daviT batoniSvilis samarTlis instituti

sajaro gamosvlebi
da adamianis uflebebi

Targmanebis krebuli

dimitri gegenavas redaqtorobiT

daviT batoniSvilis samarTlis

institutis gamomcemloba
`sajaro gamosvlebi da adamianis uflebebi~ aerTianebs E elinor
ruzveltis, eli viselis, martin luTer kingis, harold makmilanis,
nelson mandelasa da emelain fanqhursTis cnobili sajaro gam-
osvlebis qarTul Targmanebs.

Tamar onianis, mari kutubiZis, dimitri gegenavas, TinaTin gianaSvi-

lis, Tornike gerlianisa da mariam naTenaZis Targmani, dimitri
gegenavas redaqtorobiT.

Public Speeches and Human Rights, Eleanor Roosevelt, Elie Wiesel, Martin Luther
King, Harold Macmillan, Nelson Mandela, Emeline Pankhurst.

Translated by Tamar Oniani, Mari Kutubidze, Dimitry Gegenava, Tinatin Gianashvili

and Mariam Natenadze. Edited by Dimitry Gegenava.

daviT batoniSvilis samarTlis institutis gamomcemloba, Tbi-

lisi, 2017

Prince David Institute for Law Publishing, Tbilisi, 2017

© avtorebi, Authors, 2017

© mTargmnelebi, Translators, 2017

© daviT batoniSvilis samarTlis instituti, Prince David Institute for

Law, 2017

ISBN 978-9941-27-041-3
 winaTqma

daviT batoniSvilis samarTlis instituts ukve sakmaod

bevri gamocema daugrovda, Tumca arcerTi imgvari
kmayofilebiTa da siamayiT ar aRmavsebs, rogorc `sajaro
gamosvlebi da adamianis uflebebi~. amis mizezi ramdenimea.
upirveles yovlisa, es gamocema Cveni institutis sta-
Jiorebis muSaobis Sedegia, rac xazs usvams Tavad staJirebis
programis warmatebasa da im araCveulebrivi studentebis
SesaZleblobebs, romlebic am programaSi monawileobdnen;
meore mizezi isaa, rom aucilebelia yvela mniSvnelovani wy-
aro, wigni, gamosvla, romelmac raime roli mainc iTamaSa is-
toriul procesebSi, qarTul enaze iyos Targmnili da
qarTulenovan mkiTxvels SesaZlebloba hqondes, maT gaecnos.
mesame da umTavresi ki isaa, rom msgavsma sajaro gamosvlebma
Secvala kacobriobis warmodgena adamianis uflebebis, adami-
anurobisa da pirovnebis Sesaxeb, ramac, Tavis mxriv, sa-
fuZveli misca Tanamedrove, demokratiuli, Tavisufali
samyaros Camoyalibebas.
elinor ruzvelti, eli viseli, martin luTer kingi, hHar-
old makmilani, nelson mandela da emelain fanqhursTi _ es
adamianebi karga xania civilizebuli msoflios erTgvar
xatebad iqcnen. samwuxaroa, rom maT nawils qarTuli sazoga-
doebis didi nawili aqamde ar icnobs. krebulSi warmodge-
nilia mxolod umciresi nawili im sajaro gamosvlebisa, rom-
lebmac Zireuli gardatexa Seitanes meoce saukunis saxel-
ganTqmul procesebSi da garkveulwilad, SeZles, samyaro
imaze ukeTesi gaexadaT, vidre manamde iyo. amasTan, maqsima-
lurad mravaferovania im pirTa wre, visi Targmnac gadavwy-
viteT, _ dawyebuli sufraJistebidan, samoqalaqo uflebeb-
isTvis mebrZolebiTa da holokosts gadarCenili moazrov-
niT damTavrebuli.
Targmnisas maqsimalurad daculia originaluri stili,
azri ki sizustiTaa gadmocemuli qarTul enaze. SeniSvnebSi
ganmartebulia mxolod iseTi sakuTari saxelebi, romlebic
dazustebas saWiroebda, raTa mkiTxvelisTvis Sinaarsi ukeT
gasagebi yofiliyo, amasTan, teqsti zedmetad ar gadatvir-

i
Tuliyo samecniero aRniSvnebiT. SexvdebiT ramdenime
moZvelebul sityvas, vinaidan zogierTi sajaro gamosvla
TiTqmis 100 wlisaa. mAartin luTer kingis gamosvlis Targ-
manSi gamoyenebulia sityva `zangi~, romelic, samwuxarod,
zogierTis mier mcdarad diskriminaciul terminadaa miC-
neuli (igi iyenebs sityvas _ “Negro”). mandelas gamosvlaSi ki
mravladaa afrikuli sakuTari saxelebi, romelTa zedmeti
dakonkretebisa da ganmartebisgan Tavi SevikaveT, vinaidan es
yovelive gamocemis mizans namdvilad daSordeboda.
gansakuTrebuli madlobis Rirsia am metad saintereso te-
qstebis mTargmnelebi: Tamar oniani, mari kutubiZe, TinaTin
gianaSvili, Tornike gerliani da Mmariam naTenaZe. maT
marTlac didi samuSao Seasrules da mtkiced uZlebdnen Cems
mier mravaljer micemul miTiTebebs, SeniSvnebsa Tu alter-
natiul formulirebebs. maT sasaxelod unda iTqvas, rom Ses-
aniSnavad gaumklavdnen redaqtirebis urTules processac da
ufro metic, darwmunebuli var, ukve Zalze axlobladac ki
miiCneven am didebul pirovnebebebs.
madloba iuridiul kompanias _ JMG & Partners, romelsac
sworad aqvs gaTavisebuli akademiisa da praqtikis sinTEezi,
msgavsi urTierTobebis aucilebloba da romelmac finansu-
rad uzrunvelyo wignis gamocema.
imedi maqvs, es krebuli mxolod dasawyisia da adamianis
uflebebis Temaze legendaruli sajaro gamosvlebi mravlad
iTargmneba momavalSi, raTa kidev ufro met dainteresebul
adamians SeeZlos maTi gacnoba.

dimitri gegenava

asocirebuli profesori,
daviT batoniSvilis samarTlis
institutis direqtori

Tbilisi, 2017 wlis ivnisi

ii
 Sinaarsi

brZola adamianis uflebebisaTvis....................................................1

eleonora ruzvelti, Tamar onianis Targmani

gulgrilobis safrTxeebi ......................................................................... 12

eli viseli, mari kutubiZis Targmani

me vocnebob ................................................................................................................. 18
martin luTEer kingi, dimitri gegenavas Targmani

cvlilebis qari...................................................................................................... 23
harold makmilani, TinaTin gianaSvilis Targmani

mzad var, movkvde ................................................................................................ 37

nelson mandela, Tornike gerlianis Targmani

Tavisufleba an sikvdili ..........................................................................80

emelain fanqhursTi, mariam naTenaZisa da mari kutubiZis
Targmani

iii
 brZola adamianis uflebebisaTvis

eleonora ruzvelti

Tamar onianis Targmani

dRevandel saRamos TqvenTan movedi im mizniT, rom visau-

bro Cveni drois erT-erT umniSvnelovanes sakiTxze _ adami-
anis TavisuflebaTa dacvaze. aRniSnuli Temis gansaxilvelad
swored es adgili SevarCie _ safrangeTi, sorbona, radgan es
aris miwa, sadac didi xnis win adamianis Tavisuflebas Rrma
saZirkveli Caeyara; sadac igi ganoyierda da sazrdooba
daiwyo. swored aq gamocxadda adamianis uflebaTa sayovel-
Tao deklaracia. safrangeTis revoluciis didebulma
ideebma _ Tavisufleba, Tanasworoba, Zmoba _ swored aq
gaafarTova adamianis Tvalsawieri. me am Temaze sasaubrod
SevarCie evropa, radgan swored aq imarTeboda udidesi isto-
riuli brZolebi Tavisuflebasa da tiranias Soris. me am Te-
maze saubrisTvis generaluri asambleis sawyisi periodi Se-
varCie, radgan adamianis Tavisuflebas gadamwyveti mniS-
vneloba eniWeba gadauWreli politikuri gansxvavebebis
daregulirebisa da gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis
momavalisTvis.
aRniSnuli sakiTxis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aRiarebul
iqna gaerTianebuli erebis damfuZneblebis mier san-
franciskoSi. adamianis uflebebisa da ZiriTadi Tavisu-
flebebis dacvisa da ganmtkicebis amocana gaerTianebuli
erebis organizaciis mamoZravebeli RerZia. qartia gamor-
Ceulad zrunavs TiToeuli mamakacisa da qalis uflebebsa da
keTildReobaze. gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciam cxadyo,
rom miznad isaxavs, daicvas adamianis uflebebi da pirovnebis
Rirseba. qartiis preambulaSi gacxadebulia misi dedaazri:
„Cven, gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis adamianebi, ganviz-
raxavT... davamkvidroT adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebis, adami-
anis pirovnebis Rirsebisa da faseulobis, qalisa da mamakacis
Tanabaruflebianobisa da didi da mcire erebis Tanasworobis
rwmena, da... ufro meti Tavisuflebis pirobebSi xeli
SevuwyoT socialur progressa da cxovrebis ukeTes
standartebs“. mSvidoba da sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoeba sa-
yovelTao uflebebisa da Tavisuflebis ormxriv pativis-

1
cemazea dafuZnebuli, rac, saboloo jamSi, qartiis funda-
mentur arss asaxavs.
gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia wesdebis pirvelive
muxlSi miznad isaxavs, ganaxorcielos saerTaSoriso Tana-
mSromloba ekonomikuri, socialuri, kulturuli da humani-
taruli xasiaTis saerTaSoriso problemebis mosagvareblad,
adamianis uflebebisa da ZiriTadi Tavisuflebebis mimarT
pativiscemis gansamtkiceblad da gasaviTareblad yve-
lasTvis, ganurCevlad rasisa, sqesisa, enisa da religiisa.
es idea kvlav meordeba, gansakuTrebiT 55-e da 56-e mux-
lebSi. organizaciis yvela wevri valdebulebas iRebs, erTo-
blivad da damoukideblad imoqmedos organizaciasTan
TanamSromlobiT, raTa ganamtkicos adamianis uflebebisa da
ZiriTadi Tavisuflebebis saerTaSoriso pativiscema da
dacva ganurCevlad rasisa, sqesisa, enisa an religiisa.
adamianis uflebaTa komisiam adamianis uflebaTa saer-
TaSoriso bilis momzadebiT misi pirveli da yvelaze mniS-
vnelovani amocana itvirTa. Tumca, manamde adamianis
uflebaTa komisiis RvawliT generaluri asamblea, romlis
mesame sesiac ramdenime dRis win aq, parizSi gaixsna, adamianis
uflebaTa saerTaSoriso deklaraciis saxiT dainaxavs am mu-
Saobis pirvel nayofs.
deklaraciam saboloo saxe seriozuli muSaobis Sedegad
niu-iorkSi, adamianis uflebaTa komisiis bolo sesiaze, 1948
wlis gazafxulze, miiRo. ekonomikurma da socialurma sabWom
igi rekomendaciis gareSe, adamianis uflebaTa komisiis mier
gadacemul sxva dokumentebTan erTad, generalur asambleas
gadaugzavna.
Cvenma komisiam gadawyvita, rom uflebaTa bili unda moi-
cavdes or nawils:
1. deklaracia, romelic SesaZloa damtkicdes gaeros wevr
saxelmwifoTa mier generalur asambleaze. deklaracias unda
hqondes udidesi moraluri Zala da uTxras msoflios
xalxebs, rom „Cven amgvarad vimedovnebT, ramdenime weliwadSi
yvela adamianisTvis mieniWos mniSvneloba adamianis ufle-
bebs“. Cven aq davasaxeleT is uflebebi, romlebic ZiriTadia
individisaTvis. miviCnevT, rom maT gareSe pirovnebis srul-
fasovani ganviTareba SeuZlebelia.
2. bilis meore nawili, romelzec adamianis uflebaTa komi-
sias drois naklebobis gamo muSaoba jer ar dausrulebia,
aris SeTanxmeba, romelic saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis
formiT unda waredginos msoflios saxelmwifoebs. Ti-

2
Toeulma saxelmwifom, mzadyofnis SemTxvevaSi, unda uzrun-
velyos SeTanxmebis ratificireba da SeTanxmeba mas
mierTebuli saxelmwifoebis mimarT savaldebulo Zalas
SeiZens. ratificirebis Semdeg TiToeuli saxelmwifo
valdebulia, SeTanxmebasTan Seusabamobis SemTxvevaSi, Tavisi
kanonmdebloba Secvalos.
SeTanxmeba, bunebrivia, unda iyos ufro martivi dokumen-
ti. man ar unda daadginos miswrafebebi, romlebsac Cven
deklaraciiT nebadarTuls vxdiT. man mxolod unda moa-
wesrigos uflebebi, romlebic kanoniT iqneba ganmtkicebuli
da aucileblad unda Seicavdes implementaciis meTodebs.
arcerT saxelmwifos ar unda hqondes imis ufleba, rom rati-
ficirebis Semdeg ugulebelyos igi. implementaciis
meTodebi jer araa SeTanxmebuli komisiaSi da misi adekva-
turi ganxilva jer arcerT Sexvedraze momxdara.
rasakvirvelia, aucilebelia adamianis uflebaTa saer-
TaSoriso bilis Sesaxeb ganxilva gaimarTos da SeTanxmebis
miRwevis SemTxvevaSi, asambleam SesaZloa miiRos deklaracia.
vfiqrob, deklaraciis miReba stimuls miscems yvela sax-
elmwifos, momdevno Tveebis ganmavlobaSi ganixilon misi
Sinaarsi, rac ufro myar niadags Seqmnis imisTvis, rom isini
arsebul problemaTa ufro Rrma wvdomiT Sexvdnen SeTanx-
mebas, romelsac Cven, vimedovneb, erT weliwadSi warvadgenT
da Semdeg miviRebT.
deklaracia adamianis uflebaTa komisiam SeimuSava da igi
erTsulovnad iqna miRebuli. Tavi Seikava mxolod oTxma sax-
elmwifom – sabWoTa kavSirma, iugoslaviam, ukrainam da
belorusiam, rac ganpirobebulia imiT, rom aRniSnul
qveynebsa da gaeros kidev ramdenime wevr saxelmwifos adami-
anis uflebebis fundamenturad gansxvavebuli xedva aqvT.
vfiqrob, asambleis winaSe mkafiod unda ganimartos aR-
niSnuli gansxvavebebis arsi. dRes msurs, garkveuli dro
davuTmo maT ganmartebas. miviCnev, rom saWiroa dakvirvebiT
ganvixiloT sakiTxi adamianis uflebebis Sesaxeb, radgan,
darwmunebuli var, am uflebebis aRiareba da dacva Seqmnis
safuZvels momavalSi mSvidobis uzrunvelsayofad da gaer-
Tianebuli erebis organizaciis gasaZliereblad, raTa man
daicvas da ganamtkicos mSvidobiani momavali.
Cven ar unda gvqondes bundovani warmodgena Tavisuflebis
cnebis Sesaxeb. adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebi martivi da io-
lad aRqmadia: sityvisa da presis Tavisufleba; rwmenisa da
aRmsareblobis Tavisufleba; Sekrebis Tavisufleba da pet-

3
iciis ufleba; adamianis ufleba _ iyos daculi sakuTar
saxlSi da iyos Tavisufali dausabuTebeli Cxrekisgan, kon-
fiskaciisgan, TviTneburad dapatimrebisa da sasjelisagan.
Cven SecdomaSi ver unda Segviyvanon reaqciulma Zalebma,
romlebic cdiloben araswori interpretacia miscen Tavisu-
flebis tradiciis didebul sityvebs da Cveni brZola amgvar-
ad Seaferxon. demokratias, Tavisuflebasa da adamianis
uflebebs gansazRvruli, mkafio mniSvneloba aqvs saerTaSo-
riso sazogadoebisaTvis. Cven arcerT ers unda mivceT
ufleba, aRniSnuli sityvebi Cagvrisa da diqtaturis si-
nonimebad aqcios.
arsebobs arsebiTi xasiaTis kontrastebi, romlebic
sityvaTa gamoyenebis drosac ki iCens Tavs demokratiul da
totalitarul qveynebSi. magaliTad, „demokratias“ sxvada-
sxvagvari mniSvneloba aqvs sabWoTa kavSirisTvis, erTi mxriv
da meore mxriv, amerikis SeerTebuli StatebisTvis (da vici,
rom safrangeTisTvis). birTvuli komisiis pirveli Sexvedris
Semdeg vmuSaob adamianis uflebaTa komisiaSi da vfiqrob, rom
aRniSnuli sakiTxi mkveTradaa gamoxatuli.
sabWoTa kavSiris warmomadgenlebi amtkiceben, rom maT
ukve miaRwies bevr iseT rames, rasac Cven ver mivaRwevT „bur-
Juaziuli demokratiebis“ (rogorc isini uwodeben) fargleb-
Si, radgan aRniSnuli miznebis miRwevas maTi xelisufleba
akontrolebs. Cvens xelisuflebas ki TiTqos ar Seswevs Zala
maT misaRwevad, radgan, saboloo jamSi, mas xalxi
akontrolebs. Tumca isini ase ar amboben. isini miuTiTeben,
rom sabWoTa xalxi sakuTar mTavrobas akontrolebs ise, rom
mas garkveul absolutur uflebebs aniWebs. maTgan gansxvave-
biT, Cven miviCnevT, rom arsebobs uflebebi, romlebic
arasodes unda mieniWos mTavrobas. isini unda mieniWos xalxs.
magaliTad, sabWoTa kavSiri amtkicebs, rom misi presa
Tavisufalia, radgan saxelmwifo xdis mas Tavisufals saWiro
inventariT, qaRaldiTa da TanamSromlebis xelfasisaTvis
gankuTvnili Tanxebis uzrunvelyofis gziT. acxadeben, rom
arasodes kontroldeba is, rac ibeWdeba maT mier subsidi-
rebul sxvadasxva gazeTSi, magaliTad, profkavSirebis
gazeTSi. magram ra moxdeba, Tu gazeTi gaakritikebs komu-
nisturi xelisuflebis politikas da ideologias?
darwmunebuli var, gazeTis dasaxurad kargi mizezi moiZebne-
ba.
sabWoTa gazeTebs xSirad gaukritikebiaT moxeleebi maTi
saqmianobis gamo, rac maTi Tanamdebobidan gadayenebis miz-

4
ezic gamxdara, magram arasodes gaukritikebiaT komunisturi
ideologiis arcerTi fundamenturi aspeqti. isini ubralod
akritikebdnen ama Tu im meTods. aucilebelia davinaxoT, Tu
riT gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan nebadarTuli kritika (maga-
liTad, pirovnebis an meTodis) da komunisturi ideologiis
kritika.
ra gansxvavebaa, magaliTad, totalitaruli da demokrati-
uli saxelmwifoebis profkavSirebs Soris? totalitarul
saxelmwifoSi profkavSiri aris iaraRi, romlis gamoye-
nebiTac xelisufleba cdilobs ara uflebebis dacvas, aramed
movaleobebis ganxorcielebas. mTavroba dasaqmebulebs
profkavSirebis meSveobiT awvdis maTTvis gankuTvnil propa-
gandistul masalas.
rac Seexeba Cvens profkavSirebs, am SemTxvevaSi, saqme
gvaqvs Tavad dasaqmebulebis iaraRTan. isini warmoadgenen
dasaqmebulebs mTavrobasTan da xelmZRvanelobasTan maTi
urTierTobebis TvalsazrisiT. maT aqvT Tavisufleba _ sa-
kuTari mosazrebebi mTavrobis daxmarebis an Carevis gareSe
ganaviTaron. profkavSirebis Cveneuli koncefcia totali-
taruli qveynebis koncefciisagan seriozulad gansxvavdeba.
urTierTgagebis xarisxi dabalia.
vfiqrob, terminebis gamoyenebisas arsebiTi xasiaTis gan-
sxvavebis saukeTeso magaliTia „Sromis ufleba“. sabWoTa
kavSiri daJinebiT amtkicebs, rom es aris ZiriTadi ufleba,
romlis dacvis garanti SesaZlebelia iyos mxolod mTavroba,
radgan mxolod igi uzrunvelyofs srul dasaqmebas. magram
Sromis ufleba sabWoTa kavSirSi gulisxmobs dasaqmebulTaT-
vis xelisuflebis mier gansazRvruli samuSaos micemas. da-
saqmebuls ar gaaCnia SesaZlebloba, monawileoba miiRos
xelisuflebis mier gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi.
sazogadoeba, romlis yvela wevri dasaqmebulia, yovelTvis
ar niSnavs Tavisufal sazogadoebas da SeiZleba iyos da-
monebuli sazogadoeba; meore mxriv, sazogadoebaSi, sadac
ekonomikuri daucvelobis SegrZnebaa, milionobiT adamiani-
saTvis Tavisufleba SeiZleba yovelgvar Sinaarss moklebul
uflebad iqces.
SeerTebul StatebSi Cven vacnobierebT, rom Tavisufleba
gulisxmobs _ Tavad airCio sakuTari samsaxuri; imuSao, an ar
imuSao sakuTari survilis Sesabamisad. SeerTebul StatebSi
Cven, aseve, vacnobierebT, rom xalxs aqvs ufleba, mosTxovos
xelisuflebas, ar dauSvas SimSili im SemTxvevaSi, Tu pi-
rovneba ver SeZlebs, ipovos iseTi tipis samuSao, romlis

5
Sesrulebac SeuZlia. aRniSnul gadawyvetilebas safuZvlad
udevs sazogadoebrivi azri, Camoyalibebuli didi depresiis
periodSi, rodesac bevri adamiani dausaqmebeli iyo. magram
SeerTebul StatebSi Cven ver vityviT, rom movipoveT
Tavisufleba, Tu iZulebuli gavxdebiT, miviRoT diqta-
toruli principiT gansazRvruli samuSao, samuSao adgili da
dro. arCevanis uflebas miviCnevT mniSvnelovan, fundamen-
turi xasiaTis Tavisuflebad.
me didi simpaTiiT var ganwyobili rusi xalxis mimarT. maT
uyvarT TavianTi qveyana da yovelTvis mamacurad icavdnen mas
dampyroblebisagan. maT gaiares revoluciis periodi, romlis
drosac garkveuli xnis manZilze garesamyarosgan izoli-
rebulebi iyvnen. maT jerac ar gaqarwylebiaT amis Sedegad
Camoyalibebuli eWvi sxva saxelmwifoebis mimarT. dRes udi-
des sirTules qmnis is garemoeba, rom maTi xelisufleba
kidev ufro aRvivebs aRniSnul eWvs da rogorc Cans, miiCnevs,
rom mxolod Zalismieri gziT SeuZlia, pativiscema daimsax-
uros.
demokratiul saxelmwifoebSi Cven erTgvari saerTaSo-
riso pativiscemisa da urTierTsapasuxo qmedebis gvjera. ar
miviCnevT, rom sxvebi unda gvepyrobodnen ise, rogorc Tavad
ar surT, rom moepyran. es aris Careva sxva qveynebis
cxovrebaSi, rac gansakuTrebiT aRvivebs antagonizms sabWoTa
xelisuflebis mimarT. Tu mas surs, daculad igrZnos Tavi
sakuTar teritoriaze ekonomikuri da politikuri Teor-
iebis ganviTarebisas, maSin sxva qveynebis usafrTxoebac unda
uzrunvelyos. gvjera, rom adamianebs aqvT Secdomis daSvebis
Tavisufleba. Cven ar vereviT maT arCevanSi da arc maT aqvT
Cvens gadawyvetilebebSi Carevis ufleba.
rogorc dasawyisSi aRvniSne, Tanamedrove msoflios um-
Tavresi problemaa pirovnebis da Sesabamisad, im sazoga-
doebis Tavisuflebis dacvaa, romlis nawilsac pirovneba
warmoadgens. Cven iseve vibrZviT dRes, rogorc ibrZodnen
safrangeTisa da amerikis revoluciebis dros. adamianis
Tavisufleba iseTive arsebiT mniSvnelobas atarebs, rogor-
sac atarebda maSin. msurs warmogidginoT Cemi azri imis
Sesaxeb, Tu ras niSnavs Cems qveyanaSi pirovnebis Tavisufleba.
didi xnis win, londonSi diskusiisas batonma viSinskim aR-
niSna, rom individis Tavisufleba samyaroSi ararsebuli
cnebaa. individis Tavisuflebas mTlianad gansazRvravs sxva
individTa uflebebi. rasakvirvelia, daveTanxme, Tumca
mivuTiTe, rom „Cven gansxvavebuli midgoma gvaqvs aRniSnuli

6
sakiTxis mimarT/gaeroSi Cven vcdilobT, ganvaviTaroT ufro
Rrma da mravlismomcveli idealebi, romlebic SesaZle-
blobas mogvcems, upirveles yovlisa, ganvsazRvroT, ra
uflebebi aqvs adamians, ra xdis adamians ufro Tavisufals;
adamians da ara xelisuflebas.“
totalitaruli saxelmwifo xalxis nebaze maRla mTav-
robis ramdenime wevris mier miRebul dadgenilebebs ayenebs.
bunebrivia, yovelTvis unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli
sxvaTa uflebebi, magram demokratiuli sistemis pirobebSi es
SezRudvas ar niSnavs. danamdvilebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
demokratiul qveynebSi Cven vicavT Cvens Tavisuflebebs imi-
tom, rom TiToeuli Cvengani valdebulia, pativi sces sxvaTa
uflebebs da Cven gvaqvs Tavisufleba _ Tavad SevqmnaT sa-
kuTari kanonebi. Tavisufleba Cveni xalxebisTvis aris ara
marto ufleba, aramed iaraRic. CvenTvis sityvis, presis, in-
formaciisa da Sekrebis Tavisufleba mxolod abstraqtul
idealebs ar warmoadgens. TiToeuli maTganis saSualebiT
vayalibebT cxovrebis iseT stils, romelic Tavisufals
gvxdis.
zogjer demokratiuli procesebi neli tempiT mimdi-
nareobs. araerTi Cveni liderisagan msmenia, rom keTilmo-
surne diqtaturis pirobebSi sasurveli miznebis miRweva Ses-
aZlebelia gacilebiT ufro swrafad, vidre es xdeba diskusi-
is demokratiuli procesebisa da sazogadoebrivi azris neli
tempiT formirebisas. magram ar arsebobs imis garantia, rom
diqtatura momavalSic keTilmosurne darCeba, an ramdenime
adamianis xelSi arsebuli Zalaufleba brZolis an revoluci-
is gareSe daubrundeba xalxs. Cven gamocdilebiT miviReT es
codna da virCevT demokratiis nel procesebs, radgan viciT,
rom mokle gza gvaiZulebs wavideT kompromisze iseT princi-
pebTan dakavSirebiT, romlebic yovelgvar kompromiss
gamoricxavs.
Cveni xalxis azri saboloo gamoxatulebas hpovebs
Tavisufali da samarTliani arCevnebis _ umTavres sa-
kiTxebsa da kandidaturebze kanonieri kenWisyris gziT.
farul kenWisyras arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs Tavisufali
arCevnebisTvis, magram Tqven unda gqondeT arCevanis ufleba.
Cemi meuRlisgan bevrjer msmenia, rom xalxi arasodes dakar-
gavs Tavisuflebas, Tu SeinarCunebs faruli kenWisyris
uflebas da Tu srulyofilad gamoiyenebs am uflebas. Cveni
sazogadoebis umTavresi gadawyvetilebebi xalxis mier gamox-
atul nebaze dayrdnobiT miiReba. amitom, roca vxedavT, rom

7
aRniSnuli Tavisuflebebi safrTxis winaSe dgas, Cveni eri
erTsulovani xdeba da mravalferovani kontrastuli maxasi-
aTeblebis miuxedavad, demokratiuli saxelmwifoebi erT
gundad ikvrebian.
SeerTebul StatebSi gvaqvs kapitalisturi ekonomikuri
sistema, radgan sazogadoebrivi azri mxars uWers ekonomikis
aRniSnul tips im pirobebSi, romlebSic Cven vcxovrobT;
Tumca Cven vawesebT garkveul zRvars; magaliTad, gvaqvs an-
titrastuli kanonmdebloba, romelic warmoadgens amerike-
li xalxis nebis kanonier gamoxatulebas _ Tavisufali
konkurenciis principi ganamtkicos ekonomikaSi da monopo-
liebs ar misces xalxis Tavisuflebis SezRudvis SesaZle-
bloba.
ufro da ufro Zlierdeba Cveni profkavSirebi, radgan
sazogadoebas sjera, rom es dasaqmebulTa uflebebis dacvis
garantirebis marTebuli gzaa. erToblivi organizebisa da
garigebis ufleba ganamtkicebs balanss realur mwarmoebels,
investorsa da mmarTvels Soris, romelic dasaqmebuls
akontrolebs. es ukanaskneli fizikuri Sromis Sedegad qmnis
materialur dovlaTs.
SeerTebul Statebs sakmarisi gamocdileba aqvs saimisod,
rom srulyofilebis pretenzia hqondes. Cven vaRiarebT, rom
gvaqvs garkveuli problemebi diskriminaciis TvalsazrisiT,
magram aSkaraa Seuqcevadi progresi aRniSnul problemaTa
gadaWris mimarTulebiT. normaluri demokratiuli pro-
cesebi SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs, gaviazroT _ ra gvWirdeba
da rogor unda mivaRwioT srul Tanasworobas Cvens sazoga-
doebaSi. nebadarTulia Tavisufali diskusia ama Tu im sa-
kiTxis irgvliv. bolo xanebSi umaRlesma sasamarTlom say-
ovelTao uflebebis dacvis garantirebis mizniT warmog-
vidgina gadawyvetilebebi bevri kanonis dakonkretebis
Taobaze.
sabWoTa kavSiri amtkicebs, rom mis sazRvrebSi mcxovrebi
yvela xalxi oficialurad Tanasworad iTvleba da Tanabari
uflebebiT sargeblobs. umciresobebi daculni arian dis-
kriminaciisagan.
es aris umniSvnelovanesi amocana, magram arsebobs pi-
rovnebis Tavisuflebis ganviTarebis sxva aspeqtebi, rom-
lebic kidev ufro metad mniSvnelovania, vidre ubralod
diskriminaciis ararseboba. am TvalsazrisiT, sabWoTa
kavSirs bevri ram aqvs gasakeTebeli. xalxi, Cveulebriv, sa-
kuTar Tavs diskriminirebulad ar miiCnevs, vidre mas ar

8
waarTmeven misTvis sasurvel Tavisuflebebs da vidre ar
dainaxavs, rom aRniSnuli TavisuflebebiT sxva xalxebi
sargebloben. aseTi Tavisuflebebia: sityvis, presis, rwmenis,
sindisis, Sekrebis, samarTliani sasamarTlos Tavisufleba da
Tavisufleba TviTneburi dapatimrebisa da sasjelisagan.
totalitaruli xelisufleba sakuTar xalxs aseTi Tavisu-
flebebiT ver uzrunvelyofs. swored es Tavisuflebebi ani-
Weben mniSvnelobas diskriminaciisagan daculobis ideas.
me Rrmad mwams da darwmunebuli var, Tqvenc, rom demo-
kratiisa da TavisuflebisaTvis brZola arsebiT mniSvnelo-
bas atarebs, radgan demokratiisa da Tavisuflebis dacva
uSualo kavSirSia gaeros umTavres mizanTan _ ganamtkicos
saerTaSoriso mSvidoba da usafrTxoeba. Tavisufali adami-
anebisTvis mizani ver amarTlebs saSualebas. Cven vicnobT
totalitarizmis magaliTebs _ erTaderTi politikuri par-
tia; saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebze, presaze, radioze,
humanitarul da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebsa da eklesi-
aze dawesebuli kontroli avtoritaruli xelisuflebis
ganmtkicebis mizniT; sami aTas wels iTvlis adamianebis
brZola iseTi uZvelesi maxasiaTeblebis winaaRmdeg, rogori-
caa, reaqciisa da regresis niSnebi. gaero valdebulia,
daicvas da momaval Taobebs gadasces xalxis brZoliT mop-
ovebuli Tavisuflebis memkvidreoba.
Tavisuflebis idealis ganviTareba da misi Serwyma msof-
lios sxvadasxva adgilas mcxovrebi xalxebis yoveldRiur
cxovrebasTan uamravi adamianis Zalisxmevis Sedegia _ jan-
saRi azrovnebisa da gmiruli qmedebis xangrZlivi tradiciis
nayofi. verc erTi rasa da verc erTi xalxi ityvis, rom mxo-
lod misi damsaxurebiT miaRwia adamianma ufro maRal
Rirsebas da pirovnuli ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebel did
Tavisuflebas. TiToeulma Taobam TiToeul qveyanaSi unda
gaagrZelos es brZola da axali nabijebi gadadgas am mimar-
TulebiT, radgan es is sferoa, sadac pasiuroba regress niS-
navs.
adamianis uflebebis sferoSi arsebuli fundamenturi
principebi nebismieri saxis kompromiss gamoricxavs. amas
adasturebs adamianis uflebaTa komisiis muSaoba. adamianis
uflebaTa deklaraciaSi naTqvamia: „yovel adamians aqvs
ufleba, datovos yoveli qveyana, maT Sorism Tavisic“. sab-
WoTa kavSiris warmomadgenelma ganacxada, rom igi aRiarebda
aRniSnul uflebas im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mas daemateboda erTa-
derTi fraza _ „miTiTebuli qveynis kanonmdeblobiT dadge-

9
nili proceduris Sesabamisad“. aRniSnuli pirobis miReba mo-
cemuli uflebis ara mxolod SezRudvis, aramed gauqmebis
tolfasia. dasaxelebuli SemTxveva gvarwmunebs, rom
arasodes unda SevzRudoT fundamenturi uflebebi erTsu-
lovnebis miRwevis mizniT. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi am
uflebebs saerTod davkargavT.
Cemi azriT, ioli ar iqneba, mivaRwioT erTsulovnebas, Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT xelisuflebisa da adamianis uflebebis
koncefciebTan dakavSirebiT arsebul gansxvavebebs. brZola
rTuli iqneba. Cven unda gamoviCinoT simtkice da amasTan,
moTminebis unari. Tu zedmiwevniT myarad davicavT sakuTar
principebs, vfiqrob, SevinarCunebT da ganvamtkicebT
Tavisuflebas. es moxdeba mSvidobiani, araZalismieri gziT.
momavalSi adamianis uflebebi kidev ufro metad unda
gafarTovdes mTel msoflioSi. xalxi, romelmac Tundac
mcire xniT gamoscada Tavisufleba, verasodes iqneba
kmayofili, Tu sabolood ar ganamtkicebs mas. WeSmariti
gagebiT, adamianis uflebebi kanonmdeblobisa da xelisu-
flebis fundamentur obieqts warmoadgens samarTlian
sazogadoebaSi.
adamianis uflebebi arsebobs imdenad, ramdenadac maT pa-
tivs scemen adamianebi erTmaneTTan mimarTebiT da xelisu-
flebebi _ sakuTar moqalaqeebTan mimarTebiT.
msoflio icnobs totalitaruli mmarTvelobis tragikul
Sedegebs. Tu gavaanalizebT hitleris mosvlas xelisu-
flebaSi, davinaxavT, rogor iWedeba jaWvi, romelic pirovne-
bas monad aqcevs. SesaZlebelia sxva qveynebTan paralelebis
gavleba. politikuri TvalsazrisiT, adamians unda hqondes
Tavisufleba _ ganixilos da aRmoaCinos imdeni faqti, ram-
denic SesaZlebelia. qveyanaSi unda arsebobdes minimum or-
partiuli sistema, radgan mxolod erTi politikuri partiis
arsebobis SemTxvevaSi metismetad bevri ram eqvemdebareba
aRniSnuli partiis interesebs. partia iZens tiranul xasiaTs
da mas ver ganvixilavT, rogorc demokratiuli xelisu-
flebis iaraRs.
rogorc uaxloes warsulSi, ise dResdReobiT, mowmeni
varT propagandis, romelic cdilobs eWvqveS daayenos, Ziri
gamouTxaros da gaanadguros xalxis Tavisufleba da
damoukidebloba. aseTi propaganda yvela xalxs ayenebs
arCevanis winaSe _ eWvqveS daayenos uflebebis memkvidreoba
da daTmos sakuTari principebi; an miiRos gamowveva, gaior-

10
kecos sifxizle da Seupovrad ganagrZos brZola adamianis
Tavisuflebebis dacvisa da srulyofisaTvis.
is adamianebi, romlebsac ar miageben im pativs, romelic
maT, rogorc pirovnebebs, bunebiT aqvT miniWebuli, aseT
mdgomareobas mudmivad ver Seeguebian.
gaeros qartia warmoadgens Suquras mTels msoflioSi
adamianis uflebebisa da ZiriTadi Tavisuflebebis
ganmtkicebis gzaze. saWiroa Semowmdes ara marto adamianis
uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacvis xarisxi, aramed isic,
Tu ra mimarTulebiT moZraobs msoflio. SesaZlebelia Tu
ara, vTqvaT, rom zedmiwevniT sruldeba qartiiT gaT-
valiswinebuli amocanebi, roca zogierTi qveyana agrZelebs
adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis SezRudvas, nacvlad
imisa, rom, rogorc qartia mogviwodebs, ganamtkicos adamian-
is uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacvis ideisadmi sayovel-
Tao pativiscema?
adamianis uflebebis sakiTxis ganxilvis adgili gaeros
forumia. gaero Seiqmna, rogorc erebis Sexvedris adgili,
sadac SegviZlia ganvixiloT saerTo problemebi da gan-
sxvavebuli gamocdileba gavuziaroT erTmaneTs. demo-
kratiisa da Tavisuflebis idealebisadmi erTguleba Sesa-
Zleblobas gvaZlevs, mudmivad mzad viyoT, gamoviyenoT
keTilsindisieri diskusiisa da molaparakebis fundamenturi
demokratiuli procedurebi. axlac ise, rogorc yovelTvis,
vimedovnebT, rom dRevandel msoflioSi arsebuli mkveTrad
gansxvavebuli midgomebis miuxedavad, gaeros qartiis prin-
cipebisadmi Rrma rwmeniT, SevZlebT, urTierTgagebas mivaR-
wioT.
Cven aq SevikribeT im mizniT, rom monawileoba miviRoT
didi saerTaSoriso asambleis SexvedrebSi Tqvens ulamazes
dedaqalaq parizSi. pirovnebis Tavisufleba safrangeTis
didebuli tradiciebis ganuyofeli nawilia. rogorc erT-
erTi delegati SeerTebuli Statebidan, me aq SevTxov uze-
naess momdevno gamarjvebas adamianis sayovelTao uflebebisa
da TavisuflebebisaTvis brZolaSi.

11
 gulgrilobis safrTxeebi

eli viseli

mari kutubiZis Targmani

batono prezidento, qalbatono klinton, kongresis wev-

rebo, elCo holbruk, Tqveno aRmatebulebav, megobrebo:
zustad 54 wlis win, axalgazrda ebraelma biWma karpatebis
mTebSi mdebare patara qalaqidan gaiRviZa buxenvaldSi, Sina-
gani sulmdablobis adgilas, arc ise Sors goeTes sayvareli
vaimaridan. igi sabolood Tavisufali iyo, Tumca ara bednieri
da fiqrobda, rom sixaruli mis gulSi adgils veRarasdros ip-
ovida. axsovs gaTavisuflebamde erTi dRiT adre amerikeli
jariskacebis naxviT gamowveuli gabrazeba da Tundac Rrmad
moxucebulobamde icocxlos, maTi madlobeli iqneba am bra-
zisa da TanagrZnobisTvis.
miuxedavad imisa, rom biWs maTi ena ar esmoda, jariskacebis
Tvalebi eubnebodnen yvelafers, risi codnac sWirdeboda.
eubnebodnen, rom emowmebodnen da samudamod imaxsovrebdnen.
da axla, Tqvens winaSe vdgavar, batono prezidento, _ mTa-
varsardalo armiisa, romelmac gagvaTavisufla me da aTiaT-
asobiT sxva, vdgavar amerikeli xalxisadmi uryevi, Rrma
madlierebiT aRsavse.
`madliereba~ aris sityva, romelsac vafaseb. swored
madlierebis grZnoba gansazRvravs adamianis adamianurobas.
me Tqveni madlieri var, hilari, misis klinton, imisTvis, rac
TqviT, imisTvis, rasac akeTebT bavSvebisTvis, usaxlka-
roebisTvis, usamarTlobis msxverplTaTvis, bedisa da sazoga-
doebis msxverplTaTvis. yvelas madlobas gixdiT aq yof-
nisTvis.
Cven axali saukunis, axali aTaswleulis zRurblTan vdga-
varT. ra iqneba gasuli saukunis memkvidreoba? rogor
gaixseneben mas? ra Tqma unda, gansjian, ganixilaven moralur
da metafizikur WrilSi. misma marcxma Crdili miayena mTel ka-
cobriobas: ori msoflio omi, uTvalavi samoqalaqo omi,

12
uazro mkvlelobaTa jaWvi (gandi, kenedi, martin luTer kingi,
sadaTi, rabini) sisxlis abazanebi kambojasa da alJirSi, in-
doeTsa da pakistanSi, irlandiasa da ruandaSi, eritreasa da
eTiopiaSi, saraevosa da kosovoSi, ulmobloba gulagebSi da
hirosimas tragedia. sul sxva safexurze ki _osvencimi da
treblinka. amdeni Zaladoba, gulgriloba.
ra aris `indiferentuloba~? etimologiurad es sityva
`gansxvavebis ararsebobas~ niSnavs. es aris ucnauri da arabun-
ebrivi yofa, romelSic fermkrTaldeba zRvari sinaTlesa da
sibneles, alionsa da mwuxrs, danaSaulsa da sasjels, ulmob-
lobasa da TanagrZnobas, keTilsa da borots Soris. saiT mie-
marTeba da ra aris misi gardauvali Sedegi? gulgrilobis
filosofia damajerebelia? SeiZleba misi aRqma saTnoebad,
Rirsebad? aucilebelia misi gamoyeneba siwmindis SesanarCu-
neblad? martivad cxovrebisTvis? Wiqa RviniT da gemrieli
sadiliT siamovnebis miRebisTvis, maSin, roca samyaro Cvens
garSemo mZime ryevebs ganicdis?
indiferentuloba, TavisTavad, mimzidvelia, metic, _ mac-
dunebeli. bevrad martivia, msxverpls Tvali aarido. bevrad
martivia, Tavidan aicilo uxeSi Carevebi saqmianobaSi, oc-
nebebSi, imedebSi. yvelaferTan erTad, uxerxuli da problem-
uricaa sxvis tkivilsa da sasowarkveTaSi Careva. Tanac,
gulgrili adamianisTvis mezobeli mainc arafers niSnavs,
Sesabamisad, misi cxovrebac umniSvneloa, iseve, rogorc, misi
damaluli Tu aSkara tanjva. gulgriloba adamians ubralo ab-
straqciamde amdablebs.
iq ki, osvencimis Savi karibWis miRma, tyveebs Soris yvelaze
tragikulni iyvnen `muslimebi~, rogorc maT uwodebdnen. Ta-
vianT dafleTil sabnebSi gaxveulni isxdnen an iwvnen miwaze,
sivrces miSterebulni, amdeni ucnobis garemocvaSi da ar
icodnen vin iyvnen, sad iyvnen. veRar grZnobdnen tkivils, Sim-
Sils, wyurvils. maT aRarafris eSinodaT, aRaraferi awu-
xebdaT. arc icodnen, rom ukve daixocnen...
Cven ki, tradiciebSi Rrmad fesvgadgmulni, vfiqrobdiT,
rom kacobriobis mier Cveni mitoveba jer kidev ar iyo da-
sasruli. vfiqrobdiT, rom RmerTisgan daviwyebas isev misive
sasjeli sjobda. gverCia, is usamarTlo yofiliyo, vidre

13
gulgrili, radgan RmerTisgan ugulebelyofa ufro mZime sas-
jelad migvaCnda, vidre misi sibrazis msxverplad yofna. ada-
mians RmerTisgan Sors cxovreba SeuZlia, magram ara mis ga-
reSe. is iq aris, sadac Cven varT. Tundac tanjvaSi? maT Soris,
tanjvaSic!
Tavis mxriv, aseTi tanjvisadmi gulgriloba adamians araa-
damianad aqcevs. indiferentuloba ufro saSiSia, vidre brazi
an siZulvili. brazi SeiZleba SemoqmedebiTic iyos, zogi
didebul poemas an simfonias qmnis, zogi rame gansakuTrebuls
akeTebs kacobriobisTvis, radgan gabrazebulia im usa-
marTlobaze, risi TviTmxilvelicaa. gulgriloba ki arasdro-
saa SemoqmedebiTi. siZulvilsac ki SeiZleba mouZebno pasuxi.
mas ebrZvi, amxel, ganaiaraReb.
gulgrilobas pasuxi ar gaaCnia. gulgriloba pasuxi ar
aris. is dasawyisic ar aris, dasasrulia. amitomac, igi mtris
megobaria, sargebeli moaqvs agresorisTvis da ara im msxver-
plisTvis, romlis mwuxarebac yvelasgan mitovebiT kidev
ufro izrdeba. politikuri patimari Tavis sakanSi, mSieri
bavSvebi, ltolvilebi, ar pasuxoben ra maT mudaras,
daimedebiT mainc ar umsubuqeben ra simartoves, adamianTa mex-
sierebidan ganidevnebian. maTi adamianurobis uaryofiT Cven
Cvensas vRalatobT.
gulgriloba mxolod codva ar aris, sasjelicaa. swored
esaa milevadi saukunis mier sikeTesa da borotebaze
Catarebuli eqsperimentebis Sedegi, erT-erTi yvelaze mniS-
vnelovani gakveTili.
iq, saidanac me movdivar, sazogadoeba sam kategoriad
iyofa: mkvlelebi, msxverplni da mayureblebi. yvelaze bnel
Jams getoebsa da sikvdilis banakebSi _ da me moxaruli var,
rom, rogorc misis klintonma aRniSna, Cven axla mxolod vix-
senebT im periods, _ Cven mitovebulad, daviwyebulad
vigrZeniT Tavi. yvela Cvenganma.
Cven erTaderTi umweo nugeSi gvqonda, gvjeroda, osvencimi
da treblinka kargad daculi saidumlo iyo, rom Tavisufali
samyaros liderebma arc icodnen, ra xdeboda Savi karibWisa da
ekliani sadenebis miRma, ar icodnen ebraelebis winaaRmdeg
gamarTuli omis Sesaxeb, romelic hitleris armiam da misma

14
mokavSireebma wamoiwyes. vfiqrobdiT, rom scodnodaT, Caer-
eodnen, zecasa da dedamiwas SeZravdnen. xmas aimaRlebdnen
aRSfoTebiT da gakicxviT. dabombavdnen osvencimisken mima-
val matarebels. erTxel mainc.
axla ki gavigeT, aRmovaCineT, rom pentagonSi icodnen, sax-
elmwifo departamentSic icodnen.
TeTri saxlis saxelovani binadari, didebuli lideri, _
amas mwuxarebiT da tkiviliT vambob, radgan dRes zutad 54-e
wlisTavia misi gardacvalebidan _ franklin dDelano ruz-
velti 1945 wlis 12 aprils gardaicvala. man amerikeli xalxis
da mTeli msoflios mobilizeba SeZlo, asobiT, aTasobiT
mamac jariskacTan erTad gaibrZola faSizmis, diqtaturis,
hitleris winaaRmdeg. Zalian bevri axalgazrda daeca omSi. mi-
uxedavad amisa, misi saxeli ebraelTa istoriaSi, unda vTqva,
gabzarulia.
magaliTad, gavixsenoT damTrgunveli istoria `wminda
luize~. samoci wlis win gemi, daaxloebiT aTasamde ebraeliT,
nacistur germaniaSi daabrunes. es moxda Kristallnacht-is Semdeg.
germaniis xelisuflebis mier organizebuli darbevis Semdeg,
romelsac ebraelTa asobiT maRaziis ganadgureba, sinagogebis
gadawva, aTasobiT adamianis sakoncentracio banakebSi gamom-
wyvdeva mohyva. gemi, romelic ukve Statebis sanapirosTan iyo,
ukan gagzavnes. ar mesmis. ruzvelti guliT kargi adamiani iyo.
ugebda maT, visac daxmareba sWirdebodaT. ratom ar dauSva
ltolvilTa gadmosxdoma? aTasi adamiani _ amerikaSi,
didebul qveyanaSi didebuli demokratiiT, yvelaze guluxvi
Tanamedrove samyaros erebidan. ra moxda? ar mesmis. ratom
aseTi gulgriloba tanjuli msxverplisadmi?
magram iyvnen iseTebic, vinc TanagvigrZnobdnen. arae-
braelebi, qristianebi, `marTali warmarTni~, rogorc vuwo-
debdiT, romelTa Tavganwirulma gmirobamac ixsna maTive
rwmenis Rirseba. ratom iyvnen isini ase cota? ratom gam-
oiCines meti mondomeba SucStafelis mkvlelebis gadasarCe-
nad omis Semdeg, vidre msxverplTa gadasarCenad omis dros?


brolis Rame.
15
ratom gaagrZeles amerikis uZlieresma korporaciebma hit-
leris germaniasTan biznesTanamSromloba 1942 wlamde? doku-
mentirebuli da dadasturebulia, rom vermaxti ver daipy-
robda safrangeTs amerikidan miwodebuli navTobis gareSe.
riTi aixsneba es gulgriloba?
magram, megobrebo, kargic moxda am travmian saukuneSi:
nacizmze gamarjveba, komunizmis damxoba, israelis xelaxali
dabadeba winaparTa miwaze, aparTeidis dasamareba, israelisa
da egviptis samSvidobo xelSekruleba, irlandiaSi mSvidobis
damyareba. gavixsenoT rabinisa da arafatis dramatuli, emo-
ciebiT savse Sexvedra, romelic Tqven moawyveT, batono pre-
zidento, swored am adgilas. me aq viyavi da es arasodes dama-
viwydeba.
da ra Tqma unda, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa da natos
erToblivi gadawyvetileba kosovoSi Sesvlisa da im dazara-
lebulTa, ltolvilTa gadarCenis Sesaxeb, romlebic adami-
anebma sakuTari miwidan amoZirkves. es adamianebi, Cemi azriT,
unda gasamarTldnen kacobriobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli dana-
SaulisTvis.
magram am dros msoflio ar gaCumebula. axla Cven vpasux-
obT. axla Cven vereviT.
niSnavs ki es imas, rom warsulisgan viswavleT? rom sazoga-
doeba Seicvala? rom adamiani nakleb gulgrili da ufro ada-
mianuria? marTla viswavleT Cvenive gamocdilebidan? nuTu
naklebad ugrZnobni varT msxverplTa mudaris mimarT? koso-
vos konfliqtSi Tqven mier marTuli gamarTlebuli Careva,
batono prezidento, mtkice gafrTxilebaa, rom aRarasdros
davuSvebT msoflioSi bavSvebisa da maTi mSoblebis datero-
rebas, deportacias? aiZulebs es sxva diqtatorebsac,
Tavadac ase moiqcnen?
da bavSvebi? maT vxedavT televizorebSi, maTze vkiTx-
ulobT gazeTebSi da guli gvitydeba. maTi bedi yovelTvis
yvelaze tragikulia. roca ufrosebi ibrZvian, bavSvebi iR-
upebian. vxedavT maT saxeebs, Tvalebs, magram gvesmis maTi
mudara? vgrZnobT maT tkivils, agonias? yovel wuTs erT-
erTi maTgani kvdeba daavadebisgan, Zaladobisgan, SimSilisgan.

16
 zogi maTgani _ bevri maTgani _ SeiZleboda, gadarCe-
niliyo.
da kidev erTxel, me vfiqrob patara ebrael biWze
karpatebis mTebidan. is yovelTvis Tan maxlda moxucs, amdeni
Zebnisa da brZolis Semdegac.
da Cven, Sepyrobilni uZiro SiSiTa da uCveuli imediT, er-
Tad mivabijebT axali aTaswleulisken!

17
 me vocnebob

martin luTEer kingi

dimitri gegenavas Targmani

bednieri var, rom gierTdebiT imaSi, rac istorias darCeba,

rogorc Cveni eris istoriaSi udidesi demonstracia Tavisu-
flebisaTvis.
xuTi oceuli wlis ukan didma amerikelma, romlis simbo-
lur CrdilSic dRes vdgavarT, xeli moawera emansipaciis
proklamacias. es umniSvnelovanesi aqti imedis Suquraa mil-
ionobiT zangi monisTvis, romlebic usamarTlobis mwveli
alebiT iferflebodnen. igi movida, rogorc sasixarulo
ganTiadi, raTa daesrulebina maTi tyveobis grZeli Rame.
Tumca asi wlis Semdegac zangi kvlavac araa Tavisufali. asi
wlis Semdegac zangis sicocxle kvlavac mZimedaa dasa-
xiCrebuli segregaciis borkilebiTa da diskriminaciis
jaWvebiT. asi wlis Semdegac zangi cxovrobs siRaribis uda-
bur kunZulze, materialuri keTildReobis okeanis Sua-
gulSi. asi wlis Semdegac zangi kvlavac Wkneba amerikuli
sazogadoebis kunWulebSi da sakuTar miwaze devnilad miiC-
nevs Tavs. ase rom, aq movediT, raTa am samarcxvino
mdgomareobis dramatizeba movaxdinoT.
am azriT movediT Cveni saxelmwifos dedaqalaqSi, raTa
Cekis ganaRdeba moviTxovoT. rodesac Cveni respublikis
arqiteqtorebma konstituciisa da damoukideblobis
deklaraciis jadosnuri sityvebi daweres, xeli moaweres
savalo valdebulebas, romelic TiToeul amerikelze
memkvidreobiT gadavida. es valdebuleba iyo dapireba, rom
yvela adamiani _ diax, Savkanianebic, TeTrkanianTa msgavsad
_ uzrunvelyofili iqneboda sicocxlis, Tavisuflebisa da
bednierebisken swrafvis ganusxvisebeli uflebebiT. dRes
aSkaraa, rom amerikam nakisri valdebuleba ar Seasrula, ram-
denadac misi feradkaniani moqalaqeebi gulnatkenni arian. am
sakraluri valdebulebis pativiscemis miuxedavad, amerikam

18
zang xalxs cudi Ceki misca, Ceki, romelic dagvibrunda aRniS-
vniT _ `arasakmarisi Tanxa angariSze~.
Tumca Cven uars vacxadebT, virwmunoT, rom samarTli-
anobis banki gakotrebulia. uars vacxadebT, virwmunoT, rom
am saxelmwifos SesaZleblobaTa udides sacavSi arasakmarisi
saSualebaa. ase rom, Cven movediT, raTa gavanaRdoT es Ceki,
Ceki, romliTac moviTxovT Tavisuflebisa da samarTlebrivi
usafrTxoebis sikeTeebs.
Cven am saRmrTo adgilas movediT, aseve, raTa amerikas Se-
vaxsenoT axlandeli gadaudebeli aucilebloba. araa dro,
davkavdeT damSvidebis fufunebiT an miviRoT gradualizmis
damamSvidebeli abebi. axla droa, SevasruloT demokratiis
realuri dapirebebi. axla droa, segregaciis bneli da uda-
buri xevidan rasobrivi samarTlianobis mzian bilikze amovi-
deT. axla droa, Cveni eri rasobrivi usamarTlobis moZravi
qviSidan Zmobis myar kldeze amoviyvanoT.
axla droa, samarTlianoba RmerTis yvela SvilisTvis
sinamdviled vaqcioT. erisTvis sabediswero iqneba am momen-
tis gadaudeblobis uyuradRebod datoveba. zangTa legiti-
muri ukmayofilebis es gamTangveli zafxuli ar dasruldeba
Tavisuflebisa da samarTlianobis Zalismomcemi Semodgomis
dadgomamde _ 1963 weli ara dasasruli, aramed dasawyisia.
maT, vinc imedovnebs, rom zangebs orTqlis gamoSveba sWirde-
bodaT da axla guls ijereben, uecrad gamofxizldebian,
Tuki eri, Cveulebrisamebr, Tavis saqmeebs daubrundeba.
ar iqneba arc dasveneba, arc simSvide amerikaSi, sanam zangi
ar iqneba uzrunvelyofili samoqalaqo uflebebiT. ajanyebis
qariSxali gagrZeldeba, raTa Searyios Cveni saxelmwifos sa-
fuZvlebi manam, sanam samarTlianobis naTeli dReebi ar gam-
oCndeba. da esaa is, rac unda vuTxra Cems xalxs, romelic
marTlmsajulebis sasaxlis zRurblze dgas. Cveni kuTvnili
adgilis mopovebis procesSi, ukanono qmedebebSi ar unda
dagvadanaSaulon. mogveciT neba, ar veZiebdeT, Cveni Tavisu-
flebis wyurvils ar viklavdeT siZulvilisa da simwris
Tasidan. Cveni brZola samudamod unda aviyvanoT Rirsebisa
da disciplinis maRal doneze. ar unda davuSvaT, Cveni
SemoqmedebiTi protesti fizikur ZaladobaSi gadaizardos.

19
kvlavac da kvlavac unda aRvzevdeT fizikuri Zalisa da
sulieri Zalis Seyris didebul simaRleebze. gasaocari axali
saomari ganwyobilebiT, romelmac zangi Temi STanTqa, ar un-
da vxelmZRvanelobdeT, raTa eWvi SevitanoT yvela TeTr-
kanianSi, bevri Cveni TeTrkaniani Zmis gamo, romlebic dRes
TavianTi aq yofniT adastureben, movidnen, raTa gaiazron,
rom maTi bediswera Cvens bediswerasTanaa gadajaWvuli.
isini movidnen, raTa gaiazron, rom maTi Tavisufleba Cvens
TavisuflebasTan ganuyreladaa dakavSirebuli. Cven ar
SegviZlia marto siaruli. da Cven mivdivarT, unda SevficoT,
rom marad gverdigverd vivliT. Cven ar SegviZlia ukan mo-
bruneba. arseboben iseTebic, romlebic samoqalaqo ufleba-
Ta msurvelebs ekiTxebian, _ `rodis dakmayofildebiT?~ Cven
arasdros davkmayofildebiT, sanam zangi policiis sisasti-
kis gamouTqmeli saSinelebebis msxverplia.
Cven arasdros davkmayofildebiT, sanam Cveni sxeulebi,
momqancveli mgzavrobiT damZimebulebi, ver miiReben binas
gzatkecilebis motelebsa da qalaqebis sastumroebSi.
Cven ar SegviZlia davkmayofildeT, sanam zangi ZiriTadad
mcire getoebidan ufro didSi gadaadgildeba. Cven veras-
dros davkmayofildebiT, sanam Cven bavSvebs TavianTi
mowifulobidan wlebs aglejen da Rirsebas arTmeven aRniS-
vnebiT: `mxolod TeTrkanianTaTvis~.
Cven ver davkmayofildebiT, sanam zangi misisipiSi ar
SeZlebs xmis micemas da sanam niu iorkSi zangs sjera, rom mas
ar gaaCnia raime, risTvisac xmis micema SeiZleba.
ara, ara, Cven ara varT dakmayofilebulebi da arc dav-
kmayofildebiT, sanam samarTlianoba wyaliviT da siqvele
mZlavri niaRvariviT moedineba.
ar var uyuradRebo, zogierTi Tqvengani aq didi gansac-
delebisa da mwuxarebis gamo movida. zogi Tqvengani axlaxan
gamovida viwro sapatimro saknebidan. zogi Tqvengani gam-
ovida sivrceebidan, sadac Tqvenma Tavisuflebis moTxovnam
devnis grigalTa mier gvemulad da policiis sisastikis
qarTa mier Seryeulad gaqciaT. Tqven SemoqmedebiTi tanjvis
veteranebad iqeciT.

20
 gaagrZeleT Sroma rwmeniT, rom daumsaxurebeli tanjva
gamosasyidia. dabrundiT misisipiSi, dabrundiT alabamaSi,
dabrundiT samxreT karolinaSi, dabrundiT virjiniaSi,
dabrundiT luizianaSi, dabrundiT Cveni Crdilouri qala-
qebis jurRmulebsa da getoebSi codniT, rom es mdgomareoba
rogorme SeiZleba Seicvalos da Seicvleba. dae, sa-
sowarkveTilebis xeobaSi nu CaveflobiT.
me Tqven geubnebiT dRes, Cemo megobrebo, Tumc ki marTa-
lia, Cven dRevandelisa da xvalindelis siZnleebs SeveCexeT,
me mainc vocnebob. es aris ocneba, Rrmad fesvgadgmuli
amerikul ocnebaSi. me vocnebob, rom erT dResac es eri
aRdgeba, gamoitans Tavisi mrwamsis WeSmarit mniSvnelobas:
`Cven gvwams, es WeSmaritebani TavisTavad cxadia, rom yvela
adamiani Seqmnilia Tanasworad~.
me vocnebob, rom erT dResac jorjiis wiTel gorebze
yofili monebis Svilebi da yofil monaTmflobelTa Svilebi
SeZleben, erTad miusxdnen Zmobis magidas. me vocnebob, rom
erT dResac, misisipis Stati, gaTanguli usamarTlobis papa-
naqebiT, gaTanguli Cagvris sicxiT, Tavisuflebisa da sa-
marTlianobis oazisad gardaiqmneba.
me vocnebob, rom erT dResac Cemi oTxi bavSvi icxovrebs
saxelmwifoSi, sadac maT gansjian ara maTi kanis feris, aramed
maTi xasiaTis Sinaarsis gamo. me vocnebob... me vocnebob, rom
erT dResac alabamaSi, uzneo rasistebiTa da Sualeduri da
uarmyofeli sityvebiT bagewabilwuli mmarTveliT, erT
dResac swored alabamaSi Savkaniani biWebi da Savkaniani
gogonebi SeZleben, xelebi CasWidon patara TeTrkanian bi-
Websa da TeTrkanian gogonebs, rogorc debsa da Zmebs. me voc-
nebob dRes... me vocnebob, rom erT dResac `yoveli xevi
amoivseba da yoveli mTa da borcvi damdabldeba, mrude
gaswordeba da flate gavakdeba, da yoveli xorci ixilavs
mxsnelobas RmrTisas~. esaa Cveni imedi. esaa rwmena, rom-


Governor – qarTul enaSi rusuli samarTlis gavleniT `guberna-
toris~ cnebiTaa damkvidrebuli. misi qarTuli Sesatyvisi `mmar-
Tveli~ an `gamgebelia~.

baCana bregvaZis Targmani.

21
liTac samxreTSi vbrundebi. am rwmeniT SevZlebT sa-
sowarkveTis mTidan gamovkveToT imedis qva. am rwmeniT Sev-
ZlebT, Cveni eris ganxeTqilebis Rrianceli Zmobis mSvenier
simfoniad gadavaqcioT. am rwmeniT SevZlebT erTad muSaobas,
sapyrobileSi erTad wasvlas, TavisuflebisTvis erTad
dgomas, imis codniT, rom erT dResac Tavisuflebi viqnebiT.
es iqneba dRe, roca RmerTis yvela Svils SegveZleba axali
mniSvnelobiT simRera: `Cemo qveyana, Sens Tavisuflebis
tkbil miwaze vmReri me. miwa, sadac mama-papebi mokvdnen,
piligrimebis saamayo miwa, mTis yvela ferdidan, dae, Tavisu-
fleba rekdes!~ da Tu amerika diadi saxelmwifoa, es aucile-
blad WeSmaritebad unda iqces. ase rom, dae, Tavisufleba
rekdes niu hemfSiris uzarmazar goraTa wverodan. dae,
Tavisufleba rekdes niu iorkis uSvelebeli mTebidan. dae,
Tavisufleba rekdes pensilvaniis aleganiis maRlobebidan.
dae, Tavisufleba rekdes kolorados TovliT dafaruli
kldeebidan. dae, Tavisufleba rekdes kaliforniis momxi-
blavi ferdobebidan.
magram ara marto es. dae, Tavisufleba rekdes jorjiis
sTounis mTidan. dae, Tavisufleba rekdes tenesis luqauTis
mTidan. dae, Tavisufleba rekdes misisipis yoveli borcvidan
Tu sorodan, mTis yoveli ferdobidan. dae, Tavisufleba
rekdes...
rodesac nebas mivcemT Tavisuflebas, rekdes _ roca nebas
mivcemT mas, rekdes yoveli qalaqidan da yoveli soflidan,
yoveli Statidan da yoveli qalaqidan, SevZlebT,
movaaxlooT is dRe, rodesac RmerTis yvela Svili, Savkanian-
ic da TeTrkanianic, ebraelebic da warmarTebic, protestan-
tebic da kaTolikeebic, SeZleben, CasWidon xelebi da im-
Reron Zveli zanguri sagaloblis sityvebi: `Tavisufalni
rogorc iqna, Tavisufalni rogorc iqna, dido RmerTo,
yovlisSeZlev, gavaTavisufldiT rogorc iqna~.

 Alleghenies of Pennsylvania.
 Rockies of Colorado.
 Stone Mountain of Georgia.
 Lookout Mountain of Tennessee.

22
 cvlilebis qari
H
harold makmilani

TinaTin gianaSvilis Targmani

batono prezidento, batono spikero, qalbatonebo da

batonebo. didi pativia, iyo mowveuli da sityviT gamoxvide
samxreT afrikis respublikis parlamentis ori palatis
winaSe. es unikaluri privilegiaa, Tanac 1960 wels, respu-
blikis parlamentis dabadebidan zustad naxevari saukunis
Semdeg. da me yvelaze metad madlieri var TiToeuli Tqven-
ganis, rom momeciT es SesaZlebloba, gansakuTrebiT madlieri
var Tqveni, premier-ministris, romelmac momiwvia qveyanaSi
da uzrunvelyo Cemi Tqvens winaSe gamosvla. Cemi turi afri-
kaSi _ afrikis gansakuTrebul nawilSi, pirveli SemTxvevaa
britaneTis premier-ministris uwyebaSi, dasanania, rom es
yvelaferi dasasruls uaxlovdeba, Tumca es Sesabamisi da
kulminaciuri dasasrulia, aq parlamentSi, istoriul qalaq
qeifTaunSi, saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi indoeTis okeanesa da
aRmosavleTs Soris arsebul karibWeSi.
respublikaSi, iseve, rogorc yvela sxva qveyanaSi, sadac
vyofilvar, Cemi viziti, rogorc wesi, xanmoklea xolme. vi-
survebdi, SesaZlebloba mqonoda, didi dro gametarebina aq,
menaxa ufro meti Tqveni qveynis mSvenierebisa da gamego meti
Tqveni xalxis Sesaxeb. magram gasul kviras gaviare asobiT
mili da Sevxvdi gansxvavebuli kuTvnilebis bevr adamians.
SesaZlebloba momeca, sakuTari warmodgena Semqmnoda Tqvens
mSvenier soflebze, Tavisi fermebiTa da tyeebiT, mTebiTa da
mdinareebiT, naTeli ciTa da stepis farTo horizontebiT. me
vnaxe, aseve, zogierTi Tqveni ganviTarebuli qalaqi da
yvelaze madlieri var Tqveni mTavrobis yvela im dabrkole-
bisTvis, rac maT hqondaT momzadebis procesSi, raTa am mokle
droSi CemTvis amdeni raRac enaxebinaT. Cemi personalis
zogierTma axalgazrda wevrma miTxra, rom es iyo datvirTu-
li programa, magram minda dagarwmunoT, rom me da Cemma
meuRlem TiToeuli wamiT visiamovneT. garda amisa, seriozu-

23
lad gulaCuyebulebi varT im siTboTi, riTac gvimaspinZleT.
sadac ar unda vyofiliyaviT, qalaqad Tu soflad, gviRebdnen
rogorc, sulier megobrebs da siyvaruliT, romelmac gaaTbo
Cveni gulebi, da Cven amas vafasebT, radgan viciT, es aris
Tqveni keTilganwyobis gamoxatuleba ara mxolod Cvens
mimarT, aramed sruliad britaneli xalxisadmi.
rogorc ukve aRvniSne, gansakuTrebuli privilegiaa
CemTvis, viyo aq, 1960 wels, rodesac Tqven zeimobT imas, rasac
me SemiZlia vuwodo respublikis oqros qorwili. aseT dros
bunebrivi da marTebulia, rom gaCerdeT, SeafasoT Tqveni
mdebareoba, raTa gaixedoT ukan (warsulSi), ras miaRwieT da
iyuroT win, Tu ra gelodebaT.
saxelmwifoebriobis ormocdaaTi wlis Tavze samxreT af-
rikelma xalxma aaSena mZlavri ekonomika, dafuZnebuli jan-
saR soflis meurneobasa da swrafad ganviTarebad da moqnil
mrewvelobis dargebze. Cemi vizitis ganmavlobaSi, SevZeli,
menaxa Tqveni samTo mrewvelobis zogierTi ram, razec qveynis
ekonomikuri ganviTareba mtkicedaa dafuZnebuli. me vnaxe
Tqveni rkinisa da foladis korporacia da vestumre Tqvens
samecniero da samrewvelo kvleviT sabWos pretoriaSi. es ori
organizacia, TavianTi gansxvavebuli saqmianobiT gamo-
cocxlebis, ganviTarebis da mzardi ekonomikis simboloebia.
movinaxule didebuli qalaqi durbani, Tavisi SesaniSnavi
portiTa da iohanesburgis caTambjenebi, mdgari iq, sadac
samocdaaTi wlis win araferi iyo, gaSlili tropikis garda.
vnaxe, aseve, pretoriisa da blumfonTeinis koxta polisebi.
vimedovneb, rom am naSuadRevs vnaxav Tqveni meRvineobis
insdustriidan raimes, romliTac am dromde aRtacebuli var,
rogorc momxmarebeli. aravis SeuZlia im STabeWdilebis
daviwyeba, rac im materialuri progresiTaa gamowveuli, ro-
melsac miaRwieT. es yvelaferi Zalian mokle droSi ganxor-
cielda, rac Tqveni mosaxleobis unar-Cvevebis, energiisa da
iniciativis damadasturebeli sabuTia.
da Cven, britanelebi, vamayobT im wvliliT, rac am saucxoo
miRwevaSi SevitaneT. amis didi nawili britanuli kapitalis
mier dafinansda. Tanamegobrobis mTavrobebis mier Cata-
rebuli uaxlesi kvlevebis Tanaxmad, sazRvargareTuli in-

24
vesticiebis daaxloebiT ori mesamedi, romelic kavSirSi iqna
Semotanili, britanuli iyo. es xdeba ori amaRlvebeli omis
Semdeg, romelmac ukanaskneli groSebi gamosZala Cvens
ekonomikas.
magram es yvelaferi ar aris. Cven ganvaviTareT vaWroba
Tqvensa da Cvens Soris sayovelTaod cnobili xelSewyobiT da
axla Cveni ekonomika mniSvnelovnadaa dakavSirebuli Tqvens
ekonomikasTan. Tqven CvenTan SemogaqvT nedleuli da sakvebi,
ra Tqma unda, oqroc da Cven sanacvlod gibrunebT samom-
xmareblo saqonelsa Tu sawarmoo aRWurvilobas. Cven
vikavebT mesame adgils mTels Tqvens eqsportSi da Tqveni im-
portis mesameds vamaragebT. investiciisa da vaWrobis es
vrceli, tradiciuli struqtura SenarCunda miuxedavad
cvlilebebisa, rac orive Cvenganis ekonomikis ganviTarebam
gamoiwvia da es maZlevs udides motivacias, vTqva, rom orive
qveynis ekonomika swrafad viTardeba, jer kidev darCa ur-
TierTdamokidebuleba da erTi meoris mimarT daxmareba. Tu
Tqven matarebliT imogzaurebT qveynis garSemo, imogza-
urebT samxreT afrikis rkinigzaze, romelic Seqmnilia `is-
koris~ mier. Tu frenas aniWebT upiratesobas, SegiZliaT
waxvideT `briTiS viskontiT~. es namdvili partniorobaa,
cxovreba ori eris mdgrad urTierTkavSirSi. britanelebi
yovelTvis iyvnen Tqveni saukeTeso damkveTebi da rogorc ki
Tqveni industria ganviTardeba, gvjera, rom Tqveni sau-
keTeso partniorebic viqnebiT.
Tqvens sazRvrebSi mZlavri ekonomikis aSenebis garda,
Tqven, aseve, did rols TamaSobT msoflioSi, rogorc damo-
ukidebeli saxelmwifo.
rogorc jariskaci pirvel msoflio omSi da rogorc min-
istri uiston CerCilis mTavrobaSi meore msoflio omis
dros, vicnob im Rirebulebs, romelmac Seqmna Zala
gamarjvebis mosapoveblad. vici ufro metic, generalma
smuTma STaagona Tavisufleba britaneTs CvenTvis umZimes
saaTebSi. aseve, Tqven didi roli iTamaSeT koreis krizisSi.
amgvarad, omianobis Tu agresiis dros Tqvenma saxelmwifo
moRvaweebma da jariskacebma afrikis kontinenti sakuTari
gavlenis qveS moaqcies.

25
 rekonstruqciis periodSi, rodesac Tqveni premier-
ministri doqtori malani iyo, Tqveni resursebi SesaniSnavad
exmareboda sterlingis zonas gasamyarebaSi. axla, omis Sem-
dgomi periodis msoflioSi, mSvidobis aranakleb rTul sa-
kiTxebSi, Tqveni liderebi industriaSi, vaWrobasa da fi-
nansebSi wamyvan figurebad rCebian msoflios saqmian ur-
TierTobebSi. dRes Tqveni mzaoba, teqnikuri daxmareba Ses-
TavazoT afrikis naklebad ganviTarebul nawilebs uzar-
mazari daxmarebaa im qveynebisTvis, romlebic amas miiReben. es
siZlieris wyaroa Tqveni megobrebisTvis TanamegobrobaSi da
aseve, dasavlur samyaroSi. Tqven TanamSromlobT `saharas
samxreTiT afrikaSi teqnikuri ganviTarebis komisiasTan~ da
ukve gaerTianebuli erebis `afrikis ekonomikur komisi-
asTan~. Tqveni sagareo saqmeTa ministri gegmavs, gaisad ganas
estumros. yvelaferi es amtkicebs Tqvens, rogorc konti-
nentis industriulad yvelaze ganviTarebuli qveynis, rome-
lic dRevandeli afrikis ganviTarebaSi Tavis rols TamaSobs,
Seupovrobas.
batonebo, rogorc movelodi, respublikis garSemo mogza-
urobisas, yvelgan aRmovaCine, Tu ra xdeboda okupaciamde
afrikis kontinentis danarCen nawilebSi. gavacnobiere da
mxars vuWer Tqvens interesebs, RonisZiebebsa da mRelvarebas
maT Taobaze. jer kidev romis imperiis dacemidan moyolebu-
li, evropis politikuri cxovrebis erT-erTi mudmivi sazru-
navi damoukidebeli erebis gadaudebeli daxmareba iyo. sa-
ukuneebis Semdeg, isini ganviTardnen gansxvavebuli forme-
biT, gansxvavebuli mTavrobebiT, magram yvela maTgani
STagoneuli iyo Rrma nacionaluri grZnobebiT, romelic er-
is zrdasTan erTad izrdeboda.
meoce saukuneSi da gansakuTrebiT omis damTavrebis
droidan, procesebi, romlebmac safuZveli Cauyara evropuli
erebis Seqmnas, mTeli msoflios masStabiT gaxSirda. vixileT
erovnuli TviTSegnebis gamoRviZeba erebSi, romlebic sauku-
neebis ganmavlobaSi cxovrobdnen sxvisi Zalauflebis qveS.
TxuTmeti wlis win es moqmedebebi ganviTarda aziis gavliT.
iq bevrma qveyanam, gansxvavebuli rasiTa da civilizaciiT,
gamoTqva sakuTari moTxovna damoukidebel erovnul cxovre-

26
baze. dResdReobiT igive xdeba afrikaSi da yvelaze saocari
STabeWdileba afrikuli erebis TviTSegnebis siZlierem
moaxdina, rac londonis datovebidan erTi Tvis Semdeg gam-
iCnda. sxvadasxva adgilas es gansxvavebuli formebiT vlinde-
ba, magram es xdeba yvelgan. cvlilebebis qari uberavs mTels
kontinentze da miuxedavad imisa, mogvwons es Tu ara, erov-
nuli TviTSegnebis zrda politikuri faqtia da yvelam unda
miviRoT es, rogorc faqti da igi Cvenma erovnulma politikam
unda gaiTvaliswinos.
ra Tqma unda, Tqven ukeT gaigebT amas, vidre sxva. Tqven
xarT evropis saTave, nacionalizmis saxli da aq, afrikaSi,
Tqven CamoayalibeT sakuTari Tavi Tavisufal saxelmwifod.
axal saxelmwifod. eWvgareSea, Cveni drois istoriaSi Se-
xvalT, rogorc afrikuli nacionalizmis mowinaveebi. da
erovnuli TviTSegnebis es nakadi, romelic axla afrikaSi
izrdeba, faqtia, romlisTvisac Tqven, Cven da dasavluri
msoflios sxva erebi sabolood pasuxismgebelni varT. amis
mizezebi dasavluri civilizaciis miRwevebSi moipoveba.
farTovdeba codna adamianis saWiroebebis Taobaze, rogori-
caa, sursaTis warmoeba, komunikaciis mniSvnelobis zrda da
gafarToeba, da SesaZloa, yvela CamoTvlilze da sxva yvela-
ferze metadac, ganaTlebis gavrceleba.
rogorc ukve vTqvi, erovnuli TviTSegnebis zrda afrikaSi
politikuri faqtia da unda miviRoT is, rogorc aseTi. rac
niSnavs, rom, vfiqrob, sakmarisi dro gvqonda amisTvis. pa-
tiviscemiT mjera, rom Tu ar SegviZlia moviqceT ase, Sesa-
Zloa safrTxe SevuqmnaT meryev balanss aRmosavleTsa da da-
savleTs Soris, rasac msoflio mSvidoba emyareba.
msoflio dResdReobiT sam ZiriTad jgufad iyofa. pirve-
li, romelsac SegviZlia vuwodoT dasavluri Zalebi. Tqven,
samxreT afrikaSi da Cven, britaneTSi am jgufs mive-
kuTvnebiT, Cvens megobrebTan erTad da samyaros sxva na-
wilebis gaerTianebebi, amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da
evropaSi amas Tavisufali msoflio ewodeba. meore,
komunistebi _ ruseTi, maTi satelitebi evropaSi, CineTi,
romlis mosaxleobac saocrad gaizrdeba bolo aTi wlis man-
Zilze 800 milioni adamianiT. da Semdeg mesame, msoflios es

27
nawili, romlis xalxic dReisaTvis arc komunizmis da arc
Cveni-dasavleTis ideebs ar misdevs.
da am konteqstSi, upirveles yovlisas, moviazrebT azias
da Semdeg afrikas. rogorc vxedav, es aris mTavari gamowveva
meoce saukunis meore naxevarSi da es xalxi, romelic ide-
ologiurad arc afrikasa da arc azias ar ekuTvnis, momavalSi
aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTs Soris imeryevebs. CaiZirebian
isini komunistur banakSi? Tu iqneba SesaniSnavi eqsperimen-
tebi maT TviTmarTvelobaSi, romelic axla iqmneba aziasa da
afrikaSi, gansakuTrebiT respublikaSi, ganmtkicdeba misi
warmateba magaliTebiT, raTa balansi Seicvalos Tavisu-
flebis keTilganwyobiT, wesrigiTa da marTlmsajulebiT?
brZola aris erTiani, da es aris brZola kacobriobis
azrovnebisTvis.
rac axla mowmdeba, ufro metia, vidre Cveni samxedro Zala
an Cveni diplomatiuri da mmarTvelobiTi unar-Cvevebi. es
aris Cveni cxovrebis gza. Camouyalibebel erebs surT, jer
naxon, sanam airCeven.
ra SegviZlia vaCvenoT maT, raTa sworad airCion? batone-
bo, Tanamegobrobis TiToeulma damoukidebelma wevrma unda
upasuxos kiTxvebs maTTvis, es aris Cveni Tanamedrove respu-
blikis ZiriTadi principi, _ pativi unda vceT erTmaneTis
suverenitets Sida politikis sakiTxebSi. amave dros, unda
mivxvdeT, rom am patara msoflioSi, romelSic Cven
dReisaTvis vcxovrobT, erebis Sida politikam SesaZloa uar-
yofiTi gavlena iqonios qveynis gareT. ase rom, Cven SesaZloa
zogjer gvqondes cduneba, vuTxraT: „Sens saqmes mixede“.
dResdReobiT me ganvaviTareb am Zvel gamoTqmas da vityvi ase:
„Sens saqme mixede, magram ifiqre, aseve, rogor gavlenas
moaxdens igi Cemsaze~.
Tuki TqvenTan gulaxdili viqnebi, Cemo megobrebo. rasac
mTavrobebi da parlamentebi gaerTianebul samefoSi akeTeb-
dnen omidan moyolebuli indoeTis damoukideblobisTvis,
aseve, pakistanis, ceilonis, malaiziisa da ganisaTvis da ra-
sac isini gaakeTeben nigeriisTvis da sxva damoukideblobis
piras myofi qveynebisTvis, _ am yvelaferze Cven unda aviRoT
da viRebT kidec srul pasuxismgeblobas. amas vakeTebT im

28
rwmeniT, rom es aris erTaderTi gza, respublikisa da
Tavisufali msoflios myari safuZvlis momavali SevqmnaT.
yvelaferi es, ra Tqma unda, aris Rrma da axlo urTierTobebi
da araferi, rasac Cven vakeTebT am patara msoflioSi, ar
iqneba gakeTebuli saidumlod, da ukvalod ar gaqreba.
rasac dRes vakeTebT dasavleT, centralur da aR-
mosavleT afrikaSi, yvelasaTvis cnobili gaxda samxreT af-
rikaSi, miuxedavad maTi enisa, kanis ferisa Tu tradiciebisa.
neba momeciT, batonebo, dagarwmunoT, rom yvela maTgani aqaa
Tavmoyrili da yvela, vinc SeiZleba gvismendes, erTad
aRebuli samegobro, rom kargad vacnobierebT imas, rac Cven
movimoqmedeT da kidev vimoqmedebT pasuxismgeblobis sruli
SecnobiT, rac gvaqvs Tqvens da sruliad Cveni megobrebis
winaSe.
miuxedavad amisa, darwmunebuli var da Tqvenc dameTanx-
mebiT, rom Cveni pasuxismgeblobis farglebSi, TiToeulma
Cvenganma unda vakeToT is, rac sworad migvaCnia. rogorc
Cven, britanelebi, vfiqrobT, ufleba modis didi gamo-
cdilebidan, romelic moicavs ara mxolod warmatebas, aramed
marcxsac. vcdilobT, viswavloT, rogor gamoviyenoT orives
gakveTili. marTebulisa da mcdaris, aseve, samarTlianobis
Cveneuli gansja emyareba imave safuZvels, rasac Tqveni, _
qristianobasa da samarTlis uzenaesobas, rogorc Tavi-
sufali sazogadoebis safuZvels. gamocdileba, romelic mi-
viReT, xsnis, Tu ratomaa Cveni mizani im qveynebSi, sadac es
pasuxismgebloba aviReT, ara mxolod gavzardoT cxovrebis
materialuri standartebi, aramed SevqmnaT sazogadoeba, ro-
melic pativs scems individebis uflebebs, sazogadoeba, sa-
dac xalxs aqvs SesaZlebloba, srulad gamoiyenos TavianTi
SesaZleblobebi, aman, Cveni azriT, unda moicvas politikuri
Zalauflebisa da pasuxismgeblobis gaziareba, sazogadoeba,
sadac adamianis warmatebis sazomi aris individualuri
sargebeli, rogorc politikuri, ise ekonomikuri kuTxiT.
sabolood, qveynebSi, romlebic ramdenime rasiTaa da-
saxlebuli, Cveni mizania, vipovoT is saSualebebi, romelTa
mixedviTac sazogadoeba ufro komunikabeluri gaxdeba da
gansxvavebuli mxareebis gaerTianeba erTi-meores waaxa-

29
lisebs. es problema, batonebo, miemarTeba afrikas. magram es
evropuli umciresobebis problemacaa. magaliTad, mala-
iziaSi arian indoeli da evropeli umciresobebi. malaiz-
ielebi da Cinelebi warmoadgenen am populaciis did nawils
da Cinelebi arc ise cota arian malaizielebTan SedarebiT.
amas garda, am orma xalxma unda iswavlos erTad harmoniaSi
cxovreba, gaaerTianos Zala da malaizia, rogorc sax-
elmwifo, damokidebuli iqneba sxvadasxva kontribuciaze,
romelTa gakeTebac am or rasas SeuZlia.
am problemis mimarT britaneTis mTavrobis damoki-
debuleba naTlad iyo gamoxatuli sagareo mdivnis, batoni
selvin loidis sityvaSi, 1959 wlis 17 seqtembris gaeros gen-
eralur asambleaze, da man ganacxada Semdegi:
am teritoriebze, sadac erTmaneTis gverdigverd sxva-
dasxva rasa da tomi cxovrobs, Cveni mizani da amocanaa, da-
varwmunoT isini, rom xalxs SeuZlia, Tavisufleba da
usafrTxoeba hqondes da rom adamianebs, rogorc individebs,
SeuZliaT TavianTi wvlili Seitanon qveynebis progressa da
keTildReobaSi. Cven (britanelebi) uarvyofT erTi rasis me-
oris mimarT Tandayolili aRmatebis ideas. Cveni gza am Sem-
TxvevaSi ararasistulia. is gvTavazobs momavals, romelSic
afrikelebi, evropelebi, azielebi da wynari okeanis Tu sxva
xalxebi, romelTac es sakiTxi aRelvebT, TavianT srul
wvlils Seitanen im qveyanaSi, sadac isini cxovroben da is
grZnoba, rom sxva rasis warmomadgenlebi arian, axali eris
Camoyalibebis procesSi TandaTan gaqreba.
vifiqre, isurvebdiT Cemgan Riad da sruli gulwrfelobiT
mogesminaT is politika, razec britaneTi dgas. es SeiZleba
iyos Cveni mcdeloba, SevasruloT Cveni valdebuleba da aman
xandaxan SesaZloa TqvenTvis garkveuli sirTuleebi Seqmnas.
Tu damtkicdeba, rom es ase iqneba, Zalian vwuxvarT amis gamo.
magram viciT, Tqven romc ar SegvaxsenoT, rom Cven movaleo-
bebsa da valdebulebebs ar unda gaveqceT da arc Tqven, Tqven
unda SeasruloT Tqveni movaleoba, rogorc Tqven dainaxavT
mas. me kargad vuwyi im probelemebis gansakuTrebuli buneba,
romlis winaSec gaerTianeba dgas, vici, ra gansxvavebaa Tqvens
mdgomareobaSi da gansakuTrebiT afrikis teritoriaze, iq

30
Tqven gyavT evropuli warmomavlobis sami milioni adamiani,
es qveyana asobiT wlis manZilze maTi saxli iyo. maT sxva saxli
ar gaaCniaT. evropelebi, aseve, farTod arian gavrcelebulni
centralur da aRmosavleT afrikaSi. ra Tqma unda, Statebis
umravlesobaSi xalxi evropidanaa Camosuli, raTa imuSaos,
TavianTi unarebi gamoiyenon an SesaZloa raime saqmianobas
gauZRvnen da mere saxlSi dabrundnen, es TiTqmis sxva prob-
lemaa.
problema, romelsac Tqven da Tqveni parlamentis wevrebi
ebrZviT, ra Tqma unda, Zalian gansxvavebulia im proble-
mebisagan, romelTa winaSec homogenuri mosaxleobis par-
lamentarebi dganan. ra Tqma unda, vaanalizeb, rom Zalian
rTulia, amden problemas gaumklavde. es gansacvifrebelic
iqneba, Tu Tqveni valdebulebebis sakuTari interpretacia,
xandaxan Cveni saxelmwifo politikisa da mmarTvelobis
pirobebisagan gansxvavebul Sedegebs ar gamoiRebs.
rogorc Tanamegobrobis wevrebi, vfiqrob, yovelTvis
vcdilobdiT da albaT vaxerxebdiT kidec, samxreT afriki-
sTvis sruli daxmarebis gawevas da gamxnevebas, magram
vimedovneb, rom Cemi gulwrfeli naTqvamis mimarT cudad ar
ganewyobiT, radgan arsebobs Tqveni politikis garkveuli
aspeqtebi, romelic SeuZlebels xdis CvenTvis amis gakeTebas
Tavisufali adamianebis bedisweris Sesaxeb Cveni siRrmi-
seuli warmodgenebis gareSe, romlis aRsrulebasac
vcdilobT sakuTari teritoriebis farglebSi. upirvelesad,
mgonia, rom valdebulebi varT, rogorc megobrebi, ise dav-
dgeT erTad am problemis gadaWris gzaze, danaSaulisa Tu
pasuxismgeblobis ganawilebis Ziebis gareSe, miuxedavad
dRevandel msoflioSi, dRes, Cvens Soris arsebul Sexedule-
baTa sxvadasxvaobisa.
vTqvi, rom vsaubrobdi, rogorc megobari, me SesaZlebelia,
aseve, visaubro, rogorc naTesavma. Cven, Sotlandielebs,
SegviZlia, Tqveni xalxis orive nawilis, _ inglisurenovanTa
da afrikul enaze mosaubreTa, naTesaur kavSirebze gvqondes
pretenzia. es aris adgili, romelsac gansakuTrebulad
sWirdeba xazgasma qeifTaunSi, sadac Tqven SegiZliaT yo-
veldRe ixiloT udidesi Sotlandielis, endriu miureis,

31
qandakeba. misi Rvawli qeifis niderlandur protestantul
eklasiaSi, da misi vaJis saqmianoba Orrange Free State-Si, iyo af-
rikulenovan xalxTa Soris. Sotlandiisa da niderlandebis
eklesiebs Soris yovelTvis sakmaod mWidro kavSiri arsebob-
da. dorTis sinodi, aseve, umniSvnelovanes rols TamaSobs
TiToeulis istoriaSi. da Sotlandiis samRvdeloebis bevrma
aspirantma, gansakuTrebiT ki, XVII da XVIII saukuneebSi, Teo-
logiur swavlebas niderlandebSi mihyo xeli. vfiqrob, rom
Sotlandiam ukve gamoisyida danaSauli samxreT afrikis
winaSe. gansakuTrebulad vfiqrob Orange Free State-Si mcxovreb
Sotlandielebze. ara mxolod axalgazrda endriu miurei,
aseve roberTsonebi, freizerebi, makdonaldsebi, _ ojaxebi,
romlebic iwodeba Tavisufali Statebis klanebad, romlebic
amave Statis burJuebad iqcnen da romelTa STamomavlobac iq
am dromde Tavis rols TamaSobs.
Tumca, imis miuxedavad, rom me Tavs Sotlandielad
miviCnev, dedaCemi amerikeli iyo, SeerTebuli Statebi im Zi-
riTadi punqtebis Rirebul magaliTs sTavazobs, romelTa
gamokveTasac dRes vcdilob. amerikis mosaxleoba, iseve,
rogorc Tqveni, mravali gansxvavebuli eTnosis narevia.
mravali wlis manZilze, maTi umetesoba, vinc CrdiloeT
amerikaSi wavida, wavida im mizniT, rom gaqceoda im evropul
pirobebs, romlebic, maTi azriT, gausaZlisi iyo. wminda mame-
bi gaurbodnen devnas, rogorc puritanebi, rogorc merilen-
delebi romis kaTolikuri eklesiidan devnas. XIX saukunis
ganmavlobaSi, migrantTa nakadi mozRvavda atlantis gavliT
Zveli msofliodan axlisken im siRaribisgan Tavis da-
saRwevad, rac maT samSobloSi sufevda. da axla, XX saukuneSi,
SeerTebulma Statebma evropuli politikuri wnexis
msxverplT TavSesafari SesTavaza.
da amgvarad, amerikis macxovrebelTa umetesobisTvis
amerika iyo TavSesafari, an adgili, sadac xalxi wavida, raTa
evropisgan Tavi daeRwiaT. maSasadame, gasakviri araa, rom
mravali wlis manZilze, amerikeli politikuri moRvaweebis
mTavari mizani, rasac amerikuli sazogadoebac xels uwyobda,
sakuTari Tavis evropisgan izolireba iyo. maTi arsebiTi
Zala, da maTTvisve xelmisawvdomi didi resursebi, mim-

32
zidvelad da praqtikulad gamoiyureboda. miuxedavad amisa,
Cemi cxovrebis manZilze orjer, or udides omSi am or-
mocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi, maT ar SeswevdaT Zala, gverdiT
gamdgariyvnen. maT mklavebSi sasicocxlo Zala orjer ukui-
qca atlantis okeanis gavliT, raTa sisxli daeRvaraT im
evropul brZolebSi, romelTaganac, maTi winaprebis azriT,
SesaZlebeli iyo emigraciis gziT axal samyaroSi gaqceva; da
roca meore msoflio omi dasrulda, isini iZulebulni iyvnen,
gaecnobierebinaT, rom dRevandel patara msoflioSi,
izolacionizmi moZvelebulia da metic, es gza usafrTxoebas
srulad ver uzrunvelyofs.
faqtia, rom am Tanamedrove msoflioSi, arcerT qveyanas,
uZlieressac ki, ar Seswevs Zala, iarsebos damoukideblad,
mxolod da mxolod sakuTari TavisTvis. daaxloebiT ori
aTasi wlis win, im dros, roca SegeZloT geTqvaT, rom mTeli
civilizebuli samyaro romis imperiis sazRvrebisgan Sedge-
boda, wminda pavlem gaacxada erT-erTi yvelaze didi isto-
riuli simarTle _ Cven, yvela, erTmaneTis nawilebi varT. XX
saukunis ganmavlobaSi, am maradiulma simarTlem axali da
arsebuli mniSvneloba moirgo. individisTvis yoveelTvis
SeuZlebeli iyo misi Tanamoazreebisagan izolirebul gare-
moSi arseboba, saxlSi, tomSi, sofelSi an qalaqSi. dRes-
dReobiT saxelmwifoebisTvis SeuZlebelia erTmaneTisgan
izolaciaSi cxovreba. rac doqtorma jon donma Tqva indi-
videbze samasi wlis win, dResac ergeba Cems, Tqvens, msoflios
yvela qveyanas.
`nebismieri adamianis sikvdili mamcrobs me, vinaidan kaco-
briobis nawili var.
nu ikiTxav, visTvis reken zarebi, radgan isini SenTvisac
reken.~
yvela saxelmwifo axla erTmaneTmaneTzea damokidebuli
da es, metwilad, dasavlur samyaroSia miRebuli. vimedovneb,
rom Sesabamisi kursis pirobebSi, komunisturi qveynebic
gaiziareben am paToss. es, rasakvirvelia, im fiqriTaa
ganpirobebuli, rom erTi wlis win, daaxloebiT am dros,
gadavwyvite, moskovs vwveodi. ruseTi iyo izolacionisti da
dRemde am tendencias misdevs, magram faqti faqtad rCeba _

33
Cven unda vicxovroT ruseTTan erTad erT samyaroSi da
ufro metic, unda gamovnaxoT gza amis gansaxorcieleblad.
mjera, rom iniciativas, romelic SarSan miviReT, garkveuli
warmateba hqonda, Tumca, SesaZloa, seriozuli sirTuleebi
daxvdes win. miuxedavad amisa, arafers vfiqrob, magram, Sesa-
Zloa, dadebiTi Sedegi miviRoT individTa Soris yovlis-
momcveli urTierTobiT, urTierTobiT saqmianobaSi da vi-
zitorTa gacvliT.
me, ra Tqma unda, adamianebs Soris vaWrobis uaryofis ar
mjera imitom, rom Tqven, SesaZloa, maTi Sida saqmianobis or-
ganizebis wesi ar mogewonoT. boikoti arafers mogitanT da
Tu SeiZleba, damatebiT vityvi, Tu rogor vaprotesteb yovel
mcdelobas britaneTSi, romelic mimarTulia momxmarebelTa
mier samxreT afrikuli saqonlis mimarT boikotis mowyo-
bisken. aqamde, rogorc CemTvisaa cnobili, arasdros yofila
msgavsi praqtika, rom gaerTianebuli samefos romelime mTav-
robas mxari daeWira am tipis kampaniisTvis da zemoqmedeba
moexdina Tanamegobrobis sxva qveynis saSinao politikaze. me
da Cemi kolegebi gaerTianebul samefoSi, ganvicdiT Semo-
Tavazebul boikots da pativs vcemT mas, rogorc arasasur-
vels, TvalTaxedvis nebismieri arealidan. mas seriozuli
gavlenis moxdena SeuZlia Tanamegobrobis urTierTobebsa da
saqmianobaze. igi ufro metad sxvebs daazaralebs maT
nacvlad, visTvisac igia gankuTvnili.
vTqvi, rom vsaubrobdi erTa Soris arsebul urTierT-
kavSirze. Tanamegobrobis wevrebi gansakuTrebuli siZli-
eriT grZnoben am urTierTkavSiris Rirebulebas. isini
iseTive damoukideblebi arian, rogorc nebismieri sax-
elmwifo am dapataravebul msoflioSi, magram isini erTad
muSaobas nebayoflobiT Tanxmdebian. acnobiereben, rom Sesa-
Zloa iyos da unda iyos kidec gansxvavebebi maT dawese-
bulebebSi, maTi politikis Sida kursSi, wevroba ar gulisx-
mobs survils, Seafaso es sakiTxebi, an daxSuli erTferov-
nebis mowonebis saWiroebas. vfiqrob, kiTxvis niSnis qveS
arasdros yofila Tanamegobrobis romelime myari konstitu-
ciis daxmareba.

34
 albaT, es imitomaa, rom Cven gaerTianebul samefoSi
gvegona, TiTqos yvelaferi rigze iyo dawerili konstituci-
is gareSec ramdenime aseuli wlis manZilze da es sakiTxebi
axlac metad gavfiqrebs. magram es asea Tu ara, naTelia, rom
myari sakonstitucio CarCoebi TanamegobrobisTvis ar
imuSavebs, es ase ar iqneba. daZabulobiTa da zegavleniT, ro-
melic istoriis am periodSi gardauvalia, SesaZloa, naprali
gaCndes jer amgvar mdgrad konstituciaSi, xolo Semdgom
mTeli struqtura, Cemi mosazrebiT, SesaZloa, daingres. Cveni
Tanamegobrobis instituciebis moqniloba, _ es aris is, rac
Zalas iZleva.
batono prezidento, batono spikero, pativcemulo min-
istrebo, qalbatonebo da batonebo, vSiSob, didi dro wagar-
TviT. mivesalmebi SesaZleblobas, visaubro am araCve-
ulebrivi auditoriis winaSe, rac, Tavis mxriv, did pasux-
ismgeblobasTanaa dakavSirebuli. sabolood, SemiZlia es
vTqva? me gulwrfelad gesaubreT Cvens or qveyanas Soris
arsebul sirTuleebze, Cvens or qveyanas Soris arsebul gan-
sxvavebebze, TavianTi midgomiT isini unda gaumklavdnen erT-
erT udides, mudmiv problemas, sakuTari pasuxismgeblobis
farglebSi. es gansxvavebebi kargadaa cnobili. isini saxalxo
codnis sakiTxebia, sworedac saxalxo azrTa sxvadasxvaobis
gamo. Cems TavTan marTali ar viqnebodi, Tu sazogadoebas
Tavs movaCvenebdi imgvarad, TiTqos CemTvis isini ar
arsebobs. magram am sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli gansxvavebebi, an
erTi sakiTxi, iseTive mniSnelovani, rogoric isaa, ar
saWiroebs da ar SeuZlia, gaauaresos Cveni SesaZlebloba,
erTmaneTTan viTanamSromloT im sakiTxebze, romlebic bevri
praqtikuli interesis gaTvaliswinebiT, CvenTvis saerToa.
Tanamegobrobis damoukidebeli wevrebi yovelTvis ar eTanx-
mebian erTmaneTs yovel sakiTxze, rac sulac ar warmoadgens
maTi gaerTianebis pirobas. Tumca, sapirispirod, Cveni
Tanamegobrobis Zala metwilad damokidebulia im faqtze,
rom es aris Tavisufali gaerTianeba Tavisufali da damouki-
debeli saxelmwifoebiT, TiToeuli cal-calke pasuxismgebe-
lia sakuTar saqmeebze, magram TanamSromlobs saerTo
miznebis miRwevisTvis msoflioSi. garda amisa, es gansxvave-

35
bebi SesaZloa iyos droebiTi. droTa ganmavlobaSi, isini mog-
varebadia. Cveni misiaa, isini am perspeqtiviT davinaxoT.
nebismier SemTxvevaSi, me mwams _ TiToeuli amomrCeveli
TavazianobiTa da keTilganwyobiT pasuxismgebelia saqmian
urTierTobebze Tqvens qveyanaSi da Cems qveyanaSi, Cven, didi
istoriuli xanis swraf, gardamaval fantomebs, ar gvaqvs
ufleba, gverdi avuaroT am stadiaze megobrobas, romelic
Cven qveynebs Soris arsebobs, es istoriis memkvidreobaa. Cven
amas marto ar unda gavumklavdeT. cnobili frazis moSve-
liebiT _ is ekuTvnis maT, vinc cxovrobs, is ekuTvnis maT,
vinc ukve gardacvlilia da maT, vinc jer ar dabadebula. Cven
unda davdgeT mravalferovnebis pirispir, magram mogveciT
saSualeba, davinaxoT momavlis mcire perspeqtiva mainc.
vimedovneb _ namdvilad, me darwmunebuli var _ momaval or-
mocdaaT weliwadSi SegveZleba Tvali gadavavloT im gan-
sxvavebebs, romlebic arsebobs Cven Soris axla, rogorc is-
toriuli interesis martivi sakiTxebi, rameTu dro gadis,
erTi Taoba meores uTmobs asparezs, kacobriobis problemebi
icvleba da xundeba. mogveciT saSualeba, gvaxsovdes es
WeSmaritebebi, maSasadame, mogveciT saSualeba, gavbedoT aSe-
neba da ara dangreva, da aseve, mogveciT saSualeba, gvaxsov-
des, TqvenTvis nacnobi sityvebiT rom vTqva: sisuste modis
dayofidan, siZliere – erTobidan.

36
 mzad var, movkvde

nelson mandela

Tornike gerlianis Targmani

Cemo batono, me var upirvelesi damnaSave.

me miviRe bakalavris xarisxi da wlebis ganmavlobaSi
veweodi saadvokato saqmianobas iohanesburgSi, b-n oliver
tambosTan erTad, romelic SeTqmulebis Tanamonawilea am
saqmeSi. misjili maqvs xuTwliani patimroba, qveynis ne-
barTvis gareSe datovebisa da xalxis gaficvis waqezebisTvis
1961 wlis maisSi.
me imTaviTve vaRiareb, rom viyavi erT-erTi adamiani, ro-
melmac xeli Seuwyo `eris Subis~ Camoyalibebas da viTamaSe
mniSvnelovani roli mis saqmianobaSi, sanam damakavebdnen 1962
wlis agvistoSi. gancxadebaSi, romlis gakeTebasac vapireb, me
gamovasworeb im mcdar STabeWdilebas, romelic braldebis
mowmeebis mxridan Seiqmna; sxva sakiTxebTan erTad, da-
vamtkiceb, rom Cvenebis saxiT warmodgenili konkretuli
moqmedebebi ar ganxorcielebula da arc SeiZleboda ganxor-
cielebuliyo `eris Subis~ mier. me, aseve, visaubreb `afrikis
nacionalur kongresTan kavSirsa~ da im rolze, romelic
orive organizaciis mier ganxorcielebul qmedebebSi mimiZR-
vis. me ganvixilav komunisturi partiis mier naTamaSeb rols.
aRniSnuli sakiTxebis saTanadod axsnisaTvis, momiwevs,
ganvmarto, Tu ra miznis gansaxorcieleblad Seiqmna `eris
Subi~; ra meTodebs mimarTavda igi aRniSnuli miznebis
misaRwevad da ratom iqna arCeuli es meTodebi. aseve, momiwevs
ganvmarto, Tu rogor CaverTe am organizaciebis saqmiano-
baSi.
dasawyiss, msurs vTqva, rom braldebis mxaris mosazreba,
romlis mixedviTac, samxreT afrikaSi arsebuli dapirispire-
ba ucxoelebis an komunistebis mieraa STagonebuli, _
sruliad mcdaria. yvelaferi rac gavakeTe _ individualu-
rad an rogorc Cemi xalxis liderma, gamowveuli iyo samxreT
afrikaSi Cemi gamocdilebiTa da mosazrebiT afrikuli war-

37
sulis Sesaxeb da ara imiT, Tu ra SeiZleboda eTqva romelime
ucxoels.
axalgazrdobaSi, TranskeiSi yofnisas, Cemi ufrosi naTe-
savebisgan vismendi ambebs Zveli droze. maT Soris, isini
miyvebodnen istoriebs omebze, romlebSic Cveni winaprebi
samSoblos dasacavad ibrZodnen. dinganes da bambaTas,
hinTsas da maqanas, sqangatis da dalasailis, maSuSus da se-
qukunis saxelebi moxseniebuli iyo, rogorc mTeli afrikeli
eris siamaye. mas Semdeg mqonda imedi, rom cxovreba momcemda
Cemi xalxis samsaxurSi yofnisa da maTi TavisuflebisTvis
brZolaSi Cemi mokrZalebuli wvlilis Setanis SesaZle-
blobas. esaa is, ramac momca motivacia im yvelafris gasa-
keTeblad, risTvisac am saqmeSi medeba brali.
amis TqmasTan erTad, me dauyovnebliv unda gavce pasuxi
sabotaJis Taobaze arsebul SekiTxvebs. am droisTvis, sasa-
marTlosTvis naTqvami zogierTi ram simarTlea, zogierTi ki
_ sicrue. Tumca me ar uarvyof sabotaJis dagegmvas. me ar
damigegmavs is TavqarianobiT an Zaladobisadmi raime siyvar-
ulis gamo. es iyo mSvidi da jansaRi gonebiT gansjili poli-
tikuri situaciis Sedegi, romelic Camoyalibda mravali wlis
ganmavlobaSi TeTrkaniani mosaxleobis mxridan Cemi xalxis
mimarT ganxorcielebuli tiraniis, eqspluataciisa da
Cagvris safuZvelze.
me uarvyof, rom `eris Subi~ pasuxismgebeli iyo im
moqmedebebze, romlebic ganxorcielda organizaciis poli-
tikis miRma da romelic Cven winaaRmdeg wardgenil sa-
braldebo oqmSia asaxuli. me ar vici, ra safuZveli hqonda am
moqmedebebs an vin Caidina, magram imis naTlad warmosaCenad,
rom isini ar SeiZleba ganixilebodnen an miekuTvnebodnen
`eris Subs~, msurs, mokled ganvixilo `eris Subis~ miznebi da
politika.
ukve aRvniSne, rom viyavi erT-erTi adamiani, vinc `eris
Subi~ Camoayaliba. me da organizaciis sxva Semqmnelebma es
ori mizezis gamo gavakeTeT. pirveli, gvjeroda, rom xelisu-
flebis politikidan gamomdinare, Zaladoba afrikeli xalxis
mxridan gardauvali gaxda da Tu Zalauflebis mqone pirebs
eqnebodaT SesaZlebloba, ekontrolebinaT xalxis grZnobebi,

38
masobrivad gavrceldeboda terorizmi, romelic gamoiwvevda
simwrisa da mtrobis iseT gaZlierebas qveyanaSi arsebul
sxvadasxva rasas Soris, romlis gamowveva omsac ki ar Seu-
Zlia.
meore, Cven vgrZnobdiT, rom TeTrkanianebis batonobis
principis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi warmatebis misaRwevad ar iar-
sebebda sxva gza, garda sabotaJisa. kanonmdeblobam dabloka
am principis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli yvela kanonieri meTodi
da Cven iseT mdgomareobaSi aRmovCndiT, roca unda davTanx-
mebodiT mudmivi daqvemdebarebis mdgomareobas an wina-
aRmdegoba gagvewia xelisuflebisTvis. Cven avirCieT wina-
aRmdegobis gza. Tavdapirvelad Cven mivmarTavdiT kanonis
darRvevis araZaladobriv meTodebs; rodesac es formebi Cven
sawinaaRmdegod iqna dakanonebuli da rodesac xelisuflebam
Zalismieri gziT gadawyvita Tavisi politikis winaaRmdeg
mimarTuli protestis CaxSoba, mxolod mas Semdeg gadavwy-
viteT ZaladobisTvis ZaladobiTve gvepasuxa. magram Za-
ladobis is forma, romelic Cven avirCieT, terorizmi ar iyo.
Cven, vinc `eris Subi~ CamovayalibeT, viyaviT afrikis nacion-
aluri kongresis wevrebi da zurgs gvimagrebda ara-
Zaladobriobisa da molaparakebebis Sesaxeb `ank~-is tradi-
ciuli midgoma, rogorc politikuri dapirispirebebis gada-
Wris gza. gvjeroda, rom samxreT afrika ekuTvnoda iq
mcxovreb yvela xalxs da ara erT romelime jgufs, iqnebod-
nen es Savkanianebi Tu TeTrkanianebi. Cven ar gvsurda rasebs
Soris omi da bolo wuTamde vcdilobdiT, mis Tavidan ac-
ilebas. Tu sasamarTlos amaSi eWvi epareba, me aRvwer im
samoqmedo meTodebs, romlebic `eris Subma~ airCia da naTeli
gaxdeba, rom organizaciis mTeli istoria adasturebs imas,
rac vTqvi da rasac SemdgomSi vityvi. amisaTvis, msurs,
zogierTi ram vTqva `afrikis nacionalur kongresze~.
`afrikis nacionaluri kongresi~ Camoyalibda 1912 wels,
raTa daecva afrikeli xalxis uflebebi, romlebic `samxreT
afrikis aqtiT~ seriozulad Seviwrovda da romlebic
Semdgom kidev Seilaxa `adgilobrivi miwis aqtiT~. ocdaCvid-
meti wlis ganmavlobaSi _ maSasadame 1949 wlamde _ igi
mtkiced da erTgulad misdevda brZolis sakonstitucio

39
gzas. is dRis wesrigSi ayenebda moTxovnebsa da rezoluciebs;
gzavnida delegaciebs xelisuflebasTan im rwmeniT, rom af-
rikuli wuxili SeiZleboda mSvidobiani molaparakebebiT
mogvarebuliyo da rom afrikelebs SeeZloT, TandaTanobiT
mieRwiaT sruli politikuri uflebebisaTvis. magram xeli-
suflebis TeTrkaniani warmomadgenlebi rCebodnen umoZ-
raod, xolo afrikelTa uflebebi, gazrdis nacvlad, kidev
ufro Semcirda. Cems lider, meTaur luTulisaTvis
gagzavnil werilSi, romelic `ank~-is prezidenti gaxda da
mogvianebiT mSvidobis dargSi nobelis premiiT dajildovda,
me vwer: `vin uaryofs, rom Cemi cxovrebis ocdaaTi weli gavi-
da daketili karis amao, mSvid, zomier da mokrZalebul kakun-
Si? gasuli ocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi dagrovda yvelaze
didi raodenobis kanonebi, romlebic zRudavda Cvens
uflebebsa da progress da dRes Cven im fazas mivaRwieT, sa-
dac TiTqmis saerTod aRar gvaqvs uflebebi~.
1949 wlis Semdegac ki, `ank~ mticed cdilobda Zaladobis
Tavidan acilebas. Tumca, amave dros, protestis is mkacrad
konstituciuri meTodebi Seicvala, romlebic warsulSi gam-
oiyeneboda. cvlileba gamoixata gadawyvetilebaSi, romelic
gulisxmobda aparteidis kanonmdeblobis gaprotestebas
mSvidobiani, magram ukanono demonstraciebiT. am politikis
Tanaxmad, `ank~-ma daumorCileblobis kampania wamoiwyo, ro-
melSic me pasuxismgebeli viyavi moxaliseebze. es kampania
efuZneboda pasiuri winaaRmdegobis principebs. 8 500 adami-
anze metma ugulebelyo aparteidis kanonebi da cixeSi wavida.
amis miuxedavad, kampaniis ganmavlobaSi ar yofila Zaladobis
erTi magaliTic ki. me da Cemi cxrameti kolega gagvasa-
marTles `komunizmis akrZalvis Sesaxeb~ kanonis safuZvelze,
miuxedavad imisa, rom Cvens kampanias araferi hqonda saerTo
komunizmTan, Tumca CvenTvis msjavris dadeba SeCerda um-
Tavresad imitom, rom mosamarTlem Cven qmedebebSi gamo-
arkvia wesrigi da Zaladobis uaryofa.
es iyo dro, rodesac Camoyalibda `ank~-is moxaliseebis
mimarTuleba da pirvelad iqna gamoyenebuli sityva `ama-
delakufa~; es iyo dro, rodesac moxaliseebs sTxoves, dae-
doT piroba, rom mihyvebodnen konkretul principebs. moxa-

40
liseebis da maTi pirobis Sesaxeb mtkicebulebebi asaxulia am
saqmeSi, Tumca igi konteqstidan sruliad amoglejilia. mox-
aliseebi ar arian da arc iyvnen SavkanianTa armiis meomrebi,
romlebmac piroba dades, rom awarmoebdnen samoqalaqo oms
TeTrkanianebis winaaRmdeg. isini iyvnen da arian Tavga-
dadebuli mSromelebi, romlebic mzad iyvnen, mihyolodnen
`ank~-is mier wamowyebul kampaniebs da gaevrcelebinaT
proklamaciebi, organizeba gaewiaT gaficvebisTvis an
gaekeTebinaT nebismieri ram, rasac konkretuli kampania moi-
Txovda. maT ewodebaT moxaliseebi imitom, rom isini mzad ar-
ian dapatimrebisa da im fizikuri dasjisaTvis, romelic
msgavsi qmedebebisTvis legislaturis mieraa dawesebuli.
daumorCileblobis kampaniis dros miiRes `sazoga-
doebrivi usafrTxoebis aqti~ da `sisxlis samarTlis kanonis~
Sesworebebi. am sakanonmdeblo aqtebiT gamkacrda sasjelebi
kanonsawinaaRmdego protestis formebisaTvis. amis miuxeda-
vad, protesti grZeldeboda da `ank~ erTgulad misdevda Za-
ladobaze uaris Tqmis politikas.
1956 wels, kongresis aliansis 156 wevri, Cemi CaTvliT, sax-
elmwifo RalatisTvis da `komunizmis akrZalvis Sesaxeb~
kanonis safuZvelze dagvapatimres. saxelmwifom `ank~-is ara-
Zaladobrivi politika kiTxvis niSnis qveS daayena, Tumca
xuTi wlis Semdeg, roca sasamarTlom ganaCeni gamoitana, aR-
moCnda, rom `ank~-s Zaladobis politika ar gaaCnda. Cven
gavmarTldiT yvela garemoebaSi, maT Soris, im nawilSic,
romlis mixedviTac, `ank~ cdilobda, Seeqmna komunisturi
saxelmwifo arsebuli reJimis nacvlad. xelisufleba yovel-
Tvis cdilobda, cili daewama da maTi oponentebisTvis komu-
nistis iarliyi miewebebina. msgavsi gancxadebebi am saqmeSic
meordeba, magram me vaCveneb, rom `ank~ ar aris da arc
arasdros yofila komunisturi organizacia.
1960 wels SarpvilSi moxda srola, romelic gaxda sa-
fuZveli, rom saxelmwifos mier saswrafod gavrcelebul
mimarTvasa da deklaraciaSi `ank~ gamocxadebuliyo, rogorc
arakanonieri organizacia. gulmodgine msjelobis Semdeg, me
da Cemma kolegebma gadavwyviteT, am brZanebas ar davmor-
CilebodiT. afrikeli xalxi ar iyo xelisuflebis wevri da ar

41
iRebda kanonebs, romlebiTac isini imarTebodnen. Cven
gvjeroda adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciaSi as-
axuli sityvebis _ `saxelmwifo Zalauflebis wyaro xalxis
nebaa~ da CvenTvis akrZalvaze Tanxmoba iyo igive, rac Tanx-
moba afrikeli xalxis samudamo siCumeze. `ank~-ma uari Tqva
daSlaze da amis nacvlad iatakqveS gadainacvla. gvjeroda,
rom am organizaciis SenarCuneba, romelic ormocdaaTi wlis
ganmavlobaSi mZime Sromis Sedegad yalibdeboda, Cveni mo-
valeoba iyo. eWvi ar mepareba, rom TeTrkanianebis arc erTi
Tavmoyvare politikuri organizacia ar daiSleboda, Tu sax-
elmwifos mier igi arakanonierad gamocxaddeboda, sadac mas
arafris Tqmis ufleba eqneboda.
Cemo batono, axla msurs, ganvixilo is Cveneba, romelic am
saqmeSi realur viTarebas amaxinjebs. zogierT CvenebaSi `geg-
ma M~ absoluturad damaxinjda. is sxva araferi iyo, garda
1953 wels dagegmili organizebis meTodisa da Semdeg, sxva-
dasxva safexuris amoqmedeba warmatebis misaRwevad. 1960 wlis
Semdeg, axali meTodebis mofiqreba gaxda saWiro, magaliTad,
SedarebiT patara komitetebze dayrdnoba. `gegma M~, aseve,
moixsenies saxelmwifo Ralatis saqmis CvenebaSi, magram mas
saerTo araferi aqvs sabotaJTan an `eris SubTan~ da `eris
Subs~ arasdros gamouyenebia. dabneuloba, romelic konkre-
tulad aRmosavleT kaplandeli mowmeebis mxridan Seiqmna,
vfiqrob, gamowveulia sityvis Tu frazis _ `umaRlesi mTa-
varsardloba~ _ gamoyenebiT. es termini gamoigones port-
elisabedSi sagangebo mdgomareobis dros, rodesac `ank~-is
liderebis umravlesoba dapatimrebuli iyo, xolo sapatimro
komitets, romelic moTxovnebs ayenebda, umaRles mTavar-
sardlobebs eZaxdnen. sagangebo mdgomareobis Semdeg, es ter-
mini SenarCunda da im adgilas arsebuli konkretuli komi-
tetebis aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneboda. amasTan, Cven gvyavda
mowmeebi, romlebic saubrobdnen mdinare iordanes dasavleT
napiris umaRles mTavarsardlobaze da port-elisabedis
umaRles mTavarsardlobaze. es e.w. `umaRlesi mTavar-
sardlobebi~ gamoiyeneboda `eris Subis~ daarsebamde da ara-
nairad iyo dakavSirebuli sabotaJTan. faqtobrivad da me
amas dauyovnebliv avxsni, `eris Subi~, rogorc organizacia,

42
`ank~-isgan maqsimalurad Sors da gancalkevebiT arsebobda.
Cemo batono, swored es xsnis im garemoebas, Tu ratom ver
gaiges veraferi sabotaJis Sesaxeb iseTma pirebma, rogorebic
beneT maSiane da rejinald ndubea, im Sexvedraze, romelsac
Tavad eswrebodnen. magram, rogorc aRiniSna, frazis _
`umaRlesi mTavarsardloba~ _ gamoyenebam, garkveuli azrTa
sxvadasxvaoba gamoiwvia `ank~-is wreebSi, aRmosavleT provin-
ciaSi.
me iq 1961 wels vimogzaure, radgan arsebobda eWvi, rom es
e.w. umaRlesi mTavarsardlobebi iyenebdnen Zaladobas, raTa
Tavs moexviaT axali gegma. me aRniSnulis damadasturebeli
samxili ver vipove, magram verc uarvyavi, amasTan, daJinebiT
moviTxovdi, termini `umaRlesi mTavarsardloba~ ar unda
gamoyenebuliyo `ank~-is romelime komitetis aRsaniSnavad.
Cemi stumroba da iq mimdinare molaparakebebi aRwera zizi
Jikelanma da veTanxmebi mis Cvenebas im etapamde, sanamde igi
me mexeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom saqmisadmi gansakuTrebuli
mniSvneloba ar unda hqondes, uarvyof, rom Sexvedraze
wamiyvana taqsis mZRolma jon Cinganem da aseve, uarvyof, rom
masTan erTad wavedi zRvaze.
Cemo batono, axla msurs, uSualo mizezebze visaubro. 1960
wels, xelisuflebis iniciativiT ACatarda referendumi, ro-
melic mimarTuli iyo respublikuri mmarTvelobis formis
dafuZnebisken. afrikelebs, romlebic samxreT afrikis mo-
saxleobis daaxloebiT 70 procents Seadgendnen, ar hqondaT
xmis micemis ufleba da arc ki gauTvaliswinebiaT maTi azri
dagegmili sakonstitucio cvlilebebis Taobaze. TiToeuli
Cvengani SiSiT viyaviT Sepyrobilni Cveni momavlis mimarT,
mosalodneli TeTri respublikis gamo da miviReT rezolu-
cia, raTa Catarebuliyo yovlismomcveli afrikuli konfer-
encia nacionaluri konvenciis misaRebad da masobrivi demon-
straciebis organizebisTvis arasasurveli respublikis da-
fuZnebis wina dRes, Tu xelisufleba konvencias ar daeTanx-
meboda. konferencias eswrebodnen sxvadasxva politikuri
Sexedulebis mqone afrikelebi. me viyavi konferenciis sapa-
tio mdivani da aRebuli mqonda valdebuleba, vyofiliyavi
pasuxismgebeli erovnuli Sinayudobis organizebaze, rom-

43
liskenac Semdeg mouwodes, respublikis deklaraciasTan
SesabamisobisTvis. ramdenadac afrikelebis nebismieri ga-
ficva arakanonieria, adamianma, romelic msgavs gaficvas
ukeTebs organizebas, Tavidan unda aicilos dapatimreba. me
amirCies aseT adamianad da Sesabamisad, momiwia Cemi saxlis,
ojaxisa da saqmianobis mitoveba da damalva dapatimrebis
Tavidan asacileblad. Sinayudoba, `ank~-is politikis Sesabam-
isad, unda yofiliyo mSvidobiani protestis forma. organi-
zatorebsa da wevrebs miecaT saguldagulo instruqciebi,
raTa Tavidan aecilebinaT nebismieri saxis Zaladoba.
xelisuflebis pasuxi iyo axali da ufro mkacri kanonebis
wardgena, samxedro Zalebis mobilizeba da `sarkinozebis~*,
samxedro ekipaJebisa da jariskacebis gagzavna gareubnebSi,
Zalis masobrivi demonstrirebiT xalxis dasaSineblad. es iyo
imis indikatori, rom xelisuflebas gadawyvetili hqonda
mxolod Zalismieri meTodebiT moqmedeba, da es gad-
awyvetileba iyo sakvanZo momenti `eris Subisken~ mimaval
gzaze.
aqedan zogierTi ram, SesaZloa, am procesTan ar-
arelevanturi Candes. faqtobrivad, me mjera, rom arcerTi
maTgania ararelevanturi, radgan, vimedovneb, es sasa-
marTlos miscems `eris Subis~ damokidebulebis Sefasebis
SesaZleblobas, romelic, sabolood, erovnul gamaTavisu-
flebeli moZraobiT dainteresebulma sxadasxva adamianma da
organizaciam aiTvisa. 1962 wels, rodesac damapatimres,
wamyvani idea iyo, rom sicocxlis dakargva Tavidan unda
yofiliyo acilebuli. axla vici, rom es 1963 welsac jer
kidev ase iyo.
Tumca aucileblad unda davubrunde 1961 wlis ivniss,
Cemo batono. ra unda gagvekeTebina Cven, Cveni xalxis lid-
erebs? unda SevguebodiT Zalis demonstrirebasa da nagu-
lisxmev muqaras samomavlo moqmedebebis winaaRmdeg, Tu unda
gvebrZola da Tu ki, rogor?
Cven eWvi ar gvepareboda, rom brZola unda gagvegrZe-
lebina. nebismieri sxva ram damamcirebeli kapitulacia iqne-

*
Saracens - sabrZolo manqanis nairsaxeoba.

44
boda. Cemo batono, Cveni problema iyo ara is, gvebrZola Tu
ara, aramed is, Tu rogor gagvegrZelebina brZola. Cven, `ank~-
is wevrebi, yovelTvis vemxrobodiT ararasistul demokrati-
as da Tavs varidebdiT nebismier moqmedebas, romelsac
SeeZlo biZgi mieca rasebis erTmaneTisgan kidev ufro gan-
calkevebisTvis, vidre ukve iyvnen. magram utyuari faqti iyo
is, rom ormocdaaTwlianma araZaladobriobam afrikel xalxs
sxva araferi moutana, garda ufro da ufro represiuli ka-
nonmdeblobisa da ufro metad Semcirebuli uflebebisa. Ses-
aZloa, sasamarTlosTvis gasagebad martivi ar iyos, Tumca
faqtia, rom didi xnis ganmavlobaSi xalxi saubrobda Za-
ladobaze _ dReze, rodesac isini ibrZolebdnen TeTr-
kanianebTan da daibrunebdnen sakuTar qveyanas, da Cven, `ank~-
is liderebi, miuxedavad amisa, yovelTvis varwmunebdiT maT,
rom Tavi aeridebinaT ZaladobisTvis da mSvidobiani
meTodebisTvis miemarTaT. rodesac zogierTi Cvengani amis
Sesaxeb vmsjelobdiT, ar SeiZleba uarvyoT, rom Cvenma poli-
tikam, araZaladobrivi gziT migveRwia ararasistuli sax-
elmwifosTvis, Sedegad araferi gamoiRo da rom Cveni mim-
devrebi am politikisadmi rwmenas kargavdnen da terorizmis
SemaSfoTebel ideebs aviTarebdnen.
Cemo batono, ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom im droisTvis Za-
ladoba, faqtobrivad, samxreT afrikis politikuri sce-
nisTvis damaxasiaTebeli gaxda. Zaladoba iyo 1957 wels,
rodesac zeerustel qalebs aiZulebdnen specialuri doku-
mentebi etarebinaT. Zaladoba iyo 1958 wels, bantus
mmarTvelebis zemoqmedebiT da msxvilfexa saqonlis daxo-
cviT sequkunelendSi. Zaladoba iyo 1959 wels, rodesac kato
manoris xalxi sapasporto reidebs aprotestebda. Zaladoba
iyo 1960 wels, rodesac xelisuflebam pondolendSi bantus
mmarTvelebis meSveobiT scada Zala gamoeyenebina. ocdacxra-
meti afrikeli daiRupa am areulobebisas pondolendSi. 1961
wels vormbatsSi iyo ajanyebebi da mTeli am drois ganmav-
lobaSi, Cemo batono, TranskeiSi masobrivi areuloba mZvin-
varebda. wesrigis TiToeuli darRveva naTlad mianiSnebda
afrikelTa Soris Seuqcevadad mzard im rwmenaze, rom Za-
ladoba iyo erTaderTi darCenili gza _ aman aCvena, rom

45
xelisufleba, romelic iyenebs Zalas arsebuli wesrigis
SesanarCuneblad, Cagrulebs aswavlis, winaaRmdegobisTvis
Zala gamoiyenon. am droisTvis, qalaqur dasaxlebebSi ukve
aRmocenebuli iyo patara jgufebi, romlebic TviTneburad
awyobdnen politikuri brZolis Zaladobrivi formebiT ganx-
orcielebis gegmebs. axla gaizarda safrTxe, rom es jgufebi
gamoiyeneben terorizms, rogorc afrikelebis, ise TeTr-
kanianebis winaaRmdeg, Tu saTanadod ar iqneboda Sefasebuli.
gansakuTrebiT SemaSfoTebeli iyo Zaladobis forma af-
rikelebs Soris, romelic warmoiSva iseT adgilebSi, rogo-
ricaa zeerusti, sequkunelendi da pondolendi. igi sul
ufro da ufro iRebda iseT formas, romelic ar iyo brZola
xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg _ miuxedavad imisa, rom swored
aman misca biZgi mas _ aramed samoqalaqo dapirispireba pro-
saxelisuflebo liderebsa da maT mowinaaRmdegeebs Soris,
romelic imarTeboda iseTi formiT, rom sxva arafers gam-
oiRebda Sedegad, garda sicocxlis dakargvisa da simwrisa.
1961 wlis ivnisis dasawyisSi, samxreT afrikis mdgo-
mareobis xangrZlivi da mRelvare Sefasebis Semdeg, me da
zogierTi Cemi TanamebrZoli mivediT dakvnamde, rom ram-
denadac Zaladoba am qveyanaSi iyo Seuqcevadi, afrikeli lid-
erebisTvis ararealuri da mcdari iqneboda, eqadagaT
mSvidoba da araZaladobrioba im dros, roca xelisufleba
Cvens mSvidobian moTxovnebs ZaladobiT xvdeboda.
Cemo batono, am daskvnamde misvla martivi ar iyo. es moxda
mxolod da mxolod mas Semdeg, rodesac sxva yvelaferma
marcxi ganicada, rodesac mSvidobiani protestis yvela for-
ma CaaxSves. Sesabamisad, miRebul iqna gadawyvetileba
brZolis Zaladobrivi fromebis SemoRebisa da `eris Subis~
Camoyalibebis Taobaze. Cven ase moviqeciT ara imitom, rom
msgavsi mimarTulebiT svla gvewada, aramed martooden imis
gamo, rom xelisuflebam sxva arCevani ar dagvitova. 1961 wlis
16 dekembers gamoqveynebul `eris Subis~ manifestSi, romelic
nivTieri mtkicebulebaa, Cven ganvacxadeT: `nebismieri eris
cxovrebaSi dgeba dro, roca mxolod ori arCevani arsebobs
_ damorCileba an brZola. es dro axla samxreT afrikaSic
dadga. Cven ar davmorCildebiT, Cven ar gvaqvs sxva arCevani,

46
garda imisa, rom, rac ar unda iyos, mTeli siZlieriT, sa-
pirispiro dartyma ganvaxorcieloT Cveni xalxis dasacavad,
Cveni momavlisa da TavisuflebisaTvis~.
aseTi iyo Cveni ganwyoba 1961 wlis ivnisSi, roca gadavwy-
viteT, Riad gagvecxadebina erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli
moZraobis politikis cvlilebis Taobaze. me mxolod imis
Tqma SemiZlia, rom moralur valdebulebas vgrZnobdi, game-
keTebina is, rac gavakeTe.
Cven, vinc es gadawyvetileba miviReT, daviwyeT sxvadasxva
organizaciis, maT Soris, `ank~-is liderebTan konsultaciis
warmoeba. ar vityvi, vis velaparakeT, an ra Tqves maT, magram
msurs, visaubro brZolis am fazaSi `afrikis nacionaluri
kongresis~ rolsa da `eris Subis~ politikasa da miznebze.
ramdenadac saubari iyo `ank~-ze, Seiqmna masze mkafio war-
modgena, romelic SesaZlebelia Semdegnairad Sejamdes:
a) is iyo politikuri daniSnulebis gansaxorcieleblad
Seqmnili masobrivi politikuri organizacia;
b) yovelive amis gamo, igi ver da ar iqneboda Zaladobis
wamomwyebi. es aucileblad unda iyos xazgasmuli. dauSvebe-
lia, es erToba warmoCindes patara, daxuruli tipis organi-
zaciad, romelic sabotaJisTvis iRvwoda. es arc politikuri
TvalsazrisiT iqneboda marTebuli, radgan amiT gamoixate-
boda, rom wevrebi Tavs anebeben am arsebiTi saqmianobis _
politikuri propagandis da organizaciis, bolomde miyvanas.
arc is iyo SesaZlebeli, rom organizaciis arsi sruliad
Secvliliyo;
c) meore mxriv, Cem mier aRwerili situaciis gavaliswine-
biT, `ank~ mzad iyo, sakuTar ormocdaaTwlian araZaladobriv
politikaze am moculobiT uari eTqva, riTac igi aRarasdros
dagmobda saTanadod kontrolirebad sabotaJs. am droidan,
is wevrebi, romlebic amgvar saqmianobas wamoiwyebdnen, `ank~-
is mxridan disciplinuri wesiT aRar daisjebodnen. me vambob
`saTanadod kontrolirebad sabotaJs~, radgan naTlad
vaCvene, rom, Tu me damexmarebodnen organizaciis Camoyal-
ibebaSi, me davuqvemdebarebdi mas `ank~-is politikur
xelmZRvanelobas da ver movkidebdi xels aqtivizmis rome-
lime gansxvavebul formas, romelic `ank~-is Tanxmobis gareSe

47
iqneboda mofiqrebuli. da axla vetyvi sasamarTlos, Tu
rogor gavxdiT iZulebulni, Zaladobis im formisTvis migve-
marTa.
am gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze Camoyalibda `eris Subi~,
1961 wlis noemberSi. rodesac Cven miviReT es gadawyvetileba
da Semdeg SevadgineT gegmebi, araZaladobriobisa da raso-
brivi harmoniis `ank~-seuli memkvidreoba CvenTvis Zalze ax-
lobeli iyo. vgrZnobdiT, rom qveyana TandaTan samoqalaqo
omisken miemarTeboda, sadac Savkanianebi da TeTrkanianebi
erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg ibrZolebdnen. samoqalaqo omi iqne-
boda imis ganadgureba, rasac `ank~ mxars uWerda; samoqalaqo
omis pirobebSi rasobrivi mSvidobis miRweva ufro rTuli
iqneboda, vidre arasdros. Cven ukve gvqonda omis Sedegebis
magaliTebi samxreT afrikis istoriaSi. ormocdaaT welze
meti dasWirda samxreT afrikuli omis naiarevebis gaqrobas.
ra dro dasWirdeboda rasebs Soris samoqalaqo omis naiare-
vebis aRmofxvras, romelic ver iwarmoeboda orive mxridan
sicocxlis didi danakargis gareSe?
samoqalaqo omis Tavidan acileba iyo warmmarTveli Cveni
msjelobisas, magram roca gadavwyviteT, agverCia sabotaJi,
rogorc Cveni politikis nawili, gavaanalizeT, rom erT
dResac SeiZleboda amgvari omis perspeqtivis winaSe davmd-
gariyaviT. es unda gagveTvaliswinebina Cveni gegmebis Sedge-
nisas. gvesaWiroeboda gegma, romelic iqneboda moqnili da
romelic mogvcemda SesaZleblobas, gvemoqmeda drois moTx-
ovnebis Sesabamisad; zemoaRniSnulis garda, gegmis mixedviT,
samoqalaqo omi unda aRiarebuliyo ukanasknel saSualebad
da momavlisTvis am sakiTxs gadawyvetils datovebda. Cven ar
gvsurda samoqalaqo omis dawyeba, magram gvindoda, mzad
vyofiliyaviT, Tu is gardauvali iqneboda.
SesaZlebelia arsebobdes oTxi saxis Zaladoba. arsebobs
sabotaJi, arsebobs partizanuli omi, arsebobs terorizmi da
arsebobs Ria revolucia. Cven gadavwyviteT pirveli meTodis
aTviseba da misi srulad gamoyeneba, sanam romelime sxva gad-
awyvetilebas miviRebdiT.
Cveni politikuri warsulis gaTvaliswinebiT, arCevani
logikuri iyo. sabotaJi sicocxlis dakargvas ar moicavs da

48
is gvTavazobda rasebs Soris momavali urTierTobebis sau-
keTeso imeds. gaaveba unda dayvaniliyo minimumamde da Tu es
politika Sedegs gamoiRebda, demokratiuli xelisufleba
SesaZloa realobad qceuliyo. esa is, rasac vgrZnobdiT im
dros da ai, ras vambobdiT Cvens manifestSi: `Cven, `eris Subis~
wevrebi, yovelTvis vcdilobdiT, gaTavisuflebisTvis mi-
gveRwia sisxlisRvrisa da samoqalaqo dapirispirebis gareSe.
Cven am dromdec ki vimedovnebT, rom Cveni pirveli
moqmedebebi yvelas naTlad daanaxebs im katastroful situ-
acias, romelic nacionalistur politikas moaqvs. imedi
gvaqvs, xelisuflebasa da mis mxardamWerebs gons moviyvanT,
sanam Zalian gviani araa, imgvarad, rom xelisufleba da misi
politika manam Seicvleba, sanam sakiTxi aSkara samoqalaqo
dapirispirebis mdgomareobas miaRwevs~.
pirveladi gegma dafuZnebuli iyo Cveni qveynis politiku-
ri da ekonomikuri situaciis saguldagulo analizze.
gvjeroda, rom samxreT afrika didwilad damokidebuli iyo
ucxour kapitalsa da vaWrobaze. vgrZnobdiT, rom eleqtro-
sadgurebis dagegmili ganadgureba da sarkinigzo da sate-
lefono komunikaciebis funqcionirebis Seferxeba, xels Seu-
wyobda qveynidan kapitalis gadinebas, gaarTulebda indus-
triuli zonebidan sazRvao portebamde saqonlis droulad
miwodebas da grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi, qveynis ekonomikur
cxovrebas mZime dartyma miadgeboda. amgvarad SesaZlebeli
iqneboda, gveiZulebina qveynis amomrCevlebi, TavianTi
midgoma gadaesinjaT.
qveynis ekonomikur mimarTulebaze Tavdasxmebi unda da-
kavSireboda saxelisuflebo Senobebisa da aparteidis sxva
simboloebis diversias. es Tavdasxmebi iqneboda Cveni xalxis
STagonebis wyaro da ubiZgebda maT, monawileoba mieRoT iseT
araZaladobriv masobriv aqtivobebSi, rogoricaa gaficvebi.
amas garda, es gamosavals apovninebda im xalxs, vinc da-
JinebiT moiTxovda Zaladobrivi meTodebis gamoyenebas da
SesaZleblobas mogvcemda, Cveni momxreebisTvis konkretuli
mtkicebuleba wargvedgina, rom ganvaviTareT ufro Zlieri
mimarTuleba da vibrZodiT xelisuflebis Zaladobis wina-
aRmdeg.

49
 amasTanave, Cven vgrZnobdiT, rom Tu masobrivi aqtivizmi
da represaliebi warmatebiT iqneboda organizebuli, es sxva
qveynebSi gamoiwvevda solidarobas Cveni saerTo saqmis
mimarT da ufro didi wnexis qveS moaqcevda samxreT afrikis
xelisuflebas.
Cemo batono, aseTi iyo imJamindeli gegma. `eris Subi~
awyobda sabotaJs, xolo mis wevrebs dasawyisSive miecaT
mkacri instruqciebi, araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar mieyenebinaT
ziani an daexocaT xalxi operaciebis dagegmvisa da
Sesrulebis dros. es instruqciebi ganxiluli iyo “X” da “Z”
CvenebebSi.
`eris Subis~ mier ganxorcielebuli saqmeebi kontrolde-
boda da moemarTeboda umaRlesi erovnuli mTavarsardlobi-
dan, romelsac hqonda Zalaufleba, masSi Careuliyo da ro-
melsac SeeZlo da niSnavda kidec regionul mTavar-
sardlobebs. umaRlesi mTavarsardloba iyo organo, rome-
lic adgenda strategiebsa da samizneebs da pasuxismgebeli
iyo momzadebasa da finansebze. umaRlesi mTavarsardlobis
gavlenis qveS arsebobda regionuli mTavarsardlobebi, rom-
lebic pasuxismgebelni iyvnen lokaluri diversiuli
jgufebis mimarTulebebze. umaRlesi erovnuli mTavar-
sardlobis mier dadgenil farglebSi, regionul mTavar-
sardlobebs hqondaT im obieqtebis arCevis SesaZlebloba,
romlebzec Tavdasxma unda ganxorcielebuliyo. rac ar unda
yofiliyo, maT ar hqondaT ufleba, gascdenodnen dawesebul
farglebs da amdenad, ar hqondaT ufleba, iseTi moqmedebi
wamoewyoT, romlebic safrTxeSi Caagdebda sicocxles, an ro-
melic sabotaJis gegmasTan mTlianobaSi ar iqneboda
Tavsebadi. magaliTad, `eris Subis~ wevrebs akrZaluli
hqondaT operaciaSi SeiaraRebuli wasvla nebismier dros.
SemTxveviT, terminebi `umaRlesi mTavarsardloba~ da `re-
gionuli mTavarsardloba~, gadmoiRes ebrauli nacionaluri
iatakqveSa organizaciidan _ `ebrauli miwis nacionaluri
samxedro organizacia~, romelic israelSi 1944-1948 wlebSi
moqmedebda.
`eris Subs~ pirveli operacia 1961 wlis 16 dekembers hqon-
da, roca ganxorcielda Tavdasxma saxelisuflebo Senobebze

50
iohanesburgSi, port-elisabedsa da durbanSi. arCeuli
samizneebi im politikis dadasturebaa, romelzec me mivuT-
iTe. Cven rom sicocxlis xelyofa gvqonoda miznad, iseT Se-
nobebs avarCevdiT, sadac Sekrebili iqneboda xalxi da ara
cariel Senobebsa da eleqtrosadgurebs. 1961 wlis 16 dekem-
bramde ganxorcielebuli sabotaJi ekuTvnoda gan-
calkevebul jgufebs, romelTac `eris SubTan~ araferi akav-
SirebdaT. faqtobrivad, Cemo batono, zogierTi es da Semdgo-
mi moqmedebebi sxva organizaciebma ganaxorcieles.
axla, Cemo batono, am stadiaze, msurs, mokled Sevexo
zogierT amonarids gazeTebidan. Cemi ganzraxva araa maTi de-
taluri ganxilva, aramed martooden msurs maTi moSvelieba
Cem mier dasmuli sakiTxis ganmartebisTvis, rom 1961 wlis
dekembramde, gareubnebsa da mTeli qveynis masStabiT,
sazogadod cnobili iyo, rom `eris Subis~ garda arsebobda
organizaciebi, romlebic gegmavdnen da axorcielebdnen di-
versiul aqtebs da rom sabraldebo oqmSi asaxuli periodis
ganmavlobaSi ganxorcielebuli zogierTi aqti, faqtobrivad,
sxva organizaciebs ekuTvnis.
Cemo batono, pirveli amonaridi gazeTidan, romelsac min-
da Sevexo, aris 1961 wlis 22 dekembris “Rand Daily Mail”.
statia, romelic pirvel gverdze Cndeba _ saTauri, Cemo
batono, Semdegnairad ikiTxeba: `Cven avafeTqeT ori piloni,
acxadebs dajgufeba~. da Semdeg, Cemo batono, msurs ganvix-
ilo mxolod ori pasaJi: `rembrandtis parkSi, iohanesburgSi,
oTxSabaT saRamos ori mZlavri pilonis afeTqeba, “Rand Daily
Mail”-is saSobao jekpotis yuTSi oTxSabaT saRamos an gasul
diliT Cagdebul Cveulebriv furcelze nabeWdi dokumentis
mixedviT, gaTavisuflebis erovnulma komitetma ganaxor-
ciela~. da Semdeg statiis kidev erTi pasaJi Semdegnairad
ikiTxeba: `gancxadebaSi naTqvamia, rom `gek~ da `eris Subi~ ar
aris erTi da igive. dajgufeba pasuxismgeblobas iRebs am
kviris bolos ganxorcielebul Zalmomreobaze, miuxedavad
imisa, rom orive maTgani mxars uWerda ganmaTavisuflebel
moZraobas. amasTan, gacxadebuli iyo, rom `gek~ iyo arara-
sistuli~.

51
 es aris pirveli amonaridi, romelic msurs vaxseno, Tqveno
Rirsebav. meore aris 1963 wlis 15 aprilis “Rand Daily Mail”-is
asli, xolo statia, romelsac minda Sevexo, meore gverdzea.
is Zalian patara statiaa, Cemo batono. me wavikiTxav mas: `or-
mocdasami piri CarTuli iyo molotovis koqteilis inci-
dentSi. ormocdasam afrikels am momentSi akavebs iohanes-
burgis policia, gasul kviras iohanesburgSi, pritCardis
quCaze, molotovis koqteiliT maRaziaze ganxorcielebul
TavdasxmasTan dakavSirebiT. afrikelTa umravlesoba daapa-
timres iohanesburgis samxreT-dasavleT raionebSi. savarau-
dod, maT daaSines Ramis daraji, uTxres ra, rom tanisamosis
mitaceba surdaT. policiam Tqva, rom kidev xuTi afrikeli
daapatimres qing uiliams Taunis siaxloves qalaqis policiis
ganyofilebaze Tavdasxmis Semdeg. es dakavebebis saerTo
raodenobas ormocdaerTamde zrdis. afrikelebi, romlebic
ori incidentis Semdeg daapatimres, savaraudod, organiza-
cia `poqos~ wevrebi arian. Tumca miCneulia, rom `poqos~ wev-
rebis nawili daapatimres rifze da sxva adgilebSi, gasul
saRamos konkretuli ricxvi ar dasaxelebula. policia
kvlavac agrZelebs gamoZiebas da `poqo~-s eWvmitanilebis
saboloo ricxvi, romlebic daapatimres, jerjerobiT cno-
bili ver iqneba~.
mesame, Cemo batono, kvlavac 1963 wlis 9 noembris “Rand
Daily Mail”-is aslia. uSualod statia, Cemo batono, meaTe
gverdzea mocemuli. Tqveni umaRlesoba albaT gaixsenebs am
masalas. igi moixsenies meore Suamdgomlobis mtkicebisas
braldebis gasabaTileblad. rogorc braldebis, ise dacvis
mxarem miuTiTa b-ni mosamarTle van hiirdenis gada-
wyvetilebaze, kaplandis provinciis ganyofilebidan. Cemo
batono, am saqmeSi braldebulebi 1963 wlis 12 ivliss
daapatimres. miRebuli Setyobinebisa da arsebuli moqme-
debebis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobis gaTvaliswinebiT,
savaraudo iyo, rom igi 1963 wlis 12 ivlisamde Caidines. da
vvaraudob, rom igi sabraldebo oqmSi asaxul periods
dafaravs. es `iu Ci Canis partizanuli omis klubs~
ukavSirdeba. da am Setyobinebis Tanaxmad, me ar wavikiTxav mas,
Cemo batono, Tumca mxolod aRvniSnav, isini gegmavdnen

52
revoluciasa da partizanul oms. msurs mivuTiTo 1962 wlis
29 noembris “Rand Daily Mail”-is fotoaslze. Cven ver SevZeliT
realuri aslis motana. da statia, romelic minda ganvixilo,
pirvelive gverdze Cndeba. kvlav msurs mxolod ori pasaJis
moxmoba: `afeTqebis Semdeg policiam mkacri meTvalyureoba
daawesa. usafrTxoebis policiam Semoavlo mWidro kordoni
eskomis mZlavr pilons, romelic adreuli dilis saaTebSi
aafeTqes da romliTac ziani miadga sarkinigzo samsaxurebs
jermisTonsa da pretoriaSi. policiis ufrosma war-
momadgenelma ganacxada: `eWvi araa, rom es sabotaJi iyo~. xo-
lo ukanaskneli abzaci Semdegnairad ikiTxeba: `gasul RamiT
“Rand Daily Mail”-Si dareka qalbatonma, romelmac ganacxada:
`fuTfonTainSi gasul Rames momxdari afeTqeba gaTavisu-
flebis erovnulma komitetma ganaxorciela~. Semdeg man yur-
mili dakida~.
sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, Cemo batono, arsebobdnen or-
ganizaciebi, romlebic sabraldebo oqmSi asaxuli periodis
ganmavlobaSi gegmavdnen da axorcielebdnen diversiebs.
amasTan, Cemo batono, operaciis dawyebis dRes ganxilvis
sagani iyo `eris Subis~ manifesti. Cvens moqmedebebsa da mani-
festze TeTrkanian mosaxleobas damaxasiaTeblad mrisxane
reaqcia hqonda. xelisufleba mkacri RonisZiebebiT imuqre-
boda da Tavis mxardamWerebs simtkicisa da afrikelTa moTx-
ovnebis uaryofisaken mouwodebda. TeTrkanianebma cvlile-
bebis SemoTavazeba ver moaxerxes; maT Cvens mowodebas samxe-
dro banakebs amofarebiT upasuxes.
sapirispirod, afrikelTa pasuxi damajerebeli iyo. mou-
lodnelad kvlav gaCnda imedi. raRac xdeboda. qalaqis
gareubnebSi mcxovrebni ukve mouTmenlad elodnen poli-
tikur siaxleebs. sawyisma warmatebam gansakuTrebuli aRfr-
Tovaneba gamoiwvia da xalxi ukve fiqrobda, ramdenad Cqara
moipovebdnen Tavisuflebas.
Tumca Cven, `eris SubSi~, TeTrkanianebis pasuxi gvaSfo-
Tebda. ivleboda xazebi, romelTa gadakveTasac ar dauSveb-
dnen. TeTrkanianebi da Savkanianebi gancalkevebul banakebSi
mkvidrdebodnen, xolo samoqalaqo omis Tavidan acilebis
Sansebi mcirdeboda. TeTrkanianTa mxardamWeri gazeTebi

53
aqveynebdnen cnobebs, rom sabotaJze sasjeli sikvdiliT
dasja iqneboda. Tu es ase iyo, rogor SegveZlo afriklebis
terorizmisgan distancireba?
Cemo batono, axla minda mivubrunde SekiTxvas partizanul
omze da imaze, Tu rogor daiwyo misi gaTvaliswineba. 1961
wlisTvis rasobrivi konfliqtis Sedegad mravali afrikeli
iyo daRupuli. 1920 wels, rodesac saxelovani lideri, masa-
balala, port-elisabedis cixeSi Casves, policiam da TeTr-
kanianma moqalaqeebma daxoces ocdaoTxi afrikeli, rom-
lebic mis gaTavisuflebas iTxovdnen. asze meti afrikeli
daiRupa bulhokSi. 1924 wels mokles orasi afrikeli, ro-
desac samxreT-dasavleT afrikis mmarTvelma gagzavna samxe-
dro Zalebi im jgufis winaaRmdeg, romelmac e.w. `ZaRlebis
gadasaxadis~ SemoReba gaaprotesta. 1950 wlis 1 maiss,
gaficvis dros, policiis mxridan srolis Sedegad daiRupa
Tvrameti adamiani. 1960 wlis 21 marts, samocdacxra
SeuiaraRebeli afrikeli daiRupa SarpvilSi.
kidev ramdeni Sarpvili iqneba Cveni qveynis istoriaSi? da
kidev ramdeni Sarpvilis ganmavlobaSi SeZlebs qveyana, darCes
Zaladobisa da teroris dRis wesrigSi dayenebis gareSe. da ra
bedi eweva Cvens xalxs, rodesac am fazas mivaRwevT? bolos da
bolos, Cven vgrZnobdiT, rom warmateba aucilebeli iyo, ma-
gram ra fasad unda dagvjdomoda es Cven da danarCen qveyanas?
da Tu es moxdeboda, rogor SeZlebdnen Savkanianebi da TeTr-
kanianebi odesme kidev ecxovraT erTad mSvidobasa da harmo-
niaSi? am problemebs SeveCexeT Cven, da aseTi iyo Cveni gad-
awyvetilebebi.
gamocdilebam dagvarwmuna, rom winaaRmdegoba xelisu-
flebas aZlevs Cveni xalxis ganurCevlad xocvis SeuzRudav
SesaZleblobebs. magram es iyo swored imitom, rom samxreT
afrikis miwa ukve gaJRenTilia udanaSaulo afrikelebis
sisxliT da Cven vgrZnobdiT valdebulebas, dagvewyo
xangrZlivi samzadisi, raTa Zaladobisgan Tavis dasacavad
aseve Zala gamogveyenebina. Tu omi gardauvali iqneboda,
gvsurda, mzad vyofiliyaviT drois dadgomisa da im brZoli-
saTvis, romelic Cveni xalxisTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovan sa-
kiTxze warimarTeboda. brZola, romelic gvTavazobda sau-

54
keTeso Sansebs, orive mxares sicocxlis xelyofis yvelaze
mcire risks, partizanuli omi iyo. amisaTvis, gadavwyviteT,
momavlisTvis mzadebisas partizanuli omis SesaZlebloba
gagveTvaliswinebina. yvela TeTrkaniani savaldebulo samxe-
dro wvrTnas gadioda, Tumca msgavsi momzadebis SesaZle-
bloba afrikelebs ar miscemiaT. Cveni warmodgeniT, arsebiT-
ad mniSvnelovani iyo mebrZolTa birTvis Seqmna, romelic
SeZlebda xelmZRvanelobas partizanuli omis dawyebis Sem-
TxvevaSi. Cven unda movmzadebuliyaviT msgavsi situ-
aciisTvis, sanam Zalian gviani ar iqneboda saTanado samza-
disis gaweva. aseve, aucilebeli iyo iseTi birTvis Camoyal-
ibeba, romlebic moemzadebodnen sajaro samsaxuris sferosa
da sxva profesiebSi, imgvarad, rom afrikelebi aRWurviliyv-
nen saWiro unar-CvevebiT, raTa monawileoba mieRoT am qveynis
xelisuflebis marTvaSi rac SeiZleba Cqara, rogorc ki es ne-
badarTuli iqneboda.
Cemo batono, am stadiaze, `ank~-ma gadawyvita, rom me unda
davswrebodi panafrikuli gaTavisuflebis moZraobis kon-
ferencias, romelic 1962 wels adis-abebaSi unda gamarTuli-
yo da aseve, gadawyda, rom konferenciis Semdeg unda damewyo
afrikuli saxelmwifoebSi mogzauroba Cveni saqmianobisTvis
mxardaWeris dafiqsirebis mizniT da umaRles saswavleblebSi
myofi afrikelebisTvis stipendiebis mosapoveblad. amav-
droulad, `eris Subma~ gadawyvita, rom me unda Semeswavla,
Tu ramdenad xelsayreli pirobebi iyo meomrebis wvrT-
nisaTvis, rac partizanuli omisTvis mzadebis procesSi
pirvel nawils warmoadgenda. orive garemoSi wvrTna iyo
saWiro, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu samxreT afrikaSi cvlilebebi
mSvidobiani gziT ganxorcieldeboda. rogorc axla ganvmar-
te, saWiro iyvnen iseTi mmarTvelebi, romlebic mzad iqnebod-
nen da SeeZlebodaT kidec emarTaT ararasistuli sax-
elmwifo, da iseTi adamianebi, romlebic aseTi saxelmwifos
armiasa da policias gaakontrolebdnen. am ganwyobiT
davtove samxreT afrika da gavemgzavre adis-abebaSi, rogorc
`ank~-is delegati. Cemi mogzauroba mosalodnelze bevrad
warmatebuli aRmoCnda. sadac wavedi, yvelgan damxvda Tana-
grZnoba Cveni saqmisadmi da daxmarebis pirobebi. mTeli afri-

55
ka erTiani iyo TeTri samxreT afrikisadmi winaaRmdegobis sa-
kiTxSi da me londonSic ki miviRe didi solidaroba poli-
tikuri liderebisgan, rogorebic arian b-ni hiu geiTskili
da b-ni grimondi. afrikaSi mxardaWera aRmiTqves iseTma ada-
mianebma, rogorebic arian _ b-ni julius nairere, tanganikis
amJamindeli prezidenti; b-ni kavava, Semdgom tanganikis prem-
ier-ministri; eTiopiis imperatori haile selasie; generali
abudi, sudanis prezidenti; habib borgviba, tunisis pre-
zidenti; ben bela, alJiris amJamindeli prezidenti; modibo
keita, malis prezidenti; leopold senhori, senegalis pre-
zidenti; sikau ture, gvineis prezidenti; liberiis pre-
zidenti tubmani; da milton obote, ugandis premier-ministri
da keneT kauda CrdiloeT rodeziis amJamindeli premier-
ministri. ben belam mimiwvia ujdaSi, erovnuli gaTavisu-
flebis alJiris armiis mTavar sammarTvelo centrSi, rac
aRvwere Cems dRiurSi, romelic erT-erTi samxilia.
me ukve dawyebuli mqonda omisa da revoluciis Sesaxeb
gulmodgine kvleva-Zieba, roca sazRvargareT samxedro
swavlebis mimarTulebas gavecani. Tu partizanuli omi iqne-
boda, msurda Cemi xalxis gverdiT vmdgariyavi da mebrZola
da maTTan erTad gameziarebina omis saSiSroeba. leqciebis
Canawerebi eTiopiidan da alJiridan mocemulia mtkice-
bulebis saxiT warmodgenil dokumentebSi. aseve, warmodge-
nilia partizanuli omisa da samxedro strategiis Sesaxeb
wignebis Sinaarsi. me ukve aRvniSne, rom es dokumentebi moce-
mulia Cems nawerebSi da vaRiareb, rom gamovikvlie isini, raTa
momezadebina sakuTari Tavi im funqciis Sesasruleblad,
romlis Sesrulebac SesaZloa damWirveboda, Tu dapirispire-
ba partizanul omSi gadaizrdeboda. am sakiTxs ise mivudeqi,
rogorc unda gaakeTos yvela afrikelma nacionalistma. me
viyavi sruliad obieqturi. sasamarTlo dainaxavs, rom vcade
am sakiTxze yvela tipis avtoritetuli wyaros Seswavla _
aRmosavleTidan da dasavleTidan, dawyebuli klauzevicis
klasikuri naSromebidan, gagrZelebuli iseTi pirebiT,
rogoricaa, erTi mxriv, mao Zeduni da Ce gevara da meore
mxriv, burebis meore omis Sesaxeb nawerebi. ra Tqma unda, es
Canawerebi, Cemo batono, Cem mier wakiTxuli wignebis mxolod

56
Sinaarsia da Cems pirad xedvebs ar Seicavs. me, aseve, ganvax-
orciele RonisZiebebi Cveni axalwveulebisTvis, raTa maT
samxedro momzadeba gaevloT. magram aq, Cemo batono, Seu-
Zlebeli iyo raime gegmis organizeba `ank~-is afrikul
ofisebTan TanamSromlobis gareSe. swored amitom, miviRe
`ank~-is nebarTva samxreT afrikaSi amis gasakeTeblad. am
moculobiT, Sesabamisad, `ank~-ma gadauxvia Tavdapirvel geg-
mas, rom igi ar miiRebda monawileobas brZolis Zaladobrivi
meTodebiT warmarTvaSi, magram is gamoiyeneboda mxolod
samxreT afrikis miRma. axalwveulTa pirveli jgufi
namdvilad Cavida tanganikaSi, rodesac me SevCerdi am qveyana-
Si samxreT afrikaSi dabrunebis gzaze.
davbrundi samxreT afrikaSi da movuyevi Cems kolegebs
mogzaurobis Sesaxeb. dabrunebis Semdeg aRmovaCine, rom
politikur scenaze mciredi cvlileba momxdariyo im kuTxiT,
rom sabotaJisTvis sikvdiliT dasjis muqara ukve faqti
gamxdariyo. `eris SubSi~ Cemi kolegebis damokidebuleba
iseTive iyo, rogorc Cems wasvlamde. isini sakuTar gzas
frTxilad afasebdnen da grZnobdnen, rom didi dro iqneboda
saWiro, sanam sabotaJis albaToba gaqreboda. Tavisi damo-
kidebuleba arc `ank~-s Seucvlia. faqtobrivad, Cemo batono,
zogierTma gamoTqva mosazreba, rom axalwveulebis momzadeba
naadrevi iyo. es me Cawerili maqvs dokumentSi, romelic aris
samxili R14, romlebic sxvebis mier gakeTebuli Zalian ux-
eSad daumuSavebeli komentarebis Canawerebia Cems moxseneba-
ze sruli diskusiis Semdeg, Tumca, sabolood gadawyda samx-
edro wvrTnis gegmis mixedviT moqmedeba im faqtis gamo, rom
partizanuli kampaniis dasawyebad saWiro, safuZvlianad
momzadebuli mebrZolebis birTvis Camoyalibeba did dros
waiRebda, da rac ar unda momxdariyo, swavleba garkveuli
mniSvnelobisa iqneboda.
axla minda Sevexo garkveul sakiTxebs mowme “X”-is
Cvenebidan. uSualod Cems dapatimrebamde, 1962 wlis agvis-
toSi, me durbanSi Sevxvdi regionuli mTavarsardlobis wev-
rebs. es Sexvedra asaxulia “X”-is CvenebaSi. ganmartebebidan
bevri ram arsebiTad sworia, magram, aseve, bevri ramaa damax-
injebuli da araobieqturi da zogierT mniSvnelovan Sem-

57
TxvevaSi _ aSkarad arasarwmuno. minda, rac SeiZleba mokled
Sevexo Cvenebas.
a) me vuTxari maT, rom qveyana erTi wlis win davtove, raTa
davswrebodi “PAFMECSA”-is konferencias, rom konferencia
gaxsna eTiopiis imperatorma haile selasiem, romelmac gaa-
kritika samxreT afrikis xelisuflebis rasistuli politika
da romelmac mxardaWera aRuTqva afrikel xalxs am qveyanaSi.
me, aseve, mivawode maT informacia mxardaWeris dapirebis
Taobaze da erTsulovani rezoluciis Sesaxeb, romelic af-
rikeli xalxis mimarT sastik mopyrobas gmobda. me vuTxari
maT, rom imperatorma gulmxurvale mokiTxva damabara Cems
lider, meTaur luTulisTan;
b) magram me arasdros miTqvams maTTvis ganelebisa da
samxreT afrikeli axalwveulebis Sedarebis Sesaxeb da verc
gavakeTebdi amas martivi mizezebis gamo. im droisTvis, roca
me eTiopia davtove, pirvel afrikel axalwveulTa jgufs jer
ar mieRwia im qveynamde. da ganelma jariskacebma, ramdenadac
me vici, samxedro momzadeba did britaneTSi gaiares. es aris
faqti da Cemi axsna, _ me arc ki SemeZlo mefiqra regionuli
mTavarsardlobisTvis imis Tqma, rom eTiopiis imperatori
fiqrobda, Cveni momsaxureebi ukeTesebi iyvnen vidre
ganelebi;
c) Sesabamisad, es gancxadebebi aSkarad moigones manam, sanam
amaze “X” isaubrebda, im ganzraxviT, rom mcdari suraTi Se-
qmniliyo;
d) me movaxsene maT eTiopiasa da afrikis sxva nawilebSi
miRebuli finansuri mxardaWeris Sesaxeb. rasakvirvelia, ar
miTqvams, TiTqos konkretuli afrikuli saxelmwifoebi
dagvpirdnen TavianTi biujetis erTi procentis Semowirvas.
erTi procentis Semowirvis winadadebebi arasdros wamoweu-
la Cemi vizitis ganmavlobaSi. ramdenadac me vici, pirvelad
es moxda konferenciaze 1963 wlis maisSi, im dros, roca me
ukve aTi Tve cixeSi viyavi;
e) miuxedavad “X”-is mier amis saeWvod daviwyebisa, me
visaubre eTiopiaSi dapirebuli stipendiebis Taobaze. Cveni

58
xalxisTvis msgavsi zogadi ganaTlebis miReba, rogorc
aRvniSne, Cveni gegmis mniSvnelovani aspeqti iyo;
f) me maT vuTxari, rom vimogzaure afrikis masStabiT da
mimiRes saxelmwifos meTaurebma da davasaxele yvela maTgani.
me, aseve, maT vuTxari prezident ben belas mipatiJebis Sesaxeb
ojdaSi, sadac Sevxvdi alJiris armiis oficrebs, maTi
umaRlesi mTavarsardlis, polkovnis boumedienis CaTvliT.
aseve, vTqvi, rom alJirlebi dagvpirdnen xelSewyobas wvrTa-
nasa da SeiaraRebaSi. magram me, ra Tqma unda, ar miTqvams, rom
maT unda daemalaT faqti TavianTi komunistobis Sesaxeb,
radgan arc vicodi, isini komunistebi iyvnen Tu ara. rac me
vTqvi iyo is, rom arcerT komunists ar unda gamoeyenebina sa-
kuTari pozicia `eris SubSi~ komunizmis propagandisTvis,
arc samxreT afrikaSi an mis sazRvrebs gareT, radgan er-
Tianobis mizani arsebiTi iyo Tavisuflebis misaRwevad. Cveni
mizani iyo xmis micemis uflebis mopoveba yvelasTvis da am
safuZvelze SegveZlo migvemarTa nebismieri socialuri
jgufisTvis samxreT afrkaSi da gvqonoda afrikuli sax-
elmwifoebidan maqsimaluri mxardaWeris molodini. “X” uar-
yofs, rom me sxva araferze SemeZlo sityvis Tqma, garda
namdvili miznisa da arc SeiZleboda arsebuliyo raime Sesa-
Zlo mizezi amis dasamalad;
g) amave konteqstSi iyo, rom me visaubre “New Age”-sa da maT
kritikaze egviptis xelisuflebis mimarT. egvipteSi Cems vi-
zitze msjelobisas vTqvi, rom viziti marSal titosas
daemTxva da rom ar SemeZlo momecada manam, sanam general
nasers eqneboda dro CemTan sasaubrod. vTqvi, rom is ofi-
cialuri pirebi, romlTac vesaubre, gamoxatavdnen kritikas
“New Age”-Si gamoqveynebul im statiebze, romlebic Seexe-
boda general naseris Tavdasxmebs komunizmze. magram me maT
vuTxari, rom “New Age” gardauvlad ar gamoxatavs Cveni moZ-
raobis politikas da rom me am sakiTxs “New Age”-Tan ganvixi-
lav da vecdebi da gamoviyeneb Cem gavlenas maTi xazis Sesa-
cvlelad, radgan Cveni funqcia ar iyo imis Tqma, Tu ra saSu-
alebiT unda miaRwios romelime qveyanam Tavisuflebas;

59
 h) me vuTxari regionul komitets, rom ar vwveulvar kubas,
magram Sevxvdi am qveynis elCebs egvipteSi, marokosa da ga-
naSi. me visaubre im Tbil damokidebulebaze, romelic am
saelCoebSi miviRe da rom Cven miviReT SemoTavazeba yvela
formiT daxmarebaze, axalgazrdebis stipendiebis CaTvliT.
TeTrkanian da aziel axalwveulebTan arsebul SekiTxvasTan
dakavSirebiT, me vTqvi, rom ramdenadac kuba iyo multira-
sobrivi saxelmwifo, logikuri iqneboda aseTi adamianebis am
qveyanaSi gagzavna, ramdenadac es axalwveulebi iq ufro mar-
tivad Seeguebodnen, vidre Savkanian jariskacebTan erTad
afrikul saxelmwifoebSi;
i) magram me Sexvedraze arasdros misaubria erik
mTSalisTan im martivi mizezis gamo, rom ar vicodi mis
Sesaxeb, sanam “X” ar axsenebda mis saxels am saqmeSi. afrikis
kontinentis movlis Semdeg, tanganikaSi dabrunebisas, Sev-
xvdi daaxloebiT ocdaaT afrikel axalgazrdas, romlebic
eTiopiaSi mosamzadeblad midiodnen. vusurve maT disciplina
da kargi xasiaTi sazRvargareT. SesaZloa erik mTSali
yofiliyo am axalgazrdebs Soris, magram nebismier Semxveva-
Si, Tu iyo, es unda yofiliyo manam, sanam igi estumreboda ro-
melime afrikul qveyanas, garda tanganikisa. da tanganikaSi
mas ar mouwevda SimSili an rTul mdgomareobaSi yofna, ram-
denadac iq arsebuli Cveni ofisi izrunebda masze. absurdi
iqneboda imis mtkiceba, rom samxreT afrikuli ofisi dar-es-
salamSi gansxvavebulad moepyroboda mas im safuZvliT, rom
igi komunisti iyo;
j) ra Tqma unda, vaxsene `eris Subi~, magram ar SeiZleba mar-
Tebuli iyos imis Tqma, rom maT Cemgan gaiges pirvelad, rom es
iyo saxeli, an rom is iyo `ank~-is SeiaraRebuli frTa _ fra-
za, romelic xSirad gamoiyeneba braldebis mxaris mier. 1961
wlis 16 dekembers `eris Subma~ gamoaqveyna gancxadeba, riTac
organizaciis arsebobis Sesaxeb ityobineboda da misi saxeli
cnobili iyo am Sexvedris dadgomamde Svidi Tvis ganmav-
lobaSi. da me, ra Tqma unda, arasdros momixseniebia is,
rogorc `ank~-is SeiaraRebuli frTa. mas yovelTvis ganvixi-
lavdi, rogorc gancalkevebul organizacias da mis aseTad
SenarCunebas vcdilobdi;

60
 k) me maT vuTxari, rom `eris Subis~ moqmedebebi SesaZloa
ori mimarTulebiT ganviTarebuliyo, saxeldobr: diver-
siuli aqtebi da SesaZlo partizanuli omi, Tu es aucilebeli
gaxdeboda. me orive mimarTulebis problemebi ganvixile, ma-
gram ar miTqvams, rom xalxi ikvlevda partizanuli omisTvis
Sesaferis adgilebs, radgan im dros msgavsi ram ar keTde-
boda. me xazs vusvamdi, rogorc man Tqva, rom yvelaze mniS-
vnelovani iyo Cveni istoriis Seswavla _ Cveni sakuTari is-
toriis da Cveni sakuTari mdgomareobisa. ra Tqma unda, aseve,
unda gamogvekvlia sxva qveynebis gamocdilebac. da amis
keTebisas, unda Segveswavla ara mxolod is SemTxvevebi, roca
revoluciebma gaimarjva, aramed iseTi SemTxvevebic, roca
revoluciebi CaaxSes. magram me ar ganmixilavs aRmosavleT
germaniaSi xalxis swavlebis procesi, rogorc amas “X”
amtkicebs;
l) me ar warmidgenia raime fotosuraTi “Spark”-Si an “New
Age”-Si, rogorc “X” irwmuneba. es fotoebi mxolod 1963
wlis 21 Tebervals gamoqveynda, mas Semdeg, rac cixeSi Camsves.
sanam “X”-is Cvenebas Sevexebi, msurs erTi faqti vaxseno. “X”-
ma Tqva, rom sabotaJi, romelic 1962 wlis 15 oqtombers
Caidines, Cemi damnaSaved cnobis gasaprotesteblad ganxor-
cielda da msgavsi sabotaJis ganxorcielebis gadawyvetileba
miiRes damnaSaved cnobis drosa da msjavrdebis dros Soris.
man, aseve, Tqva, rom sabotaJi ramdenime dRiT gadades, radgan
ifiqres, rom policia fxizlad iqneboda CemTvis msjavris
dadebis dRes. es yvelaferi mcdari unda iyos. Cemo batono, me
damnaSaved mcnes 1962 wlis 7 noembers da imave dRes momisajes
xuTwliani patimroba katorRul samuSaosTan erTad. maSasa-
dame, 1962 wlis oqtombris sabotaJs aranairi saerTo ar unda
hqonoda Cem damnaSaved cnobasa da msjavrdebasTan.
Cemo batono, axla minda Sevasworo garkveuli zogadi
gancxadebebi, romlebic am saqmeSi braldebis mxarem gaakeTa.
Tumca sanam ase moviqcevi, msurs, davubrunde konkretul
SemTxvevebs, romlebzec mowmeebma isaubres, rom port-
elisabedsa da isT-londonSi moxda. vgulisxmob prosax-
elisuflebo adamianebis kerZo saxlebis afeTqebas dekembris
ganmavlobaSi, seqtembris ganmavlobaSi, 1962 wlis oqtombersa
61
da noemberSi. ar vici riT amarTlebdnen am moqmedebebs, an ram
gamoiwvia isini, magram Tu Cems mier aqamde naTqvami miRebu-
lia, maSin naTelia, rom am moqmedebebs araferi hqondaT
saerTo im politikasTan, rasac `eris Subi~ axorcielebda.
erT-erTi mTavari mtkiceba sabraldebo oqmSi aris, rom `ank~
iyo sabotaJis ganxorcielebis, saerTo SeTqmulebis
monawile. me ukve ganvmarte ara marto is, Tu ratomaa es
mcdari, aramed is, Tu rogor xdeboda gareSe mxridan `ank~-is
mier Tavdapirvelad dasaxuli miznidan gadaxveva. Cemo
batono, ra Tqma unda, aseve iyo funqciebidan gadaxveva
Signidanac, radgan arsebobs gansxvaveba sakomiteto oTaxSi
miRebul rezoluciasa da im sirTuleebs Soris, romlebic
praqtikuli saqmianobis velze warmoiSveba. ufro mogviane-
biT, damokidebulebaze gavlena moaxdina akrZalvebma, Sina-
patimrobebma da adamianebma, romlebic qveyanas tovebdnen,
raTa politikuri saqmianoba sazRvargareT ewarmoebinaT.
aman calkeul pirebs gansxvavebulad muSaobisken ubiZga. ma-
gram, miuxedavad imisa, rom amas SesaZloa gaurkveveli
gaexada gansxvaveba `eris Subsa~ da `ank~-s Soris, is araviTar
SemTxvevaSi ar gaaqrobda gansxvavebas. didi Zalisxmeva
gaiRes, raTa samxreT afrikaSi SenarCunebuliyo gansxvaveba
ori organizaciis saqmianobaSi. `ank~ darCa masobriv poli-
tikur organizaciad afrikelebisTvis, romlebic agrZeleb-
dnen politikuri saqmianobis im formas, rasac 1961 wlamde
miyvebodnen. `eris Subi~ darCa patara organizaciad, romelic
imatebda wevrebs sxvadasxva rasidan da organizaciebidan da
sakuTari calkeuli miznebis miRwevas cdilobda. is faqti,
rom `eris Subis~ wevrebi `ank~-dan modiodnen da faqti, rom
emsaxurebodnen orive organizacias adamianebi, rogorc sa-
lomon mbanjva, Cveni azriT, ar cvlida `ank~-is arss da mis
politikas Zaladobriv xasiaTs ar sZenda. miuxedavad amisa,
Tanamdebobis pirebis msgavsi gadakveTa ufro metad gamona-
klisi iyo, vidre wesi. swored amitomaa, Cemo batono, rom ada-
mianebi, rogorebicaa “X” da “Z”, romlebic iyvnen maTi sameT-
valyureo arealebis regionul mTavarsardlobaSi,
monawileobas ar iRebdnen `ank~-is romelime komitetis saqmi-
anobaSi an moqmedebebSi, da Tu ratom ver gaiges sabotaJis

62
Sesaxeb `ank~-is Sexvedrebze iseTma adamianebma, rogorebic
beneR maSiane da rejinald endiubia.
kidev erTi usafuZvlo gancxadeba sabraldebo oqmSi aris
is, TiTqos rivonia iyo `eris Subis~ sameTauro centri. im
dros, roca me iq viyavi, ase ar iyo. ra Tqma unda, miTxres da
vicodi, rom iq komunisturi partiis garkveuli moqmedebebi
xorcieldeboda, magram es ar iyo mizezi, rogorc axla
ganvmartav, ratomac me im adgils ar viyenebdi. iq Semdeg-
nairad movxvdi:
a) rogorc ukve aRiniSna, adreuli 1961 wlis aprilSi
iatakqveS gadavinacvle, raTa maisis sayovelTao gaficvi-
saTvis organizeba gamewia. Cemi samuSao moicavda qveynis
garSemo mogzaurobas, cxovrebas afrikul gareubnebSi,
Semdeg soflebSi da kvlav qalaqebSi. wlis meore naxevris
ganmavlobaSi me vstumrobdi b-n artur goldrixis saxls
parkTaunSi, sadac saidumlod vxvdebodi Cems ojaxs. miuxeda-
vad imisa, rom ar mqonda pirdapiri politikuri kavSiri mas-
Tan, me vicnobdi b-n goldrixs sazogadoebrivi ur-
TierTobebidan 1958 wlidan;
b) oqtomberSi b-nma goldrixma macnoba, rom is qalaqidan
midioda da SemomTavaza iq saidumlo adgili. ramdenime dRis
Semdeg, igi Sexvda b-n maikl harmels, SeTqmulebis kidev erT
Tanamonawiles am saqmeSi, rivoniaSi Cem wasayvanad. me,
bunebrivia, rivonia idealur adgilad miviCnie im kacisTvis,
vinc kanongareSed iyo gamocxadebuli. im dromde, iZulebuli
viyavi, dRis ganmavlobaSi saxlidan ar gamovsuliyavi da mxo-
lod sibnelis Jams memoqmeda. Tumca lilizlifSi gan-
sxvavebulad cxovrebis da bevrad ufro racionalurad mu-
Saobis SesaZlebloba momeca;
c) cxadi mizezebis gamo, momiwia SeniRbva da davirqvi yalbi
pirobiTi saxeli _ devidi. dekemberSi, aseve, gadmovidnen b-
ni goldrixi da misi ojaxi. Cemo batono, iq vimyofebodi manam,
sanam 1962 wlis 11 ianvars sazRvargareT wavidodi. rogorc
ukve aRiniSna, davbrundi 1962 wlis ivlisSi da damapatimres 5
agvistos naTalSi;
d) Cems dapatimrebamde lilizlifis mamuli arc `eris Su-
bis~ da arc `afrikis nacionaluri kongresis~ Stab-bina ar

63
yofila. Cems garda iq ar cxovrobda organizaciebis arcerTi
xelmZRvaneli an wevri, ar imarTeboda mmarTveli organoebis
Sexvedrebi da arcerTi moqmedeba, romelic maTTan iyo da-
kavSirebuli, organizeba ar gaweula da arc moemarTeboda
iqidan. lilizlifis mamulSi Cemi yofnisas, araerTxel
Sevxvdi rogorc `ank~-is aRmasrulebel komitets, ise
umaRles erovnul mTavarsardlobas, magram es Sexvedrebi
imarTeboda sxvagan da ara mamulSi;
e) lilizlifis mamulSi yofnisas xSirad mivdiodi b-n
goldrixTan mTavar saxlSi da isic mestumreboda xolme Cems
oTaxSi. Cven gvqonda mravali politikuri diskusia sxva-
dasxva Temaze. ganvixilavdiT ideologiur da praqtikul sa-
kiTxebs, kongresis alianss, `eris Subs~ da maT moqmedebebs
zogadad da misi, rogorc jariskacis, gamocdilebas palmaxSi,
haganas SeiaraRebul frTaSi. hagana iyo palestinaSi ebrael-
Ta erovnuli moZraobis politikuri organo.
f) imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rac me b-ni goldrixis Sesaxeb vi-
codi, samxreT afrikaSi dabrunebisas gaveci rekomendacia,
rom igi gawevrianebuliyo `eris SubSi~. piradad me ar maqvs
informacia, ganxorcielda Tu ara es;
g) sanam afrikaSi mogzaurobas daviwyebdi, `Cveneba A~-s
mixedviT, me meTormete oTaxSi vcxovrobdi. dabrunebisas,
1962 wlis ivlisSi, vcxovrobdi CaliT gadaxurul kotejSi.
josef maSefeinis Cveneba, rom vcxovrobdi meTormete oTaxSi
im periodSi, roca is iq iyo, mamulSi, mcdaria.
braldebis mxare, aseve, amtkicebs, rom `ank~-isa da
komunisturi partiis miznebi erTi da igivea. msurs, visaubro
amaze da Cems politikur damokidebulebaze. `ank~-Tan mimar-
TebiT mtkiceba mcdaria. es aris Zveli gancxadeba, romelic
ver damtkicda saxelmwifo Ralatis procesze da romelmac
kvlav iCina Tavi. magram, ramdenadac kidev erTxel ganacxa-
des, mec ganvixilav mas `ank~-isa da komunisturi partiis da
`eris Subisa~ da am partiis kavSirSi.
`ank~-is ideologiuri mrwamsi aris da yovelTvis iyo af-
rikuli nacionalizmi. es ar aris afrikuli nacionalizmis is
idea, romelic gamoixateba mowodebaSi _ `gadayareT TeTr-
kanianebi wyalSi~. afrikuli nacionalizmi, romelsac `ank~

64
uWers mxars, aris afrikeli xalxisTvis sakuTar miwaze
Tavisuflebis ideis srulyofa. `ank~-is mier odesme miRebuli
yvelaze mniSvnelovani dokumenti `Tavisuflebis qartiaa~.
igi araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar aris socialisturi saxelmwifos
proeqti. is moiTxovs miwis redistribucias da ara nacional-
izacias; is iTvaliswinebs sasargeblo wiaRiseulis, bankebisa
da monopoliuri industriebis nacionalizacias, radgan mo-
nopoliebi, msxvili monopoliebi, konkretuli rasis kuTvni-
lebaa da nacionalizaciis gareSe rasobrivi dominacia ukvda-
vyofili iqneba, politikuri Zalauflebis gavrcelebis mi-
uxedavad. uSedego iqneboda afrikelebis sawinaaRmdego
`oqros kanonis~ akrZalvebis gauqmeba, roca mTeli oqros
sabadoebi evropuli kompaniebis sakuTrebaa. am mxriv, `ank~-is
politika Seesatyviseba Tanamedrove nacionalisturi parti-
is Zvel politikas, romelsac, wlebis ganmavlobaSi, sakuTari
programis nawilad hqonda oqros sabadoebis nacionalizacia,
romelic im dros ucxouri kapitalis mier kontroldeboda.
`Tavisuflebis qartiis~ Sesabamisad, nacionalizacia ganx-
orcieldeboda kerZo mewarmeobaze dafuZnebuli ekonomikis
pirobebSi. `Tavisuflebis qartiis~ realizeba gaxsnida axal
SesaZleblobebs afrikuli mosaxleobis yvela klasisTvis,
saSualo klasis CaTvliT. `ank~ Tavisi istoriis arcerT peri-
odSi iyo qveynis ekonomikur sistemaSi revoluciuri
cvlilebis momxre da ramdenadac me maxsovs, mas kapital-
isturi sazogadoeba arasdros daugmia.
ramdenadac saqme komunistur partias exeba da Tu me maTi
politika sworad mesmis, igi mxars uWers marqsizmis princi-
pebze dafuZnebuli saxelmwifos mSeneblobas. miuxedavad
imisa, rom is mzadaa imuSaos `Tavisuflebis qartiisTvis~,
rogorc TeTrkanianTa batonobiT gamowveuli problemebis
moklevadiani gadaWris gzisTvis, igi `Tavisuflebis qartias~
sakuTari programis dasawyisad ganixilavs da ara da-
sasrulad.
`ank~, komunisturi partiisgan gansxvavebiT, wevrebad mxo-
lod afrikelebs iRebda. misi mTavari mizani iyo da aris af-
rikeli xalxisTvis erTianobisa da sruli politikuri
uflebebis mopoveba. meore mxriv, komunisturi partiis Zi-

65
riTadi amocana iyo kapitalisturi sistemis damxoba da misi
Secvla muSaTa klasis mmarTvelobiT. komunisturi partia
cdilobda klasobrivi gansxvavebulobisTvis xazgasmas maSin,
roca `ank~ maT harmonizebas cdilobs. esaa, Cemo batono,
arsebiTi gansxvaveba.
simarTlea, rom `ank~ da komunisturi partia xSirad
TanamSromlobda. Tumca TanamSromloba aris mxolod saerTo
miznis arsebobis damamtkicebeli sabuTi _ am SemTxvevaSi
TeTrkanianTa batonobis aRmofxvra _ da ara interesTa
sruli erTobis mtkicebuleba.
Cemo batono, msoflios istoria savsea msgavsi maga-
liTebiT. SesaZloa yvelaze TvalSisacemi ilustracia iyos
didi britaneTis, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa da sabWoTa
kavSiris TanamSromloba hitleris winaaRmdeg. mxolod hit-
leri Tu gabedavda imis Tqmas, rom amgvari TanamSromloba
CerCils an ruzvelts komunistebad an komunistebis iaraRad
gadaaqcevda, an rom britaneTi da amerika cdilobdnen msof-
lio komunizmisken waeyvanaT.
Cemo batono, es magaliTebi imitom momyavs, rom isini da-
kavSirebulia im gancxadebasTan, TiTqos Cveni sabotaJi iyo
komunisturi SeTqmulebis nayofi, anda e.w. agitatorebis
namoqmedari. imitom, rom, Cemo batono, msgavsi TanamSrom-
lobis kidev erTi magaliTi swored `eris SubSi~ moipoveba.
`eris Subis~ daarsebidan maleve, ramdenime wevrma Sematyobi-
na, rom komunisturi partia mxars dauWerda `eris Subs~, rac
Semdeg gamovlinda kidec. bolo periodSi mxardaWera Riad
dafiqsirda.
mjera, komunistebi yovelTvis aqtiur rols TamaSobdnen
koloniuri saxelmwifoebis winaaRmdeg TavisuflebisTvis
brZolaSi, radgan komunizmis moklevadiani miznebi yovel-
Tvis Seesatyviseba gamaTavisuflebeli moZraobebis grZel-
vadian miznebs. amgvarad, Cemo batono, komunistebma mniSvne-
lovani wvlili Seitanes maliSi, alJirsa da indoneziaSi
TavisuflebisTvis mimdinare brZolebSi, amasTan, arcerTi es
saxelmwifo dRes komunituri araa. amis msgavsad, komuniste-
bma mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSes gasuli msoflio omis peri-
odSi evropaSi gavrcelebul iatakqveSa winaaRmdegobis moZ-

66
raobebSi. generali Can kai-Sic ki, romelic dResdReobiT
komunizmis erT-erTi mZvinvare mteria, komunistebTan erTad
ibrZoda mmarTveli klasis winaaRmdeg im dapirispirebaSi,
romelic waruZRva mas Zalauflebis mopovebisken 1930-iani
wlebis CineTSi.
komunistebsa da arakomunistebs Soris TanamSromlobis es
nimuSi ganmeorda samxreT afrikis erovnul-ganmaTavi-
suflebel moZraobaSi. komunisturi partiis akrZalvamde,
komunituri partiisa da kongresis moZraobebis erToblivi
kampaniebi miRebuli praqtika iyo. afrikel komunistebs
SeeZloT da xdebodnen kidec `ank~-is wevrebi, zogierTi
maTgani ki msaxurobda nacionalur, provinciul da adgilo-
briv komitetebSi. maT Soris, vinc umaRles organoebSi msax-
urobda, arian albert nzula, komunisturi partiis yofili
mdivani, kidev erTi yofili mdivani edvin mofaTsaniama da j.b.
marksi, komunisturi partiis centraluri komitetis yofili
wevri.
me 1944 wels gavwevriandi `ank~-Si da 1952 wels gavxdi
transvaalis prezidenti da `ank~-is vice-prezidenti. sawyis
periodSi miviCnevdi, rom `ank~-Si komunistebis miRebis
politika da axlo TanamSromloba, romelic drodadro
arsebobda `ank~-sa da komunistur partias Soris calkeul sa-
kiTxebze, afrikuli nacionalizmis ideas daakninebda. im
dros, me viyavi `afrikis nacionaluri kongresis~ axalgazr-
duli ligis wevri da erT-erTi im jgufidan, romelic
komunistebis `ank~-dan gaSvebas moiTxovda. es winadadeba
calsaxad uaryves, xolo isini, vinc am SeTavazebis winaaRmdeg
misces xma, afrikuli politikuri azris zogierTi yvelaze
konservatiuli mimarTuleba iyo. maT es politika im sa-
fuZvliT gaamarTles, rom dasawyisidanve `ank~ Camoyalibda
da ganviTarda ara rogorc politikuri partia, romelime
konkretuli politikuri moZRvrebiT, aramed rogorc af-
rikeli xalxis parlamenti, romelic erTad Sekrebda
sxvadasxva politikuri azris mqone xalxs im rwmeniT, rom
isini erovnuli gaTavisuflebis saerTo miznis garSemo gaer-
Tiandebodnen. sabolood, mec am mosazrebisken gadavixare da
dRemde am azrze vrCebi.

67
 SesaZloa, rTulia TeTrkaniani samxreT afrikelebisTvis,
romelTa Sorisac myaradaa fesvgadgmuli komunizmis sawina-
aRmdego damokidebuleba, imis gageba, Tu rogor miiRes gamo-
cdilma afrikelma politikosebma ase martivad komunistebi
TavianT megobrebad. magram CvenTvis mizezi aSkaraa. Teori-
uli azrTa sxvadasxvaobebi maT Soris, vinc Cagvris
winaaRmdeg ibrZvis, fufunebaa, romelzec verc ki viocnebeT.
amasTan, rac ufro mniSvnelovania, aTwleulebis ganmav-
lobaSi kumunistebi erTaderTi politikuri jgufi iyo
samxreT afrikaSi, romlebic mzad iyvnen, mopyrobodnen af-
rikelebs, rogorc adamianebs da maT Tanasworebs; romlebic
mzad iyvnen, CvenTan erTad eWamaT; CvenTan erTad esaubraT,
CvenTan erTad ecxovraT da CvenTan erTad emuSavaT. isini
iyvnen erTaderTi politikuri jgufi, romlebic mzad iyvnen,
afrikelebTan erTad mdgariyvnen politikuri uflebebis
miRwevisa da sazogadoebaSi Rirseuli adgilis damkvidre-
bisTvis brZolaSi. amis gamo, dResdReobiT, bevri afrikelia,
romelic ganizraxavs, komunizmTan erTad miaRwios Ta-
nasworobasa da Tavisuflebas. am rwmenaSi maT mxars uWers
legislaturac, romelic demokratiuli xelisuflebisa da
afrikuli Tavisuflebis yvela niSans komunistebad acxadebs
da `komunizmis akrZalvis Sesaxeb~ kanonis safuZvelze devnis
bevr iseT pirs, romlebic ar arian komunistebi. Cemo batono,
miuxedavad imisa, rom me ar var komunisti da arasdros
vyofilvar komunisturi partiis wevri, mec kanongareSed
gamomacxades im mavnebeli kanonis saxeliT, im wvlilis gamo,
rac me Sevitane daumorCileblobis kampaniaSi. me, aseve,
msjavri damdes im kanonis safuZvelze.
Cven mxolod Sida politikaSi ar ganvixilavT komunistebs
imaT Soris, vinc mxars uWers Cvens saqmianobas. saerTaSoriso
asparezze komunisturi qveynebi yovelTvis gviwvdidnen dax-
marebis xels. gaerTianebul erebsa da msoflios sxva organi-
zaciebSi komunisturma blokma mxardaWera gamoucxada afro-
aziur brZolas kolonializmis winaaRmdeg da xSirad ufro
solidaruli Cans Cveni mdgomareobisadmi, vidre dasavleTis
zogierTi Zlieri saxelmwifo. miuxedavad imisa, rom
aparteids sayovelTao ganaCeni aqvs gamotanili, komu-

68
nisturi bloki bevrad xmamaRla saubrobs mis winaaRmdeg,
vidre dasavluri samyaros umetesi nawili. aseT viTarebaSi
sisulele iqneboda, axalgazrda politikoss, rogoric me vi-
yavi 1949 wels, gamoecxadebina, rom komunistebi Cveni mtrebi
arian.
Cemo batono, axla minda, sakuTari pozicia mogaxsenoT. me
uarvyavi, rom komunisti var da vfiqrob, am garemoebebSi
valdebuli var, zustad Camovayalibo, Tu rogoria Cemi
politikuri Sexedulebebi, raTa avxsna, Tu ra iyo Cemi pozi-
cia `eris SubSi~ da ra damokidebuleba maqvs Zalis gam-
oyenebasTan dakavSirebiT.
me, sakuTar Tavs, pirvel yovlisa, yovelTvis afrikel
patriotad miviCnevdi. bolos da bolos, me davibade umta-
taSi, ormocdaeqvsi wlis win. Cemi meurve iyo Cemi biZaSvili,
vinc im dros tembulandis mTavari mmarTveli iyo da me da-
kavSirebuli var rogorc sabata dalindiebosTan, dRevandel
mTavar mmarTvelTan, ise kaizer matanzimasTan), romelic
Transkeis mTavari ministria.
dResdReobiT, me mizidavs uklaso sazogadoebis idea. es
ltolva, erTi mxriv, nasazrdoebia marqsistuli litera-
turiT da meore mxriv, adreuli afrikuli sazogadoebebis
struqturisa da organizaciis momxiblaobiT am qveyanaSi. mi-
wa, warmoebis umTavresi saSualeba, im dros tomis sakuTrebas
warmoadgenda. iq ar arsebobda mdidari an Raribi da ar
arsebobda eqspluatacia.
simarTlea, rogorc ukve aRvniSne, rom Cemze gavlena
marqsistulma naazrevma moaxdina. magram es, aseve, simarTlea
bevri axali damoukidebeli saxelmwifos liderTan mimar-
TebiT. iseTi radikalurad gansxvavebuli pirovnebebi,
rogorebic arian, gandi, neru, nkruma da naseri, _ yvela aRi-
arebda am faqts. Cven yvela vTanxmdebiT socializmis
garkveuli formis saWiroebaze, raTa Cvens xalxs SesaZle-
bloba mieces, miuaxlovdes msoflios ganviTarebul qveynebs
da gadalaxos ukiduresi siRaribis memkvidroeba. Tumca es ar
niSnavs, rom marqsistebi varT.
marTlac, Cemo batono, Cems damokidebulebasTan kavSirSi,
Riad SegviZlia vimsjeloT, uwevs Tu ara raime gansazRvruli

69
rolis TamaSi komunistur partias Cveni politikuri
brZolis am konkretul etapze. am momentisTvis ZiriTadi am-
ocanaa rasobrivi diskriminaciis aRmofxvra, demokratiuli
uflebebis ganxorcieleba `Tavisuflebis qartiis~ sa-
fuZvelze da brZola, romelic Zlieri `ank~-is mier sau-
keTesod warimarTeba. am momentamde, Cemo batono, ramdena-
dac es partia am amocanas miyveba, me mivesalmebi maT
Tanadgomas. me vaanalizeb, rom es aris erT-erTi mTavari saS-
ualeba, romlis meSveobiTac yvela rasis xalxi SeiZleba
Caebas Cvens brZolaSi.
Tumca, marqsistuli literaturis kiTxvisa da marqsis-
tebTan saubris Semdeg, STabeWdileba damrCa, rom
komunistebi dasavleTis saparlamento sistemas arademokra-
tiulad da reaqcionulad miiCneven. magram me, piriqiT, aseTi
sistemis motrfiale var.
`Tavisuflebis didi qartia~, `peticia uflebaTa Sesaxeb~,
`uflebaTa bili~ dokumentebia, romlebsac demokratebi
mTel msoflioSi Tayvans scemen.
me did pativs vcem britanul politikur institutebs da
qveynis marTlmsajulebis sistemas. britanul parlaments
msoflios yvelaze demokratiul institutad miviCnev da Cemi
Tayvaniscema misi sasamarTlo sistemis damoukideblobisa da
miukerZoeblobisadmi arasdros Sesustebula.
amerikis kongresi, im qveynis Zalauflebis gamijvnis
doqtrina, iseve, rogorc sasamarTlo xelisuflebis damo-
ukidebloba, CemSi msgavs grZnobebs aRZravs.
me STagonebuli viyavi rogorc dasavleTis, ise aR-
mosavleTis mier. am yvelaferma magrZnobina, rom politikuri
formulis Ziebisas absoluturad miukerZoebeli da obi-
eqturi unda vyofiliyavi. sakuTari Tavi ar unda mivakuTvno
sazogadoebis romelime konkretul sistemas, garda amgvari
socializmisa. me Tavisufali unda viyo yovelive saukeTesos
gaziarebaSi rogorc dasavleTidan, ise aRmosavleTidan. axla
minda, visaubro zogierT mtkicebulebaze. bevri mtkicebule-
ba Cemi xeliTaa dawerili. yovelTvis Cvevad mqonda im masalis
werilobiT gadmocema, romelsac Seviswavlidi.

70
 mtkicebulebebi R20, 21 da 22 moxsenebebis Cemi xeliT
gakeTebuli monaxazia, magram pirveladi naazrevi me ar
mekuTvnis. isini Semdeg garemoebebSi daiwera:
wlebis ganmavlobaSi, Zveli megobari, visTanac Zalian
mWidrod vTanamSromlobdi `ank~-Tan dakavSirebul sa-
kiTxebze da vinc daikava mniSvnelovani poziciebi rogorc
`ank~-Si, ise komunistur partiaSi, cdilobda Cem gawevriane-
bas komunistur partiaSi. Cven xSirad vkamaTobdiT, Tu ra
roli SeiZleboda hqonoda komunistur partias Cveni
brZolis am etapze. Cemi politikuri rwmenis Sesabamisad, me
masTanac imave Sexedulebebs vaviTarebdi, rac ukve ganvixile
wina gancxadebaSi. imisaTvis, rom komunistur partiaSi
Sesvlaze daverwmunebine, igi drodadro maZlevda marqsis-
tul literaturas wasakiTxad, romelsac, fiqrobda, ar
mqonda _ yovelTvis gamovnaxav dros amis gasakeTeblad. Cven
orive myarad videqiT sakuTar poziciebze imis Taobaze, unda
gavwevrianebuliyavi Tu ara komunistur partiaSi. is icavda
im mosazrebas, rom mxolod Tavisuflebis miRweviT ver Sev-
ZlebdiT siRaribisa da uTanasworobis problemebis gadaWras
komunisturi saxelmwifos dafuZnebis gareSe da amis gasa-
keTeblad Cven saTanadod ganswavluli marqsistebi gvWir-
deboda. me vrCebodi poziciaze, rom arc erTi ideologiuri
mimarTuleba ar unda gacxadebuliyo, sanam Tavisuflebas ar
mivaRwevdiT. me mas sxvadasxva garemoebaSi vxvdebodi
lilizlifis mamulis teritoriaze da erT-erT ukanasknel
aseT Sexvedraze igi dakavebuli iyo weriT, mis garSemo ki wig-
nebi elaga. rodesac vkiTxe, Tu ras akeTebda, miTxra, rom igi
werda moxsenebebs komunistur partiaSi gamosayeneblad da
maTi wakiTxva SemomTavaza. iq iyo ramdenime moxsenebis monax-
azi. rodesac wavikiTxe, vuTxari, rom Cveulebrivi mkiTxvel-
isTvis isini zedmetad CaxlarTulad gamoiyureboda, ram-
denadac ena iyo abstraqtuli da Cveuli komunisturi
kliSeebiTa da JargonebiT gajerebuli. Tu sasamarTlo
Caxedavs zogierT standartul marqsistul naSroms, Cems
mier dasmuli aqcenti sarwmuno iqneba. man Tqva, rom Seu-
Zlebeli iyo enis gamartiveba im efeqtis dakargvis gareSe,
romlis xazgasmasac avtori cdilobda. me ar daveTanxme mas,

71
ris Semdegac SemekiTxa, SevZlebdi Tu ara aRniSnuli moxsene-
bebis Sesabamisi formiT gamartivebas. daxmarebaze dav-
Tanxmdi da samuSaos gulmodgined Sevudeqi, magram ver da-
vamTavre, ramdenadac mogvianebiT sxva praqtikul saqmianobas
movkide xeli, romelic ufro mniSvnelovani iyo. mas Semdeg
aRarasdros minaxavs es xelnaweri, sanam am procesze ar war-
moadgines. msurs ganvacxado, rom mtkicebuleba R23-Si da-
fiqsirebuli xelnaweri me ar mekuTvnis, igi aSkarad
Sesrulebulia im pirovnebis mier, vinc moxseneba moamzada.
Cemo batono, arsebobs konkretuli Cvenebebi, romlebic
mianiSnebs, TiTqos Cven ucxoeTidan viRebdiT finansur
mxardaWeras da axla msurs, es sakiTxi ganvixilo.
Cveni politikuri brZola yovelTvis Sida wyaroebidan fi-
nansdeboda _ Cveni xalxisa da Cveni mxardamWerebisgan
miRebuli fuladi saxsrebidan. roca Cven gvqonda spe-
cialuri kampania an mniSvnelovani politikuri garemoeba,
viRebdiT finansur mxardaWeras solidaruli pirebisa da da-
savlur qveynebSi arsebuli organizaciebidan. Cven arasdros
gvigrZvnia saWiroeba, gavcdenodiT am wyaroebs.
Tumca, 1961 wels, roca `eris Subi~ Camoyalibda da
brZolis axali etapi gacxadda, gavaanalizeT, rom es Ro-
nisZiebebi mZime tvirTad daawveboda Cvens mwir resursebs da
rom Cveni aqtivobebis intensivoba SeizRudeboda fuladi
saxsrebis simciris gamo. Cemi erT-erTi davaleba, roca 1962
wlis ianvarSi sazRvargareT wavedi, afrikuli saxelm-
wifoebidan kapitalis mozidva iyo.
unda davamato, rom sazRvargareT yofnisas vesaubrebodi
afrikaSi arsebuli politikuri moZraobebis liderebs da aR-
movaCine, rom TiTqmis yvela maTgans, im adgilebSi, sadac jer
kidev ver mieRwiaT damoukideblobisTvis, miiRes yvela saxis
mxardaWera socialisturi qveynebidan, iseve rogorc da-
savleTidan, finansuri daxmarebis CaTvliT. me, aseve, aRmova-
Cine, rom zogierTi kargad nacnobi afrikuli saxelmwifo,
romlebic arakomunisturebi da antikomunisturebic ki iyo,
aseve iRebdnen msgavs daxmarebas.
respublikaSi dabrunebis Semdeg, me gaveci mkacri rek-
omendacia `ank~-is mimarT, rom Cven ar unda Semovfargluli-

72
yaviT mxolod afrikiTa da dasavluri saxelmwifoebiT, ara-
med, aseve, gagvegzavna delegaciebi socialistur qveynebSi
fuladi saxsrebis mosazidad, rac saswarafod gvWirdeboda.
me miTxres, rom Cemi gasamarTlebis Semdeg, aseTi delega-
cia gaagzavnes.
rogorc vxvdebi, saxelmwifo braldebis da konkretulad
“X”-is Cvenebis mixedviT, `eris Subi~ STagonebis wyaro iyo
komunituri partiisTvis, romelic warmosaxviT usamar-
Tlobaze manipulirebiT cdilobda afrikeli xalxis gawev-
rianebas armiaSi, romelic, erTi SexedviT, ibrZolebda af-
rikuli TavisuflebisTvis, Tumca realurad komunituri sax-
elmwifosTvis ibrZoda. yovelive zemoaRniSnuli simarTles
ar Seesabameba. faqtobrivad, es mosazreba absurdulia. `eris
Subi~ Camoayalibes afrikelebma, raTa ufro win waewiaT
TavisuflebisTvis brZola. komunistebi da sxvebi mxars
uWerdnen moZraobas da Cven mxolod is gvsurda, rom sazoga-
doebis ufro meti segmenti SemogverTeboda. Cveni brZola
mimarTulia ara warmosaxviTi, aramed realuri problemebis,
an saxelmwifo bralmdeblis terminologias Tu gamoviyenebT,
e.w. `problemebis~, winaaRmdeg. arsebiTad, Cemo batono, Cven
vibrZviT ori maxasiaTeblis winaaRmdeg, romlebic samxreT
afrikaSi afrikelebis Savi laqaa da romlebic gamyarebulia
kanonmdeblobis mier, romlis gauqmebisTvisac Cven vibrZviT.
es maxasiaTeblebia siRaribe da adamianis Rirsebis ugulebel-
yofa da Cven ar gvWirdeba komunistebi an e.w. `agitatorebi~
imisaTvis, rom es viTareba agvixsnan.
samxreT afrika yvelaze mdidari qveyanaa afrikaSi da unda
yofiliyo erT-erTi umdidresi qveyana msoflioSi. magram igi
ukiduresobebisa da dasamaxsovrebeli kontrastebis miwaa.
TeTrkanianebi cxovrebis erT-erTi umaRlesi standartiT
sargebloben maSin, roca afrikelebi siRaribesa da tanjvaSi
cxovroben. afrikelTa ormoci procenti umowyalod gad-
aWedil da zog SemTxvevaSi, gvalvian adgilebSi cxovrobs, sa-
dac niadagis erozia da miwis gadametebuli damuSaveba miwaze
saTanadod arsebobas SeuZlebels xdis. ocdaaTi procenti
aris muSa, daqiravebuli muSa da mojamagire TeTrkanianebis
fermebSi, isini muSaoben da cxovroben imave pirobebSi,

73
rogorc Sua saukuneebis ymebi. sxva ocdaaTi procenti
cxovrobs qalaqebSi, sadac maT ekonomikuri da socialuri
yofa ganaviTares, ramac isini TeTrkanianebis cxovrebis
standartTan daaaxlova. amis miuxedavad, afrikelTa didi na-
wili jer kidev, am jgufSic ki, dabali SemosavlebiTa da
cxovrebis siZviris gamo dauZlurebulia.
afrikuli saqalaqo cxovrebis yvelaze maRalSemosavliani
da warmatebuli segmenti iohanesburgSia. Tumca maTi
realuri mdgomareoba mainc uimedoa. ukanaskneli monacemebi
gamoaqveyna b-nma karma, iohanesburgis araevropul saqmeTa
departamentis xelmZRvanelma, 1964 wlis 25 marts. siRaribis
maCvenebeli saSualo afrikuli ojaxisTvis iohanesburgSi, b-
n karis departamentis mixedviT, aris 42,84 rendi TveSi. man
warmoaCina, rom saSualo Tviuri xelfasi aris 32.24 rendi da
rom iohanesburgSi, afrikuli ojaxebis ormocdaeqvsi pro-
centi ver gamoimuSavebs sakmariss, raTa saqmianoba gaa-
grZelon.
siRaribe Tanaarsebobs cud kvebasTan da daavadebebTan
erTad. kvebis ukmarisobisa da misiT gamowveuli daavadebebis
SemTxvevebi Zalian maRalia afrikelebs Soris. tuberkulozi,
pelagra, kvaSiorkori, gastroenteriti da suravavandi sik-
vdilsa da janmrTelobis ganadgurebas iwvevs. bavSvTa sik-
vdilianobis SemTxvevebi erT-erTi maRalia msoflioSi. pre-
toriis janmrTelobis dacvis samedicino inspeqtoris
mixedviT, Sefasebulia, rom tuberkulioziT kvdeba ormoci
adamiani dReSi, romelTagan TiTqmis yvela afrikelia da 1961
wels, daavadebis 58 491 axali SemTxveva gamovlinda. es daa-
vadebebi, Cemo batono, ara marto anadgurebs sxeulis sas-
icocxlo organoebs, aramed, aramdgradi fsiqikuri mdgoma-
reobis, iniciativis naklebobisa da koncentraciis Sem-
cirebuli unarebis Sedegia. aseTi mdgomareobis meoreuli
Sedegebi gavlenas axdens mTel sazogadoebasa da afrikelebis
mier gaweuli Sromis standartze.
Tumca afrikelTa ukmayofilebis mizezi ar aris mxolod
is, rom isini Raribebi arian da TeTrkanianebi _ mdidrebi, ar-

 samxreT afrikuli fulis erTeuli.

74
amed is, rom TeTrkanianebis mier miRebuli kanonebi am
mdomareobis SenarCunebiskenaa mowodebuli.
siRaribis daZlevis ori gza arsebobs. pirveli miiRweva
formaluri ganaTlebiT, xolo meore _ mSromelis mier sa-
kuTar samuSaoSi ufro metad daostatebiT da amgvarad,
ufro maRali gasamrjelos miRebiT. afrikelebTan mimar-
TebiT, ganviTarebis orive gza kanonmdeblobiT mizanmimar-
Tulad moWrilia.
vTxov sasamarTlos, axsovdes, amJamindeli xelisufleba
yovelTvis cdilobda dabrkolebebis Seqmnas afrike-
lebisTvis, romlebic ganaTlebis miRebas cdilobdnen. maTi
erT-erTi pirveli qmedeba, Zalauflebis mopovebis Semdeg,
iyo afrikuli skolebis kvebis subsidirebis Sewyveta. bevri
afrikeli bavSvi, romlebic skolaSi dadiodnen, am daxmareba-
ze iyvnen damokidebulni. es iyo sastiki moqmedeba. TeTrkani-
ani bavSvebisTvis arsebobs faqtobrivad ufaso savaldebulo
ganaTleba, miuxedavad imisa, maTi mSoblebi mdidrebi arian
Tu Raribebi. amgvari pirobebiT sargeblobis SesaZlebloba
ara aqvT afrikel bavSvebs, miuxedavad imisa, rom zogierTi
msgavs daxmarebas iRebs. Tumca afrikel bavSvebs, Cveulebriv,
ufro metis gadaxda uwevT swavlisTvis, vidre TeTrkanianebs.
1963 wels, rasebs Soris urTierTobebis samxreT afrikuli
institutis mier sakuTar JurnalSi gamoqveynebuli mona-
cemebis mixedviT, Svididan ToTxmet wlamde asakobrivi jgu-
fis afrikeli bavSvebis daaxloebiT ormoci procenti
skolaSi ar dadis. maTTvis miniWebuli standartebi, vinc
skolaSi dadis, TeTrkaniani bavSvebisgan didad gansxvavdeba.
1960-1961 wlebSi, saxelmwifo subsidiaze myof skolebSi, erT
afrikel studentze gaweuli danaxarji iyo 12,46 rendi. imave
wlebSi, kaplandis provinciaSi (romelic erTaderTi
xelmisawvdomi monacemia CemTvis) erT TeTrkanian bavSvze
144,57 rendi daixarja. Tumca sxva monacemebi CemTvis
xelmisawvdomi araa, SeiZleba iTqvas, eWvgareSea, rom TeTr-
kaniani bavSvebi, romlebzec 144,57 rendi ixarjeboda, ufro
SeZlebuli ojaxebidan iyvnen, vidre bavSvebi, romlebzec
12.46 rendi ixarjeboda.

75
 ganaTlebis xarisxi aseve gansxvavebulia. bantus sa-
ganmanaTleblo Jurnalis mixedviT, 1962 wels, mTel samxreT
afrikaSi, mxolod 5 660 afrikelma bavSvma aiRo dabali
xarisxis mowmoba, xolo im wels umaRlesi xarisxisa _ mxo-
lod 362-ma. es gamomdinareobs bantus ganaTlebis politi-
kidan, romlis Sesaxebac amJamindelma premier-ministrma,
bantus ganaTlebis bilis Taobaze kamaTisas, 1953 wels, ra
drosac igi adgilobriv saqmeTa ministri iyo, ganacxada:
`roca meqneba kontroli adgilobriv ganaTlebaze, me mas
imgvarad gardavqmni, rom adgilobrivebs bavSvobidan
aswavlian imis gaanalizebas, rom evropelebTan Tanasworoba
maTTvis ar arsebobs. adamianebi, romelTac Tanasworobis
sjeraT, ar arian sasurveli maswavleblebi adgilobrive-
bisTvis. roca Cemi departamenti adgilobriv ganaTlebas gaa-
kontrolebs, cnobili gaxdeba, ra xarisxis umaRlesi ga-
naTleba aris Sesabamisi adgilobrivisTvis da eqneba Tu ara
mas cxovrebaSi SesaZlebloba, Tavisi codna gamoiyenos ~.
afrikelis ekonomikuri ganviTarebisTvis sxva mniSvnelo-
vani dabrkolebaa `industriuli feradi barieri~, romlis
ZaliTac ukeTesad anazRaurebadi da ukeTesi samrewvelo
samuSaoebi mxolod TeTrkanianebisTvisaa xelmisawvdomi.
ufro metic, afrikelebs, arakvalificirebul da saSualod
kvalificirebul saqmianobebSi, romlebic maTTvisaa xelmi-
sawvdomi, ufleba ara aqvT, Camoayalibon profkavSirebi, rac
`industriuli Tanxmobis aqtidan~ gamomdinareobs. es niSnavs,
rom afrikeli mSromelebis gaficvebi aralegaluria da
maTTvis uaryofilia koleqtiuri xelSekrulebebi, rac neba-
darTulia ukeT anazRaurebadi TeTrkaniani mSromele-
bisTvis. samxreT afrikuli xelisuflebebis Tanmimdevruli,
diskriminaciuli politika afrikeli mSromelebis mimarT,
mtkicdeba e.w. `civilizebuli Sromis politikiT~, romlis
ZaliTac arakvalificirebuli saxelisuflebo samuSaoebi
xelmisawvdomia im TeTrkaniani mSromelebisTvis, romlebic
mrewvelobaSi warmatebas ver aRweven, maTi xelfasebi ki bev-
rad aRemateba mrewvelobaSi dasaqmebuli saSualo afrikelis
Semosavals. xelisufleba kritikas yovelTvis imiT pasuxobs,
rom afrikelebi samxreT afrikaSi ekonomikurad bevrad

76
SeZlebulebi arian, vidre afrikis sxva qveynebis mcxovrebni.
me ar vici es gancxadeba simarTlea Tu ara da veWvob, ram-
denad SeiZleba raime Sedarebis gakeTeba msgavs qveynebSi
saarsebo minimumis indeqsis ganxilvis gareSe. magram Tundac
simarTle iyos, ramdenadac afrikel xalxzea saubari, es ar-
arelevanturia. Cveni pretenzia is ar aris, rom Cven sxva
qveynebis xalxTan SedarebiT Raribebi varT, aramed is, rom
Cven Raribebi varT Cvenive qveynaSi TeTrkanianebTan Sedare-
biT da rom kanonmdeblobiT mospobili gvaqvs SesaZlebloba,
aRmovfxvraT es Seusabamoba.
afrikelTa mier gamocdili adamianis Rirsebis upativcem-
uloba TeTrkanianTa batonobis politikis pirdapiri Se-
degia. TeTrkanianTa batonoba Savkanianebis daqvemdebarebas
niSnavs. kanonmdebloba mowodebulia, SeinarCunos TeTr-
kanianebis batonoba, romelic am qveyanaSi myardeba. samxreT
afrikaSi Sav samuSaoebs ucvlelad axorcieleben afrike-
lebi. rodesac raime gadasatani an gasawmendia, amis gasa-
keTeblad TeTrkanianebi afrikelebs eZeben, miuxedavad imisa,
maT mier arian dasaqmebulebi Tu ara. amgvari urTierTobis
gamo, TeTrkanianebi TandaTan ise uyureben afrikelebs,
rogorc gancalkevebul modgmas. isini ar uyureben maT,
rogorc adamianebs, romlebsac sakuTari ojaxi aqvT; isini ar
aanalizeben, rom Cven gvaqvs emociebi _ rom Cvenc gviyvar-
deba iseve, rogorc TeTrkanianebs; rom Cvenc iseve gvsurs sa-
kuTar col-SvilTan yofna, rogorc maT; rom Cven gvsurs
fulis gamomuSaveba, sakmarisi fulisa imisaTvis, raTa
saTanadod davexmaroT Cvens ojaxebs, gamovkveboT da Sevmo-
soT isini, gavgzavnoT skolaSi. da rogor SeuZlia `saxlis
biWs~ an `baRis biWs~ an Sav muSas odesme amis imedi hqondes?
sapasporto kanonebi, romlebic afrikelebisTvis kanon-
mdeblobis yvelaze saZulveli nawilia samxreT afrikaSi,
nebismier afrikels nebismier dros policiis zedamxedvelo-
bis qveS ayenebs. veWvob, samxreT afrikaSi iyos erTi afrikeli
mamakaci mainc, romelsac garkveul periodSi ar mosvlia
dapirispireba policiasTan misi pasportis gamo. yovelwliu-
rad asobiT da aTasobiT afrikels svamen cixeSi sapasporto
kanonebis safuZvelze. amaze uaresi is faqtia, rom sapaspor-

77
to kanonebi qmrebsa da colebs erTmaneTisgan acalkevebs da
isini ojaxuri cxovrebis dangrevamde mihyavs.
siRaribesa da ojaxuri cxovrebis dangrevas aqvT meoreu-
li efeqtebi. bavSvebi daexetebian gareubnebis quCebSi,
radgan ar swavloben skolebSi, an ar aqvT fuli, raTa skolaSi
wasvla SeZlon, an ar hyavT mSoblebi saxlSi, raTa maT Tvali
adevnon, rom isini skolaSi dadian, radgan orive mSobels, Tu
orive hyavT, uwevT muSaoba ojaxis sarCenad. amas mivyavarT
moraluri standartebis rRvevamde, qorwinebis gareSe
dabadebuli bavSvebis raodenobis SemaSfoTebel zrdamde da
mzard Zaladobamde, romelic ara mxolod politikur velze,
aramed yvelgan vrceldeba. gareubnebSi cxovreba saxifaToa.
dRe ar gaivlis vinmeze Tvdasxmis an fizikuri Zaladobis ga-
reSe. Zalmomreoba xorcieldeba TeTrkanianebiT dasaxlebul
gareubnebSi. xalxs eSinia dabnelebis Semdeg quCaSi marto
siaruli. matulobs saxlebis gaqurdvisa da Zarcvis Sem-
Txvevebi im faqtis miuxedavad, rom amgvari danaSaulisTvis
axla SesaZloa sikvdiliT dasja dawesdes. sikvdiliT dasjis
ganaCenebi daCirqebul Wrilobas ver gankurnavs.
gankurnebis erTaderTi saSualeba im garemoebaTa Secvlaa,
romelTa gamoc afrikelebs aiZuleben, icxovron da Tvali
gausworon kanonier usamarTlobas. afrikelebs surT, ux-
didnen saarsebo minimums. afrikelebs surT, ganaxorcielon
is samuSao, romlis Sesrulebis saTanado unarebsac floben,
da ara is, romelsac xelisufleba maTTvis Sesaferisad
gamoacxadebs. Cven gvinda, SegveZlos iq cxovreba, sadac vmu-
SaobT da ar gamogvdevnon im teritoriidan imis gamo, rom iq
ar davbadebulvarT. gvinda, gvqondes ufleba da ar viyoT
valdebulni, vicxovroT daqiravebul saxlebSi, romlebsac
verasdros davuZaxebT sakuTars. gvinda, viyoT saerTo mo-
saxleobis nawili da ar viyoT SezRudulni Cvens getoebSi
cxovrebiT. afrikel mamakacebs surT, rom TavianT colebTan
da bavSvebTan erTad icxovron iq, sadac muSaoben da ar aiZu-
lon mamakacebis saerTo sacxovrebelSi arabunebrivi yofa.
Cvens qalebs surT TavianT mamakacebTan yofna da ara marto
darCena. gvinda, SegveZlos saRamos TerTmeti saaTis Semdeg
gareT gasvla da ar viyoT mijaWvulni Cvens oTaxebs, rogorc

78
patara bavSvebi. gvinda, SegveZlos Cvenive qveyanaSi mogzau-
roba da samuSaos Zieba iq, sadac gvsurs, sadac gvinda da ara
iq, sadac Sromis biuro gvetyvis. Cven mxolod is gvinda, rom
gaviziaroT mTeli samxreT afrika; gvinda usafrTxoeba da
Rirseuli adgili sazogadoebaSi.
umTavresad, Cemo batono, Cven Tanaswori politikuri
uflebebi gvsurs, radgan maT gareSe Cveni Cagvra samudamo
iqneba. me vici, rom TeTrkanianebisTvis am qveyanaSi es revo-
luciurad JRers, radgan amomrCevelTa umravlesoba af-
rikelebi iqnebian. es TeTrkanianebs demokratiis SiSs uqmnis.
Tumca, dauSvebelia, es SiSi gadagveRobos im erTaderTi
gamosavlis Ziebis gzaze, romelic uzrunvelyofs rasobriv
harmoniasa da Tavisuflebas yvelasTvis. araa marTali, rom
politikuri uflebebis yvelasTvis miniWeba rasobriv baton-
obas gamoiwvevs. kanis ferze dafuZnebuli politikuri
dayofa sruliad xelovnuria da roca is aRmoifxvreba, aseve,
gaqreba erTi feris jgufis mier meoreze batonoba. `ank~-ma
rasizmis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi naxevari saukune gaatara. roca
is gaimarjvebs, rac usaTuod unda moxdes, igi am politikas
ar Secvlis.
es aris is, risTvisac `ank~ ibrZvis. Cveni brZola WeSmarit-
ad erovnulia. igi afrikeli xalxis brZolaa, STagonebuli
Cvenive tanjvisa da Cvenive gamocdilebisgan. esaa brZola
sicocxlis uflebisaTvis.
Cemi cxovreba afrikeli xalxis am brZolas mivuZRveni. me
vibrZodi TeTrkanianebis batonobis winaaRmdeg da vibrZodi
Savkanianebis batonobis winaaRmdeg. me saTuTad vuvlidi
demokratiuli da Tavisufali sazogadoebis ideals, sadac
yvela erTad icxovrebs harmoniaSi, Tanaswori SesaZle-
blobebiT. es aris ideali, romlisTvisac, vimedovneb, vi-
cocxleb da ganxorcielebuls vixilav. Tumca, Cemo batono,
Tu saWiroa, es is idealia, romlis gamoc mzad var, movkvde.

79
 Tavisufleba an sikvdili

emelain fanqhursTi

mariam naTenaZisa da mari kutubiZis Targmani

misis hefbern, qalbatonebo da batonebo:

bevri adamiani movida harTfordidan, rom daeswros
Sexvedrebs, rogorc zogierTi reformis mxardamWeri. am saR-
amos Cemi mimarTva ar eZRvneba im reformis dacvas, romlis
Taobazec harTfordSi Sexvedrisas sityviT gamovedi. me aq ar
movsulvar rogorc damcveli, radgan rogori poziciac ar
unda ekavos qalebis xmis micemis uflebis mxadamWerTa moZ-
raobas amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, inglisSi igi ukve gas-
cda dacvis farglebs da praqtikuli politikis sferoSi
gadavida. is gaxda revoluciisa da samoqalaqo omis sagani, ase
rom, am saRamos me ar var aq imisTvis, rom davicva qalTa xmis
ufleba. amerikel uflebadamcvelebs amis gakeTeba Tavadac
kargad SeuZliaT.

me aq var rogorc jariskaci, romelmac droebiT datova

brZolis veli imisaTvis, rom naTeli gaxados _ ucnaurad
JRers da aucilebelia, ganimartos _ rogor mimdinareobs
qalebis mier warmoebuli samoqalaqo omi. me ar var aq,
rogorc mxolod jariskaci, romelmac brZolis veli
droebiT miatova; me aq var, _ da vfiqrob, es aris Cemi gam-
osvlis yvelaze ucnauri nawili _ me aq var, rogorc adamiani,
visac, Cemi qveynis marTlmsajulebis gadawyvetilebiT,
sazogadoebisaTvis aranairi Rirebuleba ar gaaCnia: da Cemi
saxifaTo pirovnebis gamo var msjavrdebuli, romelsac
miesaja katorRuli samuSaoebi cixeSi. ase rom, rogorc
xedavT, aseTi uCveulo adamianis mimarTvis mosmenis gan-
sakuTrebuli interesi arsebobs. gavbedav da vityvi, bevri
Tqvenganis gonebaSi _ albaT momitevebT amgvar pirovnul
Sexebas _ me didad arc mebrZols vgavar da arc gasa-
marTlebuls da mainc, orive var.

80
 dRes, upirveles yovlisa, msurs, gagagebinoT revolu-
ciisa da samoqalaqo omis gardauvaloba Tundac qalebis
mxridan, rodesac miaRwevT sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis ganvi-
Tarebis garkveul etaps. srulebiTac araa rTuli ruseTidan,
CineTidan an msoflios nebismieri sxva wertilidan Camosuli
revolucioneri mamakacebisTvis, 5 wuTSi agixsnan revoluci-
is maTeuli xedva. araa rTuli, gagacnon revoluciuri
meTodebi, ramdenadac isini swored mamakacebis mieraa daner-
gili.
bevrma Tqvenganma gamoxata simpaTia, SesaZloa simpaTia
gamoxata moqmedebaSic, ruseTSi momxdari revoluciebis
mimarT. gavbedav da vityvi, rom Tqven agiyoliaT didma in-
teresma im ambis mimarT, Tu rogor gadmoitana Cinelma revo-
lucionerma, sun iat-senma, revolucia inglisidan CineTSi.
amerikul gazeTebSi kvlav aRmovaCine didi miTqma-moTqma im
faqtis Taobaze, rom erT-erTma liderma, moxerxebulobis
wyalobiT, monawileoba miiRo parizSi Catarebul qalTa
revoluciis warmarTvaSi. TqvenTvis ufro advilad aRsaq-
meli da misaxvedri iqneboda _ da Cemi axsnac aRar dag-
WirdebodaT _ revoluciis survili im SemTxvevaSi, Tu viqne-
bodi mamakaci, maT Soris nebismier am qveyanaSi, britaneTis
imperiis im nawilSic ki, romelic TqvenTvis irlandiis sax-
eliTaa cnobili. Tu irlandieli revolucioneri daeswre-
boda am Sexvedras, da bevri maTgani bolo oci an ocdaaTi
wlis ganmavlobaSi eswreboda kidec Sexvedrebs mTeli Seer-
Tebuli Statebis masStabiT, misTvis saWiro ar iqneboda
revoluciis aucileblobis axsna imis Tqmis Semdeg, rom mis
qveyanaSi adamianebi xalxis _ ufro zustad, mamakacebis _
mier idevnebian da uars iReben mmarTvelobaSi monawileobis
uflebaze. es yvelafers naTels mohfens. Tu me viqnebodi ka-
ci da getyodiT, `me var im qveynidan, romelmac saWirod CaT-
vala, hyoloda warmomadgenlobiTi institutebi da jer kidev
uaryofs gadasaxadebis gadamxdelis, am qveynis binadris, Cems
warmomadgenlobiT uflebebs~, Tqven sabolood darwmunde-
bodiT, rom am adamianis, am mamakacis mier warmomadgenlobiTi
institutebis SemoRebisTvis revoluciis meTodebis gam-
oyeneba gamarTlebulia. magram vinaidan me var qali, meoce

81
saukuneSic ki aucilebelia, avxsna, ratom gamoiyenes qalebma
revoluciis meTodi samoqalaqo uflebebis mosapoveblad.
rogorc xedavT, miuxedavad imisa, rom sakmaod bevri
movismineT amerikeli qalebis Sesaxeb, romlebsac araferi
uWirT saimiso, rom revoluciis meTodebs mimarTon,
mamakacebis umetesoba SeerTebuli Statebidan sakmaod
mSvidad xvdeba faqts, rom sazogadoebis wevrTa naxevars
samoqalaqo uflebebi srulad CamorTmeuli aqvs da Cven, qal-
ebi, yovelTvis, rodesac vcdilobT, naTeli gavxadoT saqmis
arsi, Cveni saTqmeli damswre mamakacebamde mivitanoT,
rogorc erT-erTi argumenti, varwmunebT maT erT WeSma-
ritebaSi _ Zalian martiv WeSmaritebaSi _ rom qalebi adami-
anebi arian. aSkaraa, bevri Tqvengani ver acnobierebs amas, sxva
SemTxvevaSi, arc iqneboda saWiro kamaTi imasTan da-
kavSirebiT, rom qalebi, romlebic gausaZlisi usamarTlo-
bisgan itanjebian, SeiZleba revoluciaSi Caeban. pirvel
yovlisa, unda dagarwmunoT, rom Cven adamianebi varT da
vimedovneb, SevZleb mivaRwio amas saRamos msvlelobisas,
sanam davjdebi, Tumca manamde msurs, warmogidginoT ram-
denime politikuri Sinaarsis argumenti _ argumenti ara xmis
micemis uflebasTan dakavSirebiT, radgan, rogorc dasawyis-
Si vTqvi, dRes aq amisTvis ar var, _ aramed argumenti, rome-
lic politikuri uflebebis mosapoveblad Zaladobrivi
meTodebis gamoyenebas gaamarTlebs.
uamravi Tqvengani zogierTi uSinaarso sagazeTo statiiT
daarwmunes, rom inglisSi mimdinareobs ucnauri manifesta-
cia, rom isteriis axalma talRam moicva am kunZulebis femi-
nisti mosaxleobis nawili, da es manifestacia iRebs sruliad
upasuxismgeblo formebs fanjrebis msxvreviT, werilebis
dawviT, sayovelTao SewuxebiT im pativsacemi, keTilsin-
disieri mSromeli adamianebisa, romlebsac ubralod Tavi-
anTi saqmis keTeba surT. yovelgvar azrs moklebulia, rasac
Tqven ambobT: Tundac am qalbatonebs hqonodaT sakmarisi ga-
naTleba, aReqvaT, ras sCadiodnen da marTlac surdaT, xmis
ufleba mieRoT, maT mimarTes metad aragonivrul gzas am
uflebis mosapoveblad. `rogor apireben isini fanjrebis
CamtvreviT daarwmunon xalxi, rom maT unda hqondeT xmis

82
ufleba?~ _ ambobT Tqven. axla Tu amas ambobT, es mowmobs,
rom saerTod ver gagigiaT Cveni revoluciis mniSvneloba da
minda gaCvenoT, rom qonebis ganadgurebiT, sulac ar
vcdilobT xalxis yuradReba qalTa xmis uflebebisken mivap-
yroT. am qmedebebs realurad politikuri xasiaTis datvir-
Tva aqvs, xmis uflebis armqone adamianebisTvis politikuri
statusis miniWebis erTaderT xerxad qalebisTvis xmis
uflebis miniWeba migvaCnia.

harTfordSi mcxovrebma mamakacebma ukmayofilebis ni-

adagze saCivriT mimarTes legistlaturas, romelic jiutad
uaryofda moesmina maTTvis da rame eRona maTi ukmayo-
filebis mizezis aRmosafxvrelad. ra iqneboda problemis
gadaWrisTvis Sesaferisi, konstituciuri da qmediTi gza?
erTi sityviT, zedmiwevniT naTelia, rom momdevno sayovel-
Tao sakanonmdeblo organos arCevnebze harTfordSi
mcxovrebi sakmaod bevri mamakaci zurgs Seaqcevs moqmedi
warmomadgenlobiTi organos wevrebs da airCevs axal ka-
nomdeblebs: warmomadgenlobiTi organos srulebiT ga-
naxlebul, Seupovar Semadgenlobas, romelic am mamakacebis
moTxovnebs ar ugulebelyofs. Zalian martivi da mo-
saxerxebeli iqneba amomrCevlebisTvis maTi ukmayofilebis
mizezis aRmofxvra, Tu imoqmedeben SeTanxmebulad da Seqm-
nian legislaturis models, sakanonmdeblo organoSi
rolebis gadaTamaSebis meSveobiT, im mizniT, rom parla-
mentSi ukeTesma adamianebma Caanacvlon isini, vinc ukanonod
moqmedeben.
magram vTxovoT harTfordSi mcxovreb mamakacebs, war-
moidginon, rom maT aRar aqvT amomrCevlebis roli, rom maT
marTaven Tanxmobis miRebis gareSe, rom maT moTxovnebs
xelisufleba yurs ar ugdebs, ras moimoqmedebdnen isini am
SemTxvevaSi? isini ukan ver gamoiwvevdnen legislaturas. maT
mouwevdaT arCevanis gakeTeba; mouwevdaT, aerCiaT or boro-
tebas Soris erT-erTi: Seguebodnen usamarTlo viTarebas
gaurkveveli periodiT, an unda gamofxizlebuliyvnen da mie-
marTaT moZvelebuli xerxisTvis, romlis saSualebiTac
mamakacebma warsulSi TavianTi moTxovnebis Sesrulebas miaR-

83
wies. Cven viciT ra moxda didi xnis win, rodesac Cvenma win-
aprebma moindomes, moepovebinaT warmomadgenloba sagada-
saxado sistemaSi. rodesac isini mixvdnen, rom mocda aRar
SeiZleboda, rodesac maT britaneTis daumorCilebel mTav-
robas warudgines yvela argumenti, risi mofiqrebac ki
SeiZleboda da rodesac maTi argumentebi sruliad uaryves.
roca yvela cda warumateblad dasrulda, maT daiwyes bos-
tonuri Cais smidan da ar gaCerdnen manam, sanam amerikis Seer-
Tebulma Statebma damoukidebloba ar moipova. ase xdeboda
Zvel droSi.
nebismieri moazrovne gonebisTvis udavod cxadia, rom
rodesac gaqvs ufleba, xmaTa sakmarisi raodenobis sworad
gamoyenebiT, urTierTSeTanxmebis wyalobiT SesaZloa Tavi-
dan moiSoro nebismieri saxelisuflo organo, romelsac
moindomeb. xolo Tu amas ver aRwev, SegiZlia aiZuloT is, mix-
edos Tavis saqmes da samagierod airCio is xalxi, vinc ufro
yuradRebiT moekideba Sens moTxovnebs. magram SedarebiT
dabali socialuri Segnebis mqoneTaTvisac cxadia, rom Tu
xmis ufleba ar gagaCnia, an unda daemorCilo samarTlian Tu
usamarTlo kanonebs, samarTlian Tu usamarTlo mmarTvelo-
bas, an gardauvali iqneba ajanyeba usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg
da gamoiyeneb Zaladobriv meTodebs am usamarTlobisTvis
bolos mosaRebad. saR azrs moklebuli araa is, rasac dRes
politikosebisagan revoluciis Tandayolili uflebisa da
autaneli usamarTlobiT tanjuli adamianebis daumorCile-
blobis Sesaxeb vismenT, xolo dRes inglisSi vxedavT
mamakacebis mier Seqmnil viTarebas, romelic am SemTxvevas
zustad asaxavs. dRes irlandiaSi Zalian rTuli mdgoma-
reobis momswreni varT. me momswre var faqtis, rom irlandi-
eli agitatorebis, irlandieli kanondamrRvevebis, irlandi-
eli kriminalebis Taobebi, romlebsac inglisis cixeebSi
grZelvadiani patimroba hqondaT misjili, gadmodiodnen
amerikaSi da iq mcxovreb xalxs fuls sTxovdnen irlandiis
ajanyebis dafinansebisTvis, romelic sxvadasxva reformis
gatarebis mizniT ewyoboda.

84
 bolo ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi irlandiurma daumor-
Cileblobam, rogorc iqna, moeqca ra politikis farglebSi da
hpova saTanado gamoxatuleba, romelmac TemTa palatasa da
lordTa palataSi SeaRwia, miaRwia imas, rasac irlandieli
xalxi amden xans eloda, iqmneba irlandiis Sida kanon-
mdebloba. ufro naTlad rom vTqvaT, momdevno ivniss dub-
linSi Seikribeba parlamenti, irlandiuri parlamenti, rome-
lic irlandiis saqmeebs londonis mTavrobisgan Caurevlad
warmarTavs. irlandieli mamakacebis umravlesobas swored es
surda, SesaZloa irlandieli qalebis umetesobac usityvod
daeTanxma am survils, magram maTTvis amis Taobaze aravis
ukiTxavs. udavoa, rom irlandiuri ajanyebebis seriaSi qaleb-
ma umniSvnelovanesi roli iTamaSes; da aseve, metad mniSvne-
lovan sakiTxze minda Tqveni yuradReba gavamaxvilo, _
rodesac irlandielma msjavrdebulma mamakacebma poli-
tikuri daumorCilebloba gamoacxades, maT ganixilavdnen
rogorc politikur patimrebs; magram yvela is irlandeli
qali, romelic mamakacebs erovnuli kanonis miRebaSi exmare-
boda, gaasamarTles rogorc Cveulebrivi kriminali da
moeqcnen rogorc rigiT damnaSaves. qalbatonebo, Tqven
xedavT, daumorCileblobis drosac ki sjobs, iyoT amom-
rCevlebi, radgan Tu ar iqnebiT, miiRebT imaze uares sasjels,
vidre isini, visac xmis ufleba aqvT, Tundac am dros dana-
Sauls sCadiodnen. amgvarad, dRevandeli mdgomareobiT, ir-
landiis kanonmdebloba ZalaSi Seva momavali wlis da-
sawyisisTvis, an momdevno wlis ganmavlobaSi.
magram arsebobs irlandiis nawili, romelsac ar surs sa-
kuTari kanonmdebloba. arsebobs irlandiis nawili, ro-
melsac londonis mmarTveloba urCevnia. es aris CrdiloeT
irlandia, ulsTeris sagrafo. rasobrivi, religiuri, ekono-
mikuri mizezebis gamo aq mcxovrebTa umravlesobas saerTod
ar unda sakuTari kanonmdebloba. isini TavianT Tavs loial-
istebs, unionistebs uwodeben da surT, did britaneTTan
erToba amJamindeli saxiT SeinarCunon. rogorc ki kanonpro-
eqti miiRes da cnoba gavrcelda, rom Sida kanonmdebloba
eqnebodaT, am xalxma maSinve ajanyeba wamoiwyo. maT lideri
hyavdaT, kaci, romelmac Camoayaliba bolo konservatiuli

85
administraciis nawili, ser eduard qarsoni. gamoCenili ad-
vokati, gamoCenili saxelmwifo moxele: is irlandielia. ser
eduard qarsoni ulsTeris ajanyebis lideri gaxda. igi am-
arTlebda samoqalaqo oms; ara mxolod amarTlebda, aramed
mouwodebda ulsTeris mamrobiT mosaxleobas wvrTnisa da
mzadebisken, Tu samoqalaqo omi kars moadgebodaT. ajanyebis
pirveli etapi moicavda mTeli gaerTianebis saxeliT didi
deklaraciis teqstis xelmoweras. aRsaniSnavia, rom am
deklaracias ara mxolod kacebma, aramed qalebmac moaweres
xeli; ulsTerSi mcxovrebi qalebi miiwvies, raTa kacebTan
erTad moeweraT xeli deklaraciaze. xolo imaT gasagonad,
vinc amboben, rom qalTa modgma Sorsaa politikisgan da qal-
Ta bunebas politikiT daintereseba ar axasiaTebs, minda
vTqva, ufro metma qalma moawera xeli am deklaracias, vidre
kacma, TvalSisacemad metma.
amgvarad, am brZolis bolo etapi, rodesac man Tavis kul-
minacias miaRwia, Semdegia: ser eduard qarsoni gamodis
sityviT, romelSic is kanonis darRvevas xotbas asxams; man
gamoiwvia britaneTis mTavroba mis dasapatimreblad; saomari
Zalebi irlandiaSi gadasxes; da aq ver ipovidiT vercerT
klubs, axalgazrdebis, muSaTa klasis, saSualo an Tundac
maRali fenis klubs, sadac samoqalaqo omisTvis mzadeba da
wvrTna ar mimdinareobda. kanoni ukve darRveuli iyo, radgan
amboxebis SesamCnevi niSnebi ukve ikveTeboda belfastis
quCebSi, iyvnen daRupulebic da axla, am Sexvedraze minda
gkiTxoT, ramden Tqvengans smenia amerikuli gazeTebidan
yovelive amis Sesaxeb? gsmeniaT inglisuri gazeTebis xmama-
Rali kritikis gamoZaxili Tqvens gazeTebSi? _ ara; presac da
Tqvenc sakmaod mSvidad SexvdiT faqts, rom irlandiaSi
revolucia mzaddeboda da arcerT Tqvengans, ara aqvs mniS-
vneloba, iqnebiT gazeTis mTavari redaqtori, romelic
wamyvan statiebs wers Tavis TavSesafarSi, Tu biznesmeni an
ubralod profesionali Tqvens saqmeSi, arcerT Tqvengans ar
gasCenia kiTxva ulsTerSi myofi adamianebis uflebebTan da-
kavSirebiT, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom es adamianebi amom-
rCevlebi arian da aqvT miyenebuli zianisTvis anazRaurebis
moTxovnis konstituciuri ufleba, Tundac revoluciis

86
mowyobis ufleba Tu sxva yvela saSualeba uSedego aRmoCnde-
ba.
amgvarad, gvaqvs axali suraTi, axali kontrasti, romlis
daxatvac minda. Cvens winaSea ser eduard qarsoni, revoluci-
is mqadagebeli da sisxlisRvris qomagi im dros, rodesac
icaven, misi TqmiT, ulsTeris zrdasrulTa uflebas,
uflebas, iyvnen marTulni ise, rogorc amas Tavad airCeven.
mas ar uyoymania, rodesac sisxlisRvra gaamarTla, radgan
misi TqmiT, sisxlis daRvra, Seni an sxva adamianebis sisxlis
daRvra moqalaqeobrivi uflebis dacvis sazRauria, sazRauri
uflebisa, airCio is mTavroba, romelic Sen gsurs. ser edu-
ard qarsoni ar daupatimrebiaT; ser eduard qarsonisTvis ar
wauyenebiaT braldeba SeTqmulebisTvis; ser eduard qarsoni
cixeSi ar CausvamT. igi gamodioda zustad iseTive sityviT,
rogoriTac me bolos, martis TveSi, oRond im gansxvavebiT,
rom, rodesac igi revoluciis dros sisxlisRvras dasaSvebad
miiCnevs, me yovelTvis vambobdi, rom Cveni miznis ganxor-
cielebis gzaze veraferi maiZulebs, adamianis sicocxlis
mospoba gavamarTlo. Cemsa da mis gamosvlebsD Soris erTa-
derTi gansxvaveba isaa, rom igi esarCleba da amarTlebs ada-
mianisTvis sicocxlis warTmevas, maSin, rodesac Cems mier
raimes ganadgurebis gamarTleba sakuTrebasa da usulo
sagnebs ar scdeba. me yovelTvis vambob, rom adamianis
sicocxle wmindaTa wmindaa, rom qalTa revoluciis dros
Cven pativs vcemT adamianis sicocxles da ukan vixevT,
rogorc ki mas safrTxe emuqreba.
xolo axla, imaT gasagonad, vinc ambobs, rom kanonis
darRvevisas qalebs kacebze lmobierad eqcevian, maTTvis,
vinc miiCnevs, rom qalebs ar sWirdebaT revoluciisTvis
mimarTva, minda TvalnaTliv warmovadgino kontrasti: Cven
winaSea ser eduard qarsoni, kaci, romelic, Tavisi ga-
naTlebisa da gamocdilebidan gamomdinare, savaraudod, ka-
nonebis mimarT ufro pativiscemiT unda iyos ganmsWvaluli,
vidre isini, visac araferi gaegebaT arc kanonebsa da arc imaT
arCevaze, vinc am kanonebs qmnis. Tqvens winaSea ser eduard
qarsoni, privilegirebuli aramzada, romelic inglissa da
irandiaSi daseirnobs da am sityvebiT gamodis; da Tqvens

87
winaSe var me, qali, romelic daapatimres, miusajes grZelva-
diani patimroba zustad imis keTebisTvis, rac man gaakeTa,
maSin, roca, Cemgan gansxvavebiT, mas ar hqonda am yvelafris
gamamarTlebeli mizani. Tqveni yuradReba kidev erTxel unda
mivapyro im garemoebas, rom ser eduard qarsons da mis
megobrebs xmis ufleba hqondaT, maSasadame hqondaT legiti-
macia da Sesaferisi gza im zianis anazRaurebisTvis, rac maT
miadgaT, maSin, rodesac arc me da arc sxva qals ar gvaqvs kon-
stituciuri garantia da legitimacia, ar gvaqvs kanonieri
gza, avinazRauroT moyenebuli ziani. erTaderTi gza revo-
lucia da ZaladobaRa darCa.
amgvarad, axla minda, TqvenTan erTad ganvixilo, ramdenad
marTebulia is gza, romelic avirCieT; minda, yovelive, rac
TqvenTvis gaugebaria, gasagebi gavxado: minda, agixsnaT, Tu ra
gegma gvqonda kampaniisTvis, radgan yovelTvis vgrZnobdi, Tu
SeZleb daarwmuno xalxi, rom adamianebis umetesobis gulebi
sworad Zgers, adamianebis Segneba naTelia da maTi qmedeba
met-naklebad Tanmimdevruli, saqmis arsisTvis naTlis mo-
fenas SeZleb.
axla minda, davubrunde im nawils, sadac vTqvi, rom Tu
harTfordSi mcxovreb kacebs eqnebodaT moTxovna, magram ar
eqnebodaT saSualeba mis dasakmayofileblad, Tu es
ukmayofileba maT mTlianad moicavda, isini iZulebulni
gaxdebodnen, sxva gzisTvis miemarTaT. yovelive amas im
meTodebis axsnis saWiroebisken mivyavar, romlTa gagebis Ses-
aZleblobasac Tqven moklebuli iyaviT. mogvianebiT moTx-
ovnebze vapireb saubars, magram, upirveles yovlisa, minda
giTxraT, rom samoqalaqo omi, romelic qalebma wamoiwyes, ar
iyo isteriuli manifestacia, rogorc amas Tqven fiqrobdiT,
aramed iyo frTxilad da logikurad gaazrebuli qmedeba da
vfiqrob, rodesac Cems gamosvlas davamTavreb, Cveni moTx-
ovnebis aRiarebiT, Cveni argumentebis siZlieris gaT-
valiswinebiT ityviT, rom sxva arafris gakeTeba SegveZlo,
rom sxva gza ar arsebobda... an autaneli usamarTloba unda
migveRo da qalTa moZraobis ukan daxeva dagveSva, aq unda
gavixsenoT, rom vidre daviwyebdiT, uaresi mdgomareoba iyo,
an unda gagvegrZelebina am gziT siaruli manam, sanam

88
gamarjvebas ar movipovebdiT; da aseve, minda dagarwmunoT,
rom es gza gamarjvebamde migviyvans, radgan revoluciis
gzaze dadgomas ori gamarTleba rCeba, _ saWiroeba an sur-
vili. pirveli aris kargi mizezi am gzas dasadgomad, xolo
meore _ mis gasagrZeleblad, ramdenadac brZolis grZel
gzaze, romelzec gulwrfeli simamace marcxdeba da brZolis
unari ikargeba, swored Zlieri survili gexmareba
gamarjvebisTvis brZolis gagrZelebaSi.
Zalian did dros wagvarTmevs qalebis mier warmoebuli
pirveli sabrZolo moqmedebebis kvals miyola, radgan
daaxloebiT rva welia gasuli mas Semdeg, rac sityva `sa-
brZolo~ pirvelad gamoiyenes Cveni moqmedebebis aRsawerad.
daaxloebiT rva welia gasuli qalebis mier sabrZolo
moqmedebebis pirvelad Catarebidan. Tumca es qmedebebi
saerTod ar yofila agresiuli, garda imisa, rom man moaxdina
sabrZolo nawilebis im danayofebis provocireba, romlebic
Cvens winaaRmdeg gamovidnen. rodesac qalebma dasves kiTxvebi
politikur Sexvedrebze da ver miiRes pasuxebi, maT
agresiuli qmedebebisTvis ar miumarTavT. politikuri xasia-
Tis sajaro Sexvedrebze damswreTa mier kiTxvis dasmis
ufleba aris sayovelTaod cnobili ufleba; cxadia, Cems
qveyanaSi kacebi amas yovelTvis axerxebdnen da imedi maqvs,
amerikaSic SeZleben imaves, radgan mjera, rom qveynis sa-
kanonmdeblo organos wevrebis arCevisas, imis gagebis gareSe,
Tu ras apireben Tanamdebobis dakavebis Semdeg, SeuZlebelia
moniWebuli samoqalaqo uflebebis gonivrulad gamoyeneba da
dakisrebuli samoqalaqo valdebulebis pirnaTlad Sesrule-
ba. britaneTSi droTa ganmavlobaSi damkvidrebuli tradici-
aa, rom parlamentis wevrobis kandidatebsa da mTavrobis wev-
rebs yovelTvis usvamen kiTxvebs. politikur asparezze `xmis
ufleba qalebisTvis~ moZraobis gamoCenamde arc erTi kaci
warmdgara kiTxviT sajaro Sexvedrebze. pirvelebi, vinc
sajaro politikur Sexvedrebze kiTxvis dasma gabedes, qalebi
iyvnen; maT sastikad moepyrnen; maT Tavi cixeSi amoyves, sadac
24 saaTis gatareba mouwiaT.
magram, miuxedavad imisa, rom politikosebis mier
SekveTili gazeTebi qalebisTvis Seuracxyofis mimyenebel

89
adamianebs moZaladeebs arqmeven da hkicxaven, Tu cxadia amas
gakicxvas davarqmevT, realurad swored qalebs miiCneven
moZaladeebad da damnaSaveebad. ramdenad gansxvavebulad
mimdinareobs kacebis mier wamowyebuli msjeloba, rodesac,
erTi mxriv, ganixileba kacis saqmianoba, xolo sxva SemTxveva-
Si _ qalis. nuTu kacebi iyvnen isini, vinc pirvelad dasves
kiTxvebi, an iqneb maT miiRes sastiki uaryofa amis gamo? Tqven
aucileblad mokravdiT yurs im adamianebis nawilis erTsu-
lovan gakicxvas, romlebmac am kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemas Tavi
aarides. magram, ramdenadac isini, vinc kiTxvebi dasves, qal-
ebi iyvnen, platformaze mdgom sityviT gamomsvlelebs, an
Tundac kariskacebs ki ar unda gaecaT pasuxi, Tu vin iyo dam-
naSave, aramed sabralo qalebs, dalurjebul, nagvem,
dasaxiCrebul qalebs, romlebic sruliad arafrisTvis Casves
cixeSi, garda imisa, rom yvelafris CamTavrebis Semdgom sap-
rotesto aqciiT gamovidnen quCaSi. Tumca amis gamo Cven
mebrZolebs gviwodebdnen, Cven ki mondomebulebi viyaviT, es
saxeli gagvemarTlebina, radgan CvenTvis brZola warsulis
saCuqaria; Tqven gaqvT mebrZoli eklesia, da Cven, brZolis
JiniT Sepyrobilebi, namdvilad mebrZolebi varT. Cven
mtkiced gadavwyviteT, rom qalebis politikuri uflebebis
Sesaxeb sakiTxi dRis wesrigSi davayenoT im etapze, rodesac
politikosebis mxridan Seviwroebulni aRar viqnebiT,
rogorc es iyo daaxloebiT ormocdaaTi wlis winaT, im drois
ganmavlobaSi, rodesac qalebi moTminebiT wiravdnen yvela
saarsebo wyaros, rom politikuri uflebebi moepovebinaT.
Cven aRmovaCineT, rom Tavisuflebisa da damoukideblobis
Sesaxeb yvela SesaniSnavi fraza miemarTeboda mamrobiT sqess,
Tumca arc erT SemTxvevaSi qalebs. rodesac iTqva, rom
gadasaxadebis daweseba warmomadgenlobiTi organos ar-
arsebobis pirobebSi tiraniaa, rodesac gacxadebul iqna, `ka-
cebis mier gadasaxadebis gadaxda warmomadgenlobis gareSe
tiraniaa~, uklebliv yvela sakmaod mSvidad Seegua im faqts,
rom qalebma unda gadaixadon gadasaxadebi da misi gad-
auxdelobisTvis cixeSic ki moxvdnen, _ namdvilad
gamarTlebulia. Cven davrwmundiT, rom `xalxis kuTnili,
xalxis mier arCeuli da xalxisTvis moqmedi mTavroba~, rome-

90
lic, aseve, warsulis gadmonaSTi liberaluri principia,
mowodebuli iyo isev da isev mamakacis politikuri uflebeb-
isTvis; xalxis naxevari daiviwyes; qalebs evalebodaT
gadasaxadebis dafarva, kanonis morCileba da mocemul situ-
aciaSi, ramdenadac SesaZlebeli iyo, sasiamovno garegnobis
SenarCuneba. faqtobrivad, Tavisuflebis yvela principi, ro-
melic ki gacxadebula planetis nebismier civilizebul qvey-
anaSi, Zalian mcire gamonaklisis garda, miZRvnili iyo mam-
robiTi sqesisadmi da rodesac qalebma scades am principebis
cxovrebaSi realizeba, Sedegad Zalian, Zalian rTul situa-
ciaSi aRmoCdnen.
axla ki swrafad momovixiloT yvela incidenti, romelic
moxda mas Semdeg, rac ori qali, romlebmac pirvelebma
dausves kiTxvebi ministrTa kabinets, cixeSi Casves, xolo
swored maSin gamovidnen iqidan, rodesac Cvenma saomarma
ganwyobilebam namdvili brZolis saxe miiRo, rodesac armiis
wyobis wesis mixedviT movewyveT Cvenc, rodesac Cven mtkiced
gadavwyviteT, rom Tu saWiro iqneba, vibrZoloT Cveni
uflebebisTvis iseve, rogorc Cveni winaprebi ibrZodnen
Tavisi uflebebisTvis. rodesac xalxi imaze alaparakda, rom
samxedro ganwobilebaSi da zogadad, brZolaSi araferi cudi
ar iyo, rodesac fiqrobdnen, rom xalxs epatieboda ajanyebis
mowyoba daundobeli usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg, im SemTxveva-
Si, Tu es brZola qalebis mier iyo wamowyebuli, am adamianebs
es absurdad da sasacilod miaCndaT, radgan, maTi azriT, qal-
ebi warmatebas ver miaRwevdnen. kacebis mxridan mTeli Cveni
sabrZolo moqmedebebis kritikis erTaderTi argumenti is
iyo, rom Cven warmatebas ver mivaRwevdiT. isini acxadebdnen,
`Cven aucileblad viqnebodiT TqvenTan erTad, Tu Tqven Rir-
seulad gaarTmevdiT Tavs, magram absurdia qalebisTvis,
romlebic susti sqesis warmomadgenlebi arian, qalebisTvis,
romlebsac ar gaaCniaT aranairi farTo interesi, qal-
ebisTvis, romlebsac Zalian cota fuli aqvT, romlebsac
mxolod qaluri movaleobebi akisriaT, romelic metad sust
mdgomareobaSi ayenebT maT _ rogoric aris bavSvebis movla
_ am qalebisTvis brZolis gziT gamarjvebasa da uflebebis
mopovebaze fiqric ki absurdia; TqvenTvis umjobesia gaane-

91
boT amas Tavi da Tqvens mdgomareobas SeeguoT, radgan Tqven
yovelTvis obieqtebi iyaviT da ase iqneba yovelTvis~. axla ki
namdvilad dadga amis Semowmebis dro. rodesac Cven, qalebi
gadavwyvetT vaCvenoT msoflios, rom mdedrobiT sqess, qal-
ebs, romlebsac sustebad miiCneven, kidev SeuZliaT brZola
da gamarjveba, minda gaCvenoT, Cveni moqmedebis gegma ram-
denad yuradRebiT iyo gaazrebuli, TviT sakuTrebaze Tav-
dasxmac ki, rac sxvebisTvis ase miuRebeli aRmoCnda. me
davgegme londonSi biznesmenebTan Sexvedra, romlebic
Sexvedraze marTlac Zalian, Zalian gabrazebulebi movidnen,
romlebsac satelefono komunikaciebi ramdenime saaTiT gaT-
iSuli hqondaT da sxva qalaqSi myofi birJis brokerebisgan
telegramebsac ki ver iRebdnen, romlebic, bunebrivia, Zalian
cud gunebaze iyven, Cawvdnen saqmis viTarebas: da Tu saerTod
SesaZlebeli iyo maT mier gageba, Tu ramdenime maTgani mainc
mTlianad enTuziazmiT ganewyo Cveni meTodebis mimarT, Tu
SevZeli, misis hefbern, rom harTfordSi Sekrebili xalx-
isTvis amexsna mdgomareoba, romlebic, yvelafris Semdeg,
moklebulni arian SesaZleblobas, dainaxon, gansxvavebiT
Cvens qveyanaSi mcxovrebi kacebisgan, romlebsac ar SeuZliaT
mTliani suraTi aRiqvan, radgan Zalian arian dakavebulni
umniSvnelo detalebis cqeriT.
mogvianebiT, mas Semdeg, rac naTels movfenT yvela sa-
kiTxs, minda viTxovo, rom Tu am Sekrebaze myofi romelime
kaci an qali moifiqrebs ukeTes gamosavals, imis miRwevis
ukeTes gzas, rasac Cveni daumorCilebeli mTavrobisgan
viTxovT, gagviziaros is, me namdvilad madlobeli dagrCebiT.
Cven gvaqvs politikuri sistema, sadac arc erTi reforma
ar aisaxeba Zveli qveynis kanonmdeblobaSi, sanam ar iqneba
inicirebuli qveynis mTavrobis, ministrTa kabinetis, im Za-
lauflebis mqone adamianebis mier, vinc realurad marTavs
qveyanas. ara aqvs mniSvneloba, Tu parlamentis praqtikulad
yvela wevri Sens mxaresaa, ver miiReb sasurvel Sedegs, sanam
ministrTa kabineti sakanonmdeblo iniciativas ar waradgens,
_ situacia, rodesac erTeuli wevri verafers wyvets, par-
lamentis erTi Cveulebrivi wevri. SesaZloa man waradginos
kanonproeqti, magram Tavadac kargad icis, rom ubralod

92
aregistrirebs misi amomrCevlebidan erT-erTis patiosan mo-
sazrebas; SesaZloa mas ekuTvnodes es azri; magram es uwyinari
SeTavazeba verasdros daikavebs adgils qveynis ka-
nomdeblobaSi, sanam mTavrobis ZalauflebiT, premier-
ministrisa da misi kolegebis nebiT, gaacnobs mTavrobas am
kanonproeqtis inicirebis mizanSewonilobas. amgvarad, re-
formis ganxorcielebis mxardamWeri xalxis mTeli mizani
isaa, rom ganaxorcielon sakmarisi politikuri zewola mTav-
robaze, raTa Camoyalibdes iseTi mmarTveloba, romelic
gauZRveba mas inicirebaSi, kanonproeqtis SeqmnaSi da pirvel
instanciaSi wardgenaSi, TemTa palataSi TuU misi gavliT, ze-
wola ganaxorcielos lorTa palataze, da bolos, usafrTx-
od daasrulos, ukan moitovos yvela wyaldidoba Tu wyal-
nakleboba parlamentis mdinareSi, daimkvidros adgili sa-
kanonmdeblo aqtebSi, rogorc parlamentis aqtma. TaobaTa
cvlis paralelurad icvleboda amomrCevelTa variaciebi
amomrCevelTa Zalauflebis mxrivac ki aesaxaT TavianTi re-
formebi kanonmdeblobaSi, magram maTi yvela cda marcxiT
mTavrdeboda. Tqveni motivi unda gansazRvroT pirveli kate-
goriis sazomiT; Tqven qveyanaSi iseTi situacia unda SeqmnaT
daJinebiT da zewoliT, rom politikurad safrTxis Semcveli
iyos mTavrobis mier Tqveni winadadebebis ugulebelyofa,
maTTvis gamiznuli politikuri fandiT unda aiZuloT,
gaiazron, rom sanam Tqveni moTxovnebi ar Sesruldeba, moma-
val sayovelTao arCevnebze maTi warmomadgenlobiT orga-
noSi arCevis sakiTxi kiTxvis niSnis qveS iqneba.
amgvarad, es iyo problema, romelsac Tvali unda ga-
vusworoT, da gavusworeT kidec, qalebis mcire jgufma. mog-
wonT Tu ara Cveni meTodebi, Cven warmatebas mivaRwieT qal-
ebis saarCevno uflebis erT-erT sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT,
romelic ministrTa kabinetma axla miiRo da gaurkveveli
mizeziT veRar uaryofs. igi unda gadawydes drois mokle pe-
riodSi. Cveni meTodis garda, sxva veranairi gziT iqneboda
aseTi Sedegi miRweuli. SesaZloa wakiTxuli gqondeT fi-
nansTa ministris mier, romelsac, rogorc Cans, Tavisufal
dros sayvarel saqmianobad sagazeTo statiebis wera uqcevia,
gazeTSi gamoqveynebuli sentimentaluri statia, romliTac

93
gamcnobT, rom qalebis saarCevno xmis uflebis moZraob-
isTvis Zaladobrivi moqmedebebi srulebiT usargebloa. ma-
gram amaze Cveni pasuxia, rom, Cemi azriT, Cveni jeltmenebi
Zalian bevrs aprotesteben, radgan Cvens mier qalTa
uflebebis mosapoveblad Zaladobrivi gzebis mimarTvamde
arc batoni loid jorjisTvis, arc sxva Tanamdebobis pi-
risTvis, arc parlamentis romelime wevrisTvis cnobili ar
iyo qalTa uflebebis mxedvelobaSi miRebis saWiroeba. axla
maT winaSe es sakiTxi gamudmebiT dRis wesrigSi dgas, rom
gviTxran Cveni darRveuli uflebebiTvis ra saxis anazRaure-
ba unda miviRoT. yvela maTgani daJinebiT gveubneba, rom unda
gavaanalizoT, ramdenad seriozul situaciaSi aRmovCndiT,
rodesac qalTa saarCevno uflebis sakiTxi wamovWeriT.
axla ki, neba momeciT, gagarkvioT situaciaSi romelSic
aRmovCndiT. Cven vigrZeniT, rom aucilebelad unda gam-
ogvefxizlebina publika iqamde, rom miemarTa mTavrobisTvis,
qalebisTvis xmis ufleba mieniWebinaT. Cven unda gavxdeT
amomrCevlebi, unda gvqondes dasaqmebis interesi, unda
daveufloT profesiul interesebs, unda mivaRwioT imas, rom
yvela kacma erTad mimarTos mTavrobas, ufro msubuqad Sexe-
dos situacias da qalebs xmis ufleba misces; da vfiqrob,
problema am Sexvedraze yvelaze gamWriaxi politikosis pov-
naa. Cven mivaRwieT amas; Cven amas yoveldRe vakeTebT; da
vfiqrob, rom Tqven gansjiT da gaiazrebT faqts, mixvdebiT,
ratom vesxmodiT Tavs kerZo sakuTrebas, ratom vesxmodiT
Tavs kacebs, romlebic ise arian dakavebulni TavianT sa-
kuTrebasa da biznesze zrunviT, rom xmis micemac ki gadaa-
viwydaT, ratom vuSlidiT xels mamakacebs siamovnebis
miRebaSi, romlebmac mTeli TavianTi cxovreba isedac garTo-
bas moaxmares da romlebmac arc ki ician, romel politikur
Zalas upyria xelT Zalaufleba. yvela am adamians unda
gaekeTebina yvelaferi, unda ganexorcielebina sakmarisi ze-
wola mTavrobaze, eiZulebina isini, moegvarebinaT qalTa
uflebebis sakiTxi. swored es aris gasaRebi. arsebobs Zveli
inglisuri andaza, romelmac SesaZloa naTlad dagvanaxos is
mdgomareoba, romelSic vimyofebiT: `SeuZlebelia gamo-
afxizlo britaneli, sanam mis jibes ar Seexebi~. sruli

94
simarTlea. SesaZloa axla mixvdeT, Tu ratom vfiqrobT Cven,
qalebi, rom aucilebelia qonebaze Tavdasxma, qonebaze, ro-
melic yvelaze metad fasobs Tanamedrove cxovrebaSi,
imisTvis, rom gamoiRviZos am xalxma da gaaanalizos, qalebsac
saarCevno uflebebi surT, vapirebT maTTvis ufro Semawu-
xebeli gavxadoT es zewola, sanam qalebi ar miiReben xmis
uflebas, radgan sasurveli miznis miRweva SesaZlebelia
xalxisTvis diskomfortis SeqmniT da ara komfortis zonaSi
yofniT. es aris WeSmariteba, romelic yvelam unda Se-
vimecnoT.
ar vici, misis hefbern, gamoviyene Tu ara Sesaferisi ilus-
tracia harTfordSi, magram namdvilad SesaniSnavia: Rirs
kvlav gamoyeneba. vTqvaT, gyavT ori Zalian mSieri bavSvi,
romlebsac undaT, rom aWamoT. erT-erTi momTmeni bavSvia da
usazRvrod SeuZlia mocda, sanam dedamisi mis gamokvebas
SeZlebs. meore sulswrafia da daqancvamde tiris, yviris,
fexebs iqnevs da yvelas awuxebs, sanam ar aWmeven. yvelam
mSvenivrad viciT, pirvels romels aWmeven. es aris politikis
mTeli istoria. sentimentebis gverdze gadadebiT, xalxi, vi-
sac namdvilad unda cvlilebebi, am gakveTils Zalian male
aiTvisebs. mxolod Tavisi mdgomareobiT sakmaod kmayofili
adamianebi ganagrZoben iseTi xalxis ganusazRvrelad dacvas,
vinc politikaSi momTmeni bavSvis rols TamaSoben. Sen
nebismier sxvaze metad unda ixmauro, Sen sxvaze metad unda
iyo yuradRebis centrSi, Sen unda Seavso yvelaze meti
werili, faqtobrivad, Sen yovelTvis iq unda iyo da Tvali
adevno qveS ar mogiyolon, Tu Seni reformis sisruleSi
moyvanas realurad apireb. swored amas vakeTebdiT da Cveni
Tavganwiruli brZolis ganmavlobaSi Zalian bevr adamians
diskomforti SevuqmeniT. erT-erTi qali daakaves londonSi
im adgilze, sadac uamravi fanjara iyo Camsxvreuli mTav-
robis mier TaRliTobis faqtis gasaprotesteblad, rac war-
moudgeneli iqneba ormocdaaT weliwadSi, rodesac am
qmedebebis Sesaxeb istoriebs waikiTxaven. qalebma protetis
niSnad Calewes fanjrebi: maT Calewes maRaziis mepatroneebis
fanjrebi; maT Caamsxvries im mepatroneebis fanjrebi, ro-
melTa maRaziebSic daxarjes TavianTi fulis didi nawili

95
qudebsa da tansacmelSi. maT, aseve, Calewes bevri klubis,
pikadilis feSenebeluri klubebis fanjrebi.
erT-erTi iyo `gard qlabi~. rogorc wesi, Cveulebrivi
jariskacebi didad ar arian CarTulni politikaSi, magram
Zalian xSirad maT, aristokratiuli da socialuri kavSirebis
gamo, aqvT angariSgasawevi gavlena, Tu amas gamoiyeneben. erT-
erTma qalbatonma Catexa `gard qlabis~ fanjara da am dros is
mSvidad idga, sanam klubis kariskaci ar mivida da manam ar
gauSva, sanam policiam ar daapatimra. bevri gvardieli gam-
ovida, raTa enaxaT qali, romelmac maTi fanjara Catexa da am
dros xelSi SerCaT sakmaod patara qalbatoni. bedma gauRima,
msaxiobi rom gaxda qali, romelic Cvens Zaladobriv msvle-
lobas SemouerTda, radgan icoda msaxiobi qalis cxovrebis
Tanmdevi sirTuleebi, safrTxe da cdunebani, Tu ramdenad
cudad anazRaurebadi profesiaa, sakuTari mwuxarebiTa da
gasaWiriT, da imitom SeuerTda Cvens Zaladobriv qmedebebs,
rom rac SeiZleba male moepovebina msaxiobi qalebisTvis
saarCevno uflebebi, radgan xmis uflebis wyalobiT isini
ukeTesi pirobebis mopovebas SeZleben. zogierTma gvardiel-
ma, romlebmac, vfiqrob, ar icodnen saSovarze gasvla ra iyo,
romelTac kacis cxovrebis sirTuleebis araferi gaege-
bodaT, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT qalis cxovrebis sirTuleebze
_ gamovidnen da hkiTxes am qals: `ratom Caamsxvrie Cveni
fanjara? Cven xom araferi gagvikeTebia~. man upasuxa: `swored
imitom Cavamsxvrie, rom araferi gagikeTebiaT~. albaT, am
qalis mier fanjris Catexvas mohyva Cems qveyanaSi mcxovrebi
mamakacebis msvleloba, sadac aRmovaCineT saxelganTqmuli
mamakacebi, romlebic burebis omSi ibrZodnen, axla iseve ib-
rZvian, rogorc ser eduard qarsoni belfastSi, mebrZoli
qalebis dasacavad garjili kacebi. SesaZloa `gard qlabis~
Catexilma fanjaram iTamaSa didi roli kacebis gamoRviZebaSi
qalebis dasacavad da usamarTlo viTarebis aRmosafxvelad.
Semdeg modian maRaziis mepatroneebi, romlebic ver
mimxvdariyvnen mizezs, Tu ratom CavamsxvrieT maTi fanjrebi.
ratom ganewyvebodnen isini Cvens mimarT simpatiiT? magram am
kiTxvis dasma sxvagvaradac SeiZleba, pativcemulebo – ratom
unda daimsaxuron maRaziis mflobelebma maTi klientebis

96
keTilganwyoba maT mier politikuri uflebebis mopovebaSi
daxmarebaze uaris TqmiT, uflebiT, romliTac qalebi ukeTes
mdgomareobas moipoveben, is qalebi, romlebic maRaziis
mflobelebs fulis SovnaSi exmarebian misi maRaziis momsax-
urebis sargeblobiT, Tanac ufro martivad, vidre es xdeba
dRes? zamTris sezonis dasawyisSi, rodesac zamTris yvela
qudi da qurqi vitrinebSia gamofenili, maRaziis mflobelebs
uwevT vitrinebze xis barikadebis aRmarTva, ris Semdegac
veRaravin SeZlebs zamTris sezonis koleqciis daT-
valierebas. isev gamouvali situacia iqmneba. mepatroneebi
ver Camoagdeben ganxeTqilebas Tavis momxmarebelTan, amis
wyalobiT, londonis maRaziebis mepatroneTa Soris praqti-
kulad ufro didi keTilganwyobiT vsargeblobT, vidre
odesme, roca mSvidi, damyoli, kargad aRzrdili ufleba-
damcvelebi mSvidobiani gziT iTxovdnen qalebisTvis xmis
uflebis miniWebas.
amis Semdgom iyvnen gancxromaSi myofi kacebi, an biznes-
menebi, romlebic mTeli kviris ganmavlobaSi fulis keTebiT
iyvnen dakavebulni da erTaderTi, rac maT anaRvlebdaT, iyo
kviris bolos gantvirTva, xolo yvelaze did gantvirTvad
inglisSi dRes golfis TamaSi iTvleba. maT im doneze
moaxdines golfis kavSirebis monopolizeba, rom specialuri
wesic ki SeimuSaves, romlis mixedviTac, qalbatonebs kviris
nebismier dRes SeeZloT golfis TamaSi, Tumca SabaTs da
kviras golfis moednebi mxolod kacebs ekuTvnodaT: Tqvens
winaSea sanaxaoba, Tu rogor gadaadgildebian mamakacebi
londonidan gareubanSi SabaT-kviris golfis TamaSSi gasa-
tareblad. qalbatonebo, isini ar iwuxeben Tavebs imaze
fiqriT, Tu rogor marTon qveyana ukeT Tqvens sasikeTod, Tu
ramdenad kargi kanonis Seqmna SeuZliaT rogorc TqvenTvis,
ise mTeli msofliosTvis: magram isini sxvagan arian, TavianT
janmrTelobas ufrTxildebian, Tumca kviris boloa da ver
vamtyuneb. aqedan gamomdinare, Cven Tavs davesxiT golfis
moednebs; gvindoda, gveiZulebina isini, efiqraT, Tu lon-
donSi yofilxarT da Tan gqoniaT kviris gazeTi, aucileblad
waikiTxavdiT, gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu golfs Tama-
SobT, Tavzardacemuli, rom mTeli mwvane safari, romlis Se-

97
qmnasac wlebi dasWirda, danakuwda da ganadgurda mJaviT, an
ubralod SeuZlebelia paraskevs saRamos aq TamaSis gamarTva,
xolo xSir SemTxvevaSi SabaTs da kviras am moedanze mniSvne-
lovani matCebi tardeba xolme.
ubralod Tqvens winaSe im meTodebis efeqturobis ilus-
trirebas vaxden, romlebmac britaneli kacebi gamoafxizla,
aCvena maT, rom qalebs surT xmis ufleba da vapirebT kidec am
uflebis mopovebas, im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac amis misaRwe-
vad kacebis mier arCeuli gzas ar davadgebiT. me vrCebodi
golfis moedanze mdebare soflis patara saxlSi, romelic
droebiT gadmomces, rom samsaxurisgan Tavisufal nebismier
dros mivsuliyavi, ramdenimejer kvira dRes diliT miviRe
satelefono zari jeltmenisgan, romelic aqve mdebare
golfis klubis cnobili wevri iyo. ise moxda, rom im golfis
moedans, sadac me uqmeebs vatarebdi, xeli ar hqonda da-
karebuli. am moednebs pativiscemiT epyrobodnen, radgan
ramdenime gamoCenil uflebadamcvel qals gaumarTla da
golfis klubis wevrTa Soris moxvda, xolo im qalebma, rom-
lebmac gaanadgures mwvane safari _ ar vici vin iyvnen isini,
magram eWvgareSea swored qalebis namoqmedari iyo _ daindes
is moednebi, romlebzec maTTvis pativsacemi da sa-
Tayvanebeli qalbatonebi TamaSobdnen. mokled, am dilis
Semdeg me ganuwyvetliv viRebdi zarebs jeltmenebisgan,
romlebic mexvewebodnen golfis am moednebis dandobas, am-
bobdnen: `ar vici, ician Tu ara Senma mimdevrebma, rom Cven
yvela uflebadamcvelebi varT, mTeli Cveni gaerTianeba qal-
ebis uflebadamcvelebis mimarT keTiladaa ganwobili~. me ki
vupasuxe: `ar fiqrobT, rom umjobesia baton asquiTs gaumeo-
roT igive, radgan, Tu marTlac sufraJistebi xarT da
arafers akeTebT, bunebrivia, qalebis mxridan mxolod wyro-
mas daimsaxurebT. Tu marTla gsurT Tqveni golfis
moednebis gadarCena, SeatyobineT mister asquiTs, rom
swored Sesaferisi droa Tavisi principebi moqmedebaSi
moiyvanos da misces qalebs xmis ufleba~. erTma jeltmenma
damireka da miTxra: `Cveni komitetis wevrebi, romelTa ab-
soluturi umravlesoba qalTa xmis uflebas icavs, seriozu-
lad fiqrobs yvela qalis klubidan gaZevebas, Tu es Za-

98
ladobrivi aqtebi kidev gagvrZeldeba~. `iciT ra~, _ vuTxari,
_ `ar fiqrobT, rom Tqveni usafrTxoeba garantirebuli
iqneba dazRvevis saxiT qalebis klubSi datovebiT, im Sem-
TxvevaSi, Tu Tqvens golfis moednebs raime daemarTeba?~.
magram es gamocdileba gaCvenebT Tqven, rom Tu namdvilad
gindaT, raRac gakeTdes, didi mniSvneloba aRar eqneba, da-
kargavT Tu ara keTilganwyobas; keTilganwyoba didad
damakmayofilebeli ram araa, Tu daxmarebis survili ara-
praqtikulia. `qalTa xmis uflebisTvis~ namdvili mebr-
ZolebisTvis mniSvneloba ara aqvs, dakargavs Tu ara im
keTilganwyobas, romelsac maTTvis aranairi gamoyeneba ar
hqonia. rac mas surs, aris raime qmediTis gakeTeba da es
keTilganwyobis damsaxureba iqneba Tu SiSis, an iqneb imis, rom
ginda isev komfortulad iyo da am mxriv sanerviulo araferi
gqondes, praqtikuli mniSvneloba aRar aqvs, rogorc ki mi-
zans miaRwev. ormocdaaTi wlis win sakmarisi keTilganwyoba
gvqonda; amas CvenTvis araferi moutania da Cven bevrad
gvirCevnia, gvyavdes gabrazebuli mamakacebi, romlebic midi-
an mTavrobaSi da eubnebian, rom maT biznesSi erevian da aRar
undaT es xelis SeSla kidev didxans gagrZeldes imis gamo,
rom qalebs xmis uflebas ar aZlevT, im jeltmenebs, romlebic
wlidan wlamde gamodian platformebze da laparakoben qal-
Ta xmis uflebebis mimarT gulmodgine keTilganwyobaze.
axla ki, neba momeciT, mivubrunde metad seriozul sakiTxs
da zogierT uaxles movlenas. Tqven iciT, rom rodesac omi
gaqvT, uklebliv yvela Cvengans gvenaneba bevri ram, rac
xdeba. Cven arc ise didi xnis win vibrZodiT did omSi samxreT
afrikaSi. omSi qalebi mzad iyvnen, mSvidad gaesworebinaT
Tvali maTTvis uZvirfasesi danakargisTvis; mzad iyvnen, sa-
kuTari Tavis ganadgurebas Seguebodnen; isini mzad iyvnen,
zustad kacebis msgavsad, ezRviaT omis safasuri im
brZolisTvis, romelzec qalebisTvis rCevisTvis aravis mi-
umarTavT. rodesac omis obieqtze fiqrobT, zog Cvengans
aRSfoTeba gveufleba Cveni kritikis orpirobaze. am omSi,
TvalnaTliv, zustad imisTvis ibrZodnen, rom yvela TeTr-
kanianisaTvis Tanaswori uflebebi moepovebinaT samxreT af-
rikaSi. mTeli qveyana aRelda. Cven gvWirda daavadeba, sax-

99
elad mafeka, radgan, rodesac mafekingis gamarjveba mTeli
qveynisTvis naTeli gaxda, yvela, garda xalxis mcire jgufisa,
romelic cdilobda, stabiluroba SeenarCunebina, kmayo-
filebisgan gadairia omisTvis Sewiruli aTasobiT sicocxlis
gamo. am omSi ibrZodnen TeTrkanianebisTvis xmis uflebis
mosapoveblad samxreT afrikaSi, ramdenime wliT adre, sanam
isini maT aseT mdgomareobaSi Caayenebdnen da es im mizeziT
iyo gamarTlebuli, raTa mieRwiaT samxreT afrikis mTavro-
baSi mamakacebis xmis uflebisTvis, romlebic isedac miiReb-
dnen xuT an eqvs welSi xmis uflebas, rom moecadaT. es miiC-
neoda Tanamedroveobis yvelaze ZviradRirebuli da sisxlia-
ni omis sakmaris gasamarTlebel sabuTad.
Zalian kargi, maSin, rodesac Tavs gadagxdeba omi, xalxi
itanjeba; itanjebian rogorc mSvidobiani mosaxleoba, ise
mebrZolebi. ase xdeba samoqalaqo omSic. rodesac Tqvenma
winaprebma bostonis navsadurSi Cai gadayares, Zalian bevr
qals mouwia Cais gareSe wasvla. uCveulod meCveneba is faqti,
rom ar upasuxeT am qmedebas viskis gemidan zRvaSi gadaRvriT;
Tqven gawireT qalebi; da Zalian bevr omSi romlebSic
mamakacebma bevrad gaiTqves saxeli, sinamdvileSi qalebma
ufro didi msxverpli gaiRes, vidre nebismierma kacma. es
yovelTvis ase iyo. Zalauflebis mqoneTa dideba, Zalau-
flebis mqoneTa gavlena brZanebs didi yuradRebis mipyrobas;
im xalxis Civili, romelsac Zalaufleba srulebiT ar gaaCnia,
ganwirulia dasaviwyeblad. es kacobriobis uflebebis isto-
riis dasawyisia.
Cvens samoqalaqo omSi xalxi itanjeboda, magram omlets
ver moamzadeb kvercxis gatexis gareSe; samoqalaqo omi ver
geqneba raRacisTvis zianis miyenebis gareSe. kargia, roca
xedav, rom absoluturi saWiroebis garda, meti ziani ar
damdgara, rom zustad imdeni gaakeTe, rac saWiroa im
grZnobis gamosaRviZeblad, romelsac mSvidoba moaqvs, ro-
melsac Tan sdevs pativsacemi mSvidoba jariskacebisTvis da
swored amas vakeTebdiT. bolo ramdenime dRis ganmavlobaSi,
rac Tqven waikiTxeT _ ar vici ramdenad akuratulia ameri-
kaSi axali ambebis qselebi. me yovelTvis umarilo meCveneba,
rodesac vkiTxulob _ magram Tqven bolo ramdenime dRis

100
ganmavlobaSi waikiTxeT, rom ufro meti carieli saxli dai-
wva, rom kaktusis saxli ganadgurda da zogierTi
fasdaudebeli mcenare inaxeboda aq, rom dasasvenebel
adgilebSi zogierTi pavilioni aseve daiwva. SeiZleba iTqvas,
sruliad SesaZlebelia asec momxdariyo.
vici, rom sanam aq Camovidodi glazgosa da londons Soris
satelegrafo da satelefono kavSirebi mTlianad SeCerebuli
iyo mTeli dRis ganmavlobaSi. Cven inglisSi samoqalaqo omis
dros ufro meti gavakeTeT erTi adamianis sicocxlis
msxverplad Sewirvis gareSe, vidre maT balkaneTis qveynebis
brZolaSi, rodesac adrianopolze alya hqondaT Semortymu-
li, radgan mTeli alyis ganmavlobaSi, mTeli procesis
ganmavlobaSi, romelSic aTasobiT adamiani mokvda da saxlebi
nangrevebad iqca da ganadgurda, satelegrafo komunikaciebi
mTeli am drois ganmavlobaSi muSaobas ganagrZobda. Tu adri-
anopolSi iqneboda safondo brokeri, romelsac londonSi
myof klientTan komunikacia dasWirdeboda, SeZlebda kidec;
SesaZloa yofiliyo mcire Seferxeba, Tumca amis gakeTebas
mainc SeZlebda, magram Cven, Cvens omSi erTi danakargis ga-
reSe, imis cdaSi, rom gveiZulebina biznesmenebi, miemarTaT
mTavrobisTvis CvenTvis xmis uflebis mocemis Taobaze,
radgan maT ukidures viTarebaSi SeuZliaT amis gakeTeba,
mTlianad aRvkveTeT londonis safondo brokerebis mier
glazgos safondo brokerebTan depeSebis gagzavna da piri-
qiT; mTeli dRis ganmavlobaSi satelegrafo da satelefono
komunikaciebi srulad Sewyda. ar vapireb imis Tqmas, Tu
rogor gakeTda es, ar mogiyvebiT, Tu rogor mividnen qalebi
magistralur transformatorTan da gadaWres kabelebi; ma-
gram es moxda. es moxda da damtkicda am susti qalebis winam-
ZRolebis mier, qalTa xmis uflebis damcveli qalebis mier,
rogorsac moelian, rom varT, romlebsac gvaqvs sakmarisi
gamWriaxoba, SevqmnaT amgvari situacia. axla ki gekiTxebiT,
arsebobs ki Cveni SesaZleblobis zRvari, garda im limitisa,
rasac sakuTar Tavs vuwesebT?
Tu ebrZviT industriul revolucias, Tu erTi klasis
qalebi da kacebi daarwmuneT, rom win aRudgnen sxvebs,
SegiZliaT martivad ipovoT, sad aris sirTule, dapirispire-

101
ba. didi industriuli gaficvis dros zustad ici, sad aris
Zaladoba, yvelam icis, rogor awarmoos omi. magram Cvens omSi
mTavrobis winaaRmdeg, mas ver ipoviT. SegiZliaT am plat-
formaze agviyvanoT me da misis hefberni, magram Tqmis gareSe
rogor mixvdebiT, rom is ar aris mebrZoli da me var? sruli-
ad SeuZlebelia. Tu aq damswreTagan romelime mamakacs qal-
iSvilebi hyavs, Tu mas ucxovria inglisSi da Tavadac in-
gliselia, saxlSi misvlisas, roca col-Svils Sexedavda, ver
mixvdeboda, mis qaliSvilTagan romelime mebrZoli iyo Tu
ara. roca misi qaliSvilebi gareT gadiodnen werilis gasa-
gzavnad, is ver xvdeboda, ras apirebdnen, _ am weriliT Cog-
burTis saTamaSod Sexvedris daniSvnas, Tu safosto yuTSi
koroziuli nivTierebis Cayras werilebis dasawvavad. Cven
niSnebi ar gagvaCnia. Cven yvela klass vekuTvniT. Cven Sevdi-
varT yvela klasSi umaRlesidan umdablesamde. da rogorc
xedavT, qalTa am samoqalaqo brZolasTan gamklaveba, rogorc
Cemma Zvirfasma Tanamoqalaqe mamakacebma aRmoaCines, Seu-
Zlebelia. mas ver ipovi da ver SeaCereb.
`daapatimreT~, amboben isini, `es maT SeaCerebs~. magram ase
ar moxda. maT qalebi cixeSi Casves didi xniT, Tavisuflebis
aRkveTis mizniT, usiamovnebis gamowvevisTvis _ swored es
iyo maTi pasuxi, roca qalebma peticiebiT xelSi kardakar
Camoiares saxlebi; ifiqres, rom maTi cixeSi CasmiT, erTdRia-
ni Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT SeZlebdnen, daewynarebinaT yvela
da aeridebinaT meti usiamovneba. magram ase ar moxda. dane-
bebis nacvlad, meti qali CaerTo, meti da meti da meti, sanam
samasamde ar Seikribnen ise, rom arcerTi kanoni daurRveviaT,
mxolod `Semawuxeblebi gaxdnen~, rogorc amas politikosebi
uwodebdnen. Semdeg ifiqres, rom ufro Sors unda wasuliyv-
nen da sakmaod seriozuli sasjelebi daaweses. mosamarTlem,
romelmac gasul maiss samwliani Tavisuflebis aRkveTa
momisaja ramdenime gamosvlisTvis, romelSic pasux-
ismgeblobas viRebdi qalTa mier Cadenili ZaladobisTvis,
Tqva, rom, Tu bodiSs movixdidi da pirobas davdebdi,
aRarasdros movqceuliyavi ase, gadaxedavda sasjels da
Seamcirebda mas, radgan Tavadac aRiarebda, rom es sasjeli
Zalian mZime iyo, Tanac, msajulTa rekomendaciiT Sewya-

102
lebuli unda vyofiliyavi Cemi motivebis siwmindis gamo.
mosamarTlem miTxra, rom gansazRvrul sasjels misjida, ra-
Ta daverwmunebine, Tavi damenebebina `boroti gzebiT~
brZolisaTvis da sxvebic daefrTxo, raTa CemTvis aRar moeba-
ZaT. magram amasac ar mouxdenia gavlena. piriqiT, meti da meti
CaerTo am procesSi da mec wavaqeze isini, ufro gabedulnic
gavxdiT. am sasjelma agitacia ver daamarcxa.
roca igrZnes, rom rame unda gaekeTebinaT, kanonebis gamo-
cema daiwyes. aq damswre mamakacebs minda vuTxra, rom brita-
neTis xelisuflebam, romelic ar aris cnobili samarTavad
msubuqi kanonebis gamocemiT, am agitaciis winaaRmdeg daiwyo,
rogorc arasdros iseTi mkacri kanonebis miReba Cemi qveynis
politikuri agitaciebis istoriaSi. maT SeZles, dae-
marcxebinaT Cartisti revolucionerebi, daamarcxes savaWro
kavSiris agitaciebi, daamarcxes 1867 da 1884 wlebis re-
formebis mowinaaRmdege revolucionerebi, magram Cve-
ulebrivi kanonebi sakmarisi ar aRmoCnda amboxebul qalTa
asalagmad. maT unda mieRoT specialuri kanonmdebloba. da
axla is droa, aRiaron, rom isic damarcxda. maT mouwiaT is-
toriaSi ukan dabruneba, Sua saukuneebSi CaZirva, raTa
ajanyebul qalTa damarcxebis, represirebis gzebi epovaT,
Tumca mTeli istoria aCvenebs, rogori amaoa did saxelmwifo
moRvaweebad miCneul kacTa mcdeloba, gaumklavdnen
ukmayofilo qalebs, romelTac ganzraxuli aqvT, samoqalaqo
uflebebi moipovon da romlebic ar daemorCilebian mTavro-
bas, sanam maT Tanxmobas ar miiReben. es aris mTeli agitaciis
mizanic. antisufraJistebis argumenti ki is aris, rom
SegiZlia marTo adamianebi maTi Tanxmobis gareSec.
maT uTqvamT, rom xelisufleba Zalauflebas emyareba.
qalebs Zala ar gaaCniaT, amitomac unda damorCildnen. Tumca,
Cven vaCvenebT maT, rom xelisufleba sulac ar emyareba Za-
lauflebas; rom is Tanxmobas emyareba. sanam qalebi Tanxmde-
bian, usamarTlod iyvnen marTulni, es SesaZlebelia, Tumca
qalebi amboben: `Cven ar vTanxmdebiT, Cven ar viqnebiT
Tqvengan marTulebi, sanam mTavroba usamarTloa~. samo-
qalaqo omis ZaliT yvelaze sust qalsac ki ver marTav.
SegiZlia mokla, magram ase is gageqceva. da es aris Cven mier

103
msofliosTvis yvelaze Rirseuli demonstrireba. Cven
vamtkicebT da piradad varT imis sabuTi, rom xelisufleba
emyareba Tanxmobas da ara Zalas. sanam xalxi Tanxmdeba, marT-
va Zalian martivia, magram rogorc ki uars ityvis, dedamiwaze
vercerTi Zalis gamoyenebiT veRar marTav adamians, rogori
sustic unda iyos. is ucnauri movlenebi, razec wagikiTxavT,
aris manifestacia qalTa, romelTac uari Tqves Tanxmobaze.
Tavidan, roca cixeSi gamogvamwyvdies ubralo pet-
iciebisTvis, Cven davanebeT, gamovewyveT patimris formaSi,
davanebeT, martosul patimrebad veqcieT, davanebeT, mog-
vqceodnen, rogorc Cveulebriv damnaSaveebs da maT Soris
yvelaze uaresTa Soris moveTavsebineT. Cven moxarulni viya-
viT aseTi gamocdilebis miRebisTvis, radgan gaviazreT
sapatimros reformirebis saWiroeba. Cven viswavleT sax-
elmwifoTa im saSiS Secdomebze, romlebic dauSves adamianTa
mimarT mopyrobisas. gavigeT e.w. civilizaciis SemaZrwunebel
borotebaze da amas sxvagvarad ver movaxerxebdiT, garda Cve-
ni qveynis sasamarTloebis gamovlisa, im furgonebiT, ro-
melsac cixeSi mihyavxar. es iyo marTlac dasafasebeli gamo-
cdileba, romlisTvisac moxarulni varT. magram movida dro,
roca vTqviT: `usamarTlobaa politikuri agitatorebis
cixeSi gagzavna samarTlianobis moTxovnisTvis, aRar davmor-
CildebiT~.
yovelTvis moxaruli var, amerikel auditorias vuTxra,
rom ori im qalTa Soris, vinc pirvelebi mividnen im das-
kvnamde, rom ar unda damorCilebodnen usamarTlo dapatim-
rebas, iyvnen amerikeli gogonebi, romlebic axla brwyinvale
saqmes akeTeben xmis uflebisTvis amerikaSi, vaSingtonSi. Cemi
azriT, isini uaRresad sainteresos xdian situacias iqauri
politikosebisTvis. arc vici, ramdenad ician amerikelma
qalebma am ori adamianis Sesaxeb, romlebic sxvebTan erTad
muSaoben maTTvis politikuri uflebis miniWebaze. me yovel-
Tvis meamayeba, vifiqro, rom mis lusi barnsi da mis elis poli
iyvnen xmis uflebisTvis mebrZolTa rigebSi inglisSic. erTi-
erTi maTgani, mTeli Ramis mgzavrobis Semdeg, saswrafod
Camofrinda, rogorc maxsovs, heidelbergidan, raTa
monawileoba mieRo msvlelobaSi parlamentis mimarT pet-

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iciiT. igi daapatimres da cixeSi Caagdes ocamde sxvasTan er-
Tad. da es jgufi iyo pirveli, romelmac gadawyvita, ar dane-
bebuliyo cixis samoss. is iyo erT-erTi pirveli, vinc gam-
oiyena SimSiloba, rogorc protestis forma, kriminaluri
mopyrobis winaaRmdeg. maT Tavi daaRwies cixes. es iyo swored
is momenti, roca qalebma uari Tqves Tanxmobaze.
vyofilvar iseT auditoriebSic, sadac sityva „Sim-
Silobis“ gagonebaze mamakacTa gaRimebuli saxeebi daminaxavs.
da mainc, cota kaci Tu meguleba, romelic raime miznisTvis
mzad iqneba, „iSimSilos“. es mxolod is xalxia, vinc war-
moudgenel zewolas grZnobs. Cvenamde es aravis gaukeTebia
rusi revolucionrebis garda, romlebmac SimSiloba daiwyes
cixeSi arsebuli miuRebeli pirobebis gamo. CvenTan ki qaleb-
ma gadawyvites, bolo moeRoT usamarTlo ganaCenisTvis
swored SimSilobis gziT. es niSnavs, uari Tqva sakvebis
miRebaze manam, sanam sikvdilis karamde ar mixval. Semdeg ki
xelisuflebam unda airCios, sikvdilis neba dagrTos, Tu
gagiSvas. maT gaSveba amjobines.
es Zalian didxans gagrZelda. xelisuflebam ifiqra, rom
Zala dakarga da situaciasTan gamklaveba ar SeeZlo. brita-
neTis xelisuflebis samarcxvinod, maT mTeli msoflios
mmarTvelebs misces adamianis winaaRmdegobis ZaliT CaxSobis,
janmrTeli adamianis ZaliT gamokvebis magaliTi. SeiZleba aq
eqimebic gveswrebian: Tu asea, maT ician, erTia, ase moepyro
SeSlils, an iseTi daavadebis mqonde adamians, romlisTvisac
es aucilebelia, aiZulo, ikvebos da sruliad meorea, aiZulo
janmrTeli adamiani, romelic mTeli arsebiT, nervis yvela
boWkoTi ewinaaRmdegeba aseT aRmaSfoTebel da uRirs
saqciels. ase moxda inglisSi. mTavrobamac ifiqra, rom dagva-
marcxa. magram amanac ver CaaxSo agitacia, romelsac meti da
meti qali uerTdeboda da am saSinel wamebas iwvnevda. maT
mainc ver SeZles am iZulebiTi gamokvebiT mieRwiaT imisTvis,
rom qalebs es usamarTlo ganaCeni moexadaT. amitomac iZu-
lebulni gaxdnen, gaeSvaT isini.
amas mohyva im kanonis miReba, romelic ukve vaxsene. mas in-
glisSi moixseniebdnen, rogorc `katisa da Tagvis aqts~. is
miiRo britaneTis TemTa palatam. Sinagan saqmeTa mdivanma

105
daarwmuna TemTa palata, rom am kanonproeqtis miReba kaco-
briobis interesebSi Sedioda. is ambobda, rom humanuri adami-
ani iyo da ar surda Zalis gamoyenebiT kvebisTvis miemarTa.
mas surda, TemTa palatas misTvis gza gaexsna, raTa Tavidan
moeSorebina moSimSileebi da es, misi TqmiT, erTaderTi gza
iyo. igi ambobda: `momeciT Zalaufleba, gavuSva moSimSileebi,
roca sikvdilis karTan arian, dae, hqondeT Tavisufleba Cve-
ni nebarTviT, sanam bolomde gamojanmrTeldebian, Semdeg ki
davabrunoT cixeSi, me momandeT nebarTvis drois daniSvna, me
momandeT am miuRebel situaciasTan gamklaveba. kanoni unda
Sesruldes da isini, visac sasjeli miesajaT kanondarRve-
visTvis, unda vaiZuloT, moixadon is~. TemTa palatam miiRo
kanoni. maT Tqves: `maSinve, roca qalebi amas gemos gausin-
javen, danebdebian~. realurad, es agitaciis represiisTvis
iyo miRebuli, raTa qalebi eiZulebina, danebebuliyvnen. qal-
batonebo da batonebo, swored aqamde davida dapirispireba.
saqme mivida brZolamde, Tu vin dayrida iaraRs pirveli,
danebdeboda mTavroba da xmis micemis ufleba mogvcemda, Tu
Cven SeveSvebodiT agitacias.
isini ar icnoben qalebs. marTalia, qalebi nela iRviZeben,
magram roca gamofxizldebian, roca sabolood gadawyveten,
maT am qveynad veraferi SeaCerebs. es SeuZlebelia. ase rom, es
`katisa da Tagvis aqtic~, romelic qalTa winaaRmdeg gam-
oiyeneba, damarcxda. amasTan: Sinagan saqmeTa mdivanma
isargebla im faqtiT, rom parlamenti Sekrebili ar iyo, raTa
Zalebi moekriba da amasTan, iZulebiTi kvebisTvis miemarTa.
axlac, sikvdilis karTan arian qalebi, ikreben sakmaris Zalas,
rom gauZlon operacias. maT orive sistema gamoucdiaT da ar
danebebulan, isini mzad arian, rogorc ki avadmyofis sawol-
idan adgebian, iseve gaagrZelon, rogorc uwin. arian qalebi,
romlebic sakaceebiT mihyavT Sexvedrebze. marTalia, Zalian
sustad arian imisTvis, rom ilaparakon, magram mainc
uerTdebian TanamebrZolebs, raTa, aCvenon, rogori
daucxromeli da cocxalia maTi suli da rom sicocxlis bo-
lomde gaagrZeleben brZolas!
axla minda, maT mivmarTo, vinc fiqrobs, rom qalebi war-
matebas ver miaRweven. Cven miviyvaneT inglisis mTavroba im

106
mdgomareobamde, roca iZulebulia, Tvali gausworos aseT
alternativas: qalebi daixocebian an xmis uflebas miiReben.
vekiTxebi aq damswre amerikel mamakacebs, ras ityodiT Tqvens
StatSi rom aseT alternativas gTavazobdnen? daxocoT an
misceT moqalaqeoba qalebs, romelTac pativs scemT, ro-
melTac, iciT, yvelasTvis sasargeblod icxovres, romelTac
icnobT, an Tundac piradad ar icnobT, romlebic anTebulni
arian umaRlesi motivebiT, romlebic eZeben Tavisuflebas da
aqvT sasargeblo sajaro samsaxuris SesaZlebloba? am al-
ternativas erTaderTi pasuxi aqvs, erTi gamosavali
arsebobs; Tu ar ginda, civilizacia ori-sami TaobiT ukan
daabruno, maT unda misce xmis ufleba. es aris Cveni
samoqalaqo omis Sedegi.
Tqven moipoveT Tqveni Tavisufleba amerikaSi revolu-
ciiT, sisxlisRvriT, sicocxlis gawirviT. moigeT samoqalaqo
omi adamianTa sicocxlis xarjze, roca gadawyviteT Sav-
kanianTa emansipacia. magram Tqven, iseve, rogorc danarCenma
msofliom, miatoveT qalebi, Tavad epovnaT xsna. amas akeTeben
ingliseli qalebi. adamianis sicocxle CvenTvis wmindaa. Tu
vinmes sicocxle gaiwireba, es Cvenive unda iyos. amas ar ga-
vakeTebT Cveni xeliT, magram mters CavayenebT iseT
mdgomareobaSi, rom gadawyvitos, mogvces Tavisufleba an
sikvdili.
eTanxmebiT amas Tu ara, unda dainaxoT, rom qalTa
saarCevno xmis uflebisTvis brZola gadaviyvaneT im fazaSi,
sadac is imdenad mniSvnelovania, rom misi ignorireba Seu-
Zlebelia. yvelaze gamagrebuli politikosic iyoymanebs,
aiRos pirdapiri pasuxismgebloba udavod Rirseul, miz-
nisadmi gulmodgine qalebis sicocxleTa gawirvisTvis. aseTi
politikuri mdgomareobaa dRes.
neba miboZeT, giTxraT, ra moitana aman, ramdenadac mixvde-
bodiT, mxolod Zalian Zlieri motivi Tu miiyvanda qalebs
imis Cadenamde, rac Cven CavidineT. cxovreba yvela Cvengan-
isTvis tkbilia. yvela adamians uyvars sicocxle, yvelaferi
kargi, rasac is gvaZlevs da bedniereba. Cven inglisSi gvaqvs
iseTi mdgomareoba, ramac, araTu ori da sami, aTasobiT qali

107
miiyvana im mdgomareobamde, rom Tvali gaesworebina
yofisTvis, romelsac me gadaWarbebis gareSe aRgiwerT.
SeiZleba, ori-sami Rame davxarjo arsebuli industriuli
situaciis gasamklaveblad, romelic gavlenas axdens qaleb-
ze, maT socialur Tu samarTlebriv mdgomareobaze. minda
mokled, ori-sami sityviT vTqva am yvelaferze. pirvel
yovlisa, mSromeli qalis mdgomareoba. erT-erTi garemoeba,
rac udides Zalas aZlevs Cvens agitacias, isaa, rom qalebi,
romlebic aqtiur monawileobas iReben am procesebSi, ar ari-
an yvelaze Raribebi an gadaRlilebi, isini iRblianebi arian,
maT raime piradi saCivari ar gaaCniaT. ra Tqma unda, isini
TavisTvisac ibrZvian, undaT, Tavisufalni iyvnen, Tumca um-
Tavresad maTTvis, visac maTsaviT ar gaumarTlaT. didi bri-
taneTis industriul muSakebs aqvT saSualo anazRaureba,
yuradReba miaqcieT, ara minimaluri, saSualo, or dolarze
naklebi kviraSi. dafiqrdiT, ra moxdeboda romelime qveyana-
Si mamakacebi im qveynis industriaSi aseTi xelfasiT rom
dakmayofilebuliyvnen? aTasobiT qals _ radgan Cems qvey-
anaSi xuT milionze meti piri iRebs xelfass _ hyavs sakuTar
kmayofaze myofi, maT Soris bavSvebi. mitovebuli qalebi
bavSvebiT, an avadmyofi meuRleebiT, dauqorwinebeli dedebi,
an dauojaxebeli qalebi, romelTac moxuci mSoblebiT, axal-
gazrda da-ZmiT an maTze damokidebuli avadmyofi naTesaviT.
maTi saSualo Semosavali _ magaliTad, profesionali
maswavleblisa da gamoucdeli Sinamosamsaxuris Semosavlis
saSualo ariTmetikulis gamoTvlis Sedegad _ kviraSi or
dolarze naklebia. esec mizezi ajanyebisa, romelic mimar-
Tulia ukeTesi pirobebis Seqmnisken. Tanac, viciT, rom
yvelaze didi damqiravebeli swored mTavrobaa da aseT saSi-
nel magaliTs aZlevs kerZo damsaqmebels im xelfasis
dawesebiT, rasac qalebs uxdis, _ esec kidev erTi mizezi.
mTavrobis departamentebis mudmivi danazogi uaryofiT
gavlenas ganicdis, roca qalis muSaobas kacisaze cvlian da
am samuSaosTvis gankuTvnili anazRaureba ki yovelTvis
mcirdeba, roca qals iqiraveben samuSaod. es aris industri-
uli situacia. gaoflil Sinamosamsaxureebze saubari Sors
wagviyvans, magram arian qalebi, vinc sxvebsac arCenen da

108
kviraSi sam-oTx Silings gamoimuSaveben, aTasobiT maTgani.
Tanac ixdian cxovrebis gazrdil Rirebulebas, zedmetad
maRal binis qiras Cvens didebul qalaqebSi mxolod erTi
oTaxisTvis, raTa erT saxlSi ramdenime ojaxi daetios da sa-
kuTar oTaxsac ver gaswvdebian. sakmarisia industriul
situaciaze.
Semdeg modis samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba. Cveni qveynis
saojaxo kanonmdebloba asobiT qals ayenebs mebrZolTa
rigebSi, radgan Cven ar SegviZlia qorwinebis momwesrigebel
kanonebSi im reformebis gatareba, rac qalebs surT. pirvel
yovlisa, inglisuri kanonmdeblobiT gogonebi saqorwino
asaks Tormeti wlis asakSi aRweven. rodesac sasamarTloSi
viyavi, mowmed moiyvanes patara gogona, romelmac raRac ipo-
va xazinis kancleris saxlis mezoblad, romelic viRac qalma
gaanadgura. da es patara gogona warmodgenili iyo rogorc
mowme. iTqva, rom saSinelebaa, moiyvano patara, Tormeti wlis
gogona da dasva sasamarTloSi mowmis skamze. me veTanxmebi da
aseve, aRvniSne mosamarTlesTan da nafic msajulebTan, rom
qalebis ajanyebis erT-erTi mizezi swored es patara gogonaa,
romlis Tavic Zlivs moCanda mowmis mier Cvenebis micemis
adgilidan, misi qveynis kanonmdeblis mier miCneuli iyo
sakmarisad didad, rom sakuTar Tavze aeRo colobisa da
dedobis saSineli pasuxismgebloba da qalebs amis Secvla ar
SegviZlia, politikosebi ar mogvismenen, rodesac saqorwino
kanonmdeblobis am nawilSi Secvlas vTxovT.
Semdegia colis pozicia. Zalian xSirad amboben, rom yvela
qals, visac xmis uflebis mopoveba surs, amoZravebs mxolod
imedgacrueba, rac gamowveulia imiT, rom igi colad aravis
aurCevia. magram garwmunebT, qalebis umetesoba qorwinebis
Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebamde kanonebs rom kiTxulob-
des, maTi didi nawili seriozulad dafiqrdeboda, aris Tu
ara qorwineba aseTi mniSvnelovani, an qorwinebis safasuri
metismetad didi xom araa, radgan inglisuri kanonmdeblobis
mixedviT, qalma SeiZleba mTeli cxovreba imuSaos mux-
lCauxrelad qmrisTvis da ojaxisTvis, SesaZloa qmris
biznesSi dasaqmdes, an daexmaros ojaxis Semosavlis gazrdaSi,
da didxniani Tanacxovrebis Semdeg erT dResac, Tu qmari

109
gadawyvets waarTvas qalis mier gamomuSavebuli TiToeuli
peni mas da mis Svilebs, gaakeTebs kidec amas, xolo qals
kompensaciis moTxovnis ufleba ar eqneba. sruliad mosalod-
nelia, xangrZlivi da rTuli cxovrebis bolos qali Tavisi
SvilebiT siRaribis zRvars miRma aRmoCndes, Tu misi qmari
qalis kuTvnil fuls miiTvisebs. ase rom, rogorc xedavT, Tu
am yvelafers samarTlebriv WrilSi SexedavT, Cvens qveyanaSi
colis ampluaSi yofna arc ise didi miRwevaa. amas Tan Zalian
didi riski sdevs.
amis Semdeg, SevxedoT qals, rogorc dedas. Tu bavSvi, ro-
melsac orive mSobeli hyavs, naTesavebisgan memkvidreobiT
qonebas miiRebs, samemkvidreo asakis miRwevamde, an anderZis
datovebis gareSe gardaicvleba, erTaderTi adamiani, rome-
lic am qonebas memkvidreobiT miiRebs, bavSvis mamaa, deda
bavSvis memkvidred ar iTvleba; amasTan, qmris sicocxleSi
cols ara mxolod bavSvis qonebis memkvidreobiT miReba, ara-
med bavSvis sicocxleSic am qonebasTan dakavSirebiT miRebul
gadawyvetilebaze azris gamoTqmac ki ar SeuZlia. qmari wy-
vets bavSvis saswavleblad sxvagan gagzavnas da masve mohyavs
saxlSi misTvis sasurveli maswavlebeli SvilisTvis ga-
naTlebis misaRebad. qmari wyvets, Tu rogor pirobebSi unda
icxovros bavSvma; wyvets, rogori ganaTleba unda miiRos man;
bavSvis religiasac ki Tavad irCevs, ise, rom dedis Tanxmoba
aq CamoTvlili arc erTi gadawyvetilebis misaRebad araa
saWiro. qalebi Taobebis ganmavlobaSi cdiloben amis
Secvlas, magram ar SeuZliaT, radgan kanonmdeblebs xmis
uflebis armqoneTa mosazrebebisa da survilebis mosasmenad
dro ar aqvT.
xolo Semdeg, rodesac dadgeba sakiTxi, Tu rogor SeuZlia
xalxs qorwinebis Sewyveta, Tu isini ubedurebi arian, in-
glisur samarTalSi ganqorwinebis momwesrigebeli kanonebi
civilizebuli samyaros yvelaze samarcxvino wesebia. Sesa-
Zloa iyos amerikis ramdenime Stati da vfiqrob kanada, sadac
igive normebi moqmedebs, magram, calke aRebuli, inglisis ka-
nonebi imdenad daRs asvams qals, imdenad angrevs mas, imdenad
uwvevs provocirebas qorwinebaSi myof kacs, Caidinos uzneo
saqcieli, rom, vfiqrob, igi unda gasamarTldes qalebis mier

110
ajanyebis gziT. qorwinebaSi registraciiT uerTdebi
moralis uTanasworo kanonebs, romlebic daqorwinebul kacs
zurgs umagrebs, SeZlos imdeni uzneo saqcielis Cadena, ram-
denic, misi azriT, col-qmris erTgulebas Seesabameba; qal-
isTvis Ralatis erTi SemTxvevis damtkicebis SemTxvevaSi
qmars SeuZlia ganqorwindes, deda daaSoros Svilebs da gan-
devnos igi. qalebma, romlebic Taobebis manZilze xmauriT
iTxovdnen Tanaswor ganqorwinebis samarTals, yuradReba ver
miipyres. amgvarad, Cven gvyavda ganqorwinebis samefo komisia
da gvqonda angariSi, magram qalebs ara aqvT garantia, rome-
lic axali kanonebis moqmedebis qveS ipovian samarTals manam,
sanam kacebis mier arCeuli sakanonmdeblo organos wevrebs,
igulisxmebian mamakacebi, SesaZlebloba eqnebaT, kanon-
mdeblobaSi asaxon kacis, da qalis, moraluri Sexedulebebi.
am faqtebs Tvali unda gavusworoT. qalTa xmis
uflebisTvis mebrZoli moZraobis nawils Sedegad mohyva is,
rom qalebma iswavles movlenebisTvis Tvalis gasworeba; isini
sentimentebisgan gaTavisufldnen; isini mimdinare movlenebs
Tvals adevneben: rodesac qalTa xmis uflebis mowina-
aRmdegeebi saubroben mamakacebis jeltmenobaze, an qalebis
kvarcxlbekze ayvanasa da maT dacvaze cxovrebis yvela sir-
Tulisa da safrTxisgan, Cven am dros aRviqvamT sinamdviles
ise, rogorc is cxovrebaSia da vambobT: `qalebs yvela mizezi
aqvT, ar endon amgvar raRaceebs, daukmayofileblobisTvis
aqvT yvela safuZveli; Cven gvsurs vicodeT simarTle,
raoden mwarec ar unda iyos igi, Cven Tvals vusworebT am
simarTles, radgan mxolod simarTlis codnis gziT SeZleb
miiRo nebismieri ukeTesi ram~. Cven mtkiced gadavwyviteT,
miviRoT arsebuli situacia da gavwmindoT, magram sasaci-
loa, uTxra qalebs, usafrTxod egulebodeT TavianTi inter-
esebi mamakacis xelSi, romelmac qveynis kanonmdebloba Tavis
interesebs orive sqesisTvis imdenad usamarTlod moargo,
rogorc dRes es inglisis kanonmdeblobaSia.
rodesac ganqorwinebis komisia daarsda, mtkicebulebebs
yvela tipis adamiani awvdida, qalebs ki uwevdaT waekiTxaT
gazeTebSi im kacis mtkicebulebebi, mosamarTles romlis mo-
valeobaa, gadawyvitos, ra iyo samarTlebrivi safuZveli da

111
gadawyvitos, kvlav unda iyvnen qalebi TavianT qmrebTan da-
kavSirebulni, Tu ara. ra Tqva man? mixaria, roca vfiqrob, rom
mas aRar eqneba is mdgomareoba, rac Tavisi ideebis xorc-
Sesxmis saSualebas miscems; axla is lordTa palatas amSven-
ebs: magram is jer kidev ganqorwinebis sasamarTlos mosa-
marTle iyo, rodesac ganacxada, rom, misi azriT, brZeni qali
Tvals xuWavs misi qmris amoralur saqcielze; qalbatonebo,
es is kacia, romelic wlebis ganmavlobaSi wyvetda, Tu ra iyo
ganqorwinebis safuZveli da wyvetda imas, Tu ra unda aetana
da ra ar unda moeTmina qals col-qmris urTierTobaSi.
kidev gikvirT, rom es yvelaferi ufro agresiulebs
gvxdis? mjera, rom erTxel mainc Tu SexedavT movlenebs qal-
is poziciidan, erTxelac Tavs Tu daanebebT poli-
tikosebisTvis yuris gdebas, erTxelac, rodesac cxovre-
biseul movlenebs Tqveni TvaliT SexedavT da ara kacis saT-
valeebidan, yoveli dRis Cavlisas Tqven xedavT imis gamomx-
atvel axal-axal suraTebs, rom politikuri uflebebis
miRebisTvis qalebs metis moTmena aRar SeuZliaT.
Semdegia bolo manifestacia, Zaladobis bolo aqti daaty-
da Tavs simSvidis didebul konspiracias moralur sa-
kiTxebTan da socialur daavadebebTan dakavSirebiT, rom-
lebmac bolo ramdenime welia Segvawuxa. msurs, Semog-
TavazoT Cemi gulwrfeli madloba im qalbatonebis mimarT,
romlebic dRes Cven gviZRvebian da SeerTebuli Statebis im
mamakaci eqimebis mimarT, romlebic am mimarTulebiT win mii-
weven. sanam sufraJistebi Seiswavlidnen sakiTxs, es xalxi
ukve laparakobda; eqimis profesiam amerikaSi gakvala gza da
eqim prins morousa da sxva mamakacebis wyalobiT, romelTa
saxelebsac Cven pativs vcemT, rogorc iqna, daviwyeT saqmis
realur viTarebaSi garkveva. viciT, rom rac ar unda moindo-
mon qalebma, maTi movaleobaa maTi rasisTvis da rasis
gadasarCenad, eris zneobrivi simrTelis sakiTxi wamowion
win, dauaxlovon qalis xedvas da gadawyviton kacebTan
TanamSromlobis gziT. Cveni saqmea, vaCvenoT axlo kavSiri,
romelic sazogadoebis SemaZrwunebel mdgomareobasa da qal-
ebis politikurad degradirebas Soris arsebobs. bolo dros
brZeni moazrovneebis Zalian bevr statias vkiTxulob, vxedav,

112
rom ase Tu ise, rodesac isini weren kacebze, Tundac maT sau-
keTeso nawilze, Tavs arideben realur sakiTxebs, rac qalTa
mdgomareobas Seexeba.
Cven, qalebi, naTlad vxedavT realobas, rom am sakiTxebTan
gamklavebis erTaderTi gza Cveni statusis amaRlebaa;
upirveles yovlisa, politikuri, xolo Semdeg qalebis in-
dustriuli da socialuri statusisa. qalebi iseve unda Sea-
fasoT, rogorc kacebi; unda gqondeT moralis erTnairi
standarti; Zaldatanebis erTaderTi gza qalebisTvis poli-
tikuri Zalauflebis miniWebaa da amgvarad qveynis kanon-
mdeblobaSi Tanaswori moraluri principebis danergva. es
erTadeTi gzaa. ar vici kacebi sakmarisad aanalizeben amas Tu
ara, magram qalebi amas vacnobierebT; Cven ufro da ufro
vxvdebiT amas da iqamde mivyavarT, rom am sakiTxze xmamaRla
avlaparakdeT. rac mTavaria, mivxvdiT, rom yvelaze mnivne-
lovani amis codnaa. aTi wlis win nebismieri qalisTvis an
mamakacisTvis SeuZlebeli iqneboda am sakiTxze Riad lapara-
ki nebismier plaTformaze, radgan qalebs yvelaferze
Tvalebis daxuWva aswavles; maT aswavles maTi sqesis didi na-
wilis cxovrebis degradirebis da kanongareSed cxovrebis
faqtis ignorirebac ki. Tu qalebi am yvelafers miuxvdebod-
nen, maT bundovani ganmartebebiT auxsnidnen, rom es yvela-
feri maTi darCenili cxovrebis usafrTxod gatarebis mizniT
keTdeboda; etyodnen, rom es iyo aucileblobiT gamowveuli
boroteba; etyodnen, rom aris raRac, rasac kargi qalbatoni
ver gaigebs da arc araferi unda icodes amis Sesaxeb. axla es
yvelaferi Sewyda. qalebi uars amboben kacebis mier maTi
cxovrebis usafrTxoebisTvis zrunvaze maTi debis xarjze,
Tundac es yvelaferi marTali yofiliyo. qalebi gambedaobiT
aRsavseni arian. antisufraJistebi yvelaze saSineli nawi-
lidan modian, acnobiereben, rom erTxelac, roca qalis xmis
uflebas miiRebT, Zalian bevri adgili, romelic dRes
miRebulia, unda gaqres. SesaZloa bevri mamakacisTvis
rTulia imis Tqma, rom TviTkontroli unda damyardes da
dawesdes moralis Tanaswori standarti, magram axla sau-
keTeso mamakacebi, mTeli msoflios mecnierebi, qalebis
xedvas icaven.

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 ocdaaTi wlis win inglisSi erTi mdidari qalbatoni, sax-
elad jozefin baTleri orive sqesisTvis Tanaswori moralu-
ri kodeqsisTvis ibrZoda. man mTeli Tavisi cxovreba
brZolaSi gaatara; is Caqoles; uaryves; misi mitingebi da-
Sales; misi cxovreba mTlianad saxifaTo gaxda; da es qal-
batoni jer kidev Seupovrad dgas da icavs prostituciasTan
dakavSirebiT miRebuli axali kanonis gauqmebis sakiTxs, ro-
melic lafs asxams Cveni qveynis kanonTa krebulebs. im
dReebSi eqimebi mis winaaRmdeg iyvnen; praqtikulad yvela mis
winaaRmdeg iyo. kacebi ambobdnen, rom maTi janmrTelo-
bisTvis jobda, uTanasworo moraluri kodeqsi hqonodaT.
axla es yvelaferi warsuls Cabarda da mamakaci eqimebisa da
mecnierebis umetesoba qalebs eTanxmeba; eTanxmebian qalebs,
rom sruliad SesaZlebelia da aucilebelia, arCeuli
gzisTvis Tanaswori moaluri kodeqsis miReba. SesaZloa
rTuli iyos; SesaZloa amis gakeTeba Taobebis manZilze iyos
rTuli; magram es dadgeba da dadgeba qalTa moZraobis gareSe,
radgan dRes qalebs, romlebsac ganaTlebis privilegia aqvT,
romlebsac samedicino daxmarebisa da samarTlebriv sa-
kiTxebTan dakavSirebiT aqvT codna, TavianT sqesze srulad
informirebulni arian, xolo CvenTvis ucnobi mimarTulebeb-
idan didi opoziciuri Zala modis; is xalxic ki, vinc Tavisi
Tavi sazogadoebrivi moralis winamZRolad miiCnia,
ewinaaRmdegeba im faqtebs, romlebic ukve iTqva.
yvelaze ucnauri ram, rac ki aqamde gamomicdia, iyo axlax-
ans niu-iorkSi Cveni gazeTis aslebis aRmoCena, qalTa xmis
uflebis damcvelebi (The Suffragette), romelTa statiebi Cemi
qaliSvilis mieraa dawerili da romlebSic moyvanilia ci-
tatebi mTeli msoflios mamakaci eqimebis mier aqtualur sa-
kiTxze gamoTqmuli mosazrebebidan da eyrdnoba am citatebs,
rogorc faqtebs. amasTan, es gazeTi gasayidad iyo gam-
otanili da iyo mcdeloba, warmatebuli mcdeloba, Seef-
erxebinaT am gazeTis gayidva, radgan am gazeTSi dabeWdili
statiebi simarTles Seicavda: aseve, wigni, romelic moicavs
statiebs, Segrovebuls statiis formis micemamde da ro-
melSic weria, Tu ratom daiwera wigni, aseve, gaxda sazoga-
doebrivi moralis TviTdaniSnuli damcvelis, batoni qom-

114
sToqis, Tavdasxmis sagani, rasac amerikuli presa mxars
uWerda. amaRam es wigni aq aris: es wigni gayidvaSia. es wigni
dawerilia ara Cemi asakis adamianebisTvis, ara im xalxisTvis,
romlebic saSiSroebasTan pirispir darCenisas Sewuxdeba an
gaiqceva: aramed dawerilia axagazrda adamianebisTvis. es wig-
ni daiwera qalebis mier SemecnebisTvis. ra daniSnuleba aqvs
sajinibos sakets cxenis moparvis Semdeg? prevencia represi-
aze ukeTesia. es wigni daiwera safrTxis Sesacnobad, namdvil
faqtebze dayrdnobiT, moazrovne adamianebis mier imis gac-
nobierebiT, rom mxolod qalebis gaTavisuflebis gziT, mxo-
lod qalebis rolis gazrdiTaa SesaZlebeli, arsebul vi-
Tarebas gaumklavde. Cven, qalebi Taobebis ganmavlobaSi
vcdilobdiT borotebis aRmofxvras; gvyavda Cveni qomagi
sazogadoebebi; yvela Rone vixmareT; Cven miviReT Raribi
bavSvebi, romlebsac ar gaumarTlaT da moralis sqesTa Soris
uTanasworo kanonebis msxverplni gaxdnen, da ra moxda? sam-
wuxarod, viTareba gauaresda; borotebis fesvebis amoZirkvis
nacvlad, mxolod zedapiri davkawreT. yvelaferi Seicvala.
dRes Cems qveyanaSi qalebi, romlebic muSaoben, msverplad
ewirebian da itanjebian, raTa maT sqess politikuri
uflebebi mieniWos, rom Sedegad ukeTesi kanonebi da ka-
nonebis ukeTesi administrireba miviRoT. amaRam SemiZlia ga-
vagrZelo imis CamoTvla, Tu Cems qveyanaSi sakuTrebis
winaamdeg Cadenili erTi SexedviT umniSvnelo danaSaulebi,
wvrilmani qurdobebi, sakuTrebis mcire dazianebebi rogor
isjeba ufro mkacrad, vidre Cemi sqesis warmomadgenlebis
winaaRmdeg Cadenili fizikuri da moraluri danaSauli.
vfiqrob, sakmarisad visaubre imisTvis, rom gaigoT, brita-
neli qalebis mier wamowyebul ajanyebas iseTive gamarTleba
da provokacia axlavs Tan, rogoric kacebis mer mowyobil
nebismier ajanyebas politikuri Tavisuflebis mosapoveblad
warsulSi. Cven ar viRwviT xmis uflebis mopovebisTvis. Cven
xmis uflebis mosapovelad cixeSi moxvedras ar vapirebT, rom
xmis ufleba mxolod saTqmelad gvqondes. Cven yvelaferi
amis saSualebiT vapirebT xmis uflebis mopovebas, romlis
realurma moqmedebam ukeTesi pirobebi mogvitanos ara mxo-
lod Cven, aramed mTlianad sazogadoebas moutanos.

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 mamakacebma didebuli ram gaakeTes; maT miaRwies diad
Sedegebs inJineriaSi, didebuli Sedegebi aqvT organizaciul
saqmianobaSi. magram maT Zalian didi, mware marcxi ganicades,
rodesac saqme kacobriobis problemis gadaWraze midga. maTma
Tavdajerebulobam kraxi ganicada, radgan problemebi, rom-
lebsac areuloba SemoaqvT xolme civilizaciaSi, dResac
udides safrTxes warmoadgens. diax, es aris cxovrebaSi qal-
ebis funqcia: Cveni saqmea kacobriobis gadarCena, da mon-
domebulebi varT, rom Cveni rasis gadarCena ar gadavdoT. ra-
sa unda gadarCes, rac mxolod qalebis gaTavisuflebiT miiR-
weva.
amgvarad, qalbatonebo da batonebo, minda giTxraT, rom
Tqveni madlobeli var amaRam Cemi mosmenisTvis; moxaruli
var, Tu Tundac mcirediT SevZeli, amexsna inglisSi arsebuli
situacia. minda giTxraT, rom aq bodiSis mosaxdelad ar var.
didad arc is mainteresebs, namdvilad gamigeT Tu ara, radgan,
rodesac sabrZolo moqmedebebSi erTvebi, moZraobaSi, rome-
lic masSi Cabmas adamianis mTlian arsebas ubiZgebs, amiT sxva
adamianebs ver daumtkiceb imas, rac gsurs; Sen koncen-
trirdebi im saganze, romlis miRwevac ginda, im SemTxvevaSic
ki, Tu aRSfoTebuli msoflio Sens winaaRmdeg iqneba. ase rom,
aq bodiSis mosaxdelad an Tqveni keTilganwyobis mosa-
poveblad ar var. xalxi ambobs: `ratom Camovida misis
fanqhursTi amerikaSi? imisTvis Camovida, rom amerikeli qal-
ebi sabrZolvelad ganawyos?~ ara, aq imisTvis ar Camovsulvar,
rom amerikeli qalebi sabrZolvelad ganvawyo. mjera,
amerikeli qalebi, TavianTi mzardi seriozulobis wyalobiT,
ramdenadac aanalizeben maTi sqesisTvis politikuri
uflebebis mopovebis aucileblobas, Tavad miakvleven gzas,
rom daicvan igi. TiToeulma erma Tavad unda izrunos gadar-
CenisTvis, ase rom, amerikeli qalebi Tavad ipovian gamo-
savals da TavianT meTodebs SeimuSaveben.
sxvebi amboben: `ra ufleba aqvs misis fanqhursTs, Camo-
vides amerikaSi da amerikuli dolarebi iTxovos?~ Tumca,
vfiqrob, ufleba maqvs, yvela daCagruls vTxovo Tana-
grZnobis gamoxatva sxvebis mimarT ufro Tavisuflad, vidre
sakuTari Tavebisadmi. Tqveni ufleba, wasuliyaviT safrang-

116
eTSi da daxmareba geTxovaT, kiTxvis niSnis qveS arasdros
damdgara. Tqven gaakeTeT es da miiReT kidec daxmareba.
amerikaSi yvela erovnebis mamakaci Cavida da xelcarieli ar
wasula, radgan amerikelebis gulmowyaleba mTel msoflioSi
mimofantul adamianebze vrceldeba.
inglisSi, Tu Tqven amis gagebas SeZlebT, mimdinareobs
yvelaze paTetikuri da gulmxurvale brZola, radgan Tqven
aRmoaCenT adamianebs, romlebic yovelTvis sustad da Tav-
dajerebulad migaCndaT, adamianebs, romlebzec yovelTvis
fiqrobdiT, rom dasacavad sxvebs mimarTavdnen, dganan da
Tavad ibrZvian. qalebma aRmoaCines axleburi TviTdafaseba,
sxvagvari energia, gansxvavebuli siZliere: da vfiqrob, yvela
Seviwroebuli adamiani, romelmac SeiZleba Tqveni gul-
mowyaleba da Tanadgoma daimsaxuros, am brZolaSi Cabmuli
qalebi, romlebic aqamde istoriisTvis ucnobni iyvnen, XX
saukuneSi TviTganviTarebis, TviTgamoxatvisa da TviTmmar-
Tvelobis udidesi ZalauflebisTvis mebZolma qalebma Sesa-
Zloa advilad daimsaxuron amerikeli xalxis simpatia da
realuri daxmareba.
ar arsebobs amerikeli qalebis mier miRweuli arc erTi
gamarjveba, romelic Cven ar gagvxarebia. Tvidan Tvemde
vkiTxulobT, Tu rogor emateba axali wevrebi politikuri
uflebebiT mTlianad aRWurvili Statebis ricxvs, SesaZloa
imis gamo, rom viciT, ra rTulia brZola, es Cven ufro gvix-
aria, vidre Tavad amerikel qalebs.
londonSi mitingze me gavigone gamarjvebis SeZaxilebi,
rodesac cnobili gaxda amerikis mier axali Statebis
mierTebis Taobaze informacia, gavigone gacilebiT ufro
xmamaRali da enTuziazmiT aRsavse SeZaxilebi, vidre ameri-
kaSi gamarjvebis aRsaniSnav nebismier mitingze. WeSmaritebaa,
rom vinc rTul omSi ibrZvis, vinc gamarjvebisTvis yvelafers
swiravs, afasebs am gamarjvebas da ufro meti enTuziazmiT
xvdeba gamarjvebis mopovebas. Cven mTeli guliT gagvixarda
Tqveni gamarjveba. vfiqrobT, Tqveni gamarjveba advilad
misaRwevi iyo Cveni Zalisxmevis wyalobiT, radgan am dros Cve-
ni Zaladobrivi moqmedebebi aRmoCnda qalTa xmis uflebis
damcvelTa moZraobis Stormis centrSi, romelmac mTel

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msoflioSi gaagzavna talRebi qalebis gamosafxizlebad. am
mxriv, Tqven mxolod amgvari siZlieris araCveulebriobis
axsna SegeZloT. aTi wlis win qalTa uflebis damcveli
nebismieri moZraobis arseboba rTuli iyo. axla, CineTsa da
iaponiaSic ki, indoeTSi, TurqeTSi, yvelgan qalebi aq-
tiurdebian da iTxoven farTo SesaZleblobebs, rac Tana-
medrove yofaSi qals moeTxoveba: da Cven, qalebi, vfiqrobT,
rom amaSi wvlili SevitaneT. amgvarad, Tu Cven marTlac
gavuwieT daxmareba, Tu, rogorc amaRam aq myofebisgan iTqva,
Cven koneqtikutSi qalTa uflebebisTvis brZolis enTuziazmi
mainc gavaRviZeT, SeZlebT damadanaSauloT, rom movedi da
giambeT im sasowarkveTili brZolis Sesaxeb, romelic gvaqvs,
Tu rogor cdilobs mTavroba Cvens gatexas yvela SesaZlo
gziT, sasamarTlo procesebSi CabmiTac ki, Tu rogor
cdilobs daaSinos Cveni mxardamWerebi da is adamianebi, vinc
fuls gvwiravs, cixeSi Casmis muqariT? kidev gikvirT, ratom
Camovedi amerikaSi? wagikiTxavT im amerikuli dolarebis
Sesaxeb, romlebic irlandiel kanondamrRvevebs gadaecaT?
ase rom, aq var. me Camovedi cixis gamoCenamde intervalSi:
Camovedi kata-Tagvobanas wesiT oTxjer dapatimrebis Semdeg,
SesaZloa isev melodes dapatimreba, rogorc ki britaneTis
miwaze fexs davdgam. me Camovedi, rom gTxovoT am brZolis
mogebaSi daxmareba. Tu am urTules brZolaSi gamarjvebas
movipovebT, darwmunebuli iyaviT, momavalSi qalebs mTeli
msoflios garSemo gauadvildebaT brZolaSi gamarjveba,
rodesac maTi dro mova. ase rom, me ar vixdi bodiSs
CamosvlisTvis, misis hefbern, ar gixdiT bodiSs aq Sekrebili
xalxisTvis mimarTvisTvis, rom Tu romelime maTgans surs
damexmaros, movagrovo cotaodeni fuli da Sevmato im fuls,
romelsac, vici, rom qalebi sakuTari msxverplis gaRebiT
agroveben, raTa Semdeg wels, rodesac Cvens kampanias gan-
vaaxlebT, mzad viyoT sayovelTao arCevnebisTvis, romlis
pirispirac SesaZloa Semdeg wels aRmovCndeT, fulTan da-
kavSirebuli Cveni SiSebi iseTive mZafri aRar iyos, rogorc
SeiZleboda yofiliyo, rom ar momekriba sakmarisi siZliere
da janmrTeloba aq Camosasvlelad da ramdenadme energiuli
turis Casatareblad amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi.

118
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