daviT batoniSvilis samarTlis instituti

aRmosavleT evropis universiteti

evgeni afonasini
anton didikini

samarTlis filosofia
saxelmZRvanelo

TamTa sexniaSvilis, Tamara zarquas,

Tamar mamulaSvilis, linda giorgaZisa da liana
giorgaZis Targmani

dimitri gegenavas redaqtorobiT

daviT batoniSvilis samarTlis

institutis gamomcemloba
UDC(uak)340.12
a-922

evgeni afonasini, anton didikini, samarTlis filosofia,

TamTa sexniaSvilis, Tamara zarquas, Tamar mamulaSvilis,
linda giorgaZisa da liana giorgaZis Targmani, dimitri
Ggegenavas redaqtorobiT

daviT batoniSvilis samarTlis institutis gamomcemloba,

Tbilisi, 2017

Eugene Afonasin, Anton Didikin, Philosophy of Law, Translated by Tamta

Sekhniashvili, Tamara Zarkua, Tamar Mamulashvili, Linda Giorgadze and
Liana Giorgadze, Edited by Dimitry Gegenava

Prince David Institute for Law Publishing. Tbilisi, 2017,

. , .. , , :
, , ,
, , .

. , 2017

evgeni afonasini, anton didikini, 2017

daviT batoniSvilis samarTlis instituti, 2017

ISBN 978-9941-9493-4
 qarTulenovani gamocemis winaTqma

mivesalmebiT Cveni qarTveli kolegebis survils,

qarTul enaze Targmnon samarTlis filosofiis sax-
elmZRvanelo da amgvarad gaafarToon Tanamedrove sa-
marTlis filosofiis xelmisawvdomobis areali.
saxelmZRvanelos ZiriTadi amocanaa, mokled iqnes
mimoxiluli ZiriTadi problemebi da diskusiebi, rom-
lebic analitikuri samarTlis filosofiis mTlianobas
qmnis, maTi urTierTkavSiri klasikur filosofiur-
samarTlebriv swavlebebTan. analitiuri tradicia Camo-
yalibda XX saukuneSi, hartis, misi mimdevrebis, oponen-
tebisa da kritikosebis garSemo. SevecadeT, Tanmim-
devrulad gadmogveca am argumentebis ZiriTadi azri,
aseve, gangvexila msjelobis logika da iuridiuli
gagebis analizi, gansxvavebuli azris komentirebiTa da
inglisuridan Targmnili monakveTebis saSualebiT mki-
Txvelis yuradRebis cnobil samarTlis filosofosebze
miqceviT.
naTelia, rom im mokle droSi, romelSic sax-
elmZRvanelo Seiqmna, SeuZlebeli iyo gadmogveca Tana-
medrove filosofiur-samarTlebriv moZRvrebaTa mTeli
palitra da mravalferovneba. Cven mizans ar warmoadgen-
da, Segvedgina kidev erTi saxelmZRvanelo samarTlis
filosofiaze, amitomac analizis obieqti gansazRvruli
iyo analitikuri tradiciis konteqstSi, mciredi gada-
xvevebiT politikis filosofiis sferosa (jon roulzis
swavleba) da samarTlebriv realizmSi.
vimedovnebT, mkiTxveli samarTlis filosofiis amgva-
ri saxelmZRvanelos wakiTxviT dainteresdeba filoso-
fiur-samarTlebrivi Teoriis ufro Rrma SeswavliT, ro-
melic mxolod samarTlis, rogorc Tanamedrove civi-
lizebuli samyaros movlenis, arss ki ar aaSkaravebs, ara-
med, aseve, xsnis samarTlebriv da moralur danawesTa
urTierTmimarTebis, samarTlebrivi sistemis struqtu-

i
ris, sasamarTlo mixedulebisa da samarTalSefardebis
sakiTxebs.

evgeni afonasini
filosofiis mecnierebaTa
doqtori, profesori

anton didikini
iuridiul mecnierebaTa
kandidati

ruseTi, novosibirski, akademiuri qalaqi

ii
 samarTlis filosofiis TargmanisaTvis

samarTlis filosofiisa da zogadad, samarTlis meTodebis

sferoSi qarTulenovani naSromebiT, samwuxarod, gane-
bivrebulebi ar varT. es, ra Tqma unda, qarTuli samarTlis
problemaa da ar SeiZleba misi viwro CarCoebSi ganxilva.
araTu samecniero literatura, aramed Tavad samarTlis in-
terdisciplinuri dargebis gageba CvenSi araerTgvarovania.
XXI saukuneSi samarTlis filosofia ar iketeba CarCoebSi,
cdilobs kvlavac eZios, ikvlios, gaafarToos horizontebi.
SeuZlebelia ganviTardes saxelmwifo da marTlwesrigi, rome-
lic myife pozitivizmis stereotipuli kliSeebiT azrovnebs
da samarTlis Rirebulebebi, samarTlianobis ideebi measex-
arisxovnad miaCnia. samarTlis filosofiaa swored is, rac
gvaiZulebs, totalitarizmis senisgan ganvikurnoT da
viazrovnoT Tamamad, da rac mTavaria, Rirseulad. xSirad
swored iuristebs gvWirdeba imis Sexseneba, rom samarTlis um-
Tavresi Rirebuleba adamiania da nebismieri wesi, mowesrigeba
Tu saxelmwifos qmedeba misken unda iyos mimarTuli.
saqarTveloSi `samarTlis filosofia~ xSirad `politikur
da samarTlebriv moZRvrebaTa istoriasTan~ asocirdeba, rac,
ra Tqma unda, mcdaria. Tanamedrove samarTlis filosofiis
umTavresi amocana samarTalSefardebis, samarTlis gam-
oyenebis gamravalferovneba, daxvewa da iuridiuli argu-
mentaciis umaRles mwvervalebamde ayvanaa.
evgeni afonasinisa da anton didikinis `samarTlis filoso-
fia~ namdvilad evropuli tipis naSromia da igi gaTavisu-
flebulia im zedmeti, sruliad arafrismomcemi informaciis-
gan, romliTac, rogorc wesi, gadatvirTulia xolme postsab-
Wouri gamocemebi samarTlis filosofiis sferoSi. gan-
sakuTrebiT sasixaruloa, rom avtorebi didi enTuziazmiT
daTanxmdnen wignis qarTUuli Targmanis Seqmnis ideas, risTvis
gansakuTrebuli madloba minda maT gadavuxado.
naSromis Targmani Seiqmna aRmosavleT evropis universi-
tetis samarTlis samagistro programis farglebSi, `sa-
marTlis filosofiis~ swavlebis periodSi studentebis _
Tamara zarquas, Tamar mamulaSvilisa da TamTa sexniaSvilis,

iii
aseve, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo uni-
versitetis studentis _ linda giorgaZisa da doqtorant li-
ana giorgaZis mier. minda madliereba gamovxato maT mimarT,
mTargmnelebis damokidebulebam da SemarTeba saqme mniSvne-
lovnad gaaiola.
aqve, msurs, madloba gadavuxado aRmosavleT evropis uni-
versitets, romelmac mxari dauWira wignis Targmnisa da gamo-
cemis iniciativas.
vimedovneb, `samarTlis filosofiis~ qarTuli Targmani
mniSvnelovan saqmes Seasrulebs samarTlebrivi interdisci-
plinebiT dainteresebisa da samarTlis fundamenturi
problemebis kvlevis saqmeSi.

dimitri gegenava
samarTlis doqtori

Tbilisi, 2017 weli

iv
 Sinaarsi

Sesavali .............................................................................................. 1

Tavi pirveli. Tanamedrove samarTlis filosofiis wyaroebi

da sabaziso problemebi .................................................................. 3

meore Tavi. analitikuri tradiciis Camoyalibeba samarTlis

filosofiaSi ..................................................................................... 8

Tavi mesame. hans kelzenis `samarTlis wminda Teoria~

(normativizmi) ................................................................................. 17

Tavi meoTxe. hartis samarTlebrivi neopozitivizmi ............. 25

Tavi mexuTe. bunebiTi samarTlis filosofia XX saukuneSi .. 45

Tavi meeqvse. duorkinis samarTlis filosofia da

Tanamedrove konstitucionalizmi ............................................ 61

Tavi meSvide. samarTlebrivi realizmi ...................................... 66

daskvna .............................................................................................. 79

rekomendebuli literaturis nusxa ........................................... 81

damatebiTi literatura ...............................................................84

v
 Sesavali

`samarTlis filosofia~ erT-erTi axali disciplinaa

iuridiuli ganaTlebis sistemaSi da iurisprudenciis
damoukidebel nawilad, arsebiTad, mxolod XIX saukunis
pirvel naxevarSi Camoyalibda. Cveulebriv, miiCneva, rom sa-
marTlis filosofiis, rogorc saswavlo disciplinis,
CamoyalibebaSi pirveli nabijebi gadadges germanelma
filosofosebma, rogorebic arian: i. kanti, i. fixte, g. he-
geli. angloamerikul tradiciaSi samarTlis filosofiis
saTaveebi ufro metad liberalizmis tradiciaSi aRiqmeba,
romelic sabolood j. lokis naSromebSi gvirgvindeba. Ses-
aZlebelia arsebobdes sxva warmodgenebic samarTlis
filosofiis formirebis procesis Sesaxeb. magaliTad, XIX-
XX saukuneebis mijnaze moRvawe rusi iuristi g.f.
SerSeneviCi Tavis naSromSi _ `samarTlis filosofiis is-
toria~ (, 1907, ., , 2001), samarTlis istorias
ganixilavs, rogorc TavisuflebisTvis brZolis istorias
da samarTlis filosofiis formirebaSi or ZiriTad etaps
gamoyofs, esenia: religiuri TavisuflebisTvis brZolis
etapi (makiavelidan laibnicamde) da politikuri Tavisu-
flebisaTvis brZolis etapi (lokidan hegelamde).
rogorc unda iyos, naTelia, rom samarTlis filosofia,
upirveles yovlisa, aris pasuxebis istoria im mniSvnelovan
SekiTxvebze, romlebic samarTlis gagebisa da gamoyenebis
procesSi warmoiSoba. es SekiTxvebi uZvelesi droidan
Cndeboda da sxvadasxva epoqaSi xalxi poulobda maT
pasuxebs. Tumca gasaocari da dasafasebelia is, rom sa-
marTlis filosofiis istoriis Seswavlis procesSi naTeli
xdeba, Tu rogor SeZlo kacobriobam samarTalsa da sa-
marTlianobaze warmodgenebis ganviTarebis doniT gam-
oemuSavebina da daefuZnebina mTeli rigi zogadi
debulebebi, erTgvari samarTlebrivi universalebi, rom-
lebic yvelasaTvis da yovelTvis zustia. amitom SeuZlebe-

1
lia, ar daveTanxmoT samarTlis udidesi Tanamedrove Te-
oretikosis, herbert hartis SeniSvnas, romelic Semdeg-
nairad afasebs samarTlis filosofiaSi arsebul viTare-
bas: `samarTlis bunebis Sesaxeb spekulaciebs grZeli da
rTuli istoria aqvs; miuxedavad amisa, retrospeqtivaSi
Cans, rom isini praqtikulad mudmivad fokusirdebian ram-
denime principul problemaze. am problemebs ar arCevdnen
an qmnidnen specialurad akademiuri diskusiebiT tkbob-
isTvis, aramed isini exeba samarTlis im aspeqtebs, rom-
lebic yvela droSi bunebrivad warmoSobda gaugebrobebs;
ase rom, dabneuloba da, Sesabamisad, maTTan dakavSirebiT
meti sicxadis moTxovnileba, SesaZlebelia Tanaarsebobdes
im Rrmadmoazrovne adamianebis gonebaSic, romlebic sa-
marTlis Sesaxeb codnas floben da ostaturad iyeneben
mas~1.
Cvens saswavlo saxelmZRvaneloSi ZiriTadad ganixileba
Tanamedrove filosofiur-samarTlebrivi koncefciebi,
romlebic naklebadaa Seswavlili adgilobriv samecniero
literaturaSi. Cven davinaxavT, rom samarTlis sferoSi,
klasikuri filosofiuri wyobebisgan gansxvavebiT, Tana-
medrove samarTlis filosofiisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia
uari mcdelobaze, Seiqmnas idealuri saxelmwifo mowyo-
bisa da globaluri filosofiuri sistemis modelebi, spe-
kulaciur samarTlebriv koncefciebsa da samarTalze ab-
straqtuli warmodgenebis kritika, dargobrivi samarTle-
brivi mecnierebis empiriuli masalis gamoyeneba filoso-
fiur-samarTlebrivi Sexedulebebis dasabuTebis mizniT.
aRniSnuli faqtorebi xels uwyobs samarTlis filosofi-
aSi erTdroulad sxvadasxva tradiciisa da meTodologi-
uri midgomis ganviTarebas.

1Hart H.L.A., The Concept of Law, The second edition. Oxford University Press, 1994.
P. 6.
2
 Tavi pirveli. Tanamedrove samarTlis filosofiis
wyaroebi da sabaziso problemebi

filosofosebsa da politikosebs uZvelesi droidan

ainteresebdaT samarTali. efuZneba Tu ara samarTali sa-
ganTa bunebriv wyobas, _ dauRalavad svamdnen isini Se-
kiTxvas, _ Riaa Tu ara is TiToeuli adamianisTvis bunebis-
gan miniWebuli samarTlianobis gancdidan gamomdinare, Tu
adamianebis mieraa dadgenili da arsebobs mxolod ama Tu im
socialuri institutis ZaliT? eqvemdebareba Tu ara kaco-
brioba gonebisTvis misawvdom princips, romelic SeiZleba
ganvixiloT bunebisa da adamianTa sazogadoebis kanonebis
farglebSi, Tu kanonebi uzenaesi Zalis TviTneburi brZane-
bebia?
racionalizmi samarTalSi. doqtrina, romlis mixe-
dviTac, samarTlis gonivruli safuZvlebi SeiZleba
gagebul iqnes kanonmdeblis nebisgan damoukideblad, anti-
kuri filosofiis tradiciebSi iRebs saTaves. akritikebda
ra `saxelmwifoSi~ frazimaxs, romelic mxars uWerda ideas
imis Sesaxeb, rom samarTlianoba mxolod ZlierTa neba-sur-
vilia, platoni cdilobda, sokrates piriT daemtkicebina,
samarTalSi ganmtkicebuli adamianis qcevis sabaziso prin-
cipebi gonivrulia da SeiZleba gagebul iqnes yovelgvar
konkretul samarTlebriv debulebasTan mimarTebis ga-
reSe. am TvalsazriT, isini universalur xasiaTs atareben.
sxvadasxva polisis kanonmdeblobis analizisas, aristo-
tele gvaCvenebs, rom calkeul lokalur TaviseburebebTan
erTad, TiToeul maTganSi miRebuli kanoni eqvemdebareba
zogierT sabaziso kriteriums, romelTac gonivruli sa-
fuZveli moeZebnebaT. kanonTa garkveuli nawili uTuod
adamianTa kanonSemoqmedebis produqtia, maSin, roca
zogierTi maTgani, garkveulwilad, bunebiTia. am ideam
Semdgomi ganviTareba `stoikosebis~ filosofiaSi hpova da
maTi gavleniT, romael samarTalmcodneebTan, romlebmac

3
kodificirebuli samarTali `daweril gonad~ gamoacxades.
`bunebiTi samarTlis~ koncefcia yvelaze naTlad qris-
tiani Teologebis mieraa (avgustine, Toma aqvineli) war-
modgenili: maT argumentebs dRemde iyeneben am doqtrinis
mimdevrebi, gansakuTrebiT neoTomistebi, romlebic miiC-
neven, rom SeuZliaT imis demonstrireba, Tu rogor isxamen
xorcs adamianTa Rirebulebebi konkretul, pozitiurad
dawesebul kanonebSi. am ideam Semdgomi ganviTareba me-17
saukuneSi ganmanaTlebelTa epoqis filosofosTa naSro-
mebSi hpova, amasTan, sabaziso Rirebulebebi ganixileboda
Teologiuri konteqstis miRma, adamianis gonebisaTvis
gasageb fundamentur intuiciebad. am tendeciam Tavisi
klasikuri gamoxatuleba kantis filosofiaSi miiRo.
voluntarizmi samarTalSi. unda aRiniSnos, rom univer-
saluri kanonis warmoSobis sakiTxze sawinaaRmdego pa-
suxic arsebobs. mis wyarod SesaZloa dasaxeldes uzenaesi
neba da ara umaRlesi goni. am kanonis fundamenturi debu-
lebebi gansjas ar eqvemdebareba, radganac adamianis goneba
ver swvdeba RvTiur nebas. rasakvirvelia, aseTi kanoni
`bunebiTia~ imitomac, rom arafers SeuZlia daarRvios
RvTiuri neba, romelic zeSTagonebiT Seicnoba. am kanonis
Secnoba hermenevtikuli saSualebebiT xdeba, avtori-
tetuli teqstis ganmartebiT, iqneba es saRvTo werili, Tu
`miwaze RvTis nacvalis~ mier dadgenili kanoni. amgvari ar-
gumentacia damaxasiaTebelia Teokratiuli samarTlebrivi
sistemebisTvis, rac, nawilobriv, `sazogadoebrivi SeTanx-
mebis~ doqtrinam gaiziara: amrigad, samarTali, `saerTo
nebis~ msgavsad, koleqtiuri nebis gamovlinebad moiazre-
boda (J.J. ruso).
samarTali, rogorc Cveuleba. Tu samarTlis principebi
araa fesvgadgmuli adamianis bunebaSi da RvTiuri Tu
koleqtiuri nebis gamoxatvis Sedegs ar warmoadgens, maSin
rogoria samarTlis warmoSoba? d. hiumma erT-erTma
pirvelma SemogvTavaza, samarTali gangvexila istoriuli

4
ganviTarebis produqtad, socialur mexsierebaSi SeTanx-
mebebisa da Cveulebebis Rrmad gamjdari wyaroebis gaT-
valiswinebiT. bentamma da ostinma samarTlebrivi Cveu-
lebebi gauTanabres Zalauflebisadmi `morCilebis Cvevas~.
isini erTmaneTisgan mijnaven samarTals, rogorc iZu-
lebiTi urTierTobis formas da sxva Cveulebebs, rogori-
caa moraluri normebi, Rirsebis kodeqsi da sxv. yvela
sazogadoebaSi mmarTvelia is, visac sxvebi Cveulebis ZaliT
emorCilebian. swored igi qmnis samarTals da sakuTari
Sexedulebisamebr ganagebs danarCeni adamianebis beds. su-
vereni aris is, visac Cveulebis ZaliT emorCileba yvela,
maSin, roca Tavad miCveulia, aravis emorCilebodes.
pozitiuri samarTlis am doqtrinam, romelic gan-
sakuTrebiT XVIII_XIX saukuneebSi gavrcelda, xeli Seuwyo
iurisprudenciis farTomasStabian transformacias, rac
mTeli rigi kodifikaciiTa da samarTlis reformebiTaa
cnobili. XIX saukunis iuridiul mecnierebaSi modernizmi
da voluntarizmi gaakritikes istoriuli skolis war-
momadgenlebma _ tibom, savinim da puxtam, romlebic
gamudmebiT xazs usvamdnen Cveulebebis rols samarTlis
formirebaSi. ieringi, aRiarebda ra istoriuli skolis um-
Tavres safuZvlebs, akritikebda mas imis gamo, rom
arasaTanadod afasebda adamianis qmedebis mniSvnelobas
`uflebisaTvis brZolis~ am xangrZliv da rTul procesSi.
XX saukunis klasikuri pozitivizmis kritikosebi mis avto-
rebs brals sdebdnen, rom isini arasworad igebdnen su-
verenis `brZanebis~ bunebas (kelzeni), agreTve, ada-
naSaulebdnen imaSi, rom Zalauflebis legitimurobis wy-
aros `CveulebaSi~ eZebdnen maSin, roca sinamdvileSi igi
ganisazRvreba imaTi `Sinagani TvalsazrisiT~, visTvisac sa-
marTali Seiqmna (harti).
samarTali da Rirebulebebi. pozitiuri samarTlis
RirebulebiTi Sinaarsis sakiTxi mniSvnelovani iyo sa-
marTlebrivi pozitivizmis warmomadgenlebisTvis mis

5
yvela variantSi, ukiduresi voluntarizmidan zomier var-
iantebamde, romlebic aRiareben bunebiTi uflebebis `mini-
malur nakrebs~ da Cveulebis rolsac ki samarTlis
CamoyalibebaSi. eWvs iwvevda ara is, unda yofiliyo Tu ara
kanoni samarTliani, aramed aris Tu ara kanonis samarTli-
anoba misive legitimurobis aucilebeli piroba. `mecni-
erul~ standartebze orientirebuli samarTlebrivi ana-
lizi cdilobda gaqceoda moralur msjelobebsa da ide-
ologiur argumentebs im sakiTxebSi, romlebic wminda iu-
ridiul xasiaTs atarebda. amitom is problemebi, rom-
lebsac `bunebiTi samarTlis~ mimdevrebi eTikurad miiC-
nevdnen, ganixilebodnen istoriul, fsiqologiur an eko-
nomikur konteqstSi. iurisprudenciis erTaderT mimar-
Tulebad, sadac SeuZlebeli iyo samarTlisa da moralis
urTierTmimarTebis problemis ganxilvisaTvis gverdis
avla, rCeboda sisxlis samarTali. eTikuri problemebi
mniSvnelovani iyo samarTlis momijnave sxvadasxva sfer-
osTvis, aseve, moqalaqeTa pirad cxovrebaSi samarTlis Car-
evis farglebis dadgenisas. miuxedavad amisa, zogierTi
avtori (magaliTad, g. radbruxi) gamoTqvamda eWvs, rom sa-
marTlebriv pozitivizms SeeZlo, warmatebiT SeeTavsebina
eTikuri problemisgan ganyenebuli samarTlis konceptu-
aluri analizi da moralur da politikur principebze
dayrdnobiT moqmedi kanonebis kritikuli analizi. ro-
gorc volfedenis komisiis cnobilma moxsenebam (1957) da
misma Semdgomma ganxilvam aCvena, ufro problemuri iyo
pozitiuri samarTlis cvlilebis procedura, cvalebadi
moraluri Rirebulebebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
samarTali da politika. nebisa da gonebis, an bunebiTi sa-
marTlisa da samarTlebrivi pozitivizmis urTierTdapiri-
spirebisas, zemoT ganxiluli filosofosebisTvis eWvs ar
iwvevda is, rom samarTali arsebobs ama Tu im formiT,
rogorc calkeuli socialuri fenomeni. kanonmdeblobaSi
gamoxatuli da sasamarTlos mier gamoyenebadi samarTali
ganixileboda sakmaris garantiad, sul mcire, formaluri

6
socialuri samarTlianobisa da kanonis winaSe moqalaqeTa
Tanasworobis dasacavad. aseTi samarTlis idealur mod-
elad miiCneva samarTali, rogorc garkveuli wesebisa da
procedurebis sistema. Tumca kanonTa krebulis arseboba,
iqneba es saero Tu sasuliero teqstis saxiT kodifi-
cirebuli, aSkarad araa sakmarisi socialur da politikur
konteqstSi samarTlis funqcionirebis realuri suraTis
warmosadgenad. amisaTvis aucilebelia gavigoT, Tu rogor
moqmedebs es wesebi da ra rols asrulebs konkretul Sem-
TxvevebSi, rac moiTxovs uamravi arasamarTlebrivi
faqtoris gaTvaliswinebasac, dawyebuli socialur-poli-
tikuriT da damTavrebuli kulturul-istoriuliT. Te-
oriulad, es dakvirveba im doqtrinis SemuSavebis aucile-
blobas niSnavda, romelic gadalaxavda viwro special-
izebul warmodgenas samarTalze, rogorc wesebis siste-
maze da gaiTvaliswinebda samarTlebrivi sistemis fun-
qcionirebis sxva elementebisa da formebis mniSvnelobas,
upirveles yovlisa, rTuli da socialurad ganpirobebuli
sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis miRebis meqanizmebs.
amgvarad, problemebi, romlebic Tanamedrove sa-
marTlis filosofosebs aRelvebT, Tavisi arsiT ar gan-
sxvavdeba imaTgan, romlebmac gaaqtiures Secnobis es
sfero istoriis gariJraJze: Cven isev ar gvaqvs pasuxi
SekiTxvaze _ aris Tu ara samarTali `gonebiT dawerili~,
romelic mowodebulia, daicvas kacobriobis fundamen-
turi Rirebulebebi, Tu warmoadgens saTamaSo moedans, ro-
melzec warimarTeba brZolebi wesebis gareSe da kon-
fliqturi politikuri interesebi individualur mi-
swrafebebs upirispirdebian.

7
 meore Tavi. analitikuri tradiciis Camoyalibeba
samarTlis filosofiaSi
socialur-istoriuli da Teoriuli winapirobebi. XIX
saukunis pirvel naxevarSi dasavluri filosofiur-sa-
marTlebrivi azrovneba pozitivizmis filosofiis formi-
rebisa da samarTlebrivi sinamdvilis funqcionirebis ka-
nonzomierebebis Sesaxeb politikur-samarTlebrivi cod-
nis diferencirebis procesis pirobebSi viTardeboda.
klasikuri samarTlebrivi pozitivizmis danawesebis Tavi-
seburebani did britaneTsa (j. ostini) da evropis sxva
qveynebSi am periodSi `Sida~ da `gare~ faqtorebis zemoqme-
debas efuZneba. pozitivisturi samarTlebrivi tradiciis
Camoyalibebis `gare~ faqtorebi evropis qveynebis so-
cialur-istoriuli ganviTarebis dinamikas ukavSirdeba.
upirveles yovlisa, es aris monarqiuli reJimis liberali-
zaciis tendencia, aseve, ara mxolod liberaluri Rirebu-
lebebis politikuri mniSvnelobis, aramed `konstitucion-
alizmis~, rogorc sazogadoebrivi wyobilebis gansa-
kuTrebuli saxis (romelic sxvadasxva socialuri jgufis
politikur porcesebSi CabmasTanaa dakavSirebuli), zrda.2

2 monarqiuli reJimebis liberalizacia dasavleT evropis qveynebSi

_ mrewvelobis gadatrialebis epoqaSi evropul saxelmwifoebSi sa-
konstitucio evoluciis kanonzomieri etapi. am procesis poli-
tikur-samarTlebrivi aspeqti gamoixata didi britaneTis sax-
elmwifo mowyobis `uesTminsTeris modelis~ dadgenaSi: mimdinare
politikaSi britaneTis parlamentis uflebamosilebebis gafar-
Toeba, 1832, 1867 da 1884 wlebis saarCevno reformebis, 1835 wlis
adgilobrivi TviTmarTvelobisa da 1888 wlis adgilobrivi
mmarTvelobis reformebis, 1873-76 da 1880 wlebis sasamarTlo sis-
temis reformis ganxorcieleba. msgavsi procesebi, aseve, SeiniSne-
boda safrangeTis sakonstitucio ganviTarebaSi (monarqiuli Zalau-
flebis SezRudva warmomadgenlobiTi organoebis saqmianobiT,
respublikuri mmarTvelobis damyarebis mcdeloba) germaniaSi (impe-
ratoris farTo uflebamosilebis SezRudva kanclerTan da mTavro-
basTan mimarTebiT) da ruseTis imperiaSi (aleqsandre II reformebi)
(vrclad amaze ix., .., A-.
K C . ., 1998. . 173
8
ramdenadac aseTi movlenebi moiazrebda saxelmwifo or-
ganoebis reformirebas, sasamarTlo sistemis srulyofasa
da Sesabamisi mmarTvelobiTi gadawyvetilebebis asaxvas ka-
nonmdeblobaSi, es iuridiuli praqtikis saWiroebisa da sa-
marTlis sferoSi kvalificiuri specialistebis moTx-
ovnis gazrdas iwvevs. Tumca XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi
filosofiur-samarTlebriv swavlebebsa da iurispruden-
ciaSi jer kidev batonobda `bunebiTi samarTlis~ ideebi,
aprioruli da racionaluri warmodgena adamianze, ro-
gorc politikur arsebaze, rac, rogorc wesi, konkretul
qveynebSi gabatonebul RirebulebaTa sistemas efuZne-
boda. am TvalsazrisiT, Sida faqtorebad iqca iuridiuli
sferos calke, sazogadoebrivi praqtikisgan damoukide-
bel samecniero dargad gamoyofis aucilebloba, spe-
cialuri samarTlebrivi meTodebis Seqmna, romlebic
Tundac mxolod garegnulad SeZlebdnen uzrunveleyoT
samarTlebrivi azrovnebisa da iuridiuli sazogadoebis
`avtonomia~. swored aman ganapiroba praqtikuli saqmiano-
bis doneze pozitivisturi Sexedulebebis popularoba.
garda amisa, samarTlis pozitivizmi samarTlebriv azrov-
nebas empiriuli meTodebisa da kvlevis xerxebis CarCoebSi
aqcevs, romlebic dakavSirebulia mravalricxovani kanon-
mdeblobis normebis analizsa da maT ganmartebasTan im sax-
elmwifo organoebis mier, romelTac rogorc samarTal-
Semoqmedebis, ise samarTalSefardebis uflebamosileba
aqvT (kerZod, senati ruseTis imperiaSi). ramdenadac sa-
marTlebrivi analizi Tavidanve orientirebulia sa-
marTlebrivi normebis formalur-logikur ganmartebaze,
samarTlis sinamdvilem, rogorc socialurma fenomenma,
normatiuli da empiriuli xasiaTi miiRo. samarTali
ganmartebulia, rogorc samarTlis normebis erToblioba,

198; K XIX . ., 1986. . 2627, 4046

.)

9
romelic gaTvaliswinebulia moqmedi kanonmdeblobis Sesa-
bamisad da Seicavs Zalauflebriv winapirobebs, romelTa
aRsrulebac saxelmwifo iZulebis RonisZiebebiTaa uzrun-
velyofili. ramdenadac samarTalmcodnis amocanad rCe-
boda mxolod normatiul-samarTlebrivi aqtebis Sinaarsis
aRwera, ganmartebis realuri procesisa da samarTlebrivi
normebis Sefasebis Teoriuli gaazreba gulisxmobda `sa-
marTlis dogmis~, anu Zalaufrebrivi winapirobis, nam-
dvili Sinaarsis dadgenas. amitomac samarTlis wyaroebis
analizis pozitivistur meTods, `pirveli pozitivizmis~
filosofiuri koncefciebis gavleniTa da kanonmdeblobis
mdgomareobis specifikis gaTvaliswinebiT, formalur-
dogmaturi meTodi ewoda. es meTodi `analitikuri~ sa-
marTlis pozitivizmis Teoriis ZiriTadi safuZvelia (j.
ostini), romelic XX saukunis dasawyisSi konkurencias
uwevs `sociologiuri pozitivizmis~ ideebsa da realuri
samarTlebrivi urTierTobebisa da samarTlebrivi insti-
tutis funqcionirebis analizisas sociologiuri meTo-
debis gamoyenebis mcdelobebs (o.u. holmsis, j. frankisa da
k. levelinis `samarTlebrivi realizmi~). amgvarad, XX
saukunis meore naxevarSi samarTlis filosofiaSi
erTdroulad arsebobda samarTlis pozitivizmisa da
`bunebiTi samarTlis Teoriis~ sxvadasxva versia. am peri-
odSi analitikuri filosofiis zegavleniT (logikuri da
lingvisturi pozitivizmi) pozitiuri azrovneba mniSvne-
lovnad srulyofili xdeba, rac ufro naTlad asaxulia
`samarTlis analitikur filosofiaSi~ (gansakuTrebiT h.
kelzeni da h. harti).
bevri samarTlis filosofosi cdilobda, moeZebna sa-
marTlis fenomenis saerTo gansazRvreba, romelSic gaT-
valiswinebuli iqneboda samarTlebrivi situaciebis mTeli
mravalferovneba da aRiniSneboda samarTlis sferos
sazRvrebi. h. harti aRniSnavs, rom aseTi miswrafebebi gar-
dauvlad iwvevda samarTlis calkeuli aspeqtebis abso-

10
lutizacias, rac sruldeboda samarTalmcodneebis amo-
savali Teoriuli da meTodologiuri warmodgenebis
gaurkvevlobiTa da usafuZvlobiT3. Tumca, samarTlis
ganmartebas praqtikuli Sedegebi hqonda, radgan WeSma-
ritebisa da `iuridiuli samarTlianobis~ kriteriumad,
faqtobrivad, miiCneoda samarTlebrivi faqtis adekvaturi
Sefardeba zogad wesTan an misi aRwera zogadi terminebis
saSualebiT. neopozitivistur samarTlis TeoriebSi iyo
samarTlebrivi gamonaTqvamebis damowmebis (verifici-
rebis) principis gamoyenebis mcdelobebi. magram, faqto-
brivad, samarTalSi verifikacia empiriuli monacamebiT
dadasturebas ki ar moiazrebda, aramed dadioda mxolod
ama Tu im saqmis viTarebis moqmedi kanonmdeblobis
normebTan mravaljerad Sepirispirebamde. Tumca sa-
marTalgamoyeneba amaxinjebda samarTlis normis dadgenil
mniSvnelobas, ramac Semoitana `gaurkvevlobis~ momenti
`samarTlisa~ da `kanonis~ namdvili funqcionirebisa da
urTierTmimarTebis ganmartebasa da naTelyofaSi. sa-
marTlis yoveldRiuri `bunebrivi~ enisa da iuridiuli
praqtikis Seswavlis saWiroeba zogadad aRiarebulia4. am
gagebiT, h. hartis samarTlis neopozitivistur TeoriaSi
samarTlebrivi movlenis Seswavla moiazrebs ara marto
struqturisa da samarTlis normis regulirebadi zemoqme-
debis, aramed realur, adamianur qcevasTan mimarTebiT misi
gamoyenebis specifikis analizsac.
jon ostinis `analitikuri iurisprudencia~ da misi
kritika. ingliseli samarTalmcodnis, jon ostinis `bZane-
biTi~ samarTlis Teoria XIX saukunis samarTlis poziti-
vizmis pirveli didi doqtrinaa. pozitivizmis Mbevri momxre
aRiarebda, rom j. ostinis samarTlebrivi sistemis modeli,
romelic sami nawilisgan Sedgeba (suvereni, brZaneba,

3 ix., Hart H.L.A. Notes // Hart H.L.A. Concept of Law, P. 277.

4 ix., Hart H.L.A. Concept of Law. P. 279280.

11
sanqcia) saSualebas gvaZlevs, mkafiod gamovyoT sa-
marTlisa da moralis winapirobebis sfero iuridiuli
sferodan mTlianobaSi.
j. ostinis azriT, iuristis kvlevis sagans unda war-
moadgendes `pozitiuri samarTali~, anu `politikuri
mmarTvelis mier dadgenili samarTali politikurad
daqvemdebarebulisTvis~; `wesebi dadgenilia erTi gonieri
adamianis qcevis samarTavad im meore gonieri adamianis
mier, romelsac aqvs Zalaufleba pirvelze~5. am Tval-
sazrisiT, samarTlebrivi sinamdvilis specifika gulisx-
mobs politikur sivrceSi politikur subieqtsa (`su-
verens~) da misdami damorCilebul pirebs Soris gan-
sakuTrebuli saxis Zalauflebrivi urTierTobebis arse-
bobas. Sesabamisad, `yoveli norma an wesi warmoadgens
brZanebas (command)~6. amgvari brZaneba sxva survilebisgan
imiT gansxvavdeba, rom brZanebis subieqts SeuZlia `iZu-
leba~ an sxvagvari sasjeli gamoiyenos survilis Seusrule-
blobis SemTxvevaSi. j. ostinis azriT, am uflebamosilebis
ararseboba amgvar `mbrZaneblur akrZalvebs~ aqcevs
`dadebiTi moralis~ normebad, anu socialur normebad,
romlebic Seqmnilia kerZo pirebis mier, sakuTari ganzra-
xvebis realizaciisa Tu azris gamoxatvisas.
j. ostinis modelSi brZanebebs kanonis statusi ori
pirobis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi aqvs. esenia: 1. akrZalvebis
saerTo xasiaTi, anu `suverenis survili~, rac warmoadgens
politikuri sferos mravali movlenis ganzogadebas; 2.
TviT akrZalva momdinareobs `suverenisgan~. Tumca, Cndeba
SekiTxva: vin aris suvereni da riTi gansxvavdeba is politi-
kis sxva subieqtebisgan7? j. ostinis gaazrebis Tanaxmad,
nebismier sazogadoebaSi arsebobs `piri~, anda `pirTa

5 . // -
. ., 1999. . 3. . 400.
6 . . 401.
7 ix., Hart H. L. A. Positivism and Separation of Law and Morals // Philosophy of

Law. Oxford, 1977. P. 19.

12
jgufi~, romlebic axerxeben sazogadoebis danarCeni,
umetesi nawilis damorCilebas, magram Tavad aravis emor-
Cilebian. agvarad, samarTali aris im mmarTvelTa iZu-
lebiTi brZanebebis erToblioba, romlebic kanons ar emor-
Cilebian. maS, riT gansxvavdeba suvereni SeiaraRebuli
yaCaRisgan, romelic regularulad Zarcvavs Zaladobas
miCveuli xalxis did jgufs? rogorc Cans, SeuZlebelia sa-
marTlebrivi sistemis gaigiveba sisxlis samarTlis
normebTan, romelebic hgavs `muqariT gaZlierebul brZane-
bebs~, da sisxlissamarTlebrivi aRmasrulebeli sistemis
`legalerobis~ arsebobas unda hqondes j. ostinis model-
isagan gansxvavebuli Semadgenloba8.
Zalauflebriv akrZalvebs ena gamoxatavs imperativebis
saSualebiT brZanebiT kiloSi - `gankargulebiT~, `moTx-
ovniT~, `rCeviT~. mniSvnelovania ara mxolod brZanebiTi ki-
losa da aRwerili qmedebebis urTierTmimarTeba, aramed
konkretuli socialuri situaciis konteqstic. brZanebiTi
kilos Cveulebrivi gamoyenebis dros (mag., `Tu Tqven ar
gaqvT mewarmis registraciis mowmoba, maSin ver awarmoebT
bizness~) mosaubre ubralod gvatyobinebs raime informa-
cias SesaZlo movlenebis aRweriT. sxva SemTxvevaSi mosau-
bre SesaZloa gamoxatavdes ganzraxvas, aiZulos sxva
Seasrulos aranebayoflobiTi moqmedeba, maT Soris,
sanqciis muqariTac (`Tu Tqven ar gaqvT mewarmis registra-
ciis mowmoba, maSin Tqveni moqmedeba aris `Crdilovani~ da
sisxlis samarTliT dasjadi)9.
ostinis imperatiul Teorias axasiaTebs iseTi niSnebi,
rogoricaa monizmi da reduqcionizmi. `monizmi~ gulisx-
mobs imas, rom samarTlis erTaderT wyaros warmoadgens ka-
noni. amasTan, kanonebs aqvT erTiani forma _ suverenis
garda yvela sxva subieqtis samarTlebrivi valdebulebebis
aRwera. am TvalsazrisiT misi Teoriis nakli Tavs iCens

8 ix., Hart H.L.A. Positivism and Separation of Law and Morals. P. 19.
9 ix., Hart H.L.A. Concept of Law. P. 280281.

13
monarqiuli reJimidan `konstitucionalizmze~, rogorc
Zalauflebis TviTSezRudvis reJimze, gadasvlisas, roca
suvereni, gansazRvrebis mixedviT, ukve damorCilebulia
sakanonmdeblo normebs. garda amisa, ostini da misi mim-
devrebi iyeneben normatiul enas da amiT varaudoben, rom
saxelisuflebo uflebamosilebebze, uflebebsa da mo-
valeobebze samarTlebrivi gamonaTqvamebis gaanalizeba
SesaZlebelia iuridiuli terminebis gamoyenebis gareSe
(reduqcionizmi)10. h. hartma da ostinis sxva kritikosebma
damajereblad aCvenes aseTi midgomis SezRuduloba:
brZanebebis, gankargulebebis, Txovnebis gamomxatveli im-
perativebisa da terminebis mravalferovani formebisTvis
ar arsebobs saerTo sityvebi, romlebic zustad asaxavda
mTqmelis ganzraxvebs. Cveulebrivi gamonaTqvamebic ki
Seicavs `gamoyenebis konteqsts~ da sxvagvarad ver iqneba
adekvaturad gaazrebuli. SeiaraRebuli mZarcvelis Sem-
TxvevaSi logikuri da bunebrivia vivaraudoT, rom is
msxverpls ubrZanebs fulis micemas, msxverpli ki emor-
Cileba. magram marTebulia Tu ara `imperativis~ amgvari
gageba im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac, magaliTad, policieli
jarimis gadaxdas moiTxovs pirisgan manqanis akrZalul
adgilze gaCerebis gamo? j. ostins es marTebulad miaCnia,
radgan Tavad uflebamosili piris moTxovna mbrZanebluri
miTiTebiT iZleva warmoSobili samarTlebrivi urTier-
Tobebis `konteqstsa~ da arss, samarTlebrivi moqmedebebis
specifikas. h. harti miiCnevs, rom es ase ar aris, radgan
policieli, mZarcvelisgan gansxvavebiT, ki ar miiTvisebs
Zalauflebas, aramed kanoniT aris aRWurvili amiT. garda
amisa, jarimis wesebi gamyarebulia kanonmdeblobiT, ar
efuZneba mxolod movlenebis monawileTa saR azrs da ar
moqmedebs Cveulebebis saxiT. aucilebelia, gvesmodes, rom
sxvadasxva tipis wesi arsebobs. xelSekrulebis dadebisas,

10ix., Legal positivism // Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

[www.plato.stanford.edu].
14
qorwinebis Tu anderZis Sedgenisas iZulebiTi brZanebebi ki
araa, aramed esaa mxolod rekomendaciebi da moqmedebaTa
ganxorcielebis procedurebi, romelTa daucvelobis Sem-
TxvevaSi mosalodnelia ara iuridiuli sanqciebi, am
sityvis zedmiwevniTi gagebiT, aramed arasasurveli Sedeg-
ebi, maTi `iuridiulad aranamdvilad~ gamocxadebis saxiT.
amitom sisxlissamarTlebrivi normebis ganxilvis dros,
romlebic j. ostinTan suverenis brZanebebs gvagonebs, h.
harti neopozitivistur models j. ostinis warmodgenebs
adarebs. `ostini gansaxvavebs kanonsa da calkeul brZane-
bebs da amtkicebs, rom brZaneba aris kanoni an wesi, Tu is
gvavaldebulebs garkveuli qmedebis Sesrulebas an misgan
Tavis Sekavebas raime gansazRvruli moqmedebaTa klasis
mimarT~11. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, Tu suverenis brZaneba
mimarTulia calkeuli pirisken mis mier gansaxorciel-
ebeli gansazRvruli tipis an klasis qmedebasTan da-
kavSirebiT, maSin is kanonis statuss iZens. Tumca es ara-
sworia da Tanamedrove sakanonmdeblo sistemaSi miekuTv-
neba aranormatiul samarTlebriv aqtTa ricxvs. Tu pre-
zidenti Tavisi `gankargulebiT~ daniSnavs konkretul pirs
prezidentis administraciis xelmZRvanelis Tanamde-
bobaze, maSin es samarTlebrivi aqti ar aris zogad-
savaldebulo da exeba mxolod daniSnul pirs, anu mas aqvs
lokaluri da droebiTi moqmedebis Zala. zogadsa-
valdebulo aq iqneba mxolod `cvlilebis wesebi~ (ro-
melsac harti meoreul wesebs uwodebs), romelic pre-
zidents msgavsi gadawyvetilebebis miRebis uflebamo-
silebas aniWebs da moqalaqeTa ganusazRvrel wreze vrcel-
deba.
gansakuTrebuli davis sagnad iqca ostinis warmodgena
suverenze, rogorc kanonmdebelze. is miiCnevs, rom demo-
kratiul sazogadoebaSi eleqtorati adgens suverenul

11 Hart H.L.A., Concept of Law, P. 282.

15
warmonaqmns da flobs suverenitets, Tumca inglisis sa-
marTlebriv sistemaSi ar arsebobs pirdapiri (uSualo) dem-
okratiis instituti. amis Sesaxeb werda XX saukunis da-
sawyisSi ingliseli samarTalmcodne, inglisuri konstitu-
cionalizmis, rogorc samarTlis wyaros doqtrinis,
avtori alfred daisi, romelic miuTiTebda `parlamentis
suverenitetis~ deskrifciul principze, rogorc inglisSi
warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis safuZvelze12. j. ostini
cdilobs, Tavis suverenitetis TeoriaSi es principic Car-
Tos da amtkicebs, rom parlamenti aerTianebs dedofals,
lordTa palatasa da TemTa palatas, romlebic erTo-
blivad moqmedeben. saparlamento suvereniteti aRniSnavs
mis `uflebas, Seqmnas an ar Seqmnas nebismieri kanoni da
SemdgomSi arcerTi piri Tu pirTa jgufi, inglisuri
kanonis mixedviT, ar iyos uflebamosili, uaryos an gaau-
qmos parlamentis kanonmdebloba~, amasTan, sakanonmdeblo
aqtebis Zalaufleba vrceldeba samefo dominionebSic13.
mocemul SemTxvevaSi j. ostinis warmodgenas `mosaxleobis
masaze~ (eleqtoratze), rogorc suverensa da kanon-
mdebelze, winaaRmdegobamde mivyavarT: `mosaxleobis
masis~ brZanebebs emorCileba TviT mosaxleoba, anu mo-
saxleoba eqvemdebareba sakuTar Tavs problema, romelic
samarTlis TeoritikosebisaTvis cnobilia jer kidev Jan
Jak rusos droidan14. sxva avtorebi (salmondi) akritikeben
ostins samarTlebriv normebSi eTikuri azris ugulebel-
yofis gamo.
yvela aSkara naklovanebasTan erTad, ostinis martivma
modelma sicxadisa da realizmis wyalobiT, gavlena iqonia
(da dResac aqvs) filosofiur-samarTlebrivi moZRvre-
bebis ganviTarebaze, maT Soris, kelzenis normativizmsa da
hartis neopozitivizmze.

12 ix., Dicey A.V. Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution. Indianapo-
lis: Liberty Classics, 1982. P. XVII.
13 ix., Dicey A.V. Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution. P. XXXVI.
14 ix., Hart H.L.A. Positivism and Separation of Law and Morals, P.20.

16
 Tavi mesame. hans kelzenis `samarTlis wminda
Teoria~ (normativizmi)

Tanamedrove samarTlis filosofiis analitikuri

tradiciis CamoyalibebaSi meTodologiuri mniSvneloba
eniWeba avstrieli kanonmdeblis, hans kelzenis, `sa-
marTlis wminda Teoriasac~ (normativizms). faqtobrivad,
hans kelzenma garkveuli wesebis sistemis saSualebiT Camo-
ayaliba amosavali postulatebi da argumentebi samarTlis
fenomenisa da normatiuli wesrigis aRiarebis sasar-
geblod.
iuridiuli Semecnebis principebi. kelzeni axdens ne-
okantianizmis filosofiuri ideebis (g. kogeni), neo-
pozitivizmisa da XX saukunis samarTlebrivi pozitivizmis
sinTezs, amitom misi TeoriisTvis damaxasiaTebelia sa-
marTalgagebis iseTi principebi, rogoricaa `arsisa~ da
`jerarsis samarTlebrivi dualizmi; wminda iuridiuli
meTodis gamoyeneba, romelic Tavisufalia politikur-
ideologiuri da aqsiologiuri zegavlenisagan; arsebuli
samarTlebrivi wesrigis normatiuli erTobis aRiarebis
xarjze samarTlis Teoriis `monizmi~; warmodgena sax-
elmwifos, rogorc samarTlebrivi wesrigis personi-
fikaciis, Sesaxeb; samarTlebriv sistemaSi normebis lo-
gikuri ierarqia, romelsac saTaveSi udgas saerTaSoriso
samarTlis `ZiriTadi norma~. amgvarad, kelzenis TeoriaSi
monizmi iwvevs iuridiuli codnis erTianobisa da sax-
elmwifosa da samarTlis igiveobis principis Camoyal-
ibebas.
swavleba kanonis arsis Sesaxeb. h. kelzenis azriT, sa-
marTlebrivi gagebisa da iuridiuli meTodis `siwminde~
uzrunvelyofilia imiT, rom samarTali miekuTvneba `je-
rarsulis~ sferos, anu samarTlebriv azrovnebas kavSiri

17
aqvs mxolod samarTlis normis SinaarsSi gamoxatul je-
rarsTan15. qmedebis, rogorc moqmedebaTa obieqturi azris,
samarTlebrivi mniSvneloba ganasxvavebs maT bunebrivi
movlenebisgan, romlebic mizezobriv kanons emorCileba16.
rogorc kelzeni aRniSnavs, norma funqcionirebs ganmar-
tebis sqemis saxiT. Sesabamisad, normatiuli ganmartebis
Sedegia daskvnebi, romlebic qcevis wess samarTlebriv
mniSvnelobas aniWebs. riT ganisazRvreba samarTlebrivi
normebis Sinaarsi? jerarsiT, romelic samarTlebriv
wesrigs qmnis, magram ara mxolod `SeuZlias~ mniSvnelobiT,
aramed `ufleba aqvs~ arsiTac. e.i. samarTlis norma
erTdroulad krZalavs da nebas rTavs, SeiZleba Seicavdes
rogorc nebarTvas, ise akrZalvas, rac ukve mogvagonebs sa-
marTlebrivi normebis saxeebis gamijvnas. iuridiuli aq-
tebi gamoxatulia JestebiT, simboloebiT, sityvierad da
dawerili dokumentebiT. jerarsi ki samarTlebriv aqts
azrs sZens. amitomac, `qmedeba~ damakavSirebeli rgolia
normasa (jerarssa) da arss (nebelobiT aqts) Soris. amgva-
rad, samarTlebrivi arsis formebi warmoqmnian `moqmed~ sa-
marTlis normebs, xolo samarTlis arsis Sinaarsi qmnis im
subieqtebis qcevas (moqmedeba, umoqmedoba), romlebsac sa-
marTlis normebi aniWeben samarTlebriv statuss da maT
qmedebebs iuridiul xasiaTs miaweren.

15 ix., : . . ., 1987. . 1. . 12.

Kelsen H. Algemeine Staatslehre. Berlin: Springer, 1925.
16 kelzenis TeoriaSi bunebisTvis normaluria mizezobrioba, xolo

sazogadoeba _ es aris adamianTa qcevebis wesrigi, amitomac

mizezobrioba samarTlis sferoSi ar aris (ix., Kelsen H. Causality and
Imputation // Ethics. 1950. Vol. 61. No. 1.P. 1).M iurisprudenciis es obieqti
swored, zusti mecnierebebisgan gansxvavebiT, xdeba ara realoba,
aramed Rirebulebebi, romlebic aRwerilia sazogadoebaSi moqmedi
samarTlebrivi normebiT (KKelsen H. Science and Politics // The American
Political Science Review. 1951. Vol. 45. No. 3. P. 648).

18
 wminda TeoriaSi samarTali adamianis qcevis normati-
uli wyobiT xasiaTdeba da samarTlebrivi normebis siste-
mas warmoadgens. Tumca samarTlis norma SeiZleba iyos
gonebrivi daSveba, an pozitiurad dadgenili norma. ker-
Zod, normatiuli xasiaTis gonebrivi daSvebaa samarTle-
brivi aqsiomebi (aravis SeuZlia iyos Tavis saqmeze mosa-
marTle), samarTlebrivi prezumfciebi, fiqciebi da sa-
marTlebrivi principebi.
kelzenis TeoriaSi jerarsi qmnis nebelobiTi aqtis
subieqtur azrs. Tu qmedeba marTlzomierad aRiqmeba subi-
eqturad mxolod maT mier, vinc mas axorcielebs (mag.,
mZarcvelis moTxovnebi), obieqturad es aris ara-
marTlzomieri. Tu amgvari qmedebebi subieqturad marTl-
zomierad aRiqmeba qmedebis subieqtisa da sxva pirebis mier
(uflebamosili piris moTxovnebi), maSin is SeiZleba iyos
marTlzomieri, Tu kanons Seesabameba.
swavleba samarTlis normaTa ierarqiis Sesaxeb. h.
kelzenis TeoriaSi yalibdeba samarTlebriv sistemaSi nor-
maTa logikuri ierarqiis (safexurebis) koncefcia. amasTan,
marTlwesrigis normatiuli erToblioba miiRweva sa-
marTlebrivi normebis subordinaciis safuZvelze. ra uz-
runvelyofs subordinacias? g. kogenisa da misi `sax-
elmwifos, rogorc samarTlis formis~ ideis kvaldakval h.
kelzens miaCnia, rom saxelmwifo ar miekuTvneba empiriul
realobas, aramed Seesabameba garkveul marTlwesrigs,
axdens ra mis personificirebas. maSasadame, subordinaciis
garda marTlwesrigis normatiuli erTianoba `ZiriTadi
normis~ arsebobis Sesaxeb varaudiTaa uzrunvelyofili.
ZiriTadi norma _ es aris daSveba, romelic ayalibebs
normis obieqtur namdvilobas da romelic raRac
valdebulebas warmoSobs. Tumca i. kantis kategoriuli im-
perativisgan gansxvavebiT, `ZiriTadi norma~ ar aris gan-
sazRvruli, anu gaurkvevelia misi warmoSoba, buneba,
Sinaarsi da matarebeli. mocemuli norma marTlwesrigis
dinamikis mwvervali da safuZvelia, xolo Teoriul-

19
SemecnebiTi funqcia mas filosofiur-samarTlebriv kate-
goriad gardaqmnis. h. kelzeni ganixilavs warmodgenas
bunebiT marTlwesrigze, sadac bunebiTi samarTlis
normebi logikurad adis erTian principamde da qvemdgomi
normebi logikurad gamomdinareobs zemdgomi normebidan.
amave dros, pozitiur marTlwesrigSi `ZiriTadi normis~
Semadgenloba ar Seicavs qvemdgomi normebis Sinaarss da
nebismieri socialuri norma SeiZleba gaxdes samarTle-
brivi, Tu is miRebulia Sesabamisi procedurebis dacviT.
amgvarad, marTlwesrigis dinamika h. kelzenTan Semdegia _
samarTlis mier sakuTari Tavis zogadi normebidan `indi-
vidualur normebamde~ warmoqmna samarTalSefardebisas
(sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebi)
swavleba konstituciis Sesaxeb. h. kelzenis politikuri
Sexedulebebi emyareba saxelmwifosa da samarTlis identi-
ficirebis princips. saxelmwifo, rogorc iZulebis organ-
izacia, marTlwesrigis identuria, magram Tavadac sa-
marTlidanaa warmoSobili. kelzeni askvnis, rom yvela sax-
elmwifo, maT Soris, avtoritarulic, aris samarTlebrivi
saxelmwifo, rac liberaluri demokratiis doqtrinebs
ewinaaRmdegeboda. saxelmwifoebis demokratiul da arad-
emokratiulad klasifikaciisas kelzeni saparlamento
demokratias emxroba. magram misi gagebiT demokratia ar
daiyvaneba xmaTa umravlesobiT gadawyvetilebebis miRe-
basa da kanonebis damtkicebamde. demokratia gulisxmobs
sxvisi azris pativiscemas da moiTxovs umciresobaTa azris
dacvas. yovelgvari demokratiis mamoZravebeli principi
sinamdvileSi aris ara liberalizmis ekonomikuri Tavisu-
fleba, rogorc amas zogjer amtkicebdnen (radgan demokra-
tia SeiZleba iyos rogorc liberaluri, ise social-
isturi), aramed, ufro metad esaa sulieri Tavisufleba.
amgavarad, samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo xasiaTdeba demokra-
tiuli reJimiTa da sazogadoebrivi mowyobis sakonstitu-
cio modeliT.

20
 magram kelzeni demokratiis SesaZleblobebs arc
aidealebs da arc maTG absolutizacias axdens. parlamenti,
sxvadasxva partiis saxiT, warmoadgens gansxvavebul
sazogadoebriv interesebs. interesebis Sejaxeba ki xels
uwyobs sxvadasxva saxis `SeTanxmebis~ dadebas gavlenian
politikur jgufebs Soris. amitom sazogadoebaSi demo-
kratiis roli SezRudulia, radgan, kelzenis azriT, aseT
pirobebSi SeuZlebelia swori da obieqturad dasabu-
Tebuli politikuri gadawyvetilebebis miReba.
garda amisa, sazogadoeba periodulad awydeba revolu-
cias. revolucia _ esaa konstituciis nebismieri cvli-
leba. xolo gadatrialeba marTlwesrigSi (da sax-
elmwifoSi, romelic samarTlis identuria) Zalauflebisa
da moqmedi kanonmdeblobis legitimurobis axal krite-
riumebs gansazRvravs. mocemul situaciaSi kelzeni ar
scdeba pozitivisturi warmodgenebis CarCoebs, radgan
esmis, rom aseTi revoluciebis umravlesobas SeuZlia
daangrios demokratia, rac moxda germaniaSi (vaimaris
respublikis kraxi da nacistebis mmarTvelobaSi mosvla,
xolo meore msoflio omis Semdeg _ germaniis okupacia
amerikuli da sabWoTa jarebis mier).
kelzeni Tavis TeoriaSi erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebs
formalur da materialur konstituciebs. konstitucia _
es aris erovnuli samarTlebrivi sistemis umaRlesi mwver-
vali, sityvis materialuri arsiT _ esaa normaTa erTo-
blioba, romelic kanonebis Seqmnis sakiTxs awesrigebs.
aqedan gamomdinare, materialuri konstitucia gan-
sazRvravs ara marto saxelmwifoebrivi organoebis sta-
tussa da kanonSemoqmedebis process, aramed momavali ka-
nonebis Sinaarssac uflebebisa da akrZalvebis gansazRvris
gziT. Sesabamisad, formaluri konstitucia _ es aris weri-
lobiTi dokumenti, `samarTlebrivi normebis erToblioba,
romelic SeiZleba Seicvalos mxolod gansazRvruli pro-
ceduruli wesebis dacviT da misi mizania, gaarTulos am
normebis Secvla.

21
 swavleba saerTaSoriso samarTlis Sesaxeb. normativiz-
mis erT-erTi mTavari debuleba, h. kelzenis azriT, aris
saerTaSoriso samarTalis pirvelobisa da priorite-
tulobis idea. swored saerTaSoriso samarTali Seicavs
ZiriTad normas, romlis gareSec SeuZlebelia erovnuli
samarTlebrivi sistemebis arseboba. is gansazRvravs, ra
aris saxelmwifo: misi arsebobis aucilebel pirobebs war-
moadgens marTlwesrigi, teritoriis marTvis efeqtu-
roba da sazogadoebis damoukidebloba sxva sazoga-
doebisgan.17 am TvalsazrisiT, saxelmwifoebi floben pi-
robiT suverenitets, isini eqvemdebarebian saerTaSoriso
samarTlis subieqtebs (zeerovnul organizaciebs).18
magram ismis kiTxva _ saerTaSoriso samarTlis romeli
norma SeiZleba iyos ZiriTadi norma? calkeuli avtorebi
gvTavazobdnen aseT normad migveCnia saerTaSoriso
xelSekrulebebis gziT saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis mi-
wesrigebis principi. Tumca yvela saerTaSoriso valde-
buleba ar warmoiSveba xelSekrulebebidan, xolo sax-
elmwifoebs, garda amisa, sasamarTlo imunitetic aqvT.
aRsaniSnavia isic, rom gaeros saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos
statutis 38-e muxlis Sinaarsidan SeuZlebelia gavigoT
saerTaSoriso samarTlis formaluri wyaroebis CamonaT-
valic ki, radgan isini msoflios yvela saxelmwifosTvis
zogadsavaldebulo xasiaTis araa. h. kelzeni miuTiTebda,
rom saerTaSoriso samarTali saerTaSoriso urTier-
TobebSi xSirad afiqsirebs saxelmwifoebis `Cveulebriv
qcevaTa~ faqtebs. aqedan gamomdinareobs misi daskvna: `Zi-
riTadi norma~, faqtobrivad, es aris estopelis principi,
debuleba _ `saxelmwifoebi unda iqceodnen ise, rogorc

17 ix., Kelsen H. Recognition in International Law: Theoretical observations // The

American Journal of International Law. 1941. Vol. 35. No. 4.P. 607, 608.
18

(Kelsen H. Recognition in International Law: Theoretical observations.

P. 606).
22
isini Cveulebriv moqmedeben~, anu `arsidan~ gamomdi-
nareobs `jerarsi~, xolo saerTaSoriso samarTlis sistema
uZluria, win aRudges didi saxelmwifoebis agresias.19
normativizmis kritika. samarTlebriv normebsa da maT
mier mowesrigebuli samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis ur-
TierTmimarTebis problemis damkvidrebuli interpre-
taciis miuxedavad, kelzenis TeoriaSi samarTlebrivi re-
alizmis ontologiis wyoba mraval winaaRmdegobas awydeba.
Tuki arsebobs urTierTkavSiri yofasa (nebelobiT aqtsa)
da jerarsuls (samarTlebriv normebs) Soris, maSin iuridi-
uli meTodisa da samarTlebrivi cnebebis `siwmindis~
meTodologiuri principi daculi ar aris. ramdenadac `Zi-
riTadi normisa da zogad normaTa ierarqiis miRma
kelzeni aRiarebs individualur normaTa arsebobas, rac
warmoudgenelia arasocialuri sinamdvilisTvis, gamodis,
rom ar xdeba filosofiur-samarTlebrivi Teoriis moniz-
mis meTodologiuri principis dacva.
uerTierTwinaaRmdegoba samarTalgamoyenebis praqti-
kaSic Cndeba. sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis miRebisas Zi-
riTadi normidan~ deduqciur daskvnas mivyavarT iqamde,
rom sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba ewinaaRmdegeba sxva sa-
marTlebriv normebs. xolo sasamarTlo saqmis konkretuli
garemoebebidan ZiriTad normaze induqciuri gadasvla
iwvevs misi gadaxedvis aucileblobas, faqtobrivi situa-
ciebis simravlis gamo. garda amisa, `samarTlis wminda Te-
oria ar aris sruli, radgan ar iTvaliswinebs, marTl-
wesrigSi revolucias da sakanonmdeblo sistemebis
Secvlis SesaZleblobas, samarTlebrivi praqtikisa da kon-
stituciis normebis gansxvavebas da konstituciis
normebis mimarTebas CveulebiT samarTalTan, rac nor-
maTa ierarqiis miRmaa.

19dawvr. ix., . . . .: ,
2001.
23
 mogvianebiT vnaxavT, rom h. kelzenis samarTlis wminda
Teoria ar wyvets gaurkvevlobis, statikurobisa da sa-
kanonmdeblo normebis araefeqturobis problemas, radgan
mis logikur ierarqiaSi norma swrafad ver icvleba
cvalebadi praqtikis gamo. gaurkvevelia mravali normis
Semadgenloba, araferia naTqvami im normebze, romlebic ki
ar eqvemdebarebian qcevas, aramed moqmedebis safuZvels
warmoadgenen (gansakuTrebiT, oficialur pirebTan
mimarTebiT). Tumca `samarTlis wminda swavlebam~ samar-
Tlis analitikur filosofiaze gavlena iqonia.

24
 Tavi meoTxe. hartis samarTlebrivi neopozitivizmi

analitikuri midgoma samarTalTan. h. hartis neo-

pozitivizmSi warmodgenilia iuridiuli codnis sa-
fuZvlebisa da sawyisis gadaxedvis mcdeloba, aseve, Camo-
yalibebulia sami problema, romlebic samarTlis bunebis
gagebis analitikur midgomas axasiaTebs: (1) samarTlebrivi
iZulebis gansxvaveba arasamarTlebrivisgan; (2) samarTle-
brivi da moraluri akrZalvebis urTierTmimarTeba; (3)
wesebi da maTi adgili samarTlebrivi sistemis
sinamdvileSi.
1. h. harts mohyavs empiriuli argumenti, romlis Tanax-
madac, samarTlebrivi normebis gavleniT adamianis zogi-
erTi qceva TviTneburidan savaldebulod gardaiqmneba20.
Tumca samarTlis filosofiaSi samarTlebriv valdebu-
lebebze Sexedulebebi gansxvavebulia. j. ostinis doqtri-
naSi `movaleobebi~ im samarTlebriv urTierTobaTa
arsebobiT xasiaTdeba, romlebic dakavSirebulia su-
verenis brZanebis SesrulebasTan. aq SeuZlebelia gan-
vasxvavoT samarTlebrivi da arasamarTlebrivi iZuleba.
Tu SeiaraRebuli mZarcveli emuqreba msxverpls da iTxovs
safulis micemas, msxverpli valdebulia, daemorCilos. h.
hartis TeoriaSi valdebulebebis saTaved warmogvidgeba
samarTlebrivi wesebis sistema, romelSic sisxlissa-
marTlebrivi normebic ki ar daiyvaneba iZulebiT brZane-
bebamde, radgan isini sazogadod cnobili legaluri pro-
cedurebis safuZvelzea miRebuli, warmoadgens zogadsa-
valdebulos da pirTa farTo wreze vrceldeba.
2. moraluri danawesebi, aseve, warmoadgens adamianis
qcevis erT-erT momwesrigebels, Sedgeba wesebisgan, rom-
lebic Seicavs akrZalvebs an SezRudvebs. am TvalsazrisiT,
kanonzomieria kiTxva samarTlebrivi wesebis moraluri

20 Sead., Hart H.L.A. Concept of Law. P. 6.

25
Semadgenlobis Taobaze. nebismieri saxelmwifos samarTle-
briv sistemas, gansakuTrebiT, sisxlis samarTals, xSirad
ayalibebs Tanamedrove moraluri warmodgenebi. garda
amisa, bunebiTi samarTlis TeoriebSi xSirad samarTals
miaweren sazogadoebaSi samarTlianobis aRdgenis fun-
qcias, aseve, ganixileba Tavad kanonis samarTlianobis sa-
kiTxic. amgvarad, msgavseba da gansxvaveba samarTlebriv da
moralur danawesebs Soris iwvevs iuridiuli da zneobrivi
sferoebis gamijvnis sirTuleebs.
3. ramdenadac samarTlis arsis problema ganixileba em-
piriul doneze da moiazrebs samarTlis, rogorc iuridi-
uli normebis erTobliobis, analizs, Cndeba SekiTxvebi sa-
marTlebrivi wesebis gagebisa da klasifikaciis Taobaze.
Tavs iCens imis gagebis aucilebloba, Tu raSi mdgomareobs
adamianTa qcevaSi aseTi wesebis gansxvaveba Cveulebebisa da
`adaTebisgan~ da rogoria iZulebiTi da moraluri moTx-
ovnebis Tanafardoba sawyisi wesebis struqturaSi21.
h. hartis meTodologiuri midgomis specifika gulisx-
mobs samarTlebrivi sferos sazRvrebis dadgenis dros
analitikuri meTodis Tanmimdevrul gamoyenebas. neo-
pozitivizmSi kvlevis sagnad iqceva ara pozitiuri sa-
marTali mTlianobaSi, aramed misi calkeuli elementebi:
pozitiuri samarTali moicavs samarTlis sxvadasxva wy-
aros (kanonebs, Cveulebebs, doqtrinebsa da precedentebs),
kanoni Sedgeba samarTlebrivi normebisgan, xolo normebi
_ wesebisgan. amgvarad, h. hartis TeoriaSi mTavari katego-
ria aris wesi, samarTlebrivi gamonaTqvamebi garkveuli
samarTlebrivi urTierTobis arsebobis an ararsebobis da
maTi struqturuli elementebis Taobaze. amitomac sa-
marTlebrivi pozitivizmis sawyis safuZvlad gvevlineba
moralisa da samarTlis, `arsisa~ (pozitiuri) da `jerar-
suli~ (bunebiTi) samarTlis gamijvna, rac vlindeba,
magaliTad, diskusiaSi sisxlis samarTlis principebis

21 Sead., Hart H.L.A. Postscript // Hart H.L.A. Concept of Law. P. 240.

26
Sesaxeb. naTelia, rom iseT cnebebs, rogoricaa `brali~ an
`sasjeli~, SesaZlebelia hqondeT moraluri an samarTle-
brivi mniSvneloba. sasjeli SeiZleba ganisazRvros Cade-
nili amoraluri qmedebis an sisxlissamarTlebrivi normis
darRvevisTvis. h. hartis pozicia gulisxmobs `bralis~,
rogorc `ganzrax an gaufrTxileblobiT amoraluri
qmedebis Cadenis~ gansazRvrebis kritikas, rasac Tan axlavs
miTiTeba msgavsi samarTlebrivi gamonaTqvamis normati-
ulobisa da moraluri ganpirobebulobis, aseve, sisxlissa-
marTlebriv kanonmdeblobaSi danaSaulis mravali
Semadgenlobis `moraluri neitralitetis~ Sesaxeb22.
Tumca samarTlisa da moralis gamijvnis principis
specifika h. hartTan vlindeba moraluri, bunebiTi da
pozitiuri uflebebis bunebis Sesaxeb msjelobaSi. h. har-
tis mTavari Tezisi gulisxmobs imas, rom individs aqvs er-
TaderTi bunebiTi ufleba, romelic ar ukavSirdeba adami-
anis nebelobiT qcevas _ esaa `yvelasTvis Tanabari ufleba,
iyos Tavisufali~23. igi moicavs im yvelafrisgan TavSekave-
bis uflebas, rac dakavSirebulia garegan SezRudvebTan an
iZulebasTan, aseve, iseTi qmedebis Tavisufal nebas, rac
iZulebas ar ukavSirdeba da sxvebisTvis ziani ar moaqvs.
amgvarad, es bunebiTi samarTali ar aris absoluturi da
SeuzRudavi. h. harti uSvebs moraluri uflebebis arse-
bobas, romelTac Tavdapirvelad kavSiri aqvT iuridiul
uflebebTan, radgan piris Tavisufleba garkveulwilad sa-
marTlebrivi normebiT izRudeba. piris Tavisufleba gan-
sazRvrul safexurze SeboWilia samarTlebrivi normebiT.
hartTan es danawesi dadasturebulia `zogadi~ da `spe-
cialuri~ uflebebis gamijvnisas. specialuri uflebebi da
maTTan gaTanabrebuli valdebulebebi warmoiSoba konkre-
tuli samarTalurTierTobebis farglebSi da maTi gam-
ovlineba damokidebulia ara ganxorcielebadi qmedebebis

22Sead., Hart H. L. A. Punishment and Responsibility. Oxford, 1968. P. 181.

23Sead., Hart H. L. A. Are There Any Natural Rights? // The Philosophical Review.
1955. Vol. 64. 2.P. 175.
27
moralur xarisxze, aramed mxareTa nebayoflobiT SeTanx-
mebaze. isini gansxavdeba zogadi (moraluri) uflebebisgan,
romlebic icavs individis Tavisuflebas gaumarTlebeli
SezRudvisgan. h. hartis azriT, zogadi uflebebis arseboba
(magaliTad, me maqvs sityvisa da azris gamoxatvis Tavisu-
fleba~) sxva individebis `saTanado~ qcevis moralur sa-
fuZvels iZleva. am SemTxvevaSi, moraluri safuZveli efuZ-
neba ara konkretul qmedebebs, aramed TiToeulis Tavisu-
flebis bunebiT uflebas. h. hartis neopozitiur TeoriaSi
samarTals aqvs minimaluri moraluri Semadgenloba, rome-
lic individis bunebiTi uflebisa da zogadi uflebebis
arsebobiT gamoixateba.
analitikis Semdegi postulati ukvaSirdeba samar-
Talze, rogorc `logikurad Caketil sistemaze~, klasi-
kuri pozitivisturi warmodgenis gadaxedvas, `romelSic
konkretuli iuridiuli gadawyvetilebebi SeiZleba gam-
oviyvanoT zogadi samarTlebrivi wesebidan logikuri saS-
ualebebis daxmarebiT, socialuri miznebis, Rirebulebeb-
isa da politikisagan damoukideblad. harti cdilobs,
gadalaxos `samarTlebrivi realizmisa~ (samarTali sa-
marTalurTierTobebis erToblioba) da `samarTlebrivi
pozitivizmis~ (iuridiuli konstruqciebis namdvili mniS-
vnelobis gamovlineba) sazRvrebi. amitom am SemTxvevaSi
mTavar amocanad iqceva samarTlebrivi gamonaTqvamebis
WeSmaritebis pirobebis dadgena. magaliTad, hartis
SexedulebiT, a-s aqvs ufleba~, WeSmaritebaa, Tu Seesa-
bameba Semdeg pirobebs: (1) arsebobs samarTlebrivi sistema;
(2) samarTlebriv wesebTan Sesabamisad, sxva `b~ pirovnebas
`aqvs valdebuleba~, imoqmedos an qmedebisgan Tavi Seika-
vos; (3) a-s valdebulebebis b-s uflebebTan gaTanabreba
da piriqiT, maT mier qcevis SerCevisas. Sesabamisad,
mtkiceba imis Taobaze, rom a-s aqvs ufleba~, gamoiyeneba
samarTlebrivi gadawyvetilebis miRebisas im konkretul
SemTxvevaSi, romelic eqceva wesebis moqmedebis gavlenis
qveS.

28
 iuridiuli enis struqtura da samarTlebrivi gam-
onaTqvamebi. erT-erT adrindel naSromSi h. harti
amtkicebs, rom arsebobs enobrivi gamoTqmebis gan-
sakuTrebuli saxe, romlis ZiriTadi funqcia aris ara
konkretuli situaciis aRwera, aramed samarTlebrivi
moTxovnebisa da movlenaTa iuridiuli kvalifikaciisas
mdgomareobisa da moqmedebebis gamoxatva, rac bunebriv da
socialur movlenebs iuridiul mniSvnelobas aniWebs.
amgvarad, adamianis qcevis analizi samarTlebriv sferoSi
xorcieldeba konstruirebuli gamonaTqvamebis24 meSve-
obiT, romlebsac gamoxatavs iuridiuli aqtebi,
qmedebisTvis pasuxismgeblobas aweseben da farTo gagebiT
empiriul faqtebs iuridiul mniSvnelobas miaweren.
sasamarTlos saqmianobis specifikis analizisas harti,
upirveles yovlisa, miuTiTebs iuridiuli mtkicebu-
lebebis `WeSmariteba/mcdarobis~ Semowmebis SeuZle-
blobaze. radganac iuridiuli procesis gadamwyveti sta-
dia sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis miRebaa, misi funqcia
mdgomareobs ara mxolod faqtis WeSmaritebis dadgenaSi
(`smitma Tavis cols yavaSi sawamlavi Cauyara, ris Sede-
gadac is gardaicvala~), aramed am faqtebisTvis samarTle-
brivi Sedegis miweraSic (`smiti braldebulia mkvlelo-
bisTvis, ganaCeniT gansazRvrulia sasjeli da misi aRs-
rulebis wesi~)25. Tu iuridiuli saqmianoba mxolod qcevis
samarTlebrivi kvalifikaciiT Semoifargleba, maSin
gaugebaria, faqtebi rogor uWers mxars an uaryofs sa-
marTlebriv daskvnebs. h. harti axasiaTebs sasamarTlo gad-
awyvetilebas, rogorc empiriuli faqtebisa da samarTle-
brivi normebis narevs. Tumca is akritikebs aRwerilobiTi
samarTlebrivi mtkicebebis models, radgan mosamarTlis
amocana imaze rTulia, vidre, magaliTad, ubralod

24inglisuri sityvidan: ascribe miwera.

25Hart H. L. A. The Ascription of Responsibility and Rights // Essays on Logic and
Language. 1951. Vol. 7 P.146.
29
faqtebis SeTanxmeba xelSekrulebis dadebis kanoniT gan-
sazRvrul aucilebel da sakmaris pirobebTan. xelSekru-
lebis iuridiuli namdvilobis gansazRvrisas mosamarTlis
funqcias warmoadgens ara faqtis swori interpretaciis
dadgena, aramed valdebulebis Semsrulebel mxareTa
qmedebebis kvalifikaciiT aseTi xelSekrulebis arsebobis
aRiareba. da `SeTanxmeba arsebobs sityvis _ `aris~ _
drois miRmuri mniSvnelobiT da gamoiyeneba iuridiul
gadawyvetilebebTan mimarTebiT~26. amgvarad, askrif-
ciuloba samarTlebrivi gamonaTqvamebis mniSvnelovani
maxasiaTebelia. samarTlebrivi realobis neopozitiur in-
terpretaciaSi askrifciis meqanizmi aris Secnobis uni-
versaluri saSualeba: empiriul faqtebs miewereba
askrifciuli forma da amiT isini iqcevian normatiul
faqtebad, rac saSualebas iZleva, gaimijnos samarTle-
brivi sfero sxva bunebrivi da sazogadoebrivi sferoebis-
gan. amis Semdeg normatiuli faqtebi xorcieldeba sa-
marTlebrivi normebis struqturaSi (kanonebi, precenden-
tebi) da iZenen iuridiuli faqtebis statuss, romlebic sa-
fuZvlad udevs samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis warmoSo-
bas, Secvlasa Tu Sewyvetas. saxasiaToa h. hartis magaliTi,
mtkicebis _ is werda anderZs _ gansxvavebuli mniS-
vnelobebis Sesaxeb. es SeiZleba iyos piris realuri
qmedebis (empiriuli faqtis) aRwera, iuridiuli qmedebis
ganxorcieleba (normatiuli faqti), an aucilebeli piro-
bebis dacvis SemTxvevaSi (moqalaqeoba, mowmeebi, xelmowera
anderZze, aseve, mamkvidreblis gardacvalebis faqtis reg-
istracia) iuridiuli faqti, rogorc memkvidreobiTi sa-
marTalurTierTobis warmoSobis safuZveli.
Tumca am ideis mTavar naklia askrifciis gagebis abso-
lutizacia samarTlebriv sferosTan mimarTebiT. ase,
magaliTad, hartis erT-erTi kritikosi j. holli aRniS-
navs, rom askrifcias yovelTvis win uswrebs uflebamosili

26 Hart H.L.A. The Ascription of Responsibility and Rights. P. 155

30
piris kompetenciebisa da iuridiulad mniSvnelovani
faqtebis dadgena.27 sxva avtorebi miuTiTeben iseT gam-
onaTqvamebze, romlebic ar miiweren pasuxismgeblobas
swored imitom, rom yvela qceva mas ar eqvemdebareba. mi-
uxedavad amisa, amgvar gamonaTqvamebsac ki SeuZlia miaw-
eros qmedebebs iuridiuli mniSvneloba. garda amisa, harti
arafers ambobs sisxlisa da samoqalaqo samarTlis pro-
cesis sxva stadiebis Sesaxeb. sisxlis samarTlis procesSi
sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis (ganaCenis) gamotanas win uZ-
Rvis `sasamarTlo gamoZiebis~, xolo samoqalaqo procesSi
_ sasamarTlo ganxilvis farglebSi mtkicebulebebis
gamokvlevisa da Sefasebis stadia. sasamarTlo gad-
awyvetilebis struqturaSi, sarezolucio nawilis garda,
aranakleb mniSvnelovania aRwerilobiTi da samotivacio
nawilebi, sadac mosamarTle gansazRvravs saqmisTvis mniS-
vnelovan faqtebs28. amgvarad, samarTlebrivi gamonaTqvami-
sTvis damaxasiaTebelia, rogorc askrifciuli forma
(faqtis iuriduli interpretacia), aseve, deskrifciuli
Semadgenlobac (konkretuli situaciis aRweriloba).
neopozitivizmis Semdegi Teoriuli safuZveli sa-
marTlis filosofiaSi aris empirizmi. empiriuli argu-
mentacia hartis TeoriaSi moiazrebs samarTlis fe-
nomenebis arsebobas mxolod wesebis sistemis CarCoebSi. am
TvalsazrisiT, saxelmwifo wamormoadgens im uflebamosil

27Sead., Hall J. Analytic Philosophy and Jurisprudence // Ethics. 1966. Vol. 77. P. 20.
28 inglisur samoqalaqo procesSi, aseve, arsebobs msgavsi proce-
durebi da stadiebi, miuxedavad imisa, rom proceduruli wesebi gan-
calkevebulia da mimofantulia sxvadasxva saparlamento
debulebaSi (samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebis Sesaxeb kanoni (1997), uz-
enaesi sasamarTlos Sesaxeb (1981), sagrafoebis sasamarTloebis
Sesaxeb (1984), mtkicebulebebis Sesaxeb (1968, 1972, 1995 ww.), iuridi-
uli daxmarebis Sesaxeb (1988)), aseve, samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebis
specifikur wesebSi (1998) uzenaesi sasamarTlos wesebi (1965) da
sagrafoebis sasamarTloebis wesebi (1981).

31
pirTa erTobliobas, romlebsac iuridiuli wesebis sa-
fuZvelze aqvT miniWebuli Zalaufleba. ese igi samarTle-
briv neopozitivizmSi saxelmwifos mowyobis safuZveli
aris ara `suverenis~ Zalaufleba (j. ostini), aramed sa-
marTlebrivi wesebi, rogorc saxelmwifoebrivi iZulebis
legitimuri piroba.
samarTlebrivi wesebis sistema da maTi gamoyenebis
problemebi. imisaTvis, rom gviCvenos Tavisi midgomis j.
ostinis gunduri Teoriisgan gansxvaveba, h. harti ubrun-
deba yaCaRobis magaliTs. Tu msxverpli emorCileba mZarcv-
elis moTxovnas, maSin, j. ostinis Teoriis Tanaxmad, maT So-
ris samarTlebriv urTierTobaSi yaCaRis moTxovna aris
marTlzomieri, radgan suverenis nebismier moTxovnas aqvs
samarTlebrivi statusi. am SemTxvevaSi yalibdeba mcdari
azri, rom msxverpli `valdebuli iyo~, Seesrulebina
yaCaRis `brZaneba~. h. hartis azriT, unda ganvasxvavoT
arasamarTlebrivi mdgomareoba, rac dakavSirebulia iZu-
lebis grZnobasa (iyo valdebuli) da samarTlebriv mdgo-
mareobasTan (gqondes valdebuleba)29. amasTan, emateba
kidev erTi piroba _ sazogado qcevis standartis
arseboba. `valdebuleba~ ar SeiZleba wamormoiSvas mxolod
fsiqologiuri motivebidan, mas win uswrebs socialuri
urTierTobis monawileTa nebisgan damoukidebeli `wesis~
momwesrigebeli zemoqmedeba. amitom sisxlissamarTle-
brivi urTierToba mZarcvels, msxverplsa da saxelmwifos
Soris, saboloo jamSi, sisxlis samarTliT gaT-
valiswinebuli sanqciebis gamoyenebas gulisxmobs.
magram saidan viciT, rom adamianebi zogadsavaldebulo
wesebs icaven? an saerTod Tu arsebobs aseTi wesebi? hartis
TeoriaSi gamoiyeneba regulirebis pozitivisturi ga-
geba, rogorc empiriuli monacemebis induqciuri
ganzogadeba. am SemTxvevaSic, samarTlebrivisa da arasa-
marTlebrivis gansxvavebis aRmoCena SesaZlebelia wesebis

29 Sead., Hart H.L.A. Concept of Law. P. 88.

32
`Sinagani~ da `garegani~ aspeqtebis analizisas. `Sinagani
aspeqti, _ es aris subieqtis mier `wesebis~, rogorc qcevis
nimuSis, pozitiuri da negatiuri aRqma da Sesabamisad, sa-
marTlebrivi akrZalvebis dacva an ardacva. amgvarad,
mZarcvelis mier wesebis daucveloba iwvevs sisxlissa-
marTlebriv sanqcias ZarcvisTvis an yaCaRobisTvis. xolo
ama Tu im wesis dacva moizrebs valdebulebaTa Sesrulebas,
magaliTad, xelSekrulebebis pirobebis aRsrulebas. ufro
mniSvnelovania garegani aspeqti, romelic samarTle-
brivi wesebis arsebobis identificirebis saSualebas
iZleva. am TvalsazrisiT, adamianTa qceva SeiZleba Seicav-
des wesebis regularul dacvas, negatiur reaqciebs da
wesebisagan Cveul gadaxras, an mxolod garkveuli
wesebis, rogorc `saTanado~ qcevis, garkveuli standartis
aRiarebis faqts. amgvarad, wesebi moazrebulia da
aRwerilia, rogorc danawesebi, romlebic iTvaliswinebs
valdebulebas im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac arsebobs maTTan
Sesabamisobis zogadi daJinebuli moTxovna, rac gamyarebu-
lia sociumis mxridan im pirebze zewoliT, vinc ar icavs am
wesebs an cdilobs daarRvios isini~30. Sedegis mixedviT
SeiZleba gaimijnos moraluri danawesebi (sityvieri
gakicxva, sindisisa da monaniebisken mowodeba) da sa-
marTlebrivi wesebi (sanqcia, sazogadoebis mxridan ze-
wola). amitomac dausabuTebelia sxva avtorebis Sexe-
dulebani iseTi wesebis SesaZlo arsebobaze, romlebic ar
adgens valdebulebebs socialuri zemoqmedebis pirobeb-
Sic ki. wesi ar Seicavs danawesebs, Tu is ar moiazrebs maTi
Sesrulebis valdebulebebs da raime `sanqcias~ misi
darRvevisTvis.
maSin riTi gansxvavdeba aseTi wesebi brZanebebisgan,
romlebic saSualebas iZleva, winaswar ganisazRvros
sanqciis SesaZlo gamoyeneba? j. ostini ar iTvaliswinebs
samarTlebrivi danawesebis Sinagan aspeqts, roca

30 Hart H.L.A., Concept of Law, P. 89.

33
subieqtis damokidebuleba SemadgenlobasTan xdeba ara
mxolod samarTlebrivisa da arasamarTlebrivis gamijvnis
kriteriumi, aramed igi gavlenas axdens sisxlissamarTle-
brivi pasuxismgeblobis xasiaTze (`gaufrTxilebloba~
danaSaulis Cadenisas, `monanieba~, `aRiarebiTi Cveneba~ da
sxv.).
Tumca, Sinagani aspeqtis TvalsazrisiT, gaurkveveli
rCeba, riTi gansxvavdeba samarTlebrivi wesi arasamarTle-
brivisgan (TamaSis, etiketisa da sxva wesebi)? Sinagani
rwmenisa da subieqtebis dakvirvebadi qcevebidan rTulia
gansxvavebis gakeTeba. h. harti ganixilavs pirvelyofili
sazogadoebis magaliTs, sadac ar arian kanonmdeblebi,
sasamarTloebi da uflebamosili pirebi da sadac
moqmedebs garkveuli araoficialuri savaldebulo wesebi.
Tu es aris dauwereli wesebi, maSin pirvelyofil sazoga-
doebaSi Cndeba aseTi wesebis gaurkvevlobis problema da
arasamarTlebrivi tipis wesebisgan maTi gansxvavebis auci-
lebloba. garda amisa, aseT situaciaSi araoficialuri
wesebi statikuria da adamianTa qcevebSi wesebis darRvevis
gazrdasTan mimarTebiT nel transformacias ganicdis.
amasTan, warmoSobili konfliqtebi da davebi ver iqneba ad-
ekvaturad gadawyvetili, rogorc darRvevebis arsebobis
gamo, ise im avtoritetuli organos ararsebobis gamo, ro-
melic darRvevis faqtsa da modave mxareebis simarTles
adgens. amitom saxelisuflebo struqturis mqone sax-
elmwifos Camoyalibeba SesaZloa iyos aRniSnuli
problemebis mogvarebis saSualeba mxolod samarTlis
efeqturi sistemis Semnis SemTxvevaSi. j. ostinis TeoriaSi
suvereni qmnis qcevis wesebs, magram Tavad imyofeba arasa-
marTlebriv mdgomareobaSi. h. harti ki sakuTar Teorias
ayalibebs im hipoTezis safuZvelze, rom saxelmwifo
garkveulwilad emorCileba dadgenil wesebs.
maS, raa samarTlebrivi mowesrigebis efeqturobisa da
sistemurobis kriteriumi? h. harts Semoaqvs ordoniani sa-
marTlebrivi sistemis modeli, romelsac axasiaTebs

34
pirveladi da meoreuli wesebis erTianoba. amasTan,
pirveladi~ wesi aregulirebs adamianis qcevas akr-
Zalvebisa da nebarTvebis safuZvelze, maT Soris, igulisx-
meba sanqciebis dadgenac. Sesabamisad, arsebobs ori saxis
`pirveladi~ wesi: (1) `sanqciis muqariT~ gansazRvruli
qmedebis ganxorcielebis an misgan Tavis Sekavebis valdebu-
lebis ganmsazRvreli wesebi (magaliTad, sisxlissamarTle-
brivi normebi); (2) wesebi, romlebic aniWeben qmedebis ganx-
orcielebis uflebamosilebas da iZlevian maTi ganxor-
cielebis proceduris Taobaze rekomendaciebs, romlis
daucveloba iwvevs iuridul `mcdarobas~ an qmedebaTa
`baTilobas~ (magaliTad, samoqalaqo samarTlis normebi
xelSekrulebis, anderZis Taobaze).
pirveli saxis `pirveladi~ wesebi gansxvavdeba `brZane-
bisgan~ ara mxolod `suverenis~ wesis morCilebiT, aramed
TviT `suverenis~ bunebiTa da am wesebis moqmedebis krite-
riumiT.
mkvlevarebis umravlesobis azriT, hartis TeoriaSi su-
verenis rols asrulebs `meoreuli~ wesebi, romlebic sa-
marTlebrivi sistemis arsebobis pirobas warmoadgens.
maSasadame, am wesebis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi qmedebis
moqmedi nimuSebi, Cveulebebi da adaTebi ar qmnian sistemas,
imis miuxedavad, rom warmoadgenen `samarTlis wyaros~
Zvel sazogadoebaSi. hartisTvis es meoreuli wesi ar aris
deduqciuri daskvnisa da sawyisi gagebebis samarTlebriv
sistemaSi `ganlagebis~ safuZveli (rogorc j. ostinTan),
aramed igi socialuri faqtoria, romelsac empiriuli
buneba aqvs da verifikacias eqvemdebareba31. am Tval-
sazrisiT, suverens ar aqvs samarTlebrivi mniSvneloba,
radgan saxelmwifo organosa da misi Tanamdebobis pirebis

31 Sead., .. (
). , 1983. . 119; ..
// . .1.
. ., 1988. . 176;. ..
. .., 1971. . 201.
35
nebismieri qmedeba unda Seesabamebodes `meoreul wesebs~
da ara sruli Zalauflebis mqone piris nebas. amitomac
meTodologiurad arakoreqtulia v.a. tumanovis kriti-
kuli SekiTxvebi h. hartis TeoriasTan dakavSirebiT. `riT
gansxvavdeba pirveladi normebi subieqturi uflebebisa da
movaleobebisgan? imiT, rom es normebi maTi warmoSobis sa-
fuZvlebs warmoadgens. ra faqtorebiTaa ganpirobebuli
pirveladi normebi, sanam ar arsebobs meoreuli da ratom
iqmneba saerTod meoreuli normebi~32? pirvelyofil
sazogadoebaSi pirveladi wesebi ganpirobebulia regu-
laruli qcevebis arsebobiT avtoritetis, magaliTad, to-
mis beladis mier nakurTxi wesebis dacviT. amis Semdeg sax-
elmwifosa da misi Zalaufrebrivi struqturebis Seqmna
moqceulia meoreuli wesebis CarCoebSi, romlebic sax-
elmwifo moxeleTa uflebamosilebebs aweseben da
pirvelad wesebs cvlian.
amgvarad, samarTlebrivi sistemis meore dones Seadgens
meoreuli wesebis sami saxe _ aRiarebis wesi, cvlilebis
wesi, sasamarTlos, an samarTlebrivi gadawyvetilebebis
miRebis wesi. cvlilebis wesi pirveladi wesebis miRebis,
Secvlis an gauqmebis saSualebas iZleva, amiT ki _ misces an
CamoarTvas samarTlebrivi mniSvneloba gansazRvrul so-
cialur urTierTobebs da pirTa qcevebs. garda amisa,
`cvlilebis wesi~ ayalibebs saxelwifo organoebsa da
arasaxelmwifo struqturebs (adgilobrivi TviTmmar-
Tveloba), uflebamosilebas aniWebs konkretul Tanamde-
bobis pirebs. am SemTxvevaSi wesebis arseboba samarTlebriv
sistemaSi iZens dinamikur xasiaTs, rac aRmofxvris
pirveladi wesebis statikurobis problemas. samarTle-
brivi gadawyvetilebis miRebis wesi mosamarTleebs da sxva
Tanamdebobis pirebs uflebas aZlevs, gamoavlinon kanon-
darRvevaTa faqtebi, gadawyviton davebi sayovelTaod
cnobili procedurebis Sesabamisad, rac aRmofxvris

32 Sead., . . . . 201.

36
pirveladi wesebis araefeqturobis problemas. Tumca, `iu-
ridiuli namdvilobis~ kriteriumi aris `aRiarebis wesebi~,
romlebic samarTlebriv regulacias sistemursa da Sesa-
bamiss xdis. amitomac samarTliania i.n. griazinis mtkiceba
imis Taobaze, rom `saqme exeba zustad Sesabamisobas da ara
erTi normidan meore normis gamomdinareobas~33.
aRiarebis wesebs aqvs emperiuli da ara hipoTeturi
xasiaTi, rogorc ZiriTad normas. garda amisa, h.
kelzenTan `ZiriTadi norma~ statikuria da daiyvaneba kon-
stituciisadmi morCilebis principamde. h. harti miuT-
iTebs aRiarebis wesebis simravlesa da im faqtze, rom bri-
taneTSi dauwereli `sakonstitucio SeTanxmebebi~ faqto-
brivi dacviTa da sxva dawerili da dauwereli wesebis
namdvilobis kriteriumebis dadgeniT, warmoadgens aseT
saboloo wesebs da normatiuli samarTlebrivi aqtebis `ka-
nonierebis~ umaRles kriteriums.
magram, davuSvaT, rom gadawyvetilebis miRebis wesebi
Secvlilia cvlilebis wesebTan Seusabamod. aris Tu ara ax-
ali wesi erTiani samarTlebrivi sistemis nawili?
calkeuli avtorebi varaudoben, rom am SemTxvevaSi
darRveulia wesebis sistemis erTianoba, sxvagvarad,
saWiroa erTgvari mesameuli wesi amgvari erTianobis
SesanarCuneblad. Tumca, varaudi mesameuli wesis Sesaxeb
niSnavs, rom wesebis sistemas aqvs uamravi Sre. magram er-
Tianobis mTavari kriteriumi h. hartis TeoriaSi unda iyos
swored aRiarebis wesi (da ara cvlilebis wesi). garda amisa,
gadawyvetilebis miRebis wesebisa da cvlilebis wesebis
done unda iyos erTi da igive, raTa aRmoifxvras gan-
sxvavebuli iuridiuli Zalis mqone normatiul aqtebs So-
ris SesaZlo winaaRmdegobebi. magaliTad, gadawyve-
tilebebis miRebis sakonstitucio wesrigi moiazrebs, rom
aseTi gadawyvetilebebi unda miiRon mxolod konstitu-
ciis normebis Sesabamisad. anu parlamentis saqmianobis

33 .. . . 119.
37
momwesrigebeli wesebi (parlamentis reglamenti) ar unda
ewinaaRmdegebodes konstitucias da icvlebodes par-
lamentis mier dadgenili wesebis safuZvelze (parlamentis
dadgenilebebi).
samarTlis gamoyenebis problemebi h. hartis Teoriis
centrSia. kanoni vrceldeba pirTa da qmedebaTa klasebze,
sasamarTlo precedentebSi ki wesebis interpretacia
yovelTvis adekvaturad ar ganmartavs faqtobriv situa-
ciebze wesebis gamoyenebis pirobebsa da sazRvrebs. da Tu
wesi mxolod SemTxvevebis nawils moicavs, maSin rCeba ga-
nusazRvrelobis sfero, anu arsebobs oTxi tipis situa-
cia: (1) `ganusazRvruloba~ wesebis TvalsazrisiT; (2) `ga-
nusazRvruloba~ precedentebis TvalsazrisiT; (3) `ganu-
sazRvreloba~ wesebis TvalsazrisiT; (4) `ganusaz-
Rvreloba~ precedentebis TvalsazrisiT. rogor unda
moiqces mosamarTle? SesaZloa arsebobdes problemis
ganxilvis ramdenime varianti:
(1) samarTlebrivi formalizmi, an formaluri Sesabam-
isoba wesebTan. miznad iqceva im saerTo wesis erTiani mniS-
vnelobis gansazRvra, romelic yvela situaciisTvis gam-
oiyeneba. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, davis gadawyveta
yovel situaciaSi mxareebis konfliqturi interesebis
garkveul kompromiss moiazrebs.
(2) `samarTlebrivi realizmi~: individebi Tavad poulo-
ben sakuTari interesebis kompromiss da wesis Sesaxeb
igeben mxolod misi darRvevis Semdeg (ex post facto). amitom sa-
marTalgamoyenebis mizani precedentiT gadasawyvet Ti-
Toeul situaciaSi mosamarTlis SesaZlo `racionaluri~
qmedebebis prognozireba xdeba.
(3) `samarTlebrivi skepticizmi: ukiduresi argumenti
imis Taobaze, rom `gaurkvevlobis~ sferoSi SeuZlebelia
wesebis an precedentebis gamoyeneba, xolo Tu problema
dgeba `gansazRvrul~ sferoSi, aqac ar arsebobs maTi gada-
Wris adekvaturi variantebi. am SemTxvevaSi mxolod mosa-

38
marTlis saR gonebasa da `intuicias~ an konkretul situa-
ciaSi ama Tu im gadawyvetilebis miRebis aucileblobis Si-
nagan rwmenas unda mivendoT.
(4) r. duorkinis samarTlebrivi moralizmi faqto-
brivad hartis kritikul Teorias ukavSirdeba34. gad-
awyvetilebis miRebis dros mosamarTlem unda ixelm-
ZRvanelos ara kanonebiTa da precedentebiT, aramed sa-
marTlebrivi principebiT, romlebic samarTlebrivi sis-
temis fundamenturi Rirebulebebisgan Sedgeba. es vi-
Tareba TvalsaCino xdeba 1866 wlis sasamarTlo gad-
awyvetilebiT uRirsi memkvidris Taobaze, romelic
braldebuli iyo mamkvidreblis sikvdilSi. am SemTxvevaSi
mosamarTlem unda gamoiyenos samemkvidreo wesebi da
Seasrulos mamkvidreblis neba, Tu mas mouwevs mimarTos
precedentebs? an rogor moviqceT, Tu wesebis formaluri
midevneba aris amoraluri da precedenti jer ar Seqmnila?
duorkinis azriT, aseT SemTxvevebSi gvexmareba samarTle-
brivi principebi. amdenad, sasamarTlom miiRo `gonivruli~
gadawyvetileba `usafuZvlo gamdidrebis dauSveblobisa~
da aramarTlzomieri saqcielisgan mogebis miRebis
dauSveblobis samarTlebriv principebze dayrdnobiT.
(5) h. hartis pozicia _ raRac saSualoa formalizms,
realizmsa da skepticizms Soris. igi aRiarebs sasa-
marTlos Sexedulebebis Tavisuflebas im SemTxvevebSi, sa-
dac viTareba zogad wesebs ar eqvemdebareba. am SemTxvevaSi,
mosamarTleTa Tavisufleba Semoifargleba precedentis
gamoyenebis aucileblobiT, romelic droTa ganmavlobaSi
xdeba `sasamarTlos wesebis~ msgavsi. kritikis gaT-
valiswinebiT, h. hartma Secvala Tavisi poziciis formuli-
reba, rasac zomieri pozitivizmi daarqva, aRiara ra mini-
maluri moraluri Sinaarsi kanonSi da dauSva gaurkvevel

34Sead., Dworkin R. Is law a system of rules? // Philosophy of Law. Oxford, 1977. P.

3865.
39
situaciebSi aralogikuri wesebisa da Sesabamisi kanonis
gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba (samarTlis `Ria materia~).
ra Tqma unda, h. harti srulad ar iTvaliswinebs msof-
lios samaTlebriv sistemebSi precedentebis mimarT gan-
sxvavebul damokidebulebas, magram amisgan damoukide-
blad, yvela sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba SeiZleba iyos
`signali~ kanonmdeblobaSi defeqtebis an `sicarielis~ aR-
mosafxvrelad. meore momentia is, rom unda gaviT-
valiswinoT materialuri samarTlis wyaroebi, anu is so-
cialur-istoriuli pirobebi, romlis farglebSic realu-
rad funqcionirebs samarTlebrivi sistema, gansakuTrebiT
gardamaval da arastabilur viTarebebSi. amasobaSi h. harti
uyuradRebod tovebs am aspeqts, miuTiTebs ra wesebis gaCe-
nis `SemTxveviTobaze~35.
saerTaSoriso samarTlis Camoyalibeba. hartis Teori-
aSi saerTaSoriso samarTlis Camoyalibebis sakiTxi gu-
lisxmobs Semdegi problemebis dayenebasa da ganxilvas: (1)
saerTSoriso samarTlis sistemis obieqturi Semadgen-
lobis problema, _ aris Tu ara es saerTod samarTali; (2)
iZulebiTi normis gamoyenebis problema saerTaSoriso sa-
marTalSi; (3) saxelwifos `suverenitetisa~ da misi saer-
TaSorisosamarTlebrivi statusis urTierTmimarTebis
problema36.

35 Sead., Hart H.L.A. Concept of Law. P. 101. a.k. Cernenko gamovida

uflebebis ekonomikuri urTierTobiT `mkacri gansazRvris~ marqsis-
tuli Tezisis gadaxedvis iniciativiT, uflebebisa da sxva so-
cialuri urTierTobebis konkretul istoriul pirobebSi `ur-
TierTdamokidebulebis principis~ gaTvaliswinebiT. samarTali so-
cialuri garemos mixedviT mikro doneze Seicavs ubeduri SemTxvevis
elementebs, xolo makro doneze _ determinizmis elementebs. Sead.,
.. -
. , 2004.
36 Sead., Hart H. L. A. Concept of Law.P. 232233. .. -

.
, 2004.

40
 (1) saerTaSoriso samarTlis namdviloba eWvqveS dgeba,
rodesac mis normatiul Semadgenlobas erovnul sa-
marTalTan vadarebT. kelzenis normativizmSi saerTaSo-
riso marTlwesrigi dominirebs erovnul samarTal-
wesrigze, romelic unda Seesabamebodes saerTaSoriso sa-
marTlis `ZiriTad normas~, rogorc erovnuli samarTle-
brivi sistemis namdvilobisa da ierarqiuli struqturis
kriteriums. Tumca aRmoCnda, rom saerTaSoriso samarTlis
normebs SesaZloa arc hqondeT logikuri ierarqia da
gamaerTianebeli `ZiriTadi norma~, romlis arsebobac saT-
uoa da kelzenis mier faqtobrivad daiyvaneba Semdeg
wesamde _ `saxelmwifoebi ise unda moiqcnen, rogorc isini
Cveulebisamebr iqcevian~. sxvagvar midgomas axasiaTebs sa-
marTlis, rogorc iZulebiTi danawesebis erTobliobis, sa-
fuZvelze (j. ostini) saerTaSoriso da Sidasaxelm-
wifoebrivi kanonis Sepirispireba. magram saerTaSoriso
sistemaSi sasamarTloebis iZulebiTi iurisdiqciis, er-
Tiani da centralizebuli sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebisa
da iZulebiTi sanqciebis ararseboba xazs usvams saerTaSo-
risosamarTlebriv normaTa umetesobis `konvenciur~ xasi-
aTs. h. harti amtkicebs, rom saerTaSoriso samarTali
Seicavs mxolod pirvelad wesebs da amiT gansxvavdeba
Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi samarTlisgan. Tumca naTelia am sa-
kiTxSi h. hartis araTanmimdevruloba, radgan saerTaSo-
riso samarTlis normebi sinamdvileSi Seicavs `aRiarebis
wess~ (1948 wlis adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklara-
ciis principebi), `cvlilebebis wessa~ (diplomatiuri war-
momadgenlebis an saerTaSoriso organizaciebis wevrebis
uflebamosilebebi aRWurva) da `gadawyvetilebis miRebis
wess~ (gaeros saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos statutSi sa-
marTalwarmoebis Sesaxeb normebi). amitomac saerTaSoriso
samarTali Semadgenlobis mixedviT xasiaTdeba saxel-
wifoTa Soris saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis mowesrigebis
sistemurobis principiT.

41
 (2) saerTaSoriso samarTalSi iZulebiTi normis prob-
lemas h. harti gviCvenebs realuri samarTlebrivi situ-
aciis moxmobiT. romel kanons unda eqvemdebarebodnen
okupirebuli belgiis teritoriaze mcxovrebni _ gan-
devnili xelisuflebis Tu okupantebis kanonebs? am
SekiTxvas saerTaSoriso mniSvneloba aqvs, radgan cen-
tralizebuli sanqciebis ararsebobis pirobebSi saerTaSo-
riso samarTlis normebi ar warmoadgens `kanons~, ar war-
moqmnis zogadsavaldebulo qcevis wesebs da SeiZleba gau-
qmdes saerTaSoriso organizaciebis wevrebis mier `vetos~
uflebis gamoyenebiT an saxelmwifo suverenitetis ganxor-
cielebiT. garda amisa, Tuki erovnul samarTalSi sanqciis
gamoyeneba efeqturia moqalaqeTa usafTxoebis dacvisa da
individualuri agresiis winaaRmdeg RonisZiebebis gatare-
bisaTvis, saerTaSoriso sferoSi saxelmwifos agresia ata-
rebs ufro masStabur xasiaTs da yovelTvis sajaroa, anu
ayenebs zians da arRvevs saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis in-
teresebis balanss. amgvarad, saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi
sanqciebis gamoyenebas, saxelmwifos geopolitikuri
mdgomareobasTan dakavSirebuli bunebrivad Semakavebeli
faqtorebisgan gansxvavebiT, Tan axlavs maRali riski. h.
harti askvnis, rom saerTaSoriso samarTali akisrebs
valdebulebebs, romelTa Sesruleba uzrunvelyofilia
politikuri an zewolis sxva meqanizmiT, wesebis dacvis,
miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnis, represaliis
gamoyenebis, kontrRonisZiebebis da a.S. mizniT.
(3) aq h. harti mianiSnebs saxelmwifos damoukideblobis
(suverenitetis) xarisxis ganusazRvrelobaze. saxelm-
wifos xom SeuZlia hqondes suvereniteti da imavdroulad
iyos damokidebuli, Tu is aris federaciis nawili. am
TvalsazrisiT, inglisis sagrafoebis, amerikuli Statebis
da calkeuli saxelmwifoebis statusi arsebiTad gansxvav-
deba. absoluturi suverenitetis Teoriebs Soris gam-
oiyofa `voluntaruli~ Teoriebi (g. elineki) da `saeTaSo-
riso moralis~ Teoria. voluntaruli midgoma moiazrebs,

42
rom suverenuli saxelmwifo sakuTari nebelobiTi
qmedebebis safuZvelze moipovebs saerTaSoriso ufle-
bebsa da valdebulebebs da uzrunvelyofs maT Sesrulebas.
ufro mniSvnelovani kontrargumenti isaa, rom nebismieri
saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis dadebis SesaZlebloba da-
kavSirebulia misi dadebisa da aRsrulebis garkveuli
wesebisa da procedurebis aRiarebasTan (magaliTad, venis
1969 wlis konvencia `saerTaSoriso saxelSekrulebo sa-
marTlis Sesaxeb~). xolo saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis
warmoSobas yovelTvis win uZRvis saxelmwifos mier aseTi
wesebis aRiareba da ratifikacia. saxelmwifos `usityvo
Tanxmobis~ miRebis SesaZleblobisa da mis mier saerTaSo-
risosamarTlebrivi valdebulebebis, kerZod, sazRvao
teritoriis mierTebis SemTxvevaSi, avtomaturad miRebis
argumenti myifea, radgan mocemul TeoriaSi absolutur
suverenitets ewinaaRmdegeba da problemis analizisTvis
gaurkvevel kriteriums warmoadgens. saerTaSoriso
moralis TeoriebSi igulisxmeba, rom saerTaSoriso sa-
marTali moicavs zneobriv wesebs, romelTa dacva sax-
elmwifos konkretuli qmedebebiT, aseve, saerTaSoriso
sazogadoebis mxridan motivirebiT ganisazRvreba. Tumca,
h. harti aRniSnavs, rom saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi
normebi iSviaTad miuTiTebs saxelmwifos sindisze, ro-
gorc wesi, isini Seicaven miniSnebebs sasamarTlo preceden-
tebze, saerTaSoriso konvenciebze, doqtrinebze da iqmneba
mxolod saxelmwifos saqmianobaSi komfortisa da
ganWvretadobisTvis. saerTaSoriso samarTlis norme-
bisadmi saxelmwifos damorCilebis moraluri valdebu-
lebis Sesaxeb argumentic ki uaryofilia saerTaSoriso
TanamSromlobis praqtikiT. h. kelzenis `pirobiTi su-
verenitetis~ Teoria dafuZnebulia imaze, rom saerTaSo-
riso wesrigis ZiriTadi norma zRudavs saxelmwifo su-
verenitets da mas saerTaSorisosamarTlebriv valdebu-
lebebs uwesebs. h. hartis azriT, amgvari normis arseboba
problemuria da amitom, saerTaSoriso samarTlis wesebi

43
aris samarTlebrivi, radgan aRiarebulia da moqmedebs
saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis CarCoebSi. maSasadame, saer-
TaSoriso da erovnul samarTals aqvT msgavsi funqciebi
(socialuri regulireba, romelic ar aris dakavSirebuli
moralur winapirobebTan) da Sinaarsi (msgavsi principebi,
gageba, regulirebis meTodebi), magram gansxvavdebian
formebiT (gansxvaveba samarTlebrivi wyaroebiT).
amgvarad, h. hartis samarTlis neopozitivistur Teori-
aSi samarTlis filosofiis bevri problema arsebiTad mod-
ifikacias ganicdis saxelmwifoebriv-samarTlebrivi mov-
lenebis Secnobis empiriuli donis poziciidan da iuridi-
uli konstruqciis empiriuli Semadgenlobis analizis
konteqstSi iZens axal interpretacias.

44
 Tavi mexuTe. bunebiTi samarTlis
filosofia XX saukuneSi

analitikuri da kontinenturi tradiciebis gansxvaveba

XX saukunis samarTlebriv filosofiaSi mkveTrad
vlindeba antikuri, Sua sukuneebisa da Tanamedrove peri-
odebis klasikuri bunebiTi samarTlis warmodgenebis in-
terpretaciaSi. kontinentur filosofiaSi bunebiTi sa-
marTlis gageba adamianis sicocxlisunarianobis mo-
raluri da RirebulebiTi safuZvlis rols asrulebs, rac
saxelmwifoebrivi iZulebiT uzrunvelyofili moqmedi
pozitiuri samarTlebrivi sistemis normebs upirispir-
deba. amavdroulad, bunebiTi samarTali gamomdinareobs
RvTaebrivi samyaros wesrigidan (neoTomizmi), absolu-
turi sulis TviTganviTarebisa da obieqturi samarTle-
brivi ideis (neohegelianeloba), aprioruli `normatiuli
ideebis~, `idealuri iuridiuli formebisa~ da `eideturi
samarTlidan~ (samarTlis fenomenologia), aseve, `sagnebis
bunebis~, rogorc idealuri formidan, rac `iZulebis~
sferos ganekuTvneba (neokantianeloba), `cocxali arse-
bobidan~, `zRvruli situaciebisa~ da adamianis `egzisten-
ciidan~ (egzistencializmi), `istoriuli samarTalgagebis
procesidan~, `cocxali istoriuli enidan~ (hermenevtika)
da a.S.
XX saukunis meore naxevarSi samarTlis analitikuri
filosofiis erT-erTi mTavari tendencia samarTlebrivi
naturalizmis axali formebis warmoqmnaa (bunebiTi sa-
marTlis Teoriebi), rogorc reaqcia h. hartisa da misi mim-
devrebis iuridiuli neopozitivizmis Teoriul da meTod-
ologiur dadgenilebebze. naturalizmisa da pozitivizmis
urTierTqmedebis specifika, upirveles yovlisa, ganpiro-
bebulia samarTlebrivi normebis `iuridiuli namdvi-
lobis~ Teoriul gaazrebaSi zogadi pirobebis ur-
TierTgansxvavebiT. samarTlis, rogorc adamianis qcevebis
normatiuli momwesrigeblis, gageba aucileblad iwvevs

45
SekiTxvas samarTlisa da moralis, rogorc qcevis
standartebis, gamijvnis Sesaxeb. am TvalsazrisiT, pozi-
tivizmisTvis damaxasiaTebelia `iuridiuli namdvilobis~
pirobebad garkveuli socialuri faqtebis aRiareba, xolo
naturalizmSi _ samarTlebrivi normebis moraluri
Sinaarsisa.
Tumca naturalizmi warmoadgens filosofiuri azrov-
nebis gansakuTrebul saSualebas, romelsac xangrZlivi is-
toria aqvs da mimarTulia iuridiuli danawesebis mo-
raluri bunebis dafuZnebisken, ris wyarodac bunebiTi sa-
marTlis idealebi da principebi miiCneva. antikur filoso-
fiaSi bunebiTi samarTali ganixileba bunebis kanonebis (so-
fistebi, platoni, aristotele), xolo Tanamedrove
filosofiaSi _ adamianis gonebrivi da gonieri bunebis ka-
nonebis gamovlinebad (h. grociusi, T. hobsi, j. loki, b. spi-
noza). dRes terminiT _ `konceptualuri naturalizmi~, sa-
marTlis analitikur filosofiaSi aRiniSneba Tanemedrove
bunebiTsamarTlebrivi Teoriebi, romlebSic adamianis
uflebebi gaazrebulia, rogorc pozitiuri samarTlis sis-
temis imanenturi da fundamenturi maxasiaTebeli.
konceptualuri naturalizmis Teoretikosebi neo-
pozitivisturi Sexedulebebis Taobaze kritikaSi icaven
bunebiTi samarTlis klasikuri Teoriis Semdeg mniSvnelo-
van postulatebs:
1. arsebobs obieqturad dawesebuli moraluri normebi
da principebi, romlebic msoflio wesrigis safuZvelSi
devs da adamianis gonebiT Seicnoba;
2. bunebiTi samarTali _ garkveuli moraluri standar-
tebis iuridiuli forma da normatiuli msoflio wesrigia;
3. individs aqvs bunebiTi da ganuyofeli uflebebis
erToblioba, romelTa arseboba win uswrebs pozitiuri sa-
marTlis normebis amoqmedebas;
4. pozitiuri samarTali unda Seesabamebodes bunebiTi
samarTlis idealur principebs; aqedan gamomdinareobs

46
naturalisturi argumentacia, romelic agebulia prin-
cipze _ Lex injusta non est lex (usamarTlo kanoni ar aris ka-
noni).
naturalistebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia samarTlisa da
moralis, `arsisa~ da `jerarsis~ gamijvnis neopizitiuri
stategiis kritika. rogorc b. biqsi aRniSnavs, konceptu-
aluri naturalistebi samarTals ganixilaven, rogorc
Teleologiur gagebas da samarTliani sazogadoebis
Camoyalibebis saSualebas, anu uaryofen neopozitivizmis
aRwerilobiT da moralurad neitralur midgomas37.
bunebiTi samarTlis Tanamedrove analitikuri koncefciis
umravlesobis mizania samarTlis normebisa da samarTlis
fundamenturi principebis (duorkini), iuridiuli proce-
durebis (l. fuleri) da politikuri sazogadoebis `saerTo
keTildReobis~ (j. finisi) optimaluri urTierTqmedebis
Zieba.
`materialuri~ da `proceduruli~ bunebiTi samarTali.
lon l. fulerma erT-erTma pirvelma waradgina kriti-
kuli argumentebi iuridiuli pozitivizmis winaaRmdeg:
(1) samarTali _ aris gamokvlevaTa ara statikuri
obieqti, aramed procesi, romelic funqciur analizs
eqvemdebareba;
(2) samarTlis Secnoba SuZlebelia moraluri konte-
qstis gareSe;
(3) warmodgena samarTalze, rogorc Zalauflebrivi
miTiTebis erTobliobaze, _ mcdaria, radganac samarTali
Tanamdebobis pirebsa da moqalaqeebs Soris urTierTobas
uzrunvelyofs.
l. fuleris `proceduruli~ bunebiTi samarTlis
koncefcia bunebiTsamarTlebrivi Teoriis agebisa da sa-
marTlebrivi normebis RirebulebiTi datvirTvis dafuZ-

37ixB., Natural Law Theory: The Modern Tradition// Handbook of Jurisprudence and
Legal Philosophy. Oxforrd, 2000. P. 21
47
nebis mcdelobaa. magram gamokvlevis obieqti mis koncef-
ciaSi aris ara samarTlebrivi norma, aramed samarTa-
lurTierToba, rogorc iuridiuli procesebisa da sa-
marTlis normebis realizaciis procedurebis erTobli-
oba. samarTalurTierTobebis sfero sakmaod farToa da
moicavs Cveulebebisgan, SeTanxmebisgan, sasamarTlo, ad-
ministraciuli da mmarTvelobiTi gadawyvetilebebisgan
warmoSobil da statuturi samarTlis normebiT (kanon-
mdebloba) mowesrigebul urTierTobebs. am TvalsazrisiT,
samarTlebrivi normebis iuridiuli Zala damokidebulia
ara imdenad kanonmdeblis legitimurobasa da kanonSe-
moqmedebis procedurebis dacvaze, ramdenadac normebis
Sinaarsze.
samarTlis normebs aqvs miznobrivi da instrumentuli
xasiaTi, romelic maTi gamoyenebis procesSi vlindeba. l.
fuleris es Teoria mis filosofiur-meTodologiur war-
modgenas eyrdnoba. l. fuleri miiCnevs, rom movlenebis
nebismieri interpretacia gulisxmobs dakvirvebis Sedeg-
ebSi miznobrivi, faqtobrivi da RirebulebiTi Semadgen-
lobis erTobis gamovlinebas. araa aucilebeli, gaiyos
faqtebisa da Rirebulebebis sferoebi, vinaidan SemTxvevis
gageba yovelTvis Seicavs Rirebulebebis poziciidan Se-
fasebas: `SemTxvevis `faqti~ SeiZleba gaazrebul iqnes mxo-
lod momxdaris Sefasebis unaris arsebobis SemTxvevaSi~38.
aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom samarTali SeiZleba da unda
iqnes gagebuli sakuTari Tavidan gamomdinare, sazoga-
doebaSi urTierTobebis mowesrigebis miznebisa da saSu-
alebebis TvalsazrisiT. am SemTxvevaSi samarTlis norma
unda Seicavdes garkveul mizans (`jerarsi~) da gan-
sazRvravdes misi miRwevis saSualebebs. amdenad, samarTali
miznobrivi saqmianobaa, rac samarTlis zogadi normebis
saSualebiT xelmZRvanelobisadmi xalxis daqvemdebarebisa
da kontroliskenaa mimarTuli. magaliTad, sakonstitucio

38Fuller L.L. Human Purpose and Natural Low// The Journal of Philosophy. 1956. Vol.
53. No 22. p. 699
48
samarTlis mizania, garkveul teritoriaze daamyaros sax-
elmwifo sistemis mowyobis ZiriTadi saorganizacio prin-
cipebi. l. fuleri varaudobs, rom samarTlebrivi sistemis
globaluri miznebi da Rirebulebebi swored sakonstitu-
cio samarTalSia xorcSesxmuli, risTvisac igi eyrdnoba
amerikuli sakonstitucio doqtrinis debulebebs demo-
kratiisa da `kanonis uzenaesobis~ principebis, saTanado
samarTlebrivi procedurebis, Zalauflebis gamijvnisa da
a.S. Sesaxeb. miznebisa da saSualebebis dafiqsireba, aseve,
samarTlebrivi procedurebis dacva xels uwyobs normis
samarTlebrivad aRiarebs. am SemTxvevaSi, kanonmdeblobis
normebi unda Seesabamebodes Semdeg procedurul wesebs:
samarTlebrivi normebis danawesebis zogadi xasiaTi, ofi-
cialuri gamoqveyneba, ukuZalis arqona, garkveuloba, ara-
urTierTwinaaRmdegooba, stabiluroba, Sesrulebis Sesa-
Zlebloba, samarTlebrivi normis gamoyenebis mizanSe-
woniloba. mocemuli wesebis dacva qmnis `proceduruli ka-
nonierebis~ reJims, romlis farglebSic proceduruli
wesebi saxelmwifos mier politikuri miznis ganxor-
cielebisaTvis SezRudvebs awesebs, maT Soris, kanonis sa-
fuZvelze. kerZod, kanonebis oficialuri gamoqveyebis
wesi gulisxmobs, rom kanoni aris savaldebulo ara marto
moqalaqeebisTvis, aramed saxelmwifo organoebisTvisac.
faqtobrivad, am punqtSi warmodgenilia iuridiuli pozi-
tivizmis sxvadasxva koncefciis kritika, romlebSic sa-
marTlisa da moralis `gayofis Tezisia~ dafuZnebuli.
fuleri miiCnevs, rom `miznisa~ da `saSualebis~ kate-
goriebi sazogadoebaSi marTvadobisa da adaptaciis pro-
cesebis urTierTqmedebas axasiaTebs. amgvarad, samarTle-
brivi normebis miznobrivi da instrumentuli xasiaTi xels
uwyobs socialur urTierTobebSi `jerarsis~ modelis re-
alizacias, anu samarTlebriv sferoSi araa arsebiTi gan-
sxvaveba `arssa~ da `jerarss~ Soris. `socialuri wesrigis

49
nebismieri forma Seicavs sakuTar, Sida moralurobas~39. am
TvalsazrisiT, procedurul midgomaze dayrdnobiT l.
fuleri asabuTebs moralisa (bunebiTi samarTali) da `pro-
ceduruli kanonierebis~ urTerTkavSirs. upirveles yov-
lisa, erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebs `valdebulebis moralsa~
da `miswrafebis morals~. valdebulebis morali gulisx-
mobs minimaluri moTxovnebis arsebobas, rac aucilebelia
sazogadoebrivi wesrigis uzrunvelsayofad, xolo maTi
Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi subieqti isjeba. miswrafebis
morali axasiaTebs cvalebad sazogadoebriv idealebs
kargi da warmatebuli cxovrebis, adamianis Zalis sruli
realizaciis Sesaxeb. am TvalsazrisiT, samarTlis Sinagani
moraluroba umetesad aris miswrafebis morali, magram
aranakleb mniSvnelovania kanonierebis principebis ganx-
orcieleba, rasac fuleri kanonebis moqmedebis efeqturo-
basa da xelisuflebis legitimurobasTan aigivebs. am Sem-
TxvevaSi legitimuroba aris Zalauflebis ganxorcielebis
moraluri ufleba, xolo efeqturoba legitimuri sax-
elmwifo iZulebis moqmedebis Sedegia. l. fuleris proce-
duruli midgomis TvalsazrisiT, swored proceduruli
kanonierebis reJimi iZleva saSualebas, moraluri Rirebu-
lebebi gadaiqces samarTlebriv principebad da wesebad,
xolo samarTlebrivi institutebis saqmianobis Sesabam-
isoba kanonierebis principTan samarTlis `Sida moraluro-
bis~ garkveuli xarisxiT realizaciis garantiaa40. e.i. sa-
marTlebrivi principebisa da normebis darRveviT sax-
elmwifo legitimurobas kargavs.
l. fuleris bunebiTi samarTlis koncefciis specifika
gulisxmobs imas, rom bunebiTi samarTali pozitiuri sa-
marTlis Sida elementi xdeba, mas axasiaTebs samarTlebriv

39
Fuller L.L. Human Purpose and Natural Low// The Journal of Philosophy. 1956. vol
53. no. 22. p. 704
40
ix., Nicholson P.P. The international Morality of low: Fuller and His Critics// Ethics.
1974. Vol. 84. No. 4. P. 309
50
wesrigSi mizanSewoniloba da garegnulad samarTlebriv
principebsa da procedurebSi vlindeba.
Tumca naTelia am koncefciis naklovanebebic. ka-
nonierebis principis realizacia metyvelebs mxolod ka-
nonmdeblobis efeqturobaze da mas moralTan aranairi
kavSiri aqvs. garda amisa, l. fuleri erTmaneTSi urevs
politikur efeqturobasa da samarTlis, rogorc so-
cialuri urTierTobebis momwesrigeblis, efeqturobas.
saxelmwifos xom dasaxuli miznis efeqturad miRweva sa-
marTlebrivi normebisa da moralis standartebis darRve-
viTac SeuZlia (nacisturi germania). am TvalsazrisiT, pro-
ceduruli midgoma abstrahirdeba bunebiTi samarTlis,
rogorc samarTlebrivi naturalizmis sakvanZo katego-
riis, Sinaarsobrivi maxasiaTeblisgan. am naklovanebis aR-
mofxvras Seecdeba jon finisi.
`materialuri bunebiTi samarTali~. j. finisi Tavis
koncefcias gansxvavebul meTodologiur safuZvlebze
agebs. `bunebiTi samarTlis~ gagebis Sinaarsis gaxsniT igi
ayalibebs praqtikuli racionalurobis principebs, rom-
lebic saSualebas iZleva, mkveTrad ganisazRvros sa-
marTlebrivi regulirebis miznebi da saSualebebi, aseve,
dafuZndes politikur sazogadoebaSi `saerTo sargeblis~
idea. bunebiTi samarTali `ZiriTadi praqtikuli princi-
pebis erTobliobaa, romelic gansazRvravs adamianTa
keTildReobis ZiriTad formebs, miRebuli da real-
izebuli sikeTeebis saxiT~41. amiT bunebiTi samarTlis Te-
oria ZiriTadi sikeTeebis sias gansazRvravs da miuTiTebs
adamianebs maTi saWiroebis efeqturad dakmayofilebaze.
praqtikuli principebi am SemTxvevaSi informacias iZleva
ZiriTadi sikeTeebiT uzrunvelyofaSi monawileobis Sesa-
Zleblobis Sesaxeb, xolo praqtikuli racionaluroba Ses-
aZleblobas iZleva, ganisazRvros, romeli qmedebebia

41 Finnis J. Natural Law and Natural Rights. Oxford, 1980. P. 23

51
namdvili monawileoba erTi an meti sikeTis uzrun-
velyofaSi. aqedan gamomdinare, zogadi moraluri standar-
tebi yalibdeba praqtikuli racinalurobis bunebisa da Zi-
riTadi sikeTeebis arsis gagebidan gamomdinare. Tumca j.
finisi uSvebs adamianis qcevis moraluri safuZvlebis
Sesaxeb Sexedulebebis gansxvavebulobas, vinaidan igi aRi-
arebs ZiriTadi sikeTeebis miRebis saSualebebSi
`moqnilobis sferos~, uSvebs moraluri msjelobebis
gaurkvevlobas da amasTan dakavSirebuli rTuli mo-
raluri problemebis Taobaze azrTa sxvadasxvaobas. mi-
uxedavad amisa, igi daJinebiT moiTxovs ZiriTadi
sikeTeebis CamonaTvalisa da praqtikuli racionalizmis
moTxovnebis universalur ganmartebas.
arsebobs Svidi ZiriTadi sargebeli, romelTa miRebaSic
dainteresebulia sazogadoebis nebismieri wevri: sicoc-
xle, ganaTleba, TamaSi, esTetikuri gamocdileba, so-
cialuroba (megobroba, urTierToba), praqtikuli racion-
alizmi da religia. j. finisi miuTiTebs ZiriTadi
sikeTeebis siis sicxadeze, da am yvelafris realizeba Seu-
Zlia nebismier adamians. saerTo sargebeli warmoiqmneba
`materialuri da sxva priobebis mTliani ansamblisgan, ro-
melic moicavs rogorc sazogadoebriv institutebis
(magaliTad, qorwinebis instituti), ise adamianTa keTil-
dReobisTvis aucilebel moralur garemos. am Tvalsazri-
siT, j. finisi iZleva saerTo sikeTis, rogorc konkretuli
`ZiriTadi sikeTeebiT~ adamianTa uzrunvelyofis saSu-
alebis, instrumentul ganmartebas. amavdroulad, arc
erTi am Svidi sikeTidan ar SeiZleba analitikurad davi-
yvanoT sxva sikeTeebamde da ar SeiZleba miviCnioT sxva Zi-
riTadi sikeTeebis mosapovebel saSualebad. ZiriTadi
sikeTeebis CamonaTvali araa damokidebuli maT moralur
Sefasebaze.
j. finisis koncefciaSi xazgasmulia bunebiTi samarTlis
Teoriis ontologiuri da gnoseologiuri aspeqtebis gan-

52
sxvaveba. ontologiuri aspeqti mxolod miuTiTebs Zi-
riTadi sikeTeebis sicxadesa da arsze, xolo praqtikuli
racionalizmi ZiriTad sikeTeebTan gamoyenebis dros qmnis
da ganazogadebs moralur wesebs. am TvalsazrisiT,
praqtikuli racionalizmi warmogvidgeba, rogorc erT-
erTi ZiriTadi sikeTe da sxva sikeTeebis miRebis saSuale-
bac, rac j. finisis koncefcias sawyis danawesebs ewina-
aRmdegeba. miuxedavad amisa, praqtikuli racionaluroba
Semdeg meTodologiur moTxovnebs moicavs: racionaluri
cxovrebis gegmis formulireba (yvela ZiriTadi sikeTis
Rirebulebis SenarCunebiT); ama Tu im ZiriTadi sikeTeebis
gadafasebis dauSvebloba; zneobriobis `oqros wesi~; mi-
ukerZoebloba; aragulgrili damokidebuleba sxva adami-
anebis mimarT; ZiriTadi sikeTiT uzrunvelyofaSi monawi-
leoba ZiriTadi sikeTeebis realizebis sakuTari moqme-
debebis efeqturobis gziT; erTi an ramdenime ZiriTadi
sikeTis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli qmedebebis mxardaWeris
dauSvebloba; saerTo sikeTis aRiareba da mis uzrun-
velyofaSi monawileoba sakuTari TavisTvis da sxve-
bisTvis; qmedebaTa gaazreba. aRniSnuli racionalurobis
meTodologiuri wesebi warmoqmnis qcevis moralur
standartebs. j. finisis koncefciaSi, aseve, vlindeba i.
kantis eTikis gavlena. kerZod, racionaluri qmedebebis
saSualebebis dasabuTebisas, j. finisi varaudobs, rom
nebismieri gaazrebuli arCevani yvela adamianis nebas unda
Seesabamebodes. am TvalsazrisiT, samarTliani qmedeba _
esaa qmedeba, romelic ar zRudavs sxvis damokidebulebas
ZiriTadi sikeTeebis mimarT.42
misi Teoriis sxva aspeqtia bunebiTi samarTlis
klasikuri Teoriebis postulatebis kritika, romelSic
mocemulia pozitiuri kanonis Lex injusta non est lex princip-
Tan Sesabamisobis Sefaseba. usamarTlo kanoni, j. finisis

42ix., Finnis J. Natural Law and Legal Resoning//Natural Law Theoory. Contemporary
Essays, Oxford, 1994. P.137.
53
azriT, yovelTvis iuridiulad namdvilia da moqmedi, Tu
igi formaluri procedurebis dacviTaa miRebuli, magram
mas ar SeuZlia saxelmwifo iZulebas moraluri safuZveli
misces, anu, sruli mavaldebulebeli Zala ar gaaCnia. am
TvalsazrisiT, usamarTlo kanoni gamoyenebis procesSi ar
axdens socialuri miznis realizebas, romelic da-
kavSirebulia sazogadoebaSi saerTo sargeblis uzrun-
velyofasTan.
amdenad, j. finisis bunebiTsamarTlebrivi midgoma sa-
marTlebrivi pozitivizmis calkeul debulebebsa da
garkveulwilad, samarTlisa da moralis gamijvnis Tezis-
sac ucvlelad tovebs. mis koncefciaSi samarTlebrivi
axsna msjelobebis dasabuTebis ufro teqnikuri saSu-
alebaa, vidre moraluri. amitom iuridiuli daskvnis wy-
arod rCeba kanonis normebi (saerTo samarTlis statuturi
wesebi). praqtikuli racionalurobis moTxovnebi ki sa-
fuZvels uqmnis `bunebiTsamarTlebriv meTods~, rogorc
`protomoraluri~ bunebiTi samarTlis principebidan
bunebiTsamarTlebrivi (moraluri) normebis deduqciuri
gamoyvanis saSualebas43. e.i. j. finisis bunebiT-samarTle-
brivi meTodi ufro moralis filosofiis sferos
ganekuTvneba, xolo tradiciuli pozitivisturi meTodebi
_ samarTlis filosofiis sferos. am TvalsazrisiT, sa-
marTlebrivi da moraluri danawesebis urTiermimarTebis
problema, aseve, saerTo sikeTis realizaciisTvis qme-
debebis mowesrigebaSi samarTlisa da samarTlebrivi insti-
tutebis rolis sakiTxic gadauWreli rCeba.
1980-ian wlebSi konceptualuri naturalizmi gaa-
kritikes ara marto neopozitivizmSi, aramed samarTlebriv
realizmSic daskvniTi debulebebis umravlesobis daus-
abuTeblobisa da empiriuli dadasturebis ararsebobis
gamo. am dros sakvanZo filosofiur-samarTlebrivi prob-

43 ix., . //. . 2003. 2.. 131138.

54
lemebis interpretaciisas SeimCneva naturalizmis etapo-
brivi gadasvla realizmze. aseTi gadasvlis Taviseburebas
warmoadgens samarTlis, rogorc socialuri kontrolisa
da socialurad mniSvnelovani miznebis miRwevis saSu-
alebis, instrumentuli ganmarteba, sasamarTlo praqti-
kaze, rogorc formulirebuli mtkicebulebebis empiriul
dadasturebaze, apelireba, samarTlebrivi normebisa da
sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesis inter-
pretaciis procedurebis analizi.
`samarTlanobis Teoria~. sruliad sxva strategia airCia
amerikelma politikurma filosofosma jon roulzma, rom-
lis naSromebma, upirvelesad wignebma: `samarTlianobis Te-
oria~, `politikuri liberalizmi~ da `xalxis samarTali~,
gavlena moaxdina bolo wlebis diskusiebze, aaRorZina ra
TiTqmis miviwyebuli sazogadoebrivi SeTanxmebis Teoria
da masTan dakavSirebuli problemebi, rogoricaa samo-
qalaqo daumorCilebloba.
roulzs arcTu iSviaTad moixsenieben, rogorc Tanamed-
rove kants. marTlac, am or filosofoss aerTianebs
eTikuri rigorizmi, dayrdnoba gonze, maT Soris
koleqtiurze da utilitarizmis arsiyvaruli. garda amisa,
roulzma aaRorZina TiTqosda Tanamedrove samarTlis
filosofiaSi miviwyebuli `kategoriuli imperativis~
koncefcia. Tumca axali kategoriuli imperativi gansxvav-
deba kantiseuli `moiqeciT ise, TiTqos princips, rom-
liTac Tqven xelmZRvanelobT, aqvs universaluri kanonis
Zala~.
roulzis azriT, arsebobs samarTlianobis ori univer-
saluri principi: `pirveli principi: yvela adamians unda
hqondes Tanabari uflebebi Tanaswori ZiriTadi Tavisu-
flebebis metad farTo sqemasTan mimarTebiT, romlebic
sxvaTa Tavisuflebebis sqemebTan Tanaarsebobs; meore
principi: socialuri da ekonomikuri uTanasworobani ise
unda iyos mowyobili, rom (a) gonivruli iyos maTgan

55
yvelasTvis upiratesobebis miReba da (b) poziciebsa (posi-
tions) da Tanamdebobebze xelmisawvdomoba yvelasTvis Ria
iyos~ (. . . , 1995, . II,
11).
universaluri principebis miRebisa da funqcionirebis
procedurebi kantTan da roulzTan gansxvavebulia, magram
ucvleli rCeba imis rwmena, rom maTi povna da realizeba
SeiZleba racionaluri msjelobis safuZvelze. marTalia,
kants, ganmanaTlebis epoqis suliskveTebiT jer kidev
sjeroda gonis SesaZleblobebis, varaudobda, rom adami-
ani, irwmunebda ra principis WeSmaritebas, SemdgomSi
sxvanairad ver moiqceoda. xolo meore msoflio omisa da
XX saukunis sxva ryevebis gavlis Semdeg roulzi mixvda,
rom gonivruli gadawyvetileba jer kidev ar aris sakmarisi
imisaTvis, rom principi cxovrebaSi ganxorcieldes, igi
dauRalavad aviTarebda Tavis koleqtiuri gonis koncef-
cias (the public reason), icavda liberaluri demokratiis
Rirebulebebis universalurobis ideas da sjeroda, rom
samarTali SeiZleba iyos samarTliani mxolod im Sem-
TxvevaSi, Tu is moraluria, xolo saxelmwifo _ mxolod
maSin, Tu igi aseTi saxis samarTals emorCileba. ar SeiZleba
iyo erTdroulad zneobrivi adamiani da usamarTlo sax-
elmwifos kanonmorCili moqalaqe.
samarTliani socialuri mowyobis idealebis ganxilvi-
sas roulzi ubrundeba ganmanaTleblobis epoqis models
_ `sazogadoebriv SeTanxmebas~. hobsisa da rusosgan gan-
sxvavebiT (da bevr rameSi lokis msgavsad), roulzi ar
cdilobs `bunebiTi mdgomareobidan~ socialuri insti-
tutebis warmoSobis genetikuri modelis agebas. misTvis
`sawyisi mdgomareoba~ ar aris Zvelad momxdari SemTxveva,
aramed wminda hipoTeturi azrobrivi eqsperimentia, rome-
lic nebismier adgilas da dros SeiZleba Catardes.
roulzs miaCnia, rom unaklod gonieri adamianebis
nebismier jgufs, romelic erT adgilas Seikribeba da
daadgens diskusiis warmarTvis ramdenime martiv wess,

56
aucileblad miva samarTliani socialuri struqturis im
daskvnebamde, romlis formulirebas igi samarTlianobis
or principSi axdens. nebismiers urCevnia iseT sazoga-
doebaSi cxovreba, romelic icavs sakuTar wevrebs, amasTan,
minimalurad zRudavs maT pirad Tavisuflebas.
imisaTvis, rom bunebiTi mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndnen,
diskusiis monawileebi unda gaemijnon gare samyaros war-
mosaxviTi `arcodnis fardiT~, romelic maTi mxedvelobis
aridan waSlida sxvadasxva kerZo SekiTxvas, aRmofxvrida
arsebul socialur, rasobriv, religiur, inteleqtualur,
sqesobriv da sxva gansxvavebebs. imisTvis, rom gad-
awyvetilebaze zegavlena ar iqonios diskusiis monawileTa
piradma Sexedulebebma, `arcodnis fardis~ miRma unda
darCes, magaliTad, cnobebi ama Tu im sazogadoebaSi
arsebul Cveulebebze, maT araferi unda icodnen sakuTar
ojaxebze, megobrebze, asakze, wonaze, sqesze, janmrTelo-
baze, simdidresa da socialur mdgomareobaze. isini orien-
tirebulebi unda iyvnen mxolod TavianT saR gonebaze, sa-
marTlianobis grZnobasa da sikeTisa da borotebis Sesaxeb
saerTo warmodgenaze. roulzis azriT, aseT SemTxvevaSi
isini aucileblad Camoayalibeben samarTlianobis or prin-
cips, radgan aravis endomeba, rom misi Tavisufleba da
TviTrealizaciis SesaZleblobebi msxverplad Seewiros
raime saxis `umaRles Rirebulebebs~. Tavisuflebis Sez-
Rudva SesaZlebelia mxolod koleqtiuri gadarCenis sax-
eliT da imaT sakeTildReod, vinc socialuri an bunebrivi
mizeziT aRmoCnda yvelaze aramomgebian mdgomareobaSi. vi-
TarebaSi, sadac iseTi piradi upiratesobebis Sesaxeb in-
formacia ar arsebobs, rogoricaa silamaze, simdidre,
Zala, xelsayreli sacxovrebeli adgili da a.S., nebismieri
umwikvlo samarTlianobis SegrZnebis mqone gonieri adami-
ani airCevs aRniSnul universalur principebs, Tundac imi-
tom, rom aravinaa dazRveuli, rom mis `dabadebas~ ar mo-
hyveba arasasurveli garemoebebiT, magaliTad, avadmyo-
foba, siRaribe da dabali socialuri warmomavloba. aseTi

57
adamiani ver ipovis gonivrul arguments fundamenturi
danawesis sawinaaRmdegod, rom samarTliani sazogadoeba
valdebulia moaxdinos erTi nawilis arakeTilsasurveli
sawyisi situaciis kompensireba, sxvebis SemTxveviTi upi-
ratesobebis xarjze.
maSasadame, yvela pirovneba flobs upirobo Rirebu-
lebas, xolo sazogadoebis interesebi mTlianobaSi ar
SeiZleba calkeuli pirovnebis interesebze upiratesi
iyos. utilitarizmis sabaziso postulatis sawinaaRmde-
god, koleqtiuri `sikeTe~ ar SeiZleba gaizardos
calkeuli adamianebis Tavisuflebis SezRudvis xarjze.
adamianebi Tanaxmani arian, nebayoflobiT SeizRudon sa-
kuTari Tavisufleba mxolod imisTvis, rom daexmaron
daoblebulebs maTi sawyisi arakeTilsasurveli mdgoma-
reobis kompensirebiT, ramdenadac es SesaZlebelia.
roulzis azriT ase realizdeba universaluri `samarTli-
anobis, rogorc patiosnebis~, modeli: patiosani wesebis
dadgeniT adamianebi patiosnad TamaSoben.
roulzis cecxlovanma mowodebam didi gamoZaxili hpova
adamianTa gulebSi: albaT, arcerT Tanamedrove filoso-
foss ar mouxveWia aseTi saxeli profesiuli wreebis gareT;
mis azrs citireben sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebSi, xolo
gardacvalebis Sesaxeb cnoba amerikisa da evropis wamyvani
gazeTebis pirvel gverdze gamoqveynda. amavdroulad,
roulzis mier dawvrilebiT damuSavebuli da detalurad
argumentirebuli Teoria samarTlis filosofiaSi bevri
Tanamedrove diskusiis sawyisi wertili gaxda. magaliTad,
cnobilma amerikelma filosofosma, robert nozikma scada,
daecva adamianis uflebebis doqtrina roulzis kritikis-
gan. amisTvis igi inarCunebs klasikur liberalur ideas
imis Sesaxeb, rom adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebidan warmoSo-
bilia sakuTrebis ufleba, SeZenili sazogadoebis sxva wev-
rebis arasazianod. igi Seecada eCvenebina, rom roulzis
`socialisturi~ idea imis Sesaxeb, TiTqos sazogadoebas
garkveul garemoebebSi aqvs ufleba, gadaanawilos

58
sikeTeebi maTze, visac sWirdeba, Tavs esxmis adamianTa Zi-
riTad uflebebs da SeiaraRebul mZarcvelze ukeTesni ar
arian.
ukve mZime avadmyofma roulzma Tavis ukanasknel wignSi
_`xalxis samarTali~, gadadga Semdegi da SesaZloa, radi-
kaluri nabiji Tavis TeoriaSi: is Seecada, epova principebi,
romliTac ixelmZRvanelebdnen rogorc liberaluri,
aseve, araliberaluri sazogadoebebi erTmaneTTan ur-
TierTobisas. amisTvis igi ganasxvavebs adamianis ZiriTad
uflebebsa da liberaluri sakonstitucio demokratiis
wevrebis uflebebs da mimarTavs Tanamedroveobis yvelaze
rTul politikur sakiTxs: imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra garemoebebSi
SeuZlia liberalur sazogadoebas CaerTos omSi `kanon-
gareSe sazogadoebasTan~ (outlaw society) imisTvis, raTa
daexmaros xalxs, romelTac wilad xvdaT araliberalur
sazogadoebaSi cxovreba, damZimebulebs politikuri, so-
cialuri da ekonomikuri siduxWiriT. es Taviseburi poli-
tikuri anderZi, romelic 1999 wels gamovida, Seicavs dana-
wesebsa da rekomendaciebs, rac dRevandelobaSi winaswar-
metyvelebas hgavs.
roulzi ambobs, rom is Segnebulad msjelobs `xalxTa~
uflebaze da ara `saxelmwifos~ an `eris~ uflebaze, radgan
xalxTa, rogorc individebis sazogadoebis, uflebebi
`erisa~ da miT umetes `saxelmwifos~ uflebebisgan gan-
sxvavebulad miaCnia. wignSi ganixileba sakiTxi, Tu rogor
SeiZleba SemuSavdes xalxTa uflebebi samarTlianobis
liberalur ideaze dayrdnobiT, ufro zogadze, magram im
ideis msgavsze, romelsac igi uwodebs samarTlianobas,
rogorc patiosnebas. roulzis ZiriTadi amocana ucvle-
lia: is miiswrafvis, gaamyaros yoveli calkeuli adamianis
uflebebis prioriteti sxva hipoTetur zogad sikeTeebze;
magram wignSi mocemuli zogierTi gamoTqma iwvevda
rogorc kritikosebis, aseve, misi Teoriis mimdevrebis
gaocebas. sakmaod ganWvretadia civilizebuli qveynebis
iseTi samxedro moqmedebebis gakicxva, romlebsac mohyveba

59
msxverpli mSvidobian mosaxleobaSi. cxadia, roulzi nega-
tiurad afasebs iaponiis qalaqebis dabombvas meore msof-
lio omis dros, rac araa gasakviri, radgan is amis TviTmx-
ilveli iyo. vcnobT idealurad brZeni saxelmwifo poli-
tikosis portrets (aucilebeli ar aris, iyos liberal-
demokrati), romelic ganWvrets momavals da ar eqceva mim-
dinare viTarebis zegavlenis qveS. Tumca roulzi zogierT
sakiTxebSi axal poziciebs ikavebs. sainteresoa misi gamo-
goneba ekonomikuri daxmarebis Sesaxeb. Cans, TiTqos sa-
marTlianobis meore principis Sesabamisad, erTi xalxis
mkacri bunebrivi pirobebi da bunebrivi resursebis danak-
lisi unda kompensirdebodes im xalxTa xarjze, romlebic
naklebad arian bunebisgan daucveli. Tumca axla roulzi
daJinebiT moiTxovs, rom aseTi daxmarebis gaweva SeiZleba
mxolod erT SemTxvevaSi: Tu saxelmwifo am daxmarebis ga-
reSe iZulebuli iqneba, uzomod SezRudos Tavisi moqalaqe-
ebis uflebebi rTuli ekonomikuri da bunebrivi
mdgomareobis gamo. aseTi daxmareba unda Sewydes, rogorc
ki politikuri situacia normalizdeba, xolo sazogadoeba
daubrundeba mdgomareobas, romelsac is uwodebs `mowyo-
bils~. aRsaniSnavia, rom roulzis es idea exmianeba misi
erT-erTi Seurigebeli kritikosis, r. nozikis mier gamoT-
qmul analogiur danawesebs. yvela (calkeuli adamiani,
ojaxi an sruliad eri) unda cxovrobdes Tavisi SesaZle-
blobiT da gaTvla ar unda gaakeTos sxvebis mier Seqmnil
damatebiT sikeTeze. roulzis azriT, erovnuli simdidre
ganisazRvreba ara materialuri keTildReobiT, aramed
xalxis kapitaliTa da qveynis politikuri kulturiT.
aucilebelia maTi gazrda da SenarCuneba, im dros, roca ma-
terialuri sikeTeebis dagroveba raRac etapze gar-
dauvlad unda Sewydes, xolo ekonomikuri zrdis amocanaa,
Secvalos bunebrivi resursebis racionaluri gamoyenebisa
da kulturuli ganviTarebis amocanebi.

60
 Tavi meeqvse. duorkinis samarTlis filosofia da
Tanamedrove konstitucionalizmi

filosofiur-samarTlebrivi problematikis gansa-

zRvrebaSi naturalizmis realizmSi gadasvlis specifika
vlindeba amerikeli samarTalmcodnisa da filosofosis,
ronald duorkinis `konstruqciuli interpretaciis~
koncefciaSi, romelSic warmodgenilia samarTlisa da sa-
marTlianobis Sesaxeb tradiciuli filosofiuri Sexe-
dulebebis, aseve, sazogadoebrivi mowyobis sakonstitu-
cio modelis aqsiologiuri safuZvlebis kritika. garda
amisa, r. duorkinis publikaciaSi warmodgenilia kriti-
kuli argumentebi politikuri utilitarizmis, angloame-
rikul iurisprudenciaSi neopozitivizmisa da samarTlis
filosofiaSi bunebiTi samarTlis (naturalizmis) koncef-
ciebis winaaRmdeg. amgvarad, misi sakonstitucio doqtri-
nis gagebaSi upiratesoba eniWeba sasamarTlo xelisu-
flebis aqtiuri rolis ideasa da politikuri-samarTle-
brivi sinamdvilis `realistur~ interpretacias44.
r. duorkinis argumentacia dafuZnebulia h. hartis sa-
marTlebrivi pozitivizmis ZiriTadi danawesebis sakuTar
ganmartebaze:
(1) samarTali _ es aris normaTa erToblioba, romelic
pirdapir an iribad awesrigebs adamianTa qcevas akr-
Zalvebisa da daSvebebis gziT;
(2) saxelmwifos winaSe samarTlebrivi valdebulebebi
warmoiqmneba faqtobrivi situaciis samarTlebrivi norme-
bis moqmedebaSi moyvanis SemTxvevaSi, anu nebismier ufle-
bas Seesabameba valdebuleba, magram uflebebi da movaleo-
bebi ar arsebobs arasamarTlebriv normebSi;
(3) mosamarTlis Sexedulebebi: Tu faqtobrivi situacia
ar mowesrigda samarTlebrivi normebis danawesebiT, maSin
mosamarTle moqmedebs sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr, riTac

44 ix., . //. . 2003. 2. . 131138.

61
qmnis ufro adekvatur samarTlebriv normebs preceden-
tebs45.
r. duorkinis pozicia mimarTulia mocemuli mtkicebu-
lebebis uaryofisken. samarTlebrivi sistemis safuZvels
qmnis ara normebi, aramed fundamenturi samarTlebrivi
principebi da strategiebi. amdenad, sazogadoebaSi qcevis
samarTlebrivi standartebi mimarTulia garkveuli kole-
qtiuri miznebis (`strategiis~) miRwevisken, an gamoxatavs
Tanasworobis, samarTlianobis, patiosnebis (`principebi~)
moralur moTxovnilebebs. amas garda, `samarTlebrivi
principebisa~ da `samarTlebrivi normebis~ gansxvavebis
kriteriumebia:
(1) iuridiuli Sedegi: pirobebisa da formulirebuli
gamonaklisebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, norma avtomaturad
gansazRvravs samarTlebriv gadawyvetilebas; Tumca prin-
cipi ar Seicavs gamoyenebis pirobebsa da gamonaklisebs, is
ar vrceldeba konkretul SemTxvevebze da mxolod
mouwodebs Tanamdebobis pirebs kanonieri gadawyvetilebis
miRebisaken;
(2) mniSvneloba: samarTlebrivi normebis koliziisas
gaTvaliswinebulia maTi iuridiuli Zala, xolo princi-
pebis koliziisas _ maTi daniSnuleba da mniSvneloba46.
Tumca praqtikaSi xSirad SeimCneva principebis, strate-
giebisa da normebis aRreva. magaliTad, amerikis konstitu-
ciis pirvel SesworebaSi miTiTebulia, rom kongresma ar
unda miiRos rwmenis Tavisuflebis sawinaaRmdego, an
sityvis Tavisuflebis SemzRudavi kanonebi. Tu es prin-
cipia, maSin sityvis Tavisuflebis SezRudva SeiZleba gaT-
valiswinebuli iyos samarTlebriv normebSi koleqtiuri

45 Tumca r. duorkini ar iTvaliswinebs, rom garda am debulebebisa, h.

harti ganasxvavebs pirvelad~ da meoreul~ wesebs, kanonier da
ukanono iZulebas, gvTavazobs ra `aRiarebis wess~ iuridiuli
normebis namdvilobis kriteriumad. Dworkin R. Is law a system of rules? //
Philosophy of Law / Ed. by R. Dworkin. Oxford, 1977. P. 38; ix. agreTve: Dworkin
R. Judicial Discretion // Journal of Philosophy. 1963.Vol. 60. No. 21. P. 624638.
46 ix., . . ., 2004. . 4451.

62
miznis safuZvelze (usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa, zneobis
dacva). amdenad, principebis moqmedeba SeiZleba faqto-
brivad arRvevdes kanons da piriqiT. magaliTad, normebi,
romlebic awesrigebs sakuTrebis uflebis warmoSobas na-
povn nivTze, mflobelobis xangrZlivobidan gamomdinare,
SeiZleba ewinaaRmdegebodes sakuTari aramarTlzomieri
qmedebebidan sargeblis miRebis dauSveblobis princips. r.
duorkinis interpretaciiT, sasamarTlo davis SemTxvevaSi
mosamarTle afasebs sxvadasxva principis mniSvnelobas da
Semdgom samarTlebrivi normebis safuZvelze iRebs gad-
awyvetilebas, romelsac asabuTebs principebiT. amgvarad,
sasamarTlo praqtikis analizidan gamomdinareobs, rom sa-
mosamarTlo saqmianoba warmoadgens ara ganmartebisa da
konkretuli situaciebisadmi zogadi samarTlebrivi nor-
mebis misadagebis proceduras, aramed es aris mosamarTlis
mier konkurirebadi principebis `konstruqciuli inter-
pretacia~, romelTac ar gaaCniaT ierarqia da davis gad-
awyvetis saSualebas iZleva moraluri principebis sa-
fuZvelze. Tumca, zogierTi avtori samarTlianad aRniS-
navs, rom hartis mier sasamarTlo Sexedulebis aRiareba
sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebSi samarTlebrivi princi-
pebis rolis gaTvaliswinebis saSualebasac iZleva.
samarTlebrivi valdebulebis normis miRma arsebobis
sakiTxi ganixileba, rogorc saxelmwifosTan mimarTebiT
moqalaqeTa moraluri uflebebis dafuZnebis problema.
liberalur sakonstitucio doqtrinaSi ori pozicia
SeiZleba gamovyoT: politikuri skepticizmi (moqalaqeebs
aqvT mxolod is iuridiuli uflebebi, romlebic gaT-
valiswinebulia konstituciiT) da `kompetenciaTa gayofa~
(moqalaqeTa moraluri uflebebis aRiareba ganekuTvneba
ara sasamarTlos, aramed parlamentis warmoebas, romelic
iRebs kanonebs). duorkini mxars uWers moralur dasabuTe-
bas da aRniSnavs, rom `sakonstitucio Teoria gulisxmobs
instituciuri mowyobis rTuli sakiTxebis garkveul gad-

63
awyvetas, aseve, politikuri filosofiisa da moralis sa-
kiTxebs~47. am gagebiT, moqalaqeebs ori saxis moraluri
uflebebi aqvT: (1) Tanasworuflebianoba, anu SesaZle-
blobebis, resursebisa da valdebulebebis Tanabari gadan-
awileba; (2) Tanasworad mopyrobis ufleba (Tanaswori
zrunva da pativiscema). am uflebebs aqvs obieqturi sta-
tusi, romelic ar ukavSirdeba erovnuli samarTlebrivi
sistemebis specifikas. samarTlebrivi neopozitivizmis
kritikis garda, duorkini araerTgvarovnad afasebs bu-
nebiTi uflebebis ideasac, aCvenebs ra situaciis para-
doqsulobas, rodesac aseTi uflebebis arseboba ar aris
dakavSirebuli iuridiul aRiarebasTan da mtkicebis pro-
cedurasTan.
sasamarTlo mixedulebis neopozitiuri koncefciis
winaaRmdeg argumentebi eyrdnoba fundamenturi sa-
marTlebrivi principebis ideasac. h. hartTan samarTle-
brivi normebi Seicavs `gaxsnil materias~ da xSirad ga-
nusazRvelia, rac afarToebs mosamarTleTa SesaZle-
blobebs, miiRon gadawyvetileba sakuTari Sexedulebis-
amebr. amiT mosamarTle scdeba kanonmdeblobis CarCoebs.
maS, riT xelmZRvanelobs is?
r. duorkini gvTavazobs `iuridiuli herakles~ models
_ es aris mosamarTle-filosofosi, romelic uSecdomod
da sworad iRebs gadawyvetilebebs. `herakle~ xelmZRva-
nelobs samarTlebrivi tradiciiT, romelSic xorcSe-
sxmulia fundamenturi faseulobebi, xolo gabatonebuli
`politikuri Teoria~ uflebas aZlevs, ganaxorcielos ka-
nonebis `principuli interpretacia~ (miiRos erTaderTi
marTebuli gadawyvetileba samarTlebriv principebze
dayrdnobiT). amiT duorkini Slis zRvars filosofiasa da
politikur-samarTlebriv ideologias Soris. Tu harti
miiCnevs, rom wesebis gamoyenebis procesi unda iyos poli-
tikurad neitraluri, duorkini praqtikulad aRiarebs

47 ix., . . ., 2004. . 167.

64
nebismieri samarTlebrivi gadawyvetilebis ideologiur
ganpirobebas. kanonebis `konstruqciuli interpretacia~
SesaZlebelia ganxorcieldes mxolod politikurad le-
gitimur samarTlebriv tradiciebze, am SemTxvevaSi, `ame-
rikul neoliberalizmze~ dayrdnobiT, aSS-is umaRlesi
sasamarTlos aqtiuri roliT konstituciis ganmartebasa
da realur politikaSi. amgvarad, r. duorkinis koncef-
ciaSi warmoiSoba samarTalgagebis problemebis real-
isturi midgoma. bunebiTi (moraluri) uflebebi sa-
konstitucio normebze dayrdnobiT iqcevian iuridul
normebad, xolo maTi realuri uzrunvelyofa sasamarTlo
sistemiT xorcieldeba.

65
 Tavi meSvide. samarTlebrivi realizmi

aSS-is inteleqtualur tradiciaSi metad mniSvnelovnad

miiCneva ori miRweva _ pragmatizmis filosofia (C. pirsi,
u. jeimsi, j. diui) da samarTlebrivi realizmis filosofia.
samarTlis filosofiaSi realisturi mimarTulebis wy-
aros ganekuTvneba ara mxolod pragmatizmis calkeuli
filosofiuri koncefciebi (jon diuis instrumentalizmi),
aramed amerikuli sociologiis koncefciebi, romlebSic
mTavari amocanaa socialuri urTierTobebis samarTle-
brivi regulirebisa da politikur-samarTlebrivi insti-
tutebis funqcionirebis procesebis empiriuli kvleva. sa-
marTlebrivi realizmi gamoxatavs iuridiuli formaliz-
mis, abstraqtuli Teoriuli konstruqciebis, logikisa da
samarTalSi deduqciuri azrovnebis Tanmimdevrul
kritikul pozicias. XX saukuneSi amerikuli samarTle-
brivi realizmis ganviTarebaSi gamoiyofa sami ZiriTadi
etapi: 1. klasikuri; 2. kritikuli da 3. `naturaluristuri~
samarTlebrivi realizmi.
klasikuri samarTlebrivi realizmi. realisturi moZ-
raoba amerikul samarTalmcodneobaSi cdilobs, gardaq-
mnas kanonisa da saxelmwifos Seswavlis meTodologia iu-
ridiulad mniSvnelovani qcevebis sociologiur, fsiqo-
logiur da ekonomikur faqtorebTan kavSirebis analizis
aucileblobaze miTiTebiT. realisturi filosofiisa da
samarTlis Teoriis ZiriTadi funqciaa samarTlis gamomy-
enebeli organoebis SesaZlo moqmedebebis winaswar-
metyveleba.
klasikur interpretaciaSi samarTlebrivi realizmis
fuZemdebelia amerikis umaRlesi sasamarTlos mosamarTle
oliver uendel holmsi (1841-1935)48. igi skeptikurad
afasebs amerikis samarTlebriv tradicias konstituciis

48
Holmes O. W. The Common Law: Lectures. 1881 (. . .:
. 2003. 2, 3. 2004. 4 [www.rli.consultant.ru].
66
Seqmnis dRidan, akritikebs bunebiTi samarTlis ideebs, in-
gliseli samarTalmcodnis, uiliam bleqsTounis (XVIII s.)
samarTlebriv doqtrinas, iuridiul pozitivizmsa da `su-
verenis~ ostiniseul gagebas. uaryofs ra warmodgenas sa-
marTalze, rogorc idealur arsebobaze, romelSic gansax-
ierebulia logikuri msjelobiT da abstraqtuli argumen-
tebiT gacnobierebuli samarTlebrivi Rirebulebi da
principebi, holmsi miiCnevs, rom mxolod sasamarTlos
faqtobrivi qmedebebi Seadgens samarTals, rogoric is
aris (`arsi~ samarTalSi). misi TqmiT, `samarTlis cxovreba
ar eqvemdebareba logikas, aramed Seesabameba praqtikas~. es
niSnavs, rom iuridiuli TeoriisTvis wayenebuli pirveli
moTxovna aris empiriul monacemebTan Sesabamisoba, anu sa-
marTali unda pasuxobdes sazogadoebis realur moTx-
ovnebs.
meore moTxovna iuridiuli Teoriis mimarT moralisa da
samarTlis gamijvnaa. sazogadoebaSi wesrigi dafuZnebulia
imaze, rom adamiani mokvdavi arsebaa, amitom samarTalze
davisas Tavidan unda aviciloT moraluri Sefasebebi.
Tumca o. holmsi miiCnevs, rom samarTali adamianis Sinagani
moralis gare gamoxatulebaa da amtkicebs, rom `dRes msof-
lio imarTeba ufro metad imanuel kantis da ara napoleon
bonopartis mier~.
o. holmsis saqmianobas aSS-is umaRlesi sasamarTlos
mosamarTlis rangSi praqtikuli Sedegi hqonda. 1937
wlamde amerikis umaERlesi sasamarTlos praqtikaSi uamravi
kanoni, maT Soris f. ruzveltis kanoni `axali kursis~
Sesaxeb, arakonstituciurad cnes amerikis prezidentis
mier uflebamosilebis gadametebis gamo. o. holmsi
skeptikurad afasebda `axal kurss~, Tumca miiCnevda, rom
kanonis aranamdvilad cnoba, romelsac mosamarTle ar
eTanxmeba, ar aris sasamarTlos funqcia. igi upirispirde-
boda `axali kursis~ kanonis farglebSi ekonomikaSi sax-
elmwifos Carevisadmi umaRlesi sasamarTlos aqtiur
winaaRmdegobas, afuZnebs ra sasamarTlo TviTSezRudvis

67
doqtrinis, romelic aRiarebul iqna amerikis umaRlesi
sasamarTlos praqtikaSi 1937 wlis Semdeg.
rosko paundi (1870-1964) axdens samarTlisadmi soci-
ologiuri da instrumentuli Teoriuli danawesebis
midgomis sinTezs `sociologiuri iurisprudenciis~ Seqm-
nisas. iuristebisa da kanonmdeblebis saqmianoba unda Se-
fasdes gansazRvrul miznebTan maTi Sesabamisobis
mixedviT da ara moqmedi kanonis idealuri formebis pozi-
ciidan. kanoni _ es aris `sociologiuri inJineria~, sa-
marTlebrivi normebisa da praqtikis socialuri ur-
TierTqmedeba.
r. paunds sjeroda, rom samarTlis sferoSi unda Sedi-
odes urTierTobebisa da adamianuri aqtivobis dadgenis
reJimi (samarTlebrivi wesrigi), samarTlebrivi moTx-
ovnebi (normatiuli masala), marTlmsajulebis adminis-
trirebis procesi (sasamarTlo da administraciuli or-
ganoebis CaTvliT). samarTlis sferos miseul kon-
struqciaSi SesaZlebelia `marTlmsajuleba kanonis ga-
reSe~ _ marTlmsajuleba gaTvaliswinebuli samarTle-
brivi normebis gareSe, radgan samarTali gvevlineba so-
cialuri garemos im erT-erT elementad, romelic
cxovrebasTan ufro adaptirebulia. amitomac saxelmwifo
organoebis nebismieri qmedeba mis koncefciaSi, faqto-
brivad, samarTlebrivs warmoadgens.
magram samarTals, rogorc socialuri wesrigis miRwevis
saSualebas, aqvs specifikuri mizani _ sazogadoebaSi ur-
TierTsawinaaRmdego interesebis morigeba da harmoniza-
cia. r. paundi gvTavazobs `interesebis dafis~ agebas. in-
teresi SeiZleba iyos sxvadasxva, magram nebismier civi-
lizebul sazogadoebaSi, r. paundis warmodgeniT, yovel
adamians ufleba aqvs, sjerodes, rom: (1) mis mimarT mizan-
mimarTulad aravin ganaxorcielebs agresiul qmedebebs; (2)
arsebobs sakuTari Sromis nayofis gamoyenebis samarTle-
brivi ufleba; (3) moqmedebs valdebulebebis keTilsin-

68
disierad Sesrulebis principi; (4) dauSvebelia garSemomy-
ofTaTvis maRali riskis Semcveli qmedebebi; (5) man, visac
SeuZlia zianis miyeneba, sifrTxile unda gamoiCinos.
samarTlis ZiriTadi problema isaa, rom `kanoni unda
iyos stabiluri da amavdroulad, is ar SeiZleba erT adgi-
las iyos gaCerebuli~. Tu kanoni aris socialuri
kontrolis forma, maSin unda moqmedebdes Tu ara is adami-
anis Tandayolil Tvisebebze (eSmakoba, moxerxebuloba)? r.
paundi amaze uaryofiTad pasuxobs, radgan es Tvisebebi
aisaxeba iuridiuli mniSvnelobis moqmedebebSi, xelSe-
krulebebsa da SeTanxmebebSi. is erTmaneTs upirispirebs
Tavisuflebasa da Tanasworobas: `adamianebs surT, iyvnen
Tanasworebi yvela SemTxvevaSi. amavdroulad, maT surT
iyvnen Tavisuflebic~.
sazogadoebis cxovrebis pirobebis Secvla midis iqamde,
rom kanonmdebloba mudmivad unda gadaixedos da Sesabami-
sad, icvlebodes TviT samarTlebrivi principebic ki.
Tumca r. paundis Tezisi `samarTali kanonis gareSe~ faqto-
brivad amarTlebs sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis miRebas
intuiciis xarjze, samarTlebriv normebze dayrdnobis ga-
reSe. realistebi amiT uSveben uaris SesaZleblobas pre-
cendentebsa da kanonebzec, rogorc socialuri rea-
lobisTvis araadekvatur samarTlis `gayinul~ formaze. r.
paundis gansxvavebas _ `samarTali wignebSi~ da `samarTali
moqmedebaSi~ _ zogjer arasasurveli Sedegebi mohyveba.
asea magaliTad, saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTalSi, sadac re-
alistebi amtkiceben, rom sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebamde
ar arsebobs aranairi subieqturi ufleba da ufleba-
mosileba (maT Soris sxva qveynebis kanonebisa da saerTaSo-
riso samarTlis normebis safuZvelze).
d. jerom franki, rogorc Cans, emxroba radikaluri re-
alizmis pozicias iuridiulad mniSvnelovani wesebis nor-
matiuli statusis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. is samarTals
Tavisi SinaarsiT ganusazRvrelad miiCnevs, vinaidan sa-
marTlis Semqmneli aris mosamarTle, romelic Tavisi

69
Sexedulebisamebr adgens faqtebs (`sakuTari ucnaurobi-
dan~ da survilebidan). amiTaa ganpirobebuli j. frankis in-
teresi faqtebis gamovlenis sakiTxebTan, romlebsac mniS-
vneloba aqvs sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis miRebisas, aseve,
varaudebis Sefasebis, mowmeTa fsiqologiis, pirveli in-
stanciis mosamarTleebis saqmianobasa da praqtikos iu-
ristebTan mimarTebiT. is mxars uWers sasamarTlo gad-
awyvetilebebis miRebaSi iuridiuli wesebisa da maTi rolis
arsebobasTan dakavSirebul skepticizms.
karl levelinis koncefciaSi faqtorebis Ziebis sfero,
romelic zegavlenas axdens ganaCenis miRebaze, far-
Tovdeba. is icavs Teziss, rom samarTali _ es aris ara mxo-
lod mosamarTleTa, aramed sxvadasxva Tanamdebobis pirisa
da saxelmwifo organos saqmianobis Sedegi.
kritikuli samarTlebrivi realizmi. ukiduresi real-
izmis pozicias sabolood mivyavarT im daskvnamde, rom sa-
marTlebrivi namdvilobis adekvaturi gageba SesaZlebelia
mxolod socialuri mecnierebebis meTodebis gamoyenebiT.
samarTalze pozitiuri da bunebiTsamarTlebrivi war-
modgenebis mwvave kritikiT cnobil XX saukunis 60-ian
wlebSi warmoiSoba `kritikuli samarTlebrivi realizmis~
ideebze dafuZnebuli mTeli rigi Teoriebi, maT Sorisaa:
(1) samarTlis ekonomikuri analizi (riCard pozneri). es
avtori iyenebs ekonomikuri analizis ZiriTad postu-
latebs. Semosavlis maqsimalizacia da simdidris dagro-
veba _ es adamianis saqmianobis ara mxolod ekonomikuri,
aramed eTikuri mizanicaa, rac dafiqsirebulia `saerTo sa-
marTlis~ wyaroebSi. sxva sityvebiT, samarTlebrivi
mowesrigebis efeqturoba pirdapir kavSirSia sasamarTlos
gadawyvetilebis ekonomikur efeqturobasTan. r. pozneri
iSveliebs sasamarTlo praqtikis masalebs. Tu amerikis
umaRlesi sasamarTlo Tavis gadawyvetilebebSi cnobs
Tavisufali xelSekrulebis principebs absoluturad,
maSasadame, is sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi am principis

70
dacvis ekonomikuri efeqturobidan gamomdinareobs. `sa-
marTlis ekonomikaSi~ SeimCneva garkveuli formalizmisken
dabruneba samarTlis analizisas, logikuri msjelobisa da
maTematikuri meTodebis gamoyenebiT.
(2) sazogadoebrivi arCevanis Teoria (patrik jeims
biuqeneni). sazogadoebrivi arCevani _ es aris individu-
aluri arCevanisa da gadawyvetilebebis koleqtiuri
Sedegi. adamianebis mravalferovani moTxovnilebebis
pirobebSi ekonomikuri racionalizmis poziciidan ab-
soluturi umravlesobis demokratiul princips ar Seu-
Zlia daakmayofilos yvela moqalaqis interesebi.
(3) robert ungeris kritikuli samarTlebrivi kvlevebi
_ es aris liberaluri iurisprudenciis mkveTri kritika.
liberalizmi Tavisi ideebiT adamianis uflebebis, neitra-
lobisa da proceduruli samarTlianobis Sesaxeb _ es aris
mTavrobis gadawyvetilebebisa da sazogadoebaSi araTana-
sworuflebianobis ideologiuri safarveli. Tumca ga-
kritikebulia marqsizmic, radgan samarTali uamrav
winaaRmdegobas Seicavs da ar SeiZleba ekonomikuri ur-
TierTobebiT ganisazRvrebodes. mosamarTleebi formalu-
rad icaven iuridiul procedurebs da subieqturad miiC-
neven, rom maTi gadawyvetilebebi kanons Seesabameba, rac
sinamdvileSi SeiZleba ase arc iyos. erTaderTi gamosavali
_ `umarTavi demokratiis~ modelis Seqmna arsebuli
sazogadoebrivi mowyobisa da aSS-is konstituciis kriti-
kiT.
(4) rasizmis kritika. Cndeba, aseve, specifikuri kvlevebi,
sadac ganixileba adamianTa rasobrivi sxvaoba (`Cven
vxedavT sxvadasxva samyaros~) da rasobrivi diskriminaciis
problemebi samarTlebrivi kuTxiT.
`naturalisturi~ samarTlebrivi realizmi. samarTle-
briv realizmSi sasamarTlo da administraciuli or-
ganoebis wamyvani rolis aRiareba samarTlebrivi sivrcis
formirebaSi eWvis qveS ayenebs samarTlebrivi normebisa da

71
normatiuli akrZalvebis mniSvnelobas. es pozicia lo-
gikur dasasrulamdea miyvanili amerikeli samarTamcod-
nisa da filosofosis, braian leiteris koncefciaSi _ `iu-
risprudenciis naturalizacia~.
samarTalmcodneobis naturalizacia realistur inter-
pretaciaSi moiazrebs sami ZiriTadi problemis wamoWrasa
da specifikur gadawyvetas: (1) wesebis normatiul statusi;
(2) samarTlis Secnobis obieqti; (3) iuridiuli Teoriis
funqciebi49.
wesebis normatiuli statusis problema samarTalmcod-
neobaSi empiriuli safuZvlebis cvlilebebTanaa da-
kavSirebuli. samarTlebrivi pozitivizmis gavleniT (i. ben-
tami, j. ostini), XIX saukunis bolosTvis iuridiul qve-
dargebSi empiriul statuss mxolod pozitiuri samarTlis
normebi da iuridiuli praqtika flobs. socialuri ur-
TierTobebis neopozitiuri ganmartebidan gamomdi-
nareobs, rom iuridiuli wesebi ara mxolod iTvaliswinebs
qcevis obieqtur safuZvlebs (moqmedeba, umoqmedoba), ara-
med, Seicavs wesebis dacvis aucileblobasac. amasTan,
subieqturi upiratesobani (wesebis `Sinagani aspeqti~ h.
hartTan) zegavlenas axdens iuridiuli pasuxismgeblobis
xasiaTze. b. leiteri miuTiTebs neopozitivistebis pozi-
ciebis urTierTwinaaRmdegobaze, romlebic faqtobrivad
aRiareben, rom nebismieri iuridiulad mniSvnelovani sa-
marTlis normis Sinaarsi gamomdinareobs uflebamosili
pirebis mier gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi misi gam-
oyenebis realuri praqtikidan.
inarCunebs Tu ara samarTlebrivi wesebi normatiul sta-
tuss? realistebi ar uaryofen wesebis saxelmZRvanelo da
wamyvan rols gadawyvetilebis miRebis dros, maSin, roca
mosamarTle eTanxmeba kanons. Tuki samarTlebrivi norme-

49
Leiter B. American Legal Realism // Public Law and Legal Theory Research
Papers. 2002. Vol. 042. P. 14.
72
bis Sinaarsi ganmartebasa da Sefasebas saWiroebs, maSin sa-
marTlebriv Teorias ar SeuZlia gaiTvaliswinos sa-
mosamarTlo sazogadoebaSi aseTi Tanxmobis safuZveli, e.i.
ar arsebobs winaaRmdegobrivi kanonis dacvis valde-
buleba. realistebis Tezisi ufro radikalur formas
iZens: nebismieri Zalauflebrivi danawesi SeiZleba sa-
marTlebrivi gaxdes mosamarTlis gadawyvetilebis sa-
fuZvelze, maT Soris kanonmdeblobis danawesebis miRmac.
Sesabamisad, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis Teoria unda
iyos faqtobriv situaciebsa da realur sasamarTlo gad-
awyvetilebebs Soris mizezobrivi kavSiris aRwera, norma-
tiul-samarTlebriv safuZvlebze apelaciis gareSe. b. lei-
teris azriT, iurisprudenciis naturalizacia zustad gu-
lisxmobs imis aRiarebas, rom samarTlebrivi safuZveli
(wesebi) winaswar ar gansazRvravs davis gadawyvetas da ar
iZleva iuridiuli daskvnebis dasabuTebis strategias.
normatiuli statusi SenarCunebulia mxolod samarTlis
gagebasTan mimarTebiT, romelic faqtobrivad gamoiyeneba
sasamarTlo praqtikaSi.
Tumca realistebisa da b. leiteris argumentacia sa-
marTalSi `formalizmis~ winaaRmdeg arasworia. iuridi-
uli wesebis funqciaSi Sedis mosamarTleebis samarTle-
brivi statusis gansazRvra (konkretuli socialuri
subieqtebisTvis Zalauflebis miniWeba), sasamarTlos saq-
mianobis SezRudva (sasamarTlo procesebis, saqmiswarmoe-
bis, mtkicebis saxeebisa da mtkicebulebaTa Sefasebis re-
glamentireba) da normatiuli danawesebis erTgvarovnebis
gansazRvra (kanonebi naklebad cvalebadia, precedentebis-
gan gansxvavebiT, vinaidan urTierTgamomricxavi kanonebis
ganmartebebi fiqsirdeba mosamarTleebisTvis savalde-
bulo umaRlesi sasamarTlos `samarTlebriv poziciebSi~).
mtkicebulebaTa Sefasebis subieqturobas ar aqvs arsebiTi
mniSvneloba instanciebis simravlisa da `sasamarTlos
Secdomebis~ aRmofxvris SesaZleblobebis arsebobis gamo~.

73
aqedan gamomdinare, realistebis Tezisi samarTlis ga-
nusazRvrelobaze emperiulad ar dasturdeba.
wesebis normatiuli statusis uaryofa aqtualurs xdis
samarTlebrivi Secnobis obieqtis problemas, vinaidan re-
alistebisTvis `saubrebi wesebis Sesaxeb aris miTi, rome-
lic malavs simarTles, rom samarTali Sedgeba sasa-
marTlos gadawyvetilebebisa da maTi winaswarmetyvelebis-
gan~50. samarTlis wyarod da mecnieruli Semecnebis
obieqtad samarTlebriv realizmSi mxolod sxvadasxva
saxis sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebi (precedentebi, sa-
marTlebrivi poziciebi, ganmartebiTi aqtebi, samarTle-
briv doqtrinaSi axsna) iqceva. amiT samarTlebrivi rea-
lobis sazRvrebi sagrZnoblad farTovdeba da natural-
izebuli iurisprudenciis saganSi xvdeba mosamarTleTa
fsiqologiis (j. franki), sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebSi
makroekonomikuri gaTvlis (r. paundi, k. levelini) sa-
kiTxebi. Tumca samarTlebrivi movlenebis socialuri
ganpirobebisa da aranormatiuli xasiaTis aRiareba faqto-
brivad xels uwyobs realistebis ideologiuri poziciebis
gaformebas, romlebic dakavSirebulia aSS-is umaRlesi
sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebis gavlenasTan XX saukuneSi
amerikis prezidentebis socialur-ekonomikur politi-
kaze. damaxasiaTebeli nimuSi maTi argumentacia
`komerciuli kulturis normebis~ dacvis aucileblobis
Taobaze, romelic gaTvaliswinebulia aSS-is universaluri
savaWro kodeqsis me-2 muxliT.
sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis realistur TeoriaSi
araa gansazRvruli samarTlis wyaroTa ierarqia: (kanonebi,
kanonqvemdebare aqtebi, dadgenilebebi, samarTalSe-
fardebis aqtebi) da SeuZlebelia imis dadgena, sasa-
marTlos gadawyvetileba mcdaria Tu ara (faqtobrivad, ar
arsebobs gadawyvetilebebi romlebic ewinaaRmdegeba

50
Green M. S. Legal Realism as Theory of Law // William and Mary Law
Review 2005. Vol. 46 [www.questia.com].
74
moqmed kanonebs). b. leiteri miiCnevs, rom `iurispru-
denciis naturalizaciis~ miseuli proeqti unda iyos lo-
kalizebuli sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis TeoriaSi. es
normatiuli wesebis sxva sferoebSi SenarCunebis SesaZle-
blobas iZleva da samarTlebrivi realizmis pirvelad
meTodologiur dadgenilebebs ewinaaRmdegeba.
mesame problema Seexeba samarTlebrivi Teoriis fun-
qciebs, romlebic realistur interpretaciaSi mimar-
Tulia mosamarTlis realuri qcevis winaswar gan-
sazRvrisken. moqmed kanonmdeblobasTan Sesabamisobidan
gamomdinare (precedenti), gadawyvetileba WeSmariti an
mcdaria. winaswarmetyveleba samarTlebriv TeoriaSi gu-
lisxmobs imis gansazRvras, Tu ra aris samarTali da
konkretul situaciaSi gadawyvetilebis miRebisa da Sesa-
Zlo davis gadawyvetis safuZvelic. am TvalsazrisiT,
precedentTan Seusabamo gadawyvetilebac SeiZleba CaiT-
valos samarTlebrivad, Tu imis winaswar gansazRvris saSu-
alebas iZleva, rom mosamarTleebi momavalSic amgvarad
gadawyveten davebs. amgvarad, realistebisTvis samarTle-
brivi mtkicebebi kompetenciis farglebSi sasamarTlo gad-
awyvetilebebis winaswarmetyvelebebis ekvivalenturia.
am SemTxvevaSi samarTlebrivi Secnobis obieqtis Sesaxeb
araadekvaturi warmodgena xels uwyobs ukanono gad-
awyvetilebebis samarTlebrivad aRiarebas (maT Soris gad-
awyvetilebebisa, romlebic sasamarTlos kompetencias
scdeba). garda amisa, realistebi uyuradRebod toveben
`devid hiumis wesebs~ `arsidan~ `jerarsis~ gamoyvanis
dauSveblobaze. Tu samarTali sasamarTlo gadawyve-
tilebis erTobliobaa, maSin is mudmiv cvlilebebs da axali
gadawyvetilebebis warmoSobas eqvemdebareba, rac winaswar
ganWvretis saSualebas ar iZleva. samarTlebriv sferoSi
mniSvneloba aqvs sxvadasxva saxis iuridiul varauds: `pre-
zumfciebi~ SesaZleblobas iZleva, winaswar ganisazRvros
qcevis calkeuli variantebi (magaliTad, udanaSulobis

75
prezumfcia, xelSekrulebaSi kontrahentis keTilsin-
disierebis prezumfcia), xolo `fiqcia~ ki _ SesaZlo situ-
aciis modelirebis (`iuridiuli pirebis~ organizaciul-
samarTlebrivi formebi).
miuxedavad imisa, rom samarTlis TeoriaSi realisturi
argumentaciisa da b. leiteris `naturalisturi~ proeqti
farTodaa cnobili, misi realurad gamoyeneba faqto-
brivad arTmevs iuridiul mecnierebas sagnobriv specifi-
kas da samarTlebrivi realobis Secnobis efeqturi meTod-
ologiuri saSualebebis formirebis SesaZleblobas. Tumca
mniSvnelovani rCeba socilogiuri midgoma samarTa-
lurTierTobebis analizis, samarTlebrivi institutebisa
da socialuri faqtorebisadmi, rac gavlenas axdens sa-
marTlebrivi sistemis funqcionirebaze.
samarTlebrivi realizmi evropis qveynebSi. evropel mo-
azrovneTa realisturi filosofiur-samarTlebrivi
koncefciebi sxva meTodologiur safuZvlebs eyrdnoba. sa-
marTlis fenomeni ganixileba, rogorc sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani sfero, romelSic ganx-
orcielebulia moqalaqeTa realuri moTxovnilebebi da
moraluri warmodgenebi.
realisturi xedvebi germanuli samarTlisa da iuris-
prodenciis filosofiaSi germanuli filosofiis
tradiciebis garkveul elementebs inarCunebs. am kuTxiT
umniSvnelovanesia evgeni erlixis `Tavisufali sa-
marTliis~ koncefcia.
samarTali momicavs bevr socialur movlenas, romelT-
agan yvela ar eqceva sasamarTlos yuradRebis qveS. sazoga-
doeba warmoadgens sxvadasxva saxis kavSirsa da gaerTiane-
bas, maT Soris ojaxis, savaWro amxanagobebis, sazoga-
doebebis, saxelmwifos da a.S. kavSiri samarTlis pirvel-
sawyisia. amitomac yvela sazogadoebrivi urTierToba
erlixis koncefciaSi sxvadasxva samarTlis wyaroSi ganx-
orcielebul samarTlebriv urTierTobas warmoadgens.

76
Tumca samarTlebrivi normebisa da samarTlebrivi ur-
TierTobebis garda, sazogadoebaSi arsebobs moralic, ro-
melic zegavlenas axdens samarTlis sferoze. sxva
sityvebiT, samarTlebrivi regulireba yovelTvis ar gu-
lisxmobs iZulebis gamoyenebas. samarTali Cndeba kavSi-
rebis SigniT, asaxulia iuridiul faqtebSi, rac mosa-
marTlem unda gamoamJRavnos SemdgomSi.
safrangeTSi realisturi koncefciebi eyrdnoba e. di-
urkhemis socilogiis ZiriTad debulebebsa da o. kontis
pozitivizmis filosofias. sociologiis sagans, e. diurk-
hemis mixedviT, warmoadgens `sociologiuri faqtebis~
Seswavla (iuridiuli, moraluri da sxv.), amasTan ZiriTadi
sociologiuri faqti solidarobaa. am mxriv, obieqturia
mxolod koleqtiuri warmodgenebi.
frang samarTalmcodneebsa da filosofosebsac (J. davi,
a. levi-briuli, J. gurviCi) miaCndaT, rom samarTali
sazogadoebrivi azris Rirebulebebs gamoxatavs, anu imas,
risi naxvac surs sazogadoebas masSi. koleqtiur azrovne-
basa da rwmenaSi `arsi~ da `jerarsi~ erTiania. amitomac
sasamarTlo praqtika ufro obieqturia, vidre samarTle-
brivi normebi, radgan masSi asaxulia sazogadoebis
koleqtiuri gamocdileba. realistebis azriT, mosa-
marTle metwilad xelmZRvanelobs `saerTo azriT~ da ara
kanoniT. a. levi-briuli miuTiTebs, rom arsebobs mravali
wesi saxelmwifos Zalauflebis miRma, anu, saxelmwifo da
samarTali erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli araa. aseve, saxasi-
aToa J. gurviCis idea revoluciaze saxelmwifos iuridi-
uli uzenaesobis winaaRmdeg `mis SigniT da gareT~. ami-
tomac adamianuri qcevis marTlzomierebis kriteriumad
socialuri solidaroba gvevlineba, rac upirvelesad Sro-
mis ganawilebasa da mis samarTlebriv gaformebaSia gamox-
atuli.
specifikuri xedvebi aqvs, aseve, `solidarizmis~ erT-
erTi fuZemdebels, frang samarTalmcodnes, leon diugs,

77
romelic realurad miiCnevda mxolod xelSesaxeb movle-
nebs (individebis goneba). am TvalsazrisiT, obieqturi sa-
marTali yalibdeba spontanurad socialur jgufebSi da
warmoadgens umravlesobis mier gaazrebuli socialuri
normebis erTobliobas.

78
 daskvna

samarTlis analitikuri filosofia, misi zogierTi

koncefciis dasabuTebuli kritikis miuxedavad, Tana-
medrove samarTlis filosofiaSi dominant mimarTulebad
rCeba. oponentebis argumentaciebis ganxilva, iuridiul
konstruqciebsa da sasamarTlo praqtikaze apelireba,
diskusia samarTlisa da moralis urTierTmimarTebaze,
bunebiTi samarTlis, rogorc pozitiuri samarTlis sis-
temis gareT mdgomi samarTlis, specifikuri bunebis da-
sabuTeba, analitikuri filosofiur-samarTlebrivi tra-
diciis ZiriTad maxasiaTeblebs qmnis.
dReisaTvis nayofierad muSaoben rigi filosofosebi da
samarTlis Teoritikosebi. j. finisis `materialuri~ bu-
nebiTi samarTlis koncefciis kritikuli analizi xor-
cieldeba profesorebis _ rasel hiTingerisa da jozef
koterskis `kaTolikuri kvlevebis~ farglebSi. r. hiT-
ingeri miuTiTebs j. finisis koncefciis winaaRmdegobri-
obaze, rac dakavSirebulia `TviTsicxadis~ gagebis
ganmartebasTan. yovel adamians unda hqondes garkveuli
socialuri gamocdileba, sanam misTvis qvelmoqmedeba, mo-
raluri principebi da ZiriTadi sikeTeebis CamonaTvali
cxadi gaxdeba. j. koterski gviCvenebs, rom finiss ara aqvs
naTeli warmodgena adamianze, rac mis koncefcias istori-
ulad usafuZvlos xdis. dResdReobiT h. hartis neo-
pozitivizmis Teoriis kritikisa da Sinaarsis analizi nil
makkormakisa (edinburgis universiteti, Sotlandia) da
jozef racis (kolumbiis universiteti) naSromebSia war-
modgenili. samamulo samarTlis filosofiis mdgomareoba
Seesabameba mTlianad filosofiaSi arsebul viTarebas _
is imkis saukunovani uZraobis nayofs. amitomac ukana-
skneli periodis bevri naSromisTvis damaxasiaTebelia da-
savluri filosofiur-samarTlebrivi koncefciebis
`meqanikuri~ gamoyeneba ruseTis sinamdvilesTan
mimarTebiT.

79
 Tanamedrove samarTlis filosofiis konteqstis ukeT
gagebisTvis sasurveli iqneboda yuradReba migveqcia iseTi
Tanamedrove filosofosebis, samarTalmcodneebisa da so-
ciologebis naSromebisTvis, rogorebic arian: miSel fuko,
pier burdie, fridrix fon haieki, karl-oto apeli, iurgen
habermasi, pol rikeri, elvin tofleri da sxv., Tumca mcire
kursis farglebSi SeuZlebelia yvelafris Seswavla.
vimedovnebT, rom miRebuli codna mkiTxvels samarTlis
filosofiis mimarT interess gauRvivebs da daexmareba iu-
risprudenciis am amoucnobi sferos SeswavlaSi.

80
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The Philosophy of Law / Ed. by R. M. Dworkin.Oxford, 1997.
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. ., 1998.
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. . 2005. 5. . 104136.
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[www.nsu.ru/classics/law/interest.htm].
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Harris J. W. Legal Philosophies, L.: Butterworth, 1980.
Hayek F. A. von. Law, Legislation and Liberty: In 3 vols. L.: Routledge
& Kegan Paul, 1973; 1976; 1979.
Kelly J. M. A Short History of Western Legal Tradition. Oxford, 1992
Rawls J. The Law of Peoples. With The Idea of Public Reason Revis-
ited, Harvard University Press, 1999.

Tavi meore

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Hart H. L. A. Positivism and separation of law and morals // Philosophy
of Law. Oxford, 1977.
Legal positivism // Stanford Encyclopedia of philosophy
[www.plato.stanford.edu].

Tavi mesame

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Kelsen H. Algemeine Staatslehre. Berlin: Springer, 1925.

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