayisis) _ fsiqologiis ganxra, romelic
yuradRebas daswavlisa da qcevis garemo determinantebze amaxvilebs.

Sejameba
daswavla aris procesi, romelic momdinareobs SedarebiT mdgradi qcevis an
qceviTi potencialis cvlilebidan da emyareba gamocdilebas. qceviTi analizi
amodis votsonisa da skineris Teoriebidan da yuradRebas amaxvilebs
daswavlisa da qcevis garemo determinantebze.

klasikuri ganpirobebuloba

warmoidgineT, rom xarT kinoSi da uyurebT saSinelebaTa films. filmis

gmiri daxurul kars uaxlovdeba, musika iZabeba, Tqven ki giCndebaT survili,
iyviroT “ar Sexvide!” amasobaSi aRmoaCenT, rom guliscema aCqarebuli gaqvT,
SeZleba gaiofloT kidec, magram ratom? raRacnairad Tqvenma sxeulma iswavla
fiziologiuri reaqciis wamoSoba (guliscema), rodesac erTi garemo movlena
dakavSirebulia meoresTan (daZabuli musika saSiS vizualur efeqtTan). am
tipis daswavla cnobilia, rogorc klasikuri ganpirobebuloba, daswavlis
ZiriTadi froma, romelSic erTi stimuli an movlena gvamcnobs,
winaswarmetyvelebs sxva stimulis an movlenis gamovlenas. organizmi swavlobs
axal asociacias or stimuls Soris – stimuls, romelic adre ar iwvevda
reaqcias da meores Soris, romelmac gamoiwvia reaqcia. rogorc naxavT, Tqven
gaqvT Tandayolili unari sxartad daawyviloT movlenebi garemoSi asociaciis
principiT da es qceviTI midrekilebaa.

pavlovis
pavlovis sakvirveli dakvirvebebi

klasikuri ganpirobebulobis pirvel radikalur kvlevas Tamamad SeiZleba

ewodos fsiqologiis yvelaze cnobili saswauli. rus fiziologs, ivan
pavlovs (1849-1936) miznad ar dausaxavs klasikuri ganpirobebulobis, an sxva
fiziologuri fenomenis kvleva. klasikur ganpirobebulobas igi SemTxveviT
waawyda, rodesac ikvlevda saWmlis momnelebel sistemas, risTvisac 1904 wels
nobelis premia miiRo.
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Ppavlovs gamiznuli hqonda, ekvlia gadamuSavebis procesi ZaRlebSi, maT
jirkvlebsa da saWmlis momnelebel organoebSi milebis CadgmiT. am teqnikiT
igi SeZlebda gamoyofili sekretis raodenobas gansazRvras da gaanalizebas.
sekreciis gamosawvevad pavlovis asistenti ZaRls pirSi damuSavebul xorcs
udebda. es prcedura meordeboda gansazRruli raodenobiT, ris Semdegac
pavlovma aRmoaCina, rom ZaRls nerwyvi gamoeyofoda manamde, sanam mis pirSi
xorci moxvdeboda, ubraod saWmlis danaxvaze da asistentis danaxvazec ki.
metic, ZaRlma nerwyvis gamoyofa ukve misi nabijebis xmazec daiwyo. aRmoCnda,
rom nebismieri stimuli, romelic win uswrebda saWmlis miRebas sistematurad,
iwveva nerwyvis gamoyofas. sruliad SemTxveviT, pavlovma aRmoaCina, rom
daswavla Sedegia erTmaneTTan asocirebuli ori stimulisa.
sabednierod, pavlovi mecnieri iyo, amitom gaaCnda mecnieruli
cnobismoyvareoba am fenomenis Sesaswavlad. man arafrad CaTvala im drisaTvis
udidesi fiziologis, ser Carlz Seringtonis rCeva, rom Tavi daenebebina am
suleluri axirebisaTvis. pavlovma miatova Tavisi kvleva gadamuSavebis Sesaxeb
da amiT samudamod Secvala fsiqologiuri azrovnebis mimarTuleba (Pavlov,
1928) mTeli darCenili sicocxlis manZilze igi agrZelebda im cvladebis
Zebnas, romlebic gavlenas axdenen klasikurad ganpirobebul qcevaze.
klasikuri ganpirobebuloba, agreTve, iwodeba pavloviseul ganpirobebulobad,
radgan ganpirobebulobis fenomeni swored mis aRmoCenad iTvleba.
pavlovis mniSvnelovanma kvleviTma gamocdilebam saSualeba misca mas,
martivi strategiuli gegma aerCia, raTa ganepirobebina ZaRlebSi nerwyvis
gamoyofa. eqsperimentebSi ZaRli moTavsebuli iyo sagangebo mowyobilobaSi,
sadac regularuli intervalebiT is iRebda stimuls zaris saxiT, ris
Semdegac ZaRls eZleoda garkveuli raodenobis sakvebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom
ZaRlisaTvis aranairi kavSiri ar arsebobda zarsa da sakvebs Soris.
erTaderTi reaqcia zaris pirvel gagebaze saorientacio refleqsi iyo –
ZaRlma yurebi dacqvita da Tavi miatriala xmis wyaros dasadgenad. Tumca,
zarisa da sakvebis miwodebis ganmeorebiTma dawyvilebam gamoiwvia
saorientacio refleqsis Sewyveta da nerwyvis gamoyofa.
• klasikuri ganpirobebuloba (Classical
( Conditioning) – daswavlis tipi,
romelSic qceva (ganpirobebuli reaqcia) gamowveulia stimuliT
(ganpirobebuli stimuli), romelic, Tavis mxriv, ganmtkicebulia
biologiurad mniSvnelovan stimulTan asociaciis gamo (ganupirobebeli
stimuli).
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rasac pavlovi akvirdeboda Tavis adrindel kvlevebSi, ar iyo SemTxveviTi:
es fenomeni SeiZleba kontrolirebuli pirobebiT yofiliyo gamowveuli. imis
dasamtkiceblad, rom es zogadi efeqti iyo, pavlovma zaris garda gamoiyena
mravalnairi stimuli, iseTi, rogoricaa naTura, eJvani, metronomi.
klasikuri ganpirobebulobis birTvad refleqsebi unda CaiTvalos.
refleqsi aris dauswavleli pasuxi, reaqcia – magaliTad, nerwyvis gamoyofa,
Tvalebis xamxami da misT. – es yvelaferi bunebrivadaa gamowveuli
specifikuri stimuliT, romelic biologiurad aqtualuria organizmisaTvis.
nebismier stimuls, romelic bunebrivad iwevvs refleqsur qcevas, ewodeba
ganupirobebeli stimuli, radgan swavla araa stimulis kontrolisaTvis
aucilebeli piroba. qceva, romelic gamowveulia ganupirobebeli stimuliT,
aris ganupirobebeli qceva.
tipiur klasikur ganpirobebulobis eqsperimentSi neitraluri stimuli,
magaliTad, sinaTle, zari da a.S. romelsac, Cveulebriv, aranairi mniSvneloba
ara aqvs refleqsuri qcevisaTvis, meordeba wyvilSi ganupirobebel stimulTan,
ise rom ganupirobebeli stimuli mohyveba neitralur stimuls. neitralur
stimuls, magaliTad, zars, dawyvilebuls ganupirobebel stimulTan, ewodeba
ganpirobebuli stimuli, radgan misi Zala, gamoiwvios qceva, damokideblia
ganupirobebel stimulTan asociaciaze. ramdenime cdis Semdeg ganpirobebul
stimuls mohyveba reaqcia, romelsac ewodeba ganpirobebuli reaqcia.
reaqcia Zalian
xSirad, ganpirobebuli reqcia msgavsia ganupirobebeli reaqciisa. magaliTad,
pavlovis ZaRlebisaTvis, orive reaqcia nerwyvis gamoyofa iyo. Tumca, zogierT
SemTxvevaSi, ganpirobebuli reaqcia bevrad gansxvavdeba ganupirobebeli
reaqciisagan: ganpirobebuli reaqcia warmoadgens nebismier pasuxs, rac, Tavis
mxriv, faqtiurad, aris daswavlis Sedegi.
amgvarad, buneba uzrunvelgvyofs ganupirobebeli stimuli-reaqciiT, magram
daswavla klasikuri ganpirobebulobis meSveobiT qmnis ganpirobebuli
stimuli-reaqciis kavSirs.

• refleqsi (Reflex) _ specifikuri stimuliT gamowveuli dauswavleli

pasuxi, romelsac biologiuri mniSvneloba aqvs organizmisaTvis.

• ganupirobebeli stimuli (Unconditioned stimulus) _ klasikur

ganpirobebulobaSi, stimuli, romelic iwvevs ganupirobebel reaqcias,
pasuxs.

• ganupirobebeli reaqcia (Unconditioned response) _ klasikur

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ganpirobebulobaSi, ganupirobebli stimulis mier gamowveuli reaqcia
winaswari varjiSisa an daswavlis gareSe.

• ganpirobebuli stimuli (Conditioned stimulus) _ klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi,

aqamde neitraluri stimuli, romelic iwvevs ganpirobebul reaqcias.

• ganpirobebuli reaqcia (Conditioned response) _ klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi,

reaqcia, romelic aRmocendeba aqamde neitraluri stimulis safuZvelze.
es xdeba imis Sedegad, rom neitraluri stimuli Sewyvilebulia
ganupirobebel stimulTan.

• SeZena (Acquisition) _ klasikuri ganpirobebulobis eqsperimentis stadia,

romlis drosac ganpirobebuli reaqcia pirvlad aris gamowveuli
ganpirobebuli stimuliT.

ganpirobebulobis procesi

rogor viRebT ganupirobebeli da ganpirobvebuli stimulebis damTxveviT

klasikuri ganpirobebulobis efeqts? ramdenad myifea daswavla? ramdenad
myaria asociaciebi? am TavSi vupasuxebT im kiTxvebs, romlebic ibadeba
cxovelTa saxeobebze Catarebuli sxvadasxva kvlevebis Sedegad.

SeZena da Caqroba
saerTod, ganupirobebeli da ganpirobebuli stimulebi ramdenjermeE unda
dawyvildes, sanam ganpirobebuli stimuli gamoiwvevs ganpirobebul reaqcias.
ganupirobebeli da ganpirobebuli stimulebis sistematuri dawyvilebiT,
ganpirobebuli reaqcia aRmocendeba mzardi sixSiriT da amitom SegviZlia,
vTqvaT, rom organizmma SeiZina ganpirobebuli reaqcia.
klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi, iseve, rogroc kargi anegdotis moyolis
dros, dro Zalian mniSvnelovania. ganpirobebuli da ganupirobebeli
stimulebi droSi ukiduresad axlos unda gamovlindnen imisaTvis, rom
organizmma isini dakavSirebulad aRiqvas. (am wesis gamonakliss aRvwerT
mogvianebiT sxva TavSi gemos aversiis daswavlasTan dakavSirebiT) mkvlevrebma
SeimuSaves oTxi droiTi paterni or stimuls Soris. yvelaze farTod
gavrcelebuli tipia Seferxebuli ganpirobebuloba, romelSic jer Cndeba da
narCundeba ganpirobebuli stimuli manam, sanam ar gamovlindeba
ganupirobebeli stimuli. kvalis ganpirobebulobaSi ganpirobebuli stimuli
Sewyvetilia, sanam gamovlindeba ganupirobebeli stimuli. kvalSi igulisxmeba
is gavlena, Tu nakvalevi, rac SeiZleba organizmze daetovebina ganpirobebul
 67
stimuls. Tanxvedril ganpirobebulobaSi orive stimuli gamovlenilia
erTdroulad. xolo droSi gadaweul ganpirobebulobaSi ganpirobebuli
stimuli gamovlenilia ganupirobebelis Semdeg.
ganpirobebuloba, Cveulebriv, yvelaze efeqturia Seferxebuli
ganpirobebulobis paradigmaSi anu mokle intervaliT or stimuls Soris.
Tumca, zusti dro, romelic saWiroa ganpirobebulobis aRmocenebisaTvis,
damokidebulia ramdenime faqtorze – magaliTad, ganpirobebuli stimulis
intensivobasa da ganpirobebul reaqciaze. SevCerdeT ganpirobebul reaqciaze.
kunTuri reaqciebisaTvis, iseTebisaTvis, rogoricaa Tvalebis xamxami,
magaliTad, erTiwamiani an naklebi intrvalia saukeTeso. visceraluri
reaqciebisaTvis, rogoricaa guliscema da nerwyvis gamoyofa, intervali
SeiZleba gaizardos 10-15 wamamde. ganpirobebuli SiSis aRmocenebisaTvis ki
saWiroa kidev ufro didi intervali, wamebi da zogjer wuTebic ki.
ganpirobebuloba iSviaTad aRmocendeba Tanxvedri an droSi gadaweuli
procesebis dros. droSi gadaweuli ganpirobebulobis aRmoceneba SeiZleba
SevityoT ramdenime wyviluri gamovlinebis Semdeg. magram igi maleve qreba,
radgan cxoveli swavlobs, rom ganpirobebul stimuls mohyveba ganupirobebeli
stimuli. orive SemTxvevaSi ganpirobebuloba sustia, radgan ganpirobebuli
stimuli ar niSnavs ganupirobeblis aRmocenebas. (winaswarmetyvelebisa da
SemTxveviTobis mniSvnelobas momdevno TavSi davubrundebiT)
magram ra emarTeba ganpirobebul stimuls, (magaliTad, xma) romelic aRar
winaswarmetyvelebs ganupirobebel stimuls (saWmlis fxvnili). aseT
garemoebaSi, ganpirobebuli reaqcia (nerwyvis gamoyofa) droTa ganmavlobaSi
sustdeba da TandaTan saerTod aRar vlindeba. rodesac ganpirobebuli reaqcia
saerTod aRar vlindeba ganpirobebuli stimulis an ganupirobebeli stimulis
Semdeg, adgili aqvs Caqrobis process (ix. suraTi 7.3, nawili 2) ganpirobebuli
reaqciebis mudmivoba araa organizmis qceviTi repertuaris ZiriTadi aspeqti.
Tumca, ganpiroebulma reaqciam SeiZleba susti formiT Tavi Segvaxsenos, Tuki
ganpirobebuli stimuli marto aRmocenda. (ix. suraTi 7.3, nawili 3) pavlovi am
movlenas swavlobda gansazRvruli drois Semdeg, ganupirobebeli stimulis
eqpoziciis gareSe da mas spontanuri droebiTi aRmoceneba uwoda.
rodesac sawyisi dawyvileba aRdgenilia, Caqrobis Semdeg, ganpirobebuli
stimuli sagrZnoblad Zlierdeba. es uecari daswavla dakavSirebulia im
maragTan, romelic pirvelad daswavlam gamoiwvia da amitom amjerad naklebi
droa saWiro axali asociaciis asaTviseblad. ase rom, zogierTma
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eqsperimentulma asociaciam SeiZleba Caqrobis Semdegac Seaxsenos organizms
Tavi. sxva sityvebiT, Caqrobam mxolod Seasusta daswavluli asociaciis
gamovlena da ara saerTod amoSala mocemuli paterni. swored amitom unda
gavmijnoT daswavla da gamovlenis xarisxi daswavlis sawyis ganmartebaSi.
• Caqroba (Extinction) _ ganpirobebulobaSi, ganupirobebeli stimulis an
ganmamtkiceblis ar arsebobis Sedegad ganpirobebuli asociaciis
Sesusteba
• spontanuri aRdgena (Spontaneous recovery) _ Camqvrali ganpirobebuli
reaqciis xelaxali gamovlena garkveuli periodis Semdeg.
• stimulis generalizeba
generalizeba (Stimulus generalization) _ ganpirobebuli stimulis
avtomaturi ganvrcoba yvela im msgavs stimulze, romelic ar yofila
Sewyvilebuli ganupirobebel stimulTan.

stimulis ganzogadeba (generalizacia)

davuSvaT, rom ZaRlma iswavla: garkveuli sixSiris zaris xma niSnavs

sakvebis miRebas. specifikuria Tu ara ZaRlis reaqcia mxolod am stimulis
mimarT? araa gasakviri, rom am kiTxvis pasuxia „ara“. zogadad, radgan erTxel
gansazRvrulma ganpirobebulma stimulma gamoiwvia gansazRvruli
ganpirobebuli reaqcia, msgavsma stimulma SeiZleba imave warmatebiT
gamoiwvios msgavsi reaqcia. magaliTad, Tu ganpirobebuloba dakavSirebuli iyo
maRali sixSiris mqone zarTan, dabali sixSirec gamoiwvevda ganpirobebul
reaqcias. bavSvs, romelsac ukbens didi ZaRli, am SemTvevis Semdeg patara
ZaRlebisac SeeSindeba. am avtomatur dawyvilebas iseTi stimulisa, romelic
arasdros yofila dakavSirebuli ganupirobebel reaqciasTan, ewodeba
stimulis ganzogadeba.
ganzogadeba rac ufro mimsgavsebulia mocemuli stimuli sawyis
ganpirobebul stimulTan, miT ufro Zlieri iqneba reaqcia. rodesac reaqciis
siZliere izomeba mocemul ganzomilebaSi yoveli SemTxvevisaTvis, cxadi xdeba
generalizaciis gradienti. (suraTi 7.5)

sur. 7.5 stimulis ganzogadebis gradientebi

saSualo mwvaneze ganpirobebulobis aRmocenebis Semdeg subieqti reagirebs

msgavsi Tvisebis mqone stimulzec, rogorc es naCvenebia sqemis a nawilSi, sust
generalizaciaSi. magram rodesac subieqts miewodeba ferebis ufro farTo
speqtri, reaqciebi miT ufro sustdeba, rac ufro Sorsaa miwodebuli feri
sawyisi stimulisagan. ganzogadebis gradienti xdeba Zalian Zlieri, rogorc es
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sqemisBb nawilSia mocemuli. eqsperimentators SeuZlia ganzogadebis
gradientis Secvla subieqtisTvis dikrimnaciuli wrTvnis Catarebis Semdeg.
aseT SemTxvevaSi saSualo mwvane stimuli dawyvildeboda ganupirobebel
stimulTan.

generalizaciis gradientis arsebobam Tavad unda gvikarnaxos klasikuri

ganpirobebulobis meqanizmi yoveldRiur gamocdilebaSi. radgan mniSvnelovani
stimuli bunebaSi iSviaTad vlindeba zustad erTi da imave formiT, stimulis
ganzogadebis faqtori afarToebs daswavlis speqtrs sawyisi gamocidlebis
miRmac. amgavrad, axali movlena SieZleba aRqmuli iqnas, rogorc imave
Sinaarsis an qceviTi mniSvnelobis mqone, miuxedavad aSkara gansxvavebebisa.

stimulis diskriminacia

zogierT garmeoebaSi mniSvnelovania, rom reaqcia mxolod stimulis mcire

raodenobaze aRmocendes. magaliTad, organizmma ar unda gadatvirTos
sakuTari Tavi imiT, rom yvelanairi cxovelisagan garbodes, romelic namdvil
mtacebels waagavs. stimulis diskriminacia aris procesi, romlis drosac
organizmi swavlobs, gansxvavebuli reaqcia moaxdinos erTi da imave saxis
gansxvavebul stimulebze (magaliTad, gansxvaveba wyalsa da zeTs Soris) .
organizmis mier stimulis diskrimnaciis daswavla SeiZleba eqsperimentuli
procesiT, romlis drosac sxvadasxva intensivobis zaris SemTxvevaSi, mxolod,
magaliTad, 1,200 herci sixSiris zars mohyveba ganupirobebeli stimuli, xolo
sxvebi, meordebian amis gareSe. ganpirobebulobis pirvel etapze ganpirobebuli
stimulis msgavsi stimuli warmoSobs msgavss reaqcias, Tumca, arc ise Zliers.
diskrimaniciis treningis gagrZelebasTan erTad reaqcia sxva msgavs
stimulebze klebulobs. organizmi TandaTan swavlobs, romeli stimuli
moaswavebs ganupirobebel stimuls da romeli _ ara.
organizmisaTvis, imisaTvis, rom man qceva optimalurad, saWiro drosa da
adgilas gamoavlinos, unda arsebobdes balansi stimulis diskriminaciasa da
ganzogadebas Soris.
ar aris saWiro, rom bevri dro daeTmos stimulis diskriminacias, amasobaSi,
SesaZloa mtaceblis arseboba gamogvrCes da arc zedmeti reaqciaa saWiro,
raTa yvela Crdili ar gvaSinebdes. klasikuri ganpirobebuloba organizms
uzrunvelyofs meqanizmiT, romelic saSualebas aZlevs am ukanasknels,
Sesabamisad reagirebdes garemos struqturebze. (Garcia, 1990)
• stimulis diskriminacia (stimulus discrimination) _ ganpirobebulobis procesi,
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romlis drosac organizmi swavlobs imas, rom gansxvavebulad upasuxos
gamRizianebels (stimuls), romelic ganpirobebuli stimulisagan raime
ganzomilebiT gansxvavdeba.

SeZena

am qveTavSi ufro vrclad ganvixilavT im pirobebs, romlebic saWiroa

klasikuri ganpirobebulobisaTvis: aqamde Cven aRvwereT klasikurad
ganpirobebuli reaqciebis SeZena, Tumca ar agvicsnia es fenomeni. pavlovi
Tvlida, rom klasikuri ganpirobebuloba Sedegia ganpirobebuli da
ganupirobebeli stimulebis dawyvilebisa. misi azriT, Tu reaqcia
klasikuradaa ganpirobebuli, ganpirobebuli da ganupirobebeli stimulebi
droSi TiTqmis erTdroulad unda gamovlindnen anu adgili hqondes droSi
Tanxvedras. Tumca, Tanamedrove kvlevebma erTgvarad Secvales es Sexeduleba.

pirobiTi ganmtkiceba

klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi dominanti 1960 wlamde pavlovis Teoria iyo.

1960 wels robert reskolam (Robert Rescorla 1966) Caatara erTob mravlismTqmeli
eqsperimenti, romelSic ZaRli gamoiyena, rogorc cdis subieqti. reskorlas
eqsperimentSi zari (ganpiroebuli stimuli) emTxveoda Soks (ganupirobebeli
stimuli), rac, Tu pavlovi sworad msjelobda, sakmarisi iqneboda klasikuri
ganpirobebulobis aRmocenebisaTvis.

saidan viciT

klasikuri ganpirobebulobis mniSvneloba

eqsperimentis pirvel fazaSi reskorla wrTvnida ZaRlebs _

gadamxtariyvnen barierze ise, rom aridebodnen masSi gamaval eleqtroSoks.
Tu ZaRli ver SeZlebda gadaxtomas, iRebda eleqtroSoks. Tu gadaxtomas
moaxerxebda, eleqtro Soks airidebda. ZaRlebis gadaxtomis sixSires
reskorla iyenebda SiSis ganpirobebulobis gasazomad.
rodesac ZaRlebma daiswavles barierze xtoma, reskorlam isini or
jgufad dayo da axali amocana dausaxa. SemTxveviT SerCevas
ganupirobebeli stimuli (Soki) eZleoda spontanurad da ganpirobebuli
stimulisagan (zarisgan) damoukideblad. miuxedavad imisa, rom
ganpirobebuli da ganupirobebeli stimulebi xSirad vlindebodnen droSi
erTmaneTTan axlos an erTad, isini SemTxveviT, droebiT iyvnen
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Tanxvedrilni - ganupirobebeli stimuli SeiZleba imave warmatebiT
ganpirobebuli stimulis gareSec gamovleniliyo. xolo sakontrolo
jgufisaTvis ganupirobebeli stimuli yovelTvis mohyveboda ganpirobebul
stimuls. amgvarad, am jgufisTvis zari sando momaswavebeli iyo
eleqtroSokisa.
wrTvnis Semdeg ZaRlebi kvlav moaTavses saeqsperimento yuTebSi. zari,
romelic Soks moaswavebda, axla periodulad rekavda. ZaRlebi SemTxveviTi
SerCevidan (ganpirobebuli-ganupirobebeli kavSiri) xtebodnen meti
sixSiriT, vidre ZaRlebi meore SerCevidan.

amgvarad, imis garda, rom ganpirobebuli stimuli droSi Tanxvedrili unda

iyos ganupirobebelTan, is, agreTve, sandod unda moaswavebdes ganupirobebel
stimuls – es ori piroba aucilebelia imisaTvis, rom adgili hqondes
klasikur ganpirobebulobas (Rescola, 1988) es aRmoCena sakmaod
mniSvnelovania – cxovrebiseul situaciebSi, sadac daswavla exmareba adamians
adaptaciaSi, stimuli gacilebiT ufro difuzuria, vidre laboratoriaSi.

informatiuloba
informatiuloba

reskorlas kvlevam aCvena, rom pirobiTi ganmtkiceba gadamwyvet rols

TamaSobs klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi. leon kaminma (Leon Kamin, 1969) aCvena,
rom ganpirobebuli stimuli SeiZleba iyos informatiuli.

saidan viciT

informatiulobasac aqvs mniSvneloba

kaminis kvlevaSi CarTuli iyo virTxebis 2 jgufi. eqsperimentuli jgufi
pirvelad iwrTvneboda saxelurisTvis xelis daWeraSi zaris rekvis dros
(ganpirobebuli stimuli) Sokis Tavidan asacileblad (ganupirobebeli
stimuli). amis Semdeg eqsperiments daemata kidev erTi ganpirobebuli
stimuli – sinaTle. amjerad ganupirobebel stimuls ukve ori
ganpirobebuli stimuli moaswavebda – zari da sinaTle. sakontrolo
jgufSi vlindeboda mxolod zari-sinaTle-Sokis Tanxvedra. anu am jgufSi
zari ar moaswavebda Soks. amis Semdeg kaminma Seamowma orive jgufSi SiSis
ganpirobebuloba mxolod Suqze an mxolod zarze. Tu pirobiTi
ganmtkiceba sakmarisia klasikuri ganpirobebulobis asaxsnelad, maSin
virTxebis orive jgufs erTnairad unda epauxa zarsa da Suqze, magram
eqsperimentuli virTxebi reagirebdnen mxolod zarze da ara _ sinaTleze,
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roca sakontrolo jgufSi virTxebs erTnairi reaqcia hqondaT sinaTlesa
da zarze. (Kamin, 1969)

kaminma eqsperimentebis Sedegebi ganpirobebuli stimulis informatiulobis

konteqstSi axsna. eqsperimentuli virTxebisaTvis zarTan dakavSirebulma
gamocdilebam aqtualoba daukarga zars, rogorc ganupirobebeli_stimulis
momaswavebels. virTxebisaTvis sinaTle SeiZleboda arc arsebuliyo, radgan is
aranair damatebiT informacias ar iZleoda. pirveli ganpirobebuli stimulis
unars, Seamciros meores informatiuloba, ewodeba blokireba. virTxebis
sakontrolo jgufisaTvis zari da sinaTle erTnairad informatiuli iyo, maT
ar hqondaT warsuli gamocdileba dakavSirebuli romelime maTganTan, amitom
erTma ar Seamcira meores informatiuloba.
informatiuloba xsnis, ratom vlindeba ganpirobebuloba yvelaze xSirad
maSin, rodesac ganpirobebuli stimuli upirsipirdeba garemoSi arsebul sxva
mraval stimuls. rac ufro intensiuria da konkretulia stimuli, miT ufro
didia misi SemCnevis albaToba. Tu gindaT, rom kargi ganpirobebuloba
miiRoT, unda warmoadginoT an Zlieri, ucxo stimuli ucnob garemoSi, an
Zlieri, nacnobi stimuli ucxo situaciaSi (Kalat, 1974; Lubow et al., 1976).
cxadi xdeba, rom klasikuri ganpirobebuloba bevrad ufro rTuli
meqanizmia, vidre amas pavlovi warmoidgenda. neitraluri stimuli efeqtur
ganpirobebul stimulad iqceva mxolod maSin, Tu is erTdroulad
Tanxvedirli da, amasTan, informatiulia. modiT, axla yuradReba im
cxovrebiseul situaciaze mivmarToT, romelSic klasikuri ganpirobebuloba
did rols asrulebs.
• blokireba (Blocking)
( ) – fenomeni, romlis drosac organizmi ar
daiswavlis axal stimuls, radgan axali stimuli warmodgenilia ukve
arsebul efeqtur signalTan erTad.

klasikuri ganpirobebulobis TvalsaCinoebebi

klasikuri ganpirobebulobis codna gvexmareba, gavigoT yoveldRiuri qceva.

magaliTad, ra roli aqvs mas emociebsa da upiratesobaTa miniWebaSi,
sxvadasxva nivTierebebze dmaokidebulebaSi, dabolos, rogor SeiZleba
klasikuri ganpirobebuloba gamoviyenoT imunologiuri funqciis
gasamdidreblad.

emociebi da upiratesobebis miniWeba

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gavixsenoT magaliTi saSinelebaTa filmis Sesaxeb. am SemTxvevaSi
aracnobierad daviswavleT asociacia SemaSinebel musikasa (ganpirobebeuli
stimuli) da gansazRvrul movlenebs Soris (ganupirobebeli stimuli –
movlenebi, romelbic refleqsur reaqciebs iwveven). Tu kargad CavuRrmavdebiT,
aRmoCndeba, rom bevr movlenaze gvaqvs Zlieri emociuri reaqcia, ris mizezsac
xSirad ver vxsniT. SeiZleba Tu ara, es klasikuri ganpirobebulobis Sedegi
iyos?
ganvixiloT situaciebi: (Rozin and Fallon, 1987; Rozin at all 1986)
- SeWamdiT Tu ara gaurkvevel sakvebs, romelsac ubralod ZaRlis
sasqeso organos forma aqvs?
- dalevdiT Tu ara wylisa da Saqris xsnars, tuki Saqari Cayares im
yuTidan romelsac SecdomiT ewera “Sxami”?
- dalevdiT Tu ara vaSlis wvens, romelSic sterilizebuli tarakani
tivtivebs?
Tu yovel situaciaze upasuxebT „araviTar SemTxvevaSi“, es imas niSnavs, rom
klasikurma ganpirobebulobam iTamaSa Tavisi roli. klasikurad ganpirobebuli
reaqcia: „es sazizRrobaa“ an „saxifaToa“, Sedegia aqamde miRebuli codnisa Tu
gamocdilebisa. radgan klasikurad ganpirobebuli reaqcia araa cnobierad
gaCenili azris Sedegi, Zalian Znelia igi cnobieri mizez-SedegobriobiT
CavaqroT.
erT-erTi yvelaze aqtiurad Seswavlili aspeqti klasikuri
ganpirobebulobisa aris SiSis ganpirobebuloba. biheviorizmis sawyis etapze
jon uotsonma da misma kolegam rozalin rainerma daadastures, rom SiSis
reaqciebis umetesoba unda gavigoT, rogorc neitraluri stimulis dawyvileba
raime SiSis momgvrelTan. am ideis dasamtkiceblad maT Caatares eqsperimenti
patara albertze.

saidan viciT

patara albertis SeZenili SiSi

uotsonma da rainerma (1920) patara alberti daaSines patara TeTri
virTxiT, romelic Tavidan Zalian moswonda. maT TeTri virTxis gamoCena
daawyviles aversiul ganupirobebel stimulTan – bavSvis uknidan
momdinare xmaurTan, romelic gamowveuli iyo liTonis firfitaze CaquCis
dartymiT. SekrTomis ganupirobebeli reaqcia da emociuri distresi gaxda
mizezi daswavlisa: alberti SiSiT reagirebda TeTri virTxis danaxvaze
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ukve 7 cdis Semdeg. emociuri ganpirobebuloba ganzogadda qceviT
ganpirobebulobaSi, radgan albertma iswavla virTxisaTvis Tavis arideba,
misgan gaqceva. amis Semdeg bavSvis SiSi ganzogadda saerTod bewvian
sagnebze – baWiaze, ZaRlze da santa klausis niRabzec ki. albertis dedam,
romelic meddad muSaobda imave hospitalSi, sadac eqsperimenti tardeboda,
manamde waiyvana igi, vidre mas SiSs mouxsnidnen, amitom aravin icis, ra
bedi ewia mas (Harris, 1962)

axla cnobilia, rom ganpirobebuli SiSi Zalian gamZlea. drois gasvlasTan

erTad adamians SeiZleba daaviwydes kidec, ratom vlindeba reaqcia.
ganpirobebuli SiSi SeiZleba arsebobdes wlebis manZilze, maSinac ki, roca
sawyisi ganupirobebeli stimuli aRarasodes aRmocenebula gamocdilebaSi.
magaliTad, mkvlevrebma daadastures, rom meore msoflio omidan 15 wlis
gasvlis Semdeg veteran mezRvaurebs jer kidev hqondaT reaqcia „safrTxis
niSanze“ – omis dros mezRvaurebs sabrZolad uxmobda gongi – wuTSi 100-jer
darekili zari. es gansakuTrebuli smeniTi paterni, romelic Tavis droze
sandod moaswavebda safrTxes, axlac agrZelebs Zlieri emociebis gamowvevas
veteranebSi (Edwards & Acker, 1962)
sainteresoa, rom Tu Zlieri SiSia CarTuli, ganpirobebulobas SeiZleba
adgili hqondes neitraluri stimulisa da ganupirobebeli stimulis mxolod
erTxel dawyvilebiT. erTi travmatuli movlena SeiZleba ganapirobebdes
fizikur, emociur da kognitur reaqciebs – es SeiZleba mTeli cxovreba
gagrZeldes. magaliTad, erTi Cveni megobari mZime avariaSi moyva Weqa-quxilis
dros. axla yovel jerze, rodesac is saWesTan zis da wvimdeba, mas ewyeba
panikuri SiSi, im donemde, rom zogjer manqanasac aCerebs da elodeba, sanam
wvima gadaiRebs. erTxel igi gadacocda manqanis ukana nawilSi da daemxo Zirs,
pirisaxiT qveviT, sanam wvima Sewydeboda. me-16 TavSi Cven vnaxavT, rom
Terapevtebma SeimuSaves mkurnalobis gzebi aseTi saxis SiSebisaTvis, romlebic
TiTqos uaryofdnen klasikuri ganpirobebulobis efeqturobas.
magram yovelive zemoT moTxrobili ar niSnavs, rom mxolod uaryofiT
reaqciebia klasikurad ganpirobebuli. piriqiT, bednierebisa da aRfrTovanebis
reaqciebic SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc klasikurad ganpirobebuli. cxadia,
rom reklamis Semqmnelebi swored klasikuri ganpirobebulobis meqanizms
eyrdnobian, rogorc dadebiT Zalas. magaliTad, isini amyareben asociaciebs
TavianT produqtsa da vnebas Soris (jinsebi, sunamoebi da misT). isini
imedovneben, rom maTi reklamebis verbaluri elementebi, magaliTad,
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„seqsualuri“, adamianebisa Tu situaciebis aRsawerad, imoqmedeben,
ganupirobebli stimulisa da reaqciis gamosavlenad. maT gaTvlili aqvT, rom
produqti TavisTavad iqceva ganpirobebul stimulad, xolo misi yidvis
procesi – ganpirobebul reaqciad. imisaTvis, rom moviZioT dadebiTi emociebis
met magaliTebi, sakmarisia, davfiqrdeT im momentebze, rodis gvaqvs dadebiTi
gancdebisa da emociebis mozRvaveba – magaliTad, roca xangrZlivi
mogzaurobis Semdeg saxlSi vbrundebiT.

nivTierebebze damokidebuleba
ganvixiloT erTi SemTxveva: manhetenze ipoves kacis cxedari, romelsac
mklavSi CarCenili hqonda Sprici. sikvdilis mizezad narkotikis zedmeti doza
daasaxeles, magram aRmoCnda, rom es kaci regularulad iRebda gacilebiT
ufro did dozebs, vidre man sikvdilis win miiRo. am SemTxvevam aaforiaqa
mkvlevarebi – rogor SeiZleboda aseT dozas moekla organizmi, romelsac
sakmaod didi mimRebloba hqonda am nivTierebis mimarT?
pavlovma (1927) da mogvianebiT misma kolegam bikovma (1957) aRmoaCines, rom
mimRebloba narkotikebis mimarT SeiZleba maSin ganviTardes, rodesac adamiani
elodeba wamlis farmakologiur moqmedebas. Tanmedrove mkvlevarma Sefard
sigelma (Shepard Siegel) daxvewa es ideebi. igi Tvlida, rom is garemo, romelSic
gamoiyeneba wamali, aqcevs mas ganpirobebul stimulad im situaciisaTvis,
romelSic organizmi ewinaaRmdegeba wamlis Cveul efeqts. wamlis miRebisas
wamali (ganupirobebeli stimuli) iwvevs gansazRvrul fiziologiur reaqciebs,
razec organizmi reagirebs sawinaaRmdegod homeostazis damyarebis mizniT.
(ixileT Tavi 3) swored esaa am SemTxvevaSi ganupirobebeli reaqcia. droTa
ganmavlobaSi kompensatoruli reaqciac xdeba ganpirobebuli reaqcia. es
niSnavs, rom garemoSi, romelic Cveulebriv, asocirebulia wamlis
gamoyenebasTan (ganpirobebuli stimuli), organizmi fiziologiurad amzadebs
Tavs (ganpirobebuli reaqcia) wamlis mosalodneli efeqtebisaTvis. mimRebloba
Cndeba imitom, rom individis mier moxmarebuli wamali metia kompensatorul
reaqciaze, sanam daiwyeba raime saxis „dadebiTi“ efeqti. mzardi doza niSnavs,
rom izrdeba kompensatoruli reaqciac.
sigelma es ideebi gamoscada laboratoriaSi, gamoumuSava ra virTxebs
mimRebloba heroinis mimarT.
saidan viciT

narkotikul nivTierebebze damokidebulebis ganpirobebulobis aspeqtebi

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erT-erT kvlevaSi sigelma da misma kolegebma gamoiwvies virTxebSi
heroinis ineqciis molodini – erT SemTxvevaSi (ganpirobebuli stimuli 1)
da deqstrozis (tkbili Saqari) – meoreSi (ganpirobebuli stimuli 2) (Siegel
et al., 1982) wrTvnis pirvel fazaSi yvela virTxas ganuviTarda mimRebloba
heroinis mimarT. sakontrolo dRes yvela virTxam miiRo heroinis
Cveulebrivze didi, TiTqmis orjer meti doza. virTxebis naxevars heroini
ukve miRebuli hqonda, xolo meore naxevars ganpirobebulobisaTvis
eZleoda deqstrozi. ukanaskneli jgufidan mokvda orjer meti (64) virTxa,
vidre pirvelidan (32).

savaraudod, virTxebi, romlebic iRebdnen heroins, ufro momzadebulebi

iyvnen am potenciurad saxifaTo situaciisaTvis, radgan konteqstma
(ganpirobebuli stimuli-1) gamoiwvia iseTi fiziologiuri reaqcia
(ganpirobebuli reaqcia-1) romelmac winaaRmdegoba gauwia wamlis tipiuri
efeqti (Poulos & Cappell, 1991
imis gamosakvlevad, igive process SeiZleba Tu ara adgili hqondes
adamianebSi, sigelma da misma kolegebma gamoikiTxes heroinze damokidebulni,
romlebic araerTxel sikvdili piras iyvnen misulni zedmeti dozis gamo.
aTidan Svid SemTxvevaSi wamali miRebuli iyo axal da ucxo garemoSi. (Siegel,
1984) miuxedavad imisa, rom es aranair monacemebs ar gvaZlevs, cxadi xdeba, rom
doza, romlis mimarTac individs SemuSavebuli aqvs mimRebloba, SeiZleba
zedmet, momakvidenebel dozad iqces ucxo garemoSi. es analizi gveubneba, rom
manhetenze napovn kacs arasodes gaukeTebia wamali swored im adgilas, sadac
igi ipoves.
miuxedavad imisa, rom mocemuli kvleva exeboda heroins, klasikuri
ganpirobebuloba mniSvnelovani komponentia sxvadasxva wamlis mimarT
mimReblobis gazrdaSi (Goodison & Siegel, 1995; Poulos & Cappell, 1991; Siegel, 1999). ase
rom, igive sawyisebi, romelsac pavlovi swavlobda ZaRlebis, zarebis da
nerwyvis gamoyofasTan dakavSirebiT, gvexmareba avxsnaT zogierTi meqanizmi
adamianis narkotikul nivTierebebze damokidebulebisa.

klasikuri
klasikuri ganpirobebulobis gamoyeneba

adreul 1980-ian wlebSi mkvlevrebma gaakeTes aRmoCena, rom daswavlis

procesebma SeiZleba gavlena iqonios organizmis imunur sistemaze.
istoriulad dadasturebuli iyo, rom imunulogiuri reaqciebi __
antisxeulebis swrafi gamomuSaveba, raTa SeebrZolos im substanciebs,
 77
romlebic organizms vneben __ iyo. avtomaturi, biologiuri procesebi,
romlebSic ar monawileobda centraluri nervuli sistema. eqsperimentebma
ganpirobebulobaze daaadastura, rom es daskvnebi mcdaria.
saidan viciT

klasikuri ganpirobebuloba da imunologiuri funqcia

robert aderma da nikolas kohenma (Robert Ader and Nicholas Cohen, 1981)
virTxebs aswavles saxarinis (ganpirobebuli stimuli) asocireba
ciklofosfamidTan (ganupirobebeli stimuli), wamalTan, romelic asustebs
imunur sistemas. sakontrolo jgufi iRebda mxolod saxarins. mogvianebiT,
roca virTxebis orive jgufs misces saxarini, im virTxebSi, romlebSic
saxarini ciklofosfamidis asociacias iwvevda, warmoiSva metad naklebi
antisxeulebi ucxo ujredebis mimarT, vidre sakontrolo jgufis
virTxebSi. amgvarad, daswavlili asociacia sakmarisi aRmoCnda imisaTvis,
rom Seemcirebina imuniteti da virTxebi ufro mowyvladi gaexada
sxvadasxva daavadebebis mimarT. daswavlis efeqti imdenad Zlieri iyo, rom
zogierTi virTxa mokvda mxolod saxarinis xsnaris dalevis Semdeg.

aseTma Sedegebma SeiZleba advilad migviyvanos im daskvnamde, rom saWiroa

klasikuri ganpirobebulobis aRmofxvra imunuri sistemis SesanarCuneblad.
kvlevis axalma sferom, fsiqoneiroimunulogiam,
fsiqoneiroimunulogiam Seiswavla aseTi tipis
Sedegebi da am kvlevaSi Sedis fsiqologia, centraluri nervuli sistema da
imunuri sistema (Ader & Cohen, 1993; Coe, 1999).
am axali dargis mizania, aRmoaCinos axali teqnika, romelic saSualebas
miscems ganpirobebulobas, Secvalos is medikamenturi dozebi, romlebsac
xSirad seriozuli gverdiTi movlenebi aqvT. aderma da misma kolegam antoni
suxmanma, magaliTad, aRmoaCines, rom maRali wnevis mqone pacientebs,
romlebsac mouxsnes wamlebi, magram mkurnalobdnen placeboTi, wneva ufro
didxans SeunarCundaT normis farglebSi, vidre maT, romlebic ar iRebdnen
placebo abebs (Suchman & Ader, 1989) rogor SeeZlo inertul abebs moesna
maRali wnevis problema? pasuxi viciT winamdebare Tavidan, romelic exeboda
narkotikuli nivTierebis mimarT mimReblobas. warmoidgineT rutina, romelic
viTardeba wamlis regularulad miRebis dros. wamlis miRebis es rituali
SeiZleba aRviqvaT, rogorc ganpirobebuli stimuli, romelic moaswavebs
ganupirobebel stimuls – wamlis miRebas – mxolod Tavad am aqtma SeiZleba
 78
Seamciros sisxlis wneva. amgvarad, placebo, romelic ubralod qmnis rituals,
iwvevs sasargeblo organul reaqcias.
• fsiqoneiroimunulogia (Psychoneuroimmunology)–
– kvlevis dargi, romelic
swavlobs interaqcias iseT fiziologiur procesebs Soris, rogoricaa
reaqcia stresze da imunuri sistemis funqcionireba.

imisaTvis, rom kvlevis Sedegi samkurnalo meTodad iqces, mkvlevarebi unda

darwmundnen, rom wamlis uaryofiTi efeqtebic ar gamovlindeba
ganpirobebulobis Sedegad.
mkvlevrebs imedi aqvT, rom SeimuSaveben teqnikas, romelic ganavrcobs da
gazrdis imunur reaqciebs klasikuri ganpirobebulobis meSveobiT.
saidan viciT^

imunuri reaqciis ganpirobebuli gaumjobeseba

mecnierebis jgufma Seqmna ganpirobebulobis situacia, romelSic
saxarinis gemo dawyvilda lisozimTan, nivTierebasTan, romelic iwevevs
reaqcias virTxis imunur sistemaSi. am paradigmaSi saxarini asrulebda
ganpirobebuli stimulis rols, xolo lisozimi – ganupirobebeli
stimulisas. dawyvileba mxolod erTxel moxda. miuxedavad amisa, rodesac
virTxebis erT jgufs misces wayali, gazavebuli saxariniT, magram
lisozimis gareSe, maT organizmebs hqondaT iseTive Zlieri imunuri
reaqcia, rogoric meore jgufs, romelsac mxolod lizosimi miewoda
(Alvarez-Borda et al., 1995)

es eqsmperimenti TvalsaCinoebaa imisa, rom mxolod erTi epizodi, sadac

ganpirobebuli stimuli asocirebuli iyo ganupirobebel stimulTan, sakmarisi
aRmoCnda imisTvis, rom imunuri reaqcia mxolod ganpirobebul stimulze
warmoSobiliyo. amgvarad, cxadi xdeba klasikuri ganpirobebulobis potencia
imunuri sistemis gasaZliereblad.

vidre “fsiqologia da cxovreba”-s waikiTxavdiT, albaT Zalian cota ram

icodiT klasikuri ganpirobebulobis Sesaxeb, Tu ar CavTvliT bundovan
warmodgenas pavlovsa da mis ZaRlebze. vimedovnebT, rom ukve sakmaod kargad
gaecaniT daswavlis am saxeobas, raTa daafasoT misi mniSvneloba Tqvens
yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. Semdegi Cveni gansjis sagani iqneba daswavlis iseTi
saxeoba, romlis Sesaxebac, savaraudod, meti gifiqriaT, vidre fsiqologiis
kursis Seswavlas daiwyebdiT. Tu Tqven odesme mainc gifiqriaT imaze, Tu
 79
rogor cvlis qcevas dajildoveba da dasja, ukve erTi nabijiT win xarT
operantuli ganpirobebulobis sakiTxSi.

Sejameba

mas Semdeg, rac pavlovma SemTxveviT aRmoaCina klasikuri ganpirobebulobis

ZiriTadi principebi, mTeli Tavisi darCenili kariera im specipikur cvladebs
dauTmo, romlebic ganpirobebulobaze gavlenas axdenen. klasikur
ganpirobebulobaSi, ganupirobebeli stimuli iwvevs refleqsur qcevas,
romelsac ganupirobebeli pasuxi, reaqcia ewodeba. (unconditioned response).
manamde neitraluri, ganpirobebuli stimulis ganupirobebl stimulTan
Sewyvilebis Semdeg, ganpirobebuli stimuli iwvevs ganpirobebul reaqcias.
drois faqtors didi mniSvneloba aqvs ganpirobebuli reaqciis SeZanisaTvis.
stimulis generalizacias maSin aqvs adgili, rodesac ganpirobebuli stimulis
msgavsi gamRizianebeli iwvevs ganpirobebul reaqcias. cxovelebis gawrTvna
SesaZlebelia ise, rom maT gadalaxon generalizacia da SesZlon Sesatyvisi da
Seusatyvisi ganpirobebuli stimulis garCeva, gansxvaveba. klasikurad
ganpirobebuli reaqciebis SeZena damokidebulia ganpirobebul da
ganupirobebel stimulebs Soris kontingentursa da informatiul
damokidebulebaze. cxovrebiseuli magaliTebi klasikuri ganpirobebulobisa
gvxvdeba emociebis, narkotikul nivTierebebisadmi mimReblobisa da
fsiqoneiroimunologiis sferoebSi.

operantuli ganpirobebuloba: swavla Sedegebis mixedviT

davbrundeT kinoTeatrSi: saSinelebaTa filmi damTavrda da Tqven

gaWirvebiT adeqiT Tqveni adgilidan. megobari, romelTan erTadac uyureT
films, gekiTxebaT, rogor imoqmeda filmma. Tqven pasuxobT: „me viswavle, rom
saSinelebaTa filmze aRar unda wamovide“. albaT, marTali xarT, magram ra
saxis daswavlaa es? pasuxs kidev erTxel gadavyavarT meoce saukunis
dasawyisSi.

efeqtis kanoni
daaxloebiT imave dros, roca pavlovi muSaobda ZaRlebTan klasikur
ganpirobebulobaze, eduard Torndaiki (Edward L. Thorndike, 1898) akvirdeboda
katebs, romlebsac unda epovaT gamosasvleli yuTi-labirinTebidan. Torndaikma
male gamoqveyna kidec misi dakvirvebebis Sedegebi da daskvnebi. Tavdapirvelad
katebi ibrZvian mxolod datyvevebis winaaRmdeg, magram radgan erTxel maTma
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romeliRac impulsurma moqmedebam gamoiwvia karis gaReba, „yvela warumatebeli
da gamousadegari impulsebi CaixSo da win wamowia mxolod isini, romelsac
SeiZleba katebi mieyvana sasurvel Sedegamde“ (Thorndike, 1898, p.13).
ra iswavles Torndaikis katebma? Torndaikis analizis mixedviT, daswavla
iyo asociacia situaciis stimulsa da reaqcias Soris, romelic iswavla
cxovelma, anu stimuli-reaqcia kavSiri (S-R). amgvarad, katebma iswavles iseTi
reaqciis gamovlena, (magaliTad, Rilakze an kvanZze kawrva) romelic
gansazvruli stimulis pirobebSi (datyveveba labirinTSi) miiyvans maT
sasurvel miznamde (momentaluri Tavisufleba). gaiTvaliswineT, rom S-R
kavSiris daswavla TandaTanobiT moxda da, amasTan, cdisa da Secdomis
meTodiT. etapobrivad, is qcevebi, romelTac dadebiTi Sedegi hqonda, gaxSirda,
isini TandaTan iqca dominantur reaqciebad, rodesac cxoveli kvlav xvdeboda
labirinTSi. Torndaikma am kavSirs qcevasa da mis Sedegs Soris efeqtis kanoni
uwoda: reaqcia damakmayofilebeli SedegiT iZens met albaTobas miznis
miRwevisas, vidre is reaqcia, romelic arasasurvel Sedegs iwvevs.

qcevis eqsperimentuli analizi

skinerma aiTvisa Torndaikis Sexeduleba imis Taobaze, rom garemo Sedegebi

Zlier efeqts axdens qcevaze. skinerma SeimuSava kvlevis programa, romlis
mizanic iyo stimulis ganpirobebulobis sistematuri variaciebis migneba, im
meqanizmisa, romelic ganapirobebs gansazRvruli qcevis did albaTobas
sxvadsaxva garemo pirobebSi.

bunebrivi monacemebi qcevis mecnierebaSi isaa, rom gansazRvruli qceva

gamovlindeba gansazRvrul dros. eqperimentuli analizi ikvlevs albaTobas
sixSiris an reaqciis xarisxis terminebiT... eqsperimentuli analizis amocanaa,
aRmoaCinos yvela is cvladi, romelzec damokidebulia reaqciis sixSire
(Skinner, 1966, pp. 213-214)

skineris analizi ufro eqsperimentuli iyo, vidre Teoriuli –

Teoretikosebi xelmZRvaneloben derivaciebiTa da winaswametyvelebebiT
sakuTari Teoriebidan, magram iseTi empiristebi, rogoric skineri iyo,
eyrdnobian mxolod realur, konkretul monacemebs. isini iwyeben eqperimentis
konteqtSi monacemebis SegrovebiT da ar arian mijaWvulni romelime Teorias.
imisaTvis, rom qceva eqsperimentulad gaeanalizebina, skinerma ganaviTara
operantuli ganpirobebulobis procedura. igi manipulirebda organizmis
Qqcevis SedegiT imisaTvis, rom enaxa, ra efeqts miiRebda. operantulia
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nebismieri qceva, romelic SemuSavebulia organizmis mier da SeiZleba
daxasiaTdes im dakvirvebadi, konkretuli gavleniT, rasac axdens garemoze.
sityva-sityviT, operantuli niSnavs garemoze gavlenas, misiT operirebas
(Skinner, 1938) operantuli qceva ar aRmocendeba gansazRvruli stimuliT,
rogorc es klasikur ganpirobebulobaSia. mtredebi kenkaven, virTxebi eZeben
sakvebs, bavSvebi tirian, zogi adamiani laparakisas xelebs iyenebs, zogs ki ena
ebmis. am qcevaTa albaToba momavalSi SeiZleba gaizardos an Semcirdes im
Sedegebis mixedviT, rac maT mohyveba. magaliTisaTvis, Tu bavSvi RuRuniT
aCqarebs sasurvel kontaqts mSoblebTan, samomavlod igi ufro mets iRuRunebs.
operantuli ganpirobebuloba amgvarad cvlis sxvadasxva operantuli qcevis
albaTobas imdenad, ramdenadac isini, faqtiurad, gvevlinebian garemo
Sedegebis funqciebad.
Tavisi axali eqsperimentuli analizis gasagrZeleblad, skinerma Seqmna
aparati, romlis meSveobiTac is akontrolebda qcevis Sedegs. mis mier
Seqmnili operantuli kabina gamosaxulia suraTze 7.11 da naCvenebia, agreTve,
rogor funqcionirebs igi/is. rodesac virTxa gamoimuSavebs qcevis im meqanizms,
romelic eqperimentators aqvs gansazrvruli, virTxa aWers Rilaks da
sanacvlod iRebs sakvebs. es meqanizmi saSualebas aZlevs mkvlevars, ikvlios is
cvladebi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen daswavlaze an dauswavlelobaze.
magaliTad, Tuki Rilakis daWeriT virTxa mxolod im SemTxvevaSi miiRebs
sakvebs, Tuki kabinas Semouvlis (Seipingis procesiT, romelsac mogvianebiT
SevexebiT), virTxa swrafad iswavlis, rom Rilakis daWeramde kabinas unda
Semouaros.
bevr operantul eqsperimentSi did interess iwevevs is periodi, romlis
manZilzec cxovels SeiZleba axsovdes gansazRvruli qcevis paterni.
mkvlevrebma Caiweres paterni da misi yoveli gamovlena eqperimentis manZilze.
es meTologia saSualebas miscemda skiners, gaerkvia pirobiTi ganmtkicebis
efeqti cxovelis qcevaze.

pirobiTi ganmtkiceba

pirobiTi ganmtkiceba aris myari kavSiri reaqciasa da garemos im cvlilebas

Soris, romelsac es reaqcia iwvevs.

• efeqtis kanoni (Law of effect) _ aris daswavlis ZiriTadi kanoni, romelis

mixedviTac stimulis Zala, gamoavlinos reaqcia, Zlierdeba, rodesac
reaqcias mohyveba jildo da sustdeba, rodesac mas ar mohyveba jildo.
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• operanruli ganpirobebuloba (Operant conditioning) _ aris daswavlis forma,

romelSic reaqciis albaToba icvleba Sedegebis mixedviT.
• operantuli qceva (Operant Behavior) _ aris organizmis gamovlena, romelic
xasiaTdeba dakvirvebadobiT im gavlenis mixedviT, rasac igi garemoze
axdens.
• pirobiTi ganmtkiceba (Reinforcement contingency) _ aris myari kavSiri
reaqciasa da garemos im cvlilebebs Soris, romlebsac es reaqcia iwvevs.

magaliTad, warmovidginoT eqsperimenti, romelSic mtredis mier firfitis

kenkvas (reaqcia) moyveba marcvlebis miwodeba (Sesabamisi cvlileba garemoSi).
es myari kavSiri anu pirobiTi ganmtkiceba, Cveulebriv, iwvevs kenkvis
intensivobis gazrdas. imisaTvis, rom gavzardoT mxolod kenkvis qcevis
sixSire, marcvlebi unda mivawodoT mxolod kenkvis Semdeg. miwodeba unda
moxdes mkacrad kenkvis gansazRvruli periodis Semdeg da ara Tavis
mitrialebisa da daxris qcevebis Semdeg. skineris Sromaze dayrdnobiT
Tanamedrove bihevioraluri analizi cdilobs, qceva axsnas pirobiTi
gantkicebis konteqstSi. modiT, ufro axlos gavecnoT imas, Tu ra iqna
aRmoCenili am pirobiT ganmamtkiceblebTan dakavSirebiT.
• ganmamtkicebeli (reinforcer) _ SeiZleba iyos nebismieri stimuli, romelic
zrdis mocemuli reaqciis sixSiris albaTobas.
• dadebiTi
dadebiTi ganmtkiceba (Positive reinforcement) – qcevas mohyveba sasargeblo
stimuli, rac zrdis qcevis sixSiris albaTobas.
• uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba (Ngative reinforcement) – qcevas mohyveba aversiuli
stimulis Camocileba, rac zrdis am qcevis sixSiris albaTobas.
• operantulobis
operantulobis Caqroba (Operant extinction) – rodesac qceva aRar moaswavebs
aranair Sedegs, igi brundeba gamovlenis im sixSireze, romelzec iyo
operantul ganpirobebulobamde.

dadebiTi da uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba

davuSvaT, SegipyroT ideam, rom Tqveni virTxa galiaSi wreze arbeninoT.
aseTi qcevis sixSiris gasazrdelad saWiro gaxdeboda ganmamtkiceblis
gamoyeneba. ganmamtkicebeli aris nebismieri stimuli, romelic myaradaa
qcevasTan dakavSirebuli da zrdis am qcevis gamovlenis sixSires droTa
ganmavlobaSi. dasja aris damsjelis miwodeba garkveul reaqciaze.
ganmamtkiceblebi yovelTvis empiriuladaa gansazRvruli – im efeqtis
mixedviT, romelsac is qcevis sixSiris albaTobaze axdens. Tu gadaxedavT
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samyaros Tqvens irgvliv, aRmoaCenT stimulTa sam klass: 1. stimuli, romlis
mimarTac neitralurad xarT ganwyobili, 2. stimuli, romelic gizidavT da 3.
stimuli, romelic aversiulia, anu cdilobT, Tavi aaridoT maT. cxadia, rom am
stimulTa klasebis Semadgenloba gansxvavebuli iqneba TiToeuli
individisaTvis. is, Tu ra aris mimzidveli da ra aversiuli, individualuri
organizmis qceviT ganisazRvreba. magaliTad, marwyvi. miuxedavad imisa, rom
marwyvi saerTod gemrielad iTvleba, zogierTi mas saWmelad uvargisad Tvlis.
Tu aseT adamians SesTavazebT marwyvs, konkretul qcevaze pasuxad miiRebT
principulad gansxvavebul Sedegs, vidre maSin, marwyvis moyvaruls rom
SesTavazoT.
rodesac qcevas moyveba sasargeblo stimulis miwodeba, am movlenas ewodeba
dadebiTi ganmtkiceba.
ganmtkiceba virTxa Semouvlis yuTs, Tuki am qcevis Sedegi iqneba
sakvebis miwodeba. adamianebi kvlavac moyvebian anegdotebs, Tuki amis Sedegad
miiReben xalxis sicilsa da aRfrTovanebas, rac, Tavis mxriv, maT siamovnebas
aniWebs. rodesac qcevas moyveba aversiuli stimulis CamoSoreba, am movlenas
ewodeba uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba.
ganmtkiceba magaliTad, adamiani, romelsac marwyvi ar
uyvars, ganaxorcielebs qcevas, romelic mas aaridebs marwyvis Wamas. qolgis
gamoyeneba wvimis dros imisaTvis, rom ar davsveldeT, klasikuri magaliTia
uaryofiTi ganmtkicebis efeqtisa. am SemTxvevaSi aversiuli stimulia
dasveleba. qolgis gamoyenebiT ki Cven Tavidan vicilebT aversiul stimuls.
manqanis usafrTxoebis Rvedis signalic, erTgvarad, uaryofiTi
ganmamtkiceblis funqcias asrulebs; misi damamcirebeli, Semawuxebeli xmis
gaCereba SeiZleba, Tu mZRoli Rveds gadaiWers.
imisaTvis, rom cxadad gavarCioT erTmaneTisgan dadebiTi da uaryofiTi
ganmtkiceba, davimaxsovroT Semdegi kanonzomiereba: orive – dadebiTi da
uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba zrdis im reaqciis albaTobas, romelic win uswrebs
maT. dadebiTi ganmtkiceba zrdis reaqciis albaTobas sasargeblo stimulis
miwodebiT, xolo uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba akeTebs imaves, oRond sapirispiro
meqanizmiT, aversiuli stimulis CamocilebiT, SemcirebiT an SeferxebiT.
gavixsenoT, rom klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi Tu ganupirobebeli stimuli
aRar mogvewodeba, ganpirobebuli reaqcia TandaTan qreba. igive kanonzomiereba
ZalaSia operantuli ganpirobebulobis SemTxvevaSi: Tu ganmamtkicebeli
mcirdeba an saerTod Camocilebulia, adgili aqvs operantul Caqrobas.
Caqrobas
amgvarad, Tuki qceva aRar iwvevs mosalodnel efeqtsa da Sedegs, is brundeba
im doneze, romelzec iyo operantul ganpirobebulobamde. sakuTar Tavzec
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dakvirvebisas araa Zneli, aRmovaCinoT qcevebi, romlebic erTi periodi
ganmtkicebuli iyo da Semdeg Caqra. Tu gqoniaT SemTxveva, rom telefonis
aparatSi fulis Cagdebisas moneta gaWedila, ver gilaparakiaT da dagirtyamT
avtomatisTvis? Tuki am dros fuli Cavarda avtomatSi, Tqven sxva drosac
gaimorebT imave qcevas, radgan man erTxel Sedegi moitana. magram momavalSi,
Tuki Tqveni cda uSedegod dasrulda, maSin es qceva Caqreba.

dadebiTi da uaryofiTi dasja

albaT, icnobT qcevis Caqrobis sxva teqnikasac – dasjas. damsjelia
nebismieri stimuli, romelic droTan ganmavlobaSi amcirebs ama Tu im
reaqcias. dasja aris damsjelis miwodeba, rasac moyveba reaqcia. dadebiTi da
uaryofiTi dasja iseve SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT, rogorc dadebiTi da
uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba. rodesac qcevas moyveba aversiuli stimuli, movlenas
ewodeba dadebiTi dasja (SegiZlia dadebiTi daimaxsovro, rogorc raRac, rac
situacias emateba) magaliTad, cxeli Rumelis Sexeba iwvevs tkivils, rac
„sjis“ masze adre aRmocenebul qcevas, amitom momavalSi nakleb savaraudoa,
rom cxel Rumels xeliT SeexoT. rodesac qcevas moyveba sasargeblo,
sasurveli stimulis Camocileba, movlenas vuwodebT uaryofiT dasjas.
dasjas
(uaryofiTi SegiZlia daimaxsovro, rogorc raime, rac akldeba situacias).
amgvarad, rodesac mSobeli sjis bavSvs imisTvis, rom man daartya patara Zmas,
bavSvi swavlobs, rom meored Zmas aRar unda daaryas. romeli dasja xsnis,
ratom aRar gindaT saSinelebaTa filmis naxva?
miuxedavad imisa, rom dasja da ganmtkiceba Zalian axlos mdgomi cnebebia,
isini mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan. amaze, pirvel rigSi, is
migvaniSnebs, rom maT sxvadasxva terminebiT aRvniSnavT. gansazRvrebis
mixedviT, dasja yovelTvis amcirebs qcevas, gantkiceba ki yovelTvis zrdis
mas. magaliTad, zogierT adamians awuxebs Tavis mwvave tkivili, Tu miiRo
kofeinis Semcveli sasmeli. Tavis tkivili aris stimuli, romelic dadebiTad
sjis yavis dalevis qcevas. Tumca, Tavis tkivilis dros xalxi xSirad
mimarTavs wamlebs tkivilis Casaqrobad. wamlis efeqti aris stimuli, romelic
uaryofiTad ganamtkicebs wamlis miRebas.
7.12 suraTze mocemulia, rogor gamoviyenoT qcevis Secvlis es oTxi
meqanizmi cxovrebaSi.

diskriminaciuli stimuli da ganzogadeba

nakleb savaraudoa, qcevis albaTobis Secvla yovelTvis gvindodes an
gvWirdebodes. SeiZleba qcevis albaTobis Secvla dagvWirdes konkretul
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konteqstSi. magaliTad, xSirad gvinda, gavzardoT imis albaToba, rom bavSvi
wynarad ijdeba saklaso oTaxSi gakveTilis ganmavlobaSi. konkretuli
asociaciebiT dasjis an ganmtkicebis meSveobiT gansazRvruli stimuli,
romelic win uswrebs reaqcias – diskriminaciul stimuls – qmnis am qcevis
konteqsts. organizmi swavlobs, rom raime stimulis TandaswrebiT maT qcevas
gansazRvruli efeqti aqvs garemoze. magaliTad, quCaSi mwvane Suqis anTebisas
ganmtkicebulia quCis gadakveTa; magram rodesac anTia wiTeli, aseTi qceva
SeiZleba daisajos – amas SeiZleba Sedegad moyves jarima an ubeduri
SemTxveva. skinerma SeimuSava stimuli-qceva-Sedegi formula, rogorc
sampirobiani albaToba (contigency) da Tvlida, rom swored es formula xsnida
adamianis qmedebis did nawils (Skinner, 1953). cxrili 7.1 aRwers, rogor
SeiZleba sampirobianma albaTobam axsnas sxvadasxva ramdenime tipis qceva.
laboratoriul pirobebSi qcevis SedegebiT manipulirebiT, diskriminaciuli
stimulis miwodebiT, SegviZlia vakontroloT qceva. magaliTad, mtreds
SeiZleba mivawodoT sakvebi, diskis kenkvisas mxolod mwvane Suqis da ara
wiTeli Suqis anTebis SemTxvevaSi. mwvane Suqi am SemTxvevaSi diskriminaciuli
stimulia, romelic sazRvravs im SemTxvevas, roca mtredma unda akenkos, xolo
wiTeli Suqi aris diskriminaciuli stimuli, romelic sazRvravs im SemTxvevas,
roca mtredma ar unda akenkos. organizmi swrafad swavlobs pirobebis
garCevas, reagirebs regularulad mxolod erTi stimulze da ar reagirebs
meoreze. sampirobiani albaTobis komponentebis kontroliT SegviZlia qceva
konkretul konteqstSi CavsvaT.
organizmi, agreTve, anzogadebs reaqcias sxva stimulzec, romelic
diskriminatiuli stimulis msgavsia. Tuki erTxel reaqcia ganmkicda
diskriminaciuli stimuliT, msgavsi stimulic SeiZleba iqces diskrimnaciul
stimulad da igive reaqcia gamoiwvios. magaliTad, mterdebi, romlebic
gawrTvnes, rom diski mxolod mwvane Suqis SemTxvevaSi unda ekenkaT, mainc
akenkaven gansxvavebuli tonis mwvane Suqis SemTxvevaSic. analogiurad, Cven
vanzogadebT mwvanis sxvadasxva tonebs SuqniSanze.

cxrili 7.1. sampirobiani

sampirobiani albaToba: damokidebuleba diskriminaciul
stimuls, qcevasa da Sedegs Soris
diskrimi
naciuli reaqcia Sedegi
stimuli
1 dadebiTi ganmtkiceba: sasmeleb monetis sasmelis
 86

efeqturi signalis TandaswrebiT is Cagdeba miReba

iwvevs sasurvel Sedegs _ reaqcia avtomati
izrdeba
2 uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba: aversiuli
maraoTi sicxis
situaciidan gamosvla operantuli sicxe
ganiaveba arideba
reaqciiT. reaqcia izrdeba.
3 Caqroba: jambazu
aravin sixSire
operantuli reaqcia araa ganmtkicebuli. ri
amCnevs kleb.
reaqcia mcirdeba. qceva
4 dadebiTi dasja: reaqcias mohyva aversiuli
asanTis
asanTiT
stimuli. reaqcia mcirdeba, ganidevneba lamazi dawva
TamaSi
yuTi
5 uaryofiTi dasja: reaqcias mohyva
Wamaze aranairi
sasurveli stimulis Camocileba. sadili
uari deserti
reaqcia ganidevna.

• damsjeli (Punisher) – nebismieri stimuli, romelic amcirebs reaqciis

sixSires.
• dadebiTi damsjeli (Positive Punisment) – qcevas moyveba aversiuli stimuli,
romelic amcirebs qcevis albaTobas.
• uaryofiT damsjeli (Negative Punishment) – qcevas moyveba sasurveli
stimulis Camocileba, riTac mcirdeba am qcevis albaToba.
• diskriminaciuli stimuli (Discriminative Punishment) – stimuli, romelic
moaswavebs ganmtkicebas, radgan konkretuli qceva dadebiTad iyo
ganmtkicebuli.
• sampirobiani albaToba (Three Term Coningency) – meqanizmi, romliTac
organizmi swavlobs, rom konkretuli stimulis SemTxvevaSi misi qceva
gavlenas moaxdens garemoze.

ganmtkicebis albaTobis gamoyeneba

Tu mzad xarT, Tqveni codna ukve samuSaod gamoiyenoT, gaiTvaliswineT
Semdegi rCevebi:
- rogor gansazRvravdiT im qcevas, romelic gindaT, rom ganamtkicoT
an CaaqroT? amisaTvis mizanSi amoiReT specifikuri qceva, romlis
sixSiris Secvlac gindaT. rodesac ganmamtkiceblebi ar aris pirobiTi,
maSin mas naklebi efeqti aqvs qcevaze. magaliTad, Tuki mSobeli kargi
saqcielisTvis iseve aqebs Svils, rogorc cudi saqcielisTvis, bavSvi ar
iswavlis kargad moqcevas – Tumca, dadebiTi ganmtkicebis gamo SeZleba
gaizardos sxva qcevebis sixSire (ra qcevebi SeiZleba iyos es?)
 87
- rogor unda gansazRvroT konteqsti, romelSic qceva adekvaturi an
araadekvaturia? gvaxsovdes, rom iSviaTad gvinda qcevis yvela aspeqtisa
da gamovlenis Secvla. gavixsenoT magaliTi, romelSic mSobels undoda
bavSvis sasurveli qcevis gazrda klasSi. am SemTxvevaSi unda
ganvsazRvroT diskriminaciuli stimuli da vikvlioT, ramdenad farTod
iqneba sasurveli reaqcia ganzogadebuli msgavs stimulze. Tu,
magaliTad, bavSvma iswavla klasSi wynarad jdoma, ganzogaddeba Tu ara
es qceva sxva seriozul situaciebSic?
- gangimtkicebiaT Tu ara raime qceva SemTxveviT? davuSvaT, gsurT
romelime qcevis Caqroba. sanam mimarTavT dasjis meqanizms, rogorc
qcevis Semcirebis saSualebas (ufro dawvrilebiT „fsiqologia Cvens
cxovrebaSi“-s seqciaSi), unda SeamowmoT, SegiZliaT Tu ara moZebnoT
ganmamtkiceblebi am qcevisTvis. Tu SesZlebT, moaxerxebT, rom am
ganmamtkiceblebis SezRudviT, mocemuli qceva CaaqroT. warmoidgineT,
magaliTad, rom axalgazrda ymawvili avlens didi raodenobiT tantrums.
hkiTxeT sakuTars Tavs: „me xom ar ganvamtkice es tantrumebi, rodesac
zedmet yuradRebas vaqcevdi mis kivils?“ Tu asea, tantrumis Semcireba
ganmtkicebis SemcirebiT SegiZliaT. ukeTesia, Caqrobis kombinireba
dadebiT ganmtkicebasTan.
qceviTi analitikosebi askvnian, rom nebismieri qceva, romelic
ewinaaRmdegeba Caqrobas, jer kidev eqvemdebareba ganmtkicebas. nebismieri qceva,
amtkiceben isini, rac unda ucnauri an sascilo qcevac unda iyos, SeiZleba
avxsnaT ganmtkicebiT. magaliTad, fsiqikuri aSlilobebis simptomebi zogjer
imitom narCuneba, rom adamiani iRebs yuradRebas, TanagrZnobas da
Tavisufldeba Cveulebrivi pasuxismgeblobebisgan, rac ganmtkicebaa da meti
araferi. es meoradi sargebeli ganamtkicebs iracionalur da, zogjer,
TviTdestruqciul qcevas. Tu SegimCneviaT, rogoraa ganmtkicebuli morcxvobis
qceva, miuxedavad imisa, rom morcxv adamians sulac ar unda, iyos morcxvi. ra
Tqma unda, SeuZlebelia, yovelTvis davadginoT, ra ganmamtkicebeli moqmedebs
garemodan ama Tu im qcevaze. Tumca, rodesac qceva xdeba metad an naklebad
albaTuri, SegiZliaT scadoT cotaodeni qceviTi analizis Catareba.
rekomendirebulia, rom rac SeiZleba met SemTxvevaSi, qcevis Sesacvlelad
unda gamoviyenoT dadebiTi ganmtkiceba. vnaxoT, rogor SeiZleba avamoqmedoT
sxvadasxva sagnebi da aqtivobebi, rogorc ganmamtkiceblebi.

ganmamtkicebelTa Tvisebebi
 88
ganmamtkiceblebi operantuli ganpirobebulobis energiis brokerebad
SeiZleba CaiTvalos — isini cvlian an inarCuneben qcevas. ganmamtkiceblebs
bevri saintereso da kompleqsuri Tviseba aqvT. isini SeiZleba daswavlil iqnen
gamocdilebis Sedegad da ar iyvnen biologiurad ganpirobebuli da, SesaZloa,
mogvevlinon aqtivobebad da ara raime sagnebad. zog SemTxvevaSi, Cveuli
Zlieri ganmamtkicebeli, SesaZloa, ar aRmoCndes sakmarisi imisaTvis, raTa
dominanturi qceva Seicvalos (aseT SemTxvevaSi vityviT, rom qcevis Sedegebi
ar yofila realuri ganmamtkiceblebi).
• pirveladi ganmamtkicebeli
ganmamtkicebeli (Primary reinforcer) _ biologiurad
gansazRvruli ganmamtkicebela, rogoricaa saWmeli da wyali.
• pirobiTi ganmamtkicebeli (Conditioned reinforcer) – klasikuri
ganpirobebulobis mixedviT aris yofili neitraluri stimuli, romelic
ganmamtkiceblad iqca.

pirobiTi ganmamtkiceblebi

roca am qveyanas moevlineT auracxeli pirveladi ganmamtkicebeli dagxvdaT,

magaliTad, wyali da saWmeli, romelTa ganmamtkicebluri Taviseburebani
bunebiT iyo gansazRvruli. droTa ganmavlobaSi bunebrivi stimuli asocirda
pirvelad ganmamtkicebelTan da axla, rogorc pirobiTi ganmamtkicebeli,
ganmamtkicebeli ise
gvevlineba operantuli reaqciebis dros. faqtiurad, adamianis qcevis umetes
wilze gavlenas xSirad sxvadasxva tipis pirobiTi ganmamtkicebeli axdens da
iSviaTad _ biologiuri pirveladi ganmamtkicebeli. fuli, niSnebi, mxardaWeris
gamomxatveli Rimili, oqrosferi varskvlavebi da bevri sxva simbolo im
pirobiT ganmamtkicebelTa ricxvSi Sedis, romlebic Cvens qcevas gansazRvravs.
faqtobrivad, nebismieri stimuli SeiZleba iqces pirobiT ganmamtkiceblad
Tu is pirvelad stimuls dauwyvildeba. erT eqsperimentSi gamoyenebuli iyo
martivi Jetonebi cxovelTa swavlebis dros.
maswavleblebma da eqsperimentatorebma daadgines, rom pirobiTi
ganmamtkicebeli ufro martivi gamosayenebelia da gacilebiT efeqturicaa,
vidre pirveladi ganmamtkicebeli. vinaidan (1) ramodenime pirveladi
ganmamtkicebeli yovelTvisaa klasSi maSin, roca nebismieri stimulis
gamovlena, romelsac maswavlebeli akontrolebs, SesaZloa, gamoyenebul iqnas
pirobiT ganmamtkiceblad; (2) swrafad SeiZleba maTi gacema; (3) isini advilad
gadasatania; (4) maTi ganmtkicebis efeqti ufro swrafia, radgan is
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damokidebulia ganmamtkiceblis miRebaze da ara biologiur
ganpirobebulobaze, rogorc es pirveladi ganmamtkiceblis drosaa.
zogierT dawesebulebaSi, magaliTad, fsiqiatriul saavadmyofoSi an
narkologiur dispanserSi, Jetonebis ekonomika am principebs emyareba.
sasurveli qcevebi (magaliTad, medikamentis miReba) kargad ganimarteba da roca
es qceva gamovlindeba, Jetonis saxiT sazRauri gaicema momsaxure personalis
mier. mogvianebiT, es Jetonebi pacientma SeiZleba gadacvalos sxva tipis
jildoze an rame sxva privilegiaze (Kazdin, 1994; Martin&
Pear,1999).ganmamtkicebelTa es sistema gansakuTrebiT efeqturia pacientis
qcevis modificirebisTvis, Tavis movlis qcevis TvalsazrisiT. gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovania maTi pozitiuri socialuri urTierTobebis gazrdis
TvalsazrisiT.

fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi

dausjeloba afuWebs bavSvs?

gjeraT Tu ara, rom ,,gauwkeplaoba bavSvs afuWebs’’ anu bavSvebi,
romlebic zogjer mainc ar gaiwkeplebian, sabolood gafuWdebian? Tu
Tqven am gamonaTqvamis gjeraT, Tqven emsgavsebiT amerikel mSobelTa
umetesobisa. 991 amerikeli mSoblidan 35%-ma aRiara fizikuri dasjis
(magaliTad, mityepva, Semortyma) gamoyeneba Tavis 1-2 wlis SvilebTan da
94% iyenebda fizikur dasjas Tavis 3-4 wlis asakis bavSvebTan (Straus &
Stewart;1999). mSobelTa sxva 449Kkacian jgufSi, 93% mSoblebisa TviTon
isjebodnen bavSvobaSi fizikurad, 87% eTanxmeboda dasjis am formas
(Buntain-Ricklefs at al;1994). Tven xedavT, rom mityepva sakmaod xSiri dasjis
meTodia da adamianebi, ZiriTadad, iyeneben mas, rogorc dasjis formas,
magram ra aris dasjis am formis Sedegi?
mkvlevrebma daiwyes amaze pasuxis gacema im SeasZlo kavSiris ZiebiT,
rac mSoblebis mier fizikuri dasjis gamoyenebasa da bavSvis agresiul
qcevas Soris iyo. xalxuri sibrZnis sawinaaRmdegod, bevri Teoritikosis
azriT, Tu mSoblebi iyeneben fizikur agresias Svilebis winaaRmdeg, im
SemTvevaSic ki, Tu is gamoiyeneba araSesatyvisi qcevis Sesacvlelad,
agresia gvevlineba bavSvebisaTvis qcevis modelad, rac situaciurad sxva
individebis qcevis kontrolSi vlindeba. ase rom, savaraudod, bavSvebi
sakuTari mSoblebisgan swavloben fizikuri agresiis gamoyenebas (Cven
ufro mets vityviT modelirebiT swavlis Sesaxeb mogvianebiT, TavSi
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,,dakvirvebiT swavla“). rogor gamovikvlioT es hipoTeza?
erT-erT kvlevaSi, sadac indianisa da tenesis 273 sabavSvo baRis
aRsazrdeli monawileobda, mSoblebs sTxoves SeevsoT kiTxvari imis
Sesaxeb, Tu fizikuri dasjis ra formebs iyenebdnen sakuTari bavSvebTan
mimarTebaSi (Strassberg et al;1994). aqcenti bavSvebis dedebze iyo gakeTebuli.
bavSvebis 6%-s hyavda dedebi, romlebic arasodes iyenebdnen fizikur
dasjas. 68% bavSvebisa ityipebodnen dedebis mier. danarCeni 26% ki ufro
intensiurad isjeboda fizikurad, maTi dedebi maT an muStebiT urtyamdnen
an mujlugunebs wakravdnen xolme.
dedebis gamokiTxvidan 6 Tvis Semdeg, dakvirdnen am bavSvebis
urTierTobas TanatolebTan. mkvlevrebma daafiqsires bavSvebis agresia
Tanatolebis mimarT, magaliTad, roca isini brazdebodnen, dascinodnen da
scemdnen Tanatolebs. TiToeuli bavSvi saaTobrivad iRebda qulas
agresiuli qcevisaTvis. grafikze es kargad Cans. rogorc xedavT, rac ufro
intensiur dasjas axorcielebdnen mSoblebi, miT ufro agresiulebi iyvnen
maTi Svilebi. es monacemebi gvarwmunebs, rom bavSvebi agresiul qcevas
TavianTi mSoblebisgan daiswavlian. Tqven SeiZleba ifiqroT, rom es
bavSvebi SeiZleba TavisTavad iyvnen agresiulebi. sxva kvleva gviCvenebs,
rom es ase ar aris (Chess & Thomas; 1984). savaraudod, simarTlis marcvali,
SesaZloa, imaSic iyos, rom ,,cudi’’ bavSvebi ufro xSirad imsaxureben
fizikur dasjas. es kvleva cxadyofs, rom fizikuri dasja ar gvaZlevs
sasurvel Sedegs da ver aswavlis ,,cud’’ bavSvebs imas, Tu rogor gaxdnen
ukeTesebi (Mahoney et al; 2000).
Tu Cven jer kidev ver dagarwmuneT, rom fizikuri dasja araswori
strategiaa mSoblebis mxridan, modiT ganvixiloT kidev erTi kvlevis
Sedegebi. analizi dafuZnebulia erT-erTi mizanmimarTuli proeqtis
monacemebze, romelic ikvlevda 6002 amerikul ojaxs, raTa SeeswavlaT
maTi ojaxuri Zaladobis Sedegebi. am kvlevaSi mecnierebi dainteresebuli
iyvnen gardatexis asakis bavSvebze ganxorcielebuli fizikuri dasjis
gavleniT maT momaval cxovrebaze (Straus & Kantor; 1994). Sedegebi sakmaod
dramatuli gamodga. mokled rom vTqvaT, 50% aRiarebda, rom maT fizikurad
sjidnen Tineijerobisas (58% _ biWi, 44% _ gogo). maT, visac sjidnen,
mogvianebiT hqondaT problemebi. isini xvdebodnen Semdeg risk jgufebSi:
depresia, suicidi, alkoholizmi, sakuTari bavSvebis mimarT fizikuri
Seuracxyofa, (kacebTan) colebis cema. mkvlevrebma daaskvnes, rom
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”nebismieri fizikuri dasjis gamoyenebis Sewyveta mniSvnelovan faqtorad
gvevlineba bavSvTa fizikuri Seuracxyofis, depresiis, suicidis da
alkoholizmis pirvelad prevenciaSi.“ (gv. 558)
Cven gvjera, konkretuli magaliTebiT dagarwmuneT, rom bavSvebis
gatyepva ar aris Sesatyvisi an efeqturi aRzrdis strategia. aRsaniSnavia,
rom Cveni mizani ar aris nebismieri dasjis akrZalva. SesaZloa, arsebobdes
situaciebi, sadac bavSvis arasasurveli qcevis SemaCereblad mxolod
dasja gvevlineba. kvleva gviCvenebs, rom dasja unda iTvaliswinebdes
Semdeg pirobebs (Walters & Grusec; 1977).
dasja unda iyos:
• swrafi da xanmokle;
• unda gamoiyenoT imwamsve, rogorc ki reaqcias aqvs adgili;
• intensivoba unda iyos limitirebuli;
• es unda iyos pasuxi specifikur arasasurvel qcevaze da arasodes _
pirovnul maxasiaTebelze;
• limitirebuli unda iyos im situaciis Sesatyvisad, sadac reaqcias
aqvs adgili;
• Sedgebodes dasjisagan da ara _ fizikuri tkivilisagan.

ufrTxildiT: sakmaod xSirad, mizezi, ris gamoc bevri mSobeli dasjas

iyenebs, aris is, rom dauyovnebliv wydeba bavSvis arasasurveli qceva.
mSobeli aRwevs ra Tavis xanmokle mizans, imavdroulad, bavSvis myiseuli
reaqcia ganamtkicebs mSoblis damsjelobiT qcevas (Grant & Evans; 1994),
magram Sedegi aseTia: ,,xanmokle sargebeli, xangrZlivi tkivili’’. mSoblebma
moTmineba unda gamoiCinon da Tavi Seikavon xanmokle ganmtkicebisagan
sakuTari Svilebis Soreuli interesebis gamo.

saidan viciT

pirobiTi ganmamtkicebeli SimpanzeebisTvis

Simpanzeebs aswavles problemis gadawyveta, qiSmiSis, rogorc pirobiTi
ganmamtkiceblis gamoyenebiT. Semdeg qiSmiSi JetonebiT Caanacvles. rogorc
ki Jetonebi gamoCnda, maimunebma moTminebiT daiwyes muSaoba sakuTari
,,fulis’’ mosapoveblad. maT mogvianebiT SeeZloT, gadaecvalaT Jetonebi
qiSmiSze (Cowles; 1937)

savaraudo aqtivobebi, rogorc dadebiTi ganmamtkiceblebi

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davuSvaT, rom Tqven gsurT bavSvs raRac gaakeTebinoT. Tqven ar gindaT, mas
gadauxadoT an misceT oqros varskvlavi da amitom sTavazobT garigebas: ,,roca
saSinao davalebas daasruleb, SegiZlia kompiuteruli TamaSi iTamaSo”. Tqvns
mier gamoyenebuli ,,kompiuteruli TamaSi” mocemul situaciaSi premakis
principad gvevlineba, romelic david premakma (David Premak) 1995 wels aRmoaCina.
premakis mixedviT, ufro metad albaTuri aqtivoba (qceva, romelsac Cveul
garemoSi gamovlenis meti albaToba aqvs), SesaZloa, gamoviyenoT naklebad
albaTuri qcevis ganmamtkiceblad. Tavis sawyis kvlevaSi premakma aRmoaCina,
rom wyliT deprivirebulma virTxebma savarjiSo borblis datrialebis mizniT
sirbili iswavles maSin, roca am aqtivobas wylis daleva mohyveboda da,
piriqiT, savarjiSoTi deprivirebuli virTxebi zrdidnen wylis smis qcevas.
premakis mixedviT, ganmamtkiceblad organizmisTvis mniSvenelovani nebismieri
qceva an aqtivoba SeiZleba mogvevlinos. premakis princips xSirad gamoiyeneba,
gansakuTrebiT instituciebis bavSvTa iseTi qcevis sixSiris gasazrdelad,
rogoricaa mSvidad jdoma da vinmes saubris mosmena. qvemoT aRwerilia erTi
klasikuri SemTxveva:

saidan viciT

bavSvebi imuSaveben imisaTvis, rom iTamaSon

Caatares kvleva, romlis drosac klasSi gamoyofili iyo droiTi
intervalebi, roca bavSvebi mSvidad uyurebdnen dafas da zogjer esmodaT
zaris xma. zaris xmas mohyveboda instruqcia: ”gaiqeciT da
iyvireT”.Mmoswavleebi dauyovnebliv wamoxtebodnen da darbodnen klasSi,
yvirodnen da erTobodnen. ramodenime wuTSi Semdegi signali afrTxilebda
maT, rom dabrunebuliyvnen TavianT adgilebze. mogvianebiT bavSvebs
aZlevdnen Jetonebs dabali sixSiris qcevis — maTemetikis
mecadineobisTvis. bavSvebs Jetonebi saSualebas aZlevda, rom CarTuliyvnen
SedarebiT maRali aqtivobis qcevaSi, rogoricaa saTamaSoebiT TamaSi. am
tipis proceduriT kontroli SesaniSnavad ganxorcielda ramodenime dReSi.
(homme et al,1963).

sxva tipis saklaso programa, sadac maswavleblebis mier xSirad

gamoiyeneboda dasja, cema da yvirili, Cavarda.
axla xedavT, Tu rogor SeiZleba gamoiyenoT premakis principi dabali
sixSiris qcevaSi bavSvebis CasarTavad. socialurad aqtiuri bavSvisaTvis
amxanagebTan TamaSi ganamtkicebs davalebis Sesrulebis naklebad sasiamovno
 93
qcevas. morcxvi bavSvisTvis ki axali wignis wakiTxva SeiZleba gamoviyenoT
sxva bavSvebTan TamaSis qcevis ganmamtkiceblad. nebismieri aqtivoba SeiZleba
gamoyenebul iqnas ganmamtkiceblad da es zrdis imis albaTobas, rom miRweul
iqneba im qcevis sixSiris mateba, rac konkretul SemTxvevaSi naklebad
albaTuria.

ganmamtkicebelTa cxrilebi

ra xdeba maSin, roca Tqven ar gindaT, rom Tqvens Sinaur cxovels

ganumtkicoT raime konkretuli qceva? axalgazrda skiners mouwia Tavis
laboratoriaSi erTi kviriT yofna ise rom, ar hqonda sakmarisi kvebiTi
ganmamtkicebeli Tavisi mSromeli virTxebisaTvis. is ekonomis akeTebda da
virTxebs saWmlis natexebs raRac intervaliT aZlevda. miuxedavad imisa, Tu
ramdenjer daaWerdnen isini TaTs Rilaks, met sakvebs veRar iRebdnen.
aRmoCnda, rom virTxebi ufro metad reagirebdnen am parcialur
ganmamtkicebelTa formaze, vidre mudmivmoqmed ganmtkicebaze. da, rogor
fiqrobT, ra mouvidaT cxovelebs, roca isini qcevis Caqrobis safrTxis winaSe
aRmoCndnen da meti saWmeli aRar iyo? is virTxebi, romelTa qcevac ufro
iSviaTad ganmtkicdeboda, gacilebiT intensiurad aWerdnen GTaTs Rilaks,
vidre isini, romlebsac ganmamtkicebeli yovel jerze eZleodaT. skineri,
raRac, Zalian mniSvnelovans miuaxlovda.
am parcialuri ganmamtkiceblis efeqturobam migviyvana kvlevamde
ganmamtkicebelTa gansxvavebuli intensivobiT miwodebis Sesaxeb. (ixileT
suraTi 7.13) Tqven TviTon gangicdiaT ganmamtkiceblis gansxvavebuli efeqtis
roli sakuTar cxovrebaSi. roca Tqven xels swevT klasSi, maswavlebeli xan
giZaxebT da xan _ ara. realur cxovrebaSi an laboratoriaSi ganmamtkicebeli
SeiZleba miwodebul iqnes rogorc proporciuli ganmamtkiceblis forma —
ramdenime konkretuli reaqciis Semdeg; an ganmamtkicebeli intervalebiT —
roca ganmtkiceba drois raRac intervalis Semdeg gaicema. TiToeuli
SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba adgili hqondes fiqsirebul an variabilur ganmtkicebas.
axla Cven viciT parcialuri ganmamtkiceblis efeqtis Sesaxeb da aRmoCnda,
rom parcialurad ganmtkicebuli qceva metad gamZlea Caqrobis mimarT, vidre
Tanmimdevrulad ganmtkicebuli (Bitterman, 1975). modiT vnaxoT, sxva ra
saintereso aRmoCenebi gaakeTes mkvlevarebma ganmamtkicebelTa sxvadasxva
cxrilebTan dakavSirebiT.
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fiqsirebuli proporciis (dozis) cxrilebi

fiqsirebuli ganmamtkiceblis cxrilebSi ganmamtkicebeli gaicema mas

Semdeg, rac organizmi gamoavlens reaqciaTa fiqsirebul odenobas. roca
ganmtkicebas moyveba erTi reaqcia, cxrils ewodeba fiqsirebuli proporcia-1
(fp-1). (es aris namdvili Tanmimdevrulad ganmtkicebis cxrili) roca
ganmamtkicebeli mosdevs yovel 25-e reaqcias, cxrils ewodeba fp-25.
fiqsirebuli proporciis cxrilebi iZleva reaqciis maRal xarisxs, radgan
reaqciasa da ganmtkicebas Soris pirdapiri korelaciaa. __ mtreds SeuZlia,
garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi, imdeni sakvebi miiRos ramdenic unda, Tu
sakmarisad xSirad akenkavs. rac ufro maRalia proporcia, miT metia pauza
TiTouli ganmamtkiceblis Semdeg. ganmamtkiceblis misaRebad meti sapasuxo
reaqciebis miRebis moTxovniT proporciis Semcirebam, im SemTxvevaSi, roca
cxoveli gawrTvnili da momzadebuli ar aris amisaTvis, SeiZleba migviyvanos
Caqrobamde. bevri adamiani gayidvebis industriaSi fp cxrilebs mimarTavs: maT
manamde unda gayidon saqonlis gansazRvruli raodenoba, vidre jamagirs
aiRebdnen.

variabiluri proporciis cxrili

variabiluri proporciis cxrilSi winaswar gansazRvrulia reaqciaTa

odenoba ganmamtkicebelTa Soris. vp-10 cxrili niSnavs, rom saSualod yovel
10 reaqcias moyveba ganmamtkicebeli., magram ganmtkicebas SeiZleba adgili
hqondes mxolod erTi reaqciis an 20 reaqciis Semdeg. am tipis ganmtkicebiT
ganmtkicebuli qceva sakmaod rezistentulia Caqrobis mimarT. DdavuSvaT, Tqven
mtredTan muSaoba daiwyeT vp-5 cxriliT da Semdeg gadaxvediT vp-110-ze. mtredi
akenkavs 12000 marcvals saaTSi da ase gagrZeldeba saaTebis manZilze,
ganmamtkicebelTa gareSec ki. azartuli TamaSebic SegviZli miviCnioT vp
cxrilebis kontrols daqvemdebarebulad. am princips emyareba saTamaSo
manqanebis principi _ masSi monetis Cagdebis Semdeg ar iciT, rodis miiRebT
Sedegs, romelsac eliT da kvlav agdebT da agdebT monetebs. vp cxrili
gtovebT gamocanis winaSe – rodis mova jildo — Tqven gjeraT, rom is
Semdegi Tqveni reaqciis TandarTuli iqneba da ara ufro gvian (Rachlin, 1990)
fiqsirebuli intervalis cxrili
roca saqme gvaqvs fiqsirebuli intervalis cxrilTan,
cxrilTan ganmamtkicebeli
miewodeba pirveli reaqciis Semdeg, raRac fiqsirebuli drois gasvlis Semdeg.
 95
fi-10 cxrilSi, magaliTad, roca subieqti iRebs gantmkicebas, unda daicados
10 wami, sanam meore reaqcia ganmtkicdeba __ reaqciaTa raodenobisda
miuxedavad. reaqciaTa koeficienti fi cxrilis qveS gamoisaxeba, rogorc
(scalloped pattern). nebismieri ganmtkicebuli pasuxis Semdeg, cxoveli iZleva
Zalian umniSvnelo reaqcias. rodesac dajildovebis dro axlovdeba, cxoveli
sul ufro da ufro aqtiurdeba. yovelTviuri gadasaxadebis qviTari adamianebs
fiqsirebuli intervalis cxrilis gavlenis qveS aqcevs.

cvalebadi intervalis cxrili

cvalebaDintervalis
cvalebaDintervalis cxrilSi saSualo intervali winaswar aris
gansazRvruli. magaliTad, ci-20 cxrilSi ganmamtkicebeli miewodeba,
saSualod, yovel 20 wamSi erTxel. es forma iwvevs saSualo siswrafiT, magram
Zalian stabiluri qcevis formis Camoyalibebas. Caqroba am dros etapobrivi
da Zalian nelia. erT SemTxvevaSi mtredma 18000-jer akenka pirveli 4 saaTis
ganmavlobaSi mas Semdeg, rac ganmtkiceba Sewyda da 168 saaTi dasWirda am
qcevis srul gaqrobas (Ferster & Skiner, 1957). SegiZliaT CaTvaloT, rom ci-20
cxrili sakuTar Tavze gaqvT gamocdili, Tu gyoliaT leqtori, romelic
araregularulad, moulodnelad gitarebdaT koloqviumebs. yoveldRe
emzadebodiT momavali gakveTilisaTvis?
• fiqsirebuli intervalis cxrili (fixed-interval schedule) – ganmamtkicebelTa
cxrili, romelSic ganmamtkicebeli miewodeba fiqsirebuli drois
gasvlidan pirvelive sapasuxo reaqciisas.
• cvalebadi intervalis cxrili (vaiable-interval schedule) – ganmamtkicebelTa
cxrili, romelSic ganmamtkicebeli miewodeba pirvelive pasuxisas
cvaldi periodis gavlis Semdeg, romlis saSualoc winaswar
gansazRvrulia.
• warmatebuli miaxloebebis mixedviT Seipingi (shaiping by successive
approximations) – qceviTi meTodi, romelic ganamtkicebs im reaqciebs
romlebic warmatebulad uaxlovdebian da maqsimalurad axlos arian
sasurvel reaqciasTan.

qcevis formireba
formireba (Seipingi)

erT-erT eqsperimentSi Cven vilaparakeT virTxebze, romlebic Rilaks

aWerdnen saWmlis misaRebad. Rilakis daWera daswavlili qcevaa. Tu mas
operantul kameraSi movaTavsebT, albaT, ar daaWers saxelurs TaTs
 96
spontanurad. virTxas naswavli aqvs Tavisi TaTebis sxvadasxva gziT gamoyeneba,
magram saxeluri sxva dros arasodes Camouwevia. rogor vaswavloT virTxas
qcevebi, romlebic, savaraudod iSviaTad vlindebian? Tqven moifiqreT
ganmtkicebis gza, optimaluri sakvebi, ganmamtkicebelTa cxrilic gaqvT (fp-1),
rogor moviqceT axla? imisaTvis, rom Tqven aswavloT axali rTuli qceva,
unda gamoiyenoT Seipingi warmatebuli miaxloebebis mixedviT. am dros Tqven
ganamtkicebT nebismier qcevas, romelic warmatebulia da Tanac miaxloebuli
saboloo mizanTan.
es ase keTdeba. jer unda moaxdinoT virTxis saWmliT deprivireba erTi
dRis ganmavlobaSi. deprivaciis gareSe saWmelma SeiZleba ar imuSaos, rogorc
ganmamtkicebelma. Semdeg Tqven sistematurad aTavsebT sakvebs kabinis erT
kuTxeSi ise, rom virTxa mas xedavdes. axla Tqven SegiZliaT daiwyoT Seipingi
imiT, rom sakvebis miwodebis sixSire daukavSiroT virTxis specifikur qceviT
reaqcias, magaliTad, karis saxelurTan misvlas. saWmeli virTxas miewodeba
mxolod maSin, roca is ufro axlos midis karis saxelurTan. male
ganmamtkicebeli gaicema im SemTxvevaSi, Tu virTxa exeba saxelurs. sabolood
ki man saWmlis misaRebad unda daaWiros saxelurs. am dros virTxa swavlobs,
rom saxeluris Camoweva misTvis sakvebis momtania. ase rom, SeipingisTvis Tqven
unda gansazRvroT progresis etapebi samizne qcevis Sesatyvisad da gamoiyenoT
diferencirebuli ganmtkiceba TiToeuli etapis formirebisaTvis.
axla ganvixiloT sxva SemTxveva, roca Seipingi gamoyenebul iqna patara
autisti bavSvis cxovrebis pirobebis gasaumjobeseblad.
saidan viciT

qcevis formireba autisti bavSvTan

pacienti 3 wlis biWi iyo, romelsac dausves autizmis diagnozi. mas
hqonda normaluri socialuri da verbaluri qcevis deficiti. xSirad
axorcielebda tantumebs da sakuTari Tavis damazianebel qcevebs.
kataraqtis operaciis Semdeg man uari Tqva saTvaleebis tarebaze, rac
Zlier mniSvenelovani iyo misi mxedvelobisaTvis. pirvelad mas eZleoda
kanfeti saTamaSos Wyvitinis Semdeg. ase rom, saWmelTan asociaciis fonze
es xma pirobiTi ganmtkiceba gaxda. Semdeg treningi gagrZelda uSuSo
saTvalis CarCoTi. Tavidan Wyvitini ismoda maSin, roca patara saTvalis
CarCos xelSi iRebda, male es xma ismoda mas Semdeg, rac CarCo xelSi
yovndeboda. da bolos, roca bavSvs ekeTa saTvale. nelnela biWi
jildovdebida maSin, roca mas TvalTan axlos miqonda CarCo. ramodenime
 97
kviraSi bavSvma daiwyo CarCos Tavze wamocma da male sworad moirgo
Tvalebze. treningis Semdeg etapze bavSvma iswavla saTvalis tareba dReSi
12 saaTis ganmavlobaSi. (Wolf at all 1964).

axla davubrundeT Cvens virTxas. vTqvaT, Tqven mogindaT aswavloT virTxas

galiaSi wreze sirbili. rogor gegmas ganaxorcielebdiT am SemTxvevaSi? ra
SeiZleba iyos is miaxloebuli qceva saboloo mizanTan, romelsac Tqven
dasawyisSi ganamtkicebdiT? SesaZloa, Tqven Tavidan ganamtkicoT saWiro
mimarTulebiT Tavis mibrunebis qcevac ki. SemdegSi Tqven virTxas saWmeli im
SemTxvevaSi unda misceT Tu is mTel tans miabrunebs saWiro mimarTulebiT.
ras gaakeTebdiT amis Semdeg?

daswavlis ori forma ganvixileT — klasikuri ganpirobebuloba da

operantuli ganpirobebuloba — romelTac yvelaze xSirad iyeneben
daswavlisas cxovelebTan. cdebs mecnierebi axorcielebdnen ZaRlebze,
katebze, virTxebze, mtredebze da aRsaniSnavia, rom adamianebic msgavs qcevas
axorcieleben. saboloo jamSi, mkvlevarebi mividnen daskvnamde, rom daswavla
bevr situaciaSi modificirdeba garkveuli saxeobis biologiuri da kognituri
SesaZleblobebiT. exla Cven gadavalT im procesebis ganxilvaze, romlebic
daswavlis zogad kanonebs SemosazRvraven.

Sejameba

Torndaikisa da skineri mier aRmoCenili operantuli ganpirobebulobis

meTodika marTavs organizmis qcevis Sedegebs ise, rom imoqmedos Zireul
qcevaze. dadebiTi da uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba zrdis qcevis gamovlenis
albaTobas. ganmasxvavebel stimulze muSaoba amcirebs generalizacias samizne
qcevis miRma. ganpirobebuli ganmamtkicebeli gacilebiT did gavlenas axdens
adamianis qcevaze, vidre pirveladi ganmamtkicebeli. premakis principi
gvamcnobs, rom metad albaTi aqtivoba SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli naklebad
albaTi aqtivobis gansamtkiceblad. ganmamtkicebelTa sxvadasxva cxrilebi
reaqciaTa gansxvavebul paternebs gansazRvraven. Seipingi moiTxovs, rom
samizne qcevasTan warmatebulad miaxloveba diferencialurad iqnes
ganmtkicebuli.

daswavla da biologia

is Sexeduleba, rom daswavlis ZiriTad principTa CamonaTvali msgavsia

adamianebTan da cxovelebTan, pirvelad ingliselma filosofosma david iumma
 98
(David Hume) wamoayena 1748 wels. humma Tqva, rom „nebismieri Teoria, romliTac
Cven gagebis operaciebs vxsniT adamianSi, raRac damatebiT mniSvnelobas
SeiZens, Tu vnaxavT, rom igive fenomeni msgavsad aixsneba yvela danarCen
cxovelTanac“ (Hume, 1748/1951, p.104).
am Tvalsazrisis mimzidveli simartive kamaTis sagani gaxda, rodesac 1960-
ian wlebSi fsiqologebma aRmoaCines sxvadsxva kanonzomierebebi da
SezRudvebi ganpirobebulobis ganzogadebasTan dakavSirebiT (Bailey & Bailey,
1993; Garcia, 1993; Todd & Morris, 1992-1993) mesame Tavidan Tqven ukve icnobT im
ideas, rom cxovelebis ganviTareba iyo pasuxi, reaqcia gadarCenis saWiroebaze.
bevri sxvaoba saxeobebs Soris SeiZleba avxsnaT swored adaptaciiT. zustad
aseTive evoluciuri perspeqtiviT vudgebiT daswavlis unars (Leger, 1992.
daswavlis biologiuri
biologiuri iZuleba aris swored is SezRudva, rac saxeobas
memkvidreobiT gadaecema. es iZulebebi SeiZleba gamoenebuli iqnas cxovelTa
sensorul, qceviT da kognitur unarTa mimarTebaSi. ganvixilavT kvlevis or
sferos, romelic cxadyofs, rom qceva-garemo kavSiri organizmis genotipiTaa
ganpirobebuli: instinqturi swrafva da gemos aversiiT swavla.

instinqturi swrafva
cxadia, ginaxavT cxovelebi, romlebic aTasgvar ileTebs akeTeben cirksa da
televiziaSi. zogierTi cxoveli TamaSobs beisbols, ping-pongs, zogi _ atarebs
manqanas. wlebis manZilze keler brelandi da marion brelandi iyenebdnen
operantuli ganpirobebulobis teqnikebs, rom gamoewrTvnaT aTasobiT sxvdasxva
saxeobis cxoveli. brelandebs sjerodaT, rom zogadi principebi, romlebic
laboratoriuli kvlevebidan gamomdinareobda, realuradac imuSavebda da
nebismieri reaqcia an jildo niSnavda cxovelis kontrols laboratoriis
gareT.
Tumca, wrTvnis raRac etapze zogierTi cxoveli iwyebda “cudad moqcevas”.
magaliTad, enoti iwrTvneboda, rom aeRo moneta, Caegdo yulabaSi da amiT
gamoemuSavebina sakvebi. magram enoti maSinve ar iRebda monetas da ori monetis
aRebis Semdeg ganpirobebuloba saerTod wydeboda anu enoti saerTod aRar
iRebda monetebs. samagierod, is xeliT xexavda yvela monetas erTad, tenida
yulabaSi da Semdeg iqidan iRebda. aris Tu ara es ucnauri? enotebs xSirad
axasiaTebT xexvisa da recxvis qceva, rodesac maT sayvarel sakvebs moipoveben
niJarebidan. amis msgavsad, rodesac Rorebs wrTvnidnen imisTvis, rom
gamomuSavebuli monetebi did yulabaSi CaeyaraT, isini Zirs yridnen am
monetebs, jer dingiT ynosavdnen da mere haerSi agdebdnen. isev ismis kiTxva,
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unda CaiTvalos Tu ara cxovelis es qceva ucnaurad an sakvirvelad? Rorebi
zustad ase iqcevian saWmlis mopovebisas, radgan qcevis es repertuari maT
memkvidreobiT aqvT miRebuli.
aseTma gamocdilebam daarwmuna brelandebi, rom miuxedavad imisa, rom
raRac etapamde cxovelebma daiswavles operantuli reaqciebi, daswavluli
qceva iswrafvis instinqturi qcevisaken droTa ganmavlobaSi. am tendencias maT
instinqturi swrafva uwodes (Breland & Breland, 1951, 1961). cxovelebis qceva ar
aixsneba operantuli principebiT, magram savsebiT gasagebi xdeba, Tuki am
qcevas saxeobebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli memkvidruli qcevis paternebis
konteqtsSi ganvixilavT. es tendencia cvlis qcevas, romelic SemuSavebulia
operantuli ganpirobebulobiT.
cxovelTa swavlebis kvlevaTa umetesoba fokusirebuli iyo Sesatyvisad
misawvdomi stimulebisaTvis winaswari ganxilvis safuZvelze SerCeul
reaqciebze. brelandebis Teoria cxadyofs, rom SeuZlebelia daswavlis yvela
aspeqtis gakontroleba. qcevebi SeiZleba met-naklebad advilad Sesacvleli
iyos, rogorc cxovelis Cveulebrivi, genetikurad daprogramebuli reaqcia
garemoze. ganpirobebuloba maSin iqneba efeqtiani, rodesac samizne reaqcia
biologiurad aqtualuria cxovelisaTvis. magaliTad, ra cvlilebaa saWiro
imisTvis, rom Rorma moneta yulabaSi Caagdos? Tu es qceva dawyvilebuli iyo
wylis miwodebasTan, mowyurebuli Rori bevrad swrafad daiswavlis am
rutinas.
• daswavlis biologiuri iZuleba (Biological constraints on learning) – nebismieri
limiti organizmis daswavlis SesaZleblobaze, romelic gansazRvrulia
erTi saxeobis individebis memkvidruli sensorul-kognituri unarebiT.
• instinqturi swrafva (Instinctual drift) _ daswavlili qcevis tendenci, droTa
ganmavlobaSi instinqtur qmedebaSi gadavides.

gemos aversiiT swavla

am wignis avtorebma ramdenime aRiareba unda gaakeTon: erT-erT maTgans

dResac szaravs Roris xorcisa da muxudos Wamis warmodgenaze, xolo meores
zustad aseTive reaqcia aqvs popkornze. orive SemTxvevaSi, Cven mZimed avad
gavxdiT zemoT CamoTvlili sakvebis miRebis Semdeg. Tumca, nakleb savaraudoa,
rom Cven avad am sakvebis gamo gavxdiT, aseTi reaqcia mainc SemogvrCa.
imisaTvis, rom avxsnaT es fenomeni, mivmarToT isev cxovelebs.
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davuSvaT, Tqven gTxoves, SeimuSaoT strategia ucnobi nivTierebebis
degustaciisaTvis. Tqven rom gqondeT virTxis qcevis memkvidruli paterni, am
dros uaRresad frTxilad iqnebodiT. rodesac isini awydebian axal sakvebs an
surnels, isini Zalian frTxiloben da Zalian patara raodenobas iReben
gasasinjad. Tuki es nivTiereba maT arafers dauSavebs, Semdeg ubrundebian da
miirTmeven. magram Tuki eqsperimentSi CavrTavT iseT nivTierebas, romelic avad
xdis virTxebs, maSin isini am nivTierebas arasdros aRar miekarebian. am
fenomens ewodeba gemos aversiiT swavla. am genetikur unars, sakvebis gasinjvas
da swavlas, romeli sakvebia usafrTxo da romelia toqsikuri, didi
Rirebuleba aqvs. gaixsneT Cxikvi lorenco. rogorc Cans, misTvis Rvinis gemo
aversiuli gaxda mas Semdeg, rac man “simTvraleSi” gamoscada.
gemos aversiiT daswavla Zalze Zlieri meqanizmia. gansxvavebiT klasikuri
ganpirobebulobis sxva aspeqtebisagan, gemos aversiiT daswavla mxolod
erTjeradi dawyvilebiT xdeba. wyvildeba ganpirobebuli stimuli (axali
sakvebi/surneli) da misi Sedegi (ganupirobebli stimulis – elementis,
romelic, faqtobrivad, iwvevs avadmyofobas – Sedegi). es debuleba WeSmariti
rCeba didi droiTi intervalebis drosac (12 saaTi da meti, dro, romlis
SualedSi virTxa iRebs nivTierebas da avad xdeba). sabolood, gansxvavebiT
klasikurad ganpirobebuli asociaciebisagan, romlebic sakmaod myifea, gemos
aversiiT daswavla myari xdeba erTi gamocdilebis Semdegac. kidev erTxel,
imisaTvis, rom gavigoT klasikuri ganpirobebulobis normaTa darRvevebi, unda
gaiTvaliswinoT, is, Tu raoden dramatulad moiTxoven es meqanizmebi
gadarCenas.
jon garsiam,
garsiam fsiqologma, romelmac pirvelad daafiqsira gemos aversiiT
daswavla laboratoriaSi, da misma kolegam, robert kolingma, es fenomeni
gamoiyenes imisaTvis, rom TvalsaCino gaexadaT cxovelebis mzadyofna
konkretuli asociaciebis daswavlisaTvis. mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines, rom
zogierTi ganpirobebuli stimuli-ganupirobebeli stimuli kombinaciebi
SeiZleba klasikurad iyos ganpirobebuli cxovelTa konkretul saxeobebSi.
saidan viciT

stimulisa da Sedegebis Tanxvedra

garsiasa da kolingis eqsperimentis pirvel fazaSi virTxebi jer
ecnobodnen situacias, romelSic milis alokva iwvevda sam ganpirobebul
stimuls: saxariniT Sezavebul wyals, xmaurs da Zlier sinaTles. meore
fazaSi, rodesac virTxebi mils lokavdnen, maTi naxevari iRebda mxolod
 101
tkbil wyals, xolo meore naxevari – xmaurs, sinaTles da sufTa wyals.
Semdeg orive jgufi daiyo: TiToeuli jgufis erTi naxevari moxvda
eleqtruli Sokis zemoqmedebis qveS, rac tkivils iwvevda da meore
naxevari ki radiaciuli dasxivebis qveS, rac iwvevda avadmyofobasa da
gulisrevas.
wylis is raodenoba, romelic virTxebma pirvel fazaSi dalies,
Seadares meore fazaSi daleuli wylis raodenobas. raodenoba
sagrZnoblad mcirdeboda, rodesac surnelovani wyali asocirdeboda
avadmyofobasTan (gemos aversia) da rodesac xmauri da sinaTle
asocirdeboda tkivilTan. Tumca, qcevaSi mxolod patara cvlileba
SeiniSneboda ori sxva pirobis SemTxvevaSi: rodesac surneli moaswavebda
tkivils, an rodesac Zlieri sinaTle, xmauri da wyali moaswavebda
avadmyofobas (ix. suraTi 7.14)

miRebuli Sedegebi cxadyofs, rom virTxebs aqvT Tandayolili unari,

asociacia daamyaron konkretul stimulsa da konkretul Sedegs Soris (Garcia
& Koelling, 1966). ganpirobebulobis zogierTi aspeqti, aqedan gamomdinare,
damokidebulia ara marto stimulsa da qcevas Soris kavSirze, aramed imazec,
Tu rogor dispozicias avlens organizmi genetikurad am stimulis mimarT
mocemul garemoSi (Barker et al., 1978). cxovelebs aqvT memkvidruli klasifikacia
im stimulebisa, romeli SeiZleba moaswavebdes safrTxes da romeli – jildos.
amitom eqperimentatorebi, romelbic ecdebian am paternebis darRvevas, bevrs
verafers miaRweven.
mkvlevrebma gemos aversiiT daswavlis meqanizmis praqtikaSi gadmotanac
scades. imisaTvis, rom koiotebma Sewyviton cxvris xocva, jon garsiam da misma
kolegebma daawyves bekekis toqsikuri xorci, romelic gaxveuli iyo cxvris
tyavSi. toqsikuri xorciT koiotebi daavadnen da ganuviTardaT zizRi bekekis
xorcis mimarT. amis Semdeg cxvris danaxvaze isini Setevis magivrad ukan
ixevdnen.
• gemos aversiiT daswavla (Taste-aversion learning) – daswavlis biologiuri
kanonzomiereba, romelSic organizmi swavlobs avadmyofobis gamomwvevi
sakvebisagan Tavis aridebas.

gemos aversiis erT-erTi yvelaze seriozuli aspeqti Tavs iCens kiboTi

daavadebul pacientebSi, romlebic veRar uZleben Cveulebriv sakvebs
qimioTerapiisa da misgan gamowveuli gulisrevis gamo.
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saidan viciT

mkerdis simsivnis mqone pacientebSi gemos arideba

22 qalisagan Semdgarma jgufma, romelsac dasmuli hqonda mkerdis kibos
diagnozi, gviambo sakuTari kvebiTi prioritetebis Sesaxeb qimioTerapiis
rva kursis ganmavlobaSi, romelTa Sorisac Sualedi sami kvira iyo.
qalebma CamoTvales yvelaferi, rasac Wamdnen 24 saaTis manZilze
Terapiamde da Terapiis Semdeg. isini ranJirebas ukeTebdnen sakvebsa da
sasmels 1-dan (Zalian armowoneba) 9-mde (Zalian mowoneba). mkvlevarebi
aversiis gamovlenas maSin aRiarebdnen, Tuki sakvebis Sefaseba 4 quliT
daecemoda. aRmoCnda, rom qalebis 46%-s ganuviTarda aversia, sul mcire,
erTi sakvebis mimarT. Tumca, aversiebi, romlebic Cndeboda Terapiis
pirveli ori kviris ganmavlobaSi, xanmokle iyo. cxadi gaxda, rom
virTxebisagan gansxvavebiT, pacientebi arCevdnen, rom gulisreva Terapiis
Sedegi iyo da ara sakvebisa, romlis Semdgomi gasinjvisas ganpirobebuli
aversia qreboda (Jacobsen et al., 1993).

imis garkveviT, rom aversia SeiZleba klasikurad iyos ganpirobebuli,

mkvlevrebs SeuZliaT, SeimuSavon amis Sesamcirebeli saSualebebi (Berstein, 1991).
magaliTad, kiboTi daavadebul bavSvebs sakvebi qimioTerapiamde miawodes.
amasTan, miwodebuli kanfetebi an nayini iyo sruliad specifikuri surneliT
anu aversia swored am surnelis mimarT yalibdeboda. amgvarad, bavSvebs
SeeZloT, kvlavac eWamaT sayvareli surnelis mqone kanfeti an nayini.
mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines sxva aspeqtebic pacientebSi, rac klasikuradaa
ganpirobebli. bevr pacients gulisreva ewyeboda qimioTerapiis seansis
dawyebamde. is garemo da ganwyoba, romelSic isini mkurnalobdnen,
ganpirobebul stimulad iqca. (Tomoyasu at all 1996) amgvari efeqtebis safuZvlebis
gaanalizeba mkvlevarebs mkurnalobis meTodikis SemuSavebis saSualebas
aZlevs. kidec erTxel, ganpirobebulobaSi amgvari gavlenis efeqtebis
safuZvlebis codna mkvlevarebs saSualebas aZlevs, SeimuSaon amave efeqtebis
sawinaaRmdego mkurnaloba.
axla cxadi xdeba, ratom unda iyvnen Tanamedrove qceviTi analitikosebi
yuradRebiT reaqciis im tipebis mimarT, romelic ama Tu im saxeobisaTvis ufro
Sesaferisia dasaswavlad. (Todd and Morris 1992) Tu Tqven gindaT moxuc ZaRls
aswavloT xrikebi, mainc ver SecvliT mis genetikurad ganpirobebul qceviT
potencials. Cveni disciplina ar aris srulyofili, ramdenadac jer ar
 103
SevxebivarT daswavlis iseT formebs, romlebic umaRles kognitur procesebs
moiTxovs. axla SevexoT, swored aseTi saxis daswavlas.

Sejameba

instinqturi swrafvis fenomeni gulisxmobs, rom organizmebi

limitirebulni arian im TvalsazrisiT, UTu ras daiswavlian saxeobidan
gamomdinare instinqtTa gamo. gemos aversia imdenad Zlieria zogierT
cxovelTTan, rom is permanentulad daiswavleba ganpirobebuli stimulisa da
ganupirobebeli stimulis erTxelobrivi SewyvilebiTac ki. qimioTerapiaze
myof adamianTa umetesoba ganicdis ganpirobebul gemos aversias. mkvlevarebi
cdiloben gamoigonon klasikur ganpirobebulobaze dayrdnobili meTodebi,
raTa Tavidan aicilon, an gaauqmon es aversiebi.

kogniciis gavlena daswavlaze

rogorc aRiniSna, qcevis Zalian didi speqtri SeiZleba aixsnas, rogorc

daswavlis martivi procesis Sedegi. Cndeba kiTxva: arsebobs Tu ara daswavlis
iseTi tipebi, romlebsac ufro kompleqsuri kognituri unarebi sWirdebaT?
kognicia aris nebismieri fsiqikuri aqtioba, romelic CarTulia codnis
gadamuSavebisa da warmoCenis iseT procesebSi, rogoricaa azrovneba,
mexsiereba, aRqma da metyveleba. amitom axla ganvixilavT daswavlis iseT
formebs, romlebic ar SeiZleba aixsnas mxolod klasikuri an operantuli
ganpirobebulobiT. aqedan gamomdinare, iTvleba, rom qceva, nawilobriv,
kognituri procesebis Sedegia.

cxovelTa kognicia
am TavSi ganvixileT sakiTxebi, romlis mixedviTac saxeobebisaTvis
specifikuri SezRudvebis garda, daswavlis kanonebi, virTxebze da mtredebze
Catarebuli kvlevebidan gamomdinare, kargad udgeba ZaRlebs, maimuneba da
adamianebs. cxovelTa kogniciis mkvlevarebma daadgines, rom ara mxolod
klasikuri da operantuli ganpirobebulobis ganzogadeba SeiZleba sxvadasxva
sxeobebze (Wasserman 1993-1994).Tavis evoluciis TeoriaSi Carlz darvinma
ganacxada, rom kognituri unarebi izrdeba da viTardeba cxovelTa fizikur
formasTan erTad. amitom axla ganvixilavT cxoveluri daswavlis or, erTob
STambeWdav tips, romelic miuTiTebs cxovelTa kognitur unarebze.

kognituri rukebi
 104
edvard tolmeni (Edward Tolman 1886-1959) iyo pirveli, vinc daiwyo kognituri
procesebis kvleva cxovelebSi sxvadasxva eqsperimentuli situaciebis
gamogonebiT, romlebSic meqanikuri, erTi-erTze asociaciebi ver axsnida
cxovelis qcevas. daakvirdiT syraTs 7.15. tolmenma da misma studentebma
aCvenes, rom rodesac labirinTSi blokirebulia Tavdapirveli biliki,
virTxebi labirinTSi adreuli gamocdilebiT airCeven umokles gzas
gamosvlisaTvis miuxedavad imisa, rom aranairi ganmtkiceba ar miuRiaT (Tolman
& Honzik, 1930). Tumca, virTxebi iqceodnen ise, TiTqos isini emorCilebodnen
gansazRvrl kognitur rukas – labirinTis zedxeds, nacvlad imisa, rom brmad
daewyoT gamosavlis Zebna cdisa da Secdomis meTodiT (Edward Tolman 1948).
tolmenis Sedegebma aCvena, rom ganpirobebuloba Seicavs gacilebiT ufro mets,
vidre ubralod asociaciur dawyvilebas. is moicavs daswavlas da Semdeg am
daswavlili masalis warmoCenas qceviT konteqstSi.
tolmenis tradiciiT gagrZelebulma kvlevam gamoavlina sivrcobrivi
mexsierebis gasaocari unari CitebSi, futkrebSi, virTxebSi, sxva cxovelebsa
da adamianebSic. (Tolman, 1948). kognituri rukis gasagebad yuraReba unda
mivaqcioT im funqciebs, romlebsac isini emsaxurebian:
- cxovelebi sivrcobriv mexsierebas iyeneben sakuTari garemos Tvisebebis
amosacnobad.
- maTTvis mniSvnelovani samizne obieqtebis misagnebad.
- garemoSi sakuTari rutinis dasagegmad.
Tqven SegiZliaT dainaxoT kognituri ruqebis sxvadasxva funqcia
frinvelTa sxvadasxva saxeobebSi. es frinvelebi inaxaven saWmels farTo
arealze, magram unari aqvT, zustad miagnon saWmels, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi.

klarkis TxilCita Cempionia saWmlis gadanaxvaSi. gvian zafxulSi es

frinveli marxavs 6.000 fiWvis Tesls amerikis samxreT dasavleT nawilis
mTebSi. isni marcvals momaval gazafxulze eZeben, maSin, rodesac damaluli
sakvebi sWirdebaT bartyebisaTvis. (Shettleworth, 1993, p.180).
• cxovelTa kognicia (Animal cognition) – cxovelebis kognituri
SesaZleblobebi; mkvlevarebi eZeben kognituri unarebis ganviTarebas
sxvadsxva saxeobebSi, saxeobebis ierarqiis mixedviT adamianamde.
• kognituri ruka (Cognitive map) – fizikuri sivrcis gonebrivi
reprezentacia
 105
Citebi ara mxolod dafrinaven erT gansazRvrul garemoSi da
TuUgaumarTlaT, marcvlebs ar esevian, isini miwaSi flaven am marcvlebis
nawils da gansazRvruli drois Semdeg 84% sizustiT brundebian am adgilze
(Kamil & Balda, 1990). isini kargad arCeven im adgilebsac, sadac adre hqondaT
marcvlebi, magram isini ukve carielia. Citebis is saxeobebi, romlebic didad
arian damokidebulni gadamalul sakvebze, qceviT maRla dganan maTTan yvelaze
axlo mdgom saxeobebTanac ki. aranairi gansxaveba qcevis warmatebulobas
Soris araa am saxeobisTvis, rodesac samalavis magivrad laboratoriaSi
sivrcobriv eqperimentSi monawileobs (Kamil et al., 1997). amasTan, gavixsenoT, rom
am Citebis qceva – samalavSi marcvlebis damalva araa ganmtkicebuli. isini
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi miagneben gadamalul sakvebs, Tuki maTi kognituri ruka
SenarCundeba.

konceptualuri qceva
kognituri rukebi, nawilobriv, exmareba cxovelebs garemoSi orientaciaSi,
magram sxva ra kognitur procesebi unda hqondes cxovelebs, raTa TavianT,
gansxvavebuli stimulebiT aRsavse garemocvaSi moaxerxon, sakuTari
gamocdilebis sworad gamoyeneba
da raSi unda iyenebdnen isini am procesebs? me-11 TavSi Cven aRvniSnavT, rom
metyvelebis dawyebisas bavSvebisTvis erT-erT mTavar amocanad iTvleba axali
cnebebisa da kategoriebis daswavla. magram aRmoCnda, rom bavSvebi ar arian
erTaderTi arsebebi, romlebsac am amocanis daZleva SeuZliaT. mkvlevrebma
aRmoaCines, rom mtredebs aqvT kognituri unari, gamoiyenon konceptualuri
gansxvavebebi.
saidan viciT

mtredebi gansjian (gadawyvetilebebs iReben) kategorizaciis struqturaze dayrdnobiT

edvard vasermanma da misma kolegebma (1992) warmoudgines mtredebs
adamianebis, yvavilebis, manqanebis da skamebis fotoebi. yoveli
mtredisTvis oTxi cneba dayofili iyo or ufro did kategoriad (suraTi
7.16) magaliTad, erTi mtredi miiRebda sakvebs, Tuki niskarts daartyamda
narinjisfer Rilaks adamianis an manqanis Cvenebis Semdeg da wiTel
Rilaks _ yvavilis an skamis Cvenebis Semdeg. mtredebma iswavles
adekvaturad reagireba da maTi 80% swori feris Rilaks urtyamda
niskarts. wrTvnis meore fazaSi mtreds axali reaqcia unda SeemuSavebina
ufro mcire kategoriis TiToeuli suraTisTvis. amgvarad, mtreds unda
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daertya mwvane RilakisTvis adamianis suraTis miwodebisas da TeTrze –
skamis fotos Cvenebisas. amjeradac, mtredebis 80%-ma Tavi gaarTva
amocanas.
magram ra xdeba, rodesac miewodebaT yvavilis an manqanis suraTi da
uwevT, airCion mwvane, an TeTri Rilaki? maT ar aqvT ganmtkicebis aranairi
gamocdileba, raTa SeakavSiron erTmaneTTan es stimuli da reaqcia. ase
rom, aseT martiv daswavlis procesebze dayrdnobiT, Cven ar SegviZlia
viwinaswarmetyveloT mosalodneli qceva.
Tqven rogor moiqceodiT aseT situaciaSi? eqspeimentis pirvel nawilSi
Tven iswavlidiT, rom, magaliTad, skamebi da yvavilebi erTad unda iyvnen.
meore nawilSi Tqven iswavlidiT, rom, rodesac ganaxeben yvavilis suraTs,
Tqven masze oridan erT-erTi reaqciiT unda upasuxoT. rodesac
warmogidgendnen sakms, savaraudod, im pasuxebis SerCevas ecdebodiT,
romlebic kvavilis SemTxvevaSi gamodga. es swored is aris, rasac
mtredebi akeTebdnen. eqsperimentirebis 60-ida 70%-mde, mtredebis swored
„kategoriul“ („category“ information) informacias iyenebdnen, raTa
gamoericxaT manamde ganumtkicebeli qceva

Cven ukve vnaxeT, rom generalizebas adgili aqvs klasikursa da

operantul ganpirobebulobaSi da damyarebulia stimulTa perceptul
msgavsebaze. am eqsperimentSi, romelsac atarebdnen vasermani (Wasserman) da misi
kolegebi, generalizeba ar moicavda perceptul msgavsebas; magaliTad, skamebi
da yvavilebi arc Tu ise gvanan erTmaneTs. samagierod, generalizebis Ziri iyo
kognituri msgavseba. momdevno kvlevebma SemogvTavazes azri imis Sesaxeb, rom
mtredebs aqvT unari, abstraqtul doneze amoicnon msgavsi da gansxvavebuli;
maT aqvT unari, mogvcen diferencialuri pasuxebi, rodesac testis erT,
identuri elementTa jgufs (magaliTad, matareblis Zravis 16 msgavsi suraTi),
vupirispirebT meore, sruliad gansxvavebul elementebs (magaliTad, 16
gansxvavebuli suraTi). (Wassernan et al., 1995; Young et al., 1997).

me-8 da me-9 Tavebi daeTmoba adamianTa kognituri procesebis analizs.

eqsperimentebma, romlebic am TavSi aRvwereT, albaT dagarwmunaT. rom
impresiuli da gamosadegi koginituri procesebis mflobelemi ara marto
adamianebi arian. vidre am Tavs SevajamebdeT, gadavideT momdevno saxis
daswavlaze, romelic agreTve kognituri procesebis monawileobas moiTxovs.

dakvirvebiT daswavla
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imisaTvis, rom gavecnoT am saxis daswavlas, gavixsenoT virTxebisa da
adamianebis saWmlis gasinjvis meTodebi, gzebi. virTxebi, danamdvilebiT,
gacilebiT dakvirvebulni arian, vidre Tqven, Tumca es iqidan momdinareobs,
rom isini moklebulni arian sxva virTxebisagan daufasebeli informaciis
miRebas. rodesac Tqven unda gasinjoT axali saWmeli, es TiTqmis yovelTvis
gulisxmobs, rom Tqven amisaTvis sakmao safuZveli gaqvT, vinaidan iciT, rom
adamianTa umravlesobam isiamovna am saWmlis miRebiT. Tqveni „saWmlis miRebis
qcevis“ albaTobaze gavlenas axdens sxva individebisaTvis ganmtkicebis
paternebis codna. es magaliTi asaxavs Tqvens SesaZleblobas, daiswavloT
sxvaTa ganmtkicebisa da sxvaTa dajildoebis mixedviT. Sen Seni kognituri
SesaZleblobebis gamoyeneba SegiZlia, raTa daimaxsovro da gansajo sxvaTa
gamocdileba Seni qcevis Camosayalibeblad.
rogorc wesi, socialur daswavlas umetesad adgili aqvs iseT situaciebSi,
sadac es daswavla ver iqneboda nakarnaxevi tradiciuli ganpirobebulobis
Teoriis principebiT; es gamomdinareobs iqidan, rom individs, romelic
swavlobs, arc aqtiuri reaqci hqonia da arc aSkara ganmtkiceba miuRia.
ubralod, mas Semdeg, rac individi dainaxavs sxvis mier warmoebul qcevas,
romelic an ganmtkicda an ara, momavalSi amis Sesabamisad moiqceva. es aris
dakvirvebiT daswavla. dakvirvebiT daswavlaSi kognicia umetesad molodinebis
saxiT erTveba. realurad, raime modelze, magaliTze dakvirvebis Semdeg Tqven
fiqrobT: Tu zustad ise moviqcevi, rogorc igi, me analogiur ganmtkicebas
davimsaxureb, an avirideb dasjas. umcrosi bavSvi SesaZloa ukeT iqceodes,
vidre misi ufrosi da, vinaidan bavSvi dis magaliTebze swavlobs. es
SesaZlebloba, rom dakvirvebis safuZvelze viswavloT, uaRresad
gamosadegaria. es forma daswavlisa saSualebas gaZlevT, rom SeimecnoT
qcevaTa farTo, integrirebuli paternebi ise, rom Tavad ar mogiwioT cdisa da
Secdomis xangrZlivi procesis gavla, manam, sanam gamoadiferencirebT
mocemuli situaciisaTvis swor da araswor pasuxebs, reaqciebs. Tqven
daubrkoleblad sargeblobT sxvaTa SecdomebiTa da warmatebebiT.
mkvlevarebma gviCvenes, rom dakvirvebiT daswavla mxolod adamianTa xvedri ar
aris. sxva saxeobebis warmomadgenlebs, mtredebs (Zentall et al., 1996), zebra Tevzs
(Hall & Suboski, 1995) da rvafexac ki (Fiorito & Scotto, 1992) SeswevT unari Secvalon
TavianTi qceva Tavisi saxeobis sxva warmomadgenlebis magaliTis mixedviT.
adamianis dakvirvebiT daswavlis klasikuri magaliTi demonstrirebuli iyo
albert banduras (Albert Bandura) laboratoriaSi. mas Semdeg, rac naxes,
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mozardebi rogor Cqmeten da urtyaven did plastikatis Tojinas, eqsperimentis
monawile bavSvebi ufor midrekilni aRmoCndnen igive qcevebis momvalSi
gameorebisaken, vidre sakontrolo jgufis bavSvebi, romelTac es agresiuli
qceva ar unaxavT. (Bandura et al., 1963). am fenomenis mogvianebiT Seswavlam
gviCvena, rom bavSvebi baZavdnen iseT qcevebsac, romlebsac gadaRebuli
kadrebis seriis saxiT awvdidnen, Tundac gmirebi multifikaciuri yofiliyo.
didad kiTxvas aRar badebs is, rom prosocialuri (daxmareba) da
antisocialuri (dazianeba) qcevebis umetesobas vswavlobT dakvirvebiT
daswavlis meSveobiT; magram garemoSi arsebobs dakvirvebis uamravi modeli. ra
cvladebi mniSvnelovani imisaTvis, rom gadavwyvitoT, Tu romeli modeli
iqneba yvelaze gavleniani CvenTvis. gamokvlevam Semdegi ZiriTadi daskvnebi
gamoitana (Baldwin & Baldwin, 1973; Bandura, 1977). modelis dakvirvebadi qceva
gansakuTrebiT gavleniania, rodesac:
 igi gvevlineba, rogorc ganmamtkicebeli Sedegis matarebeli
 modeli aRqmulia dadebiTad, imsaxurebs mowonebasa da pativiscemas
 arsebobs msgavseba modelisa da damkvirveblis Tvisebebs Soris.
 damkvirvebeli iRebs jildos modelis qcevaze yuradRebis miqcevisaTvis.
 modelis qceva xiluli da TvalSisacemia – is cxadad gamoirCeva sxva
modelebs soris.
 damkvirveblis kompetenturobis xarisxzea damokidebuli qcevis wamowyeba.

aRmoCenaTa am siis gagebisaTvis, warmoidgineT sakuTari Tavi modelis

situciaSi da naxavT, ra roli aqvs TiToeul erTeuls am siidan. magaliTad,
warmoidgineT, rom uyurebT viRacas, vinc paraSutiT gadmoxtomas swavlobs. an
gaixseneT, rogor SeiZleba vinmem iswavlos mafiis srulfasovan wevrad yofna
mxolod sxvaTa dakvirvebiT.
radgan xalxi ase efeqtianad swavlobs modelisagan, advili gasagebia
televiziis didi nawili ratom muSaobs swored qceviT gavlenaze: axdens Tu
ara gavlenas telemayureblebze is, rasac uyureben televizorSi jildosa da
dasjis saxiT? gansakuTrebuli yuradReba mieqca mozardTa da bavSvTa qcevasa
da televiziiT naCvenebi Zaladobis iseT faqtebs Soris kavSirs rogorebicaa
__ mkvleloba, gaupatiureba, qurdoba, terorizmi da TviTmkvleloba . xels
uwyobs Tu ara Zaladobis Cveneba Zaladobis imitacias? fsiqologiuri
kvlevebis mixedviT, pasuxi am kiTxvaze dadebiTia zogierTi xalxisTvis,
gansakuTrebiT SeerTebul StatebSi (Comstock & Scharer, 1999). kvlevis ramdenime
aTwleulis Semdeg gamoikveTa sami saSualeba, romliTac televizia uaryofiT
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gavlenas axdens mayureblis cxovrebaze (Smith & Donnerstein, 1998): pirvel rigSi,
Zaladobis yureba zrdis agresiul qcevas. es asociacia gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovania bavSvebisaTvis: agresiuli Cvevebis SeZena, Zaladobis adreul
asakSi xilviT, SeiZleba gadaizardos antisocialur qcevaSi ufro gviandel
asakSi. meorec, xdeba yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi Zaladobis gamovlenis araswori
raodenobrivi Sefaseba. mayurebeli SeiZleba Seipyros SiSma, rom TviTonac ar
gaxdes Zaladobis msxverpli sinamdvileSi. mesame, Zaladobis yurebam SeiZleba
migviyvanos desensitizaciamde – emociur aSlilobasa da distersamde.
ganvixiloT disensitizaciis laboratoriuli magaliTi:
saidan viciT

media Zaladoba cxovrebiseuli agresiis mimarT tolerantulobas ayalibebs

meoTxe da mexuTe kursis 42 studentidan TiToeuli Seiyvanes
eqsperimentul oTaxSi, sadac unda eyurebinaT ori videokasetidan erT-
erTisaTvis: Zaladobis scenebiani filmi „karates Svili“ da araagresiuli
sportuli sanaxaoba 1984 wlis zafxulis olimpiadidan. am kasetebis
yurebis Semdeg studentebi daajeres, rom axla isini naxavdnen namdvil
ambebs, rac Cumad gadaRebuli iyo videoze da maxlobel oTaxSi
paralelurad xdeboda. sinamdvileSi es iyo videoCanaweri, romelSic ori
bavSvi (6 wlis) jer TamaSobs oTaxSi, xolo Semdeg nel-nela xdeba
erTamneTis mimarT agresiuli. studentebs instruqciaSi neba darTes,
moeZebnaT eqsperimentatori, Tuki SeSfoTdebodnen imiT, rasac videoze
uyurebdnen. studentebma, romlebsac „karates Svili“ hqondaT nanaxi,
orjer ufro met xans uyures Canawers, sanam eqsperimentators
dauZaxebdnen, vidre maT, vinc olimpiur TamaSebs uyura. amgvarad,
mkvlevrebma daaskvnes, rom Zaladobis scenebis yurebam gamoiwvia meti
tolerantoba namdvili agresiis mimarT (Molitor & Hirsch, 1994).

Tqven SeiZleba ifiqroT, rom esaa laboratoriuli kvlevis mcire efeqti,

magram warmoidgineT mTeli im Zaladobis gavlena, risi yurebis saSualebac
bavSvebs televiziiT aqvT. gaiTvaliswineT, rom bavSvebma SeiZleba, agreTve,
iswavlon prosocialuri da damxmare qceva, Tuki amis magaliTs televiziiT
uyureben (Rosenkoetter, 1999; Singer & Singer, 1990). seriozulad unda mivudgeT im
azrs, rom bavSvebi swavloben televiziidan imas, rasac uyureben. amitom
mSobeli an momvleli unda zrunavdes bavSvisaTvis programebis SerCevaze.
 110
dakvirvebiT swavlis analizi avlens or kanonzomierebas: qcevaze did
gavlenas axdens ganmtkiceba da, agreTve, adamianis kognituri SesaZleblobebi,
romlebsac isini iyeneben qcevis Sesacvlelad. es midgoma qcevis kvlevaSi
yvelaze mZlavri aRmoCnda (Bandura, 1986). me-16 TavSi Cven vnaxavT warmatebul
Terapiirs programebs, romlebic kognituri modifikaciidan gafarTovda da
moicva naklebad Sesatyvisi (maladaptive) qceviTi paternebi.
modiT, es Tavi SevajamoT imiT, rom davubrundeT saSinelebaTa filmis
naxvas. rogor SeiZleba qceviTma analizma axsnas Tqveni gamocdileba? Tu
Tqven filmze megobris rCevis gamo waxvediT, Tqven uneblie ganmtkicebas
daemirCileT. Tu kinoTeatrSi moxvdiT imitom, rom es Tqveni Cveuli rutinaa,
aq kognituri rukis gavlenis efeqti SeimCneva. Tu SemaSinebelma musikam Tqven
SegaSfoTaT da dagafiqraT gmirebis bedze, es klasikuri ganpirobebulobis
efeqtia. magram Tu Tqveni mcdeloba, gesiamovnaT filmiT, damTavrda imiT, rom
aRarasodes mogindebaT saSinelebaTa filmis naxva, es dasjis Sedegia.
mzad xarT kinoTeatrSi dasabruneblad?

Sejameba
mkvlevarebma daswavlis kognituri formebi aRmoaCines, romlebic klasikuri
da operantuli ganpirobebulobiT ar aixsneba. kognituri rukebi cxovelebs
moqmedebisa da gdarCenis saSualebas aZleven rTul garemoSi. mtredebs
SuZliaT, daiswavlon konceptualur gansxvavebebze dayrdnobiT gansxvavebis
gakeTeba, rac perceptualur ganmansxvaveblebze ar aris damokidebuli. qceviTi
daswavlis Sedegebidan gamomdinare, adamianebi da cxovelebi swavloben axal
qcevebs cxovrebiseul „sibrZneze“ dayrdnobiT. adamianebi prosocialur da
antisocialur qcevebs modelirebiT daiswavlian.

aseT SemTxvevaSi saSualo mwvane stimuli dawyvildeboda ganupirobebel

stimulTan.

sur. 7.4 ganpirobebuli da ganupirobebeli stimulebis oTxi variacia droSi

mkvlevarebi daakvirdnen oTx SesaZlo droiT ganawilebas ganpirobebul da

ganupirobebel stimulebs Soris.. ganpirobebuloba yvelaze efeqturia
Seferxebul ganpirobebulobaSi ganpirobebul da ganupirobebel stimulebs
Soris mcire intervaliT.

sur. 7.7. reskorlas procedura albaTobis demonstrirebisaTvis

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SemTxveveTi SerCevisaTvis 5-wamiani zarebi (ganpirobebuli stimuli) da 5-
wamiani Soki (ganupirobebeli stimuli) eqsperimentis manZilze SemTxveviT,
spontanurad iyo miwodebuli. pirobiTi ganmtkicebis jgufis ZaRlebma
gamoscades mxolod zarebi da Soki, romelic ukve mosalodneli iyo zaris
Semdeg. mxolod am jgufis ZaRlebma iswavles asociacia ganupirobebel da
ganpirobebul stimulebs Soris.

sur. 7.7. reskorlas procedura albaTobis

albaTobis demonstrirebisaTvis
SemTxveveTi SerCevisaTvis 5-wamiani zarebi (ganpirobebuli stimuli) da 5-
wamiani Soki (ganupirobebeli stimuli) eqsperimentis manZilze SemTxveviT,
spontanurad iyo miwodebuli. pirobiTi ganmtkicebis jgufis ZaRlebma
gamoscades mxolod zarebi da Soki, romelic ukve mosalodneli iyo zaris
Semdeg. mxolod am jgufis ZaRlebma iswavles asociacia ganupirobebel da
ganpirobebul stimulebs Soris.

sur. 7.8. pirobiTi ganmtkicebis roli klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi

reskorlam aCvena, rom ZaRlebi, romlebic pirobiTi ganmamtkicebeli-
upirobo ganmamtkicebelis pirobebSi iwvrTnebodben anu pirobiTi ganmtkicebis
kavSiriT, ufro metad xtebodnen (SiSi metad iyo ganpirobebuli), vidre is
ZaRlebi, romlebsac upirobo ganmamtkiceblis kavSiri qondaT.

sur. 7.9. kaminis procedura

procedura dablokvis efeqtisaTvis
eqsperimentuli jgufis virTxebs jer unda epasuxaT zarze (ganp.st1). Semdeg
maT unda epasuxaT zarsa (ganp.st.1) da sinaTleze (ganp.st2). virTxebs
sakontrolo jgufSi unda epasuxaT mxolod sust Suqsa da zarze. roca
Semowmda ganpirobebuloba mxolod zarze da mxolod sinaTleze, marto
sakontrolo jgufis virTxebs hqondaT reaqcia orive stimulze. kaminis
mixedviT, eqsperimentulma virTxebma imitom ar upasuxes sinaTles, rom is
aranair axal informacias ar Seicavda ganupirobebeFli stimulis gamovlenis
Sesaxeb; zaris efeqtma dabloka sinaTlis efeqti.

sur. 7.10 Torndaikis problemuri yuTi

imisTvis, rom gamoaRwios yuTidan da moipovos sakvebi, Torndaikis katam
unda Camoagdos simZime, ris Semdegac kari gaiReba.

sur. 7.11 operantuli kabina

sagangebo apartSi Rilakze daWera iwvevs sakvebis mowodebas virTxisTvis.

sur. 7.12. operantuli ganpirobebuloba Tqvens cxovrebaSi

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gvinda mogceT SesaZlebloba, SeimuSaoT uaryofiTi da dadebiTi
ganmtkicebis gamoyenebiT sqema, iseve rogorc dadebiTi da uaryofiTi dasjisa.
airCieT qceva:
qceva (sakuTari an sxvisi), romlis sixSiris gazrdac gsurT, an qceva
romlis sixSiris Semcirebac gsurT.
Tqveni moqmedebis gegma CawereT TiToeul ujredSi. mag, davuSvaT
Sesamcirebeli qcevaa Tqveni OoTaxis mezoblis gauTavebeli laparaki
telefonze. I cariel ujredSi SegiZliaT CaweroT `yoveli saubrisTvis,
romelic 2 wuTze naklebs gagrZeldeba, mezobels kanfets mivcem.~ xolo IV
cariel ujredSi _ telefonze ar-saubris qcevis gazrda, magram
gaiTvaliswineT, rom realurad SeiZleba ver SesZloT imis ganxorcieleba,
rasac cariel ujredebSi CawerT.

sasargeblo stimuli aversiuli stimuli

miwodeba dadebiTi ganmtkiceba dadebiTi dasja (2)

(1)

Camocileba
uaryofiTi dasja uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba (4)
(3)

sur. 7.14. Tandayolili unarebi

garsias da kolingis kvlevebma (1966) aCvena, rom virTxebs aqvT Tandayolili

unari, gansazRvruli stimuli daakavSiron gansazRvrul SedegTan. virTxebi
eridebodnen saxarins, roca is avadmyofobas moaswavebda da ara Soks. da
piriqiT – ferad wyals eridebodnen, radgan Soks moaswavebda da ar
eridebodnen, rodesac mas avadmyofoba mohyveboda.

sakvanZo sakiTxebi
daswavlis unaris kvleva
• daswavla aris procesi, romlis Sedegadac viRebT gamocdilebaze
damyarebul SedarebiT stabilur, mudmiv cvlilebas qcevaSi an qcevis
potencialSi .
• bihevioristebs sjeraT, rom Zalian bevri qceva SeiZleba axsnili iqnas
martivi daswavlis procedurebiT.
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• maT, aseve, sjeraT, rom daswavlis erTidaigive principebi amarTlebs yvela

cocxal organizmTan mimarTebaSi.

klasikuri ganpirobebuloba: daswavlis winaswarganmwyobi faqtorebi

• klasikuri ganpirobebulobis axsnaSi pirveli wvlili pavlovma Seitana,
romelmac Tqva, rom ganupirobebeli stimuli (gs) iwvevs ganupirobebel
reaqcias (gr). neitraluri stimuli romelic Sewyvilebulia ganupirobebel
stimulTan gadaiqceva ganpirobebul stimulad, romelic TavisTavad iwvevs
ganpirobebul reaqcias.
• Caqrobas aqvs adgili, rodesac ganupirobebel stimuls ar moyveba
ganpirobebuli stimuli.
• stimulis generalizacia fenomenia, romlis drosac ganpirobebuli stimulis
msgavsi stimuli iwvevs ganpirobebul reaqcias.
• diskriminaciuli daswavla aviwroebs im ganpirobebuli stimulebis
diapazons, romelzec organizmi reaqcias iZleva.
• imisaTvis, rom ganjxorcieldes klasikuri ganpirobebuloba unda
arsebobdes mudmivi kavSiri ganpirobebul stimulsa da ganupirobebel
stimuls Soris.
• klasikuri ganpirobebuloba xsnis mraval emociur reaqcias da narkotikebis
mimarT tolerantulobas. is aseve gamoyenebul iqna imunuri funqciis
Sesacvlelad.

operantuli ganpirobebuloba: swavleba Sedegebis Sesaxeb

• Torndaikma aCvena, rom qcevebi romlebic damakmayofilebel Sedegebs
iZlevian, midrekili arian gameorebisken.
• skineris qceviTi analizis midgoma fokusirebulia ganmamtkiceblis
ganpirobebulobis manipulaciiT miRebuli qcevis Sedegebis dakvirvebaze.
• qcevebi ZiriTadad yalibdeba dadebiTi da uaryofiTi ganmtkicebiT. naklebad
albaTia maTi dadebiTi da uaryofiTi dasjiT Camoyalibeba.
• konteqstualurad gamarTlebuli qceva aixsneba samterminiani
ganpirobebulobiT – ganmasxvavebeli stimuli-qceva-qcevis Sedegi.
• pirveladi ganmamtkicebeli aris stimuli, romelic funqcionirebs rogorc
stimuli maSinac ki, roca organizms wina gamocdileba ar qonia.
ganpirobebuli ganmamtkiceblebi SeZenilia pirvelad ganmamtkiceblebTan
asocirebis Sedegad.
• SesaZlo aqtiobebi funqcionirebs rogorc dadebiTi ganmamtkicebeli.
 114

• is qceva, romelzec gavlena moaxdina ganmamtkiceblis cxrilebma, SeiZleba

SenarCundes an Seicvalos da aseve gamovlindes intervalebiT an porcia-
porciobiT.
• kompleqsuri reaqciebi SesaZloa daiswavlos Seipingis saSualebiT.

biologia da daswavla
• mkvlevrebi varaudoben, rom daswavlas SeiZleba xeli SeuSalos
gansxvavebuli saxeobebisTvis damaxasiaTebelma Taviseburebebma.
• instinqtiT gamowveulma midrekilebam SeiZleba gadafaros Sedegi-
ganmamtkicebliT daswavla.
• gamos aversiiT swavla gvamcnobs, rom saxeobebi genetikurad mzad arin
sxvadasxva saxis asociaciebisTvis.

kognituri sferos gavlena daswavlaze

• daswavlis zogierTi forma gacilebiT kompleqsur procedurebs moiazrebs,
vidre klasikuri an operantuli ganpirobebuloba.
• cxovelebs gaaCniaT kognituri ruqebi, romlebic maT rTul garemoSi
funqcionirebis saSualebas aZlevs.
• konceptualuri qceva cxovelebs saSualebas aZlevs garemos struqturebis
Sesaxeb informaciis ganzogadeba moaxdinon.
• qcevaTa waxaliseba da dasja SesaZlebelia. adamianebs da sxva cxovelebs
SeuZliaT dakvirvebidan gamomdinare swavla.

ZiriTadi cnebebi
• bihevioraluri analizi
• refleqsi
• klasikuri ganpirobebuloba
• ganpirobebuloba
• ganupirobebeli stimuli
• ganupirobebeli reaqcia
• ganpirobebuli stimuli
• ganpirobebuli reaqcia
• daswavlis biologiuri iZuleba
• daswavla
• daswavla-gamovlenis gansxvaveba
• SeZena
• Caqroba
• spontanuri aRdgena
• stimulis generalizeba
• operantuli qceva
• pirobiTi ganmtkiceba
• ganmamtkicebeli
• dadebiTi ganmtkiceba
• uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba
• operantulobis Caqroba
• damsjeli
• dadebiTi damsjeli
• uaryofiT damsjeli
• diskriminaciuli stimuli
• sampirobiani albaToba
• pirveladi ganmamtkicebeli
• pirobiTi ganmamtkicebeli
• fiqsirebuli intervalis cxrili
• cvalebadi intervalis cxrili
 115

• stimulis diskriminacia • warmatebuli miaxloebebis mixedviT

Seipingi
• blokireba • instinqturi swrafva
• fsiqoneiroimunulogia • gemos aversiiT daswavla
• efeqtis kanoni • cxovelTa kognicia
• operanruli ganpirobebuloba • kognituri ruka

Tavi 8. mexsiereba

• ra aris mexsiereba
− ebinghausi zomavs mexsierebas
− mexsierebis tipebi
− mexsierebis procesebis mimoxilva
• sensoruli mexsiereba
− xatiseburi mexsiereba
− eqo mexsiereba
• xanmokle mexsiereba da muSa mexsiereba
− xanmokle mexsierebis moculobis SezRuduloba
− muSa mexsiereba
• xangrZlivi mexsiereba
− kodireba da aRdgena
− konteqsti da kodireba
− mogonebis mimniSneblebi
− kodirebis da mogonebis procesebi
− daulagebeli (arastruqturirebuli) informaciis daxsomebis
saSualebebi
− metamexsiereba
• fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi. rogor SeiZleba mexsierebis
gamokvlevebi dagexmaroT gamocdebisTvis mzadebaSi
• xangrZlivi mexsierebis struqturebi
− mexsierebis struqturebi
− mexsierebis struqturebis gamoyeneba
− mogoneba, rogorc rekonstruqciuli procesi
 116

• fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi: adamianis mexsiereba da kompiuteris

mexsiereba
• mexsierebis biologiuri aspeqtebi
− engramis ZiebaSi
− tvinis suraTi (skanireba)
• sakvanZo sakiTxebi
− ZiriTadi cnebebi
 117
Tavis avtobiografias marlon brando iwyebs Tavisi cxovrebis yvelaze
adreuli epizodis gaxsenebiT: „rodesac Tvals vavleb Cemi cxovrebis ganvlil
wlebs da vcdilob gavixseno warsuli – naTlad araferi magondeba. Dda mainc,
Cemi pirveli mogoneba im dros ukavSirdeba, rodesac sul pawawina viyavi, im
asakSi, rodesac Tavis asaks bavSvebi verc acnobiereben. maxsovs, erTxel
diliT, Tvalebi rom gavaxile, nacrisfer bind-bundSi mimovixede da mivxvdi,
rom ermis (brandos momvlels) jer kidev eZina. rogorRac Cavicvi da nabij-
nabij daviwye saxlis win kibeze Casvla _ yovel safexurze marcxena fexs
vdgamdi da radgan sandlebis Sekvra ver movaxerxe, fratun-fratuniT mivaRwie
karis zRurbls. Camovjeqi 32-e quCis win mzeSi, kibis safexurze da daviwye
lodini. rogorc Cans, gazafxuli iyo, radgan Cveni saxlis win mdgom maRal
xes yvavilebis, WriWinis frTebis msgavsi, bumbuli cvioda. uqaro amindi iyo,
bumbuli haerSi dafarfatebda da nel-nela ecemoda miwaze.
me kisermoRrecili da pirdaRebuli maT moZraobas miwaze daSvebamde
vadevnebdi Tvals da xeli mqonda gawvdili, raTa erTi bumbuli mainc
dameWira. magram isini ostaturad uvlidnen gverds Cems xels. ase mivacilebdi
yovel bumbuls miwamde da mere isev axali saswaulis molodinSi zeviT
mivapyrobdi xolme mzeras. Mmze ealerseboda Cems oqrosfer Tmebs.
swored es molodini axali saswaulisa iyo yvelaze tkbili mogoneba Cemi
cxovrebis 65 wlis manZilze. “

mexsierebis Sesaxeb am Tavis kiTxvis dawyebis win kargi iqneba, Tu

gaixsenebT raime movlenas Tqveni cxovrebis yvelaze adreuli periodidan.
rodis moxda igi? iseve naTlad gaxsovT es movlena, rogorc marlon brandos?
Tqvens mogonebaze moaxdina Tu ara gavlena igive movlenis Sesaxeb sxvebis
monaTxrobma?
axla warmoidgineT, ra moxdeboda, moulodnelad rom aRmogeCinaT, rom
dakargeT mexsiereba da araferi gaxsovT warsulidan _ arc xalxi, romelTac
icnobdiT da arc movlenebi, romelic Tavs gadagxdaT. ar gaxsovT, rogor
gamoiyureba dedaTqveni, dagaviwydaT, ra xdeboda Tqvens dabadebis dReze,
rodesac aTi wlis gaxdiT. Tqveni pirovnebidan warsulis amgvari amoSlis
pirobebSi Tqveni raobac, Tqveni TviTidentobac daikargeba da ver ityviT, vin
xarT, ras warmoadgenT. an davuSvaT, dakargeT axali STabeWdilebebis
dafiqsirebis unari. ra mouva Tqvens uaxles gamocdilebas? Tqven xom saubris
gagrZelebasac ver SeZlebT da verc satelevizio gadacemis azrs gaigebT.
yvelaferi sruliad ucnobad mogeCvenebaT, TiTqos yvelafers pirvelad xedavT
 118
da TiTqos arasodes adre araviTari azri ar gqoniaT TavSi. rogor fiqrobT,
SesaZlebelia nebismieri moqmedebis ganxorcieleba mexsierebis gareSe?
Tu am sakiTxis Sesaxeb adre arasodes gifiqriaT, es imas niSnavs, rom,
rogorc Cans, Tqveni mexsiereba Tavis funqcias mSvenivrad asrulebs da rom
Tqven Tqvens mexsierebas iseve udgebiT, rogorc zogierT sxeulebriv
procesebs, magaliTad, sunTqvis an kuW-nawlavis sistemebs, romelTa moqmedebac,
normalur pirobebSi, Tqveni cnobieri Carevis gareSe mimdinareobs. magram aqac,
iseve, rogorc kuWis tkivilis Tu alergiis SemTxvevaSi, Tqvens mexsierebas
maSin aqcevT yuradRebas, Tu raRac arasworad xdeba, magaliTad, gaviwydebaT
manqanis gasaRebi, mniSvnelovani TariRi, pasuxi gamomcdelis SekiTxvaze,
romelic namdvilad iswavleT da icodiT. ra Tqma unda, es SemTxvevebi Zalian
usiamovnod ganicdeba, magram isic unda gaacnobieroT, rom adamianis tvini
saSualod informaciis 100 triolion bits itevs. mexsierebidan garkveuli
informaciis amosatanad ki jer am uzarmazari moculobis gadaxedva unda
moxdes. amitomac, ar unda gagikvirdeT, rom zogjer pasuxis saWiroebisamebr
swrafi amotana ver xerxdeba.
Cveni mizania, am TavSi agixsnaT, Tu rogor ixsomebT amdens da ratom
iviwyebT zogjer imas, rac icodiT. visaubrebT yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi
daxsomebasa da daviwyebaze. gaecnobiT fsiqologiis monacemebs mexsierebis
sxvadasxava formebis arsebobis da muSaobis Sesaxeb. vimedovnebT, rom
mexsierebis Sesaxeb mravalricxovani faqtiuri masalis gacnobis Semdeg Tqven
darwmundebiT, Tu raoden araCveulebrivi ram aris mexsiereba.
dabolos: ramdenadac es Tavi mexsierebas exeba, modiT, Tqveni mexsiereba
Tavidanve CavrToT saqmeSi. Cven gvinda, rom Tqven daixsomoT ricxvi 37.
gaakeTeT yvelaferi, rac saWiroa am ricxvis 37-is dasaxsomeblad. diax, es
iqneba testi.

ra aris mexsiereba?

mexsiereba aris informaciis Senaxvisa da aRdgenis unari. am TavSi

mexsierebas ganvixilavT, rogorc informaciis gadamuSavebis erT-erTi formas.
mTeli Cveni yuradReba mimarTuli iqneba imaze, rom gaCvenoT, Tu rogor
aRibeWdeba informacia Cvens mexsierebaSi da rogor gvaviwydeba igi, (sxva
sityvebiT, rogor Semodis informacia mexsierebis sistemaSi da rogor gamodis
am sistemidan). informaciis aRbeWvdisa da aRdgenis procesebis ganxilva
SesaZleblobas mogcemT, daazustoT, Tu ra aris mexsiereba.. Cven daviwyebT 1885
 119
wels gamoqveynebuli pirveli mecnieruli gamokvleviT mexsierebis Sesaxeb.
Semdeg ki ganvixilavT Tanamedrove mkvlevarTa mier gamoyofil mexsierebis
gansxvavebul formebs.

ebinghausi zomavs mexsierebas

ramdenad sworia Semdegi debuleba: „masala swrafad gvaviwydeba, Tu igi

gaazrebuli da mimarTebaSi ar aris moyvanili sxva masalasTan, xolo Semdeg
ganmeorebebiT ar aris ganmtkicebuli“. sxva sityvebiT, Tu naCqarevad
daiswavli masalas, ramdenime dReSi am masalis didi nawili dagaviwydeba. es
mniSvnelovani da uaRresad aqtualuri dakvirveba ekuTvnis germanel
fsiqologs herman ebinghauss,
ebinghauss romelmac daadgina amgvar kanonzomierebaTa
mTeli seria, ramac, Tavis mxriv, ganapiroba mis mier mexsierebis axali
mecnieruli mimarTulebis Seqmna. ebinghausis es dakvirvebebi damatebiTi sabuTi
iyo mexsierebis Sesaswavlad empiriuli kvlevebis upiratesobis saCveneblad.
magram amisTvis aucilebeli iyo axali meTodologia, da ebinghausmac
brwyinvaled gaarTva Tavi am amocanas. Seqmna mexsierebis kvlevis meTodebi. igi
iyenebda uazro marcvlebs, romlebic ori Tanxmovnisa da SuaSi erTi
xmovnisgan Sedgeboda, magaliTad, ceg an das. igi azrian marcvlebTan SedarebiT,
magaliTad, ZaR upiratesobas uazro marcvlebs aZlevda/aniWebda, radgan
Tvlida, rom amiT sufTa mexsierebis kvlevas SesZlebda, Tavisufals
pirovnebis adrindeli gamocdilebis gavlenebisa da asociaciebisgan. ebinghausi
ara mxolod mkvlevari iyo, aramed cdis piric sakuTar eqsperimentebSi. igi
Tavis Tavze atarebda cdebs da Tavis Sedegebs TviTonve amowmebda (zomavda).
dasaxsomebeli amocana gansxvavebuli sigrZis masalis daswavlaSi
mdgomareobda. ebingausi ikvlevda uSualo mexsierebas, sadac amocanis
daxsomeba masalis meqanikur ganmeorebaze iyo damokidebuli.
ebinghausi Tavis eqsperiments iwyebda uazro marcvlebisgan Sedgenili
mwkrivis kiTxviT pirveli marcvlidan bolo marcvlamde (TiToeuli marcvlis
kiTxva zustad dadgenili periodulobiT xeboda). am proceduras imeorebda
manam, sanam mwkrivis igive TanamimdevrobiT aRdgenas SeZlebda. es ukanaskneli
daswavlis kriteriumad iTvleboda. amis Semdeg xangrZlivi drois manZilze igi
pirveli mwkrivisgan gansxvavebuli marcvlebisgan Sedgenil mwkrivebs
swavlobda. bolos ebinghausi isev Tavdapirvel mwkrivs ubrundeboda da
zomavda ganmeorebebis im raodenobas, romelic saWiro iyo am mwkrivis
uSecdomo (igive TanmimdevrobiT) aRdgenisaTvis. Tu mwkrivis aRdgenas naklebi
ganmeoreba sWirdeboda, vidre Tavidan dasaswavlad iyo saWiro, iTvleboda,
 120
rom informacia Senaxuli iyo da swored amis gamo dasWirda xelmeored
daswavlas naklebi dro.

saidan viciT

ebingausis daviwyebis mrudi

Tu ebinghauss Tavidan 12 ganmeoreba sWirdeboda mwkrivis dasaswavlad,
xolo 9 ganmeoreba _ mravali dRis Semdeg xelmeored dasaswavlad,
ekonomiis koeficienti 25% iqneboda. (12 ganmeorebas gamoklebuli 9 = 3 anu
25%). am proceduris gamoyenebiT ebinghausi zomavda gansxvavebul droiT
SualedSi mexsierebaSi Senaxuli informaciis raodenobas. mrudi, romelic
man miiRo, gamosaxulia 8.1 suraTze rogorc xedavT, masalis swraf
daviwyebas adgili aqvs daswavlis Semdeg pirvel dReebSi, xolo Semdeg
daviwyebis tempi TandaTan klebulobs. ebinghausis mrudi tipuria uSualo
mexsierebaze Catarebuli yvela eqsperimentuli monacemisTvis.

sur. 8.1. ebinghausis daviwyebis mrudi

mrudze gamosaxulia uazro marcvalTa daxsomebis raodenoba individTa
mier ekonomiis meTodis gamoyenebiT 30 dRis ganmavlobaSi. mrudi swrafad
eSveba qveviT da Semdeg daaxloebiT erT doneze Cerdeba.

• mexsiereba (Memory) _ informaciis kodirebis, Senaxvisa da aRdgenis

fsiqikuri unari.

ebingausis gavleniT, fsiqologebi ramdenime aTeuli wlis manZilze

Seiswavlidnen uazro marcvalTa daxsomebis da mogonebis procesebs.
mexsierebis am, SeZlebisdagvarad, sufTa formis Seswavlisas mkvlevrebi
imedovnebdnen, rom ipovidnen im ZiriTad, bazisur principebs, romelTa
daxmarebiTac mexsierebis ufro rTuli procesebis axsna iqneboda
SesaZlebeli. mkvlevrebi dRemde cdiloben am bazisuri procesebis dadgenas,
Tumca, axla yuradReba azriani masalis daxsomebazea gadatanili _
informaciis im saxeobaze, romelsac yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi aqvs adgili.

• mexsierebis eqsplicituri gamoyeneba (Explicit uses of memoty) _ cnobieri

Zalisxmeva mexsierebidan informaciis aRdgenisa.
• mexsierebis implicituri gamoyeneba (Umplicit uses of memory) _ kodirebis da
aRdgenis procesebis gaucnobiereblad informaciis daxsomeba da aRdgena.

mexsierebis tipebi
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rodesac mexsierebis Sesaxeb iwyebT fiqrs, pirveli, rac mogdiT TavSi, aris
is situaciebi, romelSic Tqven iyenebT Tqvens mexsierebas _ igonebT Tqvens
sayvarel films, meore msoflio omis dawyebis TariRs da sxv. faqtobrivad,
mexsierebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi funqcia aris is, rom Sens
individualur Tu sazogadoebriv warsul gamocdilebaSi SesaZlebeli gaxdes
saWiro informaciis cnobieri moZieba. magram mexsierebis mniSvneloba
gacilebiT ufro metia. masze dayrdnobiT SesaZlebeli xdeba yovelgvari
Zalisxmevis gareSe bevri yoveldRiuri saqmis Sesruleba. magaliTad, rodesac
quCaSi manqanis saWes uzixarT, gza, maRaziebi quCis orive mxares nacnobi,
Cveulebrivia TqvenTvis. es mexsierebis meore mniSvnelovani funqciaa, romelic
cnobierebis Caurevlad moqmedebs. mexsierebis tipebis ganxilvisas giCvenebT,
Tu rogor muSaobs mexsiereba am funqciebis gansaxorcieleblad, xSirad
aracnobier donezec.

implicituri da eqsplicituri mexsiereba

ganvixiloT suraTi 8.2. ra Secdomaa daSvebuli am suraTze? pirveli, ramac

gagakvirvaT, aris cocxali kurdRlis yofna samzareuloSi. magram saidan
modis es gancda? Tqven, albaT, ar CamouvliT TiToeul sagans da ar ikiTxavT:
es samzareuloSi unda iyos? an es kabinetSi unda iyos?
es magaliTi kargad gviCvenebs gansxvavebas mexsierebis gamoyenebis
implicitur da eqsplicitur unarebs Soris. Tqvens mier kurdRlis SemCneva
implicituri mexsierebis funqcia iyo, radgan Tqveni mexsierebis procesebma
samzareulos Sesaxeb codna naxatis interpretacias yovelgvari
gansakuTrebuli Zalisxmevis gareSe daukavSira. magram axla Tu dagisvamT
kiTxvas, ra aklia samzareulos am suraTze? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad
dagWirdebaT eqsplicituri mexsierebis amoqmedeba. gagiCndebaT kiTxvebi:
rogoria tipuri samzareulo? ra aklia? (gaifiqreT onkanze an gazis quraze?).
amrigad, rodesac saWiro xdeba mexsierebaSi Senaxuli informaciis gamoyeneba,
es SeiZleba moxdes zogjer, impliciturad _ informacia amodis cnobieri
Zalisxmevis gareSe, zogjer ki eqspliciturad _ informaciis amosatanad
cnobieri Zalisxmevaa saWiro.
aseTive gansxvavebas aqvs adgili ara mxolod warsulis aRdgenis, aramed
axali informaciis miRebis, anu aRbeWvdis (kodirebis) procesSic. saidan iciT,
ra xdeba samzareuloSi? rodesme dagiswavliaT ra unda xdebodes
samzareuloSi an rogor unda gamoiyurebodes is? albaT, ara. ufro
savaraudoa, rom es codna Tqven aracnobierad SeiZineT. da piriqiT,
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samzareuloSi arsebuli bevri sagnis saxeli, albaT, eqspliciturad daixsomeT.
rogorc me-11 TavSi vnaxavT, asociaciebis damyareba sityvebsa da Sinaarss
Soris bavSvobaSi xdeba, eqsplicituri mexsierebis procesebze dayrdnobiT.
Tqven daimaxsovreT sityva macivari imitom, rom odesRac viRacam migaqcevinaT
yuradReba am sityvaze, rogorc am konkretuli sagnis saxelze.
es gansxvaveba implicitur da eqsplicitur mexsierebas Soris Zalian
afarTovebs mexsierebis Sesaxeb Sesaswavl sakiTxTa diapazons. (Buchner,
&Wipich2000, Roediger,1990). tradiciulad, ebinghausis Semdeg, mkvlevarTa
umravlesoba Seiswavlida eqsplicitur mexsierebas. eqsperimentatorebi,
Cveulebriv, informaciis daxsomebas Txovdnen cdis pirebs, xolo mexsierebis
Teoriebis mizani iyo, aexsnaT am pirobebSi daxsomebis da daviwyebis faqtebi
da kanonzomierebani. axla ki, rogorc Semdgom am Tavis gacnobisas vnaxavT,
Seiqmna meTodebi implicituri mexsierebis Sesaswavladac. amrigad, axla ufro
ukeT SegviZlia gavigoT mexsierebis saWiroebis da gamoyenebis
mravalferovneba. axla ukve viciT, rom informaciis aRbeWvdis da aRdgenis
procesebSi monawileobs rogorc eqsplicituri, ise implicituri mexsiereba.
(Toth. et al. 1994). axla ganvixiloT sxva kriteriumis safuZvelze gamoyofili
mexsierebis formebi.

deklaraciuli da proceduruli mexsiereba

SegiZliaT stvena? aba, midiT, daustvineT. Tu stvena ar SegiZliaT, maSin

TiTebi daatkacuneT. mexsierebis romeli formaa pasuxismgebeli am
moqmedebebze? Tqven SeiZleba gaxsovT kidec, rogor swavlobdiT am
moqmedebebs, magram axla amas yovelgvari Zalisxmevis gareSe akeTebT. zemoT
moyvanili eqsplicituri da implicituri mexsierebis Sesaxeb magaliTebi exeba
faqtebisa da movlenebis daxsomebas, romelsac deklaraciuli mexsiereba
ewodeba. magram, rogorc vxedavT, gvaqvs mexsiereba imisac, Tu rogor unda
vimoqmedoT an gavakeToT raime. es ki proceduruli mexsierebis kompetenciaa.
ramdenadac am Tavis didi nawili faqtebis da movlenebis daxsomebas da
mogonebas exeba, saWiroa imis ganxilvac, Tu rogor viZenT raimes gakeTebis, an
raRac moqmedebis Sesrulebis unars.
proceduruli mexsiereba mimarTulia im gzebis daxsomebaze, romelic
ganapirobebs raime moqmedebis Sesrulebas an raimes gakeTebas. is safuZvlad
udevs perceptuli, kognituri da motoruli Cvevebis SeZenas. proceduruli
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mexsierebis Teoriebi yvelaze xSirad daswavlis droSi mimdinareobaze
amaxvileben yuradRebas. (Anderson,1996, Anderson etal., 1999): rogor xdeba gadasvla
garkveuli aqtiobis Sesaxeb deklaraciuli faqtebis CamonaTvalidan igive
aqtiobis aracnobier, avtomatur Sesrulebaze? an ratom xdeba, rom Cvevis
gamomuSavebis Semdeg xSirad gviZneldeba am Cvevis gamomuSavebis procesis met-
naklebad detaluri gaxseneba da deklaraciuli faqtebis aRdgena, romelic,
Tavis droze, safuZvlad daedo am Cvevis SemuSavebas.
am fenomenis TvalsaCinoebisTvis gavarCioT Semdegi martivi moqmedeba _
telefonze nomris akrefa. Tavidan, rodesac telefonze darekvas cdilobdiT,
gixdebodaT yoveli cifris akrefis win dafiqreba - Tqven moqmedebdiT
deklaraciuli faqtebiT:

Tavidan unda avkrifo 2

Semdeg unda avkrifo 3,
Semdeg _ 3
da a.S.

magram Tu sakmaod xSirad mogiwiaT am nomris akrefa, ukve aRar anawevrebT

telefonis nomers cnobierebaSi calkeul cifrebad, aramed erTianad,
uswrafesad, meqanikurad krefT nomers. am process codnis kompilacia ewodeba
(Anderson, 1987). praqtikis Sedegad Tqven SegiZliaT sxvadasxva moqmedebebis
TanmimdevrobiT Sedgenili sakmaod rTuli moqmedeba cnobierebis Carevis
gareSe SeasruloT. magram, amave dros, Tqven ver ixsenebT cnobierad am
moqmedebis calkeul mdgenelebs. Tu isev telefonis magaliTs davubrundebiT,
arc ise iSviaTad, SeiZleba SegxvdeT adamiani, romelmac SeiZleba ver
gaixsenos telefonis nomeri, sanam akrefis imitacias ar gaakeTebs. codnis
kompilacia is maxasiaTebelia, romlis gamoc proceduruli mexsiereba sxva
formebSi ar agerevaT. Tu odesme Tqvens mSoblebs (an nebismier pirovnebas)
ucdiaT TqvenTvis manqanis tarebis swavleba, SeiZleba miaqcieT kidec
yuradReba, rom miuxedavad imisa, rom mSoblebi TviTon SeiZleba Zalian kargi
mZRolebic iyvnen, magram ver SeZlon kargad da sworad gadmogcen manqanis
marTvisTvis aucilebel moqmedebaTa Tanmimdevroba.

• deklaraciuli mexsiereba (Declarative memory) _ mimarTulia faqtebisa da

movlenebis daxsomebaze.
• proceduruli mexsiereba (Procedural memory) _ mimarTulia imaze, Tu rogor
unda Sesruldes moqmedeba, rogor, ra gziT unda moxdes perceptuli,
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kognituri da motoruli Cvevebis SeZena da gamoyeneba.

Tqven, albaT, imisTvisac migiqceviaT yuradReba, rom codnis kompilacia,

zogjer Secdomebis mizezic xdeba. magaliTad, Tu Tqven xSirad gixdebaT
kompiuterze inglisurad beWvda da, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom gawafuli mbeWdavi
xarT, udaod SeuwuxebixarT the-s problemas.
proceduruli mexsierebis gareSe cxovreba uaRresad garTuldeboda, radgan
TiToeuli moqmedebis Sesruleba yovel jerze nabij-nabij mogviwevda. da
miuxedavad amisa, yovelTvis, rodesac SecdomiT dabeWdavT, advilad gaarCevT
am Secdomis mizezi ucodinarobaa Tu meqanikuri Secdoma.

mexsierebis procesebi
procesebi

mexsierebis nebismieri forma moiTxovs sami saxis mnemur moqmedebas:

aRbeWvdas (kodirebas), Senaxvas da aRdgenas. kodireba aris informaciis
gadamuSavebis pirveli safexuri, romelic informaciis mexsierebis sistemaSi
Semosvlas emsaxureba. Senaxva akavebs informacias garkveuli drois manZilze.
aRdgena ki Senaxuli informaciis cnobierebaSi amotanas, an mis gamoyenebas
warmoadgens. martivad rom vTqvaT, kodirebas Semoaqvs informacia sacavSi
(Senaxva), akavebs mas, sanam saWiroeba moiTxovs, xolo aRdgenas amoaqvs igi.
axla ufro vrclad ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani.
kodireba saSualebas iZleva, rom mexsierebaSi gare samyaroSi arsebuli
sagnebisa da movlenebis Sesaxeb warmodgenebi Seiqmnas. mexsierebis warmodgena,
Cveulebrivi warmodgenis analogiuria: vTqvaT, me mainteresebs rogoria is
saukeTeso saCuqari, romelic Tqven bolo dabadebis dReze miiReT.
(igulisxmeba, rom es saCuqari Tan ar gaqvT). ras gaakeTebT amisTvis? Tqven
agviwerT am nivTs, mis Tvisebebs. SeiZleba dagvixatoT, an imitacia gaakeToT,
rogor iyenebT. yvela SemTxvevaSi es iqneba realurad arsebulis mxolod
warmodgena. miuxedavad imisa, rom arc erTi maTgani ar aris originalis
identuri, TiToeuli maTgani mainc garkveul codnas gvawvdis am saCuqris
yvelaze mniSvnelovan aspeqtebze. mexsierebis warmodgenebi zustad aseve
moqmedeben. maTSi Senaxulia warsuli gamocdilebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani
niSnebi, rac SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs ganviaxloT, warmovidginoT warsuli
gamocdileba.
Tu informacia aRbeWdilia mexsierebaSi, misi Senaxva moxdeba drois
garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi. Senaxvis procesSi xdeba Tavis tvinis
struqturis xanmokle da xangrZlivi cvlilebebi. am Tavis bolos vnaxavT, Tu
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rogor cdiloben mkvlevrebi daazuston Tavis tvinis is adgilebi, Tu sad
xdeba axali da Zveli informaciis Senaxva. garda amisa, vnaxavT, ra xdeba
amneziis gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi, rodesac individebi kargaven axali
informaciis Senaxvis unars.

• kodireba (Encoding) _ procesi, romlis saSualebiTac mexsierebaSi

formirdeba mentaluri reprezentaciebi.
• Senaxva (Storage) _ kodirebuli informaciis Sekaveba garkveuli drois
manZilze.
• aRdgena (Retrieval) _ Senaxuli informaciis aRdgena, amotana
mexsierebidan.

aRdgena ki aginazRaurebT yvela mis winmswreb Zalisxmevas. aRdgenis

process SeuZlia wamebSi uzrunvelhyos adre aRbeWdili informaciis migneba
da amotana. SegiZliaT gaixsenoT, ra uswrebs win Senaxvas: kodireba Tu
dekodireba? axla Zalian advilia amaze pasuxi, magram aseve swrafad
gaixsenebT, ras moiazrebs dekodirebis cneba da aseve darwmunebuli iqnebiT
Tqveni pasuxis sisworeSi am momentidan ramdenime Tvis Semdeg? sakiTxi, Tu
rogor aris SesaZlebeli erTi biti specifikuri informaciis amotana
mexsierebaSi arsebuli uzarmazari raodenobis informaciidan, udides
interess iwvevs im fsiqologTa Soris, romelTa mizanic aris imis garkveva, Tu
rogor muSaobs mexsiereba da rogor SeiZleba misi gaumjobeseba.
marTalia, kodirebis, Senaxvisa da aRdgenis, rogorc damoukidebeli mnemuri
procesebis, daxasiaTeba SedarebiT advilia, magram am sam process Soris
urTierTmoqmedeba sakmaod rTulia. magaliTad, imisaTvis, rom Tqvens
mexsierebaSi vefxvis aRbeWvda moxdes, saWiroa, rom vefxvis cneba gqondeT.
aseve, imisaTvis, rom mexsierebaSi Cajdes Semdegi winadadeba: „is iseTive
patiosania, rogorc benediqt arnoldi“, saWiroa, rom TiToeuli sityvis
mniSvneloba gavixsenoT, unda vicodeT inglisuri gramatikis wesebi, romlebic
sityvebs winadadebebad kravs, da bolos, Sesabamis kulturasTan dakavSirebul
informaciasac unda vflobdeT, kerZod, Tu rogori patiosani iyo benediqt
arnoldi, es cnobili revoluciuri omis moRalate.
axla Tqven ukve mzad xarT, ufro Rrmad gaecnoT informaciis kodirebis,
Senaxvisa da aRdgenis procesebs. SemdgomSi Cven ganvixilavT xanmokle
mexsierebis formebs, daviwyebT sensoruli mexsierebiT da gadavalT xangrZliv
mexsierebis formebze (sur. 8.3). agixsniT, rogor vixsomebT da ratom
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gvaviwydeba. Cveni mizania, rom samudamod gaacnobieroT, Tu sad rogor iyenebT
Tqvens mexsierebas. vimedovnebT, rom es dagexmarebaT Tqveni mexsierebis
zogierTi aspeqtis gamosworebaSi.

sensoruli muSa mexsiereba xangrZlivi

mexsiereba moicavs xanmokle mexsierebas mexsiereba

sur. 8.3. informaciis gadasvla xangrZliv mexsierebaSi da misi aRdgena

mexsierebis TeoriebSi aRwerilia informaciis gadasvla xangrliv
mexsierebaSi da iqidan misi cnobierebaSi amotana Tu gamoyeneba. TeoriebSi
informaciis Tavdapirveli aRbeWvda miewereba sensorul da xangrZliv
mexsierebas. informaciis gadasvla xangrZliv mexsierebaSi _ Senaxvas, xolo
informaciis gadmosvla ukan _ muSa mexsierebaSi _ aRdgenas.

Sejameba

mexsierebas ganvsazRvravT, rogorc informaciis gadamuSavebis process.

fsiqologebi Seiswavlian mexsierebis sistemaSi informaciis Sesvlasa da
gamosvlas. ebinghausi iyo mexsierebis pirveli mkvlevari, romelmac Seqmna
kvlevis meTodologia da aRmoaCina daviwyebis siswrafis fundamenturi
kanonzomierebani. arsebobs mogonebis eqsplicituri da implicituri formebi.
mexsierebis zogierTi forma Seicavs deklaraciul mexsierebas - faqtebis
Sesaxeb codnas. zogierTi forma ki - procedurul informacias - codnas,
rogor Sesruldes esa Tu is amocana. kodirebis, Senaxvisa da aRdgenis
Zireuli procesebi kompleqsurad moqmedeben da gvexmarebian axali
gamocdilebis SeZenasa da gamoyenebaSi.

sensoruli mexsiereba

daviwyoT mexsierebis zogierTi formis sisustis demonstraciiT. 8.4 naxatze

sakmaod rTuli vizualuri scenaa gamosaxuli. gTxovT, momentalurad
(daaxloebiT 10 wamis ganmavlobaSi) SexedoT mas da Semdeg furceli daafaroT.
amis Semdeg ramdenime kiTxvas dagisvamT suraTTan dakavSirebiT:
1. ra iaraRi uWiravs patara biWs suraTis qveda nawilSi?
2. ras akeTebs kaci suraTis zeda nawilis SuaSi?
3. suraTis dabal marjvena kuTxeSi qals qolga marjvena Tu marcxena
xelSi uWiravs?
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am kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad, albaT, suraTze xelmeored daxedva
mogindebodaT, kidev erTxel rom SegexedaT suraTisTvis, ara?
sabednierod, amgvari, xelmeore gadaxedvis SesaZlebloba Tqvens
mexsierebaSi Cadebulia.
fsiqologebi varaudoben, rom sensoruli mexsiereba gaaCnia yovel
sensorul modalobas. TiToeuli sensoruli mexsiereba inaxavs gamRizianeblis
fizikur Tvisebas wamis an wamze naklebi drois ganmavlobaSi. es mexsiereba
kidev ufro afarToebs garemodan informaciis miRebis SesaZleblobas. am
azris ufro detalurad naTelsayofad moviyvanT ramdenime gamokvlevas
mxedvelobiT da smeniT sensorul mexsierebaze.

xatiseburi mexsiereba

mexsierebis mkvlevrebma sensorul mexsierebas sensorul sferoSi

xatiseburi mexsiereba uwodes (Naisser, 1967). xatiseburi mexsiereba umciresi
drois ganmavlobaSi inaxavs aRqmuli informaciis Zalian did raodenobas.
xatiseburi mexsiereba anu xati daaxloebiT wamis naxevars grZeldeba.
pirvelad masze dakvirveba moxda eqsperimentSi, sadac cdis pirebs evalebodaT,
aRedginaT ekranze wamis mexuTedis ganmavlobaSi miwodebuli informacia.
saidan viciT

xatiseburi mexsiereba

jorj sperlingi (1969-1963) cdis pirebs awvdida 9 asosa da cifrisgan

Sedgenil sam mwkrivs

7 1 V F

X L 5 3

B 4 W 7

cdis pirebs sTxovdnen ori gansxvavebuli amocanis Sesrulebas. masalis

mTlianad aRdgenis SemTxvevaSi cdis pirebs unda aRedginaT maqsimaluri
raodenoba, rasac SeZlebdnen. Cveulebriv, am SemTxvevaSi daaxloebiT oTxi
wevris aRdgena xdeboda. cdis pirTa meore nawils masalis nawilobriv
aRdgenas sTxovdnen. am dros cdis pirebs mxolod erTi mwkrivi unda
aRedginaT. masalis miwodebis Semdeg gaismoda dabali, saSualo an maRali
bgeriTi signali, romelic cdis pirs miuTiTebda, romeli mwkrivi unda
aRedginaT. sperlingma daadgina, rom ganurCevlad imisa, romeli mwkrivis
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aRdgenas moTxovdnen, cdis pirebi am mwkrivs srulad aRadgendnen.

imis gamo, rom cdis pirebs zustad SeeZloT aRedginaT bgeriTi signalis
Sesabamisi nebismieri mwkrivi, sperlingma daaskvna, rom mTeli miwodebuli
informacia gadadis xatisebur mexsierebaSi. es miuTiTebs am ukanasknelis did
moculobaze. amave dros, masalis sruli da nawilobrivi aRdgenis meTodiT
gansxvavebuli raodenobiT masalis aRdgena gviCvenebs, rom informaciis swrafi
daviwyeba xdeba: masalis sruli aRdgenis moTxovnis SemTxvevaSi cdis pirebs
ar SeeZloT xatisebur mexsierebaSi asaxuli mTeli informaciis srulad
mogoneba. es dadasturda eqsperimentSi, romlis drosac bgeriTi signalis
miwodeba masalis eqspoziciis Semdeg odnav dagvianebiT xdeboda. 8.5 suraTze
Cans, rom intervalis gaxangrZliveba nulidan erT wamamde aRdgenili wevrebis
raodenobas amcirebs. fsiqologebma zustad gamoiangariSes is dro, romelic
sWirdeba xatiseburi mexsierebidan informaciis waSlas (Gegenfurtner & Sperling,
1993; Loftus at al., 1992). imisTvis, rom maqsimalurad cota ram daikargos Cveni
mxedvelobiTi samyarodan, mexsierebis procesebma Zalian swrafad unda
gadaitanon informacia ufro myar sacavSi.
gaiTvaliswineT, rom xatiseburi mexsiereba ar aris fotografiuli
mexsierebis sinonimi, rogorc amas SeiZleba zogierTi Tvlides. fotografiuli
mexsierebis teqnikuri cneba aris eideturi warmodgena: xalxs, romelsac
gaaCnia eideturi warmodgenebi, SeuZlia ufro didi xnis ganmavlobaSi, vidre
xatisebur mexsierebas, detalebSi aRadginos suraTi _ TiTqos aRiqvams da
aRwers mas. „xalxi“ realurad bavSvebia, radgan dadgenil iqna, rom bavSvTa
Soris 8%, xolo mozrdilTa Soris 0%-ia eidetikosi. (Neath, 1998). ar arsebobs
metnaklebad damakmayofilebeli Teoria, romelic axsnida, Tu ratom qreba
asakTan erTad eideturi warmodgenebi (Crowder, 1992). miuxedavad amisa, Tu Tqven,
am wignis mkiTxveli, xarT damamTavrebeli klasis moswavle an kolejis
studenti, Tqven namdvilad ar geqnebaT eideturi warmodgenebi.

sur. 8.5

eqo mexsiereba

bgerebze sensorul mexsierebas eqo mexsiereba ewodeba.. eqo mexsiereba, iseve

rogorc xatiseburi, mcire xniT inaxavs ufro met informacias, vidre
daviwyebamde misi aRdgenis unaric gaaCnia adamians (Crowder & Morton, 1969; Darvin
et al., 1967). magram eqo mexsiereba, xatisebur mexsierebasTan SedarebiT, 5-10 wamiT
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met xans grZeldeba. eqo mexsierebis aseTi xangrZlioba SeiZleba davukavSiroT
droSi bgeraTa Tanmimdevari urTierTdakavSirebis gzebs. magaliTad, rodesac
vusmenT winadadebas, yoveli bgeris Tanmimdevari Semosvla xdeba Cvens yurSi.
eqo mexsiereba gvexmareba, rom es calkeuli bgerebi mTlianobebad Seikras.
eqo mexsierebaze Catarebulma gamokvlevebma gamoavlina sensoruli
mexsierebis meore mniSvnelovani Tviseba; axlad Semosuli informacia advilad
gandevnis winas. Tu vinme gikiTxavT sityvaTa mwkrivs, yoveli axali sityva
gadaaadgilebs winas eqo mexsierebaSi. mkvlevrebi Tavidanve darwmunebulni
iyvnen, rom bgeraTa msgavseba gansazRvravs sityvaTa amovardnas eqo
mexsierebidan. (Crowder, 1976). magram axla ukve viciT, rom amis mizezi msmenelis
mier smeniTi gamRizianeblebis kategorizaciac SeiZleba iyo (Ayres et al., 1979).
garedan smeniTi informaciis Semosvlisas, Tqven am gamRizianeblebis nakadis
nawilebad dayofas axdenT _ gansazRvravT, romeli bgerebi erTiandeba
mTlianobebad. eqo mexsiereba damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogor ajgufebT
smeniTi modalobiT Semosul gamocdilebas (LeCompte & Watkins, 1995).

saidan viciT

kategorizacia gavlenas axdens eqo mexsierebaze

studentebze Catarda mexsierebis eqsperimenti, sadac ekiTxebodaT asoTa
mwkrivi, romelsac sufiqsi mosdevda. sufiqsi yovelTvis erTi saxis iyo da
JRerda, rogorc Txis kikini - mee. magram
m eqsperimentis erT seriaSi
monawile cdis pirebi darwmunebuli iyvnen, rom es xma namdvilad cxvars
ekuTvnoda, xolo mere seriaSi ki darwmunebuli iyvnen, rom am xmas adamiani
gamoscemda, (rac marTlac, ase iyo). aRmoCnda, rom sufiqsi mxolod im
SemTxvevebSi Sedioda eqo mexsierebaSi, Tu cdis pirebi Tvlidnen, rom xma
adamianis iyo (Neath et al., 1993).

miaqcieT yuradReba imas, rom moqmedi fizikuri gamRizianebeli erTi da

igive iyo. magram mxolod maSin irRveoda eqo mexsiereba, rodesac cdis pirebi
mwkrivis da mee-s kategorizacias axdendnen (asoebsac da sufiqssac adamianis
xmiT wakiTxulad miiCnevdnen). amrigad, kodirebis da Senaxvis ukve uadres
safexurze mniSvneloba aqvs informaciis gadamuSavebas.
Tqven, albaT, dasvamT kiTxvas, ratom aqvs sensorul mexsierebas ori
ZiriTadi niSani –wamebis manZilze grZeldeba da advilad irRveva. saqme is
aris, rom es niSnebi asaxavs garemosTan Cvens urTierTobas. Cvenze mudmivad
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moqmedebs axali mxedvelobiTi da smeniTi gamRizianeblebi. es axali
informacia gadamuSavebas moiTxovs. sensoruli mexsierebis xangrZlioba
sakmarisia imisaTvis, rom garemos cvalebadoba asaxos, magram arc imdenad
Zlieria, rom winaaRmdegoba gauwios axal sensorul STabeWdilebebs. Cven
SemdgomSi ganvixilavT mexsierebis gadamuSavebis im saxeebs, romelic
SesaZlebels xdis ufro xangrZlivi droiT daxsomebas.

Sejameba

sensoruli mexsiereba uzrunvelhyofs garemodan informaciis Semosvlas.

xatiseburi mexsiereba aris mxedvelobiTi mexsierebis forma, romelic
SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs didi raodenobis informacia umciresi drois
manZilze SevinaxoT. eqo-mexsiereba asaxavs gamRizianeblebs. Tumca, igi ufro
didxans grZeldeba, vidre xatiseburi mexsiereba, mas axali informacia ufro
advilad arRvevs.

xanmokle mexsiereba da muSa mexsiereba

sanam am Tavis wakiTxvas daiwyebdiT, Tqven, SeiZleba, arc icodiT, rom

gqondaT xatiseburi da eqo-mexsiereba, magram SeiZleba icodiT kidec, rom
gagaCniaT mexsierebis iseTi forma, romelic mxolod xanmokle droiT
informaciis Senaxvas uzrunvelyofs. ganvixiloT Zalian Cveulebrivi SemTxveva,
rodesac satelefono wignSi amoikiTxeT nacnobis telefonis nomeri. Tu es
nomeri dakavebulia, Tqven isev dagWirdebaT telefonebis wignSi Caxedva. es
magaliTi gasagebs xdis, Tu ratom gamohyves mkvlevrebma mexsierebis calke
forma, romelsac xanmokle mexsiereba uwodes.
Tqven ar unda warmoidginoT, rom xanmokle mexsiereba aris specialuri
adgili, sadac Sedis daxsomebuli masala. is ufros meqanizmia, romelic
SemecnebiT SesaZleblobebs warmodgenaTa momcro sqemaze uyris Tavs (Covan,
1999, Shiffrin, 1993). magram xanmokle mexsierebis resursebi Zalian cvalebadi da
aramyaria. Tu gavixsenebT telefonis nomris magaliTs, imisTvis, rom ar
dagaviwydeT informacia (am SemTxvevaSi telefonis nomeri), Tqven sagangebo
zomebi unda miiRoT, raTa ufro saimedod aRbeWdoT is. Cven ufro farTod
xanmokle mexsierebis im tipis SesaZleblobebs gavecnobiT, romelic
eqsplicituri mexsierebis ganxorcielebas uwyobs xels. amas imitom vusvamT
xazs, rom implicituri mexsierebis xanmokle formebis Seswavla mkvlevrebma
mxolod axla daiwyes (McKone & Trynes, 1999). winaswari monacemebiT,
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implicitur mexsierebasac SeiZleba gaaCndes xanmokle forma, saidanac
informacia implicituri mexsierebis xangrZliv formaSi gadava.
amave qveTavSi Cven SevexebiT informaciis mexsierebaSi gadamuSavebis kidev
erT formas, romelic gansazRvravs azrebisa da qcevebis Tanmimdevar da
yovelwuTier mimdinareobas. es aris muSa mexsiereba. rogorc vnaxavT,, muSa
mexsiereba gamoiyeneba iseTi amocanebis Sesasruleblad, rogoricaa metyveleba
da msjeloba (Baddeley, 1986). davuSvaT, Tqven cdilobT, daixsomoT telefonis
nomeri da iwyebT fanqris da qaRaldis Zebnas, raTa CaiweroT is. Tqveni
xanmokle mexsiereba gaZlevT SesaZleblobas, SeaCeroT telefonis nomeri
Tqvens mexsierebaSi, muSa mexsiereba ki arCevs da iyenebs im fsiqikur
operaciebs, romlebic xels Seuwyoben Zebnis procesis warmatebiT dasrulebas.
daviwyoT ganxilva xanmokle mexsierebis ganxilviT.

xanmokle mexsierebis moculobis SezRuduloba

xanmokle mexsierebis ZiriTadi funqcia aris erTjeradi aRqmiT informaciis

uSualo aRbeWvda cnobierebaSi. me-5-e TavSi Cven aRvniSneT, rom yuradRebis
funqcia aris gare samyarodan garkveul obieqtTa da movlenaTa seleqcia.
ramdenadac Tqveni yuradRebis moculoba SezRudulia, aseve, SezRuduli iqneba
xanmokle mexsierebaSi Semosuli informaciis raodenobac. xanmokle
mexsierebis SezRudul moculobas ganapirobebs yuradRebis SezRuduloba.
xanmokle mexsierebis moculobis dasadgenad mkvlevrebma uSualo
mexsierebis testi gamoiyenes. SeiZleba, odesaRac Tqvenc SegisrulebiaT msgavsi
amocana:
waikiTxeT erTxel Semdegi cifrebi, xolo Semdeg CamowereT igive
TanmimdevrobiT, ramdensac SeZlebT:

8 1 7 3 4 9 4 2 8 5
ramdeni aRdgineT sworad?

axla waikiTxeT asoebisgan Semdgari mwkrivi da, aseve, ramdensac SeZlebT,

aRadgineT igive TanmimdevrobiT.
I M R S O F L P T Z B
ramdeni aRadgineT sworad?

Tu Tqven sxva adamianebisgan ar gamoirCeviT, daaxloebiT xuTidan cxra

erTeuls aRadgenT. jorj mileris (George Miller, 1976) mixedviT, adamiani
saSualod ixsomebs Svid (plius an minus or) erTeuls. mas igi „magiur cifr“
 132
Svids uwodebda. es vrceldeba SemTxveviTi wesiT ganlagebuli cifrebis,
asoebis, marcvlebis, sityvebis da nebismier azrian Tu nacnob masalaze.
uSualo mexsierebis testiT xanmokle mexsierebis SesaZleblobebi
gadafasebulia, radganac cdis pirebs SesaZlebloba aqvT, amocanis
Sesasruleblad sxva wyaroebic gamoiyenon. gaixseneT, magaliTad, rom eqo-
mexsiereba SesaZleblobas gaZlevT, xmamaRla wakiTxuli masalidan ukeT
daixsomoT bolo ramdenime wevri (Tu sufiqsi ar erTvis Tan). arsebobs
faqtorebi, romlebic amcireben xanmokle mexsierebis moculobas oridan
oTxamdec ki (Crowder, 1976). magram Tu mxolod es aris is raodenoba, riTac
iwyebT informaciis SeZenas, maSin ratom aris, rom xSirad verc amCnevT Tqveni
mexsierebis aseT SezRudulobas?

ACCOMMODATING TO STM CAPACITY

miuxedavad imisa, rom xanmokle mexsierebis moculoba sakmaod SezRudulia,
xanmokle mexsiereba Tavis funqcias mainc warmatebiT asrulebs ori mizezis
gamo: pirveli, mas aqvs SesaZlebloba informaciis ganmtkicebisa ganmeorebebisa
da dajgufebis gziT da meore, xanmokle mexsierebidan informaciis amotana
Zalian swrafad xdeba.

ganmeoreba

Tqven, albaT, SegimCneviaT, rom saukeTeso gza Tqveni nacnobis erTxel

amokiTxuli telefonis nomris daxsomebisaTvis ramdenjerme misi gonebaSi (an
xmamaRla) ganmeorebaa. daxsomebis am teqnikas SemaCerebeli ganmeoreba ewodeba.
ra mosdis ganmeorebis gareSe informacias, kargad Cans erT-erT maxvilgonier
eqsperimentSi.

saidan viciT

xanmokle mexsierebaSi ganmeorebis gareSe informaciis daviwyeba xdeba

cdis pirebs ukiTxaven sam Tanxmovans, mag. F, C da V-s. maT es Tanxmovnebi

unda aRadginon gansxvavebuli droiTi intervalis Semdeg, romlis xangrZlioba
meryeobs 3-dan 18 wamamde. ganmeorebis Tavidan asacileblad, kodirebasa da
aRdgenas Soris CarTulia xelis SemSleli amocana (distraqtori): cdis
pirebs aZleven samniSna ricxvs da avaleben ukuRma daiTvalos samis
gamoklebiT manam, sanam im sami Tanxmovnis aRdgenis niSans miscemen.
eqsperimenti Catarebuli iyo sxvadasxva Tanxmovnebis da gansxvavebuli droiTi
intervalebis gamoyenebiT mravalricxovan cdispirebze.
 133
rogorc 8.6 suraTze naCvenebi, aRdgenili masalis raodenoba sul ufro
iklebs aRbeWvdasa da mogonebas Soris, drois zrdasTan erTad. sami wamis
Semdeg ukve hqonda adgili daviwyebas, 18 wamis Semdeg ki cdis pirebs
aRaraferi axsovdaT. ganmeorebis SesaZleblobis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi
aRdgenili masalis raodenoba mcirdeba drois gasvlasTan erTad (Paterson &
Paterson, 1959).

Sedegi aradamakmayofilebelia imis gamo, rom informaciis ganmeoreba ar

moxda. aradamakmayofilebelia imitomac, rom moxda am informaciis
distraqtoris masalasTan interferencia. (interferenciaze Cven Semdgom
vimsjelebT). Tqven, albaT, SegimCneviaT, rom rodesac wveulebaze pirovnebas
gacnoben, is Tavis saxels da gvars geubnebaT, romelic xSirad swrafadve
gaviwydebaT. erT-erTi ZiriTadi mizezi amisa aris is, rom droa saWiro am
saxelisa da gvaris ganmeorebisaTvis. aba, scadeT, rodesac gagacnoben adamians,
manam sanam saubars gaagrZelebdeT, gaimeoreT ramdenjerme misi saxeli da
gvari.
amrigad, Cven SegviZlia, davaskvnaT, rom ganmeoreba dagexmarebaT, raTa
SevinarCunoT informacia xanmokle mexsierebaSi. magram davuSvaT, es
informacia sakmaod rTulia an didia gasameoreblad, maSin mis SenarCunebaSi
dajgufebis strategia dagexmarebaT.

dajgufeba (Chunking)

jgufi (Chank) aris azris matarebeli informaciis erTeuli (Anderson, 1996).

es erTeuli SeiZleba erTi aso an erTi cifri, an ramdenime wevrisgan Semdgari
jgufi, sityvac da winadadebac ki iyos. magaliTad, cifrebis es Tanmimdevroba
1 9 8 4 oTxi erTeuligan Sedgeba da Tavisuflad jdeba xanmokle mexsierebis
moculobaSi. magram Tu Tqven am cifrebs aRiqvamT, rogorc weliwads (1984
weli), an jorj orvelis wignis „1984“ saTaurs, maSin es erTi erTeuli iqneba
da Tqvens xanmokle mexsierebaSi dagrCebaT adgili sxva masalisTvisac.
dajgufeba (Chunking) aris dasaxsomebeli masalis patar-patara jgufebad
rekonfiguraciis procesi msgavsebis an sxva maorganizebeli principis
safuZvelze, an xangrZliv mexsierebaSi Senaxul informaciaze dayrdnobiT
ufro didi jgufebis (patterns) Seqmnis procesi (Baddeley, 1994).
ramdeni erTeulisgan Sedgeba cifrebis es mwkrivi? 19411917186518121776.
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu erTeulad ganixilavT TiToeul cifrs, Tqveni pasuxi
iqneba „20“, xolo Tu am Tanmimdevrobas gaanawilebT amerikis SeerTebul
 134
Statebis istoriaSi momxdari omebis mixedviT, pasuxi iqneba „5“. Tu Tqven
bolo strategias airCevT, erTi Tvalis gadavlebiTac Zalian gagiadvilebT
igive TnmimdevrobiT am mwkrivis aRdgena. maSin, rodesac Tu am mwkrivs,
rogorc 20 damoukidebeli erTeulisgan Semgars, ganixilavT, ara Tu misi
TanmimdevrobiT, aramed srulad aRdgenasac verafriT SeZlebT.
Tqveni xanmokle mexsierebis moculoba aucileblad gaizrdeba, Tu Tqven
monaxavT didi moculobis masalis ramdenime jgufSi gaerTianebis gzas.
cnobil pirovnebas S. F.-s (igi gamoCenili mrboleli iyo) SeeZlo 84 cifris
daxsomeba maTi distanciis garbenis droTa mixedviT dajgufebis safuZvelze.

saidan viciT

dajgufebis (Chanking) upiratesoba

F.S-s oqmi gviCvenebs mis gonebamaxvilobas. ramdenadac is grZ.el
distanciebze darboda, man SeamCnia, rom bevri mwkrivis cifrebi SeiZleba
dajgufebuliyo, rogorc garbenis dro sxvadasxva distanciaze. magaliTad,
man moaxdina 34925614935 mwkrivis Semdegi saxiT dekodireba: 3:49,2 aris
sarekordo dro; 56,14 aris 10 milis distanciaze garbenis dro; 9,35
sWirdeba 2 milis garbenas. SemdgomSi dasaxsomebeli mwkrivis
dasajgufeblad S.F. iyenebda, agreTve, asaks, RirSesaniSnav TariRebs,
specialur cifrobriv kodebs. aseve, SeeZlo mas Tavisi xangrZlivi
mexsiereba gamoeyenebina, raTa grZeli, SemTxveviTi wesiT dalagebuli
wevrebi azrian jgufebad gaeerTianebina. magram, amave dros, S.F.-s asoebze
saSualo mexsiereba hqonda, radgan ar hqonda gamomuSavebuli asoTa
mwkrivis dajgufebis araviTari strategia. (Chase & Ericsson, 1981; Ericsson &
Chase, 1982).

SF.-s msgavsad, Tqvenc SegiZliaT, axlad Semosuli informaciis

gadastruqtureba moaxdinoT Tqveni pirovnuli gamocdilebidan gamomdinare,
(magaliTad, daukavSiroT igi megobrebis an naTesavebis asaks), an daukavSiroT
axali masala Tqvens xangrZliv mexsierebaSi arsebul kodebs. maSinac ki,
rodesac Tqven ver SeZeliT, Tqvens xangrZliv mexsierebaSi arsebuli wesebi,
mniSvnelobebi Tu kodebi gamogeyenebiaT, am strategiiT sargebloba mainc
SesaZlebelia. SegiZliaT daajgufoT ritmis, riTmis an droiTi intervalebis
mixedviT (magaliTad, 181379256460-dan miiRebT 4 erTeuls: 181, 379, 256 da 460).
yoveldRiuri gamocdilebidan Tqven iciT, rom aseTi dajgufebis principi
mSvenivrad muSaobs telefonis nomris damaxsovrebisas.
 135

• muSa mexsiereba (Working memory) _ mexsierebis unari, romelic

gamoiyeneba, rogorc iseTi amocanebis Tanmxlebi, rogoricaa
mizezobrioba da metyveleba. Sedgeba fonologiuri yulfis, sivrciT-
vizualuri matricisa da centraluri aRmasruleblisagan.
• dajgufeba (Chunking) _ informaciis calkeul wevrTa dajgufebis
procesi msgavsebis an sxva maorganizebeli principis safuZvelze.

xanmokle mexsierebidan informaciis

informaciis aRdgena
ganmeorebasa da dajgufebazea damokidebuli, Tu rogor aRibeWdeba
informacia, raTa uzrunvelyofili iyos misi Senaxva. magram am strategiuli
midgomis gareSec aRmoCnda, rom xanmokle mexsierebidan masalis aRdgena
Zalian efeqtiania. saul Stenbergis klasikur gamokvlevaTa seriaSi (Saul
Sternberg, 1966, 1969) gamoyenebuli iyo amocana, romelic naTelyofda im did
siswrafes, romliTac cdis pirebi afasebdnen xanmokle mexsierebaSi Semosul
informacias.

saidan viciT

xanmokle mexsierebidan masalis efeqturi aRdgena

cdis pirebs didi raodenobiT Catarebuli cdebis TiToeul jerze
eZleodaT dasaxsomebeli masala, romelic erTidan eqvs erTeuls moicavda,
magaliTad, cifrebs 5294 da 6. cdidan cdamde es masala icvleboda imis
mixedviT, Tu romeli da ramdeni cifri iyo miwodebuli. TiToeuli saxis
masalis miwodebis Semdeg Stenbergi maSinve sTavazobda erT gamosacdel
tests – cifrs, romlis Sesaxebac cdis pirebs unda eTqvaT, Sedioda Tu
ara es cifri uSualod mis mier aRqmul masalaSi. damokidebuli cvladi
cnobis siswrafe iyo. ramdenad swrafad SeeZlo cdis pirs daeWira xeli
Rilakze, romelzec aRniSnuli iyo „diax“, raTa daedasturebina, rom
axsovs, rom es cifri iyo dasaxsomebel masalaSi da daeWira xeli Rilakze
aRniSvniT „ara“, raTa eCvenebina, rom darwmunebuli iyo, rom es cifri
miwodebul cifrebs Soris ar iyo. Stenbergma daiTvala es dro da
aRmoCnda, rom testuri masalis aRbeWvdasa da Semdeg pasuxs sWirdeboda
400 miliwami, xolo 35 miliwami sWirdeboda am gamRizianeblis (cifris)
mexsierebaSi Senaxul informaciasTan Sedarebas. erTi wami sWirdeba 30
aseT Sedarebas. rogorc vxedavT, xanmokle mexsierebidan informaciis
aRdgena araCveulebrivad efeqtiani aRmoCnda.
 136
Tumca, Stenbergis Sedegebis asaxsnelad wamoyenebuli iyo gansxvavaebuli
Teoriebi (Ratcliff, 1978, Townsend, 1971, 1990), yvela Tanxmdeba imaSi, rom xanmokle
mexsierebidan informaciis amotana Zalian swrafad xdeba. modiT, gavakeToT
garkveuli daskvnebi am aRmoCenidan da gavavloT analogia did samecniero
biblioTekasTan. mocemul biblioTekaSi wignebis didi raodenobaa (aRsaqmel
STabeWdilebaTa didi raodenoba), magram, Tqvenda samwuxarod, yovel jerze
mxolod sami wigniT sargeblobis ufleba gaqvT (xanmokle mexsierebis
SezRuduli moculoba). magram, davuSvaT, yoveli msurveli wigns Zalian
swrafad kiTxulobs (xanmokle mexsierebidan informaciis amotanis siswrafe).
aseTi unaris gamo Tqven mSvenivrad isargeblebT biblioTekiT da iSviTad
gaacnobierebT biblioTekaSi moqmed ganawess sami wignis gatanis Sesaxeb.
Tqveni xanmokle mexsierebac msgavs samuSaos asrulebs informaciis miRebasa
da efeqtur aRdgenas Soris.

muSa mexsiereba

Cven gansakuTrebiT gavamaxvileT yuradReba xanmokle mexsierebaze da im

rolze, romelsac xanmokle mexsiereba TamaSobs axali informaciis
eqspliciturad aRbeWvdis procesSi. magram, rogorc adrec aRvniSneT, Tqven
gWirdebaT kidev iseTi mexsiereba, romelic mudmiv aqtivobaSia da nebismier
momentSi, nebismieri Tqveni moqmedebis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobas mogcemT,
gansxvavebiT mexsierebis im formebisgan, romelic faqtebis aRbeWvdas udevs
safuZvlad. magram aucilebelia mexsierebis TvalsaCino Sedegis gamovlenamde
mimdinare procesebic. gaxsovT, albaT, am Tavis dasawyisSi Cven gTxoveT
dagemaxsovrebinaT ricxvi. SegiZliaT moigonoT es ricxvi? Tu SeZeliT misi
mogoneba, maSasadame, Tqven aqtiurad warmoidgineT daxsomebuli ricxvi – es
mexsierebis sxva funqciaa. Tu Cven gTxovT, gaakeToT raRac ufro rTuli,
magaliTad, gadaisroloT burTi erTi xelidan meoreSi da paralelurad
ukuRma iTvaloT samis gamoklebiT 132-dan, am SemTxvevaSi Tqven mexsierebas
ufro met moTxovnebs uyenebT. mkvlevrebma gaaanalizes mexsierebis is
funqciebi, romlebic yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi gWirdebaT da Seqmnes Teoria
muSa mexsierebis Sesaxeb, sadac es ukanaskneli klasikuri xanmokle mexsierebis
formad ganixiles. (Healy & McNamara, 1996). alan bedlim da misma kolegebma (Alan
 137
Baddeley, 1986, 1992, Baddeley, Andrade, 2000) muSa mexsierebaSi sami komponenti
gamoyves:
• fonologiuri sacavi: masSi xdeba enaze (metyvelebaze) dafuZnebuli
informaciis Semosvla da misi gamoyeneba. fonologiuri sacavi
nawilobriv emTxveva xanmokle mexsierebas. rodesac imeorebiT am wuTSi
mosmenil TqvenTvis ucnob telefonis nomers daxsomebis mizniT, am dros
fonologiur sacavis moqmedebas eyrdnobiT.
• mxedvelobiT-sivrciTi sqema: is fonologiuri sacavis msgavs
funqcias asrulebs, oRond sivrciTi da mxedvelobiTi STbeWdilebebis
mimarT. Tu, magaliTad, vinme gkiTxavT, ramdeni merxia Tqvens
auditoriaSi, Tqven iyenebT mxedvelobiT-sivrciTi sqemis SesaZleblobebs
auditoriis warmosadgenad da Semdeg iTvliT merxebis raodenobas.
• centraluri aRmasrulebeli: aq xdeba yuradRebaze kontroli da
fonologiuri sacavidan da sivrciT-mxedvelobiTi sqemidan miRebuli
informaciis koordinacia. yovelTvis, rodesac gaqvT amocana, romelic
fsiqikur procesTa koordinacias moiTxovs, warmoidgineT, magaliTad,
rom gaixsenoT da aRweroT raRac suraTi. Tqven eyrdnobiT centraluri
aRmasruleblis funqcias, romelic warmarTavs Tqvens fsiqikur
SesaZleblobebs amocanis sxvadasxva aspeqtis gadasawyvetad. (am sakiTxs
me-9-e TavSi davubrundebiT).

xanmokle mexsierebis muSa mexsierebis cnebis ufro farTo konteqstSi

Seyvana amtkicebs im mosazrebas, rom xanmokle mexsiereba procesia da ara _
lokaluri adgili. SemecnebiTi saqmianoba, magaliTad, metyvelebis procesi Tu
problemuri situaciis gadawyvetis msgavsi kognituri aqtioba, bevri
gansxvavebuli elementis swraf da Tanmimdevar amoqmedebas da CarTvas
moiTxovs. muSa mexsiereba Tqven SegiZliaT ganixiloT, rogorc aucilebeli
elementebis sagangebo da xanmokle mobilizacia. Tu gindaT, ukeT daakvirdeT
romelime fizikur obieqts, SegiZliaT ufro metad gamokveToT igi; muSa
mexsierebas Tqveni fsiqikuri obieqtebis _ mexsierebis warmodgenebis naTlad
asaxvac SeuZlia. muSa mexsiereba koordinacias uwevs, agreTve, am obieqtebTan
dakavSirebul aqtivobebs.
mecnierebma daamtkices, rom muSa mexsierebis mixedviT adamianebi
individualurad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan. (Daneman, Merikle, 1956; Jenkins et. al.,
1999). erT-erTi ZiriTadi kriteriumi amis dasadgenad aris muSa mexsierebis
moculoba. am mizniT, mkvlevrebi sTxoven cdis pirebs winadadebaTa seriis
 138
xmamaRla wakiTxvas da, Semdeg, TiToeuli winadadebis bolo sityvebis
aRdgenas. 8.1 cxrilSi sacdelad warmogidgenT ramdenime aseT winadadebas. Aam
amocanis Sesruleba arc ise martivia. dadgenilia, rom vinc saSualod 4 an met
erTeuls ixsomebs, aqvs kargi mexsierebis moculoba, xolo Tu 2,5 erTeuls an
naklebs ixsomebs _ mcire moculoba. magram es aris saSualo monacemi,
gamoyvanili gansxvavebuli amocanebis gamoyenebiT Catarebuli mravali cdidan.
ase rom, 8.1 cxrilSi motanili testidan amaze mets sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb
verafers SeityobT. imis gamo, rom muSa mexsierebis moculoba aris imis
sazomi, Tu Tavisi xanmokle kognituri procesebis gamoyenebis ra
SesaZleblobebi aqvs individs, mecnierebi iyeneben mas gansxvavebul amocanebze
SesaZlo pasuxTa prognozirebisaTvis.
saidan viciT

muSa mexsierebis moculoba gavlenas axdens teqstis daxsomebaze

mecnierebma gamoyves individTa sami jgufi, romelTagan TiToeuls,

Sesabamisad, hqonda maRali, saSualo da dabali mexsierebis moculoba.
TiToeul cdis pirs sTxovdnen waekiTxaT moTxroba „mSvenieri Zveli
saxlis“ Sesaxeb, erTis mxriv, myidvelis da, meore mxriv, mZarcvelis
poziciidan. moTxrobaSi aRwerili sagnebi da faqtebi savsebiT sakmarisi
iyo, rogorc erTi, ise meore poziciis gansamtkiceblad. magaliTad, saxlis
moZvelebul saxuravs upirispirdeboda monetebis Zveli koleqcia.
mkvlevrebs ainteresebdaT, ra gavlenas moaxdenda maT mexsierebaze is
pozicia, romelic maT moTxrobis kiTxvisas hqondaT. cdis pirebs
sTxovdnen, orjer aRedginaT moTxroba – erTxel Tavdapirveli poziciis
mixedviT (myidveli an mZarcveli) da Semdeg meore poziciis safuZvelze.
(axla warmoidgine, rom xar. . .). cdis pirebs, romelTac mexsierebis didi
moculoba hqondaT, meore poziciidanac sakmao masalis aRdgena SeeZloT.
es ver sSeZles sxva cdis pirebma. (Lee-Sammons & Whitney, 1991).

mkvlevrebma daaskvnes, rom mcire da saSualo moculobis mexsierebis mqone

cdis pirebi Tavidanve irCeven pozicias da am poziciidan xdeba, ZiriTadad,
moTxrobis informaciis gadamuSaveba. maRali/didi moculobis cdis pirebs ki
SeuZliaT orive poziciis safuZvelze am informaciis gadamuSaveba.
eqsperimentebi, romlebSic muSa mexsierebis moculoba izomeba, xels uwyobs
imis garkvevas, Tu ra gansazRvravs mexsierebis SesaZleblobebis gamoyenebis
individualur gansxvavebebs.
 139
da bolos: muSa mexsierebis mier xdeba Tqveni fsiqologiuri awmyos
SeCereba. swored muSa mexsierebaa, romlis saSualebiTac Semodis konteqstSi
axali informacia, damoukidebli epizodebis erTmaneTTan dakavSireba da
erTian Sinaarsad Sekvra. igi gaZlevT SesaZleblobas, cvalebadi situaciis
Sesabamisad, mudmivad ganaaxloT, SeavsoT Tqveni STabeWdilebebi Tu
warmodgenebi da gamokveToT arsebiTi momentebi saubarSi. es yvelaferi
simarTlea, radgan muSa mexsiereba gamtaris rols TamaSobs Semosul
informaciasa da xangrZliv mexsierebas Soris.
axla gadavideT droSi ufro gamZle mexsierebis formebis ganxilvaze.

Sejameba

xanmokle mexsierebis funqcia aris eqsplicituri saxiT informaciis

pirveladi aRbeWvda. xanmokle mexsiereba itevs oridan oTxamde erTeuls.
ganmeorebas SeuZlia informaciis SeCereba xanmokle mexsierebaSi. moculoba
izrdeba, Tu informacia azrobriv nawilebad dajgufdeba. informaciis amotana
xanmokle mexsierebidan swrafad xdeba. klasikuri xanmokle mexsierebis cneba
Secvala ufro farTo, muSa mexsierebis cnebam. muSa mexsierebis sami
komponenti asaxavs adamianis mier gamocdilebis SeZenis mudmiv process.

• xangrZlivi mexsiereba (Long-term memory) _ daxsomebis procesi, romelic

uzrunvelhyofs informaciis Senaxvas da SemdgomSi, nebismier dros mis
aRdgenas.
• kodirebis specifikuroba (Encoding specificity) _ es principi gulisxmobs, rom
aRdgenili informaciis raodenoba matulobs, Tu daxsomebis da aRdgenis
procesSi erTi da igive mimniSneblebi moqmedeben.

xangrZlivi mexsiereba. aRbeWvda (kodireba) da Senaxva

ramden xans inaxeba informacia mexsierebaSi? ganvixiloT 90 wlis qalis

mexsiereba , romelsac TvalnaTliv axsovs san franciskoSi 1906 wels momxdari
miwisZvra da xanZari, romelic am miwisZvras mohyva. mas zustad axsovs, Tu ras
ganicdida, rodesac igi sxva bavSvebTan erTad mirboda yuresTan didi
brezentis tomrebis wyliT asavsebad. Semdeg mama arTmevda am svel tomrebs da
asxamda saxuravze im imediT, rom saxls xanZrisgan gadaarCenda. veraviTarma
Semdgomma STabeWdilebebma ver waSala is SiSi da SfoTva, romelic am patara
 140
gogonam ganicada, rodesac xedavda, Tu rogor iyo misi qalaqi miwasTan
gasworebuli. (rogor ingreoda qalaqi).
rodesac fsiqologebi saubroben xangrZlivi mexsierebis Sesaxeb, isini
gulisxmoben, rom daxsomebuli Sinaarsi, STabeWdileba, xSirad, SeiZleba
mTeli sicocxlis manZilze axsovdes adamians. aqedan gamomdinare, Teoriam
unda axsnas ara mxolod is, Tu rogor inaxeba informacia didi xniT, aramed
isic, Tu rogor SeuZlia mexsierebas misi aRdgena–gamoyenebac. xangrZlivi
mexsiereba aris SegrZnebebis da xanmokle mexsierebis gziT miRebuli
nebismieri saxis gamocdilebis sacavi. masSi Sedis movlenebi, informacia,
emociebi, Cvevebi, sityvebi, kategoriebi, wesebi da msjelobebi. xangrZlivi
mexsiereba inaxavs pirovnebis mTlian codnas samyarosa da sakuTari Tavis
Sesaxeb.
fsiqologebisTvis cnobilia, rom xSirad ufro advilia xangrZlivi droiT
daxsomeba, Tu mis Sesaxeb winaswar garkveuli azri gaqvs. es winaswari
informacia gexmarebaT, erTgvari sqemis rols TamaSobs Semosuli informaciis
ukeT gagebisTvis. daskvnis saxiT mexsierebis Sesaxeb Cven Semdegi unda
giTxraT: Tqveni mexsiereba gacilebiT ukeTesi iqneba, Tu is pirobebi,
romelSic informaciis aRbeWvda moxda, daemTxveva an maqsimalurad Tanxvdeba
im pirobebs, romelSic mis aRdgenas cdilobT. Tavis Semdgom nawilebSi
vnaxavT, Tu ras niSnavs „damTxveva“.

konteqsti da kodireba

manam, sanam kodirebasa da aRdgenas Soris Sesabamisobas SevexebodeT, gvinda

ganvixiloT fenomeni, romelsac „konteqstis Soks“ uwodeben. xalxiT gavsebul
oTaxSi dainaxeT pirovneba, romelsac, grZnobT, rom namdvilad icnobT, magram
ver mogigonebiaT vin aris, xolod met-naklebad xangrZlivi da zrdilobiani
dakvirvebis Semdeg gaxsendebaT misi vinaoba, magram imasac acnobierebT, rom
imitom gagiWirdaT misi mogoneba, rom mas adre sxva konteqstSi SexvdiT. ras
akeTebs fostaSi werilebis ganyofilebaSi mosamsaxure qali Tqveni saukeTeso
megobris wveulebaze? Tu gqoniaT Tqvens gamocdilebaSi aseTi SemTxveva,
mixvdebiT ra moiazreba kodirebis specifikurobis principSi: mexsiereba
yvelaze efeqtianad maSin moqmedebs, rodesac aRdgenis procesis konteqsti
kodirebis konteqsts emTxveva. axla vnaxoT, rogor moaxdines mecnierebma am
principis demonstrireba.

kodirebis specifikuroba
 141
ra mniSvneloba aqvs konkretul konteqstSi informaciis swavlas? pirvelad
endel tulvingma da donald tompsonma 1973 wels moaxdines kodirebis
specifikurobis mniSvnelobis demonstrireba, rodesac mogonebasa da cnobas
Soris Cveuli urTierTdamokidebulebis sawinaaRmdego Sedegi miiRes.

saidan viciT

kodirebis specifikuroba gavlenas axdens cnobasa da mogonebaze

cdis pirebs sTxoven, daiswavlon sityvaTa mwkrivebi, mag. vagoni-Savi,
magram, amave dros, afrTxileben, rom maT unda daixsomon wyvilis mxolod
meore sityva. eqsperimentis Semdeg stadiaze cdis pirebs sTxoven sityvaze
TeTri oTx Tavisufal asociacias. es sityva specialurad aris SerCeuli
imisTvis, rom am asociaciaTa Soris sityva Savi aRmoCndes. amis Semdeg
cdis pirebs sTxoven, icnon am asociaciebSi is sityva, romelTa daxsomebac
maT eqsperimentis pirvel fazaSi wyvilebidan moeTxovebodaT. cdis pirebma
mxolod 54%-is mogoneba SesZles. xolo maSin, rodesac wyvilis pirveli
wevri dausaxeles, 61 % aRadgines.

ratom iyo mogoneba ukeTesi, vidre cnoba? tulvingis da tomsonis mixedviT,

amis mizezi konteqstis Secvlaa. cdis pirebisTvis, romlebmac sityva Savi
daixsomes vagonis konteqstSi, Zneli iyo misi aRdgena, roca konteqsti sityva
TeTriT Seicvala. Tuki aseT mniSvnelovan cvlilebas konteqstis es
minimaluri cvlileba iZleva, warmoidgineT yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi arsebuli
rTuli konteqstebis cvalebadoba ramdenad did efeqts gamoiwvevs.
mecnierebma SeZles konteqstis mexsierebaze sakmaod Zlieri gavlenis
eqsperimentuli gamowveva. erT-erT aseT eqsperimentSi myvinTavebi swavlobdnen
sityvaTa mwkrivs zRvis napirze da wyalqveS. Semdeg ki imave sityvaTa
Semowmeba am or konteqstSi (napirze da wyalqveS xdeboda. aRmoCnda, rom
daxsomebis efeqturoba 50%-iT meti iyo, rodesac kodireba da aRdgena
erTnair pirobebSi, erT konteqstSi xdeboda, Tumca, TviT masalas araferi
saerTo ar hqonda arc napirTan da arc yvinTvasTan. (Gooden & Baddeleyi, 1975).
seve, daxsomeba ukeTesia, Tu masalis ardgenisas Tanmxlebi musika igivea rac
daxsomebisas. (Balch & Lewis, 1996). Sabis eqsperimentSi ki daxsomebis efeqturoba
ufro maRali iyo, rodesac Sokoladis sunis fonze xdeboda daxsomeba da
aRdgena (Schab, 1990). sunsa da konteqstis efeqts Soris urTierTkavSirze
Catarebulma eqsperimentebma gamoavlina, rom yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi
gansxvavebuli suni gansxvavebul gavlenas axdens konteqstis efeqtze.
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saidan viciT

mkveTri suni mimniSneblis rols asrulebs

romeli sunia ufro mniSvnelovani mexsierebis konteqstis efeqtisTvis?

ramdenime eqsperimenti iyo am mimarTulebiT Catarebuli sxvadasxva
sunelebis gamoyenebiT. erT SemTxvevaSi es iyo cdis pirebisTvis sruliad
ucxo, uCveulo sunis matarebeli osmantusi (aziuri warmoSobis mcenareul-
kenkrovani; Herz, 1997, p. 375), Cveulebrivi, nacnobi suni, magram uCveulo
kvleviTi laboratoriisTvis (vanili) da laboratoriisTvis Cveuli
(fiWvis) suni. hipoTezis mixedviT, mxolod ori suni gamoiwvevda
yuradRebas Tavisi siaxliT da uCveulobiT da CaerTveboda kodirebis
procesSi. hipoTeza dadasturda. Tumca, kodirebasa da aRdgenas Soris 48
saaTi gavida, cdis pirebi mniSvnelovnad met sityvas ixsomebdnen (20
sityviani mwkrividan), rodesac aRdgenis dros igive suni iyo oTaxSi, rac
aRbeWvdisas. magram es exeboda mxolod osmantuss da vanils. (Herz, 1996).

am gamokvlevebSi naTlad gamoCnda, rom ara yovelgvari suni monawileobs

konteqstis efeqtSi. sunis mniSvneloba SeiZleba sxvadasxva konteqstSi
icvlebodes. tkbileulobis maRaziaSi SeiZleba vanilma Tavisi Zala, rogorc
konteqstis elementma, dakargos.

rigSi adgilmdebareobis
adgilmdebareobis efeqti

konteqstis efeqti Cven, aseve, SeiZleba gamoviyenoT mexsierebis erT-erT

klasikuri kanonzomierebis – rigSi adgilmdebareobis efeqtis asaxsnelad.
davuSvaT, Tqven unda daiswavloT sityvaTa mwkrivi. Tu Cven gTxovT, gaixsenoT
TanmimdevrobiT es sityvebi, raodenoba, romelsac Tqven aRadgenT, Sesabamisi
iqneba 8.7 suraTze gamosaxuli Sedegisa: Tqven mSvenivrad aRadgenT mwkrivis
dasawyisidan ramdenime (dasawyisis
dasawyisis efeqti)
efeqti da bolodan ramdenime sityvas
(daboloebis
daboloebis efeqti).
efeqti mwkrivis Sua nawilidan ki erTi–ori sityva
gagaxsendebaT. 8.7 suraTze gamosaxuli kanonzomiereba zogadia mexsierebis,
rogorc Tavisufali wesiT aRdgenili masalis mimarT (gaixseneT, ramdeni
sityvis gaxsenebasac SeZlebT) ise, igive TanmimdevrobiT aRdgenis instruqciis
SemTxvevaSi (gaixseneT igive TanmimdevrobiT, ra TanmimdevrobiTac moismineT)
da, agreTve, sxvadasxva raodenobis – 6, 10, 15 sityvaTa mwkrivis daxsomebis
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dros (Jahnke, 1965). mecnierebma daadgines, rom dasawyisis da daboloebis efeqti
bevr satesto situaciaSic moqmedebs (Crowder, 1976, Neath, 1993). ra dRea dRes?
daijerebT, rom erTi wamiT ufro swrafad upasuxebT am kiTxvaze kviris
dasawyisSi da bolos, vidre Sua kviraSi? (Koriat & Fischoff, 1974).
mrudis aseTi forma aixsneba mwkrivis wevrebis gansxvavebuli
konteqstualuri mniSvnelobiT, Tqveni cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis
Sinaarsebis gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobiT da sxv. (Knoedler et al 1999, Marks &
Crowder, 1997, Neath & Knoedler, 1994). konteqstualuri gansxvavebis gasagebad
SeiZleba dasvaT kiTxva: „ramdenad gansxvavdeboda situacia (konteqsti),
romelSic me miviRe informacia, im situaciisgan, romelSic me unda aRvadgino
igi?“ SevCerdeT daboloebis efeqtze. 8.8 suraTze mocemulia vizualuri
gamokveTilobis magaliTi. warmoidgineT, rom suraTze Tqven matareblis
liandags xedavT. Tqveni yuradReba liandagis bolozea (suraTis ukana
nawilze) mimarTuli da xedavT, rom boloSi, horizontze liandagebis Zelebi
TiTqos uerTdebian erTmaneTs, Tumca, Tanabrad arian sivrceSi daSorebulni.
Cven ki SegviZlia, vTqvaT, rom wina nawilSi ganlagebuli liandagebi gvecema
TvalSi da is Tqveni, (liandagis bolo) konteqstisgan gansxvavebulia. axla
warmoidgineT, rom gindaT, moigonoT aTi bolos nanaxi kinosuraTi. am
SemTxvevaSic liandagis msgavsi situacia gvaqvs. umravles SemTxvevaSi, Tqven
bolo suraTs ukeT warmoidgenT, radganac Tqven gamohyofT erTmaneTSi areul
suraTebidan imas, romelic ufro axloa, axlo warsuls miekuTvneba. am
logikas Tu gavyvebiT, „Sua“ informacia ukeT daxsomebadi gaxdeba, Tu mas
ufro gamovkveTavT (erTmaneTSi areuli aRar iqneba). es idea
gaTvaliswinebulia 8.8B suraTze, sadac liandagebi erTmaneTisgan Tanabrad
arian daSorebulni.
• rigSi adgilmdebareobis efeqti (Serial position effect) _ mexsierebidan
informaciis aRdgenis procesis maxasiaTebeli, rodesac mwkrivis
dasawyisi da bolo wevrebis ukeT mogoneba xdeba, vidre mwkrivis Sua
wevrebisa.
• dasawyisis efeqti (primacy effect) _ mwkrivis pirveli wevrebis ukeTesad
daxsomeba.
• daboloebis efeqti (recency effect) _ mwkrivis bolo wevrebis ukeTesad
daxsomeba.
• konteqstualuri gamokveTa (contextual distinctiveness) _ Tvalsazrisi, romlis
 144
mixedviTac mwkrivis adgilmdebareobis efeqtze SeiZleba gavlena
moaxdinos konteqstma da gamokveTilma warsulma gamocdilebam.

sur. 8.7. mwkrivSi adgilmdebareobis efeqti

mrudi gviCvenebs adgilmdebareobis efeqtis zogad kanonzomierebas.
studentebs sTxoven, gaixsenon gansxvavebuli sigrZis sityvaTa (6, 10, 15 sityva)
mwkrivebi an seriuli aRdgenis wesiT (gaixseneT sityvebi igive TanmimdevrobiT,
ra TanmimdevrobiTac moismineT), an Tavisufali aRdgenis wesiT (gaixsenebT,
ramdensac SeZlebT). TiToeul mrudze kargad Cans, rom daxsomeba ukeTesia
dasawyisSi (dasawyisis efeqti) da boloSi (daboloebis efeqti).

saidan viciT

mwkrivis elementebis gamokveTa

imisaTvis, rom matareblis liandagebi Tanabrad daSorebuli davinaxoT,
saWiroa, liandagis Zelebi Tanabrad davaSoroT erTmaneTs. samagierod,
naklebs davinaxavT. mecnierebma es logika gamoiyenes mexsierebis
eqsperimentSi, gaatares ra analogia sivrcesa da dros Soris. cdis pirebs
sTxovdnen, daexsomebinaT asoTa mwkrivebi, magram gansxvavebuli droiTi
intervalis pirobebSi. drois es cvlileba Semdegnairad xorcieldeboda:
cdis pirebs sTxovdnen, waekiTxaT SemTxveviTi ricxvebis garkveuli
raodenoba, romelic kompiuteris ekranze asoebs Soris Cndeboda.
Cveulebriv pirobebSi, A nawilis msgavsad, 8.8 suraTze or wyvils Sua ori
cifri Cndeboda. proporciul pirobebSi ki (B nawilis nsgavsad) pirvel
wyvils Soris 4 cifri iyo, xolo bolo wyvilebs Soris – arc erTi. amas
unda gamoewvia is, rom wina cifrebi ufro gamokveTili unda yofiliyo
iseve, rogorc liandagis SemTxvevaSi moSorebuli Zeli ufro Sors Canda.
marTlac, cdis pirebi ukeT ixsomebdnen Soreul (adre aRqmul) masals im
SemTxvevaSi, rodesac es wevrebi ukeT iyvnen gamokveTilni. (Neath & Crowder,
1990).

es eqsperimenti imaze miuTiTebs, rom standartuli daboloebis efeqts

adgili aqvs imitom, rom mwkrivis bolo wevrebi ukve avtomaturad
gamokveTilia. igive principiT SeiZleba avxsnaT dasawyisis efeqti: yovel
jerze Tqven raRac axals iwyebT, axal konteqsts qmniT. am axal konteqstSi
pirveli ramdenime mocemulobaa gamokveTili. amrigad, dasawyisis da
daboloebis efeqti SegiZliaT ganixiloT, rogorc erTi da igive liandagis
mimarT ori pozicia- TiToeuli TiTo bolodan.
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mogonebis mimniSneblebi.
mimniSneblebi.

ramdenadac Cven vagrZelebT aRbeWvdasa da mogonebaze saubars, droa Tqveni

mexsierebac CavrToT muSaobaSi. vecdebiT gavimeoroT klasikuri eqsperimenti
mexsierebaze da amitom gTxovT daimaxsovroT ramdenime sityvaTa wyvili.
gaimeoreT da daiswavleT es wyvilebi manam, sanam eqvsives samjer uSecdomod
zepirad ar ityviT:

vaSli – navi

qudi –Zvali

velosipedi _ saaTi

Tagvi _ xe

burTi – saxli

yuri – sabani

axla, rodesac Tqven ukve daiswavleT sityvaTa mwkrivebi, am tests kidev

ufro sainteresos gavxdiT. axla gvWirdeba Senaxvis intervali – dro, romlis
ganmavlobaSic unda SeinaxoT informacia mexsierebaSi. modiT, drois gayvanis
mizniT, visaubroT zogierT proceduraze, romelsac Tqveni mexsierebis
Sesamowmeblad gamoviyenebT. Tqven SeiZleba gadawyvitoT, rom gaxsovT an ar
gaxsovT raRac da mexsierebis romeli meTodiTac ar unda Segamowmon, erTnair
Sedegs miiRebT. es ar aris ase. magaliTad, Cven vnaxavT, rom implicituri da
eqsplicituri mexsierebis testebi sruliad gansxvavebul Sedegebs gvaZleven,
magram jer-jerobiT ganvixiloT eqsplicituri mexsierebis ori meTodi:
mogoneba da cnoba.
mogonebis dros xdeba adre mowodebuli informaciis reproduqcia. „ra aris
rigSi adgilmdebareobis efeqti?“ es kiTxva mogonebis kiTxvaa. cnobis dros ki
xdeba imis gacnobiereba, rom raRac movlena swored isaa, romelic Tqven adre
aRiqviT (gaigoneT an dainaxeT). „ra ewodeba mxedvelobiT sensorul
mexsierebas: (1) eqo; (2) engrama; (3)xati; Tu (4) abstraqtuli kodi?“ es ki cnobis
kiTxvaa. cnoba da mogoneba Tqvens yoveldRiur eqsplicitur mexsierebasac
ukavSirdeba. kriminaluri pirovnebis dasadgenad policia iyenebs mogonebis
meTods, rodesac dazarelebuls sTxovs, aRweros, moigonos borotmoqmedis
specifikuri niSnebi: „rame ucnauri xom ar SeniSneT Tavdamsxmelis
garegnobaSi?“ xolo rodesac dazaralebuls uCveneben eWvmitanilTa fotoebs
 146
da ramdenimes Soris unda amoicnos konkretuli Tavdamsxmeli, an TviTon
borotmoqmeds uCveneben policiis ganyofilebaSi, maSin cnobasTan gvaqvs saqme.

• mogoneba (Recall) _ aRdgenis meTodi, romlis drosac individs moeTxoveba

adre mowodebuli informaciis reproduqcia.
• cnoba (Recognition) _ aRdgenis meTodi, romlis drosac individs
moeTxoveba imis gacnobiereba, rom raRac movlena swored isaa, romelic
Tqven adre aRiqviT (gaigoneT an dainaxeT).

axla gamoviyenoT es ori procedura, raTa SevamowmoT, Tu rogor

daimaxsovreT sityvaTa mwkrivebi ramdenime wuTis win. daasruleT sityvaTa
mwkrivebi:

velosipedi _ yuri _
qudi _ ?
? ?

SegiZliaT SearCioT is wyvilebi, romlebic daiswavleT?

vaSli _ bavSvi Tagvi _ xe burTi _ saxli

vaSli _ navi Tagvi _ ena burTi _ mTa

vaSli _ Tagvi _ karavi burTi _ rqa

boTli

cnobis testi ufro advilia Tu mogonebis? asec unda iyos. axla vcadoT am
Sedegis axsna mogonebis mimniSneblebis daxmarebiT.
mogonebis mimniSneblebs
mimniSneblebs uwodeben im saSualebebs, romlebic gexmarebaT
mexsierebaSi garkveuli informaciis moZebnaSi. es mimniSnebeli SeiZleba
modiodes garemodan, rogorc, vTqvaT, provokaciuli kiTxvebi („mexsierebis
romel principebs daukavSirebdiT sperlingis da Stenbergis kvlevebs?“), an
Tqven TviTon SeqmnaT („sad minaxavs igi adre?“). Tqven yoveTlTvis cdilobT,
eqspliciturad gaixsenoT. amas akeTebT garkveuli mizniT da am mizans xSirad
mogonebis mimniSneblis saSualebiT aRwevT. ar unda gagikvirdeT, rom advili
iqneba gaxseneba Tu Zneli, damokidebulia mimniSnebelze. Tu Tqveni megobari
gkiTxavT, „vin aris is imperatori, ver vigoneb?“ Tqven unda gamoicnoT vis
gulisxmobs (faqtobrivad, es gamocnobanas TamaSi iqneba, magram Tu ikiTxavs:
„vin iyo klaudiusis Semdeg imperatori?“, am kiTxvaze Tqven maSinve upasuxebT –
„neroni“.
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davubrundeT isev mogonebasa da cnobas. mexsierebis orive testi moiTxovs
mimniSneblebs, magram cnobis mimniSneblebi gacilebiT ufro Sedegiania.
mogonebis SemTxvevaSi, Tqven mxolod mimniSnebels unda miendoT, rom igi
migiTiTebT informaciaze. cnobis SemTxvevaSi ki naxevari saqme gakeTebulia.
rodesac uyurebT sityvaTa wyvils Tagvi-xe, Tqven mxolod unda „ki“ an „ara“
upasuxoT kiTxvas: „es aris, adre rac vnaxe? (Tu viswavle?)“ vidre maSin,
rodesac pasuxobT: Tagvi _ ?; „ra vnaxe (ra viswavle?).“ rogorc xedavT, cnobis
testi mniSvnelovnad gagiadvileT. magram axla warmoidgineT, rom amis
nacvlad gaZlevT adre mocemul wyvilebs areulad. romelia amaTgan swori?
qudi _ yuri _ navi
saaTi
qudi _ yuri _
Zvali sabani

axla Tqven unda icnoT ara swored is sityva, romelic adre naxeT, aramed
misi Sesabamisi konteqstic. (Cven isev gavixseneT konteqstis ideas). Tu Tqven
xSirad SegivsiaT mravlobiTi arCevanis testi, gecodinebaT, rogori cbieri
SeiZleba iyos cnobis situacia. magram umravles SemTxvevaSi Tqveni cnobis
Sedegebi ukeTesi iqneba, vidre mogonebis, radgan mogonebis mimniSneblebi
cnobis SemTxvevaSi ufro mizanmimarTulia. axla gavecnoT mogonebis
mimniSneblebis zogierT sxva aspeqtsac.
• mogonebis mimniSneblebi (Retrieval cues) _ Signidan an garedan momdinare
stimulebi, romelic gvexmareba mexsierebaSi garkveuli informaciis
moZebnaSi.
• epizoduri mexsiereba (Episodic memories) _ xangrZlivi mexiereba
avtobiografiuli xasiaTis movlenebisTvis da im konteqstisTvis, sadac
es movlenebi xdeba.
• semantikuri mexsiereba
mexsiereba (Semantic memories) _ genetikuri, kategoriuli
mexsiereba, rogoricaa sityvebis mniSvnelobebi da cnebebi.

epizoduri da semantikuri mexsiereba

Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rom arsebobs mexsierebis gansxvavebuli formebi. Tqven

gaqvT implicituri da eqsplicituri mexsiereba da, agreTve, deklaraciuli da
proceduruli mexsiereba. Cven SegviZlia sxva ganzomilebac SemovitanoT,
romlis mixedviTac deklaraciuli mexsierebis formebi gamoiyofa im
mimniSneblebis gansxvavebis safuZvelze, romlebic aucilebelia informaciis
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amosatanad mexsierebidan. kanadelma fsiqologma endel tulvingma (Endel Tulving)
1972 wels pirvelma miuTiTa deklaraciuli mexsierebis epizodur da
semantikur formaze.
epizoduri mexsiereba individualurad inaxavs pirovnebis mier gancdil
movlenebs. magaliTad, Tqveni yvelaze bednieri dabadebis dRe, an pirveli
kocna Tqvens epizodur mexsierebaSia Senaxuli. imisaTvis, rom gaixsenoT esa
Tu is movlena, Tqven gWirdebaT mimniSneblebi, romlebic gizusteben am
movlenis dros _ rodis moxda is, an ra konteqstSi hqonda mas adgili.
informaciis kodirebaze bevrad aris damokidebuli, SeZlebT Tu ara ama Tu im
movlenis gaxsenebas. magaliTad, SeZlebT, gaixsenoT meaTed Tqvens mier
kbilebis gamoxexvis stili riTi gansxvavdeboda meTerTmeted kbilebis
gamoxexvisgan?
yvelaferi, rac Tqven iciT, Tavidan garkveul konteqstTan erTad Semodis.
magram aris informaciaTa garkveuli raodenoba, romelsac uceb poulobT
sruliad gansxvavebul konteqstebSi. am saxis informaciebi amodis mexsierebaSi
maTi Sesabamis drosa Tu adgilTan mikuTvnebis da mimarTebis gareSe. es
semantikuri
semantikuri mexsiereba _ zogadi, kategoriuli mexsierebaa, rogorc, magaliTad,
sityvebis Tu cnebebis mniSvnelobebi. adamianTa umravlesobisaTvis iseTi
faqtebi, rogoric aris E=MC2 an pasuxi kiTxvaze „romelia safrangeTis
dedaqalaqi?“ specialur miTiTebas, Tu rodis an ra situaciaSi SeiZina man es
codna, ar moiTxovs.
ra Tqma unda, es ar niSnavs imas, rom Tqveni semantikuri mexsiereba
yovelTvis saimedoa. Tqven mSvenivrad acnobierebT, rom SeiZleba dagaviwydeT
bevri faqti, romelic aRar ukavSirdeba im situacias, romelSic igi aRiqviT
Tu daiswavleT. saukeTeso strategia im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac ver igonebT
semantikuri mexsierebidan informacias, aris is, rom mas, rogorc epizodurs,
ise miudgeT. Tu etyviT Tqvens Tavs: „vici, rom romaeli imperatorebis
saxelebi dasavleTis civilizaciis speckursSi viswavle“, es dagexmarebaT
gamonaxoT mimniSneblebi, romlebic Segivseben mexsierebaSi am TeTr laqas.

interferencia

rodesac adre gTxoveT, dageswavlaT wyvilovani asociaciebi, faqtobrivad,

es iyo epizoduri mexsiereba. davuSvaT, axla Cven gTxovT sxva saxis epizoduri
mexsierebis amoqmedebas. kidev erTxel scadeT daiswavloT es sityvaTa
wyvilebi ise, rom uSecdomod SeZloT samjer misi ganmeoreba.
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vaSli – qurdi

qudi – wre

Tagvi – Jurnali

velosipedi –saxuravi

burTi – bavSvi

yuri –kapiki

rogor midis saqme? albaT, SeamCnevdiT, rom wyvilis yoveli pirveli sityva
axal sityvasTan aris dakavSirebuli. ufro Zneli iyo am axali wyvilebis
daswavla? rogor fiqrobT, Zvelad daswavlilis mogoneba axla ufro
gagiWirdebaT? (aba, scadeT). orive SemTxvevaSi pasuxi erTia: „Znelia“. es patara
savarjiSo miuTiTebs mimniSnebelis axal aspeqtze _ interferenciaze.
interferencias adgili aqvs maSin, rodesac mimniSnebeli ver moqmedebs
efeqturad da ver aRadgens Sesabamis informacias. rac ufro didia am
specifikur mimniSnebelze SesaZlo pasuxTa raodenoba, miT ufro Znelia erTi
swori pasuxis aRdgena. (Bower et al., 1994, Chandler & Gargano, 1995)
Cven ukve mogiyvaneT magaliTi yoveldRiuri cxovrebidan, rodesac gTxoveT,
gagesxvavebinaT kbilis gamoxexvis epizodebi. mogonebebi erTmaneTSi airia,
moxda interferencia. proaqtiuli interferencia (proaqtiuli
( niSnavs
„Semdgomze moqmeds“) niSnavs, rom informacia, romelic warsulSi SeiZineT,
aZnelebs axali informaciis aRbeWvdas. retroaqtiuli interferencia
(retroaqtiuli niSnavs „winaze moqmeds“) ki imaze miuTiTebs, rom axali
informacia xels uSlis Zveli informaciis aRdgenas. sityvaTa wyvilebi,
romlebic Tqven daiswavleT, orive saxis interferencias moicavs. aseve, orive
saxis interferenciasTan geqnebaT saqme, Tu xSirad icvliT telefonis nomers.
Tavidan Tqven giWirT axali telefonis nomris daxsomeba _ Zveli „amoxteba“
xolme. (proaqtiuli interferencia), magram rodesac bolos da bolos kargad
daimaxsovrebT axal nomers, SeiZleba aRmoaCinoT, rom aRar gaxsovT Zveli,
Tumca, wlebis manZilze mas iyenebdiT (retroaqtiuli interfrencia).
rogorc mexsierebis bevri movlenis, maT Soris, interferenciis Seswavlac,
pirvelad daiwyo ebinghausma, romelic TviTon swavlobda uazro marcvalTa
mwkrivebs. man aRmoaCina, rom daswavlilis 65% ar axsovda. 50 wlis Semdegac
aRmoCnda, rom nordvesternis universitetis studentebs, romlebmac ebinghausis
eqsperimentebi gaimeores, igive Sedegebi hqondaT. is mwkrivebi, romelTac
 150
studentebi ufro adre swavlobdenen da amisTvis mravaljer imeorebdnen,
aRdgenisas axlad naswavl mwkrivebSi ereodaT (interferencia) (Underwood, 1948,
1949).
gavixsenoT, ras vusvamdiT Cven mudam xazs: mogonebisTvis gadamwyvetia
kodirebasa da aRdgenas Soris Tanxvedra. Tavis Semdgomi ori nawilis
gacnobisas Tqven naxavT, rogor ukavSirdeba nawilebi erTmaneTs, rom mogoneba
ganxorcieldes: konteqsti, romelSic Tqven cdilobT, aRadginoT warsuli
movlena, TviTon gamodis, rogorc mogonebis mimniSneblis wyaro, xolo
rodesac ar Tanxvdeba kodirebis konteqsti mogonebis konteqsts, aRdgenisas
Semotanil mimniSnebels ar SeuZlia da xelsac uSlis mexsierebaSi saZiebeli
movlenis povnas.
• interferencia (Interference) _ mesierebis fenomeni, romelic maSin xdeba,
rodesac mogonebis mimniSneblebi ver miuTiTeben efeqturad erT
konkretul movlenaze.

kodierebis da aRdgenis procesebi

Cven vnaxeT, rom kodirebis konteqstsa da aRdgenis konteqstebis

urTierTdamTxveva gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs mexsierebisTvis. axla
davazustoT es daskvna im procesebis ganxilviT, romelsac emyareba xangrZliv
mexsierebaSi informaciis miReba da aRdgena. Cven vnaxavT, rom am SemTxvevaSi
saukeTeso Sedegi miiRweva, rodesac kodirebisa da aRdgenis procesebic
erTmaneTs emTxveva.

gadamuSavebis doneebi

daviwyoT iqidan, rom informaciis gadamuSaveba – yuradRebis forma,

romelsac Tqven informaciis kodirebis procesSi iyenebT – gavlenas axdens
Tqvens mier informaciis daxsomebaze. gadamuSavebis
gadamuSavebis doneebis Teoriis mixedviT,
rac ufro Rrma doneze xdeba informaciis gadamuSaveba, miT ufro ukeT
daamaxsovrdeba igi adamians (Craik & Lockhart, 1972, Lockhart & Craik, 1990). Tu
gadamuSaveba moicavs masalis analizs, Sedarebebs, interpretacias da sxva
saxis gadamuSavebebs, daxsomebis efeqti ukeTesi iqneba.
gadamuSavebis siRrme xSirad ganisazRvreba, rogorc msjelobis saxeobebi
dasaxsomebeli eqsperimentuli masalis mimarT. ganvixiloT sityva GyurZeni. Cven
SegviZlia gTxovoT, fizikur doneze warmarToT msjeloba: ra feris melniT
aris es sityva dawerili? an riTmas miaqcioT yuradReba: eriTmeba igi sityva
berZens? an mniSvnelobaze gaamaxviloT yuradReba: magaliTad, rom igi xilia.
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albaT, SeamCnieT, rom yoveli momdevno SekiTxva am sityvis sul ufro Rrma
gadamuSavebas moiTxovs, met sityvebTan dakavSireba gWirdebaT. (Lockhart & Craik,
1990).
magram gadamuSavebis Teoriis nakli isaa, rom mecnierebs yovelTvis ar
SeuZliaT daazuston, Tu ratom vakuTvnebT zogierT gadamuSavebis process
zedapiruls da zogierTs ki Rrmas. magram am saxis gadamuSavebis SemTxvevaSic
ki Sedegebi miuTiTebs, rom procesebs, romelTac iyenebT informaciis
kodirebisTvis, gavlena aqvT imaze, SeZlebT Tu ara am informaciis aRdgenas.
axla ki vnaxavT, rom kodirebis da aRdgenis procesebs Soris damTxveva
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs implicitur mexsierebaSi.
• gadamuSavebis doneebis Teoria (Levels-of-processing theory) _ am Teoriis
mixedviT, rac ufro Rrma doneze xdeba informaciis gadamuSaveba, miT
ufro ukeT daamaxsovrdeba igi adamians.
• gadatanis Sesabamisi gadamuSaveba (Transfer-approptiate processing) _
Tvalsazrisi, romlis mixedviTac mogoneba saukeTesoa, rodesac
implicituri kodirebis da implicituri aRdgenis procesebis damTxveva
xdeba.

gadamuSaveba da implicituri mexsiereba

Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rom gansxvaveba eqsplicitur da implicitur mexsierebas

Soris kodirebis da aRdgenis gansxvevaSi mdgomareobs. (Roediger, 1990, Schacter et
al, 1993). sxva pirobebTan erTad, erT-erTi pirobaa, magaliTad, rom Tqven
impliciturad SegiZliaT aRadginoT masala, romelic Tavidan eqspliciturad
gqondaT aRbeWdili. ase xdeba, rodesac Tqven saxeliT mimarTavT Tqvens
saukeTeso megobars da saxelis gaxseneblad araviTari Zalisxmeva ar
gWirdebaT. zustad aseve implicituri mexsierebis yvelaze aSkara
gamovlenasTan gvaqvs saqme, rodesac implicituri kodirebis da implicituri
aRdgenis procesebis damTxveva xdeba. amas gadatanis Sesabamisi gadamuSaveba
(Transfer-appropriate pocessing) ewodeba: daxsomebis efeqti yvelaze maRalia, rodesac
kodirebis procesSi warmoebuli gadamuSaveba gadadis da gamoiyeneba aRdgenis
procesebSi (Roediger, 1989). Tu ramdenad efeqturi saSualebaa igi, vnaxavT
ramdenime meTodis aRweris safuZvelze, romelic implicitur mexsierebaSi
gamoiyeneba. Semdeg ki giCvenebT, Tu rogor xdeba kodirebisa da aRdgenis
procesebis urTierTSeTanxmeba.
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axla ganvixiloT implicituri mexsierebis Semowmebis tipuri eqsperimenti:
mkvlevrebi studentebs aZlevdnen sityvaTa mwkrivs da sTxovdnen 1-dan (yvelaze
naklebad sasiamovno) 5-de (yvelaze metad sasiamovno) quliT skalaze
SefasebinaT, Tu ramdenad sasiamovno mniSvneloba hqonda TiToeul maTgans
(Rajaram & Roediger, 1993). Aeqsperimentis am pirveli fazis Semdeg cdis pirTa
mexsiereba mowmdeboda erT-erTi Semdegi oTxidan implicituri mexsierebis
amocaniT (davuSvaT, erT-erT mwkrivSi aris sityva martorqa):

fragmentuli sityvis Sevseba. cdis pirs eZleva fragmentuli sityva --rt-

rq-, romelic man unda Seavsos pirveli TavSi mosuli sityviT.

sityvis fuZis Sevseba. cdis pirs evaleba Seavsos sityvis fuZe, magaliTad,
mar-------, pirveli TavSi mosuli sityviT.

sityvis identifikacia. kompiuteris ekranze cdis pirebs eZlevaT sityvaTa

rigi iseTi siswrafiT, rom naTlad TiToeulis aRqma ver SeZlon. maT
unda gamoicnon TiToeuli, kompiuterze miwodebuli, sityva. am
SemTxvevaSi, erT-erTi sityva iqneba martorqa.

anagrama. cdis pirebs eZlevaT igive sityva, magram areuli asoebiT,

magaliTad, qatorarma da maT unda daasaxelon pirveli azriani sityva,
romelic TavSi mouvaT.

zustad iseve, rogorc martorqis SemTxvevaSi, swor pasuxs TiToeul

amocanaze gansazRvravs adre miwodebuli mwkrivis sityvebi. amave dros,
yvelaze sayuradRebo is aris, rom eqsperimentatori cdis piris yuradRebas
specialurad ar warmarTavs Sesabamisobaze adre mwkrivSi arsebul sityvebsa
da axali amocanis pasuxebs Soris – swored amitom aris mexsiereba
implicituri.
implicituri mexsierebis Sesafaseblad mkvlevrebi im cdis pirTa Sedegebs,
romlebmac gaiares eqsperimentis pirveli stadia da Seafases sityvebi
sasiamovno-usiamovno mniSvnelobis mixedviT (magaliTad, martorqa) udarebdnen
im cdis pirTa monacemebs, visac es pirveli stadia ar gauvlia. suraTi 8.9
gviCvenebs, Tu ra gavlenas axdens implicituri mexsiereba sityvebze: procenti
gviCvenebs, Tu ramdeni sityva aRadgines sworad cdis pirebma im sityvebidan,
romlebic pirvelad miwodebul mwkrivebSi iyo, imasTan SedarebiT, romelic am
mwkrivebSi ar iyo. sxvadasxva cdis pirebs sxvadasxva sityvaTa mwkrivebi
miewodeboda. yoveli davalebis SemTxvevaSi Tqven xedavT, rom upiratesoba
adre nanax sityvebs eniWebaT, maSinac ki, rodesac cdis pirebs moeTxovebaT
 153
mxolod sasiamovno-usiamovno mniSvnelobis mixedviT maTi Sefaseba. am
upiratesobas praimings (Priming) uwodeben, radgan winaswar sityvis aRqma
TiTqos amzadebs da xels uwyobs Semdgomi gamocdilebis miRebas. mexsierebis
zogierTi amocanis SemTxvevaSi praimingis efeqti kviraze meti grZeldeba
(Sloman et al., 1988).
axla davubrundeT kodirebasa da aRdgenas Soris Tanxvedris sakiTxs.
implicituri mexsierebis oTxive testi gulisxmobs testSi mocemuli
informaciis fizikuri maxasiaTeblebis Tanxvedras. sxva sityvebiT, ra
procesebic moqmedebs martorqis kodirebis procesSi, igive procesebi
ganapirobeben sityvis fuZis mar--------s Sevsebas. magram arsebobs sxva testi _
kategoriuli asociaciis, romelic mniSvnelobas, cnebas efuZneba da ara _
fizikuri maxasiaTeblebis Tanxvedras. davuSvaT, gaZlevT „miTologiuri
qmnilebebis“ gvarovnul cnebas da gTxovT, daasaxeloT am kategoriis imdeni
Semadgeneli, ramdensac SeZlebT mokle drois ganmavlobaSi, magram Tu Tqven
mogindebaT TqvaT „martorqa“ imis gamo, rom is adre mowodebul sityvaTa
mwkrivSi (Tumca, gansxvavebul konteqstSi) amoikiTxeT, saqme gveqneba
implicitur mexsierebasTan.
Tu gamoviyenebT fizikuri maxasiaTeblebis da mniSvnelobis praimingze
damyarebul implicituri mexsierebis or gansxvavebul tests, vnaxavT kavSirs
kodirebasa da aRdgenas Soris.

saidan viciT

praimings adgili aqvs, rodesac gadamuSavebis formaTa Tanxvedra xdeba

mexsierebis mkvlevrebma Caatares eqsperimenti, raTa eCvenebinaT, rom
implicituri mexsierebis gansxvavebul formaSi gansxvavebuli tipis
gadamuSavebas aqvs adgili. cdis pirebs eZleodaT sityvaTa rigi
instruqciiT an mniSvnelobis mixedviT (sasiamovno Sinaarsisaa sityva Tu
usiamovno), an fizikuri maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT (ramden Tanxmovans
Seicavs sityva?) daemuSavebinaT masala. gaixseneT, rom kategoriis
asociaciis testi efuZneba mniSvnelobas. Sesabamisad, mkvlevarTa hipoTeza
is iyo, rom kategoriis asociaciis testSi praimings adgili eqneboda, Tu
Sedegebma hipoTeza daadastura. aseve, fizikuri maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT
masalis damuSavebas praimingi mosdevs mxolod im testebSi, romelic
masalis fizikuri maxasiaTeblebiT damuSavebas gulisxmobs. (Srinivas &
Roediger, 1990).
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am tipis kvlevebi asabuTeben gadatanis Sesabamisi gadamuSavebis Sesaxeb
Tvalsazriss: Tu Tqven informaciis kodirebisTvis iyenebT gadamuSavebis
garkveul tips, magaliTad, fizikur an mniSvnelobis mixedviT analizs, maSin am
informaciis aRdgena yvelaze efeqtiani iqneba, Tu am dros analizis igive tips
gamoiyenebT (Park & Gabrieli 1995; Rajaram et al., 1998; Weldon et al., 1995). adre Cven aseTi
azri gamovTqviT: mogoneba yvelaze efeqturia maSin, rodesac pirobebi,
romelSic moxda informaciis kodireba, emTxveva im pirobebs, romelSic unda
moxdes aRdgena. am TavSi Cven warmogidgineT am azris dasasabuTebeli faqtebi.
axla vnaxoT, rogor SeiZleba kodirebisa da aRdgenis Teoriis Semdgomi
gamoyeneba.
• praimingi (Priming) _ implicituri mexsierebis Sefasebisas, upiratesoba,
romelic adre gagonil sityvas an nanax situacias eniWeba.

arastruqtururebuli informaciis daxsomebis gaumjobeseba

am nawilis wakiTxvis Semdeg Tqven ukve unda gagaCndeT garkveuli azri imis
Sesaxeb, Tu rogor unda gaiumjobesoT yoveldRiuri mexsiereba – meti
daimaxsovroT da naklebi daiviwyoT. monakveTi „fsiqologia Tqvens
cxovrebaSi“ dagexmarebaT, rogor gamoiyenoT es codna swavlasTan mimarTebaSi.
Tqven ukve iciT, rom informaciis aRdgena yvelaze ukeT xdeba, Tu igive
konteqstSi igonebT, an igive gadamuSavebis tips iyenebT, rac masalis
Tavpirvelad aRbeWvdis dros. magram aq erTgvarad gansxvavebul
mdgomareobasTan gvaqvs saqme da amis gagebaSi Cven dagexmarebiT. saqme exeba
arastruqturirebul an SemTxveviT informacias.
warmoidgineT, rom muSaobT maRaziaSi gamyidvelad. Tqven unda daimaxsovroT
uamravi ram, rasac myidveli Tqvengan moiTxovs: „mwvane maisurSi qals unda
baRSi samuSao Sarvali da fexsacmelebi. mamakacs cisfer SarvalSi _ 2 cali
brtyeltuCa, 6 cali 0,25 zomis xraxni da saRebavis safxeki.“ es situacia
Zalian hgavs eqsperimentis situacias, sadac Tqven wyvilovani asociaciebi unda
dagemaxsovrebinaT. rogor daimaxsovreT sityvaTa wyvilebi, romlebic wina
TavSi iyo warmodgenili? amocana, albaT ,cota rTuli iyo, radgan wyvilebi
TqvenTvis gansakuTrebul azrs moklebuli iyo. xolo mniSvnelobas moklebuli
informaciis daxsomeba Znelia. imisaTvis, rom ar SegeSaloT, romel myidvels
ra misceT, saWiroa iseTi asociaciebis damyareba, rom SemTxveviToba
maqsimalurad gamoiricxos.

gadamamuSavebeli ganmeoreba
 155
aRbeWvdis gansamtkiceblad ZiriTad strategias ewodeba gadamamuSavebeli
ganmeoreba.
ganmeoreba am teqnikis ZiriTadi idea is aris, rom rodesac informaciis
aRbeWvdisas Tqven imeorebT masalas, amiT izrdeba misi gadamuSavebis
SesaZleblobac. erT-erTi gza gadamuSavebisa aris araSemTxveviTi, azriani
asociaciebis damyareba sityvebs Soris. magaliTad, Tu Tqven gindaT,
daimaxsovroT sityvaTa wyvili Tagvi – xe, unda warmoidginoT xeze amZvrali
Tagvi, romelic eZebs yvels. mogoneba ukeTesi iqneba, Tu informaciis calkeul
nawilebs patara moTxrobis saxes miscemT (Bower, 1972). SegiZliaT, maRaziis
SemTxvevaSi swrafad moifiqroT moTxroba, sadac TiToeul myidvels Tavisi
moTxovnebiT adgils miuCendiT? (amas patara praqtika sWirdeba). Tqven, albaT,
mixvdiT kidec, rom, aseve, Zalian kargi saSualebaa Tqveni moTxrobis
mxedvelobiTi warmodgenebiT gamdidreba. mxedvelobiTi warmodgenebi Zalian
efeqturia mogonebisTvis, radgan erTdroulad ormagi kodirebis
SesaZleblobas iZleva _ verbaluris da mxedvelobiTis (Paivio, 1972).
gadamamuSavebeli ganmeoreba, aseve, SesaZlebelobas iZleva, dagicvaT
mwkrivis Semdgomi efeqtisagan. magaliTad, rodesac pasuxis gacemis rigi an
dro dgeba, xSirad adamians ar axsovs, ra Tqva uSualod misma winamorbedma.
Tu odesme gqoniaT situacia, sadac wreSi myofs erTdroulad ramdenime
adamians gacnoben, advilad gasagebi iqneb,a ra igulisxmeba am efeqtSi. ra erqva
Tqvens pirdapir mdgom qals? am efeqtis mizezi aris yuradRebis gadatana
sakuTari saxelis an sakuTari SeniSvnis Tqmaze (Bond et al., 1991). amis Tavidan
asacileblad saWiroa gadamamuSavebeli ganmeoreba. gadaitaneT yuradReba
mopirdapire qalis saxelze da roca gaigonebT „liza“, TqviT: „icinis, rogorc
mona liza“.

• gadamamuSavebeli ganmeoreba (Elaborative rehearsal) _ mexsierebis gazrdis

meTodi, romliTac xdeba dasamaxsovrebeli informaiis gamdidreba.
• mnemonikuri xerxebi (Mnemonics) _ strategiebi an saSualebebi, romelic
xels uwyobs faqtebis grZeli mwkrivis aRbeWvdas nacnob da adre
aRbeWdil informaciasTan dakavSirebis gziT.

mnemonika

mexsierebis gaumjobesebis Semdegi saSualeba aris specialuri strategiebis

Seqmna, romelTac mnemonikuri
mnemonikuri xerxi ewodeba. (berZnuli sityvidan „moigone“).
mnemonika moicavs rCevebs, romelic xels uwyobs faqtebis grZeli mwkrivis
aRbeWvdas nacnob da adre aRbeWdil informaciasTan dakavSirebis gziT. bevri
 156
mnemonikuri xerxi mza mimniSneblebs iZleva, romelsac wesrigSi mohyavs
SemTxveviTi informacia.
ganvixiloT lokusis meTodi, romelic pirvelad berZenma oratorma
gamoiyena. lokusi niSnavs „adgils“. lokusis meTodi niSnavs sityvis Tu
movlenis adgilis mixedviT daxsomebas da aRdgenas, xolo oratorisTvis
xangrZlivi moxsenebis calkeuli nawilebis nacnob adgilebTan dakavSirebas.
imisaTvis, rom daimaxsovroT, ra gaqvT wamosaRebi supermarketidan, gonebaSi
isini saTiTaod unda ganalagoT im gzaze, romliTac institutSi midixarT.
Semdeg, mogonebisas CamouvliT maT da gaixsenebT (ix. suraTi .8.10).
mimniSnebeli-sityvis meTodi hgavs lokusis meTods, im gansxvavebiT, rom
mwkrivis wevrebs ukavSirebT mimniSneblebs da ara adgilebs. tipuri
mimniSneblebi am meTodisTvis aris gariTmuli strofebi, sadac sityvebi
cifrebs eriTmeba. magaliTad: erTi-RmerTi; ori-lori, sami-skami da sxv.
SemTxveviTi informaciis daxsomebis gasaRebi aris informaciis iseTi saxiT
dalageba, rom mimniSneblebma gagiadvilon aRdgena.

fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi

rogor SeiZleba mexsierebis gamokvlevebi dagexmaroT gamocdebisTvis mzadebaSi

yvelaze xSirad studentebi mexsierebis Sesaxeb gamokvlevebis wakiTxvis
Semdeg svamen kiTxvas: „rogor gamoviyeno miRebuli informacia swrafad?“
„rogor momexmareba es gamokvlevebi momavali gamocdebisTvis mzadebaSi?“
vnaxoT, ra tipis rCevebi SeiZleba gamoviyvanoT am gamokvlevebidan.
• kodirebis specifikuroba. rogorc gaxsovT, kodirebis
specifikurobis principi gulisxmobs, rom mogonebis konteqsti anu
pirobebi, romelSic mogoneba xdeba, unda daemTxves kodirebis konteqsts.
swavlis procesSi konteqsti xSirad niSnavs „informaciis gansxvavebul
konteqstsac“. Tu Tqven yovelTvis erTsa da imave konteqstSi swavlobT,
gagiWirdebaT sxva konteqstSi misi aRdgena, ase magaliTad, Tu profesori
cota sxvagvarad dagisvamT kiTxvas, SeiZleba daibneT da ver upasuxoT.
amitom Tqven swavlis procesSi konteqstebi unda cvaloT. gadaawyveT
masala, dausviT Tqvens Tavs sxvadasxva kiTxvebi, scadeT masalaSi axali
kombinaciebis Seqmna, magram Tu mainc SeferxdebiT gamocdaze, scadeT
gamoiyenoT, rac SeiZleba meti mimniSnebeli, raTa pirveladi konteqsti
aRadginoT: „es xom igivea, rac xanmokle mexsierebis leqciaze movismine“.
• mwkrivSi adgilmdebareobis efeqti. adgilmdebareobis efeqtis mruds
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Tu gavixsenebT, vnaxavT, rom masalis SuaSi ganlagebuli informacia
yvelaze cudad gvamaxsovrdeba. faqtobrivad, studentebs ufro kargad
axsovT leqciis dasawyisi da bolo, vidre Sua nawili. (Holen & Oaster, 1976,
Jensen, 1962). rodesac leqciaze xarT, ecadeT, swored leqciis Sua nawils
DmiaqcioT gansakuTrebuli yuradReba. rodesac swavlis dro mova, Tqven
ganskuTrebuli Zalisxmeva unda gamoiyenoT am masalis daswavlisaTvis da
ecadeT, rom masala yovelTvis erTi da imave TanmimdevrobiT ar iswavloT.
imasac miaqcieT yuradReba, rom es Tavi mexsierebis Sesaxeb wignis SuaSia
ganlagebuli. Tu Tqven mTeli wigni gaqvT Casabarebeli, maSin mis swavlas
meti Zalisxmeva unda moaxmaroT, vidre dasawyis an bolo Tavebs.
• gadamamuSavebeli ganmeoreba da mnemonikuri xerxebi. zogjer,
gamocdisTvis mzadebis procesSi, iseTi gancda giCndebaT, TiTqos
daulagebel, arastruqturirebul masalas swavlobT. vTqvaT, Tqven
swvlobT tvinis gansxvavebuli nawilebis funqciebs. am SemTxvevaSi Tqven
TviTon unda ipovoT masalis gadamuSavebis efeqturi gza. magaliTad,
mxedvelobiTi warmodgenebi daixmareT, an winadadebebSi CarTeT, an
TiToeul cnebas patara istoria daukavSireT. am wignis erT-erT avtors
dRemde axsovs Tavisi mnemonikuri xerxi, romelic gamoiyena fsiqologiis
SesavalSi ventramedialuri hipoTalamusis, romlis abreviaturac
laTinurad aris VMH, dasamaxsovreblad. es iyo Very Much Hungry, magram
rogorc me-12 TavSi naxavT, es mnemonikuri xerxi mas Semdeg gasul 20
weliwadSi aRar aris iseTi zusti). gadamamuSavebeli ganmeoreba ki xels
SegiwyobT naswavli kidev ufro ganamtkicoT.
• metamexsiereba. gamokvlevebma am sferoSi gviCvena, rom adamianebi
kargad grZnoben, Tu ra ician da ra _ ara. rodesac Tqven gamocdaze xarT,
sadac dro SezRudulia, Tqven unda miuSvaT Tqveni intuicia da andoT mas
drois ganawileba. magaliTad, SegiZliaT mTeli bileTis kiTxvebi uceb
gadaikiTxoT da naxoT, rogor grZnobT, romeli kiTxva iciT ukeT. aris
iseTi gamocdebic, sadac yvela kiTxvaze pasuxi savaldebulo ki ara,
SerCeviTia, magram pasuxi siswrafes moiTxovs. aqac Tqvens intuicias unda
endoT da im kiTxvebs unda upasuxoT, romelSic darwmunebuli xarT, rom
iciT.
imedi gvaqvs, rom axla met-naklebad gasagebia, Tu rogor SeiZleba
mexsierebaSi Catarebuli gamokvlevebi dagexmaroT gamocdebisTvis
warmatebiT momzadebaSi.
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metamexsiereba

davuSvaT, Tqven xarT iseT situaciaSi, rom gWirdebaT raRacis mogoneba.

Tqven akeTebT yvelafers, rom gamoiyenoT mimniSneblebi, romlebic kodirebis
situacias asaxaven, magram mainc verafers igonebT. nawilobriv, imis mizezi,
rom aseT Zalisxmevas axmarT mogonebas, aris Tqveni darwmunebuloba, rom am
informacias Tqven flobT, magram, aseve, gacnobierebuli gaqvT, ras
warmoadgens Tqveni mexsiereba? iciT, Tu rogor muSaobs Tqveni mexsiereba? an
saidan iciT, rom am informacias flobT? es metamexsierebis kiTxvebia.
metamexsierebis mTavari kiTxvaa: rodis da ratom inaxeba mexsierebaSi gancda
imisa, rom vici.
pirveli, vinc Seiswavla es gancda, iyo j. T. harti (J. T. Hart, 1965), romelmac
kvleva daiwyo imiT, rom studentebs usvamda kiTxvebs zogadi ganaTlebidan.
magaliTad, Cven gekiTxebiT: „mzis sistemaSi romeli planetaa yvelaze didi?“
iciT am kiTxvaze pasuxi? Tu ar iciT, rogor moiqceodiT (romel pasuxs
airCevdiT) am situaciaSi: „Tumca, me axla ar maxsovs pasuxi, me vici, rom
ramdenimeAaraswor pasuxs Soris avirCevdi swors“. es iyo kiTxvebi, romelTac
harti Tavis cdis pirebs aZlevda. pasuxebSi darwmunebulobis mixedviT, cdis
pirebs unda SeefasebinaT 1-dan, („sakmaod darwmunebulivar, rom ver avirCev
sworad mravlobiTi arCevanidan“), 6-de qulebiT, („savsebiT darwmunebuli, var
rom sworad avirCev“). Tqven rogor gaanawilebdiT qulebs? ai, es
alternativebi:

a. plutoni

b. venera

g. dedamiwa

d. iupiteri

Tu Tqven yuradRebiT daakvirdebiT Tqvens darwmunebulobis – „vgrZnob, rom

vici“ gancdas, maSin swor pasuxs im SemTxvevaSi daasaxelebT, „d“-s, Tu
Sefaseba iqneba 6, xolo mis aRniSvnas naklebi albaToba eqneba, Tu Sefaseba
iqneba – 1. (sando pasuxi rom miviRoT, ra Tqma unda, kiTxvaTa didi raodenobaa
saWiro). Hhartis mixedviT, visac 1 quliT aqvs Tavisi darwmunebuloba
Sefasebuli, 30%-iT nakleb swor pasuxebs iZleva maSin, rodesac 6 qula 75%-ian
warmatebas uzrunvelyofs. es faqtebi miuTiTebs imaze, rom „vgrZnob, rom vici“
gancda SeiZleba zusti indikatori iyos.
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metamexsierebis Sesaxeb gamokvlevebi mimarTulia rogorc im procesebze,
romlebic „vgrZnob, rom vici“ gancdas iwveven, aseve, imaze, Tu rogor miiRweva
Sefasebis sizuste (Koriat & Levy-Sadot, 1999; Metcalfe, 2000).
• mimniSneblis nacnobobis hipoTezis mixedviT, adamianebi Tavisi „vgrZnob,
rom vici“ gancdis dros emyarebian mimniSneblis nacnobobas. magaliTad,
rodesac gekiTxebian: „ra erqva beThovens?“, Tu Tqven adre gagigiaT mis Sesaxeb,
SeiZleba gagiCndeT azri, rom ramdenime alternatividan icnobT mis saxels anu
swor pasuxs. (Metcalfe et. al., 1993; Reder & Ritter, 1992; Schwartz & Metcalfe, 1992).
• misawvdomobis hipoTezis mixedviT, adamiani cdilobs arasruli
informaciidan swori pasuxis wvdomas. amrigad, Tu kiTxva „ra erqva
beThovens?“, TqvenSi advilad aRZravs informacias, romelic, Tqveni azriT, am
kiTxvaze swor pasuxTan aris dakavSirebuli, Tqven gagiCndebaT gancda, rom
swor pasuxs advilad gamoicnobT (Koriat, 1993, 1995).

orive Teorias gaaCnia empiriuli dasabuTeba da oriveSi igulisxmeba, rom

Tqven SegiZliaT endoT Tqvens grZnobas, rodesac darwmunebuli xarT, rom
iciT raRac. (mogvianebiT Cven SevexebiT mowmis Cvenebebze Catarebul
gamokvlevebs, romelic am zogadi wesdan gamonaklisebze miuTiTebs).
Tqven ukve garkveuli codna gaqvT imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor aRibeWdeba da
rogor aRdgeba informacia Tqvens mexsierebaSi. Tqven iciT, Tu ras niSnavs
aRbeWvdisa da aRdgenis situaciebis „kargi Tanxvedra“. Semdeg TavSi Cven
mexsierebis procesebidan gadavinacvlebT mexsierebis Sinaarsebze anu imaze, Tu
ra xdeba mexsierebaSi.

• metamexsiereba
metamexsiereba (Metamemory) _ implicituri an eqsplicituri codna
mexsierebis unarebis da mexsierebis efeqturi strategiebis Sesaxeb.
mexsierebis Semecneba.

Sejameba

xangrZlivi mexsierebis Teoriebma unda axsnas, Tu rogor xdeba codnis

SeZena da Senaxva mexsierebaSi mTeli cxovrebis manZilze. kodirebis
specifikurobis principis mixedviT, informaciis yvelaze kargad aRdgena xdeba
maSin, rodesac konteqsti, romelSic xdeba kodireba, emTxveva aRdgenis
pirobebs. mwkrivSi adgilmdebareobis efeqts iwvevs TiToeuli STabeWdilebis
(sityva, movlena da a.S) mogonebis konteqstebs Soris gansxvaveba.
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Tqven eZebT daxsomebuls mimniSneblebiT. cnoba xSirad ufro advilia,
vidre mogoneba, radgan am SemTxvevaSi mimniSneblebi met informacias Seicaven.
epizodur mexsierebaSi daxsomeba aRbeWvdis konteqstTan mimarTebaSi xdeba.
semantikur mexsierebaSi ki informaciis aRbeWvdis garkveul epizodTan
mimarTeba dakargulia. interferencia SeiZleba iyos proaqtiuli, rodesac
Zveli informacia ereva da xels uSlis axlis aRbeWvdas, an retroaqtiuli,
rodesac axali informacia ereva Zvels.
informaciis gadamuSavebis Teoriis mixedviT, informaciis ufro Rrma
gadamuSaveba mis ukeTes daxsomebas iwvevs. implicitur mexsierebaze
Catarebuli kvlevebis mixedviT, aRbeWvdis da mogonebis procesebis damTxveva
iwvavs praimings. Tqven SegiZliaT gaiumjobesoT mexsiereba gadamamuSavebeli
ganmeorebis da mnemonikuri xerxebis daxmarebiT. metamexsierebisTvis
specifikuri msjelobebi Tqveni mexsierebis Sesaxeb tipuri da zustia.

struqturebi xangrZliv mexsierebaSi

aqamde Cvens mier motanil yvela magaliTSi Cven gTxovdiT, rom

dagemaxsovrebinaT an aRgedginaT izolirebuli an erTmaneTTan daukavSirebeli
informaciis erTeulebi. is, rasac Tqven umravles SemTxvevaSi aRadgendiT, iyo
organizebuli codnis nawilebi. gaixseneT, magaliTad, rodesac Cven gTxoveT
gemsjelaT, iyo Tu ara yurZeni xili. Tqven daufiqreblad gaeciT dadebiTi
pasuxi. magram ras ityviT avokadoze an tyemalze? am TavSi Cven SeviswavliT,
Tu am tipis pasuxis siZneleebi rogoraa dakavSirebuli mexsierebaSi
informaciis struqturirebis xasiaTTan da gzebTan. vimsjelebT, agreTve, imis
Sesaxeb, Tu rogor gexmarebaT mexsierebaSi organizebuli codna ama Tu im
informaciis swrafad gaxsenebaSi.

mexsierebis struqturebi

mexsierebis ZiriTadi funqcia aris msgavsi STabeWdilebebis erTmaneTTan

dakavSireba, raTa garemosTan urTierTobis procesSi SeZloT misi gamoyeneba.
(gaixseneT martivi gansazRvreba me-5-e TavSi aRqmis funqciis Sesaxeb). Tqven
cxovrobT samyaroSi, romelic savsea uTvalavi individualuri
STabeWdilebebiT da movlenebiT, romelTa mudmivi gacxrilva da maTi
informaciis iseT mcire, martiv erTobliobad dayvana gWirdebT, romlis
marTvasac SeZlebT. amave dros, Tqven ar gWirdebaT samyaroSi garkveuli
struqturis mosaZebnad yovel jerze cnobierebis CarTva. rogorc implicituri
mexsierebis ganxilvisas vnaxeT, warmoudgenelia, rom yovel wuTs, nebismieri
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sagnis aRqmisas Tu moqmedebisas, ambobdeT TqvenTvis: „es is aris, rac
samzareulos nivTebs miekuTvneba.“ garemosTan urTierTobis Cveulebrivi
gamocdilebiT Tqvens mexsierebis struqturaSi garemos struqturebi aisaxeba.
ganvixiloT mexsierebis struqturaTa formebi, romelic Camoyalibda Tqveni
garemosTan yoveldRiuri urTierTobis procesSi.

kategorizacia da cnebebi

daviwyoT me-11 TavSi ganxiluli movleniT – im gonebrivi ZalisxmeviT,

romelic saWiroa, raTa bavSvma daimaxsovros, magaliTad, sityva ZaRlis
mniSvneloba.. imisaTvis, rom es sityva mniSvnelobis matarebeli iyos
bavSvisTvis, bavSvs unda hqondes unari, daimaxsovros yvela is situacia,
romelSic es sityva gamoiyeneba da, agreTve, informacia konteqstis Sesaxeb. am
gziT bavSvi aRmoaCens, ra aris ZiriTadi arsi: bewviani arseba, romelsac oTxi
fexi aqvs, niSnavs ZaRls. bavSvma unda Seimecnos, rom ZaRli ewodeba ara erT
konkretul cxovels, aramed amgvar cocxal arsebaTa mTel kategorias.
individualuri gamocdilebis kategorizaciis unari – erTi da igive qcevis
ganxorcieleba mis mimarT an erTi da igive saxelis darqmeva _ aris moazrovne
organizmis erT-erTi yvelaze bazisuri da mniSvnelovani unari (Mervis & Rosch,
1981).
Tqvens mier gamoyofili kategoriebis gonebaSi reprezentacias cnebebi
ewodeba. cneba ZaRli, magaliTad, ewodeba bavSvis mier ZaRlTan dakavSirebuli
cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis mexsierebaSi SekavSirebas da Senaxvas. (rogorc
me-11 TavSi vnaxavT, Tu bavSvs jer kidev ar aqvs dazustebuli ZaRlis
mniSvneloba, es cneba SeiZleba iseT niSnebsac moicavdes, romelic
mozrdilebma SeiZleba am cnebisTvis Seusabamod CaTvalon.). Tqven SeZenili
gaqvT uamravi cneba. Tqven gaqvT sagnebis da qcevebis kategoriebi, magaliTad,
sakuWnao da beizboli. cnebebi SeiZleba asaxavdes Tvisebebs, magaliTad,
wiTeli an didi; abstraqtul ideebs, magaliTad, WeSmariteba an siyvaruli;
mimarTebebs, magaliTad, ufro Wkviani, vidre; TiToeuli cneba Tqvens mier
samyarosTan urTierTobiT SeZenili mTlianobebad Camoyalibebuli
gamocdilebis reprezentaciaa.

prototipebi

im ZaRlebs Soris, romelic Tqven Tqvens sicocxleSi ginaxavT, romels

warmoidgenT, rodesac waikiTxavT winadadebas: „ZaRli xravs Zvals“. SegiZliaT
konkretuli ZaRli daasaxeloT? Tu romelime tipuri ZaRli warmogidgebaT,
 162
romelic yvela nanaxi ZaRlebis saSualos – prototips warmoadgens?
ganvixiloT eqsperimenti, romelic dagvexmareba am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemaSi.
• cnebebi (concepts) _ sagnebis an ideebis saxeobebis an kategoriebis
mentaluri reprezentaciebi.
• prototipi (Prototype) _ kategoriis yvelaze reprezentaciuli magaliTi.

saidan viciT

prototipebis Camoyalibeba
cdis pirebs uCvenebdnen calkeuli adamianis saxeebis suraTebs,
romlebic sxvadasxva xarisxiT gansxvavdeboda prototipisgan (suraTi. 8.11).
Semdeg maT aCvenebdnen saxeebis meore jgufs. zogierTi suraTi adrec iyo
miwodebuli, zogierTi axali iyo da gansxvavdeboda prototipisgan. iyo,
agreTve, prototipis suraTi, romelic gansxvavdeboda pirvelad
miwodebuli prototipisgan. cdis pirebs evalebodaT gamoecnoT, Tu
romeli suraTi hqondaT maT adre miwodebisas nanaxi.
kargad gamoikveTa sami Sedegi, romelic mocemulia suraTze 8.1. cdis
pirebi cnobdnen yvela im suraTs, romelic adre hqondaT nanaxi., maSinac
ki, rodesac mas prototipTan mxolod 25%-s hqonda msgavseba. axal
suraTebze miuTiTebdnen, rom axali iyo da cnobis xarisxi prototipTan
mimarTebiT ganisazRvreboda. da bolos, yvelaze darwmunebulni cdis
pirebi iyvnen axali prototipis ucnobobaSi. (Solso & McCarthy, 1981).

am eqsperimentSi cdis pirebi ise moqmedebdnen, TiTqos gaaerTianes yvela

saxe, romelic ki unaxavT, raTa prototipuli konstruqti SeeqmnaT.
kategoriebis Tavisi TvisebebiTurT prototipebi iqmneba mTeli Tqveni
gamocdilebidan. amitom prototipebi yovel wuTs SeiZleba icvlebodes da
mdidrdebodes axali kategoriiT. aqedan gamomdinare, mecnierebi mividnen im
daskvnamde, rom konkretuli kategoriisTvis prototipis reprezentacia
gonebaSi SeiZleba ar gqondeT. ufro savaraudoa, rom prototipi TviTon
calkeul egzemplarebSi, rogorc saSualo raRac moqmedebs. (Hintzman, 1986,
Nosofsly et al., 1992). magaliTad, yvela ZaRli, romelic ki am momentisTvis
ginaxavT, ayalibebs prototipuli ZaRlis Tqveneul cnebas. ufro metic, Tu
Tqven saRamos gaxvediT quCaSi da dainaxeT erTi an ori ZaRli, Tqveni
prototipi SeiZleba odnav Seicvalos kidec.
is, rom Tqven gaqvT unari, iseT kategorias, rogorc, vTqvaT, ZaRlia,
mounaxoT prototipi, gaZlevT SesaZleblobas icnoT kategoriis met-naklebad
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tipuri warmomadgenlebi _ rac ufro meti Tviseba aqvs saerTo kategoriis
calkeul wevrebs erTmaneTTan, miT ufro tipiurni arian isini. es kargad Cans
magaliTad frinvelis kategoriis ganxilvisas. ris gamo iTvleba yvavi tipiur
frinvelad, xolo siraqlema am pingvini atipiurad? pasuxi ganisazRvreba im
xarisxiT is xarisxi, riTac es qmnilebebi hgvanan im kategoriis
warmomadgenlebs, romelTac Tqvens mexsierebaSi frinvelis kategoriaSi
aerTianebT. kategoriis wevrTa tipiuroba ki _ Tu rogor Seesabameba raRac
Tqvens prototips _ yoveldRiuri cxovrebidan momdinareobs. gamokvlevebma
gamoavlina, rom xalxi ufro swrafad pasuxobs kategoriis tipiur
warmomadgenlebze, vidre uCveuloze. Tqveni reaqciis dro kiTxvaze, aris Tu
ara yvavi frinveli, ufro swrafi iqneba, vidre is, rom siraqlema frinvelia
(Rosch, 1976). kidev erTxel vimeorebT, rom es efeqti damokidebulia Tqvens
gamocdilebaze frinvelTa kategoriis mimarT. Tqvens gamocdilebaSi ufro
advilia yvavisTvis, rogorc frinvelisTvis adgilis povna, vidre
siraqlemasTvis( Tu ra Tqma unda, Tu Tqveni cxovrebis manZilze xSirad ar
gicxovriT siraqlemebis garemocvaSi).

ierarqiebi da bazisuri doneebi

cnebebi da maTi prototipebi damoukideblad ar aRmocendeba. rogorc nax.

8.12 gviCvenebs, cnebebi SeiZleba azrian organizaciebad gaerTiandenen. iseT did
kategorias, rogoricaa cxoveli gaaCnia qvekategoriebi, rogoricaa frinveli
da Tevzi, romlebic Tavis mxriv, moicaven saxeobebs, iadoni, siraqlema, zvigeni
da oraguli. Tavis mxriv, cxovelis kategoriac aris qvekategoria ufro didi
kategoriisa - cocxali arsebebi.
arsebebi cnebebi dakavSirebulia sxva saxis
informaciasTanac: Tqvens mexsierebaSi Senaxulia codna imis Sesaxeb, rom
zogierTi frinveli iWmeva, zogi saSiSia, zogi ki nacionaluri simboloa.
rogorc vxedavT, ierarqiebSi arsebobs is garkveuli done/safexuri,
romelzec adamianebi ukeT moiazreben obieqtebs da axdenen maT
kategorizacias. maT bazisur doneebs uwodeben. (Rosch, 1973, 1978). magaliTad,
rodesac Tqven bazarSi yidulobT vaSls, Tqven SegiZliaT ifiqroT masze,
rogorc xilis erT-erT saxeobaze, romlis mniSvnelobac Zalian farToa, an
rogorc Safranze, rac specifikuri da viwro mniSvnelobisaa. bazisuri done
aris vaSli.
vaSli Tqven rom gaCvenon am obieqtis suraTi da gkiTxon ra aris es,
Tqven ufro swrafad upasuxebT, rom es aris vaSli (da ara xilis saxeoba).
bazisur dones prototipis gamowvevis meti Zala aqvs. Tqven vaSlis cnebasTan
meti Sexeba da gamocdileba gaqvT, vidre mis specifikur jiSebTan. Tqven rom
 164
vaSlebis gamomyvani iyoT, Tqveni bazisuri done am ierarqiaSi ufro dabali
iqneboda.
• bazisuri done (Basic level) _ kategorizaciis done, romelic yvelaze
swrafad SeiZleba amovitanoT mexsierebidan da gamoviyenoT yvelaze
efeqturad.

fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi

adamianis da kompiuteris mexsierebis SesaZleblobebi

rodesac xdeba kompiuterisa da adamianis SesaZleblobebis Sedareba,
xSirad iseTi STabeWdileba rCeba, rom kompiuteri sjobnis adamians.
kompiuteris mexsierebas bevrad meti – aTasobiT da milionobiT meti biti
informaciis Senaxva SeuZlia, vidre Cvens mexsierebas. magram adamianis
mexsierebas erTi iseTi Tviseba aqvs, romelic Cvens mexsierebas ufro
maRla ayenebs. procesebi, romlebic SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs, movigonoT
specifikuri informacia, xSirad bevrad ufro efeqturia, vidre
kompiuterSi Zebnis procedura.
davuSvaT, Tqvens megobars Tqveni gamocda unda am Tavis mixedviT da
gekiTxebaT: „romelma mkvlevrebma Semoitanes kodirebis specifikurobis
cneba?“ Tqven SegiZliaT gasceT swori pasuxi (tulvingi da tomsoni);
mcdari pasuxi (soerlingi) an, TqvaT, rom ar iciT. Tqven Zalian ar gindaT,
gasceT iseTi pasuxi, romelsac araviTari kavSiri ar aqvs kiTxvasTan.
rogor ggoniT, ra xdeba, rodesac am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemis davalebas
aZlevT manqanas? pirveli veb saiti, romelsac gvTavazobs Google.com aris
Semdegi: „aris Tu ara HIV-is izolacia miRweuli?. meore mcdeloba
AskJeeves.com-s ukavSirdeba. is gvTavazobs cneba ra aris, davukavSirdeT
Britanica.com-s. ratom aris kompiuteris mexsierebidan es pasuxebi adamianis
mexsierebisgan gansxvavebuli? Cven adamianis mexsierebis (mogonebis) or
Taviseburebas gamovyofT, romelic kompiuterTan SedarebiT mis
upiratesobas warmoadgens.
pirveli: rogorc ukve am TavSi adrec gaecaniT, adamianis mexsiereba
efeqtianad iyenebs Sinaarsobriv mimniSneblebs, mimarTuls saZiebel
informaciaze. is uzrunvelyofs imas, rom aRdgenili informaciis Sinaarsi
Seesabamebodes kiTxvis Sinaarss. kompiuteri ki piriqiT, konteqsts ar
iTvaliswinebs da ufro sityvis viwro mniSvnelobazea orientirebuli.
magaliTad, Tu Cven „kodirebis specifikurobas“ veZebT Google.com_Si an
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ASKJeeves-Si, TiToeuli maSinve gadmogviSlis gverds, romelzec iqneba

pasuxi pirvel kiTxvaze. kompiuterze maZieblisTvis kiTxvis nawilebs,
romlebic konteqstis dasazusteblad iqneba mimarTuli (romelma
mkvlevrebma Semoitanes), aSkarad uaryofiTi gavlena eqneba Ziebis
efeqturobaze. kompiuterze bevri pasuxis mosaZebnad Zalian Znelia CarTo
konteqsti ise, rom kompiuterma gaurkveveli mimarTulebiT ar gagagzavnos.
meorec, adamianis mexsierebas marTaven cnebebi da ara sityvebi. rodesac
Tqvens mexsierebaSi eZebT pasuxs kodirebis specifikurobis Sesaxeb, ara
aqvs mniSvneloba ras ityviT, „mkvlevars“ Tu „eqspermentators“, „aRmomCens“
Tu „Semqmnels“. cneba aamoqmedebs TiToeul sityvas, rogorc mimniSnebels.
kompiuters ki saqme aqvs mxolod sityvebTan. magaliTad, rodesac Cven
Google.com-s veubnebiT, Secvalos „aRmomCeni“ „SemqmneliT“, igi gvaZlevs
„links“ mexsierebis TeoriaSi garkveuli gverdis miTiTebiT. magram
„mkvlevaris“ Secvla „eqsperimentatoriT“ gvaZlevs, rogorc pirveli
linkis SemTxvevaSi, gverds saTauriT: „talRebi, pulsi, neironuli masis
Teoria“. es patara eqsperimenti kargad uCvenebs, Tu kompiuteri, adamianis
mexsierebisgan gansxvavebiT, rogoraa damokidebuli ufro sityvebze, vidre
cnebebze.
axla mainc Tu grZnobT odnav upiratesobas kompiuterTan SedarebiT?
SegiZliaT, ramdenime wuTi dauTmoT imaze fiqrs, Tu rogor SeiZleba
adamianis mexsierebis es Tvisebebi gadasceT kompiutersac.

veb gverdebi: WWW.Google.com

WWW. ASKJeeves.com

• sqemebi (Schemas) _ obieqtebis, xalxis an situaciis Sesaxeb

konceptualuri CarCoebi, an codnis „klasterebi“. codnis erTeulebi,
romelic moicavs garemos struqturebis Sesaxeb ganzogadebebs.

sqemebi

Cven vnaxeT, rom cnebebi mexsierebis ierarqiaSi agurebis rols TamaSoben.

isini agurebis rols ufro rTul kompleqsebSic TamaSoben. gaixseneT suraTi
8.2. instinqturad saidan xvdebiT, rom baWiis adgili ar aris samzareuloSi?
Cven adre ukve aRvniSneT, rom es procesi implicitur mexsierebas emyareba,
magram Cven ar gviTqvams, Tu mexsierebis romeli struqtura iyo amisTvis
 166
gamoyenebuli. ufro zustad rom vTqvaT, is, rac Tqven gWirdebaT, aris iseTi
saxis reprezentacia mexsierebaSi, romelic samzareulos individualur cnebas
_ macivris, WurWlis sarecxi niJaris Tu gazquris Sesaxeb codnas _
gaaerTianebs ufro did struqturaSi. sqema aris cnebiTi CarCo, an codnaTa
klasteri sagnebis, adamianebis da situaciis Sesaxeb. sqemebi aris „codnaTa
Sekvrebi“, romlebSic garemos struqturis Sesaxeb rTuli ganzogadebebia
aRbeWdili. Tqven gaqvT samzareulos da sawoli oTaxis sqema, sareiso
avtobusis mZRolis da profesoris, qeifisa da banketis sqemebi. SegiZliaT,
ramdenime wuTi dauTmoT da dafiqrdeT, Tu ra da rogor aris am kategoriebSi
ganzogadebuli.
erTi ram, rasac SeamCnevdiT, aris is, rom Tqveni sqema ar moicavs Tqveni
cvalebadi gamocdilebis yvela individualur detals. Tu prototipi aris
kategoriebis Sesaxeb Tqveni gamocdilebebis saSualo, sqemaSi warmodgenilia
garemoSi situaciaTa Sesaxeb Tqveni gamocdielebebis saSualo. iseve, rogorc
prototipebi, Tqveni sqemebic cvalebadia da cxovrebiseul movlenebTan erTad
icvleba. (Rumelhart et al., 1986). Tqveni sqemac mxolod im detalebs Seicavs,
romelsac Tqven gansakuTrebuli yuradReba dauTmeT. magaliTad, rodesac
ekiTxebiT, ra aris warmodgenili, ra xatia Tu weria amerikuli monetis Tavze,
studentebi arasodes weren sityva Tavisuflebas, Tumca, yvela monetazea igi
gamosaxuli. (Rubin & Kontis, 1983). aba, SeamowmeT! amrigad, Tqveni sqema inaxavs
zustad imas, rac SeamCnieT garemoSi. axla ki ganvixiloT yvela is gza,
romelSic cnebebs da sqemebs iyenebT.

mexsierebis struqturebis gamoyeneba

modiT, vnaxoT, Tu rogor moqmedebs mexsierebis zogierTi struqtura. Tqven

ukve naxeT, rom Tqvenma sqemam SeasaZlebloba mogcaT, uyoymanoT
mimxvdariyaviT, rom baWiis adgili samzareuloSi ar aris. axla gaixseneT me-2-e
Tavi, sadac Cven ganvixileT, Tu ra gavlenas axdens adrindeli codna
orazrovani figuris interpretaciaze. gaxsovT es figura? suraTi. 8.13. ras
xedavT: ixvs Tu baWias? davuSvaT, Cven winaswar mogamzadeT imisTvis, rom
dinaxavdiT ixvs. Tu Tqven SeusabamebT naxatis niSnebs Tqvens sqematur
molodinebs am niSnebis mimarT, dainaxavT ixvs. igive moxdeba baWiis mimarTac,
Tu geqnebaT baWiis molodini. Cven viyenebT mexsierebaSi arsebul informacias,
raTa gavamarTloT molodini.
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Tqven gaqvT, agreTve, mexsierebis struqturebi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen
Tqvens aRqmasa da mogonebaze. (Cantor & Mischel, 1979; Levy et al., 1999). magaliTad,
Tqven, albaT, ukve geqnebaT kbilis eqimis, sakulto beladebis, ekologistebis
da maSvelebis cnebebi. Tu TqvenTvis ucnob pirovnebaze getyvian, rom is
erT_erTi am profesiis warmomadgenelia, Tqveni stereotipuli warmodgena
miawers mas konkretul pirovnul maxasiaTeblebs an Sesabamis qcevebs.
socialuri fsiqologebis mier dadgenil iqna, rom enas da sityvebsac
SeuZliaT, garkveuli gavlena moaxdinon am cnebaTa interpersonalur
gamoyenebaze. es gamokvleva gviCvenebs, rom mexsierebis struqturebs SeuZlia,
gavlena moaxdinos samyaros Sesaxeb Tqvens azrTa msvlelobaze: Tqvenis awmyo
gamocdileba warsuli gamocdilebiT aris Seferili da es ukanaskneli cvlis
Tqvens molodinebs momavlis mimarT. Tqven male naxavT, rom xSirad erTi da
igive mizeziT, cnebebi da sqemebi SeiZleba xelsac uSlides zust mogonebas.
gamotovebulia "saidan viciT". originalSi gv. 244.

mogoneba, rogorc rekonstruqcia

rekonstruqcia

axla ganvixiloT sxva mniSvnelovani saSualeba, romelSic gamoiyeneba

mexsierebis struqtura. bevr SemTxvevaSi, rodesac Tqven gTxoven, moigonoT
garkveuli informacia, Tqven ver igonebT zustad am informacias. amis
nacvlad, Tqven rekonstruqcias ukeTebT informacias ufro zogadi saxiT
Senaxuli codnidan. rekonstruqtuli mexsierebis naTelsayofad ganvixiloT
Semdegi sami kiTxva:

• me-3 TavSi aris Tu ar sityva „da“?

• 1991 weli Seicavs Tu ara 7 ivlisis dRes?

• sunTqavdiT guSin @2.05 –sa da 2.10 wuTs Soris?

qven, albaT, samive kiTxvas dadebiT pasuxs gascemT yovelgvari meryeobis

gareSe, magram, ra Tqma unda, konkretuli epizoduri mexsiereba am movlenebis
ar geqnebaT (im SemTxvevebis gamoklebiT, rogorc, magaliTad, Tu vinme 7
ivliss ar aris dabadebuli da misTvis gansakuTrebuli dRea). am kiTxvebze
pasuxis gasacemad Tqven unda gamoiyenoT zogadi codna, raTa rekonstruqcia
gaukeToT mas da miuyenoT, ra SeiZleba momxdariyo. gavarCioT rekonstruqciis
es procesi ufro detalurad.

rekonstruqciuli mexsierebis sizuste

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Tu adamianebi zogjer codnis zogierTi aspeqtis rekonstruqcias axdenen
zusti monacemebis aRdgenis nacvlad, maSin mosalodnelia, aRmovaCinoT
SemTxvevebi, rodesac rekonstruirebuli mogonebis faqtebi gansxvavebuli
iqneba realuri suraTisgan, anu mexsierebis Secdomebs eqneba adgili. erT-erTi
yvelaze STambeWdavi demonstracia mexsierebis Secdomisa sakmaod Zvelia.
klasikur naSromSi „mogoneba: eqsperimentuli da socialuri fsiqologiis
gamokvlevebi“ (1932) ser frederik bartleti ikvlevda sakiTxs, Tu rogor
moqmedebs warsuli gamocdileba axlad SeZenili informaciis mogonebaze.
bartleti studentebs sTxovda, daemaxsovrebinaT gansxvavebuli kulturis
Tqmulebebi da legendebi. yvelaze cnobilia misi masala „sulebis brZola“.

• rekonstruqciuli mexsiereba (Reconstructive memory) _ mexsierebis

konkretuli reprezentaciebis ararsebobis pirobebSi, Senaxuli codnis
zogad tipebze dayrdnobiT informaciis erTad ganlagebis procesi.

bartletma aRmoaCina, rom misi studentebis mier gaxsenebuli Sinaarsi

gansxvavdeboda originalisgan anu imisgan, rasac awvdidnen dasamaxsovreblad.
Sinaarsis damaxinjeba sami saxis rekonstruqciul process moicavda:
• donis daweva (leveling) _ moTxrobis gamartiveba.
• gamokveTa _ garkveuli detalebis gansakuTrebuli gaSuqeba.
• asimilacia _ detalebis Secvla ise, rom isini ukeTes SesabamisobaSi
mosuliyvnen sakuTar codnasTan.
amrigad, cdis pirebi ixsenebdnen moTxrobas da maTTvis ucnob sityvebs
Tavisi kulturisTvis Cveuli sityvebiT cvlidnen: navi kanoes nacvlad,
Tevzaoba _ selapebze nadirobis magivrad. bartletis cdis pirebi, aseve,
xSirad cvlidnen moTxrobis Sinaarssac, raTa SeemcirebinaT zebunebrivi
Zalebis Sesaxeb frazebi, romelic maTi kulturisTvis ar iyo damaxasiaTebeli.
miyvnen ra bertletis kvals, Tanamedrove mkvlevrebma Seiswavles
mexsierebis darRvevebis mravalferovneba, romelTac adgili aqvT mogonebis
konstruqtuli procesebis gamoyenebis dros (Bergman & Roediger, 1999).
magaliTad, mkvlevarTa erTma jgufma gamoavlina kanonzomiereba, romelsac
„sapnis operis“ efeqti uwoda (Owens et al., 1979). erTi epizodi am gamokvlevis
masalidan:

nensi mivida kokteilis wveulebaze. man mimoixeda oTaxSi, raTa iq myofni

SeeTvalierebina. igi miuaxlovda Tavis profesors sasaubrod. man icoda
rac unda eTqva misTvis, magram nerviulobda imaze, rac unda eTqva.
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stumarTa erTma jgufma Saradebis TamaSi daiwyo. nensi zeviT avida cota
mosamagreblad. koniaki ki kargi iyo, magram mas ar ainteresebda, Tu ras
saubrobda iq stumrebis nawili. cota xnis Semdeg, sakmarisiao, gadawyviya
man da datova wveuleba.

axla warmoidgineT rogor gansxvavebulad aRiqvamT am nawyvets, Tu Tqven

cdis pirTa meore jgufSi aRmoCndebiT, romelTac winaswar es Sesavali
waakiTxes:

nensim gaRviZebisas isev sisuste igrZno da gaukvirda, marTla fexmZimed

iyo Tu ara. rogo unda uTxras profesors, rac dainaxa?

axla xelaxla miubrundiT pirvel nawyvets da xelaxla waikiTxeT. cdis

pirebisaTvis am winaityvaobis arsebobas Tu ararsebobas gadamwyveti
mniSvneloba aqvs maTi mexsierebisaTvis. rodesac sTxovT, moigonon Sinaarsi an
icnon nawyvetebi, cdis pirebi, romelTac wakiTxuli aqvT Sesavalic da, aqedan
gamomdinare, TavSi mosdiT „arasasurveli fexmZimobis“ sqema, ufro metad imas
aRadgenen an icnoben, romelic nensis fexmZimobas ukavSirdeba. cdis pirTa mier
sqemis gamoyeneba iwvevs Sinaarsis Sesabamis da mosalodnel damaxinjebas.
magram unda gvaxsovdes da es mniSvnelovania, rom rogorc me-5-e TavSi,
rodesac aRqmis iluziebze vsaubrobdiT, fsiqologebs procesebis normaluri
operaciebis saCveneblad xSirad iseTi pirobebi da situaciebi mohyavT,
romlebic Secdomebs iwveven. iseve, rogorc aRqmis iluziebi ar iwveven imas,
rom kedelSi gaiaroT. aseve, mexsierebis iluziebi Zalian iSviaTad Tu
SegiSliT xels yoveldRiur cxovrebasa da saqmianobaSi.
mexsierebis es damaxinjebebi SegiZliaT ganixiloT, rogorc Cveulebriv,
Zalian kargad momuSave procesTa Tanmdevi movlena. faqtobrivad, Tqven
umravles SemTxvevaSi garkveuli epizodis detalebis aRdgena arc ki
gWirdebaT. movlenaTa arsis aRdgena ki rekonstruqciiTac mSvenivrad xerxdeba.
cota vrclad SevexoT im Tvalsazriss, romlis mixedviTac, detalebis
aRdgena yovelTvis ver xerxdeba. imisaTvis, rom vnaxoT, rogor SeuZlia
rekonstruqcia ganicados mexsierebam imisaTvis, rom moergos mogonebis sagans
Tu mizans, gamoviyenoT citatebis SemTxveva. arc Tu iSviaTia SemTxveva, roca
gindaT Tqveni sityva Tu moxseneba gaamdidroT sxvisi gamonaTqvamiT. Tqven,
magaliTad, SeiZleba TqvaT: „gaixseneT, Cveni fsiqologiis profesori rom
gveubneboda: „korelacia mizezobriobas ar niSnavso“. rodesac Tqven vinmes
sityvidan citata mogyavT, Tqven arCevT aspeqtebs, romlebsac Tqveni mexsiereba
 170
rekonstruqcias ukeTebs. (Clark & Gerrig, 1990). Tqven SegiZliaT sityva sityviT
moiyvanoT is an misi dedaazri gadmosceT. am gadawyvetilebas Tqven Tqveni
sityvidan gamomdinare iRebT. mkvlevrebma gviCvenes, rom mexsierebis gamoyeneba
am miznebis cvlasTan erTad icvleba.

saidan viciT

miznebi gavlenas axdens mexsierebaze

cdis pirebs aCvenebdnen wuTnaxevari xangrZliobis scenas videfilmidan
da sTxovdnen daemaxsiovrebinaT dialogi am filmidan. cdis pirebs 45 wuTi
eZleodaT, rac sakmarisi iyo, rom yvela cdis pirs sakmaod zustad
aRedgina dialogis teqsti. cdis pirebi or jgufad gayves. TiToeul
students dialogis Sinaarsi sxva studentisTvis unda gadaeca, magram erT
jgufs sTxovdnen es moTxroba maqsimalurad zusti yofiliyo (teqstTan
axlos), xolo meore jgufs ki sTxovdnen, rac SeiZleba saintereso
yofiliyo maTi monaTxrobi. is cdis pirebi, romlebsac hqondaT
maqsimaluri sizustiT aRdgenis instruqcia, 99%-is sizustiT, sityva-
sityviT aRadgendnen dialogs, maSin rodesac meore jgufis cdis pirebma
dialogis mxolod 62% aRadgines. ramdenadac orive jgufis wevrebma
daimaxsovres dialogis teqsti Zalian kargad, meore jgufma, ubralod,
airCia, rom ufro saintereso iqneboda, Tu yvelafers ar uambobda sxvas
(Wadi, Klark, 1993).

es Sedegi gviCvenebs, rom Cveni Zalisxmeva, rom zustad aRvadginoT,

damokidebulia garemoebebze. Tu Sen Tvli, rom pasuxismgebeli xar imaze
(valdebuli xar), rom zustad moigono, ra moxda, Sen amas gaakeTeb _ obieqtur
monacems waradgen an aRiareb da ityvi, rom ar gaxsovs. zogierT cxovrebiseul
situaciaSi, marTlac, sakmarisia rac moxda, imis ubralo rekonstruqcia, met-
naklebad zusti aRdgena. es Tqveni gadasawyvetia. magram arsebobs erTi sfero,
sadac Tqven udao pasuxismgebloba gekisrebaT ra moxda, imis sizusteze.
ganvixiloT mowmis mexsiereba.

mowmis mexsiereba

mowme sasamarTloze debs fics „Tqvas simarTle da mxolod simarTle“.

magram am TavSi Cven vnaxavT, rom maxsiereba zusti iqneba Tu mcdari,
damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogor aris informacia aRbeWdili da emTxveva Tu
ara aRdgenis pirobebi aRbeWvdis pirobebs. ramdenadac fsiqologebma ician, rom
adamianebma SeiZleba ver Tqvan „simarTle“, maSinac, rodesac es Zalian undaT,
 171
maT yuradReba gaamaxviles mowmis mexsierebaze da daiwyes Seswavla. mizani
mizania gamoZiebisTvis xelSewyoba da iseTi meTodis moZebna, romelic
uzrunvelyofs mowmis Cvenebis sizustes.
am mimarTulebiT mniSvnelovani gamokvlevebi iyo Catarebuli elizabet
loftusis da misi kolegebis mier (Elizabeth Loftus et al., 1979, 1992). misi
gamokvlevis ZiriTadi daskvna is iyo, rom mowmis mexsiereba (Cveneba) Zalian
advilad icvleboda Semdgomi informaciebis gavleniT. magaliTad, cdis pirebs
uCvenebdnen films, sadac avtokatastrofa xdeboda _ ori manqana erTmaneTs
ejaxeboda. cdis pirebs sTxovdnen, ganesazRvraT manqanebis siCqare (Loftus &
Palmer, 1974). magram cdis pirTa erT nawils kiTxvas Semdegnairad usvamdnen: „ra
siCqare eqnebodaT manqanebs, rodesac Seejaxnen erTmaneTs?“ xolo cdis pirTa
meore nawils ki ekiTxebodnen: „ra siCqariT moZraobdnen manqanebi, rodesac
erTmaneTs Seexnen?“ pirvel SekiTxvaze cdis pirebis pasuxi saSualod 100km/sT
iyo, xolo meore kiTxvaze ki _ 80km/sT. erTi kviris Semdeg ki cdis pirebs
ekiTxebodnen: „dainaxeT Camsxvreuli SuSebi?” sinamdvileSi Camsxvreuli minebi
filmSi ar iyo. miuxedavad amisa pirveli jgufis cdis pirTa mesamedma aRniSna,
rom dainaxa Camsxvreuli SiSis naWrebi, xolo meore jgufidan ki mxolod 14 %
-ma aRniSna, rom SuSebi dainaxa. amrigad movlenis Semdgom informacias
arsebiTi gavlena aqvs mowmis Cvenebaze.
movlenis Semdgomma informaciam SeiZleba daamaxinjos mowmis mexsiereba
maSinac ki, rodesac cdis pirs gacnobierebuli aqvs, rom eqsperimentatori
SeiZleba ecados mis SecdomaSi Seyvanas. cdis piri ver axerxebs gaarCios
Tavisi mexsierebis namdvili wyaro romelia; veRar xedavs gansxvavebas
movlenasa da mis Semdgom informacias Soris (Johnson et al., 1993; Weingardt et al.,
1995). rogorc mosalodneli iyo, rodesac adamians ramdenjerme warudgenen
mcdar informaciaa, igi swored am mcdar informacias ufro namdvilad
miiCnevs (Mitchell & Zaragoza, 1996). Tumca garkveuli winaaRmdegoba arsebobs am
movlenis axssniTi meqanizmebis dadgenaSi (Lindsay, 1993; Loftus, 1992; Schreiber &
Sergent, 1998), tendencia mowmis Cvenebis Secvlisa Semdgomi informaciis
gavleniT dadgenilad iTvleba. es gamokvlevebi adastureben im azrs, rom
Tqveni mexsiereba icvleba _ rekonstruqcias ganicdis warsuli gamocdilebis
sxvadasxva elementebis gavleniT.
Cven ganvixileT aRbeWvdis, Senaxvisa da aRdgenis bevri mniSvnelovani
Tavisebureba. bolos Cven ganvixilavT mexsierebis am funqciebis biologiur
safuZvlebs.
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Sejameba

mexsierebis ZiriTadi funqcia aris msgavsi gamocdilebis erTmaneTTan

dakavSireba, raTa garemoSi ukeT gaverkveT. cnebebi mentalur kategoriebs
warmoadgenen. prototipebi iqmneba mTel Cvens gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT
kategoriis wevrebis CaTvliT da, amdenad, yoveli axali wevris aRqmasTan
erTad TviTonac icvleba. iqmneba erTgvari bazisuri done, romlis
daxmarebiTac adamianebi ukeT axdenen kategorizacias da ukeT gaiazreben
movlenebs. sqemebsa da konceptualur CarCoebSi ukeT Cans gamocdilebis
mozrdili monakveTebis kanonzomierebebi, vidre cnebebi.
rodesac informaciis zusti aRdgena ver xerxdeba, misi rekonstruqcia
xdeba. rekonstruqciaze sqema axdens gavlenas. mecnierebma gviCvenes, rom
mexsierebis gamoyeneba komunikaciis miznis cvlilebasTan erTad icvleba.
mowmis Cveneba aucileblad moiTxovs zust mexsierebas, magram gamokvlevebma
aCvena, rom igi mowyvladia damaxinjebebisadmi movlenis Semdgomi informaciis
gavleniT.

mexsierebis biologiuri aspeqtebi

axla droa, rom gTxovoT, gaixsenoT is ricxvi, romelic Tqven mexsierebis

Sesaxeb Tavis dawyebisas unda dagemaxsovrebinaT. SegiZliaT moigonoT? ratom,
ra mizniT CagitareT aseTi savarjiSo? ifiqreT im unaris biologiur
safuZvlebze, romelic SesaZleblobas gaZlevT, nebismieri informacia monaxoT
da moigonoT. rogor akeTebT amas? aRbeWdva mexsierebaSi niSnavs Tqvens tvinSi
garkveul cvlilebebs. Tu Tqven gindaT, rom es informacia, sul cota, am
Tavis bolomde dagamaxsovrdeT, am cvlilebas permanentuli xasiaTi unda
hqondes.. rodesme dagisvamT kiTxva Tqveni TavisTvis, Tu rogor aris es
SesaZlebeli? Cveni Txovnis mizezi, dagemaxsovrebinaT nebismieri ricxvi,
swored es iyo, anu gagegoT, Tu raoden didi mniSvneloba aqvs biologias
mexsierebisTvis. axla cota ufro Rrmad ganvixiloT es sakiTxi.

engramis ZiebaSi

modiT, gavixsenoT wignis dasawyisSi TqvenTvis mowdebuli testi, ufro

zustad, SevamowmoT Tqveni mexsiereba. 37 xom is ricxvia, romlis
damaxsovrebac gTxoveT rogor unda ganvsazRvroT, Tqvens tvinSi sad aRibeWda
igi? karl leSlim (Karl Lashly, 1929, 1950), romelmac Seqmna pirveli wigni
 173
mexsierebis anatomiis Sesaxeb, es sakiTxi engramis _ tvinSi mexsierebis
fizikuri warmomadgenlis _ Ziebas daukavSira. leSli virTagvebs aswavlida
labirinTSi gavlas, Semdeg maTi tvinis calkeul nawilebs amokveTda xolme da
amowmebda maT labirinTSi naswavl qcevas. leSlim daadgina, rom tvinis
dazianebiT gamowveuli mexsierebis darRveva amokveTili qsovilis zomis
proporciuli iyo. darRveva miT ufro Zlieri iyo, tvinis rac ufro didi
nawili iyo dazianebuli. amave dros, mexsierebaze gavlenas ar axdenda is, Tu
tvinis ra nawili iqneboda dazianebuli. leSlis mixedviT, engrama tvinis erT
konkretul ubanSi ki ar Tavsdeba, aramed mTel tvinze vrceldeba.
leSlim ver SeZlo engramis lokalizacia imitom, rom martiv situaciaSi
mexsierebis sxvadasxva forma erTdroulad monawileobs. labirinTis swavla
moicavs sivrciT, mxedvelobiT da ynosviT gamRizianeblebs. neiromecnierebis
mtkicebiT, rTuli, kompleqsuri informaciis daxsomeba ganawilebulia mraval
neironul sistemaSi maSin, rodesac diskretuli codna calke gadamuSavdeba _
tvinis mxolod SezRudul ubnebSi lokalizirdeba. (Markowitsch, 2000; Rolls, 2000).

mexsiereba moicavs oTx ZiriTad nervul struqturas:

• naTxemi – mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs proceduruli
mexsierebisTvis, mexsierebisTvis, romelic ganmeorebas saWiroebs da
klasikuri ganpirobebisTvis.
• zoliani sxeuli – wina tvinis kompleqsuri struqtura. savaraudo
safuZvelia Cvevis Camoyalibebisa da „stimul-reaqcia“ kavSirebis.
• didi tvinis qerqi pasuxismgebelia sensoruli mexsierebis da
SegrZnebebs Soris asociaciebis
• nuSisebri kompleqsi – pasuxismgebelia faqtebis, TariRebis,
saxelebis deklaraciul mexsierebaze, agreTve emociuri
STabeWdilebebis daxsomebaze.
tvinis sxva nawilebs, rogoricaa Talamusi, bazaluri winatvini da
prefrontaluri korteqsi, agreTve, gaaCniaT saSualebebi mexsierebis sxvadasxva
tipis formirebisTvis.

• engrama (Engram) _ mexsierebis fizikuri kvali tvinSi.

gamotovebulia bolo abzaci.

amnezia
 174
1960 wels, sahaero Zalebis radarebis axalgazrda teqnikosi niki. a.
saSineli dazianebis msxverpli gaxda, ramac Zireulad Secvala misi cxovreba.
niki ijda magidasTan, xolo misi mezobeli TamaSobda miniaturuli
safarikao daSniT. Semdeg, moulodnelad niki wamodga da Semotrialda –
swored im dros, rodesac misma amxanagma moiqnia xmali. xmali moxvda nikis
marjvena nestos da ganagrZo moZraoba marcxena tvinis mimarTulebiT. am
SemTxvevam seriozulad daaziana niki. yvelaze mZime problema amnezia,
xangrZlivi droiT mexsierebis dakargva iyo. amneziis gamo niks yvelaferi
aRqmisTanave aviwydeba. wignSi ramdenime abzacis wakiTxvis Semdeg pirveli
winadadebebi aRar axsovs. satelevizio gadacemidan azri ver gamoaqvs, sanam
reklamis ganmavlobaSi aqtiurad ar moigonebs da gaimeorebs oriode wuTis
win nanaxs.
mecnierebi sargebloben nikis msgavsi pacientebiT, radgan „bunebriv
eqsperimentad“ Tvlian aseT SemTxvevebs. nikis msgavsi tvinis dazianebis
adgilis dakavSirebam qcevis deficitTan saSualeba misca mkvlevrebs
daedginaT mexsierebis sxvadasxva formebis mimarTeba tvinis garkveul
ubnebTan. Tavis mxriv, niks jer kidev axsovs moqmedebebi anu proceduruli
mexsiereba ar aqvs darRveuli, Tumca, deklaraciuli mexsiereba aRar
funqcionirebs. ase magaliTad, mas axsovs, rogor unda aurios sxvadasxva
masala, magram ar axsovs ra komponentebia am narevSi. eqsplicituri mexsierebis
darRvevis es faqtebi naTlad miuTiTeben imaze, rom eqsplicitur da
implicitur mexsierebaSi tvinis gansxvavebuli ubnebia CarTuli.
axla ganvixiloT mexsierebis sxva dayofa, romelic SeiZleba dakavSirebuli
iyos gansxvavebul anatomiur struqturasTan. gamokvlevebis Sedegad aRmoCnda,
romhipokampis dazianebis dros irRveva eqsplicituri mexsiereba da ara
implicituri (Squire, 1992)

saidan viciT

amneziis dros implicituri mexsiereba daculia

gamokvlevaTaHerT seriaSi monawileobdnen cdis pirebi, romelTac
korsakovis sindromis (qronikuli alkoholizmi) Sedegad dazianebuli
hqondaT hipokampusi. rogorc amneziis mqone pacientebis, ise janmrTelebis
jgufs awvdidnen sityvaTa mwkrivs da sTxovdnen, SeefasebinaT emociuri
TavalsazrisiT, romeli sityva moswondaT da romeli –ara. maTi
mexsierebis Sesamowmeblad iyenebdnen or tests. erT SemTxvevaSi cdis
 175
pirebs eZleodaT sityvis dasawyisi marcvali, romelic unda SeevsoT TavSi
mosuli pirvelive sityviT. (Sevsebis testi). meore testSi ki marcvali
mimniSneblis rols TamaSobda, radgan cdis pirs masze dayrdnobiT unda
moegonebina Sesabamisi sityva wakiTxuli mwkrividan (mimniSnebliT
mogonebis testi). mimniSnebel testSi amneziis mqone pacientebi naklebs
igonebdnen, vidre janmrTeli cdis pirebi, magram sityvis Sevsebis testSi
pacientebis da janmrTelebis mexsierebis moculoba Tanabari iyo (Graf et al.,
1984).

es Sedegi imaze miuTiTebs, rom korsakovis sindromiT gamowveuli tvinis

dazianeba gavlenas axdens eqsplicitur mexsierebaze, xolo implicitur
mexsierebas ucvlelad tovebs. mecnierebma daadgines, rom es gavlena SeiZleba
sakmaod xangrZlivi iyos (Cave & Squire, 1992). gamokvlevebiT implicituri
mexsiereba 7 dRis Semdeg gamovlinda. hipokampis mniSvnelovani dazianebis
SemTxvevaSic implicituri mexsiereba ar irRveva.
is faqtebi, rom tvinis dazianebis zogierTi forma azianebs eqsplicitur da
ara implicitur mexsierebas, SesaZleblobas aZlevs fsiqologebs, amtkicon,
rom mexsierebis es ori forma gansxvavebul kanonzomierebebs avlens
kodirebisa da aRdgenis procesebSi. ganvixiloT, magaliTad, is gzebi, riTac
adamianebi amyareben asociaciebs iseT winadadebasTan, rogoricaa „medicina
arCens enabluobas“. Cven ukve viciT zemoT moyvanili gamokvlevidan, rom
amneziis mqone individebi iZenen codnas eqsplicituri cnobierebis gareSe,
magram, aseve, SeuZliaT codnis SeZena sityvebs Soris asociaciuri kavSirebis
Sesaxeb? erTi pasuxi, romelic ukavSirdeba im individis monacemebs (Rajaram,
Coslett, 2000), romlis inicialebicaa C.V. da romlis amneziac gamowveulia
Sublis wilis nawilis, kerZod, medialuri temporaluri lobis dazianebiT,
aris – „ara“. miuxedavad imisa, rom C.V. avlenda perceptualur implicitur
mexsierebas, mas ar hqonda konceptualuri implicituri mexsiereba. es Sedegi
miuTiTebs imaze, rom eqsplicituri mexsierebis gareSe garkveuli tipis
asociaciebis SeZena SeuZlebelia. am tipis gamokvlevebi SesaZleblobas aZleven
mecnierebs, ukeT Cawvdnen mexsierebis biologiur safuZvlebs da mexsierebis
procesebis organizacias.

tvinis suraTi

fsiqologebma didi codna daagroves anatomiasa da mexsierebas Soris

kavSiris Sesaxeb, amneziis mqone individebze dakvirvebis gziT, magram tvinis
 176
gadaRebis teqnikam SesaZlebeli gaxada janmrTeli cdis pirebis mexsierebis
procesebis Seswavla (Niberg, Cabeza, 2000) (SegiZliaT gadaxedoT me-3-e Tavs,
sadac saubaria gadaRebis teqnikis Sesaxeb). magaliTad, Pozitron Emission Tomograf-
is (PET) saSualebiT endel tulvingma da misma kolegebma (Nyberg et al., 1996;
Tulving et al., 1994) daadgines, rom epizoduri informaciis kodirebisa da aRdgenis
dros tvinis ori naxevarsfero gansxvavebuli aqtivobiT xasiaTdeba. es
gamokvlevebi iseTivea, rogorc mexsierebis standartuli gamokvlevebi, im
gansxvavebiT, rom kodirebisa da aRdgenis procesSi cdis pirTa sisxlis
mimoqcevis skanireba xdeba PET-iT. am gamokvlevebSi gamovlinda tvinis Zlieri
aqtivoba marcxena prefrontalur korteqsSi (ixileT suraTi 8.14) epizoduri
informaciis kodirebis dros, xolo marjvena prefrontalur korteqsSi tvinis
gaZlierebul aqtivobas adgili hqonda epizoduri informaciis aRdgenis dros.
amrigad, anatomiuri sxvaobac gamovlinda im konceptualuri sxvaobebis garda,
romelic kogniturma fsiqologebma aRmoaCines.
funqcionaluri magnituri rezonansiT (fMRI) warmoebulma gamokvlevebmac
gamoavlina mexsierebis operaciebis tvinSi ganawilebis mniSvnelovani detalebi
(Gabrieli, 1996, 1997).

saidan viciT

tvini da kodirebis operaciebi

magnituri rezonansiT gamokvlevis dros cdis pirebs mexsierebis
eqsperimentebi utardebodaT. maT proeqtoriT ekranze miewodebodaT
sityvebi, romlebsac xedavdnen Tavs zemoT sarkeSi. cdis pirebs
evalebodaT, TiToeuli sityvis Sesaxeb Tavisi azri gamoeTqvaT, kerZod,
semantikuri xasiaTis: „es sityva, (magaliTad, „skami“ an „siyvaruli“)
abstaraqtulia, Tu konkretuli? an perceptuli xasiaTis:: „es sityva,
(magaliTad, „ndoba“ an „wigni“) fanqriT aris dawerili, Tu melniT?“
funqcionaluri magnituri rezonansiT gamokvlevam gviCvena, rom marcxena
prefrontaluri qerqis midamoSi (frontaluri qerqis aramotoruli ubani)
ufro maRal aqtivacias aqvs adgili semantikuri kodirebis, vidre
perceptuli kodirebis SemTxvevaSi (Gabrieli et al., 1996).

mecnierebi varaudoben, rom qerqis am ubnis aqtivacias semantikuri

kodireba iwvevs, marcxena naxevarsferos metyvelebasTan kavSiris gamo. (ix.
Tavi 3)
 177
ramdenime axali gamokvleva mieZRvna tvinis specifikuri regionebis
Seswavlas, romelTa aqtivacia axali mexsierebis Camoyalibebis dros xdeba.
(Brewe et al., 1998, Wagner et al.,1998). am gamokvlevebSi cdis pirebs martivad unda
SeefasebinaT sityvebi an siuJetebi (scenebi). (magaliTad, eTqvaT, abstraqtulia
Tu konkretuli esa Tu is sityva). am amocanis Sesrulebis dros cdis pirebs
skanirebas ukeTebdnen magnituri rezonansiT, raTa gamoevlinaT tvinis
aqtivobis ubnebi. skanirebam gasaocari ram uCvena: prefrontaluri qerqis da
parahipokampuli (hipokampTan axlos mdebare) qerqis is ubnebi iyo ukeT
ganaTebuli, romelTa Sesabamisi sityvebis Tu siuJetebis Sefaseba cdis pirebma
ukeT SeZles. am axal gamokvlevebSi gamoCnda mexsierebis SemuSavebis pirveli
periodis biologiuri safuZvlebi.
skanirebis Sedegebi gviCveneben, rom sxvadasxva disciplinis mecnierebma
erTad unda imuSaon, raTa bolomde kargad Cawvdnen mexsierebis procesebis
kanonzomierebebs. fsiqologebi adamianis mexsierebis Sesaxeb monacemebs
moipoveben, rac Semdgom neirofsiqologebisTvis masalaa Sesabamisi tvinis
struqturebis aRmosaCenad. amave dros, fiziologebis monacemebi koreqcias
ukeTeben fsiqologiur Teoriebs informaciis kodirebis, Senaxvisa da aRdgenis
Sesaxeb. am sferoSi momuSave mecnierebi saerTo ZalisxmeviT uzrunvelyofen
did warmatebebs mexsierebis procesebis kvlevaSi.

Sejameba

karl leSlim, romelic pirveli iyo, vinc engramebis Zieba daiwyo,

aRmoaCina, rom mexsiereba mTel tvins moicavs. tvinis mravali struqturaa
CarTuli swavlisa da mexsierebis procesebSi. amniziis mqone pacientebze
gamokvlevebma daamtkica, rom implicituri da eqsplicituri procesebis
ganxorcielebaSi gansxvavebuli struqturebi monawileoben. tvinis skanirebis
teqnika SesaZleblobas iZleva ganisazRvros janmrTel adamianTan mexsierebis
procesTa biologiuri safuZvlebi.

sur. 8.1. ebinghausis daviwyebis mrudi

mrudze gamosaxulia uazro marcvalTa daxsomebis raodenoba individTa

mier ekonomiis meTodis gamoyenebiT 30 dRis ganmavlobaSi. mrudi swrafad
eSveba qveviT da Semdeg daaxloebiT erT doneze Cerdeba

sur. .8.2
 178
Tu baWia uceb gadmoxteba magididan da Tqven gaifiqrebT „ra unda baWias
samzareuloSi?“ amis mizezi Tqveni mexsierebis procesebis mier samzareulos
situaciis aracnobieri gadamuSavebaa, romelic baWiassamzareulosTvis zedmet
elementad miiCnevs.

sur. 8.5. mogoneba nawilobrivi aRdgenis meTodiT

uwyveti mrudi gviCvenebs nawilobrivi aRdgenis meTodiT daxsomebuli
masalis saSualo raodenobas, rogorc uSualod miwodebis Semdeg, aseve
mogvianebiT. SedarebisTvis, wyvetili xaziT mocemulia masalis mogoneba
sruli aRdgenis meTodiT. (sperlingi. 1960)

gv. 221 suraTi

sensoruli muSa mexsiereba → xangrZlivi

mexsiereba → moicavs xanmokle mexsierebas ← mexsiereba

sur. 8.3. informaciis gadasvla xangrZliv mexsierebaSi da misi aRdgena

aRdgena
mexsierebis TeoriebSi aRwerilia informaciis gadasvla xangrliv
mexsierebaSi da iqidan misi cnobierebaSi amotana Tu gamoyeneba. TeoriebSi
informaciis Tavdapirveli aRbeWvda miewereba sensorul da xangrZliv
mexsierebas. informaciis gadasvla xangrZliv mexsierebaSi-Senaxvas, xolo
informaciis gadmosvla ukan - muSa mexsierebaSi-aRdgenas.

sur. 8.4. ramdens daixsomebT am scenidan?

aTi wamis ganmavlobaSi uyureT am naxats, Semdeg furceli daafareT da
ecadeT upasuxoT teqstSi dasmul SekiTxvebs. Cveulebriv, xatiseburi
mexsiereba mxedvelobiTi velidan mcire xniT mxolod wamier xats inaxavs.

sur. 8.6. xanmokle mexsiereba ganmeorebis gareSe

rodesac intervali stimulis miwodebasa da aRdgenas Soris sxva amocanit
aris Sevsebuli (distraqtoriT) mexsierebis moculoba mcirdeba, ramdenadac
intervali izrdeba.

gv. 227, sur.

ratom aris informaciis aRdgena xanmokle mexsierebidan biblioTekaSi
wignis monaxvis analogiuri?

gv. 229, sur.

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rodesac quCaSi moZraobis wesebis darRvevis semdeg SexvdebiT am kacs,
ratom ver cnobT, rom mas xom wveulebaze SexvdiT.

sur. 8.7. mwkrivSi adgilmdebareobis efeqti

am naxatze naCvenebia adgilmdebareobis efeqtis ganzogadebuli suraTi
studentebs Txoven moigonon sityvaTa sxvadasxva sigrZis _ 6, 10 da 15
sityvisgan Semdgari mwkrivebi an igive TanmimdevrobiT, rogorc iyo
miwodebuli, an Tavisufali mogonebis wesiT (aRadgineT, ramdeni sityvac
SegiZliaT ). TiToeuli mrudi gviCvenebs, rom rogorc dasawyisis(daswyisis
efeqti) ise bolo nawilis daxsomeba (daboloebis efeqti)ukeT xdeba.

sur. 8.8 konteqstis mixedviT gansxvaveba

Tqven SegiZliaT Tqvens mexsierebaSi informacia matareblis liandagis
msgavsad warmoidginoT. A nawilis analogiurad, SegiZliaT ifiqroT, rom didi
xnis win Tqvens mexsierebaSi Semosuli informacia erTmaneTzea mWidrod
miwyobili, rogorc moSorebiT ganlagebuli liandagis „Spalebi“. B nawilSi ki
vxedavT, rom am efeqtis acilebis erT-erTi gza aris adre miRebuli es
„Spalebi“ erTmaneTisgan dacilebulad ganvalagoT, ise, rom proporciulad
iyvnen erTmaneTisgan daSorebulni. aseve, SegiZliaT Zveli informacia
gamokveToT fsiqologiurad gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobebis miniWebis gziT.

gv. 233, sur.

pirovnulad mniSvnelovani movlenebi, magaliTad, wlebis manZilze unaxav
megobartan Sexvedra, epizoduri mexsierebis kuTvnilebaa. semantikuri
mexsierebidan romeli informacia seedreba am SexvedriT gamowveul
sixaruls?

sur. 8.9. implicituri mexsierebis testze praimingi

praimingi gviCvenebs sxvadasxva amocanebiT sakontrolo sityvebze
manipulaciebis dros gavlenis. zogierTi implicituri testiT SesaZlebelia
praimingis kviraze meti xnis Semdeg gamovlena.

sur. 8.10. lokusis meTodi

lokusis meTodSi Tqven akavSirebT dasamaxsovrebel sityvas (magaliTad
sayidlebis siidan) nacnob adgilebTan (magaliTad institutidan saxlisken
mimaval gzaze.

sur. .8.11
 180
A. prototipuli saxe da calkeuli saxeebi
B. prototipebis, Zveli saxeebis da axali saxeebis prototipuli
Sefaseba,

(A) saxis 75 % emTxveva prototips, 50% aqvs gansxvavebuli Tmebi da

Tvalebi, 25%-s mxolod Tvalebi aqvs saerTo, dabolos, 0 % aqvs saerTo
prototipTan. cdis pirebs Txoven Seafason, aqfT Tu ara nanaxi adre es
saxe. yvelaze maRali darwmunebulobis xarisxi aris prototipis mimarT,
romelic adre arasodes unaxavT. daaxloebiT Tanabaria darwmunebulobis
xarisxi adre mamaxi saxeebis mimarT. axali saxeebis SemTxvevaSi cdis pirTa
darwmunebulobis xarisxi klebulobda prototipisgan misi msgavsebis
semcirebasTan ertad.

sur. 8.12. cnebaTa ierarqiulad organizebuli struqtura

kategoria cxoveli SeiZleba daiyos Semdgom qvekategoriebad, rogoricaa

frinveli da Tevzi,
Tevzi TiToeuli qvekategoria SeiZleba kidev daiyos. zogierTi
informacia(aqvs kani gaaCnia iererqiis yvela dones. sxva informacia,
magaliTad, (SeuZlia simRera) mxolod dabali donis cnebebs SeiZleba hqondes
(magaliTad, iadons).

sakvanZo sakiTxebi

ra aris mexsiereba
• kognituri fsiqologiis warmomadgenlebi ganixilaven mexsierebas, rogorc
informaciis gadamuSavebis process.
• mexsiereba, romelic moiTxovs cnobier Zalisxmevas, aris eqsplicituri.
aracnobieri mexsiereba implicituria.
• deklaraciuli mexsiereba uzrunvelyofs faqtebis daxsomebas. proceduruli
mexsiereba ki uzrunvelhyofs unarebis SemuSavebas.
• mexsierebas xSirad ganixilaven, rogorc kodirebis, Senaxvis da aRdgenis
samsafexurian process.

sensoruli mexsiereba
• sensoruli mexsierebis sistema didi moculobis, magram Zalian mcire
xangrZliobisaa.
• xatiseburi mexsiereba wamebis ganmavlobaSi aCerebs mxedvelobiT vels.
• eqo-mexsiereba inaxavs smeniT gamRizianeblebs.
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xanmokle mexsiereba da muSa mexsiereba
• xanmokle mexsierebas SezRuduli moculoba aqvs da swrafadve qreba
ganmeorebis SesaZlebelobis ararsebobis pirobebSi.
• ganmeoreba aCerebs masalas xanmokle mexsierebaSi.
• xanmokle mexsierebis moculoba SeiZleba gaizardos dasaxsomebeli wevrebis
azrian jgufebad dalagebis Sedegad.
• aRdgenis procesi xanmokle mexsierebidan efeqturad xorcieldeba.
• muSa mexsierebis farTo gageba xanmokle mexsierebas moicavs.
• muSa mexsierebis sami komponenti xels uwyobs gare samyarodan
gamocdilebis yovelwuTier asaxvas.

xangrZlivi mexsiereba. kodireba da aRdgena.

• xangrZlivi mexsiereba moicavs Tqvens srul codnas samyarosa da Tqveni
Tavis Sesaxeb. igi TiTqmis ganusaRvreli moculobisaa.
• Tqveni gaxsenebis unaris pirobaa kodirebisa da aRdgenis pirobebis
damTxveva.
• swavlisa da aRdgenis konteqstebs Soris damTxveva ganapirobebs aRdgenas.
• adgilmdeareobis mrudis Tavisebureba aixsneba konteqstebs Soris
gansxvavebiT.
• mogonebis mimniSneblebi xels uwyoben xangrZliv mexsierebaSi informaciis
moZebnas.
• epizodur mexsierebas iseTi movlenebis daxsomebasTan aqvs saqme, romlebic
pirovnebis subieqtur gamocdilebaSi monawileobdnen. semantikuri mexsiereba
sityvebisa da cnebebis arsebiTi mniSvnelobebis Sesaxeb mexsierebaa.
• interferencias adgili aqvs, rodesac mimniSneblebs mxolod Sesabamis
informaciasTan (mexsierebasTan) ar mivyavarT.
• rac ufro Rrmad aris gadamuSavebuli informacia, miT ukeTesia daxsomeba.
• implicituri mexsierebisTvis mniSvneloba aqvs, rom kodirebis da aRdgenis
procesebi msgavsi iyos.
• mexsiereba SeiZleba gaviumjobesoT gadamamuSavebeli ganmeorebiT da
mnemonikuri xerxebiT.
• Cveulebriv, darwmunebulobis gancdas zustad SeuZlia mexsierebaSi
informaciis arsebobis winaswarmetyveleba.

xangrZlivi mexsierebis struqturebi

 182

• cnebebi aris azrovnebisTvis mexsierebis saSeni agurebi (masala). maTi

Camoyalibeba xdeba, rodesac mexsierebaSi Camoyalibdeba saerTo niSnebis
mqone obieqtebis an azrTa jgufebi.
• prototipi warmoadgens cnebis saSualo ekzempliars.
• cnebebi xSirad ierarqiulad arian dalagebulni zogadidan kerZosaken.
• sqema ufro zogadi kognituri klasteria.
• mexsierebis yvela es zogadi struqtura gamoiyeneba axali informaciis
molodinebisa da interpretaciis konteqstisTvis.
• mogoneba mxolod angariSi ar aris, igi rekonstruqciuli da seleqciuri
procesia.
• wina gamocdileba da miznebi gavlenas axdens mogonebaze.
• axalma informaciam SeiZleba Secvalos mogoneba da amiT mowmis Cveneba
arasando gaxados, Tu mas axali movlenis Semdgomi informacia Seereva.

mexsierebis biologiuri aspeqtebi

• tvinis gansxvavebuli struqturebi (hipokampis, amigdalas, cerebelumis da
cerebruli korteqsis CarTviT) monawileoben sxvadasva tipis mexsierebaSi.
• eqsperimentebi amneziis mqone pacientebze daexmara mkvlevrebs imis
garkvevaSi, Tu rogor xdeba gansxvavebuli tipis mexsierebis Camoyalibeba
da tvinSi maTi ganawileba.
• tvinis skanirebis teqnikam udidesi roli Seasrula mexsierebis kodirebis
da aRdgenis procesebSi tvinis monawileobis Sesaxeb codnis mopovebaSi.

ZiriTadi cnebebi
amnezia
bazisuri done
dajgufeba
cnebebi
konteqstis mixedviT gansxvaveba
deklaraciuli mexsiereba eqo mexsiereba gadamamuSavebeli ganmeoreba
kodireba kodirebis specifikuroba
engrama epizoduri mexsiereba mexsierebis eqsplicituri gamoyeneba
xatiseburi mexsiereba mexsierebis implicituri gamoyeneba
interferencia
gadamuSavebis doneebis Teoria xangrZlivi mexsiereba
 183
mexsiereba metamexsiereba
mnemonika
dasawyisis efeqti
praimingi
procedurulki mexsiereba
prototipi
mogoneba
mwkrivis daboloebiis efeqti
cnoba rekonstruqciuli mexsiereba
aRdgena mimniSneblebi sqemebi
semantikuri mexsiereba
sensoruli mexsiereba adgilmdebareobis efeqti
xanmokle mexsiereba
sacavi
gadatanis Sesabamisi gadamuSaveba
muSa mexsiereba

Tavi 9. kognituri procesebi

• kognituri procesebis Seswavla

− fsiqikuri procesebis aRmoCena
− fsiqikuri procesebi da fsiqikuri resursebi

• metyveleba
− eqspresiuli metyveleba
− impresiuli metyveleba
− metyveleba, azrovneba da kultura

• fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi: SeuZliaT Tu ara cxovelebs enis Seswavla?

• vizualuri Semecneba
− vizualuri reprezentaciebis gamoyeneba
− verbaluri da vizualuri reprezentaciebis kombinireba

• problemis gadaWra da azrovneba

− problemis gadaWra
− deduqciuri azrovneba
− induqciuri azrovneba
 184

• fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi: eqspert-sistemebi da medicina

• gadawyvetilebis miReba
− evristika da msjeloba
− gadawyvetilebis miRebis fsiqologia

• sakvanZo sakiTxebi
− ZiriTadi cnebebi
 185
rodesac TojiniT vTamaSobdi, misis salivanma [elen keleris maswavlebeli]
xelze damawera sityva `T-o-j-i-n-a~ (doll). me damainteresa TiTebis am TamaSma da
Sevecade gamemeorebina... me ar vicodi, rom vambobdi sityvas, saerTod ar
vicodi, rom sityva arsebobs, me ubralod TiTebiT vTamaSobdi.
erTxel, rodesac axali TojiniT vTamaSobdi, misis salivanma aiRo Cemi
Zveli Tojina, Camisva kalTaSi da aso-aso miTxra `T-o-j-i-n-a~ da Seecada
mivexvedrebine, rom orive `T-o-j-i-n-a~ iyo. manamde, cota xniT adre,
veWidavebodiT sityvebs `t-a-l-a-x-i~ da `w-y-a-l-i~. misis salivani cdilobda,
mivexvedrebine, rom `t-a-l-a-x-i~ aris talaxi da `w-y-a-l-i~ aris wyali, magram
me kvlav mereoda es ori . . .
Cven mivuyvebodiT biliks saxlis garSemo da vtkbebodiT mcenaris
mcenaris
surneliT, romelic saxlis kedlebs faravda. viRac wyals avsebda.
Cemma maswavlebelma xeli wylis nakadSi Camayofina. roca erT xelze civi
wylis nakadi Semexo, man meore xelis gulze damawera sityva `wyali~ jer
nela, Semdeg ufro swrafad. me wynarad vijeqi da mTeli gulisyuriT
SevigrZnobdi misis salivanis TiTebis moZraobas. uecrad dameufla bundovani
amaRelvebeli gancda, TiTqos raRac daviwyebuli brundeboda; da rogorRac
enis saidumlos farda aexada. maSin mivxvdi, rom `w-y-a-l-i~ aris is mSvenieri
grili raRac, xelebze rom mexeboda. am cocxalma sityvam gamoafxizla Cemi
suli, mianiWa mas sinaTle, imedi, sixaruli da Tavisufleba. Tumca, siZneleebi
amiT ar dasrulebula, magram es siZneleebi ukve advilad gvardeboda.
es saxli swavlis dauokebeli surviliT davtove. ukve yvelafers hqonda
Tavisi saxeli da TiToeuli axal azrs Sobda. saxlSi dabrunebisas yvela
sagani, romelsac ki vexebodi, sicocxliT iyo gamsWvaluli (Keller, 1902/1990,
gv.15-16).
elen keleris avtobiografiis `Cemi cxovrebis ambavi~ am nawyvetSi avtori
aRwers enisa da azris gamoRviZebis mniSvnelovan detalebs. erTi wlis asakSi
elenma gadaitana gaurkveveli daavadeba, romlis Sedegadac man dakarga
mxedveloba da smena. sami TviT adre, sanam mas Svidi weli Seusruldeboda, mis
cxovrebaSi gaCnda ana salivani _ misi maswavlebeli. salivanma SesZlo
SeWriliyo keleris wyvdiadSi da, rogorc avtori aRniSnavs, saSualeba misca
gamoecada `azris dabrunebasTan dakavSirebuli mRelvareba.~

• kognituri procesebi (Cognitive processes) – iseTi umaRlesi fsiqikuri

procesebi, rogoricaa aRqma, mexsiereba, metyveleba, problemis gadawyveta da
 186
abstraqtuli azrovneba.
• Semecneba (Cognition) – codnis SeZenis procesi, romelic moicavs yuradRebis
miqcevas, gaxsenebas, azrovnebas; aseve, gulisxmobs procesebis Sinaarss:
cnebebs da STabeWdilebebs.
• kognituri fsiqologia
fsiqologia (Cognitive Psychology) – mecniereba, romelic Seiswavlis
umaRles fsiqikur procesebs – yuradRebas, enis gamoyenebas, aRqmas,
problemis gadaWras da azrovnebas.
• kognituri mecniereba (Cognitive science) – informaciis gadamuSavebis
procesebisa da sistemebis kvlevis interdisciplinaruli sfero.

Tqven, albaT, arasdros dagWirvebiaT ase cxadad aRgeqvaT sakuTari

kognituri procesebi.
procesebi es procesebi, rogorc wesi, cnobier mdgomareobaSi
ganuwyvetliv mimdinareobs, magram adamianisaTvis SeumCneveli rCeba. miuxedavad
amisa, metyvelebisa da abstraqtuli azrovnebis unars xSirad ganixilaven,
rogorc adamianuri yofis arss (arsebiT niSans). Tumca, roca kargad
Camoyalibebuli moxseneba ipyrobs Tqvens guls, an rodesac deteqtiur
istoriaSi gamomZiebeli ramodenime samxilze awyobs danaSaulis gaxsnis
virtuozul logikas, Cven vacnobierebT SemecnebiTi aqtiobis inteleqtualur
triumfs.
termini Semecneba aerTianebs SemecnebiTi procesebis yvela formas. rogorc
9.1 suraTzea naCvenebi, kognituri procesebis Seswavla gulisxmobs adamianis
fsiqikuri cxovrebis Seswavlas (me-5-e TavSi ganxilulia 9.1 suraTze aRwerili
zogierTi sakiTxi). kognicia (Semecneba) aerTianebs rogorc Sinaarsebs, ise
procesebs. SinaarsebSi moiazreba is, rac Tqven iciT _ cnebebi, faqtebi, wesebi,
mogonebebi: `ZaRli ZuZumwovaria~, "wiTeli sinaTle niSnavs `sdeq~-s~, `saxlidan
wavedi 18 wlis asakSi~. kognituri procesebis saSualebiT Tqven manipulirebT
im fsiqikuri SinaarsebiT, romlebic gare samyaros interpretaciisa da
cxovrebiseuli dilemebis dros racionaluri gadawyvetilebis miRebis
saSualebas gaZlevT.
fsiqologiaSi Semecnebas kognituri fsiqologiis specialistebi
Seiswavlian. bolo sami aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi kognitur fsiqologiasTan
erTad am sakiTxebze muSaobdnen ukve axali interdisciplinaruli sferos _
kognituri mecnierebis warmomadgenlebic. (ix. sur. 9.2). kognituri mecniereba
fokusirebulia sxvadasxva momijnave sferoebSi erTi da igive sakiTxis
garSemo arsebul codnaze. TiToeuli am sferos warmomadgenlebs
SesaZlebloba aqvT, gauziaron erTmaneTs monacemebi da aRmoCenebi. me-8-e TavSi
 187
Tqven naxeT, Tu rogoraa SesaZlebeli, mexsierebis biologiuri safuZvlebis
Sesaxeb sxvadasxva kvlevebis gamoyenebiT, mexsierebis Teoriebis daxvewa:
kognituri mecnierebis arsi kargad gamoCnda muSaobis procesSi. Teoriebis
umravlesoba, romelsac winamdebare TavSi ganvixilavT, Seqmnilia sxvadasxva
momijnave specialistebis urTieTTanamSromlobis Sedegad.
Semecnebis Seswavlas daviwyebT kognituri procesebis kvlevis mokle
aRweriT _ rogor cdiloben mkvlevarebi gazomon kogniuri funqcionirebis
Sinagani procesebi. Semdeg Cven ganvixilavT kognituri fsiqologiis kvlevis
ZiriTad sakiTxebs, romlebsac praqtikuli gamoyeneba aqvT: metyveleba,
vizualuri Semecneba, problemis gadaWra, azrovneba, msjeloba da
gadawyvetilebis miReba.

sur. 9.1. kognituri fsiqologiis sfero

kognituri fsiqologebi Seiswavlian umaRlesi fsiqikuri funqciebis Semdeg
sakiTxebs: rogor xdeba adamianis mier codnis SeZena da am codnis gamoyeneba
garemos gagebisa da gardaqmnis mizniT.

sur. 9.2. kognituri mecnierebis sfero

kognituri mecniereba warmoadgens filosofiis, neiromecnierebis,
lingvistikis, kognituri fsiqologiis da kompiuteruli mecnierebis
(xelovnuri inteleqtis) rTul kombinacias.

kognituri procesebis Seswavla

rogor SeiZleba Semecnebis Seswavla? pirveli, rac TavSi mogivaT, aris is,
rom kognituri procesebi Tavis tvinTanaa dakavSirebuli. Tqven SegiZliaT
dainaxoT Sesuli informacia, mag. fraza: `damireke~ da daakvirdeT Sedegs _
darekes; magram rogor SegiZliaT moaxdinoT im moqmedebebis identifikacia,
romlebic akavSirebs frazas Tqvens reaqciasTan? rogor SegiZliaT gaigoT, ra
moxda am SualedSi _ romeli kognituri procesebisa da fsiqikuri
reprezentaciebis aqtivacias efuZneba Tqveni reaqcia? am TavSi aRwerilia
logikuri analizis is tipebi, romelTa safuZvelzec SesaZlebeli gaxda
kognituri fsiqologiis mecnieruli Seswavla.

fsiqikuri procesebis aRmoCena

fsiqikuri procesebis Seswavlis erT-erTi ZiriTadi meTodologia Seiqmna

1868 wels holandieli fsiqologis f. dondersis (F.C. Donders) mier. `fsiqikuri
procesebis siswrafis~ Seswavlis mizniT dondersma Seqmna eqsperimentuli
 188
davalebebi, romlTa warmatebiT Sesrulebis dros SesaZlebeli gaxdeboda
gonebrivi safexurebis gamoyofa (Lachman et al., 1979). cxrilSi 9.1 mocemulia
eqsperimenti, romelSic daculia dondersis logika. sanam kiTxvas
gaagrZelebdeT, gTxovT, SeasruloT TiToeuli davaleba.
cxrili 9.1. dondersis fsiqikuri
fsiqikuri procesebis analizi (qarTuli varianti)
CainiSneT TiToeul davalebaze daxarjuli dro (wamebSi). davalebebi
SeasruleT mocemuli TanmimdevrobiT. imuSaveT SeZlebisdagvarad swrafad.

davaleba 1: yvela didad daweril asos daawereT Tavze “s”

o arabeTs
iyo ar beTs rost
ostevan,
ost an, mefe
me e RmrTisaga
RmrT agan
aga sviani,
s ani,
maRali,
ma ali, uxvi,
vi, mdaba
md bali,
ba i, laSqa
Sqar-
Sqa -mravali
avali ymiani
ym ni Ddro:

davaleba 2: didad daweril xmovnebs daawereT Tavze “v”, xolo didad

daweril Tanxmovnebs “s”

o arabeTs
iyo ar beTs rost
ostevan,
ost an, mefe
me e RmrTisaga
RmrT agan
aga sviani,
s ani,
maRali,
ma ali, uxvi,
vi, mdaba
md bali,
ba i, laSq
Sqa
Sqar--mravali
avali ymiani
ym ni Ddro:

davaleba 3: yvela didad daweril asos daawereT Tavze “v”

o arabeTs
iyo ar beTs rost
ostevan,
ost an, mefe
me e RmrTisaga
RmrT agan
aga sviani,
s ani,
maRali,
ma ali, uxvi,
vi, mdaba
md bali,
ba i, laSqa
Sqar-
Sqa -mravali
avali ymiani
ym ni D dro:

ramdeni xani dagWirdaTEpirveli davalebis Sesasruleblad? warmoidgineT,

rom Tqven unda CamoTvaloT safexurebi, romlebic gaiareT davalebis
Sesasruleblad. CamonaTvali daaxloebiT aseTi iqneba:
a. gansazRvreT, niSani didia Tu patara.
b. Tu didia, daawereT Tavze “s”.

ramdeni xani dagWirdaT meore davalebis Sesasruleblad? am savarjiSos

Sesasruleblad studentebis umravlesobas naxevari wuTiT meti an kidev ufro
meti dro sWirdebaT. es gasagebi gaxdeba, rogorc ki aucilebel safexurebs
CamovTvliT:
a. gansazRvreT niSani _ didia Tu patara;
b. gansazRvreT didi aso _ xmovania Tu Tanxmovani
g. Tu Tanxmovania, daawereT Tavze “s”, Tu xmovania, daawereT “v”;

amgvarad, pirveli davalebidan meoreze gadasvlisas Cven davamateT ori

gonebrivi safexuri, romlebic SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT rogorc stimulTa
kategorizacia (xmovani Tu Tanxmovani?) da pasuxis arCeva (v-s dawera Tu s-s
 189
dawera?). pirveli davaleba moiTxovs stimulTa kategorizaciis erT safexurs,
meore davaleba ki _ aseTi kategorizaciis or safexurs da, agreTve, or
pasuxs Soris arCevanis gakeTebas. radganac meore davalebaSi yvelafris
gakeTeba giwevT, rac pirvel davalebaSi gaakeTeT da kidev metis, amitomac
meore davalebis SesrulebisaTvis meti droa saWiro. es iyo dondersis
mosazrebis ZiriTadi arsi: damatebiTi gonebrivi safexuri (operacia)
yovelTvis met dros saWiroebs SesrulebisTvis. albaT, gainteresebT, ratom
SemovitaneT mesame davaleba. es eqsperimentis Catarebis aucilebeli
proceduraa. Cven unda davrwmundeT, rom pirveli da meore davalebis
Sesrulebaze daxarjul droebs Soris sxvaoba ar aris ganpirobebuli imiT,
rom v–s daweras sWirdeba meti dro, vidre s–s daweras. mesame davalebas ufro
naklebi dro unda sWirdebodes, vidre meores. (Tqvens SemTxvevaSic ase iyo?
ara?)
Tavdapirvelad donderss imedi hqonda, rom Tavis proceduras gamoiyenebda
sxvadasxva fsiqikuri procesebis xangrZlivobis zusti SefasebisaTvis. misi
meTodis gamoyenebiT Tqven SegeZloT, gamogekloT pirveli davalebis
SesrulebisaTvis daxarjuli dro meore davalebaze daxarjuli droisaTvis da
gangesazRvraT stumulis kategorizaciisa da pasuxis arCevisTvis saWiro dro.
Tu Tqven SeqmniT davalebas, romelic saWiroebs mxolod stimulis
kategorizacias (xolo pasuxis arCeva ar iqneba saWiro, rogorc es dondersma
gaakeTa), maSin Tqven SegiZliaT mianiWoT ricxvebi _ drois xangrZlivoba _
calkeul process. amgvarad, SesaZloa, stimulis kategorizacias sWirdebodes
100 milisekundi (wamis measedi), xolo pasuxis arCevas _ 150 miliwami.
kognitur fsiqologiaSi momuSave specialistebi aRar iyeneben gamoklebis
meTods, radganac nebismieri procesisaTvis saWiro dro damokidebulia
davalebis detalebze. Tumca, mkvlevarebi mihyvebian dondersis ZiriTad
logikas. isini xSirad iyeneben reaqciis dros _ drois xangrZlivobas,
romelic cdis pirs sWirdeba konkretuli davalebis Sesasruleblad.
dondersis ZiriTadi debuleba, rom damatebiTi fsiqikuri procesi saWiroebs
damatebiT dros, kvlav fundamentur wanamZRvars warmoadgens kognituri
fsiqologiaSi Catarebul kvlevaTa umetesobaSi. vnaxoT, rogor ganviTarda es
mosazreba ukanaskneli 130 wlis ganmavlobaSi.

sur. 9.3 umaRlesi kognituri procesebis analizi

 190
kognituri fsiqologebi cdiloben gansazRvron im fsiqikuri procesebis
identuroba da organizacia, romlebic umaRlesi kognituri procesebis
(maRali donis kognituri aqtivobebis) saSen masalas warmoadgenen.
A) dondersis davalebis avtoriseuli versia moiTxovs, rom, sul cota, 3
procesi Tanmimdevrulad ganxorcieldes.
B) zogierTi procesi mimdinareobs seriulad anu Tanmimdevrulad; zogierTi
ki erTdroulad, erTmaneTis paralelurad.
C) davalebis Sesrulebaze daxarjuli dro yovelTvis ar aZlevs
mkvlevarebs saSualebas, gansazRvron procesebis paraleluri Tu seriuli
mimdinareoba.

A) dondersis davaleba

didi aso? → Tanxmovani Tu xmovani? s Tu v?

→

______________________________dro_____________________________→

B) seriuli da paraleluri procesebi

procesi A→ procesi B → procesi C

procesi A

procesi B

procesi C

___________________________dro________________________________→

C. seriuli da paraleluri procesebis droSi Tanxvedra.

procesi procesi Y
X
 191

procesi X

procesi Y

_____________________________dro__________________________
_____→
 fsiqikuri procesebi da resursebi

kognitur fsiqologiaSi momuSave specialistebis mier iseTi umaRlesi

kognituri procesebis Semadgenel komponentebad (calkeul procesebad) daSla,
rogoricaa metyveleba da problemis gadaWra, kubebiT TamaSs waagavs. TiToeuli
kubi warmoadgens gansxvavebul komponents (process, romlis ganxorcielebac
unda moxdes). aqtivobis mizania gansazRvros TiToeuli kubis forma da zoma da
kubebi ise moargos erTmaneTs, rom mTliani procesi ganxorcieldes. dondersis
davalebebSi Tqven naxavT, rom kubebi SeiZleba daewyos mwkrivSi (ix. sur. 9.3.
nawili A). erT safexurs pirdapir mohyveba meore. kubebis metaforuli
gamoyeneba saSualebas gvaZlevs, davinaxoT, rom SesaZlebelia ramdenime
procesis erTdrouli mimdinareoba (nawili B). es ori suraTi warmoagens me-5-e
TavSi aRweril seriul da paralelur procesebs Soris gansxvavebis
ilustracias. Tqven xedavT, rom vizualuri Zieba zogierT SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba
warimarTos paralelurad _ rigSi mocemuli yvela elementis Semowmeba
SesaZlbelia erTdroulad, xolo sxva tipis Zieba moiTxovs TiToeuli
elementis seriul gadamuSavebas. Semowmeba unda moxdes cal-calke, erTi meoris
miyolebiT.
procesebis paraleluri Tu seriuli mimdinareobis identifikaciis mizniT
fsiqologebi xSirad iyeneben reaqciis dros. Tumca 9. 3 suraTis me-3-e nawilSi
mocemuli magaliTi dagarwmunebT, rom es meTodi yovelTvis ar amarTlebs.
warmoidgineT, rom gvaqvs davaleba, romelic, savaraudod, moicavs or process.
Tu Cven gvecodineba mxolod am procesebis mimdinareobis dro, verasodes
ganvsazRvravT maTi mimdinareobis specifikas zustad anu ar viqnebiT
darwmunebulni, Tanmimdevrulad mimdinareobs es ori procesi TuU erTdroulad.
kognituri fsiqologiis kvlevis erT-erT mniSvnelovan problemas warmoadgens
davalebis iseTi pirobebis Seqmna, romlebic saSualebas miscemen
eqsperimentators, gansazRvros uamravi SesaZlo konfiguraciidan blokebis
swori varinti. savarjiSos meore davalebaSi (romelic Tqven axlaxans gaakeTeT)
Cven SegviZlia darwmunebulebi viyoT, rom procesebi seriulia, radgan erTi
aqtivoba Tanmimdevrulad moiTxovs Semdeg aqtivobas. magaliTad, Tqven ar
 193

SegiZliaT moaxdinoT reagireba (moemzadoT s-s an v-s dasawerad), sanam ar

gansazRvravT, Tu rogori unda iyos pasuxi.
Teoretikosebi procesebis seriul da paralelur mimdinareobis gansazRvras
xSirad aqtiobaSi CarTul fsiqikur resursebze moTxovnis xarisxis SefasebiT
cdiloben. warmoidgineT, rom megobarTan erTad midixarT saswavlebelSi.
Cveulebriv, TqvenTvis advilia, iaroT pirdapir da Tan isaubroT _ am dros
gadaadgilebisa da metyvelebis procesi paralelurad mimdinareobs. magram ra
moxdeba, Tu moulodnelad trotuarze gubeebs dainaxavT? gubeebs Soris gzis
gasakvlevad, SesaZlebelia, Tqven SewyvitoT saubari. axla gadaadgilebis
procesi moTxovs damatebiT resursebs gegmis SesamuSaveblad; metyvelebis
procesi ki momentalurad ferxdeba.
am magaliTSi ZiriTadi daSveba isaa, rom adamianebs gadamuSavebis SezRuduli
resursebi aqvT, romelTa gadanawilebac unda moxdes sxvadasxva davalebebze
(Kahneman, 1973; Navon & Gopher, 1979). am resursebis gadanawilebaze Tqveni
yuradRebaa pasuxismgebeli. me-5-e TavSi yuradReba ganxilulia, rogorc
procesebis erToblioba, romelic saSualebas gvaZlevs konkretul situaciaSi
amovarCioT CvenTvis saWiro perceptuli informacia. am SemTxvevaSi termini
yuradReba gulisxmobs seleqcias. Tumca, gasarkvevia, romeli fsiqikuri procesi
unda iqnes amorCeuli, rogorc gadamuSavebis resursis mimRebi.
aqve unda aRiniSnos kidev erTi sirTule: yvela procesi ar saWiroebs
erTnair resurss. faqtobrivad, Cven SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT, avtomaturia
procesi Tu saWiroebs kontrols (Shiffrin & Schneider, 1977). kontrolirebadi
procesebi saWiroebs yuradRebas, avtomaturi procesebi ki, rogorc wesi _ ara.
erTdroulad erTze meti kontrolirebadi procesis ganxorcieleba Zalian
rTulia, radganac isini ufro met resurss moiTxoven; avtomaturi procesebis
Sesruleba ki SesaZlebelia sxva davalebis paralelurad, masSi cnobieri
CarTulobis gareSe.
qvemoT moyvanilia avtomaturi procesebis magaliTi. dasawyisisTvis gTxovT,
SeasruloT cxril 9..2-Si moyvanili davaleba. rTuli iyo Tu ara A sia, B siasTan
SedarebiT?

• seriuli procesebi (Serial processes) _ ori an meti fsiqikuri procesi, romelic

Tanmimdevrulad, erTmaneTis Semdeg mimdinareobs.
 194

• paraleluri procesebi (Parallel processes) _ ori an meti fsiqikuri procesi,

romelic erTdroulad mimdinareobs.

cxrili 9.2 ricxvebis

ricxvebis gadamuSaveba
dasviT raime niSani fizikurad gansxvavebuli wyvilebis Tavze, iqneba es
ricxvebis Tu sityvebis wyvilebi (e.i. unda aRniSnoT 4-6 da oTxi-eqvsi). SeecadeT,
gansazRvroT, romeli sia ufro rTulia.
sia 1.
8-8 cxra-rva 1-2 rva-rva
2-1 8-9 9-9 2-2
ori-ori erTi-ori cxra-cxra rva-cxra
erTi-erTi 1-1 ori-erTi 9-8
sia 2.
1-1 cxra-ori erTi-erTi cxra-cxra
2-9 rva-ori 8-9 1-9
cxra-erTi 8-8 rva-rva cxra-erTi
2-2 1-8 2-8 ori-ori

saidan viciT

Tqven ar SegiZliaT uaryoT ricxvebis `mniSvneloba~

cdis pirebs sTxoves, SeefasebinaT 9. 2 cxrilSi cifrebs Soris gansxvaveba.

miRebuli Sedegebis mixedviT, cdis pirebs bevrad ufro uWirT, roca cifrebi
erTmaneTTan axlosaa (mag., 1-2). vidre maSin, roca maT Soris didi intervalia
(mag., rva-erTi), miuxedavad imisa, ra formiTaa ricxvebi mocemuli, arabuli
cifrebiT Tu sityvebiT. miaqcieT yuradReba, rom pirvel siaSi mocemulia
gansxvavebuli wyvilebi, romelTa Sorisac patara intervalebia, xolo meore
siaSi mocemul wyvilebs Soris intervali didia. amitom pirveli sia ufro
Zneli unda yofiliyo. magram ratom unda moexdina ricxvebis siaxloves gavlena
maTi fizikuri msgavsebis gansazRvraze? erTi-ori da erTi-cxra fizikuri
gansxvavebulobis xarisxis mixedviT TiTqmis identuria. mkvlevarebi varaudoben,
rom rodesac xedavT 2-1 an ori,
ori Zalauneburad fiqrobT Sesabamis raodenobaze,
maSinac ki, rodesac es xels uSlis davalebis Sesrulebas. xdeba ricxvis
 195
mniSvnelobis avtomaturi Sefaseba miuxedavad imisa, rom, es ar gvWirdeba an ar
gvinda (Dohaene & Akhavein, 1995).

bavSvobidan, albaT, gaxsovT, rogor euflebodiT raodenobas da ricxvis

cnebebs. axla kavSiri ricxvsa da raodenobas Soris imdenad avtomaturi gaxda,
rom misgan Tavis daRweva TiTqmis SeuZlebelia. zemoT moyvanili davalebidan
Cans, rom avtomaturi procesebi mniSvnelovnad aris damokidebuli mexsierebis
efeqtian gamoyenebaze (Logan 1988,1992). iqneba obieqti “2” Tu “ori” – aRqmulis
mexsierebaSi gadamuSaveba uzrunelyofs informacias raodenobis Sesaxeb.
axla es informacia, kontrolirebadi da avtomaturi procesebis Sesaxeb,
gamoviyenoT erTdrouli siarulisa da saubris situaciis ganasaxilvelad. swor
gzaze siarulis dros ori moqmedeba xels ar uSlis erTmaneTs, rac imaze
miuiTiTebs, rom swor gzaze siaruli da laparaki SedarebiT avtomaturi
aqtivobebia. Tumca, gubeebis gamoCenisTanave situacia icvleba _ es gaiZulebT
gzis mravali variantidan airCioT erT-erTi. axla Tqven unda gadawyvitoT, saiT
waxvideT da ra TqvaT.
radganac Tqven ar SegiZliaT orive moqmedebis erTdroulad Sesruleba,
Tqveni yuradReba “CixSi eqceva” (Pashler, 1992,4).
es magaliTi naTelyofs, ratom xdeba kontrilirebadi da avtomaturi
procesebis xarisxis da ara zusti kategoriebis mixedviT gansazRvra. pirobebis
garTulebis SemTxvevaSi is, rac avtomaturi iyo, ukve moiTxovs yuradRebis
kontrols. amgvarad, konteqstidan gamomdinare, esa Tu is procesi SeiZleba
saWiroebdes met-nakleb yuradRebas.
axla Tqven xvdebiT fsiqikuri procesebis logikas. rTuli saazrovno
amocanebis gadaWris mimdinareobis axsnis mizniT, Teoretikosebi gvTavazoben
modelebs, romlebSic kombinirebulia rogorc seriuli da paraleluri, ise
kontrolirebadi da avtomaturi procesebi. kognitur-fsiqologiur kvlevaTa
umravlesobis mizania iseTi eqsperimentuli situaciis Seqmna, romelic
daadasturebs aseTi modelebis TiToeuli komponentis arsebobas. axla, rodesac
ukve naTelia kognitur-fsiqologiuri kvlevis logika fsiqikuri procesebis
Seswavlisas, droa, gadavideT ufro konkretul sakiTxebze. Cven saSualeba
gveqneba, ganvixiloT konkretuli kognituri procesebi muSaobis procesSi.
daviwyebT metyvelebis gamoyenebiT.
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Sejameba

kognitur fsiqologiaSi da kognitur mecnierebaSi momuSave specialistebi

Seiswavlian fsiqikur procesebsa da struqturebs, romlebic saSualebas aZlevs
adamians, mag., gamoiyenos ena, gadaWras problema da miiRos gadawyvetileba.
dondersma pirvelma Seqmna kognituri davalebis calkeul Semadgenel
procesebad gaanalizebis meTodi. Tanamedrove mkvlevarebi fsiqikuri aqtiobis
komponentebis gansazRvris mizniT Seiswavlian seriuli da paraleluri
procesebis komponentebs; aseve, sxvadasxva donis avtomatur da kontrolirebad
procesebs.

• kontrolirebadi procesebi (Controlled processes) _ procesebi, romlebic

moiTxoven yuradRebas; xSirad rTulia erTdroulad erTze meti
kontrolirebadi procesis erTd ganxorcieleba.
• avtomaturi procesebi (Automatic processes) _ procesebi, romlebic ar moiTxoven
yuradRebas, maTi ganxorcieleba SesaZlebelia sxva moqmedebis paralelurad.

metyveleba

SuaRamea da karze viRac akakunebs. kars aRebT da iq aravin aris; ucbad

SeamCnieT, rom Zirs konverti devs, konvertSi ki furcelia, romelzec weria:
“kata xaliCazea”. ras geubnebaT es Setyobineba? ra SegviZlia SevcvaloT, rom es
Setyobineba gasagebi gaxdes TqvenTvis? am SemTxvevaSi yvelaze advilia,
mogawodoT Sesabamisi konteqsti. warmoidgineT, rom Tqven saaidumlo agenti
xarT da instruqciebs yovelTvis aseTi ucnauri saxiT iRebT. maSin Tqven
gecodinebaT, rom “kata” aris Tqveni kontaqti. xolo “xaliCaze yofna” sabrZolo
adgils niSnavs. e.i. Tqven unda waxvideT.
magram imisaTvis, rom fraza “kata xaliCazea” gasagebi iyos, sulac ar aris
aucilebeli, iyoT saidumlo agenti. mas SeiZleba sxvadasxva mniSvneloba
hqondes.
• warmoidgineT, rom Tqveni kata xaliCaze karis win mxolod maSin wveba da
gelodebaT, roca gareT gasvla surs. rodesac Tqven Tqveni ojaxis romelime
wevrs eubnebiT “kata xaliCazea”, Tqven gulisxmobT: “SegiZlia, kata gareT
gauSva?” ("katas kari gauRo").
 197

• warmoidgineT, rom Tqven megobars surs manqanis gamoyvana farexidan da

SiSobs, radgan ar icis, sad aris kata. am dros Tqven eubnebiT: “kata xaliCazea”
da am sityvebSi gulisxmobT, rom katas safrTxe ar emuqreba da mas SeuZlia
manqana gamoiyvanos.
• warmoidgineT, rom Tqven gsurT, SeajibroT Tqveni kata da Tqveni megobris
ZaRli. am dros Tqven ambobT: “kata xaliCazea”, riTac miuTiTebT, rom “kata
isvenebs da ar surs sirbili”.
aRweril magaliTebSi mocemulia gansxvaveba winadadebis azrsa da mosaubris
mier nagulisxmev azrs, sazriss Soris (Grice, 1968). metyvelebis gamoyenebis
Seswavlisas fsiqologebi aqcents akeTeben rogorc produqciaze (eqspresiuli
metyveleba), ise mosaubris mier nagulisxmevi azris gagebaze (impresiuli
metyveleba):
• nagulisxmevi azris gamosaTqmelad rogor iyenebs mosaubre swor sityvebs?
• rogor igebs msmeneli mosaubris mier nagulisxmev azrs?

eqspresiuli metyveleba

SexedeT 9.4 suraTs da SeecedeT, ramodenime sityviT aRweroT igi. ris Tqmas
apirebT? axla warmoidgineT, rom igigve suraTi unda aRuweroT brma adamians.
ras SecvlidiT? gWirdebaT Tu ara meore SemTxvevaSi gonebis ufro meti
daZabva? eqspresiuli metyvelebis Seswavlisas aqcenti keTdeba rogorc
metyvelebis produqciaze (ras irCeven adamianebi mocemul momentSi saTqmelad),
aseve, im procesebze, romlebic Setyobinebebs, gamonaTqvamebs udevs safuZvlad.
metyveleba ar gulisxmobs mxolod zepir metyvelebas; metyvellebaa, agreTve,
wera da JestebiT saubari. simartivis mizniT saxelmZRvaneloSi gamoyenebulia
sityvebi: mosaubre – is vinc metyvelebs anu wers an laparakobs (igulisxmeba
JestebiT laparakic) da msmeneli – is vinc ismens (igebs).

sur. 9.4. eqspresiuli metyveleba

SegiZliaT aRuweroT suraTi Tqvens megobars? ras SecvlidiT, Tqveni
megobari
rom brma iyos?

msmenelis gaTvaliswineba
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Cven SemogTavazeT, aRgeweraT 9.4 suraTi normaluri mxedvelobis mqone da
brma adamianisaTvis im mizniT, rom gamonaTqvami dagegegmaT konkretuli
msmenelis gaTvaliswinebiT. nebismier SemTxvevaSi saubrisas unda
gaiTvaliswinoT, vin aris Tqveni msmeneli da informacia, romelic unda
miawodoT auditoriis wevrebs (Clark, 1992, 1996). magaliTad, Tqven, albaT, TavSi
azrad ar mogivaT vinmes uTxraT, rom kata xaliCazea, Tu man ar icis, rom kata
xaliCaze mxolod maSin wveba, rodesac gareT gasvla surs. msmenelis
gaTvaliswinebis wesi, romelic TanamSromlobis princips emyareba, pirvelad
Semoitana filosofosma h. pol graisma (H. Paul Grice). graisi TanamSromlobis
princips ganixilavs, rogorc mosaubris instruqcias, gamonaTqvami aagos
mimdinare saubris pirobebisa da mniSvnelobis mixedviT. am instruqciis arsis
gasagebad graisma Camoayaliba oTxi aqsioma, romelsac gulisxmieri da
yuradRebiani mosaubreebi iyeneben. 9. 3. cxrilSi warmodgenilia TiToeuli
aqsioma da SeTxzuli dialogi, sadac naCvenebia metyvelebis dros aRwerili
aqsiomebis gavlena pasuxebis SerCevaze. rogorc 9.3 cxrilidan Cans, karg
mosaubres unda SeeZlos, gaTvalos, Tu ra SeiZleba icodes da gaigos misma
msmenelma. amgvarad, Tqven ar etyviT Tqvens megobars: “dRes aleqsisTan erTad
vsadilob”, Tu darwmunebuli ara xarT, rom man icis, vin aris aleqsi. garda
amisa, TqvenTvis da Tqveni megobrisTvis nacnob yvela aleqss Soris mxolod
erTs axsenebT am konteqstSi (sadilad sxvasTan erTad ar waxvalT). anu “saerTo
codnaSi” arsebobs vinme aleqsi, romelic cnobilia rogorc TqvenTvis, ise _
Tqveni megobrisaTvis. herbert klarks da qeTrin marSals (Herbert Klark, Kethrine
Marshal, 1981) miaCniaT, rom “saerTo codna” eyrdnoba informaciis sam wyaros:
• jgufis wevroba – sxvadasxva sididis jgufis wevrebi iyeneben Semoklebul
msjelobebs, roca azri eyrdnoba jgufis wevrebis saerTo gamocdilebas da
gasagebia misi wevrebisaTvis.
• lingvisturi Tanaarseboba – saubrisas admianebi ukve ganxilul
informacias (wina saubrebis dros) miiCneven “saerTo codnis” nawilad.
• fizikuri Tanaarseboba – fizikur TanaarsebobasTan gavqvs saqme, roca
mosaubre da msmeneli fizikurad erT situaciaSi imyofebian da Sexeba aqvT
erTsa da imave obieqtebTan. es gulisxmobs rogorc saubris garemos (sivrces,
romelSic saubari mimdinareobs), ise maT garSemomyof adamianebs.
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amrigad, rodesac Tqven axsenebT aleqsis – “me dRes aleqsisTan erTad
vsadilob”, SesaZloa, gasagebi iyos imitom, rom Tqven da Tqveni megobari mcire
jgufis wevrebi xarT, romelsac aleqsic miekuTvneba (jgufis wevroba), an
SesaZloa, imitom, rom adre, saubarSi Tqven ukve aRniSneT aleqsis arseboba
(lingvisturi Tanaarseboba), an sulac imitom, rom aleqsi iqve dgas oTaxSi
(fizikuri Tanaarseboba).
modiT, ufro dawvrilebiT ganvixiloT jgufis wevroba. warmoidgineT, rom
vinmes pirvelad xvdebiT. Tu Tqven gsurT, rom iyoT yuradRebiani da
gulisxmieri mosaubre, pirvel rigSi unda gaarkvioT ra sazogadoebas (jgufs)
ekuTvnis igi. amgvarad, mosaubre laparakis dros iTvaliwinebs Tavis molodins
msmenelis Sesaxeb (Tu ra iqneba misTvis gasagebi). adamianebs SeuZliaT TiTqmis
zustad gansazRvron, ra SeiZleba icodnen sakuTari jgufis wevrebma, Tumca,
tendencia aqvT dauSvan, rom sxvebisTvisac cnobilia is, rac TviTon ician
(Fussel&Kraus, 1992). msmenelis codnis zusti gansazRvra SesaZlebels xdis
eqspresiuli metyvelebis adekvatur regulacias.Y
daakvirdiT, Tu ramdenad detaluri informacia unda miawodoT quCaSi
adamians, romelic gzis miswavlebas gTxovT. aZlevT Tu ara konkretul kiTxvebs
(mag.: iciT, sad aris meria?), cdilobT Tu ara misi Cacmulobidan da
metyvelebidan gamomdinare, gansazRvroT, saidan aris igi da ramdenad
dawvrilebiT unda auRweroT gza.

Cven ganvixileT eqspresiuli metyveleba Setyobinebis doneze. rogorc vnaxeT,

gamonaTqvamis formireba damokidebulia msmenelze, romelsac esaubrebiT. axla
ganvixiloT fsiqikuri procesebi, romlebic saSualebas gaZlevT, gamoTqvaT
azri.

• eqspresiuli metyveleba (Lenguage production) – is, rasac adamianebi amboben,

aniSneben an weren; am Sinaarsebis gadmocemis procesi.
• msmenelis gaTvaliswineba (Audience design) _ konkretul auditoriaze
gaTvlili Sinaarsiis formirebis procesi.

cxrili 9.3. graisis aqsiomebi eqspresiuli metyvelebis Sesaxeb

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1. raodenoba: Setyobineba unda iyos imdenad informaciuli, ramdenis
moTxovnac aris. nu miawodebT imaze met informacias, vidre mogeTxovebaT.

rCeva mosaubrisaTvis: Tqven unda ecadoT, gansazRvroT, realurad ra

raodenobis informacia esaWiroeba Tqvens msmenels. amisaTvis SeiZleba saWiro
gaxdes winaswar imis gansazRvra, Tu ra icis msmenelma.

2. xarisxi: SeecadeT, ilaparakoT simarTle. ar TqvaT iseTi ram, rac mcdari

ggoniaT da risi damadasturebeli faqtebic ar gaqvT.

rCeva mosaubrisaTvis: rodesac Tqven laparakobT, msmeneli elodeba Tqvens

mier miwodebuli informaciis dadasturebas. TiToeuli gamonaTqvamis dagegmis
dros mofiqrebuli unda gqondeT misi damadasturebeli faqtebi.

3. mimarTeba: Tanmimdevruloba.

rCeva mosaubrisaTvis: rodesac raimes ambobT, darwmunebuli unda iyoT, rom

msmenelisaTvis gasagebia kavSiri Tqvens mier miwodebul Setyobinebasa da
manamde miwodebul informacias Soris. Tu cvliT saubris Temas anu Tqvens mier
Camoyalibebuli azri pirdapir kavSirSi ar aris wina informaciasTan, Tqven
unda auxsnaT, ris Sesaxeb saubrobT.
4. stili: ilaparakeT zustad da garkveviT; moerideT orazrovani frazebis
gamoyenebas. teqsti agebuli unda iyos mokle da gamarTuli winadadebebiT.

rCeva mosaubrisaTvis: Tqven valdebuli xarT ilaparakoT SeZlebisdagvarad

garkveviT, Tumca, ara xarT dazRveuli Secdomebisagan. rogorc yuradRebiani da
gulisxmieri mosaubre, unda darwmundeT, rom msmenelebma sworad gaiges, risi
Tqmac gsurdaT.
Cans Tu ara qvemoT mocemul dialogSi, ramdenad iyenebs daTo graisis
aqsiomebs?

ras amboben? ra SeiZleba ifiqros daTom?

giorgi: yofilxar niu-iorkSi?
daTo: erTxel, 1992 wels.
giorgi: wasvlas vapireb, magram
meSinia ar gamZarcvon.
ar vici ratom mekiTxeba, amitom,
albaT, ufro meti unda vuTxra,
vidre, bralod “ho”.
ver vetyvi, rom sanerviulo araferi
aqvs, mainc ar damijerebs. ra SeiZleba
 201

daTo: Cemi azriT, iq bevri usafrTxo vuTxra iseTi, rac simarTles hgavs da
adgilia. Tanac daamSvidebs?

giorgi: sastumro rogori iyo? Tu vetyvi, rom sastumroSi ar

daTo: RamiT ar davrCenilvarT. gavCerebulvar, SeiZleba ifiqros, rom
sxvagan gavaTie Rame. iseTi ram unda
vuTxra, rac gasagebs gaxdis, ratom
ar SemiZlia kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema.

giorgi: ar ginda, erTad wavideT? wasvla ar minda, magram ar minda

daTo: ar vici, unda vnaxo, ramdenad uaris Tqma uxeSad gamomivides.
SevZleb wamosvlas. mixvdeba
giorgi, rom Tavs varideb? (Tavis
daZvrenas vcdilob)
giorgi: aa . . .
daTo: hm gaeba maxeSi.

saidan viciT

eqspresiul metyvelebaze gavlenas axdens jgufis wevroba

eqsperimentulLpirobebSi mkvlevarebi studentebs sTxovdnen, SeesrulebinaT
Sedarebis davaleba, ise, rom winaswar arafers eubnebodnen. eqsperimentators
win ewyo gansazRvruli TanmimdevrobiT 16 Ria baraTi (4X4) niu-iorkis xedebiT
da mas ise unda aRewera suraTebi, rom c.p.-s swori TanmimdevrobiT daelagebina
isini. eqsperimentatori da cdis piri erTmaneTs ver xedavdnen, Tumca, maT
hqondaT saubris SesaZlebloba. eqsperimentators swrafad SeeZlo ganesazRvra,
icnobda Tu ara c.p. niu-iorks. rodesac isini niu-iorkis macxovreblebs
esaubrobdnen baraTebis aRsawerad, isini ufro metad iyenebdnen sakuTar
saxelebs: “es aris sitikorpis Senoba”, vidre zogad maxasiaTeblebs: “es aris
 202

maRali Senoba samkuTxa saxuraviT” (Clark, 1987).

metyveleba da Secdomebi

gindaT saxeli gaiTqvaT? gavixsenoT v. a. spuneri (Reverend W.A. Spooner),

oqsfordis universitetidan, romlis saxelis mixedviTac, ori an meti sityvis
pirveli marcvlebis gadanacvlebas spunerizmi ewoda. riverend spunerma es
saxeli samarTlianad daimsaxura; zarmac students semestris gacdenis
SemTxvevaSi frazis “You have wasted the whole term” ("Sen mTeli semestri gaacdine")
nacvlad eubneboda: You have tasted the whole worm, ("Sen mTeli matli SeWame") (waste –
gacdena; taste-gemos gasinjva, term-semestri). spunerizmi metyvelebis Secdomebis
erT-erTi saxeobaa, romelsac saubris dros vuSvebT. es Secdomebi gasagebs xdis
azris gamoTqmis dagegmis process. rogorc 9.4 cxrilidan Cans, gamonaTqvamis
dagegmva ramodenime erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebul doneze xdeba, romelTagan
TiToeulze SeiZleba gamovlindes metyvelebis Secdomebi (Bock&levet, 1994;
Rapp&Goldrick, 2000). gasaocaria, magram aRwerili Secdomebi, rogorc Cans, ar unda
iyos SemTxveviTi – isini gasagebi xdeba, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT sasaubro enis
struqturas. mosaubrem SeiZleba gadaanacvlos styvebis pirveli asoebi – “tips of
the slung” nacvlad “slips of the sung”-sa, magram arasodes ityvis “tlips of the sung”,
radganac am SemTxvevaSi irRveva inglisuri enis marTlweris wesi, romlis
mixedviTac sityvis TavSi arasodes gvxvdeba “tl”(Fromkin, 1980).

cxrili 9.4. Secdomebi gamonaTqvamis dagegmvaSi

dagegmvis doneebi

mosaubrem unda airCios sityvebi, romlebic saukeTesod gamoxataven mis
 203
azrs. Tu mosaubres enaze ori sityva adgas, mag: `movifiqre“ da `movigone“,
SeiZleba Tqvas `movifone“.

mosaubrem arCeuli sityvebi sworad unda daalagos da gaaerTianos
winadadebaSi. radgan adamiani gegmavs gamonaTqvams, rogorc mTlian erTeuls,
SesaZloa, moxdes sityvebis gadanacvleba.
cxviridan sisxli wamskda → sisxlidan cxviri wamskda.
lamazi gogos kaba → gogos lamazi kaba .

mosaubrem bgerebi unda gaaerTianos sityvebSi, romelTa Tqmasac apirebs.
radganac adamianebi gamonaTqvams winaswar gegmaven, SeiZleba moxdes bgeraTa
gadanacvleba.
cali xeli → xali celi.

metyvelebis Teoriuli modelebis agebisas didi mniSvneloba eniWeba

metyvelebis Secdomebs. amitom mkvlevarebi ar Semoifarglebian aRniSnuli
Secdomebis mxolod bunebriv pirobebSi dakvirvebiT da maTi aRnusxviT. maT
Seiswavles eqsperimentul pirobebSi metyvelebis Secdomebis xelovnurad
gamowve-
vis sxvadasxva xerxebi (Bock, 1996).
am teqnikis gamoyenebiT SesaZlebeli gaxda moqnili eqspresiuli metyvelebis
safuZvlad mdebare rogorc procesebis, ise reprezentaciebis met-naklebi gageba.

procesebi. gaixseneT me-6-e TavSi ganxiluli xelovnurad Seqmnili

predispoziciuli spunerizmi. es teqnika cdis pirebs ubiZgebs, laparakis dros
dauSvan spunerizmis magvari Secdomebi (baars, 1992). c. p.-ebs Txoven waikiTxon
dawyvilebul sityvaTa sia, romlebsac msgavsi fonematuri struqtura aqvT:L

buzi-fuli
baRi-fari
boli-foni
bedi-fexi

Semdeg ki sTxoven, xmamaRla Tqvan “feri-beri”. rig SemTxvevebSi zogierTi c.p.

manamde wakiTxuli sityvebis gavleniT ambobs “beri-feri”
am teqnikebis gamoyenebiT mkvlevarebs saSualeba eZlevaT, Seiswavlon
mosaubris mier Secdomebis daSvebis albaTobaze moqmedi faqtorebi. mag:
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spunerizmis msgavsi Secdomebis albaToba izrdeba, rodesac bgerebis
gadaadgileba realur sityvebs gvaZlevs (Baars et al., 1975; Stemberger, 1992) amgvrad,
“feri-beri”-is magivrad “beri-feri”-s Tqmis albaToba ufro metia, vidre mag;
“coli-qmari””-is magivrad “qmoli-cari”-s Tqmis albaToba. msgavsi Sedegebi
savaraudos xdis, rom metyvelebaSi CarTuli zogierTi kognituri procesi
uzrunvelyofs kognituri Secdomis gamovlenas da gasworebas. es procesebi ar
gvaZleven iseTi Secdomebis daSvebis uflebas, romlebic konkretuli enisaTvis
miuRebeli da ararealuri sityvebis gamoTqmas gulisxmobs.

reprezentaciebi. erT-erTi eqsperimentis dros c.p.-ebs sTxovdnen wyvil-
wyvilad waekiTxaT idiomaturi gamoTqmebi mag.: shoot the breeze – raise the roof (bevri
laparaki – aurzauris atevxa); ori wamis Semdeg ki sTxovdnen, rac SeiZleba
swrafad gaexsenebinaT erT-erTi. droSi SezRudvis pirobebSi c.p.-ebi zogierT
SemTxvevaSi urevdnen ori frazis sityvebs da iZaxdnen shoot the roof. Secdomis
daSvebis albaToba am SemTxvevaSi ufro didia, vidre zemoT aRweril
SemTxvevaSi, radgan bolo or gamonaTqvams erTnairi mniSvneloba aqvs. es
Sedegebi miuTiTebs, rom erTnairi mniSvnelobis mqone idiomebiT reprezentaciebi
erTmaneTTan aris mexsierebaSi dakavSirebuli: rodesac adamiani apirebs Tqvas
erTi idioma, msgavsi mniSvnelobis mqone idiomis reprezentaciulma kavSirma
SeiZleba ganapirobos kombinirebuli Secdomis aRmoceneba (Cutling & Bock, 1977).

Cven ganvixileT zogierTi faqtori, romlic ganapirobebs ama Tu im

gamonaTqvamis warmoTqmas da zogierTi procesi, romelic xels uwyobs maT
aqtivizacias. axla ki SevexoT msmenelebs, romlebic igeben mosaubris mier
nagulisxmev azrs.

impresiuli metyveleba

warmoidgineT, rom mosaubre ambobs `kata xaliCazea.“ Tqven ukve iciT, rom
konteqstidan gamomdinare, am gamonaTqvamis gamoyeneba SeiZleba erTmaneTisgan
gansxvavebuli azris gamosaxatad. Tqven, rogorc msmeneli, rogor airCevT
mxolod erT azrs? metyvelebis gagebaze saubars Cven daviwyebT orazrovani
mniSvnelobis problemis ufro detaluri ganxilviT.

orazrovnebis daZleva
daZleva
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ras niSnavs sityva bari? TavSi, albaT, misi ori mniSvneloba mainc mogividaT:
erTi, romelic dakavSirebulia miwaTmoqmedebasTan (sasoflo-sameurneo
saqmianobasTan) da meore, romelic dakavSirebulia kafesTan. warmoidgineT, rom
vinme geubnebaT: `mas aqvs bari”, rogor xvdebiT, ra igulisxmeba am konkretul
SemTxvevaSi? Tqven unda SesZloT am or mniSvnelobas Soris arsebuli
leqsikuri orazrovnebis daZleva. Tu dafiqrdebiT, aRmoCenT, rom zogierTi
kognituri procesis gamoyenebiT, konteqstidan gamomdinare cdilobT sityvis
orazrovnebis daZlevas. ris Sesaxeb saubrobdiT manamde: sauSao iaraRebze Tu
gasarTob adgilebze. es farTo konteqsti unda dagexmaroT sityvis ori
mniSvnelobidan erT-erTis arCevaSi. magram rogor?
sanam am kiTxvaze pasuxs gavcemdeT, gagacnobT orazrovnebis kidev erT tips.
ras niSnavs es winadadeba: `ninos da giorgis dedas gadasces daxmareba”? Tqven
SeiZleba gaigoT misi mxolod erTi mniSvneloba, magram am SemTxvevaSi saqme
gvaqvs struqturul orazrovnebasTan. (Akmajian et al., 1990) ix. 9.5. suraTi.
lingvistebi winadadebis struqturis sailustraciod xSirad iyeneben
diagramebs. I nawilSi warmodgenilia winadadebis `kata xaliCazea” analizi. am
winadadebis struqtura Zalian martivia. II da III nawilSi ki warmodgenilia
winadadebis `ninos da giorgis dedas gadasces daxmareba” ori gansxvavebuli
mniSvnelobis SedarebiT rTuli struqtura. II nawilSi gakeTebuli analizis
mixedviT, fraza `ninos da giorgis” exeba dedas, erT adamians _ ori bavSvis
dedas gadasces daxmareba. III nawilSi warmodgenili analizis mixedviT,
winadadebaSi gamoyofilia ori qvemdebare `ninos’’ da `giorgis dedas” e.i. or
adamians gadasces daxmareba. romeli mniSvnelobiT igebT winadadebas, rodesac
mas pirvelad kiTxulobT? rogorc xedavT, am SemTxvevaSic winadadebas ori
mniSvneloba aqvs da Cven vubrundebiT igive kiTxvas, romelic leqsikuri
orazrovnebis dros gaCnda: rogor gansazRvravs konteqsti erTi mniSvnelobis
amorCevas ori an meti SesaZlo variantidan?

sur. 9.5. winadadebis sruqtura

winadadebis gramatikuli struqturis TvalsaCino ilustraciis mizniT,
lingvistebi xSirad iyeneben diagramebs. I srtuqtura warmoadgens winadadebis
„kata xaliCazea“ struqturul analizs. II da III struqtura ki gviCvenebs, rom
winadadeba „ninos da giorgis dedas gadasces daxmareba“ ori erTmaneTisagan
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gansxvavebuli struqturuli analiziT SeiZleba iyos warmodgenili. vis
gadasces daxmareba? or adamians Tu erTs?

davubrundeT leqsikur orazrovnebas (sityvis orazrovnebas), ganvixiloT

Semdegi winadadeba: "anas yvavili aqvs". ra aris am SemTxvevaSi yvavili?
warmoidgineT, rom TavSi leqsikoni gaqvT. yvavilis mniSvneloba, albaT, aseTi
iqneba:
gansazRvreba 1: mcenare.
gansazRvreba 2: infeqciuri daavadeba.
am winadadebiT gadmocemuli informacia ar gvaZlevs saSualebas, SesaZlo
ori mniSvnelobidan avirCioT erT-erTi. rogorc kvlevis Sedegebi adasturebs,
aseTi tipis winadadebis wakiTxvis Semdeg mexsierebisTvis misawvdomi xdeba
sityvis orive mniSvneloba (Vu et al., 1998). konkretul situaciaSi sityvis
mniSvnelobis gansazvrisaTvis saWiroa konteqstis gaTvaliswineba, magram rogor
gvexmareba konteqsti mniSvnelobis arCevaSi? kvlevebis mixedviT aRmoCnda, rom
konteqsti uzrunvelyofs azris gagebis ramdenime (tipis) saSualebas (Vu et al.,
1998, 2000). ganvixiloT Semdegi magaliTebi:
1. ana avadaa yvaviliT.
2. ana krefda yvavilebs.
3. ana ver mova. mas yvavili aqvs.
pirvel winadadebaSi zmnis `avadaa’’ mixedviT, SesaZloa, ganvsazRvroT, ra
mniSvnelobiTaa gamoyenebuli yvavili iseve, rogorc meore winadadebaSi. mesame
winadadebis pirvel nawilSi aRwerilia situacia, romelic qmnis konteqsts
meore winadadebisTvis `yvavili aqvs’’. es magaliTebi gviCvenebs, rom Tqven
iTvaliswinebT miniSnebis sxvadasxva tips. konteqstis mixedviT msmeneli
momentalurad gansazRvravs orazrovani sityvis mniSvnelobas (Binder & Morris,
1995; Sereno, 1995). struqturuli orazrovnebis daZleva konteqstis mixedviT xdeba
(MacDonald, 1993; Shapiro et al., 1993; Trueswell, 1996). erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebul aseT
gramatikul struqturebs Soris swrafi arCevis SesaZleblobas konteqsti
iZleva.
modiT, davubrundeT Cvens magaliTs, romelic pirvelad ganvixileT da
romelic sakmaod orazrovania: `kata xaliCazea”. am SemTxvevaSi orazrovneba
ganpirobebulia Tavad SinaarsiT da ara calkeuli sityvebiT an winadadebis
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struqturiT. mkvlevarebma aRmoaCines, rom konteqstis mixedviT gadawyobis
kanoni am SemTxvevaSic moqmedebs (Gibbs, 1994).
SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom metyvelebis procesSi adamiani orazrovnebis
dasaZlevad efeqturad iyenebs konteqsts. am dros sruli SeTanxmebulobaa
naTqvamsa da msmenelis mier gagebul azrs Soris. metyvelebis procesis
ganxilvisas Cven gamovyaviT e.w. „msmenelis gaTvaliswineba“ _ procesebi,
romelTa saSualebiTac mosaubre irCevs mimdinare situaciis Sesatyvis
gamonaTqvams. impresiuli metyvelebis analizis safuZvelze dadginda, rom
msmenels aqvs molodini, rom mosaubre sworad metyvelebs. amrigad,
msmenelisaTvis mizanSewonilia, naTqvami fraza gaiazros konteqstidan
gamomdinare.

cxrili 9.5. orazrovani gamonaTqvamis pirdapiri da sarkastuli

interpretacia

pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT naxmari gamonaTqvami

marta dis saxlSi mivida stumrad. gareT yinavda da marta Zalian bednieri
iyo, rom saxlamde miaRwia. man uTxra das: “Seni saxli Zalian myudroa, ra
mSvenieria aq da rogor Tbila”.

sarkastuli moTxovna
tonis amxanagi, romelTan erTadac cxovrobs igi, yovelTvis Rias tovebs
misaRebi oTxis fanjaras, maSinac ki rodesac gareT yinavs. tonis mravaljeradi
Txovna – daeketa fanjara – uSedego iyo; erTxel fanjara Ria iyo, tonis ar
sjeroda, rom mis amxanags ar scoida. man uTxra amxanags: “ra mSvenieria aq da
rogor Tbila”.

saidan viciT

konteqsti gvexmareba arapirdapiri mniSvnelobis gagebaSi

ganvixiloT gamonaTqvami: „aq mSvenieria da Tbila.“ ras niSnavs es? rogorc
9.5 cxrilidan Cans, SesaZlebelia, am tipis martiv gamonaTqvamebs sxavdasxva
azri mivaniWoT sxavdasaxva istoriis SeTxzviT. Cven vnaxeT, rom sityva-sityviT
versia axlo kavSirSia sityvebis pirdapir mniSvnelobasTan. igive gamonaTqvamis
arapirdapiri versia mas sarkastul mniSvnelobas aniWebs. axla gamoviyenoT
zemoT aRniSnuli modelebi leqsikuri orazrovnebis ilustraciis mizniT. Tu
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mkiTxveli informacias sityva-sityviT amuSavebs konstanturi rigis
(Tanmimdevrobis) mixedviT, maSin mosalodnelia, rom Tavdapirvelad igi Seecdeba
gamonaTqvamis pirdapiri mniSvnelobis gagebas. Tu es gza warumatebeli
aRmoCndeba, mkiTxveli gamonaTqvamis sxva mniSvnelobas ganixilavs (Crice 1975;
1978; Searle, 1979a). am modelis mixedviT, moTxovnis da sarkastuli gamonaTqvamis
gagebas ufro meti dro sWirdeba, vidre pirdapiri gamonaTqvamis. konteqstis
mixedviT gadawyobis modelis mixedviT ki ufro advilia sarkastuli
gamonaTqvamis gageba, vidre pirdapiris. kvlevebis safuZvelze dadginda, rom
mkiTxvelebi ufro swarafad igeben sarkastul moTxovnas, vidre igive
gamonaTqvamis pirdapir mniSvnelobas (Gibbs, 1986).

ra gvesmis
orazrovnebis daZlevis Sesaxeb saubrisas Cven aqcenti gavakeTeT imaze, Tu
ras vigebT. axla yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT naTqvamis gagebaze, Sesabamisad,
kiTxvas ase davsvamT: rodis Cndeba mexsierebaSi reprezentaciebi _ frazis Tu
mTliani teqstis gagebis dros? mag.: ra inaxeba mexsierebaSi, rodesac Tqven
gaigebT ukve nacnob frazas: `kata xaliCazea”. kvlevebis safuZvelze dadginda,
rom mniSvnelobis mqone reprezentaciebi warmodgenilia bazisuri erTeulebiT,
romlebsac propoziciebs uwodeben (Clark & Clark, 1877; Kintsh, 1974). propozicia
gamonaTqvamis ZiriTadi azria. winadadebis `kata xaliCazea” ZiriTadi azri isaa,
rom raRac wevs raRacaze. am frazis wakiTxvisas Tqven gamoyofT propozicias
ze da cdilobT, gaigoT katasa da xaliCas Soris arsebuli mimarTeba, romelic
gamoxatulia am propoziciiT. propoziciebis Cawera xSirad ase xdeba: ze (kata,
xaliCa). mravali gamonaTqvami erTze met propozicias Seicavs. ganvixiloT
Semdegi winadadeba: `kata uyurebda Tagvs, romelic SeZvra taxtis qveS.“ aq
pirveli Semadgeneli propoziciaa qveS (Tagvi, taxti). aqedan vawyobT: SeZvra
[(Tagvi, qveS (Tagvi, taxti))]. sabolood ki miviRebT: uyurebda [kata, SeZvra (Tagvi,
qveS (Tagvi, taxti))].

qveS (Tagvi, taxti)

SeZvra [Tagvi, qveS (Tagvi, taxti)]
uyurebda [kata, SeZvra (Tagvi, qveS (Tagvi, taxti))]
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rogor SegviZlia SevamowmoT, rom mniSvnelobis fsiqikuri propoziciebi
marTlac ase muSaobs? metyvelebis fsiqologiis sferoSi Catarebuli zogierTi
kvleva miznad isaxavda, eCvenebina propoziciuli reprezentaciebis roli
metyvelebis gagebaSi (Kintsch, 1974). rogorc kvlevebis safuZvelze dadginda, Tu
frazaSi ori sityva ekuTvnis erTi da igive propozicias, mexsierebaSi maTi
warmodgena xdeba erTdroulad, maSinac ki, rodesac isini erTad ar dganan
winadadebaSi.

saidan viciT

propoziciebi qmnian mexsierebis struqturas

ganvixiloT winadadeba “mavzoleumi, sadac mefe ganisvenebda, moedans
gadahyurebda.“ miuxedavad imisa, rom am winadadebaSi mavzoleumi da moedani
erTmaneTisgan daSorebulia, propoziciuli analizi gvafiqrebinebs, rom isini
mexsierebaSi erTad unda Seikribos propoziciaSi gadahyurebda (mavzoleumi,
moedani). am analizis Sesamowmeblad mkvlevarebma cdis pirebs warudgines
sityvebis CamonaTvali da sTxoves, ganesazRvraT, iyo Tu ara TiToeuli sityva
winadadebaSi. zogierT cdis pirs CamonaTvalSi mavzoleumi uSualod moednis
Semdeg miewoda, zogs ki _ sxva propoziciidan amoRebuli sityvis Semdeg.
pasuxi “diax, iyo mavzoleumi“ gacilebiT swrafad modioda im SemTxvevaSi,
rodesac CamonaTvalSi mavzoleumi uSualod moednis Semdeg iyo mocemuli,
vidre maSin, rodesac mas sxva propoziciidan amoRebuli sityva uZRvoda win. es
Sedegi cxadyofs, rom cnebebi mavzoleumi da moedani erTad iyo warmodgenili
mexsierebaSi (Ratclif & McKoon, 1978).

rodisme SegimCneviaT, rom Zalian Znelia vinmes naTqvamis zustad

damaxsovreba? SesaZloa, gicdiaT zustad (sityva-sityviT) dagemaxsovrebinaT
raime fraza filmidan da saxlSi dabrunebuls aRmogiCeniaT, rom aqedan
mxolod zogadi azri gaxsovT. es magaliTi miuTiTebs, Tu ratom ar aris
srulyofili sityva-sityviT damaxsovreba. imitom, rom erT-erTi ZiriTadi
operacia, romelsac Tqveni metyveleba axorcielebs, gulixmobs propoziciebis
gamoyofas, xolo propoziciebis zusti Tanmimdevroba swrafad ikargeba Cvens
mexierebaSi (mag.: "kata misdevs Tagvs" _ "Tagvi gaurbis katas").
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mexsierebaSi Senaxuli yvela propozicia ar aRmocendeba zustad miRebuli
informaciis safuZvelze. msmenelebi xarvezebis Sevsebas daskvniT axerxeben,
logikuri daSvevebis gakeTeba SesaZlebelia mexsierebaSi arsebuli informaciis
safuZvelze. ganvixiloT ori winadadeba:
me sakonditroSi mivdivar TeasTan Sesaxvedrad.
igi Sempirda, rom miyidis namcxvars.
imisaTvis, rom es winadadeba gaigoT, saWiroa, sul cota, ori daskvnis
gakeTeba. Tqven unda gaarkvioT, vin aris `igi” meore winadadebaSi da rogor
aris maRaziaSi wasvla dakavSirebuli dapirebasTan, rom giyidian namcxvars.
megobari, vinc es winadadeba giTxraT, vTqvaT, darwmunebulia, rom Tqven
SegiZliaT am ori momentis gaTvaliswineba. Tqven arasodes getyvian: `me mivdivar
sakonditroSi TeasTan Sesaxvedrad. igi _ Teas vgulisxmob _ Sempirda, rom
miyidis namcxvars da sakonditro aris maRazia, sadac gemrieli namcxvrebi
iyideba”. mosaubre yovelTvis Tvlis, rom msmeneli TavisTavad, varaudiT akeTebs
daskvnebs miRebuli informaciidan.
uamravi gamokvleva mieZRvna imis garkvevas, Tu ra saxis daskvnebs akeTeben
msmenelebi regularulad (Gerrig, 1993; Graesser et al., 1994; McKoon & Ratcliff, 1992),
romlebsac msmenelebi, Cveulebriv, akeTeben. aRmoCnda, rom nebismieri
gamonaTqvamis SemTxvevaSi potenciuri daskvnebis raodenoba SeuzRudavia.
magaliTad, radganac Tqven iciT, rom Tea aris adamiani, Tqven SegiZliaT,
gaifiqroT, rom mas aqvs guli, RviZli, filtvebi da a.S. magram Tqven, albaT, es
TavSi azrad ar mogivaT maSin, rodesac vinme geubnebaT: `me sakonditroSi
mivdivar TeasTan Sesaxvedrad”. kvlevebis safuZvelze dadginda, rom msmenelebi
sakmao sifrTxiliT ekidebian daskvnebis gakeTebas. ganvixiloT Semdegi
winadadeba:
`arqiteqtorma daWra kaci”.
rodesac cdis pirebs ekiTxebodnen, ra iaraRi igulisxmeboda am winadadebaSi,
umravlesobam aRniSna, rom es iyo dana. Tumca, kvlevis Sedegebis mixedviT
dadginda, rom am da msgavsi tipis winadadebebis kiTxvis bunebriv pirobebSi
adamianebs TavSi ar mosdiT cneba `dana” (Dosher & Corbett, 1982). kvlevis aseTi
Sedegebi adasturebs, rom sakmaod sando daskvnebis gakeTebac ki ar xdeba
avtomaturad. mag.: viRaca daWres daniT. daskvnebis umetesoba, romlebsac Tqven
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akeTebT, daaxloebiT iseTivea, rogorc wina winadadebis SemTxvevaSi, romelic
gulisxmobs mimarTebis damyarebas `Teasa” da nacvalsaxels `igi~ Soris da
`sakonditrosa~ da `namcxvars~ Soris. aseTi daskvnebi saSualebas gaZlevT,
gamoiyenoT im informaciis reprezentacia, romelsac mosaubre gadmogcemT.
metyvelebis ganxilvam gviCvena, ramdeni ram esaWiroeba mosaubres, raTa
warmoTqvas swori winadadeba Sesabamis dros da msmenels, raTa swored gaigos
mosaubris mier nagulisxmevi azri. Cven, rogorc wesi, amas ar vacnobierebT.
rogor ggoniaT, kargad aris agebuli Tqveni kognituri procesebis muSaobis
meqanizmebi?

• daskvna (Inference) _ xarveziani informaciis Sevseba arsebuli mtkicebulebebis

an rwmenis da Teoriis safuZvelze.

metyveleba, kultura da azrovneba

Tu swavlobT, an iciT ucxo ena? Tu asea, rogor ggoniaT, am or enaze Tqven

gansxvavebulad fiqrobT? axdens Tu ara gavlenas ena azrovnebaze? es is kiTxvaa,
romelsac mkvlevarebi ara erTgzis ganixilaven. es kiTxva rom ufro konkretuli
iyos, gagacnobT kros-lingvistur magaliTs. warmoidgineT, rom bavSvma dainaxa,
rogor isrola mamamisma burTi. Tu bavSvi inglisurenovania, ityoda: Daddy threw the
ball – mamam isrola burTi, xolo Tu bavSvi Turqulenovania, maSin ityoda Topu
babam atti.. rogor fiqrobT, am winadadebebSi erTi da igive azria mocemuli da
mxolod sityvebia gansxvavebuli? es mTlad ase ar aris: -ti sufiqsi Turquli
winadadebis boloSi miuTuTebs, rom mosaubre movlenis TviTmxilvelia; roca
mosaubre gagonils hyveba, maSin winadadeba mis sufiqsiT mTavrdeba anu iqneboda
atmis. inglisur enaze mosaubre adamianebi samyaros ar yofen im movlenebis
mixedviT, romlebic sakuTari TvaliT ixiles da romlebic sxva wyaroebidanaa
cnobili (Slobin, 1982; Slobin & Aksu, 1982). SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom ori enis
gansxvavebulma gramatikulma moTxovnebma gavlena moaxdinos azrovnebis stilze?
Turquli da inglisuri enis SemTxvevaSi am kiTxvaze pasuxi ucnobia. xom ar
gsurT CaataroT kvleva? es gansxvaveba gasagebs xdis azrovnebaze enis
potenciuri zegavlenis sakiTxiT dainteresebas.
am sakiTxis mecnieruli Seswavla daiwyo edvard sepirma (Edward Sapir) da misma
studentma benjamen lii uorfma (Benjamin Lee Whort). kros-longvisturi kvlevebis
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safuZvelze miRebuli SedegebiT avtorebma daaskvnes, rom gansxvavebebi enaSi
azrSi gansxvavebebs ganapirobebs. sepiri aRniSnavs:
“Cven vxedavT da gansxvavebulad ganvicdiT movlenebs, radganac Cveni
sazogadoebis enobrivi Cvevebi interpretaciis gansazRvruli arCevanisadmi
gangvawyobs” (Sapin, 1941/1964, p.64)
sepirma da uorfma es daskvna maT mier Catarebuli kvlevebis Sedegebis
safuZvelze gaakeTes. uorfma Camoayaliba ori hipoTeza, romlebic sepir-uorfis
hipoTezis saxeliTaa cnobili (ix. Brown, 1976).

lingvisturi fardobiToba _ enebs Soris arsebuli struqturuli
gansxvavebebi aisaxeba am enebze molaparake individebis gansxvavebul
aralingvistur kognitur unarebze.

lingvisturi determinizmi – enis struqtura Zlier gavlenas axdens da,
SesaZloa, mTlianadac gansazRvravdes am enaze molaparake individebis mier
samyaros aRqmasa da azrovnebas.
am ori hipoTezidan lingvisturi determinizmi SedarebiT ufro Zlieria,
radgan igi amtkicebs, rom ena, faqtobrivad, gansazRvravs azrovnebas.
Tanamedrove mecnierebma – fsiqologebma, lingvistebma da anTropologebma
araerTgzis scades kvlevis zusti meTodebis Seqmna am hipoTezis
gadasamowmeblad (Gumperz & Levinson, 1996 ).

ganvixiloT azrovnebaze enis gavlenis erT-erTi aspeqti. SesaZloa,

gagikvirdeT, rom sxvadasxva enebSi ferTa dasaxelebis gansxvavebuli
raodenobaa. linvisturi analizis safuZvelze dadginda, rom inglisur enaSi
ferTa 11 dasaxelebaa (Savi, TeTri, wiTeli, yviTeli, mwvane, lurji, yavisferi,
mewamuli, vardisferi, stafilosferi, nacrisferi). xolo zogierT enaSi,
mag.aliTad, papua axal gvineaze mcxovrebTa enaSi, romelsac dani ewodeba,
ferTa ori dasaxeleba arsebobs _ Savi da TeTri (muqi da Ria) (Berlin & Kay, 1969).
uorfi miiCnevs, rom adamiani `samyaros mSobliuri enis safuZvelze
adiferencirebs~ (1956 p. 213): mkvlevarebi varaudoben, rom ferTa dasaxelbis
raodenoba (2 an 11), SesaZloa, gavlenas axdendes sxvadasxva enaze mosaubre
adamianebis mier ferebis klasifikaciis unarebze.

fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi

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SeuZliaT Tu ara cxovelebs enis swavla?

Tqven, ra Tqma unda, ginaxavT filmi, an satelevizio Sou, sadac cxovelebi
Cveulebriv saubroben adamianebTan. gaxsovT mister edi _ molaparake cxeni?
SesaZlebelia es realur cxovrebaSi? am sakiTxis kvleva gasuli saukunis 20-
iani wlebidan daiwyo; fsiqologebma scades SimpanzeebisaTvis eswavlebinaT
laparaki. radganac Simpanzeebs ar gaaCniaT laparakisaTvis Sesaferisi
sametyvelo aparati, mkvlevarebi iZulebulni gaxdnen, komunikaciis damyarebis
sxva meTodebi moeZebnaT. magaliTad, Simpanzes, saxelad vaSos aswavles
amerikuli niSnebis enis gamartivebuli varianti (Gardner & Gardner, 1969);
Simpanzes, saxelad saras ki daaswavles simboloebiT manipulacia (simboloebi
aRniSnavdnen iseT cnenebs, rogoricaa, magaliTad, vaSli, micema) (Premark, 1971).
am eqperimentebis Sedegebma azrTa sxvadasxvaoba warmoSva (Seidenberg & Pebitto,
1979). kritikosebi dainteresdnen Semdegi sakiTxebiT: Simpanzeebis mier
simboloebis an Jestebis SemTxveviTi kombinaciebis (magaliTad, vaSo bodiSi,
Sen meti daleva) gamoyeneba aris Tu ara metyvelebis azriani gamoyeneba. aseve,
mniSvnelobaTa umetesoba, rac miewereba maimaunis gamonaTqvams, xom ar Cndeba
adamianis da ara maimunis TavSi.
ukanaskneli wlebis ganmavlobaSi siu sevij-
sevij-rumbaum (Sue Savage-Rumbaugh 1998)
da misma kolegebma Caatares kvleva, romlis Sedegadac gamoikveTa ufro zusti
monacemebi Simpanzeebis metyvelebis unaris Sesaxeb. sevij-rumbau, ZiriTadad,
muSaobda bonobos jiSis Simpanzeebze, romlebic, evoluciuri TvalsazrisiT,
ufro axlos arian adamianTan, vidre Simpanzeebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom bonobos
jiSis orma maimunma, kinzim da mulikam kvlevis procesSi spontanurad aiTvises
plastmasisagan damzadebuli siboloebis mniSvneloba; maT ar dasWirvebiaT
rTuli treningi. isini simboloebis mniSvnelobebs avtomaturad daeuflnen
adamianebsa da bonobos jiSis maimunebs Soris komunikaciis procesze
dakvirvebis dros. garda amisa, maT esmiT zogierTi inglisuri sityvis
mniSvneloba, magaliTad, kanzas SeuZlia sityvis gagonebaze dados misi
Sesabamisi simbolo an foto. mkvlevarebma bonobosa da Simpanzes jiSis ori
maimunisaTvis Seqmnes pirobebi, sadac maimunebi Rebulobdnen/iRebdnen
metyvelebis iseT gamocdilebas, rogorc adamiani enis adreuli aTvisebis
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periodSi (ix. Tavi 11). kvlevis safuZvelze dadginda, rom Simpanze-panpanzeesac
ki SeuZliaT zogierTi inglisuri sityvis mniSvnelobis daufleba, Tumca,
bonobos jiSis maimuns – panbaniSas bevrad ufro meti sityvis daswavlis
unari aqvs (Brake & Savage-Rumbaugh, 1995).
bonobos jiSis maimunebze miRebuli Sedegebi gasaocaria, Tumca, metyvelebis
unarisa da sityvis ubralod gamoyenebas Soris didi gansxvavebaa. gavixsenoT
e.w. msmenelTa gaTvaliswineba. SuZliaT cxovelebs informaciis Secvla
auditoriaze morgebis mizniT? mkvlevarebma gadawyvites, pasuxi gaecaT am
kiTxvaze. doroTi Cenim da robert seifarsTma (Dorothy Cheney, Robert Seyfarth, 1990)
Caatares didi kvleva. isini Seiswavlidnen vervetis jiSis maimunebis
komunikaciur unarebs. sxvadasxva tipis saSiSroebis, magaliTad, leopardis,
arwivis an gvelis moaxloebis dros es maimunebi gansxvavebul xmebs gamoscemen.
maT auditoriidan gamomdinare SuZliaT xmis Secvla: mdedri maimunebi
saSiSroebis dros ufro maRali sixSiris xmebs gamoscemen, roca Tavis
STamomaval maimunebTan erTad arian, vidre sxva maimunebTan. Tumca, vervetis
jiSis maimunebs ar SeuZliaT msmenelis codnis gaTvaliswineba da, aqedan
gamomdinare, xmis Secvla: eqsperimentul pirobebSi Seqmnili saSiSroebis
SemTxvevaSi deda vervetebi erTsa da igive xmebs gamoscemen marto yofnis
drosac da maSinac, roca maTi STamomavali safrTxis momaswavlebeli movlenis
TviTmxilvelia. mkvlevarebma daadgines, rom adamiani erTaderTi cocxali
arsebaa, romelsac SeuZlia, gaiTvaliswinos sxvisi codna da Sesabamisad
Secvalos qceva (Povinelli & Prince, 1998).
rogorc naxeT, Simpanzesa da bonobos jiSis maimunebs gaaCniaT adamianis
msgavsi metyvelebisaTvis aucilebeli zogierTi, magram ara yvela unari.

Tumca, Semdgomi kvlevebis Sedegebis analizis safuZvelze dadginda, rom

sxvadaxsva enaze molaparake adamianebi erTnairad asruleben ferebis
klasifikaciis davalebebs. es monacemebi eWv qveS ayenebs mtkicebas lingvisturi
determinizmis Sesaxeb, Tumca, mkvlevarebi mainc iziareben azrs SedarebiT susti
gavlenis Sesaxeb – metyvelebaSi gansxavebebs kognituri gansxvavebebi sdevs Tan.

saidan viciT

metyveleba gavlenas axdens ferebis klasifikaciaze

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mkvlevarebma c.p.-ebs sTxoves, SeemowmebinaT sami feris wiri. ferebi aRebuli
iyo lurjidan mwvanemde speqtralur diapazonSi. c.p.-ebs evalebodaT,
ganesazRvraT, sami elferidan yvelaze metad romeli gansxvavdeboda danarCeni
orisagan. c.p.-Ta erTi jgufi warmodgenili iyo inglisurenovani individebiT
(inglisur enaSi arsebobs mwvanisa da lurjis leqsikurad gansxvavebuli
erTeulebi), xolo meore – CrdiloeT meqsikaSi mcxovrebi individebiT,
romlebic tarahumaras enaze laparakoben. am enaSi lurjisa da mwvane elferis
aRsaniSnavad arsebobs mxolod erTi sityva – Siyoname. mkvlevarebi
varaudobdnen, rom Tu sepir-uorfis hipoTeza marTalia, maSin inglisurenovani
individebi SesZlebdnen lurjisa da mwvanis zRvarTan axlo myofi elferis
garCevas, radganac inglisur enaSi arsebobs sityvebi mwvane (green) da lurji
(blue); xolo imis gamo, rom tarahumaras enaSi aseTi gansxavebuli erTeulebi ar
arsebobs, am enaze molaparake c.p.-ebi ver SesZlebdnen mosazRvre elferebis
garCevas (Key & Kempton, 1984, p.68). miRebuli Sedegebi adasturebs sepir-uorfis
hipoTezas: ferTa triadis Sesaxeb msjelobis dros inglisurenovani c.p.-ebi
arCeven sxvadasxva elferebs, tarahumaras enaze molaparake individebi ki _
vera.

msoflioSi aTasobiT enaa, romelTa Soris uamravi saintereso gansxvavebaa,

rogorc es Turquli da inglisuri enebis magaliTze giCveneT. Sesabamisad,
arsebobs umaravi sakiTxi (hipoTeza), romelic Semdgom kvlevas saWiroebs (gerrig
&Banaji, 1994; Hunt & aGnoli, 1991; Smith, 1996). savaraudoa, rom azrovnebaze ar aisaxeba
enebs Soris arsebuli bevri leqsikuri da gramatikuli gansxvaveba, rogoricaa,
gansxvaveba sityvebsa da struqturebs Soris. miuxedavad amisa, radganac Cven
aRvwereT kulturuli gansxvavebebi "fsiqologia da cxovreba"-Si, mizanSewonili
iqneba, gaviTvaliswinoT lingvisturi fardobiTobisa da determinizmis
sakiTxebi. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom bevr situaciaSi gansxvavebuli kulturis
warmomadgenlebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebul enebze laparakoben, SegviZlia
davsvaT sakiTxi metyvelebis gavlenis Sesaxeb kulturul gansxvavebze.
axla sityvebis saSualebiT azris gadacemis sakiTxidan gadavideT im
pirobebis ganxilvaze, sadac mniSvneloba xatzec aris damokidebuli.

Sejameba
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saubrisas admianebi cdiloben, iyvnen gulisxmierebi da yuradRebianebi.
Sesabamisi msmenelis arseboba moiTxovs saerTo codnis gaTvaliswinebas.
spunerizmi da metyvelebis sxva Secdomebi SesaZlebels xdis swori frazebisa
da gamonaTqvamebis dagegmvisa da Sesworebis procesebis met-nakleb gagebas.
orazrovani sityvebis, struqturebisa da gamonaTqvamebis gasagebad,
mniSvnelobebis SesaZlo variantebidan swori arCevanis gasakeTeblad msmenelebi
iyeneben konteqsts. fsiqikuri reprezentaciebi propoziciebis garSemo yalibdeba.
miRebuli informaciisagan ufro metis gasagebad, msmenelebs uxdebaT daskvnebis
gakeTeba, romlebic ar atareben SemTxveviT xasiaTs. sepir-uorfis hipoTezis
Tanaxmad, enebi, romlebzec adamianebi laparakoben, gansazRvraven adamianis mier
samyaros aRqmasa da gaazrebas. am hipoTezis zogierTi damadasturebeli faqti
gamovlinda ferebze Catarebul eqsperimentebSi. mkvlevarebis winaSe kvlav dgas
enebs Soris arsebuli uamravi gansxvavebis Seswavlis sakiTxi, romelic,
SesaZloa, gavlenas axdendes azrovnebaze.

vizualuri Semecneba

9.6. suraTze mocemulia winadadebis “kata xaliCazea” reprezentaciis ori

nimuSi. romelia TqvenTvis ufro misaRebi? Tu winadadebas lingvistur
propoziciebze dayrdnobiT gaiazrebT, orive sworia – orive suraTze kata
xaliaCazea. miuxedavad amisa, TqvenTvis, albaT, ufro misaRebi A variantia,,
radgan am winadadebis gagebisas savaraudoa, rom zustad am suraTis Sesabamisi
scena warmogidgebaT (Searle, 1979b). ras fiqrobT meore suraTis Sesaxeb? cota
ucnauria, ara? ase ggonia, kata sadac aris daecema. es SfoTva Cndeba imitom,
rom Tqven SegiZliaT situacia gaiazroT suraTebze dayrdnobiT. Tqven
SegiZliaT zustad warmoidginoT, ra SeiZleba moxdes. am nawilSi Cven
ganvixilavT vizualuri xatebisa da procesebis gavlenas azrovnebaze.

sur. 9.6. vizualuri reprezentaciebi

aris Tu ara orive kata xaliCaze?

vizualuri reprezentaciebis gamoyeneba

kacobrioba icnobs warmodgenis safuZvelze gakeTebul uamrav mniSvnelovan

aRmoCenas (Shepard, 1978). gaixseneT f. a. kekule (Cven igi ukve vaxseneT me-6-e
 217
TavSi), romelmac benzolis qimiuri agebuleba aRmoaCina. muSaobis dros, kekule
xSirad cdilobda, warmoedgina mocekvave atomebi, romlebic molekulaTa erT
jaWvSi erTiandebodnen. benzolis rkali man sizmarSi aRmoaCina, roca gvelis
magvarma molekulaTa jaWvma sakuTar kuds piri Caavlo da wre Sekra. maikl
faradei, romelmac magnitizmis uamravi Tviseba aRmoaCina, naklebad erkveoda
maTematikaSi, magram cxoveli warmodgenebi hqonda magnituri Tvisebebis Sesaxeb.
rogorc amboben, albert ainStaini mTlianad vizualuri xatebis terminebiT
azrovnebda da mxolod vizualur xatebze dayrdnobiT gakeTebuli aRmoCenebis
Semdeg gadmoscemda maT maTematikuri simboloebisa da sityvebis saSualebiT.
es magaliTebi movitaneT imisaTvis, rom Tqvenc scadoT vizualuri xatebiT
azrovneba, Tumca, vizualuri xatebiT manipulaciis unars yovelgvari
mcdelobis gareSec regularulad iyenebT. ganvixiloT klasikuri eqsperimenti,
sadac c.p.-ebs sTxovdnen, moexdinaT vizualuri xatebis warmodgenaSi
datrialeba.

suraTi 9.7. sxvadaxsva kuTxiT daxrili “R”,

“ ”, romelic warmodgenis
Sesafaseblad gamoiyenes
cdis pirebs SemeTxveviTi TanmimdevrobiT miewodebodaT figurebi da
moeTxovebodaT, rac SeiZleba swrafad ganesazRvraT, ra iyo miwodebuli - “R”
Tu misi sarkisebuli asli. rac ufro metad iyo figura gadaxrili vertikaluri
mdgomareobidan, miT ufro meti iyo reaqciis dro.

saidan viciT

gonebaSi rotacia fizikuri rotaciis msgavsia

cdis pirebs miewodebodaT sxvadasxva kuTxiT daxrili laTinuri aso “R”-sa
da misi sarkiseburi aslis (rusuli “Я”) nimuSebi (ix. sur 9.7). asos
miwodebisTanave c.p.-s evaleboda, ganesazRvra miwodebuli nimuSi “R” iyo, Tu
misi sarkisebuli asli. aRmoCnda, rom gadawyvetilebis miRebaze daxarjuli
dro da daxrilobis kuTxis sidide pirdapirproporciul kavSirSia – rac
ufro metad aris mobrunebuli grafema, miT ufro meti dro sWirdeba mis
identifikacias. miRebuli Sedegebi mowmobs, rom cdis pirebi cdiloben,
warmoidginon figura da moatrialon igi vertikalur mdgomareobamde
garkveuli fiqsirebuli siCqariT, ris Semdegac iReben gadawyvetilebas.
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rotaciis siCqaris erTnairi maCveneblebi miuTiTebs, rom gonebaSi rotacia
fizikuri rotaciis msgavsi procesia (Shepard&Cooper, 1982).

adamianebi Zalian xSirad iyeneben gonebaSi rotaciis unars. rogorc me-5-e

TavSi naxeT, xSirad sagnebis aRqma TqvenTvis ucnobi kuTxidan gixdebaT.
gonebaSi rotacia saSualebas gaZlevT, SecvaloT sagnis aRqmuli xati da
moargoT xats, romelic Tqvens mexsierebaSi inaxeba (Srinivas, 1995; Tarr, 1994;
Tarr&Rinker, 1989). mag., 9.6 suraTze mocemuli figuris aRqmisas Tqven, albaT,
daatrialeT figura, raTa amogecnoT igi, rogorc kata (an iqneb Tavi
moatrialeT?).
vizualuri xatebis gamoyeneba SegiZliaT, agreTve, zogierTi tipis kiTxvebze
pasuxis gacemis mizniT. warmoidgineT, rom gekiTxebian: golfis saTamaSo burTi
ufro didia Tu ping-pongis? Tu Tqven ar gaxsovT, SegiZliaT erTdroulad
warmoidginoT maTi vizualuri xatebi. sagnis xatis aseTi gamoyenebis
SemTxvevaSic, mas bevri saerTo aqvs realurad aRqmul saganTan.

saidan viciT

vizualuri xatebis skanireba

erT-erTi kvlevis dros c.p.-ebs sTxovdnen, daemaxsovrebinaT rTuli figura,
kerZod, motoriani navi (ix. sur 9.8), Semdeg ki sTxovdnen, warmoegdinaT
TvalsaCinod da yuradReba SeeCerebinaT erT-erT detalze, magaliTad, Zravaze.
Semdeg ki sTxovdnen, warmoedginaT navis kidev erTi detali, magaliTad, saqare
mina an Ruza. aRmoCnda, rom Ruzis “dasanaxad“ (warmosadgenad) c.p.-ebs ufro
meti dro sWirdebodaT, vidre saqare minis, romelic ufro axlosaa ZravasTan,
vidre Ruza. reaqciis droebs Soris gansxvaveba adasturebs, rom adamianebi
iseve aTvaliereben vizualur xatebs, rogorc realur sagnebs (Kosslyn, 1980).

sur. 9.8. warmodgenis vizualuri skanireba

navis figuris Seswavlis Semdeg cdis pirebs sTxovdnen, “SeexedaT” maT mier
warmodgenili navis ZravisaTvis; Semdeg ki ekiTxebodnen: ra hqonda navs – saqare
mina Tu Ruza. saqare minis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi reaqiis dro naklebi iyo,
vidre maSin, roca c.p.-ebi xedavdnen Ruzas, romelic Zravisagan ufro
daSorebulia. miRebuli Sedegebi mowmobs, rom c.p.-ebi aTvalierebdnen maT mier
warmodgenil sagnebs.
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xatebiT operireba SezRudulia. ganvixiloT Semdegi problema:
warmoidgineT, rom gaqvT carieli, didi furceli da gadakeceT is Suaze
(miiRebT or gverds), kidev gadakeceT Suaze (oTxi gverdi) da ganagrZeT ase,
sanam 50-jer ar gadakecavT. rogor ggoniaT, ra sisqis iqneba Tqveni qaRaldi?
(Adams, 1986).
pasuxi aseTia: daaxloebiT 50 milioni mili (250 x 0.028 diumi – qaRaldis
sisqe), daaxloebiT dedamiwidan mzemde manZilis naxevari. Tqven, albaT, ufro
naklebi gegonaT. Tqveni warmodgena gadaitvirTa warmosadgeni informaciiT.

verbaluri da vizualuri reprezantaciebis kombinireba

Cven, ZiriTadad, yuradReba gavamaxvileT vizualuri reprezentaciebis im

tipebze, romelTa Camoyalibeba xdeba garemoSi arsebuli vizualuri stimulis
mexsierebaSi xatis saxiT gadataniT, an misi warmodgenis SemTxvevaSi –
mexsierebidan amotaniT. Tumca, vizualur xatebs Tqven xSirad qmniT verbaluri
infirmaciis safuZvelze, mag.: miuxedavad imisa, rom realurad arasodes
ginaxavT, Tqven SegiZliaT warmoidginoT kata, romelsac sami kudi aqvs.
verbaluri informacia saSualebas gaZlevT, SeqmnaT vizualuri reprezentacia.
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania verbaluri informaciis xatovani warmodgenis
unari mxatvruli literaturis kiTxvis dros, romelic sivrciT detalebs
Seicavs. ganvixiloT nawyveti moTxrobidan "From a View to a Kill“:

mdelo sididiT ori CogburTis kortis zomis iyo, sqeli balaxiTa da xavsiT
dafaruli. misi erTi nawili SroSanebiT iyo mofenili, garSemortymuli xeebis
qveS ki enZelebi mimofantuliyo. mdelos erT mxares mayvliTa da ayvavebuli
vardebis ekliani buCqnariT dafaruli patara goraki esazRvreboda. bondi gars
uvlida goraks da daJinebiT iyureboda buCqebs Soris, magram iq araferi Canda,
garda gorakis miwiani zedapirisa (Flemming, 1959 PP.19-20).

scadeT, warmogedginaT scena da daxmarebodiT bonds safrTxis moZebnaSi? (is

mas ipovis). kiTxvis dros, aRwerili detalebis warmodgenis mizniT, SegiZliaT
SeqmnaT sivrciTi fsiqikuri modeli (Zwaan & Radvansky,1998). mkvlevarebi
araerTxel dainteresdnen, Tu rogor asaxavs fsiqikuri sivrciTi modeli
realuri sivrciTi gamocdilebis niSnebs (Rinck et al., 1997).
warmoidgineT, rom kiTxulobT saintereso nawyvets moTxrobidan.
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sxedxarT operaSi megobrebTan erTad. Tqveni mosvlis mizania, SexvdeT da
esaubroT maRali wris warmomdagenlebs da saintereso adamianebs. axla dgaxarT
eleganturi aivnis moajirTan, romelic gadahyurebs parters. zustad Tqvens
ukan, Tvalis simaRleze, aivnis kedelze CuqurTmebiani lampa kidia. lampis fexi,
romelic kedelzea mimagrebuli, mTlianad mooqrovilia (Franklin&Tvresky, 1990,
p.65).

seriul eqsperimentebSi cdis pirebi (mkiTxvelebi) swavlobdnen

am tipis teqstebs, romlebSic detalurad iyo aRwerili damkvirveblis garSemo
arsebuli sagnebis ganlageba (Franklin & Tvresky, 1990). mkvlevarebs surdaT
eCvenebinaT, rom gonebaSi warmodgenili arsebuli obieqtebis sivrceSi ganlageba
gansazRvravs am sivrcis Sesaxeb informaciis mexsierebidan amotanis siswrafes.
mag., c.p.-ebi ufro swrafad pasuxoben kiTxvaze: „ra aris Tqvens win“, vidre
kiTxvaze: „ra aris Tqvens ukan“, miuxedavad imisa, rom TiToeuli obieqti
erTnairi sizustiT iyo aRwerili.
am Sedegebis gageba Zalian advilia Tu dauSvebT, rom kiTxvis dros
aRmocenebuli reprezentaciebi saSualebas gaZlveT, “moxvdeT scenaze”, Tqven
SegiZliaT verbaluri gamocdileba gardaqmnaT vizualur sivrciT
gamocdilebad.
zogadad, Tqvens garSemo arsebul samyaroze fiqris dros, TiTqmis yovelTvis
gixdebaT informaciis vizualuri da verbaluri reprezentaciebis Sejereba. Tu
gindaT darwmundeT amaSi, scadeT msoflio rukis daxatva. rogor apirebT amis
gakeTebas? zogierTi ram TqvenTvis cnobilia vizualuri gamocdilebiT; mag.,
Tqven daaxloebiT iciT afrikis kontinentis moxazuloba, radganac is nanaxi
gaqvT. Tqveni naxatis zogierTi detali ki verbalur informacias eyrdnoba; mag.,
SeiZleba gaxsovdeT, rom iaponia ramodenime kunZulisagan Sedgeba, Tumca,
SeiZleba ar icodeT, sad unda daxatoT is. erT-erTi gamokvlevis dros,
romelic 49 qveyanaSi Catarda, 79 qalaqSi macxovrebel 4000 students sTxoves,
daexataT msoflio ruka (Saarinen, 1987). kvlevis mizani iyo imis dadgena, rogoria
kulturaTa Soris sxvoba msoflios TvalsaCino warmodgenis, vizualizaciis
mixedviT; igi miznad isaxavda, agreTve, mSvidobis xelSewyobas.
kvlevis safuZvelze dadginda, rom umravles SemTxvevaSi warmosaxuli
msoflio fokusirebulia evropaze – evropa mocemulia naxatis centrSi, xolo
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mis garSemo ganlagebulia sxvadaxsva qveynebi. es SesaZlebelia ganpirobebuli
iyos imiT, rom saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi geografiis saxelmZRvaneloebSi
warmodgenil rukebze evropa warmodgenilia rukis centrSi. Tumca, dafiqsirda
kulturaze orientirebuli rukebic. 9.11 suraTze warmodgenilia avstraliaSi
mcxovrebi studentis mier daxatuli ruka. es ruka gviCvenebs, Tu ra xdeba, roca
verbaluri perspeqtiva – Cemi saxli unda iyos centrSi – gavlenas axdens
vizualur reprezentaciaze.
am nawilSi vnaxeT, rom Cveni vizualuri procesebi da reprezentaciebi
Seavsebs verbalur unarebs. informaciis miRebis es ori tipi warmoadgens
yveldRiurad aRmocenebuli moTxovnebisa da amocanebis gadaWris damatebiT
saSualebebs. axla ki ganvixiloT is sferoebi, sadac xdeba vizualuri da
verbaluri reprezentaciebis gamoyeneba problemuri situaciis daZlevis dros.
es sakiTxebia: problemis gadaWra da azrovneba.

suraTi: 9.11.
yuradReba miaqcieT msoflos am avtraliaze koncentrirebul warmodgenas,
axla vin aris qvemoT?

Sejameba
adamianebs SeuZliaT vizualuri reprezentaciebis gamoyeneba sagnis gonebaSi
rotaciisaTvis. adamianebi warmodgenil xatebs aTvaliereben ise, rogorc
realur sagnebs. vizualuri da verbaluri informaciis SejerebiT adamianebs
SeuZliaT srulyofili fsiqikuri reprezentaciebis Seqmna.

problemebis gadaWra da azrovneba

warmoidgineT erTi Cveulebrivi cxovrebiseuli situacia: Tqven SemTxveviT

CageketaT Tqveni saxlis, oTaxis an manqanis kari da darCiT gareT. rogor
moiqceviT am SemTxvevaSi? moifiqreT, Tu ra ,,gonebriv nabijebs” gadadgamdiT am
problemis dasaZlevad. es ,,gonebrivi nabijebi” aucileblad gulisxmobs
kognitur procesebs, romlebic ganapirobeben problemis gadwyvetasa da
azrovnebas.
azrovnebas dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad es orive aqtioba saWiroebs mocemuli
axali informaciis dakavSirebas mexsierebaSi arsebul informaciasTan. Cven
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ganvixilavT problemis gadawyvetis sxvadasxva aspeqtsa da azrovnebis or
formas _ deduqciursa da induqciurs.

problemis gadawyveta

,,ra aris is arseba, romelic diliT oTx fexze dadis, SuadRisas _ orze,
xolo mzis Casvlis Semdeg _ samze?” berZnuli miTologiis Tanaxmad, borotma
arsebam _ sfinqsma _ Tebes xalxs am amocanis amoxsna ubrZana; xolo sanam vinme
mis amoxsnas SeZlebda, xalxi misi tiranuli mmarTvelobis qveS icxovrebda.
oidiposma gamocanis elementebSi metaforebi amoicno _ dila, SuadRe da mwuxri
adamianis cxovrebis sxvadasxva periodebs warmoadgens. bavSvi xoxavs siarulis
dawyebamde, amdenad, igi oTxze dadis; mozrdili adamiani ki _ or fexze, xolo
moxucebulobaSi adamiani, miuxedavad imisa, rom or fexze dadis, siarulisas
yavarjensac iyenebs. e.i. sam fexze dadis. oidiposis pasuxi iyo ,,adamiani”.
Tumca, Cveni yoveldRiuri problemebi ar aris oidiposis gamocanasaviT
rTuli, magram problemis gadaWra yoveldRiuri cxovrebis ZiriTadi nawilia.
Tqven gamudmebiT awydebiT problemebs, romelTa gadawyvetac gixdebaT: rogor
movaxerxoT samuSaosa da movaleobebis Sesruleba drois gansazRvul periodSi,
rogor mivaRwioT warmatebas gasaubrebaze; rogor gavwyvitoT urTierTioba
arasasurvel pirovnebasTan da a.S. mravali problema dakavSirebulia realur
codnasa da TqvenTvis saWiro informacias Soris gansvlasTan. roca problemas
wyvetT, Tqven amcirebT am gansvlas saWiro informaciis mopovebiT. problemis
daZlevis arsis ukeT gasagebad, SeecadeT gadaWraT 9.12 suraTze mocemuli
problemebi. fsiqologiuri kvlevis Sedegebis gacnoba saSualebas mogcemT,
naTeli warmodgena SeiqmnaT problemis gadawyvetis Taviseburebebis SesaxebAda,
SesaZloa, TqvenTvis saintereso rCevebic miiRoT, romlebic dagexmarebaT
davalebis Sesrulebis gaumjobesebaSi.

• problemis gadawyveta (Problem solving) _ azrovnebis procesi, romelic

mimarTulia konkretuli problemis gadawyvetaze, romelic sawyisi
momentidan miznis miRwevamde mimdinareobs mTeli rigi fsiqikuri
operaciebis saSualebiT.
• msjeloba (Reasoning) _ azorvnebis procesi, rodesac vaskvniT faqtebis
erTobliobaze dayrdnobiT; mocemul mizanze an obieqtze mimarTuli
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azrovnebis procesi.

problemuri situacia

rogor gansazRvravT problemas realur cxovrebiseul pirobebSi?

Cveulebriv, Tqven acnobierebT gansxvavebas Tqvens arsebul mdgomareobasa da
sasurvel mizans Soris. magaliTad, Tqven ganicdiT materialur gaWirvebas da
gsurT, iSovoT fuli; TqvenTvis cnobilia, agreTve, ra SegiZliaT (an gindaT)
gaakeToT problemis dasaZlevad. magaliTad, Tqven SeecdebiT SeTavsebiT raime
samsaxuris Sovnas da ar daiwyebT jibis qurdobas. problemis formaluri
gansazRvra aerTianebs am sam elements. problemis gansazRvra sam elements
moicavs (Newell & Simon, 1972). problema ganisazRvreba:
• Tavdapirveli mdgomareobiT _ arasruli informacia an
aradamakmayofilebeli pirobebi;
1. mizniT _ informacia an pirobebi TqvenTvis sasurveli garemos Sesaxeb;
2. operaciaTa TanmimdevrobiT _ is savaraudo safexurebi, romlebsac gaivliT
mocemuli mdgomareobebidan sasurveli miznis misaRwevad.
am sami elementis erTobliobiT ganisazRvreba problemuri situacia.
situacia
ilustraciis mizniT problemis gadawyveta SegviZlia SevadaroT labirinTSi
gzis povnas (problemuri situacia), romelic gulisxmobs sawyisi wertilidan
(Tavdapirveli mdgomareoba) sasurvel wertilamde gadaadgilebas (mizani). am
dros Tqven gixdebaT dasaSvebi operaciebis ganxorcieleba.
problemebis gadaWrisas sawyisi siZneleebis umravlesoba im SemTxvevaSi
Cndeba, Tu am sami elementidan romelime ar aris sakmarisad gansazRvruli
(Simon, 1973). kargad gansazRvruli problema saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemul
problemas hgavs, romelSic garkveviTaa warmodgenili sawyisi mdgomareoba,
mizani da operaciebi, romelic miznis misaRwevadaa saWiro. Tqveni amocanaa,
mixvdeT, Tu rogor gamoiyenoT operaciebi pasuxis misaRebad. cudad
gansazRvruli problema ki hgavs saxlis dizainis Seqmnas, romanis daweras an
Sidsis mkunalobis meTodis aRmoCenas, sadac naTlad ar aris gamoyofili
sawyisi mdgomareoba, mizani da operaciebi. aseT SemTxvevaSi, pirvel rigSi,
saWiroa problemis arsis zusti gansazRvra _ misi sawyisi mdgomareobis,
idealuri gadawyvetis da miznis miRwevis SesaZlo saSualebebis dadgena.
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rogorc Tqveni gamocdilebidan iciT, maSinac ki, roca sawyisi mdgomareoba
da saboloo mizani kargad aris gansazRvruli, swori operaciebis (moqmedebebis)
moZebna miznis misaRwevad mainc Znelia. Tu Tqveni gamocdilebidan gaixsenebT
maTematikis gakveTils, darwmundebiT, rom es marTlac asea. magaliTad,
maswavlebelma mogcaT formula x2+x_12=0@da gTxovaT, gansazRvroT x-is
mniSvneloba. ras akeTebT amisaTvis? am algebruli amocanis gadasawyvetad
SegiZliaT, gamoiyenoT algoriTmi:
algoriTmi Tanmimdevruli, safexureobrivi procedura,
romelic yovelTvis gvaZlevs swor pasuxs (konkretuli tipis problemebis
gadasaWrelad). Tu algebrul wesebs sworad gamoiyenebT, aucileblad miiRebT
x-is swor mniSvnelobas (e. i. 3 da _4). algoriTmi saketis kodis daviwyebis
SemTxvevaSic dagexmarebaT. Tu Tqven TanmimdevrobiT cdiT sxvadasxva variantebs
(mag.: 1, 2, 3; 1, 2, 4), gasaRebs aucileblad miagnebT, Tumca, amisTvis, SesaZloa,
Zalian didi dro dagWirdeT. algoriTmis gamoyeneba ufro efeqtiania kargad
gansazRvruli problemis gadasaWrelad, radgan naTlad aris gamoyofili
sawyisi mdgomareoba da mizani, vidre cudad gansazRvruli problemis
SemTxvevaSi. rodesac algoriTmis gamoyeneba SeuZlebelia, adamianebi xSirad
iyeneben evristikul meTodebsa da strategiebs, romlebic efuZneba praqtikul
saqmianobasa da gamocdilebas. warmoidgineT, rom kiTxulobT deteqtivs
saidumlo mkvlelobis Sesaxeb da gsurT, gaarkvioT vin mokla mdidari
komersanti. Tqven, SesaZloa, gamoricxoT, rom igi ufrosma msaxurma mokla,
radgan Tqveni gamocdilebiT migaCniaT, rom avtori ar mimarTavda Sinaarsis
aseT banalur ganviTarebas. rogorc SemdegSi vnaxavT, evristika warmoadgens
msjelobisa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis mniSvnelovan aspeqts.
• problemuri situacia (Problem space) _ elementebi, romlebic qmnian problemas:
sawyisi mdgomareoba _ arasruli informacia an pirovnebisaTvis
aradamakmayofilebeli pirobebi; mizani _ informacia an mdgomareoba,
romelsac eswrafvis adamiani; operaciebis erToblioba _ pirovnebis mier
sawyisi mdgomareobidan sasurvel miznamde misaRwevad gavlili safexurebi.
• algoriTmi (Algorithm) _ Tanmimdevruli safexureobrivi procedura, romlis
saSualebiTac vpoulobT swor pasuxs konkretuli tipis problemis
gadasaWrelad.
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• evristika (Heuristics) _ kognituri strategia an ,,praqtikuli meTodi”, romelic

xSirad gamoiyeneba rogorc Semoklebuli gza rTuli amocanis gadasaWrelad.

sur. 9.10. SegiZliaT gadaWraT es problemebi? (nawili I)

scadeT am amocanebis amoxsna (pasuxebi mocemulia suraTze (9.11). nu naxavT
pasuxebs, sanam TviTon ar ecdebiT am problemebis mogvarebas..

A. SegiZliaT, daakavSiroT yvela wertili erTmaneTTan oTxi swori xazis

gavlebiT ise, rom kalami furclidan ar aiRoT.
B. 6 futis simaRlis milSi, romelic fizikis laboratoriaSi iatakzea
mimagrebuli, Caagdes 3 cali ping-pongis burTi. rogor amoiRebdiT burTebs
milidan.
C. Wadrakis dafas ori mopirdapire kuTxidan moaciles TiTo ujra, darCa 62
ujra. Tqven gaqvT 31 cali dominos koWi, TiToeuli or ujras faravs. scadeT
mTlianad dafaroT Wadrakis zedapiri dominos koWebiT.
D. Werze erTmaneTis daSorebiT ori Tokia Camokideuli, ise, rom Tu xels
erTi Tokis bolos mokidebT, meores veRar miwvdebiT. Tqven gevalebaT
miswvdeT meore Tokis bolos da gadaabaT isini erTmaneTs.
E. Tqven gaqvT sanTeli, Wikartebi da asanTis Rerebi asanTis yuTSi.
daamagreT anTebuli sanTeli karze.
F. gadasawyveti gaqvT ,,wylis qilis” 3 problema. SegiZliaT mxolod 3 qilis
gamoyenebiT (wylis raodenoba gansazRvruli ar aris) miiRoT yovel
konkretul SemTxvevaSi wylis gansazRvruli raodenoba?

mkvlevrebi dainteresdnen problemur situaciaSi adamianebis mier

algoriTmisa da evristikis gamoyenebiT. azrovnebis safexurebis Sesaswavlad
isini xSirad mimarTavdnen xmamaRali fiqris meTods,
meTods romelic gulisxmobs
fiqris verbalizacias (Ericson & Simon, 1993). magaliTad, mkvlevarebi
dainteresdnen, SeeswavlaT is fsiqikuri procesebi, romelTa saSualebiTac cdis
pirebi wyvetdnen Wadrakis dafis problemas (suraTi 9.10 nawili C) (Kaplan &
Simon, 1990). qvemoT mocemulia erT-erTi cdis piris xmamaRali fiqris oqmis
Canaweri, sadac igi akeTebs mniSvnelovan daskvnas, rom problemis gadaWra
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SeuZlebelia, Tu igi koWebs mxolod vertikalurad an horizontalurad
daalagebs (dafas vardisferi da Savi ujrebi hqonda).

,,...ase carieli adgili rCeba... es moklea _ ramdeni rCeba _ uhhh... vardisferi

ufro metia, vidre Savi, imisaTvis, rom Sevavso, saWiroa, SevaerTo ori
vardisferi, magram amas ver vizamT, imitom rom isini diagonalzea... es ixureba?
.... (Kaplan & Simon, 1990 gv. 388).

cdis piri mixvda, rom mizans ver miaRwevda, Tu dominoebs sul

horizontalurad an vertikalurad daalagebda. xSirad mkvlevarebi cdis pirTa
azrovnebis Canawerebs problemis gadaWris modelis amosaval wertilad iyeneben
(Simon, 1979, 1989).

problemis gadaWris gaumjobeseba

gaumjobeseba

ra uSlis xels problemis gadawyvetas? Tu gamoiyenebT Tqvens yoveldRiur

gamocdilebas, SeiZleba mixvideT daskvnamde, rom ,,uamravi ram aris
erTdroulad gasaTvaliswinebeli.“ problemis gadawyvetis procesebze
dakvirvebas zustad imave daskvnamde mivyavarT. xSirad problemis gadawyvetas
aZnelebs is, rom mocemuli problemis gadawyvetis gonebrivi moTxovnebi
aRemateba gadamuSavebis arsebul resursebs (Kotovsky et al., 1985; Kotovsky & Simon,
1990). problemis dasaZlevad saWiroa mTeli rigi Tanmimdevruli operaciebis
dagegmva. Tu moqmedebaTa es rigi an TviTon gegmaSi mocemuli TiToeuli
moqmdeba metad rTulia, SesaZloa, verc ki dainaxoT sawyisi mdgomareobidan
saboloo miznamde misaRwevi gza. rogor SegiZliaT am SesaZlo problemis
gadawyveta?
problemis gadawyvetis gaumjobesebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs Tqveni
resursebis Sesabamisi, realurad ganxorcielebadi gegmis SemuSavebas.
Tu Tqven regularulad gixdebaT erTi tipis problemebis gadaWra, maSin
mizanSewonili iqneba daeufloT daZlevis procesSi gamoyenebul komponentebs,
rac ganapirobebs procesis avtomatizacias da nakleb Zalisxmevas (Kotovsky et al.,
1985). davuSvaT, taqsis mZRolad muSaobT niu-iorkSi da yoveldRiurad gixdebaT
manqanebiT gadaWedil quCebSi pikis saaTis dros moZraoba. SesaZloa, qalaqis
sxadasxva monakveTSi gamoimuSavoT gansxvavebuli sapasuxo reaqciebi. ase, rom
Tu droTa ganmavlobaSi geqnebaT gadwyvetilebis mza komponentebi, Tqven mTel
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yuradRebas gzas miapyrobT. magaliTad, mgzavrs misi ayvanis adgilzeve
gadaaxdevinebT mgzavrobis safasurs, Semdeg ki SeZlebT mTeli Tqveni yuradReba
moZraobaze gadaitanoT.
gagacnobT warsuli gamocdilebis awmyoSi gamoyenebis erT-erT saukeTeso
magaliTs. msoflio Cempions, gari kasparovs SeuZlia Wadrakis figurebis
wamgebiani ganlagebis poziciebis gansazRvra da TiToeul SemTxvevaSi
gamocdili strategiis gamoyeneba, rac mas saSualebas aZlevs erTdroulad
ramodenime oponenti daamarcxos (Gobet & Simon, 1996).
rig SemTxvevaSi sasargeblo reprezentaciis povna problemis sruliad axal
WrilSi gaazrebis saSualebas iZleva. waikiTxeT 9.6 cxrilSi mocemuli amocana.
rogor apirebT am amocanis amoxsnas? dafiqrdiT, sanam kiTxvas gaagrZelebdeT.
Tu Tqven am problemis mosagvareblad maTematikuri xerxebis gamoyeneba scadeT,
warmatebas ver miaRwevdiT. am SemTxvevaSi ukeTesi iqneba warmoidginoT ori beri,
romelTagan erTi mTis wveridan Camodis, meore ki - adis (Adams, 1986). isini xom
erT wertilSi Sexvdebian erTmaneTs? (ix. sur. 9.12). axla ori beri SecvaleT
erTiT. azrobrivad es erTi da igivea, e.i. amocana damtkicebulia. amocanis aseT
gamartivebas uzrunvelyofs swored swori – vizualuri da ara verbaluri an
maTematikuri reprezentaciis gamoyeneba.
Tu 9.10 suraTze mocemul amocanebs gadaxedavT, kidev erTxel, darwmundebiT
problemuri situaciis adekvaturi reprezentaciis mniSvnelobaSi. Tqven unda
mixvdeT, rom milidan ping-pongis burTebis amosaRebad ar aris saWiro milSi
SeRweva. erTamaneTisagan moSorebiT Camokidebuli Tokis boloebis
SesaerTeblad ki saWiroa yuradReba miaqcioT Tokis qveS, iatakze myof erT-erT
sagans da gamoiyenoT igi, rogorc simZime. anTebuli sanTlis karze
dasamagreblad ki aucilebelia asanTis kolofi gamoiyenoT, rogorc Sandali,
xolo sanTeli unda gamoiyenoT, erTis mxriv, rogorc iaraRi, xolo, meores
mxriv, sagani, romelic unda miamagroT karze. bolo ori problema
funqcionaluri rigidobis fenomenis ilustraciaa (Duncker, 1945; Maier, 1931).
funqcionaluri rigidoba xels uSlis sagnis tradiciulad miRebuli Tvisebebis
ugulvebelyofas da misi axali Tvisebebis Tu funqciis danaxvas, riTac
uaryofiT gavlenas axdens problemis gadaWraze. rodesac problemur
situaciaSi aRmoCndebiT, pirvel rigSi, daukvirdiT, rogor warmoidgenT mas; xom
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ar arsebobs misi gaazrebis an daZlevis gansxvavebuli an ukeTesi gzebi? Tu
sityvebi ar gSveliT, SeecadeT, es problema naxatiT warmoidginoT. mosinjeT
Tqveni variantebi. naxeT, Tu romeli funqciis Secvlaa SesaZlebeli axali
kombinaciis misaRebad.
rodesac raime problemis gadaWras cdilobT, rogorc wesi, Tqven fiqrobT
anu azrovnebT. qvemoT ganvixilavT azrovnebis erT-erT formas, romelsac
deduqciuri azrovneba ewodeba.
• funqcionaluri rigidoba (Functional fixedness) – sagnis tradiciuli xedvis
Secvlis da axali funqciis danaxvis da misi efeqtianad gamoyenebis uunaroba.

cxrili 9.6. gamocana ,,beri“

erT diliT, zustad mzis amosvlisas budisti beri iwyebs asvlas maRal
mTaze. mTis biliki viwroa, daaxloebiT erTi Tu ori nabijis siganis.
spiraliviT daklaknili biliki mTis mwvervalisaken miemarTeba. beri sxvadasxva
siCqariT midis, xSirad Cerdeba dasasveneblad, Wams gamxmar xils (Cirs) da
taZarSi mzis Casvlamde cota xniT adre midis. ramodenime dRis marxvisa da
meditaciis Semdeg, isev mzis amosvlisas, beri igive bilikiT mTidan qvemoT
eSveba, igi sxvadasxva siCqariT modis; xSirad Cerdeba Sesasveneblad. qvemoT
Camosvlisas, misi siarulis saSualo siCqare bevrad aRemateba qvemodan zemoT
asvlis siCqares. daamtkiceT, rom bilikze aris wertili sadac beri zustad
erTsa da imave dros imyofeboda asvlisasac da Camosvlisasac (pasuxi ix. sur.
9.12).

9.12 A suraTze naCvenebia ori beri. erTi moZraobs qvemodan zeviT,

suraTi 9.12.
meore - zemodan qvemoT. B suraTze warmodgenilia maTi Sexvedris adgili dRis
erTi da igive momentSi. axla SecvaleT ori beri erTiT; amocana damtkicebulia.

deduqciuri azrovneba

warmoidgineT, rom midixarT restoranSi da fulis gadaxdas Tqveni

erTaderTi sakredito baraTiT „American Express“-iT apirebT. rekavT restoranSi
da ekiTxebiT: „SeiZleba Tqvens restoranSi sakredito baraTiT, „American Express“-
iT, sargebloba?“ restornis mepatrone gpasuxobT: „Cven viRebT yvela ZiriTad
sakredito baraTs“. am pasuxis Semdeg SegiZliaT daaskvnaT, rom isini miiReben
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Tqvens sakredito baraTsac. ratom? am SemTxvevaSi SegviZlia vixelmZRvaneloT
silogizmiT (ori winadadebidan gakeTebuli logikuri daskvna), romelic
berZenma filosofosma aristotelem 2000 wlis win mogvca:

wanamZRvari 1. restorani iRebs yvela ZiriTad sakredito baraTs.

wanamZRvari 2. „American Express“-i aris ZiriTadi sakredito baraTi.
daskvna: restorani miiRebs baraTs „American Express“.

aristotele ikvlevda, Tu ra logikuri mimarTeba arsebobda winadadebebs

Soris, romlebic realur daskvnamde migviyvanda. deduqciuri azrovneba
gulisxmobs logikuri wesebis sworad gamoyenebas. Cven moviyvaneT sakredito
baraTis magaliTi, raTa gveCvenebina, rom gvaqvs logikuri daskvnis gakeTebis
unari, romelsac logikuri, deduqciuri mtkicebulebis forma gaaCnia.
miuxedavad amisa, fsiqologebi ikvleven, gvaqvs Tu ara deduqciuri azrovnebis
formaluri wesebi. (Schaeken et al., 2000). es masStaburi kvleva gvafiqrebinebs, rom,
SesaZloa, marTlac gagvaCnia zogadi logikuri azrovnebis unari, magram realur
samyaroSi deduqciur azrovnebaze gavlenas axdens specifikuri codna samyaros
Sesaxeb da konkretul problemasTan dakavSirebuli reprezentaciuli resursebi.
• deduqciuri azrovneba (Deductive reasoning) – azrovnebis forma, romelic ori
an meti wanamZRvridan logikuri daskvnis gakeTebis unars gulisxmobs.

modiT, ganvavrcoT msjeloba Semdeg daskvnebze da vnaxoT, Tu ra gavlenas

axdens codna deduqciur azrovnebaze. ganvixiloT Semdegi silogizmi:

wanamZRvari 1. yvelafers, rasac aqvs Zrava, sWirdeba benzini.

wanamZRvari 2. avtomobilebs sWirdebaT benzini.
daskvna: avtomobilebs aqvT Zrava.

rogor fiqrobT, sworia es daskvna? logikis wesebis Tanaxmad — ara, radgan

pirveli wanamZRvari Riad tovebs im faqts, rom zogierT sagans, romelsac ara
aqvs Zrava, agreTve, sWirdeba benzini. siZnele imaSi mdgomareobs, rom is, rac
arasworia logikur problemaSi, ar aris aucilebeli mcdari iyos realur
cxovrebaSic. e. i. Tu Tqven flobT mxolod pirvel da meore wanamZRvarSi
mocemul informacias da Tqven mas ganixilavT ubralod, rogorc formaluri
logikis savarjiSos, maSin es daskvna mcdaria. miuxedavad amisa, roca c.p-ebi
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msjeloben, gamomdinareobs Tu ara daskvna logikurad ori wanamZRvridan, isini
ufro dadebiTi pasuxisken ixrebian, rodesac daskvna avtomobils Seexeba, vidre
maSin, rodesac uazro termini „oppobines“ gamoiyeneba (Markovitz & Nantel, 1989).
aseTi Sedegi rwmenis efeqtis naTel magaliTs warmoadgens. rwmenis efeqti
gulisxmobs, rom adamianebi WeSmaritad miiCneven im daskvnebs, romelTaTvisac
SeuZliaT realuri samyaros misaRebi modelis konstruireba (ageba), xolo
mcdarad Tvlian im daskvnebs, romelTaTvisac amis gakeTeba uWirT (Evans et al.,
1983; Janis & Frick, 1943; Newstead et al., 1992).
• rwmenis efeqti (elief-bias effect) – situacia, romelsac pirovnebis codna,
ganwyoba, Rirebulebebi amaxinjebs da romelic cvlis azrovnebis process,
aiZulebs mas miiRos mcdari argumentebi.

suraTi: ZaRli (gv 276)

wanamZRvari 1. yvela katas 4 fexi aqvs.
wanamZRvari 2. me 4 fexi maqvs.
daskvna: me kata var.

Tu arsebobs iseTi damajerebeli daskvna, romelic Seesabameba adamianis

gonebaSi problemis reprezentacias, es daskvna WeSmaritad miiCneva. avtomobilis
SemTxvevaSi,
SemTxvevaSi, codna avtomobilebis Sesaxeb aZnelebs
aZnelebs am daskvnis uaryofas. Tumca,
roca monawileebs misces zustad es wanamZRvrebi da sTxoves, gaekeTebinaT
daskvna, daaxloebiT naxevarma SesZlo sworad ganesazRvra, rom am for-
for-
mulirebiT swor daskvnas ver gamoitanda. amrigad,
amrigad, codnas, SesaZloa, ufro
naklebi gavlena hqondes Tqveni sakuTari azrovnebis procesebze, vidre Tqvens
mier sxvisi daskvnebis Sefasebaze (Rips,
( ).
1990).
logikuri azrovnebis iseTi formaluri instruqciebi, romlebic aq aris
aRwerili, amcirebs rwmenis gavlenas daskvnaze (Evans et al., 1994).
azrovnebis unars gamocdilebac aumjobesebs. amaSi dasarwmuneblad,
SeadareT, Tu rogor asrulebT erTsa da imave davalebas abstraqtuli
azrovnebis saSualebiT da samyaros Sesaxeb realuri codnis gamoyenebiT.
warmoidgineT, rom erT rigSi dalagebulia 4 baraTi, romelTagan TiToeulze
weria „a“, „d“, „4“, „7“, ise, rogorc es 9.13 suraTzea warmodgenili. romeli
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baraTi unda gadmoabrunoT, rom SeamowmoT wesi: „Tu baraTis erT mxareze
xmovania, mis meore mxares iqneba luwi ricxvi“ (Jihnson-Laird & Wason, 1977). ras
izamdiT? umravlesoba fiqrobs, rom unda gadmoabrunos baraTi „a“ — rac
sworia da baraTi „4“, rac ar aris swori. mocemuli wesis mcdarobis
dasamtkiceblad araviTari mniSvneloba ara aqvs baraTs „4“. amitom mis
gadmobrunebas azri ara aqvs (xvdebiT, ratom?). Tqven unda gadmoabrunoT baraTi
„7“ da Tu naxavT, rom mis meore mxares mocemulia xmovani, gamodis, rom wesi ar
aris swori.

sur. 9.13. abstraqtuli da sagnobrivi azrovneba

Tqven gevalebaT gadmoabrunoT zeda rigSi mocemuli baraTebidan is
baraTebi, romelTa saSualebiTac SeamowmebT wess: „Tu baraTis erT mxareze
mocmulia xmovani, mis meore mxares iqneba luwi ricxvi“.
qveda rigSi mocemuli baraTebidan unda gadmoabrunoT is baraTebi,
romlebic saSualebas mogcemT, SeamowmoT Semdegi wesi: „Tu momxmarebeli
apirebs alkoholuri sasmelis dalevas, igi 18 wlis mainc unda iyos“. rogorc
wesi, c.p.-ebi meore davalebas ukeTesad asruleben. am dros SesaZlebeli,
realuri cxovrebiseuli strategiebis gamoyeneba.

am davalebas veisonis seleqciis davalebas (Wason selection task) uwodeben,

romelic eWvs qveS ayenebs adamianis efeqturad azrovnebis unars. es negatiuri
azri SemdgomSi modificirebul iqna ori mimarTulebiT. pirveli: mkvlevarebma
gamoTqves varaudi, rom, SesaZloa, c.p.-ebi baraTebis Sesamowmeblad iyeneben
aradeduqciur strategias, ris gamoc isini ufro adastureben, vidre uaryofen
wesSi asaxuli mimarTebis ganzogadebas. miuxedavad imisa, rom am strategias
mcdar deduqciur azrovnebamde mivyavarT, realur situaciaSi igi
mizanSewonilia mimarTebebis Sesaswavlad da gadawyvetilebis misaRebad (Oaksford,
Chater, 1994; Oaksford et al., 1997).
meorec, deduqciuri azrovnebis gamoyeneba ufro efeqturia, rodesac c.p.-ebs
saSualeba aqvT, veisonis davalebis Sesrulebis dros gamoiyenon samyaros
Sesaxeb realuri codna (Holyoak & Spellman, 1993). warmoidgineT, Tqven gTxoves 9.13
suraTis qveda rigSi mocemul baraTebze logikuri davalebis Sesruleba. unda
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SeamowmoT wesi: „Tu momxmarebeli apirebs alkoholuri sasmelis dalevas, igi 18
wlis mainc unda iyos“ (CHeng & Holyoak 1985).
am SemTxvevaSi, albaT, maSinve mixvdiT, romeli baraTebi unda gadmoabrunoT:
„17“ da „ludis daleva“. realur cxovrebaSi msgavsi problemis dros SegiZliaT
gamoiyenoT azrovnebis pragmatuli sqema. rogorc me-8-e TavSi aRvwereT, sqemebis
Camoyalibeba xdeba gamocdilebis Sedegad. Tqven akrZalvebis didi gamocdileba
gaqvT — gaixseneT is dro, roca geubnebodnen: „televizors ver uyureb, sanam
saSinao davalebas ar Seasruleb“. aseTi tipis interaqciebis procesSi Tqven
imuSavebT gonivrul sqemas. realur cxovrebiseul situaciaSi, sadac
dakavSirebulia asaki da sma, xdeba am sqemis aqtivacia; xolo pirobiT
situaciaSi, romelic luw ricxvebsa da xmovnebs akavSirebs, sqemis aqtivacia ar
xdeba. amitom aseTi pirobiTi tipis davalebebi ar iZleva deduqciuri
azrovnebis unaris saTanadod Sefasebis saSualebas.
aRsaniSnavia, rom ukanaskneli kvlevebis Sedegad gaCnda akrZalvebis procesSi
sqemebis SeZenis azris alternatiuli idea.
zemoT aRwerili davalebis 3 wlis asakis bavSvebisaTvis modificirebuli
variantis Catarebis dros aRmoCnda, rom maT kargad SeuZliaT wesis gageba - Tu
ra aris nebadarTuli da ra – akrZaluli. es Sedegebi savaraudos xdis, rom
akrZalvis situaciis gaazreba, SesaZloa, Tandayolili iyos (Cummins, 1996).
radganac igi ar aris damokidebuli socialur normebze, SesaZloa,
warmoadgendes genetikuri informaciis nawils, romelic memkvidreobiT
gadaecema adamians, rogorc socialur arsebas (Cummins, 1999).
am nawilis dasawyisSi aRvwereT situacia, saidanac Tqven akeTebdiT swor
deduqciur daskvnas sakredito baraTis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb. samwuxarod,
cxovrebaSi arsebobs uamravi SemTxveva, rodesac SeuZlebelia swori daskvnis
gakeTeba, sakmaod sando wanamZRvrebidanac ki. axla, ganvixilavT am magaliTis
axal versias, romelic Tqvengan gansxvavebuli formis azrovnebas moiTxovs.

induqciuri azrovneba

warmoidgineT aseTi situacia: mixvediT restoranSi da mxolod maSin

gagaxsendaT, SegemowmebinaT, gaqvT Tu ara sakmarisi naRdi fuli. aRmoaCineT,
rom mogiwevT Tqveni sakredito baraTis „American Express“-is gamoyeneba, magram
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restornis gareT ar aris gancxadeba imis Taobaze, SegiZliaT Tu ara am
restoranSi sakredito baraTiT sargebloba. restornis fanjrebidan moCans
kargad Cacmuli momxmarebeli. meniuSi ki xedavT, rom fasebi sakmaod maRalia.
mxedvelobaSi iRebT ra Tqven garSemomyofTa maRal materialur mdgomareobas,
mocemul situaciaze dakvirveba gafiqrebinebT, rom es restorani miiRebs Tqvens
sakredito baraTs. es aris deduqciuri daskvna, radganac igi emyareba Tqvens
varauds da ara _ logikur wanamZRvars. Tqveni daskvna induqciuri azrovnebis
nimuSia. induqciuri azrovneba gulisxmobs savaraudo daskvnis gamotanas
mocemul situaciaze dayrdnobiT, magram igi ar gvTavazobs sando daskvnebs.
• induqciuri azrovneba (Inductive reasoning) – azrovnebis forma, romelic
misawvdom mtkicebulebaze da warsul gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT garkveuli
albaTobiT daskvnis gakeTebas gulisxmobs.

Tumca, saxeli, SesaZloa, axalia, magram Cven ukve SemogTavazeT induqciuri

azrovnebis ramdenime nimuSi. me-5-e da me-8-e TavebSi vnaxeT, rom adamianebi
warsulSi dagrovil informacias iyeneben awmyosa da momavlis gansazRvris
mizniT. Tqven induqciur azrovnebas iyenebT Semdeg SemTxvevebSi: haerSi
popkornis surnelis safuZvelze askvniT, rom viRac popkorns akeTebs. induqciur
azrovnebas iyenebT, Tu daeTanxmebiT azrs, rom asoebi am furcelze uecrad ar
gauCinardeba (an Tu iswavliT, Tqveni codna ar gauCinardeba testirebis dros).
da bolos, am TavSi ganvixileT daskvnis tipebi, romlebic adamianis
saubridan gamomdinareoben. Tqveni varaudi, rom igi namdvilad maRali wris
warmomadgenelia, misi metyvelebis maneridan gamomdinare, induqciuri azrovnebis
nimuSs warmoadgens.
realur cxovrebaSi problemis gadaWris unari xSirad damokidebulia
induqciur azrovnebaze. davubrundeT isev Cvens magaliTs. Tqven SemTxveviT
CageketaT kari da darCiT gareT. ras moimoqmedebT am SemTxvevaSi? warsulSi
aseT dros miRebuli gadawyvetilebis gaxseneba pirveli mizanSewonili nabijia.
am process problemis analogiuri gadawyveta ewodeba. Aam dros Tqven iwyebT
awmyo da warsul situaciebs Soris saerTos Ziebas (Holyoak & Nisbett, 1988; Holyoak &
Thagard, 1997). `karis Caketvis da gareT darCenis” warsuli gamocdilebis
safuZvelze SeiZleba gagaxsendeT zogadi wesi: `iseTi adamianebis moZebna,
romelTac aqvT gasaRebi”. am zogadi wesiT SeiaraRebuli, Tqven iwyebT am
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adamianebis gamoyofas da fiqrs, rogor ipovoT isini (Ross & Kenedy, 1990). am
problemis gadasaWrelad SeiZleba dagWirdeT im meTodis gaxseneba, romelic
Tqveni megobrebis mosaZebnad SeimuSaveT. am problemis gadaWra imitom
geadvilebaT, rom Tqven ukve mieCvieT warsuli gamocdilebis gamoyenebas:
induqciuri azrovneba saSualebas gaZlevT, gamoiyenoT gamocdili meTodebi da
swrafad gadaWraT axali problemebi.
problemis analogiuri gadawyvetis Sesaxeb kvlevebs xSirad saganmanaTleblo
mniSvneloba aqvT (Kolodnery, 1977), magaliTad, Tqveni maTematikisa da
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebis maswavleblebi gacnoben ramodenime amocanas
Tavisi amonaxsniT. amocanebi ukve damuSavebuli pasuxebiT mocemulia
saxelmZRvaneloebSic. SemdgomSi ki, Tqven gixdebaT msgavsi tipis amocanebis
amoxsna, romlebsac, savaraudod, dasZlevT. aseTi midgoma emyareba im
mosazrebas, rom Tqven gamoiyenebT induqciur azrovnebas da SesZlebT Zveli
meTodebis gamoyenebas axali problemebis dasaZlevad. mkvlevarebi Seecadnen,
ganesazRvraT is pirobebi, romlebSic moswavleebi warsuli gamocdilebis
maqsimalurad gamoyenebas SeZlebdnen (Lorett & Anderson, 1994; Novick & Holyoak, 1991).
zogadi daskvna, romelic maT gamoitanes, gulisxmobs, rom moswavleebs
analogiis mosaZebnad xSirad daxmareba sWirdebaT. imisaTvis, rom moswavlem
SeZlos axal problemaSi Zveli problemis mniSvnelobis danaxva, xSirad
saWiroa damatebiTi waxaliseba — miniSnebisa da mimarTulebis micema (Ross &
Kennedy, 1990). modiT, ganvixiloT magaliTi:

saidan viciT

msgavsebebis mosaZebnad adamianebs xSirad daxmareba sWirdebaT

daakvirdiT 9.14 suraTis I nawilSi mocemul figuras. warmoidgineT, rom
viRacam milis zeda bolodan Caasxa wyali. ra mimarTulebiT wava wylis nakadi
milis qveda bolodan gamosvlis Semdeg? SegiZliaT, gamoiyenoT meore nawilSi
mocemuli nimuSebi. ganvixiloT kiTxvis odnav Secvlili varianti.
warmoidgineT, rom viRacam milis TavSi daamagra Slangi. cvlis es rames? c.p.-
ebs pirvelad sTxovdnen, daexataT wylis nakadis mimarTuleba, romliTac, maTi
azriT, wyali wavidoda milidan gamosvlis Semdeg. amis Semdgom ki sTxovdnen,
amoerCiaT is suraTi, romelic yvelaze metad hgavda maT naxats. erT-erT
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eqsperimentSi, sadac pirobebSi ar iyo mocemuli Slangi, c.p-Ta mxolod 30%-ma
gasca swori pasuxi (f varianti), xolo Slangis Semotanis Semdeg es ricxvi
75%-mde gaizarda. ra ganapirobebs am gansxvavebas? rogorc Cans, warsuli
gamocdilebis eqsplicituri Sexsenebisas (magaliTad, gaixseneT, rogor
gamodis wylis nakadi sarwyavi milidan), c.p-ebi iwyeben induqciur azrovnebas,
Tumca, am Sexsenebis gareSe isini fiqroben, rom „miamituri fizikis“ kanonidan
gamomdinare, milidan gamosvlis Semdeg wylis nakadi ganagrZobs cirkularul
moZraobas (Catrambone et al., 1995).

am eqsperimentSi kargad Cans, rom adamianebis umravlesobas problemis

gadaWrisas sWirdeba Sexseneba (miTiTeba), rom gamoiyenon induqciuri azrovneba.
Tqven SeiZleba ar mogwonT, rom aseTi Sexseneba xSirad aucilebelia —
maswavleblebi da saxelmZRvaneloebi iSviaTad iZlevian aseT miniSnebebs. ra
unda qnaT? SeecadeT, Tqven TviTon, SeZlebisdagvarad, moZebnoT konkretuli
analogia; SeecadeT, gansazRvroT problemis struqtura da gamoiyenoT msgavsi
struqturis mqone, TqvenTvis ukve nacnobi problemis daZlevis meTodi.
rac ufro zustad da sworad gaqvT gagebuli Zveli problemis komponentebi
da struqtura, miT ufro advilia Zvel da axal problemebs Soris msgavsebis
danaxva da gadawyvetilebis meTodis morgeba. manamde ki SegiZliaT, endoT
fsiqolog-eqsperimentatorebs da maT mier miRebuli Sedegebi gauziaroT
maswavleblebs da saxelmZRvanelos avtorebs.

sur. 9.14. ra mimarTulebiT wava wyali?

warmoidgineT, rom suraTis pirvel nawilSi daxatuli mowyobilobidan
gamodis wylis nakadi. rogor ggoniaT, ra mimarTulebiT wava wyali? daxateT.
Semdeg ki, meore nawilSi warmodgenili nimuSebidan airCieT erT-erTi, romelic
yvelaze metad hgavs Tqvens naxats.

induqciur azrovnebasTan dakavSirebiT kidev erTi ram unda aRvniSnoT.

xSirad SesaZlebelia efeqturi gadawyvetilebis xelmeore gamoyeneba. magram rig
SemTxvevebSi, roca Zvel da axal situacias Soris kritikuli gansxvavebaa,
warsulze damokidebulebam SeiZleba xeli SeuSalos axali problemis daZlevas.
9.12 suraTze aRwerili wylis qilebis amocana amis klasikur magaliTs
warmoadgens. am SemTxvevaSi warsul gamocdilebaze damokidebulebis gamo
 236

SeiZleba amocana saerTod ver amoxsnaT (Luchins, 1942). pirveli ori amocanis „e“
nawilSi Tqven aRmoaCenT, rom pasuxis misaRebad arsebobs zogadi formula B-A-
2(C). bunebrivia, rom mesame amocanis amoxsnisas iseve SeecdebiT mis gamoyenebas
da naxavT, rom am formuliT mesame amocana ar amoixsneba. am SemTxvevaSi unda
gaavsoT „a“ qila da gadmoasxaT imdeni, rom Seivsos „g“ qila, ris Semdegac
dagrCebaT wylis saWiro raodenoba. Tu Tqven ver mixvdiT, es rogor unda
gagekeTebinaT da amocanis amosaxsnelad pirvel formulas iyenebdiT, es imas
niSnavs, rom SegeqmnaT im gamocdili wesis gamoyenebis fsiqikuri ganwyoba,
romelmac warmateba mogitanaT. ganwyoba — es aris fsiqikuri aqtivobis,
azrovnebis Tu Cvevis winmswrebi mdgomareoba, romelsac garkveuli pirobebis
zemoqmedebiT SeuZlia aRqmisa da problemis gadaWris xarisxisa da siswrafis
gazrda. Tumca, maSin, rodesac azrovnebisa da moqmedebis Zveli xerxebi axal
situaciaSi ar aris produqtuli, maT SeuZliaT fsiqikuri aqtebis Seferxeba da
damaxinjeba. rodesac problemur situaciaze fiqris dros gaiWedebiT, daixieT
ukan da hkiTxeT sakuTar Tavs: warsuli warmateba xom ar ganapirobebs Tqveni
xedvis SezRudvas?
problemis gadaWrisas gaiTvaliswineT problemuri situaciebisa da maTi
daZlevis rac SeiZleba farTo speqtri, rac ufro SemoqmedebiTs gaxdis
daZlevis process.
am nawilSi Cven ganvixileT problemis gadawyvetisa da azrovnebis sxvadasxva
tipebi da konkretuli etapebi, romlebic unda gaiaroT realur pirobebSi
moqmedebis gaumjobesebis mizniT. am Tavis bolo nawilSi Cvenc imave strategias
mivmarTavT. Cven aRvwereT zogierTi mniSvnelovani kvlevis Sedegebi, romlebic
dakavSirebulia gansjisa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesebTan. Cven, agreTve,
SemogTavazeT, Tu rogor unda gamoiyenoT es Sedegebi TqvenTvis mniSvnelovan
situaciaSi.

Sejameba

problemuri situacia moicavs Tavdapirvel mdgomareobas, mizans da mTel rig

operaciebs, romelTa saSualebiTac Tavdapirveli mdgomareobidan individi
aRwevs mizans. problemis daZleva ufro efeqturia, roca adamianebi
gadawyvetilebis komponentebs gamocdian da pouloben sasargeblo
 237
reprezenataciebs. deduqciuri azrovnebis gamoyenebiT viRebT sando daskvnebs.
kvlevis Sedegebis safuZvelze dadginda, rom adamianebi yovelTvis ar arian
Tanmimdevrulni deduqciuri azrovnebis dros. magaliTad, isini tyuvdebian
rwmenis gavleniT, Tumca, deduqciuri azrovnebis efeqturoba matulobs
„akrZalvebis“ situaciaSi.
induqciuri azrovneba moiTxovs warsuli gamocdilebis generalizacias.
induqcias didi gamoyeneba aqvs analogiuri problemis gadaWris dros: axali
problemis gadasaWrelad adamianebi cdiloben, ipovon misi analogiuri Zveli
problema, romlis daZlevis gzebic maTTvis ukve cnobilia.
• fsiqikuri ganwyoba (Mental set) _ axali problemis dasaZlevad wina problemis
daZlevis stilis, saSualebis gamoyenebis tendencia.
fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi

eqspert-sistemebi da medicina
Tu odesme gqoniaT seriozuli samedicino konsultacia eqimTan, Tavad
yofilxarT im situaciis monawile, roca individis msjelobasa da problemis
gadaWris unars udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs. Tqvens janmrTelobaze
pasuxismgebelma pirma unda moaxdinos Tqvens mier CamoTvlili simptomebis
erTobliobis (paternis) identifikacia da daadginos daavadebis gamomwvevi
mizezi. miRebuli daskvnis safuZvelze individma samoqmedo gegma unda
SeimuSavos. am procesSi mocemuli sirTuleebidan gamomdinare, warmoidgineT,
Tu raoden Znelia, zustad Tqveni daavadebis simptomebis aRwera ise, rom
sxvebisaTvis gasagebi iyos. amis mere, albaT, ar gagikvirdebaT, roca gaigebT,
rom kognitur mecnierebaTa mimdevrebi ramdenime welia muSaoben kompiuterul
programebze, romlebic mniSvnelovan daxmarebas uwevs eqimebsa da
janmrTelobis dacvis personals diagnostikasa da mkuranlobis dagegmvaSi.
am programebs ,,eqspert sistemebs“ uwodeben. „eqspert_sistema“ aris
kompiuteruli programa, romelic realurad profesionalTa mier
problemebis gadaWris simulaciaa, arsebuli codnis gaTvaliswinebiT. sistema
MYCIN, romelic SemuSavebul iqna 1970-ian wlebSi, safuZvlad daedo
mecnierul kvlevaTa did nawils am sferoSi. MYCIN Seiqmna, rogorc
infeqciur daavadebaTa diagnostikisa da mkurnalobis damxmare saSualeba
 238

(Shortliffe, 1976). am programis muSaoba eyrdnoba ,,Tu - maSin” wesebs, romelTa

saSualebiTac xdeba wanamZRvrebisa da am sferoSi momuSave specialistebis
evristikul codnaze (magaliTad, praqtikaze) damyarebuli daskvnebis
dakavSireba. realuri samedicino diagnozis msgavsad, MYCIN sistemis
saSualebiT SesaZlebelia wanamZRvrebisa (magaliTad, pacientis sisxlis
analizis pasuxis) da konkretuli daskvnis (magaliTad, diagnozis an
mkurnalobis rekomendaciebis) dakavSireba. programas, aseve, SeuZlia gviCvenos
(moTxovnis SemTxvevaSi), Tu rogor mivida igi saboloo daskvnamde. miuxedavad
imisa, rom MYCIN sistema arasodes gamouyenebiaT praqtikaSi, Tanamedrove
mkvlevarebis mier Seqmnili msgavsi programebi inarCuneben igive princips –
rekomendaciebis garda momxmarebels miawodon informacia „azrovnebis
procesebis“ Sesaxeb (Chae, 1998; Hudson & Cohen, 2000).
faqtia, rom am programebis SesaZlebloba – daadginos daavadebis
gamomwvevi mizezebi, mkuranlobis procesis warmatebis mniSvnelovani
komponentia. warmoidgineT, magaliTad, eqimi, romelic iyenebs samedicino
eqspert_sistemas. rogorc eqimma, Tqven SeiZleba ar aRiaroT, rom romelime
kompiuterul programas SeuZlia Tqvenze ukeTesad gansazRvros daavadeba da
Secvalos Tqveni codna da mravlwliani gamocdileba. Tumca, mniSvnelovania
imis gaTvaliswineba, rom eqspert_sistemebi erTad uyris Tavs ama Tu im
sferoSi dagrovil codnas. aseTi tipis sistemebSi mocemulia ara mxolod
faqtebi, aramed maT am faqtebze dayrdnobiT SeuZliaT “azrovneba”.
mecnierebi cdiloben iseTi sistemebis Seqmnas, romlebic uzrunvelyofen imis
ufro sistematur axsnas, Tu ratom unda daakavSiros momxmarebelma
(janmrTelobis dacvis muSakma) faqtebis garkveuli erToblioba konkretul
daskvnebTan. (Chandrasckaran& Mittal, 1999).
axla pacientis TvaliT SevxedoT am yvelafers. ramdenadac 21-e saukuneSi
eqspert_sistemebis mniSvnelovni gaumjobeseba xdeba, Tqven SeiZleba SexvdeT
eqims, romelic Seitans Tqvens konkretul monacemebs kompiuterSi. Tqven
kmayofili iqnebiT, Tu eqimi gamonaxavs dros da sakuTari codnis garda
eqspert_sistemaSi mocemul codnasac gaiTvaliswinebs.

veb gverdebi:
 239

• www-camis. stanford.edu
es aris stenfordis samedicino informatikis veb gverdi, sadac
ganTavsebulia informacia mkvlevarTa jgufis Sesaxeb, romelmac
ganaxorciela mTeli rigi proeqtebi medicinasa da eqspertul sistemebTan
dakavSirebiT.
• www.cis. upenn. edu/~traumaid
“TraumAID” aris programa, romelic Seiqmna kritikul situaciaSi eqimTa
dasaxmareblad. veb gverdze ganTavsebulia eqspert-sistemebis demo versiebi.

msjeloba da gadawyvetilebis miReba

Tavs msjelobisa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis Sesaxeb, daviwyebT Tqveni

yoveldRiuri gamocdilebis erT-erTi yvelaze didi WeSmaritebiT: Tqven
cxovrobT samyaroSi, romelic savsea gaurkvevlobiT. gadaixdiT Tu ara 9
dolars im filmis sanaxavad, romelic SeiZleba an mogewonoT an ara? gamocdis
win Tqveni Canawerebis swavlas amjobinebT Tu saxelmZRvanelos xelaxla
gadakiTxvas? mzad xarT Tu ara CaebaT xangrZliv urTierTobebSi? radgan
momavlis Sesaxeb mxolod varaudi SegiZliaT da radgan TiTqmis arasodes
gagaCniaT sruli codna warsulis Sesaxeb, Tqven Zalian iSviaTad SeiZleba iyoT
darwmunebuli, rom swored imsjeleT, an swori gadawyvetileba miiReT. amgvarad,
msjelobisa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesebi unda uzrunvelyofdnen
ganusazRvrelobis Semcirebas. kognituri fsiqoloogiis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli
herbert saimoni (Herbert Simon) wers: ,,im rTul garemosTan SedarebiT, romelSic
adamians uxdeba cxovreba, misi azrovnebis Zala metad mokrZalebulia”. is unda
dakmayofildes problemebis ,,sakmaod kargi” gadawyvetiTa da moqmedebebis
,,sakmod kargi” gegmiT (1979, gv. 3). Aaqedan gamomdinare, saimoni varaudobs, rom
azrovnebis procesebi imarTeba SezRuduli racionalurobiT.. SesaZloa, Tqveni
msjeloba
a da gadawyvetileba ar iyos yovelTvis maqsimalurad kargi da
racionaluri; Tqven unda SeZloT imis danaxva, rom es ganpirobebulia
SezRuduli resursebis iseT situaciaSi gamoyenebiT, romelic moiTxovs swraf
moqmedebas.
sanam SezRuduli racionalurobis Sedegebis ufro detalur analizze
gadavidodeT, ganvixiloT gansxvaveba msjelobasa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis
 240
procesebs Soris. msjelobis procesSi Tqven ayalibebT mosazrebebs, gamogaqvT
daskvnebi da axdenT adamianebisa da movlenebis kritikul Sefasebas; xSirad
Tqven msjelobT spontanurad, motivaciis gareSe. gadawyvetilebis miReba ki
gulisxmobs ramdenime alternatividan erT-erTis amorCevas, SesaZlo variantebis
seleqciasa da uaryofas. msjeloba da gadawyvetilebis miReba warmoadgens or
urTierTdakavSirebul process. magaliTad: SeiZleba viRacas SexvdeT
wveulebaze da xanmokle saubrisa da cekvis Semdeg es adamiani CaTvaloT
saintereso, Wkvian, patiosan da gulwrfel pirovnebad. Semdeg Tqven SeiZleba
gadawyvitoT, rom danarCeni dro wveulebaze gaataroT masTan erTad da daTqvaT
Sexvedra momavali kvirisaTvis; gadawyvetilebis miReba mWidrod ukavSirdeba
qceviT moqmedebas. davubrundeT azrovnebis am ori tipis kvlevas.

evristika da msjeloba

romelia msjelobis saukeTeso gza? magaliTad, warmoidgineT, rom Tqven

gekiTxebian: mogewonaT Tu ara filmi? am kiTxvaze sapasuxod Tqven mogiwevT
cxrilis Sevseba, romlis erT mxares aRniSnavT, Tu ra mogewonaT filmSi, xolo
meore mxares – ra ar mogewonaT da naxavT, romeli sveti gamogivaT ufro
grZeli. imisaTvis, rom Tqveni Sefaseba ufro zusti iyos, Tqven kargad unda
awon-dawonoT yoveli debulebis wili TiToeul mxares. maTi mniSvnelobis
gaTvaliswinebiT (magaliTad, TqvenTvis SeiZleba ufro mniSvnelovani iyos (meti
wona hqondes) ,,msaxiobis Sesrulebas” plusebis mxareze, vidre _ ,,gaxmovanebis
efeqtebs” minusebis mxareze). Tu mTel am proceduras gaivliT, Tqven SegiZliaT
darwmunebuli iyoT msjelobaSi, magram es mxolod savarjiSoa, romelsac
iSviaTad akeTebT. realur cxovrebSi ki ufro xSirad da swrafad giwevT
msjeloba. Tqven ar gaqvT dro, anda sakmarisi informacia amgvari formaluri
procedurisaTvis. ras akeTebT amis nacvalad? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema
pirvelad amos tverskim da daniel kanemanma
kanemanma scades (Amos Tversky & Daniel
Kahneman). isini amtkicebdnen, rom msjeloba eyrdnoba analizis ufro
evristikul, vidre formalur meTodebs. rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli,
evristika warmoadgens aramecnierul, praqtikul meTods, romelic amcirebs
msjelobis (gadawyvetilebis miRebis) sirTules.
ra SemTxvevaSi iyeneben adamianebi am praqtikul, gamocdilebaze damyarebul
meTodebs? rogorc qvemoT naxavT, mkvlevarebi upiratesobas aniWeben im garemo
 241
pirobebis aRweras, sadac aRniSnuli meTodebis gamoyeneba ganapirobebs Secdomis
daSvebas. am eqsperimentebis logika aseTia: rogorc aRqmis iluziebis SeswavliT
SeiZleba aRqmis bunebis gageba da mexsierebis Seswavla – mexsierebis
darRvevebis SeswavliT, aseve, SesaZlebeblia msjelobis procesebis Seswavla
mcdari msjelobebis SeswavliT (Kahneman, 1991). rogorc mexsierebis, aRqmisa da
sxva fsiqikuri procesebis SemTxvevaSi, am drosac erTmaneTSi ar unda agerioT
meTodi da daskvna. miuxedavad imisa, rom aRqma ar aris srulyofili da
fsiqologebs SeuZliaT dagarwmunon Tqveni aRqmis mcdarobaSi, kedelze ver
ivliT; Sesabamisad, miuxedavad Secdomebisa, romlebic evristikuli msjelobebis
gamo aRmocendeba, Tqven ar ejaxebiT kognituri SezRudvis barierebs.
niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom Tqven sruliad komfortulad grZnobT Tavs,
roca aseTi tipis Secdomebs uSvebT? am SemTxvevaSi aRqmasTan Sedareba
garkveulwilad araadekvaturia. aRqmis iluziebis umravlesoba ar aris codnaze
damokidebuli. Tqven yovelTvis mzad xarT, aRiaroT miuler-laieris iluziis
(ix. Tavi 5) xazebis sigrZeTa sxvadasxvaoba, miuxedavad imisa, rom iciT, rom
isini erTi sigrZisani arian. xolo, Tu iciT, rom Tqvens gamocdilebaze
damyarebuli msjeloba zedapirul xasiaTs atarebs, SegiZliaT Tavidan aiciloT
zogierTi tipis Secdoma.
Tumca, inteleqtualuri unarebi ar ganapirobes Secdomebis Tavidan acilebas
(zogierT SemTxvevebSi Zalian Wkviani adamianebic ki uSveben Secdomebs),
specifikuri treningebis saSualebiT SesaZlebelia msjelobis gaumjobeseba. am
nawilSi Cven ganvixilavT am unarebis efeqturobis zrdis ramodenime
saSualebas. davubrundeT evristikis sam tips: misawvdomobas,
reprezentatulobas da Ruzis evristikas.

misawvdomobis evristika

gTxovT, moifiqroT pasuxi Zalian martiv kiTxvaze (Cvenis azriT, naklebad

mosalodnelia swori pasuxi da amitom ar gTavazobT rTul amocanas, raTa
uxerxul mdgomareobaSi ar CavardeT). warmoidgineT, rom gevalebaT moTxrobis
patara monakveTis wakiTxva; rogor ggoniaT, am nawvyetSi romeli sityva iqneba
ufro meti: sityva, romelic iwyeba aso ,,k”-Ti (magaliTad, kalaTa), Tu sityva,
sadac aso ,,k” mesame adgilzea? (magaliTad, nakrZali). Tu Tqven tverskisa da
kanemanis c.p.-ebis msgavsad fiqrobT (Amos Tversky & Daniel Kahneman 1973), maSin
 242
Tqven daaskvniT, rom ,,k” ufro metad gvxvdeba sityvis dasawyisSi, vidre SuaSi.
realurad ki ,,k” orjer ufro xSirad gvxvdeba sityvis SuaSi (inglisur enaSi).
ratom hgonia adamianebis umravlesobas, rom ,,k” aso ufro xSirad gvxvdeba
sityvis TavSi? es pasuxi ganpirobebulia mexsierebaSi arsebuli xelmisawvdomi
informaciiT. gacilebiT advilia im sityvebis mofiqreba, romlebic iwyeba ,,k”-Ti,
vidre im sityvebisa, romlebSic ,,k” mesame adgilzea. am SemTxvevaSi Tqvens
daskvnaze, rogorc Cans, gavlenas axdens misawvdomobis evristika:: Tqveni daskvna
emyareba im informacias, romelic ufro misawvdomia mexsierebisaTvis. imis gamo,
rom mexsierebisaTvis xelmiswavdom informacias umravles SemTxvevaSi swor
daskvnamde mivyarvarT, es daskvnac ganixileba, rogorc swori. Tu, magaliTad,
Tqven fiqrobT, rom boulingi ufro usafrTxoa, vidre paraSutiT xtoma, Tqveni
daskvna emyareba misawvdomobis evristikas. problemebi warmoiqmneba mxolod im
SemTxvevaSi, roca: (1) mexsierebaSi tendenciuri informaciis aqtivacia xdeba; (2)
mexsierebaSi Senaxuli informacia ar aris zusti. ganvixiloT am SesaZlo
problemebis magaliTi.
amocana, romelSic c.p.-ebs „k“ asos Semcveli sityvebis raodenobis
gansazRvra evalebaT, misawvdomobaze dafuZnebuli araswori msjelobis
(daskvnis) karg magaliTs warmoadgens. mexsierebaSi sityvebis organizaciidan
gamomdinare, bevrad ufro advilia sityvebis gaxseneba, roca gansazRvrulia
maTi pirveli aso. ganvixiloT yoveldRiuri cxovrebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
kidev erTi msjeloba.
• msjeloba _ procesi, romlis saSualebiTac adamianebi ayalibeben
mosazrebebs, akeTeben daskvnebs da axdenen adamianebis an movlenebis
kritikul Sefasebas xelmisawvdom masalaze dayrdnobiT; fsiqikuri aqtivobis
Sedegi.
• gadawyvetilebis miReba _ alternativebs Soris arCevis procesi, SesaZlo
variantebis seleqcia da uaryofa.
• xelmisawvdomobis evristika _ daskvna, romelic efuZneba mexsierebaSi
Tavisuflad xelmisawvdom informacias.

saidan viciT

guneb-ganwyobileba gavlenas axdens mexsierebis xelmisawvdomobaze

 243

mkvlevarebs surdaT, eCvenebinaT, Tu ra zegavlena SeiZleba moaxdinos guneba-

ganwyobilebam adamianis msjelobaze. c.p.-ebs evalebodaT, waekiTxaT sasiamovno
da usiamovno informacia, rac ganapirobebda Sesabamisi guneba-ganwyobilebis
Seqmnas. Semdeg ki sTxovdnen dadebiTi da uaryofiTi movlenebis, magaliTad,
sasiamovno saRamos da mtkivneuli Wrilobis gaxsenebas da, aseve, msgavsi
movlenebis ganmeorebis albaTobis gansazRvras uaxloesi eqvsi Tvis
ganmavlobaSi. miRebuli Sedegebis analizis safuZvelze dadginda, rom warsuli
movlenebis gaxsenebaze gavlenas axdens guneba-ganwyobileba, xolo am
ukanasknelis Sesabamisi mogonebebi gansazRvravs momavlis Sesaxeb msjelobas.
karg guneba-ganwyobilebaze myofi c.p.-ebi ixsenebdnen sasiamovno movlenebs da
fiqrobdnen, rom momavalSi ufro meti sasiamovno da naklebi usiamovno movlena
moxdeboda (MacLeod & Campbell, 1992).

am eqsperimentSi naCvenebia, Tu ra gavlenas axdens msjelobaze

mexsierebisaTvis nebismierad xelmisawvdomi
xelmisawvdomi informaciis tipi. es saintereso
informaciaa Tqveni yiveldRiuri cxovrebisaTvis. mniSvnelovan samomavlo
sakiTxebze msjelobisas unda gaiTvaliswinoT guneba-
guneba-ganwyobilebis gavlena
TqvenTvis misawvdom informaciaze. mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebis miRebis dros
hkiTxeT sakuTar Tavs: ,,aris Tu ara raime specifikuri Cems guneba-
guneba-
ganwyobilebaSi, rac gavlenas moaxdens mexsierebidan amotanil informaciaze?”
misawvdomobasTan, rogorc msjelobis evristikasTan, dakavSirebuli meore
sirTule Tavs iCens im SemTvevaSi, roca masze gavlenas axdens mexsierebaSi
arsebuli informacia. erT-erTi kvlevis dros Seiswavlidnen kavSirs
televizoris yurebasa da SeerTebuli Statebis mosaxleobis saSualo
keTildReobis Sefasebas Soris (O’Guinn & Shrum, 1997). adamianebi, romlebic ufro
xSirad uyureben "dinastiisa" da "dalasis" tipis serialebs, fiqroben, rom bevr
amerikel diasaxliss aqvs televizori an hyvas mosamsaxureebi. mkvlevarebis
azriT, es korelacia imiT aixsneba, rom satelevizio programebi qmnis
keTildReobis ararealur warmodgenas, romelic advilad misawvdomia mudmivi
mayureblisaTvis. ganvixiloT meore magaliTi: adamianis msjeloba sxvadasxva
qveynis mosaxleobis Sesaxeb (Brown & Siegler, 1992). SegiZliaT Tu ara ganalagoT es
oTxi qveyana mosaxleobis raodenobis mixedviT mciredan didisken:
 244

a. SvedeTi
b. indonezia
c. israeli
d. nigeria

kvlevebis safuZvelze dadginda, rom rac ufro meti icis adamianma qveynis
Sesaxeb, miT ufro maRalia mis mier populaciis raodenobis Sefaseba. garda
amisa, mniSvnelovani korelaciaa qveynebis Sesaxeb codnasa da imas Soris, Tu
ramdenjer iyo is naxsenebi ,,niu iork taims”-is statiebSi mimdinare wels.
(sxvaTa Soris, swori pasuxia: israeli, SvedeTi, nigeria, indonezia. SegiyvanaT
Tu ara SecdomaSi misawvdomobam?)
rogorc Cans, Znelia, endoT Tqvens kognitur procesebs, radgan masmedia
uzrunvelyofs TqvenTvis
TqvenTvis xarveziani monacemebis mowodebas. miuxedavad amisa,
mniSvnelovani daskvnis gamotanamde informaciis wyaros gadamowmebiT, Tqven
SegiZliaT, Tavi daaRwioT misawvdomobis gavlenas. darwmunebuli xarT, rom
rasac fiqrobT, TqvenTvis cnobilia?

reprezentaciuli
reprezentaciuli evristika

rodesac msjeloba reprezentaciul evristikas eyrdnoba, Tqven

iTvaliswinebT kategoriis arsebiT niSnebs. magaliTad, Tu sagani an movlena
xasiaTdeba am Tu im kategoriisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSniT, xdeba misi am
kategoriisadmi mikuTvneba. evristikis es tipi nacnobi unda iyos TqvenTvis. igi
gulisxmobs warsuli gamocdilebis safuZvelze msjelobis agebas mocemul,
msgavs pirobebSi, rac induqciuri daskvnis arss warmoadgens.
urTierTSeTanxmebuli maxasiaTeblebisa da kategoriebis Sesaxeb informaciis
arsebobis dros, mizanSewonilia msjelobis ageba msgavsebis mixedviT. amrigad,
gadawyvetilebis miRebisas, SeudgeT Tu ara varjiSs sportis iseT axal
saxeobaSi, rogorica paraSutiT xtoma, mizanSewonili iqneba gansazRvroT, Tu
ramdenad hgavs igi sportul saxeobaTa im kategorias, romelic adre
gizidavdaT. Tumca, rogorc qvemoT naxavT, msgavsebam SeiZleba SecdomaSi
SegiyvanoT, Tu misi gavleniT yuradRebas ar miaqcevT sxva mniSvnelovan
informacias (Kahnemean & Tversky, 1973).
 245
ganvixiloT, magaliTad, 9.15. suraTze mocemuli warmatebuli iuristis
daxasiaTeba.

suraTi 9.15. reprezentaciuli evristikis gamoyeneba

warmatebuli ierusalimeli iuristi. kolegebis azriT, mas axirebuli xasiaTi
aqvs, ris gamoc ar SeuZlia jgufSi muSaoba. warmatebul karieras isini mis
konkurentunarianobasa da energiulobas ukavSireben. igi gamxdari, saSualo
simaRlis adamiania; yuradRebas aqcevs sakuTar garegnobas da aris amayi. kviraSi
ramdenime saaTs uTmobs Tavisi sayvareli sportis saxeobas. sportis romeli
saxeobiTaa igi dakavebuli?

a. swrafi siaruliT
b. burTiT TamaSebiT
c. CogburTiT
d. msubuqi aTletizmiT da mindvris TamaSebiT

CogburTi

savaraodod yvelaze
sworia ufro metis
momcveli kategoria
burTiT TamaSebi

reprezentaciuli evristikis gavleniT umravlesoba miiCnevs, rom advokatis

naCvenebi,
sayvareli sporti CogburTia, Tumca, rogorc suraTzea naCv enebi, ufro sworia
“burTiT TamaSebis” dasaxeleba, radgan igi CogburTsac moicavs.

saidan viciT
reprezentatuloba gavlenas axdens msjelobaze

erT-erT eqsperimentSi cdis pirebs miewodebodaT 9.15 suraTze mocemuli

pasuxebis CamonaTvali da eZleodaT 45 dolaris _ naRdi fulis _ mogebis
SesaZlebloba. amisaTvis maT swori pasuxisaTvis unda mieniWebinaT ricxvi `1”.
 246
Tqven romel variants amoirCevdiT? Tu Tqvenc iseve fiqrobT, rogorc
monawileTa umravlesoba, Tqven dakargavT 45 dolars, radgan Tqveni pasuxi
iqneba `CogburTi” da ara `burTiT TamaSebi” 9.15 suraTis qveda nawilidan Cans,
Tu ratom ver iqneba CogburTi kargi fsoni. is Sedis `burTiT TamaSebis”
kategoriaSi. cdis pirebis azriT, CogburTi ukeTesi pasuxia, radgan mas aqvs
sportuli TamaSis yvela is Tviseba, romlsac iuristi iTamaSebda (upiratesobas
mianiWebda). reprezentatulobaze dafuZnebuli es msjeloba monawileebs
ubiZgebs, ugulvebelyon sxva tipis informacia, kerZod ki - kategoriis
struqtura. am pasuxis amorCevis SemTxvevaSi mogebuli Tanxa 45 dolaria (Bar-
Hille & Neter, 1993).

gaiTvaliswineT zemoT aRwerili eqsperimentis Sedegebi Tqvens yoveldRiur

cxovrebaSi. nu `gamoekidebiT” yvelaze tipiur reprezentatiul arCevans, sanam
ar SeiswavliT yvela danarCeni alternativis struqturas.
ganvixiloT reprezentatulobis meore magaliTi, romelsac,
romelsac, agreTve, SeuZlia
gavlena iqonios Tqvens mier dadebul fsonebze. warmoidgineT, SesaZlebloba
geZlevaT, monawileoba miiRoT latareis gaTamaSebaSi. gasamarjveblad Tqven
unda SearCioT sam mocemul ricxvSi cifrTa swori Tanmimdevroba. am
cifrebidan romelze Rirs, Tqveni azriT, fsonis dadeba?
859 101 333
574 948 772

kiTxva aseTia: am ricxvebidan romeli ipyrobs Tqvens yuradRebas, rogorc im

ricxvebis msgavsi, romlebic igeben aseT latareebSi. (Tqveni azriT, am
ricxvebidan romeli hgavs im ricxvebs, romlebic igeben latareebSi?)
Tu Tqven hgavxarT moTamaSeebis umravlesobas, Tavs aaridebT im ricxvebs,
romlebSic cifrebi meordeba, radgan nakleb savaraudoa, rom es ricxvebi
SemTxeviTi Tanmimdevrobis reprezentatuli iyos. sinamdvileSi samcifiani
ricxvebis 27%-s, sadac TiTeuli cifri aRebulia SemTxeviTad diapazonidan 0-
dan 9-is CaTvliT, eqneba ganmorebiTi cifrebi. miuxedavad amisa, gaTamaSebaSi
“Indiana pick-3” 15 dRis ganmalobaSi monawileTa mxolod 12.6%-ma airCia ricxvi
ganmeorebadi cifrebiT (Holtgraves & Skeel, 1992). imis gamo, rom azartuli TamaSebis
situaciebis umravlesoba winaswar mofiqrebulia, umjobesia, maT sifrTxiliT
 247
moekidoT. umeteswilad, adamianebs imedi aqvT, rom reprezentatulobis mixedviT
da ara realur albaTobaze dayrdnobiT gaakeTeben momgebian arCevans.

• reprezentaciuli evristika – kognituri strategia, romelic miakuTvnebs

obieqts garkveul kategorias, am kategoriisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ramdenime
niSnis safuZvelze.

“Ruza amoRebulia!”
evristikis mesame formis gasacnobad, scadeT azrovnebis eqsperimentis
Catareba. daiwyeT qvemoT mocemuli magaliTis amoxsna da 5 wamis Semdeg dawereT
miaxloebiTi pasuxi.
1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5 x 6 x 7 x 8 = _____
5 wamSi Tqven, albaT, SeZlebT ramodenime moqmedebis Sesrulebas da miiRebT
arasrul pasuxs, SesaZloa, 24–s. Semdeg ki aqedan gamoiyvanT saboloo pasuxs.
axla scadeT Semdegi magaliTis amoxsna:

8 x 7 x 6 x 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 = _____

im SemTxexaSic ki, Tu Tqven SeamCnevT, rom es sapirispiro mimarTulebiT

dalagebuli igive ricxvebia, naxavT, rom miRebuli Sedegi sakmaod gansxavebuli
iqneba. albaT, magaliTis amoxsnas daiwyebT Semdegi moqmedebis SesrulebiT - 8 X
7 da miiRebT 56-s; Semdeg ki, SeecdebiT 56-is 6-ze gamravlebas; es ukve sakmaod
did ricxvs gaZlevT. Semdegi moqmedebis SesrulebiT Tqven isev nawilobriv
pasuxs miiRebT da ganargZobT magaliTis amoxsnas. tverski da kanemani (Amos
Tversky & Daniel Kahneman, 1974) eqsperimentis monawileebs aZlevdnen identuri
problemis or variants. pirveli variantis SemTxvevaSi pauxebis mediana
Seadgenda 512-s, xolo meore variatis SemTxvevaSi _ 2250-s (swori pasuxia 40320).
rogoc Cans, nawilobrivi Sefaseba (5 wamis ganmavlobaSi Sesrulebuli
moqmedebebis pasuxi) gavlenas axdens saboloo Sefasebaze: rac ufro didia
nawilobrivi (arasruli) pasuxi, miT ufro didia saboloo Sefaseba. A
am martivi magaliTis amoxsniT Cven davasabuTeT „Ruzis“ efeqtis arseboba.
raime movlenis an Sedegis Sesaxeb msjeloba, romelic emyareba „Ruzis“
Ruzis“
evristikas,
evristikas sakmarisi ar aris. misi gamoyeneba ganapirobebs Sedegis realuri
mniSvnelobis gadafasebas an ver Sefasebas. „Ruzis“ evristikis gamoyeneba
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mizanSewonili ar aris, roca Tavdapirveli Sefaseba Seicavs mocemuli
msjelobisaTvis WeSmaritad relevantur informacias. miuxedavad amisa, im
SemTxvevaSic ki, roca mocemuli informacia aSkarad naklebad mniSvnelovani an
saerTod usargebloa, adamianebi „Ruzis“ efeqtis Zlier zegavlenas ganicdian.
saidan viciT
SemTxveviTi „Ruza“ cvlis Sefasebas
erT-erT eqsperimentSi studentebs mianiWes pirobiTi saidentifikacio nomrebi
(1,928-dan 1,935-mde), romlebic instruqciis mixedviT unda gadaeweraT Tavis
kiTxvarebze. (sakontrolo jgufis studentebi ar iRebdnen nomrebs.) am ricxvze
studentebis yuradRebis gasamaxvileblad mimarTavdenen sxvadasxava saSualebas
(magaliTad, sTxovdnen aReniSnaT, iyo Tu ara is 1,940-ze meti), magram
saidentifikacio nomeri naTlad iyo gansazRvruli, rogorc sxva nebismieri
pasuxisTvis irelevanturi. mogvianebiT, studentebs sTxovdnen, SeefasebinaT
adgilobriv sainformacio broSuraSi mocemul eqimTa ricxvi. pasuxebze aSkara
gavlena moaxdina absoliturad irelevanturma, pirobiTma “Ruzam”. studentebi,
romlebmac yuradReba gaamaxviles pirobiT saidentifikacio nomrebze, fiqroben,
rom broSuraSi mocemuli eqimebis raodenoba didia – 631, vidre sakontrolo
jgufis studentebis – 219. im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca studentebs specialurad
afrTxilebdnen, rom saidentifikacio nomerma SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos maT
Sefasebaze, maTi Sefaseba gacilebiT maRali iyo (539), vidre sakontrolo
jgufiSi gaerTianebul studentTa mier micemuli Sefaseba (219) (Wilson et al., 1996.).

es ukanaskneli Sedegebi namdvilad imsaxurebs yuradRebas: gafrTxilebac ki

ar aRmoCnda
aRmoCnda sakmarisi. gamyidvelebi Zalian xSirad iyeneben “Ruzis” efeqts,
roca cdiloben dagarwmunon, iyidoT produqcia. magaliTad, Tqven apirebT
axali magnotofonis yidvas. gamyidvelma SeiZleba giTxraT: ,,Tqven varaudobT 1
000 an 2 000 dolaris gadaxdas, ara?” mas
mas Semdeg, rac maRal fasze ganewyobiT,
realuri fasi (magaliTad 599, 99 dolari) ukve mizanSewonilad geCvenebaT.
vfiqrobT, rom am nawilis wakiTxva dagexmarebaT, Tavidan aiciloT “Ruzis”
uaryofiTi gavlena. rac mTavaria, Tqven gafrTxilebuli xarT, rom
windaxeduleba
windaxeduleba unda gamoiCinoT.
msjelobisas Tqven iyenebT evristikis iseT saxeebs, rogoricaa
xelmisawvdomoba, reprezentaciuloba da “Ruza”, radgan, umravles SemTxvevaSi
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isini efeqturi da misaRebi msjelobis SesaZleblobas gaZlevT. situaciis
gaurkvevlobidan da Tqveni SezRuduli resursebidan gamomdinare, Tqven,
garkveulwilad, maqsimums akeTebT. Cven giCveneT, rom evristikam SeiZleba
migiyvanoT Secdomamde. mniSvnelovani daskvnis gakeTebis dros, SeecadeT
gamoiyenoT es codna da SeamowmoT sakuTari azrovnebis procesebi..
gansakuTrebiT kritikulad miudegiT sxvebis SesaZlo mcdelobas, winaswari
ganzraxviT zegavlena moaxdinon Tqvens msjelobaze. axla ganvixiloT
gadawvetilebis miReba, rac xSirad swored am msjelobis safuZvelze xdeba.

• “Ruzis” evristika (Anchor Heuristics) – zogierTi movlenis an Sedegis

mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb msjelobisas misi sawyisi mniSvnelobis gadafaseba an ver
Sefaseba.

gadawyvetilebis miRebis fsiqologia

warmogidgenT gadawyvetilebis miRebaze fsiqologiuri faqtorebis gavlenis

TvalsaCino magaliTs. ganvixiloT problema, romelic mocemulia 9.7 cxrilis
cxrili
pirvel nawilSi. waikiTxeT instruqcia da airCieT A an B varianti. axla am
problemis meore naSilSi warmodgenil variants gaecaniT. xom ar SecvlidiT
arCevans?
eqsperimentul pirobebSi studentebi kiTxulobdnen am problemis erT-erT
versias (Shafir, 1993). roca maT pirvel nawilSi ekiTxebodnen, Tu romel variants
amjobinebdnen, studentebis 67% irCveda B variants. xolo roca studentebs
sTxovdnen, gaeuqmebinaT arCevani, es maCvenebeli 52%-mde ecemoda (48% auqmebs B
variants). ratom aris es cvlileba ucnauri? Tu yuradRebiT gadaxedavT
problemis orive versias, naxavT, rom maT Soris araviTari gansxvaveba ar aris.
erTi SexedviT, Tqven SeiZleba ifiqroT, rom msgavsma informaciam igive
gadawyvetilbamde unda migiyvanoT, magram adamianebi ase ar iqcevian. rogorc
Cans ,,upiratesobis” miniWebis SemTxvevaSi adamianTa yuradReba
koncentrirebulia arCevanis pozitiur Tvisebebze _ Tqven agrovebT aSkara
damamtkicebel sabuTebs raRacis sasargeblod maSin, roca ,,gauqmebis” moTxovnis
SemTxvevaSi, yuradRebis koncentrireba arCevanis negatiur Tvisebebze xdeba _
Tqven agrovebT informacias raRacis winaaRmdeg. amitom, SesaZloa, Tqveni
gadawyvetileba Seicvalos.
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aseTi sworxazovani magaliTi gviCvenebs, rom gadawyvetilebis miRebaze did
gavlenas axdens kiTxvis formulireba (Solvic, 1995).
swored amitom saWiroa gadawyvetilebis miRebis fsiqologiuri aspeqtebis
codna. Tqven unda SegeZloT Tqveni gadawyvetilebis Semowmeba, raTa darwmundeT,
eqvemdebareba Tu ara igi detalur analizs. am SemTxvevaSi Tqven SegiZliaT
hkiTxoT sakuTar Tavs: ,,rogor Seicvleboda Cemi arCevani ama Tu im variantis
uaryofis da ara arCevis SemTxvevaSi?” Tu romelime konkretul arCevans erT
SemTxvevaSi aniWebT upiratesobas, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi uaryofT, es imas
niSnavs, rom mas aqvs rogorc dadebiTi, ise uaryofiTi mxareebi. bolos dasviT
kiTxva: `misaRebia Tu ara es arCevani?~ es Tqveni kritikuli azrovnebis unarebis
ganviTarebis mniSvnelovan safexurs warmoadgens.

cxrili 9.7. fsiqologiuri faqtorebis gavlena gadawyvetilebis miRebaze

nawili 1: upiratesobis miniWeba
1. warmoidgineT, rom sagazafxulo Svebulebis dros apirebT erTi kviriT
sadme Tbil adgilas wasvlas. Tqven gaqvT ori arCevani, romelic iafi gijdebaT.
turistul broSuraSi am ori adgilis Sesaxeb mocemuli informacia sakmaod
mwiria. mocemul informaciaze dayrdnobiT, romel adgils amoirCevdiT
dasasveneblad?
adgili A saSualo amindi
saSualo sanapiro
saSualo donis sastumro
wylis zomieri temperatura
RamiT zomieri garToba
adgili B bevri mzis sxivebi
brwyinvale sanapiroebi da marjnis
rifebi
ultraTanamedrove sastumro
Zalian civi wyali
Zalian Zlieri qari
RamiT aranairi garToba

nawili meore: uaryofa

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2. warmoidgineT, rom sagazafxulo Svebulebis dros apirebT erTi kviriT
sadme Tbil adgilas wasvlas. Tqven gaqvT ori arCevani, romelic iafi gijdebaT.
Tqven orive dajavSnuli gaqvT, magram erT-erTi unda gaauqmoT. turistul
broSuraSi am ori adgilis Sesaxeb mocemuli informacia sakmaod mwiria.
mocemul informaciaze dayrdnobiT romeli adgilis javSans gaauqmebdiT?

adgili A saSualo amindi

saSualo sanapiro
saSualo donis sastumro
wylis zomieri temperatura
RamiT zomieri garToba
adgili B bevri mzis sxivebi
brwyinvale sanapiroebi da marjnis
rifebi
ultraTanamedrove sastumro
Zalian civi wyali
Zalian Zlieri qari
RamiT aranairi garToba

arCevanis forma

gadawyvetilebis miRebis erT-erT yvelaze bunebriv gzas warmoadgens imis

gansazRvra, Tu romeli arCevani mogvitans udides sargebels, an umcires
danakargs. ase rom, Tu SemogTavazeben 5 dolars an 10 dolars, yovelgvari
yoymanis gareSe mixvdebiT, rom ukeTesia, Tu 10 dolars airCevT. situacias
arTulebs is, rom sargeblis da danakargis aRqma xSirad damokidebulia imaze,
Tu ra formiTaa arCevani mocemuli. “forma
forma”
forma warmoadgens arCevanis detalur
aRweras. warmoidgineT, rom gekiTxebian: `ramdenad gagaxarebdaT xelfasis
gazrda 1 000 dolariT?~ Tu Tqven ar elodebodiT xelfasis momatebas, es didi
miRweva iqneba da Zalian gagabednierebT. magram warmoidgineT, rom manamde
ramdenimejer Segpirdnen xelfasis 10 000 dolariT gazrdas. am SemTxvevaSi
rogor xasiaTze dadgebiT? uecrad SeiZleba iseTi gancda dageufloT, TiTqos
fuli dakargeT, radgan 1 000 dolari gacilebiT naklebia, vidre Tqven elodiT.
Tumca, orive SemTxvevaSi, Tqven 1 000 dolariT mets miiRebdiT weliwadSi _
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obieqturad, Tqven zustad erTnair mdgomareobaSi iqnebodiT, magram
fsiqologiuri efeqti Zalian gansxvavebulia. ai, ratom aris mniSvnelovani
orientirebi gadawyvetilebis miRebisas (Kahneman, 1992). ras ganvixilavT mogebad
da ras danakargad, nawilobriv, ganisazRvreba molodinebiT _ 1 000 dolaris an
10 000 dolaris momateba _ romelzec orientirebulia adamiani (am SemTxvevaSi
gadawyvetileba SeiZleba exebodes samsaxurSi darCenas).
axla ganvixiloT SedarebiT rTuli magaliTi, romelSic `formireba” ufro
mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens gadawyvetilebis miRebaze. cxrilSi 9.8 Tqven
gevalebaT filtvis simsivnis mkurnalobis meTodis arCeva: operacia an
radioTerapia. pirvelad waikiTxeT `gadarCenis” formiT warmodegnili problema
da airCieT mkurnalobis strategia; Semdeg ki `sikvdilianobis” formiT
gadmocemuli igive problema da naxeT, SecvliT Tu ara Tqvens arCevans.
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom monacemebi obieqturad erTi da igivea. gansxvaveba aris
mxolod statistikuri monacemebis aRweraSi, romelic mkurnalobis TiToeuli
meTodisaTvis warmodgenilia gadarCenis an sikvdilianobis terminebiT. cdis
pirebis mier mkurnalobis meTodis arCevaze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens
mogebaze da danakargze fokusireba. problemis `gadarCenis” formiT miwodebis
SemTxvevaSi radioTerapias cdis pirTa 18% irCevs, `sikvdilianobis” kuTxiT
miwodebis SemTxvevaSi ki – 44%. `formirebis” es efeqti erTnair gavlenas axdens
gadawyvetilebis miRebaze klinikuri pacientebis, statistikis mcodne biznes
studentebisa da gamocdili eqimebis jgufebSi (McNeil et al., 1982).
es magaliTi mniSvnelovania imdenad, ramdenadac masSi asaxulia Tqveni
realuri cxovrebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli gaurkvevloba.
• forma (Form) – arCevanis gansakuTrebuli aRwera. gadawyvetilebis miRebaze da
arCevanis gakeTebaze gavlenas axdens arCevanis formulireba, misi ama Tu im
kuTxiT warmodgena.

cxrili 9.8
formirebis (gadmocemis) efeqti

gadarCena
operacia. 100 adamianidan postoperaciul periodSi jer kidev cocxalia 90,
erTi wlis Semdeg – 68, xolo xuTi wlis Semdeg ki - mxolod 34.
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radioTerapia. radioTerapiiT mkurnalobis procesSi 100 admianidan yvela

cocxali rCeba, erTi wlis Semdeg cocxalia 77 adamiani, xolo xuTi wlis
Semdeg – 22.

mkurnalobis romel meTods airCevdiT: operacias Tu radioTerapias?

sikvdilianoba
operacia. 100 adamianidan operaciis dros an mis Semdgom periodSi iRupeba 10
adamiani, operaciidan erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi – 32, xuTi wlis ganamvlobaSi ki
– 66.

radioTerapia. radioTerapiiT mkurnalobis procesSi 100 adamianidan arc

erTi ar daRupula; mkurnalobidan erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi daiRupa 23 adamiani,
5 wlis ganmavlobaSi ki – 78.

mkurnalobis romel meTods airCevdiT: operacias Tu radioTerapias?

saidan viciT
msjeloba cudi saqmianobis Sesaxeb
warmoidgineT, rom Tqven gTxoven, monawileoba miiRoT disciplinarul
komisiaSi, romelmac unda gadawyvitos, Tu ra TanxiT daajarimos kompania,
romelic reklamis saSualebiT mcdar informacias avrcelebda. moaxdens Tu ara
gavlenas sakiTxis miwodebis forma Tqvens gadawyvetilebaze? eqsperimentSi
kompaniis saqmianoba warmodgenili iyo erT SemTxvevaSi dadebiTi kuTxiT
(magaliTad, ,,20%-ia imis Sansi, rom organizaciam ar icoda reklamaSi mcdari
informaciis Sesaxeb”), xolo meore SemTxvevaSi - negatiuri kuTxiT (magaliTad:
`80%-ia imis Sansi, rom organizaciam icoda reklamaSi mcdari informaciis
Sesaxeb). xedavT, rom orive gancxadeba zustad erTi da igive informacias
gvawodebs?
cdis pirebi, romlebic kiTxulobdnen pozitiuri kuTxiT miwodebul
gancxadebas, iZleodnen daaxloebiT 40,153 dolaris odenobis jarimis
rekomendacias maSin, roca negatiuri formiT miwodebuli gancxadebis wakiTxvis
Semdeg cdis pirebis rekomendacia iyo daaxloebiT 78,968 dolaris odenobis
jarima (Dunegenm 1996). rogorc xedavT, ramdenime sityvam mniSvnelovani gavlena
iqonia gadayvetilebis miRebaze.
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rogor SegviZlia msgavsi Sedegebis sakuTar cxovrebaSi gamoyeneba? realur
samyaroSi gadawyvetilebis miReba gixdebaT, rac eyrdnoba momavlis Sesaxeb
Tqvens sakuTar an sxvebis mosazrebas (varauds). aseT SemTxvevebSi, scadeT
problemis rogorc mogebis, ise wagebis kuTxiT ganxilva. warmoidgineT,
magaliTad, rom Tqven apirebT iyidoT axali manqana. gamyidveli Seecdeba,
yvelaferi warmogidginoT mogebis kuTxiT: `qsenoni”-s 78%-s SekeTeba ar
sWirdeba pirveli wlis ganmavlobaSi!” Tqven SegiZliaT mis mier mowodebuli
informaciis perefrazireba: ,,22%-s esaWiroeba SekeTeba pirvelive wels!” cvlis
Tu ara axali formulireba Tqvens mier situaciis aRqmas? es savarjiSoa,
romelic realur cxovrebaSi gamogadgebaT.
manqanis gamyidvelis SemTxveva im situaciis saukeTeso magaliTs warmoadgens,
rodesac viRac cdilobs informaciis iseTi formiT mowodebas, romelic
saSualebas miscems mas, sasurveli gavlena moaxdinos Tqvens gadawyvetilebaze.
aseTi ram sistematurad xdeba Cvens cxovrebaSi. magaliTad, yovelTvis,
arCevnebis moaxloebisas, ori mowinaaRmdege kandidati cdilobs sakuTari Tavisa
da sxavdasxva sakiTxebis Sesaxeb informacia warmoadginos ise, rom
amomrCevelTa simpaTia daimsaxuros. erTma kandidatma SeiZleba Tqvas: ,,vTvli,
rom unda gavagrZelo im politikis gatareba, romelsac dRemde warmateba
moaqvs”, oponents SeuZlia mis sawinaaRmdegoT Tqvas, rom ,,mas eSinia axali
ideebis.” erTi kandidati SeiZleba ambobdes: ,,es politika migviyvans ekonomiur
aRmavlobamde.“ misi oponenti SeiZleba SeewinaRmdegos: ,,es politika sazianoa
garemosaTvis.” xSir SemTxvevaSi orive marTals ambobs _ erTi da igive
politika SeiZleba ekonomikisaTvis kargi aRmoCndes, magram garemosTvis saziano.
aseT dros formis damajereblobas mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs adamianis
biografia (Tversky & Kahneman, 1981; Vaughan & Seifert, 1992). amgvarad, gadawyvetilebis
miRebaze gamonaTqvamis formulirebis gavlenis codna dagexmarebaT imis
gagebaSi, Tu ra ganapirobebs msgavs situaciebSi erTmaneTisagan radikalurad
gansxvavebuli gadawyvetilebebis miRebas. Tu Tqven sxva adamianebis qcevis
gagebis survili gaqvT, SeecadeT ifiqroT imaze, Tu rogor moaxdines am
adamianebma gadawyvetilebis formireba.

gadawyvetilebisTvis Tavis arideba (aversia)

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warmoidgineT, rom Tqven didi Sromis Semdeg sxvadasxva kuTxiT SeafaseT
alternativebi. ra moxdeba Semdeg? SeiZleba aRmoaCinoT, rom ar gindaT
gadawyvetilebis miReba. 9.9. cxrilSi aRwerilia iseTi pirobebi, romlebmac
SeiZleba gamoiwvion gadawyvetilebis miRebis survilis dakargva. ganvixiloT A
nawilSi mocemuli situacia, ras airCevdiT? mkvlevarebma aRmoaCines, rom
mxolod cdis pirTa 34% ambobs, rom moicdian, sanam ufro met informacias ar
miiReben (Tversky & Shafir, 1992) axla ganvixiloT B nawilSi aRwerili odnav
Secvlili situacia. gsurT Tu ara Tqveni arCevanis Secvla? sinamdvileSi, cdis
pirTa 46%, vinc es varianti waikiTxa, ambobs, rom daicdis, sanam damatebiT
informacias ar miiRebs. raSia saqme? (rogor ggoniaT, ratom?) Cvulebriv, Tqven
eliT, rom axali alternativis damateba Seamcirebs sxva alternativis xvedriT
wils. Tu magaliTad, politikur arenaze Semodis mesame kandidati, savaraudoa,
rom igi xmebis garkveul raodenobas waarTmevs pirvel ors. Tumca, am
SemTxvevaSi mesame SesaZleblobis gaCena 12%-iT zrdis erT-erTi pirveli
arCevanis xvedriT wils. ra xdeba?
am efeqtis miReba SesaZlebelia im SemTxvevaSi, roca Znelia gadawyvetilebis
miReba. rodesac c.p.-ebs miewodebodaT problemis iseTi varianti, sadac maT
damatebiT, dabalxarisxiani `sidipleeris” arCevis SesaZlebloba aqvT,
monawileTa mxolod 24% ambobs, rom daicdian, sanam axal informacias ar
miiReben. am maCveneblis Semcireba (da ara gazrda) imiT aixsneba, rom `sonis”
arCeva advilia. Tumca, arCevanis gakeTeba `sonis” SedarebiT iaffasian modelsa
da umaRlesi xarisxis `aivas” Soris rTulia. ufro mosaxerxebelia, gadavdoT
gadawyvetilebis miReba da davelodoT axal informacias.
miuxedavad individualuri gansxvavebebisa, adamianTa umravlesobisaTvis
damaxasiaTebelia gadawyvetilebis miRebis Tavidan acilebis sakmaod Zlieri
tendencia, rac ganpirobebulia ramdenime fsiqologiuri faqtoris zemoqmedebiT
(Bettie et al., 1994):

adamianebs ar uyvarT iseTi gadawyvetilebis miReba, romlis Sedegadac
zogs eqneba meti sasurveli keTildReoba, zogs ki – naklebi.

adamianebs SeuZliaT, winaswar ganWvriton, rogor inaneben, Tu maT mier
gakeTebuli arCevani ufro cudi aRmoCndeba, vidre is, romelic maT ar gaakeTes.
 256

adamianebs ar surT, pasuxismgebelni iyvnen im gadawyvetilebaze, romelsac
SeiZleba cudi Sedegi hqondes.

adamianebs ar moswonT gadawyvetilebis miReba sxvebis magivrad.
im pirobebis gansazRvris mizniT, romlebSic adamianebi eZeben
gadawyvetilebas, SegviZlia am ukanaskneli debulebis sapirispiros
formulireba. ramdenadac adamianebs ar uyvarT gadawyvetilebis miReba, isini
ukeT grZnoben Tavs, Tu amas maT magivrad sxva gaakeTebs. es yovelTvis unda
gaiTvaliswinoT. SeecadeT, TviTon gadawyvitoT TqvenTvis mniSvnelovani
problemebi. nu daarwmunebT sakuTar Tavs imaSi, rom Zalian rTuli problemis
winaSe dgaxarT da ar SegiZliaT gadawyvetilebis miReba. ZiriTadad, SegiZliaT,
gqondeT Tqvens kognitur procesebze damyarebuli msjelobis imedi. gamoiyeneT
Tqveni msjelobebi Sesaferisi arCevanis gasakeTeblad!
Tavis dasawyisSi, Cven movitaneT citata elen keleris publikaciidan ,,azris
dabrunebiT gancdili mRelvareba”; Semdeg ki Cven ganvixileT sxvadaxsva
kognituri procesi _ metyveleba, vizualuri Semecneba, problemis gadaWra,
azrovneba, msjeloba da gadwyvetilebis miReba _ Cven vimedovnebT, rom Tqven
dafiqrdebiT im sixarulze, romelsac es unarebi ganiWebT. SeecadeT,
isargebloT elen keleris gamocdilebiT da ar moepyraT Tqvens SemecnebiT
procesebs, rogorc TavisTavad arsebuls; ifiqreT Tqveni azrovnebis Sesaxeb,
daasabuTeT Tqveni argumentebi da a.S. Tqven asaxavT adamianuri yofis arss.

Sejameba

msjelobaze Catarebuli gamokvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom adamianebi ufro xSirad

eyrdnobian evristikul da ara formalur analizs. evristikis xelmisawvdomoba
gulisxmobs, rom adamianebi akeTeben daskvnas im informaciis safuZvelze,
romelic Tavisuflad misawvdomia mexsierebaSi. evristikis reprezentatulobis
mixedviT, daskvna emyareba ama Tu im sagnis an movlenis ama Tu im kategoriis
arsebiTi niSnebis gansazRvras. Ruzis evristikis mixedviT, adamianebis
msjelobis Sefasebis dazusteba xdeba sawyisi sidididan gamomdinare. kiTxvis
forma gavlenas axdens gadawyvetilebis miRebaze. mkvlevarebi Tvlian, rom
gadawyvetilebis sirTule ganapirobebs gadawyvetilebisadmi antipatiur
damokidebulebas.
 257

• gadawyvetilebisTvis Tavis arideba (aversia) _ gadawyvetilebis miRebisagan

Tavis aridebis tendencia. rac ufro rTulia gadawyvetilebis miReba, miT metia
misgan ganridebis albaToba.

sur. 9.9. gadawyvetilebis aversia

A. warmoidgineT, rom Tqven `sidipleeris” yidvas apirebT. magram
gadawyvetili ara gaqvT, Tu romeli modeli iyidoT. Tqven gaiareT maRaziasTan,
sadac gamocxadebulia erTdRiani fasdakleba. isini gTavazoben popularuli
firmis SONY `sidipleers”, sul raRac 99 dolarad, rac sakmaod iafia mis
Tavdapirvel fasTan SedarebiT. rogor moiqceviT?
1. iyidiT SONY-s `sidipleers”.
2. daicdiT, sanam ar gaerkveviT sxva modelebSi.

B. warmoidgineT, rom Tqven `sidipleeris” yidvas apirebT, magram

gadawyvetili ara gaqvT, romeli modeli iyidoT. Tqven gaiareT maRaziasTan,
sadac gamocxadebulia erTdRiani fasdakleba. isini gTavazoben popularul
firmis SONY `sidipleers” sul raRac 99 dolarad da umaRlesi xarisxis AIWA
sidipleers”, 159 dolarad. orive modelis fasi bevrad ufro dabalia maT
Tavdapirvel fasTan SedarebiT. rogor moiqceviT?
1. iyidiT AIWA -s `sidipleers”.
2. iyidiT SONY-s `sidipleers”.
3. daicdiT, sanam ar gaerkveviT sxva modelebSi.

sakvanZo sakiTxebi
Kkogniciis Seswavla
• kognitur fsiqologiaSi momuSave specialistebi Seiswavlian fsiqikur
procesebs da struqturebs, romlebic safuZvlad udevs adamianis aRqmis,
metyvelebis, azrovnebis, problemis gadaWris, msjelobisa da gadawyvetilebis
miRebis unarebs.
• im fsiqikuri procesebis gamoyofis mizniT, romlebic rTuli amocanis
Sesrulebas udevs safuZvlad, mkvlevarebi mimarTaven reaqciis drois gazomvas.

metyveleba
 258

• adamianebs SeuZliaT azris gamoTqma da naTqvamis gageba.

• gamonaTqvamis Sinaarsis gansazRvra xdeba auditoriis gaTvaliswinebiT.
• Mmetyvelebis Secdomebi naTels hfens metyvelebis dagegmvis bevr process.
• gamonaTqvamis Sinaarsis gageba – orazrovnebis daZleva – xdeba konteqstis
mixedviT.
• mniSvnelobis mexsierebaSi Senaxuli reprezentaciebi efuZneba propoziciebs,
xolo maTi Sevseba xdeba daskvniT (varaudiT).
• ena, romelzec adamianebi laparakoben, SesaZloa, gavlenas axdendes maT
azrovnebaze.

vizualuri kognicia
• vizualuri reprezentaciebi, SesaZloa, gamoyenebul iqnas propoziciuli
reprezentaciebis Sesavsebad.
• vizualuri reprezentaciebi garemos vizualuri aspeqtebis gaazrebis
saSualebas gvaZlevs.
• adamianebi qmnian vizualur reprezentaciebs, romlebSic gaerTianebulia
rogorc verbaluri, ise vizualuri informacia.

problemis
problemis gadaWra da azrovneba
• adamianebma unda gansazRvron sawyisi mdgomareoba, mizani da is operaciebi,
romlebic saSualebas miscemT, sawyisi mdgomareobidan miaRwion mizans.
• logikur wesebze damyarebuli wanamZRvrebis safuZvelze gakeTebuli daskvna
deduqciuri azrovnebaa.
• induqciuri azrovneba gulisxmobs daskvnis gakeTebas xdomilebis albaTobis
gaTvaliswinebiT.

msjeloba da gadawyvetilebis miReba

• msjeloba da gadawyvetilebis miReba, ZiriTadad, efuZneba evristikas, romelic
adamians gadawyvetilebis swrafad miRebis saSualebas aZlevs.
• misawvdomobis, reprezentatulobisa da „Ruzis efeqtis“ arasworma gamoyenebam
SeiZleba SecdomaSi Segviyvanos. gadawyvetilebis miRebaze gavlenas axdens
arCevanis SesaZlo variantebis formireba.
 259

• fsiqologiuri zemoqmedebis gamo adamianebi avlenen rTuli gadawyvetilebis

miRebis ganridebis tendencias.
ZiriTadi cnebebi
• avtomaturi procesebi
• azrovneba
• algoriTmi
• gadawyvetilebis aversia
• gadawyvetilebis miReba
• deduqciuri azrovneba
• evristika
• eqspresiuli metyveleba
• varaudi
• induqciuri azrovneba
• kognituri procesebi
• kognituri fsiqologia
• avtomaturi procesebi
• azrovneba
• algoriTmi
• kognituri mecnierebebi
• kontrolirebadi procesebi
• misawvdomobis evristika
• msmenelis gaTvaliswineba
• msjeloba
• paraleluri procesebi
• problemis gadaWra
• problemuri situacia
• reprezentaciuli evristika
• seriuli procesebi
• forma
• funqcionaluri rigidoba
• fsiqikuri ganwyoba
• Ruzis evristika
• Semecneba

Tavi 10. inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba

• ra aris Sefaseba?
 Sefasebis istoriuli mimoxilva
 formaluri Sefasebis ZiriTadi niSnebi

• inteleqtis Sefaseba
 inteleqtis testebis istoriuli safuZvlebi
 IQ testebi

• fsiqologia 21-e saukuneSi: Sefaseba internetiT

• inteleqtis Teoriebi
 inteleqtis fsiqometriuli Teoriebi
 stembergis inteleqtis triarqiuli Teoriebi
 gardneris mravlobiTi inteleqti da emociuri inteleqti

• inteleqtis politika (an politikuri foni)

 jgufebs Soris Sedarebis istoriuli mimoxilva
 memkvidreobiToba da IQ
 260

 garemo pirobebi da IQ
 kultura da IQ testebis validoba

• SemoqmedebiToba
 SemoqmedebiTobis Sefaseba da kavSiri inteleqtTan
 gansakuTrebuli SemoqmedebiToba da SeSliloba

• Sefaseba da sazogadoeba

• sakvanZo sakiTxebi
 ZiriTadi cnebebi
 261
adre, naklebad rTul droSi, imisaTvis, rom SegeZinaT xeloba da dagewyoT
saqmianoba, unda gagevloT ucvleli gza Segirdidan ostatamde. Tqven bunebrivi
procesis Sedegad gaxdebodiT sando xelosani bunebrivi procesis Sedegad da
amisaTvis ar dagWirdebodaT nerviuloba imis gamo, rom gamxdariyaviT
"serTificirebuli" da nomeri ori fanqriT SemogexazaT pasuxebi "WeSmaritia" an
"mcdaria" fsiqologiuri testis punqtze" me upiratesobas vaniWeb maRal qalebs".
ara, mWedeli iyo mWedeli imitom, rom mWedeli iyo; meduqne vaWrobda da
Tvlebis ostati Tvlebs Wedavda. dRevandel, superracionalur da
postindustrialur samyaroSi, Cven ricxvebs ufro vendobiT, vidre
gamocdilebas, amitom nebismier Semosavlian sferoSi muSaobisaTvis _ iqneba es
iuristi Tu interieris dizaineri, Tqven SeiZleba dagavalon testis Sesruleba.
imis dadgenis mizniT, Tu zustad ras moiTxoven damqiraveblebi da
profesiuli organizaciebi TavianTi TanamSromlebisa da wevrebisgan da, sxvaTa
Soris, imis dasadgenad, Tu ra saxis samuSaos Seveferebi me yvelaze metad.
gaviare ocdaTerTmeti samsaxurebrivi Tu praqtikuli testi. testebis
klasifikacia iyo metad mravalferovani - testebi barmenebisaTvis, safosto
manqanis meqanikosebisaTvis, radio diqtorebisaTvis, samogzauro agentisaTvis,
geologebisaTvis, sagareo uwyebaTa moxelisaTvis da FBI agentebisaTvis.
Cemi Sedegebi yovelTvis ar iyo damaimedebeli. me Tavi gavarTvi mxolod sam
tests.

kompoziciaSi saxelwodebiT "Tqven aRarasodes mouvliT ZaRlebs am qalaqSi",

eseisti henri alfordi (Henry Alford, 1993) aRwers zogierTs im testsa da
gamocdas, romelic man gaiara Semosavliani samsaxuris Zebnisas.
nebismierisaTvis, visac didi gza gauvlia samsaxuris ZiebaSi, misTvis kargad
nacnobi iqneba Alford-is iumoristuli SemTxvevebi. damqiravebelebi iyeneben
sxadasxva tests TiToeuli kandidatis "SesaZleblobis" gansasazRvrad. zogjer
Zalian Znelia testsa da samuSaos Soris kavSiris danaxva, Tumca, TiTqmis
yovelTvis arseboben eqspertebi, romlebic arwmuneben kompanias, rom testi
zomavs relevantur gansxvavebebs kandidatebs Soris.
Tu Tqven gaizardeT aSS-Si, savaraudoa, rom Tqveni "SesaZleblobebi"
gazomili iyo bevrad ufro adre, vidre daiwyeT samsaxuri: umravlesoba
skolebSi, maswavleblebi da administratorebi cdiloben, Tqveni cxovrebis
 262
adreul periodSi, gazomon Tqveni inteleqti. yvelaze xSirad, mizani aris imis
gansazRvra, Tu saklaso davalebebi ramdenad Seesabameba moswavleebis
inteleqtualur SesaZloblebebs, rac maT garkveul moTxovnebs uyenebs.. Tumca,
rogorc Tqven, albaT, ukve SeniSneT, adamianis cxovrebaze inteleqtis
testirebis gavlena saklaso oTaxis farglebs scildeba.
am TavSi Cven SeviswavliT inteleqtis Sefasebis safuZvlebsa da gamoyenebas.
mimovixilavT im wvlils, romelic fsiqologebma inteleqtis sferoSi
individualuri gansxvavebebis gagebaSi Seitanes. aseve, vimsjelebT im azrTa
sxvasxvaobaze, romelic aucileblad aRmocendeba, rodesac adamianebi iwyeben am
gansxvavebebis axsnas. Cveni yuradRebis centrSi iqneba, Tu rogor muSaobs
inteleqtis testebi, ra xdis nebismier tests vargisad da ratom aris, rom isini
yovelTvis ar asruleben im saqmes, romlisTvisac iyvnen gankuTvnili. da bolos,
davasrulebT piradi CanaweriT, romelSic ganvixilavT fsiqologiuri Sefasebis
rols sazogadoebaSi.
Cven daviwyebT fsiqologiuri Sefasebis zogadi gamoyenebis mokle
mimoxilviT.

ra aris Sefaseba?
Sefaseba?

fsiqologiuri Sefaseba gulisxmobs individTa unarebis, qcevebisa da

pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebis Sesafaseblad zustad dadgenili procedurebis
gamoyenebas. fsiqologiuri Sefaseba xSirad ganixileba, rogorc individualuri
gansxvavebebis gazomva, radgan SefasebaTa umravlesoba adgens, Tu riTi
gansxvavdeba an emsgavseba individi sxvebs mocemul fsiqologiuri testirebis
ZiriTadi niSnebis (an maxasiaTeblebis) detalur ganxilvamde, mimovixiloT
Sefasebis istoria. es istoriuli eqskursi dagexmarebaT, gaigoT Sefasebis
rogorc sargebeli, ise SezRudvebi. aseve, xels SegiwyobT, SeafasoT am sakiTxis
garSemo arsebuli zogierTi dava.

Sefasebis istoria

Sefasebis formaluri testebisa da meTodikebis ganviTareba SedarebiT axali

saqmea dasavlur fsiqologiaSi, romelic farTo asparezze gamovida mxolod
1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi. Tumca, didi xniT adre, vidre dasavluri
fsiqologia daiwyebda adamianTa Sesafasebeli testebis gamogonebas, Sefasebis
 263
meTodebi ukve arsebobda antikur CineTSi. faqtobrivad, CineTSi 4000 wlis win
gamoiyeneboda sakmaod daxvewili programa saxelmwifo samoqalaqo samsaxuris
(civil service) testirebisaTvis.- saxelmwifo moxeleebs moeTxovebodaT TavianTi
kompetenturobis gamovlena zepir gamocdaze yovel mesame wels. ori aTasi wlis
Semdeg, Han-is dinastiis (Han Dynasty) dros, weriTi testebi gamoiyeneboda
saxelmwifo samoqalaqo samsaxuris kompetenturobis gamosavlenad iseT
sferoebSi, rogoricaa iurisprudencia, samxedro saqme, agronomia (an sasoflo-
sameurneo saqme) da geografia. Ming dinastiis periodSi (C.w.aR.-iT 1368-1664)
saxelmwifo moxeleebis SerCeva xdeboda sam safexuriani obieqturi SerCevis
proceduraSi miRebuli Sdegebis safuZvelze. pirvel etapze gamocdebi
tardeboda adgilobriv doneze. 4%-i im adamianebidan, vinc gamocdebi Caabara
agrZelebda gamocdas meore etapze: cxra dRisa da Ramis ganmavlobaSi werdnen
narkvevebs klasikur nawarmoebebze. mxolod 5%-s imaTgan, vinc Caabara es
gamocda, ufleba eZleoda, gasuliyo testirebis saboloo etapze, romelic
tardeboda qveynis dedaqalaqSi.
1800-iani wlebis dasawyisSi CineTSi arsebuli SerCevis proceduras
akvirdebodnen da aRwerdnen britaneli diplomatebi da misionererebi. Zalian
male britaneTSi, mogvianebiT ki amerikaSi, saxelmwifi samoqalaqo samsaxuris
personalis SerCevisaTvis danergili iyo Cinuri sistemis modificirebuli
versiebi (Wiggins,1973).
inteleqtis testirebis ganviTarebis istoriaSi erT-erTi mTavari adgili
uWiravs inglisel aristokrats, frensis galtons (Sir Francis Galton). misi wigni
"geniosobis memekvidreobiToba" gamoqveynda 1869 wels, romelmac mniSvnelovani
gavlena moaxdina testirebis meTodebis, Teoriebisa da praqtikis Semdgom
ganviTarebaze. galtoni (Galton), romelic gaxldaT Carlz darvinis naTesavi,
cdilobda adamianis qcevis Seswavlisas gamoeyenebina darvinis evoluciis
Teoria. mas ainteresebda, Tu rogor da ratom gansxvavdebian adamianebi
erTmaneTisagan maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli unarebis mixedviT. mas akvirvebda is,
rom zogierTi adamiani iyo niWieri da warmatebuli, rogorc TviTon, xolo
Zalian bevri ki _ ara.
galtoni iyo pirveli, romelmac wamoayena oTxi mniSvnelovani idea
inteleqtis Sefasebis Sesaxeb. pirveli, inteleqtis xarisxobrivi gansxvaveba
 264
raodenobrivad izomeboda inteleqtis xarisxis terminebiT anu raodenobrivi
mniSvneloba SeiZleba mieweros sxvadasxva adamianis inteleqtis doneebs Soris
gansxvavebas. Mmeore, adamianebs Soris gansxvaveba mocemulia zaris formis
mrudze, anu es aris normaluri ganawileba. zaris formis mrudze mocemuli
ganawilebis mixedviT, umravlesobis maCvenebeli grovdeba SuaSi, xolo
ukiduresi wertilebisaken ki es raodenoba sagrZnoblad mcirdeba. ukiduresi
wertilebi gamoxatavs geniosobas an gonebrivi deficitis arsebobas (zaris
formis mruds Cven mogvianebiT davubrundebiT). mesame, inteleqti anu gonebrivi
unari SesaZlebelia gaizomos obieqturi testebis saSualebiT. am testebSi
arsebul kiTxvebs gaaCnia mxolod erTaderTi swori pasuxi. meoTxe, testis ori
seriis maCveneblebs Soris arsebuli urTierTmimarTeba SesaZlebelia
ganisazRvros statistikuri proceduris saSualebiT, anu gaizomos ko-relacia,
dRes cnobili, rogorc korelacia.
samwuxarod, galtonis mravali idea mniSvnelovani kamaTis sagnad iqca.
magaliTad, mas miaCnda, rom geniosoba memkvidreobiT gadaecemoda. misi azriT,
talanti an "sidiade" (eminece) modis ojaxidan, xolo aRzrdas ki minimaluri
gavlena aqvs inteleqtze. igi Tvlis, rom inteleqti dakavSirebulia
darviniseul saxeobaTa SeguebasTan da, garkveulwilad, moralur
RirebulebebTan. galtoni cdilobda sazogadoebrivi politika daefuZnebina
koncefciaze, romelic gulisxmobda genetikurad `uaresi~ (inferioruli) da
`saukeTeso~ (superioruli) monacemebis arsebobas. Mman pirvelma Camoayaliba
memkvidreobiTobis Teoriis (evgenika) principebi, romelic xels uwyobs
biologiurad `saukeTeso~ da `uaresi~ monacemebis mqone adamianebis SeerTebas,
xolo dabali monacemebis mqone adamianebis gamravlebis SezRudvas momavali
Taobis gaumjobesebis mizniT. igi adamianebze avrcelebda evoluciis Teoriis
principebs. galtoni werda: "arsebobs Sexeduleba, xSir SemTxvevaSi sakmaod
usafuZvlo, romelic gulisxmobs, rom TiTqos inferioruli rasa TandaTanobiT
gadaSendeba" (Galton,1883/1907, p.200).
es sakamaTo mosazrebebi mogvianebiTac iqna wamoyenebuli. isini Tvlidnen,
rom inteleqtiT dajildoebuli rasa (superioruli) unda gamravldes dabali
inteleqtis (inferioruli) mqone rasis xarjze. am ideebis damcvelTa Soris
iyvnen amerikeli fsiqologebi godardi (Goddard) da termeni (Terman), romelTa
 265
Teoriebsac mogvianebiT ganvixilavT da, rasakvirvelia, aseve vilaparakebT
nacisti diqtatoris adolf hitleris Teoriis Sesaxebac. garda amisa, am TavSi
vnaxavT, rom es elitaruli ideebi dResac ganixileba.
ser frensis galtonma safuZveli Cauyara inteleqtis Tanamedrove Sefasebas.
axla ganvixiloT formaluri SefasebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Taviseburebebi.
foto 1
inteleqtis testirebis Sesaxeb romeli mniSvnelovani mosazrebebi
ekuTvnis frensis galtons (Sir Francis Galtun) (1822-1911)?

formaluri Sefasebis ZiriTadi niSnebi

formaluri Sefasebis procedura,

procedura romelic gulisxmobs individebis
klasifikaciasa an maT SeerCevas, unda akmayofilebdes sam moTxovnas. Sefasebis
instrumenti unda iyos (1) sando, (2) validuri da (3) standartizirebuli. Tu
Sefasebis instrumenti am moTxovnebs ar akmayofilebs, maSin miRebuli Sedegebi
sando ar iqneba. Tumca, winamdebare Tavi inteleqtis Sefasebas Seexeba,
formaluri Sefasebis procedura gamoiyeneba yvela saxis fsiqologiuri
testirebis dros. imisaTvis, rom am principebis farTo gamoyeneba gasagebi
gaxdes, Cven magaliTebs ganvixilavT rogorc inteleqtis, aseve fsiqologiis
sxva sferoebSi testirebidan, ise fsiqologiuri Sefasebis sxva sferoebidanac
.

sandooba

sandooba, rogorc sazomi, iZleva SesaZleblobas imis dadgenisa, Tu romeli

Sefasebis instrumenti iZleva myar anu sando monacemebs Sedegebs. Tu diliT
abazanaSi samjer aiwonebiT da sasawori samjerve sxvadasxva maCvenebels iZleva,
maSin kargad ar muSaobs, Sen SegiZlia Tqva, rom ar aris sando imitom, rom ver
iReb myar maCvenebels. Tu awonvebs Soris kargad miirTmevT, maSin, bunebrivia,
aRar geqnebaT molodini imisa, rom saswori erTidaigi wonas aCvenebs. gazomvis
meTodebi SeiZleba CaiTvalos sandod an arasandod, mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
ucvleli darCeba is, rac unda gaizomos.
testis sandoobis dasadgenad aucilebelia - test-
test-retestuli sandoobis
sandoobis-
obis-
gansazRvra.. es aris korelacia zoma, romelic arsebobs KerTi da igive cdis
pirze, erTi da igive testis sxvadasxva dros Catarebis Sedegad miRebul
 266
maCveneblebs Soris. sruliad sando testis korelaciis koeficientia +1.00. es
niSnavs, rom orive SemTxvevaSi viRebT erTnair maCveneblebs. Tu cdis pirebma
pirveli testirebisas miiRes yvelaze maRali an dabali qulebi, maSin igives
miiReben meore testirebis Sedegadac. sruliad arasando testis maCveneblebs
Soris korelaciis koeficienti 0.00-is tolia. es niSnavs, rom aranairi
urTierTkavSiri ar arsebobs pirveli da meore seriis maCveneblebs Soris. AaseT
SemTxvevaSi, Tu pirvelad cdis pirma miiRo umaRlesi qulebi, meored SeiZleba
sruliad gansxvavebuli Sedegi aCvenos. korelaciis koeficientis (idealuri
+1.00) zrdasTan erTad izrdeba testis sandoobac.
sandoobis Sesafaseblad kidev ori xerxi arsebobs. pirveli, erTi da igive
testis magivrad c.p.-s monacvleobiT aZleven testis paralelur formebs.
formebs
paraleluri formebis gamoyeneba amcirebs amocanebis damaxsovrebis gavlenis
SesaZleblobasa da individis survils, gamoavlinos erTi testidan meoreze
gadasvlisas Tanamimdevruloba. sandoobis meore sazomia Sinagani
SeTanxmbulobaa, romelic gulisxmobs erTi da igive testis pasuxebis
Sesabamisoba. magaliTad, SegviZlia erTmaneTs SevadaroT luwi da kenti
davalebebis Sesrulebis Sedegad miRebuli qulebi. sando testis TiToeuli
nawilsaTvis erTnairi qulebi miiReba. es aris maRali Sesabamisoba), romelis
miiRweva xdeba SuaSi gaxleCvis sandoobis (split-half reliability) meTodis
saSualebiT.am dros SeiZleba iTqvas, rom testi maRali Sinagani
SeTanxmebulobiT xasiaTdeba, rac misi Suaze gaxleCviT miiRweva.
umetes SemTxvevaSi sando unda iyos aramarto sazomi instrumenti
TavisdaTavad, aramed am instrumentis gamoyenebis meTodebic. vTqvaT, mkvlevarebi
saklaso oTaxSi akvirdebodnen bavSvebs imisaTvis, rom SeefasebinaT agresiuli
TamaSis sxvadasxva done. am miznisaTvis mkvlevarebs SeiZleba SeeqmnaT
kodirebuli sqema, romelic maT saTanado gansxvavebis dadgenis saSualebas
miscemda. es sqema, maSin iqneboda sando Tu igive bavSvebze sxvebi awarmoebdnen
dakvirvebas da imave Sefasebas miscemdnen. es kidev erTxel adasturebs imas, rom
fsiqologiuri SefasebisaTvis saWiroa sakmaod seriozuli momzadeba. maT unda
iswavlos gansxvavebis sistemebis gamoyeneba ise, rom es sando iyos.

validoba
 267
testis validoba
validoba aris is, Tu ra xarisxiT zomavs testi imas, risi gazomvac
surs eqsperts. inteleqtis validuri testi zomavs am maxasiaTebels da
saSualebas iZleva Sesrulebis winaswarmetyvelebisa im situaciebSi, romelSic
mniSvnelovan wamyvan rols asrulebs inteleqti. kreatulobis validuri
sazomiT miRebuli qulebi gviCvenebs realur kreatulobas da ara xatvis unars
an guneba-ganwyobilebas. zogadad, validoba asaxavs testis mier im qcevebisa an
Sedegebis zusti prognozirebis SesaZleblobas, romelic dakavSirebulia
testis mizanTan an mis formasTan. arsebobs validobis sami ZiriTadi tipi:
TvalsaCino validoba (face validity), validoba kriteriumis mixedviT da
konstruqtuli (konstruqciuli) validoba.
validobis pirveli tipi eyrdnoba testis Sinaarss. Tu testis amocanebi
uSualod ukavSirdeba interesis sagans, maSin tests gaaCnia TvalsaCino
validoba (face
( ). TvalsaCino validobis mqone testebSi Zalian pirdapir da
validity).
martivad aris mocemuli is kiTxvebi, rac ainteresebT testis Semqmnelebs.
magaliTad: ramdenad aRelvebuli xarT? xarT Tu ara kreatuli? Aadamiani,
romelic testirebaSi monawileobs, Zalian zustad da patiosnad unda
asrulebdes mas. samwuxarod, TvalsaCino validoba xSirad ar aris sakmarisi
zusti gazomvisTvis. pirveli rigSi, sakuTari Tavis aRqma adamianebis mier
SesaZlebelia ar iyos zusti, an SeiZleba ar icodnen, sxvebTan Sedarebisas
rogor Seafason sakuTari Tavi. meore, testi, romelic sakmaod zustad zomavs
zogierT maxasiaTebels, testi Semsruleblebs aZlevs maTTvis sasurveli
STabeWdilebis moxdenis saSualebas aZlevs. ganvixiloT garkveul pirobebSi
myofi (hospitalizirebuli) fsiqikuri problemebis mqone pacientis klasikuri
SemTxveva, rodesac fsiqiatriuli klinikis pacienebs ar surT klinikis nacnobi,
struqturirebuli garemodan wasvla.

saidan viciT
pacientebi manipulireben fsiqiatrebis SefasebebiT fsiqiatriuli
klinikis personali SizofreniiT didi xnis ganmavlobaSi daavadebul
pacientebs ekiTxeboda, Tu ramdenad darRveulia maTi sulieri mdgomareoba..
rodesac interviuSi pacientebs sTxovdnen, SeefasebinaT, TavianTi
mdgomareoba (grZnobdnen Tu ar Tavs kargad), romelic iZleoda Tu ara
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maTi palataSi gadayvanis SesaZleblobas. Pacientebi, ZiriTadad, pozitiur
afasebdnen TavianT mdgomareobas. Tumca, rodesac intervius mizani iyo
SeefasebinaT pacientebs TavianTi mdgomareoba, romelic iZleoda Tu ara
gaweris saSualebas, maSin isini sakuTar mdgomareobas uaryofiTad
afasebdnen., radgan maT ar surdaT, gaweriliyvnen. fsiqiatrebi, romlebic
afasebdnen intervius monacemebs ise, rom ar icodnen intervius miznis
eqsperimentuli variaciis Sesaxeb, askvnidnen, rom im pacientebs, romlebic
pasuxobdnen uaryofiTi TviTdaxasiaTebiT, hqondaT ufro mZime darRvevebi
da iZleodnen maTi gaweris sawinaaRmdego rekomendaciebs. ase rom,
pacientebma miiRes Sefasebis sasurveli Sedegi. fsiqiatris Sefasebaze,
aseve, SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos Sexedulebam, rom nebismiers, visac surs
fsiqiatriul klinikaSi darCena, unda hqondes Zalian Zlieri darRvevebi
(Braginsky & Braginsky,1967)

am magaliTidan Cans, rom testis Semqmnelebi ar unda daeyrdnon mxolod

TvalsaCino validobis mqone sazoms. axla ganvixiloT validobis sxva tipebi,
romelic SesaZlebels xdis zogierTi SezRudvis daZlevas.
testis kriteriumis mixedviT validobis (aseve cnobilia, rogorc
prognozirebadi validoba, predictive validity)) misaRwevad fsiqologebi cdis
pirebis qulebs adareben maTsave qulebs, romelic miRebulia sxva standartebis
an kriteriumis dros, romelic dakavSirebulia imasTan, rasac testi zomavs.
MmagaliTad, Tu testis mizania kolejSi warmatebis gansazRvra, maSin kolejis
miRebuli niSnebi iqneba Sesabamisi kriteriumi. Tu testis qulebi korelirebs
kolejis niSnebTan, maSin testi validuria kriteriumis mixedviT. testis
avtorebis mTavari amocanaa Sesabamisi gazomvadi kriteriumis povna Tu erTxel
ukve naCvenebia Sefasebis instrumentis am saxis validoba, maSin mkvlevarebi
sandod miiCneven am instruments da kidev gamoiyeneben Semdgomi
prognozirebisaTvis. es aris is, rasac logikis kolejSi mimRebi komisiis wevri
iyenebs, rodesac gekiTxebaT iseT rames, rogoric aris SAT-is (saskolo SiSebis
qvalitaturi Seswavlis proeqciuli meTodi) qulebi. warsulSi SAT-is qulebi
dadebiT korelaciaSi iyo kolejSi moRvaweobis zogierT aspeqtTan. amaze
dayrdnobiT kolejis administracias SeeZlo gaekeTebina daskvnebi kolejSi
Tqveni karieris Sesaxeb.
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testis validobis pirobebi SeiZleba iyos Zalian specifiuri, amitom
yovelTvis mniSvnelovania davadginoT, "ra miznisaTvis aris is validuri?". imis
codnam, Tu sxva ra sazomebTan aris an ar aris testi korelaciaSi, SeiZleba
aRmoaCinos raime axali sazomebis, konstruqtebisa da adamianis qcevis sirTulis
Sesaxeb.. magaliTad, tests qmniT imisaTvis, rom gazomoT samedicino fakultetis
studentebis stresTan gamklavebis unari. Semdeg aRmoaCineT, rom am testis
qulebi maRal korelaciaSia studentebis mier auditoriaSi gancdili stresis
daZlevis unarTan. Tqven varaudobdiT, rom testi, aseve, korelaciaSi iqneboda
studentebis stresul klinikur SemTxvevebTan gamklavebis unarTan, rac ar
dadasturda. imis gamo, rom Tqven garkveuli validoba daadgineT, Tqven amiT
gaigeT rogorc Tqveni testis, Tu ra pirobebSia is validuri, aseve kostruqtis
Sesaxeb, rom sxvadasxva kategoriis stresors sxvadasxva Sedegi aqvs. SemdgomSi
SeZlebdiT testis modificirebas ise, rom gaTvaliswinebuli yofiliyo
klinikur SemTxvevebSi gamovlenili gansakuTrebuli stresorebis tipebi.
ganvixiloT sandoobisa da validobis urTierTmimarTeba. Tu sandooba
izomeba imiT, Tu ramdenad korelirebs testi sakuTar TavTan (sxvadasxva dros
an SemTxvevaSi gamoyenebisas), validoba izomeba imiT, Tu ra xarisxiT
korelirebs testi raime garegan faqtorTan (sxva testi, qceviTi kriteriumi an
eqspertis Sefaseba). Cveulebriv, Tu testi ar aris sando, is arc validuria,
radgan Tu testi ver iwinaswarmetyvelebs sakuTar Tavis Sesaxeb, maSin is ver
iwinaswarmetyvelebs verafers sxvas. magaliTad, Tu Tqven klasSi erT dRes
agresiulobis testi Catarda da miRebuli qulebi ar aRmoCnda korelaciaSi
meore dRes Catarebuli paraleluri formis qulebTan (arasandoobas magaliTi),
Nnaklebad savaraudoa, rom romelime dRes miRebulma Sedegebma winaswar
gansazRvros, Tu yvelaze xSirad romel students SeiZleba hqonoda Sexla-
Semoxla momavali erTi kviris ganmavlobaSi. Aamis Semdeg SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
testis qulebis or testis ki ar SeuZlia erTi da igive prognozis gakeTeba.
meores mxriv, savsebiT SesaZlebelia, rom testi iyos Zalze sando, magram _
aravaliduri. magaliTad, Cven gadavwyviteT, gavzomoT inteleqti zrdasruli
adamianis simaRlis mixedviT. AalbaT xvdebiT ratom SeiZleba es sazomi iyos
sando, magram aravaliduri?

normebi da standartizacia
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Cven gvaqvs sando da validuri testi, magram sxvadasxva testis Sedegebis
interpretaciisaTvis kidev saWiroa normebi. magaliTad testSi, romelic zomavs
depresias, miiReT 18 qula. ras niSnavs es? ramdenad depresiuli xarT _
msubuqad, saSualod Tu saerTod ar xarT depresiuli? miRebuli Sedegis
mniSvnelobis gasadebad, is unda SeadaroT sxva studentebis tipiur qulebs anu
statistikur normebs.
normebs testis normebi saWiroa imisaTvis, rom naxoT, Tqveni
asakisa da sqesis studentebi Cveulebriv rogor ganawilebas iZlevian, ra aris
maTi saSualo. es SesaZlebels gaxdis Tqveni Sedegebis interpretacias.
maSin, rodesac Tqven asrulebdiT unarebis tests, rogoric aris SAT, albaT
ginaxavT testis normebi. testis normebi gviCvenebs, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba
Cveni qulebi sxvebis qulebs da gvexmareba imis dadgenaSi, Tu ramdenad axlosaa
Cveni Sesruleba normatiuli populaciis SesrulebsTan.. individis qulebis
interptetaciisaTvis yvelaze gamosadegia jgufis normebis codna, rodesac
Sesadarebeli jgufi testirebuli individebis iseTi ZiriTadi TvisebebiT
xasiaTdeba, rogoricaa asaki, socialuri klasi, kultura da gamocdileba.
normebisaTvis mniSvnelovania yvelam airCios erTi standartizirebuli testi
_ standartizacia. standartizacia aris yvela individTan erTi da igive formiT,
erTsadaimave pirobebSi gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas. gasagebia standartizaciis
aucilebloba, magram praqtikaSi misi dacva yovelTvis ar xerxdeba. zogs eZleva
meti dro, zogierTs ki - ufro naTeli da detaluri instruqcia, zogs aqvs
SekiTxvis dasmis ufleba an ufro motivirebulebi arian, rom ukeTesad
Seasrulon. ganvixiloT erT-erTi avtoris gamocdileba:
me, rogorc ielis bakalavris xarisxis mqone studenti, saSualo skolis
klasebSi SfoTis donis gasazomad viyenebdi skalas. dawyebamde erT-erTma
masawavlebelma Tavis klass uTxra: "Tqven es mSvenieri mamakaci geTamaSebaT
axal TamaSs, romelic kiTxvebis dasmas gulisxmobs. es TamaSi Cven
gagvamxiarulebs." meore masawavlebelma ki Tavis klass ase mimarTa: "es
fsiqologi, romelic gaxlavT ielis universitetidan, apirebs CagitaroT testi
imisaTvis, rom gaigos, Tu ras fiqrobT. imedi maqvs, kargad SeasrulebT da
aCvenebT, Tu ramdenad kargia Cveni klasi. (Zimbardo, personal communication, 1958.,
SegiZliaT pirdapir SeadaroT am ori klasis bavSvebis qulebi, romelic
miRebuli iqna erTi testis Catarebis Sedegad? am kiTxvaze pasuxi aris
uaryofiTi, radgan testi ar gamoyenes standartizirebuli formiT. am
SemTxvevaSi, meore klasis bavSvebis qulebi SfoTvis testSi ufro maRali iyo.
(albaT, es TqvenTvis gasakviri ar aris). Tu testis instruqcia Sesrulebis
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Sesaxeb an Sedegebis daTvlis xerxi ar aris zusti, maSin Zalian rTuli iqneba
mocemuli testis Sedegebis interpretacia an imis dadgena, Tu ramdenad
Seesabameba Sesadarebel jgufs
Cven axla ganvixileT zogierTi sakiTxi, romelic aRelvebT mkvlevarebs,
rodesac isini qmnian tests da cdiloben gansazRvron sinamdvileSi zomavs Tu
ara testi imas, risi gazomvac undaT. isini darwmunebulebi unda iyvnen testis
sandoobasa da validobaSi. MmaT, aseve, unda daadginon testirebis
standartuli pirobebi, mxolod amis Sedegad miRebul normebs aqvs azri.
nebismieri testis qulebi unda Sefasdes sandoobisa da validobis terminebiT.
aseve, unda Sefasdes Sesrulebis normebi da standartizaciis pirobebi,
romelSic testi Catarda.
Aaxla mzad varT, rom davubrundeT inteleqtis gazomvas.
Sejameba

fsiqologiuri Sefaseba fokusirebulia individualur gansxvavebebze, aseve

imis Seswavlaze, Tu riTi gansxvavdeba na gavs individi sxva adamianebs.
Sefasebis formebi Seiqmna antikur CineTSi. dasavlur samyaroSi frensis
galtonma pirvelma Seqmna Teoria inteleqtis testirebis Sesaxeb da pirvelma
gamoiyena kidec is. samwuxarod, masve ekuTvnis miTi biologiurad "saukeTeso"
(superioruli) da "uaresi" (inferioruli) adamianebis Sesaxeb.
vargisiani testebi aris validuri anu erTi da igive adamians aZlevs erTi da
igive qulebs, da sando - iZleva zust informacias im konstruqtis Sesaxeb, ris
gasazomadac Seiqmna. aseve, mniSvnelovania, rom testis Catarebis procedura iyos
standartizirebuli da miRebuli qulebi Sedardes relevanturi populaciis
normas.

inteleqtis Sefaseba
ramdenad gonieri xarT Tqven an Tqveni megobrebi? am kiTxvaze pasuxis
gasacemad inteleqtis gansazRvrebiT unda daiwyoT. es advili amocana ar aris,
magram inteleqtis mkvlevarTa 52 kaciani jgufi mainc SeTanxmda aseT zogad
gansazRvrebaze: “inteleqti aris Zalze zogadi gonebrivi SesaZlebloba,
romelic, sxva komponentebTan erTad moiicavs logikuri msjelobis, dagemvis,
 272
problemaTa gadaWris, abstraqtuli azrovnebis, rTuli ideebis wvdomis,
swrafad daswavlisa da gamocdilebis miRebis unars" (Gottfredson,1997a, p.13).
SesaZleblobebis am farTo speqtrs Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, maSinve naTeli
gaxdeba, Tu ratom aris inteleqtis gazomva kamaTis sagani. is,' Tu rogor
axdenen Teoretikosebi inteleqtis da umaRlesi gonebrivi funqciebis
konceptualizebas, mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs im xerxs, riTac isini mis
gazomvas cdiloben (Sternberg, 1994). zogierT fsiqologs miaCnia, rom adamianis
inteleqti SeiZleba raodenobrivad ganisazRvros da dayvanil iqnas erT
garkveul qulaze. sxvebi amtkiceben, rom inteleqti mravali komponentisgan
Sedgeba, romelic cal-calke unda gaizomos. arian iseTebic, vinc ambobs, rom
sinamdvileSi arsebobs inteleqtis ramdenime gansxvavebuli saxe, rac
gamocdilebis sxvadasxva sferos Seesabameba.
am TavSi aRvwerT, Tu rogor aris dakavSirebuli inteleqtis testebi
inteleqtis am sxvadasxva koncefciasTan. daviwyoT istoriuli konteqstis
ganxilviT, romelSic aRmocenda inteleqtisadmi da inteleqtis gazomvisadmi
interesi.

inteleqtis testebis istoriuli safuZvlebi

1905 wels gamoqveynda inteleqtis sakvlevi pirveli qmediTi testi. alfred

bine (Alfred Binet) gamoexmaura safrangeTis saxalxo ganaTlebis ministris
mowodebas, SeeqmnaT ufro efeqturi saswavlo meTodebi ganviTarebaSi
Seferxebebis mqone bavSvebisaTvis. bine da misi kolega Teofil simoni (Theophil
Simon) fiqrobdnen, rom saswavlo programis Sesadgenad aucilebeli iyo
bavSvebis inteleqtualuri unaris gazomva. binem scada, SeemuSavebina inteleqtis
obieqturi testi, romelsac gamoiyenebdnen ganviTarebaSi Seferxebebis mqone
bavSvebis klasificirebisaTvis da normaluri moswavleebisgan maT gamosarCevad.
igi imedovnebda, rom amgvari testis arseboba saSualebas miscemda skolas,
naklebad dayrdnoboda maswavlebelTa mier moswavleTa sakmaod subieqtur da
xSirad tendenciur Sefasebebs.
inteleqtualuri Sesrulebis raodenobis gansasazRvrad _ gasazomad _ binem
Seadgina asakis Sesatyvisi amocanebi anu testis punqtebi, riTac mravali bavSvis
pasuxebs erTmaneTs Seadarebdnen. testisaTvis davalebebi SearCies ise, rom
 273
SesaZlebeli yofiliyo maTi obieqturi daTvla rogorc sworis an arasworis,
aseve maTi Sinaarsis varireba, punqtebi naklebad yofiliyo ganpirobebuli
bavSvebis garemo pirobebis gansxvavebulobiT, SeefasebinaT msjeloba, azrovneba
da ara _ meqanikuri mexsiereba (Binet, 1911).
testireba CautardaT sxvadasxva asakis bavSvebs da dadgenili iqna yoveli
asakis normaluri bavSvisTvis saSualo qula. Semdeg TiToeuli konkretuli
bavSvis Sesruleba Seadares am asakis sxva bavSvebis saSualos. testis Sedegebi
gamoisaxa saSualo asakis terminebiT, sadac normaluri bavSvebi konkretul
qulas iReben. am sazoms ewoda gonebrivi asaki.
asaki magaliTad, rodesac bavSvis mier
miRebuli qula utoldeba xuTwlian bavSvTa jgufis saSualo qulas, am bavSvis
gonebrivi asaki iqneba 5, imis miuxedavad, Tu rogoria misi qronologiuri asaki,
asaki
dabadebidan gasuli wlebi raodenoba.
bines midgoma 4 mniSvnelovani niSan-TvisebiT xasiaTdeba. pirveli, man am
testis qulebi gaiazra, rogorc mimdinare Sesrulebis Sefaseba da ara rogorc
Sinagani inteleqtis sazomi. meore, mas surda, testis qulebi gamoeyenebinaT im
bavSvebis gamosavlenad, romlebic specialur daxmarebas saWiroeben da ara maTi
stigmatizirebisaTvis. mesame, igi xazs usvamda, rom varjiSs da SesaZleblobebis
uzrunvelyofas SeuZlia gavlena iqonios inteleqtze da cdilobda daedgina
Sesrulebis sferoebi, sadac specialuri ganaTleba daexmareboda
araxelsayrel mdgomareobaSi myof am bavSvebs. dabolos, man Tavisi testi aago
empiriuli gziT _ Seagrova monacemebi, rom enaxa maTi validoba da ar ucdia
misi dakavSireba inteleqtis romelime TeoriasTan.
inteleqtis testis SemuSavebaSi bines warmatebam didi gavlena moaxdina
SeerTebul StatebSi. istoriuli movlenebisa da socialur-politikuri Zalebis
unikalurma kombinaciam SeerTebul StatebSi ganapiroba interesi gonebrivi
unarebis gazomvisadmi. me-20-e saukunis dasawyisisaTvis SeerTebuli StatebSi
xalxi qaotur mdgomareobaSi iyo. globaluri ekonomikuri, socialuri da
politikuri viTarebebis gamo qveyanaSi milionobiT emigranti Sedioda. axalma
sayovelTao ganaTlebis kanonma skolebi moswavleebiT aavso. emigranti
zrdasruli adamianebisa da skolis moswavleebis identificirebis,
dokumentirebis da klasifikaciisaTvis saWiro iyo garkveuli formiT Sefaseba
(Chapman,1988). rodesac pirveli msoflio omi daiwyo, milionobiT moxalise
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gamwvevi punqtebisaken gaemarTa. axalwveulebs unda gansazRvraT am uamravi
adamianidan, Tu vis hqonda sagangebo treningebis saSualebiT swrafad
daswavlisa da codnis ganoyenebis unari. axali, araverbaluri, jgufurad
miwodebuli gonebrivi unaris testebi Cautarda 1.7 milionze met axalwveuls.
gamoCenil fsiqologTa jgufi, romelSic Sediodnen liuis termani (Lewis Terman),
eduard Torndaiki (Edward Thorndik) da robert ierksi (Robert Yerkis), gamoexmaurnen
omis wlebis sagangebo viTarebas da es testebi sul raRac erT TveSi Seqmnes
(Lennon,1985).
am farTomasStabiani testirebis programis erT-erTi Sedegi iyo is, rom
amerikis sazogadoebisaTvis misaRebi gaxda azri, rom inteleqtis testebs
SeuZlia adamianTa diferencireba liderobis unarisa da sxva socialurad
mniSvnelovani maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT. am garemoebam xeli Seuwyo testebis
farTo gamoyenebas skolebsa da sawarmoebSi. Sefaseba ganixileboda rogorc
qaotur sazogadoebaSi wesrigis Setanis saSualeba, aseve, es iyo sakmaod iafi,
demokratiuli xerxi im adamianTa gamodiferencirebisa, visac ganaTlebidan da
samxedro meTaurTa treningidan garkveuli codnis miReba SeeZlo. inteleqtis
farTomasStabiani testirebis gamoyenebis gasaadvileblad mkvlevarebi Zalas ar
iSurebdnen. isini qmnidnen farTo gamoyenebis mqone testur procedurebs.

IQ testebi

miuxedavad imisa, rom binem inteleqtis standartizebuli gazomva

safrangeTSi daiwyo, sul male wamyvani poziciebi aSS-s fsiqologebma daikaves.
maT SeimuSaves, agreTve, IQ anu inteleqtis koeficienti. IQ iyo inteleqtis
ricxobrivi, standartizebuli sazomi. amJamad farTod gamoiyeneba
individualuri daniSnulebis IQ testis ori jgufi: stenford-binesa (Stanford-
Binet) da veqsleris skalebi (Wechsler).

stenford-
stenford-bines inteleqtis
inteleqtis skala

liuis termenma (Lewis Terman), stenfordis universitetis sajaro skolis

yofilma administratorma, Rirseulad daafasa inteleqtis gazomvis bines
meTodis mniSvneloba. aTasobiT bavSvisaTvis am testis miwodebiT man moaxdina
bines testis adaptireba aSS-s skolis moswavleebisaTvis, standartizeba gaukeTa
testis gamoyenebas da SeimuSava asakobrivi normebi. 1916 wels man gamoaqveyna
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bines testis stenfordiseuli revizirebuli varianti, romelic, Cveulebriv,
moixsenieba, rogorc stenford-bines inteleqtis skala (Terman, 1916).
am axali testiT termenma safuZveli moamzada iseTi konceptisaTvis,
rogoric aris inteleqtis koeficienti anu IQ (termini, romelic SemoiRo
Sternma, 1914 wels). IQ iyo Sefardeba gonebrivi asakisa qronologiur asakTan,
gamravlebuli 100-ze:

IQ = gonebrivi asaki X 100

qronologiur asakze

bavSvs, romlis qronologiuri asaki aris 8 weli da romlis testis qulebma

gamoavlina gonebrivi asaki 10 weli, IQ eqneba 125, (10 : 8 X 100 =125), xolo igive
qronologiuri asakis bavSvs, romelmac testi Seasrula 6 wlis bavSvis doneze,
IQ eqneba 75 (6 : 8 X100= 75); individebs, romlebmac Seasrules Tavisi asakisaTvis
Sesabamisi gonebrivi asakis mixedviT, IQ eqnebaT 100. amrigad, 100 qula saSualo
IQ-d iqna miCneuli.Q
axali stenford-bines testi male gadaiqca klinikuri fsiqologiis,
fsiqoTerapiis da saswavlo konsultirebis standartul instrumentad.
stenford-bines testi Seicavs subtestebis serias, romelic konkretul gonebriv
asakzea morgebuli. am subtestebs mcire reviziaTa seria Cautarda 1937, 1960 da
1972 wlebSi, raTa miRweuliyo 3 mizani: (1) mcirewlovani bavSvebisa da Zalze
gonieri zrdasrulebis IQ-s gasazomad gafarToebuliyo testis diapazoni; (2)
ganaxlebuliyo leqsikuri maragis punqtebi, romelTa sirTule sazogadoebaSi
momxdar cvlilebaTa kvaldakval icvleba; (3) ganaxlebuliyo normebisa da
asakis Sesabamisi saSualo qulebi (Terman&Merril,1937,1960,1972.). stenford-bines
testis ukanaskneli, me-4-e gamocema (Torndike et al.,1986) testis validobis
gaumjobesebis mizans emsaxureba. stenford-bines es uaxlesi testi
uzrunvelyofs IQ-s zust gazomvas rogorc Sesrulebis normaluri rangis mqone
individebisaTvis, aseve, “fsiqikuri funqcionirebis problemebis mqone” an
niWieri individebisaTvis (Laurent et al.,1992).
miaqcieT yuradReba, rom IQ qulebi ukve aRar miiReba gonebrivi asakis
qronologiur asakze gayofiT. Tu tests dRes CaitarebT, Tqveni qulebi
Sejamdeba da pirdapir moxdeba maTi Sedareba Tqveni asakis sxva adamianTa
 276

qulebTan. 100-is toli IQ aris “saSualo” da aCvenebs, rom Tqveni asakis

adamianTa 50% ufro dabal qulebs agrovebs (ix. sur. 10.1). 90-sa da 110-s Soris
moTavsebuli qulebi aris “norma”, xolo maTze meti (120 da zemoT) _“umaRlesi”.
rodesac 18 wlamde asakis individebi agroveben validur IQ qulebs 70-dan 75-mde
an ufro qvemoT, isini gonebrivi CamorCenilobis erT-erT kriteriums
Seesabamebian. magram, rogorc 10.1 cxrilSia naCvenebi, gonebrivad CamorCenilebad
rom CaiTvalon, individebma, aseve, unda gamoamJRavnon cxovrebiseul amocanebTan
dakavSirebuli adaptaciuri Cvevebis SeZenis SezRuduli unari (American Association
on Mental Retardation AAMR,1992). ufro adre IQ qulebi gamoiyeneboda msubuqi,
zomieri, Zlieri da Rrma gonebrivi CamorCenilobis klasifikaciisaTvis (ix. sur.
10.1.). magram, adaptaciur Cvevebze Tanamedrove Sexedulebam ukarnaxa eqspertebs
am terminologiis uaryofa iseTi ufro zusti aRwerebis sasargeblod, rogoric
aris “gonebrivi CamorCenilobis mqone pirovneba, romelic eqstensiur
mxardaWeras saWiroebs socialuri unarebisa da sakuTari Tavis marTvis
sferoebSi” an “gonebrivi CamorCenilobis mqone pirovneba, romelic
komunikaciasa da socialur CvevebSi mcire mxardaWeras saWiroebs” (American
Association on Mental Retardation AAMR,1992.p.34)
suraTi 10.1
]suraTi
IQ qulebis ganawileba did SerCevaSi
qulebi isea normirebuli, rom 100 qula populaciis saSualos warmoadgens
(imdenive adamiani iRebs 100-ze nakleb qulas, ramdenic 100-ze mets). 90 da 110-s
Soris qulebi iTvleba normalurad. 120-ze maRali qulebi ganixileba, rogorc
“saukeTeso” an “friad saukeTeso”; 70-ze dabali qulebi ki gulisxmobs gonebrivi
uunarobis mzard doneebs.

cxrili 10.1
 277
gonebrivi CamorCenilobis diagnozi
gonebrivi CamorCenilobis diagnozis dasma SesaZlebelia im SemTxvevaSi, Tu:
• individis IQ aris daaxloebiT 70-75 an ufro dabali
• dasturdeba mniSvnelovani unarSezRuduloba 2 an meti saadaptacio unaris
sferoSi. es sferoebia:
komunikacia _ lingvisturi da aralingvisturi (magaliTad, saxis
gamometyveleba) saSualebebiT informaciis gagebisa da gamoxatvis unarTan
dakavSirebuli Cvevebi;
Tavis movla _ tualetis, kvebis, Cacmis, higienis da garegnobaze zrunvis
Cvevebi;
saojaxo yofa _ saxlSi funqcionirebis Cvevebi, rogoric aris saojaxo
meurneobis gaZRola da yoveldRiuri saqmianobis dagegmva;
socialuri _ sxva adamianebTan socialuri urTierTobis unarebi;
 278
komunaluri resursebis sargebloba _ komunaluri resursebiT sargeblobis
unari, rogoric aris sasursaTo maRaziaSi sayidlebze siaruli da
sazogadoebrivi transportis gamoyeneba;
sakuTari Tavis marTva _ gadawyvetilebis miRebisa da daxmarebis moZiebasTan
dakavSirebuli unar-Cvevebi;
janmrTeloba da usafrTxoeba _ sakuTari janmrTelobisa da usafrTxoebis
SenarCunebasTan dakavSirebuli Cvevebi;
funqcionaluri mimarTulebis codna _ akademiuri sagnebis aTvisebasTan
dakavSirebuli unarebi (rogoric aris kiTxva da maTematika), rasac wvlili
Seaqvs damoukidebeli cxovrebisas miznis ganxorcielebaSi.
Tavisufali dro (mocaleoba) _ Tavisufali drois gamoyenebisa da dasvenebis
interesebTan dakavSirebuli unar-Cvevebi;
samuSao _ nawilobrivi an sruli datvirTviT muSaobasTan dakavSirebuli
unarebi;
• CamorCeniloba vlindeba 18 wlamde asakSi.
wyaro: American Association on Mental Retardation AAMR, 1992,p24,40-41.

veqsleris inteleqtis skala

david veqsleri (David Wechsler), romelic niu-iorkis belviu hospitalSi

muSaobda, Tvlida, rom zrdasrulTa inteleqtis gazomvis procedura naklebad
unda yofiliyo verbalur debulebebze damokidebuli. 1939 wels man gamoaqveyna
veqsler-belvius inteleqtis skala, romelSic verbaluri subtestebi
kombinirebuli iyo araverbalur anu Sesrulebis subtestebTan. amrigad, garda
mTliani IQ qulebisa, adamianebs damatebiT miecaT maTi verbaluri da
araverbaluri IQ-s damoukidebeli Sefasebebi. mcireodeni cvlilebebis Semdeg
tests Seecvala saxelwodeba _ “veqsleris inteleqtis skala zrdasrulTaTvis“_
WAIS 1955 wels da gadasinjuli versia -WAIS-R dReisaTvis (Wechsler, 1981).
WAIS-R-Si eqvsi verbaluri subtestia: informirebuloba, leqsikuri maragi,
gageba, ariTmetikuli unarebi, msgavsebebi (gansazRvra, Tu ratom aris ori sagani
msgavsi) da ricxvebis rigi (eqsperimentatoris mier warmoTqmul ricxvTa seriis
gameoreba). es testebi aris rogorc werilobiTi, ise zepiri formis. Sesrulebis
xuTi subtesti Seicavs masaliT manipulirebas da mcire an araviTari verbaluri
 279
Sinaarsi ar gaaCnia. magaliTad, kuburebis nimuSis testSi individi cdilobs
gaimeoros baraTebze gamosaxuli nimuSi, risTvisac igi kuburebis ferad
mxareebs usadagebs erTmaneTs. ricxobrivi simbolos testSi mocemulia gasaRebi,
romelic 9 simbolos 9 cifrs usadagebs da amocana meore gverdze moTavsebuli
simboloebisaTvis Sesabamisi ricxvebis miweraSi mdgomareobs. Sesrulebis
danarCen testebSi Sedis suraTebis dalageba, suraTebis dasruleba da obieqtis
ageba. Tu CaitarebT WAIS-R-s unda SeasruloT 11-ve subtesti da miiRoT 3 saxis
qula _ verbaluri IQ, Sesrulebis IQ da mTliani anu sruli skalis IQ. 10.2
cxxrili gvTavazobs magaliTebs, Tu ra tipis kiTxvebs SexvdebiT WAIS-R-Si.
WAIS-R gankuTvnilia 18 da meti wlis adamianebisaTvis, magram msgavsi testebi
SemuSavebulia bavSvebisaTvisac. veqsleris inteleqtis skala bavSvebisaTvis _
mesame gamocema (WISC-III; Wechsler, 1991) morgebulia 6-dan 17 wlamde bavSvebze da
veqsleris skolamdeli da dawyebiTi klasebis bavSvebis inteleqtis skala _
gadasinjulia (WPPSI-R, Wechsler, 1989) 4-dan 6.5 wlis bavSvebisaTvis. orive testis
bolo reviziebma masala ufro feradovani, Tanamedrove da bavSvebisaTvis
sasiamovno gaxada. orive testma daamtkica, rom sando da validur sazoms
warmoadgens (Little,1992; Sattler& Atkinson,1993).
WAIS-R, WISC-III da WPPSI-R qmnian inteleqtis testebis ojaxs, romelic
gvaZlevs verbalur IQ-s, Sesrulebis IQ-s da sruli skalis IQ-s yovel asakobriv
doneze. garda amisa, isini gvawvdian subtestebis Sedarebad qulebs, rac
saSualebas aZlevs mkvlevarebs Tvali gaadevnon ufro specifikuri
inteleqtualuri unarebis droSi ganviTarebas. amis gamo, veqsleris skalebi
gansakuTrebiT Rirebulia, rodesac erTi da igive individi testirebas
gansxvavebul asakSi gadis, magaliTad, rodesac mimdinareobs gansxvavebuli
saswavlo_saganmanaTleblo programebis Sedegad bavSvis warmatebis
monitoringi.

cxrili 10.2 WAIS-R testis

testis analogiuri sakiTxebi da problemebi

verbaluri subtesti
subtesti
informirebuloba vin dawera “didi geTsbi”?

gageba “ras niSnavs, roca adamianebi amboben:”feri fersa _

 280

madli RmerTsa”?

ariTmetika Tu kinos bileTSi 8.5 dolari gadaixade da batibutSi _

2.5 dolari, maSin ocdolarianidan xurda ramdeni unda
dagibrunon?

msgavseba riTi hgavs erTmaneTs TviTmfrinavi da wyalqveSa navi?

ricxvTa rigi gaimeore Semdegi ricxvebi : 3 2 7 5 9

leqsikur maragi ras niSnavs “paeqroba”?

Sesrulebis subtestebi
subtestebi
ricxobrivi eqsperimentatori cdis pirs awvdis gasaRebs, romelic
simbolo ricxvebs (magaliTad, 1, 2, 3) simboloebs (magaliTad, Φ, Θ,
∇) uTanadebs. cdis piri sqemis Sesavsebad iyenebs gasaRebs,
romelzec mxolod ricxvebi an simboloebia mocemuli.

suraTis cdis piri aTvalierebs suraTs da ambobs, ra aklia mas

dasruleba (magaliTad, cxeni fafaris gareSe)

kuburebis nimuSi cdis piri iyenebs kuburebs, rom gamomcdelis mier

mowodebuli nimuSi gaimeoros.

suraTebis cdis piri alagebs muyaos suraTebis serias iseTi

dalageba TanmimdevrobiT, TiTqos moTxrobas hyveba.

obieqtis ageba eqsperimentatori awvdis cdis pirs muyaos firfitebis

nawilebs. cdis pirma ise unda daalagos nawilebi, rom
nacnobi sagnis suraTi miiRos.

Sejameba

inteleqtis Tanamedrove testireba saTaves iRebs alfred bines mcdelobidan

gamoevlina moswavleebi, romlebic skolaSi damatebiT daxmarebas saWiroebdnen.
binem wamoayena winadadeba, rom yoveli bavSvi klasificirebuli yofiliyo misi
gonebrivi asakis mixedviT. IQ qulebi gamoiTvleba, rogorc funqcia _ gonebrivi
asaki gayofili qronologiur asakze. liuis termenma da david veqslerma IQ-s
axali gasazomi instrumentebi SeimuSaves.
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fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi

Sefaseba internetiT
inteleqtis Tavis wakiTxvis Semdeg, studentebs xSirad uCndebaT interesi,
IQ testebs Tavad rogor gaarTmeven Tavs. Cvens droSi sakamaod advilia
ewvioT romelime veb gverds, amoirCioT testi da miiRoT gansazRvruli
qulebi. niSnavs Tu ara rames miRebuli qulebi? am kiTxvas pasuxs gavcemT im
zogierTi cnebis mimoxilviT, /romelsac gaecaniT am TavSi.
analizisaTvis gvWirdeboda garkveuli monacemebi, amitom Cven vTxoveT
megobars, romelsac pirobiTad vuwodebT poindeqsters (Poindexter), ramdenime
testi gaekeTebina internetiT. pirvel saits, romelsac is ewvia, hqonda oTxi
sxvadasxva testi, ramac mogvca sandoobis Sefasebis SesaZlebloba. gavisenoT,
rom sandooba konsistenturobas exeba: gvaZlevs Tu ara TiTqmis erTnair
qulebs is testebi, romlebic iTvleba rom erTi da igive rames zomavs
faqtobrivad, poindeqsteris qulebi iyo 116, 117, 129 da 130. Tu davubrundebiT
10.1 suraTs, vnaxavT, rom misi qulebi saSualoze maRalia (ra kargia
poindeqsterisaTis!), magram miRebuli qulebidan ori aTavsebs mas "sakmaod
normaluri"-s kategoriaSi, ori ki _ "superiorulis" sazRvris marjvniv.
aqedan SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom testis Sedegebi ar aris gansakuTrebiT
sando.
Tu testebi ar aris sando, isini ar SeiZleba iyos validuri. magram
davuSvaT, rom Cven SemTxvevaSi testebi sando iyo. ganvixiloT, yvela
SemTxvevaSi ratom daveWvdebodiT maT validobaSi: poindeqsteris qulebi
daTvlili iyo misi Sesrulebis (20 kiTxvaze miRebuli swori pasuxebis
raodenoba) SedarebiT im individebis SesrulebasTan, vinc masze adre iyo am
saitze da Seasrula is testebi. 10.1 suraTze mocemuli zaris formis
ganawilebaze dayrdnobiT, saiti afasebs IQ-s. ra problemasTan gvaqvs aq saqme?
pirveli, Cven araviTari safuZveli ar gvaqvs gvjerodes, rom im adamianebis
saSualo IQ (gazomili tradiciuli, sando arainternetuli testiT), rogorc
wesi, SeiZleba iyos 100. iqneb adgili hqonda TviTSerCevas im adamianebis
mxridan, vinc Seasrula testi veb gverdze. meore, Cven aravTari safuZveli ar
gvaqs vivaraudoT, rom testi yvelam erTnair standartul pirobebSi gaakeTa.
 282
magaliTad, testi moicavs kiTxvebs, romlebic saWiroebs leqsikur marags.
rogor SeiZleba viyoT darwmunebuli, rom vinmem Tavisi qulebis gazrdis
mizniT leqsikoniT ar isargebla ("Sexede dediko, yovelTvis vambobdi, rom
geniosi var!").
interneti TqvenTvis uzrunvelyofs rogorc IQ-s, aseve sxva Sesrulebisa
da pirovnuli konstruqtis Sefasebis uamrav SesaZleblobebs. Tqven unda
gamoiyenoT am TavSi miRebuli codna imisTvis, rom frTxilad SeafasoT
internetiT miRebuli qulebis sandooba da validoba.
amasobaSi, poindeqsteri internetis IQ testebis daJinebul momxmareblad
gadaiqca. "evropul IQ testebze" misma saukeTesma qulam 159-s miaRwia.
poindeqsteri irwmuneba, rom 159 qula misi IQ-s validuri sazomia. Tqvenc
darwunebuli xarT amaSi?

veb gverdebi:
www.2h.com/Tests/iq.phtml
saiti, sadac Tavmoyrilia testebis didi raodenoba

www.majon.com/iq.html
mravalricxovani testebi erT saitze

cech.cesnet.cz/IQ/index.php
evropuli IQ testebi
 283
inteleqtis Teoriebi

Cven ganvixileT inteleqtis gazomvis zogierTi xerxi. amJamad Tqven ukve

SegiZliaT hkiTxoT sakuTar Tavs: daadgens Tu ara es testebi yovelive imas,
rasac sityva inteleqti gulisxmobs? daadgens Tu ara es testebi yvela im
unars, rac, Tqveni azriT, Tqvenive inteleqts Seadgens? am sakiTxebis gaazrebaSi,
rom dagexmaroT, ganvixilavT inteleqtis Teoriebs. TiToeuli Teoriis
gacnobisas hkiTxeT sakuTar Tavs: moxerxebulad igrZnobdnen Tu ara Tavs misi
momxreebi, Tu inteleqtis gasazomad IQ-s gamoiyenebdnen.

inteleqtis fsiqometruli Teoriebi

inteleqtis fsiqometruli Teoriebi, ZiriTadad, imave filosofiur

atmosferoSi warmoiSva, romelmac IQ testebs misca dasabami. fsiqometria aris
fsiqologiis dargi, romelic fsiqikuri funqciebis testirebas emsaxureba. mis
mraval aspeqts Soris aris pirovnebis diagnostikuri Sefaseba, inteleqtis
Sefaseba da ganwyobebis gazomva. amrigad, fsiqometruli midgomebi mWidro
kavSirSia testirebis meTodebTan. es Teoriebi ikvlevs statistikur mimarTebebs
unaris gansxvavebul parametrebs Soris, rogoric aris WAIS-R-is 11 subtesti da
Semdeg am mimarTebaTa safuZvelze adamianis inteleqtis Sesaxeb daskvnebi
gamoaqvs. teqnikas, romelic yvelaze xSirad gamoiyeneba, faqtoruli analizi
ewodeba. es aris statistikuri procedura, romelic aRmoaCens parametrebis,
klasterebisa da faqtorebis ufro mcire raodenobas damoukidebel cvladTa
ufro didi erTobliobis SigniT. faqtoruli analizis mizania sakvlevi cnebis
ZiriTadi fsiqologiuri parametrebis dadgena. cxadia, statistikuri procedura
mxolod adgens statistikur mudmivebs; am mudmivebis axsna da maTi damtkiceba
ukve fsiqologebis saqmea.
Carlz spirmenma (Charles
( Spearman)) pirvelma gamoiyena faqtoruli analizi
inteleqtis kvlevi sferoSi, rac sakmaod STambeWdavi iyo. spirmenma aRmoaCina,
rom individTa mier inteleqtis sxvadasxvagvari testebis Sesruleba maRal
korelaciaSia erTmaneTTan. aqedan gamomdinare, man daaskvna, rom arsebobs
zogadi inteleqtis faqtori anu faqtori g, romelic gonebrivi aqtiobis
ganxorcielebas udevs safuZvlad (Spearman,1927). yoveli calkeuli sfero, aseve,
dakavSirebulia Tavis specifikur unarTan, rasac spirmenma uwoda s. magaliTad,
 284
Sesruleba leqsikur da ariTmetikul testSi damokidebulia rogorc zogad
inteleqtze, aseve am sferosaTvis damaxasiaTebel specifikur unarebze.
raimond
raimond ketelma (Raymond
( Cattel) (1963) faqtoruli analizis ufro mowinave
teqnikis gamoyenebiT daadgina, rom zogadi inteleqti SeiZleba daiyos or
SedarebiT damoukidebel komponentad, romelsac man kristalizebuli da
fluiduri inteleqti (cristallized and fluid intelligence) uwoda. kristalizebuli
inteleqti moiicavs codnas, romelic individma ukve aiTvisa da am codnis
gazrda-gamoyenebis unars; is izomeba leqsikuri, ariTmetikuli da zogadi
informirebulobis testebiT. fluiduri inteleqti aris rTuli mimarTebebis
xedvis da problemebis gadaWris unari; is izomeba kuburebis nimuSis da
sivrcobrivi vizualizaciis testebiT, romlebSic problemis gadasaWrelad
saWiro fonuri informacia daskvniT miiReba an TvalsaCinoa kristalizebuli
inteleqti saSualebas gaZlevT, kargad gaarTvaT Tavi cxovrebis mimdinare,
konkretul gamowvevebs; fluiduri inteleqti gexmarebaT ieriSi miitanoT axal,
abstraqtul problemebze.
gilfordma (J.P.Guilford)
( (1961) faqtoruli analizi inteleqtTan
dakavSirebuli mravali amocanis moTxovnaTa Sesaswavlad gamoiyena. inteleqtis
struqturis miseul modelSi gamoyofilia inteleqtualuri amocanebis sami
niSan-Tviseba: Sinaarsi anu informaciis tipi; produqti anu forma, romliTac
informacia aris warmodgenili da operacia _ Sesrulebuli gonebrivi
moqmedebebis tipi.

suraTi 10.3
inteleqtis struqtura
 285
operaciebi

produqtebi

Sinaarsi

operaciebi Sinaarsi produqtebi

Sefaseba
vizualuri
erTeulebi
kognituri pruduqcia audituri klasebi
divergentuli produqcia simboluri mimarTebebi
mexsiereba semantikuri sistemebi
kognocia qceviTi transformaciebi
implikaciebi

inteleqtis struqturis am modelSi j. p. gilfordi (J. P. Guilford) gamoyofs

inteleqtualuri amocanebis sam maxasiaTebels _ Sinaarss anu informaciis tips;
produqts anu formas, romliTac warmodgenilia informacia da operacias anu
ganxorcielebuli gonebrivi aqtiobis tips. inteleqtis mier Sesrulebuli
TiToeuli amocana SeiZleba dadgindes masSi CarTuli Sinaarsis, produqtebis
da operaciebis mixedviT. magaliTad, leqsikuri testi adgens semantikuri
Sinaarsis mqone erTeulebis Semecnebis unars.

rogorc 10.3 suraTi gviCvenebs, am modelSi mocemulia xuTi saxis Sinaarsi:

mxedvelobiTi, smeniTi, simboluri, semantikuri da qceviTi; eqvsi saxis produqti:
erTeulebi, klasebi, mimarTebebi, sistemebi, transformaciebi da implikaciebi;
 286
xuTi saxis operacia: Sefaseba, konvergentuli produqcia, divergentuli
produqcia, mexsiereba da Semecneba. inteleqtis mier Sesrulebuli TiToeuli
amocana SeiZleba ganisazRvros masSi Cadebuli Sinaarsis, produqtebis da
operaciebis mixedviT. garda amisa, gilfordi fiqrobs, rom yoveli kombinacia
Sinaarsi-produqti-operacia (yoveli mcire kubi modelSi) gansxvavebul gonebriv
unars warmoadgens. magaliTad, rogorc naCvenebia 10.3 suraTze, leqsikuri testi
adgens semantikuri Sinaarsis mqone erTeulebis Semecnebis unars, xolo sacekvao
nomris daswavla qceviTi sistemebis mexsierebas saWiroebs.
es Teoriuli modeli qimiur elementTa perioduli sistemis analogiuria.
amgvari sistematuri sqemis meSveobiT inteleqtis faqtorebi, qimiuri
elementebis msgavsad, SesaZlebelia maT aRmoCenamde iqnan postulirebuli. 1961
wels, rodesac gilfordma es modeli warmoadgina, cnobili iyo daaxloebiT 40
inteleqtualuri unari. mas Semdeg mkvlevarebma 100-ze meti unari aRweres, rac
gilfordis inteleqtis koncefciis prognostikur unarze metyvelebs (Guilford,
1985).
gilfordis Semdeg mravalma fsiqologma gaafarTova inteleqtis koncefcia
imisaTvis, rom maT Teoriebs ufro meti ram moecva, vidre tradiciuli IQ
testebis mixedviT Sesrulebaa. amJamad ganvixilavT Teoriis or tips, romelic
scildeba IQ-s farglebs.

sternbergis inteleqtis triarqiuli Teoria

robert sternbergic (Robert Sternberg, 1985, 1988) xazs usvams problemebis

gadaWraSi kognituri procesebis mniSvnelobas, rogorc misi ufro zogadi
inteleqtis Teoriis nawils. sternbergi ayalibebs triarqiul _ samnawilian _
Teorias.Dmis mier mowodebuli inteleqtis sami saxe _ komponenturi, empiriuli
da konteqstualuri _ efeqturi Sesrulebis daxasiaTebis gansxvavebul xerxebs
warmoadgens.
komponenturi inteleqti ganisazRvreba komponentebis anu gonebrivi
procesebis meSveobiT, romlebic safuZvlad udevs azrovnebas da problemebis
gadawyvetas. sternbergi asaxelebs sami tipis komponents, romelsac centraluri
mniSvneloba aqvs informaciis gadamuSavebaSi: (1) codnis SeZenis komponentebi,
axali faqtebis dasaswavlad; (2) Sesrulebis komponentebi, problemis gadaWris
 287
strategiebisa da teqnikisaTvis; (3) metakognituri komponentebi, strategiebis
SerCevisa da warmatebisaken momavali procesis monitoringisaTvis. Tqveni
komponenturi inteleqtis asamoqmedeblad axla gvsurs, rom scadoT 10.3
cxrilSi mocemuli savarjiSos Sesruleba.

cxrili 10.3
komponenturi inteleqtis gamoyenebis unari
qvemoT mocemulia anagramebi, areuli sityvebis sia. rac SeiZleba swrafad
moZebneT TiToeuli anagramis amoxsna (Sternberg,1986)

1. H-U-L-A-G __________
2. P-T-T-M-E __________
3. T-R-H-O-S __________
4. T-N-K-H-G-I __________
5. T-E-W-I-R __________
6. L-L-A-O-W __________
7. R-I-D-E-V __________
8. O-C-C-H-U __________
9. T-E-N-R-E __________
10. C-I-B-A-S __________

gadaSaleT gv??, romelzec mocemulia swori amoxsna

rogor amoxseniT anagramebi? anagramebis amosaxsnelad, ZiriTadad,

dagWirdebaT Sesrulebis komponentebis da metakognituri komponentebis
gamoyeneba. Sesrulebis komponentebi is komponentebia, romelTa saSualebiT
SegiZliaT gonebaSi asoebiT manipulireba moaxdinoT; metakognituri
komponentebi gadawyvetilebis mosaZebni strategiebis arsebobis saSualebas
iZleva. ganvixiloT anagrama T-R-H-O-S. rogor gardaqmniT mas SHORT-ad?
dasawyisisaTvis saukeTeso strategia iqneba TanxmovanTa SeTanxmebebis mosinjva,
romlebic xSiria inglisur enaSi, rogoric aris S-H da T-H. strategiebis
SerCeva saWiroebs metakognitur komponentebs, maT ganxorcielebas ki
Sesrulebis komponentebi sWirdeba. miaqcieT yuradReba, rom kargi strategia
 288

zogjer ar amarTlebs. ganvixiloT anagrama T-N-K-H-G-I. bevr adamians am

anagramis amoxsna uWirs, radgan K-N ar aris is kombinacia, romliTac
inglisuri sityvebi xSirad iwyeba, xolo T-H _ xSiria.YTqvenc xom didxans
cdilobdiT am anagramis iseT sityvad gardaqmnas, romelic T-H -iT iwyeba?
sxvadasxva amocanis Semadgenel komponentebad daSliT mkvlevarebs SeuZliaT,
zustad gansazRvron procesebi, romlic gansxvavebuli IQ-s mqone individebis
Sesrulebis Sedegebs Soris sxvaobas ganapirobeben. magaliTad, mkvlevarebma
SeiZleba aRmoaCinon, rom maRali IQ-s mqone moswavleTa metakognituri
komponenti karnaxobs maT garkveuli tipis problemis gadasaWrelad
gansxvavebuli strategiebis SerCevas, dabali IQ-s mqone Tanatolebisgan
gansxvavebiT. strategiebis SerCevaSi gansxvavebiT aixsneba maRali IQ-s mqone
moswavleTa 2-problemaTa gacilebiT meti warmateba gadaWra.
empiriuli inteleqti gulisxmobs adamianis unars, gaumklavdes or
ukiduresobas _ axal da rutinul problemebs. warmoidgineT, magaliTad, rom
adamianTa jgufi avariis Semdeg mZime mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda. Tqven unda endoT
jgufis im wevris gonierebas, romelic yvelaze swrafad SeZlebs gzis moZebnas
Sinisaken. sxva viTarebaSi Tqven gonierad unda miiCnioT im adamianis qceva,
romelsac rutinuli amocanebis avtomaturi Sesruleba SeuZlia. Tu, magaliTad,
adamianTa jgufi yoveldRiurad erTi da igive amocanebs asrulebs, Tqvenze
yvelaze did STabeWdilebas is adamiani moaxdens, romelic amocanebis
warmatebiT Sesrulebas “axali ideebis umciresi raodenobiT” moaxerxebs.
konteqstualuri inteleqti yovelgvari saqmeebis praqtikul mogvarebaSi
vlindeba. is moicavs unars, adaptacia moaxdinoT axal da gansxvavebul
viTarebebTan (konteqstebTan), SearCioT Sesatyvisi situaciebi da efeqturad
SeqmnaT garemo, romelic Tqvens moTxovnilebebs Seesabameba. konteqstualuri
inteleqti aris is, rasac adamianebi “gaqeqilobas” da “saqmis alRos” uwodeben.
gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom adamianebs SeiZleba hqondeT maRali konteqstualuri
inteleqti maRali IQ-s gareSe.

saidan viciT

konteqstualuri inteleqti ipodromze

mkvlevarebma airCies ipodromis mudmivi klientebi, rom daedginaT mimarTeba

 289

IQ-sa da winaRobebiT rbolaSi cxenebis warmatebas Soris. 30 kaciani jgufi

daiyo eqspertebad da araeqspertebad, maTi winaswarmetyvelebis safuZvelze,
Tu romel cxenebs eqneba gamarjvebis saukeTeso Sansi. Tumca, orive jgufis
IQ saSualo, 100-is farglebSi iyo da TiTqmis araviTari korelacia ar
arsebobda IQ -sa da eqpertobas Soris, eqspertebma SemTxvevaTa 93%-Si sworad
daasaxeles pirvel adgilze gasuli cxeni, araeqspertebma _ SemTxvevaTa 33%-
Si mkvlevarebma isic aCvenes, rom rom eqspertebi Tavis zust Sefasebebs im
xerxiT asrulebdnen, romelic rTul statistikur procedurebs waagavs (Ceci
& Liker, 1986).

radgan yoveli cxeni mTeli rigi parametrebis mixedviT (Cveuli siswrafe,

miRebuli prizebi, sarbeni asparezis mdgomareoba, mxedris unarianoba da a.S.),
warmoadgens cvladebis axlebur kombinacias, eqspertebis warmateba msgavsi
situaciebis ubralo gameorebas ver miewereba. ufro savaraudoa, rom maT
ganuviTardaT STambeWdavi unarebi, romelic maT garemos specifikurad
esadageba.

sternbergis triarqiul TeoriaSi aRiarebulia, rom IQ qulebi

inteleqtualur qcevas sruli moculobiT ver asaxavs da nacadia imaze metis
gakeTeba, vidre individebisTvis maRali da dabali IQ-s iarliyebis
miniWeba.YwarmovidginoT, rom mkvlevarebma gaiges, rom “aragonier” (unintelligent)
adamianebs garkveuli amocanebi imitom uZneldebaT, rom ver axerxeben mTeli
relevanturi informaciis kodirebas. aseTi adamianebi SeZleben “gonivruli”
Sesrulebas, Tuki am konkretul komponents gaivarjiSeben. amrigad, savsebiT
SesaZlebelia komponenturi inteleqtis gaZliereba. sternbergs, agreTve miaCnia,
rom adamianebs SeuZliaT empiriuli da konteqstualuri inteleqtis
gaumjobeseba (Sternberg, 1986). Tu Sesatyvisad gaigeben qcevis safuZvlad mdebare
komponentur process, mkvlevarebi SeZleben iseTi Seqmnas teqnikebis, romelTa
meSveobiTac yoveli adamianis Sesruleba “gonivrulad gamoiyurebodes”.

gardneris mravlobiTi inteleqti da emociuri inteleqti

hovard gardnerma (Howard

( Gardnner 1983,1999)) SemogvTavaza Teoria, romelSic
inteleqtis cnebis Sinaarsi scildeba IQ testebSi gaTvaliswinebul unarebs.
 290
gardneri gamoyofs inteleqtis mraval saxeobas, romelic adamianis
gamocdilebis farTo speqtrs moicavs. TiToeul am unars gansxvavebuli
Rirebuleba eniWeba adamianTa sazogadoebebSi, imis mixedviT, Tu ras miiCnevs
saWirod, sasargeblod da faseulad mocemuli sazogadoeba. rogorc 10.4
cxrilSia naCvenebi, gardneri adgens inteleqtis rva saxes.
gardneri amtkicebs, rom dasavluri sazogadoeba wina planze ayenebs pirveli
ori saxis inteleqts, xolo aradasavlur sazogadoebaSi xSirad sxva saxeebia
Rirebuli. magaliTad, mikroneziaSi, karolinis kunZulze, mezRvaurs unda
SeeZlos did manZilebze zRvaosnoba rukis gareSe, mxolod sivrcobrivi
inteleqtisa da sxeulebrivi kinesTetikuri inteleqtis gamoyenebiT. es unarebi
am sazogadoebaSi ufro fasobs, vidre valdebulebis dokumentis Sedgena. balis
kunZulze, sadac artistuli warmodgena yoveldRiuri cxovrebis nawilia,
musikaluri inteleqti da talantebi, romelic monawileobs rTuli sacekvao
ileTebis koordinirebaSi, gansakuTrebiT dafasebulia. interpersonalur
inteleqts ufro wamyvani adgili ukavia koleqtivistur sazogadoebebSi,
rogoric aris iaponia, sadac aqcentirebulia TanamSromloba da komunaluri
cxovreba, vidre iseT individualistur sazogadoebaSi, rogoric aris aSS
(Triandis,1990).
inteleqtis am saxeobaTa Sesafaseblad qaRaldisa da fanqris testebi,
martivi raodenobrivi sazomebi ar aris sakmarisi. inteleqtis gardneriseuli
Teoria moiTxovs, rom individs dakvirdnen da Seafason mTel rig cxovrebiseul
situaciebSi da aseve, cxovrebiseul mcire epizodebSi, romlic inteleqtis
tradiciul testebSia mocemuli.
bolo wlebSi mkvlevarebma inteleqtis iseTi tipis kvleva daiwyes, rogoric
aris emociuri inteleqti, romelic gardneriseul interpersonalur da
intrapersonalur inteleqtis cnebebs ukavSirdeba (ix. cxrili 10.4). emociuri
inteleqti ganisazRvreba rogorc oTxi ZiriTadi komponentis mqone inteleqti
(Mayer & Salovely, 1007; Mayer et al., 2000). esenia:
• emociebis zustad da Sesatyvisad aRqmis, Sefasebis da gamoxatvis
unari
• azrovnebis gasaadvileblad emociebis gamoyenebis unari
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• emociebis gagebisa d analizis, agreTve, emociuri codnis efeqtianad

gamoyenebis unari
• emociuri da inteleqtualuri zrdis xelSesawyobad sakuTari
emociebis regulirebis unari
am gansazRvrebaSi asaxulia axali Tvalsazrisi emociebis pozitiuri rolis
Sesaxeb inteleqtis funqcionirebasTan mimarTebaSi _ emociebs SeuZlia
azrovneba ufro gonieri gaxados, adamianebs SeuZliaT gonierad gaiazron
sakuTari da sxvaTa emociebi.

cxrili 10.4
gardneris inteleqtis rva saxe

inteleqti saboloo statusi

ZiriTadi komponentebi
Llogikur- mecnieri logikuri da ricxobrivi
maTematikuri maTematikosi paternebisadmi mgrZnobeloba
da maTi garCevis unari,
msjelobis grZeli jaWvis
agebis unari
Llingvisturi poeti sityvaTa bgerebis, riTmebisa da
Jurnalisti mniSvnelobebisadmi mgrZnobeloba;
enis gansxvavebuli
funqciebisadmi mgrZnobeloba.
sabunebismetyvelo biologi mgrZnobeloba cxovelTa
bunebrivi garemos saxeobaTa Siris
mkvlevari gansxvavebebisadmi; cocxal
arsebebTan saTuTad mopyrobis
unari.
musikaluri kompozitori ritmis, simaRlis da tembris
mevioline Seqmnisa da dafasebis unari;
musikaluri gamomsaxvelobebis
formebis codna
sivrcobrivi navigatori vizualur-sivrcobrivi samyaros
 292
moqandake zustad aRqmis da sakuTari
sawyisi aRqmebis transformirebis
unari.
sxeulebriv- mocekvave sakuTari sxeulebrivi
kinesTetikuri aTleti moZraobebis marTvis da
obieqtebTan marjved
urTierTobis unari.

pirovnebaTSorisi fsiqoTerapevti sxva adamianTa guneba-

saqonlis gasaRebis ganwyobilebis, temperamentis,
muSaki motivebis da survilebis
garCevisa da maTze Sesatyvisi
reagirebis unarebi.

Sidapirovnuli sakuTari Tavis sakuTari grZnobebis misawvdomoba

detalurad mcodne da maT Soris sxvaobis povnis
pirovneba unari da maT Sesatyvisad qcevis
warmarTva; sakuTari Zlieri da
susti mxareebis, survilebisa da
gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis
codna.
 293
ganvixiloT viTareba, rodesac maswavlebeli Tqvens klass usvams SekiTxvas: “
ra erqva stambuls Zvelad?” miuxedavad imisa, rom tomi xedavs, rom pamelam
xeli aiwia, igi adgilidan wamoiZaxebs pasuxs _ “konstantinopoli”. Tqven gesmiT,
rom pamela gabrazebulia, rom tomma mas “dideba waarTva”. Tqven SeiZleba
TvlideT, rom toms aqvs maRali IQ, magram ara EQ _ IQ-s emociuri oreuli
(Goleman,1995). Cvens mier pamelas grZnobebis gageba _ EQ-s erT-erTi magaliTia.
mkvlevarebi Seudgnen sazomi instrumentebis Seqmnas, romlebic, maTi rwmeniT,
EQ-s sando da validuri sazomebi iqneba.
saidan viciT
s gazomva
EQ -s
503 zrdasrulisa da 229 mozardisagan Semdgarma SerCevam Seavso
“mravalfaqtoriani emociuri inteleqtis skala”. es skala individebisagan
moiTxovs warmoadginon emociur problemaTa seriis gadaWris iseTi
variantebi, rogoric aris mocemuli situaciiT aRZruli emociebis dadgena.
monawileTa pasuxebi Sefasda rogorc eqspertTa msjelobebTan, ise yvela im
adamianis erTsulovan msjelobebTan mimarTebaSi, romlebmac skala Seavses.
EQ-s qulebi mxolod zomier korelaciaSi iyo IQ-s qulebTan, rogorc
zrdasrulebTan, ise _ mozardebTan. es adasturebs, rom EQ zomavs IQ-s
tradiciuli sazomebisgan gansxvavebul unarebs. zrdasrulebi asrulebdnen
ufro maRal doneze, vidre mozardebi, rac metyvelebs imaze, rom EQ
mniSvnelovani garemoseuli komponentia. da bolos, emociuri inteleqtis am
axal skalaze qalebs emociebis aRqmaSi gacilebiT didi upiratesoba
hqondaT, vidre mamakacebs (Mayer et al., 1999)

Tqveni azriT, ratom unda hqondeT qalebs mamakacebze ufro maRali EQ? xom
ar fiqrobT, rom amas ganagebs buneba _ qalis evoluciuri momzadeba garkveuli
rolebisaTvis, an aRzrda _ qalTa socializacia metad emociur arsebebad
(Brody,1997; Eisenberg et al., Lafrance&Banaji,1992)?
inteleqtis testirebis da inteleqtis Teoriebis mimoxilvam safuZveli
moamzada im sazogadoebrivi viTarebebis ganxilvisaTvis, rac inteleqtis Temas
esoden sadaos xdis.

Sejameba
Sejameba
 294

Carlz spirmens (Charles Spearman) miaCnda, rom inteleqti Sedgeba zogadi

unarisagan, romelsac man uwoda g da sxvadsxva sferos Sesabamisad specifikuri
unarebisagan, romlic aRniSna s-iT. sxva fsiqometrikosma mkvlevarebma scades
inteleqtis sxva Semadgeneli nawilebis kvleva.
sternbergma wamoayena varaudi, rom adamianebs aqvT sami saxis inteleqti:
komponenturi, empiriuli da konteqstualuri. gardnerma gaafarTova inteleqtis
gansazRvreba da masSi rva tipis inteleqti gaaerTiana, romelic scildeba IQ-s
tradiciuli testebiT gamovlenil unarebs. emociuri inteleqti asaxavs
individis unars, efeqturad gamoiyenos da gaigos emociebi.

inteleqtis politika

Cven vnaxeT, rom inteleqtis Tanamedrove koncefciebi ewinaaRmdegeba IQ-s

testSi miRebuli qulebisa da pirovnebis inteleqts arsebul Soris mWodro
kavSirs. magram dasavlur sazogadoebaSi IQ testebi mainc rCeba inteleqtis
yvelaze gavrcelebul sazomad. IQ testirebis gavrcelebulobisa da IQ qulebis
xelmisawvdomobis gamo advilia sxvadasxva jgufebis Sedareba maTi “saSualo”
IQ-s mixedviT. aSS-Si aseTi eTnikuri da rasobrivi jgufuri Sedarebebi xSirad
gamoiyeneboda, rogorc umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebis TanSobili genetikuri
arasrulfasovnebis damadasturebeli sabuTi. Cven mokled mimovixilavT IQ
testebis qulaTa gamoyenebis praqtikas zogierTi jgufis gonebrivi
arasrulfasovnebis maCveneblad. Semdeg ganvixilavT sakiTxis ”buneba Tu
aRzrda”, anu ra aris inteleqtSi da inteleqtis testebis SesrulebaSi bunebiT
moniWebuli da ra aRzrdis Sedegad. Tqven naxavT, rom fsiqologiaSi es aris
politikurad yvelaze cvalebadi sakiTxi, radganac saemigracio kvotebis,
ganaTlebis resursebisa da sxva sakiTxebi SeiZleba aigos imaze, Tu rogor aris
interpretirebuli jgufuri IQ-s monacemebi.

jgufuri Sedarebebis istoria

1990-iani wlebis daswyisSi fsiqologi henri godardi (Henry Goddard)

amtkicebda, rom yvela emigrants unda Cautardes gonebrivi unarebis testireba
da maT, visac “fsiqikuri defeqti” aRmoaCndeba, “SerCeviT aekrZalos qveyanaSi
 295
Semosvla”. amgvar Sexedulebebs Tavisi wvlilis Setana SeeZlo qveyanaSi
emigrantTa zogierTi jgufis SeSvebisadmi mtruli nacionaluri
damokidebulebis SeqmnaSi (Cronbach,1975; McPherson,1985; Sokal,1987). marTlac, 1924
wels kongresma miiRo aqti, romelic zRudavda emigracias da emigrantebisaTvis
awesebda inteleqtis testebis gavlas, niu-iorkis navsadgurSive, elisis
kunZulze moxvedrisTanave. ebrael, italiel, rus da sxva erovnebis emigrantTa
didi nawili IQ testebis safuZvelze klasificirebuli iyo, rogorc
“Wkuasusti”. zogierTma fsiqologma es statistikuri monacemebi imis sabuTad
miiCnia, rom emigrantebi samxreTi da aRmosavleTi evropidan genetikurad ufro
dabal safexurze imyofebodnen, vidre CrdiloeT- da dasavleT evropuli
warmomavlobis emigrantebi (Ruch,1937). Tumca, es “arasrulfasovani” jgufebi xom
yvelaze cudad icnobdnen dominantur enas da kulturas, romelsac eyrdnoba IQ
testebi, radganac axali Casulebi iyvnen. ramdenime aTeuli wlis Semdeg IQ-s
testebSi gamovlenili es jgufuri sxvaobebi mTlianad gaqra, magram Teoria
inteleqtis sferoSi rasobri sxvaobebis Sesaxeb ganagrZobda arsebobas).
godardi da sxvebi (1917) dabali IQ-s eTnikur warmomavlobasTan ubralo
dakavSirebaze Sors wavidnen. dabal IQ-Tan dakavSirebul uaryofiT Tvisebebs
daumates moraluri uRirsoba, fsiqikuri defeqturoba da amoraluri
socialuri qceva. maTi Tvalsazrisis dasabuTeba momdinareobda cudi
reputaciis mqone ori ojaxis _ jukis ojaxisa da kalikakis ojaxis _
klinikuri Seswavlidan. am ojaxis ramdenime Taobis Seswavla TiTqosda
aCvenebda, rom ojaxur genebSi daTesili cudi Tesli uciloblad defeqtur
STamomavlobas mogvcemda. godardma igive daaskvna kilikakTa ojaxis klinikuri
Seswavlidanac. maT ojaxur xes hqonda erTi “ kargi Teslis” da meore “ cudi
Teslis” mxareebi (am gamokvlevaSi ojaxs saxeli godardma Searqva, rac
berZnulad karg-cuds niSnavs). martin kilikaks, revoluciuri omis jariskacs,
arakanonieri vaJi hyavda qalTan, romelic aRweris Tanaxmad, gonebrivad
CamorCenili iyo. maTma kavSirma, saboloo jamSi, 480 STamomavali mogvca.
godardma aqedan 143 “defeqturad” miiCnia da mxolod 46 - “normalurad”. man
ojaxis danarCeni wevrebisaTvis aRmoaCina, rom/ Cveuli iyo danaSauli,
alkoholizmi, fsiqikuri aSlilobebi da kanondarRvevis SemTxvevebi. amis
sapirispirod, rodesac martin kilikakma meored “karg qalTan” iqorwina, am
 296
kavSirma mogvca 496 STamomavali, saidanac mxolod sami iqna “defeqturad”
aRiarebuli. godardma isic naxa, rom am maRalxarisxiani kavSiris mravali
STamomavali “gamoCenili adamiani” gaxda (Godard, 1914). godardi mivida im
azramde, rom memkvidreobiTobam dadebiTi mxridan gansazRvra inteleqti,
genialoba da gamoCeniloba, xolo uaryofiTi mxridan _ delikventoba,
alkoholizmi, seqsualuri amoraloba, gonebrivi CamorCeniloba da siRatakec ki
(McPherson,1985).
genetikuri arasrulfasovnebis godardiseuli argumenti SemdgomSi
ganamtkicaFim faqtma, rom pirveli msoflio omis dros armiaSi gamoyenebul
inteleqtis testebSi afro-amerikelebi da sxva rasobrivi umciresobebi nakleb
qulebs iRebdnen, vidre TeTrkaniani umravlesoba. liuis termenma, romelmac
didad Seuwyo xeli aSS-Si IQ testirebas, aseTi aramecnieruli komentari
gaukeTa monacemebs, romelic misive daxmarebiT Segrovda aSS-Si mcxovrebi
rasobrivi umciresobebisgan:

“maTi siClunge, rogorc Cans rasobrivia. . . amJamad ar Cans raime

SesaZlebloba, davarwmunoT…sazogadoeba, rom maT ar unda mieceT reproduqciis
ufleba, Tumca, evgenikis TvalsazrisiT, maTi araCveulebrivad swrafi
gamravlebis gamo, isini seriozul problemas qmnian (Terman,1916,pp.91-92).

saxelebi Seicvala, magram problema igive darCa. dResac SeerTebul StatebSi

afro-amerikelebi da laTinebi standatizebul inteleqtis testebSi, saSualod,
ufro dabal qulebs iReben, vidre azieli amerikelebi da TeTrkanianebi. cxadia,
yvela jgufSi arian individebi, romelTa IQ skalis qulebi umaRles (da
udables) poluss Seesabameba. rogor aris SesaZlebeli IQ-s qulebSi aseTi
jgufuri gansxvavebebis interpretireba? SeerTebul StatebSi da did britaneTSi
arsebuli tradiciis mixedviT, es gansxvavebebi genetikur arasrulfasovnebas
(bunebas) miewereba. mas Semdeg, rac vimsjelebT IQ-s maCveneblebSi genetikuri
gansxvavebebis realurobaze, ganvixilavT meore SesaZleblobas, romlis
mixedviT, garemo pirobebis nairgvaroba (aRzrda) mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens
IQ-ze. TiToeuli axsnis an maTi kombinaciis dasabuTebas mniSvnelovani
socialuri, ekonomikuri da politikuti Sedegebi mohyveba.
saidan viciT
 297

genetikurad arasrulfasovani ojaxebi

aRwerilia, rom mokvleul iqna niu iorkis Statis “jukis sisxlis” mqone
ojaxebis 2000-ze meti wevri, (dawyebuli 1875 wlidan), radganac am ojaxs
damyarebuli hqonda gonebriv ganviTarebaSi CamorCenilobis, kanondarRvevisa
da danaSaulis samarcxvino rekordi. am ojaxis 458 wevrs aRmoaCnda
swavlaSi gonebrivi CamorCena, 171 aRmoCnda kriminali, xolo maTi sanaTesaos
aseulobiT wevri iyo “glaxaki, TavaSvebuli da meZavi”. daaskvnes, rom
memkvidreobiToba iyo am saSineli ojaxis wevrTa samarcxvino ganviTarebis
wamyvani faqtori.

memkvidreobiToba da IQ

rogor SeuZliaT mkvlevarebs inteleqtis genetikuri gansazRvrulobis

xarisxis dadgena? am kiTxvaze nebismieri pasuxi moiTxovs mkvlevarebisgan
inteleqtis indeqsad garkveuli sazomis SerCevas. amrigad, sakiTxi mdgomareobs
ara imaSi, axdens Tu ara memkvidreobiToba inteleqtze gavlenas, aramed, umetes
SemTxvevaSi, msgavsia Tu ara IQ ojaxur xeTa SigniT. am konkretul kiTxvaze
pasuxis gasacemad, mkvlevarebs sWirdebaT saerTo genebisa da saerTo garemos
gavlenaTa erTmaneTisgan gancalkeveba. amis erT-erTi meTodia identuri
(monozigoturi) tyupebis da araidenturi (dizigoturi) tyupebis da sxvadasxva
donis genetikuri gadafarvis naTesavTa funqcionirebis Sedareba. 10.4 suraTze
warmodgenilia individTa IQ-s qulaTa Soris korelaciebi maTi genetikuri
naTesaobis doneebis mixedviT (Plomin & Petrill,1997). rogorc xedavT, rac ufro
didia genetikuri msgavseba, miT metia IQ-s msgavseba (am monacemebSi yuradReba
unda miaqcioT imas, rom garemos zegavlena aseve gamomJRavnda erTad gazrdilTa
IQ-s did msgavsebaSi).
suraTi 10.4 ar aris suraTis dasaxeleba (suraTi Sesaworebelis)
saerTo ojaxuri
genetikuri naTesaoba
naTesaoba
korelaciebi
erTad aRzrdili
1 1
identuri tyupebi
 298

cal-calke aRzrdili
1 0
identuri tyupebi
erTad aRzrdili
5 1
araidenturi tyupebi
erTad aRzrdili da-Zma 5 1
erTad aRzrdili
5 1
mSobeli/bavSvi
cal-calke aRzrdili
5 0
araidenturi tyupebi
cal-calke aRzrdili
5 0
da-Zma
cal-calke aRzrdili
5 0
mSobeli/bavSvi
naSvilebi da-Zma 0 1
naSvilebi
0 1
mSobeli/bavSvi

am suraTze warmodgeniliaUkorelaciebi erTad gazrdili (igive ojaxur

garemoSi) an calcalke gazrdili (sxvadasxva ojaxur garemoSi) identuri
(monozigoturi) da araidenturi (dizigoturi) tyupebis IQ-qulaTa Soris.
Sedarebis mizniT suraTze, agreTve, mocemulia siblingebis (debisa da Zmebis) da
biologiuri da arabiologiuri mSoblebisa da Svilebis monacemebi. monacemebi
aCvenebs orive faqtoris _ genetikuris (ricxvebi, romlebic weria “genetikuri
naTesaobis” qveS, azusteben genetikuri masalis gadafarvas) da garemos
(ricxvebi, miwerili “saerTo Sinauri garemos” qveS, aCveneben, rom garemo igive
iyo [1] Tu gansxvavebuli [0]), faqtoris mniSvnelobas. magaliTad, identuri
tyupebi aCveneben ufro maRal korelacias IQ-s Soris, vidre araidenturi
tyupebi anu saxezea genetikur gavlena, magram orive tipis tyupebi avlenen ufro
maRal korelaciebs, rodesac isini erTad arian gazrdili anu saxezea garemos
gavlena.

mkvlevarebi amgvar Sedegebs iyeneben IQ-s memkvidreobiTobis Sesafaseblad.

romelime niSan-Tvisebis, magaliTad, inteleqtis, memkvidreobiT gadacemis
 299
SesaZlebloba im niSan-Tvisebis testuri qulebis variabilobis Sefardebas
emyareba, rac SeiZleba genetikur faqtorebs mieweros. es maCvenebeli miiReba
mocemuli populaciis (magaliTad, kolejis studentebi an fsiqikurad
daavadebuli adamianebi) yvela testuri qulis variaciis gamoTvliTYda Semdeg
imis dadgeniT, Tu mTliani variaciidan ra wili aqvs genetikur anu
memkvidreobiT faqtorebs. es keTdeba genetikuri gadafarvis sxvadasxva donis
mqone adamianTa SedarebiT. mkvlevarebi, romlebmac IQ-s memkvidreobiT gadacemis
Sesaxeb mravali gamokvleva ganixiles, askvnian, rom IQ qulebis variaciis
daaxloebiT 50% genetikuri nakrebiT aris gamowveuli (Grigorenko,2000;Neisser et al.,
1996; Plomin & Petrill, 1997). magram yvelaze saintereso, albaT, is aris, rom
memkvidreoboToba izrdeba sicocxlis manZilze: memkvidruloba utoldeba
daaxloebiT 40%-s 4 da 6 wlianebTan, magram daaxloebiT 60%-mde izrdeba
adreul mozardobaSi da aRwevs daaxloebiT 80%-s ufros zrdasrulebTan! bevrs
gaukvirda es Sedegi, radgan asakis matebasTan erTad garemos sul ufro meti da
ara naklebi gavlena unda hqondes. intuiciasTan am Seusabamo Sedegs mkvlevarebi
aseT axsnas aZleven: “SesaZlebelia, genetikuri dispoziciebi gvibiZgeben im
garemosken, romelic Cveni genetikuri midrekilebebis aqcentirebas axdens da
Sedegad sicocxlis manZilze gazrdil memkvidrulobas viRebT (Plomin &
Petrill,1997. p.51).A
kvlav davubrundeT im wertils, saidanac genetikuri analizi
winaaRmdegobrivi xdeba: testuri qulebis sxvaobas afro-amerikelebsa da
TeTrkanian amerikelebs Soris. miuxedavad imisa, rom ramdenime aTeuli wlis
winaT sxvaoba IQ-s 15 punqts Seadgenda, TeTrkanianTa da SavkanianTa qulebi
garkveuli drois Semdeg erTmaneTs dauaxlovda. ase rom, Tanamedrove
indikatorebis /mixeedviT, sxvaoba 7-10 intervals Soris Tavsdeba (Nisbett, 1995,
1998, Williams&Ceci, 1997). Tumca, sxvaobis Semcireba garemos gavlenaze miuTiTebs.
es sxvaoba bevr adamians mainc afiqrebinebs, rom rasebs Soris dauZleveli
genetikuri gansxvavebebi arsebobs (Hernnstein&Murrey, 1994). magram, maSinac ki, Tu
IQ memkvidreobiTia, asaxavs ki es sxvaoba dabalqulian jgufSi Semaval
individTa genetikur arasrulfasovnebas (inferiorulobas)? pasuxi
erTmniSvnelovania: “ara!” memkvidreobiToba emyareba Sefasebas erT konkretul
jgufSi. is ar gamodgeba jgufTaSoris gansxvavebebis ganmartebisaTvis _
 300
ganurCevlad imisa, Tu ramdenad didia sxvaobebi/es gansxvavebebi obieqturi
testis monacemebSi. memkvidreobis maCvenebeli individTa mocemuli populaciis
saSualos ganekuTvneba. maSinac ki, roca iciT, rom simaRle, magaliTad, maRali
memkvidreobis maCvenebeliT xasiaTdeba (udris daaxloebiT 90%-s), ver
gansazRvravT, ramdenad aris Tqveni simaRle genetikurad ganpirobebuli. igive
argumenti gamodgeba IQ-saTvis; miuxedavad inteleqtis memkvidreobiTobis maRali
maCveneblebisa, ver ganvsazRvravT konkretuli individis IQ-Si an jgufTaSoriso
saSualo IQ-Si genetikis gavlenas. is faqti, rom IQ testSi erTi rasobrivi Tu
eTnikuri jgufi nakleb qulebs iRebs, vidre meore jgufi, ar unda niSnavdes,
rom gansxvaveba am jgufebs Soris genetikuri warmoSobisaa, maSinac Tu
memkvidreobiTobis maCvenebeli (romelic jgufSi iyo dadgenili) IQ
qulebisaTvis maRalia.
meore mizezi, Tu ratom ar SeiZleba iyos genetikuri nakrebi srulad
pasuxismgebeli jgufTaSoris sxvaobaze, exeba am gansxvavebaTa SefardebiT
sidides. saSualo gansxvavebis miuxedavad, arsebobs mniSvnelovani damTxveva
TiToeuli jgufis qulebis ganawilebaSi: jgufebs Soris gansxvaveba, TiToeul
jgufSi individebis qulebs Soris gansxvavebebTan SedarebiT, mcirea (Loehlin,
2000; Suzuki&Valencia, 1997). zogadad, gansxvavebebi sxvadasxva rasobrivis jgufis
genur nakrebSi umniSvneloa erTi da igive jgufis wevrebs Soris arsebul
genetikur gansxvavebebTan SedarebiT (Could, 1981; Zuckerman, 1990). metic, aSS-Si
rasa xSirad /warmoadgens ufro socialur, vidre biologiur konstruqts.
ganvixiloT SesaniSnavi axalgazrda golfis moTamaSis taiger vudsis (Tiger
Woods) SemTxveva, romelsac xSirad moixsenieben afrikel amerikelad da amiT
ufro uares pirobebSi ayeneben, Tumca, misi realuri warmomavloba gacilebiT
rTulia (misi winaprebi iyvnen TeTrkaniani, Savkaniani, tai, Cineli da
adgilobrivi amerikeli). vudsi warmoadgens SesaniSnav magaliTs, Tu ramdenad
ar Seesabameba sazogadoebrivi Sexeduleba biologiur realobas. aseT
SemTxvevaSi arsebobs seriozuli safrTxe, rom sxvadasxva socialuri jgufebis
gansxvavebebi IQ-s mixedviT ganxilul iqnas ise, TiTqos es gansxvavebebi
ganpirobebulia biologiuri faqtorebiT (Suzuki&Valencia,1997).
mkvlevarebma gamonaxes gzebi, Tu rogor SeemowmebinaT es Sexeduleba
kvlevebis saSualebiT, romelSic dadgenilia Savkanianebs Soris TeTri an
 301
evropuli warmomavlobis xarisxi. aSS-Si "Savkaniani" mosaxleobis 20-30%
Sefasebulia, rogorc evropuli warmomavlobis mqone, rac Sereuli qorwinebis
Sedegia. qmnis Tu ara gansxvavebas IQ-Si is, Tu ra ramdenad aris datvirTuli
evropuli geniT "Savkaniani" individi? genetikuri argumentaciis mixedviT, es
asea, Tumca, monacemebi amas ar adasturebs. arsebuli monacemebi mixedviT,
evropuli warmomavlobis xarisxis korelacia IQ-Tan Zalian dabalia (mraval
kvlevebSi mxolod .15). is, rom romelime, an kanis feri an sisxlis jgufi
gamoiyeneba rasobrivi narevis maCveneblad, aris simarTle. erTmaneTs Seadares
im germaneli bavSvebis IQ, visac hyavdaT afro-amerikeli GI mama da TeTrkaniani
GI mama. Sedarebam araviTari gansxvaveba ar gamoavlina. amasTanave, "Savkaniani-
TeTrkaniani" kavSiris bavSvebs, hqondaT rva quliT maRali Sedegi, rodesac maT
hyavdaT TeTrkaniani deda. am gansxvavebis savaraudo axsna aris is, rom mamasTan
SedarebiT deda ufro metad monawileobs bavSivis inteleqtualuri
socializaciis procesSi da, ra Tqma unda, es gansxvaveba ar SeiZleba mieweros
genetikur faqtors, radgan Svilis genetikur monacemebi ganpirobebulia orive
mSoblis genetikiT (Loehlin, 2000; Nisbert,1998).
ra Tqma unda, genetika mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs individis IQ - ze, iseve
rogorc mis bevr sxva maxasiaTebelsa da unarze. miuxedavad amisa, Cven
vamtkicebT, rom gansxvavebebi IQ-Si rasobriv da eTnikur jgufebs Soris ar
SeiZleba axsnas memkvidereobiT. is asrulebs aucilebel, magram arasakmaris
rols, amgvari Sesrulebis Sedegebze. axla ganvixiloT, Tu ra rols SeiZleba
asrulebdes garemo faqtorebi IQ xarvezebis SeqmnaSi.

garemo da IQ

vinaidan memkvidreobiTobis maCveneblebi (heridity estimates) 1.0-ze naklebia,

vaskvniT, rom nebismieri individis IQ-ze mxolod genetikuri memkvidreoba ar
aris pasuxismgebeli. garemo IQ-zec unda axdendes gavlenas. magram rogor
SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT, garemos romeli aspeqtia IQ-sTvis mniSvnelovani?
garemos romeli maxasiaTebeli moqmedebs IQ testSi maRali qulebis miRebis
SesaZleblobaze (Beiser&Gotowiec,2000; Ceci,1999;Rowe,1997; Suzuki&Valencia,1997)? garemo
warmoadgens stimulTa rTul (kompleqsur) nakrebs, romelic icvleba mravali
ganzomilebiT mixedviT, rogorc fizikuri, ise _ socialuri TvalsazrisiT da
 302
SeiZleba gansxvavebulad aRiqmebodes adamianebis mier. aucilebeli ar aris, rom
erTi da igive ojaxis bavSvebi erTnair kritikul (arsebiTi mniSvnelobis mqone)
fsiqologiur garemoSi imyofebodnen. gaixseneT, rogor izrdebodiT Tqvens
ojaxSi. Tu gyavT da-Zma, aqcvdnen Tu ara maT erTnair yuradRebas
mSoblebisagan? icvleboda Tu ara stresuli pirobebi droTa ganmavlobaSi?
Seicvala Tu ara Tqveni ojaxis finansuri SesaZleblobebi? an xom ar Seicvala
Tqveni mSoblebis ojaxuri mdgomareoba? naTelia, rom garemo Sedgeba bevri
komponentisgan, romelic dinamiurad aris urTierTdakavSirebuli da icvleba
droTa ganmavlobaSi. aqedan gamomdinare, sakmaod rTulia fsiqologebisaTvis
imis gansazRvra, Tu sinamdvileSi IQ-ze ra saxis garemo pirobebi _ zrunva,
stresi, siRaribe, janmrTeloba, omi da a.S _ axdens gavlenas.
umravles SemTxvevaSi mkvlevarTa yuradRebis centrSi iyo garemos ufro
globaluri sazomebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, ojaxis socioekonomikuri statusi.
erT-erT farTomasStabian longitudur kvlevaSi, romelSic 26 000-ze meti bavSvi
Seiswavles, bavSvis IQ-s saukeTeso winaswarmetyveli 4 wlis asakSi ojaxis
socioekonomikuri statusi da dedis ganaTlebis done iyo, rac erTnairad
WeSmariti aRmoCnda afrikeli, amerikeli da kavkasieli bavSvebisaTvis (Broman et
al., 1975). analogiurad, 10.5 suraTze naCvenebia socialuri klasis zogadi gavlena
IQ-ze.

suraTi 10.5. memkvidreobas, garemosa da IQ--s Soris arsebuli

urTierTdamokidebuleba

mamebis saSualo IQ vaJebis saSualo IQ

grafikze asaxulia
memkvidreobisa da garemos
4 wvlili IQ qulebSi.
mamebs da vaJebs hqondaT
socialuri klasi

3 erTnairi IQ-ebi
(memkvidreobiTobis
2 gavlena), magram rogorc
mamebis, ise vaJebis IQ

1
dakavSirebuli iyo

75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120

IQ
 303
socialur klasTan (garemos gavlena)

ratom moqmedebs socialuri klasi IQ-ze? simdidres iseve rogorc siRatakes

SeuZlia inteleqtualur funqcionirebaze sxvadsxvagvari gavlenis moxdena,
maTgan yvelaze aSkara aris janmrTelobis da ganaTlebis uzrunvelyofis
pirobebi. orsulobis dros sustma janmrTelobam da dabadebisas mcire wonam
SeiZleba mniSvnelovnad ganapirobos bavSvis daqveiTebuli inteleqti. Ratak
ojaxebSi dabadebuli bavSvebi xSirad cudad ikvebebian, bevri maTgani skolaSi
mSieri midis, amitom naklebad axerxebs davalebebze koncentracias. amasTanave,
Raribi ojaxebi ganicdian wignebis, Jurnal-gazeTebis, kompiuterebis da sxva im
nivTebis naklebobas, romlebic xels uwyoben adamianis gonebriv ganviTarebas.
"orientacia gadarCenaze" nakleb drosa da energias utovebs Rarib mSoblebs,
gansakuTrebiT ki martoxelebs, rom iTamaSon bavSvebTan da moaxdinon maTi
inteleqtualuri stimulacia, rac, Tavis mxriv, Zalze uaryofiTad moqmedebs
bavSvebis mier iseTi davalebebis Sesarulebaze, rogoricaa standartuli IQ-s
testebi.
da bolos, gaWirvebaSi mcxovrebi adamianebi garkveul daRs atareben Cvens
sazogadoebaSi iseve, rogorc msoflios umravles qveyanaSi, rasobrivad iseT
homogenur sazogadoebaSic ki, rogoric iaponiaSia. magaliTad, burakaminis
(burakamin), am sazogadoebis yvelaze dabali kastis wevris, IQ, sxva iaponelebTan
SedarebiT, 15 quliT dabalia (Ogbu, 1987). im jgufis socialurma daRma,
romelsac individi miekuTvneba, SeiZleba uaryofiTad imoqmedos mis
TviTdarwmunebulobaze da araxelsayreli gavlena moaxdinos testis Sedegebsa
da saskolo miRwevebze. amitom bavSvebis xelsayrel pirobebSi gazrdis
SemTxvevaSi unda vxedavdeT garemos uSualo gavlenas IQ-ze.

saidan viciT

garemos gavlena IQ-

I -ze
mkvlevarebi swavlodnen bavSvebis or jgufs, romlebic naSvilebi iyvnen
 304

2 wlis asakSi saSualo klasis TeTrkaniani mSoblebis mier (Moore, 1986). erTi
jgufis bavSvebis (9 bavSvi) orive biologiuri mSobeli Savkaniani iyo, xolo
meore jgufis bavSvebs (14 bavSvi) erTi biologiuri mSobeli Savkaniani
hyavdaT, meore ki _ TeTrkaniani. 7-dan 10 wlamde asakSi veqsleris
inteleqtis skalis saSualebiT afasebdnen TiToeuli bavSvis IQ-s.
im bavSvebis saSualo IQ, romlebsac orive mSobeli Savkaniani hyavdaT,
iyo 108.7, xolo Sereuli rasis bavSvebis IQ _ 107..2. rogorc naCvenebia 10.6
suraTze, es maCveneblebi saSualoze maRalia afrikeli amerikelebisaTvis
(Lynn,1996).

suraTi 10.6 naSvilebi bavSvebis IQ

18 qulebi
16

14
saSualo klasis TeTrkaniani
12

ojaxebis mier naSvileb Savkanian da

IQ scores

10

8
Sereuli rasis bavSvebs hqondaT
6

4 saSualoze maRali IQ, radgan bavSvebi

2

0
arian im jgufebis wevrebi,
yvela naSvilebi adre naSvilebi
bavSvi bavSvebi
romlebisaTvisac damaxasiaTebelia
saSualoze dabali Sedegebi. miRebuli
monacemebi aCvenebs garemo pirobebis gavlenas IQ-ze.

unda aRiniSnos, rom individualur gansxvavebas qmnis ara rasa, aramed

ekonomikuri, janmrTelobis da ganaTlebis uzrunvelyofis resursebi, romelic
rogorc Cven sazogadoebaSi, ise _ bevr sxva qveyanaSi, dakavSirebulia rasobriv
mikuTvnebulobasTan.
amasTan dakavSirebiT, bolo 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi mkvlevarebi cdiloben am
Sedegis ganzogadebas sazogadoebriv doneze. programa "Head Start" federalurma
mTavrobam pirvelad 1965 wels daafinansa. is gankuTvnili iyo "mcire
SesaZlobebis mqone ojaxebis bavSvebis fizikuri janmrTelobis, ganviTarebis,
socialuri, saganmanaTleblo da emociuri mdgomareobis gasaumjobeseblad;
garda amisa, specialuri mxardamWeri samsaxurebis saSualebiT zrdida ojaxebis
SesaZleblobas, ezrunaT sakuTar Svilebze" (Kassebaum, 1994, p. 123). Head Start
 305
programis arsi iyo ara bavSvebis gadayvana priviligirebul pirobebSi, aramed im
pirobebis gaumjobeseba, romelSic isini daibadnen da izrdebodnen. aRniSnuli
programis mixedviT, bavSvebi iReben specialur skolamdel ganaTlebas,
yoveldRe normalurad ikvebebian, maTi mSoblebi iReben janmrTelobasTan da
bavSvis aRzrdasTan dakavSirebul rCevebs. "Head Start" programis efeqturobis
pirveli Sefasebebi fokusirebuli iyo mxolod inteleqtis testebis (IQ Tests) da
miRwevis sxva sazomebis (achivement measures) gaumjobesebaze. faqtobrivad,
programaSi CarTvidan sul ramdenime kviris Semdeg bavSvebis IQ 10 quliT
gaizarda. samwuxarod, programis datovebis Semdeg, bavSvebis IQ maCveneblebi isev
mcirdeboda (Barnett, 1998; Zigler&Muenchow, 1992; Zigler&Styfco, 1994). am modelidan
SesaZlebelia ori daskvnis gamotana: IQ-ze SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos garemom,
magram xelsayreli garemo pirobebi unda iyos xangrZlivi (sustained). nebismier
SemTxvevaSi, Head Start programis SedarebiT gviandelma Sefasebebma gadalaxa
Tavdapirveli viwro interesi mxolod IQ-s mimarT.

empiriuli literaturidan ... viRebT rogorc karg, ise _ cud ambebs. cudi
ambavi aris is, rom arc H"Head Start"-s da arc nebismier sxva skolamdel
programas ar SeuZlia bavSvebis dacva siRatakis damangreveli zemoqmedebisagan.
adreul intervencias ubralod ar SeuZlia, daZlios cxovrebis cudi pirobebi,
aradamakmayofolebeli kveba da jandacva, uaryofiTi roluri modelebi da
dabali donis skolebi. dadebiTi mxare ki aris is, rom programebs SeuZlia
bavSvebis momzadeba skolisaTvis da, Sesabamisad, amiT exmareba maT daZlevisa
(coping) da adaptaciis unarebis ganviTarebaSi, rac SesaZleblobas miscems maT,
cxovrebaSi miaRwion saukeTesos Tu ara, ukeTes Sedegebs mainc.
(Zigler&Styfco,1994,p.129).

Tu Cven gamoviyenebT inteleqtis ufro farTo gansazRvrebas, romelic

scildeba ubralod verbalur da Sesrulebis davalebebs inteleqtis testebSi,
garemo faqtorebis gavlena ufro naTeli gaxdeba. xelsayreli, mxardamWeri
garemo mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs warmatebebs inteleqtualur, saskolo
miRwevebsa da situaciur adaptaciaSi.

kultura da IQ testebis validoba

 306

adamianebi, albaT, naklebad izrunebdnen IQ qulebze, rom ar iTvaliwinebdnen

Semdeg sasargeblo prognozs: mravalricxovanma kvlevebma aCvena, rom IQ qulebs
sakmaod validurad SeuZliaT iseTi sakiTxebis prognozireba, rogoricaa
saskolo niSnebi, profesiuli statusi da Sesrulebis xarisxi bevr samuSaoze
(Brody, 1997b; Gottfredson, 1997b). am Sedegebidan gamomdinare, IQ testebi validurad
zomavs inteleqtualur SesaZleblobebs (unarebs, intellectual abilities), romelic
Zalian mniSvnelovania individis mier sxvadasxva saxis warmatebebis misaRwevad;
es ki, Tavis mxriv, metad Rirebulia dasavluri kulturebisaTvis _ inteleqti,
gazomili IQ-s saSualebiT, uSualo gavlenas axdens warmatebaze. gansxvavebebma
IQ-Si, aseve, SeiZleba imoqmedos akademiur warmatebasa da samuSaos Sesrulebis
xarisxze arapirdapiri gziT, Secvalos ra individis motivebi da rwmenebi. isini,
visac maRali IQ aqvT, ufro metad mosalodnelia, rom warmatebulni iyvnen
skolaSi, gaxdnen swavlisadmi ufro motivirebulni, orientirebulni miRwevaze
da optimisturad uyureben sakuTar SesaZleblobebs, rom Tavs gaarTmeven
yvelafers. aseve, bavSvebs, visac dabali IQ aqvT, SeiZleba "Tan sdevdes" dabali
donis skolebi da programebi, ramac SeiZleba, garkvuliwilad, imoqmedos maT
TviTdarwmunebulobaze (Self-competence) studentobis periodSic ki. amgvarad, IQ-m
SeiZleba ganicados garemos gavlena, magram, amave dros, IQ-s, Tavis mxriv,
SeuZlia axali garemo pirobebis _ rogorc ukeTesis, aseve _ uaresis _ Seqmna.
amgvarad, IQ-Sefaseba SeiZleba sabediswero gaxdes bavSvisaTvis da gansazRvros
misi bedi inteleqtSi bavSvis ZiriTadi genetikuri unarebis wvlilis miuxedavad.
miuxedavad imisa, rom dadasturda IQ testebis validoba maTi ZiriTadi
mimarTulebiT gamoyenebisaTvis, bevri damkvirvebeli jer kidev eWvis qveS ayenebs
maT validobas sxvadasxva kulturuli da rasobrivi jgufebis Sedarebisas.
(Greenfield, 1997; Samuda, 1998; Serpell, 2000). testebis da testirebis mravali forma
SeiZleba ar Seesabamebodes inteleqtis kulturul gagebas an saTanado qcevas.
ganvixiloT klasSi uaryofiTi Sefasebis erTi magaliTi:

rodesac laTino amerikeli warmoSobis emigranti mSoblebis bavSvebi

wavidnen amerikul skolaSi, isini ufro metad orientirebulni iyvnen gagebaze
vidre _ laparakze, maswavleblis avtoritetis pativiscemaze, vidre _ sakuTari
azrebis gamoxatvaze, rasac maTi uaryofiTi akademiuri Sefaseba mohyva.
 307
maSasadame, erT kulturaSi Rirebuli komunikaciis forma _ pativiscemiT mosmena
_ gaxda uaryofiTi Sefasebis safuZveli iseTi skolis pirobebSi, sadac
TviTdajerebuli, mtkice laparaki komunikaciis Rirebul formad aris miCneuli.

am emigrantma bavSvebma unda iswavlon, Tu rogor moiqcnen amerikul skolaSi

ise, rom daarwmunon maswavleblebi TavinT gonierebaSi.
. erT-erTi standartis mixedviT IQ testebTan dakavSirebul problemas
warmoadgens maTi tendenciuroba, romelic mimarTulia sxvadasxva kulturis
wevrebis winaaRmdeg an sasargeblod: kritikosebi aRniSnaven, rom jgufebs Soris
ur gansxvavebebs IQ qulebSi iwvevs sistematiuri mikerZoeba testis kiTxvebSi,
rac maT xdis aravalidursa da usamarTlos umciresobebTan mimarTebaSi. maSinac
ki, rodesac testebis Sedgenisas gaTvaliswinebulia kulturuli faqtori, masSi
mainc gvxvdeba rasobrivi xarvezebi (Neisser et al., 1996). faqtobrivad, es sakiTxi
SeiZleba dakavSirebuli iyos ufro testis konteqstTan, vidre testis
SinaarsTan. klaud stili (Claude Steel) (1997; Steel&Aronson, 1995, 1998) aRniSnavda, rom
adamianebis mier unarebis testebis Sesrulebaze gavlenas axdens stereotipuli
muqara (cnobili, agreTve, stereotipuli mowyvladobis -Stereotype vulnerability-
saxelwodebiT) _ safrTxe imisa, rom dadasturdes negatiuri stereotipi
garkveuli jgufis Sesaxeb. Steele-is (Steel) gamokvlevebma aCvena, imis rwmenam, rom
situaciaSi moqmedebs uaryofiTi stereotipi, SeiZleba gamoiwvios cudi
Sesruleba, romelsac gulisxmobda stereotipi.

saidan viciT

stereotipuli muqaris moqmedeba

dasalagebelia stilisturad
erT kvlevaSi Savkaniani da TeTri studentebi pasuxobdnen Zalian
rTul, damamTavrebeli gamocdis tipis, zepir SekiTxvebs. studentebis
naxevarma icoda, rom pasuxi kiTxvebze iyo diagnostikuri da zomavda maT
inteleqtualur unars. studentebis meore naxevarma icoda, rom
eqsperimenti exeboda fsiqologiur faqtorebs, romelic monawileobs
gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi. stereotipuri muqaris Teoria
gvTavazobs, rom SedarebiT dabali Sedegebi kiTxvebze eqnebodaT im
 308
studentebs, romlebsac situaciam Seuqmna stereotipuri muqara anu
Savkanian studentebs diagnostikur pirobebSi. rogorc xedavT 10.7 suraTis
nawilze, miRebulma Sedegebma es prognozi daadastura. rodesac Savkanian
studentebs sjerodaT, rom testis Sedegebi SeiZleba gamoyenebuli
yofiliyo maTi inteleqtis gansasazRvrad, maTi Sesruleba uaresi iyo
(Steel&Aronson, 1995). stereotipuli muqaris logika vrceldeba yvela jgufze,
romlis mimarT arsebobs cudi Sesrulebis stereotipi. magaliTad,
stereotipis mixedviT, qalebs mamakacebTan SedarebiT, maTematikis aTvisebis
naklebi unari aqvT. rogorc naCvenebia 10.7 suraTis nawilze, rTulma
maTematikurma testma aCvena sqesis mixedviT gansxvavebuli Sedegebi
mxolod maSin, rodesac studentebs eubnebodnen, rom aseTi gansxvavebebi
SeiZleba yofiliyo (Steel, 1997). es niSnavs, rom testze muSaobis dawyebamde,
sqesobrivi gansxvavebis pirobebSi, studentebs eubnebodnen, rom warsulSi
aseTma testma aCvena sqesis mixedviT gansxvaveba da ase iqneba maTTvisac.

aRsaniSnavia, rom TiToeul am kvlevaSi mniSvnelovania, Tu rogor

gansazRvravs situacias testis Semsrulebeli. mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac
adamianebs sjeraT, rom situacia exeba stereotips, magaliTad, rodesac
miaCniaT, rom testi zomavs inteleqts maTi stereotipulad cudi Sesrulebis
gamosavlenad, Sesruleba uaresdeba. aris Tu ara SesaZlebeli IQ-s gazomva
stereotipuli muqaris aRmocenebis gareSe? Tu es SeuZlebelia, mkvlevarebi
verasodes SeZleben ”realuri” Sesrulebis gansazRvras.
axla ganvixiloT bolo sakiTxi inteleqtisa da kulturis Sesaxeb. zogadad,
individualuri gansxvavebebis genetikuri axsnisas aSS-i amJRavnebs kulturul
mikerZoebas. harold stivensonma (Harold Stevenson) da misma kolegebma (1993)
ramdenime weli dauTmes Cineli, iaponeli da amerikeli bavSvebis maTematikuri
miRwevebis kvlevas. 1980 wels azieli bavSvebi sagrZnoblad jobnidnen TavianT
amerikel Tanatolebs. 1990 wels es intervali SenarCunebuli iyo: "Cineli
bavSvebis mxolod 4.1%-s da iaponeli bavSvebis 10.3%-s hqonda iseTive dabali
qulebi, rogoric _ saSualo amerikel bavSvs" (gv. 54). niSnavs Tu ara es imas,
rom azieli bavSvebi genetikuri upiratesobiT xasiaTdebian? faqtobrivad, ufro
mosalodneli iyo, rom adamianebi aSS-Si am kiTxvas dadebiTad upasuxebden.
rodesac stivensoni da misi kolegebi sTxovdnen aziel da amerikel studentebs,
 309
maswavleblebs da mSoblebs mieTiTebinaT, Tu ra ufro mniSvnelovani iyo
maTTvis "bejiTad mecadineoba" Tu " Tandayolili goniereba", azieli
respondentebi aqcents "bejiTad mecadineobaze" akeTebdnen, amerikeli
respondentebi ki - "Tandayolil gonierebaze". rogorc xedavT, am Sexedulebebma
amerikelebi SeiZleba miiyvanos daskvnamde, rom azielebi genetikuri
upiratesobiT unda xasiaTdebodnen maTematikis aTvisebaSi. radgan aseTma rwmenam
SeiZleba asaxva hpovos sazogadoebriv politikaSi, magaliTad, ra Tanxaa saWiro
imisaTvis, rom amerikelebma daeuflon maTematikas, maSin rodesac ara aqvT am
sagnis Seswavlis unari. Zalian mniSvnelovania gamokvlevebis Seswavla im
mizniT, rom ganisazRvros ra SeiZleba Seicvalos da ra ar SeiZleba Seicvalos
inteleqtualur SesrulebasTan dakavSirebiT.

naxati 10.7. stereotipuri muqara

stereotipur muqaras adgili
Savkaniani
TeTrkaniani aqvs maSin, rodesac adamianebi
amoxsnil davalebaTa saSualo (dadgenili

20

18
Tvlian, rom negatiuri stereotipi
16 marTebulia mimdinare testirebis
14
pirobebSi. (A) erTi kvlevaSi
SAT qulebiT)

12
swavlobdnen stereotips: afro-
10

8 amerikelebs dabali qulebi aqvT

6 inteleqtis testebSi. cdis
4
pirebisebis _ Savkaniani da TeTri
2

0
sudentebis _ naxevarma icoda, rom
diagnostikuri aradiagnostikuri
testi diagnostikuri iyo da
testis daxasiaTeba
qalebi zomavda maT inteleqtualur
mamakacebi SesaZleblobas cdis pirebis meore
30
swori davadebebis raodenoba

naxevars ar hqonda es informacia.

jgufSi, romelmac icoda, rom
20
testi diagnostikuri iyo, maTi
Sesruleba uaresdeboda.
10 (mosalodnel SesrulebaSi ukve
arsebuli gansxvavebebis

0
genderuli gansxvaveba aragenderuli gansxvaveba

testis daxasiaTeba
 310

gamosaricxad gamoiyeneboda cdis pirTa SAT qulebi.). (B) meore kvlevaSi

swavlobdnen stereotips: qalebi dabal qulebs iReben maTematikis gamocdebze.
cdis pirebis _ qali da mamakaci studentebis _ naxevars eubnebodnen, rom
maTematikis testma wina SemTxvevaSi aCvena genderuli gansxvavebebi SedegebSi.
cdis pirebis meore naxevari aseT informacias ar Rebulobda. rodesac qalebi
fiqrobdnen, rom testma SeiZleba genderuli TvalsazrisiT gansxvavebuli
Sedegebi aCvenos, maSin maTi Sesruleba uaresdeboda.

Sejameba

godardma (Goddard) Seuwyo zogierTi rasobrivi da eTnikuri jgufebis

genetikuri inferiulobis aRiarebis warumatebeli tradiciis damkvidrebas.
qcevis genetikurma analizma IQ-Si mravalricxovani genetikuri komponenti aCvena.
Tumca, IQ-s gazomva xSirad iZens politikur datvirTvas, IQ-Si miRebuli
rasobrivi gansxvavebebis gamo. mkvlevarebma daadgines garemos faqtorebi,
romelic mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens IQ-ze. miuxedavad imisa, rom IQ-s sakmaod
validurad SeuZlia iseTi cxovrebiseuli Sedegebis prognozireba, rogoricaa
warmatebebi skolaSi da samsaxurSi, misi gazomvebi SeiZleba aravaliduri iyos
sxvadasxva rasobriv da kulturul jgufebis SemTxvevaSi. magaliTad, zogierTi
jgufi inteleqtualuri SesaZleblobebis gazomvisas ganicdis stereotipuri
muqaris zemoqmedebas.
sanam davasrulebT inteleqtisa da misi gazomvis Temas, davubrundeT iseT
sakiTxs, rogoricaa kreatuloba. kreatuloba aris adamianis unari, mocemuli
pirobebis Sesabamisi axali ideebis generirebisa an axali produqtis Seqmnisa
(Sternbeg&Lubart, 1999). ganvixiloT borblis gamogonebis magaliTi. es meqanizmi
siaxle iyo, radgan ucnob gamomgoneblamde aravis unaxavs mbrunavi obieqtebis
gamoyeneba. is iyo pirobebis Sesatyvisi, radgan Zalze cxadi iyo am siaxlis
gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba. pirobebTan Sesatyvisobis gareSe, axali ideebi
xSirad ucnaurad da Seusabamod aRqmeba.
am TavSi ganixileba kreatuloba imitom, rom bevri adamiani aRiarebs
inteleqtsa da kreatulobas Soris mWidro kavSiris arsebobas. am varaudis
dasamtkiceblad, upirveles yovlisa, unda SegveZlos SemoqmedebiTobis
testireba, xolo Semdeg _ kreatulobasa da inteleqts Soris kavSiris dadgena.
 311
amrigad, jer ganvixilavT meTodebs, romelTa saSualebiT ideebi an produqtebi
ganixileba rogorc SemoqmedebiTi da SevamowmebT inteleqtTan maT kavSirs,
Semdeg ganvixilavT gansakuTrebuli(an uCveulo) kreatulobis pirobebs da maT
kavSirs SeSlilobasTan. vnaxavT, ra SeiZleba viswavloT gansakuTrebuli
SemoqmedebiTi unarebiT dajildovebuli adamianebisagan.

kreatulobis Sefaseba da misi kavSiri inteleqtTan

rogor SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT adamianebi kreatulebi arian, Tu

arakreatulebi? bevri midgoma fokusirdeba divergentul azrovnebaze, romelic
gansazRvrulia, rogorc problemis sxvadasxvagvari uCveulo gadawyvetis unari.
kiTxvebi, romelic zomavs divergentul azrovnebas, saSualebas aZlevs testis
Semsrulebels naTlad gamoavlinos. sxarti da moqnili azrovneba (Torrance, 1974;
Wallah&Kogan, 1965):
• daasaxeleT yvela sagani, romelic, Tqveni azriT, aris oTxkuTxedi.
• sami wuTis ganmavlobaSi daasaxeleT rac SeiZleba meti TeTri feris,
saWmelad vargisi sagnebi.
• daasaxeleT, Tqveni azriT, aguris gamoyenebis yvela SesaZlo
varianti.
pasuxebi jamdeba iseTi ganzomilebebis mixedviT, rogoricaa (1) sisxarte -
gansxvavebuli ideebis saerTo raodenoba, (2) unikaluroba _ im ideebis
raodenoba, romelic Sesabamis SerCevaSi aravis gamouTqvams da (3) uCveuloba _
im ideebis raodenoba, romelic gamoTqva mocemuli SerCevis, vTqvaT, 5%-ze
naklebma (Runco,1991).
rodesac kreatuloba Sefaseba xdeba am gziT, testi gvaZlevs Sesrulebis
indeqss, romelic SeiZleba sxva sazomebTan korelirebdes. bevr SemTxvevaSi,
mkvlevarebi afasebdnen kavSirs divergentuli azrovnebis sazomebsa da IQ-s
Soris. saxezea zogadi suraTi: or sazoms Soris arsebobs susti an saSualo
korelacia, rodesac IQ aris 120 qulamde, 120 qulaze zemoT korelacia mcirdeba
(Sternberg&O'Hara, 1999). ratom unda xdebodes ase? erT-erTi mkvlevari varaudobs,
rom "inteleqtis~ garkveuli done iZleva SemoqmedebiTobis amoqmedebis
SesaZleblobas., magram ar axdens mis stimulacias" (Perkins, 1998, p.319). sxva
 312
sityvebiT, inteleqtis gansazRvruli done saSualebas aZlevs pirovnebas, iyos
kreatuli, magram man SeiZleba ver gamoiyenos es SesaZlebloba.
SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis mkvlevarebi xSirad aRniSnaven, rom divergentuli
azrovnebis testebi (divergent-thinking tests) Zalian mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli
inteleqtis testirebis tradiciasa da TviTon IQ testebTan (ramac SeiZleba
axsnas maRali korelacia 120 IQ-s farglebSi) (Lubart,1994). kriteriumiT _
kreatuli-arakreatuli _ adamianTa Sefasebis gansxvavebul midgomas
warmoadgens maT mier gansazRvruli SemoqmedebiTi produqtis _ naxatis, leqsis
an patara moTxrobis Seqmna. eqspertebs SeuZliaT Seafason TiToeuli produqtis
kreatulobis xarisxi. gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom eqspertebi sakmaod
erTsulovanni arian, rodesac isini afaseben produqtis kreatulobas (Amabile,
1983). eqspertebma SeiZleba sakmaod zustad Seafason adamianebi dabali an
maRali kreatulobis TvalsazrisiT.

gansakuTrebuli kreatuloba da SeSliloba

arseboben gansakuTrebuli adamianebi, romlebic SemoqmedebiTobis etalonebs

warmoadgenen. vin gaxsendebaT, roca gTxoven gansakuTrebiT SemoqmedebiTi
adamianis dasaxelebas? savaraudoa, rom Tqveni pasuxi, nawilobriv,
damokidebuli iqneba im sferoze, romelSic moRvaweobT da, nawilobriv, Tqvens
prioritetebze. fsiqologebma SeiZleba daasaxelon zigmund froidi. ferweriT,
musikiT an cekviT dainteresebulma adamianebma SeiZleba daasaxelon pablo
pikaso, igor stravinski an marta grahami. aris Tu ara SesaZlebeli aseTi
individebis pirovnebebs Soris im saerTo maxasiaTeblebis aRmoCena, romelic
gansakuTrebuli SemoqmedebiTobis winaswarmetyvelebis saSualebas mogvcems?
hovard gardnerma (Howard Gardner) airCia is individebi, romelTa
eqstraordinaruli unarebi Cvens mier adre ganxilul inteleqtis rva tipis
relevanturi iyo. maT Soris iyvnen froidi, pikaso, stravinski da grahami.
gardneris analizma saSualeba misca mas, Seeqmna tipiuri Semoqmedis
cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis portreti, romelsac uwoda E.C.:

E.C-i. aRebs problemuri sferosa da gansakuTrebuli interesebis samefos

kars, romelic mas gaukvalav gzaze ayenebs. es aris uaRresad sapasuxismgeblo
momenti. am wuTidan E.C. izolirebulia Tanatolebisgan da, ZiriTadad,
 313
damoukideblad unda imuSaos. is grZnobs, rom /aris raRac aRmoCenis zRvarze,
romelic jer TviTonac ar aqvs gaazrebuli. am kritikul momentSi E.C. miiltvis
rogorc kognituri, ise _ emociuri mxardaWerisken, amiT is axerxebs Tavisi
mdgomareobis SenarCunebas. amgvari mxardaWeris gareSe man SeiZleba Zalisa da
energiisagan daicalos. (Gardner, 1993, p.361).

am pasaJis dasasruls gardneri moixseniebs tipiur SemoqmedTa erT-erT

yvelaze zogad stereotips _ maTi cxovreba esazRvreba, zogjer ki gulisxmobs
- SeSlilobas. ideas imis Sesaxeb, rom Zlieri kreatuloba mWidrod ukavSirdeba
SeSlilobas, didi xnis istoria aqvs da platonis saxels ukavSirdeba
(Kessel,1989). SedarebiT Tanamedrove periodSi krepelini (Kraeplin) (1921)
aRniSnavda, rom "maniakalur-depresiuli sigiJiT" anu bipolaruli aSlilobis
mqone individebi maniakalur fazaSi qmnian Tavisufali azrovnebis procesis (free
flowing though processes) fons, rac xels uwyobs did SemoqmedebiTobas. rogorc me-15-
e TavSi vnaxavT , mania xasiaTdeba xangrZlivi agznebis periodebiT. Aadamians
amaRlebeli ganwyobileba aqvs da iqceva eqspansiurad. arsebobs mosazreba, rom
xelovnebisa da humanitaruli mecnierebebis mravali gamoCenili moRvawe swored
guneba-ganwyobilebis aseTi aSlilobiT xasiaTdeba (Keiger,1993). magram rogor
unda gansazRvron mkvlevarebma, imoqmeda Tu ara fsiqikurma daavadebam am
individebis realuri azrovnebis procesze?

saidan viciT
 314

kreatuloba da
da mania
aRniSnul kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad, kreatulobis mkvlevarma robert
veisbergma (Robert Weisberg) Seiswavla kompozitor robert Sumanis
Semoqmedebis nawarmoebi. Sumans hqonda bipolaruli aSlilobis diagnozi.
garkveuli monacemebi maniasa da SemoqmedebiTobas Soris navaraudevi
kavSiris sasargeblod metyvelebs. Sumanma gacilebiT meti kompozicia
Seqmna maniakaluri fazis wlebSi (saSualod 12.3), vidre _ depresiul
fazaSi(saSualod 2.7). Tumca, es kavSiri sustdeboda, rodesac veisbergma
Seafasa nawarmoebebis xarisxi. maniakalur periodSi Seqmnili
nawarmoebebi xarisxiT ar iyo ukeTesi depresiul periodSi Semnil
nawarmoebebs.

veisbergis kvleva gvafiqrebinebs, rom SeSliloba (gamovlenili maniis saxiT)

mniSvnelovnad zemoqmedebs motivaciaze. individi imorCilebs maniis Semotevas da
qmnis bevr namuSevars. Tu pirovnebas gamoirCeva garkveuli talantiT, am
periodSi Seqmnili zogierTi, magram ara yvela nawarmoebi, iqneba brwyinvale,
Tumca, xarisxiT ar iqneba sxva periodebSi Seqmnili nawarmoebebze ukeTesi.
istoriuli SemTxvevebis yuradRebiT mimoxilvam, romelic SemoqmedebiTobasa da
SeSlilobas Soris arsebul garkveuli xarisxis kavSirze metyvelebs, eqsperti
Albert Rothenberg-i miiyvana daskvnamde, rom "mcdari da romantiulia Sexeduleba,
romlis mixedviTac, TiTqos, adamianebi TviTon unda daitanjon, rom SeZlon
sxvebis mwuxarebisa da tanjvis gageba" (Rothenberg,1990,p.164).
mas mere rac adaminma miiRo informacia gansakuTrebul kretulobis Sesaxeb,
ra SeiZleba iswavlos man aqedan. Tqven SeiZleba mibaZoT riskis gawevis models.
uaRresad kreatuli adamianebi mzad arian dadgnen "gaukvalav gzaze". aseve
SegiZliaT gaiziaroT momzadebis modeli. gansakuTrebuli SemoqmedebiTobiT
dajildoebuli adamianebi wlebs uTmoben im sferoSi daxelovnebas, romelSic
saukeTesoni iqnebian (Weisberg,1986). SesaZlebeli gaiziaroT Sinagani motivaciis
modeli (Pattern of intrinsic motivation). SemoqmedebiTi adamianebi gulmodgined
asruleben mocemul davalebebs, radgan siamovnebas da kmayofilebas aniWebT is,
rasac isini qmnian (Collins&Amabile,1999). Tu Tqven Tqvens cxovrebaSi SeZlebT sami
modelebis gaTvaliswinebas, maSin moaxerxebT Tqveni SemoqmedebiTobis gazrdas.
 315
axla Tqven iciT is xerxebi, romelTa saSualebiT fsiqologebi afaseben da
xsnian individualur gansxvavebebs, romelic arsebobs inteleqtsa da
kreatulobas Soris. Tumca, ueWvelia iciT, rom adamianis gasagebad gacilebiT
metia saWiro, vidre codna misi inteleqtualurobisa da SemoqmedebiTobis
xarisxis Sesaxeb. Semdeg nawilSi ganvixilavT im xerxebs, romliTac
fsiqologebi iReben informacias im pirovnuli Tvisebebis diapazonis Sesaxeb,
romelic gansazRvravs TiToeuli individis unikalurobas.

Sejameba

kreatuloba izomeba divergentuli azrovnebis testebis saSualebiT.

zogierTi Sexedulebis sawinaaRmdegod, ar dadasturda mWidro kavSiri
SemoqmedebiTobasa da SeSlilobas Soris. Tumca, SemoqmedebiToba moiTxovs
garkveuli riskis gawevas, momzadebasa da motivacias.

Sefaseba da sazogadoeba
fsiqologiuri Sefasebis ZiriTadi mizania sworad Sefasos adamianebi, rac
eqspertTa daskvnebSi Secdomebis gareSe iqneba asaxuli. am miznis miRweva
SesaZlebelia maswavleblebis, damqiraveblebis da sxva Semfaseblebis
subieqturi daskvnebis ufro obieqturi sazomebiT SecvliT, romelic sakmaod
frTxilad aris agebuli da Riaa kritikuli SefasebisaTvis. swored am mizanma
misca dasabami alfred bines pionerul Sromas. bines da sxvebs miaCndaT, rom
testireba xels Seuwyobda sazogadoebis demokratizacias da Seamcirebda
sqesis, rasis, erovnebis, privilegiebis an fizikuri garegnobis SemTxveviT
kriteriumebze dafuZnebul gadawyvetilebebs. Tumca, am amaRlebuli miznebis
miuxedavad, fsiqologiaSi ar arsebobs Sefasebaze ufro sakamaTo sfero.
polemika ZiriTad sam eTikur sakiTxs exeba: (1) testze dafuZnebuli
gadawyvetilebebis samarTlianoba, (2) ganaTlebis Sesafasebeli testebis
vargisianoba da (3) testis qulebis gamoyeneba individebis garkveul
kategoriebSi gaerTianebis mizniT.
testirebis procesis kritikosebi aRniSnaven, rom zogierTebisaTvis
testirebis sazRauri an uaryofiTi Sedegebi ufro metia, vidre sxvebisaTvis
(Bond, 1995). sazRauri sakmaod maRalia, magaliTad, rodesac testi, romelzec
umciresobaTa jgufebma miiRes dabali qulebi, ar aZlevs maT garkveul
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samuSaoebze Sesrulebis uflebas. zogierT qalaqSi, saxelmwifo samoqalaqo
samsaxurSi damlageblad muSaobis dasawyebad, msurvelma unda gaiaros
verbaluri testi da ara _ ufro adekvaturi fizikuri unarebis testi. mkvlevari
uiliam benkis (William Banks) mixedviT, es aris strategia, romelis mizania
umciresobebis samuSaoebze ardaSveba. (1990). zogjer umciresobaTa
warmomadgenlebi testSi cud Sedegebs iZleodnen, radgan maTi Sedegebi
fasdeboda arasaTanado normebis mixedviT. garda amisa, erTi jgufis
kandidatebisaTvis SemTxveviT dadgenili gamsvleli qulebi (cutoff scores) SeiZleba
sxvebis mimarT gamoyenebuli iyos SerCevis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebisas
maSin, rodesac realurad, ufro dabali gamsvleli qula iqneboda samarTliani,
Sesabamisad samuSaoze daqiravebasTan dakavSirebiT miRebuli gadawyvetileba
swori iqneboda. aRsaninvaia isic, rom testirebaze gadaWarbebuli dayrdnoba
ganapirobebs kadrebis avtomatur SerCevas.Tumca, zogjer sazogadoeba SeiZleba
ufro mogebuli darCes Tu samuSaos aRwerilobebi Seicvleba adamianTa
moTxovnilebebisa da unarebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
meore eTikur sakiTxs warmoadgens is, rom testireba ara mxolod
studentebis Sefasebas axdens, aramed ganaTlebis formirebaSic garkveul rols
asrulebs. saskolo sistemis xarisxsa da maswavlebelTa efeqturobaze xSirad
msjeloben imaze dayrdnobiT, Tu ramdenad warmatebiT asruleben maTi
moswavleebi standartizebul miRwevis testebs TviT maswavleblebis xelfasebic
ki SeiZleba damokidebuli iyos testebis Sedegebze. testebis Sedegebis aseTma
mniSvnelobam skolebSi xeli Seuwyo TaRliTobasTan dakavSirebul skandalebs.
magaliTad potomakSi (Potomac, Maryland) dawyebiTi skolis direqtori gadadga,
rodesac gamoaSkaravda mtkicebulebebi imis Sesaxeb, rom testis Sedegebis
gaujobesebis mizniT skolis mexuTeklaselebma miiRes iseTi saxis daxmareba,
rogoricaa damatebiTi dro da testis xelmeored Sesruleba (Thomas&Wingert,
2000). es faqtebi TviTon moswavleebma gamoamJRavnes. 10 wlis moswavleebma
mSoblebs uTxres, rom skolaSi maT sTxoves eTaRliTaT. bavSvebi gaocebulni
iyvnen ufrosebis qceviT da sTxovdnen mSoblebs, aexsnaT maTi saqcieli.
bavSvebis amgvari damokidebuleba miuTiTebs imaze, Tu ramdenad saSiSi SeiZleba
iyos, rodesac testis Sedegebi ganaTlebaze ufro mniSvnelovani xdeba.
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mesame eTikuri problema aris is, rom testis Sedegebs SeiZleba mohyves
statusi Seucvleli iarliyiT. adamianebi sakmod xSirad Tvlian, rom arian IQ
110 an B tipis B studentebi, TiTqos testis Sedegebma maT daRi daasva. amgvarma
iarliyebma SeiZleba maT winsvlas xeli SeuSalos, radgan adamianebi ijereben,
rom maTi gonebrivi da pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebi fiqsirebuli da ucvlelia;
rom maT ar SeuZliaT sakuTari SesaZleblobebis gaumjobeseba. testSi
miRebulma dabalma qulebma SeiZleba uaryofiTad imoqmedos maT motivaciaze da
Seasustos TviTefeqturobis gancda. garkveuli jgufebis arasrulfasovnad
miCneva IQ monacemebis mixdeviT testirebis kidev erTi uaryofiTi Sedegia. isini,
vinc ase sajarod arian "daRudasmulebi", ijereben imas, rasac "eqspertebi"
amboben maT Sesaxeb. amitom, skola da ganaTleba ar miaCniaT maTi cxovrebis
gaumjobesebis saSualebad.
testebis Sedegebisadmi xelSeuxebeli statusis miniWebis aseTi tendencia
vrceldeba rogorc sazogadoebriv, ise _ pirovnul doneze. rodesac testis
Sedegebi individis pirovnuli Tvisebebis, mdgomareobebis, araadaptirebulobis,
konfliqtisa da paTologiis iarliyad iqceva, adamianebi gansakuTrebuli
bavSvebis "aranormalurobaze" iwyeben ufro fiqrs, vidre ganaTlebis sistemaze,
romelic saWiroebs programebis modificirebas ise, rom moergos yvela
moswavles. iarliyebs wina planze devianturi pirovnenebi ufro gamoaqvs,
vidremaTi garemos disfunqciuri aspeqtebi. individualistur sazogadoebebSi,
rogorica, magaliTad, aSS, adamianebis umravlesoba mzad aris adamianis
warmateba da warumatebloba arasworad miaweros mas da, amave dros, saTanadod
ar Seafasos garemo pirobebis zegavlena. Cven vkicxavT adamians
warumateblobisaTvis da amiT sazogadoeba gamogvyavs mdgomareobis vamsubuqebT.
Cven vaqebT pirovnebas warmatebisaTvis da amitomac ar vaRiarebT sxvadasxva
sazogadoebriv gavlenas, romelmac SesaZlebeli gaxada misi warmateba. Cven
unda vaRiaroT, Tu rogorebi arian adamianebi amJamad, rac imis Sedegi, Tu sad
imyofebodnen, sad Camoyalibdnen da ra mimdinare situacia axdens gavlenas maT
qcevaze.
es Tavi gvinda davasruloT fil zimbardos (Phil Zimbardo) piradi, romelsac
SeiZleba hqondes romelic SeiZleba STagonebis wyarod iqces im
studentebisaTvis, romlebic kargad ver arTmeven Tavs obieqtur testebs:
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miuxedavad Cemi, rogorc profesionali fsiqologis, warmatebuli karierisa,
Cems mier mravali wlis win gakeTebulma testebma sul sxva ram
iwinaswarmetyvela. miuxedavad imisa, rom viyavi warCinebuli kursdamTavrebuli,
romelmac daamTavra Summa Cum Laude, erTaderTi Sefaseba (niSani) C miviRe
fsiqologiis SesavalSi, sadac gamocda mxolod mravaljeradi arCevanis testiT
Catarda. Tavdapirvelad uari miTxres ielis universitetSi staJirebaze., Semdeg
Camricxes rezervSi da bolos mimiRes uxalisod.. es, nawilobriv, gamowveuli
iyo imiT, rom Cemi maTematikis qulebi fsiqologiis fakultetis mier dawesebul
zRvarze naklebi iyo. magram mogvianebiT aRmovaCine, rom es nawilobriv
gamowveuli iyo imiT, rom profesor-maswavleblebma Cemi pasuxebisa da sxva
mtkicebulebebis mixedviT, romelic naxes Cems gancxadebasa da testebSi,
ivaraudes rom zangi var. am monacemebma uaryofiTad imoqmeda maT daskvnebze Cemi
SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb, mimeRwia warmatwebisaTvis fsiqologiaSi. sabednierod,
zogierTi maTgani mzad iyo CemTvis Sansis mosacemad, rodesac maT mier
dafinansebuli kandidati (gordon boueri, amJamad cnobili fsiqologi) sxvagan
wavida staJirebaze.

warmatebebi karierasa da cxovrebaSi moiTxovs gacilebiT mets, vidre

mxolod standartizebuli testebiT gazomili unarebi, SesaZleblobebi da
maxasiaTeblebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom testebs SeuZliaT imis prognozireba, Tu
saSualod ramdenad kargi Sedegi eqnebaT adamianebs, nebismieri mocemuli
individis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba adgili hqondes Secdomas. adamianebma SeiZleba
uaryon testis qulebis pesimisturi prognozi, rodesac mizandasaxulobiT,
warmosaxviT, imediT, pirovnuli siamayiT da intensiuri ZalisxmeviT
gaaumjobeseben TavianT monacemebs. albaT, metad mniSvnelovania, gjerodeT
sakuTari Tavis, vidre _ testis Sedegebis.

Sejameba

miuxedavad imisa, rom fsiqologiuri testireba xSir SemTxvevaSi

sasargebloa individisaTvis, jer kidev aris testebis upasuxismgeblod
gamoyenebis SemTxvevebi. kritikosebs awuxebT iseTi sakiTxebi, rogoricaa testis
Sedegebze dafuZnebuli gadawyvetilebebis samarTlianoba, testebis vargisianoba
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saganmanaTleblo praqtikis Sesafaseblad da testebis Sedegebis gamoyeneba
adamianTa garkveul kategoriebad daxarixxebisaTvis.

ZiriTadi sakiTxebi
ra aris Sefaseba?
Sefaseba?
• fsiqologiur Sefasebas xangrZlivi istoria aqvs da dasababams antikuri
CineTidan iRebs. am sferoSi mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana ser frensis
galtonma (Sir Francis Galton).
• Sefasebis instrumenti unda iyos sando, validuri da standartizebuli.
sando sazomi gvaZlevs Sesabamis Sedegebs. validuri sazomi afasebs im
Tvisebebs, romelTa gasazomadac Seiqmna testi.
• standartizebuli testis Catareba da Sedegebis Sejameba yovelTvis xdeba
erTi da igive gziT. normebis arseboba saSualebas iZleva, SevadaroT pirovnebis
qulebi igive asakis, sqesis da kulturis individTa saSualo maCvenebels.

inteleqtis Sefaseba
• XX saukunis oTxmocdaaTiani wlebis dasawyisSi safrangeTSi binem
safuZveli Cauyara inteleqtis obieqturi testirebis ganviTarebas. qulebi
mocemuli iyo gonebrivi asakis terminebiT da asaxavda bavSvebis funqcionirebis
arsebul dones.
• aSS-Si termanma Seqmna stenford-bines inteleqtis skala da moaxdina IQ-s
cnebis popularizacia.
• veqslerma Seqmna specialuri inteleqtis testebi mozrdili pirebisaTvis,
bavSvebisaTvis da skolamdeli asakis bavSvebisaTvis.

inteleqtis Teoriebi
• IQ-s fsiqometriulma analizma aCvena, rom zogierT ZiriTad unars,
rogoricaa inteleqtis fluiduri da kristaluri aspeqti, garkveuli wvlili
Seaqvs IQ qulebSi.
• Tanamedrove Teoriebi ganixilavs da zomavs inteleqts Zalian farTod,
msjeloben ra im unarebsa da insaitebze, romelsac adamianebi iyeneben
sxvadasxva amocanis gadasaWrelad.
• stenbergi (Sternberg) ganasxvavebs inteleqtis komponentur, empiriul da
konteqstualur aspeqtebs.
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• gardnerma (Gardner) daadgina inteleqtis rva tipi, romelic moicavs da

scildeba kidec standartuli IQ sazomebiT gazomvad inteleqtis formebs.
Tanamedrove kvlevebi fokusirebulia emociur inteleqtze.

inteleqtis politika
• Tavdapirvelad inteleqtis testebi gamoiyeneboda eTnikuri da rasobrivi
jgufebis Sesaxeb uaryofiTi gancxadebebis gasakeTeblad.
• IQ-s maRali memkvidreobiTobis gamo, zogierTi mkvlevari garkveuli
rasobrivi da kulturuli jgufebis dabal Sedegebs miawers maT Tandayolil
inferiorulobas.
• araxelsayreli garemo pirobebi da stereotipuri muqariT aixsneba zogierTi
jgufis dabali qulebi. gamokvleva aCvenebs, rom jgufuri gansxvavebebi SeiZleba
ganpirobebuli iyos garemo faqtorebiT.

kreatuloba
• xSir SemTxvevaSi kreatulobis Sefaseba xdeba divergentuli azrovnebis
testebis saSualebiT.
• gansakuTrebiT kreatuli adamianebi midian riskze, gadian momzadebas da
uaRresad motivirebulni arian.
• ar dadasturda kavSiri kreatulobasa da SeSlilobas Soris.

Sefaseba da sazogadoeba
• miuxedavad imisa, rom testebi xSirad sasargeblod gamoiyeneba momavali
Sesrulebis winaswarmetyvelebisaTvis, testis Sedegebi ar unda ganapirobebdes
individis ganviTarebisa da cvlilebebis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobis
SezRudvas.
• rodesac Sefasebis Sedegebi momavalSi gavlenas axdens individis
cxovrebaze, gamoyenebuli teqnikebi unda iyos sando da validuri rogorc am
individTan mimarTebaSi, ise _ gamoyenebis mizanTan mimarTebaSi.

ZiriTadi cnebebi
qronologiuri asaki (gv. 295)- chronological age
kreatuloba (gv. 311)- creativity
kriteriumis validoba (gv, 293)-criterion validity
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kristalizebuli inteleqti (gv.300) crystallized intelligence

divergentuli azrovneba (gv. 312) divergent thinking
emociuri inteleqti (gv. 302) emotional intelligence (gv. 303) EQEQ
TvalsaCino validoba (gv. 293) face validity
fluiduri inteleqti (gv. 300) fluid intelligence
formaluri Sefaseba (gv. 292) formaluri Sefasebag faqtori (gv. 300)
memkvidreobiTobis maCvenebeli (gv. 305) heritability estimate
inteleqti (gv. 295) intelligence
inteleqtis koeficienti (IQ) (gv. 296) intelligence quatient
Sinagani SeTanxmebuloba (gv. 292) internal consistency
gonebrivi asaki (gv. 295) mental age
gonebrivi CamorCeniloba (gv. 296) mental retardation
normebi (gv. 294) norms
paraleluri formebi (gv. 292) parallel forms
prognozirebadi validuroba (gv. 293) predictive validity
fsiqologiuri Sefaseba (gv. 290) psychological assessment
fsiqometria (gv. 299)- psychometric
sandooba (gv. 292) reliability
SuaSi gaxleCvis sandooba (gv. 292)split-half reliability
standartizeba (gv. 294) standatization
stereotipuri muqara (gv. 310) stereotype threat
test-retestuli sandooba (gv. 292) test-retest reliability
validoba (gv. 292) validity

10.3 cxrilSi mocemuli anagramis gadawyveta

1. Laugh
2. Tempt
3. Short
4. Knight
5. Write
6. Allow
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7. Drive
8. Cough
9. Enter
10. Basic

leqsikoni

fsiqologiuri Sefaseba - individTa unarebis, qcevisa da pirovnuli

maxasiaTeblebis Sesafasebelad arsebuli gansazRvruli procedurebi.

formaluri Sefaseba - sistematuri procedurebi da gazomvebi, romelic

gavarjiSebuli profesionalebis mier gamoiyeneba individebis funqcionirebis,
unarebis, qcevebis (Cvevebis) an fsiqikuri mdgomareobis Sesaswavlad.

sandooba _ xarisxi, romelic uzrunvelyofs erTnair qulebs testis

nebismier dros gamoyenebisas, instrumentis mier qulebis stabilurobas an
konsistenturobas.

test-
test-retestuli sandooba - erTi da igive cdis pirze erTi da igive testis
sxvadasxva dros Catarebis Sedegad miRebul qulebs Soris arsebuli
korelaciis sazomi.

paraleluri formebi - testis sxvadasxva versiis gamoyeneba testis

sandoobis Sesafaseblad; formebis Secvla amcirebs pirdapiri gamoyenebis,
damaxsovrebis efeqts an individis survils, gamoavlinos konsistenturoba erTi
da igive amocanis mimarT.

Sinagani Sebamisoba (konsistenturoba) - sandoobis sazomi. testis sxvadasxva

nawilebis, rogoricaa kenti da luwi punqtebis, gamoyenebis Sedegad miRebuli
msgavsebis xarisxi.

SuaSi gaxleCvis testis ekvivalenturi naxevrebis sandooba - cdis pirebis

mier Sesrulebuli testis sxvadasxva nawilebs Soris arsebuli korelaciis
sazomi. (kenti da luwi nomrebis mqone punqtebi..

validoba – gviCvenebs, Tu ramdenad zomavs testi imas, ris gasazomadac iyo

miwodebuli.
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TvalsaCino validoba (face validity) - xarisxi, Tu ramdenad aris testis

amocanebi uSualod dakavSirebuli gasazom cvladTan.

validoba kriteriumis mixedviT - xarisxi, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba

gansazRvruli kriteriumis mixedviT miRebuli testis Sedegebi Sesafasebeli
maxasiaTeblis zogierT sxva kriteriums.

normebi - standartizirebulia individebis didi jgufebis gazomvis

safuZvelze. normebi saWiroa imisaTvis, rom SevadaroT individisa da ama Tu im
gansazRvruli jgufis normebi.

standartizacia – testirebis erTnairi procedurebis nakrebi TiToeuli

cdis pirisaTvis, iqneba es interviu, eqsperimenti Tu monacemebis registracia.

stereotipuri muqara - safrTxe, rom dadasturebuli iqneba garkveuli

jgufis mimarT arsebuli negatiuri stereotipi.
kreatuloba – garemosTvis adekvaturi da axali ideebisa da produqtebis
generirebis unari.

divergentuli azrovneba – kreatulobis gamovlineba, romelic xasiaTdeba

problemis uCveulo da, amave dros, saTanado gadawyvetiT.
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inteleqti - gamocdilebidan sargeblis miRebisa da garemos Sesaxeb
mocemuli informaciis farglebis garRvevis zogadi unari.

gonebrivi asaki _ bines inteleqtis etalonis mixedviT aris asaki, rodesac

bavSvis inteleqtualuri aqtioba gamoxatulia im saSualo asakiT, romelSic
normaluri bavSvebi aRweven gansazRvrul qulas.

qronologiuri asaki _ individis dabadebidan gasuli Tveebisa da wlebis

raodenoba.

inteleqtis koeficienti (IQ)

( _ indeqsi, romelic miRebulia inteleqtis
standartizebuli testebidan; pirvelad IQ gamoiTvleboda individis gonebrivi
asakis qronologiur asakze gayofiT da Semdeg 100-ze gamravlebiT; amJamad
pirdapir gamoiTvleba, rogorc IQ testis qula.

gonebrivi CamorCeniloba _ rodesac individebis IQ-s qulebi meryeobs 70-75-

mde intervalSi an masze naklebia, aseve, rodesac SezRudulia cxovrebiseuli
amocanebis gadasaWreli adaptaciuri Cvevebis SemuSavebis unari.

fsiqometria _ fsiqologiis dargi, romelic gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis

testirebaSi specializirdeba.

g _ spirmenis mixedviT, zogadi inteleqtis faqtori, romelic safuZvlad

udevs yovelgvar inteleqtualur aqtiobas.

kristalizebuli
kristalizebuli inteleqti _ inteleqtis aspeqti, romelSic Sedis
pirovnebis ukve SeZenili codna da am codnis gamoyeneba-gazrdis unari; izomeba
leqsikuri maragis, ariTmetikuli da zogadi informirebulobis testebiT.

fluiduri inteleqti _ inteleqtis aspeqti, romelic moicavs rTuli

mimarTebebis danaxvisa da problemebis gadaWris unars.

emociuri inteleqti _ inteleqtis tipi, romelSic Sedis Semdegi unarebi:

emociaTa zusti da Sesatyvisi aRqma, gageba da gamoxatva; azrovnebis
gasaadvileblad emociebis gamoyeneba; emociis gageba da analizi; emociuri
codnis efeqturad gamoyeneba da sakuTari emociebis regulireba rogorc
emociuri, ise _ inteleqtualuri zrdis xelSesawyobad.

EQ -IQ-s oreuli _ emociuri inteleqti.

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memkvidreobiTobis Sefaseba _ mocemuli Tvisebis an qcevis memkvidreobiTobis
xarisxis statistikuri Sefaseba dadgenili im individTa mixedviT, romlebic
icvlebian maTi genetikuri msgavsebis xarisxiT.

Tavi 11: adamianis ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze

• ganviTarebis Seswavla da axsna

 ganviTarebis aRwera
 ganviTarebis axsna

• fizikuri ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze

 ganviTareba Canasaxisa da adreuli bavSvobis periodSi
 fizikuri ganviTareba mozardobaSi
 fizikuri cvlilebebi mozrdilobaSi

• kognituri ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze

 piaJes aRmoCenebi kognituri ganviTarebis Sesaxeb
 adreuli kognituri ganviTarebis Tanamedrove midgomebi
 kognituri ganviTareba mozrdilobaSi

• enis aTviseba
 sityvebisa da metyvelebis aRqma
 sityvebis mniSvnelobaTa daswavla
 gramatikis aTviseba

• socialuri ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze

 eriksonis fsiqosocialuri stadiebi
 socialuri ganviTareba bavSvobaSi
 socialuri ganviTareba mozardobaSi
 socialuri ganviTareba mozrdilobaSi

• fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi: ra gavlenas axdens baga-baRi bavSvTa

ganviTarebaze
• genderuli ganviTareba
 sqesi da genderi
 326
 sqesobrivi rolebis aTviseba

• moraluri ganviTareba
 moraluri gansjis stadiebi kolbergis mixedviT
 genderisa da kulturis ganvlena moralur gansjaze
 viswavloT sworad da warmatebulad dabereba

• sakvanZo sakiTxebi
ZiriTadi cnebebi

„vfiqrob, rom Cemnair bavSvobas yvela inatrebda. mamaCemi eqimi iyo da deda _
sadazRvevo agenti. TandaTan finansuri mdgomareoba umjobesdeboda da es
yvelas moswonda, magram aravis rCeboda dro ojaxisaTvis. gesmiT risi Tqma
minda? mama cdilobda eSova fuli da eyida dedasTvis „mersedesi“, gvelis tyavis
fexsacmeli da sxva msgavsi ram, magram ojaxisTvis aravis ecala. ase rom, Tqven
warmoidgineT, me, ZiriTadad, garemosgan vswavlobdi yvelafers. vswavlobdi
mezobeli bavSvebisagan.
vinaidan ojaxisTvis dro aravis hqonda, me visjebodi yvela araswori
saqcielisaTvis, magram arasodes viRebdi Seqebas kargi qcevis gamo. es mudam ase
iyo. maS, Caidine raime onavroba, rom migtyepon. samagierod, yuradRebas mainc
miiqcev ramiT.
is, rac me minda, rom gavakeTo, aris Cemi sakuTari skolis gaxsna. aTi wlis
Semdeg Cems Tavs vxedav skolaSi, magram ara Cveulebriv saklaso oTaxSi, aramed
skolaSi, romelSic ar iqneba asaxuli Cveni politikuri da ekonomikuri
sistemis mankierebani. es sistema xom viRacaze upiratesobis mopovebas
gulisxmobs.
Cemi skola iqneba ubralod Tanasworuflebiani maswavleblebis skola _
TeTrkaniani, Savkaniani, laTino-amerikeli, Cineli, nebismieri _ radgan es
yvelaferi sulier aRzevebas da Tavisuflebas emsaxureba. araviTari komercia.
fuliT SeiZleba iyido didi „mersedesi“ da vila, magram Tu Seni suli
daukmayofilebelia, Sen mainc ubeduri pirovneba xar.“
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es aris atlantaSi mcxovrebi 16 wlis afro-amerikelis, derilis, sityvebi.
aSkaraa, rom movlenebma, romelTac ganapirobes misi warsuli, aseve ganapirobes
misi samomavlo miswrafebebi (Goodmillie, 1993, gv. 28-29). rogor mivida derili aseT
daskvnamde? rogor viTardeboda misi azrovneba wlebis ganmavlobaSi? me-11-e
TavSi Cven SevecdebiT, gaviazroT im ZalaTa moqmedeba, romlebic individTa
cxovrebas mTeli sicocxlis manZilze ayalibeben.
warmoidgineT, rom xelSi giWiravT axalSobili. ramdenad zustad SegiZliaT
gansazRvroT, rogori iqneba igi erTi wlis Semdeg? xuTi wlis Semdeg?
TxuTmetis? ormocdaaTis? samocdaaTis? oTxmocdaaTis? Tqveni
winaswarmetyveleba, albaT, daefuZneba zogadisa da konkretulis nazavs. bavSvi,
albaT, namdvilad iswavlis enas, magram is SeiZleba iyos an ar iyos niWieri
avtori. Tqveni winaswarmetyveleba, aseve, SeiZleba daefuZnos Tandayolilisa da
garemo pirobebis gaTvaliswinebas: Tu orive mSobeli niWieri mwerali iyo, Tqven
SeiZleba ifiqroT, rom bavSvic, aseve, literaturuli niWiT iqneba
dajildoebuli; bavSvs rom ganaTleba mdidrul garemocvaSi hqonoda miRebuli,
Tqven SeiZleba gefiqraT, rom misi akademiuri moswreba gadaaWarbebda
mSoblebisas. am TavSi Cven aRvwerT ganviTarebis fsiqologiis Teoriebs,
romlebic saSualebas gvaZlevs, sistemurad gaviazroT, Tu ra tipis prognozis
gakeTeba SegviZlia axalSobili bavSvis momavlis Sesaxeb.

• ganviTarebis fsiqologia (Developmental psychology) _ fsiqologiis dargi,

romelic swavlobs fizikuri da fsiqologiuri procesebis
urTierTqmedebas da ganviTarebis stadiebs mTeli cxovrebis manZilze
ganviTarebis poziciidan.

ganviTarebis fsiqologia aris fsiqologiis sfero, romelic Seiswavlis

cvlilebebs adamianis fizikur da fsiqologiur funqcionirebaSi Casaxvidan
sicocxlis bolomde. ganviTarebis fsiqologebis amocanaa, gaarkvion, rogor da
ratom icvlebian organizmebi drois ganmavlobaSi da aRweron da axsnan es
cvlilebebi. mkvlevrebi swavloben drois periodebs, romelTa ganmavlobaSic
pirvelad iCens Tavs sxvadasxva unarebi da funqciebi da akvirdebian, Tu rogor
icvleba es unarebi. ZiriTadi winapirobaa is, rom adamianis fsiqikuri
funqcionireba, socialuri urTierTobebi da sxva sasicocxlod aucilebeli
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aspeqtebi viTardeba da icvleba mTeli cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi. cxrili 11.1
miaxloebiT gvaCvenebs sicocxlis ZiriTad periodebs.
am TavSi warmogidgenT, Tu rogor ikvleven mkvlevrebi ganviTarebas da rogor
warmoadgenen im Teoriebs, romelTa saSualebiTac cdiloben droTa
ganmavlobaSi momxdari cvlilebebis axsnas. Semdeg Tqvens cxovrebiseul
gamocdilebebs sxvadasxva sferoebad davyofT da TiToeuli maTganis
gaTvaliswinrbiT ganvixilavT ganviTarebas. Tavis dasawyisSi Cven yuradRebas
SevCerdebiT fizikur, kognitur da enobriv ganviTarebaze. Semdeg ki yuradRebas
gavamaxvilebT socialuri urTierTobebis cvalebad bunebaze sicocxlis
ganmavlobaSi da, aseve, im specifikur amocanebze, romelTa winaSec adamianebi
dgebian cxovrebis garkveul etapebze. axla gavarkvioT, ras niSnavs ganviTarebis
Seswavla.

cxrili 11.1. ganviTarebis safexurebi

safexuri asaki

Canasaxovani dabadebis wina periodi

(prenataluri) dabadebidan 18 Tvemde
Cvili bavSvoba daaxloebiT 18 Tvidan 6
adreuli bavSvoba wlamde
gviani bavSvoba daaxloebiT 6 wlidan 13
mozardoba wlamde
axalgazrdoba12 daaxloebiT 13 wlidan 20
mowifuloba wlamde
xnovani daaxloebiT 20 wlidan 30
wlamde
daaxloebiT 30 wlidan 65
wlamde
daaxloebiT 65 wlidan da
zeviT

12
cxrilSi mocemuli Semdegi sami kategoria erTiandeba ufro did kategoriaSi da ewodeba mozrdiloba.
originaluri teqstis mixedviT aris: mozrdiloba, sadac Sedis: (1) adreuli mozrdiloba _ aq:
axalgazrdoba, (2) Sua xnis mozrdiloba _ aq: mowifuloba da (3) gviani mozrdiloba _ aq: xnovani.
(mTargmnelis SeniSvna)
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ganviTarebis Seswavla da axsna

warmoidgineT, rom gTxoveT yvela im cvlilebis siis Sedgena, romelic,

Tqveni azriT, bolo erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi ganicadeT. ras CawerdiT am siaSi?
xom ar CaerTeT axal fizikuri gajansaRebis progrmaSi? an xom ar
gankurnebulxarT raime daavadebisagan? xom ar gagCeniaT raime axali hobi an
interesi? megobarTa axali wre xom ar SegiZeniaT? vinmes gansakuTrebiT xom ar
dauaxlovdiT? rodesac aRvwerT ganviTarebas, Cven mis konceptualizacias
cvlilebis terminebiT vaxdenT. Cven gTxoveT sakuTar cxovrebaSi momxdar
cvlilebebze fiqri, raTa dagvenaxvebina _ cvlileba TiTqmis yovelTvis niSnavs
kompromiss. adamianebi xSirad cxovrebas ganixilaven, rogorc, ZiriTadad,
SeZenis process (ukeTesobisaken svlas) bavSvobaSi da, piriqiT, dakargvis
process (danakargs, uaresobisaken svlas) xandazmul asakSi.
ganviTarebis Cveneuli perspeqtiva aqcents imaze akeTebs, rom arCevanebi da,
Sesabamisad, mogebebi da danakargebi axasiaTebs ganviTarebis yvela etaps (Dixon
1999; Uttal & Perlmutter, 1989). magaliTad, rodesac adamianebi cxovrebis Tanamgzavrs
irCeven, isini Tmoben farTo arCevanis saSualebas, magram iZenen usafrTxoebas.
roca adamianebi berdebian da pensiaze gadian, isini Tmoben statuss, magram
iZenen Tavisufal dros.
agreTve, didi mniSvnaloba aqvs imas, rom Tqven ganviTareba ar ganixiloT,
rogorc pasiuri procesi. Tqven dainaxavT, rom ganviTarebis bevri cvlileba
individisgan garemoSi aqtiur CarTvas moiTxovs. (Bronfenbenner, 1999; Bronfenbenner &
Ceci, 1994).
axla, vnaxoT, rogor aRweren mkvlevarebi ganviTarebis cvlilebebs.

ganviTarebis aRwera

imisaTvis, rom aRvweroT cvlileba, pirveli sasargeblo nabiji iqneba,

davadginoT, Tu ras warmoadgens da rogor gamoiyureba saSualo adamiani
garkveul asakSi garegnobis, gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis da sxva faqtorebis
mixedviT. normatiuli kvlevebi cdiloben, aRweron konkretuli asakis an
ganviTarebis konkretuli etapis maxasiaTeblebi. sxvadasxva asakis individTa
sistematuri testirebis gziT, mkvlevarebi adgenen ganviTarebis TvalSisacem
Tvisebebs. bevr adamianze dakvirvebis safuZvelze, es monacemebi uzrunvelyofen
 330
normebs _ ganviTarebis an miRwevis standartul paternebs, romelic didi
raodenobiT adamianebze dakvirvebiT aris miRebuli.
normatiuli standartebis saSualebiT fsiqologebi erTmaneTisgan mijnaven
qronologiur asaks _ pirovnebis dabadebidan gasuli Tveebisa Tu wlebis
raodenobas, da ganviTarebis asaks _ qronologiur asaks, rodesac adamianebis
umravlesoba avlens fizikuri da gonebrivi ganviTarebis garkveul dones. sami
wlis bavSvi, romelic metyvelebs, rogorc saSualo 5 wlis bavSvi, iTvleba, rom
metyvelebis ganviTarebis mixedviT is 5 wlisaa. normebi uzrunvelyofs
standartul baziss, romlis safuZvelzec SesaZlebeli xdeba individebisa da
jgufebis urTierTSedareba.
cvlilebaTa SesaZlo meqanizmis gasagebad ganviTarebis fsiqologebi kvlevis
ramodenime models iyeneben. longituduri meTodis gamoyenebisas erTi da igive
individebi mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi sistematuri dakvirvebisa da testirebis
qveS imyofebian. magaliTad, mkvlevrebs SeuZliaT ramodenime Tvis ganmavlobaSi
kviraSi ramdenjerme ikvlion erTi da igive bavSvebi, raTa rac SeiZleba zustad
daafiqsiron is momenti, roca TiToeuli bavSvi daiwyebs mza strategiis
gamoyenebas ariTmetikuli amocanebis gadasawyvetad (Siegler & Crowley, 1991).
cvlilebis momentis gamoyofiT mkvlevrebs SeuZliaT ukeTesad dainaxon, Tu,
kerZod, ra uswrebs win ama Tu im cvlilebas. mkvlevarebi longitudur meTods,
aseve, xSirad iyeneben individualuri gansxvavebebis Sesaswavlad. sxvadasxva
adamianis cxovrebis mimarTulebisa da Sedegebis ukeT gasagebad, mkvlevrebma
SeiZleba Seafason mTeli rigi SesaZlo mizezobrivi faqtorebisa, romelic
moqmedebs cxovrebis adreul periodSi da naxon, ra gavlenas axdens es
faqtorebi calkeuli individis cxovrebaze.
grZelvadiani gamokvlevis upiratesoba isaa, rom vinaidan cdis pirebi,
ZiriTadad, erTgvar sicialur-ekonomikur pirobebSi erTsa da imave socialur-
ekonomikur periodSi cxovroben, SevZlebT asakTan dakavSirebuli cvlilebebis
dafiqsirebas da isini ar agvereba socialuri pirobebis cvalebadobaSi (Schaie,
1989). am meTodis minusi ki isaa, rom ganzogadeba SeiZleba gakeTdes mxolod
imave kohortaze, anu kvlevaSi CarTuli subieqtebis analogiur periodSi
dabadebul adamianebze. amasTanave, longituduri kvlevebi Zviri jdeba, radgan
Znelia cdis pirebze dakvirveba drois xagrZlivi monakveTebis manZilze da,
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Tanac, monacemebi advilad SeiZleba daikargos cdis pirTa kvlevidan gasvlis an
gauCinarebis gamo.

• normatiuli kvleva (normative investigation) gulisxmobs gansazRvruli asakisa

Tu ganviTarebis safexurisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebis aRweras.
• qronologiuri asaki (chronological age) individis dabadebidan gasuli Tveebis
an wlebis raodenoba.
• ganviTarebis asaki (developmental age) qronologiuri asaki, romlis drosac
bavSvebis umravlesoba amJRavnebs fizikuri Tu gonebrivi ganviTarebis
garkveul dones.
• longituduri meTodi (longitudinal design) kvlevis meTodi, romlis drosac
erTsa da imaive cdis pirebze warmoebs ganmeorebiTi dakvirveba droTa
ganmavlobaSi, zogjer mravali wlis manZilze.

ganviTarebis kvlevaTa umravlesoba iyenebs e. w. jvaredini Seswavlis meTods,

meTods
sadac sxvadasxva qronologiuri asakis mqone cdis pirTa jgufebze
erTdroulad dakvirvebac xdeba da urTierTSedarebac. Sedegad, mkvlevars
SeuZlia daaskvnas im qceviTi gansxvavebebis Taobaze, romlebic, SesaZloa,
dakavSirebuli iyos asakobriv cvlilebebTan. magaliTad, mkvlevrebma imis
Sesaswavlad, Tu rogor uzrunvelyofen erTmaneTisTvis megobrebi socialur
mxardaWeras, maT SeiZleba erTnairi laboratoriuli davalebebi miscen 11, 15 19
wlis mozardTa wyvilebs (Denton & Zarbatany, 1996). jvaredini Seswavlis meTodis
nakli momdinareobs iqidan, rom erTmaneTs dardeba sxvadasxva qronologiuri
asakis individebi. asakobriv cvlilebebis Sefasebisas gaugebrobas qmnis
sxvadasxva Taobaze moqmedi gansxvavebuli socialur-politikuri pirobebi.
Sesabamisad, 10 wlis da 18 wlis individTa SerCevebis SedarebiTi Seswavlisas,
romelic axla tardeba, SeiZleba gairkves, rom es adamianebi gansxvavdebian
TavianTi Tanatolebisgan, romlebic 1970-ian wlebSi gaizardnen, rogorc epoqis,
ise _ ganviTarebis stadiebis TaviseburebebiT.
TiToeuli meTodologia asakis matebasTan dakavSirebuli cvlilebis aRweris
saSualebas iZleva, magram rogor xdeba cvlilebis mTlian paternis axla? axla
am sakiTxs ganvixilavT.
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• jvaredini Seswavlis meTodi (cross-sectional design) _ kvlevis meTodi, romelic

gulisxmobs sxvadasxva asakis adamianTa jgufebze dakvirvebasa da
erTmaneTTan Sedarebas.

ganviTarebis axsna

TiTqmis yvela bavSvi eufleba enas, Tumca, TiToeuli bavSvi amas odnav
gansxvavebulad akeTebs. marTalia, mozardTa umravlesoba ufro racionalurad
azrovnebs, vidre maTze umcrosebi, magram gvxvdebian iseTebic, romlebic
TavianT Tanatolebze ukeT azrovneben. ganviTarebis asaxsnelad aucilebelia
rogorc cvlilebaTa universaluri, saerTo aspeqtebis, aseve, TiToeuli
individisTvis damaxasiaTebeli specifikuri, unikaluri aspeqtebis
gaTvaliswineba.
ganviTarebis Teoriebs Soris yvelaze mkveTri gansvla bavSvobaSi mimdinare
cvlilebebs ukavSirdeba. sakiTxi isaa, Tu rogor jobia axalSobilsa da,
vTqvaT, 10 wlis bavSvs Soris arsebuli mkveTri siRrmiseuli ganxvavebebis axsna:
ramdenad aris aseTi ganviTareba ganpirobebuli memkvidreobiT (bunebiT) da
ramdenad _ daswavlis Sedegi (garemo)? didi xania, rac filosofosebi,
fsiqologebi da pedagogebi Tandayolili-
Tandayolili-SeZenilis dapirispirebaze,
dapirispirebaze
memkvidreobiTobisa da daswavlis fardobiT mniSvnelovnebaze kamaToben. erT
mxares arian isini, visac mianCia, rom adamiani yovelgvari codnisa da
SesaZleblobebis gareSe ibadeba da rom gamocdileba, daswavlis formiT,
waruSlel kvals tovebs axalSobilis Camouyalibebeli gonebis sufTa dafaze
(laTinurad tabula rasa). es mosazreba, romelic britanelma filosofosma jon
lokma (John Locke) wamoayena, empirizmis saxeliT aris cnobili. adamianis
ganviTareba gamocdilebas miewereba. empiristebs miaCniaT, rom adamianis
ganviTarebas aRzrda warmarTavs. mecnierTa Soric, vinc ar eTanxmeboda maT, iyo
Jan-Jak ruso (Jean-Jacques Rousseau). is nativistur poziciaze
frangi filosofosi Jan-
idga da Tvlida, rom buneba anu evoluciuri memkvidreoba, romlsac flobs
TiToeuli bavSvi, ganapirobebs misi ganviTarebis sqemas.
 333
empiricistebsa da nativistebs Soris kamaTi gamwvavda, rodesac 1798 wels
safrangeTSi, sofel aveironis maxloblad tyeSi ipoves, savaraudod, cxovelebis
gazrdili biWi. iTvleboda, rom am 12 wlis velur bavSvSi, romelic cnobili
gaxda, rogorc veluri biWi aveironidan, imaleboda pasuxebi adamianis bunebis
Sesaxeb arsebiT kiTxvebze: SeeZlo ki am bavSvs mas Semdeg, rac bavSvoba
adamianTan kontaqtis gareSe gaatara, namdvili adamiani gamxdariyo?
axalgazrda eqimma, Jan mark itardma (Jean Marc Itard) rTuli amocanis Sesruleba
daisaxa miznad _ aRezarda da civilizaciisTvis eziarebina veluri biWi,
romelsac man viqtori daarqva,. Tavidan itardis intensiuri swavlebis programa
warmatebuli Canda. viqtori mosiyvarule da zrdilobian bavSvad iqca da
miTiTebebis Sesrulebac iswavla. Tumca, xuTi wlis Semdeg progresi SeCerda da
itardi iZulebuli gaxda, Seewyvita eqsperimenti (Itard, 1802/1962). ra gaxda
warumateblobis mizezi: buneba Tu aRzrda? SesaZloa, Cvili viqtori imitom
miatoves bedis anabara, rom ar viTardeboda. Tu marTlac es iyo mizezi,
nebismieri varjiSi mxolod garkveul farglebSi iqneboda Sedegiani. Tu es ase
ar iyo, daexmareboda Tu ara swavlebis Tanamedrove meTodebi biWs ufro
srulad ganviTarebaSi, vidre es itardis meTodebma SeZlo? harlan leini, (Harlen
Lane;; 1976, 1986) _ erT-erTi specialisti, romelmac Seiswavla viqtoris istoria,
fiqrobs, rom es SemTxveva naTlad gviCvenebs adreuli socialuri kontaqtebis
gadamwyvet rols komunikaciur da gonebriv ganviTarebaSi.
dResdReobiT mkvlevarebi bunebisa da aRzrdis gavlenis Sesaswavlad mTel
rig meTodebs floben da aRar sWirdebaT bunebis iseTi samwuxaro
eqsperimentebis gamoyeneba, rogoric viqtoris SemTxveva iyo. Cven viciT, rom
lokisa da rusos ukiduresi poziciebi usamarTloa adamianis qcevis
mravalferovnebis mimarT. TiTqmis nebismieri rTuli qceva ganpirobebulia
rogorc individualuri biologiuri memkvidreobiT, ise _ piradi gamocdilebiT.
Cveni survilia, bunebisa da aRzrdis urTierTqmedebas aseT WrilSi SexedoT:
memkvidreobiToba uzrunvelyofs potencials; gamocdileba gansazRvravs am
potencialis ganxorcieldebis mimarTulebas. wimandebare TavSi davinaxavT, Tu
rogor viTardeba da realizdeba potenciali unikaluri adamianebis cxovrebaSi.

Sejameba
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ganviTarebis fsiqologebi gvTavazoben Teoriebs, raTa axsnan, Tu rogor da
ratom icvlebian adamianebi cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi. calkeuli asakisa da
grZelvadiani ganviTarebis etapebis Taviseburebebis aRsawerad mkvlevarebi
iyeneben normatiul kvlevebs. longituduri kvlevebi individebis erT garkveul
jgufs xangrZlivi drois manZilze Seiswavlian; jvaredini meTodebi sxvadasxva
asakobriv jgufebs erTdroulad ikvleven.
filosofosebi da fsiqologebi odiTganve kamaTobdnen ganviTarebis
cvlilebebis gansazRvraSi Tandayolilisa da SeZenilis fardobiT
mniSvnelovnebaze. dResdReobiT mkvlevarTa umravlesoba ganviTarebas
ganixilavs, rogorc bunebisa da aRzrdis urTierTqmedebas.

fizikuri ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze

ganviTarebis mravali tipi, romelsac am TavSi aRvwerT, dasadgenad da

gansasazRvrad garkveul specialur codnas moiTxovs. magaliTad, Tqven SeiZleba
verc ki SegemCniaT socialuri ganviTarebis mniSvnelovani momentebi manam, sanam
aq ar waikiTxavdiT maT Sesaxeb. Tumca, adamianis ganviTarebaze saubars im
sferos ganxilviT daviwyebT, sadac cvlilebebi xSirad Zalze TvalsaCinoa: esaa
fizikuri ganviTareba.
ganviTareba ueWvelia, rom Tqven uzarmazari fizikuri cvlilebebi
ganicadeT mas Semdeg, rac am qveyanas moevlineT. es cvlilebebi Tqveni
cxovrebis bolomde gagrZeldeba. vinaidan fizikuri cvlilebebi uamravia, Cven
mxolod im cvlilebebze SevaCerebT yuradRebas, romlebic fsiqologiur
ganviTarebaze zemoqmedeben.

• buneba-
buneba-aRzrdis dapirispireba (nature-nurture
( controversy)) _ kamaTi qcevisa da
ganviTarebis gansazRvraSi Tandayolilisa (bunebis) da SeZenili
gamocdilebis (aRzrdis) fardobiTi mniSvnelovnebis Sesaxeb.
• fizikuri ganviTareba (physical development) _ Casaxvidan mTeli cxovrebis
manZilze mimdinare sxeulebrivi cvlilebebi, momwifeba da zrda.

ganviTareba Canasaxis periodsa da adreul bavSvobaSi

 335
Tqven cxovrebas iwyebT unikaluri genetikuri potencialiT: Casaxvis momentSi
mamakacis spermatozoidma gaanayofiera qalis kvercxujredi da warmoiqmna erTi
ujredi _ zigota;
zigota Tqven dedisgan miiReT yvela normaluri adamianis sxeulis
ujredisTvis damaxasiaTebeli 46 qromosomis erTi naxevari, mamisagan ki _ meore
naxevari. am qveTavSi detalurad ganvixilavT fizikur ganviTarebas Canasaxovan
periodSi _ Casaxvis momentidan dabadebis momentamde. agreTve, aRvwerT zogierT
sensorul SesaZleblobas, romelsac bavSvi ker kidev dabadebamde flobs.
dasasrul, visaubrebT bavSvobis asakis mniSvnelovan fizikur cvlilebebze.

suraTze ganviTarebasTan erTad, nayofis Tavis tvini wuTSi

(originalSi gv. 322) suraTze:
axal 250 000 neirons warmoSobs. ramdenad unda iyos Tavis tvini ganviTarebuli
bavSvis dabadebisas?

fizikuri ganviTareba saSvilosnoSi

nebismieri bavSvis yvelaze adreuli funqcionirebis formaa guliscema.

guliscema iwyeba Canasaxovan periodSi, dabadebamde, roca embrioni aris 3 kviris
da 20 mm sigrZis. reaqcia stimulaciaze SeiniSneba 6 kviris asakSi, roca
embrioni jer ar aris 2,5 sm sigrZis. spontanuri moZraobebi SeimCneva 8 kviris
asakSi (Carmichael, 1970; Humprey, 1970).
8 kviris Semdeg ganviTarebad embrions ewodeba nayofi (fetusi). Casaxvidan
daaxloebiT 16 kviris Semdeg deda grZnobs nayofis moZraobebs. am droisaTvis
nayofi daaxloebiT 23 sm sigrZisaa (dabadebisas saSualo sigrZe 50 sm-ia).
vinaidan Tavis tvini muclad yofnis dros izrdeba, is wuTSi 250 000 axal
neirons gamoimuSavebs/warmoqmnis. dabadebis momentisaTvis maTi ricxvi 100
miliardze mets aRwevs (Cowan, 1979). adamianebSi da sxva mraval ZuZumwovarSi
ujredebis es gavrceleba da neironebis migracia Sesabamisi adgilebisken
swored Canasaxovan periodSi xdeba, maSin, roca aqsonebisa da dendritebis
gantotebis ganviTarebis procesebi, ZiriTadad, dabadebis Semdeg iwyeba. (Kolb,
1989). suraTi 11.1 gviCvenebs Tavis tvinis ganviTarebis Tanmimdevrobas 25 dRidan 9
Tvemde.

sur. 11.1. adamianis tvinis ganviTareba

 336
cxra Tvis manZilze, romelic dabadebas uswrebs win, tvinSi srulad
grovdeba 100 miliard neironze meti.

orsulobis pirveli Tveebis ganmavlobaSi iseT faqtorebs, rogoricaa

araswori kveba, infeqcia, radiacia an narkotikebis moxmareba, SeiZleba mohyves
bavSvis sxeulis struqturisa da organoebis normaluri ganviTarebis darRveva.
magaliTad, rodesac Casaxvidan ori an oTxi kviris Semdeg deda inficirdeba
wiTuriT, 50%-ia imis albaToba, rom bavSvze es iseTi uaryofiTi Sedegebis saxiT
aisaxeba, rogoricaa gonebrivi CamorCeniloba, mxedvelobis dazianeba, gulis
defeqtebi an siyrue. Tu inficireba sxva dros xdeba, maSin arasasurveli
efeqtis albaToba mniSvnelovnad naklebia (22% _ meore Tveze, 8% _ mesameze)
(Murata, 1992). aseve, dedebi, romlebic senzitiur periodSi anu rodesac nayofi
gansakuTrebiT mowyvladia, garkveul nivTierebebs moixmaren, magaliTad,
alkohols, TavianT jer ar dabadebul Svilebs tvinis da sxva organoebis Tu
sxeulis nawilebis dazianebis risks winaSe ayeneben (Goodlet & Johnson, 1999; Jacobson,
1993; Roebuck, 1999). magaliTad, saxis anomaliebis ganviTareba yvelaze xSirad
orsulobis pirveli ori Tvis ganmavlobaSi dedis mier alkoholis moxmarebis
Sedegia. (Coles, 1994). garda amisa, sigaretis mweveli dedebic riskis qveS ayeneben
TavianT Svilebs, gansakuTrebiT orsulobis meore naxevarSi. orsulobis dros
moweva zrdis mkvdrad Sobis, naadrevad mSobiarobis da bavSvis nakluli woniT
dabadebis risks. faqtobrivad, im qalebs, romlebic orsulobis dros
iZulebulni arian, CaisunTqon Tambaqos kvamli, aseve, SeiZleba hyavdeT nakluli
woniani bavSvebi (Dejin-Karllson et al., 1998).
orsulobisas zogierTma nivTierebam praqtikulad nebismier dros SeiZleba
miayenos ziani nayofs. magaliTad, kokaini placentaSi aRwevs da Canasaxis
ganviTarebis Seferxeba SeuZlia. mozrdilebSi kokaini sisxlZarRvebis
Seviwrovebas iwvevs. orsul qalebSi kokaini aferxebs placentaSi sisxlis
moZraobas da nayofis JangbadiT momaragebas. Jangbadis seriozuli SimSilis
Sedegad SeiZleba gaskdes kidec nayofis Tavis tvinis sisxlZarRvebi. aseTma
prenatalurma insultebma SeiZleba samudamo fsiqikuri arasrlfasovneba
gamoiwvios (Chasnoff, 1998; Koren, 1998). kvleva aCvenebs, rom kokaini yvelaze metad
Tavis tvinis im sistemebs azianebs, romlebic yuradRebis marTvaze ageben pasuxs:
bavSvebi, romlebmac muclad yofnisas kokainis zemoqmedeba ganicades, SeiZleba
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mTeli cxovrebis manZilze uSedegod ewinaaRmdegebodnen maTTvis uintereso
mxedvelobiT da smeniT da gamRizianeblebze yuradRebis gadatanas.
am magaliTebiT gvsurda, gveCvenebina, rom sxeulsa da tvins bavSvis
dabadebamdec ki ayalibebs bunebisa da garemos urTierTqmedeba.

• zigota (zygote)
( ) _ erTi ujredi, romelic warmoiqmneba spermatozoidis mier
kvercxujredis ganayofierebis Sedegad.

bavSvebi momarTulni arian gadarCenisaTvis

ra SesaZleblobebia Cadebuli sxeulsa da tvinSi dabadebisas? Cven miveCvieT

azrs, rom axalSobili sruliad umweo da ususuria. biheviorizmis fuZemdebeli
jon uotsoni aRwerda Cvils, rogorc „sicocxlisunarian, mofarTxale xorcis
naWers, romelsac ramdenime martivi reaqciis ganxorcieleba SeuZlia“. Tu es
marTalia, albaT, gagikvirdebaT imis gageba, rom dabadebidan ramdenime wamSi
axalSobili avlens grZnobis organoebiT informaciis miRebis da masze
reagirebis gasaocar unars. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom bavSvebi „momarTulebi arian
gadarCenisaTvis“ da kargad arian adaptirebulni, raTa reagireba moaxdinon
maTze mzrunvel mozrdilebze da imoqmedon irgvliv myof adamianebze.
magaliTad, Cvilebs dabadebamdec SeuZliaT bgerebis gagoneba, Sesabamisad,
isini mzad arian dabadebis Semdeg garkveul bgerebze reagirebisTvis.
axalSobilebs, sxva qalebis xmebze metad, dedis xmis mosmena urCevniaT, rac
gvafiqrebinebs, rom muclad yofnisas isini dedis xmis cnobas swavloben
(Decasper & Fifer, 1980). mkvlevrebma isic daasabuTes, rom axalSobilebi, kerZod,
TavianTi dedebis imgvarad Secvlil xmas cnoben, rogoric bunebrivad aRwevs
saSvilosnoSi anu dedis sxeulis qsovilebis gavlis Sedegad Secvlils (anu
zogierTi sixSiris bgerebi ifiltreba) (Spence & Decasper, 1987; Spence & Freeman, 1996).
ase rom, axalSobilebi cnoben im xmebs, romlebic axlosaa maT Canasaxovan
gamocdilebasTan. samwuxarod, maT mamebisagan arasakmarisi bgeriTi gamocdileba
aqvT: axalSobilebi saerTod ar aqceven yuradRebas mamis xmas (Decasper & Prescott,
1984). oTxi Tvis asakSic ki, axalSobilebi mamis xmas ver arCeven ucxo mamakacis
xmisagan (Ward & Cooper, 1999).
Cvilebi TiTqmis dabadebisTanave iwyeben mxedvelobiT sistemebsac
gamoyenebasac: dabadebidan sul ramdenime wuTSi bavSvs ukve Ria aqvs Tvalebi,
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Tavs abrunebs xmis mimarTulebiT da cnobismoyvareobiT eZebs am xmis wyaros.
miuxedavad amisa, Cvilis mxedveloba sustadaa ganviTarebuli, sxva SegrZnebebTan
SedarebiT. mozrdilTa mxedvelobis simaxvile daaxloebiT 40-jer ukeTesia,
vidre axalSobilebisa (Sireteanu, 1999). mxedvelobis simaxvile swrafad
umjobesdeba bavSvis sicocxlis pirveli 6 Tvis ganmavlobaSi. axalSobilebi,
agreTve, cudad aRiqvamen samyaros sam ganzomilebaSi: mxolod 4 Tvis asakSi
SeuZliaT maT orive TvaliT miRebuli informaciis Sejereba da siRrmisa da
manZilis aRqma. kargi mxedveloba _ kontrastis aRqma, mxedvelobis simaxvile da
ferebis garCeva _ moiTxovs Tvalis receptoruli velis centrSi uamravi
fotoreceptoruli ujredis funqcionirebas da Tvalis optikis saTanadod
ganviTarebas (ix. Tavi 4). mravali am komponentTagani mosamwifebelia Cvilis
mxedvelobis sistemaSi. kargi mxedvelobisaTvis, aseve, saWiroa, rom Tavis tvinis
vizualur qerqSi arsebul uamrav neirons Soris urTierTqmedeba Seesabamebodes
vizualur gamocdilebas (Maurer, 1999). dabadebisas neironebs Soris arasakmarisi
urTierTqmedebaa.
bavSvebs kargi mxedvelobis gareSec SeuZliaT garkveuli gamRizianeblebis
erTmaneTisagan garCeva. mkvlevarTa Soris erT-erTi pirvelTagani _ robert
fanci (Robert Fantz, 1963) akvirdeboda rom 4 Tvis bavSvebs ukonturo obieqtebze
metad konturiani obieqtebis yureba erCivnaT, martiv obieqtebze metad _
rTulis da arasworad ganlagebuli nakvTebis mqone saxeebze metad _ mTliani,
Cveulebrivi saxeebis. ufro gviandelma kvlevebma cxadyo, rom bavSvebi
dabadebidanve adamianis saxeebs metad aniWeben upiratesobas, vidre vizualurad
msgavs gamosaxulebebs (Valenza et al., 1996). faqtobrivad, 4 dRis asakSi
axalSobilebi cnoben dedis saxes.

saidan viciT

axalSobilebi da maTi dedebis saxeebi

oTxi dRis Cvilebi moaTavses qafovani masaliT damzadebul specialur
savarZelSi, romelic usafrTxod iWerda bavSvs da, amasTan, Tavis aqeT-iqiT
trialis saSualebas aZlevda. savarZlebis win moTavsebuli iyo nacrisferi
ekrani, romelzec amoWrili iyo ori sarkmeli. eqsperimentis dros erT
sakrmelSi dedis saxe Canda, meoreSi ki _ ucnobi adamianis (ucnobi qali ise
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iyo SerCeuli, rom bundovnad hgavdnen dedas). dedasa da ucnob qals
eZleodaT instruqcia, rom SeenarCunebinaT saxis neitraluri gamometyveleba
da ar elaparakaT an emoZravaT. aRmoCnda, rom cdis ganmavlobaSi bavSvebi
orjer met xans uyurebdnen TavianT dedebs, vidre ucnobebs (Pascalis, 1995).

es Sedegi gviCvenebs, rom bavSvebi Zalze adreul asakSive floben

mniSvnelovan informacias garemos Sesaxeb: es aris dedis saxis nakvTebi. axla
xedavT, Tu ratom vuwodeT Cvilebs „gadarCenisaTvis momarTulebi“.
rogorc ki bavSvebi daiwyeben garemoSi moZraobas, isini swrafad iZenen sxva
perceptul unarebs. magaliTad, eleonor gibsonisa (Eleanor Gibson) da riCard
uolqis (Richard Walk) klasikurma kvlevam (1960) aCvena, Tu rogor reagirebdnen
bavSvebi siRrmis Sesaxeb informaciaze. kvlevaSi gamoyenebuli iyo mowyobiloba,
romelsac vizualuri ufskruls uwodeben. es iyo gluvi SuSis zedapiris SuaSi
moTavsebuli gauWvirvale sibrtye. didi da mcire siRrmeebis Sesaqmnelad
gamoiyeneboda kubokruli qsovili, rogorc naCvenebia suraTze 11.2.
11.2 Tavdapirvel
eqsperimentSi gibsonma da uolqma aCvenes, rom bavSvebi yovelgvari yoymanis
gareSe mixoxaven SuSis SuaSi mdebare sibrtyidan mcire siRrmis mimarTulebiT,
magram uars amboben didi siRrmisken wasvlaze.
Semodgomma kvlevebma aCvena, rom siRrmis SiSi momdinareobda xoxvis
gamocdilebidan: bavSvebs, romelTac ukve dawyebuli hqondaT xoxva, eSinodaT
siRrmis, xolo maT Tanatolebs, romlebic jer ar xoxavda _ ar eSinodaT.
(Campos, 1992). amgvarad, simaRlis SiSi ar aris sruliad Tandayolili, aramed
viTardeba maSin, rodesac bavSvi Tavad iwyebs garemos Seswavlas.

sur. 11.2: vizualuri ufskruli

rodesac bavSvi mis irgvliv garemoSi xoxvis gamocdilebas iRebs, igi avlens
„vizualuri ufskrulis“ Rrma mxaris SiSs.

sur. 11.3: sicocxlis pirveli ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi zrdis modeli

Zalze sicocxlis pirveli wlis ganmavlobaSi Zalian swrafad izrdeba
neironTa raodenoba. es procesi bevrad swrafad mimdinareobs, vidre zogadi
fizikuri zrda. amis sapirispirod, sqesobrivi momwifeba ar xdeba mozardobis
periodamde.

sur. 11.4: moZraobis unari ganviTarebis Tanmimdevroba

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siarulis unaris ganviTareba ar moiTxovs specialur swavlebas. is TavisiT
viTardeba garkveuli TanmimdevrobiT, rac Cveni saxeobis yvela fizikurad
normalurad ganviTarebuli wevrisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. im kulturebSi,
sadac bavSvebis stimulirebas adreul asakSi axdenen, patarebi siaruls ufro
adre iwyeben (Shirley, 1931).

zrda da momwifeba bavSvobaSiD

bavSvobaSi

axalSobilebi saocrad swrafad icvlebian, Tumca, rogorc 11.3 suraTzea

naCvenebi, fizikuri zrdis tempi erTnairi ar aris yvela fizikuri
struqturisaTvis. Tqven, albaT, SegimCneviaT, rom patarebi Tavkombalebs hgvanan.
dabadebisas bavSvis Tavi ukve mozrdilis Tavis zomis TiTqmis 60%-s, xolo
sakuTari sxeulis sigrZis meoTxeds Seadgens (Bayley, 1956). dabadebidan eqvs
TveSi Cvilis sxeulis wona ormagdeba, xolo erT weliwadSi _ sammagdeba. ori
wlis asakSi bavSvis tani misi saboloo (mozrdilobis dros miRweuli) sigrZis
naxevars udris. mozardobamde genitaliebi mcireoden cvlilebas ganicdian da
Semdeg ki swrafad viTardebian zrdasrulis proporciebamde.
bavSvTa umravlesobisaTvis fizikur zrdas Tan sdevs motoruli unarebis
momwifeba. momwifeba aris maTTvis Cveul garemoSi saxeobebis warmomadgenelTa
tipiuri zrdis procesi. momwifebis Cveuli Tanmimdevroba, romelsac
axalSobili gadis, ganpirobebulia Tandayolili biologiuri maxasiaTeblebisa
da garemo faqtorebis urTierTqmedebiT. magaliTad, rogorc 11.4 suraTzea
mocemuli, gadaadgilebis unaris ganviTarebisas bavSvi specialuri varjiSis
gareSe swavlobs siaruls. es Tanmimdevroba saerToa bavSvebis
umravlesobisTvis, umciresobam ki SeiZleba gamotovos romelime safexuri an
sakuTari originaluri TanmimdevrobiT ganviTardes. miuxedavad amisa, im
kulturebSi, sadac naklebi fizikuri stimulacia aqvT, bavSvebi siaruls
SedarebiT gvian iwyeben. magaliTad, amerikeli indielebi bavSvebs mWidrod
Sekrul zurgze mosakidebeli artaxiT atareben, romelic aferxebs siarulis
swavlas, Tumca, rogorc ki bavSvi ganTavisufldeba misgan, igi lokomociis
ganviTarebis zustad igive safexurebs gaivlis. amrigad, SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom
yvela janmrTel axalSobils fizikuri ganviTarebis erTnairi potenciali aqvs.

• momwifeba (maturation)
( ) _ ganviTarebis ganmavlobaSi memkvidreobis uwyveti
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gavlena; saxeobebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli, asakTan dakavSirebuli fizikuri
da qceviTi cvlilebebi.

fizikuri ganviTareba mozardobaSi

bavSvobis dasrulebis pirveli konkretuli maCvenebelia pubertatis energiis

mozRvaveba13 gogonebSi daaxloebiT 10 wlis asakisTvis da biWebSi daaxloebiT
12 wlis asakisTvis zrdis hormonebi iwyebs sisxlSi gadasvlas. ramdenime wlis
ganmavlobaSi mozardi SeiZleba weliwadSi 7-14-sm-iT gaizardos da sagrZnoblad
moimatos wonaSi. mozardis sxeuli erTbaSad ar aRwevs mozrdilis proporciebs.
Tavdapirvelad zrdasrulis zomamde izrdeba fexis terfebi da xelis mtevnebi,
Semdeg _ Tavad xelebi da fexebi, xolo torsi viTardeba yvelaze nela.
amgvarad, individis sxeulis forma mozardobis ganmavlobaSi ramdenjerme
icvleba.
• pubertati (puberty) _ sqesobrivi momwifebis miRweva. misi maCvenebeli
gogonebTan aris menarqe s(pirveli menstruacia), xolo biWebTan _ cocxali
spermis warmoebisa da eakulaciis unari.
• menarqe (menarche)
( _ menstrualuri ciklis dawyeba.
• sxeulis xati (body image) _ sakuTari sxeulis garegnobis subieqturi aRqma.

energiis mozRvavebis dawyebidan ori-sami wlis Semdeg dgeba pubertati anu

sqesobrivi simwife. (laTinuri sityva pubertas niSnavs „TmebiT dafaruls“ da
miuTiTebs fexebsa da xelebze, iRliebsa da genitalur areebSi Tmis safaris
ganviTarebaze). biWebisTvis sqesobrivi momwifeba iwyeba cocxali spermis
warmoebiT maSin, roca gogonebisaTvis is iwyeba menarqeTi anu menstruaciis
dawyebiT. aSS-Si menarqes saSualo asakia 12-13 weli, Tumca, misi dawyeba normis
farglebSi mosalodnelia 11-dan 15 wlamde periodSi. biWebSi cocxali spermis
warmoeba pirvelad, saSualod, 12-14 wlis asakSi xdeba, Tumca, aqac SesaZlebelia
droSi variacia. am fizikur cvlilebebs xSirad Tan sdevs sakuTari seqsualuri
SegrZnebebis gacnobiereba. seqsualuri motivaciis warmoqmnas me-12-e TavSi
ganvixilavT.
sqesobriv momwifebasTan dakavSirebuli fizikuri cvlilebebi gavlenas
axdens mozardis fsiqologiuri ganviTarebis sxva aspeqtebze. es cvlilebebi
 342
xSirad ubiZgebs mas, rom didi yuradReba dauTmos sakuTar garegnobas.
uzarmazari fizikuri cvlilebebi da gaZlierebuli aqcenti Tanatolebis
mxridan aRiarebaze aZlierebs individis mier sakuTari sxeulis xatiT
dainteresebas, sakuTari garegnobis subieqtur xedvas. aTi sxvadasxva qveynis
mozardebze Catarebuli kvlevis monacemebma (maT Soris iyo aSS, bangaladeSi,
TurqeTi da taivani) cxadyo, rom gogonebis 38% da biWebis 27% sakuTar Tavs
uSnod da aramimzidvelad Tvlis (Offer et al., 1988). moWabebulma wuxilma sakuTar
garegnobasa da socialuri me-s sxva aspetebze, zogierTi mozardi gogona
SeiZleba TviTgvemamde miiyvanos (Striegel-Moore & Cachelin, 1999). fizikur
srulyofilebaze TavianTi araswori warmodgenis Sesabamisi formebis misaRwevis
mcdelobiT mozardma gogonebma SeiZleba seriozuli kvebiTi aSliloba
ganiviTaron, rogoricaa anoreqsia, rac SimSilobas gulisxmobs, da bulimia,
romelic sakvebis usazRvro raodenobiT STanTqmasa da Semdeg kuWis-nawlavis
iZulebiTi gawmendas ukavSirdeba (me-12-e TavSi ufro dawvrilebiT gavarCevT
kvebiT aSlilobebs). sabednierod, am problemaTa gamwvavebis periodi adreul
mozardobaSi mTavrdeba. mozardebi TandaTanobiT eCvevian TavianT garegnobas.
mozardobis periodis dasrulebis Semdeg Tqveni sxeuli erTxel kidev aRwevs
cxovrebis im xanas, rodesac biologiuri cvlilebebi SedarebiT naklebad xdeba.
Tqven SegiZliaT Tavad imoqmedoT sakuTar sxeulze sxvadasxva saSualebebiT _
dietiTa da varjiSiT. cvlilebebis Semdeg nakadi, romelic asakis momatebis
Sedegia, mowifulobasa da xnovanobaze (anu zrdasrulobis Sua da bolo
periodze) modis.

fizikuri cvlilebebi mozrdilobaSi

mozrdilobaSi

asakis matebasTan dakavSirebuli yvelaze SesamCnevi zogierTi cvlileba

fizikur garegnobasa da SesaZleblobebs exeba. asakis momatebasTan erTad kanze
naoWebi Cndeba, Tma Txeldeba da WaRaravdeba, simaRle ki 2-5 sm-iT iklebs. aseve,
mcirdeba SegrZnebis organoebis mgrZnobeloba. es cvlilebebi moulodnelad ar
Cndeba 65 wlis asakSi. isini TandaTanobiT, axalgazrdobidanve viTardeba. sanam
asakTan dakavSirebul zogad cvlilebebs aRvwerdeT, ufro zogadi xasiaTis
mosazrebas gamovTqvamT: mravali fizikuri cvlileba ara asakis, aramed

13
pubescent growth spurt
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umoqmedobis Sedegia; gamokvlevebi adasturebs sayovelTaod cnobil andazas:
„Tu ar gamoiyeneb, dakargav“. xanSiSesuli adamianebi, romlebic sistematurad
varjiSoben (an iwyeben varjiSs), SedarebiT nakleb siZneleebs awydebian,
romelsac xSirad xnovanebis gardauval Sedegad miiCneven. (aRsaniSnavia, rom Cven
zustad imave daskvnamde mivalT mowifulobis da xnovanebis kognituri da
socialuri aspeqtebis ganxilvisas). modiT, axla ganvixiloT is TiTqmis
gardauvali cvlilebebi, romlebic xSirad zemoqmedeben imaze, Tu ras da rogor
fiqroben zrdasruli adamianebi sakuTar cxovrebaze.

mxedveloba

65 wels gadacilebul adamianTa umravlesoba grZnobs mxedvelobis funqciis

garkveul Sesustebas (Carter, 1982; Pitts, 1982). asakTan erTad adamianis Tvalis
broli yviTldeba da naklebad elastiuri xdeba. iTvleba, rom brolis
gayviTlebis gamo zogierT xanSiSesuls uWirs ferebis garCeva. zogierTi
moxucisTvis gansakuTrebiT Znelad gasarCevi xdeba dabali talRis sigrZis
ferebi _ iisferis, lurjisa da mwvanis sxvadasxva elferi. brolis sixistem
SeiZleba gaaZnelos axlos myofi obieqtebis danaxva. aseve, is gavlenas axlens
sibnelesTan adaptaciaze, rac asakovan adamianebs RamiT xedvis problemas
uqmnis. mxedvelobis cvlilebebis umravlesoba koreqtirdeba linzebiT.

smena

smenis dakargva gavrcelebuli movlenaa 60 wlis da ufrosi asakis

adamianebSi. Cveulebriv, asakovan adamianebs uWirT maRali sixSiris bgerebis
aRqma (Corso, 1977). es gauareseba, Cveulebriv, mamakacebTan ufro metad vlindeba,
vidre qalebTan. moxucebs SeiZleba didi dro dasWirdeT sxvisi laparakis
gasagebad, gansakuTrebiT maRali tonalobis xmis SemTxvevaSi. (ucnauria, magram
asakis matebasTan erTad adamianis xma wvrildeba xmis iogebis gaxistebis
Sedegad). smenis Sesusteba SeiZleba TandaTanobiT da individisTvis SeumCnevlad
xdebodes, sanam ukidures formas ar miiRebs. amasTan, maSinac ki, rodesac
adamianebi xvdebian, rom yruvdebian, maT SeiZleba uaryon es faqti, radgan smenis
dakargva daberebis arasasurvel niSnad iTvleba. smenis dakargvis zogierTi
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fsiqologiuri aspeqtis daZleva sasmeni aparatis daxmarebiT SeiZleba. agreTve,
unda vicodeT, rom asakis matebasTan erTad an moxucebTan urTierTobisas
gvexmareba dabali toniT saubari, mkafiod metyveleba da fonuri xmauris
Semcireba.

reproduqciuli da sqesobrivi funqcionireba

Cven vnaxeT, rom sqesobrivi simwife niSnavs reproduqciuli funqcionirebis

dasawyiss. Sua da xanSiSesul asakSi reproduqciis SesaZlebloba klebulobs.
daaxloebiT 50 wlisTvis qalebis mamakacebi naklebad mkveTri cvlilebebiT
xasiaTdebian, Tumca, 40 wlis Semdeg mcirdeba sicocxlisunariani spermis
raodenoba, 60 wlis Semdeg ki iklebs saTesle siTxis moculoba. ra Tqma unda,
es cvlilebebi, ZiriTadad, reproduqcias exeba. asakis momateba da fizikuri
cvlilebebi aucileblobiT ar iwvevs seqsualuri gamocdilebis sxva aspeqtebis
gauaresebas. (Levine, 1998; Levy, 1994). sinamdvileSi, seqsi cxovrebis erT-erTi
jansaRi siamovnebaa, romelsac SeuZlia asakovani adamianis cxovrebis xarisxis
gaumjobeseba, radgan is aRmgnebia, xels uwyobs fizikur varjiSs, axdens
fantaziis stimulirebas da warmoadgens socialuri urTierTqmedebis
sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis mqone formas.
Cven ukve mokled mimovixileT adamianis fizikuri ganviTarebis ZiriTadi
momentebi. axla vnaxoT, rogor yalibdeba warmodgena garesamyaros Sesaxeb.

Sejameba

bavSvebi am qveynad sensoruli unarebiT ibadebian, rac maT informaciis

miRebisa da socialuri urTierTobebis ganviTarebis saSualebas aZlevs. fizikur
zrdas, Cveulebriv, motoruli unarebis momwifeba axlavs Tan.
mozardobis periodSi individebi pubertatis xanas gadian. isini xSirad
zedmet yuradRebas uTmoben sakuari sxeulis xats. zrdasrulobis periodis
zogierTi fizikuri cvlileba ara daberebis fizikuri procesis, aramed
funqciebis gamouyeneblobis, umoqmedobis Sedegia. Tumca, asakis matebasTan
erTad, adamianTa umravlesobas aReniSneba cvlilebebi mxedvelobaSi, smenasa da
sqesobriv funqciebSi.

kognituri ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze

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rogor icvleba cxovrebis manZilze individis mier fizikuri da socialuri
garemos gageba? kognituri ganviTareba Seiswavlis gonebrivi procesebsa da
produqtebs, romlebic warmoqmneba da icvleba droTa ganmavlobaSi. vinaidan
mkvlevarebi gansakuTrebiT aRfrTovanebulni iyvnen kognituri SesaZleblobebis
Zalze adreuli ganviTarebiT, ZiriTad yuradRebas kognituri ganviTarebis
adreul stadiebs davuTmobT, Tumca, zogierT im aRmoCenasac aRvwerT, romelic
mozrdilobis wlebs ukavSirdeba.
kognituri ganviTarebis ganxilvas daviwyebT Sveicarieli fsiqologis Jan
piaJes novatoruli naSromiT aRweriT.

piaJes aRmoCenebi kognituri ganviTarebis Sesaxeb

TiTqmis 50 wlis ganmavlobaSi Jan piaJe (Jean Piaget; 1929, 1954, 1977) aviTarebda
Teoriebs imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor azrovneben, fiqroben da wyveten amocanebs
bavSvebi. piaJes interesi kognituri ganviTarebisadmi, albaT, misma sakuTarma
inteleqtualurad aqtiurma bavSvobam ganapiroba. man 10 wlis asakSi gamoaqveyna
pirveli statia, 14 wlis asakSi ki muzeumis kuratoris Tanamdeboba SesTavazes
(Brainerd, 1996). adreuli gonebrivi ganviTarebis Sesaxeb kompleqsuri Teoriebis
SesamuSaveblad piaJe sakuTar SvilebTan da sxva bavSvebTan interviuirebasa da
martiv demonstraciebs iyenebda. mas ainteresebda ara im informaciis moculoba,
romelsac flobdnen bavSvebi, aramed is, Tu rogor azrovnebdnen isini da
rogor icvleboda fizikuri realobis Sinagani reprezentaciebi ganviTarebis
sxvadasxva stadiaze.

asakobrivi cvlilebebis elementebi

gonebriv struqturebs, romelTa saSualebiTac adamiani axdens samyaros
interpretirebas, piaJem sqemebi uwoda. sqemebi asakobrivi cvlilebebis
elementebi _ „samSeneblo agurebia“. Cvilis pirvelad sqemebs piaJem
sensomotoruli inteleqti uwoda. es aris azrovnebis struqturebi da
programebi, romelic iseT sensomotorul Tanmimdevrobas warmarTavs,
rogoricaa wova, yureba, taceba, xelis kvra. praqtikasTan erTad, elemetaruli
sqemebi erTiandeba, integrirdeba da nawildeba qcevis TandaTanobiT
garTulebad mravalferovan paternebSi. aseTi paternis magaliTia, rodesac
sasurveli sagnis xelSi asaRebad bavSvi xels kravs arasasurvel sagans,
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romelic efarebas mas. piaJes mixedviT, kognituri zrdisTvis aucilebelia ori
bazisuri procesis erToblivi muSaoba safuZvlad – asimilacia da akomodacia.
asimilaciiT xdeba garemodan momdinare axali informaciis modificireba, raTa
es ukanaskneli SesabamisobaSi movides ukve nacnob gamocdilebasTan; Semosuli
sensoruli informaciis struqturizaciisTvis bavSvi mimarTavs arsebul sqemebs.
akomodaciis SemTxvevaSi ki, piriqiT, axali informaciis ufro srulad
asaxsnelad gadastruqturdeba an modificirdeba bavSvis ukve arsebuli sqemebi.

• kognituri ganviTareba (cognitive development) _ Semecnebis procesis

ganviTareba, romelic moicavs warmosaxvas, aRqmas, azrovnebasa da amocanis
gadawyvetas.
• sqemebi (schemes) _ piaJes termini im kognituri struqturebis aRsaRniSnad,
romelic viTardeba bavSvis mier samyaros interpretirebasa da garemosadmi
adaptaciasTan erTad.
• asimilacia (assimilation) _ piaJes mixedviT, procesi, romlis drosac axali
kognituri elementebi ergeba Zvel elementebs an modificirdeba, raTa
ufro gamartivdes morgebis procesi; asimilacia xorcieldeba
akomodaciasTan erTad.
• akomodacia (accomodation) _ piaJes mixedviT, ukve arsebuli kognituri
struqturebis modificirebis an gadastruqturebis procesi, raTa
gaadvildes axali informaciis morgeba ukve arsebulTan; akomodacia
xorcieldeba asimilaciasTan erTad.

warmoidgineT, rogor unda SeZlos bavSvma dedis ZuZus wovidan jer boTlis
sawovaras wovaze, Semdeg siTxis sawrupiT Sewovaze da bolos finjnidan
dalevaze gadasvla. Tavdapirveli woviTi reaqcia Tandayolili refleqsia,
magram is ise unda modificirdes, rom bavSvis tuCebi moergos dedis kertis
zomasa da formas. boTlTan adaptaciis procesSi Cvili jer kidev iyenebs
ucvleli Tanmimdevrobis mraval komponents (asimilacia), magram man,
adrindelTan SedarebiT, gansxvavebulad unda moiqcios pirSi boTlis sawovara
da ise Seiwovos sakvebi; amasTan, boTlis gansxvavebuli kuTxiT daWerac unda
iswavlos (akomodacia). boTlidan sawrupze da Semdeg finjanze gadasvlis
nabijebi ufro met akomodacias saWiroebs, Tumca, kvlav eyrdnoba manamde
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SeZenil unarebs. piaJe kognitur ganviTarebas asimilaciisa da akomodaciis
swored aseTi monacvleobis Sedegad miiCnevs. asimilaciisa da akomodaciis
balansirebuli gamoyeneba saSualebas aZlevs bavSvs, rom misi qceva da codna
naklebad iyos damokidebuli konkretul garegan realobaze da metad daeyrdnos
abstraqtul azrovnebas.

kognituri ganviTarebis stadiebi

piaJes miaCnda, rom bavSvis kognituri ganviTareba SeiZleba oTx

Tanmimdevrul, calkeul stadiad daiyos (ix. cxrili 11.2).
11.2 iTvleba, rom yvela
bavSi erTi da igive TanmimdevrobiT gadis am stadiebs, Tumca, zog bavSvs
SeiZleba meti dro dasWirdes romelime konkretuli stadiis gasavlelad, zogs
ki _ naklebi.
sensomotoruli stadia. sensomotoruli stadia dabadebidan daaxloebiT 2 wlamde
grZeldeba. pirvel TveebSi Cvilis qcevis umetesi nawili Tandayolil sqemaTa
SezRudul erTobliobas efuZneba, rogoricaa wova, yureba, taceba da xelis
kvra. pirveli wlis ganmavlobaSi sensomotoruli unarebi umjobesdeba,
kombinirebuli, koordinirebuli xdeba da erTiandeba (magaliTad, wova da
taceba, yureba da manipulireba). Cvilis mier sakuTari moqmedebis garemoze
asaxvis aRmoCenasTan erTad, es unarebi TandaTan ufro mravalferovani xdeba.

cxrili 11.2. piaJes kognituri ganviTarebis stadiebi

stadia/asaki maxasiaTeblebi da ZiriTadi miRwevebi

sensomotoruli (0-2) bavSvi cxovrebas iwyebs mcire raodenobis

sensomotoruli TanmimdevrobiT. mas uviTardeba
obieqtis mudmivoba da simboluri azrovnebis
sawyisebi.
operaciamdeli (2-7) bavSvis azrovneba xasiaTdeba egocentrizmiTa da
centraciiT. mas uumjobesdeba simboluri
azrovnebis gamoyenebis unari.
konkretuli operaciebis bavSvi wvdeba konservaciis gagebas. mas SeuZlia
(7-11) azrovneba konkretul fizikur sagnebTan
mimarTebaSi.
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formaluri operaciebis bavSvs uviTardeba abstraqtuli da hipoTeturi

(11→) azrovnebis unari.

Cvilobis periodis yvelaze mniSvnelovani kognituri SenaZenia iseTi

obieqtebis mentaluri reprezentaciebis Seqmnis unari, romelTanac bavSvs ar
aqvs uSualo sensomotoruli kontaqti. obieqtTa mudmivoba niSnavs bavSvis mier
imis gagebas, rom sagnebi arseboben da moqmedeben misi qcevisa da mis mier maTi
arsebobis gacnobierebisgan damoukideblad. sicocxlis pirvel TveebSi bavSvebi
sagnebs Tvals ayoleben, magram rodesac sagnebi maTi mxedvelobis velidan
qrebian, isini TiTqos bavSvis gonebidanac uCinardebian. Tumca, daaxloebiT 3
Tvis asakSi bavSvebi im adgils isev uyureben, sadac sagani gaqra. 8-dan 12 Tvemde
bavSvebi iwyeben gamqrali sagnis Zebnas. 2 wlis asakisaTvis bavSvebi ukve
darwmunebulni arian, rom sagnebi maTi mxedvelobis velis miRmac arseboben
(Flavell, 1985).
winaoperaciuli stadia. winaoperaciuli stadia daaxloebiT 2-dan 7 wlis asakamde
grZeldeba. ganviTarebis am periodSi didi kognituri winsvlaa fizikur
mocemulobas moklebuli obieqtebis gonebaSi warmodgenis gaumjobesebuli
unari. am SenaZenis gamoklebiT, winaoperaciul stadias piaJe aRwers imis
mixedviT, Tu risi gakeTeba ar SeuZliaT bavSvebs. ase magaliTad, piaJes miaCnda,
rom patara bavSvebis winaoperaciuli azrovneba xasiaTdeba egocentrizmiT anu
bavSvis mier sxva adamianis Tvalsazrisis gaziarebis unaris arqoniT. Tqven,
albaT, SeginiSnavT egocentrizmis gamovlineba, Tu gagonili gaqvT, rogor
elaparakebian ori wlis bavSvebi sxva bavSvebs. am asakis bavSvebi xSirad
sakuTar TavTan ufro laparakoben, vidre garSemomyofebTan.
garda amisa, winaoperaciul stadiaze bavSvebi xasiaTdebian centraciiT –
obieqtebis perceptulad gamokveTil Tvisebebze yuradRebis miqcevis tendenciiT.
centraciis TvalsaCino magaliTia piaJes klasikuri eqsperimenti, sadac man
aCvena, rom bavSvs ar SeuZlia imis gageba, rom siTxis moculoba ar icvleba
WurWlis zomisa da formis cvlasTan erTad.

• obieqtTa mudmivoba (object

( permanence)) _ mixvedra imisa, rom sagnebi
arseboben individis mier amis gacnobierebisa da individis moqmedebisgan
damoukideblad; Cvilobis asakis mniSvnelovani kognituri SenaZeni.
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• egocentrizmi (egocentrism)
( ) _ kognituri ganviTarebis winaoperaciul
stadiaze: patar bavSvis mier sxva adamianis Tvalsazrisis gaziarebis
unaris arqona.
• centracia (centration)
( ) _ kognituri ganviTarebis winaoperaciuli stadiis
dasawyisisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli azrovnebis paterni, romelic xasiaTdeba
bavSvis mier erTdroulad ori perceptuli faqtoris gaTvaliswinebis
unaris arqoniT.

saidan viciT

piaJe gviCvenebs centracias

rodesac Tanabari moculobis limonaTs asxamen or erTnair WiqaSi, 5 da 7
wlis bavSvebi adastureben, rom Wiqebi Tanabari odenobis siTxes Seicaven.
Tumca, rodesac limonaTs erT-erTi Wiqidan viwro, maRal WurWelSi
gadaasxamen, maTi azrebi gansxvavebuli xdeba. 5 wlis bavSvebma ician, rom
maRal WiqaSi igive limonaTi asxia, Tumca, amboben, rom is axla meti gaxda. 7
wlisani ki sworad amtkiceben, rom maT raodenobebs Soris sxvaoba ar aris.

piaJe gviCvenebs, rom patara bavSvebi fokusirebuli arian percepturad

gamokveTil erT Tvisebaze _ WiqaSi Casxmuli limonaTis doneze. didi bavSvebi
iTvaliswineben orives _ simaRles da siganes _ da sworad askvnian, rom rasac
xedaven, ar aris realoba.

• konservacia (conservation) _ piaJes mixedviT, gaazreba imisa, rom Tu araferi

emateba an araferi akldeba, sagnis fizikuri Tvisebebi ar icvleba maSinac
ki, rodesac icvleba misi garegnuli saxe.

konkretuli operaciebis stadia. konkretuli operaciebis stadia daaxloebiT 7-dan 11

wlamde grZeldeba. am stadiaze bavSvs ukve SeuZlia gonebrivi operaciebis _
gonebaSi ganxorcielebuli moqmedebebis _ Sesruleba, romlidanac saTaves iRebs
logikuri azrovneba. winaoperaciul da konkretuli operaciebis stadiebs
xSirad upirispireben erTmaneTs, radganac konkretuli operaciebis stadiaze
bavSvebi axerxeben imas, rasac ver axerxebdnen winaoperaciul stadiaze.
konkretuli operaciebi bavSvs fizikuri moqmedebis gonebriviT Canacvlebis
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saSualebas aZlevs. magaliTad, Tu bavSvi xedavs, rom adami lindaze maRalia,
xolo mogvianebiT xedavs, rom linda taniaze maRalia, bavSvs SeuZlia daaskvnas,
rom am samidan adami yvelaze maRalia _ am sami individis fizikurad
datolebisa da gadawyobis gareSe. Tumca, bavSvs jer kidev ar SeuZlia saTanado
daskvnis gakeTeba („adami yvelaze maRalia“), Tu problema mxolod sityvierad
aris aRwerili. uSualo, fizikuri dakvirvebis gareSe fardobiTi simaRlis
gansazRvris (da msgavsi problemebis gadawyvetis) unaris arqona gvafiqrebinebs,
rom abstraqtuli azrovneba jer kidev momwifebis stadiazea konkretuli
operaciebis periodSi.
limonaTis eqsperimenti gviCvenebs konkretuli operaciebis stadiis kidev erT
maxasiaTebels. 7 wlis bavSvebs ukve aTvisebuli aqvT is, rasac piaJe
konservacias anu Senaxvas
Senaxvas uwodebs: maT ician, rom Tu araferi emateba an
araferi akldeba, sagnis fizikuri Tvisebebi ar icvleba maSinac ki, rodesac
icvleba misi garegnuli saxe. suraTze 11.5 mocemulia piaJes cdis magaliTebi,
romelic Seexeba konservacias sxvadasxva ganzomilebebSi. erT-erTi
axladSeZenili operacia, romlis gamoyenebac SeuZliaT bavSvebs konservaciaze
amocanebis Sesrulebisas, aris Seqcevadoba. es aris bavSvis mier imis gageba, rom
fizikuri moqmedebebi da gonebrivi operaciebi SeiZleba Seqcevadi iyos. bavSvma
SeiZleba daaskvnas, rom raodenoba ver Seicvleboda, radganac Tu fizikur
moqmedebas SevaqcevT _ limonaTs ukan gadavasxamT sawyis WurWelSi _ orive
moculoba isev erTnairi gamoCndeba.

sur. 11.5. konservaciis testi

I faza II faza III faza

raodenobis
konservacia
„aris Tu ara „axla naxe, ras „aris Tu ara
erTi da igive gavakeTeb erTi da igive
raodenoba?“ (gaSlis)“ raodenoba?“
myari masis
konservacia
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„erTi da igive „axla naxe, ras „erTi da igive
raodenobis gavakeTeb raodenobis
plastelinia?“ (plastelins plastelinia?“
welavs)“
siTxis
raodenobis
konservacia

„erTi da igive „axla naxe, ras „erTi da igive

raodenobis gavakeTeb (asxams)“ raodenobis
wyalia?“ wyalia?“

formaluri operaciebis stadia. formaluri operaciebis stadia daaxloebiT 11 wlis

asakidan iwyeba. kognituri ganviTarebis am bolo stadiaze bavSvis azrovneba
abstraqtuli xdeba. mozardebs SeuZliaT imis danaxva, rom maT mier aRqmuli
konkretuli realoba mxolod erT-erTia variantia realobis ramdenime SesaZlo
warmosaxvidan da SeuZliaT WeSmaritebis, samarTlianobisa da yofierebis
siRrmiseul sakiTxebze fiqri da msjeloba. isini problemebs sistemurad
wyveten: mas Semdeg, rac miaRweven formaluri operaciebis stadias, bavSvebs,
mecnieris msgavsad, SeuZliaT, Tanmimdevrulad scadon TiToeuli SesaZlebloba.
garda amisa, maT ukve SeuZliaT gaumjobesebuli deduqciuri azrovnebis im
tipebis gamoyeneba, romelzec me-9-e TavSi visaubreT. TavianTi umcrosi da-
Zmebisgan gansxvavebiT, mozardebs SeuZliaT abstraqtuli wanamZRvrebidan („Tu
A, maSin B“ da „ara B“) msjelobiT mividnen logikur daskvnamde („ara A“).

adreuli kognituri ganviTarebis Tanamedrove midgomebi

piaJes Teoria kognituri ganviTarebis gagebis klasikur aTvlis wertilad

rCeba (Flavell, 1996; Lourenco & Machado, 1996; Scholnik et al., 1999). Tumca, Tanamedrove
mkvlevrebma bavSvis kognituri unarebis Seswavlis ufro moqnili meTodebi
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SeimuSaves. axla vnaxoT, Tu rogor daxvewes mravalferovanma axalma kreatulma
meTodebma piaJes daskvnebi bavSvis SesaZleblobebis Taobaze.

bavSvis ganviTarebis sensomotoruli

sensomotoruli stadiis gadaxedva
piaJes Tanaxmad, obieqtTa mudmivobis gancdis ganviTareba 2 wlis bavSvis
umTavresi miRwevaa. Tumca, kvlevis Tanamedrove meTodebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom 3
Tvis bavSvebs da, SesaZloa, ufro patarebsac ki, ukve ganviTarebuli aqvT am
cnebis zogierTi aspeqti. rogorc Cans, maT esmiT ZiriTadi principi _ erTi
myari sagani ver gaivlis meore myar saganSi. es mniSvnelovani aRmoCena mkvlevar
rene baiarJans (Renée Baillargeon) ekuTvnis (1987a, 1987b; Baillargeon & DeVos, 1991). mis
erT-erT cdaSi Cvilma bavSvma gakvirveba gamoxates, rodesac Tvali gaadevnes
movlenaTa SeuZlebel Tanmimdevrobas.

saidan viciT

Cvilebi Tvals adevneben SeuZlebel movlenebs

Cvilebi isxdnen farTo sademonstracio yuTis14 win. pirdapir maT win
moTavsebuli iyo patara ekrani. am ekranis marcxniv mdebareobda daxrili
sibrtye. Cvilebi xedavdnen Semdeg movlenas: ekrani zemoT iweoda (ise, rom
maT SeeZloT imis danaxva, rom ekranis miRma araferi iyo) da isev eSveboda.
Semdeg daxril sibrtyeze gordeboda patara vagoni, sademonstracio yuTis
gavliT, siCqaris Semcirebis gareSe, uCinardeboda ekranis ukan, Semdeg
gamoCndeboda ekranis meore mxridan da sabolood gamodioda sademonstracio
yuTis marjvena mxares (ix. suraTi 11.6).
mas Semdeg, rac Cvilebi mieCvien am movlens, maT naxes movlenaTa
ganviTarebis ori testuri, sacdeli varianti: miCvevaSi aisaxeba reaqciis
Sesusteba, rodesac stimuli mravaljer meordeba. orive sacdel movlenaSi
ekrani zemoT iweoda da sademonstracio yuTSi Cvilebi xedavdnen kubs,
amasTan, gansxvavdeboda misi adgilmdebareoba. SesaZlebel movlenaSi kubi
moTavsebuli iyo sademonstracio yuTis ukana kedlisken, im bilikis miRma,
sadac vagons unda gaevlo; amitom vagons Tavisuflad SeeZlo
sademonstracio yuTis gavliT gagoreba. SeuZlebel movlenaSi kubi

14
display box –zemodan gaxsnili da/an erTi kedlis gareSe yuTi, romelic gamoiyeneba savaWro darbazSi
gasayidi nivTebis dasawyobad. SeiZleba iTargmnos, rogorc “daxli”-c. (mTargmnelis SeniSvna)
 353
moTavsebuli iyo bilikis Sua nawilze ise, rom momaval vagons gzas
gadauRobavda. miuxedavad amisa, movlenis ganviTarebisas Cvilebi xedavdnen,
rom vagoni daubrkoleblad gadioda sadmonstracio yuTs. isini „SeuZlebel“
movlenas SedarebiT didxans adevnebdnen Tvals, rac gvafiqrebinebs, rom is
akvirvebda maT _ arRvevda maTTvis ukve Cveul warmodgenas movlenis
mimdinareobis Sesaxeb (Baillargeon, 1986).

Cvili bavSvebis gakvirvebas ver miviCnevT imis dasturad, rom maT srulad
aiTvises obieqtTa mudmivobis cneba. maT SeiZleba mxolod icodnen, rom raRac
ar aris wesrigSi, imis codnis gareSe, Tu ra aris es raRac (Lourenço & Machado,
1996). miuxedavad amisa, baiarJonis kvleva gvafiqrebinebs, rom Zalze patara
bavSvebic ki floben fizikuri samyaros Sesaxeb mniSvnelovan codnas.

sur. 11.6 SeCvevisa da testuri movlenebis sqematuri

sqematuri reprezentacia
SeCvevis fazaze mcirdeba Cvilis interesi movlenis mimarT. sacdel
SemTxvevaSi maTi interesi ganaxlda SeuZlebeli movleniT.

bavSvis ganviTarebis winaoperaciuli stadiis gadaxedva

gavixsenoT, rom piaJes azriT, winaoperaciul stadiaze bavSvis azrovnebas
egocentrizmi axasiaTebs. Tumca, mkvlevrebma aCvenes, rom bavSvebi SeiZleba
saTanadod mgrZnobiareni iyvnen sxvebis mimarT. magaliTad, bavSvebs sakmaod
kargad esmiT, ra ician maT da ra ician sxvebma.

saidan viciT

patara bavSvebis codna sxvebis codnis Sesaxeb

4-5 wlis bavSvebs sTxoves, SeefasebinaT 6 Tvis bavSvis (anas), 4 wlis
bavSvisa (maris) da mozrdilis (siuzenis) codna. TiToeuli individis
Sesaxeb bavSvebs ekiTxebodnen: „icis Tu ara man, rogor gamoiyureba
cxoveli, romelsac spilos eZaxian?“ da „icis Tu ara man, rogor
gamoiyureba cxoveli, romelsac lemurs eZaxian?“ bavSvebs axerxebdnen,
eTqvaT, vis ra ecodineboda: Cvils ar ecodineboda spilos Sesaxeb, magram
bavSvs ecodineboda; arc Cvils da arc bavSvs ar ecodinebodaT lemuris
Sesaxeb; mozrdils ki orives Sesaxeb ecodineboda. am paternis mixedviT,
bavSvebi ar msjeloben mxolod sakuTari codnis safuZvelze (magaliTad,
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is, rom maT ician spilos Sesaxeb, magram ara _ lemuris Sesaxeb). isini
aucileblobiT ar azrovneben egocentrulad (Taylor et al., 1991).

bavSvebs komunikaciis formis Secvlac SeuZliaT msmenelis tipis mixedviT. 2

wlis bavSvTan saTamaSos Sesaxeb saubrisas 4 wlis bavSvi ufro mokle da
martiv gamoTqmebs iyenebs, vidre TanatolTan an mozrdilTan. (Shatz & Gelman,
1973). aseTi tipis adaptacia kvlav migviTiTebs, rom egocentrizms Tavisi
sazRvrebi aqvs.

bavSvebis sayrdeni Teoriebi

piaJes Teoria im stadiebis irgvliv aris agebuli, romlis drosac bavSvis

azrovnebaSi umniSvnelovanesi cvlilebebi xdeba. mogvianebiT mkvlevrebma
ganixiles idea imis Sesaxeb, rom cvlilebebi ramdenime ZiriTadi sferodan
TiToeulSi gancalkevebulad, erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad xdeba, imis
Sesabamisad, Tu ramdenad aqvs bavSvs ganviTarebuli sayrdeni Teoriebi _ sawyisi
struqturebi, romliTac isini cdiloben samyarosTan urTierTobiT miRebuli
gamocdilebis axsnas (Carey, 1985; Wellman & Gelman, 1992; Wellman & Inagaki, 1997).
magaliTad, isini sakuTar gamocdilebebs fsiqikuri mdgomareobebis Tvisebebis
Sesaxeb agroveben gonebis TeoriaSi anu gulubryvilo fsiqologiaSi. ase ukeT
SeuZliaT sakuTari da sxvaTa azrovnebis procesebis gageba.
mkvlevrebma Seiswavles zogadmecnieruli warmodgenebis ganviTareba,
magaliTad, rogor gadaaqvT bavSvebs biologiuri Tvisebebi erTi saxeobidan
meoreze. rodesac 4 wlis bavSvebs ekiTxebodnen, dasaxelebuli cxovelebidan
romels eZina an hqonda Zvlebi, isini msjelobas yvelaze xSirad adamianTan
cxovelis msgavsebaze afuZnebdnen (Carey, 1985). magaliTad, 4 wlis bavSvebis
umravlesobam es Tvisebebi („Zili“ da „Zvlebis qona“) ZaRls ufro miakuTvna,
vidre Tevzs, Tevzs ki _ ufro metad, vidre _ mwerebs. droTa ganmavlobaSi
bavSvebma adamianTan msgavsebaze dafuZnebuli Teoria unda Secvalon TeoriiT,
romelic cxovelTa samyaroSi ufro gamokveTilis struqturis arsebobas
aRiarebs: magaliTad, maT unda aiTvison formaluri gansxvaveba xerxemlianTa da
uxerxemloTa Soris, raTa gansazRvron, ra tipis cxovelebs aqvT Zvlebi. aseve, 3
da 4 wlis bavSvebs esmiT, rom is, rac obieqtebis SigniTaa, zemoqmedebs maT
funqciaze, Tumca, maT jer zustad ar ician, ra aris SigniT (Wellman & Gelman,
 355

1991). amgvarad, miuxedavad imisa, rom 3 da 4 wlis bavSvebma zustad ar ician, ra

aris ZaRlSi, isini sruliad darwmuneblni arian, rom ZaRli Sewyvets ZaRlad
yofnas, Tu yvelafers amovacliT, rac SigniT aqvs. Tu SevxedavT TiToeul
sferoSi dagrovil codnas, vnaxavT, rom bavSvebi qmnian zogad Teorias da
Semdeg maTi warmatebuli daxvewisaTvis iyeneben axali gamocdilebis farTo
diapazons.

socialuri da kulturuli gavlena kognitur ganviTarebaze

piaJes TeoriaSi kognituri ganviTareba, ZiriTadad, bavSvis Sinagani

momwifebis produqtia. garemo Zalze mcirediT zemoqmedebs bavSvis kognituri
unarebis ganviTarebaze. Tumca, Tanamedrove mkvlevrebma daiwyes kongitur
ganviTarebaSi socialuri urTierTqmedebebis rolis Seswavla. am kvlevaTa
umravlesoba saTaves iRebs rusi fsiqologis lev vigotskis (Lev Vigotsky)
Teoriebidan. vigotski Tvlida, rom bavSvebi internalizaciis procesiT
viTardebian: isini codnas isrutaven socialuri garemodan, romelic
seriozurad aisaxeba maTi kognituri unarebis ganviTarebaze.
socialurma Teoriam, romelic pirvelad vigotskim SemogvTavaza, dadastureba
hpova ganviTarebis kros-kulturul kvlevebSi. vinaidan piaJes Teoriam
asakobrivi ganviTarebis sakiTxebiT dakavebul fsiqologTa yuradReba miipyro,
bevri maTgani cdilobda, rom piaJes mier mofiqrebuli davalebebi gansxvavebul
kulturebSi bavSvebis kognituri ganviTarebis Sesaswavlad gamoeyenebina (Rogoff
& Chavajay, 1995). am kvlevebma TandaTanobiT eWv qveS daayena piaJes
mtkicebulebaTa universaluroba, ramdenadac, magaliTad, mraval kulturaSi
adamianebma ver aCvenes, rom kognitur ganviTarebaSi miRweuli hqondaT
formaluri operaciebis stadiisTvis. mogvianebiT piaJem Tavad gamoTqva
mosazreba, rom mis mier formalur operaciebad wodebuli specifikuri
miRwevebi, SesaZloa, bavSvis mier miRebul garkveuli tipis mecnierul
ganaTlebaze ufro metad aris damokidebuli, vidre kognituri ganviTarebis
biologiurad deternimirebuli stadiebis Tanmimdevrobaze (Lourenço & Machado,
1996).
internalizaciis vigotskiseuli cneba gvexmareba im gavlenis axsnaSi,
romelsac kulturuli garemo axdens adamianis kognitur ganviTarebaze. bavSvis
 356
SemecnebiTi unarebi ise viTardeba, rom mas mocemul kulturulaSi dafasebuli
funqciebis Sesruleba SeeZlos (Serpell & Boykin, 1994; Serpell, 2000). piaJem, magaliTad,
Seqmna iseTi amocanebi, sadac asaxaulia misi sakuTari warmodgena saTanado da
sasargeblo kognitur moqmedebebze. sxva kulturebs urCevniaT, rom maTma
bavSvebma sxva mimarTulebiT miaRwion warmatebas. piaJes bavSvebi rom imis
mixedviT SeefasebinaT, Tu ramdenad kargad aiTvises maT is rTuli kognituri
unarebi, romelic Zafis dasagrexad aris saWiro, isini, albaT, gonebrivad
CamorCenilebis STabeWdilebas datovebdnen gvatemalas maias tomis bavSvebTan
SedarebiT (Rogoff, 1990). kognituri ganviTarebis kros-kulturul kvlevebs
araerTxel daudasturebia is faqti, rom skola did rols asrulebs imaSi, Tu
rogor warmatebas miaRweven bavSvebi piaJes amocanebis SesrulebaSi (Rogoff &
Chavajay, 1995). aseTi aRmoCenebi fsiqologebma kognitur ganviTarebaSi garemosa
da bunebis rolis gansasazRvrad unda gamoiyenon.

• sayrdeni Teoriebi (foundational

( theories)) _ sawyisi struqturebi, romliTac
isini cdiloben samyarosTan urTierTobiT miRebuli gamocdilebis axsnas.
• internalizacia (internalization)
( ) _ vigotskis mixedviT, romlis saSualebiT
bavSvebis mier socialuri konteqstidan codnas Sesrutvis, aTvisebis
procesi.

asakobrivi cvlilebebi, romelzec axlaxans visaubreT, Zalze STambeWdavia.

ioli SesamCnevia, rom 12 wlis mozardi iseT kognitur SesaZleblobebs flobs,
razec erTi wlis pataras warmodgenac ki ar aqvs. axla ki gadavinacvloT
SedarebiT naklebad SesamCnev cvlilebebze, romlebic mozrdilobis
periodsTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli

kognituri
kognituri ganviTareba mozrdilobaSi

rodesac vakvirdebodiT, rogor viTardeboda kongituri unarebi bavSvobidan

mozardobisken, SevamCnieT, rom am dros mimdinare cvlilebebi, Cveulebriv,
„ukeTesobisken Secvlas“ niSnavda. rodesac gviani zrdasrulobis periods anu
xnovanebas vaRwevT, kulturuli stereotipebi migviTiTeben, rom „cvlileba“
„uaresisken Secvlas“ gulisxmobs (Parr & Seigert, 1993). miuxedavad imisa, rom
adamianebs sjeraT, rom mowifulobas da xnovanebas zogadi gauareseba moaqvs,
isini am periodisgan mainc moelian garkveuli saxis dadebiT Zvrebs (Dixon, 1999).
 357
danakargebisa da SenaZenebis urTierTmonacvelobis saCveneblad, vnaxoT, ra
TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba am periodSi inteleqti da mexsiereba.

inteleqti

naklebad moipoveba janmrTel xandazmulTa zogadi kognituri unarebis

gauaresebis Sesaxeb mosazrebis damadasturebeli monacemebi. mosaxloebis
mxolod daaxloebiT 5%-s aReniSneba kognituri funqcionirebis seriozuli
gauareseba. rodesac xnovanebis gamo xdeba kognituri funqcionirebis gauareseba,
es, rogorc wesi, mxolod zogierT unars exeba. Tu inteleqts davyofT
komponentebad, romelic aerTianebs verbalur SesaZleblobebs (kristalizebuli
inteleqti) da romelic aerTianebs swrafad da safuZvlianad swavlis unarebs
(fluiduri inteleqti), vnaxavT, rom fluiduri inteleqti mniSvnelovnad
uaresdeba asakTan erTad (Baltes & Staudinger, 1993). es cvlileba, didwilad,
informaciis gadamuSavebis procesebis siswrafis zogad Semcirebas ukavSirdeba:
mniSvnelovnad mcirdeba iseTi inteleqtualuri amocanebis Sesrulebis unari
drois mokle periodSi, romelic mravali kognituri procesis monawileobas
saWiroebs, asakovan adamianebs sagrZnoblad uWirT (Salthouse, 1996).

cxrili 11.3. sibrZnis maxasiaTeblebi

• mdidari faqtobrivi codna. cxovrebiseuli pirobebisa da situaciebis

Sesaxeb zogadi da konkretuli codna.
• mdidari proceduruli codna. cxovrebiseuli sakiTxebis Sesaxeb rCevebisa
da gansjis strategiebis zogadi da specifikuri codna.
• cxovrebiseuli konteqstualizmi. cxovrebiseuli situaciebis da droSi
(ganviTarebaSi) ganfenili urTierTobebis Sesaxeb codna.
• ganusazRvreloba. cxovrebis SedarebiTi ganusazRvrelobisa da
araprognozirebadobis da maTTan gamklavebis gzebis codna.

magram yvela cvlileba ar aris mimarTuli funqcionirebis gauaresebisken.

magaliTad, dResdReobiT fsiqologebi asakTan erTad SeZenili sibrZnis _
cxovrebis ZiriTad sferoebSi gamocdilebis _ Seswavlas cdiloben. sibrZne
gulisxmobs mdidari cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebidan momdinare kompetenturobas
cxovrebis fundamentur sferoebSi (Baltes & Staudinger, 2000). cxrilSi 11.3
 358

mocemulia codnis zogierTi tipi, romelic gansazRvravs sibrZnes (Smith & Baltes,
1990). SegiZliaT, naxoT, rom codnis TiToeuli es forma xangrZlivi da
Sinaarsiani cxovrebis manZilze grovdeba. garda amisa, sibereSi adamianebi
mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan inteleqtualuri SesaZleblobebis
mixedviT. kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom xandazmulebi, romlebic garemosgan Zlieri
stimulaciisken iswrafvian, metad arian midrekilni kognituri unarebis maRali
donis SenarCunebisken.

saidan viciT

rodesac profesorebi berdebian

kaliforniis berklis universitetis 60-dan 71 wlamde 22 asakovani
profesorisagan Semdgari jgufi inteleqtualuri funqcionirebis
TvalsazrisiT Sedarda axalgazrda kolegebis (30-dan 59 wlamde) jgufs da
maTive asakis xandazmulTa sakontrolo jgufs. profesorebma Seasrules
mTeli rigi gansxvavebuli testebisa, romlebic kognituri funqcionirebis
sxvadasxva aspeqts Seexeboda. zogierT testSi (magaliTad, asociaciuri
wyvilebis daswavlis testSi) xandazmulma profesorebma asakTan
dakavSirebuli gauaresebis tipiuri paterni aCvenes. Tumca, sxva testebi maT
iseve Seasrules, rogorc maTma axalgazrda kolegebma. magaliTad, maT
erTnairad SeZles audio CanaweriT miwodebuli moTxrobebis mosmena da maTi
Sinaarsis aRdgena. asakovani individebis sakontrolo jgufma am amocanis
Sesrulebisas asakTan dakavSirebuli „tipiuri“ gauareseba gamoavlina. rogor
SegviZlia avxsnaT asakovan profsorebTan SenarCunebuli kognituri unarebis
arseboba? mkvlevarebis azriT, profesorebis saqmianoba, romelic maTgan
intensiur gonebriv aqtivobas moiTxovs, SesaZloa, icavdes maT siberisTvis
tipiuri zogierTi danakargisgan (Shimamura et al., 1995).

kvlevis aseTma Sedegma profesoroba xom ar mogandomaT? sxva kvlevebi

aCvenebs, rom ar Rirs aseT ukiduresobaSi gadavardna. mniSvnelovani daskvna
isaa, rom aucilebelia goneba vamuSaoT da vavarjiSoT. uorner Saim (Warner
Schaie) da misma kolegebma aCvenes, rom gavarjiSebis programebis saSualebiT
xandazmul adamianebs zogierTi kognituri unaris gauaresebis Tavidan
acilebac ki SeuZliaT (Schaie, 1994; Schaie & Willis, 1986). rogorc Cans, ukmarisoba
 359
inteleqtualuri SesaZleblobebisa, romelic ar aris dakavSirebuli
informaciis gadamuSavebis siswrafesTan, SesaZloa, ginpirobeuli iyos
umoqmedobiT da ara _ daberebiT (Hultsch et al., 1999). kidev erTxel mivediT
daskvnamde: „gamoiyene an dakarge (an ivarjiSe mis ukan dasabruneblad)“
saTanado mowodebaa brZeni asakovani adamianisaTvis.
rogor unda gaumklavdnen warmatebulad xandazmuli adamianebi asakis matebis
Tanmxleb gardauval cvlilebebs? warmatebuli dabereba SeiZleba moiazrebdes
SenaZenebidan maqsimaluri sargeblis miRebasa da xandazmulobis Tanmxlebi
gardauvali danakargebis zemoqmedebis SeZlebisdagvarad Semcirebas.
warmatebuli daberebis es strategia, romelic fsiqologebma pol baltesma (Paul
Baltes) da margaret baltesma (Margaret Baltes) SemogvTavazes, cnobilia
saxelwodebiT seleqciuri optimizacia kompensaciiT (Baltes et al., 1992; Freund &
Baltes, 1998). seleqciuri niSnavs, rom adamianebi Tavad amcireben dasaxuli
miznebis raodenobasa da diapazons. optimizacia gulisxmobs adamianebis mier
sakuTari unarebis gavarjiSebasa da daxvewas maTTvis prioritetul sferoebSi.
kompensacia ki niSnavs individTa mxridan danakargTan gamklavebis alternatuli
gzebis gamoyenebas: magaliTad, iseTi garemos SerCeva, sadac xandazmulebs
gulisxmierad eqcevian. ganvixiloT Semdegi magaliTi:
rodesac pianist artur rubinSteins satelevizio interviuSi hkiTxes, Tu
rogor moaxerxa man, rom aseT xandazmul asakSic warmatebuli pianisti
yofiliyo, man daasaxela sami strategia: (1) sibereSi nakleb nawarmoebebs
asrulebda, (2) TiToeul nawarmoebs ufro xSirad asrulebda da (3) dakvrisas
igi swrafi monakveTebis win met ritardandos (tempis Senelebas) akeTebda, raTa
nawarmoebis swrafi monakveTi imaze swrafad mosCveneboda msmenels, vidre is
realurad iyo. swored es aris seleqciis (naklebi nawarmoebi), optimizaciis
(meti praqtika) da kompensaciis (tempSi kontrastebis gamoyeneba) magaliTebi.
(Baltes, 1993, p. 590)

mexsiereba

xandazmulebi xSirad uCivian mexsierebas _ veRar imaxsovreben adrindeliviT

kargad mexsierebis testebSi 60 wels gadacilebuli adamianebi marTlac uares
Sedegebs aCveneben, vidre 20 wlis da metis mozrdilebi (Craik, 1994; Hultsch et al.,
 360

1998). asakis matebasTan erTad mexsierebis daqveiTebas uaRresad ganaTlebuli da

sxva mxriv kargi gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis mqone adamianebic ganicdian (Zelinski
et al., 1993). dabereba, rogorc Cans, ar aqveiTebs zogadi codnisa da didi xnis win
momxdari cxovrebiseuli movlenebis Sesaxeb informaciis gaxsenebis unars.
saxelebisa da saxeebis cnobis kvlevaSi Sua xnis mozrdilebma SeZles
Tanaklaselebis 90%-is cnoba saskolo albomSi skolis damTavrebidan 35 wlis
Semdeg maSin, roca skolis damTavrebidan 50 wlis Semdeg asakovan individebs
jer kidev SeeZloT Tanaklaselebis 70-80%-is cnoba (Craik, 1999; Giambra & Arenberg,
1993).
mkvlevrebs jerjerobiT ar SeuZliaT im meqanizmebis amomwuravad da
saTanadod aRwera, romelic safuZvlad udevs asakovani adamianebis mexsierebis
daqveiTebas (Craik, 1999). TeoriaTa erTi nawili aqcents akeTebs axalgazrdebisa
da xandazmulebis mier informaciis organizebisa da gadamuSavebis gzebis
gansxvavebulobebze. meore nawili ki miuTiTebs xandazmulTa Semcirebul
unarze, yuradReba miaqcion informacias. arsebobs Teoriebi, romlebic tvinSi
mimdinare im neirobiologiur cvlilebebs swavlobs, romelic mexsierebaSi
fizikur kvals tovebs. mkvlevarebi imasac fiqroben, rom xandazmulTa
mexsierebis muSaobas Tavad maTi rwmena _ mexsierebis aucileblobiT
gauaresebis Sesaxeb _ auaresebs (Hertzog et al., 1990; Levy & Langer, 1994). mkvlevarebi
agrZeleben TiToeuli dasaxelebuli faqtoris fardobiTi wvlilis Sefasebas.
mexsierebis gauaresebis zogierTi forma calsaxad biologiuri warmoSobisaa.
asakovani adamianebi, romlebic alcheimeris
alcheimeris daavadebiT arian daavadebulni,
TandaTanobiT kargaven mexsierebas da xasiaTdebian pirovnebis degradaciiT. es
daavadeba aReniSneba 65 wels gadacilebul amerikelTa daaxloebiT 10%-s,
romelTagan daaxloebiT naxevari 85 welze metisaa. maT Sorisaa, rogorc
cnobili gaxda 1994 wlis noemberSi, amerikis yofili prezidenti ronald
reigani (Evans et al., 1989). alcheimeris daavadeba, erTi SexedviT, TiTqoda uwyinrad
iwyeba _ adreul stadiebze erTaderTi TvalsaCino simptomi SeiZleba
mexsierebis gauareseba iyos, Tumca, mis ganviTarebas Tan axlavs pirovnebis
ganuxreli degradacia. daavadebis msxverpls SeiZleba aReniSnebodes
gradualuri pirovnuli cvlilebebi, rogoricaa apaTia, spontanurobis dakargva
da garSemomyofebTan urTierTobis survilis arqona. Semdgom stadiebze
 361
alcheimeris daavadebis mqone adamianebi SeiZleba sruliad Caiketnon sakuTar
TavSi da uyuradReboni gaxdnen, maT SeiZleba sakuTari meuRlisa da Svilebis
saxelebic ki daaviwydeT. cxadia, rom mexsierebis aseTi gauareseba gacilebiT
safuZvliani da tragikulia, vidre mexsierebis xandazmulobisTvis Cveuli
gauareseba.
axla ki, zogadi kognituri ganviTarebidan ufro konkrterul sakiTxebze
gadavinacvloT da vnaxoT, rogorc xdeba enis aTviseba.

• sibrZne (wisdom)
( ) _ mdidari cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebidan momdinare
kompetenturoba cxovrebis fundamentur sferoebSi.
• seleqciuri optimizacia kompensaciiT (selective
( optimization with compensation)) _
warmatebuli daberebis strategia, romlis saSualebiTac adamiani
maqsimalurad zrdis SenaZens da amcirebs asakTan dakavSirebul danakargs.
• alchaimeris daavadeba (Alzheimer’s
( disease)) _ Tavis tvinis qronikuli
organuli sindromi, romelic xasiaTdeba mexsierebis TandaTanobiTi
daqveiTebiT inteleqtualuri unarebis SemcirebiT da pirovnebis
gasadavebiT.

Sejameba

Jan piaJe Tvlida, rom bavSvebi garemodan miRebuli informaciis asimilaciisa

da akomodaciisTvis gonebriv struqturebs iyeneben, romelTac man sqemebi uwoda.
piaJem kognituri ganviTarebis oTxi stadia gamoyo: sensomotoruli stadia,
rodesac bavSvebi aRweven obieqtTa mudmivobis cnebas; winaoperaciuli stadia,
rodesac bavSvebis azrovnebas egocentrizmi da centracia axasiaTebs;
konkretuli operaciebis stadia, rodesac bavSvebs ukve SeuZliaT konkretuli
gonebrivi operaciebis danaxsovreba da Sesruleba; formaluri operaciebis
stadia, rodesac bavSvebs SeuZliaT abstraqtulad da logikurad azrovneba.
Tamanedrove mkvlevrebma daxvewes piaJes Teoriis elementebi. magaliTad,
obieqtTa mudmivobis garkveul aspeqtebs bavSvebi sicocxlis pirvelive
Tveebidanve aRweven; winaoperaciul stadiaze myofi bavSvebi aucileblobiT ar
arian egocentrulebi. mkvlevarebi, aseve, varaudoben, rom cvlilebebi ramdenime
ZiriTadi sferodan TiToeulSi gancalkevebulad, erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad
xdeba, imis Sesabamisad, Tu ramdenad aqvs bavSvs ganviTarebuli sayrdeni
 362
Teoriebi _ sawyisi struqturebi, romliTac isini cdiloben samyarosTan
urTierTobiT miRebuli gamocdilebis axsnas. da bolos, aucilebelia piaJes
Teoriis ganxilva kulturul konteqstSi. mraval kulturaSi fasobs kognituri
unarebi, romlebic sruliad gansxvavdeba im unarebisgan, romelTac Tanamedrove
kognituri ganviTarebis mkvlevarebi Seiswavlian.
kognituri unarebis gauareseba mozrdilebSi, ZiriTadad, kognituri
procesebis zogadi SenelebiT aixsneba. Tumca, asakovanma adamianebma SeiZleba am
movlenis kompensacia im sibrZniTa da gamocdilebiT moaxdinon, romelic maT
droTa ganmavlobaSi SeiZines. amasTan, kognituri funqcionirebis maRali donis
SenarCuneba maT gonebrivi aqtiurobiTac SeuZliaT. asakovan adamianTa
umravlesoba ganicdis mexsierebis gauaresebas, Tumca, aseTi danakargi
umniSvneloa iseT gauaresebasTan SedarebiT, rac alcheimeris daavadebas axlavs.

enis aTviseba

aRsaniSnavi faqtia, rom 6 wlis asakisaTvis bavSvebs ukve SeuZliaT

metyvelebis danawevreba mis Semadgenel bgeriT da mniSvnelobiT erTeulebad;
bgerebis sityvebad, sityvebis ki _ azrian winadadebebad gaerTianebis wesebis
gamoyeneba, romlebic TviTonve aRmoaCines da aqtiuri monawileobis miReba
Tanmimdevrul saubarSi. bavSvebis SesaniSnavma enobrivma miRwevebma ubiZga
mkvlevarTa umravlesobas, rom daTanxmebuloyvnen mosazrebas _ enis swavlis
unars biologiuri safuZveli aqvs (pinker, 1994). Tumca, imisda mixedviT, Tu sad
daibada bavSvi, mis mSobliur enad SeiZleba iqces msoflioSi arsebuli 4000
sxvadasxva enidan nebismieri. amasTan, bavSvebi momzadebulni arian orive _
sametyvelo da Jestebis _ enis Sesaswavlad. es niSnavs, rom enis swavlisken
Tandayolili midrekileba sakmaod Zlieri da, amasTanave, moqnili unda iyos
(meier, 1991).
imis asaxsnelad, Tu rogor arian bavSvebi aseTi gawafulebi enis aTvisebaSi,
Cven aRvwerT faqts, romelic adasturebs mosazrebas enis aTvisebis unaris
Tandayolilobis Sesaxeb. amasTan, garemos rolzec visaubrebT _ bavSvebi xom im
konkretul, mkacrad gansazRvrul enas swavloben, romelic maT irgvliv
garemoSi gamoiyeneba. cxrili 11.4 warmodgenas gviqmnis sxvadasxva saxis codnaze,
romelic bavSvebma unda aiTvison salaparako Tu Jestebis enis swavlisas. Tqven
 363
SegiZliaT gadaxedoT me-9-e Tavis qveTavs enis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb (gv. ?????) da
gaixsenoT, rogor iyeneben mozrdilebi codnis am tipebs saubris dros.
• fonemebi (phonemes)
( ) _ metyvelebis minimaluri erTeuli nebismier enaSi,
romelic azrobriv gasxvavebas qmnis eqspresiuli da impresiuli
metyvelebisas; r da l ori gansxvavebuli fonemaa inglisurSi da
qarTulSi, Tumca, erTi fonemis sxvadasxva variantia iaponurSi.

cxrili 11.4. enis struqtura

gramatika cdilobs, aRweros enis struqturirebisa da gamoyenebis gzebi. is

moicavs ramdenime komponents:

fonologia Seiswavlis sityvebad gaerTianebul bgerebs an bgerebs,

romlebic sityvebad aris gaerTianebuli.

fonema aris metyvelebis umciresi erTeuli, romelic erTmaneTisgan

ganasxvavebs or gamonaTqvams. magaliTad, b da kP erTmaneTisgan
ganasxvavebs bars da kars. 15

fonetika aris metyvelebis bgerebis Seswavla da klasifikacia.

sintaqsi aris wesebis erToblioba, romliTac sityvebi erTiandeba

winadadebad. magaliTad, subieqti (me) + zmna (miyvars) + obieqti (vaSli)
inglisur sityvaTa standartuli Tanmimdevrobaa.

morfema aris gramatikis minimaluri ganmasxvavebeli erTeuli, romlis

gankalkeveba SeuZlebelia azris dakargvis gareSe. sityvas bins
(kalaTebi) aqvs ori morfema: bin (kalaTi) da s (-ebi), romelic mravlobiT
ricxvze miTiTebs.

semantika Seiswavlis sityvaTa mniSvnelobebs da maT cvlilebas droTa

ganmavlobaSi.

leqsikuri mniSvneloba sityvis leqsikonuri mniSvnelobaa. sityvis

mniSvneloba zogjer winadadebis konteqstis („sauzme vWame“ da
„sircxvili vWame“) an warmoTqmis intonaciis (SeecadeT yuradReba

15
originaluri varianti: bin – pin.
 364

gaamaxviloT sxvadasxva sityvebze: „TeTri saxlis kata“) mixedviT

icvleba.

pragmatika aris dialogSi monawileobis wesebi; komunikaciis, winadadebebis

Tanmimdevrobis da sxvebis sityvebze saTanadod reagirebis socialurad
miRebuli normebi.

sityvebisa
sityvebisa da metyvelebis aRqma

warmoidgineT, rom axalSobili xarT da saSineli yayani da zuzuni gesmiT.

rogor daiwyebT imis gacnobierebas, rom zogierTi maTgani relevanturia sxva
adamianebTan urTierTobisTvis? bavSvis pirveli nabiji konkretuli enis
aTvisebisas aris bgerebs Soris im gansxvavebebis SemCneva, romlebic azrianad
gamoiyeneba am enaSi. (niSnebis enebis SemTxvevaSi bavSvma unda SeamCnios
gansxvavebebi, magaliTad, xelebis poziciebs Soris). TiToeuli sametyvelo ena
Sedgeba mTeli rigi SesaZlebeli gansxvavebebisagan, romelTa warmoqmna SeuZlia
adamianis vokalur traqts. arc erTi ena ar iyenebs yvela im salaparako-bgeriT
kontrasts, romelic SeiZleba wamoiqmnas. enaSi mniSvnelobis mqone minimalur
erTeuls fonemas uwodeben. inglisur enaSi daaxloebiT 45 sxvadasxva calkeuli
fonemaa. warmoidgineT, rom gesmiT sityvebi right (ufleba) da light (sinaTle). Tu
inglisuri TqvenTvis mSobliuri enaa, ar gagiWirdebaT gansxvavebis gagoneba _
inglisur enaSi /r/ da /l/ gansxvavebuli fonemebia, magram Tu Tqven mxolod
iaponur enaze saubrobT, ver gaigebT gansxvavebas am or sityvas Soris, radgan /r/
da /l/ ar aris gansxvavebuli fonemebi iaponur enaSi. ismis kiTxva: inglisurad
molaparakeni iZenen am gansxvavebis gagebis unars Tu iaponurad molaparakeni
kargaven mas?
aseT kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad, mkvlevrebma iseTi meTodebi SemuSaveba
dasWirdaT, romliTac SeZlebeli iqneboda enobrivi informaciis miReba
bavSvebisgan, romelbic jer ar laparakoben.

saidan viciT

SesaZlebelia Tu ara hindis aRqma dabadebisTanave?

me-7-e TavSi aRwerili operantuli ganpirobebulobis principebis
gamoyenebiT, mkvlevarebi aswavlian Cvilebs xmis wyarosken Tavis Sebrunebas,
 365
rodesac isini SeamCneven metyvelebis erTi bgeris Secvlas meori bgeriT.
waxaliseba (jildo), romelic ganamtkicebs am qcevas, aris ganaTebul yuTSi
moTavsebuli patara saTamaSo cxoveli, romelic taSs ukravs da dolze
abraxunebs. cda isea mowyobili, rom cvlilebis SemCnevisTanave bavSvebma
aucileblad miabrunon Tavi xmis wyarosken. bavSvebis mier gansxvavebis aRqmis
unaris gasazomad, mkvlevarebi aRnusxavdnen, Tu ra sixSiriT abrunebdnen
isini Tavs cvlilebis SemTxvevaSi.
janet uerkeri da misi kolegebi (werker, 1991; werker & lalond, 1988) am meTodiT
ikvlevdnen metyvelebis aRqmis unaris Tandayolil safuZvels _ es aris /r/-/l/
sakiTxis nairsaxeoba, romelic Cven zemoT ganvixileT. uerkeri swavlobda
bgeriT gansxvavebebs, romlebic ixmareba hindiSi, magram ara inglisurSi _
gansxvavebebs, romlebic arTuleben hindis aTvisebas inglisurad molaparake
zrdasrulebisTvis. uerkerma da misma kolegebma gazomes Cvilebis, romlebic
swalobdnen inglisurisa da hindis, da, aseve, inglisurad da hindize
molaparake zrdasrulebis mier hindis fonemebis gansxvavebis unari. maT
aRmoaCines, rom yvela Cvili 8 Tvis asakamde, ganurCevlad imisa, Tu romel
enas swavloba, amCnevda am gansxvavebebs. Tumca, 8 Tveze ufrosi asakis
Cvilebis da mozrdilebis SemTxvevaSi mxolod maT SeeZloT hindis bgeriTi
kontraqtebis garCeva, vinc swavlobda hindis an ukve laparakobda am enaze.

aseTi kvleva dabejiTebiT gvafiqrebinebs, rom cxovrebas salaparako

enebisTvis mniSvnelovani bgeriTi kontrastebis aRqmis Tandayolili unariT
viwyebT, Tumca, maleve vkargavT im zogierTi kontrastis aRqmis unars, romelic
ar arsebobs enaSi, romlis swavlasac viwyebT (werker & tees, 1999).
metyvelebis aRqmis am biologiurad ganpirobebuli dasawyisis paralelurad,
bevr bavSvs garemoc uwyobs xels da dasawyisisTvis naklebad moiTxovs misgan
gamarTul metyvelebas. mraval kulturaSi mozrdilebi Cvil da patara
bavSvebTan saubrisas enis gansakuTrebul, mozrdilTa metyvelebisgan
gansxvavebul formas iyeneben. es aris xazgasmiT gamokveTilad da maRali
intonaciiT metyveleba, romelic formalurad cnobilia, rogorc bavSvze
mimarTuli metyveleba (child-directed speech) an, naklebad oficialuri saxelwodebiT
_ dedebis an mSoblebis ena. bavSvze mimarTuli metyvelebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
Taviseburebebi arsebobs bevr, magram ara yvela kulturaSi (fernald & morikawa, 1993;
 366

fernald et al. , 1989; ingram, 1995). bavSvze mimarTul metyvelebas SeuZlia, daexmaros
maT enis aTvisebaSi, vinaidan misi saSualebiT bavSvebi interesdebian da
yuradRebas aqceven imas, rasad mSoblebi eubnebian maT. garda amisa, aseTi
metyvelebis bgeriTi paterni xazs usvams emociur Sinaarss, rac xels uwyobs
bavSvsa da masze mzrunvel mozrdils Soris emociuri kavSiris damyarebas (trainor
et al., 2000).
ra asakidan SeuZliaT bavSvebs bgeraTa paternebis _ sityvebis _ mravaljeradi
gameorebis SemCneva maTze mimarTul metyvelebis nakadSi? es aris pirveli didi
nabiji enis aTvisebisas: Tqven ver iswavliT imas, rom sityva ZaRli raRac
kavSirSia im bewvian arsebasTan, romlis gamoCenis drosac am sityvas amboben,
vidre ar daafiqsirebT, rom bgeraTa paternis ZaRli gamoiyeneba maSin, roca
saxezea bewviani arseba. Cvilebi, saSualod, 6-7,5 Tvis asakidan avlenen
ganmeorebadi bgerebis mniSvnelobis wvdomis unars (jusczyk & aslin, 1995). Tumca,
erTi gansakuTrebuli sityvis aRqmis unari bavSvebs ori TviT ufro adre,
daaxloebiT 4,5 Tvis asakSi uCndebaT: am droisaTvis isini aSkara upiratesobas
aniWeben sakuTar saxels (mandel et al., 1995)!

sityvis mniSvnelobaTa daswavla

rogorc ki SeZlebdiT bgerebis warmoqmnisa da movlenebis Tanxvedris

dafiqsirebas, Tqven mzad iqnebodiT sityvebis mniSvnelobebis asaTviseblad.
udaoa, rom bavSvebi brwyinvaled swavloben sityvebis mniSvnelobebs.
daaxloebiT 18 Tvis asakSi maTi siytvebis maragi gasaocari siswrafis izrdeba.
mkvlevarebi am periods dasaxelebebis afeTqebis anu dasaxelebaTa raodenobis
swrafi zrdis periodi uwodes, radgan bavSvebi daCqarebuli tempiT iwyeben
axali sityvebis, gansakuTrebiT sagnebis dasaxelebebis, aTvisebas. (ix. suraTi
11.7).
11.7 6 wlis asakisaTvis saSualo bavSvs daaxloebiT 14,000 sityva esmis (templin,
1957). Tu davuSvebT, rom am sityvebis umravlesoba 18 Tvidan 6 wlamde asakSia
naswavli, miviRebT, rom bavSvi erT dReSi cxra sityvas swavlobs anu sifxizlis
yovel erT saaTSi _ TiTqmis erT sityvas (carey, 1978). rogor aris es
SesaZlebeli?
warmoidgineT situacia: bavSvi da misi mama seirnoben parkSi da mama uTiTebs
raRacaze da ambobs: „es aris ZaRli“. bavSvma unda gadawyvitos, Tu samyaros
 367

romel nawils ekuTvnis ZaRli. es ar aris ioli saqme (quine, 1960). iqneb ZaRli
niSnavs „nebismier oTxfexa qmnilebas“, „cxovelis qurqs“, „cxovelis tyavs“ an
kidev sxva uamrav mniSvnelobas, romelic marTali iqneba yovel jerze, roca
vinme ZaRlze miuTiTebs. yvela SesaZleblobis gaTvaliswinebiT, rogor axerxeben
bavSvebi TiToeuli sityvis mniSvnelobis dadgenas?

• bavSvze mimarTuli metyveleba (child-directed speech) _ metyvelebis

gansakuTrebuli forma, xazgasmiT gamokveTil da maRali intonaciiT,
romelsac mozrdilebi Cvil da patara bavSvebTan saubrisas iyeneben.

sur. 11.7. bavSvis leqsikonis gamdidreba

bavSvis mier gamoyenebuli sityvebis raodenoba swrafad izrdeba
wlinaxevridan 6 wlis asakamde. mocemuli kvleva aCvenebs bavSvebis sityvaTa
saSualo marags 6 Tviani intervalebiT. (wyaro: B.A. Moskowitz, 1978. The acquisition of
lenguage. scientific American, Inc. All Rights reserved. Reprinted by permission.)

Cven vvaraudobT, rom bavSvebi naturalistebis msgavsad moqmedeben. isini

ayalibeben hipoTezebs imis Sesaxeb, Tu ras SeiZleba niSnavdes TiToeuli axali
sityva. magaliTad, SegviZlia vnaxoT, Tu rogor aqtiurad muSaobs maTi
naturalisturi goneba, rodesac isini Zalian afarToveben sityvis mniSvnelobas
_ erT sityvas iyeneben obieqtTa farTo speqtris aRsaniSnad. maT SeuZliaT
sityva ZaRliT aRniSnon yvela cxoveli, an sityviT mTvare _ yvela mrgvali
obieqti, saaTisa da monetebis CaTvliT. xsva SemTxvevebSi, bavSvebs SeuZliaT
Seaviwrovon sityvis mniSvneloba _ CaTvalon, magaliTad, rom ZaRli mxolod
maTi ojaxis ZaRls niSnavs.
Tumca, mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom bavSvebi hipoTezebs qmnian, ar xsnis, Tu
ratom arian bavSvebis gacilebiT metad midrekilni imis warmodgenisken, rom
ZaRli Seesabameba mTlian cxovels da ara, magaliTad, mis marcxena wina TaTs.
mkvlevarebi varaudoben, rom bavSvebis hipoTezebi SezRudulia Tandayolili
principebiT (clark, 1987, 1993; markman, 1989). ganvixiloT, magaliTad,
urTierTgamoricxvis principi, romelic gulisxmobs, rom bavSvebi ise iqcevian,
TiTqos TiToeul sagans mxolod erTi dasaxeleba unda hqondes. rogor zRudavs
es principi bavSvebis hipoTezas? normalur pirobebSi bavSvebs midrekilni arian,
CaTvalon, rom axali sityva aRniSnavs mTlian sagans. amavdroulad, roca maT
 368
ukve ician raime mTliani sagnis dasaxeleba, magaliTad, telefoni, isini iyeneben
urTierTgamoricxvas da aviTareben hipoTezas, rom maTTvis ucnobi sityva,
magaliTad, yurmili unda aRniSnavdes sagnis romelime nawils (liitschwager &
markman, 1994; markman & wachtel, 1988). bavSvis hipoTeza, umeteswilad, sworia xolme.
urTierTgamoricxva xsnis, Tu ratom brazdebian 2 wlis bavSvebi, roca maT
saxanZro manqanas deda saxanZro satvirTos uwodebs.

gramatikis Seswavla

bavSvebis mier mniSvnelobebis aTvisebis asaxsnelad isini davaxasiaTeT,

rogorc naturalistebi, romelTa hipoTezebi SezRudulia Tandayolili
pricipebiT. igive analogiis gamoyeneba SeiZleba bavSvebis mier wesebis, romelTa
meSveobiTac mniSvnelobebi erTiandeba ufro did erTeulebad, anu gramatikis _
aTvisebis aRsawerad, bavSvisTvis siZneles is qmnis, rom sxvadasxva enebs
sxvadasxva wesebi aqvT. magaliTad, inglisurSi winadadebis tipiuri wyobaa
subieqti-zmna-obieqti, iaponurSi ki — subieqti-obieqti-zmna. bavSvebma unda
gaarkvion, ra tipis wyoba gamoiyeneba im enaSi, romelic maT irgvliv
gamoiyeneba.S rogor akeTeben isini amas?
dResdReobiT mkvlevarTa umravlesobas miaCnia, rom am kiTxvaze pasuxi,
ZiriTadad, adamianis genomSi unda veZioT. lingvist noam xomskis (Noam Chomsky;
1965, 1975), magaliTad, amtkicebs, rom bavSvebi ibadebian gonebrivi struqturebiT,
romelic aioleben enis gagebas da am enis saSualebiT azris gadmocemas.
gramatikis aseTi biologiuri safuZvlis dasabuTebas uzrunvelyofen bavSvebi,
romlebic mkafiod Camoyalibebuli gramatikuli wesebis auxsnelad srulad
floben enis gramatikul struqturas. magaliTad, mkvevarebma Seiswavles yru
bavSvebi, romelTa siyruec imdenad mZime iyo, rom ar SeeZloT zepiri
metyvelebis aTviseba, mSoblebma ki ar uzrunvelyves maTTvis Jestebis enis
srulad swavleba (goldin-meadow & mylander, 1990, 1998). am bavSvebma daiwyes sakuTari
niSnebis enis gamogoneba da am Jestebis enam _ misTvis garemoSi sayrdenis
ararsebobis miuxedavad _ gamarTuli gramatikuli struqtura SeiZina:
„Camoyalibebuli enis, rogorc orientiris, arsebobis an ararsebobis pirobebSi,
bavSvebi, rogorc Cans, „mzad“ arian struqturebis ZiebisTvis, sul mcire, sityvis
 369
da winadadebis doneze, rodesac aviTareben informaciis gacvlis sistemebs”
(goldin-meadow & mylander, 190, p. 351).
rogor unda gaarkvion mkvlevrebma, konkretulad romeli codnaa
Tandayolili? am sakiTxisadmi yvelaze nayofieri midgomaa enis aTvisebis
Seswavla mravali enis masalaze dayrdnobiT anu kros-linglisturad. imis
garkveviT, Tu ra uadvildebaT da ra uZneldebaT bavSvebs msoflios mravali
enis aTvisebisas, mkvlevrebs SeuZliaT gansazRvron, savaraudod, gramatikis
romeli nawilebi eyrdnoba yvelaze metad Sinagan predispoziciebs.
aq vubrundebiT mosazrebas bavSvis, rogorc naturalistis, Sesaxeb. bavSvebi
Tandayolil SemzRudvebs iyeneben konkretuli enis Seswavlis amocanis
Sesrulebisas. den slobinma (Dan Slobin) es warmmarTveli principebi gansazRvra,
rogorc saxelmZRvanelo principebis erToblioba, romelic erTad bavSvis enis
Seqmnis unari qmnis. slobinis Teoriis (1985) mixedviT, saxelmZRvanelo
principebi bavSvisTvis mimarTulebis mimcemis (direqtivebis) formas iRebs.
magaliTad, operaciuli principi, romelic bavSvs exmareba iseTi sityvebis
aRmoCenaSi, romlebic erTad gamoiyeneba da maTgan sityvaTSeTanxmebebis
SedgenaSi, aseTia: „sityvaTa kategoriebisa da funqcionaluri elementebis
kategoriebis dadgenili mimdevrobis, romlebic erTad Cndebian konkretuli
propoziciis tipis gamoxatvisas, mocemuli propoziciis tipis aRmniSvnelTan
erTad mexsierebaSi Senaxva“ (gv. 1252). martivad rom vTqvaT, es saxelmZRvanelo
principi gveubneba, rom bavSvebma unda daicvan sityvebis warmoTqmis
Tanmimdevrobisa da maT mier gamoxatuli mniSvnelobebis urTierTmimarTeba.
slobinma saxelmZRvanelo principebi sxvadasxva enebis mravali mkvlevaris mier
mowodebuli monacemebis Sejamebis safuZvelze gamoiyvana. imis saCveneblad, Tu
rogor muSaobs es principebi Cven inglisuri enis magaliTebs gamoviyenebT.
vnaxoT, ra SeuZliaT inglisur enaze molaparake bavSvebs daaxloebiT ori
wlis asakSi, orsityviani winadadebebis stadiaze, rodesac isini sityvebis
kombinaciebis gamoyenebas iwyeben. am TvalsazrisiT, bavSvebis metyveleba
telegrafulia, radgan, ZiriTadad, warmoadgens arsebiTi saxelebisa da
zmnebisgan Sedgenil mokle, martivi mimdevrobebis erTobliobas. telegraful
metyvelebas aklia iseTi damxmare sityvebi, rogoricaa the, andAda of, (artikli,
 370
kavSiri da windebuli) da romlebic sityvebsa da ideebs Soris kavSiris
gamoxatvaSi gvexmareba. magaliTad, Allgone milk16 telegrafuli frazaa.
orsityviani gamonaTqvamebis gasagebad mozrdilebi im konteqsts unda
icnobdnen, sadac iTqva es sityvebi. „Tanya ball“ (tania burTi), magaliTad, SeiZleba
niSnavdes: „tanias unda burTi“ an „tania isvris burTs“. miuxedavad amisa, or-
sityviani winadadebebis stadiaze myof bavSvebi amtkiceben, rom maT
garkveulwilad aiTvises inglisuri gramatika. saxelmZRvanelo principebi
saSualebas aZlevs maT, aRmoaCinon, rom inglisurSi mniSvneloba aqvs sityvebis
wyobas da rom sami aucilebeli elementia moqmedi piri – moqmedeba _ obieqti
(subieqti-zmna-obieqti), romlebic am mimdevrobiT aris dalagebuli. am
„aRmoCenis“ dasasturebaa, rodesac bavSvebi arasworad igeben aseT winadadebas:
“Mary was followed by her little lamb to school” (meris wayva misi patara kravi skolaSi),
maTi interpretaciaa: meri (moqmedi piri) wayva (moqmedeba) Tavis kravs (obieqti)
(ix. suraTi. 11.8).
11.8 droTa ganmavlobaSi bavSvebma unda gamoiyenon sxva
saxelmZRvanelo principebi, raTa aRmoaCinon, rom wesidan „moqmedi piri –
moqmedeba _ obieqti“ gamonaklisebic arsebobs.
axla ganvixiloT saxelmZRvanelo principi, romelsac slobinma gavrcoba17
uwoda da romelic moiTxovs, rom bavSvebma erTi da igive azrobrivi erTeulis
anu morfemis gamoyeneba scadon erTi da igive cnebis aRsaniSnavad. aseTi
cnebebis magaliTebia kuTvnilebiTi brunva, warsuli dro da mimdinare moqmedeba.
inglisur enaSi TiToeuli dasaxelebuli forma gamoixateba sityvis fuZeze
iseTi gramatikuli morfemis damatebis gziT, rogoricaa, magaliTad, -‘s (maria’s), -
ed (called) da -ing (laughing). daakvirdiT, TiToeuli dasaxelebuli bgeris damateba
arsebiT saxelze an zmnaze rogor cvlis mis mniSvnelobas.
bavSvebi gavrcobis msgavs saxelmZRvanelo principebs iyeneben am morfemebis
funqcionirebis Sesaxeb hipoTezebis Camosayalibeblad. Tumca, vinaidan es
principi moiTxovs, rom bavSvma unda scados yvela konkretuli SemTxvevis
erTnairad aRniSvna, is xSirad uSvebs Secdomas _ axdens hiperregulacias.
magaliTad, iswavlis ra bavSvi inglisurSi warsuli drois warmoebas zmnaze ed-
is damatebiT, is amatebs ed-s yvela zmnas da qmnis iseT sityvebs, rogoricaa doed

16
Allgone milk – All milk is all gone – mTeli rZe (rac gvqonda) gaTavda.
17
extension.
 371

da breaked (arawesieri zmnebi, romelTa warsuli forma ed-is damatebiT ar

iwarmoeba). swavlobs ra bavSvi mravlobiTi ricxvis warmoebis wess (-s-is an –z-is
damateba sityvis bolos), is isev zedmetad afarTovebs wess da qmnis iseT
sityvebs, rogoricaa foots, mouses (gamonaklisi SemTxvevebi, rodesac mravlobiTi
ricxvi -s an -z is damatebiT ar iwarmoeba). hiperregularizacia gansakuTrebiT
saintereso Secdomaa, radgan is, Cveulebriv, vlindeba mas Semdeg, rac bavSvebs
ukve naswavli aqvT raRac da iyeneben zmnebisa da arsebiTi saxelebis swor
formebs. bavSvebi jer iyeneben zmnis swor formebs (magaliTad, came da went),
albaT, imitom, rom isini swavloben maT, rogorc calkeul terminologiur
elementebs; magram roca isini swavloben warsuli drois (past-tense-is) ZiriTad
wess, isini iyeneben mas im zmnebis mimarTac, romlebic wesidan gamonakliss
warmoadgenen anu im sityvebis mimarT, romlebsac manamde sworad gamoTqvamdnen18.
droTa ganmavlobaSi bavSvebi iyeneben sxva saxelmZRvanelo principebs am
droebiTi gaugebrobis dasaZlevad.
bavSvebis mier enis aTviseba mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens maT socialur
urTierTobebze. es unda davimaxsovroT, vinaidan socialuri ganviTarebis
ganxilvas viwyebT, romelic mTeli cxovrebis manZilze mimdinareobs.

• enis Seqmnis unari (language-making

( capacity)) _ Tandayolili saxelmZRvanelo
principebi, romlebsac bavSvebis iyeneben enis Seswavlis amocanis
Sesrulebisas.
• hiperregularizacia
hiperregularizacia (overregularization)
( ) _ gramatikuli Secdoma, romelic,
Cveulebriv, vlindeba adreuli enobrivi ganviTarebis dros da romlis
drosac enis wesebi imdenad farTod gamoiyeneba, rom xdeba araswori
lingvisturi formebis warmoeba.

sur. 11.8: gramatikis aTviseba

aTviseba

mravali bavSvi Tvlis, rom “mary was followed by the lamb” (meris gahyva kravi) da
“mary followed the lamb” (meri gahyva kravs) erTi da igive mniSvnelobis mqone
winadadebebia.

18
qarTulSi amis magaliTia, rodesac bavSvebi amboben „rsebobs“ da ara „arsebobs“, radgan maT ukve
naswavli aqvT, rom „ar“ uaryofis gamomxatvelia da fiqroben, rom „ar“-is gamokleba uaryofiT mtkicebas
dadebiTad aqcevs. (mTargmnelis SeniSvna)
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Sejameba

mkvlevarTa umravlesoba iziarebs mosazrebas, rom bavSvebi ibadebian enis

Seswavlis biologiurad ganpirobebuli unariT. am ideis damadasturebel
monacemebs iZlevian eqsperimentebi, romlebic aCveneben, rom bavSvebs aqvT
fonemuri kontrastebis aRqmis Tandayolili unari, maT Soris iseTi
kontrastebis, romelic ar gamoiyeneba maTi garemosTvis Cveul enaSi. 7,5 Tvis
asakisaTvis bavSvebi cnoben ganmeorebad bgerebs. es unari saSualebas aZlevs
maT, daiwyon sityvaTa mniSvnelobebis aTviseba. mkvlevarebi Tvlian, rom axali
sityvebis mniSvnelobebs bavSvebi swavloben im hipoTezebis SeqmniTa da
gadasinjviT, romlebic ganpirobebulia iseTi Tandayolili principebiT,
rogoricaa urTierTgamoricxva.
kros-lingvisturi kvlevebi exmareba mkvlevrebs, gansazRvron, gramatikis
romeli nawilebi eyrdnoba yvelaze metad Sinagan predispoziciebs. enis Seqmnis
unari warmoadgens saxelmZRvanelo principebis erTobliobas, romelic marTavs
bavSvebis mier maT garemocvisTvis Cveuli enis gaanalizebis process.

socialuri ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze

Cven vnaxeT, rogor icvleba adamiani dabadebidan xandazmulobamde fizikuri

da kognituri TvalsazrisiT. am qveTavSi ganvixilavT socialur ganviTarebas:
rogor icvleba individis socialuri urTierTobebi da molodinebi sicocxlis
manZilze. Cven vnaxavT, rom socialuri da kulturuli garemo urTierTqmedebs
biologiur asakTan da cxovrebis TiToeul periods misTvis
misTvis damaxasiaTebeli
gamowvevebiTa da ganmtkicebebiT uzrunvelyofs.
socialuri ganviTarebis ganxilvisas gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelovania imis
codna, Tu rogor zemoqmedebs kultura da garemo Cveni cxovrebis garkveul
aspeqtebze. magaliTad, ekonomikuri gaWirvebis pirobebSi mcxovrebi adamianebi
eqvemdebarebian garkveuli tipis stresebs, rac ar xdeba ganviTarebis
„normalur“ pirobebSi (crockett & silbereisen, 2000; leventhal & brooks-gunn, 2000). aSS-sa da
msoflios sxva qveynebSi arsebuli tendenciebi ganviTarebis fsiqologebs
valdebuls xdis, gaiTvaliswinon is gamorCeuli garemoebebi, sadac uwevs
cxovreba mraval bavSvs, mozardsa Tu mozrdils _ garemoebebi, romlebic
mudmivad safrTxes uqmnis maT fsiqikas, usafrTxoebas da sicocxles (dryfoss, 1990;
 373

huston et al., 1994; ladd & cairns, 1996). garda amisa, amerikuli kultura Tavs axvevs
cxovrebis sxvadasxva stils qalebsa da mamakacebs da umciresobaTa
warmomadgenlebs. magaliTad, xandazmuli qalebi ufro xSirad imyofebian
arasaxarbielo ekonomikur mdgomareobaSi, vidre xandazmuli mamakacebi;
xandazmuli afro-amerikeli qalebi kidev ufro cud mdgomareobaSi arian, vidre
maTive asakis TeTrkaniani qalebi (carstensen & rasupathi, 1993). es gansxvavebebi
Tanamedrove amerikul sazogadoebaSi arsebuli struqturuli uTanasworobis
uSualo Sedegia.

• socialuri ganviTareba (social

( development)) _ gza, romliTac icvleba
individis socialuri urTierTobebi da molodinebi cxovrebis
ganmavlobaSi.

rodesac vaskvniT „saSualo“ cxovrebis mimdinareobis Taobaze, ar unda

dagvaviwydes _ kultura karnaxobs zogierT individs, rom gansxvavdebodes am
normidan. rodesac aRvwerT im fsiqologiur sirZneleebs, romelsac
„Cveulebrivi“ individi awydeba, unda gaxsovdeT, rom mravali individi
gansakuTrebuli, iSviaTi gamowvevebis winaSe dgas. mkvlevarebis daniSnulebaa,
aRweron Tanamedrove problemebis gavlena adamianze da SeimuSavon meTodebi,
romliTac Seamsubuqeben yvelaze usiamovno Sedegebs. naTelia, rom saWiroa
seriozuli reformebis gatareba ukeTesi janmrTelobis dacvis sistemis,
socialuri uzrunvelyofis programebisa da socialuri daxmarebis politikis
asamoqmedeblad da dasaregulireblad. fsiqologebi daxmarebas gagviweven
ojaxebisa da maTi bavSvebis saukeTeso interesebis gansazRvraSi (Scarr & Eisenberg,
1993). socialuri ganviTarebis ganxilvisas saSualeba gveqneba, davubrundeT
kulturis gavlenis sakiTxs.
gaxsovdeT, rom ganvlili wlebi da kulturiT ganpirobebuli socialuri
gamocdileba erToblivad gansazRvraven adamianebis cxovrebiseul amocanebs.
socialuri ganviTarebis ganxilvas daviwyebT erik eriksonis cxovrebis ciklis
TeoriiT, romelic naTlad warmogviCens im gamowvevebsa da SenaZenebs, romelsac
viRebT cxovrebiseuli ciklis TiToeul did monakveTze.

eriksonis fsiqosocialuri stadiebi

 374

erik eriksonma (Erik Erikson), zigmund froidis qaliSvilis, ana froidis

mowafem, SemogvTavaza Teoria, romlis mixedviTac yovelma individma warmatebiT
unda gaiaros mTeli rigi fsiqosocialuri stadiebisa,
stadiebisa romelTaganac TiToeuli
mas garkveuli konfliqtis an krizisis winaSe ayenebs. eriksonma cxovrebis
ciklis rva stadia gamoyo. rogorc naCvenebia cxrilSi 11.5,
11.5 TiToeuli stadia
xasiaTdeba konkretuli krizisiTa Tu konfliqtiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom arc
erTi konfliqti ar amoiwureba bolomde, aucilebelia, individma sakmarisad
gadaWras TiToeuli maTgani, raTa warmatebiT gaumklavdes Semdgomi stadiebis
konfliqtebs.
eriksonis mier aRwerili cxovrebiseuli ciklis pirvel stadiaze Cvils,
mzrunvel mozardebTan urTierTobaSi, unda Camouyalibdes garemosadmi ndobis
bazisuri grZnoba. ndoba bunebrivi maxasiaTebelia Zlieri mijaWvulobisa
mSobelTan, romelic bavSvs sakvebiT, siTboTi da fizikuri siaxloviT
uzrunvelyofs. Tumca, Tu ar aris dakmayofilebuli bavSvis bazisuri
moTxovnilebebi; Tu mas aklia movla, fizikuri siaxlove, siTbo da, aseve, Tu is
xSirad rCeba masze mzrunvelis gareSe, SesaZloa, mas ganuviTardes undoblobis,
daucvelobisa da SfoTvis yovlismomcveli gancda.
fexis adgmasa da laparakis dawyebasTan erTad, farTovdeba bavSvis mier
gamokvleuli sivrce da is intensiurad iwyebs obieqtebis (da xandaxan
adamianebis) Seswavlasa da manipulirebas (xeliT mosinjvas, datrialebas,
gadmobrunebas). am moqmedebebiT mas unda Camouyalibdes avtonomiis da sakuTari
qmedunarianobisa da Rirseulobis gancda. am stadiaze zedmetma SezRudvam da
kritikulobam, SesaZloa, migviyvanos bavSvis mier sakuTar ZalebSi daeWvebamde,
xolo iseTma moTxovnebma, romlebic mis SesaZleblobebs aRemateba, rogoricaa,
magaliTad, TviTmomsaxurebis Cvevebis naadrevi da/an zedmetad mkacri moTxovna,
SesaZloa, mas daukargos axali amocanebis miRwevisa da axali unarebis SeZenis
xalisi. winasaskolo periodis dasasruls bavSvi, romelsac ukve ganviTarebuli
aqvs ndobis bazisuri grZnoba jer uaxloesi garemocvis, Semdeg ki sakuTari
Tavisadmi, SeZlebs iniciativis gamoCenas rogorc gonebriv, ise motorul
aqtivobaSi. imisda mixedviT, Tu rogor reagireben mSoblebi bavSvis mxridan
aseTi iniciativebis gamoCenaze, isini waaxaliseben Tavisuflebisa da sakuTar
TavSi darwmunebulobis SegrZnebas, rac aucilebelia ganviTarebis Semdegi
 375
safexurisTvis, an aRZraven danaSaulis gancdas da mozrdilTa samyaroSi
„daupatiJebel stumrad“ agrZnobineben Tavs.
 376

cxrili 11.5. fsiqosocialuri ganviTarebis stadiebi eriksonis mixedviT

miaxloebiTi
miaxloebiTi
krizisi warmatebuli gadawyveta warumatebeli gadawyveta
asaki
0-1,5 ndoba undoblobis usafrTxoebis bazisuri gancda daucveloba, SfoTva
winaaRmdeg
1,5-3 avtonomia eWvis Tavis aRqma momqmedad, romelsac movlenebis kontrolis
winaaRmdeg xelewifeba sakuTari sxeulis SeuZleblobis gancda
kontroli da romelic flobs
situacias
3-6 iniciativa danaSaulis sakuTar TavSi, rogorc sakuTari Rirsebis
grZnobis winaaRmdeg iniciatorsa da SemoqmedSi, gancdis ararseboba
darwmunebuloba
6-pubertati kompetenturoba bazisuri socialuri da saliTar TavSi
arasrulfasovnebis inteleqtualuri unarebis daurwmunebuloba,
winaaRmdeg adekvaturoba marcxis gancda
mozardoba ego-identuroba sakuTari Tavis, rogorc sakuTari pirovnebis
rolebis aRrevis pirovnebis, sasiamovno, danawevrebulobis gancda;
winaaRmdeg damakmayofilebeli gancda sakuTar me-ze cvalebadi
da bundovani warmodgena
axalgazrdoba intimuroba izolaciis meore adamianTan daaxloebisa da martoobis da
winaaRmdeg erTgulad darCenis unari gancalkevebis gancda;
axlo urTierTobis
saWiroebis uaryofa
 377

saSualo qmnadoba19 uZraobis20 sakuTari Tavis garda ojaxze, sakuTari survilebis

asaki winaaRmdeg sazogadoebaze, momaval Taobaze damkayofilebaze zrunva;
zrunvis unari momavalze orientaciis
ararseboba
xandazmuloba mTlianoba21 mTlianobis gancda, zogadi sicarielis,
sasowarkveTis kmayofileba cxovrebiT gamousadegarobis gancda,
winaaRmdeg imedgacrueba

19
Generativity.
20
Stagnation
21
ego-integrity
 dawyebiT skolis periodSi bavSvi, romelsac warmatebiT daZlia wina stadiebis
krizisebi, mzad aris, rom garesamyaros SemTxveviTi Ziebidan da gadasinjvidan
gadavides kompetenturobisa da Sromisunarianobis sistematur ganviTarebaze.
skola da sporti _ inteleqtualuri da motoruli unarebis ganviTarebis,
TanatolebTan urTierToba ki socialuri unarebis ganviTarebis saSualebas
iZleva. warmatebul mcdelobebs am mimarTulebebiT bavSvi kompetenturobis
gancdamde mihyavs. Tu am stadiaze bavSvi Semsruleblis nacvlad mayurebelis
rolSi aRmoCndeba an marcxs ganicdis, SesaZloa, mas arasrulfasovnebis SegrZeba
ganuviTardes, rac, Tavis mxriv, amcirebs Semdgomi cxovrebiseuli stadiebis
moTxovnaTa dakmayofilebis unars.
eriksons miaCnda, rom mozardobis ZiriTadi krizisia sakuTari
individualurobis anu identobis aRmoCena, rasac abrkolebs sxvadasxva wreSi
gansxvavebuli rolebis Sesrulebis aucileblobiT gamowveuli gaurkvevloba. am
krizisis gadawyveta individs sakuTari pirovnebis mTlianobis gancdis
CamoyalibebaSi exmareba; warumatebloba ki, Sesabamisad, sakuTar Tavze, rogorc
aramyari birTvis mqone pirovnebis Sesaxeb, warmodgenis mizezi xdeba.
axalgazrdobis (adreuli mozrdilobis) ZiriTadi krizisi intimurobasa da
izolacias Soris konfliqtis gadaWraa. am konfliqtis warmatebuli gadawyvetis
Sedegia sxva adamianebTan sruli emociuri, zneobrivi da seqsualuri
urTierTobebiis damyarebisa da SenarCunebis unaris ganviTareba. aseTi
urTierTobebi TavisTavad gulisxmobs zogierTi pirovnuli prioritetis
daTmobas, kompromiss, sakuTar Tavze garkveuli pasuxismgeblobebis aRebas da
meore adamianis (partnioris) ganmartoebulobisa da damoukideblobis garkveuli
xarisxiT SenarCunebas. am krizisis daZlevisas warumateblobas individi
izolaciamde da sxvebTan harmoniuri urTierTobebis unaris arqonamde mihyavs.
socialuri zrdis Semdegi SesaZlebloba, romelic, Cveulebriv, mowifulobaSi
(Sua xnis mozrdilobaSi) eZleva adamians, generaciuloba anu produqtulobaa. 30-
40 wlis asakSi adamianebi sakuTar Tavsa da sakuTar partniorze fiqris sazRvrebs
scdebian da zrunvas iwyeben ojaxis wevrebze, samuSaoze, sazogadoebasa da
momaval Taobaze. isini, visac wina stadiebis krizisebi ar aqvT daZleuli, kvlav
sakuTari moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebiT arian dakavebulni, eWvqveS ayeneben
warsulis miRwevebs da miRebul gadawyvetilebebs da usafrTxoebis fasad
inarCuneben Tavisuflebas.
 379
xnovanebis (gviani mozrdilobis) krizisia konfliqti pirovnul mTlianobasa da
sasowarkveTas Soris. nebismieri ganvlili stadiis krizisis gadawyveta xnier
adamians amzadebs imisaTvis, rom warsuls sinanulis gareSe Sexedos da
pirovnuli mTlianobis sasiamovno gancda daeuflos. Tu adrindeli krizisebi
gadauWrelia, xolo miswrafebebi ausrulebel survilebadve darCa, individs
sasowarkveTileba, ganvlili cxovrebis amaoebisa da sakuTari gamousadegrobis
SegrZneba eufleba.

• fsiqosocialuri stadiebi (psychosocial

( stages)) _ erik eriksonis SemoTavazebuli
ganviTarebis Tanmimdevrul stadiebi, romelic fokusirdeba sakuTar Tavsa da
sxvebze individis orientaciaze; es stadiebi moicavs pirovnebis ganviTarebis
sqesobriv da socialur aspeqtebs da individisa da socialuri garemos
urTierTqmedebis Sedegad warmoqmnil socialur konfliqtebs.

socialuri ganviTareba bavSvobaSi

bavSvis sicocxlis SenarCuneba damokidebulia sxva adamianebTan Sinaarsiani da

efeqtiani urTierTobebis damyarebaze. socializacia mTeli cxovrebis manZilze
mimdinare procesia, rodesac individis qcevis paternebi, Rirebulebebi,
standartebi, unarebi, ganwyobebi da motivebi iseT formas iReben, romelic
misaRebi iqneba mocemuli sazogadoebisTvis. procesSi mravali adamiani
(naTesavebi, megobrebi, maswavleblebi) da instituciaa (skolebi, RvTis msaxurebis
adgilebi) CarTuli, romelTa zegavlenis Sedegadac iTvisebs individi
socialurad misaReb Rirebulebebsa da qcevis standartebs. Tumca, socializaciis
yvelaze mniSvnelovani maregulirebeli da ganmapirobebeli Tavad ojaxia. Tavad
ojaxis cneba icvleba, vinaidan dResdReobiT mravali bavSvi izrdeba viTarebaSi,
romelic gansxvavdeba ojaxis standartuli _ deda, mama, da-Zmebi _
struqturisgan: zogierTi bavSvi martoxela mSoblis ojaxSi izrdeba, zogi ki _
mravali Taobisagan Semdgar ojaxSi. ojaxis ganurCevlad ojaxis konfiguraciisa,
ojaxi exmareba individs sxvebze reagirebis ZiriTadi paternebis CamoyalibebaSi,
romlebic, Tavis mxriv, sxva adamianebTan damokidebulebis cxovrebiseuli stilis
safuZveli xdeba.

• socializacia (socialization) _ cxovrebis manZilze mimdinare procesi, romlis

saSualebiTac individis qcevis paternebi, Rirebulebebi, standartebi,
 380
unarebi, ganwyobebi da iseT formas iReben, romelic misaRebi iqneba mocemuli
sazogadoebisTvis.

mijaWvuloba

socialuri ganviTareba iwyeba bavSvsa da dedas, mamas, an sxva mudmiv mzrunvels

Soris mWidro emociuri urTierTobis damyarebiT. am Zlier, xangrZliv, socialur-
emociur urTierTobas mijaWvuloba ewodeba. vinaidan bavSvebs ar SeuZliaT Tavis
gamokveba da dacva, mijaWvulobis yvelze adreuli funqcia bavSvisTvis
sicocxlis SenarCunebaa. cxovelTa samyaros zogierT saxeobaSi axalSobils
avtomaturad ebeWdeba mexsierebaSi pirvelive moZrav obieqti, romelsac is xedavs
an romlis xmac esmis (Johnson & Gottlieb, 1981). amas imprintingi ewodeba. imprintingi
swrafad xdeba ganviTarebis kritikul periodSi da Znelia misi Secvla.
imprintingis aseTi avtomaturoba zogjer SeiZleba problematuri iyos. eTologma
konrad lorencma (Konrad Lorenz) aCvena, rom adamianis gazrdili batis Wukebi
adamians miejaWvebian da ara TavianTi saxeobis romelime warmomadgenels.
sabednierod, bunebriv pirobebSi batis Wukebi, dabadebisTanave pirvelad, umetesad,
sxva batebs xedaven.
adamianis Svili naklebad aris damokidebuli instinqtur mijaWvulobaze.
miuxedavad imisa, rom dResdReobiT mraval samSobiaro saxlSi mijaWvulobis
ganviTarebis waxalisebas axalSobilis dedis mucelze moTavsebiT cdiloben,
adamianebs bavSvisa da mozrdilis kavSiris gasamyareblad ufro rTuli signalebi
esaWiroebaT. Cvilis mier gamocemuli miaxloeba-daSorebis signalebi _ rogoricaa
Rimili, tirili, bgerebis gamocema _ rogorc Cans, Tandayolili qcevebia,
romliTac Cvili agebinebs sxvebs, rom yuradReba miaqcion (Campos et al., 1991).
magaliTad, cxra Tvis bavSvi SerCeviT uRimis maT, viszec surs gavlenis moxdena
(Jones et al., 1991). cxadia, warmatebuli mijaWvuloba ara aris damokidebuli mxolod
Cvilis mier signalebis (rogoricaa, magaliTad, Rimili) gamocemis unarze, aramed
_ mozrdilis mier am signalebis garCevisa da maTze reagirebis unarzec. vis
SeuZlia, rom winaaRmdegoba gauwios Cvilis Rimils? jon boulbis (John Bowlby,
1973), adamianTa Soris mijaWvulobis ganviTarebis gavleniani Teoretikosis,
mixedviT, Cvilebi im individebs ejaWvebian, romlebic Tanmimdevrulad da
saTanadod pasuxoben maT signalebs.
 381
mijaWvulobis Sefasebis erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli meTodia meri
einsvorsisa (Mary Ainsworth) da misi kolegebis SemuSavebuli ucnobi situaciis
testi (Ainsworth et al., 1978). erT-erT pirvel standartul epizodSi, bavSvi SehyavT
saTamaSoebiT savse ucnob oTaxSi. dedis Tandaswrebis pirobebSi bavSvs saSualeba
eZleva, ukeT Seiswavlos oTaxi da iTamaSos. ramdenime wuTis Semdeg oTaxSi
ucnobi adamiani Semodis, esaubreba dedas da uaxlovdeba bavSvs. Semdeg deda
tovebs oTaxs. xanmokle ganSorebis Semdeg deda oTaxSi brundeba, deda da Svili
xvdeba erTmaneTs da ucnobi gadis. mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines, rom am testze
bavSvebis reaqciebi sam ZiriTad kategoriad iyofa (Ainsworth et al., 1978):
• myarad mijaWvuli bavSvebi oTaxidan mSoblis gasvlaze garkveuli
distresiT reagireben. misi dabrunebis Semdeg ki siaxlovisken,
komfortisken da kontaqtisken iswrafvian da TandaTanobiT ubrundebian
TamaSs.

• aramyarad mijaWvuli _ ganridebadi bavSvebi indiferentulebi Canan da

SeiZleba aqtiurad aaridon Tavi mSobels, an moaxdinon misi ignorireba.

• aramyarad mijaWvuli _ ambivalenturi/rezistentuli bavSvebi brazdebian

da SfoTaven, roca mSobeli oTaxidan gadis; misi dabrunebisas veRar
mSviddebian da ubrazdebian da ewinaaRmdegebian mas, Tumca, masTan
kontaqtis survilsac gamoxataven.

aSS-is mosaxleobis saSualo fenebis ojaxebisdan Semdgari SerCevevis

gamokvlevam aCvena, rom Cvili bavSvebis daaxloebiT 70% myarad mijaWvulTa
kategorias ganekuTvneba; aramyarad mijaWvuli bavSvebis daaxloebiT 20% moTavsda
ganridebadis kategoriaSi, 10% ki _ rezistentulis kategoriaSi. aSS-isgan iseT
gansxvavebul qveynebSi, rogoricaa SvedeTi, israeli, iaponia da CineTi,
mijaWvulobis urTierTobebis kros-kulturulma kvlevam mijaWvulobis
konkretuli tipebis sakmarisad mdgradi prevalireba gamoavlina (van Ijzendoorn &
Kroonenberg, 1988). TiToeul qveyanaSi bavSvebis umetesoba myarad mijaWvulia;
kulturuli gansxvavebuloba yvelaze metad aisaxa arasando, aramyarad
mijaWvulobis sxvadasxva tipis prioritetulobaze. garda amisa, mkvlevrebma
gamoavlines maRali xarisxis SeTanxmebuloba ucnobi situaciebis testiTa da
 382
bavSvebze da maT dedebze saxlis Cveul garemoSi dakvirvebis Sedegebze
dayrdnobiT Sedgenil klasifikaciebs Soris (Pederson & Morgan, 1996).
ucnobi situaciebis testis monacemebze dafuZnebuli kategoriebi
prognostulad Rirebuli aRmoCnda _ maT Zalze zustad SeeZloT bavSvis Semdgomi
qcevis prognozireba mTel rig situaciebSi; es gansakuTrebiT exeboda im
sazRvars/gamyofs, romelic myarad da aramyarad mijaWvul bavSvebs erTmaneTisgan
mijnavda. magaliTad, grZelvadianma kvlevebma aCvena, rom bavSvebi, romlebic 15
Tvis asakSi ucnobi situaciis testSi sando an arasando mijaWvulobisTvis
damaxasiaTeblad iqceodnen, skolaSi qcevis mixedviT mkveTrad gansxvavdebodnen 8-
9 wlis asakSi (Bohlin et al., 2000). 15 Tvis asakSi myarad mijaWvuli bavSvebi ufro
popularulebi iyvnen da naklebad SfoTavdnen sazogadoebaSi TavianTi adgilis
gamo, vidre maTi aramyarad mijaWvuli Tanatolebi. adreul wlebSi mijaWvulobis
xarisxisa da Semdgomi qcevis aseTive kavSiri gamovlinda 10 wlis bavSvebSi (Urban
et al., 1991) da mozardebSi (Weinfield et al., 1997). es monacemebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom
mijaWvulobis xarisxs, romelic ucnobi situaciebis testiT gamovlinda,
namdvilad aqvs grZelvadiani Sedegebi aqvs. me-17-e TavSi vnaxavT, ro m mkvlevarebi
mijaWvulobis sazomebs mozrdilTa sasiyvarulo urTierTobebis
prognozirebiTvisac iyeneben.

• mijaWvuloba (attachment) _ emociuri urTierToba bavSvsa da masze

regularulad mzrunvel mozrdils Soris.
• imprintingi (imprinting)
( ) _ daswavlis
da primitiuli forma, rodesac axalSobili
cxoveli ukan misdevs da ejaWveba pirvelive moZrav obieqts, romelsac xedavs
an romlis xmac esmis.

Cven vnaxeT, rom mijaWvuloba sakmaod mniSvnelovania axalgazrda

sicocxlisaTvis. sando mijaWvuloba mozrdilTan, romelic sayrdensa da
socialur mxardaWeras sTavazobs bavSvs, mas prosocialur qcevaTa Seswavlis
winapirobas uqmnis. is saSualebas aZlevs bavSvs, iswavlos gariskva, axal
situaciebSi CarTva da Rrma pirovnuli urTierTobebis damyareba. axla ki vnaxoT,
risi gakeTeba SeuZliaT mSoblebs imisaTvis, rom xeli Seuwyon am myari
mijaWvulobis erTob mniSvnelovani grZnobis Camoyalibebas.

mSoblebis
mSoblebis mier gamoyenebuli aRzrdis stilebi da dadgenili qcevis wesebi
 383
TiToeuli bavSvi sakuTari temperamentis Sesabamisad iqceva mSoblebTan
urTierTobisas: mSoblebi, romelTac erTze meti Svili hyavT, xSirad aRniSnaven,
Tu ramdenad ganxvavdebodnen maTi Svilebi erTmaneTisgan adreuli asakidanve.
bavSvis ama Tu im tempretamentma mSoblebis saukeTeso (an uaresi) mcdelobebi
SeiZleba moulodnel Sedegebamde miiyvanos. mkvlevarebi aRiareben, rom bavSvebis
temperamenti da mSoblebis qceva gavlenas axdenen erTmaneTze, rac, Tavis mxriv,
aisaxeba bavSvis ganviTarebaze, magaliTad, mijaWvulobis urTierTobis xarisxis
saxiT: ramdenadac mSoblebi cvlian Tavian Svilebs, imdenad Svilebi cvlian
mSoblebs (Collins et al., 2000).
da mainc, temperamentuli sxvaobebis fonze, mkvlevrebma daadgines mSoblebis
mier gamoyenebuli aRzrdis stili,
stili romelic, Cveulebriv, yvelaze met sargebels
iZleva. mocemuli stili ori ori ganzomilebis _ momTxovnelobisa da
gulisxmierebis _ urTierTkveTis wertilSi mdebareobs (Maccoby & Martin, 1983):
„momTxovnelobaSi moiazreba mSoblis survili, Seasrulos sazogadoebis
warmomadgenlisa da am sazogadoebSi miRebuli normebis bavSvisTvis gadamcemis
roli, gulisxmierebaSi ki _ mSoblis mier bavSvis individualobis aRiareba“
(Darling & Steinberg, 1993, p.492). rogorc .9 avtoritetuli
naCvenebia suraTze 11.9
11.9,
mSoblebi saTanado moTxovnebs uyeneben TavianT Svilebs: isini maTgan moiTxoven
qcevis miRebuli normebisadmi Sesatyvisobas, magrm Tavadac gulisxmierad
epyrobian maT _ isini yovelTvis utoveben bavSvebs urTierTobis inicirebis
SesaZleblobas, riTac xels uwyoben TviTregulaciis unaris ganviTarebas (Gray &
Steinberg, 1999). aseTi avtoritetuli stili yvelaze metad ayalibebs efeqtur
mSobeli-Svilis kavSirs. amis sapirispirod, rogorc mocemulia suraTze 11.9,
aRzrdis avtoritaruli stilis SemTxvevaSi mSoblebi Tavisi Svilebisgan
disciplinirebulobas iTxoven da naklebad uTmoben yuradRebas maT
damoukideblobas; momTmeni stilis SemTxvevaSi _ gulisxmierebi arian Svilebis
mimarT, Tumca, ver axerxeben im sazogadoebrivi wesebis struqturebis swavlebas,
romliTac unda icxovron maT; uyuradRebo stili ki imiT gamoirCeva, rom
mSoblebi arc disciplinirebulobas iTxoven Svilebisgan da arc maTi
individualurobisadmi iCenen did sinteress.
erTnairi aRzrdis zogadi stilis mqone mSoblebic ki sxvadasxvagvar
prioritets aniWeben socializaciis miznebs, romelic mniSvnelovnad miaCniaT
TavianTi SvilebiTvis. mSoblebis mier dadgenili qcevis wesebi momdinareobs
 384
mkafiod dasaxuli miznebidan. (Darling & Steinberg, 1993). aqedan gamomdinare,
avtoritetuli mSoblebi, romelTac surT, rom bavSvebma kargad iswavlon
skolaSi, saxlSi iseT garemos qmnian, sadac bavSvebi mixvdebian, Tu ratom
eswrafvian mSoblebi amas. bavSvebi ecdebian, rom kargad iswavlon skolaSi,
radgan isini efeqturad ganawyves am miznisTvis _ aCvenes, Tu rogor exmareba
adamians codna sazogadoebaSi cxovrebisas. Tumca, vinaidan yvela avtoritetuli
mSobeli ar aris swavlaze orientirebuli, SeuZlebelia bavSvis saskolo
warmatebis prognozireba mxolod mSoblis stilze dayrdnobiT (Steinberg et al., 1992).
mSoblebis zogadi ganwyobebi da maTi konkretuli qcevebi mniSvnelovania maTi
Svilebis cxovrebis mimarTulebis gansazRvrisTvis.
mosiyvarule mozrdilebTan mWidro urTierTqmedeba bavSvis pirveli nabijia
normaluri socializaciisa da jansaRi fizikuri ganviTarebisken. vinaidan
pirveli momvlelisadmi Tavdapirveli mijaWvuloba mogvianebiT ganivrcoba ojaxis
sxva wevrebzec, es ukanasknelnic xdebian bavSvisTvis misabaZi modelebi
azrovnebisa da qcevis axali meTodebis aTvisebis procesSi. am adreuli
mijaWvulobebidan bavSvebi aviTareben sakuTar moTxovnilebebsa da sxva
adamianebis moTxovnilebebze reagirebis unars.

• aRzrdis stili ( parenting style)) _ meTodi, romliTac mSoblebi zrdian Svilebs;

yvelaze efeqtianad iTvleba avtoritetuli stili, romelic Tanabrad
moiazrebs momTxovnobasa da gulisxmierebas.
• mSoblebis mier dadgenili qcevis wesebi (parenting practices) _ konkretuli
aRmzrdelobiTi qcevz, romelic konkretuli aRmzrdelobiTi miznebis
Sesabamisad yalibdeba.

cxrili 11.9 aRzrdis stilebis klasifikacia

aRzrdis stilebis klasificireba ori ganzomilebis mixedviT SeiZleba, esaa:
momTxovneloba – mSoblis survili, Seasrulos sazogadoebis warmomadgenlisa da
am sazogadoebSi miRebuli normebis bavSvisTvis gadamcemis roli, gulisxmiereba
_ mSoblis mier bavSvis individualobis aRiareba. avtoritetuli stili yvelaze
metad ayalibebs efeqtur mSobeli-Svilis kavSirs
 385
mSoblis gulisxmiereba
mimRebi, uarmyofeli,
gulisxmieri, aragulisxmieri,
bavSvze mSobelze
centrirebuli centrirebuli
avtoritetuli,
mSoblis momTxovni, reciprokuli, avtoritaruli,
momTxovneloba
makontrolirebeli Zlieri Zalauflebaze
ormxrivi dayrdnobili
komunikacia
ara-momTxovni, momTmeni uyuradRebo,
iSviaTad gulgrili,
makontrolirebeli ganze mdgomi

komforti kontaqtisas da socialuri gamocdileba

ras iReben bavSvebi mijaWvulobis kavSirisgan? zigmund froidis da sxva

fsiqologebis Tanaxmad, bavSvebi imitom ejaWvebian mSoblebs, rom isini maT
sakvebiT uzrunvelyofen _ akmayofileben bavSvis upirveles bazisur
moTxovnilebas. am mosazrebas mijaWvulobis SimSilis Teorias22 uwodeben. es
Teoria rom swori iyos, bavSvebs keTildReobiTvis saTanadod gamokvebis garda
araferi dasWirdebodaT. gavs es simarTles?
hari harlous (Harry Harlow, 1965) ar sjeroda, rom SimSilis Teoria xsnida
mijaWvulobis mniSvnelovnebas. am Teoriis Sesamowmeblad man gamoTqva sakuTari
hipoTeza, rom Cvilebi SeiZleba imaTac miejaWvon, visTanac kontaqtisas
kontaqtisas
komfortulad igrZnoben Tavs (Harlow & Zimmerman, 1958). man makakebi dabadebisTanave
moaSora dedebs da moaTavsa galiebSi, sadac maT ori xelovnuri „deda“ daxvdaT.
erTi maTgani mavTulisgan iyo damzadebuli, meore ki _ xaoiani qsovilisgan.
harloum aRmoaCina, rom patara makakebma qsovilis dedasTan axlos daibudes da
cota dros atarebdnen mavTulis dedasTan. es maSinac ki ase xdeboda, rodesac
rZes maT mxolod mavTulis deda aZlevda. rodesac saSiSi stimuli (magaliTad,
dolze mobraxune saTamaSo daTunia) gamoCndeboda, patara makakebi qsovilisgan

22
Cupboard theory.
 386
damzadebul „dedasTan“ garbodnen. rodesac axali saintereso stimuli
gamoCndeboda, makakebi stimulis gamosakvlevad TandaTanobiT bedavdnen „dedisgan“
moSorebas da ganaxlebamde kvlevas isev qsovilisgan damzadebul „dedasTan“
brundebodnen.
harlousa da misi kolegebis Semdgomma kvlevebma aCvena, rom surogat dedasTan
Zlieri mijaWvulobis formireba maimunebSi arasakmarisi iyo jansaRi socialuri
ganviTarebisaTvis. Tavdapirvelad eqsperimentatorebma ifiqres, rom patara
makakebi qsovilis surogat dedasTan normalurad viTardebodnen, Tumca, Zalze
gasxvavebuli suraTi miiRes, rodesac am pirobebSi gazrdil mdedr maimunebs
Tavad mouwiaT dedis rolis Sesruleba. maimunebs, romelTac adreul asakSi ar
hqondaT sxva maimunebTan urTierTobis saSualeba, gauWirdaT normaluri
socialuri da seqsualuri urTierTobebis damyareba zrdasrulobaSi.
primatebis mkvlevarma stefen suomim (Stephen Suomi, 1999; Champoux et al., 1995) aCvena,
rom emociurad mowyvladi Cvili makakis mzrunvel dedaze gaSvileba arsebiTad
cvlida mis cxovrebas. suomi aRniSnavs, rom maimunebi, romlebsac gansakuTrebiT
mosiyvarule da mzrunveli dedebi zrdian, maimunTa gundis daCagruli da ukana
planze gadaweuli wevrebidan gadaiqcevian Tamam, komunikabelur mamr maimunebad,
romlebic momwifebis periodSi erT-erTi pirvelni toveben gunds, raTa Tavad
gaikvlion gza da sakuTari adgili daimkvidron axal gundSi. aseTi jvaredini
aRzrda maT im informaciiTa da gadarCenis unar-CvevebiT amaragebs, romelic
aucilebelia sxva maimunebis mxardaWeris mosapoveblad da gundSi maRali
socialuri statusis SesanarCuneblad. axla vnaxoT, rogor aris SesaZlebeli
maimunebze Catarebuli eqsperimentebidan miRebuli codnis gamoyeneba, rodesac
saqme adamianis deprivacias exeba.

• komforti kontaqtisas (contact comfort) _ dedasTan an sxva mzrunvelTan Cvilis

fizikuri siaxlovidan momdinare komforti.

fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi

ra gavlenas axdens baga-baRi23 bavSvis ganviTarebaze

rodesac fsiqologebma pirvelad daiwyes socialuri ganviTarebis Seswavla,
im Cvil bavSvTa umravlesoba, romelTa qcevasac efuZneboda maTi daskvnebi,

23
Day-care
 387
mTeli dReebis manZilze dedebTan imyofebodnen TavianT saxlebSi. Tumca,
ukanaskneli ramdenime aTwleulis manZilze sazogadoebis moTxovnebi Seicvala
da aucilebeli gaxda, rom dedebis gacilebiT met raodenobas emuSava saxlis
gareT. amis Sedegad bevri bavSvi mraval saaTis da zogjer TiTqmis mTeli
adreuli bavSvobis ganmavlobaSi ver ganicdis mSoblebis gavlenas. mkvlevrebma,
am cvlilebidan gamomdinare, ori SekiTxiva dasves: (1) ra dadebiT an uaryofiT
gavlenas axdens baga-baRi bavSvis ganviTarebaze? (2) rogori unda iyos
optimaluri baga-baRi?
Cven ukve movxazeT is konteqsti, sadac SesaZlebelia pirveli SekiTxvis
interpretireba: Tu bavSvsa da mSobels Soris mijaWvulobas gadamwyveti
mniSvneloba aqvs, nebismieri movlena (rogoricaa, magaliTad, baga-baRi),
romelic arRvevs am mijaWvulobas, aucileblad cudia Tu ara bavSvisTvis? am
kiTxvaze pasuxia: „yvelafris gaTvaliswinebiT, ara“ (Scarr, 1998). am kiTxvaze
pasuxis gasacemad, mkvlevarebi, Cveulebriv, erTmaneTs adarebdnen saxlSi
gazrdil da baga-baRSi gazrdil bavSvebs gonebrivi da socialuri ganviTarebis
mixedviT. maT aRmoaCines, rom bavSvebi, romlebic baga-baRebSi atarebdnen dros,
xSirad upirates mdgomareobaSi imyofebodnen am parametrebis mixedviT, pirvel
rigSi, imitom, baga-baRebi maT ganviTarebis ufro met SesaZleblobas aZlevda
(Burchinal et al., 1997; Clarke-Stewart, 1991, 1993). gonebriv ganviTarebas xels uwyobs
baga-baRebSi saganmanaTleblo da TamaSis aqtiobaTa farTo speqtri, socialur
ganviTarebas ki _ socialuri urTierTqmedebebis farTo arCevani, rasac
moklebulni arian saxlebSi myofi bavSvebi.
Tumca, arsebobs ori mizezi, ris gamoc pasuxs „ara“ unda daematos
„yvelafris gaTvaliswinebiT“. pirveli isaa, rom bavSvebi gansxvavdebian
erTmaneTisgan saxlis gareT zrunvaze reagirebis mixedviT. meore, arsebobs
mravalgvari baga-baRi. aqedan gamomdinare, kargisa da cudis Ziebis nacvlad,
mkvlevarebi dainteresdnen imiT, Tu rogori unda iyos xarisxiani aRzrda
konkretuli bavSvebisTvis (Zaslow, 1991).
baga-baRebis eqspertma alison klark-
klark-stiuartma (Alison Clarke-Sewart, 1993)
Seajama am sakiTxis Sesaxeb arsebuli samecniero literatura da mogvca
principebi, romlis mixedviTac unda vixelmZRvaneloT baga-baRebis
xarisxianobis gansazRvrisas. qvemoT mocemuli zogierTi rekomendacia bavSvebis
 388
fizikur komforts exeba:
• baga-baRi fizikurad komfortuli da usafrTxo unda iyos.
• yovel eqvs an Svid bavSvze unda iyos, sul mcire, erTi aRmzrdeli
(meti 3 wlamde asakis bavSvebisTvis).
danarCeni rekomendaciebi dRis zrunvis centrebis muSaobis saganmanaTleblo
da fsiqologiur aspeqtebs Seexeba.
• bavSvebs unda hqondeT TamaSebis Tavisuflad arCevis saSualeba,
romelsac drodadro TvalsaCino da cxadi gakveTilebi daerTveba Tan.
• bavSvebs unda aswavlidnen socialuri problemebis gadawyvetis unar-
Cvevebs.
garda amisa, klark-stiuartma SemogvTavaza, rom baga-baRiss aRmzrdelebs
kargi mSoblebis Tvisebebic unda hqondeT.
• aRmzrdelebi unda pasuxobdnen bavSvebis moTxovnilebebs da aqtiurad
unda iyvnen CarTulni maT saqmianobebSi.
• aRmzrdelebma gaumarTleblad ar unda zRudavdnen bavSvebs.
• aRmzrdelebs unda SeeZloT bavSvebis individualur moTxovnilebebs
Soris gansxvavebebis danaxva.
Tu es kriteriumebi dakmayofilebulia, baga-baRSi nebismieri bavSvis miyvana
SeiZleba, romlis mSoblebi saxlis gareT muSaoben. baga-baRi marTlac
efeqtiani rom gaxdes, sazogadoebis zogadi damokidebuleba unda Seicvalos.
pirvel rigSi, adamianebma unda miviRon arsebuli realoba da aRiaron, rom
bavSvebis mzardi raodenoba izrdeba baga-baRebSi da, Sesabamisad, sazogadoebam
energia am baRebis xarisxis gaumjobesebisaken unda warmarTos (Fuller et al., 1996;
Scarr et al., 1990). meore, adamianebma Zalisxmeva ar unda daiSuron „momuSave dedis“
da Tavad baga-baRis mimarT araswori damokidebulebis dasaZlevad (Hoffman,
1989). Tuki fsiqologebi gaavrceleben sazogadoebaSi azrs imis Sesaxeb, rom
baga-baRi bavSvs aranairad ar vnebs, aramed, piriqiT, SesaZloa, xelic ki
Seuwyos mis ganviTarebas, mSoblebic naklebad inerviuloben imis gamo, rom
uwevT bavSvis baga-baRSi miyvana. stresis aseTi Semcireba mxolod
gaaumjobesebs bavSvis mTlian fsiqologiur garemos.

socialuri deprivacia
 389
samwuxarod, zogjer sazogadoebebi qmnian pirobebs, sadac bavSvebi moklebulni
arian kontqatis komforts. mravalma kvlevam aCvena, rom adreul bavSvobaSi
mWidro, Tbili urTierTobebis nakleboba gavlenas axdens bavSvis fizikur
ganviTarebaze da sicocxlis SenarCunebazec ki. 1915 wels jon hopkinisis
hospitalSi eqimma daafiqsira, rom normaluri fizikuri zrunvis miuxedavad,
baltimoris upatrono bavSvTa saxlebSi moxvedrili bavSvebis 90% sicocxlis
pirvelive wels gardaicvala. momdevno ocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi
hospitalizirebul bavSvebze Catarebulma kvlevebma aCvena, rom normaluri kvebis
miuxedavad, bavSvebi xSirad avadmyofobdnen respiratoruli infeqciebiT, ucnobi
etiologiis cieb-cxelebiT, ver imatebdnen wonaSi da aReniSnebodaT
fiziologiuri mdgomareobis gauaresebis zogadi simptomebi (Bowlby, 1969; Sherrod et
al., 1978). aSS-sa da kanadis upatrono bavSvTa saxlebSi myof mcirewlovan bavSvebze
Catarebulma sxva kvlevam gamoavlina mwvave emociuri da fizikuri aSlilobebi da
maRali sikvdilianoba, miuxedavad kargi kvebisa da samedicino momsaxurebisa (Spitz
& Wolf, 1946).
socialur ganviTarebaze arasasurveli garemoc zemoqmedebs. 1-dan 3 wlamde
asakis Zaladobis aT msxverplze Catarebulma erT-erTma kvlevam aCvena, rom
bavSvebi saTanadod ar reagirebdnen Tanatolis distresze. rodesac erTi bavSvi
ganawyenebulia da tiris, Cveulebriv, misi Tanatolebi wuxdebian da TanaugrZnoben
mas, an Tavadac sevdiandebian. amis sapirispirod, Zaladobis msxverpli bavSvebi
ufro metad reagirebdnen SiSiT, braziTa da fizikuri SetevebiT (Main & George,
1985). sxva kvlevaSi Seiswavles kavSiri bavSvobis droindel fizikur da
seqsualur Zaladobasa da mozrdilobaSi fsiqikuri janmrTelobis mdgomareobas
Soris. 375 axalgazrda mozrdilisgan Semdgari SerCevidan 11%-ma aRniSna, rom
gamocdilebaSi hqonda romelime tipis Zaladoba. am jgufidan daaxloebiT 80%-s
aReniSneboda erTi an meti fsiqiatriuli aSlilobis simptomebi (Silverman et al.,
1996).
bavSvze Zaladobis SemTxvevebis arseboba fsiqologebs Zalze mniSvnelovani
amocanis winaSe ayenebs: unda ganisazRvros, rogori Careva iqneba bavSvebisTvis
saukeTeso. aSS-Si daaxloebiT 500 aTasi bavSvi da mozardi wamoyvanilia ojaxidan
da mTavrobis mier dafinansebul garkveuli tipis garemoSi cxovrobs (magaliTad,
gaSvilebulia an imyofeba mcire zomis bavSvTa saxlSi) (Shealy, 1995). rogor
 390
ggoniaT, yovelTvis uxariaT bavSvebs, roca aSoreben moZalade ojaxebs? am
kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema Zalian rTulia, vinaidan Zaladobis msxverpl bavSvebsac
ki axasiaTebT TavianTi mzrunvelebisadmi mijaWvulobis ganviTareba: bavSvebma
SeiZleba SeinarCunon erTguleba sakuTari biologiuri ojaxisadmi da
imedovnebdnen, rom yvelaferi mogvardeba, Tu ukan daabruneben (Poulin, 1985). swored
amitom dResdReobiT bevri mkvlevari cdilobs Carevis iseTi programebis
SemuSavebas, raTa moxerxdes ojaxis SenarCuneba da bavSvis ojaxSi dabruneba im
garemoebebis Secvlis gziT, romlebic iwveven Zaladobas (Gillespie et al., 1995; Skibinski,
1995).
am TavSi vnaxeT, Tu ra gavlenas axdens bavSvobis gamocdileba Semdgom
socialur ganviTarebaze. axli ki gadavinacvloT cxovrebis Semdgom periodebisa,
kerZod, mozardobis ganxilvaze.

socialuri ganviTareba mozardobaSi

am Tavis dasawyisSi Cven visaubreT mozardobisas mimdinare fizikuri da

kognituri cvlilebebis Sesaxeb. winamdebare qveTavSi vnaxavT, rom es cvlilebebi
fonad edeba socialur gamocdilebas. vinaidan individma ukve miaRwia fizikuri
da gonebrivi simwifis garkveul dones, mis winaSe axali socialuri da
pirovnuli problemebi dgeba. pirvel rigSi, ganvixilavT, zogadad, mozardobis
gamocdilebas da Semdeg ki _ mozardis cvalebad socialur samyaros.

mozardoba

mozardoba tradiciulad ganixileboda, rogorc cxovrebis mSfoTvare periodi,

romelic ganwyobilebis ukiduresi cvlilebebiTa da rTuli, araprognozirebadi
qceviT – „qariSxliTa da stresiT“ _ xasiaTdeba. es mosazreba me-19-e saukunis
dasasrulisa da me-20-e saukunis dasawyisis romantikos mwerlebTanac, maT Soris
goeTesTanac, gvxvdeba. mozardobis „qariSxliTa da stresiT“ Teorias intensiurad
icavda j. stenli holi (G. Stenley Hall) _ Tanamedrove epiqis pirveli fsiqologi,
romelic dawvrilebiT werda mozardebis ganviTarebaze (1904). holis Semdeg am
mosazrebis ZiriTadi damcvelebi iyvnen fsiqoanalizis Teoretikosebi, romlebic
froidis tradiciis farglebSi muSaobdnen (magaliTad, Blos, 1965; Freud, 1946, 1958).
zogierTi maTgani amtkicebda, rom aseTi vnebaTa qariSxali mozardobis ara
mxolod normaluri nawilia, aramed misi ararseboba ganviTarebis Seferxebaze
 391
miuTiTebs. ana froidi werda, rom „normaluroba mozardobis periodSi TavisTavad
aranormaluria“ (1958, p.275).
kulturuli anTropologiis ori pioneri margaret midi (Margaret Mead, 1928) da
ruT benediqti (Ruth Benedict, 1938) Tvlidnen, rom „qariSxlisa da stresis“ Teoria
gamousadegaria mravali aradasavluri kulturisaTvis. maT aRweres kulturebi,
sadac bavSvebi TandaTanobiT, yovelgvari araprognozirebadi stresuli
gardamavali periodisa da vnebaTa Relvis gareSe, mozrdilebiTvis Cveul ufro da
ufro met pasuxismgeblobebs iReben sakuTar Tavze. mxolod mas Semeg daiwyes
fsiqologebma vnebaTa Relvis Teoriis eWv qveS dayeneba, rac dasavluri
kulturis mozardebis farTomasStabiani kvlevebi Catarda. am kvlevebis Sedegebi
adasturebda erTmaneTs: mozardTa mcire raodenoba Tu ganicdis im Sinagan
mRelvarebasa da araprognozirebad qcevas, romelTac maT miaweren (Offer & Schonert-
Reichl, 1992). cxrilSi 11.6 mocemulia 20 aTasze meti mozardis fsiqologiuri
adaptaciis kvlevis ZiriTadi Sedegebi (Offer et al., 1981a).
samwuxarod, im mozardebs, romlebic Znelad eguebian cvalebad pirobebs,
mosalodnelia, rom mogvianebiT, mozrdilobaSic axasiaTebdeT aseTive
sirTuleebi (Offer et al., 1998; Stattin & Magnusson, 1996). ganvixiloT gamokvleva,
romelmac aCvena Zlieri kavSiri mozardTa qceviT problemebsa da mozrdilobaSi
ganxorcielebul kriminalur qcevas Soris.

cxrili 11.6. normaluri mozardis fsiqologiuri me.

mozardTa procenti,
debuleba
romelic eTanxmeba
TiToeul debulebas

normalur pirobebSi Tavs mSvidad vgrZnob.

91
siamovnebas viReb cxovrebisagan.
90
Cveulebriv, Tavs vakontroleb.
90
Tavs janmrTelad da Zlierad vgrZnob.
86
ZiriTadad, bednieri var.
85
kargi xumroba maSinac maniWebs siamovnebas, roca
83
sevdiani, mowyenili var.
 392
saidan viciT

mozardTa agresiulobis Sedegebi

farTomasStabian longitudur kvlevaSi Seiswavlidnen 10-13 wlis mozardebs,
romlebic SvedeTis tipiuri qalaqis skolaSi swavlobdnen. maT yofaqcevis
daxasiaTebasa (maswavleblebis daxasiaTebebis mixedviT) da biologiur
funqcionirebas adarebdnen maT mier cxovrebis Semdgom periodSi (18-26 wlis
asakSi) kriminaluri qcevis an sxva saxis antisocialuri qmedebebis
ganxorcielebis albaTobas. im biWebTan, romlebic adreul agresiulobasa da
mousvenrobas (hiperaqtiurobas) avlendnen, gacilebiT metad iyo mosalodneli
iseT mozrdilad Camoyalibeba, romelic sisxlis samarTlis danaSauls
Caidenda. garda amisa, adreuli adaptaciis problemebis ufro mZime paternebi
korelirebda adaptaciis iseT problemebTan, rogoricaa loToba da
fsiqiatriuli zedamxedvelobis qveS yofna. suraTi 11.10 gviCvenebs, Tu ramdenad
ukavSirdeba adreuli agresiuloba mozrdilis kriminalur qcevas (Magnusson,
1987; Magnusson & Bergman, 1990).

sur. 11.10. mozardobis agresiuloba da mozrdilobis kriminaluri qceva

grafikze mocemulia individTa raodenoba, romelTac 13 wlis asakSi
agresiulobis sxvadasxva dones miaRwies da maT mier 18-26 wlis asakSi
kriminaluri qcevis Cadenis procenti. kriminaluri qceva seriozulad iqna
miCneuli, Tu Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi sanqcia SvedeTis kanonebis mixedviT, sul
mcire, erTi TviT Tavisuflebis aRkveTas gulisxmobda.

aqedan gamomdinare, mozardTa problemebi ar unda miewerebodes „qariSxlisa da

stresis“ miTs; es ar iqneboda swori. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom mozardebi
suicidis maRali riskiT xasiaTdebian, yvelam, vinc urTierTobs aseT mozardebTan,
gulwrfeli yuradReba unda miaqcios maT (Garland & Zigler, 1993).
mozardobis zogadi gamocdilebis ganxilvis Semdeg gadavideT ufro
konkretul sakiTxze – rogor mimdinareobs mozardobisas identobis (pirovnuli
individualurobis) formireba. cxovrebis ciklis eriksoniseul TeoriaSi
mozardobis ZiriTadi amocanaa namdvili identobis aRmoCena. Cven vnaxavT, Tu
gavlenas axdens socialuri urTierTobebi da momavlis miznebi identobis gancdis
formirebaSi.
 393
socialuri urTierTobebi

mozardTa socialuri ganviTarebis kvlevebSi ojaxisa (an mozardze

mzrunvelisa) da megobrebis rolebis Secvlaze fokusirdebian (Bukowski et al., 1998;
Paikoff, 1991). ukve vnaxeT, rom mozrdilebisadmi mijaWvuloba dabadebis Semdeg
maleve yalibdeba. aseve, bavSvebs adreuli asakidan hyavT megobrebi. mozardoba
pirveli periodia, rodesac Tanatolebi ecilebian mSoblebs pirovnebis
ganwyobebisa da qcevebis formirebaSi. TanatolebTan urTierTobis procesSi
mozardebi TandaTanobiT sazRvraven TavianTi ganviTarebadi identobebis
socialur komponents _ sazRvraven, rogor adamianebad surT yofna da rogori
urTierTobebi surT, rom hqondeT (Berndt, 1992; Hartup, 1996). amitom mozardebi da
maTi megobrebi xSirad mWidrod Sekrul jgufebs qmnian, magaliTad, rodesac saqme
exeba narkotikebis miRebas (Dinges & Oetting, 1993).
vinaidan mozardobaSi Tanatolebis jgufi socialuri mxardaWeris mzardi
mniSvnelovnebis wyarod iqceva, matulobs maTgan SesaZlo uaryofiT gamowveuli
SfoTvac. amis Sedegad viTardeba Tanatolebis faseulobebisadmi da qcevebisadmi
damyoloba _ Tanatolebis zewola, romlisac ase eSiniaT mSoblebs da romelic
Tavis piks daaxloebiT 12-13 wlis asakSi aRwevs (Brown, 1989). Tanatolebis mxridan
zewolis SesaZleblobis gamo, mSoblebi xSirad ganicdian, rom maT konkurencia
unda gauwion sakuTari Svilis megobrebs, raTa daicvan isini saziano ganwyobebisa
da qcevebis ganviTarebisgan. Tumca, simarTlesTan ufro axlos dgas is faqti, rom
zogadad, mozardebi, cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis sxvadasxva kategoriis Sesaxeb
saubroben mSoblebTan da TanatolebTan. magaliTad, mozardebi miuTiTeben, rom
maT skolaSi miRweuli warmatebebis ganxilva gansakuTrebiT urCevniaT
mSoblebTan da ara _ megobrebTan, Tumca, megobrebTan gacilebiT meti xalisiT
saubroben paemanze momxdari ambebsa da seqsze, vidre _ mSoblebTan (Youniss &
Smollar, 1985). amrigad, mSoblebma, romelTac surT sakuTari Svilebis megobrebTan
„Sejibri“ garkveul sferoebSi, unda gamoZebnon saSualebebi, romliTac sakuTar
mozard Svilebs „megobrebis” Temebze aalaparakeben.
garda amisa, mSoblebisa da maTi mozardi Svilebis urTierToba, romelSic
mSobeli erTaderTi da upirobo avtoritetia, unda gadaizardos iseT
urTierTobaSi, romelSic mozards keTilgonierad eZleva damoukidebloba anu
avtonomia mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas (Allen & Land, 1999; Holmbeck &
 394
O’Donnell, 1991). aseTi gadasvla Zneli iqneba im mSoblebisTvis, romlebic,
miuxedavad imisa, rom aRiareben maTi Svilis mozrdil adamianad Camoyalibebas da
saSualebas aZleven mas, rom maTgan gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi hqondes, mainc
iZlevian araswori nabijebis gadadgmis _ araswori gadawyvetilebebis miRebis
uflebas, ramac SeiZleba arasasurveli gavlena iqonios mis momavalze.

saidan viciT

mozardisa da mSoblebis konfliqtebi hon-kongSi

erTnairia Tu ara sxvadasxva kulturaSi mozardebis konfliqtebi
mSoblebTan? mkvlevrebi dainteresdnen Cineli mozardebis konfliqtebiT hon-
kongSi, vinaidan dasavlur kulturebTan SedarebiT, Cinuri kultura nakleb
aqcents akeTebs avtonomiurobaze. (Semdgom TavebSi ufro dawvrilebiT
visaubrebT kulturul gansxvavebebze.) meSvide, mecxre da meTormete klaselebs
sTxoves, SeedginaT mSoblebTan arsebuli maTTvis aqtualuri konfliqtebis sia
da ganesazRvraT maTi simwvave da sixSire. maT, aseve, sTxoves, gaemarTlebinaT
TavianTi qceva konfliqtur situaciaSi: „ratom fiqrobT, rom SegiZliaT amis
gakeTeba (an ar gakeTeba)?“. Cineli mozardebisTvis Cveuli iyo saSualo
sixSirisa da simwvavis konfliqtebi, ZiriTadad, dedebTan, iseTi yoveldRiuri
sakiTxebis Taobaze, rogoricaa telefoniT laparaki da televizoris yureba.
amasTanave, maT mier poziciis gamarTleba, ZiriTadad, asaxavda damoukideblobis
damkvidrebis moTxovnilebas an sakuTari individualurobis gamokveTis
mcdelobas sakuTari gadawyvetilebebis miRebis saSualebiT. amgvarad, im
kulturebSic ki, sadac naklebad aris aqcentirebuli mozardTa avtonomia,
mSoblebsa da mozardebs Soris konfliqtebi xSirad mainc individualurobis
damkvidrebis survilis irgvliv fokusirdeba (Yau & Smetana, 1996).

winamdebare gamokvleva ganamtkicebs mosazrebas imis Taobaze, rom mozardobis

periodSi Svilisa da mSoblis urTierToba maSin icvleba, rodesac Svili ufro
naklebad xdeba damokidebuli mSoblebis avtoritetze. miuxedavad imisa, rom
mozardobis wlebSi, garkveulwilad, icvleba megobrebTan damokidebuleba
(Shulman, 1993), es cvlilebebi mozardebis erTmaneTze damokidebulebis momatebas
ufro asaxavs, vidre urTierTobaSi (Tanasworuflebianobis TvalsazrisiT)
poziciebis cvlilebas. amrigad, mSobeli-Svilis urTierTobaSi konfliqtis ufro
meti potencialia Cadebuli, vidre _ Tanatolebis urTierTobaSi.
 395
identobis ganviTareba, saboloo jamSi, mozardisagan iseTi damoukidebeli
Sexedulebebisa prioritetebis Camoyalibebas iTxovs, romelSic gaTvaliswinebuli
iqneba mSoblebisa da Tanatolebis poziciebi, Tumca, ar iqneba maTi ubralo
asaxva. mTavaria, rom mozardma garemoSi ipovos socialuri mxardaWeris
stabiluri wyaro (Bacher et al., 1997; Fuligni, 1997). amgvari socialuri mxardaWera mas
momavlis dagegmvis saSualebas miscems. swored am sakiTxs ganvixilavT qvemoT.

momavlis miznebi

mozardoba aris periodi, rodesac individma seriozulad unda gasces pasuxi

maradiul SekiTxvas: „vin unda iyo, roca gaizrdebi?“ albaT, gaxsovT, rom es Tavi
daviwyeT 16 wlis biWis fiqriT imis Taobaze, Tu ra eloda mas momavalSi,
warsulidan gamomdinare. kiTxva „vin unda iyo?” TavisTavad asaxavs gavrcelebul
daSvebas, rom individebis identobas, nawilobriv, maTi miznebi ganamtkicebs.
momavali profesiis arCeva, magaliTad, identobis formirebis ZiriTad sakiTxebs
moicavs: esaa individis SesaZleblobebisa da interesebis Sefaseba, realuri
alternativebis moazrebisa da arCevanis gakeTebis da misi realurad
ganxorcielebis unari. mozardebs sakuTari momavali piradi da sazogadoebrivi
TvalsazrisiT afiqrebT. isini Relaven rogorc sakuTari saqmianobisa da ojaxis,
ise _ ekonomikuri kolafsis globaluri safrTxis an birTvul omis gamo. (Nurmi,
1991). garda amisa, mozardebi mZafrad SeigrZnoben, Tu rogor unda ganviTardes
maTi cxovreba asakis momatebasTan erTad: jer ganaTleba unda miiRon, Semdeg
profesias unda daeuflon, bolos ki ojaxi unda Seqmnan. dasaxelebul TiToeul
etapze miznebis formireba genderuli rolebis, ojaxuri garemosa da arsebuli
resursebis gaTvaliswinebiT xdeba.
cxadia, yvela mozardi erTsa da imaves ar elodeba momavlisgan. mkvlevrebma
Seiswavles is socialuri da pirovnuli procesebi, romliTac SesaZlebelia
ganisazRvros, Tu rogor isaxaven mozardebi miznebs, romelTa daxmarebiTac
mozardebi isaxaven miznebs.

saidan viciT

miswrafebebisa da molodinebis socialuri konteqsti

mkvlevrebis jgufma Seiswavla mcire da saSualo Semosavliani ojaxebidan
gamosuli biWebis profesiuli miswrafebebi da molodinebi. miswrafebebi
 396
Seexeba imas, Tu ra samuSaos airCevdnen biWebi „nebismieri samuSaos arCeva rom
SeeZloT“, roca gaizrdebian; molodinebi ki _ iseT samuSaos, romelsac
„savaraudod miiReben“, roca gaizrdebian. kvlevaSi monawileobdnen Raribi da
mdidari ubnebis skolebis me-2, me-4, me-6 da me-8 klaselebi. suraTi 11.11
gviCvenebs miswrafebebsa da molodinebs iseTi saqmianobebis mimarT, romelic ar
gulisxobs fizikur Sromas (magaliTad, mosamarTle an eqimi). Tumca, ar aris
gasakviri, rom Raribi ubnebis bavSvebs naklebi molodinebi hqondaT, yuradReba
miaqcieT, rom am asakSi maT miswrafebebis maCvenebelic dabali hqondaT. sxva
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, Raribi ubnebidan gamosul bavSvebs azradac ki ar
mosdiodaT iseT samuSaoze ocneba, romlis miRebis SesaZleblobaSi ar iyvnen
darwmunebulni (Cook et al., 1996).

cxadia, Tu mozardebs ar aqvT miswrafeba samuSaosadmi, isini verc miiReben mas.

ra unda gakeTdes Raribi ubnebidan gamosuli bavSvebis miswrafebebisa da
molodinebis Sesacvlelad? am kvlevis Sedegebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom bavSvebis
molodinebze gavlenas axdenda maTi molodini ganaTlebasTan dakavSirebiT anu
molodini imisa, Tu ramdenad hqondaT saganmanaTleblo sarbielze winsvlis
unari. Sesabamisad, Raribi ubnebidan gamosuli bavSvebis mier momavlis aRqmis
Secvla, saboloo jamSi, saganmanaTleblo reformas saWiroebs, romelic
SesaZleblobas miscems yvela moswavles, irwmunos swavlis mniSvneloba da
Sedegianoba.
mozardobis dasasruls arCeulma miznebma _ rogori ganaTleba miiRos da ra
profesias daeuflos _ SeiZleba arsebiTi gavlena moaxdinos mozardis momavalze.
Tumca, identobis yvela aspeqtis msgavsad, miznebis dasaxvis gaazreba ukeTesi
iqneba cxovrebis mTliani ciklis konteqstSi. mozardobisas miRweuli warmatebebi
safuZvels umzadebs mozrdili adamianis ganviTarebas.

sur. 11.11. profesiuli miswrafebebi da molodinebi

Raribi da saSualo Semosavlis mqone ojaxebidan gamosul biWebs hkiTxes, Tu
rogor samuSaos isurvebdnen isini momavalSi yvelaze metad (miswrafebebi) da,
maTi azriT, rogor samuSaos iSovidnen (molodinebi) realurad. Sedegebis
mixedviT, Raribi ojaxebidan gamosul biWebs ara mxolod mokrZalebuli
molodinebi, aramed naklebad ambiciuri miswrafebebic aqvT.

socialuri ganviTareba mozrdilobaSi

 397
eriksonis mozrdilobis periodisTvis ori mTavari amocana dasaxa: intimuroba
da produqtuloba. froidma gansazRvra zrdasrulobis moTxovnilebebi _ Lieben und
Arbeiten _ siyvaruli da samuSao. abraham masloum (1968, 1970) cxovrebis am periodis
moTxovnilebebi aRwera, rogorc siyvaruli da mikuTvnebuloba, romelic
dakmayofilebis SemTxvevaSi warmatebisa da pativiscemis moTxovnilebaSi
gadaizrdeba. sxva Teoretikosebi am moTxovnilebebs afiliaciis an socialuri
miRebis da miRwevis an kompetenturobis moTxovnilebas uwodeben. yvela es Teoria
iziarebs mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, mozrdiloba aris periodi, rodesac
gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovania socialuri urTierTobebi da pirovnuli
miRwevebi.

sur. 11.12 socialuri urTierTobebis gavlena keTildReobaze

mTeli cxovrebis manZilze, ojaxis wevrebTan da megobrebTan urTierToba
periodulad anacvlebs erTmaneTs, rac ganapirobebs adamianTa mier sakuTari
keTildReobis sakmaod mdgrad gancdas.

intimuroba

eriksoni intimurobas
intimurobas aRwerda, rogorc meore adamianisadmi srul emociur,
seqsualur da moralur ndobas. intimurobisTvis, romelic SeiZleba axasiaTebdes
rogorc megobrul, ise sasiyvarulo urTierTobebs, aucilebelia gaxsniloba,
gambedaoba, eTikuri Zala da, Cveulebriv, meore adamianis survilebisadmi
garkveuli damyoloba. kvlevebi adasturebs eriksonis hipoTezas imis Taobaze, rom
socialuri intimuroba fsiqologiuri keTildReobis gancdis winapirobaa mTeli
mozrdili cxovrebis manZilze (Ishii-Kuntz, 1990). suraTi 11.12 gviCvenebs, rom am dros
ojaxis wevrebTan da megobrebTan urTierToba periodulad anacvlebs erTmaneTs,
rac adamianis mier sakuTari keTildReobis sakmaod mdgrad gancdas ganapirobebs.
mxardaWeris am wyaroebis urTierTmonacvleoba, nawilobriv, asaxavs TiToeul
asakobriv periodTan dakavSirebul mniSvnelovan cxovrebiseul movlenebs. vnaxoT,
ra kavSirebia es.
axalgazrdoba aris periodi, rodesac mravali adamiani qmnis ojaxs an sxva
saxis stabilur urTierTobebs amyarebs. Sesabamisad, jgufi, romelsac ojaxi
hqvia, farTovdeba. istoriulad, mozrdilTa urTierTobebisa da ojaxebis
kvlevebis umravlesoba fokusirebuli iyo „standartul” konfiguraciaze: deda,
mama da bavSvebiT savse saxli. Tumca, vinaidan adamianebis ojaxebis realoba
 398
icvleba, mkvlevarebi Seecadnen, aReweraT da SeeswavlaT am cvlilebis Sedegebi
(Mason et al., 1998). magaliTad, dResdReobiT kvlevebi fokusirdeba imaze, Tu rogor
amyareben da inarCuneben xangrZliv urTierTobebs homoseqsualuri wyvilebi (James
& Murphy, 1998). gamokvlevebis Tanaxmad, heteroseqsualTa da homoseqsualTa
urTierTobebis SenarCunebis strategiebi sakmaod msgavsia: orive tipis wyvilebi,
magaliTad, siaxlovis SeinarCunebas funqciebis ganawilebiTa da erToblivi
saqmianobiT cdiloben (Haas & Stafford, 1998). Tumca, maTdami arakeTilganwyobil
sazogadoebisTvis winaaRmdegobis gasawevad, homoseqsualur wyvilebs mTeli rigi
damatebiTi zomebis miReba uwevT, magaliTad, sazogadoebaSi yofnisas sakuTari
urTierTobis dafarva. zogierT heteroseqsualur wyvilsac mudmivad uwevs
dausrulebeli dabrkolebebis gadalaxva sazogadoebis mxridan aRiarebis
mosapoveblad; gamokvlevebi aCvenebs, rom intereTnikuri wyvilebic awydebian
crurwmenebs, rac uaryofiTad moqmedebs da amcirebs xagrZlivi urTierTobebis
SenarCunebis SesaZleblobas (Chan & Wethington, 1998; Wilson & Jacobson, 1995).
TiToeuli saxis aseTi urTierToba zrdis ojaxis rols zrdasruli
adamianebis socialur cxovrebaSi. ojaxi maSinac farTovdeba, rodesac wyvili
Tavis cxovrebaSi bavSvebis CarTvas gadawyvets. SeiZleba gagikvirdeT, magram
bavSvis dabadebam, SesaZloa, safrTxe Seuqmnas wyvilis bednierebas. ratom unda
iyos ase? mkvlevarebi daakvirdnen, Tu rogor icvlebian qalebi da mamakacebi
bavSvis gaCenis Semdeg da rogor iReben mSoblis rols (Cowan & Cowan, 1998, 2000).
warsulisgan gansxvavebiT, Tanamedrove dasavlur sazogadoebaSi qorwineba, xSir
SemTxvevaSi, qalisa da mamakacis Tanasworobis princips efuZneba. Tumca, bavSvis
dabadebam qals da mamakacs ufro tradiciuli genderuli rolebis Sesrulebisken
SeiZleba ubiZgos. cols SeiZleba zedmet tvirTad daawves bavSvis movla, qmars ki
_ gazrdili ojaxis materialuri uzrunvelyofa. sabolood, Sedegi SeiZleba is
iyos, rom bavSvis dabadebis Semdeg qorwineba arc ise sasiamovno aRmoCndes orive
meuRlisTvis (Cowan et al., 1985). miuxedavad imisa, rom naklebad aris nakvlevi (orive
sqesis) homoseqsualuri wyvilebi, romlebic bavSvebs zrdian, arsebuli
monacemebis mixedviT, rogorc mosalodnelia, maT naklebad awuxebT genderuli
rolebis ganawilebis sakiTxi mSoblis funqciebTan mimarTebaSi da, Sesabamisad,
naklebad aisaxeba kidec es maT urTierTobaze.

• intimuroba (intimacy)) _ meore adamianisadmi srulad _ emociurad,

 399
seqsualurad da moralurad _ mindobis unari.

bevri heteroseqsualuri wyvilisaTvis qorwinebiT kmayofileba mcirdeba

konfliqtebis gamo, rodesac Svili an Svilebi mozardobis periodSi imyofebian.
kulturuli stereotipebis miuxedavad, mSoblebi xSirad mouTmenlad elodebian,
rodesac umcrosi Svilic wava saxlidan da isini “cariel budeSi” darCebian
(Lowenthal & Chiriboga, 1972). mSoblebi yvelaze met siamovnebasa da sixaruls maSin
iReben SvilebTan urierTobiT, rodesac isini erT WerqveS aRar cxovroben
(Levenson et al., 1993). xom ar gadaifiqreT bavSvebis gaCena? imedia, ara. Cveni mizani,
rogorc yovelTvis, im gamokvlevebis Sedegebis Tqvenamde motanaa, romelic Tqveni
sakuTari cxovrebis mosalodneli paternebis codnasa da interpretirebaSi
dagexmarebaT. Tqven SegiZliaT gaiazroT, Tu ra nabijebis gadadgma SegiZliaT,
raTa sanatrelma Svilma ar dagingrioT siamovneba, romelsac urTierTobiT iRebT.
Tuki, zogadad, qorwineba ufro metad bednieri xdeba, rodesac col-qmari
gviani zrdasrulobis periodis miaRwevs, yvelam unda ecados qorwineba
SenarCunebas am dromde? mkvlevarebs surT, rom Tavidanve SeeZloT imis garkveva,
Tu romeli wyvili ar ewyoba erTmaneTs, magaliTad, urTierTobis Camoyalibebuli
paternebis mixedviT, da romel wyvilebs SeuZliaT im or mesamedSi moxvedrisTvis
Tavis arideba, romelic dResdReobiT ganqorwinebiT mTavrdeba (Gottman, 1994; Karney
& Bradbury 1995). Tumca, erTi ram cxadia: aradamakmayofilebeli qorwinebis
SenarCunebis Sedegebi qalisTvis ufro mZimea, vidre mamakacisTvis.

saidan viciT

cudi qorwinebis Sedegebi

mkvlevrebma Seiswavles 82 Sua xnis wyvili (sadac ufrosi meuRle 40-50 wlis
iyo), romlebic, sul mcire, 15 wlis daqorwinebulni iyvnen da 74 asakovani
wyvili (sadac ufrosi meuRle 60-70 wlis iyo), romelic, sul mcire, 35 wlis
daqorwinebulni iyvnen. TiToeuli asakobrivi jgufi daiyo or jgufad:
qorwinebiT kmayofilni da qorwinebiT ukmayofiloni. mkvlevrebma Seiswavles
maTi fsiqikuri da fizikuri janmrTelobis mdgomareoba. kvlevam aCvena, rom
qorwinebiT kmayofileba didad ar zemoqmedebda mamakacebze, Tumca, qalebis
SemTxvevaSi fizikuri da fsiqikuri janmrTeloba SedarebiT gauaresebuli iyo
qorwinebiT ukmayofiloTa jgufSi (Levenson et al., 1985).
 400
ratom aisaxeba cudi qorwineba ufro metad qalebze? mkvlevrebi varaudoben,
rom qalebi ufro metad iReben sakuTar Tavze arajansaRi qorwinebis
gaumjobesebaze pasuxismgeblobas, maSin, roca mamakacebi konfliqtidan ganze
gadgomas amjobineben. rogorc me-13-e TavSi vnaxavT, mudmivi winaaRmdegobiT
gamowveulma stresma SeiZleba seriozuli ziani miayenos janmrTelobas. amasTan,
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom qalebTan ufro metia albaToba imisa, rom meuRleze
didxans icxovron, vidre mamakacTan. xSirad es niSnavs, rom maT unda gaiaron ori
periodi – arajanmrTel moxucebul qmarze zrunvis da glovisa da finansuri
arastabilurobis (Carstensen & Pasupathi., 1993). mozrdilTa ganviTarebis sxva
sakiTxebis msgavsad, mkvlevrebi mxolod axla iwyeben xandazmulobaSi siaxlovis
im Taviseburebebis kvlevas, rac homoseqsualur da sxva aranormatiul
urTierTobebs axasiaTebs.
meuRlis an partnioris gardacvalebaze msjelobisas isev mivediT erT-erT
mizezamde, romliTac garSemomyofebTan urTierTobis aqcenti cxovrebis bolosken
ojaxidan megobrebze gadainacvlebs (ix. cxrili 11.12). moxucebulobaze
stereotipuli mosazrebis mixedviT, xnovani adamianebi ufro metad
ganmartoebulebi xdebian. miuxedavad imisa, rom isini SeiZleba marTlac mcire
raodenobis adamianebTan urTierTobdnen, am urTierTobaTa buneba ise icvleba,
rom sruliad akmayofilebs intimurobis moTxovnilebas. am tendencias kargad
asaxavs seleqciuri socialuri urTierTobebis Teoria,
Teoria romlis mixedviTac, asakis
momatebasTan erTad adamianebi ufro seleqciurebi (SerCeviTni) xdebian im
socialuri partniorebis arCevisas, vinc maT emociur moTxovnilebebs
akamyofilebs. laura karstensenis (Laura Carstensen; 1991, 1998) mixedviT, SerCeviTi
urTierToba, SesaZloa, emociuri gamocdilebis regulirebisa da fizikuri
energiis dazogvis praqtikuli saSualeba iyos. xandazmulebi aqtiurad arian
CarTulni zogierTi adamianis, kerZod, ojaxis wevrebisa da didi xnis megobrebis,
cxovrebaSi.
modiT, es qveTavi imave mosazrebiT davasruloT, romliTac daviwyeT:
socialuri intimuroba anu siaxlove fsiqologiuri keTildReobis winapirobas
warmoadgens. gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs socialuri urTierTobebis xarisxs da
ara raodenobas. xanSi SesvlasTan erTad, adamianebi intimurobis moTxovnilebis
dacvas iseTi adamianebis arCeviT cdiloben, romlebic saukeTesod SeZleben
emociur mxardaWeris uzrunvelyofas.
 401
axla ganvixiloT mozrdilis ganviTarebis meore aspeqti _ qmnadoba.

• seleqciuri socialuri urTierTobebis Teoria (selective social interaction theory) _

mosazreba, romlis mixedviTac, asakis matebasTan erTad adamianebi ufro
seleqciurebi (SerCeviTni) xdebian im socialuri partniorebis arCevisas, vinc
maT emociur moTxovnilebebs akamyofilebs.

qmnadoba

adamianebs, romlebmac intimuri urTierTobebis myari safuZveli Seqmnes, ufro

metad SeuZliaT yuradRebis warmarTva qmnadobaze,
qmnadobaze rac, sakuTari Tavis garda,
ojaxis, samsaxuris, sazogadoebis Tu momavali Taobebis interesebisTvis
moRvaweobas da maTze zrunvas gulisxmobs. rogorc wesi, qmnadoba Zalze
mniSvnelovani aspeqtia 30-40 wels miRweuli adamianis ganviTarebis procesSi
(McAdams & de St. Aubin, 1998). ufro didi masStabis miRwevebsa da nayofierebaze
orientacia adamianebs fsiqologiuri keTildReobis gancdis damkvidrebis
SesaZleblobas aZlevs, rac ganvlili siymawvilis bunebrivi nostalgiis
anazRaurebaa.

saidan viciT

cxovrebis Sedegebi da qmnadoba

meoce saukunis ocdaaTiani wlebidan jorj vailantma (George Vaillant)
interviuirebisa da dakvirvebis meTodiT Seiswavla 95 uaRresad
inteleqtualuri mamakacis pirovnuli ganviTareba kolejis damTavrebidan 30
wlis ganmavlobaSi. droTa ganmavlobaSi mravalma maTganma udidesi cvlilebebi
ganicada da maTi gviandeli qceva xSirad sruliad gansxvavdeboda kolejSi
yofnis dros Cveuli qcevisgan. interviu moicavda kiTxvebs fizikuri
janmrTelobis, socialuri urTierTobebis da samsaxurebrivi miRwevebis Sesaxeb.
30 wliani periodis dasrulebis Semdeg SearCies da erTmaneTs Seadares
saukeTeso da uaresi Sedegebis mqone mamakacTa 30-30 kaciani ori jgufi (ix.
cxrili 11.7).
11.7 saukeTeso miRwevebis mqone mamakacebi cxovrebis Sua periodSi
dakavebulni iyvnen qmnadobis amocanebiT, iRebdnen ra sxvebze pasuxismgeblobas
da garkveuli wvlili SehqondaT sazogadoebis ganviTarebaSi. maTi pirovnuli
momwifebuloba maTi Svilebis ganviTarebasac ukavSirdeboda – pirovnulad
metad momwifebul mamebs ukeT SeeZloT TavianTi SvilebisTvis garesamyarosTan
 402

adaptaciaSi saTanado daxmarebis gaweva (Vaillant, 1997).

es kvleva gviCvenebs qmnadobis winapirobebs: saukeTeso miRwevebis mqone

mamakacebs cxovrebis sxva aspeqtebi sakmarisad stabiluri (mogvarebuli) unda
hqonodaT, raTa maT TavianTi resursebi gareT, momaval Taobebze miemarTaT.
rodesac Sua xnis (saSualo asaki 52 weli) da xnier (saSualo asaki 74 weli)
adamianebs hkiTxes, Tu ras niSnavda cxovrebasTan kargad adaptirebuli pirovneba,
orive jgufSi yvelaze xSiri pasuxi iyo “sxvebze orientirebuli” _ mzrunveli,
TanamgrZnobi da kargi urTierTobebis mqone (Ryff, 1989). es aris qmnadobis arsi.
modiT, isic aRvniSnoT, rom xanSi Sesul adamianTa umravlesoba ganvlil
cxovrebas keTildReobis im gancdiT uyurebs, romelic ucvlelad gamohyva
axalgazrdobis wlebidan (Carstensen & Freund, 1994). rogorc socialuri
urTierTobebis ganxilvisas vnaxeT, xnovanoba is periodia, rodesac xdeba miznebis
wanacvleba; prioritetebi icvleba, roca naTelia, rom momavali arc ise usazRvro
da usasruloa. Tumca, prioritetebis aseTi cvlis fonze xnovani adamianebi
inarCuneben TavianTi cxovrebis faseulobis gancdas. mozrdilobis ukanasknel
krizisi eriksonma gansazRvra, rogorc konfliqti mTlianobasa da sasowarkveTas
Soris. monacemebi saSualebas gvaZlevs, vTqvaT, rom arc ise bevri xnovani adamiani
uyurebs ganvlil cxovrebas sasowarkveTiT. maT umravlesobaSi ganvlili
cxovreba da momavali mTlianobis gancdasa da kmayofilebas badebs.

cxrili 11.7. saukeTeso da uaresi miRwevebis mqone cdis pirebs Soris sxvaoba
sxvaoba
fsiqosocialuri mowifulobis faqtorebis mixedviT

saukeTeso
uaresi miRwevebi
miRwevebi
(30 cdis piri)
(30 cdis piri)

pirovnebis mTlianobis gancda kolejSi,

0% 33%
romelic kolejSi swavlis dros qvemodan
mexuTe procentils miekuTvneba
dedis dominireba zrdasrulobis
0% 40%
periodSi

megobrobis/megobrebis nakleboba 50 wlis

0% 57%
asakSi
 403

dauqorwinebloba 30 wlis asakisaTvis 3% 37%

pesimizmi, sakuTar TavSi daurwmunebloba,

3% 50%
pasiuroba da seqsis SiSi 50 wlis asakSi

bavSvobaSi Raribi garemo 17% 47%

samuSao, romelsac amJamad asrulebs,

naklebad gulisxmobs xelmZRvanelis 20% 93%
movaleobebis Sesrulebas
cdis pirebi, romelTa profesiuli 60% 27%
arCevani mamasTan idenTifikacias asaxavs
Svilebis miRwevebi aRiwereba, rogorc
66% 23%
23
kargi an saukeTeso.

gviani mozrdilobis
mozrdilobis kulturuli konteqsti

Cvens mier ganxiluli kvlevebi, romlebic axalgazrdobas, mowifulobasa da

xnovanebas Seexeboda, gviCvenebs, rom ganviTareba uwyveti procesi ufroa, vidre
wyvetili; ar arsebobs konkretuli momenti, rodesac adamiani ucbad moxucebulad
iqceva. miuxedavad amisa, aSkaraa, rom cxovrebis ukanaskneli periodis Sesaxeb
arsebobs kulturiT ganpirobebuli Zlieri rwmenebi da molodinebi (Featherstone &
Wernick, 1995). mkvlevrebma dokumenturad daafiqsires es molodinebi; maT moagroves
stereotipebi, romlebic student-axalgazrdebs hqondaT TavianTi bebiebisa da
babuebis Taobis warmomadgenlebis mimarT. am kvlevam aCvena, rom axalgazrdebs
araerTi stereotipi aqvT moxucebis mimarT (Brewer et. al., 1981; Brewer & Lui, 1989).
moxucebisadmi damokidebuleba icvleba stereotipidan stereotipamde. axalgazrda
mozrdilebs SedarebiT dadebiTi damokidebuleba aqvT „srulyofili bebiisadmi an
babuisadmi“ da SedarebiT uaryofiTi _ „uRimRamo“ moxucisadmi (Schmidt & Boland,
1986). miuxedavad amisa, zogadi stereotipi uaryofiTia, gansakuTrebiT fizikuri
mimzidvrlobisa da gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis daqveiTebis mimarT (Kite & Johnson,
1988; Sharps et al., 1998).

• qmnadoba (generativity)
( ) _ sakuTari Tavis garda, ojaxis, samsaxuris,
sazogadoebis Tu momavali Taobebis interesebisTvis moRvaweobas da maTze
zrunvas gulisxmobs. rogorc wesi, qmnadoba Zalze mniSvnelovani aspeqtia 30-
40 wels miRweuli adamianis ganviTarebis procesSi.
 404
asakovani adamianebis mimarT uaryofiTi stereotipis erT-erTi Sedegia
diskriminacias anu eijizms24
konkretuli crurwmena, romelsac asakis mixedviT diskriminacias
uwodeben. mas Tan sdevs xandazmulTa diskriminacia, rac zRudavs maT
SesaZleblobebs, axdens maT izolirebas da xels uwyobs sakuTar Tavze
uaryofiTi warmodgenis Seqmnas. xSirad fsiqologebi Tavad arian damnaSaveni
aseTi diskriminaciis gavrcelebaSi im terminologiis gamo, romelsac isini
iyeneben (Schaie, 1993). ukanaskneli 40 wlis ganmavlobaSi dawerili 139 studenturi
naSromis Seswavlam aCvena, rom mravalma studentma arc ki CarTo masSi
moxucebulobis periodi an warmoadgina stereotipuli mosazrebebi xanSiSesul
adamianebze (Whitbourne & Hulicka, 1990). asakis mixedviT diskriminaciis ufro
STambeWdavi da naTeli magaliTi erT-erTi Jurnalistis piradi gamocdileba,
romelic mizanmimarTulad droebiT „moxucad gadaiqca“.

saidan viciT

asakis mixedviT diskriminaciis gamocdileba

pet muri grimis daxmarebiT 85 wlis qalbatonad iqca. man Semoiara aSS-is 100-
ze meti qalaqis quCebi imis gasarkvevad, Tu ras niSnavda moxucebulad yofna
amerikaSi. bundovanma kontaqturma linzebma da yuris sacobebma mas mxedveloba
da smena gauuaresa; erTmaneTze gadabmuli fexebiT siaruli uWirda; misi
TiTebi ki zed daxveuli webovani lentis gamo arTritian TiTebze odnav
moqnili iyo. es „patara moxuci qali“ gadarCebisaTvis ibrZoda axalgazrdebis,
Zlierebisa da sicocxliT savseTaTvis Seqmnil samyaroSi. mas ar SeeZlo qilis
gaxsna, saweri kalmis xelSi daWera, warwerebis wakiTxva, avtobusis kibeze
asvla. siswrafis, xmaurisa da Crdilebis samyaro aSinebda mas. rodesac
daxmareba sWirdeboda, iSviaTad Tu gauwodebda vinme xels; xSirad dascinodnen
moxucebulobis da mowyvladobis gamo; igi mozardTa jgufis sastiki
Tavdasxmis msxverplic ki gaxda (Moore, 1990).

muris gamocdileba ganamtkicebs azrs, rom sazogadoeba, rogorc fizikuri, ise

_ socialuri TvalsazrisiT, xandazmulobis winaaRmdeg aris momarTuli.
Cven mimovixileT cxovrebis mTliani cikli: ganvixileT bavSvobis, mozardobisa
da mozrdilobis socialuri da pirovnuli aspeqtebi. mocemuli Tavis dasasruls

24
ageism.
 405
ganvixilavT or calkeul sferos, sadac droTa ganmavlobaSi icvleba miRebuli
gamocdileba; esaa genderuli ganviTareba da moraluri ganviTareba.

• asakis mixedviT diskriminacia (ageism) _ crurwmena asakovani adamianebis

Sesaxeb, rasizmisa da seqsizmis msgavsi uaryofiTi stereotipi asakovani
adamianebis mimarT.
• sqesobrivi gansxvavebebi (sex differences) _ biologiuri safuZvlis mqone
maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic mamrobiT sqess ganasxvavebs mdedrobiTi sqesisgan.

Sejameba

kulrutulma da istoriulma gansxvavebebma SeiZleba arsebiTi gavlena

moaxdinos imaze, Tu rogor aRiqvamen da gaiazreben adamianebi TavianTi cxovrebis
socialur aspeqtebs. erik eriksonma SemogvTavaza cxovrebis ciklis, rogorc
krizisebis Tanmimdevrobis, koncefcia: cxovrebis TiToeuli fazaze individi
dgeba dilemis winaSe, romelic man warmatebiT unda gadaWras, raTa efeqtianad
gaumklavdes Semdgomi fazebis konfliqtebs.
mTeli cxovrebis manZilze mimdinare socializaciis procesi, umetesad, ojaxis
wevrebTan bavSvebis urTierTobiT iwyeba. patara bavSvebi Zalian adreuli asakidan
reagireben da urTierTqmedeben maTze mzrunvel adamianebTan. ucnobi situaciebis
testi Seiqmna mSoblebze bavSvebis mijaWvulobis Sesafaseblad. myari
mijaWvulobis mqone bavSvebi SemdgomSi socialurad ufro kompetenturebi arian.
mSoblebis mier gamoyenebuli aRzrdis stilebis kvlevis mixedviT, aRzrdis
avtoritetuli stili mSobeli-Svilis kavSiris warmoqmnis yvelaze didi
albaTobiT xasiaTdeba. mijaWvulobis gamocdilebis arqona moqmedebs socialur
ganviTarebaze. hari harlous maimunebze Catarebulma eqsperimentebma aCvena, rom
udedo maimunebs aq hqondaT socialuri unar-Cvevebi. adamianis SemTxvevaSi,
adreul asakSi mosiyvarule urTierTobebis arqona zemoqmedebs fizikur da
socialur ganviTarebaze.
kros-kulturuli kvlevebis mixedviT, mozardoba aucileblobiT ar xasiaTdeba
qaliSxliTa da stresiT. mozardobaSi Tanatolebis mosazrebebi mravali sakiTxis
Sesaxeb konkurencias uwevs mSoblebis gavlenas. mozardebma unda daimkvidron
avtonomia mSoblebis avtoritetisgan. isini Relaven TavianT momavalze rogorc
 406
pirovnul, ise _ sazogadoebriv doneze. mozardebis miswrafebebsa da molodinebze
gavlenas axdens maTi cxovrebiseuli pirobebi.
mozrdiloba periodia, rodesac dRis wesrigSi urTierTobebi da miRwevebi
dgas. intimuroba SeiZleba axasiaTebdes rogorc megobrul, ise _ sasiyvarulo
urTierTobebs. adamianebi cxovrebis sxvadasxva etapze sxvadasxva TanafardobiT
iReben socialur mxardaWeras ojaxisgan da megobrebisgan. xanSi SesvlasTan
erTad, adamianebi ufro seleqciurebi xdebian urTierTobebis SerCevisas.
zrdasrulobis kidev erTi amocanaa qmnadoba –sxvaTa keTildReobaze mimarTuli
qceva. zogadad, studenti-axalgazrdoba moxucebisadmi uaryofiTi stereotipiT
xasiaTdeba, ramac SeiZleba saziano gavlena iqonios maT gamocdilebaze.

genderuli ganviTareba

is, rasac bavSvebis umravlesoba adreul asakSi igebs, isaa, rom maT socialur
samyaroSi ori kategoriis adamianebi arian: _ mdedrobiTi sqesis da mamrobiTi
sqesis. aRsaniSnavia, rom pirveli gansxvaveba, rasac bavSvebi amCneven, mTlianad
socialuria: isini anatomiis gacnobamde gacilebiT adre SeigrZnoben sqesobriv
gansxvavebebs. vinaidan Tqven mozrdili adamiani xarT, romelmac anatomiac icis
da isic esmis, rom sqesobrivi ganxvavebebi fizikur gansxvavebulobaze metia,
SegiZliaT, dafiqrdeT am gansxvavebebis warmomavlobaze. romeli maTgania
biologiiT gaSualebuli Sedegi? romelia socializaciis Sedegi? rogor igenen
gogonebi da biWebi im gansxvavebuli molodinebis Sesaxeb, romelTac maT TavianTi
kultura da sazogadoeba uyenebs?

sqesi da genderi

biologiuri safuZvlis mqone maxasiaTeblebs, romlebic mamrobiT sqess

ganasxvavebs mdedrobiTi sqesisgan, sqesobrivi gansxvavebebi ewodeba. am
maxasiaTeblebSi Sedis gansxvavebuli reproduqciuli funqciebi, hormonaluri da
anatomiuri sxvaobebi. es gansxvavebebi universaluria, biologiurad aris
ganpirobebuli da ar eqvemdebareba socialur zegavlenas. droTa ganmavlobaSi
maT garkveuli tradiciuli socialuri rolebis Camoyalibebac ganapirobes.
 407
magaliTad, vinaidan qalebs SeeloT bavSvebis ZuZuTi gamokveba, preistoriul
adamianebs SeiZleba gadaewyvitaT, rom qali ojaxTan axlos unda yofiliyo da
Svilebze unda ezruna, mamakacs ki unda enadira ojaxisaTvis sakvebis
mosapoveblad (Rossi, 1984).
sqesobrivi gansxvavebebiT SeiZleba aixsnas isic, rom Cvilobis Semdeg biWebi
fizikurad ufro aqtiurebi da agresiulebi arian, vidre gogonebi. mTel
msoflioSi biWebi ufro metad axasiaTebT uxeSi TamaSebisken midrekileba, vidre
gogonebs. es gansxvaveba, nawilobriv, sqesobriv hormonebs ukavSirdeba _
biologiurma faqtorebma SeiZleba ganapirobos qceviTi dispoziciebi (Collaer &
Hines, 1995; Maccoby, 1980). mkvlevrebma ician, rom sqesobrivi hormonebi zemoqmedebs
socialur TamaSze, radganac axalgazrda mdedr da mamr virTxebsa da maimunebze
dakvirvebam igive qceviTi gansxvavebebi gamoavlina, rac adamianebSi (Meany et al.,
1988). mamri cxovelebi fizikuri TamaSis energiul formebs mimarTaven, rac msxvil
motorul aqtivobas gulisxmobs. mdedri cxovelebi ki iseTi moqmedebebiT arian
dakavebulni, romelic wvril motorul unar-Cvevebs saWiroebs.
biologiuri sqesisgan gansxvavebiT, genderi fsiqologiuri fenomenia da
moiazrebs sqesTan dakavSirebul daswavlil qcevebsa da ganwyobebs. kulturebi
gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan imiT, Tu ramdenad Zlierad ukavSirdeba genderi
yoveldRiur saqmianobebs da ramdenad momTmenia is kros-genderulad miCneuli
qcevebis mimarT. genderuli identifikacia aris individis mier sakuTar TavSi
qaluri an mamakacuri sawyisis gancda. is gulisxmobs sakuTari sqesis miRebas da
gacnobierebas. sqesis gacnobiereba sakmaod adreul asakSi iwyeba. 10-dan 14 Tvemde
asakis bavSvebi ukve aniWeben upiratesobas im videoCanawers, romelzec maTive
sqesis bavSvis moZraobaa asaxuli (Kujawski & Bower, 1993). genderuli rolebi aris
qcevaTa paternebi, romelic mocemul sazogadoebaSi misaRebad iTvleba
mdedrobiTi sqesis da mamrobiTi sqesis adamianebisaTvis. ZiriTadad, isini
gansazRvraven, Tu ra axasiaTebT mamakacebs da ra _ qalebs.
mkvlevrebi, romlebic Seiswavlian mdedrobiTi da mamrobiTi sqesis
warmomadgenelTa Soris arsebul gansxvavebebs, xSirad cdiloben, gansazRvron, Tu
romelia maTgan Tandayolili da romeli _ SeZenili. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,
romeli maxasiaTeblebia biologiurad ganpirobeuli da romeli _ mocemuli
kulturis farglebSi gogonebisa da biWebis socializaciis Sedegi. yuradReba
miaqcieT, rom patara bavSvebs Tavad miaCniaT, rom biologia gansazRvravs beds.
 408
saidan viciT

rogor esmiT bavSvebs sqesobrivi gansxvavebebi

4, 5, 8, 9 da 10 wlis bavSvebs sTxoves, evaraudaT, Tu rogor moiqceoda 10
wlis personaJi krisi an peti. yvela bavSvs uTxres, rom es personaJi Caiyvanes
lamaz kunZulze, Tumca, zog maTgans uTxres, rom krisi an peti am
gancalkevebul kunZulze mxolod misive sqesis (magaliTad, krisi biWi iyo da
yvela misi gamzrdeli mamrobiTi sqesis iyo) an mxolod misi sawinaaRmdego
sqesis adamianebma gazardes (magaliTad, krisi biWi iyo da yvela misi
gamzrdeli ki _ mdedrobiTi sqesis). ra gavlena moaxdina aRwerilma pirobebma
4-10 wlis bavSvebis mier krisis an petis sqesisTvis tipiuri qcevis Sesaxeb
gamoTqmul varaudebze? 9 wlamde bavSvebs miaCndaT, rom personaJi
ganaxorcielebda mocemuli sqesisTvis damaxasiaTebel qcevas, ganurCevlad
socialuri konteqstisa. magaliTad, umcrosi asakis bavSvebi fiqrobdnen, rom
miuxedavad imisa, Tu vin iqneboda misi aRmzrdeli, erTnairad endomeboda biWs
kriss _ mexanZreoba da gogona kriss ki _ eqTnoba. ufrosi bavSvebi ki, piriqiT,
msjelobisas iTvaliswinebdnen im socialur garemos, sadac gaizarda
dasaxelebuli personaJi: (rogorc gogona, ise _ biWi) krisis mier profesiis
arCevaze gavlenas axdenda aRmzrdelis sqesi da, amasTan, misi sakuTari sqesic
(Taylor, 1996).

es Sedegebi gviCvenebs, rom bavSvebi saTanadod ver afaseben garemos gavlenas

imaze, Tu rogor yalibdeba biWebsa da gogonebs Soris gansxvavebebi. amasTan, es
Sedegebi Tanxvdeba aRmoCenas, rom 2-dan 6 wlamde bavSvebi, rogorc Cans, ufro
mkveTrad da xistad aRiqvamen socialur sqess, vidre mozrdilebi (Stern & Karraker,
1989). rodesac am asakis bavSvebs neitralurad Cacmul Cvilebs aCveneben, umcrosi
asakis bavSvebis msjeloba, mozrdilebTan SedarebiT, ucvlelad eyrdnoba
SemTxveviT aRniSvnebs “gogo” Tu “biWi”. umcrosi bavSvebis mZafri reaqciebi,
SesaZloa, ukavSirdebodes imas, rom isini swored im asakSi imyofebian, rodesac
Tavad cdiloben sakuTari genderuli identobis damkvidrebas anu romelime
socialuri sqesisadmi sakuTari Tavis mikuTvnebas. mTlianobaSi, rogorc Cans,
isini ufro metad arian momarTulni maTi sqesisTvis Sesatyvisi qcevis “scenaris”
Sesasruleblad, vidre maTi ufrosi da-Zmebi (Levy & Fivush, 1993).
 409

• genderi (gender)) _ fsiqologiuri fenomeni, romelSic moiazreba mamakacebisa

da qalebis sqesTan dakavSirebuli daswavlili qcevebi da ganwyobebi.
• genderuli identoba (gender
( identity)) _ individis mier sakuTar TavSi qaluri an
mamakacuri sawyisis gancda. is gulisxmobs sakuTari sqesis miRebas da
gacnobierebas.
• genderuli rolebi (gender
( roles)) _ qcevaTa da ganwyobaTa erToblioba,
romelsac sazogadoeba ukavSirebs qalad an mamakacad yofnas da romelsac
Riad gamoxataven calkeuli individebi.

Cven vTqviT, rom genderuli rolebis aTviseba kulturul konteqstSi xdeba.

axla ganvixiloT is Zalebi, romelic dasabams aZlevs maT.

genderuli rolebis aTviseba

udidesi nawili imisa, rasac adamianebi qalisTvis Tu mamakacisTvis

damaxasiaTeblad miiCneven, kulturis mier aris Seqmnili (Leaper, 2000). bevri
mkvlevari Tvlis, rom genderuli rolebis aTviseba dabadebidan iwyeba. erT-erT
kvlevaSi mSoblebi TavianT axalSobil gogonebs iseTi sityvebiT aRwerdnen,
rogoricaa patara, nazi, lamazi da susti. amis sapirispirod, axalSobili biWebis
aRsawerad mSoblebi iyenebdnen iseT sityvebs, rogoricaa magari, Zlieri,
windaxeduli da koordinirebuli. sinamdvileSi bavSvebi wonis, simaRlisa da
janmrTelobis mdgomareobis mixedviT arafriT gansxvavdebodnen erTmaneTisagan
(Rubin et al., 1974). mSoblebi TavianT vaJebsa da qaliSvilebs gansxvavebul
tansacmels acmeven, gansxvavebul saTamaSoebs aZleven da gansxvavebulad
epyrobian (Rheingold & Cook, 1974). 18 Tvis bavSvebis mSoblebi midrekilni arian, rom
ufro dadebiTad upasuxon Svilebs, roca isini sqesisTvis Cveuli saTamaSoTi
TamaSoben. magaliTad, erT eqsperimentSi mamebi nakleb dadebiT ukukavSirs
aZlevdnen biWebs, rodesac isini gogonebisTvis tipiuri saTamaSoebiT TamaSobdnen
(Fagot & Hagan, 1991). zogadad, bavSvebi mSoblebisgan waxalisebas iReben, rom
sqesisTvis Sesatyvisi TamaSebiT dakavdnen (Lytton & Romney, 1991; Witt, 1997).
mSoblebi ar arian erTaderTni, vinc bavSvebs genderuli rolebis aTvisebaSi
uwyoben xels. eleonor makkobi (Eleanor Maccoby, 1998) amtkicebs, magaliTad, rom
mSoblebis mier genderuli rolebis swavleba ar aris mxolod saTanado qcevebisa
da qcevis normebis gadacemis procesi. man aRmoaCina imis mtkicebulebani, rom
 410
TamaSis stili da prioritetebi saTamaSoebis arCevisas, faqtobrivad, didad ar
aris damokidebuli mSoblebis prioritetebsa da rolebze. umcrosi asakis
bavSvebi segregacionistebi arian anu isini eZeben da pouloben Tavisive sqesis
Tanatolebs maSinac ki, rodesac mSoblebi ar adevneben Tvals da maSinac, roca
maT gogonebisa da biWebisgan Semdgar jgufebSi TamaSisken mouwodeben. makkobis
miaCnia, rom bavSvebis genderul qcevebs Soris mravali gansxvaveba TanatolebTan
urTierTobis Sedegia.

saidan viciT

gogonebisa da biWebis TamaSis struqtura

imis gasagebad, Tu rogor moqmedebs TanatolebTan urTierToba da rogor
xdeba genderuli rolebis aTviseba, mkvlevrebma daiwyes imis detaluri
Seswavla, Tu riTi gansxvavdeboda erTmaneTisgan gogonebisa da biWebis
TamaSebi. erT-erT gamokvlevaSi Seiswavles, Tu rogor TamaSobdnen 4 da 6 wlis
bavSvebi Tavisisve sqesis jgufebSi meore bavSvTan anu diadaSi, an mTle
jgufTan erTad. mkvelvrebma bavSvebis TamaSebi videofirze Caiweres da Semdeg
yvela maTi interaqciis kategorizacia moaxdines. aRmoCnda, rom gogonebi da
biWebi Tanabrad TamaSobdnen diadebSi, Tumca, gogonebi TiToeul Tanatols
ufro didxans eTamaSebodnen, vidre biWebi (anu biWebi ufro xSirad icvlidnen
partniors), SesaZloa, imitom, rom gogonebs ufro met xans SeuZliaT
yuradRebis koncentrireba. am bavSvebidan mxolod 6 wlis biWebi iyvnen
dakavebulni iseTi TamaSebiT, sadac mTeli jgufi iyo CarTuli (Benenson et al.,
1997).

mkvlevrebma ver axsnes srulad, Tu ratom iwyeben 6 biWebi jgufur TamaSebs, 6

wlis gogonebi ki _ ara. rogorc yovelTvis, rTulia garkveva, ra ganapirobebs
amas _ biologia (sqesobrivi gansxvaveba) Tu molodinebi, romelic ufrosebs
SeaqvT biWebisa da gogonebis TamaSSi (genderuli gansxvaveba). maSinac ki, rodesac
gogonebi iwyeben jgufur TamaSs, es jgufebi gansxvavdeba biWebis jgufebisgan.
magaliTad, biWebis jgufebi ufro mimarTulni arian dominanturobaze _ vin visze
Zlieria, vidre gogonebisgan Semdgari jgufebi. gogonebis jgufebi, Cveulebriv,
ufro dainteresebulni arian saerTo TanxmobiT, vidre Zalauflebis damyarebiT.
Sesabamisad, gogonebi da biWebi sxvadasxva fsiqologiur garemoSi izrdebian, rac
ayalibebs samyaros maTeul xedvasa da problemebTan gamklavebis gzebs.
 411
Cven mokled mimovixileT, Tu rogor da ratom ganicdian gogonebi da biWebi
gansxvavebulad socialuri ganviTarebas. Semdeg qveTavSi vnaxavT, rom zogierTi
mkvlevaris mixedviT, genderi moralur ganviTarebazec axdens gavlenas.

Sejameba

miuxedavad imisa, rom sqesobrivi gansxvavebebi biologiuri fenomenia,

kulturac ganapirobebs genderul gansxvavebebs. informacias genderuli
gansxvavebebis Sesaxeb bavSvebi adreuli asakidan iReben. genderuli rolebis
zogierT aspeqts adamianebi, nawilobriv, mSoblebisgan iZenen, gansakuTrebiT maSin,
rodesac mSoblebi bavSvis aRzrdis tradiciul paternebs irCeven. garda amisa,
genderul rolebs bavSvebi Tavisive sqesis Tanatolebis qcevis sxvadasxva
normebis gadaRebiT iTviseben.

moraluri ganviTareba

Cven ukve vnaxeT, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania cxovrebis manZilze axlo

socialuri urTierTobebis damyareba. axla ganvixiloT kidev erTi aspeqti, kerZod
ki is, Tu ras niSnavs socialuri jgufis nawilad yofna. xSir SemTxvevaSi Cveni
sakuTari qceva ara piradi saWiroebebis, aramed sazogadoebis moTxovnilebebis
gaTvaliswinebiT unda SevafasoT. es aris moraluri qcevis safuZveli.
moraluroba aris rwmenaTa, faseulobaTa da ZiriTad msjelobaTa sistema
adamianis moqmedebis sisworisa Tu mcdarobis Sesaxeb. sazogadoebas sWirdeba, rom
bavSvebi Camoyalibdnen iseT mozrdilebad, romlebic miiReben moralur
faseulobaTa sistemas da romelTa qcevas moraluri principebi warmarTavs (Killen
& Hart, 1999). Tumca, rogorc iciT, is, rac moraluri Tu amoraluri qcevaa
konkretul situaciaSi, SeiZleba sazogadoebSi gacxarebuli kamaTis sagnad iqces.
SesaZloa, swored amitom ver vuwodebT SemTxveviTobas imas, rom moraluri
ganviTarebis Seswavlis Sedegad miRebuli monacemebic winaaRmdegobrivi aRmoCnda.
kamaTi lourens kolbergis fundamenturi gamokvleviT iwyeba.

moraluri gansjis stadiebi kolbergis mixedviT

lourens kolbergma (Lawrence Kohlberg; 1964, 1981) moraluri ganviTarebis Teoria

moraluri gansjis Seswavlaze aago. moraluri gansja aris adamianTa msjeloba
 412
imis Sesaxeb, Tu garkveul situaciaSi romeli moqmedebaa swori da romeli _
araswori. kolbergis Teoria Camoyalibda Jan piaJes (1965) adreuli mosazrebebis
gavleniT, romelic cdilobda moraluri gansjis ganviTarebis dakavSirebas
bavSvis zogad kognitur ganviTarebasTan. piaJes azriT, imis mixedviT, Tu
kognituri zrdis romel stadiaze imyofeba, bavSvi sxvadasxva wonas akuTvnebs
moqmedebis Sedegs da moqmedi piris ganzraxvas. magaliTad, bavSvisTvis, romelic
winaoperaciul stadiaze imyofeba, is, visac uneburad gautydeba aTi Wiqa, ufro
„celqi da urCia“, vidre is, vinc ganzrax daamsxvrevs erT Wiqas. bavSvis zrdasTan
erTad, moqmedi piris zraxvebi ufro mets iwonis moralurobis Sesaxeb miseul
gansjaSi.

saidan viciT

kognituri ganviTareba da msjeloba moralurobis Sesaxeb

3, 4 da 5 wlis bavSvebs sTxoves, moraluri TvalsazrisiT SeefasebinaT
adamianebis qceva, romelic sami parametris mixedviT varirebda: qmedebebi,
Sedegebi da ganzraxvebi. konkretul scenarSi (magaliTad, cxovelis mofereba
da cxovelis cema) qmedebebi ganisazRvreboda, rogorc dadebiTi an uaryofiTi;
aseve ganisazRvreboda Sedegebic (magaliTad, cxoveli tiroda an cxoveli
icinoda). ganzraxvebis varirebisTvis mkvlevrebma zogierTi qceva winaswar
ganzraxulad warmoaCines, zogierTi _ SemTxvevas miaweres (magaliTad, moqmedma
pirma cxovels ganzrax daarya an SemTxveviT mouvida es). bavSvebs sTxoves,
SeefasebinaT, Tu ramdenad iyo maTTvis es qceva misaRebi. amisaTvis maT erT-
erTi unda aerCiaT mocemuli xuTi saxidan, romelTagan TiToeuli aRniSnavda
Sefasebas „Zalian, Zalian cudi“-dan „Zalian, Zalian kargi“-mde. umcrosma
bavSvebma qcevisadmi mimReblobis Sefaseba TiTqmis mTlianad Sedegze daafuZnes;
mxolod 5 wlis bavSvebma gaiTvaliswines ganzraxvebi. Tumca, rodesac bavSvebs
hkiTxes, unda dasjiliyo Tu ara moqmedi piri, umcros bavSvTa umravlesobam
gaiTvaliswina moqmedi piris ganzraxvebi (Zelazo et al., 1996).

• moraluroba (morality) _ rwmenaTa da faseulobaTa sistema, romelic iZleva

garantias, rom individi Seasrulebs Tavis valdebulebas sazogadoebis sxva
wevrebis winaSe da moiqceva ise, rom winaaRmdegobaSi ar movides sxvaTa
 413
uflebebTan da interesebTan.

es monacemebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom kognituri unarebis ganviTarebasTan erTad

bavSvebs uviTardebaT imis unari, rom yuradReba miaqcion ara mxolod Sedegebs,
aramed ganixilon orive _ Sedegebica da ganzraxvebic. Tumca, qcevis mimReblobis
Sesaxeb msjelobisa da dasjis aucileblobis Sesaxeb msjelobis gansxvavebuloba
miuTiTebs imaze, rom umcrosi asakis bavSvebs moraluri gansjis zogierTi tipi
ufro meti faqtoris gaTvaliswinebis saSualebas aZlevs. rogorc wina TavSi
vnaxeT, is, Tu ris gakeTebas sTxoven bavSvebs, nawilobriv, ganapirobebs imas, Tu
ramdenad „momwifebulebi“ Canan isini.

cxrili 11.8 moraluri argumentaciis kolbergiseuli etapebi

doneebi da etapebi moraluri argumentacia

1. pirobiTamdeli moraluroba
stadia 1: orientacia tkivilis acileba an gaqceva
siamovnebaze/tkivilze
stadia 2: orientacia wageba-mogebaze; jildoebis miReba
urTierTsamarTlianoba _
Tvali Tvalis wil

2. pirobiTi moraluroba
stadia 3: orientacia Seqebaze
(„kargi-bavSvi“)
stadia 4: orientacia kanonsa da
wesrigze
Seqebis damsaxureba da gamtyunebis
Tavidan acileba
wesebis dacva, mTavrobisgan
gakicxvis acileba

3. principuli moraluroba
stadia 5: orientacia sazogadoebis keTildReobis
socialur kontraqtze gaumjobesebisTvis xelSewyoba
stadia 6: orientacia eTikur samarTlianobis miRweva da
principebze TviTgankicxvis acileba
etapi 7: orientacia globalur, iyo marTali universaluri
msoflio principebze principebis winaSe da Tavs
grZnobde samyaros nawilad,
 414
romelic scildeba socialur
normebs

moraluri ganviTarebis stadiebis gansasazRvrad, kolbergma ganavrco piaJes

Tvalsazrisi. TiToeul stadiaze moralurobis Sesaxeb msjeloba gansxvavebul
safuZvlze aigeba (ix. cxrili 11.8).
11.8 moraluri msjelobis umdablesi done
dafuZnebulia sakuTar interesebze maSin, roca umaRlesi done mimarTulia
socialur sikeTeze, piradi sargeblisgan damoukideblad. am stadiebis
dasasabuTeblad kolbergma gamoiyena dilemaTa seria, sadac erTmaneTs
upirispirdeba sxvadasxva moraluri principebi.

erT dilemaSi mamakaci, saxelad hansi, cdilobs, colsTvis iSovos garkveuli

wamali, romelic mas kibosTan brZolaSi daexmareba. unamuso gamyidveli hanss am
wamals mxolod im SemTxvevaSi mihyidis, Tu igi aTjer met fuls gadauxdis, vidre
TviTon aqvs micemuli. es gacilebiT didi Tanxaa, vidre hanss aqvs da vidre
SeuZlia, rom iSovos. sasowarkveTili hansi iWreba gamyidvlis maRaziaSi da
iparavs wamals colisaTvis. unda gaakeTos hansma es Tu ara? ratom? interviueri
azustebs, Tu ra mizezebis gamo miiRo cdis pirma gadawyvetileba da Semdeg
ajamebs da axarisxebs miRebul pasuxebs.

daxarisxeba efuZneba im mizezebs, Tu ratom miiRo pirovnebam aseTi

gadawyvetileba da ara TviTon gadawyvetilebas. magaliTad, is, vinc Tqva, rom
hanss unda moepara wamali, radgan is valdebuli iyo momakvdavi colis winaSe, an
ar unda moepara, radgan is valdebuli iyo, daecva kanoni (miuxedavad misi piradi
grZnobebisa), cdilobs, rom Seesabamebodes dadgenil valdebulebebs da amitom
ganviTarebis mixedviT me-4-e stadiaze imyofeba.
kolbergis stadiuri modeli oTxi principiT xelmZRvanelobs: (1) yovel
mocemul momentSi individi SeiZleba iyos ganviTarebis mxolod romelime erT
stadiaze; (2) yvela gaivlis am stadiebs dadgenili TanmimdevrobiT; (3) yoveli
Semdegi stadia ufro mravlismomcveli da rTulia, vidre wina; (4) igive stadiebi
gvxvdeba yvela kulturaSi. kolbergma stadiuri ganviTarebis aseTi filosofia
piaJesgan aiRo. faqtobrivad, ganviTareba 1-3 stadiebze Tanxvdeba normaluri
kognituri ganviTaebis stadiebs. stadiebi Tanmimdevrulad mihyveba erTmaneTs da
 415
yoveli Semdegi stadia ufro metad daxvewili kognituri unarebiT xasiaTdeba,
vidre wina. TiTqmis yvela bavSvi aRwevs mesame stadias 13 wlis asakSi.
kolbergis Teoriis irgvliv kamaTi, ZiriTadad, mesame stadiis Semdeg iwyeba.
Tavdapirvelad kolbergs miaCnda, rom adamianebi Tanazomierad da ganuxrelad
agZeleben moralur ganviTarebas mesame stadiis Semdeg, Tumca, yvela maTgani ver
aRwevs 4-7 stadiebs. faqtobrivad, bevri mozrdili arasodes aRwevs mexuTe
stadias da mxolod zogierTebs xelewifebaT kidev ufro win wasvla. kolbergis
gviandeli stadiebis Sinaarsi subieqturad gamoiyureba da Zneli gasagebia, Tu
rogor aris yoveli Semdgomi stadia ufro mravlismomcveli da garTulebuli.
magaliTad, moraluri gansjis safuZveli meeqvse stadiaze „TviTgankicxvis
acileba“, ar gamoiyureba calsaxad ufro rTulad, vidre moraluri gansjis
safuZveli mexuTe stadiaze „sazogadoebis keTildReobis gaumjobesebisTvis
xelSewyoba“. garda amisa, ufro maRali stadiebi ar aris yvela kulturaSi
(Eckensberger & Zimba, 1997). axla mivubrundeT kolbergis Teoriis vrcel
Tanamedrove kritikas, romelic sqesisa da kulturis ganxilvidan momdinareobs.

genderisa da kulturis gavlena mosalur gansjaze

kolbergis Teoriis kritika, ZiriTadad, Seexeba mis pretenzias universalobaze:

kolbergis gviani etapebi gaakritikes, vinaidan ar moxerxda imis dadastureba, rom
zrdasrulTa moraluri msjelobebi SeiZleba asaxavdnen gansxvavebul, magram
Tanabari moraluri Rirebulebis principebs. kargad cnobili kritikosi qerol
giligani (Carol Gilligan,, 1982) miuTiTebs, rom kolbergis Tavdapirveli naSromi
Seiqmna mxolod biWebze dakvirvebis Sedegebze dayrdnobiT. giligani amtkicebda,
rom es kvleva saTanadod ar aSuqebda SesaZlo gansxvavebebs qalisTvis da
mamakacisTvis Cveul moralur msjelobebs Soris. giligani ambobda, rom qalis
moraluri ganviTareba dafuZnebulia sxvebze zrunvis standartze da aRwevs
TviTrealizaciis stadiamde, xolo mamakacebis msjeloba eyrdnoba samarTlianobis
standarts. amdenad, giliganis Teoria afarToebs kolbergis ideebs msjelobaTa
diapazonis Sesaxeb, romelic SeiZleba arsebiTi iyos moraluri gansjisTvis
bavSvobis periodis Semdeg. miuxedavad giliganis mier TeoriaSi Setanili
wvlilisa, kvlevebma cxadyo, rom igi cdeboda qalisa da mamakacis moraluri
argumentaciis unikaluri stilebis gansazRvrisas. modiT, ganvixiloT faqtebi.
 416
zogierTma kvlevam aCvena, rom qalebi ise axdenen moraluri gadawyvetilebebis
formirebas, rom SeinarCunon harmonia socialur urTierTobebSi, mamakacebi ki
ufro metad samarTlianobis dacvas iTvaliswineben (Lyons, 1983). miuxedavad amisa,
mkvlevrebi agrZeleben kamaTs imis Taobaze, arsebobs Tu ara saerTod sqesobrivi
gansxvavebebi moralur msjelobaSi (Baumrind, 1986; Walker, 1984, 1986; Woods, 1996).
miuxedavad imisa, rom qalebi da mamakacebi SeiZleba sxvadasxva procesebis gavliT
mividnen moraluri ganviTarebis maRal stadiebamde, mozrdilobaSi maT mier
ganxorcielebuli aqtualuri msjelobebi uaRresad msgavsia (Boldizar et al., 1989).
arsebobs versia, rom genderuli gansxvavebebi marTlac mniSvnelovania
gansakuTrebuli “wminda qaluri” da “wminda mamakacuri” socialuri
situaciebisaTvis. Tumca, rodesac qalebsa da mamakacebs erTi da igive moraluri
dilemebis gadawyvetis mizezebis Sesaxeb ekiTxebian, isini zrunvasa da
samarTlianobaze dafuZnebul pasuxTa Zalze msgavs paternebs iZlevian (Clopton &
Sorell, 1993).
amrigad, Cven SegviZlia, rom mozardebis msjeloba moraluri dilemebis Sesaxeb
davaxasiaToT, rogorc samarTlianobis mosazrebebisa da zrunvis mosazrebebis
nazavi. es nazavi SenarCundeba cxovrebis udidesi nawilis manZilze. Tumca,
rogorc mosalodnelia, moralur gansjaze aisaxeba mozrdilis kognitur
sistemaSi momxdari cvlilebebi. erT-erTi mniSvnelovani cvlileba gviani
mozrdilobis periodisTvis isaa, rom gansjisas individebs aqcenti konkretuli
situaciebis detalebidan zogad principebze gadaaqvT. Sesabamisad, am asakSi isini
moraluri gansjas metad iTvaliswineben zogad sazogadoebriv interesebs
(magaliTad, „ras ambobs kanoni?“), vidre konkretul dilemebs (magaliTad,
„SeiZleba am SemTxvevaSi gamonaklisis daSveba?“) (Pratt et al., 1988).
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom moralur argumentaciaSi sqesobrivi gansxvavebebis
Sesaxeb kamaTi, ZiriTadad, isev dasavluri kulturebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
moraluri argumentaciis irgvliv mimdinareobs. kros-kulturulma kvlevam am
sakiTxis Sesaxeb arsebuli yvela monacemis seriozuli kritikis safuZveli Seqmna.
kulturaTa Sedarebam aCvena: _ SeuZlebelic ki aris, rom universalurad
gamovacxadoT situaciaTa erToblioba, sadac moraluri msjeloba relevanturi
iqneba. ganvixiloT aseTi situacia: gzis napirze xedavT ucnobs, romelsac
avtomanqanaze saburavi daeSva. unda gaCerdeT Tu ara dasaxmareblad? davuZvaT,
TvliT, rom „ara“. amoraluria es? Tu Tqven aSS-Si gaizardeT, albaT, ifiqrebdiT,
 417
rom aseT situaciaSi daxmarebis gaweva adamianis pirovnuli arCevania _ yvelam
Tavad unda gadawyvitos, amitom amaSi araferia amoraluri. meores mxriv, Tu Tqven
indusad aRizardeT indoeTSi _ kulturaSi, romelic gacilebiT met mniSvnelobas
aniWebs urTierTdamokidebulebas da urTierTdaxmarebas, savaraudod, unda
gefiqraT, rom daxmarebaze uaris Tqma amoraluri iqneboda (Miller et al., 1990).
ganvixiloT kvleva, romelSic erTmaneTs adarebdnen sxvadasxva kulturis
moralur msjelobebs:

saidan viciT

kanoniereba pirovnebaTaSorisi pasuxismgeblobis winaaRmdeg

moraluri gansjis kvlevisTvis cdis pirebi moiwvies ori adgilidan:
koneqtikutis Statis qalaq niu heivenidan (aSS) da samxreT indoeTis qalaq
misoridan. dasavluri da indusuri kulturis am warmomadgenlebs sTxoves,
gamoexataT reaqcia movlenaTa ganviTarebaze, sadac upirispirdeboda kanonis
dacva da upirispideboda pirovnebaTSoris pasuxismgeblobas. davuSvaT, Tqveni
saukeTeso megobris qorwilSi saqorwino beWdebis mitanis erTaderTi gza
TqvenTvis matareblis bileTis sayidlad fulis moparva iyo. kanonierebis
dacvis principi gulisxmobs, rom ar unda moiparoT; pirovnebaTSorisi
pasuxismgeblobis principi ki moiTxovs, rom pativi unda sceT megobrul
valdebulebebs. Tu Tqven dasavlur kulturaSi gaizardeT, albaT, ar ifiqrebT
pirovnebaTSoris pasuxismgeblobaze moraluris kategoriebiT: saqorwino
beWdebis ver mitana samwuxaro iqneboda, magram ara _ amoraluri. Tumca,
rogorc axlaxans aRvniSneT, indoeTis indusTa kulturisTvis, zogadad, meore
adamianis winaSe valdebuleba moraluris kategoriebs miekuTvneba. amis gamo
mkvlevrebma iwinaswarmetyveles, rom indoeli respondentebi ufro met
upiratesobas mianiWebdnen pirovnebTSoris pasuxismgeblobas, vidre amerikelebi.
rogorc 11.13 suraTze Cans, sami asakobrivi jgufis indoeli respondentebi
ufro metad irCevdnen im variants, sadac upiratesoba swored pirovnebaTSoris
pasuxismgeblobas eniWeboda (Miller & Bersoff, 1992).

am magaliTidan cxadi xdeba, Tu ra rols asrulebs kultura moraluris da

amoraluris gansazRvraSi. Tu Tqven amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi gaizardeT,
SeiZleba gagikvirdeT, Tu ramdenad Rrmad swamT indoeleebs, rom megobrisTvis
micemuli dapireba unda Sesruldes –sjobs moiparo, vidre beWdebis gareSe
 418
mixvide qorwilSi. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom kulturuli normebis es gansxvaveba
scildeba am or qveyaniss, indoeTisa da aSS-is, farglebs. rogorc Semdeg TavebSi
ufro vrclad vnaxavT, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi da indoeTi tipiuri
dasavluri da aradasavluri qveynebia, romlebic mimarTulni arian, Sesabamisad,
calkeuli individebis keTildReobasa da koleqtivis keTildReobaze.

Sejameba

piaJes msgavsad, kolbergma Camoayaliba moraluri msjelobis stadiuri

ganviTarebis Teoria. giligani akritikebda kolbergis Teorias imis gamo, rom is
yuradRebis miRma tovebda im faqts, rom moraluri msjeloba safuZvelSive
gansxvavebuli iyo qalebTan da mamakacebTan. Tumca, ufro gviandelma kvlevebma
cxadyo, rom mozrdilTa umravlesoba xelmZRvanelobs samarTlianobisa da
zrunvis principebis nazaviT. kros-kulturulma kvlevam aCvena, rom sxvadasxva
kulturaSi sxvadasxva standartebiT ganisazRvreba, Tu romeli situaciebi da
qcevebia moraluri Tu amoraluri.

sur. 11.13 kros-

kros-kulturuli pasuxebi moraluri dilemebis magaliTebze
skolis moswavleebs da zrdasrulebs indoeTsa da amerikis SeerTebul
StatebSi hkiTxes, maTi azriT, romel gzas airCevdnen personaJebi moraluri
dilemebis gadaWrisas. indoelma monawileebma airCies is variantebi, sadac
(kanonierebis dacvaze metad) prioriteti pirovnebaTSoris pasuxismgeblobas
eniWeboda.

viswavloT sworad da warmatebulad dabereba

axla mokled mimovixiloT winamdebare TavSi ganxiluli zogierT sakiTxi, raTa
SevadginoT rekomendaciebi sworad da warmatebulad daberebisTvis. Tavis
dasawyisSi girCieT, rom ganviTareba gangexilaT, rogorc cvlileba, romelsac
yovelTvis axlavs SenaZenebi da danakargebi. aseTi xedvis kuTxidan, cxovrebaSi
keTildReobis miRwevis xerxia SenaZenebis gazrda da danakargebis Semcireba. Cven
vnaxeT, rom wesi “gamoiyene an dakarge” exeba rogorc fizikur formas, ise _
gonebriv SesaZleblobebs. mravali cvlileba, romelic stereotipulad
asocirdeba daberebasTan, sinamdveliSi aris unarebis gamouyeneblobis,
umoqmedobis da ara maTi daqveiTebis an gauaresebis Sedegi. Cveni pirveli rCevaa:
SeinarCuneT es unarebi!
 419
Cven, agreTve, vTqviT, rom warmatebuli daberebis erT-erTi nawilia seleqciuri
optimizacia da kompensacia (baltes et al., 1992; freund & baltes, 1998). albaT, gagaxsendaT,
rom seleqciuri niSnavs individis mier miRwevadi amocanebis dasaxvas. optimizacia
gulisxmobs individisTvis prioritetul sferoebSi mis ganviTarebas da
gavarjiSebas. kompensacia niSnavs danakargebis Sesamcireblad individis mier
alternatiuli xerxebis gamoyenebas. am TavSi vnaxeT, rom asakovani adamianebi
irCeven iseT megobrebs, romlebic maTTvis emociuri mxardaWeris optimalur dones
uzrunvelyofen; droTa ganmavlobaSi unda icvlebodes megobrebis SerCeva, raTa
kompensirebul iqnas sikvdilis Tu sxva mizeziT dakarguli megobrebi (carstensen,
1998; lang & carstensen, 1994). miuxedavad imisa, rom seleqciuri optimizacia daberebis
procesis Seswavlisas gaCnda, is kargi meTodia im gadawyvetilebebis amosarCevad,
romelic cxovrebis manZilze unda miiRoT. yovelTvis unda ecadoT iseTi miznebis
dasaxvas, romelic yvelaze metad mniSvnelovania TqvenTvis, am miznebis
gaTvaliswinebiT moaxdinoT Tqveni qmedebebis optimizacia da eZioT SemovliTi
gzebi, Tu miznisken mimaval gzaze dabrkolebebi gxvdebaT. es aris Cveni saboloo
rCeva, romelic mTeli cxovrebis manZilze ganviTarebas Seexeba. vimedovnebT, rom
brZnulad da warmatebiT daberdebiT.

sakvanZo sakiTxebi

ganviTarebis Seswavla da axsna

• cvlilebaTa aRsawerad mkvlevrebi normatiuli, longituduri da jvaredini
kvlevebis monacemebs iyeneben.
• ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze damokidebulia rogorc Tandayolil, ise _
SeZenil maxasiaTeblebze.

fizikuri ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze

• garemos faqtorebs maSinac ki SeuZliaT fizikur ganviTarebaze zemoqmedeba,
rodesac bavSvi jer kidev dedis mucelSi imyofeba.
• axalSobilebi da Cvilebi SesaZleblobebaTa sakmaod farTo speqtrs floben:
isini momarTulebi arian gadarCenisaTvis.
• sqesobrivi momwifebisas mozardebma SeiZleba gadaWarbebuli yuradReba
dauTmon TavianTi sxeulis xats.
 420

• gviani zrdasrulobis zogierTi fizikuri cvlileba gamouyeneblobis da ara

gardauvali daberebis Sedegia.

kognitiuri ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze

• piaJes ZiriTadi ideebi kognituri ganviTarebis Sesaxeb: sqemebis ganviTareba,
asimilacia, akomodacia da wyvetili ganviTarebis oTx-stadiuri Teoria. es
oTxi stadiaa: sensomotoruli, winaoperaciuli, konkretuli operaciebis da
formaluri operaciebis.
• gviandelma originalurma kvlevebma cxadyo, rom Cvilebi da patara bavSvebi
ufro metad arian ganviTarebuli, vidre amas piaJe varaudobda.
• mkvlevrebi varaudoben, rom bavSvebi aviTareben sayrden Teoriebs, romliTac
orientireben sxvadasxva fsiqologiur da fizikur sferoSi da romelic
droTa ganmavlobaSi icvleba.
• kros-kulturulma kvlevebma kiTxvis niSnis qveS daayena kognituri
ganviTarebis Teoriebis universaloba.
• kognituri funqcionirebis asakTan dakavSirebuli daqveiTeba, rogorc wesi,
exeba mxolod zogierT unars. mkvlevrebis Tanaxmad, zogierTi kognituri
deficiti gamowveulia unaris gamouyeneblobiT da ara gardauvali daberebiT.
• kognituri sistemis warmatebulad daberebaze SeiZleba saubari, rodesac
adamianebi axdenen funqcionirebis optimizacias saqmianobis maTTvis yvelaze
prioritetuli sferos amorCeviTa da arsebuli resursebiT danakargebis
kompensirebiT.

enis aTviseba
• bevri mkvlevari darwmunebulia, rom adamianebs aqvT enis Seqmnis
Tandayolili unari. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, enis aTvisebis procesis
mniSvnelovani pirobaa zrdasrul metyvel adamianebTan urTierToba.
• naturalistebis msgavsad, bavSvebi aviTareben hipoTezebs maTi enis
mniSvnelobebisa da gramatikis Sesaxeb. es hipoTezebi xSirad gansazTvrulia
Tandayolili principebiT.

socialuri ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze

• socialur ganviTareba konkretul kulturul konteqstSi xdeba.
 421

• asakobrivi cvlilebebis Cveuli mimdinareobidan gadaxveva xSirad kulturiT

ganpirobebuli garemo pirobebis Sedegia.
• erik eriksonma cxovrebis cikli gansazRvra, rogorc krizisebis seria,
romlebic individma unda daZlios.
• socializacia aris procesi, rodesac bavSvebi iTviseben im faseulobebs da
qcevebs, romlebic mocemul sazogadoebaSi sasurvelad iTvleba.
• socializacia iwyeba momvlelTan Cvilis mijaWvulobis ganviTarebidan.
• mijaWvulobis ganuviTarebloba mravalricxovan fizikur da fsiqologiur
problemebs iwvevs.
• bavSvobaSi aRmzrdelobiTi zemoqmedebis ararsebobas SeuZlia socialuri
ganviTarebis Seferxeba.
• gamokvlevebi aCvenebs, rom mozardTa umravlesoba kmayofilia Tavisi
cxovrebiT.
• mozardebma unda ganaviTaron pirovnuli indenturoba TanatolebTan da
mSoblebTan komfortuli socialuri urTierTobebis CamoyalibebiT da
samomavlo amocanebis dasaxviT.
• mozrdilobis ZiriTadi amocanebi intimurobasa da qmnadobis moTxovnilebebs
efuZneba.
• adamianebi socialurad naklebad aqtiurebi xdebian asakSi Sesvlisas, radgan
SerCeviTad inarCuneben mxolod im urTierTobebs, romlebic emociurad metad
mniSvnelovania maTTvis.
• adamianebi TavianT cxovrebas afaseben, nawilobriv, sxvebis cxovrebaSi
TavianTi dadebiTi wvlilis Setanis unaris mixedviT.
• xandazmul adamianTa mimarT uaryofiTi stereotipebi asakis mixedviT
diskriminacias anu eijizms iwvevs.

genderuli ganviTareba
• genderi fsiqologiuri fenomenia, romelic gulisxmobs biologiuri sqesiT
gansazRvruli qcevebisa da ganwyobebis daswavlas.
• genderuli rolebis aTviseba dabadebidanve iwyeba. socializaciisTvis
xelisSemwyobi mTeli rigi faqtorebi ganamtkiceben genderul stereotipebs.

moraluri ganviTareba
 422

• kolbergma gansazRvra moraluri ganviTarebis stadiebi.

• moraluri argumentaciis gviandel kvlevebSi gaTvaliswinebuli iqna
sqesobrivi da kulturuli gansxvavebani.
• sxvadasxva kulturebi sxvadasxva standartebis mixedviT afaseben, Tu romeli
situaciebi da qcevebi CaiTvalos moralurad Tu amoralurad.

ZiriTadi cnebebi
1. akomodacia
2. alcheimeris daavadeba
3. asimilacia
4. mSoblebis mier dadgenili qcevis wesebi
5. mSovlebis mier gamoyenebuli aRzrdis stilebi
6. bavSvze mimarTuli metyveleba
7. buneba-aRzrdis dapirispireba
8. ganviTarebis asaki
9. ganviTarebis fsiqologia
10. egocentrizmi
11. asakis mixedviT diskriminacia anu eijizmi
12. enis Seqmnis unari
13. zigota
14. imprintingi
15. internalizacia
16. intimuroba
17. kognituri ganviTareba
18. konservacia
19. komforti kontaqtisas
20. longituduri kvlevis meTodi
21. menarqe
22. mijaWvuloba
23. momwifeba
24. moraluroba
25. normatiuli kvlevebi
26. obieqtis mudmivoba
 423
27. sayrdeni Teoriebi
28. seleqciuri optimizacia kompensaciiT
29. seleqciuri socialuri urTierTobebis Teoria
30. sibrZne
31. socializacia
32. socialuri ganviTareba
33. sqemebi
34. genderi
35. sqesobrivi gansxvavebebi
36. genderuli identoba
37. genderuli rolebi
38. sqesobrivi simwife
39. sxeulis xati
40. fizikuri ganviTareba
41. fonemebi
42. fsiqosocialuri stadiebi
43. qmnadoba
44. qronologiuri asaki
45. centracia
46. jvaredini Seswavlis meTodi
47. hiperregularizacia

Tavi 12: motivacia

motivacia

• ra aris motivacia
 motivaciis koncefciebis funqciebi
 motivaciis wyaroebi
• kveba
 kvebis fiziologia
 kvebis fsiqologia
• fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi: _ genebi da simsuqne
• seqsualuri qceva
 cxovelebis seqsualuri qceva
 adamianis seqsualuri agzneba da reaqcia
 424
 seqsualuri qcevis evolucia
 seqsualuri qcevis normebi
 homoseqsualoba
• pirovnuli miRwevis motivacia
 miRwevis moTxovnileba
 warmatebisa da marcxis atribucia
 Sromisa da organizaciuli fsiqologia
• fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi: _ SeuZlia fsiqologias karieris arCevaSi
daxmareba?
• moTxovnilebaTa ierarqia
• sakvanZo sakiTxebi
 ZiriTadi cnebebi
 425
1994 wels gamocemul Tavis wignSi ,,msoflios mwvervalze“ (On Top of the World)
Jurnalisti rebeka stefensi (Rebecca Stephens) aRwers everestze asvlas. wignis
dasawyisSi vrclad aris moTxrobili everestis dapyrobis survilis Sesaxeb:

,,everestis romantika _ ai, ra mxiblavda da mizidavda. mwvervalze rom avediT,

sul cota, orasi an samasi adamiani mainc viyaviT _ sxvadasxva erovnebis,
sarwmunoebis da rasis warmomadgeneli. TiToeul Cvengans mwvervalze asvlis
dauZleveli survili amoZravebda. everesti yvelaze maRali adgilia msoflioSi
da arsebobs uamravi mizezi, romelic misken iseve izidavs adamianebs, rogorc
CrdiloeT Tu samxreT polusisken da okeanis siRrmeebisken.“

mogvinebiT, rodesac Tavs iCens mwvervalze asvlisTvis damaxasiaTebeli

daZabuloba da safrTxe, am ,,romantikas“ pirquSi realoba cvlis. miuxedavad amisa,
avtori midis gasaocar daskvnamde mas Semdeg, rac TiTi daiziana:

,,momdevno dilas gavogndi: _ iq, sadac adre Cemi neka TiTi iyo, maxinji msuqani
sosisi moCanda, burTiviT gasiebuli da siTxiT savse, TiTis meore saxsridan
wveramde. ,,ra sisulele iyo amis gakeTeba“, _ buzRuniT Tqva Tanamgzavrma
mTasvlelma. rogor SemeZlo aseTi suleli, daudevari da araseriozuli
vyofiliyavi? es iyo meore xarisxis moyinva...
me wavbodialdi Cems karavSi, pirquS martoobaSi msurda yofna. vcdilobdi,
menugeSebina sakuTari Tavi. ,,yvelaferi kargad iqneba,“ _ Tqva eqimma, magram rogor
SemeZlo, ar mefiqra, rom TiTi axla romc momrCenoda, SemdegSi mainc ufro
mgrZnobiare iqneboda. es ambavi 20 000 futis (7800 metris) simaRleze moxda. ra
moxdeboda 29 000 futze (11300 metrze), sadac ufro yinavda? sadac Jangbadi da,
Sesabamisad, winaaRmdegobis gawevis unari, naklebi iyo? Rirda ki mwvervalis
dapyroba ase Zviri _ sakuTari TiTis dakargvis fasad? me davfiqrdi cota xans da
sakmaod mSvidad, Cemda gasaocrad, davaskveni is, rasac verasodes warmovidgendi,
Tundac erTi Tvis win: _ „TiTi arc ise didi sazRauri iyo. rogorme iolad gaval
nekis gareSec“ (gv.90-91).

warmoidgineT Tqveni Tavi rebeka stefensis adgilze. ramdenad Zlierad unda

gindodeT miznis miRweva, rom gadawyvitoT: _ ,,iolad gaval nekis gareSec“.
arsebobs raime mizani, romlis gamoc sicocxles daTmobdiT? sami adamiani
daiRupa yinulis cicabo daRmarTebze rebeka stefensis mTaze asvlis dros...
ratom surT adamianebs ase gariskva? ra gansazRvravs imas, Sewiravs Tu ara
 426
adamiani Tavs mTis mwvervalze asvlas? ra aris es _ gamarjveba Tu sxva raime
mizani? ra gaiZulebT, iyoT daJinebulni, jiutni, Seupovarni raime miznis
miRwevisas, miuxedavad im didi Zalisxmevisa, tkivilisa da finansuri
danaxarjebisa, ris fasadac es Seupovroba jdeba? dabolos, didxans ecdebiT
sasurveli miznis miRwevas, Tu maleve gaanebebT mcdelobas Tavs?
Tqveni yoveldRiuri cxovreba savsea situaciebiT, rodesac adamianebi
motivaciur faqtorebs mimarTaven im movlenaTa asaxsnelad, romelic moxda an ar
moxda. Tqven SeiZleba moisminoT, rogor eubneba bosi Tavis gamyidvelebs: _ ,,Tqven
unda SeecadoT ufro bejiTad imuSavoT, rom saqoneli gayidoT,“ megobari
SeiZleba saidumlod gagendoT, rom gamocdaze imitom CaiWra, rom profesori
arasodes uqmnida mas sakmaris motivacias; SeiZleba waikiTxoT deteqtiuri
moTxroba da SeecadoT, warmoidginoT danaSaulis motivi da amiT daikmayofiloT
sakuTari mizani deteqtivis mkvlelTan identifikaciis gamo. Mmilioni adamianis
msgavsad msoflioSi, Tqvenc SeiZleba miwebebuli xarT yoveldRiurad sapnis
operebs (teleserilebs) iseTi motivebis gamosavlenad, rogoricaa siZunwe,
Zalaufleba da gataceba.
fsiqologiis mkvlevarTa amocanaa Teoriuli safuZvlis uzrunvelyofa
motivaciis aseTi magaliTebisTvis. rogor SeuZlia motivaciur mdgomareobas,
gavlena moaxdinos sportuli Sejibris Tu gamocdis Sedegebze? ratom imatebs
zogierTi adamiani wonaSi da ratomaa, rom zogierTi lamis sikvdilis piramde
mivides SimSiliT? Aaris Tu ara Cveni seqsualuri qceva determinirebuli
genetikuri memkvidreobiT? am TavSi Tqven SeityobT, rom adamianis moqmedebebi
motivirebulia sxvadasxva moTxovnilebebiT _ dawyebuli iseTi fundamenturi
fiziologiuri moTxovnilebebiT, rogoricaa SimSili da wyurvili da
damTavrebuli iseTi fsiqologiuri moTxovnilebebiT, rogoricaa pirovnuli
miRweva. aseve, naxavT, rom xSirad arc ise advilia erTmaneTisagan gamijno
fsiqologia da fiziologia. xandaxan iseTi mamoZravebeli Zala (draivi),
rogoricaa SimSili, romelic, erTi SexedviT, biologiuri Cans, konkurencias
uwevs pirovnuli kontrolis individualur moTxovnilebas da xSirad socialuri
aRiareba (mimRebloba) gansazRvravs xolme kvebiT paternebs.
am Tavs im ZiriTadi sakiTxebis ganxilviT daviwyebT, romlebic aucilebelia
motivaciis kvlevisa da bunebis gasagebad. meore qveTavSi farTod mimovixilavT
motivaciis sam tips, romelTaganac TiToeuli sxvadasxvagvarad mniSvnelovania da
 427
icvleba im xarisxiT, ra xarisxiTac biologiuri da fsiqologiuri faqtorebi
moqmedeben maTze. motivaciis es sami tipia: SimSili, seqsi da pirovnuli miRweva.

ra aris motivacia

motivacia warmoadgens yvela im procesis ganzogadebul termins, romelic

CarTulia fizikuri da fsiqologiuri aqtivobebis dawyebaSi, mimarTulebis
micemasa da marTvaSi. sityva motivacia warmodgeba laTinuri sityvidan movere, rac
“moZraobas“ niSnavs. organizmebi moZraoben garkveuli stimulebisa da aqtivobebis
mimarTulebiT da gaurbian garkveul stimulebs maTi mimzidvelobis da
saZulvelobis Sesabamisad. motivaciis Teoriebi sxnis rogorc cxovelTa, ise
adamianebis, ,,moZraobis“ zogad paternebs da gvawvdis informacias TiToeuli
saxeobis calkeuli wevrebis funqcionirebasa da prioritetebze. motivaciis
analizi im sxvadasxva gzebis ganxilviT daviwyoT, romliTac motivacia,
Cveulebriv, xsnis da prognozirebs individualur da saxeobriv qcevas.

motivaciis koncefciebis funqciebi

funqciebi

motivaciis koncefciebs xuTi ZiriTadi daniSnuleba aqvT:

qcevis dakavSireba biologiasTan _ rogorc biologiuri organizmebi, Tqven
flobT kompleqsur Sinagan meqanizmebs, romlebic aregulireben Tqveni
sxeulis funqcionirebas da gexmarebian sicocxlis SenarCunebaSi. ratom
adeqiT sawolidan am dilas? Tqven, albaT, gSiodaT, gwyurodaT an gciodaT.
TiToeul SemTxvevaSi deprivaciis Sinagani mdgomareoba warmoadgens
trigers (sasxlets) sxeulis reaqciisaTvis, rac qmnis motivacias TqvenTvis,
rom ganaxorcieloT qmedeba Tqveni sxeulis balansis aRsadgenad;

qcevis cvalebadobis axsna _ ratom asrulebT erTi da igive davalebas erT

dRes kargad da meore dRes cudad? ratomaa, rom erTi bavSvi gacilebiT
ukeT arTmevs Tavs sakonkurso davalebas, vidre meore, romelsac igive
unarebi da codna gaaCnia? fsiqologebi maSin iyeneben motivaciur axsnas,
rodesac adamianis mier davalebis, an raime sxva moqmedebis Sesrulebis
cvalebedoba ucvlel situaciaSi ver aixsneba unarebis, gamocdilebis,
praqtikis sxvadasxvaobiT, an SemTxveviTobiT. Tu Tqven gsurT diliT adre
adgoma damatebiT samecadinod, magram Tqven megobars _ ara, maSin, SesaZloa,
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es mivaweroT Tqveni da Tqveni megobris gansxvavebul motivaciur
mdgomareobebs;

subieqtis Sinagan mdgomareobaze daskvnis gakeTeba imaze dayrdnobiT, Tu

rogor iqceva is sazogadoebaSi _ Tqven xedavT, rom viRac skamze zis da
icinis. rogor axsniT am qcevas? fsiqologebi da diletantebi, Cveulebriv,
erTnairad gadaitanen yuradRebas qcevaze dakvirvebidan mis gamomwvev Sinagan
mizezebze daskvnebis gakeTebaze. adamianebi mudmivad axdenen qcevis
interpretacias savaraudo mizezebis terminebiT _ ratom moxda es swored
ise, rogorc moxda. igive wesi moqmedebs Tqveni qcevis mimarTac. Tqven
xSirad cdilobT, gaarkvioT Tqveni qceva garedanaa motivirebuli Tu
Signidan.

imis garkveva, Tu vis ekisreba moqmedebebze pasuxismgebloba _ pirovnuli

pasuxismgeblobis cneba ZiriTadia religiis, kanonisa da eTikisaTvis.
pirovnuli pasuxismgebloba gulisxmobs Sinagan motivacias da qmedebebis
gakontrolebis unars. adamianebi naklebad pasuxismgeblebi arian sakuTar
moqmedebebze, roca: _ (1) ar fiqroben, rom maT qcevas uaryofiT Sedegebi
eqneba; (2) roca eqsternaluri (garegani) Zalebi sakmaod Zlieria imisaTvis,
rom qceva gamoiwvios, an (3) roca qmedebaze gavlenas axdens narkotikebi,
alkoholi da intensiuri emociebi. amgvarad, motivaciis Teoriam SeiZleba
axsnas qcevis SesaZlo mizezebi;

araxelsayreli pirobebis miuxedavad miznisken mimavali subieqtis

Seupovrobisa da daJinebis axsna _ gavixsenoT rabeka stefensis wignidan
warmodgenili citatebi, romliTac daviwyeT winamdebare Tavi. ratom xdeba,
rom mZimed da sasikvdilod daWrili adamianebi xSirad mainc agrZeleben
mTaze asvlas? bolo mizezi, ratomac fsiqologebi motivacias swavloben,
warmoadgens imis axsnas, Tu ratom axorcielebs organizmi qcevas, rodesac
gacilebiT ioli SeiZleba iqnes am qcevis ganxorcielebisgan Tavis Sekaveba.
motivacia gvexmareba, rom droulad mivideT samsaxurSi Tu mecadineobaze
maSinac ki, roca amis Zala ukve aRar Segvwevs; gvexmareba, rom mTeli ZaliT
gavagrZeloT TamaSi maSinac ki, roca vagebT da vacnobierebT, rom mogeba
SeuZlebelia.
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axla ukve gaqvT zogadi warmodgena im garemo pirobebze, sadac fsiqologebi
mimarTaven motivaciis cnebas qcevis winaswarmetyevelebisa da axsnisaTvis.
gamocdilebis konkretuli sferoebis ganxilvamde, gavecnoT motivaciis zogad
wyaroebs.

• motivacia (Motivation) _ fizikuri da fsiqikuri aqtivobebis dawyebis,

mimarTulebis micemis da marTvis procesi; moicavs meqanizmebs, romlebic
CarTulia erTi aqtiobisaTvis meoresTan SedarebiT upiratesobis
miniWebaSi da energiasa da mdgradobas sZens reaqciebs.

motivaciis wyaroebi

1999 wels velosipedistma lans armstrongma (Lans Armstrong) moigo safrangeTis

turne (Tour de France) _ sportis istoriaSi es iyo sportsmenis dabrunebis erT-erTi
SesaniSnavi magaliTi. 1996 wels mas testikularuli simsivnis diagnozi dausves,
romelic filtvebsa da tvinze vrceldeboda. agresiuli qimioTerapiis kursis
dasrulebis Semdeg, armstrongma varjiSis ganaxleba gadawyvit da sam weliwadSi
msoflios yvelaze prestiJul SejibrebSi moipova gamarjveba; 2000 wels ki kvlav
moigo safrangeTis turne. cilismwameblebi ambobdnen, rom visac armstrongma
ajoba, susti velomrbolelebi iyvnen. 2000 wlis gamarjvebam ki daamtkica, rom
lanss SeeZlo msoflios saukeTeso velomrbolelebis daZleva.
Tqven SeZlebdiT imis gakeTebas rac lans armstrongma gaakeTa? SeZlebdiT
seriozuli avadmyofobis Semdeg dabrunebas da Tqveni sxeulisTvis arcTu ise
ioli amocanis dasaxvas? xom ar fiqrobT, rom rac ar unda yofiliyo misi qcevis
mamotivirebeli, is Tavad masSi iyo? saWiroa Tu ara gansakuTrebuli
cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba aseTi SeupovrobisaTvis, Tu es garegani, situaciuri
faqtorebis Sedegi iyo? moiqceva Tu ara adamianTa umravlesoba aseve, Tu isini
igive situaciaSi aRmoCndebian? warmoadgens Tu ara misi qceva pirovnebisa da
situaciis maxasiaTeblebis urTierTqmedebis (interaqciis) Sedegs? motivaciis
wyaroebis ukeT gasarkvevad vnaxoT, ra gansxvavebaa internalur (Sinagan) da
eqsternalur (garegan) Zalebs Soris. daviwyoT im Teoriebis ganxilviT, romlebic
qcevis garkveul tipebs internaluri, biologiuri impulsebiT xsnian.

ltolvebi da aRmZvrelebi
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rogorc Cans, motivaciis zogierTi forma Zalze martivia: _ Tu SimSils
grZnobT, WamT, Tu grZnobT, rom gwyuriaT _ svamT. Teoria, romlis mixedviTad
mravali mniSvnelovani qceva motivirebulia Sinagani ltolvebiT, yvelaze srulad
ganaviTara klark halma (Clark Hall, 1943, 1952). halis azriT, ltolva
ltolva aris Sinagani
mdgomareoba, romelic aRmocendeba cxovelis fiziologiuri moTxovnilebis
sapasuxod. organizmi cdilobs SeinarCunos iseTi biologiuri maxasiaTeblebis
wonasworoba, anu homeostazi,
homeostazi rogoricaa: _ sxeulis temperatura da energiis
miwodeba (ix. Tavi 3). ltolva aRmocendeba maSin, rodesac deprivacia arRvevs
wonasworobas, anu qmnis daZabulobas. es ltolva organizms daZabulobis
Semcirebisken anu reduqciisken ubiZgebs; rodesac ltolva dakmayofildeba an
Semcirdeba, homeostazi aRdgeba da organizmi wyvets moqmedebas. amgvarad, halis
mixedviT, rodesac cxovels mravali saaTis ganmavlobaSi ar miewodeba sakvebi,
aRmocendeba SimSilis mdgomareoba, rac sakvebis moZiebisa da gamokvebis qcevis
mamotivirebeli xdeba. cxovelis reaqcia, romelsac sakvebis moZiebis mizani aqvs,
ganmtkicdeba, vinaidan is ukavSirdeba sakvebis miRebis Sedegad daZabulobis
Semcirebas.
SeuZlia Tu ara daZabulobis Semcirebis Teorias yvela motivirebuli qcevis
axsna? udavod, ara. warmovidginoT virTxebis jgufi, romelsac ar awvdidnen
sakvebs da wyals. daZabulobis Semcirebis Teoriis mixedviT, winaswar SeiZleba
imis Tqma, rom isini pirveli SesaZleblobisTanave daleven wyals an SeWamen
sakvebs, Tumca, rodesac aseTi virTxebi axal garemoSi xvdebian, sadac uamravi
saWmeli da sasmelia, isini garemos gamokvlevasa da dazvervas amjobineben da
maSinve ar garbian saWmlisa da sasmelisken; mxolod cnobismoyvareobis
dakmayofilebis Semdeg iwyeben Wamas da smas (Berlyne, 1960; Fewler, 1965; Zimbardo &
Montogomery, 1957). gamokvlevaTa sxva seriaSi, axalgazrda maimunebi did drosa da
energias xarjavdnen maT garemoSi mocemuli mowyobilobebiTa da axali
obieqtebiT manipulaciaze da, rogorc Canda, amas akeTebdnen ,,maimunobiT,
garTobiT“ siamovnebis misaRebad, yovelgvari garegani waxalisebis gareSe. (Harlow
et al., 1950).
es eqsperimentebi gviCvenebs, rom qceva ar aris motivirebuli mxolod Sinagani
ltolvebiT: qceva motivirebulia, aseve, aRmZvrelebiT _ garegani stimulebiT an
waxalisebiT, romelic pirdapir ar ukavSirdeba biologiur moTxovnilebebs.
rodesac maimunebi da virTxebi garemoSi mocemul obieqtebze iyvnen momarTulni
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da ara Sinagan mdgomareobebze, es gviCvenebda, rom maT qcevas aRmZvrelebi
marTavda. asevea adamianis qcevis SemTxvevaSic _ mas mravalgvari aRmZvreli
akontrolebs. ratom daZvrebiT internetSi RamiT tkbilad daZinebis nacvlad?
ratom uyurebT films, romelic, iciT, rom SegaSinebT da aRgaSfoTebT? ratom
WamT tkbileuls wveulebaze, roca ukve kargad gamokvebili brZandebiT? TiToeul
SemTxvevSi garemos elementebi aRmZvrelis rols asruleben, romlebic qcevis
ganxorcielebisken gibiZgebT.
Tqven ukve SegiZliaT, naxoT, rom qceva motivaciis garegani da Sinagani
wyaroebidan iRebs saTaves. miuxedavad imisa, rom virTxebi SeiZleba sakvebis
miRebisa da wylis dalevis biologiur zewolas ganicdidnen, isini axali garemos
gamokvlevis impulssac daemorCilebian. axla ganvixiloT motivaciisadmi
Tanamedrove midgoma, romelSic gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eTmoba konkurentuli
motivaciuri mdgomareobebis Seswavlas; esaa reversiis Teoria.
• ltolva (Drive) _ Sinagani mdgomareoba, romelic aRmocendeba wonasworobis
darRvevisas cxovelis fiziologiuri moTxovnilebis sapasuxod.
• homeostazi (Homeostasis) _ sxeulis Sinagani mdgomareobis mudmivoba an
wonasworoba.
• aRmZvrelebi (incentives) _ eqsternaluri stimulebi an waxaliseba, romlebic
warmoadgenen qcevis mamotivireblebs miuxedavad imisa, rom isini pirdapir ar
ukavSirdebian biologiur moTxovnilebebs.

reversiis, anu araTavsebadi mdgomareobebis Teoria

ukanasknel wlebSi maikl afterma (Michael Apter, 1989; Frey, 1997) da misma
kolegebma ganaviTares axali Teoria, romelic, aseve, uaryofs motivaciis,
rogorc daZabulobis Semcirebis, ideas. nacvlad amisa, aRniSnuli Teoria uSvebs,
rom arsebobs metamotivaciuri mdgomareobis oTxi wyvili. rogorc naCvenebia
cxrilSi 12.1, wyvilebs urTierTsapirispiro mdgomareobebi Seadgenen. Teoriis
mixedviT, drois nebismier mocemul momentSi TiToeul wyvilSi gaerTianebuli
ori mdgomareobidan mxolod erTi SeiZleba arsebobdes realurad. Tu gadaxedavT
cxrils, naxavT, Tu rogor gansazRvravs TiToeuli wyvili araTavsebad
motivaciur mdgomareobebs. magaliTad, warmoidgineT, rom samsaxureobriv
situaciaSi imyofebiT. ra gsurT mocemul momentSi: situaciaze morgeba Tu
damoukidebloba? sakuTari grZnobebis mixedviT moqmedeba, Tu sxvebis grZnobebze
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yuradRebis mipyroba? am Teorias reversiis anu araTavsebadi mdgomareobebis
Teoria ewodeba. is adamianuri motivaciis axsnas erTi mdgomareobidan meore,
sawinaaRmdego mdgomareobaze reversiis (gadasvlis) terminebiT cdilobs.
ganvixiloT paraTelikuri da Telikuri kontrastuli mdgomareobebi. Tqven
paraTelikur mdgomareobaSi xarT, rodesac iseTi moqmedebebs axorcielebT,
romlebsac siamovnebis moniWebis garda sxva mizani ar gaaCniaT; xolo Telikur
mdgomareobaSi xarT, rodesac axorcielebT iseT moqmedebebs, romlebic
mniSvnelovania TqvenTvis ara mxolod mocemul momentSi. magaliTad, am wuTas,
albaT, Telikur mdgomareobaSi imyofebiT, radgan saxelmZRvanelos kiTxulobT _
Tqven gsurT masalis daswavla, raTa kargad CaabaroT gamocda. Tu Tqven
wasaxemseblad, an axali diskis mosasmenad SewyvetT mecadineobas, amiT TiTqmis
mTlianad gadaerTvebiT paraTelikur mdgomareobaSi. reversiis Teoria,
faqtobrivad, gveubneba, rom Tqven yovelTvis imyofebiT an erT, an meore
mdgomareobaSi, magram ara _ oriveSi erTad.
drodadro Tqven SesaZloa Zalze mkafiod SeigrZnoT am TeoriiT
nawinaswarmetyvelebi reversiis tipebi. reversiis erTi gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovani forma aReniSnebaT adamianebs, romlebic CarTulni arian iseT
maRalriskian aqtivobebSi, rogoricaa paraSutiT xtoma.

cxrili 12.1. metamotivaciuri mdgomareobebis oTxi wyvilis ZiriTadi

maxasiaTeblebi

Telikuri paraTelikuri
seriozuli mxiaruli
mizanze orientirebuli aqtivobaze orientirebuli
upiratesobas aniWebs winaswar cxovrobs am momentiT
dagegmvas eZebs aRgznebas, aRfrTovanebas
Tavs aridebs SfoTvas surs mxiaruleba da garToba
surs progresi da miRweva

konformisti negativisti
negativisti
damyoli meamboxe
surs wesebis dacva surs wesebis darRveva
tradiciuli aratradiciuli
 433

sasiamovno gabrazebuli
surs morgeba surs damoukidebloba

mbrZanebloba TanagrZnoba (simpatia)

Zalauflebaze orientirebuli zrunvaze orientirebuli
cxovrebas brZolad miiCnevs cxovrebas TanamSromlobad miiCnevs
mkacri azrovneba mgrZnobiare
kontrolze koncentrirebuli sikeTeze koncentrirebuli
surs dominantoba surs sinaze da mofereba

auturi aloikuri
upiratesad sakuTar Tavze upiratesad sxvebze koncentrirebuloba
koncentrirebuloba sxvebTan identifikacia
egocentruli sxvebis grZnobebze koncentracia
sakuTar grZnobebze koncentracia

saidan viciT

SfoTvidan aRfrTovanebaze gadasvla

ratom xtebian adamianebi Tavisi nebiT TviTmfrinavidan da amtkiceben, rom es
gasarTobad gaakeTes? Zalian Znelia am qcevis gageba daZabulobis Semcirebis
Teoriis gamoyenebiT, radgan TviTmfrinavidan gadaxtomis molodini ufro zrdis
daZabulobas, vidre _ amcirebs. reversiis Teoriis Tanaxmad, paraSutiT
gadaxtoma warmoadgens Telikuri mdgomareobidan paraTelikur mdgomareobaSi
gadasvlas. Telikur mdgomareobaSi aRgznebis maRali done, romelsac adamiani
ganicdis gadaxtomamde, iwvevs SfoTvis warmoqmnas; paraTelikur mdgomareobaSi
ki Zlieri aRgzneba ganicdeba, rogorc Zlieri aRfrTovaneba. amgvarad,
Telikuri mdgomareobidan paraTelikurSi gadasvla agznebis imave doneze iwvevs
Zlieri SfoTvidan did siamovnebaze gadarTvas.Aamgvari pirdapiri gadarTvis
arsebobis Sesamowmeblad mkvlevrebma monacemebi paraSutistTa ori klubis
wevrebisgan Seagroves. klubis wevrebi aRniSnavdnen SfoTvisa da aRfrTovanebis
grZnobas gadaxtomamde, xtomis manZilze da daSvebis Semdeg. monacemebma aCvena
aSkara reversia: gadaxtomamde isini SfoTavdnen (magram ar iyvnen
 434
aRfrTovanebulni). mas Semdeg, rac paraSuti ixsneboda, isini aRfrTovanebulni
iyvnen (magram ar SfoTavdnen). es aRgzneba ar qreboda _ is maSinve iZenda sxva
Sinaarss, rogorc ki paraSutisti gadadioda Telikuri mdgomareobidan
paraTelikurSi (Apter & Batler, 1997).

xedavT, rogor xsnis reversiis Teoria paraSutistTa monaTxrobs?

reversiis Teoria gvawvdis motivaciis saintereso zogad midgomas. axla
ganvixilavT motivaciis kvlevis sxva tradicias, romelic koncentrirebulia
biologiuri saxeobebisTvis damaxasiaTebel instinqtur qcevaze.

• reversiis Teoria (Reversal theory) _ Teoria, romelic xsnis adamianis

motivacias erTi metamotivaciuri mgomareobidan meore, sapirispiro
mdgomareobaSi reversiis (gadasvlis) terminebiT.
• instinqti (Instinct) _ winaswar daprogramebuli tendencia, romelsac arsebiTi
mniSvneloba aqvs saxeobis gadarCenisaTvis.

instinqturi qceva da daswavla

ratom iqcevian organizmebi swored ase da ara sxvagvarad? nawilobriv, pasuxi

isaa, rom biologiuri saxeobis qcevis zogierT aspeqts marTavs instinqtebi anu
winaswar daprogramebuli tendenciebi, romlebsac arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvT
saxeobis gadarCenisaTvis. instinqtebi uzrunvelyofen qcevis repertuars, romelic
TiToeuli cxovelis genetikuri memkvidreobis nawils warmoadgens. oraguli
curavs aTasobiT mils zustad im nakadulSi dasabruneblad, sadac daibada; is
dinebis sawinaaRmdegod micuravs, axteba CanCqerebs da midis zustad daniSnul
adgilze, sadac gadarCenili mdedri da mamri oragulebi Sewyvilebis ritualur
qcevas asruleben. ganayofierebul qviriTis dayris Semdeg mSoblebi kvdebian.
momavalSi ki axalgazrda Taoba dauyveba dinebas, raTa icxovros okeaneSi manam,
sanam ramdenime wlis Semdeg am uwyvet dramaSi maTi monawileobis dro ar mova.
aseTive STambeWdavi moqmedebebi SeiZleba vnaxoT cxovelTa mraval saxeobaSi.
futkari sakvebis adgilmdebareobis Sesaxeb Setyobinebas sxva futkrebs gadascems,
WianWvelaTa armia sinqronizebulad dadis nadirobis eqspediciebSi, Citebi
aSeneben budeebs, obobebi xlaraTaven da qsoven rTul qselebs _ zustad iseve,
rogorc maTi mSoblebi da winaprebi akeTebdnen amas.
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adamianis qcevis adreuli Teoriebi midrekilni iyvnen adamianisTvis
instinqtebis mniSvnelobis gadafasebisken. uiliam jemsi (William James, 1890)
gamoTqvamda mosazrebas, rom adamianebi yvela sxva cxovelze metad eyrdnobian
instinqtur qcevas (Tumca, isini, rogorc wesi, ar vlindeboda qcevaTa
fiqsirebuli paternebis saxiT). biologiur instinqtebis garda, romlebic adamians
cxovelebTan saerTo aqvs, moqmedebaSi Semodis, agreTve, iseTi ZiriTadi
socialuri instinqtebi, rogorebicaa simpaTia, socialuroba, TavSekavebuloba da
siyvaruli. jemsisTvis orive _ rogorc cxoveluri, ise adamianuri _ instinqtebi
miznobrivi iyo, anu emsaxurebodnen mniSvnelovan miznebs anu asruleben
mniSvnelovan funqciebs organizmis garemosTan adaptaciis procesSi.
zigmund froidi (Sigmund Freud, 1915) gvTavazobs, rom adamianis gamocdilebaSi
arsebuli ltolvebi aRmocendeba sicocxlis (maT Soris seqsualuri) da
sikvdilis (maT Soris agresiis) instinqtebidan. mas miaCnda, rom instinqturi
impulsebi mimarTavs fsiqikur energias sxeulebrivi moTxovnilebebis
dasakmayofileblad. daZabuloba aRmocendeba maSin, rodesac es energia ver
ganitvirTeba; es daZabuloba ubiZgebs adamians aqtivobis an/da obieqtisken,
romelic Seamcirebs mas. magaliTad, froidis azriT, sicocxlisa da sikvdilis
instinqtebi moqmedeben gacilebiT dabal doneze, vidre cnobierebis donea (anu
Rrmad aracnobierSi); Tumca, maTi gavlena cnobier azrebze, grZnobebsa da
qmedebebze Zalian Zlieria imis gamo, rom instinqtebi mniSvnelovani
cxovrebiseuli gadawyvetilebebis miRebisken ubiZgebdnen adamianebs (Cven am
mosazrebas vrclad ganvixilavT me-14 TavSi).
1920-ian wlebSi fsiqologebma Seadgines adamianis 10 000 instinqtisgan Semdgari
sia (Bernard, 1924). amave periodSi adamianuri instinqtis, rogorc adamianis qcevis
universaluri amxsnelis, cneba eWvis qveS dadga da kritikis sagnad iqca.
kroskulturulma anTropologebma ruT benediqtma (Ruth Bendict, 1959) da margaret
midma (Margaret Mead, 1939) sxvadasxva kulturaSi uamravi qceviTi variacia
aRmoaCines. maTi dakvirveba ewinaaRmdegeboda im Teoriebs, romlebic mxolod
Tandayolili instinqtebis universalobas ganixilavdnen.
instinqtebis adreuli TeoriebisTvis yvelaze metad damangreveli iyo
bihevioristebis empiriuli demonstraciebi imisa, rom mniSvnelovani qcevebi da
emociebi daswavlili ufro iyo, vidre Tandayolili. aseT demonstraciebs Tqven
me-7 Tavidan icnobT, sadac naxeT, rom adamianebi da cxovelebi erTnairad
 436
mgrZnobiareni arian imis mimarT, Tu rogor ukavSirdeba erTmaneTs stimulebi da
reaqciebi garemoSi. Tu gsurT axsnaT, ratom axorcielebs zogierTi cxoveli
mocemul qcevas da zogierTi _ ara, Tqven ar gesaWiroebaT sxva arafris codna,
garda imisa, rom erTi cxovelis qceva ganmtkicda, xolo meoris _ ara. aseT
pirobebSi Tqven saerTod ar gWirdebaT calke motivaciis axsna (anu Secdoma
iqneboda gveTqva, rom erTi cxoveli „motivirebulia“, xolo meore _ ara).
Tumca, gavixsenoT: _ me-7 TavSi isic vnaxeT, rom qcevis tipebi, romelTac
cxovelebi ufro iolad daiswavlian, determinirebulia mocemuli saxeobisTvis
specifikuri instinqtebiT amitom TiToeuli cxoveli axorcielebs daswavlili da
instinqturi qcevebis kombinacias. amrigad, Tu Tqven gTxoven cxovelis qcevis
axsnas, an winaswarmetyvelebas, Tqven ori ramis codna dagWirdebaT, kerZod, unda
icodeT rame: _ (1) mocemuli cxovelis saxeobis istoriidan _ romeli adapturi
qcevaa organizmis genetikuri memkvidreobis nawili? (2) konkretuli mocemuli
cxovelis istoriidan _ garemoSi arsebuli asociaciebis rogori unikaluri
erToblioba aqvs organizms gamocdilebaSi? aseT SemTxvevebSi motivacia im
gavlenaSi mdgomareobs, rasac warsulis movlenebi axdenen mimdinare qcevaze.
kidev erTxel gadavxedoT me-7 Tavs. Cven vnaxeT, rom kogniturad
orientirebulma mkvlevrebma eWvqveS daayenes mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom
instinqtebi da ganmtkicebebis istoria sakmarisia cxovelis qcevis yvela detalis
asaxsnelad. axla vnaxoT, ra rols asruleben motivaciaSi molodinebi da
SemecnebiTi aqtivobebi.

molodinebi da kognituri midgomebi motivaciisadmi

ganvixiloT ,,jadoqari ozis qveynidan“, rogorc motivaciis fsiqologiuri

kvleva. doroTi da misi sami megobari kargad gaisarjnen, raTa zurmuxtis
qalaqamde mieRwiaT: _ maT daZlies barierebi da SeewinaaRmdegnen Tavs datexil
yvela ubedurebas. isini amas imis molodiniT akeTebdnen, rom jadoqari miscemda
maT imas, rac akldaT. amis nacvlad, saocarma (da brZenma) jadoqarma daanaxa, rom
Tavad maT, da ara jadoqars, yovelTvis xelewifebodaT TavianTi sanukvari
survilebis asruleba. doroTisTvis saxli ar warmoadgenda konkretul adgils;
es misTvis sayvarel adamianebTan yofniT miRebuli usafrTxoebis da komfortis
gancda iyo: _ saxli iq iyo, sadac misi guli imyofeboda. simamace, romelic loms
surda; Wkua, romelsac safrTxobela eswrafvoda da emociebi, romelzec rkinis
 437
xis mWreli ocnebobda, is Tvisebebia, romelTac isini ukve flobdnen. maT am
Tvisebebze unda ifiqron ara rogorc Sinagan mdgomareobebze, aramed, rogorc im
dadebiT urTierTobebze, romlebic ukve hqondaT sxvebTan. jadoqari ozis
qveynidan aSkarad aris erT-erTi pirveli kognitur fsiqologTagani, vinaidan man
aRiara adamianis azrovnebis procesis mniSvneloba misi miznebis da am miznebis
misaRwevad ganxorcielebuli qcevis determinaciaSi.
Tanamedrove fsiqologebi iyeneben kognitur analizs mTeli rigi pirovnuli da
socialuri qcevebis mamotivirebeli Zalebis Sesaswavlad. isini iziareben
jadoqris mosazrebas, rom adamianis mniSvnelovani motivacia aRmocendeba ara
gare samyaros obieqturi realobidan, aramed realobis subieqturi
interpretaciebidan. dajildoebis ganmamtkicebeli efeqti ikargeba, Tu Tqven ver
xedavT, rom Tqvenma qmedebam ganapiroba es jildo. is, rasac axla akeTebT, xSirad
kontroldeba: _ (1) imiT, rac, Tqveni azriT, pasuximgebeli iyo warsulis
warmatebasa da marcxze; (2) imiT, risi gakeTebac, gjeraT, rom SegiZliaT da (3)
imiT, rasac ganWvretT winaswar, anu ra iqneba Tqveni qmedebis Sedegi. kognituri
midgoma xsnis, Tu ratom arian adamianebi xSirad motivirebulni momavali
movlenebis molodinebiT.
qcevis motivirebaSi molodinebis mniSvneloba julian roterma (Julian Rotter, 1954)
daamuSava socialuri daswavlis TeoriaSi (Cven SevexeT socialur daswavlas,
rodesac me-7 TavSi ganvixilavdiT dakvirvebiT daswavlas). roterisaTvis
albaToba imisa, rom Tqven ganaxorcielebT mocemul qcevas (moemzadebiT
gamocdisTvis da ar waxvalT wveulebaze) determinirebulia, anu ganpirobebulia
im dasaxuli miznis (kargi niSnis miReba) miRwevis molodiniT, romelic mohyveba am
aqtivobas da imiT, Tu ra pirovnuli Rirebuleba aqvs am mizans TqvenTvis.
molodinebsa da realobas Soris gansvlam SeiZleba individs makoregirebeli
qcevis ganxorcielebisken ubiZgos (Festinger, 1957, Lewin, 1936). magaliTad, Tu
aRmoaCenT, rom Tqveni qceva ar Seesabameba im jgufis standartebs, romelsac
miekuTvnebiT, Tqven SesaZloa motivirebuli iyoT Tqveni qcevis Secvlaze, raTa
ukeT moergoT jgufs.
• socialuri daswavlis Teoria (Social learning theory) _ daswavlis Teoria,
romelic xazs usvams dakvirvebisa da sxvebis mier ganxorcielebuli qcevis
mibaZvis mniSvnelobas.
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rogor ukavSirdeba molodinebi motivaciis garegan da Sinagan Zalebs? fric
haiderma (Fritz Heider, 1958) gamoTqva mosazreba, rom Tqveni qcevis Sedegi (magaliTad,
cudi niSani) SeiZleba mieweros iseT dispoziciur Zalebs, rogoricaa: _
Zalisxmevis arqona, an arasakmari goniereba, anda iseT situaciur Zalebs,
rogoricaa, magaliTad, arasamarTliani gamocda anda tendenciuri maswavlebeli.
amgvari atribucia gavlenas axdens Tqvens momaval qcevaze. Tqven ufro bejiTad
iSromebT, Tu CaTvliT, rom miRebuli cudi niSani Zalisxmevis ararsebobis
Sedegia, magram SeiZleba Tavi mianeboT yvelafers, Tu CaTvliT, rom miRebuli
cudi niSani usamarTlobis an SesaZleblobebis arqonis Sedegs warmoadgens
(Dweck, 1975). amgvarad, motivaciis wyaros identifikacia, rogorc gareganis an
Sinaganis, SeiZleba, nawilobriv, damokidebuli iyos realobis sakuTar subieqtur
interpretaciaze.
kidev erTxel gadavxedoT motivaciis sxvadasxva wyaroebs. Cven daviwyeT
dakvirvebidan, rom mkvlevrebs SeuZliaT qcevis gamomwvevis Sinagani da garegani
faqtorebis erTmaneTisgan gamijvna. ltolvebi, instinqtebi da daswavlis
istoriebi _ yvela warmoadgens motivaciis Sinagan wyaros, romelic gavlenas
axdens qcevaze Sesabamisi garegani stimulis arsebobis pirobebSi. rodesac
organizmebi iwyeben sakuTar qcevaze fiqrs _ risi midrekilebac gansakuTrebiT
aqvT adamianebs _ molodini imisa, Tu ra unda moxdes, an SeiZleba moxdes, iwyebs
motivaciis uzrunvelyofas. adamianma zogierTi motivacia SeiZleba sakuTar Tavs
miaweros, zogi ki _ gare samyaros.
Cven axla movxazeT ZiriTadi CarCo motivaciis cnebis gagebisaTvis. winamdebare
Tavis danarCen nawilSi Cven ganvixilavT qcevis sam tips, romelzec gavlenas
axdens motivaciebis urTierTqmedeba; esaa kveba, seqsualuri qceva da pirovnuli
miRweva.

Sejameba

fsiqologebi iyeneben motivaciur cnebebs imisaTvis, rom erTmaneTTan

daakavSiron biologia da qceva; axsnan qcevis cvalebadoba; zogadi qmdebebis
mixedviT gamoitanon daskvnebi kerZo mdgomareobaze; moqmedi subieqtisTvis qcevaze
pasuxismgeblobis dasakisreblad da im Seupovrobisa da daJinebis asaxsnelad,
romelsac adamianebi iCenen miznis miRwevisas araxelsayreli garemo pirobebis
miuxedavad. motivaciis Teoriebi cdiloben imis garkvevas, Tu romeli motivaciuri
 439
Zala momdinareobs organizmSi arsebuli Sinagani wyaroebidan da romeli _
organizmis gareT arsebuli garegani wyaroebidan _ garemos an kulturuli
faqtorebidan. ltolvebis Teoria xazs usvams motivaciaSi daZabulobis
Semcirebis mniSvnelobas. rogorc wesi, qceva garegani aRmZvrelebiTac aris
motivirebuli, romlebic ar ukavSirdeba fiziologiur moTxovnilebebs. reversiis
Teoriis mixedviT, motivacia marTavs sapirispiro metamotivaciur mdgomareobebs.
saxeobisaTvis specifikuri instinqturi qceva warmoiqmneba rogorc Sinagani, ise
garegani faqtorebiT. motivaciis kognituri Teoria koncentrirebulia adamianis
molodinebze da imaze, Tu rogor axdens adamiani samyaros daxarisxebas
dispoziciuri Tu situaciuri Zalebis mixedviT.

kveba

gaakeTeT prognozi aseTi situaciis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb: fsiqologiis Sesaval

kursze Caweril students unda SevTavazoT picis naWeri. rogor fiqrobT,
ramdenad mosalodnelia, rom SeWams studenti picis naWers? ar gindaT,
gamoicnoT? Tqveni pasuxi, albaT, iqneba: ,,me mWirdeba ufro meti informacia”.
bolo qveTavSi gaCveneT, Tu rogor unda moaxdinoT TqvenTvis saWiro damatebiTi
informaciis miRebis organizeba aseTi prognozis gamoTqmamde. Tqven
dagWirdebodaT Sinagani codna anu informacia am studentis Sesaxeb.\: _ ramdeni
aqvs ukve naWami students? cdilobs Tu ara dietis dacvas? Tqven, aseve,
dagWirdebodaT garegani codna, anu praqtikuli xasiaTis informacia. pica
gemrielia Tu ara? hyavs Tu ara students megobrebi, romelTac gauyofs picas da
Tan gaesaubreba? rogorc xedavT, Cven ukve, garkveulwilad, gavaanalizeT is
Zalebi, romlebmac SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinon iseT martiv Sedegebzec ki,
rogoricaa studentis mier picis SeWma. daviwyoT zogierTi fiziologiuri
procesis ganxilviT, romliTac evoluciam aRgvWurva sakvebis misaRebad.

kvebis fiziologia

rodis gaZlevT Tqveni sxeuli niSans, rom Wamis droa? Tqven aRWurvili xarT
meqanizmebis mTeli rigiT, romlebic qmnian SimSilisa da simaZRris fizikur
gancdas (Logue, 1991). sakvebis efeqturad misaRebad, organizmi aRWurvili unda
iyos meqanizmebiT, romlebic asruleben oTx amocanas: (1) sakvebis Sinagani
moTxovnilebis dafiqsireba; (2) kvebiTiO qcevis dawyeba da organizeba; (3)
 440
miRebuli sakvebis xarisxisa da raodenobis Semowmeba; (4) im momentis dafiqsireba,
Tu rodis aris sakmarisi miRebuli sakvebi da kvebis Sewyveta. mkvlevrebma scades
am procesebis axsna maTi dakavSirebiT iseT periferiul meqanizmTan, rogoricaa
kuWis SekumSva, anda tvinis iseT centralur meqanizmTan, rogoricaa
hipoTalamusis funqcionireba. ganvixiloT es procesebi ufro dawvrilebiT.

periferiuli reaqciebi

saidan modis SimSilis grZnoba? gvigzavnis Tu ara kuWi ubedurebis signalebs

imis misaTiTeblad, rom is carielia? pirveli fiziologi, vinc amis garkvevas
Seecada, uolter qenoni (Walter Canon, 1934) iyo. mas miaCnda, rom carieli kuWis
peristaltika SimSilis grZnobis erTaderT safuZvels warmoadgenda. am hipoTezis
Sesamowmeblad qenonis erT-erTma gabedulma studentma a. l. uoSbornma
(A.L.Washburn) gaivarjiSa da gadaylapa rezinis milze mimagrebuli gauberavi
buSti. milis meore bolo uerTdeboda mowyobilobas, romelzec registrirdeboda
haeris wnevis cvalebadoba. Semdeg qenonma gabera buSti studentis kuWSi. rodesac
kuWi ikumSeboda, haeri amodioda buStidan da gadaxrida mowyobilobis kalams.
uoSbornis mier aRniSnuli SimSiliT gamowveuli tkivilis SegrZneba
Seesabameboda kuWis Zlier SekumSvebs, magram ara _ gafarToebebs. qenoni
fiqrobda, rom daamtkica SimSilis grZnobaze kuWis spazmebis pasuxismgebloba.
miuxedavad imisa, rom qenonisa da uoSbornis procedura gonebamaxviluri iyo,
Sedgomma kvlevebma aCvena, rom SimSilis SesagrZnobad kuWis SekumSva ar
warmoadgenda aucilebel pirobas. carieli kuWis mqone cxovelis sisxlSi Saqris
SeyvaniT Cerdeba kuWis SekumSvebi, magram ar qreba SimSilis grZnoba. pacientebi,
romlebsac mTlianad amokveTili hqondaT kuWi, isev ganicdidnen SimSilis
grZnobasTan dakavSirebul tkivils (Janowitz & Grosman, 1950), xolo kuWis gareSe
darCenili virTxebi mainc daiswavlidnen labirinTs sakvebiT dajildoebis
pirobebSi (Penick et al., 1963). amrigad, miuxedavad imisa, rom kuWSi gaCenili SegrZneba
SeiZleba garkveul rols asrulebdes adamianis mier SimSilis gancdaSi, magram is
amomwuravad ver xsnis, Tu rogor afiqsirebs sxeuli sakvebis moTxovnilebas da
rogor xdeba motivirebuli sakvebis miRebisTvis.
carieli kuWi aucileblobiT ar SeigrZnobs SimSils, magram wyvets Tu ara
sakvebis miRebas „savse“ kuWi? kvlevebma aCvena, rom sakvebiT (magram ara gaberili
buStiT) Sevsebis gamo kuWis gafarToeba individs sakvebis miRebis Sewyvetas
 441
aiZulebs (Logue, 1991). amrigad, organizmi mgrZnobiarea kuWis wnevis wyaros mimarT.
sakvebis piris RruSi yofnis SegrZneba, aseve, warmoadgens simaZRris maniSneblebis
periferiul wyaros; es maniSneblebi pirdapir ukavSirdeba danayrebulobis, anu
sisavsis gancdas. SeiZleba SeginiSnavT, rom danayrebis Semdeg naklebi
enTuziazmiT aRiqvamT Tqveni sayvareli kerZis gemosac ki. am fenomens sensorul-
specifikuri simaZRre ewodeba. kaloriuli da cilebiT mdidari sakvebi ufro
Zlier simaZRres iwvevs, vidre naklebad kaloriuli da cilebis naklebi
Semcvelobis mqone sakvebi (Johnson & Vicers, 1993; Vandewaters & Vickers, 1996). am tipis
sakvebisadmi „swrafvis“ aseTi dauyovnebeli Semcireba SeiZleba organizmis mier
sakvebis miRebis regulirebis erT-erTi saSualeba iyos, Tumca, ,,specifikuri“
sensorul-specifikur simaZRreSi niSnavs, rom simaZRre Zalze uSualod aris
damokidebuli im konkretul sakvebze, romelsac iRebT. rodesac adamianebs
mravalferovani da sxvadasxva gemos mqone sakvebiT kvebaven da ara erTi romelime
konkretuliT, romelsac erTi, Tundac maTi sayvareli, gemo aqvs, isini ufro mets
Wamen (Rolls et, al., 1981). Sesabamisad, sakvebis gemos mravalferovneba, romelic ase
damaxasiaTebelia trapezisTvis, sadac ramdenime kerZi Tanmimdevrulad cvlis
erTmaneTs, SeiZleba dabrkolebad iqces sxva sxeulebrivi signalebisTvis,
romlebic atyobineben organizms, rom ukve sakmarisad miirTva.
axla gavecnoT Tavi tvinis im meqanizmebs, romlebic CarTulia sakvebis miRebis
qcevaSi da sadac erTad iyris Tavs periferiuli wyaroebidan wamosuli
informacia.

centraluri reaqciebi

rogorc xSirad xdeba xolme, martivma Teoriebma Tavis tvinis im centrebis

Sesaxeb, sadac iwyeba da mTavrdeba sakvebis miRebis procesi, adgili dauTmo ufro
rTul Teoriebs. yvelaze adreuli Teoriebi, sadac saubari iyo sakvebis miRebis
marTvaSi tvinis rolze, aigeboda lateraluri hipoTalamusisa (lh) da
ventromedialuri hipoTalamusis (vmh) funqcionirebaze dakvirvebis Sedegad
miRebul monacemebze (hipoTalamusis adgilmdebareoba naCvenebia suraTze 3.10).
3.10
gamokvlevebma aCvenes, rom, Tu ventromedialuri hipoTalamusi dazianebulia (an
lateraluri hipoTalamusi stimulirebulia), cxoveli met sakvebs moixmarda,
 442
magram, Tu Tanmimdevroba ise Sebrundeboda, rom lateraluri hipoTalamusi
dazianebuliyo (an ventromedialuri hipoTalamusi yofiliyo stimulirebuli),
cxoveli nakleb sakvebs moixmarda. am dakvirvebam ganapiroba orcentriani
modelis aRmoceneba, sadac lateraluri hipoTalamusi iTvleboda ,,SimSilis“
centrad, xolo ventromedialuri hipoTalamusi _ ,,simaZRris centrad“.
droTa ganmavlobaSi dagrovili monacemebiT ver dadasturda am Teoriis
siswore (Martin et al., 1991; Rolls, 1994). magaliTad, dazianebuli vmh-is mqone virTxebi
zedmetad STanTqamen mxolod im sakvebs, romelic gemrielad eCvenebaT. isini
intensiurad arideben Tavs ugemur sakvebs. amrigad, vmh ver iqneba ubralo centri,
romelic gadascems signalebs: _ ,,kidev Wame“, an ,,aRar Wamo“. signali
damokidebulia sakvebis tipze. faqtobrivad, vmh-is rRvevam SeiZleba, nawilobriv,
gavlena moaxdinos sakvebze Cveulebrivi refleqsuri reaqciis moWarbebaze (Powley,
1977). Tu virTxebis Cveulebrivi refleqsuri reaqcia gemriel sakvebze am sakvebis
SeWmaa, moWarbebuli refleqsuri reaqcia uzomod Wama iqneba. Tu virTxa
refleqsurad Tavs aridebs ugemuri sakvebis miRebas daxrCobiT, an RebinebiT,
moWarbebulma refleqsurma reaqciam mas SeiZleba saerTod sakvebis miRebaze
aTqmevinos uari.
yuradReba SevaCeroT imaze, Tu rogor asruleben vmh da lh tvinidan miRebul
davalebas. nawili yvelaze mniSvnelovani informaciisa, romelsac vmh da lh
iyeneben sakvebis miRebis regulaciaSi, maTTan sisxlis nakadTan erTad midis.
(Woods et al., 1998) Saqari (romelic sisxlSi glukozis formiT aris warmodgenili)
da cximebi warmoadgenen energiis wyaros metaboluri procesebisaTvis. sakvebis
miRebis procesis dawyebis ori ZiriTadi signali modis receptorebidan,
romlebic Tval-yurs adevneben Saqrisa da cximebis Semcvelobas sisxlSi. rodesac
metaboluri procesebisaTvis saWiro glukozis maragi mcirea, an saerTod ar aris,
RviZlis ujredebis receptorebidan signali gadaecema lh-s, sadac glukozis
maZiebeli neironebi cvlian aqtivobas am informaciis sapasuxod. sxva
hipoTalamurma neironebma SeiZleba aRmoaCinon Tavisufali cximovani mJavebis, an
insulinis donis cvlileba sisxlSi.EerTad es neironebi ganapirobeben madis
aRmZvreli sistemebis gaaqtivebas hipoTalamusis lateralur zonaSi da iwyeben
SimSilis dakmayofilebze mimarTul qcevas. signali, rom sisxlSi mravlad aris
 443
glukoza da cximovani mJavebi, vmh-isTvis sakvebis miRebis qcevis Sewyvetis
maniSnebelia.
amrigad, vnaxeT, rom sxeulSi gvaqvs sistemebi, romlebic pasuxismgebelni arian
imaze, rom Cven daviwyoT da davasruloT sakvebis miReba, Tumca, mdidari piradi
gamocdilebidan TiTqmis darwmunebiT gecodinebaT, rom Tqveni sakvebis
moTxovnileba ar aris damokidebuli mxolod Tqveni sxeulidan wamosul
signalebze. vnaxoT, ra fsiqologiur faqtorebi gvibiZgeben, rom mivirTvaT bevri,
an cota.

kvebis fsiqologia

Tqven iciT, rom Tqveni sxeuli aRWurvilia mravali meqanizmiT, romlebic

aregulireben miRebuli sakvebis raodenobas, magram miirTmevT Tu ara Tqven
mxolod maSin, roca gSiaT? Tqveni pasuxi, albaT, iqneba: _ ,,ra Tqma unda, ara!“ Tu
gadaxedavT ukanasknel or dRes, SesaZloa, gaixsenoT ramdenime SemTxveva, roca
Tqvens mier sakvebis miRebas cota ram hqonda saerTo SimSilTan. magaliTad,
SeerTebul StatebSi miRebulia dReSi samjer Wama, rac sakvebis miRebis
socialuri normebiT dadgenil dros ufro Tanxvdeba, vidre sxeulidan wamosul
signalebs. metic, xSirad adamianebi misaReb sakvebs socialuri Tu kulturuli
normebis gaTvaliswinebiT irCeven. daTanxmdebiT Tu ara, rom sadilad kiborCxala
miirTvaT ufasod? Tqveni pasuxi, albaT, damokidebuli iqneba, magaliTad, imaze,
xarT morwmune ebraeli (am SemTxvevaSi uars ityodiT) Tu vegetarianeli (am
SemTxvevaSi Tqveni pasuxi isev damokidebuli iqneboda imaze, xarT Tu ara iseTi
vegetarianeli, romelic miirTmevs zRvis produqtebs). es magaliTi gviCvenebs, Tu
ratom ar aris sakvebis miReba mxolod fiziologiur signalebze reagireba.
socialuri da kulturuli SezRudvebis farglebs Tu gavcdebiT, kidev ratom
SeiZleba, rom sakvebis miReba ar ukavSirdebodes SimSilis SegrZnebas? Tu
adamianebTa umravlesobas gavxarT, albaT, ar iqnebodiT gulgrili imis mimarT,
Tu rogor moqmedebs Tqven mier miRebuli sakvebi Tqveni sxeulis formasa da
zomaze. kvebis fsiqologiaze saubrisas Cven did yuradRebas davuTmobT im
viTarebebis ganxilvas, romelSic adamianebi cdiloben miRebuli sakvebis
raodenobisa da ragvarobis kontrols, raTa Seicvalon sxeulis formebi imis
Sesabamisad, rasac isini pirovnul Tu socialur idealad Tvlian.
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wuxxarT sakuTari wonis gamo? apirebT dietis dacvas? Tu Tqven qalbatoni
brZandebiT, albaT, Tqveni pasuxi iqneba „diax“, Tumca, dResdReobiT amerikel
mamakacTa umravlesobac SfoTavs sakuTari wonis gamo: qalebis 52% da mamakacebis
37% uCivis zedmet wonas (Brownell & Robin, 1994). sinamdvileSi ki qalebis
daaxloebiT 24% da mamakacebis 31% iTvleba zedmeti wonis matarebelad, ase rom,
isev Seusabamobaa (kerZod, kvlav qalebis SemTxvevaSi) adamianebis realur wonasa
da am realobis maTeul aRqmas Soris. Semdeg qveTavSi ganvixilavT simsuqnisa da
dietis mizezebsa da Sedegebs. Semdeg aRvwerT, Tu rogor aris SesaZlebeli
sxeulis wonasa da xatze moWarbebuli zrunvis Sedegad, ukiduresi reaqciis
saxiT, kvebis darRvevebis ganviTareba.

fsiqologia 21-e saukuneSi: _ genebi da simsuqne

21-e saukune mecnierTa STambeWdavi gancxadebiT daiwyo: _ mkvlevrebma,
romlebic muSaobdnen proeqtSi „adamianis genomi“, ganacxades, rom isini Zalian
axlos iyvnen adamianis genomis qimiuri safuZvlis sawyisi suraTis dadgenasTan.
am proeqtis saboloo mizani iyo im genebis sruli aRwera, romliTac aigeba
genomi. am proeqtma mecnierebs Semata rwmena imisa, rom isini SeZlebdnen
adamianis sicocxlisa da keTildReobisTvis saziano mTeli rigi daavadebebis
genetikuri safuZvlis dadgenas.
erT-erTi darRveva, romelsac genetikuri safuZveli aqvs, aris simsuqne.
mkvlevrebma mogvawodes uamravi sabuTi imis dasadastureblad, rom adamianebi
ibadebian Tandayolili midrekilebebiT meti Tu naklebi wonisken. magaliTad,
identuri tyupebis Seswavlam gamoavlina didi msgavseba maT wonebs Soris
(Allison et al., 1994; Stunkard et al., 1990). am msgavsebis nawili SeiZleba aixsnas im
aRmoCeniT, rom ZiriTadi funqciebis uzrunvelsayofad individis sxeulis mier
kaloriebis dawvis intensioba anu metaboluri procesebis intensioba mosvenebis
mdgomareobaSi, aseve, bevrad aris damokidebuli memkvidreobaze (Bouchard et al.,
1989). amrigad, zogierT adamians Cveulebrivi yoveldRiuri saqmianobis drosac
ki didi raodenobiT kaloriebis dawvis Tandayolili predispozicia
axasiaTebs, zogierTs ki _ ara. swored es ukanasknelni xvdebian wonis momatebis
risk-jgufSi.
ukanasknel xanebSi mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines zogierTi realuri genetikuri
meqanizmi, romlebic individis simsuqnisadmi midrekilebas ganapirobeben
 445

(Comuzzie & Allison, 1998; Gura, 2000). magaliTad, gamoyofil iqna geni, romelic
akontrolebs Tavis tvinSi signalis gadacemas, rom sakvebis miRebis procesSi
sakmarisi raodenobiT cximebi iqna Senaxuli organizmSi _ individma unda
Sewyvitos Wama (Zhang et al., 1994). es geni, romelsac leptini uwodes, Tu ar
gaaqtiurdeba, individi gaagrZlebs Wamas, amis potenciuri Sedegi ki simsuqne
iqneba. faqtobrivad, mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines, rom msuqan adamianTa Zalian mcire
raodenobas aReniSneba am genis mutacia, riTac, rogorc Cans, SeiZleba aixsnas
kidec maTi zedmeti wona (Jackson et al., 1997; Montague et al., 1997). vinaidan aseTi
mutacia Zalian iSviaTia, is ver axsnis Warbi wonis uamrav sxvadasxvagvar
SemTxvevas. miuxedavad amisa, mtkicebulebam, rom leptini garkveul rols
asrulebs wonis regulaciaSi, mkvlevebs biZgi misca wonasTan dakavSirebuli
sxva genebis moZiebisa da SeswavlisaTvis.
mocemuli genetikuri kvleva imeds iZleva, rom moiZebneba simsuqnis
problemis axleburi gadawyveta. magaliTad, mkvlevrebi imedovneben, rom genebsa
da wonis regulacias Soris kavSiris aRmoCena maT axali medikamenturi
mkurnalobis Seqmnis saSualebas miscems (Campield et al., 1998). zogierTi adre
ganxorcielebuli mcdeloba uSedego aRmoCnda: _ kvlevis dros leptiniT
manipulirebam ver moaxdina mniSvnelovani gavlena wonaSi daklebaze, Tumca,
genetikuri kvlevebisa da aRmoCenebis uwyveti winsvlis procesSi mecnierebi
agrZeleben axali hipoTezebis Seqmnas imis Taobaze, Tu rogor SeiZleba wonis
regulaciis fiziologiur meqanizmebSi Careva (Gura, 2000). yvelaze optimisturad
ganwyobili mkvlevrebic ki gvafrTxileben: _ ,,axali medikamenturi preparatebi
yvelaze Sedegiani maSin iqneba, rodesac maT damxmare saSualebad gamoviyenebT
(da ara Camnacvleblad) mZimewoniani adamianebis cxovrebis stilis
Sesacvlelad, raTa gaumjobesdes maTi organizmis metaboluri procesebi,
janmrTeloba da cxovrebis xarisxi“ (Campfield et al., 1998, p. 1987). sxva sityvebiT
Tu vityviT, imisgan damoukideblad, Tu ramdenad SevZlebT bunebis Secnobas,
yovelTvis unda gvaxsovdes, rom aRzrda jer kidev asrulebs gadamwyvet rols
Cveni cxovrebis mimarTulebis gansazRvraSi.
veb gverdebi:
• www.Ornl.gov/hgmis/ aSS-is mTavrobis vrceli veb gverdi, sadac mocemulia
proeqtis _ „adamianis genomi“ _ Sedegebi.
 446

• www.loop.com/~bkrentzman/index.html am gverdze mocemulia samecniero moxsenebebi

simsuqnisa da wonis kontrolis Sesaxeb.

simsuqne da dieta

ratom suqdeba zogierTi adamiani? kiTxulobT ra „fsiqologia da cxovreba“-s,

albaT, TqvenTvis ar unda iyos axali, rom pasuxi nawilobriv bunebaSi da
nawilobriv aRzrdaSi veZioT. qveTavSi ,,fsiqologia 21-e saukuneSi“ aRwerilia
SemTxveva, rodesac didi gavlena moaxdina „bunebam“: zogierTi adamiani
genetikurad aris midrekili simsuqnisaken, Tumca, biologiuri midrekilebac ki
SeiZleba ar iyos sakmarisi, rom konkretul adamians gasuqeba ,,aiZulo“.
biologiis garda mniSvneloba aqvs imas, Tu ras da rogor fiqrobs adamiani
sakvebsa da sakvebis miRebasTan dakavSirebul qcevaze. simsuqnis fsiqologiuri
aspeqtebis adreuli kvlevebi mimarTuli iyo imis garkvevaze, Tu ramdenad aqcevs
msuqani adamiani yuradRebas sxeulis Sinagan SimSils da ara _ garemoSi mocemul
sakvebs (Schachter, 1971a). arsebobda mosazreba, rom rodesac sakvebi xelmisawvdomi
da xilulia, msuqani adamiani ugulebelyofs sakuTari sxeulidan momdinare
signalebs, Tumca, es Teoria aradamakmayofilebeli aRmoCnda, ramdenadac Tavad
simsuqneSi yovelTvis ar moiazreba kvebiTi qcevis paternebi (Robin, 1981). sxva
sityvebiT, yvela Warbwoniani adamiani fsiqologiurad erTnairad ar aRiqvams, Tu
riTi da rogor ikvebeba. vnaxoT, ratom.
Janet polivim da piter hermanma (Janet Polivy & Peter Herman) ivaraudes, rom
gadamwyveti ganzomileba, romelic safuZvlad udevs kvebis fsiqologias, aris
SezRuduloba-SeuzRudaoba (Polivy & Herman, 1975). SezRuduli mWamelebi yovelTvis
sazRvraven sakvebis raodenobas, romlis miRebis uflebac SeiZleba miscen Tavs:
isini qronikulad dietaze arian da gamudmebiT wuxan sakvebis gamo. miuxedavad
imisa, rom msuqani adamianebi SeiZleba ufro xSirad aRniSnavdnen aseTi azrebisa
da qcevebis arsebobas, individi SeiZleba iyos SezRuduli mWameli misi sxeulis
zomisgan damoukideblad. rogor imateben adamianebi wonaSi, Tu gamudmebiT
dietaze arian? mkvlevrebi varaudoben, rom, rodesac SezRudul mWamelebs
aRaraferi akavebT _ rodesac cxovrebiseuli pirobebi aiZuleben SezRudvebis
moxsnas, isini TavSeukavebelni xdebian da uars ar amboben maRalkaloriuli
sakvebiT savse sufrebze. TavSeukavebloba yvelaze xSiria maSin, rodesac
SezRuduli mWamelebi stresul mdgomareobaSi imyofebian, romelic maT
 447
SesaZleblobebsa da TviTSefasebas ukavSirdeba (Greeno & Wing, 1994; Tanofsky-kraff et
al., 2000).

saidan viciT

SfoTvis gavlena SezRudul da SeuzRudav mWamelebze

sakvebTan da dietasTan dakavSirebuli qcevisa da azrebis sakuTari Sefasebis
mixedviT kolejis 96 studenti gogona or jgufad gayves: SezRudul (42 cdis
piri) da SeuzRudav (54 cdis piri) mWamelebad. studentTa naxevars eubnebodnen,
rom maT orwuTiani improvizebuli sityviT gamosvla mouwevdaT, riTic
Sefasdeboda, Tu ramdenad kargad metyvelebdnen. davalebis Sesrulebis
molodini maTSi Zlier SfoTvas aRZravda. monawileTa cdis pirTa meore nawilma
icoda, rom monawileobdnen eqsperimentSi, romlis mizani iyo qsovilis aRqmis
Semowmeba SexebiT, rac dabali SfoTvis winapirobas qmnida. amitom cdis pirTa
es nawili sakontrolo jgufs warmoadgenda. Semdeg orive jgufs sTxovdnen,
rom eqsperimentis dawyebamde SeesrulebinaT davaleba gemos aRqmis
Sesamowmeblad. am cdis sastimulo masala iyo maRaziaSi nayidi gemrieli
namcxvrebi da „eqsperimentatoris bebiis gamomcxvari, misi mtkicebis miuxedavad“
ugemuri namcxvrebi (Polivy et al., 1994, p. 507). cdis pirTa gafrTxilebis gareSe,
eqsperimentatorebi aRnusxavdnen, Tu romeli da ramdeni namcxvari SeWama
TiToeulma maTganma.
gamokvlevis Sedegebi mocemulia cxrilSi 12.2. rodesac SeuzRudavi mWamelebi
SfoTavdnen, isini orive tipis (gemrielsac da ugemursac) namcxvrebs ufro
cotas Wamdnen. rogorc Cans, SfoTva, garkveulwilad, Trgunavda maT SimSils,
Tumca, mSfoTvare SezRuduli mWamelebi orive tipis funTuSebs ufro meti
raodenobiT Wamdnen. amgvarad, am qalbatonebSi SfoTva iwvevda zogad
TavSeukaveblobas im namcxvrebis mimarTac ki, romlebic arc ise gamrielad iyo
miCneuli (polivy et al., 1994).

cxrili 12.2 SeWmuli namcxvrebis saSualo raodenoba

 448

SeuzRuda SezRudu gansxvaveb am eqsperimentSi

vi li a mcireodeni gamowveva

mWamelebi mWamelebi TviTSefasebisTvis _ mokle

sityviT gamosvlis
gemrieli
albaToba, romelic unda
namcxvrebi 6.2 5.1 -1.1
Sefasebuliyo, SezRudul
sakontrolo 5.1 7.6 +2.5
mWamel qalebSi ufro meti
jgufi
sakvebis miRebas iwvevda,
mSfoTvare
vidre SeuzRudav
jgufi
mWamelebSi. am kvlevam
ugemuri
aCvena, rom, zogadad,
namcxvrebi 3.0 2.6 -0.4
SezRuduli mWamelebi
sakontrolo 2.7 3.7 +1.0
mxolod maSin iReben Warb
jgufi
sakvebs, rodesac grZnoben,
mSfoTvare
rom maT fsiqologiur
jgufi
keTildReobas safrTxe
emuqreba; msgavsad ar moqmedebs fizikuri keTildReobis darRvevis saSiSroeba
(Heatherton et al., 1991). Warbi sakvebis miRebis qceva saSualebas aZlevs SezRudul
mWamels, rom gadaerTos im Seuracxyofidan, romelic mis TviTSefasebas miayenes.
rodesac SezRudul mWamelebs eubnebodnen, rom maT ver SeZles problemis
gadaWris amocanis Sesruleba, isini aRar Wamdnen zedmets, Tu maT sakuTar qcevaze
dakvirvebas aiZulebdnen _ ayurebinebdnen maTi warumatebeli mcdelobis
videoCanawers (Heatherton et al., 1993). rodesac am cdis pirebs ar aiZulebdnen sakuTar
warumateblobis yurebas, isini Wamdnen orjer met nayins, vidre videofiris
yurebis dros. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom SezRuduli kvebis gamokvlevaTa
umravlesobaSi qalebi monawileoben. mcire ram aris cnobili mamakacTa kvebiTi
paternebis Sesaxeb (Greeno & Wing, 1994).
SezRuduli kvebis Teoria gvawvdis mosazrebebs imis Taobaze, Tu ratom
uZneldebaT adamianebs wonis dakleba mas Semdeg, rac ukve gaxdnen Warbi wonis
matarebelni. bevri Warbwoniani adamiani aRniSnavs, rom mudmivad dietaze imyofeba
_ isini xSirad SezRuduli mWamelebi arian. Tu maT cxovrebaSi stresuli movlena
moxdeba, rac TavSeukaveblobis winapirobas Seqmnis, uzomod kveba iolad
gamoiwvevs wonis momatebas. amrigad, paradoqsia, magram mudmivad dietaze yofnas
 449
SeuZlia wonis momatebis gamowveva da ara _ wonis dakleba. momdevno qveTavSi
vnaxavT, Tu rogor xdeba, rom igive fsiqologiur Zalebs adamianebi
janmrTelobisTvis da sicocxlisTvis saSiS kvebiT aSlilobebamde mihyavs.

kvebiTi aSlilobebi da sxeulis xati

am qveTavs daviwyebT kvebis fsiqologuri aspeqtebis ganxilviT. unda aRiniSnos,

rom im adamianTa jgufi, romelic sakuTar Tavs Warbi wonis matareblad Tvlis,
ufro didia, vidre im adamianTa jgufi, romelic marTlac Warbi wonisaa. rodesac
gansvla adamianis sakuTari sxeulis aRqmasa da mis realur zomas Soris sakmaod
izrdeba, is SeiZleba miekuTvnebodes kvebiTi aSlilobebis risk-jgufs. anoreqsiis
diagnostireba xdeba maSin, rodesac individi iwonis misi mosalodneli wonis 85%-
ze naklebs, magram mainc Zalian eSinia gasuqebis (DSM-IV, 1994). is adamianebi,
romelTac bulimiis diagnozi aqvT, xasiaTdebian „Rormucelobis“ SetevebiT _
sakvebis intensiuri da arakontrolirebadi STanTqmis periodebiT, romelsac Tan
sdevs Warbi kaloriebisgan sxeulis gawmenda _ TviTgamowveuli Rebineba,
safaRaraTo saSualebebis moxmareba, SimSiloba da a. S. (DSM-IV, 1994). anoreqsiis
mqone adamianebs SeiZleba bulimiis Setevebic axasiaTebdeT. maT SeiZleba uzomod
STanTqan sakvebi da Semdeg gaiwmindon kuWi miRebuli kaloriebis Sewovis
Sesamcireblad. ramdenadac organizmi sistematurad SimSilobs da uZlurdeba, am
orive sindroms SeiZleba seriozuli samedicino Sedegebi mohyves. droTa
ganmavlobaSi am diagnozebis mqone adamianebi SeiZleba sikvdilamdec ki mividnen.
me-11 TavSi aRvniSneT, rom mozardi gogonebi gansakuTrebiT eqvemdebarebian
kvebiTi aSlilobebis ganviTarebis risks (Striet-Moore & Cachelin, 1999). anoreqsia
aReniSneba mozardobis dasasrulisa da axalgazrda qalebis daaxloebiT 0.5-1.0%-s
(DSM-IV, 1994). amave asakobrivi jgufis qalebis 1-3% buliimiT itanjeba (DSM-IV,
1994; Rand & Kuldau, 1992). qalebSi orive daavadeba 10-jer ufro xSiria, vidre
mamakacebSi.
ratom iklaven Tavs adamianebi SimSiliT da ratom aris maT Soris amdeni qali?
arsebobs garkveuli mtkicebulebebi imisa, rom kvebiTi aSlilobebisadmi
midrekileba SeiZleba genetikurad gadaicemodes (Strober, 1992). Tumca, gamokvlevaTa
didi nawili fokusirebulia idealuri wonis Sesaxeb qalebis warmodgenaze,
romelsac sazogadoeba da media qmnis. (Wertheim et al., 1997). ase magaliTad, bevri
Jurnali, romelic specialurad qalebisTvis gamodis, udides mniSvnelobas
 450
aniWebs wonis daklebas, rasac ver vityviT Jurnalebze, romlebsac mamakacebi
kiTxuloben (Andersen & DiDomenico, 19192). amrigad, qalebis warmodgenam, rom isini
Warbi wonis matarebelni arian, SeiZleba ufro meti mxardaWera miiRos
sazogadoebidan da kulturidan, vidre mamakacebma. mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom
kvebiTi aSlilobebi, nawilobriv, kulturul stereotipebs sdevs Tan, dadasturda
mTeli rigi kvlevebiT, sadac naCvenebi iyo mniSvnelovani kulturuli
gansxvavebebi.

• anoreqsia (Anorexia nevrosa) _ kvebiTi aSliloba, romlis drosac inidividi

iwonis misi mosalodneli wonis 85%-ze naklebs, magram ganagrZobs sakvebis
miRebis kontrols, radgan Tavs Warbi wonis mqoned aRiqvams.
• bulimia (Bulimia nevrosa) _ kvebiTi aSliloba, romelic xasiaTdeba uzomo
raodenobis sakvebis miRebiT, rasac Tan sdevs miRebuli kaloriebisagan
organizmis gawmendis RonisZiebebi.

saidan viciT

rogor aRiqvamen sxeulis zomas sxvadasxva kulturebSi

vermontis universitetis 219 studenti da hanis universitetis 349 studenti
gamokiTxes kvebasTan da dietis dacvasTan dakavSirebuli Cvevebisa da qcevebis
Sesaxeb. am kvlevam aCvena, rom, miuxedavad imisa, rom orive qveynis kolejis
asakis mamakacTa TiTqmis Tanabari raodenoba yofila odesRac dietaze (aSS _
5.3%; hana _ 6.1%), amerikaSi mcxovrebi qalebis gacilebiT didi nawili (43.5%)
icavs dietas, vidre _ hanaSi mcxovrebi qalebis (13.3%). garda amisa, studentebs
sTxovdnen, rom wardgenili figurebidan (ix. suraTi 12.1)
12.1 amoerCiaT is figura,
romelsac isini idealurad miiCnevdnen mamakacisa da qalisaTvis. studentebis
saSualo maCveneblebi warmodgenilia suraTze 12.2,
12.2 sadac SegiZliaT naxoT, rom
mamakacis sxeulebis maCveneblebi SedarebiT ucvlelia imis miuxedavad, Tu vin
afasebda (kaci Tu qali) da romeli qveynis warmomadgeneli iyo is. SeadareT
erTmaneTs 12.1. suraTze mocemuli saSualo maCveneblebi: „idealuri“ mamakaci
imyofeba MM5 da M6-s Soris, magram uaxlovdeba M5-s, xolo idealuri qalis
sxeuli, rogorc wesi, icleba erTi sruli quliT imis mixedviT, Tu romeli
qveynis warmomadgenlebi afaseben. amerikeli studentebisTvis idealuria F5-ze
odnav ufro gamxdari, hanelebi ki irCeven F6-Tan axlos myof figuras (Cogen et al.,
 451
1996).

sur. 12.1. msjeloba sxeulis zomis Sesaxeb.

Tqveni azriT, romeli suraTi warmoadgens yvelaze zustad qalis ideals aSS-Si?
mamakacebis ideals?
rogor SeiZleba am gansxvavebebis axsna? mkvlevarTa azriT, hanaSi, iseve
rogorc sxva afrikul qveynebSi, yvela ver miscems Tavs uflebas, rom zedmeti
wonis matarebeli iyos. ,,simsuqne iq simdidresTan da Zalze uzrunvelyofasTan
asocirdeba“ (Cogan et al., 1996, p. 98). rogorc 12.2. suraTze xedavT, dadebiTi kavSiri
sxeulis zomasa da xelsayrel pirobebs Soris marTebulia konkretulad
qalebisTvis da konkretulad haneli mamakacebis azriT.
amerikis SeerTebul Statebis farglebSic iolia sxeulis zomaze msjelobis
mixedviT gansxvavebuli jgufebis povna. magaliTad, mozardi gogonebis didi
jgufis gamokvlevam cxadyo, rom afroamerikeli gogonebi gacilebiT komforulad
grZnoben Tavs sakuTari sxeulis zomebis gamo, vidre TeTrkaniani amerikeli
gogonebi (Parker et al., 1995; Rand & Kuldau, 1990; Rucer & Cash, 1992). aseve, rodesac
kolejis Savi da TeTrkaniani studenti gogonebi afasebdnen gamxdari, saSualo da
msuqani modelebis fotosuraTebs, mxolod TeTri gogonebi aZlevdnen didi zomis
modelebs dabal Sefasebas (gamxdar da saSualo zomis modelebTan SedarebiT)
iseTi parametrebis mixedviT, rogoricaa: _ momxibvleloba, inteleqti da
popularoba (Hebl & Heatherton, 1998). aqedan gamomdinare, Tqven, albaT, ar
gagikvirdebaT, roca SeityobT, rom TeTrkaniani qalbatonebi ufro metad arian
midrekilni kvebiTi aSlilobebisken, vidre afroamerikelebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom
ar arsebobs zusti monacemebi, romelic asaxavda ori populaciis gamocdilebas
am aSlilobebTan mimarTebaSi, didi raodenobiT kvlevebis mimoxilva mowmobs, rom
afroamerikeli qalebi naklebad eqvemdebarebian am aSlilobebs (Crago et al., 1996).
kidev ufro cotaa iseTi kvlevebi, sadac Seswavlili iqneboda sxva rasobrivi da
eTnikuri jgufebi, magram arsebuli monacemebi cxadyofs, rom kvebiTi aSlilobebi
kidev ufro naklebad gvxvdeba aziuri warmoSobis amerikelebTan (TeTrkanianebTan
SedarebiT), magram Tanabrad _ espanuri warmoSobis amerikelebTan da
TeTrkanianebTan. Yyoveli moZiebuli SedegisTvis mkvlevrebi cdiloben
kulturuli faseulobebis dakavSirebas sxeulis zomasa da dietis
 452
dacvasTan.

mamakac i s i d eal ur i sxeu l i qal i s i d eal ur i sxeul i

7
7

6
6

5
5

4 4

3 3

aSS hana aSS hana

mamakacebis arCevani qalebis arCevani mamakacebis arCevani qalebis arCevani

sur. 12.2. sxeulis zomis

zomis aRqma sxvadasxva kulturaSi

saboloo SeniSvna: _ Tqven amJamad ukve xarT konkretuli kulturis

warmomadgeneli, romelic xels uwyobs kvebiTi aSlilobebis ganviTarebas.
umaRlesi skolis da kolejis student gogonebs ufro metad aqvT midrekileba
bulimiisa da anoreqsiisadmi, vidre maT, vinc ar arian studentebi. kolejSi
swavlisas gogonebs SeuZliaT or survils Soris _ gamoiyurebodnen momxiblavad
da SeWamon da dalion megobrebTan erTad _ warmoqmnili daZabulobis daZleva
imiT, rom jer imxiarulon wveulebaze megobrebTan erTad da Semdeg „ganiwmindon“
_ ganTavisufldnen miRebuli kaloriebisagan (Rand & Kuldau, 1992). Tqven unda
icodeT, rom kolejis cxovreba moicavs aseT safrTxes.

Sejameba

SimSils gansazRvravs rogorc periferiuli reaqciebi, rogoricaa sensorul-

specifikuri simaZRre, ise centraluri reaqciebi, rogoricaa hipoTalamusis aris
aqtivacia. Warbi wonisadmi midrekilebaze gavlenas axdens memkvidreoba.
fsiqologiuri faqtorebi, aseve, mniSvnelovan rols asruleben imis gansazRvraSi,
Tu ramdens da rodis SeWams adamiani. mkvlevrebi aRweren kvebiT qcevas, rogorc
SezRuduls da SeuzRudavs. SezRudul mWamels aqvs tendencia miiRos uzomo
raodenobis sakvebi, rodesac safrTxe emuqreba mis fsiqologiur keTildReobas.
kvebiTi aSlilobebi yvelaze metad mozard gogonebTan gvxdeba. rogorc wesi,
Sefasebaze, romelic iwvevs mozardTan kvebiTi aSlilobis ganviTarebas, gavlenas
axdens misi subkulturuli damokidebuleba sxeulis zomisadmi. magaliTad,
 453
afroamerikeli qalbatonebi naklebad wuxdebian sakuTari sxeulis zomis gamo da
naklebadac eqvemdebarebian kvebiT aSlilobebs.

seqsualuri qceva

Tqveni sxeulis fiziologia gaiZulebT, rom yoveldRe ifiqrobT kvebaze. magram

ra SeiZleba iTqvas seqsis Sesaxeb? iolia seqsis biologiuri funqciis gansazRvra
_ gamravleba (reproduqcia), magram ramdenad aixsneba amiT is sixSire, ra
sixSiriTac fiqrobT seqsualur qcevaze? rodesac hkiTxes, Tu ra sixSiriT
fiqrobdnen seqsze, mamakacebis 54%-ma da qalebis 19%-ma aRniSna, rom, sul mcire,
dReSi erTxel mainc mosdiodaT TavSi seqsualuri xasiaTis azrebi (Michel et al.,
1994). rogor SegviZlia avxsnaT sixSire, romliTac adamianebi fiqroben seqsze?
rogor ukavSirdeba azrebi seqsis Sesaxeb seqsualur qcevas?
motivaciis sakiTxi kvlav iqceva sakiTxad imis Sesaxeb, Tu ratom iwyeben
adamianebi garkveuli qcevebis ganxorcielebas. rogorc ukve viciT, seqsualuri
qceva biologiurad mxolod gamravlebisTvis aris aucilebeli, Tumca, Tu kveba
arsebiTia individis gadarCenisTvis, amas ver vityviT seqsze. zogierTi cxoveli
da adamiani mTeli cxovrebis manZilze martoxela rCeba da es araviTar
TvalsaCino zians ar ayenebs mis yoveldRiur funqcionirebas; Tumca, reproduqcia
arsebiTia mTliani saxeobis gadarCenisaTvis. STamomavlobis gaCenisTvis rom
namdvilad gaweuliyo Zalisxmeva, bunebam seqsualuri stimulacia gansakuTrebiT
sasiamovno gaxada. orgazmi warmoadgens uZlieres ganmamtkicebels im energiis
sazRaurad, romelic ixarjeba Sewyvilebis dros.
siamovnebis miRebis es SesaZlebloba seqsualur qcevas iseT motivaciur Zalas
aZlevs, romelic gacilebiT aRemateba Tavad reproduqciis moTxovnilebas.
individi ganaxorcielebs mravalferovan qcevebs, raTa miaRwios seqsualur
dakmayofilebas. miuxedavavd amisa, seqsualur motivacias garegani wyaroc aqvs.
kultura adgens misaRebi seqsualuri qcevis normebsa da standartebs. Tu
adamianTa umravlesoba cdilobs am normebis Sesabamisi qcevebis ganxorcielebas,
zogierTi adamiani seqsualur dakmayofilebas, upiratesad, am normebis darRveviT
aRwevs.
am qveTavSi Cven jer vnaxavT, Tu ra aris cnobili seqsualuri ltolvebisa da
dawyvilebis qcevis Sesaxeb cxovelebSi, Semdeg ki adamianis seqsualobis Sesaxeb
calkeul sakiTxebze SevaCerebT yuradRebas.
 454
cxovelebis seqsualuri qceva

cxovelebis seqsualuri qcevis pirveladi motivacia reproduqciaa. im

saxeobebisTvis, romlebic seqss reproduqciisTvis iyeneben, evoluciam Seqmna ori
saxis sqesi: mamrobiTi da mdedrobiTi. mdedrebi gamoimuSaveben didi zomis
kvercxujredebs (romlebic momaragebulia sakmarisi energiiT, raTa embrionma
zrda daiwyos), xolo mamrebi gamoimuSaveben spermatozoidebs, romlebsac
SeuZliaT moZraoba (kvercxujredSi gadaadgilebisTvis). orive sqesis individma
ise unda moaxdinos moqmedebebis sinqronizacia, rom saTanado pirobebSi
spermatozoidi da kvercxujredi Sexvdnen erTmaneTs da moxdes Casaxva.
seqsualuri aRgzneba upiratesad fiziologiuri procesebiT aris
ganpirobebuli. cxovelebi, ZiriTadad, im hormonebis nakadis sapasuxod emzadebian
dasawyvileblad, romlebsac hipofizis jirkvali akontrolebs da romlebsac
gamoimuSaves sasqeso jirkvlebi _ gonadebi. mamrebSi am hormons androgens
uwodeben da is uwyvetad gamomuSavdeba sakmarisi raodenobiT; Sesabamisad, mamrebi
hormonalurad TiTqmis nebismier dros mzad arian SewyvilebisTvis. mravali
saxeobis mdedrSi sqesobrivi hormoni estrogeni, rogorc wesi, gamomuSavdeba
dReebis an Tveebis regularuli droiTi cikliT, an sezonuri cvlilebebis
mixedviT. amasTan, mdedrebi hormonalurad yovelTvis ar arian mzad
SewyvilebisTvis.
es hormonebi moqmedebs rogorc tvinis, ise _ genitalur qsovilebze da xSirad
safuZvlad udevs prognozirebadi stereotipuli seqsualuri qcevis paterns
saxeobis yvela wevrisaTvis. Tu, magaliTad, Tqven naxeT virTxebis erTi wyvilis
Sewyvilebis Tanmimdevroba, maSin Tqven ukve iciT, rogor iqcevian danarCenebi.
mdedri virTxa mkeTri moZraobiT midis mamris mimarTulebiT da iqcevs mis
yuradRebas; mamri Tvals miadevnebs mas roca is gaiqceva. Semdeg mdedri uecrad
Cerdeba da zemoT wevs sxeulis ukana nawils, mamri Sedis masSi, swrafad
axorcielebs friqciebs da gamodis. mdedri uecari moZraobiT isev gaurbis mas da
Tavidan iwyeba rbola, romelic eakulaciamde 10-20-jer wydeba calkeuli
intromisiebiT. amis Semdeg mamri cota xniT isvenebs da mTeli seqsualuri cikli
isev Tavidan iwyeba. primatebic aseve xanmokled wyvildebian (daaxloebiT 15 wami).
siasamurebis dawyvileba neli da xangrZliavia da grZeldeba daaxloebiT rva
saaTi. mtaceblebs, magaliTad loms, axasiaTebT xangrZlivi dawyvilebis
 455
ritualiT tkboba _ arc meti, arc naklebi, yovel naxevar saaTSi erTxel oTxi
Tanmimdevruli dRis manZilze, xolo maTi msxverplis, magaliTad, antilopebis
Sewyvileba mxolod ramdenime wams grZeldeba da Zalian xSirad es sirbilis
dros xdeba (Ford & Beach, 1951).
seqsualuri aRgzneba xSirad gare samyaroSi arsebuli stimulebiT iwyeba. bevri
saxeobisTvis potenciuri partnioris mier ritualuri qcevebis Wvreta da
Tanmxlebis xmebis gagoneba aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens seqsualuri
raeqciisTvis. metic, iseT sxvadasxvagvar saxeobebSi, rogoricaa: _ cxvari, xari da
virTxa, axali mdedri partnioris gamoCena gavlenas axdens mamris seqsualur
qcevaze. mamrma, romelmac ukve miaRwia seqsualur dakmayofilebas erT mdedr
partniorTan, SeiZleba ganaaxlos seqsualuri aqtivoba, roca mis win axali
mdedri gamoCndeba (Dewsbury, 1981). seqsualuri aRgznebisTvis Sexeba, gemo da ynosva
garegani stimulis rols asrulebs. rogorc me-4 TavSi iyo aRwerili, zogierTi
saxeoba gamoyofs qimiur signalebs _ feromonebs, romlebic izidavs
Tayvanismcemlebs, xandaxan didi manZilidanac ki (Farine et al., 1996; Minckley et al., 1991).
bevr saxeobaSi mdedri maSin gamoyofs feromonebs, rodesac is yvelaze metad aris
momzadebuli ganayofierebisTvis, hormonebis koncentracia da seqsualuri
interesi ki piks aRwevs. amave saxeobis mamrebisTvis es gamoyofili nivTierebebi
upirobo gamRizianebelia aRgznebisa da yuradRebis miqcevisTvis; maT
memkvidreobiT miiRes am stimulebiT aRgznebisken midrekileba. rodesac
datyvevebuli mamri mamaka rezusi iynosavs SewyvilebisTvis momzadebuli mdedris
suns mezobel galiaSi, is mTeli rigi saTanado fiziologiuri cvlilebebiT, maT
Soris saTesle jirkvlebis zomis momatebiT, reagirebs, romlebic sqesobrivi
aqtisTvis mzaobaze miuTiTeben (Hopson, 1979).
miuxedavad imisa, rom seqsualuri reaqcia cxovelebSi mniSvnelovanwilad
Tandayolili biologiuri ZalebiT aris ganpirobebuli, is kvlav tovebs adgils
,,kulturuli“ aspeqtebisaTvis, romlebic gavlenas axdenen Sewyvilebis arCevanze.
magaliTisTvis ganvixiloT erTgvari Tevzebis _ gupebis SemTxveva.

saidan viciT

buneba da aRzrda mdedri gupebis partnioris SerCevisas

umetes SemTxvevebSi mdedri gupebi mdinare pariadan (trinidadSi)
upiratesobas aniWeben mamrebs, romelTa SeferilobaSic forToxlisferi
 456
Warbobs, Tumca, rodesac ori mamri erTnairad forToxlisfrad aris Seferili,
mdedri gupebi am oridan ufro xSirad irCeven imas, romelic SeniSnes sxva
mdedrTan. magram ra xdeba maSin, roca buneba (,,metad narinjisferi Tevzis
arCeva“) da aRzrda (,,sxva mdedris mier arCeulis arCeva“) upirispirdeba
erTmaneTs? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad, mkvlevrebma gamozardes iseTi mamri
gupebi, romlebic erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebodnen mTliani narinjisferi
Seferilobis 0-40%-iT. ,,eqsperimentuli“ jgufis mdedri gupebi uyurebdnen sxva
mdedr gupebs, romlebic narinjisfrad naklebad Seferil mamri gupebis gverdiT
imyofebodnen; sakontrolo jgufis mdedrebi ver akvirdebodnen Sewyvilebis
qcevas. suraTi 12.3.
12.3. gviCvenebs bunebisa da aRzrdis Sedegs. Seferilobis
mixedviT naklebi gansxvavebis SemTxvevaSi mdedri gupebi irCeven im mewyviles,
romelic sxvis mier ukve iqna arCeuli. Tumca, roca gansxvaveba ukiduresi
xdeba(daaxloebiT 40%), mdedrebi cvlian arCevans ,,bunebis“ sasargeblod _
irCeven ufro metad narinjisfer gupebs (Dugatkin, 1996).

gagikvirdaT, roca gaigeT, rom es uwyinari Tevzebi, romlebic akvariumSi

cxovroben, yuradRebas aqceven imas, Tu sxva Tevzi vis CaTvlis sasurvelad an
arasasurvelad? am eqsperimentma mogvimzada safuZveli, raTa adamianis
seqsualobis Sesaxeb ganvagrZoT saubari. qvemoT vnaxavT, rom mkvlevrebi
darwmunebulni arian, rom adamianis seqsualur reaqcias (ganxiluli magaliTis
msgavsad) ayalibebs rogorc Cveni evoluciuri ganviTarebis istoria, ise _ Cvens
irgvliv myofi adamianebis prioritetebi.

sur. 12.3. mdedri gupebis partnioris

1
arCeva
0,8 mdedri gupebi, eqsperimentul jgufSi
0,6 xedaven sxva mdedrs naklebad
0,4 narinjisfer mamri gupis axlos. mdedri

0,2
gupebi ,,sakontrolo“ jgufSi ver
akvirdebian sxva mdedris arCevans.
0
dabali maRali monacemebi cxadyofs, rom arsebobs
eqsperimentuli jgufi sakontrolo jgufi kompromisi bunebasa da gawvrTnas Soris.
Seferilobis mixedviT naklebi
gansxvavebis SemTxvevaSi mdedri gupi
 457
irCevs im mamrs, romelic sxva mdedrma
ukve airCia. Tumca, roca SeferilobaSi
gansvla ukiduresi xdeba (40%), mdedrebi
cvlian arCevans bunebis sasargeblod _
irCeven narinjisfer mamrs.

adamianis seqsualuri agzneba da reaqciebi

hormonaluri aqtivoba, romelic esoden mniSvnelovania biologiuri saxeobebis

seqsualuri qcevis regulaciisas, Zalze mcirediT moqmedebs mravali mamakacisa
da qalis seqsualur mzaobasa da sqesobrivi ltolvis dakmayofilebaze (Bancrft,
1978). qalebSi hormonebi mniSvnelovan rols asruleben ovulaciisa da
menstruaciis ciklis kontrolSi, Tumca, normis farglebSi hormonTa
SemcvelobaSi individualuri gansxvavebebi ar gansazRvravs seqsualuri aqtivobis
sixSiresa da xarisxs. mamakacebisTvis hormoni testosteroni aucilebelia
seqsualuri aRgznebisa da sqesobrivi aqtis ganxorcielebisTvis. 18-dan, sul
mcire, 60 wlamde janmrTel mamakacTa umravlesobas sisxlSi imdeni testosteroni
aqvT, ramdenic sruliad sakmarisia normaluri seqsualuri ltolvebis aRsaZravad.
testosteronis raodenobis individualuri variacia normis farglebSi ar
ukavSirdeba imas, Tu rogor xorcieldeba seqsualuri qcevebi.
adamianebSi seqsualuri agzneba aris aRelvebisa da daZabulobis motivaciuri
mdgomareoba, romelsac iwvevs fiziologiuri da kognituri reaqcia erotikul
stimulze. erotikuli stimuli, romelic SeiZleba iyos fizikuri an
fsiqologiuri, iwvevs seqsualur mRelvarebas da vnebis gancdas. erotikuli
stimulebiT gamowveuli seqsualuri aRgzneba reducirdeba seqsualuri aqtivobiT,
romelsac pirovneba damakmayofilebel moqmedebaTa erTobliobad aRiqvams,
gansakuTrebiT orgazmis miRwevis SemTxvevaSi.
mkvlevrebi aTwleulebis manZilze swavloben cxovelebis sqesobriv
moqmedebebsa da seqsualur reaqciebs, magram mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi msgavsi
qcevebis Seswavla adamianebTan akrZaluli iyo. uiliam mastersma da virjinia
jonsonma (William Master & Virjinia Johnson, 1966, 1970, 1976) daarRvies es tradiciuli
tabu. maT daamkvidres da daakanones adamianis seqsualobis kvleva imiT, rom
laboratoriul pirobebSi uSualod akvirdebodnen da aRricxavdnen im
fiziologiur kanonzomierebebs, romlebic Tan sdevda adamianebis mier uwyvetad
 458
ganxorcielebul seqsualur moqmedebebs. amiT isini ikvlevdnen ara imas, Tu ras
amboben adamianebi seqsis Sesaxeb, aramed imas, Tu rogor reagireben da iqcevian
isini sinamdvileSi.
seqsualur stimulaciaze adamianebis reaqciebis uSualod Sesaswavlad
mastersma da jonsonma ganaxorcieles sakontrolo laboratoriuli dakvirveba
aTasobiT moxalise mamakacze da qalze masturbaciisa da sqesobrivi aqtis aTobiT
aTasi seqsualuri reaqciis ciklis dros. am kvlevebis Sedegad miiRes oTxi Zalze
mniSvnelovani daskvna: _ (1) mamakacebi da qalebi seqsualuri reaqciebis msgavsi
paternebiT xasiaTdebian; (2) miuxedavad imisa, rom seqsualuri reaqciis ciklis
fazebis Tanmimdevroba orive sqesSi msgavsia, qalebi ufro cvalebadni arian _
isini midrekilni arian ufro neli, magram xSirad _ ufro xangrZlivi reaqciisken;
(3) drois Tanabar periodebSi bevr qals SeuZlia mravaljeradi orgazmis gancda
maSin, roca mamakacebTan es iSviaTad xdeba; (4) penisis zoma aranairad ukavSirdeba
seqsualur moqmedebebTan asocirebul arc erT aspeqts (garda didi penisis
qonasTan Tavad mamakacis damokidebulebisa).
adamianis seqsualuri reaqciis ciklSi gamoyofen oTx fazas, esenia: _ agzneba,
plato, orgazmi da gadawyveta (ix. suraTi 12.4).
12.4

sur. 12.4. adamianis seqsualuri reaqciis fazebi

mamakacebsa da qalebs seqsualuri reaqciis fazebis msgavsi paternebi aqvT.
ZiriTadad gansxvavebulia dro, romelic saWiroa TiToeuli fazis misaRwevad, da
didi albaToba imisa, rom qalebi miaRweven mravaljerad orgazms.

• agznebis anu ltolvis fazaSi (romelic ramdenime wuTidan erT saaTamde da

metxans grZeldeba) menjis areSi mimdinareobs vaskularuli
(sisxlZarRvovani) cvlilebebi. penisi magrdeba da swordeba, klitori ibereba;
sisxli da sxva siTxeebi avsebs sakvercxeebsa da vaginas; sxeuli wiTldeba,
anu Cndeba seqsualuri siwiTle;
• platos fazaSi miiRweva agznebis maqsimaluri (Tumca, cvalebadi) done.
swrafad izrdeba guliscema da sisxlis wneva, xSirdeba sunTqva, Zlierdeba
jirkvlebis sekrecia, izrdeba nebismieri da uneblie kunTuri daZabuloba
mTel sxeulSi, matulobs vaginaluri siTxis gamoyofa da mkerdi ibereba;
 459

• orgazmis fazaSi mamakacebi da qalebi ganicdian aqamde mzardi seqsualuri

daZabulobis gantvirTvis Zalze intensiur sasiamovno gancdas. orgazmi
xasiaTdeba ritmuli SekumSvebiT, romlebic warmoiqmneba daaxloebiT yovel
rva-aT wamSi erTxel genitalur areSi. rogorc mamakacebSi, ise qalebSi
sunTqvis sixSire da sisxlis wneva Zalian maRalia, guliscema ki _
ormagdeba. mamakacebSi pulsirebadi SekumSvebi iwvevs eakulacias, spermis
amofrqvevas;
• gadawyvetis anu dasrulebis fazaSi sxeuli TandaTanobiT ubrundeba
normalur, aRgznebamdel mdgomareobas, sisxlis wneva da guliscemis sixSire
ecema. erTi orgazmis Semdeg mamakacTa umravlesoba Sedis refleqtorul
periodSi (anu isini ar reagireben seqsualur stimulaciaze), romelic
grZeldeba ramdenime wuTidan ramdenime saaTamde. am drois manZilze kidev
erTi orgazmis miRweva SeuZlebelia. mdgradi aRgznebis mqone zogierT qals
SeuZlia mravaljeradi orgazmis gancda sakmaod swrafi TanmimdevrobiT.
miuxedavad imisa, rom mastersisa da
• seqsualuri agzneba (Sexual arousal) _
jonsonis kvleva fokusirdeboda
aRgznebisa da daZabulobis
seqsualuri reaqciebis fiziologiaze,
motivaciuri mdgomareoba, romelic
maTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani aRmoCena,
aRmocendeba erotikul stimulebze
albaT, rogorc aRgznebaSi, ise _
fiziologiuri da kognituri
dakmayofilebaSi fsiqologiuri
reaqciebiT.
procesebis centraluri rolis dadgena
iyo. maT aCvenes, rom seqsualuri reaqciebis problemebs fsiqologiuri mizezebi
ufro xSirad aqvs, vidre fiziologiuri; Sesabamisad, SesaZlebelia maTi
modificireba, an Terapiis saSualebiT daZleva. gansakuTrebuli Civilis sagania
seqsualuri reaqciis ciklis dasrulebisa da dakmayofilebis miRwevis unaris
arqona. xSirad am uZlurebis wyaros warmoadgens pirovnuli problemebiT
datvirTuloba, SiSi seqsualuri aqtivobis Sedegebis gamo, SfoTva imis gamo, Tu
rogor Seafasebs partniori individis seqsualur moqmedebebs, aracnobieri
danaSaulis gancda, anda uaryofiTi azrebi; Tumca, cudi kveba, daRliloba,
stresi da alkoholis didi raodenobiT gamoyeneba, an narkotikebi, agreTve,
amcirebs seqsualur ltolvebsa da maTi dakmayofilebis unars.
Cven mimovixileT adamianis seqsualobis da seqsualuri aRgznebis zogierTi
fiziologiuri aspeqti, magram jer ar gvisaubria im Zalebze, romlebic
 460
ganapirobeben gansxvavebebs seqsualur qcevebSi. daviwyebT im ideiT, rom
reproduqcia, rogorc mizani, mamakacebisa da qalebisaTvis uzrunvelyofs
seqsualuri qcevis gansxavebul paternebs.

seqsualuri qcevis evolucia

Cven ukve vnaxeT, rom cxovelebSi seqsualuri qcevis paterni, ZiriTadad,

evoluciiT aris ganmtkicebuli. umTavresi mizania reproduqcia _ saxeobis
gadarCena da SenarCuneba da seqsualuri qceva Zalze ritualizebuli da
stereotipulia. SeiZleba, rom igive adamianis seqsualuri qcevis zogadi
paternebis Sesaxebac vamtkicoT?
evoluciis sakiTxze momuSave fsiqologebma Seamowmes idea imis Sesaxeb, rom
mamakacma da qalma gamoimuSaves gansxvavebuli strategiebi, romelic safuZvlad
udevs seqsualur qcevas (Buss, 1999; Wright, 1994). imisaTvis, rom aRvweroT es
strategiebi, unda gavixsenoT zogierTi realia adamianis reproduqcidan.
mamakacebi SeZlebdnen weliwadSi asobiT reproduqciis aqtis ganxorcielebas, Tu
moZebnidnen Sewyvilebis sakmarisi raodenobis mosurnes. bavSvis CasaxvisTvis maT
mxolod erTi Cais kovzi sperma da ramdenimewuTiani sqesobrivi kavSiri
moeTxovebaT. qalebs SeuZliaT weliwadSi mxolod erTxel ganaxorcielon
reproduqcia da Semdeg TiToeul bavSvs auracxeli dro da energia unda dauTmon.
(sxvaTa Soris, msoflio rekordi imisa, Tu ramdenjer SeuZlia qals bavSvis
gaCena, aris 50, magram mamakacebSi es ricxvi gacilebiT metia. morokanis despots,
mefe ismail sisxlismRvrels hyavda 7000 Svili; CineTis pirveli imperatorze
amboben, rom 3000 bavSvis mama iyo. orive maTgans hqonda didi haramxana.)
amrigad, roca mizani reproduqciaa, kvercxujredebis resursi SezRudulia da
amitom mamrebs konkurencia uwevT ganayofierebis SesaZleblobis mosapoveblad.
mTavari problema, romelic dgas mamri cxovelis winaSe, mis mier warmoqmnili
STamomavlobis ricxvis gazrdaa, rac miiRweva SeZlebisdagvarad didi raodenobis
mdedrebTan SewyvilebiT; ZiriTadi problema, romelic dgas mdedri cxovelis
winaSe, maRalxarisxiani mamris moZebnaa, raTa uzrunvelyos saukeTeso, yvelaze
janmrTeli STamomavloba sakuTari SezRuduli raodenobis kvercxujredebisaTvis.
ufro metic, adamianis STamomavlobas imdenad didi dro sWirdeba momwifebisaTvis
da imdenad umweoa, sanam izrdeba, rom saWiroebs arsebiT wvlils da zrunvas
mSoblebis mxridan (Trivers, 1972; Wright, 1994). Tevzebisa da obobebisagan gansxvavebiT,
 461
romlebic ubralod deben kvercxebs da toveben maT, dedebma da mamebma Svilebis
gasazrdelad dro da energia unda daxarjon. amgvarad, qals esaWiroeba ara
mxolod yvelaze didi, yvelaze Zlieri, yvelaze Wkviani, yvelaze maRali statusis
mqone da yvelaze momxibvleli mewyvile, aramed mas, aseve, sWirdeba yvelaze
erTguli da pasuxismgebeliani partniori, romelic mas maTi saerTo bavSvebis
gazrdaSi daexmareba.
erT-erTma evoluciurma fsiqologma devid bassma (David Buss, 1999; Buss & Schmitt,
1993) gamoTqva mosazreba, rom mamakaci da qali ganaviTareben sxvadasxva
strategiebs, emociebsa da motivaciebs moklevadiani da grZelvadiani
SewyvilebebisTvis. mamakacTan cdunebisa da mitovebis strategia _ erTgulebisa
da valdebulebis Cveneba da Semdeg mitoveba _ moklevadiani kontaqtebisTvis
gankuTvnili strategiaa; erTgulad darCenisa da STamomavlobaze zrunvis
strategia ki _ grZelvadiania. qalTan im erTguli mamakacis moxibvlis strategia,
romelic masTan darCeba da bavSvebis aRzdaSi daexmareba, grZelvadiani
strategiaa. bevrs kamaToben imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogoria moklevadiani Sewyvilebis
strategia qalTan. erTni amtkiceben, rom mouwesrigebel, SemTxveviT sqesobriv
kavSirebs, evoluciuri TvalsazrisiT, arasodes moutania qalebisTvis sargebeli
_ isini SeiZleba dafexmZimdnen da, amasTan, ar iyvnen darwmunebulni, rom mamakaci
Semdgom izrunebs masze da mis STamomavlobaze. qalebi, rogorc Cans, ufro
naklebad arian dainteresebulni SemTxveviTi seqsiT, vidre mamamakacebi (Buss&
scmitt, 1993); meoreni amtkiceben, rom moklevadiani kavSirebi mraval (gansakuTrebiT
ki xanSi Sesul da mdidar) mamakacTan dauyovnebeli dajildoebis sanacvlod
nazRaurdeba imiT, rom uzrunvelyofs moklevadian gadarCenas.
mkvlevrebma evoluciuri
• mSobliuri zrunva da wvlili (Parental
Teoriis prognozebis mravali
investment) _ dro da energia, romelic unda
damadasturebeli sabuTi moipoves.
daxarjon mSoblebma TavianTi
magaliTisTvis ganvixiloT
STamomavlobis aRsazrdelad.
kvlevebi, romelTa saSualebiTac
Seamowmes, Tu ra gavlenas axdenda Casaxvis SesaZlebloba qalis msjelobaze
mamakacis saxis momxibvlelobis Sesaxeb.

saidan viciT

qalebis mier mamakacis saxeebisadmi upiratesobis miniWeba

 462
mamakacis romel saxes CaTvlis esa Tu is qali mimzidvelad? mkvlevarTa
jgufma Camoayaliba hipoTeza, romlis mixedviTac am kiTxvaze pasuxi,
nawilobriv, damokidebulia qalebis menstrualuri ciklis fazaze (Penton-Voak et
al., 1999; Penton-Voak & Perrett, 2000). mamakacebis saxeebs, romlebic eqsperimentSi
gamoiyeneboda, cvlidnen kompiuteris daxmarebiT ise, rom mieRoT diapazoni
SedarebiT maskulinuri saxidan SedarebiT feminur saxemde. rodesac qalebs
sTxovdnen, amoerCiaT yvelaze mimzidveli saxe „grZelvadiani urTierTobisTvis“,
isini upiratesobas aniWebdnen im saxes, romelsac SedarebiT feminuri
Sexeduleba hqonda: rogorc Canda, mamakacis ufro metad feminuri saxe
metyvelebda imaze, rom is sando da saimedo partniori iqneboda grZelvadian
urTierTobaSi. Tumca, arCevani „moklevadiani urTierTobisTvis“ damokidebuli
iyo qalis menstrualur ciklis fazaze. is qalebi, romlebic menstrualuri
ciklis im fazaSi imyofebodnen, rodesac yvelaze maRalia dafexmZimebis riski,
arCevans SedarebiT maskulinur saxeze aCerebdnen. rogorc Cans, dafexmZimebis
SesaZleblobam gadaanacvla qalebis arCevani im saxidan, romelic ityobineboda,
rom misi mflobeli „kargi mzrunveli“ iqneboda, im saxeze, romelic
metyvelebda, rom mis mflobels ,,kargi genebi“ hqonda.

am gamokvlevaSi prioritetebs Seiswavlidnen da ara realur seqsualur qcevas;

Tumca, is mainc gviCvenebs, Tu rogor SeiZleba warmarTavdes Cveni evuluciuri
istoria adamianis cxovrebis mniSvnelovan aspeqtebs.
miuxedavad imisa, rom gamokvleva adasturebs adamianis seqsualuri qcevis
evoluciuri axsnis mraval prognozs, sxva Teoretikosebi Tvlian, rom aseT
axsnaSi saTanadod ar aris Sefasebuli kulturis roli (Angier, 1999). magaliTad,
qalebi ufro meti erotikuli plastikurobiT xasiaTdebian, vidre mamakacebi: _
isini avlenen met mravalferovnebas seqsualur reaqciebsa da seqsualur qcevaSi
(Baumeister, 2000). es variaciebi, rogorc Cans, didwilad, kulturuli SezRudvebis
Sedegs warmoadgens (Hyde & Dukik, 2000). gavixsenoT 1960-iani wlebis „seqsualuri
revolucia“: _ cvlilebebi seqsualur qcevaSi mohyva qalTa aSkara mzaobas _
daemyarebinaT SemTxveviTi seqsualuri kavSirebi. cxadia, Seicvala ara qalebis
evoluciuri istoria, aramedE maT mier seqsualuri ltolvebis gamoxatvisadmi
sazogadoebis damokidebuleba.
 463
miuxedavad imisa, rom evoluciuri midgoma xsnis adamianis seqsualuri qcevis
zogierT aspeqts, kritikosebi mogviwodeben, yuradReba mivaqcioT am qcevis
kulturiT ganpirobebul variabilurobas (cvalebadobas). seqsualuri qcevis
normebi Zalze mgrZnobiarea droisa da adgilis mimarT. swored am normebze
visaubrebT qvemoT.

seqsualuri qcevis normebi

rogoria saSualo adamianis seqsualuri cxovreba? adamianis seqsualuri qcevis

mecnierul kvlevas, romelic 1940-ian wlebSi daiwyo, pirveli mniSvnelovani biZgi
alfred kinsis da misi kolegebis naSromma misca (Alfred Kinsey, 1948, 1953). maT
gamokiTxes daaxloebiT 17 aTasi amerikeli maTi seqsualuri qcevis Sesaxeb da
aRmoaCines sazogadoebisTvis gamaognebeli faqti: _ garkveuli qcevebi, romlebic
manamde iSviaTadad da paTologiuradac ki iTvleboda, realurad sakmaod farTod
iyo gavrcelebuli, an, sul mcire, aRiniSneboda, rom arsebobda. ukanasknel
wlebSi mkvlevrebma Caatares gamokiTxvaTa seria seqsualuri qcevis Cveuli
regularobiT ganxorcielebadi formebis Sesaxeb. miRebul Sedegebs farTod da
xmauriT aSuqebda masmedia. cxrilSi 12.3 mocemulia erT-erTi farTomasStabiani
gamokiTxviT miRebuli monacemebi (Michael et al., 1994). mkvlevrebi SekiTxvebis mTel
rigs svamdnen. cxrilSi pasuxebis mxolod mcire nawilia warmodgenili.
SegiZliaT miuTiToT saintereso tendenciebze? magaliTad, Tqven SeiZleba
sainteresod CaTvaloT, rom 55-59 wlis adamianebi ufro xSirad aRniSnaven, rom 18
wlis asakidan erT partniorTan arian, vidre 25-29 wlis adamianebi. aseTi Sedegi
gvafiqrebinebs, rom seqsualuri qcevis normebi Seicvala ukanaskneli
aTwleulebis manZilze.

cxrili 12.3. seqsualuri aqtivoba mozrdil amerikelebSi, 1994*

1994

seqsualuri partniorebis raodenoba 18 wlis asakidan

(TiToeul kategoriaSi monacemi warmodgenilia
procentebiT)

0 1 2-10 10 da meti

mamakacebi 3 26 44 33
qalebi 3 31 56 9
25-29 weli 2 25 53 19
 464

55-59 weli 1 40 43 15
saSualo 3 30 49 17
ganaTleba 2 24 50 24
kolejis
ganaTleba

seqsualuri aqtiobis sixSire bolo 12 Tvis manZilze

(TiToeuli kategoriaSi monacemi warmodgenilia
procentebiT)

weliwadSi TveSi kviraSi

arc erTi ramdenjerme ramdenjerme orjer an
metjer

mamakacebi 14 16 37 34
qalebi 10 18 36 37
mamakacebi
25-29 weli 7 15 31 47
55-59 weli 11 22 43 23
qalebi
25-29 weli 5 10 38 47
55-59 weli 30 22 35 13
mamakacebi
saSualo skola 10 15 34 41
koleji 9 18 38 35
qalebi
saSualo skola 11 16 38 36
koleji 14 17 37 33

*monacemebi efuZneba SemTxveviT SerCeuli 18 wlis da zemoT asakis 3432

respondentisgan Semdgari SerCevis gamokiTxvas.

seqsualuri qcevis es normebi imis nawilia, rasac Tqven iTvisebT, rogorc

garkveuli kulturis wevri. Cven ukve vTqviT, rom seqsualuri qcevis zogierTi
zogadi ,,qaluri“ da ,,mamakacuri“ aspeqti SeiZleba warmoadgendes adamianTa
modgmis evoluciis produqts. miuxadavad amisa, sxvadasxva kulturebi
gansazRvraven qcevaTa rigs, romelTac seqsualuri impulsebis gamoxatvisaTvis
 465
saTanadod da misaRebad miiCneven. seqsualuri qcevis scenarebi seqsualuri
reaqciebis ganxorcielebis socialurad (sazogadoebaSi) daswavlili programebia,
romlebSic Sedis (rogorc wesi, uTqmeli) miTiTebebi, Tu ra unda gakeTdes;
rodis, sad da rogor unda gakeTdes; visTan da riTi unda gakeTdes; dabolos,
ratom unda gakeTdes (Gegnon, 1977). am scenarebis sxvadasxva aspeqtebi Sekrebilia
cxovrebis manZilze socialuri urTierTqmedebebis procesSi. seqsualuri qcevis
Cveneul scenarebSi realizebuli ganwyobebi da faseulobebi warmoadgens
seqsualuri motivaciis garegan wyaros: _ scenari gvTavazobs qcevis tipebs,
romelTa ganxorcieleba SesaZlebelia, an aucilebelia.

• seqsualuri qcevis scenarebi (Sexual scripts) _ scenari warmoadgens

seqsualuri pasuxismgeblobis socialurad socialuri normebidan
daswavlili programa. momdinare miTiTebebis (ra aris
swori da miRebuli), individualuri molodinebis da warsulSi daswavlil
qcevaTa prioritetuli Tanmimdevrobis kombinacias. seqsualuri qcevis Tqveneul
scenarTa ricxvSi Sedis scenarebi ara mxolod imis Sesaxeb, Tu, Tqveni azriT,
risi gakeTeba iqneboda misaRebi da drouli Tqveni mxridan, aramed isic, Tu ras
eliT Tqveni seqsualuri partniorisgan. rodesac ar aRiareben scenarebis
arsebobas, ar ganixilaven, anda ar axdenen maT sinqronizacias, scenarebs Soris
gansxvavebam SeiZleba gaarTulos da problemuri gaxados partniorebis
urTierTSegueba.
yuradReba SevaCeroT kolejis studentebisTvis Cveul seqsualur qcevebze.
mkvlevrebi xSirad interesedebian: ratom axorcieleben individebi riskian
seqsualur urTierTobebs iseT pirobebSi, roca arsebobs dafexmZimebis an
veneriuli daavadebis gadadebis safrTxe. evoluciisa da seqsualuri
gansxvavebebis sakiTxebis ganxilvis fonze ar gagikvirdebaT, Tu getyviT, rom
mamakacebi ufro metad axorcieleben riskian qcevas, vidre qalebi (Poppen, 1995).
kolejis studentebis erT SerCevaSi ufro metma mamakacma, vidre qalma, ganacxada,
rom isini Sediodnen barebSi savaraudo seqsualuri partnioris gacnobis mizniT
(77% 14%-is winaaRmdeg) da maT hqoniaT seqsi axlad gacnobil partniorTan (47%
24%-is winaaRmdeg). amasTan, ufro metma mamakacma aRniSna, rom hqonia seqsi
yovelgvari kontracepciis gareSe (78% 64%-is winaaRmdeg).
 466
kolejis studentebis seqsualuri qcevis mkvlevrebma gamoavlines kidev erTi
sfero, sadac mamakacebisa da qalebis seqsualuri qcevis scenarebi mniSvnelovnad
ewinaaRmdegeba erTmaneTs: gaupatiureba paemanze. paemanze gaupatiurebas uwodeben
iseT situaciebs, rodesac individs nacnobi adamiani aiZulebs sqesobrivi kavSiris
damyarebas. erT-erT gamokiTxvaSi mkvlevrebi interesdebodnen, hqondaT Tu ara
respondentebs maTze mimarTuli seqsualuri agresiis gamocdileba. sul
gamoikiTxa 341 qali, romelTa 78%-ma aRniSna, rom isini yofilan seqsualuri
agresiis garkveuli formis msxverplni; daaxloebiT 15% aRniSnavs, rom paemanis
situaciam ubiZga maT seqsualuri kavSiris damyarebisken (Muehlenhard & Linton, 1987).
rodesac mamakacebs hkiTxes, Tu vin aris damnaSave paemanis situaciaSi momxdar
Zaladobaze, maT, qalebTan SedarebiT metwilad, msxverpli (anu gaupatiurebuli
qali) daasaxeles (Bell et al., 1994; Ryckman et al., 1998).
paemanze Zaladobis kvlevebma aCvena,
• gaupatiureba paemanze (Date rape) _
rom mamakacTa da qalTa seqsualuri
ewodeba iseT situaciebs, rodesac
scenarebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba
individs nacnobi adamiani aiZulebs
erTmaneTisgan simboluri
sqesobrivi kavSiris damyarebas
winaaRmdegobis gamovlenis
TvalsazrisiT; es aris qalis mier gaweuli susti winaaRmdegoba seqsualur
Tavdasxmaze, sabolood jamSi, sqesobrivi kavSiris daSvebis ganzraxvis
miuxedavad. Zalian cota qali _ daaxloebiT 5% aRniSnavs, rom gauweviaT
simboluri winaaRmdegoba, Tumca, mamakacTa 60% miuTiTebs, rom, sul mcire,
erTxel mainc Sexvedria aseTi winaaRmdegobaM(Marx & Gross, 1995). am or monacems
Soris arsebul gansxvavebaSi, rogorc Cans, aisaxeba paemanze gaupatiurebis
mravali SemTxveva. mkvlevrebi varaudoben, rom zogierTi mamakaci simbolur
winaaRmdegobas seqsualuri TamaSis nawilad miiCnevs da ar aRiqvams mas, rogorc
qalis realuri SeSfoTebis niSans. mniSvnelovania, rom mamakacebma gaigon: _
sinamdvileSi qalebi iSviaTad Tvlian amas TamaSad; maTi winaaRmdegoba realuria.
seqsualuri motivaciis ganxilvisas Cveni yuradRebis miRma darCa seqsualuri
gamocdilebis seriozuli da mniSvnelovani kategoria: homoseqsualizmi.
seqsualuri motivaciis am qveTavs homoseqsual qalebsa (lesboselebsa) da
mamakacebze saubriT davasrulebT. es kidev erT saSualebas mogcemT, dainaxoT, Tu
rogor marTavs seqsualur qcevas Sinagan da garegan motivaciur ZalTa
urTierTqmedeba.
 467

homoseqsualuroba

aqamde Cven vsaubrobdiT motivaciaze, romlis gamoc adamianebi garkveul

farglebSi axorcieleben seqsualur qcevebs. am konteqstSive SegviZlia
ganvixiloT homoseqsualizmis arseboba. homoseqsualizmis, rogorc
heteroseqsualobidan gadaxriT „gamowveuli“ qcevebis erTobliobad warmodgenis
nacvlad, seqsualuri motivaciis Cven mier warmoebulma ganxilvam unda daganaxoT,
rom yvela seqsualur qcevas „iwvevs“ raRac. am TvalsazrisiT, homoseqsulizmsa da
heteroseqsualizms msgavsi motivaciuri Zalebi ganapirobebs; arc erTi maTgani ar
warmoadgens motivirebul gadaxras meorisgan.
seqsualur qcevebis kvlevaTa umravlesobaSi cdilobdnen homoseqsualizmis
SemTxvevebis gamovlenaTa zusti raodenobis miRebas. Aadreul kvlevebSi alfred
kinsma aRmoaCina, rom misi SerCevis mamakacTa 37%-s hqonda homoseqsualuri
gamocdilebis, sul mcire, erTi SemTxveva, xolo 4%-s _ mxolod homoseqsualuri
gamocdileba (procentuli maCveneblebi qalebisTvis mcirediT naklebi iyo).
SedarebiT gviandel kvlevebSi cdilobdnen, erTmaneTisgan ganerCiaT
homoseqsualuri survilebi da maTi dakmayofilebisTvis ganxorcielebuli
qmedebebi. maiklma da misma kolegebma (1994) aRmoaCines, rom maT SerCevaSi qalebis
daaxloebiT 4%-s seqsualurad izidavda maTive sqesis warmomadgeneli, magram
SerCevis mxolod 2%-s hqonda meore qalTan sqesobrivi urTierToba gasul wels;
aseve, maT kvlevaSi mamakacTa 6%-s seqsualurad izidavda sxva mamakaci, magram
kvlav SerCevis mxolod 2% aRniSnavda, rom hqonda realuri seqsualuri kontaqti
meore mamakacTan gasul wels. ramdenad marTalia es ricxvebi? sanam sazogadoeba
mtrulad iqneba ganwyobili homoseqsualuri survilebis dakmayofilebisadmi,
albaT, verc iqneba SesaZlebeli homoseqsualuri SemTxvevebis raodenobis zusti
Sefaseba, radgan adamianebi moeridebian mkvlevrebTan gulaxdilobas.
qvemoT ganvixilavT homoseqsualizmisa da heteroseqsualizmis wyaroebs. aseve,
mimovixilavT gamokvlevas, romelic homoseqsualuri qcevisadmi sazogadoebisa da
pirovnul damokidebulebas Seexeba.

homoseqsualizmi: _ buneba da aRzrda

 468
evoluciisa da seqsualuri qcevis ganxilvis Semdeg, gasakviri ar unda iyos, Tu
getyviT, rom kvlevebis monacemebis mixedviT, seqsualuri prioritetebi
nawilobriv genetikurad aris ganpirobebuli. rogorc xSirad xdeba, mkvlevrebma
es mosazreba im kvlevebze dayrdnobiT gamoTqves, romelSic erTmaneTs adarebdnen
monozigotur (genetikurad identur) da dizigotur (romelTac, da-Zmis msgavsad,
genebis naxevari aqvT identuri) tyupebs. rodesac orive tyupiscals erTnairi
orientacia aqvs _ homoseqsualuri da heteroseqsualuri, maTi sqesobrivi qceva
Tanxvdeba erTmaneTs. Tu erT-erTi tyupiscali homoseqsualia, meore ki _
heteroseqsuali, maTi seqsualuri qcevac gansxvavebuli iqneba. homoseqsuali
mamakacebisa da lesboseli qalebis Seswavlam mniSvnelovnad meti Tanxvedra
aCvena monozigotur tyupebSi, vidre dizigotur tyupebSi (Bailey & Pillard, 1991; Bailey
et al., 1993). am kvlevebSi eqsperimentatorebi tyupebidan moiZiebdnen calkeul
homoseqsual mamakacebsa da qalebs da Semdeg maTgan iRebdnen informacias maTi
tyupiscalebis an da-Zmebis seqsualuri orientaciebis Sesaxeb. Sedegebi
gamaognebeli iyo. qalebSi monozigoturi tyupebis 48%-is orive tyupiscali
lesboseli iyo, dizigoturis ki _ 16%-is orive tyupiscali (Bailey et al., 1993).
mamakacebSi monozigoturi tyupebis 52%-is orive tyupiscali homoseqsuali iyo,
dizigoturis ki _ 22%-is orive tyupiscali (Bailey &Pillard, 1991). miuxedavad imisa,
rom monozigoturi tyupebi SeiZleba ufro metad msgavs pirobebSi izrdebodnen,
vidre dizigoturebi, mSoblebi, SesaZloa, orives erTnairad epyrobodnen, rac
seriozul safuZvels gvaZlevs, vifiqroT, rom seqsualuri orientacia SeiZleba,
nawilobriv, genetikurad iyos ganpirobebuli. flobdnen ra aseT monacemebs,
mkvlevrebma daiwyes im genebis erTobliobis moZieba, romlebic SeiZleba
ganapirobebdes homoseqsualuri Tu heteroseqsualuri orientaciis warmoqmnas
(Baileyet al., 1999; Hamer et al., 1993; Rice et al., 1999) amrigad, ganapirobebs Tu ara
biologia Tqvens seqsualur beds? Semdgomma kvlevebma SeiZleba ganamtkicos an
Seasustos gamoTqmuli hipoTeza, magram naTlad Cans, rom homoseqsualurobisa da
heteroseqsualurobis zogierTi aspeqti wmindad biologiuri faqtorebis
gavleniT warmoiqmneba (Glabue, 1994; LeVay, 1996).
socialurma fsiqologma deril bemma (Daryl Bem, 1996; 2000) gamoTqva varaudi,
rom biologia pirdapir gavlenas ar axdens seqsualur prioritetebze, Tumca,
gaSualebulad moqmedebs umcrosi asakis bavSvebis temperamentsa da aqtiobebze.
 469
gavixsenoT me-11 Tavidan, rom mkvlevrebis dakvirvebiT, gogonebi da biWebi
sxvadasxvagvarad TamaSoben; biWebs, magaliTad, uxeSi da aqtiuri TamaSebi ufro
metad izidavT. bemis Teoriis Tanaxmad, imisda mixedviT, Tu romel _ TavianTi
sqesisTvis tipur Tu atipur _ TamaSebSi monawileoben bavSvebi, isini eCvevian
Tavisive an sapirispiro sqesis Tanatolebisgan sakuTari gansxvavebulobis
SegrZnebas. bemis Teoriis mixedviT, ,,egzotikuri gadaiqceva erotikulad“.
sakuTari gansxvavebulobis gancda emociur aRgznebas iwvevs, romelic droTa
ganmavlobaSi erotikulad gadaiqceva. magaliTad, Tu patara gogona imitom
grZnobs Tavs sxva gogonebisgan gansxvavebulad, rom mas ar surs gogonebisTvis
tipuri saqmianoba, droTa ganmavlobaSi misi emociuri aRgzneba homoseqsualur
grZnobebad gadaiqceva. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom bemis Teoriis Tanaxmad,
homoseqsualizmic da heteroseqsualizmic erTi da igive mizezebidan
momdinareobs: _ orive SemTxvevaSi sqesi, romelsac bavSvi sakuTari sqesisgan
gansxvavebulad aRiqvams, droTa ganmavlobaSi erotikul mimzidvelobas iZens.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Tavisi Teoriis sasargeblod bems mravali monacemi moaqvs,
is jerjerobiT mainc axalia da ucnaurad gamoiyureba. momdevno ramdenime
weliwadSi vnaxavT, Tu rogor warimarTeba am Teoriis bedi, rodesac mkvlevrebi
Seafaseben masSi gamoTqmul sxvadasxva mosazrebebs.

sazogadoeba da homoseqsualizmi

davuSvaT, bemi marTalia, rodesac ambobs, rom bavSvobis gamocdilebas udidesi

mniSvneloba aqvs. yvela adamiani bavSvobaSi ganmtkicebuli midrekilebebis
mixedviT moqmedebs? is, rac yvelaze metad ganasxvavebs homoseqsualurobas
heteroseqsualurobisgan, albaT, aris mudmivi mtroba homoseqsualurobis
gamovlinebebisadmi sazogadoebis sxvadasxva wreebSi (Herek, 1998). 363 gamokiTxuli
mozardidan 68% ,,aucileblad“ an ,,nawilobriv“ daeTanxma debulebas: ,,seqsi or
mamakacs Soris aSkara garyvnilebaa“; maTi 64% ,,aucileblad“ an ,,nawilobriv“
daeTanxma debulebas: ,,seqsi or qals Soris aSkara garyvnilebaa“ (Herek, 1994).
Zalze uaryofiT damokidebulebas homoseqsualebis mimarT mkvlevrebma homofobia
uwodes. bolodroindeli kvlevebi mowmobs, rom zogierTi im mamakacTagani,
romelic ukiduresi homofobiuri ganwyobiT xasiaTdeba, faqtobrivad, Tavad
aRigzneba homoseqsualuri xasiaTis masaliT.

saidan viciT
 470

niRbavs Tu ara homofobia homoseqsualur interess

kvlevaSi monawileobda kolejis 64 mamakaci studenti, romelTagan TiToeuli
sakuTar Tavs afasebda, rogorc ,,calsaxad heteroseqsuals“. studentebma
Seavses 25-debulebiani kiTxvari, romelic zomavda homofobiis xarisxs. am
skalis monacemebis mixedviT, 29 studenti miiCnies arahomofobikad, 35 studenti
_ homofobikad. eqsperimentis Semdeg fazaSi studentebs aCvenes
heteroseqsualuri, lesbosuri da mamakacTa homoseqsualuri aqtebis
videoCanawerebi. TiToeuli studentis reaqcia Canawerebze izomeboda
mowyobilobiT, romelic afiqsirebda misi penisis garSemowerilobis
cvlilebebs. monacemebis mixedviT, ar gansxvavdeboda heteroseqsualur da
lesbosur aqtebze homofobikTa da arahomofobikTa reaqciebi, Tumca,
homofobikur mamakacebs mniSvnelovnad meti aRgzneba aReniSnebodaT mamakacTa
homoseqsualuri aqtebis yurebisas (Adams et al., 1996).

es kvleva gvafiqrebinebs, rom zogierTi mamakacis Zalian Zlieri uaryofiTi

damokidebuleba homoseqsualurobis mimarT, nawilobriv, SeiZleba momdinareobdes
iqidan, rom maT ar surT sxva mamakacebisadmi sakuTari seqsualuri ltolvebis
arsebobis aRiareba.
homoseqsualTa umravlesoba droTa ganmavlobaSi acnobierebs, rom isini
eltvian Tavisive sqesis warmomadgenlebs sazogadoebrivi homofobiis, mtruli
damokidebulebis pirobebSi; aseTma pirobebma ki SeiZleba gaarTulos am
ltolvebis dakmayofileba. faqtobrivad, mravali homoseqsuali mamakaci da
lesboseli qali ganicdis imas, rasac SeZenili homofobia anu SeZenili
homonegativizmi ewodeba (Allen % Oleson, 1999; Ross % Rosser, 1996; Shidlo, 1994). aseT
SemTxvevebSi SeiZleba warmoiqmnas fsiqologiuri distresi, radgan (orive sqesis)
homoseqsual individs SeZenili (interiorizebuli) aqvs sazogadoebis uaryofiTi
damokidebuleba. garda amisa, homoseqsual individTa umravlesoba SfoTavs ara
Tavisi homoseqsualobis, aramed imis gamo, rom mudmivad uxdebaT sakuTari
seqsualuri identurobis gamovlena („Tavisuflebaze gamosvla“) an dafarva
(„karCaketilSi jdoma“) sakuTar ojaxTan, megobrebTan da TanamSromlebTan
(D,Augelli, 1993). 1973 wels amerikis fsiqiatriulma asociaciam xma misca
homoseqsualizmis fsiqologiur aSlilobaTa nusxidan amoRebas; 1975 wels igive
gaimeora amerikis fsiqologiurma asociaciam (Morin & Rothblum, 1991). aseTi naCqarevi
 471
nabiji im monacemebze dayrdnobiT gadaidga, romelTa mixedviTac, homoseqsualTa
umravlesoba bednieri, produqtuli adamianebi iyvnen, romelTac sulac ar surdaT
sakuTari seqsualuri orientaciis Secvla im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu ,,magiuri abi“
SesaZlebels gaxdida amas (Bell & Weinberg, 1978; Siegeman, 1972). am monacemebis
mixedviT, homoseqsualobasTan dakavSirebuli stresi, umeteswilad,
ganpirobebulia ara Tavad seqsualuri motivaciiT _ homoseqsualebisTvis
sruliad misaRebia sakuTari orientacia, aramed seqsualuri motivaciis
gamovlenaze adamianebis reaqciebiT. rogorc mosalodneli iyo, homoseqsuali
mamakacebi da lesboseli qalebi iseve fiqroben da zrunaven sasiyvarulo
urTierTobebis damyarebasa da SenarCunebaze, rogorc heteroseqsualebi (D,Augelli,
1993).
orive sqesis homoseqsualTa ,,gareT gamosvlisTvis“ mzaoba SeiZleba pirveli
nabiji gaxdes sazogadoebis mxridan maTdami mtrobis Semcirebisken. gamokvlevebma
aCvena, rom adamianTa ganwyoba homoseqsuali adamianebis mimarT gacilebiT
naklebad uaryofiTia, Tu isini icnoben am jgufSi Semaval individebs;
faqtobrivad, rac ufro met homoseqsuals icnobs individi saSualod, miT ufro
keTilganwyobilia misi damokidebuleba maTdami (Herek & Capitanio, 1996). (rodesac me-
18-e TavSi crurwmenebis Temas ganvixilavT, kvlav vnaxavT, Tu rogor mihyavs
umciresobasTan urTierTobas adamiani maTdami gacilebiT dadebiT ganwyobamde).
icnobT romelime homoseqsual mamakacs, lesbosels an biseqsuals? rogor
Seicvala Tqveni ganwyobebi maTTan urTierTobis Sedegad? iqneb, Tqven Tavad xarT
homoseqsuali an biseqsuali? ra gavlena moaxdina an SeiZleba moaxdinos sxvebze
imis codnam, rom Tqven homoseqsuali xarT?
homoseqsualobis es mokle mimoxilva saSualebas gvaZlevs ganvamtkicoT Cveni
mTavari daskvna adamianis seqsualuri motivaciis Sesaxeb. seqsualuri qcevis
zogierTi impulsi Signidan momdinareobs _ memkvidreobiT miRebuli genebi da
saxeobis evolucia uzrunvelgvyofs homoseqsualuri da heteroseqsualuri qcevis
Sinagani modelebiT, Tumca, garegani garemo25 aseve warmoadgens seqsualuri
motivaciis wyaros. Tqven daiswavliT, rom zogierTi stimuli gansakuTrebiT
mimzidvelia, xolo qcevis esa Tu is forma misaRebia socialuri kulturis

25
External environment – igulisxmeba yvelaferi is, rac arsebobs adamianis gareT. amis sapirispiroa Sinagani
garemo anu is, rac adamianis SigniTaa. (mTargmnelis SeniSvna)
 472
farglebSi. homoseqsualobis SemTxvevaSi garegani sazogadoebrivi normebi
SeiZleba Sinagani bunebis karnaxis sapirispirod moqmedebdes.
axla mniSvnelovani motivaciis mesame magaliTis ganxilvaze gadavideT: _
vnaxoT, ra Zalebi ganawyobs individs fardobiTi warmatebisTvis, an marcxisTvis.

Sejameba

cxovelebis seqsualur qcevas, ZiriTadad, hormonebi marTavs. miuxedavad amisa,

mewyvilis arCevanze gavlenas axdens garemo faqtorebi. masterma da jonsonma
pirvelebma ikvlies adamianis seqsualuri reaqciebi, romlebic SeiZleba daiyos
Semdeg fazebad: agzneba, plato, orgazmi da gadawyveta. evoluciuri fsiqologebi
cdiloben mamakacebisa da qalebis seqsualuri qcevebis paternebis axsnas
reproduqciis realiebTan dakavSirebul, gansxvavebul strategiebze dayrdnobiT.
garkeuli tipis seqsualuri qcevebi kolejis studentebs riskis winaSe ayenebs.
qalis an mamakacis seqsualuri scenarebis SeuTavseblobis erT-erTi Sedegi
paemanze gaupatiureba SeiZleba iyos. heteroseqsualobis msgavsad, homoseqsualoba
viTardeba rogorc garegani, ise Sinagani motivaciuri Zalebis gavlenis Sedegad.
mravali homoseqsuali mamakacisa da lesboseli qalisTvis yvelaze mZime tvirTs
sazogadoebriv homofobiasTan gamklaveba warmoadgens.

pirovnuli miRwevis motivacia

ratom aRwevs zogierTi adamiani warmatebas, zogierTi ki warumatebelia?

magaliTad, ratom SeuZliaT zogierTebs lamanSis srutis gadacurva, sxvebi ki
sevdianad napiridan iqneven xels? albaT, daapirebT, rom zogierTi es gansxvaveba
iseTi genetikuri faqtorebiT axsnaT, rogoricaa sxeulis wyoba da Tqven marTali
iqnebiT. magram Tqven isic iciT, rom zogierTi adamiani ubralod ufro metad
aris dainteresebuli lamanSis srutis gadacurviT, vidre sxvebi. amrigad, Cven
vubrundebiT motivaciis kvlevis erT-erT ZiriTad mizezs. amjerad yuradReba
SevaCeroT im motivaciur Zalebze, romlebic sxvadasxva adamianebs pirovnuli
miRwevis sxvadasxva donisken ubiZgeben. dasawyisisTvis ganvixiloT konstruqti,
romelsac miRwevis moTxovnileba ewodeba

miRwevis moTxovnileba
 473
jer kidev 1938 wels henri miureim (Henry Murray) ganacxada adamianTa miRwevis
moTxovnilebis arsebobis Sesaxeb. miRwevis moTxovnilebis Zala gansxvavebulia
sxvadasxva adamianTan da gavlenas axdens maT mier warmatebis miRwevis da
sakuTari moRvaweobis Sefasebis tendenciaze. devid maklelandma da misma
kolegebma (David McCLelland, 1953) SeimuSaves am moTxovnilebis siZlieris gazomvis
meTodika da ikvlevdnen sxvadasxva sazogadoebaSi miRwevis motivaciis siZlieres,
motivaciis wamaxalisebel pirobebsa da samuSao pirobebSi mis Sedegebs Soris
kavSirs. miRwevis moTxovnilebis siZlieris dasadgenad maklelandi iyenebda
kvlevis monawileTa fantazias. monawileebs waredginebodaT e.w. Tematuri
apercepciis testis (Tat) bundovani suraTebis seria da moeTxovebodaT maT
mixedviT moTxrobebis Sedgena: _ maT unda aReweraT, ra xdeboda suraTze,
savaraudod, rogor ganviTardeboda movlenebi momavalSi da rogor
dasruldeboda. navaraudevi iyo, rom isini Seqmnil siuJetebSi moaxdendnen
TavianTi faseulobebis, interesebisa da motivebis proecirebas. maklelandis
sityvebiT: _ „Tu gsurT, rom icodeT, ra xdeba adamianis TavSi, ar hkiTxoT mas
amis Sesaxeb, radgan mas ar SeuZlia yovelTvis zustad giTxraT. dainteresdiT
misi fantaziebiT da ocnebebiT. Tu amas garkveuli drois manZilze gaakeTebT,
aRmoaCenT im Temebs, romelsac misi goneba kvlav da kvlav ubrundeba. am Temebis
gamoyeneba SeiZleba misi qmedebebis asaxsnelad. . .“ (David McCLelland, 1971, p.5).
im moTxrobebze dayrdnobiT, romlebsac monawileni yvebodnen wardgenili Tat-is
suraTebis mixedviT, maklelandma SeimuSava gazomvis erTeulebi adamianis
ramdenime moTxovnilebisTvis, maT Soris Zalauflebis, afilaciisa da miRwevis
moTxovnilebebisTvis. miRwevis moTxovnileba pirobiTad aRiniSneba, rogorc n
Ach26. is asaxavs individualur gansxavebebs imaSi, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania
individisTvis miznis dagegmva da mis misaRwevad Sroma. suraTze 12.5. mocemul
magaliTSi warmodgenilia ori siuJeti, romelic Tat-is erTi da imave suraTis
mixedviT Seqmnes miRwevis maRali da dabali moTxovnilebebis mqone individebma.
rogorc laboratoriulma, ise realuri cxovrebiseuli situaciebis kvlevebma
daadastures am sazomis validuroba.
• Tematuri apercepciis testi _ Tat (Thematic Apperception Test – TAT) _ proeqciuli
testi, romelSic individs garkveuli TanmimdevrobiT waredgineba suraTebi

26
n Ach – need for Achievement.
 474
(romlebic mravalgvari interpretaciis SesaZleblobas iZleva) da moeTxoveba
TiToeuli maTganis mixedviT moTxrobis mofiqreba.
• miRwevis moTxovnileba (Need for achievement – n Ach) _ savaraudod, adamianis
ZiriTadi moTxovnileba _ miznis miRwevisaken swrafvis moTxovnileba,
romelic qmnis adamianis azrebisa da qcevebis farTo speqtris motivaciur
safuZvels.

sur. 12.5. Tat--is suraTis alternatiuli interpretaciebi

moTxroba, romelic miRwevis maRal moTxovnilebaze miuTiTebs

am biWunam es-es aris daamTavra violinoze dakvris gakveTili. is kmayofilia

im SedegebiT, rasac ukve miaRwia da mas ukve sjera, rom misi winsvla Rirs mis
mier gaRebul msxverplad. sakoncerto mevioline rom gaxdes, man unda daTmos
mravali Cveulebrivi adamianuri saqmianoba, raTa yoveldRe ramdenime saaTi
imecadinos. miuxedavad imisa, rom man icis _ gacilebiT met fuls iSovis
mamamisis bizness Tu mihyofs xels, misTvis gacilebiT sainteresoa, rom gaxdes
didi mevioline da siamovneba da sixaruli mianiWos adamianebs Tavisi musikiT.
is yovelTvis ganaaxlebs Tavis mcdelobas, radac ar unda daujdes mas es.

moTxroba, romelic miRwevis dabal moTxovnilebaze miuTiTebs

biWunas xelSi uWiravs Zmis violino da surs, rom TviTonac icodes dakvra,
magram icis, rom ar aqvs gakveTilebisTvis saWiro dro, energia da fuli. is
wuxs Zmis gamo, radgan man uari Tqva uamrav gasarTobaze, raTa emecadina,
emecadina da kvlav emecadina. Zalian kargi iqneboda erT dRes umaRlesi klasis
musikosad gaRviZeboda, magram es ase ar xdeba. realobaa mosawyeni mecadineoba,
yovelgvari mxiarulebis gareSe da didi albaToba imisa, rom iyo kidev erTi
Cveulebrivi orkestranti, romelic erT-erT patara qalaqSi ukravs.

magaliTad, n Ach maRali maCveneblebis mqone individebi ufro metad miiweven

zemoT, vidre dabali maCveneblebis mqoneni. vaJiSvilebi n Ach maRali maCveneblebiT
ufro metad aRweven profesiul asparezze TavianT mamebze ufro maRal statuss,
vidre is vaJiSvilebi, romlebic n Ach dabali maCveneblebiT xasiaTdebian (McLaland
et al., 1976); n Ach maRali maCveneblebis mqone qalebsa da mamakacebs 31 wlis asakSi
Sromis ufro maRali anazRaureba aqvT, vidre n Ach dabali maCveneblebis mqone
 475
adamianebs 41 wlis asakSi (McLeland & Franz, 1992). migviTiTebs Tu ara es monacemebi
imaze, rom maRali n Ach individebi yovelTvis mzad arian gulmodgine SromisTvis?
cxadia, ara. Tu maRali n Ach–is mqone individebs wardgenili amocana rTulad
eCvenebaT, maleve anebeben Tavs mis gadawyvetas (Feather, 1961). is, rac namdvilad
tipuri Cans maRali n Ach–is mqone individebisTvis, aris efeqturobis, Sedegianobis
wyurvili _ igive Sedegis miReba naklebi ZalisxmeviT. Tu ajobeben Tanatolebs da
ukeTes Sedegebs aCveneben, es SeiZleba imitom moxdes, rom isini Zalian afaseben
gaweuli Zalisxmevis ukukavSirsac, romlis mixedviTac msjeloben sakuTari
warmatebulobis Sesaxeb. Sromis anazRaureba, rogorc warmatebulobis xarisxis
maCvenebeli, sakmaod konkretuli sazomia (MacCleland, 161, McLeland &Franz, 1992).
rogor warmoiqmneba miRwevis maRali moTxovnileba? mkvlevrebi dainteresdnen:
_ ramdenad aris SesaZlebeli, rom mSoblebis mier gamoyenebulma aRzrdis stilma
ganapirobos SvilebSi miRwevis maRali Tu dabali moTxovnilebis ganviTareba.
qvemoT warmodgenilia bostoneli bavSvebis jgufis longituduri analiziT
miRebuli monacemebi.

saidan viciT

aRzrdis meTodebi da miRwevis moTxovnileba

devid maklelandma da kerol francma (Devid McLeland & Cakol Franz, 1992)
erTmaneTs Seadares: erTi mxriv, monacemebi aRzrdis meTodebis Sesaxeb,
romlebic agrovda 1951 wels, rodesac kvlevaSi monawile bavSvebi daaxloebiT 5
wlisani iyvnen da, meore mxriv, monacemebi n Ach-isa da Semosavlis Sesaxeb,
romlebic agrovda 1987-1988 wlebSi, rodesac kvlevis monawileni ukve 41 wlisani
iyvnen. 1951 wels mSoblebs sTxovdnen, aReniSnaT, Tu rogor aswavlidnen TavianT
Svilebs sakvebis miRebasa da tualetiT sargeblobas. maklelandma da francma
CaTvales, rom bavSvebi ganicdidnen Zlier zewolas miznis miRwevisTvis im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu maT mSoblebi sakvebis miRebasa da tualetiT sargeblobas
mkacri wesebiT aswavlidnen. mTlianobaSi aRiniSneboda dadebiTi korelacia
miznis miRwevisTvis bavSvobaSi gancdil Zlier zewolasa da Semdgom
mozrdilobaSi maRal n Ach-s Soris. garda amisa, im bavSvebis wliuri
Semosavali, romlebic miznis miRwevisTvis Zlier zewolas ganicdidnen,
mozrdilobaSi daaxloebiT $10.000-iT ufro mets Seadgenda, vidre maTi
 476
Tanatolebis wliuri Semosavali, romelTac ar hqondaT bavSvobaSi aseTi
gamocdileba.

es monacemebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom Tqveni miRwevis moTxovnilebis xarisxi

SeiZleba Tqveni cxovrebis pirvelive wlebSi Camoyalibebuliyo.

warmatebisa da marcxis atribucia

miRwevis moTxovnileba ar aris erTaderTi cvladi, romelic pirovnul

warmatebaSi dainteresebaze axdens gavlenas; rom gaverkveT, ratom, ganvixiloT
hipoTeturi magaliTi. warmoidgineT, rom gyavT ori megobari, romlebic erTsa da
imave sagans swavloben. pirveli semestris Sualedur gamocdaSi orivem miiRo
Sefaseba „C“. rogor fiqrobT, erTnairad iqnebian isini motivirebulni, rom
bejiTad imecadinon meore semestris Sualeduri gamocdisTvis? am kiTxvaze pasuxi,
nawilobriv, damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogor axsnas mouZebnis TiToeuli maTgani
miRebul Sefasebas.
ganvixiloT kontrolis lokusis mniSvneloba (Rotter, 1954). orientacia
kontrolis lokusze anu imaze, Tu sad mdebareobs momxdaris mizezi _ aris
warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, rom Tqveni moqmedebebis Sedegebi damokidebulia Tqven
mierve ganxorcielebul qmedebebze (orientacia internalur, anu Sinagan
kontrolze) Tu garemos faqtorebze (orientacia eqsternalur, anu garegan
kontrolze). zemoT motanil magaliTSi „C“-s miReba Tqvenma megobarma SeiZleba
miaweros garegan (mSeneblobis xmaurs gamocdis msvlelobisas) an Sinagan (sust
mexsierebas) mizezs. atribucia aris msjeloba Sedegebis mizezebis Sesaxeb
(atribuciis Teorias ufro vrclad me-17 TavSi ganvixilavT). mocemul SemTxvevaSi
atribuciam SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos motivaciaze. Tu Tqveni megobrebi
darwmunebulni arian, rom gamocdaze miRebuli niSani SeiZleba mSeneblobis
xmaurs mieweros, metad mosalodnelia, rom isini bejiTad iSromeben momdevno
gamocdisTvis, xolo Tu isini warumateblobis atribucias sust mexsierebaze
axdenen, savaraudoa, rom naklebad gulmodgineni iqnebian momavalSi.
kontrolis lokusi ar aris erTaderTi ganzomileba, romelzec SeiZleba
varirebdes atribucia (Peterson &Selingman, 1984). Cven aseTi kiTxvac SegviZlia
davsvaT: _ ,,ramdenad ucvleli (stabiluri) da mdgradia, an cvalebadi
(arastabiluri) da aramdgradia mizezobrivi faqtori droTa ganmavlobaSi?“
pasuxi gvaZlevs ganzomilebas _ ucvleli-cvalebadi (stabiluri-arastabiluri), an
 477
SegviZlia vikiTxoT: _ ,,ramdenad aris mizezobrivi faqtori Zalze konkretuli
(specifikuri) da SezRuduli mkafiod gansazRvruli amocaniT, an situaciiT, anda
zogadi (globaluri) da farTod gamoyenebadi sxvadasxva garemoebebisa da
amocanebis SemTxvevaSi. pasuxi gvaZlevs ganzomilebas _ zogadi-konkretuli
(globaluri-specifikuri).
suraTze 12.6 mocemulia magaliTi imisa, Tu
• atribucia (Attribution) _
rogor SeiZleba urTierTqmedebdes kontrolis
msjeloba Sedegebis
lokusi da stabiluroba. yuradReba SevaCeroT
mizezebis Sesaxeb.
gamocdaze miRebuli Sefasebis atribuciaze.
Tqvenma megobrebma miRebuli Sefasebebi SeiZleba iseTi Sinagani faqtorebis
Sedegad miiCnion, rogoricaa SesaZlebloba (ucvleli pirovnuli maxasiaTebeli),
an Zalisxmeva (cvalebadi pirovnuli Tviseba); anda maT miRebuli Sefaseba
SeiZleba iseTi garegani faqtorebiT gamowveulad CaTvalon, rogoricaa _
amocanis sirTule, sxva adamianebis moqmedeba (ucvleli situaciuri problema), an
iRbali (cvalebadi garegani maxasiaTebeli). imisda mixedviT, Tu ra xasiaTis
atribucia mouZebnes TavianT warmatebasa Tu marcxs, maTi emocia, savaraudod,
iqneba erT-erTi im emociaTagani, romelic warmodgenilia cxrilSi 12.4.
12.4
mniSvnelovani aq isaa, rom interpretaciis tipi imoqmedebs rogorc emociebze, ise
Semdgom motivaciaze _ ufro bejiTad mecadineobaze an SromisTvis Tavis
danebebaze _ warmatebisa Tu marcxis realuri mizezisgan damoukideblad.
aqamde ganvixilavdiT im SesaZleblobas, rodesac Tqveni orive megobari
erTnairad xsnis maT mier miRebul Sefasebas „C“, magram Zalze mosalodnelia, rom
isini gansxvavebul axsnebs mogvcemen. erT-erTma es SeiZleba miaweros raime
garegans (,,profesorma arasamarTlianad Caatara gamocda“), meorem ki _ raime
Sinagans („ar var imdenad Wkviani, rom davZlio es sagani“). mkvlevrebma aCvenes,
rom is, Tu rogor xsnian adamianebi maT cxovrebaSi mimdinare movlenebs _ banqoSi
mogebidan dawyebuli paemanis SeTavazebaze uaris TqmiT damTavrebuli _ SeiZleba
maT cxovrebiseul, Cveul atribuciul stilad iqces (Haines et al., 1999). Tqveni
warmatebebisa da marcxebis axsnis stilma SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos Tqvens
motivaciaze, guneba-ganwyobilebasa da saTanadod moqmedebis unarzec ki. ramdenime
wlis manZilze mkvlevari martin selingmeni (Martin Selingman) Seiswavlida, Tu
rogor moqmedebs adamianebis axsnis stili _ maTi optimizmisa Tu pesimizmis
 478
xarisxi _ maT aqtiurobasa da pasiurobaze da imazec, Seupovrad midian miznisken
isini Tu iolad nebdebian, riskaven Tu frTxilad moqmedeben (Selingman, 1991).

kontrolis lokusi
sur. 12.6. qcevis Sedegebis mizezebis
Sinagani garegani
atribucia
SesaZlebl rTuli
ucvleli oTxi SesaZlo Sedegi momdinareobs
oba amocana
qcevis atribuciis mxolod ori
a

wyarodan: _ kontrolis lokusidan da im

cvalebadi Zalisxmeva iRbali
situaciidan, romelSic qceva
xorcieldeba. SesaZleblobiT atribucia
ekuTvnis kombinacias Sinagani-ucvleli, ZalisxmeviT atribucia _ kombinacias
Sinagani-cvalebadi, rTuli amocana (testi) _ rodesac uSveben garegani ucvleli
Zalebis moqmedebas, iRbali _ kombinacias garegani-cvalebadi.

cxrili 12.4 atribuciaze damokidebuli

damokidebuli emociuri reaqciebi
Tqveni grZnobebi emociuri reaqciebi
warmatebasa da marcxTan
atribucia warmateba marcxi
dakavSirebiT damokidebulia
SesaZlebloba kompetenturoba arakompetenturoba
atribuciis im stilze,
darwmunebuloba brZolaze uaris
romelsac axdenT Sedegebis
siamaye Tqma
mizezebis mixedviT.
daTrgunuloba
magaliTad, Tqven amayobT
Zalisxmeva Semsubuqeba braleulobis
warmatebiT maSin, roca am
kmayofileba gancda
warmatebas sakuTar unarebs
moduneba sircxvili
miawerT da daTrgunuli
SiSi
xarT, Tu marcxs
SesaZleblobis arqonis sxvaTa madliereba brazi

Sedegad aRiqvamT; anda moqmedeba mrisxaneba

ganicdiT madlierebis bedi gakvirveba gakvirveba

grZnobas, rodesac Tqvens sindisis qenjna gaoceba
 479
mier miRweul warmatebas sxvaTa moqmedebas miawerT da brazobT, roca sxvebi
migaCniaT Tqveni marcxis mizezad.

me-15 TavSi vnaxavT, rom Sinagani-zogadi-ucvleli (internaluri-globaluri-

stabiluri) axsnis stili (,,me arasodes viqcevi sworad“) individs depresiis
riskis winaSe ayenebs (da depresiis erT-erTi simptomia Semcirebuli motivacia).
axla ki vnaxoT, rogor SeuZlia axsnis stils, rom semestris bolos Tqvenma erT-
erTma megobarma „A“, meorem ki _ „F“ Sefaseba miiRos. selingmeni da misi gundi
cdilobdnen aexsnaT, ratom SeuZlia erT adamians marcxis sawinaaRmdegod
moqmedeba, meores ki _ ara. aRmoCnda, rom saidumlo ingredienti nacnobi da, erTi
SexedviT, martivi ram iyo: _ optimizmi da pesimizmi. aRsaniSnavia, rom samyaros
xedvis es ori gansxvavebuli gza gavlenas axdens motivaciaze, guneba-ganwyobasa
da qcevaze.
atribuciis pesimisturi stili mimarTulia marcxis Sinagani warmoSobis
mizezebze. garda amisa, cudi situacia da individis roli mis gamowvevaSi miiCneva
ucvlelad da zogadad (stabilurad da globalurad): _ ,,me amas ver Sevcvli da
es gavlenas moaxdens yvelaferze.“ atribuciis optimisturi stili marcxs
garegani mizezebis Sedegad ganixilavs: _ ,,testi arasamarTliani iyo“, xolo
movlenebi cvalebadi (stabiluri), an modificirebadia da konkretuli
(specifikuri): _ ,,Tu met Zalisxmevas gavwev, momavalSi ukeTesad gavarTmev Tavs da
es erTi warumatebloba gavlenas ver moaxdens imaze, Tu rogor Sevasruleb
CemTvis mniSvnelovan sxva davalebas“.
es mizezobrivi axsnebi sapirispirod brundeba, rodesac warmatebis sakiTxs
ukavSirdeba. optimisti iRebs srul pirovnul Sinagan-ucvlel-zogad
pasuxismgeblobas warmatebaze, xolo pesimisti Tavis warmatebas garegan-cvalebad-
zogad, an konkretul faqtorebs miawers. vinaidan is Tvlis, rom ganwirulia
marcxisTvis, pesimisti ufro cudad asrulebs davalebas, vidre mosalodnelia
misi SesaZleblobebis obieqturi sazomebidan gamomdinare. ZiriTadad, kvlevebi
adastureben optimizmisa da pesimizmis Sesaxeb aseTi ganzogadebis siswores.
magaliTad, erT-erT kvlevaSi zomavdnen 130 mamakacis axsnis stils, romlebic
Sesyidvebis agentebad muSaobdnen gaerTianebuli samefos wamyvan sadazRveo
kompaniaSi (Corr & GGray, 1996). aRmoCnda, rom im mamakacebi, romlebic atribuciis
SedarebiT dadebiTi stiliT xasiaTdebodnen, ufro met garigebebs debdnen.
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yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi movlenebis interpretacia gavlenas axdens optimistTa da
pesimistTa samomavlo amocanebis Sesrulebis motivaciis doneze.
am qveTavis dasasruls ganvixiloT erT-erTi kvleva, romelic gviCvenebs
mizezobrivi atribuciis gavlenas saswavlo garemoSi.

saidan viciT

atribuciis reorientacia profesiuli moRvaweobis SesaZleblobebTan mimarTebaSi

rodesac kolejs amTavrebT, gsurT SeZlebisdagvarad saukeTeso samuSaos
miReba, magram rogor fiqrobT, rogor moxdeba es? karg samuSaoze mowyobas
Tqveni sakuTari ostatobiTa da iniciaturobiT (Sinagani atribucia) apirebT, Tu
SemTxveviTi pirobebisa da kargi iRblis wyalobiT (garegani atribucia)?
mkvlevrebi varaudoben, rom is studentebi, romelTac sjeraT, rom Tavad
ganapirobeben sakuTar profesiul warmatebas, ufro metad axorcieleben TavianT
profesiul miswrafebebs. am TvalsazrisiT, ra SeiZleba gakeTdes studentebis
wasaxaliseblad, rom maT garegani atribucia SinaganiT Secvalon?
mkvlevarTa jgufma SeimuSava Carevis meTodi, romelsac atribuciis
reorientacia uwoda. studentTa jgufs, romelTac miaCndaT, rom maTze mcire
ram iyo damokidebuli karieraSi winsvlis TvalsazrisiT, ayurebinebdnen
videokasetas, romelzec Cawerili iyo maTi universitetis kursdamTavrebuli
qalisa da mamakacis dialogi. eqsperimentuli jgufisTvis gankuTvnili dialogi
Seexeboda imas, Tu rogor miiRes maT gadawyvetileba karieris Taobaze: _ ,,rac
ufro vizrdebodi, metad vacnobierebdi, rom nebismieri ram, rac Cemi
karierisTvis mniSvnelovani da Rirebuli iqneboda, Cemgan bejiTad Sromasa da
Zalisxmevas moiTxovda“ (Luzzo et al., 1996, p. 417). sakontrolo jgufi ar iRebda
aseT informacias. am xanmokle Carevis Semdeg, eqsperimentuli jgufis wevrebma
gamoavlines ufro metad internaluri kontrolis lokusi karieris arCevisas
da, aseve, Semdgom ufro metad CaerTvnen saqmianobaSi, romelic profesiuli
zrdis SesaZleblobebs ukavSirdeboda. sakontrolo jgufs ar aReniSneboda
aseTi cvlilebebi (Luzzo et al., 1996).

imis gamo, rom atribucia gavlenas axdens motivaciaze, cotaodeni informaciis

miwodebam karieris arCevanis Sesaxeb didi gavlena iqonia studentTa mosazrebebze
momavlis Taobaze.
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Cven vTvliT, rom fsiqologiuri kvleva am mimarTulebiT TqvenTvis sasargeblo
aRmoCndeba. Tqven SegiZliaT gamoimuSaoT Tqveni warmatebisa da marcxis axsnis
optimisturi stili; SegiZliaT situaciaSi SesaZlo mizezebis moZiebiT Tavidan
aiciloT warumateblobebis uaryofiTi, stabiluri dispoziciuri atribucia.
dabolos, nu miscemT droebiT Cavardnebs uflebas, rom SegiryioT motivacia.
Tqven SegiZliaT, gamoiyenoT gamokvlevebze damyarebuli es rCeva Tqveni cxovrebis
gasaumjobeseblad _ rasac yovelTvis SegaxseneT am wignSi.

Sromisa da organizaciuli fsiqologia

warmovidginoT, rom Tqveni pozitiuri filosofia dagexmaraT samsaxuri

dagewyoT did korporaciaSi. SegviZlia zustad viwinaswarmetyveloT, ramdenad
motivirebuli iqnebiT, Tu gvecodineba Tqveni miRwevis moTxovnilebis maCvenebeli
an axsnis stili? Tqveni motivaciis done, nawilobriv, damokidebuli iqneba im
zogad konteqstze _ wesebsa da adamianebze, sadac muSaobT. aRiarebs ra im faqts,
rom samuSao garemo sTuli socialuri sistemaa, organizaciuli fsiqologi
swavlobs iseTi adamianuri urTierTobebis sxvadasxava aspeqtebs, rogoricaa: _
TanamSromelTa Soris informaciis gacvla, momsaxure personalis socialuri da
kulturuli adaptacia, marTvis stili da unarebi, samuSaosadmi an/da
organizaciisadmi damokidebuleba da erTguleba, samuSaoTi kmayofileba, stresi
da gadawva/gamofitva da, aseve, mTlianad cxovrebis xarisxi samuSaoze. rogorc
bizneskonsultantebi, organizaciuli fsiqologebi daxmarebas uweven
organizaciebs momsaxure personalis dasaqmebaSi, SerCevasa da momzadebaSi. garda
amisa, isini amuSaveben rekomendaciebs samuSaos gadastruqturebis Sesaxeb, raTa
SesaZlebeli gaxdes calkeuli TanamSromlebisadmi misi ukeT morgeba. samuSao
garemos gaumjobesebis mizniT organizaciuli fsiqologebi iyeneben marTvis,
gadawyvetilebis miRebisa da ganviTarebis Teoriebs.
ganvixiloT ori Teoria, romelic organizaciulma fsiqologebma SeimuSaves
samuSao adgilze arsebuli motivaciis gasagebad. samarTlianobis Teoria da
molodinis Teoria cdiloben, axsnan da iwinaswarmetyvelon, rogor moiqcevian
adamianebi sxvadasxva samuSao pirobebSi. am Teoriebis Tanaxmad, muSakebi
dakavebulni arian garkveuli SemecnebiTi saqmianobiT, rogoricaa: _
samarTlianobis Sefaseba sakuTari socialuri mgdomareobis sxva muSakebis
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socialur mdgomareobasTan Sedarebis gziT, an mosalodneli waxalisebis
Sefaseba, romelic maT mier Sesrulebul samuSao ukavSirdeba.
samarTlianobis Teoria gulisxmobs, rom muSaki motivirebulia
TanamSromlebTan samarTliani, an Tanasworuflebiani urTierTobis SenarCunebaze
(Adams, 1965). muSakebi aRniSnaven maT mier samuSaosTvis gaRebul xarjebs (SromiT
saqmianobasa da fulad danaxarjs) da Semosavals (rasac iReben samuSaos
Sesrulebis Sedegad), Semdeg ki adareben TanamSromelTa xarjebsa da Semosavals.
rodesac a muSakis danaxarjisa da Semosavlis Tanafardoba utoldeba b muSakis
danaxarjisa da Semosavlis Tanafardobas (danaxarji a ÷ Semosavali a = danaxarji
b ÷ Semosavali b), maSin a muSaki dakmayofilebulia. ukmayofileba Cndeba maSin,
rodesac es proporcia irRveva. vinaidan uTanasworobis am grZnobis atana Zalian
Znelia, muSakebi motivirebulni xdebian, rom aRadginon es proporcia imiT, rom
saTanadod Secvalon danaxarjebi da Semosavali. es SeiZleba iyos qceviTi
cvlilebebi (magaliTad, danaxarjis Semcireba SromiTi saqmianobis Semcirebis
xarjze da Semosavlis gazrda Sromis anazRaurebis momatebis moTxovniT) an
fsiqologiuri cvlilebebi (magaliTad, danaxarjis: _ „Cemi samuSao arcTu ise
kargia“, an Semosavlis: _ „gamimarTla, rom yoveli kviris bolos viReb xelfass,
romlis imedzec SemiZlia viyo,“ Rirebulebis axleburi interpretacia).

• organizaciis fsiqologi (Organizational psychologist) _ Seiswavlis adamianuri

urTierTobebis sxvadasxva aspeqtebs, rogoricaa TanamSromelTa Soris
informaciis gacvla, momsaxure personalis socialuri da kulturuli
adaptacia, marTvis stili da unarebi, samuSaosadmi an/da organizaciisadmi
damokidebuleba da erTguleba, samuSaoTi kmayofileba, stresi da
gadawva/gamofitva da, aseve, mTlianad cxovrebis xarisxi samuSaoze.
• samarTlianobis Teoria (Equity theory) _ samuSao motivaciis kognituri Teoria,
romlis mixedviT muSaki motivirebulia TanamSromlebTan samarTliani an
Tanasworuflebiani urTierTobis SenarCunebaze; agreTve, am Teoriis mixedviT,
samarTliania is urTierTobebi, rodesac monawileTa danaxarji maTi
Semosavlis proporciulia.

SeginiSnavT usamarTlobis an samarTlianobis Sedegebi Tqvens samuSao

situaciebSi? ganvixiloT situacia, rodesac Tqveni TanamSromeli ukeTes
samuSaoze gadadis. ras ganicdiT Tqven am dros? samarTlianobis Teoriis
 483
mixedviT, Tqven SeiZleba grZnobdeT, rom usamarTlod dagtoves arasasurvel
samuSaoze. faqtobrivad, rodesac muSaki ise midis samsaxuridan, rom is
ukmayofilebas gamoxatavs am samuSaos mimarT, darCenili TanamSromlebi
midrekilni arian naklebi produqtulobisken _ isini amcireben Sromis
nayofierebas, raTa aRadginon darRveuli Tanasworoba da samarTlianoba (Sheeman,
1993). Tu Tqven xelmZRvanelis Tanamdebobaze mogiwevT muSaoba, unda ecadoT, rom
Tavidan aiciloT aseTi damokidebulebis damkvidreba imiT, rom daakmayofiloT
Tqveni TanamSromlebis samarTlianobis fsiqologiuri moTxovnilebebi.
magaliTad, ar unda dagaviwydeT „saTanado axsnis“ sargeblianoba.
molodinis Teoriis mixedviT, muSaki motivirebulia maSin, rodesac is elodeba,
rom misi Zalisxmeva da Sroma misTvis sasurvel Sedegs gamoiRebs (Harder, 1991; Porte
& Lawler, 1968; Vroom, 1964). sxva sityvebiT, adaminebi Seasruleben im samuSaos,
romelsac mimzidvelad (romelsac Tan sdevs sasurveli Sedegebi) da
Sesrulebadad CaTvlian. molodinis TeoriaSi aqcenti keTdeba sam komponentze,
esenia: molodini, instrumentuloba da valentoba. molodini asaxavs imis
mosalodnel albaTobas, rom muSakis Zalisxmevis Sedegi iqneba mis mier samuSaos
garkveuli xarisxiT Sesruleba. instrumentuloba niSnavs, rom samuSaos
Sesruleba gamoiRebs garkveul Sedegs, rogoricaa, magaliTad Sromis anazRaureba
an jildo. valentoba gulisxmobs konkretuli Sedegis mimzidvelobas muSakisTvis.
konkretul samuSao situaciaSi am sami komponentisTvis sxvadasxva
SesaZleblobebis warmodgena SegiZliaT. Tqven SeiZleba gaqvT samuSao, sadac
didia albaToba imisa, rom dagajildoeben warmatebuli muSaobisTvis (maRali
instrmentuloba), magram naklebia albaToba imisa, rom samuSaos warmatebulad
SeasrulebT (dabali molodini), an naklebia albaToba imisa, rom miRebuli
jildo Rirebuli iqneba (dabali valenturoba). molodinis Teoriis Tanaxmad,
muSaki afasebs am sami komponentis albaTobebs da aerTianebs maT maTi calkeuli
mniSvnelobebis gadamravlebiT. yvelaze maRali donis motivacia gvaqvs maSin,
rodesac didia samive komponentis albaToba, xolo dabali motivacia miiReba
maSin, rodesac samidan erT-erTi komponentis albaToba nulis tolia.
xedavT, rogor SeiZleba dagexmaroT molodinis Teoriis analizi, Tu
xelmZRvanelis Tanamdebobaze mogiwevT muSaoba? Tqven unda iswavloT molodinis,
instrumentulobisa da valentobis naTlad warmodgena; aseve, unda SegeZloT
gansazRvra _ am situaciaSi yvelaferi wesrigSia Tu romelime nawili gaumarTavia.
 484
magaliTad, davuSvaT, rom muSakebi mividnen im daskvnamde, rom maT Zalisxmevasa da
amisTvis miRebul anazRaurebas Soris ar aris sakmarisi Tanafardoba. rogor
SecvlidiT samuSos pirobebs, raTa aRgedginaT instrumentulobis maRali
Rirebuleba?
winamdebare qveTavis daskvnis saxiT gTavazobT gamafrTxilebel SeniSvnas
samuSo garemoSi miRwevisa da motivaciis Sesaxeb. rodesac iRebT pirovnul
gadawyvetilebas, Tu ramdenad gulmodgined da dabejiTebiT SegiZliaT Sroma
Tqvens profesiul asparezze, yuradRebiT gadaxedeT Tqveni cxovrebis sxva
aspeqtebsac. rogorc momdevno TavSi vnaxavT, agresiulma swrafvam warmatebisken
SeiZleba garkveulwilad xeli SegiSaloT xangrZlivad da janmrTelad
cxovrebaSi.

Sejameba

fsiqologebi zomaven miRwevis moTxovnilebas, raTa gamoTqvan varaudebi, Tu

rogor warimarTeba adamianis cxovreba da ra elis mas. motivaciaze gavlenas
axdens mizezobrivi atribucia, romelic SeiZleba moicavdes konkretul, an zogad,
ucvlel, an cvalebad da Sinagan, an garegan faqtorebs. mkvlevrebma gansazRvres
axsnis optimisturi da pesimisturi stilebi, romelic gavlenas axdens imaze, Tu
rogor asruleben adamianebi dasaxul amocanebs da ramdenad dabejiTebiT akeTeben
amas. organizaciuli fsiqolebis interesTa sferoSi Sedis samuSo adgilze
moqmedi mamotovirebeli faqtorebi. samarTlianobis da molodinis Teoriebi
aRweren, Tu rogor moqmedebs muSakis mosazrebebi samuSao situaciis Sesaxeb mis
motivaciasa da Sromis Sedegebze.

• molodinis Teoria (Expectancy theory) _ samuSo motivaciis Teoria, romlis

mixedviT muSaki motivirebulia maSin, roca elis, rom misi Zalisxmeva da
samuSos Sesruleba sasurvel Sedegs gamoiRebs.
• moTxovnilebebis ierarqia (Hierarchi of needs) _ maslous Sexeduleba, rom
bazisuri adamianuri motivebi qmnis ierarqias da, rom moTxovnileba ierarqiis
TiToeul doneze garkveuli intensiobiT unda dakmayofildes, romlis
Sedegadac SesaZlebel iqneba momdevno donis miRweva; es moTxovnilebebi
progresirdeba bazisuri biologiuri moTxovnilebebidan
transcedenturobisaken.
 485

fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi

SeuZlia fsiqologias karieris arCevaSi daxmareba?

Tu Tqven odesme gqoniaT iseTi samsaxuri, romelic ar mogwondaT, albaT,
bevri gecodinebaT imis Sesaxeb, Tu ras niSnavs, itanjebode motivaciis
naklebobiT: autanelia Tavad azri samsaxurSi misvlis Sesaxeb; TiToeuli wuTi
saaTad geCvenebaT. warmatebuli karieris erT-erTi mniSvnelovani nawilia iseTi
samuSao garemos moZebna, sadac Sesasrulebeli samuSao da misTvis miRebuli
anazRaureba Tqveni motivaciuri moTxovnilebebis Sesatyvisi iqneba. albaT, ar
gagikvirdebaT, rom mkvlevrebi swavlobdnen profesiuli mowodebisa da
adamianebis pirovnuli Tvisebebis, faseulobebsa da moTxovnilebebis
urTierTTanxvedras.
profesiuli warmatebis miRwevis motivaciis SesanarCuneblad unda gqondeT
Tqveni interesebisa da TqvenTvis faseuli miznebis Sesatyvisi samuSao.
profesiuli interesis farTod gavrcelebuli sazomia strongis profesiuli
interesebis kiTxvari, romelic eduard strongs (Edward Strong) ekuTvnis. testis
Sesaqmnelad man gamokiTxa sxvadasxva profesiis mamakacTa jgufebi im
saqmianobebs Sesaxeb, romlebic maT moswondaT an ar moswondaT. Semdeg, skalis
misaRebad, im respodentTa mier gacemuli pasuxebi, romlebic warmatebulni iyven
konkretul profesiebSi, Seadara Cveulebrivi respondenti mamakacebis pasuxebs.
testis Semdeg versiebs (maT Soris 1994 wels redaqtirebuls) daemata
qalebisTvis relevanturi skalebi da axali profesiebi (Harmon et al., 1994).
strongis profesiuli interesebis kiTxvari sakmaod warmatebiT adgens kavSirs
adamianebis mier mowonebul da armowonebul saqmianobebsa da Sesabamis
profesiebs Soris (Donnay &Borgen, 1996). Tu Tqven SeavsebT am tests, profesiuli
konsultanti SeZlebs informaciis mowodebas im samuSaos Sesaxeb, romlebic
tipuria Tqveni interesebis msgavsi interesebis mqone adamianebisTvis, radgan es
is samuSaoa, romlic namdvilad mogewonebaT.
davuSvaT, miiReT aseTi rCeva imis Taobaze, Tu ra profesias unda misdioT.
rogor unda amoirCioT is konkretuli kompania, sadac imuSavebT da rogor unda
SegarCioT man Tqven? bolo periodSi kadrebis SerCevis fsiqologiis
 486
mkvlevrebma didi yuradReba dauTmes pirovneba-organizaciis morgebis cnebas _
mizania adamianisa da im organizaciis Tavsebadobis maqsimizacia, romelic mas
daiqiravebs (Borman et al., 1997; Kristof, 1996; Van Vianen, 2000). erT-erTi kvleva
fokusirebuli iyo TanamSromelTa pirovnuli Taviseburebebisa da organizaciis
,,kulturis“ morgebaze. magaliTisTvis aviRoT pirovnuli faqtori, romelsac
TanxmobisaTvis mzaoba ewodeba; masSi moazrebuli kontiniumis ori
ukiduresobaa: _ ,,TanamgrZnobi, keTili da mosiyvarule“ da ,,civi, kapasi da
sastiki“ (ix. Tavi 14). vnaxoT, aseve, organizaciebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
kulturebis kontiniumi mxardamWeridan da jgufze orientirebulidan agresiul
da Sedegebze orientirebulamde. xedavT rogor wrfivad lagdeba es
maxasiaTeblebi? mkvlevrebi varaudoben, rom samuSos is maZieblebi, romelTac
maRali maCvenebeli aqvT TanxmobisaTvis mzaobis mixedviT, amjobineben
organizaciebs, romlebic mxardamWeri da jgufze orientirebuli kulturiT
gamoirCevian (Judge & Cable, 1997). am tipis kvlevebi gvTavazoben imis axsnas, Tu
ratom ar aris sakmarisi martoden Cveni motivaciuri mdgomareobebi, rodesac
profesiul warmatebas exeba saqme; aseve, aranakleb mniSvnelovania, Tu ramdenad
Tanxvdeba erTmaneTs miznis miRwevis Cveneuli meTodebi da organizaciis
prioritetebi.
sanam im samuSaoze fiqrobT, romelic miznebis miRwevis motivacias SegiqmniT,
warmogidgenT kidev erT, gasaTvaliswinebel faqtors: _ cxovrebis sxva mravali
aspeqtis msgavsad, profesiul interess, rogorc Cans, genetikuri faqtoric
gansazRvravs. erT-erT kvlevaSi sxvadasxva ojaxebSi gazrdil identur da
araidentur tyupebs sTxoves, SeevsoT (strongis profesiuli interesebis
kiTxvaris msgavsi) profesiuli interesebis ori kiTxvari (Moloney et al., 1991). ori
kiTxvaris monacemebis mixedviT, saSualo korelacia identuri tyupebisTvis iyo
0,38 da 0,47; araidenturi tyupebisTvis ki _ mxolod 0,05 da 0,06. yuradReba
miaqcieT, rom es tyupebi ar izrdebodnen erT ojaxSi! Tu Tqven gadawyvetT, rom
dedis an mamis profesiul kvals miyveT, SeiZleba aRmoCndes, rom es sulac ar
aris mxolod garemos Sedegi.
maS ase, romeli profesiuli gza SegiqmniT warmatebis miRwevis motivacias?
rogorc mravalricxovani cxovrebiseuli dilemis SemTxvevaSi, aqac
fsiqologebma Caatares kvlevebi, romlebic dagexmarebaT am mniSvnelovani
 487
gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi.

moTxovnilebebis ierarqia

bolo sam qveTavSi yuradReba SevaCereT motivaciis specifikur tipebze da

qcevis specifikur tipebze. Tavis dasasruls isev davubrundeT motivaciis ufro
zogad mniSvnelobas. Cven gvsurs zogadi warmodgena SegiqmnaT im Zalebze,
romlebic, SesaZloa warmarTavdnen Tqvens cxovrebas.
humanisturma fsiqologma abraham masloum (Abraham Maslow, 1970) Seqmna Teoria,
romlis mixedviTac bazisuri motivebi qmnian moTxovnilebaTa ierarqias,
ierarqias sadac
moTxovnilebebi dalagebulia martividan umaRlesisken, rogorc naCvenebia
suraTze 12.7.
12.7 maslous mixedviT, unda dakmayofildes ierarqiis TiToeuli donis
moTxovnilebebi, raTa SesaZlebeli gaxdes momdevno doneze gadasvla. am ierarqiis
safuZvelSi mdebareobs iseTi biologiuri moTxovnilebebi, rogoricaa SimSili da
wyurvili. sxva nebismieri moTxovnilebis amoqmedebamde jer es moTxovnilebebi
unda dakmayofildes. rodesac biologiuri moTxovnilebebi daJinebiT iTxoven
dakmayofilebas, sxva moTxovnilebebi SeCerebulia da isini veranairad aisaxebian
Cvens qcevaze. roca biologiuri moTxovnilebebi dakmayofilebulia, Tqvens
motivacias Semdegi donis moTxovnileba qmnis; es aris usafrTxoebis
moTxovnileba. rodesac aRar SfoTavT SesaZlo safrTxis gamo, Tqveni motivaciis
ganmapirobebeli mijaWvulobis moTxovnileba xdeba _ Tanaziarobis, afilaciis
moTxovnileba; moTxovnileba imisa, rom giyvardeT da uyvardeT. Tu kargad
gamokvebili xarT, Tavs usafrTxod grZnobT da gaqvT socialuri
mikuTvnebulobis gancda, Tqven gadainacvlebT pativiscemis moTxovnilebaze _
moTxovnileba sakuTari TavSi kompetenturi da efeqturi adamianis danaxvisa,
romelsac SeuZlia imis gakeTeba, rac saWiroa sxvaTa mxridan pativiscemis
mosapoveblad.
adamianebi moazrovne arsebebi arian, rTuli tviniT, romelic azris
stimulacias saWiroebs. Tqven gamoZravebT Zlieri SemecnebiTi moTxovnilebebi: _
gsurT Tqveni warsulis codna, mimdinare arsebobis Tavsatexis wvdoma da
momavlis winaswarganWvreta. swored am moTxovnilebebis Zala ubiZgebs mecnierebs,
rom mTeli TavianTi sicocxle siaxleebis aRmoCenas miuZRvnan. maslous ierarqiis
Semdeg donezea mSvenierebisa da wesrigisken swrafva, romelic warmodgenilia
 488
esTetikuris moTxovnilebis saxiT, romelic adamianis SemoqmedebiTi mxaris
gamovlenis SesaZleblobas iZleva.
ierarqiis mwvervalze imyofebian
transcendenturi
moTxovnilebebi adamianebi _ gamokvebilni, safrTxisgan
kosmiuri daniSnulebis
Secnobis sulieri
moTxovnilebebi
daculni, visac uyvarT da vinc uyvarT,
TviTaqtualizaciis
TviTaqtualizaciis sakuTar ZalebSi darwmunebulni,
moTxovnileba
potencialis srulad moazrovneni da Semoqmedni. es adamianebi
gamoyenebis moTxovnileba,
gansazRvruli miznisken gascdnen elementaruli adamianuri
swrafva
esTetikuri moTxovnilebebi moTxovnilebebis farglebs sakuTari
mSvenierebisa da
wesrigis moTxovnileba potencialis sruli ganviTarebisken

SemecnebiTi moTxovnilebebi
swrafvidan anu TviTaqtualizaciidan
codnis, gagebis,
siaxlis moTxovnilebebi gamomdinare. aseTi TviTaqtualizebuli
pirovneba, sxva dadebiTi Tvisebebis garda,
pativiscemis moTxovnileba
darwmunebulobis, sakuTari kargad icnobs, esmis sakuTari Tavis da
Tavis faseulobisa da
kompetenturobis, iseTad iRebs, rogoric aris; socialurad
TviTpativiscemisa da sxvaTa
mxridan pativiscemis
moTxovnileba gulisxmieria, SemoqmedebiTia,
mijaWvulobis moTxovnileba Tavisufalia, Riaa siaxleebisa da
Tanaziarobis, afilaciis
moTxovnileba; moTxovnileba
imisa, rom giyvardeT da
gamowvevisadmi. maslous ierarqiaSi kidev
uyvardeT
erTi safexuria, romelic scildeba
usafrTxoebis moTxovnileba
moTxovnileba
usafrTxoebis, komfortis, individualuri potencialis sruli
uSfoTvelobis, SiSisgan
Tavisuflebis moTxovnileba
ganviTarebis farglebs; esaa
transcendenturis moTxovnileba, romelmac
biologiuri
moTxovnilebebi adamiani SeiZleb miiyvanos cnobierebis
sakvebis, sasmelis, Jangbadis,
dasvenebis, seqsis, daZabulobis umaRles mdgomareobebamde da samyaroSi
moxsnis moTxovnilebebi
sakuTari daniSnulebis kosmiur xedvamde.
Zalze cota adamiani Tu axerxebs sakuTari
me-s sazRvris gadabijebas da sulier ZalebTan aseTi erTianobis miRwevas.
maslous Teoria adamianis motivaciis gansakuTrebiT popularul xedvas
warmoadgens. Teoriis ZiriTad birTvs warmoadgens mosazreba, rom TiToeul
adamians aqvs moTxovnileba, ganviTardes da moaxdinos sakuTari potencialis
maqsimalurad realizeba. yovelTvis SegviZlia aseTi dadebiTi xedvis SenarCuneba?
monacemebi cxadyofs, rom _ ara. maslous mier aRwerili moTxovnilebebis garda,
Cven vxedavT, rom adamianebs axasiaTebT Zalauflebis gamovlenis, dominantobisa
 489
da agresiis gamoxatvis moTxovnilebebi. garda amisa, Cveni sakuTari
gamocdilebidan viciT, rom maslous zusti, mkacri ierarqia SeiZleba xSirad
dairRves. magaliTad, SegviZlia, rom yuradReba ar mivaqcioT SimSils maSin,
rodesac ufro maRali donis moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebiT varT motivirebulni,
Tumca, aseTi SezRudvebis pirobebSic ki vimedovnebT, rom maslous sqema
dagexmarebaT Tqveni mamotivirebeli swrafvebis sxvadasxva aspeqtis
garkveulwilad mowesrigebaSi.
Cven grZeli gza ganvleT mas Semdeg, rac ganvixileT rebeka stefensis
usiamovnebebiT savse asvla everestze; Cven aRvwereT kvebis da SimSilis
fsiqologia da adamianis seqsualobis evolucia da sociluri ganzomilebebi; Cven
gamovikvlieT individuluri gansxvavebebi pirovnuli miRwevebis TvalsazrisiT,
avxseniT pirovnuli warmateba. am sakiTxebis ganxilvisas Tqven naxeT, Tu ra
rTulad urTierTqmedeben buneba da aRzrda rogorc saxeobis, ise _
individualur doneze. am mTeli informaciis gaTvaliswinebiT, ra axali ideebi da
mosazrebebi gagiCndaT rebeka stefensis qcevis Sesaxeb? xedavT Tu ara axla ufro
srulad, Tu ratom xdeba, rom zogierTi adamianisTvis neka TiTis dakargva arc
ise didi sazRauri SeiZleba iyos sanukvari miznis miRwevisTvis?

sakvanZo sakiTxebi

motivaciis cneba
• motivacia dinamikuri cnebaa, romelic gamoiyeneba qcevisaTvis mimarTulebis
micemis procesebis aRsawerad.
• motivaciuri analizi gvexmareba, avxsnaT, Tu rogor ukavSirdeba erTmaneTs
biologiuri da qceviTi procesebi da ratom iswrafvian adamianebi miznebisken
dabrkolebebisa da araxelsayreli pirobebis miuxedavad.
• ltolvebis Teoria ayalibebs, motivaciis, rogorc daZabulobis Semcirebis
cnebas.
• adamianebi motivirebulni arian aRmZvrelebiT _ garegani stimulebiTac,
romlebic ar ukavSirdebian fiziologiur moTxovnilebebs.
• reversiis Teoria gamoyofs metamotivaciuri mdgomareobebis opoziciur
wyvilebs.
• instinqtebis Teoria gvTavazobs, rom motivacia xSirad eyrdnoba Tandayolil
stereotipul reaqciebs.
 490
• socialuri da kognituri fsiqologebi xazs usvamen individis mier situaciis
aRqmas, interpretacias da masze reaqcias.

kveba
• sxeuli flobs mTel rig meqanizmebs kvebis procesis dawyebisa da
SewyvetisaTvis.
• Tu msuqani adamiani SezRuduli mWameli xdeba, misma dietam SeiZleba wonis
momateba ufro gamoiwvios, vidre wonis dakleba.
• kvebiTi aSliloba janmrTelobisTvis da sicocxlisaTvis saSiSi daavadebaa,
romelic SeiZleba aRmocendes kulturuli gavlenisa da sxeulis xatis
darRveuli aRqmis Sedegad.

seqsualuri qceva
• evoluciuri Teoriidan gamomdinare, seqsi STamomavlobis producirebis
meqanizmia.
• cxovelebSi seqsualuri ltolvebi mkacrad kontroldeba hormonebiT.
• mastersisa da jonsonis Sromam mogvawoda pirveli monacemebi qalisa da
mamakacis seqsualuri reqciebis ciklis Sesaxeb.
• evoluciuri fsiqologebis azriT, adamianTa seqsualuri qceva asaxavs
Sewyvilebis sxvadasxva strategiebs qalebisa da mamakacebisaTvis.
• gansxvavebebma seqsualur scenarebSi SeiZleba gamoiwvios seriozuli
gaugebroba da migviyvanos Zaladobamde.
• homoseqsualizmi da heteroseqsualizmi determinirebulia rogorc genetikiT,
ise pirovnuli da socialuri garemoTi.

pirovnuli miRwevis motivacia

• adamianebs aqvT miRwevis mravali moTxovnilebebi. miRwevis moTxovnileba
gavlenas axdens imaze, Tu rogor axdens adamiani warmatebisa da marcxis
interpretacias.
• ori atribuciuri stili _ optimizmi da pesimizmi _ iwvevs gansxvavebul
damokidebulebebs miRwevisadmi da gavlenas axdens motivaciaze.
• organizaciuli fsiqologebi swavloben samuSao garemoSi adamianis motivaciis
gavlenas.

moTxovnilebebis ierarqia
• abraham maslous azriT, moTxovnilebebi SeiZleba ierarqiulad dalagdes.
 491
• miuxedavad imisa, rom adamianis motivacia ufro rTulia, maslous Teoria
gvawvdis samuSao CarCos motivaciuri Zalebis dasajameblad.

ZiriTadi cnebebi
anoreqsia
atribucia
bulimia
gaupatiureba
ltolvebi
Tanasworobis Teoria
molodinis Teoria
moTxovnilebaTa ierarqia
homeostazi
aRmZvrelebi
instinqtebi
motivacia
miRwevis moTxovnileba
organizaciis fsiqologia
mSobliuri zrunva da wvlili
reversiis Teoria
seqsualuri agzneba
seqsualuri scenarebi
socialuri daswavlis Teoria
Tematuri apercepciis testi

Tavi 13. emocia, stresi da janmrTeloba

• emociebi
− bazisuri emociebi da kultura
− emociis Teoriebi
− emociis funqciebi

• cxovrebiseuli stresi
− fiziologiuri reaqciebi stresze
 492
− fsiqologiuri reaqciebi stresze
− stresis daZleva

• janmrTelobis fsiqologia
− janmrTelobis biofsiqosocialuri modeli
− janmrTelobis xelSewyoba
− mkurnaloba
− profesiuli gamofitvis sindromi da janmrTelobis dacvis sistema
− rCevebi janmrTelobasTan dakavSirebiT

• fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi: _ janmrTeli adamianebi 2010

• fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi: _ axdens Tu ara gavlenas Tqveni pirovnuli

Tvisebebi janmrTelobaze

• sakvanZo sakiTxebi
− ZiriTadi cnebebi
 493
6 wlis biWi, venesuelis varaos kulturis warmomadgeneli, gaxda avad maRali
sicxiTa da sasunTqi gzebis anTebiT. misma ojaxma es avadmyofoba daukavSira hebus
_ sagvareulo sulebs. bavSvis sxeulidan hebus gansadevnad moiwvies mkurnali
Samani _ visidatu. visidatum Caatara xangrZlivi rituali, romlis ZiriTad
nawils ganmkurnebeli simRera warmoadgenda. qvemoT mocemulia im teqstis nawili,
romelsac visidatu asrulebda:
Sen (hebu) CaeWide mas, CaeWide mas,
CaeWide mas TavSi
Seni cieb-cxelebiT,
Seni cieb-cxelebiT,
Seni sneulebebiT, Seni ZaliT, romliTac SegiZlia Wkuidan SeSalo adamiani.
me var is, vinc icis patara qvebis cieb-cxeleba,
me var is, vinc Sen gicnobs,
me var is, vinc Sen dagamSvidebs,
me var is, vinc gagiSvebs aqedan.
me axlave CagWideb xels da mogaqcev Cems mklavebSi.
me var is, vinc CagWidebs xels.
me CavWideb xels Sens sxeuls, me gagiSveb aqedan,
me gagiSveb aqedan, me gagiSveb aqedan,
me gagiSveb aqedan, me gagiSveb mTeli kanidan,
me gagiSveb kanidan da xorcidan,
me gagiSveb xorcidan,
me var is, vinc gamoiyvans hebus,
me var is, vinc gamoiyvans hebus,
me var is, vinc gamoiyvans hebus,
me var is, vinc Sen gagiSvebs.

meore diliT bavSvs sicxem dauklo. ojaxi darwmunebuli iyo, rom

warumatebeli mkurnalobis SemTxvevaSi bavSvi daiRupeboda (Briggs,1996).
Tu Tqven dasavlur kulturaSi gaizardeT, TqvenTvis Zneli dasajerebeli
iqneba, rom raime kavSiri arsebobda ritualsa - visidatus urTierTobas hebus
sulebTan _ da bavSvis gamojanmrTelebas Soris. Tumca, vimedovnebT, rom am Tavis
bolos SevZlebT amgvari skeptikuri damokidebulebis Semcirebas. Cven gvinda
gavafarTovoT Tqveni warmodgenebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra kavSirSi arian erTmaneTTan
suli da sxeuli. varaos gankurnebis ritualSi vxvdebiT swored im Temas,
romelsac gamovyofT da ganvixilavT am TavSi: _ ra gziT SeuZlia iseT fsiqikur
 494
mdgomareobas, rogoric aris Zlieri emocia, gavlena moaxdinos fizikuri
janmrTelobis mdgomareobaze.
dasawyisisaTvis, gTxovT, warmoidginoT naklebad damabneveli situacia.
davuSvaT, zustad am wuTs gekiTxebiT ras grZnobT?~ rogor upasuxebdiT am
SekiTxvas? arsebobs informaciis, sul mcire, sami gansxvavebuli tipi, romlis
mowodebac SegiZliaT. pirveli, Tqven SegiZliaT gagvimxiloT Tqveni guneba-
ganwyobileba anu emociebi, romelsac ganicdiT: _ gixariaT, radgan iciT, rom am
Tavis wakiTxvas moaswrebT wveulebaze wasvlamde; brazobT, radgan Tqvenma
ufrosma axlaxan giyviraT telefonSi; meore, SesaZloa, ufro zogadi pasuxi
gagvceT gancdili stresis siZlieris Sesaxeb: _ iseTi gancda gaqvT, TiTqos yvela
gasakeTebeli davalebis Sesrulebas moaxerxebT? Tu grZnobT, rom gadatvirTuli
xarT? mesame, Tqven SeiZleba gviamboT Tqveni fsiqikuri an fizikuri janmrTelobis
Sesaxeb: grZnobT, rom avad xdebiT? Tu kargad yofnis zogadi gancda geuflebaT?
am TavSi ganxilulia urTierTmimarTeba pasuxis sam SesaZlo variants Soris
SekiTxvaze _`rogor grZnobT Tavs?~ _ pasuxebi ukavSirdeba emociebs, stress da
janmrTelobas.
emociebi warmoadgens adamianis gamocdilebis qvakuTxeds. emociebi adamianebTan
urTierTobis process amdidreben, xolo mexsierebis Sinaarsebs Tvisobriobasa da
mniSvnelobas aniWeben. am TavSi Cven ganvixilavT emociebis gancdasa da maT
funqciebs. magram ra xdeba maSin, rodesac emociis moTxovnebi biologiur da
fsiqikur SesaZleblobebs aRemateba? SesaZloa gadaitvirTo da veRar moaxerxo
cxovrebiseul stresorebTan gamklaveba. am TavSi aseve ganxiluli iqneba, Tu ra
gavlenas axdens stresi adamianze da rogor aris SesaZlebeli misi daZleva
dabolos, gavafarTovebT Cvens fokuss da ganvixilavT fsiqologiis wvlils
janmrTelobisa da avadmyofobis kvlevaSi. janmrTelobis fsiqologebi ikvleven,
Tu rogor axdens gavlenas avadmyofobis ganviTarebaze garemo, socialuri da
fsiqologiuri procesebi.
janmrTelobis fsiqologebi, aseve, iyeneben fsiqologiur procesebsa da
principebs avadmyofobis mkurnalobisa da prevenciisaTvis: amave dros,
SeimuSaveben pirovnuli keTildReobis gaumjobesebis strategiebs. es gza _
emociebidan, stresis gavliT, janmrTelobamde, Seqmnis konteqsts, romelSic
SesaZlebeli iqneba varaos gankurnebis ritualis Zalis gageba.
daviwyoT emociebis Sinaarsisa da mniSvnelobis ganxilviT.
 495
emociebi

warmoidgineT, rogori iqneboda Tqveni cxovreba, rom SegeZloT fiqri da

moqmedeba, magram ara grZnoba. mzad xarT, daTmoT SiSis gancdis unari satrfos
kocniT gamowveuli vnebis xarjze? daTmobdiT mowyenilobas mxiarulebis xarjze?
ra Tqma unda, es cudi garigeba iqneboda, romelsac maleve inanebdiT. Cven vnaxavT,
rom emociebi mTel rig mniSvnelovan funqciebs asruleben. daviwyoT imiT, rom
SemogTavazebT emociis gansazRvrebas da aRvwerT emociuri gamocdilebis
safuZvlebs.

Tqven SesaZloa, emocia mxolod grZnobad CaTvaloT: _ `me vgrZnob bednierebas~,

an `vgrZnob brazs,~ magram Cven am mniSvnelovani cnebis ufro mravlismomcveli
gansazRvreba gvWirdeba, romelic moicavs rogorc sxeuls, ise suls. Tanamedrove
fsiqologebi emocias gansazRvraven, rogorc sxeulebrivi da mentaluri
cvlilebebis rTul paterns, romelic moicavs fiziologiur agznebas, grZnobebs,
kognitur procesebsa da qceviT reaqciebs, romlebic Cndeba pirovnulad
mniSvnelovnad aRqmul situaciebze sapasuxod. imisaTvis, rom naTeli gaxdes,
risTvis aris saWiro yvela es komponenti, warmoidgineT situacia, romelSic Tavs
Zalian bednierad grZnobT. Tqveni fiziologiuri agzneba gamoixateba mSvid
guliscemaSi. Tqveni grZnoba iqneba dadebiTi. emociasTan dakavSirebuli kognituri
procesebi moicavs interpretaciebs, mogonebebsa da molodinebs, romlebic
saSualebas gaZleven, gansazRvroT situacia, rogorc bednieri. Tqveni TvalsaCino
qceviTi reaqcia, SesaZloa, iyos eqspresiuli (Rimili) an/da qcevaze
orientirebuli (sayvarel adamianTan Caxuteba). emociebis Cveneul gagebaSi
SevecdebiT, rom yvela es komponenti _ agzneba, grZnobebi, azrebi da qceva _
gavaerTianoT.
• emocia – cvlilebaTa rTuli paterni, romelic moicavs fiziologiur
agznebas, grZnobebs, kognitur procesebsa da qcevas; warmoadgens pasuxs
situaciaze, romelic pirovnulad mniSvnelovnad aris aRqmuli.

bazisuri emociebi da kultura

warmoidgineT, rom erT oTaxSi gansxvavebuli kulturis warmomadgenlebi
SekribeT. ra iqneba saerTo maT mier emociebis gancdaSi? Tavdapirvelad
pasuxisaTvis SegviZlia mivmarToT Carlz darvinis wigns `emociebis gamoxatva
adamiansa da cxovelebSi~ (1872/1965). darvini Tvlida, rom emociebi ganviTarda
adamianisaTvis, da ara mxolod adamianisaTvis, damaxasiaTebeli struqturebisa da
funqciebis sxva mniSvnelovani aspeqtebis ganviTarebasTan erTad. mas ainteresebda
emociebis adapturi funqcia, romelic, misi azriT, warmoadgens ara gaurkvevel,
araprognozirebad pirovnul mdgomareobas, aramed adamianis Tavis tvinis
moqmedebis saxeobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Zalian specifikuri, koordinirebuli
moqmedebis formas. darvini emociebs gansazRvravda TanSobil, specifikur
 496
mentalur mdgomareobad, romelic garemoSi ganmeorebadi situaciebis garkveul
jgufTan gasamklaveblad aris mowodebuli. saxeobis ganviTarebis istoriis
manZilze adamianebs Tavs esxmodnen, uyvardebodaT, uCndebodaT Svilebi, isini
ebrZodnen erTmaneTs, awydebodnen partnioris Ralats, iyvnen sayvareli adamianebis
sikvdilis momswreni – da es yvelaferi uTvalavjer momxdara. amrigad, unda
vivaraudoT, rom garkveuli tipis emociuri reaqciebi adamianis saxeobis yvela
wevrTan unda aRmocenebuliyo. mkvlevrebma emociebis universalobis Sesaxeb
ganacxadi Seamowmes axalSobilebis emociur reaqciebsa da sxvadasxva kulturebSi
saxis gamometyvelebis erTgvarovnebaze dakvirvebiT.

aris Tu ara zogierTi emociuri reaqcia Tandayolili

Tu sakiTxisadmi evoluciuri midgoma marTebulia, savaraudoa, rom mTel
msoflioSi bavSvebSi emociuri reaqciebis erTi da igive paternebi gamovlindeba
(Izard,1994). silvan tomkinsi (Silvan Tomkins, 1962, 1981) erT-erTi pirveli fsiqologi
iyo, romelmac xazi gausva uSualo, TanSobili, aradaswavlili afeqturi
(emociuri) reaqciebis universalobas. man xazi gausva imas, rom Cvilebi yovelgvari
winaswari swavlis gareSe Zlier xmaurs pasuxoben SiSiT, an sunTqvis garTulebiT;
isini TiTqos winaswar arian mzad, rom garkveul stimulebs upasuxon emociuri
reaqciiT, romelic imdenad zogadia, rom pirobebis sakmaod farTo speqtrs
Seesabameba.
kroskulturulma gamokvlevebma daadastura varaudi, rom zogierTi emociuri
pasuxi sakmaod msgavsia erTmaneTisagan Zalian gansxvavebuli kulturebis
bavSvebTan.

saidan viciT

kroskulturuli emociuri reaqciebi CvilebTan

eqsperimenti Catarda 5 da 12 Tvis asakis iaponel da amerikel bavSvebze.
eqsperimentatorebi cdis pirebs saxlebSi ewvivnen da Semdegi procedura
Cautares: _ bavSvebs xels avlebdnen majebSi da xelebs jvaredinad abjendnen
mucelze. eqsperimentatorebi videofirze iwerdnen TiToeuli bavSvis reaqcias.
orive kulturis bavSvebi saxis kunTebs erTnairi paterniT amoZravebdnen, rac
distresis Zalian msgavsi gamoxatviT mTavrdeboda. amerikelma da iaponelma
bavSvebma gamoavlines, agreTve, negatiuri vokalizaciisa da fizikuri
 497

winaaRmdegobis erTnairi done (Carmas et al.,1992).

marTalia, am eqsperimentiT dadasturda mniSvnelovani kroskulturuli

Sesabamisoba, magram ufro axalma gamokvlevebma garkveuli gansxvavebebic
gamoavlina. erT-erTi gamokvlevis mixedviT, 11 Tvis Cineli bavSvebi emociurad
ufro nakleb eqspresiulebi iyvnen, vidre maTi iaponeli da amerikeli Tanatolebi
(Carmas et al.,1998). es Sedegebi mowmobs, rom kultura sicocxlis ukve Zalian
adreul etapze iwyebs moqmedebas da gavlenas axdens Tandayolil emociur
reaqciebze.
yuradReba miaqcieT imas, rom Cvilebs, rogorc Cans, aqvT sxvaTa saxis
gamometyvelebis interpretaciis Tandayolili unaric. erT-erT eqsperimentSi 4-dan
6 Tvemde bavSvebs ganmeorebiTi prezentaciis gziT aCvevdnen garkveuli emociebis
gamomxatvel saxeebs. SeCvevis faqti imiT dasturdeboda, rom bavSvebs TandaTan
uqrebodaT interesi am saxeebisadmi. es saxeebi SerCeul iqna gaocebis, SiSisa da
brazis gamomxatveli suraTebis seriidan (ix. Tavi 11, SeCvevis procedurebis
magaliTebi bavSvebSi). Semdeg, rodesac bavSvebs aCvenebdnen gansxvavebuli emociis
gamomxatvel fotos, isini ganaxlebuli interesiT pasuxobdnen masze _ savaraudoa,
rom es eqspresiebi maTTvis `ucnauri~ iyo da gaocebis, SiSisa da brazis
eqspresiebisagan `gansxvavebulad gamoiyureboda~ aseT adreul asakSic ki (Serrano et
al., 1992). aseve, aRsaniSnavia, rom bavSvebi ufro dadebiT qcevas avlenen (magaliTad,
moaxloebis moZraobebi da Rimili) mxiaruli eqsperesiis mimarT da ufro negatiur
qcevas (magaliTad, ganridebis moZraobebi da warbebis SeWmuxna) brazis eqsperesiis
mimarT. es gvaZlevs safuZvels, vivaraudoT, rom bavSvebi ara marto cnoben am
gamometyvelebebs, aramed Zalian adreul asakSi xvdebian maT `mniSvnelobas~
(Serrano et al., 1995).

universaluria Tu ara emociuri eqsperesiebi

eqsperesiebi
rogorc vnaxeT, bavSvebi avlenen da aRiqvamen standartul emociur eqspresiebs.
Tu es asea, maSin mosalodnelia, rom Zalian gansxvavebuli kulturebis zrdasrul
warmomadgenlebs hqondeT msgavsi warmodgena imaze, Tu rogor xdeba emociebis
gadacema saxis gamometyvelebiT.
pol ekmanis (Paul Ekman) mixedviT, romelic saxis eqspresiis bunebis wamyvan
mkvlevrad iTvleba, yvela adamianis `saxis ena~ garkveulwilad emTxveva erTmaneTs
(Ekman, 1984,1994). ekmanma da misma TanamSromlebma daadastures is, rasac jer kidev
darvini varaudobda, rom emociuri eqspresiebis garkveuli nawili adamianis
saxeobisaTvis universaluria, savaraudod, imitom, rom es emociuri eqspresiebi
 498
Cveni evoluciuri memkvidreobis Tandayolil Semadgenel nawilebs warmoadgenen.
sanam gaagrZelebdeT kiTxvas, daakvirdiT 13.1 suraTs. naxeT, ramdenad zustad
SegiZliaT icnoT am Svidi universaluri emociis gamoxatuleba (Ekman & Friesen,
1986).

sur. 13.1 _ emociuri eqspresiebis Sefasebebi

SeusabameT qvemoT CamoTvlili Svidi emociis aRmniSvneli termini aq naCveneb
saxeebs: _ SiSi, zizRi, sixaruli, gaoceba, siZulvili, brazi da mwuxareba. pasuxebi
mocemulia am Tavis bolos.

arsebobs mniSvnelovani sabuTebi imisa, rom am Svid eqspresias erTnairad

cnoben da avlenen mTel msoflioSi sixarulis, gaocebis, brazis, zizRis, SiSis,
sevdis da siZulvilis emociebze sapasuxod. mkvlevrebi, romlebic kroskulturul
gansxvavebebs ikvleven, sTxovdnen sxvadasxva kulturis warmomadgenlebs,
moexdinaT standartul fotosuraTebze mocemul eqspresiebTan dakavSirebuli
emociebis identifikacia. adamianebs zogadad SeuZliaT Svid emociasTan
dakavSirebuli eqspresiis identificireba.

saidan viciT

saxis gamometyvelebis kroskulturuli aRqma

erT-erT gamokvlevaSi axali gvineis damwerlobis armqone kulturis (fores
kulturis) warmomadgenlebi, romlebsac am eqsperimentamde TiTqmis araviTari
Sexeba ar hqoniaT dasavlelebTan da dasavlur kulturasTan, zustad axdendnen
evropeoiduli saxeebis mier gamoxatuli emociebis identifikacias (suraTi 13.1).
mocemuli. cdis pirebi amas axerxebdnen eqspresiis im situaciebTan
dakavSirebiT, romlebSic igive emocia hqoniaT gancdili. magaliTad, foto 5
(SiSi), cdis pirebis pasuxebis mixedviT, gamoxatavs situacias, rodesac mogdevs
gareuli taxi da Tan ara gaqvs Subi, xolo foto 6 (sevda) - gaxsenebs Seni
Svilis sikvdils. cdis pirebi daabnia mxolod gaocebisa (2 foto) da SiSis
erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebam, radgan, rogorc Cans, am xalxs ZiriTadad SiSi
eufleba, rodesac raime aocebT.
Semdeg mkvlevrebma igive kulturis sxva warmomadgenlebs (romlebsac
eqsperimentis pirvel nawilSi ar miuRiaT monawileoba) sTxoves im eqspresiebis
modelireba, romlebsac isini iyenebdnen CamoTvlilTagan eqvsi (siZulvili
gamoricxes) emociis gadmosacemad. rodesac amerikel studentebs aCvenes fores
tomis warmomadgenlebis saxis gamometyvelebebis videoCanawerebi, maT zustad
moaxerxes eqspresiebis identificireba _ erTi gamonaklisiT. ar aris gasakviri,
rom amerikelebs uWirdaT erTmaneTisagan gaerCiaT fores aborigenebis mier
 499
gansaxierebuli SiSi da gaoceba, anu igive emociebi, romelic abnevda fores
warmomadgenlebs dasavlelebis eqspresiaSi (Ekman & Friesen, 1971).

ufro gviandel gamokvlevebSi Seadares sxvadasxva kulturebis _ ungreTis,

iaponiis, poloneTis, sumatras, amerikisa da vietnamis _ warmomadgenelTa mier
saxis eqspresiebis Sefasebebi. am gansxvavebul populaciebs Soris dadasturda
sakmaod didi Tanxvedra (Biehl et al, 1997). aqedan zogadi daskvna is aris, rom
adamianebi mTel msoflioSi, miuxedavad kulturuli gansxvavebebisa, rasis, sqesis,
an ganaTlebisa, ZiriTad emociebs daaxloebiT erTnairad gamoxataven da aqvT
unari, gamoicnon, Tu ra emociebs ganicdian sxvebi, kiTxuloben ra amas maTi saxis
gamometyvelebaze.
gaiTvaliswineT, rom universalobis pretenzia mxolod Svid ZiriTad emocias
exeba. ekmani da misi kolegebi ar amtkiceben, rom yvela saxis emociis eqspresia
universaluria, an, rom sxvadasxva kulturebSi yvela emocias erTnairad
gamoxataven (Ekman, 1994). ekmani (1972) Tavis Sexedulebas universalobis Sesaxeb
neiro-kulturul Teorias uwodebs, raTa asaxos tvinisa (evoluciis produqti) da
kulturis erToblivi wvlili emociis eqspresiaSi. tvini gansazRvravs, romelma
saxis kunTma unda imoZraos konkretuli eqspresiis gamosavlenad, rodesac
garkveuli emocia aRmocendeba. Tumca, gansxvavebuli kulturebi, universaluri
biologiis miRma, emociis eqspresias Tavis daRs asvamen. Cven aRvniSneT kulturis
garkveuli gavlena fores tomis warmomadgenlebisa da aSS-is studentebis
pasuxebis urTierTSedarebis kvlevis aRwerisas. zemoT aRniSnuli eqvsi qveynis
warmomadgenlebze Catarebulma SedarebiTma kvlevam, arsebuli zogadi
Sesabamisobis garda, gamoavlina garkveuli gansxvavebebi qveynebs Soris (Biehl et al,
1997). magaliTad, iaponel mozrdilebs ufro cudad SeeZloT brazis
identifikacia, vidre amerikelebs, ungrelebs, polonelebsa da vietnamel cdis
pirebs. vietnamelebs ki uWirdaT zizRis identifikacia yvela sxva qveynis
warmomadgenelTan SedarebiT.
ratom unda Cndebodes es gansxvavebebi? axla ganvixiloT kulturis gavlena
emociurobaze.

rogor zemoqmedebs kultura emociur eqspresiaze

adamianebs mTel msoflioSi SesaZloa hqondeT erTnairi genetikuri
memkvidreoba, rac gansazRvravs emociuri eqspresiis garkveul erTgvarovnebas.
magram, amave dros, sxvadasxva kulturebs emociebis marTvis sxvadasxva
standartebi aqvT. emociuri pasuxebis zogierTi forma, saxis eqspresiebic ki,
unikaluria TiToeuli kulturisaTvis. kultura awesebs socialur wesebs, Tu
rodis aqvT adamianebs garkveuli emociebis gamovlenis ufleba da socialurad
ramdenad Sesaferisia garkveuli tipis emociis gamovlena mocemuli kategoriis
adamianisaTvis konkretul viTarebaSi (Masquita & Frijda, 1992; Ratner, 2000). ganvixiloT
sami kulturis magaliTi, romelSic emociebis gamoxatva dasavluri normebisagan
gansxvavebulad xdeba. daviwyoT afrikuli kulturiT.
 500
senegalis volofis tomis warmomadgenlebi cxovroben sazogadoebaSi, sadac
adamianebs Soris statusisa da Zalauflebis mxriv gansxvaveba Zalian mkacrad
aris gansazRvruli. am kulturis maRali kastis warmomadgenlebisagan elian
emociebis gamoxatvis Zlier Sekavebas; dabali kastis warmomadgenlebisagan
mosalodnelia emociaTa ufro meti cvalebadobis gamovlena, kerZod, laparakia
kastaze, romelsac griotebi ewodeba. griotebi zogjer, faqtobrivad, iZulebulni
arian, gamoxaton warCinebulebisaTvis `Seuferebeli~ emociebi.

erT dRes qalebis jgufi (xuTi warCinebuli da ori grioti) Seikribnen qalaqis
piras wyalsacavTan. am dros maT Tvalwin viRac qali wyalSi gadaxta. yvela qali
Sezara aSkara TviTmkvlelobis mcdelobis danaxvam, magram warCinebulebma
mdumared ganicades es ambavi, xolo griotebi ki yvirodnen yvelas magivrad (Irvine,
1990, gv.146).

warmoidgineT Tqveni Tavi, rogor moiqceodiT msgavs situaciaSi? albaT, ufro

gagiadvildebaT Tqveni Tavis griotis adgilze dayeneba, vidre warCinebuli
qalebis adgilze. pasuxi, cxadia, isaa, rom warCinebulma qalebma aiTvises
emociuri eqspresiis kulturuli normebi, romelic maTgan nebismieri TvalsaCino
reaqciis dafarvas moiTxovs.
emociuri eqspresiis sferoSi kulturuli gansxvavebebis meore magaliTs
warmoadgens SemTxveva, romelic am wignis erT-erTi avtoris cxovrebaSi moxda. igi
gaaoca warmoSobiT sirieli amerikeli amxanagis panaSvidze qalebis jgufma,
romelic moTqma-godebas iwyebda samZimarze misuli adamianis darbazSi Sesvlisas.
am adamianis gasvlisTanave isini umalve wyvetdnen tirils da jgufur godebas
xelaxla iwyebdnen, rodesac Semdegi momsvleli Semodioda. rogor SeiZleba
aixsnas amgvari qceva? imis gamo, rom gardacvlilis ojaxis wevrebisTvis Zalian
Znelia Zlieri emociuri daZabulobis SenarCuneba panaSvidebis (sami dRe-Ramis)
ganmavlobaSi, isini qiraoben profesional damtireblebs, romlebic maT nacvlad
gamoxataven saTanado Zlier emociebs yovel axlad mosulTan. es gavrcelebuli
praqtikaa xmelTaSuazRvisa da axlo aRmosavleTis kulturebis rig qveynebSi.
mesame magaliTisaTvis saWiroa, erTmaneTisagan ganvasxvaoT individualisturi
da koleqtivisturi kulturebi. individualistur kulturebSi wina planzea
individis moTxovnilebebi, xolo koleqtivistur kulturaSi wina planze jgufis
moTxovnilebebia wamoweuli (Triandis, 1994, 1995). maSin, roca individualistebi
 501
eswrafvian uSualo, gadaudebel pirovnul jildos, Tavisuflebas, Tanasworobas,
pirovnul siamovnebasa da mravalferovan, amaRelvebel cxovrebas, koleqtivistebi
upirates Rirebulebas aniWeben TviTdisciplinasa da cxovrebaSi adgilis
damkvidrebas, mSoblebisa da sxva ufrosebis pativiscemas, imijis dacvasa da
Sromas Soreuli miznebisaTvis, romliTac isargeblebs mTeli jgufi. mkvlevrebi
miiCneven, rom es kulturuli orientacia gavlenas unda axdendes emociis
eqspresiaze.

sur. 13.2. _ emociuri

emociuri eqspresia sxvadasxva kulturebSi
amerikel (individualisturi kultura) da kosta-rikel (koleqtivisturi
kultura) studentebs sTxovdnen, aReniSnaT, ramdenad kargad igrZnobdnen Tavs
dadebiTi da uaryofiTi emociebis gamoxatvis SemTxvevaSi im adamianis mimarT,
romelic maTSi am emocias gamoiwvevda. studentebi pasuxebs aRniSnavdnen skalaze,
romelic ranJirebuli iyo 0-dan (Zalze arakomfortulad) 5-mde (Zalze
komfortulad). dadebiTi emociebis SemTxvevaSi gansxvaveba ar gamovlinda.
uaryofiTi emociebis SemTxvevaSi aRmoCnda, rom individualisturi kulturis
warmomadgenlebi uaryofiTi emociebis gamoxatvisas Tavs ukeT grZnobdnen, vidre
koleqtivisturi kulturis warmomadgeneli studentebi.

saidan viciT

emociis eqspresia individualistur da koleqtivistur sazogadoebebSi

ra xdeba maSin, rodesac mavani avlens uaryofiT emocias sxva adamianis an
adamianTa jgufis mimarT? xSirad situacia socialurad sakmaod uxerxul saxes
iZens. situacia nakleb problematuria, Tu saqme individualisturi
sazogadoebis warmomadgenels exeba, romelic dasaSvebad miiCnevs uaryofiTi
emociebis gamovlenis SesaZleblobas sakuTari damoukideblobis dasacavad.
magram, Tu saqme gvaqvs koleqtivisturi sazogadoebis warmomadgenelTan, maSin,
SesaZloa, man Tavi Seikavos uaryofiTi emociebis gamovlenisagan, raTa Tavi
aaridos jgufSi uTanxmoebis gamowvevas. am msjelobis Sesamowmeblad
mkvlevrebma SearCies studenti fsiqologebi amerikisa (individualisturi
kultura) da kosta-rikis (koleqtivisturi kultura) universitetebidan. isini
cdis pirebs ekiTxebodnen, Tu ramdenad komfortulad igrZnobdnen Tavs
garkveuli dadebiTi da uaryofiTi emociebis gamoxatvis Semdeg im adamianis
mimarT, romelic `gamoiwvevda maTSi am emocias~. 13.2 suraTze warmodgenilia
 502
Sedegebi. rogorc xedavT, kulturuli gansxvaveba ar gamovlenila dadebiTi
emociebis SemTxvevaSi, Tumca, rogorc mosalodneli iyo, amerikeli studentebi
sakuTar mdgomareobas bevrad ufro komfortulad afasebdnen uaryofiTi
emociebis gamoxatvis dros, vidre kosta-rikelebi (Stephan et al.,1996).

SemdgomSi, rodesac uaryofiT emocias gamoxatavT, magaliTad, brazs megobris

mimarT, dafiqrdiT, Tu ramdenad asaxavs Tqveni damokidebuleba am SemTxvevisadmi
kulturul Rirebulebebs.
rodesac saqme emociuri paternebis tipebs exeba, romlebic, SesaZloa,
adamianis arsebobis manZilze ganviTarda, yovelTvis unda gaxsovdeT, rom
ukanaskneli sityva kulturas ekuTvnis. dasavluri warmodgenebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu
ra aris aucilebeli, an gardauvali emociis eqspresiaSi, daRdasmulia amerikuli
kulturiT iseve, rogorc sxva warmodgenebi sxva sazogadoebebis kulturebiT.
rogorc xedavT, emociis eqspresiis gansxvavebul standartebs SeuZlia sxvadasxva
kulturuli warmomavlobis adamianebs Soris gaugebrobebi warmoSvas.
Cven vnaxeT, rom emociur situaciebze garkveuli fiziologiuri pasuxebi,
rogoricaa Rimili da grimasa, SesaZloa Tandayolili iyos. axla ganvixiloT
Teoriebi, romlebic cdiloben, daakavSiron erTmaneTTan sxva fiziologiuri
reaqciebi da maTi fsiqologiuri interpretaciebi.

emociis Teoriebi

zogadad, emociis Teoriebi cdiloben, axsnan urTierTmimarTeba emociis

gancdis fiziologiur da fsiqologiur aspeqtebs Soris. am Tavs viwyebT im
reaqciebis ganxilviT, romlebsac sxeuli iZleva emociurad relevantur
situaciebSi. Semdeg mimovixilavT Teoriebs, romlebic ikvleven, Tu rogor
uwyoben xels es fiziologiuri reaqciebi emociis fsiqologiur gancdas.

emociis fiziologia

ra xdeba, rodesac ganicdiT Zlier emocias? guliscema xSirdeba, sunTqvis

sixSire matulobs, piri giSrebaT, kunTebi iZabeba da, SesaZloa, agakankaloT
kidec. garda am SesamCnevi cvlilebebisa, bevri sxva SeumCneveli cvlilebac xdeba.
yvela es reaqcia emsaxureba sxeulis mobilizebas moqmedebisaTvis, raTa
garkveuli zomebi iqnes miRebuli emociis wyaros/gamRizianeblis mimarT. axla
ganvixiloT maTi warmoSoba.
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avtonomiuri nervuli sistema amzadebs sxeuls emociuri reaqciebisaTvis, misi,
rogorc simpatikuri, ise, parasimpatikuri nawilebis amoqmedebiT (ix. Tavi 3). am
nawilebs Soris balansi damokidebulia gamRizianeblis xarisxsa da intensiobaze.
susti, usiamovno stimulaciis SemTxvevaSi simpatikuri nawilia ufro aqtiuri;
susti, sasiamovno stimulaciis dros _ parasimpatikuri nawili. nebismieri tipis
ufro Zlieri stimulaciis SemTxvevaSi orive nawili ufro Zlierad aris
CarTuli. fiziologiurad Zlieri emociebi, rogoricaa SiSi, an brazi aaqtiurebs
sxeulis saswrafo reagirebis sistemas, romelic swrafad da SeumCnevlad amzadebs
sxeuls mosalodneli safrTxisaTvis. simpatikuri nervuli sistema
pasuxismgebelia adrenalinis gamommuSavebeli jirkvlebidan hormonebis
(epinerfini da norepinerfini) gamoyofaze, rac, Tavis mxriv, iwvevs Sinagani
organoebidan sisxlis Saqris gamoyofas, sisxlis wnevis awevas da aZlierebs
nerwyvisa da oflis gamoyofas. krizisis gadavlis Semdeg dasamSvideblad
parasimpatikuri nervuli sistema akavebs gamaaqtiurebeli hormonebis gamoyofas.
agzneba grZeldeba Zlieri emociuri aqtivaciis gancdis Semdeg cota xnis
ganmavlobaSic, radgan zogierTi hormoni agrZelebs sisxlSi cirkulacias.
rogorc vnaxavT emociis konkretuli Teoriebis aRwerisas, mkvlevrebi
ganixilaven sakiTxs: _ `iwvevs Tu ara konkretuli emociuri gancda avtonomiur
nervul sistemaSi aqtivobis gansxvavebul paternebs?~ kroskulturuli
gamokvlevebis mixedviT, pasuxi am SekiTxvaze dadebiTia.
saidan viciT

aqvT Tu ara sxvadasxva emociebs avtonomiuri aqtivobis gansxvavebuli paternebi

davuSvaT, grZnobT gaocebas, SiSs an zizRs, magram ar gindaT amis gamxela.
SegviZlia Tu ara, rom gavzomoT avtonomiuri nervuli sistemis reaqcia da
zustad davaskvnaT ras grZnobT? pol ekmanma da misma kolegebma (1983) am
SekiTxvaze pasuxis gacema gadawyvites SeerTebuli Statebis profesional
msaxiobebze dakvirvebis gziT. mkvlevrebi zomavdnen iseT avtonomiur reaqciebs,
rogoricaa guliscema da kanis temperatura, rodesac msaxiobebi TamaSobdnen
emociebs da emociis eqspresiebs. am gazomvebma gamoavlines gansxvavebuli
paternebi sxvadasxva emociisaTvis. magaliTad, mwuxareba xasiaTdeboda
guliscemis gaxSirebiT, maSin, roca sixaruli, piriqiT, _ SemcirebiT; marTalia,
SiSic da brazic iwvevs guliscemis gaxSirebas, magram brazis dros
aRiniSneboda kanis maRali temperatura, xolo SiSis SemTxvevaSi _ kanis dabali
temperatura.
 504
ramdenad aris SesaZlebeli am monacemebis ganzogadeba sxvadasxva
kulturebze? mkvlevarTa igive jgufma Caatara sxva kvleva, romelSic amerikeli
qalebi da kacebi Seadares minankabus kacebs dasavleT sumatradan. am kulturis
warmomadgenlebisTvis socialuri norma aris uaryofiTi emociebis dafarva.
mkvlevrebs ainteresebdaT, eqnebodaT Tu ara maTac iseTive bazisuri
avtonomiuri paterni negatiuri emociebisaTvis, rogoric amerikel kacebs im
SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac Zalian mcire gamocdileba hqondaT emociebis
gamoxatvisa? miRebuli Sedegebis mixedviT, am or kulturas Soris msgavsebis
maRali done gamovlinda. aman mkvlevrebi miiyvana im azramde, rom avtonomiuri
aqtivobis paternebi `Cveni saerTo biologiuri memkvidreobis ganviTarebis
mniSvnelovani nawilia~ (Levenson et al., 1992, gv. 986)
am eqsperimentebis mixedviT, sxvadasxva kulturis warmomadgenlebi swavloben
sxvadasxva Ria reaqciebis SemuSavebas erTi da igive bazisuri sxeulebrivi
gamocdilebisaTvis _ yviri Tu Cumad itanjebi, rodesac brazob?
axla gadavinacvloT avtonomiuri nervuli sistemidan centraluri nervuli
sistemisaken. agznebis orive (hormonaluri da nervuli) aspeqti kontroldeba
hipoTalamusis da limburi sistemis mier. isini warmoadgenen makontrolebel
sistemebs emociebisa da Tavdasxmis, Tavdacvisa da gaqcevis paternebisaTvis.
neiroanatomiuri kvleva gansakuTrebiT aris fokusirebuli amigdalaze,
amigdalaze rogorc
limburi sistemis nawilze, romelic moqmedebs, rogorc emociebis karibWe da
rogorc mexsierebis filtri. amigdala yovelive amas akeTebs SegrZnebebis gziT
miRebuli informaciisaTvis mniSvnelobis miniWebiT. is gansakuTrebiT Zlierad
moqmedebs uaryofiTi gancdebisaTvis mniSvnelobis miniWebisas. magaliTad, rodesac
adamianebi uyureben SeSinebuli saxis gamometyvelebis amsaxvel suraTebs, marcxena
amigdala (tvinis TiToeul nawils calke amigdala aqvs) avlens gaZlierebul
aqtivobas eqspresiis intensivobis zrdasTan erTad da, piriqiT, mxiaruli saxis
gamometyveleba iwvevs igive struqturis naklebad gaaqtiurebas, rac ufro metad
mxiaruli xdeba saxe (Morris et al., 1996). ganvixiloT erTi qalis, d. r-s magaliTi,
romelsac marcxena da marjvena amigdala dauzianes epilefsiuri gulyrebis
gakontrolebis mcdelobisas. operaciis Sedegi iyo is, rom d.r-s Zalian uWirda
SiSisa da brazis emociebis aRqma, rodesac es emociebi gamoxatuli iyo saxis
gamometyvelebiT, an xmis intonaciiT (Scott et al., 1997). warmoidgineT, rogori
iqneboda Tqveni cxovreba, rom aRar SegeZloT adamianebis gageba, rodesac isini
cdiloben, gamcnon uaryofiTi emociebi.
korteqsi monawileobs emociur gancdaSi Tavisi Sida nervuli qselebiT da
sxeulis sxva nawilebTan kavSirebiT. korteqsi uzrunvelyofs asociaciebisa da
 505
mogonebebis gamowvevas da mniSvnelobebis miniWebas, rac aerTianebs fsiqologiur
gamocdilebasa da biologiur pasuxebs. kvlevebSi, romlebSic tvinis skanirebis
teqnikas iyeneben, daiwyes garkveuli reaqciebis dakavSireba sxvadasxva emociebTan.
magaliTad, pet skanebi/PET scans (ix. Tavi 3) gamoyenebul iqna imis sademonstraciod,
rom sixaruli da mwuxareba ar warmoadgens urTierTsawinaaRmdego pasuxebs
korteqsis erTsa da imave nawilSi. ufro metic, es urTierTsawinaaRmdego emociebi
Zlier aqtivacias iwvevs tvinis gansxvavebul nawilebSi (George et al.,1995). pet
skanebi, aseve, gamoyenebul iqna emociuri gancdis Sedegad tvinSi mimdinare
procesebis Sesaswavlad, romlebic Cndeba Sinagan stimulaciaze sapasuxod
(emociebiT datvirTuli mogonebebis aqtivacia), garegani stimulaciisagan
gansxvavebiT (emociurad datvirTuli movlenebis Semcveli filmebis yureba)
(Reiman et al., 1997). es pet skanebi mkvlevrebs tvinis im nawilebis dadgenis
saSualebas aZleven, romlebic emociuri stimulaciis wyarosagan damoukideblad
aqtivirdeba, gansxvavebiT garkveul stimulze damokidebuli, nawilebisagan,
romlebic emociur gancdas aRmoaceneben. magaliTad, amigdalaSi ufro meti
aqtivoba dadasturda filmisagan aRZruli emociebis SemTxvevaSi, vidre
mogonebebiT aRZruli emociebisas. mkvlevrebi dRemde cdiloben, axsnan, Tu ratom
Cndeba es gansxvavebebi _ pet teqnikebi iZleva uamrav faqtebs, romlebic
gamaerTianebel Teorias elian.
amrigad, vnaxeT, rom sxeuli uzrunvelyofs reaqciebs situaciebze, romlebSic
emociebi relevanturia, magram saidan viciT, romeli grZnoba romel fiziologiur
reaqcias ukavSirdeba? axla ganvixilavT sam Teorias, romelic cdilobs am
SekiTxvaze pasuxis gacemas.
jems-
jems-langes sxeulebrivi reaqciis Teoria

erTi SexedviT TiTqos aSkaraa da yvela daeTanxmeboda im azrs, rom emociebi

win uswrebs reaqciebs: magaliTad, viRacas uyviriT (reaqcia), radgan gabrazebuli
xarT (emocia). 100-ze meti wlis win uiliam jemsi (William James), xolo, bevrad ufro
adre, aristotele amtkicebda, rom es Tanmimdevroba sapirispiroa _ grZnoba Cndeba
sxeulis reaqciis Semdeg; jemsma es azri ase Camoayaliba: _ `mowyenilebi varT,
radgan vtiriT; vbrazobT, radgan Tavs vesxmiT; SeSinebulni varT, radgan
vkankalebT~ (James, 1890/1950, gv. 450). Tvalsazrisi, rom emocia sxeulebrivi
ukukavSiris Sedegia, jems-
jems-langes emociis Teoriis saxelwodebiT gaxda cnobili
(karl lange iyo danieli mecnieri, romelmac, rogorc jemsma, igive ideebi
 506
wamoayena imave wels). am Teoriis mixedviT, stimulis aRqma iwvevs avtonomiur
fiziologiur agznebas da sxva sxeulebriv reaqciebs, rasac specifikuri emociis
gancdamde mivyavarT (ix. suraTi 13.3). jems-langes Teoria periferiul Teoriad
iTvleba, radgan yvelaze mniSvnelovan rols aniWebs emociis jaWvSi visceralur
reaqciebs, anu avtonomiuri nervuli sistemis aqtivobas, rac periferiulia
centralur nervul sistemasTan SedarebiT.

• amigdala _ limburi sistemis nawili, romelic akontrolebs emocias,

agresiasa da emociuri mexsierebis formirebas.
• jems-
jems-langes emociis Teoria _ emociis periferiuli ukukavSiris Teoria,
romlis Tanaxmad, gamRizianebeli iwvevs qceviT reaqcias, romelic agzavnis
sxvadasxva sensorul da motorul ukukavSirs Tavis tvinSi da am gziT, qmnis
specifikuri emociis grZnobas.

kenon-
kenon-bardis centraluri nervuli procesebis Teoria

fiziologma uolter kenonma (Walter Canon, 1927, 1929) uaryo periferiuli Teoria
centraluri nervuli sistemis moqmedebisadmi centralisturi midgomis
sasargeblod. kenonma da sxva kritikosebma wamoayenes mTeli rigi SeniSvnebisa
jems-langes Teoriis mimarT (Leventhal, 1980). isini aRniSnavdnen, magaliTad, rom
visceraluri moqmedeba emociis gancdisaTvis irelevanturia: eqsperimentSi
cxovelebs (mas Semdeg, rac visceras qirurgiulad acalkevebdnen centraluri
nervuli sistemisagan) SeeZloT gamRizianebelze emociuri pasuxebis gacema. isini,
aseve, amtkicebdnen, rom avtonomiuri nervuli sistemis reaqciebi, rogorc wesi,
Zalian nelia imisaTvis, rom wamis measedebSi swrafad aRmocenebuli emociebis
wyaros warmoadgendnen. kenonis mixedviT, emocia moiTxovs, rom tvinma
iSuamdgomlos Semosul stimulaciasa da masze miRebul reaqcias Soris.
Talamusidan wamosuli signalebi iyofa da miemarTeba korteqsis erT nawilSi
emociuri grZnobis, xolo meore nawilSi _ emociuri eqspresiis aRmosaceneblad.
kidev erTma fiziologma, filip bardma (Philip Bard), aseve, daaskvna, rom
visceraluri reaqciebi ar uswrebs win emociis gancdas; ufro zustad, emociis
gamomwvev stimuls aqvs ori simultanuri efeqti: _ erTis mxriv, is iwvevs
sxeulebriv agznebas simpatikuri nervuli sistemis gavliT da, meore mxriv,
emociis subieqtur gancdas korteqsis gavliT. am ori fiziologis Sexedulebebi
gaerTianda kenon-
kenon-bardis emociis Teoriis saxelwodebiT, romelic amtkicebs, rom
emociis stimuli iwvevs or gansxvavebul reaqcias _ fiziologiur agznebasa da
emociis gancdas, romlebic erTmaneTs ar ganapirobeben (ix. suraTi 13.3). Tu raime
 507
iwvevs TqvenSi gabrazebas, guliscema gagixSirdebaT da, amave dros, Sesabamisi
azric giCndebaT _ `rogor gamabrazes!~ _ magram sxeuli da suli ar karnaxoben
erTmaneTs, rogori unda iyos TiToeuli maTganis reaqcia.
kenon-bardis Teoria varaudobs sxeulebrivi da fsiqikuri reaqciebis
erTmaneTisgan damoukideblobas. qvemoT vnaxavT, rom emociis Tanamedrove
Teoriebi uaryofen debulebas, TiTqos es reaqciebi aucileblad damoukidebelia
erTmaneTisagan.

emociis kognituri Sefasebis Teoriebi

imis gamo, rom agznebis simptomebi da Sinagani mdgomareobebi bevri sxvadasxva

emociisaTvis msgavsia, arsebobs maTi aRrevis SesaZlebloba, gansakuTrebiT maSin,
rodesac maTi gancda xdeba orazrovan, araerTmniSvnelovan, an axal situaciaSi.
stenli Saxteris (Stanley Schachter) mixedviT (1971b), emociis gancda warmoadgens
fiziologiuri agznebisa da kognituri Sefasebis erToblivi moqmedebis Sedegs.
orive komponenti aucilebelia emociis aRmocenebisaTvis. savaraudoa, rom yvela
agzneba aris zogadi, aradiferencirebuli da pirveli nabiji emociis
mimdinareobaSi. Cven vaxdenT fiziologiuri agznebis Sefasebas, raTa
ganvsazRvroT, Tu ras vgrZnobT, romeli emociis iarliyi aris yvelaze Sesaferisi
da ras niSnavs Cveni reaqcia im konkretul situaciaSi, romelSic agznebis gancda
Cndeba. riCard lazarusi (Richard Lazarus, 1991, 1995; Lazarus & Lazarus, 1994) kognituri
Sefasebis Tvalsazrisis meore wamyvani avtori, amtkicebs, rom `emociuri gancda
SeuZlebelia gagebul iqnes, rogorc mxolod pirovnebaSi, an Tavis tvinSi
mimdinare procesi. is moicavs mimdinare transaqciebs garemosTan, romlis
Sefasebac xdeba~ (Lazarus, 1984a, gv. 124). lazarusi, aseve, xazs usvams imas, rom
Sefaseba xSirad cnobieri gaazrebis gareSe Cndeba. Tu arsebobs warsulis
gamocdileba, romelic emocias situaciasTan akavSirebs (`modis isev es usiamovno
tipi, romelsac adrec Sevxvedrivar~), agznebis interpretaciisaTvis aRar aris
saWiro damatebiT garegani pirobebis sagangebod Zebna. es Tvalsazrisi cnobili
gaxda, rogorc emociis kognituri Sefasebis Teoria (ix. suraTi 13.3).
• kenon-
kenon-bardis emociis Teoria _ am Teoriis mixedviT, emociuri stimuli
iwvevs or erTdroul reaqcias _ agznebasa da emociis gancdas, _ romlebic
erTmaneTs ar ganapirobeben.
• kognituri Sefaseba _ emociebTan mimarTebaSi procesi, romlis meSveobiTac
fiziologiuri agzneba gaiazreba im konkretul garemoebaTa mixedviT,
 508
romelSic is iyo gancdili. agreTve, stresoris amocnoba da Sefaseba, raTa
dadgindes safrTxis sidide da misi daZlevisaTvis saWiro resursebi da
Sesatyvisi daZlevis strategiebi.
• emociis kognituri Sefasebis Teoria _ am Teoriis mixedviT, emociis gancda
warmoadgens fiziologiuri agznebisa da kognituri Sefasebis erTobliv Sedegs.
kognituri Sefaseba emsaxureba imas, Tu rogor moxdeba gaurkveveli,
orazrovani Sinagani mdgomareobis `etiketireba”.

am Teoriis Sesamowmeblad eqsperimentatorebi qmnidnen situaciebs, romlebSic

mocemuli iyo miniSnebebi garemodan, romlebsac, Tavis mxriv, unda uzrunveleyoT
individis mier agznebis etiketireba.

saidan viciT

agzneba da mcdari emociuri interpretacia

mkvlevari qali vankuverSi (kanada) iRebda intervius kacebisagan, romlebmac
es-es iyo gaiares ori xididan erT-erTze. erTi xidi iyo usafrTxo da myari,
meore _ saxifaTo da moryeuli. eqsperimentators viTom ainteresebda peizaJis
gavlena kreatulobaze da xidis gadalaxvis Semdeg cdis pir kacebs sTxovda,
daeweraT mokle moTxroba orazrovani suraTis Sesaxeb, romelSic figurirebda
qali. eqsperimentatori damatebiT sTavazobda cdis pirebs, Tu survili
eqnebodaT, daerekaT masTan gamokvlevis Sesaxeb ufro meti informaciis
misaRebad. cdis pirebi, romlebmac saxifaTo xidze gaiares, werdnen moTxrobebs
ufro meti seqsualuri saxeebiT da am jgufidan oTxjer meti cdis piri
urekavda eqsperimentators, meore jgufis cdis pirebTan SedarebiT (anu, vinc
usafrTxo xidze gaiara). raTa eCvenebinaT, rom agzneba damoukidebeli cvladia,
romelic gavlenas axdens mcdar emociur interpretaciaze, mkvlevarTa jgufma
gamoyo mamrobiTi sqesis cdis pirebis kidev erTi jgufi, romelsac gasaubreba
utardeboda saSiS xidze gavlidan 10 wT-is, an metis gasvlis Semdeg. es
sakmarisi droa fizikuri agznebis simptomebis Sesasusteblad. damSvidebuli
cdis pirebis es jgufi ar avlenda seqsualuri reaqciebis niSnebs, agznebuli
cdis pirebisagan gansxvavebiT (Dutton & Aron, 1974).

sur. 13.3. sami Teoriis Sedareba Tavad Teoriebis sqemebi gamotovebulia

jems-langes Teoria
 509
gamRizianebeli

gaRizianeba moqmedeba

aRqmuli agzneba,

moqmedebis interpretacia

kenon-bardis Teoria

gamRizianebeli

tvinis aqtivacia da gadamuSaveba

agzneba moqmedeba emociuri gancda

kognituri Sefasebis Teoria

gamRizianebeli fiziologiuri agzneba

agznebisa da stimulis Sefaseba situaciis konteqstis mixedviT

emociuri gancda

emociis klasikuri Teoriebi emociis sxvadasxva komponentebs exeba. am

TeoriebSi, aseve, gansxvavebulad ganixileba procesis mimdinareoba stimulidan
emociis gancdamde. jems-langes TeoriaSi movlena amoqmedebs rogorc avtonomiur
agznebas, ise, bihevioralur aqtivobas, Semdeg xdeba maTi aRqma, rac bolos
specifikuri emociuri gancdis saxiT vlindeba. kenon-bardis TeoriaSi xdeba
stimulis gadamuSaveba tvinis sxvadasxva nawilebSi, rac Semdeg warmarTavs
agznebis, qcevisa da emociuri gamocdilebis simultanur reaqciebs. kognituri
Sefasebis TeoriaSi rogorc sastimulo movlenebi, ise fiziologiuri agzneba
kogniturad fasdeba situaciis gasaRebisa da konteqstis faqtorebis mixedviT.
emociuri gancda aRmocendeba agznebis donisa da kognoturi Sefasebis xasaiTis
urTierTqmedebis safuZvelze.

am situaciaSi mamrobiTi sqesis cdis pirebi midiodnen emociur daskvnamde (`me

mainteresebs es qali~), romelic emyareboda agznebis wyaros mcdar atribucias
(`aRmagznebs qali da ara saxifaTo xidi~). msgavs eqsperimentSi studentebs
orwuTiani aerobikis varjiSis Semdeg unda aReweraT sakuTari mdgomareoba.
 510
rodesac cdis pirebi sakuTar mdgomareobas uSualod varjiSis damTavrebis
Semdeg aRwerdnen, naklebad aRniSnavdnen Zlieri emociebis arsebobas. am
SemTxvevaSi maT ufro advilad SeeZloT sakuTari agzneba daekavSirebinaT da
aexsnaT varjiSiT, vidre emociuri mdgomareobiT., xolo, rodesac cdis pirebi
sakuTar emociur mdgomareobas aRwerdnen varjiSis damTavrebidan garkveuli
periodis Semdeg, ris gamoc varjiSi naklebad relevanturad eCvenebodaT
gaxangrZlivebul agznebasTan mimarTebaSi, isini Zlieri emociebis arsebobas
aRniSnavdnen (Sinclair et al., 1994).
kognituri Sefasebis Teoriis zogierTi aspeqti mecnierebma eWvis qveS daayenes.
magaliTad, Tqven zemoT SeityveT, rom agznebis mdgomareobebi _ avtonomiuri
nervuli sistemis aqtivoba, _ romlebic Tan axlavs sxvadasxva emociebs,
erTmaneTis identuri ar aris (Levenson et al., 1992). amrigad, zogierTi emociuri
gancdisaTvis interpretacia, SesaZloa, arc iyos aucilebeli; garda amisa, Zlieri
agznebis gancda yovelgvari aSkara mizezis gareSe ar iwvevs neitralur,
aradiferencirebul mdgomareobas, rogorc es Teoriis mixedviT iTvleba. erTi
wamiT SeCerdiT da warmoidgineT, rom zustad axla guliscema uecrad
gagixSirdaT, sunTqva zedapiruli da xSiri gagixdaT, gulmkerdis kunTebi
dageZabaT da xelisgulebi gagiofliandaT. rogor interpretacias gaukeTebdiT am
simptomebs? SesaZloa, ucnaurad mogeCvenoT, magram Turme adamianebi, sazogadod,
gaurkvevel fizikur agznebas xsnian, rogorc uaryofiTs, rogorc niSans, rom
raRac ar aris wesrigSi. dabolos, adamianebis mxridan amgvari axsnis mcdeloba
mimarTulia imaze, rom moxdes stimulis dadgena, romelic axsnis, an daadasturebs
am negatiur interpretacias (Marshal & Zimbardo, 1979; Maslach, 1979).
kognituri Sefasebis Teoriis kidev erTi kritika ekuTvnis robert zaioncs
(Robert Zajonc), romelmac daadgina iseTi pirobebi, romelSic SesaZlebelia
raRacisTvis upiratesobis miniWeba msjelobis gareSe da grZnobis gancda misi
mizezis gacnobierebis gareSe (Zajonc, 1980, 2000). mcire eqspoziciis efeqtis (mere
exposure effect) eqsperimentebis seriaSi cdis pirebs aCvenebdnen sxvadasxva stimuls,
rogoricaa ucxo sityvebi, iaponuri ieroglifebi, ricxvebis seriebi da ucxo
saxeebi. es stimulebi ise swrafad miewodebodaT cdis pirebs, rom maTi cnobieri
aRqma SeuZlebeli iyo. cdis pirebs ki mainc SeeZloT upiratesobis miniWeba
zogierTi stimulisaTvis, am arCevanis mizezis gacnobierebis gareSe. stimulebi,
romlebsac yvelaze xSirad imeorebdnen prezentaciis dros, met mowonebas
imsaxurebda. amrigad, naCveneb iqna, rom es gaZlierebuli mowoneba Tavs iCenda
stimulebis cnobieri cnobis gareSe.
 511
amrigad, umjobesi iqneba davaskvnaT, rom kognituri Sefaseba emociuri gancdis
mniSvnelovani, magram ara erTaderTi, procesia (Izard, 1993). mTel rig pirobebSi
Tqven, SesaZloa, marTlac daakvirdeT garemos (aracnobierad mainc), raTa axsnaT
Tqveni grZnobebi. zog SemTxvevaSi ki Tqveni emociuri gancda SesaZloa evoluciis
Sedegad Camoyalibebuli Sinagani kavSirebis kontrols eqvemdebarebodes.
fiziologiuri pasuxi, am SemTxvevaSi, ar saWiroebs interpretacias. gansxvavebuli
gzebis arseboba, romlebsac emociur gancdamde mivyavarT, gvafiqrebinebs, rom
emociebi mTel rig funqciebs asruleben.
axla ganvixiloT es funqciebi.

emociis funqciebi

risTvis gvaqvs emociebi? ra funqcias asruleben emociebi CvenTvis? am

SekiTxvaze pasuxis gacemaSi, SesaZloa, dagvexmaros Cveni cxovrebidan erTi dRis
gaxseneba da imis warmodgena, Tu ramdenad gansxvavebuli iqneboda Cveni cxovreba
emociebis gancdis, an gagebis unaris gareSe. axla ganvixiloT emociis zogierTi
funqcia, romelsac is, mkvlevarTa azriT, asrulebs Cvens cxovrebaSi.

motivacia da agzneba

warmoidgineT aseTi SemTxveva: _ pirvelad CaicviT axali jempri da misi nakeri

mxarze irRveva. ratom mibrundebiT maRaziaSi da moiTxovT kompensacias? me-12
Tavis Tanaxmad, es SemTxveva unda ganvixiloT, rogorc sakiTxi motivaciis Sesaxeb.
Tu am moqmedebis Tqveneuli pasuxi iqneba: _`radgan me Zalian gavbrazdebi~, an
`radgan sasowarkveTa dameufleba~, aqedan naTeli xdeba, rom emociebi xSirad
iZlevian impulss moqmedebisaTvis; emociebs aqvT motivaciuri funqcia, iwveven ra
adamianSi moqmedebis ganxorcielebisaken swrafvas garkveuli realurad gancdili,
an warmodgenili movlenebis sapasuxod. amis Semdeg emociebi warmarTaven qcevas
garkveuli miznebisaken. sxva adamianis siyvarulisaTvis, SesaZloa, gaakeToT
yvelaferi, raTa moxibloT, iyoT masTan axlos da daicvaT igi. sakuTar
principebs, an qveynis siyvaruls, SesaZloa, sicocxle SeswiroT.
• ierks-
ierks-dodsonis kanoni _ korelacia amocanis Sesrulebasa da agznebis
optimalur dones Soris.
axla ganvixiloT SemTxvevebi, rodesac emocias SeuZlia, daiwyos Tqvenze
batonoba. yofilxarT odesme iseTi gabrazebuli, rodesac gigrZvniaT, rom ar
 512
SegwevT raime moqmedebis Sesrulebis unari? rogorc ukve vnaxeT, emociur
situaciebze fiziologiuri agznebiT pasuxobT. mecnierebi varaudoben, rom
mimarTeba agznebasa da raime moqmedebis Sesrulebas (performance) Soris mihyveba
gadmobrunebuli laTinuri U-s formis funqcias (∩) (Hebb, 1955). es mrudi
winaswarmetyvelebs, rom Zalian sustma, an Zalian Zlierma agznebam SeiZleba
daaqveiTos moqmedebis Sesrulebis xarisxi. zedmetad susti fiziologiuri
stimulaciis SemTvevaSi, SesaZloa, ver moaxerxoT Tqveni qcevis efeqturad
organizeba (Bexton et al., 1954). zedmetad Zlieri stimulaciis dros, SesaZloa,
emociam gadafaros kognicia.
suraTze 13.4 naCvenebia mimarTeba agznebasa da Sesrulebas Soris. suraTze,
aseve, gansazRvrulia optimaluri agznebis donis cneba saukeTeso
SesrulebisaTvis. zogierTi davaleba ukeT sruldeba, rodesac agznebis maRali
done gvaqvs, zogierTi ki _ ufro saSualo dones saWiroebs. zogierTi amocanis
SemTxvevaSi, rodesac agzneba SedarebiT dabalia, Sesruleba maqsimaluria,
agznebis donis gasaRebi amocanis sirTulea. Zneli an rTuli amocanebis
warmatebiT gadaWrisaTvis saWiro agznebis optimaluri done kontiniumis dabal
mxareze mdebareobs. sirTulis Semcirebasa da amocanis gamartivebasTan erTad
Sesrulebis optimaluri done _ done, romelic saWiroa yvelaze efeqturi
SesrulebisaTvis _ ufro matulobs. am mimarTebas ierkes-
ierkes-dodsonis kanoni (Yerkes-
Dodson Law) ewodeba, romlis mixedviTac, rTuli amocanebis Sesrulebis efeqturoba
mcirdeba agznebis matebasTan erTad, maSin, roca martivi amocanebis Sesrulebis
efeqturoba izrdeba agznebis matebasTan erTad (Yerkes & Dodson, 1908).

sur. 13.4 ierks-

ierks-dodsonis kanoni
Sesruleba varirebs agznebis donisa da amocanis sirTulis mixedviT. advili,
an martivi amocanebis SemTxvevaSi agznebis SedarebiT ufro maRali done zrdis
Sesrulebis efeqturobas maSin, roca rTuli da Zneli amocanebisaTvis agznebis
ufro dabali done aris optimaluri. agznebis saSualo done, zogadad, yvelaze
ukeTesia saSualo sirTulis amocanebisaTvis. gadmobrunebuli laTinuri U-s
formis (∩) funqciebi gviCvenebs, rom Sesruleba yvelaze uaresia agznebis rogorc
yvelaze dabal, ise _ yvelaze maRal wertilebze.

amrigad, emociis mniSvnelovan funqcias warmoadgens moqmedebisTvis impulsis

micema, rac mniSvnelovani miznebisaken moZraobis dawyebas niSnavs. fiziologiuri
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agzneba, romelsac emociuri situaciebi iwvevs, saWiroa optimaluri Sesrulebis
gansaxorcieleblad. magram sifrTxilea saWiro, raTa emociebs ar mivceT imdenad
gaZlierebis saSualeba, rom Sesruleba mrudis qvemoT daSvebul mxareze moxvdes.
emociebis socialuri funqciebi

socialur doneze emociebi asruleben socialuri interaqciebis regulatoris

funqcias. rogorc dadebiTi socialuri makavSirebeli, isini gvaaxloeben zogierT
adamianTan, xolo rogorc uaryofiTi socialuri gamRizianeblebi, gvaSoreben
zogierT adamians. Cven ganveridebiT mas, vinc ganrisxebulia; Cven vuaxlovdebiT
adamians, romelic RimiliT, gafarToebuli gugebiT da gamamxnevebeli mzeriT
gvagrZnobinebs, rom gviRebs. SesaZloa, davfaroT sxva adamianis mimarT Zlieri
negatiuri emociebi misi statusis, an Zalauflebis gamo. gavixsenoT d.r., romelmac
dakarga amigdalas funqcia da, masTan erTad, brazisa da SiSis aRqmis unari (Scott
et al., 1997). rodesac adre ganvixileT d.r-s SemTxveva, gTxoveT, warmogedginaT,
rogori iqneboda cxovreba, rom ar SegeZloT adamianebis gageba, rodesac isini
cdiloben, gadmogvcen uaryofiTi emociebi. magaliTad, ra moxdeba, rom ar
gqondeT sxvebisagan imis gagebis unari, rom situacia saSiSia? an, rom Tqvenma
qcevam gamoiwvia sxvaSi brazis reaqcia? d.r-m amigdalaSi, garkveuli funqciis
dakargvasTan erTad, dakarga Tavis socialur garemoSi srulyofilad
funqcionirebis unari.
gancdil emociebs Zlieri gavlena aqvs imaze, Tu rogor moqmedebT socialur
viTarebebSi. ganvixiloT, ra gavlena aqvs pozitiur, an negatiur guneba-
ganwyobilebas Txovnis formulirebaze.

saidan viciT

guneba-ganwyobileba gavlenas axdens metyvelebaze

eqsperimentis monawileebi uyurebdnen moklemetraJian filmebs, romlebic maT
ayenebda mxiarul, neitralur, an sevdian gunebaze. mas Semdeg, rac guneba-
ganwyobileba SeeqmnebodaT, eqsperimentatori avalebda TiToeul cdis pirs,
moetana gamokvlevis stimulis Canaweri asistentisagan, romelic gverdiT
oTaxSi imyofeboda. mimarTvebs, romlebsac cdis pirebi iyenebdnen
asistentisadmi Txovnis Camosayalibeblad, iwerdnen. Semfaseblebi (romlebmac
ar icodnen, romeli cdis piri rogor gunebaze iyo) TiToeul Txovnas
Tavazianobis mixedviT afasebdnen. rogorc 13.5 suraTzea naCvenebi, guneba-
 514
ganwyobilebas didi zegavlena hqonda Tavazianobaze: _ mowyenili cdis pirebi
yvelaze Tavazianebi iyvnen; isini yvelaze TavSekavebulebi aRmoCndnen sxvebis
mimarT kategoriuli ( potenciurad araTavaziani) moTxovnebis wayenebaSi (Forgas,
1999).

daakvirdiT Tqvens sakuTar cxovrebas: _ ufro riskianebi xarT socialur

situaciebSi, rodesac karg, mxiarul gunebaze xarT? ufro frTxilebi xarT cud,
mowyenil gunebaze Tu ara?
mkvlevrebi miuTiTeben, agreTve, emociis gavlenaze prosocialuri qcevis
stimulirebaze (Hoffman, 1986; Isen, 1984; Schroeder et al., 1995). rodesac adamianebs Tavs
kargad agrZnobineben, maSin ufro mosalodnelia, rom isini CaerTon sxvadasxva
altruistul qcevaSi (Carlson et al., 1988). rodesac erT-erT gamokvlevaSi cdis pirebs
garkveul danaSaulSi damnaSaved agrZnobinebdnen Tavs, isini momavalSi daxmarebis
gawevis mzaobas gamoTqvamdnen, savaraudod, sakuTari danaSaulis Sesamsubuqeblad
(Carlsmit & Gross, 1969). amisave msgavsad, is, Tu rogor grZnobs Tavs adamiani,
damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramdenad prosocialuri iyo misi qceva. magaliTad,
rodesac adamianebi ixsenebdnen iseT situaciebs, romelSic uari uTxres sxvas
daxmarebis gawevaze, maT guneba ufuWdebodaT (Williamson et al., 1996). es, ZiriTadad,
maSin xdeboda, rodesac adamiani, romelsac uars eubnebodnen, maTi kargi megobari,
ojaxis wevri, an romantikuli partniori iyo. Tu rogor grZnobT Tavs,
mniSvnelovanwilad damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramdenad SegiZliaT Tqveni
socialuri valdebulebebis Sesruleba.

emociebis gavlena kognitur moqmedebaze

emociebi kognitur funqciebs emsaxureba imiT, rom gavlenas axdens imaze, rasac
aqcevT yuradRebas; imaze, Tu rogor aRiqvamT sakuTar Tavs da sxvebs da rogor
xsniT da ixsenebT cxovrebiseuli situaciebis sxvadasxva Taviseburebebs.
mkvlevrebma aCvenes, rom emociur mdgomareobebs SeuZlia zegavlena moaxdinos
swavlaze, mexsierebaze, socialur msjelobaze, daskvnasa da kreatulobaze (Bredley
1994; Forgas, 1995, 2000). emociuri reaqciebi mniSvnelovan rols asruleben
cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis organizebasa da kategorizaciaSi.

sur. 13.5. guneba-

guneba-ganwyobilebis gavlena Tavazianobaze
 515
mxiarul, neitralur da cud gunebaze myofi cdis pirebi TxovniT mimarTavdnen
ucnobs. Semfaseblebi adgendnen TiToeuli Txovnis Tavazianobis xarisxs 1-dan
(araTavaziani) 7 - (Tavaziani) safexurian skalaze. cud, mowyenil gunebaze myofi
cdis pirebis Txovna ufro Tavaziani aRmoCnda (magaliTad: _ `fails xom ver
momcemdiT?~ da ara _ `stimulis faili mWirdeba!~)

informaciis gadamuSavebaSi emociebis rolis kvleva gordon bauerma (Gordon

Bower, 1981, 1991) da misma studentebma daiwyes. baueris Teoriis mixedviT, rodesac
adamiani ganicdis garkveul emocias garkveul situaciaSi, es emocia mexsierebaSi
inaxeba mis Tanmxleb sxva movlenebTan erTad, rogorc imave konteqstis nawili.
mexsierebis reprezentaciis es paterni ganapirobebs guneba-ganwyobilebis
kongruentul gadamuSavebas da masze damokidebul mexsierebas. guneba-
ganwyobilebis Sesabamis (kongruentul) gadamuSavebasTan (mood-congruent processing)
maSin gvaqvs saqme, rodesac adamiani SerCeviTad mgrZnobiarea imis mimarT, rom
gadaamuSaos da aRadginos informacia, romelic mis mimdinare guneba-
ganwyobilebas eTanxmeba. masalas, romelic dominirebuli guneba-ganwyobilebis
Sesabamisia, ufro metad amCneven, aqceven yuradRebas, ufro Rrmad da Sinaarsianad
gadaamuSaveben (Giligan & Bower, 1984). guneba-ganwyobilebaze damokidebuli mexsiereba
(mood-dependent memory) exeba pirobebs, romelSic adamians uadvildeba informaciis
gaxseneba; rodesac misi guneba gaxsenebis momentSi emTxveva im gunebas, romelic
mas hqonda informaciis damaxsovrebis dros (Eich, 1995; Eich & Macaulay, 2000).
axla ganvixiloT kvleva, romelSic mocemulia rogorc gunebis Sesabamisi
gaxsenebis, ise, masze damokidebuli damaxsovrebis magaliTebi.

saidan viciT

guneba-ganwyobileba da avtobiografiuli mexsiereba

am kvlevaSi ori tipis musikas _ mxiarulsa da mowyenils _ iyenebdnen
sasiamovno da usiamovno guneba-ganwyobilebis Sesaqmnelad. mas Semdeg, rac cdis
pirebs Sesabamis gunebas Seuqmnidnen, maT awvdidnen 16 neitralur sityva-
gamRizianebels da sTxovdnen, rom am sityvebze sapasuxod gaexsenebinaT
SemTxvevebi sakuTari cxovrebidan. magaliTad, cdis pirs aCvenebdnen sityvas
`vardi” da mas rac SeiZleba swrafad unda gaexsenebina raime sakuTari
cxovrebidan. monacemebma aCvena guneba-ganwyobilebis Sesabamisi gaxsenebis
arseboba: _ karg, sasiamovno gunebaze myofi cdis pirebis mogonebebis 72%
Sefasebul iqna, rogorc dadebiTi mogonebebi, xolo cud, usiamovno gunebaze
myofi cdis pirebisa _ mxolod 52%.
guneba-ganwyobilebaze damokidebuli mexsierebis Sesaswavlad igive cdis
 516
pirebi ori dRis Semdeg kvlav Sekribes laboratoriaSi da isev musikiT
Seuqmnes guneba-ganwyobileba. cdis pirTa erT nawils eqsperimentis orive
nawilSi erTnairi guneba-ganwyobileba Seuqmnes (magaliTad, orive cdaSi
sasiamovno gunebaze daayenes); cdis pirTa meore nawils ki sxvadasxva guneba-
ganwyobilebas uqmnidnen (magaliTad, pirvel cdaSi usiamovno gunebaze
ayenebdnen, meoreSi _ sasiamovnoze). Tu mexsiereba marTlac guneba-
ganwyobilebazea damokidebuli, cdis pirebi, romlebsac orive cdaSi erTnair
gunebas uqmnidnen, ufro met informacias unda ixsenebdnen, vidre cdis pirebi,
romlebsac gansxvavebul gunebas uqmnidnen. miRebuli monacemebiT swored aseTi
paterni gamovlinda: _ cdis pirebi, orive cdaSi erTnairi guneba-ganwyobilebiT,
ixsenebdnen wina cdaSi gaxsenebulis 35%-s, xolo gansxvavebuli gunebis mqone
cdis pirebi _ wina cdis mogonebebis mxolod 26%-s (Eich et al., 1994).
gaixseneT Cveni diskusia kodirebis Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb me-8 TavSi. am
monacemebs guneba-ganwyobilebasTan dakavSirebiT mivyavarT im azramde, rom
saWiroa emociebis damateba mogonebebis kodirebisaTvis mniSvnelovan
konteqstualur TvisebaTa nusxaSi.
dabolos, ukanaskneli SeniSvna guneba-ganwyobilebasa da kognicias Soris
urTierTmimarTebasTan dakavSirebiT. mkvlevrebma Tanmimdevrulad aCvenes, rom
dadebiTi afeqti _ sasiamovno guneba-ganwyobileba _ ganapirobebs azrovnebisa da
problemis gadawyvetis met efeqturobasa da kreatulobas (Isen et al., 1987).
ganvixiloT kvleva, romelSic eqimebs sTxovdnen problemebis gadaWras, rac
kreatulobis garkveul dones moiTxovda. cdis pirebs, romlebic zomierad
sasiamovno gunebaze daayenes (eqsperimentatori cdis pir eqimebs kanfetebs
Cuqnida), sagrZnoblad ukeTesi Sedegi hqondaT kreatulobis testSi, vidre
sakontrolo jgufis eqimebs (anu maT, vinc winaswar ar iRebda saCuqars) (Estrada et
al., 1994). Tqven SegiZliaT am tipis aRmoCenebis uSualod gamoyeneba. Tqven ufro
efeqturad da kreatulad SegiZliaT saSinao davalebis Sesruleba, Tu kargi
guneba-ganwyobilebis SenarCunebas SeZlebT. Tqven, SesaZloa, gagiCndeT azri: _
`rogor unda SevinarCuno kargi guneba-ganwyobileba, roca amdeni saqme maqvs
gasakeTebeli?~ axla Cven SevexebiT stress da imas, Tu rogor SegviZlia
gavumklavdeT mas. agreTve, vnaxavT, Tu rogor aris SesaZlebeli sakuTari
grZnobebis kontroli kogniciiT.

Sejameba
Carlz darvinma wamoayena idea, rom emociebi ganviTarda garkveuli kategoriis
ganmeorebad situaciebze sapasuxod. kros-kulturulma gamokvlevebma ganamtkica
evoluciuri midgoma, uzrunvelyo ra is faqtebiT, rom saxis eqspresiebi da maTi
 517
cnoba universaluria. miuxedavad amisa, kulturebs aqvT gansxvevebuli normebi
imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor da sad aris SesaZlebeli emociebis gamovlena.
avtonomiuri nervuli sistema, limburi sistema da korteqsis nawilebi garkveul
rols TamaSoben emociis fiziologiaSi. emociis Teoriebi cdiloben, gansazRvron
kauzaluri urTierTkavSiri fiziologiur agznebasa da individis emociur
gancdebs Soris. Tanamedrove Teoriebi ufro da ufro xSirad aRniSnaven, rom
kognicia, Sefasebis saxiT, garkveul rols TamaSobs grZnobebis interpretaciaSi.
emociebi xSirad adamianebis motivirebas emsaxurebian; isini, aseve, asruleben
garkveul rols socialuri urTierTobebis regulaciasa da kognituri procesebis
Sinaarsisa da efeqturobis gansazRvraSi.

cxovrebiseuli stresi

davuSvaT, gTxovT, gaixsenoT, rogor `grZnobdiT Tavs” dRis ganmavlobaSi.

Tqven SeiZleba gviTxraT, rom drodadro sixaruls, sevdas, brazs, gakvirvebas da
a.S. ganicdidiT; magram aris kidev erTi grZnoba, romelsac adamianebi xSirad
adareben erTgvar xmaurs, romelic fonad gasdevs maTi yoveldRiuri gancdebis
umetesobas da es aris stresi (Sapolsky, 1994). Tanamedrove industriuli
sazogadoeba amkvidrebs cxovrebis swraf, cvalebad temps. adamianebi xSirad
iZulebulni arian, erTdroulad bevri ram akeTon; isini wuxan, rom maTi momavali
gaurkvevelia da rom ojaxisa da garTobisaTvis dro ar rCebaT. viqnebodiT ki
ukeT stresis gareSe? ustreso cxovreba gamowvevebs ar gvTavazobs _ arc
dasaZlev sirTuleebs, arc dasapyrob sferoebs da arc raime saWiroebas, rom
davxvewoT goneba da ganvaviTaroT Cveni SesaZleblobebi. yoveli organizmi gare
sinamdvilidan da sakuTari moTxovnilebebidan momdinare gamowvevebs awydeba.
organizmma es problemebi aucileblad unda gadaWras, raTa gadarCes da
ganviTardes.
stresi aris organizmis mier ganxorcielebul reaqciaTa paterni im
mastimulirebeli movlenis mimarT, romelic urRvevs wonasworobas, gamocdas
uwyobs mas, an aRemateba misi daZlevis unars. mastimulirebeli movlenebi moicavs
mravalferovan garegan da Sinagan viTarebebs, romelTa krebiTi saxelwodebaa
stresorebi. stresori aris mastimulirebeli movlena, romelic organizmisagan
garkveul adaptaciur reaqcias moiTxovs. mag., Tqveni manqanis win velosipedisti
zigzagebiT moZraobs, profesorma semestruli gamocdis TariRi gadmogiwiaT,
 518
gTxoven klasis prezidentis arCevnebSi sakuTari kandidaturis wardgenas. aseT
SemTxvevebSi individis reaqcia cvlilebis ganxorcielebis moTxovnaze ramdenime
doneze mimdinare _ fiziologiuri, qcevis, emociur da kognitur _ reaqciaTa
sxvadasxva kombinaciiT iqmneba. rogori reaqcia SeiZleba gqondeT zemoT
CamoTvlil TiToeul stresorze?
13.6 suraTze mocemulia stresis mimdinareobis elementebi. am nawilSi Cven
SevecdebiT, naTeli wamodgena SegiqmnaT suraTze mocemul yvela maxasiaTebelze.
daviwyebT stresorebze zogadi fiziologiuri reaqciebis ganxilviT; Semdeg
aRvwerT sxvadasxva kategoriis stresorTa calkeul efeqtebs. dabolos,
ganvixilavT sxvadasxva meTods, romelTa gamoyenebiTac SegiZliaT Tavi gaarTvaT
stresebs Tqvens cxovrebaSi.

sur. 13.6. stresis modeli aklia Tavad modelis sqema

stresuli situaciis kognituri interpretacia-Sefaseba urTierTqmedebs
stresorTan da masTan dasapirispireblad arsebul fizikur, socialur da
pirovnul resursebTan. sxvadasxva safrTxeze individi gansxvavebul doneebze
reagirebs: _ fiziologiur, qceviT da kognitur doneebze. zogierTi reaqcia
adaptaciuri bunebis mqonea, zogierTi ki _ araadaptaciuri da xSirad
momakvdinebelic ki SeiZleba aRmoCndes.

• stresi _ specifikuri da araspecifikuri reaqciebis paterni,

ganxorcielebuli organizmis mier mastimulirebeli obieqtis mimarT, romelic
arRvevs mis wonasworobas, gamocdas uwyobs, an aRemateba misi daZlevis unars.
• stresori _ Sinagani an garegani movlena an stimuli, romelic iwvevs stress.

fiziologiuri reaqciebi stresze

rogori iqneba Tqveni reaqcia, rodesac SedixarT klasSi da igebT, rom

moulodnelad sakontrolo wera gaqvT? albaT, TqvenSi es garkveul stress
gamoiwvevs, magram ras unda niSnavdes es Tqveni sxeulebrivi reaqciebisaTvis? im
fiziologiur reaqciaTagan, riTac emociur situaciebs aRvwerT, bevri maTgani
stresis yoveldRiur magaliTebsac Seesabameba. agznebis iseTi droebiTi
mdgomareobebi, romlebic naTlad gamoxatuli dasawyisiT da dasasruliT
xasiaTdeba, mwvave stresis magaliTebs warmoadgens. qronikuli stresi ki, piriqiT,
aris agznebis droSi ganfenili mdgomareoba, sadac wayenebuli moTxovnebi,
 519
individis aRqmiT, aRemateba mis xelT arsebul stresTan gasamklaveblad saWiro
Sinagan da garegan resursebs. qronikuli stresis magaliTi SeiZleba iyos mudmivi
frustracia imis gamo, rom ver axerxebT gamonaxoT dro, raTa gaakeToT
yvelaferi is, rac gsurT. modiT, vnaxoT, rogor reagirebs sxeuli am
gansxvavebuli tipis stresebze.
• mwvave stresi _ agznebis gardamavali mdgomareoba, Cveulebriv, dawyebisa da
dasrulebis aSkarad gamoxatuli paternebiT.
• qronikuli stresi _ agznebis xangrZlivi mdgomareoba, romlis drosac
individi aRiqvams, rom misadmi wayenebuli moTxovnebi aRemateba Sinagan da
garegan resursebs, romlebsac igi flobs am movlenebTan dasapirispireblad.
• brZola, an gaqcevis reaqcia _ Sinagan aqtivobaTa Tanmimdevroba, romelic
amoqmeddeba, rodesac organizmi safrTxis winaSe aRmoCndeba; amzadebs sxeuls
brZolisa da SetevisaTvis an usafrTxo adgilas gaqcevisaTvis. bolodroindeli
monacemebis Tanaxmad, es reaqcia mxolod mamrobiTi sqesisaTvis aris
damaxasiaTebeli.

damxmare reaqciebi mwvave safrTxeze MM

1920-ian wlebSi uolter kenonma pirvelad aRwera mecnierulad, Tu rogor

reagireben cxovelebi da adamianebi safrTxeze. man aRmoaCina, rom nervul
qsovilebsa da jirkvlebSi aqtivoba garkveuli TanmimdevrobiT xorcieldeba, raTa
sxeuli moemzados garkveuli reaqciisaTvis: TavdacvisaTvis da brZolisaTvis, an
usafrTxo adgilisken gaqcevisaTvis. kenonma am ormag stresul reaqcias brZola,
an gaqcevis reaqcia uwoda. am stresuli reaqciis centri mdebareobs
hipoTalamusSi, romelic mraval emociur reaqciaSi monawileobs. hipoTalamuss
zogjer stresis centrad miiCneven sagangebo viTarebebSi Sesrulebuli ormagi
funqciis gamo: _ (1) is akontrolebs avtonomiur nervul sistemas (ans) da (2)
axdens hipofizis jirkvlis aqtivirebas.
ans sxeulis organoTa moqmedebas aregulirebs. stresul viTarebaSi xdeba
sunTqvis gaxSireba da gaRrmaveba, guliscemis gaxSireba, sisxlZarRvebis
Seviwroveba da sisxlis wnevis aweva. am Sinagan cvlilebebTan erTad farTovdeba
yelisa da cxviris sasunTqi gzebi, raTa filtvebs meti haeri miewodos da, amave
dros, saxeze Zlieri emociis eqspresia Cndeba. gluv kunTebs miewodeba signalebi
zogierTi iseTi sxeulebrivi funqciis SesaCereblad, rogoricaa, magaliTad,
 520
saWmlis moneleba, rogorc sagangebo viTarebisaTvis mzadebis situaciis Seusabamo
moqmedeba.
avtonomiuri nervuli sistemis kidev erT funqcias stresis dros warmoadgens
adrenalinis gamoyofa. is signals awvdis Tirkmelzeda jirkvlebis Sida nawils,
adrenalur medulas (mogrZo tvini), romelic gamoyofs or hormons - epinefrinsa
da norepinefrins, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, signals awvdian mTel rig organoebs,
raTa Seasrulon sakuTari specializebuli funqciebi. elenTa gamoimuSavebs ufro
met wiTel burTulebs (raTa Wrilobis SemTxvevaSi sisxlis Sededebas Seuwyos
xeli), xolo Zvlis tvini stimulirdeba, gamoimuSavos ufro meti TeTri
burTulebi (raTa SeebrZolos SesaZlo infeqcias); RviZli stimulirdeba,
gamoimuSavos meti Saqari sxeulis energiiT mosamarageblad.
hipofizi reagirebs hipoTalamusidan mosul signalebze ori hormonis
gamoyofiT, romlebsac sasicocxlo mniSvneloba aqvT stresze reaqciisaTvis.
tiroTropuli hormoni (tTh) astimulirebs farisebr jirkvals, romelic
uzrunvelyofs organizms meti energiiT; adrenokortikotrofuli hormoni (akth),
romelic cnobilia, rogorc `stresis Hhormoni”, astimulirebs Tirkmelzeda
jirkvlis garegan nawils, rasac mohyveba metaboluri procesebis makontrolebel
hormonTa gamoyofa da Saqris gadasvla RviZlidan sisxlSi. akth awvdis, agreTve,
signalebs sxvadasxva organoebs, rom gamoiyos daaxloebiT 30 sxvadasxva hormoni,
romelTagan TiToeuli garkveul rols asrulebs sxeulis brZolisTvis
momzadebaSi. sxeulis fiziologiuri reaqcia stresze naCvenebia 13.7 suraTze.

suraTi 13.7. sxeulis reaqcia stresze sqema asawyobia, aq mxolod teqstia naTargmni
stresi mTel rig fiziologiur cvlilebebs iwvevs Tqvens sxeulSi.

- ikumSeba kanis sisxlZarRvebi,
ConCxis kunTebi, tvini da
Sinagani organoebi
- Zlierdeba oflis gamoyofa
- kani xorkliandeba da sxeulis
Tmovani safarveli qmnis `batis
kans”
- Tirkmelzeda jirkvlebi
astimulireben adrenalinis
gamoyofas, zrdian sisxlSi
Saqris Semcvelobas, sisxlis
wnevas da guliscemas
- iketeba analuri spinqteri
- iketeba urinaluri spinqteri
521
- gugebi farTovdeba da wamwamovani
kunTi dundeba Sors xedvisaTvis
- bronqebi farTovdeba
- guliscema Cqardeba, guliscemis
moZravi adamianis sqema sixSire zrdis SekumSvis siZlieres
- mcirdeba saWmlis momnelebeli
traqtis peristaltikas
- RviZli gadaisvris Saqars sisxlis
nakadSi
- mcirdeba pankreasis sekrecia
- mcirdeba saWmlis momnelebeli
sekretebis gamoyofa farTovdeba
garegani sasqeso organoebis
sisxlZarRvebi
- dundeba Sardis buSti

janmrTelobis fsiqologiis warmomadgenlis _ Seli teilorisa (Shelley Taylor)

da misi kolegebis bolodroindeli analizi (2000) aCvenebs, rom stresze
fiziologiur reaqciebs, SesaZloa, gansxvavebuli Sedegebi hqondes mdedrobiTi da
mamrobiTi sqesis arsebebisaTvis. teilori da misi kolegebi gamoTqvamen varauds,
rom qalebi ar ganicdian brZola, an gaqcevis reaqcias; metic, am mkvlevarTa
Tanaxmad, ufro savaraudoa, rom stresorebi ubiZgeben qalebs zrunvisa da movlis
reaqciis gamovlenisaken: _ stresis dros qalebi uzrunvelyofen Tavisi Svilebis
usafrTxoebas maTi moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebaze zrunviT; qalebi uvlian
Tavisi socialuri jgufis wevrebs imave mizniT _ Semcirdes maTi STamomavlobis
mowyvladoba. albaT, SeamCnevT, rom stresze reagirebis sqesobrivi gansxvavebebis
es analizi esadageba adamianis qcevis Cven mier zemoT ganxilul evoluciur
Tvalsazriss. magaliTad, rodesac me-12 TavSi adamianis seqsualur qcevas
ganvixilavdiT, aRvniSneT, rom qalisa da mamakacis dawyvilebis strategiebi
gansxvavebulia, nawilobriv, im fardobiTi rolebis gamo, rasac qalebi da
mamakacebi evoluciis manZilze bavSvis aRzrdaSi asrulebdnen. aq mocemuli azric
arsebiTad igivea: _ Svilis aRzrdaSi qalebisa da mamakacebis gansxvavebuli
 522
evoluciuri rolebis gamo stresze pirveladi fiziologiuri reaqciebi maTSi
sruliad gansxvavebul qcevas iwvevs.
• dacvisa da zrunvis reaqcia _ stresorze reaqcia, romelic, savaraudoT,
tipuria mdedrobiTi sqesisaTvis. stresorebi ubiZgeben mdedrs daicvas Svilebi
da SeuerTdes socialur jgufebs mowyvladobis Sesamcireblad.

samwuxarod, rogorc reaqcia `brZola, an gaqceva~, ise reaqcia _ `zrunva da

movla~, naklebad gamosadegia Tanamedrove cxovrebaSi. mravali stresori, romlis
zemoqmedebas yoveldRiurad ganicdian rogorc qalebi, ise kacebi, stresze
fiziologiur reaqcias sruliad araadaptaciurs xdis. warmoidgineT, magaliTad,
rom rTul gamocdas abarebT da dro swrafad garbis. garda gamaxvilebuli
yuradRebisa, rac stresze Tqveni reaqciebidan marTlac Rirebulia, sxva danarCen
fiziologiur cvlilebebs kargi araferi moaqvs: _ ar arsebobs is, visac unda
SeebrZoloT, an viszec unda izrunoT da a.S. reaqciebi, romlebic saxeobebs
CamouyalibdaT garedan wamosuli safrTxis dasaxvedrad, amJamad ukve
kontrproduqtulia, anu mavne Sedegebis momtania fsiqologiuri stresorebis
mravali Tanamedrove tipis SemTxvevaSi. es marTlac asea. rogorc Semdeg vnaxavT,
bevri adamiani cxovrebas qronikuli stresis pirobebSi atarebs.

zogadi adaptaciuri sindromi

sindromi (zas) da qronikuli stresi

pirveli Tanamedrove mkvlevari, romelmac ikvlia sxeulze xangrZlivi, Zlieri

stresis moqmedebis efeqtebi, iyo kanadeli endokrinologi hans selie (Hans Selye).
1930-iani wlebis meore naxevridan selie aRwerda laboratoriuli cxovelebis
rTul reaqciebs iseT mavne agentebze, rogoricaa baqteriuli infeqciebi,
toqsinebi, travma, moZraobis SezRudva, sicxe, sicive da a.S. selies stresis
Teoriis Tanaxmad, mraval sxvadasxva saxis stresors SeuZlia gamoiwvios erTnairi
reaqcia, anu zogadi sxeulebrivi reaqcia. yoveli stresori moiTxovs adaptacias _
organizmma unda SeinarCunos, an aRidginos integrirebuloba da janmrTeloba.
stresorebze reaqcia seliem aRwera, rogorc zogadi adaptaciuri sindromi (zas),
romelic moicavs sam stadias: _ gangaSis reaqcia, winaaRmdegobis stadia da
gamofitvis stadia (Selye, 1976a, 19976b). gangaSis reaqciebi aris sxeulebrivi
agznebis xanmokle periodebi, romlebic amzadeben sxeuls energiuli
aqtivobisaTvis. Tu stresori droSia ganfenili, sxeuli gadadis winaaRmdegobis
stadiaze _ zomieri agznebis mdgomareobaSi. winaaRmdegobis stadiis ganmavlobaSi
 523
organizms SeuZlia erTxans kidev aitanos da winaaRmdegoba gauwios
gaWianurebuli stresorebis damangrevel moqmedebas, magram Tu stresori sakmaod
xangrZlivi da intensiuria, xdeba sxeulis resursebis amowurva da organizmi
gadadis gamofitvis stadiaze. es sami stadia gamosaxuli da ganmartebulia 13.8
suraTze.
• zogadi adaptaciuri sindromi _ araspecifikur adaptaciur fiziologiur
meqanizmTa paterni, romelic vlindeba TiTqmis yovelgvari seriozuli
stresoris xangrZlivi muqaris sapasuxod.
• fsiqosomaturi darRvevebi _ fizikuri darRvevebi, romlebic mZafrdeba, an
imTaviTve miewereba xangrZliv moqmed stress Tu sxva fsiqologiur mizezebs,
an Zlierdeba maTi zegavleniT.
seliem daadgina ramdenime safrTxe, romelic gamofitvis stadias ukavSirdeba.
gavixsenoT, magaliTad, rom akth monawileobs stresze xanmokle reaqciaSi, magram
xangrZlivi moqmedebis pirobebSi is amcirebs bunebrivi mkvleli ujredebis (natural
killer cells) unars, mospos kibos ujredebi da sicocxlisaTvis saSiSi sxva infeqciebi.
roca sxeuli qronikulad stresis mdgomareobaSia, `stresis hormonebis~ Warbi
gamomuSaveba safrTxes uqmnis imunuri sistemis integrirebulobas. zogadi
adaptaciuri sindromis amgvari gageba Rirebuli aRmoCnda fsiqosomaturi
darRvevebis asaxsnelad _ daavadebebisa, romlebic mxolod fizikuri mizezebiT
ver aixsneba, im eqimebis gasakvirad, romlebic stress arasdros miiCnevdnen
daavadebis mizezad. is, rac kargad emsaxureba sxeuls mwvave stresTan
Sesagueblad, asustebs qronikul stresze sxeulis reaqcias.
selies gamokvleva daavadebas warmogvidgens, rogorc gardauval reaqcias
stresze. Tumca, mogvianebiT vnaxavT, rom Tqveni fsiqologiuri interpretacia _
Tu ra aris stresuli da ra ara, Tu rogor afasebT potenciurad stresul
movlenebs _ gavlenas axdens sxeulis fiziologiur reaqciaze. sxeulze stresis
gavlenis Sesaxeb sruli warmodgenis Sesaqmnelad saWiroa selies fundamenturi
fiziologiuri Teoriis kombinireba fsiqologiuri faqtorebis Sesaxeb
mogvianebiT Catarebul gamokvlevebTan.

fsiqologiuri reaqciebi stresze

fsiqologiuri reaqcia stresze aris avtomaturi, winaswargansazRvruli,

Tandayolili reaqcia, rac, Cveulebriv, ver kontroldeba cnobierad. Tumca, bevri
fsiqologiuri reaqcia naswavlia, an SeZenilia, isini damokidebulia samyaros
 524
aRqmasa da interpretaciaze. am nawilSi Cven ganvixilavT fsiqologiur pasuxebs
stresorebis iseT kategoriebze, rogoricaa mniSvnelovani cxovrebiseuli
cvlilebebi da travmatuli movlenebi.

sur. 13.8. zogadi adptaciuri sindromi

I stadia: gangaSis reaqcia II stadia: winaaRmdegoba III stadia: gamofitva

(mudmivad meordeba
(mudmivad meordeba
cxovrebis manZilze) cxovrebis manZilze)

* Tirkmelzeda jirkvlis * Tirkmelzeda jirkvlis * limfuri struqturebis

tvinovani Sris gadideba tvinovani Sris SekumSva gadideba/disfunqcia
* limfuri sistemis * limfuri kvanZebis * sisxlSi hormonTa
gadideba normalur zomaze Semcvelobis mateba
* sisxlSi hormonTa dabruneba * adptaciuri hormonebis
Semcvelobis mateba * sisxlSi hormonTa amowurva
* reaqcia specifikur Semcvelobis SenarCuneba * sawyisi Tu sxva, gareSe
stresorze * maRali fiziologiuri stresorebisadmi
* epinefrinis gamoyofa, agzneba winaaRmdegobis unaris
dakavSirebuli * avtonomiuri nervuli daqveiTeba
fiziologiuri agznebis sistemis parasimpatikuri * afeqturi gancda _
da negatiuri afeqtis nawilis neitralizeba xSirad depresia
maRal doneebTan * amtanoba stresoris * avadmyofoba
* stresoris momatebuli mimarT, Semdgomi * sikvdili
intensivobisadmi ufro damasustebeli
didi mgrZnobeloba efeqtebisadmi
* daavadebisadmi winaaRmdegoba
momatebuli * stresisadmi momatebuli
mgrZnobeloba mgrZnobeloba
(Tu gagrZelda, II (Tu stresi grZeldeba
stadiidan amoqmeddeba intensiur doneebze, xdeba
zogadi adaptaciuri hormonaluri rezervebis
sindromis ufro neli amowurva, Cndeba
komponentebi) daRliloba da individi
gadadis III stadiaze)
stresoris gamoCenis Semdeg sxeulis winaaRmdegoba mcirdeba, sanam gangaSis
saTanado reaqciis fiziologiuri cvlilebebi ar daabrunebs mas normalur
doneze. Tu stresoris moqmedeba grZeldeba, gangaSis reaqciis sxeulebrivi
niSnebi, faqtobrivad, qreba; konkretuli stresoris mimarT winaaRmdegoba iwevs
normaze maRla, magram ecema sxva danarCeni stresorebis mimarT. es adaptaciuri
winaaRmdegoba sxeuls funqcionirebis normalur doneze abrunebs. stresoris
xangrZlivi zemoqmedebis Semdeg adaptacia irRveva, gangaSis niSnebi xelaxla iCens
 525
Tavs. stresorebis zegavlena Seuqcevadia da individi xdeba avad da SeiZleba
daiRupos kidec.

umniSvnelovanesi cxovrebiseuli movlenebi

cxovrebiseul situaciaSi momxdari umniSvnelovanesi cvlilebebi mravali

adamianisaTvis stresis safuZvels warmoadgens. iseTi sasurveli movlenebic ki,
rogoric aris, magaliTad, latariaSi mogeba an samsaxurSi dawinaureba, SeiZleba
cxovrebis Cveuli msvlelobis Zireul cvlilebas da axal moTxovnebTan
adaptacias moiTxovdes. gavixsenoT, ojaxuri bednierebis paterni, romelic me-11
TavSi aRvwereT. marTalia, bavSvis dabadeba daqorwinebuli wyvilis cxovrebaSi
erT-erTi yvelaze sasurveli cvlilebaa, magram, amasTanave, es movlena Zlieri
stresis wyaroc aris, vinaidan, garkveulad, aqveiTebs qorwinebiT gamowveul
kmayofilebas (Cowan & Cowan, 1988; Levenson et al., 1993). amrigad, rodesac cdilobT,
stresi Tqvens cxovrebaSi momxdar cvlilebebs daukavSiroT, saWiroa rogorc
pozitiuri, ise negatiuri cvlilebebis gaTvaliswineba.
cxovrebiseuli movlenebis gavlena fsiqikur da fizikur janmrTelobaze
seriozuli kvlevis sagnad iqca. kvleva daiwyo 1960-ian wlebSi, rodesac
SeimuSaves socialuri readaptaciis Sefasebis skala, e.w. SRRS (Social Readjustment
Rating Scale), sakmaod martivi instrumenti adaptaciis donis Sesafaseblad,
romelsac moiTxovs adamianis cxovrebaSi momxdari sxvadasxvagvari _ rogorc
sasiamovno, ise usiamovno _ cvlilebebi. es skala SemuSavda sxvadasxva profesiis,
socialuri mdgomareobis da a.S. zrdasrul adamianTa pasuxebis safuZvelze,
romlebsac sTxoves, mieTiTebinaT cxovrebiseul movlenaTa nusxidan romeli
exeboda piradad maT. es zrdasruli adamianebi TiToeuli cvlilebisaTvis saWiro
readaptaciis sidides afasebdnen qorwinebasTan mimarTebaSi, romelsac pirobiTad
mieniWa cxovrebiseul cvlilebaTa 50 erTeuli. Semdeg mkvlevrebma gamoTvales
individis mier gancdil cxovrebiseul cvlilebaTa erTeulebis (LCU-Life-change
units) jami, rac individis mier gancdili stresis odenobis sazomad gamoiyenes
(Holms & Rahe, 1967). 1990-ian wlebSi SRRS-ma modernizeba ganicada. mkvlevrebma
gamoiyenes igive procedura _ sTxoves monawileebs, SeefasebinaT cxovrebiseuli
movlenebiT gamowveuli stresi qorwinebasTan mimarTebaSi (Miller & Rahe, 1997).
modernizebul variantSi LCU-s Sefasebebi gaizarda 45%-iT Tavdapirvel
maCveneblebTan SedarebiT, anu 1990-iani wlebis gamokvlevaTa monawileebi
 526
ambobdnen, rom mTlianobaSi isini ganicdidnen stresis gacilebiT maRal doneebs,
vidre 1960-iani wlebis gamokvlevaTa monawileebi. amave dros, 1990-iani wlebis
gamokvlevebSi monawile qalebi cxovrebaSi meti stresis gancdas aRniSnavdnen,
vidre mamakacebi.
• cxovrebiseuli cvlilebis erTeulebi _ stresis gamokvlevebSi gamoyenebuli
stresis donis sazomi, romelsac iwvevs drois mocemul monakveTSi gancdili
sxvadasxva tipis cvlileba.
cxrili 13.1 warmoadgens am skalis modificirebul variants kolejis
studentebisaTvis. sanam mas waikiTxavdeT, SeCerdiT da SeamowmeT Tqveni stresis
done studentebisaTvis gansazRvrul stresis skalaze. rogoria Tqveni LCU-s
qulebi. Cven dagiTmobT oTaxs, rom es savarjiSo samjer CaitaroT, ase rom,
SegeZlebaT semestris ganmavlobaSi Tqveni stresis donis diagrama SeadginoT.
mkvlevrebma mravali xerxi aRmoaCines cxovrebiseul movlenebsa da
janmrTelobis mdgomareobas Soris mimarTebis gamosavlenad. erT-erT
gamokvlevaSi monawile moxaliseebi nebayoflobiT Tanxmdebodnen surdos
gamomwvevi virusiT inficirebaze. is monawileebi, romlebsac negatiur
cxovrebiseul movlenaTa koeficienti jgufis saSualosTan mimarTebaSi ufro
maRali aRmoaCndaT, 10%-iT meti albaTobiT surdoTi marTlac avaddebodnen (Cohen
et al., 1993). moifiqreT msgavsi kvleva, romelsac uSualo kavSiri eqneba Tqven mier
mecadineobis dagegmvis mizniT gakeTebul arCevanTan.

saidan viciT

saqmis gadadebisaTvis janmrTelobiT gadaxdili safasuri

rodesac profesori gaZlevT sakurso davalebas, rac stresuli movlenaa
yoveli studentis cxovrebaSi, rogor iqceviT: _ maSinve iwyebT mis Sesrulebaze
zrunvas Tu bolo wuTisaTvis gadadebT mas? fsiqologebma SeimuSaves sazomi
instrumenti _ saqmis gadadebis zogadi skala (Lay, 1986), raTa ganesxvavebinaT
erTmaneTisagan isini, vinc, Cveulebriv, bolo wuTisaTvis moitoveben saqmes -
`saqmis gadamdeblebi~ da vinc amas arasodes akeTebs _ `saqmis argadamdeblebi~.
mkvlevrebma Seavsebines es skala studentebs, romlebic janmrTelobis
fsiqologiis kurss gadiodnen da romlebsac sakurso naSromi unda
warmoedginaT semestris bolos. am studentebs sTxoves, aReniSnaT, semestris
dasawyisSi da semestris bolos fizikuri daavadebis ramden simptoms
 527
ganicdidnen. ar yofila moulodneli, rom `saqmis gadamdeblebi~ abarebdnen
Tavis naSroms ufro gvian, vidre `saqmis argadamdeblebi~ da uares niSnebsac
iRebdnen. 13.9 suraTi asaxavs saqmis gadadebis gavlenas fizikur janmrTelobaze.
rogorc vxedavT, `saqmis gadamdeblebi~ semestris dasawyisSi aRniSnavdnen
avadmyofobis nakleb, xolo semestris bolos _ met simptoms, vidre maTi `saqmis
argadamdebeli~ Tanatolebi (Tice & Baumeister, 1997).

cxrili 13.1.
13. stresis skala studentebisaTvis

stresis skala studentebisaTvis warmoadgens Hholmsisa da raihis socialuri

readaptaciis Sefasebis skalis adaptirebul variants. yovel movlenas eniWeba
qula, romelic warmoadgens readaptaciis sidides, rac cxovrebiseuli
cvlilebis sapasuxod unda ganaxorcielos pirovnebam. isini, vinc 300 da met
qulas agroveben, janmrTelobis mxriv maRali riskis mqoneni arian. 150-300 qulis
mqoneTa Sansi _ ganicadon janmrTelobis mdgomareobis seriozuli cvlileba ori
wlis ganmavlobaSi _ aris 50/50.
cxovrebiseuli cvlilebis
m o v l e n a
erTeulebi
ojaxis wevris sikvdili 100
uaxloesi megobris sikvdili 73
mSobelTa ganqorwineba 65
patimroba 63
sxeulis seriozuli dazianeba, an
63
avadmyofoba
daqorwineba 58
samsaxuridan daTxovna 50
mniSvnelovan saganSi CaWra 47
ojaxis wevris janmrTelobis
45
mdgomareobis Secvla
orsuloba 45
seqsualuri problemebi 44
seriozuli uTanxmoeba axlo megobarTan 40
finansuri statusis Secvla 39
specializaciis ZiriTadi sagnis Secvla 39
problemebi mSoblebTan 39
axali partniori _ `gerlfrend~, an `boyfriend~ 38
saswavlo datvirTvis gazrda 37
 528

gansakuTrebuli piradi miRwevebi 36

pirveli kursis pirveli semestri kolejSi 35
sacxovrebeli pirobebis Secvla 31
seriozuli uTanxmoeba maswavlebelTan 30
mosalodnelze dabali niSnebis miReba 29
Zilis Cvevebis Secvla 29
socialur aqtivobaTa Secvla 29
kvebis Cvevebis Secvla 28
manqanasTan dakavSirebuli qronikuli
26
problemebi
ojaxuri Sexvedrebis sixSiris Secvla 26
Zalian bevri gacdenili mecadineoba 26
kolejis gamocvla 24
erTze meti Caubarebeli sagani 23
moZraobis wesebis umniSvnelo darRvevebi 20

Cemi pirveli monacemi sul ___ (TariRi)

Cemi meore monacemi sul (TariRi)
Cemi mesame monacemi sul (TariRi)

am gamokvlevidan Cans, rom yvela cxovrebiseuli movlena adamianebze erTnair

zegavlenas ar axdens. `saqmis argadamdeblebi~ saqmes iwyeben dauyovnebliv da,
amdenad, stress da avadmyofobis simptomebs semestris dasawyisSi ganicdian.
magram `saqmis gadamdeblebis~ mier semestris dasawyisSi stresisagan Tavis
aridebas semestris bolosaken fizikur daavadebaTa mkveTri zrda mosdevs.
gamodis, rom isini, savaraudod, cudad grZnoben Tavs swored im momentSi, roca
janmrTelad yofna esaWiroebaT, raTa yvela dawyebuli saqme warmatebiT
daasrulon! kargad daufiqrdiT am Sedegebs, rodesac TiToeuli semestrisaTvis
moqmedebis sakuTar gegmas SeimuSavebT. Tu migaCniaT, rom saqmes, Cveulebriv,
bolosaTvis itovebT, sasurvelia, konsultacia miiRoT fsiqologTan, an
saswavleblis konsultantTan, rom qceva SeicvaloT. Tqveni niSnebi da
janmrTeloba sasworze devs!

sur. 13.9. saqmis gadadebisaTvis janmrTelobiT gaRebuli safasuri

mkvlevrebma daadgines, rom arsebobs studenTa ori kategoria: _ saqmis
gadamdeblebi da saqmis argadamdebeli studentebi. studentebs sTxoves,
ecnobebinaT, semestris dasawyisSi da semestris bolos fizikuri daavadebis
 529
ramdeni simptomi hqondaT. semestris bolosaTvis yvela students simptomTa mateba
aReniSneboda, magram rogorc vvaraudobdiT, saqmis gadadebis moyvarulebi
aRniSnavdnen gacilebiT met simptoms, vidre maTi saqmis argadamdebi Tanatolebi.

katastrofuli da travmuli movlenebi

movlena, romelic negatiuria da, amasTanave, umarTavi, moulodneli da

gaugebari, gansakuTrebiT Zlier stress iwvevs. yvela es piroba gansakuTrebiT
TvalnaTliv Cans katastrofuli movlenebis SemTxvevaSi. fil zimbardo (Phil
Zimbardo) ixsenebs, rom igi 1989 wels beisbolSi msoflios Cempionats eswreboda,
rodesac katastrofuli miwisZvra moxda:

`davikaveT Tu ara me da Cemma samma Svilma adgilebi san-franciskos qendelstik

parkSi, orkestrma dakvra daiwyo. uecrad, mTelma stadionma ryeva daiwyo, sinaTle
yvelgan gamoirTo da tablo Cabnelda. 6 aTasi mayurebeli sruliad dadumda.
swored am wuTebSi Zlieri miwisZvra moxda. Cvens gverdiT mjdom kacs aRmoaCnda
portatuli televizori, romelic aCvenebda sxvadasxva adgilebSi gaCenil xanZars,
Cangreul xidebs, gzebze momxdar avariebs da uamrav daRupul adamians.~
miwisZvridan sul mokle xanSi fsiqologTa gundi Seudga imis Seswavlas, Tu
rogor umklavdeboda xalxi katastrofas.

saidan viciT

miwisZvris fsiqologiuri Sedegebi

gamokvlevisaTvis daaxloebiT 800 respondenti SemTxveviTobis principiT
SearCies san-franciskos zonidan da ramdenime moSorebuli qalaqidan.
respondentebs interviu utardebodaT miwisZvridan 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 16, 28, an 50
kviris Semdeg. respondentebi aTwuTian satelefono gamokiTxvaSi saubrobdnen
sakuTari gancdebis, socialuri qcevisa da janmrTelobis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb.
san-franciskos mkvidrTa Soris dadginda stresze reaqciis sami gansxvavebuli
faza: _ sagangebo fazaSi (emergency phase) (pirveli sami-oTxi kvira) socialuri
kontaqti, SiSi da miwisZvris Sesaxeb akviatebuli azrebi gaizarda; faruli
faza (inhibirion phase) (samidan rva kviramde) xasiaTdeboda miwisZvris Sesaxeb
fiqrisa da laparakis uecari SemcirebiT, magram, samagierod, xdeboda stresTan
dakavSirebuli iseTi arapirdapiri reaqciebis gazrda, rogoricaa miwisZvrasTan
dakavSirebuli sizmrebi da uneblie azrebi; adaptaciis fazaSi (ori Tve da
meti) katastrofis fsiqologiurma efeqtma TiTqos gadaiara adamianTa
 530
umravlesobaSi, Tumca, san-franciskos mcxovrebTa 20%-ze meti miwisZvridan
erTi wlis Semdegac kvlav distress ganicdida (Pennebaker & Harber, 1993).

san-franciskos katastrofaze adamianTa reaqciebis ganzogadeba daexmara

fsiqologebs axali katastrofis _ oklahoma sitis dabombvis _ Sedegebis
SemsubuqebaSi (Krug et al., 1996; Parson, 1995).
gaupatiurebisa da incestis msxverplni, TviTmfrinavisa da seriozuli
saavtomobilo katastrofebis dros gadarCenilebi, omis veteranebi da sxvebi,
romelTac matravmirebeli movlenebi piradad ganicades, SeiZleba emociurad
reagirebdnen posttravmuli stresis aSlilobiT (PTSD). posttravmuli stresis
aSliloba aris stresze reaqcia, romlis drosac individi itanjeba
matravmirebeli movlenis mudmivi, akviatebuli gancdiT, magaliTad, e.w.
`fleSbekebis~, anu warsuli mogonebebis uecari gacocxlebis, an Ramis koSmarebis
formiT (DSM-IV, 1994). es adamianebi ganicdian emociur `gaxevebas~ yoveldRiur
movlenaTa mimarT da sxva adamianebTan gaucxoebis grZnobas. sabolood, am
reaqciiT gamowveul emociur tkivils SeuZlia gamoiwvios sxvadasxvagvar
simptomTa mateba, rogoricaa Zilis problemebi, gadarCenis gamo danaSaulis
gancda, yuradRebis koncentraciis darRveva da gaZlierebuli SekrTomis reaqcia.
seqsualuri Zaladobis msxverplni xSirad avlenen posttravmuli stresis
mraval niSans (Acierno et al., 1999). gaupatiurebidan 2 kviris Semdeg Catarebul
gamokiTxvebSi gaupatiurebis msxverplTa 94%-s daesva posttravmatuli stresis
diagnozi; Zaladobidan 12 kviris Semdeg msxverplTa 51%-is mdgomareoba kvlav am
diagnozs Seesabameboda (Foa & Riggs, 1995). qvemoT mocemuli nawyveti kolejis ori
studentis saubridan gaupatiurebis Semdgomi Sokis Sesaxeb gvacnobs metad Zlier
da xanier emociebs.

elisi: _ me SokSi karga xnis manZilze viyavi, SemeZlo laparaki faqtze, rom
gaupatiurebis msxverpli var, magram emociebma Tavi mxolod erTi Tvis Semdeg
iCina.
beTi: _ pirveli ori kviris manZilze CemTan iyo xalxi, vinc SerCeuli myavda
Cemi ambis mosayolad da romlebmac Zalze, Zalze didi mxardaWera aRmomiCines;
ori kviris Semdeg ki maT TiTqos aseTi ram sTqves: _ `Zalian kargi, is ukve
gamovida mdgomareobidan da Cven SegviZlia wavideT~, magram mere da mere grZnob,
 531
rom kidev ufro meti mxardaWera gWirdeba, radgan drois gasvlasTan erTad metad
acnobiereb Sens emociebs da imasac, rom saWiroa maTTan gamklaveba.
elisi: _ aris momenti, roca uaryof, rom es moxda. Sen TiTqos mTlianad
iviwyeb amas.
beTi: es imdenad ararealuria, ar ginda daijero, rom es marTla moxda, an, rom
es SeiZleba momxdariyo; Semdeg SiSis da brazis xangrZlivi periodi modis.
elisi: _ Zalian meSinoda, rom kvlav sirbili unda damewyo (elisi sirbilSi
varjiSis dros gaaupatiures). mas Semdeg, rac gamaupatiures, sruliad Sevwyvite
yovelgvari fizikuri varjiSi. am meoTxedSi isev daviwye, magram yovelTvis, roca
gavdivar sarbenad, SiSi ar mSordeba. guliscema miormagdeba. cxadia, marto ukve
aRar davrbivar, magram dRemde SiSi mainc mudmivad Tan mdevs.
beTi: _ kidev iseTi grZnoba gaqvs, TiTqos yvela Senma megobarma giRalata.
vnaxulob xolme sizmars, rom Cemi oTaxis gareT maupatiureben. sizmarSi yvelani
iyurebian TavianTi fanjrebidan. saxeebs Zalian naTlad vxedav. yvela Cemi
megobari gamofenilia fanjaraSi sayureblad, zogierTi Cemgan sul or nabijzea.
yvela xedavs ra xdeba, magram saqmeSi aravin ereva. viRviZeb da ukidures
martoobas ganvicdi ( “Stanford Daily” 1982).

• posttravmuli stresis aSliloba (PTSD) _ SfoTviTi aSliloba, romelic

xasiaTdeba matravmirebeli movlenis mudmivad ganmeorebadi gancdiT _
Semawuxebeli mogonebebis, sizmrebis, halucinaciebis da disociaciuri
`gamonaTebebis~ saxiT; viTardeba gaupatiurebis, sicocxlisaTvis saSiSi
movlenebis, Zlieri dasaxiCrebis, an bunebrivi katastrofebis pasuxad.
• narCeni stresis paterni _ qronokuli sindromi, romelSic posttravmuli
emociuri reaqciebi grZeldeba xangrZlivi drois manZilze.
posttravmuli stresis emociuri reaqciebi SeiZleba gamovlindes mwvave formiT
uSualod katastrofis Semdeg da Semcirdes ramdenime TveSi. am reaqciebma
SeiZleba, aseve, ganagrZon arseboba da Camoyalibdnen qronikul sindromad,
romelsac narCeni stresis paterni ewodeba (Silver & Wortman, 1980). es SeiZleba
gagrZeldes Tveebis da wlebis manZilzec. klinikosebi dResac xvdebian meore
msoflio omisa da koreis omis veteranebs, romlebsac narCeni, an dagvianebuli
posttravmatuli stresis aSlilobebi aReniSnebaT (Zeiss & Dickman, 1989). es
monacemebi amtkicebs, rom zogierTi saxis mwvave stresisgan yvela rodi `ikurneba~
(Wortman & Silver, 1989; Wortman et al., 1993).…

qronikuli stresorebi
 532
stresze fiziologiuri reaqciebis ganxilvisas gavmijneT, erTi mxriv, mwvave,
mkveTrad gamoxatuli dasawyisisa da dasasrulis mqone da, meore mxriv,
qronikuli, anu droSi ganfenili stresorebi. rac Seexeba fsiqologiur
stresorebs, aq mkveTri zRvris gavleba yovelTvis ar aris ioli. warmoidgineT,
magaliTad, rom velosipedi mogpares. es namdvilad aris stresis mwvave wyaro,
magram Tu mudmivad daiwyebT Relvas, rom axal velosipedsac mogparaven, am
movlenasTan dakavSirebuli stresi SeiZleba qronikuli gaxdes. mkvlevrebma
daadgines es paterni adamianebTan, romlebic seriozuli daavadebebiT, magaliTad,
kiboTi arian avad (Anderson et al., 1994). kibos diagnoziT da mkurnalobiT
gamowveuli SfoTvis daZlevasTan dakavSirebul qronikul stress SeuZlia,
gaauaresos janmrTeloba ufro swrafad, vidre sakuTriv daavadebas.
mravali adamianisaTvis qronikuli stresi sazogadoebrivi viTarebebiT da
garemo pirobebiT aris gamowveuli. ra kumulaciuri efeqti aqvs Tqvenze
mosaxleobis siWarbes, kriminals, ekonomikur pirobebs, haeris dabinZurebas, Sids-
isa da terorizmis safrTxes? rogor zemoqmedeben aRniSnuli da garemos sxva
stresorebi Tqvens fsiqikurad kargad yofnaze? adamianTa zogierTi jgufi
ganicdis qronikul stress Tavisi socialur-ekonomikuri statusis an rasobrivi
identobis gamo, rasac aSkara gavlena aqvs zogadad kargad yofnaze. (Contrada et al.,
2000; Stone, 2000; Williams, 1999). afro-amerikelebs, magaliTad, gul-sisxlZarRvTa
daavadebebis gacilebiT ufro maRali koeficienti aqvT, vidre TeTrkanian
amerikelebs. gamokvlevebi cxadyofs, rom amis ZiriTadi mizezi ar aris genetikuri
gansxvavebebi. sisxlis maRali wneva afro-amerikelTa Soris, rogorc Cans,
qronikuli stresis Sedegia, romelsac iwvevs maT mimarT arsebuli
diskriminaciuli rasobrivi crurwmena (prejudice): dabalstatusiani samuSao,
SezRuduli ganaTleba, samuSaos uSedego Zebna da dabali socialur-ekonomikuri
statusi (Anderson et al.,1992; Klag et al., 1991). hipertenziis mizezi aris frustraciebi,
romelic gamowveulia mniSvnelovani, ZiriTadi cxovrebiseuli miznebis miRwevis
fuWi mcdelobiT; is ar ukavSirdeba genetikur faqtors. msgavsad amisa, qronikuli
stresi, romelsac socialur-ekonomikurad araxelsayrel pirobebSi myofi qalebi
ganicdian, Seicavs naadrevi mSobiarobisa da mcirewoniani bavSvis gaCenis
safrTxes (Lobel, 1994; Lobel et al.,1992). amgvarad, siRaribisa da rasobrivi
 533
crurwmenebis pirobebSi dabadebuli bavSvebi, SesaZloa, cxovrebas gacilebiT meti
riskis pirobebSi iwyeben, vidre maTi privilegirebuli Tanatolebi.E

saidan viciT

xangrZlivi ekonomikuri siduxWiris damangreveli Sedegebi

gamokvlevaTa didi nawili, romelic aCvenebs, rom dabali Semosavali
dakavSirebulia janmrTelobis cud mdgomareobasTan, Semosavali mxolod
erTxel izomeboda. miRebuli korelaciebi, SesaZloa, ver afiqsireben
mravalwliani siRaribis kumulaciur efeqts, da, aseve, SeiZleba asaxavdnen
sapirispiro mizez-Sedegobriv kavSirs: cudi janmrTeloba iwvevs siRaribes.
bolodroindelma gamokvlevam, romelSic ekonomikuri siduxWire izomeboda
1000-ze met respondentTan sami aTeuli wlis manZilze cxadad aCvena, rom
xangrZlivi ekonomikuri siduxWire iwvevs fizikuri, fsiqologiuri da
kognituri funqcionirebis gauaresebas (Lynch et al., 1997).
ekonomikuri siduxWire ganisazRvreba, rogorc siRaribis federalur
donesTan SedarebiT 200%-ze naklebi ojaxis Semosavali. 1994 wlis
gamokvlevebiT dadginda, rom ekonomikuri siduxWiris periodebi zrdasrulma
adamianebma, ZiriTadad, 1965-1983 wlebSi ganicades da rom yvelaze meti problema
maT yoveldRiuri cxovrebis iseT ZiriTad aqtivobebTan hqondaT, rogoricaa,
saWmlis momzadeba, sayidlebi da dabana _ dakavSirebul fizikur
funqcionirebaSi. msgavsi efeqtebi fsiqologiur da kognitur funqcionirebaSic
gamovlinda. ekonomikuri siduxWiris periodis armqone adamianebTan SedarebiT
siRaribis mdgomareobaSi samjer namyofi adamianebi samjer ufro xSirad
ganicdidnen klinikuri depresiis simptomebs, xuTjer ufro xSirad fasdebodnen,
rogorc cinikurad mtrulad ganwyobilni da optimizms moklebulebi da
oTxjer ufro xSirad uCiodnen sirTuleebs kognitur funqcionirebaSi. imis
dasamtkiceblad, rom es Sedegebi gamowveulia ekonomikuri siduxWiriT da ara
sawyisi cudi janmrTelobiT, mkvlevrebma warmoadgines monacemebi im
monawileTa Sesaxeb, romelTa janmrTelobis mdgomareoba 1965 wlis sawyisi
gazomvebis dros iyo kargi, an Zalian kargi. mkvlevrebma daaskvnes, rom
bolodroindeli ekonomikuri da politikuri strategia zrdis araTanabar
Semosavlebs da sul ufro met bavSvs aiZulebs, icxovros xangrZliv
siRaribeSi, rac tovebs `fizikur, fsiqologiur da kognitur anabeWds, riTac
yoveldRiuri cxovrebis xarisxi qveiTdeba~ (gv. 1895).

am gamokvlevis monacemTa gacnobis Semdeg gakvirvebas aRar unda iwvevdes is,

rom qronikul stress SeuZlia bavSvis inteleqtualur ganviTarebazec iqonios
 534
gavlena. ganvixiloT gamokvleva, romelSic adgendnen stresis dones 6-dan 16
wlamde bavSvebis jgufSi da, amasTan, zomavdnen maT inteleqts IQ testis
meSveobiT (ix. Tavi 10). monacemebis mixedviT, gamovlinda uaryofiTi korelacia
stressa da verbalur gaazrebas Soris IQ testSi: _ saSualod, rac ufro maRalia
stresis done am bavSvebis cxovrebaSi, miT uaresia maTi Sedegebi am parametris
mixedviT (Plante & Sykora, 1994). rogorc vxedavT, qronikuli stresis maRal dones
mavne zegavlena aqvs bavSvebis kognitur aqtivobaze (cognitive performance). es
monacemebi imasac gvafiqrebinebs, rom stresis zogierTi mavne efeqti socialuri
gadawyvetilebebiT unda ganeitraldes.

yoveldRiuri usiamovnebebi

dagveTanxmebiT, rom sayvarel adamianTan urTierTobis gawyvetas, miwisZvras an

diskriminaciul crurwmenas (prejudiss) namdvilad SeuZlia stresis gamowveva, magram
ras ityviT ufro sust stresorebze, romlebsac yoveldRiurad ganicdiT? ra
SegemTxvaT guSin? albaT, arc ganqorwindiT da arc avtokatastrofaSi sikvdils
gadaurCiT. ufro savaraudoa, rom dagekargaT rveulebi, an saxelmZRvanelo.
SesaZloa, dagagviandaT mniSvnelovan Sexvedraze an dagajarimes manqanis
akrZalul adgilze dayenebisaTvis, an kidev, xmaurianma mezobelma Zili
dagifrTxoT. es yvelaferi aris ganmeorebadi yoveldRiuri stresorebi,
romlebsac adamianTa umetesoba TiTqmis mudmivad ganicdis.
dRiurebis gamokvlevam, romelSic TeTrkaniani, saSualo klasis
warmomadgeneli, saSualo asakis qalebi da mamakacebi iniSnavdnen dRis manZilze
momxdar usiamovnebebs erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi (Zireul cxovrebiseul
cvlilebaTa da fizikur simptomTa CanawerebTan erTad), gamoavlina sruliad
aSkara kavSiri usiamovnebebsa da janmrTelobis problemebs Soris: _ rac ufro
xSir da intensiur usiamovnebebs aRniSnavdnen adamianebi, miT uaresi iyo maTi
fizikuri da fsiqikuri janmrTelobis mdgomareoba (Lazarus,1981; 1984b).
yoveldRiuri usiamovnebebis klebas kargad yofnis gancdis gaZliereba mohyveba
(Chamberlain & Zika, 1990). mkvlevrebma aCvenes, rom yoveldRiuri usiamovnebebi
uaryofiT moqmedebas cxovrebis sakmaod adreuli etapebidan iwyeben.

saidan viciT
sabavSvo baRis aRsazrdelebis mier gancdili yoveldRiuri usiamovnebebi
 535
mkvlevrebma sTxoves sabavSvo baRis 74 aRsazrdels, aReweraT TavianTi
yoveldRiuri usiamovnebebi. am informaciis mosapoveblad mkvlevrebi
ekiTxebodnen bavSvebs, moxda Tu ara bolo erTi Tvis manZilze iseTi ram maT
cxovrebaSi, rogoricaa `raRacis dakargva~, an `vinmeze gabrazeba~. mas Semdeg,
rac ganisazRvra, moxda Tu ara TiToeuli es movlena, bavSvebs ekiTxebodnen,
imoqmeda Tu ara maTze am movlenam cudad. ase rom, yoveldRiuri usiamovnebebis
sazomSi aisaxeboda, Tu ramdenad ganicdida bavSvi TiToeuli am movlenisagan
gamowveul stress. bavSvebze yoveldRiuri stresebis zegavlenis dasadgenad,
mkvlevrebma sTxoves bavSvebis mSoblebs da aRmzrdelebs, aReniSnaT ramdenad
cudad iqceodnen bavSvebi. Sedegebma aCvena dadebiTi korelacia yoveldRiur
usiamovnebebsa da qcevis problemebs Soris: _ saSualod, bavSvebi, romelTa
cxovreba ufro metad iyo datvirTuli usiamovnebebiT, qcevaSi ufro met
agresiasa da destruqcas avlendnen (Creasey et al.,1995).
xSirad bavSvobas umankoebis xanad miviCnevT. Tumca, es gamokvleva aCvenebs, rom
zogierTi bavSvi ukve ganicdis stresis garkveul dones, rac uaryofiT
SedegebTanaa dakavSirebuli
fokusirebas Cven, ZiriTadad, yoveldRiur usiamovnebebze vaxdendiT, magram isic
unda iTqvas, rom mravali adamianisaTvis yoveldRiuri usiamovnebebi yoveldRiuri
dadebiTi gancdebiT balansirdeba (Lazarus & Lazarus, 1994). dadebiTi da uaryofiTi
gancdebis fardobiTi balansi SeiZleba gavlenas axdendes janmrTelobis
mdgomareobaze. magaliTad, erT-erT gamokvlevaSi 96 kacs pozitiuri da negatiuri
movlenebis yoveldRiur angariSs sTxovdnen. am kacebs, agreTve, yoveldRiurad
umowmebdnen imunuri reaqciis siZlieres. Sedegebma aCvenes, rom sasurveli
cxovrebiseuli movlenebi kavSirSi iyo ufro Zlier imunur reaqciasTan, xolo
arasasurveli movlenebi _ ufro sust reaqciasTan (Stone et al., 1994). amrigad, Tu
gvinda cxovrebis Semdgomi mimdinareobis winaswarmetyveleba, yoveldRiur
usiamovnebebis gaTvaliswineba sakmarisi ar aris, saWiroa, vicodeT is
yoveldRiuri siamovnebebic, rasac cxovreba gvTavazobs.
Cven ukve mimovixileT adamianTa cxovrebaSi stresis mravali wyaro.
fsiqologebi sakmaod didi xnis winaTac xvdebodnen, rom am sxvadasxva tipis
stresorTa gavlena, didwilad, damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramdenad efeqturad
SeuZlia adamians, Tavi gaarTvas maT. axla ganvixiloT, ramdenad warmatebulad Tu
warumateblad umklavdebian adamianebi stress.

stresis daZleva

Tu cxovrebaSi stresebi gardauvalia da Tu qronikul stress SeuZlia

cxovrebis dangreva da adamianis ganadgureba, aucilebelia, viswavloT stresis
 536
marTva. daZleva exeba garegan da Sinagan moTxovnebTan gamklavebis process,
rodesac es moTxovnebi, individis aRqmis Tanaxmad, eWvqveS ayeneben, an aRematebian
mis resursebs (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984). daZleva SeiZleba moicavdes qceviT, emociur,
an motivaciur reaqciebsa da azrebs. am nawils daviwyebT imis aRweriT, Tu rogor
zemoqmedebs kognituri Sefaseba imaze, rac ganicdeba, rogorc stresori, Semdeg
ganvixilavT daZlevis reaqciaTa tipebs; aRvwerT rogorc daZlevis zogad
principebs, ise specifikur intervenciebs. dabolos, ganvixilavT zogierT
individualur gansxvavebas stresTan gamklavebis unarSi.
• daZleva _ im garegan da Sinagan moTxovnebTan gamklavebis procesi, romelic
aRiqmeba, rogorc safrTxis, an muqaris Semcveli, an dauZleveli.

stresis Sefaseba

stresul situaciebTan gamklavebisas, pirveli nabijia, gansazRvroT, ramdenad

stresulni arian isini sinamdvileSi. kognituri Sefaseba (ix. gv. X) aris stresoris
kognituri interpretacia da raodenobrivi Sefaseba. kognituri Sefaseba
centralur rols asrulebs situaciis gansazRvraSi: _ ras moiTxovs is Cemgan,
ramdenad didia safrTxe, ra resursebs vflob masTan gasamklaveblad (Lazarus,1993;
Lazarus & Lazarus, 1994). zogierTi iseTi stresori, rogoricaa, magaliTad, sxeulis
dazianeba, almodebuli sakuTari saxlis naxva, TiTqmis yvelas mier ganicdeba,
rogorc safrTxe, Tumca, bevri sxva stresori SesaZlebelia sxvadasxvagvarad
ganisazRvros, imisda mixedviT, Tu rogoria Tqveni piradi cxovrebiseuli
mdgomareoba, konkretuli moTxovnis mimarTeba Tqvens ZiriTad miznebTan,
moTxovnebTan gamklavebis SesaZleblobebi da sakuTari SesaZleblobebis Sefaseba.
situacia, romelic iwvevs mwvave distress erT adamianSi, SeiZleba
sruliadECveulebrivi ram iyos meorisaTvis. SeecadeT, miaqcioT yuradReba da
gaiazroT cxovrebiseuli movlenebi, romlebsac gansxvavebulad xedavT Tqven da
Tqveni megobrebi da ojaxis wevrebi: _ zogierTi situacia TqvenSi, magram ara
Tqvens megobrebsa da ojaxis wevrebSi, iwvevs stress. sxva movlenebi maTSi iwvevs
stress, TqvenSi ki _ ara. ratom?
riCard lazarusi, romlis kognituri Sefasebis zogadi Teoria wavumZRvareT
emociebis ganxilvas, moTxovnaTa kognitur SefasebaSi or stadias ganasxvavebs.
pirveladi Sefaseba aRwers moTxovnis seriozulobis sawyis Sefasebas. es Sefaseba
 537
iwyeba kiTxvebiT: _ `ra xdeba?~ da `es CemTvis kargia, stresulia Tu CemTan
araviTari kavSiri aqvs?~ Tu pasuxi meore kiTxvaze aris `stresulia~, Tqven
afasebT stresoris potenciur zemoqmedebas da arkvevT, ziani ukve arsebobs Tu is
mxolod savaraudoa da saWiroa Tu ara qcevis ganxorcieleba (ix. cxrili 13.2). Tu
gadawyvetT, rom raRac unda iRonoT, iwyeba meoradi Sefaseba. afasebT stresul
viTarebasTan gasamklaveblad Tqvens xelT arsebul pirovnul da socialur
resursebs da gansazRvravT saWiro moqmedebis SesaZleblobebs. Sefaseba
grZeldeba manam, sanam xdeba gamklavebis reaqciebis mosinjva. Tu pirveli
reaqciebi araefeqturia da stresi narCundeba, iwyeba axali reaqciebi da fasdeba
maTi efeqturobac.

cxrili 13.2 mtkice gadawyvetilebis gamotanis/kognituri Sefasebis safexurebi

safexuri sakvanZo kiTxvebi

1. gamowvevis Sefaseba - riski seriozulia, Tuki ar

Sevicvlebi?

2. alternativebis mimoxilva - es alternativa misaRebi saSualebaa

gamowvevasTan dasapirispireblad?
- sakmarisad ganvixile Cem xelT
arsebuli alternativebi?

3. alternativebis awon-dawona - romeli alternativaa saukeTeso?

- akmayofilebs saukeTeso alternativa
arsebiT moTxovnebs?

4. fiqri valdebulebis aRebaze - ganvaxorcielo saukeTeso

alternativa da sxvebsac gavumxilo?

5. arCeul poziciaze myarad dgoma - riski seriozulia, Tuki ar

uaryofiTi ukukavSiris miuxedavad Sevicvlebi?
- riski seriozulia, Tuki Sevicvlebi?

kognituri Sefaseba aris stresis Semanelebeli cvladis magaliTi. stresis

Semanelebeli cvladebi is cvladebia, romlebic cvlian stresoris zemoqmedebas
konkretuli tipis stresul reaqciaze. Semanelebeli cvladebi filtravs, an saxes
ucvlis stresorebis Cveul zemoqmedebas individis reaqciebze. magaliTad, Tqveni
daRlilobis done da zogadi janmrTelobis statusi Semanelebeli cvladebia,
romlebic gavlenas axdenen imaze, Tu rogori iqneba Tqveni reaqcia mocemul
fsiqologiur, an fizikur stresorze. Tu karg fizikur formaSi xarT, maSin ukeT
 538
gaumklavdebiT stresors, vidre maSin, roca karg formaSi ar xarT. SegiZliaT
naxoT, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba kognituri Sefaseba Semanelebeli cvladis
gansazRvrebasac. is, Tu rogor SeafasebT stresors, momavalSi gansazRvravs imas,
Tu ra tipis daZlevis reaqciebis gamoyeneba dagWirdebaT. axla ganvixiloT
daZlevis reaqciebis zogadi tipebi.

daZlevis reaqciaTa tipebi

warmoidgineT, rom mniSvnelovani gamocdis dro axlovdeba. Tqven ifiqreT amis

Sesaxeb, SeafaseT situacia da sruliad darwmunebuli xarT, rom es aris
stresuli situacia. risi gakeTeba SegiZliaT? mniSvnelovania imis aRniSvna, rom
daZleva SeiZleba win uswrebdes potenciurad stresul movlenas anticipatoruli
daZlevis formiT (Folkman, 1984). rogor unda gaumklavdeT mosalodneli gamocdiT
gamowveul stress? rogor unda uTxraT mSoblebs, rom skolidan gagricxes, an
sayvarels, rom igi aRar giyvarT? stresuli situaciis anticipacia aRZravs uamrav
azrsa da grZnobas, romelic Tavad SeiZleba iyos stresis gamomwvevi. ase xdeba
intervius, sityviT gamosvlis, an ucnob adamianTan Sexvedrisas. saWiroa icodeT,
rogor gaarTvaT Tavi stresul situacias.
ganasxvaveben daZlevis or ZiriTad gzas, imisda mixedviT Tu ra aris mizani,
problemasTan uSaulo dapirispireba _ problemaze mimarTuli daZleva Tu
stresiT gamowveuli diskomfortis Semcireba _ emociaze fokusirebuli daZleva
(Billings & Moos,1982; Lazarusrus & Folkman,1984). am ori ZiriTadi midgomis ramdenime
qvekategoria mocemulia cxrilSi 13.3

cxrili 13.3. daZlevis strategiebis taqsonomia

daZlevis strategiis tipi magaliTi

problemaze mimarTuli daZleva brZola (safrTxis ganadgureba,

stresoris Secvla, an misdami sakuTari
damokidebulebis Secvla uSualo
moqmedebebiT an/da problemis gadaWris brZolisa Tu gaqcevis variantebis
aqtivobebiT
emociaze mimarTuli daZleva
moSoreba, an Sesusteba)
gaqceva (safrTxisgan distancireba)
SerCvea (molaparakeba, garigeba,
kompromisi)
momavali stresis prevencia (sakuTari
winaaRmdegobis gawevis unaris gazrda,
an anticipirebuli stresoris Zalis
Semcireba).
somatikaze mimarTuli aqtivobebi
 539

me-s cvlileba imgvari moqmedebebiT, (SfoTvis sawinaaRmdego medikamentebis,

romlebic ukeT agrZnobinebs adamians relaqsaciis, bio-ukukavSiris
Tavs stresoris cvlilebis gareSe. gamoyeneba)
kognitur sferoze mimarTuli
aqtivobebi (dagegmili garTobebi,
fantaziebi, fiqrebi sakuTar Tavze)
Terapia damatebiTi SiSis gamomwvevi
cnobieri, an aracnobieri procesebis
dasaregulireblad,
daviwyoT problemaze mimarTuli daZleviT. `wavavloT xars rqebSi xeli~ - ase
aRiwereba Cveulebriv problemuri situaciisTvis mzadyofnis strategia. es
midgoma moicavs yvela strategias, romelic gamiznulia stresorebTan uSualod
dasapirispireblad Ria qceviT; aseve, problemis racionalurad gadaWris
aqtivobebs. xuligans an dauxvdebiT, an gaeqceviT; ecdebiT mis mosyidvas qrTamiT,
an sxva ramiT; Tqven koncentrirdebiT gadasawyvet problemaze, an stresis
gamomwvev faqtorze; Tqven acnobierebT, rom saWiroa moqmedeba, afasebT situacias
da sakuTar resursebs, da axorcielebT reaqcias, romelic adekvaturia muqaris
mosaSoreblad, an Sesamcireblad. problemis gadaWris amgvari mcdelobebi
sasargebloa kontrolirebadi stresorebis samarTavad _ anu stresorebisa,
romelTa Secvla, an Semcireba SesaZlebelia iseTi moqmedebiT. rogoricaa,
magaliTad, avtoritaruli ufrosi, an aradamakmayofilebeli niSnebi.
emociaze fokusirebuli midgoma ukeTesia arakontrolirebadi stresorebis
zegavlenis samaraTavad. davuSvaT, pasuxismgebeli xarT alcheimeriT daavadebuli
mSoblis movlaze. msgavs situaciaSi ar arsebobs `xuligani~, romlis garemodan
mocilebasac SeZlebdiT; Tqven ver geqnebaT garegani stresuli situaciis Secvlis
gzebis povnis. amis nacvlad SeecdebiT, SecvaloT Tqveni grZnobebi da azrebi mis
Sesaxeb imiT, rom alcheimeriT daavadebulebze mzrunvelTa mxardaWeris jgufebSi
gaerTiandebiT, an daeuflebiT relaqsaciis teqnikas. es midgoma isev daZlevis
strategias ganekuTvneba, radgan acnobierebT, rom Tqvens kargad yofnas safrTxe
emuqreba da am safrTxis Semcirebas cdilobT.

• stresis moderatori/Semasustebeli cvladebi _ cvladebi, romlebic cvlian

mimarTebas stresorsa da mocemuli tipis stresul reaqcias Soris.
• anticipatoruli daZleva _ potenciurad saSiS movlenamde ganxorcielebuli
mcdelobebi, gadailaxos, Semcirdes, an asatani gaxdes Seusabamoba aRqmul
 540
moTxovnebsa da xelT arsebul resursebs Soris.

daZleva aris situacia, romelSic, rac ufro met gansxvavebul strategias

flobT, miT ukeTesia (Taylor & Clark, 1986). daZleva rom warmatebuli iyos, Tqveni
resursebi unda Seesabamebodes aRqmul moTxovnas. amrigad, daZlevis
mravalferovani strategiebis floba adapturia, radgan, savaraudod, ufro
advilad moaxerxebT am Sesabamisobis miRwevas da stresul movlenasTan
gamklavebas. metic, imis codna, rom daZlevis sxvadasxvagvar strategiebs flobT,
dagexmarebaT, gazardoT TqvenSi realuri unari, daakmayofiloT garemodan
wamosuli moTxovnebi (Bandura,1986). TviTdarwmunebas SeuZlia dagicvaT mravali
stresoris Zlieri zegavlenisagan, radgan rwmena imisa, rom mzadyofnaSi gaqvT
daZlevis resursebi, aRkveTs stresul, qaotur reaqcias `ra gavakeTo!?~
aqamde Cven ganvixilavdiT stresorebis daZlevis zogad midgomebs, axla ki
warmatebuli daZlevis specifikur kognitur da socialur midgomebs gavecnobiT.

kognituri strategiebis modificireba

modificireba

stresTan adaptaciis Zlieri saSualebaa stresorebis Tqveneuli Sefasebebisa

da maTi daZlevis Sesaxeb TavdacviTi kogniciebis Secvla. Tqven sxvagvarad unda
gaiazroT mocemuli situacia, Tqveni rolis masSi da is kauzaluri atribuciebi,
romlebsac akeTebT arasasurveli Sedegis asaxsnelad. stresis gonebrivi daZlevis
ori gza arsebobs: _ sakuTriv stresorTa bunebis gadasinjva da stresze sakuTar
reaqciaTa Sesaxeb codnis restruqturireba.
Cven ukve visaubreT imis Sesaxeb, rom adamianebi maT cxovrebaSi stresis
gancdas nawilobriv ise akontroleben, rogorc cxovrebiseul movlenebs afaseben
(Lazarus & Lazarus, 1994). garkveuli stresorebis Sesaxeb gansxvavebulad fiqris
swavla, maTTvis saxelis Secvla, an maTi warmosaxva naklebad saSiS (an, Tundac,
sasacilo) konteqstSi warmoadgens kognituri gadafasebis formas, rasac stresis
Semcireba SeuZlia. RelavT imis gamo, rom sityviT unda gamoxvideT didi, mkacri
auditoriis winaSe? stresoris gadafasebis erT-erTi teqnika aseTia: _
warmoidgineT, rom Tqveni potenciuri kritikosebi darbazSi SiSvlebi sxedan, rac
namdvilad Seamcirebs maT SiSismomgvrel Zalas. SfoTavT imis gamo, rom
morcxvobas ver daZlevT wveulebaze, romelsac aucileblad unda daeswroT? xom
ar mogeZebnaT vinme Tqvenze ufro morcxvi da saubris dawyebiT simorcxvis
daZlevaSi daxmarebodiT.
 541
Tqven, aseve, SegiZliaT stresis marTva imiT, rom SecvaloT is, rasac sakuTar
Tavs eubnebiT mis Sesaxeb da SecvaloT masTan mopyrobis xerxi. kognitur-
bihevioristma fsiqoTerapevtma donald maihenbaumma (Donald Meichenbaum,
1977,1985,1993) SemogvTavaza samfaziani procesi, romelic amgvar stresis
inokulacias (acras) iTvaliswinebs. I fazaSi adamianebi cdiloben sakuTari
aqtualuri qcevis ukeT gacnobierebas _ ra iwvevs mas da ra Sedegebi moaqvs,
risTvisac saukeTeso xerxi yoveldRiuri Canawerebis warmoebaa. es Canawerebi
exmareba adamianebs sakuTari problemebis mizezebisa da Sedegebis safuZvelze
axlebur gaazrebaSi da aZliereben maTi kontrolis gancdas. SeiZleba aRmoaCinoT,
magaliTad, rom Tqveni niSnebi cudia (stresori), radgan yovelTvis cota dros
itovebT saklaso davalebis kargad Sesasruleblad; II fazaSi adamianebi iwyeben
axali qcevebis gansazRvras, romlebic aRkveTen araadaptaciur, TviTdestruqciul
qcevebs. albaT, unda gamoyoT fiqsirebuli `samecadino dro~, an Ramis satelefono
zarebi 10 wuTamde daiyvanoT; III fazaSi, adapturi qcevebis ganxorcielebis Semdeg,
individebi afaseben TavianTi axali qcevis Sedegebs, aqamde ganxorcielebuli
damakninebeli Sinagani dialogis gareSe. nacvlad imisa, rom uTxran sakuTar
Tavs: _ `gamimarTla, rom profesorma swored maSin gamiZaxa, roca teqsti
wakiTxuli mqonda~, isini amboben: _ `mixaria, rom momzadebuli viyavi profesoris
SekiTxvisaTvis. araCveulebrivia, rodesac mas Wkvianurad SegiZlia upasuxo."
es samfaziani midgoma gulisxmobs reaqciebis da sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb
gamonaTqvamebis inicirebas, romlebic SeuTavsebelia aqamde ganxorcielebul
damakninebel azrebTan. am gzis arCevis Semdeg, adamianebi acnobiereben sakuTar
cvlilebas da aRiarebis mopovebis SesaZleblobas cvlilebiT, romelic momavali
warmatebebis sawindaria.
13.4 cxrilSi mocemulia sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb axali tipis gamonaTqvamebis
magaliTebi, romlebic stresul situaciebTan gamklavebaSi gvexmareba. stresis
inokulaciis treningi warmatebiT gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva sferoSi.
cxrili 13.4. sakuTari Tavisadmi mimarTvis magaliTebi, romlebic xels uwyoben
stresis
stresis daZlevas

momzadeba
me SemiZlia SevimuSavo misi daZlevis gegma.
 542

ubralod mosafiqrebelia, ra SemiZlia gavakeTo amisaTvis. es nerviulobaze

ukeTesi gamosavalia.
ar aris saWiro uaryofiTi mimarTva sakuTari Tavisadmi,
Tavisadmi iazrovne
racionalurad.

konfrontacia
erTbaSad erTi nabiji; me SemiZlia am situaciis marTva.
es SfoTva aris is, rasac eqimi miwinawarmetyvelebda. es aris Sexseneba Cemi
daZlevis meqanizmebis gasavarjiSeblad.
dawynardi; Tavs vakontroleb, nela, Rrmad isunTqe.

daZleva
rodesac SiSi geufleba, Seisvene.
yuradReba awmyoze SeaCere, ra maqvs gasakeTebeli?
nu ecdebi SiSis mTlianad gaqrobas, SeinarCune marTvad doneze.
amaze uaresic SeiZleboda momxdariyo.
ubralod, sxva rameze ifiqre.

TviTganmtkiceba
gamomivida, me SevZeli amis gakeTeba.
iseTi cudic ar yofila, rogorsac movelodi.
marTla kmayofili var Cemi miRwevebiT.

saidan viciT

stresis inokulaciis treningi tkivilis samarTavad

am gamokvlevaSi monawileoba miiRo 60 sportsmenma mamakacma, romelTac
sportuli travmis gamo muxlis qirurgiuli operacia CautardaT. sportsmenTa
naxevari moxvda samkurnalo jgufSi, sadac reabilitaciis Cveulebriv
programas stresis inokulaciis treningi daemata. treningi fokusirebuli iyo
gamojanmrTelebis periodis SfoTvisa da tkivilis saxeobebze da xels uwyobda
mamakacebs zemoT aRwerili kognituri restruqturizaciis teqnikebis
gamoyenebaSi. danarCenma ocdaaTma mamakacma mxolod reabilitaciis
standartuli kursi gaiara. samocive monawiles sTxoves, moewodebinaT tkivilis
 543
gancdis subieqturi Sefasebebi mkurnalobis dawyebamde da Semdeg, aTive
fizioTerapiuli sesiis win. miuxedavad imisa, rom samkurnalo da sakontrolo
jgufebi didad ar gansxvavdebodnen erTmaneTisgan mkurnalobis dawyebamde an
pirveli testuri sesiis dros, danarCeni cxra Terapiuli sesiis ganmavlobaSi
inokulaciis jgufis cdis pirebi aRniSnavdnen gacilebiT nakleb tkivils,
vidre sakontrolo jgufis cdis pirebi (Ross & Berger,1996).

me-4 da Tavidan albaT, gaxsovT, rogor aris tkivilis gancda ganpirobebuli

rogorc fiziologiuri, ise fsiqologiuri faqtorebiT. gankurnebis procesSi
myof sportsmenebze Catarebuli es eqsperimenti gviCvenebs, Tu rogor SeiZleba
daZlevis teqnikebis gamoyeneba tkivilis fsiqologiuri komponentebis zogierTi
aspeqtis gasakontroleblad.
warmatebuli daZlevis kidev erTi ZiriTadi komponentia Tqven mier stresorze
cnobieri/perceived
cnobieri/ kontrolis
kontrolis daweseba, rwmena imisa, rom SegiZliaT cvlilebis
Setana romelime movlenis, an gancdis msvlelobaSi (Vaughan,1993). Tu gjeraT, rom
SegiZliaT daavadebis mimdinareobaze, an daavadebis yoveldRiur simptomebze
zemoqmedeba, etyoba kargad axerxebT darRvevebTan gamklavebas (Affleck et al., 1987),
magram Tu fiqrobT, rom stresis wyaro meore pirovnebaa, romlis qcevaze gavlenas
ver axdenT, an situaciaa, romelsac ver SecvliT, izrdeba imis albaToba, rom am
qronikul viTarebas fsiqologiurad ver gaumklavdebiT (Bulman & Wortman, 1977).
individebi, romelTac SeuZliaT stresis cnobieri kontroli, iseTi fataluri
daavadebis SemTxvevaSic ki, rogoric aris Sidsi, sulieri da fizikuri
janmrTelobis mxriv `mogebulebi rCebian~ (Thompson et al., 1994).
sanam daimaxsovrebT momavlisaTvis kontrolis am strategiebs, ganvixiloT
stresis daZlevis bolo aspeqti _ socialuri ganzomileba.

• cnobieri kontroli _ pirovnebis rwmena, rom SeuZlia movlenis, an gancdis

msvlelobis, an Sedegebis Secvla; xSirad sasargebloa stresorebTan
gamklavebisas.

socialuri mxardaWera,
mxardaWera, rogorc stresis daZlevis resursi

socialuri mxardaWera aris sxvebis mimarT gaweuli daxmareba, romelic

amcnobs adamians, rom igi uyvarT, masze zrunaven, afaseben da rom igi sxva
adamianebTan urTierTobisa da urTierTvaldebulebebis qselSia CarTuli (Cohen &
Syme, 1985).Dsocioemociuri mxardaWeris am formebis garda garSemomyof adamianebs
 544
SeuZliaT materialuri (fuli, transporti, bina) da informaciuli mxardaWeris
(rCeva, pirovnuli ukukavSiri, informacia) uzrunvelyofa. nebismieri adamiani,
visTanac gaqvT mniSvnelovani socialuri urTierToba _ iqneba es ojaxis wevri,
megobari, TanamSromeli Tu mezobeli _ SesaZloa, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, Tqveni
socialuri mxardaWeris qselis nawili iyos.
mravali gamokvleva miuTiTebs stresisadmi mowyvladobis SemcirebaSi
socialuri mxardaWeris Zalaze (Cohen & McKay, 1983). rodesac adamianebs hyavT
xalxi, visac SeuZliaT mimarTon, isini ukeT axerxeben gaumklavdnen samsaxurebriv
stresebs, umuSevrobas, ojaxis rRvevas, seriozul daavadebebsa da sxva
katastrofebs iseve, rogorc sakuTar yoveldRiur problemebs (Gottlieb, 1981;
Pilisuk & Parks, 1986). socialuri mxardaWeris pozitiuri efeqtebi scildeba
stresuli movlenebis daregulirebas; maT SeuZliaT diagnostirebuli
daavadebisagan gankurnebis gaumjobeseba da daavadebiT gamowveuli sikvdilis
riskis Semcireba (House et al.,1988 Kulik & Mahler, 1989). erT-erT gamokvlevaSi
Seiswavleboda Tirkmlis mZime daavadebis mqone avadmyofTa sikvdilianobis
koeficienti (Christensen et al., 1994). ojaxis mxardaWeris sazomis erTpunqtiani zrda
dakavSirebulia sikvdilis albaTobis 13%-ian klebasTan.Q
mkvlevrebi cdiloben, daadginon, ra tipis mxardaWeraa yvelaze sasargeblo
sxvadasxva specifikuri movlenis dros (Helgeson & Cohen,1996; Kuijer et al., 2000).

saidan viciT
mxardaWeris wyaroebisa da tipebis urTierTSedareba
Seli teilori kolegebTan erTad Seiswavlida sxvadasxva tipis socialuri
mxardaWeris efeqturobas kiboTi daavadebulebTan (Dakof & Taylor, 1990; Taylor, 1986).
avadmyofebi gansxvavebulad afasebdnen sxvadasxva saxis mxardaWeris
sargeblianobas. isini sasargeblod Tvlidnen mxolod meuRleebis, da ara
eqimebis, an momvlelebis `gverdiT yofnas~. meore mxriv, avadmyofebisaTvis
mniSvnelovani iyo informaciis, an rCevis miReba kiboTi daavadebuli sxva
pacientebisagan, an eqimebisagan, magram ara ojaxisgan da megobrebisagan.
wyarosagan ganurCevlad _ iqnebodnen eseni eqimebi, ojaxi Tu megobrebi _
avadmyofebi ar miiCneven sasargeblod naZaladev xalisianobasa da daavadebis
zemoqmedebis seriozulobis dakninebas.
13.10 suraTze mocemulia socialuri mxardaWeris tipebis Sedareba efeqturobis
mixedviT kibos da iseTi arakatastrofuli daavadebebis mqone pacientebTan,
rogoricaa qronikuli Tavis tkivili, an gaRizianebuli kuW-nawlavis sindromi
(Martini et al., 1994). monacemebi kidev erTxel mowmobs, rom socialuri mxardaWeris
 545
optimaluri tipi gansxvavebulia stresis sxvadasxa wyarosTvis. SegiZliaT
moifiqroT mizezebi, Tu ratom unda iqnes emociuri mxardaWera ufro sasargeblo
kiboTi daavadebulTaTvis, vidre arakatastrofuli daavadebebis mqone
avadmyofebisaTvis?

sur. 13.10. socialuri mxardaWeris Rirebuleba

aRqmuli socialuri mxardaWera, rogorc diagnozis funqcia
(Martin et.al., 1994, kiboTi daavadebuli pacientebis monacemebi aRebulia
Dakof&Taylor, 1990).
Casasmelia grafiki

mkvlevrebi, agreTve, cdiloben gansazRvron, Tu rodis iwveven mxardaWeris

wyaroebi realurad SfoTvis gazrdas. magaliTad, Tu vinme daJinebiT gTavazobT
eqimTan daniSnul Sexvedraze, an kolejis gasaubrebaze wamoyolas maSin, roca
Tqven marto wasvla girCevniaT, amis gamo SeiZleba damatebiTi SfoTva ganicadoT
(Coyne et al., 1988); aseve, seriozuli daavadebis mqone avadmyofebs, SesaZloa, ar
SeeZloT maT socialur wreSi arsebuli am adamianebis molodinebis gamarTleba.
• socialuri mxardaWera _ sxva adamianebis mier pirovnebisTvis stresTan
gamklavebis mizniT gaweuli materialuri, socio-emociuri da informaciuli
mxardaWera.

saidan viciT

molodinebi da qronikul daavadebasTan adaptacia

mkvlevrebi amowmebdnen, Tu rogor axdens gavlenas avadmyofebis mier
garSemomyof adamianTa molodinebis aRqma daavadebasTan maT adaptaciaze.
avadmyofebs Tirkmlebis daavadebis bolo stadia hqondaT, yvelas sWirdeboda
dializi. mkvlevrebi sTxovdnen maT, rom skalaze (`srulebiT ar veTanxmebi~-dan
`srulebiT veTanxmebi~-mde) SeefasebinaT iseTi debulebebi, rogoricaa,
magaliTad, `xandaxan vgrZnob, rom Cemi ojaxi da megobrebi moelian Cemgan, rom
gacilebiT ukeT moverevi Cems daavadebas, vidre es realurad SemiZlia~ da
`zogjer vfiqrob, rom Cemi ojaxi da megobrebi moelian Cemgan sakuTar
mkurnalobaze meti pasuxismgeblobis aRebas, vidre es realurad SemiZlia~.
mkvlevrebi, aseve, zomavdnen, Tu ramdenad kargad axerxebdnen pacientebi
avadmyofobis daZlevas. Sedegebma aCvena Zlieri dadebiTi korelacia
molodinebsa da distresis xarisxs Soris. magaliTad, pacientebTan, romlebic
sakuTari ojaxisa da megobrebis molodinebs aRiqvamdnen, rogorc
gadaWarbebuls, ufro mosalodneli iyo Civili depresiasa da cxovrebis dabal
xarisxTan dakavSirebiT (Hatchett et al.,1997).
rogorc Cans, pacientebis megobrebi da ojaxis wevrebi yvelafers akeTebdnen
maTTvis mxardaWeris uzrunvelsayofad, Tumca, maTi molodinebi pacientebisadmi
zrdida am ukanasknelTa distress.
 546
efeqturi socialuri mxardaWeris qselis nawilad yofna niSnavs Tqvens rwmenas,
rom saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi sxvebi Tqvens gverdiT aRmoCndebian maSinac ki, Tu
stresis gancdisas faqtobrivad arc ki mimarTavT daxmarebisaTvis. erT-erTi
yvelaze mniSvnelovani mesiji, fsiqologia da cxovrebidan aris is, rom yovelTvis
unda imuSaoT, rogorc socialuri mxardaWeris qselis Semadgenelma rgolma da
arasodes misceT Tavs ufleba, iyoT socialurad izolirebuli.
stresze msjelobisas Cven araerTxel aRvniSneT stresis gavlena fizikur da
fsiqologiur keTildReobaze. axla uSualod ganvixilavT, Tu rogor iyeneben
fsiqologebi avadmyofobisa da janmrTelobis sakiTxebis Sesaxeb gamokvlevebiT
miRebul codnas.

Sejameba

stress iwvevs stresorebi _ stimulebi, romlebic organizmisagan garkveul

reaqcias moiTxoven. stresi iwvevs fiziologiur pasuxebs, romlebic amzadeben
organizms moqmedebisaTvis. rodesac amgvari pasuxebi zedmetia, safrTxe eqmneba
imunur sistemas, ramac SesaZloa gamoiwvios fsiqosomaturi daavadebebi. sxvadasxva
saxis stresors, rogoricaa cxovrebiseuli cvlilebebi, yoveldRiuri
usiamovnebebi, matravmirebeli movlenebi, sxvadasxva saxis fsiqologiuri efeqti
aqvs.
stresis daZleva xSirad maSin iwyeba, rodesac adamianebi afaseben situacias
moTxovnis gansazRvris mizniT. safrTxis mimarT adamianebi iyeneben stresis
daZlevis problemaze orientirebul, an emociaze orientirebul gzebs. maT, aseve,
SeuZliaT, stresTan gamklaveba stresoris xelaxali SefasebiT, an stresze
reaqciebis Sesaxeb codnis restruqturizaciiT. stresis inokulaciis (acris)
treningi (stress inoculation training) warmoadgens kogniciaTa restruqturizaciis erT-
erT programas. adamianebi ukeTesad axerxeben stresis daZlevas, rodesac grZnoben,
rom akontroleben situacias. socialuri mxardaWera saukeTesoa maSin, rodesac
Tanxvdeba individis moTxovnebs. socialuri interaqcia, SesaZloa, uaryofiTi
iyos, rodesac adamianebi grZnoben, rom maT ar SeuZliaT arsebuli molodinebis
gamarTleba.

janmrTelobis fsiqologia
 547
ra wvlili SeaqvT fsiqikur procesebs avad da kargad yofnis (wellness)
gancdaSi? Cven ukve warmogidgineT sakmarisi sabuTebi imisa, rom, pasuxi am
kiTxvaze iqneba _ `sakmaod didi~. janmrTelobisaTvis fsiqologiuri da
socialuri faqtorebis mniSvnelobis aRiarebam xeli Seuwyo axali sferos _
janmrTelobis fsiqologiis ganviTarebas. janmrTelobis fsiqologia aris
fsiqologiis dargi, romelic mowodebulia imis dasadgenad, Tu rogor
inarCuneben adamianebi janmrTelobas; ratom xdebian isini avad da rogor
reagireben avadmyofobaze (Taylor, 1986,1990). janmrTeloba gulismobs sxeulisa da
gonebis (mind) zogad mdgomareobas, romelic aRiwereba siZlierisa da
energiulobis terminebiT. es ar aris ubralod daavadebis, an dazianebis
ararseboba, aramed am SemTxvevaSi saqme ufro imas exeba, Tu ramdenad kargad
funqcionireben sxeulis Semadgeneli nawilebi erTad. janmrTelobis fsiqologiis
Sesaxeb msjelobas daviwyebT imis aRweriT, Tu rogor scildeba avadmyofobis
tradiciul dasavlur models is filosofiuri mimdinareoba, romelic safuZvlad
udevs mocemul sferos. Semdeg ganvixilavT, janmrTelobis fsiqologiis wvlils
daavadebisa da disfunqciis prevenciasa da mkurnalobaSi.

janmrTelobis
janmrTelobis biofsiqosocialuri modeli

janmrTelobis fsiqologia xelmZRvanelobs janmrTelobis biofsiqosocialuri

modeliT. am midgomis safuZvlebs mraval aradasavlur kulturaSi vxvdebiT. sanam
biofsiqosocialuri modelis gansazRvrebas CamovayalibebdeT, ganvixiloT
zogierTi aradasavluri tradicia.
janmrTelobis dacvis tradiciuli praqtika (Traditional health practices)

fsiqologiuri principebi avadmyofobis mkurnalobasa da janmrTelobis

SenarCunebaSi yvela droSi gamoiyeneboda. bevr kulturaSi esmiT sazogadoebrivi
janmrTelobisa (Communal health) da relaqsaciis ritualebis mniSvneloba cxovrebis
xarisxis gaumjobesebisaTvis. winamdebare Tavi daviwyeT venesuelis varaos
kulturisTvis damaxasiaTebeli gankurnebis ritualis magaliTiT. rogorc
aRvwereT, mkurnali mowveuli iyo avadmyofi biWis sxeulSi Casaxlebuli sulebis
gansadevnad. mkurnalma Seasrula tradiciuli gankurnebis ceremonia. mSoblebma
biWis gamojanmrTeleba mkurnalis moqmedebebs miaweres (Briggs,1996).

• janmrTelobis fsiqologia _ fsiqologiis dargi, romelic mowodebulia

imis dasadgenad, Tu rogor inarCuneben adamianebi janmrTelobas, ratom xdebian
 548
isini avad da rogor reagireben avadmyofobaze.
• janmrTeloba _ sxeulisa da gonebis zogadi mdgomareoba, romelic aRiwereba
simtkicisa da energiulobis terminebiT. es ar aris ubralod daavadebis an
dazianebis ararseboba.
• huazo (Hozho) _ navajos (Navajo) kulturaSi arsebuli cneba, romelic niSnavs
harmonias, sulier simSvides, saTnoebas, idealur ojaxur urTierTobebs,
mSvenierebas xelovnebasa da xelobaSi da sxeulisa da sulis sijansaRes.

msgavsi rwmenis arsebobas SeiZleba sxva kulturebSic SevxvdeT. magaliTad,

navajoSi daavadebas, avadmyofobasa da kargad yofnas miawerdnen socialur
harmonias da gonebasa da sxeuls Soris urTierTqmedebebs. huazos cneba navajoSi
niSnavs harmonias, sulier simSvides, saTnoebas, idealur ojaxur urTierTobebs,
mSvenierebas xelovnebasa da xelobaSi, sxeulisa da sulis sijansaRes.
avadmyofoba ganixileba, rogorc borotebiT gamowveuli nebismieri disharmoniis
Sedegi, romelic isadgurebs adamianSi tabus darRvevis, jadoqrobis, zedmeti
damyolobis, boroti ocnebebis gamo. tradiciuli gankurnebis ceremonia
gulisxmobs avadmyofobis gandevnasa da janmrTelobis aRdgenas ara marto Samanis
mkurnalobiT, aramed ojaxis yvela wevris erToblivi ZalisxmeviT, romlebic
avadmyofTan erTad cdiloben huazos mdgomareobis dabrunebas. tomis nebismieri
wevri avadmyofobas miiCnevs ara avadmyofis pirad pasuxismgeblobad (da
danaSaulad), aramed ganixilavs, rogorc ufro zogadi disharmoniis niSans,
romelic unda aRikveTos Temuri gankurnebis ritualebiT. es kulturuli
orientacia garantias iZleva, rom Zlieri socialuri mxardaWeris qseli
avtomaturad daexmareba pacients.

biofsiqosocialuri modelisken

Cven axlaxan vnaxeT, rom aradasavlur kulturebSi gankurnebis praqtika xSirad

varaudobs sxeulsa da gonebas Soris kavSiris arsebobas. amis sapirispirod,
Tanamedrove mecnieruli azrovneba, ZiriTadad, eyrdnoba biosamedicino models,
romelic sxeulisa da gonebis dualisturi koncefciiT xelmZRvanelobs. am
modelis Tanaxmad, medicina fizikur sxeuls sulisagan (psyche) damoukideblad
mkurnalobs. goneba mniSvnelovania mxolod emociebisa da rwmenebisaTvis da cota
ram Tu SeuZlia gaakeTos sxeulis realobisaTvis, Tumca, droTa ganmavlobaSi
mecnierebma daiwyes urTierTqmedebaTa tipebis aRnusxva, romelTa SemTxvevaSi
 549
xisti biosamedicino modeli ar muSaobs. Tqven ukve naxeT zogierTi maTgani: _
karg da cud cxovrebiseul movlenebs SeuZliaT gavlena moaxdinon imunuri
sistemis funqcionirebaze; adamianebi met-naklebad moqnilebi arian stresis
uaryofiT SedegebTan mimarTebaSi; adekvaturma socialurma mxardaWeram SeiZleba
Seamciros sikvdilis albaToba. amgvari gaazrebis Sedegad Camoyalibda
biofsiqosocialuri modelis sami komponenti: _ `bio~ miuTiTebs biologiuri
avadmyofobis realur arsebobaze; `fsiqo~ da `socialuri~ ki _ janmrTelobis
fsiqologiur da socialur komponentebze.
biofsiqosocialuri modeli akavSirebs fizikur janmrTelobas gonebriv (Tu
sulier) mdgomareobasa da garemomcvel samyarosTan. janmrTelobis fsiqologi
(health psychologist) janmrTelobas ganixilavs, rogorc dinamikur
mravalganzomilebian movlenas. optimaluri janmrTeloba, anu kargad yofna
(wellness) moicavs Tqveni cxovrebis fizikur, inteleqtualur, emociur, sulier,
socialur da garemos aspeqtebs. rodesac axorcielebT qmedebebs daavadebis
prevenciis, an adreul etapze misi gamovlenis mizniT, Tqven avlenT
janmrTelobaze mimarTul qcevas (health behavior). janmrTelobis fsiqologiis zogad
mizans warmoadgens fsiqologiuri codnis gamoyeneba kargad yofnasa da
janmrTelobasTan dakavSirebuli pozitiuri qcevis xelSewyobisaTvis. ganvixiloT
aRniSnul mizanTan dakavSirebuli Teoriebi da kvlevebi.

janmrTelobis xelSewyoba (Health Promotion)

janmrTelobis xelSewyoba niSnavs zogadi strategiebisa da konkretuli

taqtikis ganviTarebas, romelic miznad isaxavs adamianTa avad gaxdomis riskis
gamoricxvas an Semcirebas. avadmyofobis prevencia XXI saukuneSi ayenebs ufro
gansxvavebul amocanebs, vidre XX saukunis dasawyisSi (Matarazzo, 1984). 1900-ian
wlebSi sikvdilis upirveles mizezs infeqciuri daavadebebi warmoadgenda. am
periodSi praqtikosma eqimebma wamoiwyes pirveli revolucia amerikul
sazogadoebrivi janmrTelobis dacvis sistemaSi (public health). kvlevebis,
sazogadoebrivi ganaTlebis, vaqcinebis ganviTarebisa da sazogadoebrivi
janmrTelobis standartebis cvlilebebis (rogoricaa narCenebis kontroli da
kanalizacia) saSualebiT maT TandaTanobiT SeZles sikvdilianobis mniSvnelovnad
Semcireba iseTi daavadebebis SemTxvevaSi, rogoricaa gripi, tuberkulozi,
poliomieliti, wiTela da yvavili.
 550
Tu mkvlevrebs surT wvlilis Setana cxovrebis xarisxis gaumjobesebis
mimarTulebiT, cxovrebis stilTan dakavSirebuli faqtorebiT gamowveuli
sikvdilianobis Semcirebas unda ecadon (ix. cxrili 13.5). sigaretis moweva, Warbi
wona, cximisa da qolesterinis didi raodenobiT Semcveli sakvebisa da
alkoholiani sasmelebis didi raodenobiT miReba, mgzavroba usafrTxoebis
Rvedebis gareSe, stresebiT savse cxovreba _ yvelaferi es garkveul rols
asrulebs iseTi daavadebebis CamoyalibebaSi, rogorebicaa: _ kibo, gulis
daavadebebi, dambla, agreTve, ubeduri SemTxvevebisa da TviTmkvlelobebisas.
civilizaciis aRniSnul daavadebebTan dakavSirebuli qcevebis SecvliT mravali
daavadebisa da naadrevi sikvdilis prevencia gaxdeba SesaZlebeli.
• biofsiqosocialuri modeli _ janmrTelobisa da avadmyofobis modeli,
romlis mixedviT, nervuli sistemis, imunuri sistemis, qceviTi stilis,
kognituri procesebisa da garemo faqtorebis urTierTkavSirma SeiZleba
adamiani avad gaxdomis riskis winaSe daayenos.
• kargad yofna _ optimaluri janmrTeloba, romelic aerTianebs fizikur,
inteleqtualur, emociur, sulier, socialur da garemos sxvadasxva sferoSi
sruli da aqtiuri funqcionirebis unars.
• janmrTelobis xelSewyoba _ zogadi strategiebisa da konkretuli taqtikis
ganviTareba, romelic miznad isaxavs adamianTa avad gaxdomis riskis
gamoricxvas, an Semcirebas.

am codnaze dayrdnobiT, advilia garkveuli rekomendaciebis mocema, magram

ufro sasurvelia, SeinarCunoT janmrTeloba iseTi kargi Cvevebis SemuSavebiT,
romlebic CamoTvlilia 13.6 cxrilSi. bevri maTgani, albaT, ukve nacnobia
TqvenTvis. miuxedavad amisa, janmrTelobis fsiqologebi gamoiyeneben fsiqologiur
principebs albaTobis gasazrdelad, rom Tqven marTla gaakeTebT imas, rac
TqvenTvis kargia. amis demonstrirebis mizniT axla ganvixiloT ori konkretuli
Tema: _ moweva da Sidsi.

cxrili 13.5. sikvdilis ZiriTadi mizezebi aSS-

aSS-Si, 1998 weli

rangi sikvdilianobis procenti sikvdilis mizezi

1 31.0 gulis daavadeba

2 23.2 kibo
3 6.8 dambla
4 4.8 filtvebis obstruqciuli daavadebebi
5 4.2 yvela saxis ubeduri SemTxveva
1.9 mxolod avtoavariebi
 551

6 3.9 pnevmonia da gripi

7 2.8 diabeti
8 1.3 TviTmkvleloba
9 1.1 Tirkmlebis daavadebebi
RviZlis qronikuli daavadeba da
10 1.1
cirozi
* D=kveba; S =moweva; A =alkoholi

moweva

SeuZlebelia imis warmodgena, rom nebismierma, vinc ki waikiTxa es wigni, ar

icoda, rom moweva Zalian saxifaToa. yovelwliurad daaxloebiT 400000 adamiani
kvdeba mowevasTan dakavSirebuli daavadebebiT. aSS-Si yovelwliurad kiboTi
gardacvalebis SemTxvevaTa 30%-ze meti swored Tambaqos moxmarebiTaa gamowveuli
(Skaar et al., 1997). miuxedavad amisa, 60 milioni adamiani aSS-Si jer kidev eweva.
mwevelTa 70% ambobs, rom surs mowevisTvis Tavis danebeba, magram ver axerxebs
(daavadebaTa kontrolisa da prevenciis centri, 1997). janmrTelobis fsiqologebs
ainteresebT orive sakiTxi: _ (1) ratom iwyeben adamianebi mowevas _ amiT
fsiqologebi SeZleben mis prevencias da (2) rogor daexmaron adamianebs
mowevisaTvis Tavis danebebaSi _ riTic adamianebi SeZleben miiRon `eqsmwevelad~
gadaqcevasTan dakavSirebuli mniSvnelovani sargebeli.
cxrili 13.6. aTi nabiji pirovnuli keTildReobisken
1. regularulad ivarjiSeT.
2. miiReT noyieri, balansirebuli sakvebi (mdidari bostneuliT, xiliT,
marcvleuliT, naklebi cximiTa da qolesteriniT).
3. SeinarCuneT optimaluri wona.
4. iZineT 7-8 saaTi Ramis ganmavlobaSi, daisveneT yoveldRe.
5. mgzavrobisas isargebleT usafrTxoebis RvedebiT da velosipedis
CafxutiT.
6. ar moswioT sigareti da ar miiRoT narkotikebi.
7. zomierad an saerTod ar miiRoT alkoholi.
8. iqonieT mxolod daculi, usafrTxo sqesobrivi urTierTobebi.
9. regularulad gaiareT samedicino-stomatologiuri Semowmebebi; daicaviT
samedicino reJimi.
10. CamoiyalibeT optimisturi damokidebuleba da SeiZineT megobrebi.

analizi imisa, Tu ratom iwyebs zogierTi adamiani mowevas, fokusirdeba

pirovnul Tvisebebsa da socialur faqtorebze. individTa erT tips, romlebic
mowevis dawyebasTan arian dakavSirebulni uwodes SegrZnebaTa maZieblebi
 552
(Zuckerman,1988); aseTma individebma, ufro mosalodnelia, rom ganaxorcielon
sarisko qmedebebi. erT-erT gamokvlevaSi qalebisa da mamakacebis pirovnuli
Tvisebebis Sefasebis monacemebi, romlebic 60-ian wlebSi (1964-1967) miiRes,
Seadares 80-iani wlebis bolos (1987-1991) maT `mweveli-aramwevelis~ qcevas. qalebi
da mamakacebi, romlebic 60-ian wlebSi sakuTar Tavs axasiaTebdnen, rogorc
SegrZnebebis maZiebelT, 20-25 wlis Semdeg ufro mosalodneli iyo, rom mwevelebi
yofiliyvnen (Lipkus et al., 1994). savaraudoa, rom pirovnuli faqtorebi mWidrod
ukavSirdeba zogierTi jgufis wevrebis Sefasebebs; anu, miuxedavad imisa, an
swored imitom, rom moweva mavnebelia janmrTelobisaTvis, is `magaria~ (Leary et al.,
1994). es gansakuTrebiT mozardebTan SeiZleba iyos ase. janmrTelobis
fsiqologebi Tvlian, rom mowevis warmatebuli prevencia gulisxmobs mowevis
Sefasebis Secvlas `magaridan~ _ `cudisken~.
saukeTeso damokidebuleba mowevisadmi aris mowevis ardawyeba. magram rogor
SeiZleba daexmaros TambaqosaTvis Tavis danebebis Sesaswavlad Catarebuli
kvlevebi maT, vinc ukve daiwyo moweva. miuxedavad imisa, rom bevrma adamianma, vinc
scada mowevisTvis Tavis danebeba, magram SemdgomSi kvlav daubrunda mas,
daaxloebiT 35 milionma amerikelma samudamod daaneba Tavi mowevas. 90%-ma es
damoukideblad, specialuri samkurnalo programebis gareSe SeZlo. mkvlevrebma
gansazRvres is etapebi, romelsac adamianebi gadian, rac TambaqosaTvis Tavis
danebebis mzard mzadyofnas mowmobs (DiClemente et al., 1991; Prochaska et al., 1993):
• gansjis wina periodi _ mweveli jer ar fiqrobs mowevisTvis Tavis
danebebaze;
• gansja _ mweveli fiqrobs mowevisTvis Tavis danebebaze, Tumca, jer ar
axorcielebs cvlilebebs qcevaSi;
• momzadeba _ mweveli ukve mzad aris, rom Tavi daanebos mowevas;
• moqmedeba _ mweveli axorcielebs gansazRvrul qmedebebs dasaxuli qceviTi
miznebis misaRwevad;
• SenarCuneba _ axla mweveli ukve aramwevelia da cdilobs am mdgomareobis
SenarCunebas.
mocemuli analizi gvafiqrebinebs, rom yvela mweveli fsiqologiurad erTnairi
ar aris mowevisTvis Tavis danebebis sakiTxSi. intervencia imgvarad unda iyos
dagegmili, rom iwvevdes mwevelis mzadyofnis gazrdas manam, sanam is
fsiqologiurad mzad ar iqneba ganaxorcielos janmrTelobaze mimarTuli qceva.
mowevis Sewyvetaze mimarTuli warmatebuli mkurnaloba moiTxovs mwevelis
rogorc fiziologiuri, ise, fsiqologiuri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebas (Tsoh
et al., 1997; U.S. Department of health and Human Services, 2000). fiziologiur doneze
 553
mwevelebi saukeTesod eqvemdebarebian nikotinis Semcvleli Terapiis iseT efeqtur
formas, rogoricaa nikotinis plastiri da nikotinis saReWi rezinebi.
fsiqologiur doneze mwevelebma unda gaiazron, rom arsebobs uamravi eqsmweveli
da rom TambaqosaTvis Tavis danebeba SesaZlebelia. garda amisa, mwevelma unda
iswavlos Zlieri ltolvis daZlevis strategiebi, romelic Tan axlavs
TambaqosaTvis Tavis danebebis mcdelobebs. mkurnaloba xSirad moicavs Cven mier
adre aRweril daZlevis kognitur xerxebs, romlebic saSualebas aZleven adamians,
Seasustos masze mravali stresoris zemoqmedeba. mowevasTan dakavSirebiT
adamianebs aswavlian, Tu rogor moZebnon Tavis daRwevis gzebi situaciebidan,
romlebmac SeiZleba kvlav gauRviZon mowevis Jini.

Sidsi
Sidsi _ es aris SeZenili imunodeficitis sindromi. miuxedavad imisa, rom
aTasobiT adamiani kvdeba am saSineli daavadebiT, mravali adamiani cxovrobs aiv
infeqciiT. aiv (adamianis imunodeficitis virusi) aris virusi, romelic anadgurebs
sisxlis TeTr ujredebs (T limfocitebi), riTac azianebs imunur sistemas da
asustebs sxeulis unars, SeebrZolos sxva daavadebebs. individi mowyvladi xdeba
mTeli rigi sxva virusuli da baqteriuli infeqciebis mimarT, ramac SeiZleba
gamoiwvios sicocxlisaTvis iseTi saSiSi daavadebebi, rogoricaa kibo, meningiti
da pnevmonia. periodi virusiT Tavdapirveli inficirebidan simptomebis
gamovlenamde (sainkubacio periodi) SeiZleba iyos xuTi weliwadi, an meti.
miuxedavad imisa, rom aiv virusiT inficirebulTa did nawils ara aqvs Sidsi
(samedicino diagnozi), maT uwevT mudmivi stresis qveS cxovreba, rom nebismier
dros am saxifaTo daavadebam SeiZleba uecrad iCinos Tavi. dResdReobiT ukve
arsebobs mkurnaloba, romelic SesaZlebels xdis Sidsis sruli siZlieriT
Semotevis gadavadebas, magram ar arsebobs arc Sidsisgan gankurnebis saSualeba
da arc misi gavrcelebis Tavidan asacilebeli vaqcina.

• Sidsi _ SeZenili imunodeficitis sindromis abreviatura, sindromi

gamowveulia virusiT, romelic azianebs imunur sistemas da asustebs
organizmis unars, SeebrZolos infeqcias.
• aiv _ adamianis imunodeficitis virusi, romelic azianebs sisxlis TeTr
ujredebs (limfocitebs), riTac asustebs organizmis imunur sistemas; aiv
infeqcia iwvevs Sidss.
 554
aiv virusiT inficireba ar xdeba haeriT. inficirebisaTvis aucilebelia
sisxlTan uSualo kontaqti. zogadad, aiv virusi erTi adamianidan meores
SeiZleba gadaedos ori gziT: _ (1) sqesobrivi kontaqtis dros sisxlis, an spermis
gacvliT da (2) wamlis ineqciisaTvis gankuTvnili intravenuli nemsebisa da
Spricebis saziarod sargeblobisas. virusi, aseve, SeiZleba gadavides sisxlis
gadasxmiT da im samedicino procedurebiT, romlis drosac janmrTel adamians
SemTxveviT gadausxamen inficirebul sisxls, an gadaunergaven organoebs.
hemofiliiT daavadebulma mravalma adamianma Sidsi swored am gziT SeiZina, Tumca,
yvela adamians emuqreba SidsiT daavadebis safrTxe.
Sidsis virusiT inficirebisagan Tavis dacvis erTaderTi gza aris im
cxovrebiseuli Cvevebis Secvla, romlebic riskis winaSe ayeneben adamians. es
niSnavs permanentuli cvlilebebis Setanas seqsualuri qcevis paternebsa da
wamlebTan dakavSirebuli piradi moxmarebis sagnebis gamoyenebaSi. janmrTelobis
fsiqologi tomas koatsi (Thomas Coates) im multidisciplinaruli kvlevis gundis
wevria, romelic mTel rig fsiqologiur principebs iyenebs Sidsis Semdgomi
gavrcelebis Tavidan asacileblad (Catania et al,. 1994; Coates, 1990; Ekstrand&Coates, 1990;
Kegeles et al,. 1996). gundis muSaoba moicavs gamoyenebiTi fsiqologiis mraval iseT
aspeqts, rogoricaa fsiqologiuri risk-faqtorebis Sefaseba, bihevioraluri
intervenciebis ganviTareba, Temis liderebis treningi adamianebis ukeT ganaTlebis
mizniT janmrTeli sqesobrivi da wamlebis moxmarebis qcevasTan dakavSirebiT,
daxmareba sareklamo da sainformacio kampaniebis SeqmnaSi da cvlilebebis
sistematuri Sefaseba Sesabamis atitudebSi, Rirebulebebsa da qcevebSi. Sidsis
sawinaaRmdego warmatebuli intervenciisaTvis saWiroa sami komponenti (Fisher et al,.
1994, 1996; Yzer et al,. 1998):
• informacia _ adamianebs unda miewodebodeT informacia imis Sesaxeb, Tu
rogor gadadis Sidsi da rogor SeiZleba misi Tavidan acileba; maT unda
miiRon konsultacia usafrTxo seqsis (magaliTad, sqesobrivi kontaqtis dros
prezervativis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb) da steriluri SpricebiT sargeblobis
Taobaze;
• motivacia _ adamianebi unda iyvnen motivirebulni Sidsis prevenciis
ganxorcielebisaTvis;
• qceviTi unar-Cvevebi _ adamianebs unda aswavlon miRebuli codnis
praqtikaSi gamoyeneba.
ratomaa aucilebeli samive komponenti? adamianebi SeiZleba iyvnen Zlier
motivirebulni, magram ar iyvnen informirebulni da, piriqiT., maT SeiZleba
 555
hqondeT sakmarisi codna da motivacia, magram ar hqondeT saWiro unar-Cvevebi.
magaliTad, maT SeiZleba ar icodnen, rogor daZlion socialuri barieri da
mosTxovon partniors prezervativis gamoyeneba (Leary et al., 1994). fsiqologiurma
Carevam SeiZleba SesZinos adamians roluri TamaSis gamocdileba, an sxva qceviTi
unar-Cvevebi, am barieris mniSvnelobis Semcirebis mizniT.

fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi

janmrTeli adamianebi 2010 wlisaTvis.
Tu Tqven aSS-Si cxovrobT, Tqveni mTavroba momdevno aTi wlis gegmas
gTavazobT: _ aSS-is janmrTelobis departamentma da Human Servic-ma Seqmnes
programa saxelwodebiT _ `janmrTeli adamianebi 2010~, sadac mocemulia
konkretuli rekomendaciebi pirovnuli da sazogadoebrivi janmrTelobisaTvis
aucilebeli qcevebis Sesaxeb. programas aqvs ori zogadi mizani: _ (1)
gansxvavebebis Semcireba janmrTelobis statusebs Soris mosaxleobis
sxvadasxva fenaSi
_ moxucebSi, umciresobebsa da bavSvebSi da (2) janmrTeli cxovrebis
xangrZlivobis gazrda. fsiqologebi orive miznis ganxorcielebaSi Seitanen
TavianT wvlils. rac Seexeba pirvel mizans, mentaluri janmrTeloba (mental
health) Seyvanilia `janmrTelobis statusis~ kategoriaSi. ukve ramdenime welia,
fsiqologebma didi energia daxarjes sazogadoebis sxvadasxva jgufebSi
fsiqikuri (mentaluri, mental) janmrTelobis dacvis gaumjobesebaze. meore mizani
uSualod exeba kvalifikacias, rasac fsiqologebi janmrTelobis xelSewyobis
(health promotion) sagnad miiCneven. programa `janmrTeli adamianebi 2010~-is mizania,
rom adamianebma Secvalon janmrTelobasTan dakavSirebuli qcevebi. rogorc
vnaxeT, es janmrTelobis fsiqologiis kvlevebis mniSvnelovani sakiTxia.
es sakiTxi rom gavagrZeloT, ganvixiloT ori konkretuli mizani
programidan _ `janmrTeli adamianebi 2010~:
• samuSao saaTebSi fizikuri aqtivobiT dakavebul mozrdilTa raodenobis
Semcireba 40%-dan 20%-mde;
• im mozrdilTa raodenobis gazrda 15%-dan 30%-mde, romlebic regularulad
saSualo xarisxis fizikuri aqtivobiT arian dakavebulni (30 wuTi, TiTqmis
yoveldRe).
TqvenTvis, albaT, cnobilia, Tu ratom girCevT es programa regularulad
 556
varjiSs; anu, janmrTelobis mTavari gaumjobeseba miiRweva iseTi varjiSebiT,
rogoricaa velosipediT siaruli, curva, sirbili da Cqari siarulic ki. es
aqtivobebi iwveven gulisa da respiratoruli sistemis mdgomareobis
gaumjobesebas, kunTebis tonusis gaZlierebas da bevri sxva sargebelic moaqvT
janmrTelobisaTvis.
rogor SeiZleba janmrTelobis fsiqologiis codna daexmaros adamians
dadebiTi efeqtebis miRebaSi? mkvlevrebi swavloben, Tu vin da ratom mimarTavs
regularul varjiSs da cdiloben gansazRvron is programebi Tu strategiebi,
romlebic yvelaze metad exmarebian adamianebs, daiwyon da gaagrZelon varjiSi
(Dishman&Buckworth,1997). faqtobrivad, varjiSis dawyebisTvis mzadyofnas
miesadageba igive modeli, romelic moqmedebs mowevisaTvis Tavis danebebisaTvis
mzadyofnis SemTxvevaSi. (Myers&Roth,1997). gansjis wina etapze (Precontemlation)
adamianTa yuradReba, ZiriTadad, koncentrirebulia im winaaRmdegobebze,
romlebic xels uSlian varjiSis dawyebas (mag. drois ukmarisoba, varjiSisas
partnioris ararseboba), vidre im sargeblobaze, romelic moaqvs varjiSs (mag.
exmareba relaqsaciaSi, aumjobesebs garegnobas). rogorc ki individebi,
treningis Semdgom, gansjisa (contemplation) da SenarCunebis (maintance), etapebze
gadadian, yuradRebis koncentraciis gadanacvleba xdeba winaaRmdegobidan
sargeblobaze.
rogor unda moaxerxoT gansjis wina (precontemplation) etapis daZleva, Tu Tqven
jer kidev ar varjiSobT regularulad? mkvlevrebi miuTiTeben, rom adamianebs
SeuZliaT iswavlon strategiebi, romlebic saSualebas miscemT maT, daZlion
varjiSis xelisSemSleli dabrkolebebi (Simkin&Gross,1994). Tqven SegiZliaT
ganixiloT varjiSi zustad iseve, rogorc nebismieri sxva situacia, romelic
stresis dasaZlevad moiTxovs Tqvengan kognitur Sefasebas. ecadeT dagegmoT
cxovreba ise, rom varjiSi ganixilebodes, rogorc jansaRi garToba. Tqven,
aseve, unda icodeT, rom Tqveni kolejis bevr students aqvs `Cavardnebi~
rogorc kvebis, ise, varjiSis TvalsazrisiT: _ rodesac akademiuri stresis
periodebi gaivlis, isini cudi kvebidan da minimualuri varjiSidan jansaR
qcevas ubrundebian (Griffin et al.,1993). rogor unda CamoayaliboT Tqveni azrebi ise,
rom Tavi aaridoT amgvar paterns? scadeT daexmaroT programas _ `janmrTeli
adamianebi 2010~_ dasaxuli miznebis miRwevaSi.
 557
www.health.gov/healthypeople
es `janmrTeli adamianebi 2010~-is veb-gverdis misamarTia; Tqven SegiZliaT gaecnoT
programis 467 konkretul mizans.

mkurnaloba

mkurnaloba fokusirebulia avadmyofobis daregulirebasa da

gamojanmrTelebaSi adamianis daxmarebaze. Cven ganvixilavT mkurnalobis sam
aspeqts. Tavdapirvelad ganvixilavT fsiqologis rols pacientTa mxardaWeraSi,
daemorCilon jandacvis specialistis daniSnul reJims; Semdeg ganvixilavT im
xerxebs, romlebic saSualebas aZleven adamianebs, zustad gamoiyenon
fsiqologiuri teqnikebi sxeulis reaqciebis gasakontroleblad dabolos
ganvixilavT magaliTebs, romlebSic gonebas SeuZlia mniSvnelovani wvlilis
Setana sxeulis gankurnebaSi.

pacientis mier samkurnalo reJimis dacva

pacientebs xSirad uniSnaven mkurnalobis garkveul reJims. es SeiZleba

moicavdes samkurnalo kursebs, cvlilebebs kvebaSi, woliTi reJimis periodebs da
varjiSebs; aseve, iseT damatebiT procedurebs, rogoricaa ganmeorebiTi Semowmeba,
sareabilitacio trenini da qimioTerapia. mkurnalobis reJimis darRveva erT-erTi
seriozuli problemaa janmrTelobis dacvis sferoSi (Clark&Becker, 1998). pacientTa
daumorCileblobis xarisxi mkurnalobis zogierTi reJimis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba
aWarbebdes 50%-s. Tanamedrove kvlevebi fokusirebulia im individualuri
gansxvavebebis dadgenaze, romelTac zogierTi individi mihyavs mkurnalobis
reJimis morCilebamde, zogierTi ki _ ara.
saidan viciT
pacientTa damyoloba hemodializisadmi

mkvlevrebma Seiswavles, ra kavSiri aqvs yuradRebis makontrolebel stils

pacientis damyolobasTan. avadmyofobisas, zogierTi adamiani gansakuTrebul
yuradRebas aqcevs avadmyofobis yvela aspeqts; aseT individebs uwodeben Zlier
makontroleblebs, romelTagan gansxvavebiT, susti makontroleblebi naklebad
axdenen yuradRebis fokusirebas avadmyofobaze. erTi SexedviT, SesaZloa,
saSiSad ar mogeCvenoT _ iyo Zlier makontrolebeli, Tumca, yuradRebis
fokusis Zlieri Seviwrovebis gamo, Zlier makontroleblebs aqvT sakuTari
avadmyofobis gazviadebulad Sefasebis tendencia. amis gamo, Zlier
makontroleblebs sakuTar avadmyofobaze arasakmarisi kontrolis gancda aqvT,
ramac mkvlevrebis azriT, SeiZleba gaarTulos maTi mkurnalobis reJimisadmi
damyoloba. aRniSnul kvlevaSi mkvlevrebi afasebdnen pacientebs rogorc
yuradRebis makontrolebeli stilis, ise maT mier aRqmuli kontrolisa da
mkurnalobis reJimisadmi damyolobis mixedviT. kvlevis Sedegebi Seesabameboda
mkvlevarTa mier warmodgenil paterns. sust makontroleblebTan SedarebiT,
 558
Zlieri makontroleblebi arasakmaris kontrols ganicdidnen sakuTar
avadmyofobaze da, aseve, naklebad eqvemdebarebodnen eqimis mier daniSnul
mkurnalobis reJims (Christensen et al., 1997).
am kvlevis wakiTxvamde SeiZleba fiqrobdiT, rom is, vinc Zalian
koncentrirebulia sakuTar avadmyofobaze, ukeT mouvlis sakuTar Tavs. nacvlad
amisa, miRebuli monacemebi gviCvenebs, rom avadmyofobaze Zalian Zlieri
fokusirebiT adamians SeiZleba avadmyofoba moeCvenos ufro uaresad, vidre is
sinamdvileSi aris da, amdenad, mkurnalobis uimedobis amgvari gancda saWiro
qmedebebis ganxorcielebis Zalas arTmevs.
kvlevebma aCvena, rom janmrTelobis dacvis specialistebs SeuZliaT zomebis
miReba pacientis reJimisadmi daqvemdebarebis gasaumjobeseblad. pacientebi ufro
kmayofilebi arian sakuTari janmrTelobis dacviT, roca sjeraT, rom
mkurnalobis efeqturoba aRemateba maT safasurs; aseve, metia albaToba, rom
individi mihyveba mkurnalobis reJims, rodesac mkurnali eqimi mas informacias
gasagebad awvdis; rwmundeba, rom pacientma gaigo misi naTqvami, moqmedebs
Tavazianad, avlens mzrunvelobasa da mxardaWeras. garda amisa, janmrTelobis
specialistebma unda gaiTvaliswinon kulturuli da socialuri normebis roli
mkurnalobis procesSi da, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, CarTon masSi ojaxis wevrebi da
megobrebi. zogierTi eqimi, romelic kritikulad afasebs sakuTari profesiis
moZvelebul damokidebulebas biosamedicino modelze, amtkicebs, rom eqimebs unda
aswavlon samedicino daxmarebis gaweva mkurnalobis mizniT (Siegel, 1988).
fsiqologiur kvlevebze dayrdnobiT, pacientis damyolobis ganviTarebis
strategiebi, aseve, gamoiyeneba eqimi-pacientis TanamSromlobis deficitis
dasaZlevad (Putnametal.,1994; Zimbardo&Leippe, 1991).

gonebis CarTva sxeulis gankurnvaSi

sul ufro xSirad, mkurnaloba, romelsac unda daeqvemdebaron pacientebi,

fsiqologiur komponentebs moicavs. axla ukve bevr mkvlevars miaCnia, rom
fsiqologiur strategiebs SeuZliaT janmrTelobis gaumjobeseba. magaliTad,
bevri adamiani stresze daZabulobiT reagirebs, rac kunTebis daZabvasa da
sisxlis wnevis momatebas iwvevs. sabednierod, mravali winaaRmdegoba datvirTvaze
SeiZleba gakontroldes iseTi fsiqologiuri teqnikebiT, rogoricaa relaqsacia
da bioukukavSiri.
 559
meditaciis saSualebiT relaqsacias uZvelesi fesvebi aqvs msoflios mraval
kulturaSi. aRmosavlur kulturebSi saukuneebis manZilze mimarTavdnen gonebis
damSvidebisa da sxeulis daZabulobis moxsnis xerxebs. dResdReobiT iaponiidan
da indoeTidan Semosuli Zenis disciplinisa (aq igulisxmeba cxovrebis Zeniseuli
wesi da ara Zeni, rogorc filosofiuri moZRvreba, an saswavlo disciplina) da
iogas varjiSebi yoveldRiuri cxovrebis nawils warmoadgenen bevri
adamianisaTvis rogorc am qveynebSi, ise, gansakuTrebiT, dasavleTSi. sruli
relaqsacia Zliermoqmed antistresul reaqcias warmoadgens. organizmis
relaqsaciuri
relaqsaciuri reaqcia aris mdgomareoba, rodesac mcirdeba kunTebis daZabuloba,
Tavis tvinis qerqis aqtivoba (cortical activity), guliscema da sisxlis wneva, neldeba
sunTqva (Benson&Stuart, 1992; Friedman et al., 1996), iklebs eleqtruli aqtivoba tvinSi
da mcirdeba garemomcveli samyarodan centralur nervul sistemaSi Semavali
stimulebis raodenoba. agznebadobis amgvari dabali donis dros xdeba stresidan
gamosvla. relaqsaciuri reaqciis Sesaqmnelad aucilebelia oTxi piroba: _ (1)
wynari garemo, (2) daxuWuli Tvalebi, (3) komfortuli poza da (4) ganmeorebiTi
gonebrivi xerxi, rogoricaa mokle frazis mravaljeradi monotonuri gameoreba.
pirveli sami mdgomareoba amcirebs nervul sistemaSi Semaval signals, xolo
meoTxe _ asustebs mis Sinagan stimulacias.
bioukukavSiri aris TviTregulaciis teqnika, romelic gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva
daniSnulebiT, magaliTad, sisxlis wnevis kontroli, Sublis kunTebis relaqsacia
(wneviT gamowveuli Tavis tkivilisas) da Zlieri gawiTlebis Semcirebac ki. am
teqnikis Semqmnelis, fsiqolog nil mileris (Neal Miller, 1978) mixedviT, bioukukavSiri
aris procedura, romliTac adamiani igebs, Cveulebriv, sust, an Sinagan reaqciebs
mkafio garegani signalebis mowodebiT. pacients SesaZlebloba eZleva, `dainaxos~
sakuTari sxeulis reaqciebi, romelTa monitoringi da gaZliereba saTanado
xelsawyoebiT xdeba. es ukanasknelni sxeulis reaqciebs sxvadasxva intensivobis
sinaTlis an bgeriT signalebad gardaqmnian; amis Semdeg pacientis amocanas
warmoadgens garegani signalebis donis kontroli. ganvixiloT bioukukavSiris
gamoyenebis erT-erTi magaliTi. odesme SegimCneviaT, rom, rodesac modunebuli
xarT, xelebi Tbili gaqvT, xolo rodesac SfoTavT, xelebi gicivdebaT?
faqtobrivad, xelebis temperatura imis niSania, rom sxeuli stresis zemoqmedebis
qveS aris. bioukukavSiris sesiaze kvlevis monawileebs eZlevaT ukukavSiri xelis
mtevnisa da TiTebis temperaturis Sesaxeb da sTxoven, scadon misi gazrda.
 560
magaliTad, erT kvlevaSi monawileebs SeeZloT, daenaxaT TavianTi TiTebis
temperaturis ricxobrivi maCvenebeli. bioukukavSiris kursis Semdeg maT SeeZloT
TiTis saSualo temperaturis gazrda 79,8°F -dan 87.4°F-mde (Roberts&McGrady, 1996).
ratom xdeba es? kvlevam aCvena, rom kanis gaTbobis gamosawvev bioukukavSiris
trenings SeuZlia ganapirobos sisxlis wnevis uwyveti Semcireba (Paron et al., 1996).
mkvlevrebi zustad ver gansazRvraven im fiziologiur meqanizms, romlis
saSualebiTac kanis temperaturis bioukukavSiris treningi amcirebs sisxlis
wnevas. isini, aseve, ganagrZoben imis kvlevas, Tu ratom moqmedebs treningi
zogierT individze, zogierTze ki _ ara (Lal et al., 1998; Roberts&McGrady, 1996).
miuxedavad amisa, Tu maRali wneva SegawuxebT, medikamentozur mkurnalobasTan
erTad bioukukavSiris kursis mosinjvac SegiZliaT.

relaqsaciuri reaqcia aris mdgomareoba, rodesac mcirdeba kunTebis

daZabuloba, Tavis tvinis qerqis aqtivoba (cortical activity), guliscema da sisxlis
wneva, neldeba sunTqva.
bioukukavSiri aris TviTregulaciis teqnika, romlis drosac individi
aracnobieri biologiuri procesebis nebismier kontrols axorcielebs.

fsiqologiuri faqtorebis gavlena janmrTelobaze (Health outcomes)

ramdenad SeuZlia fsiqologiur faqtorebs _ sxeulze gonebis zegavlenas _

seriozul daavadebaze zemoqmedeba? sabednierod, janmrTelobis fsiqologiaSi
Catarebuli kvlevebi sakmaod optimistur suraTs gvaZleven. ganvixiloT klasikuri
kvleva, romelic aCvenebs, ramdenad SeuZlia fsiqologiur procesebs kibos
mimdinareobis Semsubuqeba.
saidan viciT
socialuri mxardaWera da kiboTi daavadebul adamianTa sicocxlis xangrZlivoba
mkerdis kiboTi daavadebul, metastazebis mqone 86 pacients tradiciuli
mkurnaloba utardeboda, xolo 50 aseTive avadmyofisagan Semdgari
eqsperimentuli qvejgufi, tradiciul mkurnalobasTan erTad, erTi wlis
ganmavlobaSi monawileobda yovelkvireul mxardamWer Terapiul jgufSi. es
pacientebi ikribebodnen sakuTar gamocdilebaze samsjelad kibos sxvadasxva
aspeqtebis daZlevasTan dakavSirebiT da hqondaT SesaZlebloba keTilganwyobil
garemoSi daufaravad gamoemJRavnebinaT sakuTari SiSebi da sxva Zlieri
emociebi.
 561
marTalia, aTi wlis Semdeg ganmeorebiTi Sexvedrisas, mTeli SerCevidan
mxolod sami iyo cocxali, mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba dadasturda sicocxlis
xangrZlivobis TvalsazrisiT im pacientebs Soris, romlebic damatebiT
gadiodnen fsiqologiur mkurnalobas da romlebic mxolod samedicino
daxmarebas iRebdnen. jgufur TerapiaSi monawile pacientTa sicocxlis
saSualo xangrZlivoba 36.6 Tve iyo, sakontrolo jgufis pacientebisaTvis ki _
18.9 Tve. kargad kontrolirebuli kvlevis es Sedegebi gviCvenebs, rom
fsiqologiurma mkurnalobam SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos daavadebis
mimdinareobasa da sicocxlis xangrZlivobaze (Spiegel et al., 1989).

am saxis kvlevebi gvaZlevs imeds, rom mxardamWeri jgufebis garemos kiboTi

daavadebuli pacientebisaTvis sicocxlis gaxangrZliveba SeuZlia (Walker et al., 1999).
mniSvnelovani dakvirveba am SemTxvevaSi aris is, rom mkurnalobis fsiqologiuri
da biologiuri midgomebi erTad unda muSaobdnen. janmrTelobis bevr fsiqologs
miaCnia, rom samedicino mkurnaloba, tradiciul mkurnalobasTan erTad,
fsiqologiur daxmarebasac unda gulisxmobdes.
dabolos, kidev erTi SeniSvna mkurnalobasTan dakavSirebiT. gqoniaT Tu ara
odesme imdenad samarcxvino saidumlo, rom veravisTvis gagimxeliaT? Tu es asea,
Turme am saidumloze saubars SeuZlia sagrZnoblad gaaumjobesos Tqveni
janmrTelobis mdgomareoba. es aris daskvna janmrTelobis fsiqologis jeims
penebakeris (James Pennebaker, 1990,1997 et al., 1998) mravalricxovani kvlevebidan.
penebakerma aCvena, rom pirovnul travmebTan, warumateblobebTan da samarcxvino,
an danaSaulis gancdis gamomwvev gamocdilebasTan dakavSirebuli gandevnili
azrebi da grZnobebi damangrevlad moqmedebs adamianis fsiqikur da fizikur
janmrTelobaze. amgvari Sekaveba fsiqologiurad mZime gadasamuSavebelia da,
droTa ganmavlobaSi, aryevs sxeulis Tavdacvis unars, winaaRmdegoba gauwios
avadmyofobas. sxva adamianebisadmi ndoba aneitralebs Sekavebis uaryofiT efeqts.
Tavis nebaze miSvebis dancdas Tan sdevs fizikuri da fsiqologiuri
janmrTelobis gaumjobeseba kvirebis da Tveebis Semdeg. ganvixiloT emociuri
gantvirTvis zemoqmedeba revmatiuli arTritis mqone adamianTa mdgomareobaze.

saidan viciT

emociuri gantvirTvis dadebiTi gavlena janmrTelobaze

kvlevaSi monawileobda revmatiuli arTritiT daavadebuli 72 adamiani. es
 562
daavadeba iwvevs periferiuli saxsrebis qronikul anTebas, romelsac Tan
axlavs tkivili da Sromis unaris dakargva. mkvlevrebi varaudobdnen, rom
emociuri gantvirTvis (emotional disclosure) seansebs SeiZleba xeli Seewyo am
daavadebasTan dakavSirebuli stresis SemcirebisTvis da, aqedan gamomdinare,
yoveldRiuri funqcionirebis zogierTi problemis SemsubuqebisTvis. pacientebis
naxevari miakuTvnes gantvirTvis jgufs (disclosure group); isini yoveldRe oTxi
dRis ganmavlobaSi 15 wT. magnitifonze iwerdnen sakuTar, stresul movlenebTan
dakavSirebul yvelaze Rrma grZnobebs. sakontrolo jgufi zustad igive dros
andomebda neitraluri davalebis Sesrulebas _ mravalferovani peizaJis
aRweras. erTi SexedviT, gantvirTvis jgufis pacientebi odnav uaresad
grZnobdnen Tavs _ davalebam mravali uaryofiTi emocia aRZra. Tumca,
mkurnalobidan sami Tvis Semdeg, gantvirTvis jgufis wevrebi, Sesabamisad, ufro
nakleb fizikur disfunqcias ganicdidnen _ nakleb problemebs, magaliTad
siarulSi da saxsrebis moxvraSi, vidre sakontrolo jgufis wevrebi (Kelley et
al.,1997).

gantvirTvis jgufis (disclosure group) pacientebisaTvis SedarebiT martivma

moqmedebam grZnobebis gamosamJRavneblad, ganmartoebiT, magnitofonTan, odnav
gaaumjobesa maTi fizikuri funqcionireba.

`profesiuli
`profesiuli gamofitva~ da janmrTelobis dacvis sistema

janmrTelobis fsiqologiis bolo amocanas warmoadgens rekomendaciebis

SemuSaveba, romlebic exeba janmrTelobis dacvis sitemis mowyobas. mkvlevrebma,
magaliTad Seiswavles janmrTelobis dacvis muSakis saqmianobasTan dakavSirebuli
stresi. janmrTelobis dacvis yvelaze energiul TanamSromelsac ki uviTardeba
emociuri stresi mTeli rigi pirovnuli, fizikuri da socialuri problemebis
mqone uamrav adamianTan intensiurad muSaobis Sedegad. emociuri stresis
gansakuTrebul tips, romelsac ganicdian janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis
muSakebi, kristina maslaxma (Christina Maslach), am farTod gavrcelebuli problemis
wamyvanma mkvlevarma, uwoda gamofitva.
gamofitva profesiuli gamofitva warmoadgens
sindroms, romelic gulisxmobs emociur gamofitvas, depersonalizacias da
pirovnuli realizaciis Semcirebas, rasac xSirad ganicdian im profesiis
warmomadgenlebi, romelTac moeTxovebaT Zalze intensiuri urTierToba
pacientebTan, klientebTan, an sazogadoebasTan. praqtikosi eqimebi TandaTanobiT
 563
kargaven pacientebis mimarT mzrunvelobisa da TanagrZnobis gancdis unars da maT
SeiZleba sakmaod ugulod da, zogjer, arahumanuradac ki moeqcnen, ris gamoc Tavs
cudad grZnoben da ganicdian sakuTar warumateblobas. gamofitva ukavSirdeba
samsaxuris xSir gacdenasa da kadrebis denadobas, samuSaos Sesrulebis
gauaresebas, cud urTierTobebs TanamSromlebTan, problemebs ojaxSi da
janmrTelobis cud mdgomareobas (Leiter&Maslach, 1988; Maslach, 1982; Maslach&Hlorian,
1988; Schaufeli et al., 1993). dRes muSa-mosamsaxureTa Soris `gamofitvis~
`gamofitvis
sindromma arnaxul dones miaRwia, rac organizaciuli Semcirebis, samuSaos
restruqturizaciisa da fuladi mogebisadmi, da ara TanamSromelTa motivaciisa
da erTgulebisadmi, gansakuTrebuli dainteresebis Sedegia. amdenad, `gamofitva
gamofitva~
gamofitva
mxolod muSa-mosamsaxureTa da janmrTelobaze mzrunvelTa problema ar aris, is,
aseve, miuTiTebs organizaciul gaumarTavobaze, rac organizaciuli miznebis,
Rirebulebebis, samuSaos moculobis da waxalisebis struqturis gadasinjvas
moiTxovs (Leiter&Maslach, 2000; Maslach&Leiter, 1997).
profesiuli
profesiuli gamofitva _ sindromi, gulisxmobs emociur gamofitvas,
depersonalizacias da pirovnuli realizaciis Semcirebas, romelsac xSirad
ganicdian isini, romlebic Zlieri stresis pirobebSi muSaoben.
ra rekomendaciebis mocema SeiZleba? gamofitvis gamovlenasa da xarisxze
moqmedebs mTeli rigi socialuri da situaciuri faqtorebisa, romlebic
arapirdapirad moicaven misi Tavidan acilebisa an Semcirebis gzebsac
(Leiter&Maslach,2000; Prosser et al., 1997). magaliTad, eqim-pacientis urTierTobis
xarisxze mniSvnelovnad moqmedebs eqimis mier miRebul pacientTa raodenoba; rac
ufro didia pacientTa raodenoba, miT metia kognituri, sensoruli da emociuri
gadatvirTva. am urTierTobis xarisxze moqmedi kidev erTi faqtoria pacientebTan
uSualo kontaqtis odenoba. pacientebTan mudmiv uSualo kontaqtSi muSaobis
xangrZlivoba dakavSirebulia gamofitvis siZlieresTan. es gansakuTrebiT exeba
SemTxvevebs, rodesac kontaqti rTuli da damTrgunvelia, mag., kontaqti momakvdav
pacientebTan (Catalan et al., 1996). aseTi gaxangrZlivebuli kontaqtebiT gamowveuli
emociuri daZabulobis Semcireba mTeli rigi saSualebebiTaa SesaZlebeli, anu,
eqimebs SeuZliaT, ise Secvalon TavianTi samuSao ganrigi, rom droebiT ganeridon
amgvar stresul situaciebs. maT SeuZliaT individualur kontaqts jgufuri
daxmareba arCion; SeuZliaT yvela Sansis gamoyeneba, gaweuli ZalisxmevisaTvis
pozitiuri ukukavSiris misaRebad.

fsiqologia Cqvens cxovrebaSi

axdens Tu ara gavlenas pirovnuli Tvisebebi janmrTelobaze

SegxvedriaT warmatebaze orientirebuli adamiani, romelic arafrad agdebs

dabrkolebebs? misi klaselebis umravlesoba aRiarebs, rom gulis Seteva mas 20
 564
wlamde daemarTeba. gavxarT am pirovnebas? rogorc iciT, zogi adamiani savse
cxovrebiT cxovrobs, sxvebi ufro dune temps irCeven. SeiZleba dagainteresoT,
ramdenad zemoqmedebs individualuri gansxvavebebi janmrTelobaze.
erTmniSvnelovnad mowmobs, rom pasuxi am kiTxvaze dadebiTia. ganvixiloT
ramdenime maTgani.
1950-ian wlebSi maier fridmani (Meyer Friedman) da rei rouzmeni (Ray Rosenman)
miuTiTebdnen imaze, rasac adamianebi jer kidev antikuri xanidan varaudobdnen:
_ arsebobs kavSiri pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebis erTobliobasa da avad gaxdomis
SesaZleblobas, gansakuTrebiT, gulis koronarul daavadebebs Soris
(Friedman&Rosenman, 1974). am mkvlevrebma daadgines ori qceviTi paterni,
romlebsac tipi A da tipi B uwodes.
A tipis qceviTi paterni aris qcevisa da emociebis rTuli paterni, romelic
gulisxmobs ukidures metoqeobas, agresiulobas, mouTmenlobas, sulswrafobasa
da mtrul ganwyobas. A tipis adamianebi xSirad ukmayofiloni arian sakuTari
cxovrebis ZiriTadi mxareebiT, arian uaRresad konkurenciulni da ambiciurni
da, ZiriTadad, martoxelebi; B tipis qceviTi paterni aris yvelaferi is, rac ar
aris A tipi, anu am tipis individebi arian naklebad mtrulad ganwyobilni, ar
uyvarT konkurencia da a.S. fridmani da rosenmani amtkicebdnen, rom adamianebs,
romlebic amJRavneben A tipis qceviT paterns, sxvebTan SedarebiT gacilebiT
ufro xSirad awuxebT gulis daavadebebi (Friedman&Rosenman, 1974; Jenkins,1976).
gamokvlevebSi didi yuradReba eTmoba individebs, romlebic xasiaTdebian A
tipis qceviTi paterniT. gamokvlevebis mixedviT aRmoCnda, rom A tipis qceva
gulis daavadebebTan erTad bevr sxva Tanmdev avadmyofobasTanaa dakavSirebuli
(Suls&Marco,1990; Vahtera et al., 2000). amJamad kvlevebi A tipis qceviTi paternis im
specifikuri elementebis gamovlenazea fokusirebuli, romlebic yvelaze
xSirad ayeneben adamianebs safrTxis winaSe. pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebidan
yvelaze meti `toqsikurobiT~ gamoirCeva mtruli ganwyoba (hostility)(Carmelli&Swan,
1996; Fredrickson et al., 2000; Smith, 1992). mtrulma ganwyobam SeiZleba janmrTelobaze
zemoqmedeba moaxdinos rogorc fiziologiurad _ iwvevs ra sxeulis stresuli
reaqciebis qronikul zeagznebadobas, ise fsiqologiurad _ iwvevs ra mtrulad
ganwyobil adamianebSi janmrTelobis mdgomareobis gauaresebas da socialuri
mxrdaWerisagan Tavis aridebas. sasixaruloa is faqti, rom bihevioraluri
Terapia A tipis qceviTi paternis Sesasusteblad, umravles SemTxvevaSi
 565

warmatebuli iyo (Friedman et al., 1986; Thoresen&Powell,1992). Tu sakuTar TavSi mtrul

ganwyobas aRmoaCenT, sakuTari janmrTelobis dasacavad am tipis Carevas unda
mimarToT.
zemoaRniSnuli tipi A da misi sawinaaRmdego tipi B mkvlevrebma Seqmnes
qcevasa da gulis koronarul daavadebebs Soris kavSiris asaxsnelad. cota
xnis win mkvlevrebma miuTiTes, rom kidev erTi, C tipis qcevaTa paterni,
saSualebas mogvcems viwinaswarmetyveloT, romel individebs aqvT kiboTi
daavadebis meti albaToba, an visTan ufro swrafad ganviTardeba es avadmyofoba
(Eysenck,1994; Temoshok&Dreher,1992). qcevis C tipi gulisxmobs iseTi Tvisebebis
arsebobas, rogorebicaa: _ gulisxmiereba, simtkice, an sakuTari Tavis
msxverplad gaReba, TanamSromloba da sxvaTa gulis mogeba, moridebuloba,
moTmineba, avtoritetebisadmi morCileba da uaryofiTi emociebis,
gansakuTrebiT, sibrazis, argamomJRavneba (Temoshok, 1990 p.209). C tipis qceviT
paterns ar Seesatyviseba `mebrZoli suli~, romelmac SeiZleba xeli Seuwyos
kibos, an sxva romelime seriozuli avadmyofobis mimdinareobis Senelebas.
`mebrZoli sulis~ zemoqmedeba mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines SidsiT daavadebul
pacientebTan (Reed et al., 1994). individebi, romlebic sakuTari sikvdilis
gardauvalobas ar eguebodnen, ufro met xans cocxlobdnen, vidre isini, vinc
beds Seegua.
zogadad, C tipis individebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli `pasiuri miReba~
avadmyofobisadmi saukeTeso midgoma ar aris. davubrundeT optimizmis cnebas,
romelic me-12 TavSi ganvixileT. Cven vnaxeT, rom optimistebi warumateblobas
miaweren garegan mizezebs da arastabilur cvalebad movlenebs (Seligman, 1991).
daZlevis (coping) es stili Zlier gavlenas axdens optimistTa keTildReobaze.
mkvlevrebma daamtkices optimizmis gavlena imunuri sistemis moqmedebaze
(Segerstrom et al., 1998). optimist adamianebs avadmyofobis naklebi fizikuri
simptomebi aqvT, ufro swrafad axerxeben garkveuli avadmyofobebisagan
gamojanmrTelebas, zogadad ufro janmrTelebi arian da ufro metxans
cxovroben (Peterson et al., 1998). dadebiTi samomavlo perspeqtivebi (a positive outlook)
dagexmarebaT sxeulze qronikuli stresis zemoqmedebis SemcirebaSi da gazrdis
sasargeblo qcevebis ganxorcialebis albaTobas.
rCevebi janmrTelobisaTvis

dadga saboloo rCevis mocemis dro. nacvlad stresis, an avadmyofobis

molodinisa da Semdeg masze reagirebisa, dasaxeT miznebi da dagegmeT cxovreba
ise, rom janmrTelobisaTvis mtkice safuZveli SeqmnaT. cxra safexuri meti
bednierebisa da ukeTesi fsiqikuri janmrTelobisaken dagexmarebaT ufro aqtiurad
 566
marToT sakuTari cxovreba da SeqmnaT ufro pozitiuri fsiqologiuri garemo
rogorc TqvenTvis, ise sxvebisaTvis. aRniSnuli nabijebi warmoidgineT, rogorc
wlis ganmavlobaSi gansaxorcielebeli programa:

• A tipis qceviTi paterni _ qcevisa da emociebis rTuli paterni, romelic

moicavs gadaWarbebulad gamoxatul Sejibrs, agresias, mouTmenlobasa da
mtrul damokidebulebas. mtruli damokidebuleba zrdis gulis koronarul
daavadebaTa risks.

• B tipis qceviTi paterni _AA tipis qceviT paternTan SedarebiT, qcevisa da

emociaTa naklebad konkurenciuli, naklebad agresiuli da naklebad mtruli
paterni.

• C tipis qceviTi paterni _ qcevaTa erToblioba, romelic saSualebas

gvaZlevs viwinaswarmetyveloT, romel individebs aqvT kiboTi daavadebis meti
albaToba, an visTan ufro swrafad ganviTardeba es avadmyofoba. es qceviTi
paterni gulisxmobs pasiur Seguebas da TavSewirvas.

1. arasodes TqvaT cudi sakuTar Tavze. eZebeT Tqveni ubedurebis mizezebi iseT
faqtorebSi, romelTa Secvla SesaZlebelia momavali moqmedebiT. sakuTar TavTan
da sxvebTan gamoiyeneT mxolod konstruqciuli kritika _ Tu ra unda gakeTdes
gansxvavebulad sxva dros sasurveli Sedegis misaRebad;
2. SeadareT sakuTari reaqciebi, azrebi da grZnobebi Tqveni megobrebis,
TanamSromlebis da ojaxis wevrebisas, raTa SeamowmoT sakuTari adeqvaturoba da
pasuxebis relevanturoba Sesabamisi socialuri normebis mimarT;
3. gyavdeT ramdenime axlo megobari, romlebsac gauziarebT sakuTar grZnobebs,
sixaruls da mwuxarebas. izruneT socialur mxardaWeris qselTa SenarCunebasa da
gafarToebaze;
4. SeimuSaveT balansirebuli droiTi gancda, rac gagiadvilebT moqnilad
moaxdinoT koncentracia moTxovnebze, romlebsac giyenebT davaleba, situacia da
sakuTari Tavi. iyaviT orientirebuli momavalze, rodesac raRacis gakeTebaa
saWiro. iyaviT orientirebuli awmyoze, rodesac mizani miRweulia da siamovnebis
miRebis droa da warsulze orientirebuli imisaTvis, rom ar mowydeT Tqvens
fesvebs;
 567
5. yovelTvis miiReT qeba miRwevebisa da warmatebebisTvis (da gauziareT Tqveni
dadebiTi grZnobebi sxvebs). aRricxuli gqondeT yvela is Tviseba, romelic
erTaderTad da ganumeoreblad gaqcevT da romelic SegiZliaT SesTavazoT sxvebs.
magaliTad, morcxvma adamianma SeiZleba kargi samsaxuri gauwios molaparakes, Tu
misi yuradRebiani msmeneli gaxdeba. gacnobierebuli gqondeT Tqveni pirovnuli
siZlieris wyaro da Tqvens xelT arsebuli daZlevis saSualebebi;
6. rodesac grZnobT, rom emociebze kontrols kargavT, ganerideT situacias
fizikuri wasvliT; sakuTari Tavi sxvis adgilas warmoidgineT konfliqtur
situaciaSi. amJamad gadaulaxavi problemebis gadaWris gzebis aRmosaCenad
warmosaxva momavlisaken mimarTeT, an esaubreT gulisxmier mosaubres. mieciT
Tqvens Tavs emociebis gancdisa da gamoxatvis saSualeba;
7. gaxsovdeT, zogjer warumatebloba da imedgacrueba gicavT kidec
siyalbisagan. SeiZleba miganiSnebdnen, rom Tqveni miznebi sazianoa TqvenTvis, an
SeiZleba dagifaron momavali dacemisagan. iswavleT Secdomebze. miiReT
warumatebloba aRiarebiT `me davuSvi Secdoma~ da ganagrZeT gza. nebismieri
ubeduri SemTxveva, warumatebloba, an imedis gacrueba, potenciurad, gardaqmnis,
Secvlis mSvenieri SesaZleblobaa.
8. Tu aRmoaCenT, rom ver exmarebiT sakuTar Tavs, an sxvas sulier tanjvasTan
gamklavebaSi, mimarTeT kvalificiuri specialistis rCevas. zogjer
fsiqologiurad miCneuli problema, sinamdvileSi, SeiZleba fizikuri iyos da
piriqiT;
9. danergeT jansaRi gasarTobebi. gamoyaviT dro dasvenebisaTvis,
meditaciisaTvis, masaJisaTvis, franis gaSvebisaTvis, hobis iseTi aqtivobebisaTvis,
romlebic SegiZliaT akeToT martom da romelTa saSualebiTac SegiZliaT ukeT
CawvdeT da daafasoT sakuTari Tavi.
maS ase, rogor grZnobT Tavs? Tu arsebul stresorebs cud gunebaze dayeneba
SeuZliaT, imedi gvaqvs, Tqven SeZlebT kognituri gadafasebis gamoyenebas maTi
zemoqmedebis Semcirebis mizniT. Tu avad xarT, imedi gvaqvs, SeZlebT fsiqikis
unaris gamoyenebas gankurnebis daCqarebis mizniT. yovelTvis saTanadod SeafaseT
am gansxvavebul `grZnobaTa~ Zala, raTa akontroloT sakuTari cxovreba.
gamoiyeneT es Zala.
 568
Sejameba
aradasavlur kulturebSi gonebaze fsiqologiuri zemoqmedebis gamoyenebis
xangrZlivi tradicia arsebobs. janmrTelobis biofsiqosocialur modelSi
asaxulia samive komponentis _ biologiuris, fsiqologiuris da socialuris _
wvlili janmrTelobaSi. janmrTelobis fsiqologebi iseTi fsiqologiuri
meTodebis gamoyenebas cdiloben, romlebic adamianebs daarwmuneben Tavi aaridon
arajansaR qcevebs, magaliTad, Tambaqos mowevas. mkvlevrebma, aseve, ganaviTares
SidsTan brZolis qceviTi cvlilebebis kompleqsuri programebi. mkurnalobisadmi
janmrTelobis fsiqologiis midgoma gulisxmobs imis analizs, Tu ratom
eqvemdebarebian, an ar eqvemdebarebian adamianebi mkurnalobis reJims. kvlevebiT,
aseve, dadginda sxvadasxva xerxebi, romliTac SeiZleba gonebis Zalis gamoyeneba
sxeulze zemoqmedebis mosaxdenad. janmrTelobis dacvis samsaxuri (health care
situations) iseTi unda iyos, rom eqimebma SeZlon, Tavi aaridon `gamofitvas~ da
darCnen sakuTari saqmiTa da klientebiT gatacebulni.

sakvanZo sakiTxebi
emocia
• emocia aris cvlilebaTa rTuli paterni, romelic moicavs fiziologiur
agznebas, kognitur Sefasebas da qceviT da eqspresiul reaqciebs.
• rogorc evoluciis Sedegi, bazisuri emociuri reaqciebi yvela adamianisTvis
saerToa.
• sxvadasxva kulturebs emociebis gamoxatvis marTebulobis gansxvavebuli
standartebi aqvT.
• klasikuri Teoriebi emociuri pasuxis iseT aspeqtze amaxvileben yuradRebas,
rogoricaa, magaliTad, periferiuli sxeulebrivi reaqciebi, an centraluri
nervuli sistemis procesebi.
• SedarebiT Tanamedrove Teoriebi xazs usvamen agznebis Sefasebas.
• emociebi asruleben motivaciur, socialur da kognitur funqciebs.

cxovrebiseuli stresi
• stresi SeiZleba gamoiwvios uaryofiTma, an dadebiTma movlenebma. stresTa
umravlesobis safuZvelia cvlileba da garemos biologiur, fizikur da
socialur moTxovnebTan adaptaciis saWiroeba.
 569

• fiziologiuri reaqciebi stresze regulirdeba hipoTalamusis, hormonaluri

da nervuli sistemebis rTuli urTierTqmedebiT.
• stresoris tipisa da droSi misi moqmedebis mixedviT, stresma, SesaZloa,
gamoiwvios msubuqi aSliloba, an seriozuli problemebi Seuqmnas janmrTelobas.
• kognituri Sefaseba stresis ZiriTadi moderatori (Semasustebeli) cvladia.
• daZlevis strategiebi an problemaze fokusirdebian (uSualo moqmedebebiT)
an emociis daregulirebas cdiloben (arapidapiri gziT, an Tavis aridebiT).
• stresTan gasamklaveblad SeiZleba kognituri gadafasebisa da
gadastruqturebis gamoyeneba.
• socialuri mxardaWera, aseve, stresis mniSvnelovani Semasustebelia manam,
sanam pirobebs Seesabameba.

janmrTelobis fsiqologia
• janmrTelobis fsiqologia avadmyofobis mkurnalobasa da prevencias
eZRvneba.
• janmrTelobisa da avadmyofobis biofsiqosocialuri modeli adgens
kavSirebs avadmyofobis fizikur, emociur da garemo faqtorebs Soris.
• avadmyofobis prevencia XXI saukuneSi mimarTulia cxovrebis wesis
ganmsazRvrel iseT faqtorebze, rogorebicaa: _ moweva, kveba, varjiSi da
Sidsis Seyris safrTxe.
• avadmyofobis fsiqosocialuri mkurnaloba pacientis mkurnalobas sxva
ganzomilebas amatebs.
• individebi, romlebic xasiaTdebian, rogorc tipi A, tipi B da tipi C,
optimisturi qceviTi paterniT avadmyofobis albaTobas gansxvavebulad
ganicdian.
• janmrTelobis dacvis TanamSromlebi gamofitvis riskis qveS imyofebian, rac
SeiZleba Semcirdes maT mxardamWer garemoSi saTanado situaciuri
cvlilebebis ganxorcielebiT.

suraTebi

gv.405
 570
samsaxurSi Tu TamaSis dros, individebi Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi ZiriTadad
stresul garemos awydebian. Tqveni cxovrebis ra situaciebi migaCniaT yvelaze
ufro stresulad?

gv.408
ra aris qronikuli stresis fiziologiuri Sedegebi?

gv.413
detroitis moqalaqeebi, romlebic safosto dawesebulebisagan xmaurianad
iTxoven samuSao ganacxadebis darigebas, savaraudod, unda ganicdidnen stress,
romelic qronikuli umuSevrobiT da arasruli dasaqmebiT aris gamowveuli. ra
Sedegebs unda velodeT maTi fizikuri da sulieri janmrTelobisaTvis.

gv. 416
rogor aris SesaZlebeli, rom im pirTan pirdapiri saubari, romelic problemis
mizezia da gancxadeba, Tu risi gakeTebaa saWiro mis gadasaWrelad, stresis
Semcirebis efeqturi saSualeba iyos?

ZiriTadi cnebebi
mind -goneba
Traditional health practices-janmrTelobis tradiciuli praqtika.
Communal health-sazogadoebis janmrTeloba
Communal healing- sazogadoebis mxridan Catarebuli mkurnaloba
Health psychologist - janmrTelobis fsiqologi
biomedical model- biosamedicino modeli
health behavior- janmrTelobaze mimarTuli qceva
Health promotion - janmrTelobis xelSewyoba
Public health-sazogadoebrivi jandacva
Precontemlation stage-gansjis, ganxilvis wina periodi
Contemplation stage-gansja, ganxilva
"Cool"-"uncool"-sakaifo/magari-arasakaifo
Healthy action- janmrTelobisken warmarTuli moqmedeba, janmrTeli qmedeba
Psychological needs- fsiqologiuri moTxovnilebebi
Drug behavior- wamlebis moxmarebis qceva
health care profesional- janmrTelobis dacvis specialisti
 571
patient adherence- pacientis daqvemdebareba
Well -being- kargad yofna
Tension response- daZabuli reaqcia
biofeedback-bioukukavSiri
Relaxation response-relaqsaciuri reaqcia
Cortical activity- Tavis tvinis qerqis aqtivoba
Mental device- gonebrivi sqema, triuki
Health outcomes - janmrTelobis Sedegebi
Emotional disclosure- emociuri gantvirTva
Disclosure group- emociuri gantvirTvis jgufi
Job burnout-samuSaoTi gamowveuli gadawva, gamofitva
Health care system- janmrTelobis dacvis sistema
Health care provider-jan.dacvis muSaki
Mental health-mentaluri janmrTeloba
Cognitive reappraisal-kognituri gadafaseba
Health care situatuations- jandacvis sferoebi
Emotional response-emociuri reaqcia
peripherial bodily reactions-periferiuli sxeulebrivi reaqciebi
Appraisal of arousal agznebis Sefaseba
Stress of living-cxovrebiseuli stresi
Psysiological stress reactions-stresze fiziologiuri reaqciebi
Cognitive reappraisal- kognituri gadafaseba
Constalation of personal traits-pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebis kompleqsi
Behavior pattern- qceviTi paterni
behavioral treatment-qceviTi Terapia
Coping - daZleva
Measures of distress- distresis sazomi
Stress inoculation-stresis sawinaaRmdego inokulaciis (acris) treningi
Social intecaction- socialuri interaqcia
Monitoring attentional style-yuradRebis saSualebiT avadmyofobis monotoringis
stili
High monitors/low monitors- Zlieri/susti makontroleblebi
 572
Supportive group therapy-mxardamWeri jgufuri Terapia
Disclosure group-gantvirTvis jgufi

Tavi 14. pirovneba

• pirovnebis tipisa da pirovnebis niSnis Teoriebi

 tipebiT kategorizacia
 niSnebiT aRwera
 niSnebi da memkvidreoba
 winaswarmetyveleben Tu ara niSnebi qcevas?
 pirovnebis tipisa da pirovnebis niSnis Teoriebis Sefaseba
• fsiqologia Tqvens cxovrebaSi: ratom aris zogi adamiani morcxvi?
• fsiqodinamikuri Teoriebi
 froidiseuli fsiqoanalizi
 froidis Teoriis Sefaseba
 post-froidistuli Teoriebi

• humanisturi Teoriebi
 humanisturi Teoriebis maxasiaTeblebi
 humanisturi Teoriebis Sefaseba

• socialuri daswavlis da kognituri Teoriebi

 miSelis pirovnebis kognitur-afeqturi Teoria
 banduras kognituri socialuri daswavlis Teoria
 kentoris socialuri inteleqtis Teoria
 socialuri daswavlisa da kognituri Teoriebis Sefaseba

• me-s (self-
( -is) Teoriebi
 me-s koncefciaTa dinamikuri aspeqtebi
 TviTpativiscema da TviTprezentacia
 me-s kulturaluri konstruqcia
 me-s Teoriebis Sefaseba
• fsiqologia 21- saukuneSi: me internetSi
21-e saukuneSi:
• pirovnebis TeoriaTa Sedareba
 573
• pirovnebis Sefaseba
 obieqturi testebi
 proeqciuli testebi
• sakvanZo sakiTxebi
 ZiriTadi cnebebi

gainteresebT, kargi mSobeli iqnebiT Tu ara? Tqven rom frenologiis _ me-19-e

saukunis Teoriis _ mimdevari iyoT, nebismieri, visac SeeZleboda Tqveni Tavis
qalis moyvanilobis xeliT mosinjva, SeZlebda am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemas. im
Teoriis mixedviT, romelsac frenologia eyrdnoboda, tvinis Zlierad
ganviTarebuli organoebi awvebian Signidan Tavis qalas da qmnian amozneqilobebs.
tvinis yovel organos ukavSirdeboda iseTi niSnebi, rogoricaa mSobluri
siyvaruli, megobroba da brZolisunarianoba. am organoebTan asocirebuli kopis
zomis SefasebiT adamiani dauyovnebliv Seityobda sakmaod bevrs sakuTari Tavisa
Tu sxva adamianis Sesaxeb. qvemoT mocemulia mSobluri siyvarulis gamovlinebis
aRwera wignidan “rogor amovikiTxoT xasiaTi: frenologiisa da fiziognomiis
axali ilustrirebuli saxelmZRvanelo”, saavtoro uflebebi daculia samuel
uelsis mier, 1869 weli:

mSobluri siyvarulis anu filoprogenitivobis organo moTavsebulia naTxemis

Sua nawilis zemoT (2. naxati 23), da kefis gamozneqilobidan daaxloebiT erTi
duimiT zemoT (gv. 42).

ipoveT Sesabamisi adgili sakuTar Tavis qalaze? rogoria is dedofali

viqtoriisa an a. jonsonis gamozneqilobasTan SedarebiT, romlebic naCvenebia
naxatze? rogoria is Tqveni megobrebis Tavis qalebTan SedarebiT? ai, ras ambobs
zemoT dasaxelebuli saxelmZRvanelo imaze, Tu rogori mSobeli iqnebiT Tqven,
Tqveni mSobluri siyvarulis organos zomaze dayrdnobiT:

Zalian didi – Tqveni siyvaruli bavSvebisa da Sinauri cxovelebis mimarT

Rrmaa. rogorc mSobeli, Tqven gaakerpebT Tqvens STamomavlobas da, SesaZlebelia,
gaaTamamoT kidec is ganebivrebiTa da mavne waqezebiT, an dajerebis nacvlad
mbrZaneblobis uflebis micemiT. Tu Tqven Svilebi gyavT, mudmiv SfoTvas
ganicdiT maTTan dakavSirebiT, gansakuTrebiT, rodesac isini Tqven gverdiT ar
 574
arian, xolo erT-erTi maTganis sikvdili TiTqmis gausaZlisi dartyma iqneboda
TqvenTvis.
didi – Tqven gaqvT unari, Zalian giyvardeT Tqveni Svilebi, bevri gaakeToT da
gawiroT maTi gulisaTvis, magram Tqven ar iqnebiT gadaWarbebulad mzrunveli da,
zogadad, ar igrZnobT Svilebis Tu Sinauri cxovelebis mimarT Zalian Zlier
mizidulobas.

saSualo zomis – Tqven xarT sakmaod indiferentuli Tqveni sakuTari Svilebis

mimarTac ki, Tu saerTod gyavT isini, da civi yvela sxva adamianis mimarT; cotas
atana SegiZliaT maTgan da ar gaqvT miznad maTi siyvarulis mopoveba. Tqven ar
gaRelvebT Sinauri cxovelebi.

mcire zomis – Tqven midrekilni xarT, iyoT civi da indiferentuli sakuTari

Svilebis mimarT da gamoxatoT aSkara antipaTia yvela sxvisi Svilis mimarT. (gv.
160-161)

Tu Tqven ver xvdebiT, Tu ratom unda iyos kavSiri Tqveni Tavis qalas formasa
da mSobluri siyvarulis unars Soris, maSin gagexardebaT imis gageba, rom
frenologia savsebiT diskreditirebul iqna. Tumca, is impulsi, rasac
frenologia eyrdnoboda, dResac arsebobs da sakmaod Zlieria: fsiqologebi
eZeben martiv, magram efeqtur gzebs adamianTa kategorizaciisaTvis; maT surT, rom
am kategorizaciebma imis winaswarmetyvelebis saSualeba misces, Tu rogori
reaqcia eqnebaT da rogor moiqcevian es adamianebi mraval sxvadasxva situaciaSi.
es aris pirovnebis Teoriebis arsebiTi mizani – gansazRvron adamianTa Soris
gansxvavebebi, rac maTi cxovrebiseuli mimarTulebebis winaswarmetyvelebis
saSualebas miscems.
mdidari cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebidan Tqven, albaT, ukve Zlieri intuicia
gaqvT ganviTarebuli imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu rogor funqcionirebs pirovneba.
rogoria Tqveni pirovnebis Teoria? gaixseneT vinme, visac WeSmaritad endobiT.
axla, gaixseneT vinme, visac Tqven piradad icnobT da is TqvenTvis misabaZi
magaliTia. warmoidgineT im adamianis Tvisebebi, visTan erTadac mTeli darCenili
sicocxlis gatarebas isurvebdiT da Semdeg imisa, visac dasanaxadac ver itanT.
TiToeul SemTxvevaSi, pirveli, rac dauyovnebliv mogvdis TavSi, aris iseTi
pirovnuli Tvisebebi, rogoricaa patiosneba, sandooba, keTilSobileba,
agresiuloba, uxasiaToba an pesimizmi. jer kidev bavSvobaSi Tqven, albaT,
 575
SeimuSaveT da iyenebdiT pirovnebis Sefasebis sakuTar sistemas. cdilobdiT,
gangesazRvraT, vin iqneboda axal klasSi Tqveni megobari Tu mteri; SeimuSavebdiT
mSoblebTan da maswavleblebTan gamklavebis teqnikebs imisda mixedviT, Tu rogor
amoikiTxavdiT maT pirovnebas.
fsiqologebi pirovnebas mravalnairad gansazRvraven, magram yvela
gansazRvrebisaTvis saerToa ori ZiriTadi cneba: unikaloba da qcevis
maxasiaTebeli paternebi. Cven ganvsazRvravT pirovnebas,
pirovnebas rogorc unikaluri
fsiqologiuri Tvisebebis rTul erTobliobas, romelic gansxvavebul situaciebSi
da sxvadasxva dros gavlenas axdens individis qcevis damaxasiaTebel paternebze.
pirovnebis Teoriebi warmoadgenen hipoTetur debulebebs individualuri
pirovnebebis struqturisa da funqcionirebis Sesaxeb. isini gvexmarebian
fsiqologiis miznebidan ori mTavari amocanis gadaWraSi: (1) pirovnebis
struqturis, warmoSobisa da pirovnebasTan kavSirSi myofi movlenebis gageba da
(2) qcevisa da cxovrebiseuli movlenebis winaswarmetyveleba imaze dayrdnobiT,
rac viciT pirovnebis Sesaxeb. gansxvavebuli Teoriebi gansxvavebul
winaswarmetyvelebebs akeTeben imis Taobaze, Tu rogor pasuxoben da rogor
eguebian adamianebi konkretul pirobebs.

• pirovneba (Personality) _ individis unikaluri fsiqologiuri Tvisebebi, romlebic

gavlenas axdens damaxasiaTebeli qceviTi (rogorc Ria, ise faruli) paternebis
speqtrze gansxvavebul situaciebSi da droTa ganmavlobaSi.

sanam SevudgebodeT zogierTi mTavari Teoriuli midgomis ganxilvas, unda

davsvaT kiTxva: ratom arsebobs amdeni gansxvavebuli (xSirad
urTierTsawinaaRmdego) Teoria? pirovnebis mimarT midgomebSi Teoretikosebi
gansxvavdebian amosavali wertilis da monacemTa wyaroebis mixedviT, aseve, imiT,
Tu rogor cdiloben gansxvavebuli saxis fenomenebis axsnas. zogi
dainteresebulia konkretuli pirovnebis struqturiT, zogi ki _ imiT, Tu rogor
ganviTarda es pirovneba da rogor gaagrZelebs igi zrdas. zogs ainteresebs, ras
akeTeben adamianebi, specifikuri qcevebisa Tu mniSvnelovani cxovrebis movlenebis
mxriv maSin, rodesac sxvebi swavloben imas, Tu ras grZnoben adamianebi Tavis
cxovrebasTan dakavSirebiT. da bolos, zogi Teoria cdilobs, axsnas
fsiqologiuri problemebis mqone adamianebis pirovneba, sxvebi ki yuradRebas
amaxvileben janmrTel individebze. ase rom, yovel Teorias SeuZlia, raime
 576
gvaswavlos pirovnebis Sesaxeb. erTad ki maT SeuZliaT, bevri ram mogviTxron
adamianis bunebaze.
am TavSi Cveni mizani iqneba, mogawodoT zogadi midgoma, Tu rogor unda
gesmodeT pirovnebasTan Tqveni yoveldRiuri gamocdileba. Tumca, sanam
daviwyebdeT, daufiqrdiT Semdeg kiTxvebs: Tqveni pirovnebis rogor portrets
Seqmnidnen fsiqologebi, Tqven rom SeeswavleT? romel adreul gamocdilebas
gamoyofdnen isini, rogorc Tqven dRevandel qcevasa da azrovnebaSi wvlilis
Semtans? Tqveni awmyo cxovrebis romeli pirobebi axdens Zlier gavlenas Tqven
azrebsa da qcevaze? ra gansxvavebaa Tqvensa da mraval sxva pirovnebas Soris,
romlebic imave situaciaSi xvdebian, rogorSic Tqven? es Tavi dagexmarebaT am
SekiTxvebze ufro zusti pasuxebis formulirebaSi.
Semdgom ramdenime TavSi Cven ganvixilavT pirovnebisadmi Teoriul midgomebs:
tipisa da niSnis, fsiqodinamikurs, humanisturs, socialuri daswavlis,
kognitursa da me-s (self-is) analizs. Tavs davasrulebT zogierTi im Sefasebis
teqnikis aRweriT, romlebsac fsiqologebi iyeneben pirovnebis gagebisa da
aRwerisaTvis.

tipisa da niSnis pirovnebis Teoriebi

ori yvelaze Zveli mcdeloba pirovnebis aRwerisa aris adamianebis

klasificireba calkeuli tipebis SezRudul raodenobad da im xarisxis gazomva,
ra xarisxiTac isini SeiZleba aRiweros gansxvavebuli niSnebiT. rogorc Cans,
adamianebs aqvT bunebrivi tendencia, miakuTvnon sakuTari da sxvebis qceva
sxvadasxva kategoriebs. modiT, ganvixiloT formaluri Teoriebi, romlebic
fsiqologebma Seqmnes tipebsa da niSnebs Soris am gansxvavebaTa asaxvisaTvis.

tipebis mixedviT kategorizacia

Cven yovelTvis vaxdenT adamianebis kategorizacias ganmasxvavebeli

maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT. esenia kolejis klasi, akademiuri specializacia, sqesi
da rasa. zogi pirovnebis Teoretikosi, aseve, ajgufebs adamianebs gansxvavebul,
araurTierTgadamfarav kategoriebad, romlebsac pirovnebis tipebi ewodeba.
pirovnebis tipebi “sul an araferi” fenomenebia da ar gamoixateba ama Tu im
xarisxiT: Tu adamiani erT tips miekuTvneba, is SeuZlebelia miekuTvnebodes
nebismier sxva tips arsebul sistemaSi. bevr adamians moswons pirovnebis tipebis
 577
gamoyeneba yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi, radgan isini gviadvileben sxva adamianebis
Secnobis rTul process.

• pirovnebis tipebi (Personality types) _ pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebis calkeuli

paternebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba adamianebis kategoriebisadmi mikuTvnebisaTvis;
ara xarisxobrivi, aramed Tvisebrivi gansxvavebebi, romlebic adamianebis
gansasxvaveblad ixmareba.

erT-erTi yvelaze adreuli tipebis Teoria Cvens welTaRricxvamde mexuTe

saukunes ekuTvnis. misi avtoria hipokrate, berZeni eqimi, romelmac medicinas
hipokrates fici SesZina. misi Teoriis mixedviT, adamianis sxeuli Seicavs oTx
ZiriTad siTxes anu humors, romelTaganac TiToeuli asocirebulia garkveul
temperamentTan, emociebisa da qcevis paternTan. individis pirovneba
damokidebulia imaze, Tu romeli humori Warbobs mis sxeulSi. hipokratem
daawyvila sxeulis humorebi pirovnebis temperamentebTan Semdegi sqemis mixedviT:
• sisxli. sangvinikuri temperamenti: mxiaruli da aqtiuri.
• flegma. flegmaturi temperamenti: apaTiuri da modunebuli.
• Savi naRveli. melanqoliuri temperamenti: naRvliani da Sefiqrianebuli.
• yviTeli naRveli. qolerikuli temperamenti: gaRizianebadi da agznebadi.
hipokrates Teoriis saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi sjerodaT, Sua saukuneebis
CaTvliT, Tumca, man ver gauZlo Tanamedrove mecnierebis moTxovnebs. (miuxedavad
amisa, Cven vnaxavT hipokrates temperamentebis Tanamedrove gamoZaxils hans
aizenkis niSnis TeoriaSi, ix. gv. ??)
Cven droSi uiliam Seldonma (William Sheldon, 1942) Seqmna tipis Teoria, romelic
sxeulis agebulebas ukavSirebda temperaments; Teoria, romelic jer kidev
popularulia da aisaxeba popularul sainformacio saSualebebSi. man adamianebi
dayo sam kategoriad maTi sxeulebrivi agebulebis mixedviT: endomorfuli
(msuqani, rbili, mrgvali), mezomorfuli (kunTiani, oTxkuTxedi, Zlieri) da
eqtomorfuli (gamxdari, grZeli, susti). Seldonis azriT, endomorfebi arian
relaqsirebuli, socialurni da uyvarT Wama. mezomorfebi arian sxeulebrivad
ganviTarebuli adamianebi, aRsavse energiiT, gambedaobiT da axasiaTebT
asertiuli27 tendenciebi. eqtomorfebi arian gonebrivad ganviTarebuli,
artistuli da introverti adamianebi; maTTvis ufro damaxasiaTebelia fiqri
 578
cxovrebis Sesaxeb, vidre cxovrebiT sargebloba an masze aqtiuri zemoqmedeba.
garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi Seldonis Teoria imdenad gavleniani iyo, rom
gadaRebul iqna SeerTebuli Statebis ieilisa da ueslis msgavsi kolejebis
aTasobiT studentis SiSveli “pozis” fotoebi, raTa mkvlevarebs SesaZlebloba
hqonodaT, SeeswavlaT sxeulis tipsa da cxovrebiseul faqtorebs Soris kavSiri.
Tumca, hipokrates bevrad ufro adreuli Teoriis msgavsad, Seldonis sxeulis
tipebis Teoriac Zalian dabali Rirebulebis aRmoCnda individis qcevis
winaswarmetyvelebis TvalsazrisiT (Tyler, 1965).
ufro mogvianebiT, frenk saloueim
saloueim (Frank Sulloway, 1996) SemogvTavaza
Tanamedrove tipebis Teoria, damyarebuli dabadebis rigze. Tqven pirveli (an
erTaderTi) Svili xarT Tqven ojaxSi Tu mogvianebiT dabadebuli? imdenad,
ramdenadac dabadebis rigis mixedviT adamians mxolod erTi pozicia SeiZleba
hqondes, saloueis Teoria akmayofilebs tipis Teoriis kriteriumebs. (uCveulo
ojaxuri kombinaciebis mqone adamianebisaTvis – magaliTad, rodesac or bavSvs
Soris Zalian didi asakobrivi sxvaobaa – salouei mainc gvawvdis individebis
kategorizaciis gzebs.) dabadebis rigze damyarebul winaswarmetyvelebebSi
salouei efuZneba darvinis ideas, rom organizmebi xdebian gansxvavebulni, raTa
ipovon is niSa, romelic maT gadarCenis saSualebas miscems. saloueis mixedviT,
pirvelad dabadebulebs ukve gamzadebuli niSa aqvT: maT Tavidanve aqvT Tavisi
mSoblebis siyvaruli da yuradReba; isini cdiloben am sawyisi mocemulobis
SenarCunebas mSoblebTan identifikaciisa da maTdami damorCilebis gziT. amis
sapirispirod, ufro gvian dabadebul bavSvebs sWirdebaT gansxvavebuli niSis
moZebna – iseTis, sadac isini ase gamokveTilad ar mihyvebian Tavisi mSoblebis
magaliTs. amis Sedegad, mogvianebiT dabadebulebs salouei axasiaTebs, rogorc
“ajanyebisaTvis dabadebulebs”: “isini cdiloben, warmatebas miaRwion iseT
sferoebSi, sadac ufros debs Tu Zmebs ar aqvT ukve mopovebuli upiratesoba.
gvian dabadebulebi tipiurad aviTareben Riaobas gamocdilebisadmi – gamosadeg
strategias yvelasaTvis, visac surs cxovrebaSi axali da warmatebuli niSis
povna.” (gv. 353). im winaswarmetyvelebis Sesamowmeblad, rom gvian dabadebulni
siaxleebs miesalmebian, maSin rodesac pirvelebi status-qvos amjobineben,
saloueim Seiswavla mecnieruli, istoriuli da kulturuli revoluciebi, Semdeg
ki gansazRvra im mravali istoriuli da Tanamedrove figuris dabadebis rigi,

27
assertive – dadebiTi, Tavdajerebuli
 579
vinc mxars uWerda Tu ewinaaRmdegeboda am revoluciebs. 14.1 suraTze naCvenebia,
Tu ra xarisxiT uWerdnen mxars mecnierebaSi arsebul 23 liberalur Teorias
pirvelad da mogvianebiT dabadebuli mecnierebi. rogorc xedavT, yvela zomis
ojaxis SemTxvevaSi, mosalodneli iyo, rom gvian dabadebulebi ufro dauWerdnen
mxars inovaciur Teorias, vidre pirvelad dabadebulni. gyavT Tu ara Zmebi da
debi? SegiZliaT Tu ara ipovoT aseTi magaliTi Tqven sakuTar ojaxSi?

suraTi 14.1. dabadebis rigi da mecnieruli inovaciebis mxardaWera

80

70
inovaciebis mxardamWerTa

60

50
procenti

40

30

20

10

0
dediserTebi'

pirvelad dabadebulni gvian dabadebulni

frenk saloueim gamoikvlia 23 inovaciuri mecnieruli Teoria da gansazRvra

1218 mecnieris dabadebis rigi, romlebmac miiRes an uaryves es Teoriebi.
nebismieri zomis ojaxisaTvis, gvian dabadebulni ufro iRebdnen inovaciur
Teorias, vidre pirvelad dabadebulni.
icnobT Tu ara adamianebs, visac miakuTvnebdiT garkveul “tips”? moicavs Tu
ara “tipi” yvelafers, rac ki unda vicodeT pirovnebis Sesaxeb? xSirad tipis
Teoriebi TiTqos ar moicaven adamianTa pirovnebebis ufro faqiz aspeqtebs. modiT,
axla gavecnoT Teoriebs, romlebic ufro meti moqnilobis SesaZleblobas
iZlevian, radgan adamianebs ganasxvaveben niSnebis da ara tipebis mixedviT.

niSnebis mixedviT aRwera

tipis Teoriebis daSvebis mixedviT, adamianebi Seesatyvisebian arsebul
calkeul, wyvetil kategoriebs. aseTi kategoriebia, magaliTad, pirvelad da
mogvianebiT dabadebulebi. amis sapirispirod, niSnis Teoriebi gvTavazoben uwyvet
 580
ganzomilebebs, rogoricaa inteleqti an keTilganwyoba. niSnebi aris uwyveti
Tvisebebi an atributebi, romlebic winaswar ganawyoben individebs, rom isini
Tanamimdevrulad moiqcnen gansxvavebul situaciebSi. magaliTad, SesaZlebelia
erT dRes Tqven gamoamJRavnoT patiosneba dakarguli safulis dabrunebiT da
meore dRes – imiT, rom ar moityuoT gamocdaze. niSnis Teoriis zogierTi momxre
gansazRvravs niSnebs, rogorc predispoziciebs, romlebic qcevas iwveven, magram
ufro konservatiuli mecnierebi niSnebs iyeneben mxolod rogorc aRweriT
ganzomilebebs, romlebic ubralod ajameben dakvirvebis obieqtad arsebuli
qcevis paternebs. modiT, gavecnoT niSnis cnobil Teoriebs.

• niSani (Trait) _ myari pirovnuli Tvisebebi an atributebi, romlebic gavlenas

axdenen qcevaze gansxvavebul situaciebSi.

olportis niSnis Teoria

gordon olporti (Gordon Allport, 1937, 1961, 1966) ganixilavda niSnebs, rogorc
pirovnebis samSeneblo masalas da individualobis Camoyalibebis wyaros.
olportis mixedviT, niSnebi uzrunvelyofen qcevis SeTanxmebulobas
(koherentulobas), radgan isini akavSireben da erTgvarovans xdian pirovnebis
reaqciebs mravalgvarovan stimulebze. niSnebma SeiZleba imoqmedon, rogorc
intervenciulma cvladebma, romlebic akavSireben pirveli SexedviT erTmaneTTan
daukavSirebel stimulebsa da maTze pasuxebis nakrebs (ix. sur. 14.2).
olportma gamohyo sami saxis niSnebi: kardinaluri niSnebi, centraluri
niSnebi da meoradi niSnebi. kardinaluria niSnebi, romelTa garSemoc agebs
adamiani Tavis cxovrebas. deda terezasaTvis kardinaluri niSani iqneboda sxvisi
keTildReobisaTvis sakuTari Tavis Sewirva. Tumca, yvela adamians ar uviTardeba
aseTi yovlismomcveli kardinaluri niSnebi. samagierod, centraluri niSnebi
warmoadgenen pirovnebis mTavar maxasiaTeblebs, rogoricaa patiosneba an
optimizmi. meoradi niSnebi aris specifiuri pirovnuli Tvisebebi, romlebic
gvexmareba individis qcevis winaswarmetyvelebaSi, magram naklebad gamosadegia
individis pirovnebis gagebisaTvis. meoradi niSnebis magaliTebia is, Tu romel
sakvebsa da tansacmels aniWebs adamiani upiratesobas. olports ainteresebda am
sami tipis niSnebis unikaluri kombinaciebis aRmoCena, rac yovel adamians
ganumeorebel mTlianobad gadaaqcevs. am unikaluri niSnebis Sesaswavlad
 581
olporti mxars uWerda calkeul/erTeul SemTxvevaTa Seswavlis meTodis
gamoyenebas.
individis qcevis mTavar ganmsazRvrelad olports ufro metad pirovnebis
struqtura esaxeboda, vidre garemo pirobebi. “erTi da igive cecxli adnobs
karaqs da xarSavs kvercxs” – am frazas igi iyenebda imis saCveneblad, rom erTsa
da imave stimuls gansxvavebuli moqmedeba aqvs sxvadasxva individze. mravali
Tanamedrove niSnis Teoria mihyveba olportiseul tradicias.

suraTi 14.2. morcxvoba, rogorc niSani

niSnebma SeiZleba imoqmedon, rogorc intervenciulma cvladebma, romlebic
akavSireben pirveli SexedviT erTmaneTTan daukavSirebel stimulebsa da maTze
pasuxebis nakrebs.

stimulis situacia niSani pasuxebi

sityvis warmoTqma; (intervenciuli arideba - ganrideba;
wveulebaze wasvla; cvladi) gawiTleba;
ucxoebTan Sexvedra; morcxvoba mexsierebis
intimuri Sexvedrebi; deficiti;
nakluli produqtis gaCumeba;
dabruneba ucnauri Jestebi;
minimaluri
mxedvelobiTi
kontaqti

universaluri niSnebis ganzomilebebis gansazRvra

1936 wels gordon olportma da misma kolegam h. s. odbertma Caatares

leqsikonis kvleva da inglisur enaSi aRmoaCines individualuri gansxvavebebis
aRmweri 18 000-ze meti zedsarTavi saxeli. mas Semdeg mkvlevarebi cdiloben,
gansazRvron niSnebis aseTi usazRvro sityvaTa maragis safuZvlad myofi Zireuli
ganzomilebebi. isini cdiloben, daadginon, Tu ramdeni ganzomileba arsebobs da
maTgan romlebi miscemen fsiqologebs yvela individis gamosadegi, universaluri
daxasiaTebis Seqmnis saSualebas.
reimond ketelma (Raymond Cattell, 1979) scada, daedgina niSanTa bazisuri
ganzomilebebis iseTi erToblioba, romelic amomwuravi iqneboda. amisaTvis
 582
amosaval wertilad man olportisa da odbertis zedsarTavi saxelebis sia
gamoiyena. kvlevis Sedegad ketelma ivarauda, rom pirovnebas gansazRvravs 16
faqtori. ketelma am 16 faqtors ganmsazRvreli niSnebi uwoda, radgan, misi azriT,
isini warmoadgenen im ganmsazRvrel wyaros, romelic dgas zedapirze arsebuli
qcevebis ukan da romelsac Cven pirovnebad aRviqvamT. ketelis 16 faqtori
moicavda mniSvnelovan qceviT dapirispirebebs (opoziciebs), rogoricaa,
magaliTad, TavSekavebuli - komunikabeluri, mimndobi – eWviani da modunebuli –
daZabuli. miuxedavad amisa, Tanamedrove niSnis Teoriis mimdevrebi amtkiceben, rom
pirovnebebs Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovan gansxvavebebs 16-ze kidev ufro naklebi
ganzomileba asaxavs.
hans aizenkma (Hans Eysenck, 1973, 1990) pirovnebis testirebis monacemebidan
mxolod sami ZiriTadi, moculobiTi ganzomileba gamoyo: eqstraversia (SigniT
orientirebuli gareT orientirebulis sapirispirod), neiroticizmi (emociurad
stabiluri emociurad labiluris spirispirod) da fsiqoticizmi (gulisxmieri da
yuradRebiani agresiulisa da antisocialuris sapirispirod). rogorc naCvenebia
suraTze 14.3,
14.3 aizenkma moaxdina ori ganzomilebis – eqstraversiisa da
neiroticizmis kombinireba, raTa maTi wreze demonstracia SesZleboda. misi
azriT, wris TiToeuli seqtori warmoadgens hipokrates mier dadgenili
pirovnebis tipebisgan erT-erTs. Tumca, aizenkis niSnis Teoria iZleva am
kategoriebSi individualuri varirebis saSualebas. individi SeiZleba yvelgan
aRmoCndes wreze, Zalian introvertirebulidan Zalian eqstravertirebulamde da
Zalian labiluridan (nevrotulidan) Zalian stabiluramde. wreze CamoTvlili
niSnebi aRweren adamianebs am ori ganzomilebis kombinaciebiT. magaliTad, Zalian
eqstravertirebuli da met-naklebad labiluri adamiani mosalodnelia, rom
impulsuri iyos.
suraTi 14.3. pirovnebis aRweris wris oTxi kvadrati aizenkis mixedviT

labiluri
cvalebadi
xasiaTis gaRizianebadi
mSfoTvare mousvenari
rigiduli agresiuli
keTilgonieri agznebadi
pesimisturi cvalebadi
TavSekavebuli impulsuri
arasocialuri optimisturi
wynari aqtiuri

melanqolikuri qolerikuli
introvertirebuli eqstravertirebuli
flegmatikuri sangvinikuri socialuri
pasiuri
komunikabeluri
 583

eqstraversiisa da neiroticizmis ori ganzomileba gvaZlevs wriul

gamosaxulebas. aizenkma am gamosaxulebis yoveli kvadrati hipokrates mier
gansazRvruli oTxi pirovnebis tipisagan erTs daukavSira. miuxedavad amisa,
aizenkis Teoria iZleva am kategoriebis farglebSi individualuri varirebis
saSualebas.

xuTfaqtoriani modeli

kvlevebi TvalnaTliv adasturebs aizenkis Teoriis mraval aspeqts. Tumca,

ukanasknel wlebSi miRweul iqna konsensusi, rom pirovnebis struqturas yvelaze
kargad axasiaTebs xuTi faqtori, romlebic arasrulad emTxveva aizenkis sam
ganzomilebas (Wiggins & Pincus, 1992). miuxedavad imisa, rom yvela pirovnebis
mkvlevari ar emxroba am xuT faqtors (Block, 1995; Eysenck, 1992; Pervin, 1994),
dResdReobiT swored isini warmoadgenen kriteriums niSnis struqturis Sesaxeb
diskusiaTa umravlesobaSi.
xuTfaqtoriani modelis Seqmna asaxavs mcdelobas, aRmoCenil iqnas raime
struqtura niSanTa im did siaSi, romelic amoiRes leqsikonidan olportma da
odbertma (1996). niSnebi dayvanil iqna sinonimebis daaxloebiT 200 klasteramde,
romlebic gamoiyeneboda niSnebis bipolaruli ganzomilebebis Sesaqmnelad;
ganzomilebebisa, romlebsac aqvT maRali polusi da dabali polusi, rogoricaa
pasuxismgebliani da upasuxismgeblo. Semdeg adamianebs sTxovdnen, SeefasebinaT
sakuTari Tavi da sxva adamianebi bipolarul ganzomilebebze da es Sefasebebi
eqvemdebareboda statistikuri damuSavebis procedurebs imis gansasazRvrad, Tu
rogor iyo erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli sinonimuri klasterebi. am meTodis
gamoyenebiT ramdenime damoukidebeli kvleviTi jgufi erTsa da imave daskvnamde
 584
mivida: im niSnebis safuZvlad, romlebsac adamianebi gamoiyeneben sakuTari Tavis
da sxvebis aRsawerad, arsebobs mxolod xuTi bazisuri ganzomileba (Norman, 1963,
1967; Tupes & Christal, 1961).
xuTi ganzomileba Zalian farToa, radgan TiToeuli erT did kategoriaSi
aTavsebs bevr niSans, romelTac unikaluri erTmniSvnelovani konotacia, magram
saerTo Tema aqvT. pirovnebis am xuT ganzomilebas amJamad xuTfaqtoriani modeli
ewodeba, an, araformalurad, didi xuTeuli (the Big Five) (McCrae & Costa, 1999). xuTi
faqtori Sejamebulia cxrilSi 14.1.
14.1 Tqven erTxel kidev SeniSnavT, rom TiToeuli
ganzomileba bipolarulia _ ganzomilebis saxelwodebis mniSvnelobis tolfasi
terminebi aRweren maRal poluss, xolo misi sawinaaRmdego terminebi _ dabal
poluss.
• xuTfaqtoriani modeli (Five-factor model) _ yovlismomcveli aRweriTi pirovnebis
sistema, romelic asaxavs urTierTobas zogad niSnebs, Teoriul cnebebsa da
pirovnebis skalebs Soris; araformalurad ewodeba didi xuTeuli.

cxrili 14.1. xuTfaqtoriani modeli

faqtori bipolaruli gansazRvreba

laparakis moyvaruli, energiuli da asertiuli

eqstraversia
wynaris, TavSekavebulisa da morcxvis sapirispirod,
TanxmobisaTvis TanamgrZnobi, keTili da mosiyvarule civis, kapasisa
mzaoba da sastikis sapirispirod
organizebuli, pasuxismgebliani da frTxili
patiosneba uyuradRebos, frivolurisa da upasuxismgeblos
sapirispirod

stabiluri, mSvidi da kmayofili SfoTianis,

neiroticizmi
arastabilurisa da temperamentulis sapirispirod
gamocdilebisadmi kreatuli, inteleqtualuri da gonebagaxsnili
Riaoba martivis, zedapirulisa da ugunuris sapirispirod

xuTfaqtoriani modelis ganzomilebebi warmoiSva 1960-ian wlebSi Segrovebuli

masalidan, sadac gamoiyeneboda zedsarTavi saxelebis ramdenime gansxvavebuli
nakrebi, mravali gansxvavebuli SerCeva da SefasebiTi davaleba. mas Semdeg Zalian
 585
msgavsi ganzomilebebi aRmoaCines pirovnebis kiTxvarebSi, intervius kiTxvarebSi
da sxva monacemebSi (Costa & McCrae, 1992a; Digman, 1990; Wiggins & Pincus, 1992).
xuTfaqtoriani modelis universalurobis demonstrirebisaTvis mkvlevarebi
gascdnen Tavis kvlevebSi inglisur enas: xuTfaqtoriani struqtura gameorda
ramdenime enaSi, germanulis, portugaliuris, ivriTis, Cinuris, koreulis da
iaponuris CaTvliT (McCrae & Costa, 1997). xuTi faqtori ar aris mowodebuli, rom
Seanacvlos mravali specifikuri niSnis termini, romelsac mniSvnelobis sakuTari
niuansi da elferi aqvs. ufro sworad rom vTqvaT, is gamokveTs taqsonomias _
klasifikaciis sistemas, romelic saSualebas gvaZlevs, aRvweroT yvela Cveni
nacnobi adamiani ise, rom gamovxatoT is mniSvnelovani ganzomilebebi,
romlebiTac isini gansxvavdebian.
mniSvnelovania, xazi gavusvaT imas, rom xuTfaqtoriani modeli, didwilad,
aRweriTia. faqtorebi Seiqmna niSnebis terminTa klasterebis statistikuri
analizis Sedegad da ara Teoriis safuZvelze, romelic ambobda: "es aris
faqtorebi, romlebic unda arsebobdes." (Ozer & Reise, 1994). xuTfaqtoriani modelis
momxreebma daiwyes am Teoriuli dasabuTebis Zieba. magaliTad, maT scades,
daekavSirebinaT xuTi ganzomileba interaqciaTa im Tanmimdevrul tipebTan,
romlebic adamianebs hqondaT erTmaneTTan da gare samyarosTan kacobriobis
evoluciis manZilze (Costa & McCrae, 1992a; McCrae et al., 2000). evoluciuri safuZveli
dagvexmareboda, agvexsna xuTi faqtoris universaluroba gansxvavebul
kulturebSi. Tu es axsna sworia, SesaZlebelia, movelodeT, aseve, rom evoluciis
mier Camoyalibebuli adamianuri gamocdilebis sxva aspeqtebis msgavsad, niSnebi
SeiZleba erTi Taobidan meores gadaeces. axla ganvixiloT es debuleba.

niSnebi da
da memkvidreobiToba

Tqven, albaT, gagigiaT, rom adamianebi amboben xolme aseT frazebs: "jimi
artistulia, Tavisi dedis msgavsad" an "meri Tavis babuasaviT jiutia". an,
SesaZloa, Tqven frustrirebulad gigrZvniaT Tavi, radganac Tqven da-ZmaSi
gamaRizianebeli Tvisebebi swored isinia, romlebis gamosworebac sakuTar TavSi
gsurT. modiT, ganvixiloT pirovnuli niSnebis memkvidreobiTobis
damadasturebeli TvalsaCino magaliTebi.
gaixseneT, rom bihevioristuli genetika aris mecniereba, romelic Seiswvlis,
Tu ra xarisxiT gadaecema pirovnuli niSnebi da qceviTi paternebi memkvidreobiT.
 586
pirovnebaze genetikis gavlenis gansasazRvrad mkvlevarebi swavloben pirovnul
niSnebs erTi ojaxis wevrebisa, romlebsac msgavsi genebis gansxvavebuli
proporciebi aqvT da gaizardnen erTsa da imave an gansxvavebul garemoSi.
magaliTad, Tu pirovnuli niSani socialuroba genetikurad gadaecema, maSin
socialuroba ufro maRal korelaciaSi unda iyos identur, monozigotur
tyupebSi (romelTa genebic 100%-iT emTxveva), vidre araidentur, dizigotur
tyupebSi an sxva da-ZmaSi (romelTa genebic saSualod 50%-iT emTxveva).
memkvidreobiTobis kvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom TiTqmis yvela pirovnuli niSani
ganicdis genetikuri faqtorebis gavlenas (Lehlin et al., 1998). msgavs Sedegebs iZleva
iseTi kvlevebic, sadac mravali gansxvavebuli gazomvis teqnika gamoiyeneba,
miuxedavad imisa, zomaven isini ufro farTo niSnebs, rogoricaa eqstraversia da
neiroticizmi, Tu specifikur niSnebs, rogoricaa TviTkontroli an socialuroba.
ganvixiloT erTi sanimuSo kvleva:

saidan viciT

xuTi faqtoris memkvidrebiToba

Tqven axlaxans gaecaniT pirovnebis xuTfaqtorian models. mkvlevarebma
yuradReba miaqcies sakiTxs _ arsebobs Tu ara am modeliT gansazRvruli
faqtorebis genetikuri safuZveli. erT-erT kvlevaSi mecnierTa jgufma
germaniidan da poloneTidan Seagroves pirovnuli niSnebis monacemebi 660
monozigoturi da 304 dizigoturi tyupis wyvilebze. monacemebi miRebul iqna,
rogorc TviT-angariSis (anu tyupebi avsebdnen im tipis pirovnebis kiTxvarebs,
romelTac Cven mogvianebiT SevexebiT am TavSi) da axlobelTa Sefasebebis (anu
megobrebi da ojaxis wevrebi adgendnen erTi an meore tyupis calis Sefasebebs)
meSveobiT. zogadad, adrindel kvlevebSi mxolod TviTangariSis monacemebs
iyenebdnen. memkvidreobiTobis kvlevebis kritikosebi Tvlidnen, rom monozigotur
da dizigotur tyupebs SesaZlebelia hqondeT gadaxrebi, rodesac isini sakuTar
Tavs adareben Tavis tyupis cals an sxva individs. axlobelTa Sefasebebis
CarTva amcirebs imis albaTobas, rom memkvidreobiTobis maRali maCveneblebi
tyupebis TviTangariSis pirdapiri Sedegia. faqtobrivad, yvela SemTxvevaSi
monozigoturi tyupebis pirovnebebi Sefasebul iqna, rogorc ufro msgavsi, vidre
dizigoturi tyupebisa. magaliTad, TviTSefasebebma gamoavlina tyupTa Soris
korelaciebis aseTi maCveneblebi: 52 (monozigoturi) da 23 (dizigoturi). rogorc
 587
TviTangariSis, aseve, axlobelTa monacemebis gamoyenebiT, am mkvlevarebma aCvenes
mniSvnelovani memkvidreobiTi maCveneblebi xuTfaqtoriani modeliT
gansazRvruli yoveli faqtoris mxriv (Remann et al., 1997).

kvlav SexedeT cxrils 14.1. xuTi faqtoris romeli polusebia TqvenTvis

yvelaze Sesabamisi? SegiZliaT, ipovoT msgavseba Tqvensa da Tqven mSoblebs
Soris?
mkvlevarebi kvlav muSaoben memkvidreobiTobis kvlevebis dizainis
gaumjobesebaze. magaliTad, radganac tyupebi da sxva da-Zma, rogorc wesi, erTad
izrdebian, maT saerTo ojaxuri garemo aqvT, ramac, SesaZloa, gamoiwvios maTi
pirovnebebis korelacia. amdenad, naSvilebi bavSvebis kvlevebi gamoiyeneba
imisaTvis, rom gaizomos gansxvavebis xarisxi bavSvebis niSnebis maTi biologiuri
mSoblebis niSnebTan korelaciasa da aRmzrdeli mSoblebis niSnebTan arsebul
korelacias Soris. naSvilebi bavSvebis kvlevebis monacemebidan aseve naTelia is,
Tu raoden mniSvnelovania pirovnul niSnebSi genetikuri faqtoris wvlili
(Bouchard, 1994).

winaswarmetyveleben Tu ara niSnebi qcevas?

warmoidgineT, rom Tqven gTxoves, amoirCioT raime pirovnuli niSnis

aRmniSvneli termini, romelic, Tqveni rwmeniT, gansakuTrebiT kargad
SegesabamebaT. magaliTad, Tqven SegiZliaT gviTxraT, rom Zalian keTilganwyobili
xarT. ra viciT Cven axla? Tu pirovnebis Teoriebi gvaZleven saSualebas,
viwinaswarmetyveloT qceva, ra prognozi SegviZlia gavakeToT im codniT, rom
Tqven Tqvens Tavs afasebT, rogorc Zalian keTilganwyobils? rogor SegviZlia
ganvsazRvroT Tqveni mosazrebis validuroba? modiT, gamovikvlioT es sakiTxi.
erTi idea, romelic, SesaZloa, gagiCndeT, aris, rom codna imisa, rom pirovneba
SeiZleba daxasiaTebul iqnas konkretuli niSniT, saSualebas mogcemT,
iwinaswarmetyveloT misi qceva gansxvavebul situaciebSi. amgvarad, Cven Tqvengan
moveliT keTilganwyobil qcevas yvela situaciaSi. Tumca, 1920-ian wlebSi
ramdenime mkvlevari, romlebmac miznad daisaxes niSnebTan dakavSirebul qcevaze
dakvirveba gansxvavebul situaciebSi, gancvifrebuli iyo, radgan mcire
TvalsaCinoeba aRmoaCines situaciebis mixedviT qcevis konsistenturobaze.
magaliTad, skolis moswavleebSi mxolod susti korelacia iqna aRmoCenili
patiosnebis niSanTan savaraudod dakavSirebul or qcevas Soris, rogorebicaa
 588
tyuilis Tqma da TaRliToba gamocdis Cabarebisas (Hartshorne & May, 1928). msgavsi
Sedegebi miiRes sxva mkvlevarebmac, romlebic swavlobdnen kros-situaciur
Tanmimdevrulobas (konsistenturobas) sxva niSnebisaTvis, rogoricaa introversia
an punqtualoba (Dudycha, 1936; Newcomb, 1929).
Tu niSnebTan dakavSirebuli qceva ar aris kros-situaciurad konsistenturi
anu Tu adamianebis qceva icvleba gansxvavebul situaciebSi, ratom aRiqvamT
Tqvens sakuTar da sxvebis pirovnebebs, rogorc SedarebiT mdgrads? kidev ufro
damabnevelia, rom pirovnebis Sefaseba im damkvirveblis mier, romelic individs
erTi situaciidan icnobs, korelaciaSia im damkvirveblis SefasebasTan, romelic
icnobs mas sxva situaciidan. im movlenas rom pirovnebis Sefasebebi sxvadasxva
dros da gansxvavebuli damkvirveblebis mier konsistenturia, maSin rodesac
adamianis qcevis Sefasebebi sxvadasxva situaciebSi ar aris konsistenturi,
uwodeben konsistentobis paradoqss (Consistency
( paradox)) (Mischel, 1968).
konsistentobis paradoqsis aRmoCenas kvlevaTa didi raodenoba mohyva
(mimoxilvisaTvis ixileT Cervone & Shoda, 1999). droTa ganmavlobaSi miRweul iqna
konsensusi, rom qceviTi arakonsistentoba gamovlinda, didwilad, imis gamo, rom
situaciebi arasworad iyo kategorizebuli: paradoqsi maSinve qreba, roca
mecnierebi marTebulad daaxarisxeben situaciaTa fsiqologiur maxasiaTeblebs
(Mischel & Shoda, 1995, 1999). magaliTad, davuSvaT, rom gsurT qceviTi konsistentobis
Sefaseba imis gansazRvriT, iqceva Tu ara Tqveni megobari umetesad erTnairad
yvela wveulebaze, romelsac igi eswreba. mosalodnelia, Tqven aRmoaCinoT, rom
misi qceva mniSvnelovnad cvalebadobs, Tu Tqveni analizis done mxolod
"wveulebebia". saWiroa, gansazRvroT, Tu romeli fsiqologiurad relevanturi
maxasiaTeblebi hyofen wveulebebs gansxvavebul kategoriebad. SesaZloa, Tqveni
megobari uxerxulad grZnobs Tavs iseT situaciebSi, sadac misgan moelian
ucxoebisaTvis piradi inormaciis gaziarebas. Sedegad, zogierT wveulebaze (sadac
misgan piradi informaciis gaziarebas moelian) is SeiZleba Zalian
arakeTilganwyobilad gamoiyurebodes, xolo sxva wveulebebze (sadac amas misgan
ar moelian) _ sakmaod keTilganwyobilad. amave dros, sxva situaciebma, romlebic
misgan gulaxdilobas moiTxovs, rogoricaa samsaxurSi miRebisas interviu,
SeiZleba, aseve, gamoiwvion negatiuri qceva. amdenad, konsistentoba gamoixateba
imiT, Tu ra gziT gamoiwvevs situaciis maxasiaTeblebi adamianebis gansxvavebul
reaqciebs.
 589
modiT, ganvixiloT kvleva, romelSic swavlobdnen mravalferovani
situaciebis fsiqologiur maxasiaTeblebs. kvlevaSi ganixileboda is aqtivobebi,
romlebsac bavSvebi axorcieleben sazafxulo banakSi.

saidan viciT

konsistentoba verbalur agresiaSi

es kvleva Catarda 6-dan 12-wlamde bavSvebis jgufze, romlebic gaagzavnes
sazafxulo banakSi socialuri adaptaciis problemebis mqone bavSvebisaTvis.
mkvlevarebs surdaT, enaxaT, Tu ramdenad zustad SeeZloT maT im situaciaTa
winaswarmetyveleba, romlebSic calkeuli bavSvebi agresiul qcevas
gamoavlendnen. am winaswarmetyvelebaTa gasakeTeblad mkvlevarebma Seagroves
monacemebi banakis sxvadasxva situaciebis arsebiTi maxasiaTeblebis Sesaxeb,
moTxovnis im tipebis mixedviT, romlebsac isini bavSvs uyenebdnen: kognituri
(moiTxovs logikuri azrovnebis unars), socialuri (moiTxovs sxvebis winaSe
saubris unars), TviTregulatoruli (moiTxovs frustraciis atanis unars),
fizikuri siZliere (moiTxovs fizikur siZlieres, amtanobas) da motoruli
koordinacia (moiTxovs xelisa da sxeulis moZraobebis koordinaciis unars).
magaliTad, curva moiTxovs fizikur siZlieresa da koordinacias, magram
SedarebiT mcire TviTregulacias. amis sapirispirod, Tevzaoba motorul
koordinaciasTan erTad moiTxovs maRali donis TviTregulacias.
bavSvebs akvirdebodnen banakis aqtivobebis sruli speqtris mixedviT da maTi
mxridan verbaluri agresiis gamovlinebebi, magaliTad, damuqreba da gajavreba,
aRiricxeboda yoveli situaciisaTvis. Tu qceviTi konsistentoba damokidebulia
situaciaTa maxasiaTeblebis msgavsebaze, maSin rac ufro maRalia msgavsebis done
or situacias Soris, miT ufro mosalodnelia, rom bavSvebi verbaluri agresiis
imave dones gamoamJRavneben. es winaswarmetyveleba dadasturda. (Shoda et al., 1993a).

yuradReba miaqcieT im erTeulebs, sadamdec mividnen mkvlevarebi, raTa

gamoeyvanaT situaciebis relevanturi maxasiaTeblebi. aseTi taqsonomia maT iseTi
gansxvavebebis gamovlenis saSualebas aZlevs, rogoricaa "sonias uWirs gamklaveba
situaciebTan, romlebsac maRali kognituri moTxovna aqvT _ swored amitom xdeba
is verbalurad agresiuli aseT situaciebSi". Cven aRmovaCenT kosistentobas,
rodesac gvaqvs pirovnebis ("is ver umklavdeba kognitur moTxovnebs") da
situaciis ("es situacia Seicavs kognitur moTxovnas") swori aRwera.
 590
debatebma konsistentobis Sesaxeb aiZula niSnis Teoretikosebi, ufro zustad
ganesazRvraT niSnebi _ dazustebiT gamoeyoT, Tu qcevis romeli jgufebi unda
iyos dakavSirebuli pirovnul niSnebTan da romel situaciebSi. niSani SeiZleba
gamoxatul iqnas gansxvavebuli qcevis meSveobiT gansxvavebul situaciebSi da
gansxvavebul asakSi, magram, ramdenadac niSnis Teoria winaswarmetyvelebs imas, Tu
ra gziT iwvevs situaciebis fsiqologiuri maxasiaTeblebi qceviT gamovlinebebs,
es paterni logikurad gamarTulia. amgvarad, Tu Tqven aRwerT sakuTar Tavs,
rogorc Zalian keTilganyobil pirovnebas, es ar niSnavs imas, rom Tqvengan
"keTilganwyobil" qcevas unda velodoT Tqveni cxovrebis yvela momentSi. amis
magivrad, Cveni molodini iqneba, rom Tqveni keTilganwyobileba gansxvavebuli
iqneba sxvadasxvagvar situaciebSi maTi fsiqologiuri maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT.
magaliTad, Tqven, SesaZloa, Zalian Tbili iyoT axloblebis mimarT, magram ufro
oficialuri Tqveni profesorebis mimarT.

• konsistentobis paradoqsi (Consistency paradox) _ movlena, romlis drosac

pirovnebis Sefasebebi sxvadasxva dros da gansxvavebuli damkvirveblebis mier
konsistenturia, maSin rodesac adamianis qcevis Sefasebebi sxvadasxva
situaciebSi ar aris konsistenturi.
• simorcxve (Shyness) _ individis diskomforti da\an Sekaveba iseT
interpersonalur situaciebSi, romlebic xels uSlis interpersonaluri an
profesiuli miznebis miRwevas.

fsiqologia Cven cxovrebaSi

ratom aris zogi adamiani morcxvi?

ukanaskneli drois kvlevebma gviCvena, rom kolejis studentebis 50 procentze
meti sakuTar Tavs "amJamad morcxv" individad miiCnevs (Carducci & Zimbardo, 1995).
maTi umetesoba ambobs, rom morcxvoba aris arasasurveli mdgomareoba, romelsac
uaryofiTi pirovnuli da socialuri Sedegebi ufro meti aqvs, vidre dadebiTi
efeqtebi. studentebis sxva jgufi ambobs, rom isini "situaciurad morcxvebi"
arian da ara "dispoziciurad morcxvebi", rogorc studentebis zemoxsenebuli
umetesoba. isini grZnoben, rom "TiTqosda" morcxvoben garkveul situaciebSi,
romlebic axalia, ucnauri an socialur zewolas Seicavs. aseTi situaciebia
 591
paemani ucnobTan, martoxelebis barebi, aseve, rodesac adamians moeTxoveba,
sazogadoebis winaSe imoqmedos momzadebis gareSe. simorcxvis mkvlevarebi
gaocdnen, rodesac zrdasrul adamianebSi aRmoaCines, rom "ara morcxvi" adamiani
iSviaTi, araCveulebrivi saxeobaa SeerTebul StatebSi da yvela sxva gamokvleul
qveyanaSi (Zimbardo, 1991).
simorcxve SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rogorc diskomforti da/an Sekaveba iseT
interpersonalur situaciebSi, romlebic xels uSlis adamianis
interpersonaluri an profesiuli miznebis miRwevas. morcxvoba SeiZleba iyos
qronikuli da dispoziciuri, anu warmoadgendes centralur niSans adamianis
TviTgansazRvraSi. is SeiZleba iyos mcire TavSekavebuloba da socialuri
ucnauroba, romelic bevr CvenTagans ugrZvnia axal situaciebSi, magram mas
SeuZlia, gadaizardos ukiduresobaSi _ adamianebis mimarT sruliad Semakavebel
SiSSi (Cven ganvixilavT socialur fobias me-15-e TavSi). bevri morcxvi adamiani
introvertirebulicaa; isini upiratesobas aniWeben ganmartovebul, arasocialur
moqmedebebsa da garemos. arseboben "morcxvi eqstravertebi", romlebic
sazogadoebaSi komunikabelurni, magram pirovnulad morcxvebi arian, amjobineben
socialur aqtivobebSi CarTvas, aqvT socialuri unarebi amis efeqturad
ganxorcielebisaTvis, magram eWvi eparebaT imaSi, rom namdvilad imsaxureben
sxvebis mowonebasa da pativiscemas (Pilkonis & Zimbardo, 1979).
maS, ratom aris zogi adamiani morcxvi, maSin, rodesac sxvebi ar arian? erTi
SesaZlebeli axsnaa buneba. kvlevebi mowmobs, rom bavSvebis daaxloebiT 10
procenti "ibadeba morcxvi" (Kagan, 1994). aseTi bavSvebi dabadebidan uCveulod
frTxilni da Caketilni arian ucxo xalxTan da ucnob situaciebTan Sejaxebis
dros. Semavsebeli (komplementaruli) axsna yuradRebas amaxvilebs aRzrdaze.
bavSvobaSi zog adamians dascinian, masxrad igdeben, an raime Secdomis gamo isini
sazogadoebrivi gakicxvis sagani xdebian; sxvebi izrdebian iseT ojaxebSi, sadac
"siyvarulis damsaxureba" damokidebulia imaze, miaRwevs Tu ara bavSvi warmatebas
garegnobisa da kargi qcevis SejibrSi. mesame axsna efuZneba kulturas.
Seswavlili cxra qveynidan simorcxve yvelaze maRalia zog aziur qveyanaSi,
gansakuTrebiT iaponiasa da taivanSi da yvelaze dabalia israelSi (Zimbardo, 1991).
es gansxvaveba, garkveulwilad, miewereba imas, rom am aziur qveynebSi kultura
ganapirobebs avtoritetisadmi damorCilebas da sircxvilis gancdas, Tu
 592
adamianma socialuri Secdoma dauSva. xolo israelSi ki, amis sapirispirod, Tu
adamiani riskze midis, es kulturulad waxalisebulia da danaSaulis gancda
eqsternalizirebulia. (Pines & Zimbardo, 1978). meoTxe axsna, nawilobriv, exmaureba
bolo dros SeerTebul StatebSi simorcxvis prevalentobis zrdas:
axalgazrdebi intensiurad arian CarTulni eleqtronul teqnologiebTan
muSaobaSi. mravali saaTis gatareba, rogorc wesi, simartoveSi, televizoris
yurebaSi, videoTamaSebis TamaSSi, internetis TvalierebaSi da eleqtronuli
fostis gzavnaSi socialur izolacias iwvevs da amcirebs yoveldRiur pirispir
kontaqts. internetis intensiur gamoyenebas aqvs potenciali, adamianebs Tavi
agrZnobinos martoxelad, izolirebulad da ufro morcxvad (Kraut et al., 1998; Nie &
Erbring, 2000).
rodesac simorcxve sul ufro Zlierdeba, is adamianis cxovrebis axal da
axal aspeqtebSi SeiWreba, amcirebs socialur siamovnebebs da maqsimumade mihyavs
socialuri diskomforti da izolacia. arsebobs ramdenime martivi koncefcia da
taqtika, romelTa Sesaxeb fiqrsa da romelTa gamoyenebis cdasac vTavazobT
morcxv studentebs (ixileT Zimbardo, 1991):
o gaacnobiereT, rom marto Tqven ar xarT morcxvi; yvela sxva adamiani
Tavisi morcxvobiT ufro Tqveni msgavsia, vidre Tqvengan gansxvavebuli.
o simorcxve SeiZleba Seicvalos, maSinac ki, rodesac masSi aris
genetikuri komponenti, magram es moiTxovs Tavdadebasa da Secvlis
ganzraxvas iseve, rogorc nebismieri xangrZlivad arsebuli Cveva, romlis
Secvlac gsurT.
o ivarjiSeT gaRimebaSi da mxedvelobiTi kontaqtis damyarebaSi
adamianebTan umravlesobasTan, visac xvdebiT.
o ilaparakeT laRad; ilaparakeT xmamaRali da mkafio xmiT,
gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac Tqvens saxels eubnebiT vinmes an informaciis
miReba gsurT.
o iyaviT pirveli, vinc SekiTxvas dasvams an komentars gaakeTebs axal
socialur situaciaSi. saTqmelad momzadebuli gqondeT raime saintereso
da TqviT es pirvelma; yvela afasebs adamians, vinc "yinuls gaalRvobs" da
aRaravin ifiqrebs, rom Tqven morcxvi xarT.
o nu daimdablebT Tavs. amis nacvlad, ifiqreT imaze, Tu ra SeiZleba
 593
gaakeToT SemdegSi, rom miiRoT TqvenTvis sasurveli Sedegi.
o yuradReba gaamaxvileT imaze, rom sxvebs Tavi komfortulad
agrZnobinoT. gansakuTrebiT swored is sxva morcxvi adamianebi moZebneT. es
Seamcirebs Tqvens TviTcnobirebas, rogorc morcxvi pirovnebis.
o gaivarjiSeT meditaciaSi, relaqsaciaSi da idealuri scenaris
gonebriv vizualizaciaSi, sanam aRmoCndebiT situaciaSi, romelic,
Cveulebriv, aZlierebs Tqvens simorcxves.
Tu Tqven morcxvi xarT, vimedovnebT, rom gaiziarebT am rCevebs. sxva
studentebi, romlebmac gaiTvaliswines es rCevebi, ganTavisufldnen morcxvobis
tyveobidan da axali TavisuflebebiT savse cxovrebaSi Seabijes. es aris martivi
fsiqologiis cxovrebaSi gamoyenebis erT-erTi upiratesoba. Tuki Tqven morcxvi
ar xarT, SegiZliaT, waaxalisoT Tqveni morcxvi megobrebi da ojaxis wevrebi,
rom maT am gziT Secvalon Tavisi cxovreba (Henderson & Zimbardo, 1998).

tipisa da niSnis Teoriebis Sefaseba

Cven vnaxeT, rom tipisa da niSnis Teoriebi mkvlevarebs SesaZleblobas aZlevs,

mogvcen gansxvavebuli adamianebis pirovnebebis lakonuri aRwera. Tumca, es
Teoriebi gakritikebul iqna, radgan isini zogadad ar xsnian imas, Tu rogor
warmoiqmneba qceva an rogor viTardeba pirovneba. isini mxolod gansazRvraven da
aRweren maxasiaTeblebs, romlebic korelaciaSia qcevasTan. miuxedavad imisa, rom
Tanamedrove niSnis Teoriis warmomadgenlebi cdiloben, Seexon am sakiTxebs,
niSnis Teoriebi, rogor wesi, aRweren amJamad arsebuli pirovnebis struqturis
statikur, an, ukidures SemTxvevaSi, stabilizebul xats. amis sapirispirod,
pirovnebis fsiqodinamikuri Teoriebi, romlebsac Cven axla ganvixilavT, xazs
usvamen individis SigniT arsebul konfliqtur Zalebs, romlebic iwveven
adamianis cvlilebasa da ganviTarebas.

Sejameba

tipis Teoriebi hyofen adamianebs aragadamfarav kategoriebad (rogoricaa

pirvelad dabadebulni da Semdeg dabadebulni), raTa gakeTdes winaswarmetyveleba
maTi pirovnebebis Sesaxeb. amis sapirispirod, niSnis Teoriebi axdenen pirovnebis
konceptualizacias uwyveti ganzomilebebis Sesabamisad. Tanamedrove mecnierebis
 594
azriT, arsebobs xuTi universaluri faqtori, romelic kros-kulturalurad
asaxaven pirovnebis ZiriTad ganzomilebebs: eqstraversia, TanxmobisaTvis mzaoba,
patiosneba, neiroticizmi da gamocdilebisadmi Riaoba. qceviTi genetikis kvlevis
mixedviT, pirovnuli niSnebi maRali xarisxis memkvidreobiTobiT xasiaTdeba.
dResdReobiT mecnierebi aRiareben, rom qcevis konsistetobis kvleva moiTxovs
rogorc pirovnebis, aseve situaciis fsiqologiuri maxasiaTeblebis zust aRweras.

fsiqodinamikuri Teoriebi

pirovnebis yvela fsiqodinamikuri TeoriisaTvis saerToa daSveba, rom Zlieri

Sinagani Zalebi ayalibeben pirovnebas da axdenen qcevis motivirebas. zigmund
froids (Sigmund
( Freud)), fsiqodinamikuri Teoriebis fuZemdebels, misi biografi
ernest jonsi "fsiqikis darvins" uwodebs (1953). froidis pirovnebis Teoria
gabedulad cdilobs, axsnas pirovnebis ganviTarebis sawyisi wyaroebi da
mimarTuleba, fsiqikis buneba, paTologiuri pirovneba da Terapiis meSveobiT
pirovnebis Secvlis gzebi. aq Cven yuradRebas mxolod normalur pirovnebaze
gavamaxvilebT; froidis Sexedulebebi fsiqopaTologiasa da mkurnalobaze
ganxiluli iqneba me-15-e da me-16-e TavebSi. froidis mosazrebebis ganxilvis Semdeg
aRvwerT misi Teoriebis kritikasa da gadamuSavebis mcdelobebs.

• pirovnebis fsiqodinamikuri Teoriebi (Psychodynamic personality theories) _

pirovnebis Teoriebi, romlebic iziareben daSvebas, rom pirovnebis formireba
da misi qcevis motivireba xdeba Zlieri Sinagani Zalebis mier.

froidis fsiqoanalizi
fsiqoanalitikuri Teoriis mixedviT, pirovnebis birTvs qmnis adamianis
fsiqikaSi arsebuli movlenebi (intrafsiqikuri movlenebi), romlebic qcevis
motivs warmoadgenen. xSirad adamianebi acnobiereben am motivebs; Tumca, zogi
motivacia aracnobier donezec moqmedebs. am midgomis fsiqodinamikuri buneba
momdinareobs misi aqcentidan qcevis am Sida wyaroebze, iseve, rogorc am Sida
Zalebs Soris konfliqtebze. froidisaTvis yovelgvar qcevas aqvs motivi. qcevas
ar iwvevs SemTxveviTi movlenebi; yvela moqmedeba gansazRvrulia motivebiT.
nebismier adamianur moqmedebas aqvs mizezi da mizani, romelic SeiZleba
 595
aRmoCenil iqnas azrebis asociaciebis, sizmrebis, Secdomebisa da Sinagan vnebebze
metyveli sxva qceviTi miniSnebebis analizis Sedegad. pirovnebis Sesaxeb froidis
hipoTezebis pirveladi monacemebi miRebul iqna Terapiis procesSi myof
individualur pacientebze warmoebuli klinikuri dakvirvebebidan da SemTxvevebis
siRrmiseuli Seswavlidan. fsiqikuri aSlilobebis mqone adamianebis intensiuri
Seswavlis Sedegad man ganaviTara normaluri pirovnebis Teoria. modiT,
ganvixiloT froidis Teoriis zogierTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani aspeqti.

ltolvebi da fsiqoseqsualuri ganviTareba

nevrologiaSi samedicino praqtikam miiyvana froidi Teoriul daSvebamde, rom

im qcevebs, romelTac is Tavis pacientebSi akvirdeboda, saerTo biologiuri
safuZveli hqondaT. adamianuri moqmedebebis motivaciis wyarod man miiCnia yvela
individSi arsebuli fsiqikuri energia. man dauSva, rom yvela adamians unda
hqonoda Tandayolili instinqtebi anu ltolvebi, romlebic warmoadgenda
sxeulSi arsebuli organoebis mier Seqmnil daZabulobis sistemebs. aqtivaciis
dros es energiis wyaroebi SeiZleba gamovlindes mravali gansxvavebuli gziT.
froidma Tavdapirvelad ori bazisuri ltolvis arseboba dauSva. erTi, misi
azriT, dakavSirebuli iyo TviTSenaxvasTan (iseT moTxovnilebebTan, rogoricaa
SimSili da wyurvili). meores man uwoda erosi, Zala dakavSirebuli seqsualur
impulsebTan da saxeobis SenarCunebasTan. am ori ltolvidan froids ufro metad
seqsualuri impulsebi ainteresebda. man Zalze gaafarTova adamianis seqsualuri
survilebis cneba da aq CarTo ara marto seqsualuri kavSiris survili, aramed,
yvela sxva siamovnebis miRebis an sxvebTan fizikuri kontaqtis damyarebis
mcdelobac. seqsualuri impulsebis energiis wyaros gansasazRvrad igi iyenebda
termins libido.
libido libido aris fsiqikuri energia, romelic migvmarTavs yvela
saxis SegrZnebiTi (sensualuri) siamovnebisaken. seqsualuri impulsebi
dauyovnebliv dakmayofilebas moiTxoven, iqneba es pirdapiri moqmedebebis Tu
fantaziebisa da sizmrebis msgavsi arapirdapiri saSualebebis gziT.
froidis mixedviT, erosi, rogorc farTod gansazRvruli seqsualuri ltolva,
ar Cndeba moulodnelad pubertatis (sqesobrivi momwifebis) dros, aramed
moqmedebs dabadebidan. igi amtkicebda, rom erosi TvalsaCinoa im siamovnebaSi,
romelsac Cvilebi iReben genitaliebis da sxva mgrZnobiare areebis anu erogenuli
zonebis fizikuri stimulaciiT. froidis fsiqoseqsualuri ganviTarebis xuTi
 596
safexuri mocemulia cxrilSi 14.2.
14.2 is Tvlida, rom seqsualuri siamovnebis
fizikuri wyaro icvleba am mowesrigebuli progresiiT. fsiqoseqsualuri
ganviTarebis erT-erTi mTavari winaaRmdegoba, yovel SemTxvevaSi biWebisaTvis,
aRmocendeba falosur stadiaze. aq 4 an 5 wlis bavSvma unda gadalaxos oidiposis
kompleqsi. froidma am kompleqss miTiuri personaJis, oidiposis saxelwodeba
misca, romelmac SemTxveviT mokla sakuTari mama da colad SeirTo sakuTari
deda. froidis azriT, yvela patara biWs aqvs Tandayolili impulsi, ganixilos
mama, rogorc seqsualuri metoqe dedis yuradRebisaTvis brZolaSi. radgan patara
biWs ar ZaluZs mamis Secvla, oidiposis kompleqsi zogadad gadawydeba, rodesac
bavSvi axdens identifikacias mamis siZlieresTan. (froidi araTanmimdevruli iyo
patara gogonebis gamocdilebis Teoriul axsnaSi.)

cxrili 14.2. fsiqoseqsualuri ganviTarebis stadiebi froidis mixedviT

stadia asak erogenuli mTavari am stadiaze fiqsirebuli

fiqsirebuli
i zonebi ganviTarebiTi bavSvebis zogierTi
mizani maxasiaTebeli
(konfliqtis zrdasrulobaSi
potenciuri wyaro)

oraluri 0_1 piri, ZuZuTi kvebis oraluri qceva, rogoricaa

tuCebi, ena Sewyveta moweva, zedmeti kveba,
inertuloba da miamitoba
analuri 2_3 anusi tualetis akuratuloba (meToduroba),
varjiSi/ qoTanze Zunwoba, jiutoba, an
miCveva sapirispiro
falosur 4_5 genitalieb oidiposis pativmoyvareoba, ugunuroba,
i i kompleqsi an sapirispiro
latentu 6_12 ar dacviTi arcerTi: Cveulebriv, fiqsacia
ri arsebobs meqanizmebis am safexurze ar xdeba
specifikur ganviTareba
i are
genitalu 13_18 genitalieb mowifuli zrdasrulebma, vinc
ri i seqsualuri normalurad moaxdina
 597
urTierToba adreuli stadiebis
integrireba, unda ganaviTaron
sxvebis mimarT gulwrfeli
interesi da mowifuli
seqsualoba

froidis mixedviT, rogorc zedmeti dajildoveba, ise zedmeti frustracia

fsiqoseqsualuri ganviTarebis romelime adreul stadiaze iwvevs fiqsacias,
fiqsacias
ganviTarebis momdevno stadiaze normalurad gadasvlis uunarobas. rogorc
naCvenebia cxrilSi 14.2, sxvadasxva stadiebze fiqsaciam SeiZleba warmoqmnas
zrdasrulobaSi mravalferovani pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebi. fiqsaciis cneba xsnis
imas, Tu ratom aniWebda froidi adreul gamocdilebebs aseT mniSvnelobas
pirovnebis mTlianobaSi. igi Tvlida, rom fsiqoseqsualuri ganviTarebis adreul
safexurebze miRebul gamocdilebas udidesi gavlena hqonda pirovnebis
Camoyalibebaze da zrdasrulis qceviT paternebze.
• libido (Libido) _ fsiqikuri energia, mimarTavs individs yvela tipis
SegrZnebiTi, gansakuTrebiT ki seqsualuri siamovnebisaken.

fsiqikuri determinizmi

fiqsaciis cneba pirvel warmodgenas gviqmnis froidis mosazrebaze, rom

adreuli konfliqtebi Semdgomi qcevis gansazRvras uwyobs xels. fsiqikuri
determinizmi warmoadgens daSvebas, rom yvela fsiqikuri da qceviTi reaqcia
(simptomi) gansazRvrulia adreuli gamocdilebiT. froidis azriT, simptomebi ar
aris SemTxveviTi movlenebi. piriqiT, simptomebi mniSvnelovnad aris
dakavSirebuli cxovrebis mniSvnelovan movlenebTan.
fsiqikuri determinizmis rwmenam miiyvana froidi iqamde, rom man
gansakuTrebiT gamohyo aracnobieri _ sacavi informaciisa, romelic
xelmiuwvdomelia cnobierebisaTvis. sxva avtorebs hqondaT ganxiluli
aracnobieris konstruqti, magram froidma adamianuri fiqrebis, grZnobebis da
moqmedebebis aracnobieri determinantis cneba adamianis cxovrebis centrSi
moaTavsa. froidis mixedviT, qceva SeiZleba motivirebul iqnas ltolvebiT,
romelTa Sesaxebac adamianma araferi icis. Tqven SeiZleba moqmedebdeT mizezis
codnis gareSe an Tqveni moqmedebebis WeSmariti mizezis wvdomis SesaZleblobis
 598
gareSe. arsebobs Tqveni qcevis manifestirebuli Sinaarsi _ ras ambobT, ras
akeTebT da ras aRiqvamT _ romlis Sesaxebac Tqven sruli codna gaqvT, magram
arsebobs faruli, latenturi Sinaarsic. nevrotuli (SfoTviT gamowveuli)
simptomebis, sizmrebis, werilobiTi da metyvelebiTi mcdari qmedebebis
mniSvneloba unda veZioT azrovnebisa da informaciis gadamuSavebis aracnobier
doneze. dRes bevri fsiqologi aracnobieris am cnebas froidis yvelaze
mniSvnelovan wvlilad miiCnevs fsiqologiis mecnierebaSi. agreTve, Tanamedrove
literaturisa da dramaturgiis bevri nimuSi ikvlevs aracnobieri procesebis
gavlenas adamianis qcevaze.
• fiqsacia (FIxation) _ mdgomareoba, rodesac adamiani mijaWvuli rCeba iseT
obieqtebsa Tu moqmedebebze, romlebic fsiqoseqsualuri ganviTarebis adreul
safexurs ufro Seesabameba.
• fsiqikuri determinizmi (Psychic determinism) _ daSveba, rom fsiqikuri da qceviTi
reaqciebi gansazRvrulia adrindeli gamocdilebiT.
• aracnobieri (Unconscious) _ fsiqikis sfero, sadac inaxeba cnobierebidan
gandevnili, represirebuli survilebi da primitiuli impulsebi.
• idi (Id) _ pirovnebis primitiuli, aracnobieri nawili, romelic
iracionalurad funqcionirebs da impulsurad moqmedebs siamovnebis
misaRwevad.
• superego (Superego) _ pirovnebis aspeqti, romelic warmoadgens sazogadoebrivi
Rirebulebebis, standartebisa da moralis internalizacias.

froidis mixedviT, CvenSi arsebuli impulsebi, romlebic CvenTvis miuRebelia,

mainc cdiloben gamoxatvis gzis povnas. froidiseuli mcdari qmedeba xdeba,
rodesac Cveni saubari an qceva gascems aracnobier survils. magaliTad, am wignis
erT-erTi avtori valdebuli iyo, samadlobelo baraTi daewera, Tumca, is ar iyo
didad kmayofili megobris saxlSi gatarebuli SabaT-kviriT. igi apirebda,
daewera: "mixaria, rom aseTi magari dro gavatareT erTad"28. miuxedavad amisa,
sakmaod usiamovno satelefono saubris dros megobarma Seatyobina, rom
sinamdvileSi mas daewera: "mixaria, rom aseTi nagavi dro gavatareT erTad"*.
xedavT, rogor SeuZlia "magari"-s "nagavi"-T Secvlas aracnobieri survili

28
“I’m glad we got to spend a junk of time together” nacvlad “ I’m glad we got to spend a chunk of time together”.
 599
gamoxatos? aracnobieri motivaciis cneba axal ganzomilebas matebs pirovnebas,
ramdenadac uSvebs fsiqikuri funqcionirebis ufro did sirTules.
Cven ganvixileT froidis Teoriis zogierTi ZiriTadi aspeqti. axla vnaxoT, Tu
ra wvlili SeaqvT maT pirovnebis struqturaSi.

pirovnebis struqtura

froidis TeoriaSi pirovnuli gansxvavebebi warmoiqmneba im gansxvavebuli

gzebidan, romlebiTac adamianebi umklavdebian Tavis ZiriTad ltolvebs. am
gansxvavebebis asaxsnelad froidma warmogvidgina uwyveti brZola pirovnebis or
antagonistur nawils _ idsa da superegos Soris _ romelsac aSualebs me-s mesame
aspeqti, ego. miuxedavad imisa, rom Cven ganvixilavT am sam aspeqts TiTqmis ise,
TiTqos isini gancalkevebuli arsebebi iyvnen, gaxsovdeT, rom froidisTvis isini
mxolod gansxvavebul fsiqikur procesebs warmoadgendnen. magaliTad, igi ar
gansazRvravda gansakuTrebul mdebareobebs tvinSi idisaTvis, egosaTvis da
superegosaTvis.
idi aris ZiriTadi ltolvebis sacavi. is iracionalurad operirebs, moqmedebs
impulsurad da ubiZgebs gamoxatvisaken da dauyovnebeli siamovnebisaken imis
gaTvaliswinebis gareSe, aris Tu ara is, rac mas surs, realurad SesaZlebeli,
socialurad sasurveli anda moralurad misaRebi. ids marTavs siamovnebis
principi, umarTavi Zieba siamovnebisa, gansakuTrebiT seqsualuri, fizikuri da
emociuri siamovnebisa, romelic unda iyos gancdili aq da amJamad, Semdgom
Sedegebze zrunvis gareSe.
superego warmoadgens individis mier sazogadoebisagan naswavli
Rirebulebebis sacavs, moraluri damokidebulebebis CaTvliT. superego uxeSad
Seesabameba sindisis zogad cnebas. is viTardeba, rodesac bavSvi sakuTar
Rirebulebebad iRebs mSoblebis da sxva ufrosebis akrZalvebs socialurad
arasasurvel qcevasTan dakavSirebiT. es aris unda-s da ar unda-s Sinagani xma.
superego, aseve, Seicavs egos ideals, individis warmodgenas iseT pirovnebaze,
rogoradac Camoyalibebas igi unda cdilobdes. amdenad, superego xSirad
konfliqtSia idTan. ids unda imis gakeTeba, rac siamovnebas mianiWebs, maSin
rodesac superego daJinebiT iTxovs imis gakeTebas, rac sworia.
ego aris me-s realobaze dafuZnebuli aspeqti, romelic gansjis, agvarebs
konfliqtebs idis impulsebsa da superegos moTxovnebs Soris. ego warmoadgens
 600
individis pirad Sexedulebebs fizikur da socialur realobaze, mis cnobier
warmodgenebs qcevis mizezebsa da Sedegebze. egos saqmianobis nawilia iseTi
moqmedebebis arCeva, romlebic daakmayofilebs idis impulsebs arasasurveli
samomavlo Sedegebis gamowvevis gareSe. egos marTavs realobis principi, romelic
racionalur arCevans siamovnebis miRebis moTxovnebze maRla ayenebs. amgvarad, ego
Seakavebs gamocdaze motyuebis impulss, am tyuilSi gamoWeris SemTxvevaSi
samomavlo Sedegze zrunvis gamo, da Caanacvlebs am impulss SemdegSi ufro
kargad swavlis, an maswavleblis simpaTiis gamowvevis gadawyvetilebiT. rodesac
idi da superego konfliqtSi imyofebian, ego poulobs iseT kompromiss, romelic
nawilobriv daakmayofilebs orives. Tumca, rodesac idis da superegos zewola
Zlierdeba, egosaTvis ufro Zneli xdeba optimaluri kompromisebis gamoZebna.

gandevna da egos dacva

xandaxan idsa da superegos Soris kompromisi idis gegmebis srul CaSlas

gulisxmobs. ukiduresi, eqstremaluri survilebi ganidevnebian cnobieridan
aracnobierSi. represia anu gandevna aris fsiqologiuri procesi, romelic icavs
individs imisagan, rom is gamoxatvisaTvis miuRebeli da/an saxifaTo impulsebis,
ideebisa Tu mogonebebis gamo ganicdides ukiduresi SfoTvasa an danaSaulis
gancdas. egom araferi icis rogorc gandevnili fsiqikuri Sinaarsis, aseve im
procesis Sesaxeb, romliTac gandevna inaxavs informacias cnobieris farglebs
gareT. gandevna ganixileba erT-erT ZiriTad saSualebad im mravalTa Soris,
romlebiTac ego icavs Tavs muqaris Semcveli impulsebisa da ideebis
mozRvavebisagan.

• ego (Ego) _ pirovnebis aspeqti, romelic monawileobs TviTdacvaSi da

mimarTavs instinqtur ltolvebsa da impulsebs Sesabamis arxebSi.
• represia anu gandevna (Repression) _ ZiriTadi dacvis meqanizmi, romliTac
mtkivneuli an danaSaulis gancdis gamomwvevi azrebi, grZnobebi an
mogonebebi ganidevneba cnobierebidan.
• egos dacvis meqanizmebi (Ego defense mechalisms) _ fsiqikuri strategiebi
(cnobieri an aracnobieri), romlebsac ego iyenebs cxovrebis normaluri
mimdinareobisas gancdili konfliqtebisagan TavdacvisaTvis.
• SfoTva (Anxiety) – intensiuri emociuri reaqcia, gamowveuli winarecnobieri
 601
aRqmiT imisa, rom gandevnili konfliqti apirebs cnobierebaSi amosvlas.

egos dacvis meqanizmebi aris fsiqikuri strategiebi, romlebsac ego iyenebs

idis gamoxatvis maZiebel impulsebsa da superegos mier am impulsebis uaryofis
moTxovnebs Soris arsebuli yoveldRiuri konfliqtebisagan Tavis dasacavad
(ixileT cxrili 14.3). fsiqoanalitikur TeoriaSi iTvleba, rom am meqanizmebs
sasicocxlo mniSvneloba aqvT individis fsiqologiur gamklavebaSi Zlier
Sinagan konfliqtebTan. maTi gamoyenebiT pirovnebas SeuZlia SeinarCunos sakuTari
me-s sasiamovno, mosaxerxebeli xati da, aseve, misaRebi socialuri xati.
magaliTad, Tu bavSvs Zlieri siZulvilis grZnoba aqvs mamis mimarT, romelic, Tu
gamoxatvis gzas naxavs, saxifaTo iqneba, gandevna moagvarebs amas, SeiZleba sZlios
mas. Semdgomi es mtruli impulsi cnobierad aRar iTxovs dakmayofilebas da misi
arsebobac ki ar aris aRiarebuli. Tumca, miuxedavad imisa, rom impulsi ar Cans
da misi xmac ar ismis, is ar gaqra; es grZnobebi kvlavac TamaSoben rols
pirovnebis funqcionirebaSi. magaliTad, mamasTan Zlieri identifikaciiT bavSvma
SeiZleba aimaRlos TviTRirebulebis gancda da Seamciros aracnobieri SiSi, rom
masSi mtrul ganzraxvas aRmoaCenen.

cxrili 14.3. egos dacvis mTavari meqanizmebi

realobis me-s dacva arasasiamovno realobisagan mis aRqmaze uaris

uaryofa TqmiT

Canacvleba Sekavebuli grZnobebis, rogoricaa, Cveulebriv, mtruloba,

gadatana imaze nakleb saxifaTo obieqtze, romelmac Tavidan
gamoiwvia emocia
fantazia frustrirebuli survilebis dakmayofileba warmosaxul
miRwevebSi (gavrcelebuli formaa "ocneba")
identifikacia TviTRirebulebis grZnobis gaZliereba sxva, xSirad ganTqmul,
adamianTan an sazogadoebasTan identifikaciiT
 602

izolacia saziano situaciidan emociuri muxtis moSoreba an

SeuTavsebeli damokidebulebis danawevreba logikurad
dakavSirebul nawilebad (SeCereba konfliqturi
damokidebulebebisa, romlebic arasodes warmogvidgeboda,
rogorc erTdrouli an erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli)
aseve uwodeben danawevrebas

proeqcia sakuTari sirTuleebisaTvis bralis sxvebze gadatana an

sakuTari "akrZaluli" survilebis sxvebisaTvis mikuTvneba

racionalizacia imis damtkicebis mcdeloba, rom sakuTari qceva

"racionaluria" da gamarTlebadi, da amdenad sakuTarsa da
sxvebis mowonebas imsaxurebs
reaqciis saxifaTo survilebis gamoxatvis SeCereba sawinaaRmdego
formacia damokidebulebisa da qcevis tipebis ganxorcielebiT da maTi
rogorc "barierebis" gamoyenebiT
regresia ganviTarebis adreul doneze dabruneba, rac gulisxmobs ufro
bavSvur pasuxebsa da, rogorc wesi, aspiraciis ufro dabal
dones
represia mtkivneuli an saxifaTo azrebis gandevna cnobieridan, maTi
aracnobierSi Senaxva; es iTvleba yvelaze Zireul dacvis
meqanizmad
sublimacia frustrirebuli seqsualuri survilebis dakmayofileba an
maTgan ganTavisufleba kulturaSi socialurad miRebuli
CanacvlebiTi araseqsualuri moqmedebebiT

froidis TeoriaSi SfoTva aris intensiuri emociuri pasuxi, aRZruli maSin,

rodesac gandevnili konfliqti apirebs cnobierSi amosvlas. SfoTva xifaTis
niSania: gandevna ar muSaobs! inTeba wiTeli Suqi! saWiroa meti dacva! droa,
amoqmeddes dacvis meore xazi, erTi an meti egos dacvis meqanizmi, romlebic
Seamcireben SfoTvas da gandevnian arasasiamovno impulsebs ukan aracnobierSi.
magaliTad, dedam, romelsac ar moswons Tavisi vaJiSvili da ar surs masze
zrunva, SeiZleba gamoiyenos reaqciis formacia, romelic mis miuRebel impulss
sawinaaRmdegoSi gadaiyvans: "me ar mZuls Cemi bavSvi" gaxdeba "me miyvars Cemi
 603
bavSvi. xedavT, rogori siyvaruliT vzrunav masze?" aseTi dacvis xerxebi SfoTvis
SemsubuqebaSi gadamwyvet, gamklavebis funqcias asrulebs.
Tu dacviTi meqanizmebi gvicavs SfoTvisagan, ratom aris, maT mainc SeiZleba
uaryofiTi Sedegebi mogvitanos? ramdenad gamosadegic ar unda iyvnen isini, egos
dacvis meqanizmebi imTaviTve Tavis motyuebaa. maTi gadaWarbebuli gamoyenebis
SemTxvevaSi isini ufro met problemebs iwveven, vidre wyveten. fsiqologiurad
arajansaRia didi droisa da fsiqikuri energis xarjva miuRebeli impulsebis
lavirebaSi, dafarvasa da sxva arxisaken warmarTvaSi SfoTvis Semcirebis mizniT.
aseTi qmedeba cota energias tovebs produqtiuli cxovrebisaTvis da
damakmayofilebeli adamianuri urTierTobebisTvis. zogierTi fsiqikuri daavadeba
SfoTvis SemcirebisaTvis dacvis meqnizmebis gadaWarbebuli gamoyenebis Sedegia,
rogorc vnaxavT qvemoT, fsiqikuri aSlilobebisadmi miZRvnil TavSi.

froidis Teoriis Sefaseba

Cven didi adgili davuTmeT fsiqoanalitikuri Teoriis aRweras, radgan

froidis ideebs uzarmazari gavlena hqonda imaze, Tu ras fiqrobs mravali
fsiqologi pirovnebis normaluri da paTologiuri aspeqtebis Sesaxeb. Tumca,
albaT, froidis cnebebs ufro meti kritikosi hyavs fsiqologTa Soris, vidre
momxre. ras efuZneba maTi kritika?
pirvel rigSi, fsiqoanalitikuri cnebebi bundovania da ar aris
operacionalisturad gansazRvruli; amdenad, rTulia Teoriis didi nawilis
mecnierulad Sefaseba. radganac principSic ki SeuZlebelia zogi misi
centraluri hipoTezis uaryofa, froidis Teoria saeWvo rCeba. rogor unda iyos
pirdapiri gziT Seswavlili cnebebi libido, pirovnebis struqtura da
infantiluri seqsualuri impulsebis represia?
meore, amave sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli kritika isaa, rom froidis Teoria
warmoadgens karg monaTxrobs, magram cud mecnierebas. is sandod ver
winaswarmetyvelebs, ra moxdeba; is retrospeqtiulad gamoiyeneba mas Semdeg, rac
movlenebi moxda. pirovnebis gagebisaTvis fsiqoanalitikuri Teoriis gamoyeneba,
rogorc wesi, moicavs istoriul rekonstruqcias da ara _ SesaZlebeli
moqmedebebis da winaswarmetyvelebadi Sedegebis mecnierul konstruqcias. garda
amisa, mimdinare qcevis istoriuli warmoSobis gadaWarbebuli xazgasmiT es
 604
Teoria ar uTmobs yuradRebas amJamindel stimulebs, romlebic SeiZleba
iwvevdnen da inarCunebdnen qcevas.
arsebobs froidis Teoriis kidev sami mTavari kritika. pirveli, is
ganviTarebis Teoriaa, magram arasodes moicavda bavSvebze dakvirvebebsa da
kvlevebs. meore, travmatuli gamocdilebis (rogoricaa bavSvebis Seuracxyofa)
Sesaxeb mogonebebis reinterpretaciiT da maTTvis fantaziebis darqmeviT (rac
efuZneba bavSvis mSobelTan seqsualuri kontaqtis survils) mas minimumamde
dahyavs am gamocdilebis mniSvneloba. mesame, am Teorias androcentruli
(mamakacze centrirebuli) gadaxra aqvs, radganac is normad kacis models iyenebs
da arc ki cdilobs, gansazRvros, Tu ra gansxvavdeba SeiZleba arsebobdes
qalebis SemTxvevaSi.
Tumca, froidis Teoriis zogierTi aspeqti axlac aRiarebulia, ramdenadac
isini modificirda da gaumjobesda empiriuli kvlevebis Sedegad. magaliTad, me-6-e
TavSi vnaxeT, rom Tanamedrove mecnierebi sistematurad ikvleven aracnobieris
cnebas (Baars & McGovern, 1996; Westen, 1998). es kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom Cveni
yoveldRiuri gamocdilebis didi nawils Cveni cnobierebis miRma myofi procesebi
ayalibeben. es Sedegebi adasturebs froidis zogad koncefcias, magram asustebs
kavSirs aracnobier procesebsa da fsiqopaTologias Soris: aracnobieri codna
sulac ar gamoiwvevs SfoTvas an tanjvas. aseve, mkvlevarebma daadastures
fsiqikis zogi Cvevis arseboba, romlebsac froidma dacvis meqanizmebi uwoda
(Hentschel et al., 1993; Singer, 1990).

saidan viciT

individualuri gansxvavebebi dacvis meqanizmebis gamoyenebaSi

zemoT davuSviT, rom mosalodnelia, individebma gamoiyenon dacvis meqanizmebi
maSin, rodesac isini SfoTvas ganicdian. mkvlevarebma es hipoTeza
mravalferovani meTodebiT Seamowmes. erT-erTi mkvlevari swavlobda im xarisxs,
romliTac axalgazrda zrdasruli (23 wlis) adamianebis jgufma miaRwia
zrdasrulobis stabilur identobas. (gaixseneT me-11-e Tavidan, rom erik
eriksonis mixedviT, identobis gansazRvra aris "krizisi", romelic adamianebma
mozardobis dasrulebisaTvis unda gadalaxon.) am jgufis zogierT individs
miRweuli hqonda identuroba, zogi ki jer kidev krizisis mdgomareobaSi
imyofeboda. Tu es krizisi SfoTvas iwvevs, Cveni molodini unda yofiliyo, rom
 605
krizisSi myofi jgufi ufro xSirad gamoiyenebda dacvis meqanizmebs. am hipoTezis
Sesamowmeblad, mkvlevari sTxovda axalgazrdebs, SeeTxzaT moTxrobebi Tematuri
apercefciis testis baraTebze dayrdnobiT (ixileT Tavi 12, gv. ??). cdis pirTa
monaTxrobebi gaaanalizes iseTi dacvis meqanizmebis aRmosaCenad, rogoricaa
uaryofa da proeqcia (ixileT cxrili 14.3). analizma daadastura hipoTeza: im
individebis SemTxvevaSi, visac jer miRweuli ar hqonda identoba, TvalsaCino iyo
meti midrekileba dacvis meqanizmebis gamoyenebisaken (Cramer, 1997).

me-13-e TavSi aRwerili stresis daZlevis zogierTi stili xvdeba dacvis

meqanizmebis zogad kategoriaSi. Tqven SeiZleba gaixsenoT, magaliTad, rom
pirovnul travmebTan an danaSaulis an sircxvilis gamocdilebasTan
dakavSirebuli azrebisa da grZnobebis Sekavebam SeiZleba gamanadgurebeli
zemoqmedeba moaxdinos fsiqikur da fizikur janmrTelobaze (Pennebaker, 1990; Petrie
et al., 1998). es aRmoCenebi exmaureba froidis mosazrebebs, rom represirebul
fsiqikur masalas SeuZlia fsiqikuri distresis gamowveva.
froidis Teoria normaluri da paTologiuri pirovnebis funqcionirebis
Sesaxeb yvelaze ufro rTuli, yovlismomcveli da daumarcxebeli xedvaa maSinac
ki, rodesac misi winaswarmetyvelebebi mcdaria. Tumca, yvela sxva Teoriis
msgavsad, froidis Teorias saukeTesod epyrobian, rogorc Teorias, romelic unda
dadasturdes, an ar dadasturdes misi Semadgeneli elementebis mixedviT. froidi
inarCunebs gavlenas Tanamedrove fsiqologiaze, radgan zogi misi idea farTodaa
miRebuli, sxvebi ki uaryofil iqna. froidis Teoriis zogierTi adreuli revizia
misi studentebis wreSi daiwyo. vnaxoT, Tu rogor cdilobdnen isini froidis
mosazrebebis Sesworebas.

post-
post-froidistuli Teoriebi

zogierTma maTganma, vinc froidis Semdeg movida kvleviT asparezze, SeinarCuna

pirovnebis miseuli xedva, rogorc brZolis velisa, romelzec aracnobieri
sawyisi impulsebi ebrZvian socialur Rirebulebebs. Tumca, froidis
inteleqtualuri STamomavlebidan bevrma Seitana koreqtivebi pirovnebis
fsiqoanalitikur xedvaSi. zogadad, am post-froidianelebma Semdegi cvlilebebi
Semoitanes:
 606
o maT meti aqcenti gaakeTes egos funqciebze, egos dacvebis, me-s
ganviTarebis, cnobieri azrovnebis procesebisa da pirovnebis Zalauflebis
CaTvliT.
o maTi azriT, socialuri cvladebi (kultura, ojaxi da Tanatolebi) ufro
did rols TamaSoben pirovnebis CamoyalibebaSi.
o isini nakleb aqcents akeTeben zogadi seqsualuri impulsebis anu libidos
energiis mniSvnelobaze.
o maT pirovnebis ganviTareba bavSvobis miRma mTeli sicocxlis manZilze
gaavrces.
Cven mimovixilavT alfred adleris, karen hornis da karl iungis Teoriebis
sakvanZo debulebebs.
alfred adlerma (Alfred Adler, 1929) uaryo erosisa da siamovnebis principis
mniSvneloba. adleris azriT, umweo, sxvebze damokidebuli patara bavSvis
msgavsad, yvela adamiani ganicdis inferiorobis (anu arasrulfasovnebis)
grZnobas. is amtkicebda, rom yvelas cxovrebaSi dominirebs am grZnobis daZlevis
gzebis Zieba. adamianebi axdenen am grZnobis kompensacias adekvaturobis grZnobis
miRweviT an, ufro xSirad, gadaWarbebiT kompensacias superiorobis (anu Warbi
TviTSefasebis) miRwevis mcdelobiT. pirovneba struqturirebulia am miswrafebis
irgvliv; adamianebi cxovrebis stils aviTareben inferiorobis bazisuri,
yovlismomcveli grZnobis daZlevis konkretul gzebze dayrdnobiT. pirovnebis
konfliqti Cndeba eqsternaluri garemoebebis zewolasa da adeqvaturobisaken
internalur miswrafebas Soris SeuTavseblobis gamo da ara adamianis SigniT
SejibrSi myofi impulsebis gamo.
karen horni (Karen Horney)) aRizarda fsiqoanalitikur skolaSi, magram
ramdenime mimarTulebiT ganudga orTodoqsul froidistul Teorias. igi
daupirispirda froidis falocentristul aqcents penisis mniSvnelobaze da
Seqmna Teoria, romlis mixedviTac mamakacuri Suri orsulobis, dedobis, mkerdisa
da ZuZuTi kvebis mimarT biWebisa da kacebis aracnobieris dinamikur Zalas
warmoadgens. am "saSvilosnos Surs" mihyavs mamakacebi qalebis gaufasurebisken da
kreatul muSaobaze mimarTuli aracnobieri impulsebiT gadaWarbebuli
kompensaciisaken. hornim, aseve, froidze metad gausva xazi kulturul faqtorebs
da yuradReba gaamaxvila amJamindeli xasiaTis struqturaze da ara infantilur
 607
seqsualobaze (Horney, 1937, 1939). radganac hornimac moaxdina gavlena humanisturi
Teoriebis ganviTarebaze, Cven davubrundebiT mis ideebs Semdeg qveTavSi.
karl iungma (Carl Jung, 1959) didad gaafarTova aracnobieris cneba. misTvis
aracnobieri ar iyo SezRuduli individis unikaluri cxovrebiseuli
gamocdilebiT, aramed, aseve, aRsavse iyo Zireuli fsiqologiuri WeSmaritebebiT,
romelsac mTeli adamianuri rasa iziarebs, koleqtiuri aracnobieriT.
koleqtiuri aracnobieri xsnis Tqvens mier primitiuli miTebis, xelovnebis
formebisa da simboloebis intuitur gagebas, romlebic yofis universalur
arqetipebs warmoadgenen. arqetipi aris konkretuli gamocdilebis an obieqtis
primitiuli simboluri warmodgena, reprezentacia. yoveli arqetipi asocirebulia
mis Sesaxeb grZnobisa da fiqris, an misi gansakuTrebuli gziT gancdis
instinqtur tendenciasTan. iungma mravali arqetipi moiyvana istoriidan da
miTologiidan: mze RmerTi, gmiri, deda miwa. animusi iyo mamrobiTi arqetipi, maSin
rodesac anima _ mdedrobiTi arqetipi da yvela qali da kaci ganicdida orive
arqetips gansxvavebuli xarisxiT. me-s arqetipia mandala anu jadosnuri wre; is
simbolurad asaxavs erTianobisa da mTlianobisken swrafvas (Jung, 1973).

• koleqtiuri aracnobieri (Collective unconscious) _ individis aracnobieris nawili,

romelic Tandayolilia, evoluciuradaa Camoyalibebuli da saerToa saxeobis
yvela warmomadgenlisaTvis.
• arqetipi (Archetype) _ konkretuli gamocdilebisa Tu obieqtis universaluri,
Tandayolili, primitiuli da simboluri warmodgena.

iungs janmrTeli, integrirebuli pirovneba warmoedgina, rogorc iseTi

urTierTsawinaaRmdego Zalebis balansireba, rogoricaa maskulinuri agresia da
femininuri mgrZnobiaroba. pirovnebis, rogorc dinamikur balansSi myofi
kompensatoruli Sinagani Zalebis konstelaciis, xedvas ewoda analitikuri
fsiqologia. garda amisa, iungma uaryo libidos pirveladi mniSvneloba, romelic
esoden centraluri iyo froidis TeoriisaTvis. iungma daamata ori Tanabrad
Zlieri aracnobieri instinqti: qmnis, kreatulobis moTxovnileba da koherentul,
mTlian individad Camoyalibebis moTxovnileba. Semdeg qveTavSi humanisturi
Teoriebis Sesaxeb Cven vnaxavT am meore moTxovnilebis paralels
TviTaqtualizaciis cnebaSi.

Sejameba
 608
froidis fsiqoanalitikuri Teoria yuradRebas amaxvilebs ideaze, rom yvela
qceva motivirebulia da motivacia xSirad aracnobier doneze operirebs. libido
warmoadgens motivaciis mniSvnelovan wyaros. pirovnebis ganviTarebasTan erTad
seqsualuri energia gamoixateba erogenuli zonebis TanmimdevrobiT. im
pacientebis SeswavliT, romelTa simptomebi asaxavdnen adreuli cxovrebis
movlenebs, froidma Camoayaliba fsiqikuri determinizmis Teoria. froidis
Teoriis mixedviT, superegos moraluri winamZRoloba da egos realuri bazisi
cdiloben, Seamciron idis Seupovari miswrafeba seqsualuri, emociuri da
fizikuri siamovnebisaken. egos dacvis meqanizmebi SesaZleblobas aZleven
pirovnebas, daZlios Zlieri Sinagani konfliqtebiT gamowveuli SfoTva.
miuxedavad imisa, rom froidis Teoriis bevrma aspeqtma ver gauZlo kritikas,
aracnobierisa da dacvis meqanizmebis msgavsma cnebebma aRiareba hpova mraval
fsiqologs Soris. froidis mimdevrebma, rogorebic arian adleri, horni da iungi,
misi Teoriis ramdenime Sesworeba da damateba SemogvTavazes.

humanisturi Teoriebi

pirovnebisadmi humanisturi midgoma xasiaTdeba individis piradi da cnobieri

gamocdilebis integraciisa da zrdis potencialis mimarT interesiT. yvela
humanisturi Teoriis ZiriTadi niSania yuradRebis gamaxvileba
TviTaqtualizaciisaken swrafvaze. TviTaqtualizacia aris mudmivi swrafva
sakuTari arsebuli potencialis realizaciisaken _ unarebis da niWis srulad
ganviTarebisaken. am qveTavSi Tqven naxavT, Tu rogor Camoayalibes humanisturi
Teoriis mimdevrebma TviTaqtualizaciis es cneba. garda amisa, TqvenTvis naTeli
gaxdeba, Tu ra damatebiTi niSnebi gamohyofen humanistur Teoriebs pirovnebis
Teoriebis sxva tipebisagan.

humanisturi Teoriebis niSnebi

pirovnebis humanisturi Teoriis mimdevrebis azriT, rogorebic arian karl

rojersi, abraham maslou da karen horni, qcevis motivacia momdinareobs
pirovnebis unikaluri, rogorc Tandayolili, ise SeZenili tendenciebidan,
ganviTardes da Seicvalos TviTaqtualizaciis miznisaken mimavali dadebiTi
mimarTulebebiT. gaixseneT me-12-e Tavidan, rom masloum TviTaqtualizacia
moaTavsa Tavisi moTxovnilebebis ierarqiis kenweroSi. TviTganxorcielebisaken
 609
swrafva konstruqtuli warmmarTveli Zalaa, romelic mimarTavs yovel adamians
zogadad dadebiTi qcevisaken da me-s srulyofisaken.
• analitikuri fsiqologia (Analytic psychology) _ fsiqologiis mimarTuleba,
romelic pirovnebas ganixilavs, rogorc dinamikur balansSi myofi
kompensatoruli Sinagani Zalebis konstelacias.
• TviTaqtualizacia (Self-actualization) _ pirovnebis fsiqologiis cneba, romelic
exeba adamianis mudmiv swrafvas sakuTari potencialis realizaciisaken da
Tandayolili niWisa da unarebis ganviTarebisaken.
• upirobo dadebiTi pativiscema (Unconditional positive regard) _ individis sruli
siyvaruli da mimRebloba sxva adamianis mier, magaliTad bavSvisa mSoblis mier,
yvelanairi pirobis gareSe.

TviTaqtualizaciisken swrafva xandaxan konfliqtSi modis sakuTari da

sxvebis mowonebis moTxovnilebasTan, gansakuTrebiT rodesac adamiani grZnobs,
rom mowonebis damsaxurebisTvis unda akmayofilebdes garkveul movaleobebsa Tu
pirobebs. magaliTad, karl rojersi (Carl Rogers, 1947, 1951, 1977) xazs usvams
upirobo dadebiTi ganwyobis mniSvnelobas bavSvebis aRzrdis dros. igi
gulisxmobda, rom bavSvebma unda igrZnon, rom isini yovelTvis eyvarebaT da
moewonebaT, miuxedavad maTi Secdomebisa da cudi qcevisa; rom maT ar sWirdebaT
Tavisi mSoblebis siyvarulis damsaxureba. misi rekomendaciiT, rodesac bavSvi
cudad iqceva, mSoblebma xazi unda gausvan, rom maT qceva ar moswonT, da ara
TviTon bavSvi. upirobo dadebiTi ganwyoba mniSvnelovania zrdasrul asakSic,
radganac nerviuloba imis Sesaxeb, movwonvarT sxvebs Tu ara, xels uSlis
TviTaqtualizacias. rogorc mozrdil adamians, Tqven gWirdebaT, gasceT da
miiRoT upirobo dadebiTi ganwyoba im adamianebisagan, visTanac axlos xarT. rac
yvelaze mniSvnelovania, saWiroa, grZnobdeT upirobo dadebiT TviTpativiscemas
anu sakuTari Tavis mimReblobas, miuxedavad im sisusteebisa, romelTa Secvlas
SeiZleba cdilobT.
Tumca, mas xSirad ar miageben saTanado pativs, karen horni kidev erTi
centraluri Teoretikosia, romlis ideebmac ganapiroba humanisturi fsiqologiis
dafuZneba (Frager & Fadiman, 1998). horni darwmunda, rom adamianebs aqvT "namdvili
me", romelic aqtualizaciisaTvis xelisSemwyob garemo pirobebs moiTxovs,
rogoricaa siTbos atmosfero, sxvebis keTilganwyoba da mSoblebis siyvaruli
 610
bavSvis, rogorc "konkretuli individis" mimarT (Horney, 1945, 1950). rodesac ar
arsebobs aseTi xelisSemwyobi aRzrdis pirobebi, bavSvi aviTarebs bazisur
SfoTvas, romelic akavebs realuri grZnobebis gamoxatvis spontanurobas da xels
uSlis sxvebTan efeqtur urTierTobas. Tavisi bazisuri SfoTvis daZlevisaTvis
individebi mimarTaven interpersonalur an intrafsiqikur dacvebs.
interpersonaluri dacvebi warmoqmnian moZraobas sxvebisaken (rac gamoixateba
gadaWarbebuli TanxmobisaTvis mzaoba da TviTSekavebiTi moqmedebebis meSveobiT),
sxvebis winaaRmdeg (rac gamoixateba agresiuli, ampartavani an narcisistuli
gadawyvetilebebiT) an sxvebisagan (rac gamoixateba gankerZoebulobis meSveobiT).
intrafsiqikuri dacvebi muSaoben, raTa Camoayalibon ararealuri idealizirebuli
me-s xati, romelsac Sedegad mosdevs "didebis Zieba" am xatis gasamrTleblad da
siamayis sistema, romelic eqvemdebareba qcevis rigidul wesebs, raTa
Seesabamebodes am grandiozul TviTSefasebas. aseTi adamianebi xSirad "unda-s
tiraniis" qveS cxovroben, sakuTari Tavis mimarT wayenebuli movaleobebis
mixedviT, rogoricaa "me unda viyo srulyofili, keTilSobili, mimzidveli,
mamaci" da ase Semdeg. hornis azriT, humanisturi Terapiis mizani iyo, daxmareboda
individs TviTrealizaciis miRwevaSi da xeli Seewyo adamianis bunebaSi
Tandayolili konstruqciuli ZalebisaTvis, romlebic exmarebian
TviTganxorcielebisaken swrafvas.
TviTaqtualizacias anu namdvili me-s mimarTulebiT progresis aqcentireba
warmoadgens maslous, rojersisa da hornis Teoriebis mniSvnelovan aspeqts.
garda amisa, humanisturi Teoriebi aRweril iqna, rogorc holisturi,
dispoziciuri, fenomenologiuri da egzistencialuri. vnaxoT, ra aris amis mizezi.
humanisturi Teoriebi holisturia, radgan adamianebis calkeul qmedebebs
xsnis mTliani pirovnebebis terminebiT; adamianebi ar ganixileba, rogorc jami
calkeuli niSnebisa, romlebic saTiTaod axdenen sxvadasxvagvar gavlenas qcevaze.
maslous azriT, adamianebi arsebiTad motivirebulni arian moTxovnilebebis
ierarqiis ufro maRali doneebisaken (rac ganxilul iqna me-12-e TavSi), Tu ufro
dabal doneze aRmocenebulma defeqtebma ar CamoqaCes isini dabla.
humanisturi Teoriebi dispoziciuria, radgan fokusirdeba adamianis
Tandayolil Tvisebebze, romlebsac mTavari gavlenas axdenen qcevis
mimarTulebaze. situaciuri faqtorebi ganixileba, rogorc sirTuleebi da
barierebi (rogorc Zafebi, romlebic qvemoT aCereben mibmul buStebs). rodesac
 611
aqtualizaciis tendencia gaTavisufldeba uaryofiTi situaciuri pirobebisagan,
man unda aqtiurad warmarTos adamianebi sasargeblo, dadebiTad moqmedi
situaciebis arCevisaken. Tumca, humanisturi Teoriebi ar aris dispoziciuri im
gagebiT, rogorc niSnis anda fsiqodinamikuri Teoriebi. am ukanaskneli
Sexedulebebis mixedviT, pirovnuli dispoziciebi aris qcevaSi kvlav da kvlav
warmoCinebuli ganmeorebadi Temebi. humanisturi dispoziciebi specifikurad
mimarTulia kreatulobisa da zrdisaken. yovel jerze, rodesac xorcieldeba
humanisturi dispozicia, pirovneba odnav icvleba, ase rom, dispozicia arasodes
gamoixateba orjer erTi da imave saxiT. droTa ganmavlobaSi humanistur
dispoziciebs mihyavT individi TviTaqtualizaciisaken, am motivebis yvelaze
wminda gamoxatvisaken.
humanisturi Teoriebi fenomenologiuria, radgan isini xazs usvams individis
Tvalsazriss da realobis subieqtur xedvas da ara damkvirveblisa Tu Terapevtis
obieqtur mosazrebas. ase rom, humanisturi fsiqologi yovelTvis cdilobs,
dainaxos yoveli adamianis unikaluri Sexeduleba. es xedva awmyoze
orientirebuli xedvacaa; warsuli gavlenebi mniSvnelovania mxolod im
TvalsazrisiT, rom maT moiyvanes adamiani dRevandel situaciamde, xolo momavali
warmoadgens misaRwev miznebs. amdenad, fsiqodinamikuri Teoriebisgan gansxvavebiT,
humanisturi Teoriebi ar Tvlis, rom adamianebis awmyo qcevas aracnobierad
warmarTavs warsuli gamocdileba.
da bolos, iseTi mecnierebis azriT, rogoricaa rolo mei (Rollo May, 1975),
humanistur Teoriebs aqvs egzistencialuri aspeqti. isini yuradRebas amaxvilebs
maRal fsiqikur procesebze, romlebic xsnian mimdinare gamocdilebas da
saSualebas aZleven individs Seesabamebodes an daTrgunul iqnas yofierebis
yoveldRiuri problemebiT. es egzistencialuri perspeqtiva momdinareobs rogorc
literaturuli, aseve filosofiuri tradiciebidan, romlebic mas farTo
mimzidvelobas aniWeben mravali Tanamedrove mecnierisa da klinicistisTvis
(Schneider & May, 1995).
pirovnebis optimisturi humanisturi xedva sasiamovno siaxle iyo mravali
fsiqologisaTvis, romlebic aRizardnen froidiseuli medicinis "momwaro
dietaze". humanisturi midgomebi fokusirdeba gaumjobesebaze, an imaze, rom
cxovreba ufro advilad mosanelebeli, misaRebi gaxdes, da ara mtkivneuli
mogonebebis gamoqeqvaze, romlebic xandaxan umjobesia, gandevnili darCes.
 612
humanisturi Tvalsazrisi xazs usvams yoveli adamianis SesaZleblobas, moaxdinos
Tavisi sruli potencialis realizacia.

humanisturi Teoriebis Sefaseba

froidis Teorias xSirad akritikebdnen zedmetad pesimisturi

SexedulebisaTvis, rom adamianis buneba viTardeba konfliqtebidan, travmebidan da
SfoTvebidan. humanisturi Teoriebi gaCnda jansaRi pirovnebis gansadideblad,
romelic miiltvis bednierebisaken da TviTaqtualizaciisaken. Znelia, gaakritiko
Teoriebi, romlebic waaxaliseben da afaseben adamianebs, Tundac maTi Secdomebis
gamo. da mainc, kritikosebi Civian, rom humanisturi Teoriebi bundovania da
Znelad misawvdomi kvlevisaTvis. isini sxvamen kiTxvebs: "dazustebiT ra aris
TviTaqtualizacia?" "Tandayolili tendenciaa Tu kulturuli konteqstiT aris
Seqmnili?" aseve, humanisturi Teoriebi tradiciulad ar amaxvileben yuradRebas
individebis konkretul maxasiaTeblebze. isini ufro metad warmoadgenen Teoriebs
adamianis bunebis da im Tvisebebis Sesaxeb, romlebic yvela adamianisTvis saerToa,
vidre Teoriebs individualuri pirovnebis Sesaxeb, an adamianTa Soris
gansxvavebebis safuZvlebis Sesaxeb. sxva fsiqologebi aRniSnaven, rom me-s, rogorc
gamocdilebisa da qmedebis wyaros, rolis xazgasmiT humanisturi Teoriebi
uaryofen mniSvnelovan garemos cvladebs, romlebic aseve axdenen qcevaze
gavlenas.
am SezRudvebis miuxedavad, humanisturi tradiciidan, nawilobriv,
momdinareobs Tanamedrove kvlevis erTi tipi, romelic uSualod koncentrirdeba
individualur moTxrobebze anu cxovrebis istoriebze (Baumeister, 1994; McAdams,
1996; Rosenwald & Ochberg, 1992). fsiqobiografiis Sesadgenad individis cxovrebis
detalebis gagebaSi fsiqologiuri Teoriis gamoyenebis tradiciis sawyiss
SeiZleba mivakvlioT froidis mier leonardo da vinCis analizSi (Freud, 1910/957;
ixileT Elms, 1988, froidis naSromis kritikisaTvis). fsiqobiografia
ganisazRvreba, rogorc "fsiqologiuri (gansakuTrebiT pirovnebis) Teoriis
sistematuri gamoyeneba cxovrebis Tanmimdevrul da gasageb ambad gardaqmnisaTvis"
(McAdams, 1988, gv. 2). ganvixiloT didi mxatvris pablo pikasos Sesaxeb arsebuli
informaci:. pikasom bavSvobaSi ramdenime travma ganicada, seriozuli miwisZvrisa
da umcrosi dis sikvdilis CaTvliT. fsiqobiografiam SeiZleba scados, axsnas
 613
pikasos udidesi mxatvruli Semoqmedebis garkveuli nawili, rogorc am adreul
travmebze misi pasuxebis samudamo danaleqi (Gardner, 1993).

• fsiqobiofrafia (Psychobiography) _ fsiqologiuri (gansakuTrebiT pirovnebis)

Teoriis gamoyeneba individis cxovrebiseuli mimarTulebis aRwerisa da
axsnisaTvis.

rodesac ganTqmuli an istoriuli figura fsiqobiografiis sagani xdeba,

mkvlevarma SeiZleba mimarTos gamoqveynebul Sromebs, dRiurebs da werilebs,
rogorc sando monacemebis wyaroebs. ufro Cveulebrivi individebis SemTxvevaSi,
mkvlevarebma SeiZleba pirdapir gamohkiTxon cxovrebis gamocdilebebis Sesaxeb.
magaliTad, monawiles SeiZleba mosTxovon, isaubros ukanaskneli Zlieri
gamocdilebis Sesaxeb: "ras fiqrobdiT da grZnobdiT? ra SeuZlia am epizods
mogviTxros imis Sesaxeb, Tu vin xarT Tqven, vin iyaviT, vin SeiZleba iyoT, an
rogor ganviTardiT droTa ganmavlobaSi?" (McAdams & de St. Aubin, 1992, gv. 1010).
damaxasiaTebeli Temebi, romlebic mJRavndeba TxrobiTi angariSebis seriebSi,
mxars uWers adreuli humanistebis mier wamoyenebul pirovnebis holistur da
fenomenologiur versiebs: adamianebi ageben Tavis identobas calkeuli
moTxrobebis cxovrebis ambad gaerTianebis gziT. piradi angariSebi fanjaraa,
romlidanac SeiZleba davinaxoT, Tu ra warmodgena aqvT adamianebs sakuTari
Tavisa da interpersonaluri urTierTobebis Sesaxeb (Harvey et al., 1990; Shotter, 1984).
humanisturi Teoriebis mimdevrebi aqcents akeTebdnen yoveli individis
swrafvaze TviTaqtualizaciisaken. Tumca, es jgufi aRiarebda, rom adamianebis
warmateba am miznis miRwevaSi, nawilobriv, gansazRvrulia maTi garemos
realiebiT. axla Cven ganvixilavT Teoriebs, romlebic exebian uSualod imas, Tu
rogor yalibdeba individebis qceva maTi garemos gavleniT.

Sejameba

humanisturi Teoriis mimdevrebi, rogorebic arian maslou, rojersi da horni,

Tvlidnen, rom qceva motivirebulia pozitiuri gziT ganviTarebisa da cvlilebis
bazisuri surviliT, rac gulisxmobs moZraobas TviTaqtualizaciisaken.
pirovnebis humanisturi Teoriebi holisturia, dispoziciuri, fenomenologiuri da
egzistencialuri. kritikosebis azriT, humanisturi Teoriebis zogi centraluri
cneba cudad aris gansazRvruli da es Teoriebi ar iTvaliswinebs adamianebis
 614
cxovrebaze garemos gavlenas. Tanamedrove mecnierebi agrZeleben humanistur
tradicias im xerxebze fokusirebiT, romlebiTac individebi qmnian Tanmimdevrul
mTlian suraTs Tavisi cxovrebis mravali epizodisagan.

socialuri daswavlisa da kognituri Teoriebi

Cven mier aqamde ganxiluli yvela TeoriisaTvis saerToa aqcenti hipoTetur

Sinagan meqanizmebze _ niSnebze, instinqtebze, impulsebze, TviTaqtualizaciisaken
swrafvaze, romlebic biZgs aZlevs qcevas da warmoqmnis funqcionirebadi
pirovnebis baziss. miuxedavad amisa, rac aklia am Teoriebis umetesobas, es aris
myari kavSiri pirovnebasa da konkretul qcevas Soris. magaliTad,
fsiqodinamikuri da humanisturi Teoriebi gvawvdian monacemebs mTliani pirovnebis
Sesaxeb, magram ar winaswarmetyveleben specifikur qmedebebs. pirovnebis Teoriis
kidev erTi mimarTuleba warmoiSva imis safuZvelze, rom gamaxvilda yuradReba
qcevaSi individualur gansxvavebebze. gaixseneT me-7-e Tavidan, rom adamianis
qcevis didi nawili SeiZleba viwinaswarmetyveloT garemos pirobebze dayrdnobiT.
daswavlis Teoriis mimdevari fsiqologebi miuTiTeben garemos pirobebze,
romlebic akontroleben qcevas. pirovneba ganixileba, rogorc Ria da faruli
reaqciebis jami, romlebic didi albaTobiT gamowveulia individis moqmedebaTa
ganmtkicebebis istoriiT. daswavlis Teoriis midgomis mixedviT, adamianebi
gansxvavdebian, radgan maT gansxvavebuli ganmtkicebebis istoria aqvT.
ganvixiloT pirovnebis bihevioristuli koncefcia, romelic Seqmna ieilis
universitetis fsiqologebis gundma jon dolardisa da nil mileris meTaurobiT
(John Dollard, Neal Miller, 1950). dolardma da milerma Semoitanes iseTi cnebebi,
rogorebicaa daswavlili ltolvebi, pasuxebis Sekaveba da daswavlili qcevis
paternebi. froidis msgavsad, maT xazi gausves daZabulobis da daZabulobis
Semcirebis ganmamtkicebeli (siamovnebis momgvreli) Sedegebis motivaciuri
Zalebis rols. organizmebi moqmedeben, raTa Seamciron daukmayofilebeli
moTxovnilebebiT gamowveuli daZabuloba. is qceva, romelic warmatebiT amcirebs
aseT daZabulobebs, meordeba da droTa ganmavlobaSi daswavlil Cvevad
gadaiqceva, romelic ganmtkicebulia ganmeorebiTi daZabulobis SemcirebiT.
dolardma da milerma, aseve, aCvenes, rom adamianma SeiZleba iswavlos socialuri
imitaciis (mibaZvis) gziT anu sxvebis qcevaze dakvirvebiT ise, rom sapasuxo
qmedebis faqtobrivad ganxorcielebis aucilebloba ar iqmneba. warmoidgineT,
 615
patara biWi xedavs, rom mis ufros das aZleven kanfets, rodesac is mirbis
saxlSi dabrunebuli mamis Sesaxvedrad; umcrosma Zmam SeiZleba imave qcevis
ganxorcieleba daiwyos. imitaciis ideam gaafarTova is gzebi, romlebiTac,
fsiqologebis warmodgeniT, daiswavleba efeqturi an destruqciuli qceva.
pirovneba warmogvidgeba, rogorc am daswavlili qcevebis jami.
Tanamedrove socialuri daswavlisa da kognituri Teoriebi xSirad iziareben
dolardisa da mileris mosazrebas, rom qcevaze gavlenas axdens garemos
pirobebi. Tumca, es Teoriebi erTi nabijiT win midian da xazs usvamen kognituri,
iseve rogorc bihevioraluri procesebis, mniSvnelobas, riTic moqmed sxeuls
moazrovne gonebas, fsiqikas ubruneben. isini, vinc pirovnebis kognituri Teoriebi
Seqmna, aRniSnaven, rom arsebobs mniSvnelovani individualuri gansxvavebebi imaSi,
Tu rogor fiqroben da gansazRvraven adamianebi nebismier eqsternalur (garegan)
situacias. kognituri Teoriebi yuradRebas amaxvileben im fsiqikur procesebze,
romelTa meSveobiTac adamianebi Tavis SegrZnebebs da aRqmebs realobis Sesaxeb
organizebul STabeWdilebad gardaqmnian. humanisturi Teoriebis msgavsad,
kognituri Teoriebi xazs usvamen, rom Tqven monawileobT sakuTari pirovnebis
SeqmnaSi. magaliTad, Tqven, ZiriTadad, aqtiurad irCevT Tqvens garemos da ara
mxolod pasiurad reagirebT masze. Tqven afasebT alternativebs da irCevT iseT
garemos, romelSic moqmedebT da Tqvenze moqmedeben; Tqven irCevT situaciebs,
romlebisganac moeliT, rom isini TqvenTvis ganmamtkicebeli iqneba da cdilobT,
Tavidan aiciloT isini, romlebic ar gakmayofileben da bundovania. magaliTad,
Tqven xSirad arCevT, kidev erTxel mixvideT im restoranSi, sadac adre kargi
saWmeli miirTviT da yovelTvis ar cdilobT axali adgilis mosinjvas.
modiT, axla davaxasiaToT am midgomis ufro konkretuli magaliTebi. Cven
ganvixilavT uolter miSelis, albert banduras da nensi kentoris Teoriebs.

miSelis kognitur-
kognitur-afeqturi pirovnebis Teoria

uolter miSelma (Walter Mischel) ganaviTara pirovnebis kognituri bazisis

gavlenis Teoria. miSeli aRniSnavs, rom adamianebi aqtiurad monawileoben
garemosTan Tavisi interaqciebis kognitur organizaciaSi. misi midgoma xazs
usvams, ramdenad mniSvnelovania imis gageba, Tu rogor Cndeba qceva, rogorc
adamianebsa da situaciebs Soris interaqciebis funqcia (Mischel & Shoda, 1995, 1999).
ganvixiloT magaliTi:
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jonis pirovnebis unikaloba yvelaze naTlad SeiZleba davinaxoT imaSi, rom is
yovelTvis Zalian keTilganwyobilia, rodesac vinmes pirvelad xvdeba da, aseve,
imaSic, rom savaraudoa, is gaxdes sakmaod uxeSi da arakeTilganwyobili, rodesac
am adamianTan meti drois gatareba uwevs. meore mxriv, jimi unikaluria imiT, rom
is, rogorc wesi, morcxvi da mSvidia im adamianebTan, visac kargad ar icnobs,
magram Zalian komunikabeluri xdeba, rogorc ki kargad gaicnobs am adamians
(Shoda et al., 1993a, gv. 1023).

Cven rom gvecada jonisa da jimis keTilganwyobis jamuri gasaSualoeba,

albaT, daaxloebiT msgavs maCveneblebs miviRebdiT am niSnis mixedviT, magram am
SemTxvevaSi ver daviWerdiT mniSvnelovan gansxvavebas maT qcevaSi. miSelis
mixedviT (1973; Mischel & Shoda, 1995), is, Tu rogor vpasuxobT garemos specifikur
movlenaze, damokidebulia 14.4 cxrilSi gansazRvrul cvladebze. xedavT, ra
gavlena eqneboda yovel CamoTvlil cvlads imaze, Tu ra gziT imoqmedebda
adamiani konkretul situaciaSi? Cven mogawodeT magaliTebi TiToeul cvladze.
scadeT, warmoidginoT situacia, romelSic cxrilSi moyvanili personaJebisgan
gansxvavebulad moiqceodiT, radgan Tqven maTgan erTi konkretuli cvladis
mixedviT gansxvavdebiT. SeiZleba gainteresebT, ra gansazRvravs am cvladebis
bunebas konkretuli individisTvis. miSelis azriT, isini warmoadgenen am adamianis
dakvirvebebis, aseve misi sxva adamianebTan da fizikuri garemos usulo
aspeqtebTan interaqciebis istoriis Sedegs (Mischel, 1973).

cxrili 14.4. pirovnebis cvladebi miSelis

miSelis pirovnebis kognitur-
kognitur-afeqtur
TeoriaSi

cvladi gansazRvreba magaliTi

kodirebebi is gza, romliTac axdenT rogorc ki bobi vinmes

Tqveni Tavis, sxva adamianebis, Sexvdeba, is cdilobs,
movlenebis da situaciebis daadginos, ramdenad mdidaria
Sesaxeb informaciis es adamiani.
kategorizacias.
molodinebi Tqveni rwmenebi socialuri gregi patiJebs megobrebs
da rwmenebi samyaros Sesaxeb da konkretul kinoSi, magram arasodes elis,
situaciebSi mocemuli rom isini "ki"-s ityvian.
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qmedebebis mosalodneli
Sedegebis Sesaxeb. Tqveni
Sexeduleba imaze, Tu ramdenad
gaqvT raime Sedegebis miRebis
unari.
afeqtebi Tqveni grZnobebi da emociebi, sindi Zalian advilad
fiziologiuri pasuxebis wiTldeba.
CaTvliT.

miznebi da Sedegebi da afeqturi piters surs, kolejSi Tavisi

Rirebulebebi mdgomareobebi, romlebic klasis prezidenti iyos.
TqvenTvis Rirebulia an ar
aris Rirebuli; Tqveni miznebi
da cxovrebis gegmebi.
kompetenciebi qcevebi, romelTa Sesruleba iani laparakobs inglisurad,
da Tqven SegiZliaT da gegmebi frangulad, rusulad da
TviTregulato kognituri da qceviTi iaponurad da varaudobs, rom
ruli Sedegebis misaRebad. gaeroSi imuSavebs.
gegmebi

miSelma da misma kolegebma gvaCvenes qcevis paternebis mniSvneloba

sazafxulo banakSi bavSvebis gamocdilebebis savele kvlevebiT.

saidan viciT

qcevis paternebi
am proeqtis erTi kvleva adre aRvwereT, rodesac qcevis konsistentobas
vixilavdiT. kidev erTi kvleva Seiswavlis bavSvebis reaqciebs gansxvavebul
fsiqologiur situaciebze. es situaciebia: (1) sxva bavSvis mier dadebiTi
socialuri kontaqtis wamowyeba an (2) ufrosis mier gafrTxileba raime
moqmedebis Sewyvetis Taobaze. bavSvebis reaqciebi kodirebul iqna kategoriebad,
rogoricaa "prosocialurad laparakobda" an "daemorCila an dauTmo". garda
amisa, zafxulis bolos banakis konsultantebs sTxoves, bavSvebi daexasiTebinaT,
rogorc "agresiuli", "Caketili" an "keTilganwyobili". ra informacia gamoiyenes
maT am Sefasebebis gasakeTeblad? magaliTad, ganvixiloT damorCilebis an
 618
daTmobis qceva. bavSvebi, vinc banakidan wamosvlisas daaxasiaTes, rogorc
keTilganwyobili, morCilebi iyvnen im situaciaSi, rodesac maT ufrosi aZlevda
gafrTxilebas. xolo bavSvebi, vinc banakidan wamosvlisas daaxasiaTes, rogorc
Caketili, morCilebi iyvnen im situaciaSi, rodesac maT Tanatolebi
aRizianebdnen an dascinodnen (Shoda et al., 1993b).

am Sedegebidan gamomdinare, bavSvebis damorCilebis saSualo maCveneblebis

codna bevrs verafers gvetyvis maTi pirovnebis Sesaxeb. Tqven unda icodeT, ra
situaciaSi moxda damorCileba imisaTvis, rom gaigoT, Tu ratom miiRo erTma
bavSvma keTilganwyobilis Sefaseba da meorem _ Caketilis. miSeli xazgasmiT
aRniSnavs, rom Cveni warmodgenebi sxva adamianebis pirovnebuli maxasiaTeblebis
Sesaxeb modis ara saSualos aRebidan, aramed dakvirvebidan, Tu rogor iwvevs
ganxsvavebuli situaciebi gansxvavebul qcevas (Shoda & Mischel, 1993).

banduras kognituri socialuri daswavlis Teoria

pirovnebisadmi socialuri daswavlis midgomis wamyvani mkvlevaria albert

bandura (Albert Bandura, 1986, 1999). is cnobilia Teoriuli naSromebiTa da bavSvebisa
da zrdasrulebis farTo kvlevebiT (gaixseneT me-7-e Tavidan bavSvebis agresiuli
qcevis kvlevebi). am midgomaSi gaerTianebulia daswavlis principebi da socialur
garemoSi adamianur interaqciebze aqcenti. socialuri daswavlis kuTxiT
adamianebs ar marTavs Sinagani Zalebi, magram, amave dros, isini arc garemos
gavlenis qveS myofi ususuri marionetebi arian. socialuri daswavlis midgoma
xazs usvams kognitur procesebs, romlebic CarTulia qcevis sxvadasxva paternebis
CamoyalibebaSi da, Sesabamisad, pirovnuli Tvisebebis SeZenasa da maTi
SebarCunebis procesSi.

• reciprokuli determinizmi (Reciprocal determinism) _ albert banduras socialuri

daswavlis Teoriis cneba, romelic ukavSirdeba mosazrebas, rom individs, mis
qcevas da garemos stimulebs Soris arsebobs rTuli reciprokuli
urTierTqmedeba da rom TiToeuli am komponentebidan moqmedebs sxvebze.
 619
banduras Teoria miuTiTebs individualuri faqtorebis, qcevis da garemos
stimulebis rTul urTierTqmedebaze. yovel maTgans SeuZlia sxvebze zemoqmedeba
an maTi Secvla, da cvlilebis mimarTuleba iSviaTad aris calmxrivi _ is
reciprokulia. Tqvens qcevaze gavlena SeiZleba hqondes Tqvens damokidebulebebs
(atitudebs), rwmenebs, Sexedulebebs an ganmtkicebebis winamorbed istorias, iseve,
rogorc garemoSi arsebul stimulebs. imas, rasac Tqven akeTebT, SeiZleba gavlena
hqondes garemoze, xolo garemom da Tqvens qcevaze mowodebulma ukukavSirma
SeiZleba imoqmedos Tqveni pirovnebis mniSvnelovan aspeqtebze. es mniSvnelovani
cneba, reciprokuli determinizmi,
determinizmi gulisxmobs, rom Tqven unda gamoikvlioT yvela
komponenti, Tu gsurT mTlianad gaigoT adamianis qceva, pirovneba da socialuri
ekologia (Bandura, 1999; ixileT suraTi 14.4).
14.4 amgvarad, magaliTad, Tu Tqven Warbi
wona gaqvT, SeiZleba ar airCioT msubuqi aTletikiT dakaveba, magram, Tu sacurao
auzis maxloblad cxovrobT, SeiZleba curva arCioT. Tu komunikabeluri xarT,
gaesaubrebiT auzTan myof adamianebs da amiT ufro socialur atmosferos
SeqmniT, rac, Tavis mxriv, garemos ufro sasiamovnos gaxdis. es erTi magaliTia
adamians, adgilsa da qcevas Soris reciprokuli determinizmisa.

suraTi 14.4. reciprokuli determinizmi

reciprokuli determinizmis mixedviT individi, misi qceva da garemo

erTmaneTTan urTierTqmedebs, raTa gavlena moaxdinos da Secvalos sxva
komponentebi.

adamiani

garemo qceva

me-7-e Tavidan SeiZleba gagaxsendeT, rom banduras socialuri daswavlis

Teoria xazs usvams dakvirvebiT swavlas, rogorc process, romliTac adamiani
cvlis Tavis qcevas sxva adamianis qcevaze dakvirvebis safuZvelze. dakvirvebiT
swavlis meSveobiT bavSvebi da zrdasrulebi Tavisi socialuri garemos Sesaxeb
informaciis udides speqtrs iZenen. dakvirvebiT swavlis meSveobiT Tqven
 620
swavlobT, Tu ra aris Sesabamisi, adekvaturi, ra jildovdeba da ras mohyveba
dasja an ignorireba. radgan Tqven SegiZliaT mexsierebis gamoyeneba da ifiqroT
garegan movlenebze, Tqven SegiZliaT, iwinaswarmetyveloT Tqveni qmedebebis
SesaZlebeli Sedegebi maTi realurad ganxorcielebis gareSe. Tqven SegiZliaT
SeiZinoT unarebi, damokidebulebebi da rwmenebi ubralod imis dakvirvebiT, Tu
ras akeTeben sxvebi da ra Sedegebi mohyveba amas.
banduras Teoriis Camoyalibebis procesSi (1997) misi erT-erTi centraluri
cneba TviTefeqturoba29 gaxda. TviTefeqturoba aris rwmena imisa, rom adamians
SeuZlia adeqvaturad moqceva konkretul situaciaSi. Tqveni TviTefeqturobis
SegrZneba mravalgzis axdens gavlenas Tqvens aRqmebze, motivaciaze da qcevaze.
Tqven arc ki cdilobT raimes gakeTebas an SesaZleblobis gamoyenebas, rodesac
elodebiT, rom araefeqturi iqnebiT. Tqven eridebiT situaciebs, rodesac Tavs
adekvaturad ar grZnobT. maSinac ki, rodesac, realobaSi gaqvT unari _ da
survilic _ SeiZleba ar SeasruloT moTxovnili qmedeba, an ar gaagrZeloT
davalebis warmatebiT Sesrulebis mcdeloba, Tu fiqrobT, rom gakliaT is, rac
amisaTvis saWiroa.
faqtobrivi Sesrulebebis miRma TviTefeqturobis SefasebisaTvis arsebobs
informaciis kidev sami wyaro:
o sxvisi gamocdileba _ Tqveni dakvirveba sxvebis moqmedebaze;
o darwmuneba _ sxvebma SeiZleba dagarwmunon, rom Tqven SegiZliaT raimes
gakeTeba, an Tqven SeiZleba sakuTari Tavi daarwmunoT amaSi;
o Tqveni emociuri agznebis monitoringi, rodesac fiqrobT davalebis Sesaxeb
an rodesac iwyebT mis Sesrulebas; magaliTad, SfoTva migvaniSnebs
efeqturobis dabal molodinze; Relva migvaniSnebs warmatebis molodinze.
TviTefeqturobis Sefaseba gavlenas axdens imaze, Tu ra Zalisxmevas xarjavT
da ramden xans cdilobT warmatebis miRwevas, Tu cxovrebiseuli situaciebis
farTo speqtrSi sirTuleebi aRmocendeba (Bandura, 1997; Cervone, 2000; Schwarzer, 1992).
magaliTad, is, Tu ramdenad energiulad da Seupovrad swavlobT am Tavs, SeiZleba
ufro metad damokidebuli iyos Tqveni TviTefeqturobis gancdaze, vidre realur
unarze (Zimmerman et al., 1992). warmatebis an warumateblobis molodinebze SeiZleba
imoqmedos ganxorcielebuli qcevis efeqturobis Sesaxeb mowodebulma
ukukavSirma, magram am molodinebs, aseve, SeuZliaT winaswargansazRvruli
 621
ukukavSiris Seqmna da amdenad TviTSesrulebad winaswarmetyvelebad iqcnen.
modiT, es aRmoCena akademiur miRwevas mivusadagoT.

saidan viciT

TviTefeqturoba da bavSvebis akademiuri miRwevebi

banduram da misma kolegebma (1996) ikvlies 11-dan 14 wlamde 279 bavSvi romis
maxloblad ganlagebuli dasaxlebuli punqtidan. am kvlevis mizani iyo,
eCvenebina rogorc bavSvebis, aseve maTi mSoblebis TviTefeqturobis donis
gavlena bavSvebis akademiur miRwevebze. TviTefeqturobis gasazomad bavSvebic da
mSoblebic aRniSnavdnen Tavis Tanxmobas debulebaTa seriebze. bavSvebisaTvis
debulebebi exeboda maT mosazrebebs saskolo muSaobasTan gamklavebis sakuTari
unarebis Sesaxeb; aseve maT mosazrebebs, Tu ramdenad aqvT unari, moaxdinon
TavianTi garemos struqturireba swavlis gasaadvileblad: magaliTad, "ramdenad
kargad gamogdiT, rom daixmaroT maswavleblebi, rodesac saskolo samuSaos
Sesruleba giZneldebaT?" zrdasrulebisaTvis debulebebi ukavSirdeboda maT
unarebs, moexdinaT Tavis bavSvebSi saskolo samuSaosadmi interesisa da misi
Sesrulebis motivacia: magaliTad, "ra SegiZliaT gaakeToT, raTa daexmaroT
Tqvens bavSvebs saskolo samuSaoze bejiTad muSaobaSi?" bavSvebis maswavleblebma
miawodes mkvlevarebs maTi akademiuri miRwevebis Sefaseba. Sedegebma aCvena
rogorc mSoblebis, aseve bavSvebis TviTefeqturobis rwmenebis mniSvnelovani
gavlena miRwevebze. kerZod, mSoblebis rwmenas, rom maT aqvT unari, SeunarCunon
bavSvebs mimarTuleba, wvlili Sehqonda bavSvebis rwmenaSi, rom maT didi
miRwevebi eqnebodaT. Tavis mxriv, bavSvebis rwmenebi zusti aRmoCnda:
TviTefeqturobis Zlieri rwmenebi korelaciaSi iyo faqtobriv maRal miRwevebTan.

am kvlevidan Cans, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania, gvjerodes, rom SegviZlia

warmatebis miRweva. kerZod, Tu Tqven gegmavT, gaxdeT mSobeli, an Tu ukve gyavT
Svilebi, unda ifiqroT, imaze, Tu rogor ganaviTaroT Tqven SvilebSi gancda, rom
maT efeqturi kontroli aqvT sakuTar swavlaze.

29
self-efficacy
 622
banduras TviTefeqturobis Teoria, aseve, aRiarebs garemos mniSvnelobas.
warumateblobis Tu warmatebis molodinebi da Sesatyvisi gadawyvetilebebi
mcdelobis Sewyvetis Tu Seupovrad gagrZelebis Sesaxeb SeiZleba efuZnebodes
imis aRqmas, Tu rogoria garemo _ xelSemwyobi Tu araxelSemwyobi da, aseve,
sakuTari adekvaturobis Tu araadekvaturobis aRqmas. aseT molodinebs Sedegze
dafuZnebul molodinebs uwodeben. suraTi 14.5 gviCvenebs, Tu rogor eTanxmeba
erTmaneTs banduras Teoriis nawilebi. qceviTi Sedegebi damokidebulia
adamianebis mier rogorc sakuTari unarebis, aseve garemos aRqmas.

• TviTefeqturoba (Self-efficacy) _ rwmenebis (mosazrebebis) erToblioba, rom

adamians SeuZlia adekvaturad moqceva konkretul situaciaSi.

suraTi 14.5. banduras TviTefeqturobis modeli

am modelis mixedviT, efeqturobis molodinebi moTavsebulia adamiansa da mis
qcevas Soris; Sedegis molodinebi moTavsebulia qcevasa da mis mosalodnel
Sedegebs Soris.

adamiani qceva Sedegi

efeqturobis Sedegis
molodinebi molodinebi

kentoris socialuri inteleqtis Teoria

winamorbed kognitur da socialur Teoriebze dayrdnobiT nensi kentorma

kentorma
(Nancy Cantor) da misma kolegebma Camoayalibes pirovnebis socialuri inteleqtis
Teoria (Cantor & Kihlstrom, 1987; Kihlstrom & Cantor, 2000). socialuri inteleqti exeba im
gamocdilebas, romelic adamianebs SemoaqvT cxovrebiseuli amocanebis sakuTar
gancdaSi. Teoria gansazRvravs individualuri gansxvavebebis sam tips:
o cxovrebiseuli miznebis arCevani. adamianebi gasxvavdebian imisda
mixedviT, Tu cxovrebis romeli miznebi Tu amocanebia maTTvis yvelaze
mniSvnelovani. magaliTad, kolejis studentebi xSirad Relaven "kargi
 623
niSnebis miRebis" an "megobrebis SeZenis da SenarCunebis" Sesaxeb. aris Tu
ara am miznebidan erT-erTi TqvenTvis ufro mniSvnelovani, vidre meore?
adamianebis miznebi drois ganmavlobaSic SeiZleba Seicvalos. Tqveni aTi
wlis winandeli miznebi, albaT, gansxvavdeba rogorc dRevandeli, aseve
momavali miznebisagan.
o socialuri interaqciebis Sesabamisi codna. adamianebi gansxvavdebian
imis mixedviT, Tu ra gamocdileba SemoaqvT socialuri da pirovnuli
problemebis gadawyvetis amocanebSi.
o miznebis ganxorcielebis strategiebi. adamianebs aqvT problemebis
gadawyvetis gansxvavebuli damaxasiaTebeli strategiebi.

• socialuri inteleqti (Social intelligence) _ pirovnebis Teoria, romelic exeba im

gamocdilebas, romelic adamianebs SemoaqvT cxovrebiseuli amocanebis
sakuTar gancdaSi.

xedavT, rogor urTierTqmedebs es sami ganzomileba, raTa warmoiqmnas qcevis

gansxvavebuli paternebi, romelTac Tqven aRiqvamT, rogorc pirovnebas? Tqven
SeiZleba icnobT or adamians, romelTac erTnairi zogadi cxovrebis mizani aqvT
_ SeiZleba orivesTvis kargi niSnebis miReba warmoadgens Rirebulebas, magram imis
mixedviT, Tu ra ician maT da rogor SeuZliaT am codnis gamoyeneba, maTi myisieri
gadawyvetilebebi qcevis Sesaxeb SeiZleba Zalian gansxvavebuli iyos. erT maTgans.
SesaZloa, swavlis naTeli (eqsplicituri) strategiebi aswavles, meore ki Zlivs
axerxebs amas specialuri daxmarebis gareSe. socialuri inteleqtis Teoria axal
xedvas gvawvdis imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor gansazRvravs winaswar pirovneba
konsistentobas: drois mocemul periodSi konsistentoba SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT
adamianebis miznebSi, codnasa da strategiebSi.
modiT, ganvixiloT konkretuli garemoebebi, romlebSic adamianebis
gansxvavebuli miznebi iwveven gansxvavebul Sedegebs: mkvlevarebma aCvenes, rom
siaxlovis miznebs gavlena aqvT urTierTobebisgan miRebul dakmayofilebaze.

saidan viciT

siaxlovis miznebi sasiyvarulo urTierTobebSi

rodesac zogierTi adamiani sasiyvarulo urTierTobas iwyebs, misi umTavresi
mizania siaxlovis Seqmna: maT surT, aRmoCndnen iseT garemoSi, sadac SeZleben
 624
urTierTdamokidebulebis gamovlenas da TviTgaxsnas. sxva adamianebi aseve
dainteresebulni arian imiT, rom hqondeT urTierTobebi, magram maTTvis es
urTierTobebi warmoadgens gzas ufro metad sasurveli moqmedebebisken
(magaliTad, wveulebebisken, sqesobrivi urTierTobebisken), vidre siaxlovisken.
siaxlovis miznis siZliereSi am gansxvavebebis Sesafaseblad mkvlevarebma
sTxoves 60 students, epasuxaT iseTi debulebebisTvis, rogoricaa "sasiyvarulo
urTierTobaSi vcdilob Cemi yvelaze siRrmiseuli azrebisa da grZnobebis
gaziarebas" (Sanderson & Cantor, 1997). studentebma iseTi faqtebic aRniSnes,
rogoricaa, magaliTad, dro, romelsac isini realurad atarebdnen Tavis
partniorebTan gansxvavebul situaciebSi, iseve rogorc sakuTari dakmayofileba
urTierTobebiT. monacemebma naTeli suraTi aCvena: im adamianebis dakmayofileba
urTierTobebisgan, romlebsac ufro Zlieri siaxlovis miznebi hqondaT, naklebad
iyo damokidebuli im drois xangrZlivobaze, romlis gatarebac maT realurad
SeeZloT Tavis partniorebTan; maTi Sefaseba urTierTobebisgan miRebuli
dakmayofilebisa SedarebiT maRali iyo, miuxedavad imisa, bevr dros atarebdnen
isini erTad Tu cotas. SedarebisaTvis, ufro susti siaxlovis miznebis mqone
individebis dakmayofileba urTierTobebisagan SedarebiT dabali iyo, rodesac
isini cota dros atarebdnen partniorebTan.

xedavT, rogor gamomdinareobs es paterni individis miznebisagan? ufro Zlieri

siaxlovis miznebis mqone adamianebi Zlierad motivirebulni arian, rom rac
SeiZleba meti miiRon im droisgan, romlis gatarebac SeuZliaT Tavis
partniorebTan. SedarebisaTvis, ufro susti siaxlovis miznebis mqoneT, SesaZloa,
ar SeeZloT sakmarisi koncentracia, raTa damakmayofilebeli urTierToba
SeinarCunon uxvi interaqciebis gareSe. am SemTxvevaSi, Tqven SegiZliaT amoicnoT
pirovneba im konsistenturobiT, romliTac adamianebi iqcevian axlo
urTierTobebSi.

socialuri daswavlisa
daswavlisa da kognituri Teoriebis Sefaseba

socialuri daswavlisa da kognituri Teoriebis winaaRmdeg gamoTqmuli

kritikis erT-erTi Tvalsazrisi isaa, rom isini xSirad ugulebelyofen emociebs,
rogorc pirovnebis mniSvnelovan komponents. fsiqodinamikur TeoriebSi SfoTvis
msgavsi emociebi centralur rols TamaSoben. socialuri daswavlisa da kognitur
TeoriebSi emociebi ganixileba mxolod, rogorc azrebisa da qcevis Tanmdevi
 625
produqti an ubralod gaerTianebulia sxva tipis azrebTan, imis nacvlad, rom maT
damoukidebeli mniSvneloba mieweros. maTTvis, visi azriTac emociebi
centraluria pirovnebis funqcionirebaSi, es seriozuli naklia. kognitur
Teoriebs imis gamoc akritikeben, rom isini srulad ar aRiareben aracnobieri
motivaciis gavlenas qcevasa da emociebze.
kritikis meore Tvalsazrisi fokusirebulia pirovnuli konstruqtebis da
kompetenciebis Seqmnis gzis axsnebis bundovanebaze. kognituri Teoriis mimdevrebs
xSirad bevri araferi hqondaT saTqmeli zrdasruli pirovnebis ganviTarebiTi
warmomavlobis Sesaxeb; maTi aqcenti individis mier qcevis awmyo garemoebebis
aRqmaze Crdilavs individis istorias. es kritika kerZod kelis (Kelly) Teoriazea
mimarTuli, romelic aRweril iqna ufro rogorc konceftualuri sistema, vidre
rogorc Teoria, radgan is fokusirebulia struqturaze da procesebze da
TiTqmis arafers ambobs pirovnuli konstruqtebis Sinaarsze.
am kritikis miuxedavad, pirovnebis kognituri Teoriebs mTavari wvlili
ekuTvniT Tanamedrove azrovnebaSi. kelis Teoriam gavlena iqonia kognituri
Terapevtebis did ricxvze. miSelis mier situaciis maxasiaTeblebis gacnobierebam
moitana ori komponentis interaqciis ukeTesi gageba: imisa, Tu ra Semoaqvs
adamians qceviT garemoSi, imasTan, rasac iwvevs adamianSi qceviTi garemo. banduras
ideebma gamoiwvia maswavleblebis mier moswavleebis ganaTlebis gaumjobeseba da
daexmara maT axal mkurnalobasTan erTad warmatebisaTvis mieRwiaT
janmrTelobis, biznesis da sportis sferoSi. da bolos, kentoris Teoriam
pirovnebis konsistentobis Zieba gadaiyvana cxovrebiseuli miznebisa da
socialuri strategiebis doneze.
mogawodaT Tu ara pirovnebis am kogniturma Teoriebma axali ideebi Tqveni
sakuTari pirovnebis da qcevis Sesaxeb? Tqven nel-nela naxavT, Tu rogor daiwyebT
sakuTari Tavis gansazRvras nawilobriv garemosTan interaqciebze dayrdnobiT.
axla SevudgebiT Teoriebs, romlebic kidev ufro Sors wagiyvanen Tqveni Tavis
gansazRvraSi.

Sejameba
socialuri daswavlis da kognituri Teoriebi iziareben mosazrebas, rom
adamianebis moqmedebebze gavlenas axdens garemos SemTxveviTi maxasiaTeblebi.
uolter miSelis azriT, garemos specifikur movlenebs adamianebi pasuxoben
 626
sakuTar kodirebebze, molodinebze da Sexedulebebze, emociebze, miznebsa da
Rirebulebebze, da unarebsa da TviTmaregulirebel gegmebze dayrdnobiT. albert
banduram warmoadgina adamianis, garemos da qcevis reciprokuli urTierTqmedebis
Teoria; TviTefeqturoba udides rols TamaSobs adamianebis mier
ganxorcielebuli qcevebis gansazRvraSi. nensi kentoris Teoriis mixedviT,
adamianebi gansxvavdebian cxovrebis miznebis arCevis mxriv, Tavisi codnis mxriv
da im strategiebis mxriv, romlebsac iyeneben Tavisi miznebis misaRwevad.

me-s (SELF) Teoriebi

axla mivadeqiT pirovnebis Teoriebs, romlebic yvelaze metad uSualod

pirovnulia: isini pirdapir exebian imas, Tu rogor marTavs TiToeul individi mis
me-s. ra aris Tqveni me-s koncefcia? ras fiqrobT, Tanmimdevrulad reagirebs Tu
ara samyaroze Tqveni me? cdilobT Tu ara Tqveni megobrebisaTvis da ojaxisaTvis
konsistenturi, myari me-s warmoCinebas? ra zemoqmedeba aqvs dadebiT da uaryofiT
gamocdilebas imaze, Tu ras fiqrobT sakuTari me-s Sesaxeb? am kiTxvebis
ganxilvas mokle istoriuli mimoxilviT daviwyebT.
me-s analizis Tavgamodebuli adreuli damcvelia uiliam jemsi (William James,
1890). jemsma me-gamocdilebis sami komponenti gamohyo: materialuri me
(sxeulebrivi me, garSemomyofi fizikuri sagnebis msgavsad), socialuri me (Tqveni
codna imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor gxedaven sxvebi), da sulieri me (me, romelic
Tvalyurs adevnebs pirad azrebsa da grZnobebs). jemss sjeroda, rom yvelaferi,
rasac adamiani ukavSirebs Tavis identobas, garkveuli azriT, misi me-s nawili
xdeba. amiT aixsneba, Tu ratom aqvT adamianebs TavdacviTi reaqcia, rodesac
akritikeben maT megobrebs an ojaxis wevrebs _ maTi me-s nawilebs. me-s koncefcia,
aseve, centraluri iyo fsiqodinamikuri TeoriebisaTvis. me-insaiti
fsiqoanalitikuri mkurnalobis mniSvnelovani nawili iyo froidis TeoriaSi,
iungi ki xazs usvamda imas, rom me-s srulyofili ganviTarebisaTvis adamianma
unda miiRos da integracia moaxdinos misi cnobieri da aracnobieri cxovrebis
yvela aspeqtisa.
rogor ganixilaven me-s Tanamedrove TeoriaSi? Cven jer aRvwerT me-s kognitur
aspeqtebs: me-s koncefciebs da SesaZlebel me-ebs. Semdeg ganvixilavT, Tu ra
gzebiT warudgenen adamianebi samyaros Tavis me-s. da bolos, SevexebiT
 627
mniSvnelovan sakiTxs, Tu rogor gansxvavdeba me-ze Sexedulebebi kulturebis
mixedviT.

me-s koncefciebis dinamikuri aspeqtebi

me-s koncefcia
koncefcia warmoadgens dinamikur fsiqikur struqturas, romelic axdens
intrapersonaluri da interpersonaluri qcevebisa da procesebis motivirebas,
interpretirebas, organizebas, mediacias da regulacias. me-s koncefcia mraval
komponents moicavs. maT Sorisaa Tqveni mogonebebi sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb;
mosazrebebi Tqveni niSan-Tvisebebis, motivebis, Rirebulebebis da unarebis Sesaxeb;
idealuri me, rogoric yvelaze metad gsurT, rom gaxdeT; SesaZlebeli me-ebi,
rogoradac gaxdomas SesaZleblad ganixilavT; Tqveni Tavis dadebiTi an
uaryofiTi Sefasebebi (TviTSefaseba) da warmodgenebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ras
fiqroben Tqvenze sxvebi (Brown, 1009; McGuire & McGuire, 1988). me-8-e TavSi Cven
ganvixileT sqemebi, rogorc "codnis paketebi", romlebic ganasaxiereben
kompleqsur ganzogadebebs garemos struqturis Sesaxeb. Tqveni me-s koncefcia
Seicavs sqemebs me-s Sesaxeb _ me-sqemebs, romlebic saSualebas gaZlevT, sakuTari
Tavis Sesaxeb informaciis organizeba moaxdinoT, iseve, rogorc sxva sqemebi
gaZleven saSualebas, marToT Tqveni gamocdilebis sxva aspeqtebi (Markus, 1977).
Tumca, me-sqemebi ara mxolod imaze axdenen gavlenas, Tu rogor gadaamuSavebT
sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb informacias. kvleva gviCvenebs, rom es sqemebi, romlebsac
xSirad iyenebT sakuTari qcevis interpretaciisaTvis, gavlenas axdens imazec, Tu
rogor gadaamuSavebT informacias sxva adamianebis Sesaxeb (Cantor & Kihlstrom, 1987;
Markus & Smith, 1981). amgvarad, sxva adamianebis moqmedebebis interpretacias Tqven
imis safuZvelze axdenT, rac iciT da risic gjeraT sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb.

• me-s koncefcia
koncefcia (Self-concept) _ adamianis unarebis da atributebis Sesaxeb misi
fsiqikuri modeli.
me-s kognituri aRqmis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani komponenti SeiZleba iyos sxva
SesaZlebeli me-ebi, romlebsac Tqven adarebT Tqvens amJamindel me-s koncefcias.
hezel markusma (Hazel
( Markus)) da misma kolegebma SesaZlebeli me-ebi gansazRvres,
rogorc "idealuri me-ebi, rogorebic Zalian gvinda gavxdeT. esenia, aseve, me-ebi,
rogorebic SegviZlia, rom gavxdeT da me-ebi, rogoradac gaxdomisa gveSinia"
(Markus & Nurius, 1986, p. 954). SesaZlebeli me-ebs wvlili SeaqvT qcevis motivirebaSi
_ isini biZgs aZleven moqmedebas da, amave dros, iZlevian imis ganxilvis
 628
SesaZleblobas, Tu ra mimarTulebebi SeuZlia aiRos Tqvenma me-m _ ukeTesi Tu
uaresi.
ganvixiloT individebis mosazrebebi mSoblobisaTvis mzaobis Sesaxeb.
• SesaZlebeli me-ebi (Possible selves) _ idealuri me-ebi, rogoric adamians surs,
gaxdes, me-ebi, rogorebic adamians SeuZlia gaxdes da me-ebi, rogoradac
gaxdomis adamians eSinia; me-s kognituri aRqmis komponentebi.
• TviTSefaseba (Self-esteem) _ me-s mimarT ganzogadebuli SefasebiTi
damokidebuleba, romelic gavlenas axdens rogorc guneba-ganwyobilebaze,
aseve qcevaze da romelic Zlier zemoqmedebs individualuri da socialuri
qcevebis speqtrze.

saidan viciT

SesaZlebeli me, rogorc mSobeli

mkvlevarebis jgufma Seqmna Sefasebis instrumenti, romelic gamiznuli iyo im
xarisxis gazomvisaTvis, romliTac axalgazrda zrdasrul adamianebs SeeZloT
sakuTari Tavis warmodgena mSoblad (Bloom, et al., 1999). kvlevaSi monawile kolejis
683-ma studentma gasca pasuxi “srulebiT ar Semesabameba _ Zalian Semesabameba”
skalis mixedviT iseT debulebebs, rogoricaa "momavalSi iseT adamianad vxedav
Tavs, romelic SesaZloa daqorwindes, magram ar moisurvebs Svilebis yolas". im
mizniT, rom studentebi ver mimxvdariyvnen kvlevis mizans, mSoblobis
relevanturi debulebebi gabneuli iyo ufro grZel kiTxvarSi. kiTxvaris
Sevsebis Semdeg TiToeul students eniWeboda mSoblis SesaZlebeli me-s qula
(parent possible-self score - PPS). saSualod, qalebi da mamakacebi ar gasxvavdebodnen am
qulebis mixedviT. Tumca, mkvlevarebma gamohyves rogorc qalebis, aseve
mamakacebis qvejgufebi, romlebmac gansakuTrebiT maRali da gansakuTrebiT
dabali qulebi miiRes. am qvejgufebis adamianebma Sefasebebi misces bavSvebis
videoCanawerebs, sadac bavSvebis qceva icvleboda bednieridan nerviulamde.
maRali PPS-is mqone studentebma, Sesabamisad, ufro dadebiTad Seafases bavSvebi,
vidre dabali PPS-is mqone studentebma.

SegiZliaT, gamoZebnoT mizezebi, ris gamoc adamianis unars, warmoidginos

Tavisi Tavi mSoblad, SesaZlebelia gavlena hqondes am adamianis mier bavSvis
qcevis interpretaciaze?
 629
TviTSefaseba da TviTprezentacia

Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rom zogierT adamians uaryofiTi me-s koncefcia aqvs,
romelic SeiZleba aseve davaxasiaToT, rogorc dabali TviTSefaseba. adamianis
TviTSefaseba warmoadgens me-s generalizebul Sefasebas. TviTSefasebas SeuZlia
Zlieri gavlenis moxdena azrebze, guneba-ganwyobilebaze da qcevaze. dabali
TviTSefaseba SeiZleba, nawilobriv, daxasiaTdes, rogorc me-s Sesaxeb naklebi
darwmunebuloba. rodesac maRali da dabali TviTSefasebis mqone individebs
sTxoves, SeefasebinaT sakuTari Tavi ramdenime niSnis ganzomilebebis mixedviT
(rogorebicaa logikuri, inteleqtualuri da mimzidveli), rogorc mosalodnelia,
dabali TviTSefasebis mqone individebma sakuTar Tavs mTlianobaSi ufro dabali
Sefasebebi misces (Baumgardner, 1990). Tumca, rodesac maT, aseve, sTxoves, Tavisi
Sefasebebis zeda da qveda sazRvrebis Camoyalibeba, dabali TviTSefasebis
monawileebma ufro farTo diapazoni miuTiTes: maT me-s naklebad zusti gancda
hqondaT, vidre maRali TviTSefasebis mqone monawileebs. ase rom, dabali
TviTSefasebis fenomenis nawili SesaZlebelia iyos grZnoba, rom Tqven ubralod
bevri ar iciT Tqveni me-s Sesaxeb. me-s Sesaxeb codnis nakleboba aZnelebs imis
winaswarmetyvelebas, miaRwevs Tu ara adamiani warmatebas cxovrebiseul
miswrafebebSi.
TvalsaCinoa, rom adamianebis umetesoba Zalian cdilobs TviTSefasebis da me-s
koncefciis integrirebulobis SenarCunebas (Steele, 1988). adamianebi
TviTgaumjobesebis mraval formas mimarTaven (Banaji & Prentice, 1994). magaliTad,
rodesac Tqven eWvi geparebaT davalebis Sesrulebis sakuTar unarSi,
SesaZlebelia, TviTuunarobis (self-handicapping) qcevas mimarToT. Tqven Segnebulad
uwevT sabotaJs sakuTar qmedebas! am strategiis mizania, warumateblobis
SemTxvevaSi gqondeT gamzadebuli sapatio mizezi, romelic ar gulisxmobs unaris
naklebobas (Higgins et al., 1990; Jones & Berglas, 1978). ase rom, Tu geSiniaT imis gageba,
gaqvT Tu ara is, rac saWiroa mniSvnelovani gamocdis CabarebisaTvis, SeiZleba
megobrebTan dro gaataroT mecadineobis magivrad. am gziT, Tu Tqven warmatebas
ar miaRwevT, SegeZlebaT amis gadabraleba mcire Zalisxmevaze, imis gamorkvevis
gareSe, gqondaT Tu ara sinamdvileSi warmatebis miRwevis unari.

• TviTuunaroba (self-handicapping) _ warumateblobis molodinis SemTxvevaSi iseTi

qceviTi reaqciebisa da qcevis axsnis ganviTarebis procesi, romlebic
 630
minimumde daiyvans unarebis deficits, rogorc warumateblobis SesaZlebel
mizezs.

saidan viciT

TviTuunaroba kolejis studentebSi

orma mkvlevarma sTxova kolejis studentebs, daefiqsirebinaT Tavisi pozicia
(“veTanxmebi/ar veTanxmebi”) TviTuunarobis gamzomav debulebebTan mimarTebaSi:
"bevrad mets gavakeTebdi, Tu mets vecdebodi"; "mgoni, ufro metad xasiaTs
daqvemdebarebuli adamiani var, vidre sxvebis umetesoba"; "vcdilob, saqmeebi
ukanasknel wuTamde gadavdo". maTi pirveli gamocdis win, studentebs hkiTxes, Tu
ra niSani iqneboda maTTvis sasurveli. gamocdis Semdeg maT mcdari pasuxebi
Seatyobines, TiTqos maTi niSani naxevari quliT ufro dabali iyo, vidre
"sasurveli" (magaliTad, Tu maT "4" isurves, maT uTxres, rom maT "4-" miiRes). am
momentSi mkvlevarebma Seafases studentebis TviTSefaseba. Tu TviTuunaroba
icavs TviTSefasebas, unda gvqonoda molodini, rom maRali TviTuunarobis mqone
adamianebis TviTSefaseba nakleb zians ganicdida, rodesac maT
aradamakmayofilebeli niSnebi miiRes. es aris zustad is paterni, romelic
gamoavlines kvlevis mamrobiTi sqesis minawileebma: maRali TviTuunaroba
dakavSirebuli iyo maRal TviTSefasebasTan. Tumca, qal studentebSi ar
gamovlinda raime korelacia TviTuunarobasa da TviTSefasebas Soris.
mkvlevarebis mosazrebiT, mamakacebs me-s xifaTisagan dacvis ufro Zlieri
tendencia aqvT (Rhodewalt & Hill, 1995).

ganixileT am kvlevis Sedegebi Tqven sakuTar qcevasTan mimarTebaSi. mimarTavT

Tu ara TviTuunarobas? im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu es icavs Tqvens TviTSefasebas
(gansakuTrebiT Tu mamakaci xarT), es mainc aisaxeba Tqvens niSnebze! (sxvaTa
Soris, mas Semdeg, rac kvleva dasrulda, mkvlevarebi dawvrilebiT gaesaubren
monawileebs, rac moicavda motyuebis miznis axsnas da namdvili niSnebis
miwodebas.)
TviTuunarobis fenomeni, aseve, migviTiTebs, rom TviTSefasebis mniSvnelovani
aspeqtebi dakavSirebulia TviTprezentaciasTan. TviTuunaroba ufro metad aris
mosalodneli maSin, rodesac adamianebma ician, rom Sedegebi sajarod
xelmisawvdomi iqneba (Self, 1990). asea Tu ise, rogor unda ifiqros vinmem cudad
 631
Tqvens Sesaxeb, rodesac winaaRmdegoba, romelic SegxvdaT, esoden TvalsaCinoa?
TviTprezentaciis msgavsi sakiTxebi gvexmareba, avxsnaT maRali da dabali
TviTSefasebis mqone individebs Soris qceviTi gansxvavebebi (Baumeister et al., 1989).
maRali TviTSefasebis adamianebi samyaros sakuTar Tavs warudgenen, rogorc
ambiciur, agresiul, riskze wamsvlel adamians. dabali TviTSefasebis adamianebi
sakuTar Tavs waradgenen, rogorc frTxils da windaxeduls. aq mniSvnelovania,
rom es pozicia gankuTvnilia sajarod wardgenisTvis anu misi e.w. “momxmarebeli”
sazogadoeba unda iyos.

saidan viciT

TviTSefasebis sajaro saxe

maRali da dabali TviTSefasebis monawileebs miecaT TamaSSi gavarjiSebis
SesaZlebloba imdeni xnis ganmavlobaSi, ramdenic maT surdaT. amis Semdeg maT
ori wuTis ganmavlobaSi unda eTamaSaT. monawileebis nawili varjiSobda
eqsperimentatoris dakvirvebis qveS; meore nawili _ damkvirveblis gareSe. orive
SemTxvevaSi gaizoma dro, romelic maT gavarjiSebaSi gaatares (gazomva moxda
Riad, eqsperimentatoris daswrebis SemTxvevaSi da SeumCnevlad, misi aryofnis
SemTxvevaSi). Sedegebi naCvenebia cxrilSi 14.5.
14.5 sajaroobis SemTxvevaSi, maRali
TviTSefasebis individebi daaxloebiT imis naxevar dros varjiSobdnen, rasac
dabali TviTSefasebis mqone monawileebi. damkvirveblis gareSe varjiSis
SemTxvevaSi, Sedegi Sebrunebuli iyo; isini ufro didxans varjiSobdnen, vidre
dabali TviTSefasebis individebi (Tice & Baumeister, 1990).

cxrili 14.5. varjiSis saSualo xangrZlivoba maRali da dabali TviTSefasebis

mqone adamianebisaTvis
adamianebisaTvis
TviTSefaseba sajarod damkvirveblis
gareSe
maRali 123 448
dabali 257 387
-134 +61
SeniSvna: xangrZlivoba gazomilia wamebSi.

es Sedegi gasagebia TviTprezentaciis TvalsazrisiT. maRali TviTSefasebis

adamianebs SeiZleba surdeT, ise gamoCndnen, rom TiTqos warmatebas aRweven Zalian
 632
mcire momzadebis Sedegadac ki ("Cemnair adamians ar sWirdeba varjiSi!") da Tuki
isini warmatebas ver miaRweven, maT SeiZleba kvlav mimarTon TviTuunarobas
("Tqven xom naxeT, ra cota vivarjiSe!").

me-s kulturuli konstruqcia

konstruqcia

aqamde Cveni msjeloba me-s relevantur konstruqtebs exeboda, rogoricaa

TviTSefaseba da SesaZlebeli me-ebi, romlebic sakmaod farTod gamoiyeneba
adamianebSi. Tumca, me-s mkvlevarebma daiwyes imis Seswavlac, Tu rogor gavlenas
axdens me-s koncefciasa da me-s ganviTarebaze gansxvavebuli kulturuli zewola.
Tu Tqven dasavlur kulturaSi gaizardeT, Cvens mier aqamde ganxiluli kvleva ar
SegiqmnidaT diskomforts: Teoriebi da konstruqtebi Seesabameba imas, Tu rogor
moiazreben dasavluri kulturebi me-s. Tumca, im tipis kultura, saidanac
aRmocendeba dasavluri me _ individualisturi kultura _ umciresobas
warmoadgens msoflios mosaxleobis gaTvaliswinebiT, romlis daaxloebiT 70%
koleqtivistur kulturebs moicavs. individualisturi kulturebi xazs usvamen
individis moTxovnilebebs, maSin, rodesac koleqtivisturi kulturebi _ jgufis
moTxovnilebebs (Triandis, 1994, 1995). es yovlismomcveli aqcenti mniSvnelovnad
moqmedebs imaze, Tu rogor moiazrebs am kulturebis yoveli wevri Tavis me-s:
hezel markusi da Sinobu kitaiama (1991; Kitayama et al., 1995; Markus et al., 1997)
amtkicebdnen, rom yoveli kultura me-s gansxvavebul gagebas (construals) aZlevs
safuZvels:
o individualisturi kulturebi mxars uWeren damoukidebeli me-s gagebas
_ "damoukideblobis kulturuli miznis miRweva moiTxovs sakuTari Tavis
ganmartebas, rogorc individisa, romlis qceva organizebulia da
mniSvnelovneba eniWeba, ZiriTadad, adamianis sakuTar azrebTan, grZnobebTan
da qmedebebTan mimarTebaSi da ara sxvebis azrebTan, grZnobebTan da
qmedebebTan mimarTebaSi" (Markus & Kitayama, 1991, p. 226).
o koleqtivisturi kulturebi mxars uWeren urTierTdamokidebuli me-s
gagebas _ "urTierTdamokidebulebis gancda iwvevs sakuTari Tavis danaxvas,
rogorc garemomcveli socialuri urTierTobis nawilisa da imis aRiarebas,
rom adamianis qceva gansazRvrulia, damokidebulia da didwilad
organizebulia imiT, Tu ras aRiqvams moqmedi piri sxvebis azrebad,
grZnobebad da moqmedebebad" (Markus & Kitayama, 1991, p. 227).
 633
mkvlevarebma mravalgzis daadastures am gansxvavebebis realuroba da
Sedegebi.

• damoukidebeli me--s gageba (Independent construals of self) _ me-s konceptualizacia,

me
rogorc individisa, romlis qceva, upirveles yovlisa, organizebulia adamianis
sakuTar azrebTan, grZnobebTan da qmedebebTan mimarTebaSi, da ara sxvebis
azrebTan, grZnobebTan da qmedebebTan mimarTebaSi.
• urTierTdamokidebuli
urTierTdamokidebuli me-s gageba (Interdependent construals of self) _ me-s
konceptualizacia, rogorc garemomcveli socialuri urTierTobis nawilisa;
imis aRiareba, rom adamianis qceva gansazRvrulia, damokidebulia da didwilad
organizebulia imiT, Tu ras aRiqvams moqmedi piri sxvebis azrebad, grZnobebad
da moqmedebebad.

me-s erT-erT kros-kulturul kvlevaSi gamoiyenes gazomvis instrumenti

saxelwodebiT oci debulebis testi (Twenty Statements Test - TST) (Kuhn & McPartland,
1954). am testis Catarebisas monawileebs sTxoven, 20 gansxvavebuli pasuxi gascen
SekiTxvas "vin var me?". rogorc naCvenebia cxrilSi 14.6,
14.6 am SekiTxvaze pasuxebi,
rogorc wesi, eqvs gansxvavebul kategoriad iyofa. cxrilSi, aseve, warmodgenilia
kvlevis Sedegebi, sadac TST-s Sesrulebas sTxovdnen daaxloebiT 300 students
SeerTebuli Statebidan da indoeTidan (Dhawan et al., 1995). udidesi gansxvavebaa
cxrilSi im raodenobis mixedviT, romliTac adamianebi me-Sefasebebs akeTebdnen.
amerikelebi ufro xSirad akeTebdnen amas, rac Seesabameba maTi me-s damoukidebel
gancdas. indoelma studentebma gamoTqves bevrad ufro naklebi me-Sefasebebi da,
Tavisi urTierTdamokidebuli me-s gancdis Sesabamisad, airCies ramdenadme ufro
meti debulebebi socialuri identobis Sesaxeb. miaqcieT yuradReba, rom qalebsa
da mamakacebs Soris gansxvavebebi jamSi sakmaod mcirea _ kultura ufro metad
mniSvnelovania. Tqven SeiZleba dafiqrdeT, Tu rogor moqmedebs koleqtivisturi
kulturebis me-s koncefciebze dasavluri kulturis Semotana. erT kvlevaSi
Sedarebulia TST-s pasuxebi kenielebisa, romlebic praqtikulad ar ganicdian
dasavluri kulturis gavlenas _ samburus da maasais mwyemsebis tomebis
warmomadgenlebisa _ im kenielebis pasuxebTan, vinc gadasaxlda dasavluri tipis
dedaqalaq nairobiSi. tomebis wevrebis daaxloebiT 82% pasuxebi TST-ze
warmoadgenda socialur pasuxebs; nairobiSi momuSaveTa pasuxebis mxolod 58%
iyo socialuri pasuxebi, xolo nairobis universitetis studentebis pasuxebSi
 634
mxolod 17 procenti iyo socialuri (Ma & Schoeneman, 1997). am paternidan
gamomdinare, rodesac qveyanas Semoaqvs dasavluri produqtebi, man SeiZleba aseve
Semoitanos me-s dasavluri gageba.

cxrili 14.6. oci debulebis testis ( TST) pasuxebis kros-

kros-kulturuli Sedareba -
pasuxebis procenti TiToeul kategoriaSi

indielebi amerikelebi
kategori
magaliTebi mamrob mdedrob mamrobi mdedrob
a
iTi iTi Ti iTi

socialu me var studenti. 34 28 26 26

ri me var Svili.
identoba
ideolog me mjera, rom yvela 2 2 2 1
iuri adamiani kargia.
rwmenebi me mwams RmerTis.

interese me miyvars fortepianoze 7 16 6 5

bi dakvra
me siamovnebas
maniWebs axali axali
adgilebis monaxuleba.
ambiciebi me minda gavxde eqimi. 11 15 2 2
me minda, meti viswavlo
fsiqologiaSi.
me- me patiosani da 35 33 64 65
Sefasebe Sromismoyvare var
bi me maRali adamiani var.
me vRelav momavlis
Taobaze.
sxva me xmauriani megobrebi 11 6 1 0
myavs.
me myavs ZaRli.
 635
es kvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom kulturebi, romlebsac adamianebi miekuTvnebian,
did gavlenas axdens imaze, Tu rogor esmiT maT Tavisi me. Tqven ukve waikiTxeT am
gagebis Sedegebis Sesaxeb zemoT moyvanil TavebSi. magaliTad, me-11-e TavSi Tqven
gaigeT, rom kultura gavlenas axdens moralur msjelobebze (Miller & Bersoff, 1992);
da me-13-e TavSi ki _ rom kultura zemoqmedebas axdens emociur gamoxatulebebze
(Stephan et al., 1996). Tqven kvlav SexvdebiT am gansxvavebas mogvianebiT am
saxelmZRvaneloSi, rodesac, magaliTad, SevexebiT sakiTxs, moqmedebs Tu ara me-s
gageba siyvarulis Sesaxeb ideebze (ixileT me-17-e Tavi). axla ki gaecaniT kvlevas,
romelic gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania me-s Sesaxeb TeoriebTan dakavSirebiT.

saidan viciT

kultura, TviTgaumjobeseba da TviTkritika

zemoT Cven movitaneT magaliTi, rom adamianebi dasavlur kulturebSi
cdiloben TviTgaumjobesebas _ TviTSefasebaSi dadebiTi cvlilebebis Setanas.
Tumca es, rogorc wesi, ar Sedis koleqtivisturi kulturis warmomadgenlis
dRis wesrigSi. amis magivrad, urTierTdamokidebuli me-s gagebis arseboba
SeiZleba dakavSirebuli iyos TviTkritikasTan. individi cdilobs koleqtivis
gaumjobesebas sakuTari individualuri miRwevebis mimarT kritikuli
damokidebulebiT. am ideebis Sesamowmeblad mkvlevarebis jgufma sTxova iaponel
studentebs _ koleqtivisturi kulturis warmomadgenlebs da amerikel
studentebs _ individualisturi kulturis warmomadgenlebs, aReweraT rac
SeiZleba meti situacia, rodesac maTi TviTSefaseba gaizarda an Semcirda.
warmatebis situaciebi iyo debulebebi, rogoricaa "rodesac gamocdaSi an
sadiplomo naSromis dacvaSi saukeTeso Sefaseba miviRe"; warumateblobis
situaciebs aRwerdnen debulebebi, rogoricaa "rodesac Cems sayvarel beisbolis
gunds an msaxiobs sajarod akritikeben". momdevno fazaSi studentebis sam axal
jgufs _ 63 iaponel students kiotodan, iaponia; 88 iaponel students, romlebic
droebiT swavloben oregonis universitetSi, iujinSi, oregoni da 102 TeTrkanian
students oregonis universitetidan _ sTxoves, waekiTxaT situaciebis aRwerebi
da ecadaT, sakuTari Tavis warmodgena am situaciebSi. maT sTxoves, mieTiTebinaT,
imoqmedebda Tu ara situacia maT TviTSefasebaze da, Tu ki, ra mimarTulebiT
(anu Semcirdeboda Tu gaizrdeboda). Semdeg maT es moqmedebis xarisxi unda
 636
SeefasebinaT oTxsafexurian skalaze (1=+"sustad", - 4=+"Zlier").
eqsperimentis Sedegebi warmodgenilia suraTze 14.6. pirvel rigSi, miaqcieT
yuradReba, rom iaponeli studentebi _ rogorc iaponiaSi, iseve amerikaSi _ ufro
metad aRniSnavdnen TviTSefasebis Semcirebas. es aRmoCena Seesatyviseba im
gansxvavebas, romelic Cven gavakeTeT damoukidebeli me-s da
urTierTdamokidebuli me-s gagebebs Soris. meore, efeqti ufro didia _ rogorc
TviTkritikisa iaponel studentebSi, aseve TviTgaumjobesebisa amerikel
studentebSi _ maSin, rodesac situacia warmoiqmneba anu, rogorc mkvlevarebi
amboben, situacia "damzadebulia" maT mSobliur qveyanaSi. es niSnavs, rom
proeqtis pirvel fazaSi amerikeli studentebis mier aRwerili situaciebi
yvelaze kargad uwyobda xels amerikelebis TviTgaumjobesebas; analogiurad,
iaponeli studentebis mier aRwerili situaciebi yvelaze kargad uwyobda xels
iaponelebis TviTkritikas. da bolos, SeerTebul StatebSi macxovrebeli
iaponeli studentebi ramdenadme nakleb TviTkritikulni iyvnen, vidre maTi
iaponiaSi macxovrebeli Tanamemamuleebi. aq SeiZleba aisaxebodes amerikuli
kulturis gavlena iaponelebze maTi amerikaSi yofnis dros an im studentebis
TviTSerCeva, romlebic fiqrobdnen, rom SesabamisobaSi movidodnen amerikis
kulturasTan a.S.S.-Si yofnis dros (Kitayama et al., 1997).

suraTi 14.6. kultura, TviTgaumjobeseba da TviTkritika

proeqtis pirvel fazaSi, amerikelma da iaponelma studentebma aRweres

warmatebis da warumateblobis situaciebi. TiTeul kulturaSi warmoSobil
situaciebs uwodes "amerikaSi damzadebuli" da "iaponiaSi damzadebuli"
situaciebi. meore fazaSi studentebma orive kulturidan, iseve, rogorc
studentebma iaponiidan, romlebic imyofebian amerikaSi, Seafases, Tu rogor
imoqmedebda maT TviTSefasebaze am situaciebSi moxvedra. saSualod, iaponeli
studentebi ufro orientirebulni iyvnen TviTkritikaze, TviTSefasebaSi
uaryofiTi cvlilebebiT, maSin, rodesac amerikeli studentebi ufro
orientirebulni iyvnen TviTgaumjobesebaze, TviTSefasebaSi dadebiTi
cvlilebebiT. Sedegebi ufro mniSvnelovani iyo, rodesac situaciebi Sesabamis
qveyanaSi warmoiSveboda. svetebSi moyvanili ricxvebi warmoadgenen im studentebis
procents, romlebmac dominanturi tendencia gamoavlines (magaliTad, iaponeli
studentebis 86%-ma gamoavlina TviTkritika, rodesac pasuxobda “iaponiaSi
 637
damzadebul" situaciebs, maSin, rodesac amerikeli studentebis 87%-ma gamoavlina
TviTgaumjobeseba, rodesac "amerikaSi damzadebul" situaciebs pasuxobda).

0,6
TviTSefasebis SedarebiTi zrda

87%
0,4

0,2
75%
55%
0
62%
-0,2
75%
-0,4 86%

-0,6

Tu Tqven dasavlur kulturaSi gaizardeT, SeiZleba es Sedegebi TqvenTvis

Znelad gasagebi iyos. ratom unda iyos adamianebisaTvis sakuTari TviTSefasebis
gakritikeba ufro bunebrivi, vidre gaumjobeseba? pasuxi, ra Tqma unda, aris, rom
me am TviTSefasebaSi ar aris imave mniSvneblobis: koleqtivisturi kulturis
warmomadgenlebisTvis mniSvnelovania is, Tu rogor ukavSirdeba me koleqtivs.
momdevno ramdenime dReSi Tqven SegiZliaT, SeecadoT ganicadoT me-s orive gageba,
Tu daakvirdebiT imas, rogor moqmedebs Tqvens garSemo mimdinare movlenebi Tqvens
me-ze, rogorc individze da Tqvens me-ze, rogorc ufro farTo socialuri
struqturis wevrze.

me-s Teoriebis Sefaseba

me-s Teoriebi warmatebiT afiqsireben adamianebis koncefciebs sakuTari

pirovnebis Sesaxeb da imas, Tu rogor surT maT sxvebis mier iyvnen aRqmuli. ufro
metic, me-s kros-kulturul gagebaTa kvlevam didi gavlena iqonia imaze, Tu
rogor afaseben fsiqologebi Tavisi Teoriebis universalurobas. miuxedavad
amisa, is, vinc akritikebs me-s Teoriis pirovnebisadmi midgomas, gmobs imas, rom am
midgomas sazRvrebi ar aqvs. ramdenadac amdeni ram aris me-s da me-s koncefciis
relevanturi, yovelTvis ar aris naTeli, romeli faqtorebia yvelaze
mniSvnelovani qcevis winaswarmetyvelebisaTvis. garda amisa, me-s xazgasma, rogorc
socialuri konstruqtisa, srulad ar Seesabameba im faqts, rom pirovnebis
zogierTi aspeqti SeiZleba memkvidreobiT gadaeces. iseve, rogorc Cvens mier
 638
aRweril sxva TeoriebSi, me-s Teoriebi aRweren mxolod zogierT rames, magram
ara yvelafers iqidan, rac Tqven pirovnebad gesaxebaT.

Sejameba

me-s koncefciebi warmoadgens mexsierebis stuqturebs, romlebic moicaven

sqemebs me-s Sesaxeb da marTaven imas, Tu rogor gadaamuSaveben adamianebi
informacias sakuTari Tavis da sxvebis Sesaxeb. rogorc Cans, adamianebs
TviTSemowmeba urCevniaT, maSinac ki, rodesac Semowmebuli me-s koncefcia
uaryofiTia. adamianebi iyeneben SesaZlebel me-ebs, raTa Seadaron, rogorebi arian
axla da rogorebi SeiZleba iyvnen momavalSi. TviTSefaseba warmoadgens me-s
zogad Sefasebas; mas SeuZlia Zlierad imoqmedos azrebze, gunebaze da qcevaze.
adamianebi mimarTaven TviTuunarobas TviTSefasebis dasacavad. kros-kulturulma
kvlevam yuradReba gaamaxvila imaze, Tu rogor ubiZgebs individualisturi da
koleqtivisturi kulturebi me-s gansxvavebuli gagebis warmoqmnas.
individualisturi kulturebis warmomadgenlebs axasiaTebT damoukidebeli me-s
gageba; xolo koleqtivisturi kulturebis warmomadgenlebs _
urTierTdamokidebuli me-s gageba. es gagebebi moqmedeben imaze, Tu rogor afaseben
Tavis Tavs adamianebi da rogor aregulireben Tavis TviTSefasebas. me-s Teoriebis
kritikosebis azriT, isini yovelTvis ar iZlevian qcevis winaswarmetyvelebis
SesaZleblobas da sakmarisad ar aRiareben pirovnebis genetikur aspeqtebs.

fsiqologia 21-e saukuneSi

me internetSi
yvelaze rTuli SekiTxva, romelsac adamianebi sakuTar Tavs usvamen
internetSi Sesvlis win, Semdegia: vin unda viyo me dRes? internetSi cxovrebis
erT-erTi yvelaze kargad dokumentirebuli aspeqtia is, rom adaminebi TavisTvis
axal identobebs igoneben (McKenna & Bargh, 2000; Reid, 1998). rodesac adamiani CeTis
oTaxSi Sedis, man SeiZleba gadawyvitos, rom urCevnia kaci iyos, vidre qali,
Savkaniani, vidre TeTri, 40 wlis, vidre 18-is, an warmatebuli aRmasrulebeli
struqturis muSaki, vidre kolejis meorekurseli studenti. bevri adamianis
cxovrebaSi internets Zalian naTlad Semoaqvs SesaZlebeli me-ebis koncefcia.
modiT, yuradReba gavamaxviloT am internetis me-ebis zogierT dadebiT Sedegze.
mravali adamiani Tvlis, rom "realur" cxovrebaSi sakmaod viwrod aris
 639
gansazRvruli: ganmeorebadi interaqciebi ojaxTan, megobrebTan, ufrosebTan da
TanamSromlebTan moiTxovs misgan, konsistenturi iyos, rac SeiZleba ar
Seesabamebodes im pirovnebas, romelic mas surs, rom iyos. adamianebisaTvis
sakmaod Znelia gamocdilebis axal sferoebSi gadasvla, maTi yoveldRiuri
socialuri konteqstis zewolis gaTvaliswinebiT. interneti asustebs am
socialur konteqsts (McKenna & Bargh, 2000). adamianebs SeuZliaT internetis
anonimurobis gamoyeneba, raTa gamoxaton axali interesebi an gamoikvlion axali
ideebi im SiSis gareSe, romelic realuri samyarosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
SedegebiT aris gamowveuli. radikaluri cvlilebebis gareSe (magaliTad, imis
gancxadebis gareSe, rom igi qalia da ara mamakaci) adamians SeuZlia, gamoscados
SesaZlebeli me-ebi, romlebic SeiZleba ufro axlos iyos mis idealur me-sTan.
metic, internetis anonimuroba SesaZleblobas aZlevs adamianebs, ufro meti
gamoamJRavnon sakuTari me-s Sesaxeb, vidre isini amas moisurvebdnen sxva
pirobebSi. gaixseneT me-13-e Tavidan, rom adamianebi dadebiT Sedegebs iReben
janmrTelobis mxriv, rodesac isini emociurad ixsnebian (Pennebaker, 1990).
interneti aseTi gamomJRavnebebis farTo SesaZleblobebs gvTavazobs. adamianebs
SeuZliaT ipovon specializebuli CeTis oTaxebi an jgufebi, romlebic Riad
marTaven forumebs, sadac Tavisufladaa SesaZlebeli sakuTari Tavis nebismierad
warmoCineba. garda amisa, aq SesaZlebelia socialur mxardaWeris miRebac.
mkvlevarebma faqtobrivad moaxdines imis dadastureba, rom adamianebis unars,
gamoxaton sakuTari Tavis faruli aspeqtebi, SeuZlia gamoiwvios
TviTmimReblobis gazrda. erT kvlevaSi moiZies informacia adamianebisgan, vinc
monawileobda internetis iseT jgufebSi, romlebic gaTvaliswinebuli iyo
marginalizebuli seqsualuri identobis pirebisaTvis, rogorebic arian
homoseqsualebi. mkvlevarebma moaxerxes anonimuri monacemebis Segroveba am
jgufebis aqtiuri monawileebisagan (McKenna & Bargh, 1998). monacemebidan
gamomdinare, am jgufebSi monawileobam gazarda TviTmimRebloba. faqtobrivad,
respondentebis 37%-ma jgufSi monawileobis Sedegad sxvebs gauziares
marginalizebuli identobis saidumloeba.
Cven yuradRebas vamaxvilebdiT internetis dadebiT aspeqtebze: adamianebis
unarze, gaaRrmavon me-s gaazreba da CaerTon TviTgaxsnaSi, rasac mohyveba
janmrTelobasTan da TviTmimReblobasTan dakavSirebuli Sedegebi. magram, ra
 640
Tqma unda, arsebobs garkveuli saSiSroebebic. anonimurobam SeiZleba miiyvanos
adamianebi sakuTari cxovrebis iseT fragmentaciamde, romelic gamoiwvevs
disadaptaciis qcevas (Reid, 1998). Cven adrec aRvniSneT, rom zogi mkvlevari
morcxvobis prevalentobis zrdas internetis xelmisawvdomobas miawers. da mainc,
imedia, rom adamianebis umetesoba sargebels naxavs im SesaZleblobebisgan,
romlebsac, gazviadebis gareSe, iZleva interneti TviTgamokvlevis TvalsazrisiT.

pirovnebis Teoriebis Sedareba

ar arsebobs pirovnebis erTiani, unificirebuli Teoria, romelsac

fsiqologebis umetesoba daeTanxmeboda. mravalferovani Teoriebis ganxilvisas
araerTxel gamovlinda maT Soris ramdenime gansxvaveba, rac ZiriTad daSvebebSi
mdgomareobs. sasargeblo iqneboda, Segvejamebina xuTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani
gansxvaveba pirovnebis Sesaxeb daSvebebSi da is midgomebi, romlebic safuZvlad
udevs yovel am daSvebas:
1. memkvidreoba Tu garemo. rogorc naxeT qveTavSi fsiqologia da
cxovreba, am gansxvavebas uwodeben, aseve, buneba Tu aRzrda. ra ufro
mniSvnelovania pirovnebis ganviTarebisaTvis: genetikuri da biologiuri
faqtorebi Tu garemos gavlenebi? pirovnebis niSnis Teoriebi iyofoda am
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT; froidis Teoria Zlier aris damokidebuli
memkvidreobiTobaze; humanisturi, socialuri daswavlis, kognituri da me-s
Teoriebi xazs usvamen garemos, rogorc qcevis determinants, an garemosTan
urTierTqmedebas, rogorc pirovnebis ganviTarebisa da pirovnebaTa Soris
gansxvavebebis wyaros.
2. daswavlis procesebi Tu qcevis Tandayolili wesebi. romel
mosazrebas unda mieniWos upiratesoba: rom pirovneba icvleba daswavlis
gziT Tu rom pirovnebis ganviTareba mihyveba Sinagan gegmas? pirovnebis
niSnis Teoriebi kvlav sxvadasxva azrs emxroba am kiTxvasTan dakavSirebiT.
froidis Teoria mxars uWers Sinagani determinaciis Tvalsazriss; maSin
rodesac humanistebi ayalibeben optimistur azrs, rom gamocdileba cvlis
 641
adamianebs. socialuri daswavlis, kognituri da me-s Teoriebi, aSkarad,
mxars uWeren im Tvalsazriss, rom qceva da pirovneba icvleba daswavlili
gamocdilebis Sedegad.
3. aqcenti warsulze, awmyoze Tu momavalze. pirovnebis niSnis Teoriebi
xazs usvamen warsul mizezebs, Tandayolilsa Tu daswavlils; froidis
Teoria aqcents akeTebs adreul bavSvobaSi momxdar warsul movlenebze;
socialuri daswavlis Teoriebi fokusirebulia warsul ganmtkicebebze da
awmyo SemTxveviTobebze; humanisturi Teoriebi mniSvnelobas aniWebs awmyo
realobas an momavlis miznebs; xolo kognituri da me-s Teoriebi
fokusirebulia warsulsa da awmyoze (da momavalzec, Tu CarTulia miznis
dadgena).
4. cnobiereba Tu aracnobieri. froidis Teoria mniSvnelobas aniWebs
aracnobier procesebs; humanisturi, socialuri dawavlis da kognituri
Teoriebi ki _ cnobier procesebs. pirovnebis niSnis Teoria mcire
yuradRebas uTmobs am gansxvavebas; me-s Teoriebs am mxriv ar aqvT
gamokveTili pozicia.
5. Sinagani dispozicia Tu garemos situacia. socialuri daswavlis
Teoriebi xazs usvams situaciur faqtorebs; niSnis Teoriebi win wamoswevs
dispoziciur faqtorebs; xolo sxvebi uSveben interaqcias pirovnebiseul da
situaciur cvladebs Soris.
pirovnebis Teoriis yovel tips gansxvavebuli wvlili Seaqvs pirovnebis
SemecnebaSi. niSnis Teoriebi gvawvdian nusxas, romelic aRwers pirovnebis
nawilebsa da struqturebs. fsiqodinamikuri Teoriebi amateben Zlier Zravas da
sawvavs, raTa es manqana amuSavdes. humanisturi Teoriebi adamians mZRolis
adgilze aTavseben. socialuri daswavlis Teoriebi uzrunvelyofen saWes,
mimarTulebis signalebs da sxva saregulacio mowyobilobas. kognituri Teoriebi
amateben Sexsenebebs, rom fsiqikuri ruka, romelsac mZRoli irCevs
mogzaurobisaTvis, gavlenas axdens imaze, Tu rogor aris dagegmili,
organizebuli da damaxsovrebuli mogzauroba. da bolos, me-s Teoriebi axseneben
mZRols, rom gaiTvaliswinos is STabeWdileba, romlesac misi manqanis tarebis
unari axdens mis mgzavrebsa da fexiT mosiaruleebze.
imisTvis, rom davasruloT pirovnebis Sesaxeb mimoxilva, axla ganvixiloT, Tu
rogor xdeba pirovnebis Sefaseba. Cven aRvwerT zogierT gzas, romliTac
 642
fsiqologebi iZieben informacias pirovnebis maxasiaTeblebis speqtris Sesaxeb,
rac yovel individs unikalobas aniWebs.

Sejameba

pirovnebis Teoriebi gansxvavdeba imiT, Tu rogor aqcents akeTeben isini

memkvidreobiTobaze garemosTan SedarebiT; daswavlis procesebze qcevis
Tandayolil wesebTan SedarebiT; warsul mizezebze, awmyo qcevaze Tu momaval
miznebze; cnobierebaze aracnobierTan SedarebiT da dispoziciebze situaciebTan
SedarebiT. yoveli Teoria gansxvavebul midgomas iZleva pirovnebis Secnobis
mxriv.

pirovnebis Sefaseba
dafiqrdiT im maxasiaTeblebze, romlebiTac gansxvavdebiT Tqveni saukeTeso
megobrebisagan. fsiqologebs ainteresebT gansxvavebuli Tvisebebi, romlebic
axasiaTebs erT individs, ansxvavebs erT adamians sxvebisagan, an ansxvavebs erT
jgufSi myof adamianebs sxva jgufis wevrebisagan (magaliTad, morcxv adamians
Tamamisagan anda paranoiduls _ normalurisagan). pirovnebis gagebisa da aRweris
am mcdelobebs safuZvlad ori daSveba udevs: pirveli, rom arsebobs individebis
pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic maT qcevas koherentulobas aniWebs da,
meore, rom es maxasiaTeblebi SeiZleba Sefasdes an gaizomos. es daSvebebi
xorcSesxmulia pirovnebis testebSi, romlebic SeiZleba davyoT obieqtur da
subieqtur testebad.

obieqturi testebi
pirovnebis obieqtur testebSi Sefasebis micema (qulebis miniWeba) da gamoyeneba
SedarebiT martivia da kargad gansazRvrul wesebs emorCileba. zogierT obieqtur
testSi Sefaseba da interpretaciac ki kompiuteruli programebiT xorcieldeba.
saboloo Sefaseba, rogorc wesi, erTniSna cifria, romelic Tavsdeba erTaderTi
ganzomilebis gaswvriv (rogoricaa adaptacia _ disadaptacia), an sxvadasxva
niSnebis qulaTa erTobliobis gaswvriv (rogoricaa impulsuroba, damokidebuleba
an eqstraversia). es monacemebi SedarebaSi mohyavT normatiuli SerCevis
monacemebTan.

pirovnebis kiTxvari (Personality inventory) _ TviTanagariSis meTodika, romelic

gamoiyeneba pirovnebis Sesafaseblad da moicavs debulebaTa CamonaTvals
 643
pirovnebis azrebis, grZnobebisa da qcevebis Sesaxeb.

TviTangariSis kiTxvari aris obieqturi testi, romelSic individebi pasuxoben

kiTxvaTa seriebs maTi azrebis, grZnobebisa da moqmedebebis Sesaxeb. erT-erTi
pirveli TviTangariSis kiTxvari, vudvorTsis pirovnuli monacemebis furceli _
Woodworth Personal Data Sheet (Seqmnili 1917 wels) Seicavda amis msgavs kiTxvebs:
"RamiT xSirad geSiniaT xolme?" (DuBois, 1970). dResdReobiT adamiani, romelic
avsebs pirovnebis kiTxvars, kiTxulobs debulebebs da aRniSnavs, Tu ramdenad
Seesabameba an ramdenad damaxasiaTebelia misTvis TiToeuli maTgani.
yvelaze xSirad gamoiyeneba minesotis multifazuri pirovnebis kiTxvari _
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory _ MMPI (Dahlstrom et al., 1975). is mraval klinikur
dawesebulebaSi gamoiyeneba pacientebis diagnozis damxmare instrumentad da maTi
mkurnalobis mimarTulebis misacemad. am kiTxvaris maxasiaTeblebisa da misi
gamoyenebis ganxilvis Semdeg mokled SevexebiT NEO pirovnebis kiTxvars (NEO
Personality Inventory _ NEO-PI), romelic farTod gamoiyeneba Cveulebriv, praqtikulad
janmrTel mosaxleobasTan muSaobisas.

MMPI
MMPI Seiqmna minesotas universitetSi 1930-ian wlebSi fsiqologis starke
heTeueisa da fsiqiatris j. r. makkinlis mier (Hathaway & McKinley, 1940, 1943). misi
ZiriTadi mizania individebis diagnostireba fsiqiatriuli kategoriebis mixedviT.
pirveli testi 550 debulebisagan Sedgeboda, romelTac individebi axarisxebdnen,
rogorc maTTvis marTebuls an mcdars, an pasuxobdnen "ar SemiZlia pasuxis
gacema". am debulebaTa erTobliobidan SemuSavda skalebi, romlebic fsiqiatriul
dawesebulebebSi pacientebis mier gamovlenili problemebis saxeobebs
Seesabameboda.
MMPI-s skalebi ar hgavda sxva arsebul pirovnebis testebs, radganac isini
SemuSavda empiriuli strategiis gamoyenebiT da ara intuitiuri, Teoriuli
midgomiT, romelic im dros dominirebda. (gaixseneT Cveni adrindeli diskusia
testis Teoriuli da empiriuli konstruqciis Sesaxeb.) debulebebi Sedioda
skalaze mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini aSkarad ganasxvavebdnen or jgufs -
magaliTad, Sizofreniul pacientebs da normalur sakontrolo jgufs. TiToeul
debulebas unda eCvenebina misi validuroba imiT, rom mas TiToeuli jgufis
wevrebi erTnairad upasuxebdnen, xolo ori jgufis wevrebi ki - gansxvavebulad.
 644
amgvarad, debulebebi SerCeuli iyo ara Teoriul safuZvelze (imis mixedviT, Tu
rogor mniSvnelobas atarebdnen isini eqspertebisTvis), aramed empiriul
safuZvelze (imis mixedviT, ganasxvavebdnen Tu ara isini or jgufs).
MMPI-s aqvs 10 klinikuri skala, TiToeuli Seqmnilia imisTvis, rom
gansakuTrebuli klinikuri jgufebi (rogoricaa individebi SizofreniiT)
ganvasxvavoT normaluri sakontrolo jgufisagan. testi aseve Seicavs
validurobis skalebs, romlebic gamoavlens saeWvo pasuxebs, rogoricaa aSkara
sicrue, uyuradReboba, Tavdacva anda aragulwrfeloba. rodesac xdeba MMPI-s
interpretacia, is, vinc tests atarebs, pirvel rigSi amowmebs validurobis
skalebs, raTa darwmundes, rom testi validuria da Semdeg uyurebs danarCen
maCveneblebs. maCveneblebis paterni - romelia yvelaze maRali, rogor gansxvavdeba
isini erTmaneTisgan - qmnis "MMPI-s profils". individualuri profilebi dardeba
konkretuli jgufebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel profilebs, rogoricaa, magaliTad,
kriminalebi da azartuli moTamaSeebi.
1980-ian wlebSi MMPI Zireulad gadasijes da axla mas MMPI-2 ewodeba (Butcher
et al., 1989; Butcher & Williams, 1992; Greene, 1991). MMPI-2-s axasiaTebs ganaxlebuli ena,
misi Sinaarsi ukeTesad asaxavs Tanamedrove problemebs da monacemebi
normebisaTvis Segrovda axal populaciebSi. garda amisa, MMPI-2-Si damatebulia 15
axali Sinaarsobrivi skala, romelic gamoiyvanes, nawilobriv, Teoriuli meTodis
gamoyenebiT. 15 klinikurad relevanturi Temidan (rogoricaa SfoTva an ojaxuri
problemebi) TiToeulisaTvis debulebebi SeirCa or safuZvelze dayrdnobiT: iyo
Tu ara isini Teoriulad dakavSirebuli TemasTan da qmnidnen Tu ara
statistikurad homogenur skalas, rac niSnavda, rom TiToeuli skala zomavs
erTaderT, unificirebul cnebas. MMPI-2-is klinikuri da Sinaarsobrivi skalebi
mocemulia cxrilebSi 14.7 da 14.8.
14.8 Tqven SeamCnevT, rom klinikuri skalebis
umetesoba zomavs ramdenime urTierTdakavSirebul cnebas da rom Sinaarsobrivi
skalebis saxelwodebebi martivia da naTeli.
MMPI-2-is upiratesobebia misi Catarebis simartive da ekonomiuroba da misi
vargisianoba fsiqopaTologiis diagnostirebisas (Butcher & Rouse, 1996). garda amisa,
debulebaTa erToblioba mravali mizniT SeiZleba iqnas gamoyenebuli. magaliTad,
Tqven SegiZliaT SeadginoT kreatulobis skala individebis kreatuli da
arakreatuli jgufebis moZebniTa da MMPI-dan im debulebebis gansazRvriT,
 645
romlebsac maT gansxvavebulad upasuxes. wlebis ganmavlobaSi fsiqologebma am
gziT asobiT specialuri daniSnulebis skala Seadgines da gansazRvres maTi
validuroba. mkvlevarebisaTvis MMPI-is erT-erTi yvelaze mimzidveli
maxasiaTebelia misi profilebis uzarmazari arqivi, Segrovebuli 50-ze meti wlis
manZilze. radganac yvela es adamiani standartizebulad iqna Semowmebuli erTsa
da imave debulebebze, isini SeiZleba SevadaroT rogorc tradiciuli klinikuri
skalebis mixedviT, aseve specialuri daniSnulebis skalebis mixedviT (Cveni axali
"kreatulobis" skalis msgavsad). MMPI-is es arqivebi mkvlevarebs saSualebas
aZlevs, Seamowmon hipoTezebi MMPI-ze, romelic mravali wliT adre iyo
Catarebuli, SesaZloa, bevrad adre, vidre gaCndeboda warmodgena gasazomi
konstruqtis Sesaxeb.

cxrili 14.7. MMPI-2

2 klinikuri skalebi
• ipoqondria (Hs): paTologiuri SfoTva sxeulebrivi funqciebis Sesaxeb
• depresia (D): pesimizmi, uimedoba, moqmedebisa da azrovnebis Seneleba
• konversiuli isteria (Hy): mentaluri problemebis aracnobieri gamoyeneba
konfliqtebisa Tu pasuxismgeblobis Tavidan acilebis mizniT
• asocialuri fsiqopaTiis skala (Pd): socialuri normebis ignorireba;
zedapiruli emociebi; gamocdilebidan sargeblis miRebis unaris ar qona
• maskulinoba-feminuroba (Mf): mamakacebsa da qalebs Soris gansxvavebebi
• paranoidaluroba (Pa): iWvneuloba, gandidebis an devnis mania
• fsiqasTenia (Pt): obsesiebi; kompulsiebi; SiSebi; danaSaulis gancda;
gadauwyveteloba
• Sizofrenia (Sc): ucnauroba, uCveuli azrebi an qceva; sakuTar TavSi Caketva;
• halucinaciebi; iluziebi
• hipomania (Ma): emociuri agznebuloba; ideebis araTanmimdevruloba;
moWarbebuli aqtivoba
• socialuri introversia (Si): morcxvoba; sxvebis mimarT interesis ararseboba;
arasaimedooba

cxrili 14.8. MMPI-2

2 Sinaarsobrivi skalebi
SfoTva antisocialuri qmedebebi
 646

SiSebi tipi A (adamiani, romelic uzomod bevrs muSaobs)

obsesiuroba dabali TviTSefaseba/TviTpativiscema

depresia socialuri diskomforti

janmrTelobasTan ojaxuri problemebi

dakavSirebuli sazrunavebi

ucnauri azrebi muSaobis dros winaaRmdegobebi

gabrazeba /risxva mkurnalobis uaryofiTi indikatorebi (uaryofiTi

damokidebuleba eqimebisa da mkurnalobis mimarT)

cinizmi antisocialuri qmedebebi

Tumca, MMPI-2-sac aqvs Tavisi kritika. magaliTad, misi klinikuri skalebi

gaakritikes maTi heterogenurobis gamo (isini zomaven erTdroulad ramdenime
rames). aseve, mkvlevarebi Tvlian, rom cvlilebebi, romlebic Sevida Sesworebul
MMPI-2-Si sawyis MMPI-sTan SedarebiT, ar aris sakmarisi pirovnebis Teoriis
winsvlis asaxvisaTvis; testi kvlav axlos dgas Tavis empiriul warmoSobasTan
(Helmes & Reddon, 1993). SesaZlebelia, MMPI-2 gaakritikon zogierT SemTxvevaSi,
radgan adamianebi mravali mizniT cdiloben mis gamoyenebas. MMPI-2-is zogierTi
skala, rogoricaa depresiis skala, aRwevs validurobis misaReb dones (Boone,
1994). amis sapirispirod, wamaldamokidebulebis (substance abuse)
winaswarmetyvelebisadmi miZRvnili skalebi ar aris iseTi validuri, rogorc
ufro specifikuri Sefasebis instrumentebi (Svanum et al., 1994). rogorc nebismieri
Sefasebis instrumentis SemTxvevaSi, mkvlevarebma didi sifrTxiliT unda
Seafason MMPI-is da MMPI-2-is gamoyenebis sandooba da validuroba yovel
konkretul SemTxvevaSi (Greene et al., 1997).
es pirovnebis kiTxvarebi Seqmnili iyo klinikuri problemebis mqone
individebis SefasebisaTvis. momdevno or qveTavSi Cven aRvwerT zogadad
pirovnebis, ara pacientebis, SefasebisaTvis ufro Sesabamis instrumentebs.

NEO PI

NEO pirovnebis kiTxvari (NEO Personality Inventory - NEO PI) aseve Seiqmna pirovnebis
maxasiaTeblebis Sesafaseblad araklinikur zrdasrulebis populaciaSi. is zomavs
 647
pirovnebis xuTfaqtorian models, romelic Cven zemoT ganvixileT. Tu Tqven
CagitardaT NEO PI, Tqven miiRebdiT profilis furcels, romelic giCvenebdaT
Tqvens standartizebul maCveneblebs did normatiul SerCevasTan SedarebiT xuTi
ZiriTadi ganzomilebidan TiToeulze: neiroticizmi, eqstraversia, Riaoba,
TanxmobisaTvis mzaoba da patiosneba (Costa & McCrae, 1985). NEO PI-s Sesworebuli
versia afasebs 30 calkeul niSans, romelic organizebulia xuTi ZiriTadi
faqtoris mixedviT (Costa & McCrae, 1992b). magaliTad, neiroticizmis ganzomileba
dayofilia eqvs elementarul skalad: SfoTva, mtruloba, depresia, morcxvoba,
impulsuroba da mowyvladoba. bevrma kvlevam aCvena, rom NEO PI-s ganzomilebebi
homogenuria, axasiaTebT maRali sandooba da kargi konstruqtuli da kriteriumis
mixedviT validoba (Costa & McCrae, 1992a; Furnham et al., 1997). NEO PI gamoiyeneba
pirovnebis stabilobisa da cvalebadobis Sesaswavlad cxovrebis manZilze, iseve
rogorc pirovnuli maxasiaTebelebis damokidebulebis sakvlevad fizikur
janmrTelobasTan da mravalferovan cxovrebiseul movlenebTan, rogoricaa
warmateba karieris mxriv anda adreuli gasvla pensiaze.
xuTfaqtorian modelze dafuZnebuli axali kiTxvari, didi xuTeulis kiTxvari
_ Big Five Questionnaire (BFQ) Seiqmna im mizniT, rom gansxvavebul kulturebs Soris
validuroba yofiliyo. skala SeimuSaves italiaSi, magram mas aqvs msgavsi
fsiqometruli maCveneblebi amerikuli da espanuri populaciebisaTvis da
Sesabamisi normebis dadgena xdeba franguli, germanuli, Cexuri, ungruli da
polonuri TargmanebisaTvis (Barbaranelli et al., 1997; Caprara et al., 1993). miuxedavad
imisa, rom BFQ maRal korelaciaSia NEO PI-sTan, is mniSvnelovanwilad gansxvavdeba
misgan. faqtori 1 masSi figurirebs, rogorc "energia" an "aqtivoba" da ara
"eqstraversia" (damTmobobis socialur aspeqtebTan gadafarvis Sesamcireblad).
BFQ Seicavs skalebs imis Sesamowmeblad, xom ar ixreba respondentis pasuxebi
socialurad sasurveli pasuxebisaken. is NEO PI-ze martivia, radganac mxolod
ori elementaruli skala aqvs TiToeuli faqtorisaTvis. magaliTad, "energia"
Sedgeba "dinamizmisa"' da "dominantobis" skalebisagan. pirveli
intrapersonaluria, meore ki _ interpersonaluri. ramdenadac fsiqologia sul
ufro globaluri xdeba, aseTi Sefasebis instrumentebi, romlebic erTnairad
kargad muSaoben enobrivi da erovnuli barierebis miuxedavad, arsebiTia
 648
mniSvnelovani kros-kulturuli kvlevebis warmoebisaTvis pirovnebisa da
socialur fsiqologiaSi.
• proeqciuli testi (Projective tests) _ pirovnebis Sefasebis meTodi, romelSic
individs uCveneben orazrovani/abstraqtuli stimulebis erTobliobas da
sTxoven maTi mniSvnelobis interpretacias; iTvleba, rom individis pasuxebi
avlens mis Sinagan grZnobebs, motivebsa da konfliqtebs.

proeqciuli testebi
testebi
rodisme Tu SegixedavT RrublisaTvis da daginaxavT saxe an cxovelis
konturi? Tu Tqvens megobrebs sTxovdiT, SeexedaT, maT SeiZleba daenaxaT
dayrdnobili SiSveli figura an drakoni. msgavs fenomens eyrdnobian
fsiqologebi pirovnebis SefasebisaTvis proeqciuli testebis gamoyenebisas.
rogorc axlaxans vnaxeT, obieqtur testebs oridan erTi forma aqvT: isini an
sTavazoben respondentebs debulebebis seriebs da sTxoven maT, martivi pasuxi
gascen (rogoricaa "WeSmaritia", "mcdaria" an "ar SemiZlia pasuxis gacema") an
sTxoven respondentebs, sakuTari Tavis Sefasebas garkveuli ganzomilebebis
mixedviT (rogoricaa "mSfoTvare/mSvidi"). amgvarad, respondenti iZulebulia,
airCios winaswargansazRvruli pasuxebidan erT-erTi. sapirispirod, proeqciuli
testebi ar Seicaven pasuxebis winaswargansazRvrul diapazons. proeqciul testSi
pirovnebas warudgenen stimulebis seriebs, romlebic ganzrax
bundovani/orazrovania. aseTia, magaliTad, abstraqtuli nimuSebi, dausrulebeli
suraTebi, an naxatebi, romelTa interpretaciac mravalnairad aris SesaZlebeli.
adamians SeiZleba sTxovon, aRweros abstraqciebi, daasrulos suraTebi an mohyves
istoriebi naxatebis Sesaxeb. pirvelad proeqciuli testebi gamoiyenes
fsiqoanalitikosebma, romlebic imedovnebdnen, rom aseTi testebi gamoavlendnen
maTi pacientebis aracnobier pirovnul dinamikas. radganac stimulebi
bundovania/orazrovania, maTze gacemuli pasuxebi nawilobriv gansazRvrulia imiT,
rac adamians Semoaqvs situaciaSi - saxeldobr, Sinagani grZnobebi, piradi
motivebi da konfliqtebi cxovrebis gamocdilebidan. es pirovnuli,
idiosinkratuli (damaxasiaTebeli, ganmasxvavebeli) aspeqtebi, romlebic
proecirebulia stimulebze, nebas aZlevs pirovnebis Semfasebels, gaakeTos
mravalferovani interpretacia.
 649
proeqciuli testebi Sedis im Sefasebis instrumentebSi, romlebic yvelaze
xSirad gamoiyeneba praqtikosi fsiqologebis mier (Butcher & Rouse, 1996; Lubin et al.,
1984; Piotrowski et al., 1985). aseve isini ufro xSirad gamoiyeneba SeerTebuli
Statebis farglebs gareT, magaliTad, holandiaSi, hong kongSi da iaponiaSi,
vidre MMPI-s msgavsi obieqturi testebi (Piotrowski et al., 1993). xSirad ver xerxdeba
obieqturi testebis adeqvaturi Targmani da adeqvaturi standartizeba
araamerikul populaciebze. proeqciuli testebi naklebad mgrZnobiarea enobrivi
cvlilebebis mimarT. Tumca, radganac proeqciuli testebi ase gavrcelebulia,
kritikosebi xSirad eWvoben, rom isini aravalidurad gamoiyeneba. ori yvelaze
metad gavrcelebuli testis - rorSaxis testisa (Rorschach test) da Tematuri
apercefciis testis - Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) ganxilvisas Cven SevexebiT
validurobis am sakiTxebs.

rorSaxis testi
rorSaxis testSi, romelic 1921 wels SeimuSava Sveicarelma fsiqiatrma herman
rorSaxma (Hermann Rorschach) bundovani stimulebi warmodgenilia simetriuli
melnis laqebis saxiT (Rorschach, 1942). zogi maTgani Sav-TeTria da zogi _ feradi
(ixileT suraTi 14.7).
14.7 testis msvlelobisas respondents uCveneben laqas da
ekiTxebian "ra SeiZleba es iyos?". respondentebs arwmuneben, rom ar arsebobs
swori an mcdari pasuxebi (Exner, 1974). mkvlevarebi zedmiwevniT afiqsireben, ras
amboben adamianebi, ramdeni dro sWirdebaT pasuxis gasacemad, mTlianad ra dro
exarjeba respondents TiTo laqaze da rogor uWiravT baraTi. Semdeg, meore
fazaSi, romelsac gamokiTxva ewodeba, respondents axseneben wina pasuxebs da
sTxoven, detalurad daamuSavos isini.
pasuxebi fasdeba sami ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblis mixedviT: (1) lokacia, anu
pasuxSi aRniSnuli baraTis nawili _ mTlian stimuls exeba respondenti Tu mis
nawils da aRniSnuli detalebis zomebi; (2) pasuxis Sinaarsi _ danaxuli obieqtis
da moqmedebebis buneba; da (3) determinantebi _ baraTis romelma aspeqtebma
(rogoricaa feri da Crdilebi) misca biZgi pasuxs. Semfaseblebma, aseve, SeiZleba
aRniSnon, rogori iyo pasuxebi: originaluri da unikaluri Tu popularuli da
konformuli.
Tqven SesaZlebelia ifiqroT, rom melnis bundovani laqebi biZgs miscemen
iseTi pasuxebis mravalferovnebas, romlebic intepretacias ar eqvemdebarebian.
 650
sinamdvileSi, mkvlevarebma Seqmnes rorSaxis pasuxebis yovlismomcveli Sefasebis
sistema, romelic gansxvavebul testis Camtareblebs Soris mniSvnelovani
Sedarebis gakeTebis saSualebas iZleva (Exner, 1991, 1993; Exner & Weiner, 1994). es
Sefasebis sistema azustebs, magaliTad, Sinaarsobrivi pasuxebis zogad
kategoriebs, rogoricaa mTliani adamiani (pasuxi moicavs an gulisxmobs adamianis
figuris formas) da sisxli (pasuxi moicavs an adamianis, an cxovelis sisxls).
pasuxebis nimuSebi warmatebiT daukavSires rogorc normaluri pirovnebis
maxasiaTeblebs, ise _ fsiqopaTologias. da mainc, Sefasebis sistemasTan da
rorSaxis testTan dakavSirebiT mainc rCeba garkveuli winaaRmdegoba (Exner, 1996;
Meyer, 2000; Wood et al., 1996a, 1996b).

TAT (Thematic Apperception Test) – Tematuri apercepciis testi

henri miureis (Henry Murrey) mier 1938 wels Seqmnil Tematuri apercefciis
testSi respondentebs uCveneben orazrovani scenebis suraTebs da sTxoven, Seqmnan
am scenebis Sesaxeb istoriebi, romelic aRwers, Tu ra adamianebi moqmedeben da
fiqroben am scenebSi, ram gamoiwvia TiToeuli movlena da rogor dasruldeba
yoveli situacia (ixileT suraTo 14.8).
14.8 pirovneba, romelic atarebs TAT-s, afasebs
rogorc istoriebis struqturasa da Sinaarss, aseve, ambis momyoli individis
qcevas, raTa aRmoaCinos respondentis zogierTi ZiriTadi problema, motivacia da
pirovnuli maxasiaTebeli. magaliTad, eqsperimetatorma SesaZloa Seafasos
pirovneba, rogorc patiosani, Tu mis mier moyolil ambavSi aRwerilia adamianebi,
romlebic cxovrobdnen movaleobebis mixedviT da Tu ambebi moyolil iqna
seriozulad da dalagebulad. gaixseneT me-12-e Tavidan, rom TAT-i xSirad
gamoiyeneboda individualuri gansxvavebebis gamosavlenad iseT dominantur
moTxovnilebebSi, rogoricaa Zalauflebis, afiliaciis da miRwevis moTxovnileba
(McClelland, 1961). kvlevis aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi TAT-i damkvidrda, rogorc
miRwevis moTxovnilebis validuri sazomi (Sprangler, 1992).
Cven SemogTavazebT ramdenime daskvniT SeniSvnas pirovnebis Sefasebis
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. dainaxeT Tu ara kavSiri am pirovnebis Sefasebis
instrumentebsa da zemoT ganxilul pirovnebis Teoriebs Soris? Cveni daskvna iyo,
rom Teoriebis yoveli tipi saukeTesod aSuqebda adamianuri gamocdilebis
gansxvavebul aspeqtebs. pirovnebis testebis Sesaxebac msgavsi daskvnis gamotana
SegviZlia: yovel maTgans aqvs potenciali, mogvawodos individis pirovnebaSi
 651
unikaluri Cawvdomis SesaZlebloba. klinicistebi pirovnebis Sefasebisas yvelaze
xSirad testebis kombinacias iyeneben; rorSaxi da MMPI, magaliTad, SeiZleba
komplementarulad ganvixiloT (Butcher & Rouse, 1996; Lubin et al., 1984; Piotrowski et al.,
1985). xSirad pirobebi iseTia, rom profilebi, romlebic miiReba obieqtur,
kompiuterul analizze dayrdnobiTac ki, saSualebas iZleva, gakeTdes
specifikuri Sedegebis zusti winaswarmetyveleba. sxva pirobebSi klinikurma
eqspertizam da daxelovnebulma intuiciam unda Seavson obieqturi normebi.
praqtikaSi, saukeTeso winaswarmetyveleba xdeba, rodesac kombinirebulia yoveli
midgomis Zlieri mxareebi.
Tavis dasawyisSi vTqviT, rom pirovnebas ver gavzomavT mis Tavze
gamoburculobebis SegrZnebiT. Tumca, Cven, aseve, gTxoveT, gefiqraT garkveul
sakiTxebze: Tu fsiqologebi Tqven Segiswavlidnen, Tqveni pirovnebis rogor
portrets daxatavdnen isini? romel adreul gamocdilebebs gamoyofdnen isini,
rogorc Tqvens qcevaze da fiqrebze gavlenis mqones? ra pirobebs zemoqmedebs
Zlierad Tqvens azrebsa da qcevaze Tqvens amJamindel cxovrebaSi? ra
gangasxvavebT Tqven sxva individebisagan, romlebic mraval Tqvens msgavs
situaciaSi funqcionireben? Tqven axla xvdebiT, rom pirovnebis Teoriebis yoveli
tipi iZleva zogad CarCos, romlis farglebSic SegiZliaT am kiTxvebze pasuxebis
Camoyalibeba. dauSviT, rom axla marTlac dadga is dro, rodesac Tqveni
fsiqologiuri portreti unda daxatoT. saidan daiwyebdiT?

Sejameba
pirovnebis obieqturi testebi moicaven Catarebisa da Sefasebis SedarebiT
standartizirebul da gansazRvrul teqnikas. MMPI-2-s axasiaTebs Tanamedrove ena
da Sinaarsi, romelic asaxavs klinikuri Teoriisa da Sefasebis winsvlas. NEO-PI
da BFQ zomaven normaluri pirovnebis funqcionirebis aspeqtebs. proeqciuli
testebi individebs warudgenen bundovan stimulebs, raTa gamoavlinon Sinagani
gancdebi, motivebi da konfliqtebi. mkvlevarebma gamoimuSaves rorSaxis melnis
laqebze pasuxebis Sefasebis yovlismomcveli sistema. TAT-i warmoadgens miRwevis
moTxovnilebis validur sazoms.

sakvanZo sakiTxebi
pirovnebis tipis da pirovnebis niSnis Teoriebi
 652

zogierTi mecnieri axdens adamianebis kategorizacias “sul an araferi” tipebis
mixedviT, romlebic daSvebulia, rom ukavSirdeba konkretul damaxasiaTebel
qcevas.

sxva mecnierebi pirovnebis Semadgenel agurebad miiCneven pirovnul niSnebs -
uwyveti ganzomilebebis gaswvriv arsebul maxasiaTeblebs.

xuTfaqtoriani modeli warmoadgens pirovnebis aRweriT sistemas, romelic
asaxavs urTierTobas zogadi pirovnuli niSnebis sityvebs, Teoriul
koncepciebsa da pirovnebis skalebs Soris.

tyupebisa da naSvilebi bavSvebis kvlevebi naTelhyofen, rom pirovnuli niSnebi
nawilobriv memkvidreobiTia.

adamianebi amJRavneben qceviT konsistentobas, rodesac situaciebi ganisazRvreba
relevanturi fsiqologiuri maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT.

fsiqodinamikuri Teoriebi

froidis fsiqodinamikuri Teoria adamianuri motivaciis wyarod instinqtur
biologiur energias miiCnevs.

froidis Teoriis bazisuri cnebebi moicavs fsiqikur energias, rogorc qcevis
mabiZgebels da warmmarTvels, adreul gamocdilebebs, rogorc pirovnebis
mTavar msazRvrelebs mTeli sicocxlis manZilze, fsiqikur determinizms da
Zlier aracnobier procesebs.

pirovnebis struqtura Sedgeba idisagan, superegosagan da Semarigebeli
egosagan.

miuRebeli impulsebi represirdeba da viTardeba egos dacvis meqanizmebi
SfoTvis Sesamcireblad da TviTSefasebis SesanarCuneblad.

postfroidistebma, rogorebic arian adleri, horni da iungi, ufro metad
gaamaxviles yuradReba egos funqcionirebaze da socialur cvladebze da
naklebad - seqsualur ltolvebze. maT pirovnebis ganviTareba mTeli cxovrebis
manZilze mimdinare procesad miaCniaT.

humanisturi Teoriebi

humanisturi Teoriebi fokusirebulia TviTaqtualizaciaze - individis
potencialis zrdaze.

es Teoriebi holisturia, dispozociuri, fenomenologiuri da egzistencialuri.
 653

humanisturi tradiciis Tanamedrove Teoriebi fokusirebulia individis
cxovrebiseul ambebze.

socialuri daswavlis da kognituri Teoriebi

socialuri daswavlis Teoriis mimdevrebi qcevaSi da pirovnebebs Soris
individualur gansxvavebebs ganixilaven, rogorc gansxvavebuli ganmtkicebebis
gamocdilebis Sedegs.

kognituri Teoriis mimdevrebi xazs usvamen aRqmasa da garemos subieqtur
interpretaciaSi individualur gansxvavebebs.

uolter miSelma ikvlia qcevis safuZvlebi, rogorc adamianebsa da situaciebs
Soris urTierTobebi.

albert banduram aRwera reciprokuli determinizmi adamianebs, garemos da
qcevas Soris.

nensi kentoris Teoriam xazi gausva miznebis, codnis da strategiebis gavlenas
adamianebis qcevaze.

me-s (self-
( -is) Teoriebi

me-s Teoriebi fokusirebulia me-s koncefciis mniSvnelobaze pirovnebis sruli
SecnobisaTvis.

me-s koncefcia aris dinamikuri mentaluri struqtura, romelic axdens
pirovnuli da interpersonaluri qcevisa da procesebis motivacias,
interpretacias, organizebas, mediacias da regulacias.

mravali individualuri gansxvaveba aisaxeba Cveul xerxebSi, romlebiTac
adamianebi warmoadgenen sakuTar Tavs socialur situaciebSi.

kros-kulturuli kvlevidan gamomdinare, individualisturi kulturebi xels
uwyoben damoukidebeli me-s gagebas, xolo koleqtivisturi kulturebi ki -
urTierTdamokidebuli me-s gagebas.

pirovnebis Teoriebis Sedareba

pirovnebis Teoriebi SeiZleba erTmaneTs davupirispiroT im mxriv, Tu rogor
aqcents akeTeben isini memkvidreobiTobaze garemosTan SedarebiT; daswavlis
procesebze qcevis Tandayolil wesebTan SedarebiT; warsul mizezebze, awmyo
qcevaze Tu momaval miznebze; cnobierebze aracnobierTan SedarebiT da
dispoziciebze situaciebTan SedarebiT.
 654

TiToeul Teorias gansxvavebuli wvlili Seaqvs pirovnebis SecnobaSi.

pirovnebis Sefaseba

pirovnebis maxasiaTeblebi fasdeba rogorc obieqturi, aseve proeqciuli
testebiT.

yvelaze gavrcelebuli obieqturi testi, MMPI-2, gamoiyeneba klinikuri
problemebis diagnostikisaTvis.

NEO-PI da BFQ pirovnebis ufro axali obieqturi testebia, romlebic zomaven
pirovnebis xuT ZiriTad ganzomilebas.

pirovnebis proeqciul testebSi adamianebs sTxoven, upasuxon bundovan
stimulebs.

ori mniSvnelovani proeqciuli testia rorSaxis testi da TAT-i.

ZiriTadi cnebebi
1. analitikuri fsiqologia
2. SfoTva
3. arqetipi
4. koleqtiuri aracnobieri
5. konsistentobis paradoqsi
6. ego
7. egos dacvis meqanizmebi
8. xuTfaqtoriani modeli
9. fiqsacia
10. idi
11. damoukidebeli me-s gageba
12. urTierTdamokidebuli me-s gageba
13. libido
14. pirovneba
15. pirovnebis kiTxvari
16. pirovnebis tipebi
17. SesaZlebeli me-ebi
18. proeqciuli testi
19. fsiqikuri determinizmi
20. fsiqobiografia
 655
21. pirovnebis fsiqodinamikuri Teoriebi
22. reciprokuli determinizmi
23. represia
24. TviTaqtualizacia
25. me-s koncefcia
26. TviTefeqturoba
27. TviTpativiscema
28. TviTmavnebloba
29. morcxvoba
30. socialuri inteleqti
31. superego
32. niSnebi
33. upirobo dadebiTi pativiscema
34. aracnobieri

sasurveli suraTebis
suraTebis da fotoebis sia
1. suraTi 11. gv. 431
2. suraTi 14.7 - rorSaxis erT-erTi laqa
3. suraTi 14.8 - TAT-is erT-erTi suraTi

Tavi 15. fsiqologiuri aSlilobebi

fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis buneba

• ra aris paTologiuri
• obieqturobis problema
• istoriuli perspeqtivebi
• fsiqopaTologiis etiologia

fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis klasifikacia

• klasifikaciis miznebi
• DSM-IV-TR
 656

fsiqologia Cven cxovrebaSi: marTla gvicavs Seuracxadoba?

fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis ZiriTadi tipebi

• SfoTviTi aSlilobebi: tipebi
• SfoTviTi aSlilobebi: mizezebi
• guneba-ganwyobilebis aSlilobebi: tipebi
• guneba-ganwyobilebis aSlilobebi: mizezebi
• depresia: sqesTa Soris gansxvavebani
• suicidi
• pirovnuli aSlilobebi
• disociaciuri aSlilobebi

fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi: marTla arsebobs Tu ara „internetomania“?

Sizofreniuli aSlilobebi
• Sizofreniis ZiriTadi tipebi
• Sizofreniis mizezebi

fsiqikuri daavadebis daRi (stigma)

sakvanZo sakiTxebi
• ZiriTadi cnebebi

minda mogiTxroT, Tu rogoria Cven droSi funqcionalur Sizofrenikad yofna

da rasTan uxdebaT Sejaxeba Cemnairi fsiqikuri daavadebis mqone adamianebs.
me 30 wlis var, vcxovrob marto da vmuSaob naxevar ganakveTze, radganac Tan
kolejSi vswavlob. Cemi avadmyofobis gamo, ar maqvs meddad muSaobis ufleba,
miuxedavad imisa, rom kolejSi vswavlob da pacientebis movlis gamocdilebac
maqvs. kolejSi momsaxurebis sferoSi vspecializdebi, raTa sxvebs problemebis
mogvarebaSi davexmaro, radganac rodesac pirvelad gavxdi avad, Zalian cudad
viyavi da amitomac kargad vici, ra aris es, rogori tanjvaa es.
 657
sakmaod normalurad vcxovrob da veravin amCnevs, rom fsiqikurad var avad,
sanam me TviTon ar vityvi xolme amis Sesaxeb... Cemi dac (ara tyupiscali) ukve 12
weliwadia avad aris da uars ambobs wamlebis miRebaze, radgan uaryofs, rom es
daavadeba aqvs. me 5 welia avad var. avadmyofobis pirvel wels, rodesac
vkiTxulobdi wigns „arasodes Segpirebivar vardebis baRnars“, davrwmundi, rom
marTlac avad viyavi. Semdeg gamovkeTdi antifsiqoturi medikamentebis wyalobiT.
Cemi azriT, pacientsac da sazogadoebasac ganaTleba sWirdeba fsiqikur
daavadebebSi, radganac adamianebi dagvcinian da arasworad gveqcevian, zogjer
arasworadac esmiT Cveni gadamwyvet momentebSi. aseve reagireben ojaxi, meuRle,
megobrebi Tu socialuri samsaxurebi Cvennairi adamianebis maTTvis jer kidev
ucnob Taviseburebebze. zogierT Cvenganze wamlebi kargad moqmedebs.
SemiZlia mogiyveT im gansxvavebis Sesaxeb, romelic arsebobs Cemi
avadmyofobis gamo xmaursa da realur xmaurs Soris, radganac me vkiTxulobdi
amis Sesaxeb da Seviswavle Cemi Tavi. viyeneb saRi azris wess. Zalian vcdilob,
rom davimaxsovro, Tu rogorebi arian adamianebi da rogoria samyaro
realurad, sinamdvileSi. avadmyofoba amokrefs xolme Zalze sulelur da
momabezrebel absurdebs, wamlebi Zlierad moqmedebs Cemze da Cem organizmze,
amitom ar maqvs ise bevri Semawuxebeli avadmyofuri simptomebi...
wamlebis miRebamde halucinaciebi da absurdebi nebismier sferos SeiZleboda
miswvdomoda da survilisamebr Seecvala isini. wamlebis moqmedebis dawyebamde
vgrZnobdi, rom es mTel tvins eufleboda da vyvirodi, vtirodi da mindoda Cemi
gonebisa da cxovrebis dabruneba...
nebismiers, visac cxovrebaSi raimes miRweva surs, sakuTari Tavis
damkvidrebis SesaZlebloba esaWiroeba. avadmyofi adamianis garda, me pirovnebac
var.

ra reaqcia gqondaT axalgazrda qalis sityvebs rom kiTxulobdiT winamdebare

saxelmZRvanelos avtorebisadmi miwerili werilidan? Tu Tqveni reaqcia Cvensas
hgavs, maSin es misi mdgomareobiT gamowveuli sevdis, fsiqikuri daavadebiT
gamowveul mraval problemasTan gamklavebis misi dabejiTebuli surviliT
aRtacebis, risxvis, vinc mas avadmyofis iarliys awebebs imis gamo, rom xandaxan
gansxvavebul qcevas axorcielebs, da mdgomareobis gasaumjobesebeli
medikamentebisa da Terapiis arsebobiT gamowveuli imedis narevi iqneboda. es
 658
mxolod mwiri CamonaTvalia im emociebisa, romelic euflebaT klinikaSi da
kvlevebiT dakavebul fsiqologebsa da fsiqiatrebs, rodesac isini fsiqikuri
aSlilobebis bunebis Secnobasa da mkurnalobas cdiloben.
winamdebare Tavi fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis bunebasa da mizezebs Seexeba: ras
warmoadgens fsiqologiuri aSliloba, ratom viTardeba da rogor aris
SesaZlebeli misi ganviTarebis mizezebis axsna. Semdegi Tavi agebulia am codnaze
da masSi aRwerilia is strategiebi, romelic gamoiyeneba fsiqikuri daavadebebis
mkurnalobisa da profilaqtikisTvis. kvleva aCvenebs, rom aSS-Si axalgazrdebisa
da Suaxnis moqalaqeTa 50%-s mTeli cxovrebis manZilze erTxel mainc aReniSneba
fsiqologiuri aSliloba (Kessler et al., 1994). amrigad, mravali Tqvengani, vinc
waikiTxavs am wigns, sasargeblo codnas miiRebs fsiqopaTologiis Sesaxeb, Tumca,
calkeuli faqtebiT SeuZlebelia im seriozuli zegavlenis aRwera, romelsac
fsiqologiuri aSliloba individebisa da ojaxebis yoveldRiur cxovrebaze
axdens. mocemul TavSi, ganvixilavT ra fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis kategoriebs,
SevecdebiT im realuri adamianebis aRweras, romelTac yoveldRe uwevT am
aSlilobiT cxovreba; gagiziarebT maT sityvebsa da gamocdilebas, rogorc
gavakeTeT es Tavis dasawyisSi. daviwyoT paTologiis30 cnebis ganxilviT.

fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis buneba

rodisme ginerviuliaT zedmetad? yofilxarT daTrgunuli an SeSfoTebuli

yovelgvari realuri mizezis gareSe? SegSinebiaT iseTi ramis, ris Sesaxebac
danamdvilebiT icodiT, rom ar iyo saSiSi? gifiqriaT TviTmkvlelobaze?
migimarTavT alkoholisTvis an narkotikebisTvis problemisgan Tavis dasaRwevad?
TiTqmis yvela Cvengani erT-erT kiTxvaze mainc gascemda dadebiT pasuxs, rac imaze
miuTiTebs, rom TiTqmis yvela Cvengans ganucdia fsiqologiuri aSlilobis
simptomebi. winamdebare Tavi Seexeba fsiqologiuri funqcionirebis im diapazons,
romelic ganixileba, rogorc arajanmrTeli an paTologiuri da romelsac xSirad
fsiqopaTologias an fsiqologiur aSlilobas uwodeben. fsiqopaTologiuri
funqcionireba moicavs emociuri, qceviTi an azrovnebiTi procesebis darRvevebs,
rasac Tan sdevs pirovnuli distresi an rac blokavs/aferxebs mniSvnelovani
miznebis miRwevis SesaZleblobas. paTofsiqologia31 fsiqologiuri kvlevebis is

30
abnormality.
31
Abnormal Psychology – iTargmna, rogorc “paTofsiqologia”, romelSic moiazreba fsiqologiuri aSlilobebi
da qcevis darRvevebi (mTargmnelis SeniSvna).
 659
sferoa, romelic yvelaze uSualod Seexeba azrovnebis, ganwyobilebisa da qcevis
individualuri paTologiebis bunebis Secnobas.
am qveTavs „paTologiuri“-s gansazRvrebis ufro detaluri ganxilviT
daviwyebT, Semdeg ki obieqturobis problemas SevexebiT. bolos ki Tvals
gavadevnebT, Tu rogor viTardeboda es gansazRvreba kacobriobis istoriis
aswleulebis manZilze.

ra aris paTologiuri

ras niSnavs, rodesac vambobT, rom mocemuli pirovneba paTologiuria anu

itanjeba fsiqologiuri aSlilobisgan? rogor wyveten fsiqologebi da klinikaSi
momuSave sxva praqtikosebi, Tu ra aris paTologiuri? aris ki yovelTvis naTeli,
Tu rodis/ra momentSi gadainacvlebs qceva normaluris kategoriidan
paTologiuris kategoriaSi? mocemuli individis fsiqologiuri aSlilobis
Sesaxeb daskvna, Cveulebisamebr, individis qcevis Sefasebas efuZneba am daskvnas
garkveuli specialuri avtoritetisa da Zalauflebis mqone adamianebi akeTeben. am
fenomenis aRsawerad gamoyenebuli terminebi, rogoricaa fsiqikuri aSliloba,
fsiqikuri daavadeba Tu paTologia, damokidebulia konkretul Tvalsazrisze,
Semfaseblis codnasa da mis kulturul gamocdilebaze, situaciaze da im
pirovnebis statusze, romlis Sesaxebac keTdeba daskvna.
• fsiqopaTologiuri funqcionireba (Psychopatological functioning) _ darRvevebi
emociur, qceviT an azrovnebis procesebSi, rasac Tan sdevs pirovnuli
distresi an mniSvnelovani miznebis miRwevis SesaZleblobebis blokireba.

• paTofsiqologia (Abnormal psychology) _ fsiqologiuri kvlevis sfero, romelic

fokusirdeba gonebis, guneba-ganwyobilebisa da qcevis individualuri
paTologiebis bunebis Secnobaze.

ganvixiloT Svidi kriteriumi, romelic qcevisaTvis „paTologiuris“ statusis

misaniWeblad SeiZleba gamoviyenoT (DSM-IV-TR, 2000; Rosenhan & Seligman, 1989).
1. distresi an uunaroba. individi ganicdis pirovnul distress an axorcielebs
usargeblo qcevas, rasac Tan sdevs fizikuri an fsiqologiuri gauaresebis riski,
an qcevis Tavisuflad, nebismierad ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobis dakargva.
 660
magaliTad, mamakacs, romelic ver gadis saxlidan oflis mosvlis gareSe, ar
SeeZleba mimdinare cxovrebiseuli miznebis miRweva;
2. araadekveturoba. individis qceva abrkolebs miznis miRwevas, ar emsaxureba
pirovnul keTildReobas, an Zalian aferxebs sxvaTa miznebsa da sazogadoebis
moTxovnilebebs. individi, romelic imdenad svams, rom ar SeuZlia samuSaos
SenarCuneba, an romelic safrTxis winaSe ayenebs sxvebs Tavisi problemiT,
araadekvatur qcevas axorcielebs;
3. araracionaluroba/iracionaluroba. individi moqmedebs an laparakobs
sxvebisTvis gaugebrad an araracionalurad. adamiani, romelic pasuxobs obieqtur
realobaSi ararsebul xmebs, araracionalurad/iracionalurad iqceva;
4. araprognozirebadoba. individi araprognozirebadad an araTanmimdevrulad
iqceva situaciidan situaciaSi, TiTqos kontroli ekargebodes qcevaze. bavSvi,
romelic yovelgvari TvalsaCino mizezis gareSe muSts urtyams fanjaras,
araprognozirebad qcevas axorcielebs;
5. araSablonuroba da statistikuri iSviaToba. individis mier ganxorcielebuli
qceva statistikur iSviaTobas warmoadgens da arRvevs misaRebi an sasurveli
qcevis socialur standartebs. Tumca, mxolod statistikur uCveulobas ar
mivyavarT paTologiuris fsiqologiur daskvnamde. magaliTad, geniosebis
inteleqtis done ukiduresad iSviaTia, magram es sasurveladac aris miCneuli.
meore mxriv, ukiduresad dabali inteleqti, aseve, iSviaTobaa, magram es
arasasurvelad iTvleba; amitom xSirad mas paTologiuris kategorias
miakuTvneben;
6. damkvirveblis diskomforti. individi diskomforts uqmnis sxvebs imiT, rom
garkveulad afrTxobs an distress badebs maTSi. Sua quCaSi mimavali, sakuTar
TavTan xmamaRal kamaTSi CarTuli qali damkvirveblis diskomforts iwvevs
mZRolSi, romelic misTvis gverdis avlas cdilobs;
7. zneobrivi da idealuri standartebis rRveva. individi arRvevs molodins imis
Taobaze, Tu rogor unda moiqces socialuri normebis gaTvaliswinebiT. am
kriteriumis mixedviT, adamianebs SeiZleba paTologiuri vuwodoT, Tu maT ar
surT muSaoba anda ar swamT RmerTis. paTologiuris es kriteriumi relevanturia
samarTlebriv situaciebSic. am Temas eZRvneba CanarTi „fsiqologia Cvens
cxovrebaSi“.
 661
SegiZliaT dainaxoT, Tu ratom ar aris paTologiuris es kriteriumebi
myisierad aSkara yvela damkvirveblisTvis? ganvixiloT, mxolod bolo
kriteriumi. xarT fsiqikurad avad, Tu ar gsurT muSaoba maSinac ki, rodesac es
paTologiurad iTvleba sazogadoebis normebis mixedviT? an ganvixiloT ufro
seriozuli simptomi. Cvens kulturaSi „cudia“, Tu halucinaciebi gvaqvs, radganac
isini fsiqikuri darRvevebis niSnebad aRiqmeba, magram es „kargia“ im kulturebSi,
sadac halucinaciebi interpretirdeba, rogorc spiritualuri Zalebdan momdinare
mistikuri xilvebi. sworia es daskvna? winamdebare Tavis bolos ganvixilavT
zogierT uaryofiT Sedegsa da safrTxes, romelic aseTi sazogadoebis mier
regulirebad msjelobebsa da maTze dafuZnebul gadawyvetilebebs ukavSirdeba.
Cven ufro meti darwmunebulobiT mivakuTvnebT qcevas paTologiuris
kategorias, rodesac gvaqvs da dasabuTebulia erTze meti indikatori. rac ufro
ukiduresad da mkveTrad aris gamoxatuli indikatorebi, miT ufro metad
darwmunebulni SeiZleba viyoT, rom isini paTologiur mdgomareobaze miuTiTeben.
arc erTi am kriteriumTagani ar aris aucilebeli piroba, romelic saerTo
iqneboda paTologiuris yvela SemTxvevisaTvis. magaliTad, saqmis ganxilvisas,
romelic Seexeboda stenfordis damamTavrebeli kursis studentis mier Cadenil
mkvlelobas, aRweraSi ar iyo arc danaSaulis grZnoba da arc sindisis qenjna; am
studentma ki CaquCiT mokla maTematikis profesori da Semdeg misi kabinetis karze
gaakeTa warwera: _ „dRes ar aris miRebis saaTebi“. pirovnuli tanjvis
ararsebobisda miuxedavad, ar unda viyoymanoT, rodesac am ukidures qcevas
paTologiuris kategoriaSi movaTavsebT. isic marTalia, rom arc erTi calke
aRebuli kriteriumi TavisTavad ar aris sakmarisi piroba imisaTvis, rom
paTologiuri qcevis yvela SemTxveva ganvasxvavoT normis farglebSi arsebuli
qcevis variaciebisgan. normalursa da paTologiurs Soris gansxvaveba ar aris
imdenad qcevis or damoukidebel tips Soris arsebuli gansvla (gansxvaveba),
ramdenadac is xarisxi, ra xarisxiTac pirovnebis qmedeba Tanxvdeba paTologiuris
SeTanxmebul kriteriumTa erTobliobas. umjobesia, fsiqikuri aSliloba
ganvixiloT, rogorc kontiniumi fsiqikur janmrTelobasa da fsiqikur daavadebas
Soris, rogorc naCvenebia 15.1 suraTze.
ramdenad misaRebia TqvenTvis paTologiuris Sesaxeb es mosazrebebi? miuxedavad
imisa, rom kriteriumebi sakmarisad mkafiod aris gamokveTili, fsiqologebs mainc
afiqrebT obieqturobis problema.
 662
sur. 15.1 fsiqikuri janmrTelobis kontiniumi

vinaidan normasa da paTologias Soris gansxvaveba fardobiTi ufroa, vidre

absoluturi, sasargebloa fsiqikuri janmrTelobis, rogorc kontiniumis
ganxilva. erT boloSi moTavsebulia qcevebi, romlebic gansazRvravs optimalur
fsiqikur janmrTelobas; meore boloSi ki _ qcevebi, romlebic minimalur
fsiqikur janmrTelobas aRweren. maT Soris moTavsebulia TandaTanobiT mzardi
araadapturi qcevebi.

optimaluri individualuri, jgufuri da garemos faqtorebi erTad efeqturad

fsiqikuri muSaobs da uzrunvelyofs:
janmrTeloba
• subieqtur kargad yofnas;
• optimalur ganviTarebas da gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis
gamoyenebas;
• marTlmsajulebasTan Tavsebadi miznebis miRwevas;
• fundamenturi Tanasworobis mdgomareobebs.
minimaluri
fsiqikuri
janmrTeloba individualuri, jgufuri da garemos faqtorebi erTmaneTTan
konfliqtSi modian da iwveven:
• subieqtur distress;
• gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis gauaresebas an arasakmaris ganviTarebas;
• warumateblobas miznis miRwevaSi;
• destruqciul qcevas;
• usamarTlobis ganmtkicebas.

obieqturobis problema

gadawyvetileba imis Sesaxeb, rom mocemul individs fsiqologiurad aSlili an

paTologiuri vuwodoT, yovelTvis qcevis Sesaxeb msjelobas warmoadgens. mravali
mkvlevris mizania am msjelobebisTvis obieqturobis miniWeba, yovelgvari
mikerZoebis gareSe. zogierTi fsiqologiuri aSlilobisaTvis, rogoricaa,
magaliTad, depresia an Sizofrenia, diagnozi xSirad akmayofilebs obieqturobis
standartebs. sxva SemTxvevebi ufro metad problemuria. rogorc vnaxeT
fsiqologiis Seswavlisas, qcevis mniSvneloba erTdroulad ganpirobebulia misi
SinaarsiTa da misi konteqstiT. erTi da igive moqmedeba sxvadasxva garemoSi
 663
sruliad gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobebis matarebelia. vTqvaT, mamakaci kocnis
mamakacs. es SeiZleba iyos homoseqsualistTa urTierTobis maniSnebeli aSS-Si,
misalmebis rituali safrangeTSi an mafiis „sasikvdilo kocna“ siciliaze. qcevis
mniSvneloba yovelTvis damokidebulia konteqstze.
vnaxoT, ratom aris obieqturoba aseTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxi. istoria savsea
iseTi situaciebis magaliTebiT, romelSic paTologiuris Sesaxeb daskvna
individTa moraluri an politikuri Zalauflebis SenarCunebas emsaxureboda.
magaliTisaTvis ganvixiloT 1851 wels samedicino JurnalSi gamoqveynebuli statia
„negroiduli rasis daavadebebi da fizikuri Taviseburebebi“. doqtori samuel
qarTraiTi (Dr. Samuel Cartwright) luizianas samedicino asociaciis mier iyo
daniSnuli afrikuli warmoSobis amerikeli monebis „ucnauri“ praqtikis kvlevis
komitetis Tavmjdomared. kvlevis Sedegad dagrovil iqna monobis praqtikis
gasamarTlebeli „utyuari mecnieruli mtkicebulebani“. aRmoCenil iqna zogierTi
„daavadeba“, romelic manamde ucnobi iyo TeTrkanianTa rasisaTvis. erT-erTi
aRmoCena is iyo, rom Savkanianebi TiTqosda daavadebulni iyvnen sensoruli
daavadebiT, rac maT „dasjisas tkivilisadmi ugrZnobs xdida“ (amitom ar unda
daezogaT isini). komitetma, aseve, aRmoaCina daavadeba drapetomania (drapetomania)
anu Tavisuflebis Ziebis mania _ fsiqikuri aSliloba, romelic batonisgan
gaqcevas aiZulebda zogierT monas. saWiro iyo gaqceuli monebis daWera, raTa
saTanadod emkurnalaT daavadebisaTvis (Chorever, 1891)!
SedarebiT axlo warsulSi sabWoTa kavSiris liderebs wesad hqondaT
politikuri disidentebis maTi miuRebeli devianturi ideologiis gamo
fsiqikurad aSlilad gamocxadeba da maTi gagzavna moSorebul fsiqiatriul
saavadmyofoebSi xangrZlivi periodiT.
Tu individs erTxel miawebeben „paTologiuris“ iarliys, adamianebs aqvT
tendencia, rom SemdgomSi mis mier ganxorcielebul qcevasac am daskvnis
Sesabamisi interpretacia miscen. devid rozenhanma (David Rozenhan) da misma
kolegebma aCvenes, rom SeiZleba SeuZlebeli iyos „Seracxadad“ yofna „Seuracxad
adgilze“.
saidan viciT

Seracxadad darCena „Seuracxad“ adgilze

 664

rozenhanma da Svidma Seracxadma adamianma sxvadasxva fsiqiatriul

saavadmyofoSi moaxerxes pacientis statusiT moxvedra erTi simptomis _
halucinaciebis _ simulirebiT. rvave fsevdopacients miRebisas dausves
paranoiduli Sizofreniis an maniakalur-depresiuli aSlilobis diagnozi.
miRebis Semdeg isini sruliad normalurad iqceodnen, Tumca, rozenhanis
dakvirvebis mixedviT, rodesac Seracxadi adamiani Seuracxad adgilze xvdeba,
ufro metad mosalodnelia, rom isic Seuracxadad miiCnion; misi nebismieri qcevis
xelaxali interpretireba konteqstis Sesabamisad xdeba. fsevdopacientebi
racionalurad rom uxsnidnen saavadmyofos TanamSromlebs TavianT situacias, maT
„inteleqtualuri“ dacvis gamoyenebas miawerdnen, dakvirvebebis Canawerebis
warmoebas ki „Caweris sindromad“ miiCnevdnen. fsevdopacientebma TiTqmis sami
kvira gaatares palatebSi da arc erTi CauTvliaT saavadmyofos TanamSromlebs
Seracxadad. rodesac maT sabolood daixsnes Tavi (mxolod meuRleebisa da
kolegebis daxmarebiT), saavadmyofodan gawerisas maTi diagnozi isev „Sizofrenia“
iyo, Tumca, „remisiis periodSi“; amrigad, maTi simptomebi aRar iyo aqtualuri.

rozenhanis kvlevebma aCvena, Tu rogor aris damokidebuli paTologiebis

Sesaxeb mosazreba Tavad qcevis miRma arsebul faqtorebze.
fsiqiatr tomas szaszis (Thomas Szasz) TvalsazrisiT, fsiqikuri daavadeba arc ki
arsebobs _ es „miTia“ (1961, 1977, 1995). szaszi amtkicebs, rom fsiqikuri daavadebis
arsebobis damadastureblad gamoyenebuli simptomebi mxolod da mxolod
samedicino iarliyebia, romelic socialur problemebSi _ devianturi (normidan
gadaxrili) adamianebis mier socialuri normebis darRvevaSi _ profesiuli
Carevis sanqcias iZleva. erTxel daasvamen ra daRs, am adamianebs maTi
„gansxvavebulobis“ problemis gamo an rbilad da Tbilad eqcevian, an uxeSad da
sastikad, arsebuli „status-qvos“ darRvevis safrTxis gareSe.
klinicistTa mcire jgufi Tu midis ase Sors, ZiriTadad imitom, rom kvlevaTa
da mkurnalobaTa didi nawili pirovnuli distresis gagebasa da Semsubuqebaze
fokusirdeba. winamdebare TavSi aRweril aSlilobaTa umetesobis SemTxvevaSi
individebi TavianT qcevas paTologiurad an garemosadmi mcired Seguebulad
miiCneven. amgvarad, am msjelobas mivyavarT mosazrebamde, rom SeuZlebelia
arsebobdes paTologiuris sruliad obieqturi Sefaseba. fsiqologiuri
aSlilobis TiToeuli tipis aRwerisas unda SeecadoT imis gagebas, Tu ratom
 665
sjeraT klinicistebs, rom simptomTa erToblioba, romliTac warmodgenilia
qceviTi paterni, individisTvis ufro seriozuli movlenaa, vidre ubralod
socialuri normebis darRveva.
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis konteqstze Seqmnili warmodgenis dasasruleblad
axla paTologiuris cnebisa da paTologiuri qcevis mkurnalobis zogierT
istoriul moments SevexebiT. amis Semdeg ki mivubrundebiT im zogad mizezobriv
faqtorebs, romelTac mkvlevrebi Abnormality-is gamomwvev Zalebad miiCneven.

istoriuli perspeqtivebi

istoriis manZilze adamianebs eSinodaT fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis, radgan

eSmaks ukavSirebdnen maT. am SiSis gamo isini agresiulad epyrobodnen avadmyofebs
da gadamwyvet zomebs iRebdnen yvela im qcevis aRmosafxvrelad, romelsac
ucnaurad an paTologiurad miiCnevdnen. adamianebi, romlebic aseT qcevebs
axorcielebdnen, sapyrobileebSi xvdebodnen da ganwirulni iyvnen radikaluri
samedicino mkurnalobisTvis. fsiqikur avadmyofobasa da eSmaks Soris kavSiris
arsebobis Sesaxeb crurwmenebi iseTive Zvelia, rogorc kacobriobis istoria.
arqeologebs aRmoCenili aqvT preistoriuli gaxvretili Tavis qalebi. es
aRmoCenebi, SesaZloa, miuTiTebdes Cvens winaprebSi arsebul rwmenaze, rom aseTi
naxvretebi individSi Casaxlebul demonebs gaqcevis saSualebas aZlevda.
Semdgom, Sua saukuneebSi arsebuli Selocvebi mowodebuli iyo isteriis
Sesamsubuqeblad, romlis simptomebi iyo paralizeba an tkivilebi, Tavbrusxvevebi,
koWloba da sibrmave. Tavdapirvelad fiqrobdnen, rom isteriiT mxolod qalebi
avaddebodnen, daavadebis mizezs ki eSmakis kontrolis/zegavlenis qveS moqceuli
moxetiale saSvilosno warmoadgenda (Veith, 1965). miaqcieT yuradReba, rogor Cans
qvemoT warmodgenil SelocvaSi rwmena fsiqologiur aSlilobebSi demonuri
Zalebis rolis Sesaxeb.
o, saSov, saSov, saSov, cilindrulo saSov, wiTelo saSov, TeTro saSov,
msuqano saSov, sisxlmdeno saSov, farTo saSov, gaberilo saSov, o, demonuro...
mogiwodeb Sen, o, saSov, wminda samebis saxeliT dabrunde im adgilze, saidanac
arc unda daiZra da arc waxvide... da dabrunde risxvis gareSe im adgilze,
sadac Tavdapirvelad dagafuZna maRalma RmerTma. (Zilboorg and Henry, 1941,
citirebulia Nietzel et al.-Si, 1991, p.19).
 666
1692 wels salemis kolonia masaCusetSi mraval axalgazrda qals aReniSneboda
konvulsiebi, pirRebineba da sisuste. isini aRwerdnen SeboWilobis, Cxvletisa da
dakbenilobis SegrZnebebs. mravali maTgani droebiT dabrmavda an dayruvda;
zogierTebi haerSi frenis xilvebsa da SegrZnebebs aRwerdnen. aseTma ucnaurma
simptomebma axsnis farTomasStabian Ziebas STaberes suli. mravali adamiani
Tvlida, rom simptomebi eSmakis moqmedebis Sedegs warmoadgenda, rasac is miwieri
grZneulebis ZalisxmeviT axalgazrda qalebis gonebasa da sxeulze zemoqmedebiT
aRwevda. am Teoriebs jadoqrobis panika da grZneulebad wodebuli 20-ze meti
qalis egzekucia mohyva.

XVIII saukunemde dasavlur sazogadoebebSi fsiqikurad daavadebul adamianebs

ugono qmnilebebad miiCnevdnen, romelTa gakontroleba mxolod jaWvebiTa da
fizikuri discipliniT iyo SesaZlebeli. saavadmyofoebSi zrunvis nacvlad maT
damnaSaveebTan erTad amyofebdnen sapyrobileebSi. axla vnaxoT, rogor daiwyo
Secvla am mdgomareobam.

samedicino modelis warmoqmna

XVIII saukunis meore naxevarSi paTologiuri qcevis mimarT axali

damokidebuleba gaCnda _ adamianebma fsiqologiuri problemebis mqone individTa
avadmyofebad, daavadebiT datanjulebad ufro daiwyes aRqma, vidre Sepyrobilebad
an uzneoebad. amis Sedegad TandaTanobiT SeuracxadebisTvis keTilganwyobili
pirobebis Sesaqmnelad mTeli rigi reformebi ganxorcielda. filip pineli
(Philippe Pinel, 1745-1826) erT-erTi pirveli klinicisti iyo, romelmac am ideebis
gamoyenebiT fsiqologiuri sirTuleebis klasifikaciis sistemis ganviTarebis
mcdeloba ganaxorciela da sayrdenad aiRo mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom
azrovnebis, guneba-ganwyobilebisa da qcevis aSlilobebi bevrad hgavs fizikur,
organul daavadebebs. aseTi sistemis mixedviT, TiToeul daavadebas gaaCnia
damaxasiaTebel simptomTa erToblioba, romelic ganasxvavebs mas sxva
aSlilobisgan da janmrTeli funqcionirebisgan. aSlilobebi klasificirebulia
dakvirvebadi simptomebis paternebis, darRvevis dasawyisisTvis arsebuli
pirobebis, aSlilobis bunebrivi mimdinareobisa da mkurnalobisadmi
daqvemdebarebulobis mixedviT. aseTma saklasifikacio sistemebma,
bunebismetyvelTa mier gamoyenebuli biologiuri saklasifikacio sistemebis
 667
Seqmnis Semdeg, modelireba ganicada da mowodebuli iyo klinicistebisTvis
gavrcelebuli aSlilobebis gacilebiT iolad amocnobaSi daxmarebis gasawevad.

• etiologia (Etiology) _ aSlilobis ganviTarebis mizezebi an masTan dakavSirebuli

faqtorebi.
1896 wels germanelma fsiqiatrma emil krepelinma (Emil Kraepelin, 1855-1926) Seqmna
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis pirveli realurad amomwuravi klasifikaca. vinaidan
swamda, rom fsiqologiur problemebs fizikuri safuZveli hqonda, man samedicino
diagnozis suliskveTebiT aRwera fsiqologiuri diagnostirebisa da
klasifikaciis procesi; im suliskveTebiT, romelic dResdReobiTac arsebobs
(Rosenhan & Seligman, 1989). misi Sexedulebebi yvelaze iolad da swrafad damkvidrda
fsiqiatrebis terminologiaSi _ saubaria fsiqikur daavadebaze da fsiqikurad
daavadebuli pacientebis mkurnalobaze maTi daavadebuli tvinebis gankurnebis
imediT.

fsiqologiuri modelebis warmoqmna

samedicino midgomis alternatiuli mimdinareoba paTologiuri qcevis

fsiqologiur mizezebsa da mkurnalobaze fokusirdeba. es mosazreba kargad
gamoikveTa XVIII saukunis dasasrulisaTvis, rasac xeli Seuwyo franc mesmeris
(Franz Mesmer, 1734-1815) STambeWdavma Sromebma. mesmers miaCnda, rom mraval
aSlilobas, maT Soris isteriasac, mis mier cxovelur magnetizmad wodebuli
idumalebiT moculi Zalis nakadSi gaCenili darRvevebi iwvevda. man aRmoaCina
cxoveluri magnetizmis Seswavlis ramdenime axali teqnika, maT Soris erT-erTi
TandaTanobiT cnobili gaxda, rogorc hipnotizmi, rac, Tavdapirvelad,
mesmerizmad moixsenieboda misi aRmomCenis sapativcemulod (Darnton, 1968; Pattie, 1994).
miuxedavad imisa, rom mesmeris zogadi Teoria cxoveluri magnetizmis Sesaxeb
diskreditirebul iqna, hipnozis miseuli teqnika mravalma mkvlevarma gadaiRo da
aiTvisa. maT Soris iyo cnobili frangi nevrologi Jan Sarko (Jean Charcot, 1825-
1893). Sarkom aRmoaCina, rom isteriis zogierTi simptomis likvidireba, rogoricaa,
magaliTad, kidurebis paralizeba, SesaZlebelia, rodesac pacienti hipnoturi
zemoqmedebis qveS imyofeba. hipnozs janmrTel individebSi isteriis simptomebis
gamowvevac ki SeuZlia, riTac kargad aCvenebs fsiqologiuri faqtorebis rols im
 668
problemebis warmoqmnaSi, romelTac mxolod fizikuri safuZvlis mqoned
miiCnevdnen.
Sarkos erT-erTma studentma, zigmund froidma ganagrZo hipnoziT
eqsperimentireba. igi am eqsperimentebs pirovnebisa da paTologiis Sesaxeb Tavisi
fsiqodinamikuri Teoriis SemuSavebisTvis iyenebda, romelic, aseve, axdens
zegavlenas fsiqopaTologiis bunebisa da mizezebis Sesaxeb Tanamedrove
Teoriebze. (man SemdgomSi Sewyvita praqtikaSi hipnoTerapiis gamoyeneba da xeli
mihyo fsiqoanalizs, rogorc fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis mkurnalobis meTods).
paTologiuris Sesaxeb Tanamedrove mosazrebebi, umravles SemTxvevaSi,
fsiqikuri daavadebebis samedicino da fsiqologiuri modelebis aspeqtTa
kombinirebul variants warmoadgens. qvemoT swored paTologiuris mizezebis
axsnis am ZiriTad saxeebze visaubrebT.

fsiqopaTologiis etiologia

etiologia exeba fsiqologiuri da samedicino problemebis ganviTarebis

mizezebsa da xelSemwyob faqtorebs. Tu viciT, ratom Cndeba aSliloba, saidan
momdinareobs is da ra zegavlenas axdens azrovnebaze, emociebsa da qceviT
procesebze, SesaZlebeli xdeba mkurnalobis da, saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, misi
prevenciis axali gzebis povna. TiToeuli aSlilobis ganxilvisas mniSvnelovani
sakiTxi iqneba mizezebis analizi. qvemoT mizezobrivi faqtorebis or did
kategoriaze _ biologiursa da fsiqologiurze _ visaubrebT.

biologiuri midgomebi

samedicino modelis tradiciebze Camoyalibebuli Tanamedrove biologiuri

midgomis daSvebis Tanaxmad, fsiqologiuri darRvevebi gamowveulia bazisuri
biologiuri faqtorebiT. biologi mkvlevrebi da klinicistebi xSirad ikvleven
Tavis tvinis struqturul anomaliebs, biologiur procesebsa da genetikur
zegavlenebs.
Tavis tvini rTuli organoa, romlis urTierTdakavSirebuli elementebi myife
balansSi imyofebian erTmaneTTan. mis qimiur gadamtanebSi _ neirogadamtanebSi an
mis qsovilSi momxdar mcireoden cvlilebasac ki SeiZleba mniSvnelovani Sedegi
mohyves. am cvlilebebis mizezi mravali ram SeiZleba iyos, maT Soris genetikuri
faqtorebi, Tavis tvinis dazianeba da infeqcia. wina TavebSi vnaxeT, rom
 669
Tanamedrove teqnologia fsiqikuri janmrTelobis profesionalebs, qirurgiuli
Carevis gareSe, cocxali individebis Tavis tvinis struqturisa da specifikuri
bioqimiuri procesebis dakvirvebis saSualebas aZlevs. am teqnikis gamoyenebiT
biologiurad orientirebuli mkvlevrebi axal kavSirebs ikvleven fsiqologiur
aSlilobebsa da Tavis tvinis specifikur anomaliebs Soris. amasTanave, qceviTi
genetikis sferoSi mimdinare miRwevebma gaaumjobesa specifikur genebsa da
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebs Soris kavSirebis dadgenis SesaZlebloba. SevecdebiT
ra paTologiuris sxvadasxva formebis bunebis Secnobas, winamdebare TavSi
mimovixilavT biologiuri axsnis sxvadasxva tips.

fsiqologiuri midgomebi

fsiqologiuri midgomebi fsiqopaTologiis ganviTarebaSi fsiqologiuri da

socialuri faqtorebis rolze fokusirdeba. am midgomebSi fsiqologiuri
aSlilobebis safuZvlad pirovnul gamocdilebas, travmebs, konfliqtebsa da
garemos faqtorebs miiCneven. Cven ganvixilavT paTologiis sam ZiriTad
fsiqologiur models: fsiqodinamikurs, bihevioralursa da kogniturs.
• fsiqodinamikuri modeli. biologiuri midgomis msgavsad, fsiqodinamikuri
modelis mixedviT, fsiqopaTologiis mizezebi pirovnebis SigniT aris
lokalizebuli, Tumca, zigmund froidis (am modelis avtoris) mixedviT, Sinagani
faqtorebi fsiqologiuri ufroa, vidre biologiuri. rogorc wina TavebSi
aRvniSneT, froids miaCnda, rom mravali fsiqologiuri aSliloba yvela
adamianisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli fsiqikuri konfliqtebisa da egos dacviTi
reaqciebis „normaluri“ procesebis gamZafrebis Sedegia. fsiqodinamikuri modelis
mixedviT, adreuli bavSvobis gamocdileba orives ayalibebs _ normalur da
paTologiur qcevasac.
fsiqodinamikuri modelis Tanaxmad, qceva motivirebulia xSir SemTxvevebSi
gaucnobierebeli ltolvebiTa da survilebiT. fsiqopaTologiis simptomebi
gaucnobierebeli konfliqtebidan da azrebidan iRebs saTaves. Tu aracnobieri
konfliqtur mdgomareobaSi imyofeba da savsea daZabulobiT, pirovnebas SfoTva
da sxva aSlilobebi Seawuxebs. am fsiqikur konfliqtTa umravlesoba idis
araracionaluri, siamovnebis maZiebeli impulsebisa da super-egodan momdinare
internalizebuli socialuri iZulebebis urTierTdapirispirebis Sedegad
warmoiqmneba. Cveulebisamebr, am dapirispirebaSi momrigeblis rols ego asrulebs,
 670
Tumca, bavSvobaSi paTologiis ganviTarebam SeiZleba Seasustos mis mier am
funqciis Sesrulebis SesaZlebloba. erTmaneTTan konfliqtSi myofi motivebisTvis
da SfoTvisTvis Tavis aridebas individebi dacvis iseTi meqanizmebis SemuSavebiT
cdiloben, rogoricaa, magaliTad, gandevna an uaryofa. dacvis meqanizmebis
moWarbebulad gamoyenebas Tan sdevs realobis damaxinjeba an TviT-damangreveli
qcevebi. individma SeiZleba imdenad didi raodenobis fsiqikuri energia daxarjos
SfoTvisa da konfliqtisgan Tavis dasacavad, rom mcireodeni energiaRa Tu
darCeba nayofieri da komfortuli cxovrebisTvis.
• bihevioraluri modeli.
modeli xazs usvamen ra dakvirvebad reaqciebs, bihevioristebi
naklebad saubroben hipoTetur fsiqodinamikur procesebze. maT miaCniaT, rom
paTologiuri qcevis SeZena janmrTeli qcevis msgavsad xdeba _ daswavlisa da
ganmtkicebis meSveobiT. isini yuradRebis miRma toveben Sinagan fsiqologiur
fenomenebsa da adreuli bavSvobis gamocdilebas, Tumca, xazs usvamen mimdinare
qcevasa da mimdinare mdgomareobebs da im ganmamtkiceblebs, romlebic inarCuneben
qcevas. fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis simptomebi individebis mier TviT-
damangreveli an araefeqturi qcevebis daswavlis Sedegad warmoiqmneba. nebismieri
arasasurveli, paTologiuri qcevis garemoSi arsebuli SemTxveviTi
ganmamtkiceblebis moZiebiT mkvlevrebs an klinicistebs SeuZliaT maT Secvlaze
mimarTuli mkurnalobis gzebis dasaxva da arasasurveli qcevis Caqroba.
araadapturi qceviT gamowveuli procesebis kvlevisas bihevioristebi klasikuri
da operantuli ganpirobebis modelebs eyrdnobian (ix. Tavi 7).
• kognituri modeli. fsiqopaTologiisadmi kognitur midgomas xSirad
bihevioralur TvalsazrisTan erTad iyeneben. kognituri midgomis mixedviT,
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis saTaveebs yovelTvis ver aRmovaCenT obieqturad
arsebuli garemos stimulebSi, ganmamtkiceblebsa da TvalsaCino reaqciebSi.
mniSvneloba aqvs imas, Tu rogor aRiqvamen adamianebi sakuTar Tavsa da garemos
da ras fiqroben maT Sesaxeb. kognitur cvladebs Soris, romelTac SeiZleba
sworad an arasworad warmarTon adapturi qceva, aris pirovnebis mier
mniSvnelovani ganmamtkiceblebis gakontrolebis xarisxis subieqturi aRqma,
safrTxis momtan movlenebTan gamklavebis SesaZleblobis pirovnuli rwmena da
movlenebis interpretacia situaciuri Tu pirovnuli faqtorebis terminebiT.
kognituri midgomis mixedviT, fsiqologiuri problemebi realuri situaciis
 671
aRqmis damaxinjebis, mcdari msjelobebis an problemis gadawyvetis uSedego
mcdelobebis Sedegia.
• sociokulturuli midgoma. fsiqopaTologiis Sesaxeb sociokulturuli
mosazreba xazs usvams kulturis rols paTologiuri qcevis gansazRvrasa da
etiologiaSi. Cven ukve SevexeT diagnostirebaze kulturis zegavlenas, rodesac
obieqturobis problemaze vsaubrobdiT. Cven vTqviT, rom sxvadasxva kulturaSi
erTsa da imave qcevas sxvadasxva interpretacia SeiZleba hqondes: zRurbli,
romelzec garkveuli qcevis tipi individisTvis adaptaciaSi problemebis
Semqmneli gaxdeba, nawilobriv, mis kulturul konteqstzea damokidebuli. rac
Seexeba etiologias, gansakuTrebuli kulturuli garemo pirobebi, sadac
cxovroben adamianebi, SeiZleba gansazRvravdes im pirobebs, romlebic xels
uwyoben fsiqopaTologiis calkeuli tipebis an qvetipebis gamoyofas. Cven
mogvianebiT, klasifikaciis Sesaxeb qveTavSi, visaubrebT aseT, kulturasTan
SeWidul sindromebze.

axla ukve SegiqmeniT zogadi warmodgena im ZiriTad midgomebze, romlebsac

mkvlevrebi fsiqikuri daavadebis warmoqmnis Sesaxeb gvTavazoben. unda aRiniSnos,
rom, miaCniaT ra fsiqopaTologia mTeli rigi biologiuri da fsiqologiuri
faqtorebis rTuli urTierTqmedebis Sedegad, Tanamedrove mkvlevrebi ufro da
ufro metad ikaveben interaqcionistul pozicias. ase magaliTad, genetikurma
predispoziciam neirogadamtanebis an hormonebis doneze zemoqmedebiT SeiZleba
mowyvladi gaxados pirovneba fsiqologiuri aSlilobisadmi, magram aSlilobis
srulad ganviTarebisTvis fsiqologiuri an socialuri stresi an daswavlili
qceva iyos saWiro.
Semdeg nawilSi im mcdelobebze gveqneba saubari, romelic ganxorcielda
aSlilobebis sxvadasxva kategoriebis klasificirebisa da aRwerisaTvis.

Sejameba
paTologia ganisazRvreba mTeli rigi kriteriumebis gaTvaliswinebiT: _
distresi an uunaroba, araadapturoba, araracionaluroba, araprognozirebadoba,
araSablonuroba da statistikuri iSviaToba, damkvirveblis doskomforti da
zneobrivi da idealuri standartebis rRveva. arc erTi am kriteriumTagani ar
aris aucilebeli da sakmarisi piroba fsiqikuri daavadebis gansazRvrisaTvis.
mkvlevrebis upirvelesi mizania fsiqologiuri aSlilobebisadmi obieqturi
 672
mosazrebebis Camoyalibeba; es mizani rTulia, radganac paTologiuris Sesaxeb
daskvnebi xSirad aris damokidebuli konteqstze. kacobriobis TiTqmis mTeli
istoriis manZilze fsiqikurad daavadebul adamianebs arasworad epyrobodnen an
sapyrobileebSi amwyvdevdnen. mas Semdeg ganviTarda maTdami midgomis SedarebiT
adamianuri meTodebi, rac iseTma adamianebma, rogorebic iyvnen pineli, mesmeri da
krepelini, am aSlilobebis daavadebebad ganxilva daiwyes.es daavadebebi
kategorizaciasa da mkurnalobas eqvemdebarebodnen. fsiqikuri daavadebis
etiologiis asaxsnelad Tanamedrove mkvlevrebi, Cveulebisamebr, biologiuri da
fsiqologiuri faqtorebis interaqciul models mimarTaven xolme.

fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis klasifikacia

ratom aris sasargeblo fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis klasifikaciis sistemis

arseboba? ra upiratesobebs iZleva paTologiuris amomwuravi Sefasebis gziT misi
sxvadasxva tipebis erTmaneTisgan gamijvna? fsiqologiuri diagnozi aris
paTologiurisTvis dakvirvebadi qcevis paternis klasificirebisa da
kategorizaciis Sedegad micemuli iarliyi garkveuli diagnostikuri sistemis
farglebSi. aseTi diagnozis miReba gacilebiT ufro rTulia, vidre samedicino
diagnozis. samedicino konteqstSi diagnostirebisas eqims iseT fizikur
monacemebze SeuZlia dayrdnoba, rogoricaa, magaliTad, rentgenis suraTi,
sisxlis analizi da biofsia. fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis SemTxvevaSi
diagnozisTvis saWiro monacemebs individis moqmedebis interpretaciidan viRebT.
klinikosTa maqsimaluri SeTanxmebulobisa (konsistenturobis) da maT
diagnostikur Sefasebebs Soris Tanmimdevrulobis misaRwevad, fsiqologebma
diagnostirebisa da klasifikaciis sistema ganaviTares, romelic uzrunvelyofs
simptomebis detalur, zedmiwevniT aRweras imdenad, ramdenadac sxva kriteriumebi
exmareba praqtikosebs imis gadawyvetaSi, aris Tu ara pirovnebis qceva garkveuli
aSlilobis maniSnebeli.
• fsiqologiuri diagnozi (Psychological diagnosis) _ fsiqologiuri paTologiisTvis
dakvirvebuli qcevis paternis klasificirebisa da kategorizaciis Sedegad
micemuli iarliyi garkveuli diagnostikuri sistemis farglebSi.
• DSM-IV-TR _ amerikis fsiqiatriuli asociaciis amJamad momqmedi diagnostikuri
 673
da statistikuri saxelmZRvanelo, romelSic klasificirebulia, ganmartebulia da
aRwerilia fsiqikuri aSlilobebi.

klasifikaciis miznebi

imisaTvis, rom maqsimalurad sasargeblo iyos, diagnostikuri sistema Semdeg

sam sargebels unda iZleodes:

saerTo stenografiuli ena. klinikosTa da fsiqopaTologiis sferoSi
momuSave mklvlevarTa Soris swrafi da gasagebi urTierTobisTvis praqtikosebi
sayovelTaod SeTanxmebuli mniSvnelobebis mqone terminebs eZeben.
diagnostikuri kategoria, rogoricaa depresia, didi raodenobis kompleqsur
informacias aerTianebs, romlSic Sedis damaxasiaTebeli simptomebi da
aSlilobis tipuri mimdinareoba. klinikur garemoSi, rogoricaa, klinikebi da
saavadmyofoebi, diagnostikuri sistema fsiqikuri janmrTelobis
profesionalebs ufro efeqturi komunikaciis saSualebas aZlevs im adamianebis
Sesaxeb, visac exmarebian. fsiqopaTologiis sxvadasxva aspeqtebis kvlevisas an
mkurnalobis programebis Sefasebisas mkvlevrebi unda SeTanxmdnen
dasakvirvebeli aSlilobis Taobaze.

etiologiis gageba. idealur SemTxvevaSi, konkretuli aSlilobis diagnozma
naTeli unda mohfinos simptomebis gamomwvev mizezebs. samwuxarod, mravali
fsiqologiuri aSlilobis etiologiis Sesaxeb arsebiTi uTanxmoebis an
sakmarisi informaciis uqonlobis gamo Znelia am miznis miRweva.

mkurnalobis dagegmva. diagnozma, aseve, unda gvikarnaxos, Tu mkurnalobis
ra tipebi unda gamoviyenoT konkretuli aSlilobisaTvis. mkvlevrebma da
klinikosebma aRmoaCines, rom garkveuli mkurnaloba an Terapia ufro
efeqturad moqmedebs garkveuli tipis fsiqologiur aSlilobebze. magaliTad,
Sizofreniis dros sakmaod efeqtiani medikamentebi sruliad usargebloa da
zogjer ufro amZimebs kidec mdgomareobas depresiis SemTxvevaSi.
mkurnalobebis efeqturobisa da specifikurobis Sesaxeb codnis Semdgomi
gaRrmaveba daaCqarebs da ufro sandos gaxdis diagnostirebis process, rac
metad mniSvnelovania.

DSM-IV-TR
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi yvelaze farTod miRebuli saklasifikacio sqema
amerikis fsiqiatriul asociacias ekuTvnis. mas fsiqikuri aSlilobebis
 674
diagnostikuri da statistikuri saxelmZRvanelo ewodeba. meoTxe gamocemis (DSM-
IV, 1994) „teqsturi gadasinjva“ 2000 wels gamoqveynda da mas klinikosebi da
mkvlevrebi DSM-IV-TR-is saxeliT icnoben. masSi klasificirebulia,
gansazRvrulia da aRwerilia 200-ze meti fsiqikuri aSliloba.
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebisadmi midgomebis mravalferovnebiT gamowveuli
diagnostikuri sirTuleebis Sesamcireblad DSM-IV-TR-Si yuradReba simptomTa
paternebis aRwerasa da aSlilobebis mimdinareobebze ufro metad aris
gamaxvilebuli, vidre etiologiur Teoriebsa da mkurnalobis strategiebze.
wmindad aRweriTi xasiaTis terminebi klinikosebsa da mkvlevrebs problemebis
aRsawerad sayovelTao, saerTo enis gamoyenebis saSualebas aZlevs nacvlad imisa,
rom SeTanxmebis miuRwevlad datovon Sexvedrebi da ikvlion, Tu romeli
Teoriuli modeli ukeT xsnis arsebul problemebs.
DSM-is pirveli versia, romelic 1952 wels gamoCnda (DSM-I), ramdenime aTeul
fsiqikur daavadebas moicavda. 1968 wels gamosuli, gadasinjuli DSM-II ufro
metad Seesatyviseboda meore popularul sistemas _ msoflio janmrTelobis
organizaciis daavadebaTa internacionalur klasifikacias (ICD _ International
Classification of Diseases). DSM-is meoTxe gamocema (DSM-IV, 1994) komitetebisa da
mecnierebis ramdenime wliani intensiuri muSaobis Semdeg gamovida. cvlilebebis
gansaxorcieleblad (1987 wels gamosul DSM-III-R-Si) am komitetebma dawvrilebiT
ganixiles fsiqopaTologiaSi dagrovili gamokvlevebis uzarmazari raodenoba da,
aseve, Seamowmes, Tu ramdenad muSaobda SemoTavazebuli cvlilebebi realur
klinikur pirobebSi. DSM-IV, aseve, srulad Seesabameba ACD-is meaTe gamocemas.
DSM-IV-TR-Si (2000), DSM-IV-is teqsturi gadasinjvaSi, axali kvlevebis Sedegebic
aris mocemuli, Tumca, saerTod ar aris Secvlili DSM-IV-is klasifikaciis
struqtura.
fsiqologiur aSlilobasTan SesaZlo kavSirSi myofi fsiqologiuri,
socialuri da fizikuri faqtorebis ganxilvisas klinikosebis dasaxmareblad
DSM-IV-TR ganzomilebebs anu RerZebs iyenebs, romlebzec mocemulia informacia
yvela am faqtoris Sesaxeb (ix. cxrili 15.1).

cxrili 15.1. DSM-IV-TR-is xuTi RerZi

RerZebi informaciis klasi aRwera

 675

RerZi I klinikuri aSlilobebi es fsiqikuri aSlilobebi warmoadgens

qceviTi an fsiqologiuri problemebis
simptomebs an paternebs, romelic, rogorc
wesi, mtkivneulia da auaresebs
funqcionirebas romelime sferoSi. aq
Setanilia aSlilobebi, romlebic Tavs iCens
Cvilobis, bavSvobis an Wabukobis periodSi.

RerZi II (a) pirovnuli samyaros aRqmisa da masze reagirebis

aSlilobebi disfunqcionaluri paternebi.

(b) gonebrivi
CamorCeniloba

RerZi zogadi samedicino am RerZze warmodgenilia fizikuri

III mdgomareobebi problemebi, romelic ukavSirdeba I da II
RerZebze aRwerili fsiqologiuri
aSlilobebis gagebas an mkurnalobas.

RerZi fsiqosocialuri da am RerZze warmodgenilia is fsiqosocialuri

IV garemos problemebi da garemos stresorebi, romelmac SeiZleba
zegavlena moaxdinos aSlilobis
diagnostirebasa da mkurnalobaze da
gamojanmrTelebis albaTobaze.

RerZi V funqcionirebis am RerZze warmodgenilia fsiqologiur,

mTlianobiTi Sefaseba socialur da profesionalur sferoebSi
individis mimdinare funqcionirebis erTiani
done.

ZiriTad klinikur aSlilobaTa umravlesoba I RerZzea moTavsebuli. aq Sedis

yvela aSliloba, gonebrivi CamorCenilobis garda, romelic bavSvobaSi iCens Tavs.
II RerZze mocemulia rogorc gonebrivi CamorCeniloba, aseve, pirovnuli
aSlilobebi. es problemebi SeiZleba Tan sdevdes I RerZis aSlilobebs. III RerZi
moicavs informacias zogadi samedicino mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, rogoricaa,
magaliTad, diabeti, rac SeiZleba relevanturi iyos I an II RerZze ganTavsebuli
 676
aSlilobis gagebisas an mkurnalobisas. IV da V RerZebi uzrunvelyofs damatebiT
informacias, romelic SeiZleba sasargeblo iyos konkretuli individisTvis
mkurnalobis kursis dagegmvisas an prognozis Sefasebisas (momavali cvlilebebis
winaswar ganWvretisas). IV RerZi afasebs fsiqosocialur da garemodan momdinare
problemebs, romlebmac SeiZleba axsnas pacientis stresuli reaqciebi an
stresTan misi gamklavebis resursebi. V RerZze klinikosebi afaseben individis
funqcionirebis saerTo, zogad dones. DSM-IV-TR-is sistemis sruli diagnozi
TiToeuli RerZis ganxilvas unda moicavdes.

diagnostikuri kategoriebis ganviTareba

diagnostikuri kategoriebi da maTi organizebisa da warmodgenisTvis

gamoyenebuli meTodebi DSM-is yovel gadanisjvaSi icvleboda. es cvlilebebi
fsiqikuri janmrTelobis eqspertebis umravlesobis mosazrebaTa cvlilebebs
asaxavs imis Taobaze, Tu konkretulad risgan Sedgeba fsiqologiuri aSliloba
da sad unda gaiaros zRvarma aSlilobaTa sxvadasxva tipebs Soris. aseve, maTSi
asaxulia sazogadoebaSi paTologiuris Sesaxeb arsebuli mosazrebebis
cvlilebebi.
TiToeuli DSM-is gadasinjvis procesSi gamoiricxa zogierTi diagnostikuri
kategoria, zogierTi ki, piriqiT, daemata kidec. magaliTad, DSM-III-is (1980w.)
SesavalSi amoRebulia nevrotul da fsiqotur aSlilobebs Soris gansxvavebis
tradiciuli ganmarteba. nevrotuli aSlilobebi anu nevrozebi Tavdapirvelad

• nevrotuli aSliloba (Neurotic disorder) _ fsiqikuri aSliloba, romlis drosac

pirovnebas ar aReniSneba Tavis tvinis paTologiebi da ar avlens moWarbebul,
mkveTrad gamoxatul iracionalur azrovnebas an ar arRvevs qcevis ZiriTad
normebs, Tumca, ganicdis subieqtur distress. es kategoria gadmotanilia DSM-III-
dan.
• fsiqoturi aSliloba (Psychotic disorder) _ mwvave fsiqikuri aSliloba, rodesac
uaresdeba individis mier realobis aRqma, rac vlindeba azrovnebis, emociebisa da
aRqmis sferoSi warmoqmnil sirTuleebSi; aRar gamoiyeneba, rogorc
diagnostikuri kategoria DSM-III-is Semdeg.
gaigeboda, rogorc SedarebiT zogadi fsiqologiuri problemebi, romlis drosac
pirovnebas ar aReniSneboda tvinis paTologiis niSnebi, Warbad araracionaluri
 677
azrovneba da ar arRvevda ZiriTad normebs, Tumca, ganicdida subieqtur distress
an xasiaTdeboda TviT-damangreveli an daZlevis araadekvaturi strategiebiT.
fsiqoturi aSlilobebi anu fsiqozebi nevrotuli problemebisgan gansxvavebulad
moiazreboda rogorc xarisxis, ise _ simwvavis mixedviT. miaCndaT, rom fsiqoturi
qceva mniSvnelovanwilad gadis socialuri normebis farglebidan da mas Tan
axlavs racionaluri azrovnebisa da zogadad emociur da azrovnebis procesebSi
arsebiTi, Rrma darRvevebi. DSM-III-is sakonsultacio komitetebi xvdebodnen, rom
terminebi nevrotuli aSlilobebi da fsiqoturi aSlilobebi Zalze ganzogadda
Sinaarsis TvalsazrisiT da usargeblo gaxda, rogorc diagnostikuri kategoria
(Tumca, am terminebs mravali fsiqiatri da fsiqologi isev iyenebs pirovnebis
darRvevebis zogadi donis aRsawerad).
DSM-is gamocemebis manZilze calkeuli diagnozebic erTveboda da akldeboda
CamonaTvals. amis erT-erTi saukeTeso magaliTia homoseqsualoba. SegiZliaT
gaixsenoT XII Tavidan, rom 1973 wels amerikis fsiqiatriulma asociaciam xma misca
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis nusxidan homoseqsualurobis amoRebas. im dromde
homoseqsualoba DSM-Si Setanili iyo, rogorc fsiqikuri daavadeba.

fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi: marTla gvicavs „Seuracxadoba“?

1981 wlis 30 marts msoflio SeZra aSS-is prezidentis _ ronald reiganis

mkvlelobis TiTqmis warmatebulma mcdelobam, romelic jon hiklim ganaxorciela.
1982 wlis ivnisSi, Sokma yvela zRvars gadaaWarba, rodesac naficma msajulebma
hinkli „udanaSaulod cnes Seuracxadobis gamo“. ramdenad misaRebi iyo es? ras
niSnavs, rom viRac Seuracxadia?
Seuracxadoba ar aris ganmartebuli DSM-IV-TR-Si; ar arsebobs misi sayovelTao
klinikuri gansazRvreba. metic, Seuracxadoba popularuli kulturisa da
samarTlebrivi sistemis cnebaa. samarTalSi Seuracxadobis gaTvaliswinebis
praqtika 1843 wlidan iRebs saTaves, rodesac inglisSi deniel maknaTeni (Daniel
M`Naghten) mkvlelobaSi udanaSaulod cnes Seuracxadobis mizeziT. misi savaraudo
msxverpli britaneTis premier ministri iyo _ maknaTens swamda, rom mas RmerTma
Caagona mkvleloba (man SemTxveviT premier ministris nacvlad misi mdivani mokla).
bodvebis gamo igi cixis nacvlad fsiqiatriul saavadmyofoSi moaTavses. am
verdiqtis Tanmdevma risxvam biZgi misca lordTa palatas, rom gamoekveTa
 678
mimarTuleba, e.w. maknaTenis wesi, romelic gansazRvravda Seuracxadobis
farglebs. am wesis mixedviT, damnaSave ver unda „xvdebodes mis mier
ganxorcielebuli qmedebebis xasiaTsa da kategorias; anda Tu xvdeba, ar unda
icodes, rom rasac akeTebs, ar aris swori.“
aris ki maknaTenis wesi damnaSaveobis an udanaSaulobis samarTliani sazomi?
fsiqikuri daavadebebis gagebaSi winsvlasTan erTad, mkvlevrebma ufro meti ician
im garemoebebis Sesaxeb, romelSic damnaSave SesaZloa ansxvavebdes swors
mcdarisgan _ damnaSavem SesaZloa icodes, rom mis mier ganxorcielebuli qmedeba
arasamarTlebrivi an arazneobrivi iyo, magram mainc ver SeZlos moqmedebis
daTrgunva da misgan Tavis Sekaveba (disociaciis am tipis Sesaxeb SfoTviTi
aSlilobebis ganxilvisas visaubrebT). xSirad, magaliTad, fobiebis mqone
adamianebma ician, rom oboba maT arafers dauSavebs, magram ar xelewifebaT misi
danaxvisas panikuri qcevisagan Tavis Sekaveba. fsiqikuri daavadebis Sesaxeb aseTi
mosazreba samarTlebriv standartebSic iqna CarTuli, ramac imoqmeda hinklis
SemTxvevaSi. mis nafic msajulebs miaCndaT, rom hinkli ar akontrolebda Tavis
qcevas, romelic msaxiob judi fosteris akviatebidan momdinareobda.
gaanTavisufles Tu ara hinkli? araviTar SemTxvevaSi. igi vaSingtonis olqis wm.
elizabetis fsiqiatriul klinikaSi moaTavses da 2001 wlamde iq imyofeboda.
faqtobrivad, Seuracxadobis, rogorc dacvis, sazogadoebaSi arsebuli erT-erTi
ZiriTadi araswori gageba mkvlelebs Tavisuflad darCenis saSualebas aZlevs
(Caplan, 1992; Silver et al., 1994). Seuracxadobis sarCeliT udanaSaulod miCneul
individTa daaxloebiT 90% fsiqiatriul klinikebSi xvdeba. hinklis SemTxvevis
msgavs SemTxvevebSi individebs sazogadoebaSi mxolod mas Semdeg uSveben, rac
eqspertebi daadgenen, rom isini aRar arian saSiSni. dapatimrebisgan gansxvavebiT,
xSirad winaswar ar aris gansazRvruli, Tu ra vadiT aTavseben individs
fsiqiatriul dawesebulebaSi. rogor fiqrobT, hinklis SemTxvevaSi ramdenad
darwmunebulni unda yofiliyvnen fsiqiatrebi da fsiqologebi, rom hinklis
gamoSvebaze Tanxmoba ganecxadebinaT?
hinklis SemTxvevis Sedegad mravalma sasamarTlom Secvala Seuracxadobis
dacvis arsebuli standartebi: ZiriTadi mimarTuleba iyo „Seuracxadobis gamo
udanaSaulod cnobis“ verdiqtis miRebis garTuleba (Appelbaum, 1994). iyo Tu ara es
cvlilebebi aucilebeli? praqtikuli motivebidan gamomdinare, pasuxi TiTqmis
 679
ueWvelad aris „ara”. miuxedavad im didi yuradRebisa, romelsac sainformacio
saSualebebSi uTmoben Seuracxadobis moTxovnebs da, Sesabamisad, sazogadoebis
kargad informirebulobisa mis Sesaxeb, aseTi sarCelebi sakmaod iSviaTia (Blau et
al., 1993; Lymburner & Roesch, 1999). magaliTad, erT-erTi kvlevis Sedegad aRmoCnda, rom
baltimorSi, merilendSi 60 432 sabraldebo aqtidan mxolod 190-ma damcvelma
(0.31%) Seitana Seuracxadobis sarCeli da mxolod 8 maTgani (4.2%) iqna
dakmayofilebuli (Janofski et al., 1996). amgvarad, mcirea albaToba imisa, rom Tqven
odesme mogmarTaven TxovniT, rom dajdeT nafic msajulTa skamze da gansajoT,
meore adamiani Seuracxadia Tu ara, magram warmoidgineT, rom es moxda.
magaliTad, Tqven msajuli iyaviT jefri dameris saqmis ganxilvisas, romelic
kanibaluri ritualebiT iyo dakavebuli da romelic Seracxadad scnes.
(msajulebma uaryves Seuracxadobis dacva). rogor imoqmeda am TavSi miRebulma
informaciam Tqvens mosazrebebze?

fsiqiatri eqspertebis mosazrebebis Secvla kvlevebis Sedegebma gamoiwvia,

romelmac aCvena homoseqsuali mamakacebisa da lesboseli qalebis, zogadad,
fsiqikuri janmrTeloba. dResdReobiT homoseqsualobas ubralod seqsualuri
TviTgamoxatvis erT-erT variantad miiCneven. is mxolod maSin Tanxvdeba DSM-IV-
TR-is diagnozs, rodesac individs aReniSneba „mdgradi da SesamCnevi distresi
seqsualur orientaciasTan dakavSirebiT“ (DSM-IV-TR, 2000, p.582). diagnostikuri
kriteriumi, cxadia, gamoiyeneba im homoseqsualebis mimarT, visac awuxebs es
problema.
dabolos, DSM-is adreuli gamocemebis kritikosebs afiqrebdaT is faqti, rom
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis SemTxvevebSi yuradRebis miRma rCeboda kulturuli
variaciebi. DSM-IV-TR-Si aSlilobaTa umravlesobis aRwera moicavs informacias

• Seuracxadoba (Insanity) _ samarTlebrivi (ara klinikuri) aRniSvna im

mdgomareobisa, romlis drosac individi ganixileba, rogorc iuridiulad
Seuracxadi an araqmediTi, arakompetenturi.
„specifikuri kulturuli maxasiaTeblebis“ Sesaxeb. metic, danarTSi aRwerilia
daaxloebiT 25-mde kulturasTan SeWiduli sindromi: „ganmeorebiTi, normidan
gadaxrili qcevis adgilobrivad specifikuri paternebi da Semawuxebeli
gamocdileba, romelic SeiZleba ukavSirdebodes an ar ukavSirdebodes DSM-IV-is
 680
garkveul diagnostikur kategorias“ (DSM-IV-TR, 2000, p.898). qvemoT moyvanilia
ramdenime magaliTi:

Boufee delirante. „aJitirebuli da agresiuli qcevis moulodneli amofrqveva,
SesamCnevi dabneuloba da fsiqologiuri agzneba“ (p.899); aRniSnulia dasavleT
afrikaSi, taitze;

Koro. „moulodneli da intensiuri SfoTva imis Taobaze, rom penisi (an,
qalebis SemTxvevaSi, sasqeso bageebi da sarZeve jirkvlebi) mowydeba sxeuls,
ramac SesaZloa sikvdili gamoiwvios“ (p.900); aRniSnulia samxreT da aRmosavleT
aziaSi;

Taijin Kyofusho. „individis intensiuri SiSi imis Taobaze, rom individis
sxeuli, sxeulis nawilebi an funqciebi arasasiamovno, samarcxvino an
Seuracxmyofelia sxva adamianebisaTvis Tavisi garegnobiT, suniT, saxis
gamometyvelebiT an moZraobiT“ (p.903); aRniSnulia iaponiaSi;
aRvwerT ra fsiqologiuri aSlilobis TiToeul ZiriTad formas,
mniSvnelovania gvaxsovdes, rom erTsa da imave qcevas yvela kultura ar miiCnevs
erTnairad normalurad an paTologiurad.

Sejameba
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis klasificirebis mizania rogorc sxvadasxva
aSlilobebis aRwerisa da ganxilvis sayovelTaod miRebuli stenografiuli enis
uzrunvelyofa, ise _ etiologiisa da mkurnalobis gegmis dadgena. DSM-IV-TR
warmoadgens yvelaze farTod gamoyenebad saklasifikacio sistemas; mTeli
informacia xuT RerZzea mocemuli. diagnostikuri kategoriebi droTa
ganmavlobaSi ganviTarda, raTa sistema ufro Tanmimdevruli da gamosadegi
gamxdariyo.

fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis ZiriTadi tipebi

mas Semdeg, rac aRvwereT paTologiuris Sesaxeb msjelobis ZiriTadi farglebi,

mivadeqiT ZiriTad informacias _ iseTi ZiriTadi fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis
mizezebsa da Sedegebs, rogoricaa SfoTva, depresia da Sizofrenia. TiToeuli
kategoriis SemTxvevaSi jer aRvwerT, ras ganicdian Tavad daavadebuli individebi
da rogor aRiqvamen maT damkvirveblebi, Semdeg ganvixilavT, Tu rogor xsnian
 681
etiologiisadmi biologiuri da fsiqologiuri midgomebi am aSlilobebis
ganviTarebas.
arsebobs fsiqopaTologiis mTeli rigi sxva kategoriebi, romelTa ganxilvasac
ver davuTmobT dros, Tumca, qvemoT mocemulia maT Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovanTa
Sesaxeb mokle, Semajamebeli informacia.

nivTierebebis gamoyenebis aSlilobebi moicavs alkoholsa da qimiur
nivTierebebze damokidebulebasa da maT borotad gamoyenebas. nivTierebebis
borotad gamoyenebis Sesaxeb mravali sakiTxi cnobierebis mdgomareobebis
uaxloes konteqstSi ganvixileT (ix. Tavi VI).

somatoformul aSlilobebSi Sedis fizikuri (somaturi) simptomebi,
rogoricaa kidurebis paralizeba an tkivilebi, fizikuri mizezis gareSe. es
kategoria moicavs isteriad wodebul simptomebs.

seqsualuri aSlilobebi seqsualuri Sekavebisa da disfunqciis problemebsa
da deviantur seqsualur praqtikas moiazrebs.

aSlilobebi, romlis diagnostireba, Cveulebisamebr, CvilobaSi, bavSvobaSi
an WabukobaSi xdeba, moicavs gonebriv CamorCenilobas, komunikaciur
aSlilobebs, rogoricaa: _ enabluoba da autizmi.

kvebis aSlilobebi, rogoricaa anoreqsia da bulimia, XII TavSia ganxiluli.
winamdebare TavSi SevafasebT im sixSires, ra sixSiriTac aReniSnebaT
individebs calkeuli fsiqologiuri aSlilobebi. monacemebi miRebulia
kvlevebidan, romelSic 20 000-ze meti adamiani monawileobda da, Sesabamisad,
fsiqikuri janmrTelobis Sesaxeb istoriebi populaciis didi SerCevebidan aris
miRebuli. diagramebSi asaxulia sxvadasxva aSlilobebis gavrceleba erTi Tvis,
erTi wlis da mTeli cxovrebis periodSi (Kessler et al., 1994; Regier et al., 1993a, 1993b).
citirebuli diagramebi da cxrilebi aRebulia National Comorbidity Study-dan (NCS),
romelSic 15-dan 54 wlamde 8 098 amerikeli monawileobda (Kessler et al., 1994).
miuxedavad imisa, rom am SerCevas „mozrdilebad“ movixseniebT, unda aRvniSnoT,
rom masSi monawileobdnen mozardebi da ar monawileobdnen ufrosi asakis
mozrdilebi. aseve, aRsaniSnavia, rom xSir SemTxvevaSi erTsa da imave individebs
cxovrebis garkveul etapze erTdroulad erTze meti aSliloba aReniSnebodaT. es
fenomeni komorbidulobis saxeliT aris cnobili (morbidulobas daavadebis
arsebobas uwodeben, komorbidulobas ki _ daavadebaTa Tanaarsebobas). NCS-Si
dadginda, rom individTa 56%-s, romelic Tvlida, rom aqvT erTi aSliloba,
 682
realurad erTdroeulad ori an meti aSliloba aReniSneboda. mkvlevrebma
sxvadasxva fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis komorbidulobis paternebis intensiuri
Seswavla daiwyes.
gaecnobiT ra sxvadasxva
• komorbidi (Comorbidity) _ erTdroulad
fsiqologiuri darRvevebisaTvis tipur
erTze meti aSliloba.
simptomebsa da gamocdilebebs,
gagiCndebaT grZnoba, rom zogierTi maxasiaTebeli Tqvenc, yovel SemTxvevaSi
xandaxan mainc, an Tqvens irgvliv arsebul romelime Tqvens nacnobsac axasiaTebs.
Cvens mier aRwerili zogierTi aSliloba arc ise iSviaTad gvxvdeba, amitom
gasakviri iqneba, Tu isini sruliad ucxod mogeCvenebaT. bevrs axasiaTebs
adamianuri sisusteebi, romelTac konkretuli fsiqologiuri aSlilobis
kriteriumTa nusxaSi SexvdebiT. am msgavsebebis gacnobiereba xels Seuwyobs
paTofsiqologiis gagebas, magram unda gaxsovdeT, nebismieri aSlilobis diagnozi
mTel rig kriteriumebzea damokidebuli da fsiqikuri janmrTelobis gamocdil
profesionalebs saWiroebs. gTxovT, winaaRmdegoba gauwioT cdunebas da ar
gamoiyenoT axlad SeZenili codna megobrebisTvis da ojaxis wevrebisTvis
paTologiuris diagnozis dasasmelad. Tumca, Tu winamdebare Tavi fsiqikuri
sakiTxebis gamo SfoTvas dagitovebT, gaxsovdeT, rom studentebisaTvis kolejTa
da universitetTa umravlesobaSi funqcionirebs aseT sakiTxebze momuSave
sakonsultacio centrebi.
Cven dawvrilebiT ganvixilavT SfoTvasa da depresias da SedarebiT mokled
visaubrebT pirovnul aSlilobebsa da disociaciur aSlilobebze.

SfoTviTi aSlilobebi

garkveul cxovrebiseul situaciebSi TiToeul Cvengan ganucdia SfoTva an SiSi.

Tumca, zogierTi adamianisTvis SfoTva imdenad problemuri xdeba, rom efeqturad
funqcionirebasa da yoveldRiuri cxovrebiT tkbobaSi uSlis xels. dadgenilia,
rom mozrdili mosaxleobis TiTqmis 25%-s drodadro aReniSneba sxvadasxva
SfoTviTi aSlilobebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli simptomebi (Kessler et al., 1994).
TiToeul am aSlilobaSi SfoTva gadamwyvet rols asrulebs, Tumca, isini
erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebian SfoTvis gancdis xarisxiT, SfoTvis
simwvaviT/siRrmiTa da misi gamomwvevi situaciebiT. Cven mimovixilavT ZiriTad
kategoriebs, esenia: generalizebuli SfoTviTi aSliloba, panikuri aSliloba,
 683
fobiuri aSliloba, obsesiur-kompulsuri aSliloba da post travmatuli stresis
aSliloba.

generalizebuli SfoTviTi aSliloba

rodesac pirovneba drois umetes nawils, sul mcire, eqvsi Tvis manZilze,
SfoTvaSi an nerviulobaSi atarebs, klinikosebi mas generalizebuli SfoTviTi
aSlilobis diagnozs usvamen. xSirad SfoTva specifikur cxovrebiseul
situaciazea fokusirebuli, rogoricaa: _ ararealuri SfoTva finansebis an
sayvareli adamianis kargad yofnis Taobaze. SfoTvis gamoxatvis gzebi _
specifikuri simptomebi _ varirebs pirovnebidan pirovnebamde, magram
generalizebuli SfoTvis diagnozis dasmisaTvis pacients, sul mcire, sami sxva
simptomic unda aReniSnebodes, rogoricaa: _ kunTebis daZabuloba, gadaRliloba,
mousvenroba, susti koncentracia, gaRizianebadoba an Zilis problemebi.
• SfoTviTi aSlilobebi (Anxiety disorder) _ fsiqikuri aSlilobebi, romelic
xasiaTdeba fsiqologiuri agznebiT, daZabulobis grZnobiT da TvalsaCino
mizezis gareSe warmoqmnili intensiuri daZabulobiT.
• generalizebuli SfoTviTi aSliloba (Generalized anxiety disorder) _ SfoTviTi
aSliloba, rodesac individi ganicdis SfoTvas an nerviulobs specifikuri
safrTxis an safrTxis momatni obieqtis ar arsebobis pirobebSi, sul mcire,
eqvsi Tvis manZilze.
• panikuri aSliloba (Panic disorder) _ SfoTviTi aSliloba, rodesac individi
ganicdis moulodnel mwvave panikur Setevebs, rac intensiuri daZabulobis,
SiSisa an saSinelebis grZnobiT iwyeba.
• agorafobia (Agoraphobia) _ iseT xalxmraval adgilebSi an Ria sivrceSi yofnis
ukiduresi SiSi, saidanac gaqceva SeiZleba rTuli an samarcxvino iyos.

generalizebuli SfoTviTi aSliloba funqcionirebis gauaresebas iwvevs,

radganac SeuZlebelia pirovnebis nerviulobis gakontroleba an gverdze
gadadeba. SfoTvis wyaroebze koncentrirebis gamo individi veRar uTmobs sakmaris
yuradRebas socialur Tu samsaxureobriv valdebulebebs. am sirTuleebs
aSlilobasTan dakavSirebuli fizikuri simptomebic erTvis Tan.

panikuri aSliloba
 684
generalizebuli SfoTviTi aSlilobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli SfoTvis
qronikulad arsebobisgan gansxvavebiT, panikuri aSlilobis mqone adamianebi
ganicdian moulodneli, mwvave panikis Setevebs, romelic mxolod ramdenime wuTi
SeiZleba grZeldebodes. es Setevebi intensiuri daZabulobis, SiSis an saSinelebis
grZnobebiT iwyeba. am grZnobebs Tan axlavs SfoTvis fizikuri simptomebi, maT
Soris TviTregulirebadi hiperaqtiuroba(rogoricaa aCqarebuli guliscema),
Tavbrusxveva, gonebis dakargva da xuTvis an daxrCobis SegrZnebebi. Setevebi
moulodnelia im TvalsazrisiT, rom maT ar iwvevs raime konkretuli situacia.
qvemoT mocemuli panikis Setevis dros gakeTebuli komentari dagexmarebaT imis
SefasebaSi, Tu ra sixSiriT ganicdis am aSlilobis mqone es pirovneba panikis
Setevebs:
o, me ver gavakeTeb amas. veravin damexmareba, veravin SeZlebs am grZnobis
gagebas. es hgavs grZnobas, romelic Txemidan fexis TiTebamde gagirbens
sxeulSi da me mZuls es grZnoba. Zalze SeSinebuli var... TiTqos vkvdebi an
raRac msgavsi. (Muskin & Fyer, 1981, p.81).
panikuri aSlilobis diagnostireba maSin xdeba, rodesac individs aReniSneba
panikis ganmeorebiTi moulodneli Setevebi da, amasTanave, intensiurad
nerviulobs Semdgomi Setevebis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobaze.
DSM-IV-TR-is mixedviT, panikuri aSlilobis diagnostireba unda moxdes
agorafobiis Tanmxlebi arsebobis an ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi. agorafobia aris
iseT xalxmraval adgilebSi an Ria sivrceSi yofnis ukiduresi SiSi, saidanac
gaqceva rTuli an samarcxvino SeiZleba iyos. agorafobiis mqone individebs,
rogorc wesi, aSinebT iseTi adgilebi, rogoricaa: _ xalxmravali oTaxebi,
saseirno adgilebi, avtobusebi da avtomagistralebi. maT xSirad eSiniaT, rom, Tu
saxlis gareT SeeqmnebaT garkveuli sirTuleebi, rogoricaa Sardis Seukavebloba
Sardis buStze kontrolis dakargvis gamo an panikis Setevis simptomebi,
SeuZlebeli iqneba daxmarebis miReba an samarcxvino situaciaSi aRmoCndebian. es
SiSebi zRudavs maT Tavisuflebas, ukidures SemTxvevebSi ki, sakuTari saxlebis
patimrebad gadaiqcevian xolme.
SeniSneT, Tu ratom aris dakavSirebuli agorafobia panikur aSlilobasTan?
panikis Setevebis mqone zogierTi (magram ara yvela) adamianisTvis momavali
Setevis saSiSroeba _ umweobis grZnoba misi dawyebisas _ SeiZleba sakmarisi
 685
gaxdes CaketilobisTvis. agorafobiis mqone pirovnebam SeiZleba datovos saxlis
usafrTxo garemo, magram TiTqmis yovelTvis ukiduresi SfoTvis TanxlebiT.

fobiebi

SiSi aris racionaluri reaqcia obieqturad identificirebul garegan

safrTxeze (rogoricaa xanZari an yaCaRoba quCaSi), ramac SeiZleba aiZulos
adamiani, rom gaiqces an gadavides Setevaze Tavdacvis mizniT. amis sapirispirod,
fobiis mqone adamians aReniSneba specifikuri obieqtis, moqmedebis an situaciis
mdgradi da araracionaluri SiSi, romelic moWarbebulobiTa da umizezobiT
xasiaTdeba da realobas safrTxis momtanad aRaqmevinebs adamians.
mraval adamians aSfoTebs obobebi an gvelebi (an mravalarCevniani testebic ki).
es msubuqi SiSebi ar aferxebs individTa yoveldRiur saqmianobas. Tumca, fobiebi
zegavlenas axdens adaptaciaze, iwvevs mniSvnelovan distress da aferxebs
miznebis miRwevisaTvis aucilebel moqmedebebs. Zalze speficikurma, aSkarad
SezRudulma fobiamac ki SeiZleba udidesi gavlena moaxdinos konkretuli
individis cxovrebaze. DSM-IV-TR-Si fobiebis ori kategoriaa aRwerili:
socialuri fobiebi da specifikuri fobiebi (ix. cxrili 15.2).

cxrili 15.2. gavrcelebuli fobiebi

sqesobrivi
ZiriTadi tipebi gamovlenis tipuri asaki
gansxvaveba

socialuri fobiebi (raime umravlesoba qalia mozardobis

damamcireblis keTebis dros periodi
dakvirvebis obieqtad yofnis
SiSi)

specifikuri fobiebi

cxovelebis tipi TiTqmis yvela bavSvoba

katebi (ailurofobia) qalia
ZaRlebi (kinofobia)
mwerebi (inseqtofobia)
obobebi (araknofobia)
gvelebi (ofidiofobia)
 686

mRrRnelebi (rodentofobia)

bunebrivi garemos tipi umravlesoba an bavSvoba

Stormebi (brontofobia) TiTqmis yvela
simaRleebi (akrofobia) qalia

sisxlis-infeqciis-dazianebis tipi umravlesoba qalia nebismieri asaki

sisxli (hematofobia)
nemsebi (belonofobia)

situaciuri tipi TiTqmis yvela bavSvoba an 20-iani

daxuruli sivrceebi qalia wlebis Sua periodi
(klaustrofobia)
rkinigza (saidrodromofobia)

socialuri fobia aris mdgradi da iracionaluri SiSi, romelic warmoiqmneba

iseTi sazogadoebrivi situaciis winaswar warmodgenisas, romelSic individi
SeiZleba sxvaTa dakvirvebis obieqti gaxdes. socialuri fobiis mqone adamians
samarcxvino qcevis ganxorcielebis eSinia. pirovneba acnobierebs, rom SiSi
moWarbebuli da safuZvels moklebulia, magram SiSi mainc aiZulebs mas, rom Tavi
aaridos iseT situaciebs, sadac arsebobs sxvaTa dakvirvebis obieqtad gaxdomis
SesaZlebloba. socialuri fobia xSirad TviT-damakmayofilebel winaswar
ganWvretas gulisxmobs. individs SeiZleba imdenad eSinodes sxvaTa dakvirvebis
obieqtad yofnisa da uaryofis, rom warmoqmnili SfoTva sakmarisi iyos aqtivobis
realurad gasauareseblad. maSinac ki, rodesac socialuri fobiis mqone
adamianebi warmatebulni arian socialur garemoSi, isini ar uSveben, rom
warmateba dadebiTad aisaxos maTze (Wallace & Alden, 1997). amerikel mozrdilTa
13.3%-s aReniSneba socialuri fobia (Magee et al., 1996).
• SiSi (Fear) _ racionaluri reaqcia obieqturad identificirebul garegan
safrTxeze, ramac SeiZleba aiZulos adamiani, rom gaiqces an gadavides Setevaze
Tavdacvis mizniT.
• fobia (Phobia) _ specifikuri obieqtis, aqtivobis an situaciis mdgradi da
iracionaluri SiSi, romelic moWarbebulobiTa da umizezobiT xasiaTdeba;
romelic realobas safrTxis momtanad aRaqmevinebs adamians.
 687

• socialuri fobia (Social phobia) _ mdgradi da iracionaluri SiSi, romelic

warmoiqmneba iseTi sazogadoebrivi situaciis winaswar warmodgenisas, romelSic
individi sxvaTa dakvirvebis obieqti SeiZleba gaxdes.
• specifikuri
specifikuri fobiebi (Specific phobias) _ fobiebi, romlebic Tavs iCenen specifikuri
tipis obieqtebze an situaciebze reaqciis saxiT.

specifikuri fobiebi Tavs iCenen zogierT sxvadasxva tipis obieqtebze an

situaciebze reaqciis saxiT. rogorc naCvenebia 15.2 cxrilSi, specifikuri fobiebi
dayofilia ramdenime qvetipad. magaliTad, cxoveluri tipis specifikuri fobiis
mqone individs SeiZleba obobebze hqondes fobiuri reaqciebi. TiToeul
SemTxvevaSi fobiuri reaqcia SemaSinebeli obieqtis realurad arsebobisas an
warmodgenisas warmoiqmneba. kvlevis mixedviT, amerikel mozrdilTa 11.3%-s
aReniSneba specifikuri fobia (Magee et al., 1996).

obsesiur-
obsesiur-kompulsuri aSlilobebi

SfoTviTi aSlilobebis mqone zogierTi adamiani iketeba azrebisa da qcevebis

specifikur paternebSi.
mxolod raRac erTi wlis win 17 wlis jimi mravalmxrivi niWiT
dajildoebuli da farTo interesebis mqone normaluri Wabuki iyo. Semdeg,
TiTqmis erTbaSad, fsiqologiuri uunarobis gamo, martosul gariyulad,
socialuri cxovrebidan gamoTiSulad iqca. kerZod, mas banaobis akviateba
(obsesia) ganuviTarda. aikviata ra azri, rom WuWyiani iyo, ganurCevlad imisa, Tu
ras SeigrZnobda, man drois udidesi nawilis gatareba warmosaxviTi WuWyis
CamobanaSi daiwyo. Tavdapirvelad dabanvis rituali mxolod dasvenebis dReebsa
da saRamoebs ikavebda, magram male am qcevam imdenad daikava mTeli misi dro,
rom skolis mitovebasac ki aiZulebda.
jimi itanjeboda mdgomareobisgan, romelic obsesiur-
obsesiur-kompulsuri aSlilobis
saxeliT aris cnobili (obsessive-compulsive disorder _ OCD), romelic, monacenebis
mixedviT, amerikel mozrdilTa 2.5%-s aReniSneba cxovrebis romelime etapze (DSM-
IV-TR). obsesiebi (akviatebebi) aris azrebi, xatebi an impulsebi (rogoric iyo
jimis rwmena imis Sesaxeb, rom WuWyiani iyo), romelic maTi gandevnis mcdelobisda
miuxedavad mainc meordeba an narCundeba. obsesiebi ganicdeba, rogorc
arasasurveli SeWra cnobierebaSi, isini suleluri an autanelia da miuRebelia im
pirovnebisTvis, vinc ganicdis maT. Tqven SeiZleba gqondeT garkveuli tipis
 688
msubuqi obsesiebis gamocdileba, rogoricaa wvrilmani safiqralebis akviatebebi,
vTqvaT, _ „nadvilad Cavkete kari?“ an „gamovrTe Tu ara gazqura?“ obsesiur-
kompulsuri aSlilobis mqone adamianTa obsesiuri azrebi gacilebiT metad
iZulebiTia, met distress iwvevs da SeiZleba imoqmedos socialur da profesiul
saqmianobaze.
kompulsiebi (iZulebebi) ganmeorebiTi, mizanmimarTuli moqmedebebia (rogoric
iyo jimis banaoba), romelic obsesiebze sapasuxod xorcieldeba garkveuli
wesebis mixedviT an ritualebis saxiT. kompulsuri qceva SiSis momgvrel raime
situaciasTan dakavSirebuli diskomfortis Sesamcireblad an aRsakveTad
xorcieldeba, magram is an mizanSeuwonelia an _ aSkarad moWarbebuli. tipuri
kompulsiebi moicavs dabanvis dauZlevel swrafvas, sinaTlis an sxva xelsawyoebis
gamorTulobis gadamowmebas da sagnebisa da sakuTrebis gadaTvlas.
• obsesiur-
obsesiur-kompulsuri aSliloba (Obsessive-compulsive disorder – OCD) _ fsiqikuri
aSliloba, romelic xasiaTdeba obsesiebiT anu akviatebuli, ganmeorebadi
azrebiT, warmodgenebiT an impulsebiT, romelic meordeba da ewinaaRmdegeba
gandevnis mcdelobebs da kompulsiebiT anu ganmeorebadi, mizanmimarTuli
moqmedebebiT, romelic garkveuli wesebis mixedviT an ritualebis saxiT
xorcieldeba.
• posttravmatuli stresis aSliloba (Posttraumatic stress disorder – PTSD) SfoTviTi
aSliloba, romelic xasiaTdeba travmatuli movlenis ganmeorebadi mdgradi
gancdebiT, Tanmxlebi distresis gamomwvevi mogonebebiT, sizmrebiT,
halucinaciebiTa da disociaciuri xatebiT/fleSbeqebiT (flashbacks).

obsesiur-kompulsuri aSlilobis mqone individebi, sawyis periodSi mainc,

ewinaaRmdegebian kompulsiebs. simSvidis mdgomareobaSi ar vlindeba kompulsiebis
arseboba, Tumca, SfoTvis gaCenisTanave, dauZleveli xdeba daZabulobis
Semcirebaze mimarTuli ritualuri kompulsuri qcevis Zala. tkivilis nawili,
romelsac am fsiqikuri problemis mqone adamianebi ganicdian, obsesiebis
iracionalurobis an moWarbebulobis da maTi Semcirebis unaris arqonis
gacnobierebiT gamowveuli frustraciidan momdinareobs.

posttravmatuli stresis aSliloba

XIII TavSi warmogidgineT daskusia or qalbatons Soris, romlebic jer kidev

ebrZodnen gaupatiurebis Sedegebs. saubari asaxavda ori qalbatonis mimdinare
 689
SfoTvas. erTi ambobda, rom „SiSisa da risxvis xangrZlivi periodi“ gaiara da
esizmreboda, Tu rogor esxmodnen Tavs saerTo saZineblis win, megobrebi ki
idgnen, uyurebdnen da ar fiqrobdnen dasaxmareblad misvlas. meores, romelic
sirbilis (varjiSis) dros gaaupatiures, isev eSinoda sirbilis ganaxlebis:
„yovelTvis, roca sarbenad mivdivar, mudmivad meSinia. majiscema miormagdeba.
cxadia, marto aRar davdivar sarbenad, magram SiSi jer isev rCeba.“ am
qalbatonebs posttravmatuli stresis aSliloba (posttraumatic stress disorder _ PTSD)
aqvT. es aris SfoTviTi aSliloba, romelic xasiaTdeba travmatuli movlenis
ganmeorebadi mdgradi gancdebiT, Tanmxlebi distresis gamomwvevi mogonebebiT,
sizmrebiT, halucinaciebiTa da disociaciuri xatebiT anu e.w. fleSbeqebiT
(flashbacks). individebs PTSD SeiZleba ganuviTardeT gaupatiurebaze,
sicocxlisaTvis safrTxis momtan cxovrebiseul movlenebze an Zlier dazianebaze,
travmaze anda stiqiur ubedurebaze reaqciis saxiT (Davidson et al., 1991; Kairbank et al.,
1993; Foa & Riggs, 1995; Green, 1994). adamianebs PTSD SeiZleba ganuviTardeT, rodesac
Tavad arian travmis msxverplni an rodesac xdebian msxverplis mowmeni. arsebobs
albaToba imisa, rom PTSD-s mqone adamianebs amavdroulad sxva
fsiqopaTologiebic aReniSnebodeT, rogoricaa klinikuri depresia, nivTierebebis
borotad gamoyenebis problemebi da seqsualuri disfunqciebi.
kvleva aCvenebs, rom amerikel mozrdilTa daaxloebiT 8% cxovrebis manZilze
erTxel mainc avaddeba PTSD-iT (DSM-IV-TR, 2000). mTlianobaSi mTeli mosaxleobis
daaxloebiT sami meoTxedi ganicdis movlenas, romelic SeiZleba travmatulad
miviCnioT, rogoricaa seriozuli ubeduri SemTxveva, stiqiuri ubedureba an
fizikuri Zaladoba (Green, 1994). kolejis studentTa SerCevis 84%-ma aRniSna, rom
gamocdilebaSi hqondaT, sul mcire, erTi travmatuli movlena, daaxloebiT erTma
mesamedma ki _ oTxi da meti aseTi calkeuli movlena daasaxela (Vrana & Lauterbach,
1994). miuxedavad imisa, rom mamakacebi da qalebi Tanabari sixSiriT ganicdian
travmatul movlenebs, qalebSi orjer metia PTSD-s ganviTarebis albaToba, vidre
mamakacebSi (Breslau et al., 1997). mamakacebisgan gansxvavebiT, qalebTan gansakuTrebiT
didia albaToba imisa, rom bavSvobaSi miRebuli travmis Sedegad ganviTardes
PTSD. mkvlevrebi jer kidev cdiloben am sqesobrivi gansxvavebis gagebas.
posttravmatuli stresis aSliloba Zalian arRvevs individis cxovrebas. rogor
umklavdebian mkvlevrebi PTSD-sa da sxva SfoTviTi aSlilobebis wyaroebis
 690
aRmoCenis rTul amocanas? wyaroebis, mizezebis gagena fsiqologiuri distresis
Semsubuqebis imeds iZleva.

SfoTviTi aSlilobebi: mizezebi

rogor xsnian fsiqologebi SfoTviTi aSlilobebis ganviTarebas? qvemoT

ganxilul TiToeul etiologiur midgomaSi (biologiuri, fsiqodinamikuri,
bihevioraluri da kognituri) erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebul faqtorebze keTdeba
aqcenti. vnaxoT, Tu rogor Seaqvs TiToeul maTgans Tavisi ganumeorebeli wvlili
SfoTviTi aSlilobebis bunebis garkvevaSi.

biologiuri

sxvadasxva mkvlevrebs miaCniaT, rom SfoTvas biologiuri safuZvlebi aqvs. erT-

erTi Teoria cdilobs axsnas, Tu ratom aris garkveuli fobiebi, vTqvaT, obobebis
an simaRleebis SiSi, ufro metad gavrcelebuli, vidre sxva safrTxeebis,
magaliTad, eleqtroobis, SiSebi. vinaidan mravali SiSi saerToa sxvadasxva
kulturisTvis, SemoTavazebul iqna mosazreba, rom evoluciuri warsulis
garkveul etapze garkveuli SiSebi zrdida Cveni winaprebis gadarCenis Sansebs.
SesaZloa, evoluciur warsulSi adamianebs Tandayolili hqondaT seriozuli
safrTxis gamomwvevi nebismieri ramis SiSi. am mzaobis hipoTezis Tanaxmad, CvenSi
mocemulia erTxel SemaSinebelad aRqmul stimulze swrafad da „daufiqreblad“
reagirebis evoluciuri tendencia (Ohman, 1986; Seligman, 1971); Tumca, es hipoTeza ar
xsnis im obieqtebze an situaciebze reaqciis saxiT ganviTarebul fobiebs,
romelTac evoluciuri istoriis manZilze ar hqoniaT gadarCenisTvis mniSvneloba,
rogoricaa, magaliTad, nemsebis, manqanis tarebis an liftebis SiSi.
SfoTvis simptomebis garkveuli medikamentebiT aRkveTis an, piriqiT, gamowvevis
SesaZlebloba SfoTviT aSlilobebSi biologiuri faqtoris rolis
damadasturebel monacemebs iZleva (Holland et al., 1999; Klerman et al., 1994). magaliTad,
gavixsenoT III Tavidan, rom Tavis tvinSi GABA neirogadamtanis Semcvelobis
Semcirebisas adamianebi xSirad ganicdian SfoTvas. rogorc XVI TavSi vnaxavT,
GABA-s Semcvelobaze moqmedi nivTierebebi warmatebiT gamoiyeneba SfoTviTi
aSlilobebis mkurnalobisas. mkvlevrebi isev agrZeleben am aSlilobebis Tavis
tvinSi arsebuli safuZvlebis sakvlevi teqnikebis Seqmnas (Malizia, 1999). magaliTad,
PET skanirebam gamoavlina gansxvaveba panikuri aSlilobis mqone da sakontrolo
 691
jgufis individTa GABA receptorebis funqcionirebas Soris (Malizia et al., 1998). es
gansxvavebebi SeiZleba panikuri aSlilobis warmoqmnis axsnaSi dagvexmaros. MRI
teqnikis saSualebiT OCD-s mqone pacientTa Tavis tvinSi gamovlenil iqna Zalze
farTod gavrcelebuli paTologiebi, kerZod, mielinizirebuli nervuli boWkoebis
gacilebiT naklebi raodenoba, vidre normalur Tavis tvinSi (Jenike et al., 1996).
mkvlevrebi dResdReobiTac cdiloben OCD-s simptomebsa da Tavis tvinis
paTologiebs Soris damokidebulebis gagebas.
dabolos, identuri da araidenturi tyupebis Seswavla SfoTviTi aSlilobis
xuTi kategoriidan oTxisadmi midrekilebis genetikur safuZvels iZleva (Skre et al.,
1993). magaliTad, identuri tyupebis wyvilSi panikuri aSlilobis ganviTarebis
albaToba orjer metia, igive aSlilobis araidentur tyupebTan ganviTarebis
albaTobasTan SedarebiT. SfoTviTi aSlilobebis erTaderT tips, romelsac ar
gaaCnia genetikuri faqtoris wvlilis damadasturebeli monacemebi, fobiebi
warmoadgens, sadac garemos faqtorebi ufro metad aris CarTuli.

fsiqodinamikuri

fsiqodinamikuri modeli amodis daSvebidan, rom SfoTviTi aSlilobebis

simptomebi warsulis fsiqikuri konfliqtebidan an SiSebidan momdinareobs.
simptomebi fsiqologiuri tkivilisgan individis dacvis mcdelobebs warmoadgens.
amgvarad, panikuri Setevebi aracnobieri konfliqtebis cnobierSi SeWris Sedegia.
magaliTad, davuSvaT, bavSvi cnobieridan gandevnis saxlis rTuli garemodan
gaqcevis survils. Semdgom cxovrebaSi obieqtma an situaciam, romelic
simbolizebuli saxiT gamoxatavs konfliqts, SeiZleba fobiis gaaqtiureba
moaxdinos. xidi, magaliTad, SeiZleba im gzis simbolizacia iyos, romelic man
unda gaiaros saxlis samyarodan gare samyaroSi gasasvlelad. amitom xidis
danaxvam aracnobieri konfliqti SeiZleba cnobierSi amoitanos, rasac
fobiebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli SiSi da SfoTva mohyveba Tan. xidebisTvis Tavis
arideba iqneba bavSvobaSi saxlSi miRebul gamocdilebasTan dakavSirebuli
SfoTvisgan Tavisuflad darCenis simboluri mcdeloba.
obsesiur-kompulsuri aSlilobebis SemTxvevaSi, obsesiuri qceva ganixileba,
rogorc masTan dakavSirebuli, SemaSinebeli survilebis an konfliqtebis mier
warmoqmnili SfoTvis gadanacvlebis mcdeloba. obsesiis, romelic simbolurad
akrZalul impulss gamoxatavs, CanacvlebiT pirovneba garkveul Semsubuqebas
 692
aRwevs. magaliTad, zemoT aRwerili jimis mier gancdili WuWyis akviatebuli
(obsesiuri) SiSi SeiZleba seqsualurad aqtiurad yofnis survilsa da sakuTari
reputaciis „gaWuWyianebis“ SiSs Soris warmoqmnili konfliqtidan momdinareobdes.
kompulsuri saqmianoba, romelic mcire ritualuri moqmedebebis Sesrulebas
gulisxmobs, individisTvis, aseve, aracnobieri konfliqtidan momdinare sawyisi
TemisTvis Tavis aridebis saSualebas warmoadgens.

bihevioraluri

SfoTvis bihevioraluri axsnebi fokusirdeba imaze, Tu rogor xdeba SfoTviTi

aSlilobebis simptomebis gamomuSaveba da ganmtkiceba. mkvlevrebi ar eZeben
safuZvelSi myof aracnobier konfliqtebs an adreuli bavSvobis gamocdilebebs,
radganac SeuZlebelia am fenomenebis pirdapir dakvirveba. rogorc VII TavSi
vnaxeT, bihevioristuli Teoriebi xSirad xsnian fobiebis ganviTarebas, romelTac
klasikurad ganpirobebul SiSebad miiCneven: gavixsenoT patara alberti,
romelsac jon vatsonma da rozali reinerma TeTri virTxis SiSi ganuviTares (ix.
gverdi X _ aq Caiwereba Sesabamisi gverdis nomeri VII Tavidan). bihebioraluri axsnis
Tanaxmad, manamde neitraluri obieqti an situacia SemaSinebel gamocdilebasTan
Sewyvilebis saSualebiT fobiis stimulad gadaiqceva. magaliTad, Tu deda bavSvis
gvelTan miaxloebisas yviris gafrTxilebis niSnad, bavSvs SeiZleba gvelebis
fobia Camouyalibdes. am gamocdilebis Semdeg gvelebze fiqrmac ki SeiZleba
gamoiwvios SiSis talRa. fobias inarCunebs SfoTvis Semcireba/reduqcia, rasac
adgili aqvs SemaSinebeli situaciisTvis Tavis aridebis SemTxvevaSi.
obsesiur-kompulsuri aSlilobis bihevioraluri analizi aCvenebs, rom
kompulsur qcevas SeuZlia akviatebul (obsesiur) azrebTan dakavSirebuli
SfoTvis Semcireba, riTic xdeba kompulsuri qcevis ganmtkiceba. magaliTad, Tu
qals nagavze xelis mokidebiT mowamvlis (kontaminaciis) eSinia, xelebis dabana
Seamcirebs SfoTvas, rac, Sesabamisad, ganmamtkicebelic iqneba. fobiebis msgavsad,
obsesiur-kompulsuri aSlilobebis SenarCuneba SfoTvis Semcirebis/reduqciis
saSualebiT xdeba, rac Tan sdevs kompulsur qcevebs.

kognituri

SfoTvis Taobaze kognituri mosazrebebi yuradRebas amaxvilebs im perceptul

procesebsa da ganwyobebze, romelmac SeiZleba daamaxinjos pirovnebis winaSe
arsebuli safrTxis miseuli Sefaseba. man SeiZleba an gadaafasos safrTxis
 693
xasiaTi an realuroba, an saTanadod ver Seafasos safrTxisadmi efeqturad
gamklavebis sakuTari SesaZleblobebi. magaliTad, socialuri fobiis mqone
adamianma farTo auditoriis winaSe sityviT gamosvlis win SeiZleba xeli Seuwyos
SfoTvas:
ra moxdeba, Tu damaviwydeba, ra unda vTqva? sulelad gamovCndebi mTeli am
xalxis winaSe. Semdeg ufro metad avnerviuldebi da gaoflianebas daviwyeb, xma
amikankaldeba da kidev ufro sulelurad gamovCndebi. rodesac ar unda mnaxon
am adamianebma am wuTidan, maT vemaxsovrebi, rogorc suleli adamiani, romelic
sityviT gamosvlas cdilobda.
SfoTviTi aSlilobebis mqone adamianebs TavianTi distresi xSirad gardauvali
ubedurebis maniSneblad miaCniaT. maTma reaqciam SeiZleba Caketili wre Sekras:
pirovnebas eSinia ubedurebis, romelic SfoTvis momatebas iwvevs; es ki, Tavis
mxriv, amZafrebs SfoTvis SegrZnebas da ganamtkicebs pirovnebis SiSebs (Beck &
Emery, 1985).
es kognituri axsna fsiqologebma SfoTvisadmi mgrZnobelobis gazomviT
Seamowmes: individebs sjeraT, rom iseT sxeulebriv simptomebs, rogoricaa
zedapiruli da xSiri sunTqva an gaxSirebuli guliscema, SeiZleba damRupveli
Sedegebi mohyves. SfoTvisadmi maRali mgrZnobelobis mqone adamianebs axasiaTebT
daTanxmebis tendencia iseT debulebebze, rogoricaa _ „rodesac vamCnev, rom
guliscema mixSirdeba, vnerviulob, rom SeiZleba gulis Seteva damemarTos.“ erT-
erT kvlevaSi mkvlevrebi afasebdnen im studentTa jgufis mgrZnobelobas
SfoTvisadmi, romelic aSS-is sahaero akademiis kadetTa ZiriTadi wvrTnis
stresul kurss gadioda. am studentTa daaxloebiT 20%-s, romelsac SfoTvisadmi
mgrZnobelobis 90 procentilze maRali maCvenebeli daudginda, xuTkviriani kursis
ganmavlobaSi aReniSneboda panikis Seteva, mTliani jgufis darCenili nawilis 6%-
sgan gansxvavebiT (Schmidt et al., 1997). es monacemebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom zogierT
individs imis gamo SeiZleba daemarTos panikis Seteva, rom igi sakuTar
sxeulebriv agznebas SiSis mniSvnelobis mqoned miiCnevs.
saidan viciT

SfoTvasTan dakavSirebuli sityvebis gadamuSaveba da panikuri aSliloba

kognituri Teoriebis mixedviT, SfoTviTi aSlilobebis mqone adamianebi
momatebul mgrZnobelobas unda avlendnen safrTxesTan dakavSirebul cnebebze.
 694

panikuri aSlilobis mqone individebisTvis am cnebebSi panikis Setevis

fiziologiuri, sxeulTan dakavSirebuli simptomebi Sedis, magaliTad,
Tavbrusxveva, gonebis dakargva da Sekavebuli sunTqva. panikuri aSlilobis mqone
individebs mkvlevarTa jgufi warudgenda sityvebis rogorc am kategoriis, ise _
sakontrolo CamonaTvals (magaliTad, delikaturi, neli da megobruli) Zalze
xanmokle drois, daaxloebiT wamis 1/100-is ganmavlobaSi. cdis pirebs evalebodaT
TiToeul cdaSi wardgenili sityvebis aRdgena. panikuri aSlilobis mqone cdis
pirTa Sedegebi udardeboda sakontrolo jgufSi miRebul Sedegebs. kognituri
Teoriis hipoTezis mixedviT, mxolod panikuri aSlilobis mqone cdis pirebi
SeZlebdnen sxeulTan dakavSirebuli sityvebis CamonaTvalidan ufro metis cnobas,
vidre sakontrolo jgufSi. es hipoTeza dadasturda: panikuri aSlilobis mqone
pacientebma sxeulTan dakavSirebuli kategoriidan 2.6-ze meti sityva icnes maSin,
roca janmrTelma sakontrolo jgufma _ mxolod 0.7 sityva (Pauli et al., 1997).

kvlevis Sedegad, aseve, dadginda, rom SfoTvis mqone pacientebi xels uwyoben
SfoTvis SenarCunebas kognituri tendenciurobiT, rac wina planze swevs da metad
gamokveTils xdis SemaSinebel stimuls. es Sedegebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom SfoTvis
mqone pacientebs, SesaZloa, yuradRebisa da informaciis gaSifvris tendencia
axasiaTebT, rac gansakuTrebiT zrdis SemaSinebeli stimulis SemCnevis albaTobas
maSinac ki, rodesac es stimuli mxolod wamis 1/100-s grZeldeba.
TiToeuli ZiriTadi midgoma SfoTviTi aSlilobebisadmi etiologiuri mozaikis
mxolod nawils xsnis. TiToeuli mimarTulebiT mimdinare gamokvlevebi naTels
gaxdis mizezebs da, Sesabamisad, mkurnalobisken mimaval gzas. axla, rodesac ukve
gvaqvs bazisuri codna SfoTviTi aSlilobebis Sesaxeb, gadavideT paTologiuris
sami didi kategoriidan Semdegis ganxilvaze, romelsac, aseve, detalurad
ganvixilavT. es aris guneba-ganwyobilebis aSlilobebi.

guneba-
guneba-ganwyobilebis aSlilobebi

aucileblad geqnebodaT cxovrebaSi periodebi, rodesac Tavs saSinlad

daTrgunulad an warmoudgenlad bednierad grZnobdiT. Tumca, zogierTi adamianis
SemTxvevaSi ganwyobilebis ukiduresi gamovlinebebi arRvevs maTi cxovrebis
normalur ritms. guneba-
guneba-ganwyobilebis aSliloba warmoadgens emociur darRvevas,
 695

• guneba
guneba-ganwyobilebis aSliloba (Mood disorder) _ rogoricaa Rrma depresia an
guneba-ganwyobilebis darRveva, rogoricaa Rrma depresia, romelic maniasTan
depresia an maniasTan adgilmonacvle depresia. monacvleobiT iCens Tavs.
mkvlevrebma daadgines, rom
mozrdilTa daaxloebiT 19%-s aReniSneba guneba-ganwyobilebis aSlilobebi (Kessler
et al., 1994). Cven aRvwerT or ZiriTad kategorias: klinikur depresiul aSlilobasa
da bipolarul aSlilobas.

klinikuri depresiuli aSliloba

depresias fsiqopaTologiaSi surdos analogad miiCneven, radganac Zalze

xSirad emarTebaT adamianebs da cxovrebis garkveul periodSi TiTqmis yvela
Cvengans ganucdia sruli aSlilobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi. ama Tu im
periodSi nebismier Cvengans udardia da uglovia sayvareli adamianis dakargva an
sevdiani da ganawyenebuli yofila sasurveli miznis miRwevaSi warumateblobis
gamo. es sevdiani grZnobebi mxolod erTi simptomia im simptomTa Soris, romelsac
ganicdian klinikuri depresiuli aSlilobis mqone individebi (ix. cxrili 15.3).

cxrili 15.3 klinikuri depresiuli aSlilobis

aSlilobis maxasiaTeblebi

maxasiaTebeli magaliTi

disforiuli sevda, daTrgunuloba, uimedoba; TiTqmis yvela Cveuli

ganwyobileba saqmianobisadmi interesis an maTgan siamovnebis miRebis
unaris dakargva.

mada umadoba; mniSvnelovani kleba wonaSi.

Zili insomnia an hipersomnia (uZiloba an moWarbebuli

Zilianoba)

motoruli aqtivoba SesamCnevi Senelebuloba (motoruli CamorCena) an

agznebuloba.

danaSaulis gancda usargeblobis gancda; TviT-gankicxva/TviTgvema

koncentracia azrovnebisa da koncentrirebis Semcirebuli unari;

 696

gulmaviwyoba.

suicidi akviatebuli fiqri sikvdilis Sesaxeb; suiciduri ideebi

an mcdelobebi.

depresiis diagnozis mqone individebi erTmaneTisgan arsebuli simptomebis

siRrmiTa da xangrZlivobiT gansxvavdebian. Tu mravali maTgani cxovrebis
garkveuli etapis mxolod ramdenime kviris manZilze ebrZvis klinikur depresias,
arseboben iseTebic, visTvisac es epizodur an qronikul xasiaTs atarebs wlebis
ganmavlobaSi. guneba-ganwyobilebis aSlilobebis gavrcelebis statistikis
mixedviT, qalTa 21%-sa da mamakacTa 13%-s cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi erTxel mainc
aReniSneba klinikuri depresia (Kessler et al., 1994).
depresia uzarmazar fasad ujdeba Tavad daavadebuls, mis ojaxsa da
sazogadoebas. evropaSi Catarebul erT-erT gamokvlevaSi gamovlinda, rom
rekurentuli depresiis mqone adamianebi mTeli TavianTi mozrdili cxovrebis
mexuTeds klinikebSi atareben, xolo maTi 20% simptomebis gamo sruliad
araqmediTunariania da veRar axerxebs samuSaoze dabrunebas (Holden, 1986). aSS-is
fsiqiatriul klinikebSi yvela diagnostirebul daavadebaTa umravlesobas
depresia warmoadgens, magram jer isev miCniaT, rom es ar aris diagnostirebisa da
mkurnalobis sruli suraTi. klinikuri depresiuli aSlilobis mqone individTa
naxevarze naklebi Tu iRebs raime saxis profesiul daxmarebas (Regier et al., 1993b).

bipolaruli aSliloba

bipolaruli
bipolaruli aSliloba xasiaTdeba Rrma depresiuli periodebis maniakalur
epizodebTan monacvleobiT. maniakalur epizodSi pirovneba, rogorc wesi,
uCveulod mxned da eqspansiurad iqceva da aseve grZnobs Tavs, Tumca, xandaxan
individis wamyvani ganwyobileba gaRizianebadoba ufroa, vidre aweuli guneba-
ganwyobileba da enTuziazmi, gansakuTrebiT ki maSin, roca igi raimenairad
winaaRmdegobas grZnobs. maniakalur periodSi individi xSirad ganicdis
moWarbebul TviT-pativiscemas an ararealur rwmenas imisa, rom igi gansakuTrebul
SesaZleblobebsa da Zalas flobs. individs SeiZleba aReniSnebodes Zilis
moTxovnilebis mkveTri Semcireba da SeiZleba Warbad iyos dakavebuli
samsaxureobrivi Tu sxva socialuri an siamovnebis momtani saqmianobiT.
Sepyrobilia ra maniakaluri ganwyobilebiT, individi avlens usafuZvlo
 697
optimizms, midis usargeblo riskze, iZleva nebismier dapirebas da SeuZlia
yvelafris darigeba-gaCuqeba.
• klinikuri depresiuli aSliloba (Major depressive disorder) _ guneba-ganwyobilebis
aSliloba, romelic xasiaTdeba droSi ganfenili daTrgunulobis intensiuri
grZnobiT bipolaruli depresiis maniakaluri fazis gareSe.
• bipolaruli aSliloba (Bipolar disorder) _ guneba-ganwyobilebis aSliloba,
romelic xasiaTdeba depresiisa da maniis periodebis monacvleobiT.
• maniakaluri epizodi (Manic episode) _ bipolaruli aSlilobis komponenti,
romelic xasiaTdeba ukiduresi aRfrTovanebisa da usazRvro eiforiis
periodebiT, grandiozulobis grZnobebiTa da azrebiT, sakmarisi mizezis da
realuri pirovnuli SesaZleblobebis ararsebobis pirobebSi.

semi kolejis 20 wlis studentia, romelsac maniakaluri epizodis simptomebi

aReniSneba:
bolo periodSi semi Tavs fantastiurad grZnobda. mas imdeni energia hqonda,
rom TiTqmis arasodes sWirdeboda Zili da igi sruliad darwmunebuli iyo, rom
skolaSi saukeTeso moswavlea. mas anerviulebda, rodesac vinme Zalze nela
iqceoda; maT ar SeeZloT misi monologebis brwyinvalebis gageba da aravis
xelewifeboda misi tempiT cxovreba. sems hqonda finansebTan dakavSirebuli
aRmafrTovanebeli ideebi da ver xvdeboda, ratom ar cdilobdnen misi megobrebi
mis gegmebSi CarTvas.
rodesac mania Semcirebas iwyebs, semis msgavsi adamianebi maT mier dauokeblobis
periodSi Seqmnili usiamovnebebisa da zianis gamosworebas cdiloben. amgvarad,
maniakaluri epizodi TiTqmis yovelTvis Rrma depresiuli periodiT icvleba.
bipolaruli aSlilobebisas guneba-ganwyobilebis darRvevebis xangrZlivoba da
sixSire varirebs pirovnebidan pirovnebamde. zogierT maTgans normaluri
funqcionirebis xangrZlivi periodebi aqvT, romelTac drodadro xanmokle
maniakaluri an depresiuli epizodebi wyvets, Tumca arsebobs adamianTa mcire
raodenoba, romelTac gansakuTrebiT ar gaumarTlaT da romelTa cxovrebaSi
maniakalur epizodebs pirdapir klinikuri depresia cvlis, Semdeg isev
maniakaluri faza brundeba da ase uwyvetad viTardeba dausrulebeli cikli,
romelic angrevs da anadgurebs Tavad am aSlilobis mqone adamianebs, maT
ojaxebs, megobrebsa da TanamSromlebs. maniakalur periodSi maT SeiZleba waagon
 698
mTeli danazogi an ucnobebs guluxvi saCuqrebi daurigon, rac gaamZafrebs
danaSaulis grZnobas Semdgom depresiul fazaze. bipolaruli aSliloba
gacilebiT iSviaTia, vidre klinikuri depresiuli aSliloba. is mozrdilTa 1.6%-
Tan aRiniSneba da Tanabrad nawildeba mamakacebsa da qalebs Soris (Kessler et al.,
1994).

guneba-
guneba-ganwyobilebis aSlilobebi: mizezebi

ra faqtorebi moqmedebs guneba-ganwyobilebis aSlilobis ganviTarebaze? am

kiTxvas biologiuri, fsiqodinamikuri, bihevioraluri da kognituri midgomebis
poziciebidan davsvamT. unda aRiniSnos, rom klinikuri depresiuli aSliloba,
misi gavrcelebulobis gamo, bipolarul aSlilobaze metad aris Seswavlili da
es garemoeba Cvens mimoxilvaSi aisaxeba.

biologiuri

garkveuli tipis kvlevebis Sedegebi guneba-ganwyobilebis aSlilobebSi

biologiur faqtorze migvaniSnebs. magaliTad, is faqti, rom sxvadasxva
nivTierebebiT SesaZlebelia maniakaluri da depresiuli simptomebis Semsubuqeba,
imaze miuTiTebs, rom bipolaruli aSlilobis or ukidures gamovlinebas Tavis
tvinis gansxvavebuli mdgomareoba udevs safuZvlad. ori qimiuri agentis,
serotoninisa da norepinefrinis, Semcvelobis Semcireba depresias ukavSirdeba,
momateba ki _ manias, Tumca, jerjerobiT ar aris aRmoCenili guneba-ganwyobilebis
aSlilobebis zusti bioqimiuri meqanizmi (Duman et al., 1997). mkvlevrebi PET
skanirebas iyeneben maniakalur da depresiul fazebze Tavis tvinSi cerebraluri
glukozis (saqaridis saxeoba, romelic energiis gamosanTavisufleblad
gamoiyeneba) metabolizmSi sxvaobis dasadgenad (ix. suraTi 15.2), magram aseTi
gansxvavebebi ganwyobilebis ori mdgomareobis Sedegi ufro SeiZleba iyos, vidre
mizezi.

sur. 15. 2. bipolaruli depresiis PET skanireba

PET skanireba maniakaluri fazis dros, depresiulTan SedarebiT, cerebraluri
glukozis metabolozmis ufro maRal dones aCvenebs. zeda da qveda rigze
depresiul fazaSi myofi pacientis monacemebia, Sua rigze ki _ maniakalur fazaSi
myofis.
 699
matulobs monacemebi imis Sesaxeb, rom guneba-ganwyobilebis aSlilobaze
genetikuri faqtorebi axdens gavlenas (McGue & Christensen, 1997). tyupebis Seswavlam
aCvena, rom Tu identuri tyupebidan erT-erTi guneba-ganwyobilebis aSlilobiT
avaddeba, arsebobs 67%-iani Sansi, rom meore tyupiscalsac aRmoaCndes igive
aSliloba. es monacemi mxolod 20%-s udris araidentur tyupebSi, romelTac ar
aqvT identuri genetikuri masala (Ciaranello & Ciaranello, 1991; Gershon et al., 1987). iReben
ra mosazrebas guneba-ganwyobilebis aSlilobebis Tandayolilobis Sesaxeb,
mkvlevrebi Taobidan Taobamde am daavadebis gadacemaze pasuxismgebeli genetikuri
masalis konkretuli lokalizaciis adgilis dadgenas cdiloben.
kvlevaTa erT-erT seria pensilvaniaSi emiSebis Temis warmomadgenelTa
bipolaruli aSlilobis paternze iyo mimarTuli (Egeland et al., 1987). emiSebi aseTi
kvlevebisTvis idealuri monawileebi arian maTi didi ojaxebis, detaluri
genealogiuri Canawerebis warmoebis, genetikurad izolirebulobisa da maT Soris
iseTi qceviTi faqtorebis iSviaTobis gamo, rogoricaa alkoholizmi da Zaladoba,
(romelic zegavlenas moaxdenda monacemebze). am religiuri seqtis yvela 15 000
wevri XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi evropidan migrirebuli 30 wyvilis STamomavalia.
aris tendencia, rom bipolaruli depresia Taobebis manZilze gamovlindes
zogierT, magram ara yvela ojaxSi. es kanonzomiereba mkvlevrebs aSlilobis mqone
da misgan Tavisufali individebis genetikuri masalis uSualod Sedarebis
saSualebas aZlevs. miuxedavad imisa, rom naadrevi aRmoCnda „bipolaruli genis“
identificirebaSi warmatebis Sesaxeb pirveli moxsenebebi (Kelsoe et al., 1989),
mkvlevrebi ar kargaven optimizms da Tvlian, rom es Sedarebebi moitans im
codnas, romelsac eZieben (Berrettini et al., 1997; Ginns et al., 1992; Kelsoe et al., 1993).
fsiqologiuri aSlilobis erT-erTi tipis gagebisadmi biologiuri midgomis
TvalSisacemi magaliTi depresiis uCveulo formis kvlevidan modis. zogierT
adamians regularulad eufleba depresia zamTris TveebSi, gansakuTrebiT grZeli
skandinaviuri zamTris dros, rodesac dRe xanmoklea (ix. suraTi 15.3). guneba-
ganwyobilebis am darRvevas samarTlianad uwodes sezonuri afeqturi darRveva
(anu SAD _ seasonal affective disorder). mkvlevrebma Seqmnes Terapiuli teqnika, romelic
sruliad efeqturad amsubuqebs SAD-s: _ pacientebs sistematurad waredginebodaT
mkveTri TeTri manaTobeli sinaTle (Blehar & Rosental, 1989). mkvlevrebi amtkicenen,
 700
rom sinaTliT Terapias SeuZlia zegavlena moaxdinos neirogadamtan serotoninze,
romelic, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, depresiis gamomwvev faqtorad aris miCneuli.

sur. 15.3. sezonuri afeqturi aSliloba

sezonuri afeqturi aSlilobis mqone individebs depresiis simptomebi
xanmokledRian sezonebze aReniSnebaT. diagramaze mocemulia maRali
ukuproporciuli mimarTeba depresiis SemTxvevebsa (nawili A) da dRis sinaTlis
xangrZlivobas (nawili B) Soris.

saidan viciT

serotonini da sezonuri afeqturi aSliloba (saa)

saa-s mqone pacientebi yovel saRamos, sakuTar saxlSi sinaTlis Terapiis _
mkveTri manaTobeli sinaTlis orsaaTian kurss gadiodnen. mxolod is pacientebi
(14-dan 12 pacienti) monawileobdnen kvlevis meore etapSi, romelTac sinaTlis
Terapiam SedarebiT Seumsubuqa mdgomareoba. am etapze mowmdeboda hipoTeza imis
Sesaxeb, rom sinaTlis Terapia zegavlenas axdens Tavis tvinSi serotoninis
Semcvelobaze. eqsperimentuli jgufis pacientebi Tavis tvinSi serotoninis
Semcvelobis Semcirebaze mimarTul dietaze dasves; sakontrolo jgufis
pacientebs ki serotoninis Semcvelobis SesananCunebeli dieta daeniSnaT.
eqsperimentuli jgufis pacientebs saa-s simptomebis recidivi aReniSnaT,
sakontrolo jgufis pacientebs ki _ ara. es faqti gvafiqrebinebs, rom sinaTlis
Terapia Tavdapirvelad pasuxismgebeli iyo serotoninis Semcvelobis aRdgenaze,
ramac pacientebs aradepresiuli afeqtis gancdis saSualeba misca anu Tavidan
aacila depresiuli simptomatika (Neumesiter et. al., 1997).

Tqven, SesaZloa, moeliT, rom adamianebma wamlebi unda miiRon Tavis tvinSi
neirogadamtanebis moqmedebaze gavlenis mosaxdenad (zogierT maTganze XVI TavSi
visaubrebT), Tumca, es kvleva aCvenebs, rom sinaTlis Terapias iseTive efeqti
SeiZleba hqondes, rogorc zogierT fsiqoaqtiur wamals. mkurnalobis orive
saxeoba _ medikamenturi an sinaTlis Terapia _ ganamtkicebs mosazrebas
aSlilobis etiologiaSi biologiuri wonasworobis darRvevis rolis Sesaxeb.
 701
amave dros, Tu SAD-is aRwerilobaSi sakuTar Tavs icnobT, gaerkvieT sakuTar
Tavsa da am problemaSi.
axla vnaxoT, damatebiT ras gacnobebT guneba-ganwyobilebis aSlilobebis
warmoSobis Sesaxeb sami ZiriTadi fsiqologiuri midgoma.

fsiqodinamikuri

fsiqodinamikuri midgomis mixedviT, depresiis ganviTarebaSi gadamwyvet rols

aracnobieri konfliqtebi da bavSvobidan momdinare mtruli grZnobebi asrulebs.
froids depresiul adamianebTan TviTkritikasa da danaSaulis grZnobasTan
uxdeboda Sejaxeba. mas miaCnda, rom Tavdapirvelad sxvaze, Semdeg ki sakuTar
Tavze mimarTuli risxva warmoadgenda am TviTgankicxvis wyaros. es risxva
bavSvobis gansakuTrebulad Zlier da damokidebul urTierTobas ukavSirdeba,
rogoricaa, magaliTad, mSoblisa da Svilis urTierToba, sadac ar xdeba
pirovnebis moTxovnilebebisa da molodinebis dakmayofildeba. mozrdilobaSi
gancdili danakargi, realuri iqneba es Tu simboluri, aaqtiurebs mtrul
grZnobebs, romelic axla ukve pirovnebis egoze miemarTeba da Sedegad
depresiisTvis damaxasiaTebel TviTgankicxvas iwvevs.

bihevioraluri

depresiis fesvebis aracnobierSi Ziebis nacvlad, bihevioraluri midgoma

pirovnebis mier miRebuli dadebiTi da uaryofiTi ganmtkicebis raodenobis
efeqtze amaxvilebs yuradRebas (Lewinsohn, 1975; Lewinsohn et al., 1985). am Tvalsazrisis
mixedviT, depresiuli grZnobebi maSin viTardeba, rodesac individi garemodan
arasakmaris dadebiT ganmtkicebasa da bevr sasjels iRebs danakargis an raime
sxva mniSvnelovani cxovrebiseuli cvlilebebis Semdeg. sakmarisi dadebiTi
ganmtkicebis gareSe pirovneba sevdiani da gulCaTxrobili xdeba. sevdianobis
mdgomareobas dasawyisSi sxvaTa mxridan momatebuli yuradReba da TanagrZnoba
ganamtkicebs (Biglan, 1991), Tumca, Cveulebisamebr, Tavidan TanagrZnobiT
ganmsWvalul megobrebs Rlis depresiuli pirovnebis uaryofiTi guneba-
ganwyobileba da damokidebulebebi da mas Tavs aarideben. es reaqcia spobs
dadebiTi ganmtkicebis erT-erT wyaros da pirovneba ufro metad iZireba
depresiaSi. kvleva, aseve, aCvenebs, rom depresiul adamianebs dadebiTi ukukavSiris
 702
verSefasebisa da uaryofiTi ukukavSiris gadafasebis tendencia axasiaTebs
(Kennedy & Craighead, 1988; Nelson & Craighead, 1977).

kognituri

kognituri midgomis farglebSi depresiis Sesaxeb ori Teoria arsebobs. erTi

Teoriis mixedviT, aRqmis sqemebis Camoyalibebas uaryofiTi (negatiuri) kognituri
sqema (ix. Tavi V) ganapirobebs _ adamianebs uaryofiTi mosazrebebi SeeqmnaT maT
cxovrebaSi mimdinare im movlenebze, romelzec pasuxismgeblobas grZnoben. meore,
axsnis stilis Teoria miiCnevs, rom depresias iwvevs individis rwmena imisa, rom
igi sakmaod an saerTod ver akontrolebs sakuTari cxovrebis mniSvnelovan
movlenebs. TiToeuli am modelTagani xsnis depresiuli gamocdilebis zogierTi
aspeqts. ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani.
aaron bekma (Aaron Beck, 1983, 1985, 1988), depresiis wamyvanma mkvlevarma, ganaviTara
kognituri sqemebis Teoria. bekis mixedviT, depresiuli adamianebi sami tipis
uaryofiTi kogniciiT gamoirCevian, rasac igi depresiul kognitur triadas
uwodebs, esaa uaryofiTi Tvalsazrisi/Sexeduleba sakuTar Tavze, mimdinare
movlenebsa da momavalze. depresiul adamianebs axasiaTebT tendencia imisa, rom
sakuTari Tavi garkveuli TvalsazrisiT araadekvaturad an naklovanad aRiqvan,
mimdinare movlenebs mouZebnon uaryofiTi axsna da sjerodeT mtanjveli da
sirTuleebiT aRsavse momavlis. uaryofiTi azrovnebis paterni Crdilavs yvela
gancdas da depresiis kidev erT maxasiaTebels qmnis. individi, romelic
yovelTvis uaryofiT Sedegs moelis, ver iqneba motivirebuli raime miznis
miRwevaze, rasac Tan sdevs depresiis gamokveTili maxasiaTebeli _ nebisyofis
paralizeba.
• daswavlili umweoba (Learned helplessness) _ axsnis stilis Teoriis
zianis momtani stimulis arsebobis pirobebSi mixedviT, romelic martin
reaqciis ar qonis zogadi paterni, romelic seligmens (Martin Seligman) (ix.
xSirad Tan erTvis mdgomareobas, rodesac Tavi XII) ekuTvnis, individebs
individi ganicdis araSemTxveviTi, sjeraT, sworad an mcdarad, rom
gardauvali uaryofiTi stimulis ar SeuZliaT maTTvis
zemoqmedebas. mniSvnelovani momavlis
gakontroleba. seligmenis
Teoria ganviTarda kvlevidan, romelSic naCvenebi iyo depresiismagvari simptomebi
 703
ZaRlebSi (mogvianebiT ki, sxva saxeobebSic). seligmeni da maieri (1967) ZaRlebze
mtkivneuli da gardauvali eleqtroSokiT zemoqmedebdnen: rac ar unda eqnaT
ZaRlebs, Sokisgan gaqcevis gza ar arsebobda. ZaRlebs ganuviTardaT, rogorc
seligmenma da maierma uwodes, daswavlili umweoba.
umweoba daswavlili umweoba sami
tipis deficitiT xasiaTdeba: motivaciuri deficiti _ ZaRlebi ar Cqarobdnen
cnobili moqmedebebis dawyebas; emociuri deficitiT _ isini rigidulni,
gulgrilni, SeSinebulni da ubedurni Candnen; kognituri deficitiT _ isini
cudad iTvisebdnen axal situaciebs. iseT situaciaSic ki, sadac eZleodaT
SokisTvis Tavis aridebis SesaZlebloba, isini ar daiswavlidnen aseT qcevas (Maier
& Seligman, 1976).
seligmens miaCnda, rom depresiuli adamianebic daswavlili umweobis
mdgomareobaSi imyofebian: isini elian, rom, rac ar unda gaakeTon, yvelaferi
uSedego iqneba (Abramson et al., 1978; Peterson & Seligman, 1984, Seligman, 1975); Tumca, am
mdgomareobis warmoqmna didad aris damokidebuli imaze, Tu rogor xsnis individi
mis cxovrebaSi mimdinare movlenebs. rogorc XII TavSi iTqva, arsebobs axsnis
stilis sami ganzomileba: Sinagani-garegani (internaluri-eqsternaluri), zogadi-
konkretuli (globaluri-specifikuri) da ucvleli-cvalebadi (stabiluri-
arastabiluri). vTqvaT, fsiqologiis gamocdaze dabali Sefaseba miiReT. Tqven
gamocdis uaryofiT Sedegs Sinagan faqtors miawerT („me Steri var“), rac ufro
dagasevdianebT, vidre garegani faqtori („gamocda namdvilad Zneli iyo“), ramac
SeiZleba gangarisxoT. Sedegis asaxsnelad Tqven SegeZloT inteleqtze metad
cvalebadi Sinagani mdgomareoba agerCiaT. nacvlad imisa, rom is Sinagani,
ucvleli faqtorisTvis (siStere) migeweraT, romelic zogad anu Sors mimaval
gavlenas axdens, Tqven SemofargleT fsiqologiis gamocdasTan an kursTan
dakavSirebuli axsna („me ar vvargivar fsiqologiis kursisaTvis“). axsnis stilis
Teoriis Tanaxmad, individebi, romlebic warumateblobas Sinagan, ucvlel da
zogad mizezebs miaweren, mowyvladni arian depresiisadmi. es prognozi mravalgzis
dadasturda (Peterson & Seligman, 1984; Seligman, 1991).
depresiis orive kognituri TeoriisTvis misaRebia mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom
is stili, romliTac depresiuli adamianebi ganixilaven sakuTar Tavsa da maT
cxovrebaSi mimdinare movlenebs, amyofebs maT depresiul mdgomareobaSi.
magaliTad, adamianebs, zogadad, axasiaTebT TviT-dadasturebis anu maTi me-
 704
koncefciis Sesatyvisi informaciis moZiebis tendencia (Swann, 1990, 1997). am
tendencias uaryofiTi Sedegebi moaqvs depresiuli adamianebisaTvis.

saidan viciT

TviTdadastureba da depresia
mkvlevrebma erTmaneTisgan ganarCies individTa sami jgufi: erTi jgufi
depresiuli iyo, meore jgufi _ aradepresiuli, magram xasiaTdeboda dabali
TviT-pativiscemiT da mesame jgufi, romelic, aseve, aradepresiuli iyo,
xasiaTdeboda maRali TviT-pativiscemiT. TiToeuli jgufis cdis pirebma
interviusTvis mosamzadebel etapze mTel rig kiTxvarebze gasces pasuxi.
interviuze cdis pirebs uTxres, rom am kiTxvarebs orma studentma gasca pasuxi
da TiToeulze daiwera „pirovnebis daxasiaTeba“, rasac win uZRvoda sruli
pirovnuli Sefaseba. realurad, cdis pirebs miawodes erTi da igive daxasiaTeba _
erTi dadebiTi („es pirovneba kargad damkvidrebuli, TviTdarwmunebuli da
bednieria“ da a.S.) da erTi uaryofiTi („es pirovneba ubeduria, daurwmunebelia,
arakomfortulad grZnobs Tavs sxvebTan“ da a.S.). cdis pirebs moeTxovebodaT,
amoerCiaT, Tu romel srul Sefasebas waikiTxavdnen. Sedegebi 15.4 cxrilSia
mocemuli. rogorc xedavT, depresiuli cdis pirebi araTanabrad iyvnen
dainteresebulni uaryofiTi Sesafebis wakiTxviT, dabali TviT-pativiscemis mqone
individebTanac gamovlinda uryofiTi ukukavSiris miRebisken midrekileba maSin,
roca maRali TviT-Sefasebis mqone individebi aSkarad dadebiT ukukavSirs
aniWebdnen upiratesobas. cxrili 15.4 imasac aCvenebs, Tu ramdenad zustad miaCndaT
TiToeul jgufs daxasiaTebebis dadebiToba da uaryofiToba. miaqcieT yuradReba,
rom mxolod depresiul cdis pirebs sjerodaT, rom uaryofiTi daxasiaTeba ufro
zusti iyo (Giesler et al., 1996).

Tqven SeiZleba moelodiT, rom depresiuli adamianebi „sakuTari Tavis amowevas“

Seecdebodnen dadebiTi ukukavSiris moZiebiT. es eqsperimenti aCvenebs, rom,
piriqiT, isini TavianTi depresiis Sesabamis informacias eZeben, romelic TiTqmis
ueWvelad xels uwyobs depresiis SenarCunebas.
XVI TavSi vnaxavT, rom depresiis kognituri Teoriebidan miRebulma codnam
biZgi misca Terapiis warmatebuli formebis Seqmnas. amJamad depresiis Seswavlis
ori sxva mniSvnelovani aspeqti arsebobs: didi gansxvaveba mamakacebsa da qalebSi
 705
depresiis gavrcelebaSi da kavSiri depresiasa da suicids (TviTmkvlelobas)
Soris.

cxrili 15.4 TviTangariSi

TviTangariSi da depresia
dabali TviT- maRali TviT-
depresiuli
pativiscema pativiscema
negatiuri Sefasebis amorCevis
82 64 25
procenti
arCeuli daxasiaTebis sizuste*
dadebiTi daxasiaTeba 5.67 6.60 9.70
uaryofiTi daxasiaTeba 7.89 6.48 2.45
Sereuli -2.22 0.12 7.25
*sizustis reitingi 11 qulian skalaze gakeTda misi saerTod ararsebobidan (1)
maqsimalur (11) sizustemde.

depresia: sqesTa Soris gansxvavebani

depresiis kvlevis erT-erTi centraluri sakiTxia is, Tu ratom emarTebaT

qalebs depresia mamakacebze orjer xSirad. suzan
suzan nolen-
nolen-hoeqsemas (Susan Nolen-
Hoeksema, 1990; Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 1999) gonebamaxviluri SemoTavazeba Seexeba
reaqciis stils, romliTac mamakacebi da qalebi arian uaryofiT guneba-
ganwyobilebaze. am mosazrebis mixedviT, rodesac qalebi ganicdian sevdas, maT
axasiaTebT TavianTi grZnobebis SesaZlo mizezebze fiqrisken midrekileba;
mamakacebi ki, piriqiT, aqtiurad cdiloben depresiuli grZnobebis Tavidan
moSorebas sxva rameze yuradRebis gadataniT an fizikuri saqmianobebis
wamowyebiT, romlis drosac aRar fiqroben mimdinare emociur mdgomareobaze. am
modelis Tanaxmad, qalebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli metad Cafiqrebuli, gansjiTi
(ruminative) reaqciis stili, TavianT problemebze akviatebulad fiqris tendencia
zrdis maT mowyvladobas depresiisadmi (Butler & Nolen-Hoeksema, 1994). kognituri
midgomis Tanaxmad, uaryofiT ganwyobilebaze yuradRebis gamaxvileba aZlierebs
fiqrs uaryofiTi movlenebis Sesaxeb, rac, Tavis mxriv, zrdis uaryofiTi
grZnobebis raodenobasa da/an intensiurobas. kvleviT dasturdeba, rom
individebSi, romlebic zogadad msjeloben, fiqroben depresiaze, ufro
mosalodnelia mwvave depresiuli epizodebis ganviTareba (Just & Alloy, 1997; Nolen-
 706
Hoeksema et al., 1993). qalTa da mamakacTa Soris reaqciis stilis mixedviT arsebuli
gansxvaveba qalebs bavSvobaSi depresiis ganviTarebis didi risks uqmnis (Nolen-
Hoeksema & Girgus, 1994).
amerikis fsiqologTa asociaciis iniciativiT depresiisas sqesobrivi
gansxvavebebis kvlevis gadasinjvam aCvena, rom depresiis maRali riski qalebSi
SeiZleba gagebul iqnas mxolod, rogorc mTeli rigi fsiqologiuri, socialuri,
ekonomikuri da biologiuri faqtorebis urTierTqmedebis Sedegi (McGrath et al.,
1990). mraval kulturaSi zogierTi am faqtorTagani qalad yofnis gamocdilebas
ukavSirdeba, raSic moiazreba qalebze fizikuri da seqsualuri Zaladobis an
siRaribeSi cxovrebisa da bavSvebisa da asakovani mSoblebis momvlelis
funqciebis Semsruleblis ufro meti albaToba. aseTi gamokvlevebi miuTiTebs,
rom depresiis mizezi SeiZleba faqtorTa rTuli kombinacia iyos da rom
„normaluri“ qcevidan depresiisken mravali gza midis.

suicidi

„gadarCenisa da warmatebis miRwevis survili damsxvreuli da ganadgurebulia...

dgeba dro, rodesac yvelaferi kargavs brwyinvalebas, rodesac ikargeba imedis
sxivi.“ (Shneidman, 1987, p.57). suicidaluri axalgazrda mamakacis am sevdian
gamonaTqvamSi asaxulia nebismieri fsiqologiuri aSlilobis ukiduresi Sedegi _
suicidi (TviTmkvleloba). miuxedavad imisa, rom depresiul adamianTa umravlesoba
ar iklavs Tavs, analizi aCvenebs, rom mTlianad ganxorcielebul
TviTmkvlelobaTa 50-80% depresiul adamianTa mier ganxorcielebul mcdelobebze
modis (Shneidman, 1985). mTlianad aSS-s mosaxleobaSi oficialurad
TviTmkvlelobad miCneul sikvdilTa raodenoba daaxloebiT 30 000-s Seadgens.
miaweren ra mraval TviTmkvlelobas ubedur SemTxvevebs an sxva mizezebs,
realuri raodenoba, albaT, ufro metia. miuxedavad imisa, rom TviTmkvleloba
aSS-is yvela asakis mosaxleobaSi sikvdilianobis merve wamyvani mizezia,
SemTxvevaTa mesamedi 15-dan 24 wlis asakamde adamianebze modis (Murphy, 2000).
TiToeul ganxorcielebul TviTmkvlelobaze 8-20 suicidaluri mcdeloba modis.
kolejis 594 pirvelkurselTa gamokvlevam aCvena, rom 26%-s nafiqri hqonda
TviTmkvlelobaze ukanaskneli 12 Tvis manZilze, 2%-ma realurad scada Tavis
mokvla amave periodSi, 10%-s ki cxovrebis garkveul periodSi ganxorcielebuli
hqonda Tavis mokvlis mcdeloba (Meehan et al., 1992). vinaidan depresias qalebSi
 707
ufro xSirad vxvdebiT, ar aris gasakviri, rom qalebi Tavis mokvlas samjer ufro
xSirad cdiloben, vidre mamakacebi; Tumca, mamakacebis mier ganxorcielebuli
mcdeloba ufro xSirad aris warmatebuli. am gansxvavebas iwvevs is faqti, rom
mamakacebi ufro xSirad iyeneben cecxlsasrol iaraRs, qalebi ki mimarTaven
naklebad mtkivneul saSualebebs, rogoricaa, magaliTad, saZile abebi (Berman &
Jobes, 1991).
bolo aTwleulebis erT-erTi sagangaSo socialur problemas mozardTa
suicidi warmoadgens. yovel cxra wuTSi erTi mozardi cdilobs Tavis mokvlas
da yovel 90 wuTSi mcdeloba warmatebulia. yovel kviraSi 1 000 mozardis mier
Tavis mokvlis mcdelobidan 125 aRwevs mizans. 1960 wlidan amerikel mozardebSi
TviTmkvlelobis sixSire 200-dan 300%-mde gaizarda (Garland & Zigler, 1993).
Tavgamodebuli mcdelobebisda miuxedavad, mozard vaJebSi oTxjer metia
warmatebuli suicidis SemTxvevebi, vidre mozard gogonebSi (Bingham et al., 1994).
sainteresoa, rom afrikuli warmoSobis amerikelebis orive sqesis mozardebSi
gacilebiT naklebia TviTmkvlelobis sixSire, TeTrkanianebTan SedarebiT,
miuxedavad imisa, rom ar arsebobs am monacemebis zusti axsna (Bingham et al., 1994;
Murphy, 2000). es rasobrivi gansxvaveba mTeli cxovrebis manZilze grZeldeba.
monacemebis rasobrivma, sqesisa da asakis niSnis mixedviT Sedarebam aCvena, rom
TviTmkvlelobis yvelaze maRali riskis winaSe TeTrkaniani mowifuli mamakacebi
dganan, yvelaze mcire riskis winaSe ki _ afrikuli warmoSobis amerikeli qalebi.
cxovrebis rogori stili ubiZgebs mozardebs TviTmkvlelobis mcdelobisken?
orive sqesisTvis winmswreb travmatul movlenas axlo urTierTobis rRveva
warmoadgens (Gould et al., 1996). sxva mniSvnelovanma movlenebma, romelic
sircxvilisa da danaSaulis grZnobas iwvevs, SeiZleba daTrgunos moumwifebeli
ego da mozardma TviTmkvlelobis mcdeloba ganaxorcielos. aseT movlenaTa
ricxvSi Sedis, upirveles yovlisa, Tavdasxma, cema, gaupatiureba an dapatimreba.
metic, homoseqsuali da lesboseli mozardebi ufro meti riskis winaSe dganan,
vidre danarCenebi (Radkowsky & Siegel, 1997; Remafedi, 1999). suicidis aseTi maRali
sixSire ueWvelad asaxavs homoseqsualuri orientaciisadmi SedarebiT nakleb
socialur mxardaWeras. TviTmkvleloba ukiduresi reaqciaa, romelsac
gansakuTrebiT maSin aqvs adgili, rodesac mozards ar SeuZlia sxvebisaTvis
daxmarebis Txovna.
 708
mozardTa suicidi aris ara imwuTieri zegavlenis Sedegad, impulsurad
ganxorcielebuli aqti, aramed, Cveulebisamebr, Sinagani areulobisa da garegani
usiamovnebebis periodis finaluri stadia. suicidis axalgazrda msxverplTa
umravlesoba acnobebs sxvebs an wers Tavisi ganzraxvis Sesaxeb. amrigad,
TviTmkvlelobis Sesaxeb saubari yovelTvis seriozulad unda iqnes miRebuli
(Marttunen et al., 1998). suiciduri azrovnebisa da gancdebis amocnoba, ramac SeiZleba
warmoqmnas an gaaZlieros aseTi destruqciuli azrebi, pirveli nabijia prevenciis
mimarTulebiT. fsiqologi edvin Sneidmeni (Edwin Shneidmen, 1999), romelmac 40
weliwadi miuZRvna suiciduri tendenciebis mqone adamianebis Seswavlasa da
mkurnalobas, askvnis, rom „suicidi aRelvebuli da Seviwroebuli gonebis mier
autaneli da dausrulebeli tkivilis pirobebSi ganxorcielebuli Tavganwirvis
aqtia... faqtia, rom Cven SegviZlia tkivilis daameba, uaryofili moTxovnilebebis
dakmayofileba da suicidur azrovnebamde Seviwroebulobis Semcireba“ (1987, p.58).
suiciduri ganzraxvebis niSnebisadmi mgrZnobiaroba da sakmarisi Carevis
uzrunvelyofa arsebiTia rogorc mozardi, ise mowifuli adamianebis sicocxlis
gadasarCenad, romelTac sruli TviTganadgurebis garda ver ipoves
sirTuleebisgan Tavis daRwevis sxva saSualeba.
miuxedavad imisa, rom, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, TviTmkvlelobis sixSire,
zogadad, araTeTrkanianebSi ufro dabalia TeTrkanianebTan SedarebiT, arsebobs
erTi gansacvifrebeli gamonaklisi: adgilobriv amerikel mozardebSi
TviTmkvlelobis sixSire xuTjer aRemateba mTeli mosaxleobis mozardebis
Sesabamis maCvenebels. suicidi TviTganadgurebaze mimarTuli qcevis erT-erTi
formaa da aSS-is adgilobriv amerikul TemebSi miRebuli destruqciuli qcevis
nawils warmoadgens (Strickland, 1997). adgilobrivi amerikeli fsiqologi tereza
lafroboizi (Teresa LaFromboise), romelic ikvlevda am problemas da ganaviTara
profilaqtikisa da mkurnalobis strategiebi, Tavis tomSi mozardTa suicidis
socialur mizezebze saubrobs. farTod gavrcelebul siRatakesa da
umuSevrobasTan erTad, suicidis sixSires ganapirobebs „ojaxebis ngreva,
sayovelTao gaWirveba, didi raodenobis danakargebi (es SeiZleba iyos sikvdili,
ojaxidan wasvla an ganqorwineba), nivTierebebis borotad gamoyeneba, ojaxebis
momatebuli aramdgradoba da mniSvnelovani mzrunvelis dapatimreba“ (LaFromboise,
1988, p.9). garda amisa, adgilobriv amerikelebs sjeraT, rom sulier samyaroSi
 709
myof TavianT winaprebTan uwyveti kavSiriT cxovreba gulisxmobs, rom sikvdili
arc ise saSiSia.
Cven ukve mimovixileT fsiqopaTologiis ori ZiriTadi klasi: SfoTviTi
aSlilobebi da guneba-ganwyobilebis aSlilobebi. sanam Sizofreniaze
visaubrebdeT, mokled ganvixiloT pirovnuli aSlilobebi da disociaciuri
aSlilobebi.

pirovnuli aSlilobebi

pirovnuli aSliloba warmoadgens aRqmis, azrovnebisa da qcevis xangrZliv

(qronikul), xist, araadaptur paterns, romelic seriozulad auaresebs individis
funqcionirebis SesaZleblobas socialur da sxva garemoSi da SeuZlia
mniSvnelovani distresis gamowveva. misi amocnoba, Cveulebriv, siWabukis an
adreuli mowifulobis asakSi xdeba SesaZlebeli. pirovnuli aSlilobis mravali
saxeoba arsebobs (DSM-IV-TR-Si mocemulia 10 sxvadasxva tipis pirovnuli
aSliloba). Cven ganvixilavT oTx maTgans: paranoidul, Teatralur, narcisistul
da antisocialur pirovnul aSlilobas.
• pirovnuli aSliloba _ Personality disorder _ aRqmis, azrovnebisa da qcevis
qronikuli, xisti, araadapturi paterni, romelic seriozulad auaresebs individis
funqcionirebis SesaZleblobas socialur da sxva garemoSi.

paranoiduli pirovnuli aSlilobis mqone adamianebs axasiaTebT maTTan

kontaqtSi myofi pirovnebebis motivebisadmi undoblobis da eWvianobis mdgradi
paterni. isini eWvoben, rom sxva adamianebi maTTvis zianis miyenebasa da motyuebas
cdiloben. maT SeuZliaT sruliad uwyinar situaciebs faruli usiamovno
mniSvneloba mouZebnon; moelian, rom maTi megobrebi, meuRle an mSoblebi
uRalateben maT.
Teatraluri pirovnuli aSliloba moWarbebuli emociurobiTa da yuradRebis
ZiebiT xasiaTdeba. am aSlilobis mqone adamianebs yovelTvis yuradRebis centrSi
surT yofna da Tu ver aRweven amas, yuradRebis misapyrobad raime araadekvaturis
gakeTeba SeuZliaT. isini didi TeatralurobiT ayeneben TavianT moTxovnebs,
Tumca, naklebad interesdebian ukukavSiriT; amasTanave, umniSvnelo movlenebzec
moWarbebuli emociurobiT reagireben.
narcisuli pirovnuli aSlilobis mqone adamianebi sakuTari mniSvnelobis
moWarbebuli grZnobiT, warmatebisa da Zalis fantaziebis siWarbiTa da mudmivi
 710
aRtacebis obieqtad yofnis moTxovnilebiT gamoirCevian. am adamianebs xSirad
eqmnebaT problemebi pirovnebaTSoris urTierTobebSi; maT aqvT tendencia, rom
sxvebTan ormxrivi pasuxismgeblobis gareSe gansakuTrebuli keTilganwyobis,
uflebebis mqoned igrZnon Tavi da sxva adamianebi sakuTari miznebisaTvis
gamoiyenon. garda amisa, uWirT sxvaTa grZnobebis SemCneva da Tanagancda.
antisocialuri pirovnuli aSliloba gamoirCeva upasuxismgeblo an ukanono
qcevebis xangrZlivi paterniT, romelic arRvevs socialur normebs. Cveul qcevaTa
rigSi Sedis sicrue, qurdoba da Cxubi. antisocialuri pirovnuli aSlilobis
mqone adamianebs xSirad ar scxveniaT da ar awuxebT sindisis qenjna maT mier
Cadenili zianismomtani qcevebis gamo. socialuri normebis darRveva cxovrebis
adreuli periodidan iwyeba, es SeiZleba iyos klasSi areulobebis gamowveva,
CxubebSi CarTva da saxlidan gaqceva. es moqmedebebi sxvaTa uflebebisadmi
gulgrilobiT gamoirCeva. antisocialur pirovnul aSlilobas xSirad sxva
paTologiebic axlavs Tan. magaliTad, erT-erT kvlevaSi individTa daaxloebiT
25%-s, romelic akmayofilebda opiumis borotad gamoyenebis kriteriums,
antisocialuri pirovnuli aSlilobac daudginda (Brooner et al., 1997).
miuxedavad imisa, rom pirovnuli aSlilobebi ufro naklebad aris Seswavlili,
vidre sxva tipis aSlilobebi, aris monacemebi, romelic am aSlilobebSi
genetikuri komponentis arsebobaze miuTiTebs (Livesley et al., 1993; Nigg & Goldsmith,
1994). Tu pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebis Tandayolilobis Sesaxeb msjelobas
gavixsenebT me-14 Tavidan (ix. gv. X _ aq Caiwereba Sesabamisi gverdi), ar unda
gagvikvirdes, rom am maxasiaTeblebis mqone aSlilobebic Tandayolilia. arsebobs
pirovnuli aSlilobebis gamomwvev garemo pirobebze mimarTuli kvlevebic (Norden
et al., 1995; Paris, 1997). ganvixiloT genetikisa da garemos urTierTqmedebebi,
romlebic antisocialur pirovnul aSlilobas iwveven.

saidan viciT

genetika, garemo da antisocialuri pirovnuli aSliloba

mkvlevarTa jgufma Seadgina SerCeva, sadac Sedioda 95 mamakaci da 102 qali,
romlebic Svilad aiyvanes dabadebidan ramdenime dReSi. Sesabamis uwyebebSi
daculi monacemebi sakmaris informacias iZleoda maTi biologiuri mSoblebis
Sesaxeb, amitom mkvlevrebs SeeZloT daedginaT, romel cdis pirTa mSoblebs
aReniSnebodaT antisocialuri pirovnuli aSliloba. es monacemebi aSlilobaSi
 711
genetikuri faqtoris wvlilis Sefasebis saSualebas iZleoda. mkvlevrebma mimRebi
ojaxebis cxovrebis pirobebis, garemoebebis Sesaxebac moipoves informacia:
interviuirebis saSualebiT sazRvravdnen, Tu romeli cdis pirebi gaizardnen
mimReb mSoblebTan araxelsayrel garemoSi; magaliTad, vis hqonda qorwinebis,
iuridiuli, nivTierebebze an alkoholze damokidebulebis problemebi. es
monacemebi antisocialur pirovnul aSlilobaSi garemos wvlilis Sefasebis
SesaZleblobas iZleoda. Sedegebma aCvena, rom mniSvnelovani iyo orive tipis
zegavlena: aSlilobis mqone biologiuri mSoblebis SvilebTan an araxelsayrel
garemoSi gazrdil cdispirebTan, saSualod, ufro meti iyo antisocialuri
pirovnuli aSlilobis albaToba (Cadoret et al., 1995).

am Sedegebidan vxedavT, rom antisocialuri pirovnuli aSlilobis ganviTarebis

riskis winaSe pirovneba SeiZleba bunebam an aRzrdam, genetikurma an garemos
faqtorebma daayenos. amave dros, es aSliloba ar unviTardeboda im adamians,
romlis mSoblebsac aReniSnebodaT pirovnuli aSlilobebi an romelic rTul
garemo pirobebSi izrdeboda. mkvlevrebs kvlav surT imis garkveva, Tu ra
ganapirobebs zogierTi adamianis mowyvladobasa da zogierTis moqnilobas.

disociaciuri aSlilobebi

disociaciuri aSliloba aris identurobis, mexsierebisa da cnobierebis

integraciis darRveva. adamianebisTvis mniSvnelovania, rom akontrolebdnen
TavianT qcevas anu emociebs, azrebsa da moqmedebebs. TviTkontrolis aRqmisTvis
arsebiTia individualurobis SegrZneba _ me-s (self) sxvadasxva aspeqtebis
SeTanxmebuloba (konsistenturoba) da identurobis uwyvetoba drosa da sivrceSi.
fsiqologebs miaCniaT, rom disociaciur mdgomareobaSi individebi gaurbian
sakuTar konfliqtebs SeTanxmebulobisa da uwyvetobis daTmobis gziT da
uaryofen sakuTari Tavis nawilebs. yovelgvari organuli disfunqciis
ararsebobis pirobebSi fsiqologiuri faqtorebiT gamowveul process, romelic
mniSvnelovani pirovnuli gamocdilebis daviwyebaSi mdgomareobs, disociaciur
amnezias uwodeben da is disociaciis erT-erTi magaliTia. fsiqologebma daiwyes
monacemebis Segroveba imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra xarisxiT SeiZleba axldes Tan
mexsierebis aseTi danawevreba (disociacia) bavSvobaSi seqsualuri da fizikuri
Zaladobis SemTxvevebs (Spiegel & Cardena, 1991). mwvave/Rrma travmis sxva tipebi,
rogoricaa 1991 wels oklendsa da berkliSi (kaliforniis Stati) momxdari
 712
xanZari, romelmac Seiwira 25 sicocxle da moitana milion dolarze meti zarali,
aseve iwvevs disociaciis simptomebs (Koopmen et al., 1996).
• disociaciuri aSliloba (Dissociative disorder) _ pirovnuli aSliloba, romelsac
axasiaTebs identurobis, mexsierebisa da cnobierebis integraciis darRveva.
• disociaciuri amnezia
amnezia (Dissociative amnesia) _ mniSvnelovani pirovnuli gamocdilebis
gaxsenebis unaris arqona, romlis mizezia fsiqologiuri faqtorebi, yovelgvari
organuli disfunqciis arsebobis gareSe.
• disociaciuri identobis aSliloba (dia)
( ) (Dissociative identity disorder – DID) _
disociaciuri fsiqikuri aSliloba, rodesac erT individSi arsebobs ori an meti
calkeuli pirovneba; warsulSi cnobili iyo, rogorc Sedgenili (multiple)
pirovnuli aSliloba.

disociaciuri identobis aSliloba (dia) (Dissociative Identity Disorder _ DID),

warsulSi cnobili Sedgenili pirovnuli aSliloba (multiple personality disorder), aris
disociaciuri fsiqikuri aSliloba, rodesac erT individSi arsebobs ori an meti
calkeuli pirovneba. yovel mocemul momentSi erT-erTi maTgani dominanturia da
warmarTavs individis qcevas. disociaciuri identobis aSliloba popularul
enaze gaxleCili pirovnebis saxeliT aris cnobili da xandaxan mas SecdomiT
Sizofreniasac (aSliloba, romelsac Semdeg nawilSi ganvixilavT da vnaxavT, rom
am dros pirovneba xSirad uaresdeba, magram ar ixliCeba orad) uwodeben xolme.
dia-is SemTxvevaSi TiToeuli warmoqmnili pirovneba raime mniSvnelovani niSniT
originaluri me-s (self) sapirispiroa _ maT Soris gansvlas eqneba adgili, Tu
pirovneba morcxvi, SeboWilia, Tu sawyisi pirovneba sustia da seqsualurad
mimzidveli, Tu meore mfrTxali da seqsualurad gulubryviloa. TiToeul
pirovnebas Taviseburad ganumeorebeli identoba, saxeli da qceviTi repertuari
aqvs. zogierT SemTxvevaSi yalibdeba mTeli rigi sxvadasxva maxasiaTeblebisa,
romelic pirovnebas rTul cxovrebiseul situaciasTan gamklavebaSi exmareba.
qvemoT mocemulia nawyveti dia-is mqone qalis „wamyvani“ pirovnebis angariSidan
(Mason, 1997, p.44):
rogorc talRebi atrialebs okeanes Signidan gareT da gadaalagebs wyals,
sxvadasxva CvenTagani trialebs wreze, modis da midis miqcevasaviT da miedineba
zogjer mSvidad, zogjer _ mSfoTvared. bavSvi aferadebs flomasterebiT. igi
gverdze iweva da adgils administrators uTmobs, romelic bankis angariSs
 713
aTanxmebs. mcire xnis Semdeg mkvdari Cvili iwevs win da umoZraod wevs iatakze.
igi droebiT ase rCeba, magram aravis swydeba guli _ es misi droa. cocxali
Cvili xoxavs da Cerdeba mtverSi amogangluli. mzareuli sami dRis saWmels
amzadebs da TiToeuls calke paketSi alagebs _ Cven yvelas sxvadasxva
midrekilebebi, miswrafebebi da antipaTiebi gvaqvs. SeSinebuli „me“ xmamaRla
yviris, daWrili _ kvnesis, mgloviare _ moTqvams.
SegiZliaT Tqveni Tavi daayanoT am qalis adgilze da warmoidginoT, rogori
iqneba amdeni „pirovnebebis“ _ bavSvis, mkvdari Cvilis, cocxali Cvilis,
mzareulisa da a.S. _ erT TavSi moTavseba?
zogierT fsiqologs miaCnia, rom disociaciuri aSlilobis mqone pirovnebis
Semadgenili pirovnebebis ganviTareba gadarCenis arsebiT funqcias emsaxureba. dia-
is msxverpli SeiZleba ecemaT, daemwyvdiaT an mietovebinaT im adamianebs, visac,
savaraudod, uyvarda igi; maT, viszec imdenad iyvnen damokidebulni, rom ar
SeeZloT maTTan SebrZoleba, maTgan wasvla da maTi SeZulebac ki.
fsiqodinamikuri Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, es msxverplebi danawevrebis
(disociaciis) saSualebiT simbolurad gaeqcnen gadatanil saSinelebas. ufro
Zlieri Sinagani xasiaTebis SeqmniT maT daicves TavianTi ego arsebuli
travmatuli situaciisagan. rogorc wesi, dia-is msxverpls warmoadgenen qalebi,
romlebic bavSvobaSi, xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi fizikurad an
seqsualurad iqnen Zalze Seuracxyofilni mSoblebis, naTesavebis an axlo
megobrebis mier. erT kvlevaSi kiTxvaris saSualebiT mopovebul iqna 448
klinikosis monacemi, romelTac gamocdilebaSi hqondaT disociaciuri identobis
aSlilobisa da klinikuri depresiis (gamoiyeneboda Sesadareblad) SemTxvevebze
muSaoba. rogorc 15.5 cxrilSia naCvenebi, dia-is 355 SemTxvevaSi wamyvani
maxasiaTebelia Seuracxyofa, romelic TiTqmis yvelasaTvis saerToa da romelsac
adgili aqvs 3 wlis asakidan da aT welze met xans grZeldeba. miuxedavad imisa,
rom 235 depresiul pacientTanac aRiniSneboda Seuracxyofis xSiri SemTxvevebi, es
maCvenebeli mniSvnelovnad mcire iyo dia-is mqone individTa gamocdilebasTan
SedarebiT (Schultz et al., 1989). miuxedavad imisa, rom es monacemebi da zemoT
moyvanili pirovnuli angariSebi eWvgareSea, mravali fsiqologi mainc skeptikurad
uyurebs dia-is diagnozs (Lilienfeld et al., 1999; Spanos, 1994). ar arsebobs sando
monacemebi am aSlilobis gavrcelebis Sesaxeb (DSM-IV-TR, 2000). skeptikosebi
 714
xSirad gamoTqvamen masazrebas, rom Terapevtebs, visac „swamT“ dia-s arsebobis,
SeuZliaT misi Seqmna _ es Terapevtebi Tavian pacientebTan, xSirad hipnoturi
zemoqmedebisas, saTanado kiTxvebis dasmiT biZgs aZleven Semadgenili pirovnebebis
„warmoqmnas“. sxva fsiqologebs miaCniaT, rom sakmarisi monacemebi arsebobs dia-is
diagnozis sasargeblod, romelic aCvenebs, rom is ar aris mxolod gulmodgine
Terapevtebis mier Seqmnili produqti (Gleaves, 1996). yvelaze uwyinari daskvna
Semdegi SeiZleba iyos: dia-is diagnozis mqone adamanTa jgufSi zogi SemTxveva
namdvilia, WerSmaritia maSin, rodesac zogierTi SemTxveva Terapevtisgan aris
gaCenili.

cxrili 15.5. Seuracxyofis Sesaxeb gamokiTxvis Sedegebi: disociaciuri

identobis aSlilobisa (DID) da depresiis Sedareba
kiTxvaris debuleba DID (%) depresia (%)
Seuracxyofis SemTxveva 98 54
tipebi
fizikuri 82 24
seqsualuri 86 25
fsiqologiuri 86 42
uaryofa 54 21
yvela zemoT CamoTvlili erTad 47 6
fizikuri da seqsualuri 74 14
(N=355) (N=235)

Sejameba
SfoTviTi aSlilobebi xuT kategoriad iyofa: generalizebuli SfoTviTi
aSliloba, panikuri aSliloba, fobiebi, obsesiur-kompulsuri aSliloba da
posttravmatuli stresis aSliloba. generalizebuli SfoTviTi aSliloba
qronikuli SfoTviT xasiaTdeba maSin, roca panikuri aSliloba mwvave SfoTvas
ukavSirdeba. fobiebs axasiaTebs imdenad Zlieri iracionaluri SiSi, rom isini
gansjis unarze zemoqmedeben. obsesiebi arakontrolirebadi, damangreveli azrebia,
kompulsiebi ki, aseve, arakontrolirebadi qcevebi. travmatulma movlenebma,
rogoricaa gaupatiureba an Rrma dazianeba, SeiZleba posttravmatuli stresis
 715
aSlilobis ganviTareba gamoiwvios. mkvlevrebma aCvenes SfoTvis aSlilobebsa,
genetikur faqtorebsa da Tavis tvinis paTologiebs Soris kavSiris arseboba. am
aSlilobaTa fsiqologiur axsnebSi klasikuri ganpirobebuloba da kognituri
tendenciuroba moiazreba.
guneba-ganwyobilebis aSlilobebSi Sedis klinikuri depresiuli aSliloba _
fsiqopaTologiis yvelaze gavrcelebuli forma da bipolaruli aSliloba.
depresia iwvevs guneba-ganwyobilebis, Semecnebisa da motivaciis cvlilebebs.
bipolaruli depresiis mqone adamianebi ganicdian depresiisa da maniis periodebis
monacvleobas. mkvlevrebma aCvenes, rom guneba-ganwyobilebis aSlilobis
genetikuri komponenti iseve ukavSirdeba depresiasa da manias, rogorc
cvlilebebi Tavis tvinis funqcionirebaSi. depresiis Teoriebi xSirad amaxvileben
yuradRebas kognitur interpretaciaze, romelsac adamianebi aZleven TavianT
cxovrebiseul gamocdilebas. seriozuli depresiis maRali sixSire qalebSi,
SesaZloa, dakavSirebuli iyos qalebisa da mamakacebis mier depresiaze reagirebis
gansxvavebul gzebTan. depresiuli individebi sakmaod xSirad fiqroben
TviTmkvlelobaze.
pirovnuli aSlilobebi azrovnebisa da qcevis araadapturi formebia; isini
SeiZleba imdenad Rrma iyos, rom ziani miayenos normalur funqcionirebas
socialur da profesiul garemoSi. disociaciuri aSlilobebi identobis
mTlianobis darRvevebia. miuxedavad imisa, rom mkvlevrebi disociaciuri
identobis aSlilobis mizezad bavSvobaSi gadatanil seqsualur Seuracxyofas
miiCneven, aSlilobis gavrcelebuloba sakamaTo rCeba.

fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi: marTla arsebobs Tu ara „internetomania“?

SegimCneviaT, rom imaze met dros atarebT internetSi, vidre „unda“ atarebdeT?
megobrebTan internetis saSualebiT saubari girCevniaT maTTan piradad
urTierTobas? internetze xarjavT dros, romelsac sxva mniSvnelovan saqmianobas
unda uTmobdeT, rogoricaa gamocdebisTvis mzadeba an Zili? SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom
Tqven damokidebuli (addicted) xarT internetze?
ukanaskneli ramdenime wlis manZilze „internetomaniis“ sakiTxs didi adgili
eTmoba popularul presaSi: es axali istoriebi qmnian (xSir SemTxvevebSi)
mozardi vaJis xats, romelic realuri samyaros adamianebTan kontaqtze uars
ambobs da chat-oTaxebisa da MUD-is kiber-samyaroSi uCinardeba. zogierT mkvlevars
 716

aRmoCenili aqvs realuri SemTxvevebi, romelic Tanxvdeba sainformacio

saSualebebSi Seqmnil aseT xats. maT „internetomaniis“ diagnozi miusadages
(magaliTad, Young, 1998). sxva mkvlevrebi ufro skeptikurni rCebian am diagnozis,
rogorc fsiqopaTologiis calkeuli tipis, mimarT. vnaxoT, ratom:
rogorc aRvwereT, fsiqopaTologiis TiToeuli tipisaTvis aucilebelia, rom
individi aSkarad specifikuri tipis araadaptur qcevebs axorcielebdes, rogorc
aRniSnulia DSM-IV-TR-Si. Tumca, internetze damokidebulobis, „internetomaniis“,
SemoTavazebuli diagnozis SemTxvevaSi gaugebaria, Tu konkretulad romeli
qcevaa araadapturi im qcevaTa Soris, romelsac individi qselSi yofnis dros
axorcielebs. erT-erTi mkvlevris sityvebiT, _ „Tu zogierTi adamiani mijaWvulia
internetze, mainc razea igi mijaWvuli?“ (Griffiths, 1998, p.72).
gadavxedoT im miznebs, romelsac emsaxureba individebis mier internetis
gamoyeneba da mTeli rigi aqtivobebisa, romliTac isini dakavebulni arian xazze
yofnisas. magaliTad, adamianebi qselSi Sedian informaciis mosaZieblad,
saTamaSod da romantikuli an seqsualuri partniorebis sapovnelad. SeuZliaT ki
adamianebs, damokidebulni gaxdnen miznebisa da aqtivobebis erTobliobaze,
romelTac „internatomaniis“ diagnozs usadageben? Tu arsebobs internetis
gamoyenebis ufro specifikuri aspeqtebi, romelic fsiqologiuri Seguebis
problemebs iwvevs? Tu es ukanaskneli mosazreba sworia, maSin arsebobs albaToba
imisa, rom mocemul individs aRmoaCndeba fsiqikuri janmrTelobis
profesionalebis mier ukve dadgenili ufro specifikuri diagnozi. magaliTad,
rogorc vnaxeT, DSM-IV-TR-Si gansazRvrulia socialuri fobiis kategoria. ufro
miwanSewonili iqneboda, rom individisTvis, romelic zRudavs sxva adamianebTan
urTierTobas internet-urTierTobis sasargeblod, socialuri fobiis diagnozi
dagvesva da ara _ „internetomaniis“. adamianebis mier internetis moWarbebulad
gamoyenebis gzebi SeiZleba warmoadgendes cnobili aSlilobebis simptomebs,
Tumca, TavisTavad internetis Warbad moxmareba ver kvalificirdeba, rogorc
aSliloba.
unda aRiniSnos, rom Cven ar uarvyofT im faqtis arsebobas, rom adamianTa mcire
procenti internets pirovnuli, socialuri da profesiuli cxovrebisTvis
saziano gzebiT iyenebs. magaliTad, kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom adamianebi, romlebic
intensiurad iyeneben internets, izolirebulad da martosulad grZnoben Tavs
 717

(Kraut et al., 1998; Nie & Erbring, 2000). Tumca, risi frTxilad SemoTavazeba da gaazrebac
gvsurs, aris mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom arsebobs internetis zogadi
maxasiaTeblebi, romelic iwvevs fsiqopaTologiis specifikur formas da am
fsiqopaTologias samarTlianad uwodeben internetze damokidebulebas _
„internetomanias“.

Sizofreniuli aSlilobebi
TiToeulma Cvenganma icis, rogoria depresiuloba an SfoTvis gancda maSinac
ki, rodesac umravlesobas ar gangvicdia es grZnobebi aSlilobisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli simwvaviT. Sizofrenia ki aris aSliloba, romelic normaluri
funqcionirebisgan Tvisobrivad gansxvavebul mdgomareobas gulisxmobs.
Sizofreniuli aSliloba fsiqopaTologiis mwvave formaa, romlis drosac
dezintegrirebulia pirovneba, darRveulia azrovneba da aRqma, gasadavebulia
emociebi. Sizofreniuli aSlilobis mqone pirovneba swored iseTebi arian,
rogorsac yvelaze xSirad warmovidgenT xolme sigiJisa da Seuracxadobis Sesaxeb
fiqris dros.
SizofreniiT daavadebuli mravali adamianisTvis avadmyofoba cxovrebiseuli
ganaCenia ganTavisuflebis SesaZleblobis gareSe, romelsac isini ganmartoebulni
da izolirebulni zidaven da iZulebulni arian yvelasgan moSorebiT icxovron.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Sizofrenia SedarebiT iSviaTia _ aSS-is mozrdili
mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 0.7%-s aReniSneba cxovrebis romelime etapze (Kessler et al.,
1994) _ es monacemi gulisxmobs, rom daaxloebiT ori milioni adamiani itanjeba
am yvelaze saidumloebiT moculi da tragikuli fsiqikuri aSlilobiT.
fsiqiatriuli klinikebis adgilTa naxevari Sizofreniis mqone pacientebs ukaviaT,
radganac mravali maTgani Tavisi cxovrebis upetes nawils saavadmyofoSi atarebs,
„normalur“ cxovrebaSi odesme dabrunebis mcire imediT.
mark voneguti (Mark Vonnegut), mweral kurt vonegutis vaJiSvili, 25 wlisac ar
iyo, rodesac Sizofreniis simptomebma iCina Tavi. „samoTxis eqspres“-Si (Eden
Express, 1975) igi sakuTari gamocdilebidan mogviTxrobs realobisgan gansvlisa da
saboloo gamojanmrTelebis Sesaxeb. erTxel, xexilis gasxvlisas misma realobam
damaxinjeba daiwyo:
 718
damainteresa, tkivils xom ar vayenebdi xeebs da mobodiSeba daviwye.
TiToeulma maTganma pirovnebis saxe miiRo. damainteresa, romelimes movwondi
Tu ara. mTlianad mSTanTqa TiToeuli xis Tvalierebam da daviwye SemCneva, rom
isini yovelTvis imdenad msubuqad anaTebdnen, rom rbili, Signidan momdinare
sinaTlis naTeba totebis irgvliv ifrqveoda; da saidanRac warmoudgenlad
danaoWebuli, gardamavalferebiani saxe movida. Tavidan mxolod ganusazRvrel
manZilze myof patara wertilad moCanda, igi win moiwevda da bolos
uzarmazari gaxda. mis garda veRarafers vxedavdi. guli gamiCerda. dro
usasrulod gaiWima. saxis Tavidan moSoreba vcade, magram man damcina... misTvis
TvalebSi Sexedva vcade da gavacnobiere, rom fexqveS miwa gamomecala (1975,
p.96).
vonegutis aRwera garkveul warmodgenas SegiqmniT Sizofreniis simptomebze.
Sizofreniis samyaroSi azrovneba aralogikuri xdeba; ideaTa Soris
asociaciebi Soreuli da yovelgvar sqemas moklebulia. xSirad aRiniSneba
halucinaciebi,
halucinaciebi romelic warmosaxviT sensorul aRqmebs _ xatebs, sunebs an,
yvelze xSirad, bgerebs (Cveulebriv, xmebs) moicavs da romelTac pacientebi
realurad miiCneven. pirovnebas SeiZleba esmodes xma, romelic uwyvet komentars
ukeTebs mis qcevas, an ramdenime xmis saubari; damaxasiaTebelia bodvebic _ cru an
iracionaluri rwmena, romelsac adgili aqvs sawinaaRmdegos naTlad arsebobis
pirobebSi. metyveleba SeiZleba araTanmimdevruli gaxdes _ erTmaneTTan
daukavSirebeli an gamogonili sityvebis „sityvier salaTas“ daemsgavsos, an
individi sulac damunjdes. emociebs gasadaveba axasiaTebs, qreba maTi garegani
gamoxatuleba an SeiZleba situaciis Seusabamo iyos. fsiqomotoruli qceva
SeiZleba dezorganizebuli (grimasebi, ucnauri manerebi), poza ki _ rigiduli
gaxdes. mxolod zogierTi simptomis arsebobis SemTxvevaSic ki mosalodnelia
profesiuli funqcionirebisa da pirovnebaTSorisi urTierTobebis gauareseba,
radganac pacienti socialurad gariyuli an emociurad gulgrili xdeba.
fsiqologebi simptomebs dadebiT da uaryofiT kategoriebSi aTavseben.
Sizofreniis mwvave anu aqtiuri fazis dros gamokveTilia dadebiTi simptomebi _
halucinaciebi, bodvebi, araTanmimdevruloba da dezorganizebuli qceva, sxva
dros ki uaryofiTi simptomebi _ socialuri gariyuloba da gasadavebuli
emociebi. zogierT individs, rogoricaa, magaliTad, mark voneguti, Sizofreniis
mxolod erTi an ori mwvave faza aReniSneba da Semdeg normalur, Cveul
 719
cxovrebas ubrundeba. sxvebs, romelTac xSirad qronikul avadmyofebad miiCneven,
axasiaTebT ganmeorebadi
• Sizofreniuli aSliloba (Schizophrenic disorder) _ fsiqopaTologiis mwvave forma,
romelic xasiaTdeba integrirebuli pirovnuli funqcionirebis rRveviT,
realobidan gansvliT, emociuri gaukuRmarTebebiTa da azrovnebis darRveviT.
• halucinacia (Hallucinations) _ cru aRqma, romelsac adgili aqvs obieqturi
gamRizianeblis ararsebobis pirobebSi.
• bodva (Delusions) _ cru an iracionaluri rwmena, romelsac adgili aqvs
sawinaaRmdegos naTlad arsebobis pirobebSi.

mwvave fazebi uaryofiTi simptomebis xanmokle periodebiT an calkeuli mwvave

fazebi uaryofiTi simptomebis xangrZlivi periodebiT. yvelaze metad darRveuli
individebic ki ar imyofebian mudmivad mwvave bodviT mdgomareobaSi.

Sizofreniis ZiriTadi tipebi

SizofreniisTvis damaxasiaTebeli simptomebis mravalferovnebis gamo,

mkvlevrebi mas calkeuli tipebis erTobliobad miiCneven da ara _ erTeul
aSlilobad. 15.6 cxrilSi mocemulia Sizofreniis xuTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli
qvetipi.

cxrili 15.6 Sizofreniuli aSlilobebis tipebi

Sizofreniis tipebi ZiriTadi simptomebi
araadekvaturi/araSesatyvisi qceva da emociebi;
dezorganizebuli
araTanmimdevruli metyveleba.

katatoniuri gayinuli, rigiduli an iolad agznebadi qceva.

paranoiduli grandiozulobis an devnis mania.
simptomebTa Sereuli nakrebi azrovnebis
aradiferencirebuli
aSlilobebiTa da sxva tipis maxasiaTeblebiT.
ar aris warmodgenili ZiriTadi simptomebi, Tumca,
rezidualuri aRiniSneba aSlilobis ganaxlebis Tanmxlebi,
meorexarisxovani simptomebi.

dezorganizebuli tipi
 720
Sizofreniis am qvetipis SemTxvevaSi individs araTanmimdevruli azrovneba da
moWarbebulad ucnauri da dezorganizebuli qceva axasiaTebs. emociebi
gasadavebuli an situaciis Seusabamoa. xSirad pirovneba sulelurad an bavSvurad
iqceva, magaliTad, xiTxiTebs yovelvgari TvalsaCino mizezis gareSe. metyveleba
SeiZleba imdenad araTanmimdevruli da uCveulo sityvebiTa da daumTavrebeli
winadadebebiT aRsavse gaxdes, rom dairRves sxva adamianebTan komunikacia. Tu
adgili aqvs bodvebs an halucinaciebs, isini ar Seexeba gasageb Temas.
mister F.B. 30 wels mitanebuli hospitalizebuli fsiqikuri pacienti iyo.
rodesac mas saxeli hkiTxes, man upasuxa, rom cdilobda mis daviwyebas,
radganac yovelTvis atirebda Tavisi saxelis gagoneba. Semdeg igi ramdenime
wuTis ganmavlobaSi gulamoskvniT tiroda. rodesac raime seriozulisa da
sevdianis Sesaxeb hkiTxes, mister F.B-m xiTxiTi da sicili daiwyo. rodesac
hkiTxes mniSvneloba andazisa “When the cat’s away, the mice will play” (qarTulad es
daaxloebiT ase JRers: „rodesac kata midis, Tagvebi TamaSoben“), man upasuxa: _
„nakleb adgils ikavebs. katam ar icis, ras akeTebs Tagvi da Tagvma ar icis, ras
akeTebs kata. kata ufro saeWvo mxares warmoadgens, vidre Tagvi. dumbo kargi
biWi iyo. man dainaxa, rac katam gaakeTa, Tavisi Tavi katasTan daayena, amrigad,
xalxi aRar Sexedavda maT, rogorc komediantebs” (Zimbardo, personal communication,
1957).
mister F.B-is maneruloba, depersonalizebuli, araTanmimdevruli metyveleba da
bodvebi am tipis Sizofreniis ZiriTadi niSnebia.

katatoniuri tipi

Sizofreniis katatonikuri tipis wamyvani maxasiaTebelia motoruli aqtivobis

darRveva. xandaxan am aSlilobis mqone adamianebi stuporSi arian gayinulni.
individebi umoZraod, xSirad ucnaur pozebSi, rCebian xangrZlivi periodis
manZilze da ar/an sustad reagireben garemoSi mimdinare movlenebze. sxva dros es
pacientebi moWarbebuli motoruli aqtivobiT xasiaTdebian, romelic aSkarad
umiznod da garegani gamRizianeblebis zemoqmedebis gareSe xorcieldeba.
katatonikur tips ukiduresi negativizmic axasiaTebs, romelic aSkarad
aramotivirebulad ewinaaRmdegeba yvela instruqcias.

paranoiduli tipi
 721
Sizofreniis am tipis mqone adamianebs rTuli da sistematuri bodvebi
axasiaTebT, romlebic garkveul Temebzea mimarTuli:

devnis bodva. individebi grZnoben, rom maT mudmivad uTvalTvaleben,
SeTqmulebas uwyoben da rom maT sicocxles safrTxe emuqreba.

grandiozulobis bodva. individebs sjeraT, rom isini mniSvnelovani da
amaRlebuli arsebani arian _ milionerebi, didi gamomgoneblebi an religiuri
figurebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, ieso qriste. devnis bodvas SeiZleba
grandiozulobis bodva axldes Tan _ individi didi pirovnebaa, magram mas
mudmivad ewinaaRmdegebian eSmakeuli Zalebi.

eWvianobis bodva. individi yovelgvari mizezis gareSe darwmunebulia, rom
megobrebi Ralatoben mas. isini igoneben TavianTi Teoriis Sesatyvis monacemebs
da „adastureben“ bodvis simarTles.
paranoiduli Sizofreniis mqone individebTan simptomebis gamovlena,
Sizofreniuli aSlilobis sxva tipebis simptomebTan SedarebiT, cxovrebis ufro
gviandel periodSi iwyeba. paranoiduli Sizofreniis mqone individebi iSviaTad
axorcieleben aSkarad dezorganizebul qcevas, Tumca, maTi qceva daZabuli da
sruliad formaluria.

aradiferencirebuli tipi

Sizofreniis es krebiTi kategoria aRwers pirovnebas, romelsac aReniSneba

gamokveTili bodvebi, halucinaciebi, araTanmimdevruli metyveleba an Zalze
dezorganizebuli qceva, rac erTze meti tipis kriteriumebs an gaurkvevel,
bundovan tips Seesabameba. individis mier gancdil simptomTa am nazavSi ar xdeba
sxvadasxva Sizofreniuli reaqciebis erTmaneTisgan gamodiferencireba.

rezidualuri tipi

rezidualuri tipis diagnozis mqone individebs, Cveulebisamebr, Sizofreniis

ZiriTadi ganvlili epizodi awuxebT, Tumca, amasTanave, Tavisufalni arian iseTi
ZiriTadi dadebiTi simptomebisgan, rogoricaa halucinaciebi an bodvebi.
aSlilobis arseboba Tanmxlebi, meorexarisxovani dadebiTi an gasadavebuli
afeqtis msgavsi uaryofiTi simptomebiT vlindeba. rezidualuri tipis diagnozi
SeiZleba miuTiTebdes imaze, rom pirovnebis avadmyofoba remisiis fazaSi Sedis
anu faruli xdeba.
 722
Sizofreniis mizezebi

sxvadasxva etiologiuri midgoma Sizofreniis Zalze gansxvavebul sawyis

mizezebze, misi ganviTarebis sxvadasxva gzebsa da mkurnalobis sxvadasxva
mimarTulebebze miuTiTebs. gadavxedoT Sizofreniuli aSlilobis ganviTarebis
gzebis SecnobaSi sxvadasxva midgomebis mier Setanil wvlils.

genetikuri midgomebi

didi xania cnobilia, rom Sifozrenias ojaxebSi gavrcelebis tendencia

axasiaTebs (Bleuler, 1978; Kallmann, 1946). kvlevis sami damoukidebeli mimarTuleba _
ojaxebis kvleva, tyupebis kvleva da gaSvilebis SemTxvevebis Seswavla _ erTsa da
imave daskvnamde midis: Sizofreniis gamovlenis albaToba im individebTan ufro
metia, visac genetikuri kavSiri aqvs am aSlilobis mqone adamianTan, vidre maTTan,
visac ar aqvs aseTi naTesauri kavSiri (Kendler & Diehl, 1993; Tsuang, 2000). 15.4 suraTze
mocemulia sxvadasxva tipis naTesavebisgan Sizofreniis miRebis riskis xarisxis
maCveneblebi. es monacemebi Sizofreniis mkvlevarma irving gotesmanma (Irving
Gottesman, 1991) dasavleT evropaSi 1920-1987 wlebSi Caratebuli TiTqmis 40 sando
kvlevis Sedegebis gaerTianebiT miiRo da maqsimalurad viwro kategoriebSi
moaTavsa. rogorc xedavT, monacemebi genetikuri naTesaobis xarisxis mixedviT
aris dalagebuli, rac maRal korelaciaSi imyofeba riskis xarisxTan. magaliTad,
rodesac orive mSobeli daavadebulia SizofreniiT, maT SvilebSi am aSlilobis
gamovlenis riski 46%-s udris, mTeli populaciis 1%-Tan SedarebiT. rodesac
mxolod erTi mSobelia avad, Svilebis daavadebis riski mkveTrad mcirdeba 13%-
mde. aRsaniSnavia, rom albaToba imisa, rom identur tyupebs orives aRmoaCndeba
Sizofrenia, daaxloebiT samjer aRemateba araidentur tyupebSi am aSlilobis
gamovlenis albaTobas.

suraTi 15.4 Sizofreniis ganviTarebis genetikuri riski

grafikze naCvenebia Sizofreniis ganviTarebis riskis saSualo maCveneblebi.
monacemebi mogrovda ojaxebisa da tyupebis kvlevebiT, romelic evropis
mosaxleobaSi ganxorcielda 1920-1987 wlebSi; gamovlinda maRali korelacia
riskis xarisxsa da genetikuri naTesaobis xarisxs Soris.

mkvlevrebi gaSvilebis SemTxvevebis Seswavlasac mimarTaven imis saCveneblad,

rom genetikuri faqtorebi mniSvnelovan zegavlenas axdens Sizofreniis
 723
etiologiaze (Kety et al., 1994). ganvixiloT kvleva, romelSic fasdeboda
Sizofreniis mqone pacientTa biologiur da mimReb naTesavebSi azrovnebis
aSlilobebis SemTxvevebis sixSire.

saidan viciT

azrovnebis aSlilobebi Sizofreniis mqone pacientTa biologiur da mimReb naTesavebSi

am kvlevaSi Sizofreniis mqone iseTi pacientebi aarCies, romelTac aSliloba
gaSvilebis Semdeg ganuviTardaT. sakontrolo SerCeva Sezofreniis mqoneTa
SerCevas Seesabameboda sqesisa da asakis mixedviT; sakontrolo SerCevaSi Semaval
cdis pirebs ar hqondaT fsiqiatriul klinikaSi yofnis gamocdileba. Caweres
eqsperimentuli da sakontrolo SerCevebis cdis pirTa da maTi biologiuri
naTesavebis metyveleba, genetikis mniSvnelovnobis Sesafaseblad, da maTi mimRebi
naTesavebis, metyveleba, garemos mniSvnelovnobis Sesafaseblad,. am verbalur
masalaze dayrdnobiT, TiToeul individs (aseve, mSoblebsa da naTesavebs) mieniWa
azrovnebis aSlilobis maCvenebeli, risTvisac gamoyenebul iqna azrovnebis
aSlilobis indeqsi (Thought Dosirder Index _ TDI). Sedegebi mocemulia 15.7 cxrilSi _
TDI-s yvelaze maRali maCvenebeli metad darRveul azrovnebaze miuTiTebs.
Sedegebi aCvenebs, rom Sizofreniuli aSlilobis mqone naSvilebi cdis pirebis
biologiurma naTesavebma azrovnebis aSlilobis ufro maRali maCvenebeli miiRes,
vidre sakontrolo SerCevis naSvilebi cdis pirebis biologiurma naTesavebma.
Tumca, orive SerCevis naSvilebTa naTesavebi ar gansxavdebodnen erTmaneTisgan
azrovnebis aSlilobis mixedviT. monacemebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom genetikuri
faqtori garemos faqtorze metad miuTiTebs imaze, Tu vis aRmoaCndeba azrovnebis
aSlilobebi (Kinney et al., 1997).

TiTqmis yvela naSvilebi individi dabadebidan mcire xnis Semdeg daaSores

TavianT biologiur ojaxs. Sesabamisad, rasac ar unda gamoewvia Sizofreniis
mqone gaSvilebul individebSi azrovnebis aSlilobis Zalian maRali xarisxi da
SedarebiT maRali maCvenebeli maT biologiur naTesavebSi, ver mivakuTvnebT mas
garemos faqtorTa rigs.

cxrili 15.7 azrovnebis darRvevis maCveneblebi Sizofreniis mqone naSvileb

individebSi,
individebSi, sakontrolo SerCevis naSvileb individebsa da maT
naTesavebSi
 724

azrovnebis darRvevis indeqsi

Sizofreniis mqone
sakontrolo SerCevis
naSvilebi gansxvaveba
naSvilebi individebi
individebi

Tavad naSvilebi
4.82 1.15 3.67
individebi
maTi biologiuri
1.37 0.99 0.38
naTesavebi
maTi biologiuri
dedmamiSvilebi da
1.44 0.82 0.62
naxevrad
dedmamiSvilebi
maTi mimRebi naTesavebi 1.11 1.31 -0.20

es sxvadasxva tipis monacemebi erTiandeba da yalibdeba Semdegi daskvnis saxiT:

zogierTi individi Tandayolili, memkvidreobiT miRebuli genetikuri masalis
matarebelia, romelic mas Sizofreniis riskis winaSe ayenebs. mkvlevrebi,
romelTac surT am paTologiuri genetikuri masalis gamocalkeveba, emiSebis
populaciaSi bipolaruli daavadebis genetikuri wyaroebis kvlevis ganxilvisas
aRwerili midgomis msgavs pozicias ikaveben. kvlevis mizania genebis im wilis
dadgena, romelic aSlilobis mqone individebs misgan Tavisufali individebisgan
ganasxvavebs. mkvlevrebi progress aRweven genTa im kombinaciebis aRmoCenaSi,
romelic adamianebs Sizofreniis riskis winaSe ayenebs (Brzustowicz et al., 2000).
miuxedavad imisa, rom genetikur msgavsebasa da Sizofreniis risks Soris
ueWvelad maRali korelaciaa, yvelaze didi genetikuri msgavsebis jgufebSic ki,
risk-faqtori 50%-ze naklebia (ix. suraTi 15.5). es imaze metyvelebs, rom genebis
rolis garda, garemos pirobebic aucilebelia aSlilobis ganviTarebisaTvis.
Sizofreniis mizezis Sesaxeb farTod gavrcelebuli hipoTeza midrekileba-
stresis hipoTezis (diathesis-stress hypothesis) saxeliT aris cnobili. am hipoTezis
Tanaxmad, genetikuri faqtorebi riskis winaSe ayenebs individs, magram maT garemos
stresis faqtorebic unda daerTos, raTa potenciurma riskma gamovlenili
(manifestirebuli) Sizofreniuli aSlilobis saxe miiRos. ganvixileT ra
 725
Sizofreniis biologiuri aspeqtebi, axla am aSlilobis warmoqmnis damaCqarebeli
garemos stresorebis tipebze visaubrebT.

sur. 15.6 Sizofreniuli aSlilobis genetikuri riski

Sizofreniis mqone mSobelTa 100 bavSvisgan Semdgar SerCevaSi 50-dan 10%-s aqvs
Sizofreniis ganmapirobebeli genetikuri struqtura. amasTan, daaxloebiT 5%-s
cxovrebis sawyis etapze, 5%-s ki Semdgom cxovrebaSi ganuviTarda aSliloba.
aRsaniSnavia, rom maRali riskis mqone cdis pirTa 40% ar daavadda SizofreniiT.

Tavs tvinis funqcionireba da biologiuri maniSneblebi

arsebobs Sizofreniisadmi meore biologiuri midgoma, romelic am aSlilobis

mqone individTa Tavis tvinSi arsebuli darRvevebis ZiebiT aris dakavebuli. am
mimarTulebiT warmoebul kvlevaTa umravlesoba Tavis tvinis gamosaxvis teqnikebs
eyrdnoba (ix. Tavi III), romelic Sizofreniis mqone da sakontrolo SerCevis
normaluri individebis Tavis tvinis struqturisa da funqcionirebis uSulod
Sedarebis saSualebas iZleva (Gur & Pearlson, 1993; Marsh et al., 1997; Vita et al., 2000).
magaliTad, magnituri rezonansis procedura imis saCveneblad gamoiyeneba, rom
Sizofreniis mqone individTa 50%-ze mets gadidebuli aqvs parkuWebi _ Tavis
tvinis struqturebi, romelSic miedineba cerebrospinaluri siTxe (Degreef et al.,
1992). bavSvobaSi gamovlenili Sizofreniis mqone individebTan mozardobis
periodSi aRiniSneba parkuWebis zomis progresuli zrda (Rapoport et al., 1997). garda
amisa, gamosaxvis teqnikebiT dadgenilia, rom Sizofreniis mqone individebs
sakontrolo jgufisgan gansxvavebuli Tavis tvinis aqtivobis paternebi SeiZleba
axasiaTebdeT. magaliTad, erT-erT kvlevaSi Seswavlil iqna identuri tyupebis
SemTxvevebi, rodesac erT-erTi an orive tyupiscali SizofreniiT iyo
daavadebuli (Berman et al., 1992). mxolod im individebs aReniSnebodaT Tavis tvinis
Sublis wilebis dabali aqtivoba normasTan SedarebiT, romelTac realurad
hqondaT Sizofrenia. kvlevis aseTi sqemiT „genetika“ konstantad iqceva, rac am
aSlilobis kidev erTi biologiuri aspeqtis ganovlenis saSualebas iZleva.
mkvlevrebi agrZeleben Sizofreniis biologiuri maniSneblebis CamonaTvalis
Sevsebas. biologiuri maniSnebeli „daavadebis gazomvadi indikatoria, romelic
SeiZleba iyos, an arc iyos, mizezobrivi“ (Szymaski et al., p.99). sxva sityvebiT rom
vTqvaT, biologiuri maniSnebeli SeiZleba korelirebdes daavadebasTan, Tumca, ar
iwvevdes mis ganviTarebas. dResdReobiT ar aris cnobili arc erTi maniSnebeli,
 726
romelic zustad iwinaswarmetyvelebda Sizofrenias, magram maniSneblebs didi
potenciuri Rirebuleba aqvT diagnostirebisa da kvlevisaTvis. magaliTad,
Sizofreniis mqone pirovnebebTan ufro metad mosalodnelia vizualuri velis
Tvalierebisas Tvalebis moZraobis disfunqciis gamovlena, vidre Cveulebriv
adamianebTan. SesaZlebelia am biologiuri maniSneblis raodenobrivi Sefaseba da
es Sefaseba ojaxebSi Sizofreniis arsebobas ukavSirdeba (Clementz & Sweeney, 1990;
Lencer et al., 2000). mkvlevrebi agrZeleben kvlevas Tvalebis moZraobis im specifikuri
elementebis aRmoCenis mimarTulebiT, romelic maqsimalurad zustad ganasxvavebs
Sizofreniis mqone individebs sxva fsiqikuri aSlilobebis mqone individebisgan
(Katsanis et al., 1997; Sweeney et al., 1994). biologiuri maniSneblebis zusti codna
mkvlevrebs am aSlilobis ganviTarebis risk-jgufebis gamovlenaSi daexmareba.

• midrekileba-
midrekileba-stresis hipoTeza (Diathesis-stress hypothesis) _ hipoTeza zogierTi
aSlilobis mizezis Sesaxeb, rogoricaa Sizofrenia, romlis mixedviTac,
individSi genetikuri faqtorebi qmnian garkveuli aSlilobisadmi midrekilebas,
magram garemo pirobebidan momdinare stresulma faqtorebma biZgi unda misces am
potencias, raTa gamovlindes.

Sizofreniis simptomTa farTo speqtrTan gacnobis Semdeg, albaT, aRar gikvirT

biologiuri darRvevebis Sesabamisi diapazonis arseboba, romelic SeiZleba
Sizofreniis mizezs an Sedegs warmoadgendes. rogor uwyobs xels garemos
maxasiaTeblebi risk-jgufSi Semaval adamianebs daavadebis ganviTarebaSi?

ojaxuri urTierToba, rogorc stresori

rogorc Znelia imis mtkiceba, rom Zalze specifikuri biologiuri faqtori

Sizofreniis sakmarisi mizezia, aseve, ver vityviT gadaWriT, rom fsiqologiuri
faqtori aucilebelia pirobaa amisaTvis. sociologebi, ojaxis Terapevtebi da
fsiqologebi ikvleven ojaxSi roluri urTierTobebisa da komunikaciis stilis
gavlenas Sizofreniis ganviTarebaze. gamokvlevis mizania garemos im pirobebis
dadgena, romelic zrdis Sizofreniis albaTobas da risk-jgufSi Semavali
individebis dacva am pirobebisgan.
mkvlevrebs gaaCniaT im TeoriaTa empiriuli dasabuTeba, romlebic xazs usvams
mSoblebis urTierTobaSi gadaxrebis (deviaciebis) zegavlenas Sizofreniis
 727
ganviTarebaze (Milkowitz, 1994; Wearden et al., 2000). am gadaxrebSi Sedis ojaxSi saerTo
yuradRebis ganawilebis SeuZlebloba; mSoblebis mier ojaxis danarCeni wevrebis
mosazrebebis gaTvaliswinebis an gasagebi da zusti komunikaciis sirTuleebi.
kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom im ojaxis metyvelebis paternebi, sadac Sizofreniis mqone
wevri cxovrobs, naklebi gulisxmierebiTa da naklebi interpersonaluri
mgrZnobelobiT xasiaTdeba, vidre Cveulebrivi ojaxebis.
gadauWreli rCeba sakiTxi: _ devianturi ojaxis struqtura Sizofreniis
mizezia, Sizofreniis simptomebis mqone individze reaqciaa, Tu erTic aris da
meorec (Rosenfarb et al., 1995)? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad mkvlevrebi prospeqtul
(momavalze orientirebul) kvlevebs axorcieleben: isini zomaven ojaxis
funqcionirebas, raTa naxon, Tu romeli paterni uZRvis win Sizofreniis
ganviTarebas an mis ganmeorebas momavalSi. magaliTad, erT-erTi kvleva Seexeboda
pacientTa naTesavebis empaTiis unars, rac maT mier pacientebis guneba-
ganwyobilebis mdgomareobis wvdomisa da gagebis SesaZleblobaSi gamoixateboda
(Giron & Gomez-Beneyto, 1998). ori wlis Semdeg im pacientebTan ufro meti iyo
Sizofreniis simptomTa gameorebis albaToba, romelTa naTesavebsac empaTiis
dabali done aReniSnebodaT. am kvlevis Sedegebi Tanxvdeba sxva kvlevebiT
miRebul monacemebs, romlis Tanaxmadac, ojaxis faqtori mniSvnelovan rols
asrulebs individis funqcionirebaSi simptomebis pirvelad gamoCenis Semdeg.

saidan viciT

emociis gamoxatva da simptomis gameoreba

Sizofreniis dros ojaxuri komunikaciis rolis Sesaswavlad, mkvlevrebma

gansazRvres cneba emociis gamoxatva. emociis gamoxatvis maRali xarisxis mqoned
miiCnevdnen ojaxebs, Tu pacientis mimarT mravlad gamoiTqmeboda kritikuli
komentarebi, Tu ojaxis wevrebi Warbad iyvnen CarTulni pacientis cxovrebaSi
(vTqvaT, iyvnen zedmetad mzrunvelni da momabezrebelni) da Tu maT zogadad
arakeTilganwyobili damokidebuleba hqondaT pacientisadmi. erT kvlevaSi
Segrovda monacemebi Sizofreniis mqone 65 pacientis ojaxis Sesaxeb, romlebic
SedarebiT stabilur periodebSi saxlSi cxovrobdnen. TiToeuli ojaxi
fasdeboda emociis gamoxatvis moculobis mixedviT: rodesac cxra Tvis Semdeg
Seafases pacientTa mdgomareoba, emociis gamoxatvis maRali xarisxis mqone
 728

ojaxebSi mcxovreb pacientTa 50%-s aReniSneboda ganmeorebiTi simptomatika maSin,

roca analogiuri mdgomareoba emociis gamoxatvis dabali xarisxis mqone
ojaxebSi mcxovreb pacientTa mxolod 17%-Tan dafiqsirda. TumcaRa, emociis
gamoxatvis zogierTi aspeqti sasargeblo aRmoCnda pacientebisaTvis. is pacientebi,
romelTa ojaxebic metad iyvnen CarTulni mis cxovrebaSi, cxra Tvis Semdeg
socialurad ukeT Seguebulni aRmoCndnen. albaT, rigiduli ojaxuri garemo
arTulebs saavadmyofodan gare samyaroSi gasvlas (King & Dixon, 1996).

es kvleva imeorebs zogad models: Svilebis mimarT mSoblebis kritikis,

mtruli damokidebulebisa da momabezreblobis SemcirebasTan erTad, Sesabamisad,
mcirdeba mwvave Sizofreniuli simptomebis gameorebis sixSire da ganmeorebiTi
hospitalizaciis saWiroeba (Wearden et al., 2000). qveteqsti isaa, rom mkurnaloba
mimarTul unda iqnes mTel ojaxze, rogorc sistemaze, raTa Seicvalos
daavadebuli Svilisadmi damokidebulebis stili.
Sizofreniis Cvens mier ganxiluli mTeli rigi interpretaciebis da
mniSvnelovani kvlevebis miuxedavad Riad darCenili kiTxvebi gviCvenebs, Tu
ramdenad bevria kidev Sesaswavli am mZlavri fsiqologiuri aSlilobis Sesaxeb.
garTulebul gagebas iwvevs is faqti, rom Sizofreniad wodebuli fenomeni,
albaT, ukeTesia ganvixiloT, rogorc aSlilobaTa jgufi, TiToeuli SesaZlo
calkeuli mizezebiT. genetikuri midrekileba, Tavis tvinSi mimdinare problemebi
da ojaxuri urTierTobebi _ TiToeuli maTgani ganisazRreba, rogorc monawile,
sul mcire, zogierT SemTxvevaSi. mkvlevrebs jer kidev gansasazRvri aqvT im
elementTa kombinirebis konkretuli gzebi, romelTac Sifozreniis ganviTarebamde
mivyavarT.

Sejameba
Sizofreniis simptomebSi Sedis aralogikuri azrovneba, halucinaciebi, bodvebi,
araTanmimdevruli metyveleba, gasadavebuli emociebi da dezorganizebuli
fsiqomotoruli qceva. arsebobs Sizofreniis xuTi tipi: dezorganizebuli,
katatonikuri, paranoiduli, aradiferencirebuli da rezidualuri. arsebobs
Sizofreniis genetikurad gadacemis utyuari dasabuTeba. garda amisa, mkvlevrebma
am aSlilobasTan SeWiduli Tavis tvinis anomaliebi da sxva biologiuri
maniSneblebic aRmoaCines. ojaxuri urTierTobebis garkveulma paternebma, maT
 729
Soris emociis gamoxatvam, SeiZleba xeli Seuwyos Sizofreniuli aSlilobis
warmoqmnas, mimdinareobas an gameorebas.

fsiqikuri daavadebis daRi (stigma)

winamdebare Tavis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes amocanas fsiqikuri daavadebis,

rogorc gasaidumloebulisa da mistikuris, Sesaxeb warmodgenis gabaTileba
warmoadgenda. es dagexmarebaT, gaigoT, rom paTologiuri qceva sinamdvileSi
sruliad Cveulebrivi da gavrcelebuli movlenaa. fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis
mqone adamianebs xSirad devianturis (normidan gadaxrilis) iarliys awebeben;
sazogadoeba Zvir sazRaurs moiTxovs maTgan, vinc scildeba misi normis
farglebs (ix. suraTi 15.7). Tumca, devianturis iarliyi ar Seesatyviseba arsebul
realobas: rodesac aSS-s axalgazrda da Sua asakis mozrdilebis 50%-s cxovrebis
manZilze erTxel mainc aReniSneba romelime fsiqiatriuli aSliloba (Kessler et al.,
1994). fsiqopaTologia, statistikurad mainc, SedarebiT normis farglebSi
Tavsdeba.
• daRi (Stigma) _ individze an jgufze adamianebis uaryofiTi reaqcia garkveuli
savaraudo arasrulfasovnebis an gansxvavebulobis gamo, rac damamcireblad
moqmedebs maTze.

„normalur cxovrebaSi“ fsiqopaTologiis SeWris sixSiris dadgenisda

miuxedavad, fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis mqone adamianebs xSirad iseT daRs
asvamen, romelsac ar vxvdebiT fizikurad daavadebulTa SemTxvevaSi. daRi (stigma)
aris samarcxvino niSani; fsiqologiur konteqstSi es aris pirovnebisadmi
uaryofiTi damokidebulebebis erToblioba, romelic mijnavs mas, rogorc
miuRebels (clausen, 1981). gavixsenoT Tavis dasawyisSi citirebuli sityvebi: _
„pacientsa da sazogadoebas ganaTleba sWirdebaT fsiqikuri daavadebis Sesaxeb,
radganac adamianebi dagvcinian da arasworad gveqcevian, zogjer arasworadac
esmiT Cveni gadamwyvet momentebSi“. sxva gamojanmrTelebuli pacienti wers: _
„CemTvis fsiqikuri daavadebis daRi iseTive damangreveli iyo, rogorc Tavad
saavadmyofoSi yofna“. igi cxadad aRwers Tavis pirad gamocdilebas:
fsiqikuri daavadebis mizeziT saavadmyofoSi moxvedramde SesaSuri
cxovrebiT vcxovrobdi. Cemi albomi savse iyo jildoebiT, premiebiTa da
mosawvevebiT... fsiqikuri daavadebis krizisi birTvul afeTqebasaviT iyo Cems
cxovrebaSi. yvelaferi, rac manamde vicodi da siamovnebas maniWebda,
 730
moulodnelad Seicvala, ucnauri bunebrivi ukuprocesis msgavsad _ mSvenieri
peplidan Wuprisken. es iyo nawilobriv arCeulis, nawilobriv _ Tavsmoxveuli
Cemi cxovrebis xarisxis Sekaveba, SezRudva, Caketva. mravaljeradma uaryofam,
Cems irgvliv arsebuli sxvebis mouqnelobam da Cemma sakuTarma diskomfortma
da TviTcnobierebam ganmartoebuli Caketilobisken mibiZga.
fsiqikuri daavadebisgan gamojanmrTeleba da misi Sedegebi brZolas moicavda
_ brZolas winaaRmdeg Cemi sakuTari sxeulisa, romelic energiisgan daclilad
da amtanobas moklebulad gamoiyureboda, da sazogadoebisa, romelic
uxalisod miRebda (Houghtin 1980, pp.7-8).
fsiqologiuri darRvevebis mqone adamianebisadmi uaryofiT damokidebulebas
mravali wyaro aqvs: masobrivi informaciis saSualebebi fsiqiatriul pacientebs
Zaladobis Semcveli danaSaulisken midrekilebas miaweren; miRebulia xumroba
fsiqikurad daavadebul adamianebze; ojaxebi uaryofen erT-erTi wevris fsiqikur
sirTuleebs; samarTlebrivi terminologia xazs usvams fsiqikur uunarobas. garda
amisa, adamianebi Tavad asvamen sakuTar Tavs daRs imiT, rom malaven arsebul
fsiqologiur sirTuleebs an fsiqiatriul klinikaSi yofnis gamocdilebas.
mkvlevrebma daadgines mTeli rigi gzebisa, romliTac fsiqikuri daavadebis
daRi uaryofiTad zemoqmedebs adamianTa cxovrebaze (Farina et al., 1996; Wright et al.,
2000). fsiqikuri daavadebis mizeziT klinikaSi moxvedrili 84 mamakacisgan Semdgar
SerCevaSi 6%-ma aRniSna, rom saavadmyofoSi moxvedris gamo dakarga samuSao; 10%-s
uari uTxres binis an oTaxis daqiravebaze; 37%-s sxvebi Tavs aridebdnen; 45%
aRniSnavda, rom fsiqikuri daavadebis gamocdilebas sxvebi maTTvis tkivilis
misayeneblad iyenebdnen. mxolod 6%-s ar hqonia uaryofis SemTxvevebi (Link et al.,
1997). mamakacTa am jgufma mkurnalobis erTwliani kursi gaiara, rasac maTi
fsiqikuri janmrTelobis mniSvnelovani gaumjobeseba mohyva, Tumca, wlis bolos
ar aRiniSneboda cvlilebebi maT mier daRis aRqmaSi: miuxedavad maTi
funqcionirebis gaumjobesebisa, pacientebs ukve aRar hqondaT garemosgan keTilad
mopyrobis molodini. am tipis kvlevam aCvena, rom mraval adamians ambivalenturi,
gaorebuli damokidebuleba aqvs fsiqikuri aSlilobebisadmi: daxmarebisken
swrafva da aSlilobis mqone adamianTa problemebisTvis iarliyis miwebebis
daSveba. aseT damokidebulebas Semsubuqebac moaqvs da daRic; mkurnaloba
aumjobesebs cxovrebis xarisxs, daRi ki, amave dros, auaresebs mas (Rosenfield, 1997).
 731
damatebiT sirTules qmnis is faqti, rom fsiqikuri daavadebis mqone adamianebi
xSirad axdenen uaryofis molodinebis internalizacias (gaSinagnebas)∗, ramac,
Tavis mxriv, SeiZleba uaryofiTi urTierTqmedeba gamoiwvios (Link et al., 1997).
ganvixiloT qvemoT aRwerili klasikuri eqsperimenti.

saidan viciT

uaryofis molodini
ocdacxra mamakacma, romlebic manamde fsiqikuri daavadebis mizeziT iyvnen
klinikaSi moTavsebulni, sakuTari surviliT miiRes monawileoba winamdebare
kvlevaSi. maT icodnen, rom kvleva yofil fsiqiatriul pacientebTan samuSaos
povnasTan dakavSirebul sirTuleebs exeboda. cdis pirebs acnobes, rom maT
saqmiani dawesebulebidan mowveul kadrebis momzadebis specialistTan, trenerTan
mouwevdaT urTierToba. cdis pirTa erT naxevars uTxres, rom trenerma icoda
maTi statusis (yofili fsiqiatriuli pacientebi) Sesaxeb; meore naxevars ki
uTxres, rom treners isini saavadmyofoSi myof samedicino an qirurgiul
pacientebad miaCnda. realurad, „treneri“ eqsperimentatoris mokavSire iyo,
romelmac araferi icoda imaze, Tu ra icodnen cdis pirebma misi codnis Sesaxeb.
amgvarad, man ar icoda, Tu romeli cdis piri fiqrobda, rom mas hqonda
informacia maTi eqs-pacientobis Sesaxeb. Sesabamisad, nebismieri gansxvaveba
urTierTobaSi im drois ganmavlobaSi, romelic erTad unda gaetarebinaT cdis
pirebsa da eqsperimentatoris asistents, SeiZleboda cdis pirTa molodinebisTvis
migvewera. aRmoCnda, rom pacientebi, romelTac sjerodaT, rom eqs-fsiqiatriuli
pacientebis iarliys atarebdnen, naklebs laparakobdnen sesiis ganmavlobaSi da
efeqturad warmoadgines Tavi erToblivi amocanis Sesrulebisas. metic, am jgufis
cdis pirebs asistentma ufro „daZabuli da mSfoTvare“ uwoda imis codnis gareSe,
Tu romel jgufs miekuTvnebodnen isini (Farina et al., 1971).

aq mniSvnelovania daskvna, rom adamianebma, romelTac sjeraT, rom sxvebma maT

„fsiqikuri daavadebis“ iarliyi miawebes, SeiZleba imgvarad Secvalon
urTierTqmedeba, rom WeSmariti diskomforti SeeqmnaT: uaryofis molodinma

∗
internalizacia _ gaSinagneba da ara _ gaTaviseba, radgan gaTaviseba niSnavs cnobierebis komponentis
arsebobas _ adamiani cnobierad iTavisebs informacias, xolo gaSinagneba gulisxmobs iracionlauri
komponentis arsebobas, romelic cnobierebis miRma, avtomaturad Semodis.
 732
SeiZleba warmoSvas uaryofa; fsiqikuri daavadeba kidev erT samwuxaro
TviTganxorcielebad winaswarmatyvelebas SeiZleba iqces.
bolo SeniSnva daRis Sesaxeb: kvlevam aCvena, rom im adamianTa
damokidebulebebi, visac warsulSi kontaqti hqonia fsiqikuri daavadebis mqone
adamianTan, naklebad ganicdis daRis moqmedebas. magaliTad, studentebi,
romlebmac waikiTxes Sizofreniisgan gankurnebuli jimis Sesaxeb, ufro
optimisturad uyurebdnen mis momavals im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac maT ukve hqondaT
fsiqikuri aSlilobis mqone individTan urTierTobis gamocdileba (Penn et al., 1999).
aseve, studentebis mier Sizofreniis mqone pacientebisgan momdinare safrTxis
Sefaseba SedarebiT naklebi iyo, Tu maT gamocdilebaSi hqondaT maTTan
urTierToba (Penn et al., 1999). vimedovnebT, rom winamdebare da Semdeg TavTan
gacnoba dagexmarebaT Tqveni mosazrebebis (Tu ras niSnavs, iyo fsiqikurad avad
da ras niSnavs iyo „gankurnebuli“) modifikaciasa da fsiqikurad daavadebuli
individebis mimarT tolerantulobisa da TanagrZnobis momatebaSi.
fsiqopaTologiasTan gacnobisas Tqven SegeZloT SegeTvisebinaT normis,
realobisa da socialuri Rirebulebebis cnebebi. fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis
Secnobis, mkurnalobisa da, saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, profilaqtikis gzebis Ziebisas
mkvlevrebi ara marto exmarebian maT, vinc itanjeba am aSlilobebisgan da
cxovrebiseuli sixarulis miRma rCeba, aramed afarToeben adamianis bunebis
fundamentur gagebas. rogor axdenen fsiqologebi da fsiqiatrebi araswori
fsiqikuri procesebis sworad warmarTvas da usargeblo qcevebis Secvlas? amas
Terapevtebisadmi miZRvnil Semdeg TavSi vnaxavT.

Sejameba
fsiqikurad daavadebulad wodebuli mravali adamiani itanjeba stigmisgan.
stigmam pirovnebaTSorisi da sazogadoebrivi gaucxoebis sxvadasxva forma
SeiZleba warmoqmnas. pacientebi mkurnalobis Sedegad fsiqikuri daavadebis
Semsubuqebis SemTxvevaSic ki ganicdian stigmis zemoqmedebas. metic, Tavad
pacientebis molodinebma maTze sxvebis SesaZlo reaqciebis Taobaze, SeiZleba
gamoiwvios is uaryofiTi reaqciebi, risic ase eSiniaT maT.

sakvanZo sakiTxebi
 733
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis buneba

paTologiebis Sesaxeb daskvna keTdeba im xarisxis mixedviT, ra xarisxiTac

pirovnebis moqmedeba Tanxvdeba indikatorTa erTobliobas, romelSic Sedis
distresi, araadekveturoba, araracionaluroba, araprognozirebadoba,
araSablonuroba, damkvirveblis diskomforti da socialuri normebis
standartebis darRveva.

adreul periodSi fsiqikurad daavadebul adamianebs xSirad epyrobodnen,
rogorc demonebiT Sepyrobilebs an arasrulfasovan, adamianze dabla mdgom
arsebebs.

fsiqikuri daavadebisadmi Tanamedrove midgomebis warmoqmna daiwyo imis
gacnobierebiT, rom fsiqikuri aSlilobebi avadmyofobaa, romelic
mkurnalobas saWiroebs.

arsebobs mTeli rigi midgomebisa, romelic ikvlevs fsiqopaTologiis
etiologias.

biologiuri midgoma Tavis tvinis paTologiebze, bioqomiur procesebsa da
genetikur zegavlenaze fokusirdeba.

fsiqologiur midgomebSi moiazreba fsiqodinamikuri, bihevioraluri,
kognituri da sociokulturuli modelebi.

fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis klasifikacia

fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis saklasifikacio sistema unda uzrunvelyofdes

fsiqopaTologiisa da specifikuri SemTxvevebis zogadi tipebis Sesaxeb
komunikaciis saerTo, sayovelTaod miRebul parametrebs (common shorthand).

yvelaze farTod miRebul sadiagnostiko da saklasifikacio sistemas DSM-IV-TR
warmoadgens.

DSM-IV-TR xuTRerZian mravalganzomilebian sistemas iyenebs, rac exmareba
fsiqikuri janmrTelobis profesionalebs im fsiqologiuri, fizikuri da
socialuri faqtorebis ganxilvisas, romelic SesaZloa romelime konkretul
aSlilobas Seesabamebodes.

fsiqologiuri
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis ZiriTadi tipebi
 734

SfoTviTi aSlilobebis xuTi ZiriTadi tipi arsebobs, esenia: generalizebuli,
panikuri, fobiuri, obsesiur-kompulsuri da posttravmaturi stresis
aSliloba.

guneba-ganwyobilebis aSlilobebSi moiazreba emociis darRvevebi. yvelaze
gavrcelebul afeqtur aSlilobas klinikuri depresiuli aSliloba
warmoadgens maSin, roca bipolaruli aSliloba gacilebiT iSviaTia.

suicidi yvelaze xSiria depresiis mqone adamianebSi.

biologiuri da fsiqologiuri axsna SfoTviTi da guneba-ganwyobilebis
aSlilobebis etiologiis sxvadasxva aspeqts ganixilavs.

pirovnuli aSlilobebi warmoadgens aRqmis, azrovnebisa da qcevis xangrZliv
da xist paternebs, romelic auaresebs individis funqcionirebas.

disociaciuri aSlilobebi gulisxmobs pirovnuli identobis, mexsierebisa da
cnobierebis integralurad funqcionirebis darRvevas.

Sizofreniuli aSlilobebi

Sizofrenia fsiqopaTologiis mwvave formaa, romelic xasiaTdeba aRqmis,

emociebis, qcevisa da metyvelebis ukiduresi darRveviT.

arsebobs Sizofreniis xuTi qvetipi, esenia: dezorganizebuli, katatoniuri,
paranoiduli, aradiferencirebuli da rezidualuri.

Sizofreniis savaraudo mizezebi damamtkicebeli sabuTebi aRmoCenilia
sxvadasxva faqtorebSi, maT Soris aris genetikuri, Tavis tvinis paTologiebi
da ojaxuri procesebi.

fsiqikuri daavadebis daRi

fsiqologiuri aSlilobis mqone adamianebs xSirad iseT iarliyebs awebeben,

romelsac ar vxvdebiT fizikurad daavadebuli adamianebis SemTxvevaSi.

miuxedavad imisa, rom fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis mkurnalobas dadebiT
cvlilebebamde mivyavarT, fsiqikur daavadebasTan dakavSirebuli daRi
cxovrebis xarisxze uaryofiT gavlenas axdens.

ZiriTadi cnebebi
• agorafobia
• bipolaruli aSliloba
• bodva
 735
• generalizebuli SfoTviTi aSliloba
• guneba-ganwyobilebis aSliloba
• daswavlili umweoba
• disociaciuri amnezia
• disociaciuri aSliloba
• disociaciuri identobis aSliloba
• DSM-IV-TR
• etiologia
• klinikuri depresiuli aSliloba
• komorbidi
• maniakaluri epizodi
• midrekileba-stresis hipoTeza
• nevrotuli aSliloba
• obsesiur-kompulsuri aSliloba
• paTofsiqologia
• panikuri aSliloba
• pirovnuli aSliloba
• posttravmatuli stresis aSliloba
• stigma (daRi)
• fsiqoturi aSliloba
• fsiqologiuri diagnozi
• fsiqopaTologiuri funqcionireba
• fobia
• Seuracxadoba
• Sizofreniuli aSliloba
• SiSi
• SfoTviTi aSliloba
• socialuri fobia
• specifikuri fobiebi
• halucinaciebi

Tavi 16. pirovnebis cvlilebebis Terapiebi

• Terapiuli konteqsti
konteqsti
 736
 miznebi da ZiriTadi Terapiebi
 Terapevtebi da Terapiuli garemo
 istoriuli da kulturuli konteqsti

• fsiqodinamikuri Teoria
 froidis fsiqoanalizi
 neofroidianuli Terapiebi

• fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi: sdevs Tu ara gandevnili mogonebebi

adamians mTeli cxovrebis manZilze?
• bihevioraluri Terapia
 kontrganpirobeba
 pirobiTi ganmamtkiceblebis marTva
 socialuri daswavlis Terapia
 generalizaciis teqnikebi

• kognituri Terapiebi
 kognitur bihevioraluri modifikacia
 mcdari warmodgenebis Secvla

• fsiqologia 21-
21-e saukuneSi: Terapia kompiuteris saukuneSi
saukuneSi

• egzistencialur-
egzistencialur-humanisturi Terapiebi
 klientze centrirebuli Terapia
 geStalt-Terapia

• jgufuri Terapiebi
 ojaxuri wyvilebisa da ojaxis Terapia
 sazogadoebrivi mxardaWeris jgufebi

• biosamedicino Terapiebi
 fsiqoqirurgia da eleqtrokonvulsiuri Terapia
 farmakoTerapia

• ramdenad muSaobs Terapia?

 Terapiis Sedegianobis Sefaseba
 mkurnalobis Sefasebebi
 prevenciis strategiebi
 737
• sakvanZo sakiTxebi
 ZiTiTadi cnebebi
avtobiografiaSi “mxeci” treisi tomsoni (1995) aRwers 25 wlian brZolas
depresiasTan. am nawyvetSi tomsoni aRwers Tavis adreul urTierTobas qalTan,
romelsac sxvisi rCeviT mimarTa daxmarebisTvis.

“is fsiqoTerapevti iyo. me mas amanda meihiud movixsenieb. Cven erTad unda
gagvetarebina Semdgomi aTi weliwadis umetesi nawili.
amanda iyo saSualo asakis, masiuri, gemovnebiT Cacmuli, gawonasworebuli qali.
misi kilo, romelic Cem gamocdil smenas ar gamoparvia, maRal sazogadoebaSi
aRzrdaze an, sul cota, samxreTul daxvewilobaze mianiSnebda. misi ofisi
atlantis feSenebelur nawilSi, baqhedSi mdebareobda.
pirvel Sexvedraze SevTanxmdiT, rom Semxvdeboda kviraSi erTxel,
oTxSabaTobiT, saaTSi ormocdaTxuTmeti dolaris safasurad.
amanda Wkviani da kompetenturi qali Canda, romelsac SeeZlo CemTvis
daxmarebis gaweva. magram, rogorc Tavad miTxra, Terapia ar iqneboda advili da
oridan xuT wlamde intensiuri muSaoba dagvWirdeboda. ori-xuTi weli CemTvis
patimrobis tolfasi iyo.
dasawyisSi, 1977 wlis zamTarSi, masTan yovelkvireuli seansebi Cemi
stabilurobis saSualeba iyo, radgan vicodi, rom Cem qaotur azrebs mousmendnen
da seriozulad aRiqvamdnen. gasul gazafxuls dawyebulma depresiam nel-nela
iklo. gazafxulisTvis Tavs vgrZnobdi ukeTesad – ara bednierad, magram
TviTmkvlelobasTan dakavSirebuli fiqrebi aRar mawuxebda. axla vfiqrob, rom
Terapia realurad amuSavda.
Tumca, rodesac Zlierma krizisma gadaiara, seansebi deda-Svilis xangrZliv
brZolas daemsgavsa. amandasTan SemeZlo xmis amaRleba, rasac ver vaxerxebdi
dedasTan. saxlSi arasodes vyofilvar Cem nebaze; dedaCems imdenad esaWiroeboda
simSvide da usafrTxoeba, rom mozardisTvis Cveuli gasarTobebi _ lawiraki
biWebi, Cum-Cumad kanafis moweva, uxeSi, uxamsi musika _ anadgurebda mas, dedaCemi
amandam Caanacvla... amandas imisTvis uxdida dedaCemi fuls, rom CemTvis gaeZlo. es
Taviseburad SesaniSnavi sistema iyo _ erTTgvari pasiur-agresiuli janyi” (gv. 62-
65).
 738
am nawyvetSi mocemulia pirovnuli cvlilebebis Terapiis mravali TvalsaCino
maxasiaTebeli. umniSvnelovanesia, rom, tomsonis TqmiT, man fsiqoTerapiuli
kursis Sedegad Tavi ukeT igrZno, Tumca, es ar iyo myisieri Sedegi. tomsonis
depresia imdenad damangreveli iyo, rom mas uwyveti mkurnaloba esaWiroeboda.
aseve, monaTxrobidan Cans, rom Terapiuli urTierTobebi pirovnuli
urTierTobebia. amandas, fsiqoTerapevts, hqonda garkveuli Tvisebebi, romlebic
dasawyisSi dadebiTad moqmedebda tomsonis fsiqikur janmrTelobaze, magram
Terapiis msvlelobisas, amave Tvisebebma igi tomsonis dedis “Semcvlelad” aqcia.
winamdebare TavSi SevexebiT TiToeul dasaxelebul Temas. ganvixilavT
Terapiis tipebs, romlebic pirovnuli kontrolis aRdgenaSi exmareba mTeli rigi
aSlilobebis mqone adamianebs. davsvamT mravalismomcvel kiTxvebs: ra gavlenas
axdens istoriuli, kulturuli da socialuri Zalebi fsiqologiuri
aSlilobebis mkurnalobaze? rogor urTierTmoqmedebs erTmaneTTan Teoria,
kvleva da praqtika, rodesac mkvlevarebi qmnian da amowmeben mkurnalobis
meTodebs? rogor vimoqmedoT racionalurobas moklebul gonebaze, rogor
SevcvaloT arakontrolirebadi qceva da emociebi, rogor gamovasworoT tvinis
anomaliebi?
winamdebare TavSi ganixilulia Terapiis ZiriTadi tipebi, romelsac iyeneben
janmrTelobis dacvis sferoSi dakavebuli Tanamedrove profesionalebi. esenia
fsiqoanalizi, qcevis modifikacia, kognituri cvlilebebi, humanisturi Terapia da
farmakoTerapia. Cven ganvixilavT am meTodebis moqmedebis principebs. garda amisa,
SevafasebT, Tu ramdenad sandoa TiToeuli saxis Terapiis warmatebulobis Sesaxeb
mticebulebebi.

Terapiuli konteqsti

fsiqikuri aSlilobebis samkurnalod mravalgvari Terapia arsebobs. mravali

mizezis gamo iTxovs zogierTi adamiani (da zogic, saWiroebis miuxedavad, ar
iTxovs) daxmarebas. aseve, sxvadasxvagvaria Terapiis miznebi, is garemo, sadac
Terapia xorcieldeba da Tavad Terapevtebic, Tumca, pirovnebis cxovrebaSi
nebismieri aseTi Careva mowodebulia misi funqcionirebis garkveuli
mimarTulebiT Sesacvlelad.

miznebi da ZiriTadi Terapiebi

Terapiuli procesi SeiZleba moicavdes oTx ZiriTad Temas an mizans:

 739
1. problemuri momentebis diagnostireba, arsebuli problemisTvis,
savaraudod, saTanado fsiqiatriuli (DSM-IV-TR) kategoriis gansazRvra da
aSlilobis klasificireba.
2. savaraudo etiologiis dasaxeleba – aSlilobis SesaZlo mizezebis da
simptomTa funqciebis identificireba.
3. problemis Semdgomi ganviTarebis prognozireba anu Sefaseba
mkurnalobis SemTxvevaSi da mkurnalobis gareSe.
4. mkurnalobis garkveuli formebis SerCeva da ganxorcieleba, romliTac
SesaZlebeli gaxdeba Semawuxebeli simptomebis Semcireba an gaqroba da, Tu
moxerxda, maTi mizezebis mospobac.
Tu tvins kompiuters SevadarebT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom fsiqikuri problemebi
Tavs iCens an hardwere-Si, an _ software-Si, romelic aprogramebs mis funqcionirebas.
fsiqikuri aSlilobebis mkurnalobis ori ZiriTadi tipi mimarTulia an erTze, an
_ meoreze.

• biosamedicino Terapiebi (Biomedical therapies) _ fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis

mkurnaloba, romelic cvlis tvinis funqcionirebas qimiuri an fizikuri
Carevis gziT, rogoricaa medikamentebiT mkurnaloba, qirurgia an
eleqtrokonvulsiuri Terapia.

• fsiqoTerapia (Psychotherapy) _ TerapiaTa jgufidan nebismieri, romelic

gamoiyeneba fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis samkurnalod da fokusirebulia
konkretul aSlilobasTan dakavSirebuli araswori qcevis, azrebis,
aRqmebisa da emociebis Secvlaze.

biosamedicino Terapiebi fokusirdeba hardware-is anu im meqanizmebis Secvlaze,

romelic safuZvlad udevs centraluri nervuli sistemis moqmedebas. mas farTod
iyeneben fsiqiatrebi da eqimebi, rodesac cdiloben tvinis funqcionirebis
Secvlas qimiuri an fizikuri intervenciebiT; aq Sedis qirurgia, eleqtroSoki da
medikamentebi, romlebic uSualod zemoqmedebs tvini-sxeulis kavSirze.
fsiqologiuri Terapiebi, romelTac erTad fsiqoTerapias uwodeben, software-is
Secvlazea orientirebuli; misi samiznea adamianebis mier mcdarad daswavlili
sityvebi, azrebi, interpretaciebi da ukukavSiri, romelic ganapirobebs
yoveldRiuri cxovrebis strategiebs. am Terapiebs axorcieleben rogorc
 740
klinikuri fsiqologebi, ise _ fsiqiatrebi. arsebobs fsiqoTerapiis oTxi
ZiriTadi saxe: fsiqodinamikuri, bihevioraluri, kognituri da egzistencialur-
humanisturi.
fsiqodinamikuri midgoma nevrotul tanjvas Sinagani, dauZleveli travmis an
konfliqtis garegan simptomad miiCnevs. fsiqodinamikosi Terapevtebi fsiqikur
aSlilobebs “ganmakurnebeli saubriT” mkurnaloben, romlis drosac Terapevti
exmareba pirovnebas, rom man dainaxos kavSiri TvalsaCino simptomebsa da maT
SesaZlo gamomwvev gadauWrel dafarul konfliqtebs Soris.
bihevioraluri Terapia Tavad qcevas mkurnalobs, rogorc darRvevas, romelic
unda Seicvalos. aSlilobebi ganixileba, rogorc daswavlili qceviTi paternebi
da ara, rogorc fsiqikuri daavadebis simptomebi. qceva SeiZleba Seicvalos
sxvadasxva gziT, maT Soris, sasurveli da arasasurveli reaqciebis
ganmamtkiceblebis SecvliT, gamomuSavebuli reaqciebis CaqrobiT da problemis
efeqtianad gadaWris modelebis uzrunvelyofiT.
kognituri Terapia cdilobs adamianis azrovnebis nakadis restruqturizacias,
rasac problemis mizezis Sesaxeb pirovnebis mier Seqmnili, xSirad damangreveli
TviT-damarwmunebeli debulebebis SecvliT aRwevs. restruqturirebuli
kogniciebi, Tavis mxriv, cvlis pirovnebis midgomas siZneleebis gansazRvrisa da
axsnisadmi, rac xSirad problemebis daZlevis SesaZleblobas iZleva.
egzistencialur-humanistur tradiciebze aRmocenebuli Terapiebi pacientis
faseulobebze koncentrirdebian da mimarTulni arian TviT-aqtualizaciisaken,
fsiqologiuri zrdisaken, ufro Sinaarsiani pirovnebaTSorisi urTierTobebis
ganviTarebisaken. isini arsebiTad janmrTeli adamianebis funqcionirebis
gaumjobesebaze ufro fokusirdebian, vidre seriozuli darRvevebis mqone
individTa simptomebis koregirebaze.

Terapevtebi da Terapiuli garemo

rodesac fsiqologiuri problemebi Cndeba, adamianTa umetesoba nacnob wreebSi

eZebs araformalur konsultantebs. es SeiZleba iyos ojaxis wevri, uaxloesi
megobari, piradi eqimi, advokati, sayvareli maswavlebeli, xelmZRvaneloba an
sabWo. religiuri orientaciis adamianisTvis es SeiZleba iyos sasuliero piri.
sxvebi rCevisTvis mimarTaven da esaubrebian barmenebs, gamyidvelebs, taqsis
mZRolebsa da nebismiers, vinc mousmens maT. sazogadoebaSi arsebuli
 741
araformaluri Terapevtebis mxrebze mravali frustracia da konfliqti gadadis.
rodesac problemaTa diapazoni SemosazRvrulia, araprofesionalTa daxmareba
sakmaod didia.
miuxedavad imisa, rom dResdReobiT adamianebi ufro xSirad mimarTaven
Terapias, vidre adre, isini, Cveulebriv, mxolod maSin akiTxaven fsiqikuri
janmrTelobis specialistebs, rodesac fsiqologiuri problemebi mwvavdeba an
droSi xangrZlivdeba. am dros maT sxvadasxva saxis TerapevtTan SeuZliaT misvla.
fsiqolog-
fsiqolog-konsultanti,
konsultanti Cveulebriv, iseT sferoebSi uwevs adamianebs
megzurobas, rogoricaa profesiis arCeva, skolis problemebi, narkotikebix
moxmareba da ojaxuri konfliqti. xSirad, es konsultantebi muSaoben konkretul
problemebTan dakavSirebul garemoSi _ biznesis sferoSi, skolebSi, cixeebSi,
samxedroTa momsaxurebis centrebSi an raionul klinikebSi. isini iyeneben
intervius, testebs da iZlevian rCevebs, raTa daexmaron adamianebs konkretuli
problemebis gadaWrasa da arsebuli sirTuleebis daZlevaSi.
klinikuri socialuri muSaki fsiqikuri janmrTelobis specialistia, romelsac
amzadebs socialuri muSaobis skola da mowodebulia fsiqiatrebTan da klinikur
fsiqologebTan TanamSromlobisTvis. mravali fsiqiatrisa da fsiqologisgan
gansxvavebiT, am konsultantebs naswavli aqvT adamianTa problemebis socialuri
konteqstis gaTvaliswineba da amitom SeuZliaT Terapiis procesSi ojaxis
wevrebis CarTva an, sul mcire, klientis ojaxur Tu samuSao garemosTan gacnoba.
RvTismsaxuri-
RvTismsaxuri-konsultanti religiuri jgufis wevria, romelic fsiqologiuri
aSlilobebis mkurnalobaSi specializirdeba. xSirad es konsultantebi
sulierebaze zrunvas problemaTa praqtikul gadawyvetasTan aerTianeben.
klinikuri fsiqologi aris specialisti, romelic universitetSi
specializirdeba fsiqologiuri problemebis Sefasebasa da mkurnalobaSi;
klinikis pirobebSi, superviziis CaTvliT, gavlili unda hqondes internatura da
unda hqondes filosofiur an fsiqologiur mecnierebaTa doqtoris32 akademiuri
xarisxi. am fsiqologebs gacilebiT farTo codna aqvT fsiqologiaSi, testirebasa
da kvlevaSi, vidre fsiqiatrebs.

32
arsebobs doqtoris ori saxis xarisxi: (1) Ph.D _ filosofiur mecnierebaTa doqtori; eniWeba
nebismieri profesiis adamians, romelic akmayofilebs saTanado kriteriumebs; (2) magaliTad, M.D. _
xarisxi, romelic eniWeba romelime konkretuli specialobis mqone adamians, romelic aris Tavisi
saqmis profesionali da akmayofilebs saTanado kriteriumebs; am SemTxvevaSi medicinis
mecnierebaTa doqtori. (mTargmnelis SeniSnvna)
 742
fsiqiatri aris specialisti, romelsac miRebuli unda hqondes medicinis
doqtoris akademiuri xarisxisTvis saWiro sruli samedicino ganaTleba da, aseve,
doqtoranturis dasrulebis Semdeg gavlili unda hqondes specializacia
fsiqikur da emociur aSlilobebSi.
fsiqoanalitikosi aris medicinis an filosofiur mecnierebaTa doqtoris
akademiuri xarisxis mqone Terapevti, romelic doqtoranturaSi
specializirdeboda fsiqikuri aSlilobebis gagebisa da mkurnalobisadmi
froidiseul midgomaSi.
CamoTvlili specialistebi sxvadasxva garemoSi muSaoben. es SeiZleba iyos
saavadmyofoebi, klinikebi, skolebi da kerZo ofisebi. humanisturi orientaciis
zogierTi Terapevti, ufro bunebriv garemoSi muSaobis mizniT, sakuTar saxlSi
amjobinebs jgufuri seansebis Catarebas. TerapiebisTvis, romelic klientis
garemocvis CarTvasac gulisxmobs mkurnalobis procesSi, SeiZleba gamoiyos iseTi
adgilebi, rogoricaa calke Sesasvlelis mqone oTaxebi an samlocvelo saxlebi.
da bolos, Terapevtebi, romlebic klientebTan in vivo TerapiiT muSaoben, arsebul
problemebTan asocirebul garemoSi amjobineben muSaobas. magaliTad,
klientebTan, romelTac frenis eSiniaT, TviTmfrinavSi muSaoben, sociofobiis
mqone klientebTan ki _ xalxmraval savaWro centrebSi.
Terapiaze mosul adamians, rogorc wesi, klients an pacients uwodeben. termins
pacienti is specialistebi iyeneben, romlebic fsiqologiuri problemebis
mkuralobas biosamedicino kuTxiT udgebian, termins klienti ki _ isini, vinc
fsiqologiur aSlilobebs “cxovrebiseul problemebad” miiCneven da ara fsiqikur
daavadebad. Cven TiToeuli midgomis ganxilvisas misTvis damaxasiaTebel termins
gamoviyenebT: pacients biosamedicino da fsiqoanalituri TerapiebisTvis da
klients _ sxva danarCenisTvis.
vidre Tanamedrove Terapiebsa da Terapevtebze ufro dawvrilebiT
SevCerdebodeT, jer ganvixiloT fsiqikurad daavadebulTa mkurnalobis
ganviTarebis istoriuli pirobebi, Semdeg gavafarTovoT dasavluri kulturisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli xedvis kuTxe da sxva kulturebSi miRebul mkurnalobis
praqtikasac gavecnoT.

• fsiqolog-
fsiqolog-konsultanti (Counseling psychologist) _ fsiqologi, romelic
specializirdeba iseT sferoebSi, rogoricaa profesiis arCeva, saskolo
 743
problemebi, narkotikebis moxmareba da ojaxuri konfliqti.

• klinikuri socialuri muSaki (Clinical social worker) – specialuri programiT

momzadebuli fsiqikuri janmrTelobis profesionali, romelic adamianTa
problemebs socialur konteqstSi ganixilavs.

• RvTismsaxuri-
RvTismsaxuri-konsultanti
konsultanti (Pastoral counselor) – religiuri fenis
warmomadgeneli, romelic specializirdeba fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis
mkurnalobaSi da xSirad sulierebaze zrunvas problemaTa praqtikul
gadawyvetasTan aerTianebs.

• klinikuri fsiqologi (Clinical psychologist) – pirovneba, romelsac miRebuli

aqvs doqtoris xarisxi fsiqologiaSi da specializirdeba fsiqologiuri
problemebis Sefasebasa da mkurnalobaSi.

• fsiqiatri (Psychiatrist) – pirovneba, romelsac aqvs medicinis doqtoris

xarisxi da doqtoranturis dasrulebis Semdeg gavlili aqvs
specializacia fsiqikur da emociur aSlilobebSi. fsiqologiuri
aSlilobebis samkurnalod fsiqiatrs SeuZlia medikamentebis daniSvna.

• fsiqoanalitikosi (Psychoanalyst) _ pirovneba, romelsac aqvs medicinis an

filosofiur mecnierebaTa doqtoris xarisxi da romelic doqtoranturaSi
specializirdeboda fsiqikuri aSlilobebis gagebisa da mkurnalobisadmi
froidiseul midgomaSi.

• pacienti (Patient) – termini gamoiyeneba im pirovnebis aRsaniSnad, romlis

mimarTac xorcieldeba Terapiuli RonisZiebebi. mas iyeneben specialistebi,
romlebic fsiqologiuri problemebis mkuralobas biosamedicino kuTxiT
udgebian.

• klienti (Client) – termini gamoiyeneba im pirovnebis aRsaniSnad, romlis

mimarTac xorcieldeba Terapiuli RonisZiebebi. mas iyeneben specialistebi,
romlebic fsiqologiur aSlilobebs “cxovrebiseul problemebad”
miiCneven da ara fsiqikur daavadebad.

istoriuli da kulturuli konteqsti

 744
rogor gimkurnalebdnen gasul saukuneebSi, Tu fsiqologiuri problemebi
SegeqmnebodaT? Tu evropasa an aSS-Si icxovrebdiT, metad mosalodneli iqneboda,
rom mkurnaloba uSedego yofiliyo, Tumca, arc gavnebdaT rames. sxva kulturebSi
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis mkurnaloba, Cveulebisamebr, religiur da socialur
faseulobaTa ufro farTo konteqstSi ganixileboda da ufro adamianur
mopyrobasac imsaxurebda.

dasavluri mkurnalobis istoria

XIV saukunis dasavleT evropaSi mosaxleobis zrdam da migraciam umuSevroba
da socialuri gaucxoeba gamoiwvia, rasac, Tavis mxriv, siRaribe, danaSauli da
fsiqologiuri problemebi mohyva. maleve gaixsna specialuri dawesebulebebi,
sadac sazogadoebis sami axali “usargeblo” kategoriis _ RaribTa, damnaSaveTa
da fsiqikurad daavadebulTa _ warmomadgenlebs aTavsebdnen.
1403 wels londonis beTlemis wminda mariamis hospitalma fsiqologiuri
problemebis mqone pirveli pacienti miiRo. momdevno 300 wlis manZilze sulierad
daavadebul pacientebs jaWvebiT abamdnen, awamebdnen da garkveuli sazRauris
fasad xalxs gasarTobadac uCvenebdnen. droTa ganmavlobaSi beTlemis
transformirebuli dasaxeleba “bedlemi”33 qaosis sinonimad iqca, hospitalSi
gamefebuli saSineli uwesrigobisa da pacientebisadmi araadamianuri mopyrobis
gamo (Foucault, 1975).
fsiqologiuri problemebisadmi, rogorc fsiqikuri daavadebebisadmi,
damokidebuleba evropaSi mxolod XVIII saukunis bolosTvis gaCnda. 1801 wels
frangi eqimi filip pineli (Philippe Pinel) werda: “fsiqikurad daavadebuli
adamianebi, romlebic ar arian damnaSaveni da ar imsaxureben sasjels, avadmyofebi
arian, romelTa samwuxaro mdgomareoba imsaxurebs yvelanair zrunvasa da
yuradRebas, romelic nebismier tanjul adamianur arsebas ekuTvnis. unda vecadoT,
rom maT umartivesi saSualebebiT davubrunoT saRi goneba.” (Zilboorg & Henry, 1941,
pp. 233-324).
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi fsiqologiuri darRvevebis mqone adamianebs,
maTive da sazogadoebis usafrTxoebis mizniT, izolaciaSi amyofebdnen, Tumca, ar
mkurnalobdnen. XIX saukunis Sua wlebSi, rodesac fsiqologiam, rogorc
mecnierebis dargma, garkveuli ndoba da pativiscema moipova, qveyanaSi

33
badlam – inglisurad “bad”_ ”cudi”.
 745
“mkurnalobis kulti” gaCnda. im periodSi Seuracxadobas garemodan momdinare
stresis Sedegad miiCnevdnen, rasac axlad ganviTarebadi qalaqebis aurzaursa da
areulobas ukavSirebdnen. Sesabamisad, sigiJes socialur problemad aRiqvamdnen,
romelsac iseve esaWiroeboda “fsiqikuri higieniT” (Mental Hygiene) mkurnaloba,
rogorc gadamdeb fizikur daavadebas _ fizikuri higieniT.
1900-ian wlebSi kliford birsma (Clifford Beers) dasabami misca fsiqikuri higienis
moZraobas. droTa ganmavlobaSi fsiqikurad daavadebul pacientTa SezRudvas
axali sareabilitacio mizani gamouCnda. suliT avadmyofTa TavSesafrebi am
socialur-politikuri moZraobis ZiriTad elementad iqca. maT aTavsebdnen
soflad, qalaquri cxovrebis stresisgan moSorebiT mowyobil aseT TavSesafrebSi
ara marto dacvis, aramed mkurnalobis mizniTac (Rothman, 1971). samwuxarod,
mravali aseTi TavSesafari maleve gadaiWeda. reabilitaciis humanuri mizani
ucnauri adamianebis daSorebul adgilebSi moTavsebiT Seicvala. es uzarmazari
fsiqiatriuli dawesebulebebi, arasakmarisi odenobis momsaxure personaliT,
mcirediT Tu gansxvavdeboda darRvevebis mqone individebisTvis gankuTvnili
konteinerisgan (Scull, 1993). 1960-iani wlebidan reformatorebma aseTi TavSesafrebis
winaaRmdeg daiwyes gamosvla, sul mcire, im fsiqiatriuli pacientebis
deinstitucionalizaciis sasargeblod, visac ambulatoriuli mkurnalobisa da
saTanado sazogadoebrivi mxardaWeris pirobebSi normalurad SeeZloT
funqcionireba. samwuxarod, mravali deinstitucionalizebuli anu fsiqiatriuli
klinikidan gawerili pacienti ver iRebs saTanado daxmarebas Tavis sacxovrebel
adgilze. magaliTad, gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom seriozuli fsiqikuri daavadebis
mqone 438 individidan 24% usaxlkaro iyo (Kuno et al., 2000).

kulturuli
ku lturuli simboloebi da gankurnebis rituali
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis mkurnalobis istoriuli tendenciebis mimoxilva
dasavluri mosazrebebiTa da praqtikebiT Semoifargleboda, romelic xazs usvams
individis unikalurobas, damoukideblobas da warmatebasa Tu warumateblobaze
pirovnul pasuxismgeblobas. demonologia da daavadebis modeli igive aqcents
akeTebs da fsiqikur aSlilobas ganixilavs, rogorc pirovnebis SigniT mimdinare
process da individis marcxs.
mravali sxva kultura ar iziarebs am mosazrebas (Triandis, 1995).
anTropologebma gaaanalizes fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis axsnebi da
 746
mkurnalobisadmi midgomebi sxvadasxva kulturaSi (Bourguignon, 1979; Evans-Pritchard,
1937; Kluckhohn, 1944; Marsella, 1979). magaliTad, afrikul msoflmxedvelobaSi aqcenti
keTdeba TanamSromlobaze, urTierTdamokidebulebaze, tomis gadarCenaze,
bunebasTan erTianobasa da jgufur pasuxismgeblobaze (Nobles, 1976). fsiqikurad
daavadebuli adamianebis sazogadoebidan CamoSorebiT mkurnaloba ewinaaRmdegeba
mravali araevropuli kulturis azrovnebas. mraval afrikul kulturaSi
gankurneba socialur konteqstSi xorcieldeba; procesSi CarTulia daavadebulis
rwmena, ojaxi, samuSao da Cveuli garemo. Terapiis procesSi jgufuri mxardaWeris
gamoyenebis afrikuli praqtika daixvewa da ”qselur Terapiad” wodebul
procedurad Camoyalibda, sadac mkurnalobaSi CarTulia pacientis mTliani
garemocva _ naTesavebis, TanamSromlebisa da megobrebis CaTvliT (Lambo, 1978).
bevr kulturaSi fsiqikuri da fizikuri daavadebebis mkurnaloba religiasa da
jadoqrobas ukavSirdeba. gansakuTrebuli adamianebi, romelTac Samanebs uwodeben,
gansakuTrebul mistikur Zalas floben TavianTi daavadebuli TanamoZmeebisTvis
daxmarebis gasawevad. Samanizmi uZvelesi da mZlavri spiritualuri tradiciaa,
romelic TiTqmis 30 aTasi wlis manZilze gamoiyeneba. Samanistur tradiciaSi
tanjvasa da avadmyofobas uZlurebis Sedegad miiCneven. kulturuli rwmenis es
sistema bedisweris an iRbalis im uxilavi Zalebis personalizacias axdens,
romelic zemoqmedebs individis cxovrebaze da problemebs uqmnis mas. aseTi
personalizacia borot Zalebze uSualo zemoqmedebis da savaraudo
saswaulmoqmedi mkurnalis mxridan daxmarebis saSualebas iZleva (Middleton, 1967).
xSirad paTologiuri mdgomareoba, romelsac daavadebuli adamianis
Sepryrobilobis Sedegad miiCneven, icvleba mkurnali Samanis Terapiuli CareviT.
Zrwolvis gamosawvevad da cnobierebis mdgomareobis Sesacvlelad gamoiyeneba
dolebze dakvra, Selocvebi da sxva ritualebi, rac axali codnisa da Zalis
Ziebisken mimarTavs individs (Wash, 1990).
xalxuri gankurnebis ceremoniebSi mniSvnelovani funqcia ekisreba simboloebs,
miTebsa da ritualebs (Levi-Strauss, 1963). ritualuri gankurnebis ceremonia
gankurnebis process gansakuTrebul emociur intensiobasa da mniSvnelobas sZens.
is aZlierebs pacientis STagonebadobas da mniSvnelovnebis gancdas, SeSlilobis
dasamarcxeblad zebunebriv ZalebTan akavSirebs daavadebul adamians, Samansa da
Tems (Devereux, 1961). erT-erT Terapiul teqnikas, romelsac gankurnebis mraval
 747
ceremoniaSi iyeneben, cnobierebis disociacia ewodeba. am dros daavadebuli
adamiani an morwmune mkurnali cnobierebis Secvlil mdgomareobaSi gadadis.
dasavluri TvalsazrisiT, disociacia TavisTavad aris fsiqikuri aSlilobis
simptomi, romelic prevencias an gamosworebas saWiroebs. sxva kulturebSi ki
cnobierebis Secvlil mdgomareobaSi keTili sulebi esaubreba adamians da
boroti ganidevneba. cnobierebis ritualuri Secvla niu iorkis puertorikeli
“espiritistas” (Espiritistas) kultis RvTismsaxurebisas gamoiyeneba. maT gankurnebis
ceremoniaSi Sedis adamianis miRma arsebul keTil sulebTan urTierToba (Garrison,
1977).
miuxedavad imisa, rom Samanebi da sxva mkurnalebi gansakuTrebul rols
asruleben gankurnebis ritualebSi, makurnebeli Zala xSirad scildeba erT
konkretul mkurnals da gacilebiT did spiritualur Zalebs uerTdeba (Katz, 1982,
1993). fijize gavrcelebuli gankurnebis meTodebis aRwerisas fsiqologi riCard
kaci (Richard Katz) wers: “sulebTan kavSiri im Zalebisadmi damyolobas moiTxovs,
romelic scildeba erT konkretul mkurnals da gankurnebaSi mkurnalis wvlilis
Tavmdablur Sefasebas moiazrebs. fijeli mkurnali ar amtkicebs, rom Tavad
flobs manas (Temis winaprebisgan miRebul sulier Zalas) da mis makurnebel
moqmedebas ar aRiqvams sakuTar damsaxurebad (gv. 327-328). kaci naTlad gvaCvenebs
TvalsaCino sxvaobas aRwerilsa da dasavlur praqtikas Soris: “dasavlel eqims
ki, piriqiT, pretenzia aqvs mkurnalobisa da gankurnebis kontrolze.
kompetenturobas anu imis codnas, Tu ra aris gasakeTebeli, an, ukidures
SemTxvevaSi, sakuTari ucodinarobis ardanaxvas, ufro meti mniSvneloba eniWeba,
vidre adamianis bunebriv mowyvladobas daavadebisadmi” (gv. 28).
zogierTi es aradasavluri midgoma gzas ikvlevs dasavluri mkurnalobis
praqtikaSi (Katz, 1982, 1983). amis naTeli magaliTebia im uaxles Terapiul
midgomebSi socialur garemosTan urTierTqmedebis koncefciis gavlena da ojaxur
garemosa da mxardamWer garemocvaze mimarTuloba, romlebic xazs usvamen
sazogadoebrivi mxardaWeris sistemisa da ojaxuri Terapiis mniSvnelovnebas. sxva
dasavleli praqtikosebi SamanebTan erTad muSaoben, raTa SesaZlebeli gaxdes
dasavluri fsiqoTerapiisa (romelSic TviT-analizi moiazreba) da
koleqtivisturi sazogadoebebis Terapiebis (romelic individs arsebul
sazogadoebriv konteqstSi moazrebs) integrireba. es mcdeloba Terapias,
 748
kulturuli TvalsazrisiT, klientTa ufro farTo speqtrisTvis xdis misaRebs
(Kraut, 1990).
istoriuli tendenciebisa da zogierTi kulturuli variaciis mokle
mimoxilvis Semdeg, ufro dawvrilebiT ganvixiloT Tanamedrove praqtikaSi
gamoyebuli Terapiebi.

Sejameba

Terapiuli garemos mTavari mizania fsiqikuri daavadebis mizezebis gansazRvra

da mkurnalobis dagegmva. arsebobs biologiuri da fsiqologiuri mimarTulebis
Terapiebi. Terapevtebi bevrgan muSaoben da sxvadasxva saxis Terapiul meTodebs
iyeneben. dasavlur kulturaSi fsiqikurad daavadebul adamianebs, Tavdapirvelad,
sazogadoebisgan izolirebulad amyofebdnen. fsiqikuri daavadebis, rogorc
gankurnebadi avadmyofobis, modelis ganviTarebas ufro adamianuri mkurnalobis
meTodebis Seqmna mohyva. mravali aradasavluri kultura xazs usvams farTo
sazogadoebriv da spiritualur konteqsts, sadac viTardeba da ikurneba
fsiqikuri daavadeba. dasavleli praqtikosebi am sxva kulturebidan TandaTanobiT
iTviseben sazogadoebrivi mkurnalobis zogierT models.
• Samanizmi (Shamanizm) – spiritualuri tradicia, romelic moiazrebs
mkurnalobas da sulier samyarosTan kontaqts.
• ritualuri mkurnaloba (Ritual healing) – ceremonia, romelic mkurnalobis
process gansakuTrebul emociurobasa da mniSvnelobas sZens.

fsiqodinamikuri Terapiebi

fsiqodinamikuri Terapiebis SemTxvevaSi uSveben, rom pacientis problemebs

aracnobier impulsebsa da cxovrebiseuli situaciebidan momdinare SezRudvebs
Soris warmoqmnili daZabuloba warmoSobs, aSlilobis birTvsa da saTaveebs ki
Tavad daavadebul pirovnebaSi eZieben.

froidis fsiqoanalizi

fsiqoanalizi im saxiT, rogoric Seqmna zigmund froidma (Sigmund Freud),

warmoadgens intensiur da droSi gaxangrZlivebul Terapiul teqnikas, romelic
ikvlevs nevrotuli da mSfoTvare pirovnebis aracnobier motivebsa da
 749
konfliqtebs. rogorc wina TavebSi vnaxeT, froidis Teoriis mixedviT, SfoTviTi
aSlilobebi im Sinagani konfliqtebis adekvaturad mogvarebis unaris ar qonas
warmoadgens, romelic warmoiqmneba idis aracnobier, iracionalur impulsebsa da
superegos internalizirebul (anu gaSinagnebul) socialur moTxovnebs Soris.
fsiqoanalizis mizania intrafsiqikuri harmoniis damyareba, rac idis Zalebis
metad gacnobierebas, superegos moTxovnebisadmi zedmetad damyolobis
Semcirebasa da egos rolis gaZlierebas gulisxmobs.
TerapevtisTvis umniSvnelovanesia, gaarkvios, rogor iyenebs pacienti
represiis anu gandevnis process konfliqtebTan gamklavebisas. simptomi
ganixileba, rogorc aracnobieridan wamosuli Setyobineba imis Sesaxeb, rom
raRac ar aris wesrigSi. fsiqoanalitikosis amocanaa, daexmaros pacients
gandevnili azrebis cnobierebaSi amotanaSi da aRmoaCeninos34 arsebul simptomebsa
da gandevnil konfliqtebs Soris arsebuli kavSiri. fsiqodinamikuri
TvalsazrisiT, Terapia warmatebulia, pacienti ki _ gamojanmTelebuli mxolod
maSin, rodesac igi adreul bavSvobaSi ganxorcielebuli “gandevnisgan
gaTavisufldeba”. vinaidan Terapevtis ZiriTadi mizania pacientisTvis im kavSiris
danaxvisken anu insaitisken wayvana, romelic awmyoSi arsebul simptomebsa da
warsul gamocdilebas Soris arsebobs, fsiqodinamikur Terapias xSirad insaitur
Terapiasac uwodeben.
tradiciuli fsiqoanalizi didi xnis win gandevnili (anu daviwyebuli)
mogonebebis aRdgenisa da mtkivneuli grZnobebis gavliT efeqtian gadawyvetamde
misvlis mcdelobaa. Sesabamisad, es aris droSi gaxangrZlivebuli anu
grZelvadiani Terapia (romelic SeiZleba, sul mcire, ramdenime weliwadi _
kviraSi xuT seansamde _ grZeldebodes). garda amisa, is saWiroebs kargi
metyvelebis mqone introspeqciul pacientebs, romelic sakmarisad Zlierad arian
motivirebulni TerapiisTvis da SeuZliaT soliduri Tanxis gadaxda.
(fsiqodinamikuri Terapiis SedarebiT gviandel formebSi gacilebiT
Semoklebulia Terapiuli procesis xangrZlioba.) gandevnili konfliqtebis
gacnobierebasa da maT mogvarebaSi pacientisTvis daxmarebis gasawevad
fsiqodinamikuri tradiciebiT momuSave Terapevtebi iyeneben sxvadasxva teqnikebs;

34
aq originalur teqstSi gamoyenebulia sityva insight, romelic “wvdomas” da “intuicias” niSnavs.
es termini Targmanis gareSec xSirad gamoiyeneba amave konteqstSi (magaliTad, “emociuri insaiti”
an “inteleqtualuri insaiti”) Tumca, am konkretul SemTxvevaSi umjobesad CaiTvala misi Targmna
(mTargmnelis SeniSvna).
 750
esenia: Tavisufali asociaciebi, winaaRmdegobis analizi, sizmrebis analizi,
gadatanisa da kontrgadatanis analizi.
• fsiqoanalizi (Psychoanalysis) – fsiqodinamikuri Terapia, romelic Seqmna
froidma; es aris intesiuri da droSi gaxangrZlivebuli teqnika, romelic
mowodebulia nevrotuli da mSfoTvare individebis aracnobieri motivebisa
da konfliqtebis gamosakvlevad.
• insaituri Terapia (Insight Therapy) – teqnika, romliTac Terapevts pacienti
mihyavs im kavSiris danaxvisken, aRmoCenisken anu insaitisken, romelic
awmyoSi arsebul simptomebsa da warsul gamocdilebas Soris arsebobs.
• Tavisufali asociacia (Free association) – Terapiuli meTodi, rodesac
pacienti uwyvetad, gaazrebis gareSe saubrobs sakuTar azrebze,
survilebze, fizikur SegrZnebebsa da warmodgenebze.
• kaTarzisi (Catharsis) – Zlieri, magram, rogorc wesi, gandevnili emociebis
gamoxatvis procesi.

Tavisufali asociaciebis meTodi da kaTarzisi

ZiriTad meTods, romelic fsiqoanalizSi gamoiyeneba aracnobieris

gamokvlevisa da gandevnili masalis gamonTavisuflebisTvis, Tavisufali
asociaciebis meTodi ewodeba. pacienti, romelic moxerxebulad zis skamze an wevs
taxtze, SeZlebisdagvarad aTavisuflebs gonebas da uwyvetad aRwers sakuTar
azrebs, survilebs, fizikur SegrZnebebsa da warmodgenebs. pacients sTxoven, rom
aRweros TavSi mosuli nebismieri azri Tu grZnoba, ganurCevlad imisa, Tu
ramdenad mniSvnelovnad eCveneba is mas.
froids miaCnda, rom asociaciebi ganpirobebulia da ar aris SemTxveviTi.
analitikosis amocanaa, Tvali gaadevnos maT da ubralo sityvebis miRma
nagulisxmevi realuri mniSvnelobebi dainaxos. pacients eZleva Zlieri grZnobebis
gamoxatvis saSualeba, romelic, rogorc wesi, avtoritetul figurebzea
mimarTuli da romelic gandevnil iqna dasjis an samagieros mizRvis SiSiT.
nebismier emociur ganmuxtvas, romelic xdeba Terapiul garemoSi am an sxva
procesis Sedegad, kaTarzisi ewodeba.

winaaRmdegoba
 751
fsiqoanalitikosi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs sakiTxebs, romelTa
ganxilvac ar surs pacients. Tavisufali asociaciebis dros garkveul momentSi
pacienti avlens winaaRmdegobas anu mas ar surs, an ar SeuZlia garkveul
mosazrebebze, survilebsa Tu gamocdilebaze saubari. aseT winaaRmdegobas
aracnobiersa da cnobiers Soris barierad miiCneven. es masala (anu masala,
romelsac barieri akavebs da ar amodis Tavisuflad asociacirebis dros) xSirad
individis seqsualur cxovrebas (aq Sedis yvelaferi, rac mas siamovnebas aniWebs)
an mSoblebisadmi mtrul, ganawyenebul damokidebulebas ukavSirdeba. saboloo
jamSi, rodesac gandevnili masala zedapirze amodis, pacienti, rogorc wesi,
amtkicebs, rom is umniSvnelo, absurduli, araSesatyvisi an Zalze arasasiamovnoa
imisaTvis, rom ilaparakos masze. Terapevti ki sruliad sapirispiros fiqrobs.
fsiqoanalizis mizania, daZlios winaaRmdegoba da pacients misces SesaZlebloba,
Tvali gausworos am mtkivneul azrebs, survilebsa Tu gamocdilebas.

sizmris analizi

fsiqoanalitikosebs miaCniaT, rom sizmari pacientis aracnobieri motivebis

Sesaxeb informaciis mniSvnelovan wyaros warmoadgens. rodesac adamians sZinavs,
superego SedarebiT naklebad akontrolebs ididan momdinare miuRebel impulsebs,
amitom motivebi, romelTa gamoxatvac ver xerxdeba cxadSi, SeiZleba sizmris
saxiT gamovlindes. fsiqoanalizis mixedviT, sizmars ori saxis Sinaarsi aqvs:
manifesturi anu xiluli Sinaarsi, romelic gaRviZebis Semdeg axsovs adamians da
latenturi anu faruli Sinaarsi _ realuri motivebi, romlebic gamovlenas
cdiloben, Tumca, imdenad mtkivneuli da miuRebelia, rom damaxinjebulad,
simboloebis saxiT gamoixateba. Terapevti am dafaruli motivebis gamovlenas
sizmris analiziT cdilobs; es aris Terapiuli meTodi, romelic gulisxmobs
pirovnebis sizmris Sinaarsis garCevas da miznad isaxavs safuZvlad mdebare an
damaxinjebuli motivebis, mniSvnelovani cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebisa da
survilebis simboluri mniSvnelobebis gamovlenas.

gadatana da kontrgadatana

fsiqoanalituri Terapiis intensiuri kursis dros pacients, rogorc wesi,

Terapevtis mimarT emociuri reaqcia uyalibdeba. xSirad xdeba Terapevtis
identificireba warsulSi gadatanili emociuri konfliqtis centralur
figurasTan _ umeteswilad, mSobelTan an seqsualur partniorTan. am emociur
 752
reaqcias gadatana anu transferi ewodeba. gavixsenoT nawyveti treisi tomsonisa
da misi Terapevtis, amandas urTierTobis Sesaxeb _ is naTlad axdenda mis
identificirebas dedasTan (“dedaCemi amandam Caanacvla...”). gadatanas ewodeba
dadebiTi, rodesac Terapevti siyvarulis an aRtacebis obieqti xdeba; gadatana
aris uaryofiTi, rodesac igi mtruli damokidebulebis an Suris obieqtad iqceva.
xSirad xdeba, rom pacientis damokidebuleba ambivalenturia da dadebiTi da
uaryofiTi emociebis nazavs warmoadgens. gadatanasTan gamklaveba rTuli amocanaa
analitikosisTvis, Tundac, pacientis emociuri mowyvladobis gamo. miuxedavad
amisa, es aris mkurnalobis arsebiTi da umniSvnelovani nawili. warsulis
gamocdilebasa da damokidebulebebSi realuri wyaros moZiebiTa da
gacnobierebiT, Terapevti exmareba pacients masze gadatanili grZnobebis
interpretirebaSi (Henry et al., 1994).
pacientze Terapevtis reqciaSic CarTulia piradi grZnobebi. kontrgadatana anu
kontrtransferi Seexeba imas, Tu ra xdeba, rodesac Terapevts moswons an ar
moswons pacienti, radgan pacienti mis cxovrebaSi mniSvnelovani figuris msgavsad
aRiqmeba. kontrgadatanis damuSavebisas Terapevti SeiZleba sakuTari aracnobieri
mamoZravebeli Zalebis gacnobierebamde mivides. igi pacientis “cocxal sarked”
iqceva, pacienti ki, Tavis mxriv, misTvis iZens amave funqcias. Tu Terapevti ver
axerxebs kontrgadatanis efeqtis gacnobierebas, Terapia SeiZleba warumatebeli
gamodges (Winarick, 1997). am saxis Terapiuli urTierTobis emociurad
datvirTulobisa da pacientis mowyvladobis gamo, Terapevtma mkacrad unda
daicvas zRvari, romelic pacientze profesiul zrunvasa da mis problemebSi
pirad CarTulobas Soris gadis. cxadia, rom Terapiulma situaciam iolad
SeiZleba daarRvios balansi, rac unda gaacnobieros da gaiTvaliswinos
Terapevtma.

neofroidianuli Terapiebi

froidis mimdevrebma SeinarCunes misi mravali ZiriTadi idea, Tumca, zogierTma

principma da praqtikulma meTodma modificieba ganicada. zogadad,
neofroidistebi, froidTan SedarebiT, ufro met aqcents akeTeben: (1) pacientis
awmyo socialur garemoze (da naklebad fokusirdebian warsulze); (2)
cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis mimdinare gavlenaze (da ara mxolod bavSvobis
konfliqtebze); (3) socialuri motivaciis rolsa da pirovnebaTSoris sasiyvarulo
 753
urTierTobebze (da naklebad fokusirdebian biologiur instinqtebsa da egoistur
moTxovnilebebze); (4) egos funqcionirebis mniSvnelovnebaze da me-koncefciis
ganviTarebaze (da nakleb yuradRebas aqceven idsa da superegos Soris
konfliqts).
me-14-e TavSi vaxseneT ori cnobili neofroidisti _ karl gustav iungi da
alfred adleri. SedarebiT Tanamedrove fsiqodinamikur neofroidianul
mosazrebebzec rom Segveqmnas warmodgena, gavecnoT hari stek salivanis, melani
kleinisa da hainc kohutis Sromebs (froidis wris sxva wevrebis Sesaxeb ix.
Ruitenbeek, 1973).

• winaaRmdegoba
winaaRmdegoba (Resistance) – fsiqoanalizis msvlelobisas pacients ar surs
an ar SeuZlia garkveul mosazrebebze, survilebsa Tu gamocdilebaze
saubari.
• sizmrebis analizi (Dream analysis) – sizmrebis fsiqoanalituri
interpretacia, riTac xdeba pacientis aracnobieri motivebisa da
konfliqtebis wvdoma.
• gadatana (Transference) – procesi, rodesac fsiqoanalizis msvlelobisas
pacienti Terapevtze mimarTavs im grZnobebs, romelic Tavdapirvelad
warsuli emociuri konfliqtis centralur, mniSvnelovan figuraze
miemarTeboda.
• kontrgadatana
kontrgadatana (Countertransference) – situacia, rodesac fsiqoanalitikoss
pirovnuli grZnobebi uCndeba pacientis mimarT, radgan pacients sakuTar
cxovrebaSi arsebuli mniSvnelovani adamianis msgavsad aRiqvams.

hari stek salivans (Harry Stack Sullivan, 1953) miaCnia, rom froidis Teoriasa da
TerapiaSi ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli socialuri urTierTobebis roli da miRebis,
pativiscemisa da siyvarulis moTxovnilebebi. misi azriT, fsiqikuri aSlilobebi
moicavs ara marto travmatul intrafsiqikur procesebs, aramed _ problemur
interpersonalur urTierTobebsa da Zlier socialur zewolasac ki. patara
bavSvs usafrTxoebis grZnoba da sxvebis mxridan zrunva da siTbo esWiroeba.
SfoTva da sxva fsiqikuri daavadebebi mSoblebTan da mniSvnelovan sxvebTan
urTierTobebSi usafrTxoebis ararsebobidan momdinareobs. salivanis azriT,
sakuTar “me”-ze warmoadgenaTa sistema mowodebulia SfoTvis optimaluri donis
SesanarCuneblad. es sistema bavSvis pirovnebaTSorisi urTierTobebis
 754
gamocdilebidan momdinareobs da organizebulia me-s cnebis irgvliv; masSi Sedis:
kargi-me (asocirebulia dedis siTbosTan), cudi-me (asocirebulia dedis
daZabulobidan, romelsac is bavSvTan urTierTobisas avlena), ara-me
(disociaciuri “me”, romelic miuRebelia danarCeni me-sTvis).
aseT interpersonalur Tvalsazrisze dafuZnebuli Terapia moicavs Terapevtis
ganwyobebisadmi pacientis grZnobebze dakvirvebas. Terapiuli interviu ganixileba,
rogorc socialuri garemo, sadac orive mxaris grZnobebi da ganwyobebi
zemoqmedebs erTmaneTze. pacienti frTxilad mihyavT iqamde, rom gamoTqvas
sakuTari varaudebi Terapevtis ganwyobebis Sesaxeb. garda amisa, salivanisTvis
Terapiuli situacia, upirvelesad, iseTi situaciaa, sadac Terapevti siyvaruliT
swavlobs da aswavlis (Wallach & Wallach, 1983).

fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi

sdevs Tu ara gandevnili mogonebebi adamians mTeli cxovrebis manZilze?

1969 wlis 22 seqtembers, CrdiloeT kaliforniaSi, rva wlis suzan neisoni
gauCinarda. amave wlis dekemberSi ipoves misi gvami. oci wlis manZilze
aravin icoda, vin mokla igi. 1989 wels mxaris gamomZieblebs suzanis
megobari eilin franklin-lipskeri daukavSirda. eileinma uTxra maT, rom
fsiqoTerapiis daxmarebiT, man aRidgina didi xnis win gandevnili,
daviwyebuli saSineli mogonebebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra SeemTxva suzans. 1990
wlis Semodgomaze eilinma daadastura, rom oci wlis win man sakuTari
TvaliT naxa, rogor gaaupatiura suzani misma mamam, jorj franklinma da
Semdeg sikvdilamde rogor urtya qvis keti. (Marcus, 1980, Workman, 1990). eilinma
isic Tqva, rom mama mokvliT daemuqra, Tu vinmes uambobda nanaxis Sesaxeb. es
Cveneba sakmarisi aRmoCnda imisaTvis, rom jorj franklini damnaSaved ecnoT
damamZimebel viTarebaSi Cadenil mkvlelobaSi.
Teoriulad Tu vimsjelebT, rogor daifara mogonebebi 20 wlis manZilze?
am kiTxvaze pasuxi gandevnili mogonebebis froidiseul koncefciaSi iRebs
saTaves. rogorc aRvniSneT, froidi (1923) fiqrobda, rom adamianis
cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis zogierTi mogoneba sakmaris safrTxes uqmnis
mis keTildReobas, amitom es mogonebebi ganidevneba cnobierebidan. klinikur
fsiqologebs xSirad SeuZliaT, rom daexmaron klients sakuTari cxovrebis
 755
gakontrolebaSi. amisaTvis cxovrebis damangreveli paternebi
interpretirdeba, rogorc gandevnili mogonebebis Sedegi. Terapiis
mniSvnelovan mizans, am gandevnil mogonebebiTan mimarTebaSi kaTarzisis
miRweva warmoadgens.
magram gandevnili mogonebebi yovelTvis ar rCeba Terapevtis kabinetSi.
ukanaskneli wlebis manZilze masmediaSi intensiurad saubroben gandevnili
mogonebebis STambeWdavi gacnobierebis SemTxvevebze. drois xangrZlivi
periodis gasvlis Semdeg individebi moulodnelad detalurad ixseneben
SemaZrwunebel movlenebs, rogoricaa mkvlelobebi an bavSobaSi gadatanili
seqsualuri Zaladoba. SesaZlebelia, rom es yvelaferi marTali iyos? me-8-e
TavSi ganxiluli mowmeTa mexsierebis kvleva skepticizmis safuZvels iZleva
(Loftus, 1993; Loftus & Ketcham, 1994, Lynn & Payne, 1997). xsenebuli kvlevidan
SegviZlia gavixsenoT, rom adamianebi WeSmarit mogonebebad miiCnevdnen
xelovnuli wyarodan miRebul informacias. es maSinac xdeboda, rodesac maT,
rogorc mowmeebs, afrTxilebdnen, rom isini SecdomaSi Seiyvanes. Sesabamisad,
mogonebis arseboba TavisTavad ar iZleva misi wyaros ueWveli sandoobis
mtkicebis safuZvels.
faqtobrivad, ukanasknel wlebSi, popularul mediaSi gandevnili
mogonebebis Sesaxeb xSiri saubari SeiZleba Tavad iqces “xelovnul
wyarod”. televiziiT nanaxi individis pirovnul mogonebad SeiZleba iqces,
Tu mas aRar axsovs, rom es televizorSi naxa. amrigad, gandevnili mogonebis
mediaSi mosmenilma daxasiaTebam zogierTi individi igive mogonebebis
“gaxsenebamde” SeiZleba miiyvanos. individma, praqtikulad, dakarga mogonebis
wyaro, magram SeinarCuna Sinaarsi (Johnson et al., 1993). fsiqoTerapevtebma,
romelTac sjeraT gandevnili mogonebebis, fsiqoTerapiis meqanizmebis
saSualebiT, SeiZleba isini Caunergon kidec pacients (de Rivera, 2000; Sarbin,
1997). magaliTad, mkvlevarebma Seiswavles qalebi, romlebmac, saboloo
jamSi, uari Tqves sakuTar braldebebze da aRiares, rom aravis
gauupatiurebia bavSvobaSi. es qalebi mixvdnen, rom maTi “mogonebebi”
gaupatiurebaze ararealuri iyo. es gamokvlevebi adasturebs, rom
Terapevtebi xSirad ubiZgeben pacientebs aseTi mogonebebis aRmoCenisken da
sityvier waxalisebas ar iSureben, rodesac “mogoneba” gamomzeurdeba (de
 756

Rivera, 1997). aseTi SemTxvevebi afiqrebinebs klinicistebs, rom Seswavlil

unda iqnas Terapiis procesSi CarTuli socialuri Zalebi, raTa gaarkvion,
Tu rogor xorcieldeba Terapevtis Teoria pacientis realobaSi (Lynn et al.,
1997).
gandevnili mogonebebis aRdgenis rwmenam SeiZleba mniSvnelovnad
Seamsubuqos fsiqoanalitikosTa pacientebis mdgomareoba. faqtobrivad,
aRdgenili mogonebebis garkveuli nawili adreuli travmatuli
gamocdilebis sando asaxvas warmoadgens (Schooler & Eich, 2000; Williams, 1995).
miuxedavad amisa, Tu davinteresdebiT, SeuZlia Tu ara warsulis gandevnil
mogonebebs awmyo diskomfortis axsna, darwmunebulni unda viyoT, rom
pasiurad ar viRebT Cveni cxovrebis viRaciseul versias. jorj franklinis
sabednierod, eWvi Seitanes misi qaliSvilis gandevnil mogonebebSi, rac
sakmarisi gaxda verdiqtis uarsayofad.

melani kleini (1975) gaemijna froidis mosazrebas oidiposis konfliqtis

fsiqopaTologiis ZiriTad wyarod aRiarebis Sesaxeb. vinaidan froidi oidipuri
periodidan (4-5 wlis asaki) momdinare nevrotul simptomebze fokusirdeboda,
Terapiuli Carevis amocana iyo am aracnobieri seqsualuri konfliqtebis
interpretireba da saaSkaraoze gamotana. Tumca, zogierTi Terapevti sirTuleebs
awydeboda im pacientebTan muSaobisas, romelTa konfliqtebi verbaluri
mexsierebis ganviTarebamde gacilebiT adreuli periodidan iRebda saTaves, rac
xSirad, Tavis mxriv, gacilebiT mkveTrad gamoxatuli paTologiis mizezi xdeboda.
es pacientebi xSirad itanjebodnen ararealurobis, sicarielis da cxovrebis
sazrisis dakargvis grZnobebiT. kleins miaCnda, rom superegos primitiuli
formebi cxovrebis pirvelive TveebSi Cndeba. igi amtkicebda, rom oidiposis
seqsualuri konfliqtis, rogorc fsiqikis umniSvnelovanesi maorganizebeli
faqtoris, nacvlad sqesobrivi mikuTvnebulobis gacnobierebas win uswrebs
sikvdilis instinqti, rac Sinagani agresiuli impulsis gaCenas iwvevs da romelic,
aseve, mniSvnelovania fsiqikis organizebisTvis. kleini, aseve, amtkicebda, rom
fsiqikis ori fundamenturi maorganizebeli Zalaa agresia da siyvaruli, agresia
anawevrebs da siyvaruli aerTianebs fsiqikas. samyaros agresiuli danawevrebisas
xdeba arasasurvelis uaryofa da sasurvelis SenarCuneba; siyvaruli badebs
erTianobasa da mTlianobas. kleinisTvis siyvaruli mxolod erotikuli
 757
ltolvebis ganxorcieleba ki ar iyo, aramed _ WeSmariti sikeTe da namvdili
zrunva sxvebze. Tumca, es cnobieri siyvaruli dakavSirebulia sinanulTan
sayvarel adamianebze mimarTuli savaraudo destruqciuli siZulvilisa da
potenciuri Zaladobis gamo. amrigad, kleinma axsna “erT-erTi udidesi saidumlo,
romelsac awydeba yvela adamiani _ siyvaruli da siZulvili _ Cveni pirovnuli
samoTxe da jojoxeTi _ ganuyofelia erTmaneTisgan” (Frager & Fadiman, 1998, gv. 135).
kleinis mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom samyaros Cveneuli gancdis “samSeneblo
agurebs” siyvarulisa da siZulvilis obieqtebTan _ Cveni cxovrebis mniSvnelovan
adamianebTan _ urTierToba qmnis _ fsiqoanalituri Teoriisa da praqtikis
centralur mosazrebad iqca da obieqti-
obieqti-urTierTobis Teoria (Object relation theory)
ewoda. kleinma, aseve, pirvelma gamoiyena agresiuli da seqsualuri ltolvebis
damarwmunebeli interpretacia fsiqoanalizis pacientebTan.
fsiqodinamikuri Terapiebi, aniWeben ra sxvadasxva xarisxis mniSvnelobas
froidis koncefciebs, isev viTardeba. erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi axali
mimarTulebaa me-s (self) mimarT Tanamedrove interesi; kerZod, interesis sagans
Seadgens is, Tu rogor xdeba individis me-koncefciis anu sakuTar Tavze
warmodgenis Camoyalibeba, rogor aRiqvams, rogor ganicdis mas mocemuli
pirovneba da rogorc xdeba, rom xandaxan is sxvaTa mxridan Tavdasxmis obieqtad
iqceva, romelsac dacva sWirdeba. am mimarTulebis wamyvani damcveli da
fsiqoanalizSi obieqti-urTierTobis skolis damaarsebelia hainc kohuti (1977;
Siegel, 1996). misi saavtoro Terapia fokusirdeba imis garkvevaze, Tu rogor
saWiroebs me-s sxvadasxva aspeqtebi me-obieqtebs _ gulisxmier adamianebs da
mniSvneloban sagnebs, rac nebismier adamians sWirdeba optimaluri pirovnuli
funqcionirebis SesanarCuneblad. me-fsiqologiis am formisTvis mniSvnelovania me-
s gamocdileba da, gansakuTrebiT, is gamocdileba, romelic me-s fragmentacias
iwvevs. Sesabamisad, Terapevtis amocanaa, SeZlebisdagvarad Rrmad Cawvdes
sxvadasxva fsiqologiur mdgomareobas, romelsac ganicdis klienti da, amasTan,
gaiTvaliswinos klientis gancdebis miseuli (klientiseuli) xedva (Chicago Institute
for Psychoanalysis, 1992).
Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rom fsiqoanalitur Terapias miznis misaRwevad xSirad
drois xangrZlivi periodi sWirdeba. Tumca, xSirad adamianebi iseTi aSlilobebiT
itanjebian, romelic gacilebiT swraf gankurnebas saWiroebs. bihevioraluri
 758
Terapia, romelsac axla ganvixilavT, simptomebisgan swafad gaTavisuflebis
SesaZleblobas iZleva.

Sejameba

fsiqodinamikuri Terapiebi zigmund froidis aracnobieri konfliqtisa da

gandevnis Teoriidan iReben saTaves. Terapevtebi pacientTan kaTarzisis miaRwevad
da fsiqikuri energiis gamosaTavisufleblad sxvadasxva teqnikebs iyeneben, maT
Soris Tavisufal asociaciebs, sizmrebis analizs da gadatanis interpretacias.
neofroidianeli Terapevtebi SedarebiT met mniSnelobas aniWeben pacientis awmyo
socialur garemos, cxovrebiseuli movlenebis mimdinare gavlenas, socialuri
motivaciis rols, pirovnebaTSoris urTierTobebs da me-koncefciis ganviTarebas.

• obieqti-
obieqti-urTierTobis Teoria (Object relation theory) – fsiqoanalitikuri
Teoria, romelic momdinareobs melani kleinis mosazrebidan imis Sesaxeb,
rom samyaros Cveneuli gancdis “samSeneblo agurebs” siyvarulisa da
siZulvilis obieqtebTan _ Cveni cxovrebis mniSvnelovan adamianebTan _
urTierToba qmnis.

bihevioraluri Terapia

Tu fsiqodinamikuri Terapiebi hipoTetur Sinagan mizezebze fokusirdebian,

bihevioralur TerapiaTa yuradRebis sagans dakvirvebadi garegani qceva
warmoadgens. bihevioraluri orientaciis Terapevtebi amtkiceben, rom
paTologiuri qcevebis SeZena iseve xdeba, rogorc normaluris _ daswavlis
procesiT, romelic ganpirobebulobisa da daswavlis ZiriTadi kanonebis mixedviT
xorcieldeba. bihevioraluri Terapevtebi iyeneben ganpirobebisa da ganmtkicebis
principebs, fsiqikur aSlilobebTan asocirebuli arasasruveli qcevis paternebis
modificirebis mizniT.
terminebi bihevioraluri (qceviTi)
(qceviTi) Terapia da qcevis modifikacia xSirad
sinonimebad gamoiyeneba. oriveSi moiazreba daswavlis principebis meToduri
gamoyeneba sasurveli qcevis sixSiris gazrdis an arasasruveli qcevis sixSiris
Semcirebis mizniT. bihevioraluri Terapia muSaobs devianturi qcevebisa da
pirovnuli problemebis farTo speqtrze, sadac Sedis fobiebi, kompulsiebi
(akviatebebi), depresia, damRupveli miswrafebebi (magaliTad, alkoholizmi an
 759
narkotikebi), agresia da delikventuri qcevebi. zogadad, bihevioraluri Terapia
specifikur problemebTan ukeT muSaobs, vidre zogadi xasiaTis pirovnul
problmebTan: fobiis SemTxvevaSi gacilebiT efeqtiani iqneba, vidre _ zogadi,
usagno SfoTvisas.
Terapiebi warmoiqmna ganpirobebulobisa da daswavlis Teoriidan, romelic
pragmatuli, empiriuli kvlevis tradiciebzea dafuZnebuli. yvela cocxali
organizmis umTavresi amocanaa, daiswavlos aqtualur socialur da fizikur
garemos moTxovnebTan adaptaciis xerxebi. Tu organizmma ver daiswavla
problemebis efeqtianad daZleva, misi araadapturi reaqciebis koregireba
SesaZlebelia daswavlis (an xelaxali daswavlis) principebze dafuZnebuli
TerapiiT. samizne qceva ar ganixileba raime safuZvlad mdebare procesis
simptomad. simptomi Tavad aris problema. fsiqodinamikosi Terapevtebis
prognozis mixedviT, mxolod garegani qcevis koregirebiT, realuri Sinagani
problemis gamovlenis gareSe, mxolod simptomis Canacvlebamde mivalT anu Tavs
iCens axali fizikuri Tu fsiqologiuri problema. Tumca, gamokvlevebi aCvenebs,
rom bihevioraluri TerapiiT paTologiuri qcevis aRkveTis Semdeg aRar xdeba
axali simptomebiT misi Canacvleba (Kazdin, 1982; Wolpe, 1986). “piriqiT, samizne
simptomebis gaqrobis Semdeg pacientebi xSirad aRniSnavdnen, rom sxva, naklebad
mniSvnelovani simptomebic gaqra” (Sloane et al., 1975, gv. 219).
axla ganvixiloT bihevioraluri Terapiis sxvadasxva formebi, romelTac Sveba
moaqvT daavadebuli adamianebisTvis.

• qceviTi Terapia (Behavior therapy) – ixileT qcevis modifikacia.

• qcevis modifikacia (Behavior modification) – daswavlis principebis meToduri
gamoyeneba sasurveli qcevis sixSiris gazrdis an arasasruveli qcevis
sixSiris Semcirebis mizniT.
• kontrganpirobeba (Counterconditioning) – Terapiuli teqnika, romliTac xdeba
gamomuSavebuli axali reaqciiT araadapturi reaqciis Canacvleba.
• sistematuri desensitizacia (Systematic desensitization) – bihevioraluri
Terapiuli teqnika, rodesac relaqsirebul mdgomareobaSi SemaSinebel
stimulTan SexvedriT klients aswavlian SfoTvis ganviTarebis Sewyvetas.

kontrganpirobeba
 760
ratom SfoTavs zogierTi adamiani iseTi uwyinari gamRizianebelTan (anu
stimulTan) Sexvedrisas, rogoricaa oboba, araSxamiani gveli an socialuri
kontaqti? bihevioraluri axsna aseTia: SfoTva warmoiqmneba ganpirobebis martivi
principebis mixedviT, romelic me-7-e da me-15-e TavSi ganvixileT. Zlieri emociuri
reaqciebi, romelic “yovelgvari mizezis gareSe” angrevs pirovnebis cxovrebas,
xSirad ganpirobebulia pirovnebis mier warsulSi SeumCnevlad daswavlili
reaqciebiT. kontrganpirobebisas Zveli, araadapturi reaqciis Canacvlebis mizniT,
xdeba axali reaqciis gamomuSaveba. bihevioraluri Terapiis Sesaxeb pirvel
CanawerebSi swored aseT logikas vxvdebiT. meri qover jonsma (Mary Cover Jones,
1924) aCvena, rom pirobiTi refleqsis gamomuSavebiT anu ganpirobebiT
SesaZlebelia SiSis gadaCveva35. (qvemoT mocemuli magaliTi SevadaroT patara
albertis magaliTs me-7-e Tavidan)

misi pacienti iyo 3 wlis biWuna, saxelad piteri, romelsac gaurkveveli

mizeziT eSinoda kurdRebis. Terapia moicavda oTaxis erT mxares piteris
gamokvebas, meore mxares ki kurdReli iyo moTavsebuli. mTeli rigi seansebis
ganmavlobaSi kurdRels TandaTanobiT uaxlovebdnen mas. sabolood, SiSi gaqra
da piteri Tavisuflad TamaSobda kurdRelTan.

qover jonsis Semdeg, bihevioristi Terapevtebi iyeneben kontrganpirobebis

sxvadasxva teqnikebs _ sistematur desensitizacias, imploziur36 Terapias,
situaciaSi daZirvas37 da aversiul38 Terapias.

sistematuri
sistematuri desensitizacia da sxva eqspoziciuri Terapiebi

nervuli sistema erTdroulad ver iqneba modunebulic (anu relaqsirebuli) da

agznebulic, radgan SeuZlebelia urTierTsapirispiro procesebis erTdroulad
aqtivireba. es martivi debuleba centraluria reciprokuli (urTierT) Sekavebis
TeoriisTvis, romelic samxreT afrikelma fsiqiatrma jozef volfem SemogvTavaza
(Joseph Wolpe, 1958, 1973). avtori mas SiSebisa da fobiebis samkurnalod iyenebda.
volpe Tavis pacientebs kunTebis modunebas da Semdeg maTTvis SiSis momgvreli

35
unlearned – sityva-sityviT SeiZleba iTargmnos, rogorc “gamoswavla” (“отучить”). vinaidan aseTi
sityva literaturul qarTulSi ar arsebobs, amitom iTargmna, rogorc “gadaCveva”. (mTargmnelis
SeniSvna)
36
implosion – inglisuridan, “SigniT mimarTuli afeTqeba”, implozia.
37
flooding _ inglisuridan, “CaZirva”, “daZirva”, “siWarbe”.
38
aversion _ inglisuridan, “zizRi”, “zizRis obieqti”.
 761
situaciis warmosaxvas aswavlida. isini amas TandaTanobiT anu gradualurad
akeTebdnen _ Soreuli asociaciebidan SemaSinebeli obieqtebis uSualo xatebamde.
relaqsirebul mdgomareobaSi SemaSinebel stimulTan gradualuri fsiqologiuri
Sexvedra Terapiuli teqnikaa, romelic sistematuri desensitizaciis saxeliT aris
cnobili.
desensitizaciuri Terapia sami ZiriTadi etapisgan Sedgeba. (1) klienti axdens
SfoTvis gamomwvevi stimulebis identificirebas da ierarqiulad alagebs maT _
yvelaze sustidan yvelaze Zlieramde. magaliTad, cxrilSi 6.1 mocemuli ierarqia
ekuTvnis students, romelSic testireba Zlier SfoTvas iwvevs. yuradReba
miaqcieT, rom gamocdis uSualo molodini (debuleba 14) man ufro stresulad
miiCnia, vidre Tavad gamocdaze gasvla (debuleba 13). (2) klients aswavlian
kunTebis TandaTanobiT Rrmad modunebas. modunebis swavlebas anu relaqsaciis
trenings ramdenime seansi sWirdeba, romlis drosac klienti swavlobs
daZabulobisa da modunebulobis SegrZnebebis erTmaneTisgan garCevas da SfoTvis
moxsnas, fizikuri da fsiqikuri modunebis misaRwevad. (3) bolos iwyeba Tavad
desensitizaciis procesi: relaqsirebuli klienti cxadad warmoidgens SfoTvis
gamomwvevi stimulebis nusxidan yvelaze sust stimuls. Tu mas amis gakeTeba
diskomfortis gareSe SeuZlia, gadadis Semdeg, SedarebiT Zlier stimulze.

cxrili 16. 1. testirebaze SfoTvis mqone studentis mier Sedgenili SfoTvis

gamomwvevi stimulebis ierarqia (SfoTvis mzardi TanmimdevrobiT)
1. erTi Tve gamocdamde.
2. ori kvira gamocdamde.
3. erTi kvira gamocdamde.
4. xuTi dRe gamocdamde.
5. oTxi dRe gamocdamde.
6. sami dRe gamocdamde.
7. ori dRe gamocdamde.
8. erTi dRe gamocdamde.
9. gamocdis wina Rame.
10. gadmobrunebulad awyvia sagamocdo testis furclebi.
11. sagamocdo testebis darigebis molodini.
12. sagamocdo oTaxis daxurul karTan dgoma.
 762
13. uSualod testirebis procesi _ kiTxvebze pasuxebis
gacema.
14. gamocdis dRes universitetSi misvlis procesi.

garkveuli raodenobis seansebis Semdeg SesaZlebeli xdeba stimulTa

CamonaTvalSi pirvel adgilze myofi (anu yvelaze metad damTrgunavi) situaciis
SfoTvis gareSe warmodgena. desensitizaciis warmatebiT gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia
mTeli rigi problemebisas, romelic SeiZleba adamians Seeqmnas, maT Soris iseTi
generalizebuli SiSebis dros, rogoricaa scenis SiSi da impotencia (Emmelkamp,
1990; Spiegler & Guevremont, 1998). mravali SefasebiTi kvleva aCvenebs, rom am tipis
bihevioraluri Terapia gansakuTrebiT kargad muSaobs fobiebis mqone
pacientebTan.
imploziuri Terapia sistematuri desensitizaciisgan diametralurad
gansxvavebuli midgomaa. nabij-nabij, gradualuri winsvlis nacvlad, usafrTxo
garemoSi klients dasawyisSive waredgineba yvelaze SemaSinebeli stimuli
(SfoTvis gamomwvevi stimulTa ierarqiuli CamonaTvalidan). Terapiuli situacia
isea mowyobili, rom is ver gaeqceva SemaSinebel stimuls. Terapevti aRwers
klientis SiSTan dakavSirebul ukiduresad SemaSinebel situacias, rogoricaa,
magaliTad, mTel sxeulze Semoxveuli gvelebi da aiZulebs klients, rom man
srulad warmoidginos, SeZlebisdagvarad Zlierad ganicados es situacia.
iTvleba, rom aseTma warmosaxvam panikis afeTqeba unda gamoiwvios. vinaidan es
afeTqeba Sinagania (individis SigniT xdeba), process implozias anu SigniT
mimarTul afeTqebas uwodeben; aqedan momdinareobs saxelwodebac imploziuri
Terapia. rodesac situacia mravaljer meordeba, stimuli kargavs Zalas da veRar
axerxebs SfoTvis gamowvevas. rodesac SfoTva aRar warmoiqneba, qreba is
 763
araadapturi qcevac, romelic misTvis Tavis asarideblad gamoiyeneboda. am
proceduris ZiriTadi idea isaa, rom klients ar eZleva SfoTvis gamomwvevi
situaciis uaryofis, misTvis Tavis aridebis Tu misgan ramenairad Tavis daRwevis
saSualeba. igi aRmoaCens, rom stimulTan kontaqti sulac ar iwvevs im uaryofiT
Sedegs, rasac moeloda (Stampfl & Levis, 1967).
situaciaSi daZirva implozias hgavs, im gansxvavebiT, rom am dros klients, misi
TanxmobiT, realurad aTavseben SiSis momgvrel situaciaSi. magaliTad,
klaustrofobiis mqone pirovnebas bnel sxvenze aTavseben, bavSvs, romelsac wylis
eSinia _ auzSi.

saidan viciT

daZirvis Terapia sahaero buStebis fobiis dros

bils, kolejis 21 wlis students, sahaero buStis gaskdomis xmis eSinoda.
amitom is Tavs aridebda iseT situaciebs, sadac SeiZleboda gaegona buStis
gaskdomis xma _ cekvis saRamoebs, wveulebebs da sportul RonisZiebebs.
bilma Tanxmoba ganacxada fobiis dasaZlevad daZirvis Terapiis gavlaze.
Terapia Sedgeboda sami Tanmimdevruli seansisgan _ bili Terapevts xvdeboda
yovel dRe, sami dRis ganmavlobaSi. am periodSi aTasobiT buSti gaskda.
pirveli seansis dasawyisSi bilma subieqturi diskomfortis maRali done
aCvena _ 100 qula (100 qulian skalaze, sadac 0 aRniSnavda srul simSvides,
100 _ ukiduresad SeSinebuls). roca pirveli man subieqturi diskomforti
mxolod 5 quliT gamoxata (imave 100 qulian skalaze); ukanaskneli 115 buSti
man Tavisi xeliT gaxeTqa. daZirvis Terapiis Sedegad bili aRar aridebda
Tavs mxiarul, buStebiT savse situaciebs (Houlihan et al., 1993).

daZirvis Terapiis kidev erTi forma warmosaxviT iwyeba. am SemTxvevaSi klients

SeuZlia mousminos Canawers, romelSic erTi an ori saaTis ganmavlobaSi Zalze
dawvrilebiT yvebian fobiis Sesatyvisi ukiduresad SemaSinebeli situaciis
Sesaxeb. mas Semdeg, rac SeZrwuneba da SiSi Cacxreba, klients aTavseben SiSis
momgvrel situaciaSi, romelic, cxadia, aRar aris imdenad SemaZrwunebeli,
ramdenadac Tavad mis mier warmosaxuli situacia. daZirva gacilebiT efeqturia,
vidre sistematur desenzitizacia, rodesac saqme exeba zogierT iseT qceviT
problemas, rogoricaa agorafobia. amasTan, praqtikuli gamocdilebis mixedviT,
klientTa umravlesobasTan miRebuli Sedegi mdgradia (Emmelkamp & Kuipers, 1979).
 764
sistematuri desensitizaciis, imploziuri Terapiisa da daZirvis TerapiisTvis
_ yvelasTvis damaxasiaTebelia saerTo komponenti _ eqspozicia anu stimulis
wardgena. warmosaxviT iqneba, realuri kontaqtiT Tu uaxlesi meTodiT _
virtualurad (Rothbaum et al., 1995), klients waredgineba is obieqti an situacia,
romelic mas SiSs gvris. eqspoziciuri Terapia obsesiur-kompulsuri aSlilobebis
SemTxvevaSic gamoiyeneba. magaliTad, qalbatoni, romelsac akviatebuli hqonda
azri WuWyis Sesaxeb (anu xasiaTdeboda WuWyis obsesiiT),
iZulebiT (anu kompulsurad) ibanda xelebs daskdomamde da dasisxlianebamde. igi
zogjer Tavis mokvlazec ki fiqrobda, imdenad gausaZlisi iyo aSliloba,
romelmac sruliad mowyvita normaluri cxovrebis ritms. bihevioristi Terapevtis
meTvalyurebis qveS es qalbatoni pirispir Seejaxa im obieqtebs, romelic yvelaze
metad aSinebda _ WuWysa da nagavs da TandaTanobiT xeliTac ki Seexo. man isic ki
moaxerxa, rom xuTi dRis manZilze ar daibana xelebi da saxe. yuradReba miaqcieT,
rom am SemTxvevaSi bihevioralur Terapias damatebiTi komponenti aqvs _ reaqciis
prevencia. klients ara marto warudgines SiSis gamomwvevi stimuli (WuWyi da

• imploziuri Terapia (implosion therapy) – bihevioraluri Terapiuli teqnika,

romelic miznad isaxavs stimulTan asocirebuli SfoTvis Semcirebas, rac
klientisTvis warmosaxviTi SemaSinebeli stimulis wardgeniT xorcieldeba.
• situaciaSi daZirva (Flooding) – fobiebisTvis gankuTvnili Terapia, rodesac
klients, misi TanxmobiT, waredgineba misTvis maqsimalurad SemaSinebeli
stimuli.
nagavi), aramed man aRkveTa kidec kompulsuri qceva (xelebis dabana), romelic,
Cveulebisamebr, amcirebda SfoTvas. am TerapiiT qalbatonma iswavla SfoTvis
Semcireba kompulsuri qcevis ganxorcielebis gareSe.

aversiuli Terapia

zemoT aRwerili eqspoziciuri Terapiis formebi klients uSualod realurad

uwyinar stimulTan gamklavebaSi exmareba. magram ra unda movimoqmedoT maT
dasaxmareblad, visac saziano stimulebi izidavs? narkotikebze damokidebuleba,
seqsualuri perversiebi da umarTavi Zaladoba is problemebia, romelTa
SemTxvevaSic devianturi qcevis aRmZvrelad mimzidveli stimuli gvevlineba.
aversiuli Terapiisas iyeneben kontrganpirobebis procedurebs, raTa moxdes
 765
mocemuli stimulis Sewyvileba mZlavr damazianebel stimulTan, rogoricaa,
magaliTad, eleqtruli Soki an safaRaraTo abebi. amavdroulad, igive uaryofiT
reaqciebs iwvevs mimzidveli stimuli. Sedegad pirovnebas uyalibdeba aversiuli
reaqcia am mimzidveli stimulis mimarT _ ezizReba is da am zizRiT Caanacvlebs
stimulis adrindel sasurvelobas. magaliTad, aversiuli Terapia gamoiyeneba iseT
individebTan, romlebic TviT-damazianebel qcevebs axorcieleben, rogoricaa
Tavis mravaljeradi dartyma an mirtyma sxva sagnebze. aseTi qcevis
ganxorcielebis dros, individs msubuq eleqtrul dartymas ayeneben. es
mkurnaloba efeqtianad amcirebs TviT-damazianebel qcevas zogierTi, magram ara
yvela, pacientis SemTxvevaSi (Duker & Seys, 1996).
ukiduresi formis aversiuli Terapia wamebas gavs. sainteresoa, ratom
eqvemdebarebian adamianebi sakuTari nebiT am proceduras? Cveulebriv, isini amas
mxolod imitom akeTeben, rom realurad xedaven _ aseTi qcevis paternis droSi
gaxangrZlivebuli Sedegebi daangrevs maT janmrTelobas, karieras an ojaxur
cxovrebas. garda amisa, aseTi Terapiis gavlis mizezi instituciuri zewolac
SeiZleba gaxdes, rogorc xdeba, magaliTad, patimrebisTvis gankuTvnil
mkurnalobis zogierT programaSi. mravali kritikosis azriT, aversiul TerapiaSi
gamoyenebuli mtkivneuli procedurebi: (1) zedmet Zalauflebas aZlevs Terapevts;
(2) damsjeli RonisZiebebi ufroa, vidre _ Terapiuli; (3) ufro xSirad gamoiyeneba
iseT dawesebulebebSi, sadac adamianebs TiTqmis ar aqvT arCevanis ufleba da
maTgan aravin iRebs proceduris Catarebis nebarTvas. ukanasknel wlebSi,
instituciur sareabilitacio programaSi CarTuli aversiuli Terapiis gamoyeneba
eTikuri kodeqsiTa da Statis39 kanoniT regulirdeba. imedia, aseTi SezRudvebis
pirobebSi aversiuli Terapia Terapiuli ufro iqneba, vidre _ iZulebiTi da
Zaladobrivi.

pirobiTi ganmamtkiceblebis marTva

kontrganpirobeba gamosadegia, rodesac SesaZlebelia erTi reaqciis Canacvleba
meore reaqciiT. qcevis modifikaciis sxva meTodebi efuZneba operantuli
ganpirobebis principebs, romelic b. f. skineris (B. F. Skinner) mier dawyebuli
kvlevebis tradiciebze Camoyalibda. pirobiTi ganmamtkiceblebis
ganmamtkiceblebis marTva
gulisxmobs mkurnalobis zogad strategias, romelic mimarTulia qcevis

39
saubaria aSS-s Statebze (mTargmnelis SniSvna).
 766
Secvlaze misi Sedegebis modificirebis gziT. bihevioralur TerapiaSi pirobiTi
ganmamtkiceblebis marTvis ori ZiriTadi teqnika arsebobs: dadebiTi ganmtkicebis
strategia da Caqrobis strategia.

dadebiTi ganmtkicebis strategia

rodesac reaqcias dauyovnebliv, uSualod mohyveba waxaliseba, mosalodnelia,

rom es reaqcia ganmeordes da droTa ganmavlobaSi gaxSirdes. operantuli
daswavlis es ZiriTadi principi Terapiul strategiad iqca, rodesac gamoiyenes
sasurveli qcevis sixSiris Sesacvlelad mas Semdeg, rac am qcevam arasasurveli
qceva Caanacvla. qcevis problemebze muSaobisas STambeWdavi Sedegi miiRes,
rodesac dadebiTi ganmtkicebis procedura gamoiyenes. SegiZliaT, gaixsenoT me-7-e
TavSi ganxiluli ori magaliTi. Cven aRvwereT, rogor gamoiyenes qcevis
formireba autisti bavSvis cxovrebis gasaumjobeseblad. pacienti sami wlis
biWuna iyo, romelsac saTvale unda etarebina. Terapevtma pirobiT
ganmamtkiceblad xmauriani saTamaSo gamoiyena, raTa is nel-nela, TandaTanobiT
mieaxlovebina saTvalemde. Cven, aseve, visaubreT Jetonebis ekonomikaze, rodesac
winaswar aris gansazRvruli (magaliTad, sakuTari Tavis movla da medikamentebis
miReba) sasurveli qceva da momsaxure personali samizne qcevis yoveli
ganxorcielebisas individs Jetons aZlevs. es Jetonebi mogvianebiT SeiZleba
gaicvalos mTel rig waxalisebebsa da privilegiebze (Kazdin, 1994; Martin & Pear, 1999).
waxalisebis aseTi sistemebi gansakuTrebiT efeqturia pacientis iseTi qcevebis
Sesacvlelad, rogoricaa sakuTari Tavis movla, wesrigisa da sisufTavis dacva
saarsebo garemoSi da xSiri dadebiTi socialuri urTierTqmedebebi.

• aversiuli Terapia (Aversion therapy) – qceviTi Terapiis tipi, romelic

gamoiyeneba saziano stimulebisaken midrekilebis mqone adamianebis
samkurnalod.
• pirobiTi ganmamtkiceblebis marTva (Contingency menegement) – zogadi
mkurnalobis strategia, romelic gulisxmobs qcevis Secvlas
Tanmimdevruli cvlilebis saSualebiT.

sxva midgomaSi Terapevti gamorCeulad ganamtkicebs arasasurveli qcevis

sapirispiro qcevas. am teqnikas warmatebiT iyeneben narkotikebze damokidebuli
adamianebis mkurnalobisas.
 767
saidan viciT

bihevioraluri mkurnaloba narkotikebze damokidebulebisas

mkvlevarebma moZebnes 70 mamakaci da qali, romelsac kokainze
damokidebulebisgan gankurneba surda. TiToeulma monawilem gaiara
sakonsultacio seansebi, raTa gacnobodnen am damokidebulebis gadalaxvis
strategiebsa da unar-Cvevebs. garda amisa, 36 monawiles aZlevdnen specialur
baraTebs yovel jerze, rodesac analizi aCvenebda, rom maTi Sardi ar
Seicavda narkotikul nivTierebas. TiToeuli baraTis Rirebuleba 25 cents
Seadgenda da mis sanacvlod SeiZleboda sabiTumo saqonlis SeZena.
dasawyisSi Sardis yoveli uaryofiTi analizis SemTxvevaSi monawileebs 10
baraTs aZlevdnen. mas Semdeg, rac maTi Sardis analizi isev da isev
uaryofiTi iyo, yovel Semdeg jerze baraTebis raodenoba izrdeboda.
monawileTaTvis baraTebi pirobiT ganmamtkiceblad iqca, romelic Seawyviles
narkotikis gareSe yofnasTan. danarCen 34 monawilesac aZlevdnen baraTebs,
Tumca, maTi ganmamtkicebeli ar iyo Sewyvilebuli narkotikis gareSe
yofnasTan: “SeuwyvilebelTa” jgufis TiToeuli wevri mimagrebuli iyo
“SewyvilebulTa” jgufis romelime wevrze da orive erTnairi odenobiTa da
erTdroulad iRebda ganmtkicebas (baraTebs). kvlevis aseTi sqemidan
gamomdinare, SegviZlia darwmunebulni viyoT, rom baraTebis nebismieri
efeqti Sewyvilebis Sedegi iyo da ara mxolod ganmtkicebis. faqtobrivad,
pirobiTi ganmamtkiceblisa (baraTebis) da sasurveli qcevis (narkotikis
gareSe yofna) Sewyvileba mdgradi aRmoCnda: kvlevis dasasrulisTvis da
kvlevidan erTi wlis Semdegac “SewyvilebulTa” jgufis wevrebi,
“SeuwyvilebelTa” jgufis wevrebisgan gansxvavebiT, uwyveti warmatebiT
axerxebdnen narkotikisgan Tavis Sesavebas (Higgins et al., 2000).

SeiZleba, SeamCnieT, rom aq igive principi moqmedebs, rac arasasurveli

reaqciis sasurveliT Canacvlebisas (razec zemoT visaubreT): adapturi qcevis
albaTobis gasazrdelad gamoiyeneba daswavlis ZiriTadi principebi.

Caqrobis strategia
ratom agrZeleben adamianebi imis keTebas, rasac tkivili da tanjva moaqvs
maSin, roca sxvagvarad moqcevis SesaZlebloba gaaCniaT? pasuxi aseTia: qcevis
mraval formas mravalricxovani da sxvadasxvagvari Sedegi aqvs _ zogierTi
 768
maTgani dadebiTia da zogic _ uaryofiTi. xSirad axerxebs SeumCneveli dadebiTi
ganmamtkicebeli qcevis SenarCunebas, misi aSkarad uaryofiTi Sedegebis
miuxedavad. magaliTad, bavSvma, romelsac sjian cudi saqcielisTvis, SeiZleba
ganagrZos cudad moqceva, Tu dasja misTvis yuradRebis miqcevis erTaderTi
formaa.
Caqrobis strategia gamosadegia TerapiaSi maSin, rodesac disfunqciuri
qcevebis SenarCuneba gaurkveveli ganmamtkicebeli garemoebebiT xdeba. am
ganmamtkiceblebis gamovlena situaciis zedmiwevniTi analiziT SeiZleba. Semdeg
ise xdeba programis Sedgena, rom arasasurveli qcevis ganxorcielebisas
SeuZlebeli gaxdes maTi gamoCena. Tu SesaZlebelia am midgomis gamoyeneba da Tu
klientis garemocvaSi myofi adamianebi, romlebic uneburad ganamtkiceben qcevas,
TanamSromloben TerapevtTan, Caqrobis procedura amcirebs qcevis sixSires da
droTa ganmavlobaSi, TandaTanobiT sruliad gaaqrobs mas. ganvixiloT klasis
magaliTi. mkvlevarebma gaarkvies, rom dawyebiTi skolis oTxi moswavlis
araadaptur qcevaze ganmamtkiceblad moqmedebda TanaklaselTa yuradReba.
mkvlevarebma miaRwies, rom bavSvebi yuradRebas iCendnen am oTxi moswavlis
misaRebi qcevebisadmi da uyuradRebod tovebdnen arasasurvel qcevebs. amiT maT
SeZles moswavleTa araadapturi qcevis paternebis Caqroba (Broussard & Northup, 1997).
aramizanmimarTuli ganmtkicebiT Sizofreniuli qcevis SenarCuneba da
waxalisebac ki SeiZleba. ganvixiloT aseTi situacia: mraval fsiqiatriul
klinikaSi dadgenili wesia, rom momsaxure personali xSirad ekiTxeba pacientebs:
“rogor grZnobT Tavs?” rac socialuri komunikaciis erTgvari formaa. pacientebs
xSirad arasworad esmiT es SekiTxva da hgoniaT, rom amiT momsaxure personals
diagnozisTvis saWiro informaciis miReba surs. amitom sakuTar azrebze,
grZnobebze, ucnaur simptomebsa da halucinaciebze iwyeben laparaks. aseT pasuxebs
sawinaaRmdego Sedegi moaqvs; momsaxure personali mihyavs daskvnamde, rom
pacientebi sakuTar TavSi arian Caflulni da aranormalurad iqcevian.
faqtobrivad, gamodis, rom rac ufro ucnaur simptomebs da sityvier masalas
miawvdian pacientebi, miT met yuradRebas miiReben momsaxure personalisgan, rac,
Tavis mxriv, ganamtkicebs ucnauri simptomebis ganmeorebiT gamoxatvas. klasikur
gamokvlevaSi naCvenebi iqna Sizofreniuli qcevis STambeWdavi Semcireba, rodesac
momsaxure personals mieca martivi instruqcia _ moexdinaT qcevis ignorireba da
 769
mxolod normalurad moqcevis SemTxvevaSi mieqciaT pacientebisTvis yuradReba
(Ayllon & Michael, 1959).

socialuri daswavlis Terapia

bihevioraluri Terapiebis diapazoni gaafarToves socialuri-daswavlis

Teoretikosebma, romlebic miuTiTebdnen, rom adamianebi sxva adamianebis qcevaze
dakvirvebiT swavloben. axal situaciebSi qcevis wesebs xSirad iseTi simboluri
saSualebebiT vswavlobT da viyenebT, rogoricaa realur cxovrebaSi, filmebsa
Tu televiziiT sxva adamianebis gamocdilebaze dakvirveba. socialuri daswavlis
Terapia mowodebulia problemur qcevaTa paternebis modificirebisTvis iseTi
pirobebis SeqmniT, sadac klienti xedavs, Tu rogor waxalisdeba modeli
ganxorcielebuli sasurveli qcevisTvis. daswavlis aseTi gaSualebuli procesi
gansakuTrebiT Rirebulia fobiebis daZlevisa da socialuri Cvevebis
Camoyalibebisas. wina TavebSi aRvniSneT, rom socialuri daswavlis es Teoria,
ZiriTadad, albert banduras (Albert Bandura) naSromebSi damuSavda (1977; 1986). aq
misi midgomis mxolod or aspeqtze SevCerdebiT: modelis mibaZvasa da socialuri
unar-Cvevebis SemuSavebaze.

modelis mibaZva
socialuri daswavlis Teoriis mtkicebiT, individebi reaqciebs dakvirvebis
meSveobiT daiswavlian. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom fobiebis mqone adamianebs unda
SeeZloT, rom modelis qcevis mibaZviT gadaeCvion SiSis reaqcias. magaliTad,
gvelebis SiSis mkurnalobisas Terapevti jer aCvenebs klients, rom SedarebiT
usafrTxo garemoSi SesaZlebelia gvelTan uSiSrad miaxloveba; es SeiZleba iyos
galiasTan axlos misvla an misTvis xelis Sexeba. amis Semdeg klients CvenebiTa
da waxalisebiT exmarebian, rom gaimeoros igive qceva. TandaTanobiT formirdeba
miaxloebis qceva. sabolood, klients SeuZlia, rom gveli xelSi aiyvanos da mas
sxeulze Tavisuflad moZraobis saSualeba misces. klients aranairi qcevis
ganxorcielebas ar aiZuleben. nebismier momentSi warmoqmnili winaaRmdegobis
daZleva miaxloebis qcevis wina, warmatebul, naklebad SemaSinebel safexurze
dabrunebiT xdeba.

• socialuri daswavlis Terapia (Social-learning therapy) – mkurnalobis forma,

rodesac klienti uyurebs, Tu rogor iRebs modeli waxalisebas
 770
sasurveli qcevis ganxorcielebisaTvis.
• modelireba monawileobis meSveobiT (Participant modeling) – Terapiuli
teqnika, rodesac Terapevti uCvenebs sasurvel qcevas da klients
mxardamWeri waxalisebiT exmareba modelis mier ganxorcielebuli qcevis
gameorebaSi.
• qceviTi repeticia (Behaviotal rehearsal) – procedura, romelic mowodebulia
ZiriTadi unar-Cvevebis gamomuSavebisTvis da ganmtkicebisTvis; rodesac
CarTulia socialuri unar-Cvevebis gavarjiSebis programaSi, igulisxmeba,
rom klienti gonebaSi imeorebs sasurveli qcevis Tanmimdevrobas.

ramdenad Zlierad moqmedebs monawileobis meSveobiT modelireba,

modelireba kargad Cans
kvlevaSi, romelSic es teqnika Seadares simbolur modelirebas, desensitizaciasa
da sakontrolo jgufis mdgomareobas. simboluri modelirebiT Terapiisas
pacientebi, romelTac naswavli hqondaT relaqsacia, uyurebdnen films, sadac
ramdenime modeli uSiSrad epyroboda gvelebs. Tu ekranze nanaxi maTSi SfoTvas
iwvevda, SeeZloT, nebismier dros gaeCerebinaT filmi da modunebuliyvnen.
sakontrolo jgufSi ar yofila Terapiuli Careva. rogorc 16.1 suraTidan Cans,
monawileobis meSveobiT modelireba aSkarad yvelaze warmatebuli iyo am
teqnikebs Soris. monawileobis meSveobiT modelirebis jgufis 12-dan 11 monawile
ganikurna gvelebis SiSisgan (Bandura, 1970).

suraTi 16.1. monawileobis meSveobiT modelirebis Terapia

fotoze gamosaxuli cdis piri jer models uyurebda, romelic TandaTanobiT
uaxlovdeboda gvels. Semdeg Tavad gaimeora igive qceva. saboloo jamSi, mas
SeeZlo gvelis xelSi aReba da sakuTar sxeulze misTvis moZraobis saSualebis
micema. grafikze asaxulia cdis piris mier ganxorcielebuli miaxlovebis qcevaTa
raodenoba monawileobis meSveobiT Terapiamde (rac yvelaze efeqturi aRmoCnda)
da Semdeg; es qceva waredgina danarCeni ori Terapiuli teqnikis da sakontrolo
jgufsac.

socialuri unar-
unar-Cvevebis SemuSaveba

socialuri daswavlis TerapevtTa mier Semotanil umTavres siaxles

warmoadgens araadekvaturi socialuri Cvevebis mqone adamianebisTvis ufro
efeqturad funqcionirebis swavleba. fsiqikuri aSlilobis mqone adamianebi
 771
mraval sirTules awydebian; Cveulebriv, janmrTel adamianebsac xSirad eqmnebaT
problemebi yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi, Tu isini uxerxulad grZnoben Tavs sxvebTan
urTierTobisas, mouxerxeblebi arian, an ar SeuZliaT sakuTari poziciebis dacva.
socialuri unar-Cvevebi anu urTierTobis unar-Cvevebi reaqciaTa erTobliobaa,
romelic adamianebs socialuri miznebis efeqturad miRwevis SesaZleblobas
aZlevs, rodesac isini mimarTaven sxvebs an urTierTqmedeben sxvebTan. am unar-
CvevebSi Sedis imis codna, Tu (1) ra (Sinaarsi) vTqvaT da movimoqmedoT mocemul
situaciaSi, raTa gamoviwvioT sasurveli reaqcia (Sedegi); (2) rogor (stili)
vTqvaT da moviqceT; (3) rodis (dro) vTqvaT da vimoqmedoT. urTierTobis unar-
Cvevebis TvalsazrisiT, erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli problemaa sakuTar TavSi
daurwmunebloba _ sakuTari mosazrebebisa Tu survilebis gamoxatva da dacva
pirdapir, gasagebad da agresiis gareSe (Alberti &Emmons, 1990; Bower & Bower, 1991). am
problemis daZlebaSi dasaxmareblad socialuri daswavlis mravali Terapevti
gvirCevs qcevis repeticias _ imis TvalsaCinod warmoadgenas, Tu rogor unda
moviqceT mocemul situaciaSi da ra sasuveli dadebiTi Sedegebi mohyveba Cven
mier ganxorcielebul qcevas (Yates, 1985).
mozrdilTa paTologiur qcevas xSirad win uswrebs socialuri unar-Cvevebis
nakleboba bavSvobaSi (Oden & Asher, 1977). amitom mkvlevarTa da TerapevtTa
mniSvnelovani Zalixmeva mimarTulia Caketil da fsiqikuri problemebis mqone
bavSvebSi sakuTar TavSi darwmunebulobis ganviTarebaze (Fantuzzo et al., 1996; Pfiffer &
McBurnett, 1997). erT-erTma gamokvlevam aCvena, rom drois xanmokle periodSi
SesaZlebeli iyo urTierTobis Cvevebis swavleba winasaskolo asakis
bavSvebisTvis, romelTac socialurad izolirebulad Tvlidnen.

saidan viciT

sxvasTan urTierTobisas sakuTar TavSi darwmunebulobis daswavla

skolis 24 moswavle SemTxveviTad moxvda sam sxvadasxva situaciaSi: maT
unda eTamaSaT Tavisive asakis mewyvilesTan, 1-1,5 wliT umcros mewyvilesTan
da marto, mewyviles gareSe (sakontrolo). erTi Tvis manZilze wyvilebi
saTamaSod Sekribes aTjer da TiToeuli Sexvedra mxolog 20 wuTi
grZeldeboda. iwereboda maTi qceva saklaso oTaxSi eqsperimentamde da
Semdeg. aRmoCnda, rom zemoT aRwerilma Carevam Zlieri gavlena moaxdina.
umcros mewyvilesTan TamaSis SesaZleblobam gaaormaga da sxva bavSvebis
 772
saSualo maCvenebels miuaxlova TanaklaselebTan urTierTobis sixSire im
bavSvebTan, romlebic Caketilebad da arakontaqturebad iTvlebodnen.
TanatolTan TamaSis gamocdilebamac gazarda bavSvebis sociabiluroba,
magram Zalze mcired. mkvlevarebma daaskvnes, rom erTi-erTze, wyvilSi
TamaSis situacia morcxv bavSvebs SesaZleblobas aZlevs, rom socialurad
usafrTxod igrZnon Tavi da sakuTar TavSi darwmunebulebi iyvnen sxvasTan
urTierTobisas. maT SeeZloT xelmZRvanelis rolSic gamoecadaT Tavi
mewyvilis umcrosi asakidan gamomdinare, usafrTxo situaciaSi TamaSisas
(Furman et al., 1979).

sxva gamokvlevaSi emociuri problemebis mqone hospitalizirebul bavSvebs,

socialuri unar-Cvevebis gavarjiSebis Sedegad, gauumjobesdaT socialur
situaciebSi qcevis verbaluri da araverbaluri komponenti (Matson et al., 1980).
bavSvebs aswavles sxvadasxvagvar socialur situaciebSi saTanado sityvieri
pasuxebis gacema (daxmarebis gaweva an komplimentis Tqma, TxovniT mimarTva). maT,
aseve, aswavles saTanado emociebis demonstrireba (magaliTad, gaRimeba Seqebisas),
saubrisas sworad moqceva (mosaubrisken saxiT mibruneba) da Tvalebis kontaqtis
damyareba (mosaubrisTvis TvalebSi yureba). es gaumjobesebuli socialuri unar-
Cvevebi gavrcelda (anu generalizirda) im situaciebzec, romelic ar Sedioda
saswavlo programaSi: bavSvebi gamomuSavebul unar-Cvevebs palatebSic iyenebdnen.
es dadebiTi Sedegi Tveebis manZilze SenarCunda.

generalizaciis teqnikebi

biheviorist Terapevtebs yovelTvis ainteresebT Semdegi sakiTxi: ramdenad

ganaxorcieleben maTi klientebi Terapiul garemoSi daswavlil qcevebs
yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi (Kazdin, 1994). es sakiTxi yvela TerapevtisTvis
mniSvnelovania, radgan mkurnalobis efeqtianobis nebismieri sazomi unda
moicavdes grZelvadian cvlilebebs, romelic SenarCundeba mas Semdegac, rac
klienti datovebs Terapevtis taxts, klinikisa Tu laboratorias.
rodesac Terapiul programaSi ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli klientis realuri
cxovrebis mniSvnelovani mxareebi, Terapiis procesSi qcevaSi miRweuli
cvlilebebi SeiZleba daikargos droTa ganmavlobaSi, Terapiis dasrulebis
Semdeg. am TandaTanobiTi danakargis Tavidan asacileblad, miRebuli praqtikaa
generalizaciis teqnikebis SemuSaveba da maTi Terapiul procedurebSi CarTva. es
 773
teqnikebi mowodebulia, raTa maqsimalurad miuaxlovnon erTmaneTs Terapiuli
garemos da realuri cxovrebis samizne qceva, ganmamtkiceblebi, modelebi da
stimulis moTxovnebi. magaliTad, klientebs aswavlian qcevebs, romelic mis Cveul
garemoSic ganmtkicdeba, iqneba es Tavazianobis gamoCena Tu windaxeduleba.
waxaliseba eZlevaT parcialuri (nawilobrivi) ganmtkicebis ganrigiT, raTa
miRebuli Sedegi realur situaciebSic SenarCundes, sadac ganmtkiceba yovelTvis
ar mosdevs qcevas. TandaTanobiT amcireben sagrZnobi garegani gamtkicebis
molodins da, amasTan, aCveven socialur miRebasa da SedarebiT bunebriv Sedegebs,
maT Soris sakuTari Tavisadmi wamaxalisebel gamonaTqvamebs.
magaliTad, bihevioristma Terapevtebma TandaTanobiTi Semcirebis meTodi
gamoiyenebs 7 wlis biWunasTan muSaobisas, romelic xSirad paravda nivTebs
Tanaklaselebs (Rosen & Rosen, 1983). biWs sjidnen, Tu Semowmebis Sedegad masTan
sxva bavSvebis nivTebs poulobdnen, an “qulebiT” ajildovebdnen (romelTa
gadacvlac SesaZlebeli iyo iseT sasiamovno ganmamtkiceblebze, rogoricaa
damatebiTi dasveneba), Tu mas aseTi nivTebi ar hqonda. dasawyisSi 15 wuTSi
erTxel amowmebdnen. droTa ganmavlobaSi SemowmebaTa ricxvi TandaTanobiT
Seamcires da biWis Semowmebebs Soris intervali 2 saaTamde gazardes, sabolood
ki, sruliad Sewyvites. mas Semdegac ki, rac sruliad Sewyvites ganmamtkiceblebiT
uSualo manipulacia, biWs aRaraferi mouparavs.
kognituri Terapiebis ganxilvamde, erTi wuTiT SexedeT cxrils 16.2,
dafiqrdiT da gaiazreT, ra arsebiTi gansxvavebaa Cvens mier ganxilul or
fsiqoTerapiul mimdinareobas _ fsiqoanalitursa da bihevioralurs _ Soris.

Sejameba
adapturi qcevis sixSiris gasazrdelad da araadapturi qcevis sixSiris
Sesamcireblad bihevioraluri Terapia daswavlis principebs iyenebs.
kontrganpirobebis meTodebSi Sedis sistematuri desensitizacia, implozia da
daZirva. TiToeuli Terapiuli meTodis arsebiTi nawilia eqspozicia anu stimulis
wardgena. aversiuli Terapiisas xdeba aversiuli stimulisa da arasasurveli
qcevis Sewyvileba. pirobiTi ganmamtkiceblebis marTvisas, samizne qcevis
gasaZliereblad an Sesasusteblad, gamoiyeneba dadebiTi ganmtkiceba da Caqrobis
strategia. socialuri daswavlis Terapiis gamoyenebis erT-erTi mimarTulebaa
fobiebis moxsna; individebs SiSis daZleva modelis mibaZviT SeuZliaT.
 774
Terapevtebi socialuri daswavlis teqnikebs socialuri unar-Cvevebis SemuSavebis
mizniTac iyeneben.

cxrili 16.2 fsiqoTerapiisadmi fsiqoanalituri da bihevioraluri midgomebis

Sedareba

sagani fsiqoanalizi bihevioraluri Terapia

adamianis biologiuri instinqtebi,

sawyisi buneba pirvel rigSi, seqsualuri
da agresiuli, romelTac
dauyovneblivi
gamonTavisufleba
esaWiroebaT da aiZuleben
adamians, rom
daupirispirdes socialur
realobas.
sxva cxovelebis msgavsad,
adamianebi mxolod swavlis
SesaZleblobiT ibadebian;
daswavlis procesi igive
principebs emorCileba
adamianTan, romelsac yvela
sxva saxeobis SemTxvevaSi.

normaluri ganviTareba xdeba adapturi qcevebi

adamianuri Tanmimdevrul stadiebze daiswavleba ganmtkicebiTa
ganviTareba konfliqtebis gadawyvetis da mibaZviT.
Sedegad. identifikaciisa
da internalizaciis gziT
yalibdeba egos mxridan
zrdasrulisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli marTvis
meqnizmebi da xasiaTis
struqturebi.

fsiqopaTolog paTologiaSi aisaxeba problemuri qceva

iis buneba konfliqtis araadekvaturi
gadawyveta da ganviTarebis
adreul stadiebze
fiqsacia, amis Sedegia
Zalian Zlieri impulsebi
da/an maTi Sesustebuli
momdinareobs araadapturi
qcevebis arasworad
daswavlidan. simptomi aris
problema da ar arsebobs
aranairi safuZvlad
mdebare daavadeba.
 775
kontoli.
Terapiis fsiqoseqsualuri
mizani mowifulobis miRweva, egos
funqciebis gaZliereba da
aracnobieri da gandevnili
impulsebis mxridan
kontrolis Sesusteba.
gamokveTili gamocdilebaSi arsebuli
fsiqologiuri motivebi, grZnobebi,
sfero fantaziebi da kogniciebi.
drois aspeqti wasrulis konfliqtebisa
da gandevnili grZnobebis
cnobierebaSi amotanaze,
garCevasa da gaazrebaze
orientacia.
aracnobieri es aris fsiqoanalizis
masalis roli centraluri sakiTxi,
romelsac
neofroidianebeli
SedarebiT nakleb
mniSvnelobas aniWeben.
insaitis insaits centraluri
roli adgili ukavia; Cndeba
makoregirebel emociur
gamocdilebaSi.
Terapevtis Terapevti moqmedebs,
roli rogorc gamomZiebeli: eZebs
pirvelad, sawyisi
konfliqtebisa da
aRikveTeba simptomaturi
qceva da Canacvldeba
adapturi qcevebiT.
Terapia mimarTulia
qcevaze da dakvirvebad
grZnobebsa da moqmedebebze.
ainteresebT mxolod
klientis qcevis
ganmtkicebis istoria.
ikvleven da mkurnaloben
awmyoSi realurad arsebul
qcevas.
ar ainteresebT
aracnobieri procesebi da
cnobieri subieqturi
gamocdileba.
insaiti zedmetia da/an ar
aris saWiro.
Terapevti moqmedebs,
rogorc treneri: exmareba
klients Zveli qcevisgan
gadaCvevasa da/an axali
 776

winaaRmdegobis warmoqmnis qcevis daswavlaSi.

mizezebs; gamijnuli da
neitraluri, xels uwyobs
gadatanis reaqciis
ganviTarebas.
mniSvnelovania
ganmamtkiceblebis marTva;
naklebi mniSvneloba
eniWeba pirovnebaTSoris
urTierTobas.

kognituri Terapiebi

kognituri TerapiiT cdiloben problemuri grZnobebisa da qcevebis Secvlas,

mniSvnelovani cxovrebiseuli movlenebisadmi klientis damokidebulebis SecvliT.
es Terapia efuZneba Semdeg daSvebas: paTologiuri qcevis paternebi da emociuri
distresi momdinareobs problemebidan, romelic exeba imas, Tu ras (kognituri
Sinaarsi) fiqroben da rogor (kognituri procesi) fiqroben adamianebi. kognituri
Terapia fokusirdeba sxvadasxvagvari SemecnebiTi procesebis cvlilebebsa da
kognituri gadastruqturebis sxvadasxva meTodebis swavlebaze. am midgomis
zogierTi nairsaxeoba me-13-e TavSi ganvixileT, rogorc stresTan gamklavebisa da
janmrTelobis gaumjobesebis saSualebebi. am qveTavSi aRvwerT kognituri
Terapiis or ZiriTad formas: kognitur bihevioralur modifikacias (sakuTari
Tavis rwmenis anu TviT-efeqturobis gamomuSavebis CaTvliT) da mcdari
warmodgenebis sistemebis Secvlas (depresiis kognituri Terapiisa da
racionalur-emociuri Terapiis CaTvliT). Y

• kognituri Terapia (Cognitive therapy) – fsiqoTerapiuli mkurnalobis forma,

romliTac cdiloben problemuri grZnobebisa da qcevebis Secvlas,
mniSvnelovani cxovrebiseuli movlenebisadmi klientis damokidebulebis
SecvliT.

kognitur bihevioraluri modifikacia

Cven is varT, rasac STavagonebT sakuTar Tavs, rom unda viyoT da vakeTebT
imas, rac gvgonia, rom unda vakeToT. es aris kongitur bihevioraluri
midifikaciis sawyisi piroba. am Terapiul midgomaSi gaerTianebulia, erTi mxriv,
 777
motivaciasa da qcevaze azrebisa da ganwyobebis gavlenaze kognituri aqcenti da,
meore mxriv, qcevis modifikaciisas pirobiTi ganmtkicebis bihevioraluri aqcenti.
arasasurveli, miuRebeli qcevis paternebi modificirdeba kognituri
gadastruqturebis gziT _ sakuTar Tavze uaryofiTi gamonaTqvamebis SecvliR
konstruqciuli, qmediTi gamonaTqvamebiT.

• kognitur bihevioraluri modifikacia (Cognitive behavior modification) _

Terapiuli midgoma, romelic aerTianebs motivaciasa da qcevaze azrebisa
da ganwyobebis gavlenaze kognitur aqcents da, meore mxriv, qcevis
modifikaciisas pirobiTi ganmtkicebis bihevioralur aqcents.

mocemuli Terapiuli midgomis kritikuli nawilia fsiqoTerapevtisa da

klientis mier imis garkveva, Tu ras fiqrobs klienti da rogor gamoxatavs
problemas, romelic unda mogvardes Terapiis procesSi. mas Semdeg, rac Terapevti
da klienti gaarkveven, Tu ra saxis azrebi ubiZgeben klients araproduqtuli an
disfunqciuri qcevisken, isini iwyeben axali, konstruqciuli debulebebis
SemuSavebas da TviT-pativiscemis Semamcirebeli an SfoTvis gamomwvevi TviT-
ganmkicxavi debulebebis Semcirebas (Meichenbaum, 1977, 1985, 1993). magaliTad,
negatiuri debuleba “saSinlad mosawyeni viyavi wveulebaze; aRarasodes
dampatiJeben”, Canacvldeba konstruqciuli kritikiT: ”Tu minda, rom sainteresod
gamoviyurebode, momavalSi raime damaintrigebeli frazebi unda movifiqro
saubris dasawyebad, gaviwafo kargi anegdotis moyolaSi da cocxlad
gamovexmauro maspinZlis monaTxrobs.” ganvlili situaciebis uaryofiTi
momentebis Zebnis nacvlad, romelTac veRar Secvlis, klients aswavlian momavali
movlenebis dadebiT aspeqtebze fokusirebas.
kognitur bihevioraluri modifikacia klients qcevis warmatebulobaze
ganawyobs. Terapevtebma ician, rom am molodinebis Seqmna zrdis adamianebis
mxridan efeqturad moqcevis albaTobas. miRwevadi miznebis dasaxvis, maT
misaRwevad realisturi strategiebis SemuSavebis da Sedegebis realisturad
Sefasebis gziT viTardeba gawafulobis SegrZneba da sakuTari Tavis rwmena anu
TviT-efeqturoba (Bandura, 1992, 1997). rogorc me-14-e TavSi vnaxeT, TviT-efeqturoba
mravalmxriv moqmedebs aRqmaze, motivaciasa da qcevaze. sakuTari Tavis rwmenis
Sefaseba gavlenas axdens imaze, Tu ra Zalisxmevas gaiRebT da ramdenad didxans
SeewinaaRmdegebiT warmoqmnil cxovrebiseul siZneleebs (Schwarzer, 1992). qcevis
 778
modelirebis zemoT aRwerili procedura individebs saSualebas aZlevs, rom
gaiZlieron sakuTar qcevaSi darwmunebulobis gancda anu bihevioraluri TviT-
efeqturoba: isini daiswavlian, rom xelewifebaT garkveuli saxis qcevebis
ganxorcieleba. amis sapirispirod, sakuTar azrebsa da warmodgenebSi
darwmunebulobis anu kognituri TviT-efeqturobis gamuSavebaze mimarTuli
Terapia cvlis klientis mosazrebebs sakuTari SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb.
magaliTad, erT gamokvlevaSi im studentebma, romelTac sjerodaT, rom amocana,
romelic maTgan gadawyvetilebis miRebas iTxovda, gaaumjobesebda maT
SesaZleblobebs, gacilebiT ukeT warmoaCines sakuTari Tavi, vidre maT, visac
miaCnda, rom es amocana mxolod ukve arsebuli SesaZleblobebis Sefasebis
saSualeba iyo (Wood & Bandura, 1989). am kvlevaSi iseTi azrebi, rogoricaa “me
SemiZlia viswavlo amis ukeTesad gakeTeba,” realurad exmareboda studentebs
amocanis ukeT SesrulebaSi.

mcdari warmodgenebis Secvla

zogierTi kognitur bihevioraluri Terapevti, pirvel rigSi, rwmenebis,

ganwyobebisa da azrTa Cveuli paternebis Secvlazea mimarTuli. isini amtkiceben,
rom mravali fsiqologiuri problema momdinareobs sxva adamianebTan da
movlenebTan mimarTebaSi sakuTari Tavisadmi araarekvaturi damokidebulebidan.
mcdar azrTa nakadi SeiZleba efuZnebodes (1) usafuZvlo, arakeTilgonier
ganwyobebs (“idealurad swavla studentis umniSvnelovani Tvisebaa”); (2) mcdar
winapirobebs (“Tu yvelafers gavakeTeb, rasac momTxoven, popularuli gavxdebi”)
da (3) xist wesebs, romelTac qceva avtomatur reJimSi gadahyavT ise, rom qcevis
ukve arsebuli paternebi maSinac ki meordeba, roca realurad ukve usargebloa
(“unda davemorCilo xelmZRvanelobas”). emociur distress anu sulier tanjvas
badebs araswori warmodgenebi da arsebuli realobisa da sakuTari warmosaxvebis
(an molodinebis) erTmaneTisgan gamijvnis unaris ar qona.

depresiis kognituri Terapia

kognitivisti fsiqoTerapevti pacients exmareba, rom azrovnebis damaxinjebuli,

araswori paternebi Caanacvlos problemebis gadawyvetis ufro efeqturi
meTodebiT. aaron bekma (Aaron Beck, 1976) warmatebiT gamoscada da moargo
kognituri Terapia depresiis mkurnalobas. mkurnalobis formula man martivad
Camoayaliba: “Terapevti exmareba pacients damaxinjebuli, mcdari azrebis
 779
gamovlenasa da miRebuli gamocdilebis formulirebis ufro realisturi gzebis
aTvisebaSi” (gv. 20). magaliTad, depresiul individebs SeiZleba sTxovon, rom
daweron is uaryofiTi azrebi, romlebic sakuTari Tavis mimarT uCndebaT;
gaarkvion da gaiazron, ratom aris es TviTkritikuli gamonaTqvamebi usafuZvlo
da SeimuSavon SedarebiT realisturi (da naklebad damangreveli) warmodgenebi
sakuTar Tavze.
bekis azriT, depresia imitom xangrZlivdeba droSi, rom adamianebma araferi
ician im uaryofiTi avtomaturi azrebis Sesaxeb, romlebic, Cveulebriv, maTgan
damoukideblad warmoiqneba; avtomaturi azrebis magaliTebia: “verasodes viqnebi
iseTive kargi, rogoric Cemi Zmaa”, “rom gaigon simandvileSi rogori var, aravis
veyvarebi”, “arc ise Wkviani var, rom rames mivaRwio skolaSi, sadac aseTi
gacxarebuli brZolaa pirvelobisTvis”. Terapevti axorcielebs oTx taqtikur
svlas, romelic mowodebulia depresiis kognituri safuZvlis Sesacvlelad (Beck
& Rush, 1989; Beck et al., 1979).
• eWv qveS ayenebs klientis sayrden daSvebebs sakuTari moqmedebebis Sesaxeb;
• afasebs klientis xelT arsebul mtkicebulebebs, romlebic adastureben an
uaryofen avtomaturi azrebis sizustes;
• gadaaqvs braleuloba situaciur faqtorebze da ar miawers mas klientis
mouxerxeblobas an arakompetenturobas.
• ganixilavs im rTuli amocanebis gadawyvetis alternatiul gzebs, romelTa
uSedegod gadawyveta SeiZleboda uaryofiT gamocdilebad qceuliyo
klientisTvis.

bihevioraluri Terapiebis msgavsad, am TerapiaSic centraluri adgili ukavia

klientis mimdinare mdgomareobas.
depresiul mdgomareobaSi yofnis erT-erTi uaresi Tanmxlebi movlenaa misTvis
damaxasiaTebeli uaryofiTi grZnobebiT cxovrebis aucilebloba da apaTiuroba.
sakuTari uaryofiTi guneba-ganwyobilebis Sesaxeb akviatebuli azrebi mexsierebaSi
acocxlebs yvelafers, rac ki odesme cudi momxdara cxovrebaSi, rac, Tavis mxriv,
kidev ufro amwvavebs daTrgunulobis gancdas. depresiuli adamianebi samyaros
depresiis Savi saTvaliT uyureben _ kritikas xedaven iq, sadac ar aris; Seqebas
sarkazmad aRiqvamen, rac kidev erTi “mizezia” imisTvis, rom depresiulebi iyvnen.
kognituri Terapiebi aCereben depresiis am daRmaval spirals imiT, rom exmarebian
 780
klients, ufro metad ar CaiZiros depresiaSi Tavad depresiis gamo (Teasdale, 1985).
kognituri Terapiebis daxvewis mizniT, mkvlevarebi agrZeleben depresiis gancdaSi
siRrmiseuli azrobrivi (insaitis) wvdomis gamoyenebas (Jacobson et al., 1996; Teasdale et
al., 1995). magaliTad, erT-erTi gamokvleviT dasabuTda, rom Terapia yvelaze
efeqturia maSin, rodesac misi maxasiaTeblebi miesadageba klientis mosazrebebs
sakuTari depresiulobis mizezebis Sesaxeb (Addis & Jacobson, 1996). am codnis
gaTvaliswinebiT, klinicistebs yoveli individualuri klientisTvis saTanado
mkurnalobis misadageba SeuZliaT.

racionalur-
racionalur-emociuri Terapia
kognituri Terapiis erT-erTi adreuli formaa racionalur-
racionalur-emociuri Terapia
(reT)), romelic albert eliss (Albert Ellis, 1962, 1995; Windy & Ellis, 1997) ekuTvnis.
racionalur-emociuri Terapia pirovnebis Secvlis yovlismomcveli sistemaa,
romelic im iracionaluri azrebis tranformacias efuZneba, romelic iwvevs
arasasurvel, Zlieri emociuri muxtis mqone iseT reaqciebs, rogoricaa Zlieri
SfoTva. klientebs SeiZleba hqondeT gamyarebuli ZiriTadi faseulobebi,
romlebic moiTxoven, rom iyvnen warmatebulni da aRiarebulni; amtkiceben, rom
maT samarTlianad unda moeqcnen da karnaxoben maT, rom irgvliv yvelaferi ufro
sasiamovno unda iyos.
racionalur-emociuri TerapiiT momuSave praqtikosi aswavlis klients, Tu
rogor unda gadaastruqturos yvela “saWiroa”, “valdebuli xar” da “ase unda
iyos”, romelic mis qcevas akontrolebs da ar aZlevs sakuTari survilisamebr
cxovrebis saSualebas. Terapevtis amocanaa, daanaxos klients, rom emociuri
reaqcia, romelic Tan sdevs nebismier movlenas, sinamdvileSi am movlenis Sesaxeb
klientisTvis ucnobi warmodgenebis arsebobis Sedegia; amiT Terapevti klientis
Caketil cnobierebaSi SeWras cdilobs. magaliTad, sqesobrivi aqtis dros
orgazmis ararseboba (movlena) iwvevs daTrgunulobisa da TviT-gankicxvis
emociur reaqcias. emociuri reaqciis gamomwvevi warmodgenebis daaxloebiT aseTia:
“ar vvargivar seqsualuri cxovrebisTvis, albaT, impotenti var, radgan ise ver
moviqeci, rogorc unda movqceuliyavi”. Terapiis dros es (da sxva) warmodgenebis
Riad ganixileba racionaluri konfrontaciiTa da momxdari movlenis iseTi sxva
mizezebis garCeviT, rogoricaa gadaRla, alkoholis zemoqmedeba, mcdari
warmodgenebi sqesobrivi aqtis msvlelobaze anda mocemul dros an am konkretul
 781
partniorTan urTierTobis damyarebis survilis arqona. konfrontaciis teqnikas
Terapiuli zemoqmedebis sxva formebi mohyveba, romliTac xdeba dogmaturi,
iracionaluri azrovnebis Canacvleba racionaluri, situaciurad ganpirobebuli
ideebiT.
racionalur-emociuri Terapia mimarTulia individisTvis sakuTari
Rirebulebisa da potencialis SegrZnebis gaZlierebaze, romlis realizeba mas
Semdeg gaxdeba SesaZlebeli, rac igi Tavs daaRwevs pirovnuli zrdis
damabrkolebel mcdar warmodgenaTa sistemas. am TvalsazrisiT, mas bevri aqvs
saerTo humanistur TerapiebTan, romelTac axla ganvixilavT.

• racionalur-
racionalur-emociuri Terapia (reT)
( ) (Rational-emotive therapy – RET) – pirovnebis
Secvlis yovlismomcveli sistema, romelic im iracionaluri azrebis
tranformacias efuZneba, romelic iwvevs arasasurvel, Zlieri emociuri
muxtis mqone iseT reaqciebs, rogoricaa Zlieri SfoTva.

Sejameba

kognituri Terapiebis msvlelobisas adamianebis tanjvisgan gaTavisuflebas

imis SecvliT cdiloben, Tu ras da rogor fiqroben isini cxovrebiseul
movlenebze. kognitur bihevioraluri modifikaciisas icvleba arasasurveli qcevis
paternebi; amisaTvis sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb uaryofiT gamonaTqvamebs cvlian
konsqtruqciuli, qmediTi gamonaTqvamebiT. depresiis kognituri Terapiisas
aRkveTen avtomatur azrebs, cvlian klientis azrebis Cveul nakads da mimdinare
movlenebis mizezebis axsnis Cveul paternebs. racionalur-emociuri Terapia xels
uwyobs klients cnobierebaSi barierebis daZlevasa da sakuTari survilebiT
cxovrebis dawyebaSi.

egzistencialur-humanisturi Terapiebi

yoveldRiuri cxovrebis problemebi, Sinaarsiani adamianuri urTierTobebis

arqona da iseTi mniSvnelovani miznebis ararseboba, romelTaTvisac Rirs brZola
_ tipiuria egzistencialuri krizisebisTvis _ ase fiqroben adamianis bunebisadmi
humanisturi da egzistencialuri midgomis momxreebi. es mosazrebebi gaerTianda
Terapiis ganzogadebul saxeobaSi, romelic mimarTulia yvela adamianisTvis
saerTo, yofierebis ZiriTad problemebze.
 782
rogorc me-14-e TavSi vnaxeT, humanisturi Teoriebis birTvs warmoadgens
mTliani pirovnebis cneba, romelic mudmivi cvlilebisa da Camoyalibebis
procesSi imyofeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom garemo da memkvidreobiToba garkveul
SezRudvebs awesebs, adamianebi Tavad irCeven, rani iyvnen; amisaTvis qmnian
faseulobaTa sistemebs da sakuTar gadawyvetilebebSi axorcieleben maT. Tumca,
arCevanis Tavisuflebas pasuxismgeblobac axlavs Tan. vinaidan adamianebi
bolomde mainc ver acnobiereben TavianTi qcevis yvela SesaZlo Sedegs, SfoTva
da sasowarkveTa euflebaT. maT danaSaulis gancdac stanjavT, sakuTari
potencialis srulad realizebis SesaZleblobebis xelidan gaSvebis gamo.
egzistencialuri fsiqologiis klinikisTvis gankuTvnili axali versia, romelic
aerTianebs mis mravalferovan Temebsa da midgomebs, efuZneba mosazrebas, rom
Tanamedrove cxovrebis damabneveli realoba adamianisTvis damaxasiaTebel ori
ZiriTadi saxis daavadebas aZlevs dasabams. depresiuli da obsesiuri sindromebi
realobidan wasvlas asaxavs, sociopaTuri da narcisistuli sindromebi ki _ am
realobis eqspluatacias (Schneider & May, 1995).
fsiqoTerapevtebi, romlebic praqtikaSi iyeneben adamianis bunebis zogadi
Teoriis principebs, exmarebian klientebs, gansazRvron sakuTari Tavisufleba,
ganicadon da daafason yvela maTi arsebuli, moqmedi “me” da mimdinare momentis,
imwuTieri gaelvebis simdidre da mravalferovneba; SeZlon sakuTari
individualurobis damkvidreba da gamonaxon sakuTari potencialis srulad
realizebis (TviT-aqtualizaciis) gzebi. egzistencialur midgomaSi mniSvnelovania
mimdinare cxovrebiseuli situacia, romelic pirovnebas gamocdilebaSi eZleva.
egzistencialur-humanisturma filosofiam, aseve, dasabami misca moZraobas
adamianis potencialis ganviTarebisTvis,
ganviTarebisTvis romelic amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi
Camoyalibda XX saukunis 60-iani wlebis bolos. am moZraobaSi gaerTianda
saSualo adamianis potencialis ganviTarebis meTodebi, rac miznad isaxavda mis
ufro srulad gamoyenebasa da pirovnuli gamocdilebis mniSvnelovnad
gamdidrebasa da gamravalferovnebas. am moZraobis wyalobiT, Terapia, romelic
Tavdapirvelad mowodebuli iyo fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis mqone
adamianebisTvis, gafarTovda da gamoyenebadi gaxda fsiqikurad janmrTeli
adamianebisTvisac, romelTac surdaT, rom yofiliyvnen metad efeqturebi, metad
produqtulebi da gacilebiT ufro bednieri adamianebi.
 783
Cven ganvixilavT humanistur-egzistencialur tradiciebze ganviTarebul sam
Terapiul midgomas: klientze centrirebul Terapias, jgufur Terapiasa da
ojaxuri wyvilebisa da ojaxis Terapias.

• moZraoba adamianis
adamianis potencialis ganviTarebisTvis (Human-potential movement) _
Terapiuli moZraoba, romelic moicavs yvela im meTods da praqtikul
saqmianobas, rac xels uwyobs saSualo adamianis potencialis gamovlenas,
misi ufro srulad gamoyenebisa da pirovnuli gamocdilebis
mniSvnelovnad gamdidrebisa da gamravalferovnebis mizniT.

fsiqologia 21-e saukuneSi

Terapia kompiuterebis saukuneSi

fsiqoTerapiisadmi miZRvnili Tavis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani mizania,
daganaxoT misi qmediTunarianoba da efeqtianoba: gamokvlevebisa da
praqtikuli SemTxvevebis aRweriT SegviZlia, dagarwmunoT, rom realurad
SesaZlebelia fsiqologiuri tanjvis Semsubuqeba. 21-e saukunis
dasawyisisTvis kompiuteruli teqnologiebis ganviTarebam da kompiuterebis
iolad xelmisawvdomobam SesaZlebeli gaxada fsiqologTa da fsiqikuri
janmrTelobis sferoSi dakavebul praqtikosTa xelT arsebuli im
saSualebebis diapazonis gafarToveba, romlebic Terapiuli cvlilebebis
misaRwevad gamoiyeneba.
magaliTad, dResdReobiT mraval adamians aqvs SesaZlebloba, “saubriT
gankurnebis” _ iseTi interaqtiuli Terapiis, romelic froidma da misma
mimdevrebma ganaviTares Terapevtisa da pacientis pirispir urTierTobis
pirobebSi _ gamocdileba eleqtronuli fostiT an internetiT miiRos (Fink,
1999; King & Moreggi, 1998). kompiuteris gamoyenebiT ganxorcielebuli
Terapiisas Terapevti da klienti eleqtronuli fostiT ukavSirdebian
erTmaneTs. mkvlevarebma Tavidanve miuTiTes internetiT Terapiis potenciur
naklovanebebsa da sargebelze. maTi azriT, aseTi Terapiis nakli isaa, rom
SezRuduli da damaxinjebuli informaciis miwodebis SemTxvevaSi Terapevtma
SeiZleba araswori diagnozi dasvas, gadamowmebis saSualeba ki mas ar eqneba,
rogorc es SesaZlebelia pirispir situaciaSi (King & Moreggi, 1998). garda
amisa, momxmareblebs iSviaTad SeuZliaT internet-fsiqologTa
 784
kompetenturobis gadamowmeba; kibersivrceSi eqspertoba nebismierma SeiZleba
daibralos. miuxedavad am naklovanebebisa, eleqtronuli fostiT
ganxorcielebuli Terapia unikalur SesaZleblobebs aZlevs Terapevtebsa da
maT klientebs. magaliTad, bevr Terapevts miaCnia, rom am formis Terapiis
fardobiTi anonimuroba klientebs yvelaze Semawuxebeli problemebis
gacilebiT swrafad da sircxvilis gareSe gamovlenis SesaZleblobas aZlevs;
isini SeiZleba gacilebiT gulwrfelni iyvnen, roca ar uwevT sakuTar
monaTxrobze Terapevtis dakvirvebadi reaqciebis gamo nerviuloba (Grohol,
1998). kibersivrceSi Terapiis yvela uaryofiTi da dadebiTi mxaris
gaTvaliswinebiT, mkvlevarebma Camoayalibes fsiqikuri janmrTelobis
saerTaSoriso internet-sazogadoeba, romelic mowodebulia internet-
Terapiis praqtikuli da eTikuri SezRudvebis Sesaswavlad.
garda amisa, Terapevtebi igoneben internetisa da kompiuterebis
gamoyenebis axal saSualebebs, romliTac SesaZlebeli iqneba ufro viwro
profilis Terapiuli daxmarebis gaweva (magaliTad, Newman et al., 1999; Ström et
al., 2000). magaliTad, mkvlevarTa erTma jgufma Seqmna kompiuteruli programa,
romelic mowodebuli iyo panikuri aSlilobis kognitur bihevioraluri
mkurnalobisTvis (Newman et al., 1997). eqsperimentSi Sedarda cdis pirTa ori
jgufis mkurnalobis monacemebi: erT jgufs, nawilobriv, kompiuteris
daxmarebiT umkurnales, meorem ki _ tradiciuli Terapiis srul kursi
gaiara. orive SemTxvevaSi mkurnaloba moicavda bihevioralur komponents _
SemaSinebeli situaciebis wardgenas da relaqsacias da kognitur komponents
_ kognitur gadastruqturebas. Terapiuli programa CatvirTuli iyo jibis
portatul kompiuterebSi. amitom klientebs, msubuqi wonis gamo, yvelgan
SeeZloT maTi tareba. kompiuteruli programa uzrunvelyofda sxvadasxva
saxis mxardaWeras; maT Soris iyo moduli, romelsac ekranze gamohqonda
gamonaTqvamebi sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb da SeTavazebebi azrovnebis
mimarTulebis Secvlis Taobaze. aseve, iyo moduli, romelic axleburad
sunTqvis Cvevas karnaxobda klients. orive Terapia warmatebuli aRmoCnda:
mkurnalobidan eqvsi Tvis Semdeg orive jgufs SenarCunebuli hqonda
TerapiiT miRweuli Sedegebi. magaliTad, orive tipis mkurnalobis Semdeg
monawileTa 67%-s aRar aReniSneboda panikuri Setevebi. aseTi gamokvlevebi
 785
imeds gvaZlevs, rom Terapevtis Semcvleli kompiuteruli programebiT
mkurnalobis kursis gavla klientebs nebismier dros SeeZlebaT.
rogorc winamdebare TavSi vnaxeT, arsebul fsiqoTerapiaTa umravlesobis
ganviTarebis aucilebel pirobas Terapevtisa da pacientis Tu klientis
pirispir urTierToba Seadgenda. 21-e saukunis dasawyisSi mkvlevarebi
cdiloben, daadginon, Tu ra situaciebSia SesaZlebeli, rom kompiuterebi da
interneti am pirispir urTierTobis sasargeblo damxmare gaxdes.
veb gverdebi:
• www.ismho.org _ fsiqikuri janmrTelobis saerTaSoriso internet-
sazogadoebis veb gverdi.
• www.metanoia.org/imhs/ _ wamyvani veb gverdi, sadac mocemulia
dadasturebuli saTanado kvalifikaciis mqone TerapevtTa CamonaTvali.

klientze centrirebuli Terapia

klientze centrirebulma Terapiam, romelic karl rojersma (Carl Rogers, 1951,

1977) SemogvTavaza, mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdina imaze, Tu rogor xedaven
sxvadasxva mimarTulebis Terapevtebi klient-Terapevtis urTierTobas. klientze
centrirebuli Terapiis upirvelesi mizania pirovnebis jansaRi fsiqologiuri
zrdis waxaliseba da xelSewyoba.
es midgoma efuZneba daSvebas, rom yvela adamiani xasiaTdeba TviT-
aqtualizaciis _ sakuTari SesaZleblobebis realizaciis _ umTavresi tendenciiT.
rojersi darwmunebuli iyo, rom “organizmi bunebrivad iswrafvis yvela sakuTari
SesaZleblobis realizaciisken, raTa gaZlierdes da gaumjobesdes” (1959, gv. 196).
jansaR ganviTarebas abrkolebs araswori daswavlis paternebi; amasTan, pirovneba
eTanxmeba sxvebis mier mis mimarT gamoTqmul Sefasebebs nacvlad imisa, rom
mousminos da miendos sakuTar gonebasa da sxeuls. konfliqti, bunebrivad
dadebiT me-s xatsa da Tavsmoxveul uaryofiT kritikas Soris, SfoTvasa da
ubedurebis gancdas badebs. es konfliqti anu Seusabamoba SeiZleba cnobierebis
farglebs miRma mimdinareobdes, amitom adamiani Tavs ubedurad da
gaufasurebulad grZnobs, Tumca, ar icis, ratom.
rojersianuli Terapiis amocanaa iseTi Terapiuli garemos Seqmna, romelic
klients saSualebas aZlevs, naxos, Tu rogor unda moiqces sakuTari Tavis
 786
gasaumjobeseblad da TviT-aqtualizaciisTvis. vinaidan iTvleba, rom adamiani
bunebiT keTili da kargi arsebaa, Terapevtis amocana, ZiriTadad, isaa, rom
klients daxmareba gauwios im dabrkolebebis gadalaxvaSi, romelic zRudavs
bunebrivad dadebiTi midrekilebebis gamovlenas. ZiriTadi Terapiuli strategiaa
klientis grZnobebis danaxva, miReba da gageba, rac upirobo keTilganwyobis _
gankiTxvis gareSe miRebisa da pativiscemis _ atmosferoSi xdeba. Terapevtic
Tavisuflad gamoxatavs klientTan sakuTar azrebsa da grZnobebs. aseTi
gulwrfelad gaxnili situaciis gansamtkiceblad Terapevti cdilobs, rom
Tavadac ganimsWvalos klientis grZnobebiT. aseTi empaTiisTvis saWiroa, rom
Terapevti klients epyrobodes, rogorc pativsacem, qmediTunarian pirovnebas,
romelic ki ar unda ganikiTxos an Seafasos, aramed romelsac unda daexmaros
sakuTari individualobis aRmoCenaSi (Meador & Rogers, 1979).
Terapevtis damokidebuleba da emociuri stili klientis waxalisebis
saSualebaa, rom man kidev erTxel gadaxedos pirovnuli konfliqtis WeSmarit
wyaroebs da gaTavisufldes gavlenisgan, romelic abrkolebs TviT-aqtualizacias.
Tu Terapevtebi, romlebic sxva TerapiebiT muSaoben, axdenen mosmenilis
interpretacias, iZlevian pasuxebs an miTiTebebs, Terapevti, romelic klientze
centrirebuli TerapiiT muSaobs, mxardamWeri da monawile msmenelia, romelic
msjelobs da xandaxan formas ucvlis klientis SefasebiT gamonaTqvamebsa da
gamoxatul grZnobebs. klientze centrirebuli Terapia cdilobs, rom
aradireqtiuli iyos _ is mxolod exmareba klients sakuTar TavSi garkvevasa da
sakuTari me-s miRebaSi.

• klientze centrirebuli Terapia (Client centered therapy) – mkurnalobisadmi

humanisturi midgoma, romelic xazs usvams pirovnebis jansaR fsiqologiur
zrdas; efuZneba mosazrebas, rom yvela adamiani xasiaTdeba TviT-
aqtualizaciis umTavresi tendenciiT.
• geStalt-
geStalt-Terapia (Gestalt therapy) – Terapia, romelic mimarTulia pirovnebis
gamTlianebis mizniT gonebisa da sxeulis gaerTianebaze.

rojerss miaCnda, rom Tu adamianebs sxvebTan Tavisuflad urTierTobisa da

sakuTari Tavis miRebis SesaZleblobas mivcemT, maT Tavad SeeZlebaT sakuTari
fsiqologiuri sijansaRis aRdgena. am optimisturma mosazrebam da Terapevtis,
 787
rogorc mzrunveli eqspertis, da klientis, rogorc pirovnebis, humanurma
urTierTobam mraval praqtikos-Terapevtze moaxdina gavlena.

geStalt-
geStalt-Terapia

geStalt-Terapia, pirovnebis mTlianobis aRdgenis mizniT, mimarTulia gonebisa

da sxeulis gaerTianebaze (gavixsenoT, aRqmisadmi geStalt-fsiqologiuri midgoma,
romelzec me-5-e TavSi gvqonda saubari). misi mizania sakuTari Tavis Secnoba anu
TviT-Semecneba, rac Semdegnairad miiRweva: klients exmarebian, rom gamoxatos
Sekavebuli grZnobebi da aRiaros warsulis konfliqtebis Semdeg darCenili
daumTavrebeli saqmeebis arseboba, romlebic mas axal urTierTobebSi gadaaqvs da
romelTa damTavreba aucilebelia pirovnuli zrdis gasagrZeleblad. geStalt-
Terapiis fuZemdebeli _ fric perlzi (Fritz Perlz, 1969) Tavis klientebs
konfliqtebTan dakavSirebuli fantaziebisa da Zlieri grZnobebis gaTamaSebas
sTxovda. isini aseve, aRadgendnen sakuTar sizmrebs, romelTac perlzi maTi
pirovnebis aracnobierSi gandevnil nawilad miiCnevda. perlzi ambobda: “Cven
xelaxla unda vaRiaroT da Cvenad miviRoT sakuTari pirovnebis es proecirebuli,
danawevrebuli nawilebi da Cvenad unda miviRoT is dafaruli potenciali,
romelic sizmarSi iCens Tavs” (1969, gv. 67).
geStalt-Terapiuli Sexvedrebis dros xdeba monawileTa waxaliseba, rom
aRadginon kontaqti TavianT “WeSmarit Sinagan xmebTan” (Hatcher & Himelstein, 1996).
geStalt-Terapiis erT-erT yvelaze cnobil meTods carieli skamis teqnika
ewodeba: Terapevti klientTan axlos dgams cariel skams. klientma unda
warmoidginos, rom skamze moTavsebulia romelime grZnoba, pirovneba, obieqti an
situacia. igi “esaubreba” skamze “mjdoms”. magaliTad, klientma SeiZleba
warmoidginos, rom skamze misi deda an mama zis; is maT mimarT gamoxatavs
grZnobebs, romelTac sxvagvarad ar gamoxatavda. Semdeg klientma SeiZleba
warmoidginos, rom axla es grZnobebi “sxedan” skamze da maT “gaesaubros” imis
Sesaxeb, Tu ra gavlena aqvT maT klientis cxovrebaze. es teqnika saSualebas
aZlevs klients, daupirispirdes da gamoikvlios gamoxatvis gareSe darCenili
Zlieri grZnobebi, romlebic, SesaZloa, gavlenas axdendnen mis fsiqologiur
keTildReobaze.

Sejameba
 788
egzistencialur-humanistur TerapiebSi xazgasmulia mTliani pirovnebis cneba,
romelic mudmivi cvlilebisa da Camoyalibebis procesSi imyofeba. karl rojersma
Seqmna klientze centrirebuli Terapia, romelic miznad isaxavs aradireqtiuli
garemos Seqmnas, sadac klienti SeZlebs araswori swavlis paternebis daZlevas da
sakuTari Tavis gaumjobesebisa da TviT-realizaciis miRwevas. geStalt-Terapia
xels uwyobs jgufis monawileebs gonebisa da sulis gamTlianebaSi, rasac
grZnobebis gamoxatviTa da konfliqtebis gacnobierebiT aRwevs. mravali adamiani
sargeblobs TviT-daxmarebis jgufebis fsiqologiuri mxardaWeriT.

jgufuri Terapiebi

mkurnalobisadmi yvela aqamde ganxiluli midgoma, pirvel rigSi,

iTvaliswinebda Terapevti-pacientis an Terapevti-klientis pirispir, erTi-erTze
urTierTobas. miuxedavad amisa, dResdReobiT mravali adamiani iRebs Terapiul
daxmarebas, rogorc jgufis wevri. jgufuri Terapiis ganviTarebis ramdenime
mizezi arsebobs; aqve unda iTqvas, rom jgufuri Terapia zogjer SeiZleba ufro
efeqtiani iyos, vidre individualuri Terapia (Fuhriman & Burlingame, 1994). jgufuri
Terapiis zogierTi upiratesoba praqtikuli xasiaTisaa: is ufro iafia da mcire
raodenobis fsiqoTerapevtebs meti klentisTvis SeuZliaT daxmarebis gaweva.
danarCeni upiratesobebi jgufuri garemos Zalas anu jgufis efeqts ukavSirdeba:
jgufi (1) SedarebiT usafrTxo garemos qmnis im adamianebisTvis, vinc iolad
eqceva sxvaTa gavlenis qveS da Tavad ver axerxeben maTgan Tavis daRwevas; (2)
iZleva saSualebas, rom jgufSi mimdinare procesebma gavlena moaxdinos
calkeuli monawileebis araadaptur qcevaze; (3) SesaZleblobas aZlevs adamianebs,
rom Terapiuli seansebis msvlelobisas daakvirdnen da gaivarjiSon
pirovnebaTSorisi urTierTobis unar-Cvevebi; (4) uzrunvelyofs pirveladi
ojaxuri jgufis analogias, rac emociuri gamocdilebis koregirebis saSualebas
iZleva.
jgufuri Terapiis zogierTi wanamZRvari gansxvavdeba individualuri Terapiis
wanamZRvrebisgan. jgufuri Terapiis socialuri garemo SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs:
viswavloT sakuTari mosazrebebis gamoxatva iseTi formebiT, rom isini
sxvebisTvisac gasagebi gaxdes; vnaxoT, ramdenad gansxvavdeba Cven mier sxvebze
moxdenili STabeWdileba imisgan, rogori STabeWdilebis moxdenasac vcdilobdiT
an imisgan, rogoric warmogvidgenia sakuTari Tavi. garda amisa, jgufi
 789
TvalsaCinod gvaCvenebs da gvarwmunebs, rom Cveni simptomebi, problemebi da
“devianturi” qcevebi ar aris erTaderTi da ganumeorebeli _ isini sakmaod xSiria
da adamianTa did raodenobas axasiaTebs. vinaidan adamianebs ar uyvarT sxvebTan
TavianT uaryofiT mxareebze saubari da sakuTar Tavze uaryofiTi informaciis
gacema, mosalodnelia, rom erTi da igive problemis mqone mraval adamians
egonos, rom is aris “erTaderTi, visac es problema aqvs”. jgufur situaciaSi
gamocdilebis gaziareba exmareba adamianebs, gaaqarwylon es pluralisturi
umecreba _ mravali maTganisTvis saerTo mcdari warmodgena unikalur,
ganumeorebel marcxze. garda amisa, jgufuri Terapiis procesSi dawyebuli
urTierToba da urTierTdaxmareba SeiZleba mkurnalobis dasrulebis Semdegac
gagrZelebs.

ojaxuri wyvilebisa da ojaxis Terapia

jgufebis umravlesoba Sedgeba erTmaneTisTvis ucxo adamianebisgan, romlebic

jgufSi modian droebiTi urTierTobebis dasamyareblad, ramac SeiZleba
garkveuli sargebeli misces maT. ojaxuri wyvilebisa da ojaxis Terapiis
SemTxvevaSi Terapiul garemoSi Semodian mravalmxrivi kavSirebiT gamyarebuli,
ukve arsebuli erTeulebi.
qorwinebaSi warmoqmnili problemebis Taobaze ojaxuri wyvilebis konsultacia
gulisxmobs partniorTa Soris informaciis gacvlis Cveuli paternebis
gamovlenas da Semdeg maTi urTierTqmedebis xarisxis gaumjobesebas (Napier, 2000).
wyvilTan erToblivi SexvedrebiT, xSir SemTxvevebSi, maTi urTierTqmedebis
videofirze CaweriTa da Semdeg Canaweris garCeviT, Terapevts SeuZlia daexmaros
maT urTierTobis im verbaluri da araverbaluri stilebis danaxvasa da garCevaSi,
romelsac isini iyeneben erTmaneTze upiratesobis mopovebis an marTvis anda
erTmaneTis dabnevis da SecdomaSi Seyvanis mizniT. TiToeul mxares aswavlian, Tu
rogor unda ganamtkicos meoresTan sasurveli reaqciebi da yuradRebis gareSe
datovos arasasurveli reaqciebi. garda amisa, isini iTviseben aradireqtiuli
mosmenis unar-Cvevebs, raTa daexmaron partniors grZnobebisa da azrebis naTlad
gamoxatvaSi. qorwinebis problemebis mogvarebisTvis wyvilebis Terapia gacilebiT
efeqturia, vidre individualuri Terapia mxolod erTi partniorisTvis. amasTan,
Sedegebi aCvenebs, rom mcirdeba ojaxuri krizisebis raodenoba, wyvili ki
inarCunebs qorwinebas (Shadisn et al., 1993, 1995).
 790
ojaxuri Terapiis klietia mTliani ojaxi, romelsac aqvs Tavisi birTvi, xolo
ojaxis TiToeuli wevri ganixileba, rogorc urTierTqmedebaTa sistemis wevri
(Schwebel & Fine, 1994). ojaxis fsiqoTerapevti muSaobs ojaxis Sewuxebul,
aforiaqebul wevrebTan da exmareba maT imis garkvevaSi, Tu ra uqmnis erT an
ramdenime maTgans problemebs. Terapiis mizania adamianebs Soris fsiqologiuri
manZilebis da erTi mTlianis saxiT moqmedi adamianebis pirovnebaTSorisi
dinamikis Secvla, rac gansxvavdeba cakleuli araadapturi individebis qcevis
Secvlisgan. ganvixiloT ojaxis Terapiis magaliTi, romelic mozardebis mier
narkotikebis moxmarebis mizeziT ganxorcielda.

saidan viciT

ojaxis Terapia da mozardebis mier narkotikebis moxmareba

mozardebis mier narkotikebis moxmarebis Sesamcireblad mkvlevarTa
jgufma gadawyvita jgufuri Terapiis gamoyeneba. maTi ZiriTadi hipoTeza iyo:
kvlevaSi monawile mozardebi maSin ufro Seamcirebdnen narkotikebis
moxmarebas, Tu mTlianad Seicvleboda maTi ojaxuri garemo. amitom ojaxis
Terapiis samizne iyo rogorc mozardTa moqmedebebis gamosworeba, ise _
mSoblebis mier gamoyenebuli aRzrdis meTodebis gaumjobeseba. eqvsTviani
mkurnalobis kursis dasawyisisTvis ojaxebze dakvirvebam gamoavlina, rom
mSoblebisTvis Cveuli uaryofiTi qcevebi SvilebTan urTierTobisas
(magaliTad, uaryofiTi emociebis gamoxatva, sityvieri agresia) _ 72%
sWarbobda dadebiT qmedebebs (magaliTad, optimizmisa da siyvarulis
gamoxatvas) _ 53%; Terapiis dasasrulisTvis ki, dadebiTma urTierTobis
Cvevebma _ 77% gadaaWarba uaryofiTs _ 47%. garda amisa, im mSoblebis
Svilebma, romlebmac aRzrdis stilis zogadi gaumjobeseba aCvenebs,
mniSvnelovnad Seamcires narkotikebis moxmareba (Schmidt et al., 1996).

es gamokvleva ojaxis Terapiis mniSvnelovnebis TvalsaCino magaliTia. vinaidan

mTel ojaxTan muSaobdnen, Terapiulma Carevam Secvala garemos is faqtorebi,
romelmac, SesaZloa, miiyvanes kidec mozardi narkotikebis gasinjvamde da
moxmarebamde.
ojaxis Terapias SeuZlia ojaxSi arsebuli daZabulobis Semcireba da
calkeuli wevrebis funqcionirebis gaumjosebeba imiT, rom daexmaros klientebs
da daanaxos maTi urTierTobis rogorc dadebiTi, ise _ uaryofiTi aspeqtebi.
 791
virjinia satiri (Virginia Satir, 1967), ojaxis Terapiis meTodebis avtori, aRniSnavda,
rom ojaxis TerapiiT dakavebuli fsiqoTerapevti mraval rols asrulebs: is aris
Terapiul seansebze ganxorcielebuli urTierTqmedebebis interpretatori da
amxsneli; is aris gavlenis wyaro, Suamavali da arbitri. ojaxis TerapiiT
dakavebul praqtikosTa umravlesobas miaCnia, rom Terapiis procesSi ganxiluli
da mogvarebuli problemebi situaciuri xasiaTisaa da warmoadgens adamianebs
Soris warmoqmnil siZneleebs an socialuri urTierTqmedebis problemebs, da ara
_ pirovnebebis dispoziciur aspeqtebs. es siZneleebi droTa ganmavlobaSi
SeiZleba warmoiqmnas, rodesac ojaxis wevrebi iZulebulni xdebian Seasrulon an
Tavis Tavze aiRon arasasiamovno rolebi. ojaxis bunebrivi ganviTarebis procesSi
_ iqneba es samuSaos dakargva, bavSvis skolaSi miyvana, qorwineba Tu bavSvis
dabadeba _ sruliad SesaZlebelia urTierTqmedebis araefeqturi formebis
Camoyalibeba. ojaxis Terapevtis amocanaa ojaxis struqturis garkveva da masze
moqmedi Zalebis (da es Zalebis SeiZleba uamravi iyos) gamovlena. is muSaobs
ojaxis wevrebTan da am muSaobis mizania “disfunqciuri” struqturuli
elementebis gaqroba da axali, ufro efeqturi struqturebis SemuSaveba da
ganmtkiceba (Fishman, 1993).

sazogadoebrivi mxardaWeris jgufebi

fsiqoTerapiis ganviTarebaSi amaRelvebeli periodi iyo TviT-daxmarebis

jgufebisadmi interesis gaZliereba. yovelwliurad amerikis daaxloebiT 10
milioni mozrdili moqalaqe dadis aseTi jfugebis Sexvedrebze (Kessler et al., 1997).
mxardamWeri jgufebis Sexvedrebi, rogorc wesi, ufasoa, gansakuTrebiT im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu jgufis wamyvanebi ar arian janmrTelobis dacvis sferoSi
momsaxure profesionalebi. aseTi jgufebi adamianebs saSualebas aZlevs, Sexvdnen
msgavsi problemebis mqone sxva adamianebs, romlebic agrZeleben cxovrebas da
xandaxan wamratebebsac aRweven. specialur jgufebSi TviT-daxmarebis idea
pirvelad gamoiyena organizaciam “anonimuri alkoholikebi” (AA), Tumca,
alkoholizmis farglebidan gaitana da ganavrco XX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi
dawyebulma qalTa moZraobam, romelic mowodebuli iyo sazogadoebrivi
cnobierebis gaZlierebisTvis. dResdReobiT mxardaWeris jgufebi oTxi ZiriTadi
kategoriis problemebze muSaoben: damokidebulebis sxvadasxva formebi, fizikuri
daavadebebi da fsiqikuri aSlilobebi, cxovrebiseuli cvlilebebi da sxva
 792
krizisebi, seriozuli problemebis mqone megobrebis an naTesavebis gamo miRebuli
travmebi. ukanasknel wlebSi adamianebma daiwyes internetis, rogorc TviT-
daxmarebis jgufebis kidev erTi formis, gamoyeneba. zogadad, TviT-daxmarebis
internet-jgufebi imave sakiTxebiT arian dakavebulni, romliTac maTi fizikuri
oreulebi (Davison et al., 2000). Tumca, interneti gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan
Sexvedris adgils warmoadgens iseT mdgomareobaSi myofi adamianebisTvis,
romelTac avadmyofobis _ magaliTad, qronikuli gadaRlis sindromis an
gafantuli sklerozis _ gamo SezRuduli aqvT gadaadgilebis SesaZlebloba.
jgufis Sexvedrebze fizikurad misvlis SeuZlebloba aRar arTmevs adamianebs
TviT-daxmarebis jgufebis muSaobidan sargeblis miRebis saSualebas.
mkvlevarebi did yuradRebas uTmoben imis garkvevas, Tu ra Taviseburebebi unda
hqondes TviT-daxmarebis jgufs, rom maqsimaurad efeqturi iyos. rogorc maTi
moRvaweobidan Cans, aseTi jgufebi mTel rig funqciebs asruleben TavianTi
wevrebisTvis: magaliTad, adamianebs unergaven imeds da rwmenas, rom SeuZliaT
sakuTari problemebis gakontroleba; uzrunvelyofen socialur mxardaWeras
cxovrebiseuli sirTuleebiT gatanjuli adamianebisTvis; uzrunvelyofen
aSlilobebisa da mkurnalobebis Sesaxeb informaciis gacvlas (Riessman, 1997; Schiff
& Bargal, 2000). Tu gadawyvetT aseT jgufSi monawileobas, gaiTvaliswineT, rom es
jgufebi gansakuTrebiT kargad moqmedebs adamianebis mier sakuTari keTildReobis
gancdaze, rodesac isini kmayofilni arian SexvedrebiT (Schiff & Bargal, 2000).
magaliTad, erTi gamokvlevis Sedegad cnobili gaxda, rom is adamianebi, romelnic
gansakuTrebiT miejaWvnen anonimur alkoholikTa sazogadoebas mas Semdeg, rac
alkoholizmis mkurnalobis kursi gaiares, alkoholisken miswrafebis ganaxlebis
gansakuTrebiT naklebi midrekilebiT xasiaTdebodnen. naTelia, rom am
sazogadoebasTan mWidro urTierToba individebs, alkoholizmis kontrolis
TvalsazrisiT, sakuTari qcevis sisworeSi darwmunebulobis ganmtkicebis
SesaZleblobas aZlevs (Morgenstern et al., 1997).
TviT-daxmarebis ganviTarebaSi mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana jgufuri
Terapiebis gamoyenebam ukurnebeli daavadebebis mqone adamianebTan. aseTi Terapiis
mizania, daexmaros pacientebsa da maT ojaxebs, rom avadmyofobis periodSi
SeZlebisdagvarad savse cxovrebiT icxovron, realisturad Sexedon gardauval
sikvdils da Seeguon ukurnebel sens (Fobair, 1997; LrGrand, 1991). ganukurnebel
pacientebTan aseTi mxardamWeri jgufebis muSaobis zogadi mimarTulebaa _
 793
aswavlon maT, Tu rogor icxovron savse cxovrebiT im momentamde, rodesac isini
ityvian “mSvidobiT” (Nungesser, 1990).
jgufuri Terapiebi bolo magaliTia Cven mier ganxiluli Terapiebisa,
romlebic mxolod fsiqologiur mkurnalobazea dafuZnebuli _ mkurnalobaze,
romelic zemoqmedebs tvinis software-ze. axla SevudgebiT imis garkvevas, Tu rogor
muSaoben biosamedicino Terapiebi, gonebaze zemoqmedebis mizniT, sxeulisa da
tvinis hardware-is Secvlaze,

Sejameba
jgufuri Terapiebi ufro xelmisawvdoms xdis fsiqikur janmrTelobaze
zrunvas; amasTan, iZleva socialuri qcevebis dakvirvebisa da aTvisebis
SesaZleblobas. ojaxuri wyvilebisa da ojaxis Terapia muSaobs individis
problemebze, romlebic ukavSirdeba Seguebas da warmoadgens urTierTobebis
sistemebSi wrmoqmnili siZneleebis Sedegebs. Terapiis mizania wyvilebsa da
ojaxebSi urTierTobebis sistemebis Secvla. mravali adamiani TviT-daxmarebis
jgufebSi iRebs fsiqologiur mxardaWeras. es jgufebi individebs aZleven imeds,
socialur mxardaWeras da informacias rogorc fizikur, ise _ kibersivrceSi.

biosamedicino Terapiebi

tvinis ekologia myife balansiT xasiaTdeba. rodesac tvinSi rame arasworad

xdeba, Cven vxedavT qcevis paTologiuri paternebs an ucnaur kognitur da
emociur reaqciebs. garemos, socialur Tu qceviT darRvevebs, rogoricaa
narkotikebi da Zaladoba, aseve, SeuZlia tvinis qimiis da moqmedebis Secvla.
biosamedicino Terapiebi, umeteswilad, fsiqikur aSlilobebs tvinis “hardware-is
problemebad miiCneven”. fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis simptomebis Semsubuqebisadmi
sami saxis biosamedicino midgomas aRvwerT: fsiqoqirurgias, eleqtrokonvulsiur
Soks da farmakoTerapias.

fsiqoqirurgia da eleqtrokonvulsiuri Terapia

“los anjeles Taims”-is saTauri iuwyeboda: “tvinSi moxvedrili tyvia adamians

fsiqikuri daavadebisgan kurnavs” (2/23/188). statia mogviTxrobda 19 wlis
 794
axalgazrda mamakacis Sesaxeb, romelic obsesiur-kompulsuri aSlilobiT
itanjeboda. TviTmkvlelobis mcdelobisas man pirdapir SublSi isrola 22
kalibriani tyvia. saintereso iyo, rom is gadarCa, ganikurna paTologiuri
simptomatikisgan da uvneblad SeunarCunda gonebrivi SesaZleblobebi, Tumca,
problemis zogierTi mizezi jer kidev arsebobda.
es SemTxveva gviCvenebs biosamedicino Terapiis erT-erTi yvelaze pirdapiri
gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas: qirurgiul Carevas tvinSi. aseTi Careva gulisxmobs
tvinis nawilebs Soris kavSirebis CaWras an mcire nawilis amokveTas. xSirad es
ukanaskneli gzaa iseTi fsiqopaTologiebis mkurnalobisas, romelTa daZleva ver
moxerxda sxva, ara aseTi ukiduresi Terapiuli zemoqmdebiT. fsiqoqirurgia
zogadi terminia, romelic aerTianebs tvinis qsovilze ganxorcielebul
qirurgiul procedurebs, fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis Semsubuqebis an aRkveTis
mizniT. Sua saukuneebSi fsiqoqirurgia niSnavda “sisulelis marcvlis amokveTas”
SeSlilTa tvinebidan, rac xatovnad aris asaxuli maSindel graviurebsa da
ferwerul tiloebze.
Tanamedrove fsiqoqirurgiul procedurebSi Sedis: korZiani sxeulis boWkoebis
amokveTa mwvave epilefsiuri gulyrebis Sesamsubuqeblad, razec vsaubrobdiT me-3-
e TavSi; limburi sistemis funqcionirebis ganmapirobebeli gzebis CaWra
(amigdalotomia) da prefrontaluri lobotomia. fsiqoqirurgiis yvelaze cnobili
formaa prefrontaluri lobotomia _ operacia, romlis drosac iWreba Tavis
tvinis Sublis wilebisa da diencefalonis SemaerTebeli nervuli boWkoebi,
gansakuTrebiT, TalamusTan da hipoTalamusTan ganlagebuli boWkoebi. procedura
SeimuSava egaS moniSma (Egas Moniz). man 1949 wels nobelis premia miiRo
mkurnalobis sakuTar meTodSi, romelic, rogorc Canda, cvlida fsiqikurad
daavadebul adamianTa finqcionirebas.
Tavdapirvelad lobotomiis kandidatebi iyvnen agznebadi Sizofreniuli
pacientebi da kompulsiuri da SfoTviTi aSlilobebis mqone pacientebi.
fsiqoqirurgiis efeqti STambeWdavi iyo: proceduris Semdeg saxeze iyo axali
pirovneba, romelic ar xasiaTdeboda Zlieri emociuri agznebiT da, Sesabamisad,
arc yovlismomcveli SfoTviT, danaSaulis gancdiTa da risxviT itanjeboda.
Tumca, operacia samudamod anadgurebda adamianis bunebis arsebiT maxasiaTeblebs:
pacientebi, romelTac lobotomiis procedura hqondaT gavlili, kargavdnen
sakuTar unikalur pirovnul maxasiaTeblebs. lobotomiis Semdeg maT aRar
 795
SeeZloT momavlis dagegmva, axasiaTebdaT gulgriloba garSemomyofTa
mosazrebebisadmi, infantilizmi, inteleqtualuri da emociuri gasadaveba; es
iyvnen adamianebi sakuTari me-s mTlianobis gancdis gareSe. (moniSis erT-erTi
pacienti imdenad gaognebuli da ganawyenebuli iyo aseTi moulodneli SedegebiT,
rom esrola kidec eqims, ris Semdegac is nawilobriv paralizebuli darCa.)
vinaidan fsiqoqirurgiis moqmedeba Seuqcevadia da vinaidan kargad aris cnobili
misi mZime uaryofiTi Sedegebi, dadebiTi ki _ naklebad TvalsaCinoa, misi
gamoyeneba Zalian SezRudulia.
eleqtrokonvulsiuri Terapia (ekT)) aris Tavis tvinze eleqtruli Sokis
gamoyeneba iseTi fsiqiatriuli aSlilobebis mkurnalobis mizniT, rogoricaa
Sizofrenia, mania da, yvelaze xSirad, depresia. meTodika aseTia: pacientis
safeTqlebze moqmedeben susti eleqtruli nakadiT (75-dan 100 voltamde) 1/10
wamidan erT wamamde manamde, sanam ar moxdeba konvulsia. konvulsia, Cveulebriv,
45-dan 60 wamamde grZeldeba. pacients winaswar amzadeben aseTi mtkivneuli
mkurnalobisTvis _ amSvideben xanmokle moqmedebis barbituratebiT da kunTebis
mosadunebeli pretaratebiT, rasac pacienti ugono mdgomareobaSi gadahyavs da
rac minimumamde amcirebs Zlier umarTav fizikur reaqciebs (Abrams, 1992).
eleqtrokonvulsiuri Terapia Zalze warmatebuli aRmoCnda Rrma depresiis
simptomebis SemsubuqebisTvis (Sackheim et al., 2000). misi Rirseba, nawilobriv, isaa,
rom Zalze swrafad moqmedebs. rogorc wesi, sam-oTxdRiani mkurnalobis kursis
Semdeg depresiis simptomebi Sesustebas iwyebs, gansxvavebiT farmakoTerapiisgan,
romelic erTi an ori kviris Semdeg iwyebs moqmedebas. miuxedavad amisa,
TerapevtTa umetesoba ekT-s mkurnalobis ukidures formad miiCnevs. is xSirad
gamoiyeneba, rogorc saswrafo gadaudebeli mkurnaloba, suicidur an cudad
nakveb depresiul pacientebTan da maTTan, vinc ar reagirebs antidepresantebze an
ver itans maT gverdiT movelenebs.

• fsiqoqirurgia (Psychosurgery) _ fsiqologiuri aSlilobis Semsubuqebis an

aRkveTis mizniT tvinis qsovilze ganxorcielebuli qirurgiuli
procedurebi.
• prefrontaluri lobotomia (Prefrontal lobotomy) _ operacia, romlis drosac
iWreba Tavis tvinis Sublis wilebisa da diencefalonis SemaerTebeli
nervuli boWkoebi, gansakuTrebiT, TalamusTan da hipoTalamusTan
 796
ganlagebuli boWkoebi; fsiqoqirurgiis yvelaze cnobili forma.
• eleqtrokonvulsiuri Terapia (ekT) (Electroconvulsive therapy – ECT) _
eleqtrokonvulsiuli Sokis gamoyeneba Rrma depresiis warmatebulad
samkurnalod.

Tu ekT ase kargad moqmedebs, ratom aris ase xSirad demonizirebuli?

magaliTad, 1982 wels berklis (kaliforniis Stati) mcxovreblebma xma misces
fsiqikuri aSlilobebis samkurnalo yvela saxelmwifo dawesebulebaSi
eleqtrokonvulsiuri Sokis gamoyenebis akrZalvas (SemdgomSi es gadawyvetileba
gabaTilda iuridiul safuZvlze). ekT-s mimarT samecniero wreebis uaryofiTi
damokidebulebis ZiriTadi mizezi isaa, rom ucnobia misi moqmedebis meqanizmebi. es
Terapia gaCnda pacientis dakvirvebisas, romelsac erTdroulad hqonda
Sizofrenia da epilefsia. epilefsiuri gulyrebis Semdeg mas Sizofreniis
simptomebi umsubuqdeboda. klinicistebma ivaraudes, rom igive efeqtis miRweva
xelovnurad gamowveuli gulyrebiTac iqneboda SesaZlebeli. miuxedavad imisa,
rom maTi daSveba nawilobriv gamarTlda _ ekT gacilebiT ukeTesad amsubuqebs
depresias, vidre Sizofranias _ mkvlevarebs jer kidev win aqvT am SemTxveviTi
dakvirvebis mecnieruli dasabuTeba.
garda amisa, kritikosebs ekT-s SesaZlo gverdiTi movlenebic aRelvebT (Breggin,
1979, 1991). eleqtrokonvulsiuri Terapia droebiT dezorientaciasa da mexsierebis
mTel rig darRvevebs iwvevs. pacientebi xSirad itanjebian amneziiT _ aRar axsovT
movlenebi, romlebic win uswrebda mkurnalobas; rac ufro xangrZlivia
mkurnaloba, miT mZimea amneziac. Tumca, gamokvlevam aCvena, rom, pacientebi
rogorc wesi, aRidgenen mexsierebis Sinaarsebs mkurnalobis dasrulebidan
ramdenime Tvis manZilze (Cohen et al., 2000). metic, pacientebs, romelTac mTeli
cxovrebis manzilze eleqtrokonvulsiuri Terapiis 100-ze meti procedura
hqondaT gavlili, ar aReniSnebodaT cvlilebebi funqcionirebaSi im pacientebTan
SedarebiT, romelTac arasodes gauvliaT aseTi procedura (Devanand et a., 1991).
dResdReobiT, tvinis muSaobis xanmokle Seferxebebis minimizaciisTvisac ki,
xSirad eleqtrokonvulsiuri SokiT tvinis mxolod erTi mxaris stimulacias
axdenen da isic _ mxolod metyvelebis gauaresebis albaTobis Sesamcireblad.
aseTi calmxrivi ekT efeqtiani antidepresantia.
 797
axla vnaxoT, ratom gaxda farmakoTerapia fsiqopaTologiaSi biosamedicino
Carevis yvelaze polularuli forma.
• fsiqofarmakologia (Psychopharmacology) – fsiqologiis dargi, romelic
swavlobs qcevaze medikamentebis moqmedebas.

farmakoTerapia
fsiqikuri aSlilobebis mkurnalobis istoriaSi uprecendento gadatrialeba
iyo medikamentebis aRmoCena, romelTac SeeZloT mSfoTvare pacientebis
damSvideba, autisti pacientebis kontaqtis aRdgena realobasTan da fsiqoturi
pacientebis halucinaciebis daTrgunva. es axali Terapiuli epoqa 1953 wels,
klinikebis Terapiul programebSi trankvilizatorebis, gansakuTrebiT,
qlorpromazinis, SetaniT daiwyo. medikamentebiT mkurnalobam TiTqmis
dauyovnebliv moipova aRiareba da pacientis qcevis efeqturi Semcvlelis statusi.
fsiqofarmakologia fsiqologiis dargia, romelic Seiswavlis qcevaze
medimanetebis moqmedebas. fsiqofarmakologiis sferoSi momuSave mkvlevarebi
swavloben, Tu rogor moqmedeben medikamentebi zogierT biologiur sistemaze da
rogor icvleba reaqcia am zemoqmedebis Sedegad.
medikamentebiT mkurnalobis meTodebis aRmoCenam udidesi gavlena moaxdina
mZime aSlilobebis mqone pacientebis mkurnalobaze. fsiqiatriuli klinikebis
momsaxure personals aRar sWirdeboda mcvelebis rolSi yofna, pacientebis
izolatorebSi moTavseba an maTTvis damamSvidebeli perangis Cacma; personalis
moraluri saxe gaumjobesda mas Semdeg, rac fsiqiatriul dawesebulebebSi
fsiqikurad daavadebulTa ubralo patimroba reabilitaciiT Seicvala (swazey,
1974). metic, revoluciam, romelic medikamentebiT mkurnalobis danergvas mohyva,
didi gavlena iqonia aSS-s fsiqiatriuli klinikebis kontingentze. 1955 wlisTvis
naxevar milionze meti adamiani (romelic, saSualod, iq ramdenime weliwads
atarebda) cxovrobda fsiqiatriul dawesebulebebSi. mkurnalobaSi
qlorpromazinisa da sxva medikamentebis gamoyenebam SeaCera da sapirispiro
mimarTuleba misca pacientTa raodenobis zrdas. 1970-iani wlebis dasawyisisTvis
qveyanaSi arsebul fsiqiatriul pacientTa naxevarze naklebi imyofeboda
realurad fsiqiatriul klinikebSi da isic, saSualod, mxolod ramdenime Tvis
manZilze.
 798
dReisaTvis Terapiul programebSi sami ZiriTadi kategoriis medikamentebi
gamoiyeneba: antifsiqoturi, antidepresantuli da anqsiolizuri naerTebi. rogorc
dasaxelebebidan Cans, es medikamentebi qimiuri gziT cvlian tvinis specifikur
funqciebs, romlebic pasuxismgebelia fsiqotur simptomebze, depresiasa da
ukidures SfoTvaze.

antifsiqoturi
antifsiqoturi preparatebi

antifsiqoturi preparatebi cvlis bodviTi mdgomareobebis, halucinaciebis,

socialuri gariyulobis (Caketilobis) da perioduli agznebadobis (aJitaciis)
Sizofreniul simptomebs (Dawkins et al., 1999). antifsiqoturi preparatebis moqmedeba
zRudavs neirogadamtan dofaminis aqtivobas tvinSi. iseTi preparatebi, rogoricaa
qlorpromazini (aSS-Si savaWro dasaxeleba _ Torazini) da haloperidoli
(cnobilia, rogorc haldoli), amcirebs an Trgunavs dofanimuri receptorebis
mgrZnobelobas. klozapini (cnobilia, rogorc klizarili), uaxlesi wamyvani
antifsiqoturi preparatia, romelic uSualod amcirebs dofaminis aqtivobas da
zrdis serotoninis aqtivobis dones, romelic akavebs dofaminur sistemas.
miuxedavad imisa, rom es preparatebi amcireben tvinis aqtiobis zogad dones, isini
ar arian mxolod trankvilizatorebi. mravali pacientisTvis yvela es preparati
gacilebiT metia, vidre ubralod agznebis Semasustebeli da damamSvidebeli. isini
aqroben an amcireben Sizofreniis dadebiT simptomebs, bodvebisa da
halucinaciebis CaTvliT.
samwuxarod, antifsiqotur preparatebs uaryofiTi gverdiTi moqmedeba
axasiaTebs. vinaidan dofamins Tavisi roli aqvs motorul kontrolSi,
medikamenturi mkurnalobis kurss xSirad axlavs darRvevebi kunTebis muSaobaSi.
motoruli kontrolis _ gansakuTrebiT saxis kunTebis muSaobis _ gamorCeuli
darRvevaa gviani diskinezia, romelic antifsiqoturi preparatebis zemoqmedebis
Sedegad viTardeba. aseTi gverdiTi movlenis mqone pacientebs aReniSnebaT ybis,
tuCebisa da enis uneblie moZraobebi. preparati klozapini ufro SerCeviTad
akavebs dofaminur receptorebs, rac amcirebs motoruli darRvevebis ganviTarebis
albaTobas. samwuxarod, im pacientTa 1-2%-Si, romelic klozapiniT mkurnalobda,
viTardeba iSviaTi daavadeba agranuklocitozi, rodesac Zvlis tvini aRar
gamoimuSavebs sisxlis TeTr ujredebs.
 799
mkvlevarebi agrZeleben preparatebis xangrZlivi gamoyenebis Sedegebis
Seswavlas; aseve, swavloben pacientis mier preparatis miRebis Sewyvetis Sedegebs.
preparatis miRebis Sewyvetis Semdeg recidivebis sixSiris maCvenebeli sakmaod
maRalia _ pacientTa or mesameds 18 Tvis ganmavlobaSi axali simptomebi
uviTardeba; Tumca, im pacientTa daaxloebiT erT mesamedTanac mosalodnelia
recidivebi, romlebic regulrulad iReben medikamentebs (Gitlin, 1990). amrigad,
antifsiqoturi preparatebi ar kurnavs Sizofrenias _ isini ar aqroben safuZvlad
mdebare fsiqopaTologias. sabednierod, isini sakmaod kargad axerxeben daavadebis
yvelaze damangreveli simptomebis kontrols.

antidepresantebi

antidepresantebi aZliereben neirogadamtanebis _ norepinefrinisa da

serotoninis _ aqtivobas (Holmes, 1994). tricikluri antidepresantebi, rogoricaa
tofranili da elavili, amcireben sinafsuri napralidan neirogadamtanebis
ganmeorebiT STanTqmas. bicikluri antidepresanti prozaki amcirebs serotoninis
ganmeorebiT STanTqmas. monoaminoqsidazas (mao) inhibitorebi zRudaven ferment
monoaminoqsidazas aqtivobas, romelic pasuxismgebelia norepinefrinis daSlaze
(metabolizmze). rodesac mao Sekavebulia, neirogadamtanTa meti raodenoba xdeba
Tavisuflad xelmisawvdomi.
antidepresantebi, Cveulebriv, warmatebiT xsnian depresiis simptomebs, Tumca,
gaumjobeseba ar aReniSneba pacientTa 30-40%-s (Hirschfeld, 1999). (es pacientebi
SeiZleba eleqtrokonvulsiuri Terapiis kandidatebi gaxdnen) prozaks
intensiurad aqebdnen, rogorc saswaulmomqmed wamals, romelsac sxva danarCen
wamlebze gacilebiT mZlavri Terapiuli efeqti aqvs. zogierT fsiqiatrs usityvod
sjera prozakis efeqtianobis. Tavis Zalian popularul wignSi “prozakis mosmena”
(Kramer, Listening to Prozac, 1993) fsiqiatri piter krameri aRwers mTel rig
SemTxvevebs, rodesac pacientebma, romelTac prozaki hqondaT daniSnuli,
gasaocari pirovnuli cvlilebebi ganicades. magaliTisTvis ganvixiloT
qalbatonis SemTxveva, romelsac krameri tezs uwodebs. tezi Tavad gaecno
kramers da aRuwera sakuTari mZime cxovrebiseuli pirobebi da depresiis istoria.
prozakiT orkviriani mkurnalobis Semdeg tezi ukve sxva adamianad iqca:
 800
Cems win iyo pacienti, romlis qcevis Cveuli stili STambeWdavad Secvliliyo.
is msubuqad saubrobda, aRar iyo daTrgunuli da kedelze akruli; piriqiT,
pepelasaviT dafarfatebda adamianebs Soris. iq, sadac sxvebis gulis mogebaze da
keTilganwyobis mopovebaze mimarTuli qceva iyo, axla sicocxlis siyvaruli da
mxiaruleba sufevda (Kramer, 1993, p. 11).

tezis mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba Zalze STambeWdavi iyo, Tumca, prozakisa da

sxva fsiqoaqtiuri medikamentebis kritikosebi Relaven imis gamo, rom prozaki ara
marto depresias xsnis, aramed pacientebs sakuTari individualurobisa da
SemoqmedebiTi sawyisisganac “aTavisuflebs” (Breggin & Breggin, 1994).
liTiumis marilebi efeqturi aRmoCnda bipolaruli aSlilobebis
mkurnalobaSi (Schou, 1997). adamianebi, romlebic ganicdian umarTavi moWarbebuli
agznebis periodebs, rodesac maTi energia, erTi SexedviT, amouwuravia, qceva ki _
ucnauri da TvalSisacemi, maniakaluri siWarbis mdgomareobidan liTiumis
dozebiT gamoyavT. pacientTa 60-80%-s, romlebic liTiumiT mkurnalobdnen,
gamojanmrTelebis kargi Sansi aqvs (Walden et al., 1998). Tumca, bipolaruli
aSlilobis mqone im adamianebisTvis, romelTa mdgomareoba xSirad irxeva
maniakalur da depresiul periodebs Soris, liTiumi naklebad efeqturia, vidre
mkurnaloba sxva preparatebiT, rogoricaa, magaliTad, valproati _ preparati,
romelic Tavdapirvelad gulyrebis Sesakaveblad Seiqmna.

anqsiolizuri saSualebebi

antifsiqoturi da antidepresiuli preparatebis msgavsad, anqsiolizuri anu

damamSvidebeli saSualebebi, Cveulebriv, tvinSi neirogadamtanebis aqtivobis
doneebis regulacias axdens. sxvadasxva saxis SfoTviTi aSlilobis dros
sxvadasxva saxis preparatia yvelaze efeqturi (Spiegel et al., 2000). generalizebuli
SfoTviTi aSliloba saukeTesod ikurneba benzodiazepinebiT, maT Soris valiumiT
an qsanaqsiT, romelic zrdis neirogadamtan gaem-is40 aqtiurobas. vinaidan gaem
aregulirebs Semakavebel neironebs, misi aqtiurobis zrdiT mcirdeba tvinis
aqtiuroba im ubnebSi, romelic Seesabameba generalizebul SfoTviT reaqciebs.
panikuri aSlilobebi _ agorafobia da sxva fobiebi _ SeiZleba ganikurnos

40
gamaaminoerbomJava _ GABA- GammaAminoBatterAcid
 801
antidepresantebiT, miuxedavad imisa, rom mkvlevarebma jer ar ician, Tu ra
biologiuri meqanizmi udevs amas safuZvlad. obsesiur-kompulsuri aSliloba,
romelic serotoninis ukmarisobam SeiZleba gamoiwvios, gansakuTrebiT kargad
reagirebs iseT preparatebze, rogoricaa prozaki, radgan is konkretulad
serotoninis moqmedebaze axdens gavlenas.

daniSnuleba fsiqoaqtiuri preparatebisTvis

Cven mier aRweril medikamentebs, romlebic mowodebulia sxvadasxvagvari

fsiqikuri aSlilobebis simptomebis Sesamsubuqeblad, xSirad aZleven adamianebs
daniSnulebis saxiT. vinaidan fsiqikuri janmrTelobis dacva TandaTanobiT
sazogadoebrivi jandacvis organizaciebis kompetanciis sferoSi gadadis da
vinaidan miRebuli praqtikaa am sferoze xarjebis ekonomia, mcirdeba pacientTa
raodenoba, romlebic fsiqoTerapiuli daxmarebisTvis akiTxaven Terapevtebs; isini
fsiqoTerapias SedarebiT iafi saSualebiT _ medikamenturi mkurnalobiT
anacvleben. axlaxans Catarebulma gamokvlevam, romelic fsiqoaqtiuri
medikamentebis pacientebisTvis gamoweris tendencias Seexeboda, aCvena, rom aSS-Si
1985 wlidan 1994 wlamde periodSi 20%-iT moimata fsiqiatrebisTvis, pirveladi
samedicino daxmarebis eqimebisTvis da sxva specialobis medikosebisTvis
mimarTvebis ricxvma _ 32.7 milionidan 45.6 milion mimarTvamde (Pincus et al., 1998).
amasTan, adamianTa zogierTi jgufi ufro metad iRebs medikamentebs, vidre _
sxvebi. erT-erT gamokvlevaSi, romelic xuTi weliwadi grZeldeboda, mkvlevarebi
akvirdebodnen, Tu rogor niSnavdnen medikamentebs kaliforniis zogadi profilis
oTxi saavadmyofos pirveladi gadaudebeli daxmarebis samsaxuris (umeteswilad
TeTrkaniani) eqimebi. isini afroamerikelebs ufro meti raodenobis antifsiqotur
medikamentebs da ufro didi dozebiT uniSnavdnen, vidre sxva pacientebs. Tumca,
afroamerikeli pacientebi sulac ar iyvnen ufro saSiSni an ufro metad
daavadebulni, vidre danarCenebi (segal et al., 1996). aseTi aRmoCenebi gviCvenebs, Tu
ratom miaCniaT farmakoTerapiis kritikosebs, rom medikamentebi yovelTvis ar
gamoiyeneba mxolod samedicino miznebisTvis.

rodis aris aucilebeli medikamentebiT mkurnaloba?

Cven mokled mimovixileT fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis medikamenturi
mkurnalobis zogierTi SesaZlebloba. bevri garemoebaa, rodesac medikamenturi
mkurnalobis kursma SeiZleba mniSvnelovnad gaaumjobesos daavadebuli adamianis
 802
cxovreba. Tumca, farmakoTerapiis nebismieri kursi ar gamoricxavs fizikuri an
fsiqologiuri miCvevis SesaZleblobas da SesaZlo seriozul gverdiT movlenebs.
rogor afaseben adamianebi am faqtorebs Semsubuqebis albaTobasTan mimarTebaSi?
Cven, aseve, aRvniSneT, rom medikamentma SeiZleba Seamsubuqos simptomi, magram ver
gankurnos misi ganmapirobebeli paTologia. ramdenad arian adamianebi mzad, rom
mTeli cxovrebis manZilze miiRon medikamentebi?
am kiTxvebs kidev ufro aqtualurs da sainteresos xdis gamokvlevebi,
romlebic aCveneben, rom Terapiis zogierTi forma iseve moqmedebs tvinze, rogorc
medikamenturi mkurnalobis kursi.

saidan viciT

bihevioraluri Terapiis Sedegad tvinSi momxdari cvlilebebi

obsesiur-kompulsuri aSlilobis mqone monawileebs unda aerCiaT da
gaevloT medikamenturi Terapia (fluoqsetin hidroqloridiT) an
bihevioraluri Terapia (stimulis wardgena da reaqciis aRkveTa). emisiur
pozitronuli tomografiiT gadaiRes pacientebis tvini mkurnalobamde da
mkurnalobis Semdeg, ramac orive saxis Terapiis Semdeg tvinis
funqcionirebaSi erTnairi cvlilebebi aCvena (Baxter et al., 1992; Schwartz et al.,
1996).

am tipis kvlevebi SesaniSnav SesaZleblobebze migviTiTebs: aramedikamentur

Terapiebs SeiZleba iseTive ganmakurnebeli efeqti hqondes tvinze, rogorc
medikamentebiT mkurnalobas, Tumca, medikamentebiT mkurnalobisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli SesaZlo uaryofiTi Sedegebis gareSe.
erTi TerapiisTvis upiratesobis miniWeba meoresTan SedarebiT xSirad
daavadebis simwvaveze da sxvadasxva saxis Terapiebis damtkicebul efeqtianobazea
damokidebuli. magaliTad, ganurCevlad riskisa, Sizofreniis mkurnaloba
ubralod aucilebelia medikamentebiT, raTa pacientebs normalurad cxovrebis
mcireodeni SesaZlebloba mainc hqondeT. axla ganvixiloT meTodebi, romlebsac
mkvlevarebi Terapiis sxvadasxva formebis efeqtianobis Sesafaseblad iyeneben.

Sejameba

Tanamedrove praqtikaSi iSviaTad gamoiyeneba qirurgiuli procedurebi tvinze

fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis Sesamsubuqeblad. eleqtrokonvulsiuri Terapia
 803
sakmaod efeqturia Rrma depresiis Sesamsubuqeblad. Tumca, vinaidan misdami
damokidebuleba isev sakamaToa, adamianebi eridebian am saxis mkurnalobas.
antifsiqoturi, antidepresiuli da anqsiolizuri preparatebi, rogorc wesi,
Semamsubuqeblad moqmedeben; isini tvinSi neirogadamtanebis aqtiurobaze axdenen
gavlenas. medikamenturi mkurnalobis, gansakuTrebiT, antidepresantebis,
daniSvnebis ricxvma mkveTrad moimata bolo aTwleulis manZilze.

ramdenad muSaobs Terapia?

davuSvaT, Tqvens cxovrebaSi dainaxeT problema da migaCniaT, rom misi daZleva

mxolod profesional klinicistTan urTierTqmedebiT aris SesaZlebeli. Cven
mravali saxis Terapiaze visaubreT. rogor unda gavarkvioT, romeli maTgani
imoqmedebs saukeTesod da SegimsubuqebT problemas? rogor davrwmundeT, rom
romelime maTgani saerTod imoqmedebs? am qveTavSi ganvixilavT gamokvlevebs,
romlebic miznad isaxavs calkeuli Terapiebis Sedegianobis Semowmebas da
sxvadasxva Terapiebis urTierTSedarebas. am kvlevebis zogadi mizania
adamianebisTvis daxmarebis gawevis yvelaze efeqtiani saSualebis gamovlena. Cven,
aseve, mokled mimovixilavT prevenciis sakiTxs: ra da rogor unda gaakeTon
fsiqologebma winaswar, rom Tavidan iqnas acilebuli fsiqikuri daavadeba?

Terapiis Sedegianobis Sefaseba

britanelma fsiqologma hans aizenkma (Hans Eysenck, 1952) furori gamoiwvia: man
ganacxada, rom fsiqoTerapia saerTod ar moqmedebs! man mimoixila xelT arsebuli
yvela publikacia, sadac saubari iyo sxvadasxva saxis Terapiebis Sedegianobaze
da aRmoaCina, rom im pacientebis mdgomareoba, romlebic aranair Terapias ar
iRebdnen, iseTive sixSiriT umjobesdeboda, rogorc im pacientebisa, romlebic
fsiqoanalitur an sxva saxis insaituri Terapiis kurss gadiodnen. man ganacxada,
rom nevrotuli problemebis mqone adamianTa daaxloebiT ori mesamedi TavisTavad
gamojanmrTeldeboda problemis gaCenidan ori wlis ganmavlobaSi.
aizenkis gamowvevis sapasuxod mkvlevarebma Terapiis Sedegianobis Sefasebis
ufro zusti meTodologiebi SeimuSaves. aizenkis kritikulma gamonaTqvamebma
naTeli gaxada, rom mkvlevarebs saTanado sakontrolo jgufebi sWirdebaT. mTeli
rigi mizezebis gamo, individTa garkveuli procentis mdgomareoba, romelsac
esaWiroveba fsiqoTerapia, marTlac umjobesdeba yovelgvari profesiuli Carevis
gareSe. spontanuri remisiis efeqti is bazisuri kriteriumia, romliTac unda
 804
Sefasdes Terapiebis Sedegianoba. martivad rom vTqvaT, unda Candes, rom raRacis
keTeba gamojanmrTelebis SemTxvevaTa met procents iZleva, vidre _ arafris
keTeba.
aseve, mkvlevarebi cdiloben, dagvanaxon, rom maT mier gamoyenebuli
mkurnaloba ufro mets akeTebs, vidre klientis sakuTari gankurnebis molodinis
gamoyenebaa. SegiZliaT gaixsenoT Cven mier adre ganxiluli placebo efeqtebi:
bevr SemTxvevaSi adamianebis fsiqikuri Tu fizikuri janmrTeloba mxolod imitom
umjobesdeba, rom isini moelian gaumjobesebas. Terapiuli situacia xels uwyobs
am rwmenis ganmtkicebas imiT, rom Terapevts mkurnalis specifikur socialur
rolSi ayenebs (Frank & Frank, 1991). miuxedavad imisa, rom Terapiis placebo efeqti
Terapiuli Carevis mniSvnelovani nawilia, mkvlevarebs, Cveulebriv, surT imis
Cveneba, rom maT mier gamoyenebuli Terapiis specifikuri forma ufro Sedegiania,
vidre placebo Terapia (neitraluri Terapia, romelic mxolod qmnis gankurnebis
molodins) (Enserink, 1999).
ukanasknel wlebSi mkvlevarebi Terapiul Sedegianobas statistikuri meTodis _
meta-analizis _ gamoyenebiT afaseben. meta-
meta-analizi mkvlevarebs formaluri
meqanizmiT uzrunvelyofs, romelic mowodebulia mravali sxvadasxvagvari
eqsperimentis monacemebSi zogadi daskvnebis gamosavlenad. bevr fsiqologiur
eqsperimentSi mkvlevari svams kiTxvas: “gamovlinda Tu ara eqsperimentis
monawileTa umravlesobaSi Cems mier nawinaswarmetyvelebeli movlena?” meta-
analizis cdis pirebs eqsperimentebi warmoadgenen. Terapiis SedegianobasTan
mimarTebaSi mkvlevari svams kiTxvas: “gamoavlina Tu ara Sedegebis gamokvlevaTa
umravlesobam dadebiTi cvlilebebi?” am kiTxvaze pasuxia Zalze damajerebeli
“diax” (Lipsey & Wilson, 1993; Shadish et al., 1997). rogorc Cans, Terapiuli kursebis
umravlesobas sul mciredi dadebiTi efeqti mainc aqvs, romelic scildeba
SesaZlo “mkurnalobis gareSe” an “placebo” efeqtebis farglebs.
aseTi Sedegebis gamo, Tanamedrove mkvlevarebs naklebad afiqrebT, moqmedebs
Tu ara fsiqoTerapia; isini ufro metad arian dakavebulni iseTi sakiTxebiT,
rogoricaa: ratom moqmedebs fsiqoTerapia da aris Tu ara romelime konkretuli
mkurnaloba yvelaze efeqturi konkretuli problemisTvis da garkveuli tipis
pacientebisTvis (Drozd & Goldfried, 1996, Goldfried et al., 1990). unda aRiniSnos, rom
yovelTvis ar aris ioli im kvlevebis urTierTSedareba, romlebic sxvadasxva
Terapiebis Sesaxeb iZlevian monacemebs. Zneli gasaTvaliswinebelia TerapevtTa
 805
gamocdilebebs Soris gansxavavebebi, Terapiis xangrZlioba, pirveladi diagnozis
sizuste, aSlilobis tipi, pacientis sirTuleebis simwvavesa da tipebs Soris
gansxvavebebi, Sedegebis gazomvis meTodebi, pacientis molodinebisa da
SeTavazebuli Terapiis urTierTTanxvedra da mkurnalobis dasrulebis Semdeg
pacientze dakvirvebis xangrZlioba _ da es mxolod mcire nawilia parametrTa im
grZeli CamonaTvalisa, romelic gaiTvaliswinebul unda iqnas. rogorc qvemoT
vnaxavT, mkvlevarebi jer kidev cdiloben am problemebis daZlevas da
fokusirdebian depresiis mkurnalobis sxvadasxva tipebis pirdapir Sedarebaze.

• spontanuri remisiis efeqti (Spontaneous-remission effect) _ fsiqikuri

problemebis mqone zogierT pacientTa da klientTa, romelsac esaWiroveba
fsiqoTerapia, mdgomareobis gaumjobesdeba yovelgvari profesiuli Carevis
gareSe; bazisuri kriteriumi, romliTac unda Sefasdes Terapiebis
Sedegianoba.
• placebo Terapia (Placebo therapy) _ nebismieri specifikuri klinikuri
procedurisgan damoukidebeli Terapia, romelic iwvevs klienti
mdgomareobis gaumjobesebas.
• meta-
meta-analizi (Meta-analysis) _ hipoTezebis Semowmebeli statiskituri meTodi,
romelic iZleva formaluri meqanizms mravali sxvadasxvagvari
eqsperimentis monacemebSi zogadi daskvnebis gamosavlenad.

mkurnalobis Sefaseba

depresiis farTo gavrcelebidan gamomdinare (ix. Tavi 15), mravali gamokvleva,

sadac sxvadasxva tipis Terapiebis urTierTSedarebas axdenen, depresiuli
adamianebis jgufebze tardeba. erTi gansakuTrebiT gabeduli proeqti daafinansa
da koordinireba gauwia fsiqikuri janmrTelobis nacionalurma institutma, aSS
(National Institute os Mental Health – NIMH). am kvlevis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi iyo: (1)
xanmokle fsiqoTerapiis ori gansxvavebuli formis _ tricikluri medikamenturi
mkurnalobis da placebo kontrolis _ Sedegianobis Sedareba; (2) 28
profesionali Terapevtis mier Catarebuli mkurnalobis zusti gansazRvra da
standartizacia; amasTan, TiToeuli Terapevti specializirdeboda Terapiis oTxi
tipidan erT-erTSi da TiToeuli tipis mkurnaloba tardeboda sxvadasxva qalaqis
sam sxvadasxva dawesebulebaSi; (3) SemTxveviT SeirCa 240 ambulatoriuli
 806
pacienti, romelic akmayofilebda klinikuri depresiuli aSlilobis standartul
kriteriumebs; (4) Sefasebis standartizirebuli procedurebi Terapiis procesisa
(magaliTad, Terapiuli seansebis videoCanawerebis) da saboloo Sedegebis
gasazomad gankuTvnili meTodikebis monitoringisTvis mkurnalobis dasawyisSi, 16
kviriani Terapiuli procesis ganmavlobaSi, mkurnalobis dasasrulisTvis da
dasrulebidan 18 Tvis Semdeg; (5) Sedegebis damoukidebeli Sefaseba romelime
dawesebulebaSi, romelic ar monawilebda kvlevis arc erT fazaSi (Elkin et al., 1989).
afasebdnen ori saxis fsiqoTerapias, romelic specialurad Seiqmna an
modificirda arasaavadmyofos pirobebSi depresiis samkurnalod. es ori xanmokle
Terapia iyo kognitur bihevioraluri Terapia da interpersonaluri fsiqoTerapia
_ fsiqodinamikuri orientaciis Terapia, romelic fokusirdeboda pacientebis
mimdinare cxovrebasa da pirovnebaTSoris urTierTobebze. ormag brma
proceduraSi (anu eqsperimentatorebma ar icodnen, romeli pacienti romel
preparats iRebda) gamoiyenes tricikluri antidepresanti imipramini da placebo
kontrolis preparati. rogorc medikamentebis, ise _ placebos SemTxvevaSi
TiToeul pacients kviraSi erTxel naxulobda fsiqiatri, romelic minimalur
mxardamWer Terapias axorcieldebda.
Terapiis Sedegebis am samagaliTo kvlevis monacemebis erTi nawili mocemulia
suraTze 16.2. grafiki aCvenebs, rom Rrmad depresiuli pacientebis mkurnalobis
TiToeuli forma ufro Sedegiani iyo, vidre placebo; amasTan, antidepresiuli
medikamenti yvelaze Sedegiani aRmoCnda, fsiqodinamikurma da kongitur
bihevioralurma Terapiebma, Sedegianobis mixedviT, Sualeduri mdgomareoba
moipoves (Klein & Ross, 1993). Semdgom proeqtebSi mkvlevarebi afasebdnen da
erTmaneTs adarebdnen marto fsiqoTerapiis Sedegianobasa da kombinirebul
fsiqoTerapiul da medikamentur mkurnalobas. erT-erT gamokvlevaSi
kombinirebuli Terapia yvelaze warmatebuli aRmoCnda (Keller et al., 2000). 519
monawilidan, romelmac gaiara mkurnalobis kursi, simptomebis Semsubuqebis
kvlevaSi dadgenil kriteriumebs akmayofilebda im monawileTa 55%-is
mdgomareoba, vin mxolod medikamenturi mkurnaloba miiRo da im monawileTa 52%-
is mdgomareoba, vinc mxolod fsiqoTerapiiT mkurnalobda, xolo im pacientebidan,
vinc iRebda kombinirebul _ fsiqoTerapiul da medikamentur mkurnalobas _ 85%-s
mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis igive maCvenebeli hqonda.
 807

suraTi 16.2. depresiis

Terapiebi
Terapiebi
depresiis simptomebi
yvelaze metad
tricikluri
preparati medikamenturi
fsiqodinamikuri mkurnalobis Sedegad
Terapia
Semcirda, Tumca,
kognituri
Terapia simptomebi, aseve,
placebo abebi mniSvnelovnad Semcirda
0 5

mkurnalobis
10 15 20 25 30

fsiqodinamikuri da
mimdinare
statusi kognituri Terapiebis Sedegadac.

suraTi 16.3. ufro Sedegiani

pirveladi
klinikuri kvleva Terapiis Seqmna
dakvirveba Teoriuli
modeli fsiqikuri/fizikuri daavadebebis
mkurnalobis ganviTarebis
safexurebi
gamocda
kontrolis sawyisi
gareSe klinikis gamokvlevebi
kontongentze laboratoriaSi depresiis mkurnalobis
Sesafaseblad Catarebuli kvlevebi
aCvenebs, rom orive _ biologiur da
fsiqologiur _ mkurnalobas
axali Terapia
Terapia
mniSvnelovani wvilili Seaqvs
fsiqikuri janmrTelobis
gaumjobesebaSi. garda amisa, es
moklevadiani
klinikuri
kvlevebi naTel warmodgenas
kvlevebi
kontroliT gviqmnis im meTodebze, romelTa
gamoyenebiT SeiZleba ganisazRvros,
Tu romeli Terapia iqneba
grZelvadiani
klinikuri saukeTeso TiToeuli tipis
kvlevebi
kontroliT
aSlilobisTvis. suraTze 16.3
mocemulia ganzogadebuli

praqtikaSi
efeqtianobis
Sefaseba
 808
ierarqiuli sqema imisa, Tu ra rols asrulebs Teoria, klinikaSi warmoebuli
dakvirveba da mecnieruli kvleva mkurnalobis (rogorc fsiqikuri, ise _ fizikuri
daavadebebis) nebismieri formis ganviTarebasa da SefasebaSi. is gviCvenebs, Tu ra
saxis sistematuri kvlevaa saWiro, rom klinicistebma ufro iolad gasazRvron,
Teoriis winaswarmetyvelebis Sesabamisad, marTlac cvlis rames Tu ara maT mier
gamoyenebuli Terapia. sqemis erT mxares xedavT klinikaSi warmoebuli dakvirvebis
Sedegebs _ klinicistis sakuTar gamocdilebas axali procedurebis gamoyenebisas.
Cveulebisamebr, mkurnalobis axali meTodebi dasawyisisTvis praqtikaSi, mkacri
eqsperimentuli kontrolis gareSe gamoicdeba. sqemis meore mxares xedavT Teoriis
ganviTarebas. Teoria winaswarmetyvelebs im meTodebis Sesaxeb, romelmac unda
gaamarTlos da imuSaos praqtikaSi, rac SeiZleba dadasturdes laboratoriuli
gamokvlevebiT. es ori saxis insaiti _ klinikuri da eqsperimentuli _ erTiandeba
da iZleva axal Terapias (Goldfried & Wolfe, 1996; Seligman, 1996).
winamdebare Tavis daskvniT qveTavSi SevexebiT cxovrebis mniSvnelovan princips:
rogori Sedegianic ar unda iyos mkurnaloba, xSirad ukeTesia daavadebis
prevencia, vidre misi mkurnaloba.

prevenciis strategiebi

ori megobari mdinaris piras seirnobda. uecrad, mdinarem gatacebuli bavSvi

Camoatara. erT-erTi maTgani Caxta mdinareSi da bavSvi gadaarCina. amis Semdeg
megobrebma ganagrZes seirnoba. moulodnelad, kidev erTi bavSvi Camohyva dinebas.
pirveli bavSvis gadamrCeni isev gadaeSva mdinareSi da isev gamoiyvana samSvidobos
mdinaris msxverpli. male mesame wyalwaRebulic gamoCnda. jer isev mSrali
megobari swrafad gauyva mdinaris napirs dinebis sapirispirod. maSvelma megobarma
gasZaxa: “ei, sad midixar?” mSralma megomarma upasuxa: “vcdilob, im naZiralas
mivagno, vinc am bavSvebs wyalSi yris.” (Wolman, 1975, p. 3)

am moTxrobis morali naTelia: problemis prevencia anu Tavidan acileba

saukeTeso gadawyvetaa. Cven mier ganxiluli yvela tradiciuli Terapia
mimarTulia iseTi adamianis Secvlaze, romelsac ukve aqvs problema an romelic
araqmediTunariania. isini mas Semdeg iwyeben muSaobas, rac Tavs iCens problemuri
qceva da es gausaZlisi xdeba adamianisTvis. im droisaTvis, rodesac adamiani
gadawyvets mkurnalobas an iZulebuli gaxdeba, rom imkurnalos, fsiqikuri
 809
aSliloba ukve kargad aris “mokalaTebuli” da damangrevlad moqmedebs mis
yoveldRiur funqcionirebaze, sazogadoebriv saqmianobaze, samsaxursa Tu
profesiul zrdaze.
fsiqologiuri problemebis prevencia ramdenime doneze SeiZleba
ganxorcieldes (Rabins, 1992, Reiss & Price, 1996). pirveladi prevencia mimarTulia
mdgomareobis Tavidan acilebaze daavadebis ganviTarebamde. am mizniT, magaliTad,
SeiZleba gadaidgas nabijebi imisaTvis, rom davaswavloT individebs gamklavebis
unar-Cvevebi, romliTac isini garemos uaryofiTi aspeqtebisadmi, romelmac
SeiZleba SfoTva an depresia gamoiwvion, metad adaptirebadni gaxdebian, an
romelTa saSualebiTac SeeZlebaT maTi Secvla (Durlak & Wells, 1997; Kaplan, 2000).
meoradi prevencia cdilobs ukve ganviTarebuli aSlilobis simwvavis an
xangrZliobis Semcirebas. es keTdeba programebiT, romelic aSlilobis
dasawyisSive gamovlenisa da mkurnalobis dawyebis SesaZleblobas iZleva.
mesameuli prevencia cdilobs, ar dauSvas recidivebi da amiT zRudavs
fsiqologiuri aSlilobis xangrZliv zemoqmedebas. mesameuli prevenciuli
zomebisTvis saWiroa, rom ukve cnobili da SeZlebisdagvarad aRmofxvrili iyos
aSlilobis mizezebi.
dasaxelebuli tipebis prevenciis ganxorcieleba im msxvilmasStabian
cvlilebebze mianiSnebda, romelic fsiqikuri janmrTelobis dacvis zogadma
mimarTulebam da ZiriTadma paradigmebma ganicada. umniSnelovanesi sistemuri
cvlilebebia: (1) mkurnalobisTvis prevenciis damateba; (2) daavadebebis
mkurnalobis viwro samedicino modelidan sazogadoebrivi janmrTelobis ufro
farTo modelze gadasvla; (3) im situaciebsa da garemo pirobebze yuradRebis
gamaxvileba, romelic adamianebs riskis winaSe ayenebs da mijnavs maT “risk-
jgufSi myofi adamianebisgan”; (4) meti interesi Cveuli cxovrebiseuli garemos
situaciebisadmi, romelic xels uwyobs daavadebis ganviTarebas da naklebi _
predispoziciuri maxasiaTebelebis Ziebisadmi Tavad adamianebSi (Ammerman & Hersen,
1997; Kendrick et al., 1996).
samedicino modeli mowodebulia daavadebuli adamianebis mkurnalobisTvis;
sazogadoebrivi jandacvis modeli gulisxmobs daavadebebisa da avadmyofobis
garemoSi arsebuli mizezebis gamovlenasa da aRkveTas. am midgomiT, daavadebuli
individi ganixileba, rogorc maspinZeli an matarebeli _ mimdinare daavadebis
saboloo Sedegi. rodesac SesaZlebeli gaxdeba im garemo pirobebis Secvla,
 810
romelic ganapirobebs daavadebis ganviTarebas, mogvianebiT aRar gaxdeba saWiro
adamianebis Secvla ZviradRirebuli, eqstensiuri mkurnalobiT. iseTi infeqciuri
daavadebebis mkveTri Semcireba, rogoricaa tuberkuliozi, yvavili da malaria, am
midgomis wyalobiT gaxda SesaZlebeli. rac Seexeba fsiqopaTologias, am
SemTxvevaSic SesaZlebelia stresis mizezebis gamovlena garemosa Tu aqtivobis
organizaciaSi. SeiZleba maT Sesustebaze mimarTuli programis Seqmna da amiT im
adamianTa ricxvis Semcireba, vinc maTi moqmedebis samizne gaxdeba. klinikuri
ekologiis sfero afarTovebs biosamedicino Terapiebis sazRvrebs imiT, rom iseT
aSlilobebs, rogoricaa SfoTviTi aSliloba da depresia, garemoSi arsebul
gamRizianeblebs ukavSirebs _ es SeiZleba iyos qimiuri gamxsnelebi, xmauri,
sezonuri cvlilebebi da radiacia (Bell, 1982). vinaidan wvlili Seaqvs
fsiqopaTologiaSi, zogierTma Terapevtma gaafarTova garemos cneba da masSi
CarTo garegani garemos41 yvela is maxasiaTebeli, romelic zemoqmedebs normalur
adaptaciaze yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi (Ghadirian & Lehmann, 1993). aq Sedis kvebis
zemoqmdeba, fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebebi, terorizmi, bunebrivi ubedurebebi da
socialuri mxardaWeris sistemebis ararseboba.

• klinikuri ekologia (Clinical ecology) – fsiqologiis dargi, romelic iseT

aSlilobebs, rogoricaa SfoTviTi aSliloba da depresia, garemoSi
arsebul gamRizianeblebs ukavSirebs

fsiqikuri aSlilobebis prevencia mravalmxrivi da rTuli amocanaa. masSi

moiazreba ara marto relevanturi mizezobrivi faqtorebis gageba, aramed
individualur, dawesebulebebis da samTavrobo doneebze warmoqmnili
winaaRmdegobis daZleva cvlilebebisken mimaval gzaze. aucilebelia seriozuli
samecniero kvleviTi Zalisxmeva prevenciuli RonisZiebebis xangrZlivi sargeblis
demonstrirebisTvis da fsiqopaTologiisadmi sazogadoebrivi jandacvis modelis
gamoyeneba, raTa gamarTleba moeZebnos amisaTvis gaRebul xarjebs sxva
problemebis winaSe, romelic, aseve, dauyovnebel gadawyvetas saWiroebs.
prevenciuli programebis saboloo mizania sazogadoebis yvela wevrisTvis
fsiqikuri janmrTelobis SenarCunebis uzrunvelyofa.

Sejameba

41
External environment – igulisxmeba yvelaferi is, rac arsebobs adamianis gareT. amis sapirispiroa
Sinagani garemo anu is, rac adamianis SigniTaa. (mTargmnelis SeniSvna)
 811
fsiqoTerapiiT dakavebuli mkvlevarebi cdiloben, gansazRvron, Terapiuli
Carevis romeli formebi uzrunvelyofen saukeTeso Sedegs. didi raodenobis
gamokvlevebis analizi aCvenebs, rom mTlianobaSi fsiqoTerapia Sedegiania.
farTomasStabiani kvlevebi, rogoricaa depresiis mkurnalobis kvleva (romelic
fsiqikuri janmrTelobis dacvis nacionaluri institutis, aSS, koordinaciiT
ganxorcielda), miznad isaxavs calkeuli aSlilobebisTvis maqsimalurad
Sedegiani konkretuli tipis mkurnalobis gamovlenas. ukeTesi Terapiuli meTodis
Seqmnis porcesi aerTianebs laboratoriuli kvlevebis aRmoCenebsa da klinikuri
gamocdilebis Sedegebs. prevenciuli mimarTuleba ubiZgebs klinicistebs, rom
Seecadon individebisTvis unar-Cvevebis gamomuSavebas da maTi garemos Secvlas
ise, rom SesaZlebeli gaxdes aSlilobis ganviTareba da misi Sedegebis
minimizacia.

sakvanZo sakiTxebi
Terapiuli konteqsti
• Terapia moiTxovs diagnozis dasmas da mkurnalobis kursis daniSvnas.
• Terapia SeiZleba iyos samedicino an fsiqologiuri.
• arsebobs fsiqoTerapiis oTxi ZiriTadi tipi: fsiqodinamikuri, bihevioraluri,
kognituri da egzistencialur-humanisturi.
• mravali sxvadasxva profesionali dakavebulia fsiqoTerapiiT.
• warsulSi fsiqikuri aSilobebis mkurnaloba uxeSi da araadaminuri iyo.
• fsiqikuri aSlilobis daavadebad miCnevas pacientTa ufro humanuri
meTodebiT mkurnaloba mohyva.
• kulturuli antropologia gviCvenebs, rom mraval kulturaSi arsebobs
fsiqikuri alsilobebis gagebisa da mkurnalobis meToebi, rac mniSvnelovani
gakveTili SeiZleba iyos dasavluri Terapiuli praqtikisTvis.

fsiqodinamiuri Terapiebi
• fsiqodinamiuri Terapiebi Seiqmna zigmund froidis fsiqoanalitikuri
Teoriis safuZvelze.
• froidi xazs usvamda aracnobieri konfqlitebis rols fsiqopaTologiis
etiologiaSi. fsiqodinamikuri Terapiis mizania am konfliqtebis gadaWra.
 812

• am Terapiis mniSvnelovani mdgenelebia: Tavisufali asociaciebi,

winaaRmdegobisadmi yuradReba, sizmrebis analizi, gadatana da
kontrgadatana.
• neofroidianelebi met aqcents akeTeben pacientis awmyo, mimdinare socialur
situaciaze, pirovnebaTSoris urTierTobebze da me-koncefciaze.

bihevioraluri Terapiebi
• bihevioraluri Terapia iyenebs daswavlis da ganmtkicebis principebs
problemuri qcevis modificirebisas an aRkveTisas.
• kontrganpirobebis meTodebiT xdeba uaryofiTi qcevebis, rogoricaa, fobiuri
reaqciebi, Canacvleba ufro adapturi qcevebiT.
• fobiebis modifikaciis yvela teqnikisTvis damaxasiatebeli elementia
stimulis wardgena.
• pirobiTi ganmamtkiceblebis marTva gamoiyeneba pirobiTi ganpirobebuloba
qcevis modificirebis mizniT; upiratesad iyeneben dadebiT ganmkticebasa da
reaqciis Caqrobas.
• socialur-daswavlis TerapiaSi gamoiyeneba qcevis modelireba da socialuri
unar-Cvevebis gavarjiSeba, raTa individebs sakuTar SesaZleblobebSi
darwmunebaSi daexmaron.

kognituri Terapiebi
• kognituri Terapia mimarTulia uaryofiTi an iracionaluri azrebis
paternebis Secvlaze, romelic individs sakuTari Tavisa da socialuri
urTierTobebis Sesaxeb gaaCnia.
• kognitur bihevioraluri modifikacia klientisgan moiTxovs problemis
Sesaxeb mosazrebaTa ufro metad konstruqciuli paternebis daswavlas da
axali teqnikebis sxva, Terapiulisgan gansxvavebul situaciebSi gamoyenebas.
• kognituri Terapia warmatebiT gamoiyeneba depresiis mkurnalobisTvis.
• racionalur-emocionaluri Terapia exmareba klientebs gaacnobieron sakuTari
iracionaluri mosazrebebi sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb, romlebic xels uSlis
warmatebul cxovrebas.

egzistencialur-
egzistencialur-humanisturi Terapia
 813

• egzistencialur-humanistur Terapiebi individebs TviT-aqtualizaciaSi

exmareba.
• Terapevtebi cdiloben aradireqtiulni iyvnen, rodesac klients exmarebian
sakuTar Tavze dadebiTi warmodgenis SeqmnaSi, romelsac SeuZlia garemodan
momdinare kritikasTan gamklaveba.
• geStalt-Terapia mimarTulia erTian pirovnebaze _ sxeulze, fsiqikaze da
sacxovrebeli garemo.

jgufuri Terapiebi
• jgufuri Terapia saSualebas aZlevs adamianebs, daakvirdnen da CaerTon
socialur urTierTobebSi, rac Seamcirebs maT fsiqologiur problemebs.
• ojaxis da ojqxuri wyvilebis Terapia muSaobs wyvilis an ojaxis situaciur
siZneleebsa da pirovnebaTSoris dinamikaze; aq wyvili an ojaxi ganixileba,
rogorc sistema, romelic gaumjobesebas saWiroebs.
• sazogadoebrivi da internetis TviT-daxmarebis jgufebi SesaZleblobas
aZlevs individebs, miiRon informacia da socialuri mxardaWeris pirobebSi
sakuTar TavSi darwmunebuloba igrZnos.

biosamedicino Terapiebi
• biosamedicino Terapiebi fsiqikuri daavadebis fiziologiuri aspeqtebis
cvlilebaze orientirdebian.
• radikaluri da Seuqcevadi moqmedebis gamo fsiqoqirurgia iSviaTad
gamoiyeneba.
• eleqtrokonvulsiuri Terapia Zalze efeqtiania depresiul pacientebTan,
magram is mainc sakamaTo sakiTxad rCeba.
• farmakoTerapiaSi Sedis antifsiqoturi medikamentebi SizofreniisTvis,
antidepresantebi da anqsiolizuri saSualebebi.
• tradiciulma fsiqoTerapiebma da medikamenturma mkurnalobam SeiZleba
tvinSi zogierTi erTnairi cvlileba gamoiwvios.

ramdenad muSaobs Terapia?

Terapia?
• kvleva aCvenebs, rom mravali Terapia ukeTes Sedegs iZleva, vidre drois
tyuilad xarjva an placebo Terapia.
 814

• Sefasebis proeqtebi, rogoricaa depresiis Terapiebis NIMH-is mier

warmoebuli kvleva, gvexmareba, rom vupasuxoT kiTxvas: ra qmnis Terapiis
efeqtianobas.
• prevenciis strategiebi aucilebelia fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis
ganviTarebis SesaCereblad da ukve warmoqmnili aSlilobebis Sedegebis
minimizaciisTvis.

ZiriTadi cnebebi
1. aversiuli Terapia (p. 514)
2. qcevis repeticia (p. 516)
3. qcevis modifikacia (p. 512)
4. bihevioraluri Terapia (p. 512)
5. biosamedicino Terapia (p. 504)
6. kaTarzisi (p. 508)
7. klienti (p. 505)
8. klientze centrirebuli Terapia (p. 522)
9. klinikuri ekologia (p. 532)
10. klinikuri fsiqologi (p. 505)
11. klinikuri socialuri muSaki (p. 505)
12. kognitur bihevioraluri modifikacia (p. 518)
13. kognituri Terapia (p. 517)
14. pirobiTi ganmamtkiceblebis marTva (p. 514)
15. fsiqolog-konsultanti (p. 505)
16. kontrganpirobeba (p. 512)
17. kontrgadatana (p. 509)
18. sizmris analizi (p. 509)
19. eleqtrokonvulsiuri Terapia (ECR) (p. 525)
20. daZirva (p. 513)
21. Tavisuafali asociacia (p. 508)
22. geStalt-Terapia (p. 522)
23. moZraoba adamianis potencialis ganviTarebisTvis (p. 521)
24. imploziuri Terapia (p. 513)
 815
25. insaituri Terapia (p. 508)
26. meta-analizi (p. 529)
27. obieqti-urTierTobis Terapia (p. 511)
28. monawileobis meSveobiT modelireba (p. 516)
29. RvTismsaxuri-konsultanti (p. 505)
30. pacienti (p. 505)
31. placebo Terapia (p. 529)
32. prefrontaluri lobotomia (p. 525)
33. fsiqiatri (p. 505)
34. fsiqoanalitikosi (p. 505)
35. fsiqofarmakologia (p. 526)
36. fsiqoqirurgia (p. 525)
37. fsiqoTerapia (p. 504)
38. racionalur-emociuri Terapia (per) (p. 520)
39. winaaRmdegoba (p. 509)
40. ritualuri mkurnaloba (p. 507)
41. Samanizmi (p. 507)
42. socialuri daswavlis Terapia (p. 516)
43. spontanuri remisiis efeqti (p. 529)
44. sistemuri desensitizacia (p. 512)
45. gadatana (p. 509)
Tavi 17. socialuri procesebi da urTierTobebi
urTierTobebi

• situaciis Zala
– rolebi da wesebi
– socialuri normebi
– konformuloba
– situaciis Zala: mxilebani faruli kameriT

• fsiqologia Tqvens cxovrebaSi: rogor gavlenas axdenen jgufebi

gadawyvetilebis miRebaze?

• socialuri realobis konstruireba

– atribuciis Teoriis sawyisebi
 816
– atribuciis fundamenturi Secdoma
– sakuTari Tavisadmi mikerZoeba
– molodinebi da TviTqmnadi winaswarmetyveleba
– qcevebi, romlebic amarTleben molodinebs

• damokidebulebebi, damokidebulebebis Secvla da aqtivoba

– damokidebulebebi da qceva
– darwmunebis procesebi
– darwmuneba sakuTari aqtivobis saSualebiT
– daTanxmeba

• socialuri urTierTobebi
– mowoneba
– siyvaruli

• fsiqologia 21-e saukuneSi: urTierTobebi da interneti

– sakvanZo sakiTxebi
– ZiriTadi cnebebi
 817
Cems siciliel papa salvatores Zalian uyvarda opera, magram metismetad
Raribi iyo, rom rodesme wasuliyo operis TeatrSi, Tavis axal samSobloSi –
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi. amis sanacvlod, is yovel SabaTs usmenda saopero
gadacemebs metropoliten operidan patara radioTi, romelic Tavis fexsacmelebis
SesakeTebel saxelosnoSi, bronqsSi hqonda. is mTel xmaze rTavda radios, xolo
Tu opera italiuri iyo, tenoris partiebis umetesobas SemsrulebelTan erTad
TviTonac asrulebda. Tanac papa grZnobda imis aucileblobas, rom gaenaTlebina
“es amerikelebi” da isini saopero xelovnebis saswaulisTvis eziarebina. amitom,
Tavisi saxelosnos karebsac aRebda, raTa radios xma quCebs grialiT mosdeboda.
erT SabaT dRes, papaCemis netareba Tavxedi biWebis jgufma daarRvia, romlebic
mas sawyeni epiTetebiT amkobdnen: “turtliano, saidanac mosulxar, iq waeTrie” da
uaressac eubnebodnen.
isini ise xmamaRla Rrialebdnen, rom papam veRar SesZlo Tavisi sayvareli
operis, “traviatas” mosmena. is TviTonac lanZRavda maT, magram pasuxad ufro
daundobel dacinvasa da abuCad agdebas iRebda. garkveuli drois Semdeg biWebi
wavidnen, magram papas operis dasasrulis mosmeniT aranairi siamovneba aRar
miuRia.
Semdeg SabaTs, saaTis sizustiT, biWebi isev movidnen yviriliTa da lanZRviT.
amjerad papa salvatore gareT gamovida da biWebs uTxra: “me saTanadod ver
Sevafase, Tu ra kargi xmebi gqoniaT, modiT gaagrZeleT yvirili, rac SegiZliaT
ufro xmamaRla da me TiToeul Tqvengans, warmodgenisaTvis, 25 cents gadagixdiT”.
biWebmac yvirili daiwyes da sirenebiviT naxevar saaTs mainc gahyvirodnen
gauCereblad. papa salvatorem maT safasuri gadauxada da isinic gancvifrebulebi
da bednierebi gaiqcnen koka-kolisa da kinosTvis naSovni fuliT.
momdevno SabaTs, rodesac isini kvlav gamocxaddnen, papa salvatore gareT
gamovida da auwya biWebs, Tu rogor moswonda maTi Rriali, Tanac ufro
xmamaRali, vidre operisa Tu mezoblad momuSave sanagve manqanebis xmaa, magram,
amasTan, isic uTxra, rom erTi sawyali mewaRe iyo da imis saSualeba ar hqonda,
rom maTTvis ise gadaexada, romorc imsaxurebdnen da rom dRevandeli SousTvis
mxolod 10 centis gaRebas SeZlebda.
“Sen Cven patara bavSvebi xom ar ggonivarT bebruxanav? sulac ar vapirebT, Sou
mogiwyoT, iafad. Seitene Seni fuli”. am sityvebiT isini moSordnen iqaurobas da,
Tumca, isev ilanZRebodnen, magram ufro dabal xmaze.
 818
momdevno da yvela sxva SabaTs biWebma uari Tqves, elanZRaT beberi italieli
mewaRe, romelsac Ciradac ar agdebdnen da romelsac axla arxeinad SeeZlo,
yovel SabaTs esmina Tavisi operebisaTvis, CaerTo ise xmamaRla, rogorc
moisurvebda da Tavi ar Seewuxebina imaze fiqriT, rom mas myudroebas daurRvevda
an Seawuxebda uxeSi, crurwmenebiT savse jeelebis banda.

Tu Tqven aRtacebaSi mogiyvanaT papa salvatores saqcielma, hkiTxeT Tqvens

Tavs, ratom iyo is ase efeqtiani? ratom iyo, rom misma sawyisma safasurma – 25
centma ase Secvala situacia? ratom moxda, rom sawyisi safasuris 10 centamde
dayvanam iZulebulni gaxada Tavxedebi, aRar gahkarebodnen papa salvatores da mis
operebs. rogorc ki Tqven SeecdebiT am kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemas, moeqceviT
socialuri fsiqologiis samyaroSi – fsiqologiis im dargisa, romelic swavlobs
im saSualebebs, romelTa meSveobiTac adamianebi qmnian da marTaven socialur
situaciebs.
socialuri fsiqologia fsiqologiis is dargia, romelic Seiswavlis adamianTa
Soris urTierTobebisa da urTierTdamokidebulebebis gavlenas maT azrebze,
grZnobebze, aRqmebze, motivebsa da qcevebze.
• socialuri fsiqologia (Social psychology) - fsiqologiis dargi, romelic
Seiswavlis socialuri cvladebis gavlenas individis qcevebze,
damokidebulebebze (attitudes), aRqmebsa da motivebze; is, agreTve, Seiswavlis
jgufebs da jgufTaSoris fenomenebs.
socialuri fsiqologebi cdiloben Cawvdnen qcevis arss misi socialuri
konteqstis farglebSi. socialuri konteqsti is cocsali, moZravi qselia da
romelzec aisaxeba socialuri cxovelis moZraobebi, Zalisxmeva Tu mowyvladi
adgilebi. ufro farTod Tu ganvmartavT, socialuri konteqsti Tavis TavSi
moicavs sxvebis realur, wamosaxul an simbolur arsebobas; aqtivobebs da
urTierTqmedebebs, romlebsac adamianebs Soris aqvT adgili; im socialuri
garemocvis maxasiaTeblebs, romelSic xorcieldeba qceva, aseve, im molodinebsa
da normebs, romlebic warmarTaven qcevas mocemul garemoSi (Sherif,1981).
am da momdevno TavSi Cven ganvixilavT socialuri fsiqologiuri kvlevebis
ramdenime ZiriTad Temas. am Tavis pirvel nawilSi Cven visaubrebT im socialuri
situaciebis Zalaze, romelic akontrolebs adamianis qcevas. MmimovixilavT
mravali kvlevis masalebs, romlebiTac dasturdeba, rom socialuri situaciis
 819
umniSvnelo maxasiaTeblebsac ki mniSvnelovani gavlenis moaxdena SeuZliaT imaze,
Tu ras fiqrobT an rogor moqmedebT. Semdeg Cven davubrundebiT im xerxebs,
romliTac xdeba socialuri realobis konstruireba, yalibdeba da icvleba
socialuri damokidebulebebi. Semdeg Cven ganvixilavT mowonebisa da siyvarulis
urTierTobebs. Aam TavSi Cven movaxdenT imis ilustrirebas, Tu ra gavlenas
axdens fsiqologiuri kvlevebi Tqvens cxovrebaze. rogorc SemdgomSi, me-18-e
TavSi, naxavT, Cven gavafarToebT Cvens analizs pirovnulidan sazogadoebrivamde.
orive TavSi abstraqtuli Teoria Semowmebuli iqneba praqtikiT da SevecdebiT,
vupasuxoT kiTxvas: asrulebs Tu ara fsiqologiuri codna raime rols
adamianebisa da sazogadoebis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi?

situaciis Zala

fsiqologia da cxovrebis wina TavebSi vnaxeT, rom fsiqologebi, romlebic

cdiloben qcevis mizezebis axsnas, pasuxebs Zalze gansxvavebul sferoebSi
eZebdnen. zogierTi maTgani genetikur faqtorebs swavlobs, sxvebi _ bioqimiur
faqtorebs da tvinSi mimdinare procesebs maSin, rodesac mesameni yuradRebas
garemos zemoqmedebaze amaxvileben. socialur fsiqologebs ki sjeraT, rom qcevis
ZiriTadi ganmsazRvreli mizezebi im socialuri situaciis maxasiaTeblebia,
romelSic is xorcieldeba. isini amtkiceben, rom socialuri situacia imdenad
Zlierad akontrolebs individis qcevas, rom xSirad prevalirebs pirovnebasa da
mis warsul gamocdilebaze, faseulobebsa da Sexedulebebze. rogorc papa
salvatores zemoT moyvanili magaliTidanac Cans, socialuri situaciis zegavlena
imdenad yovlismomcvelia, rom amas Cven, SesaZloa, verc ki vacnobierebdeT. am
qveTavSi, Cven ganvixilavT im klasikur kvlevebsa da uaxles eqsperimentebs,
romlebic xsnian adamianis qcevaze Znelad SesamCnev, magram Zlieri zegavlenis
mqone situaciuri cvladebis moqmedebas.

rolebi da wesebi

romeli socialuri rolebia TqvenTvis misaRebi? socialuri roli aris

socialurad gansazRvruli qcevis paterni, romlis ganxorcielebasac moelian
pirovnebisgan mocemul situaciaSi an jgufSi gunqcionirebisas. gansxvavebuli
situaciebi gansxvavebuli rolebis Sesrulebis SesaZleblobas iZleva. rodesac
Tqven saxlSi xarT, SesaZloa, morgebuli gqondeT “bavSvis” an “dis” an “Zmis”
 820
roli. rodesac saklaso oTaxSi xarT, Tqven iRebT “studentis” rols. sxva
SemTxvevaSi Tqven, SesaZloa, iyoT “saukeTeso megobari” an “Seyvarebuli”.
SegiZliaT, Tvali miadevnoT, es gansxvavebuli rolebi rogor swrafad qmnian
gansxvavebuli tipis qcevebs, TqvenTvis met-naklebad Sesatyvissa da
xelmisawvdoms?
situaciebi, agreTve, xasiaTdeba imiT, rom adamianebi emorCilebian qcevebis
warmarTvel wesebs, anu iTvaliswineben specifiur moTxovnebs. zogierTi wesi
eqspliciturad, garegnuli-? niSnebiTaa gamoxatuli ("nu moswevT", "ar WamoT
klasSi"), an eqspliciturad daiswavleba bavSvobis asakSi (pativi eciT ufrosebs",
"ucxos ar gamoarTva kanfeti"). sxva wesebi aris implicituri. isini daiswavleba
garkveul situciebSi sxva adamianebTan urTierTobebisas. ramdenad xmamaRla
SeiZleba daukra Seni magnitofoni, ramdeniad SeiZleba sxva adamianTan miaxloeba,
rodis SeiZleba mimarTo maswavlebels an ufross saxeliT, an rogoria sasurveli
reaqcia komplimentze an saCuqarze – yvela es aqtivoba damokidebulia situaciaze.
magaliTad, iaponeli saCuqars ar gaxsnis mCuqnelis TandaswrebiT imis SiSiT, rom,
SesaZloa, saTanadod ver gamoxatos madliereba, xolo ucxoelma, romelmac ar
icis am dauwereli wesis Sesaxeb, SesaZloa, arasworad gaigos misi saqcieli da
CaTvalos is uxeSad da aragulisxmierad. SemdgomSi, rodesac liftSi moxvdebiT,
scadeT, gansazRvroT ra wesebs icnobT am situaciasTan dakavSirebiT. ratom aris,
rom aq adamianebi, Cveulebriv, xmadabla laparakoben an sulac Cumad arian?
• socialuri rolebi (Social roles) – qcevis socialurad gansazRvruli
paternebi, romlebsac moelian pirovnebisgan, romelic mocemul garemoSi
an jgufSi funqcionirebs.
• wesebi (Rules) – garkveul situaciaSi garkveuli saxiT moqcevis
moTxovnebi.
Cveulebriv, Tqven, SesaZloa, arc ki icodeT wesebisa da rolebis zegavlenis
Sesaxeb, magram erTma klasikurma socialur-fsiqologiurma eqsperimentma, e.w.
stanfordis cixis eqsperimentma, gamoavlina am Zalebis ganmacvifrebeli
zemoqmedeba. (Haney & Zimbardo,1977; Zimbardo, 1975; gameorebuli iqna avstriaSi
Lovibond et al.,1979).
saidan viciT

socialuri rolebi fiqtiur cixeSi

 821
kaliforniaSi, zafxulis erT kvira dilas, sirenis xmam daarRvia
kolejis student tomi viTlous myudroeba. policiis manqanam mkveTrad
daamuxruWaAmisi saxlis win. sul ramodenime wuTSi toms wauyenes braldeba
danaSaulebriv qmedebaSi, misces ganmarteba misi konstituciuri uflebebis
Sesaxeb, gaCxrikes da daades borkilebi. amis Semdeg igi registrirebul
iqna, aiRes misi TiTis anabeWdebi da Tvalebaxveuli gadaiyvanes stanfordis
sagrafos cixeSi. aq igi gaaSiSvles, Cautares dezinfeqcia da Caacves
kombinizonis msgavsi uniforma saidentifikacio nomriT 647 mkerdsa da
zurgze. kolejis sxva 8 studentic, aseve, iqna dakavebuli da danomrili.
tomi da misi Tanamesakneebi moxaliseebi iyvnen, romlebic gamoexmaurnen
gazeTSi gamoqveynebul gancxadebas da Tanxmoba ganacxades, monawileoba
mieRoT orkvirian eqsperimentSi, romelic iTvaliswinebda cixeSi yofnas.
monetis alalbedze agdebiT, moxaliseTa nawils daekisra patimris roli,
nawils ki – zedamxedvelis.
eqsperimentis yvela monawile amorCeuli iqna moxalise studentTa didi
raodenobidan, romlebic vrceli fsiqologiuri testirebisa da
gamokiTxvebis safuZvelze miCneul iqnen, kanonmorCil, emociurad
stabilur, fizikurad janmrTel da saSualo, normalur adamianebad.
patimrebi, eqsperimentis mimdinareobis periodSi cixeSi imyofebodnen,
zedamxedvelebi ki standartulad 8 saaTs muSaobdnen.
ra moxda mas Semdeg, rac studentebma gaiTavises maTze dakisrebuli
rolebi? zedamxedvelebi - is studentebi, romlebic pacifistebi da "kargi
biWebi" iyvnen, iqceodnen agresiulad, zogjer sadisturadac ki. isini
mkacrad moiTxovdnen, rom patimrebi usityvod, yovelgvari yoymanis gareSe
damorCilebodnen wesebs. damorCilebaze uaris Tqmas mohyveboda
privilegiebis dakargva. Tavdapirvelad privilegiebSi Sedioda kiTxvis,
weris da TanasaknelebTan saubris ufleba. mogvianebiT, patimrebis mxridan
mcire protestic ki iwvevda iseTi “privilegiebis” dakargvas, rogoric iyo
– Wama, Zili da dabana. wesebisadmi daumorCileblobas, aseve, mohyveboda
iseTi damamcirebeli da uazro samuSaoebis Sesruleba, rogoric iyo
tualetis xeliT recxva, azidvebi zurgze zedamxedvelis fexiT da
karcerSi Casma. zedamxedvelebi mudmivad cdilobdnen moefiqrebinaT iseTi
 822
axali sasjelebi, rom patimrebs Tavi ufro metad damcirebulebad egrZnoT.
patimris rolSi myofma, manmade fsiqologiurad stabilurma studentebma
sul male gamoamJRavnes paTologiuri qcevebi, pasiur winaaRmdegobas
uwevdnen damcirebas da Seeguen beds. 36 saaTic ar iyo gasuli, rom
patimarma 8412-ma, diliT CaxSobili buntis erT – erTma liderma, daiwyo
TavSeukavebeli yvirili. mas aReniSneboda mZvinvarebis Setevebi, asrovnebis
dezorganizacia da Rrma depresia. Mmomdevno dReebSi kidev sam patimars
ganuviTarda stresuli simptomebi. MmexuTe patimars ki gauCnda
fsiqosomaturi warmoSobis gamonayari mTel sxeulze mas Semdeg, rac
uaryofili iqna misi Txovna Sewyalebais Sesaxeb.

Aam dramatuli da moulodnelad Rrma emociuri da qceviTi efeqtebis gamo es

xuTi patimari, romelmac stresuli reaqciebi gamoavlines, droze adre iqnen
ganTavisuflebuli am uCveulo cixidan da fsiqologebi iZulebulni gaxdnen,
maTze dakvirvebis or kviriani vada eqvs dReze daeyvanaT. miuxedavad imisa, tomi
viTloum ganacxada, rom is aRar isurvebda, xelaxla mieRo monawileoba msgavs
eqsperimentSi, afasebs miRebul gamocdilebas, radgan bevri ram Seityo sakuTari
Tavisa da, saerTod, adamianis bunebis Sesaxeb. sabednierod, is da sxva
studentebic, ZiriTadad, janmrTelni iyvnen da advilad gamovidnen am mZime
situaciidan. Mmomdevno periodSic maTze mravalwlianma dakvirvebebma ar
gamoavlina raime xangrZlivi negatiuri efeqti. monawileebma xeli Seuwyes Zalze
mniSvnelovani daskvnebis gaakeTebas: fiqtiur cixeSi Seqmnili situaciis Zalam
patimrebisa da zedamxedvelebis gonebaSi Seqmna axali socialuri realoba –
namdvili cixis realoba.
stanfordis cixis eqsperimentis Sedegebis mixedviT, "patimrebisa" da
"zedamxedvelebis" qcevebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeboda praqtikulad yvela
dakvirvebad situaciaSi (ix. suraTi 17.1). Tumca rolebi, agdebuli monetis
saSualebiT, alalbedze ganawilda, nakisrma rolebma Seqmnes gansxvavebebi
eqsperimentSi monawile studentebis statusebsa da uflebebs Soris, rasac Zalze
didi mniSvneloba hqonda sapatimros situaciaSi. monawileTaTvis aravis
uswavlebia Tu rogor unda moqceuliyvnen da isini arc realuri cixis
situaciaSi yofilan odesme, miuxedavad amisa, yovelma maTganma daiswavla
gansxvaveba Zalauflebis qonasa da arqonas Soris (Banuazizi & Movahedi 1975).
 823

• socialuri normebi (Social norms) _ molodinebi, romlebic jgufs gaaCnia

Tavisi wevrebis mimarT maTi qcevebisa da ganwyobebis sasurvelobasTan da
SesabamisobasTan dakavSirebiT.
zedamxedvelis tipi aris is, vinc zRudavs patimris Tavisuflebas, marTavs maT
qcevas da aiZulebs maT, moiqcnen misi moTxovnebis Sesabamisad. es davaleba
warimarTeboda iZulebiTi wesebiT (coercive rules), rac Tavis TavSi gulisxmobda
daumorCileblobisaTvis dasjis gamoyenebas. patimrebs SeeZloT, mxolod
reagireba moexdinaT socialur struqturaze, romelic Zalismierad qmnida
sapatimros garemos. ajanyeba an damorCileba patimrebis erTaderTi arCevania.
pirvelis Sedegi aris dasja, meorisa ki _ damoukideblobisa da Rirsebis
dakargva.
eqsperimentSi monawile studentebs msgavsi gansxvavebuli situaciuri Zalebis
zegavlena ukve gamocdili hqondaT TavianT adreul socialur urTierTobebSi:
mSobeli-Svili, maswavlebeli-moswavle, eqimi-pacienti, ufrosi-muSa, kaci-qali. maT
ubralod daxvewes da ganaviTares TavianTi adreuli qcevis paternebi am axal
konkretul situaciaSi. nebismier students nebismieri roli SeiZleba Sexvedroda.
zedamxedvelebis rolis Semsrulebeli studentebi gancvifrebulebi miuTiTebdnen,
Tu ramdenad advilad Seiferes sxva adamianebis makontrolebis roli. uniformis
Cacmac ki sakmarisi aRmoCnda imisaTvis, rom kolejis pasiuri studentebi cixis
agresiul zedamxedvelebad gadaqceuliyvnen. ra tipis adamianad iqceviT, rodesac
ama Tu im rols aiRebT? sad mTavrdeba Tqveni pirovnuli “me” da sad iwyeba Tqveni
socialuri identuroba?

socialuri normebi

imis garda, rom jgufs Tavisi wevrebis roluri qcevebis mimarT aqvs garkveuli
molodinebi, mas aqvs, agreTve, molodinebi imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu rogor unda
moiqcnen jgufis wevrebi. jgufis wevrebis mimarT socialurad misaRebi
ganwyobebisa da qcevebis specifikur moTxovnebs, romlebic jgufis mier
Camoyalibebuli manifestirebuli an faruli saxiT arseboben, ewodebaT
socialuri normebi. socialuri normebi, SesaZloa, exebodes qcevebis Zalze
 824
farTo wres. Tu Tqven xarT demokratiuli partiis wevri, mosalodnelia, rom
Tqven gaiziaroT liberaluri politikuri Sexedulebebi, xolo Tu Tqven xarT
axalgazrda respublikeli, maSin mosalodnelia, rom Tqven ufro konservatiul
Sexedulebebs dauWerT mxars. socialuri normebi, agreTve, qcevis garkveul
standartebsis daacvasac gulisxmoben. magaliTad, Tu Tqven mimtani xarT, maSin
Tqven momxmarebels Tavazianad unda moeqceT, miuxedavad imisa, ramdenad
arasasiamovno da momTxovnia is Tqvens mimarT.
romelime jgufisadmi mikuTvnebuloba, Cveulebriv, niSnavs mTeli rigi iseTi
normebis dacvas, romlebic aregulireben jgufis SigniT sasurveli qcevebis
ganxorcielebas. es ori gziT xdeba: Tqven amCnevT jgufis yvela wevris an maTi
umravlesobis qcevebis erTgvarobas, an akvirdebiT im negatiur Sedegebs,
romlebsac imsaxureben jgufis is wevrebi, romlebic ugulebelyofen socialur
normebs.
normebi ramdenime mniSvnelovan funqcias asruleben. mocemul jgufur
situaciaSi moqmedi normebi emsaxureba wevrebis orientirebas da axdens maT
Soris socialuri interaqciebis regulirebas. urTierTobis TiToeul monawiles
SeuZlia iwinaswarmetyvelos, Tu rogor Semova meore monawile mocemul
situaciaSi, rogor Caicvams, ras ityvis da, aseve, isic, Tu rogori qcevebia maTgan
mosalodneli, raTa daimsaxuron jgufis sxva wevrebis mowoneba. Tqven xSirad
Tavs uxerxulad grZnobT axal situaciaSi swored imitom, rom, xSirad, ar iciT
Tu rogor unda moiqceT. normidan gadaxris SemTxvevaSi, garkveuli
Semwynarebloba, aseve, normis nawilia – is zogjer sakmaod farToa, zogjer ki
Zalze viwro. magaliTad, mokle Sarvali da maisuri Zalze Seuferebeli
Cacmuloba iqneboda religiuri ceremoniisaTvis. aseve, socialuri normebidan
uxeSi gadaxra iqneboda msgavs ceremoniaze sacurao kostumiT gamoCena.
jgufis wevrebs, yovel konkretul situaciaSi, Cveulebriv, SeuZliaT,
gansazRvron, is Tu ramdenad SeiZleba socialuri normebidan gadaxra,
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi maT SesaZloa iwvnion jgufuri iZulebis sami iseTi
mtkivneuli Zala, rogoricaa: dacinva, uaryofa da xelaxali aRzrda.

konformuloba

rodesac Tqven iRebT socialur rols an emorCilebiT socialur normas, maSin

Tqven, garkveulwilad, iCenT konformulobas socialuri molodinebis mimarT.
 825
konformuloba aris adamianebis tendencia, daeTanxmon jgufis wevrebis qcevebsa
da Sexedulebebs. ratom xarT konformulebi? arsebobs pirobebi, romelTa
gavleniTac Tqven axdenT socialuri moTxovnebis ignorirebas da iqceviT
damoukideblad? socialuri fsiqologebi ganixilaven ori tipis Zalas, romelsac
konformulobamde mivyavarT.

informaciuli gavlenis procesebi _ moTxovnileba, mocemul situaciaSi,
viyoT koreqtulebi da moviqceT swored.

normatiuli gavlenis procesebi – gareSemyofTagan mowonebis, aRiarebis da
miRebis moTxovnileba.
qvemoT aRvwerT klasikur eqsperimentebs, romlebic gavlenis orive tipis
sailustraciod gamodgeba.

informaciuli gavlena: m.Serifis

m.Serifis avtokinetikuri efeqti

mravali cxovrebiseuli situacia, romelSic Tqven qcevebTan dakavSirebuli

gadawyvetilebis miReba gixdebaT, sakmaod gaaurkvevelia. MmagaliTad,
warmoidgineT, rom adamianebis did jgufTan erTad sadilobT elegantur
restoranSi. magida TvalismomWreli sizustiT gawyobilia vercxlis dana-CangliT.
saidan iciT, romeli Cangali unda ixmaroT, rodesac pirvel Tav saWmels
Semoitanen? Cveulebriv, Tqven, albaT, SexedavT wveulebis sxva wevrebs, raTa
saTanado arCevani gaakeToT. es aris informaciuli zegavlena.
muzafer Serifis (Muzafer Sherif, 1935) klasikuri eqsperimenti naTlad aCvenebs, Tu
rogor SeuZlia informaciul zegavlenas normis kristalizacia anu misi
formireba da gamyareba.

saidan viciT

informaciuli gavlena ayalibebs normebs

eqsperimentis monawileebs sTxovdnen, SeefasebinaT sinaTlis wertilis
moZraobis odenoba, romelic realurad ar moZraobda, magram moZravad
aRiqmeboda sruliad bnel oTaxSi, vinaidan ar Canda aTvlis sxva wertilebi.
es aris aRqmis iluzia, romelic cnobilia avtokinetikuri efeqtis saxeliT.
individebis mier mocemuli Sefasebebi Zalian gansxvavebuli iyo. rodesac
cdis pirebi erT jgufad SeaerTes, romelTa Sorisac iyvnen ucnobebic,
romlebic xmamaRla msjelobdnen, Sefasebebi TandaTan erTmaneTs emTxveoda,
 826
anu individebis Sefasebebi sinaTlis wertilis moZraobis mimarTulebasa da
odenobasTan dakavSirebiT erTmaneTis msgavsi iyo. yvelaze saintereso ki is
iyo, rom rodesac igive monawileni marto darCnen da kvlav sTxoves
Sefasebebis gakeTeba, maTi iseTive Sefasebebi moaxdines, rogoric jgufur
Sefasebebis pirobebSi.
Tu ki jgufSi normebi erTxel Camoyalibda, maT gaaCniaT ganmeorebis tendencia.
mogvianebiT Catarebulma cdebma aCvena, rom avtokinetikuri efeqtis es normebi
droSi mdgradi iyo erTi wlis Semdegac ki, rodesac monawilis gverdiT aRar
iyvnen Zveli jgufis is wevrebi, romlebic xmamaRla gamoTqvamdnen TavianT
Sefasebebs (Rohrer et al., 1954). Nnormebi gadaecema jgufis wevrebis erTi Taobidan
meores da adamianebis qcevaze gavlenas axdenen maSinac ki, rodesac ukve aRar
arsebobs jgufi, romelmac is SeimuSava (Insco et al., 1980). saidan viciT, rom normebs
SeiZleba (gaaCndeT) aseTi transgeneraciuli zegavlena hqondeT? avtokinetikuri
efeqtis Seswavlisas mkvlevarebi jgufis wevrebs TandaTanobiT cvlidnen axali
wevrebiT, manam, sanam ar moxdeboda maTi sruli ganaxleba. magram Sefasebis norma
igive rCeboda, maSinac ki, rodesac jgufis Semadgenloba mTlianad Secvlili iyo,
e.i. norma gadaecemoda axal Taobas (Jacobs& Campbell, 1961). atyobT, am eqsperimentis
Sedegebi ramdenad emsgavseba realur cxovrebaSi momaval Taobaze normebis
gadacenis process?
• konformuloba (Conformity) – adamianebis tendencia, miiRon referentuli
jgufis sxva wevrebis qcevebs, ganwyobebsa da Rirebulebebs.
• informaciuli gavlena (Informational influence) – jgufis efeqti, romelic
warmoiSoba individis survilis safuZvelze, iyos koreqtuli, swori da
icodes, rogor unda moiqces mocemul situaciaSi.
• normatuli gavlena (Normative influence) - jgufis efeqti, romelic
warmoiSoba individis survilis safuZvelze, iyos jgufis mier mowonebuli,
miRebuli da aRiarebuli.
• normis kristalizacia (Norm cristalization) – jgufis wevrebis molodinebis
Tanxvedra, erToblivi msjelobis an aqtivobis pirobebSi.

normatuli gavlena: s. aSis efeqti

rogor SeiZleba imis saukeTesod demonstrireba, rom zogjer adamianebi

konformulebi arian normatuli gavlenis gamo – maTi survilis gamo, iyvnen
 827
mowonebulni, miRebulni an aRiarebulni sxvebisgan? socialuri fsiqologiis erT-
erTma pirvelma Zalze mniSvnelovanma warmomadgenelma solomon aSma (Solomon Asch
1940, 1956) Seqmna situacia, romelSic eqsperimentis monawileebi daskvnas
akeTebdnen absoluturad gansazRvruli, naTeli fizikuri maxasiaTeblebis mqone
pirobebSi, Tumca, jgufis wevrebis umetesoba aRniSnavda, rom realobas
gansxvavebulad xedavda. kolejis studenti vaJebsi daarwmunes, rom isini
monawileobas iRebdnen martivi vizualuri aRqmis kvlevaSi. maT aCvenes muyaos
baraTebi, romlebzec gamosaxuli iyo sami gansxvavebuli sigrZis xazi da sTxoves,
mieTiTebinaT, am samidan romeli xazi iyo standartuli xazis sigrZis (ix. nax.17.2).
xazebis sigrZe sakmaod gansxvavebuli iyo erTmaneTisagan, ase rom, Secdomebs
naklebad hqonda adgili, amasTan, maTi SefardebiTi zoma yoveli axali seansis
dros icvleboda.

sur. 17.2 konformuloba s.aSis eqsperimentebSi

aSis eqsperimentis amsaxvel am fotoze Cans, rom gulubryvilo monawile #6
gaocebulia umravlesobis mier gakeTebuli mcdari SefasebiT. eqsperinentSi
gamoyenebuli tipiuri stimulebis wyeba mocemulia marcxena naxazze. xolo
marjvena naxazze mocemuli mrudebi gamoxatavs konformulobas 12 kritikuli
cdis ganmavlobaSi, saidanac Cans martoxela monawileebis Sedegebis Sedareba
winaswar SeTanxmebuli monawileebis Sedegebis SedegebTan, iseve rogorc maTi
damoukidebloba winaswar SeTanxmebul monawileebTan SedarebiT. swori
Sefasebebis dabali procenti gamoxatavs jgufis mcdari Sefasebebis mimarT
individis konformulobis maRal xarisxs.

saidan viciT
 828

xazebis sigrZis iluzoruli aRqma?

eqsperimentis monawileni dasves naxevarwred, eqvsidan rvamde sxva
adamianTan erTad. monawileTaTvis es sruliad ucnobi adamianebi
eqsperimentis Tanamonawileebi iyvnen da moqmedebdnen eqsperimentatoris
mier winaswar
winaswar SemuSavebuli scenaris Sesabamisad. eqsperimentis pirveli
sami cdis ganmavlobaSi wreSi msxdomTagan yvela eTanxmeboda TiToeul
gamoTqmul swor Sedarebas. SemdegSi, meoTxe seansis dros ki pirvelma
Tanamonawilem ori xazi erTmaneTis tolad gamoacxada, Tumca, sruliad
cxadi iyo maT Soris gansxvaveba. aseve moiqca jgufis yvela sxva wevric
cdis piris garda. am students unda gadaewyvita, daTanxmeboda jgufis
danarCeni wevrebis azrs da yofiliyo konformuli, Tu darCeniliyo
damoukidebeli da mtkiced daecva is, rasac xedavda.
xedavda. 18 cdidan 12 cdaSi es
gulubryvilo studenti aseTi dilemis winaSe idga. cdis pirebi
gamoxatavdnen undoblobis niSnebsa da aSkara diskomforts, rodesac
upirispirdebodnen umravlesobas, romelic ase gansxvavebulad aRiqvamda
samyaros. ra unda eqnaT?
monawileTa
monawileTa daaxloebiT meoTxedi darCa sruliad damoukidebeli – maT
50--80% (kvlevis
arasdros ar gamoumJRavnebiaT konformizmi. MmonawileTa 50
programis sxvadasxva stadiebze) erTxel mainc daeTanxma umravlesobis
yalb Sefasebebs maSin, rodesac monawileTa mesamedi umravlesobis
umravlesobis araswor
Sefasebebs daeTanxma kritikul cdaTa naxevar an met SemTxvevaSi.

s. aSi im monawileebs, romlebic umetes SemTxvevebSi eTanxmebodnen

umravlesobas, uwodebs “dezorientirebulebs” da “eWviT marTulebs”. is
gamoTqvams mosazrebas, rom adamianTa es kategoria “ganicdida Zalze mZlavr
impulss, rom ar gamoCeniliyo umravlesobisgan gansxvavebulad” (1952, gv. 396).
isini vinc daTmobaze wavidnen, xazs usvamdnen socialur zewolas da TavianT
konformulobas, zogierTebi ki imasac amtkicebdnen, rom xazebis sigrZeSi
gansxvavebis miuxedavad, maT tolebad aRiqvamdnen.
sxva kvlevebSi aSi axdenda Semdegi sami faqtoris varirebas: ucnobi
umravlesobis sidide, iseTi monawileebis daswreba, romelic ar eTanxmebodnen
umravlesobas da fizikuri stimulebis Sedarebasa da umravlesobis pozicias
Soris gansvlis sidide. man aRmoaCina, rom mdgradi konformulobis efeqti
 829
miiRweva maSin, rodesac ucnobi umravlesoba Sedgeba mxolod 3-5 adamianisagan.
MmaSin ki, rodesac gulubryvilo cdis pirs misces erTi mokavSire, romelic win
aRudga umravlesobis Tvalsazriss, konformulobis efeqti mkveTrad Semcirda,
rogorc es Cans 17.2 suraTidan. TanamoazresTan erTad gulubryvilo cdis pirs,
rogorc wesi, Seswevda unari, winaaRmdegoba gaewia zewolisTvis da ar dahyoloda
umravlesobas. rogorc mosalodneli iyo, umravlesobisgan damoukidebloba
izrdeboda im SemTxvevaSic, rac ufro didi iyo winaaRmdegoba jgufis romelime
erT wevrsa da jgufis sxva wevrebs Soris. sagulisxmoa, rom individebis
garkveuli raodenoba agrZelebs jgufisadmi damorCilebas maSinac ki, rodesac
xazebis sigrZeebs Soris sxvaoba maqsimalurad izrdeboda. (Ash, 1955,1956).
rogor unda gavigoT es Sedegebi? s. aSi Tavadac gakvirvebuli darCa im
xarisxiT, romliTac adamianebi ar iCendnen konformulobas (Friend et al., 1990). is
Tavis kvlevebs ganixilavda, rogorc “damoukideblobis” kvlevebs. faqtobrivad,
monawileTa pasuxebis ori mesamedi swori da arakonformuli iyo. Tumca, s.aSis
eqsperimentebis aRwerebis umravlesobaSi xazzgasma swored konformul erT
mesamedze keTdeba. am eqsperimentebis garSemo gakeTebul angariSebi xSirad
mcdaria da ar eweva angariSi im faqts, rom eqsperimentis monawileebi
gansxvavebulni iyvnen. im adamianebis raodenoba, romlebic arasdros iqceodnen
konformulad, daaxloebiT 25%, toli iyo im adamianebis raodenobisa, romlebic
yovelTvis an TiTqmis yovelTvis axorcielebdnen konformul qcevas.
amdenad, s.aSis eqspetebi gvaZlevs or damatebiT gakveTils: erTis mxriv, Cven
vxedavT, rom adamianebi mTlianad ar eqcevian normatiuli gavlenis qveS da
umravles SemTxvevaSi icaven TavianT damoukideblobas (zogierTebi ki _
yovelTvis). Mmeore mxriv, Cven vnaxeT, rom adamianebi zogjer konformulebic
arian, umravles SemTxvevaSi araorazrovan situaciebSic ki. konformulobis
SesaZlebloba aris adamianis bunebis mniSvnelovani elementi.

konformuloba yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi

yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi konformulobis mravali SemTxveva asaxavs normatuli

da informaciuli zegavlenis kombinaciebs: miRebis, mowonebisa da aRiarebis
survili ubiZgebs adamianebs, rom saTanado ganwyobebisa da swori qcevis Sesaxeb
informaciis mosaZieb;ad mimarTon konkretul referentul jgufs. ganvixiloT
erTi eqsperimentuli magaliTi.
 830
saidan viciT

konformulobis mcdeloba
texasis A&M universitetis studentebs miewodaT informacia im
damokidebulebebis Sesaxeb, rasac amJRavnebda maTi Tanatolebis
umravlesoba. magaliTad, maT uTxres, rom studentebi sruliad ar
eTamxmebian debulebas: "ar gavamarTlebdi megobars, romelmac aralegaluri
wamlebi miiRo" (sinamdvileSi, studentebis umravlesoba sruliad
eTanxmeboda am debulebas). eqsperimentSi monawile studentTa umravlesobas
sTxoves am debulebis interpretireba. ras niSnavda “me ar gavamarTlebdi”.
es niSnavda, rom “isini ar Seurigdebian narkotikis gamoyenebas” Tu imas, rom
“isini Sewyveten masTan megobrobas”? amis Semdeg eqsperimentis monawileebs
sTxovdnen, daefiqsirebinaT TavianTi damokidebuleba debulebis mimarT.
studentebis pasuxebis paternebi, umeteswilad, damokidebuli iyo imaze, Tu
ramdenad Zlierad aigivebdnen isini Tavs xsenebuli universitetis
studentobasTan. “Zlieri identifikaciis” jgufis wevrebma scades am
debulebisTvis iseTi interpretacia gaekeTebinaT, romelic maT saSualebas
miscemda, ar eRalataT universitetis studentTa normebisaTvis. anu maTi
interpretacia iyo “megobrobis Sewyvetis” mimarTulebiT da gamoxates
TavianTi mkacri damokidebulebebi. im studentebma ki, romlebic
amJRavnebdnen A&M-is studentebTan dabal identifikacias, ar gamoamJRavnes
aseTi dramatuli damokidebuleba im mosazrebis mimarT, romelsac maTi
azriT iziarebda A&M-is yoveli saSualo studenti (Wood et al.,1996).

am situaciaSi
situaciaSi studentebs, romlebisTvisac mniSvnelovani iyo, rom yofiliyvnen
sxva studentebis msgavsni, miiRes informacia, romelic maT amxanagebTan
winaaRmdegobaSi ar moiyvanda. normatiulma procesebma ubiZga maT sakiTxis
interpretaciis imgvarad rekonstruqciisken, rom mocemuli informacia maTi
mxoflmxedvelobis Sesatyvisic yofiliyo. am kvlevidan Cans, rom Cven im
SemTxvevaSi ganvicdiT ufro Zlier informaciul zemoqmedebas, rodesac
informaciis wyaro CvenTvis metad mniSvnelovania.

fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi

rogor zemoqmedeben jgufebi gadawyvetilebis miRebaze?

 831
Tu Tqven odesme gicdiaT gadawyvetileba migeRoT, rogorc jgufis wevrs,
maSin gecodinebaT, rom es sakmaod sawvalebeli saqmea. magaliTad,
warmoidgineT, rom Tqven axlaxan megibrebTan erTad naxeT filmi. Tumca
miuxedavad imisa, rom Tqven is mogewonaT, garCevis Semdeg aRmoaCineT, rom
azri SegecvalaT da daeTanxmeT azrs, rom filmi aris “warmoudgenlad
susti”. tipiuria Tu ara azris aseTi cvlileba jgufuri garCevis Semdeg?
nuTu jgufis Sefasebebi yovelTvis gansxvavebulia individebis
Sefasebebisagan? socialurma fsiqologebma aCvenes, rom arsebobs ori Zala,
romelic moqmedebs MmaSin, rodesac jgufi iRebs gadawyvetilebas; esenia:
jgufuri polarizacia da jgufuri azrovneba.
zemoT aRwerili SemTxveva aris jgufuri polarizaciis magaliTi: jgufma
gamoavlina iseTi gadawyvetilebis miRebis tendencia, romelic ufro metad
ukiduresia, vidre iqneboda jgufis wevrebis mier cal-calke, erTmaneTisgan
damoukideblad miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi. davuSvaT, jgufis TiToeul wevrs
sTxoveT filmisadmi sakuTari damokidebulebis gamoTqma. amis Semdeg, jgufis
msgavsad, Tqvenc eTanxmebiT erTaderT misaReb Sefasebas, romelic asaxavs
mTeli jgufis damokidebulebas. Tu jgufis Sefaseba ufro ukiduresia, vidre
calkeuli wevrebis Sefasebebis saSualo, maSin es iqneba polarizaciis
SemTxveva. imisda mixedviT, Tu rogoria jgufis wevrebis sawyisi tendencia -
gamoTqvan frTxili an riskiani Sefasebebi – jgufuri polarizaciis procesi
maT waiyvans meti sifrTxilis an meti riskis demonstrirebis mimarTulebiT.
mkvlevarebma gamoTqves mosazreba, rom jgufuri polarizacias safuZvlad
udevs ori tipis procesi: informacia-gavlenis modeli da socialuri
Sedarebis modeli (Liu & Lataane 1998). informacia-gavlenis modelis mixedviT,
jgufis wevrebs sxvadasxva informacia SeaqvT gadawyvetilebaSi. Tu Tqven da
Tqvens megobrebs mcire, magram gansxvavebuli mizezebi gagaCniaT, rom
daiwunoT filmi, maSin am mizezebis erTad Tavmoyra gamoiwvevs imas, rom
saboloo jamSi yvelani erTad Zalian daiwunebT mas.
socialuri Sedarebis modeli gulisxmobs, rom jgufis wevrebi cdiloben,
miizidon Tanatolebi
Tanatolebi imiT, rom jgufis idealebs warmoadgenen ufro
eqstremalurad, vidre es realuradaa. amgvarad, Tu Tqven TvliT, rom es
filmi aravis moewona, SegiZliaT SeecadoT, Tavi warmoadginoT
 832
gansakuTrebiT gamWriax pirovnebad da gamoTqvaT ukiduresad uaryofiTi
Sexeduleba. Tu
Tu jgufis yvela wevri Seecdeba am gziT daafiqsiros jgufis
saerTo Sefaseba, Sedegad aucileblad miviRebT polarizacias.
jgufis polarizacia warmoadgens azrovnebis zogadi paternis _ jgufuri
azrovnebis _ erT-erT Sedegs,. irvin jenisma (Irving Janis, 1982) termini jgufuri
azrovneba gansazRvra, gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi myofi jgufisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli tendencia, konsensusis misaRwevad arasasurveli informaciis
gacxrilvisa, gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac is Tanxvdeba lideris
mosazrebas.
i. jenisis jgufuri
jgufuri azrovnebis Teoria aRmocenda maSin, rodesac is
cdilobda gaeanalizebina iseTi istoriuli movlena, rogoric iyo amerikis
SesaZlo SeWra kubaSi 1960 wels. am SeWraze Tanxmoba prezidentma kenedim
misca mas Semdeg, rac man Caatara kabinetis sxdoma, romelzec SeWris
SeWris momxre
mrCevelebma minimumamde daiyvanes da daTrgunes sawinaaRmdego mosazreba. am
movlenis analizidan jenisma gamokveTa jgufuri aqtivobis mTeli rigi
maxasiaTeblebisa, romelmac, misi azriT, ganapiroba jgufis wevrebis
damorCileba jgufuri azrovnebisadmi. man
man gamoTqva mosazreba, rom,
magaliTad, jgufebi, romlebic Zlieri SeWidulobiT xasiaTdebian, emijnebian
ra eqspertebs da operireben lideris uSualo miTiTebebiT, miiReben jguguri
azrovnebisTvis damaxasiaTebel gadawyvetilebebs. sxva mkvlevarebma jenisis
ideebis Semowmeba scades rogorc Semdgomi istoriuli movlenebis analizis,
aseve laboratoriuli eqsperimentebis saSualebiT (Esser,1998).
( ,1998). am kvlevebma
aCvena, rom jgufebi gansakuTrebiT mowyvladni arian jgufuri azris mimarT
maSin, rodesac axdenen koleqtiuri survilis _ mTeli
mTeli jgufisTavis misaRebi
dadebiTi mosazrebis SenarCunebis _ realizebas (Turner
( & Praatkanis,, 1998).
jgufis wevrebs unda esmodeT, rom uTanxmoeba xSirad aumjobesebs jgufur
gadawyvetilebas, Tumca, is, SesaZloa amcirebdes jgufis pozitiur
TviTSefaseba. maSinac ki, rodesac is, erTi SexedviT, Sorsaa jgufis
pozitiuri grZnobisgan. SemdgomSi, rodesac CaerTvebiT jgufur RonisZiebaSi,
yuradReba gaamaxvileT, raTa SeZloT aRniSnuli procesebis SemCneva.

• jgufuri polarizacia (Group polarization) – jgufis tendencia, miiRos

miiRos iseTi
 833
gadawyvetileba, romelic aris ufro eqstremaluri, vidre is
gadawyvetilebebi, romlebsac cal-
cal-calke miiRebdnen igive jgufis wevrebi.
• jgufuri azrovneba (Groupthink) – gadawyvetilebis mimRebi jgufis
tendencia, gafiltros arasasurveli monacemebi ise, rom miRweuli iqnas
konsensusi, gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu is Seesabameba lideris Tvalsazriss.

umciresobis gavlena da nonkonformizmi

vinaidan umravlesobas miniWebuli aqvs resursebisa da informaciis kontrolis

SesaZlebloba, gasakviri araa, rom adamianebi regularulad konformulebi arian
maT mimarT. amasTan, isic cnobilia, rom zogjer adamianebi mtkiced icaven
sakuTar Sexedulebebs. rogor xdeba es? rogor xdeba, rom adamianebi Tavs aRweven
jgufis gavlenas da, saerTod, rogor aris SesaZlebeli raime siaxle
(aranormatiuli)? arsebobs raime pirobebi, sadac umciresobs SeuZlia,
Semoabrunos umravlesoba da Seqmnas axali normebi? rodesac amerikeli
mkvlevarebi koncentrirebulni iyvnen konformulobis kvlevebze, nawilobriv, imis
gamo, rom konformizmi dakavSirebulia demokratiul procesebTan, zogierTi
evropeli socialuri fsiqologi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobda umciresobis
mier umravlesobis Secvlis unars. frangi mkvlevari serJ moskoviCi (Serge
Mosscovici) pirveli iyo imaT Soris, vinc umciresobis gavlenebis kvlevebi daiwyo.

saidan viciT

umciresobis Senelebuli zegavlena

erT-
erT-erT eqsperimentSi, romelSic monawileebs daurigdaT feradi
baraTebi TxovniT, mieTiTebinaT feri, umetesobam sworad gansazRvra is.
Tumca eqsperimentatoris ori Tanamonawile mwvaneze miuTiTebda, rogorc
cisferze. uryevi umciresobis
umciresobis poziciam Tavidan zegavlena ar moaxdina
umravlesobaze, magram SemdgomSi, eqsperimentis zogierTi monawile mwvane
feris Sefasebisas TandaTan cisfriken gadainacvla (Moscovici, 1976; Mosciovici
& Faucheux,1972)..
 834
amdenad, umciresobis uryevma Sexedulebebma, bolos da bolos, SesaZloa
safuZveli gamoacalos umravlesobis siZlieres (Moscovici, 1980, 1985).
es efeqtebi SegiZliaT, gaiazroT normatiul da informaciul zegavlenas
Soris arsebuli gansxvavebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelzec ukve mogaxseneT. (Wood et
al.,1994). umciresobis jgufebs SedarebiT naklebi normatiuli gavlena aqvT, radgan
umravlesobis wevrebs, Cveulebriv, naklebad awuxebT, iqnebian Tu ara mowonebulni
an miRebulni umciresobis wevrebis mier. meore mxriv, umciresobis jgufebs mainc
gaaCniaT informaciuli zegavlena umravlesobaze. kerZod, maT ZaluZT, ubiZgon
umravlesobas sadao sakiTxis sxvadasxva kuTxiT ganxilvisken (Peterson& Nemeth,
1996). samwuxarod, informaciuli zegavlenis es unari umciresobas iSviaTad
aZlevs SesaZleblobas, daZlios umravlesobis warmomadgenelTa survili ar
gaiTvaliswinon normisagan gadaxrili da SeuTanxmebeli Sexedulebebi (Wood, 2000).
sazogadoebaSi, adamianebis umravlesoba cdilobs, warmoCindes, rogorc status
quo-s damcveli. Cveulebriv, siaxleebis da cvlilebebis moTxovna modis
umciresobis wevrebisa da im pirebisagan, romlebsac imedi gaucruvdaT arsebul
sistemis mimarT an unari SeswevT axleburad gaiazron sakiTxi da moiazron
mimdinare problemis gaadaWris alternatiuli gzebi. konfliqti myarad
dafuZnebuli umravlesobis Sexedulebebsa da disidenturi umciresobis
perspeqtivebs Soris: umniSvnelovanesi winapirobaa im inovaciebisaTvis, romlebsac
dadebiTi socialuri Zvrebi mohyveba.

situaciis Zala: mxilebani faruli kameriT

socialurma fsiqologebma scades socialuri normebisa da socialuri

situaciebis Zalis demonstrireba iseTi eqsperimentebiT, romlebic aaSkaraveben,
Tu ramdenad iolad SeiZleba sazriani, damoukidebeli, racionaluri da
sasiamovno adamianebis iseTi qcevis ganxorcielebamde miyvana, romelic Zalian
Sors iqneba optimalurisagan. Cven ukve vnaxeT socialuri situaciis gavlenis
iseTi saxe, rogoricaa socialuri roli, rogor aqcevs is Cveulebriv students
cixis agresiul zedamxedvelad. igive principis demonstrireba SeiZleba ubrali
xumrobis saSualebiTac. faruli kameris scenarebiT, romelic kargi intuiciis
mqone socialurma fsiqologma alan fantma Seqmna da ukve TiTqmis 50 welia, rac
gamoiyeneba. fantma aCvena, Tu rogor zustad misdevs adamianis buneba socialur
scenars. misi gadacemebis milionobiT telemayurebeli gulianad icinis, rodesac
 835
uyurebs, rom adamiani, romelic hamburgers miirTmevs, rogor wyvets Wamas,
rogorc ki ainTeba abra warweriT "ar WamoT"; rogor Cerdebian adamianebi
SuqniSnis wiTel ferze, romelic inTeba fexiT mosiaruleTaTvis gankuTvnil
quCaze; rodesac avtomagistralze moZraobisas mZRolebi abruneben manqanebs
sagzao niSnis “delaveri daketilia” danaxvisas da rodesac momxmareblebi
mxolod TeTr filebze dadian administraciis gancxadebis Sesabamisad, romlis
Tanaxmadac, Sav filebze siaruli akrZalulia. faruli kameris efeqtis erT-erT
saukeTeso ilustraciad iTvleba situaciuri qcevis makontrolirebeli Zalze
daxvewili wesi, e.w. “oinebi liftSi”. rodesac adamiani mgzavrobs liftiT, is
Tavdapirvelad emorCileba im dauwerel kanons, rom idges saxiT karisaken, magram
rodesac danarCeni mgzavrebi dgebian karisken zurgiT, sacodavi msxverplic
mihyveba axlad aRmocenebul normas da isic zurgs aqcevs Semosasvlels.
cxovrebiseul situaciebSi, minimaluri socialuri pirobebic ki sakmarisia,
raTa gamoavlindes Cveulebrivi adamianebis uCveulo qcevebi. Tqven iciT,
gageRimaT imaze Tu Tqvenive msgavsi adamianebi maTTvis Cveuli situaciebis mcire
modifikaciis SemTxvevaSic ki ramdenad sulelurad iqcevian. Tqven impliciturad
emijnebiT maT, varaudobT ra, rom Tqven ase ar moiqceodiT. magram, am saxis
socialur fsiqologiuri kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom savaraudod, analogiur
SemTxvevebSi, Tqvenc iseve moiqceodiT, rogorc sxvebi. poeti jon doni werda:
“aravin aris kunZuli, yoveli adamiani erTi mTliani kontinentis nawilia”.
adamianebi urTierTdakavSirebulni arian saziaro situaciebiT, normebiTa da
wesebiT. SekiTxvaze, Tu rogor moiqceodiT iseT situaciaSi, sadac adamianebi
iqcevian borotad/cudad, sulelurad an iracionalurad, brZnuli pasuxi, albaT,
iqneba: “ar vici, es damokidebuli iqneba imaze, Tu ramdenad Zlieri iqneba
situacia”.
Cven mivediT seriozul daskvnamde, rom situaciebi arsebiT rols asruleben
adaminis qcevis determinaciaSi. albaT, Tqvenc SegiZliaT, gaixsenoT
cxovrebiseuli situaciebi, romelSic gaacnobiereT, rom Tqven da Tqveni megobari
ar eTanxmebiT erTmaneTs imis Taobaze, Tu rasTan gqondaT saqme. momdevno TavSi
Cven ganvixilavT mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom sxvadasxva adamianebi erTi da imave
situaciis interpretacias sxvadasxvagvarad axdenen.

Sejameba
 836
socialur situaciebi xSirad eqceva socialuri fsiqologebis yuradRebis
centrSi, rogorc qcevis mniSvnelovan determinantebs. stanfordis cixis
eqsperimentma aCvena. Tu rogori dramatuli zegavlenis moxdena SeuZlia
socialur rolebs adamianis qcevaze. socialuri normebi gansazRvravs sasurvel
damokidebulebebsa da qcevebs. jgufuri gavlenis ori tipi aiZulebs adamianebs,
iyvnen konformulebi: informaciuli gavlena da normatuli gavlena. rogorc Cans
umciresoba umravlesobis Sexedulebebze gavlenas ufro informaciuli gavlenis
gziT axdens.

socialuri realobis konstruireba

warmoidgineT, rom unda gadakveToT studenturi qalaqis teritoria megobarTan

erTad, romelic ar icnobs fsiqologiis Sesaval kurss. Tqven xvdebiT
policiels, romelic uyviris students. Tqveni megobari ambobs: “es policieli ar
unda iyos aseTi uxeSi”, magram Tqven ki TqvenTvis fiqrobT: “amgvarad moqcevas mas
aiZulebs misi roli”. amrigad, Tqven da Tqveni megobari erTi da igive movlenas
uyurebT, magram mas sruliad sxvadasxvagvar interpretacias aZlevT. ai, swored
amas vuwodebT socialuri realobis konstruirebas. Tqven gamoiyeneT Tqveni
codna da gamocdileba, raTa masze dayrdnobiT mogexdinaT situaciis ganmarteba.
Tqven aageT socialuri realoba imiT, rom moaxdineT movlenis kogniturad da
emociurad reprezentireba.
modiT, moviSvelioT socialuri fsiqologiis klasikuri magaliTi, romelSic
Sexedlebebi ubiZgebs adamianebs, rom erTi da igive situacia sxvadassxva
momgebiani poziciidan dainaxon da urTierTsapirispiro daskvnebi gaakeTon imis
Taobaze, Tu “ra moxda sinamdvileSi”. kvleva exeboda ramdenime wlis win
Catarebul amerikuli fexburTis matCs ligis or gunds Soris. prinstonis
daumarcxebeli gundi sezonis ukanasknel matCs eTamaSeboda dartmuTis gunds.
TamaSi, romelSic prinstonis gundma gaimarjva, ormxrivad uxeSi iyo, mravali
sajarimoebiTa da seriozuli travmebiT. TamaSis Semdeg orive skolis gazeTma
mkiTxvels SesTavaza Zalze gansxvavebuli versiebi imisa, Tu ra moxda TamaSis
dros.

saidan viciT

SegviZlia ki rodesme vTqvaT, “ra moxda sinamdvileSi”?

 837
socialuri fsiqologebis jgufma, romelic dainteresda im SefasebebiT,
romlebic studentur gazeTebSi iyo mocemuli, studentebs aCvena matCis
Canaweri da sTxova SeefasebinaT orive gundis mier ganxorcielebuli
darRvevebis raodenoba. TiTqmis yvela prinstonelma, TamaSi Seafasa,
rogorc “uxeSi da binZuri”. aravis Seufasebia is "sufTa da patiosan”
TamaSad da umetesoba darwmunebuli iyo, rom es dartmuteli moTamaSeebis
brali iyo. amis sapirispirod, dartmuTeli studentebis umravlesobam
CaTvala, rom uxeS TamaSSi orive mxare Tanabrad iyo damnaSave da rom
TamaSi iyo "uxeSi, sufTa da lamazi". metic, Canaweris naxvisas
prinstonelma studentebma “dainaxes”, rom mowinaaRmdegem orjer meti
jarima miiRo, vidre maTma gundma, xolo dartmuTelma studentebma igive
Canaweris naxvisas “dainaxes”, rom jarimebis raodenoba Tanabari iyo (Hastorf
&Cantril, 1954).

gamokvlevam cxadyo, rom SeuZlebelia fexburTis matCisnairi rTuli

socialuri movlenis obieqturad da moukerZoeblad ganxilva. socialuri
situaciebi mniSvnelovnebas iZenen maSin, rodesac mayurebeli seleqciurad
aRiqvams imas, Tu ra moxda, imis Sesabamisad Tu ris danaxvas elodda an undoda..
fexburTis matCis SemTxvevaSi adamianebi erTi da igive aqtivobas uyurebdnen,
magram xedavdnen or gansxvavebul TamaSs.
imis asaxsnelad, Tu rogor mividnen prinstoneli da dartmuTeli
gulSematkivrebi esoden gansxvavebul interpretaciebamde, mivubrundeT aRqmis
sakiTxs. gavixsenoT me_5-e Tavi, sadac Tqven xSir SemTxvevaSi unda migemarTaT
codnisTvis, rom SemdegSi mogexdinaT gaurkveveli perceptuli obieqtebis
interpretacia. igive principi moqmedebs fexburTis matCis ganxilvis drosac:
adamianebi iyeneben warsulSi SeZenil codnas mimdinare movlenebis
interpretirebisaTvis, magram perceptuli procesebis obieqtad adamianebi da
situaciebi gvevlinebian. socialuri percepcia aris procesi, romliTac adamianebi
sxvTa qcevebis gagebasa da kategorizebas axdenen. am paragrafSi farTod
mimovixilavT socialuri percepciis or sakiTxs. pirvel rigSi, Cven ganvixilavT,
Tu rogor afaseben adamianebi im Zalebs, romlebic gavlenas axdenen sxva
adamianebis qcevebze, maT kauzalur atribuciebs. Semdeg ki ganvixilavT, Tu rogor
xdeba, rom zogjer, socialuri percepcia emTxveva Cvens molodinebs.
 838
atribuciis Teoriis warmoSoba

socialuri aRqmisas, yoveli adamianis winaSe mdgomi erT-erTi mniSvnelovani

amocana aris socialuri movlenebis mizezebis dadgena. Tqven gsurT icodeT
cxovrebiseuli movlenebis mizezebi. ratom Sewyvita Cemma megobarma gogonam
CemTan urTierToba? ratom miiRo samuSao man da ver miviRe me? ratom gaiyarnen
Cemi mSoblebi mravalwliani erTad cxovrebis Semdeg? yovel aseT kiTxvas
mivyavarT garkveuli moqmedebis, movlenisa Tu Sedegis SesaZlo mizezobrivi
determinantebis analizamde. atribuciis Teoria aris zogadi midgoma, romelic
aRwers informaciis gamoyenebis gzebs, romelsac iyenebs socialuri aRmqmeli
mizezobrivi axsnisas.
atribuciis Teoria dasabams iRebs fric haideris (Fritz Heider) Sromebidan (1958).
f. haideri amtkicebda, rom adamianebis socialur cxovrebaSi garkvevis mcdelobis
erT-erTi mniSvnelovani nawili aris is, rom isini ganuwyvetliv axdenen
socialuri movlenebis mizezobriv analizs. is Tvlida, rom yoveli adamiani
intuituri fsiqologia, romlic cdilobs, gaerkves adamianis bunebaSi, sakuTari
qcevebis mizezebSi, iseve, rogorc amas profesionali fsiqologi akeTebs. haideri
Tvlida, rom atribuciuli analizis ZiriTadi sakiTxi aris is rom gaarkvios Tu
ra iwvevs qcevas, sad aris misi mizezebi, pirovnebaSi (Sinagani anu dispoziciuri
kauzaloba) Tu situaciaSi (garegani anu situaciuri kauzaloba) da vin aris mis
Sedegebze pasuxismgebeli. rogor axdenen adamianebi aseT Sefasebebs?
harold kelim (Harold
( Kelley 1967) moaxdina haideris mosazrebebis formalizeba _
gamoyo cvladebi, romlebsac adamianebi iyeneben atribuciuli daskvnebis
gakeTebisas. kelis ekuTvnis mniSvnelovani dakvirveba, rom adamianebi ufro xSirad
gaurkvevlobis pirobebSi axdenen kauzalur atribucias. Tqven iSviaTad gaqvT
sakmarisi informacia imis Taobaze, Tu ratom moiqca adamiani ase da ara
sxvanairad. keli fiqrobda, rom adamianebi winaaRmdegobas uweven gaurkvevlobas
imiT, rom agroveben informacias sxvadasxva movlenebidan da iyeneben kovariaciis
princips. kelis azriT, adamianebi gaurkvevlobas mravali movlenidan informaciis
dagrovebiTa da kovariaciis principis gamoyenebiT ewinaaRmdegebian. kovariaciis
principis Tanaxmad, adamianebi garkveuli mizezobrivi faqtoris dakavSirebas
axdendnen qcevasTan, Tu es faqtori yovelTvis arsebobda qcevasTan erTad, magram
arasdros ar arsebobda maSin, rodesac adgili ar hqonda qcevas. magaliTad,
 839
warmoidgineT, rom seirnobT quCaSi da xedavT megobars, romelic yviriliT
migiTiTebT cxenze. ris safuZvelze daaskvnidiT, rom is an gagiJda (dispoziciuri
atribucia) an rom xifaTi realuria (situaciuri atribucia)?
h.keli gvTavazobs mosazrebas, rom adamianebi aseT daskvnebebs akeTeben
kovariaciis Sefasebebis safuZvelze informaciis sami ganzomilebis
gaTvaliswinebiT, romelic Seexeba im adamians, romlis qcevis axsnasac isini
cdiloben. es ganzomilebebia: garkveuloba (distinctiveness, ganmasxvavebeli Zala),
konsistenturoba (consistency) da konsensusi (consensus).

• garkveuloba exeba imas, Tu ramdenad damaxasiaTebelia qceva mocemuli

situaciisaTvis – Tqveni megobari yovelTvis yviris cxenebis danaxvaze?

• konsistenturoba exeba imas, Tu ramdenad xSirad meordeba qceva mocemuli

situaciaSi - adrec uyviria Tu ara Tqvens megobars cxenis danaxvaze?

• konsensusi miuTiTebs imaze Tu sxva adamianebic analogiurad iqcevian igive

situaciaSi Tu ara _ yvela adamiani cxenis danaxvaze xels iSvers misken da
yvirils iwyebs?

informaciis es samive ganzomileba garkveul rols asrulebs im dakvnebSi,

romlebsac Tqven akeTebT. magaliTad, warmoidgineT, rom Tqveni megobari
erTaderTi iyo, vinc yviroda. savaraudod rogori atribuciuli daskvnas
gaakeTebdiT, dispoziciurs Tu situaciurs?
f. haiderisa da h. kelis soliduri fundamenturi kvlevebis daxvewisa da
gavrcobis mizniT aTasobiT kvleva Catarda (Fiske &Taylor 1991). am kvlevebis
umravlesoba exeba im pirobebis Seswavlas, romelSic atribucia gamomdinareobs,
Sesabamis informaciis Ziebidan. Cven SegviZlia aRvweroT im SemTxvevebis oTxi
tipi, romelsic Tqvens atribuciul daskvnaSi SesaZloa mikerZoeba Seiparos.

atribuciis fundamenturi Secdoma

 840
davuSvaT, Tqven megobars 7 saaTze Sexvedraze SeuTanxmdiT. axla rvis
naxevaria da Tqveni megobari jer ar mosula. rogor axsnidiT am faqts?
• me darwmunebuli var, rom moxda raRac Zalian mniSvnelovani, ris gamoc man
ver SesZlo droze mosvla.
• ra nelia. ar SeuZlia cota auCqaros?
Cven kvlav warmogidgineT arCevani dispoziciur da situaciur atribuciebs
Soris. gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom adamianebi, saSualod, ufro meore tipis -
dispoziciuri atribuciisken - arian midrekilni (Ross & Nisbett, 1991). es tendencia,
faqtobrivad, imdenad Zlieria, rom socialurma fsiqologma li rosma (Lee
( Ross,
1977) mas atribuciis fundamenturi Secdoma uwoda.
• socialuri aRqma/percepcia (Social perception) – procesebi, romelTa
safuZvelzec adamianebi igeben an aRiqvamen TavianT an sxvebis pirovnul
atributebs.
• atribuciis Teoria (Attribution theory) – socialur-kognituri Teoria,
romelic aRwers informaciis gamoyenebis gzebs, romelsac iyenebs
socialuri aRmqmeli mizezobrivi axsnisas.
• kovariaciis principi (Covariation principle) – Teoria, romelic amtkicebs,
rom adamianebi qcevisa da misi mizezis dakavSirebas axdenen principiT: Tu
arsebobs es mizezi, maSin iarsebebs qcevac da, piriqiT, Tu ar arsebobs es
mizezi ar iarsebebs qcevac.

atribuciis fundamenturi Secdoma (afS), warmoadgens adamianebSi arsebul

ormxriv tendencias, konkretuli qcevis an misi Sedegis mizezis Ziebisas,
gadaafason dispoziciuri faqtorebi (dadanaSauleba an ndoba) da saTanadod ar
Seafason situaciuri faqtorebi (garemo faqtorebis dadanaSauleba an ndoba).
ganvixiloT afS-s laboratoriuli kvlevis magaliTi. l. rossma da misma
kolegebma (1977) Seqmnes saxumaro TamaSis “Collage Bowl”-is eqsperimentuli versia,
romelSic eqsperimentis monawileni, monetis agdebis safuZvelze, iyofodnen
Sejibris monawileebad da kiTxvebis damsmelebad.

sur. 17.3.

saidan viciT
 841

monetis agdeba “qmnis” codnis unarianobas

kiTxvis damsmels instruqcia eZleoda, daesva gamomwvevi kiTxvebi,
romlebze pasuxic man winaswar icoda. Sejibris monawile konkurenti
cdilobda, pasuxi gaeca SekiTxvebze, Tumca, xSirad uSedegod. TamaSis
bolos kiTxvis damsmelebma, Sejibris monawileebma da damkvirveblebma
(sxva monawileebi, romlebic uyurebdnen TamaSs) Seafases TamaSis
monawileTa orive mxaris codna. kvlevis Sedegebi asaxulia 17.3 suraTze.
rogorc xedavT, kiTxvis damsmelebs eCvenebaT, rom maT da Sejibris
monawileebma, codnis saSualo done gamoavlines maSin, roca Sejibris
monawileebma da damkvirveblebma kiTxvebis damsmelebis codna saSualoze
metad Seafases, vidre Sejibris monawileebisa. TviT monawileni sakuTar
codnas xSirad saSualoze ufro naklebadac ki afasebdnen.

rogor mogwonT? TavisTavad naTelia, rom situacia kiTxvis damsmels

upiratesobas aniWebda (gana Tqvenc ar isurvebdiT kiTxvebis damsmeli
yofiliyaviT?). da xels uwyobda maT, gonebamaxvilad gamoCeniliyvnen, rasac
ugulebelyofdnen Sejibris monawileni da damkvirveblebi TavianT SefasebebSi.
swored es aris atribuciis fundamenturi Secdoma.

• atribuciis fundamenturi Secdoma (Fundamental attribution error) -

damkvirveblebis ormagi tendencia, daakninon situaciuri faqtorebis roli
da gadaafason dispoziciuri faqtorebis roli adamianis qcevaSi.

SesaZloa, Tqven TviTon ipovoT afS-s magaliTebi, magram es yovelTvis ara aris
advili. es yovelTvis moiTxovs garkveeul “mokvlevas” imisaTvis, rom aRmoaCinoT
qcevis situaciuri safuZvlebsi. situaciuri Zalebis gavlena qcevaze xSirad
SeumCenelia. MmagaliTad, Tqven ver xedavT situaciur normebs. Tqven xedavT
mxolod qcevebs, romelTac es normebi ganapirobebs. risi gakeTeba SeiZleba, rom
Deleted: K
Tavidan aiciloT afS? kerZod, im situaciaSi, rodesac aketebT negatiur
dispoziciur atribucias, (“ra nelia”), Tqven unda daixioT ukan da hkiTxoT
sakuTar Tavs, xom ar arsebobda xelisSemSleli situaciuri faqtorebi, romlebic
gamoiwvevda am qcevas? Tqven SegiZliaT aseT varjiSs, pirobiTad, uwodoT
“atribuciuli qvelmoqmedeba”. xom xvdebiT ratomac?
 842
es rCeva gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani SeiZleba iyos imaTTvis, vinc dasavluri
tipis sazogadoebaSi cxovrobs, radganac monacemebi adasturebs, rom afS-s,
nawilobriv, kulturuli wyaroebic aqvs (Miller, 1984). gaixseneT me-14-e TavSi
ganxiluli diskusia “me"-s (Self) konstruirebaSi kulturaTaSorisi gansxvavebebis
arsebobis Sesaxeb. rogorc iq avxseniT, dasavlur kulturaTa umetesoba moicavs
iseT maxasiaTeblebs, romlebic ayalibeben damoukidebeli “me”-s, aRmosavluri
kulturebis umravlesoba ki moicavs iseT maxasiaTeblebs, romlebic ayalibeben
_ urTierTdamokidebulebis “me”-s. (Markus & Kitaiama, 1991). kvlevebma cxadyo, rom
rogorc Sedegi urTierTdamokidebulebebis kulturisa, aradasavluri
kulturebis warmomadgenlebi naklebad fokusirdebian situaciaSi momqmed
pirovnebze. modiT, vnaxoT, ra gavlenas axdens es kulturuli gansxvavebebi axali
ambebis mowodebaze.

saidan viciT

atribuciebi finansuri skandalis Sesaxeb

mkvlevarebma SearCies statiebi amerikuli (The New York Times) da iaponuri
(Asahi Shimbun) gazeTebidan, sadac iuwyebodnen 1995 wlis iseT finansur
skandalze, rogoric iyo inglisis uZvelesi bankis _ beringsis gakotreba.
mkvlevaris asistentma, romelmac ar icoda kvlevis mizani, waikiTxa yvela
statia da SearCia iseTebi, sadac mocemuli iyo momxdaris mizezobrivi
axsna. amis Semdeg saqmeSi Cauxedav or asistents sTxoves, gaekeTebinaT
daskvna TiToeuli statiaze, Tu ra tipis iyos axsna – dispoziciuri anu
iseTi, sadac brali pirovnebebs edebodaT, Tu situaciuri anu iseTi, sadac
brali organizacias edeboda. am ori gazeTSi gamoqveynebul statiebSi,
sakiTxisadmi midgoma mkveTrad gansxvavebuli aRmoCnda. amerikeli
korespondenti cdilobda, gaekeTebina mkacrad dispoziciuri atribucia,
maSin, rodesac iaponeli korespondenti xazs usvamda situaciur
atribucias (Menon et all., 1999).

am cdis STambeWdavi maxasiaTebeli iyo is, rom dafiqsirda kulturuli

atribuciis gansxvavebuli stilebi, romlebic aisaxeboda sagazeTo statiebis
Seqmnis dros. am kvleviT dadasturda isic, rom atribuciis kulturuli stilebi
gadaecema da SenarCundeba yvelaSi, vinc eqceva Sesabamisi kulturis mediis
gavlenis qveS.
 843
mikerZoeba sakuTari Tavisadmi

monetis agdebis gamoyenebiT Catarebuli eqsperimentis erT-erTi yvelaze

ganmacvifrebeli Sedegi iyo konkurentTa mier sakuTari SesaZleblobebis
uaryofiTi Sefaseba. es gvafiqrebinebs, rom adamianebi afS-s sakuTari Tavis
xarjzec ki uSveben (faqtobrivad, Tqven unda gaixsenoT me-15-e TavSi aRwerili
erTi Teoria depresiis wyaroebis Sesaxeb, romlis mixedviTac, depresiuli
adamianebi, sakuTari Tavis mimarT, zomaze ufro metad axdenen uaryofiT
atribucias, vidre situaciuri faqtorebis mimarT). Tumca, umravales SemTxvevaSi,
adamianebi piriqiT iqcevian da mikerZoebas sakuTari Tavis mimarT iCenen. sakuTari
Tavisadmi mikerZoeba aiZulebs maT, yovelgvari warmateba sakuTar Tavs miaweron
da aicilon pasuxismgebloba warumateblobis SemTxvevaSi. Mumetes SemTxvevaSi,
adamianebi midrekilni arian, warmatebis SemTxvevaSi dispoziciuri atribucia
moaxdinon, xolo warumateblobis SemTxvevaSi - situaciuri (Gilovich,1991): “jildo
Cemi unarebis gamo miviRe”; “Sejibri cudi msajobis gamo wavage”.
sakuTari Tavis mimarT mikerZoebis SemTxvevebi Tqven sxva cxovrebiseul
situaciebSic SegiZliaT naxoT, rodesac msjelobT sakuTari qcevebis Sesaxeb.
miaqcieT yuradReba, rogor msjelobT swavlasTan dakavSirebiT. ras ityodiT
maRali Sefasebis miiRebisas da rogor imsjelebdiT dabali Sefasebis miRebisas?
gamokvlevebi cxadyofs, rom studentebs gaaCniaT tendencia, sakuTar Zalisxmevas
miaweron maRali Sefaseba, xolo gareSe faqtorebs _ dabali Sefaseba
(McAllister,1996). faqtobrivad, igive models iyeneben maswavleblebic: studentis
warmatebas isini sakuTar Tavs miaweren, warumateblobas ki _ ara. kidev erTxel
SexedeT, ra gavlenas SeiZleba axdendes atribuciis es paternebi Tqvens
miRwevebze? Tu warmatebebisas Tqven ar ifiqrebT garegan mizezebze (magaliTad,
“pirveli gamocda advili iyo”), SesaZloa, SecdeT da naklebi sibejiTe gamoiCiniT
Semdeg jerze; Tu warumateblobis SemTxvevaSi ugulebelyofT dispoziciuri
mizezebis rols (magaliTad, “amden xans ar unda davrCeniliyavi wveulebaze”),
SesaZloa, aseve, naklebi sibejiTe gamoiCinoT sxva dros. zemoT Cven, aseve, xazi
gavusviT rom, Tqven unda ecadoT Tavidan aiciloT afS maSin, rodesac sxvebis
qcevebis mizezebze fiqrobT. aseve, Tqven SegiZliaT SeamowmoT xolme Tqvens mier
gakeTebuli atribuciebi da ecadoT, Tavidan aiciloT yovelgvari mikerZoeba
sakuTari Tavis mimarT.
 844
adamianebi, aseTive mikerZoebulobas iCenen jgufis wevrobis SemTxvevaSic. isini,
ufro xSirad, cdiloben jgufis warmatebebi sakuTar Tavze miiweren, xolo
warumateblobebi jgufis sxva wevreb daabralon. albaT, kmayofili darCebiT,
rodesac gaigebT, rom am efeqts zRvars megobroba udebs.

saidan viciTM

megobroba da sakuTari Tavisadmi mikerZoeba

eqsperimentis monawileebs sTxoves, kreatulobis gasazom cdaSi
CarTuliyvnen megobarTan an ucnobTan erTad. davalebis Sesrulebis Semdeg
TiToeul monawiles miawodes misi jgufisa da didi normatiuli SerCevis
monacemebis Sesaxeb SedarebiTi informacia. miuxedavad maTi realuri
Sedegebisa, monawileTa naxevars miawodes warmatebis Sesaxeb informacia
(rom maTi Sesruleba 93-e procentili iyo), meore naxevars ki miawodes
warumateblobis Sesaxeb informacia (rom maTi Sesruleba 31-e procentili
iyo). amis Semdeg TiToeul monawiles sTxovdnen, Seefasebina davalebis
Sesrulebis Sedegze misi da jgufis meore wevris pasuxismgeblobis xarisxi
10 safexurian skalaze. romlis erT ukiduresi pozicia 1 (gamoxatavda
partnioris ukidures pasuxismgeblobas), meore ki 10, (sakuTar ukidures
pasuxiamgeblobas). rogorc 17.4 suraTidan Cans, eqsperimentis is monawileni,
romlebic ucxo pirTan erTad monawileobdnen cdaSi, warmatebas ufro
metad miawerdnen sakuTar Tavs, vidre _ warumateblobas (Campbell et al.,2000).
monawileTa atribuciebi rogorc warmatebis, ise _ warumateblobis
SemTxvevaSi, ufro adekvaturi iyo, rodesac isini cdaSi megobrebTan erTad
monawileobdnen.

momavalSi, rodesac jgufTan erTad raime saqmianobaSi CaerTvebiT, SeecadeT,

naxoT, ramdenad Seesabameba am eqsperimentis Sedegebi Tqvens mier, jgufis
sxvadasxva wevrebis pasuxismgeblobebTan dakavSirebiT gakeTebul atribuciebs.
ratom aqvs aseTi didi mniSvneloba Tqvens mier gakeTebul atribucias?
gaixseneT paemanze dagvianebuli megobari gogonas magaliTi. davuSvaT, imis gamo,
rom Tqven ar moiZieT situaciasTan dakavSirebuli informacia, daaskveniT, rom is
aRar aris dainteresebuli TqvenTan megobrobiT. SeuZlia Tu ara am arasworma
mosazrebam marTlac ubiZgos mas, rom momavalSi aramegobruli iyos Tqvens
mimarT? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad Cven gadavdivarT im rolis ganxilvaze,
 845
romelic socialuri realobis konstruirebaSi, gaaCniaT Sexedulebsa (Beleifs) da
molodinebs (expectations).
• sakuTari Tavisadmi mikerZoeba (Self-serving bias) _ atribuciul
mikerZoebaTa klasi, rodesac adamianebi cdiloben, Tavis damsaxurebad
CaTvalon warmateba da xolo warumateblobisaTvis pasuxismgebloba sxvebs
gadaabralon.
N
sur. 17.4. megobrebisa
megobrebisa da ucxoebis mimarT atribuciis modelebi
eqsperimentis monawileebs hkiTxes, moexdinaT ranJireba, vin iyo pasuxismgebeli
maTi jgufis warmatebaSi, an warumateblobaSi. ucxoebTan erTad yofnisas,
eqsperimentis mnawileebma, gamoavlines sakuTari Tavisadmi mikerZoeba: jgufis
warmatebaSi TavianT rols ufro mniSvnelovnad miiCnevdnen, xolo
warumateblobas partniors abralebdnen. ranJireba ufro zusti iyo rodesac
partniori maTi megobari iyo.

molodinebi da TviTqmnadi winaswarmetyveleba

SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom Sexedulebebma da molodinebma gansazRvros is

uSuaalo gamocdileba, romelic socialur realobaSi CarTvis Sedegad geqmnebaT?
mravali kvleva gvarwmunebs, rom situaciis buneba SesaZloa mniSvnelovnad
Seicvalos im rwmenebisa da molodinebis, zemoqmedebiT, romlebis adamianebs
gaaCniaT am situaciebis mimarT. TviTqmnadi winaswarmetyveleba (Self-filfillling
prophercies - Merton,1957) aris zogierT SesaZlo qcevebTan da movlenebTan
dakavSirebiT gakeTebuli winaswarmetyvelebebi, romlebic ise cvlian qceviT
urTierTobebs, rom isini iseT saxes iReben, rogorsac adamianebi erTmaneTisgan
elodnen. warmoidgineT, rom Tqven wveulebaze midixarT da karg drostarebas
eliT. imave saRamoze, Tqveni megobari ki mxolod mowyenilobas elis. SegiZliaTF
warmoidginoT, rom Tqven orma, sxva da sxvanairad unda imoqmedoT, am
molodinebidan gamomdinare? qcevis es gansxvavebuli formebi, Tavis mxriv,
SeiZleba Seicvalos imis Sesabamisadac, Tu rogor mogeqcevian sxvebi. AaseT
SemTxvevaSi, romeli Tqvengani ufro karg dros gaatarebs?
• TviTqmnadi winaswarmetyveleba (Self-filfilling prophecy) - zogierTi
momavali qcevis an movlenis Sesaxeb winaswarmetyveleba, romelic
 846
dRevandel urTierTobebs molodinis Sesabamisad cvlis.
TviTqmnadi winaswarmetyvelebis erT-erTi saukeTeso magaliTi nasesxebia
bernard Sous piesidan “pigmalioni” (popularoba moipova muziklis saxiT – Cemi
mSvenieri ledi), sadac quCis gogona maRali sazogadoebis warmomadgenel
qalbatonad iqca profesor hari higinsis xelmZRvanelobiT varjiSis Sedegad.
socialuri molodinebis, anu pigmalionis efeqti iqna gamoyenebuli fsiqolog
robert
robert rozentalis (Robert
( Rossenthal) klasikur eqsperimentSic, romelic skolis
direqtor leonora jeikobsTan (Leonore Jacobson) erTad Catarda.

saidan viciT

molodinebma SeiZleba Secvalos IQ

bostonis dawyebiTi skolis maswavleblebs mkvlevarebma miawodes
informacia, rom rogorc testirebebma aCvena, maTi zogierTi moswavle
“akademiuri moswrebis” mxriv warmatebulia. maswavleblebi daarwmunes, rom
es moswavleebi saswavlo wlis ganmavlobaSi swavlaSi gansakuTrebul
Sedegebs “miaRwevdnen”. sinamdvileSi aseTi prognozisaTvis realuri
safuZveli ar arsebobda da studentebis gvarebic SemTxveviT iyo SerCeuli.
miuxedavad amisa, saswavlo wlis bolos im bavSvebis 30%-ma, romlebic
momavali varskvlavebis siaSi iyvnen Seyvanilni, saSualod 22 erTeuliT
gaaumjobesa TavianTi IQ maCvenebeli! TiTqmis yvelam ki, sul mcire, 10
erTeuliT gaaumjobesa TavianTi maCvenebeli. inteleqtis standartuli
testiT gazomili inteleqtualuri zrdis es maCveneblebi mniSvnelovnad
ufro maRali iyo, vidre imave skolis sxva moswavleebisa, romlebic
sakontrolo jgufs Seadgendnen da kvlevis dasawyisisaTvis, IQ-s
standartuli saSualo maCvenebeli gaaCndaT (Rossenthal & Jacobson,1968).

rogor moxda, rom maswavleblebis mcdarma molodinebma “gavlena iqonies maTi

moswavleebis Sedegebis gaumjobesebze? rozentali (1974), sul cota, oTx
procesze miuTiTebs, romelic maswavleblebis molodinma gaaaqtiura (ix. agreTve,
.Jussim,1986).Ppirveli, maswavleblebi ufro Tbilad da megobrulad eqceodnen
“momaval varskvlavebs”, maTTvis qmnidnen socialuri aRiarebisa da miRebis
klimats. Mmeore, isini ufro mets iTxovdnen, Sesaswavli masalis sirTulisa da
masalis xarisxis CaTvliT, maTgan, viszec esoden did imedebs amyarebdnen. mesame,
isini ufro swraf da konkretul reaqciebs iZleodnen (rogorc Seqebis, aseve
 847
kritikis TvalsazrisiT) gamorCeuli moswavleebis saqmianobaze. da bolos,
maswavleblebi gamorCeul moswavleebs met SesaZleblobebs uqmnidnen Tavi
gamoeCinaT da epasuxaT, riTac maT sakuTari TavSi rwmena umtkicdebodaT, da
Tvlidnen rom isini marTla iseTi “magrebi” iyvnen, rogorc amas maswavleblebi
Tvlidnen.
cxadia, am situaciaSi uCveulo iyo, rom maswavleblebs mizanmimarTulad
Seuqmnes mcdari molodinebi. am meTodologiam rozentalsa da jeikobsons
saSualeba misca, eCvenebinaT TviTqmnadobis (Self-fulfilling) sruli potenciali. Tumca,
realuri cxovrebaSi, mraval situaciaSi, molodinebi efuZneba zust socialur
aRqmebs (Jussim, 1991). maswavleblebi, magaliTad, zogierTi moswavlisgan maRal
akademiur moswrebas imitom elian, rom isini skolaSi ukeT momzadebulebi
movidnen da, rogorc wesi, es moswavleebi ukeTes Sedegebsac aCveneben.. gamokvleva,
faqtobrivad, gvafiqrebinebs, rom TviTqmnad winaswarmetyvelebas gansakuTrebiT
didi efeqti aqvs dabali akademiuri miRwevebis mqone moswavleebis cxovrebaze
(Madon et al.,1997). rodesac maswavleblebi maTgan dabal maCveneblebs moelian, isini
ufro sustad swavloben, xolo rodesac maswavleblebi maTgan ukeTes
maCveneblebs moelian, isinic marTlac aumjobeseben maT.
skolebSi maswavleblebs, gamocdebisa da moswavleTa weriTi samuSaoebis
Sefasebis gziT moswavleTa miRwevebis Sefasebis saSualeba aqvT. TviTqmnad
winaswarmetyvelebas ki ufro didi efeqti aqvs maSin, rodesac situacia Sefasebis
gakeTebisTvis saWiro nakleb relevantur informacias iZleva. modiT, es mosazreba
sqesobrivi stereotipebis konteqstSi SevamowmoT.

saidan viciT

rodis aqvT mniSvneloba stereotipebs?

eqsperimentatorma socialuri fsiqologiis studentTa jgufSi miiyvana 9
Tvis bavSvi. damswre studentebis naxevari daarwmunes, rom bavSvs erqva
keiti, meore naxevari ki daarwmunes, rom bavSvs kareni erqva. studentebs
sTxoves, SeefasebinaT bavSvis fizikuri: maxasiaTeblebi, klasSi
ganxorcielebuli qceva da pirovneba. “keitis” da “karenis” jgufis mier, ar
gansxvavdeboda erTmaneTisagan, rodesac isini bavSvis fizikuri
monacemebis da qcevebis Sefasebebs efuZnebodnen, vinaidan situacia iZleida
naTlad aRqmad maxasiaTeblebs, magram gansxvavebebi mniSvnelovani iyo im
 848
SemTxvevaSi, rodesac es maxasiaTeblebi ar iyo naTeli da Sefasebebi
efuZneboda sqesobriv stereotipebs. “keiti” daxasiaTebul iqna rogorc
ufro aTleturi, xmauriani, aqtiuri da uxeSi, vidre “kareni” (Jusssim, 1993).

rodesac garemo Tavad iZleoda konkretul monacemebs, molodinebma

Sefasebebze ar imoqmedes, studentebs ubralod SeeZloT daenaxaT rogori iyo
bavSvi da rogor iqceoda is. mxolod maSin, rodesac aseTi pirdapiri
maxasiaTeblebi aRar arsebobda _ pirovnuli Taviseburebebis Sefasebis dros –
stereotipebma gavlena moaxdina Sefasebebze. amrigad, molodinebis gavlena ufro
Zlieria da savaraudoa, rom ufro metad eqneba adgili sakuTari Tavis mimarT
mikerZoebas, rodesac individs ar gaaCnia pirdapiri dakvirvebis da am safuZvelze
Sefasebis gakeTebis SesaZlebloba. ra Tqma unda, socialuri urTierTobebis
dros, “Sefasebebi” xSirad gansazRvravs Sesabamis qcevebs. Eexla, modiT vnaxoT
adamianis mier ganxorcielebuli qceva rogor gavlenas axdens socialuri
realobis konstruirebaze.

qcevebi, romlebic adastureben molodinebs

kidev erTxel ganvixiloT bostonis skolis magaliTi. Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rom
maswavleblebma ganaxorcieles qcevaTa mTeli rigi, romelmac maT SesaZlebloba
misca drois xangrZlivi drois manZilze daedasturebinaT TavianTi molodinebi.
mark snaiderma (Mark
( Snyder 1984) Semoitana termini qceviTi dadastureba im
procesis aRsaniSnad, romlis meSveobiTac/romliTac erTi pirovnebis molodinebi
meoris mimarT realurad zemoqmedebs am ukanasknelis qcevaze imgvarad, rom
dasturdeba misi sawyisi hipoTeza. MmagaliTad, warmoidgineT, rom Tqven
viRacisgan iRebT intervius, romelzec giTxres, rom is morcxvia an introvertia.
am kiTxvebidan romels SearCevdiT interviusTvis (Snyder &Swann, 1978)?
• ras moimoqmedebdiT imisaTvis, rom gamogecocxlebinaT wveuleba?
• rogor situaciaSi ufro isurvebdiT warmatebas?
• ra faqtorebi giSliT xels, rom realurad gaixsnaT sxva adamianebis
mimarT?
• rogor situaciaSi xarT ufro metad molaparake?
 849
davuSvaT, Tqven SearCieT meore SekiTxva, rogorc amas umetesoba akeTebs,
rodesac maT sjeraT, rom introverts esaubrebian. gana ufro metad albaTuri ar
aris, rom am SekiTxvaze Zalze eqstraverti pirovnebac ki saTanado pasuxs
gagcemT? amgvarad, molodini “me unda vesaubro viRacas, vinc introvertia”,
ganapirobebs qceviT arCevans “me unda davsva kiTxvebi, romlebsac, Cveulebisamebr,
introvert adamianebs usvamen”, romelsac mivyavarT molodinis potenciur
dadasturebamde: “Tu is mipasuxebs am SekiTxvaze, me mivxvdebi, rom is marTlac
introverti yofila”.
• qceviTi dadastureba (Behavioral confirmation) – procesi, romlis
meSveobiTac adamianebi iqcevian sxvebis specifiurad mosalodneli
reaqciebis Sesabamisad da Semdeg, am reaqciebs iyeneben TavianTi
Sexedulebebis dasadastureblad.
Deleted: P
ramdenad mZlavria qceviTi dadasturebis Zalebi? pasuxi analogiuria imisa,
rac Cven gavakeTeT TviTqmnadi winaswarmetyvelebis SemTxvevaSi. es damokidebulia
imaze Tu ramdenad xelmisawvdomia garSemo arsebuli swori informacia.

saidan viciT

qceviTi dadasturebis sazRvrebiM

mkvlevarebma Seqmnes pirobebi, sadac studenti gogonebis erT jgufs,
“aRmqmelebs” Seuqmnes yalbi molodinebi gogonaTa meore jgufis,
“samizneebis” eqstravertuloba–introvertulobasTan dakavSirebiT.
faqtobrivad, “samizneebis” yoveli wevri uzrunvelyofil iqna reitingiT,
romelic eqsperimentatorebs mis eqstravertad an introvertad aRqmis
saSualebas aZlevda. Tumca, TviT am gogonebis TviTSefasebebi, am
ganzomilebebze, gansxvavebuli iyo. ra moxda, rodesac “aRmqmelebma”,
“samizneebTan” urTierToba daamyares? rodesac “samizneebs” ar hqondaT
myari TviTSefaseba, adgili hqonda qceviT dadasturebas. “aRmqmelebi”
aRwevdnen imas, rom “samizneebs” iseTi qcevebi ganxorcielebinaT, romlebic
daadasturebdnen maT molodinebs. Tumca, rodesac “samizneebs” SedarebiT
myari da zusti me-koncefcia hqondaT, isini “aRmqmelebis” molodinebis
sawinaaRmdego qcevebs avlendnen (Swann & Fly, 1984).

kidev erTxel SegiZliaT naxoT, rom molodinebi yvelaze efeqtiania maSin,

rodesac garemos aqtualuri mdgomareoba – samiznis “realuroba” - orazrovani an
 850
ganusazRvrelia. am pirobebSi Yyvelaze ufro mosalodnelia, rom adamiani
daeyrdnoba ara “Mmonacemebs”, aramed daskvnebi gakeTdeba Sinagani faqtorebidan
gamomdinare.
qceviTi dadasturebis sazRvrebi, agreTve, damokidebulia samiznis,
interaqciasTan dakavSirebul motivaciaze. sxva gamokvlevaSi mamakaci -
aRmqmelebis - erT jgufs aCvenes fotoebi da daarwmunes, rom maTTan telefonze
mosaubre qalebi - samizneebi - normaluri wonisani iyvnen, meore jgufis wevrebi
ki darwmunebulni iyvnen, rom qalbi Warbi wonisani iyvnen. zog SemTxvevaSi qalebs
(romelTa faqtiuri wona ar Seesabameboda fotoze gamosaxuls) sTxoves,
monawileoba mieRoT satelefono saubarSi da amoecnoT maTTan mosaubre mamakacis
pirovnuli Taviseburebebi. sxva SemTxvevaSi ki qalebis mizani iyo mSvidi da
sasiamovno saubris gabma partnior mamakacebTan. zogadad, es meore situacia
qmnida qceviT dadasturebas: samizneebis qceva mamakacebis mier fasdeboda, rogorc
simsuqnis damadasturebeli (magaliTad, qalebi fasdebodnen, rogorc naklebad
gulRiebi da ubedurebi). Tumca, rodesac samizneebi cdilobdnen nformaciis
moZiebas, qceviT dadasturebas aRar hqonda adgili (Snyder & Haugen,1995). es
eqsperimenti gvafiqrebinebs, rom normaluri socialuri interaqciis impulsi
adamianebs ufro met SesaZleblobas aZlevs, samyaro gaiazron da SesabamisobaSi
moiyvanon TavianT qcevebTan da damokidebulebebTan (attitudes), stereotipebis
CaTvliT.
am paragrafSi aRweril eqsperimentebs, bunebrivad mivyavarT kiTxvamde, Tu
rogor warmoiqmneba damokidebulebebi da molodinebi? Cvens mier ganxilul
eqsperimentebSi monawileebs xelovnurad uqmnidnen molodinebs, magram ra xdeba
realur cxovrebaSi, rodesac Tqveni sakuTari molodinebis Sesabamisad moqmedebT?
Semdeg paragrafSi Cven ganvixilavT damokidebulebebs, maT Camoyalibebasa da
Secvlas da vnaxavT Tu ra kavSiria Sexedulebebs (beliefs), damokidebulebebs
(attitudes), da aqtivobebs (actions) –s Soris.
• damokidebuleba (Attitude) – adamianebis, sagnebisa da movlenebis mimarT
SefasebiTi reagirebis daswavlili, SedarebiT myari tendencia.

Sejameba

socialuri realobis konstruirebis koncefciis mixedviT, adamiani situaciis

interpretaciisas iyenebs da eyrdnoba sakuTar codnasa da gamocdilebas.
 851
Aatribuciis Teoria cdilobs, axsnas, Tu rogor afaseben adamianebi aqtivobebis,
movlenebisa da qcevebis Sedegebis mizezebs. Aadamianebi xSirad saTanadod ver
afaseben qcevis situaciur mizezebs da axdenen dispoziciuri faqtorebis
gadafasebas, rac cnobilia atribuciis fundamenturi Secdomis saxeliT. kvlevebi
mowmobs, rom araindividualisturi kulturebis warmomadgenlebs naklebad
axasiaTebT aseT Secdoma. adamianebi sakuTari Tavis mimarT mikerZoebas
eqvemdebarebian, rodesac warmatebebs dispoziciur faqtorebs miaweren, xolo
warumateblobebs _ situaciur faqtorebs. TviTqmnad winaswarmetyvelebebs maSin
aqvs adgili, rodesac molodinebi emTxveva cvlilebebs realur samyaroSi.
amisMmsgavsad, qceviT dadasturebas adgili aqvs maSin, rodesac adamianebis
molodinebi realurad cvlis sxva adamianebis qcevas. es orive efeqti mcirdeba
garemoSi arsebuli da adamianisTvis xelmisawvdomi obieqturi informaciiT.

damokidebulebebi, damokidebulebebis Secvla da aqtivoba

dRes ukve gqondaT SesaZlebloba, gamogexataT Tqveni damokidebuleba? vinmem

ukve gkiTxaT: “ras fiqrob Cem maisurze” an “mogewonaT Tu ara saWmeli”?
damokidebuleba (Attitude) aris adamianebis, obieqtebis an ideebis dadebiTi an
uaryofiTi Sefaseba. Tqven, SesaZloa, dadebiTi damokidebulebebi gqondeT muSebis,
sportuli manqanebis an sagadasaxado ganakveTis mimarT, xolo uaryofiTi
damokidebuleba _ telemarketebis, Tanamedrove xelovnebis an astrologiis
mimarT. aseTi gansazRvreba uSvebs, rom Tqveni damokidebulebis umravlesoba ar
aris aSkara. Tqven, SesaZloa, verc ki acnobierebdeT, rom garkveuli
damokidebulebebis matarebeli xarT. damokidebulebebi mniSvnelovania, radganac
isini gavlenas axdenen Tqvens qcevasa da imaze, Tu rogor axdens socialuri
realobis konstruirebas. GgaixseneT prinston-dartmuTis matCi. adamianebi,
romlebic prinstonis gunds gulSematkivrobdnen, TamaSs dartmuTis gundis
gulSematkivrebisagan gansxvavebulad “xedavdnen”; atribuciebi movlenebis Sesaxeb
damokidebulebebis Sesabamisad keTdeboda. ra aris Tqveni damokidebulebebis
safuZvlebiebi da ra gavlenas axdenen isini Tqven qcevebze?

damokidebulebebi da qcevebi

Cven damokidebulebebi, ganvsazRvreT, rogorc pozitiuri an negatiuri

Sefasebebi. am paragrafSi SesaZlebloba geqnebaT, TviTon gaakeToT aseTi Sefaseba.
ramdenad eTanxmebiT debulebas? (SemoxazeT nomeri)
 852
momwons filmebi jim keris monawileobiT.

1----------2----------3----------4----------5----------6----------7----------8----------9
Zalian veTanxmebi Zalian ar veTanxmebi
neitraluri

davuSvaT, rom Tqven SemoxazeT “3”, e.i. garkveulad ar eTanxmebiT aRniSnul

debulebas. ram gamoiwvia es Sefaseba? Cven SegviZlia mivuTiToT informaciis sam
tipze, romelic safuZvlad udevs Tqvens damokidebulebas.
• kognituri. ra azrebi giCndebaT jim keris saxelis gagonebisas?
• afeqturi. ra grZnobebs aRZravs TqvenSi jim keris saxelis xseneba?
• qceviTi. rogor iqceviT, rodesac, davuSvaT, SesaZlebloba gaqvT, naxoT
erT-erTi filmi misi monawileobiT?
safiqrebelia, rom am sami tipis informaciis kombinaciam gibiZgaT rom
SemoxazeT “3” (an nebismieri sxva cifri). Tqveni damokidebulebebi, aseve, moicaven
am sami kategoriis Sesabamis reaqciebs Tu Tqven damokidebuleba jim keris mimarT
uaryofiTia, es niSnavs, rom Tqven SegiZliaT TqvaT “misi iumori vulgarulia”
(kognituri), “me ar momwons misi saxis yureba” (afeqturi) an “ar vapireb fuli
gadavixado imis yurebaSi, rogor vardeba viRac” (qceviTi).
damokidebulebis gazomva ki ar aris rTuli, aramed imis dadgna,
damokidebulebebi yovelTvis zustad aisaxebian qcevaSi Tu ara. sakuTari
gamocdilebidanac iciT, rom es yovelTvis ase ar aris. Aadamianebma, SesaZloa
ganacxadon, rom ar uyvarT jim keri, magram mainc didi fuli daxarjon misi
filmebis sanaxavad. Aamave dros xSirad adamianebis qcevebi Seesabameba maT
damokidebulebebs. isini amboben, rom fuls ar daxarjaven jim keris filmebis
sanaxavad da asec iqcevian. rogor SeiZleba gavarkvioT, rodis gansazRvravs
damokidebuleba qcevas da rodis ara? mkvlevarebma Zalze bevri imuSaves am
sakiTxze, kerZod im pirobebis dasadgenad, rodesac kavSiri adamianebis
damokidebulebebsa da maT qcevebs Soris aris yvelaze Zlieri (Ajzen & Sexton,1999;
Fazio & Towles-Schwen, 1999).
damokidebulebis erT-erTi maxasiaTebeli, romelic qcevis winaswarmetyvelebis
saSualebas gvaZlevs aris gamWvirvaloba (accessibility) – damokidebulebis obieqtsa
da adamianis mier am obieqtis Sefasebas Soris kavSiris siZliere (Fazio, 1995).
rodesac Cven jim keris Sesaxeb gisvamT kiTxvas, Tqven gonebaSi eZebT pasuxs Tu is
 853
uceb mogdiT TavSi? Kkvlevebma aCvenes, rom qcevebi miT ufro Seesabamebian
damokidebulebebs, rac ufro metad, es ukanasknelni, gamWvirvaleni arian.

saidan viciT

damokidebulebis gamWvirvalobis safuZvelze saarCevno qcevis winaswarmetyveleba

mkvlevarebma, torontos raionSi (ontario, kanada) 1990 wlis
adgilobrivi arCevnebis win da Semdeg, Caatares satelefono gamokiTxva.
arCevnebis win maT amomrCevlebs dausves kiTxva: “rogor fiqrobT, romel
partias miscemT xmas?” da “SegiZliaT TqvaT, rom Tqveni arCevani sabolooa
Tu fiqrobT, rom kidev SeiZleba SeicvaloT azri?”.AarCevnebis Semdeg maT
sTxovdnen, daesaxelebinaT maT mier gakeTebuli arCevani. winasaarCevno
damokidebulebis gamWvirvalobis sazomad gamoyenebuli iyo pasuxis gacemis
siswrafe kiTxvaze “vis miscemT xmas?”. PpasuxebisTvis saWiro drois
gamosaTvlelad gamoyenebuli iyo kompiuteri (koreqtireba xdeboda
respodentis metyvelebis individualuri Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT).
rogori iyo mimarTeba damokidebulebis gamWvirvalobasa da qcevas Soris?
is individebi, romelTac gamoavlines gamWvirvale damokidebulebebi, e.i.
iZleodnen SedarebiT swraf pasuxebs, ufro metad axorcielebdnen im
saarCevno qcevas, romelic gamokvlevisas gamoxates (Bassili, 1995).

am Sedegis mniSvnelovani nawilia is, rom rogorc “maRali gamWvirvalobis”,

ise “dabali gamWvirvalobis” respodentebi, arCevnebamde, aRniSnavdnen, rom ar
Seicvlidnen azrs. amdenad, qcevis winaswarmetyvelebisaTvis damokidebulebis
gamWvirvalobis maCvenebeli ufro sando maCvenebeli aRmoCnda, vidre TviT
amomrCevelTa Sexedulebebi!
rogor iqceva damokidebuleba maRali gamWvirvalovis Tvisebis mqoned?
(Fazio,1995)Kkvlevebma aCvena, rom damokidebulebebi ufro gamWvirvalea, rodesac
isini uSualo gamocdilebas efuZnebian. Tqven jim keris filmebisadmi ufro
gamWvirvale damokidebuleba geqnebaT, Tu Tqven misi monawileobiT ramdenime
filmi naxeT, manam sanam mis Sesaxeb raimes moismendiT an waikiTxavdiT. Aaseve,
damokidebulebebi ufro gamWvirvalea maSin, rodesac isini sakmaod xSirad
meordebian, anu rac ufro xSirad gixdebaT maTi verbaluri formulireba.
damokidebulebebiT ukeT xdeba qcevebis winaswarmetyveleba, rodesac maT
specifikurobis erTi da igive doneze vzomavT. ganvixiloT cxrilSi 17.1
 854
warmodgenili monacemebi. am kvlevaSi mkvlevarebi cdilobdnen,
ewinaswarmetyvelaT 18-38 wlis 270 qalisgan Semdgari SerCevis mier Casaxvis
sawinaaRmdego abebis gamoyenebis albaToba. cxrilSi SegiZliaT naxoT, rom rac
ufro specifikuri iyo dasmuli kiTxva abebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb, miT ufro
maRali iyo korelacia maT mier realurad ganxorcielebul specifikur qcevasTan
(Davidson & Jaccard 1979). (gaixseneT, rom korelaciis koeficienti rac ufro axlosaa
1-Tan an –1-Tan, miT ufro Zlieria kavSiri). termini, specifikuri, exeba, agreTve, im
specifikur egzemplarebs, romlebic gvaxsendeba maSin, rodesac gvTxoven maT
mimarT damokidebulebis gamoTqmas (Sia et al,. 1997). magaliTad, davuSvaT, rom
gekiTxebian, eTanxmebiT Tu ara debulebas: “me vendobi politikosebs”. Tqveni
Sefaseba damokidebuli iqneba imaze, Tu romeli politikosi gagaxsendebaT am
dros: jorj voSingtoni, uinston CerCili, bil klintoni Tu jorjGbuSi umcrosi.
Tu Cven igive kiTxva erTi kviris Semdeg rom dagisvamT, Tqveni Sefaseba – rac
Tqvens zogad damokidebulebas gamoxatavs - SesaZloa Seicvalos, vinaidan im
momentSi, SesaZloa, sxva politikosebi gagaxsendeT.
rodesac Tqveni damokidebulebebi efuZneba informaciis sxvadasxva qvejgufebs,
isini SeiZleba radikalurad Seicvalos droTa ganmavlobaSi. rodesac Tqven
gamoTqvamT damokidebulebas jim kerisadmi, misi filmebidan romelze fiqrobT?
mxolod maSin, rodesac Tqvens damokidebulebasTan dakavSirebuli “faqtebi”
stabiluri gaxdeba, SesaZloa veloddeT myar urTierTmimarTebebs Tqvens
Sefasebebsa (Ggoneba) da qcevebs (aqtivoba) Soris.

cxrili 17.1
specifiuroba aumjobesebs damokidebulebasa da qcevas Soris korelacias
korelacia Casaxvis sawinaaRmdego
sawinaaRmdego
gazomili atitudebi
abebis gamoyenebasTan

damokidebuleba Sobadobis kontrolis

.08
mimarT.

damokidebuleba Casaxvis sawinaaRmdego

.32
abebis mimarT.

damokidebuleba Casaxvis sawinaaRmdego

.52
abebis gamoyenebis mimarT.
 855

damikidebuleba Semdegi ori wlis

ganmavlobaSi Casaxvis sawinaaRmdego .57
abebis gamoyenebis mimarT

SeniSvna: mkvlevarebma scades ewinaswarmetyvelaT qalebis mier ori wlis

ganmavlobaSi, Casaxvis sawinaaRmdego abebis gamoyenebis albaToba. rac ufro
specifikur kiTxvebs usvamdnen qalebs, miT ufro maRali iyo damokidebulebebis
aqtualur qcevasTan korelacia.

darwmunebis procesi

Cven ukve vnaxeT, rom Sesabamis pirobebSi damokidebulebebs ZaluZT

gansazRvron qceva. es kargi siaxlea maTTvis, vinc drosa da fuls xarjavs Tqvens
damokidebulebebze gavlenis mosaxdenad. magram sakmaod xSirad sxvebs ar ZaluZT
damokidebulebebze gavlenis moxdena, Tumca, es Zalianac undaT. Tqven waramara
ver SeicvliT kbilis pastas, rogorc ki, elvare kbilebian msaxiobs dainaxavT
televizorSi, romelic axali pastis reklamirebas axdens. Tqven YyovelTvis ver
SeicvliT politikur Sexedulebebs, rogorc ki morigi kandidati, kameris win,
mTeli gulwrfelobiT ganacxadebs, rom arCevnebSi swored mas unda dauWiroT
mxari. Tqvens garSemo mravali adamiani Tavs uflebas aZlevs, ecados raRacaSi
dagarwmunoT anu winaswarganzraxulad cdilobs SegacvlevinoT
damokidebulebebi. imisaTvis, rom darwmuneba moxdes, saWiroa garkveuli pirobebis
Tanxvedra. GganvixiloT zogierTi maTgani.
Tavdapirvelad warmogidgenT e.w. SesaZlo gaazrebis models (elaboraion likelihood
model) _ darwmunebis Teorias, romelic gansazRvravs, Tu ramdenad dasaSvebia
mosazreba, rom adamianebi TavianTi kognituri SesaZleblobebis fokusirebas
axdenen, raTa gaiazron miRebuli damarwmunebeli Setyobineba (message) (Petty &
Cacioppo, 1986; Petty & Wegener, 1999). es modeli kritikul gansxvavebas axdens
darwmunebis centralur da periferiul procesebs Soris. centraluri procesebs
adgili aqvT im pirobebSi, rodesac adamianebi guldasmiT fiqroben damarwmunebel
komunikaciaze. amdenad, maTi damokidebulebebis Secvla argumentebis simyariTaa
gansazRvruli. rodesac vinme cdilobs, migiyvanoT im azramde, rom galoni
benzinis fasi SeiZleba 5 dolari gaxdes, Tqven am informacias, albaT,
yuradRebiT moekidebiT. periferiuli procesebi ki iseT pirobebs gulisxmobs,
 856
rodesac adamianebi seriozulad ar ekidebian Setyobinebas da reagireben
situaciis zedapirul maniSneblebze. rodesac seqsualuri modeli raime
produqtis win dgas, romlis SeZenasac gTavazobT gamyidveli, amiT is imedovnebs,
rom Tqven bevr fiqrs ar daiwyebT am produqtis avkargianobis Taobaze.
centraluri da periferiuli procesebi, romlebsac adamianebi iyeneben,
mniSvnelovbad aris determinirebuli maTi motivaciiT, damarwmunebeli
Setyobinebis Rrmad gaazreba surT Tu ara.
Tu kargad daukvirdebiT Tqvens irgvliv arsebul Setyobinebebs, swrafad
daaskvniT, rom reklamis specialistebs xSirad, swored imis imedi aqvT, rom Tqven
zedapirulad miudgebiT reklamas. ratom uxdian cnobil adamianebs did fuls
reklamis specialistebi, maTi produqtis gayidvisaTvis? Tqven marTla gjeraT,
rom holivudis varskvlavebs Zalian adardebT is, rom saqalaqTaSoriso
satelefono kavSiri gaiafdeba Tu ara? savaraudoa, reklamis specialistebi
imedovneben, rom Tqven Rrmaad ar gaaanalizebT argumentebs da gasaqans miscemT
Tqvens gulTbil grZnobebs msaxiobis mimarT, romelic xotbas asxams produqcias.
• darwmuneba (Persuasion) – damokidebulebebis Secvlis mizanmimarTuli
mcdelobebi.
• gaazrebis SesaZleblobis modeli (Elaboration likelihood model) –
darwmunebis Teoria, romelic gansazRvravs, Tu ramdenadaa SesaZlebeli,
rom adamianebi TavianTi kognituri procesebis fokusirebas axdendnen
Setyobinebis gasaazreblad da, Sesabamisad, misdevdnen darwmunebis
centralur an periferiul procesebs. stili dasalagebelia
axla, sakuTar Tavs hkiTxeT: rodis xarT motivirebulni gamoiyenoT
darwmunebis centraluri procesebi? pasuxi mniSvnelovania rogorc maTTvis, vinc
isurvebda, rom Tqven ase moiqceT (vinaidan isini fiqroben, rom Zlieri
argumentebi gaaCniaT), aseve, maTTvis, visac es ar surs (radganac imedovneben
Tqvens darwmunebas zedapiruli maniSneblebiT). MmoviyvanoT damarwmunebeli
komunikaciis magaliTi, romelic gibiZgebT airCioT misi gaazrebis centraluri
procesebi da ufro gulmodgined SeafasoT argumentebi, vinaidan mas, TqvenTvis,
pirovnuli mniSvneloba aqvs da Tqvenc, iZulebuli xarT, ufro gulmodgined
ganixiloT argumentebi (Eagly & Chaiken, 1993). warmoidgineT, Tqven TanmimdevrobiT
moismineT ori moxseneba. Ppirveli momxsenebeli asabuTebda, rom holivudma ufro
 857
meti 3-D filmebi unda awarmoos. meore ki amtkicebda, rom kolejSi swavlis
safasuri 50%-iT unda gaizardos. romeli gamosvla ufro metad gamoiwvevs
gaazrebis centralur procesebs? axla ganvixiloT eqsperimenti, romelSic
ganxilulia pirovnuli relevanturobis mniSvnelovneba gamogonil, fiqciur
samyaroTa gancdaSi.

saidan viciT

saTauri Sesacvlelia. sityvebi sworad aris naTargmni, Tumca, tesqti mTlianad Tavidan aris
dasalagebeli stilisturad da gramatikulad. pirveli ori winadadeba perifrazirebulia.
pirovnuli Sesabamisoba warmosaxul samyaroSi
aris Tu ara TqvenTvis damajerebeli is informaciebi, romlebsac
xvdebiT xelovnur samyaroebSi, iseTSi rogoricaa mxatvruli literatura,
romelsac kiTxulobT, an filmebi, romlebsac uyurebT? mkvlevarTa erTma
jgufma ivarauda, rom am saxis informacia Tqvenze damajereblad
imoqmedebs im xarisxiT, ra zomiTac mocemuli nawarmoebi Seesabameba Tqvens
pirovnebas. kvlevaSi monawileobdnen ielisa da prinstonis universitetebis
studentebi. orive universitetis studentebisagan Semdgar erT jgufs
waukiTxes moTxroba, romlis moqmedebac prinstonSi viTardebida. igive
moTxroba waukiTxes meore jgufsac, magram am SemTxvevaSi moqmedeba ielSi
viTardeboda. moTxrobis gmirebi saubrobdnen realur Temebze, sasargebloa
Tu ara mzis sxivebi kanisaTvis, gadamdebia Tu ara fsiqiuri daavadebebi da
sxva. Mmkvlevarebma ivaraudes, rom eqsperimentis monawileni ufro
Sesatyvisad CaTvlidnen teqsts, romelic maT sakuTar saswavlebels
Seexeboda. magaliTad, prinstoneli studentebi, romlebic kiTxulobdnen
teqsts prinstonis Sesaxeb, ufro motivirebulni unda yofiliyvnen,
guldasmiT waekiTxaT es teqsti da Rrmad Caswvdomodnen gmirebis
argumentebs. rogorc 17.5 suraTidan Cans, Sedegebma daadastura es hipoTeza.
studentebma gamoavlines damokidebulebebis cvlileba im argumentebis
mimarT, romlebic gadmocemuli iyo sxva skolasTan dakavSirebul
moTxrobaSi (magaliTad, prinstonis versia ielis studentebisaTvis). es
niSnavs, rom rodesac informacia ar iyo pirovnulad relevanturi,
studentebma ar gamoiyenes informaciis gaazrebis centraluri procesebi,
raTa Caswvdomodnen argumentebis sisustes da moeqcnen maTi zegavlenis
 858

qveS (Prentice et al,. 1997).

Nnaxati 17.5.
Ddarwmuneba da pirovnuli Sesabamisoba
studentebi kiTxulobdnen moTxrobebs, romlebSic moqmedeba xdeboda an maT
“mSobliur” saswavlebelSi da, amdenad, pirovnulad Sesabamisi iyo, an “sxva”
saswavlebelSi. ivaraudeboda, rom pirovnuli Sesabamisoba gamoiwvevda
informaciis gaazrebis centraluri procesebis CarTvas da, amdenad, darwmunebas
naklebad eqneboda adgili. faqtobrivad, darwmunebis process adgili hqonda
mxolod maSin, rodesac studentebi kiTxulobdnen “sxva” saswavlebelTan
dakavSirebul moTxrobas (magaliTad, ielis universitetis studentebi
kiTxulobdnen prinstonis versias). Sedegebi amtkiceben varauds, pirovnulad
Sesabamisi “mSobliuri” saswavleblis versia studentebSi iwvevda gaazrebis
centraluri procesebis CarTvas da moTxrobaSi gadmocemuli argumentebis
uaryofas. MmaSin, rodesac pirovnulad Seusabamo, “sxva” saswavleblis versia
iwvevda gaazrebis periferiul procesebs da moTxrobaSi mocemuli
argumentebisadmi daTanxmebas.

yuradReba miaqcieT, rom moTxrobis orive versia identuri iyo da mxolod

moqmedebis adgili iyo gansxvavebuli. Aamrigad, informaciis damarwmunebloba
ganpirobebulia imiT da im zomiT, ra zomiTac, studentebs gaaCniaT motivacia,
airCion gaazrebis centraluri procesebi da guldasmiT Seafason informacia
(Prentice & Gerrig, 1999). momavalSi, rodesac axali Sous sanaxavad, televizors
miujdebiT, Tqven SesZlebT, gaarkvioT, ra saxis damarwmunebelma informaciam
SeiZleba gaiaros periferiuli procesebis gziT, Tu gadacemis Sinaarsi, Tavisi
wyobiT, monawileebiT da a.S. - ar aris Tqveni pirovnebis Sesabamisi.
sxva faqtori, romelic, aseve, axdens gavlenas Tqvens mier informaciis
gaazrebis procesis tipis arCevaze, aris mimarTeba Tqveni damokidebulebis tipsa
da argumentis tips Soris (Ajzen & Sexton, 1999). Aadre aRvniSneT, rom
damokidebulebas gansazRvravs, rogorc kignituri, ise _ emociuri gamocdileba.
mkvlevarebma aCvenes, rom damokidebulebebi (Attitudes) ufro icvleba maSin, rodesac
reeklamis avtori kognituri safuZvlis mqone arguments ukavSireebs kognituri
 859
safuZvlis mqone damokidebulebas, xolo emociuri safuZvlis mqone arguments ki,
emociuri safuZvlis mqone damokidebulebas.
saidan viciT

mimarTeba reklamasa da damokidebulebas Soris

ra ganapirobebs Tqvens damokidebulebas yavis markis mimarT?
savaraudod, Tqveni Sefaseba efuZneba mis gemosTan da fasTan dakavSirebul
kognitur mosazrebebs. axla gavixsenoT misaloci baraTebi. savaraudoa,
rom maT mimarT Tqvens damokidebulebas ufro afeqturi reaqciebi
gansazRvravs. ramdenad iwveven isini Rimils? miuTiTeben TqvenTvis
sasurvel urTierTobebze? erT-erT eqsperimentSi monawileebs aCvenes
sxvadasxva produqtis kognitur da emociur safuZvelze damyarebuli
reklamebi, yavisa da misaloci baraTebis CaTvliT. kognitur safuZvelze
Seqmnili reklamebi ase ikiTxeboda: “namdvili yavis saucxoo Zlieri gemo
da surneleba, romelic damzadebulia umaRlesi xarisxis marcvlebisagan”.
emociur safuZvelze Seqmnili reklamidan ki SeiZleba SeityoT, rom “yava,
romelsac Tqven svamT, mianiSnebs, Tu rogori pirovneba xarT. mas SeuZlia
uCveulo, gansxvavebuli gemo gagrZnobinoT”. mas Semdeg, rac cdis
monawileebma waikiTxes reklamis TiToeuli seria, maT sTxoves,
SeefasebinaT TavianTi mosazrebebi, Tu rogor ganewyvnen am produqtebis
mimarT. rogorc 17.6 suraTidan SegiZliaT naxoT, arsebobda zemoT
aRniSnuli Zlieri kavSiri. monawileni ufro met dadebiT arCevanebs
gamoxatavdnen, maSin rodesac Setyobinebis tipebi (magaliTad, kognituri
safuZvlis mqoneni) Seesabamebodnen damokidebulebebis tipebs (magaliTad,
kognituri safuZvlis mqone damokidebulebebs) (Shavitt, 1990).
Tu Tqven cdilobT, vinmes SeucvaloT damokidebulebebi, unda gaiTvaliswinoT
es Sedegebic. rogori safuZveli sWarbobs damokidebulebaSi - Zlieri kognituri
Tu Zlieri emociuri? mis Sesabamisad, rogor unda SesZinoT, Tqvens mier
mofiqrebul Setyobinebas meti damajerebloba?

sur. 17.6. produqtebi da Eemociur da kognitur safuZvelze agebuli reklama da

produqtebi
 860
rodesac reklamis tipi (emociuri an kognituri safuZvlis mqone)
dakavSirebulia im ganzomilebasTan, romelic gamoxatavs produqtis arss:
emociuri _ misaloci baraTebis an kognituri _ yavis mimarT, adamianebi ufro
keTilganwyobiT reagireben produqtis mimarT (skalaze, sasurveloba izomeba –3
dan +3 mde).

sakuTari aqtivobiT gamowveuli

gamowveuli darwmuneba

bolos TavSi Cven aRvwerT im faqtorebs, romlebic gavlenas axdens adamianebis

unarze, Secvalon sxvebis damokidebulebebi. Tumca, moqmedeben iseTi Zalebic,
romlebic, mTel rig SemTxvevebSi, imis mizezic xdebian, rom adamianma sakuTari
damokidebulebebic Secvalos. warmoidgineT, Tqven daificeT, rom ar miiRebdiT
zedmet kaloriebs. Tqven midixarT samsaxurSi da iq Tqveni ufrosis dabadebis
dResTan dakavSirebiT gxvdebaT namcxvari. Tqven erT naWers miirTmevT. gatexeT
amiT Tqveni fici Tu ara? niSnavs es imas, Tqven uaryofiTi mokidebuleba unda
gqondeT sakuTari qcevisadmi? xom ar fiqrobT, rom mainc swored moiqeciT?
ratom? Cven aRvwerT TviTdarwmunebis or models, disonansis Teorias da
TviTaRqmis Teorias.

disonansis Teoria

damokidebulebebis kvlevisas erT-erTi fundamenturi daSveba aris is, rom

adamianebs sjeraT rom, droTa ganmavlobaSi, maTi damokidebulebebi ucvleli
rCeba (Eagly & Chaiken, 1993). konsistenturobis es tendencia gamoyenebul iqna
socialur fsiqologiaSi, kerZod, leon festinjeris (Leon Festinger, 1957) mier
Camoyalibebul kognituri disonansis TeoriaSi. kognituri disonansi aris
konfliqtis mdgomareoba, romelsac adamiani ganicdis gadawyvetilebis miRebis,
qcevis ganxorcielebis an misi Sexedulebebis, grZnobebis da Rirebulebebis
sawinaaRmdego informacis miRebis Semdeg. magaliTad, warmoidgineT, rom Tqven
megobris rCevis sawinaaRdegod, SearCieT manqanis garkveuli tipi, romlis
yidvasac apirebT. ratom unda gagiCndeT eWvi Tqveni arCevanis sisworesTan
dakavSirebiT? daSvebulia, rom rodesac adamianis codna mis damokidebulebasa da
qcevas Soris urTierTsawinaaRmdegoa, is, Tanmimdevrulad ar misdevs romelime
maTgans, aramed Cndeba winaaRmdegobrivi mdgomareoba da adamiani motivirebulia,
moaxdinos misi reduqcia. disonansis reducirebis tendencia aqtivirdeba am
 861
mdgomareobis usiamovnebis gancdiT. Tqveni manqanis SemTxvevaSi, TavdacviTi
pozicia – anu Tqveni arCevanisaTvis gadaWarbebuli Rirebulebis miniWeba _
saSualebas gaZlevT, airidoT es usiamovno gancda da Tavi ufro Tavdajerebulad
igrZnoT (disonansma, SesaZloa, gibiZgoT, rom megobarzec cudadad ki ifiqroT).

• kognituri disonansi (Cognitive dissonance) – Teoria, romlis mixedviTac,

araTavsebadi kognituri elementebis mier Seqmnili daZabulobis gamomwvevi
efeqtebi adamianebs ubiZgebs, rom moaxdinon aseTi daZabulobis Semcireba.

disonans motivaciuri Zala gaaCnia. is gibiZgebT usiamovno grZnobis

Semcirebaze mimarTuli qmedebis ganxorcielebisken (Wood, 2000). disonansis
reducirebis motivacia izrdeba kognituri SeusabamobiT Seqmnili disonansis
zomis Sesabamisad. sxva sityvebiT, rac ufro Zlieria disonansi, miT ufro didia
misi reducirebis motivacia. disonansis klasikur eqsperimentSi kolejis
studentebma moatyues sxva studentebi da SemdegSi, TviTonve daijeres sakuTari
tyuili da gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac jildos am qcevisaTvis mcire ufro
eTqmoda, vidre _ didi.

saidan viciT

disonansi tyuils simarTled aqcevs

stanfordis universitetis studentebma monawileoba miiRes Zalze
mosawyeni davalebis SesrulebaSi. amis Semdeg eqsperimentatorma (misi
pativiscemis niSnad) maT sTxova, eTqvaT tyuili da sxva monawileebisTvis
davaleba saxalisod da sainteresod daexasiaTebinaT. amis safasurad
monawileTa nawils 20 dolari gadauxades, meore nawils ki _ 1. 20 dolari
sakamarisi aRmoCnda tyuilis gasamarTleblad, magram 1 dolari
gamarTlebis araadekvaturi iyo. maT gamoavlines kognituri disonansi.
“davaleba mosawyeni iyo”, “me varCevdi tyuili yovelgvari safasuris gareSe
meTqva,” _ ambobdnen isini.
imisaTvis, rom disonansis Sesamcireblad erTdolarianma monawileebma
Secvales davalebis maTeuli Sefaseba. mogvianebiT maT aRniSnes, rom
“davaleba marTlac saintereso iyo da me kidev erTxel siamovnebiT
Sevasrulebdi mas”. SedarebisaTvis, im monawileebs, romlebmac 20 dolari
miiRes tyuilis TqmaSi, ar SeucvliaT TavianTi Sefasebebi. maTTvis
 862
davaleba Zalze mosawyeni iyo. maT mxolod “fulis gamo” Tqves tyuili
(Festinger &Cdarlsmith, 1959).

rogorc am eqsperimentma aCvena, maRali disonansis pirobebSi, momxdari faqtis

Semdeg individi moqmedebs sakuTari qcevis gamarTlebis mimarTulebiT da iwyebs
TviTdarwmunebas. es analizi metyvelebs imaze, rom damokidebulebebis Secvlis
erT-erTi gza, pirvel rigSi, aris qcevis Secvla. bibliuri drois brZenebma
icodnen es principi. isini rabinebs avalebdnen, adamianebisgan ar moeTxovaT
rwmenis dadastureba, sanam ar ilocebdnen. aseve, gavixsenoT papa salvatore am
Tavis dasawyisidan. SeamCnieT, rogor ostaturad Seuqmna man disonansi Tavxed
biWebs? MmaT upasuxes konfliqturi kogniciiT: “Cven yvirilSi 25 centi unda
migveRo” da Semdeg _ “is ki CvenTvis mxolod 10 centis gadaxdas apirebs” -
Secvales ra Tavisi qceva da uari Tqves yvirilze.
asobiT eqsperimentma da realurma dakvirvebebma aCvena kognituri disonansis
Zala: mas SeuZlia Secvalos damokidebulebebi da qcevebi (Eagly & Chaiken, 1993;
Wicklund & Brehm 1976). Tumca, bolo dros mkvlevarebi dainteresdnen imis garkveviT,
Tu ramdenad SeiZleba disonansis efeqtebis ganzogadeba sxva kulturebze. kidev
erTxel gaixseneT, rom cneba “me” (Self) gansxvavebulad esmiT sxvadasxva
kulturebSi. rogorc adrec aRvniSneT, Crdilo–amerikelebi, Cveulebriv,
damoukideblad aRiqvamen Tavs da es niSnavs socialuri garemosgan
damoukideblobas. aziuri kulturebis wevrebi, Cveulebriv, aseve damoukideblebad
Tvlian Tavs, magram socialur garemosTan fundamenturad arian dakavSirebulni.
“me”-s gagebis aseTi kulturuli gansxvavebebi, axdenen gavlenas kognitur
disonansze?

saidan viciT

kultura da kognituri disonansiE

eqsperimentis kanadel da iaponel monawileebs sTxoves, 40
SesaZlebelidan aerCiaT 10 CD, romlis qonac yvelaze metad undodaT.
Semdeg maT Txoves, arCeuli 10 kompakt-diski daelagebinaT Zalian
sasurvelidan nakleb sasurvelamde da SeefasebinaT isini skalaze
(“srulebiT ar momwons”-dan, “Zalian momwons”-mde). Semdeg
eqsperimentatorma maT SesTavaza, erTi maTgani aerCiaT saxlSi wasaRebad,
 863
rogorc eqsperimentSo mpnawileobis safasuri. amave dros, maTi arCevani
SezRudes rigis Sua nawiliT. monawileebs SeeZloT, aerCiaT mexuTe an
meeqvse kompakt-diski. am arCevanis gakeTebis Semdeg maT kvlav sTxoves,
moexdinaT aTive diskis xelaxali ranJireba. rogor Seicvala ranJireba
meore SemTxvevaSi, pirvelTan SedarebiT? disonansis Teoriis mixedviT,
rodesac Tqven akeTebT gaazrebul arCevans – vTqvaT, mexuTesa da meeqvses
Soris – Tqven damokidebulebebi unda SeuTavsoT arCevanis Sedegs, raTa ar
gagiCndeT usiamovnebis gancda: “me janet jeqsonis diski (#5) avirCie,
vinaidan is marTla ufro momwons, vidre R.E.M.-i (#6)”. faqtobrivad,
kanadelma monawileebma gamoavlines cvlilebebi damokidebulebebSi:
arCeuli diskebis Sefasebebi umjobesdeboda danarCenebTan SedarebiT. amis
sawinaaRmdegod, iaponelma monawileebma ar gamoavlines disonansis efeqti
_ maTi arCevani ar cvlida mTlian ranJirebas (Heine & Lehman, 1997).

es kvleva aCvenebs, rom adamianebi kognitur disonanss ganicdian anu cdiloben

miaRwion Sinagan, “me”-s wonasworobas, mxolod maSin, rodesac isini Tavs
socialuri garemosgan damoukideblad Tvlian. Tu Tqven aRmoCndebiT situaciaSi,
sadac sxva kulturebis warmomadgenlebTan erTad unda miiRoT gadawyvetileba,
unda gaxsovdeT im gavlenis Sesaxeb, romelic kulturas gaaCnia gadawyvetilebis
Semdgom azrebsa da qcevebze.

TviT-
TviT-aRqmis Teoria

disonansis Teoria, aRwers erT gzas, romliTac adamianebi, sul mcire,

dasavlur kulturebSi, TavianTi qcevebiT (“me avirCie es diski”) gavlenas axdenen
TavianT damokidebulebebze (“me es unda momwondes ufro metad, vidre sxva”).
deril bemis (Daryl Bem, 1972) mier ganviTarebuli TviT-aRqmis Teoria (Self-perception
theory) adgens sxva pirobebs, sadac qcevebi gavlenas axdenen damokidebulebebze.
TviT-
TviT-aRqmis Teoriis mixedviT, Tqven, Tqvens aqtualur an MmomavalSi SesaZlo
Sinagan mdgomareobas (Sexedulebebi, daamokidebulebebi, motivebi da grZnobebi)
aRiqvamT imis mixedviT, Tu rogor iqceviT amJamad an rogor iqceodiT warsulSi
msgavs situaciebSi. Tqven sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb codnas iyenebT imisaTvis, rom
gansazRvroT Tqveni qcevis SesaZlo mizezebi. magaliTad, kiTxvaze “mogwonT
fsiqologia?” adamiani reagirebs pasuxebiT “ra Tqma unda, me vswavlob ZiriTad
kurss, Tumca, es ar momeTxoveba, yvelafers vkiTxulob fsiqologiasTan
 864
dakavSirebiT, vismen leqciebs da kargi niSnebic meqneba”. sxva sityvebiT rom
vTqvaT, Tqvens pirad mowonebasTan dakavSirebul kiTxvaze pasuxobT Sesabamis
qcevebsa da situaciur faqtorebze miTiTebiT, imis magivrad, rom sakuTar
grZnobebsa da azrebSi gaerkveT.
TviT-aRqmis Teorias aklia disonansis Teoriis motivaciuri komponentebi.
vinaidan TviT-aRqma avsebs Tqvens damokidebulebebs – Tqven akvirdebiT Tqvens
qcevebs da swavlobT imas, Tu ras unda grZnobdeT Sesabamis situaciaSi - TviT-
aRqmasTan saqme gvaqvs umTavresad maSin, rodesac gaurkvevel situaciaSi xarT da
ucnob movlenebTan giwevT gamklaveba (Fazio,1987). am situaciebSi Tqven gWirdebaT,
gaerkveT ra grZnobebi da damokidebulebebi unda gagaCndeT am axali obieqtis
mimarT. magaliTad, Tu Tqveen gagaxsendebaT, rom icinodiT im filmze, romelSic
jim keri monawileobda, savaraudoa, rom am dadebiT damokidebulebas mis mimarTac
gadaitanT. TviT-aRqmis gziT sakuTar Tavze codnis mopovebis erT-erTi nakli
aris is, rom adamianebi ver ganicdian imas, Tu ra zomiT zemoqmedeben situaciuri
Zalebi maT qcevebze. amas naTlad davinaxavT, Tu gavixsenebT monetis agdebis
zemoT aRwerili eqsperimentis finalur nawils. gaixseneT, rom “Sejibris
monawile”, warumatebeli cdis pirebi, TavianT codnas zogadad ufro dabla
afasebdnen. warmoidgineT, Tu ra mdgomareobaSi iyvnen isini. Tqven sul ufro da
ufro metad xarT iZulebuli, dasmul kiTxvaze gasceT pasuxi - “ar vici”, rogor
Deleted:
TviT-Sefasebamde migiyvandaT aseTi TviT-aRqmis procesi?
axla davubrundeT im SemTxvevas, rodesac Tqven miirTviT namcxvris naWeri
Tqveni ufrosis dabadebis dRis aRsaniSnav wveulebaze da amis gamo, uaryofiTi
damokidebuleba SegeqmnaT sakuTari Tavis mimarT. disonansis Teoriis mixedviT,
Tqven cnobierebaSi Seiqmna winaaRmdegoba Tqvens mier dadebul pirobasa (“me ar
minda zedmeti kaloriebis miReba”) da Tqvens qcevas (namcxvris naWeris SeWma)
Soris. arsebobs mravali gza, romliTac Tqven SegiZliaT moiciloT es usiamovno
gancda. Tqven SegiZliaT imsjeloT ase: “me ver vawyeninebdi Cems ufross
namcxvarze uaris TqmiT”. amis msgavsad, TviT-aRqmis Teoriis Tanaxmad, sakuTari
qcevis aRqmiT, Tqven aucileblad ar unda SegcvlodaT damokidebuleba sakuTari
Tavis mimarT, vinaidan SegeZloT ase gemsjelaT: “radganac me SevWame namcxvris
naWeri, Cemi ufrosis dabadebis dRe CemTvis Zalze mniSvnelovani unda yofiliyo,”
riTac, aseve, aicilebdiT uaryofiT TviTSefasebas. TviT-darwmuneba xandaxan
sasargebloc SeiZleba iyos!
 865
daTanxmeba

am TavSi Cven vmsjelobT damokidebulebebze da maTi Secvlis SesaZleblobebze.

Tumca, TqvenTvis naTeli unda iyos, rom xSirad, mravali adamiani cdilobs
SegacvlevinoT qceva. adamianebi cdiloben dagiTanxmon (compliance) – miaRwion
Tqveni qcevebis iseT Secvlas, rom isini Seesabamebodnen maT moTxovnebs. rodesac
reklamis damkveTi uamrav fuls xarjavs telvizorebis gamyidvelevze maT mxolod
is ki ar undaT, rom Tqven kargad ifiqroT maT nawarmze, aramed maT surT, rom
Tqven maRaziaSi Segiyvanon da gayidinon is. amis msgavsad, eqimebs surT, rom Tqven
misdioT mis samedicino rCevebs. socialuri fsiqologebi intensiurad swavloben
im pirobebs, romlebSic adamianebi gamoxataven Tanxmobas garemos moTxovnebis
mimarT (Gialdini, 2001). Cven aRvwerT zogierT meTods da Tqven SeafaseT, Tu ramdenad
xSirad axorcielebT iseT qcevebs, romlebsac sxva SemTxvevebSi ar
ganaxorcielebdiT.
• TviT-
TviT-aRqmis Teoria (Self-perception theory) - mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmadac,
adamianebi sakuTar Tavs akvirdebian, raTa gamokveTon TavianTi qcevebis
mizezebi. adamianebi cdiloben, gaerkvnen sakuTar Sinagan mdgomareobebSi
imaze dakvirvebiT, Tu rogor iqcevian mocemul situaciaSi.
• daTanxmeba (Compliance) - komunikaciis wyaros pirdapiri moTxovnebis
Sesabamisad qcevis Secvla.

migeba

erTi wesi, romelic dominirebs adamianis cxovrebaSi, aris is, rom rodesac
vinme rames gikeTebs, Senc, aseve, rame unda gaukeTo mas. am wess ewodeba migebis
norma (Reciprocity norm). laboratoriulma kvlevam cxadyo, rom adamianis mxridan
sul mcire sikeTis gakeTebasac ki, xSirad sapasuxod mohyveba ufro didi sikeTis
migeba (Regan, 1971). movaWreebis mier Tqvens mimarT migebis gamoyeneba sakmaod
Tavazian xasiaTs atarebs: “ras getyviT iciT, fasTan SedarebiT, me 5 dolariT
naklebs gamogarTmevT” an “ufasod inebeT es nimuSi, Cveni dRevandeli saubris
aRsaniSnad”. es strategia Tqven fsiqologiuri distresis mdgomareobaSi gayenebT,
Tu ar gamoiCenT sapasuxo Tavazianobas da ar SeiZenT rames.
daTanxmebis kidev erTi meTods, romelic, aseve, migebis normidan
gamomdinareobs, xSirad karis cxvirwin mijaxunebis meTods uwodeben: rodesac
 866
adamianebi “ara”-s amboben did Txovnaze, isini xSirad Tanxmdebian ufro zomieri
Txovnis Sesrulebaze.

saidan viciT

karis cxvirwin mijaxunebis meTodi

erT eqsperimentSi monawile studentebs sTxoves, ori wlis
ganmavlobaSi, kviraSi ori saaTi, rogorc konsultantebs, daeTmoT
arasrulwlovani damnaSaveebisaTvis. Yyvela studentma uari ganacxada. Aamis
Semdeg maT sTxoves, zooparkSi mainc gaeseirnebinaT isini. didi daTmobis
saxiT studentebis 50%-ma Tanxmoba ganacxada am SedarebiT mcire Txovnis
Sesrulebaze. rodesac studentebis sxva jgufs sTxoves igive, ise rom
maTTvis “didi” TxovniT ar miumarTavT, aRmoCnda, rom maTgan, mxolod 17%
daTanxmda am Txovnis Sesrulebas (Cialdini at al,.1975).

rogor axdens daTanxmebis es meTodi migebis normis amoqmedebas? rodesac

adamianebi didi Txovnidan zomierze gadadian, isini amiT TqvenTvis raRacas
akeTeben: sanacvlod Tqvenc unda gadadgaT sapasuxo nabiji da daeTanxmoT, an ara
da daarRvevT migebis normas. Dda Tqvenc TanxmdebiT!

valdebuleba

karebis cxvirwin mijaxunebis meTodi gulisxmobs dididan mcire Txovnaze

gadasvlas. movaWreebma, aseve, ician, rom Tqveni raimeTi davaldebulebiT,
SesaZlebelia mcire daTmobis Semdeg ufro didi daTmobac gagaakeTebinon.
EeqsperimentebSi adamianebi, romlebic Tanxmdebodnen mcire valdebulebis aRebaze
(magaliTad, peticiaze, Txovnaze xelis mowera), Sesabamisad, ufro ganwyobilni
iyvnene daTanxmebodnen ufro did valdebulebasac (magaliTad, saxlis win
daedgaT didi dafa mowodebiT). Aam xerxs xSirad uwodeben karSi fexis Cadgmis
meTods. EerTxel Tu Semodges fexi Tqvens karSi, mere gamoiyeneben ra Tqvens
valdebulebis grZnobas, metsac moiTxoven. movaWreebi Tqvens winaaRmdeg am meTods
iyeneben imiT, rom gaiZuleben miiRoT gadawyvetileba, Semdeg ki gicvlian sagans
da geubnebian: ”me vici, rom Tqven am manqanis yidva gindaT, magram Cemi ufrosi
mxolod 200 dolaris daklebaze Tanxmdeba” an “me vici, rom Tqven is adamiani
xarT, romelic mxolod xarisxian saqonels yidulobs, amitom darwmulebuli var,
 867
cota metsac gadaixdiT”. am situaciaSi Tqven Tavs araTanmimdevrulad, an
sulelad igrZnobT, Tu ar SeiZenT SemoTavazebul saqonels.
• migebis norma (Reciprociti norm) - molodini, rom gaweuli samsaxuri
dagibrundeba. Tu erTi adamiani meores raimes ukeTebs, meoremac raime unda
gaukeTos sapasuxod.

deficiti

adamianebs ar uyvarT imis SegrZneba, rom maT ar aqvT raime (an sxva kuTxiT Tu
mivudgebiT, moswonT hqondeT is, rac ar aqvT sxvebs). MmagaliTad, eqsperimentis
monawileebi maRal Sefasebas aZlevdnen im Sokoladis gemos, romelic qilaSi ori
cali iyo, vidre im Sokolads, romelic imave qilaSi aTi cali iyo (Worchel et al.,
1975). rogor muSaobs deficitis principi bazarze? movaWreebma ician, rom maT
SeuZliaT meti fuli dagaxarjvinon, Tu mogaCveneben, rom esa Tu is nivTi
deficituria: “esRa aris rac damrCa, ase, rom jobs exlave iyidoT”, “me ukve myavs
myidveli, romelic unda mobrundes da iyidos”. es strategia gagrZnobinebT, rom
Tqven xelidan gauSvebT sasurvel moments, Tu exlave ar SeiZenT nivTs.

modelireba

daTanxmebisaTvis gamoyenebuli meTodebis bolo magaliTis saCveneblad, Cven

davubrundebiT konformulobis ideas. rodesac adamianebi avlenen
konformulobas, isini iReben referentuli jgufis qcevas. amgvarad, erT-erTi gza
imisa, rom gaxado adamianebi konformulebi aris is, rom Seqmna informaciuli
zegavlenis pirobebi. maSin adamianebi sakuTar qcevas Secvlian sasurveli qcevis
modelis Sesabamisad.

saidan viciT

wylis dazogvis qcevis modelireba

kaliforniis Statis qalaq santa-kruzis universitetis administracias
surda, rom sauniversiteto qalaqSi mcxovreb studentebs ufro
ekonimiurad exarjaT energia da wyali. vinaidan studentebi amtkicebdenen,
rom bunebis damcvelebi iyvnen, administraciam es daijera da saSxapeebSi
gamoakra dabanis procedurasTan dakavSirebuli instruqcia, romliTac
varaudobda, rom miaRwevda qcevis Secvlas da wylis xarjis mniSvnelovan
Semcirebas. mamakacTa saSxapeSi gamokruli instruqcia mimarTuli iyo
 868
iqiTken, rom gasapnis periodSi studentebs wyali gadaeketaT. kerZod, mas
aseTi saxe hqonda: “(1.) dasveldi, (2.) gadakete wyali, (3.) gaisapne, (4.)
gaevle”. xuTi dRis Semdeg studentTa mxolod 6%-ma Secvala qceva
instruqciis Sesabamisad. rodesac instruqcias adgili Seucvales ufro
gamosaCen adgilze, aRmoCnda, rom mas studentTa 19% daemorCila.
miuxedaval amisa, aRmoCnda, rom saerTo efeqturoba Zalze dabali iyo,
vinaidan zogierTi studenti Zalze did xans iRebda Sxaps.
bolos yvela instruqcia Camoxsnes da erTma studentma Seqmna SxapiT
Comment [liza1]: interpret.
sargeblobis Sesaferisi nimuSi. kerZod, administraciis ndobiT aRWurvili
Sevida saSxapeSi, rodesac iq aravin ar iyo, daeloda sxvebis Semosvlas da
mxolod amis Semdeg daiwyo dabana instruqciis Sesabamisad. am gziT
miRweulma daTanxmebam 49%-s miaRwia. rodesac igive meTodi erTdroulad
orma “modelma” gamoiyena, efeqturoba ukve 67% iyo. es uzarmazari naxtomi
iyo daTanxmebaSi (Aronson,1990).
maSinac ki, rodesac uSualo modeli warmodgenili ar aris situaciaSi,
movaWreebi xSirad cdiloben Tqvenze moaxdinon normatuli da informaciuli
zegavlena imiT, rom gacnobeben, Tu ramdenma adamianma im wridan, romelsac
gsurT, rom ekuTvnodeT, SeiZina es produqti: “es manqana mxolod gamWriax da
sando xalxs mivyide”, “es modeli kargad iyideba,. imaTTvis aris, visac saukeTeso
stereo sistema sWirdeba”
.Cven ganvixileT daTanxmebis ramdenime meTodi, romelic, SesaZloa, Tqvenc
gamoiyenoT. SesaZloa Tqvenc dauTmoT dro keTil miznebs, an Tqveni wvlili
SeitanoT bunebrivi resursebis dazogvaSi. asea Tu ise, Tqven naxeT, rom drois
did nawils adamianebi uTmoben imas, rom cdiloben erTmaneTis qcevebis Secvlas,
aRniSnuli meTodebis gamoyenebiT gaiZulon Tqven gaakeToT is, risi gakeTebasac,
ar isurvebdiT. rogor unda davicvaT Tavi am eSmaki movaWreebis xrikebisagan?
Tqven SegiZliaT isini, maTive meTodebis saSualebiT gamoiWiroT da amiT win
aRudgeT maT mcdelobebs. EecadeT, umniSvnelo Tavazianobebs yuradReba ar
miaqcioT, nu gamoiCenT sulelur simtkices. ecadeT, gamoavlinoT yalbi deficiti.
Mmoqmedebis dawyebamde, yovelTvis daitoveT dro – mofiqrebisaTvis. socialuri
fsiqologiis codnam, SesaZloa, Tqven yovelmxriv gonier momxmareblad gaqcioT.
am TavSi xSirad gTxovdiT warmogedginaT megobrebi, da CagerToT isini
warmosaxul situaciebSi. Mmagram rogor da ratom xdeba zogierTi adamiani Tqveni
 869
megobari? Tqven, albaT, ar gagikvirdebaT, rom socialuri fsiqologiis
mniSvnelovani sferoa, socialuri urTierTobebis Seswavla – urTierTobebi
adamianebsa da adamianTa jgufebs Soris. axla ki vnaxoT pirovnebaTaSorisi
urTierTobebis is Zalebi, romlebic adamianebs erTmaneTTan axlovebs.

Sejameba

damokidebuleba warmoadgens obieqtebis, movlenebis an ideebis dadebiT an

uarYofiT Sefasebas. damokidebulebebi rac ufro, aSkarad gamoxatulia, an
specifiuria, miT ufro myaria maTi kavSiri Sesabamis qcevebTan. gaazrebis
SesaZleblobis modelis Tanaxmad, darwmunebis procesis efeqturoba
damokidebulis imaze, adamianebi informaciis gadamuSavebis centralur, Tu
periferiul gzebs gamoiyeneben. centraluri gza gamoiyeneba maSin, rodesac
adamianebi motivirebulebi arian, gulmodgined Seafason argumentebi.
damokidebulebis safuZvelsa da argumentis tips Soris kavSiri, aseve, iwvevs
argumentis efeqturobis zrdas. disonansisa da TviT-aRqmis Teoriebi migviTiTeben,
rom adamianebi xSirad icvlianNTavianT damokidebulebebs, TavianTi qcevebidan
gamomdinare. migeba, davaldebuleba, deficiti da modelireba aris is Zalebi,
romelTac mivyavarT daTanxmebamde.

socialuri urTierTobebi

rogor irCevT maT, visTan erTadac mTel cxovrebas gaatarebT? ratom eltviT
megobrebis kompanias? ratom aRmoCndebian xolme iseTi adamianebi, romelTa mimarT
Tqveni grZnobebic scildeba megobrobis sazRvrebs da romantiul siyvarulSi
gadadis? socialur fsiqologebs socialur mizidulobasTan (Social attraction)
dakavSirebul am kiTxvebze mTeli rigi pasuxebi gaaCniaT (magram nu swuxxarT,
siyvarulis saidumlio srulad jer aravis amouxsnia!).

mowoneba

rodesme gicdiaT garkveuliyaviT, Tu rogor da ratom SeiZineT esa Tu is

megobari? am SekiTxvaze pirveli uSualo pasuxi aseTia: adamianebi midrekilni
arian, miizidon isini, visTanac isini met teritoriul siaxloveSi (Proximity)
imyofebian – Tqven imitom xedavT da xvdebiT maT, rom isini cxovroben an
muSaoben Tqvens gverdiT. es faqtori, albaT, mcire ganmartebas saWiroebs, magram
ukeTesi iqneboda, aRgveniSna, rom es aris adamianebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli zogadi
 870
tendencia – moswondeT adamianebi da sagnebi ubralod maTTan xangrZlivi
urTierTobebis (mere exposure) gamo. rac ufro xSirad xarT raimesTan an vinmesTan
erTad, miT ufro giyvarT is (Zaionc,1968). xangrZlivi urTierTobebis es efeqti
niSnavs, rom mTlianobaSi Tqven sul ufro da ufro metad mogewonebaT is
adamianebi, romlebic Tqvens irgvliv arian. magram, rogorc Cven amas Semdeg
davinaxavT, komputerebis epoqa axal mniSvnelobas aniWebs siaxlovis ideas. dRes
mravali adamiani inarCunebs urTierTobas komputeruli qselis meSveobiT.
SesaZloa, isini geografiulad erTmaneTisagan Zalze Sors iyvnen, magram ekranze
gamoCenili yoveldRiuri Setyobinebebi fsiqologiurad Zalze aaxlovebs maT.
axla ki yuradReba sxva faqtorebsac mivapyroT, romlebsac ZaluZT gamoiwvion
mowoneba da mizidva.

fizikuri mimzidveloba

kargia Tu ara, fizikuri mimzidveloba xSirad aRvivebs megobrobas. dasavlur

kulturaSi arsebobs Zlieri stereotipi, rom fizikurad mimzidveli adamiani
yvelaferSi kargi iqneba. 70-ze meti gamokvlevis mimoxilva adasturebs, rom
fizikuri mimzidvelobis stereotipi udides zegavlenas axdens adamianis
socialur kompetenturobis Sesaxeb msjelobaze. adamianebs sjeraT, rom
mimzidveli adamianebi ufro metad sociabilurebi da eqstravertulebi arian,
vidre naklebad mimzidvelni (Eagly et al., 1991). miuxedavad amisa, fizikuri
mimzidveloba gacilebiT nakleb efeqts axdens gonierebasTan an karieraSi
warmatebasTan dakavSirebul msjelobebze. stereotipebis socialur safuZvelze
msjelobisas TqvenTvis, albaT, ar unda iyos gasakviri, rom fizikur
mimzidvelobas Tavisi roli aqvs mowonebaSi.

saidan viciT

fizikurad mimzidveli partniorebis kval da kval

erT klasikur gamokvlevaSi mkvlevarebma minesotis universitetis axlad
miRebul, SemTxveviT SerCeul studentebs sTxoves, erTmaneTisTvis
sacekvaod paemnebi daeniSnaT _ am studentebze mkvlevarebma farTo
informacia Seagroves, dawyebuli maTi zomebidan da inteleqtiTa da
pirovnuli TaviseburebebiT damTavrebuli. cekvis saRamos da Semdegac
studentebs sTxovdnen, SeefasebinaT SemTxveviT SerCeuli partniorebi da
 871
mieTiTebinaT, Tu ramdenad iyo mosalodneli maTi ganmeorebiTi Sexvedra.
Sedegebi iyo naTeli da Zalze msgavsi, qalebisaTvisac da kacebisaTvisac.
silamaze Sefasda ufro mniSvnelovan faqtorad, vidre inteleqtis
koeficientis sidide, kargi socialuri Cvevebi an dadebiTi pirovnuli
Tvisebebi. mxolod maT gamoTqves urTierTobis gagrZelebis survili, vinc
silamazis mixedviT moaxdina sefaseba (Walxster et al., 1966).

fizikuri mimzidveloba sxva kulturebSic ganapirobebs mowonebas. magaliTad,

Cineli me-10-12-e klaseli moswavleebi adasturebdnen, rom fizikurad mimzidvel
Tanaklaselebs ufro maRali statusi hqondaT (Dong et al., 1996). Tumca, rogorc Cven
me-12-e TavSi aRvniSneT, kulturebi gansxvavdebian fizikuri silamazis
standartebis mixedviT. magaliTad, afro-amerikelebs naklebad uaryofiTi
damokidebuleba aqvT Warb wonasTan, vidre anglo-amerikelebs (Helb & Heatherton,
1998; Jackson & McGill, 1996).

msgavseba

msgavsebis Sesaxeb cnobili andaza amtkicebs: “feri fersao, madli RmerTsao”.

marTalia es? kvlevis monacemebi aCvenebs, rom bevr SemTxvevaSi pasuxi aris “diax”.
msgavseba iseTi parametrebis mixedviT, rogoricaa Sexedulebebi,
damokidebulebebi, faseulobebi, xels uwyobs damegobrebas. ratom unda xdebodes
ase? adamianebs, romlebic Tqveni msgavsni arian, SeuZliaT Tqveni pirovnuli
TviTdamkvidrebis SegrZnebis uzrunvelyofa, radganac Tqveni msgavsi pirovneba
gagrZnobinebT, rom, magaliTad, Tqveni damokidebulebebi, faqtobrivad, swori
damokidebulebebia (Byrne & Clore, 1970). metic, msgavsebis ararsebobas mivyavarT
Zlier antipaTiamde (Rosenbaum, 1980). rodesac Tqven aRmoaCenT, rom viRacis
Sexedulebebi gansxvavdeba Tqveni Sexedulebebisagan, Tqven, SesaZloa, gaixsenoT
warsulSi, sxva adamianebTan konfliqtis magaliTebi. aman, SesaZloa, gibiZgaT
iqiTken, rom daSordeT am adamianebs, da samegobrod ki mxolod mzgavsi adamianebi
dagrCaT.
Tu kolejSi swavlis periodSi saerTo sacxovrebelSi cxovrobT, SegiZliaT
irgvliv mimoixedoT da naxoT, rogor “muSaobs” msgavseba. msgavsebi arian is
adamianebi, romlebic erT oTaxSi cxovroben? kargi urTierTobebis mqone
TanaoTaxelebi msgavsebi arian? mkvlevarebma es sakiTxi sxvadasxva parametris
mixedviT Seiswavles. magaliTad, erT-erT kvlevaSi fasdeboda TanaoTaxelTa
 872
wyvilebis komunikaciuri unarebi. ramdenadDmsgavsi iyo maTi komunikacia iseTi
parametris mixedviT, rogoricaa survili (willingness)? aRmoCnda, rom is wyvilebi,
romlebic msgavsni iyvnen, am parametris mixedviT, ufro megobrulebi iyvnen, vidre
sawinaaRmdego maxasiaTeblebis mqone wyvilebi (Martin & Andersen, 1995). Tu Tqven
saerTo sacxovrebelSi cxovrobT, es modeli praqtikulad SegiZliaT SeamowmoT.

ormxrivoba

da bolos, Tqven gagaCniaT tendencia mogwondeT is adamianebi, visac Tqven

moswonxarT. gaxsovT Cveni saubari movaWreebze, romlebic iyenebdnen migebas? wess,
romlis mixedviTac miRebulis sanacvlod raRac unda gasce, am SemTxvevaSic
aqtualuria. adamianebi “mowonebiT” pasuxoben imaT, visac, maTi azriT, isini
“moswonT” (Backman & Secord 1959; Kenny & La Voie 1982). metic, rwmenam, rom Tqven vinmes
moswonxarT an ar moswonxarT, SesaZloa, ise imoqmedos Tqvens qcevaze, rom Tqven
Tavadac xeli SeuwyoT msgavsi urTierTobebis Camoyalibebas (Curtis & Miller, 1986).
Tqven SegiZliaT winaswar TqvaT, rogor moeqceviT mas, visac, Tqveni azriT,
moswonxarT? visac ar moswonxarT? warmoidgineT, rom mtrulad eqceviT mas, visac,
Tqveni azriT, ar moswonxarT. atyobT Tqvens grZnobebSi, rogor SeiZleba Caerios
sakuTari Tavisadmi mikerZoeba? rodesac Tvals gadavavlebT Cvens irgvliv
arsebul socialur samyaros, aRmovaCenT, rom is urTierTobebi, romlebsac
SeiZleba vuwodoT “mowoneba”, mniSvnelovnad aris dakavSirebuli ormxrivobasTan.
amitom, Tu Cven viciT, rom pirovneba A-s gansakuTrebiT moswons pirovneba B, Cven
vaskvniT, rom pirovneba B-sac igive grZnobebi eqneba pirovneba A-s mimarT. (Kenny at
al., 1996).
es faqti, romelic axla mimovixileT, saSualebas gvaZlevs, vifiqroT, rom
Tqveni megobrebis umravlesoba is xalxi iqneba, romlebsac Tqven ufro xSirad
xvdebiT da visTanac dakavSirebulni xarT msgavsebiT da ormxrivi urTierTobebiT.
magram, risi Tqma SeuZliaT mkvelevarebs iseT ufro intensiur urTierTobebze,
rogoric aris “Seyvareba?

Seyvareba

igive Zalebi, romlebsac adamianebi mihyavT mowonebamde, Semdeg ubiZgeben maT

siyvarulisaken. Uumetes SemTxvevaSi Tqven jer grZnobT mowonebas da Semdeg
siyvaruls (Tumca, aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac adamianebi aRniSnaven, rom maT
 873
uyvarT zogierTi naTesavi, Tumca, ar moswonT isini). ra specifikur faqtorebze
laparakoben socialuri fsiqologebi sasiyvarulo urTierTobebTan dakavSirebiT?

siyvarulis gancda

ras niSnavs, ganicado siyvaruli? Tqven unda gamonaxoT dro, raTa ifiqroT am
mniSvnelovan cnebaze. rogor fiqrobT, Tqveni gansazRvreba Seesabameba Tqveni
megobrebis gansazRvrebebs? mkvlevarebi Seecadnen, am kiTxvebze pasuxi sxvadasxva
gziT gaecaT da raRac saerTo midgomac gamoinaxa. adamianebis mier siyvarulis
gaazreba sam jgufad SeiZleba daiyos (Aron & Westbay, 1996):
• vneba (Passion) – seqsualuri ltolva da survili;
• intimuroba – gulwrfeloba da urTierTgageba;
• ndoba – erTguleba da Tavganwirva
SegiZliaT, Tqveni sasiyvarulo urTierTobebi samive am niSniT daaxasiaToT?
Tqven, albaT, fiqrobT: ”ara, “ara yvela maTgani”. faqtia, rom vinmes siyvaruli
(loving) unda ganvasxvavoT vinmesTan sasiyvarulo urTierTobebisagan (being in love),
(Miers & Bersheid 1997). adamianebis umravlesoba aRniSnavs, rom siyvarulis
kategoria moicavs ufro farTo odenobas adamianebisa, vidre amas gulisxmobs
sasiyvarulo urTierTobebi. visTvis ar utkenia guli sityvebs – “me Sen miyvarxar,
magram me ver davamyareb SenTan sasiyvarulo urTierTobebs”. sasiyvarulo
urTierTobebi gulisxmobs raRac ufro intensiurs da specialurs – am tipis
urTierTobebi moicavs seqsualur ltolvas
sasiyvarulo urTierTobebi, SesaZlebelia daxasiaTdes zogadi niSnebiT.
samyaros Sesaxeb, Tqvenma codnam SesaZloa migiyvanaT iqamde, rom daaskvnaT,
adamianebi gansxvavebulad ganicdian siyvaruls. Mmkvlevarebi, gansakuTrebiT
dainteresebulni arian drois xangrZliv periodSi, sasiyvarulo urTierTobebis
SenarCunebaSi individualuri gansxvavebebis SeswavliaT. ukanasknel wlebSi
yuradReba gansakuTrebiT gamaxvilda zrdasrulTa mijaWvulobis stilis
kvlevebze (Fraley & Shaver, 2000; Shaver & Hazan, 1994). gaixseneT me-11-e Tavidan, ramxela
mniSvneloba Hhqonda bavSvis swori socialuri ganviTarebisaTvis, mSoblebTan
mibmulobas. Mmkvlevarebma daiwyes imis garkveva, Tu ramxela mniSvneloba SeiZleba
hqondes, Semdgom cxovrebaSi, mibmulobis am adreul gamocdilebas, rodesac
bavSvebi izrdebian da uCndebaT sakuTari valdebulebiTi urTierTobebi da
sakuTari Svilebi (Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Main et al., 1985).
 874
ra aris mijaWvulobis stili? cxrili 17.2 iZleva debulebebs axlo
urTierTobebis Sesaxeb (Hazan & Shaaver, 1987; Saver & Hazan, 1994). gamoZebneT dro da
miuTiTeT, romel debulebas eTanxmebiT. rodesac igive kiTxviT mimarTes sxva
adamianebs, Tu romeli debuleba ukeT aRwerda maT, umravlesobam (55%) airCia
pirveli debuleba. es aris daculobis mijaWvulobis stili. sagrZnobma
umciresobam airCia meore debuleba (25% - dacviTi stili), xolo mesme ki _ 20%-ma
(SfoTviTi-ambivalenturi stili). aRmoCnda, rom SeTavsebulobis es stilebi
zustad gansazRvraven urTierTobebis xarisxs (Feeney & Noller, 19990; Tidwell et al., 1996).
im adamianebisgan gansxvavebiT, romlebmac meore da mesame stilebi airCies,
daculobis stilis mibmulobis mqone adamianebs aRmoaCndaT xangrZlivi da
romantiuli urTierTobebi (Sharpsteen & Kirkpatrick, 1997). magaliTad adamianebi,
romlebsac gaaCndaT SfoTviTi stili, ufro xSirad da intensiurad eWvianoben,
vidre dacviTi stilis adamianebi.

cxrili 17.2. axlo urTierTobebisas zrdasrulTa/mozrdilTa mijaWvulobis

mijaWvulobis
stilebi

debuleba 1:
SedarebiT advilad vuaxlovdebi sxvebs da Tavs komfortulad vgrZnob,
rodesac maTze var damokidebuli. me xSirad ar vwuxvar imaze, rom vinmesgan
mitovebuli var, an vinmeze zedmetad damokidebuli.

debuleba 2:
garkveulwilad arakomfortulad vgrZnob Tavs, rodesac sxvebTan axlo
urTierTobebSi Sevdivar. miWirs maTze srulad mindoba, miWirs isic, rom sakuTar
Tavs ufleba mivce, damokidebuli viyo maTze. me vRiziandebi, rodesac vinme
Zalian axlos dgeba CemTan. xSirad partniori ufro met siaxloves mTxovs, vidre
es CemTvis aris misaRebi.

debuleba 3:
vTvli, rom sxvebs ar sur, CemTan ise axlos iyvnen/yofna, rogorc es me
momewoneboda. xSirad vnerviulob, ganvicdi, rom partniors ar vuyvarvar, an ar
surs CemTan darCena. me minda, rom Cems partniorTan Zalian axlos viyo da es
xSirad afrTxobT adamianebs.
 875
modiT, erTi saboloo gansxvaveba movaxdinoT. xSir SemTxvevaSi sasiyvarulo
urTierTobebi Zlieri ltolviTa da gatacebis periodiT iwyeba, romelsac vnebiTi
siyvaruli (passionate love) SeiZleba vuwodoT. droTa ganmavlobaSi Cndeba tendencia
imisa, rom ltolvis intensivoba klebulobs, magram matulobs intimuroba. amas
megobruli siyvaruli (companionate love) SegviZlia vuwodoT, (Berscheid &Walster, 1978).
rodesac Seyvarebuli iqnebiT, Tqven TviTon SeamCnevT aseT cvlilebas; ase rom, ar
ifiqroT, rom “siyvaruls kargavT”, es bunebrivi procesiaDda Tundac ase ar iyos,
vnebiTi siyvarulidan gamosvla arc ise dramatulia, rogorc es erTi SexedviT
SeiZleba Candes. mkvlevarebma am saxis siyvaruli 30 wlis asakiT SemosazRvres
(Aron & Aron, 1994). rodesac Tqven sasiyvarulo urTierTobebs amyarebT, SesaZloa,
imedi gqondeT, rom es mudmivad gagrZeldeba, magram ase ar xdeba, Semdeg sxva
moTxovnilebebic Cndeba.
gaxsovdeT, rom siyvarulis gancdac ganicdis kulturis gavlenas. am Tavis erT
adgilas, Cven aRvniSneT, rom arsebobs damoukideblobisa da
urTierTdamokidebulebis ganzomileba kulturebs Soris. kulturebi, romlebic
pirovnebis “me”-s maxasiaTeblebs koleqtiur maxasiaTeblebze ufro maRla ayenebs,
da urTierTdamokidebulebebis kulturebi, romlebic gaziarebul kulturul
Rirebulebebs ufro maRla ayeneben, vidre adamianis individualobas. rogor
gavlenas moaxdens es Tqvens sasiyvarulo urTierTobebze? Tu Tqven partniors
Tqvens pirad grZnobebze dayrdnobiT irCevT, maSin Tqven upiratesobas Tqvens
pirad Sexedulebebs aniWebT. xolo Tu Tqven partniors imis mixedviT irCevT, Tu
rogor gamoCndebiT sxvebis TvalSi da ras ifiqreben isini Tqvens ojaxze, Tqven
ufro koleqtivistur Sexedulebebze yofilxarT damokidebuli. kros-kulturuli
gamokvlevebi mowmobs, rom arsebobs myari safuZveli vifiqroT, rom
damoukideblobaze orientirebuli kulturebi ufro met mniSvnelobas aniWeben
siyvaruls (Dion & Dion, 1993; Hatfield & Sprecher, 1995; Levine at al., 1995). ganvixiloT erTi
sakiTxi: “Tu qals (kacs) gaaCnia yvela is Tviseba, romelic Tqven mogwonT,
SeirTavdiT Tu ara mas, miuxedavad imisa, rom is Tqven ar giyvarT”? am kiTxvaze
amerikeli studentebis mxolod 3.5%-ma upasuxa “diax”, xolo indoeli studentebis
_ 49%-ma (Levine, 1995). urTierTdamokideulebebze orientirebuli kulturebis
warmomadgenlebi ufro momTxovnebi arian partniorebis mimarT. es imitom xdeba,
rom am kulturebSi ufro Zlieria idea urTierTobebiT pirovnuli winsvlisa da
isini meuRlisagan ufro mets moelian.
 876
ra faqtorebi uwyobs xels urTierTobebis gaxangrZlivebas?

albaT, naTelia, rom yvelas, vinc am wigns kiTxulobs da imasac, vinc dawera
is, hqonia iseTi urTierTobebi, romlebic didxans ar gagrZelebula da
Sewyvetila. ra moxda? igive kiTxva ufro pozitiurad rom davsvaT, risi Tqma
SeuZliaT mkvlevarebs im situaciebze da adamianebze am situaciebSi, romlebsac
xangrZliv sasiyvarulo urTierTobebamde mivyavarT?
erTi Teoria sasiyvarulo urTierTobebs gaiazrebs, rogorc “sxvis” CarTvas
Cvens sakuTar “me”-Si (Aron et al., 1991; Aron & Aron, 1994). ganvixiloT 17.7 suraTze
mocemuli diagramebi. TiToeuli maTgani asaxavs, Tu rogor SeiZleba axlo
urTierTobebis gaazreba. Tu Tqven gaqvT romantikuli urTierToba, SegiZliaT,
TqvaT, romeli daigrama gamoxatavs ukeT Tqvensa da Tqvens partniors Soris
urTierTobas? kvlevam aCvena, rom is adamianebi, romlebic TavianTi
urTierTobebis gamosaxatad irCeven im diagramas, romelzec “me”-s da “sxvis”
yvelaze meti gadafarvaa, is adamianebi arian, romlebic sxvas ganixilaven sakuTar
“me”-Si CarTulad da TiTqmis yovelTvis grZnoben did valdebulebas, rom iqonion
xangrZlivi urTierTobebi (Aron et al., 1992; Aron & Fraley, 1999).

sur. 17.7. sxvebis me-

me-Si CarTulobis skala (IOS – Inclusion of Others in the Self)
Tu Tqven gaqvT romantikuli sasiyvarulo urTierToba, romeli daigrama
gamoxatavs ukeT Tqveni da Tqveni partnioris urTierTdamokidebulebas? skaliT
Catarebuli gamokvlevebi aCvenebs, rom adamianebi, romlebic sxvas sakuTar me-Si
CarTulad ganicdian, ufro met valdebulebas ganicdian urTierTobebis
xangrZliobasTan dakavSirebiT.

kidev romeli faqtorebi uwyobs xels urTierTobebis gaxangrZlivebas?

damokidebulebis modeli (Dependence model) varaudobs, rom valdebulebebi

dafuZnebulia Sefasebebis seriebze (Drigotas & Rusbult, 1992, p.65):

• zogierTi moTxovnilebis mniSvnelovnebis xarisxi individis urTierTobaSi.
mniSvnelovani moTxovnilebebia: intimuroba, seqsi, emociuri CarTuloba,
megobruli damokidebuleba da inteleqtualuri CarTuloba.
• ra xarisxiT kmayofildeba TiToeuli es moTxovnileba mocemul
urTierTobaSi.
 877

• TiToeuli moTxovnilebisTvis, arsebuli/mimdinare partnioris garda,

arsebobs Tu ara vinme, visTanac pirovnebas mniSvnelovani urTierToba aqvs.
• am moTxovnilebebis alternatuli urTierTobiT dakmayofilebis done.
rogorc mosalodneli iyo, es modeli amtkicebs, rom adamianebi miT ufro
metad inarCuneben myar sasiyvarulo urTierTobas, rac ufro metad ikmayofileben
im mniSvnelovan moTxovnilebebs, romlebsac sxva veravin daakmayofilebs. amdenad,
Tu megobruli urTierTobebi TqvenTvis Zalze mniSvnelovania – giyvarT
Tavisufali drois gatareba sxva adamianebTan erTad – da amave dros arsebobs
viRac, vinc Tqvens mniSvnelovan moTxovnilebebs akmayofilebs, maSin savaraudoa,
rom Tqven am urTierTobebis mimarT met valdebulebas igrZnobT. es marTebulia
maSinac, Tu Tqveni partniori ar aris Tqveni pirveli arCevani. damokidebulebis
modeli iTxovs dazustebas, raTa gavarkvioT, ratom inarCuneben adamianebi
urTierTobebs, Tumca fizikurad ukve SeuTavseblebi arian (Choice & Lamke, 1999).
nacem qalTa TavSesafris 100 qalidan, isini, vinc Tvlidnen, rom garkveuli Sansi
hqonda – ZiriTadad ekonomikur safuZvelze _ Tavs valdebulad Tvlidnen,
dabrunebodnen Zvel urTierTobebs (Russbult & Martz, 1995). Aamgvarad, adamianebi,
SesaZloa, Zalze ubedurebi iyvnen col-qmrul urTierTobebSi, magram mainc
urTierTdamokidebulni iyvnen.

fsiqologia 21-e saukuneSi

urTierTobebi da interneti
iwvevs ki vinmeSi eWvs is faqti, rom internetis gamoCenam udidesi
impulsi misca adamianebis urTierTobas da maT daaxloebas? warmoidgineT
13 wlis biWi, saxelad denieli, niu-iorkidan, romlis “axali megobari
gogona”, aseve, 13 wlis reiCeli samxreT karolinaSi imyofeba. maT ar
SeeZloT suraTebis gacvla internetiT. rodesac dedam dens urCia, suraTi
aSS-is fostiT gaegzavna, man upasuxa: “de, is ar apirebs CemTvis Tavisi
misamarTis mocemas”(Gardner, 2000, p. 40). Mcxadia, me-20-e saukunis bolo
wlebamde biWebis umravlesobas azradac ki ar mouvidodaT, “axal megobar
gogonebTan” am gziT urTierTobis damyareba. modiT, vnaxoT, ra wvlili
Seitana internetma urTierTobebSi.
kvlevebma aCvena, rom internetis momxmarebelTa yvelaze aqtiur
 878
saqmianobas socialuri urTierTobebi warmoadgens. internetis daaxloebiT
4100 momxmareblis gamokiTxvam cxadyo, rom maTi 90% internets
eleqtronuli fostisTvis iyenebda, 24% ki e.w. “CatSi” monawileobs (Nie &
Erbing, 2000). sxva kvleva aCvenebs, rom urTierTobaTa didma raodenobam
kibersivrcidan fizikur sivrceSi gadainacvla. ganvixiloT kvleva,
romelSic 568 individi monawileobda (59% qali da 41% kaci). maT sTxoves,
rom erTmaneTisTvis internetiT axali ambebi gaegzavnaT (Mc Kena et al., 2001).
am jgufis wevrebis 63% internetiT gacnobis Semdeg satelefono
urTierTobebze gadavida. 54% ki internetiT gacnobil pirovnebas Sexvda.
ori wlis Semdeg Catarebulma gamokiTxvam ki aCvena, rom internetiT
damyarebuli urTierTobebi isev myari iyo. faqtobrivad, SerCevis 15%
daniSnuli iyo, 10% ki _ ukve daqorwinebuli internet-partniorze.
adre aRvniSneT, rom siaxlove mowonebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani
mdgenelia. aucilebelia, rom adamians SexvdeT, vidre Tqvens Soris
mowoneba an romantiuli urTierTobebi Camoyalibdeba. zemoT ganxiluli
kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom geografiuli daSorebulobis miuxedavad, interneti
fsiqologiuri daaxloebis karg saSualebas iZleva. faqtobrivad, arsebobs
monacemebi, rom internetis saSualebiT urTierTobebi ukeT iwyeba, vidre
pirispir (Bargh et al., 2001). erT gamokvlevaSi, romelSic kolejis studentebi
monawileobdnen, monawileebma, or gansxvavebul pirobebSi, urTierToba
gaabes erTi da igive partniorTan. Oorive interaqciisas wyvilebis naxevars
pirispir urTierTobebis SesaZlebloba mieca, meore naxevars ki pirispir
Sexvedramde internetiT urTierTobis saSualeba hqondaT. urTierTobis
meore etapis Semdeg partniorebs sTxoves, SeefasebinaT erTmaneTi 15
safexurian skalaze -7-dan (Zalian ar momwons), +7-mde (Zalian momwons). im
monawileebma, romelTac pirispir Sexvedramde internetiT urTierTobis
SesaZlebloba hqondaT, bevrad meti urTierTsimpatiebi gamoavlines
(saSualod 4.70), vidre im monawileebma, romelTac aseTi SesaZlebloba ar
HhqondaT (saSualod 2.45). ratom unda momxdariyo ase? mkvlevarebi
fiqroben, rom internetiT dawyebuli urTierToba monawileebs saSualebas
aZlevs, naklebad moeqcnen garegnobis gavlenis qveS. ufro metic,
internetis droebiTi anonimuroba, rogorc Cans, amxnevebs adamianebs, ufro
 879
metad gaxsnis SesaZleblobas aZlevs maT, rac ufro metad aZlierebs
mowonebas.
mecnierTa yuradReba miipyro im adamianebis cxovrebam, romelTa mier
internetis gamoyenebis sixSire amcirebs maT aqtivobas realur cxovrebaSi
(Kraut et al., 1998; Nie & Erbing, 2000). Tumca, zemoT mocemuli magaliTebi
gvafiqrebinebs, rom interneti, SesaZloa, adamianTa didi nawilis socialur
da romantikul cxovrebaSi dadebiT mamoZravebel Zalad CaiTvalos.
SesaZloa, male danielmac miiRos Tavisi megobari gogonas misamarTi.

am TavSi Cven vnaxeT, Tu rogor moqmedeben socialuri Zalebi adamianebze.

magaliTad, vnaxeT, Tu ra gavlenas axdens situacia qcevaze, rogor yalibdeba
Tqveni damokidebulebebi socialur urTierTobebSi. Cven girCevT, SeiswavloT
Tqveni qcevebi, raTa dainaxoT is gzebi, romliTac socialuri garemocva
gexmarebaT Tqveni yoveldRiuri gamocdilebis mniSvnelovani aspeqtebis axsnaSi.
momdevno TavSi Cven vnaxavT, Tu rogor warmarTaven igive Zalebi socialur
qcevas pirovnul doneze _ iwveven agresias da altruizms da kulturul doneze _
omsa da mSvidobas.

Sejameba

adamianebis umetesobas uyvars is adamianebi, vinc maTTan fizikurad axlos

imyofeba, fizikurad mimzidvelia, misi msgavsia da visganac iRebs igive impulsebs.
adamianebi TavianT sasiyvarulo gamocdilebas axasiaTeben, rogorc vnebas,
intimurobas da valdebulebas. siyvarulSi individualuri gansxvavebebi, SesaZloa,
nawinaswarmetyvelebi iqnas, mijaWvulobis stilisa da kulturuli molodinebis
safuZvelze. sasiyvarulo urTierTobebi miT ufro myaria, rac ufro metadaa
CarTuli partniori Cvens “me”-Si. damokidebulebis modeli gulisxmobs, rom
adamianebi ufro metad inarCuneben urTierTobas, rac ufro metad akmayofilebs es
urTierToba iseT specifikur moTxovnilebebs, romlebsac sxva veravin
daakmayofilebs.

sakvanZo sakiTxebi
situaciis Zala
• adamianis azrebi da aqtivobebi ganicdis situaciis zemoqmedebas.
 880

• individebi TavianTi rwmenebis, faseulobebisa da midrekilebebis

sawinaRmdegid iqcevian, Tu maT evalebaT garkveuli socialuri rolis Sesruleba,
Tundac xelovnurad Seqmnil garemoSi.
• socialuri normebi ayalibebs jgufis wevrebis damokidebulebebsa da qcevebs.
• Serifisa da aSis klasikuri gamokvlevebi warmoaCens im informaciul da
normatiul Zalebs, romlebic iwveven konformizms.
• umciresobis zegavlena, SesaZloa, aRiZras informaciuli zegavlenis Sedegad.

socialuri realobis konstruireba

konstruireba
• yoveli adamiani TviTon agebs Tavis socialur realobas.
• socialuri percefcia determinirebulia SexedulebebiTa da molodinebiT.
• atribuciis Teoria aRwers im Sefasebebs, romlebsac adamianebi akeTeben
qcevebis mizezebis Taobaze.
• zogirTi gadaxra, rogoricaa, magaliTad, atribuciis fundamenturi Secdoma,
sakuTari Tavisadmi mikerZoeba da TviTqmnadi winaswarmetyveleba, SesaZloa,
CaerTos atribuciaSi, sxva Sefasebebsa da qcevebSi.
• magram mainc, molodinebis gavlena Semofarglulia im informaciis sizustiT,
romelic Tqven gare samyaros Sesaxeb gagaCniaT.

damokidebulebebi, damokidebulebebis Secvla da aqtivoba

• damokidebulebebi aris obieqtebis, movlenebis an ideebis pozitiuri an
negatiuri Sefaseba.
• yvela damokidebuleba ar iZleva qcevis zustad winaswarmetyvelebis
SesaZleblobas; is Zalze xelmisawvdomi an Zalze specifikuri uda iyos.
• gaazrebis SesaZleblobis modelis Tanaxmad, darwmunebis centraluri
procesebi gulisxmobs argumrentebis gulmodgine analizs, maSin roca
periferiuli procesebi exeba darwmunebis procesis garegnul mxareebs.
• damokidebulebebis safuZvlebsa da argumentis tips Soris kavSiri, aseve,
axdens gavlenas argumentis efeqturobaze.
• disonansisa da TviT-aRqmis Teoriebi exeba damokidebulebebis Camoyalibebasa
da Secvlas, rac mohyveba qcevis ganxorcielebas.
• daTanxmebisaTvis adamianebma, SesaZloa, mimarTon migebis, davaldebulebis,
deficitis Seqmnis da modelirebis meTodebs.
 881
socialuri urTierTobebi
• interpersonaluri mimzidveloba determinirebulia, nawilobriv, fizikuri
siaxloviT, fizikuri mimzidvelobiT, msgavsebiTa da ormxrivobiT.
• sasiyvarulo urTierTobebi ganisazRvreba ltolvis, intimurobis da
valdebulebis parametrebiT.
• mozdrilTa mijaWvulobis stili gavlenas axdens urTierTobebis xarisxze.
• adamianis valdebulebebi sasiyvarulo urTierTobebis dros dakavSirebulia
siaxlovisa da damokidebulebis doneze.

ZiriTadi cnebebi

damokidebuleba
atribuciis Teoria
qceviTi dadastureba
kognituri disonansi
daTanxmeba
konformuloba
kovariaciis principi
gaazrebis SesaQleblobis modeli
atribuciis fundamenturi Secdoma
jgufis polarizacia
jgufuri azrovneba
informaciuli gavlena
normatiuli gavlena
normebis kristalizacia
darwmuneba
migebis norma
wesebi
TviTqmnadi winaswarmetyveleba
TviT-aRqmis Teoria
sakuTari Tavisadmi mikerZoeba
socialuri norma
socialuri aRqma
socialuri fsiqologia
 882
socialuri roli
Tavi 18. socialuri fsiqologia, sazogadoeba
sazogadoeba da kultura

• altruizmi da prosocialuri qceva

– altruizmis fesvebi
– prosocialuri qcevis motivebi
– situaciis gavlenebi prosocialur qcevaze

• agresia
– evoluciuri midgoma
– individualuri gansxvavebebi
– situaciuri gavlenebi
– kulturuli zemoqmedebebi

• crurwmenebi
– crurwmenebis safuZvlebi
– stereotipebis efeqtebi
– crurwmenebis daZleva

• fsiqologia 21-e saukuneSi: samyaro pataravdeba

• konfliqtisa da mSvidobis fsiqologia

– avtoritetisadmi daqvemdebareba
– genocidisa da omis fsiqologia
– mSvidobis fsiqologia

• fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi: ratom eziarebian adamianebi kults?

• avtoris bolosityvaoba

• sakvanZo sakiTxebi
– ZiriTadi cnebebi
 883
1963 wels filosofosma hana arendtma (Hannah Arendt) gamoaqveyna wigni “aihmani
ierusalimSi”, romelSic ganxiluli iyo nacist adolf aihmanis danaSaulebebe,
riTac man xeli Seuwyo milionobiT ebraelis mkvlelobas. aihmani iseTive Tavis
qmedebebs rogorc sxva nacistebi:

[aihmans] kargad axsovda, rom cud xasiaTze iyo xolme, Tu ki ar SeeZlo imis
gakeTeba, rac misi mowodeba iyo – milionobiT kacis, qalisa da bavSvis
mkvleloba, didi gulmodginebiTa da pedanturobiT (gv.25)

miuxedavad amisa, ramdenad gasaocaric ar unda iyos, arendti aihmans

axasiaTebs, rogorc absoluturad Cveulebrivi adamiani:
fsiqiatrebi axasiaTebdnen mas, rogorc “normalurs”: - “ufro normaluri iyo,
yovel SemTxvevaSi ufro metad, vidre me viyavi misi gamokvlevis Semdeg,” _
ganacxada erT-erTma maTganma. meorem ki aRmoaCina, rom misi saerTo fsiqologiuri
mdgomareoba, damokidebuleba meuRlisa da Svilebis, mSoblebis, Zmebis, debisa da
megobrebis mimarT iyo “ara mxolod normaluri, aramed Zalze sasurvelic”.. (gv.
25-26).
aihmanis pirovnebisAanalizis gziT arendti midis cnobil daskvnamde:

aihmanis ubedureba iyo is, rom uamravi adamiani hgavda mas, isini arc
gaukuRmarTebulebi iyvnen da arc sadistebi, isini iyvnen da jerac arian
SemaSfoTeblad normalurebi. Cveni samarTlebrivi instituciebis da Sefasebis
moraluri standartebis TvalsazrisiT, es normaluroba ufro SemaSfoTebelia,
vidre yvela simxece erTad aRebuli, im daSvebis gamo, rom danaSaulis es axali
saxe mis danaSaulebebs aqcevs iseTi garemoebebis gavlenis qveS, rom misTvis
SeuZlebeli xdeba sakuTari qcevis aramarTebulobis gageba an SegrZneba (gv.276).
rogorc Cans, [aihmanis cxovrebis] ukanasknel wuTebSi man Seajama is
gakveTilebi, romlebsac iZleva adamianis codvilobis mTeli nairferovneba –
saSiSi gakveTilebi, romlebsac SeiZleba vuwodoT codvis banaluroba (gv. 252).

hana arendtis fraza “codvis banaluroba”, exmaureba XXIOsaukunis movlenebsac.

nacisturi holokostidan 60 wlis Semdegac ki terorizmis talRebma moicva
msoflio. dResac ki, roca Cven vwerT am sityvebs – 2000 wlis bolos – axlo
aRmosavleTi isev moicva Zaladobam, rac gamoixateba israelisa da
palestinelebis SejaxebiT mdinare iordanes dasavleT sanapiroze. iugoslaviaSi,
xalxis ajanyebas moyva daundobeli diqtatoris – slobodan miloSeviCis _
 884
damxoba, magram, rogorc Cans, is da misi reJimis sxva wevrebi gadaurCebian
samxedro danaSaulebebisaTvis pasuximgeblobas. nigeriaSi, hausas da iorubas
tomebis wevrebs Soris konfliqtis Sedegad gasul wels aTasobiT adamiani
daiRupa da aTobiT mxolod gasul dReebSi. Cndeba cduneba, rom es movlenebi
ganvixiloT, rogorc sigiJis gamovlena, yvelaferi mivaweroT uazrobas da
codvil xasiaTs, rogorc, vTqvaT, adolf hitleris SemTxveveaSi. magram, arendtis
analizi uaryofs amas. is gvaCvenebs, Tu ramdenad advilad, SeuZliaT socialur
Zalebs, aiZulon normaluri adamiani, Caidinos sazareli saqcieli.
“fsiqologia da cxovreba” – Si Cven mivadeqiT im adgils, sadac unda
ganvixiloT adamianis qcevaze socialuri Zalebis zemoqmedebis yvelaze
ukiduresi SemTxvevebi. am Tavis zogierTi nawili sakmaod SemaSfoTebeli iqneba,
vinaidan naTelyofs adamianSi destruqciuli da arahumanuri aqtebis
ganxorcielebis potencials. Cven ganvixilavT agresiul qcevas, crurwmenebs da im
pirobebs, romlebmac, SesaZloa, genocidis aqtebamde migviyvanos. amave dros, Cven
aRvwerT adamianuri arsebis Tandayolil ltolvas iyos prosocialuri –
ganaxorcielos didsulovani altruistuli aqtebi, yovelgvari jildos
molodinis gareSe. dabolos, Cven imedi gvaqvs, es Tavi mkiTxvelSi aRZravs
optimistur azrs, rom socialuri mecnierebebis aRmoCenebs SeuZliaT dagvexmaron
msoflioSi mSvidobis damyarebaSi.
xSirad, am TavSi ganxilul sakiTxebs studentebi provokaciulad da
saCoTirod Tvlian. imedi gvaqvs, rom SesaZlebloba geqnebaT, isini,
maswavlebelTan erTad, srulad ganixiloT da debatebic moawyoT. Tqven am Tavis
Seswavla unda daamTavroT imis gagebiT, Tu rogor moqmedeben socialur
fsiqologiuri Zalebi calkeul individebze, rogor erTiandebian individebi
jgufebSi da rogor gavlenas axdenen isini msoflio istoriis yvelaze
SemaSfoTebel momentebze.

altruizmi da prosocialuri qceva

TiTqmis yvela tragediis Semdeg Tqven xedavT suraTs, rom adamianebi TavianTi
sicocxlis riskis fasad cdiloben, daicvan sxva adamianebis sicocxle.
magaliTad, gavixsenoT oklahoma sitis dabombviT gamowveuli saSineleba. alfred
a. murahis dangreuli saxli da mTeli qveynidan Camosuli adamianebis gaweuli
gaerTianebuli Zalisxmeva im imediT, rom aRmoaCendnen da daexmarebodnen
 885
gadarCenil adamianebs. aseTi tragediebi aSkaras xdis adamianis, rogorc saxeobis,
potencials, ganaxorcielos prosocialuri qcevebi,
qcevebi, iseTi qcevebi, romlis mizania
sxva adamianebis daxmareba. metic, es tragediebi xSirad aaSkaraveben altruizms –
iseT prosocialur qcevebs, romlebsac adamianebi axorcieleben TavianTi
sakuTari usafrTxoebisa da interesebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. imaSi, rasac Cven
kulturas an sazogadoebas vuwodebT, mniSvnelovani aris adamianebis mondomeba,
daexmaron erTmaneTs. rogorc kulturis an sazogadoebis wevrebi, adamianebi
kooperireben da msxverpladac ki ewirebian sxvebis keTildReobas. am Tavs
daviwyebT imis ganxilviT, Tu ratom avlenen adamianebi altruistuli qcevebis
ganxorcielebis nebas.

altruizmis fesvebi

daviwyoT amerikul yoveldRiur gazeTSi gamoqveynebuli altruizmis

konkretuli magaliTiT (Porstner, 1997):

sanapiro dacvis TanamSromelma, samSabaTs, samxreTis saxelmwifo gzatkecilze,

lindenharstSi, Tavisi manqana win Cauyena da amiT gadaarCina koneqtikuteli kaci,
romlis manqanamac gzidan gadauxvia. “me win Cavudeqi da specialurad davajaxebine
manqana, raTa amiT SemeCerebina is” ganacxada 25 wlis mZRolma, “es iyo erTaderTi
saSualeba, riTac me misi SeCereba SemeZlo”.

ra reaqcia gagiCndaT am monaTxrobze? SegiZliaT, warmoidginoT Tqveni

sicocxlis an, Tundac, Tqveni manqanis gariskva imisTvis, rom daicvaT vinmes
sicocxle, ragorc am SemTxvevaSia aRwerili? ras fiqrobda sakuTar Tavze
sanapiro dacvis mZRoli? gjeraT, rom qcevis ganxorcielebamde man gamoTvala
mogeba da wageba?
• prosocialuri qcevebi (Prosocial behaviors) - qcevebi, romlebic sruldeba
sxva adamianebis daxmarebis mizniT.
• altruizmi (Altruizm) – prosocialuri qcevebi, romlebsac adamiani
asrulebs Tavisi sakuTari usafrTxoebis an interesebis gaTvaliswinebis
gareSe.
• ormxrivi (reciprokuli) altruizmi (Reciprocal altruizm) – idea, romlis
Tanaxmadac, adamianebi altruistul qcevebs axorcieleben imitom, rom
sxvebis mxridanac moelian maT mimarTac altruistuli qcevebis
 886
ganxorcielebas.

rodesac naxavT am mamaci mZRolis msgavs magaliTebs, metad bunebrivia,

daaskvnaT, rom adamianebs gaaCniaT altruizmis Bbazisuri, wminda adamianuri
motivacia. faqtobrivad, altruizmis arseboba zogjer winaaRmdegobrivia. raTa
gavigoT ratom, Tqven unda daubrundeT im diskusiaze fiqrs, romelic
warmodgenili iyo me-3-e da me-12-e TavebSi da exeboda evolociur Zalebs.
evoluciuri moZRvrebis Tanaxmad, sicocxlis mTavari mizania sakuTari Tavis
reproduqcia ise, rom sxvas gadasce sakuTari genebi. am konteqstSi, aqvs ki
altruizms azri? sxvebis daxmarebis gamo ratom unda daayeno Seni sicocxle
riskis qveS? am kiTxvaze ori pasuxi arsebobs imis SesabamisadmixedviT, Tu ras
vigulisxmebT “sxvebSi” _ ojaxis wevrebs Tu ucnobebs.
ojaxis wevrebisTvis altruistul qcevas garkveuli azri aqvs, vinaidan,
maSinac ki, rodesac adamianis sakuTari sicocxle safrTxis qveS dgeba, is miznad
isaxavs sakuTari, zogadi genetikuri memkvidreobis gadarCenas. faqtobrivad,
rodesac dgeba sakiTxi - sikvdili Tu sicocxle
sicocxle – adamianebi avlenen SedarebiT
mgrZnobelobas TavianTi genetikuri memkvidreobis mimarT.

saidan viciT

altruizmi naTesavebis mimarT

aSS-s da iaponiis kolejebis studentebs sTxoves, ganexilaT is SesaZlo
scenarebi, romlebSic gariskavdnen sicocxles, raTa gadaerCinaT samidan
erTi individi. magaliTad, erT-erT scenarSi am sam individs eZina saxlSi,
romelic swrafad iwvoda. yvela scenarSi es sami individi erTmaneTisgan
gansxvavdeboda studentebisadmi maTi warmosaxuli naTesaobis xarisxis
mixedviT. zogierTi Zalian axlo naTesavi iyo, rogoricaa Zma (0.5- iani
genetikuri gadafarva), sxvebi SedarebiT Soreuli naTesavebi iyvnen,
rogoricaa biZaSvili (0.125 gadafarva). studentebs ekiTxebodnen, am samidan
romlis gadarCenas isurvebdnen yvelaze metad. suraTi 18.1 gviCvenebs, rom
rac ufro axloa naTesaoba, miT ufro metad gamoxataven adamianebi maTi
“gadarCenis” survils. suraTi, agreTve, asaxavs Sedarebas im situaciasTan,
rodesac ar idga sikvdil-sicocxlis sakiTxi: studentebs ekiTxebodnen,
rogor moiqceodnen SedarebiT yoveldRiuri gadawyvetilebebis SemTxvevaSi,
 887
magaliTad, rodesac saWiroa vinmes davalebis Sesruleba. Sedegebma aqac
aCvena naTesaobis efeqti, magram damokidebuleba ar iyo iseTive Zlieri,
rogorc pirvel SemTxvevaSi. ”sikvdil-sicocxlis” scenaris SemTxvevaSi
naTesaobis Sefaseba aris ufro mkacri, vidre “yoveldRiuri” scenaris
SemTxvevaSi. erTnairi Sedegebi miiRes rogorc iaponeli, ise _ amerikeli
studentebis SemTxvevaSi. (Burnstein et al.,1994).

am gamokvlevaSi studentebs ar moeTxovebodaT cecxlmokidebuli saxlidan

vinmes gadarCena, magram, miuxedavad amisa, Tqven SegiZliaT dainaxoT, ra gavlenas
axdenda naTesaoba maT arCevanze. Tumca, Zneli warmosadgenia, rom romelime
maTgani eqpliciturad fiqrobda “me unda davicva genetikuri memkvidreoba”, magram
Tu adamianebi misdeven im models, romelic pirvel suraTzea warmodgenili, es
niSnavs, rom genetikuri memkvidreobis dacva arsebobs.
magram ra xdeba maSin, rodesac saqme ar gvaqvs naTesaobasTan? magaliTad,
ratom riskavs mZRoli sicocxles, sxva adamianebis genebis gadasarCenad?
altruizmis asaxsnelad sxva nacnobebisa Tu ucnobebis mimarT, Teoretikosebi
iyeneben ormxrivi (reciprokuli) altruizmis cnebas (Trivers, 1971). es cneba
miuTiTebs, rom adamianebi altruistul qcevebs axorcieleben imitom, rom
garkveuli azriT, sxva adamianebis mxridanac moelian, rom isinic maT mimarT,
aseve, ganaxorcieleben altruistul qcevebs. Tuki Sen ixrCobi, me gadagarCen, im
imediT, rom Senc igives gaakeTeb im SemTxvevaSi, Tu me damemuqreba daxrCobis
saSiSroeba. amdenad, ormxrivoba altruizms sasicocxlo Rirebulebas aniWebs. am
cnebas, sxva formiT Tqven ukve SexvdiT adre. Mme-17-e TavSi, magaliTad, Cven
SemovitaneT migebis (reciprokulobis) normis cneba, raTa agvexsna is gza,
romliTac adamianebi midian Tanxmobamde. rodesac vinme Tqvens mimarT avlens
keTilganwobas, Tqven fsiqologiuri disstresSi iqnebiT manam, sanam ar
 888
SegeZlebaT sapasuxo keTilganwyobis gamovlena. naTelia, rom aseT disstress
evoluciuri safuZvlebi aqvs, vinaidan is zrdis Seguebis SesaZleblobas. am
evoluciuri safuZvlis gamo, altruizmi ar aris adamianuri arsebis unikaluri
niSani. antropologebma ormxrivi altruizmis nimuSebis identificireba mraval
saxeobaSi moaxdines, rogorebicaa vampiri Ramurebi da Simpanzeebi, romlebic
jgufur cxovrebas ewevian (Nielsen, 1994).
unda aRiniSnos, rom ormxrivi altruizmis cneba ver xsnis socialur
cxovelebSi kooperaciis yvela aspeqts. mkvlevarebma moipoves monacemebi,
romlebic mowmoben, rom mraval situaciaSi, adamianebic da cxovelebic
reciprokulobis molodinis gareSe axdenen kooperirebas da resursebis
ganawilebas (Matheson & Bernstein, 2000; Wedekind & Milinski, 2000; Widdig et al., 2000).
magaliTad, kangis tomis (Kung people) warmatebuli monadireebi, romlebic Crdilo-
dasavleT bocvanaSi da namibiis mosazRvre raionebSi cxovroben, nanadirevis
xorcs TavianTi tomis sxva, nadirobis naklebi Cvevebis mqone wevrebs unawileben,
Tumca, SeuZlebelia, rom sapasuxod saTanado resursebs elodnen (Hawkes, 1993). am
tipis dakvirvebebis safuZvelze, mkvlevarebi cdiloben, altruizmis asaxsnelad
ufro farTo Teoriuli safuZveli ipovon.
Tu davuSvebT, rom, rogorc Cans, altruizms evoluciuri safuZveli aqvs,
MmaSin dgeba sakiTxi: altruizmSi individualur gansxvavebebs SeuZlia Tu ara
Tanamedrove adamianis memkvidreobazec moaxdinos gavlena? gavixsenoT, rom me-12
TavSi ganvixileT zogierTi faqtori, romelic evoluciuri fsiqologiis
specialistebis Tanaxmad, warmarTavs adamianebis mier wyvilis SerCevis process.
altruizmis Cveneuli ganxilva saSualebas gvaZlevs, faqtorebis am sias
davamatoT kidev erTi.

saidan viciT
 889

qalebs altruisti mamakacebi ufro moswonT

student gogonebs aCvenebdnen eqsperimentatoris da cdis minawile
mamakacis saubris videoCanawers, sadac es ukanaskneli avlenda
altruistuli qcevebis mimarT Tavis damokidebulebas. maRal-altruistul
situaciaSi is laparakobda sxvebisTvis daxmarebis gawevaze da Semdeg
gamoTqvamda mzadyofnas _ sxvebze ufro metad gaeriskaT. dabali
altruizmis pirobebSi is laparakobda Tavis sakuTar interesebze da
gadawyvetda, mosawyeni davalebis Sesruleba sxvisTvis daeTmo. am saubrebis
Canaweris naxvis Semdeg student gogonebs sTxovdnen, videoCanawerSi nanaxi
mamakaci SeefasebinaT sxvadasxva parametrebis mixedviT, fizikuri da
seqsualuri mimzidvelobis, socialuri misaRebobis da paemanze Sexvedris
sasurvelobis CaTvliT. Tumca, orive saxis CanawerSi Zalze msgavsi
mamakacebi figurirebdnen, qalebi ufro mimzidvelad da sasurvelad
miiCnvdnen im mamakacs, romelic altruistuli qcevebis ganxorcielebaze
Tanxmobas gamoxatavda (Jensen-Campbell et al.,1995).

evoluciuri Teoriis terminebiT, am kvlevis Sedegebi mowmobs, rom qalebi

upiratesobas aniWeben iseT mamakacebs, romlebsac TavianTi resursebis
STamomavlobis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofisTvis aqtiurad gamoyeneba SeuZliaT.
Aam TvalsazrisiT, Cven gvaqvs axali safuZveli, raTa altruizmi CavTvaloT
adamianis memkvidreobis faqtorad. kerZod, qalebi Tvlian, rom kacebi, romlebic
axorcieleben altruistul qcevebs, ukeTesi mamebi iqnebian.

prosocialuri qcevis motivebi

wina paragrafSi vnaxeT, rom altruizms – sxvebisaTvis Tavganwirvis motivs _

aqvs Sinagani safuZveli. axla, altruizms prosocialuri qcevis sxva motivebis
konteqstSi ganvixilavT. mkvlevari deniel batsoni (Daniel Batson, 1994) miuTiTebs,
rom arsebobs oTxi Zala, romelic ubiZgebs adamians, gaakeTos sazogadoebrivad
sasikeTo saqme:
• altruizmi. sxvebisaTvis sargeblobis motanis motivis safuZvelze
moqmedeba, rogoric iyo, magaliTad, mZRolis moqmedeba, romelmac gadaarCina
sxva adamianis sicocxle.
 890

• egoizmi. prosocialuri qcevebis ganxorcieleba mxolod sakuTari

interesebidan gamomdinare. SesaZloa, vinmem ganaxorcielos daxmarebis qceva
(Helping behavior), magram mxolod im mizniT, rom Sesabamisi ram an saCuqari
(vTqvaT fuli an prizi) miiRos sapasuxod (magaliTad, Txovnis Sesruleba) .
• koleqtivizmi. Pprosocialuri qcevebis ganxorcieleba garkveuli
jgufis warmatebebis misaRwevad. adamianebma, SesaZlo,a ganaxorcielon
prosocialuri qcevebi, raTa gaaumjobeson TavianTi ojaxis, saZmos an
politikuri partiis saarsebo pirobebi da a.S.
• principlizmi. Pprosocialuri qcevis ganxorcieleba moraluri
principebidan gamomdinare. SesaZloa, vinme prosocialur qcevebs
axorcielebdes religiuri an sazogadoebrivi principebidan gamomdinare.

Tqven SegiZliaT naxoT, rogor moqmedeben es motivebi gansxvavebul

situaciebSi.
Tumca, zemoT aRniSnuli motivebidan yvela SeiZleba safuZvlad daedos sxva
adamianebis momsaxurebis qcevas. isini zogjer, SesaZloa, winaaRmdegobaSic
movidnen erTmaneTTan. magaliTad, warmoidgineT, rom unda gadawyvitoT, rogor
gaunawiloT raime deficituri resursi ramdenime adamians. /Tqveni msjeloba
SesaZloa iyos aseTi/Tqven SeiZleba ase imsjeloT: “me yovel individs Tanabari
raodenoba unda mivce”, vinaidan, samarTlianobis principis Tanaxmad, yovel
adamians Tanabari ufleba unda hqondes es. axla warmoidgineT, rom saqmeSi CaerTo
sxva motivebi da Tqven romelime individs upiratesobas aniWebT sxvebTan
SedarebiT.

saidan viciT

empaTiam usamarTlobamde SeiZleba migviyvanos

eqsperimentis monawileebs sTxovdnen, latariis bileTebi gaenawilebinaT
mTeli jgufisaTvis an jgufis ramdenime wevrisaTvis. Tu bileTebi
daurigdeboda mTel jgufs, TiToeul wevrs bileTebis Tanabari raodenoba
unda mieRo – samarTliani gadawyveta.
eqsperimentis erT-erT variantSi monawileebi kiTxulobdnen
avtobiografias, romelic, rogorc maT egonaT, ekuTvnoda jgufis erT-erT
wevrs. avtobiografiaSi aRwerili iyo, rom misi avtori xangrZlivi
 891
romantikuli urTierTobebis Semdeg miatova partniorma. ra gavlenas
moaxdenda es informacia bileTebis ganawilebaze? rodesac eqsperimentis
monawileebs sTxoves, warmoedginaT, Tu ras ganicdida es adamiani, maT
damatebiTi bileTebi misces mitovebul individs. empaTia – adamianTan
emociuri identifikacia – dadga samarTlianobis principze maRla.

deniel batsonma da misma kolegebma uzrunvelyves kidev ramdenime cdis

Catareba, raTa moexdinaT empaTia – altruizmis hipoTezis demonstrireba: rodesac
Tqven TanaugrZnobT sxva adamians, es grZnoba aRviZebs altruistul motivs da
gibiZgebT misi daxmarebisaken. axlaxans aRweril eqsperimentSi, uaxloesi
altruistuli motivi ufro damajerebeli aRmoCnda, vidre abstraqtuli
samarTlianoba. amgvarad, empaTiam, SesaZloa, aRZras iseTi altruistuli qcevebi,
romlebmac individis keTildReoba jgufis keTildReobaze maRla daayenos (Batson
et al.,1995).
Tqven SegiZliaT, dainaxoT, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania, rom yoveli/TiToeuli
qceva ganvixiloT mTliani situaciis konteqstSi: is, rac erTi SexedviT,
antisocialur qcevas gavs, magaliTad, samarTlianobis principis darRveva, sxva,
gansxvavebuli Tvalsazrisidan gamomdinare, SesaZloa, prosocialuri qceva
aRmoCndes. Mme–17-e TavSi gavlili socialuri fsiqologiis gakveTilebidan, Cven
viciT, Tu ramdenad Zlierad aris determinirebuli2-adamianebis qcevebi
situaciuri faqtorebiT. iq Cven mxolod zedapirulad SevexeT prosocialuri
qcevis iZulebiT xasiaTs. axla aRvwerT kvlevis klasikur programas, romelic
naTlad gviCvenebs, Tu ramdenad aris damokidebuli adamianebis mzadyofna
daxmarebisaTvis – maTi unari ,imoqmedon prosocialuri qcevis motivebis
Sesabamisad – arsebuli situaciis maxasiaTeblebze.

prosocialur qcevaze situaciis gavlenebi

kvlevis es programa tragediiT daiwyo. qvinsSi, niu-iorkSi, sakuTari binebis

fanjrebidan, usafrTxod myofi 38 respeqtabeluri da kanonmorCili moqalaqe
naxevar saaTze meti xnis ganmawlobaSi Tvalyurs adevnebda mkvlels, romelic
quCaSi samjer daesxa Tavs qals da sasikvdilo Wrilobebi miayena mas. pirvelad
mkvleli xmaurma da binebSi uecrad anTebulma sinaTlem daafrTxo, magram, amis
miuxedavad, igi mainc dabrunda da ganagrZo msxverplisTvis Wrilobebis miyeneba.
am Tavdasxmis ganmavlobaSiAarc erT adamians ar daurekavs policiaSi da mxolod
 892
erTma dareka mas Semdeg, rac qali ukve mkvdari iyo da yvelaferi damTavrda
(Rosenthal, 1964). kiti jenovezes mkvlelobis sagazeTo cnobam SeaZrwuna mTeli eri,
romelsac ar surda daejerebina, rom adamianebma msgavsi apaTia da gulqvaoba
gamoiCines.
magram iqneba ki samarTliani, rom am adamianebs apaTiurebi da gulqvebi
vuwodoT? iqneb, SesaZlebeli iyos maTi qcevis axsna situaciuri Zalebis
zemoqmedebiT? am kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad bib leiteinma da jon darleim (Bibb
Latane and John Darley. 1970) Caatares klasikuri kvlevebis seria. MmaTi mizani iyo
eCvenebinaT, rom TviTmxilvelTa Careva _ adamianTa mzadyofna, daexmaron sxvas
gaWirvebis dros – damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramdenad sensitiurebi arian isini
situaciis maxasiaTeblebis mimarT. maT laboratoriulad Seqmnes TviTmxilvelTa
Carevis situaciis eqsperimentuli analogi.

saidan viciT

rodis exmarebian adamianebi sxvebs? EeqsperimentSi monawileobdnen kolejis

studenti vaJebi. TiToeuli maTgani moaTavses satelefono kavSiriT
aRWurvil sacdel oTaxSi DA daarwmunes, rom is telefoniT elaparakeboda
mezobel oTaxSi myof sxva studentebs (erTs an mets. Ppirad problemebze
saubris ganmavlobaSi/dros cdis pirebs telefonSi esmodaT xmauri,
romelic miuTiTebda imaze, rom partniors daewyo epilefsiis Seteva da
moguduli xmiT iTxovda Svelas. Aam “Setevis” dros cdis piri moklebuli
iyo sxva studentebTan dalaparaakebis SesaZleblobas da ar SeeZlo, gaego,
Tu ra xdeboda da Tu keTdeboda rame daxmarebis aRmosaCenad am sagangebo
mdgomareobaSi. eqsperimentis damokidebuli cvladi iyo is dro, romelic
dasWirdeboda cdis pirs eqsperimentatorisTvis sagangebo situaciis
Sesaxeb SetyobinebisTvis.
aRmoCnda, rom Carevis albaToba damokidebuli iyo TviTmxilvelTa im
nagulisxmev odenobaze, romlebmac, cdis pirebis azriT, gaiges Seqmnili
situaciis Sesaxeb. rac ufro meti adamianis CarTulobas varaudobda cdis
piri, miT ufro gvian atyobinebda eqsperimentators, an sulac gaCumebas
arCevda. rogorc 18.2 suraTze SegiZliaT naxoT, yovel or kacian
situaciaSi, Careva xorcieldeboda saSualod 160 wamis ganmavlobaSi, magram
40% imaTgan, visac sjeroda, rom warmoadgenda didi jgufis nawils, Tavi
 893
ar Seiwuxa, raTa Seetyobinebina eqsperimentatorisTvis Seqmnili situaciis
Sesaxeb (Darley & Latane, 1968).

es aris pasuxismgeblobis difuziis Sedegi. rodesac erTze met adamians

SeuZlia sagangebo mdgomareobaSi myofi pirisTvis daxmarebis gaweva, adamianebi
xSirad varaudoben, rom sxva daexmareba, an unda daexmaros da TviTon ganze
dgebian da ar erTvebian situaciaSi.

2 monawiliani jgufebiD
3 monawiliani jgufebi
6 monawiliani jgufebi
daxmarebis aRmoCenis procenti
sagangebo situaciis dawyebidan gasuli wamebi

sur. 18.2
TviTmxilvelis Careva sagangebo situaciis dros
rac ufro meti adamiania CarTuli mocemul situaciaSi, miT naklebia SesaZlebloba, rom romelime
maTgani Caereva masSi. Yyvelaze swrafad TviTmxilvelebi reagireben or monawilian jgufebSi.

TviTmxilvelma unda gaacnobieros situaciis sagangebooba

zemoT aRweril eqsperimentSi, situacia iseTi iyo, rom cdis pirebs ar gaaCndaT
informacia mimdinare movlenebis Sesaxeb. Tumca, mraval cxovrebiseul
situaciaSi, rodesac adamianebi TavianTi yoveldRiuri saqmeebiT arian
dakavebulni – midian samsaxurSi an Sexvedraze – SesaZloa, verc ki amCnevdnen,
rom maT winaSe iseTi situaciaa, romelSic maT sxvebisTvis daxmarebis aRmoCena
SeuZliaT.
 894

• TviTmxilvelis
TviTmxilvelis Careva (Bystander intervention) – mzadyofna, daexmaro
adamians, romelsac daxmareba sWirdeba.
• pasuxismgeblobis difuzia (Diffusion of responsibility) _ sagangebo
pirobebSi, rac ufro didia TviTmxilvelTa ricxvi, miT ufro naklebia
TiToeuli maTganis pasuxismgebloba, daxmarebis aRmoCenis TvalsazrisiT.
erT dramatul eqsperimentSi, prinstonis Teologiuri seminariis studentebi
darwmunebulebi iyvnen, rom Seafasebdnen maT qadagebas,, romlis erT-erTi Tema
iyo keTili samaritelis igavi axali aRTqmis erT-erT personaJze, romelmac
gamonaxa dro da daexmara gzaze dagdebul daWril adamians.

saidan viciT

vin amCnevs sagangebo situacias?

seminaristebs qadagebani unda waekiTxaT sxvadasxva SenobebSi,
romelTagan erT-erTSi maT mokle instuqtaJi CautardaT. yovelgvari
SerCevis gareSe, seminaristebis erT jgufs, momzadebisTvis, faqtobrivad,
araviTari dro ar hqondaT da metic, maT unda eCqaraT kidec, rom ar
daegvianaT dawyeba. meore jgufs zustad sakmao dro hqondaT
momzadebisTvis. mesame jgufis wevrebma ki davaleba bevrad adre miiRes.
rodesac TiToeuli maTgani midioda daniSnulebis adgilisaken, xeivanSi,
or Senobas Soris isini awydebodnen mamakacs, romelic maT Tval win,
mowyvewtiT, xvelebiTa da kvnesiT ecemoda miwaze. amrigad, seminaristebs,
eZleodaT Sansi, realurad ganexorcielebinaT is, ris Sesaxebac qadageba
unda waekiTxaT. aRasrules ki maT es? imaTgan, vinc Cqarobda, mxolod 10%-
ma aRmouCina daxmareba dacemuls, visac zustad sakmao dro hqonda _ 45%-ma,
xolo imaTgan, visac saWiroze bevrad meti dro hqonda _ 63%-ma
ganaxorciela keTili samaritelis qcevis analogiuri qceva (Darley & Batson,
1973).

rogor SeiZleba, SevafasoT “dagvianebuli” seminaristebi? SesaZloa, isini ise

iyvnen sakuTari sazrunaviT dakavebulni, rom verc ki SeZles sagangebo situaciis
SemCneva. SesaZloa, SeamCnies kidec, magram ver SeZles misi sagangeboobis Sefaseba.
nebismier SemTxvevaSi, Tqven xedavT, rom daxmarebis qcevis ganxorcieleba
damokidebulia im droze, romelic gaqvT situaciis Sesafaseblad.
 895
TviTmxilvelebma movlenebi unda Seafason, rogorc sagangebo

cxovrebaSi mravali situacia sakmaod bundovania. magaliTad, Tqven sulac ar

gindaT, rom Tavi uxerxul mdgomareobaSi CaigdoT da xelovnuri sunTqva –
“piridan-pirSi” – CautaroT adamians, romelsac ubralod sZinavs. imis
gadasawyvetad, aris Tu ara esa Tu is situacia sagangebo, Tqven, Cveulebriv,
uyurebT sxva adamianebs da imas, Tu rogor reagireben isini (Latane & Darley, 1970).
amasTan dakavSirebiT, Tqven, aseve, SegiZliaT, gaixsenoT msjeloba informaciuli
zegavlenis Sesaxeb, razec me-17-e TavSi iyo laparaki. CaufiqrdiT TviTmxilvelis
mier moyolil ambavs, romelic aRwers, Tu rogor eswreboda igi leqcias,
romelzec oratori waqcevis piras iyo misuli:

oratori aRelvebuli iyo da misi metyveleba aSkarad neldeboda. es misi

sityvis finalis gamokveTaa, Tu igi Zalas kargavs? SesaZloa, mas dajdoma
sWirdeba, magram rogor SevTavazo es ise, rom sityva ar Sevawyvetino? vai, Tu me
situacias arasworad vafaseb, da mere yvelam sulelad CamTvalos? magram, iqneb me
marTavli var, is grZnobas kargavs da sityvis damTavrebamde scenidan Camovardes?
parteris skamebze dacemisas is aucileblad daimtvreva. vicodi, rom es unda
ameridebina, magram me es ver SevZeli.

Tqven xedavT, Tu ramdenad Znelia, imisTvisac ki, vinc mtkiced flobs

fsiqologiur codnas, aiZulos sakuTari Tavi, imoqmedos iseT situaciaSi,
romelsac, rogorc Cans, sxva aravin afasebs sagangebo situaciad. da ai, rogor
damTavrda es ambavi:

me videqi oratoris win da xelebi misken mqonda gawvdili. is sruliad

gaognebuli zemodan damcqeroda. me warmovidgine, ras fiqrobdnen Cemi studentebi
da kolegebi, romlebic Tvalyurs adevnebdnen Cems eqscentrul qcevas, imis
molodinSi, Tu rogor SemovaWdobdi mklavebs, pativcemul stumars, vidre is
leqcias daamTavrebda. swored am dros oratori sabolood modunda da
grZnobadakarguli me dameca. Cven xmauriT davcvivdiT pirveli rigis skamebze.

rogorc xedavT, gadawyvetileba Carevis Sesaxeb garkveul windaxedulebas

moiTxovs. asea Tu ise, am mokle ambidanac naTlad Cans, Tu ramdenad Znelia
erTpirovnuli gadawyvetilebis miReba da gansazRvra imisa, rom situacia
sagangeboa.
 896
TviTmxilveli pasuxismgeblobas unda grZnobdes
grZnobdes

Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rom Caurevlobis erT-erT mniSvnelovan faqtors

warmoadgens pasuxismgeblobis difuzia. Tu Tqven daxmarebas saWiroebT,
yvelanairad unda ecadoT, garSemomyofebs gadaalaxvinoT es Zala da sakuTar
Tavze aaRebinoT pasuxismgebloba. Tqven SegiZliaT pirdapir miuTiToT vinmeze da
TqvaT, “me Tqveni daxmareba mWirdeba”. ganvixiloT ori kvleva, romelic mkafiod
gamoxatul danaSaulebs exeba. pirvel kvlevaSi niu-iorkelebi swrafi kvebis
restoranSi, uyurebdnen, rogor gamostaca mZarcvelma qals CanTa, rodesac is
magididan dgeboda. meore kvlevaSi plaJze myofi xalxi uyurebda qurds,
romelmac pirsaxocze dadebuli portatuli radio moipara, rogorc ki patronma
ramdenime wamiT yuradReba moaduna.

saidan viciT

pasuxismgeblobis grZnobis aRZvra

TiToeul am eqsperimentSi “msxverpli” (eqsperimentatoris TanamSromeli)
danaSaulis TviTmxilvelebs ekiTxeboda: “dro xom ar gaqvT?” an “Tu
SeiZleba, Cems dabrunebamde, cota xniT yuradReba miaqcieT Cems CanTas
(radios)”. Ppirveli interaqcia ar gulisxmobs personalur
pasuxismgeblobas da TviTmxilvelebic uazrod Sehyureben danaSauls.
xolo isini, vinc daTanxmda “msxverplis” qonebisTvis yuradRebis miqcevas,
TiTqmis yvela CaerTo situaciaSi. isini iTxovdnen Svelas, zogierTma
gaqceuli qurdic ki daiWira (Moriarty, 1975).

es eqsperimentebi migviTiTeben, rom daxmarebis Txovnis aqti exmianeba

adamianebis grZnobebs, rac sxva adamianebsac rTavs situaciaSi da safuZvlianad
cvlis maT. xolo sul sxva movlenaa – da Secdoma iqneboda es apaTiurobad
CagveTvala _ is, rom adamianebi xels ver uSlian qurdobas. Mmcire davalebac ki
_ “xom ver mixedavdiT amas” - socialur fsiqologiuri Zalebis gavleniT, maT
rTavs situaciaSi da aqcevs adamianad, romelsac uSualod moeTxovena daxmarebis
aRmoCena.
am paragrafSi Cven vsaubrobdiT prosocialur qcevaze _ im garemoebebze,
romlebSic adamianebi erTmaneTs exmarebian. Cven vvaraudobT, rom daxmarebis
motivacia, SesaZloa, adamianis genetikuri memkvidreobis nawilia. asea Tu ise,
adamianis buneba warmoadgens prosocialuri da antisocialuri impulsebis nazavs.
 897
momdevno paragrafSi Cven SevexebiT qcevis gansxvavebul saxes _ agresias _ rac,
SesaZloa, rom aseve aris adamianis genomaSi kodirebuli.

Sejameba

adamianebi axorcieleben prosocialur qcevebs, raTa sxva adamianebs daxmareba

aRmouCinon. isini altruistul qcevebs axorcieleben maSinac ki, rodesac es maT
pirad interesebs ar Seesabameba. evoluciuri Tvalsazrisi uSvebs, rom adamianebi
ojaxis wevrebis mimarT altruistulad iqcevian imitom, rom SeinarCunon
genofondi. altruizmi sxvaTa mimarT ki aixsneba im daSvebiT, rom mis safuZvlad
Zevs ormxrivobis molodini. prosocialuri qcevebis sxva motivebia: egoizmi,
koleqtivizmi da principuloba. zogierT SemTxvevaSi, am motivebs Soris,
SesaZloa, arsebobdes konfliqti. ramodenime situaciuri Zala moqmedebs maSin,
rodesac adamiani prosocialur qcevas gansakuTrebul garemoebebSi axorcielebs.
adamianebi maSin ufro exmarebian sxvebs, rodesac ar ganicdian pasuxismgeblobis
difuzias, amCneven sagangebo situaciis arsebobas, gansazRvraven mas, rogorc
aseTs da grZnoben am situaciaSi sakuTar pasuxismgeblobas.

agresia

altruizmis cnebis Semotanis dros, Cven citatebi movitaneT sagazeTo

statiebidan, romlebic sxvadasxva gmirul aqtebs Seexeboda. samwuxarod, gazeTebi,
albaT, ufro met informacias gvaqvdian agresiis gamovlinebebis Sesaxeb;
adamianebis iseTi qcevebis Sesaxeb, romelTac sxva adamianebisadmi fizikuri an
fsiqologiuri zianis miyeneba sdevs Tan. ai, mxolod ramdenime saTauri “New York
Times”-is 2000 wlis 13 oqtombris nomridan:
• iemenSi afeTqebam amerikeli mezRvaurebi imsxverpla
• brbos mier israelis ori jariskaci iqna mokluli: vertmfrenebi
Camogdebulia
• CeCneTis dedaqalaqSi 12-ze meti adamiani yumbaram imsxverpla
• kolumbielma ajanyebulebma xelSi Caigdes navTob gadamamuSavebeli
qarxnis aTi ucxoeli TanamSromeli
am mokle nimuSebidanac ki kargad Cans, Tu ramdenad mravalferovania
adamianebis mier erTmaneTis mimarT gamovlenili agresia. amdenad, TqvenTvis isic
gasagebi unda iyos, Tu ratom aqvs mniSvneloba fsiqologebisaTvis agresiis
 898
mizezebis gagebas. saboloo mizans ki, ra sakvirvelia, warmoadgens sazogadoebaSi
agresiis gamovlinebebis Semcireba.

evoluciuri
evoluciuri midgoma

prosocialuri qcevisadmi miZRvnil paragrafSi Cven warmovaCineT evoluciis

erT-erTi Tavsatexi: ratom xdeba, rom adamianebi Tavs swiraven sxva adamianebis
keTildreobisaTvis? agresiuli qcevis arseboba ki, ra Tqma unda, aseT kiTxvas ar
aRZravs. evoluciis Teoriis mixedviT, cxovelebi agresiul qcevebs axorcieleben,
raTa sakuTari Tavi uzrunvelyon sawinaaRmdego sqesis partnioriT da moipovon
da daicvan is bunebrivi resursebi, romlebic maTi da maTi STamomavlobis
sicocxlis SenarCunebas uzrunvelyofs. karl lorencis
lorencis (Karl Lorenz, 1966)
klasikur naSromSi “agresiis Sesaxeb”, dokumenturad aris naCvenebi cxovelTa
samyaroSi arsebuli agresiuli qcevebis mTeli mravalferovneba. lorenci, aseve,
dokumenturad aRwers im meqanizmebs, romlebic amcireben agresias: “erT yorans
niskartis erTi dartymiT SeuZlia Tvali amougdos meores; mgels erTi kbeniT
SeuZlia meores sauRle venebi gadauRrRnas, magram aRar iarsebebda arc erTi
yorani da arc erTi mgeli, rom ar arsebobdes saimedo muxruWebi aseTi qcevebis
asarideblad” (gv.240). lorencis TvalsazrisiT, swored es niSania, rac adamians
gamasxvavebs mTeli danarCeni cocxali samyarosagan. igi amtkicebs, rom adamians
msgavsi meqanizmebi saTanadod ar aqvs ganviTarebuli. lorenci fiqrobs, rom
adamianSi aseTi amridebeli meqanizmebi imitom ar ganviTarda, rom adamianebs,
erTmaneTisTvis didi zainis miyeneba ar SeeZloT xelovnuri iaraRis gamoyenebamde.
Mmas Semdeg, rac gamoCnda iaraRi, lorencis mixedviT, adamiani, rogorc saxeoba,
iseT mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda “rogorc mtredi, romelsac, bunebis ironiiT,
yoranis niskarti gamoeba” (gv.241).
• agresia (Aggression) _ qceva, romelic sxva individis fizikur an
fsiqologiur dazianebas iwvevs.

agresiis Taobaze lorencis mosazrebebis sapasuxod Catarebuli kvlevebi maT

ori TvalsazrisiT ewinaaRmdegeba (Lore & Schultz, 1993). jer erTi, cxovelebis
sxvadasxva saxeobebis bunebriv pirobebSi warmoebuli kvlevebi cxadyofen, rom
bevri maTgani iseTive saxiT axorcielebs agresias, rogorc adamiani. magaliTad,
iseTi, erTi SexedviT, uwyinari cxovelebic ki, rogorebic Simpanzeebi arian,
brbos msgavsad ikvrebian da ise klaven Tvistoms (Goodall, 1986). agresiis sxva
 899
biologiur saxeobebSi gamovlenac ver aris sanugeSo adamianisaTvis – Cven
ubralod gveCveneba, rom ukeTesebi varT – sinamdvileSi ki evoluciuri wyvetebis
arsebobaze Zalze cota ram Tu miuTiTebs. meorec, gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom
adamians sakuTari agresiis Semakavebeli ufro meti meqanizmebi gaaCnia, vidre amas
lorenci varaudobda. faqtobrivad, adamiani, Tavisi socialuri garemoTi
ganpirobebulobiT, agresiis gamovlenisas arCevans akeTebs. rogorc am paragrafSi
mogvianebiT davinaxavT, kulturebSi, calkec ki aris gamoyofili is garemoebebi
romlebSic agresia ara Tu dasaSvebia, aramed zogjer aucilebelic ki. Cven
vityodiT, rom es kulturebi Tavad asruleben kritikul rols imis gansazRvraSi,
Tu ra zomiT unda gamoavlinos adamianma agresiis “Sekavebis” unari.
evoluciuri analizi adasturebs, rom gadarCenis tendencia saxeobebis
umravlesobSi Zaladobisadmi Tandayolil tendenciaSi gamovlindeba. Tumca,
adamianisTvis, rogorc saxeobisTvis, ar aqvs mniSvneloba, ramdenad metad Tu
naklebad avlenen sxva saxeobebi agresiis tendencias. SemdegSi Cven ganvixilavT
agresiis gamovlenaSi individualur gansxvavebebs.

individualuri gansxvavebebi

ratom aris zogierTi individi ufro agresiuli, vidre sxvebi? lorencis

debulebaTa konteqstSi, TqvenTvis gasagebi xdeba, Tu ratom aviTareben
mkvlevarebi HhipoTezas, romlis Tanaxmadac, agresiis individualur gamovlenaSi
mniSvnelovan rols genetikuri komponenti asrulebs. cxadia, Tqvenc SegimCneviaT,
rom zogierTi adamiani naklebad agresiuli Cans, vidre sxvebi. Cveulebriv,
gavrcelebulia azri, rom agresiuloba Tu Zaladobisaken midrekileba, ojaxidan
iwyeba. Tumca, verafers vityviT imis Taobaze, agresia genetikis Tu garemos
Sedegia, sanam specialuri gamokvlevebis Sedegebs ar ganvixilavT.
 900
saidan viciT

genetikisa da garemos faqtorebis roli agresiaSi

mravali im meTodis gamoyenebiT, romelic wina TavebSi avRwereT,
mkvlevarebma miagnes pasuxs agresiaSi genetikuri faqtorebis rolis
Taobaze. magaliTad, maT Seadares identuri (monozigoturi) da
fraternaluri (dizigoturi) tyupebis pirovnebebis agresiulobisadmi
midrekileba; sxva SemTxvevaSi, maT Seafases bunebrivi da aRzrdis
faqtorebis roli ayvanil bavSvebSi. erT kvlevaSi gamoyenebuli iqna
statistikuri meTodi, romelsac meta-analizi ewodeba, raTa moexdinaT
yvela im bunebrivi Tu aRzrdis faqtoris rolis Sefaseba, romelic
Seswavlili iqna adre Catarebul 24 gamokvlevaSi (Miles & Carey, 1997). (meta-
analizi ufro srulad Cven me-16-e TavSi aRvwereT). meta-analizma
gamoavlina agresiaSi genetikuri faqtorebis mdgradi da mniSvnelovani
gadafarva, rogorc tyupebs, aseve, ayvanil bavSvebsa da maT biologiur
mSoblebs Soris. magaliTad, monozigoturi tyupebi myarad aCveneben maRal
korelacias agresiulobasTan, dizigotur tyupebTan SedarebiT. Ggaremo ki
agresiaze, Cveulebriv, axdens mcire, magram gazomvad gavlenas.

Mmeta-analizi saSualebas gvaZlevs, davuSvaT, rom sxvebTan SedarebiT, zogierT

individs agresiisadmi ufro meti midrekileba aqvs. M
mkvlevarebma, aseve, gaamaxviles yuradReba tvinsa da hormonalur
gansxvavebebze, romlebic, SesaZloa, aseve, qmnidnen agresiuli qcevebisadmi
garkveul predispoziciebs. rogorc me-13-e TavSi vnaxeT, tvinis garkveuli
struqturebi, rogoricaa amigdala da qerqis garkveuli ubnebi, mniSvnelovan
rols asrulebs emociebis gamoxatvasa da regulirebaSi. rac Seexeba agresias, aq
mniSvnelovania, rom tvinis gamtari gzebi efeqtianad funqcionirebdnen, raTa
individs negatiuri emociebis gamoxatvaze kontrolis saSualebas aZlevdnen. Tu
ki, magaliTad, adamianebi saTanado doneze ver axdenen amigdalas aqtivacias, maT,
SesaZloa, ver aicilon negatiuri emociebi, rac, Tavis mxriv, maT agresiul
qcevebamde miiyvans (Davidson et al., 2000). yuradReba gamaxvilda, agreTve,
neirogadamcem seroteninze; gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom serotenonis arasaTanado
donem, SesaZloa, gaauaresos tvinis SesaZleblobebi, negatiuri emociebis
gamoxatvisa da impulsuri qcevis regulirebaSi (Enserink, 2000). Ddabolos, kvlevebma
 901
cxadyo, rom agresiaSi zogierTi individualuri gansxvaveba, SesaZloa, asaxavdes
farul stresul reaqciebs. magaliTad, erT-erTi proeqti exeboda 7 dan 12 wlamde
bavSvebSi agresiuli qcevebisa da stresul hormons _ kortisols Soris kavSiris
dadgenas: yvelaze agresiul biWebs hqondaT yvelaze metad faruli stresuli
reaqciebi (McBurnett et al., 2000). Ees Sedegebi gviCvenebs, rom zogirTi individi,
SesaZloa, ar ganicdides fiziologiur stresul reaqciebs, rac adamianebis
umravlesobas icavs dramatuli agresiuli qcevebis ganxorcielebisagan: maTi
sxeuli, ubralod, ar reagirebs negatiuri qcevebisa da emociebis Sedegebze.
agresiis pirovnebis fsiqologiurma kvlevebma miuTiTa agresiuli qcevebis
kategoriebis diferenciaciis mniSvnelobaze: gansxvavebuli pirovnuli profilis
mqone adamianebi agresiis gansxvavebul saxeebs avlenen. erTi mniSvnelovani
midgoma erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs impulsur agresias da instrumentul agresias
(Berkowitz,1993; Caprara et al., 1996). impulsuri agresia waremoadgens reaqcias
situaciaze da aRiZvreba emociiT: adamianebi agresiuli aqtebiT reagireben
gamwvavebul momentze. Tu Tqven xedavT xelCarTul brZolas avtokatastrofis
Semdeg, es gaxlavT impulsuri agresiis magaliTi. instrumentuli
instrumentuli agresia
mizanmimarTuli (warmoadgens instruments garkveuli miznis misaRwevad) da
kogniturad gaazrebulia. AaseT SemTxvevaSi, adamianebi gegmaven da fiqroben masze,
raTa miaRwion garkveul mizans. Tu xedavT, rom viRaca asakovan qals Tavs daesxa
safulis wasarTmevad, es ukve instrumentuli agresiaa. gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom
agresiis am ori tipis adamianebs pirovnuli Taviseburebebis gansxvavebuli
klasterebi Seesabameba (Caprara et al.,1996). magaliTad, pirebi, romlebsac
daudasturdaT midrekileba impulsuri agresiis mimarT, zogadad, SeiZleba
daxasiaTdnen, rogorc maRali emociuri mgrZnobelobis mqoneni. es niSnavs, rom
isini Zlier emociur reaqciebs iZlevian mTel rig situaciebSi. amis
sawinaaRmdegod, pirebi, romlebsac gaaCniaT midrekileba instrumentuli
agresiisken, SeiZleba daxasiaTdnen, rogorc pirebi, romelTac maRali Sefasebebi
aqvT Zaladobis pozitiurad Sefasebis faqtoris mixedviT. Aam individebs sjeraT,
rom Zaladobis mravali forma gamarTlebulia da ar ganicdian moralur
pasuxismgeblobas agresiuli qcevebis gamo. am analizidan SegiZliaT iswavloT,
rom yvela tipis agresia ar aRiZvreba mis safuZvlad mdebare msgavsi pirovnuli
faqtorebiT.
 902
adamianebis umravlesoba ar avlens midrekilebas agresiis erTi romelime tipis
mimarT: isini ar icvlebian mcire darRvevebis an Zaladobis mizandasaxuli aqtebis
Semdeg. miuxedavad amisa, zogierT situaciaSi Zalze damTmobma adamianebmac ki
SeiZleba ganaxorcielon agresiuli aqtebi. Eaxla ganvixilavT situaciis im
tipebs, romlebic xSirad qmnian agresiis aRmZvrel pirobebs.

situaciuri gavlenebi

SeecadeT, gamoZebnoT dro da gaixsenoT, bolos rodis ganaxorcieleT

agresiuli qceva. SesaZloa, es ar iyo fizikuri agresia: Tqven, SesaZloa, ubralod
sityvierad SeuracxyaviT vinme imisTvis, rom masSi fsiqologiuri distresi
gamogewviaT. rogor SegiZliaT axsnaT, ratom gamoiwvia Tqveni agresia saxeldobr
am situaciam? Tqvens konfliqts am pirovnebasTan didi xnis istoria aqvs, Tu es
erTjeradi urTierToba iyo? Tqven Zalian agresiulad iyaviT ganwyobili raime
konkretuli mizezis gamo, Tu ubralod im momentSi iyaviT gaRizianebuli? es
kiTxvebi mxolod zogierTia im kiTxvebidan, romlebsac svamen mkvlevarebi
agresiasa da situacias Soris kavSiris kvlevisas. rodesac Cvens studentebs
SevekiTxeT, Tu ras fiqrobdnen isini sakuTar agresiul qcevebze, maT mravalgvari
pasuxebi mogvawodes, romelTac qvemoT gaecnobiT.
• impulsuri agresia (Impulsive aggression) _ emociebiT gamowveuli agresia,
warmoqmnili gansakuTrebiT mwvave situaciebze sapasuxod.
• instrumentuli agresia (Instrumental aggression) _ kogniturad
dasabuTebuli da mizanmimarTuli agresia, romelic warmoiqmneba winaswar
mofiqrebulad, specifikuri miznebis misaRwevad.

frustracia-
frustracia-agresiis hipoTeza

“namdvilad mZime dRe iyo im dRes, bolo registracia unda gamevlo kursze.
verc veravin vnaxe, rom damxmareboda. rodesac meaTased miTxres; “Tqven sxva
kancelarias unda mimarToT”-o, ise gavgiJdi, rom faqtobrivad kari gavamtvrie”

es ambavi erTi kerZo magaliTia imisa, rasac frustracia-

frustracia-agresiis hipoTezas
uwodeben (Dollard etal., 1939). am hipoTezis Tanaxmad, frustracias maSin aqvs adgili,
rodesac adamianebs xeli eSlebaT dasaxuli miznebis miRwevaSi. frustraciis
zrdis pirobebSi ki Zalze didia agresiis gamovlenis albaToba. kavSiri
frustraciasa da agresias Soris mravali empiriuli cdiT aris dadasturebuli
 903
(Berkovitz., 1993,1998). magaliTad, bavSvebma, romelTa imedic ar gamarTlda da ar
miecaT gansakuTrebiT mimzidveli saTamaSoebiT TamaSis ufleba, agresia
gamoavlines am saTamaSoebis mimarT, rogorc ki maTi xelSi Cagdebis
SesaZlebloba miecaT (Barker et al., 1941). mecnierebma es hipoTeza gamoiyenes agresiis
asaxsnelad, rogorc pirovnul, ise _ socialur doneze.

saidan viciT

agresia da ekonomika
Tqven, albaT, icnobT am istorias. kaci daiTxoves samsaxuridan da is
brundeba ufrosis, romelmac daiTxova da kidev ramdenime TanamSromlis
mosaklavad. samsaxuridan daTxovna ratom unda CaiTvalos mafrustrirebel
garemoebad (arsebobis wyaros dakargvasTan dakavSirebuli imedgacrueba),
romelic agresiuli qcevis ganxorcielebamde migviyvans? Aam kiTxvaze
pasuxis gasacemad, mecnierTa jgufma Seiswavla urTierTmimarTeba san-
franciskos umuSevrebsa da im adamianebs Soris, romlebic fasdebodnen,
rogorc “sxvebisaTvis saSiSni”. analizma mkvlevarebs saSualeba misca,
gaeerTianebinaT maCveneblebi da ganesazRvraT, ra kavSiria umuSevrobis
maCveneblis zrdasa da Zaladobis zrdis maCvenebels Soris. aRmoCnda, rom
Zaladobis ricxvi izrdeboda umuSevrobis zrdis Sesabamisad, magram
mxolod garkveul donemde. Zaladobis raodenoba matulobs maSin, rodesac
umuSevrobis maCvenebeli Zalze maRal zRvars aRwevs. ratom unda xdebodes
aseTi ram? mecnierebi Tvlian, rom umuSevrad darCenis SiSi adamianebSi
xels uwyobs Zaladobis, frustraciiT determinirebuli tendenciis
warmoqmnas (Catalano et al., 1997).

es gamokvleva miuTiTebs, Tu rogor urTierTqmedeben individualuri da

socialuri Zalebi, ris Sedegadac viRebT Zaladobis jamur dones . Cven SegviZlia
viwinaswarmetyveloT umuSevrobasTan dakavSirebul frustraciaze dafuZnebuli
agrsesiis garkveuli done. Tumca, rodesac adamianebi acnobiereben, rom maT mier
gamoxatulma agresiam, SesaZloa, avnos maT Semdgom dasaqmebas, Zaladoba maSinaTve
muxruWdeba. es Tqven, albaT, gamocdilic gaqvT yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. albaT,
Zalze bevri situaciaa, romelSic Tqven Tavs sakmaod frustrirebulad grZnobT,
raTa gamoxatoT agresia, magram Tavs ikavebT, vinaidan acnobierebT, rim es xels
SegiSliT samomavlo gegmebis ganxorcielebaSi.
 904

• frustracia – agresiis
agresiis hipoTeza (Frustration – aggression hipothesis) – am
hipoTezis Tanaxmad, frustracia Cndeba situaciebSi, romlebSic, adamianebs
saSualeba ar eZlevaT, miaRwion TavianT miznebs; frustraciis aRZvra ki,
Tavis mxriv, iwvevs agresiis ganxorcielebis albaTobis zrdas.

frustracias yovelTvis ar mohyveba agresia. magaliTad, rodesac frustracia

SemTxveviT aris gamowveuli – vTqvaT, bavSvma dedas kabaze SemTxveviT wveni
gadaasxa – adamianebi naklebad avlenen agresias, vidre maSin, rodesac
frustraciis gamomwvevi raime moqmedeba winaswar iyo ganzraxuli (Burnstein &
Worchel, 1962). amave dros, situaciebi, romlebic ar iwveven frustracias, SesaZloa,
iseT negatiur emociebs iwvevdnen, rom safuZvlad daedon agresul qcevas. aseTi
situacia asaxulia qvemoT motanil studentur ambavSi.

temperatura da agresia

“cxeli zafxuli iyo, Cems manqanaSi ki kondicioneri gafuWda, Tanac im biWma

gza gadamiWra, mec gavekide da vcdilobdi gamesrisa”.

arsebobs kavSiri temperaturasa da agresias Soris? ganvixiloT 18.3 suraTze

asaxuli monacemebi. es monacemebi asaxavs im eqsperimentis Sedegebs, romelSic
nakvlevi iyo temperaturis gavlena bolo ori wlis manZilze mineapolisSi
(minesotis Stati) momxdar Tavdasxmebze, adgili Hqonda. diagramas safuZvlad
udevs 36617 aRricxuli Tavdasxma (Cohn & Rotton, 1997). rogorc xedavT, arsebobs
Zlieri urTierTdamokidebuleba temperaturasa da Tavdasxmebis ganxorcielebas
Soris. faqtobrivad, grafiki yvelafers ar asaxavs praqtikulad ufro maRalia
gvian saRamosa da adre diliT (saRamos 9 saaTidan dilis 3 saaTamde).
riT SeiZleba iyos ganpirobebuli es garemoeba? am monacemebis axsna Zevs,
rogorc socialur, ise _ fsiqologiur ZalebSi. socialur doneze, Tqven ukve
mixvdiT, axsna efuZneba im faqts, rom Tavdasxmebi ufro metad xorcieldeba maSin,
rodesac adamianebi saxlis gareT arian. Tbil amindSi adamianebi ufro metad
arian gareT da, Sesabamisad, ufro xSiradac xdebian Tavdasxmis msxverplni.
mniSvnelovania isic, rom saRamos 9-dan dilis 3 saaTamde adamianebi naklebad
arian datvirTulni samuSaoTi Tu sxva sapasuxismgeblo saqmeebiT. da ufro metic,
am periodSi maT, SesaZloa, miiRon sasmeli an raime sxva saSualeba, rac
Seasustebs TavdamsxmelisTvis winaaRmdegobis gawevis unars (Ito et al., 1996).
 905
sur. 18.3
temperatura da agresia
suraTidan Cans Tavdasxmebis saSualo raodenoba (sami saaTis ganmavlobaSi),
rogorc temperaturis Sedegi drois imave periodSi (temperatura mocemulia
farengeitis skalaze). agresia mniSvnelovnad izrdeba 75 gradusidan. (24°C)
aseTi socialuri axsnebis Semdeg, aris ki saWiro, rom fsiqologiac CavrToT
saqmeSi? pasuxi dadebiTia. meore, Zalze mniSvnelovani komponenti, romelsac
SeuZlia axsnas 18.3 suraTze gamosaxuli monacemebi, imis garkvevaa, Tu rogor
axerxeben adamianebi sicxis daZlevas da rogor axdenen sicxiT gamowveuli
diskomfortis interpretirebas. GgaixseneT me-13-e TavSi mocemuli msjeloba
Sefasebebisa da emociebis Sesaxeb. warmoidgineT, rom farengeitiT 75 gradusian
(24°C) sicxeSi Tqven viRacas esaubrebiT da grZnobT, rom gcxelaT da
diskomforts ganicdiT. vis an ras daukavSirebdiT Tqvens diskomforts, sicxes Tu
Tanamosaubres? zustad im xarisxiT gamoxatavT mis mimarT agresias,, ra
xarisxiTac gaakeTebT mcdar daskvnas da diskomforts Tanamosaubres
daukavSirebT, (Tqven, agreTve, SegiZliaT gaixsenoT me-17-e TavSi ganxiluli
msjeloba atribuciis fundamentaluri Secdomis Taobaze). ratom unda hqondes
mniSvneloba sicxes swored gvian saRamos da adre diliT? dRis bolos, albaT,
Znelad Tu gavixsenebT, rom “ase cudad imitom sicxis gamo vgrZnobdi Tavs” da ar
davaskvniT, rom “imitom viyavi cudad, rom im tipma lamis SemSala”. da Tu es Cveni
msjeloba marTalia, ratom aCvenebs 18.3 suraTi TavdasxmaTa raodeniois
Semcirebas maSin, rodesac temperatura Zalian maRalia? mkvlevarebi fiqroben,
rom Zalian maRali temperaturis dros adamianebi imdenad diskomfortulad
grZnoben Tavs, rom ufro metad cdiloben ganeridon saCoTiro situaciebs, vidre
CxubSi CaerTon (Cohn & Rotton, 1997). qvemoT aRwerili mesame studenturi ambavi
gviCvenebs, Tu rogor mJRavndeba mtruli ganwyobileba da rogor Zlierdeba is.

pirdapiri provokacia da eskalacia

“biblioTekaSi vijeqi da vcdilobdi, rame mainc gamekeTebina. viRac ori qali

Zalze xmamaRla saubrobda, riTac garSemomyofebs awuxebdnen. me vTxove maT, rom
cota xmadabla esaubraT, magram maT yuradReba ar momaqcies. 5 wuTis Semdeg isev
vTxove maT, rom xmadabla esaubraT, magram maT xmas ufro auwies! maSin vuTxari,
 906
rom isini tutucebi da gonebaClungebi arian da Tu isini axlave ar moketaven,
movisvri biblioTekidan. aman imoqmeda”.

TqvenTvis aRmoCena ar iqneba, rom pirdapiri provokacia iwvevs agresiasAanu

rodesac vinmes qceva gabrazebT an wonasworobas gakargvinebT da Tanac, Tu Tqven
fiqrobT, rom es ganzrax xdeba, mosalodnelia, rom mas Tqven fizikuri an
verbaluri agresiiT upasuxebT (Johnson & Rule, 1986). pirdapiri provikaciis efeqti
Seesabameba zogad mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom situaciebs, romlebic uaryofiT
Sedegebs iwveven, SeuZliaT agresiis gamovlenamde migviyvanon. aq
winaswarganzraxulobas eniWeba gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba, vinaidan adamianebi
naklebad arian midrekilni, ganzraxvis gareSe Sesrulebuli moqmedebebis
uaryofiTad Sefasebisken. (gaixseneT, Cven igive daskvna gavakeTeT frustraciis
Sesaxebac, rom is naklebad iwvevs agresias, Tu ar aris winaswar ganzraxuli
qmedebis Sedegi).
Aam ambis meore damaxasiaTebeli niSani, garda provokaciisa, aris eskalacia:
vinaidan provokaciaze reaqciam Sedegi ar gamoiRo, studentis Semdgomi reaqciac
ufro agresiuli gaxda.

saidan viciT

eskalacia daJinebuli gaRizianebis sapasuxod

erT-erT kvlevaSi cdis pirebs unda gaenawilebinaT eqsperimentatoris
mier gamoyofili, davalebis SesrulebisTvis saWiro saxsrebi, magram
imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom erTma jgufma, romelic eqsperimentatorTan
winaswar iyo SeTanxmebuli, faqtobrivad, uari Tqva TanamSromlobaze.
eqsperimentatorma Caiwera namdvil cdis pirTa mcdelobebi, mieRwiaT
SeTanxmebisaTvis (molaparakeba ori oTaxis damakavSirebeli satelefono
xazis meSveobiT mimdinareobda). Mmcdeloba daiwyo sityvieri
gancxadebiT (Cven es gvWirdeba!), Semdeg gadaizarda gabrazebul
moTxovnaSi (Zalian maRizianebT!), Tan mTel saubars gasdevda salanZRavi
mimarTvebi (magaliTad, gonebaClungebi xarT, biWebo). praqtikulad,
jgufis winaaRmdegobis Sesabamisad, xdebida agresiis eskalacia.
eqsperimentatorebi Tvlian, rom adamianebma daiswavles eskalaciis
scenari. mexsierebis struqturSi aisaxeba provokaciis gagrZelebasTan
dakavSirebuli kulturaSi kodirebuli normebSi, romelTa Sesabamisadac
 907

adamianebi agresiulad reagireben provokaciis gagrZelebaze (Mikolic et al.,

1997).

amCnevT, rom eskalaciis scenari, frustraciasa da agresias Soris

urTierTmimarTebebsac exeba? situaciis Secvlis uSedego sawyis mcdelobas,
rogorc Cans, mivyavarT frustraciis SegrZnebamde, rac kidev ufro zrdis
intensiuri agresiis albaTobas.
axla ki ganvixiloT sxva situaciuri Zalebi, romlebmac, aseve, SeiZleba
migviyvanos fizikuri da verbaluri agresiis gamovlenamde. sayuradReboa is
garemoeba, rom yvela Cven mier moyvanili magaliTi, ufro metad exeba impulsur
da ara instrumentul agresias. rogorc zemoT ukve ganvmarteT, es ukanaskneli
iseT garemoebebs ufro exeba, rodesac adamianebi agresias dasaxuli miznebis
miRwevisTvis iyeneben. magaliTad, rodesac mZarcvelebi fizikur Zalas iyeneben
danaSaulis Casadenad. am tipis agresia ganxilul unda iqnas, rogorc farTo
kriminologiuri Teoriis komponenti.
Cven, metwilad, SevexeT im garemoebebs, romlebSic Cveulebrivi individebi,
sakuTari TavisTvis moulodnelad, axorcieleben impulsur agresiul aqtebs.
momdevno paragrafSi davinaxavT, rom kulturuli gansxvavebebi zRudaven, rogorc
individualur, ise _ kriminalur agresias.

kulturuli SezRudvebi

Cven ukve vilaparakeT imis Taobaze, rom agresiuli qceva warmoadgens adamianis
evoluciuri memkvidreobis nawils da rom garkveul situaciur faqtorebs
SeuZliaT am agresiuli midrekilebebis aRZvra. aseT viTarebaSic ki, sxvadasxva
tipis monacemebi mowmobs, rom individis mxridan agresiulobis gamovlenis
SesaZleblobebi SezRudulia kulturuli normebiTa da faseulobebiT (Segal et al.,
1997). am mosazrebis dasadastureblad, Cven Sors wasvla ar dagvWirdeba, vinaidan
ubralod SevadarebT SeerTebul Statebsa da sxva qveynebSi Cadenil mkvlelobis
faqtebs. amerikaSi 7dan - 10mde meti mkvleloba xdeba, vidre evropis umetes
qveyanebSi (Lore & Schultz, 1993). ra faqtorebi ganapirobebs aseT did gansxvavebebs
mkvlelobaTa raodenobebs Soris? Tu Tqven amerikis moqalaqe xarT, namdvilad
unda gainteresebdeT am kiTxvaze pasuxi.

“me”-
“me”-s konstruqtebi da agresiuli qceva
 908
vidre agresiasa da kulturas Soris urTierTmimarTebebs SevexebodeT,
ganvixiloT pirovnebis “me”-s kulturuli konstruqtebis nairsaxeobebi, rac ase
farTod iqna ganxiluli “fsiqologia da cxovrebis” furclebze. rogorc adrec
iyo ganmartebuli, dasavluri kulturebis umetesoba asaxavs “me”-s damoukidebel
konstruqtebs maSin, roca aRmosavluri kulturebis umravlesoba asaxavs “me”-s
urTierTdamokidebul (erTmaneTze damokidebul) konstruqtebs (Markus & Kitayama,
1991). ra Sedegebi aqvs am gansxvavebebs agresiul qcevebTan mimarTebiT?
gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom Tu adamiani Tavs sakuTari kulturis sxva wevrebTan
fundamenturad dakavSirebulad Tvlis, misgan naklebad aris mosalodneli
agresiuli reaqciebi – bolos da bolos, es xom sakuTari “me”-s winaaRmdeg iqneba
mimarTuli.

saidan viciT

agresia iaponel da amerikel bavSvebSi

kulturis zegavlenis erT-erTi saukeTeso magaliTi iqneba is, Tu
rogor swavloben erTi da igive situaciebze reagirebas sxvadasxva
kulturis warmomadgeneli bavSvebi. iaponel da amerikel skolamdeli
asakis bavSvebs (saSualod 4.5 wlis) gaacnes mokle moTxrobebi, romlebic
Seicavda konfliqtur dilemebs da Semdeg sTxoves, TojinebiT
gaeTamaSebinaT situaciebi da eCvenebinaT, rogor damTavrdeboda es
moTxrobebi. magaliTad, bavSvebs unda eCvenebinaT, ra xdeba mas Semdeg, rac
ori bavSvi iwyebda kamaTs da xels hkravdnen erTmaneTs. amerikelma
bavSvebma agresiulobis ufro maRali xarisxi aCvenes orive arsebuli
sazomis mixedviT – rogorc verbalur agresiulobaSi _ isini ufro xSirad
ambobdnen: “me Sen mZulxar”, ise _ agresiul qcevebSic, rac gamoixateboda
Tojinebis mier erTmaneTis xelis kvraSi da cemaSi (Zahn-Wacsler et al., 1996).

am eqsperimentma daadastura, rom iaponel bavSvebs ukve gaSinagnebuli hqondaT

interdamokidebulebis (erTmaneTze damokidebuli) kulturuli normebi: maT ukve
gaSinagnebuli hqondaT is sanqciebi, romelic sxva adamianebisaTvis zianis
miyenebas mohyveba. amis sapirispirod, amerikeli bavSvebis qcevam daadastura maTSi
damoukidebeli “me”-s arseboba, romelic daculi unda iqnas sxvebis
Tavdasxmisagan.
 909
miuxedavad imisa, rom Cven ganvsazRvreT mTavari kulturuli gansxvaveba
damoukideblobasa da interdamokidebulebas Soris, am sferoSi SesaZlebelia
gamoiZebnos ufro daxvewili gansxvavebebic. magaliTad, riCard nisbetma (Nisbett &
Cohes, 1996) da misma kolegebma farTod Seiswavles agresiasTan dakavSirebuli
damokidebulebebi (Attitudes) da qcevebi SeerTebuli Statebis sxvadasxva regionebSi.
erT-erTi mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba, romelic aRmoCenili iqna am kvlevebis
Sedegad, aris is, rom samxreTelebis qceva regulirdeboda e.w. Rirsebis
kulturiT (colture of honor), romelSic “umciresi kamaTic ki reputaciisa da
socialuri statusis gamocdad iqceva” (Cohen et aal., 1996, p.945). Rirsebis kultura
ar axdens yvela saxis agresiis sanqcionirebas, daSvebulia agresiis mxolod is
saxeebi, romlebic sakuTrebis an pirovnuli Rirsebis xelyofisagan dacvasTan
arian dakavSirebulni (Cohen & Nisbett, 1994).

saidan viciT

CrdiloelTa da samxreTelTa reaqciebi Seuracxyofaze

kolejis student biWebs – Crdiloelebs da samxreTelebs – Cautares
cda zomieri Seuracxyofis amtanobaze. vidre cdis piri derefanSi
midioda, mas eqsperimentatoris ndobiT aRWurvili piri ejaxeboda da Tan
“virisTavs” uwodeba. mkvlevarebma iwinaswarmetyveles rom mxris gakvrasa
da sityvier Seuracxyofaze samxreTelebs ufro dramatuli reaqciebi unda
hqonodaT, vidre Crdiloelebs. erT-erTi sazomi, romelic mkvlevarebma
gamoiyenes, iyo TamaSi “yvinCilebi”, romlis arsic isaa, rom ori adamiani
pirdapir uaxlovdeba erTmaneTs, sanam erT-erTi ar gadauxvevs gzidan. am
SemTxvevaSi ndobiT aRWurvili piri jiqur midioda cdis pirze da
gazomil iqna is manZilebi, rodesac es ukanasknelni uxvevdnen gzidan.
rogorc es 18.4 suraTidanac Cans, zomierma Seuracxyofam marTlac
dramatuli zegavlena moaxdina samxreTelTa qcevaze. Seuracxyofis gareSe
isini, praqtikulad, ufro Tavazianebi iyvnen, vidre Crdiloelebi da
Tavazianad uTmobdnen gzas, magram rodesac maT mxars gahkravdnen,
gacilebiT gvian gadadiodnen gzidan (Cohen et al., 1996).

mravali adamiani aSS-Si iziarebs azrs, rom samxreTuli kultura ufro

Tavaziania, vidre CrdiloeTis – riCmondels ufro Tavisuflad hkiTxavT gzas,
vidre niu iorkels. am eqsperimentis Sedegebic aseTi Sexedulebebis gamoZaxilia,
 910
im azriT, rom Seuracxyofis gareSe (sakontrolo jgufi) samxreTelebi ufro
adre uTmobdnen gzas, vidre Crdiloelebi, magram Tavazianoba gaqra Seuracxyofis
SemTxvevaSi da saqmeSi CaerTo Rirsebis grZnoba. ase rom, damoukidebeli “me”-s
iseT dasavlur kulturaSic ki, rogoric amerikis SeerTebuli Statebia,
samxreTeli mamakacebi ufro mwvaved reagireben, rodesac saqme Rirsebas exeba,
vidre Crdiloelebi (Nisbett & Cohen, 1996).

manZili, rodesac c.p-ebi gzas uTmobdnen. samxreTeli strudentebi Crdiloeli

studentebi
kontroli Seuracxyofa
eqsperimentuli piroba

sur. 18.4. Seuracxyofis efeqti Crdiloelebsa da samxreTelebSi

eqsperimentuli jgufis Crdiloeli da samxreTeli studentebi moaqcies mcire
Seuracxyofis situaciaSi. Tumca, Seuracxyofis gareSe samxreTelebi ufro
Tavazianebi iyvnen, Seuracxyofis SemTxvevaSi ki _ ufro naklebad uTmobdnen gzas
“yvinCilebis” TamaSSi.

agresiuli qcevis normebi

aqamde migvaCnda, rom kulturebi, romlebic xasiaTdebian damoukidebeli “me”-s

konstruqtebiT, ufro metad uwyoben xels agresiul qcevas. magram es dakvirveba
mainc ar xsnis im gamsxvavebebs mkvlelobaTa raodenobaSi, razec adre gvqonda
saubari. evropuli kulturebi, romlebSic mkvlelobebis raodenobebi bevrad
ufro naklebia, vidre aSS-Si, aseve, Sedian damoukidebeli “me”-s mqone kulturebis
gafarToebul wreSi. maS, ra damatebiTi kulturuli faqtorebi erTveba am
procesSi?
erT-erTi faqtori, romelic aSS-sTvis SeiZleba dadgindes, garemoSi arsebuli
agresiuli qcevebis modelebis xelmisawvdomobaa. me-7-e TavSi visaubreT imis
Sesaxeb, rom bavSvebi Zalze swrafad iTviseben agresiul qcevebs ufrosebisagan.
magaliTad, rodesac bavSvebi xedavdnen ufrosebis mier saTamaSo plastikuri
Tojinebis cemis, xelis kvris da fexiT Sedgomis magaliTebs, SemdgomSi, Zalze
didi sixSiriT, TviTonac imeorebdnen maT, vidre bavSvebi sakontrolo
jgufebidan, romlebic ar eswrebodnen ufrosebis aseT agresiul gamovlinebebs
 911
(Bandura et al., 1963). imave TavSi Cven, aseve, mivuTiTeT, rom aSS-s televizia
uzarmazari odenobiT awvdis bavSvebs agresiuli qcevis modelebs pirdapir
saxlSi, riTac xels uwyobs Zaladobis imitacias (Comestock & Sharrer, 1999).
SesaZloa, swored aSS-Sia yvelaze TvalSi sacemi satelevizio Zaladoba. erT-
erTma eqsperimentma daadastura, rom amerikeli bavSvebi gansakuTrebiT “pro-
televiziurebi” an “televiziaze damokidebulni” arian, vidre germaneli bavSvebi
(Smith & Schutte, 1982). amdenad, aSS-Si agresiis Semcirebis erT-erT gzad gvesaxeba
bavSvebis mkacri SezRudva da maTTvis agresiis am modelebis – rogorc
televizaSi, ise _ kinoSi – xelmiuwvdomloba.
ra Tqma unda, mravali bavSvisTvis agresiis modeli yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi
arsebobs. bavSvebi, SesaZloa, agresiul qcevebs TavianT yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi
xedavdnen. me-7-e TavSi, aRvniSneT, rom bavSvebi, romlebic xSirad isjebian
fizikurad, TviTonac xSirad iyeneben agresias, sxvebis qcevebis kontrolis
mizniT. bavSvebi, aseve, SesaZloa, xSirad xedavdnen agresiul qcevebs sakuTar
socialur wreSic. magaliTad, erT-erTi eqsperimentis mizani iyo, Seeswavla im
bavSvebis monaTxrobi ambebi, romlebic Seeswrnen los-anJelesis amboxebas,
romelic rodnei kingis pirvel gasamarTlebas mohyva, 1992 wels (Farver & frosch,
1996). es bavSvebi (gansxvavebiT imaTgan, romlebic ar Seswrebian aRniSnul
movlenebs) Txrobisas iyenebdnen personaJebis ufro mtrul aRwerebs, ufro
agresiul sityvebs, fizikurad gamoxatul agresiul xasiaTebs da met moqmed
pirebs, romlebic situaciis samarTavad agresias iyenebdnen.
aucilebelia, avRniSnoT, rom bavSvebi sasiamovno eqsperimentatorebis
garemocvaSi ubralod TamaSobdnen saTamaSoebiT: amboxebasTan dakavSirebuli
agresiuli xatebi ki maT warmosaxvaSi arsebobda. los-anJelesis amboxebas
Zaladobis niSnebi hqonda, magram is droSi SemosazRvruli iyo. samwuxarod,
SeerTebul StatebSi mravali bavSvi izrdeba iseT qalaqur garemoSi,
romlisTvisac Zaladoba yoveldRiuri da qronikulia (Osofsky, 1997; Schwartz & Proctor,
2000). mkvlevarebi jer mxolod iwyeben im Sedegebis garkvevas bavSvebis fsiqikur
janmrTelobasa da agresiuli qcevebis gamovlenaze rac maTTvis moaqvs Zaladobis
scenebis Cvenebas.
agresiuli qcevis kulturuli determinaciisadmi miZRvnil am paragrafs
davamTavrebT SeniSvniT, rom kulturuli normebi aris Zalze adgilobrivi da
 912
stabiluri. ganvixiloT meqsikis oaxakas Statis ori mimdebare soflis magaliTi
(Scott, 1992). erTi sofeli Zaladobrivia, meore ki _ araZaladobrivi: pirvelSi
mkvlelobebis raodenoba meoreze xuTjer metia. soflebi erTmaneTisgan 1500
metriT arian daSorebulni da Zalze gvanan erTmaneTs religiurobisa da
ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT. ZaladobaSi gansxvavebis erTaderTi dasaSvebi axsna
isaa, rom gansxvavebulia maTi kulturebis stabilurobis maxasiaTeblebi. ama Tu
im gziT orive kulturam miaRwia Zaladobis garkveul dones da is stabiluri
rCeba drois garkveul periodSi. Ees aris me-17-e TavSi aRwerili normebis
transmisiis (gadatanis) da prezervaciis (dacvis) realur cxovrebaSi asaxuli
magaliTi. analogiurad, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, Tavisi sakomunikacio
saSualebebiT, erT Zalian did soflad iqca, romelic icavs agresiuli qcevis
normebs.
am paragrafSi aRvwereT agresiis gamomwvevi Zalebi – dawyebuli genetikuridan
da kulturuliT damTavrebuli. magram rCeba kidev erTi mosazreba, romelsac jer
ar SevxebivarT da romlis Tanaxmadac, rom adamianebi zogjer agresiul qcevas
axorcieleben winaswarSeqmnili crurwmenebis gamo. adamianebi mxolod imitom, rom
gansxvavebul eTnikur Tu rasobriv jgufebs ekuTvnian (anu iseT jgufebs,
romlebsac uwodeben “sxvebs”), SesaZloa, gaxdnen agresiis msxverplni. axla
mivubrundebiT crurwmenebis Temas da vaCvenebT, Tu saidan iReben isini saTaves da
ra unda gakeTdes maT Sesamcireblad an aRmosafxvrelad.

Sejameba

evoluciuri analizi mowmobs, rom agresiuli qcevisadmi adamianis midrekileba

aRmocendeba iseT SemTxvevaSi, rodesac maT unda daicvan sakuTri Tavi da
sakuTari STamomavloba. eqsperimentulma kvlevebma aCvena, rom agresiulobasTan
dakavSirebulia sxvadasxva biologiuri da pirovnuli gansxvavebebi. rodesac
adamianebi ganicdian frustracias sakuTar miznebTan dakavSirebiT, Cndeba
agresiis gamovlenis meti albaToba. garemos garkveul maxasiaTeblebs, magaliTad,
temperaturas, agreTve, SeuZlia Secvalos agresiulobis gamovlenis albaToba.
adamianebi agresiiT pasuxoben maTze mimarTul pirdapir agresias, da maTi
agresiuloba matulobs, rac ufro nakleb efeqturia wina agresiuli qceva.
kulturaSi agresiuli qcevebis prevalireba dakavSirebulia “me”-s damoukidebel
 913
an interdamokidebulebiT maxasiaTeblebTan. zogierTi kultura, agreTve, iZleva
agresiulobis misaRebi formebis modelebs.

crurwmena

adamianisTvis damaxasiaTebeli yvela sisustidan arc erTs ar gaaCnia iseTi

damangreveli Zala, rogoric adamianis Rirsebasa da socialur urTierTobebTan
dakavSirebul winaswar Seqmnil crurwmenebs. crurwmenis arseboba imis
maniSnebelia, rom damaxinjebulia socialuri realoba – adamianebis gonebaSi
Seqmnilia situacia, romelsac SeuZlia daamciros da gaanadguros sxva
adamianebis cxovreba. crurwmena (Prejudice) aris winaswar daswavlili
damokidebuleba (attitude) samizne obieqtis mimarT, romelic moicavs negatiur
grZnobebs (armowoneba an SiSi), negatiur Sexedulebebs (stereotipebs), romlebic
amarTleben arsebul damokidebulebebs da qceviT ganzraxvebs, acilebul,
kontrolirebul, dominirebul an ganadgurebul iqnan isini, vinc mocemul samizne
jgufs ganekuTvneba. magaliTad, nacisti liderebi kanonebsac ki qmnidnen, raTa
ganemtkicebinaT TavianTi crurwmenebi, rom ebraelebi dabali donis adamianebi
arian da rom isini cdiloben daRupvamde miiyvanon ariuli kultura. mcdari
Sexeduleba kvalificirdeba, rogorc crurwmena, Tu is ewinaaRmdegeba cvlilebas,
misi simcdaris naTeli mtkicebulebebis arsebobis miuxedavad. magaliTad,
adamianebi avlenen crurwmenebs, rodesac amtkiceben, rom afro-amerikelebi
yvelani zarmacebi arian, miuxedavad imisa, rom maTi afro-amerikeli kolegebi
dauRalavad Sromoben. crurwmenebi asrulebs garkveuli filtris rols, romelic
yovelTvis mijnavs adamianebs sxva adamianebisagan da aTavsebs maT samizne jgufSi
erTxel ganxorcielebuli kategorizirebis Sesabamisad.
• crurwmena (Prejudice) – winaswar daswavlili damokidebuleba (attitude)
samizne obieqtis mimarT, romelic moicavs negatiur grZnobebs (armowoneba
an SiSi), negatiur Sexedulebebs (stereotipebs), romlebic amarTleben
arsebul damokidebulebebs da qceviT ganzraxvebs, acilebul,
kontrolirebul, dominirebul an ganadgurebul iqnan isini, vinc mocemul
samizne jgufs ganekuTvneba.

socialuri fsiqologia yovelTvis mniSvnelovan adgils uTmobs crurwmenebis

Seswavlas, vinaidan cdilobs, gaigos maTi sirTule, simyaris mizezebi da
 914
SeimuSaos maTi Secvlisa da daZlevis strategiebi (Allport,1954; Dackitt, 1992; Jones,
1997). gaixseneT pirveli Tavi, sadac aRniSnuli iyo, rom uzenaesi sasamarTlos
1954 wlis gadawyvetileba sazogado saswavlebebSi segregaciis gauqmebasTan
dakavSirebiT, romelic, nawilobriv, eyrdnoboda socialuri fsiqologis kenet
klarkis (Kenneth Clark), mier sasamarTlosTvis wardgenil sakuTari kvlevebis
Sedegebs, romelic asaxavda Savkanian bavSvebze gancalkevebuli da araTanaswori
swavlebis negatiur Sedegebs (Clark & Clark, 1947). am paragrafSi aRvwerT im
progress, romelsac socialurma fsiqologebma miaRwies crurwmenebis
warmoSobisa da maTi efeqtebis gagebaSi, iseve, rogorc maT praqtikul
mcdelobebs, Secvalon isini.

crurwmenis sawyisebi

erT-erTi samwuxaro WeSmariteba, romelic gamoamzeura crurwmenebis Seswavlam,

aris is siadvile, romliTac adamianebi SeiZleba uaryofiTad ganawyo maTi
“jgufisaTvis” ucxo adamianebisadmi. socialuri kategorizacia aris procesi,
romliTac adamianebi sakuTari socialuri garemos organizebas axdenen,
miakuTvneben ra adamianebs sakuTar da sxvaTa jgufebs. kategorizaciis yvelaze
martivi da yovlismomcveli formaa individis mier imis gansazRvra, Tu vin aris
misi msgavsi da vin ara. kategorizaciis es forma saTaves iRebs dapirispirebidan,
“me ara-me-s winaaRmdeg”, orientaciamde “Cven isini-s winaaRmdeg”. adamianebi
socialur samyaros orad yofen: Sidajgufebad – jgufebi, romlebTanac adamiani
sakuTari Tavis identificirebas axdens da garejgufebad – im jgufebad,
romlebTanac adamianebi identifikacias ar axdenen. am kognituri gansxvavebebis
Sedegia Sidajgufuri mikerZoeba –sakuTari jgufis gadafaseba, sxvasTan
SedarebiT (Jones, 1997). adamianebi, romlebic ganixilebian, rogorc garejgufis
wevrebi, ufro xSirad xdebian mtruli grZnobebisa da usamarTlo
damokidebulebis obieqtebi.
minimalurad SesamCnevi miniSnebac ki sakmarisia, rom gamoiwvios tendenciuroba
da crurwmenis Camoyalibeba maT mimarT, vinc garejgufs miekuTvnebian.

saidan viciT

SemTxveviT arCeuli niSani iwvevs jgufis solidarobas

holandiaSi Catarebuli eqsperimentebis seriaSi cdis pirebi
 915
SemTxveviTad dayves or jgufad: mwvaneebad da lurjebad. cdis pirebs imis
mixedviT, Tu romel jgufs miekuTvnes, dauriges mwvane an lurji kalmebi
da sTxoves, eweraT, Sesabamisad, mwvane an lurj qaRaldebze.
eqsperimentatorebi jgufebis wevrebs mimarTavdnen maTi jgufis feris
Sesabamisi terminiT/saxeliT da, Tumca, feris mixedviT gansazRvrul
kategoriebs araviTari faruli fsiqologiuri mniSvneloba ar gaaCnda da
jgufis wevrebis SerCevac sruliad SemTxveviT moxda, isini sakuTar jgufs
ufro dadebiTad afasebdnen, vidre _ meore jgufs. metic, mxolod da
mxolod ferTa gansxvavebaze dafuZnebuli es Sidajgufuri mikerZoeba
manamdec ki gamovlinda, vidre cdis pirebi eqsperimentuli davalebis
Sesrulebas daiwyebdnen (Rabbie, 1981).

is, ramac Tavi iCina Tundac am “ferebis” eqsperimentSi, warmoadgens socialuri

kategorizaciis swraf gamovlinebas.
• socialuri
socialuri kategorizacia (Social categorization) - procesi, romlis
meSveobiTac adamianebi sakuTari socialuri garemos organizeba axdenene,
miakuTvneben ra adamianebs sakuTar da sxvaTa jgufebs.
• Sidajgufebi (In-groups) – jgufebi, romlebTanac adamiani sakuTari
Tavis identificirebas axdens.
• garejgufebi (Out-groups) – jgufebi, romlebTanac adamianebi
identifikacias ar axdenen.
• Sidajgufuri mikerZoeba (In-group bias) – sakuTari jgufis gadafaseba,
sxvasTan SedarebiT.

mravali eqsperimenti Catarda im Sedegebis Sesaswavlad, romelic

gaaCniaT/hqonda iseT minimalur jgufebs, rogoric “mwvaneebis” da “lurjebis”
SemTxvevaSi iyo (Tajfel, 1982; Tajfel & Billing, 1974). gansxvavebuli jgufebis wevrebi,
Zalian xSirad, urTierTobas iwyeben, rogorc ucxoebi, magram TiTqmis maSinve
avlenen gasaocar erTsulovnebas – swamT, rom maTi Sidajgufis wevrebi yvelaze
sasiamovno da kargad momuSave xalxia. rodesac dgeba resursebis ganawilebis
dro, adamianebi yvelafers akeTeben, raTa araferi uwiladon garejgufis wevrebs.
aseTi Sedegebi Tavs iCens imis miuxedavad, rom garejgufi riskis qveS dgeba da
miuxedavad imisa, rom Sida da garejgufebis zogierT wevrs Soris, SesaZloa
,kargi urTierTobebic iyos (Park & Rothbat, 1982; Quattrone, 1986).
 916
Tu yvela am Zalas gamoviyenebT xelovnurad Seqmnil jgufebSi, Tqven
SegeZlebaT, daaikvirdeT, Tu rogor xdeba crurwmenebi ase daundobeli realur
cxovrebaSi. crurwmenebma advilad SeiZleba migviyvanos rasizmamde – adamianis
diskriminaciis formamde, romelic dafuZnebulia kanis ferze an eTnikur
warmoSobaze da seqsizmamde – adamianis diskriminaciis formamde, romelic
dafuZnebulia sqesobriv niSanze. “Cven” da “isini”-s gansxvavebebis sawyisi
tendenciebi, xSirad, maSin Zlierdeba, rodesac Cndeba STabeWdileba, rom
resursebi SezRudulia da is, SesaZloa, mxolod erT jgufs ergos. faqtibrivad,
adamiani, romelsac axasiaTebs crurwmenebisadmi daqvemdebarebulobis maRali
xarisxi, ufro metad msjeloben imis Sesaxeb, adamianebidan vin romel kategorias
ekuTvnis.

saidan viciT

crurwmena da rasibrivi xasiaTis msjeloba

studentebis jgufs Sesavsebad misces skala, romelic zomavda maT
damokidebulebas afro-amerikelebis mimarT. maT Sefasebebze dayrdnobiT,
erTi jgufi klasificirda, rogorc crurwmenebis mqone, meore ki _
rogorc crurwmenebis ar mqone. Semdeg orive jgufis studentebs sTxoves,
daeTvalierebinaT fotoebis seria, romlebzec saxeebi iyo gamosaxuli da
xmamaRla daexarisxebinaT isini, rogorc “TeTri” an “Savi”. zogierTi saxis
klasificireba Zalian advili iyo maSin, roca zogierTi saxe Zalze
gaurkvevlad gamoiyureboda. mkvlevarebs hqondaT hipoTeza, rom
crurwmenebis mqone adamianebi ufro gulmodgined moekidebodnen “swori”
rasobrivi Sefasebebis gakeTebas. mkvlevarebma iwinaswarmetyveles, rom
crurwmenebis mqone studentebi ufro met dros dauTmobdnen orazrovani
saxeebis klasificirebas. faqtobrivad, crurwmenebis mqone studentebma
TiToeuli orazrovani suraTis amocnobaze erTi wamiT meti dro
daxarjes, vidre maT, visac ar gaaCnda rasobrivi crurwmenebi (Blascovich et
al., 1997).

es eqsperimenti aCvenebs, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania crurwmenebis mqone

adamianebisaTvis sxva adamianebis klasificireba “Cvenebad” da “sxvebad”. bolo
dros mkvlevarebma SeZles ufro zustad aRenusxaT crurwmenebis ar qona, rac
gamoixata imiT, rom aseTi adamianebi nakleb yuradRebas aqceven adamianebs Soris
 917
gansxvavebebs (Phillips & Ziller, 1997). adamianebs, romlebsac maRali qulebi aqvT
universaluri orientaciis skalaze, axasiaTebT iseTi tipis debulebebze
daTanxmebis tendencia, rogoricaa “rodesac vinmes vxvdebi, vcdilob, ganvsazRvro
msgavseba Cemsa da mas Soris” da uaryofen iseT debulebebs, rogoricaa “bevri
ramis Tqma SemiZlia adamianze, Tu vici, ra sqesisaa is”. amgvarad, zogierT
adamians SeuZlia samyaros Sida- da garejgufebad dayofis tendenciis daZleva.
Cven vnaxeT, Tu ramdenad swrafad mivyavarT crurwmenebs adamianebis “Cven” da
“isini” jgufebad dayofamde. axla ki vnaxoT, rogor erTveba stereotipebi
crurwmenebis funqcionirebaSi.

stereotipebis efeqtebi

Cven SegviZlia gamoviyenoT socialuri kategorizaciis Zala mravali saxis

crurwmenis sawyisebis asaxsnelad. imisaTvis, rom avxsnaT yoveldRiur cxovrebaze
crurwmenebis gavlrna, Cven unda avxsnaT mexsierebis is struqturebi, romlebic
mniSvnelovnad amyareben maT, kerZod, ki _ stereotipebi. stereotipebi
warmoadgens adamianebis garkveul jgufebTan dakavSirebul ganzogadebebs,
romelic garkveul maxasiaTeblebs miaweren mTel jgufs. eWvi ar aris, rom Tqven
stereotipebis farTo speqtrs icnobT. ra Sexedulebebi gaqvT kacebsa da qalebze?
ebraelebze, musulmanebsa da qristianebze? azielebze, afro-amerikelebze, amerikis
mkvidr mosaxleobaze, laTinoamerikelebze da kavkasielebze? ra gavlenas axdenen
es Sexedulebebi, am adamianebTan Tqvens urTierTobebze? Tqveni Sexedulebebis
gamo Tavs aridebT xolme maTTan urTierTobas?
vinaidan stereotipebi ase Zlierad erTvebian molodinebSi, isini xSirad
uwyoben xels im situaciebis warmoqmnas, romlebic me-17-e TavSi aRvwereT,
rodesac adamianebi TviTon ageben sakuTar socialur realobas. gaiTvaliswineT,
ra rols asruleben stereotipebi im SefasebiT msjelobebSi, romlebic socialur
garemoSi raimes “arsebobas” exeba. adamianebi “monacemebis naklebobis” sakuTari
stereotipebidan gamomdinare informaciiT Sevsebis tendenciiT xasiaTdebian: “me
ar vapireb hiroSisTan erTad manqanaSi Cajdomas – azielebi saSineli mZRolebi
arian”. aseve, adamianebs SeuZliaT (ara aqvs mniSneloba, ician Tu ara)
stereotipuli informaciis qceviTi dadasturebisaTvis gamoyeneba. magaliTad, Tu
Tqven asabuTebT, rom ebraelebi cudi megobrebi arian, Tqven arasodes miscemT maT
SesaZleblobas, rom sawinaaRmdego dagimtkicon.Eamaze uaresi arisaa, rom
 918
gaimyareben Tu ara sakuTar mosazrebebs, adamianebi aRarafrad agdeben sxvebis,
maTi stereotipebisTvis Seusabamo mosazrebebs.

saidan viciT

arapopularuli stereotipi – Seusabamo informacia

ra xdeba maSin, rodesac Tqven iRebT informacias, romlis nawilic
amyarebs Tqvens Sexedulebebs, meore nawili ki ewinaaRmdegeba mas? erT-erT
kvlevaSi eqsperimentatorebma studentebi dayves or _ homoseqsualizmis
mimarT Zlieri da susti crurwmenebis _ mqone jgufebad. amis Semdeg
TiToeuli studenti TanmimdevrobiT kiTxulobda or mecnierul naSroms
homoseqsualizmis Sesaxeb. erT naSromSi mocemuli iyo stereotipis
Sesabamisi daskvna, rom homoseqsualizmi unda Sefasdes sqesTaSoris
qcevebTan (cross-gender behaviors) mimarTebaSi, meoreSi ki – stereotipis
sawinaaRmdego daskvna, rom homoseqsualizmi ar unda iqnas Sefasebuli
sqesTaSoris qcevebTan mimarTebaSi. rodesac orive jgufis studentebi
afasebdnen orive naSromis mecnierul dones, maT maRali Sefaseba misces im
naSroms, romelic, Sesabamisad, emTxveoda maT Sexedulebas. magaliTad,
Zlieri crurwmenebis mqone cdis pirebma meti mecnieruli Rirseba miaweres
im naSroms, romelic ganamtkicebda sqesTaSoris stereotips. metic, am ori
naSromis wakiTxvis Semdeg, romlebic Ffaqtobrivad, mxolod abalansebdnen
erTmaneTs, studentebma daadastures, rom maT ganumtkicdaT sakuTari azris
sisworis rwmena (Munro & Ditto, 1997).

es eqsperimenti gviCvenebs, Tu ratom ar amcirevs mxolod informacias

crurwmenebs: adamianebs gaaCniaT midrekileba mniSvneloba ar mianiWon im
informacias, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba maT mTavar stereotipebs (Semdeg paragrafSi
ganvixilavT crurwmenebis Semcirebis ufro qmediT meTodebs).
neba mogveciT, gagaxsenoT stereotipebis sxva efeqti, romelsac Cven
inteleqtis testirebis ganxilvis dros SevexeT. gavixsenoT me-10-e Tavi, sadac
msjeloba iyo inteleqtis koeficientebSi (IQ) rasobriv gansxvavebebs. aRniSnul
TavSi Cven mimovixileT faqtebi, romlebic amtkicebs, rom stereotipul jgufebs
axasiaTebT safrTxe, romelsac klod stilma (Claude Steel) da misma kolegebma
stereotipuli safrTxe uwodes (Steel, 1997; Steel & Aronson, 1995, 1998). stereotipuli
safrTxe Cndeba MmaSin, rodesac adamianebi aRmoCndebian iseT situaciebSi,
 919
romlebTanac dakavSirebulia stereotipis negatiuri aspeqtebi. magaliTad, me-10-e
TavSi, Cven davadastureT, rom afro-amerikelebis mier unarebis testebis
Sesruleba uaresdeba, rogorc ki uCndebaT eWvi, rom testis Sedegebi Seesabameba
Savkanianebis swavlis dabalunarianobis stereotipebs. es monacemebi imitom
SegaxseneT, rom xazi gagvesva im faqtorebisTvis, romlebic aZlierebs uaryofiT
stereotipebs da im xerxebisTvis, romelic stereotipulad ganwyobili adamianebis
cxovrebis deformacias iwvevs.
darwmunebulic rom iyoT, rom Tqven ar gagaaCniaT crurwmenebi, mainc
savaraudoa, rom Tqvenc gaqvT Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi arsebuli stereotipebi.
am stereotipebis codnam, SesaZloa, gibiZgoT aracnobier doneze maTi
gamoyenebisaken (Devine & Monteith, 1999). im adamianebmac ki, romelTa Sexedulebebic
Tavisufalia crurwmenebisgan, SesaZloa, mainc ganaxorcielon avtomaturi aqtebi,
romlebic gulisxmoben warsuli da awmyo garemocvis mravali wyarodan miRebul
gaucnobierebel crurwmenebs. SexedeT Tqven megobrebs: isini igive eTnikur jgufs
ekuTvnian, romelsac Tqven? Tu asea, ratom?
Cven mivediT im savalalo daskvnamde, rom crurwmenis Seqmna advilia, magram
daZleva – Zneli. miuxedavad amisa, socialuri fsiqologiis Camoyalibebis
pirveli dReebidanve mecnierebi ebrZvian MmaT.
axla mivubrundeT am mcdelobebis saukeTeso magaliTebs.

• stereotipebi (Stereotypes) - adamianebis garkveul jgufebTan

dakavSirebuli ganzogadebebi, romlebic garkveul maxasiaTeblebs miaweren
mTel jgufs.

crurwmenebis daZleva

socialur fsiqologiaSi erT-erTma klasikurma gamokvlevam aCvena, rom “Cven”

jgufis dapirispirebam jgufTan “isini”, SesaZloa, migviyvanos seriozul
mtrobamde. 1954 wlis zafxulSi muzafer Serifma (Muzafer Sheerif) da misma
kolegebma (1961/1988) or jgufad dayofili biWebi waiyvanes oklahomis Statis
saxelmwifo parkSi. jgufebs, pirobiTad, uwodes “arwivebi” da “Cxakunebi”.
TiToeuli jgufi TviTon uvlida Tavis Tavs. magaliTad, biWebi daexetebodnen,
curavdnen, saWmels amzadebdnen da erTi kviris ganmavlobaSi araferi icodnen
meore jgufis arsebobis Sesaxeb. jgufebma erTmaneTi beisbolSi, fexburTsa da
 920
bagiris gadawevaSi Sejibrebis dros gaicnes. aseT dasawyiss or jgufs Soris
gamZvinvarebuli metoqeoba mohyva. dawves erTmaneTis almebi, daarbies da gaZarcves
sacxovrebeli kabinebi da sakvebis gamo namdvili brZola gaaCaRes. rogor unda
Semcirebuliyo aseTi mtroba?

saidan viciT

erTmaneTze damokidebulebebis aucilebloba

eqsperimentatorebma scades propagandistuli xerxi – erT jgufs
uqebdnen meores. aman ar gaWra. amis Semdeg Seecadnen jgufebisTvis iseTi
garemo SeeqmnaT, romelic gamoricxavda Sejibrs. arc aman imoqmeda. mtroba
maSinac grZeldeboda, rodesac jgufebi erTad uyurebdnen films. bolos
mkvlevarebma erTi ram moifiqres. maT unda SeeqmnaT iseTi problemebi,
romelTa gadawyvetac SesaZlebeli iqneboda saerTo miznebis dasaxviTa da
TanamSromlobiTi aqtivobiT. magaliTad, mkvlevarebma Seqmnes iseTi
situacia, rom biWebs xramidan tvirTi unda amoeTriaT. saerTo amocanis
wyalobiT mtroba gaqra da, faqtobrivad, biWebi saukeTeso megobrebi
gaxdnen “jgufebis sazRvrebi” darRvevis gareSe.

am eqsperimentma daadastura kontaqtis hipoTeza,

hipoTeza rom mtrul jgufebs Soris
pirdapiri kontaqti amcirebs crurwmenebs (Allport, 1954). biWebs erTad yofnis garda
sxva aRaraferi surdaT da, piriqiT, eqsperimentma isic aCvena, rom crurwmenebis
dasaZlevad waxalisebuli unda iqnas adamianebis erTmaneTze damokidebuleba da
saerTo miznebi. erTi wuTiT dafiqrdiT, rogor SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT es codna im
situaciebSi, romlebSic 2-xarT 1-CarTulni. magaliTad, warmoidgineT, rom Tqven
xarT dapirispirebuli TanamSromlebis xelmZRvaneli. ras moimoqmedebdiT am
dapirispirebis aRmosafxvrelad?
mogvianebiT, socialurma fsiqologma eliot aronsonma (Elliot Aronson) da misma
kolegebma (1978) Seadgines programa, romelic emyareboda aRwerili eqsperimentis
Sedegebs da miznad isaxavda texassa da kaliforniaSi axlad desegrerirebul
skolebSi crurwmenebis aRmofxvras. maT Seqmnes iseTi saswavlo programebi,
romlis pirobebSi mexuTe klasis moswavleebi swavlis procesSi erTmaneTze iyvnen
damokidebulni da naklebad ejibrebodnen erTmaneTs saswavlo masalis aTvisebaSi.
• kontaqtis hipoTeza (Cotact hipothesis) – idea, rom mtrul jgufebs Soris
 921
pirdapiri kontaqti amcirebs crurwmenebs.

strategiaSi, romelic cnobilia “asawyobi suraTebis” meTodis (Jigsaw technique)

saxeliT, TiToeul bavSvs mosamzadeblad eZleva mTeli masalis nawili da
SemdegSi man es masala jgufis danarCen wevrebs unda gaacnos. warmateba fasdeba
mTeli jgufis mier warmodgenili prezetaciis doneze dayrdnobiT. amdenad,
mniSvnelovani da faseulia jgufis TiToeuli wevris wvlili.
aseTi asawyobi suraTebis meTodiT momuSave klasebSi rasuli konfliqtebi
Semcirda, vinaidan manamde urTierTdapirispirebuli TeTri, laTinosi da zangi
studentebi erTad iyvnen saerTo miznebiT gaerTianebul jgufebSi Aronson &
Gonzales, 1988; Gonzales, 1983). ganvixiloT erTi axalgazrda ymawvilis, karlosis
SemTxveva. karloss ignorirebas ukeTebdnen imis gamo, rom misi mSobliuri ena ar
iyo inglisuri; mas daevala jgufSi, romelic jozef pulitceris premiis
mopovebas cdilobda, gansakuTrebuli rolis Sesruleba. gundis sxva wevrebs unda
moefiqrebinaT, rogor miewodebinaT misTvis informacia, romlis prezentaciac
unda moexdina mas SemdgomSi. Tanagundelebis moTminebisa da gamamxnevebeli
SeniSvnebis sapasuxod, karloss maT mimarT Tbili grZnobebi gauCnda da isic
gaarkvia, rom premiis mopovebis ambavi namdvili ar iyo. man saTanadod Seafasa,
rogorc sakuTari Tavi, ise _ Tanagundelebi. (Cven sixaruliT unda aRvniSnoT,
rom karlosma texasSi kolejis damTavrebis Semdeg swavla gaagrZela harvardis
iuridiul skolaSi).

• asawyobi suraTebis klasebi (Jegsaw classrooms) – saswavlo klasebi,

romlebic iyeneben asawyobi suraTebis saxeliT cnobil meTods, romelSic
yovel moswavles eZleva mTeli dasaswavli masalis mxolod nawili da
Semdeg is gadaecema jgufis sxva wevrebs.

miuxedavad imisa, rom crurwmenebTan dakavSirebuli, Cven mier moyvanili

magaliTebis umravlesoba aSS-s farglebSia mopovebuli, faqtobrivad, yvela
sazogadoeba ganasxvavebs Sida da gare jgufebs. dabolos, am paragrafis
sisrulisaTvis, crurwmenebis daZlevis sakiTxis TvalsazrisiT, Cven ganvixilavT
eqsperiments, romelic sakiTxis internacionalur aspeqtebs exeba da
RirsSesaniSnavia Tavisi SedegebiT. Tomas petigium (Thomas Pettigrew, 1997),
Seiswavla daaxloebiT 4000 adamianis monacemi safrangeTSi, niderlandebSi,
 922
inglissa da yofil dasavleT germaniaSi, raTa Seemowmebina Serifis da misi
kolegebis mier aRweril kvlevaSi miRebuli Sedegebi, gansakuTrebiT ki _
kontaqtis hipoTeza, romelsac crurwmenebis Semcirebamde mivyavarT.

saidan viciT

megobroba amcirebs crurwmenebs

yvela am qveyanaSi cdis pirebs sTxoves, ganesazRvraT TavianTi
damokidebuleba garkveuli erovnuli umciresobebis mimarT (magaliTad,
ingliselebs ekiTxebodnen indoelebis, xolo germanelebs _ Turqebis
Sesaxeb). maT, agreTve, sTxovdnen, miewodebinaT informacia im adamianebTan
kontaqtebis tipis Sesaxeb, romlebic ekuTvnodnen sxva erebs, rasebs,
religiebs, kulturebs an socialur klasebs. hyavdaT Tu ara maT Soris
megobrebi, mezoblebi an TanamSromlebi. kvlevis Sedegebi sakmaod
dramatuli iyo. rodesac adamianebi am garejgufebis wevrebs axasiaTebdnen,
rogorc megobrebs, isini crurwmenebis SedarebiT dabal dones avlendnen.

kulturaTaSorisi (kros-kulturuli) monacemebis gaTvaliswinebiT, am

kvlevidan Zalze calsaxa daskvna gamomdinareobs: garejgufis wevrTan megobrobas
crurwmenebis gaqrobamde mivyavarT. ratom aris megobroba ase efeqturi?
megobroba adamianebs SesaZleblobas aZlevs, meti gaigon garejgufis wevrebis
Sesaxeb: isini maTTan identifikaciac ki SeiZleba moaxdinon. megobrobam, aseve,
SesaZloa, deprovincializaciamdec migviyvanos: es niSnavs, rom rodesac adamianebi
mets igeben garejgufis normebis da Cveulebebis Sesaxeb, isini nakleb
“provinciulebi” xdebian sakuTar SidajgufSi mimdinare procesebis
koreqtulobasTan mimarTebaSic.
socialuri fsiqologia ar Tvlis, rom crurwmenebi xelis erTi mosmiT
SeiZleba moispos, magram is Tanmimdevrulad dgams nabijebs maTi yvelaze mZime
Sedegebis TandaTanobiTi aRmofxvrisaTvis, TiToeuli mcire SemTxvevebSic ki.
namdvilad Rirs, gamoZebnoT dro da daakvirdeT, rogor SeZlebT Tqveni im
crurwmenebis gamovlinebebis daregulirebas Tqvens irgvliv, romlebsac an Tqven
axvevT Tavze sxvebs, an, piriqiT, sxvebisgan gixdebaT amis atana.

Sejameba
 923
crurwmenebTan dakavSirebuli savalalo realoba isaa, rom Zalze minimaluri
maniSnebelic ki sakmarisia, mavne tendenciebis CamoyalibebisaTvis. kvlevebma
cxadyo, rom socialuri kategorizacia swrafad kravs ucxo adamianebs mWidrod
SekavSirebul jgufebad, romlebic Sidajgufebis wevrebs ufro pozitiurad
aRiqvamen, vidre _ garejgufebis wevrebs. stereotipebi zRudaven adamianis mier
“realobis” gancdas. Serifis eqsperimentma dagvanaxa, rom crurwmenebi SeiZleba
Semcirdes im programebiT, romlebic xels uwyoben saerTo miznebis miRwevas.
asawyobi suraTebis meTodi amas saklaso oTaxebSi akeTebs. kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom
gansxvavebuli jgufebis wevrTa damegobreba iwvevs crurwmenebis Semcirebas.

konfliqtisa da mSvidobis fsiqologia

bolo or paragrafSi vnaxeT, rom adamianis cxovrebaSi agresiasa da

crurwmenebs sakomaod didi adgili ukavia, magram yvelaze momakvdinebeli maTi
urTierTgadakveTaa. 21-e saukuneSi jer kidev arsebobs iseTi katastrofuli
siZulvili, romelic religiuri, rasobrivi Tu kulturuli crurwmenebis
safuZvelze Cndeba. ra SeiZleba gakeTdes am siZulvilis dasaZlevad? “fsiqologia
da cxovrebis” SesavalSi Cven fsiqologebi davaxasiaTeT, rogorc “adamianebis
sakmaod optimisturi jgufi”, vinaidan maT swamT, rom maTi Teoriebi da
fsiqologiuri kvlevebis Sedegebi, SesaZloa, gamoyenebul iqnas adamianis
cxovrebis gasaumjobeseblad. am wignis daskvniT paragrafebSic gvsurs am.
optimisturi ganwyobilebis SenarCuneba. miuxedavad imisa, rom Cven SevexebiT im
fsiqologiur Zalebs, romlebsac mosdevs damangreveli qceva, naTeli iqneba isic,
rom arseboben iseTi Zalebic, romlebsac xelewifebaT konstruqtiuli
cvlilebebis safuZvlis Seqmna. Cveni saboloo mizania, mivideT mSvidobis
fsiqologiis ganxilvamde. es aris mravalmxrivi cda imisa, rom socialuri
mecnierebebis mier dagrovili codna gamoyenebul iqnas msoflioSi mSvidobis
damyarebis da ganmtkicebis saqmeSi. swored es gaxlavT optimizmis is pirveli
nota, romliTac gvsurs, rom damTavrdes fsiqologiasTan Tqveni pirveli Sexeba.

fsiqologia 21-e saukuneSi

 924

samyaro pataravdeba
internetis zedapiruli mimoxilvac sakmarisia, rom davrwmundeT _
samyaro dapataravda. axla ukve bevri CvenTagani urTierTobas amyarebs
ucxo adamianebTan eleqtronuli fostisa da “Catis” meSveobiT da aseTi
urTierTobebi kidev ufro gafarTovdeba imis Sesabamisad, rac ufro meti
adamiani aiTvisebs msoflio qselis teqnologiebs. magaliTad, erT-erTi
arasportuli Tema, romelzec laparaki iyo 2000 wlis msoflio
olimpiadaze, interneti iyo. olimpiuri sofeli, sadac sportsmenebi
cxovrobdnen, kargad iyo aRWurvili uaxlesi aparaturiT, raTa msoflios
yvela kuTxidan Camosul sportsmenebs msoflio qselSi mogzaurobis
saSualeba hqonodaT. gazeTebi iuwyebodnen, rom kubelma sportsmenebma,
romelTac manamde ar HhqondaT internetTan urTierTobis gamocdileba,
erTi kviris ganmavlobaSi aamoqmedes 160-ze meti veb gverdi (Jordan, 2000).
erT-erTi kiTxva, romelsac 21-e saukune namdvilad svams fsiqologiis
winaSe, aris is, Tu rogor Seegua adgilobrivi kulturebi msoflio qsels
da, piriqiT, ra gavlena moaxdena adgilobrivma kulturebma masze.
ganvixiloT, Tu ra gavlena moaxdina internetma kuveitis cxovrebaze
(Wheeler, 1998). rogorc mraval sxva qveyanaSi, kuveitSic interneti
Tavdapirvelad akademiuri wreebisTvis gaxda xelmisawvdomi, kerZod,
kuveitis universitetis TanamSromlebisTvis. Tumca, Zalian mokle droSi is
sayovelTaod xelmisawvdomi gaxda. umravles SemTxvevaSi, kuveitelebic
iseve iyeneben internets, rogorc mTel msoflioSi, “CatisTvis”: adamianebi
mas, ZiriTadad, “salaybod” iyeneben da kuveitelebic aRniSnaven, rom aqvT
urTierTobebi da romanebi kibersivrceSi. da mainc, kuveitSi internetis
gamoyeneba TaviseburebiT xasiaTdeba, rac mas sxvebisgan ganasxvavebs: “bevri
daZvreba internetSi, magram cota Tu aqveynebs raimes”. kuveitSi
“internetiT sakuTar Tavze informaciis gavrceleba potenciuri safrTxis
Semcveli aqti ufroaa, vidre _ sakuTari Tavis warmoCenis saSualeba. is
aris iaraRi Tqveni mtris winaaRmdeg da instrumenti, raTa SenarCunebuli
iqnas dogmebisadmi konformuloba da gaadvildes yoveldRiuri cxovrebis
marTva” (Wheeler, 1998. pp365-366). aseTi kulturuli SezRudvebis pirobebSi
Zneli warmosadgenia, rom kuveitSi interneti sakuTari Tavis gamoxatvis
 925
saSualebad iqces, rogorc es mraval sxva qveyanaSi moxda.
mkvlevarebma internetis gamoyenebis sxva mravali kulturuli
gansxvavebac Seiswavles, magaliTad, veb-gverdebis is maxasiaTeblebi,
romlebsac ama Tu im kulturebis warmomadgenlebi aniWeben upiratesobas.
erTi da igive veb gverdi, SesaZloa, mTeli msofliosTvis misaRebi iyos,
magram kulturuli gansxvavebebi, SesaZloa, mainc arsebobdes, Tu ramdenad
gasagebi an faseulia esa Tu is veb gverdi (Sears et al., 2000). magaliTad, bevr
veb-gverdze informacia mocemulia marcxnidan marjvniv da zevidan qveviT _
ise, rogorc kiTxuloben inglisur enaze, magram Cinelebi an ebraelebi,
SesaZloa, sirTuleebs waawydnen, vinaidan maTi enebi informaciis sivrciTi
ganlagebis gansxvavebul wess iyeneben (O’Donnell,1994). sazogadod, veb-
gverdebis dizainerebma, SesaZloa, aRmoaCinon, rom maT sakuTari
produqciis “internacionalizaciisaTvis” socialuri mecnierebebis
daxmareba sWirdebaT. veb gverdi, romelic erTi jgufis mowonebas
imsaxurebs, SesaZloa, uaryofili iqnas meore jgufis mier, vTqvaT, im
moWarbebuli agresiulobis an sirTulis gamo, rac ewinaaRmdegeba
adgilobriv normebs (Sears et al., 2000). WeSmaritad kulturaTaSorisi
Rirebulebis mqone veb gverdebis Sesaqmnelad, veb-dizainerebma informacia
iseT wignebSi unda moiZion, rogoricaa “fsiqologia da cxovreba”. rogorc
21-e saukunis moqalaqe, Tqven msoflios dapataravebis mowme xarT. ra
daskvnebs gaakeTebdiT amis Taobaze? ra kiTxvebs dausvamdiT fsiqologebs?

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Cven viwyebT socialur fsiqologiaSi yvelaze

klasikuri kvleviT, romelic Caatara stenli milgremma (Stanley Milgram), raTa
Rrmad Cawvdomoda meore msoflio omis saSinelebebis safuZvlebs.

avtoritetisadmi daqvemdebareba

ra aiZulebda aTasobiT nacists, damorCilebodnen Hhitleris brZanebebs da

milionobiT ebraeli gaegzavnaT gazis kamerebSi? gaaCndaT maT moraluri normebi
Tu ara? rogor unda avxsnaT sxvadasxva kultebis mimdevarTa mzadyofna ara
marto sakuTari sicocxle xelyon, aramed sxvebic Tan gaiyolon? (Tema, romelic
Semdeg rubrikaSi “fsiqologia Tqvens cxovrebaSi” iqneba ganxiluli). da ra
SeiZleba iTqvas piradad Tqvenze? arsebobs garemoebebi, romelTa gavleniTac
Tqven SeZlebdiT, damorCilebodiT sulier liders, mogewamlaT adamianebi da
 926
Semdeg Tavi mogeklaT? SegiZliaT, warmoidginoT Tavi im asobiT udanaSaulo
adamianis amoxocvis monawiled, rac amerikelma jariskacebma, zemdgom pirTa
brZanebiT, vietnamis sofel mai-laiSi ganaxorcieles (Hersh,1971; Opton,1970, 1973)?
Tqveni pasuxi, Cveni pasuxis msgavsad, iqneba – “ara! Tqven me vin ggonivarT”. am
paragrafis wakiTxvis Semdeg, vimedovnebT, rom Tqven eWvi SegeparebaT da ityviT:
“SesaZloa, danamdvilebiT ar vici”. momqmedi socialuri Zalebis gavleniT, Tqvenc,
SesaZloa, igive gaakeToT, rasac sxva adamianebi akeTebdnen igive situaciaSi, rac
ar unda warmoudgenlad da sazarlad geCvenebodeT maTi saqcieli Tqvenc da im
adamianebsac, romlebic am garemoSi uSualod ar ar imyofebian.
individis qcevaze socialuri Zalebis gavlenis gansakuTrebiT damarwmunebeli
demonstrireba solomon aSis mowafem stenli milgremma ganaxorciela. milgremis
kvlevam (1965, 1974) cxadyo, rom meore msoflio omis dros nacistebis brma
morCileba imdenad maTi dispoziciuri maxasiaTeblebis (anu maTi gansakuTrebuli
pirovnuli Tvisebebis an germanelebis erovnuli xasiaTis) moqmedebis Sedegi ar
iyo, ramdenadac iseTi situaciuri Zalebis moqmedebis Sedegi, romelsac nebismieri
adamianis STanTqma SeeZlo. rogor SeZlo man imis Cveneba, rasac arendtma
“borotebis banaluroba” uwoda – rodesac boroti qmedebebi SeiZleba
Cveulebrivma adamianebma Cidinon, romlebic sulac ar arian ulmobelni da
ubralod gauazreblad, yovelgvari gansjis gareSe asruleben sxvebis brZanebebs
(Arendt,1963,1971). morCilebis kvlevis milgremiseuli programa erT-erTi yvelaze
sakamaTo programaa, vinaidan masSi wamoWrili sakiTxebi arsebiTad ukavSirdeba
yoveldRiuri cxovrebis realobasa da eTikur problemebs (Miller,1986; Ross & Nisbett,
1991).

morCilebis paradigma

pirovnuli Taviseburebebisa da socialuri maxasiaTeblebis erTmaneTisgan

gamojvnis mizniT, milgremma Caatara laboratoriuli eqsperimentebis mTeli seria
– avtoritetisadmi damorCilebis 19 laboratoriuli eqsperimenti, romelSic 1000-
ze meti cdis piri monawileobda. milgremis pirveli eqsperimentebi ielis
universitetSi tardeboda niu heivensa da mis gareubnebSi mcxovreb mamakacebze,
romlebsac anazRaureba eZleodaT eqsperimentSi monawileobisaTvis. mogvianebiT
man damorCilebis kvlevis laboratoria universitetidan gadaitana brijportSi,
koneqtikutis StatSi, sadac sagazeTo gancxadebebis saSualebiT agrovebda
 927
eqsperimentSi monawileobis msurvelebs, mosaxleobis yvela fenis, orive sqesis,
asakiT, saqmianobiTa da ganaTlebis doniT gansxvavebul adamianebs.
milgremis ZiriTadi eqsperimentuli paradigma is iyo, rom cdis pirebi
CarTulni iyvnen iseT saqmianobaSi, romelic - rogorc amaSi TviT cdis pirebi
iyvnen darwmunebulebi – iTvaliswinebda sxva adamianze, sxva da sxva diapazonis
eleqtro SokiT zemoqmedebas. es, nebayoflobiT SerCeuli xalxi darwmunebuli
iyo, rom monawileobda mexsierebisa da daswavlis procesis mecnierul kvlevaSi.
isini daarwmunes, rom kvlevis mizans warmoadgenda imis garkveva, Tu rogor
moqmedebs sasjeli mexsierebaze da rogor gaumjobesdeboda daswavlis procesi
Seqebisa da dasjis saTanado balansis gamoyenebiT. cdis pirebs, romlebsac
mieniWaT maswavleblis socialuri roli, daSvebuli SecdomebisaTvis unda
daesajaT isini, visac moswavlis roli hqonda dakisrebuli. maT ganemartaT
ZiriTadi wesi, romliTac unda exelmZRvanelaT da romlis mixedviT yoveli
Secdomis Semdeg eleqtro Soki unda gaeZlierebinaT, vidre ar miaRwevdnrn
dasaswavli masalis uSecdomod gadmocemas. TeTr xalaTSi gamowyobili
eqsperimentatori sruli kanonieri uflebamosilebiT aRWurvili piris msgavsad
moqmedebda; is cdis pirebs acnobda wesebs, awesrigebda rolebis ganawilebas
(mTeli seriozulobiT atarebda kenWisyrebs) da maswavleblebs miTiTebebs
aZlevda, rom kargad SeesrulebinaT TavianTi/dakisrebuli davaleba, rogorc ki
maT yoymans an gansxvavebuli azris gamovlenis mcdelobas amCnevda. damokidebuli
cvladis, eleqtro Sokis maqsimaluri maCvenebeli aparatze, 450 volti iyo,
romlis miRwevac xdeboda mcire 1.5 voltiani bijebiT da romelsac maswavlebeli
umatebda moswavlis yoveli Secdomis sapasuxod, vidre is ar Sewyvetda
“avtoritetis” (e.i. eqsperimentatoris mimarT) damorCilebas da uars ar ityoda
davalebis Sesrulebaze.

cdis situacia

eqsperimenti ise iyo dagegmili, rom cdis piri iZulebuli iyo daejerebina, rom
igi – asrulebda ra brZanebebs – tkivils ayenebda, stanjavda da, SesaZloa,
moekla kidec udanaSaulo adamiani. TiToeul maswavlebels, sanimuSod, miayenes 45
voltis Zabvis eleqtro dartyma, raTa mas warmodgena hqonoda, Tu ra intensiobis
tkivils iwvevda igi. moswavle mSvidi, sasiamovno garegnobis, gawonasworebuli
manerebis mqone, ormocdaaTiode wlis mamakaci iyo, romelic sxvaTa Soria
 928
ambobda, rom guli awuxebs, magram fulis gamo mzad aris gaiaros es procedura.
mas gverdiT oTaxSi abamdnen “eleqtro skamze” da maswavlebelTan urTierTobda
Sida sakomunikacio qselis meSveobiT. moswavles evaleboda dawyvilebuli
sityvebis damaxsovreba da wyvilidan erT-erTi sityvis dasaxeleba, rogorc ki
gaigebda am wyvilis meore sityvas. moswavlem, winaswar dadgenili ganrigis
Sesabamisad, maleve daiwyo Secdomebis daSveba da maswavlebelmac ar daayovna
eleqtroSokis gamoyeneba. msxverplis protesti izrdeboda eleqtroSokis
voltaJis matebasTan erTad. 75 voltze man daiwyo Civili da buzRuni. 150-ze
eqsperimentSi monawileobaze uari ganacxada da ganTavisufleba moiTxova. 180
voltze is yviroda, rom veRar gauZlebs am tkivils. 300 voltze igi gahyviroda,
rom metis atana aRar SeuZlia da ganTavisuflebas iTxovda. bolos tiriliT
laparakobda Tavis avadmyof gulze da kioda. Tu maswavlebeli yoymanobda, an
uars acxadebda ufro maRali eleqtro Sokis miyenebaze, eqsperimentatori mas
eubneboda – “ eqsperimenti moiTxovs, rom Tqven gaagrZeloT” an “Tqven ar gaqvT
arCevani, unda gaagrZeloT”.
rogorc ukve xvdebiT, situacia cdis pirebisaTvis Zalze stresuli iyo.
umetesoba protests gamoTqvamda da ganuwyvetliv aRniSnavdnen, rom maT amis
gagrZeleba aRar SeeZloT. is, rom eqsperimentSi Seqmnilma situaciam cdis pirebSi
Zlieri protesti gamoiwvia, naTlad Cans eqsperimentis angariSebidanac:
• 180 voltiani Sokis Semdeg: “amdens ver gauZlebs! me ar vapireb am kacis
mokvlas. gesmiT, yviris? is ver gauZlebs amas. rame rom daemarTos? . . . am
kacs raime rom daemarTos, vin / agebs pasuxs?” (eqsperimentatori Tanxmdeba
pasuxismgeblobis aRebaze) – “maS, kargi”.
• 195 voltiani Sokis Semdeg: “xom gesmiT rogor yviris? magaria ra, ar
vici” (eqsperimentatori eubneba, rom aucilebelia gagrZeleba) “diax, me vici,
ser, magram vfiqrob, eg azrze ar aris, raSi gaeba. ukve 195 voltia” (Milgram,
1965. p.67).
maSinac ki, rodesac moswavlis oTaxSi siCume isadgurebda, maswavlebeli
brZanebebs iZleoda, ufro moematebinaT eleqtro Sokis voltaJi da daeWiraT
TiTi Rilakze, romelsac ewera: “saxifaToa. Zlieri Soki XXX (450 volti)”.

eleqtroSoki: ho Tu ara?
 929
eqsperimentis dawyebamde milgremma 40 fsiqiatrs TxovniT mimarTa, raTa
ewinaswarmetyvelaT cdis pirTa qceva eqsperimentis ganmavlobaSi. maT
(eqsperimentis aRweraze dayrdnobiT) iwinaswarmetyveles, rom cdis pirebis
umravlesoba ar acdeboda 150 volts, 4%-ze naklebi morCilebas gamoxatavda 300
voltamde da mxolod 0.1% gaagrZelebda zemoqmedebas 450 voltamde.
prognozirebisas fsiqiatrebi eyrdnobodnen mosazrebas, rom srul morCilebas
gamoavlendnen da maqsimalur eleqtro Soks gamoiyenebdnen mxolod garkveuli
maxasiaTeblebiT aranormaluri, sadisti adamianebi, romlebsac siamovnebT
sxvebisTvis tkivilis miyeneba.
fsiqiatrebi aseT Sefasebebs afuZnebdnen Sexedulebaze, rom aseTi
aranormaluri qcevebis ganmaxorcielebel adamianebs gaaCniaT gansakuTrebuli
dispoziciuri maxasiaTeblebi, Tumca, maT mxedvelobidan gamorCaT situaciis is
gansakuTrebuli Zala, romelsac SeeZlo, gavlena moexdina cdis pirTa
umravlesobis azrovnebasa da qcevebze, vinaidan isini “amoglejilni” iqnen
maTTvis Cveuli situaciidan. RirsSesaniSnavi da SemaSfoTebeli daskvna ki
gaxlavT is, rom es eqspertebi Secdnen: cdis pirTa umravlesoba srulad
daemorCila avtoritets. arc erTi cdis piri ar SeCerebula 300 voltze nakleb
Zabvaze. moswavleebis mimarT 65%-ma gamoiyena maqsimaluri eleqtro Soki – 450
volti. miaqcieT yuradReba, rom maTi umravlesoba sityvierad acxadebda
winaaRmdegobas, magram qceviT emorCileboda avtoritets. msxverplis
TvalsazrisiT, es kritikuli sxvaobaa. marTlac, Tqven rom yofiliyaviT
msxverplis adgilze, raime mniSvneloba eqneboda imas, rom adamians ar undoda
TqvenTvis tkivilis moyeneba da sityvierad ewinaaRmdegeboda brZanebas, Tu ki is,
bolos da bolos, daemorCileboda brZanebas da mogayenebdaT eleqtro Sokis
ganmeorebad dartymebs?
milgremis eqsperimentis Sedegebi imdenad moulodneli iyo, rom mkvlevarebs
didi Sroma dasWirdaT, raTa gamoericxaT maTi alternatiuli interpretaciis
SesaZleblobebi. erTaderTi gamosavali iyo is, rom daeSvaT, cdis pirebma
realurad ar daijeres eqsperimentis “legenda”. SesaZloa, maT isic ki ar
daijeres, rom msxverpls namdvilad ayenebdnen tkivils. amis gamosaricxad
Catarda iseTi eqsperimenti, romelSic damorCilebis efeqti iyo realuri, swrafi
da uSualo. kolejis studentebi Tvlidnen, rom wvrTnidnen lekvs, romelzec
yoveli Secdomis Semdeg zemoqmedebdnen eleqtroSokiT. isini realurad xedavdnen,
 930
rogor xteboda lekvi da esmodaT misi wkmutuni yovelTvis, rodesac Rilakze
aWerdnen xels da aZlierebdnen dens cxaurSi, romelzec lekvi idga. ramdeni
adamiani isurvebda gaegrZelebina lekvze eleqtroSokiT zemoqmedeba da misi
wvaleba? am realur situaciaSic ki, studentebis samma meoTxedma eleqtro Sokis
maqsimaluri odenoba gamoiyena (Sheridan & King, 1972).
cdis pirebis qcevis kidev erT alternatiul axsnas warmoadgens is, rom
eqsperimentis Sedegebze gavlena moaxdina misi pirobebis moTxovniTma
maxasiaTeblebma (Demand characteristics). es moTxovniTi maxasiaTeblebi aris
eqsperimentuli situaciis maniSneblebi, romlebic zemoqmedebdnen cdis pirebze da
aniSnebdnen, Tu ras elian maTgan. davuSvaT, milgremis cdis pirebi mixvdnen, rom
misi eqsperimentis Sedegebi bevrad ufro saintereso iqneboda, Tu isini ar
Sewyvetdnen eleqtro SokiT zemoqmedebas da amitomac, agrZelebdnen TamaSs.
Semdgomma kvlevebma aCvena, rom avtoritetisadmi damorCileba sulac ar ganicdis
uCveulo eqsperimentuli pirobebis gavlenas. is, SesaZloa, moxdes nebismier
cxovrebiseul situaciaSi.

saidan viciT

morCileba realur cxovrebiseul situaciaSi

mkvlevarebis jgufma, saavadmyofos cxovrebiseul situaciaSi
damorCilebis Seswavlis mizniT, Caatara Semdegi savele kvleva. meddas
(cdis piri) telefoniT daureka eqimma, romelsac arasodes Sexvedria.
eqimma mas davaleba misca, pacientisTvis garkveuli wamali mieca ise, rom
am wamals eqimis mosvlamde emoqmeda. eqimma daniSna 20 mg. wamali,
romelsac ewodeboda astroteni. wamlis yuTze gakeTebuli iyo warwera,
romelic ityobineboda, rom astrotenis Cveulebrivi doza iyo 5 mg., xolo
maqsimaluri doza _ 10 mg.
SeeZlo Tu ara meddas, pacientisTvis wamlis gadaWarbebuli doza mieca
ucnobi piris satelefono zaris Sesabamisad maSin, roca es dadgenil
samedicino praqtikas ewinaaRmdegeboda? rodesac es dilema aRuweres 12
meddas, 10-ma maTganma ganacxada, rom isini ar daemorCilebodnen ucnobis
zars. xolo is, Tu rogor moiqcnen meddebi, realurad, es sxva, axla ukve
kargad cnobili ambavia. rodesac meddebis sxva jgufi moxvda analogiur
situaciaSi, TiTqmis yvela maTgani damorCilda. 22-dan 21-ma meddam daiwyo
 931
pacientisTvis wamlis micema (sinamdvileSi, sruliad uvnebeli
nivTierebis), vidre mkvlevarma-eqimma ar SeaCera isini (Hofling et al., 1966).

es Sedegebi miuTiTebs, rom Mmilgremis mier miRebuli Sedegi ar SeiZleba

mieweros eqsperimentis pirobebis maxasiaTeblebis moTxovnebze cdis pirTa
reagirebas.

• moTxovniTi maxasiaTeblebi (Demand characteristics) _ eqsperimentuli

situaciis maniSneblebi, romlebic zemoqmedeben cdis pirebze da aniSneben
maT, Tu ras elian maTgan.

ratom emorCilebian adamianebi avtoritets?

milgremis kvleva adasturebs, rom imis gasarkvevad, Tu ratom emorCilebian

adamianebi avtoritets, saWiroa ufro detalurad ganvixiloT garkveul
situaciebSi momqmedi fsiqologiuri Zalebi. me-17-e TavSi vnaxeT, Tu ramdenad
xSirad zRudavs qcevas situaciuri Zalebi da swored milgremis kvlevam
warmoaCina am ZiriTadi principis naTeli magaliTi. milgremi da sxva mkvlevarebi
axdendnen eqsperimentuli situaciis mTeli rigi aspeqtebiT manipulirebas, raTa
gamoekveTaT, rom damorCilebis efeqti ganpirobebulia ara pirovnuli, aramed
situaciuri faqtorebiT. 18.5 suraTze asaxulia morCilebis doneebi gansxvavebul
situaciebSi. magaliTad, morCileba sakmaod maRalia, rodesac jer mewyvile
iZleva morCilebis magaliTs, rodesac cdis piri moqmedebs, rogorc Sualeduri
rgoli – im adamianebis damxmare, vinc uSualod zemoqmedebs msxverplze, an
rodesac msxverpli (moswavle) fizikurad daSorebulia maswavleblisagan.
morCileba sakmaod dabalia, rodesac TviTon Mmoswavle iTxovs masze
zemoqmedebas, rodesac ori avtoritetiT aRWurvili piri iZleva
urTierTsawinaaRmdego miTiTebebs, an TviT avtoritetia msxverpli. es Sedegebi
miuTiTebs, rom qcevaze zegavlenas axdens situacia da ara cdis pirebs Soris
individualuri gansxvavebebi.

SokiT zemoqmedeba
eqsperimentuli variaciebi
 932
1. moswavle iTxovs SokiT 8. Sexebis SesaZlebloba.
zemoqmedebas. 9. siaxlove.
2. avtoriteti, rogorc msxverpli 10. institucionaluri konteqsti.
– miTiTebebs iZleva Cveulebrivi 11. xmovani ukukavSiri.
adamiani. 12. daSorebili msxverpli.
3. ori avtoriteti – sawinaaRmdego 13. qali cdis pirebi.
miTiTebebi. 14. ori avtoriteti – erTi
4. cdis pirebi TviTon irCeven msxverpli.
Sokis odenobas. 15. cdis piri, rogorc mowme.
5. ori mewyvile winaaRmdegia. 16. mewyvile akontrolebs Sokis
6. rigiTi adamiani iZleva wyaros.
miTiTebebs.
7. avtoriteti daSorebulia.

sur. 18.5. damorCileba milgremis eqsperimentebSi

grafiki asaxavs sustidan Zlier damorCilebamde profilebs, milgremis
eqsperimentebis gansxvavebul situaciebSi.

ori mizezi, romlis gamoc adamianebi avlenen morCilebas, am situaciebSi,

migviyvans normatuli da informaciuli gavlenis wyaroebamde, romelzec saubari
iyo me-17-e TavSi: adamianebs undaT, rom mowonebul iqnan (normatuli gavlena) da
iyvnen marTlebi (informaciuli zegavlena). isini midrekilni arian, moiqcnen ise,
rogorc sxvebi iqcevian, an iqceodnen ise, rom iyvnen socialurad misaRebni da
mosawonni. amasTan, gaurkvevel, axal situaciebSi, magaliTad, am eqsperimentis
msgavs situaciebSi, adamianebi endobian sxvebis miniSnebebs imis Taobaze, Tu ra
saxis qcevebia Sesaferisi da swori. ufro xSirad, isini endobian eqspertebs da
sando pirebs, romlebic karnaxoben maT, Tu rogor unda moiqcnen. milgremis
paradigmis mesame faqtori isaa, rom, rogorc Cans, cdis pirebi ibneodnen, vinaidan
ar icodnen, rogor gamoexataT daumorCilebloba. arafers ambobdnen, radgan
ujerebdnen avtoritets. maT rom hqonodaT situaciidan pirdapiri, martivi
gamosavali, magaliTad, daeWiraT xeli Rilakze “Sewyveta”, maSin, SesaZloa,
naklebad gamoevlinaT morCileba (Ross, 1988). dabolos, am eqsperimentul
situaciaSi avtoritetisadmi damorCileba aris im gaSinagnebuli Tvisebis nawili,
rasac bavSvebi gansxvavebul situaciebSi swavloben – usityvod daemorCilon
 933
avtoritets (Brown, 1986). es movlena maSin emsaxureba sazogadoebas, rodesac
avtoritetebi legitimuri ZalauflebiT arian aRWurvilni da imsaxureben
morCilebas. problema ki isaa, rom am wesma sakuTari Tavi amowura.
avtoritetisadmi brma morCileba niSnavs yvelanairi avtoritetuli figurisadmi
morCilebas ubralod imitom, rom maT miewerebaT raime statusi, miuxedavad imisa,
marTebulia Tu ara maTi moTxovnebi da brZanebebi.

fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi

ratom eziarebian adamianebi kults?

eWvgareSea, bolo wlebSi informaciam kultebis Sesaxeb daipyro Cveni
cnobiereba, sakulto jgufebis wevrebis im eqstremaluri, auxsneli
qcevebis gamo, romelTa Sesaxebac vkiTxulobT, an romelTac vuyurebT
masmediis saSualebiT. SeerTebul StatebSi, sakuTari lideris mier
provocirebulma “heiven geits”-is 39 wevrma ritualuri wesebis dacviT
moikla Tavi, 1997 wlis martSi. daaxloebiT oci wliT adre, gaianas
junglebis dasaxlebaSi, 900-ze metma amerikelma moqalaqem Caatara
masobrivi TviTmkvleloba, maTi qarizmatuli lideris – Rirsi jim jonsis
daJinebuli moTxovniT. safrangeTSi, kanadasa da SveicariaSi, mzis taZris
ordenis wevrebma, aseve, ritualuri wesiT moiswrafes sicocxle. iaponiaSi
ki seqta “aum Sin rikios” wevrebma tokios metroSi gazis gamoyenebiT
mowamles mgzavrebi da dagegmili hqondaT masobrivi mkvlelobebis sxva
aqciebi, maTi lideris miTiTebebis Tanaxmad. am, WeSmaritad tragikuli,
faqtebis miRma arsebobs aTasobiT jgufi, romelic kvalificirdeba,
rogorc kulti da romlis wevrebic totalur morCilebas ucxadeben am
jgufebs da maT liderebs. wevrebi emorCilebian nebismier brZanebas,
rogoricaa, magaliTad, ucnob partniorze daqorwineba masobrivi
qorwinebis ceremoniebis dros, maTxovroba, rekrutireba, xangrZlivi Sroma
anazRaurebis gareSe, sakuTari qonebis jgufis sargeblobaSi gadacema, an
dauqorwineblobis aRTqmis dadeba.
SegiZliaT aseTi ramis gakeTebis warmodgena? arsebobs ki iseTi
garemoebebi, romelTa zegavleniTac miuerTdebodiT kults da iqceodiT im
komformizmis, daTmobis da totaluri morCilebis pirad, rasac kulti
Tavs axvevs jgufis wevrebs? cxadia, umravlesoba ityvis – “ara, araviTar
 934
SemTxvevaSi”. magram Cveni, rogorc fsiqologebis, amocanaa gavigoT, Tu
rogor axerxeben es jgufebi da maTi liderebi aseT iZulebas da CavwvdeT
im pirobebs, romelTa meSveobiTac adamianebi mowyvladni xdebian da
ujereben maTgan miRebul damarwmunebel informacias.
amrigad, ras warmoadgens kulti? sakulto jgufebi mniSvnelovnad
gansxvavdebian TavianTi aqtivobebiT, struqturiT, sididiT da ideologiiT,
magram praqtikulad yvela warmoadgens aratradiciul religiur jgufs,
romelic imarTeba avtoritaruli lideris mier da romelic aris jgufis
ideologiis, doqtrinis erTad-erTi sulieri wyaro da ZiriTadi mcveli
(Kramer & Alsted,1993; Singer, 1995; Zimbardo & Andersen, 1993). aseTi lideri, umetes
SemTxvevaSi, qarizmatuli lideria, energiiTa da TavdadebiTaa aRvsili da
xSirad pretenziasac acxadebs RvTaebriv yovlisSemZleobaze,
yovlismcodneobasa da ukvdavebazec ki. miuxedavad calkeuli
kultebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebis gansxvavebebisa, saerTo maT Soris
aris axlad miRebuli wevrebisadmi uxvi dapirebebi, zemoqmedebis wesi da
jgufis iZulebiTi Zala, romelic yoveli wevrisagan iTxovs sakuTari
nebisa da kritikuli azrovnebis daTmobas (Hassan, 1988; Langone, 1993).
maS, ratom surT adamianebs kultTan SeerTeba? upirveles yovlisa,
aravin uerTdeba kults, rogorc aseTs. adamianebi uerTdebian saintereso
jgufs, romelic maT sakuTari moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebas pirdeba.
isini mxolod mogvianebiT aRiqmebian sakulto jgufebad, mxolod maSin,
rodesac cnobierdeba, rom es aris cru, naklovani, saSiSi gaerTianeba, an
sulac is, rom is ewinaaRmdegeba sazogadoebis mier aRiarebul ZiriTad
Rirebulebebs. kulti maSin xdeba mimzidveli, adamianis individualuri
moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis dapirebas iZleva, ramdenadac es SeiZleba
exebodes saxeldaxelo megobrobas, identurobas an cxovrebis mowyobas.
kulti adamianebs, aseve pirdeba kompensacias socialuri marcxis
SemTxvevaSi: izolirebulobis da marcxis SegrZnebis acilebiT. sakulto
jgufi ufrTxildeba sakuTar samyaros, Tavis usafrTxoebas, wevrebis
janmrTelobas, maT movla-patronobas –yvelaferi winaswar aris gaTvlili
da kontrolirebuli. sul ufro da ufro garTulebad samyaroSi, kultis
liderebi wevrebs sTavazoben martiv gadawyvetilebebs, bednierebisken,
 935
warmatebisaken da xsnisaken mimavali gzis gakvalvas.
admianebi, kultis damarwmunebeli Zalis mimarT, gansakuTrebiT
mgrZnobiareni arian maSin, rodesac sacxovreblad gadadian axal qveyanaSi
an axal qalaqSi, kargaven samuSaos, amTavreben saswavleblebs an idevnebian
tradiciuli religiidan, rogorc Seuferebelni. kulti mimzidvelia
maTTvisac, vinc Tavis samuSaos mosawyenad miiCnevs da erTferovnad, visac
gafantuli da uSinaarso socialuri cxovreba aqvs da visac rwmena aqvs
dakarguli sakuTari qveynis mTavrobis mimarT.
miuxedavad imisa, rom mediis mier mowodebuli axali ambebi masobrivi
mkvlelobebisa da TviTmkvlelobebis Sesaxeb avrceleben cnobebs,
kultebis umravlesoba wynarad moqmedebs Tavisi miznebis misaRwevad. Tuki
isini TavianT danapirebs asruleben, maT SeuZliaT Rirebuli samsaxuri
gauwion calkeul adamianebs da SeZlon maTTvis cxovrebiseuli vakuumis
Sevseba. magram rodesac isini moqmedeben motyuebiT, iZulebiT, ZaliT da
amaxinjeben Tavisuflebis, damoukideblobis da kritikuli azrovnebis
ZiriTad faseulobebs, isini saSiSni xdebian, rogorc sakuTari
wevrebisaTvis, ise _ sazogadoebisaTvisac, magram aqve marTebuli iqneba
erTi kiTxvis dasma: nuTu sazogadoebas ar SeuZlia adamianebi
uzrunvelyos yovelive imiT, rasac kultebi pirdebian, raTa es kultebi ar
warmoCindnen saintereso, gansakuTrebuli stilis cxovrebad, romelsac ase
eswrafian adamianebi, mTel msoflioSi?

milgremis eqsperimentebi da Tqven

ra mniSvneloba SeiZleba hqondes TqvenTvis avtoritetisadmi damorCilebis am

kvlevebs? rogor moiqceviT Tqven, rodesac cxovrebis manZilze msgavsi moraluri
dilemebis winaSe aRmoCndebiT? gamoZebneT dro da dafiqrdiT avtoritetisadmi
damorCilebis im situaciebze, romlebic, SesaZloa, warmoiqmnes Tqvens
yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. moatyuebdiT myidvels, Tqvens ufross xeli rom Seewyo
TqvenTvis? an warmoidgineT, rom kongresis wevri xarT, xmas miscemT imas, rasac
partia mogTxovT, Tu sakuTar sindiss mousmendiT?
milgremis mier Catarebuli, avtoritetisadmi damorCilebis kvlevebi angrevs
miTs imis Sesaxeb, rom adamianebis codvis wyaro maT codvil bunebaSia – cudi
“isini”-s bunebaSi, romlebic gansxvavdebian kargi “Cven”-gan an “Tqven”-gan. amiT
 936
sulac ar gvinda adamianis bunebis damcireba, magram gvinda, naTeli movfinoT
imas, rom normaluri, kargad moazrovne individuumic ki, SesaZloa, potenciurad
susti aRmoCndes Zlieri situaciuri da socialuri Zalebis winaSe.
dasasrul, gvinda ramdenime sityva vTqvaT gmirobaze. davuSvaT, adamianebis
umetesoba, Tqveni msgavsi adamianebisa, daemorCila raRac Zlier jgufur Zalas.
Cveni azriT, Tu Tqven SegwevT unari, win aRudgeT amas, Tqveni qceva, SeiZleba
Sefasdes, rogorc gmiroba. gmiri is pirovnebaa, romelsac SeuZlia imoqmedos
Segnebulad, sindisidan gamomdinare maSin, roca danarCenebi konformizms avlenen,
an visac SeuZlia arCevani gaakeTos maRali zneobrivi qcevis sasargeblod,
rodesac danarCenebi mdumared gadgebian ganze, raTa borotebam Tavisuflad
iboginos. SesaZloa, im faqtma, rom Tqven iciT iseTi situaciuri Zalebis
arsebobis Sesaxeb, romlebic SesaZlebels xdian “borotebis banalurobas”,
gibiZgoT kidec gmiruli qcevisken.

genocidisa da omis fsiqologia

jerjerobiT Cven mxolod is gavarkvieT, rom adamians, rogorc saxeobas, gaaCnia

garkveuli midrekileba, daemorCilos avtoritets, magram adamianis bunebis am
damaxasiaTebeli niSnis Sefasebis garda, albaT, axsnas saWiroebs isic, Tu ratom
xdeba, rom garkveul dros da garkveul adgilas adamianTa erTi jgufi iwyebs
adamianTa meore jgufis sistematur ganadgurebas _ genocids. ratom aris, rom
Zalze xSirad, erTi jgufi iwyebs oms, an axorcielebs naklebad formalur
agresias meore jgufis mimarT. am paragrafSi Cven gavaanalizebT zogierT
istoriul da fsiqologiur Zalas, romelmac adamianis modgma waiyvana uaRresad
organizebuli agresiis gziT.
fsiqologma irvin staubma (Ervin Staub, 1989,2000) Seiswavla genocidis
SemTxvevebi istoriaSi da SemogvTavaza im kulturuli da fsiqologiuri Zalebis
mimoxilva, romlebic SesaZlebels xdian terors:
• sawyisi wertili xSirad sazogadoebis wevrebis mZime cxovrebis
pirobebSi, cud ekonomikur mdgomareobaSi, politikur daRmavlobasa da sxva
msgavs faqtorebSi unda veZeboT.
• rogorc Cans, am mZime pirobebSi, adamianebs uZlierdebaT Sida da gare
jgufebis gamijvnis tendencia. aseT SemTxvevaSi, gare jgufi gamodis
gantevebis vacis rolSi da brali edeba sazogadoebis sirTuleebSi. mravali
 937
magaliTia imisa, Tundac nacisturi germania, sadac sxva erebis gantevebis
vacis rolSi gamoyvana warmoadgenda kulturuli Tu politikuri
ideologiis nawils, romelsac erTnairad iziarebdnen, rogorc eris
liderebi, ise _ rigiTi moqalaqeebic.
• vinaidan jgufi, romelsac bralad daedo sazogadoebis sirTuleebSi,
gamodis gantevebis vacis rolSi, xdeba mis mimarT Zaladobis gamarTleba.
Zaladobis calkeul incidentebs mivyavarT msoflio samarTlianobaze
fiqramde (Lerner, 1980) anu mosazrebebamde imis Taobaze, rom vinaidan Cven
samarTlian samyaroSi vcxovrobT, daCagrulma xalxma raRac unda
moimoqmedos, rom Zaladobas Tavi daaRwios. ase magaliTad, nacisturi epoqis
germanelebi mividnen im mosazrebamde, rom ebraelebi imsaxurebdnen Tavis
xvedrs im zianis gamo, rac maT germaniis saxelmwifos miayenes.
• Zaladobas, agreTve, safuZvlad edeba sakuTari Tavis gamarTlebis
survili – misi SeCereba niSnavs aRiaro, rom misi wamowyeba, TavisTavad, iyo
mcdari. metic, rodesac esa Tu is reJimi Zaladobas mimarTavs, sxvaTa
dumili aRiqmeba Tanxmobad, rom misi qmedebebi samarTliania. aseT
SemTxvevasTan gvqonda saqme im “eTnikuri wmendiT” gamowveul xocva-
Jletisas, romelsac adgili hqonda 1991 wels iugoslaviis daSlis Semdeg,
rodesac, miuxedavad masmediaSi farTo gaSuqebisa, ramdenime wlis
ganmavlobaSi msoflio Tanamegobroba araviTar zomebs ar iRebda.

gaanvixiloT kambojis magaliTi (Hinton 1996). situacia Seqmna cxovrebis mZime

pirobebma: XX saukunis 60-iani wlebis bolos qveyanaSi Seiqmna mZime ekonomikuri
viTareba, rasac daerTo dabombvebi, romlebsac aSS vietnamis winaaRmdeg
axorcielebda da mis mezobel kambojazec aisaxeboda. axalma reJimma daiwyo
gantevebis vacis Zieba da isini iqcnen kidec ukiduresi Zaladobis samizned.
komunistebma, romlebmac 1975 wels daipyres dedaqalaqi pnom peni, ipoves
ideologiuri mtrebi, romelTa ganadgurebac aucilebeli iyo, raTa aSenebuliyo
axali sazogadoeba. yofili samxedro da politikuri liderebi daapatimres da
daxvrites. SemdgomSi, nel-nela gafarTovda “klasobrivi mtris” cneba da moicva
maswavleblebi, studentebi, Cinovnikebi, profesionalebi, romlebic potenciur
moRalateebad gamocxaddnen. imata mkvlelobaTa ricxvma, vinaidan es
“emsaxureboda” ideologiis ganmtkicebas da mkafiod gansazRvruli miznis
 938
miRwevas – qveyana unda ganTavisufldes Sinauri mtrebisgan. rogorc sxva mraval
SemTxvevaSi, msoflio Tanamegobroba arc am saqmeSi Careula.

“mtris” cneba da xati

Cven ukve vnaxeT, rom genocidis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani momentia “gantevebis

vacis” moZebna. igive moments SegviZlia Tvali mivadevnoT genocidis
ganxorcielebis procesSic, maSinac ki, rodesac mizani ar aris dasaxuli jgufis
totaluri ganadgureba. ganvixiloT socialisturi sistemis rRvevis Semdeg,
yofil aRmosavleT germaniaSi, nacionalur gamokiTxvebSi asaxuli, 15-dan 20
wlamde germaneli axalgazrdebis sakmaod negatiuri ganwyobebi polonelebisa da
Turqebis mimarT. am ganwyobilebebis safuZveli, rogorc aRmoCnda, iyo
kulturuli da ekonomikuri konkurenciis SiSi (Watts, 1996) anu gaCnda eWvi, rom
polonelebi da Turqebi ikaveben samuSao adgilebs, riTac xels uwyoben
komunizmidan demokratiaze gadasvlis process da Semosavlis gareSe toveben
germanel axalgazrdebs. ekonomikuri safrTxis aseTi aRqma esadageba im models,
romelic Cven zemoT ukve aRvwereT: crurwmenebi da diskriminaciis
ganxorcielebisadmi mzadyofna spontanurad ar xorcieldeba; is moiTxovs iseT
socialur garemos, romelic xels uwyobs rwmenas, rom “mteri” iTvisebs isedac
mwir resursebs. es ki warmoSobs safuZvels ZaladobisaTvis.
rodesac reJimi “mters” gantevebis vacis rols moargebs, iwyeba misi
“dehumanizacia”. igi cdilobs, xalxi miiyvanos im azramde, rom mtris arahumanuri
jgufi saZulvelia da unda ganadgurdes. dehumanizaciis es procesi gansakuTrebiT
saSiSia omis warmoebis dros. kulturebis umravlesoba individualur agresias
ganixilavs, rogorc danaSauls, saxelmwifoebi milionobiT jariskacs avarjiSeben
mkvlelobis CadenaSi. saxelmwifo liderebis amocanaa aseTi saxis mkvlelobebs
saxe ucvalos da patriotul qmedebad aqcios (Harle, 2000; Keen, 1986). es masobrivi
socialuri zegavlena nawilobriv moicavs mowinaaRmdegis jariskacebis
dehumanizaciasa daa maaT gadaqcevas “mtrad”. am dehumanizacias, mtris cocxal
ferebSi warmosaxviT, politikuri ritorika da masmedia agvirgvinebs. rogorc
veteranebi aRniSnaven, omSi yvelaze mniSvnelovani iaraRi ki ar aris, aramed _
 939
“sazizRari mtris” gaSinagnebuli xati. amgvarad, omis dros, axalgazrda
jariskacebi fsiqologiurad programirdebian mkvlelebad, swored im
damaxinjebuli saxeebiT, visac ki mTavroba mtris iarliys miawebebs.
xSir SemTxvevaSi, es warmodgenebi ubralod xelovnuri xatebi ki ar aris,
aramed Rrma mentaluri xatebia, romlebsac politikosebi aRviveben masebSi maT
dasarazmad da saomrad gasaSvebad.
amis cocxali magaliTia is procesi, romelsac aSS ganuwyvetliv
axorcielebda, rodesac sadam huseins hitlers adarebda, 1990 wlis sparseTis
yureSi gaCaRebuli omis konteqstSi (Voss et al., 1992). am kavSiris sazogadoebis
gonebaSi CabeWdviT, prezident jorj buSs da sxva politikur liderebs
saSualeba eZleodaT, brZolisaken moewodebinaT amerikelTa didi masebisaTvis.
rodesac “huseini” iqca “hitlerad”, ufro advili gaxda msjeloba aqtiuri
samxedro moqmedebebis dawyebis Sesaxeb.

ratom midian adamianebi omSi?

rodesac saxelmwifos liderebi omis dawyebas apireben, isini acnobiereben, rom

amas, SesaZloa, negatiuri Sedegebi moyves. Tanamedrove omi, meore msoflio omidan
moyolebuli, aRar iTvaliswinebs mSvidobiani mosaxleobis dandobas. es xdeba im
mizniT, rom “gatexon xalxis neba”. maSinac ki, rodesac omi dasaxlebuli
punqtebidan moSorebiT warmoebs, ise, rogorc es sparseTis yuris omis dros
xdeboda, mas mainc moyveba msxverpli orive mxridan. rogor unda moaxdinos
mTavrobam an sxva jgufebma imis dasabuTeba, rom oms imdenad didi mniSvneloba
aqvs, rom 2-aseTi msxverpli/ 1-gamarTlebulia? umetes SemTxvevaSi, aseT kiTxvebze
pasuxs istoriis gakveTilebze viRebT: qveynebi imitom ibrZvian, rom – Cven ase
viswavleT – daicvan Tavisi teritoria, sakuTaro xalxi an Tavisi ekonomikuri
interesebi. am paragrafSi ganvixilavT im mniSvnelovan fsiqologiur faqtorebs,
romlebsac individi miyavs gadawyvetilebamde – miiRos omSi monawileoba.
Cven SegviZlia davsvaT kiTxva: ratom swiraven adamianebi Tavs samSoblosaTvis?
SesaZloa, es altruizmis ukiduresi gamovlineba iyos. gavixsenoT zemoT
aRniSnuli, rom evoluciuri midgoma ojaxis wevrebis dacvas (anu genebis dacvas)
ganixilavs, rogorc altruizmis mniSvnelovan safuZvels. zogierTi mkvlevari
fiqrobs, rom adamianebs “ojaxsa” da “ers” Soris kavSiri bavSvobidan aqvT
 940
gaSinagnebuli (Stern, 1995). Cven vlaparakobT Cvens “deda-samSobloze” an “mama-
samSobloze” da varT misi “Svilebi”. nuTu es kavSiri sakmarisia imisTvis
asaxsnelad, YTu ratom swiraven adamianebi Tavs samSoblosaTvis? nuTu
adamianebi, romlebic omSi midian, ise axdenen “socialuri realobis
konstruirebas”, rom sjeraT, samSoblos dacviT isini TavianT ojaxebs icaven?
Tqven, albaT, mixvdiT, ratom aris es kiTxvebi mniSvnelovani fsiqologebisaTvis.
omis fsiqologiuri faqtorebis Sesaxeb damatebiTi informacia SegviZlia
miviRoT im garemoebebis SeswavliT, romlebmac 1992 wels serbebi waaqeza,
ganexorcielebinaT agresiuli aqtebi da daewyoT omi bosniaSi (White,1996). rogorc
Cans, serbebi SiSobdnen, rom 1991 wels, iugoslaviis daSlis Semdeg, isini bosniaSi
devnil umciresobaSi aRmoCndebodnen. Cven ukve vnaxeT, rom ganxeTqilebis dros
umciresobis aseT SiSs sakmao safuZveli aqvs. ai, britaneli Jurnalistis mier
Cawerili sityvebi, romelic erT-erT bosniel serb policiels ekuTvnis (Glenny,
1994; citirebulia, White, 1996, p111):

man daadastura dakvirvebebi, romlebic me Tavadac gavakeTe yvela erovnebis

adgilobriv mebrZolebTan saubrisas: is ar iyo boroti adamiani. piriqiT, man
ganmarta kidec, rogor uWirda srola soflis meore mxares, sadac yvela iqaur
mcxovrebs icnobda. magram es omi raRacnairad daatydaT Tavs da mas unda daecva
Tavisi saxli. kaci SeSfoTebuli da dabneuli iyo movlenebiT, magram axla is
mwvane beretebs (musulmanebi) da ustaSebs (xorvatebi) sakuTari ojaxisTvis
realur safrTxed aRiqvamda.
“Cven maT uflebas ar mivcemT, rom aq musulmanuri saxelmwifo Seqmnan” _
gulwrfelad ganacxada man. “Tqven gesmiT, ra undaT maT”? _ vkiTxe me mas. “ra Tqma
unda, me mesmis, Tqven ucxoelebs ki, rogor ar gesmiT is, rom Cven aq ucxo
religias vebrZviT, evropis gamo”.

am mosalodneli devnisTvis daswrebis gamo, serbebs eadvilebodaT sakuTri

Tavis ucodvelebad warmodgena maSinac ki, rodesac agresiuli moqmedebebis
ganxorcieleba daiwyes. maTi fsiqologiuri Tvalsawieridan, isini iyvnen ara
agresorebi, aramed _ msxverplebi. konfliqtis gamwvavebasTan erTad, serbi
liderebi, iseTebi, rogoric slobodan miloSeviCi iyo, serb xalxSi aRvivebdnen
“devnis manias”, raTa ganemtkicebinaT rwmena, rom maT samarTlianad wamoiwyes omi.
magram droTa ganmavlobaSi isini ubralo mkvlelebad iqcnen, xeli mihyves
 941
“eTnikur wmendas”, raTa moeSorebinaT “mdevnelebi”. Cven vnaxeT, rogori didi
surviliT midiodnen adamianebi omSi, raTa daecvaT sakuTari Tavi realuri Tu
warmosaxuli mtrebisgan, an im mtrebisgan, romlebsac maTi liderebi qmnidnen.
daskvna, romelic SeiZleba gamovitanoT am analizidan, sul mcire, dRevandeli
dRisTvis, aris is, rom saxelmwifoebi iSviaTad erTvebian omSi gabatonebis an
dapyrobis mizniT. rogorc Cans, isini darwmunebulebi arian _ maSinac ki, rodesac
danarCeni msoflio maT agresorebs uwodebs _ rom icaven im mniSvnelovan
interesebs, rac aucilebelia maTi gadarCenisa da individualobis
SenarCunebisaTvis. ra Tqma unda, qveynebi milionobiT individebisagan Sedgebian da
maTma mniSvnelovanma nawilma sakmarisad unda gaiSinagnos im safrTxis safasuri,
romelsac warmoadgens survili – samSoblos Seswiros sakuTari sicocxle. rac
ar unda “obieqturad” CaiTvalos omis dawyebis mizezebi, nebismieri istoriuli
analizis mixedviT, es mxolod individualuri Zalebis urTierTqmedebaa, romelic
ubiZgebs adamianebs, medgrad daudgnen omis gansacdels.
amrigad, am paragrafSi Cven ganvixileT ramdenime gza, romlis meSveobiTac
fsiqologiuri Zalebi qmnian saTanado konteqsts omisaTvis da im
saSineleblebisaTvis, romlebic amave konteqstSi savsebiT mizanSewonilad
gveCveneba. “fsiqologia da cxovrebis” bolo paragrafSi Cven mivubrundebiT
mSvidobis Semswavleli fsiqologebis mcdelobas, gamoiyenon fsiqologiuri
Zalebi, raTa xeli Seuwyon mSvidobian Tanaarsebobas.

mSvidobis fsiqologia

zemoT Catarebul analizs axla meore mxridan mivudgeT da vnaxoT, rogor

SegviZlia socialuri fsiqologiis gamoyenebiT mSvidobis SenarCuneba.
fsiqologias unikaluri saSualebebi gaaCnia im sakiTxebis Sesaswavlad, Tu
rogor unda gadaiWras nacionaluri Tu internacionaluri disharmoniis
problemebi. amerikis fsiqologTa asociacias gaaCnia mSvidobis fsiqologiis
ganyofileba. es ganyofileba muSaobs erebs, Temebsa da ojaxebs Soris mSvidobis
SenarCunebis problemebze. is xels uwyobs kvlevebsa da ganaTlebas am sferoSi,
saTanado gamocemebiT, romlebic exeba Zaladobis mizezebs, damangreveli
konfliqtebis Sedegebsa da maTTvis Tavis aridebis gzebs. Cven ganvixilavT or
magaliTs, Tu rogor SeuZlia fsiqologias, dagvexmaros am miznebis miRwevaSi.
 942

• mSvidobis fsiqologia (Peace psychology) – atomuri omis prevenciisa da

mSvidobis miRwevisadmi interdisciplinaruli midgoma.

liderobisa da mmarTvelobis formebis analizi

zogierTi adreuli mecnieruli kvleva, romlebsac axla Cven mSvidobis

fsiqologiis sferos mivakuTvnebT, ganpirobebuli iyo istoriuli movlenebiT,
romelTa kulminacias meore msoflio omi warmoadgenda. socialuri fsiqologebi
cdilobdnen, Cawvdomodnen im kanonzomierebebs, Tu rogor xdeboda zogierTi
liderisa Tu marTvelis amotivtiveba, romlebic esoden did gavlenas axdendnen
jgufebis qcevebze. ra fsiqologiuri iZulebiT SeiZleba aixsnas germaniaSi
adolf hitleris an italiaSi benito mussolinis gamoCena? es liderebi calkeul
individuumebs aqcevdnen faSisturi ideologiisadmi usityvo erTgulebiT
ganmsWvalul, morCil masad. maTi avtoritaruli reJimebi safrTxes uqmnida
demokratiasa da mSvidobas. Tanamedrove socialuri fsiqologia ganviTarda SiSis
umZimesi gancdis, crurwmenebisa da omis wlebSi. adreuli socialuri fsiqologia
yuradRebas amaxvilebda faSisturi mentalitetis miRma mdgomi avtoritaruli
pirovnebis bunebaze (Adorno et al., 1950), propagandisa da damarwmunebeli
komunikaciis efeqtebze (Hovland et al., 1949) da jgufis wevrebze, jgufuri
atmosferosa da liderobis stilebis gavlenebze (Levin et al., 1939).
socialuri fsiqologiis erT-erTi pioneri iyo kurt levini (Kurt Lewin),
germaneli ltolvili fsiqologi, romelic gamoeqca nacisturi reJimis mxridan
ganxorcielebul devnas. levins ar SeeZlo, daxmareba, magram mas ainteresebda, Tu
ratom daemorCila misi eri ase totalurad faSisturi diqtaturis avtoritarul
tiranias. is TviTon eswreboda aTiaTasian Sekrebebs, sadac adamianebi fiurers
RrialiT eficebodnen erTgulebas. es iyo SemaZrwunebeli nimuSi jgufis im
dinamiuri Zalebisa, romelic gardaqmnis, rogorc individis gonebasa da qcevebs,
ise _ mis unars, gavlena miaxdinos masebze. levini ikvlevda jgufis dinamikas –
saSualebebs, romlebiTac liderebi uSualod zemoqmedeben TavianT mimdevrebze da
im meqanizmebsac, romlebiTac jgufuri procesebi cvlian individis qcevas.
1939 wels levinma da misma kolegebma moifiqres da Caatares eqsperimenti, raTa
SeeswavlaT gansxvavebuli stilis liderobis gavlena jgufis funqcionirebaze.
 943
maT surdaT, gaerkviaT, rodis arian adamianebi ufro bednierni da produqtiulni,
avtoritaruli Tu demokratiuli liderobis pirobebSi. am miznis misaRwevad,
mkvlevarebma Seqmnes sami eqsperimentuli jgufi, dauniSnes maT gansxvavebuli
tipis liderebi da akvirdebodnen am jgufebis aqtivobebs. eqsperimentSi cdis
pirebi iyvnen 10 wlis biWebi (romlebic oTx patara jgufad gaaerTianes),
romlebic erTmaneTs skolis Semdeg xvdebodnen. jgufis liderebis rolSi
gamodiodnen/rols asrulebdnen mamakacebi, romlebmac winaswar gaiares treiningi
liderobis samive stilis Sesabamisi rolis SesrulebaSi, jgufebSi ki xdeboda
maTi rotacia.

• jgufis dinamika (Group dynamics) – im jgufuri procesebis kvleva,

romlebic cvlian individebis funqcionirebas.

rodesac isini iqceodnen, rogorc avtokratuli liderebi, sakuTar Tavze

iRebdnen yvela gadawyvetilebis miRebas da davalebebis ganawilebas ise, rom
TviTon ar monawileobdnen jgufis aqtivobebSi. demokratiuli liderebis rolSi
isini xels uwyobdnen jgufis mier gadawyvetilebebis miRebas da jgufTan erTad
gegmavdnen davalebebs. anarqiuli lideris (laissez-faire leader) rolSi ki jgufs srul
Tavisuflebas aniWebdnen da, faqtobrivad, ar erTvebodnen mis aqtivobaSi.

saidan viciT

liderobis stilis efeqtebi

eqsperimentis Sedegebma SesaZlebeli gaxada mTeli rigi ganzogadebebi.
pirveli, avtokratulma liderebma gamoavlines jgufis wevrebze gavlenis
Sereuli efeqti, nawilobriv dadebiTi, nawilobriv ki uaryofiTi. biWebi
dro da dro kargad muSaobdnen – mxolod maSin, rodesac lideri maT
Tvalyurs adevnebda, amasTan iqceodnen, rogorc namdvili “bosebi”. maT
gansakuTrebiT axasiaTebdaT agresiulobis maRali done. es biWebi 30-jer
ufro met mtrulobas avlendnen, vidre sxva stilis liderobis
dros/SemTxvevaSi. isini iTxovdnen met yuradRebas, metad anadgurebdnen
qonebas da metad iyenebdnen sxvebs gantevebis vacad frustraciisa da
gabrazebis dros.
ukeTesi Sedegebi arc anarqiuli liderebis jgufSi iyo. maTi Sedegebi
arc Tu ise kargi aRmoCnda. maTi saqmianoba ar iyo warmatebuli,
 944
produqtiuloba ki Zalze dabali da uxarisxo iyo. vinaidan jgufs
araviTari struqtura ar hqonda, isini ubralod uazrod moqmedebdnen.
magram rodesac igive cdis pirebi demokratiuli lideris gavlenis qveS
eqceodnen, isini Zalze stabilurad da maRali warmadobiT Sromobdnen.
biWebi avlendnen Zalze did interess, motivacias da SemoqmedebiT unars.
rodesac wamoiWreboda ukmayofileba, SesaZlebeli iyo misi Riad
gamoxatva. TiTqmis yvela biWma upiratesoba liderobis demokratiul
stils mianiWa. am stilma xeli Seuwyo jgufisadmi loialobas da
megobrobis aRmocenebas. aseT jgufebSi ufro meti iyo urTierTSeqeba,
megobruli SeniSvnebi, urTierTgaziareba da mxiaruleba (Lewin,et al., 1939).

marTvis demokratiulma stilma aCvena Tavisi fsiqologiuri upiratesoba

jgufuri atmosferos sxva formebTan SedarebiT da bevrad maRali
produqtiulobac. demokratiuli stilis liderebi jgufis wevrebSi aRvivebdnen
ufro jansaR reaqciebs maSin, rodesac avtokratuli liderebi jgufSi ufro
destruqciul individualur reaqciebs iwvevdnen.
levinis mier sacdel klasebSi miRebuli Sedegebi, rogorc Cans, Seesabameba
realur cxovrebaSi arsebul viTarebas. ar unda dagvaviwydes is daskvna, rom
avtokratuli liderobis stils mohyveba mtruli urTierTobebis zrda. msgavsi
magaliTebi Cven realur cxovrebaSic SegviZlia vnaxoT. Sesabamisi tipis
mTavrobebi iwveven democids – genocids da masobrivi mkvlelobebis sxva formebs
(Rummel,1994). Tu SexedavT 18.7 suraTs, dainaxavT, rom totalitaruli reJimebi,
rogoricaa komunisturi ruseTi da CineTi, pasuxismgeblebi arian uzarmazari
raodenobiT adamianebis ganadgurebaze. avtoritaruli mTavrobebi, rogoricaa aidi
aminis reJimi ugandaSi, naklebad sisxlismRvreli aRmoCnda. Tumca, demokratiul
mTavrobebsac mTlad ucodvelebs ver vuwodebT, mmarTvelobis es forma mainc
yvelaze nakleb sisxlismRvrelad unda CaiTvalos. suraTi 18.7, aseve, gviCvenebs
omebSi daRupulTa raodenobebs. Tqven unda SeamCnioT, rom avtoritarul Tu
totalitarul reJimebSi, mmarTvelobiT gamowveuli sikvdilis aseTi raodenoba
modis ara saomar moqmedebebze, aramed masobrivi mkvlelobebis sxva kampaniebze.

totaluri democidi
saerTaSoriso omi
me-20=e saukuneSi daxocili milionobiT adamiani
 945
demokratiuli avtoritaruli totalitaruli

sur. 18.7. reJimebis tipebi da democidi

totalitaruli reJimebi metad mimarTaven democids (genocidsa da masobrivi
mkvlelobebis sxva formebs). omis msxverplTa raodenobaTa Sedareba aCvenebs, rom
mTavrobebis gamo, mSvidobian dros, bevrad ufro meti adamiani iRupeba, vidre omis
dros.

ideologiuri mosazrebebis miRma, rodesac mmarTvelobis demokratiuli

sistemebi Tavis adgilzea, msoflios naklebi sawuxari aqvs, raTa mcirericxovani
elitis mier ar iqnas gamoyenebuli Zala, rasac momakvdinebeli Sedegebi SeiZleba
moyves.
Tumca, imasac unda mieqces yuradReba, rom amiT sulac ar igulisxmeba, rom
demokratiuli reJimebi sxvebze iSviaTad erTvebian omSi. Tumca, isic faqtia, rom
erTi demokratia iSviaTad eomeba meores (Maoz & Abdolali, 1989). kvlevebma
daadastura, rom demokratiuli gamgeblobis qveS myofi qveynebis moqalaqeni
naklebad iwoneben Zalis gamoyenebas meore demokratiis winaaRmdeg, mmarTvelobis
sxva formebTan SedarebiT.

saidan viciT

sanqcionirebis roli saerTaSoriso krizisebis gadawyvetaSi

cdis pirebma waikiTxes saerTaSoriso krizisis aRwera, romelic
modelirebuli iqna im krizisis mixedviT, romlis Sedegadac daiwyo omi
sparseTis yureSi. erTi eri SeiWra meore eris saxelmwifoSi, raTa
gadaeWra uranis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebuli konfliqti. aRweris erTi
versia (arapirdapiri, qveynis dasaxelebis gareSe) Tavdamsxmel qveyanas
demokratiul qveynad axasiaTebda: SeWra Sefasebuli iyo, “rogorc
demokratiuli gadawyvetilebebis Sedegi, romelic parlamentis wevrTa
umravlesobam miiRo (opoziciis CaTvliT)”. aseve, arapirdapiri meore
versia Tavdamsxmel qveyanas arademokratiuli reJimis mqoned axasiaTebda:
“gadawyvetileba Tavdasxmis Sesaxeb miRebuli iqna policiuri qveynis
samxedro diqtatoris mier, xalxis nebis gauTvaliswineblad”. cdis
pirebs ori demokratiuli qveynidan – aSS-dan da israelidan – sTxoves,
mieTiTebinaT, Tu ramdenad iwonebdnen “Zalis gamoyenebas” – sazRvao
 946
SeWras. vinaidan scenarebi, sxva danarCeni maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT
erTnairi iyo, cdis pirebi Zalze uxalisod daeTanxmnen Zalis gamoyenebis
sanqcionirebas (aSS-s an israelis mier) im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac is
demokratiuli qveynis winaaRmdeg unda yofiliyo mimarTuli (Mintz & Geva,
1993).

rodesac demokratiul sazogadoebaSi cxovrob, garkveulwilad, sxva

demokratiuli sazogadoebebis imedi gaqvs da amdenad ufro giZneldeba maT
winaaRmdeg Zalis gamoyenebaze ifiqro. politikosebsac, aseve, uZneldebaT Zalis
gamoyenebaze fiqri, raTa sakuTari moqalaqeebis saxiT ar Seiqmnan opozicia.
saerTo daskvna, romelic liderobis formebTan dakavSirebuli cdebidan
SegviZlia gamovitanoT, isaa, rom demokratia yvelaze kargad “muSaobs”. am
daskvnamde mivediT im kvlevebze dayrdnobiT, romlebic Caatares patara
jgufebzec (patara bavSvebis jgufi) da Zalian didzec (mTeli qveyana). es codna,
Tqvenc unda miusadagoT Tqvens cxovrebaSi arsebul mcire da did jgufebs.

wamaxalisebeli kontaqtebis roli konfliqtebis gadawyvetaSi

dapirispirebis mravali saxeoba, romelic konfliqtebsa da Zaladobas aZlevs

dasabams, sakmaod Zvelia. magaliTad, serbebs, romlebmac omi awarmoes bosniaSi,
gandevnis SiSi jer kidev 1389 wels kosovos velze Catarebuli brZolidan
moyvebodaT. ra unda gakeTdes aseT SemTxvevaSi? am problemisadmi mSvidobis
fsiqologebis midgoma iseTivea, rogoric crurwmenebis sxva formebisadmi zemoT
aRvwereT: adamianebi unda gaerTiandnen, rac xels Seuwyobs urTierT ndobis
zrdas da saerTo miznebis dasaxvas.
magaliTad, aseTi midgoma dRes CrdiloeT irlandiaSi gamoiyeneba.
kaTolikebsa da protestantebs Soris urTierTobebis daTbobis mizniT, 1989
wlidan didma britaneTma daiwyo Temebis daaxloebis programis dafinanseba,
romlis mizania “TemTaSorisi urTierTobebisa da kooperaciis ganviTareba;
ormxrivi urTierTgagebisa da gansxvavebuli kulturuli tradiciebisadmi
pativiscemis zrda” (Knox, 1994, p.600). yvela Crdilo-irlandiur politikur
gaerTianebas ar ukisria am programis Sesruleba, ramac mkvlevarebs saSualeba
misca, Sedarebis safuZvelze, moexdinaT programis efeqtianobis Sefaseba. es
Sefaseba miuTiTebs, rom aris mcire progresi. oTxi wlis manZilze warmatebad
unda CaiTvalos im pirTa raodenobis Semcireba, romlebic kaTolikeebis mimarT
 947
gamoxatavdnen crurwmenebs (Knox, 1994). CrdiloeT irlandiaSi mdgomareobis
gamosworebis kidev erTi mcdeloba exeba skolis moswavleebs (Cairns et al., 1995). am
dazaralebul raionebSi mcxovrebi bavSvebis umetesoba dadis skolebSi, sadac
umkacresi segregacia xdeba religiuri mrwamsis mixedviT. asea Tu ise, bolo oci
wlis manZilze gaixsna skolebi, sadac protestanti da kaTolike moswavleebi
erTad swavloben. am siaxlem ukve uzrunvelyo mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi,
romelTa gamoc TemTaSorisi daaxloebis process ukve SeuZlia politikuri
Rirebulebebis Canacvleba. amdenad, seriozuli daskvna _ rogorc TemTaSoris,
aseve calkeuli skolebis doneze – romlis gakeTebac SeiZleba, isaa, rom
mTavrobebs SeuZliaT (da unda gaakeTon kidec) TavianTi SesaZleblobebis
FfarTod gamoyeneba, saerTo miznebis miRwevisaTvis aucilebeli ormxrivi
kontaqtebisaTvis pirobebis Sesaqmnelad.
axla mivubrundeT msoflios erT-erT mTavar satkivars – axlo aRmosavleTs –
raTa aRvweroT israel – palestinis erToblivi samuSao Sexvedrebis is programa,
romelic, SemoTavazebuli iyo fsiqolog herbert kelmanisa (Herbert Kelman, 1997,
1999) da misi kolegebis mier. ukve ramdenime weliwadia, rac kelmani samuSao
Sexvedrebze iwvevs palestinelebsa da ebraelebs, sadac isini regionSi arsebuli
problemebis gadawyvetis interaqtiul procesSi iyvnen CarTulni, iseTi
konfliqturi problemis CaTvliT, rogoricaa okupirebul teritoriebze ebrauli
dasaxlebebis mSeneblobis sakiTxi. am procesSi monawileobis aucilebeli piroba
iyo monawileTa xelSeuxeblobis dacva da konfidencialoba; aseve, Ria da
analitikuri diskusiebis Catarebis aucilebloba. garda amisa,Mmonawileebi,
darwmunebulebi iyvnen, rom maTze araviTari zewola ar ganxorcieldeboda ama Tu
im SeTanxmebis misaRwevad. mesame mxris warmomadgenlebi SexvedrebSi
monawileobdnen, rogorc saubris fasilitatorebi, magram ar Suamavlobdnen
mxareebs Soris.
kelmanis jgufma es Sexvedrebi maSin wamoiwyo, rodesac saerTod laparakic ki
ar iyo israel – palestinis molaparakebebze. Sexvedrebze iseTi garemo iyo
Seqmnili, rom mxareebs uSualo Sexvedrebis saSualeba hqondaT, rac
urTierTgagebas uwyobda xels. metic, Sexvedrebis dasrulebis Semdeg monawileebs
saSualeba hqondaT, SemuSavebuli Sexedulebebi ufro farTod gamoeyenebinaT
realur politikur arenaze. faqtobrivad, kelmanma (1997), ganaxorciela is, rac
 948
oslos 1993 wlis samSvidobo molaparakebebiT iyo gaTvaliswinebuli, Sexvedrebis
ramdenime monawile uSualod CaerTo mSvidobis damyarebis procesSi.
jer jerobiT, arc CrdiloeT irlandiasa da arc axlo aRmosavleTSi ar
Sewyvetila Zaladoba, orive regionSi arsebobs saomari suliskveTebiT
ganmsWvaluli jgufebi, TavianTi politikuri, ekonomikuri Tu religiuri
gegmebiT, rac xels uwyobs Zaladobasa da segregacias; es ki, Tavis mxriv,
ewinaaRmdegeba integraciasa da mSvidobis damyarebis process. magram, miuxedavad
amisa, fsiqologiuri kvlevebis Sedegad mopovebuli daskvnebis praqtikuli
gamoyeneba xels uwyobs mSvidobis damyarebis impulsebis gaZlierebas. es Sedegebi
imdenad STambeWdavia, rom fsiqologebi – es “Zalzed optimisturi jgufi” _
kvlavac agrZelebs Tavis Zalisxmevas.

Sejameba

crurwmenebisa da marTvis resursebis kombinacias gamanadgurebeli Sedegebi

moaqvs. morCilebis Seswavlis milgremiseul kvlevebs meore msoflio omTan
dakavSirebulma movlenebma misca biZgi. am kvlevebma daamtkica, rom socialuri
Zalebi – metad, vidre dispoziciuri Zalebi _ iwveven avtoritetisadmi
morCilebas. miuxedavad imisa, rom milgremis cdis pirebis umetesoba sityvierad
ewinaaRmdegeboda avtoritets, qceviT is mainc avlenda misdami morCilebas.
ekonomikuri krizisebis dros, adamianebi eZeben da pouloben jgufebs, romlebic
gamodian “gantevebis vacis” rolSi da romlebic sabolood, masobrivi
mkvlelobebis samizneebi xdebian. liderebi xSirad cdiloben mtris
dehumanizacias. adamianebi, romlebic omSi midian, xSirad amas realuri an
warmosaxuli safrTxis arsebobasTan dakavSirebuli Sexedulebebis safuZvelze
akeTeben. mSvidobis Semswavleli fsiqologebi dainteresebulni arian im
individualuri da kulturuli Zalebis SeswavliT, romlebic aRviveben oms, an
xels uwyoben mSvidobis damyarebas. liderobis stilebisa da marTvis formebis
Seswavlam daadastura mosazreba, rom demokratiis gafarToeba msoflio
sazogadoebas sargeblobas moutans. farTo nabijebi mSvidobisken gadadgmuli
unda iqnas im programebis meSveobiT, romlebic xels uwyoben didi xnis
ganmavlobaSi dapirispirebul mxareTa Soris urTierTobebsa da problemis
gadaWras.

avtoris bolosityvaoba
 949
Cven davasruleT mogzauroba, romelSic “fsiqologia da cxovreba”
gvexmareboda. Tu dafiqrdebiT, imedi gvaqvs, naTlad warmoidgenT, Tu ramdeni ram
iswavleT am mogzaurobisas. da mainc, Cven mxolod zedapirulad SevexeT im rTul
problemebs., romlebic fsiqologiiT dainteresebul students elis win.
vimedovnebT, rom gayvebiT Tqven interess da, metic, SesaZloa, Tqveni wvlilic ki
SeitanoT fsiqologiis ganviTarebaSi, rogorc mecnierma mkvlevarma an
praqtikosma klinicistma, an kidev fsiqologiuri codnis gamoyenebiT gadawyvitoT
socialuri da pirovnuli problemebi.
dramaturgi tom stopardi Segvaxsenebs, rom “saidanme gasvla, sadme Sesvlasac
niSnavs”. gvinda virwmunoT, rom Tqveni cxovrebis momdevno fazaSi Sesvlas,
yovelive isic gagiadvilebT, rac am wignidan iswavleT. am axali mogzaurobis
dros, SesaZloa, Tqvenc STaberoT axali sicocxle adamianebis miswrafebaTa
fsiqologias, Tundac imiT, rom xeli SeuwyoT adamianebs Soris urTierTobebisa
da kavSirebis gaZlierebas.

sakvanZo sakiTxebi

altruizmi da prosocialuri qceva

• mkvlevarebma scades aexsnaT, Tu ratom axorcieleben adamianebi
prosocialur, kerZod, altruistul qcevebs maSinac ki, rodesac es maT
interesebs ewinaaRmdegeba.
• evoluciuri midgoma xazs usvams memkvidreobas da ormxrivobas.
• adamianebi, aseve, imitom axorcieleben prosocialur qcevebs, rom
ikmayofileben sakuTar interess _ emsaxuron sazogadoebas da daicvan socialuri
principebi.
• mowmis Carevis kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom situacia mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs
imas, safrTxis SemTxvevaSi aRmoCenili iqneba Tu ara daxmareba.

agresia
• evoluciuri TvalsazrisiT, agresiuli qcevebi xorcieldeba imitom, rom
adamianebs surT gazardon sakuTari genebis dacvis SesaZlebloba.
• agresiaSi individualuri gansxvavebebi dakavSirebulia rogorc genetikur
memkvidreobasan, aseve, tvinis Hhormonalur funqcionirebasTan.
 950

• gansxvavebuli pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebi saSualebas gvaZlevs,

viwinaswarmetyveloT impulsuri an instrumentuli agresiisadmi midrekilebebi.
• Tumca, arsebobs agresiuli qcevebis Semakavebeli faqtorebi, situacia
gansazRvravs adamianebis swraf agresiul reagirebas.
• frustracias SeuZlia agresiamde migviyvanos; uSualo gaRizianebam,
SesaZloa, moaxdinos agresiis donis eskalacia.
• gansxvavebul kulturebSi agresiuli qcevis gansxvavebuli normebia
fiqsirebuli, romlebic, nawilobriv, warmoadgenen “me”-s kulturul Semadgenlebs.

crurwmenebi
• xSirad uneburma minimalurma maCveneblebmac ki SeiZleba biZgi miscen
crurwmenebs da sazogadoeba daiyos “Sida” da “gare” jgufebad.
• stereotipebi gavlenas axdens adamianebis mier qcevebisa da, saerTod,
informaciis Sefasebebze.
• mkvlevarebma gamoavlines crurwmenebis Secvlis faqtorebi iseTi
situaciebis SeqmniT, sadac gansxvavebuli jgufebis wevrebi TanamSromlobdnen
saerTo miznebis misaRwevad.
• kroskulturuli kvlevebi aseve, miuTiTebs, rom megobroba mniSvnelovan
rols asrulebs crurwmenebis daZlevaSi.

konfliqtisa da mSvidobis fsiqologia

• milgremis morCilebasTan dakavSirebuli kvlevebi iZleva mniSvnelovan
sabuTs, rom situaciuri faqtorebis gavleniT Cveulebrivi adamianebi SeiZleba
mividnen agresiis aqtebis sanqcionirebasa da masSi monawileobamde.
• crurwmenebis moqmedebis msgavsma xangrZlivma procesebma SeiZleba
migviyvanos masobriv mkvlelobebamde da genocidamde.
• liderebi qmnian humanurobisgan daclil mtris xatebs.
• adamianebi Tavs swiraven samSoblosaTvis TavianTi ojaxebisa da
jgufebisaTvis, saSiSroebisa da masTan dakavSirebuli SiSis pasuxad.
• mSvidobis fsiqologebi eZeben gzebs, raTa Sewyviton erebs Soris
dapirispireba da mtroba.
• demokratiuli sazogadoebebi, sul mcire, ar amarTleben masobriv
mkvlelobebs.
 951

• tradiciul “mtrebs” Soris urTierTobebis xelSemwyobi programebma,

SesaZloa, mSvidobis miRwevis safuZvlebi Seamzadon.

ZiriTadi cnebebi

agresia
altruizmi
mowmis Careva
kontaqtis hipoTeza
moTxovnadi maxasiaTeblebi
pasuxismgeblobis difuzia
frustracia – agresiis hipoTeza
genocidi
jgufuri dinamika
impulsuri agresia
Sidajgufuri mikerZoeba
Sidajgufi
instrumentuli agresia
“asawyobi suraTebis” klasebi
garejgufebi
mSvidobis fsiqologia
crurwmena
prosocialuri qcevebi
rasizmi
ormxrivi altruizmi
seqsizmi
socialuri kategorizacia
stereotipebi
952