Tomas m.

magstadti

gavigoT politika
ideebi, institutebi
da sakiTxebi

ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemlobabilisi _ 2008

s ar Ge vi

Sesavali

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T aavv i I

Sesavali
p o li ti ki
po
kiss

Se
S e sw av
avl
laa

politika da yoveldRiuri cxovreba

ZiriTadi koncefciebi
wesrigi
Zalaufleba da misi Tanafardi
samarTlianoba
cnebebi
rogor swavloben politikas?
ra mizniT?
ra meTodebiT?
romeli perspeqtividan
ratom swavloben politikas?
piradi interesi
sazogadoebrivi interesi

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adamianTa umravlesoba Cveulebrivad vcxovrobT. samarTlianad vzrunavT

yoveldRiurobis Cveul, Tumca arsebiT detalebze gadasaxadebze (maT Soris,
swavlis!), ojaxis an SeyvarebulTa winsvlasa da usafrTxoebaze, imaze, Tu ra modelis manqana viyidoT (an daiqoqeba Tu ara arsebuli manqana!) da a. S. raRac doneze vxvdebiT, rom individualuri da ekonomikuri usafrTxoebisa da pirovnuli
bednierebis es Cveulebrivi, magram arcTu umniSvnelo sazrunavebi ara mxolod
Cvens Zalisxmevaze, aramed sazogadoebrivi azris xasiaTsa da Sedegebzec, anu
politikaze aris damokidebuli. sxva rom araferi, yvelgan myofi politika Tavs
saRamos axali ambebis mosmenis an yurebisas gvaxsenebs, roca Cvens saxlebSi afrikis Soreul saxelmwifoebSi mZvinvare umowyalo eTnikuri konfliqtebi, axlo
aRmosavleTis Zaladobrivi Sexla-Semoxlis scenebi da politikuri teroris
aqtebi iWreba.
politika mniSvnelovania. swored am mizeziT, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis
pasuxismgebel moqalaqes politikis Semadgeneli ideebis, institutebisa da
sakiTxebis safuZvlebis codna sWirdeba.

politika da yoveldRiuri cxovreba

politika aris mecniereba imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor marTaven da imarTebian
adamianebi. qvemoT mocemuli ori hipoTeturi magaliTi gviCvenebs, rom politika aTasgvar gavlenas axdens Cvens yoveldRiur cxovrebaze.

magaliTi # 1
kaci, romlis kiserze ori gaupatiureba, mravali SedarebiT umniSvnelo seqsualuri Zaladoba da ramdenime SeiaraRebuli Zarcva
da Tavdasxmaa, sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT cixidan gamouSves. is
fsiqiatriul saavadmyofoSi mkurnalobis periodSi presas ucxadebs,
rom Seicvala, religia daexmara da imedi aqvs, rom mSobliur qalaqSi dabrundeba da normalur cxovrebas daiwyebs. qalaqSi misi dabrunebis pirvelive kviras ramdenime sastiki gaupatiureba xdeba.
miuxedavad imisa, rom am kacis dadanaSaulebis aranairi safuZveli
ar arsebobs, adgilobrivi mcxovrebni aRSfoTebulebi arian. gaupatiurebis SemTxvevebi amyarebs maT mosazrebas, rom (1) saSiSi damnaSaveebi maT Soris arian; (2) Zalze Znelia maTi daWera, miuxedavad maTi
Tavxeduri da xSiri Tavdasxmebisa; da (3) daWeris SemTxvevaSic, is
qurdebi, mkvlelebi da moZaladeebi, romlebmac danaSauli aRiares,
zogjer sasamarTlo sistemis arasrulyofilebis gamo Tavs iZvrenen
xolme. moqalaqeebi mosamarTleebsa da politikosebs akisreben pasuxismgeblobas im SiSisaTvis, romelic RamiT maT qalaqs mosvenebis
saSualebas ar aZlevs. `rogorc Cans, kanonmdeblobaSi raRac xarvezi
arsebobs, raki aseTi danaSauli xdeba~, _ acxadeben isini.

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magaliTi # 2
xandazmuli qalbatoni meri, romelsac axlaxan Seusrulda
oTxmocdaaTi weli, marto cxovrobs im saxlSi, romelic man da misma
meuRlem patara qalaqSi aiSenes daaxloebiT samocdaxuTi wlis win.
meris sakuTar Tavze zrunva SeuZlia da moxucebulTa saxlSi gadasvla ar surs. asakis Sesaferisi moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebas
Tavisi mokrZalebuli pensiiT is metnaklebad axerxebs, vidre saxlis gasaTbobad saWiro sawvavis fasi katastrofulad ar gaizrdeba;
amis Semdeg, misi danazogi sxva xandazmuli moqalaqeebis danazogTa
msgavsad, yovelwliurad iklebs. gasulma orma zamTarma, romelic
gansakuTrebiT mkacri iyo, TiTqmis amowura meris piradi finansebi.
meris imedi sagazeTo statiam daubruna, romelic ityobineboda, rom
mTavrobam SemoiRo kanoni, raTa sawvavis subsidiebT uzrunvelyos
xandazmulebi. miuxedavad amisa, cxel xazze darekviT man Seityo,
rom bankSi mis angariSze Tanxis arsebobamde, is subsidias ver miiRebs. meri sasowarkveTilia: `ra xdeba Cems Tavs? Cans, mTavroba ver
moisvenebs, sanam ufulo da usaxlkaro ar viqnebi. sad aris am qveynad
samarTali?~
damnaSavisa da moxuci qalbatonis SemTxveva TvalsaCinos xdis, rom yoveldRiuri politikis praqtikuli problemebi, romlebic, erTi SexedviT, mxolod
calkeul individebze axdens gavlenas, samarTlianobis an sazogadoebrivi interesis dacvis mudmivi Ziebis ganuyofeli nawili xdeba. sxva sityvebiT, sakiTxebi met-naklebad politikuria im zomiT, ra zomiTac saxelmwifo Zalaufleba
gavlenas axdens calkeul moqalaqeTa cxovrebasa da keTildReobaze.

ZiriTadi koncefciebi
politikas sxvadasxvagvarad gansazRvraven _ rogorc `SesaZleblis
xelovnebas~, moZRvrebas `vin ras, rodis da sad iRebs~, `faseulobebis
avtoritetul ganawilebas~ da a. S. Tavad vwyvetT, romel definicias
veTanxmebiT. iseve rogorc adamianis codnis nebismier sxva sferos, politikur
mecnierebasac _ politikis sistemur Seswavlas _ aqvs sakuTari terminebi da ena.
am enis Seswavlas mniSvelovani politikuri wonis mqone `sami patara sityviT~ _
wesrigi, Zalaufleba da samarTlianoba _ daviwyebT.

wesrigi
arsebobs ramodenime donis wesrigi. politikuri gagebiT, wesrigi aRniSnavs im struqturebs, wesebs, ritualebs, procedurebsa da Cveulebebs, romlebic
politikur sistemas Seadgenen. igi dafuZnebulia sazogadoebrivi wyobilebis
(an martivad rom vTqvaT `sazogadoebis~) saZirkvelze. zustad ra aris sazogadoeba? sazogadoeba, rogorc mas Tanamedrove konteqstSi viyenebT, mWidro
kavSirSia sityva TemTan, romelic saerTo identobis pirTa gaerTianebaa. Cveulebriv, identoba, nawilobriv mainc, gansazRvrulia geografiiT, radgan adamianebi, romlebic erTmaneTis axlos cxovroben, rogorc wesi, erTmaneTs icnoben,

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laparakoben erTsa da imave enaze, aqvT saerTo Rirebulebebi, interesebi da gamocdileba. xandaxan, saerTo miznis gancdis an politikuri erTgulebis safuZvelze, gansxvavebuli jgufebi qmnian axal Tems, magram rogorc 90-iani wlebis
dasawyisSi sabWoTa kavSirisa da iugoslaviis daSlam gvaCvena, axali socialuri
wyobis Seqmna, kargad stuqturirebuli politikuri sistemis pirobebSic ki, advili araa.
mTavroba, mmarTveloba qmnis aucilebel wesebs, romelTa saSualebiT marTavs sazogadoebas. rogor SeiZleba msoflioSi mmarTvelobis araerTgvarovani
formebis kategoriebad dayofa? tradiciulad, saxelmwifoebi iyofa respublikebad (sadac Zalaufleba sabolood xalxis xelSia) da saxelmwifoebad, sadac Zalaufleba mmarTvelTa xelSia _ monarqiad an tiraniad. dReisaTvis, TiTqmis yvela respublika demokratiuli (anu warmomadgenlobiTi) respublikaa,
rac imas niSnavs, rom Zalaufleba arCeuli warmomadgenlebis xelSia, romlebic
xalxis winaSe arian pasuxismgebelni.1
zogierTi politologi erTmaneTisgan ubralod ganasxvavebs demokratiul, sadac tardeba Tavisufali arCevnebi, da diqtaturul saxelmwifoebs, sadac aseTi ram ar xdeba. sxvebi, vinc met yuradRebas aqcevs ekonomikas, ganasxvaveben kapitalisturi anu bazarze dafuZnebuli sistemebis mqone da socialistur
anu saxelmwifos mier regulirebuli sistemebis mqone saxelmwifoebs. dabolos,
ganviTarebad qveynebSi mTavrobas iseTi saxis gamowvevebTan, problemebTan,
sirTuleebTan uxdeba gamklaveba, romlebTan brZola ganviTarebul qveynebs ar
sWirdeba; amitom gasakviri araa, rom msoflios dabalanazRaurebad da maRalanazRaurebad regionebSi sakmaod gansxvavebuli mmarTvelobebis formebi gvxvdeba.
Tanamedrove msoflioSi, saxelmwifo aris suverenitetis erTaderTi damcveli. suverenuli saxelmwifo aris sazRvrebiT mkafiod Semofargluli mTlianoba, romelsac erTi mTavroba ganagebs. politikis enaze, saxelmwifo igivea,
rac qveyana (ingliisur enaSi state aRniSnavs saxelmwifosac da Statsac. mTargm.
SeniSvna). magaliTad, SegviZlia safrangeTi movixsenioT rogorc saxelmwifo an
qveyana. (zogierT saxlmwifoSi arsebobs federaciuli sistema, romelSic Sedis
Statebi _ administraciuli erTeulebi, magaliTad, niu-iorki, florida, texasi
an kalifornia amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, magram aseTi Statebi suverenuli
ar aris).
eri Sedgeba adamianTa gansxvavebuli jgufebisagan, romelTac aerTianebs
saerTo warsuli da Semdeg niSan-TvisebaTagan yvela an erTi mainc: geografiuli
mdebareoba, istoria, rasobrivi an eTnikuri kuTvnileba, religia, ena, kultura
da saerTo politikuri ideebis rwmena. am CamonaTvalis saTaveSi geografiuli
mdebareoba im mizeziT moxvda, rom erTi eris warmomadgenlebs, rogorc wesi,
axasiaTebT kuTvnilebis Zlieri koleqtiuri grZnoba, romelic dakavSirebulia
konkretul geografiul teritoriasTan, romlisTvis sabrZolvelad, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi ki misTvis sikvdilisTvisac mzad arian xolme.
erebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebian warsulisa da homogenurobis (erTgvarovnebis anu wevrTa msgavsebis) mixedviT. qveynebi, romlebsac SedarebiT
erTgvarovani mosaxleoba hyavs, ZiriTadad evropaSi gvxvdeba. magaliTad, poloneTi Zalian erTgvarovani eria, iseve rogorc skandinaviuri qveynebi (dania,
SvedeTi da norvegia), fineTi, safrangeTi, avstria, portugalia da saberZneTi.
ufro araerTgvarovania didi britaneTi, germania, niderlandebi, espaneTi da
italia, magram aqac erT saxelmwifo enaze laparakoben (Tumca qveynis sxvadasxva nawilSi sxvadasxva dialeqtzec saubroben). belgia kontinentze im mcire-

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ricxovan qveynebs ganekuTvneba, romlebic mkafiodaa gayofili kulturuli da
lingvisturi TvalsazrisiT (frangulad molaparake valonebad da holandiurad molaparake flamandielebad). misgan gansxavevebiT, amerikis SeerTebuli
Statebi, rogorc imigrantebis saxelmwifo, gansakuTrebuli mravalferovnebiT
gamoirCeva. magram `sadnobi qvabi~ (`melting pot~) sabolood yvela axalCamosuls
amerikuli sazogadoebis ZiriTad nakadSi moaqcevs (asimilirebas ukeTebs), riTac aZlierebs saerTo erovnulobas. 2
aSkaraa, rom eri-saxelmwifos, rogorc ideis da rogorc idealis fesvebi, konkretul droSi da adgilas unda veZioT: es Tanamedrove evropis, gansakuTrebiT ki dasavleT evropis istoriaa. igi naklebad miesadageba msoflios
sxva regionebs, sadac suverenuli saxelmwifoebis (romelTagan bevri meore
msoflio omamde evropuli qveynebis kolonia iyo) politikuri sazRvrebi xSirad
ar emTxveva eTnikur Tu kulturul sazRvrebs. zogierT SemTxvevaSi, eTnikuri,
religiuri Tu tomobrivi dajgufebebi, romlebic tradiciulad erTmaneTs
Zlier emterebodnen, aRmoCndnen erT `saxelmwifoSi~, ris Sedegadac miviReT
arastabilurobisa da samoqalaqo omebis maRali riskis mqone sazogadoebebi.
meore msoflio omis Semdgomma dekolonizaciam dasabami misca bevr ucbad
Seqmnil mravalerovnul saxelmwifos, romlebSic bevri erovnuli jgufi (eTnikuri Tu tomobrivi) axal sazogadoebriv wyobaSi asimilirebuli ar iyo _ mravali aTwleulis Semdegac; am axal saxelmwifoebSi erad Camoyalibeba Soreuli
perspeqtivaa. argumentis gasaZliereblad ramdenime magaliTs moviyvanT. 1967
wels, nigeria gaafTrebul samoqalaqo omSi CaiZira, romlis drosac erTi didi
eTnikuri jgufi (ibo) warumateblad Seecada qveyanas gamoyofoda da damoukidebeli saxelmwifo Seeqmna. 1994 wels, ruandaSi mowme gavxdiT Tanamedroveobis
erT-erTi yvelaze didi xocva-Jletisa, romelSic hutus ufro mravalricxovani
tomis warmomadgenlebi tutsis tomis asiaTasobiT adamians, qalebisa da bavSvebis CaTvliT, sastikad gauswordnen. sruliad uadgilo da gaumarTlebelia
indoeTis eri-saxelmwifod miCneva, radganac aq aseulobiT enasa da dialeqtze
laparakoben, xSiria Setakebebi indusebsa da muslimebs Soris, penjabSi Zaladobis talRis sporaduli agoreba meomari sinxebis monawileobiT. Sri-lankaze
(yofili ceiloni) indusi Tamilebi didi xania awarmoeben partizanul oms sinhalelebis winaaRmdeg, romlebic budistebi arian da mosaxleobis umravlesobas
warmoadgenen.
saxelmwifoebi daiSala evropis slavur nawilSic, ZvelisZveli eTnikuri
dapirispirebebis gamo. sabWoTa kavSiri, iugoslavia da Cexoslovakia im saxelmwifoTa magaliTia, romlebic 1990-ian wlebSi Signidan daiSalnen.
dabolos, arseboben saxelmwifos armqone erebi, magaliTad, palestinelebi da qurTebi. maT saerTo identobis (an Temis) grZnoba aqvT, magram samSoblo ar gaaCniaT. saxelmwifos gareSe maTi arseboba qmnis Zalze aramdgrad situacias, rac yvelaze aSkarad axlo aRmosavleTSi Cans.

Zalaufleba da misi Tanafardi cnebebi

mTavrobebisa da maTi liderebis unari _ SeimuSavon, miiRon da cxovrebaSi gaataron wesebi, waxalisebisa an sasjelis meSveobiT gavlena iqonion individebisa Tu jgufebis qcevaze, Seadgens Zalauflebas. mis gareSe xelisufleba ver SeinarCunebs mSvidobas, ver uzrunvelyofs usafrTxoebas, ver miscems

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stimuls ekonomikur zrdas da ver gaatarebs efeqtur politikas. Tumca, politikuri Zalauflebis efeqturi gamoyeneba gacilebiT mets gulisxmobs, vidre
fizikuri Zalis gamoyenebis unars. marTlac, arsebobs Zalauflebis mravali da
gansxvavebuli wyaro. damajerebeli saarCevno mandati, oratoruli niWi, simdidre an represiuli saidumlo policia _ yvela es Zalauflebis gansxvavebuli
wyaroa. ra Tqma unda, rac ufro meti Zalauflebis wyaro (an resursi) arsebobs,
miT metia mTavrobis SesaZleblobebi. sust mTavrobas xSirad didi zianis motana ar xelewifeba (yovel SemTxvevaSi, pirdapir mainc), magram kargis gakeTebis
SesaZleblobac iSviaTad aqvs.
nebismier sazogadoebasa Tu saxelmwifoSi SeuZlebelia Zalauflebis Tanabrad gadanawileba. magram, ramdenime adamianis xelSi Zalauflebis koncentrirebis saWiroeba, moqalaqeTa umravlesobaSi kiTxvebs da eWvebs badebs. vis
xelSia Zalaufleba da gamoiyeneben Tu ara Zalauflebas efeqturad? _ es saerTo keTildReobisaTvis mniSvnelovani sakiTxebia. amitom, kiTxva `vin marTavs?~
SeiZleba Zalze sakamaTo politikuri sakiTxi iyos. xandaxan pasuxi Zalze martivia, sakmarisia Caixedo qveynis konstituciaSi da gaecno misi xelisuflebis
qmedebebs. magram, Tuki xelisufleba saidumlo burusSia gaxveuli an, rogorc
es xSirad xdeba, Zalauflebis araformaluri modeli mkveTrad gansxvavdeba
qveynis mTavar kanonSi gawerili Zalauflebis formaluri struqturebisagan,
SesaZloa rTuli iyos imis gamovlena, realurad vin marTavs. nebismier eri-saxelmwifoSi, politikuri Tanamdebobebisa da Zalauflebis mqone pirTa ricxvi
Zalze mcirea mosaxleobis saerTo raodenobasTan SedarebiT. `vin marTavs~ da
`ramdenad efeqturad~ _ am kiTxvebTan erTad, aranakleb mniSvelovania kiTxva:
upyria Tu ara mmarTvels politikuri Zalaufleba kanonierad.
Zalauflebas da xelisuflebas xSirad erTmaneTSi ureven, radgan isini
erTmaneTs ukavSirdeba da erTmaneTis magieradac gamoiyeneba xolme. sinamdvileSi, es ori gansxvavebuli cnebaa da politikis or gansxvavebul ganzomilebas aRniSnavs. mao Zedunma, CineTis komunistma liderma, erTxel Tqva, rom
Zalaufleba Tofis lulidan gamomdinareobs, rac sworia, magram Zalze gadaWarbebulicaa. politikuri Zalaufleba nawilobriv marTlac gamomdinareobs
iZulebis instrumentebis mflobelobidan (policia, saidumlo policia, SeiaraRebuli jgufebi, samxedro Zalebi), magram ara mxolod. Zalaufleba SeiZleba
gamomdinareobdes simdidridan, pirovnuli qarizmidan, ideologiidan, religiidan da bevri sxva wyarodan, sazogadoebaSi kerZo piris an jgufis moraluri
wonis, mdgomareobis CaTvliT.
xelisufleba, Tavisi gansazRvrebiT, gamomdinareobs ara mxolod Tofis
lulidan, aramed im normebidanac, romelic aRiarebuli da miRebulia sazogadoebis didi umravlesobis mier. es normebi fesv gadgmulia qcevis zneob riv,
sulier da sakanonmdeblo kodeqsebSi. aqedan gamomdinare, xelisufleba im SinaarsiT, rasac am wignSi viyenebT, gulisxmobs kanonierebas (legitimurobas) _
mdgomareobas, rodesac Zalaufleba xorcieldeba xalxis mier damoukideblad,
samarTlianad da sworad aRiarebuli institutebisa da wesebis saSualebiT.
gaiTvaliswineT, rom es gansazRvreba ar gulisxmobs, rom demokratia mmarTvelobis erTaderTi legitimuri formaa. piriqiT, monarqia an diqtaturis sxva
formac SeiZleba iyos legitimuri. legitimuri xelisuflebis seriozuli
gamocda is ki araa, aZlevs Tu ara xalxs arCevnebSi monawi leobis, gaficvis an
ukmayofilebis Riad gamoxatvis uflebas, aramed is, ramdenad faseulia xalxi-

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saTvis am uflebaTagan romelime an yvela erTad. Tu xalxi kmayofilia arsebuli politikuri wesrigiT, iseTiT, rogoric igi aris (arCevnebSi monawileobis
uflebiT Tu mis gareSe), mmarTvelis legitimuroba eWvs ar iwvevs. Zalaufle ba
am SemTxvevaSi gaerTianebulia xelisuflebasTan da saxelmwi fos stabiluroba amis bunebrivi Sedegia. istoriaSi ki sakmao magaliTia imisa, rom SesaZlebelia Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdeba da marTva saxalxo mandatis an sazogadoebis
mxardaWeris, moraluri, sulieri Tu kanonieri gamarTlebis gareSe _ sxva sityvebiT, WeSmariti (anu kanonieri) xelisuflebis gareSe. Zalauf lebis xelSi
Cagdebis magaliTebi ukanaskneli aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi moiZebneba axlo
aRmosavleTsa da CrdiloeT afrikaSi, aziaSi da sxv. 1980-ian wlebamde msgavsi
ram xSiri iyo laTinur amerikaSic.
xelisuflebas, meore mxriv, xelSi Cagdebis gziT veravin moipovebs: igi
SeiZleba moipovo an masze pretenzia gamoTqva. Tumca pretenziis gamoTqmas,
moTxovnas azri ara aqvs, Tu ar gagaCnia misi ganxorcielebis saSualebebi. ramdenad seriozul gamowvevas miiRebs mmarTvelobis uflebamosileba (da gaxdeba
Tu ara saWiro zomebis miReba), didadaa damokidebuli legitimurobis sakiTxze.
Tu xalxi uars acxadebs cnos xelisuflebis uflebamosileba, arakanonieri
mmarTvelebi dgebian Semdegi arCevanis winaSe: uari Tqvan Zalauflebaze an
represiebs mimarTon opoziciis winaaRmdeg. gaamarTlebs Tu ara represia, Tavis mxriv damokidebulia or sakiTxze _ jer erTi, ramdenad gabedulia opozicia? meore, gaaCnia Tu ara mTavrobas sakmarisi finansuri resursi da iZulebis
SesaZleblobebi, rom daamarcxos oponentebi da Seakavos (Tavidan aicilos) momavali gamowvevebi?
zogadad, mmarTvelebisaTvis ukeTesia hqondes sazogadoebrivi mxardaWera da ara piriqiT. es principi erTnairad marTebulia diqtaturisTvisac da
demokratiisTvisac, Tundac imitom, rom xangrZlivi `Sekaveba~ SedarebiT Zviri
jdeba. cxadia, rom Tu xalxi pativs scems Tavis mmarTvels da Zaldautaneblad
(muqaris gareSe) emorCileba arsebul wesebs, sazogadoebaSi wesrigisa da stabilurobis SenarCuneba gacilebiT advilia. metic, gulCaTxrobili, ukmayofilo
da daCagruli adamianebi ver iqnebian sakmarisad motivirebuli da nayofieri
muSaobisas. bolo saukuneSi swored es aRmoCnda bevri diqtaturis aqilevsis
qusli. marTlac, aman sakmaod didi roli Seasrula socializmis damxobaSi aRmosavleT evropasa da yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi.

samarTlianoba
imis gamo, rom marTulebi yovelTvis mmarTvelebze metni arian, warmoiqmneba gansxvavebuli, arcTu iSviaTad dapirispirebuli mosazrebebi xelisuflebis politikis da programebis samarTlianobis Sesaxeb. xSirad amtkiceben,
rom moqalaqeTa erTi nawilis danarCen nawilze batonoba (mmarTveloba) misaRebia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu es sazogadoebrivi interesebisTvis xelsayrelia. aqedan gamomdinare, Zalauflebis ganxorcieleba samarTlianobis sakiTxis
meSveobiT unda iqnas gawonasworebuli: Zalaufleba samarTlianad, marTulTa
interesebis dacviT xorcieldeba Tu mxolod mmarTvelTa sasargeblod gamoiyeneba? 2000 welze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi, politikis damkvirveblebi ganasxvaveben politikuri Zalauflebis gamoyenebas, erTi mxriv sajaro, xolo, meore
mxriv, piradi interesebisaTvis. es adasturebs, ramdenad didi mniSvneloba aqvs

21
samarTlianobas politikur cxovrebaSi.

moqalaqeebs politikuri usamarTlobis Sesaxeb sakuTari moTxovnebis gacxadeba

mravali gziT, maT Soris demonstraciebisa da saprotesto aqciebis saSualebiT,
SeuZliaT. 1995 wlis oqtomberSi Louis Farrakhan -is milioniani saprotesto aqciis erT-erTi mizani iyo imis garkveva, samarTlianad epyrobodnen Tu ara afroamerikel moqalaqeebs SeerTebul StatebSi.

samarTlianobis sakiTxis dasmis saSualebas yvela saxelmwifo ar iZ leva; marTlac, Tuki istorias gadavavlebT Tvals, saxelmwifoTa umrav lesoba
swored ase iqceoda. dResac ki, zogierTi mTavroba sastikad da sistematurad
devnis politikur diskusiasa da debatebs, radgan eSinia, rom Tuki sazogadoebis yu radReba samarTlianobis da saerTo (sazogado ebrivi) sikeTis ZiriTad
sakiTxebze SeCerdeba, arsebuli politikuri wyobis legitimuroba SeiZleba
safrTxeSi aRmoCndes. Zalian xSirad xelisuflebis mmarTvelobis meTodis
kritikam SeiZleba kiTxvis niSnis qveS daayenos xelisuflebis zneobrivi da
kano nieri ufleba marTvis Sesaxeb. es erT-erTi mizezia imisa, ratomaa politikuri Tavisufleba ase mniSvnelovani. samarT lianobas xSi rad imis mixedviT gansazRvraven, ramdenad icavs mTavroba individualur uflebebs (esaa,
bunebiTi, adamianisa da samoqalaqo uflebebi). amaTgan yvelaze mniSvnelovani
is uflebebia, romelic saSualebas aZlevs moqalaqes, eWvi Seitanos mTavrobis
qmedebis samarT lianobaSi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom SesaZlebelia sazogadoebrivi zneobis sakiTxebis
miCumaTeba, maTi sabolood CaxSoba SeuZlebelia. kiTxvebi, romeli mmarTvelia
kanonieri an romeli politikuri kursia sasurveli, TavisTavad Cndeba yoveldRiur saubrebSi. es, rogorc Cans, adamianis bunebaSi Zevs. berZeni filosofosi
aristotele (384-322 Zv. w.) SeniSnavda, rom cxovelebisagan gansxvavebiT, romlebsac mxolod siamovnebis da tkivilis gamomxatveli xmebis gamocema SeuZliaT,
adamiani gamoiyenebs gonebas da enas `raTa gamoxatos, ra aris sasargeblo da ra
aris samarTliani da usamarTlo~. amitom, gansxvavebiT sxva cxovelebisagan, `mxolod adamianisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli sikeTisa da borotebis, samarTlianobis
da usamarTlobis gancda...~

aqedan gamomdinare, adamianis unari ganapirobebs

22
zneobrivi gansjis SesaZleblobis da politikuri diskusiis aucileblobasac.

rogor swavloben politikas

berZeni filosofosi aristotele iTvleba politikuri mecnierebis mamamTavrad.4 is ara marto werda politikasa da eTikaze, aramed aRwera sxvadasxva
politikuri wyoba da maTi klasifikaciisa da Sefasebis sqemac dagvitova. aristotelesaTvis politikuri mecniereba ubralod politikur Ziebas niSnavda. amitom, am dargis mecnieri misTvis aris is, vinc sistematuri Ziebis gziT politikis
WeSmariti bunebis amoxsnas cdilobs. am TvalsazrisiT, politikis Seswavlisadmi
aristoteleseul, 2000-ze meti wlis winandel midgomas, bevri saerTo aqvs imasTan, ras akeTeben Tanamedrove politologebi. Tumca, aristoteles Semdeg am
disciplinam mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi ganicada.
dRes ar arsebobs konsensusi imis Sesaxeb, Tu romelia politikis Seswavlis
saukeTeso saSualeba. amis gamo saxezea mravalwaxnagovani disciplina, romelSic
sxvadasxva mecnieri sxvadasxva midgomas irCevs, svams gansxvavebul SekiTxvebs da
sxvadasxva auditorias mimarTavs. miRebuli nazavi sulac araa urigo. ufro metic, igi asaxavs disciplinis mravalferovnebasa da mniSvnelobas, iseve rogorc
adamianis aqtivobis im usazRvro sivrces, romelic politikurma mecnierebam
unda moicvas. Semdeg gverdebze ganvixilavT imas, ratom da rogor Seiswavlian
Tanamedrove politologebi politikas.

ra mizniT?
garkveuli gagebiT, politikuri mecniereba arafriT ar gansxvavdeba biologiis, istoriis an fsiqologiisagan. iseve rogorc sxva mecnierebaTa Semswavleli studentebi eZieben WeSmaritebas Sesabamis sferoSi, politikuri
mecnierebis mimdevrebic cdiloben Caswvdnen WeSmaritebas politikisa da xelisuflebis Sesaxeb.
codnis miRebis garda, politikis gegmazomier Seswavlas praqtikuli upiratesobebic aqvs. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis interesTa jgufebis Seswavla
ara mxolod mdidar informacias gvaZlevs maTi raodenobis, Semadgenlobisa
da gavlenis Sesaxeb, aramed am ukanasknelT aCvenebs im gzebs, romlebiTac maT
SeuZliaT ufro efeqturad imoqmedon. garda amisa, sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxvebi aCvenebs amomrCevels, Tu ra Sedegebs unda elodnen arCevnebisgan, aseve
exmareba kandidatebs saarCevno kampaniis dagegmvasa da ama Tu im regionsa an StatSi saarCevno taqtikis daxvewaSi (ix. Tavi X). analogiurad, sagareo politikis an
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis eqsperti ara mxolod flobs informacias amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebis mier bolo 25 weliwadSi xelmowerili da ratificirebuli
xelSekrulebebis Sesaxeb, aramed SeuZlia Camoayalibos rekomendaciebi imis Taobaze, ra garTulebebsa da grZelvadian Sedegebs gamoiRebs axal aliansSi Sesvla
an sakuTar Tavze msoflio masStabis axali valdebulebebis aReba (ix. Tavi XVIII).
Tumca, xSirad eqspertebi da specialistebi ver pouloben saerTo enas.

23
politikur mecnierebaSi, es SeuTanxmeloba scildeba konkre tul Temebs da
moicavs Zireul sakiTxebs, magaliTad, iseTs rogoricaa politikis Sesaxeb
`WeSmariti~ mecnierebis arsebobis SesaZlebloba an SeuZlebloba; unda cdilobdes Tu ara politikuri mecniereba iwinaswarmetyvelos movlenebi ise
zustad, rogorc amas qimikosebi da fizikosebi akeTeben? unda wavuyenoT, mivusadagoT Tu ara politikis mecnierebs igive standartebi, rac vTqvaT, meteorologebs? imi saTvis, rom gavigoT politologebs Soris arsebuli mravalferovneba, Tavdapirvelad ganvixiloT is, rasac Cveulebriv `meTodologias~
uwodeben.

ra meTodebiT?
politologTa klasifikaciis araerTi principi arsebobs. Tumca, SevCerdebiT Tanamedrove politikur mecnierebaSi arsebul or mimarTulebaze:
tradicionalistebi bihevioralistebis, xolo politikuri ekonomistebi _ marqsistebis winaaRmdeg. gaiTvaliswineT, rom es kategoriebi erTmaneTs ar gamoricxavs da mecnierebi xSirad sxvadasxva midgomas aerTianeben.
tradiciuli midgoma. politikis ZiriTadi elementebis codnasTan erTad
tradicionalistebi did mniSvnelobas aniWeben Sefasebas. isini cdiloben Seafason ara mxolod is, rogor muSaobs esa Tu is politika, procesi an instituti,
aramed isic, ramdenad kargad muSaobs igi garkveuli zneobrivi Tu kanonieri
standartebis gaTvaliswinebiT. magaliTad, kongresis sakomiteto sistemis,
birTvuli safrTxis, an gaerTianebuli erebis qmediTunarianobis ganxilvisas,
isini sakiTxs ase dasvamdnen: `arsebobs ukeTesi alternativa?~.
msgavsi SefasebisTvis arsebobs mravalgvari kriteriumi _ es SeiZleba
iyos filosofia da formaluri logika, konstituciebi, xelSekrulebebi, oficialur dokumentTa teqstebi, sasamarTlo saqmeebi, eqspertTa azrebi da sxv.
amas garda, kvlevis Tematikisa da meTodebis SerCeva xSirad imis mixedviT xdeba,
ra miaCnia konkretul mkvlevars yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovnad. magaliTad, naSromi xelisuflebis (aRmasrulebel, sakanonmdeblo da sasamarTlo Stoebs Soris) ganawilebis Sesaxeb, konstituciis mimoxilviT daiwyeboda, raSic udavod
jeims medisonis `federalistSi~ (1787-88 ww.) gamoqveynebuli cnobili komentarebic Sevidoda. an kvleva SeiZleba yuradRebas amaxvilebdes im ekonomikur
interesebze, romlebsac damfuZneblebi gamoxatavdnen, an im socialur klasze,
romlis warmomadgenelic praqtikulad yvela damfuZnebeli iyo _ magram aseTi
midgoma mkvlevars ukve tradiciuli politikuri mecnierebis sazRvrebs miRma
ga-iyvanda bihevioralizmis, politikuri ekonomikis an gamoricxuli araa, marqsistuli analizis sferoSi. modiT, axla bihevioralizmi ganvixiloT.
bihevioralistuli midgoma tradicionalisturisagan gansxvavebiT,
romelic aqcents politikis normatiul sakiTxebze akeTebs, met yurad Rebas
mecnierul meTods uTmobs. es msoflmxedveloba, romelic meore msoflio
omis Semdeg gavrcelda, politikuri qcevisa da politikuri procesebis dina mikisa da Sedegebis aRwerisa da prognozirebis ufro konkretul amocanas
isa xavs miznad. tradicionalisti politologebisagan gansxvavebiT, bihevioralistebi, Cveulebriv, eridebian politikis Sesaxeb moralur Tu filoso-

24
fiur Sefasebebs (daskvnebs), radgan miaCniaT, rom aseTi Sefasebebi araferia,
Tu ara spekulacia da maTi mecnierulad dasa buTeba SeuZlebelia.
bihevioralisti mecnierebi arad agdeben `Rirebulebebs~, mis magier upiratesobas `faqtebze~ dayrdnobas aniWeben (arsebobs Tu ara politikur cxovrebaSi aSkara gansxvaveba Rirebulebebsa da faqtebs Soris, is sakiTxia, romelsac
saTanado yuradReba iSviaTad eqceva). bihevioralistebi iyeneben mecnierul
meTods, romelic kargadaa nacnobi iseTi dargebis mkvlevarTaTvis, rogoricaa
biologia, fizika da qimia da svamen iseT SekiTxvebs, romlebzec pasuxis gacema
SesaZlebelia mxolod kvleviTi proeqtis Sedgenis, empiriuli monacemebis Segrovebis, statistikuri analizis meTodebis gamoyenebisa da hipoTezis dasabuTebisaTvis saWiro eqsperimentebis Catarebis gziT. zogierTi bihevioralisti
deduqciur meTodebs ufro mimarTavs vidre induqciurs, qmnis rTul maTematikur modelebs, raTa axsna mouZebnos amomrCevelTa, politikur partiaTa, gadawyvetilebis mimRebTa, koaliciis wevrTa da sxvaTa qcevas. am suliskveTebiT,
ukve naxevar saukuneze metia, rTuli statistikuri da maTematikuri kvlevebi
tardeboda omis korelatebisa (Tanafardi cnebebis) da mizezebis dasadgenad.
bihevioralistuli midgomis erTi magaliTi dagvexmareba misi meTodebis
aRweraSi. 1996 wlis dekemberSi, erT cnobil samecniero JurnalSi gamoqveynda
kvlevis _ `arCevnebSi monawileobis maCveneblebis (amomrCevelTa aqtiurobis)
gavlena sasenatoro da sagubernatoro arCevnebze~, Sedegebi.5 kvleva svamda
Semdeg konkretul kiTxvas, romelze pasuxis gacema Teoriulad, raodenobrivi
meTodis saSualebiT iyo SesaZlebeli: marTalia Tu ara, rogorc es bevrs sjera,
rom amomrCevelTa maRali aqtiuroba demokratebisTvisaa (politikuri partia
aSS-Si. mTarg. Sen.) xelsayreli? gavrcelebuli mosazreba, rom amomrCevelTa
maRali

aqtiuroba

exmareboda

demokratebs

gamarjvebebis

mopovebaSi,

gulisxmobda: (1) SedarebiT dabali socialur-ekonomikuri statusis mqone

adamianebi ufro iSviaTad iRebdnen monawileobas arCevnebSi, vidre maRali
socialur-ekonomi kuri statusis mqo neni; (2) rodesac izrdeboda amomrCevelTa aqtiuroba, xmis misacemad arCevneb ze modioda ufro meti dabali socialurekonomikuri statusis mqo ne adamiani da (3) dabali socialur-ekonomikuri
statusis mqoneni ufro im partias miscemdnen xmas, romelic, maTi azriT,
ufro efeqturad daicavda muSaTa klasis interesebs, kerZod, demokratiul
partias. bevri politikuri eqpertisaTvis misaRebi aRmoCnda es Teoria, romlis
mixedviT ukanasknel arCevnebze respublikelTa gamarjvebebi amomrCevelTa
dabal aqtiurobas SeiZleba dabraleboda. politikosebmac daijeres, rom
amomrCevelTa maRali aqtiuroba demokratebs exmareboda, rac erT-erTi
mizezi gaxda imisa, ratom uWerdnen, rogorc wesi, demokratebi mxars (xolo
respublikelebi ewinaaRmdegebodnen) 1995 wlis amomrCevelTa registraciis
erovnul aqts (kanonma ioli gaxada amomrCevelTa registraciis procedurebi).
mkvlevrebma gamoiyenes statistikuri monacemebi dawyebuli 1928 wlidan da
Seiswavles 1 842 Statebis donis, senatoris _ 983 da gubernatoris 859 arCevnebi.
kvlevaSi ar Sevida ori tipis arCevnebi _ (1) samxreTis StatebSi 1928 da 1965 wlebs
Soris Catarebuli arCevnebi, romlebSic, faqtobrivad, gamarjvebis realuri Sansis
mqone mxolod erTi partia (demokratiuli partia) monawileobda da (2) arCevnebi,
romlebSic mesame partiis kandidatebma miiRes xmaTa 5 procentze meti. maTematikuri testis saSualebiT mkvlevrebma daadgines, rom 1928 wlidan 1964 wlamde amomrCevelTa maRali aqtiuroba marTlac exmareboda demokratiul partias, magram

25
1964 wlis Semdeg Sedegebi sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeboda. senatorebis arCevnebSi,
arCevnebis dRes amomrCevelTa aqtiurobasa da demokratebisaTvis micemul
xmebis raodenobas Soris araviTari kavSiri ar arsebobda; gubernatorebis arCevnebSi, respublikelebi demokratebze odnav win iyvnen, Tumca statistikurad
sxvaoba umniSvnelo iyo.
ratom gaqarwylda1964 wlis Semdeg amomrCevelTa aqtiurobis sayovelTaod miRebuli Teoria? miuxedavad imisa, rom es kiTxva kvlevis horizonts scildeboda, masze pasuxi exmaureboda kidev erT kompleqsur Teorias amerikeli
amomrCevlis qcevis Sesaxeb. 1964 wlis Semdeg damoukidebel kandidatTa raodenobis zrdis Sedegad (Semcirda partiuli identifikacia da xmis winaswargansazRvruli micema)sul ufro rTuli gaxda imis gaangariSeba, romel partias moutans mogebas amomrCevelTa aqtiurobis mateba.
es rTuli kvleviTi proeqti moicavs im meTodologias, romelsac bihevioristi politologebi iyeneben. bihevioralistebi, iseve rogorc sxva mkvlevari
mecnierebi, codnis gzaze gakeTebuli patara nabijebiTac kmayofildebian. yovel axal nabijs momaval kvlevasTan mivyavarT.
adamianis qcevis Seswavla sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeba airebis an laboratoriuli Tagvebis qcevis Seswavlisagan. adamianis qcevas TiTqmis yovelTvis mravalgvari axsna moeZebneba. uaRresad rTulia qcevis erTi romelime mizezi gamoarCio da gamoyo, ganasxvavo WeSmariti mizezi ubralo
sta tistikuri korelaciisagan. magaliTad, ramdenime kvlevis Tanaxmad damnaSaveebi, rogorc wesi, kanonmorCil moqalaqeebze naklebad Wkvianebi arian.
Tuki asea, iqneb dabali inteleqtia danaSaulis mizezi (iqneb bevr damnaSaves
ar esmis kanonis darRvevis Sedegebi an jildo, romelsac samoqalaqo sazogadoeba survilebis `myisier~ dakmayofilebaze uaris TqmisaTvis iZleva)?
rogor mimarTebaSia dabali inteleqti danaSaulis sxva korelatebTan (da
mizezebTan), rogoricaa asaki, sqesi, pirovnuli tipi, bavSvobaSi gadata nili
abuCad agdeba Tu uaryofa, an narkotikebsa da alkoholze damokidebuleba?
ra SeiZleba iTqvas Tavisufal nebaze? unda vivaraudoT Tu ara, rom pasuxismgebeli sazogadoebaa da ara danaSaulis Camdeni individi?
bihevioralisti da tradicionalisti politologebi xSirad ver Tanxmdebian ara marto imaze, rogor unda moxdes politikis Seswavla, aramed imazec, ra
kiTxvebi unda daisvas. bihevioralistebi upiratesobas aniWeben konkretuli da viwrod gansazRvruli sakiTxebis ganxilvas, romlebzec pasuxs raodenobrivi meTodebis gamoyenebiT scemen. msgavsi kvlevebis Tvalsawieris miRma rCeba politikis
bevri gacilebiT ufro mniSvnelovani sakiTxi, gansakuTrebiT ki samarTlianobasTan dakavSirebuli. iseTi kiTxvebi, rogoricaa `ra aris samarTlianoba?~ an `romelia saukeTeso politikuri sistema?~ ukugdebulia, radgan maTze pasuxebi, rogorc amtkiceben, Seicavs politikaze subieqtur Sexedulebebs da RirebulebiT
Sefasebebs. amis pasuxad tradicionalistebi amtkiceben, rom im SemTxvevaSic ki,
Tuki msgavsi sakiTxebis mecnierulad axsna SeuZlebelia, yvela RirebulebiTi Sefaseba rodia TviTneburi (piraduli) an ubralo crurwmenaze dafuZnebuli. maTi
mtkicebiT, politikis Seswavlis mxolod im kiTxvebiT Semofargvla, romlebsac
raodenobrivi pasuxebi moeZebnebaT, politikuri mecnierebis akademiur TamaSad
gadaqcevis safrTxes Seicavs.
adamianis qcevis sirTulis gaTvaliswinebiT, sulac araa gasakviri, rom

26
eqspertebi meTodologiaze kamaToben. kamaTi or mimarTulebas _ tradicionalistebsa da bihevioralistebs Soris, dRes naklebad intensiuria, vidre adre
iyo xolme. orivem SesamCnevi wvlili Seitana politikisa da mmarTvelobis SeswavlaSi. politikis SeswavlaSi aseve mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana politikurma ekonomiam da marqsizmma. axla am or, urTierTsawinaaRmdego midgomas ganvixilavT.
politikuri ekonomia. bevri politologi politikas politikuri ekonomiis prizmaSi ganixilavs. es gulisxmobs politikisa da makroekonomikis ara
or gansxvavebul disciplinad, aramed erTi monetis or sxvadasxva mxared danaxvas. am gadasaxedidan, politikuri analizi, romelic ignorirebas ukeTebs
ekonomikas, ugulvebelyofs realobas. amnairadve, politikisagan daclili
ekonomikuri analizi mxolod fuWi Teoriuli savarjiSoa. realur samyaroSi,
politika da ekonomika imdenad mWidrodaa erTmaneTze damokidebuli, rom maTi
erTmaneTisagan daSoreba mzis Suqisa da dRis sinaTlis erTmaneTisagan daSorebis tolfasia.
kiTxvebi, romlebic politekonomistebs awuxebT, momdinareobs po litikis
am gafarToebuli definiciisgan. ekonomika politikisagan gansxvavebul cnebebze akeTebs aqcents _ konfliqtis magier konkurenciaze, Zalauflebis nacvlad
_ simdidreze, amomrCevlis nebis nacvlad _ momxmareblis arCevanze da a.S. amas
garda, ekonomistebi politologebze metad arian orientirebuli fiskalur
da fulad-sakredito politikaze _ gadasaxadebis da saxelmwifo xarjebis, saprocento ganakveTebisa da fuladi masis, tarifebisa da vaWrobis CaTvliT, _
rogorc gadawyvetilebebis mimRebTa xelSi mZlavr politikur instrumentze.
politologebi, meore mxriv, met yuradRebas uTmoben interesTa jgufebis gavlenas sajaro politikaze an iseTi ekonomikuri gadawyvetilebebis politikur
mniSvnelobas, rogoricaa saprocento ganakveTis cvlileba, xarjva deficitis
dros, gadasaxadebis Semcireba, vaWrobis liberalizacia.
politekonomistebi cdiloben orive sferos, politikisa da ekonomikis,
saukeTeso mxareebi gaaerTianon, raTa miiRon maRali donis analizi, ganmartebisa da prognozis ufro maRali xarisxiT. politekonomiis meTodebi SedarebiTi
da saerTaSoriso politikis aseve romelime erTi qveynis politikis, Seswavlis
nayofieri saSualebaa. warmogidgenT politikuri ekonomiis pesrpeqtividan danaxuli samyaros mokle aRweras:
1.

2.

msoflios materialuri simdidre cudadaa (araTanabradaa) ganawilebuli.

RaribTa oTx mexuTedze meti cxovrobs or regionSi: afrikaSi _ saharis
samxreTiT da samxreT aziaSi. 1998 wels CrdiloeT amerikasa da dasavleT evropaSi mTliani erovnuli produqti (mep) erT sul mosaxleze ormocdaaTjer meti iyo, vidre saharis samxreTiT afrikaSi da ocdaTxuTmetjer meti vidre aziasa da wynari okeanis regionSi (sadac iseTi mdidari
qveynebic Sedian, rogoric iaponia, samxreTi korea da taivania).
ukanaskneli sami aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi bevr qveyanaSi ekonomikuri zrdis maCveneblebma iklo, rac yvelaze mZimed swored Rarib regionebze aisaxa.
ganviTarebad qveynebze zrdis tempis klebis gavlena yvelaze naTlad
SeiZleba Sefasdes, Tuki zrdis temps SevadarebT mosaxleobis matebis
temps, rac mTliani ekonomikisaTvis erT sul mosaxleze wliuri zrdis
temps mogvcems. am sazomiT, bevri ganviTarebadi qveynis ekonomikas, gansa-

27

3.

kuTrebiT afrikaSi saharis samxreTiT, aseve zogierT arabul qveyanasa da

samxreT aziaSi, yovelwliurad ecleba niadagi.
simdidris ganawileba ganviTarebad (Rarib) qveynebsa da regionebSi ufro
araTanabaria, vidre ganviTarebul (mdidar) qveynebsa da regionebSi. magaliTad, braziliaSi mosaxleobis 10 procentis mflobelobaSia qveynis
simdidris 50 procenti, xolo keniaSi, zambiaSi, perusa da meqsikaSi es
maCvenebeli 40 procentia. amis sapirispirod, aSS-sa da iaponiaSi, zeda 10
procenti flobs simdidris 25 procentze naklebs.

zemomoyvanili aRwera naTlad aCvenebs, rogor gansazRvravs Cvens mier arCeuli midgoma an perspeqtiva imas, rasac davinaxavT an miviCnevT mniSvnelovnad.
mkvlevris mier arCeuli Temebic da analizis meTodebic mniSvnelovanwiladaa
gansazRvruli im midgomiT, romelsac upiratesobas mivaniWebT. im midgomaTa Soris, romlebmac arsebiTi gavlena iqonies politikur mecnierebaze (da msoflio
politikaze), sayuradReboa marqsistuli analizic, miuxedavad imisa, mogvwons
igi Tu ara.
marqsistuli midgoma. marqsizmi, rogorc ideologia, ganxilulia winamdebare naSromis me-5 da me-12 TavebSi. rogorc ideologia, marqsizmi samudamodaa dakavSirebuli memarcxene totalitarizmTan, yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi
stalinisturi xanisa da msoflios sxva qveynebSi komunisturi reJimebis nairsaxeobebTan (dRemde SemorCenil, komunistebis mier marTul saxelmwifoTa Sorisaa
CineTi, CrdiloeTi korea da kuba). magram arsebobs marqsis ideebis gamoyenebis
gansxvavebuli gzac. mecnierebi komunistur qveynebSi iZulebuli arian marqsizmis oficialuri versia sajarod aRiaron, miuxedavad imisa, eTanxmebian Tu ara
mas piradad. bevri mecnieri arakomunistur qveynebSi (aSS-is CaTvliT) miiCnevs,
rom analizis marqsiseuli kategoriebi sasargebloa politikur-ekonomikuri
procesebis axsnisas. am mecnierTagan zogierTs SeiZleba hqondes piradi politikuri dRis wesrigi _ anu ideologiuri motivebi _ magram ukiduresad aramecnieruli iqneboda, yovelive socialisturis mimarT brma rwmenis gamo, demokratiuli kapitalizmis marqsiseuli kritikis ignorireba.
aSS-Si, marqsizms mokrZalebuli akademiuri (da politikuri) mimzidveloba
hqonda, nawilobriv civi omis da marqsizmsa da sabWouri stilis komunizms Soris aSkara kavSiris gamo. Tumca bevr sxva qveyanaSi, marqsizmma rogorc saSinao,
aseve sagareo doneze, mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdina politikis, ekonomikisa
da sazogadoebis Seswavlaze.
magaliTad, ganviTarebadi qveynebiT dainteresebul mkvlevarTa mier
Camoyalibebulma skolam aitaca marqsistuli analizis erT-erTi forma,
romelsac daqvemdebarebis Teoria ewodeba. iziareben ra im azrs, rom dedamiwis bunebrivi resursebis maragi SezRudulia (ulevi araa), daqvemdebarebis
Teoriis mimdevrebi amtkiceben, rom msoflio (anu globaluri sazogadoeba) dayofilia sam ZiriTadad klasad: industriuli birTvi (aSS, dasavleTi evropa da
iaponia), naxevradperiferia (axali industriuli qveynebi, rogorebicaa samxreTi korea, taivani, singapuri, Cile da brazilia) da periferia (aziis, afrikisa
da laTinuri amerikis yofil koloniur regionebSi ganlagebuli qveynebis didi
umravlesoba). periferiis da naxevradperiferiis qveynebi bazriT, kapitaliT
da teqnologiiT daqvemdebarebulni arian industriul birTvze. industriuli
qveynebis interesebs warmoadgens am daqvemdebarebis samudamod SenarCuneba.
daqvemdebarebis sistema msoflio uTanasworobis mudmiv SenarCunebas

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ramdenime gziT uzrunvelyofs. jer erTi, birTvis saxelmwifoebi awarmoeben
ZviradRirebul saqonels, xolo periferiis qveynebi maT iaf nedleuls (sursaT-sanovagesa da mineralur nedleuls) awvdian. fasebiT manipulireba wamyvani
ekonomikuri Zalebis xelSia _ Sedegad, vaWrobis pirobebi (samrewvelo saqonlis momsaxurebisa da produqtebis fasebi) birTvis saxelmwifoebisTvis ufro
xelsayrelia. moxmarebis sagnebze fasebi wlidan wlamde mniSvelovan cvlilebas ganicdis; bevri ganviTarebadi qveyana damokidebulia erTi an ori saxis moxmarebis sagnis eqsportze (rogoricaa Saqari, yava, banani, juTi). moxmarebis sagnebis eqsportidan miRebuli Semosavali (mogeba) Zalze mgrZnobiarea fasebis
ryevis mimarT, rac eqsportiori qveynebis kontrols ar eqvemdebareba. magram
ganviTarebadi qveynebi iZulebulni arian gaagrZelon importi da importisTvis gadaixadon konvertirebadi valuta (rogoricaa dolari). xSirad es qveynebi
iZulebulni arian fuli ucxoeTSi isesxon, arCevani ara aqvT da ixdian im saprocento ganakveTs, romelsac saerTaSoriso finansistebi birTvis qveynebSi
moiTxoven. amas garda, nebismieri ucxouri daxmareba gulisxmobs pirobebsac.
dabolos, krizisis dros, maT sxva arCevani ar gaaCniaT, garda imisa, rom daTanaxmdnen aSS-is marTuli saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis (IMF) mier moklevadian
sesxebze dawesebul pirobebs.
daqvemdebarebis Teoriis mimdevarTa Tanaxmad, mTeli am sistemis gansakuTrebiT usamarTlo aspeqti birTvis saxelmwofoebis kapitalistTa da periferiuli qveynebis ekonomikur elitas Soris arsebuli SeTanxmebaa. elita
did mogebas naxulobs am SeTanxmebiT, magram garigeba ormxrivad momgebiania:
birTvis saxelmwifoebi exmarebian mTavrobebs Zalauflebis (xSirad diqtaturis) SenarCunebaSi, isini ki, Tavis mxriv, inarCuneben wesrigs da stabulurobas, Tanac, Sida bazars uxsnian saerTaSoriso bizness. samxedro da ekonomikuri
daxmarebis subsidiebi, Tuki am kuTxiT SevxedavT, qrTamia, romlebsac dono ri
qveynebisaTvis ufro didi di videndebi moaqvs, vidre mimRebi qveynebisaTvis,
nawilobriv imis gamoc, rom korumpirebuli mmarTvelebi Tanxebis did nawils
iTviseben.
dasavlel politekonomistTa umravlesoba uaryofs daqvemdebare bis
Teorias. isini xazs usvamen, rom ganviTarebadi qveynebis umravlesobis ubedureba susti institutebi, korumpirebuli da ara kompetenturi liderebi an
qronikuli socialur-politikuri arastabilurobaa. ekonomikuri ganviTarebis gza politikuri xasiaTisaa. ekonomikuri ganviTarebisaken mimarTul gonivrul kanonebsa da politikas SeuZlia ganviTarebis karibWis gaxsna _ sxva
SemTxevevaSi es karibWe daxSuli darCeba. miuxedavad amisa, marqsistuli analizi jer kidev rCeba damajerebel Zalad ara mxolod msoflios akademiur wreebSi, aramed amerikel politologTa erT-erT mcirericxovan, mag ram nayofier
jgufSic.

romeli

perspeqtividan?
politikuri ekonomia politikuri mecnierebis mxolod erTi qvedargia.
sxva cnobili qvedargebia politikis Teoria, amerikis mmarTveloba (igulisxmeba calkeuli qveynebi, Cvens SemTxvevaSi, saqarTvelo. mTarg. Sen.), SedarebiTi
politika, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi da sajaro mmarTveloba. aRsaniSnavia

29
aseve politikuri mecnierebis kidev ramdenime, ufro specializebuli sfero.
imisda mixedviT, rogor Seiswavlian maT, es specialobebi SeiZleba ukve CamoTvlil erT an ramdenime qvedargSi moeqces. magaliTad, sakonstitucio samarTali
tradiciuli specialobaa, romlis yuradRebis centrSi amerikis mmarTvelobis
erTi konkretuli aspeqtia. sajaro politika, romelic exeba Tanamedrove menejmentis xerxebs, magaliTad, nulovani biujeti, angariSebis warmoeba da sistemuri analizi, Sedis rogorc amerikis mmarTvelobaSi, agreTve sajaro mmarTvelobaSic. politikuri partiebi da interesTa jgufebi (rogorc kvlevisa da
swavlebis calke sfero) jdeba amerikis mmarTvelobis an SedarebiTi politikis
CarCoSi. modiT, axla ufro axlos gavecnoT im eqvs qvedargs, romlebsac politikuri mecnierebis programebSi xSirad gamohyofen xolme.
politikuri Teoria. normatiuli politikuri Teoria anu politikis filosofia platonidan (daaxl. Zv. w. 400 w.) iRebs saTaves. WeSmaritebis Ziebis platoniseuli meTodi mniSvnelovani kiTxvebis dasmaSi mdgomareobda, magaliTad:
rogoria kargi cxovreba? rogoria kargi mmarTveloba? ramdenad moitans kargi
mmarTveloba karg cxovrebas? SeiZleba ki kargi mmarTvelobis miRweva? rogoria
adamianis buneba? adamianebi upiratesad keTilebi arian Tu borotebi? advilad
icvleba Tu ara adamianis buneba? saxelmwifos romeli forma uwevs yvelaze metad angariSs adamianis bunebas saerTo interesis (sikeTis) xelyofis gareSe?
wesrigisa da usafrTxoebis garda, aris Tu ara saxelmwifos umTavresi amocana
zneobrivad daxvewos adamianebi, aqcios isini Tanasworad, uzrunvelyos individualuri Tavisuflebebi da a.S. Tuki am miznebs daisaxavs, rogori unda iyo
saxelmwifo: Zlieri da fxizeli, Tu susti da damTmobi? rodisaa gamarTlebuli
revolucia? rogor SeiZleba davicvaT politikuri stabiluroba?
politikis Teoria cdilobs upasuxos am SekiTxvebs gansjiT da logikiT,
romelic iseT politikur moazrovneTa naSromebs efuZneba, rogorebic sxvebTan erTad iyvnen aristotele, Jan-Jak ruso, jon loki da jon-stiuart mili.
msgavsi Ziebis amocanaa gamoitanos daskvnebi sworis da arasworis an keTilis da
borotis Sesaxeb. vinaidan yvela, vinc cvlilebebs emxroba da ewinaaRmdegeba,
darwmunebulia Tavis moralur marTebulobaSi, politikis gageba moiTxovs im
kriteriumebis codnas, romelTa mixedviTac politika da programebi karg an
cud Sefasebas iRebs.6 normatiuli Teoriis mimdevrebi amtkiceben, rom politikis zneobrivi fasisa da misi Sedegebis Sesaxeb codnis gareSe, verc moqalaqeebs
da verc liderebs sakmarisad cxadad ver eqnebaT gansazRvruli zusti orientiri da cxadi mizani.
SedarebiTi politika. SedarebiTi politika cdilobs erTmaneTs Seadaros da Seafasos mmarTveloba da politikuri sistema. mmarTvelobis formebis, ekonomikuri ganviTarebis safexurebis, saSinao da sagareo politikisa
da politikuri tradiciebis SedarebiTi analizi saSualebas aZlevs politologebs Camoayalibon mniSvnelovani ganzogadebebi. Sedare biTi politikis
zogierTi mimdevari specializdeba msoflios romelime konkretuli regionis
sakiTxebze an intensiurad swavlobs romelime konkretul ers. sxvebi Seiswavlian romelime kerZo politikur movlenas, magaliTad, rogoricaa arastabiluroba an saarCevno qceva.
yvela politikur sistemas aqvs garkveuli saerTo niSan-Tvisebebi. 1-1

30
sqemaze gamosaxulia cnobili modeli, romelic pirvelad politologma devid
istonma Seqmna 1965 wels. mis mixedviT, yvela politikuri sistema moqmedebs
garkveuli politikuri kulturis konteqstSi, romelic Sedgeba tradiciebis,
faseulobebisa da saerTo codnisagan. garda amisa, igi gulisxmobs, rom moqalaqeebs niadag aqvT molodini da moTxovnebi politikuri sistemis mimarT,
magram amasTanave sxvadasxva gziT mxars uWeren sistemas. isini SeiZleba monawileobdnen mmarTvelobaSi, arCevnebSi, an, ubralod, iyvnen kanonmorCilni. moqalaqeTa moTxovnebi da mxardaWera, romlebzec gavlenas axdens sazogadoebrivi Sexedulebebi imis Sesaxeb, ra xdeba da ra unda xdebodes sazogadoebaSi, Tavis
mxriv gavlenas axdens politikuri sistemis unarze _ miiRos gadawyvetilebebi.
es procesi ganapirobebs saxelisuflebo gadawyvetilebebsa da qmedebebs, Cveulebriv, brZanebulebebis, kanonebisa da brZanebebis saxiT.

moTxovnebi
poli t iku r i
mxardaWera

sist e ma

gadawyvetilebebi
da qmedebebi

S e de ge bi

da na xa r j ebi

g a r e mo

g a r e mo

sqema. 1-1.

politikuri sistemis gamartivebuli modeli

wyaro: saavtoro ufleba

Devid Easton-isa 1965, 1979. yvela ufleba daculia

qveynebi, ra Tqma unda, mravalgvarad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan. zo gi

politologis azriT, es gansxvavebebi ufro mniSvnelovania, vid re msgavsebebi. Sesabamisad, isini politikur sistemebsac sxvadasxvanairad ansxvaveben
erTmaneTisagan. am wignSi, magaliTad, yuradReba gamaxvilebulia imaze, riT
gansxvavdeba demokratiuli, avtoritaruli da totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi. zogi mecnieri ar emxroba totalitaruli saxelmwifos cnebas, da amitom
ubralod ganas xvavebs demokratiul da arademokratiul saxelmwifoebs.
sxvebi xazs usvamen politikis ekonomikur konteqsts msof lios sxvadasxva
regionSi: postindustriul samyaroSi (CrdiloeTi amerika, dasavleTi evropa,
avstralia da iaponia) da aRmosavleT aziis swrafad mzard saxelwifoebSi (CineTi, samxreTi korea, taivani da singapuri); komunisturi samyaros gaRatakebul
nangrevebSi (vietnami, CrdiloeT korea da kuba) da e.w. `naklebad ganviTarebul
saxelmwifoebSi~. bolo dros aqtualuri gaxda gansxvaveba liberaluri demokratiis mqone da `tranziciul saxelmwifoebs~ Soris (ix. Tavi VII). sxva mecnierebi, rogorc zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, miuTiTeben msoflio simdidris araTanabar ganawilebaze da politikurad mniSvnelovani gansxvavebis xazs avleben (amas
`CrdiloeTis da samxreTis konfliqtsac~ uwodeben) ekvatoris CrdiloeTiT
mdebare ufro mdidar da ekvatoris samxreTiT ganlagebul Rarib qveynebs So-

31
ris. dabolos, zogierTi damkvirvebeli ganasxvavebs sicocxlisunarian da arSemdgar saxelmwifoebs (ix. 8 Tavi).
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi. saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa specialistebi Seiswavlian, rogori urTierTobaa qveynebs Soris. ratomaa, rom saxelmwifoebi xandaxan mSvidobianad Tanaarseboben da sxva dros eomebian erTmaneTs?
rogoria diplomatiis, ekonomikuri urTierTdamokidebulebis, gaeros da
birTvuli Sekavebis gavlena mSvidobis SenarCunebis mcdelobebze? birTvuli
xanis dadgomam, ra Tqma unda, moitana saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Seswavlis
gansakuTrebuli aucileblobac.
omi da mSvidoba saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis yvelaze mwvave sferoa, magram araviTar SemTxvevaSi erTaderTi. sxva sakiTxebi sruliad gansxvavebulia,
vaWrobidan da turizmidan _ terorizmamde, sagareo politikidan _ agrarul
politikamde, ekonomikuri politikidan _ emigraciamde. es da sxva sakiTxebi
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis specialistTa saqmianobis sagania, magram aravis
unda hqondes imedi, rom yvela maTganis labirinTebs bolomde Caswvdeba. amitom, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebic, rogorc politikuri mecnierebis sxva qvedargebi, mravalwaxnagovania.
zneobriobis roli sagareo politikaSi kvlavac rCeba mwvave debatebis
Temad. zogierTi mecnieri (maT, Cveulebriv, realistebs uwodeben xolme) amtkicebs, rom saxelmwifo interesebis dacva yovelTvis iyo da iqneba umTavresi principi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi.7 sxva mecnierebi (maT xandaxan idealistebs uwodeben) amis sapirispirod amtkiceben, rom zneobriobis mimarT
yuradRebis gazrda migviyvans msoflio mSvidobamde da bolos mouRebs `omis
sistemas~, romelsac realistebi fatalisturad iReben. sxvebis azriT, erovnul
interesebsa da saerTaSoriso zneobriobas Soris gansxvavebis xazgasma mcdaria;
magaliTad, demokratiuli qveyana SeiZleba daexmaros sxva qveyanaSi demokratias da amiT emsaxuros rogorc sakuTar interess, ise msoflio mSvidobasa da
keTildReobas.8
sajaro mmarTveloba. ukanasknel wlebSi sajaro mmarTveloba zogan
iswavleba ara rogorc politikuri mecnierebis erT-erTi qvedargi, aramed rogorc damoukidebeli disciplina, romelic mowodebulia gawvrTnas, moamzados
adamianebi sajaro samsaxurSi karierisaTvis. arsebiTad, sajaro mmarTveloba
ZiriTad yuradRebas aqcevs imas, rogor axorcielebs biurokratia saxelmwifo
politikas. rogorc wesi, ZiriTadi aqcenti keTdeba erovnul (centralur) mTavrobaze, magram sajaro mmarTveloba aseve interesdeba Statebisa (regionisa,
mTarg. Sen.) da adgilobriv xelisuflebebs Soris urTierTobebiT. mkvlevarebi cdiloben gaigon, ra exmareba da ra uSlis xels sajaro mmarTvelobisas
biurokratias masze dakisrebuli funqciebis SesrulebaSi. biurokratiuli
struqturebis, procedurebisa da procesebis Seswavla xdeba imisaTvis, rom
gaizardos efeqtianoba da Semcirdes zedmeti xarji (gaflangva) da dublireba.
gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa, rogor da ratom ayalibebs biurokratia sakuTar
politikur interesebs, im samTavrobo politikis miRma, romlis cxovrebaSi gasatarebladacaa is mowodebuli.
politologebi, sajaro mmarTvelobis Seswavlas, xSirad calkeul SemTxvevebsac Seiswavlian (case studies), yuradRebas miapyroben ara marto imas, ra saSu-

32
alebebiT xorcieldeba saxelmwifo xelisufleba, aramed imasac, gamoiyeneba Tu
ara Zalaufleba sazogadoebriv interesebSi. am TvalsazrisiT, sajaro mmarTvelobis sfero mTlianad emTxveva politologTa sazrunavs.

ratom swavloben politikas?

is, Tu rogor Seiswavlian profesionali politologebi politikas, bevr
informacias gvawvdis TviT disciplinis Sesaxeb, magram cota rames eubneba
studentebs politologiis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb. politikis sawyisi codna mniSvnelovania bakalavriatis studentis ganaTlebisaTvis im mizezTa gamo, romlebzec saubari Semdeg gveqneba. Tumca, politikis Seswavlisagan gamomdinare
dadebiTi Sedegebi rom gaiazron, studentebma swavla guliT unda moindomon da
goneba siaxles miapyron.

piradi interesi
vinaidan pirovnuli bedniereba bevradaa damokidebuli imaze, ras akeTebs
an ar akeTebs xelisufleba, yvela Cvenganis interesSia gaverkveT, rogor muSaobs an ratom ver muSaobs igi. magaliTad, kolejis studentebisaTvis didi
mniSvelobis mqone politikuri sakiTxebia: federaluri programebi `muSaobaswavla~, Statebis subsidiebi sazogadoebrivi ganaTlebisaTvis, dabalprocentiani sesxebi, federaluri grantebi da studentTa interesebis dasacavad (an
ardasacavad) gamotanili sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebi. politikis Seswavlis
gziT, ukeT verkveviT politikuri sistemis mimarT damokidebulebaSi da viZenT
codnas, romelic gvexmareba gavacnobieroT, rodis davuWiroT mxari da rodis
davupirispirdeT cvlilebebs. amave dros, politikis Seswavla gvexmareba ganvsazRvroT, ramdenad SegviZlia dadebiTi zegavlena movaxdinoT masze. yovelTvis gvafxizlebs imis gaazreba, rom TiToeuli Cvengani mxolod erTi pirovnebaa
mravalmilionian erSi (da mravalmiliardian msoflioSi), romelTa umravlesobas Cvenze aranakleb aqvs Sesisxlxorcebuli Tavisi mosazrebebi da crurwmenebi.

sazogadoebrivi interesi
ra SeiZleba sazogadeobrivi interesisaTvis imaze ufro mniSvne lovani
iyos, vidre moqalaqeTa moraluri xasiaTi da qcevaa? samoqalaqo sazogadoebaze aisaxeba ubralo xalxis mier miRebuli yoveldRiuri ga dawyvetilebebi
da arCevani. amave dros, samoqalaqo sazogadeoba da politikis gabatonebuli
kultura da klimati, mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens xalxze. msgavsi SesaZleblobebisa da survilebis mqone adamianebs, garemoebaTa mixedviT, SeiZleba
Zalze gansxvavebuli zneobrivi ganwyobilebebi ganuviTardeT. politika am
garemoebaTa CamoyalibebaSi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs da sazogadoebrivi
interesi, Zalze farTo gagebiT, bewvze hkidia xolme.
uaryofiTi magaliTi. nacisturi germaniis aRzeveba da dacema (1933-1945)

33
naTlad gviCvenebs, ra uzarmazari gavlena SeuZlia politikurma reJimma iqonios
moqalaqeTa zneobriv xasiaTze. adolf hitleris meTaurobiT nacizmis yvelaze
mniSvnelovani da gasaocari aspeqtebi misi principebi iyo. nacizmis politikuri
doqtrina calsaxad efuZneboda rasobrivi upiratesobis doqtrinas. hitleri
mZvinvarebda e.w. ariuli rasis upiratesobis gamo. TiTqosda, germaneli eris
siwmindes emuqreboda ucxo rasebisa da Untermenschen-ebis (qveadamianebis) mier
Seryvna. aseT msoflmxedvelobaze dafuZnebuli politikis Sedegi iyo milionobiT udanaSaulo kacis, qalis da bavSvis sistematuri xocva. daaxloebiT 6
milioni ebraeli da milionobiT sxva adamiani, polonelebis, boSebis, homoseqsualistebis da invalidebis CaTvliT, daundoblad gaanadgures. rasobrivi
`dabinZurebis~ gamogonili problemis bolomde mogvarebas nacistebi iseTi
mondomebiT ekidebodnen, rom meore msoflio omis ukanasknel TveebSi sikvdilis banakebis muSaoba samxedro kampaniebis xarjzec ki grZeldeboda.
holokosti _ gazis kamerebisa da masobriv mkvlelobaTa Semzaravi sanaxaoba _ gvaiZulebs davsvaT kiTxva, rogor SeiZleba aseTi masStabis saSineleba
momxdariyo viTomcda civilizebul qveyanaSi. rogor SeeZlo STambeWdavi humanisturi tradiciebis mqone ers, romelmac Sva amdeni msoflioSi saukeTeso kompozitori, mwerali da moazrovne, daeSva aseTi rame?
nacizmis xanaSi, germaneli eri, erTi SexedviT, warmogvidgeba rogorc hitleris nebis danamati; sxva sityvebiT, holokostisaTvis saSineli
mora luri pasuxismgebloba erT adamians _ adolf hitle rs ekisreba. mag ram
zogierTisaTvis es interpretacia saeWvoa, raki miaCnia, rom hitleri ver
moaxerxebda masobrivi mkvlelobebis miseuli programis ganxorcielebas
TanamoazreTa jgufis ga reSe. ra vuyoT maT, vinc mas politikis dagegmvaSi,
koordinirebasa da marTvaSi exmareboda? erTi mkvlevaris, irving kristolis
sityvebiT:
rodesac nacistebis saqmes ecnobi, geufleba saSineli sicarielis SegrZneba da sagonebelSi vardebi. nuTu sul esaa? gansxvaveba
danaSaulsa da damnaSaves Soris warmoudgenlad didia.
Cven veliT, rom aRmovaCenT borot adamianebs, borotebis
gansaxierebebs, dorblian, maniak mxecebs; mzad varT SeviswavloT
TiToeuli nacistis saxis Tavisebureba, raTa davadginoT nacistis
xasiaTis ganuyofeli niSnebi. magram nacizmis liderebi ar iyvnen eSmakiseulni, isini ar eTayvanebodnen borotebas. radgan nacistebs
raoden ironiuladac ar unda JRerdes es _ rogorc adams da evas
codvis Cadenamde, araferi gaegebodaT keTilisa da borotis Sesaxeb
da swored zneobrivi gulgrilobis elferi aris, maT rom aseT wvrilman, uferul da zedapirul adamianebad warmogvidgens.9
kristoli araa erTaderTi, romelic fiqrobda, rom yvela nacisti imdenad
zneobrivad dacemuli ar iyo, ramdenadac zneobrivad gulgrili. zustad aseT
adamianad warmogvidgens zogierTi mkvlevari albert Speers, hitleris SeiaraRebisa da samxedro momaragebis ministrs.10 politikuri Teoretikosis hana
arendtis mixedviT aseTi iyo, adolf aixmanic, nacisti funqcioneri, romelic
sikvdilis banakebis programis did nawils xelmZRvanelobda. arendtis azriT,
aixmani ar iyo maincdamainc gansakuTrebuli, uCveulo adamiani.11 mas Zalian
undoda win wasuliyo, cxovrebaSi warmatebisaTvis mieRwia, gansakuTrebiT

34
eamayeboda, rom SeeZlo saqme Sedegianad gaekeTebina. miuxedavad imisa, rom
gansakuTrebulad gamWriaxi an dakvirvebuli ar yofila, mainc Wkviani iyo. arendtis aRweriT, igi iyo meryevi, magram ara bevr sxva, `normalur~ adamianze metad. aixmani irwmuneboda, rom ebraelebis mimarT akviatebuli zizRi ar amoZravebda (Tumca, rogorc Cans, is ar iyo sakmarisad skeptikurad ganwyobili an
damoukideblad moazrovne, rom SewinaaRmdegeboda maSindel germaniaSi farTod gavrcelebul antisemitizms). mokled, aixmani iyo zneobrivad gulgrili;
kristolis sityvebiT, `mas araferi gaegeboda keTilisa da borotisa~.
es mkvlevarebi mogviTxroben rigiT adamianebze, romlebic mona wi leobd nen gansakuTrebuli borotebis aqtebSi. isini gvagoneben CvenTvis nacnob
adamia nebs, SeiZleba sakuTar Tavsac ki. rTuli ar iqneba warmovidginoT aixmani
CvenTvis ufro nacnob garemoSi, Tundac imedismomcem, pativmoyvare xelmZRvanel muSakad did amerikul korporaciaSi an axal gazrda, dawinaurebisaTvis
meocnebe TanamSromlad sagareo uwyebaSi. aseTi pirovneba, albaT, `muSaobiT
daavadebuli~ (vorkoholiki), kompanisaTvis an qveynisaTvis Tavgadakluli,
dawinaurebaze mofiqrali da xelmZRvanelis maamebeli iqneba. SeiZ leba sulac ar iyos moklebuli wesier adamianur Tvisebebs da erTguli meuRle da
moyvaruli mSobelic iyos (nacistebis Tvis ucxo ar iyo sakuTari ojaxebis
mimarT siyvarulis, erTgulebis gamovlena). ZiriTadi am SemTxvevaSi isaa, rom
es fariseveli pirovneba imdenadaa Cabmuli `realur samyaroSi~, viwro karieristuli miznebis terminologiiT rom vTqvaT, mas `abstraqtuli~ moraluri
sakiTxebisaTvis dro da interesi ar gaaCnia.
Tuki marTalia, rom aixmani rigiTi adamiani iyo, ratom arseboben ase cota
aixmanebi? amis pasuxi ZiriTadad isaa, rom, sabednierod, adamianebis umravlesobas iseT politikur reJimSi uxdeba cxovreba, romelsac nacistur germanias
verc ki Seadareb. nacizmi iyo gadamwyveti faqtori or msoflio oms Soris, germaniaSi yvela aixmanis pirovnebisa da xasiaTis CamoyalibebaSi. iseve, rogorc
yovelma Segnebulma sursaTis maRaziis mepatronem icis, rom misi mizani mogebaa, aseve aixmansa da mis msgavsT esmodaT, rom maTi mizani gazis kamerebSi rac
SeiZleba meti adamianis ganadgureba iyo. amas garda, igi imaSic darwmunebuli
iyo, rom mis warmatebas, iseve rogorc maRaziis mepatronisas, ZiriTadad erTi
kriteriumiT _ efeqtianobiT gansazRvravdnen. aixmanisaTvis mniSvneloba imas
ki ar hqonda, ras akeTebda, aramed imas, ramdenad kargad akeTebda. savaraudod,
is aseTive mondomebiT Seasrulebda dakisrebul movaleobas, parkebis dagegmvaze an yvavilebis dargvaze rom yofiliyo pasuxismgebeli. am borotmoqmedis
banaluroba da misi borotebis mniSvneloba (sidide) erTdroulad saSinelicaa da Wkuis saswavlebelic, vinaidan zustad asaxavs maSindel germaniaSi gabatonebul politikas.12
germaniis xelmZRvaneloba adamianebis masobriv ganadgurebas aigivebda patriotizmsa da sazogadoebriv interesTan. inteleqtualuri damoukideblobisa da zneobrivi gambedaobis iSviaTi erToblioba iyo saWiro, am gabatonebul
azrs rom ar ahyolodi. samwuxarod, zustad es Tvisebebi aklda ase Zalian aixmanisnair uamrav adamians. imis gaazreba, rom sazogadoebrivi interesisaTvis
arasdros kargi araa xelisuflebis brma morCileba, gviCvenebs, Tu ramdenad
mniSvnelovania politikis gageba.

35

daskvna

politikis Seswavla sam ZiriTad cnebas efuZneba. esaa wesrigi, Zalaufleba

da samarTlianoba. politikuri cxovrebis gageba iwyeba imis aRiarebiT, rom adamianis cxovreba mowesrigebulia. kerZod, politikuri wesrigi asaxulia TemebSi
(sazogadoebebSi), romlebSic adamianebi cxovroben da saerTo identoba aqvT.
Temis mowyoba, SenarCuneba da damkvidreba mmarTvelobis saSualebiT xdeba.
yvelaze warCinebul da TviTkmar TemebSi mmarTvelobis gziT Seqmnilma struqturam warmoSva Tanamedrove eri-saxelmwifoebi.
Zalaufleba, romelic ramdenime wyarodan SeiZleba gamomdinareobdes,
aris mTavrobis unari _ Seasrulos masze dakisrebuli movaleobebi. Tuki mTavroba ar gamoiyenebs Zalauflebas sazogadeobrivi interesebis Sesabamisad, dgeba xolme samarTlianobis sakiTxi. amgvarad, politikas yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi
mniSvnelovani da yovlismomcveli adgili ukavia, radgan adamianis mier samarTlianobis dauokebeli Zieba mWidrodaa gadajaWvuli Zalauflebis gamoyenebasTan, miuxedavad imisa, rom zneobrivi sakiTxebi SeiZleba xandaxan sazogadoebisaTvis SeumCneveli rCebodes.
politologebi Seiswavlian TavianT disciplinas imisaTvis, rom miakvlion
WeSmaritebas politikuri institutebis, Zalebis, moZraobebisa da procesebis
Sesaxeb. tradicionalisti politologebi dainteresebulni arian mTavrobis
moqmedebebis SefasebiT, bihevioralistebi ki mecnierul meTodebs mimarTaven
politikis Sedegebis aRwerisa da prognozirebisaTvis. TiTqmis yvela politologs aqvs specializacia; disciplinis yvelaze farTo qvedargia politikuri Teoria (an filosofia), amerikis mmarTveloba, SedarebiTi politologia,
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi da sajaro mmarTveloba.
politikis Seswavlis mraval damajerebel mizezTagan gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia ori: (1) politikis gageba pirovnuli interesis saqmea da (2) politikis kvlevis Sedegad, individs ufro zusti warmodgena uyalibdeba imaze, ra
aris da ra ar aris sazogadoebrivi interesebis sagani. rigiT moqalaqeTaTvis
am warmodgenis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba naCvenebi iyo germa niaSi nacizmis aRzevebis tragikuli maga liTiT.

sakvanZo sityvebi
politika
wesrigi
Temi, erToba
mTavroba, mmarTveloba
respublikebi
saxelmwifo
suvereniteti
qveyana
eri
eri-saxelmwifo

mravalerovani saxelmwifo
saxelmwifos armqone erebi
Zalaufleba
xelisufleba
legitimuroba
legitimuri xelisufleba
samarTlianoba
tradicionalistebi
bihevioralistebi
politikuri ekonomistebi
marqsistebi

36
daqvemdebarebis Teoria
vaWrobis pirobebi

kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis

1.
2.
3.
4.

romel sam ZiriTad cnebas efuZneba politikis Seswavla?

rogor SeiZleba politikuri problemis dadgena? aris Tu ara zogierTi
konfliqti sxvebze metad politikuri xasiaTis? axseniT.
riT gansxvavdebian politologebi?
ra dadebiTi Sedegi SeiZleba moutanos adamians politikis da mmarTvelobis Seswavlam?

SeniSvnebi:

1.

yvelaze didi gavlena iqonia baron de monteskies `kanonTa gonis~ II wignSi

mocemulma politikuri mmarTvelobebis klasifikaciam. monteskie ganasxvavebda respublikebs, monarqiebs da despotur mmarTvelobebs, xolo Semdeg dayofas axdenda demokratiul respublikebad, romlebic mTeli xalxis
mier imarTeba da aristokratul demokratiebad, romlebsac xalxis nawili
marTavs (gansakuTrebiT mdidarTa klasi). respublikebs istoriulad ganasxvaveben pirdapiri demokratiebisagan. amgvarad, jeims medisoni (albaT
wamyvani figura SeerTebuli Statebis damfuZnebelTagan) mmarTvelobebs,
romlebSic xalxi pirdapir monawileobda marTvaSi (da warmomadgenlobis
imedze ar iyvnen) pirdapir demokratiebs uwodebda. radgan SeerTebuli
Statebis mmarTveloba warmomadgenlobas iTvaliswinebda, mas respulika

2.

ewoda.
ix. agreTve Arthur Schlesinger Jr.-is The Disuniting of America: Reflections on a Multicultural Society (New York: Norton, 1993).

3.

Aristotle, The Politics mTargm. da red. Ernest Barker (New York: Oxford University Press,
1962), 4.

4.

platonisgan gansxvavebiT, romelsac politikuri filosofiis mamad moixsenieben xolme.

5.

Jack H. Nagel da John E. McNulty Partisan Effects of Voter Turnout in Senatorial and Gubernatorial Elections, American Political Science Review 90 (dekemberi 1996): 780-793.

6.

ix. Leo Strauss-is What is Political Philosophy? da sxva kvlevebi (New York: Free Press,

7.

arsebobs am midgomis sxvadasxva variacia: magaliTad, tradiciuli realizmis Teoria ganaviTares (Tumca garkveuli winaaRmdegobebis fonze)

1959), 10-12.

37
politologebma, romlebsac neorealistebad an struqturul realistebad moixsenieben. maTi ZiriTadi Sromaa Kenneth Waltz-is Theory of International
Politics, (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1979). ix. imave avtoris Realist Thought and
Neo-Realist Theory, Journal of International Affairs XLIV (gazafxuli/zafxuli 1990):
21-37.
8.

9.

am ori midgomis mecnieruli Serwymis mcdelobad ix. Robert O. Keohane-is International Institutions and State Power (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1989), koheinis
Teorias zogjer moixsenieben, rogorc neoliberalur institucionalizms.
Irving Kristol The Nature of Nazism~ in The Commentary Reader, red. Norman Pohoretz
(New York: Atheneum, 1965), 16.

l0.

ix. Albert Speer-is Inside the Third Reich, Targm: R. Winston da C. Winston (New York:
Avon, 1971). SeadareT Stanley Haverwas da David Burrell-is, Self-deception and Autobiography: Reflections on Speers Inside the Third Reich, wignSi Truthfulness and Tragedy:
Further Investigations in Christian Ethics, red. Stanley Haverwas da sxvebi (South Bend,
Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press, 1977), 82-97.

11.

Hannah Arendt, Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil (New York, Penguin Books, 1964). SeadareT Gideon Hausner-is, Justice in Jerusalem (New York: Schocken
Bokks, 1968). 465.

12.

yvela germaneli an evropeli rodi iyo borotebisadmi aixmaniviT gulgrili da egoisti. aRsaniSnavi, Tumca aratipuri magaliTia Oskar Schindler (romlis saxeli mxatvruli filmis _ `Schindlers List~ wyalobiT gaxda yvelasaTvis cnobili). Sindleri germaneli saqmosani, nacisturi partiis wevri
iyo. man jer amuSava, Semdeg ki sakuTari saqmiani da partiuli kavSirebis
gamoyenebiT gadaarCina Tavisi ebraeli muSebi. Sindlerisa da sxva keTili
qristianis mamacuri qmedebebi aRwerilia Eva Fogelman-is wignSi Conscience
and Courage: Rescuers of Jews during the Holocaust (New York: Doubelday, 1994). ix. aseve
Samuel P. Oliner da Pearl M. Oliner, The Altruistic Personality: Rescuers of Jews in Nazi
Europe (New York: Free Press, 1988). eWvgareSea, rom mkiTxvelTa umravlesoba am

mxsnelebTan da SindlerTan ufro gaaigivebs sakuTar Tavs, vidre aixmanTan, magram SemaSfoTebelia is faqti, rom gacilebiT ufro meti germaneli
(`hitleriugendis~ aTeuloboT aTasi wevris CaTvliT) hitleris siZulvilis propagandiT monusxuli, aixmaniviT ufro iqceoda, vidre SindleriviT.

38

39
\

n aawi
wil
lii I

SedarebiTi
politikuri
sistemebi

Tav i 2 utopia:
uto pi a: sax
s ax el
elm
mw
wif
ifo
oss
m od
mo
d eel
li
Tav i 3 k o
on
n st
s tituc
itu c iuri
iu ri
d em
de
mo
okk ra
ratia:
tia: w arm o mad
m ad genl
ge nl ob
o b iTi re v ol u
uc
cia
ia
Tav i 4 av tor
toritaru
i tar u li
li
s ax eel
l mw ifoe
ifo e bi: tra
trad
dic
ic iul
iu l i
m mar
mm
arTv
Tv el
eloba
Tav i 5 total
tot al itaru
itarul
lii
s ax eel
l mw ifoe
ifo e bi: gganux
anu xo
orc
rciiee le
leb el
be
l i u top
topie
iebi
bi

40

41

T aavv i II
II

utopiebi
sa x eel
lm
m wi
w i fos
f o s m od
o d eli
e li

platonis `respublika~: pasuxi filosofiaa

samarTliani qalaqi

keTilSobili tyuili

frensis bekonis `axali atlantida~: pasuxi

mecnierebaa
stabiluroba da mecniereba
momavlis gegma
karl marqsis uklaso sazogadoeba: pasuxi
ekonomikaa
ekonomikis centraluroba
diqtatura

proletariatis

uklaso sazogadoeba

utopiisaken dabruneba
utopiis inspiracia

gza utopiisaken

utopiis praqtikuloba
buneba

utopia da adamianis

utopia da politikis uaryofa

distopia: ocnebidan koSmaramde

orvelis samyaro

utopia da terorizmi

daskvniTi mosazrebani

43

rogorc moqalaqeebi, xSirad mxars vuWerT (an vewinaaRmdegebiT) politikas da liderebs, radgan gvjera, rom isini dagvexmarebian, sazogadoeba
ukeTesi an ufro samarTliani gavxadoT. bevri Cveni politikuri arCevanis ukan
garkveulwilad imaleba sazogadoebrivi sikeTisa da kargi sazogadoebis idea.
rogorc wesi, es Sexeduleba gauazrebelia _ miuxedavad imisa, rom gvjera ama
Tu im politikuri wyobisa, xSirad ver vaxerxebT davasabuToT amis mizezebi.1
miuxedavad amisa, mniSvnelovania SegveZlos Cveni politikuri ideebisa da
idealebis safuZvelSi mdebare warmodgenebis gamoxatva da analizi. Tu gvinda
politikuri sistemebis gaazrebuli Sedareba SevZloT (rac am teqstis I nawilis
mizania), unda ganvsazRvroT, ra aris sazogadoebrivi sikeTe da ra ara. ideebi
utopiis Sesaxeb, romlebic mocemulia ama Tu im filosofosis, Teologisa
da sxvaTa nawerebSi, SeiZleba dagvexmaros politikis SesaZleblobebisa da
SezRudvebis ukeTesad gagebaSi. rogori iqneboda saukeTeso politikuri wyoba? ratom amboben xSirad, rom saukeTeso kargis mteria? ra ufro saSiSia politikisTvis, mcirediT dakmayofileba Tu metismetisken swrafva?
sityva utopia saTaves iRebs ser tomas moris (1478-1535) wignis saTauridan, igi mefe henri VIII-is dros inglisis lord-kancleri da gavleniani humanisti iyo. termini ou topos berZnulad `ararsebul adgils~ aRniSnavs, xolo
`eutopos~adgils, sadac yvelaferi kargad aris. yoveldRiur xmarebaSi, utopia,
rogorc wesi, orive mniSvnelobas erTad moicavs. aqedan gamomdinare, SegviZlia
vTqvaT, rom utopia aris ararsebuli adgili, sadac xalxi cxovrobs sruliad
janmrTelad, harmoniulad da bednierad.
dasavluri politikis filosofiis literatura moicavs kargad damuSavebuli utopiuri gegmebis garkveul raodenobas. yoveli maTgani avtoris mier
srulyofili politikuri wyobis Camoyalibebis mcdelobaa. utopiuri modelebi
erTmaneTisagan specifikuri niSnebiT gansxvavdeba, Tumca yvela msgavs miznebs
emsaxureba. uklebliv yvela utopisti cdilobda politikuri cxovrebis logika mis saboloo Sedegebamde mieyvana. am procesSi isini xSirad mimarTavdnen
arsebuli politikuri, socialuri da ekonomikuri pirobebis farul da aSkara
kritikas. am funqciis gamo, utopiuri konstruqciebi xSirad gamoiyeneboda
politikuri sazomebis standartad an politikuri sistemebis ganxorcielebis
Sefasebis kriteriumad. srulyofili sazogadoebis abstraqtuli modelebi xandaxan politikuri qmedebis praqtikuli saxelmZRvanelos rolsac asrulebda.
amgvarad, miuxedavad misi garegnuli arapraqtikulobisa, utopiuri azrebi
emsaxureba mniSvnelovan miznebs da pirdapir Tu arapirdapir gavlenas axdens
politikur saqmianobaze.
cnobili utopiebis kvlevas viwyebT platonis `respublikiT~, romelsac
utopiis or, mogvianebiT warmoSobil versias SevadarebT _ frensis bekonis
`axal atlantidas~ da karl marqsis naSromebs, romelSic igi `uklaso sazogadoebis~ Rirsebebs gamoyofs. utopiuri Sromebi, romelic aRwerilia am TavSi,
arCeulia im niSniT, Tu ra sferoSi poulobs pasuxs TiToeuli maTgani. platoni
pasuxs filosofiis sferoSi poulobs, bekoni _ mecnierebaSi, marqsi ki _ ekonomikaSi.
utopiuri literaturis mravali sxva mniSvnelovani nimuSi arsebobs. mag-

44
aliTad, tomas moris `utopia ~(1516) dRemde mniSvnelovan nawarmoebad rCeba,
iseve rogoc tomazo kampanelas `mzis qalaqi~, jeims heringtonis `okeaneTis Tanamegobroba~ (1656), frangi utopist-socialistebis _ Carls furies, sen-simonis nawerebi, aseve amerikeli mwerali edvard belami (1850-1898), romelmac ramdenime msgavsi idea asaxa wignSi: `xedva ukan: 2000-1887~ (1888) asaxa. am da bevrma
sxva Sexedulebam xeli Seuwyo utopiis ideisa da misi idealis SenarCunebas.
aranakleb mniSvnelovania literatura distopiaze _ politikuri eqsperimentebze, romlebic sazogadoebaSi srulyofili samarTlianobis miRwevas
isaxavdnen miznad da sruli kraxi ganicades. am nawarmoebTa mizania warmoaCinos is
saSiSroebebi, romlebic arasrulyofil samyaroSi srulyofili wyobis aSenebis
mcdelobas axlavs.

platonis `respublika~: pasuxi filosofiaa

platonis `respublika~ aris xangrZlivi dialogi sokratesa da mosaubreebs Soris. sokrates (469-399 Zv.w.), romelic pirvel dasavlel politikis filosofosad iTvleba, miaCnda, rom `gauazrebeli cxovreba cxovrebad ar Rirs~.
es idea gadaiqca dasavluri civilizaciis qvakuTxedad. sokrates brwyinvale
moswavlis, platonis mier Semonaxuli da damuSavebuli sokrates filosofia
fundamenturi alternativaa homerosis sokratemdeli naSromebisa, romelSic
igi simamacesa da Rirsebas adidebda da sokrates Semdgomi iesos moZRvrebebisa,
romlis mixedviTac RmerTis rwmena da RvTis sityvis Sesabamisi moraluri qceva
keTilSobili cxovrebis safuZvelia.
siRrmiseul filosofiur kiTxvebze pasuxebis mudmivi Ziebis gamo, aTenis
mmarTvelebi sokrates eWvis TvaliT uyurebdnen. sabolood sasamarTlom igi
RmerTebis Seuracxyofasa da aTenis axalgazrdobis garyvnaSi daadanaSaula.
igi gaasamarTles da miusajes sikvdili. sokratesTvis wayenebuli sasjelis sisruleSi moyvana (sawamlavis sakuTari xeliT miReba) rCeba inteleqtualur Tavisuflebasa da politikur wyobas Soris arsebuli dapirispirebulobis naTel
magaliTad.
platonis `respublika~ sokrates mier samarTlianobis cnebis gamokvleviT
iwyeba. Semdeg is gadadis saukeTeso politikuri wyobis aRweraze: sazogadoeba,
romelic moklebulia yovelgvar dapirispirebas filosofosebsa da mmarTvelebs Soris2 (aseT sazogadoebaSi sokrates winaaRmdeg wayenebuli braldebebi
usafuZvlo iqneboda. ar iarsebebda SiSi imisa, rom maswavleblebi axalgazrdebs
moRalateebad aqcevdnen, vinaidan SesaZlebeli iqneboda erTdroulad filosofosic da patriotic yofiliyavi). aseTi qalaqis dafuZneba da aSeneba sxva
araferi iqneboda, Tu ara politikuri azrebis srulyofa.

samarTliani qalaqi
dasawyisSi, skeptikuri msmeneli sokrates maqsimaluri politikuri sikeTis koncefciis ganviTarebisken ubiZgebs da cdilobs aaxsnevinos, ratom aris
ukeTesi iyo samarTliani, vidre usamarTlo. gana marTali ar aris, ekiTxebian
mas, rom warmatebuli adamini, romelic usamarTlo qmedebiT mopovebuli ZalauflebiTa da gavleniT sargeblobs, ufro bednieria, vidre sokratesaviT samarTliani kaci, romelsac arc Zalaufleba aqvs da arc gavlena? radgan samarTlis

45
gamovlena qalaqSi ufro iolia, vidre adamianSi, iwyeba samarTliani qalaqis Zebna.3
Tavdapirvelad sokrate varaudobs, rom politikuri cxovreba im faqtidan
gamomdinareobs, rom arc erT individs ar SeuZlia iyos damoukidebeli. Semdeg
igi aRwers Zalian martiv sazogadoebas mTavrobisa da gaWirvebis gareSe, romlis
fermerebi, mejadageebi da sxva xelosnebi mxolod imdens gamoimuSaveben, ramdenic ubralo da mSvidi cxovrebis SesanarCuneblad aris sakmarisi. am sazogadoebaSi, romelic cdilobs daikmayofilos fizikuri moTxovnilebebi (sakvebi,
sasmeli, TavSesafari da a.S.), TiToeuli pirovneba asrulebs erT gansazRvrul
funqcias.
erTferovnebis Tavidan asacileblad saWiroa samkaulebi. mag ram fufunebis Seqmna aTavisuflebs survils da sulis daumorCileblobas uyris safuZvels. Sedegad, qalaqi `mSfoTvare~ xdeba da gafarToeba sWir deba. kerZod, mas
da Wirdeba ufro meti miwis aTviseba, xolo am miznisaTvis jariskacebi xdebian saWiro. jariskacebi respublikaSi meore klasis warmomadgenlebi arian da
maT Tadapirvelad mcvelebs uwodebdnen . dialogis msvlelobisas maTi movaleobebi sul ufro naTeli xdeba: maT unda daicvan polisi, rogorc mecxvaris
ZaRlebi icaven faras.
antikuri saberZneTis erT-erTi yvelaze didi filosofosi, platoni
(428-348ww. Zv. w.) miiCnevda, rom idealuri saxelmwifos Zalaufleba filosofosi mefeebis xelSi unda yofiliyo: `sanam filosofosebi ar
gamefdebian, qalaqebi verasdros
moisveneben maTi mtrebisagan~.

rogorc `respublikaSi~ aris aRwerili, mcvelTa ganaTleba mraval adamianur saqmianobas moicavs, rogoricaa cxovrebis esTetikuri, inteleqtualuri, moraluri da fizikuri aspeqtebi. sokrate Tvlis, rom ganaTlebis mizani
simarTlis swavlebaa. amis gamo saWiro xdeba mcdar da saSiS ideebze cenzuris
SemoReba. amgvari aRzrdis mTeli kursis ganmavlobaSi mkacri disciplinaa daculi. yvelaferi saerToa, maT Soris piradi nivTebic da meuRleebic. Temis siyvaruli anacvlebs ubralo adamianur siyvaruls.
oci wlis asakisTvis studentebi iyofian or jgufad: zogierTi maTgani
iniSneba SeiaraRebul qvedanayofSi da qalaqis damcvelis rolSi gvevlineba,

46
isini respublikis jariskacebi xdebian; isini, vinc mcvelis statuss inarCuneben,
swavlas ganagrZoben. Semdgomi SerCevis dros ganisazRvreba samsaxuri, romelsac mcvelTa klasis es warmomadgenlebi sabolood miiReben. yvela arCevani
ganisazRvreba damsaxurebis mixedviT. xangrZlivi swavlis bolos, WeSmaritebis
gagebis Semdeg mcvelebi SeiZleba gaxdnen filosofosebi. umaRlesi donis
brZen-filosofosebi mzad arian daikavon umaRlesi Tanamdebobebi. amgvarad,
respublikas marTavan filosofosi-mefeebi.
platoniseuli `respublika~ Sedgeba miwaTmoqmedTa da xelosanTa, mebrZolebisa da filosofos-mcvelTa klasebisgan. es samwaxnagovani dayofa
asaxavs platonis azrs, rom adamianis suli iyofa sam nawilad: miwieri nawili,
romelic gamomdinareobs fizikuri moTxovnilebebidan; keTilSobili nawili,
romlis Sedegia risxva da aRSfoTeba, rodesac rame emuqreba CvenTvis Zvirfass;
da racionaluri nawili, romelic WeSmaritebis dadgenas cdilobs. TiToeuli
klasi ganasaxierebs erT ZiriTad Tvisebas. muSebi da xelosnebi, romlebic uzrunvelyofen qalaqis fizikuri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebas, TavSekavebulobiT gamoirCevian. maTi cxovreba organizebuli da wesieria. miuxedavad
imisa, rom mebrZolebic TavSekavebulni arian, maTi mTavari Rirseba simamacea,
romelic sulis keTilSobili nawilis srul yofilebaa. racionaluri nawilis
srulyofileba _ sibrZne, filosofosebis kuTvnilebaa (romlebsac, ra Tqma
unda, aqvT agreTve danarCeni ori Rirsebac). mxolod filosofosebs aqvT srulyofili suli; maTi arsebis yvela nawili srulyofilia, rogorc maTi sulis
nawilebis urTierTkavSiri. maTi yovlismomcveli srulyofilebis gamo, mxolod filosofosebs SeuZliaT samarTalis, yvelaze mniSvnelovani Rirsebis srulad aRqma. metic, vinaidan respublikis TiToeuli komponenti masze dakisrebul
samuSaos kargad asrulebs (mosavlis moyvana da sagnebis Seqmna, qalaqis dacva an
marTva) da, amavdroulad, erT-erT mniSvnelovan Rirsebas warmoaCens (TavSekaveba, simamace an sibrZne), es warmosaxviTi qalaqi samarTlianadac iTvleba.
qalaqi da Tanac rogori! erT-erTi komentatoris azriT, `yvela dasavleli kacis miswrafeba samarTlianobisa da kargi cxovrebisaken, sokrates SemoTavazebebSi aris gadmocemuli da ganxoricielebuli~.4 es aris qalaqi, sadac
adamianTa niWis gamoyeneba ar aris SezRuduli siRaribis, dabadebis
an sqesis mixedviT da SemTxveviTi ojaxuri kuTvnileba da qalaqi ar zRudavs adamianis, Semecnebisa da sikeTisaken swrafvas; es aris reJimi, sadac Wkviani, moqalaqeobrivi Segnebis mqone adamianebi marTaven sazogadoebrivi keTildReobisTvis.5

TiToeuli moqalaqe im saqmes asrulebs, romelic yvelaze kargad SeuZlia. isini sazogadoebisaTvis gaweuli samsaxuris Sesabamis aRiarebas, didebasa da pativiscemas moipoveben. es qalaqi pasuxobs kiTxvaze, romelic sokrates
dausves Tavdapirvelad. swored filosofosebi arian samarTliani da yvelaze
bednieri adamianebi (namvilad ufro bednieri, vidre usamarTloni), magram maTi
bedniereba ar aris damokidebuli usamarTlod miRebul Zalauflebaze. cxadia,
respublikaSi filosofosebi ar idevnebian; isini mmarTveli pirebi arian da maT
arasdros asamarTleben.
rom ara filosofosebis mmarTveloba, da rom ara maTi samarTlianoba da
sibrZne, sxvadasxva arasasurveli movlena ganviTardeba. magaliTad, imisaTvis,

47
rom saxelmwifo moxelisaTvis sazogadoebrivi interesebi kerZo interesebze
maRla idges, jariskacTa da mcvelTa klasebs Soris naTesauri kavSiri akrZalulia. sazogadoebaSi niWieri da Wkviani adamianebis mudmivad arsebobas eugeniuri
programa uzrunvelyofs, romelic adamianTa seqsualur kavSirebze saxelmwifo
kontrols axorcielebs. mcvelTa klasi mxolod harmoniulad Sexamebuli `qorwinebis festivalis~ sistemiT mravldeba, romlis erTaderTi mizani koleqtiuri (da SerCeviTi) gamravlebaa garkveuli miznebisaTvis. araferi unda miendos
SemTxveviTobas.

keTilSobili tyuili
qveda fenis wevrTa dasamSvideblad (imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom isini savaraudod verc gaigebdnen da arc daTanxmdebodnen maT dabal statuss) filosofosi-mefeebi valdebulni arian mudmivad mimarTon keTilSobil tyuils _ oficialur miTs, romelzec samarTliani qalaqi aris damyarebuli. amgvarad, yvela
moqalaqes (filosofosebis garda) eubnebian, rom maTi warsuli cxovrebis mogonebebi mxolod sizmrebia da rom isini adre cxovrobdnen miwisqveSeTSi, sadac
maT qmnidnen da wvrTnidnen. rodesac saamisod mzad iyvnen, maTi deda _ dedamiwa, gzavnida maT zedapirze. amasTanave, formirebis procesSi maT miecaT suli,
romelic iyo Seqmnili oqrosgan (filosofosebis), vercxlisgan (mebrZolebis),
an rkinisa da brinjaosagan (miwaTmoqmedebisa da xelosnebis). am miTis mizania
respublikis mcxovrebTa darwmuneba, rom yvelani debi da Zmebi arian, agreTve
imisaTvis, rom klasobrivi sistema, romelic respublikis arsebobisaTvis umniSvnelovanesia, yovelTvis popularuli iyos.
saukeTeso politikuri saxelmwifos aRweris dros sokrate aseve saubrobs
im sirTuleebze, romelic axlavs mis Seqmnasa da SenarCunebas. respublikis ara
mxolod zogadi koncefciaa arapraqtikuli, aramed misi ganxorcielebac SeuZlebeli Cans. sokrate naTlad gviCvenebs, ra safasuris gadaxda iqneboda aucilebeli
aseTi politikuri wyobis SeqmnisaTvis. rogorc davinaxeT, safasuri, romelic
aseTi wyobis danergvisTvis iqneboda saWiro, aris ojaxebis aRmofxvra, cenzuris
daweseba, sicruis farTod gavrceleba reJimis moraluri safuZvlis SesanarCuneblad da im xalxis mmarTveloba, romelsac ar surs marTva.
miuxedavad imisa, rom respublika SeiZleba ar iyos romelime momavali
politikuri reJimis sqema, igi sasargebloa sxva kuTxiTac. pirvel rigSi, igi siRrmiseulad ikvlevs iseT saWiro politikur ideebs, rogoricaa samarTlianoba,
tirania da ganaTleba. igi gvTavazobs saukeTeso politikuri wyobis gaazrebul
ideas da amasTanave gviCvenebs misi danergvis praqtikul xarvezebs. sabolood,

respublika unda miviRoT ara rogorc politikuri miTiTeba, aramed rogorc filosofiuri savarjiSo. sokrates eqskursia utopiaSi warmogvidgens adamianis azris srulyofis mcdelobas da ara adamianis qcevis srulyofis formulas.

frensis bekonis axali atlantida:

pasuxi mecnierebaa

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idea imis Sesaxeb, rom utopia realurad miiRweva `aq~ da `axla~, meTxuTmete saukunis Semdeg gaxda popularuli. frensis bekoni (1561-1626) iyo pirveli
da yvelaze gavleniani gamavrcelebeli utopiuri ideisa, romlis mi xedviTac
mecnierebas SeuZlia adamianebs misces yvelaze sasurveli sikeTe _ komfortuli
TviTSenarCuneba. isini, visac dRes sjeraT an adideben adamianis progresis,
mecnieruli miRwevebis, teqnologiuri siaxleebis an msoflio politikuri
modernizaciisa da ganviTarebis brwyinvalebas (ix. Tavi IX), ZiriTadad iseTive politikuri reJimis sisworeSi arian darwmunebulebi, romelic bekonis
sqemasTanaa axlos.

axal atlantidaSi (1627) bekoni aRwers mogzaurTa warmosaxviT voiaJs,

romlebmac aRmoaCines kunZuli bensalemi. isini daitanjnen wynar okeaneSi xangrZlivi mgzavrobiT da sWirdebodaT sakvebi da dasveneba. Tavdapirvelad, kunZulis mkvidrebma gaafrTxiles, ar gadasuliyvnen kunZulze, magram molaparakebebis Semdeg mainc darTes neba. stumarTa pirveli uaryofiTi STabeWdileba
gaqra, rogorc ki naxes kunZuli iseTi, rogoric is namdvilad aris: dalocvili,
bednieri adgili.

stabiluroba da mecniereba
bensalemis yoveldRiuri cxovrebis praqtikuli detalebis ume tesoba
bekons mxolod zedapirulad aqvs aRwerili. miuxedavad imisa, rom kunZulis
wargzavnilebma evropaSi saidumlo eqspedicia Caatares mecnieruli miRwevebis Sesaswavlad, sxva mxriv kunZuli mowyvetilia msoflios. amgvari geografiuli izolaciis gamo Tavdacvis saWiroeba ar arsebobs. kunZuli ekonomikuradac TviTkmaria. mdidari bunebrivi resursebis xarjze bekoni qmnis
yovelmxriv uzrunvel yofil qveynas.
frensis bekoni (1561-1626) ingliseli filosofosi, mecnieri, eseisti da saxelmwifo
moxele im mosazrebas uWerda mxars, rom
mecniereba kacobriobis TviTSenarCunebis
gasaRebia: `bunebaze rom ibatono, mas unda
daemorCilo~, ambobda igi.

bensalemi qristianuli sazogadoebaa, magram aRiarebs religiur Tavisuflebas. sxvadasxva religiuri aRmsareblobis wevrebs ukaviaT maRali Tana-

49
mdebobebi, aq tolerantoba normaa. religiuri disputebi, romlebmac ganxeTqileba Camoagdo bevr evropul qveyanas Soris, utopiur kunZulze ar arsebobs.
bensalemis socialuri safuZveli ojaxia; qorwineba aris sazogadoebis
fuZe. dResaswaulebis dros, romelic ojaxis zeimad aris cnobili da daarsebuli da dafinansebulia saxelmwifos mier, gansakuTrebul pativs didi ojaxis
ufrosebs miageben. ojaxi da moraluri saqcieli urTierTdakavSirebuli da
stabiluri Temuri cxovrebis qvakuTxedad aris miCneuli. Temis stabilurobas
aZlierebs is faqtic, rom 2000 wlis win didsulovanma mmarTvelma solomonma
Seqmna imdenad srulyofili kanonebi, romelTa ganaxleba mas mere saWiro aRar
gamxdara.
bensalemi Zalian progresuli sazogadoebaa. misi saukeTeso moazrovneebi ikribebian kolejSi, romelsac Sesabamisad solomonis saxli ewodeba; aq mecnierebis kanonebi eqsperimentebisa da dakvirvebis gziT `sagnebis
mizezebis da idumali bunebis garkvevis; yvela SesaZ lo saSualebiT adamianis
imperiis sazRvrebis gafarToebis~ aRmosaCenad gamoiyeneba. platonis ` re-

spublikisgan~ gansxvavebiT, bensalemSi codnas ara mxolod sakuTari keTildReobisTvis iZenen, aramed bunebaze batonobisaTvisac. mecniereba unda iyos
gamoye nebuli `adamianis yofis SemsubuqebisaTvis~.
bekoniseuli meCvidmete saukunis Sexeduleba bevr sakiTxSi winaswarmetyvelurad JRers. magaliTad, kunZulze mecnierebis meSveobiT cxovrebis saSualo xangrZlivoba SesamCnevad izrdeba, vinaidan avadmyofobis mTeli simZime
aRmofxvrilia, Seqmnilia xilisa da yvavilebis axali jiSebi, zogierT maTgans
samkurnalo Tvisebebi aqvs, mkurnalobis sferoSi teqnologiuri revolucia
moxda. bensalemis mkvidrT bunebrivi katastrofebis Tavidan acileba SeuZliaT, vinaidan maTi mecniereba bunebis umkacres saidumloebasac ki xsnis.

momavlis gegma
miuxedavad imisa, rom mecnierebi ver Tanxmdebian, raSi mdgomareobs bekonis axali atlantidis namdvili mizani, naSromi Zalian mniSvnelovania. erTi
cnobili da avtoritetuli moazrovne bekonSi `pirvel realur, Tanamedrove
utopists~ xedavs, vinaidan bekons egona, rom misi idealuri sazogadoeba arsebobas SeZlebda.6 axali atlantida ar moiazreboda rogorc momavlis zusti gegma; Tumca bekonma SemogvTavaza sazogadoebis erTi SesaZlo forma, romelSic
mecnieruli progresi SeuzRudavad iqneboda nebadarTuli. bekonis teqnologiuri utopiis xedva miznad ar isaxavda arsebuli sazogadoebisadmi protests, es
iyo adamianis mdgomareobis radikaluri gaumjobesebis gegma.

karl marqsis uklaso sazogadoeba:

pasuxi ekonomikaa
karl marqsic (1818-1883) utopisti iyo, magram platonisa da bekonisagan
gansxvavdeboda. marqsis winamorbedni iwyebdnen Tavisi samoTxis detaluri aRweriT da rodesac socialuri realobis kritikaze gadadiodnen, es ufro farulad xdeboda, vidre aSkarad. maTgan gansxvavebiT marqsma daiwyo arsebuli
sazogadoebis aSkara kritikiT da miseuli utopiis mxolod zogadi monaxazi

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Seqmna. is sakuTar Tavs praqtikos-realistad miiCnevda da ara meocnebe idealistad. igi Tavis msoflmxedvelobas istoriuli da socialur-ekonomikuri realobis swor empiriul aRqmad ganixilavda da amiT uaryofda, rom misi ideebi
warmosaxviT azrovnebas efuZneboda.
miuxedavad amisa, marqsizmSi utopiuri elementi aSkaraa. winamorbedi
utopistebisagan gansxvavebiT marqss sjeroda, rom misi idealuri sazogadoeba
ara mxolod SesaZlebeli, aramed gardauvali iyo. klasebs Soris mwvave brZola,
romelsac igi winaswarmetyvelebda (ix. Tavi XIV), mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba iqnes sworad gagebuli, Tu es brZola aRiqmeba, rogorc mSvidobisa da siuxvis
aRTqmul qveyanaSi utopiuri cxovrebis aucilebeli Sesavali. es winaswarmetyveleba, marqsis azriT, iyo dauZleveli Zalis saboloo Sedegi, romelic kacobriobis istorias misi gardauvali bediswerisken _ uklaso sazogadoebisken
_ miaqanebda.
karl marqss (1818-1883) _ germanel filosofoss, ekonomistsa da revolucioners _
miaCnda, rom samarTliani samyaro mxolod kacobriobis kapitalisturidan socialistur
ekonomikaze gadasvliTa da sazogadoebis
evoluciiT miiRweva: `aqamde arsebuli yvela
sazogadoebis istoria klasTa brZolis istoriaa~.

ekonomikis centraluroba
marqsis galaSqreba ekonomikuri uTanasworobis winaaRmdeg, mecxramete
saukunis Sua periodSi kapitalizmTan asocirebuli Sromis mZime pirobebiT
da farTod gavrcelebuli tanjviT iyo gamowveuli. mdidari komerciuli
da industriuli elita (burJua kapitalistTa klasi) ewinaaRmdegeboda reformebs, romlebic gaRaribebuli muSaTa klasis (proletariatis) cxovrebis
pirobebis gaumjobesebisaken iyo mimarTuli. marqsis kapitalSi naTlad aris
aRwerili dasaqmebis sferodan motanili iseTi magaliTebi, romlebmac misi
risxva gamo iwvia, magaliTad:
meri en voklim imuSava Sesvenebis gareSe 26.5 saaTi 60 sxva gogosTan
erTad, 30 gogo erT oTaxSi, ris gamoc saWiro raodenobis Jangbadis
nacvlad mxolod erT mesamed kubur futs SeisunTqvdnen... meri en vokli
cudad gaxda paraskevs [da] mokvda kviras... eqimma keisma, romelic dagvianebiT gamoiZaxes, sasamarTloSi ganacxada, rom `meri en vokli mokvda
xalxiT gadatvirTul oTaxSi xangrZlivi muSaobis Sedegad~.7

marqsisaTvis meri en voklis da sxva misnairebis sikvdili ubralo SemTx-

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veviToba ar yofila. mas swamda, rom ekonomika _ materialur saWiroebaTa warmoeba da ganawileba _ adamianis cxovrebis ZiriTadi ganmsazRvrelia da rom
istoriulad adamianTa sazogadoebebi iqmneboda da ingreoda ekonomikuri faqtorebis mkacri dinamikis Sesabamisad. mas sjeroda isic, rom meri en vokli, raki
kapitalizmis epoqaSi daibada, ganwiruli iyo xanmokle da xelmokle cxovrebisaTvis da saarsebo minimumisTvis samuSaod. warmoebis mepatroneebs _ kapitalistebis klass ki _ SeeZlo sul ufro metad gamdidrebuliyo. en voklis cxovreba
da adreuli sikvdili gamowveuli iyo mecxramete saukunis Sua periodis Semosavalze orientirebuli ekonomikiT. Tumca, marqsis azriT, kapitalizmis ganviTarebis logikam, gardauvali gaxada siZunwesa da eqspluataciaze agebuli
Zalauflebis zestruqturebis ngreva da marqsis sayvareli proletariatis _
Raribi da gariyuli muSaTa klasis didi socialuri aRmasvla.

proletariatis diqtatura
marqsi revoluciuri procesis pirvel safexurs, romelic dauyovnebliv
mohyveba kapitalizmis gadavardnas, proletariatis diqtaturas uwodebs.
marqsis mtkicebiT, es istoriuli epoqa komunizmis pirveli safexuri unda
yofiliyo da kacobriobis istoriaSi socialisturi aTaswleulis dasawyisi ganesaxierebina. proletariatis diqtatura, rogorc droebiTi fenomeni, iarsebebda mxolod im dromde, sanam iarsebebda kontrrevoluciisagan dacvis aucilebloba. am drois ganmavlobaSi Seiqmneboda axali revoluciuri programebi
`yvelasgan misi SesaZleblobebis mixedviT, yvelasTvis saWiroebaTa mixedviT~
principiT. amgvari politika gulisxmobda kerZo sakuTrebis gauqmebas, mudmivad mzard saSemosavlo gadasaxads, memkvidreobis uflebis gauqmebas, saxelmwifos yvela sakredito dawesebulebis, agreTve komunikaciisa da transportis
saSualebebis centralizacias, yvela bavSvisaTvis ufaso ganaTlebis SemoRebas,
bavSvTa Sromis gauqmebas, saxelmwifos sakuTrebaSi arsebuli qarxnebisa da warmoebis saSualebebis gafarToebas da `gamouyenebeli miwebis kultivaciasa da
miwis gaumjobesebas zogadi gegmis Sesabamisad.~8
am safexurebis Tanmimdevrulad Sesrulebis Sedegad xelisufleba ubralod TavisTavad gaqreboda. roca (marqsis kolegis, fridrix engelsis azriT) klasobrivi gansxvaveba da antagonizmi bunebrivad qreba, saxelmwifo
Zalauflebis CarTva socialur urTierTobebSi, zedmeti xdeba da `adamianTa
mmarTve loba icvleba sagnebis da warmoebis procesis administ rirebiT~. saboloo jamSi `saxelmwifo ar `nadgurdeba,~ igi gadaSendeba.~ 9
arsebiTad, marqsi, proletariatis diqtaturas (komunizmis socialistur
safexurs), uklaso utopiis aucilebel Sualedur rgolad ganixilavda. marqss
swamda, rom adamianebi sufTa gonebiT ibadebian da is, rac mogvianebiT maT gonebaSi aRibeWdeba, ufro metad sazogadoebis bunebiT ganisazRvreba, vidre individualuri genetikuri memkvidreobiT. metic, marqsi ver xedavda pirovnebis
WeSmarit interesebsa da sazogadoebis interesebs Soris SesaZlo daZabulobas.
Sesabamisad, socialistur xanaSi xalxi bunebrivad SeiTvisebda socialistur
Rirebulebebs. kapitalisturi saxelmwifoebisgan gansxvavebiT, sadac, TiTqos,
konkurentuli moqalaqeebis Camoyalibebas uwyoben xels, romlebic sinamdvileSi degradirebulni arian da eqspluatacias uweven erTmaneTs, socialisturi

52
saxelmwifo ayalibebda kooperatiul moqalaqeebs, romlebic pativs scemdnen
da exmarebodnen erTmaneTs. klasobrivi konfliqti TavisTavad aRmoifxvreboda da interesTa bunebrivi harmoniiT iqneboda Canacvlebuli.
saxelmwifoTa gaqrobis marqsistuli rwmena interesTa mTlianobis erTgvar logikaze iyo dafuZnebuli: kerZo sakuTrebis SemcirebiTa da Sromis danawilebiT socialuri uTanasworoba mcirdeba, xolo socia luri uTanasworobis SemcirebiT _ SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis mizezebi. TavisTavad, klasebis
ararsebobis SemTxvaSi klasobrivi brZolac SeuZlebeli xdeba. dabolos, SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis SemcirebiT saxelmwifos saWiroebac mcirdeba. warsuli sazogadoebebi iyo mxolod adamianTa gamogoneba klasobrivi dominantobis SesanarCuneblad. marqsis Tanaxmad, socialuri klasebis gaqrobasTan
erTad ufunqciod darCenili mTavrobac mokvdeba.

uklaso sazogadoeba
rogorc marqsi winaswarmetyvelebda, mTavrobis arsebobis bunebrivi
dasasruli komunizmis meore safexurze _ uklaso sazogadoebaSi unda
momxdariyo. am komunistur utopiaSi namdvili adamianuri survilebis dakmayofileba SesaZlebeli iqneboda. kapitalizmSi, werda marqsi, `yvelas konkretuli, gansazRvruli saqmianobis Tavsmoxveuli sfero aqvs, romelsac Tavs ver
daaRwevs. monadirea is meTevze, mwyemsi Tu `kritikuli kritikosi~, aseTad unda
darCes, Tu ar unda, rom arsebobis saSualeba dakargos.~10 amis sapirispirod, komunizmSi,
sadac aravis aqvs saqmianobis gansazRvruli sfero, magram SeuZlia
moamzados sakuTari Tavi mis mier arCeul dargisaTvis, saerTo produqciis regulirebis gziT sazogadoeba SesaZlebels xdis CemTvis gavakeTo
erTi saqme dRes da meore xval. vinadiro diliT, viTevzao SuadRes, vmwyemso naxiri saRamos, agreTve gavakritiko vaxSami _ zustad ise, rogorc
me minda _ monadired, meTevzed, mwyemsad an kritikosad gadaqcevis gareSe.11

individualuri TviTrealizaciis paralelurad, ganviTardeboda bednierebis momtani socializmi, romlis drosac adamianebi iqnebodnen `loialuri, brZeni da arakorumpirebuli amxanagebi, romlebic erTmaneTs sruliad
araegoisturi keTilganwyobiT moepyrobodnen.~12 marqsis uklaso sazogadeba am
mxriv virtualurad yvela danarCen utopias mogvagonebs. erT-erTi mecnieri
marqsistuli utopizmis Sesaxeb aRniSnavs, rom komunisturi sazogadoebis marqsiseuli aRwera bevr sxva utopiur SromasTan `saerTo eTikur safuZvels~ iziarebs, romlis mTavari maxasiaTeblebicaa `saerTo da ara konkurentuli Sroma,
sazogadoebisTvis sasikeTo miznebi da ara TviTkmayofileba da hedonizmi _
TiToeul wevrze socialuri pasuxismgeblobis eTika da ara yvelaze ZlierTa
gadarCenisaTvis brZola.~13
momavlis suraTi, romelic marqsma da engelsma msoflios SesTavazes, namdvilad mimzidveli da utopiuri iyo:

53

danaSauli aRmoifxvreboda, cxovrebis xangrZlivoba gaizrdeboda, Zmoba da TanamSromloba axal moralur wesebs daamkvidrebda, mecnieruli progresi swrafi tempiT ganviTardeboda. yvelaferTan erTad,
socializmis mTel msoflioSi gavrcelebiT, kacobriobis udides daavadebas _ omsa da mis tyup Zmas, nacionalizms _ adgili aRar eqneboda.
amas saerTaSoriso megobroba mohyveboda ... socialuri revoluciiT kacobrioba daasrulebda mis `preistoriul~ xanas da pirvelad Seabijebda
iq, rasac SeiZleba misi sakuTari istoria ewodos.
...revoluciis Semdgom gaerTianebul uklaso sazogadoebas pirvelad SeeZleba gadawyvitos, romeli gziT wavides da rogor gamoiyenos
sakuTari resursebi da SesaZleblobebi. pirvelad Cven Tavad SevqmniT
sakuTar istorias! es aris `naxtomi monobidan damoukideblobisaken,
sibnelidan sinaTlisaken.~14

utopiisaken dabruneba
arc erT utopiaSi, romelic ganvixileT, ar arsebobs konfliqti, Suri,
winaaRmdegoba, mtruli disputebi an piradi imedgacrueba. aranairi Rrmad
fesvgadgmuli dapirispireba ar yofs individebs da ar arsebobs didi antagonizmi sazogadoebasa da saxelmwifos Soris. Tumca, yvela es idealuri saxelmwifo
sxvadasxva xedviT aris inspirirebuli da wesrigis gegmac sxvadsxvagvari aqvs.

utopiis inspiracia
rogorc vnaxeT, politikuri moazrovneebi utopias sxvadasxva mizezis
gamo qmnian. `respublikaSi~ platonma adamianis srulyofilebis sazRvrebi
gamoikvlia; igi ara marto saukeTeso politikuri wyobis aRweras cdilobda, aramed surda naTeli moefina im problemebisaTvis, romlebic SesaZloa mohyoloda aseTi politikuri wyobis danergvis mcdelobas. misgan gansxvavebiT, bekonma
`axali atlantida~ dawera ara imisaTvis, rom adamianuri SesaZleblobebis zRvari eCvenebina, aramed warmoeCina, Tu risi miRweva SeuZlia Tanamedrove mecnierebaze dafuZnebul sazogadoebas. bekons ainteresebda ara adamianTa SezRudvebi,
aramed maTi SesaZleblobebi. misi naSromi damaimedebelia da adamianis keTildReobis SesamCnev gaumjobesebas gvpirdeba.
marqsis utopiuri Sexedulebac imedismomcemia; Tumca metic, igi Sedgeba misi msoflmxedvelobis logikuri da aucilebeli nawilisgan. gzis bolos
uklaso sazogadoebis dapirebis gareSe, Zaladoba da tanjva, romelic marqsis
rwmeniT, aucileblad Tan unda axldes kapitalizmis dasasruls, sabolood
azrs moklebuli iqneba. marqsis utopia imedis naperwkals saxavs revoluciisa
da brZolis uimedo perspeqtivaSi.

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gza utopiisaken
imisaTvis, rom Seiqmnas sruliad bednieri da harmoniuli msoflio, avtorma unda warmoadginos sazogadoebis Semadgenlobis axleburi xedva. platoni
filosofiaSi xedavda gasaRebs. miseuli respublika ver iarsebebda, sanam mis
mmarTvelobaSi yvelaze Wkviani filosofosebi ar movidodnen; sxvagvarad aris
bekonTan, romlisTvisac naTeli momavali aris ara adamianTa abstraqtuli codnis Sedegi, aramed mecnieruli meTodebis teqnikuri ganviTareba. misi `solomonebi~ ar iyvnen filosofosebi, romlebic ideebis sulier sferoze wuxdnen;
isini iyvnen mecnierebi, romlebic adamianTa SesaZleblobebis ganmtkicebis
mizniT aanalizebdnen, ikvlevdnen, sistematizacias ukeTebdnen, iwerdnen da
amowmebdnen bunebis sxvadasxva fenomens. marqsisaTvis filosofia da mecniereba ekonomikam daCrdila: misi azriT, araeqspluataciuri ekonomikuri urTierTobebi, mSvidobiani da mdidari qveynis garantiaa.

utopiis praqtikuloba
Tanamedrove mecnierul da teqnologiur ganviTarebasTan erTad, zogierTi politikuri moazrovne ufro seriozulad dafiqrda utopiis miRwevis
praqtikul SesaZleblobaze. axali utopistebi, raki SeiaraRdnen ufro metad
ganviTarebuli instrumentebiT _ axali mecnierebiT, axali ekonomikiT, axali
bihevioruli fsiqologiiT _ dedamiwaze samoTxis arsebobas sul ufro xSirad
ganixilaven rogorc realur SesaZleblobas da ara ubralod ausrulebel ocnebas.
es tendencia naTlad aris asaxuli zemoT ganxilul utopiur naSromebSi.
magaliTad, platoni gviCvenebda, rom misi utopiis Seqmna da SenarCuneba, sruliad SeuZ lebeli Tu ara, Zalian rTuli iqneboda. misgan gansxvavebiT, bekonma
aRwera sazogadoeba, romelic Tanamedrove mecnierebis yvela SesaZ loblobis
srulad gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi, SesaZlebelia gamxdariyo adamianis keTildReobis ganmtkicebis safuZveli. ra Tqma unda, bekoni utopias, momavlis SesaZ leblobad ganixilavda, Tumca miaCnda, rom misi miRweva adamians xelewifeba.
marqsis uklaso sazogadoeba araTu SesaZlebeli, aramed gardauvalic iyo_
proletariatis saboloo gamarjvebis damtkiceba da jildo.
sabolood, utopiebma momavlis gegmis saxe miiRes. am gegmebis saerTo safuZvelia zogadi xedvebi adamianTa modgmisa da imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra aris maTTvis
saukeTeso.

utopia da adamianis buneba

`respublikaSi~ idealuri qalaqis aRwerasTan erTad aRwerilia misi daRupvac. naSromis erT-erTi interpretaciis mixedviT, platoni xvdeboda,
rom adamianTa srulyofili Temis daarsebis SemTxvevaSic ki, misi gadagvareba
gardauvali gaxdeboda. amgvarad, platonma dasva kiTxva, romelic gadamdebi aRmoCnda yvela Semdgomi utopiisaTvis: rogor SeiZleba Tavidan aviciloT cvlileba? ganmartebis mixedviT, utopia aris saukeTeso politikuri wyoba; aqedan
gamomdinare, masSi ganxorcielebuli yvela mniSvnelovani cvlileba, uaresobisken aris mimarTuli. amgvarad, paradoqsulad, cvlileba am novatoruli

55
sazogadoebebis momakvdinebeli mteri xdeba.
cvlilebebisagan dasacavad utopistma avtorma idealur sazogadoebaSi
araferi unda datovos Sesacvleli, gansakuTrebiT is, rac adamianis bunebas
exeba. xalxis mSvidad da harmoniulad cxovrebisaTvis aucilebelia aRmoifxvras an mkacrad gakontroldes adamianis iseTi fundamentu ri Tvisebebi, rogoricaa uzneoba, boroteba da araprognozirebadoba.
bednieri saxelmwifos ZiebaSi utopiebi, rogorc wesi, moicaven eugeniur
programebs, iZulebiT ganaTlebasa da kerZo sakuTrebis akrZalvas. eugeniuri
programis mizania gaakontrolos xalxis memkvidreobiTi Tvisebebi seleqciuri
gamravlebis gziT, xolo iZulebiTi ganaTleba ganixileboda, rogorc saWiro
meTodi saukeTeso adamianuri Tvisebebis SenarCunebisa da arasasurveli
Tvisebebis aRmofxvrisaTvis. utopiurma moazrovneebma imave mizniT dauWires
mxari kerZo sakuTrebis aRmofxvras, raTa ganidevnos egoizmi, sixarbe da
siZunwe adamianis bunebidan. utopistebis umetesobis azriT, adamianis egoizmi gamowveulia socialur-ekonomikuri institutebiT, romlebic icaven, mxars
uWeren da samudamod inarCuneben uTanasworobas da es institutebi SeiZleba
gauqmdes mxolod sazogadoebis fundamenturi reorganizaciiT. amis gamo bevr
utopiaSi saerTo saTemo aqtivoba, saerTo sacxovrebeli da sazogadoebrivi
kveba anacvlebs qonebis kerZo mesakuTreobas im imediT, rom TanamSromloba
gaimarjvebs konkurenciaze.
sazogadoebis radikaluri reorganizaciis gegmaTa umetesobas safuZvlad udevs adamianis bunebis specifikuri xedva. am TvalsazrisiT, adamianTa Soris konfliqti warmoiSoba cudad organizebul an korumpirebul sazogadoebaSi, rasac xSirad, ubralod `sistema~ ewodeba. Tu fundamenturad arakoreqtuli
institutebis negatiuri gavlena aRmoifxvreba, adamianis qceva pozitiurisken
Seicvleba. utopiuri Sexedulebis mTavari rwmena isaa, rom adamianis buneba kargi Tu ara, damjeri mainc aris (da amis gamo potenciurad kargia).

utopia da politikis uaryofa

utopiuri rwmena, rom adamianis buneba unda da SeiZleba advilad
Seicvalos, seriozul kiTxvebs badebs. Tu garemos marTlac SeuZlia seriozuli
gavlena iqonios individze, maSin adamiani ara marto moraluri srulyofilebis,
aramed moraluri gaxrwnis kandidati xdeba. aqedan gamomdinare, utopiis dros
nebismierma naklma SeiZleba ocneba koSmarad aqcios.
TiTqmis yvela utopiaSi (marqsis proletariatis diqtaturis etapis CaTvliT) politikuri Zalaufleba centralizebulia. Sesabamisad, utopiur mTavrobebs gankargulebaSi aqvT Zlieri instrumentebi, romlebiTac akontroleben
adamianTa qcevas. TavisTavad es instrumentebi neitraluria; yvelaferi imazea
damokidebuli, rogor iyeneben maT _ brZnulad Tu sulelurad, racionalurad
Tu mflangvelurad, moralurad Tu amoralurad. xSirad, utopistebi Tvlian,
rom es instrumentebi yovelTvis sasikeTod iqneba gamoyenebuli. magram Tanamedrove teqnokratiuli saxelmwifos Zalauflebisa da damyoli adamianuri
bunebis gaTvaliswinebiT, es varaudi, rbilad rom vTqvaT, ususuria. utopiuri
sqemebis kritikosebs awuxebdaT ara ubralod Zalauflebis erT adgilas Tavmoyra, rasac isini xSir SemTxvevaSi dadebiTad afasebdnen kidec, aramed Zalauf-

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lebis ganxorcielebisas Sekavebisa da gawonasworebis sruli ararseboba.
utopiis mimdevrebi, rogorc wesi, politikisa da mTavrobisadmi mci re
interess iCenen. isini ver xedaven Zalauflebasa da samarTlianobas Soris konfliqturi urTierTobis daregulirebis aucileblobas. materialuri simdidris, samoqalaqo suliskveTebiT ganmsWvaluli moqalaqeebisa da adamianis survilebsa da keTildReobas (an socioekonomikur Tanasworobasa da pirovnul
aRmatebulebas) Soris mcire an ararsebuli konfliqtis SemTxvevaSi, socialuri samarTlianobis miRweva gaxdeba ufro teqnikuri, vidre politikuri saxis
problema. amgvarad, arsebuli mTavrobis muSaobis ZiriTadi meqanizmi _ ZalauflebaTa gamijvna, Sekaveba da gawonasworeba, sasamarTlo zedamxedve loba da
a.S. _ utopistaTa umetesobis Tvis inte resmoklebuli iyo.

distopia: ocnebidan koSmaramde

ukontrolo politikuri Zalauflebis saSiSroebani da utopiad gadaqceuli koSmaris Tema TvalsaCinod aris ganxiluli iseT cnobil naSromebSi,
rogorebicaa jorj orvelis `aTas cxraas oTxmocdaoTxi~ (1961) da oldos
haqslis `mamaci axali samyaro~ (1932). orive wigni distopiis grafikuli aRweraa _ sazogadoeba, romlis Semqmnelebic apirebdnen srulyofili politikuri
wyobis aSenebas, aRmoaCens, rom SeuZlebels dahpirdnen. maT xelisuflebaSi
darCena mxolod Zaladobisa da komunikaciis sistemis meSveobiT damyarebuli
mkacri monopoliis gziT SeeZloT.

orvelis samyaro
`aTas cxraas oTxmocdaoTxSi~ totalitaruli mmarTvelebi (romelTac
ganasaxierebs bundovani figura, romelsac did Zmas uwodeben) inarCuneben Zalauflebas ara marto adamianTa moqmedebebisa da qcevis formebis, aramed maTi
azrovnebis wyarosa da meTodebis manipulirebiT. amgvarad, daarsebulia simarTlis saministro, romelsac aqvs mxolod erTi mizani _ sistematurad moatyuos
moqalaqeebi; gamogonilia axali ena (`Newspeak~) yvela im sityvis, ideis da gamoTqmis aRmosafxvrelad, romelic mTavrobis mier saSiSad aris miCneuli; garda amisa, SemoRebulia urTierTsawinaaRmdego logika (`double-think~), romlis
mizanicaa moqalaqeTa gonebisaTvis misaRebi gaxados oficialuri propagandis
uprincipoba.
oficialuri ideologiis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo teroris, mkacri cenzurisa da mudmivi meTvalyureobis mizania revoluciis mtrebs ar mieceT saSualeba, daarRvion marSi sruli komunizmisken _ mSromelTa samoTxisken, sadac
yvela iqneba bednieri, daculi, warmatebuli da Tanaswori. Teoriulad, masebi
sakuTar beds Tavad ganageben, praqtikulad ki isini monebis axal klasad gadaiqcevian, romelTa bedsac gankargavs yvelaze umowyalo tirani (an tiranebi),
rogoric ki SeiZleba warmovidginoT, an SesaZloa, verc ki warmovidginoT (orvelis daxmarebis gareSe).

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utopia da terorizmi
XV TavSi ganvixilavT terorizmis bunebas da gavlenas Sida da saerTaSoriso politikaze Tanamedrove msoflioSi. teroristuli aqtebi xSirad
asocirdeba religiur an ideologiur fanatizmTan, gansakuTrebiT, Tu aseTi
aqtebi xorcieldeba sruli TavganwirviT, rogorc es xdeba TviTmkvleli teroristebis SemTxvevaSi. normalur xalxs ukvirs, ra SeiZleba iyos adamianis
motivacia Seasrulos misia, romelic erTdroulad barbarosulicaa da TviTgamanadgurebelic. 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris SemTxveva _ koordinirebuli Seteva
msoflio savaWro centrze niu-iorkSi da pentagonze vaSingtonSi, romelSic
mravali adamiani monawileobda da iaraRad gatacebuli komerciuli avialainerebi gamoiyenes, Sokis momgvreli da Znelad gasagebia. ra aris saTave aseTi
siZulvilisa, ras SeuZlia ara erTi piris, aramed pirTa jgufebis motivireba,
raTa dagegmon, xangrZlivad moamzadon da sabolood ganaxorcielon erTobliv
TviTmkvlelobaze dafuZnebuli masobrivi mkvleloba.
am kiTxvaze martivi pasuxi ar arsebobs. iqneb kargicaa, rom umravles
CvenTagans ar SeuZlia gaigos, rogor poulobs vinme `karg~ mizezs, udanaSaulo xalxisaTvis aseTi zianis misayeneblad. magram savsebiT SesaZlebelia _ ( da
albaT asec aris) _ rom zogierTi tero risti motivirebulia im damaxinjebuli
ideiT, rogori SeiZleba iyos samyaro borotebis, rogorc mas isini uwodeben,
saTaveebis ganadgurebis Semdeg. 15 es `boroteba~ kapitalizmia, materializmi,
israeli, amerikis SeerTebuli Sta tebi Tu sxva ram, meorexarisxovania. saqme
isaa, rom eqstremistebi, romlebic warmoidgenen dros, rodesac, magaliTad,
islamuri sazogado eba wminda da Seuryvneli iyo, sanam dasavluri ideebi, faseulobebi, musika, fuli da SeiaraRebuli Zalebi wabilwavdnen morwmuneebs,
Zalian iolad ipovian mizezs _ mters, romelic arasworad daanaxvebs maT
warsuls, awm yosa da momavls. SemaSfoTebelia, rom Tanamedrove is toriaSi
swrafva utopiisken, dedamiwis im adgilisken, sadac bednierebas ar aqvs sazRvari, xSirad asocirdeba ZaladobasTan, romelsac aseve ar aqvs sazRvari.

daskvniTi mosazrebani
SesaZloa, zogierTi, SedarebiTi mokrZalebuli instituti mmarTvelobis
rigiani muSaobisTvis ufro met yuradRebas imsaxurebs, vidre maT utopistebi
uTmoben. rogorc vnaxeT, utopiuri gegmebi savsea faruli safrTxeebiT.
miuxedavad imisa, rom utopiuri sqemebi xSirad saukeTeso survilebiTaa
motivirebuli da maRali idealebiT ganmtkicebuli, rogorc platonma aRmoaCina,
sxva adamianur swrafvaTa umetesobis msgavsad, mainc warumateblobisTvis
aris ganwiruli. realur samyaroSi, utopiuri ocnebebis msxvreva mTlianad
sazogadoebis ngrevas iwvevs, rac naTlad aCvena meoce saukunis totalitarizmma,
romelic metwilad utopistur idealebs emyareboda.

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daskvna
tomas morma termin utopiaSi srulyofili harmoniisa da bednierebis
warmosaxviTi sazogadoeba igulisxma. meTeqvsmete saukuneSi moris utopia iyo
Semparavi Seteva henri VIII-is mmarTvelobis droindeli inglisis sazogadoebis
mankierebebze. Tumca `srulyofili~ politikuri wyobis gansazRvris pirveli
mniSvnelovani mcdeloba platonis `respublikaSi~ gvxvdeba.
respublikaSi platoni filosofiuri gamokvlevebis gziT samarTlian
sazogadoebas eZebda. meCvidmete saukuneSi frensis bekonis axalma atlantidam
gviCvena, rogor SeiZleba Tanamedrove mecnierebis meSveobiT gaizardos adamianis SesaZleblobebi. mogvianebiT karl marqsma SemogvTavaza Sexeduleba, romlis mixedviTac mxolod sazogadoebis SigniT ekonomikur urTierTobaTa radikaluri reorganizaciis gziT aris SesaZlebeli WeSmariti samarTlis miRweva
da adamianTa tanjvis dasruleba. marqsis socialuri transformaciis Teoriis
saboloo mizani uklaso sazogadoebis Seqmnaa.
zogadad, utopiuri azrebi idealizmiTa da socialuri usamarTlobis SeuwynareblobiT iyo STagonebuli. Tumca, utopiis savaraudo sasurveloba xSirad
ewinaaRmdegeba mis praqtikul SesaZleblobas. utopiuri sazogadoebis principuli dabrkoleba aris adamianis bunebis udavo araprognozirebadoba da egoizmi, romlis kontrolsac utopiuri moazrovneni eugeniuri programebis, savaldebulo ganaTlebis sistemiT da kerZo sakuTrebis gauqmebiT cdilobdnen.
utopistebi xSirad adanaSauleben politikosebs, rom maT ver gaaumjobeses sazogadoebis yofa. Sedegad, bevr utopiur gegmaSi sasurvel cvlilebaTa
gatarebis dros politikosebis roli an mniSvnelovnad SezRudulia, an saerTod gauqmebuli. politikis uaryofa utopiuri sqemebis umetesobas kritikis
samizned xdis, vinaidan isini advilad SeiZleba iqcnen totalitarizmis gegmad.
aseTi gegmebi asaxulia naSromebSi, romlebSic utopia Ramis koSmarad gadaqceul distopiad iqceva.

sakvanZo sityvebi
utopia
filosofosi-mefeebi
proletariatis diqtatura
komunizmis pirveli safexuri

komunizmis meore safexuri

adamianis buneba
eugenia
distopia

kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis
1. saidan warmoiSva da ras niSnavs sityva `utopia~?
2. azrTa rogori sxvadasxvaoba iyo utopist mweralTa Soris utopiis praqtikulobis Taobaze?

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3. utopisti mwerlebi xSirad garkveul varauds gamoTqvamen adamianis
bunebisa da sazogadoebis Sesaxeb. ganmarteT.
4. risi swavla SegviZlia utopiuri Sexedulebebidan Tanamedrove msoflios politikasTan mimarTebaSi?
5.

meoce saukuneSi totalitarizmma didi gavlena moaxdina calkeul mwerlebze, romelTa moTxrobebSi utopia `Tavdayiraa~ warmodgenili. ganmarteT.

SeniSvnebi:
1. yvelaze didi gavlena iqonia baron de monteskies `kanonTa gonis~ II wignSi mocemulma politikuri
mmarTvelobebis klasifikaciam. monteskie ganasxvavebda respublikebs, monarqiebs da despotur mmarTvelobebs,
xolo Semdeg dayofas axdenda demokratiul respublikebad, romlebic mTeli xalxis mier imarTeba da aristokratul demokratiebad, romlebsac xalxis nawili marTavs (gansakuTrebiT mdidarTa klasi). respublikebs
istoriulad ganasxvaveben pirdapiri demokratiebisagan. amgvarad, jeims medisoni (albaT wamyvani figura
SeerTebuli Statebis damfuZnebelTagan) mmarTvelobebs, romlebSic xalxi pirdapir monawileobda marTvaSi
(da warmomadgenlobis imedze ar iyvnen) pirdapir demokratiebs uwodebda. radgan SeerTebuli Statebis mmarTveloba warmomadgenlobas iTvaliswinebda, mas respulika ewoda.
2. ix. agreTve Arthur Schlesinger Jr.-is The Disuniting of America: Reflections on a Multicultural Society (New York: Norton, 1993).
3. Aristotle, The Politics mTargm. da red. Ernest Barker (New York: Oxford University Press, 1962), 4.
4. platonisgan gansxvavebiT, romelsac politikuri `filosofiis~ mamad moixsenieben xolme.
5. Jack H. Nagel da John E. McNulty Partisan Effects of Voter Turnout in Senatorial and Gubernatorial Elections, American
Political Science Review 90 (dekemberi 1996): 780-793.
6. ix. Leo Strauss-is What is Political Philosophy? da sxva kvlevebi (New York: Free Press, 1959), 10-12.
7. arsebobs am midgomis sxvadasxva variacia: magaliTad, tradiciuli realisturi Teoria (Tumca garkveuli winaaRmdegobebis fonze) gansazRvres poolitologebma, romlebsac neorealistebad an struqturul realistebad moixsenieben. aq ZiriTadi Sromaa Kenneth Waltz-is Theory of International Politics, (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1979). ix. imave
avtoris Realist Thought and Neo-Realist Theory, Journal of International Affairs XLIV (gazafxuli/zafxuli 1990): 21-37.

8. am ori midgomis mecnieruli Serwymis mcdelobad ix. Robert O. Keohane-is International Institutions and State Power
(Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1989), koheinis Teorias zogjer moixsenieben, rogorc neoliberalur institucionalizms.

9. Irving Kristol The Nature of Nazism wignSi The Commentary Reader, red. Norman Pohoretz (New York: Atheneum,
1965), 16.
l0. ix. Albert Speer-is Inside the Third Reich, Targm: R. Winston da C. Winston (New York: Avon, 1971). SeadareT Stanley
Haverwas da David Burrell-is, Self-deception and Autobiography: Reflections on Speers Inside the Third Reich, wignSi Truthfulness and Tragedy: Further Investigations in Christian Ethics, red. Stanley Haverwas da sxvebi (South Bend, Ind.: University of Notre
Dame Press, 1977), 82-97.

11. Hannah Arendt, Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil (New York, Penguin Books, 1964). SeadareT
Gideon Hausner-is, Justice in Jerusalem (New York: Schocken Bokks, 1968). 465.
12. yvela germaneli an evropeli rodi iyo borotebisadmi aixmaniviT gulgrili da egoisti. aRsaniSnavi,
Tumca aratipuri magaliTia Oskar Schindler (romlis saxeli mxatvruli filmis Schindlers List wyalobiT gaxda
yvelasaTvis cnobili). Sindleri germaneli saqmosani, nacisturi partiis wevri iyo. man jer amuSava, Semdeg ki
sakuTari saqmiani da partiuli kavSirebis gamoyenebiT gadaarCina Tavisi ebraeli muSebi. Sindlerisa da sxva
keTili qristianis mamacuri qmedebebi aRwerilia Eva Fogelman-is wignSi Conscience and Courage: Rescuers of Jews
during the Holocaust (New York: Doubelday, 1994). ix. aseve Samuel P. Oliner da Pearl M. Oliner, The Altruistic Personality:
Rescuers of Jews in Nazi Europe (New York: Free Press, 1988). eWvgareSea, rom mkiTxvelTa umravlesoba am mxsnelebTan
da SindlerTan ufro gaaigivebs sakuTar Tavs, vidre aixmanTan, magram SemaSfoTebelia is faqti, rom gacilebiT
ufro meti germaneli (`hitleriugendis~ aTeuloboT aTasi wevris CaTvliT) hitleris siZulviliT monusxuli,

aixmaniviT ufro iqceoda, vidre SindleriviT.

60

61

T aavv i II
III

konstituciuri
demokratia
warmomadgenlobiTi
revolucia

demokratiuli konstituciebi
demokratia, rogorc gulisxmieri
xelisufleba
umravlesobis
umravlesobis mmarTveloba
tirania
demokratia, rogorc SezRuduli
xelisufleba
kanonis uzenaesoba
umciresobaTa uflebebi
konstitucionalizmi, rogorc swori profederalizmi
cedura
demokratia, rogorc efeqtiani
xelisufleba
energiis aucistabilurobis aucilebloba
lebloba
xelisuflebis Tavidan gamogoneba:
ganmanaTlebloba da amerikis idea
Tavisuflebis arqiteqtura
saprezidento
Sekaveba da gawonasworeba
Zalauflebis danawileba
umravsistema
lesobis mmarTvelobaze dawesebuli SezRudvebi
ramdenad Zlieria zedmetad Zlieri?

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konstituciuri demokratiis principiT moqmedebs mTavroba, romelic

pirdapiraa arCeuli anu romelic amerikis damfuZnebel mamaTa TqmiT, `warmomadgenlobiT struqturas~ moicavs. respublikaSi (efuZneba arapirdapiri demokratiuli mmarTvelobis princips) politikur procesSi xalxi monawileobs,
rogorc pirdapir, ise arCeuli warmomadgenlebis meSveobiT. iseTi mravalferovani qveynebi, rogoricaa safrangeTi, poloneTi, indoeTi, samxreTi afrika, brazilia da meqsika, iTvleba konstituciuri demokratiis magaliTebad.
iseTi oficialuri saxelebi, rogorebicaa germaniis federaciuli demokratiuli respublika an samxreT koreis respublika, asaxavs imas, rom Tanamedrove
demokratiis arsi warmomadgenlobaa. Sesabamisad, respublikis politikuri
cxovrebisTvis araferia sasicocxlod imaze ufro mniSvnelovani, rogorc
regularuli arCevnebi, rac sayovelTao saarCevno uflebisa da xmis farulad
micemis principebs efuZneba. advilia imis daviwyeba, rom am uflebebisTvis
dedamiwis mraval adgilze uamravi adamiani ibrZoda da iRupeboda msoflio
istoriis bolo ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi. dReisaTvis gacilebiT meti adamiani gacilebiT met adgilas sargeb lobs xmis micemis uflebiT, vidre odesme.
retrospeqtiulad rom SevxedoT, amerikisa da safrangeTis revoluciebis Semdgomi orsaukunovani istoria ZiriTadad swored adamianis Rirsebisa da saxalxo
TviTmmarTvelobisTvis brZolis gamoxatvaa (es ori termini, bevri adamianis
gonebaSi arsebiTad erTsa da imaves niSnavs).
iqac, sadac xalxi politikuri Zalauflebis ZiriTadi wyaroa, yvelafris
gakeTeba masac ar SeuZlia. nebismieri arsebuli demokratia SezRudvebs uwesebs umravlesobis mmarTvelobas. es SezRudvebi xSirad umciresobaTa uflebebSi gamoixateba _ es is uflebebia, romlebic garantirebulia Tundac im moqalaqeTaTvis, romlebic saerTod ver ewyobian umravlesobas. gamomdinare aqedan,
gamomuSavebulia im procedurebis ganmsazRvreli regulaciis standartuli wesebi, romlis farglebSic mTavroba moqmedebs.

demokratiuli konstitucia
saxelmwifos konstitucia qmnis xelisuflebis mowyobisa da moqmedebis
sqemas, Sesabamisad gansazRvravs, rogorc mis uflebamosilebaTa, ise am uflebamosilebebis ganxorcielebis CarCoebs (SezRudvebs). Tanamedrove demokratiul saxelmwifoTa umetesobas dawerili konstitucia aqvs, magram isini arsebiTad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan, ZiriTadad istoriisa da moculobis
mixedviT. zogi maTgani, magaliTad, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa da safrangeTisa, lakonurobis magaliTebia, sxvebisa, vTqvaT, indoeTisa da keniisa _ grZeli da detalurad gawerili. indoeTis konstitucia federaluri kontrolis
sakiTxebs oTxmocdaCvidmet statias uZRvnis, samocdaeqvss _ Statebis iurisdiqcias da ormocdaSvids _ federalur da Statebis xelisuflebaTa saerTo
kontrolis (anu paralelur Zalauflebis) sakiTxebs. keniis konstitucia imdenad detaluria centralur da regionul xelisuflebaTa kompetenciebis ganawilebis TvalsazrisiT, rom exeba iseT sakiTxebsac ki, rogoricaa cxovelTa

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daavadebebis kontroli, dalaqTa saqmianobis regulacia da macxovrebelTa
mier sacxovrebeli farTobis araorganizebulad dakavebis sakiTxebi.
gaerTianebuli samefo da israeli aris ori demokratia, romlebsac formaluri (dawerili) konstitucia arc aqvT. britanuli konstitucia gawerilia
britaneli xalxis gulebsa da gonebaSi. igi sazogadoebaSi Rrmad gamjdari da
sayovelTaod gaziarebuli socialuri kontraqtia, romelic emyareba tradicias da Cveulebas, aseve istoriul dokumentebSi, samefo gankargulebebSi, parlamentis aqtebsa da sasamarTlo precedentebSi asaxul konstituciur principebs, romlebic saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi gansazRvraven britaneTis politikur
cxovrebas.
amasTan, gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom demokratiuli konstitucia iqmne ba
garkveuli ZiriTadi Rirebulebebis safuZvelze. es Rirebulebebia: Tavisufleba, garkveuli saxis Tanasworoba, da sayovelTao, miukerZoebeli samarTlianoba kanonis farglebSi. bolo wlebSi dasavluri demokratiisaTvis saerTaSoriso terorizmis safrTxe ufro mzardi gaxda, vidre SesaZlo sagareo
samxedro agresia an saraketo muqara. es safrTxe demokratias seriozuli dilemis winaSe ayenebs: rogor SenarCundes SezRuduli mmarT velobis Se sabami si
samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebi, Tuki aRmasrulebel xelisuflebasa da samarTaldamcav institutebs efeqtiani mmarTvelobis Tvis eZleva meti uflebamosilebebi, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, aucilebelia im pirobebSi, rodesac boroteba
sazogadoebaSi aRwevs, Cumad vrceldeba da gaufrTxile b lad esxmis mas Tavs.
konstituciuri demokratia unda akmayofilebdes sam konkurentul, xSirad konfliqtur moTxovnas. pirveli isaa, rom raki demokratiulia, igi gulisx-

mieri unda iyos xalxis mimarT. meore _ raki igi imarTeba gansazRvruli wesebisa
da procedurebis Sesabamisad, SezRudulia dasaxuli miznebis ganxorcielebasa
da im gzebis gamoyenebaSi, romlebiTac am miznebis ganxorcielebas eswrafvian. bolos, rogorc yvela mTavroba, konstituciuri demokratiac ar SeiZleba
xangrZlivi iyos an didxans SemorCes sazogadoebas, Tu efeqtianad ver uzrunvelyofs kanonsa da wesrigs, kompleqsuri araa ekonomikis marTvasa da gare
safrTxeTagan moqalaqeebis dacvaSi (aq igulisxmeba ara marto ucxo qveynis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis Semoseva Tu SemoWra, aramed organizebuli danaSauli, bunebrivi katastrofebi da terorizmi).
gamomdinare konstituciuri demokratiis arsobrivi koncefciidan, xelisufleba idealuria im SemTxvevaSi, Tu erTdroulad gulisxmieric aris,
SezRudulic da efeqtianic. am ZiriTad moTxovnebs Soris saTanado balansis
SenarCuneba erT-erTi gzaa nebismieri demokratiis warmatebis xarisxis gansazRvrisaTvis. am balansis SenarCuneba krizisis pirobebSi demokratiis erT-erTi
yvelaze didi da mudmivad ganmeorebadi gamowvevaa.

demokratia, rogorc gulisxmieri xelisufleba

konstituciuri demokratia saxalxo kontrols umravlesobis mmarTvelobis principis Sesabamisad iyenebs. Tavisufali arCevnebis (da xandaxan
pirdapiri monawileobis) saSualebiT moqalaqeebi mniSvnelovan rols asruleben mmarTvelobaSi, kerZod, irCeven maRali donis gadawyvetilebis mimReb
pirebs da Sesabamisad, maTi meSveobiT iReben kanonebs, ayalibeben politikas da

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marTaven programebs, romlebzec damokidebulia kargad organizebuli samoqalaqo sazogadoeba. es principi imdenad TvalnaTelia SeerTebul StatebSi, kanadasa da sxva dasavlur demokratiul qveynebSi, rom misi qmediToba eWvgareSea.

umravlesobis mmarTveloba
Tavad demokratiis qmediToba SeiZleba saeWvoc ki iyos. rogorc ocdaxuTi
saukunis winaT sokratem SeniSna, sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis gadasaWrelad, bunebrivia, xalxi eqspertebs eZebs. magaliTad, Tu avad varT, mivmarTavT eqims _ samedicino eqsperts. Tuki kargi mmarTveloba gvsurs, ratom unda
mivmarToT adamianebs, romelTa umetesoba politikurad apaTiuri an uvicia?
Tanamedrove avtorma aRniSna, rom `Tuki ewvieT eqims da sTxoveT rCeva, rogor
imkurnaloT, albaT aRSfoTdebiT Tu igi gipasuxebT, rom amis Taobaze SemTxveviT gamvlelebs daekiTxeba da umravlesobis nebis mixedviT imoqmeds.~1 miuxedavad amisa, es swored is gzaa, riTac demokratiebi moqmedeben.
SesaZloa, umravlesobis mmarTvelobis yvelaze pirdapiri dacva aleqsis de tokvilma mogvca Tavis naSromSi `demokratia amerikaSi~ (1835 w.): `umravlesobis moraluri Zalaufleba nawilobriv efuZneba ganmartebas, romlis
mixedviTac meti gansjis unari da sibrZne upiratesad mocemulia didi raodenobis adamianebis erTad Sekrebil jgufSi, vidre calke aRebul individSi~.
tokvils swamda, rom adamianuri gonebis daaxloebiTi Tanasworoba demokratiis ZiriTadi winapirobaa. damatebiT igi Tvlida, rom `umravlesobis moraluri
Zalauf leba aseve emyareba princips, rom bevris interesi aRemateba cotasas~.
tokvilTan demokratiis amgvari ganmarteba sa bolood aseve emyareba adamianTa Tanasworobis rwmenas.2
maSin, rodesac sokratem xazi gausva adamianTa Soris gansxvavebas sibrZnis, gonis, siqvelis mixedviT, tokvilma yuradReba gaamaxvila adamianTa Soris
moralur Tanasworobaze, rogorc umravlesobis Zalauflebis miseuli Tezisis
dacvis safuZvelze. ufro metic, radgan umravlesoba mudmivad icvleba da dRevandeli umciresobebi xvalindel umravlesobad SeiZleba mogvevlinon, umravlesobis principi yvelas exeba da erTi konkretuli jgufis gansazRvraze araa
mibmuli. tokvilis mixedviT, SeerTebul StatebSi `yvela partias surs scnos
umravlesobis uflebebi, radgan isini imedovneben, rom es uflebebi maT upiratesobad iqceva momavalSi~.3
Sesabamisad, umravlesobis mmarTvelobis politikuri principi mxardaWeras poulobs rogorc Tanasworobis ideaSi, ise TviTinteresSi. miuxedavad amisa,
umravlesobis mmarTvelobis miRweva arc ise iolia da yovelTvis arcaa didad dafasebuli, rogorc erTi SexedviT SeiZleba gvegonos. SeerTebul StatebSi, sadac
orpartiuli sistema myaradaa damkvidrebuli, arCevnebi, Cveulebriv, gamokveTs
umravlesobas rogorc Statebis, ise erovnuli donis sakanonmdeblo organoebSi.
arCevnebi aseve ganapirobebs umravlesobis gamovlinebas saprezidento arCevnebis umravlesobaSi. magram rogorc 2000 wlis saprezidento arCevnebma cxadyo,
kandidati, romelic moipovebs xalxis xmebis umravlesobas, SeiZleba avtomaturad ar gaxdes prezidenti. (`yvelaferi gamarjvebuls~ sistema (winner-takes-all),
sadac xmebis umravlesobis mimRebi kandidati Statis mTeli eleqtoratis xmebs
iRebs VI da X TavebSia ganxiluli).

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saparlamento sistemebSi umravlesobis mmarTvelobis problema sakmaod
gansxvavebulad dgas. saparlamento sistemebis umetesobas aqvs qveynis sakanonmdeblo organoSi mravalpartiuli warmomadgenlobis sistema (ratom aris es
ase, qvemoT iqneba ganxiluli). Cveulebriv, mravalpartiuli sistemebi ar qmnis
umravlesobas romelime erTi partiisTvis sakanonmdeblo organoSi. ori an meti
partia iZulebulia koaliciaSi gaerTiandes, raTa Camoayalibos mTavroba da
moipovos saparlamento xmebis umravlesoba Tavisi programebisa da politikis
gansaxorcieleblad. Sesabamisad, umravlesobis mmarTvelobis nebismieri Sesa-

Zlebloba kiTxvis niSnis qveS dgeba. rodesac `xmosnebi~ iyofian ara or, aramed,
vTqvaT, xuT an eqvs jgufad, SeuZlebelia gamoTvalo, sad, an ra poziciazea umravlesoba. aseve SeuZlebelia romelime erTma partiam koaliciur mTavrobaSi
Tanmimdevrulad daicvas Tavisi platforma da koaliciuri partniorebis survilebisa da poziciebis ignorireba moaxdinos. amis Sedegad mohyveba viwro partiuli poziciebis waSla da, Sesabamisad, mTavrobis muSaoba daeyrdnoba ufro
mcire saerTo niSnuls da ara umravlesobis mmarTvelobas. Sesabami-sad, xmis
mimcemni xSirad imedgacrulebulni rCebian da maT aRqmaSi araefeqtiani mTavroba maTi cinizmis obieqti xdeba.
gaerTianebul samefoSic ki, msoflios wamyvan orpartiul saparlamento
sistemaSi, umravlesobis mmarTveloba problemuria. britanuli arCevnebi TiTqmis yovelTvis warmoSobs gamokveTil umravlesobas parlamentSi (ix. VI Tavi),
magram gamarjvebuli partia iSviaTad Tu agrovebs saerTo xmebis odenobis
45%-ze mets (xSirad amaze gacilebiT naklebsac ki). sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,
britanuli demokratia ufro zustad daxasiaTdeba, mas xmosanTa SedarebiTi umravlesobis sistemas (Plurality vote system) Tu davarqmevT. igive, Tumca gacilebiT
naklebi xarisxiT, exeba SeerTebuli Statebis demokratiasac, radgan kongresis wevrebs erTmandatian saarCevno olqebSi irCeven da vinc yvelaze met xmas
iRebs, is imarjvebs (ara aqvs mniSvneloba, amomrCevlebis saerTo raodenobasTan
Tanafardobas, mTavaria, mocemulma kandidatma miiRos meti xma konkurentTan
SedarebiT).
xmis micemis or tips _ umravlesobasa (majority) da SedarebiT umravlesobas (plurality) _ Soris gansxvaveba Teoriul problemas qmnis. Tuki kandidati
an mTavroba arCeulia SedarebiTi umravlesobis da ara xmebis saerTo odenobis
umravlesobis safuZvelze, maSin gamodis, rom amomrCevelTa ufro did nawils am
kandidatisTvis Tu mTavrobisTvis xma ar miucia. es saSiSia, radgan SesaZloa am
analizis logikam iolad miiRos mcdari mimarTuleba. saqme isaa, rom Tuki msgavs
SemTxvevebSi vambobT, rom umravlesoba ar marTavs, imas ki ar vgulisxmobT , rom
umciresobam Zalauflebis uzurpacia moaxdina, aramed imas, rom umravlesoba,
rogorc aseTi, ar arsebobs. Sesabamisad, laparaki umravlesobis miTis Sesaxeb,
ar gulisxmobs umravlesobis mmarTvelobis principis gacamtverebas, am SemTxvevaSi saqme exeba ufro im sirTulis aRiarebas, rac Tan axlavs am principis
praqtikaSi danergvas.
umravlesobis mmarTveloba saTqmelad ufro iolia, vidre gasaxorcielebeli. is faqti, rom umravlesoba xSirad efemerulia, problemas qmnis demokratiis TeoriisTvis, xolo umravlesobis tiranuloba _ demokratiis praqtikisaTvis. qvemoT yuradRebas davuTmobT swored am problemebs da imas, rogor
cdiloben demokratiebi maT gadaWras.

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umravlesobis tirani
tirania
pasuxismgeblobis grZnobis mqone xelisuflebis yolis survili aS karaa,
magram msgavsi xelisuflebis arseboba araa imis garantia, rom seriozuli
sa xis usamarTloba ar iCens Tavs. am mosazrebis ilust rirebisTvis, warmovidginoT veluri dasavleTis situacia, rodesac udanaSaulo mawanwala veragulad dadanaSaulebulia qalaqis erT-erTi yvelaze gamoCenili moqalaqis
civsisxlian mkvlelobaSi, Camwyvdeulia sapatimroSi da elo deba mosamarTlisa da nafici msajulebis ganaCens. qalaqSi TiTqmis yvela an aRSfoTebulia, an mTvralia (an orive erTad) da ganrisxebuli brbo mkacrad iTxovs
samarTlis swraf aRsrulebas. am masis winaaRmdeg dgas ori pirovneba, mamaci
Serifi da misive jiuti moxuci TanaSemwe. mTeli am ambis gardauvali finali xdeba quCaSi, Serifis ofisis win. `mkvlelis~ linCis wesiT gasamarTlebis
moTxovniT mosul brbos win uZRvian qala qis meri da qalaqis sabWos wevrebi
(maT Soris pirovneba, romelmac realurad Caidina danaSauli). sabolood,
mxo lod Serifis gmirul saqciels SeuZlia ixsnas udanaSaulo adamiani saknidan gamoTrevisa da uaxloes xeze dakidebisagan.
es banaluri ambavi realurad warmoaCens politikuri mecnierebis erTerT gakveTils, imis cocxal magaliTs, rogoria gulisxmieri mTavroba moqmedebaSi. qalaqis mosaxleobis umravlesobam TvalnaTliv daanaxa Tavisi survilebi Serifs, romelic Zalauflebisa da kanonis uzenaesobis simboloa. yvelaze
ioli gamosavali SerifisTvis iqneboda is, rom dahyoloda umravlesobis nebas
da udanaSaulo adamiani ganrisxebuli brbosTvis miegdo. amis garda, SesaZlebeli iyo rame iseTi moqmedeba, romelic ufro metad iqneboda SesabamisobaSi
umravlesobis marTvis principTan da naklebad _ elementaruli samarTlianobis
moTxovnasTan. demokratiuli mmarTveloba, rodesac igi umravlesobis SeuzRudav Zalauflebas gulisxmobs, SeiZleba brbos mmarTvelobis sinonimuric ki
gaxdes. is, rac Cveulebriv tiraniisgan dacvad, anu umravlesobis mmarTvelobad, aRiqmeba, ragind ironiuladac unda JRerdes, SeiZleba iqces imad, rasac
tokvili umravlesobis tiranias uwodebda.4 imis SiSiT, rom erT dominantur
klasze, religiasa an politikur mrwamsze dafuZnebuli umravlesoba fexqveS
gaTelavda umciresobis uflebebs, politikuri moazrovneebi saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi xSirad uars ambobdnen demokratiaze.
brbos mmarTvelobis safrTxis mowmeebi amerikelebi 2001 wlis bolos gaxdnen, im krizisis dros, rodesac teroristulma aqtebma aTasobiT niu-iorkelis sicocxle Seiwira da aTasobiT maTganis janmrTeloba daaziana. rodesac
damnaSaveebi muslimi eqstremistebi aRmoCndnen, danaSaulis masStabiT damfrTxali bevri amerikeli SeerTebul StatebSi mcxovrebi arabuli da muslimuri umciresobebis winaaRmdeg ganewyo. vnebaTaRelva axlo aRmosavleTidan
Casuli migrantebis mimarT mxolod mas Semdeg dacxra, rac prezidentma jorj
buSma STambeWdavi gancxadeba gaakeTa, romliTac amerikelebs tolerantobisa
da gonierebisken mouwoda. dasavleT evropaSi umravlesobis mier umciresobaTa
uflebebze zewolam bolo wlebSi seriozuli xasiaTi miiRo. mas Semdeg, rac imigraciis sakiTxebze daiwyo msjeloba. magaliTad, safrangeTSi partia erovnuli

fronti momentalurad moeqca sazogadoebrivi yuradRebis centrSi da adgilobrivi da saxelmwifo donis arCevnebSi uamravi momxre SeiZina. am partiis swrafma aRmasvlam bevri damkvirvebeli sagonebelSi Caagdo, radgan sazogadoebrivi

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azris gamokvlevebma cxadyo, rom bevri maTgani, vinc am partias mxars ar uWerda,
realurad iziarebda da TanaugrZnobda mis miznebs. erovnuli frontis kandidatis Jan-mari le penis mier 2002 wlis saprezidento arCevnebSi meore adgilis dakavebam gaaoca safrangeTi da evropa. marTali, arCevnebis bolo etapze le penma
waago xelisuflebaSi myofi Jak Sirakis momxreTa xmebis aSkara upiratesobis
gamo, magram is, rom man seriozulad daamarcxa socialistebis kandidati premier-ministri lionel Jespeni, realurad gamofxizlebisken mowodeba iyo imaTTvis, vinc jerovnad ver afasebda antiimigraciuli moZraobis Zalas evropaSi.
msoflioSi bevri demokratiuli qveyanaa, sadac umravlesoba SeiZleba
ganxilul iqnas, rogorc umciresobis mCagvreli. magaliTad, germaniaSi cxovrobs mravalricxovani Turquli umciresoba, romelsac dResac ki ar gaaCnia
umravlesobis Tanaswori uflebebi. CexeTis respublikaSi (da, saerTod, aRmosavleT evropaSi) umravlesoba sistematurad eweva boSaTa umciresobis diskriminacias. israelSi arabuli umciresoba (igulisxmebian palestineli arabebi,
romlebic israelis moqalaqeebi arian da ara dasavleT sanapiros an Razas seqtoris macxovreblebi) ar sargeblobs sruli politikuri da socialuri TanasworobiT ebraul umravlesobasTan. TurqeTSi qurTuli umciresobis uflebebi
xSirad ewireba Turquli umravlesobis SiSsa da stereotipebs.
yovelive zemoaRniSnuli msoflioSi arsebuli umravlesobis tiraniis magaliTebis mxolod nawilobriv CamoTvlaa. SemaSfoTeblad iolia demokratiul

sazogadoebaSi umciresobaTa uflebebis rutinuli da sistematuri xelyofis

magaliTebis povna. am faqtze yuradRebis gamaxvileba, SeiZleba, arasworad
gavigoT an demokratiaze Tavdasxmis interpretaciad miviCnioT, magram simarTle sruliad sapirispiro ganzraxvaSi devs. TviTkritikisaTvis mzadyofna da
amisgan gamomdinare SesaZlo sikeTeebi, romlebic axasiaTebs demokratias, misi,
rogorc politikuri sistemis upiratesobis argumentebia.
dausviT sakuTar Tavs Semdegi kiTxvebi: rodesac aravin saubrobs demokratiaSi umravlesobis tiraniaze, raze miuTiTebs es? niSnavs Tu ara es imas,
rom araviTari tirania ar arsebobs ? niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom umravlesoba ar
arsebobs an rom mdumare umravlesobam neba darTo Tavis politikur warmomadgenlebs, gaTelon umciresobaTa uflebebi? axla mivubrundebiT sakiTxebs imis
Sesaxeb, rogor cdilobs demokratia daicvas Tavisi moqalaqeebis uflebebi,
rogorc xelisuflebisagan, ise Tanamoqalaqeebisagan.

demokratia rogogrc SezRuduli xelisufleba

SezRuduli xelisufleba niSnavs imas, rom umravlesobis mmarTveloba
garkveul CarCoebSia moqceuli. SezRuduli mmarTvelobis aucilebloba cxadi
gaxda veluri dasavleTis linCis momxre brbos Cveneuli magaliTidanac. adamianis CamoxrCoba, romlis danaSauli damtkicebuli araa da arc gasamarTlebulia,
danaSaulia, da umravlesobasac ar aqvs ufleba mkvleloba Caidinos. aSkaraa,
rom moralurad Seucdomeli umravlesobis cneba absurdia. yoveli umravlesoba Sedgeba individebis erTobisgan, romelTagan bevri SeiZleba cdebodes,
arasworad msjelobdes an arasworad informirebuli iyos romelime konkretul sakiTxze. amitom imisTvis, rom Tavidan iqnes acilebuli samarTlebrivi
gadacdoma (magaliTad, rogoricaa linCis wesiT gasamarTleba), saWiroa xalxis

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mmarTvelobaze SezRudvis daweseba. es SesaZlebelia sxvadasxva saxiT gamoixatos. SeerTebul StatebSi xelisufleba SezRudulia im aspeqtSi, rogor miiRos
kanonebi an dasajos am kanonebis damrRvevi adamianebi. konstituciis mixedviT
(muxli 1, nawili 9 da10) mTavrobas ar SeuZlia miiRos ex post facto kanoni, romelic
retrospeqtiulad, ukana TariRiT sjis qmedebebs, an bill of attainder _ parlamentis
aqti, romelic SesaZlebels xdis damnaSavis dasjas sasamarTlos gareSe.
konstitucia zRudavs saxelmwifo Zalauflebas aseve sxva mniSvnelovan
aspeqtSi. uflebaTa kanonproeqti (Sedgeba konstituciis pirveli aTi Casworebisgan) ukrZalavs mTavrobas uari uTxras moqalaqeebs sityvis, presis,
Sekrebis, piradi cxovrebis Tavisuflebaze da samarTliani sasamarTlos garantias aZlevs kanonis darRvevaSi eWvmitanil moqalaqeebs.
miuxedavad imisa, rom `TavisuflebaTa
diadi qartia~ (Magna Carta) 800 wlisaa,
man drois gamocdas gauZlo da pirveli
da umniSvnelovanesi dokumentia im
ideis damkvidrebas uwyobs xels, rom
xelisufleba kanonis uzenaesobasa da
moqalaqeTa uflebebis pativiscemas
unda uzrunvelyofdes.

umciresobaTa uflebebi
xelisuflebaze dawesebuli konstituciuri SezRudvebi mkacrad gansazRvravs umravlesobis mmarTvelobis principis CarCoebs amerikis SeerTebul
StatebSi. ara aqvs mniSvneloba, ramden adamians surs waarTvas konkretul individs Tavisufali sityvis ufleba, da arc imas, ramdenad mizanmimarTulni arian
isini Tavis ganzraxvaSi, arc erTi xma CaxSobili ar iqneba.
imisaTvis, rom SezRuduli mmarTveloba iyos imaze meti, vidre, ubralod,
carieli koncefcia, sul mcire, mTavrobam unda SeZlos umciresobis dacva
mzardi umravlesobis muqarisagan. miuxedavad amisa, zRvari umravlesobis
mmarTvelobasa da umciresobis uflebebs Soris realurad xSirad dauzustebeli da sakamaToa. Sesabamisad, konstituciuri uflebebi araa TviTgansazRvradi.
moqalaqeebs eniWebaT TviTgamoxatvis ufleba, magram igi araa absoluturi. magaliTad, sityvis Tavisufleba ar iZleva uflebas vinmes telefonis saSualebiT
Seuracxyofa miayenoT an fostiT sicocxlis xelyofis muqara gaugzavnoT, amitom yovelTvis rTulia mkafio sazRvris gavleba erTi pirovnebis `azris gamoxatvasa~ da sxvebis uflebebisa da usafrTxoebis riskqveS dayenebas Soris.
SedarebisTvis, SeerTebuli Statebi gacilebiT Sorsaa wasuli samoqalaqo
uflebebisa da pirovnuli Tavisuflebebis dacvis TvalsazrisiT, vidre sxva
demokratiuli qveynebis umravlesoba. magaliTad, bevri evropeli gaocebulia
SeerTebuli Statebis mier kvotebis gamoyenebiT `kompensaciuri diskriminaciis~ (Affirmative Action) farTo programis farglebSi, riTac Tavis moqalaqeebs
Tanabar saSualebas aZlevs ganaTlebisa da samuSao adgilebis xelmisawvdomo-

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bis kuTxiT. msgavsad amisa, feministuri moZraoba imdenad gamokveTili ar
aris msoflios bevr sxva qveyanaSi, maT Soris iqac ki, sadac demokratiuli
tradiciebi, Ria sazogadoeba da sekularuli kultura ukve damkvidrebulia,
rogorc StatebSi. danaSaulSi eWvmitanilTa uflebebis dacvis praqtikis kuTxiTac Statebi ufro winaa, vidre sxva demokratiuli qveynebi. maT umetesobaSi,
sadac nafici msajulebis instituti ar arsebobs, sasamarTlo darbazi iSviaTad
gamoiyeneba imisTvis, rom samarTalSi micemuli piris sawinaaRmdego Cvenebebi
gabaTildes. amis garda, demokratiul saxelmwifoTa umetesoba gacilebiT nakleb Tavisuflebas aZlevs moqalaqeebs samoqalaqo sarCelis aRZvraze, vidre
SeerTebuli Statebi, romelic samoqalaqo davebis sasamarTlo wesiT gadaWris
sixSiris TvalsazrisiT msoflioSi wamyvania.

kanonis uzenaesoba
idea miukerZoebeli da sayovelTaod savaldebulo kanonebiT saxelmwifoebis marTvis Sesaxeb siaxle ar aris. aristotele amtkicebda, rom kanonis

uzenaesoba TiTqmis yovelTvis upiratesia konkretuli pirebis SeuzRudav Zalauflebaze. am arguments igi samarTlianobis koncefciaze afuZnebda da amtkicebda, rom radgan adamianebi damokidebulni arian fizikuri, materialuri
da fsiqologiuri impulsebis dakmayofilebis vnebebze, kanoni aris `goni, romelic Tavisufalia yvela vnebisagan~.5 amitom kanonis mmarTveloba upiratesia,
vidre erTeuli individisa, Tumca kanonebi interpretirebuli da gatarebuli
unda iqnes individebis mier (kanonmdeblebi da samarTlis aRmsruleblebi).
ori aTasi wlis wlis Semdeg ingliselma filosofosma jon lokma (16321704 ww.) kanonis uzenaesobis principi individualuri Tavisuflebis principTan
axlo kavSiris safuZvelze daicva. loks swamda, rom Tavisufleba ver iarsebebda
dawerili kanonis gareSe da rom kargi xelisufleba garkveuli winaswargansazRvruli wesebiT unda xelmZRvanelobdes (magaliTad, gadasaxadebi ar unda wesdebodes xalxis Tanxmobis gareSe).
lokisTvis es wesebi umaRlesi Tanrigis `kanonebia~, radganac isini moicaven yovelive imas, razec samoqalaqo sazogadoebaa damyarebuli. isini
`kanonTa kanonebia,~ romlebic aucileblad da samarTlianad aweseben SezRudvebs kanonmdeblebze, amasTan, mniSvne loba ara aqvs imas, ramdenad didia umravlesoba, romelic am kanonmdeblebs eqvemdebareba. `maRali rangis kano nis~
lokiseuli koncefciidan warmoiSva konstitucionalizmis idea. rogorc lokma SeniSna (da rogorc vaSingtonSi, kolumbiis olqSi, iusticiis departamentis Senobis Sesasvlelze amotvifruli warwera metyvelebs) `sadac mTavrdeba
kanoni, iq iwyeba tirania~.6
loki im saamayo inglisuri tradiciis gamgrZelebelia, romelic 1215
wlidan dawyebuli mmarTvelobaze SezRudvis dawesebas eZiebda. 1215 wels amboxebulma baronebma inglisis mefe joni aiZules, xeli moewera cnobili Magna
Carta-sTvis (`TavisuflebaTa didi qartia~). Tavdapirvelad es dokumenti SeRa-

vaTebs mxolod feodaluri aristokratiisTvis awesebda, magram misi muxlebis

farTo interpretaciuloba mogvianebiT moqnilad iqna morgebuli da gafarToebuli inglisuri sazogadoebis sxva socialur fenebze da TandaTanobiT

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xalxis mzardi raodenoba moicva. sabolood, Magna Carta britanul TavisuflebaTa safuZveli gaxda. es dokumenti, romelic 63 muxls moicavda, monarqiis
absoluturi Zalauflebis SezRudvisaTvis dawesebuli Sekavebis da gawonasworebis sistemis sawyisi monaxazi iyo. magaliTad, igi acxadebda, rom mefis vasalebi ikribebian sabWod, raTa rCeva da Tanxmoba miscen samefos mniSvnelovani
saqmeebis Taobaze da rom gansakuTrebuli gadasaxadebis daweseba unda moxdes
mxolod maTi dasturis SemTxvevaSi. SesaZloa yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyo 39-e
muxli, romelic gamoxatavda valdebulebis pirobas kanonis aRsrulebis procesSi _ is, vinc braldebuli iqneboda danaSaulis CadenaSi, daeqvemdebareboda miukerZoebel sasamarTlos da daculi iqneboda TviTneburi patimrobisa
da sasjelisagan. am TvalsazrisiT dokumenti amtkicebda, rom `aravin iqneba
dapatimrebuli, datyvevebuli an kanongareSed gamocxadebuli, an gaZevebuli,
an mokluli... misi perebis mier ganxorcielebuli kanonieri sasamarTlosa da
samefos kanonebis gareSe~.
meCvidmete saukunis ganmavlobaSi, lokis dros, didi nabijebi gadaidga
kanonis safuZvelze xelisuflebis SezRudvis TvalsazrisiT. magaliTad, ufle-

baTa peticiam~ (Petition of Rights, 1628) wamoayena savaldebulo samarTlebrivi procedurebis idea, riTac SeizRuda monarqis sagadasaxdo Zalaufleba. amasTan,
saSineli varskvlavebiani palatis~ gauqmebam (1641) daasrula periodi, rodesac
sasamarTlos hqonda Zalaufleba, wamebis gziT mieRo aRiarebiTi Cveneba da samefos qveSevrdomebze sasjeli taxtis moTxovniT daewesebina. sabolood, Habeas
Corpus Act -is (1679) safuZvelze SeizRuda xelisuflebis ufleba, sakuTari mo-

sazrebebis safuZvelze daepatimrebina adamiani. man aseve mZime sasjeli daawesa

im mosamarTleebisaTvis, romlebic ver axerxebdnen droulad gamoeqveynebinaT
Habeas Corpus Act-is instruqciebi da, Sesabamisad, eCvenebinaT, rom braldebuli

kanonieradaa dakavebuli da mis mimarT gamoiyeneba Cadenili danaSaulis Sesabamisi kanonebi.

meCvidmete saukuneSive Seiqmna samarTlebrivi precedenti, romelmac mogvianebiT uzarmazari gavlena moaxdina SeerTebul Statebzec. gamoCenili ingliseli iuristi ser edvard kouki `doqtor bonemis saqmeze~ (1610) gamoTqmul
mosazrebaSi amtkicebda, rom inglisuri zogadi samarTali (common law), maT Soris Magna Carta, unda iyos is standarti, romlis Sesabamisic iqneba rogorc saparlamento aqtebi, ise monarqis brZanebebi. koukis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT:
Cveni wignebidan Cans, rom bevr SemTxvevaSi zogadi samarTali akontrolebs parlamentis aqtebs da xandaxan maT arafrismTqmelad miiCnevs;
rodesac saparlamento aqti saerTo uflebebis an gonierebis sawinaaRmdegoa, Seusabamoa maTTan an SeuZlebelia misi aRsruleba, zogadi samarTali akontrolebs da gansjis mas.7

`maRali rangis kanonis~ Teoriam fexi ver moikida inglisSi, sadac parlamentis upiratesoba wesad iqca, magram sabolood SeerTebul StatebSi damkvidrda. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis konstitucia da uflebaTa bili (didwilad inglisuri zogadi samarTlidan gamomdinareobs) iqca im standartebad,
romelTa mimarTebaSic fasdeba xalxis mier miRebuli kanonebi.

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konstitucionalizmi, rogorc swori procedura
konstitucionalizmi swori proceduris anu kanonis uzenaesobis sinonimuria. magaliTad, SeerTebuli Statebis uzenaesi sasamarTlos ganmartebiT,
konstitucia kongresis Tanxmobis gareSe qveynis prezidents ukrZalavs samrewvelo sawarmoebis nacionalizacias an CamorTmevas omis pirobebSic ki.8 msgavsad amisa, kanonis uzenaesoba da samarTlebrivi procedura (swori proceduris saxeli) iTvaliswinebs, rom danaSaulSi eWvmitanili piri unda daicvas
advokatma, ufleba unda hqondes daupirispirdes Tavis sawinaaRmdego Cvenebas,
informirebul iqnes braldebis Sesaxeb da ase Semdeg. igive mosazrebidan gamomdinare, administraciuli organoebi emorCileba kanons, _ miawodon sajaro informacia dainteresebul pirebs.
yovel am SemTxvevaSi samarTlebrivi procedurebis arsi erTi da igivea:
arc erTi gadawyvetileba ar SeiZleba miRebul iqnes, rogorc saboloo an
samarTliani, sanam dadasturebuli araa, rom ganxilvisas `TamaSis wesebi~ mkacrad iyo daculi. Sesabamisad, konstituciur demokratiaSi Tu gairkveva, rom,
magaliTad, arCevnebSi gamarjvebulma icrua, anu `TamaSis wesebis~ mixedviT ar
imoqmeda, Sedegi iqneba is, rom misi Sedegebi legitimurobas dakargavs. faqtobrivad es swored isaa, rac moxda SeerTebul StatebSi 1974 wels, rodesac
uotergeitis skandalma prezidenti niqsoni aiZula (impiCmentis safrTxis gamo)
postidan gadamdgariyo.
miuxedavad amisa, SeerTebul StatebSi samarTlebrivi procedurebi, sadac
gare damkvirveblis mier ukiduresobad aRiqmeba. magaliTad, policiam aucileblad dakavebisTanave unda waukiTxos danaSaulSi eWvmitanils Tavisi uflebebi
da Seaxsenos, rom dumilis ufleba aqvs (konstituciis mexuTe Sesworeba, romelic
icavs moqalaqes TviTdadanaSaulebisagan). Tuki eWvmitanili aRiarebs danaSauls
imis gareSe, rom mas es ufleba ar Seaxsenes (aseve sxva uflebebic), msgavsi aRiareba miuRebeli iqneba sasamarTlosTvis. faqtobrivad, yvela sxva liberaluri
demokratiisTvis msoflioSi, maT Soris gaerTianebuli samefosTvis, safrangeTisTvis, kanadisa da avstraliisTvisac, aRiareba aRiarebaa da misi miuReblobis
xarisxi izrdeba imis mixedviT, SesaZlebeli iyo Tu ara misi mopoveba moraluri
Tu fizikuri zewolis sxvadasxva formis Sedegad.
demokratiisTvis sakmarisi araa ubralod gamoacxados kanonis uzenaesoba,
rogorc principi; sityvebi da qmedebebi erTmaneTs unda emTxveodes. magaliTad,
afroamerikelebi da sxva umciresobebi wlebis ganmavlobaSi diskriminaciis
msxverplad rCebodnen mas Semdegac ki, rac samoqalaqo omi dasrulda da
miRebuli iqna konstituciis meToTxmete Sesworeba, romelic araorazrovnad
ganmartavs `kanonis winaSe Tanasworobas~. msagavsad amisa, qalebs saarCevno
uflebebi 1920 wlamde ar miuRiaT da bolo dromde saxlis da ojaxis gareT
saqmianobis mciredi SesaZleblobebiT sargeblobdnen. sabolood, amerikis
cixeebSi tusaRTa umravlesoba axalgazrda Savkaniani amerikelebi arian,
sikvdiliT dasjis molodinSi myof tusaRTa umetesobac aseve afroamerikelia,
rac, miuxedavad sasamarTloebis mier kanonisa (Cvenebebis miRebis wesi) da
samarTlebrivi procedurebis mkacrad dacvisa, mainc aRZravs kiTxvebs amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebis iusticiis sistemis samarTlianobis Sesaxeb.
swori procedura arsebiTia samarTlis Tanaswori xelmisawvdomo bis Tvis, romelic, Tavis mxriv, arsebiTia demokratiisTvis. amavdroulad, samarT-

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lebrivi procedura ar iZleva imis garantias, rom igi myari jav Sani iqneba
seriozuli usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg. msgavsi garantiis moTxovna, SesaZloa,
zedmeti iyos nebismieri politikur-samarTlebrivi sistemis mimarT. rogorc
wina TavSi aRvniSneT, utopia araa gamosavalis momcemi alternativa.

federalizmi
konstituciuri xelisuflebis SezRudvis sxva gzaa federalizmad wodebuli ZalauflebaTa dayofa. Tanamedrove federaluri respublikebia: amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebi, meqsika, germania, kanada, indoeTi, brazilia da nigeria.
Teoriulad, federalizmi Zalauflebis danawilebaa saxelmwifo xelisuflebasa da regionul erTeulebs Soris. am erTeulebs inglisur enaze
xSirad states uwodeben, magram radgan inglisur enaSi Tavad saxelmwifoc
state - ad JRers, igi ar unda agverios suverenul sa xelmwifoSi, romelic samec-

niero literaturaSi ufro xSirad nation-state (eri-saxelmwifo) terminiT gvxvdeba. (saxelmwifos politikur-teritoriuli erTeuli state TargmanSi Stats
niSnavs. mTargmnelis SeniSvna!) SeerTebul StatebSi arsebobs Zalauflebis
konstituciuri danawileba saxelmwifo anu federalur xelisuf lebasa da
Statis xelisuf lebas Soris. konstituciis pirveli muxlis, merve nawili,
magaliTad, ganmartavs im sferoebs, romlis farglebSic erovnuli kongresi
uflebamosilia awarmoos kanonmdebloba. amavdroulad konstituciis meaTe
Sesworeba uzrunvelyofs imas, rom is kompetenciebi, romlebic konstituciis
ZaliT miniWebuli ar aqvs saxelmwifo xelisuflebas, Statis uflebamosilebebad darCes. tradiciulad, Statis xelisuflebis funqciebSi Sedioda Sida
wesrigisa da mSvidobis SenarCuneba, ganaTlebis, sazogadoebrivi janmrTelobis dacvisa da usafrTxoebis, aseve keTildReobis uzrunvelyofa (e.w.
Statebis sapolicio Zalaufleba anu sa xelmwifos samarTlebrivi wesrigi).
erT dros am Zalauflebas TiTqmis eqskluziurad Tavad Stati axorcielebda, magram 1930-iani wlebidan saxelmwifo mTavrobis roli warmoudgenlad
gaizarda, rodesac prezidentma franklin delano ruzveltma (1933-1945) Tavisi New Deal-is politikis farglebSi farTomasStabiani federaluri programebi wamoiwyo didi depresiis socialur-ekonomikuri efeqtebis aRmosafxvrelad, kerZod, ekonomikis stimulirebisa da axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmnis
mizniT.
prezidentma riCard niqsonma (1968-1973) scada sapirispiro mimarTulebiT waremarTa erovnuli xelisuflebis rolis zrdis procesi da axali federalizmis (new federalism) politika SeimuSava, romelic miznad isaxavda Statebis
xelisuflebis rolis gazrdas, rogorc misi qmediTobis, ise Sedegis TvalsazrisiT. am politikis ori ZiriTadi elementi StatebisTvis e.w. erTdrouli subsidiebis micema da saerTo Semosavlis ganawileba iyo. SemdgomSi, sxva prezidentebma, kerZod, konservatorma respublikelma ronald reiganma (1980-1988) da
demokratma bil klintonma (1992-2000) aseve gaagrZeles StatebisTvis kompetenciisa da uflebamosilebis ukan dabrunebis politika. SeerTebul StatebSi msgavs politikas Zalauflebis gadacema (devolution) hqvia.
ra aris Zalauflebis danawilebis msgavsi formis sazrisi? SeerTebuli
Statebis istoriaSi isini, visac swamda, rom Tavisuflebis dacvis saukeTeso sa-

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Sualeba xalxTan xelisuflebis maqsimalurad daaxloeba iyo, federalizms qadagebdnen. xalxis ganwyobisa da adgilobrivi interesebisgan Sors mdgari erTiani
centraluri xelisuflebis tiraniaSi gadazrdis SiSiT, 1787 wels gamarTuli
konstituciuri konventis zogierTi delegati warmatebulad amtkicebda, rom
Statis arseboba axali saxelmwifo xelisuflebis tiranuli Zalauflebis SemzRudvel meqanizmebs Seqmnida. Sedegad, konstituciam calkeul Stats Tanabari
warmomadgenloba dauwesa axlad dafuZnebul senatSi da prezidentis federaluri wesiT arCevac SemoiRo (saarCevno kolegiis saSualebiT). amasTan, damatebiT ganisazRvra Statis mniSvneloba konstituciis Sesworebis SemTxvevaSi.
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, pirveli kongresi daTmobaze wavida da konstituciis
meaTe Sesworebis miRebisas Statebis mosazrebebi da SeTavazebebi gaiTvaliswina.
SeerTebul StatebSi federalizmis funqciebi dRes mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba saxelmwifos ganviTarebis adreul periodSi arsebulisagan. Tavdapirvelad, didi winaaRmdegobebi wamoiWra sakiTxze, ramdenad SeeZlo Stats
(virjinia da kentuki 1798-1799 ww. samxreTi karolina 1830-ian ww.) an regions
(samxreTis Statebi 1860-ian ww.) gamoeyenebina Tavisi uflebebi saxelmwifo xelisuflebis mier ganxorcielebul specifikur politikasTan uTanxmoebis SemTxvevaSi. rodesac interesisa da principis sakiTxebma saxelmwifoSi azrTa sxvadasxvaoba gamoiwvia (kanonebi ucxoelebisa da amboxis waxalisebis Sesaxeb, 1798
w., gadasaxadebis Sesaxeb, 1830-iani ww., monobis Sesaxeb 1860-iani ww.), politikuri dapirispirebebi gaiSala mTavrobis konkretuli qmedebisa da politikuri
gadawyvetilebebis konstituciurobis sakiTxze, romelTa arsi imaze dadioda,
vis hqonda legitimurad saboloo gadawyvetilebis miRebis ufleba _ Stats, Tu
erovnul xelisuflebas.
sakiTxebi, romlebic konstituciis meeqvse muxlma ver gadawyvita, samoqalaqo omma moagvara. marTalia, garkveulwilad mniSvnelovani dapirispirebebi federalur da Statis xelisuflebas Soris SenarCunda, gansakuTrebiT
samxreTSi 1950-1960-ian ww. skolebis desegregaciis Taobaze, magram dReisaTvis
sajaro politikis mraval sakiTxSi, dawyebuli gzebis mSeneblobidan, dasrulebuli danaSaulis winaaRmdeg brZoliT, maT Soris urTierToba ufro TanamSromlobis princips emyareba, vidre konfliqts.9
miuxedavad amisa, bolo wlebSi seriozuli Sejibri SeiniSneboda xelisuflebis am or dones Soris. magaliTad, 1990-ian wlebSi zogierTi Statis xelisuflebam ganaTlebis sferoSi reformebis gatareba (skolebisTvis iuridiuli da
finansuri avtonomiis miniWeba _ charter schools, swavlebis vauCerebis principiT
dafinanseba, religiis swavlebis danergva da gaRrmaveba) da antikriminaluri
RonisZiebebis ganxorcieleba scada (sasjelis savaldebulo daweseba, sami gaficvis kanoni, msxverplTa kompensaciis kanoni). zogierTma Statma aseve scada,
uari eTqva kompensaciuri diskriminaciis (affirmative action) politikaze.
msgavsi tendenciebi adasturebs, rom federalizmi amerikis SeerTebul
StatebSi xasiaTdeba, rogorc Statisa da federalur xelisuflebebs Soris
TanamSromlobiT, ise maT Soris SejibriTac. kons titucia ki iSviaTad ganixileba, rogorc barieri sxvadasxva donis mTavrobaTa Soris regularuli
TanamSromlobisTvis, riTac gamsWvalulia amerikuli politikuri sistema.
federalizmi da Tavisufleba zedmeti centralizaciis safrTxisagan

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dacvis gziT federalizmi Tavisuflebasac icavs, radgan zRudavs centraluri xelisuflebis Zalauflebas. am gziT federalizmi individebs icavs potenciurad mbrZaneblobisken midrekili centraluri mTavrobisagan.10 admin-

istraciuli decentralizaciis sistemebis msgavsad, romelic mniSvnelovani

samTavrobo amocanebis ganxorcielebaSi adgilobriv biurokratias efuZneba,
amerikuli stilis federalizmi indivi dualur Tavisuflebebs saxelmwifo
xelisuflebis uflebamosilebaTa arealis SezRudvis gziT icavs. Sesa bamisad
Tanamedrove federalizmis miza ni igivea, rac politikuri decentralizaciisa, romelic
adgilobrivi xelisuflebisaTvis funqciebis gadacemiT axdens
centraluri administraciuli aparatis Semcirebas da, Sesabamisad, naklebad saSiSs xdis mas TavisuflebisaTvis. amavdroulad, decentralizacia ganapirobebs sazogadoebrivi masebis CarTvas politikur cxovrebaSi maTTvis xelisuflebis xelmisawvdomi doneebis gamartivebiTa da
gamravalferovnebiT, rac aaqtiurebs samoqalaqo erTianobas da aCvevs
mas TviTmmarTvelobas. Sedegad, adgilobrivi xelisufleba organizebul struqturebad yalibdeba, romelsac saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi centraluri xelisuflebisaTvis winaaRmdegobis gaweva an misi Warbi Zalis
Serbileba SeuZlia. sabolood, decentralizacia saSualebas aZlevs xelisuflebas, moergos adgilobriv saWiroebebs da garemoebebs, aseve saSualebas aZlevs eqsperimentebis saSualebiT problemebis gadaWris gzebis mravali varianti moZebnos. ase rom, decentralizacia Tavisuflebis
sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani mcvelia da saukeTeso saSualeba energiuli
da kompetenturi samoqalaqo erTianobis Camosayalibeblad.11

federalizmsa da Tavisuflebas Soris kavSiri gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia germaniis SemTxvevaSi. germaniaSi demokratia xelaxla daibada meore
msoflio omis Semdeg, rodesac omisagan gamofituli saxelmwifo, damarcxebuli da okupirebuli iyo ucxo jarebis mier. mokavSire sa xelmwifoebi SeerTebuli Statebis meTaurobiT Tvlidnen, rom ar unda daeSvaT axali germanuli saxelmwifos xelaxali militarizacia da mis mier axali samxedro kampaniis
ganxorcieleba evropaSi. amis saukeTeso saSualeba, maTi azriT, germaniis
diqtatorul virusze `acra~ iyo. `vaqcina~, romlis gamoyenebac gadawyvites,
demokratiuli federalizmi iyo.
rogor SeeZlo federalizms ar daeSva axali hitleris SesaZlo aRzeveba? amis pasuxi germaniis xelisuflebis decentralizebul struqturaSi unda
veZioT. germanuli politikur-teritoriuli erTeulebi, rasac germanulad
Land anu miwa ewodeba, mniSvnelovan rols asruleben mmarTvelobaSi, rogorc

regionul, ise saxelmwifo doneze. germaniis Teqvsmeti miwis mTavrobebis mier

daniSnuli delegatebi germanuli parlamentis zeda palatis anu bundesratis
wevrebi arian. zeda palatas ufleba aqvs veto daados yvela im kanons (axali gadasaxadebis CaTvliT), romelic miwas pirdapir exeba da gavlenas axdens masze.
amasTan, germanuli biurokratiis didi nawili miwebis xelisuflebis pirdapiri
kontrolis qveS aris.
alternativa: unitaruli sistemebi. Tanamedrove msoflios xelisuflebaTa umetesoba ar efuZneba federalur sistemas. mmarTvelobis yvelaze
gavrcelebuli forma unitaruli sistemaa, iseTi, rogoric gaerTianebul

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samefoSia. mas unitaruli hqvia imis gamo, rom politikur sistemas mTavrobis
mxolod erTi, ZiriTadi erTeuli aqvs. esaa centraluri xelisufleba, romelic
sxvadasxva sakiTxis Taobaze xSirad mimarTavs adgilobriv xelisuflebas,
magram, rogorc wesi, es mas ar moeTxoveba. Sesabamisad, is, rac am sistemas federalurisgan gansxvavebiT aklia, centralur da adgilobriv politikur-administraciul erTeulebs Soris arsebuli zemoT xsenebuli Statis an miwis ekvivalenturi Sualeduri fenaa.
zogi unitaruli sistema, magaliTad, safrangeTsa da italiaSi, ufro meti
mondomebiT icavs saxelmwifo xelisuflebis Zalauflebasa da prerogativebs
adgilobrivi magistratebis, merebisa da politikosebis mxridan SesaZlo daumorCileblobisagan, vidre britaneTSi. safrangeTSi, prefeqtebi (centraluri
xelisuflebis mier daniSnulni) aSualeben urTierTobebs centralur xelisuflebasa da adgilobriv departamentebs Soris. manam, sanam fransua miteranis
socialisturi mTavroba instituciur reformebs wamoiwyebda 1980-iani wlebis
dasawyisSi, prefeqtebi valdebulni iyvnen adgilobrivi departamentebis mTavrobebisTvis zedamxedveloba gaewiaT da imis uflebac hqondaT, rom maT miRebul garkveul gadawyvetilebebze veto daedoT. am sistemis momxreebi didi
xnis ganmavlobaSi msgavs politikur-administraciul mowyobas, romelic tu-

telaJis (meurveobis) saxeliT iyo cnobili, racionaluri politikuri marTvis modelad miiCnevdnen. tutelaJis sistema imdenad centralizebuli da
sistematizebuli iyo, rom gaTviTcnobierebul damkvirvebels saaTze ubralo
SexedviT iolad SeeZlo eTqva, ra sagans gadiodnen mocemul momentSi skolaSi moswavleebi mTel safrangeTSi. bevr amerikels, romlebic miCveulni arian
ganaTlebis sistemis Tavisuflebas, skolebis, saganmanaTleblo programebis,
saakreditacio moTxovnebis da akademiuri standartebis mravalgvarovnebas,
mTavrobis dawesebuli msgavsi erTgvarovneba uTuod ucnaurad moeCveneboda.

demokratia, rogorc efeqtiani xelisufleba

vamtkicebdiT, rom demokratias ar SeuZlia Tavisi moqalaqeebis (romlebic monawileoben arCevnebSi, ixdian gadasaxadebs, msaxuroben SeiaraRebul ZalebSi) azrebisa da rwmenis ugulebelyofa, magram aseve ar SeuZlia ubralod
asaxos umravlesobis momentaluri ganwyoba da survilebi, Tuki isini azaraleben umciresobis interesebsa da uflebebs. demokratiuli xelisufleba, romelic gulisxmiericaa da SezRudulic, savaldebulo araa sicocxlisunariani
aRmoCndes. imisTvis rom warmatebuli iyos da xSir SemTxvevaSi, ubralod, gadarCes, demokratiuli mTavroba, iseve rogorc xelisuflebis mowyobis sxva
formebi, efeqtiani unda iyos. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, mas unda hqondes imis
SesaZleblobebi, rom ganaxorcielos is miznebi, risTvisac is Seiqmna. Tu demokratias ar ZaluZs daicvas Tavisi moqalaqeebi, uzrunvelyos keTildReoba
da sxva arsebiTi sferoebi (ganaTleba, samarTlis dacva, da elementarulad wylis miwodebis sistemis an xanZarsawinaaRmdego samsaxuris gamarTuli muSaoba),
maSin ra sargebelia masSi? am sakiTxis wamoweva miuTiTebs imis albaTobaze, rom
demokratiuli xelisufleba, SesaZloa, zedmetad gulisxmieri, an zedmetad
SezRuduli aRmoCndes xalxis sakeTildReo qmedebebSi.
SezRuduli da gulisxmieri mTavroba, romelsac ZaluZs imoqmedos swra-

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fad da moqnilad, unda eyrdnobodes Zalauflebis Sekavebisa da gawonasworebis
struqturebs, magram es ar niSnavs imas, rom garkveul garemoebebSi mTavrobas
energiuli moqmedebis unari unda dausustdes. am TvalsazrisiT, gasaTvaliswinebelia jeims medisonis moswrebuli naTqvami pirveli konstituciuri konventis Sesaxeb: `im sirTuleTa Soris, romlebsac konventi Seejaxa, Zalian mniSvnelovani is unda iyos, rom moxdes mTavrobaSi aucilebeli stabilurobisa da
energiulobis Serwyma Tavisuflebisa da respublikuri formis xelSeuxeblobasTan~.12 medisoni amtkicebda, rom xelisuflebis stabiluroba aucilebelia
Sida simSvidisa da wesrigisaTvis, erovnuli usafrTxoebisa da sazogadoebrivi
TviTrwmenisTvis, energia ki aucilebelia Sida da gare gamowvevebis gadaWrisaTvis. misi sityvebiT, energia da stabiluroba erTad efeqtiani xelisuflebis
ZiriTadi sazrisia.

stabilurobis aucilebloba
stabiluroba efeqtiani mTavrobis arsebiTi atributia. politikuri da
sitemuri stabiluroba SeiZleba gansakuTrebulad mwvave problema iyos axlad
aRmocenebuli demokratiisa da ganviTarebadi qveynebisTvis, magram es araa
msoflios mxolod konkretulad am tipis romelime qveynis an regionisTvis damaxasiaTebeli. magaliTad, italia ganviTarebuli demokratiaa, magram igi cnobilia mTavrobaTa xSiri cvalebadobiT.
stabiluroba SeiZleba uzrunvelyofil iqnes sxvadasxva gziT. arCeul warmomadgenlebs sakmarisi dro da vada unda mieceT imisTvis, rom ganaxorcielon
an miaRwion rame Rirebuls. unda arsebobdes garkveuli saxis politikuri disputebisa da socialuri konfliqtebis mogvarebis instituciuri gzebi, raTa Tavidan iqnes acilebuli qveynis nawilebad daxleCisa da destabilizaciis albaToba (SeerTebul StatebSi umaRlesi sasamarTlo xSirad asrulebs am funqcias,
magram politikur partiebsa da saknonmdeblo organosac mniSvnelovani rolis
Sesruleba SeuZliaT). liderebis Secvlis instituciuri procedurebi iseTi
regulirebuli meTodebis saSualebiT, rogoricaa arCevnebi da daniSvnebi, Zalian mniSvnelovania da Tdemokratiis erT-erTi principuli upiratesobaa Tanamedrove diqtaturebTan SedarebiT. monarqia, Cveulebriv, am problemas memkvidreobis principis SenarCunebiT Wris, mefis Tu dedoflis gardacvalebis
SemTxvevaSi taxti mis ufros Svils gadaecema.
istoria da tradicia, iseve, rogorc simbolizmi da rituali, aZlierebs
gangrZobiTobis SegrZnebas mTavrobebSi (gaviTvaliswinoT Tundac is zar-zeimi da gansakuTrebuli garemo, romelic Tan axlavs SeerTebuli Statebis prezidentis inauguracias an britaneTis samefo ojaxis wevrebis daqorwinebas).
msgavsi gangrZobiTobis SegrZnebis aucileblobaze saubrisas jeims medisoni
daupirispirda Tomas jefersonis winadadebas konstituciuri konventebis
periodulobis sixSiris gazrdasTan dakavSirebiT imis safuZvelze, rom `xalxisadmi yoveli mimarTva mTavrobaSi raRac defeqtis arsebobis maniSnebeli iqneba,
xSiri mimarTvebi ki didwilad moaxdens imas, rom mTavrobas moakldeba sazogadoebis mxridan mowiweba da Tayvaniscema, ris gareSec SesaZloa yvelaze Wkvian da
yvelaze Tavisufal mTavrobasac ki ar eqnes esoden saWiro stabiluroba~, ufro
metic `yvelaze Wkviani mTavrobac ki ar CaTvlis zedmet upiratesobad imas, rom

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sazogadoebrivi stereotipebi da crurwmenebi Tavis mxardamWerad ixilos~.13

energiis aucilebloba
imisTvis, rom efeqtiani iyos, xelisufleba energiulic unda iyos. energiulobis Tezisis mimarT damfuZnebel `mamaTa~ mxardaWera SeerTebul StatebSi
naTlad iqna asaxuli konstituciaSi, romelmac ara marto gadasca mTavrobas,
rogorc erTs, sakmarisi Zalaufleba, aramed Seqmna Zlieri aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba, romelsac sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebasTan Widilis SesaZleblobebi misca. konstituciam kongress uflebamosileba mianiWa `miiRos yvela
kanoni, romelic aucilebelia da Sesabamisia Zalauflebis aRsrulebisTvis~
(muxli1-2). es naTelyofs damfuZnebel `mamaTa~ ganzraxvas, rom xelisuflebisaTvis SeeqmnaT SesaZlebloba saWiroebebis SemTxvevaSi gadaedga gadamwyveti
nabijebi. am TvalsazrisiT aleqsander hamiltoni aRniSnavda, rom `mTavroba Tavis TavSi unda moicavdes yovelgvar Zalauflebas, romelic aucilebelia masze
gadacemuli sazogadoebrivi miznebis misaRwevad... Tavisufali unda iyos yoveli saxis kontrolisagan, magram unda iTvaliswinebdes sazogadoebrivi sikeTis
principsa da xalxis azrs~.14
rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli, erovnuli mTavrobis Zalaufleba droTa
ganmavlobaSi erTmniSvnelovnad gaizarda, Statis xelisufalTa uflebamosilebebi ki SedarebiT meryevia: xan izrdeba, xan klebulobs. zogadad SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom 1789 wlidan dRemde yvela donis xelisuflebis Zalaufleba mniSvnelovnad gaizarda. SeerTebul StatebSi mTavrobis rolis amgvari zrda pasuxia sazogadoebaSi, ekonomikaSi da, ra Tqma unda, amerikis sanapiroebs miRma arsebul samyaroSi momxdar cvlilebebze. am tendenciis Sedegi, kargia Tu cudi,
isaa, rom SeerTebuli Statebis mTavroba dRes ufro energiuli, vidre erTi
saukunis winaT iyo, da gacilebiT enrgiulia, vidre ori saukunis win. Tuki vinme
fiqrobs, rom SeerTebuli Statebi msoflios mowinave samxedro da ekonomikuri
Zalaa, erTaderTi WeSmariti zesaxelmwifoa XXI saukunis dasawyisSi, misTvis iolia dainaxos, rom demokratiam amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi amisTvis sakmaod
kargad imuSava. erTia, rom sistema SeiZleba gaakritiko imisTvis, rom is araa
sakmarisad gulisxmieri an amtkico, rom igi zedmetad eqspansiuria anu araa sakmarisad SezRuduli, magram vin Seitans eWvs mis efeqtianobaSi?
mogvianebiT, VI TavSi vixilavT, rom safrangeTis meoTxe respublikisTvis
(1945-1958) efeqtiani mTavroba (energiuli) naklebadaa damaxasiaTebeli. safrangeTma sabolood am problemis daZleva Zveli konstituciis axliT SecvliTa
da Zalauflebis simZimis centris parlamentidan prezidentze (mexuTe respublikis axali institucia) gadanacvlebiT SeZlo. am qveyanas aseve hyavs premierministri, romelic mTavrobas xelmZRvanelobs, magram prezidents, romelic
pirdapiri arCevnebiT xuTi wlis vadiT irCeva, ufleba aqvs daakompleqtos an
gadaayenos mTavroba. Zlieri saprezidento Zalauflebis SeqmniT, mexuTe respublikis konstituciam franguli demokratiis istoriaSi axal periods daudo
saTave, romelmac iseTi stabiluroba da ayvaveba moutana safrangeTs, rogoric
mas bolo ori aswleulis ganmavlobaSi ar axsovs.
safrangeTisgan gansxvavebiT, italias jerjerobiT ar gadauWria efeqtiani
demokratiuli mmarTvelobis amocana. nebismieri sxva dasavluri saparlamento
demokratiisgan gansxvavebiT, igi samTavrobo arastabilurobis nimuSia. radgan

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aq saparlamento sistemaa, mTavrobas premier-ministri marTavs, da imis gamo,
rom italias qaosuri partiuli sistema aqvs, premiers iSviaTad aqvs xangrZlivi
an masze damokidebuli Tu misdami daqvemdebarebuli partiuli koaliciis (saparlamneto umravlesobas gacilebiT mcire Zala aqvs) mxardaWera. Sedegi isaa,
rom meore msoflio omis Semdgomi or aTwleulze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi italiaSi mTavrobebi saSualod eqvs TveSi erTxel icvleboda. bolo wlebSi italiis
saarCevno sistemis reformirebis mcdelobam am problemis mogvarebis TvalsazrisiT Sedegi ar gamoiRo. sabednierod, meore msoflio omis Semdgomi italia,
miuxedavad politikuri stabilurobis TvalsazrisiT saamayo miRwevebis naklebobisa, ekonomikis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT warmatebuli qveynis magaliTia.
rTuli warmosadgeni araa, ekonomikuri ganviTarebis ra simaRleebs miaRwevda
italia bolo naxevari saukunis ganmavlobaSi, mTavrobas efeqtianad rom emarTa.
es sami magaliTi adasturebs, rom demokratiuli mTavroba SeiZleba iyos
efeqtiani, magram amis garantia ar arsebobs. warmatebuli demokratiis am TavSi
ganxilul sam TvisebaTagan, efeqtianoba erTaderTia, romelic mxolod da mxolod demokratiuli mTavrobisTvis araa damaxasiaTebeli. diqtatura, Cveulebriv, ar cdilobs iyos gulisxmieri an SezRuduli, magram erTaderTi mizani,
rac aqvs is aris, rom efeqtiani iyos, rac SeuZlebelia konstituciuri demokratiis SemTxvevaSi. arcerT demokratiul xelisuflebas ar ZaluZs Seasrulos danapirebi, Tuki gulisxmieri araa, da arcerTi maTganis pasuxismgeblobis
sakiTxi ar dgeba amocanebis Cavardnis SemTxvevaSi, Tu SezRuduli araa. bolo
dromde Zalze mwvaved idga sakiTxi imis Taobaze, ramdenad ZaluZs demokratias
ajobos diqtaturas, rogorc mmarTvelobis efeqtianma formam. bolo drois istoriuli cvlilebebidan gamomdinare, axla sakiTxi sxvagvarad dgas SeuZlia ki
diqtaturas ajobos demokratias efeqtianobis TvalsazrisiT?

xelisuflebis Tavidan gamogoneba:

ganmanaTlebloba da amerikis idea
SeerTebuli Statebi warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis Tanamedrove Teoriis praqtikaSi danergvis samSobloa. dasawyisSi igi ar iyo srulyofili, magram namdvilad iyo warsulidan uyoymanod gadmodgmuli nabiji da momav lis
dagegmvis ga bedu li mcdeloba. im ideis triumfi, rom respublika monarqiisa da
avtoritaruli mmarTvelobis sxva formebisgan gansxvavebiT politikuri mowyobis ufro gonivruli da umjobesi alternativaa, Tanamedrove msoflio istoriis ganmsazRvreli momenti gaxda. moxda ise, rom es triumfi ganxorcielda
adgilze, romelsac amerika erqva. dRes amerikis idea mTeli msoflios xalxTa
warmodgenaSi Tavisuflebisa da demokratiis ideebis sinonimuria (es idea gacilebiT metia, vidre realoba, romelmac daamtkica, rom igi Tanamedroveobis
didi Zalaa).
amerikis idea, rom dawerili konstituciis farglebSi xalxs sakuTari Tavis marTva Tavad ZaluZdes, pirdapiri gagebiT produqtia XVIII saukunis ganmanaTleblobisa, romelic, Tavis mxriv, saTaves gviani XV saukunis italiuri renesansis inteleqtualuri duRilidan iRebs. mniSvnelovania gaviTvaliswinoT,
rom amerikuli revolucia ubralod jorj vaSingtonis, Tomas jefersonis Tu

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sxva revoluciuri liderebis gonebaSi ar momwifebula. politikuri Teoria,
romelic amerikis `mamebis~ ideebSi gamoixata, myarad iyo dafuZnebuli im drois
gamoCenili moazrovneebis _ nikolo makiavelis, Tomas hobsis, jon lokis, baron
de monteskies da sxvaTa inteleqtualur Rvawlze. yoveli maTgani, arsitotelesgan gansxvavebiT, amtkicebda, rom mTavrobis mizani aris ara siqvelis danergva, aramed borotebis da mankierebis winaaRmdeg brZola. adamianis bunebis
msgavsma, marTebulad xedvam, es moazrovneebi realisturi miznebis, magaliTad,
Tavisuflebisa da usafrTxoebis Ziebamde miiyvana, rac politikurad miRwevadia, siqvele ki aseTi araa.

Tavisuflebis arqiteqtura
am qveTavSi politikis universaluri problemaa dasmuli: Tuki xalxi Tavisi bunebiT araa qveli, da amave dros Tavadaa mmarTveli, maSin rogoraa SesaZlebeli, rom marTvis nebismieri sistema ar gadagvardes da tiraniad ar iqces?
amerikis `mamebma~ am Tavsatexis gadaWra iseTi midgomis ganviTarebiT scades,
rasac politikis axali mecniereba uwodes. es axali mecniereba politikuri
institutebis manam ucnobi da axleburi mowyobis irgvliv gaiSala, ramac Tavisuflebis praqtikis meti SesaZlebloba dabada da xelisuflebis funqciebis danawilebis saSualebiT, Zalauflebis despoturi gamoyenebisgan (tiraniis) misi
dacva da, Sesabamisad, Zalauflebis koncentraciis safrTxis Tavidan acileba
uzrunvelyo. swored ise, rogorc ser isaak niutonma revoluciuri gadatrialeba moaxdina Tanamedrove sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaSi, damfuZnebel mamebsac sjerodaT, rom maT socialur mecnierebaSi axali safuZvlebis danergviT politikis revoluciuri gageba Semoitanes.
hamiltoni am aRmoCenis arss federalistSi ( amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis
konstituciis ratificirebis da calke arsebuli Statebis gaerTianebis safuZvelze federaluri saxelmwifos Seqmnis momxre inteleqtualTa da politikur
moRvaweTa 85 statiis krebulia. avtorebi aleqsander hamiltoni (51 statiis
avtoria), jeims medisoni (29 statiis avtoria) da jon jei (5 statiis avtoria)
arian. statiebi 1787-1788 ww. seriulad ibeWdebodnen niu-iorkis gazeTebSi. 1788
wels statiebi krebulis saxiT iqna gamocemuli da mas The Federalist Papers ewoda.
(mTargmnelis SeniSvna)) naTelyofs. amtkicebda ra, rom amerikis konstitucia Tavi-

dan aicilebda `tiraniis da anarqiis ukidures gamovlinebebs~, romlebmac adre

arsebuli respublikebi daRupes, hamiltoni Tavis mkiTxvelebs mouwodebda, ar
SeCerebuliyvnen warsulis magaliTebze: `politikis mecniereba, msgavsad nebismieri sxva mecnierebisa, didad gaumjobesda... sxvadasxva principis Zala, romlebic manam an sruliad ucnobi iyo, an cudad gagebuli Zvelebis mier, axla ukeTaa
Secnobili~. hamiltonma aRbeWda is progresuli struqturuli cvlilebebi,
romlebic Cadebuli iyo konstituciaSi am axali mecnierebis SemqmnelTa mier:
gansazRvrul departamentebze (saministroebze) Zalauflebis
regularuli ganawileba; Sekavebisa da gawonasworebis kanonmdeblobiTi
meqanizmebis danergva; iseTi sasamarTloebis Seqmna, romlebic Sedgebian kargi qcevisa da kompetenciis safuZvelze SerCeuli mosamarTleebisagan; sakanonmdeblo organoSi xalxis warmomadgenloba arCeuli

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deputatebis meSveobiT _ yovelive es an sruliad axali aRmoCenebia, an
Tanamdroveobis moTxovnilebis Sesabamisad principuli progresis gziT
srulyofili. es aris saSualebebi, Zlieri saSualebebi, imisTvis, rom respublikuri mmrTvelobis upiratesoba SenarCundes da misi naklovanebebi an Semcirdes, an Tavidan iqnes acilebuli.15

jeims medisonis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, damfuZneblebi xvdebodnen, rom

`ganaTlebuli politikosebi yovelTvis ar iqnebian Zalauflebis sadaveebTan~.16 gonieri xelisufalis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi, mxolod Tavad sworad
agebul saxelmwifos SeuZlia gaakontrolos maTi ambiciebi, vinc misi saxeliT
marTvaze acxadebs pretenzias. arCevnebi aseTi kontrolis erT-erT saxes uzrunvelyofs, aRniSnavda medisoni, magram `gamocdilebam kacobriobas damatebiTi garantiebis aucilebloba ukarnaxa~.17 upirvelesi garantia xelisuflebis
ZiriTad komponentebs Soris mudmivi Widilis danergva iyo: `xelisuflebis
erTsa da imave StoSi Zalauflebis Tanmimdevruli koncentraciis saSiSroebis
Tavidan acilebis kargi saSualeba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom yoveli departamentis (saministros) xelmZRvanelobas mieces saWiro konstituciuri mxardaWera,
piradi motivaciis gasazrdelad winaaRmdegoba gauwios sxvebis mxridan mis kompetenciebSi SemoWras~. mokled rom vTqvaT, `saWiroa ambiciam gaaneitralos ambicia~.18

Sekaveba da gawonasworeba
am miznis misaRwevad damfuZneblebma scades xelisuflebis Stoebi erTmaneTisagan damoukidebel organoebad CamoeyalibebinaT, Sesabamisad yoveli
Stos Zalaufleba konstituciis specifikuri muxlidan gamomdinareobs (pirveli muxli exeba sakanonmdeblo organos, meore _ aRmasrulebels, mesame _ sasamarTlos). xelisuflebis yovel Stos mieniWa konstituciuri Zalaufleba
masze dakisrebuli specifikuri movaleobebis gansaxorcieleblad da yovel
maTgans mieca saimiso meqanizmebi, rom winaaRmdegoba gauwios sxva Stos mxridan
aralegitimuri saSualebebiT zemoqmedebis mcdelobebs. es meqanizmebi, romlebsac uwodeben Sekavebas da gawonasworebas, Sedgeba, rogorc Cveulebrivi
(prezidentis mier vetos gamoyenebis ufleba), ise gansakuTrebuli (kongresis
mier prezidentis impiCmentis procedura) prerogativebisagan.
isini erToblivad TiToeuli Stos wevrebisaTvis `aucilebeli konstituciuri saSualebebia~ sxva Stoebis mier mis kompetenciebSi eqspansiisTvis
winaaRmdegobis gasawevad. `individis interesi unda ukavSirdebodes adgilis
konstituciur uflebebs~.19 damfuZneblebi grZnobdnen, rom institucionalizebuli TviTinteresi Zalauflebis grZnobiT aRWurvil Tanamdebobis pirebs,
maTi konkretuli institutis mniSvnelobisa da aRmatebulobis grZnobas gauZlierebda da gazrdida maT mondomebas TavianTi samsaxuris prestiJis SesanarCuneblad (Sesabamisad, sakuTari karieruli winsvlis uzrunvelsayofad).
amgvarad, kongresis mier 1974 wels prezident niqsonis winaaRmdeg wamowyebuli
impiCmentis erT-erTi mizezi is iyo, rom igi, rogorc saSinao, ise sagareo politikaSi, aSkara upativcemulobas iCenda sakanonmdeblo organos Zalauflebis
mimarT (Zalauflebis gadameteba, uotergeitis saqmis CaTvliT, niqsonis wi-

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naaRmdeg wamowyebuli procesis mTavari Tema iyo). 1998 wels prezident klintonis (demokratiuli partiidan) winaaRmdeg impiCmentis procesis mcdeloba
imas ukavSirdeboda, rom man winaaRmdegoba gauwia kongress (respublikelebi
umravlesobas warmoadgendnen), gamoeZiebina misi qcevis Sesabamisoba zneobriv
normebTan samsaxureobrivi valdebulebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. misi oponentebi
mas aseve bralad sdebdnen sasamarTlo xelisuflebis upativcemulobas, rac
cru Cvenebebis micemaSi gamoixata.
afuZnebdnen ra demokratiul institutebs pirad interesze (self-interest),
damfuZneblebi adamianis bunebis sikeTisa da zneobrivi srulyofisadmi misi
midrekilebis mimarT erTgvar skepticizms gamoxatavdnen. hamiltonis mixedviT,
`adamianebi ambiciurebi, SurismaZiebelni da xarbebi~20 arian. medisoni eTanxmeboda da ufro mkveTradac ki gamoxatavda am azrs:
SesaZloa adamianis bunebaze msjelobidan gamomdinareobs, rom amgvari meqanizmebi (Sekaveba da gawonasworeba) aucilebelia Zalauflebis
gadametebis gasakontroleblad. raa Tavad mTavroba, Tu ara adamianis
bunebaze fiqris yvelaze didi gamoxatuleba? adamianebi angelozebi rom
iyvnen, araviTari mTavroba saWiro ar iqneboda. angelozebi rom marTavdnen adamianebs, mTavrobaze kontrolis arc gare da arc Sida meqanizmebi
ar iqneboda saWiro~.21

kargad awyobil respublikaSi ganaTlebuli piradi interesis mqone adamiani sayovelTao sikeTisTvis iRvawebs. politikosebi aRmoaCenen, rom piradi
interesebis (ganmeorebiT arCeva) ganxorcielebis saukeTeso gza sazogadoebrivi moTxovnebis dakmayofilebaa da ara Zalauflebis gadameteba an borotad
gamoyeneba. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, medisonis sistema, iseve rogorc adam smitis `uxilavi xeli~, avtomaturad moawesrigebs procesis mimdinareobas, raTa
instituciuri Zalauflebis wonasworoba ar dairRves. amgvarad, SeerTebuli
Statebis politikis axali mecniereba Tavis argumentebs maRalfardovan da
zedapirul zneobriobaze an religiur grZnobebze ki ar afuZnebda, aramed realobaze myarad mdgar instituciuri piradi interesis principze.
damfuZnebelTa naazrevis ufro axlodan ganxilva yvelaferi `amerikulis~
gandidebis, da Sesabamisad, masSi eTnocentrizmisa da SezRudulobis warmoCenis albaTobaze mianiSnebs. am SemTxvevaSi mainc aris gamamarTlebeli argumenti,
romelic logikasa da istorias eyrdnoba. ubralod, ise moxda, rom Tanamedrove
istoriis pirveli warmatebuli demokratiuli eqsperimenti CrdiloeT amerikaSi XVIII saukunis dasasruls ganxorcielda, da revolucionerebi, romlebmac
igi wamoiwyes, politikis filosofosebi iyvnen (im periodSi politikuri mecniereba, rogorc aseTi, arc arsebobda). politikis mecnierebis SeqmniT, maT
SeimuSaves demokratiis praqtikuli Teoria, romelsac konkretuli istoriuli
konteqstidan daSorebuli Sinaarsi da gamoyeneba aRmoaCnda. rogorc dasawyisSi aRiniSna, misi gamoyeneba scildeba msoflios romelime konkretuli saxelmwifosa Tu regionis farglebs.

saprezidento sistema

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SeerTebuli Statebis mmarTvelobas xSirad saprezidento sistemas uwodeben, vinaidan aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis meTauri kongresis wevrebisagan
damoukideblad da calke irCeva. sistema Zalauflebis danawilebiT xasiaTdeba, romlis farglebSic sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli da sasamarTlo Stoebi
Sesabamisi uflebamosilebebis da valdebulebebis ganxorcielebisTvis calcalke arian pasuxismgebelni amomrCevelTa sxvadasxva jgufis winaSe. mTavroba
formalurad sxvadasxva funqciuri CarCos mixedviTaa Camoyalibebuli. vinaidan yoveli mTavrobisTvis savaldebuloa kanonebis formulireba, aRsruleba
da interpretireba, logikuria, rom amaTgan pirveli funqciis Sesasruleblad
saWiroa Seiqmnas sakanonmdeblo organo (wesebis SemuSaveba), meore funqciisTvis _ aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba (wesebis gamoyeneba da danergva) da mesame,
zedamxedvelobis funqciisaTvis _ sasamarTlo xelisufleba (wesebis ganmarteba da interpretacia).
msgavsi mowyobis logikam ar icis arc politikuri da arc geografiuli sazRvrebi, dReisaTvis igi gvxvdeba msoflios yvela regionis mravali demokratiis
struqturaSi. saprezidento demokratia amJamad gansakuTrebiT Cveulebrivi
gaxda laTinuri amerikis qveynebisTvis, magram xelisuflebis demokratiuli
mowyobis msgavsi forma sxvadasxva saxiT iseT qveynebSic gvxvdeba, rogoricaa
ruseTi, safrangeTi, nigeria, samxreTi afrika, indonezia, filipinebi.

Zalauflebis danawileba
SeerTebuli Statebis konstitucia xelisuflebis yovel Stos specifikur amocanebs akisrebs. magaliTad, kongress miniWebuli aqvs e. w. xazinadaris Zalaufleba. prezidenti waradgens wliuri biujetis proeqts da cdilobs miznobrivi dafinansebis Sesaxeb kongresis gadawyvetilebebze gavlena
moaxdinos, magram saxelisuflebo xarjebze saboloo sityvis ufleba mainc
kongress rCeba. aRmasrule bel xelisuflebaze aseTi mZlavri SezRudvis meqanizmi sxva saprezidento demokratiebSi farTod araa danergili, da aseT SemTxvevaSi, Cveulebriv, biujetis xarjviTi nawilis dagegmvasa da damtkicebaSi
saboloo sityva xelisuflebis aRmasrule bel Stos ekuTvnis, Semosavlebisa
da begara-mosakreblebis Sesaxeb gadawy vetilebebis saboloo instanciad ki
sakanonmdeblo organo rCeba.
Zalauflebis danawilebis amerikul modelSi aris garkveuli sferoebi,
romlebSic Zalauflebas sxvadasxva Sto erToblivad axorcielebas. magaliTad,
msgavsi gamWoli da urTierTgadamkveTi pasuxismgeblobebiT `omis gamocxadebis~
ufleba xasiaTdeba. kongress aqvs imis ufleba, rom Sekribos da mxari dauWiros
armias (Tumca konstitucia am uflebis gamoyenebas kongress orwliani vadiT
ganusazRvravs), saWiro resursebiT uzrunvelyos da zedamxedveloba gauwios
samxedro flotis mdgomareobas, Seqmnas SeiaraRebuli Zalebis maregulirebeli wesebi da, rac mTavaria, gamoacxados omi. Tumca, amavdroulad, konstitucia
SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mTavarsardlad prezidents acxadebs. Sesabamisad, gamocxadebuli Tu gamoucxadebeli nebismieri mniSvnelovani samxedro aqcia xelisuflebis orive Stos TanamSromlobas moiTxovs. zogadad, urTierTqmedebis
es tipi msgavsi institutebis mqone sxva qveynebSicaa gadaRebuli, magram Seiara-

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Rebul Zalebze samoqalaqo kontroli, rogorc principis, ise praqtikis saxiT,
arsad ise myarad araa dafuZnebuli, rogorc SeerTebul StatebSi. Sesabamisad,
bevr saprezidento sistemaSi krizisis periodSi samxedro gadatrialebis albaToba demokratiisTvis principul safrTxes qmnis.
aq sadme foto wignis 67-e gverdidan!
warwera fotoze:
SeerTebuli Statebis kongresi or palatad aris gayofili senati da warmomadgenelTa palata (fotoze gamosaxuli). iniciatorebi gegmavdnen, rom
sakanonmdeblo Sto sazogadoebis mosazrebebs asaxavda da srulyofda.
horizontalurad: Dennis Brack / Brack Star
garda imisa, rom SeerTebuli Statebis mTavrobis sami Stos wevrebi sxvadasxva amocanis Sesrulebas emsaxurebian da sxvadasxva gziT Wrian maT, isini sxvadasxva vadiTa da sxvadasxva amomrCevlis mier arian arCeulni. konstituciisa da
misi Sesabamisi Sesworebis mixedviT, prezidenti yovel oTx weliwadSi erTxel
unda irCeodes da erTsa da imave pirs or vadaze metad Tanamdebobis dakaveba
ar SeuZlia. mxolod prezidenti da vice-prezidenti arian mTavrobis umaRlesi
Tanamdebobis pirebi, romelTac Zalauflebis mandati sruliad saxelmwifo
eleqtoratis mier gadaecemaT. amis sapirispirod, kongresSi arCeuli warmomadgenlebi konkretuli olqis (Statis Sida erTeulis) eleqtoratisgan iReben
mandats ori wliT. senatorebi warmoadgenen Stats da Tanamdebobas eqvsi wlis
vadiT ikaveben. umaRlesi sasamarTlos mosamarTleebi (da yvela sxva federaluri mosamarTle) ar arian arCeulni, maT niSnavs prezidenti senatis Tanxmobis
safuZvelze. damfuZneblebi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen daniSvnis am saxes, vinaidan miaCndaT, rom miukerZoebeli samarTlis aRsrulebisTvis
saWiroa sasamarTlo Tavisufali iyos politikuri zewolisgan. mosamarTlis
Tanamdeboba arCeviTi rom yofiliyo, misi mopovebisa da SenarCunebisaTvis kandidatebi politikur jgufebTan aliansebSi an farul garigebebSi Sevidodnen,
rac kanonis interpretaciaSi garkveuli jgufuri da kerZo interesebis asaxvis
gamo, samarTlianobis princips daazaralebda.
ama Tu im Tanamdebobis dakavebis vada sxvadasxva qveyanaSi sxvadasxvagvaradaa gansazRvruli, Tumca oTxwliani vada TiTqmis yvelgan standartia.
magaliTad, ruseTsa da braziliaSi am TvalsazrisiT SeerTebuli Statebis
analogiuri suraTia: prezidents oTxi wliT irCeven da mas SeuZlia vadis gasvlisTanave isev iyaros kenWi am Tanamdebobaze. amis sapirispirod, meqsikasa da
nigeriaSi prezidentebs eqvswliani vadiT irCeven, magram xelmeored arCevis
ufleba ar aqvT. bolo dromde, safrangeTis prezidents, xelmeored arCevis SesaZleblobiT, Svidwliani vadiT irCevdnen (2000 wels vada xuT wlamde Semcirda,
ix. VI Tavi). bevr saprezidento sistemaSi qveynis mTavrobis umaRles Tanamdebobis pirs gacilebiT meti Zalaufleba aqvs sakanonmdeblo organosTan mimarTebaSi, vidre es SeerTebul StatebSia.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, SeerTebuli Statebis konstituciis mixedviT,
mTavrobis arc erT Stos ara aqvs ufleba dominirebdes sxvaze. Zalaufleba
ganawilebulia da garkveulwilad misi erTianad mocva SeuZlebelicaa. msgavsi politikuri mowyobis pirobebSi gasakviri araa, rom SeerTebuli Statebis

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politika politikuri kamaTiTa da gavlenisaTvis brZoliT xasiaTdeba, gansakuTrebiT prezidentsa da kongress Soris urTierTobaSi. msgavsi politikuri urTierTobebis tipi SeiniSneba sxva qveynebis prezidentebsa da parlamentebs Sorisac. Tumca, sxva qveynebis prezidentebs partiebTan da parlamentebTan brZolisTvis aqvT iseTi `iaraRi~, rac SeerTebuli Statebis prezidents aSkarad ar gaaCnia.

umravlesobis mmarTvelobaze
dawesebuli SezRudvebi
amerikis politikuri sistemis damfuZneblebi umravlesobis tiraniis
(umravlesobis midrekileba, gaTelos umciresobaTa uflebebi) SesaZlo safrTxiT erTnairad iyvnen SeSfoTebulni. umravlesobis Zalis Sesarbileblad,
garkveulwilad, mniSvnelovani nabiji iyo sakanonmdeblo organos orpalatian
principze mowyoba (or palatad _ warmomadgenelTa palatad da senatad dayofa). Sesabamisi mniSvneloba hqonda Zalauflebis danawilebasac. saprezidento
veto, sasamrTlos damoukidebloba da federalizmi aseve Cafiqrebuli iyo umravlesobis mmarTvelobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli potenciuri safrTxeebis Tavidan asacileblad.
kvlav aRvniSnavT, rom msgavsi politikur-instituciuri modeli sxva qveynebSic aris. sakanonmdeblo organos orpalatiani mowyoba TiTqmis yvelgan wesad
iqca. umravles SemTxvevaSi prezidentebs kanonebis mimarT vetos gamoyenebis
ufleba aqvT, magram erTian da gabedul sakanonmdeblo organos SeuZlia saprezidento vetos daZleva. Cveulebriv, sasamarTloebi isea mowyobili, rom damoukidebeli iyos, magram is sakiTxi, ramdenad arian konkretuli mosamarTleebi
politikurad neitralurni da samarTlebrivad miukerZoeblebi, xSirad problemuria. msoflios bevri federaluri sistema aseve saprezidentoa. maT ricxvs miekuTvneba ruseTi, meqsika, brazilia da nigeria (amis sapirispirod kanada,
germania da indoeTi saparlamento federalizmis magaliTebia).

ramdenad Zlieria zedmetad Zlieri?

amerikuli sistema Seqmnili iyo ara marto imisTvis, rom xeli SeeSala
tiraniis damkvidrebis SesaZleblobisTvis, aramed imisTvisac, rom uzrunveleyo Zlieri da energiuli mmarTveloba. am miznisTvis, damfuZneblebma scades SeeqmnaT Zlieri aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba, romelsac SeeZleboda
rogorc kongresis mxridan Carevis mcdelobebis, ise Statebis gankerZoebis
survilis moTokva. maT swamdaT, rom memkvidreobiTi monarqis ararsebobis pirobebSi, regularuli arCevnebi da impiCmentis SesaZlebloba efeqtianad gaawonasworebda aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas.22
miuxedavad amisa, realurad, amerikis prezidents kongresTan brZolaSi
gacilebiT naklebi konstituciuri saSualeba aqvs, vidre prezidentebs sxva
msgavsi respublikebis sistemebSi. kargia es Tu cudi, SeerTebul StatebSi
kongress iolad SeuZlia winaaRmdegoba gauwios arapopularul prezidentebs.
opoziciur partias kongresSi SeuZlia TviT popularul prezidentebsac ki
Seuqmnas usiamovnebebi da sirTuleebi, rogorc es prezidentma klintonma

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gamoscada. rodesac prezidentma niqsonma scada gamoeyenebina gamoZiebis
federaluri biuro (Federal Bureau of Investigation _ FBI) da sagadasaxado sammarTvelo
(Internal Revenue Service _ IRS) Tavisi oponentebis dasaSineblad, es, sabednierod,
masve moubrunda cudad. magaliTad, ruseTis prezidenti, Cveulebriv, msgavs
sakiTxebs aseTive uxeSi meTodebiT uproblemod wyvets (ix. VII Tavi). sad gadis
an sad unda gadiodes uflebamosilebebsa da SezRudvebs Soris gamyofi xazi,
didadaa damokidebuli politikur kulturasa da garemoebebze.

daskvna

konstituciuri demokratiis qveynebSi xelisufleba saxalxoa, magram

amave dros SezRudulic. marTalia, is sxvadasxva qveynebSi formatiTa da detalebiT gansxvavebul konstituciaTa safuZvelze arsebobs, magram gamonaklisis gareSe swored konstitucia sazRvravs mis mierve `Seqmnili~ xelisuflebis Zalauflebasa da sazRvrebs.
konstituciuri demokratiis dedaazri imis rwmenaa, rom mTavroba unda
iyos saxalxo, SezRuduli da efeqtiani. umravlesobis mmarTvelobis saSualebiT saxalxo kontrolis koncefcia centraluri ideaa gulisxmieri mTavrobis
Sesaqmnelad. umravlesobis mmarTvelobis ideis arsi isaa, rom umravlesobis codna da interesebi upiratesia umciresobis codnasa da gamocdilebaze.
miuxedavad amisa, radgan umravlesoba yovelTvis marTali araa da SeiZleba
xandaxan tiranulic ki iyos, konstituciuri demokratia SezRudvebs awesebs
mTavrobis Zalauflebaze. individualuri uflebebis, kanonis uzenaesobisa
(konstitucionalizmi) da federalizmis dacva umravlesobis tiraniis Tavidan
acilebis principuli strategiebia. dabolos, demokratiulma xelisuflebam
efeqtianad unda imoqmedos. efeqtiani xelisuflebisagan erT-erTi mTavari
moTxovna stabilurobaa, meore ki _ energiuloba anu moqmedebis, iniciativisa
da xelmZRvanelobis unari.
amerikis idea msoflios xalxebis warmodgenaSi warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis sinonimuria. SeerTebuli Statebis damfuZnebelTa ideebis fundamenti im politikuri moazrovneebis nawerebia, romlebic cxovrobdnen da
moRvaweobdnen renesansis periodidan ganmanaTleblobamde da Tavis mxriv STagonebas klasikuri politikuri filosofiidan, kerZod, Zveli saberZneTis filosofosebis _ platonisa da aristoteles naSromebidan iRebdnen. is, rasac
avtori Tavisuflebis arqiteqturas uwodebs, saTaves iRebs politikis axali
mecnierebidan, romelic SeerTebuli Statebis damfuZneblebma ganaviTares. es
axali mecniereba Zalauflebis danawilebis gziT tiraniisgan gadarCenis mizniT
Seiqmna da uzrunvelyofs imas, rom Zalauflebis yoveli Sto saTanado legitimuri iaraRiTaa aRWurvili sxva Stoebisgan dominirebis safrTxis Tavidan
asacileblad (Sekaveba da gawonasworeba).

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Habeas Corpus Act

sakvanZo sityvebi
doqtor bonemis saqme
respublika

konstitucionalizmi

konstituciuri demokratia

samarTlebrivi procedura

konstitucia

federalizmi

erToblivi uflebamosilebis sfero

policiuri uflebamosileba

umravlesobis mmarTveloba

axali federalizmi

umravlesobis tirania

Zalauflebis gadacema

SezRuduli mmarTveloba

administraciuli decentralizacia

Ex post facto kanoni

unitaruli sistema

Bill of attainder _ parlamentis aqti, romelic

prefeqti

SesaZlebels xdis damnaSavis dasjas sa-

meurveoba (tutelaJi)

samarTlos gareSe

politikis axali mecniereba

kanonis uzenaesoba

Sekaveba da gawonasworeba

Magna Carta

saprezidento sistema

peticia uflebaTa Sesaxeb

Zalauflebis danawileba

varskvlaviani palata

orpalatianoba

87

kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis

1.
2.

ra aris respublika?
ra maxasiaTeblebi unda hqondes konstituciur demokratias imisTvis, rom
sazogadoebis sikeTes emsaxuros?

3.

ra aris federalizmi? ra upiratesobebi axasiaTebs mmarTvelobis amgvar

mowyobas?

4.

ratom aris efeqtiani mmarTveloba energiisa da stabilurobis erToblioba? rogor miiRweva TiToeuli maTgani?

5.

ra aris konstitucionalizmi? ratom aris igi mniSvnelovani?

6.

ra filosofia dgas politikis axali mecnierebis ukan?

7.

amerikis dafuZnebis konteqstSi ra Sinaarsi devs frazaSi _ Tavisuflebis

arqiteqtura?

SeniSvnebi:

1.
2.

3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

10.

11.

12.
13.
14.

Stephen Cahn, Education and the Democratic Ideal

(Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1979), 3.
Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, vol. 1 (New York: Schocken Books,
1961),
299-300.
iqve, 301.
iqve, 304-308.
Aristotle, The Politics, mTargm. da red. Ernest Barker (New York: Oxford University Press, 1962), 1287a, 146.
John Locke, Second Treatise on Civil Government (New York: New American Library, 1965), sec. 202, 448.
8 Co. Rep. 114a (1610).
ix. Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company v. Sawyer, 343 U.S. 579 (1952 w.), gansakuTrebiT mosamarTle jeqsonis mosazreba.
ix. Morton Grodzins, The Federal System, wignSi Goals for Americans: The Report of the Presidential Commission on National Goals (New York: American Assembly, Columbia University, 1960).
miuxedavad amisa, federalizmi ar icavs individebs adgilobrivi da Statis
xelisuflebebis mier Zalauflebis borotad gamoyenebisagan, rasac naTlad aCvenebs afro-amerikelebis gamocdileba samxreTis zogierT StatSi.
Martin Diamond, Winston Fisk, and Herbert Garfinkel, The Democratic Republic:
An Introduction to American National Government (Skokie, III.: Rand McNally,
1970), 136.
Hamilton, Jay, and Madison, The Federalist (New York: Modern Library, 1964), no.
31, 226-227.
iqve, no. 49, gv. 329.
iqve, no. 31, gv. 190.

88
14*

15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
21.
22.
23.

`federalisti~ amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis konstituciis ratificirebis da calke arsebuli Statebis gaerTianebis safuZvelze federaluri
saxelmwifos Seqmnis momxre inteleqtualTa da politikur moRvaweTa 85
statiis krebulia. avtorebi aleqsander hamiltoni (51 statiis avtoria),
jeims medisoni (29 statiis avtoria) da jon jei (5 statiis avtoria) arian.
statiebi 1787-1788 ww. seriulad ibeWdebodnen niu-iorkis gazeTebSi. 1788
wels statiebi krebulis saxiT iqna gamocemuli da mas The Federalist Papers
ewoda. (mTargm. SeniSvna)
iqve, no.9, 48-49.
iqve, no. 10, 57.
iqve.
iqve.
iqve.
iqve, no. 6, 27.
iqve, no. 51, 337.
Martin Diamond, Winston Fisk, and Herbert Garfinkel, The Democratic Republic: An
Introduction to American National Government (Skokie, III.: Rand McNally, 1970),
136.

89

T aavv i I V

avtoritaruli
saxelmwifoebi
trad ic iu
iuli
li mm
m m arT v elob
elo b a

avtoritarizmis Rirsebebi
avtoritarizmis naklovanebebi
avtoritaruli saxelmwifos niSnebi
avtoritaruli politika
avtoritarizmis magaliTi _ nigeria
avtoritarizmis Teoria: miTi da realoba
avtoritarizmi Tanamedrove fenomenia
avtoritaruli reJimi tiranulia
avtoritaruli reJimi aralegitimuria
avtoritaruli reJimebi popularobiT
ar sargeblobs
avtoritaruli reJimi sazogadoebriv interesebs ugulebelyofs
avtoritarizmi yvelaze arademokratiuli mmarTvelobaa
avtoritarizmis epoqis dasasruli?

90

91

istoriulad yvelaze metad avtoritaruli mmarTvelobaa gavrcelebuli.

marTlac, me-19 saukunis 80-ian wlebSi laTinur amerikaSi demokratiis aRzevebamde da imave aTwleulis bolos aRmosavleT evropaSi socializmis dacemamde
demokratia gamonaklisad, xolo avtoritarizmi Cveulebriv movlenad rCeboda.
avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi masStabebiTa da xasiaTiT erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian. isini gvxvdeba mmarTvelobis uZveles (monarqiebi, Teokratiebi) da
Tanamedrove formebSi (diqtatura, samxedro xunta). avtoritarizmis erT-erT
Tanamedrove gamovlinebas, misi ukiduresi xasiaTidan gamomdinare, totalitarizmi ewoda. avtoritarizmis farTo speqtrs jer kidev amSvenebs tradiciuli
monarqiebi, romlebic ZiriTadad axlo aRmosavleTis arabuli qveynebisTvis
damaxasiaTbeli. magaliTad SegviZlia moviyvanoT maroko, saudis arabeTi, iordania, quveiTi, omani, bahreini, katari da arabeTis gaerTianebuli saamiroebi.
masStabebisa da xasiaTis nairgvarobis miuxedavad, avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi garkveuli saerTo TvisebebiT xasiaTdeba. Cveulebriv, msgavs sistemas
saTaveSi TviTgamocxadebuli mmarTveli udgas, xolo politikuri Zalaufleba
mxolod erTi an ramdenime adamianis xelSia moqceuli. avtoritarul mmarTvelTa umravlesoba realistur miznebs saxavs, Tumca ukidures SemTxvevaSi SesaZloa Tavisi uxeSi da sastiki qmedebebis gasamarTleblad utopiuri ideologia
gamoiyenos.
Cveulebisamebr, avtoritari mmarTvelebi ar cdiloben sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisa Tu ekonomikis yvela sferos gakontrolebas. maTi Zalisxmeva
ZiriTadad Zalauflebisa da saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis arsebuli struqturis
SenarCunebisken aris mimarTuli. avtoritaruli reJimi dRemde rCeba konstituciuri demokratiis ZiriTad alternativad da piriqiT. isini ukeT Seswavlas
saWiroeben.

avtoritarizmis Rirsebebi
ramdenime, SedarebiT mokle istoriul periods _ klasikuri saberZneTisa da romis, Sua saukuneebisa da renesansis epoqis italiis, agreTve uaxles
istorias Tu ar CavTvliT, monarqia, rogorc politikuri sistema, seriozuli
safrTxis winaSe arasodes damdgara (Tavad monarqebs am TvalsazrisiT naklebad
umarTlebdaT). TviT `ganmanaTleblur~ epoqebSic ki monarqia mmarTvelobis upirates formad rCeboda. berZnuli qalaq-saxelmwifoebis oqros xanaSic monarqiis ZiriTadi alternativa avtoritarizmis kidev erTi forma _ oligarqia iyo
da ara respublikuri mmarTveloba.
ratom aris avtoritarizmi istoriaSi mmarTvelobis yvelaze gavrcelebuli forma? es ramdenime mizeziT aris ganpirobebuli: pirveli, igi martivia da
ar moiTxovs rTuli kompleqsuri struqturebis, procedurebis da kanonebis SemuSavebas; meore _ xistia da amdenad (Teoriulad) efeqtiani: gamoricxavs azrTa

92
sxvadasxvaobas da, Sesabamisad, mxareTa Soris garigebis, SeTanxmebisa da konsensusis aucileblobas. biurokratia arsebuli reJimisadmi loialuri adamianebiTaa dakompleqtebuli: samsaxurSi ayvana nepotizmisa da mfarvelobis principiT
xdeba da ara damsaxurebis mixedviT; mesame _ sazogadoebas ar ZaluZs win aRudges xelisuflebis nebas: arc calkeul interesTa jgufebs da arc sazogadoebriv
azrs ar SeuZlia saxelmwifos qmedebaTa blokireba. msgavs mcdelobas Zaladobrivi reaqcia mohyveba. opozicia da represiebi erTi medlis or sxvadasxva mxarea. meoTxe _ iq, sadac usafrTxoeba mWidro kavSirSia gare safrTxeebisagan
TavdacvasTan, Zlieri lideris unari, Seagrovos gadasaxadebi, aSenos gzebi komunikaciisa da vaWrobis xelSewyobis mizniT, Seqmnas jari da darazmos xalxi,
TviTgadarCenis umTavresi faqtoria; mexuTe _ demokratia, mxolod ekonomikuri
keTildReobis, Zlieri saSualo fenis arsebobis pirobebSi yvavis.
demokratiuli sistemis Seqmnis realuri kandidatebi arian qveynebi,
romelTac SeuZliaT, sakuTar Tavs skolebisa da sxva socialuri infrastruqturis Seqmnis ufleba miscen, rac zrdis sazogadoebis informirebulobis xarisxs.
Rarib, naklebad ganviTarebul qveynebSe ki adamianebi mxolod gadarCenisTvis
yoveldRiur brZolaSi arian CarTulni. rogorc politikur procesebSi kargad
Caxedulma erTma pirovnebam aRniSna, `Zalaufleba ryvnis, xolo absoluturi
Zalaufleba ryvnis absoluturad~. Zalaufleba narkotikiviTaa _ igi adamians
Sxamavs da imonebs. sakmarisia gemo gaugo da iseTi mada giCndeba, romlis dakmayofileba Znelia (andazac xom gveubneba: mada WamaSi modiso).

avtoritarizmis naklovanebebi
avtoritarul saxelmwifoebs saTaveSi an erTpirovnuli lideri udgas, an
elitaruli mmarTveli jgufi. erTpirovnuli mmarTveloba avtokratiis, xolo
jgufuri mmarTveloba oligarqiis saxeliTaa cnobili (aseT jgufebs zogjer

xuntasac uwodeben). maTi xelisuflebaSi yofnis vada arCevnebiT (xalxis aqtiuri nebiT) ki ar ganisazRvreba, aramed miTisa da Zalauflebis sinTezzea dafuZnebuli. erTi mxriv, xalxs mudmivad unergaven, rom xelisuflebisadmi utyvi
morCileba maTi wmidaTawmida movaleobaa, meore mxriv, mmarTvelebi mudmiv mzadyofnaSi arian, gamoiyenon Zala yovelgvari ajanyebis winaaRmdeg da nebismier
fasad SeinarCunon TavianTi mdgomareoba.
tradiciulad avtoritaruli xelisuflebis saTaveSi diqtatori dgas.
yvelaze ufro saxelganTqmulni maT Soris, romlebic xelisuflebaSi meore
msoflio omis Semdeg movidnen, am droisaTvis an gardacvlilni arian, an xelisuflebas CamoSordnen. maT Sorisaa idi amini (uganda), imperatori bokasa I
(centraluri afrikis respublika), rafael truilo (dominikis respublika),
fransua `papa dok~ duvalie da misi vaJi `beibi dok~ duvalie (haiti), ferdinand
markosi (filipinebi), anastasio somoza (nikaragua), manuel noriega (panama), Sah
reza fehlevi (irani), generali suharto (indonezia), sadam huseini (erayi).
dRemde inarCunebs xelisuflebas muamar kadafi (libia). kidev sami diqtatori: hafez al-asadi (siria), mobutu sese seko (kongo, yofili zairi) da generali sani abaCa (nigeria) me-19 saukunis 90-iani wlebis miwuruls gardaicvalnen.
dRes sirias asadis vaJi marTavs, kongo anarqiis pirasaa, xolo demokratiuli
mmarTvelobis damyarebis frTxili nigeriuli eqsperimenti seriozul safrTxe-

93
Si rCeba mudmivi Sida eTnikuri da religiuri konfliqtebis fonze.
1980-iani wlebidan laTinurma amerikam gezi demokratiisaken aiRo, manamde ki aq samxedro xelisufleba xangrZlivad gamgeblobda. Tumca, is am TvalsazrisiT gamonaklisi ar yofila. meore msoflio omis Semdeg analogiuri situacia
iyo umetes regionebSi, maT Soris aziaSi, axlo aRmosavleTSi, CrdiloeT afrikaSi (e.w. arabul nawilSi) da samxreT afrikaSi. bevr maTganSi diqtatura dasrulda, Tumca zogierTSi jer kidev arsebobs. TviT laTinur amerikaSic ki, sadac
amJamad demokratia normadaa qceuli, samxedro kontrolis damyarebis safrTxe
gamoricxuli bolomde ver iqneba.
iq, sadac samxedro Zalaufleba dominirebs politikur sistemebze, kontrols axorcieleben samxedro institutebi da ara calkeuli pirovnebebi. generlebisgan Semdgari mmarTveli komiteti (an xunta), romelsac saTaveSi prezidenti
an generali udgas, aseTi sistemebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli movlenaa. samxedro reJimi Tavis legitimurobas samoqalaqo mmarTvelobis korumpirebulobiT xsnis da
imiT asabuTebs, rom mxolod mas ZaluZs wesrigisa da stabilurobis SenarCuneba.

hafez al-asadi: diqtatori

aq unda foto 75-e gverdidan!

1971 wlidan 2000 wlamde hafez al-asadi sirias rkinis xeliT marTavda. asadis mosvla
xelisuflebaSi da misi mmarTveloba makiavelis moZRvrebis erT-erT Tezas adasturebs imis Sesaxeb, rom sjobs mmarTvelis eSinodeT, vidre uyvardeT. asadi Siiti alavitebis Rarib ojaxSi
daibada (Siiti muslimebi siriaSi umciresobas warmoadgenen, mosaxleobis 65% da suniti muslimebi maT eretikosebad miiCneven). 16 wlis asadi baasis partias SeurTda, romelsac mogvianebiT saTaveSic Caudga. baasis partia nacionalizmisa da arabTa erTianobis lozungebiT
gamodioda. mogvianebiT asadma samxedro akademia daamTavra mfrinavis specialobiT. Tumca
misi interesis sferod mainc politika rCeboda da misi qmedebebic politikuri Zalauflebis
mopovebis surviliT iyo motivirebuli.
asads siriasTan mimarTebaSi kargad Camoyalibebuli mizani hqonda _ mas surda, rom siriis absoluturi mmarTveli yofiliyo da Tavisi saxelmwifo regionSi politikuri da samxedro
Zlierebis simbolod eqcia. man warmatebas miaRwia, Tumca garkveuli marcxic ganicada. aqedan
yvelaze mniSvnelovani 1967 wels, misi Tavdacvis ministrobis periodSi strategiuli mniSvnelobis golanis simaRlis daTmoba iyo israelTan eqvswliani omis Semdeg. siriam am teritoriis dabruneba 1973 welsac ver moaxerxa, rodesac egviptesTan erTad israelis winaaRmdeg omi
wamoiwyo, magram damarcxda. es faqti asadis politikuri ambiciebis kraxis simbolod rCeba.
Tumca asadi saxelmwifo saxsrebs xalxis ukiduresi siRaribis dasaZlevad xarjavda
da qveynis infrastruqturis, saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebis, samedicini momsaxurebis
gaumjobeseba SeZlo, misi es miRwevebi politikuri Zalauflebis SenarCunebis mizniT warmoebulma farulma brZolam daCrdila. asadi periodulad arCevnebsac atarebda, arCevnebSi misi
warmatebis indikatori ki mudmivad 99%-s Seadgenda, rac logikuri Sedegi iyo asadis qmedebisa: igi Tavisi politikuri oponentebis gasanadgureblad mkvlelebsa da teroristebs iyenebda
axlo aRmosavleTSi, Sida mtrebs ki muxabarati (saxelmwifo uSiSroebis samsaxuri, romelic
eleqtronuli zedamxedvelobis, terorisa da wamebis gavrcelebuli meTodebis gamoyenebiTaa
cnobili) daupirispira. asadis mier oponentebis winaaRmdeg Zalis gansakuTrebuli sisastikiT gamoyenebam 1982 wels piks miaRwia. man muslimTa saZmos wevrebze (radikaluri sunituri
islamuri organizacia) eWvi miitana, rom isini misi reJimis damxobas cdilobdnen da amitom qa-

94
laq hamas, muslimTa saZmos ZiriTadi koncentraciis adgilis, aTasobiT mcxovrebi daaxocvina
(sxvadasxva Sefasebis mixedviT, 5000-dan 30 000-mde sirieli). dRes sirias asadis vaJi, profesiiT ofTalmologi baSar asadi marTavs (igi siriaSi didi britaneTidan dabrunda, sadac didxans cxovrobda). mas Semdeg, rac misi ufrosi Zma 1994 wels avtokatastrofaSi daiRupa, baSari
polkovnikis Cinidan generlobamde dauyovnebliv daawinaures da SeiaraRebuli Zalebis umaRles mTavarsardladac daniSnes. 2000 wels mamis sikvdilis Semdeg man xelisufleba yovelgvari
winaaRmdegobis gareSe gadaibara. amis Semdeg gasakviri aRar unda iyos, rom siriis samxedro
diqtatura dRemde ucvleli da ualternativoa.

yofili samxedro maRalCinosnebi dResac mniSvnelovan rols asruleben

laTinuri amerikis axladaRmocenebul demokratiul sistemebSi, romelTa saTaveSic mosaxleobis mier arCeuli prezidentebi _ samoqalaqo pirebi dganan.
afrikis bevr qveyanaSi samxedro liderebi kvlav dominireben da arCeul samoqalaqo xelisuflebas saxelmwifo gadatrialebis safrTxe kvlav emuqreba. avtoritari mmarTvelebi individTa uflebebs uaryofen, rodesac es uflebebi maT
xelisuflebas an saxelmwifo politikas ewinaaRmdegeba. avtoritaruli reJimi
mmarTvelTa interesebs rigiT moqalaqeTa interesebze maRla ayenebs da, avtoritarizmis xasiaTidan gamomdinare, maT amaSi xels veraferi SeuSlis. avtoritaruli sistema aris garemo, sadac despoturi neba-survili ZaladobiT aris
ganmtkicebuli.
Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom avtoritari mmarTvelebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan. es gansxvaveba ki imazea damokidebuli, ra doziT
axveven isini TavianT nebas xalxs da ra xarisxiT axSoben inteleqtualur da
SemoqmedebiT Tavisuflebas. sxvadasxva avtoritari mmarTvelebi represiebsa
da Zaladobas marTlac gansxvavebuli intensivobiT iyeneben. erTni mxolod
nawilobriv mimarTaven iZulebas, xolo meoreni gansakuTrebuli mondomebiT
uswordebian TavianT oponentebs. maSin, roca avtoritari marTvelebis umetesoba TviTgandidebiT aris dakavebuli, arian iseTebic, romlebic Zalauflebas
saxelmwifo interesebis sasargeblodac iyeneben (iosef broz tito iugoslaviaSi da anvar sadaTi egvipteSi). ambiciuri saxelmwifo programebi, romlebic warmoebis ganviTarebis, reformirebisa da ekonomikis modernizaciiskenaa mimarTuli, keTili nebis diqtatorebis arsebobaze miuTiTebs. Tumca, ra Tqma unda,
verc keTili nebis diqtatorebi eguebian organizebuli politikuri opoziciis
arsebobas.
es praqtikuli niuansebi, romlebic xSirad Znelad SesamCnevia, politikuri
TvalsazrisiT radikalurad gansxvavebul Sedegs iZleva. avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi iseTi reJimebia, romlebic Zalauflebis mcireoden SezRudvasac ar
cnoben. maTi umravlesoba, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, mxolod zedapirulad (formalurad) interesdeba moqalaqeTa keTildReobiT. amgvarad, Tavneba diqtatorebic
xSirad mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan. daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom yvela tirani diqtatoria, magram yvela diqtatori tirani ar aris
(ix. sqema 4-1).

avtoritaruli saxelmwifos niSnebi

95
avtoritari mmarTvelebi xelisuflebaSi ZiriTadad Zaladobrivi gziT modian. wina xelisuflebas jer Zirs uTxrian, xolo Semdeg saxelmwifo gadatrialebis meSveobiT amxoben. uaxloes warsulSi swored ase moxda aziis, laTinuri
amerikis, axlo aRmosavleTis, saharis samxreTiT mdebare afrikul qveynebSi,
sadac diqtatorebi modian da midian ise, rom araferi icvleba im xalxisaTvis,
TiTqosda visi saxeliTac (da visi gulisTvisac) isini moqmedeben.
Zalauflebaze monopoliis SenarCuneba avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebis
mTavari mizania. amdenad, avtoritari mmarTvelebi cdiloben SeinarCunon kontroli im saSualebebze, romliTac TavianT politikur oponentebs daaSineben, Seaviwroeben, daapatimreben, gadaasaxleben an sikvdiliT dasjian. jari da
policia iZulebis mTavari iaraRia, aqedan gamomdinare, didia samxedro reJimis
damyarebis albaToba. avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebis meTaurTa umravlesoba
iwyebs rogorc samxedro piri da Semdeg, ZiriTadad mxolod iersaxisTvis, samoqalaqo statuss irgebs. magaliTad, egviptis mmarTvelebi gamal abdel naseri,
anvar sadaTi da amJamad hosni mubaraqi samxedro maRalCinosnebi iyvnen, sanam
prezidentebi gaxdebodnen.
moqmedi Tu potenciuri opoziciis gasaneitraleblad avtoritari mmarTvelebi xSirad mimarTaven cenzuras presaze, ukanonod acxadeben opoziciur
partiebs da sasamarTlo sistemaze mkacr kontrols aweseben, rasac Semdeg politikuri oponentebis devnis iaraRad iyeneben. monopolia masmediasa da sasamarTlo xelisuflebaze absolutur mmarTvelebs maTi Zalauflebis gaxangrZlivebis
saSualebas aZlevs da Zalauflebis gadaWarbebis SeniRbvisa da samarTlebriv
CarCoSi moqcevis meqanizmia. represiuli politika da institutebi wesrigisa
da stabilurobis saxeliT aris gamarTlebuli. am SemTxvevaSi magaliTad mohyavT iseTi problemebi, romlebsac Cveulebisamebr awydebian ganviTarebadi qveynebi (gareSe mtrebi, Sida eTnikuri da religiuri ganxeTqilebebi, ekonomikuri
krizisi da Rrma klasobrivi gansxvavebebi).
avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi xasiaTdeba Zalauflebis koncentraciiT da ar
cnobs politikur opozicias

avtokratiuli
(mefe, xalifa, a.S.)

avtokratiuli da oligarquli mmarTveloba

mxolod mmarTvelTa
raodenobiT gansxvavdeba
erTmaneTisgan

oligarquli
(samxedro xunta da a.S.)

keTili nebisa da diqtatoruli

reJimebi ki Zalauflebas
sxvadasxva mizniT iyeneben

keTili nebis

diqtatoruli

tiranuli

keTili nebis

aratiranuli

diqtatoruli

tiranuli

tiranuli da aratiranuli
diqtatura marTvis gansxvavebul saxes iyenebs

aratiranuli

96

sqema 4-1 avtoritaruli mmarTvelobis tipebi

Tumca zogierTi avtoritaruli saxelmwifo socialuri da ekonomikuri

reformebis iniciatorad gvevlineba (mag. TurqeTi, samxreT korea da taivani
uaxloes warsulSi), umetesoba mainc ganuviTarebel agrarul ekonomikasa da
mosaxleobis mdidar da Rarib fenebs Soris mkveTr gansxvavebas inarCunebs. avtoritari mmarTvelebi ekonomikas mxolod gansazRvrul doneze akontroleben.
ZiriTadad isini gadasaxadebis amoRebis gziT cdiloben samxedro da ekonomikuri programebis ganxorcielebas da ufro xSirad saxsrebs aramiznobrivad _
piradi interesebisaTvis xarjaven.
gadasaxadebis gadaxda da xelisuflebisadmi Tayvaniscema aris ZiriTadi,
rasac avtokratiuli reJimebi rigiTi moqalaqeebisgan moiTxoven. amdenad, mTavroba, erTi mxriv, ekonomikur eqspluatacias uwevs Tavis moqalaqeebs, meore
mxriv, ki sruliad gulgrilia maT mimarT, sanam es ukanasknelni politikis miRma
rCebian. saxelmwifos mier Tavisi moqalaqeebis pirad cxovrebaSi Carevis mcdeloba erTgvari testia, romelic gviCvenebs, gadalaxa Tu ara mmarTvelma avtoritarizmisa da totalitarizmis gamyofi xazi.
avtoritari mmarTvelebi xalxis cxovrebas iSviaTad aumjobeseben, xSirad
piriqiT xdeba, maT umetesobas ubralo moqalaqeebi arc axsovs. zogadad, avtoritarizmi `qveyanaSi arsebuli jgufebisa da klasebis mospobas an gardaqmnas
ar cdilobs, igi maT sakuTari miznebis gansaxorcielebel iaraRad aqcevs~.1

avtoritaruli politika
avtoritari mmarTvelebi naklebad arian motivirebulni xalxis sasikeTod
imoqmedon. aristotele amtkicebda, rom avtoritaruli mmarTvelobis yvela
forma, miuxedavad maT Soris mniSvnelovani sxvaobisa, kargi xelisuflebis damaxinjebuli saxea. saxelmwifo mowyoba, romelic sazogado interess emsaxureba,
absoluturi samarTlianobis principidan gamomdinare, swor mowyobas ganasaxierebs, acxadebda igi, xolo saxelmwifo mowyoba, romelic mxolod mmarTvelis pirad interesebzea orientirebuli _ araswor mowyobas ganasaxierebs anu
swori formebis damaxinjebuli saxea. aseTi maxinji formebi despoturia.2 aristotele aseve amtkicebda, rom swori mmarTveloba erTi pirovnebis an privilegirebuli umciresobis interesebze ki ara, moqalaqeTa keTildReobaze unda
iyos orientirebuli. diqtatorebisa da tiranebisTvis sazogado interesebze
maRla piradi interesi dgas. TaRliTi mkurnalis msgavsad, romelic imiT mdidrdeba, rom yalb samkurnalo saSualebebs saswaulmoqmedad asaRebs, avtoritari mmarTvelebic Zalauflebas imiT moipoveben, rom keTildReobas hpirdebian xalxs, romelsac sinamdvileSi eqspluatacias uweven.
mizani amarTlebs saSualebas _ TavianT egocentrul politikas avtoritari mmarTvelebi wesrigsa da Tavdacvaze mudmivi zrunviT xsnian. usafrTxoebis
sakiTxze yuradRebis aseTi gamaxvileba saxifaToc ki aris, radgan mmarTvelebma
SesaZloa (xSir SemTxvevaSi isini swored ase iqcevian) gadaWarbebul Zaladobas
mimarTon Sida areulobis mosagvareblad, romelic maTive araswori politikis
Sedegia.
istoriulad, yvelaze xSirad avtoritarul saxelmwifoTa meTaurebs Ta-

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vianTi politikuri oponentebisadmi sastiki mopyrobisaTvis kicxaven. rogorc
wesi, aseT saxelmwifoebSi Tavad politikis mimarT negatiuri damokidebuleba
arsebobs: mmarTveli an politikaze maRla dgas, an politikuri moRvaweoba saerTod akrZalulia. es ki imas niSnavs, rom sajarod sakiTxis dasmac ki ikrZaleba
imis Sesaxeb, vin an rogor unda marTos; saxelmwifos meTauris mimarT gamoTqmuli yovelgvari saxis kritika orgulobad da Ralatad aRiqmeba.

avtoritarizmis magaliTi _ nigeria

nigeriis magaliTi gviCvenebs, ratom iqmneba avtoritaruli sistemebi ase
advilad da ratom xdeba isini sayovelTaod saZulveli. afrikis erT-erTi potenciurad yvelaze Zlieri saxelmwifo, nigeria naTeli ilustraciaa imisa,
rogor funqcionireben da ra zianis motana SeuZliaT avtoritarul sistemebs.
miuxedavad imisa, rom nigerias afrikis teritoriis mxolod 3% ukavia, 120 milioniani mosaxleobiT kontinentis samxreTis 20%-s Seadgens. marTalia, nigeria
Sida erovnuli produqtiT samxreT afrikis respublikis Semdeg meore adgilzea
da eqsportisaTvis sakmarisi navTobis maragi aqvs, misi ekonomika jer kidev ganviTarebis yvelaze dabal safexurzea, xolo Sida erovnuli produqti erT mosaxleze 300 aSS dolars Seadgens. nigeriis ekonomikur ganviTarebas tomobriv
da eTnikur mravalferovnebasTan erTad, xelisuflebaSi araefeqtiani da korumpirebuli samxedro liderebis uwyvetad yofna aferxebs. nigeria britaneTis
kolonia iyo da damoukidebel saxelmwifod 1960 wels Camoyalibda. sxva afrikuli saxelmwifoebis msgavsad, misi sazRvrebi ise iqna dadgenili, rom koloniuri
mmarTvelebisaTvis administraciulad xelsayreli yofiliyo. am sazRvrebSi ki
sxvadasxva regionis, religiis, eTnosisa da kulturis warmomadgeneli moeqca.
250 sxvadasxva enasa da dialeqtze molaparake xalxi sakmarisia am qveynis gasaocar mravalferovnebaze warmodgenis Sesaqmnelad.
nigeria noyieri niadagia socialuri konfliqtebisaTvis. pirveli, qveyana religiuri niSniT aris gaxleCili: CrdiloeTSi muslimebi arian umravlesobaSi, samxreTSi _ qristianebi. meore, qveynis sxvadasxva regionSi dominireben msxvili eTnikuri jgufebi (tomebi): hausa-fulani CrdiloeTSi, ioruba _
dasavleTSi, igbosebi _ aRmosavleTSi. mesame, qveynis sxvadasxva nawils urTTierTkonkurenciisa da politikuri Zalauflebis gansxvavebuli resursebi
aqvs. magaliTad, CrdiloeTi yvelaze ufro dasaxlebuli regionia, samxreTSi
navTobis udidesi maragia, xolo aRmosavleTi _ diplomatebisa da administratorebis samSobloa.
swored arsebuli realobiTaa ganpirobebuli, rom nigeria damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg Rrma socialurma qaosma moicva. magaliTad, 1967 wels
aRmosavleT nigeriaSi igbos tomma calke saxelmwifod gamoyofa scada. Sedegad
samoqalaqo omi gaCaRda, romelmac sam wels gastana da milionobiT adamianis sicocxle Seiwira, separatizmis mcdeloba ki marcxiT damTavrda. xSiri religiuri konfliqtebi, Sedegad aTasobiT daRupuli qristiani da muslimi moqalaqe,
lokaluri socialuri arastabilurobis kidev erTi magaliTia.
amgvarad, nigeria mravaleTnikuri saxelmwifoa, mravalricxovani da mravalferovani jgufebisgan Semdgari, romelTa warmomadgenlebsac erTiani
erovnuli TviTSegneba naklebad aqvT Camoyalibebuli. msgavsi ganxeTqilebiT

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aixsneba is, ratom ar gaamarTla nigeriulma eqsperimentma demokratiisa da
arCeuli xelisuflebis Sesaxeb. aseT qaosur fonze politikuri wesrigis damyareba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania da Zlieri xelisufleba, romelsac Sida
konfliqtebis CaxSoba SeuZlia, farTo mxardaWeriT sargeblobs. magram 19831999 wlebSi samxedro mmarTvelobam qveyanaSi mxolod vardna, undobloba da ganxeTqileba moitana.
nigeriis politikur cxovrebaSi korufciis nakleboba arc manamde SeimCneoda, piks ki swored aRniSnul periodSi miaRwia. samxedro diqtatorebi da
mmarTveli gundi urcxvad mdidrdeboda da srulad ugulebelyofda qveynis
ekonomikur da socialur interesebs. erT-erTi Sefasebis mixedviT, 1999 wlamde
nigerias msoflioSi yvelaze korumpirebuli mTavroba hyavda. meqrTameoba
da gamoZalva cxovrebis wesi iyo, xolo patronaJis sistemam, sadac samxedro
mmarTvelebi Tanamdebobebsa da sxva privilegiebs mxolod reJimis mxardamWerebs aniWebdnen, gaberili, araefeqtiani, upasuxismgeblo biurokratiis Camoyalibebas Seuwyo xeli.
nigeriis samxedro mmarTvelebi momavalSi samarTliani arCevnebis Catarebasac hpirdebodnen xalxs, magram piroba pirobad darCa. 1993 wlis arCevnebis
SedegebiT xelisufleba ukmayofilo iyo. sapasuxod, nigeriis samxedro meTaurma generalma ibrahim babangidam Sedegebi gaauqma, gamarjvebuli kandidati
daaWerina da RalatSi daadanaSaula. mogvianebiT samxedro reJimis sxva mowinaaRmdegeebis devna da dapatimrebac daiwyo, ramdenime maTgani sikvdiliTac
dasajes.
cxrili 4.1
korumpirebul saxelmwifoTa reitingi *
1. nigeria
2. pakistani
3. kenia
4. bangladeSi
5. CineTi
6. kameruni
7. venesuela
8. ruseTi
9. indoeTi
10. indonezia
11. filipinebi
12. uganda
13. kolumbia
14. egvipte
15. brazilia
16. ekvadori
17. meqsika
18. tailandi

19. bolivia
20. argentina
21. italia
22. TurqeTi
23. espaneTi
24. ungreTi
25. iordania
26. taivani
27. saberZneTi
28. samxreTi korea
29. malaizia
30. CexeTi
31. poloneTi
32. samxreTi afrika
33. portugalia
34. Cile
35. belgia
36. safrangeTi

37. hong kongi

38. iaponia
39. avstria
40. aSS
41. israeli
42. germania
43. britaneTi
44. irlandia
45. avstralia
46. niderlandebi
47. Sveicaria
48. singapuri
49. norvegia
50. kanada
51. fineTi
52. SvedeTi
53. dania
54. axali zelandia

* 1996 w. korufciis done qveyanaSi multinacionaluri firmebisa da dawesebulebebis

TanamSromelTa SefasebiT (1=yvelaze metad korumpirebuli; 54=yvelaze naklebad korumpirebuli)
wyaro: saerTaSoriso gamWvirvaloba, berlini.

sabolood, 1999 wels, mravalwliani warumatebeli samxedro mmarTvelobi-

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sa da nigeriis Zlevamosili meTuris _ general sani abaCas moulodneli gardacvalebis Semdeg qveyanas kvlav mieca samarTliani arCevnebis Catarebis SesaZlebloba. yofili samxedro lideri olusegun obasanio 1983 wlis Semdeg nigeriis
pirveli demokratiuli gziT arCeuli prezidenti gaxda. obasanio gamonaklisia nigeriaSi: sazogado moRvawe samxedro warsuliTa da zneobrivi pirovnebis
reputaciiT. SeZlebs Tu ara igi nigeriis sabolood dayenebas demokratiisa da
keTildReobis gzaze, amas momavali gviCvenebs. (2007 wlidan qveyanas marTavs
umaru iaradea. mis arCevnebze saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobam araerTi darRveva daafiqsira. mTargmn. SeniSvna.) rogorc ar unda iyos, samxedro generlebis
mmarTveloba nigeriaSi Semdeg politikur WeSmaritebas adasturebs: pirveli,
avtoritari mmarTvelebis upiratesi mizani xelisuflebis SenarCunebaa nebismier fasad; meore, yvelaze sastiki diqtaturac ki ver gaeqceva Tavisive araswori mmarTvelobis damRupvel Sedegebs.

avtoritarizmis Teoria:
miTi da realoa
xSirad xdeba avtoritarizmis ukiduresi formebis ganzogadeba, rac araswori Sexedulebebis Camoyalibebas uwyobs xels. damRa, romelic avtoritarizms
mudam Tan sdevs da risi arsebobac gasagebia da gamarTlebuli, ramdenime popularuli mcdari mosazrebis Camoyalibebas ganapirobebs. qvemoT ganvixilavT
eqvs aseT mosazrebas, romlebic realobisa da miTis sinTezzea damyarebuli.

avtoritarizmi Tanamedrove fenomenia

es hipoTeza erTi SexedviT WeSmarits hgavs, Tumca mcire kritikasac ver
uZlebs. Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdebisa da SenarCunebis fundamenturi meTodebi
or aTaswleulze metia arsebobs.
aristotele `politikaSi~ STambeWdavad aRwers politikur strategias,
romelsac adreuli xanis avtokrati mmarTvelebi iyenebdnen. es meTodebi arc
axlandeli diqtatorebisTvisaa ucxo. aristotele gonivrulad SeniSnavs, rom
am taqtikis mizania xeli SeuSalos calkeul individTa SeTanxmebul politikur
moqmedebas maTi sulierad gatexvisa da erTmaneTis mimarT undoblobis daTesvis gziT. igi anadgurebs nebismier pirovnebas, romlisganac raime saxis politikur safrTxes elis. Sekrebebis, kulturuli RonisZiebebisa da sxva sazogadoebrivi saqmianobis akrZalviT individTa erTmaneTisgan izolacia xdeba. aseTi
qmedebebi safrTxisa da undoblobis grZnobas amyarebs da xels uSlis iatakqveSa politikuri moZraobebis warmoqmnas. saidumlo policia da jaSuSebi xalxSi
SiSisa da daZabulobis sindroms kidev ufro aZliereben.
siRaribe, maRali gadasaxadebi da mZime Sroma xalxis drosa da yuradRebas mTlianad ikavebs (aristoteles magaliTis saxiT egviptis piramidebis mSenebloba mohyavs). bolos, omis gaCaRebis mcdeloba avtokrati mmarTvelebis yuradRebis gadatanis kidev erTi saSualebaa `riTac isini xalxis gonebas ipyroben
da lideris aucileblobas mudmivad Seaxseneben~.3
avtokratuli politikuri taqtika ufro ganavrco ita lielma moaz-

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rovne nikolo makiavelim. misi naSromi politikuri Zalauflebis mopovebisa
da SenarCunebis strategias eZRvneba. `mTavari~ (1513) warmatebuli avtoritari mmarTvelis samagido wignad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. makiaveli amtkicebda, rom mmarTveli zneobriv pirovnebad unda aCvenebdes Tavs maSinac ki,
rodesac amoralur saqciels Cadis. warmatebuli mmarTveli sicruis namdvili didostati unda iyos, amoraluri saqcieli ki xSirad Tavis gadarCenis erTaderTi gzaa. liderma dadebiT pirovnebad unda aCvenos Tavi maSin,
roca `cudad iqceva~.
qeT, aq unda foto 82-e gverdidan!
warwera fotoze:
nikolo makiaveli (1469-1527) naSromSi `mTavari~ asabuTebs, rom mmarTvelebs
Zalauflebis SenarCuneba mxolod uzneo taqtikisa da strategiis gamoyenebiT SeuZliaT.

makiaveli momaval mmarTvelebs imasac urCevs, rom danapirebi ar Seasrulon, Tu es maT interesebSi aRar Sedis, SeniRbon TavianTi WeSmariti miswrafebebi, daTeson SiSi siyvarulis nacvlad da uangarobis ieriT Seimoson, rodesac
mxolod sakuTar interesebze zrunaven. keTilSobileba am SemTxvevaSi sakuTar
interesebze zrunvasa da xalxis interesebis ugulebelyofasTanaa gaigivebuli.
rodesac qonebis CamorTmevaze, oponentebis dapatimrebasa Tu moRalateTa dasjaze midgeba saqme - es yvelaferi dauyovnebliv da erTdroulad unda moxdes.
sisxlian saqmeebs rac ufro adre daasruleb, miT ufro swrafad daaviwydebaT.
rac Seexeba keTildReobas, Zunwad, nawil-nawil unda daurigo xalxs, raTa gemo
kargad gaugon da mudam axsovdeT, visi wyalobaa igi. dabolos, sasjeli umkacresi unda iyos: msubuqma sasjelma SeiZleba ajanyebis survili gaaRvivos da susti
da meryevi pirovnebis reputacia Seuqmnas xelisufals.
zemoT Tqmulidan gamomdinare, gasakviri ar unda iyos, rom sityva `makiaveliseuli~ sastik da uzneo qmedebebTan asocirdeba. Tumca, ra Tqma unda, es
meTodebi makiavelis gamogonili ar aris. man mxolod me-16 saukunis italiis
qalaqi-saxelmwifoebis marTvis arsebuli gamocdilebis sistematizacia moaxdina. rogorc masze bevrad ufro adre aristotelem, makiavelim avtokrati
mmarTvelebis mier politikuri Zalauflebis SenarCunebis teqnika da meTodebi
daamuSava, romlebic dRemde gamoiyeneba.

avtoritaruli reJimi tiranulia

avtoritari mmarTvelebis mier Zalauflebis ganxorcielebis saSualebebi
sxvadasxvagvaria. aristotele avtoritarizmis or formas ganasxvavebda. misi
azriT, yvelaze gavrcelebuli forma damyarebulia politikuri kontrolis
iseT tradiciul meTodebze, rogoricaa absoluturi sisastike da represiebi.
aseT politikas aqvs erTi mizani _ samudamod CaaxSos amboxis survili. avtoritari mmarTvelebis meore tipi ki xalxis motyuebas cdilobs. isini xalxze mzrunvelis STabeWdilebas toveben, sakuTari simdidris warmoCenas eridebian,
wesierebis farglebs arasodes cdebian, Rirseul moqalaqeebs pativs miageben,
Zeglebs dgamen da a.S. mokled, TavianTi xelqveiTebis winaSe ara despotis, ara-

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med rCeulis saxiT wardgebian.4 ra Tqma unda, am SemTxvevaSic uzenaesi kvlav
mmarTvelis piradi interesia. is mxolod STabeWdilebis moxdenas cdilobs,
raTa xalxSi buntis yovelgvari survili da motivacia gaaqros. aseTi mmarTveli, aristoteles azriT, `naxevrad kargia~. Tumca, cxadia, aseTi `naxevrad kargi~ mmarTvelis xelSi cxovreba sjobs, vidre `tradiciuli~ diqtatorisa.
mniSvneloba eniWeba ara mxolod masStabebs, romliTac avtoritari mmarTveli individTa cxovrebaze zemoqmedebs, aramed meTodebs, romelTac igi am
miznis misaRwevad iyenebs. rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, zogierTi maTgani dapatimrebiTa da sikvdiliT uswordeba arsebul da potenciur mtrebs, zogierTi ki Zalas
iSviaTad iyenebs. avtoritari mmarTvelebi sxva TvalsazrisiTac gansxvavdebian
erTmaneTisgan _ erTni qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis mimarT gulgrilni
arian da mxolod politikuri Zalauflebis SenarCunebaze arian orientirebulni, meoreni ki ekonomikuri pirobebis gaumjobesebas dauRalavad cdiloben. magaliTad, Sahi muhamed reza fehlevi (1929-1980) garda imisa, rom Tavisi
politikur mtrebs sdevnida, iranis kulturuli, ekonomikuri da socialuri
cxovrebis modernizebasac cdilobda. misi drois iranSi pirovnuli Tavisufleba garkveuli xarisxiT mainc arsebobda. Tanamedrove taivansa da singapurSic demokratiisa da diqtaturis aseve ucnauri sinTezi SeiniSneba. am or qveyanas wlebis ganmavlobaSi ekonomikuri zrdis swrafi tempi da cxovrebis maRali
done axasiaTebT, rac maT mesame msoflios qveynebis Suris obieqtad xdis.

avtoritaruli reJimi aralegitimuria

amerikelTa umetesoba gaiziarebda jon lokis Sexedulebas imis Sesaxeb,
rom erTaderTi legitimuri xelisufleba aris is, romelic xalxis nebasa da sayovelTao Tanxmobazea dafuZnebuli. Tumca es piroba legitimurobis erTaderTi
sazomi arc arasodes yofila _ istoriaSi arsebobda sakmaod xangrZlivi periodebi, rodesac sayovelTao neba legitimurobis kriteriumi saerTod ar yofila.
Sua saukuneebis bolo periodidan me-18 saukunis miwurulamde, evropaSi
mmarTvelobis yvelaze gavrcelebuli forma monarqia iyo, romelic religiasa
(saRvTo kanoni) da memkvidreobiTobaze (samefo warmomavloba) iyo dafuZnebuli. analogiurad, imperiul CineTSi dinastiuri principi imperatoris legitimurobis erTaderTi wyaro iyo, magram religiac mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda _ CineTis imperatori `zeciuri mandatiT~ marTavda. istoriulad, swored
tradiciebi da religia gaxldaT xelisuflebis legitimurobis ori ZiriTadi
wyaro.
foto 84-e gverdidan
warwera fotoze:
frangi xalxis mxardaWeriT napoleon bonapartem (1769-1821) 1804 wels safrangeTis imperatorad gamoacxada: `me var saxelmwifo _ me erTaderTi var aq xalxis
warmomadgeneli~.

Tanamedrove diqtatura legitimurobis pirovnul da naklebad formalur

wyaroebzea dafuZnebuli. am fenomens qarizmatul liders uwodeben. qarizma
xSirad pirovnul mimzidvelobaze, oratorul xelovnebaze an erovnuli gmiris
mier omebsa da revoluciebSi mopovebul gamarjvebebzea dafuZnebuli. meore

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msoflio omis Semdeg qarizmatuli lideris magaliTebia naseri egvipteSi, sukarno indoneziaSi da kadafi _ libiaSi. mesame msoflios postkoloniuri diqtatura mTlianad ganmaTavisuflebeli gmiris Tayvaniscemazea damyarebuli _
pirovnebisa, romelic adgilobriv mosaxleobas evropis koloniuri mmarTvelobis winaaRmdeg warmatebul brZolebSi miuZRoda.
sarwmunoeba, tradiciebi, qarizma _ avtokratuli mmarTvelobis istoriuli sayrdenia. rogorc wesi, isini amarTleben ideas, rom mmarTvelebs ufleba
aqvT, marTon xalxis nebis winaaRmdeg. magram marTvis ufleba jer kidev ar niSnavs sworad marTvas. samwuxarod, diqtatorebi da tiranebi am uflebis gamoyenebisas xSirad uSveben seriozul Secdomebs.

avtoritaruli reJimi popularobiT ar sargeblobs

isini, vinc demokratiul saxelmwifoSi cxovroben, bunebrivia, darwmunebulni arian, rom arCevanis SemTxvevaSi sxvebic upiratesobas swored demokratiul sistemebs mianiWeben. rogorc aRmoCnda, es Sexeduleba mcdaria. udavoa,
rom diqtatorebi ara marto SiSs Tesaven xalxSi, aramed _ pativiscemas, rwmenas,
nebayoflobiT morCilebasa da siyvarulsac ki da radganac avtoritari liderebi zogjer politikur stabilurobasa da ekonomikur zrdas uzrunvelyofen,
Tayvaniscemis obieqtebic ki xdebian.
pirovnuli qarizma popularobis kidev erTi wyaroa. qarizmatuli `mxedris~ prototips napoleon bonaparti ganasaxierebs. napoleonma xelSi revoluciiT ZirgamoTxrili saxelmwifos xelisufleba Caigdo da safrangeTi mniSvnelovani gamarjvebebisaken waiyvana. man TiTqmis mTeli kontinenti daipyro,
Tavisi warmatebis pikze igi safrangeTSi absoluturi popularobiT sargeblobda. hitlermac germaneli xalxis sruli mxardaWera moipova (Tumca, ra Tqma
unda, hitleris totalitaruli saxelmwifo Tavisi politikuri gavleniT bevrad aRemateboda napoleonis reJims). rogorc erTi mkvlevari aRniSnavda:
sazogadod miCneulia, rom is, vinc umravlesobis mxardaWeriT
sargeblobs, SeuZlebelia tirani iyos. napoleonsa da hitlers _ TavianTi drois am or udides tirans, mmarTvelobis ZiriTad periodSi umravlesobis sruli mxardaWra hqondaT. frangebis umetesoba napoleonis
agresiuli politikis momxre iyo da arc hitleris antisemitur politikas hqonia raime saxis winaaRmdegoba germaneli xalxis mxridan, magram
maTi mmarTveloba amis gamo naklebad tiranuli ar gamxdara.
warmovidginoT, rom demokratiulad arCeuli premier-ministri
msgavs kampanias iwyebs da is tiraniviT unda moiqces. savaraudod, umciresobis mxridan mas iseTi Zlieri winaaRmdegoba Sexvdeba, rom iZulebuli gaxdeba tiranuli meTodebiT CaaxSos igi. maSasadame, misi xelisufleba amomrCevelTa nebaze aRar aris dafuZnebuli da igi absoluturi
tirani xdeba. aseTi tirani SesaZloa garkveulwilad xalxis mxardaWeriT
sargeblobdes, magram misi Zalaufleba am mxardaWeraze aRar iqneba dafuZnebuli.5

cudi mmarTveli, rogori daudevari da daundobelic unda iyos, iSviaTad

awydeba winaaRmdegobas maTi mxridan, visac misi gansjis unari Seswevs. am Tval-

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sazrisiT, Tanamedrove tiranebi me-19 saukunis rusi klasikosis dostoevskis
mier gamoTqmul WeSmaritebas adastureben: Tanasworobis epoqaSi masebi, uwinares yovlisa, eswrafvian ra usafrTxoebas, siamovnebiT miiReben despotizms,
raTa pasuxismgeblobis im tvirTs gaeqcnen, romelic Tavisuflebas axlavs Tan.6
WeSmariteba isaa, rom despoturi xelisufleba imaze ufro popularulia, vidre
Cven gvinda gvjerodes.

avtoritaruli reJimi sazogadoebriv

interesebs ugulebelyofs
verc es ganzogadebuli mosazreba uZlebs kritikas. yvelaze uares tiransac ki ZaluZs qveynis politikuri qaosidan da ekonomikuri stagnaciidan
gamoyvana da wesrigisa da keTildReobis gzaze dayeneba. adolf hitleris damsaxurebaa, germaniam rom ekonomikuri krizisi daZlia. imave epoqis italiis
faSisti diqtatoris benito musolinis apologetebi aRniSnavdnen, rom misi
wyalobiT, sul cota, matareblebi aRar igvianebdnen. warmatebuli saxelmwifo
politikis es magaliTebi, ra Tqma unda, ar amarTlebs zRvargadasul tiranias,
magram sakuTar qveyanaSi hitlerisa da musolinis popularobis asaxsnelad namdvilad gamodgeba.
yvelaze STambeWdavi magaliTi imisa, rogor moaxerxa avtokratulma reJimma mdgradi socialuri da ekonomikuri progresis miRweva, aris ara evropa, aramed CineTi. amas monteskie, adam smiti da karl marqsic ki aRniSnavdnen. am TvalsazrisiT CineTi dRemde rCeba mkvlevarTa interesis sagnad.7 gansakuTrebiT
aRsaniSnavia kaSxlebis, jebirebisa da wyalsadenebis vrceli sistema, romelic
CineTis uzarmazar samefos mTlianad moicavda.8 mTeli es hidrosistema aris
niSandoblivi miRweva, romelic Tavisi mniSvnelobiTa da masStabebiT aRemateboda Zveli drois dasavleTSi ganxorcielebul nebismier saerTo saxalxo saxelmwifo proeqts. sainteresoa, romelma civilizaciam SeZlo aseTi moculobis samuSaos warmatebiT ganxorcieleba?
Tanamedrove mkvlevarma karl vitfogelma Teoriulad Seiswavla Cinuri
sistema, romelsac man `aRmosavluri despotizmi~ uwoda da daaskvna, rom misi
gansakuTrebuli xasiaTi mkacr da gausaZlis pirobebSi mravalricxovani mosaxleobis gadarCenis aucileblobiT iyo ganpirobebuli.9 Cinelebis ZiriTadi
sakvebi produqti yovelTvis brinji iyo, xolo brin-jis moyvana didi raodenobiT wyals da misi kontrolis saTanado sistemas saWiroebs. ase rom, sakvebis
mudmivi problemis mosagvareblad jer wylis mudmivi problemis mogvareba iyo
aucilebeli. es ki wylis nakadis kontrolis, irigaciisa da drenaJis sakmaod
rTuli sqemis Seqmnas gulisxmobda. CineTSi Seiqmna permanentuli meurneobis
sistema, romelmac qveyanas saSualeba misca erTi da igive miwebi saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi daemuSavebina ise, rom maTi nayofiereba SenarCunebuliyo.
amgvari sistemis Seqmna ki mxolod Zlieri centraluri xelisuflebis pirobebSi iqneboda SesaZlebeli. iseTi ambiciuri proeqtis ganxorcieleba, rogoricaa uZveles xanaSi bunebrivi garemos gardaqmna, politikuri uwyvetobisa
da stabilurobis, socialuri erTobis, swori mecnieruli gaTvlebis, arnaxuli
masStabis adamianuri da materialuri resursebis sruli mobilizebisa da koordinirebis gareSe, warmoudgeneli iqneboda. swored mudmivi meurneobis Cinuri
sistemis teqnologiurma da organizaciulma mowyobam Seuwyo xeli uzarmazari

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biurokratiuli aparatisa da evropuli standartebisaTvis uCveulo radikaluri imperiuli diqtaturis damyarebas. rogorc Zveli drois mogzaurebi da
vaWrebi aRniSnavdnen, CineTis mTvroba yvelaze didi miwaTmflobeli iyo (kerZo sakuTreba mkacrad iyo akrZaluli). ufro metic, samTavrobo politikasa da
programebs gansazRvravda da axorcielebda centralizebuli biurokratia,
romlis warmomadgenlebic kargi administratorebi iyvnen. am klasSi miReba
xdeboda ara memkvidreobiTobis, sakuTrebis flobis an simdidris mixedviT
(rogorc es evropaSi xdeboda), aramed gamocdebiT, romliTac mowmdeboda kandidatis mier konfucis moZRvrebis, Sesabamisad ki qcevis swori normebisa da
urTulesi Cinuri damwerlobis codna. piramidis kenweroSi imperatori imyofeboda, romelsac `zeciuri mandati~ da absoluturi Zalaufleba hqonda.
rogori iyo saSualo Cineli moqalaqis xvedri am uaRresad centralizebuli mmarTvelobis pirobebSi? saSualo adamiani sakvebi produqtebiT vaWrobda da mmarTveli ZalisTvis mxolod da mxolod warmoebis faqtori iyo. garda
imisa, rom ubralo adamianebs mkacr samuSao disciplinas uwesebda, biurokratia
am xalxiT ar interesdeboda. xelisufleba saxalxo revoluciis mudmivi SiSiT
ar iyo Sepyrobili. imperiuli CineTi gansakuTrebiT stabiluri sazogadoeba
iyo. religiisa da xelisuflebis Serwyma, is, rom masebi brinjis moyvaniTa da
farTomasStabiani samuSaoebiT iyvnen dakavebulni, Tanamedrove sabrZolo da
sakomunikacio saSualebebis ararseboba, gansakuTrebuli privilegebi mxolod
swavlulTa maRali klasisTvis _ yvela es faqtori erTad potenciur politikur
opozicias zRudavda. `hidravlikurma despotizmma~ dRemde arsebuli mmarTvelobis yvela formaze didxans iarseba.
aziuri despotizmi erTgvari paradoqsiia. erTi mxriv igi aris politikuri
reJimis magaliTi, romelic tradiciuli dasavluri avtoritarizmis formebze
bevrad ufro despoturia:
aRmosavluri despotizmi ufro Zlieri da Rrmaa, vidre XVI-XIX saukuneebis evropuli avtokratia an Tundac romis imperia misi aRzevebis
periodSi. umciresoba akontrolebda da eqsploatacias uwevda xalxis
gacilebiT did masas da bevrad ufro efeqtiani biurokratiuli aparati
hqonda, vidre qalaq-saxelmwifoTa tiraniebs.10

meore mxriv, imperiuli CineTis ekonomikuri Tu teqnologiuri miRwevebi

mis xelovnebasTan, enasTan da literaturasTan erTad, marTlac gansacvifrebelia. aseve mniSvnelovani winsvla aRiniSna CineTis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis
adreul etapze. miuxedavad imisa, rom imperatorebi da swavluli-moxeleebi
arc liberalebi iyvnen da arc politikuri ganaTleba hqondaT miRebuli, `hidravlikuri despotizmis~ Cinurma sistemam xeli Seuwyo sakvebis uzarmazari
maragis dagrovebas, romelic mravalricxovani da mzardi mosaxleobisaTvis
saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi sakmarisi aRmoCnda (Tumca drodadro iyo SimSilobis periodebic). im siZneleebsac Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rasac mesame msoflios qveynebi TavianTi xalxis sacxovrebliTa da sakvebiT uzrunvelyofis
saqmeSi dRemde awydebian, imperiuli CineTis agraruli miRwevebi kidev ufro
RirsSesaniSnavad unda CaiTvalos.
naklebad gansacvifrebeli, magram garkveulwilad analogiuri Tanamedrove fenomenia aziis `patara drakonebi~. dasavleTis xelSewyobiT dRes es
qveynebi demokratizaciis procesSi arian. Tumca samarTlianoba moiTxovs aRi-

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niSnos, rom uaxloes warsulSi maT, rogorc avtoritarulma saxelmwifoebma,
mniSvnelovan warmatebas miaRwies cxovrebis donis gaumjobesebisa da Sida erovnuli produqtis zrdis TvalsazrisiT. xelisuflebisa da kerZo biznesis TanamSromloba aziuri korporatizmis qvakuTxedia. amis Sedegad ganxorcielda
farTomasStabiani industrializacia da samrewvelo da teqnologiuri progresi, mniSvnelovnad gaizarda eqsporti. xelisuflebam adgilobrivi sawarmoebi
SeinarCuna sxvadasxva proteqcionistuli strategiis meSveobiT, savaWro SezRudvebisa da valutis regulirebis gziT. am qveynebis amJamindeli ekonomikuri
miRwevebi avtoritaruli mmarTvelobis memkvidreobis Sedegia. es imis maniSnebelia, rom saxelmwifo politika sazogadoebriv interesebs Tavisuflebisa da
demokratiis ararsebobis pirobebSic SeiZleba emsaxurebodes.

avtoritarizmi yvelaze arademokratiuli

mmarTvelobaa
upirveles yovlisa, unda aRiniSnos, rom totalitarul saxelmwifoSi (ix. V Tavi) pirovnebis Tavisufleba gacilebiT ufro SezRudulia, vidre
tradiciuli avtokratiis pirobebSi. meore, rogorc ukve vTqviT, erTmaneTisgan mkveTrad gansxvavdeba is masStabebi, romliTac sxvadasaxva avtokrati
mmarTveli Tavis moqalaqeebs eqsploatacias uwevs. erTni ekonomikur zrdasa da
socialur reformebze arian orientirebulni, meoreni ki _ ara. zogierTi maTgani cxovrebis saTanado pirobebs uqmnis Tavis moqalaqeebs, zogic maT mimarT
sruliad gulgrilia. ramdenime maTgani nayofieri reformatori da socialur
ganviTarebaze orientirebuli mmarTvelia. mesame, zogierT ganviTarebad qveyanaSi avtoritarizmi mmarTvelobis yvelaze optimaluri formaa. dabolos, aRmosavleT evropis saxelmwifoebsa da yofil sabWoTa respublikebSi saTanado
pirobebis dadgomis SemTxvevaSi avtoritarul xelisuflebas konstituciur
demokratiad gardaqmnis bevrad ufro meti Sansi aqvs, vidre totalitaruls.
rodesac qveyana arCevanis winaSe dgeba: erTi mxriv, anarqia, ekonomikuri
kraxi Tu socialuri qaosi, xolo meore mxriv avtoritaruli mmarTveloba,
Cndeba dilema. aseT pirobebSi diqtaturis raime forma aucilebelia, droebiT
mainc. Tanamedrove msoflioSi diqtatura mmarTvelobis mxolod gardamaval
formad yalibdeba.

avtoritarizmis epoqis dasasruli?

miuxedavad imisa, rom avtoritaruli xelisufleba politikuri wesrigis
damyarebis

yvelaze

sworxazovani

da

martivi

gzaa,

politologebi

ukve

avtoritarizmis epoqis dasasrulze alaparakdnen. 1974-1990 wlebSi laTinuri

amerikis, aziisa da aRmosavleT evropis 30-ze meti qveyana arademokratiulidan
demokratiul

mmarTvelobaze gadavida.11 am fenomens xSirad komunisturi

sistemis dacemiT xsnian. Tumca, aRmosavleT evropaSi socializmis dasrulebamde

ufro adrec, arademokratiuli sistemebi erTi meoris miyolebiT daemxo,
gansakuTrebiT laTinur amerikaSi. me-19 saukunis 80-ian wlebSi ekvadorSi, boliviaSi, peruSi, braziliaSi, urugvaiSi, argentinaSi, Cilesa da paragvaiSi samxedro

106
mmarTveloba ufro demokratiuli mmarTvelobiT Seicvala. maT centraluri
amerikis qveynebmac mibaZes. ukanasknel wlebSi demokratiam saharis samxreTiT
mdebare afrikul qveynebSi SeaRwia. mxolod 1990 wels, sul cota 9 afrikulma
qveyanam Caatara mravalpartiuli arCevnebi da kidev ufro meti am arCevnebis
CatarebisaTvis aucilebeli reformebis gatarebas Seudga.12 odnav mogvianebiT,
samxreT afrikis represiuli aparteidis sistema, romelic TeTrkanianTa
upiratesobis rasistul modelze iyo dafuZnebuli, gauqmda da bevrad ufro
demokratiuli mmarTvelobiT Seicvala.
ramdenad mdgradi (Tu efemeruli) aRmoCndeba avtoritarizmze uaris Tqmis
aRniSnuli mcdeloba, am SekiTxvaze pasuxi jer kidev gaucemeli rCeba. SesaZlebelia Tu ara momavalSi, pirvelad kacobriobis istoriaSi, demokratia Cveulebrivi movlena iyos, xolo arademokratiuli reJimi _ iSviaTi gamonaklisi?
Tanamedrove msoflioSi mravladaa warmatebuli demokratiisa da warumatebeli diqtaturis magaliTebi. ufro metic, keTildReoba, romelic demokratiul qveynebTan asocirdeba, bevrs aRfrTovanebisa da mibaZvisken ubiZgebs.
bolo xanebSi demokratiuli modeli ufro da ufro did warmatebas aRwevs.
Tumca

demokratizaciis procesis Seuqcevadad gamocxadeba jerac

naadrevia. warsulSi demokratiam ukuqceviTi procesebi ramdenjerme ganicada.13 amitom danamdvilebiT Tqma, ra moxdeba amjerad, Znelia. miuxedavad sakmaod
damaimedebeli niSnebisa me-19 saukunis 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, demokratiam
afrikis qveynebSi ver gaamarTla. me-19 saukunis 90-ian wlebSi zambiam am TvalsazrisiT yvelaze met warmatebas miaRwia. 1991 wels arCevnebi Catarda da kenet
kaunda, romelic zambias 25 welze met xans marTavda, frederik CilubasTan damarcxda. Tumca 1996 wels, rodesac axali arCevnebis dro dadga, Cilubam kaundas arCevnebSi mis winaaRmdeg monawileoba aukrZala. rogorc avtoritetuli
britanuli yovelkvireuli gamocema aRniSnvda, `es Cveulebriv movlenad iqca
afrikuli qveynebisaTvis~.
afrikuli arCevnebi axla naklebad gamoxatavs xalxis nebas. erTiori gamonaklisis garda, romlebic ZiriTadad afrikis samxreTSi gvxvdeba, afrikis qveynebSi demokratiis parodia ufroa. mTeli Zalaufleba
erTi pirovnebis _ prezidentis xelSia Tavmoyrili. xelisufleba arCevnebs niSnavs, opozicia boikots ucxadebs an mis Sedegebs ar aRiarebs,
xelisufleba ignorirebas ukeTebs opozicias. problemaa isaa, rom tiranebma ician, rogor akontrolon arCevnebi: [saarCevno olqebis] sazRvrebs, medias, ekonomikasa da saarCevno siebs survilisamebr marTaven.
oponentebi Seviwroebulni arian. TamaSis wesebi jariskacebmac iswavles.
dasavleTi da centraluri afrikis qveynebis umetesobas arCeuli yofili samxedroebi marTaven, maT Soris arian gambiisa da nigeriis meTaurebi, romlebic saxelmwifos saTaveSi mas Semdeg movidnen, rac demokratiulad arCeuli xelisufleba daamxes.14

afrika ar aris avtoritaruli warsulis mqone erTaderTi regioni, sadac

axalgazrda demokratia safrTxeSia. laTinur amerikaSi demokratiam bevr qveyanaSi SeaRwia, Tumca igi jer kidev sustia. ramdenime qveyanas _ kolumbias, perusa
da meqsikas seriozuli safrTxe emuqreba sxvadasxva teroristuli jgufebisagan. saerTo saxalxo mRelvareba sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxvis SedegebSi

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aisaxa. laTinuri amerikis qveynebSi gamokiTxulTa 70% acxadebda,rom isini `ar
arian kmayofili~ an `srulebiT ukmayofiloni arian~ demokratiuli sistemebiT.15
riTi aixsneba avtoritarizmis uwyvetoba postmodernul msoflioSi? am
kiTxvaze pasuxi, upirveles yovlisa, im Rrma gansxvavebaSi unda veZeboT, romelic msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeebs Soris arsebobs. aRmosavleT evropaSi,
aziaSi, laTinur amerikaSi, axlo aRmosavleTsa da saharis samxreTiT mdebare
afrikul qveynebSi jer kidev ar arsebobs Tanamedrove ekonomika. droTa ganmavlobaSi gansxvavebebi ekonomikisa da ganaTlebis TvalsazrisiT, kidev ufro
Rrmavdeba. uzarmazari sagareo valebi da resursebis deficiti mZime tvirTad
awveba am qveynebis ekonomikas. eTnikuri ganxeTqilebebi ganviTarebad sazogadeobas arastabilurs xdis. im qveynebSic ki, sadac samxedro mmarTveloba
Seicvala, samxedro maRalCinosnebi samoqalaqo xelisuflebas farulad mainc
akontroleben. maSin,roca demokratia farTo nabijebiT miiwevs win danarCen
msoflioSi, axladaRmocenebuli demokratiuli sistemebi jer kidev aramyaria.
aseT pirobebSi avtoritarizmis aRsasrulis gamocxadeba naadrevia.

daskvna

rodesac erTi an ramdenime TviTgamocxadebuli mmarTveli politikur Zalauflebas yovelgvari kontrolis gareSe axorcielebs, saqme gvaqvs
diqtaturasTan. keTili nebis avtokratebi (romlebic garkveulwilad xalxis keTildReobaze zrunaven), tradiciuli diqtatorebi (romlebis mxolod
sakuTar interesebze zrunaven) an tiranebi (romlebic gansakuTrebuli enTuziazmiT aCaReben sisxlisRvrasa da Zaladobas) _ yvelani erTad diqtatorebs warmoadgenen. maT Soris mcireodeni gansxvaveba ki sxvadasxva masStabiT
aisaxeba im adamianTa cxovrebaze, romlebic marTvaSi raime saxiT monawileobis
SesaZleblobas moklebulni arian. istoriulad yvelaze xSirad avtoritari
mmarTvelebi gvxvdebian. miuxedavad imisa, rom farTodaa warmodgenili,
avtoritarizmi swori mmarTvelobis damaxinjebul saxed miiCneva, radganac
is pirad interesebs sazogadoebrivze maRla ayenebs. nigeria avtoritaruli
mmarTvelobis TvalsaCino magaliTs warmoadgens.
avtoritarizmis irgvliv bevri mcdari mosazrebac arsebobs. sinamdviles ar Seesabameba mtkiceba imisa, rom avtoritarizmi Tana medrove fenomenia
an yvela avtoritaruli saxelmwifo identuria, aralegitimuria an arapopularulia Tavisive moqalaqeebs Soris. garda amisa, avtoritari mmarTvelebi
SeiZleba erTmaneTisagan moraluri TvalsazrisiTac ganvasxvavoT: erTni
sazogadoebriv interesebze arian orientirebulni, meoreni ki ara. aqve unda
aRiniSnos, rom avtoritaruli reJimebi ar warmoadgens mmarTvelobis yvela ze
arademokratiul formas.
dabolos, miuxedavad imisa, rom avtoritarizmi gzas TandaTanobiT demokratias uTmobs, saboloo daskvnebis gakeTeba jerjerobiT naadrevia.

108

sakvanZo sityvebi

avtoritarizmi
avtokratia
oligarqia
xunta
coup detat

qarizmatuli lideri

kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis

1.

romelia arademokratiuli xelisuflebis ori ZiriTadi tipi? naklebad

gavrcelebuli xdeba Tu ara avtoritaruli xelisufleba? sad vxvdebiT
dRes amgvar xelisuflebas?

2.

rogoria avtoritaruli xelisuflebis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi?

3.

yvela avtokratia tiranulia Tu ara? axseniT.

4.

rogori `rCeva~ misca makiavelim im xelisufalT, romlebic Zalauflebis

SenarCunebas cdiloben?

5.

SeajameT avtoritaruli xelisuflebis eqvsi miTi. ra winaaRmdegobebi

asocireba am miTebTan?

SeniSvnebi:
1. Bernard Crick, Basic Forms of Government: A Sketch and a model (London: Macmillan, 1980), 53.
2. Aristotle, The Politics, Targm. da red. Ernest Barker (New York: Oxford University Press, 1962),
1279a, 112 [xazgasma Cvenia].
3. iqve, 1313b, 245.
4. iqve, 1312b, 240.
5. Maurice Latey, Patterns of Tyranny (New York: Atheneum, 1969), 115.
6. Fyodor Dostoyevsky, The Brothers Karamazov, red. Ernest Rhys (London: Dent, 1927), 259.
7. Crick, Basic Forms of Government, 35.
8. ix. Karl Wittfogel, Oriental Despotism: A Comparative Study of Total Power (New York: Random
House, 1981).
9. iqve.
10. Crick, Basic Forms of Government, 36.
11. Samuel P. Huntington, How Countries Democratize, Political Science Quarterly 106, no. 4 (199192): 579.
12. Robert M. Press, Africas Struggle for Democracy, Christian Science Monitor, March 21, 1991,
4.
13. Huntington, How Countries Democratize, 579.
14. Polls to Nowhere, Economist, November 23, 1996, 20-21.
15. The Backlash in Latin America, Economist, November 30, 1996, 19.

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110

111

T aavv i V

totalitaruli
saxelmwifoebi
warumatebeli
utopiebi

totalitarizmis arsi
totalitarizmis revoluciuri etapi
lideroba

ideologia

organizacia

propaganda

Zaladoba

Zalauflebis konsolidacia
opoziciuri partiebis ganadgureba
partiis realuri an warmosaxviTi mtrebisagan gawmenda

monoliTuri sazogadoebis Se-

qmna
sazogadoebis transformacia
sabWoTa kavSiri stalinis mmarTvelobisas
germania hitleris mmarTvelobisas
CineTi maos mmarTvelobisas
totalitarizmis nairsaxeobebi
totalitarizmis usaxelo msxverplni
totalitaruli reJimebis xangrZlivoba

112

113

TiTqmis yvela arademokratiul (avtoritarul) saxelmwifos diqtatori

an avtokrati xelmZRvanelobda, romelic xSirad yvelafris fasad cdilobda
politikuri Zalauflebis SenarCunebas (ix. Tavi IV). meoce saukuneSi, tiraniis
axali da eqstremaluri forma _ totalitarizmi gaCnda. termini gulisxmobs
sazogadoebasa da mis wevrebze tirani mmarTvelebisa da Tavsmoxveuli Sexedulebebis srul batonobas.
kontrolis Sesaxeb akviatebuli azri sazogadoebriv sferos scdeba da
moqalaqeebis pirad cxovrebazec vrceldeba. mTavrobis Zalaufleba imdenad farToa, rom reJimi misi qveSevrdomebis mxolod kontrols ki ara, adamianis bunebis gardaqmnasac cdilobs. totalitari tiranisaTvis absoluturad
yvelafers politikuri mniSvneloba aqvs, maT Soris samuSaos, ganaTlebas, religias, sports, sazogadoebriv organizaciebs da ojaxsac ki (radgan adamianebi
TavianT mezoblebze jaSuSoben da bavSvebs `araloialuri~ mSoblebis Sesaxeb
informaciis mitanisaken ubiZgeben). radgan es reJimebi cdiloben sazogadoebis
gardaqmnas ideologiuri moTxovnebis Sesabamisad, isini TavisTavad anadgureben `xalxis yvela mters~. mtrebi xdebian sazogadoebis mTeli jgufebi da kategoriebi, romlebic, rogorc wesi, moicaven aseulobiT aTass da milionobiT
udanaSaulo adamians, visac, umravles SemTxvevaSi, arc erTi obieqturi standartiT araferi aqvs saerTo `politikasTan~. am ori umniSvnelovanesi TvalsazrisiT, totalitaruli reJimebi gansxvavdeba ufro tradiciuli, arademokratiuli avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebisagan. avtoritaruli mTavrobebi tipurad
cdiloben politikuri Zalauflebis SenarCunebas (da ara sazogadoebis gardaqmnas) da mtrebis wres gansazRvraven, rogorc calkeul individebs (ara jgufebs),
romlebic aqtiurad ewinaaRmdegebian arsebul saxelmwifos.
totalitarizmma Zirfesvianad Secvala meoce saukunis msvleloba, magram 1989 wels aRmosavleT evropaSi sabWoTa yaidis komunizmisa da ramdenime
weliwadSi Tavad sabWoTa kavSiris dangrevis Semdeg, tiraniis es eqstremaluri
forma mkveTrad dakninda. maS, ratomRa unda SeviswavloT totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi? sul cota oTxi mizezi gvaxsenebs Tavs. pirveli, komunizmi totalitaruli saxelmwifos erTaderTi SesaZlebeli forma araa. nacisturi germaniisa da faSisturi italiis magaliTebi Segvaxsenebs, rom totalitarizmi
erTi ideologiis, reJimis an mmarTvelis moRvaweobis Sedegi araa. meore, totalitarizmi Tanamedrove istoriis Semadgeneli nawilia da aSkara winaaRmdegobaSi modis politikosebis, profesorebis, Teologebisa da sxva mravalTa
gancxadebebTan, visac adamianuri progresis optimisturad sjeroda. mravali
adamiani, romelic uSualod itanjeboda totalitari diqtatorebis xelSi an
dakarga axloblebi hitleris holokostis, stalinuri teroris, maos sazareli wmendebis an sxva ufro gviandeli totalitaruli sisastikis dros, kvlav
cocxalia. msxverplTa fizikuri Tu emociuri iarebi ar gamqrala im tiranTa
wasvlis Semdegac ki, romlebmac maT es Wrilobebi miayenes da usamarTloba
Caidines. mesame, totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi warmoaCens idealizmis arasworad gagebis risks. kerZod, eyrdnoboda ra aTaswleulobiT damkvidrebul
Sexedulebas, romlis mixedviTac socialuri progresisa da srulyofilebis
miRweva barbarosuli meTodebis gamouyeneblad SeuZlebelia (Tumca, xSirad
am SemTxvevaSic, miuRwevelia), yvela Sexeduleba sastikad damarcxda, rogorc

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saxelmwifos mSeneblobis utopiuri eqsperimenti. meoTxe, totalitarizmis gaCenis SesaZlebloba kvlavac arsebobs iq, sadac didi siRaribe, usamarTloba da,
Sesabamisad, Zaladobisa da areulobis potenciaa; sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,
dRevandeli msoflios did nawilSi.
saxifaToa imis fiqri, rom msofliom ukanaskneli totalitari tiranebi
naxa. marTlac, 2001 wlis Semodgomaze amerikis SeerTebul Statebze teroristuli Tavdasxma mwvave SekiTxvas badebs: SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom mSvidobasa
da Tavisuflebas momavali totalitaruli safrTxeebi maincdamainc mTavrobis
meTaurisgan an saxelmwifos mmarTvelisgan ar daemuqros? warmoadgenen ki usama bin ladeni da al qaidas qseli amgvar safrTxes? bolos da bolos, avRaneTSi
Talibebis reJims, romelic bin ladensa da mis organizacias mfarvelobdnen,
totalitaruli saxelmwifos mravali maxasiaTebeli hqonda. Cven am sakiTxs
araerTxel davubrundebiT qvemoT. 2001 wlis 11 seqtemberi erT-erTi gakveTilia imisa, rom civilizebul xalxs yvelgan sWirdeba eqstremizmis Seswavla misi
yvela politikuri gamoxatulebiT, raTa Tavidan aviciloT Zlieri masobrivi
moZraobebis aRorZineba, oportunisti liderebis meTaurobiT, romelTaTvisac
civilizacias aranairi mniSvneloba ar aqvs.

totalitarizmis arsi
Zaladoba yvela totalitaruli saxelmwifos safuZvelia _ kontrolirebadi, sistematuri, saxelmwifos mier Tavsmoxveuli Zaladoba. es Zaladoba
xSirad ganurCeveli masobrivi teroris da genocidis saxes iRebs, romelic
xalxis mTeli jgufebis, kategoriebis an klasebis winaaRmdeg aris mimarTuli, romelTac mtrebis, kontrrevolucionerebis, jaSuSebis an sabotaJis momwyobTa iarliyebs awebeben. Cveulebriv moqalaqeebsac ki sxvadasxva saxiT reJimis mimarT upirobo erTgulebis demonstrireba moeTxovebaT da isini mkacri
meTvalyureobis qveS arian. politikuri da ekonomikuri miznebisTvis masobrivi
mobilizeba xorcieldeba ukiduresad centralizebuli da disciplinirebuli
erTpartiuli sistemis mier, romelic erTi, yovlismomcveli ideologiis mimdevaria. am ideologiis gasavrceleblad, saxelmwifo propagandasa da cenzoris
aparats iyenebs, romelic gacilebiT daxvewili da efeqtiania, vidre tipur avtoritarul saxelmwifoebSi.
totalitaruli saxelmwifoebis mizania totaluri politikuri, socialuri da ekonomikuri kontrolis damyareba: totalitaruli
diqtatura moicavs totalur batonobas, romelic arc miRebuli kanonebiTa an kodeqsebiT (rogorc tradiciuli avtoritarizmis dros) da
arc mTavrobis funqciiT (rogorc klasikuri tiranul saxelmwifoSi)
aris SezRuduli, ramdenadac isini saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebas Soris
gansxvavebas spoben... totalitarizmi SezRudulia mxolod im saWiroebiT, rom xalxis didi raodenoba mudmivi moqmedebis mdgomareobaSi amyofos, rasac elitebi akontroleben.1

sazogadoebis sruli kontroli saWiroa, radgan totalitaruli ideologiebi axali socialuri wyobis damyarebis pirobas deben, iqneba es rasobrivad
sufTa ariuli super-rasa, romlis Seqmnasac adolf hitleris nacisturi reJi-

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mi apirebda germaniaSi, Tu daCagruli da gawamebuli muSebis proletaruli Zmobis Seqmna, rasac sabWoTa liderebi v.i. lenini da ioseb stalini hpirdebodnen
xalxs, Tu egoisturi interesebis arqmone glexebis axali, masobrivi sazogadoeba, romelic mao Zedunis poetur warmosaxvaSi iZerweboda. detalebis miuxedavad, totalitaruli ideologiebis zogadi Sexedulebebi sazogadoebis Sesaxeb
_ bolodroindeli avRaneTis sastiki Talibi mmarTvelebis CaTvliT _ aSkarad
erTmaneTs hgavs. yvela totalitarulma mociqulma `gamoamJRavna erTmaneTTan
mimarT msgavseba... TavianT ganzraxvaSi, rom Seqmnan ufro maRali da uprecedento saxis adamianuri yofiereba~.2
totalitaruli

lideris

pretenzia

legitimurobaze

swored

axali

sazogadoebis Seqmnis am TviTneburi miznidan gamomdinareobs. erTi eqspertis

TqmiT,

`totalitaruli

mmarTvelobis

maxasiaTebelia

saxelmwifosa

da

sazogadoebis erTad damorCileba utopiuri, mmarTvelobaze arapolitikuri

moTxovniT.~3 sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, totalitari liderebi amas amtkiceben,
radgan srulyofili socialuri wyoba mxolod TviTgamocxadebuli liderebis
mkveTri moqmedebebis Sedegad damyardeba, romlebic kvazi-religiur samRvdeloebas qmnian. amgvarad, sazogadoebaze Sexedulebebis Zalismieri Tavsmoxveva
gamarTlebulia. Sesabamisad, totalitaruli ideologia SeiZleba ganisazRvros,
rogorc `ideaTa logikuri wyeba, romelic im praqtikul saSualebebs exeba,
romlis meSveobiTac mTlianad unda Seicvalos da reformireba ganicados
sazogadoebam Zalis an Zaladobis gziT da emyareba wina an amJamindeli sazogadoebis yovlismomcvel kritikas~.4
totalitaruli moZraobebis mier naqadagebi idealuri sazogadoebebi,
Cveulebriv, iseT Rirebulebebs aRmerTeben, rogoricaa Tanasworoba da sazogadoeba da maT Tavisuflebasa da individualizmze maRla ayeneben. rogorc meore
avtoritetulma mkvlevarma aRniSna:
revolucioneris namdvili sazogadoeba yovlismomcveli da egalitarulia: aranairi socialuri gansxvaveba ar iarsebebs, TviT avtoriteti da gamocdileba, mecnieruli Tu saxelovnebo, gaqreba. amgvari
radikaluri egalitarizmi aucileblobiT uaryofs yovelgvar individualizms. individis ufleba koleqtivisagan Tavdasacvelad qreba da
Cveulebrivi konstituciuri uflebebi interpretirebulia, rogorc
ufleba, raTa jgufs Seeguo. jgufisadmi moTxovnebis wayeneba _ materialur saqonelze, adamianuri urTierTobebis SezRudul uflebaze,
rogoricaa siyvaruli da piradi cxovreba _ dagmobilia, rogorc Seusabamo saqcieli. Tanasworobis saxeliT, sazogadoebaSi imgvari solidarobaa gamocxadebuli, romelsac TiTqos Tavisi cnobiereba gaaCndes,
xolo individualuri cnobiereba saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi antisocialuri gadaxra xdeba.5

am harmoniuli sazogadoebis safuZvels adamianuri bunebis Secvlis koncefcia warmoadgens. totalitarul saxelmwifoebSi, pirovnebis erTbaSad gadakeTeba is aucilebeli pirobaa, romelic oficialuri ideologiis mier aRTqmul
utopiur sazogadoebaSi mosaxvedrad aris saWiro. adamianuri srulyofisken
swrafva aisaxa leninis mier araerTxel gakeTebul gancxadebebSi `axali sabWoTa
adamianis~ Seqmnis Sesaxeb da nacistebis mtkicebaSi, rom partiuli muSakebi da

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liderebi adamianis axal tips an `rasobrivad sufTa~ mmarTvelebis axal modgmas warmoadgendnen. mao Zeduni lamis akviatebul azrs hyavda Sepyrobili ganw-

mendis Sesaxeb, rac Cinuri sazogadoebis yvela doneze kapitalisturi elementebis (magaliTad, materializmi da individualizmi) radikalur wmendas niSnavda.
sakvirvelia, rom meoce saukunis yvela totalitaruli moZraoba cdilobda, ara
marto sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisa da sazogadoebis garegnuli mxaris, aramed
sazogadoebis wevrebis piradi da zneobrivi normebis Secvlasac.
yvelaze represiulma totalitarulma reJimebmac ki ver moaxerxes am
gardaqmnebis bolomde miyvana. yvela totalitarul saxelmwifoSi arsebobda
`gancalkevebuli kunZulebi~6 _ ojaxi, eklesia da sxva socialuri institutebi, romlis meSveobiTac gabatonebuli mTavrobis mimarT Sinagani winaaRmdegoba
narCundeboda. gamogonili qveynis _ okeaneTis _ gansakuTrebiT totalitarulma
mTavrobamac ki, romelic cnobil britanel mwerals aqvs aRwerili romanSi aTas
cxraas oTxmocdaoTxi weli, ver moaxerxa Tavisi moqalaqeebis sruli kontroli
(Tumca, is ki SeZlo, rom gansakuTrebiT mZime sakiTxavi Seeqmna).
imis miuxedavad, rom totalitarulma saxelmwifoebma ver SeZles adamianis bunebis gadakeTeba an utopiis Seqmna, maT xSirad gasaocari miRwevebi hqondaT oponentebis gaCumebis TvalsazrisiT maSin, rodesac isini radikalur (da
saboloo jamSi damangrevel) socialuri gardaqmnebis programebs atarebdnen.
totalitar mmarTvelebs kargad esmodaT, rom maTi TanamebrZolebis mier Seqmnili axali sazogadoeba sxvagvarad moazrovneTa, deviantTa, skeptikosTa da
mterTa Soris ver gadarCeboda. im faqts, rom maTi miznebi da saSualebebi saR
azrs ewinaaRmdegebda, mniSvneloba ar hqonda. isini aseve ar cnoben politikuri
Zalis gamoyenebisas raime saxis zneobriv SezRudvas. dRevandeli amomavali varskvlavi xval, SesaZloa, xalxis mtrad gadaiqces imisda mixedviT, ra aris mizanSewonili mocemul momentSi. rodesac gamocxadebuli mizani ubralod xelisuflebis mopoveba da misi SenarCuneba ki ara, msoflios Secvlaa, gansakuTrebuli
politikuri saSualebebis gamoyeneba advili gasamarTlebelia, gacilebiT advili. aRTqmuli miwisaken mimavali lideris miyolisas arc erTi msxverpli araa
Zalian didi, aranairi fasi araa maRali.
amgvari utopiuri politikuri wyobis yvelaze naTeli magaliTebia: nacisturi germania, sabWoTa kavSiri (gansakuTrebiT stalinisturi teroris dros)
da maoisturi CineTi. Tumca, totalitarizmi mxolod am qveynebiT ar Semoifargleboda. amgvari saxelmwifoebi jer kidev ar gamqrala msoflios politikuri
rukidan. dabolos, iq, sadac amgvari reJimebi gaqra, totalitaruli tiraniis
datovebuli kvali Rrmaa da kvlav uaryofiT gavlenas axdens im qveynebis politikuri, socialuri da ekonomikuri institutebis muSaobaze, romlebic axla
post-totalitarul eraSi cxovroben.

totalitarizmis revoluciuri etapi

rogor iwyeba totalitaruli moZraobebi? tipurad, isini Caisaxebian xolme ZaladobaSi da amoizrdebian daSlili an daSlis piras myofi saxelmwifoebis
nangrevebidan. aseT areul droSi xSirad qarizmatuli lideri Cndeba. liderebi
nebismieri revoluciis warmatebaSi gadamwyvet rols asruleben. totaluri
revoluciis SemTxvevaSi, lideris garda kidev oTx elements aqvs mniSvneloba,

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romelTagan TiToeuli dawvrilebiT Seswavlas saWiroebs. esenia: ideologia,
organizacia, propaganda da Zaladoba.

lideroba
totaluri revoluciebis albaT yvelaze ufro aSkara maxasiaTebeli li-

derebis kultze damokidebulebaa. faqtobrivad, yvela amgvari revolucia gaigivebuli, personificirebuli iyo konkretul figurasTan. ruseTis revolucias Tavisi lenini hyavda, mesame raixs _ Tavisi hitleri, CineTis revolucias
_ Tavisi mao, kubas _ Tavisi kastro da ase Semdeg. TiToeuli maTgani gaRmerTebuli hyavdaT. erik hoferi liderobis mniSvnelobas Tanamedrove masobriv moZraobebSi Semdegnairad afasebs:
rogorc ki scena momzaddeba, gamoCenili lideris arseboba saWiro
xdeba. mis gareSe moZraoba ver iarsebebs. drois simwife avtomaturad
masobriv moZraobas ar warmoSobs, iseve rogorc arCevnebi, kanonebi da
administraciuli organoebi ver Sobs mas.
swored lenini iyo is adamiani, romelmac movlenebi bolSevikuri
revoluciisken warmarTa. is rom SveicariaSi an 1917 wels ruseTisken mimaval gzaze momkvdariyo, TiTqmis danamdvilebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
sxva cnobili bolSevikebi koaliciur mTavrobas SeuerTdebodnen. Sedegi ki met-naklebad liberaluri respublika iqneboda, romlis marTvas
burJuazia ganaxorcielebda. musolinis an hitleris SemTxvevebi kidev
ufro woniania: maT gareSe arc faSisturi da arc nacisturi moZraoba ar
iarsebebda.7

marTalia, yvela revolucia masebis saxeliT iqna dawyebuli, magram iniciativa yovelTvis zemodan modioda. revoluciur liderebs instinqturad esmodaT, rom msoflios Sesacvlelad saWiro potenciuri Zala mxolod masebs hqondaT, magram maT neba da mimarTuleba akldaT (bolSevikebis azriT, maT akldaT
`klasobrivi cnobiereba~; nacistebis azriT, _ Volksgeist anu `germaneli eris
suliskveTeba~). revoluciur masobriv moZraobaSi aRmafrenisa da fanatikuri
Tavdadebis mqone adamianebis Serwyma egoisturi interesebis mqone didi raodenobis xalxTan ver moxerxdeboda iseTi usisxlo abstraqciis gareSe, rogoricaa `partia~. Tumca, is mxolod qarizmatuli lideris pirovnuli dinamizmidan
warmoiSveba, romelsac SeuZlia masebis gulisTqmas Caswvdes, yuradReba miipyros da maTi guli moigos (ironiaa, rom yvela Tanamedrove masobrivi moZraoba
xazs usvamda lideris pirovnebas da amavdroulad akninebda mimdevarTa individualobas). liderebi, rogorebic lenini an mao iyvnen, masobrivi moZraobebisTvis imave funqcias asrulebdnen, rasac bombisaTvis _ detonatori: mniSvneloba ar aqvs, ramdenad Zlieri (an momakvdinebeli) asafeTqebeli nivTierebaa
bombis SigniT, is umoqmedo da uwyinaria manam, vidre asafeTqebeli mowyobiloba
ar dauyendeba.

ideologia

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xelmZRvanelobis xarisxis miuxedavad, totaluri revoluciebi damokidebulia didi raodenobis xalxis survilze _ miznis misaRwevad sakuTari Tavi
gawiron da moZraobaSi CaerTon. amgvari gauazrebeli Tavdadebis gamowveva racionaluri mowodebebiT ver moxdeba. is unda gamomdinareobdes mimdevaris im
absoluturi WeSmaritebis brma rwmenidan, romelsac yovlismomcveli politikuri doqtrina iZleva.
gantevebis vacis saWiroeba: warsulis xelaxali interpretacia. rogorc warsulis kritikosi, ideologia zogadad fokusirebulia absoluturi
borotebis raime formaze, romelsac yvela erovnul (an msoflio masStabis)
Secdomasa da socialur usamarTlobas miaweren. revoluciuri ideologiisaTvis, ekonomikuri vardna, inflacia, samxedro damarcxeba, saxelmwifo korufcia, erovnuli damcireba, zneobrivi gadagvareba da sxva aRTqmuli problemebi
momdinareobs uaryofili warsulis misticizmidan da SeTqmulebebidan.
absoluturi boroteba iSviaTad aris sxeulis armqone Zala. is TiTqmis
yovelTvis advilad Sesacnobi mtris saxes iRebs. Tu amgvari mteri ar arsebobs,
maSin is unda Seiqmnas. Cveulebiv, amgvar rols romelime adamiani an jgufi asrulebs, romlis aqamdec eSinodaT, ezizRebodaT an SurdaT. lenini muSebis
gaWirvebul mdgomareobas fulismomxveWel kapitalistebs abralebda, hitleri
pirvel msoflio omSi germaniis damarcxebas da mis xelisuflebaSi mosvlamde
dawyebul ekonomikur kriziss _ ebraelebsa da komunistebs. maom mtrebi mdidar
miwaTmflobelebSi ipova. aSkaraa, rom amgvari gadawyvetilebebis mizani masebis
yuradRebis gamzadebul, adviladamosacnob gantevebis vacebze fokusireba iyo,
romlebsac saxelmwifos mTeli ubedureba unda dakisrebodaT.
erTi avtoritetuli mkvlevaris TqmiT, `masobrivi moZraobebi SeiZleba
daiwyos da gavrceldes RmerTis rwmenis gareSe, magram arasodes eSmakis gareSe~.8 saerTo miznisaTvis xalxis gasaerTianeblad yvelaze ufro efeqtian Zalas
zizRi da stereotipebi warmoadgenen da ara siyvaruli da diadi principebi.
zizRis obieqtis ganzrax Seqmna mxolod imas emsaxureba, rom warsulSi momxdari usamarTlobebis gamo, fokusireba masze moxdes da, amavdroulad, es xels
uwyobs dRes arsebuli gaWirvebis mizezis winaaRmdeg masebis mobilizebas.
revoluciuri brZola: Tanamedroveobis axsna. rogorc TanamedroveobaSi megzuri, ideologia WeSmarit morwmunes saSualebas aZlevs Tanamedrove
sazogadoebaSi moqmedi Zalebis `swori~ analizi moaxdinos. iseTi koncefciebi,
rogorebicaa klasobrivi brZola marqsizm-leninizmisaTvis, Herrenvolk (`gabatonebuli rasa~) nacistebisaTvis da `winaaRmdegobebi~ maos mimdevrebisaTvis,
instrumentebad gamoiyeneboda, raTa socialuri realoba aexsnaT da prognozi
gaekeTebinaT. guSin mteri iyo gamarjvebuli; dRes mteri damarcxdeboda.
totaluri revoluciis momxreebs sjeraT, rom brZola politikis arsia.
marqsizm-leninizmis momxreebisaTvis klasobrivi brZola progresis gamomwvevi
iyo istoriaSi. maoistebisaTvis Tavad brZola iyo sasurveli mizani. maT sjerodaT, rom mxolod revoluciuri brZolis uSualo gamocdilebiT SeeZloT masebs
(gansakuTrebiT axalgazrdobas) Tavganwirvis namdvili mniSvnelobis gageba.
hitleri ZalauflebisTvis brZolas adidebda, man omi saxelmwifos sidiadis
udides gamocdad gamoacxada (niSandoblivia, rom hitlerma Tavis wigns, sadac
politikaSi Tavis gza gansazRvra, Mein Kampf _ `Cemi brZola,~ uwoda.) imis miuxe-

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davad, mizani kapitalistebis monopoliis dasrulebaa Tu rasis gawmenda, revoluciuri brZola yovelTvis aRiwereba, rogor keTilis borotis winaaRmdeg
brZola. nacistTa liderebi ebraelebs ubralod saxelmwifos mtrebad ki ar
saxavdnen, aramed untermenschen-ad [qveadamiani, arasrulyofili rasis warmomadgeneli. mTargmn. Sen.] da xSirad, araraobebad an tilebad.9 ra Tqma unda, amgvari
damamcirebeli daxasiaTebis ganmeorebiTi gamoyeneba sabolood masobriv cnobierebaSi gantevebis vacad gamoyenebuli jgufis dehumanizacias isaxavs miznad
_ ufro advilia mwerebis gawyveta daasabuTo, vidre _ adamianebisa.
utopia: momavlis winaswarmetyveleba. ideologia aRTqmul momavals
srulyofili samarTlianobisa da samaradJamo mSvidobis naTel suraTad warmoaCens. marqsist-leninistebi am utopias ganixilavdnen, rogorc uklaso sazogadoebas, romelic, Tavis mxriv, yvela socialur da ekonomikur usamarTlobas
aRmofxvrida. nacisturi utopia iyo rasobrivi `dabinZurebis~ gareSe arsebuli
sazogadoeba, romelic rasobrivi TvalsazrisiT `CamorCenilebis~ gawyvetas da
an damonebas iTvaliswinebda. imis miuxedavad, rogori iyo ama Tu im ideologiis konkretuli buneba, amgvari motivaciis momcemi xedva Seicavda materialuri siuxvis dapirebas, romelic mqonebelTagan uqonelTa sasargeblod qonebis
gadanawilebas iTvaliswinebda. marqsizm-leninizmi pirobas iZleoda, rom mdidrebs (burJuazias) waarTmevda da Raribebs (proletariats) daurigebda. sainteresoa, rom hitlerma msgavsi piroba dado, rodesac ganacxada, rom miznad
isaxavda aRmosavleTiT lebensraum-is (`sasicocxlo sivrce~) Seqmnas: is miwiT mdidar, magram zant slavebs miwas waarTmevda da mciremiwian, magram Sromismoyvare
germanelebs daurigebda.
am utopiuri msoflmxedvelobebs TiTqmis yovelTvis Tan axlda maT misaRwevad gamarTul brZolaSi warmatebis garantia. maSasadame, marqsizmi deterministul msoflmxedvelobazea dafuZnebuli (im TvalsazrisiT, rom proletaruli revoluciis gamarjveba nakarnaxevia istoriis udreki `kanonebiT~).
hitleric aseve gamousworebeli deterministi iyo. Mein Kampf-Si is werda: `adamianma unda gaiazros, rom aucileblobis fundamenturi kanoni bunebis yvela
sferoze batonobs~.10 mTeli Tavisi karieris ganmavlobaSi, is xSirad laparakobda `Cveni istoriuli ganviTarebis rkinis kanonze~, `istoriis aRlumsa~ da
`movlenebis Sinagan logikaze~. hitleri, iseve rogorc lenini, stalini an mao,
acxadebda, rom mas (da germanel volk-s) msoflios gardaqmnis misia hqonda gansaxorcielebeli da rom warmateba gardauvali iyo. man aRniSnuli koncefcia Tavis
albaT yvelaze ufro cnobil gancxadebaSi Camoayaliba: `me mTvareuliviT im
gzas vadgavar, romelsac gangeba mkarnaxobs~.
ideologia da WeSmariteba. mocemuli revoluciuri ideologiis mier aRwerili warsuli, awmyo da momavali, SesaZloa, dauinteresebel damkvirvebels
arabunebrivad an sasacilodac ki moeCvenos. magaliTad, nacistebis mier Camoyalibebuli rasobrivi Teoria istoriul, sociologiur, genetikur da moralur
safuZvels absoluturad moklebuli iyo. amave TvalsazrisiT, hitleris ideologiis ekonomikuri aspeqti _ `socializmi~ nacional-socializmSi _ realur
Sinaarss moklebuli iyo. amdenad, gaufasurebuli iyo socializmis hitleriseuli gageba, romelsac erTi avtoritetuli mkvlevaris azriT, `nebismieri,
romelsac xalxis bedi namdvilad aRelvebda, hitleris TvalSi socialisti
iyo~11.
ratom aRiqvamda vinme aseT ideologias seriozulad? upirveles yovlisa,

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imitom, rom is popularul stereotipebze apelirebda da maT respeqtabelurobas sZenda. meore, gzavnilze metad gzavnilis mTqmeli fasobda anu lideris
pirovnul momxibvlelobas ufro didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda, vidre _ sityvebis
azrs. mesamec, erTguleba gacilebiT seriozulad aRiqmeboda, vidre _ simarTle.
mxedvelobaSi unda miviRoT yvelaferi, rac warmatebulma ideologiam
calkeul mimdevars unda misces:
mas mecnierul avtoritetulobaze unda hqondes pretenzia, romelic morwmunes yovelgvari codnis eqskluziuri gasaRebis rwmenas
aZlevs; man unda aRuTqvas aTaswlovani raixi, romelsac rCeul rasas an
klass am gasaRebis mflobeli, maT mier arCeuli lideri moutans; man unda
daasaxelos tiranebisa da demonebis krebuli, romelzec unda gaimarjvos manamde, vidre bednieri saxelmwifo damkvidrdeba; is unda Seerwyas
(klasis an rasis) siZulvilis, eWvis, SiSis dinamikas da gaamarTlos es mdabali vnebebi misi miznebis sidiadiT; mowinaaRmdegis damarcxebis mizniT
yovelgvari saSualeba da danaSauli gamarTlebulia, mtris Rirseba SeiZleba gadaiqces mis naklovanebad misTvis martivi iarliyis _ `burJuis~
mikerebiT; saxeldobr, WeSmariteba is aris, rasac rCeuli rasisa Tu klasisTvis sargebeli moaqvs, mcdaroba ki is _ rac maT interesebs ewinaaRmdegeba; radgan es WeSmariteba mecnierulad damtkicebadia da radgan
ar arsebobs ori adamianic ki, romelic, savaraudod, mas daeTanxmeba,
amisaTvis saWiroa, arsebobdes erTaderTi interpretatori, romelic
kanoniT ixelmZRvanelebs, Tu ideologias surs sruliad qmediTi iyos;
rogorc yovelgvari WeSmaritebis matarebels, liders ufleba aqvs Tavisi mimdevrebisgan religiur Tayvaniscemas, msxverplSewirvasa da danaSaulis Cadenas elodebodes, Tu isini mas sargeblobas moutanen.12

saboloo analiziT, ideologiebi xSirad TviT yvelaze absurduli gancxadebebiTa da tyuilebiT SeiZleba iyos warmatebuli, Tu isini exebia Cveulebrivi adamianis winaSe mdgom realur problemebs. bevri germaneli acnobierebda
nacistebis rasobrivi Teoriebis eqstremalur xasiaTs, Tumca maT, albaT, sjerodaT, rom aseT absurdebs hitleri aRar gahyveboda, rogorc ki qveynis gaerTianebis, ekonomikis aRmasvlis da eris dakarguli didebis aRdgenis samuSao
dasruldeboda. imave TvalsazrisiT, saeWvoa, rom yvelaze Tavdadebuli bolSevikebis garda vinmes muSaTa samoTxis moaxloeba daejerebina, Tumca rus xalxs,
savaraudod, marTlac sjeroda, rom miwis reforma moxdeboda, rom damTavrdeboda ruseTis saSineli Sedegebis mqone Careva pirvel msoflio omSi, rom bolo
moeReboda SimSils, ganviTardeboda jandacva da ganaTleba, rasac lenini maT
hpirdeboda.

organizacia
ideologia yovlismomcvel revoluciebSi myari organizaciis gareSe ver
ganxorcieldeba. meoce sukunemdel ajanyebebs organizebuloba akldaT. aseTi
uecari afeTqebebis umravlesoba spontanur xasiaTs atarebda. moZraoba agor-

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deboda, iSviaTad farTodac gavrceledeboda, magram TiTqmis yovelTvis, bolos sakuTar Tavs diskreditirebas uwevda.
sxvadasxva revoluciis liderebi politikuri ZalauflebisTvis brZolisas formaluri organizebis gansxvavebul meTodebze akeTebdnen aqcents.
miuxedavad imisa, rom bolSevikurma partiam ruseTSi realurad 1917 wlis oqtombramde ver moipova Zalaufleba, lenins partia ToTxmeti wlis win hqonda
daarsebuli. leninma partiaSi gulqva revolucionerebi miiRo. is fiqrobda,
rom ruseTis mefis damarcxeba mxolod grZelvadiani, iatakqveSa brZoliT SeiZleboda ganxorcielebuliyo. amgvarad, patara, magram mtkiced SekavSirebuli
profesional revolucionerTa jgufi ufro metad efeqtiani iqneboda, vidre
didi, ukontrolo da ukmayofilo adamianebis uformo masa.
konspiraciis, disciplinisa da centralizebuli kontrolis uzrunvelsayofad, leninma bolSevikuri partia patara ujredebad dahyo, romlebsac SemdgomSi ewodaT ZiriTadi partiuli organizaciebi. TiToeul ujreds sakuTari
lideri hyavda, metsaxelad mdivani, romelic miTiTebebsa da instruqciebs zemodan iRebda. sabolood, strategiis, taqtikisa da `partiuli xazis~ Sesaxeb yvela mniSvnelovan gadawyvetilebas Tavad lenini iRebda (TumcaRa, is amtkicebda,
rom partiis centraluri komitetis saxeliT laparakobda). sankt-peterburgSi arsebuli Stabis garda, sxva qalaqebSi warmomadgenlobebisa da momxreebis
ricxvis zrdis kvaldakval, saxelisuflo struqturebis Seqmnis aucilebloba
warmoiSva, magram mkacri partiuli disciplinisa da zemdgomebis mimarT qvemdgomebis sruli morCilebis principebi ar Secvlila.
mas Semdeg, rac sakuTari fraqcia Camoayaliba, leninma sabolood formalurad akrZala fraqciebis Seqmna. nebismier bolSeviks, vinc partiul xazs SeewinaaRmdegeboda, fraqcioneris iarliyis miwebeba emuqreboda. 1917 wlis oqtomberSi realuri Zalauflebis xelSi aRebamde, urCobisaTvis sasjeli xSirad
partiis rigebidan garicxva iyo. 1917 wlis Semdeg revoluciuri samarTali xSirad naklebad Semwynarebeli iyo. fraqciebad dayofas aravis patiobdnen. partiis wevrebs moeTxovebodaT, partiuli interesebi yovelTvis pirad interesebze
maRla daeyenebinaT. Tavganwirvasa da partiis srul erTgulebas specialuri
saxeli hqonda miniWebuli _ partiuloba, termini, romelic xSirad gamoiyeneboda yofil sabWoTa kavSiriSi, raTa uxilavi Tvisebebis erToblioba aReniSna
(rogoricaa, erTguleba, TviTdisciplina da revoluciuri suliskveTeba), romlis gamovlenac partiis yvela wevrs evaleboda.
leninTan SedarebiT, maos revolucias warmatebis misaRwevad oc welze
meti dasWirda da masSi gacilebiT meti adamiani monawileobda. ruseTisagan gansxvavebiT, CineTis revolucia, ZiriTadad, soflebidan dawyebuli ukmayofilo
glexebis masobrivi moZraoba iyo. am viTarebaSi maosTvis yvelaze ufro did organizaciul problemas glexebis efeqtian samxedro Zalad gadaqceva warmoadgenda, romelsac xangrZlivi partizanuli omis warmoebis unari eqneboda. glexTa amorfuli masis efeqtian sabrZolo Zalad gadaqcevaSi miRweuli warmateba
damajerebel arguments warmoadgenda imisa, rom organizebuli Raribebi da
Cagrulebi, erTi SexedviT gadaulaxav winaaRmdegobebs daZlevdnen. amitomac,
maos glexobaze dafuZnebuli revoluciis Teoria da praqtika bevrma radikalma
(gansakuTrebiT ganviTarebad saxelmwifoebSi) revoluciuri organizebis magaliTad miiCnia.
politikuri Zalauflebis mosapoveblad maos xangrZlivi, koordinirebuli brZolisagan gansxvavebiT, hitleris mcdeloba, germaniaSi Zalaufleba

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moepovebina, arastabilur gzas warmoadgenda. igi 1920-ian wlebSi CaxSobili
Zaladobrivi saxelmwifo gadatrialebidan daiwyo da 1930-ian wlebSi qveynis
konstituciuri sistemis warmatebuli manipulaciiT dasrulda. hitleris saboloo warmatebisaTvis gadamwyveti iyo morCili organizacia nacisturi partiis saxiT.
xelisuflebaSi aRzevebis dros hitlerma opoziciis dasaSineblad uxeSi
Zala farTod gamoiyena, magram amavdroulad man partiis mier kontrolirebadi
uamravi klubi da asociacia Seqmna. hitlerulma axalgazrdobam, nacisti qalebis ligam, nacisti muSebis organizaciam, nacisti studentebis ligam da kidev araerTma akademiurma da sazogadoebrivma organizaciam nacistebs mniSvnelovani politikuri Zalaufleba SesZina manamde, vidre Tavad hitleri aiRebda
xelSi marTvis sadaveebs (ix. cxrili 9-3). mogvianebiT, Gleichschaltung-is (`unifikacia~) politikis meSveobiT, man TiTqmis yvela manamde arsebuli sazogadoebrivi
organizacia gaanadgura da isini nacisturi asociaciebiT Caanacvla. nawilobriv amis gamo, hitleris dapirebas da muqaras mTel germanul sazogadoebaSi
didi wona hqonda. yvela Tanamedrove revolucioneris msgavsad, hitlers kargad Camoyalibebuli revoluciuri organizaciis fasi esmoda.

propaganda
ramdenadac Tanamedrove politika sul ufro meti adamianis cxovrebas
exeba, propaganda _ ideebisa da informaciis farTod gavrceleba, romelic sagangebod isea agebuli, rom konkretuli politikuri miznebis ganxorcielebas
Seuwyos xeli _ mZlavri politikuri iaraRi gaxda. warmatebis misaRwevad, rogorc hitlerma SeniSna, propaganda mxolod masebisken unda iyos mimarTuli.
Sesabamisad, `misi moqmedebis ZiriTadi samizne emociebi unda iyos da naklebi

Topham/The Image Works

xarisxiT e.w. inteleqti~.13

propagandis usazRvrod farTo kampaniisa da nacisturi ideologiis STagonebis kombinaciiT adolf hitlerma (1889-1945) SeZlo germaneli xalxi ebraelTa devnis, saboloo omisa da germanuli sazogadoebis radikaluri gardaqmnis aucileblobaSi daerwmunebina.

propagandis mecnierebis erTgulma mimdevarma hitlerma ramdenime Teo-

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rema Camoayaliba, romelic dResac inarCunebs aqtualobas. pirvelad unda
aRiniSnos misi naTqvami, rom `yvela propaganda saxalxo unda iyos da misi inteleqtualuri done auditoriis yvelaze SezRudul nawilze unda iyos misadagebuli~. aqedan gamomdinare, `rac ufro didia xalxis masa, romelic man unda
moicvas, miT ufro dabali unda iyos misi inteleqtualuri done... efeqtiani
propaganda SezRuduli unda iyos mcire odenobis mosazrebebiT da lozungebis
meSveobiT isini unda ismodes manamde, vidre sazogadoebis ukanaskneli wevri
ar gaigebs imas, rac Sen ginda, rom man gaigos~. zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT,
`yvela propagandistuli saqmianobis upirvelesi aqsiomaa, rom mas ZiriTadad
subieqturi da calmxrivi damokidebuleba unda hqondes yvela sakiTxis mimarT,
romelsac is exeba~14. amas garda, rac ufro didia tyuili, miT ukeTesi.
hitleri amtkicebda, rom nebismieri propagandistuli kampaniis warmateba
damokidebulia propagandistis mier saxalxo masebis `primitiuli grZnobebis~
gagebaze. propagandas ver eqneba ramdenime Sre: koncefciebi da `faqtebi~ sazogadoebas unda waredginos, rogorc marTali an tyuili, swori an araswori, Savi an
TeTri. hitleri Mein Kampf-Si maRal Sefasebas aZlevda pirveli msoflio omis
dros britanuli propagandis mcdelobebs da zizRs gamoxatavda germanuli propagandis mimarT, romelmac msoflio mkveTrad, Sav da TeTr ferebSi ver daxata.
hitleris xelisuflebaSi mosvlamde didi xniT adre, leninma ganaviTara
da daxvewa masobrivi propagandis miseuli teqnika. leninma daiwyo propagandisa
da agitaciis erTmaneTisagan gansxvaveba. am ors Soris gansxvavebis miseuli axsna hitleris Teoremis fonze unda ganvixiloT:
rodesac umuSevrobas ganixilavs, propagandistma krizisis kapitalistur bunebaze unda ilaparakos; man unda aCvenos Tanamedrove
sazogadoebaSi misi gardauvalobis mizezi; man unda daanaxos socialistur bazaze sazogadoebis xelaxla Senebis saWiroeba da a.S. erTi sityviT, man bevri idea erTbaSad, koncentrirebulad unda gadasces, imdenad
bevri, rom saSualo adamianma yvela maTgani ver gaigos da mTlianobaSi
mxolod mcire nawilma aRiqvas isini.
agitatori, meore mxriv, aiRebs problemis erT nacnob da konkretul aspeqts. vTqvaT, SimSilis Sedegad umuSevari muSis sikvdils. misi
mcdeloba am faqtze iqneba koncentrirebuli, raTa masebs erTi idea
CauWedos _ simdidris zrdisa da siRaribis zrdis uazro dapirispirebis
idea. is Seecdeba masebs Soris am didi usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg ukmayofileba da janyi gaaRvivos da am dapirispirebis srul ganmartebas is
propagandists dauTmobs.15

hitlerisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic Zalze efeqtiani oratori gaxldaT,

lenini pamfletebis didostati da polemisti iyo, romelic didwilad daweril sityvas eyrdnoboda. Tavisi moZraobis dasawyisSi leninis mTavari iaraRi
miwisqveSa gazeTi iyo. kontrabanduli gazeTebi, rogorebic iyo iskra (`naperwkali~), vperiod (`win~) da proletari (`proletarebi~), xSirad qveynis Soreul
kuTxeebSi an ucxo qveyanaSic ki ibeWdeboda, xolo Semdeg maTi Semotana aralegalurad xdeboda sankt-peterburgSi ormagi Ziris mqone CanTis saidumlo ganyofilebiT an sxva meTodebis gamoyenebiT.

Zaladoba
Zalado
ba

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totalitaruli revoluciis bolo, mexuTe maxasiaTebelia Zaladobis

gamoyeneba da terori, rogorc politikis miRebuli instrumenti. revolucionerebisaTvis Zaladoba gansakuTrebiT sasargebloa propagandis efeqtis gaZlierebis TvalsazrisiT. Tanamedrove totalitaruli tiraniebis erT-erTma
mkvlevarma daaskvna, rom `terori propagandis gareSe dakargavs misi fsiqologiuri efeqtis did nawils, maSin rodesac propagandas teroris gareSe Zlieri
dartymis unari ekargeba.~16 nacisti Teoretikosis eugen hadamovskis TqmiT,
`propaganda da Zaladoba arasodes ewinaaRmdegeba erTmaneTs. Zaladobis gamoyeneba SeiZleba propagandis nawili iyos.~17
terorizmTan asocirebuli Zaladoba gulisxmobs qmedebebs, dawyebuli
SerCeviTi mkvlelobebiTa da gatacebebiT, damTavrebuli ganurCeveli dabombvebiTa da sabotaJiT, romelTa Sedegia udanaSaulo gamvlelebis sikvdili da
daSaveba. sabotaJis daniSnulebaa warmoebis, transportisa da sakomunikacio
sistemebis da, Sesabamisad, saxelmwifos politikuri stabilurobis darRveva.
teroris mizani ki piradi usafrTxoebis fsiqologiur SegrZnebaze Setevaa,
romlis arseboba socialuri stabilurobis winapirobas warmoadgens.
propagandis mxardasaWerad teroris gamoyenebam gadamwyveti roli Seasrula memarjveneebisa da memarcxeneebis masobriv moZraobebSi. erT-erTi
yvelaze TvalsaCino magaliTia italiis faSisturi partiis lideris benito musolinis mier pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg Camoyalibebuli fasci di combattimento
(`mebrZoli jgufebi~). mas Semdeg, rac socialisturi partiidan muSaTa klasis
Camocilebis mcdelobam ar gaamarTla, musolinim daiwyo saSualo fenaze aqcentis gakeTeba da mdidari mewarmeebisa da msxvili miwaTmflobelebisagan
fulis moZieba. is darwmunebuli iyo, rom italiis mTavrobaze kontrolis mopovebas kanonieri gziT ver SeZlebda da 1920-iani wlebis dasawyisSi sul ufro
xSirad daiwyo teroris gamoyeneba politikuri oponentebis winaaRmdeg. misma
momxreebma politikuri konkurenciis normaluri, araZaladobrivi saSualebebi mkvelobebiT da xanZris gaCeniT Caanacvles. faSistebis mier gamogonebuli
teroris erT-erTi axali forma iyo sadamsjelo operaciebi, romlis drosac
SeiaraRebuli bandebi daucveli da moumzadebeli Temebis winaaRmdeg Tavdasxmebs axorcielebdnen. adgilobrivi policia xSirad maTTan TanamSromlobda,
rac umoqmedobaSi gamoixateboda.
italieli faSistebis mier farTod gamoyenebuli sadamsjelo operaciebi
ganasaxierebda terors, rogorc totaluri revoluciis strategiasa da taqtikas. Tu Wkvianurad iqna gamoyenebuli, terorizmi sruli daucvelobis SegrZnebas qmnis. teroristebi sam mizans isaxaven: (1) xelovnuri krizisis atmosferos
Seqmnas; (2) imis Cvenebas, rom saxelmwifos kanonmorCili, gadasaxadis gadamxdeli moqalaqeebis axloblebisa da qonebis Tavdasxmisagan dacva aRar SeuZlia;
da (3) ubiZgebs SeSinebul, sasowarkveTil da araorganizebul moqalaqeebs,
saSvelad swored im politikur moZraobas mimarTon, romelmac Rrma socialuri
degeneracia gamoiwvia da romlis Sesaxeb umravlesobam araferi uwyis.
hana arendti gvaZlevs nacistebis mier analogiuri mizniT ganxorcielebuli teroris gansakuTrebiT naTel ganmartebas:
nacistebi Tavs ar esxmodnen gamoCenil moRvaweebs, rogorc es
politikuri danaSaulis adrindeli talRis dros xdeboda germaniaSi
(raTenausa da ercbergeris mkvlelobebi). amis nacvlad, wvrilmani so-

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cialisti funqcionerebis an opoziciuri partiebis gavleniani wevrebis
mokvliT, isini Seecadnen mosaxleobisaTvis daemtkicebinaT, rom safrTxes [sazogadoebis] ubralo wevrobac ki warmoadgenda. amgvari masobrivi
terori, romelic Semdgom SedarebiT mcire masStabiT ganagrZobda moqmedebas, mudmivad izrdeboda, radgan arc policia da arc sasamarTloebi politikur moZaladeebs seriozulad ar asamarTlebdnen. erTma
nacistma publicistma mas moswrebulad `Zalis propaganda~ uwoda: mosaxleobisaTvis metwilad naTeli iyo, rom nacistebis Zalaufleba ufro
didi iyo, vidre xelisuflebisa da rom ufro usafrTxo iyo nacisturi
naxevradgasamxedroebuli organizaciis wevroba, vidre _ erTguli respublikeloba. es STabeWdileba gaaZliera nacistebis mier politikuri
danaSaulis specifikurma gamoyenebam. isini mas yovelTvis sajarod aRiarebdnen, arasodes ixdidnen bodiSs `qveda donis moxeleebis mier Zalis gadaWarbebis gamo~ _ amgvar bodiSs mxolod nacistebis momxreebi
mimarTavdnen xolme _ da mosaxleobas uCendnen gancdas, rom isini gansxvavdebian sxva partiebis `molaybeebisgan~.
msgavseba amgvar terorsa da ubralo gangsterizms Soris Zalze
aSkaraa, rom masze specialurad mivuTiToT. es imas ar niSnavs, rom nacistebi gangsterebi iyvnen, rogorc es zogjer miuCneviaT, aramed imas,
rom nacistebma, amis aRiarebis gareSe, iswavles imdeni, ramdenic SeeZloT amerikuli gangsteruli organizaciebidan eswavlaT iseve, rogorc
maTma propagandam iswavla bevri ram amerikuli biznesis mier gamoyenebuli reklamidan~.18

Zalauflebis konsolidacia
Zveli wesrigis dangrevis anu misi fataluri diskreditaciis Semdeg, totalitaruli reJimis xelmZRvanelobas kontrolis ganxorcieleba ukve mtkice saxelisuflebo sayrdenidan SeuZlia. mis winaSe mdgomi Semdegi amocanaa,
gaanadguros nebismieri mowinaaRmdege politikuri partia Tu fraqcia. Semdeg,
partiis maRali Tanamdebobis pirebi unda ganawildnen qveynis yvela regionSi
da daekisroT samTavrobo funqciebi, gansakuTrebiT ki im provinciebSi, romlebic revoluciis adreul safexurze mis suliskveTebas ar iziarebdnen. konsolidaciis procesis saboloo nabijia partiis SigniT yvela iseTi piris ganadgureba, romelic realurad an potenciurad totalitari liderisTvis safrTxis
matareblia.
yvela am stadiaze, totalitari lideri iseve, rogorc nebismieri avtoritaruli mmarTveli, ZiriTadad Zalauflebis mopovebiTa da SenarCunebiT
aris dainteresebuli. lideris gankargulebebSi igive meTodebi da saSualebebi
figurirebs, rac moZraobis revoluciur safexurze gamoiyeneboda. ideologia
da propaganda lideris moqmedebebis gasamarTleblad da popularizebisTvis
gamoiyeneba, Zaladoba _ oponentebis SesaSineblad da gasaCumeblad. partiuli
organizacia liders popularobisa (erTgul mimdevarTa jgufi) da Zalauflebis
(partiis erTguli xdeba yovlis SemZle saxelmwifos Tvali da yuri) TvalsaCino
mtkicebulebas sZens.
am etapze momavali totalitari liderebis mTavar saSualebas maTive una-

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rebi warmoadgens. bevri swori gadawyvetileba unda iqnas miRebuli, Tu maT
warmatebis miRweva surT. maT zustad unda icodnen, ra surT da ar SeizRudon
mis ganxorcielebaSi. maTi megzuri unda iyos frTxili gaTvla da ara sindisi. am
TvalsazrisiT, makiavelis rCeva dasafasebelia: `adamianma meore adamians, visi
mokvlac mas surs, ar unda uTxras, `momeci Seni iaraRi, romliTac mogklav~, aramed `momeci Seni iaraRi~, da roca ukve iaraRs xelSi Caigdebs, survilic maSin
unda aisrulos~.19 aseTi rCevis Sesaferisoba maSinve gaxdeba naTeli, rogorc ki
Cven im meTodebs ganvixilavT, romlebsac momavali totalitari liderebi Zalauflebis konsolodaciisTvis iyenebdnen.

opoziciuri partiebis ganadgureba

politikuri konsolidaciis pirveli safexuria mowinaaRmdege partiebisa
da damoukidebeli fraqciebis ganadgureba. ori mizezis gamo, mmarTveli partia
erTaderTi legitimuri organizacia unda iyos saxelmwifoSi. pirveli, arsebobs
tradiciuli SiSi, romelic yvela erTpirovnul mmarTvels awuxebs: nebismieri
opoziciuri jgufi, mniSvneloba ar aqvs, ramdenad patara an qmeduunaro moCans
igi, mmarTvelisTvis potenciurad safrTxis matarebelia. meore, politikur
oponentTa ubralo arsebobac ki zRudavs saSinao da sagareo politikaSi mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs, romlebic moZraobis ideologiis mieraa sanqcirebuli.
amitom, politikuri opozicia yvela SesaZlo saSualebiT unda iqnes amoZirkvuli.
leninma metoqe partiebis problema Zveli taqtikis _ gaTiSe da ibatones
brwyinvale gamoyenebiT gadawyvita, miuxedavad imisa, rom erT-erTi mowinaaRmdege partia (socialisti revolucionerebi) mis partiaze (bolSevikebze) ufro
didi popularobiT sargeblobda (erT-erTi damkvirvebeli leninis taqtikas
moixseniebs, rogorc Zexvis taqtikas20, radgan is flobda gansakuTrebul unars, patara, magram potenciurad saSiSi jgufebi nawil-nawil daeyo da ise gaenadgurebina). mas Semdeg, rac axali revoluciuri sakanonmdeblo organo _ asamblea iqna arCeuli, leninma dominant socialist-revolucionerTa partiaSi
ukve arsebuli ganxeTqileba imiT gazarda, rom mis marcxena frTasTan aliansi
Seqmna. am aliansma lenins saSualeba misca, erTi mxriv, partiis SedarebiT zomieri frTisa da aseve sxva memarjvene partiebis winaaRmdeg ieriSze gadasuliyo,
meore mxriv ki, sakmarisi iuridiuli mxardaWera Seeqmna, raTa Semdeg erTbaSad
daexura asamblea. rogorc mosalodneli iyo, socialist-revolucionerebis
marcxena frTasTan aliansi maSinve gawyda, rogorc ki is leninis interesebs
aRar Seesabameboda.
leninis strategia opoziciuri politikuri partiebis daSliT ar Semoifargleboda. meore samiznes sabWoTa kavSiris glexobis mravalricxovani fena
warmoadgenda, romelSic bolSevikTa liders Tavdapirvelad cota mxardamWeri hyavda. glexTa mxardaWeris nakleboba gansakuTrebiT mwvave problema
samoqalaqo omis dros (1918-20 ww.) gaxda, rodesac sakvebisa da sxva ZiriTadi
moTxovnilebebis damakmayofilebeli saSualebebis gansakuTrebuli simwire
iyo. amis sapasuxod, leninma `soflebSi samoqalaqo omis dros Raribi glexebis
ufro metad Raribebze gadamterebis gziT kidev erTi samoqalaqo omi gaaCaRa~21,
riTac Ziri gamouTxara politikur opozicias.

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leninis Zexvis taqtika warmoadgenda mxolod erT-erT meTods, romlis
meSveobiT totalitarulma moZraobam oponentebi da mowinaaRmdege partiebi
gaanadgura. misgan gansxvavebiT, mao Zeduns, garemoebaTa gamo, Tavis mTavar
metoqesTan _ kuomintanTan, anu Can kai-Sis mTavrobasTan _ xangrZliv partizanul omSi Cabma mouxda. hitlerma ki sruliad sxva strategia airCia. arCevnebSi
nacisturi partiis mzardi warmatebebis, momxreTa didi odenobis, pirvelxarisxovani oratoruli unarebisa da Tavzardamcemi specjgufis meSveobiT gaZlierebis fonze, man lodini arCia. 1933 wlisTvis xelisuflebaSi myofi adamianebis SiSisa da politikuri SezRudvebis moxerxebuli gamoyenebiT hitlerma
germaniis kanclerad gaxdoma moaxerxa. rogorc ki Tanamdeboba daikava, man TandaTanobiT gazarda Tavisi Zalaufleba: pirvelad, sagangebo viTarebaSi gansakuTrebuli uflebebis miniWebiT, Semdeg samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebis aRkveTiT,
dabolos, germaniaSi realuri demokratiis aRmofxvriT.
mxolod amis Semdeg, Zlieris poziciidan daiwyo man opoziciuri partiebis daxurva. maosgan gansxvavebiT, romelic opoziciuri Zalebs samxedro ZaliT ebrZoda, hitlerma gaiZverobisa da kanonebis manipulirebis meSveobiT misi
mowinaaRmdegeebi politikurad gaanadgura, xolo Semdeg ki saxelmwifos Zala
maTi fizikuri ganadgurebis dasawyebad gamoiyena.

partiis realuri an warmosaxviTi mtrebisagan gawmenda

wmenda absoluturi Zalauflebis gzaze bolo nabijia. politikuri wmendis gatarebisas totalitaruli mTavrobebi TiTqmis erTnair brals deben TavianT mowinaaRmdegeebs: saxelmwifosa da mmarTveli moZraobis winaaRmdeg ZirgamomTxreli saqmianoba. marTebulia Tu ara braldeba, amas arsebiTi mniSvneloba
ar aqvs: isini ubralod `oficialuri~ mizezia totalitarul mmarTvelisaTvis, raTa gaanadguros is pirovnebebi, romlebic safrTxed an minimum politikur balastad aRiqmebian. amgvari `opozicionerebis~ karieruli daqveiTeba an
ucabedi sikvdili sxvagvarad moazrovneebs uCvenebs, rom uzenaesi lideris winaaRmdeg wasvla Zalian Zviri jdeba.
erTi avtoris dakvirveba, rom mao Zeduni `arasodes yoymanobda, misi mtrebi, [maT Soris] metoqe komunistebi, kuomintanis aqtivistebi da miwaTmflobelebi gaenadgurebina~22, SeiZleba Tavisuflad gamoviyenoT sxva totalitari
mmarTvelebis dasaxasiaTeblad. Tumca, amgvari wmendebis masStabi da sisastike
sxvadasxva mmarTvelis SemTxvevaSi erTmaneTisagan mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeboda. hitleri, magaliTad, partiaSi mowinaaRmdegeebs TiTqmis qirurgiuli
sizustiT Catarebuli operaciebis Sedegad iSorebda. 1934 wlisTvis hitlers
aRelvebda ramdenime misi momxris ganwyoba da qmedebebi, gansakuTrebiT ernst
romis. rogorc SA-s (Sturmabteilung anu `moieriSe Zalebis~) xelmZRvaneli da kunTmagari adamianebis jgufis ufrosi, romlis mTavar mizans hitleris xelisuflebaSi aRzevebisas politikuri oponentebis daSineba warmoadgenda, romi
agrZelebda Zaladobrivi qmedebebis gatarebas maSinac ki, rodesac mTavrobaze
fiureris sruli `legaluri~ kontrolis daweseba TiTqmis dasrulebuli iyo.
amas garda, hitlers surda SA-s Secvla SS-is (Schutzstaffel anu `uSiSroebis eSeloni~) ufro disciplinirebuli da sando legionebiT. yvela mcdeloba, rom romi
da misi mxardamWerebi gegmas mihyolodnen, Caflavda. ase rom, hitleri romsa

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da partiis sxva wevrebs daupirispirda, romlebmac nacistebis xelisuflebaSi
mosvlis saqmeSi sakvanZo roli Seasrules. fiureris brZanebiT, romis fraqcia 1934 ganadgurda. hitlerma mTeli incidenti Tavis politikur mtrebs
gadaabrala da romis mkvlelobis faqtic Tavis sasargeblod gamoiyena, germaniaSi mxar daWera gaimyara da saxelmwifos winaSe mdgar (misi mtkicebiT)
uzarmazar safrTxeebze moaxdina koncentrireba.
leninis mier ganxorcielebuli wmendebi ufro masStaburi iyo. 1921 wels
yvela konkurenti partiis ganadgurebis Semdeg, man yuradReba im xalxze gadaitana, romlebic Tavad moZraobis SigniT mis liderobas eWvqveS ayenebdnen. profkavSirebis aTasobiT wevri da mravali mezRvauri, romelic adre bolSevikebis
mxardamWerTa xerxemals Seadgenda, saidumlo policiam mokla, radgan maT Tavisufali profkavSirebi da arCevnebi moiTxoves. amis Semdeg, lenini bolSevikur partiaSi e.w. muSaTa opoziciur fraqcias gausworda, romelic moiTxovda,
rom partias politika Seecvala da muSebisTvis TavianTi sawarmoebis kontrolis ufleba mieca. leninma jgufs brali dasdo `fraqcionalizmSi~ da partiisa
da revoluciis safrTxeSi CagdebaSi daadanaSaula. muSaTa opoziciuri jgufis
wevrebi garicxul iqnen partiidan, magram am SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovania, rom
isini ar dauxocavT.
amgvari, SedarebiT rbili aqciebi leninis memkvidres, ioseb stalins
ar
axa siaTebda, romelic, rogorc sabWoTa komunisturi partiis xelmZRvaneli
(1924-53 ww.) politikuri mtrebis likvidaciaze ar yoymanobda. politikur
mtrebze stalinis saboloo gamarjveba or faqtorze iyo damokidebuli. pirveli,
man ostaturad aiTvisa leninis Zexvis taqtika, romelsac lenini misi mowinaaRmdege partiebis gasaCumeblad iyenebda, stalini ki Sidapartiuli metoqeebis
winaaRmdeg. meore, stalinma Sidapolitikuri brZolebis gamorCeuli talanti
gamoamJRavna. igi leninis viwro wreSi yvelaze ufro aqtiuri, mizandasaxuli da
rkiniseburi nebisyofis mqone aRmoCnda. es faqtori 1924 wels leninis sikvdilis
Semdeg atexil memkvidreobisaTvis brZolaSi yvelaze mniSvnelovani gamodga.

monoliTuri sazogadoebis Seqmna

totalitaruli mmarTveloba sazogadoebis uzarmazar organizaciul kontrols moiTxovs, radgan is sazogadoebis srul gardaqmnas cdilobs. Sesabamisad,
man kontroli unda moipovos ekonomikaze, xelovnebaze, jarze, skolaze, mTavrobaze, mokled rom vTqvaT, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela aspeqtze. kontrolis
miRma arafris datoveba da am kontrolis SesanarCuneblad arc erTi meTodis
gamoricxva ar SeiZleba. rogorc nacisturi propagandis Sefma iozef gebelsma
SeniSna, `Cven mier moxdenili revolucia totaluri revoluciaa...~23. sazogadoebis arc erTma aspeqtma _ arc politikurma partiebma, arc religiam, arc xelovnebam, arc ganaTlebam an akademiurma Tavisuflebam _ ar SeiZleba xeli SeuSalos
axali sazogadoebis Seqmnas. amgvar viTarebaSi totalitari lideris neba uzenaesia. kidev erTi nacisti maRali Tanamdebobis piris sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, `yvela
universitetis profesorTa tvinebi rom sasworis erT pinaze davdoT, xolo meoreze _ fiurerisa, romeli gadawonis Tqveni azriT?~24.
totaluri kontrolis programis gansaxorcieleblad yvela qalaqsa da
regionSi mTavrobisa da sazogadoebis yvela elementi erTgul momxreebs unda

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Cabardes. es procesi dokumenturad gansakuTrebiT kargad iyo aRwerili hitleris germaniaSi.25 xelisuflebas CamoaSores momcro qalaqebis Tanamdebobis
pirebic, romlebic manamde sajarod mxars ar uWerdnen nacistebs, . amavdroulad, `xalxis uamravi mteri~ iqna `aRmoCenili~ da Gestapo-s (saidumlo policia)
mier dauyovnebliv sastikad dasjili. sasjelis simkacres, Gestapo-s yovlisSemZleobas da nacistebis mimarT gamovlenil mxardaWeras gansakuTrebul reklamas uwevdnen da mediiT da xalxSi xmebis gavrcelebiT azviadebdnen. moqalaqeebi
darwmunebulebi iyvnen TavianT sastik xvedrSi, Tuki nacistebs SeewinaaRmdegebodnen. amdenad, daSineba da iZuleba nacistebis warmatebas didwilad uwyobda
xels.
teroris am taqtikis efeqturoba gvexmareba gavigoT, ratom gauwies mcire
winaaRmdegoba nacistebis xelisuflebaSi mosvlas, magram es srul suraTs mainc
ar gvaZlevs.
nacistebma Zalauflebis mopoveba daSinebis gziT SeZles, magram maT
warmatebaSi Tavisi roli moralurma apaTiam da egoisturma interesebmac Seasrula. es azri, albaT, yvelaze kargad warmoaCina germaneli ltolvilis mier
moTxrobilma namdvilma ambavma, romelic prestiJul frankfurtis universitetSi aswavlida. nacistebis xelisuflebaSi mosvlis dros universitets samagaliTo
(da liberaluri) akademiuri dawesebulebis reputacia hqonda, sadac profesura
mecnierebis, sindisis Tavisuflebisa da demokratiis erTguli iyo.26 gavrcelebuli azris Tanaxmad, Tu nacistebi SeZlebdnen frankfurtis universitetze seriozuli incidentebis gareSe kontrolis damyarebas, maSin isini daSinebis meTodiT sxva germanuli universitetebis damorCilebasac moaxerxebdnen. nacistebis
oponentebi gansakuTrebiT imedovnebdnen, rom partias gauWirdeboda cnobili
bioqimikos-fiziologis winaaRmdegobis gadalaxva, romelic frankfurtis universitetSi aswavlida da romlis akademiuri reputacia da humanizmi msoflio
masStabiT iyo cnobili. universitetSi nacisti komisris daniSvnis Semdeg, yvela
profesori da studenti mniSvnelovan krebaze daibares:
axal nacist komisars dro ar daukargavs zrdilobian mimarTvebze. man dauyovnebliv gamoacxada, rom ebraelebs universitetis teritoriaze Sesvla aekrZalebodaT da xelfasis gacemis gareSe 15 marts
daTxovnilebi iqnebodnen. nacistebis xmamaRali antisemituri gancxadebebis miuxedavad, amas mainc aravin eloda. Semdeg man daiwyo Seuracxyofis, uwmawuri sityvebisa da samasoiani sityvebis tirada, romelsac
barakebSic ki iSviaTad gaigonebdiT da akademiur samyaroSi _ verasodes.
man rigrigobiT TiTi gaiSvira kaTedrebis gamgeebisaken da Tqva: `Tqven an
imas gaakeTebT, rasac me getyviT, an sakoncentracio banakSi moxvdebiT~.
misi laparakis Semdeg siCumem daisadgura. yvelani cnobil bioqimikosfiziologs elodnen.
didi liberali fexze wamodga, xma Caiwminda da Tqva: `Zalian sainteresoa es yvelaferi, batono komisaro, da, garkveuli aspeqtiT, mravlismTqmeli, magram erTi ram mTlad kargad ver gavige. `fiziologiaSi
kvlevebisaTvis ufro meti fuli gamoiyofa?~ amis Semdeg kreba Zalian
male damTavrda, komisarma mecnierebs aRuTqva, rom sakmao fuli gamoiyofoda `rasobrivad sufTa mecnierebebisaTvis~. mxolod mcireodens
eyo gambedaoba oTaxi TavianT ebrael kolegebTan erTad daetovebina,
magram umravlesobam arCia distanciaze yofiliyo am adamianebisgan,

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romlebTanac sul ramdenime saaTis win megobroba akavSirebda~.27

amgvari adamianuri sisusteebi _ unebisyofoba, moraluri sibrmave da

yvelaferze maRla mdgomi egoisturi interesebi _ daSinebis sastik taqtikasTan erTad nacistebs SedarebiT uiolebda politikur xelisuflebaSi sakuTari
partiis wevrebis moyvanas.

sazogadoebis transformacia
politikuri Zalis konsolidacia mxolod preludiaa totalitaruli
saxelmwifos arsebobis ufro gansakuTrebul safexurze gadasasvlelad _
saxelmwifoSi wamyvani politikuri doqtrinis mixedviT sazogadoebis transformirebis mcdelobis dasawyebad. es safexuri, zogadad, reJimis mier ekonomikis kontrolsa da saxelmwifos aqtiur dagegmvasa da intervencias moiTxovs.28
imisTvis, rom gaamarTlos axali socialuri wesrigis Seqmnis ganzraxva, reJimi
xSirad miuTiTebs saqveynod gavrcelebul socialur usamarTlobaze, romelic
yoveli revoluciis Semaferxebelia da ambobs, rom yovelgvari arastabiluroba qveyanaSi kontrrevolucionerebis, jaSuSebisa da diversantebis mieraa
mowyobili.
am TvalsazrisiT, totalitaruli reJimebi naTlad avlenen TavianT idumal maxasiaTeblebs, romlebic erTmniSvnelovnad gamosaxaven im revoluciur
moZraobebs, romlidanac Tavad iReben saTaves. karl fridrixma da zbigniev
bJezinskim, am sakiTxebis gamoCenilma mkvlevarebma, totalitaruli saxelmwifoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli eqvsi Tviseba gamoyves29. TiToeul saxelmwifos
gaaCnia sakuTari ideologia, anu politikuri ideebis wyoba, romelic realobas uaryofs da saxelmwifos qmedebebs gamarTlebas uZebnis momavali bednieri
cxovrebis saxeliT. yvela totalitarul saxelmwifos hyavs erTaderTi, ierarqiuli partia, romelic an xelisuflebazea gadaxlarTuli, an masze maRla dgas.
yvela maTgani endoba saidumlo policias, romelsac surs da SeuZlia saxelmwifos mtrebis winaaRmdeg teroris kampania awarmoos. yvela totalitaruli
saxelmwifo inarCunebs mWidro kavSirs SeiaraRebul ZalebTan da organizebuli
Zaladobis sxva saSualebebTan. aseve, yvela cdilobs ganaxorcielos monopo-

lia masobrivi komunikaciis saSualebebze, romelic gamoiyeneba oficialuri

propagandis gasavrceleblad. dabolos, yvela totalitaruli sazogadoeba

ekonomikis centralizebul kontrols axorcielebs, romlis saSualebiTac

cdilobs radikaluri socialuri cvlilebebi gaataros. arsebiTad, totalitaruli saxelmwifos es maxasiaTeblebi saTaves iRebs revoluciuri moZraobebidan (lideroba, ideologia, organizacia, propaganda, Zaladoba), romelic axla
ukve saxelmwifos yoveldRiuri administraciisa da transformaciis Semadgeneli nawili xdeba.
sazogadod, saxelmwifos transformirebis mcdeloba winaswar dadgenil
ideologiur instruqciebs mihyveba da iSviaTad ganicdis ufro pragmatuli mosazrebebis gavlenas. am safexurze totalitaruli reJimebi TavianTi ideologiis erTgulni rCebian da naklebad cdiloben, upasuxon praqtikul saWiroebebs.
stalinis, hitleris, mao Zedunis politikuri karieridan aRebuli magaliTebi
am Tvalsazrisis saukeTeso gamoxatulebaa.

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sabWoTa kavSiri stalinis mmarTvelobisas
politikuri mtrebis damarcxebis Semdeg, 1928 wels stalinma sabWoTa ekonomikis koleqtivizaciasa da industrializacias Cauyara safuZveli. ekonomikaSi misi pirveli xuTwliani gegmiT (1928-1932 ww.) sabWoTa kavSiris istoriaSi
kataklizmebis periodi daiwyo. Semdegi aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi milionobiT udanaSaulo adamiani gaagzavnes an daxoces muSaTa banakebSi. SedarebiT SeZlebul
miwaTmflobelTa, e.w. kulakTa mTelma klasma arseboba Sewyvita. amas garda,
sabWoTa kavSiris soflis meurneobis produqciis mTeli struqtura radikalurad Seicvala.
imisaTvis, rom gavigoT, Tu ratom daatexa stalinma sabWoTa regionebs
aseTi kataklizmebi Tavs, upirveles yovlisa, kargad unda gaviazroT totalitarul saxelmwifoSi ideologiis gansakuTrebuli roli. stalinis pirveli
xuTwliani gegma Zalian centralizebuli ekonomikuri sistemis Seqmnas iTvaliswinebda, raTa sabWoTa ekonomika swrafad ganviTarebuliyo da mniSvnelovanwilad Zalauflebis politikiT iyo motivirebuli. Tumca, faqtebi gveubneba, rom stalini amave dros ganviTarebuli industriuli sazogadoebis Seqmnis
ideologiuri miznis WeSmaritad erTguli gaxldaT, romelic, Tavis mxriv,
marqsizm-leninizmis principebze iyo dafuZnebuli. am miznis ganxorcieleba
marqsizms danarCeni msofliosTvis ara mxolod saCvenebel magaliTad gaxdida,
aramed, agreTve, axladfexadgmul revolucias mtruli `kapitalisturi garemocvisagan~ daicavda. stalinma gadawyvita, rom erTaderTi saSualeba am sagmiro saqmis misaRwevad mZime mrewvelobaSi masiuri investireba iqneboda. amavdroulad, mogeba maqsimalurad unda gamowuruliyo soflis meurneobidan,
ruseTis ekonomikis tradiciuli dasayrdenidan. aq marqsiszm-leninizmis dogma
batonobda: fermebis, cxovelebisa da sawarmoo saSualebebis kerZo mflobeloba unda ganadgurebuliyo da miwaTmflobeloba `koleqtivizebuli~ gamxdariyo. stalinis koleqtivizaciis gegmis mixedviT, soflis meurneobis warmoebis
didi nawili did kooperatiul erTeulebSi ganaTavses, romlebsac kolxozebs
(koleqtiur fermebs) eZaxdnen. maTi wevrebi mogebis danatovars iyofdnen mas
Semdeg, rac mosavlis savaldebulo nawils Caabarebdnen saxelmwifos an e.w.

savxozs (saxelmwifo meurneobebs), romelTa muSebi xelfass iRebdnen.

stalins sjeroda, rom am strategiiT industriis warmoeba gaormagdeboda an pirveli xuTwledis ganmavlobaSi sulac samjer gaizrdeboda. Sedegad,
sabWoTa soflis meurneobam koleqtivizacia gaiara, raTa sabWoTa industrializacia daecva. soflad yovelgvari winaaRmdegobis aRmofxvriTa da koleqtiur
fermebSi glexebis SerekviT, saxelmwifos SeeZlo politikuri kontrolis gazrda da drakonuli sagadasaxado sistemis danergva. `gadasaxadebi~ am SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifos sakvebis mwir maragSi Senatanebs niSnavda, romelic industriuli muSebis mzardi armiis gamosakvebad da importirebuli kapitaluri saqonlis
gasastumreblad gamoiyeneboda.
am yvelafris fonze, stalinis koleqtivizaciam, imis miuxedavad, ramdenad Zviri jdeboda igi adamianuri sicocxlis TvalsazrisiT, kidev ufro civi,
gaTvlili da maxinji ganzomileba SeiZina, sadac moraluri SezRudvebi ar arsebobda. rodesac gegma ganviTarda, stalini ara imdenad imiT Sewuxda, rom is
bevri adamianis sicocxlis fasad jdeboda, aramed ufro imiT, rom gegmis Sedegs
piri ar uCanda. erT-erTi mizezi, Tu ratom ver imuSava am gegmam, iyo is, rom

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stalinma gadaWarbebuli zomis ganurCeveli Zaladoba da sisastike gamoiCina.
daxoces an gadaasaxles ara mxolod kulakebi, aramed mTeli glexoba aRgaves
miwisagan pirisa. vrceldeboda istoriebi, rogor dalies stalinis agentebma
uzomo raodenobiT arayi da Semdgom mTeli soflebi gadacxriles, raTa qveyanas daundobeli rusuli zamTrisTvis gaeZlo. bevrma rusma glexma amjobina,
nebayoflobiT gadaewva Tavisi mosavali da daexoca saqoneli, vidre stalinis
agentebis miTiTebebi Seesrulebina da maTTan eTanamSromla. Sedegi mosalodneli iyo. miuxedavad saxelmwifos yovelgvari mcdelobisa, industriuli warmoeba Zalian nela viTardeboda, Tu amas saerTod ganviTareba erqva. amasobaSi
SimSilma mTeli soflebi gawyvita.
miuxedavad yvelafrisa, stalinma ar aRiara piradi damarcxeba. man ubralod ugulvebelyo SimSili da ukusvla, romelic misi ekonomikuri politikiT
iyo gamowveuli da imis `dasamtkiceblad,~ rom realurad progresi mimdinareobda, statistika gaayalba. veravin bedavda es monacemebi kiTxvis niSnis qveS
daeyenebina. erT-erTi eqspertis TqmiT, `stalinis reJimi daundobeli da Tanmimdevruli iyo: yvela faqti, romelic ar eTanxmeboda an naklebad eTanxmeboda
mis Tvalsazriss _ monacemebi marcvleulis mosavalze, kriminalur viTarebebze, `kontrrevolucionerebis~ namdvil qmedebebze... ararsebul faqtebad iTvleboda~.30
Tumca, stalini, romelic imaze wuxda, rom misi politika masaxal da farul
mtrebs sZenda, ufro da ufro paranoiduli xdeboda. 1934 wels, rodesac pirveli xuTwliani gegma arcTu saxarbielo SedegebiT dasrulda, sabWoTa diqtatorma gamoacxada, rom man Sors mimavali miznebis mqone SeTqmuleba aRmoaCina,
romelsac ucxoeTis agentebi da kontrrevolucionerebi axorcielebdnen, raTa
sabWoTa ruseTSi kapitalizmi aeRorZinebinaT. am SeTqmulebis Teorias damajerebloba Seemata, rodesac sergei kirovi, leningradis partiuli organizaciis dinamiuri axalgazrda lideri, 1934 wlis dekemberSi mokles. am incidents
sastiki represiebi, uamravi Tavdasxma, moCvenebiTi sasamarTloebi, sikvdiliT
dasja da masStaburi gadasaxlebebi mohyva. gakvriT iqna naTqvami, rom msxverplTa umetesoba e.w. leningradis centris wevrebi iyvnen.
meoce saukunis erT-erTma yvelaze daundobelma diqtatorma ioseb stalinma (18791953) saerTaSoriso komunisturi revoluciis marqsisa da leniniseul sabWoTa
models `gadauxvia~, raTa `erT qveyanaSi
daemyarebina socializmi~. miznebisaken saval gzaze man masStaburi sikvdiliT dasja
gamoiyena da milionobiT adamiani monad aqcia gulagebSi (iZulebiTi Sromis banakSi).

ra Tqma unda, `leningradis centrs~ arasodes uarsebia da arc stalinis

Camosagdebad gamiznuli gegma moumzadebia vinmes (komunisturi partiis pirvelma [generalurma _ mTargmn. Sen.] mdivanma nikita xruSCovma 1956 wels mianiSna,

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rom stalini Tavad idga kirovis mkvlelobis ukan). Tumca, am `gegmam~ stalins
uzarmazari Sansi misca imisaTvis, raTa `moRalateebis~, albaT, yvelaze didi,
sisxliani wmenda moewyo istoriaSi. daakaves da daapatimres leninis Tavdapirveli wris gamoCenili liderebi, e.w. Zveli bolSevikebi. pirveli fazis dros,
romelsac Semdeg didi terori uwodes (1934 wlis ianvridan 1936 wlis aprilamde)
komunisturi partiis wevrTa raodenoba daaxloebiT 800 000 kaciT, anu 25 procentiT Semcirda. sabWoTa presa maT kicxavda, rogorc `mavneblebs, jaSuSebs,
diversantebsa da mkvlelebs, romlebic partiuli baraTs efarebodnen da bolSevikebad iniRbebodnen~.31
stalinuri wmendebis meore faza (1936-38) gamoirCeoda cnobili saCvenebeli sasamarTloebiT, sadac Zvel bolSevikebs, partiis maRalCinosan liderebs
saxalxod asamarTlebdnen da aiZulebdnen aRmaSfoTebeli `aRiarebebi~ miecaT.
Tumca, sasamarTloebi mxolod aisbergis wveri iyo. 1934 wlis meCvidmete partiuli yrilobis daaxloebiT 2000 delegatidan 1100-ze meti (daaxloebiT 56
procenti) 1934-1938 wlebSi daxvrites. yrilobaze damswre 1827 Tanamdebobis
mqone delegatidan mxolod 35 procenti daeswro Semdgom yrilobas, romelic
xuTi wlis Tavze gaimarTa. 1934 wels arCeuli partiis centraluri komitetis
139 wevris samocdaaTi procenti 1938 wlisTvis likvidirebuli iyo. 1939 wlisTvis partiis aparati saguldagulod iyo gawmendili.
wiTel armiaSi igive movlenebi xdeboda. didma terorma Seiwira sabWoTa kavSiris 5-dan 3 marSali, 16-idan 14 sardali, rvave admirali, 67-dan 60 SenaerTis
meTauri da 397 brigadis meTauris daaxloebiT naxevari. amas garda, 81 umaRlesi
rangis politikuri komisaridan mxolod 5 gadaurCa wmendas.
aseve ar daundiaT dawinaurebuli muSebi. 1930-iani wlebis ganmavlobaSi
stalinma gaatara politika, romelic estafetis saxeliTaa cnobili, rodesac
sabWoTa muSebis koleqtivizacia samuSao Zalis iZulebiT gawvevis gziT moxda.
samuSao erTeulebi samxedro analogiiT iqmneboda da muSebi diviziebis msgavsad iyvnen organizebuli. am politikis Sedegad daibada e.w. gulagis arqipelagi, ukacriel adgilebSi aSenebuli monuri Sromis banakebi, romelsac sabWoTa saidumlo policia icavda da marTavda, sadac socialuri da politikuri
TvalsazrisiT arasasurvel pirebs cxovrebas aiZulebdnen. gulagis sistemis
meSveobiT rkinigzas, arxebsa da kaSxlebs aSenebdnen moSorebul da Znelad misadgom adgilebSi, sadac muSebi nebiT ar wavidodnen. gamoCenili rusi mwerlis,
aleqsandre solJenicinis SefasebiT, romelmac banakSi arsebuli cxovreba
aRwera, yovel mocemul momentSi am banakebSi daaxloebiT 12 milioni adamiani
hyavdaT dapatimrebuli, romelTa naxevari politikuri patimari iyo. `zogierTebis gardacvalebis paralelurad~, SeniSnavs igi, `manqanas maTi Semcvlelebi moh yavda~.32
dabolos, meore msoflio omis dawyebis win stalini mwvervalze marto
idga. mrewveloba ayvavebuli iyo, magram sabWoTa kavSiri muSaTa samoTxis garda,
yvelaferi iyo. terorma didi politikuri cvlilebebi moitana, romlis drosac
sabWoTa komunisturi partiis istoriis furclebze aRbeWdili mravali gamoCenili adamiani moRalated gamocxadda da saxalxo sasamarTloze warsdga. braldebulTa sia oqtombris revoluciis sapatio monawileTa reestrs hgavda. umaRlesi samxedro xelmZRvaneloba daTxovnil iqna, partiaSi Tanamdebobis pirTa
wmenda moxda da `umweo masebi~ samrewvelo monobis doneze daiyvanes. marTalia,
stalini 1953 wlamde _ sakuTar sikvdilamde marTavda qveyanas, magram misi sa-

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xeli, pirvelyovlisa, 1930-iani wlebis sisxlian wmendebTan asocirdeba.

germania hitleris mmarTvelobis dros

mesame raixis dros (1933-45 ww.) nacional-socialisturi (nacisturi) partiis ideologiis wamyvani Tema ebraelebisa da sxva `socialurad arasasurveli~
pirebis ganadgureba iyo da amis Semdeg `rasobrivad sufTa~ ariuli sazogadoebis Seqmna, romelsac misi damaarsebeli adolf hitleri ganasaxierebda. rasizmma, romelic hitlers mTeli Tavisi karieris ganmavlobaSi akviatebuli hqonda,
mas ubiZga germaniis cxovreba mTlianad Seecvala. mis mier nebadarTuli saSualebebi axla ukve cnobilia: sazogadoebis nacisturi ideologiis safuZvlebiT
masobrivi indoqtrinacia; nacisturi partiis mkacri kontrolis qveS yola. germaniis cxovrebis wamyvan Zalad gadaqceva da sazogadoebis morCilebis uzrunvelsayofad saidumlo policiis anu Gestapo-s intensiuri gamoyeneba da ekonomikaze, jarsa da masmediaze centralizebuli kontrolis daweseba.
nacisturi ideologiisa da propagandis meSveobiT germanel xalxs Caunerges ebraelebis dasjis, omis saWiroebisa da sazogadoebis radikaluri
transformaciis idea. germanuli cxovrebis yvela aspeqti politizirebul iqna
Gestapo-sa da SS-is teroris taqtikiTa da saxelmwifos mier mxardaWerili `kulturuli revoluciis~ meSveobiT, romelic gulisxmobda yvela im xelovanis,
Jurnalistisa da mecnieris likvidacias, romelTa politikuri azris ndoba ar
SeiZleboda. axali samTavrobo uwyebebi, maT Soris raixis literaturis, presis, mauwyeblobis, Teatris, musikisa da saxviTi xelovnebis palatebi erTaderT
mizans emsaxureboda, moexdina `saxifaTo~ werilobiTi an mxatvruli gamovlinebebis cenzura-gafiltvra.
musikis sferoSi germanuli xalxuri musika Caenacvla `dekadentur~ Tanamedrove da klasikur musikas, romelTa avtorebi iyvnen ebrauli warmoSobis kompozitorebi, magaliTad, feliqs mendelsoni da gustav maleri. aseve
dagmobil iqna Tanamedrove mxatvrobac. nacistebis mmarTvelobisas arc literatura iyo ukeTes dReSi. mesame raixis erT-erTi istorikosis karl ditrih
braxeris TqmiT:
dausruleblad dgeboda Savi siebi da istoria Tavidan iwereboda...
biblioTekebisa da wignebis maRaziebis `gawmenda~ garkveul problemebs
qmnida, magram germanuli literaturis ganadgureba da TviT-ganadgureba ramdenime TveSi iqna miRweuli pirvelxarisxovani mwerlebis meore da
mesame xarisxovani mjRabnelebiT CanacvlebiTa da saukeTeso mwerlebis
garesamyarosTan kavSiris xelis SeSliT.33

xelovnebaze nacistebis Seteva imis maCvenebeli iyo, sadamde SeeZlo hitlers wasvla, raTa nacisturi Rirebulebebis propaganda momxdariyo. Tumca,
germanuli cxovrebis verc erTma sferom ver gamoxata hitleris Tavdadeba axali momavlisadmi ise, rogorc es saskolo sistemaSi moxda. rogorc braxerma
aRniSna, `nacional-socializmis mcdeloba Tavidanve mimarTuli iyo totalitaruli politikis yvelaze mniSvnelovani instrumentebis _ propagandisa da
ganaTlebis mimarTulebiT~.34

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nacisturi partiis ideologiis wamyvani Tema iyo ebraelTa da sxva `socialurad arasasurvelTa~ ganadgureba da Semdgom `rasobrivad dawmendili~ ariuli eris Seqmna. 19331945 ww. nacistur sikvdilis banakebSi daaxloebiT 6 milioni evropeli ebraeli daiRupa.

nacisturi saganmanaTlebo politika sami ZiriTadi mimarTulebiT ganxorcielda. Tavdapirvelad, skolis administratorebi da maswavleblebi, romlebic eWvmitanilebi iyvnen hitleris, nacizmis an nacisturi `reformis~ mimarT
winaaRmdegobis gawevaSi, dauyovnebliv gaTavisufldnen dakavebuli Tanamdebobebidan. amis Semde, yvela akademiuri sagani gaiJRenTa ideologiuri SinaarsiT.
istoria gadaiqca `rasobriv istoriad~, biologia gardaiqmna `rasobriv biologiad~ da a.S. yvela sagani ise Seicvala, rom maTSi hitleris antisemituri
rasobrivi Teoriebi asaxuliyo. dRe ar gaivlida, rom moswavleebisaTvis is sazareli rasobrivi Teoriebi ar eqadagaT, romlebic nacistur politikur wyobilebas amarTlebdnen. xSirad es Teoriebi gadajaWvuli iyo samxedro Zlierebis
istoriebTan. faqtobrivad, yvela akademiuri sagans laitmotivad gasdevda
arielebis CamorCenil rasebze triumfis idea. dabolos, nacistebma daaarses
specialuri skolebi, sadac partiis momaval elitas wvrTnidnen, maT Soris samxedro liderebs, partiul muSakebsa da saxelmwifo moxeleebs. moswavleebi am
skolebSi asakobrivi jgufisa da karieruli interesebis mixedviT iricxebodnen. magaliTad, adolf hitleris skolebSi swavlobdnen Tormetidan Tvramet
wlamde axalgazrdebi, visac partiuli funqcioneroba surda. zogadad rom vTqvaT, yvela specskola garkveuli saxis ZiriTad kursebs aswavlida (magaliTad,
rasobriv istoriasa da biologias) da aqcents samxedro varjiSebze akeTebda
(amis magaliTia `saxelganTqmuli~ hitleruli axalgazrdoba).
nacisturi saganmanaTleblo programa Zalze warmatebuli gamodga. erTi
avtoritetuli pirovnebis azriT, `reJimis winaSe maswavleblebisa da mSoblebis kapitulaciis paralelurad axalgazrdebis indoqtrinaciac warmatebulad
midioda. axalgazrdobas, romelic heroikul legendebsa da Sav-TeTr ferebad
gamartivebul samyaros suraTs advilad ijerebda, reJimis gansacvifrebel
xatebas gadascemdnen~.35 axalgazrdebis ganaTlebas aZlierebda kargad dagegmili zar-zeimebi da ceremoniebi: `adreuli bavSvobidan maT aswavlidnen droSis
awevas, aRlumebSi monawileobis miRebas, qveynis masStabiT xorcieldeboda skolebze mauwyebloba, bavSvebi dahyavdaT salaSqrod~.36 STagoneba, propaganda da

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ara terori gaxda is instrumentebi, romlis meSveobiT mesame raixis bavSvebs
axal wyobas aziarebdnen.
savaraudod, yvelaze metad amgvari masobrivi STagonebis programam SesaZlebeli gaxada is, rom hitleri atarebda sastik rasobriv politikas, romlis kulminaciac holokosti iyo. Zalauflebis mopovebis Semdeg, hitlerma
antiebrauli politika etapebad ganaxorciela, romelTagan TiToeuli winaze
ufro radikaluri iyo.37 pirvelad daiwyo imis gansazRvra, vin iyo ebraeli. amis
Semdeg reJimma daiwyo ebraelebis germanuli cxovrebidan izolaciis kampania
da maTi qonebis eqspropriacia. Semdgom, yvela ebraeli, romelmac qveyana 19331938 wlebSi ar datova, germanuli sazogadoebidan ZaliT gamoacalkeves da cnobil sakoncentracio banakebSi gaagzavnes. masobrivi deportacia win uswrebda
meoTxe da saboloo etap: yvela ebraeli kacis, qalisa da bavSvis ganadgurebas,
viszec xeli miuwvdeboda mesame raixs.
im dros, rodesac 1930-ian wlebSi antiebrauli politika Zalas ikrefda
germaniaSi, hitlerma germanuli sazogadoebis TiTqmis yvela elementi Tavisi
mkvlelobebis sqemaSi CarTo. biurokratia antiebraul brZanebebs adgenda da ganadgurebis procesisTvis aucilebel logistikur process gegmavda. germanuli
biznesi sargeblobda ebrauli qonebiTa da sakoncentracio banakebSi iZulebiTi muSaxeliT. maSin, rodesac germania aRmosavleTiT miwebs ipyrobda, armiis
specdanayofebi mTlianad CaerTvnen mkvlelobis operaciebis yvela aspeqtSi.
dabolos, Tavad nacisturi partiis ierarqia mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda ganadgurebis mTliani programis dagegmvasa da warmarTvaSi. partiis naxevrad gasamxedroebuli organo SS-i realurad xelmZRvanelobda sasikvdilo banakebSi
daxocvis operaciebs.
hitlerisTvis meore msoflio omi iyo SesaZlebloba, rom mTel evropaSi gaevrcelebina misi xedva wminda ariuli germaniis Sesaxeb. adrindeli tiranebisagan gansxvavebiT, romlebic oms teritoriis, Zalauflebis an didebis
siyvarulis gamo awarmoebdnen, hitleris motivacias radikalurad axal da
revoluciur sazogadoebaze ocneba warmoadgenda. ase rom, maSinac ki, rodesac
germaniis armia da mesame raixi damarcxebis piras iyo, hitleri kidev ufro Sors
wavida ebraelebis ganadgurebis TvalsazrisiT. sabolood, daaxloebiT 6 milioni evropeli ebraeli iqna mokluli. adre arsebuli rasobrivad motivirebuli
politikuri mkvlelobebi daCrdila holokostis barbarosobam, romlis Semoqmedi adolf hitleri `gabatonebuli rasis~ Camoyalibebas da Tavis warmosaxvaSi
arsebuli groteskuli samyaros Seqmnas cdilobda.

GineTi maos mmarTvelobisas

CineTSi mao Zedunis xelisuflebaSi mosvla revoluciuri brZolis epikuri magaliTia _ WeSmaritad masobrivi moZraoba Rarib sazogadoebaSi, sadac
glexoba did umravlesobas Seadgenda. oc welze met xans (1927-49) mao sastik
`erovnuli gaTavisuflebis oms~ awarmoebda kuomintanis [CineTis erovnuli
partia _ mTargmn. Sen.] winaaRmdeg, romelsac Can kaiSi xelmZRvanelobda, xolo
meore msoflio omis dros _ iaponiis winaaRmdeg. 1930-iani wlebis Sua xanebSi mao
iyo legendaruli Setevis lideri, romlis drosac partizanebis cudad gawvrTnilma razmma 6000 milis manZilze daipyro, daatyveva an gaanadgura Canis mra-

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valricxovani da ukeT aRWurvili nacionaluri armia. 1949 wlisTvis, rodesac
man sabolood moigo ukanaskneli gadamwyveti brZola da CineTis xelmZRvaneli
gaxda, mao Zedunis `klasobrivi brZola~ CineTis masebis saxeliT or aTwleulze
mets iTvlida.
mao ara marto Tavisi revoluciuri gmirobiT amayobda, aramed Tavisi
politikuri azrovnebiTac. im droisTvis mis `wiTel wignSi~ Setanilma `Tavmjdomare maos azrebma~ Cinur sazogadoebaSi wminda werilis statusi SeiZina. misma
xedvam axali, uklaso saxelmwifosa da samagaliTo komunisti kadrebisa da amxanagebis Sesaxeb, romelTac zneobrivad gadaxalisebuli sazogadoeba unda ganesaxierebinaT, dasabami misca radikalur politikas, romelsac icnoben saerTo
saxeliT _ maoizmi.
marTalia, maos msoflmxedveloba marqsizmis ZiriTadma postulatebma
Camoayaliba, magram 1920-ian wlebSi CineTi preindustriuli sazogadoeba iyo
realuri proletariatis (sawarmoSi momuSave) an `monopolisti kapitalistis~
gareSe, romelic marqsma `kapitalSi aRwera. Cineli glexobis ubedureba fabrikebis bosebi ki ar iyvnen, aramed xarbi miwaTmflobelebi da biurokratebi,
romelTac statuskvos, TavianTi Zalauflebisa da privilegiebis SenarCuneba
aRelvebdaT. Cagruli umravlesobis gasaTavisufleblad xelisuflebaSi myofni
unda CamoegdoT. maos sjeroda, rom amgvari istoriuli misiis gansaxorcieleblad, aucilebeli iyo `qvemodan~ Zaladobrivi revoluciis mowyoba. `politikuri Zalaufleba~, werda igi, `Tofis lulidan amodis~.38
marqsizmis Cinur realobasTan adaptirebisas (an `sinifikaciisas~) mao
adidebda didi xnis manZilze Cagrul Cinel glexobas, romelsac komunisturi
Rirsebebis matarebel modelad ganixilavda. misi azriT, Cineli glexebi `Raribebi
da sufTebi~ iyvnen. maos sjeroda, rom vinaidan isini arasodes garyvnilan `burJuaziuli materializmiT~ da didi qalaqebis dekadansiT, maTi samagaliTo komunistebad gardaqmna ufro advili iyo, vidre maTi qalaqeli daxvewili TanamoZmeebisa. amgvarad, maom glexebi utopiuri, uklaso sazogadoebis qvakuTxedad aqcia,
sadac eqspluatacia arasodes moxdeba da masebi harmoniasa da TanasworobaSi
mdidrad icxovreben.
am didebuli xedviT aRWurvilma maom 1949 wlis Semdeg CineTi erTgvar socialur laboratoriad aqcia. postrevoluciur wlebSi CineTis komunisturi
partia da CineTis armia biheviorul da biologiur inJineriaSi grandiozul eqsperimentebs atarebdnen. pirveli nabiji moicavda masobrivi kampaniis warmoebas
specifikuri borotebebis aRmosafxvrelad an imgvari arasasurveli socialuri
elementebis gasanadgureblad, rogorebic iyvnen miwaTmflobelebi, kontrrevolucionerebi da e.w. banditebi. am `gadasamzadebel kampaniebs~ Tan axlda yovlismomcveli miwis reformis programa, romelic sabolood CineTis soflis
meurneobis mTliani koleqtivizaciiT dasrulda. rogorc wesi, rTulad gasatarebeli miwis reforma masobrivi propagandisa da fizikuri Zalis gamoyenebis
TanxlebiT ganxorcielda. 1950-iani wlebis dasawyisSi CineTSi daiwyo stalinuri gegmis msgavsi industrializacia.
maos mmarTvelobaSi erTmaneTs enacvleboda Tavisuflebisa da represiebis periodebi. 1956 wels, magaliTad, man gamoacxada asi yvavilis kampania,
romelic mkacri socialuri wesrigis Serbilebas hpirdeboda mosaxleobas. rogorc partiis maRalCinosanma maSin ganacxada, `CineTis komunisturi partia
cdilobs, rom asi yvavili ayvavdes ganaTlebuli muSebisaTvis da Seecdeba asi

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skola waaxalisos samecniero sferoSi... damoukidebeli azrovneba, Tavisufali
debatebi, Tavisufali Semoqmedeba da kritika, adamianis mier sakuTari azris
Tavisuflad gamoTqmis ufleba~.39 ise Canda, rom TviT partiis xelmZRvanelobis
SezRuduli doziT kritikac nebadarTuli iqneboda.

Can kaiSis kuomintanis winaaRmdeg erovnuli gaTavisuflebis

warmatebuli omis garda, maos mmarTveloba 1949-1976ww. rogorc
socialuri eqsperimentebis siuxvis, aseve politikuri represiebis
periodebiT xasiaTdeboda.

iman, rac amas mohyva, mao gaakvirva. mTeli qveynis masStabiT oficialur
politikas akritikebdnen. saxalxo protesti da antipartiuli demonstraciebi
gamorCeulad kritikuli iyo pekinis universitetsa da sxva umaRles saswavlo
dawesebulebebSi mTeli CineTis masStabiT. daiwyo gaficvebi da mcire ajanyebebi. Tavdapirvelad frTxilad gamoTqmuli gansxvavebuli azrebi ufro xmamaRali gaxda. partiis Tanamdebobis pirebze calkeuli Tavdasxmebic moxda. asi
yvavilis nacvlad, aTasobiT `sarevelam~ gaixara CineTis baRSi. maT amosaZirkvad
mZlavri kampania daiwyo. partiis oficialurma saxalxo yoveldRiurma gazeTma
saxis SesanarCuneblad ganmarteba gaavrcela, rom asi yvavilis mTeli kampania
saxelmwifos mtrebis gareT gamosatyueblad Catarda.
retroperspeqtivaSi asi yvavilis kampania ubralo moTelva iyo maos didi
naxtomis win (1957-60ww.). didi naxtomi atyorcnis gamorCeuli mcdeloba iyo
_ CineTi, masobrivi mobilizaciis saSualebiT, `sruli komunizmis~ safexurze
unda aetyorcnaT.
maom wamoiwyo socialuri transformaciis programa, romelic im rwme naze iyo dafuZnebuli, romlis mixedviTac adamianis nebisyofas SeuZlia obieqtur movlenebze gaimarjvos, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, CineTSi gavrcelebuli siRaribidan, gaunaTleblobisa da garemoze damokidebulebidan iRebdnen saTaves.
CineTis cnobili amerikeli mkvlevaris jon king ferbenkis TvalsazrisiT:
1958 wels didi naxtomis strategiis ganviTareba iyo is, risi mofiqrebac partizanebs SeeZloT. maT iswavles kampaniis warmoeba da xalxis mobilizeba, raTa im konkretuli socialuri miznebisTvis mieRwiaT,
romlebic omSi poziciebis dakavebas waagavda _ samxedro terminologiis
gamoyeneba aq swored rom upriania. kampaniis mTeli meqanizmi axla ukve
ekonomikuri transformaciisken, soflis meurneobisa da warmoebis erTdrouli ganviTarebisken, dualizmis strategiis anu rogorc mao ambob-

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da `or fexze siarulisken~ iyo mimarTuli, raTa daenergaT Tanamedrove
warmoebis procesebi da mieRwiaT ganviTarebisTvis... CineTis komunistur partias surda CineTis soflebis CamorCenilobiTa da damatebiTi
muSaxeliT sargebloba. maoistebs swamdaT, rom ideologiuri motivacia
ekonomikur Sedegebs moitanda, rom axali suliskveTeba materialuri
waxalisebis gareSe gamoiyenebda adamianuri energiis aqamde auTvisebel
resursebs.40

didi naxtomis yvelaze ufro naTeli da dramatuli simbolo uTvalavi komunis daarseba iyo, romlebic SedarebiT did, damoukidebel da TviTkmar socialur, ekonomikur da administraciul erTeulebs warmoadgendnen. komunalurma miwebma STanTqa kerZo sakuTreba, magaliTad, qvabi, tafa da sxva saojaxo
nivTebi saerTo moxmarebis nivTebad gadaiqca. amas garda, ferbenki SeniSnavs:
bevri glexi garkveul dros uzarmazar mouwesrigebel derefanSi
Wamda saWmels. yvela muSa kontroldeboda. yvela valdebuli iyo TveSi
28 dRe emuSava, bavSvebs dRisiT ZiZebTan tovebdnen. es yvelaferi Zalian efeqtiani unda yofiliyo soflisTvis, mTeli muSaxeli, maT Soris
qalebi, mzad unda yofiliyvnen sruli datvirTviT emuSavaT.41

ratom damkvidrda gansakuTrebuli sazomebi, romlebic maos grandiozul

koncefciasTan asocirdeboda? ferbenkis TqmiT: `imedi hqondaT, rom Sedegad
aSendeboda soflis meurneobaze dafuZnebuli qalaqebi, sadac is gaproletarebuli glexebi icxovrebdnen, romlebic sakuTari miwidan iyvnen amoZirkvulni~ _
amasTan, arsebobda zogadi Sexeduleba, rom saxelmwifos unda gaezarda muSaxelze kontroli da Seecvala glexebis damokidebulebebi.42
swrafi naxtomi gadaiqca totalur saSinelebad, radgan Tavadac cudad mofiqrebuli iyo da bunebac, rogorc Canda, xels ar uwyobda. 1950-iani wlebis bolos da 1960-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, CineTma sakvebis didi nakleboba da mousavlianoba ganicada. mxolod 1960 wels qveynis mTliani erovnuli produqti erTi
mesamediT Semcirda. momdevno aTwleulis pirvel xanebSi maos Zalaufleba da
gavlena SedarebiT Sesustda. Tumca, es amosunTqvis mxolod mcire periodi
iyo.
1966-1969 wlebSi didma proletarulma kulturulma revoluciam CineTis sazogadoeba Zirfesviand Searyia. danarCeni samyarosTvis es revolucia
saukunis erT-erTi yvelaze araordinaluri movlena iyo. is maos yvelaze ambiciuri mcdeloba gaxldaT, romlis mizanic revuliciuri suliskveTebis gacocxlebaSi, burJuaziuli kapitalizmisa da CineTis religiur-kulturuli
tradiciis Zirfesvianad aRmofxvraSi mdgomareobda.
kulturuli revolucia ori etapad warimarTa: pirvel etapze CineTis
cxovrebaSi arsebuli yovelgvari `dekadenturis~ Camorecxva moxda. am mizniT,
maom yvela skola daxura da Tavis axalgazrda mimdevrebs, romelTac wiTel
gvardias uwodebdnen, mouwoda biurokratiuli xelisuflebisa da damkvidrebuli privilegiebis bastionze ieriSi mietanaT. mTeli qveynis masStabiT milionobiT maoisti axalgazrdis mier mowyobili gamosvlebi mravali kviris ganmavlobaSi aSinebda da arTobda garesamyaros. Tumca, im droisTvis, rodesac
qaosi da dabneuloba dasrulda, revoluciis am fazam miaRwia imas, rac maos ganzraxuli hqonda: wiTelma gvardiam `respublikis biurokratiuli institutebis

140
umravlesoba daangria da maT xelisuflebasa da gamocdilebas Zala daukarga~.43
wmendebma, sajaro damcirebebma, dasjam da marTulma anarqiam xalxi gatanja.
taZrebi da istoriuli simdidreebi ganadgurebuli iyo, iseve, rogorc partia,
mTavroba da SeiraRebuli Zalebi.
mosalodneli iyo, rom kulturuli revoluciis meore etapi nakleb
warmatebuli iqneboda, vidre pirveli. meore etapisagan gansxvavebiT, pirveli
metwilad negatiuri iyo im gagebiT, rom mis mizans arsebul socialur da politikur wesrigSi erTgvari arasasurvili elementebis ganadgureba warmoadgenda.
meore etapi pozitiuri qmedebisaken mouwodebda, raTa warsuli wyoba axliTa da
ukeTesiT Secvliliyo. samwuxarod, ekonomika, gansakuTrebiT qalaqebSi, Zlier
Seryeuli iyo. skolebi, romelic maos axali revoluciuri wyobisaTvis daixura,
aRar gaxsnila Tveebis an wlebis ganmavlobaSi. Sedegad, Cineli axalgazrdobis
mTelma Taobam ver SeiZina is codna da unarebi, romlebic qveynis ganviTarebad
ekonomikas aserigad sWirdeboda.
kulturuli revoluciis saboloo fasis gansazRvra SeuZlebelia. Tumca
erTi faqti naTelia: maos dauRalavi mcdeloba, daemtkicebina, rom adamianis
buneba ukiduresad moqnili iyo da, Sesabamisad, sazogadoebis srulyofac dausruleblad SeiZleboda, politikuri realobis kldovan napirs Seejaxa. 1976
wels misi sikvdiliT Tanamedrove samyaros politikuri istoriis unikaluri
Tavi dasrulda.

totalitarizmis nairsaxeobebi
stalinuri ruseTis, hitleruli germaniisa da maos CineTis garda, arseboben sxva totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi, romelTa dasaxeleba da Seswavla upriania. marTalia, am naklebtotalitaruli saxelmwifoebis umravlesoba gaqra
an reJimebis mmarTveloba ufro Serbilda, magram maTi saqmianobis Sedegad saxelmwifoebis istoriaSi Rrma Wrilobebi da rTuli memkvidreoba darCa.

1979 wlis ianvris

revoluciis Semdeg
aiaTola ruhola
xomeinis (1900-1989)
xelmZRvanelobiT
irani Teokratiad
gardaiqmna, romelic
fundamentalisturi
Siituri musulmuri
principebiT imarTeboda.

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pol poti kambojas (saxeli gadaerqva da kampuCia ewoda) 1975-dan 1979
wlamde marTavda. is da misi momxreebi cdilobdnen radikalurad gansxvavebuli
sazogadoebis Seqmnas, romelic glexobidan SerCeuli kadrebis sada da spartanul cxovrebaze iqneboda dafuZnebuli. Zveli wyobilebis yvela nakvalevi,
dawyebuli kalendridan da dasrulebuli ojaxiT, ganadgurda. pol potma 1978
weli `nulovan wlad~ gamoacxada, rac absurdi iyo, magram erTgvarad Seesabameboda im Sedegs, rac misi xanmokle mmarTvelobis bolos miiRo qveyanam: am wlebSi
daixoca 2 milioni kambojeli (7.5 milioniani mosaxleobidan). isini wmendebis,
SimSilis an gasamarTlebis msxverplni gaxdnen.
totalitari mmarTvelis meore magaliTia eTiopieli mengistu haile mariami, romelic qveyanas 1970-iani wlebis Sua xanebidan 1991 wlis maisamde meTaurobda. mengistu saxelmwifos reorganizacias xalxis diviziebSi gaerTianebiTa
da ltolvilTa banakebSi ganTavsebiT Seecada, raTa mTavrobas maTi intensiuri
TvalTvalis, propagandis da STagonebis saSualeba miscemoda. misma mcdelobebma qveynis soflis meurneoba daangria da SimSili gamoiwvia. marTalia, dasavleTma scada eTiopiaSi bavSvebs sakvebiT daxmareboda, magram Tavad eTiopiis
mTavroba am sakiTxiT aSkarad naklebad iyo dainteresebuli. maSin, rodesac misi
xalxi SimSilobda, mengistu pompezur samxedro aRlumebs atarebda, xorbals
mezobel saxelmwifoebze yidda da miRebul Semosavals iaraRis Sesyidvaze xarjavda. 1991 wlis maisSi, roca misi mTvroba ajanyebulebis koaliciurma Zalebma
alyaSi moamwyvdies, mengistu qveynidan gaiqca.
totalitari mmarTvelebi mTel msoflioSi modiodnen xelisuflebis saTaveSi. fidel kastro, romelic 1959 wlidan kubis lideria, yvelaze xangrZlivadaa
am Tanamdebobaze. [2008 wels, janmrTelobis gauaresebis gamo, fidel kastrom
qveynis prezidentis posti Tavis Zmas raul kastros gadasca. mTargmn. SeniSvna.]
1994 wlamde CrdiloT koreas rkiniseburi xeliT marTavda kim ir seni da misi
sikvdilis Semdeg es qveyana kvlav totalitarul saxelmwifod darCa. aziaSi bevrgan, magaliTad CineTsa da vietnamSi, kvlav iyeneben arademokratiul, adreuli
totalitaruli reJimebis meTodebs.
rogorc am Tavis dasawyisSi ukve aRiniSna, totalitaruli reJimebi sxvadasxva formas iReben, amis magaliTia iranis fanatikuri memarjvene fundamentalisti lideri aiaTola ruhola xomeini (1979-89). xomeinim irani Teokratiad
gardaqmna, mmarTvelobad, romelic religiazea dafuZnebuli da romelsac sasuliero pirebi xelmZRvaneloben. sabolood iranSi cxovrebis arc erTi aspeqti
ar darCenila mTavrobis kontrolsmiRma. maswavleblebi, saxelmZRvaneloebi,
ganaTleba, garToba, samarTlebrivi sistema, arSiyoba da seqsualuri qcevac ki
fundamentalistur islamur Sexedulebebs daumorCiles. reJimma omi gamoucxada sajaro moxeleebs, inteleqtualebs, saSualo klasis profesionalebsa da
mewarmeebs da yvela maT, vinc Tanamdrove dasavluri cxovrebis wess da kulturas aRiarebda.
xomeneis iranma totalitarul mmarTvelobasTan asocirebuli mravali
Tviseba gamoamJRavna: sazogadoebis gardaqmnis mcdeloba, diqtatura, romelic
usityvo erTgulebas, morCilebasa da Tavganwirvas moiTxovda, yovlismomcveli
kredo, romelic awesrigebda, xsnida da asabuTebda saxelmwifos qmedebebs, presis cenzura da saidumlo policia, saCvenebli sasamarTloebi, dasja da wminda
omebi. iranis magaliTi kargad aCvenebs, rom totalitarulma reJimebma, demokratiulisa da tradiciuli diqtatorulis msgavsad, SeiZleba msoflios sx-

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vadasxva wertilSi sxvadasxva saxe miiRon, magram amavdroulad hqondeT saerTo arsi.

totalitarizmis usaxelo msxverplni

totalitarul reJimebs erTmaneTisagan mkveTrad gansxvavebuli miznebi
da saSualebebi aqvT. Tuki amgvari saxelmwifoebis miznebi xSirad RvTivkurTxeulad aris warmodgenili, am miznebis misaRwevad gamoyenebuli saSualebebi _
institucionalizebuli dasja, wmenda da genocidebi _ eSmakiseulia. mravali
damkvirveblis azriT, nacisturi germaniis sasikvdilo banakebi da stalinuri
ruseTis samuSao banakebi meoce saukunis totalitarizmis arss ganasaxiereben. es faqtebi gviCvenebs, rogori warmoudgeneli saSinelebebi SeiZleba ganxorcieldes totalitaruli diqtaturis mmarTvelobisas, radgan mTavrobas
araferi upirispirdeba Zaladobisa da Tundac TviTganadgurebis ukiduresi
formebis gzaze.
totalitarul represiebis adamianuri msxverplis mokrZalebul Sefasebebs gvTavazobs politologi politolog s.u. kasineli hitleris, stalinisa da
maos miseul SedarebiT analizSi. kasinelis TqmiT, `sami revoluciis saxeliT,
daaxloebiT, 110 milioni adamiani daiRupa, xolo fizikuri da fsiqologiuri
tanjva, romelic maT gamoiwvies, adamianur warmodgenas scildeba.~44 kasinelis
TqmiT, es cifri, romelic meore msoflio omis msxverplsac moicavs, SesaZloa,
realurad naklebi iyos.45 Semdgom mopovebulma mtkicebulebebma misi eWvebi
daadastura. Tumca, kasinelis mier dasaxelebuli raodenoba orzec rom gavyoT,
monacemebi mainc gansacvifrebelia.
omSi daRupulTa ricxvma `germaniasa da avstriaSi 6 milions miaRwia, xolo
sabWoTa kavSirSi _ 20 milions da erTad aRebul danarCen evropul saxelmwifoebSi _ 10 milions, rac jamSi 36 milioni gamodis.~46 hitleris politikam daaxloebiT 6 milioni evropeli ebraelis daxocva gamoiwvia, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT
araebraelebze, romelTac hitleri `socialurad arasasurvelad~ miiCnevda.
mTlianobaSi, pirdapir Tu iribad adolf hitleris politikas daaxloebiT 42
milioni adamiani Seewira.
1917 wlis ruseTis revolucia da misi Semdgomi periodi aranaklebi
msxverpliT gamoirCeoda. 1918-1923 wlebSi daaxloebiT 3 milioni sabWoTa moqalaqe daiRupa tifis, dizinteriisa da qoleris Sedegad, daaxloebiT 9 milionze
meti ugzoukvlod daikarga. mravali maTgani 1921 wels Zlieri gvalvebis gamoc
daiRupa, magram umravlesobis sikvdilis mizezi pirdapir Tu iribad politika
iyo.
1920-iani wlebis bolos stalinis titanuri industrializaciis periodSi
kulakebi, rogorc klasi, ganadgurda. amas garda, meore damRupveli SimSilobis periodi daiwyo 1930-iani wlebis dasawyisSi. Tu koleqtivizaciis adreuli
etapis msxverplT SimSiliT gardacvlilebs davamatebT, 1929-1934 wlebSi daRupulTa ricxvi ramdenime mi lions aRwevs.
Tumca, yvelaze didi saSineleba jer kidev win iyo. 1934 wlis Semdeg, stalinis masobrivi wmendebi _ istoriis, albaT, yvelaze sisxliani terori _ gadaizarda
1 milioni sabWoTa moqalaqis mkvlelobaSi da damatebiT 2 milionma `klasobrivma
mterma~ suli dalia cimbirSi arsebul iZulebiT samuSao banakebSi. arc 1938 wlis
didi wmendebis Semdeg dasrulebula politikuri angariSsworebebi, ramac meore
msoflio omTan erTad, sabWoTa sazogadoebas uzarmazari Zala daakargvina.

143
kasinelis gamoTvlebiT, 1938-dan 1950 wlamde iZulebiT samuSao banakebsa da cixeebSi, savaraudod, 12 milioni adamiani mokvda. mTlianobaSi stalini (da SedarebiT
naklebi xarisxiT lenini) pasuxismgebelia milionobiT udanaSaulo daucveli moqalaqis sikvdilSi, romelTaTvisac `revoluciuri samarTali~ samuSao banakebSi
nel sikvdils an sadamsjelo aTeulis mier nasrol tyvias niSnavda.
maoisturi revolucia, msxverplTa raodenobis mixedviT, ufro `mokrZalebulad~ gamoiyureba, vidre nacisturi an sabWoTa revoluciebi, Tumca,
1927-1949 wlebSi, CineTSi daaxloebiT 50 000 adamiani daiRupa. maTi sikvdilis
faqtebi, ZiriTadad, dakavSirebuli iyo komunisturi kontrolis qveS moqceul
teritoriebze miwis mflobelebisa da mdidari glexebis ganadgurebasTan.
1949 wels komunistebis xelisuflebaSi mosvlidan 1957 wlis `didi naxtomis~ programamde araerTi masobrivi kampania daiwyo kontrrevoluciuri ZalebTan sabrZolvelad. kasinelis TqmiT:
1949 wlidan 1952 wlamde mimdinare miwis reformis programam
ueWvelia, rom ramdenime milioni `miwismflobeli~ da msgavsi kategoriis adamiani Seiwira. kontrrevolucionerebis winaaRmdeg 1951-52 wlebSi
warmoebuli kampaniis gamo, damatebiT milionnaxevari adamiani daiRupa;
banditebis ganadgurebis kampaniis dros, romlis mizans fizikuri winaaRmdegobis saboloo gatexva warmoadgenda, 1949-dan 1956 wlamde uamravi
adamiani daiRupa. 1951-53 wlebSi `sami anti~ da `xuTi anti~ kampaniebis da
1958-59 wlebSi anti-memarjvene kampaniis Sedegad uamravi mkvleloba moxda. dabolos, 1957-dan 1967 wlamde soflis meurneobis koleqtivizacias
Tan axlda mniSvnelovani danakargebi. zusti informacia ar arsebobs da
saxalxo respublikis pirvel aTwleulSi adamianuri danakargebis Sesaxeb xSirad informirebuli pirebis varaudebic naklebia. daaxloebiT 12
milioni sicocxle mokrZalebuli, magram realisturi Sefasebaa.47

es monacemebi ar exeba gaWirvebisa da qonebis dakargviT gamowveul sikvdilianobas, romelic yvelaze xSiri iyo 1950-ian wlebSi ganxorcielebuli `didi
naxtomis~ dros xalxis sacxovrebeli adgilidan ayrisas.
`kulturuli revolucia~ (1966-69) CineTis istoriis kidev erTi sisxliani
epizodi iyo, Tumca, daRupulTa zusti monacemebis mopoveba SeuZlebelia. gacilebiT didi iyo CineTis gulagis sistemis Sedegad gamowveuli danakargi. savaraudod, 15 milioni adamiani daiRupa iZulebiT samuSao banakebSi araadamianuri mopyrobis Sedegad. roca kasineli politikur mkvlelobebs ajamebs da mas
`sxvadasxva mizeziT gardacvlil 1 milions amatebs~, is gansacvifrebel monacemamde midis: `daaxloebiT 33.5 milioni.~48 marTalia, am ricxvis Semowmeba SeuZlebelia, magram is arsebul faqtebs Seesabameba. TviT is faqti, rom aRniSnuli
ricxvi daujerebeli ar Cans, metyvelebs amgvari mkvlelobebis masStabebze.
rogorc wesi, totalitarul reJimebs ar surT imis aRiareba, rom nebismieri mizani _ zneobrivi Tu uzneo _ politikurad miuRwevelia. SesaZloa, swored
am Zalze mcdari koncefciebis Semowmebis surviliT aixsnas is paTologiuri Zaladoba, romliTac totalitaruli mmarTveloba gamoirCeva.

totalitaruli reJimebis xangrZlivoba

144
adgili ar gveyofa imisaTvis, rom srulad aRvweroT meoce saukunis yvela
totalitaruli reJimis mier Cadenili Zaladoba da despotizmi. Tumca, mniSvnelovania gaviazroT, rom omebSi, revoluciebsa da sistematur saxelmwifo
terorSi monawileobiT, totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi pirdapir Tu iribad pasuxismgeblebi arian adamianTa uzarmazari raodenobis sikvdilsa da wamebaSi.
totalitaruli reJimebi xSirad xmamaRla acxadebdnen pretenzias TavianTi arsebobis xangrZlivobasa da sicocxlisunarianobaze. magaliTad, hitleri
Tavis imperias aTaswlovans eZaxda. ufro da ufro meti samxili arsebobs imis
savaraudod, rom totalitaruli reJimebis arseboba xanmoklea. isini scenaze
dramatulad Cndebian, Semdeg Zalian maleve sakuTar Tavs amowuraven xolme. yvelaze didxans, totalitaruli reJimebi maTi revoluciuri liderebis
sikvdilis Semdeg ramdenime aTwleuls Zleben. ratom xdeba ase?
totalitaruli saxelmwifoebis uecari aRsasruli SeiZleba gamoiwvios
sxva erebTan fatalurma omebma, magaliTad gamodgeba meore msoflio omSi mokavSire saxelmwifoebis mier hitleris damarcxeba. agreTve, konkretuli qarizmatuli da warmatebuli lideris sikvdilma _ magaliTad, stalinis an maosi
_ SeiZleba daaCqaros spiraliseburi daRmasvla. uRimRamo memkvidreebma, romlebic saxelmwifos marTaven Zalisa da teroris meSveobiT da ara SeTanxmebiT,
SeiZleba is ekonomika, moraluri Zala da politikuri idealizmi daasuston,
romlebsac legitimuri politikuri Zalaufleba realurad efuZneba. amdenad, sabWoTa kavSiris dangreva gamowveuli iyo, upirveles yovlisa imiT, rom
xangrZlivad gagrZelda ekonomikuri daRmavloba da xalxSi reJimisa da politikuri ideebisadmi rwmena mTeli qveynis masStabiT daikarga. es iyo `totalitarizmis daRmasvlis~ periodi.49 oficialuri ideologiisadmi (komunizmis) rwmenis Sesabamis dakargvas dRes, rogorc Cans, adgili aqvs CineTSic.
miuxedavad imisa, rom totalitarizmis mmarTveloba sabWoTa kavSirSi
sul raRac samocdaaTi weli gagrZelda, xolo CineTis saxalxo respublikaSi ki
TiTqmis xuTi aTeuli wlis Semdegac xeluxlebelia, istoriuli TvalsazrisiT
es periodebi mainc xanmoklea. samwuxarod, gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom totalitaruli diqtaturis mcire xniT arsebobac ki didi zianis momtania.

daskvna

totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi utopiuri xedvis realizebasa da axali

politikuri wesrigis Seqmnas cdiloben. avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebis msgavsad, totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi arademokratiulebi arian. reJimis es ori
forma mniSvnelovani TvisebebiT gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. kerZod, totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi mosaxleobis cxovrebis yvela aspeqtis totalur gakontrolebas eswrafvian da amomrCevlisagan moiTxoven aqtiur monawileobas
da ara pasiur Tanxmobas.
gasuli saukunis samma totalitarulma saxelmwifom (sabWoTa ruseTi, nacisturi germania, maoisturi CineTi) ganviTarebis sxvadasxva safexuri gaiara.
pirveli etapi Zaladobrivi revoluciebis periodia. warmatebuli revoluciisTvis xuTi arsebiTi elementia saWiro: qarizmatuli lideri, ideologia, organizeba, propaganda da Zaladoba. meore safexurze, romelic totalitaruli
lideris xelSi Zalauflebis konsolidacias gulisxmobs, opoziciuri partie-

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bi nadgurdeba, partiis erTguli pirebi sakvanZo adgilebs ikaveben da spoben
partiis realur an warmosaxul mtrebs. mesame etapze xdeba sazogadoebis sruli transformaciis mcdeloba. 1928 wels sabWoTa kavSirSi stalinma pirveli
xuTwliani gegmis ganxorcieleba daiwyo. nacistur germaniaSi hitleris mizanma, moexdina `rasobrivi wmenda~, gaamarTla totalitaruli Zalis gamoyeneba,
romelmac kulminacias meore msoflio omsa da holokostSi miaRwia. maoistur
CineTSi sazogadoebis transformirebis pirveli mcdeloba `didi naxtomi~ gvian
1950-ian wlebSi damarcxda, Tumca mas `kulturuli revolucia~ (1966-69) mohyva.
totalitarizmis mier gamowveuli adamianuri danakargi yovelgvar sazRvrebs scildeba. arsebuli statistikis gadamowmeba xSirad ar xer xdeba,
Tumca yvelaze uxeSi gaangariSebiTac rom vimsjeloT, meoce saukunis totalitarulma eqsperimentebma milionobiT adamians moutana wameba da sikvdili.
totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi mravalgvari formiT Cndebian da aranairi
garantia ar arsebobs, rom amgvari saxelmwifoebi momavalSi aRar gamovlen asparezze. realurad, axlaxan avRaneTSi xelisuflebidan CamoSorebuli Talibebis reJimi kvalificirdeba, rogorc totalitarizmis axali forma, romelmac
masobrivi religiis (islamis) damaxinjebuli forma politikur ideologiad
gamoiyena.

totalitarizmi

sakvanZo sityvebi
masobrivi moZraoba

gestapo

ganwmenda

kulakebi

gancalkevebuli kunZulebi

koleqtivizacia

WeSmariti morwmune

partiis yriloba

ujredebi

gulagis arqipelagi

centraluri komiteti

asi yvavilis kampania

partiuloba

didi naxtomi

Gleichschaltung (unifikacia)

proletariatis didi kulturuli

propaganda

revolucia

Zexvis taqtika

Teokratia

kuomintani
wmendebi

gasameorebeli kiTxvebi
1.

ra ganasxvavebs totalitarizms mmarTvelobis sxva arademokratiuli formebisagan?

2.

ra aris saWiro warmatebuli sayovelTao revoluciebisTvis?

3.

rogor axerxeben totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi Zalauflebis konsolidacias?

4.

ra aris totalitaruli mmarTvelobis sistemis ZiriTadi Tvisebebi?

5.

ra iyo stalinis mTavari mizani sabWoTa sazogadoebis gardaqmnis mcdelobisas 1930-ian wlebSi? ra meTodebs iyenebda amisTvis?

6.

rogor da ratom cdilobda hitleri germanuli sazogadoebis

146
gardaqmnas?
7.

ra motivacia arsebobda didi naxtomisa da kulturuli revoluciis ukan?

ra meTodebs iyenebdnen maoistebi? rogori sazogadoeba warmoedginaT
maT?

8.

adamianuri sicocxlis TvalsazrisiT, ra `Rirs~totalitarizmi?

9.

`totalitarizmi dasrulda hitleris, stalinisa da maos sikvdiliT~. axseniT es fraza.

SeniSvnebi:

1. William Kornhauser, The Politics of Mass Society (New York: Free Press, 1959), 123.
2. C.W. Cassinelli, Total Revolution: A Comperative Study of Germany, the Soviet Union under
Stalin and China under Mao (Santa Barbara, Calif.: Clio Books, 1976), 225.
3. gansazRvreba ekuTvnis hans buqheims, citirebulia Leonard Shapiro, Totalitarianism (New
York: Praeger, 1972), 104.
4. Carl Friedrich da Zbigniew Brzezinski, Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy, me-2 gamocema
(New York: Praeger: 1966), 88.
5. Cassinelli, Total Revolution, 231.
6. Friedrich and Brzezinski, Totalitarian Dictatorship, 279-339.
7. Eric Hoffer, The True Believer: Thoughts on the Nature of Mass Movements (New York: Harper &
Row, 1951), 104-105.
8. iqve, 86.
9. Raul Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews (New York: Harper& Row,1961), 12.
10. citirebulia Cassinelli, Total Revolution, 16.
11. Karl Dietrich Bracher, The German Dictatorship (New York: Holt, 1972), 181.
12. Maurice Latey, Patterns of Tyranny (New York: Atheneum, 1969), 172.
13. Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf, mTargm. R. Manheim (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1971), 179-180.
14. iqve, 182.
15. citirebulia David Shub, Lenin (Baltimore: Pelican, 1966), 62.
16. E.Kohr Bramstedt, citirebulia Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism (New York:
Harcourt,1951), 333.
17. iqve.
18. iqve, 335-336.
19. citirebulia Leo Strauss, Thoughts on Machiavelli (Seattle: University of Washington
Press,1968), 9.
20. Latey, Patterns of Tyranny, 100.
21. Cassinelli, Total Revolution, 103.
22. iqve, 186.
23. citirebulia Bracher, German Dictatorship, 257.
24. iqve, 187.
25. W.S. Allen, The Nazi Seizure of Power: The experience of a Single German Town, 1930-1935 (Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1965).
26. Peter Drucker, The Monster and the Lamb Atlantic (December 1978): 84.
27. iqve.
28. Friedrich and Brzezinski, Totalitarian Dictatorship, 374.
29. iqve, 9-10.
30. Hannah Arendt, Totalitarianism (Orlando: Fla.: Harcourt, 1968), xiv.
31. ix. Stalin, Mastering Bolshevism, 10; citirebulia Merle Fainsod, How Russia Is Ruled, ganaxlebuli

147
gamocema (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1964), 435.
32. Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago, 1918-1956 (New York: Harper & Row, 1974),
595.
33. Bracher, German Dictatorship, 258.
34. iqve, 259-260.
35. iqve, 262.
36. iqve.
37. Hilberg, Destruction of the European Jews, 31.
38. Mao Zedong, Selected Works (Beijing:Foreign Languages Press,1960-1965), 224.
39. Franz Michaels and George Taylor, The Far East in the Modern World (New York: Holt, 1964),
479.
40. John King Fairbank, The United States and China, me-4 gamocema (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard
University Press, 1979), 409.
41. iqve, 413.
42. iqve.
43. Cassinelli, Total Revolution, 195.
44. iqve, 243. rasakvirvelia, monacemebi erTmaneTisagan mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba. magaliTad, rumeli, romelic sxva kriteriumebs iyenebs, hitleris, lenin-stalinis da
maosTvis sagrZnoblad gansxvavebul ricxvebs asaxelebs. Tumca mis mier dasaxelebuli mTliani monacemi 105.5 milioni mokluli adamiani sakmaod axlosaa kasinelis
gamoTvlebTan. ix. R. J.Rummel, Death by Government. (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction,
1996 ), 8.
45. magaliTad, manamade gasaidumloebuli dokumentebis 1.5 milioni gverdi (britaneTis
mier meore msoflio omis dros gadaWerili germanuli Setyobinebebi, iseve, rogorc axladgamomzeurebuli rusuli dokumentebi) cxadyofs, rom hitlerma savaraudod 7 milionamde ebraeli gawyvita (gansxvavebiT xuTi-eqvsi milionisa, rogorc amas kasineli da sxvebi varaudobdnen). ix. aseve 47-e SeniSvnis komentari.
46. Cassinelli, Total Revolution, 46.
47 iqve, 186. kasinelis wignis gamosvlis Semdeg aRmoCenili axali faqtebi cxadyofs, rom
es monacemebi mniSvnelovnad Camouvardeboda aRniSnul periodSi moklul adamianTa ricxvs. erTi avtoritetuli mkvlevaris azriT, 1959-1962 wlebSi, mxolod
SimSilobis Sedegad, sul mcire 30 milioni Cineli daiRupa. SimSilobis ZiriTadi
mizezi maos politika iyo, romlis mixedviT Cinel glexebs sakuTreba waarTves da
komunebad daasaxles. ix. Jasper Becker, Hungry Goasts: Maos Secret Famine (New York:
Free Press, 1997).
48. iqve, 187.
49. lakori am koncefcias sabWoTa kavSirs argebs, gansakuTrebiT totalitarizmis Sesaxeb TavSi. ix. Walter Laqueur, The Dream That Failed, Reflections on the Soviet Union (New
York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 77-95, 84.

148

149

n aawi
wil
lii I I

ganviTarebuli
da ganviTarebadi
demokratiebi

T aavv i 6

ssaapa
p a r lam
la m ent
e n to
o
demo
okkr
r ati
a ti a

T aavv i 7

ssaaxx el
e lm
m w i fo
f o eb
ebi
tr a n
nzi
zi c iiis
is
p ro
pr
oc
cee ssS
Sii : ax
a x ali
a li
demo
okkr
r ati
a ti e b i da
da
aR
Rmo
m o c e ne
n e b ad
adi
b aaz
zrr eebi
bi

T aavv i 8

g a nv
n v iT
i T ar
a r eb
e b ad
adi
qqvv eey
y n eb
e b ii::
d e m ok
o kr
r ati
a tiaa T u
d i q ta
tat
tur
ur a?
a?

150

T aavv i V I

saparlamento
demokratia

didi britaneTi: modeli

Sereuli wyoba ZalauflebaTa Serwyma xelisuflebaSi yofnis ganusazRvreli vadebi
`disciplinebuli~ partiebi
ori meTauri sjobs Tu
erTi?
SesaZlebelia Tu ara britanuli institutebis `gadanergva~?
demokratiis adaptirebadoba: xuTi SemTxveva
safrangeTi: prezidenti parlamentis
winaaRmdeg
mexuTe respublika: hibriduli sistema
aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba
nacionaluri
asambleis SezRuduli roli
politikuri partiebi
konstituciis gamocda: ZalTa balansi
sasamarTlo sistema
muSaobs Tu ara demokratia safrangeTSi?
germania: federalizmi militarizmis
winaaRmdeg
vaimaris respublika
gayofili germania: civi
omis mini modeli
gaerTianebuli germania: demokratiis triumfi
germanuli federalizmi
aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba
sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba
politikuri partiebi
sasamarTlo xelisufleba
ZiriTadi kanoni da
samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebi
muSaobs Tu ara
demokratia germaniaSi?
iaponia: saparlamento mmarTveloba `konsensusis~ qveyanaSi
istoriuli wanamZRvrebi
axali konstitucia
saparlamento demokratia: garegnuli da realuri partiuli sistema
politikur cvlilebaTa Semaferxebeli faqtorebi
sasamarTlo
xelisufleba da iaponuri kultura
muSaobs Tu ara demokratia iaponiaSi?
saparlamento mmarTveloba `uCveulo adgilebSi~
indoeTi: saparlamento `saswauli~
israeli: `omis~ respublika
prezidentebi da parlamentebi: SedarebiTi daxasiaTeba
sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba
aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba sasamarTlo xelisufleba
ori sistemis upiratesobebi da naklovanebebi
konstituciebi da konteqstebi

151

konstitucionalizmis cneba (igive kanonis uzenaesoba) Rrmad aris fesvgadgmuli britanul istoriaSi. Tumca, amerikis `dawerili~ konstitucia mkveTrad gansxvavdeba britaneTis `dauwereli~ konstituciisagan, romelic efuZneba
precedentebs, kanonebs, tradiciebs, da aseve saparlamento uzenaesobis princips.
maSin roca amerikuli saprezidento sistema racionaluri gansjisa da azrovnebis Sedegad Seqmnil da furcelze gadatanil erTgvari `wesdebis~ praqtikul ganxorcielebas warmoadgens, britanuli saparlamento sistema britaneTis
politikuri cxovrebis mdidar gamocdilebas efuZneba. britaneTis politikuri
institutebi ganviTarda da TandaTan Camoyalibda samoqalaqo sazogadoebis
erTgvar `laboratoriaSi,~ am ukanasknelis evoluciis paralelurad. amrigad,
britanul `konstitucias~ aqvs sakmaod Rrma istoriuli fesvebi. britanuli saparlamento sistemis organuli bunebidan gamomdinare, ismis logikuri kiTxva
_ ramdenad SesaZlebelia misi gadanergva da adaptireba sxva sazogadoebebSi?
Tumca, vidre am sakiTxs gavarkvevT, ufro detalurad ganvixiloT warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis britanuli formis Taviseburebebi.

didi britaneTi: modeli

konstituciuri demokratiis amerikuli eqsperimenti warmoadgenda evropul avtokratiul tradiciasTan mkveTr gamijvnas, ramac axali politikuri
Teoriebis SemuSavebis aucilebloba warmoSva. magaliTisaTvis, `federalists~
ar gaaCnia britanuli analogi. Tumca, britanuli demokratiis erTgvari Teoria SesaZloa amoikribos da `Seikras~ edmund berkis (1729-1797) werilobiTi
naSromebisa da gamosvlebis Sesabamisi fragmentebisagan. berkma detalurad
daaxasiaTa britaneTis politikuri ganviTarebis uwyveti jaWvi, romlis drosac ekonomikuri Tanasworobisken gadadgmul nabijebs Tan axlda politikur
TavisuflebaTa sferos gafarToeba. monarqiis Sesustebis paralelurad, britaneTis xelisufleba TandaTan ufro demokratiuli gaxda da saparlamento
sistemisken gadaixara. aseve TandaTanobiT damkvidrda is tradicia, rom britaneTis monarqi avtomaturad amtkicebda parlamentis mier arCeul premier-ministrs. droTa ganmavlobaSi, premier-ministrma, rogorc xelisuflebis qmediTma
meTaurma, Caanacvla monarqi. dReisaTvis, britaneTis premier- ministri aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis eqskluziuri ganmkargavia, maSin roca monarqi mxolod
nominaluri figuraa.

Sereuli wyoba
me-17 saukunidan britaneTis saparlamento sistema iqca pirvel magaliTad
aristoteles mier daxasiaTebuli `Sereuli reJimisa~, sadac sxvadasxva klasebs
sxvadasxva institutebi warmoadgenen. me-19 saukuneSi parlamentis mzardi upiratesoba samefo xelisuflebasTan SedarebiT, miuTiTebda im faqtze, rom parlamentis ori palata warmoadgenda britanuli sazogadoebis sxvadasxva klasis

152
interesebs. lordTa palata warmoadgenda tradiciuli mmarTveli klasebis interesebs, maSin roca TemTa palata Tavisufali arCevnebis gziT TandaTanobiT
iqca amomrCevelTa sul ufro farTo wreebis interesebis gamomxatvelad.

fotoze gamosaxulma TemTa palatam daCrdila memkvidreobiTi

lordTa palata, rogorc Tanamedrove britanuli saparlamento
sistemis umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo organo.

didi britaneTis Sereulma reJimma sxvadasxva klasTa Soris garkveuli

politikuri wonasworobis uzrunvelyofiT, istoriulad Seuwyo xeli stabilurobas, sxva SemTxvevaSi SesaZloa Riad dapirispirebodnen erTmaneTs da safrTxe
Seeqmna mTlianad politikuri sistemisaTvis. dReisaTvis bevri ram Seicvala. is,
rasac xSirad britanul `keTildReobis saxelmwifos~ uwodeben, faqtobrivad
SemosavalTa gadanawilebis kargad gamarTuli sistemaa, romelic miznad isaxavs farTo saSualo klasis Camoyalibebas. Zlieri da mravalricxovani saSualo
klasis ganviTarebam azric ki daukarga ekonomikurad gancalkevebuli klasebis
interesTa tradiciul warmomadgenlobas, Tumca, konservatuli da leiboristuli partiebi mainc agrZeleben `maRali~ da `dabali~ socialuri jgufebis
interesTa lobirebas. am tendencias TvalsaCinod asaxavs ufro farTo warmomadgenlobiTi mandatis mqone TemTa palatis istoriulad mzardi upiratesoba
aristokratiul lordTa palataze. lordTa palata Sedgeba 1100 warmomadgenlisagan, romelTac gaaCniaT aristokratiuli titulebi (romelic ZiriTadad
memkvidreobiT gadaecemaT), magram maTgan mxolod 300-mde monawileobs aqtiurad palatis muSaobaSi.1 lordTa palatam faqtobrivad aRiara TemTa palatis
upiratesoba 1911 da 1949 wlebis saparlamento aqtebis damtkicebiT, romelTa
mixedviTac lordTa palatas ar ZaluZs TemTa palatis mier miRebul kanonebze
vetos gavrceleba (mas SeuZlia maqsimum erTi wlis vadiT mxolod gaaWianuros
kanonis ZalaSi Sesvla).

153

ZalauflebaTa Serwyma
britanuli saparlamento sistemis mixedviT, aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba, anu premier-ministri da kabineti, dakompleqtebulia TemTa palataSi xmaTa
umravlesobiT gamarjvebuli partiis liderebiT. arCevnebis Semdeg, gamarjvebuli partia asaxelebs axali kabinetis wevrebs (ministrebs), romelTac amtkicebs
parlamenti da niSnavs dedofali. amgvarad yalibdeba axali mTavroba. mTavroba
pasuxismgebelia sakanonmdeblo iniciativebis Camoyalibebasa da wardgenaze.
miuxedavad imisa, rom parlamentis yvela wevrs, maT Soris opoziciuri partiis
warmomadgenlebs gaaCniaT sruli ufleba gaakritikon an sulac saeWvo gaxadon
sakanonmdeblo iniciativis marTebuloba, mTavrobas faqtobrivad garantirebuli aqvs sakanonmdeblo programis damtkiceba, radganac britanul sistemaSi
yovelTvis aris erTgvarovani umravlesoba.
saparlamento sistemebis umravlesoba moqmedebs britanuli sistemis
msgavsad, Tumca, umetes SemTxvevebSi, mTavrobas ar SeuZlia daeyrdnos erTgvarovan umravlesobas sakanonmdeblo organoSi. amis mizezi gaxlavT is, rom saparlamento mmarTvelobis qveynebSi sakanonmdeblo struqtura dakompleqtebulia
xuTi-eqvsi sxvadasxva konkurenti politikuri partiiT, gansxvavebiT britaneTisagan, sadac mxolod ori ZiriTadi partiaa warmodgenili. Tavis mxriv, mravalpartiul parlamentebSi, xSirad arc erT partias ar aqvs xmaTa aSkara umravlesoba imisaTvis, rom Camoayalibos mTavroba. am SemTxvevaSi aucilebeli xdeba
koaliciis Seqmna (ori an meti partiis SeTanxmebiT da ZalTa gaerTianebiT). zogierT SemTxvevaSi koaliciuri mTavroba sakmaod warmatebulad muSaobs, zogjer
_ ver amarTlebs. uares SemTxvevaSi, ise rogorc es, magaliTad, italiaSia, saparlameto mmarTveloba SesaZloa iyos arastabiluri da qaosuric ki.

xelisuflebaSi yofnis ganusazRvreli vadebi

rodesac 1997 wlis maisSi britaneTis premier-ministri leiboristi toni
bleri gaxda, igulisxmeboda, rom igi am funqcias momdevno xuTi wlis vadiT an
ufro naklebi drois ganmavlobaSi Seasrulebda. am mimarTebaSic, britanuli da
amerikuli sistemebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba. aSS-Si saprezidento arCevnebi
yovel oTx weliwadSi erTxel tardeba, maSin roca kongresis (sakanonmdeblo organo) warmomadgenelTa palata yovel or weliwadSi erTxel mTlianad gadairCeva, iseve rogorc senatis erTi mesamedi (rotaciulad). britanul sistemaSi
xelisuflebaSi yofnis vadebi faqtobrivad ganusazRvrelia. parlamenti savaldebulod yovel xuT weliwadSi erTxel unda gadairCes, Tumca premier-ministri uflebamosilia daniSnos vadamdeli arCevnebi, Tu miiCnevs, rom mocemul
momentSi eleqtoratis ganwyoba mmarTveli partiisaTvis gansakuTrebiT xelsayrelia. amis msgavsad, sakanonmdeblo organosac SeuZlia iZulebiT daiTxovos mTavroba, misTvis `undoblobis~ gamocxadebis gziT. am SemTxvevaSi, an axali
mTavroba yalibdeba Sesabamisad axali SemadgenlobiT, an dedofali daiTxovs
parlaments da daniSnavs axal arCevnebs.
axali arCevnebis daniSvnis uflebamosileba britanul sistemaSi mniSvnelovani prerogativaa, radgan is zrdis mmarTveli partiis Sansebs gai-

154
xangrZlivos xelisuflebaSi yofnis vadebi dadgenil xuT weliwadze meti xniT.
premier-ministrma margaret tetCerma zedmiwevniT kargad gamoiyena amgvari
SesaZlebloba. magaliTad, 1983 wels _ premier-ministrobis meoTxe weliwads _
britanuli partiotizmis erTgvari aRzevebis fonze, rac provocirebuli iyo
folklendis kunZulebis krizisiTa da misi Tanmdevi xanmokle omiT argentinasTan, man warmatebiT moaxerxa mmarTveli konservatiuli partiis mandatis gaxangrZliveba damatebiT xuTi wlis vadiT. Semdgom, 1987 wels _ isev xelisuflebaSi
meore vadiT yofnis oTxi wlis Tavze _ man gamoacxada vadamdeli arCevnebi da
mmarTveloba kidev damatebiT xuTi wlis vadiT gaixangrZliva. premier-ministris
funqciis vadaze adre Sewyveta SesaZloa sxva mizeziTac iyos gamowveuli. kerZod, Tu politikuri zewola an daZabuloba matulobs, politikuri liderebis
Secvla SesaZloa arsebuli situaciidan optimaluri gamosavli gaxdes. 1992
wels premier-ministr margaret tetCeris reitingi mkveTrad daeca qveyanaSi mis
mier Zalze arapopularuli da, bevris azriT, regresuli da usamarTlo individualuri gadasaxadis mxardaWeris gamo. tetCeri sakuTari partiis SigniTac
mwvave kritikis obieqtad iqca. man arCevnebSi damarcxebas partiis liderisa da
premier-ministris postis datoveba arCia, mmarTvelobis sadaveebi ki mis mierve
xeldasxmul jon meijors gadasca. margaret tetCers britaneTis premier-ministris Tanamdeboba uwyvetad aT weliwadze met xans ekava, rac am postze yofnis
yvelaze xangrZlivi vadaa. konservatorTa (`torTa~) partiam meijoris TaosnobiT bevris gasaocrad moigo momdevno arCevnebi, Tumca mcire _ cxra saparlamento mandatis upiratesobiT, ramac `torTa~ mTavrobas SeunarCuna da gauxangrZliva xelisuflebaSi yofnis vada 1997 wlis gazafxulamde, roca `tetCeris
epoqa~ leiboristTa STambeWdavma gamarjvebam daasrula.
margaret tetCeris gadadgoma partiis lideris postidan ar yofila uprecedento. 1940 wels konservatori premier-ministri nevil Cemberleni gadadga, miuxedavad imisa, rom misi partia kvlavac warmoadgenda aSkara umravlesobas
TemTa palataSi. magram, miunxenSi adolf hitlerTan daTmobebze wasvlis gamo,
misi popularoba da reitingi xalxSi imdenad daeca da imdenad Seirya misTvis
miniWebuli `ndobis~ mandati partiis SigniT, rom premieri iZulebuli gaxda
ganze gamdgariyo da posti daetovebina. Tumca, amis Semdgom axali arCevnebi ar
daniSnula, radgan konservatorebs parlamentSi myari umravlesoba hqondaT
da partiis erT-erTma gamorCeulma warmomadgenelma TemTa palataSi, uinston
CerCilma, warmatebiT SeZlo britanelTa mobilizeba misi pirovnuli qarizmis
irgvliv.
arsebobs sxva garemoebebic, ramac vadamde, anu dadgenil xuT wlamde, mTavrobis uflebamosilebis Sewyveta SeiZleba gamoiwvios. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu umravlesobis partia gansakuTrebiT arapopularuli xdeba, an mTavroba gaexveva
raime skandalSi, opozicias SeuZlia isargeblos zemoT naxsenebi `undoblobis
gamocxadebis~ uflebiT. am uflebis ganxorcieleba Cveulebriv moiTxovs umravlesobis `rigebidan~ ramdenime ukmayofilo an mTavrobis politikiT gaRizianebuli wevris `gadmobirebas~ da maTi xmebis daxmarebiT, SesaZlebeli xdeba
mTavrobis iZulebiT daTxovna. rogorc wesi, roca kabineti gadadgeba, premierministri mimarTavs dedofals, daiTxovos parlamenti da daniSnos axali arCevnebi. amgvari ram xSiria mravalpartiul saparlamento sistemebSi, Tumca did
britaneTSi axlo warsulSi es ar momxdara.
dabolos, aris kidev erTi mizezi, ramac SesaZloa mTavrobis vadaze adre
daSla gamoiwvios. amgvari viTareba SeiZleba Seiqmnas maSin, roca umravlesobas

155
Zalze umniSvnelo upiretesoba aqvs parlamentSi da mesame partiis mcire warmomadgeloba or ZiriTad partias Soris balansisaTvis kritikul mniSvnelobas
iZens. magaliTad, germaniaSi msgavsi viTareba grZeldeba ukve ocdaaT weliwadze
met xans. mTavrobas SesaZloa seriozuli problemebi Seeqmnas xelisuflebis
stabilurobis TvalsazrisiT an sulac daiSalos, Tu misi `umcrosi partniori~
meryeobs, icvlis `mxareebs~ an mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebis miRebisas uars
acxadebs mxardaWeraze.

`disciplinebuli~ partiebi
britanuli saparlamento sistemis kidev erTi maxasiaTebelia e.w. `disciplinebuli~ partiebis arseboba. amgvari partiebi, romlebic midrekilni arian
koordinirebuli qmedebebis, erTsulovani xmis micemis principebisken da mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba amerikuli partiebisagan, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, ufro
decentralizebulni, naklebad mkacrad struqturizebulni da individebze
orientirebulni arian. amrigad, britaneTSi konservatuli da leiboristuli
partiebi inarCuneben mdgrad partiul platformebs, romlebic gansxvavebul
filosofiur da tradiciur wanamZRvrebs efuZneba: kerZod, erTi _ konservatul Rirebulebebsa da biznesze, xolo meore socialistur ideebsa da muSaTa klasze orientirebul tradiciul politikur Zalas warmoadgens.
parlamentSi arCevnebis Sedegad mosuli umravlesoba, iRebs ra qveynis
marTvis sadaveebs xelSi, Tavisi wevrebisagan moiTxovs erTsulovan mxardaWeras saarCevno programis ganxorcielebaSi. parlamentis im wevrebs (umravlesobidan), romlebic mTavrobis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan kanonproeqts mxars
ar dauWeren, partiis ukmayofileba emuqrebaT, rac ZiriTadad gamoixateba momdevno arCevnebSi am pirebis partiuli siidan `amoRebaSi~. `ukompromisoTa~ mxolod Zalze mcire ricxvi axerxebs am riskis Tavidan acilebas.
Tumca, mkacri partiuli disciplina sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom parlamentis wevrebi arasdros gadadian `dawesebul zRvars~ iqiT da sakuTar xmas ar
iyeneben opoziciuri gadawyvetilebebis mxardasaWerad, an kidev imas, rom naklebad pompezurma wevrebma yovelTvis uyoymanod Tavi unda uqnion kolegebs
ama Tu im sakiTxis kenWisyrisas da xma miscen mis sasargeblod. magaliTisaTvis,
maT SeuZliaT Zalze mniSvnelovan SemTxvevebSic ki, warmatebiT gamoiyenon
xmis micemisagan Tavis Sekavebis SesaZlebloba. gansakuTrebiT ukmayofilo
wevrebs ki SeuZliaT sruladac ganudgnen partias da Seqmnan axali politikuri
organizacia. es praqtikaSi iSviaTad xdeba, Tumca SesaZloa gamoiwvios mniSvnelovani politikuri gadajgufebebi da cvlilebebi. meoce saukunis dasawyisSi amgvar SemTxvevas hqonda adgili. kerZod, tradiciuli liberalu ri partia (vigebi) daCrdila da faqtobrivad Caanacvla mzardi popularobis mqone
leiboristulma partiam, romelmac warmatebiT SeZlo britaneTis muSaTa klasis angariSgasawev politikur Zalad mobilizeba. 1980-iani wlebis dasawyisSi,
parlamentis zogierTma imedgacruebulma leiboristma wevrma datova partia
da Camoayaliba socialur-demokratiuli partia, romelic 1987 wlis zafxulSi
SeuerTda Zvel liberalur partias (da Seqmna e.w. aliansi), romelic politikuri centris dakavebas Seecada. 1990 wels socialur-demokratiuli partia
sakuTari gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze daiSala.
Cndeba logikuri kiTxva: ra rols asrulebs am saparlamento sistemaSi e.w.

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`misi aRmatebulebis /dedoflis/ erTguli opozicia~, rogorc mas xSirad uwodeben did britaneTSi? imdenad, ramdenadac umravlesobis partias xelewifeba
sasurveli sakanonmdeblo programis `gatana~ parlamentSi sakuTari xmebis meSveobiT, opoziciur partiebs, anu umciresobas, limitirebuli, Tumca ara umniSvnelo funqciis Sesruleba uwevs. isini akritikeben umravlesobis mier warmodgenil iniciativebs da calkeul SemTxvevebSi, gavlenasac axdenen Sesabamis
gadawyvetilebebze. maSinac ki, rodesac opoziciuri partiis gavlena umniSvneloa, misi kritika ZiriTadad safuZvliania da pasuxismgeblobiT ganmsWvaluli,
radgan oponentebi `sakuTar Tavze fiqroben, rogorc momdevno xelisuflebaze, da `keTilgonieri opozicia~ moqmedebs im farglebSi, romelsac imedovnebs,
rom aseve ar gadaaWarbeben misi momavali oponentebi, roca ZalTa ganlageba
Seicvleba.~2 aRsaniSnavia, rom britanul saparlamento tradiciaSi opoziciis
cneba aranair stigmas ar ukavSirdeba. rogorc loialur opozicias, umciresobis wevrebs miaCniaT, rom maTi movaleobaa mTavrobis kritika. rogorc erTi
eqsperti aRniSnavs:
britanul politikur cxovrebaSi ukve tradiciad iqca, rom unda
arsebobdes partia, romelic ayalibebs mTavrobas, iseve rogorc partia,
romelic ayalibebs opozicias da romelic faqtobrivad warmoadgens
alternatiul mTavrobas. organizebuli opozicia axla ar iTvleba sabotaJur an moRalateobriv Zalad. 1973 wlidan, opoziciis lideri iRebs
specialur gasamrjelos sajaro fondidan da xalxi xSirad saubrobs
`misi aRmatebulebis opoziciaze~, radgan opoziciis arseboba moiazreba, rogorc dedoflis xelisuflebis mniSvnelovani nawili.3

ori meTauri sjobs Tu erTi?

aSS-sagan gansxvavebiT, sadac erTi umaRlesi xelisuflebis piri (prezidenti) erTdroulad aris saxelmwifos meTauri da mTavrobis meTauri, didi
britaneTi inarCunebs ormagi aRmasruleblis tradicias, romelic yofs am
or funqcias. britaneTis saxelmwifos meTauri aris gvirgvinosani monarqi. dedofali elisabed II-s, `savaraudod msoflios yvelaze cnobil adamians,~ ukve
xuT aTwleulze metia britaneTis samefo taxti uWiravs. rogorc saxelmwifos
nominaluri meTauri, monarqi ZiriTadad ceremoniul rols asrulebs saxelmwifo cxovrebaSi, uZRveba erovnul dResaswaulebTan dakavSirebul saxalxo
zeimebsa da ceremoniebs, awyobs diplomatiur miRebebs elCebisa da sxva qveynebis meTaurTaTvis, garkveul saerTaSoriso RonisZiebebze warmoadgens saxelmwifos. monarqi nacionaluri simbolo da erTianobis wyaroa, romelic warmoadgens saxelmwifos da ara xelisuflebas.
britaneTis xelisuflebis realuri meTauria saparlamento sistemis
sayrdeni figura _ premier-ministri, romelic kabinetis ZiriTad wevrebTan
erTad (xSirad uwodeben Sida kabinets), gansazRvravs qveynis saSinao da sagareo politikas. erovnuli politika muSavdeba mTavrobis ZiriTadi gundis
mier, romelic Semdgom waredgineba mTlianad kabinets. kabinetis is wevrebi,
romlebic kritikul sakiTxebsa Tu sakvanZo gadawyvetilebebSi ar eTanxmebian mTavrobas, rogorc wesi, xmauris gareSe TviTonve toveben Tanamdebobas.

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didi
britaneTis ormagi aRmasrulebeli sistema warmodgenilia dedoflis elizabed IIs
is (marcxniv) saxelmwifos meTauris erovnuli simbolosa da premier ministris, toni
bleris (marjvniv) qveynis xelisuflebis realuri meTauris saxiT (2007 wlidan didi
britaneTis premier-ministri gordon braunia _ mTargmn. Sen.).

bunebrivia, yvela saparlamento sistema ar funqcionirebs britanulis

msgavsad. umetesobas ar gaaCnia saparlamento mmarTvelobis xangrZlivi istoria da Zlieri tradicia, rac britanuli sistemisaTvis myar saZirkvels qmnis.
amdenad, msgavsi politikuri kulturis arqonis pirobebSi, britanuli stilis
demokratiuli institutebis mqone sxva qveynebis umravlesoba daweril konstitucias eyrdnoba. samwuxarod, dawerili konstituciebis umravlesobasac
ara aqvs iseTi `xangrZlivi istoria da Zlieri tradicia,~ rogoric amerikul
saprezidento sistemas. aqedan gamomdinare, am ori politikuri sistemis magaliTad gamoyeneba Seicavs safrTxes, rom mkiTxvelma moaxdinos mcdari gaigiveba demokratiasa da xelisuflebis stabilurobas Soris. sinamdvileSi,
saprezidento Tu saparlamento demokratiebis umravlesobas xSirad uxdeba
arastabilurobis xanmokle `ryevebTan~ gamklaveba.

SesaZlebelia Tu ara britanuli institutebis `gadanergva~?

saparlamento sistemebis umravlesoba evropaSi Camoyalibda britanuli
modelis msgavsad. italia saparlamento mmarTvelobaze meore msoflio omis
Semdeg gadavida. safrangeTSi saparlamento sistema arsebobda 1876 wli dan
(mesame respublikis dasawyisi) 1958 wlamde (meoTxe respublikis dasasruli).
orive qveyanas amgvari mmarTvelobis gansxvavebuli gamocdileba gaaCnia.
safrangeTsa da italiaSi politikuri partiebi da parlamenti iqca wamyvan politikur Zalad. britaneTis konstituciur sistemaSi arsebuli premierminitrisa da kabinetis, rogorc umniSvnelovanesi marTvis institutis roli am
or qveyanaSi Semcirda. tradiciulobiT, TavdaWerilobiTa da pragmatulobiT
gamorCeuli britaneli xalxisagan gansxvavebiT, franguli da italiuri sazoga-

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doebebi ufro Rrma socialuri dapirispirebebiTa da radikaluri politikuri
partiebis mxardaWerisken midrekilebiT xasiaTdeba. orive qveyanaSi politizebis maRalma donem xeli Seuwyo mravalpartiulobis ganviTarebasa da mcire
politikuri dajgufebebis warmoqmnas. amgvar viTarebaSi, partiuli sistema
danawevrda, Sidapartiuli disciplina faqtobrivad moiSala, da mTavroba iqca
dausrulebeli sakanonmdeblo qiSpobis mZevlad. ganzogadebulad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom rac ufro aqtiuri da rTulad samarTavia sazogadoeba, da ramdenadac ufro danawevrebulia politikuri speqtri, miT ufro qaosuri da aramyari
xdeba xelisufleba. amgvar sazogadoebaSi mniSvnelovania Zlieri da energiuli
aRmasrulebeli Stos arseboba, romelic safrangeTSi 1958 wlamde ar arsebobda,
xolo italiaSi, faqtobrivad, dRemde ar arsebobs.
amgvarma situaciam politikuri Cixis mdgomareobamde miiyvana orive qveyana sxvadasxva dros. safrangeTSi, mesame da meoTxe respublikis mmarTvelobis
ganmavlobaSi, verc erTma partiam ver SeZlo adgilebis umravelsobis mopoveba
nacionalur asambleaSi. imave periodSi, safrangeTma 119 mTavroba gamoicvala,
romelTa saSualo sicocxlisunarianoba mxolod weliwads Seadgenda. calkeul
SemTxvevebSi ki mTavrobaTa xelisuflebaSi yofna mxolod ramdenime Tve an kvira grZeldeboda. aseTive meryeobiT xasiaTdeboda politikuri mmarTveloba italiaSic, sadac 1945-dan 1986 wlamde 40 premier-ministri Seicvala, (saSualod
TiToeulis mmarTvelobis weliwadze naklebi xangrZlivobiT).

britanuli gegma: magaliTi

ekonomika da eleqtorati
meore msoflio omis Semdeg ekonomikis mdgomareoba did britaneTSi mTavari politikuri
sakiTxi iyo. germaniis, italiis da safrangeTis mudmivad ukeTesi maCveneblebiSeSfoTebas
iwvevda. leiboristTa xelmZRvanelobiT XX saukunis 50-60-ian wlebSi britaneTi ganviTarda
keTildReobis saxelmwifos modelad, rogorc mas keTilganwyobili damkvirveblebi uwodebdnen. 1970-ian wlebSi britaneTis daRmavali ekonomika `stagflaciam~ (inflaciisa da recesiis yvelaze cudma kombinaciam) daasusta.
konservatori lideri margaret tetCeri didi, Zlieri mTavrobis mkacri oponenti iyo.
1979 wels, premier ministrad gaxdomis Semdeg tetCerma saxelmwifo sawarmoebis xelaxali
privatizacia da britaneTis ekonomikis sistematuri dabalanseba daiwyo. miuxedavad imisa,
rom 1980-ian wlebSi tetCeris xelmZRvanelobiT, ekonomikis mdgomareoba gaumjobesda, did
britaneTSi SedarebiT kvlav maRalia umuSevroba, arasaxarbieloa zrda da pasiuria sawarmoo
seqtori. 1992 wels tetCeri sakuTari survilis sawinaaRmdegod gadadga, konservatorebma arCevnebSi rogorRac kidev erTi gamarjveba moipoves da jon meijorma, tetCeris memkvidrem,
qveyanas igive ekonomikuri kursi SeunarCuna. meijoris xelmZRvanelobiT britaneTis ekonomikam winsvla daiwyo _ 1996 wels 2.2%, xolo 1997 wels 3.2%-iT gaizarda. inflacia zomieri iyo,
daaxloebiT 2.5%. 1997 wlis dasawyisSi umuSevrobis donec ki Semcirda 6.2%-mde (safrangeTis
umuSevrobis donesTan SedarebiT, romelic 12%-s Seadgenda).
britaneli amomrCevlebi jer isev cud gunebaze iyvnen da 1997 wlis maisSi, pirvelad Tvrameti wlis manZilze, konservatorebs xelisuflebidan iSorebdnen. amis erTi mizezi is iyo, rom
statistikuri monacemebis miuxedavad, britaneTis saSualo klasis mravali warmomadgeneli

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cxovrebis xarisxis dacemas grZnobda. axlad arCeuli premier ministris toni bleris winaSe
mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri da politikuri kiTxva dadga evropis ekonomikur kavSirSi gaerTianebasTan dakavSirebiT.

gadasaxadebi da saxelmwifo xarjebi

1979 wels, konservatorebis arCevnebSi gamarjvebis dros, leiboristuli partiis danatovari gadasaxadebi mTliani Sida produqtis (mSp) daaxloebiT 40% Seadgenda. premier ministrma margaret tetCerma gadasaxadebis tvirTis Semcirebis Sesaxeb danapirebi Seasrula da
1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi gadasaxadebi mSp-s 34%-s Seadgenda. magram am uSedego statistikam muSaTa klass gadasaxadebis tvirTi ver Seumsubuqa. 1994 wels finansTa saministros monacemebma aCvena, rom jon meijoris konservatorTa mier ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebis Sedegad gadasaxadebis saSualo gadamxdeli 1994-95 wlebSi 1978-79 (leiboristTa xelisuflebaSi
yofnis bolo weli) wlebTan SedarebiT sakuTari Semosavlis met wils Tmobda. arCevnebamde
sociologiurma gamokiTxvam aCvena, rom amomrCevlebi axali leiboristuli xelisuflebisagan gadasaxadebis gazrdas moelodnen, Tumca bevri ise iyo ganrisxebuli jon meijorze, rom
yvelafris miuxedavad leiboristebisTvis apirebda xmis micemas. Tavis mxriv, toni bleri
amomrCevlebs dahpirda, rom saSemosavlo gadasaxadis ganakveTi ar gaizrdeboda da gaTbobaze
damatebuli Rirebulebis gadasaxads (dRg) Sekvecda.

terorizmi da GrdiloeT irlandia

1969 wlidan moyolebuli kaTolike da protestanti eqstremistebis mier ganxorcielebuli Zaladobrivi qmedebebis Sedegad daaxloebiT 3 aTasi adamiani daiRupa. 1994 wels cecxlis
Sewyvetamde irlandiis respublikis armiam teroristuli Setevebi ganaxorciela, raTa britanelebs CrdiloeT irlandia daetovebinaT. armia rogorc tetCeris, aseve meijoris mokvla
scada (erTxel dabombvis, meorejer tyviamfrqvevis saSualebiT). 1990 wels armiis teroristebma ian gou (Ian Gow) _ parlamentis konservatori wevri da tetCeris mesaidumle mokles.
problemis gadaWrisas unda gaeTvaliswinebinaT im protestantTa moTxovnebi, romelTac britaneTis mxardaWera hqondaT da ricxobrivad aWarbebdnen CrdiloeT irlandiaSi mcxovreb
kaTolikeebs da kaTolikeTa moTxovnebi, romlebic irlandiis respublikis umravlesobas
Seadgendnen. problemis mogvarebis imedi 1998 wlis aprilSi Caisaxa, rodesac dainteresebuli
mxareebi mravalmxriv xelSekrulebaze SeTanxmdnen. xelSekrulebiT CrdiloeT irlandiaSi
TviTmmarTveloba aRdga. mis safuZvelze Seiqmna axali politikuri institutebi, romelTa
mizani kaTolike umciresobaTaTvis meti politikuri xmis miniWeba da imavdroulad CrdiloeT irlandiis britaneTis nawilad darCenis Taobaze protestantTa moTxovnis gaTvaliswineba
iyo. miuxedavad yvelafrisa, 2001 wels daZabulobis Sedegad konfliqti isev gaCaRda da momavali gaurkveveli gaxada.

Tumca mcdari iqneboda im daskvnis gamotana, rom saparlamento sistema

arsad muSaobs britaneTis garda. naxevar saukuneze metia es wyoba dominirebs
TiTqmis mTels evropul kontinentze CrdiloeTidan _ skandinaviidan dawyebuli (SvedeTi, norvegia, dania), samxeTiT _ iberiamde (espaneTi da portugalia),
iseve rogorc germaniaSi, avstriaSi, belgiaSi, niderlandebsa da SveicariaSi.
saparlameto demokratiebis ricxvs miekuTvneba aseve fineTi, irlandia, saberZneTi, poloneTi, CexeTis respublika, ungreTi, slovakeTi da slovenia, iseve
rogorc sxva ramdenime post-komunisturi qveyana aRmosavleT evropaSi. Sei-

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Zleba iTqvas, rom saparlamento wyoba aris didi britaneTis saCuqari mTlianad evropisaTvis.

demokratiis adaptirebadoba: xuTi SemTxveva

rogor muSaobs saparlamento mmarTvelobis forma sxva qveynebSi? imuSavebs Tu ara amgvari forma avtoritaruli tradiciebis qveynebSi? risi Tqma
SeiZleba im qveynebze, sadac adgili aqvs politikur arastabilurobas da revoluciebsac ki? SesaZloa Tu ara gansxvavebuli politikuri kulturis pirobebSi
demokratiam moikidos fexi?
safrangeTis, germaniis, iaponiis, indoeTisa da israelis magaliTebma
cxadyo, rom demokratia gacilebiT ufro adaptirebadia, vidre es TeoretikosTa umetesobas warmoedgina. es mniSvnelovania, radganac demokratia TiTqmis
yvelgan savaldebulo qebis obieqtad gadaiqca. msoflios TiTqmis yvela qveyana, raoden tiranuli xasiaTisac unda iyos igi, garegnulad iZens konstituciurobis elfers da sakuTar Tavs demokratiulad acxadebs. im qveynebSi, sadac
media xelisuflebis mier kontrolirdeba, sadac ucxoelebisaTvis gadaadgileba da kontaqtebis damyareba SezRudulia, sadac Cveulebriv moqalaqeebs
gamudmebiT policiuri represiebis SiSis gancda awuxebT, mTavrobas realurad
araferi zRudavs imaSi, rom erTi mxriv demokratiuloulobasa da liberaluri
Rirebulebebis erTgulebaze isaubros, da imavdroulad devnides, amcirebdes
da aSinebdes sakuTar moqalaqeebs.
eWvgareSea, rom demokratiis mzardi popularoba arnaxul masStabebs iZens
(Tumca, ar aris universaluri) _ CrdiloeT afrikis muslimuri qveynebi, axlo
aRmosavleTisa da samxreTi aziis zogierTi saxelmwifo am mxriv gamonaklisia.
yvelaze mkacri diqtatoruli reJimebic ki demokratiulobaze acxadeben pretenzias. niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom demokratia mmarTvelobis saukeTeso formaa
da amas aRiareben kidec?
am kiTxvaze pasuxi ar aris martivi. zogierT ers aqvs tradiciebi _ magaliTad, avtoritaruli politikuri tradiciebi _ romlebic demokratias
arabunebrivad da arasasurveladac ki warmoaCenen. sxvebs gaaCniaT imgvari
Cveulebebi da kulturuli memkvidreoba, romelic sruliad SeuTavsebelia demokratiis ideisaTvis umniSvnelovanes individualizmisa da egalitarianizmis
principebTan. dabolos, im qveynebSi, romelebTac awuxebT Warbi mosaxleobisa
da sakvebze permanentuli deficitis problemebi, konstitucionalizmi sruliad usargeblo da abstraqtul cnebad miaCniaT. xalxisaTvis, romelic SimSilis zRvarzea, nebismieri xelisufleba, romelic SeZlebs maTi sasicocxlo
mniSvnelobis problemis Semsubuqebas, ukve TavisTavad kargi xelisuflebaa.
bevr qveyanas mouxda sakmaod rTuli kulturuli, socialuri Tu eTnikuri
winaaRmdegobebis gadalaxva warmomadgenlobiTi mmarTvelobis Camoyalibebis
gzaze. sakmaod axlo warsulSi, eqstremalurma individualizmma da samoqalaqo
TviTSegnebis naklebobam saeWvo gaxada demokratiis mizanSewoniloba safrangeTSi. miuxedavad amisa, mexuTe respublika ager ukve meoTxe aTwleulia funqcionirebs, rac swrafi politikuri cvlilebebis istoriis mqone erisaTvis mniSvnelovani miRwevaa. aqedan gamomdinare, bevri analitikosi pirveli msoflio
omis Semdgom daarsebuli germaniis vaimaris respublikis dacemas ukavSirebda germanelTa antidemokratiul miswrafebebs, rac germanul sazogadoebaSi

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zedmiwevniTi wesrigisa da disciplinis Camoyalibebis survils gulisxmobs.
magram dasavleT germaniis Semdgomma warmatebam am Teorias safuZveli gamoacala. aseve, iaponiasac demokratiuli cxovrebis gamocdileba ar hqonia meore
msoflio omamde da misi konsensusis principze damyarebuli da mfarveli-mxardamWeris (patron-client) tipis urTierTobebze agebuli sazogadoeba sruliad winaaRmdegobrivi Canda demokratiis ganviTarebisaTvis. Tumca, iaponia ukve naxevari saukunea demokratiul mmarTvelobas axorcielebs. rogorc mogvianebiT
vnaxavT, indoeTi da israeli aseve qmediT demokratiebs warmoadgenen pirvel
SemTxvevaSi sazogadoebis mkveTri siWrelis, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi mudmivi
dapirispirebebis pirobebSi.
sainteresoa gavarkvioT, es magaliTebi gamonaklisia, Tu marTlac adasturebs, rom arasworia ganzogadebiTi daskvna demokratiis zogierT sazogadoebaSi ararelevanturobis Sesaxeb? safrangeTis, germaniis, iaponiis, indoeTisa
da israelis magaliTebi cxadyofen, rom demokratia mmarTvelobis saocrad moqnili da adaptirebadi formaa.

safrangeTi: prezidenti parlamentis winaaRmdeg

amerikis saprezidento da brinateTis saparlamento sistemebi warmoadgens demokratiuli mmarTvelobis or gansxvavebul formas. mexuTe respublikis periodSi safrangeTi warmatebulad iTavsebs orive sistemisaTvis damaxasiaTebel elementebs.

mexuTe respublika: hibriduli sistema

1958 wels mexuTe respublikis Seqmna misi winamorbedebis naklovanebebis
gamosworebis mcdeloba iyo. misma damfuZnebelma Sarl de golma (1890-1970) am
nakls franguli politikis fataluri kvanZi uwoda_ uZluri aRmasruleblebi
imarTebodnen ficxi kanonmdeblebis mier. xelisuflebis qronikuli paralizeba
da saxalxo imedebis gacrueba konstituciuri wesrigis sistematuri damxobis
provocirebas axdenda. rogorc de goli xSirad aRniSnavda, safrangeTis pirveli sami mcdeloba respublikuri mmarTvelobis damyarebisa diqtaturiT damTavrda. safrangeTis istoria 1878 wlidan 1958 wlamde imis kargi ilustraciaa,
rac `federalistis~ avtorebs kargad esmodaT: ukontrolo xelisuflebas sakuTar Tavze uaresi mteri ar hyavs.
meoTxe respublikis periodSi (1946-58) mTavroba saSualod eqvs TveSi
icvleboda. politikuri partiebis arnaxulma siWarbem, romelTa nawilis sicocxlisunarianoba Zalian xanmokle iyo, safrangeTis saparlamento sistema
parodiad aqcia. metic, politikuri speqtris sxvadasxva polusze mdebare partiebi _ memarjvene golistebi da memarcxene komunistebi _ cdilobdnen Ziri
gamoeTxaraT meoTxe resublikis konstituciisaTvis. erTaderTi sakiTxi, razec
es ori partia Tanxmdeboda, iyo is, rom meoTxe respublika anaTemaa, da amitom
periodulad TanamSromlobdnen mTavrobis damxobis mizniT. am or eqstremistul partias erToblivad hqonda sakmarisi Zala nacionalur asambleaSi, rom
daebrkolebinaT arasasurveli sakanonmdeblo iniciativebi da gadaeyenebinaT

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susti koaliciuri mTavrobebi, (aseT qmedebas uaryofiTi veto ewodeba).
safrangeTSi bevrs imedi hqonda, rom 1958 wlis konstitucia qveyanaSi
gamefebul politikur arastabilurobas daasrulebda. axali konstitucia SedarebiT mokled da gasagebi eniT iyo dawerili. misi debulebebi de golis politikur Sexedulebebs efuZneboda, risi ZiriTadi principebi man Tavis cnobil
gamosvlaSi konstituciis miRebamde 12 wliT adre ase Camoayaliba:
aSkaraa, rom aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba ar unda iyos damokidebuli parlamentze, romelic Tavis mxriv orpalatiania da warmoadgens
sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebas. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, adgili eqneba
pasuxismgeblobebis aRrevas, sadac mTavroba sxva araferi iqneba Tu ara
partiuli delegaciebis dajgufeba... safrangeTis xelisuflebis erTianoba, koordinirebuloba da Sida wesrigi unda iqces mTavar amocanad, Torem qveynis mmarTveloba iqceva uunarod da sneulad. maS rogor
unda iqnas miRweuli amgvari erTianoba, koordinirebuloba da wesrigi,
Tu aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba gamomdinarobs sxva organodan, romelic wesiT mis dabalansebas unda axdendes, da Tu mTavrobis TiToeuli
wevri, romelic qveynis warmomadgenlobiTi organos winaSe koleqtiur
pasuxismgeblobas unda iziarebdes, araferia, Tu ara sakuTari partiis
emisari? amitomac aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba unda iyos warmodgenili
saxelmwifos meTauris saxiT, romelic iqneba partiebisagan damoukidebeli da airCeva im organos mier, romelic moicavs parlamentsac, magram
masze ufro farToa...
saxelmwifos meTauris prerogativaa sazogado interesebis ganxilva mis mier SerCeul pirebTan erTad da aseve, parlamentis orientaciis gaTvaliswinebiT. misive uflebaa ministrTa nominireba, da maT
Soris, pirvel rigSi premier-ministris dasaxeleba, romelmac unda warmarTos mTavrobis politika da muSaoba, misi movaleobaa kanonis propaganda da gancxadebebis gakeTeba, radganac isini vrceldeba mTeli saxelmwifos moqalaqeebze. aseve is unda xelmZRvanelobdes kabinets da am
funqciiT daicvas erovnuli gangrZobiToba. man unda Seasrulos arbitris funqciac, romelic yoveldRiur politikur garemoebebze maRla
dgas da uzrunvelyofs kabinetis normalur muSaobas, an gansakuTrebuli areulobis periodSi, daniSnos arCevnebi, raTa xalxma gamoavlinos
misi suverenuli gadawyvetileba am gziT. man, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu qveyana
raime safrTxis winaSe dadgeba, unda aiRos qveynis usafrTxoebis garantiebisa da yvela im xelSekrulebis Sesrulebis valdebuleba, rasac
safrangeTi SeuerTdeba.4

saerTo jamSi, mTavari konstituciuri sistemis sqemaSi, rasac de goli

daJinebiT moiTxovda, iyo Zlieri aRmasruleblis arseboba, romelsac unda
gaewonasworebina gamudmebiT danawevrebuli parlamenti; aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis centralur figurad ki moiazreboda saxelmwifos meTauri (prezidenti) da ara premier-ministri.

aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba

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sajaro xelisuflebis CamoyalibebasTan dakavSirebuli de golis koncefciis ZiriTadi elementebi 1958 wlis konstituciis TiTqmis yvela debulebaSia asaxuli. saparlamento modelis Sesabamisad, safrangeTis aRmasrulebeli
xelisuflebac dayofilia. konstituciis mixedviT, premier-ministri aris mTavrobis meTauri, xolo prezidenti ki saxelmwifos meTauria. britaneli monarqisagan gansxvavebiT, bunebrivia, safrangeTis prezidenti arCeulia demokratiuli wesiT da gacilebiT meti politikuri Zalauflebac aqvs. safrangeTis
prezidenti, romlis farTo uflebamovaleobebi TviTon de golis ambiciebs
moarges, qveynis wamyvani politikuri figuraa. igi damoukidebelia saknonamdeblo Stosagan, gaaCnia Zalauflebis mravali berketi da saprezidento posts
gansazRvruli vadiT ikavebs (Svidi weli 1962-dan 2000 ww., amJamad xuTi weli).

konstituciam prezident de gols konfliqturi interesebisa da konkurenti politikuri partiebis momrigeblis funqciac SeuTavsa. konstituciam aseve
mianiWa de gols da mis memkvidreebs sagareo politikis sferoSi upiratesi ufle-

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bebi. prezidents SeuZlia daniSnos da gaaTavisuflos premier-ministri, daiTxovos sakanonmdeblo organo, daniSnos axali arCevnebi, gamoacxados sagangebo
mdgomareoba, gamosces kanonis Zalis mqone brZanebulebebi da uxelmZRvanelos
kabinetis Sexvedrebs. garda amisa, prezidentma SeiZleba Caataros erovnuli referendumi qveynisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis sakiTxebze.
1958 wlis konstitucia Tavdapirvelad iTvaliswinebda, rom prezidenti
arCeuli unda yofiliyo amomrCevelTa kolegiis mier, romelSic Sevidodnen
adgilobrivi da cetraluri xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi, raTa am gziT prezidenti yoveldRiur politikaze maRla damdgariyo. 1962 wels de golma TviTneburad daniSna referendumi, sadac frang xalxs prezidentis pirdapiri wesiT
arCevis sakiTxi unda gadaewyvita (`TviTneburad~ imdenad, ramdenadac mas konstitucia cvlilebebis Setanis procesSi nacionaluri asambleis gverdis avlis
uflebas ar aZlevda). referendumma absoluturi umravlesobis gadawyvetilebiT safrangeTis prezidentis mmarTvelobas saxalxo mandati mianiWa. de golma kargad icoda, rom demokratiuli mmarTvelobis pirobebSi araferi aZlevs
politikur liders imxela Zalauflebas da legitimurobas, rogorc amomCevelTa pirdapiri mxardaWera.
safrangeTSi premier-ministrs prezidentTan SedarebiT naklebi Zalaufleba da gavlena aqvs, Tumca ukanasknel periodSi am or instituts Soris gacilebiT meti balansia, vidre de golis mmarTvelobis dros iyo. premieri prezidentis mier irCeva da emsaxureba mis nebas. rogorc mTavrobis meTauri, premieri
marTavs ministrTa kabinets da sakanonmdeblo organos winaSe pasuxismgebelia
sajaro politikasa da erovnul Tavdacvaze. premieri da misi kabineti Tvalyurs
adevnebs da akontrolebs mTavrobisa da biurokratiis muSaobas. Tumca, mexuTe
respublikis konstitucia zustad arc gansazRvravs ra uflebamosilebani da
funqciebi aqvs prezidents, da ra _ premier-ministrs. de gols, frangul politikaSi misi mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare, moswonda konstituciis miseburi interpretirebis SesaZleblobis arseboba. amitom de golis mmarTvelobis periodSi saprezidento Zalaufleba Zalze moqnili iyo da mocemul momentSi yvela
saWiro resursisa da berketis gamosayenebis SesaZleblobas uqmnida.
de golis Semdgom, arcerTi prezidenti ar yofila ase dominanturi frangul politikaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom socialist fransua miterans safrangeTis prezidentis posti 14 wlis ganmavlobaSi ekava (1981-1995), misi reputacia
verasdros miuaxlovda de golis reitings. Tumca, miteranis mmarTvelobis
umetes periodSi ZalTa balansi mainc prezidentis sasargeblod ixreboda premieris sapirispirod. safrangeTs, mexuTe respublikis daarsebidan 1988 wlamde,
ar hyolia iseTi premieri, romelic prezidentis Zalauflebas daabalansebda an
daCrdilavda. 1986 wlis erovnul arCevnebSi miteranis socialistur partiaze
centristul-memarjvene partiis gamarjvebis Semdgom or weliwadSi safrangeTis premieri am ukanasknelis warmomadgeneli Jak Siraki gaxda. 1997 wels ki
lionel Jospeni gaxda premier-ministri mas Semdeg, rac misma socialisturma
partiam erovnul arCevnebSi daamarcxa ori wlis win prezidentad arCeuli Sirakis momxreebi nacionalur asambleaSi. orive SemTxvevaSi, prezidentis partiis
warumatebloba parlamentSi saprezidento gavlenis Sesustebasa da axali premieris (da mTavari opoziciuri partiis lideris) Tundac droebiT politikur
upiratesobaSi gamoixata.

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nacionaluri asambleis SezRuduli roli

Tuki saprezidento instituti mexuTe respublikis realuri politikuri
monapovaria, garkveulwilad Sesustda saparlamento Sto. igi or palatad: senatad da nacionalur asamblead aris gayofili. safrangeTis senati, romelsac
SezRuduli uflebamosileba gaaCnia, irCeva arapirdapiri gziT, xolo nacionaluri asamblea irCeva pirdapiri wesiT mravalmandatiani raionebidan ormagi xmis micemiT (oretapiani arCevnebis Sedegad). nacionalurma asambleam
unda daamtkicos yvela wardgenili kanonproeqti da amdenad aRasrulos misi
ZiriTadi sakanonmdeblo uflebamosileba. Tumca, 1958 wlis konstituciaSi
kanonis cneba sakmaod viwrod aris ganmartebuli. bevri naxevrad sakanonmdeblo gadawyvetileba aRmasruleblis kompetenciaSi rCeba, romelsac, sxvaTa
Soris, `brZanebulebiTi kanonis~ gamocemis ufleba aqvs.
nacionaluri asamblea ufro saintresoa im uflebamosilebebis ganxilvis
TvalsazrisiT, romelic mas ar gaaCnia, nacvlad imis CamoTvlisa, rac mis kompetenciaSi Sedis. aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba gansazRvravs safrangeTis parlamentis dRis wesrigs. parlaments gaaCnia mxolod komitetebis SezRuduli
raodenoba, mas SeuZlia imuSaos weliwadSi mxolod eqvsi Tvis ganmavlobaSi da
ara aqvs finansuri kanonproeqtebis wardgenis ufleba. Tuki is raime mizeziT
ver moaxerxebs aRmasruleblis mier wardgenili biujetis damtkicebas mocemul vadamde, maSin biujeti ZalaSi Sedis aRmasruleblis dekretis safuZvelze.
metic, SesaZloa aRmasrulebelma mosTxovos parlaments kanonproeqtTa mTel
pakets erTdroulad uyaros kenWi. dabolos, mTavrobas SeuZlia raime konkretul qmedebaze moiTxovos parlamentisagan ndobis xma. Tu amgvar SemTxvevaSi
parlamentis gadawyvetileba iqneba uaryofiTi, maSin nacionaluri asamblea
faqtobrivad iTxovs mTavrobis gadayenebas da prezidents aniWebs arCevanis
uflebas, daakompleqtos alternatiuli mTavroba an daniSnos axali arCevnebi.
magram, rogorc wesi, kanonmdeblebs arcTu ise xiblavT axali arCevnebis idea,
miT umetes, Tu maT mTavrobisaTvis undoblobis gamocxadebiT gavleniani prezidentis ukmayofileba gamoiwvies.
de goli imdenad Sors wavida parlamentze kidev ufro didi upiratesobis mosapoveblad, rom man sakmaod sainteresod SeakavSira ramdenime calkeuli
konstituciuri debuleba. misi miTiTebiT, mTavrobas SeeZlo moeTxova sakiTxTa paketze kanonmdebelTa mxardaWera erTiani kenWisyris gziT da Semdgom es
mxardaWera sulac ndobis upirobo gamocxadebad eqcia. mas Semdeg, rac 1969
wels de golma datova politika, safrangeTis prezidentebi nacionalur asambleas SedarebiT ufro meti pativiscemiT epyrobian.

politikuri partiebi
safrangeTSi politikuri partiebis sakmaod didi speqtria. evropis sxva
mravalpartiul sistemaTa msgavsad, safrangeTSic politikuri partiebi klasificirebulni arian memarjvene da memarcxene Zalebad. umniSvnelovanesi memarcxene partiebi arian komunisturi da socialisturi (Sesabamisad, radikaluri
da liberaluri orientaciis).
meore msoflio omis Semdeg 1970 wlamde komunisturi partia saSualod

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xmaTa 20 procents iRebda erovnul arCevnebSi. Tumca, bolo ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi misi poziciebi mniSvnelovnad Sesustda. socialisturi partia iqca
memarcxeneTa mxardaWeris ZiriTad mimRebad. 1981 wels socialisturma partiam
STambeWdavi gamarjveba moipova arCevnebSi, xolo misi kandidati, fransua miterani safrangeTis prezidenti gaxda. miuxedavad imisa, rom 1986 wlis arCevnebSi
partiis mimarT mxardaWeram iklo, socialistebma poziciebi 1988 wels miteranis
xelmeored arCevisas aRidgines da kvlavac wamyvan politikur Zalad iqcnen parlamentSi (Tumca, maT ar hqondaT mandatebis umravlesoba).
1990-iani wlebSi saxalxo mxardaWera centristul-memarjvene Zalebisaken
gadaixara. 1993 wels ki maT absoluturi gamarjveba izeimes da nacionalur asambleaSi daibrunes dominanturi pozicia. ori wlis Semdeg, neogolisti kandidati
_ Jak Siraki arCeuli iqna qveynis prezidentad. Sirakis arCevam, romelsac daemata imave wels centristuli-memarjvene Zalebis triumfi senatis arCevnebSic,
konservatiuli Zalebs marTvis sruli sadaveebi Caugdo xelT, Tumca ara xangrZlivi vadiT. 1997 wels prezident Sirakis mierve vadaze adre daniSnulma saparlamento arCevnebma yvela gaakvirva, gansakuTrebiT TviTon Siraki, romelic
mniSvnelovani saxalxo mxardaWeris mopovebas eloda misi seriozuli ekonomikuri programis gamo. magram memarcxene Zalebma, isev socialistTa xelmZRvanelobiT, damajerebeli gamarjveba moipoves. Siraks aRar hqonda sxva arCevani,
garda socialisti lionel Jospenis axal premier-ministrad gamocxadebisa.

Jak Sirakma, yofilma neogolistma premier ministrma 1995 wlis maisSi socialisti prezidenti fransua miterani Secvala. 1997 wlis ivnisSi prezidentma Sirakma axali saparlamento arCevnebi moiTxova da iZulebuli gaxda socialisti lionel Jospini daesaxelebina axal premier ministrad, mas mere rac centristuli partiebi memarcxene partiebTan
damarcxdnen. 2002 wlis gazafxulze Jospeni saprezidento arCevnebis dasrulebis Semdeg
gadadga.

TavisTavad is faqti, rom Jan mari le penis ultra memarjvene nacionalisturma partiam 1997 wlis arCevnebSi mxolod erTi saparlamento mandati
miiRo, safrangeTis oretapiani saarCevno proceduris ucnauri Sedegia. gamarjvebulis gamosavlenad saWiroa arCevnebis meore turis Catareba im saarCevno
olqebSi, sadac pirvel etapze verc erTi kandidati ver miiRebs gadamwyvet um-

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ravlesobas (Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom 2002 wlis arCevnebSi le penis STambeWdavma poziciebma saprezidento arCevnebis pirvel turSi ultramemarjveneebs
gaZlierebisaTvis damatebiTi biZgi misca). xSirad, urTierTmsgavsi politikuri
Sexedulebebis mqone partiebi arCevnebis pirvel da meore turs Soris ayalibeben aliansebs, sxvadasxva olqSi erTmaneTis kandidatebis mxardaWeris pirobiT,
riTac parlamentSi marginaluri da radikaluri partiebis gavlena mcirdeba.

konstituciis gamocda: ZalTa balansi

1964 wels, premier-ministrma JorJ pompidum (romelic mogvianebiT safrangeTis prezidenti gaxda, 1969-1974) mexuTe respublikis rTuli institucionaluri balansi imgvarad aRwera, rom is dReisTvisac adekvaturia:
safrangeTma airCia Sualeduri mmarTvelobis forma amerikul
saprezidento sistemasa da britanul saparlamento sistemas Soris,
sadac saxelmwifos meTauris (romelic gansazRvravs saerTo politikur kurss) Zalaufleba saxalxo mxardaWeridan momdinareobs, magram
am Zalauflebis ganxorcieleba mxolod mTavrobasTan erTad SeuZlia,
romelsac Tavadve airCevs da waradgens, Tumca am ukanasknelma sakuTari
Tavis gadasarCenad, unda SeinarCunos asambleis ndoba.5

mexuTe respublikam safrangeTs stabiluri demokratia moutana naxevari

saukunis ganmavlobaSi. 1958 wlis konstituciaze dafuZnebulma sistemam ufro
kargad imuSava, vidre misma winamorbedebma, ukve oTxjer metxans gastana vidre
meoTxe respublika da gacilebiT ufro nakleb meryevi aRmoCnda vidre mesame
respublika. de golis gavlenam misi prezidentobis Semdegac did xans gastana.
misma memkvidreebma ganagrZes erovnul Rirsebasa da damoukideblobaze orientirebuli politika, romelic emyareboda swrafad ganviTarebad evropaSi safrangeTis wamyvani rolis degoliseul xedvas, mis survils, kidev ufro aemaRlebina saerTaSoriso asparezze qveynis prestiJi (maT Soris, rogorc erTerTi
birTvuli saxelmwifosi). de golis memkvidreobis kidev erT ilustracias
warmoadgens Zlieri erovnuli ekonomikis modeli, sadac, franguli tradiciiT,
aRiarebulia saxelmwifos didi roli da aseve, gaTvaliswinebulia sabazro ekonomikis principebi.
mTeli am periodis ganmavlobaSi nacionaluri asambleac mxars uWerda
am politikas. mxolod erTi xanmokle gamonaklisi dadga 1981 wlis SedegebTan
erTad, romelmac socialistebs aRmasrulebel da sakanonmdeblo arCevnebSi
gamarjveba moutana. warmatebiT STagonebulma socialistebma, xelisuflebaSi mosvlisTanave gaaZlieres socialuri programebi da franguli industriis
didi nawilis nacionalizacia moaxdines. Tumca, rogorc ki sabazro ekonomikis
sapirispirod gatarebuli memarcxene politikis Sedegad qveynis ekonomikam
stagnacia daiwyo, amomrCevelma socialistebi dasaja da1986 wlis arCevnebSi
Zalauflebis sadaveebi isev centristuli-memarjveneebs daubruna. gzavnili
aSkara iyo: sakmarisia, Tavi dagvanebeT.
zogierTi mosazrebis Tanaxmad, rac ufro Sors dgas prezidenti sazogadoebrivi azrisagan, miT ufro metad demokratiuli xdeba franguli sistema im

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sazogadoebisaTvis, romelsac igi emsaxureba. iqidan gamomdinare, rom prezidenti 2000 wlamde Svid weliwadSi erTxel, xolo axali parlamenti xuT weliwadSi erTxel mainc irCeva, arCevnebis sixSire da masTan dakavSirebuli mzadeba franguli politikis erT-erT mniSvnelovan nawils warmoadgens. marTlac,
1962-dan 1997 wlamde ToTxmetjer Catarda arCevnebi. erT-erTi avtoris TqmiT,
`saarCevno taqtikis logikidan gamomdinare, grZelvadian programebs momentalur Sedegebze gaTvlili politika da partiuli aliansebi sWarbobs~.6 (arCevnebi kidev ufro meti sixSiriT tardeba aSS-Si, magram warmomadgenelTa palatis
arCevnebi yovel or weliwadSi an senatis mesamedis ganaxlebasTan dakavSirebuli procesebi, rogorc wesi, didi eleqtoraluri interesiT da aqtivobiT ar
gamoirCeva).
mexuTe respublikis dasawyisSi arsebobda imis potenciuri safrTxe, rom
safrangeTis gayofili aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba mniSvnelovan winaaRmdegobebs Seqmnida im SemTvevaSi, Tu prezidenti da premieri sxvadasxva politikuri Zalebis warmomadgenlebi iqnebodnen, sxvadasxva politikur ideologias gaatarebdnen da gansxvavebuli politikuri xedva eqnebodaT. dRemde sami
amgvari precedenti iyo, Tumca amas raime mniSvnelovani problema namdvilad
ar gamouwvevia. 1986 wels, roca memarjvene Zalebma gaimarjves erovnul arCevnebSi, socialisti prezidenti fransua miterani iZulebuli iyo moewvia parizis
neogolisti meri Jak Siraki premierad, romelsac unda Camoeyalibebina axali
mTavroba. 1993 wels, roca socialistebi ganmeorebiT damarcxdnen saparlamento arCevnebSi memarjvene-centristuli koaliciis mier, miterani isev iZulebuli gaxda moewvia gamarjvebuli Zalis warmomadgeneli eduard baladuri
premier-ministrad. dabolos, 1997 wlis ivnisSi prezidentma Jak Sirakma analogiuri garemoebebis gamo (mxolod amjerad konservatorebze memarcxeneebis
gamarjvebis mizeziT), premier-ministrad socialisti lionel Jospeni daniSna,
romelmac, sxvaTa Soris, 2002 wlis saprezidento arCevnebis pirvelive turSi
samarcxvino damarcxeba iwvnia Sirakis kanidaturasTan dapirispirebis gamo.
gayofili aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis problemam dRis wesrigSi `Tanaarsebobis~ aucilebloba daayena, roca gayofili aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba sxvadasxva partiebis mier kontroldeba. ramdenad kargad muSaoben erTad prezidenti da premier-ministri sxva sakiTxia. rogorc aRvniSneT, am or
aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas Soris Zalauflebis formaluri gayofa xSirad
samarcxvino formas iRebs da xelisuflebas CixSi aqcevs. miuxedavad amisa,
`Tanaarsebobis~ xanmokle gamocdilebam aCvena, rom Tavad sistemas safrTxe
ar eqmneba.

franguli gegma: magaliTi

evropa da msoflio vaWroba
safrangeTi frTxilad agrZelebs evrokavSiris farglebSi gafarToebul savaWro SesaZleblobebaTa mxardaWeras. miuxedavad amisa, bolodroindeli gamokvlevebi cxadad adasturebs
frangebis umravlesobis Sexedulebas, rom evrokavSirTan mWidro urTierToba `Zalze bevr
msxverpls~ moiTxovs. prezident miteranis xelmZRvanelobiT safrangeTma mxari dauWira ekonomikis ganviTarebis mimarTulebiT svlas. evrokavSiris Tormet (axla ukve TxuTmet) wevr
qveyanas Soris. safrangeTis mravali tradiciuli procedura germaniasa da sxva evropul

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qveynebSi konkurentebis mxridan erTgvari safrTxe igrZno. frangi fermerebi gansakuTrebuli simkacriT moiTxovdnen proteqcionisturi zomebis miRebas zogjer gaafTrebuli protestebisa da demonstraciebis (magaliTad, traqtorebiT ZiriTadi quCebisa da gzebis gadaketva) gamarTviT. evropul monetarul kavSirSi gawevrianebas azrTa didi sxvadasxvaoba mohyva,
radgan franguli sazogadoebis didi seqtori nebismier supranacionalur da saerTaSoriso
organizaciebTan mimarTebaSi yovelTvis gaafTrebiT icavda erovnuli suverenitetis ideas.
amas garda, unificirebuli evropuli valutis Seqmna damokidebuli iyo erovnuli biujetis
deficitis 3%-iT Semcirebaze qveynis mTlian Sida produqtSi standarti, romelmac prezident SirakisaTvis biujetis Sekvecis zomebis mxardaWeris motivis roli iTamaSa. es arapopularuli RonisZiebebi, Tavis mxriv, socialistebisa da sxva memarcxene partiebis xelSi 1997
wlis ivnisis arCevnebSi Sirakis partiis damarcxebis iaraRac iqca.

umuSevroba da ekonomika
Tanamedrove frangul sazogdoebaSi farTod gavrcelebuli imedgacruebis mizezebis gamocnoba Zneli ar aris. 1996 wels gadasaxadebma da umuSevrobam rekordul simaRles miaRwia,
xelfasebi gaiyina, sazogadoebrivi danaxarjebi da sazogadoebrivi seqtori Seikveca; erovnuli vali 1993 wlis mSp-s 45.4%-dan 1997 wels daaxloebiT 58%-mde gaizarda. franguli ekonomika 1996 wels neli tempiT 0.9%-iT, xolo 1997 wels daCqarda da daaxloebiT 2.6%-iT gaizarda.
safrangeTi umuSevrobis maRali doniT - 12%-iT evrokavSirSi espaneTis Semdeg meore adgilze
iyo. es mudmivi problema kidev ufro amZafrebs daZabul urTierTobebs profkavSirebSi gaerTianebul muSebsa da xelisuflebas Soris im qveyanaSi, sadac muSebi xSirad awyoben gaficvebsa
da demonstraciebs. bevri frangi kargad xedavs mWidro kavSirs umuSevrobasa da emigracias
Soris emigrantebi Tanaxma arian dabal xelfasad imuSaon, qalaqebSi iyrian Tavs da SezRuduli samuSao adgilebisaTvis konkurenciaSi ebmebian.

ekonomikuri usafrTxoebisa da ekonomikuri zrdis dabalanseba

umuSevrobis Sesamcireblad frangebs ekonomikuri zrda sWirdebaT. premier ministrma
lionel Jospinma 1997 wels Tavisi saarCveno kampaniis dros 350 aTasi samoqalaqo mosamsaxuris dasaqmebisa da samuSao kviris 39 saaTidan 35 saaTamde Semcirebis piroba dado xelfasis
Semcirebis gareSe. miuxedavad gasagebi mizezebis gamo am zomaTa popularobisa, safrangeTi
msoflio ekonomikur konkurenciaSi arasaxarbielo mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda _ franguli ekonomikisaTvis sasicocxlod aucilebel grZelvadian ekonomikur zrdas safrTxe Seeqmna.

emigracia da sazogadoeba
ukiduresi memarjvene erovnuli fronti Jan mari le penis xelmZRvanelobiT yvelaze seriozulad moekida emigraciis sakiTxs. amJamad safrangeTSi ZiriTadad CrdiloeT afrikidan
Camosuli 3 milionze meti arabi da afrikisa da aziis yofili koloniebidan emigrirebuli
mravali adamiani cxovrobs. umuSevrobam da qalaqebis saxis dakargvam tradiciuli franguli
stumarTmoyvareoba politikuri devnilebis, ltolvilebis da TavSesafris maZebarTa mimarT
Seasusta. sazogadoebis mxridan zewolisa da ukiduresi memarjveneebis pretenziebis sapasuxod xelisuflebam gaaZliera moTxovnebi aralegaluri emigrantebis mimarT da politikuri devnilebis mier TavSesafris Ziebas meti skepticizmiT moekida. ucxoelebi, turistebis
CaTvliT, xSirad Civian, rom maT safrangeTSi gulRiad ar xvdebian. le penis meore adgilma
2002 wlis saprezidento arCevnebis pirvel turSi safrangeTi (da mTeli evropa) SokSi Caagdo;
miuxedavad imisa, rom Sirakma sruli gamarjveba moipova, le peni da misi mimdevrebi wamyvani

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partiebisaTvis seriozul safrTxes warmoadgenen.

sasamarTlo sistema
safrangeTis sasamarTlo sistema dayofilia ori umTavresi tipis sasamarTlod: Cveulebrivi sasamarTlo da administraciuli sasamarTlo. miuxedavad am
sakmaod rutinuli klasifikaciisa, safrangeTis iuridiuli sistema ramdenime
sakmaod saintereso da uCveulo inovacias Seicavs. magaliTad, iusticiis umaRlesi sabWo respublikis prezidentis TavmjdomareobiT ganixilavs sasamarTlo
dawinaurebebisa da disciplinarul sakiTxebs. uzenaesi sasamarTlo uflebamosilia gaasamarTlos respublikis prezidenti qveynis RalatisaTvis da xelisuflebis wevrebi sajaro valdebulebebis Sesrulebisas kriminaluri danaSaulis CadenisaTvis.
sakonstitucio sabWo Sedgeba cxra mosamarTlisa (romelTaganac sami respublikis prezidentis, sami _ nacionaluri asambleis prezidentis, xolo danarCeni sami ki _ senatis prezidentis mier aris dasaxelebuli) da aseve qveynis
yvela yofili prezidentisagan. mas sasamarTlo meTvalyureobis funqciac aqvs,
rac sakmaod mniSvnelovania frangul sistemaSi. igi zedamxedvelobs prezidentis arCevnebs da aseve ZaluZs winaaRmdegobrivi sakanonmdeblo davebis gamoZieba da gadawyveta. garkveul SemTxvevebSi, mas SeuZlia moamzados daskvnebi momavali kanonmdeblobis an ukve ZalaSi Sesuli kanonebis konstituciurobis
Sesaxeb. sabWosaTvis gadacemuli saqmeebi ar atarebs individualuri davebis
an mimarTvis xasiaTs (rogorc es aSS-Sia). es saqmeebi sabWoSi xelisuflebis danarCeni ori Stos specialuri mimarTvis safuZvelze SeiZleba moxvdes. aqedan
gamomdinare, sakiTxebi, romelsac sabWo ganixilavs, ZiriTadad politikuria
da pirdapir exeba konstituciuri uflebamosilebebis ganxorcielebas xelisuflebis sxvadasxva Stosa Tu struqturis mier.

muSaobs Tu ara demokratia safrangeTSi?

safrangeTi msoflioSi erT-erTi yvelaze xandazmuli demokratiuli
tradiciebis matarebeli qveyanaa. safrangeTis revolucia amerikis revoluciidan mxolod ramdenime wlis Semdeg moxda da TiTqmis swored im istoriul
momentSi, roca amerikeli damfuZneblebi filadelfiaSi ganixilavdnen msoflioSi pirveli konstituciuri demokratiis modelis Seqmnis sakiTxs. orive revoluciam Tavisufleba aRiara umTavres principad da orivem miiCnia politikuri
Tanasworoba (igive demokratia) Tavisuflebis dacvis saukeTeso, Tu ara erTaderT saSualebad. magram safrangeTis gza demokratiamde amerikasTan SedarebiT gacilebiT ufro grZeli da rTuli aRmoCnda. xuTjer scades frangebma
am sistemis warmatebiT awyoba da marTebulad gaTaviseba da marTlac miaRwies
amas. dResdReobiT safrangeTs aqvs Zlieri ekonomika (romelic xandaxan mainc
awydeba problemebs), Zlieri samoqalaqo sazogadoeba (romelic drodadro
studentebis, fermerebisa Tu muSaTa jgufebis saprtotesto aqtivobiTac
gamoixateba) da mravalferovani kultura. safrangeTi axali evropis lideria
(evrokavSiri), misi SedarebiT didi mezoblis (da istoriuli mowinaaRmdegis)

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germaniis Tanaswori partniori da Crdilo-atlantikuri aliansis (natos) erTerTi wamyvani wevri. qsenofobiuri politikis uaryofa umravlesobis mier, rac
2002 wlis saprezidento arCevnebis meore turSi Jan mari le penis damarcxebam
cxadyo, safrangeTis eleqtoratis samoqalaqo simwifeze miuTiTebs. safrangeTSi, yvela Sesabamisi parametris mixedviT, demokratia funqcionirebs kargad
(ramdenadac es saerTod SesaZlebelia idealurisgan Sors myof msoflioSi).

germania: federalizmi militarizmis winaaRmdeg

Tanamedove germaniam Camoyalibeba daiwyo me-19 saukunis bolo periodSi,
roca ori STambeWdavi samxedro gamarjvebis (1866 wels avstriaze, xolo 1871
wels safrangeTze) Sedegad aRzevda evropul asparezze. germaniis mSfoTvare
istoriis gasagebad meoce saukunis ganmavlobaSi, aucilebelia misi warumatebeli demokratiuli eqsperimentis ganxilvac.

vaimaris respublika
hitleris mesame raixi aRmocenda vaimaris respublikaSi, romelic Tavis
mxriv germaniaSi konstituciuri demokratiis Camoyalibebis pirveli eqsperimenti iyo. bevri eqsperti miiCnevs, rom problema iyo ara vaimaris respublikis
warumatebloba TavisTavad, aramed warmatebis Sansis ararseboba. daarsebisTanave, 1919 wels igi asocirebuli iyo germaniis samarcxvino damarcxebasTan
pirvel msoflio omSi da SezRuduli iyo versalis samSvidobo xelSekrulebiT
dadgenili mkacri pirobebiT. respublikas dakisrebuli hqonda mZime kompensacia gamarjvebulTa aliansis mxridan, ramac gamoiwvia mwvave ekonomikuri
problemebi, umuSevrobis maRali done, biznesis Cavardna, swrafi inflacia da
Sedegad, vaimaris respublikis Sesusteba. amgvari daZabuli viTarebis fonze,
germanulma sazogadoebam polarizeba ganicada ukidures memarjvene da ukidures memarcxene mimdinareobebad. eqstremizmis aRmocenebam ki TavisTavad
xelisuflebis krizisi ganapiroba. erT-erTi eqspertis SefasebiT: `stabiluri
demokratiuli mmarTveloba vaimaris respublikis arsebobis periodSi mudmivad safrTxis qveS imyofeboda. qveyana imarTeboda... arapopularuli umciresobaTa kabinetebis, Signidan susti `didi koaliciebis~, an kidev, parlaments miRma
avtoritaruli saprezidento kabinetebis mier.~7
Tu warsuls gadavavlebT Tvals, aSkaraa, rom vaimaris respublikis dacema gardauvali iyo. rogorc varaudoben, Zalian cota demokratia Tu SeZlebda
amgvari winaaRmdegobebis daZlevas. Znelia imis warmodgenac, Sedgeboda Tu ara
demokratia pirveli msoflio omis Semdgom germaniaSi ufro ukeTes politikur
da ekonomikur pirobebSi. bolos da bolos, kancler oto fon bismarkisa (18711890) da vilhelm II-is mmarTvelobis (1888-1891) periodSi germania demokratiulobis ideisagan namdvilad Zalian Sors idga. am avtoritari mmarTvelebis
dros, sityvis Tavisufleba, politikuri monawileoba da partiuli politika
akrZaluli iyo. metic, mmarTvelisadmi morCileba germanul Taviseburebad
iqca. amdenad, germanuli sazogadoeba 1919 wels, rogorc Cans, moumzadebeli
iyo demokratiisaTvis. Tumca amavdroulad, versalis SeTanxmebiT dawesebulma
araSorsmWvretelma sadamsjelo politikam kidev ufro daamZima demokratiis

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ganviTarebisaTvis isedac araxelsayreli garemo. am gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT, 1949 wels [meore mdoflio omis Semdeg _ mTargmn. Sen.] erTi ZiriTadi
kiTxva gaCnda: saerTod, SesaZlebeli iyo Tu ara demokratiis muSaoba odesme im
qveyanaSi, romelic cota xnis win Tavs uxrida sastik tirans (hitlers), emsaxureboda totalitarul mTavrobas (nacistur reJims) da Tvals xuWavda, roca
milionobiT udanaSaulo adamians (maT Soris bavSvebs) gazis kamerebSi xocavdnen?

gayofili germania: civi omis minimodeli

germaniis federaluri respublikis (dasavleTi germaniis) safuZvlebis
gaanalizeba mniSvnelovania misi Semdgomi ganviTarebis Sesafaseblad. meore
msoflio omma daangria germania. qveyana da misi dedaqalaqi berlini gayofili
iqna aliansis wevrebs (aSS, didi britaneTi, safrangeTi da sabWoTa kavSiri)
Soris. Tavdapirveli ganzraxva iyo saokupacio zonebis gaerTianeba da maTi
TviTmmarTvelobisaTvis Semzadeba, magram sabWoTa kavSirma uari ganacxada mis
kontrols qveS myofi segmentis daTmobaze. es ukanaskneli gamocxadda germaniis demokratiul respublikad (aRmosavleTi germania), maSin roca dasavleT
germaniam danarCeni seqtorebi gaaerTiana. 1949 wlidan 1990 wlamde germaneli
eri gayofili iyo. berlini, istoriuli dedaqalaqi, iqca aSS-sa da sabWoTa kavSirs Soris civi omis Ria placdarmad. orad gayofili germania msoflios dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis mkveTr politikur dayofas Seaxsenebda, igi safrTxes
uqmnida mTlianad msoflios momavals.
miuxedevad imisa, rom aRmosavleT germania aRmosavleT evropis yvelaze
ganviTarebul komunistur saxelmwifos warmoadgenda, dasavleT germaniis ekonomikuri mdgomareoba masTan SedarebiT bevrad warmatebuli iyo. dasavleT
germaniis ekonomikuri ganviTareba da misi aRmasvlis daujereblad swrafi tempi meore msoflio omis damangreveli efeqtis fonze, saswauladac ki monaTles.
1960 wels dasavleT germania evropis axladCamoyalibebuli saerTo bazris
dasayrdenad iqca, rac Semdgom msoflios umsxviles savaWro gaerTianebad da
TandaTan erTian evropul ekonomikad Camoyalibda. Cven mas dRes evrokavSiris
saxeliT vicnobT. imavdroulad, dasavleT germaniis ekonomika kvlavac rCeba
evropis yvelaze dinamiur Zalad.
aseve STambeWdavi aRmoCnda demokratiis warmateba dasavleT germaniaSi,
misi aRmosavleli komunisti mezoblisagan, germaniis demokratiuli respublikisagan gansxvavebiT. uzarmazari gansxvaveba or germanias Soris gaxda mizezi
1961 wels berlinis kedlis aSenebisa, romelsac aRmosavleT germanelebis (da
sxva aRmosavleT evropelebis) izolireba unda moexdina dasavleTisagan da
dasavleT berlinis gziT maTi dasavleTSi gaqcevis SesaZlebloba aRekveTa.
berlinis kedeli ara mxolod dasavleT da aRmosavleT berlinis wyalgamyofs
warmoadgenda, aramed simbolurad gamoxatavda maT Soris arsebul politikur
da ekonomikur gansxvavebebs.
30 wlis Semdeg germania isev gaerTianda. Tumca, manamde, cxovrebis gacilebiT dabali standartebis mqone aRmosavleT germanelebs ekrZalebodaT
dasavleT germaniaSi emigrireba da vizitic ki. sabWoTa kavSiris liderma (19851991), mixeil gorbaCovma axali realiebi Semoitana. meore msoflio omis Sem-

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deg sabWoTa kavSiris mier aRmosavleT evropaSi damyarebuli arapopularuli
da warumatebeli komunisturi reJimebi TandaTan dauZlevel problemad iqca.
gorbaCovis periodSi, sabWoTa kavSirs aRar Seswevda am warumatebeli ekonomikuri sistemebisa da dangrevis piras myofi saxelmwifoebis aRorZinebis unari.
aRmosavleT germaniis reJimis aRsasruli dadga maSin, roca aRmosavleT evropaSi erovnuli winaaRmdegobis talRa pikSi iyo: poloneTsa da ungreTs ukve gadadgmuli hqondaT mniSvnelovani nabijebi komunisturi reJimis rRvevis mimarTulebiT. maT didad ar CamorCeboda Cexoslovakia, rumineTi da bulgareTic.
aRmosavleT germaniis komunizmis rRveva daiwyo masobrivi emigraciebiT.
asobiT aTasi adamiani gaiqca ungreTis, poloneTisa da Cexoslovakiis mimarTulebiT, sadac iqauri komunisti liderebi uSedegod cdilobdnen azvirTebuli talRis Sekavebas. imavdroulad, adgilze darCenili aTasobiT aRmosav leT
germaneli masobriv demonstraciebSi iRebda monawileobas berlinSi, laifcigsa da sxva qalaqebSi. amas mohyva berlinis kedlis ngrevis emociuri epizodebi
da aRmosavleT germaniis reJimis rRveva 1989 wels.

gaerTianebuli germania: demokratiis triumfi

sul ramdenime kviraSi saxalxo zewolis Sedegad daemxo erix honekeris
[aRmosavleT germaniis komunisti lideris _ mTargmn. Sen.] reJimi, ramac gza
gauxsna ori germanuli saxelmwifos gaerTianebas. es gaerTianeba ufro swrafad
moxda, vidre eqspertTa umravlesoba varaudobda. 1990 wlis gazafxulze germaniis demokratiul respublikaSi Catarebul demokratiul arCevnebSi umravlesobam mxari ar dauWira aRmosavleT germaniis komunistur partias. 1990 wlis
oqtomberSi, ori germania gaerTianda saerTo saxelmwifo sivrceSi da berlini
aRdgenili iqna rogorc axali germaniis dedaqalaqi. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis
Semdgom ki germania evropis wamyvan saxelmwifod iqca.
Tumca, germaniis gaerTianeba pirdapiri gagebiT Zalian Zviri aRmoCnda da
weliwadSi aTobiT miliardi dolari `dajda.~ aRmosavleT germaniis ekonomikis
reabilitaciisTvis dasavleT germanelebs mouxdaT 7,5 procentiT gazrdili
saSemosavlo da aseve momatebuli brunvis gadasaxadis gadaxda. gaerTianebas
aseve Tan axlda socialuri daZabuloba _ muSaTa gaficvebi, politikuri demonstraciebi, ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Seneleba, umuSevrobis maRali done,
imigrant muSaxelTan dapirispireba da aseve, ultramemarjvene da neonacisti
eqstremistebis aRzeveba. XIX saukunis 90-iani wlebis miwuruls germaniis aRmosavleTSi umuSevrobis done kvlavac maRal niSnuls, 21 procents utoldeboda _ anu orjer meti iyo, vidre dasavleTSi. germaniaSi erTiani ekonomikisa da
erTiani sazogadoebis Camoyalibebas kidev didi dro dasWirdeba.

germanuli federalizmi
demokratia namdvilad yvavis germaniaSi. 1989 wlamde germaniis federaluri respublika 10 federalur miwas (Lnder, mxolobiTSi Land) da berlinis
dasavleT nawils moicavda. mas daaxloebiT aSS-is oregonis Statis Tanazomadi
teritoria ekava. gaerTianebam ki federaluri respublikis struqtura eqvsi

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axali miwiTa da, Sesabamisad, damatebiTi mosaxleobiTa da teritoriiT gaafarTova. sainteresoa imis aRniSvna, rom gaerTianebuli germaniis analogiuri teritoriuli farTobis mqone 25 saxelmwifoc ki Tavisuflad `daeteoda~ aSS-is
kuTvnil teritoriul farTobze. Tumca, germaniis federalizmi, romelic centralur xelisuflebaze mudmiv kontrols uzrunvelyofs, ufro politikuri
movlenaa, vidre geografiuli.
gaerTianebulma Zalebma meore msoflio omis Semdgom daadgines germanuli
miwebis sazRvrebi, romlebic faqtobrivad maT istoriul sazRvrebs emTxveoda.
miuxedvad imisa, rom germaniis geografiuli kompaqturoba erTi SexedviT gamoricxavs regionalur mravalferovnebas, mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebi CveulebebSi, midgomebSi, dialeqtSi da a.S. mainc TvalSisacemia. TumcaRa, amgvari regionuli Tu adgilobrivi mravalferovneba sulac ar axasiaTebs zogierT miwas
da amitomac gasakviri ar aris, rom germaniis federaluri sistemis SigniT am
federaluri erTeulebis standartizaciis done ufro maRalia, vidre aSS-is
Statebis SemTxvevaSi.

miwebi warmoadgens qvakuTxedebs germanuli sistemisa, romelic Seiqmna

politikuri decentralizaciis maRali donis uzrunvelsayofad. miwebis xe-

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lisuflebis ZiriTad uflebamosilebas ganekuTvneba adgilze kanonebis amoqmedeba iseT sferoebSi, rogoricaa ganaTleba an kultura. mxolod maT gaaCniaT Sesabamisi berketebi federalur doneze miRebuli kanonebis aRsrulebis
uzrunvelsayofad, maT Soris adgilobriv administraciebSi Sesabamisi gankargulebebis gacemisa da saganmanaTleblo sistemis marTvis ufleba, iseve rogorc
sapolicio Zalaufleba. dabolos, mxolod maT gaaCniaT presaze limitirebuli,
magram mainc garkveuli SezRudvebis dawesebis ufleba.
miuxedavad amisa, federaluri xelisufleba namdvilad ar warmoadgens
germanuli sistemis sust rgols. berlinSi ganlagebul mTavrobas aqvs eqskluziuri sakanonmdeblo uflebebi sagareo, savaluto da fiskaluri politikis,
moqalaqeobis miniWebis, sarkinigzo komunikaciis, safosto momsaxurebisa da
telekomunikaciis, agreTve saavtoro uflebebis sferoebSi. zogierTi sxva
sakiTxi, kerZod ki samoqalaqo da sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdebloba da ekonomikuri regulaciebi centraluri da adgilobrivi xelisuflebis saerTo
kompetenciebis sferos ganekuTvneba.
germania ufro federaluria vidre aSS; federaluri miwebi aRWurvilni
arian ufro meti ZalauflebiT da gadasaxadebis proporciulad ufro didi
wilic adgilobriv biujetSi miemarTeba. magaliTisaTvis, kerZo da korporatiuli saSemosavlo gadasaxadi centrsa da miwebs Soris Tanabrad nawildeba da
TiToeuli 40 procents iRebs, danarCen 20 procenti ki qalaqebis biujetSi midis. miwebi aseve iReben damatebiTi Rirebulebis gadasaxadis (dRg) erT mesameds,
rac evropaSi udides, magram xSirad dafarul brunvis gadasaxads warmoadgens.
Sedegad, maSin roca berlinidan kidev garkveuli damatebiTi Tanxebis gadaricxva xdeba federaluri erTeulebisa da qalaqebis biujetSi, maT ar uwevT ganmeorebiTi mimarTvebis gzavna centrSi aSS-is Statebisa da qalaqebis msgavsad,
romlebic cdiloben am gziT miiRon saWiro dafinanseba vaSingtonidan.8

aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba
germania warmoadgens saparlamento mmarTvelobis formas danawevrebuli
aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebiT. centraluri samTavrobo figura aris kancleri,
romelic parlamentis TanxmobiT niSnavs da aTavisuflebs kabinetis wevrebs. sagangebo mgomareobis SemTxvevaSi, kancleri xdeba armiis mTavarsardali da sajaro politikis SemuSavebasa da ganxorcielebaze pasuxismgebeli piri.
saxelmwifos titularuli meTauria prezidenti, romelsac metwilad mxolod simboluri funqcia aqvs, garda im gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevisa, Tu parlamenti politikur CixSi moeqceva.
did britaneTSi mefisa da dedoflis msgavsad, germaniaSi prezidents
partiuli politikis miuxedavad SeuZlia SeinarCunos Zalaufleba da amdenad
ganasaxierebdes sistemis gangrZobiTobasa da stabilurobas. prezidenti irCeva arapirdapiri arCevnebis gziT xuTi wlis vadiT. parmalentis qveda palataSi
umravlesobis partiis lideri xdeba qveynis kancleri. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu vercerTi partia ver moipovebs umravlesobas, da xSirad asec xdeba praqtikaSi, maSin
kanclers irCevs ramdenime partiisagan Semdgari mmarTveli koalicia.

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sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba
germaniaSi sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba orad aris gayofili: bundestagi
warmoadgens parlamentis qveda palatas da bundesrati _ zeda palatas. iseve
rogorc safrangeTsa da did britaneTSi, germaniis orpalatian parlamentSic,
qveda palata ufro mniSvnelovania. Tumca, am ori qveynisagan gansxvavebiT, zeda
palata (bundesrati) germaniaSi gacilebiT ufro qmediTia da funqciurad datvirTuli.
bundestagi. bundestagis Tavmjdomare yovelTvis irCeva umravlesobis
partiis liderTagan. proceduruli sakiTxebi mowesrigebulia im normebiT,
romlebic raixstagidan (sakanonmdeblo organo omamde) momdinareobs. mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebebi, rogorc aris sakomiteto davalebebis, debatebis
dRis wesrigis da saparlamento muSaobis sxva yoveldRiuri sakiTxebis gansazRvra xdeba uxucesTa sabWos mier. es organo Sedgeba bundestagis prezidentis
(Tavmjdomaris), misi sami moadgilis (ori didi partiis _ social-demokratiuli da qristian-demokratiuli da aseve ufro patara, Tavisufal-demokratiuli partiis warmomadgenlebi) da ramdenime sxva wevrisagan, romelTac irCevs
TiToeuli partia.
bundestagis wevrebi demokratiulad irCevian oTxi wlis vadiT, Tumca,
rogorc sxva saparlamento sistemebSi, maTi funqcionirebis vada SesaZloa
Semcirebuli iqnes mTavrobisaTvis `undoblobis~ gamocxadebis SemTxvevaSi.
amgvar viTarebaSi kancleri unda gadadges da prezidentma unda daiTxovos
parlamenti. Tumca, germaniaSi, sxva saparlamento sistemebisagan gansxvavebiT,
ZiriTadi kanoni moiTxovs `undoblobis xmis konstruqciul~ gamoyenebas, rac
imas gulisxmobs, rom kancleri ar SeiZleba daTxovnili iqnas bundestagis mier
`undoblobis xmiT,~ Tu imavdroulad wardgenili da arCeuli ar aris misi Semcvlelis, axali kancleris kandidatura.
bundestagis yvelaze mniSvnelovan komponentebs wamoadgens fraqciebi.
imisaTvis, rom Camoayalibos fraqcia, politikurma partiam sul mcire 15 adgili unda moipovos parlamentSi. bundestagis procedurebiTa da ganawesiT,
mxolod am saparlamento organizaciis meSveobiT SeiZleba deputatebis wardgena komitetebSi da partiebis formaluri aRiareba parlamentSi. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom ZiriTadi sakanonmdeblo samuSao mimdinareobs swored
komitetebis SigniT, partiebisaTvis sasicocxlod mniSvnelovania parlamentSi
adgilebis sakmarisi raodenobis mopoveba da Sesabamisad fraqciis Camoyalibeba.
bundesrati. zeda palatis kompetencias miekuTvneba yvela is sakiTxi,
rac centralur da regionul (miwebis) ZalauflebaTa balansis dacvas Tu Secvlas gulisxmobs. bundesratis wevrebi arian miwebis xelisuflebis mier daniSnuli da ara arCeuli deputatebi da blokuri xmis micemis princips iye neben.
amrigad, germanul miwebs gaaCniaT qmediTi da efeqtiani berketi, raTa Tavi
daicvan fe de raluri xelisuflebis mxridan SesaZlo Seviwroebisagan. Sedegad, bundesrati msoflioSi erT-erTi yvelaze ufro qmediTi da mniSvnelovani
zeda saparlamento palataa. germaniis miwebi umTavres rols asruleben federaluri politikis ganxorcielebaSi, iseve rogorc saerTo an gamijnuli
kompetenciis sferoebisTvis Sesabamisi politikis gansazRvraSi, rogorc es

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ZiriTadi kanoniT aris gansazRvruli.

politikuri partiebi
politikuri partiebis sistema imgvarad iqna Camoyalibebuli, rom partiebis raodenoba garkveul zRvars ar gascileboda da mcire eqstremistur
dajgufebebs qveynis politikur cxovrebaSi mniSvnelovani rolis Sesrulebis
Sansi ar hqonodaT. partiebma unda gadalaxon xuTprocentiani barieri saerTo
arCevnebSi da sul mcire sam saarCevno raionSi moipovon adgilebi imisaTvis,
rom bundestagSi iqnan warmodgenilni.
kidev erTi faqtori, rac ZiriTadi partiebis gaZlierebas kidev ufro uwyobs xels, aris bundestagis arCevnebis principi. TiToeuli amomrCeveli orjer
aZlevs xmas: erTs _ konkretul kandidats, meores _ partiis mier gansazRvrul
sias. arCevnebis es Tavisebureba saSualebas aZlevs ZiriTad partiebs gadamwyveti roli Seasrulon politikuri da sajaro karieris mosurneTa momavlis
gansazRvraSi,

radganac bundestagis Semadgenlobis naxevari proporciuli

arCevnebis, anu saarCevno regionebis partiuli siidan xvdeba parlamentSi.

(proporciuli warmomadgenlobis sistemaSi politikuri partia ara mxolod
gansazRvravs siaSi Casmuli kandidatebis vinaobas, aramed maT ranJirebasac: siaSi pirvels prioritetulad yvelaze didi Sansi aqvs parlamentSi moxvedrisa,
ukanasknels ki _ yvelaze naklebi).
1949 wlidan germaniis federalur respublikaSi mxolod ori ZiriTadi
partia arsebobda: social-demokratiuli partia (SPD) da konservatiuli qristian-demokratiuli kavSiri / qristian-socialisturi kavSiri (CDU/CSU). garda
amisa, SedarebiT ufro momcro Tavisufal-demokratiuli partia (FDP) axerxebda Zalauflebis SenarCunebas, gaaCnda mniSvnelovani strategiuli funqcia
da asrulebda gadamwyvet rols mmarTveli Zalis gansazRvraSi Tanabari Zalis
mqone or partias Sors erT-erTTan koaliciuri erTobis CamoyalibebiT. TiTqmis Tanabari xmebis mqone ori msxvili partiisaTvis Tavisufal-demokratebis
xmebs xSirad gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqonda bundestagSi. amitomac, SedarebiT mcire partiis didi gavlena xSirad araproporciulic ki iyo mis masStabTan
mimarTebaSi. igi koaliciur mTavrobaTa umravlesobaSi umcrosi partnioris
statusiT warmatebiT sargeblobda.
axlo warsulSi kidev erTi, mwvaneTa partia damkvidrda rogorc mcire,
magram angariSgasawevi Zala. aRniSnuli partia saTaves iRebs garemos dacvis
sakiTxebze aRzevebuli socialuri moZraobidan. 1998 wels, rodesac socialdemokratebma daamarcxes qristian-demokratebi arCevnebSi, magram ver daagroves xmaTa (da Sesabamisad adgilebis) umravlesoba parlamentSi, maT Seqmnes
koalicia mwvaneTa partiasTan mTavrobis Camosayalibeblad. Sedegad gerhard
Sroderi, social-demokratebis lideri, gaxda germaniis kancleri, xolo ioSka fiSeri, `mwvaneTa~ lideri _ germaniis sagareo saqmeTa ministri. garda amisa,
`mwvaneebma~ ramdenime sxva postic daikaves kabinetSi. es iyo pirveli SemTxveva, roca mwvaneTa partia germa niis xelisuflebaSi aRmoCnda.
amavdroulad, arsebobs ramdenime mcire, magram sakmaod aqtiuri ultra-memarjvene politikuri gaerTianeba, romlebic germanuli nacionalizmis
aRzevebisaken miiswrafvian, miuxedavad qveynis mosaxleobis eTnikuri, raso-

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brivi Tu religiuri mravalferovnebisa, maT Soris muslimuri da ebrauli umciresobiT. amgvar partiebs ganekuTvneba: nacionalur-demokratiuli partia
(NPD), germaniis saxalxo kavSiri (GVU) da respublikuri partia. jerjerobiT es

ukiduresad memarjvene Zalebi mxolod mcireodeni mxardaWeriT sargeblobs,

Tumca germaniaSi ultramemarjvene eqstremizmis gaZliereba TavisTavad SemaSfoTebelia qveynis politikuri warsulis gamo, romelic hitleris reJimsa da
holokostTan aris dakavSirebuli.

sasamarTlo

xelisufleba
germaniis sxva federaluri institutebis msgavsad, sasamarTlo siste-

mac imgvarad iqna Camoyalibebuli, rom Seekavebina centraluri xelisuflebis

mier Zalauflebis koncentrirebis safrTxe. sasamarTlo sistema, romlis zemgdom instancias federaluri uzenaesi sasamarTlo warmoadgens, muSaobs oTxi
specializebuli tribunalis irgvliv. esenia: Sromis federaluri sasamarTlo, federaluri socialuri sasamarTlo, federaluri finansuri sasamarTlo
da federaluri administraciuli sasamarTlo. politikuri TvalsazrisiT,
yvelaze mniSvnelovan sasamarTlo struqturas federaluri sakonstitucio
sasamarTlo warmoadgens, romelic eqskluziurad konstituciur sakiTxebze
muSaobs da uflebamosilia gamoacxados federaluri Tu miwis sakanonmdeblo
aqtebi arakonstituciurad.
aSS-Si federalur mosamarTleTa arCevis procedurisagan gansxvavebiT,
germaniaSi umaRlesi rangis mosamarTleebi (anu federaluri sakonstitucio
sasamarTlos mosamarTleebi) airCevian sakanonmdeblo organos mier. bundestagi irCevs am mosamarTleTa erT naxevars, xolo bundesrati _ meores. Tumca,
mosamarTleTa umravlesoba airCeva sakonkurso sajaro samsaxuris tipis testirebis safuZvelze da mtkicdeba mTeli sicocxlis vadiT iusticiis minist ris mier, romelic Sesabamis daxmarebas Tavis mxriv iRebs federaluri da
miwebis kanonmdebelTa mier arCeuli nominirebis komitetebisagan. sasamarTloSi ierarqiuli aRmasvlisaTvis, mosamarTle unda dawinaurdes ukve sistemis
SigniT, msgavsad saxelmwifo samsaxurSi myofi Cveulebrivi sajaro moxelisa.
sasamarTlo damoukidebloba garantirebulia mosamarTleTa sicocxlis xangrZlivobis vadiT daniSvniT. zogadad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sasamarTlo xelisufleba adekvaturad aris aRWurvili imisaTvis, rom efeqtianad daabalansos sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis Zalaufleba da daicvas
samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebi.

ZiriTadi kanoni da samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebi

samoqalaqo TavisuflebaTa sferoSi, rogorc erTma germanuli politikis
mkvlevarma ganacxada `Sesabamisi istoriuli gamocdileba miRebuli iqna mesame
raixis dros, roca represiuli reJimis pirobebSi adamianis yvela Tavisuflebebi SezRuduli da uxeSad darRveuli iyo.~9 ZiriTadi kanonis pirveli cxrameti muxli detalurad aRwers yoveli germaneli moqalaqis ganuyofel ufle-

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bebs. diskriminaciis yvela forma, maT Soris religiuri da rasobrivi, calsaxad
akrZalulia. sityvis, gadaadgilebis, Sekrebisa da gaerTianebis Tavisufleba
garantirebulia, im SemTxvevis gamoklebiT, roca es uflebebi gamoyenebulia
`Tavisufali demokratiuli wesrigis xelyofisaTvis.~ es ukanaskneli Casworeba
aSkarad ori radikaluri polusisaTvis _ erTi mxriv, ultramemarcxene komunizmisa da meore mxriv, ultramemarjvene nacizmisTvis, iyo gamiznuli, romelTa
aRzevebam seriozuli kvali daasva germaniis istorias meoce saukuneSi. udavod,
es aris omisSemdgomi periodis gamoZaxili, roca mTel atlantikur sivrces da,
gansakuTrebuli simZafriT, germaniis aRmosavleT nawils komunizmis seni moedo. Tumca, arc ukiduresad memarjvene Zalebis isev gaZlierebis saSiSroebaa
mxolod zedapiruli. amitom, aRniSnuli SezRudva omisSemdgom periodSi `Tavisufali demokratiuli wesrigis~ winaaRmdeg mimarTul ZiriTad safrTxed, neonacizms gulisxmobs.

muSaobs Tu ara demokratia germaniaSi?

ZiriTadi kanonis erT-erTi ZiriTadi mizani iyo `axali germaniis~ instituciuri konstruireba ise, rom gamoricxuli yofiliyo `Zveli germaniis~
ganmeoreba. SezRuduli xelisufleba _ ZiriTadi kanonis Semqmnelebma germanuli konstituciuri demokratiis mSeneblobisaTvis im saZirkvlad moiazres,
romelic yvela sxva meqanizmze ukeTesad uzrunvelyofda Zalauflebis centralizaciis potenciurad saSiSi tendenciis Sekavebas, ramac germaniis axal
istoriaSi Semzaravi Sedegebi moitana.

germaniis kanclerma helmut kolma

wamyvani roli Seasrula 1990 wels germaniis gaerTianebaSi. igi mtkiced uWerda mxars evropis gaerTianebas.

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germanuli gegma: magaliTi
yofili germaniis demokratiuli respublikis
ekonomika da rekonstruqcia
germaniis xelaxla gaerTianeba `Zviri dajda~. yofili aRmosavleT germania dasavleTTan SedarebiT ekonomikurad dasustebuli iyo. infrastruqtura cud mdgomareobaSi iyo, qarxnebi moZvelebuli manqana-danadgarebiT muSaobda, muSebs mniSvnelovani unarebi ar hqondaT, sawarmoTa daxurvis gamo umuSevrobis done maRali iyo da komunisturi epoqis wvrili
biurokratia, romelsac Tanamedrove menejmentis araferi gaegeboda, sakuTar poziciebs ar
Tmobda. ekonomikam winsvla daiwyo mas Semdeg, rac gaerTianebuli xelisuflebis saTaveSi
helmut koli movida. 1994 wlis oqtomberSi koli meoTxe vadiT airCies kanclerad. marTalia,
ekonomika 1992 wlidan 1994 wlamde weliwadSi 7-8%-iT izrdeboda, aRmosavleT germaniis ekonomika 1996 wels mxolod 3.5%-iT gaizarda, xolo 1997 wels mxolod 1.0%-iT zrdas elodnen.
amrigad, unda vivaraudoT, rom germaniis ekonomika, sadac dasavleTi qveynis mTlian erovnul
Sida produqtSi 90%-s iTvlis, male ver Seicvleba.

ucxoeli muSebi, aralegaluri emigrantebi da neofaSisturi reaqcia

maRali umuSevroba (aRmosavleT germaniaSi daaxloebiT 21%) gansakuTrebiT mtkivneuli iyo aRmosavleT germanelebisaTvis, romlebic komunisturi mmarTvelobis dros srul
dasaqmebas, dasaqmebis garantiasa da dabal samomxmareblo fasebs iyvnen miCveulni. amas garda,
aRmosavleT evropidan, yofili sabWoTa kavSiridan da axlo aRmosavleTidan mravali droebiTi muSa da aralegaluri emigranti keTildReobis saZebnelad germaniaSi wavida. aman politikuri uTanxmoeba, eTnikuri daZabuloba da qsenofobiac ki gamoiwvia _ germaneli moqalaqebi
wuxdnen, rom maT ers ucxoelebis mier ganadgureba eloda. qsenofobiis yvelaze usiamovno
gamovlinebaa neonacistebis (`sqinhedebis~ CaTvliT), neofaSisturi respublikuri partiis
moqmedeba da ucxoelebis mimarT ganxorcielebuli Zaladobis aqtebi.

evrokavSiris aRmavloba
kolis xelisufleba kvlav ucvlelad uWerda mxars evrokavSirs axali evropuli monetaruli kavSiris Seqmnis CaTvliT. germaniisaTvis saerTo evropis idea xelsayrelia, radgan
amgvari legitimuri struqturis gareSe axali germanuli fanatizmis safrTxe dgeba dRis wesrigSi, romlis msgavss 1930-ian wlebSi hitlerma Cauyara safuZveli. meore mizezi is aris, rom
germaniam kargad uwyis gaerTianebul evropaSi Tavisi dominanturi Zalauflebis Sesaxeb. misi
Zlieri ekonomika imis garantias iZleva, rom mas sxva wevr qveynebze politikuri gavlena da
konkurentuli upiratesoba eqneba.

aRmosavleTSi investireba
miuxedavad imisa, rom dasavleT germaniis upirvelesi mizani aRmosavleTi nawilis
aRorZinebaa, germanelebi istoriulad da geografiuladac centralur evropaSi eZeben bazrebs, nedleuls da investirebis SesaZleblobebs. germania bunebrivi savaWro partnioria poloneTisa da CexeTis respublikisaTvis, aseve didi interesi aqvs gaafarToos vaWroba yofili
sabWoTa kavSiris respublikebTan.

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evropasa da msoflioSi sakuTari rolis xelaxla gansazRvra
Tanamedrove germania gardamaval periodSia. misi mniSvneloba da dinamika gvkarnaxobs,
rom evropasa da mis farglebs miRma is lideris rols iTamaSebs, Tumca am rolis zusti buneba
bundovania. 1990-iani wlebis Sua xanebSi bosniaSi gaerTianebuli erebis mSvidobis misiis Sesrulebisas germaneli jariskacebi meore msoflio omis Semdeg pirvelad gagzavnes sazRvargareT. germania ar Seurigdeba naxevari saukunis winandel samxedro SezRudvebs. jer ucnobia,
kerZod rogori roli eqneba mas evropasa da msoflioSi.

Tumca, federaluri respublikis demokratiuli cxovrebis naxevarsaukunovani gamocdileba namdvilad STambeWdavia. vaimaris istoriuli ganmeoreba ar
momxdara. Tu vaimaris respublika mZime ekonomikurma krizisma CixSi moaqcia,
1949 wlis Semdgom dasavleT germaniis swrafi omisSemdgomi reabilitacia da
mgdradi industriuli ganviTareba xSirad ekonomikur saswauladac ki moixsenieba. federaluri respublika dasavleT evropis wamyvan industriul saxelmwifod da `Tavisufali msoflios~ mesame udides ekonomikur Zalad iqca, aSS-sa
da iaponiis Semdeg. ekonomikuri warmateba erT-erTi im ZiriTad mizezTagania,
ris Sedegadac demokratia warmatebulad ganviTarda, xolo vaimaris respublika daemxo. swored dinamikuri ekonomikis wyalobiT, Tanamedrove germanelebma SeZles sicocxlisunariani da efeqtiani demokratiis Seqmna im miwaze, sadac
erT dros warmoudgeneli iyo demokratiis muSaoba. am warmatebam, yvela sxva
calkeul faqtorze ufro metad, daaCqara `mezobel~ aRmosavleT germaniaSi komunizmis marcxi.
jer adrea daskvnebis gakeTeba imis Taobaze, Tu ra grZelvadian Sedegebs
moitans germaniis gaerTianeba evropisa da mTlianad msofliosaTvis. Tanamedrove germania warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis erTgulia da misi ekonomika
mzardi evrokavSiris farglebSi viTardeba. eWvi TiTqmis aRaravis epareba, rom
axali germania evropaSi nebismieri axali politikuri Tu ekonomikuri formaciis wamyvani Zala iqneba. isic eWvgareSea, rom germaniis demokratia kvlavac ganviTardeba im rTuli gamowvevis daZlevis Semdgom, rasac aRmosavleT germaniis
momakvdavi diqtaturidan srulfasovan demokratiad gadaqceva warmoadgenda.

iaponia: saparlamento mmarTveloba

`konsensusis~ qveyanaSi
msgavsad sxva aziuri sazogadoebebisa, iaponiasac ar hqonda demokratiuli
cxovrebis gamocdileba 1947 wlamde. metic, misi istoria da kultura zogjer
dasavluri demokratiuli ideebs ewinaaRmdegeboda kidec. Tumca, dReisaTvis,
iaponia aziis erT-erTi yvelaze xandazmuli saparlamento demokratiaa (meore
amgvari tradiciis qveyana indoeTia, sadac saparlamento demokratia imave periodSi Camoyalibda Zalian rTul pirobebSi). imisaTvis, rom kargad gavigoT
rogor moxda amgvari transformireba, pirvel rigSi unda mimovixiloT iaponiis
istoria.10

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istoriuli wanamZRvrebi
iaponiaSi feodaluri xana 1868 wels meiZis dinastiis (Meiji Restoration)
aRorZinebamde grZeldeboda. Zveli didebis dabrunebis fonze, taxtze axali imperatori (meiZis dinastiidan) avida da daiwyo iaponiis modernizacia. miuxedavad imisa, rom demokratiuli principebi marginalurad, magram mainc ukve Sesuli iyo qveyanaSi, meiZis dinastiis iaponia kvlavac oligarqiad rCeboda. marTvis
sadaveebs uxuces saxelmwifo moRvaweTa sabWo, anu gerno, flobda. imperatoris
funqcia, rogorc es istorikosebs didi xnis ganmavlobaSi miaCndaT, simboluri iyo. Tumca, Tanamedrove kvlevebma cxadyo, rom amgvari Sefaseba arasworia.
marTlac, miiCnevdnen ra xorciel RvTaebad, imperators Tayvans scemdnen da
aRiqvamdnen, rogorc erovnuli erTianobis simbolos. Tumca, amavdroulad,
qveynisaTvis kritikul situaciaSi imperatori realurad aqtiur saxelmwifo
figurad da gadawyvetilebis mimReb xelisuflad iqceoda xolme.11

iaponiam am periodis ganmavlobaSi mniSvnelovani Sida progresi ganicada.

modernizebulma elitam waaxalisa ekonomikuri ganviTareba proteqcionizmisa
da subsidirebis gziT. mxolod ZiriTadi an strategiuli mniSvnelobis industiuli dargebi darCa saxelmwifo mflobelobaSi. ekonomikuri modernizaciis
modeli didwilad dasavluris msgavsad Seiqmna. miuxedavad miwismflobelTa

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perioduli winaaRmdegobisa, xelisuflebis ekonomikuri politika kapitalis
ganviTarebis programiT xelmZRvanelobda da miznad isaxavda mZime mrewvelobis xelSewyobas. qveynis liderebma meiZis dinastiis mmarTvelobis ramdenime
aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi periodSi, rogorc erTi mkvlevari aRniSnavs, `gaauqmes feodaluri institutebi, daakanones miwaze kerZo sakuTreba, aamuSaves
dasavluri tipis samarTlebrivi sistema, SemoiRes savaldebulo ganaTleba,
Camoayalibes centraluri da adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis axleburi formebi da
aRmofxvres legaluri barierebi socialur klasebs Soris.~12
pirveli msoflio omisa da meiZis dinastiis mmarTvelobis dasrulebis
Semdeg, iaponia politikuri ganviTarebis axal fazaSi Sevida. nacionalizmi,
romelsac skolebSic aswavlidnen rogorc disciplinas, erTgvar religiadac ki
iqca. xelisufalni Zalian swrafad da qaosurad icvlebodnen. Tumca, iyo demokratiuli reformebis ganxorcilebis garkveuli mcdelobebi: magaliTisaTvis,
1925 wels moixsna arCevnebSi monawileobisaTvis ekonomikuri cenzi da xmis micemis
uflebiT sargeblobis neba mieca 25 wels gadacilebul yvela mamakacs. magram,
1930-ian wlebSi militarizmis mzardma talRam axladCamoyalibebuli demokratiuli Canasaxi gadafara. ultranacionalistebi acxadebdnen, rom demokratiis mesveuri politikosebi iaponiis Zlevamosilebas akninebdnen da qveyana msoflioSi
misi sakadrisi adgilis mopovebas mxolod Zlieri militaristuli mmarTvelobis
pirobebSi SeZlebda. militaristebma gaimarjves, magram maTi gamarjveba iaponias
meore msoflio omSi samarcxvino damarcxebis fasad daujda.
1930ian wlebSi pirveladi demokratiuli reformebis sakmaod swrafi da
umtkivneulo CaSla cxadyofs, rom iaponiaSi realurad arc momxdara konstituciuri mmarTvelobis ideis gatareba. zogadi rwmeniT, suvereniteti gamomdinareobda imperatoris RvTaebriobisagan da ara xalxisgan. amdenad, omamde periodis iaponia demokratiis ideas mxolod zedapirulad Seexo.

axali konstitucia
iaponiis 1947 wlis konstitucia, romelic meore msoflio omSi iaponiaze
gamarjvebuli aSS-is mier iqna SemoRebuli, miznad isaxavda qveynis politikuri
sistemis gardaqmnas. axali konstituciis mixedviT, suverenitetis wyaros ukve
xalxi warmoadgenda da ara imperatori. amerikuli gavlena aSkaraa iaponiis konstituciaze, gansakuTrebiT mis preambulaze:
Cven, iaponeli xalxi, vmoqmedebT ra erovnul parlamentSi Cven mier
arCeuli warmomadgenlebis meSveobiT, viRebT gadavwyvetilebas, CvenTvis da Cveni keTildReobisaTvis davamyaroT mSvidobiani TanamSromloba
yvela erTan, davicvaT Tavisufleba am miwaze, aRarasdros davuSvaT omis
ganmeoreba da gamowveva xelisuflebis raime qmedebiT, vacxadebT, rom
Zalaufleba momdinareobs xalxisgan da vamtkicebT am konstitucias...
xelisufleba aRWurvilia xalxis ndobiT, xelisuflebis Zalaufleba
momdinareobs xalxisgan da xelisufleba emsaxureba xalxs.

iaponiis 1947 wlis konstituciis avtorebi cdilobdnen warmomadgenlo-

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biTi demokratiis detalurad gawerili sistema SeemuSavebinaT. im fundamentur
uflebebs Soris, romelTac konstitucia iTvaliswinebda, iyo moqalaqeTaTvis
ganaTlebis miRebis Tanaswori ufleba da muSaTa Sekrebisa da koleqtiuri SeTanxmebis ufleba. iaponiis konstituciis kidev erTi Tavisebureba gaxldaT
isic, rom igi erTmniSvnelovnad gmobda oms da acxadebda, rom qveyana arasdros
iqoniebda `saxmeleTo, sazRvao da sahaero Zalebs an omis warmoebis sxva potencials~ (Tumca, am daTqmam iaponiis xelisufleba mainc ver SeaCera, Seeqmna limitirebuli `TavdacviTi Zalebi~).

saparlamento demokratia: garegnuli da realuri mxareebi

konstituciis mixedviT iaponiaSi saparlamento mmarTvelobis forma damkvidrda. imperatori qveynis formalur mmarTvelad rCeba, Tumca misi funqcia
mxolod ceremoniulia. premier-ministri aris qveynis realuri meTauri. Tumca,
konstituciis avtorebma formaluri xelisuflebis uzenaesoba axal orpalatian sakanonmdeblo organos mianiWes. es organo, romelsac asamblea ewodeba,
Sedgeba 511 wevriani warmomadgenelTa palatisagan, romelic yovel oTx weliwadSi erTxel irCeva (SesaZlebelia, arCevnebi ufro xSiradac Catardes im SemTxvevaSi, Tu palata daTxovnili iqneba da SedarebiT naklebi gavlenis mqone 252
wevriani mrCevelTa palatisagan, romelic eqvsi wlis vadiT irCeva (misi naxevari
sam weliwadSi erTxel axldeba) [es cifrebi SeiZleba Seicvalos _ mTargmn. Sen.].
Tavidan, orive palatis wevrebi kenWs iyridnen mravalmandatiani ubnebidan
sayovelTao arCevnebis wesiT, sadac amomrCeveli mxolod erT arCevans akeTebda. am sistemam 1994 wlamde imuSava, anu vidre saarCevno reformis mixedviT ar
Seicvala saarCevno ubnebis sazRvrebi da saarCevno procedura warmomadgenelTa palatisaTvis (kerZod, Camoyalibda 300 erTmandatiani saarCevno erTeuli,
xolo danarCeni 200 mandati proporciul warmomadgenlobaze gadanawilda).
konstitucia acxadebda, rom saxalxo suverenitetis matarebeli organo
aris asamblea, romelic erTaderTi kanonSemoqmedi saxelisuflo institutia.
Tuki adre premier-ministri da kabineti angariSvaldebulni iyvnen imperatoris winaSe, axla es valdebuleba parlamentis, `rogorc xelisuflebis umaRlesi organos~ winaSe daekisraT. iaponiis uzenaesi sasamarTlo uflebamosili
gaxda kanonebi arakonstituciurad gamoecxadebina (rac Zalian iSviaTad xdeba),
mosamarTleebi ki maTi daniSvnis Semdgom yoveli aTi weliwadSi xelaxla unda
yofiliyvnen damtkicebulni amomrCevelTa mier (am procesma faqtobrivad avtomaturi xasiaTi SeiZina).
rogorc qvemoT gavigebT, iaponias mouxda dasavluri institutebis sakuTar sakmaod Zlier da Tavisebur kulturul tradiciebze morgeba. Sedegad Camoyalibda unikaluri sistema romelic axlis (demokratiuli politika
da sabazro ekonomika) da Zvelis (politikuri ierarqia, ekonomikuri centralizacia, socialuri disciplina) saintereso kombinaciaa.

partiuli sistema
liberalur-demokratiuli partia (ldp) dominirebda iaponur politikaSi 1955-dan 1993 wlamde. marTalia, arsebobda sxvadasxva, ufro mcire politi-

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kuri partiebic, magram isini araefeqturni da naklebad gavlenianni iyvnen. am
opoziciur partiebs Soris, socialistebma da komunistebma ramdenjerme SeZles
xmaTa mniSvnelovani raodenobis dagroveba, magram maTi sakanonmdeblo roli
ZiriTadad saparlamento oponirebiT Semoifargleboda. daaxloebiT oTxi aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi, qveynis realuri marTvis sadaveebs TiTqmis eqskluziurad flobda liberalur-demokratiuli partia.
Tu erTi partia xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi inarCunebs saparlamento adgilebis umravlesobas Tavisufali arCevnebis pirobebSi, es rogorc wesi,
imaze mianiSnebs, rom am partiam SeZlo socialuri interesebis farTo speqtris
dakmayofileba. liberal-demokratebis warmateba iaponiaSi ganapiroba iman, rom
ldp-m viwro partiul interesebze maRla farTo saxalxo moTxovnebi daayena,
gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiare iyo ramdenime specifikuri da yvelaze aqtualuri
interesis mimarT, gaaCnda Zalian didi upiratesoba finansuri da organizaciuli resursebis TvalsazrisiT da kargad sargeblobda politikuri inerciiT.
ori mosazrebis Tanaxmad:
im mizezebis dadgena, Tu ram gamoiwvia konservatorebis xangrZlivi dominireba, rTuli ar aris. pirvel rigSi, es ganapiroba konservatorebis mier ganxorcielebulma reformebma, romelTac sazogadoebas
daanaxes, rom ar xdeboda sruli wyveta warsulTan. damoukideblobis
miiRebisTanave gaatares miwis reforma. is cvlilebebi, rac maT ganaxorcieles ufro centralizebuli mmarTvelobis sasargeblod, mimarTuli
iyo okupaciuri mmarTvelobis mier daSvebuli aSkara Secdomebis gamosworebisaken.

garda amisa, liberal-demokratebs gaaCndaT resursebis

kontrolis mniSvnelovani berketi, rac maT saWiro momentSi saWiro

ekonomikuri da profesiuli kavSirebis mxadaWeris mopovebaSi uwyobda
xels. partia erTdroulad sargeblobda sameurneo da biznes-jgufebis
umravlesobis mxardaWeriT, rac mis pozicias kidec ufro aZlierebda. is
biurokratiasTan Zalian axlos idga. Tumca sainteresoa isic, rom mWidrdo kavSirebi biurokratiasTan, biznes-sazogadoebasTan an resursebis
kontroli ar iyo sakmarisi. 1955 wels liberalur-demokratiulma partiam daiwyo farTo partiuli aRmSenebloba wevrebis masobrivi mozidviT. partiam namdvilad rTul amocanas gaarTva Tavi qveyanaSi, sadac Znelad warmosadgeni iyo regionul partiul organizacias Caenacvlebina
tradiciuli pirovnuli kulti da gamxdariyo is faqtori, ris garSemoc
SeiZleboda sazogadoebrivi konsolidacia.13

liberal-demokratebis, rogorc iaponiis umTavresi partiis mier damkvidrebuli konsensusis miRwevis principi qveynis politikis maxasiaTebel niSnad
iqca. partia ar warmoadgenda monoliTur politikur bloks, igi iyo sxvadasxva
interes-jgufebis erTgvari Tavisufali koalicia, sadac Sida konsensusis miRweva umniSvnelovanes rols TamaSobda. 1993 wlamde partiis mier arCeuli Tavmjdomare, sayovelTao arCevnebis Semdgom, avtomaturad xdeboda qveynis premierministri. partiis lideris arCeva ki, rogorc wesi, dakavSirebuli iyo sakmaod
intensiur molaparakebebsa da garigebebTan partiis Semadgenel gansxvavebul
fraqciebs Soris, romelTac TavianTi liderebi, samoqmedo programebi da mxardamWeri regionebi hyavdaT.
iaponiis stabiluri, erTi partiis mier dominirebuli sistema Seirya 1993

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wlis istoriuli sayovelTao arCevnebis Sedegad. sinamdvileSi liberalur-demokratiulma partiam TviTon ganapiroba sakuTari damarcxeba. 1990-iani wlebis
dasawyisSi partia faqtobrivad daiSala: im gaxmaurebuli politikuri skandalebis Semdeg, raSic partiis maRalCinosnebi iyvnen CarTuli da ramac partiis
imiji mkveTrad Selaxa, mas gamoeyo ramdenime fraqciis lideri. politikuri
skandalebi kiiCi miiaZavas mTavrobis damxobis katalizatorad iqca. ufro Rrma
da realur mizezs ki sazogadoebaSi uxvad dagrovili socialuri problemebi
warmoadgenda: dRiTidRe mzardi socialuri ukmayofileba, maRali fasebi,
grZeli samuSao dReebi da a.S.
Tumca, mmarTveli partiis damarcxebas ar gamouwvevia gamokveTili alternativis gaCena: liberal-demokratebi aSkarad damarcxebulebi iyvnen, Tumca ar Candnen aseTive aSkara gamarjvebulni. rva centristuli, memarcxene centristuli da memarcxene partiis aramyarma koaliciam axalbeda politikosi
morihiro hosokava airCia premier-ministrad. hosokava manamde patara partiis
_ `axali iaponiis~ lideri iyo, romelmac mxolod 35 mandati moipova parlamentSi da am parametriT mexuTe adgili daikava liberal-demokratebis (223 mandati), social demokratebis (70 mandati), iaponiis aRorZinebis partiisa (55 mandati) da `sufTa mmarTvelobis~ partiis (51 mandati) Semdeg. miuxedavad imisa,
rom rvave partia erTiandeboda koaliciaSi liberal-demokratebis winaaRmdeg,
es gaerTianeba ar iyo sakmarisad erTsulovani imisaTvis, rom xangrZlivad daeWira mxari hosokavas mmarTvelobisaTvis.
amrigad, hosokavas mmarTveloba erT weliwadsac ar gagrZelebula. momdevno mTavrobam cutoumo hatas xelmZRvanelobiT kidev ufro mokle xans, sul
raRac or Tves dahyo xelisuflebaSi. hosokavas msgavsad, hatac yofili liberal-demokrati iyo, romelic gamoeyo partias imisaTvis, rom axali politikuri
organizacia Seeqmna. mis mier Camoyalibebuli partia `axali fronti~ ar aRmoCnda politikurad dRegrZeli, hatam axali politikuri berketi _ nacionaluri partia Seqmna. am da sxva axali organizaciebis erTdrouli gamoCena arenaze
iaponiaSi mniSvnelovan politikur transformacias moaswavebda. erT dros Zalze stabiluri partiuli sistema mokle xanSi gadaiqca danawevrebul da Znelad
prognozirebad politikur speqtrad. iaponia partiuli Zalebis gadajgufebisa
da cvlilebebis procesSi aRmoCnda, romlis saboloo Sedegi sakmaod bundovani
iyo.
iaponiis politikuri meryeoba kvlav grZeldeboda. 1994 wlis ivnisSi, liberal-demokratebis marTuli koaliciis mier iaponiis mTavrobis axal xelmZRvanelad arCeul iqna socialisturi partiis lideri. amgvari ram Tundac erTi
wliT adre warmoudgeneli iqneboda. weliwadnaxevris Semdgom ki ruiuitaro
haSimoto, liberal-demokratebis Tavmjdomare gaxda bolo sami wlis ganmavlobaSi iaponiis ukve rigiT mexuTe premier-ministri. amavdroulad, 1996 wlis
arCevnebis Sedegebma moaxdina liberal-demokratebis erTgvari politikuri
reabilitaciac sakanonmdeblo organoSi, sadac maT gaimarjves, Tumca aradamajereblad (xmebis umravlesobis mopoveba mainc ver SeZles). partia rCeboda
konservatiuli cvlilebebis mowinaaRmdege liderebis kontrolis qveS da am
mouqnelma politikam 1990-iani wlebis bolos ekonomikuri regresi da Sesabamisad, eleqtoratis mxardaWeris Sesusteba gamoiwvia.
2001 wlis gazafxulze sakmaod daZabuli politikuri brZolis Sedegad,
qarizmatuli reformisti, Ziunitiro koiZumi, gaxda liberal-demokratiuli

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partiis prezidenti. koiZumi partiis uxucesTa da maTi mkacrad konservatiuli midgomebis winaaRmdeg gamodioda. sainteresoa, rom mas ar gaaCnda sakuTari
partiis saparlamento warmomadgenlobis mxridan sakmarisi mxardaWera, magram
partiaSi garkveuli wreebi da aseve zogadad xalxi enTuziazmiT Sexvda koiZumis
pirovnul qarizmas, axlebur ideebsa da mizanmimarTulobas. misi xedva Zireul
reformebs gulisxmobda, gansakuTrebiT qveynis daxuruli da izolirebuli ekonomikuri sistemis reformirebas, romelmac ganapiroba xangrZlivi ekonomikuri
Cavardna, arcTu STambeWdavi mdgomareoba safondo birJaze (kargad gamoixata
Nikkei-s indeqsSi [tokios safondo birJis indeqsi _ mTargmn. Sen.]), da uZrav qone-

baze fasebis mkveTri dacema (1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi sakuTrebis Rirebuleba zogierT SemTxvevaSi 80 procentiTac ki gaufasurda). Tumca, vidre iaponiis ekonomikur `Semobrunebas~ uzrunvelyofda, koiZumis mouxda 1993 wlidan
inicirebuli da Semdgom Seferxebuli politikur-ekonomikuri reformebis
bolomde miyvana. tradiciebis erTgul iaponiaSi es udavod rTul da sapasuxismgeblo amocanas warmoadgenda.

politikur cvlilebaTa Semaferxebeli faqtorebi

Tanamedrove iaponiis demokratia warmodgens adgilobrivi kulturisa da
importirebuli demokratiis unikalur kombinacias. kerZod, 1947 wels iaponiaSi
damyarebulma demokratiulma sistemam SeinarCuna tradiciuli politikis maxasiaTebeli imgvari elementebi, rogoric iyo, magaliTad, `patron-klienteluri
tipis urTierTobebi. es ukanaskneli kargad vlindeba fraqciuli liderebisa
da erTguli momxreebis damokidebulebebSi. pirovnuli erTguleba da ndoba
aris finansuri daxmarebis, Sidapartiuli Zalauflebis da calkeuli partiuli
lideris avtoritetis mopovebis winapiroba. Tumca Znelia imis zustad Tqma, Tu
ramdenad Searyia am sistemis safuZveli liberal-demokratiuli partiis danawevrebam da 1994 wels ganxorcielebulma saarCevno da antikorufciulma reformebma. aSkaraa, rom fragmentirebuli partiuli sistemisa da naklebad stabiluri xelisuflebis pirobebSi, politikuri Zalauflebac ufro aramdgradi
da advilad warmavali gaxda. Tumca, ucnobia, am cvlilebebma ramdenad moaxdina
gavlena klienteluri tipis urTierTobebze xelisuflebas, biurokratiasa da
biznes-elitas Soris kuluarul garigebebSi.
liberalur-demokratiuli partiis lideri premier-ministri
Ziunitiro koiZumi 2001 wlis
zeda palatis arCevnebSi sakuTari partiis STambeWdav gamarjvebas zeimobs. koiZumim liberalur-demokratiul partias
iaponiis politikaSi wamyvani
roli daubruna.

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kidev erTi tradicia, rac mniSvnelovan politikur cvlilebebs SeiZleba

emsxverplos, aris iaponiisaTvis maxasiaTebeli konsensusis principi gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas. erT-erTi eqspertis azriT:
es meTodi emyareba winapirobas, rom erTi jgufis _ magaliTad, soflis sabWos wevrebma unda ganagrZon diskusia, molaparakeba da kompromisuli garigebebi manam, sanam konsensusi iqneba miRweuli... demokratiuli
normebis gavrcelebis miuxedavad, konsensusiT marTvis tradicia jer
kidev aqtualuria da zogjer iwvevs `umravlesobis tiraniis~ winaaRmdeg xmamaRal gamosvlebs _ magaliTisaTvis, maSin roca mmarTveli Zala
axdens imgvari sakanonmdeblo iniciativis gatanas, romelsac opozicia
sastikad ewinaaRmdegeba.~14

iseve rogorc patron-klinteluri tipis urTierTobebi, konsensusis principi aseve Rrmad fesvgadgmulia iaponiis kulturasa da tradiciaSi da amitom
naklebad mosalodnelia am Rirebulebebis Canacvleba axlo momavalSi. Tumca,
arsebobs imis garkveuli molodinic, rom mravalpartiulobam da politikuri
arastabilurobis zrdam SesaZloa gaarTulos da moSalos kidec sazogadoebrivi konsensusis miRwevis principi da gansxvavebul azrs, politikur sistemaSi
faruli TanamSromlobisa da Cumi garigebebis nacvlad pirdapiri oponirebisaken ubiZgos.

sasamarTlo xelisufleba da iaponuri kultura

iaponiis sasamarTlo sistema amerikuli da evropuli gavlenis saintereso
magaliTs warmoadgens. amerikuli gavlena aSkaraa Tundac iaponiis umaRlesi
sasamarTlo organos, uzenaesi sasamarTlos dasaxelebaSi. umaRlesi mosamarTle mTavrobis wardginebis Semdgom iniSneba imperatoris mier. danarCeni
mosamarTleebi iniSnebian pirdapir kabinetis mier imperatoris yovelgvari
formaluri Carevis gareSe. uzenaesi sasamarTlo, misi amerikuli analogis
msgavsad, uflebamosilia iuridiuli revizia moaxdinos (anu SeuZlia gamoacxados esa Tu is sakanonmdeblo aqti arakonstituciurad). miuxedavad imisa, rom amerikuli sistemisaTvis ucxo ar aris, mainc eqstraordinaluria
ramodenime daniSnuli pirisaTvis imgvari Zalauflebis miniWeba, riTac SesaZlebelia 750 arCeuli piris gadawyvetilebis kanongareSed gamocxadeba da gauqmeba.
konstituciuri demokratiebis umravlesobaSi mosamarTleebi kanonmdeblebze
amgvari upiratesobiT ar arian aRWurvilni.
zogadad, sasamarTlo sistema ufro eropuli modelis mixedviT aris agebuli, magram, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, amerikul gavlenas ganicdis. kulturuli
TvalsazrisiT ki iaponelebi amerikelebTan SedarebiT ufro nakleb midrekilni
arian sxvadasxva davebis sasamarTlo gziT gadawyvetisaken _ ama Tu im samoqalaqo
konfliqtis Tu msubuqi danaSaulis SemTxvevaSi iuridiul saSualebebze metad
socialuri institutebsa da normebs mimarTaven. xSirad, Temis pativsacemi
piris, ojaxis ufrosis an samsaxurebrivi xelmZRvanelis warmatebuli Careva
amgvar SemTxvevebSi saqmis legaluri msvlelobis aucileblobas xsnis.

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muSaobs Tu ara demokratia iaponiaSi?

miuxedavad ekonomikuri da politikuri ryevebisa ukanaskneli aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi, demokratia iaponiaSi meore msoflio omis Semdgom periodSi
ZiriTadad stabiluri da myaria. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom iaponias manamde ar
hqonia saxalxo TviTmmarTvelobis raime gamocdileba, es miRweva ufro STambeWdavia. iseve rogorc germaniis SemTxvevaSi, iaponiaSic stabiluri demokratiis
CamoyalibebaSi ekonomikam Seasrula wamyvani roli. meore msoflio omis Semdeg
ekonomika Zalian swrafad da dinamiurad ganviTarda, xolo omis Sedegad dabombili qalaqebi (romelebsac simbolurad ganasaxierebda hirosima da nagasaki),
gadaiqca efeqtiani da inovaciuri industriuli warmoebis modelebad. reformatori samewarmeo elitis mier ekonomikuri zrdis mizanmimarTuli dagegmareba
mniSvnelovani iyo iaponiis swrafi aRmasvlisaTvis. aranaklebi wvlili Seitana
am saqmeSi msoflio savaWro sistemaSi intensiurma da moculobiTma CarTvam, iseve rogorc koreis omis dros (1950-53 ww.) masobrivma amerikulma Sesyidvebma.
eqsportze orientirebulma, merkantilisturma ekonomikurma strategiam momdevno ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi uzarmazari winsvla ganapiroba mZime mrewvelobis dargSi _ kerZod manqanaTmSeneblobaSi, avtomatikisa da samomxmareblo
eleqtronikis warmoebaSi. dResdReobiT iaponia msoflios erT-erT wamyvan ekonomikas warmoadgens miuxedavad `omamde arsebuli teritoriebis 52 procentis
dakargvis, kaliforniis Statis farTobis qveyanaSi 5 milionze meti adamianis
dabrunebis, sanaosno Zalebis 80%-ze metis ganadgurebisa da sawarmoTa erTi
mexuTedis da mravali didi qalaqis dangrevisa.~15
1980-iani wlebis Sua periodSi, iaponiis sabazro ekonomikis warmatebis
TvalsaCino niSani gaxda aSS-sTan mravalmiliardiani vaWrobidan miRebuli STambeWdavi mogeba. aSS iaponuri eqsportis mesamedis momxmarebels warmoadgenda.
aman aSS-Si iaponiis savaWro strategiis mwvave kritika gamoiwvia. iaponeli xelisufalni irwmunebodnen, rom amerikaSi arsebobda mzardi moTxovna produqciaze
iarliyiT `damzadebulia iaponiaSi~ (made in Japan), radgan amerikuli produqcia
xarisxiT Camouvardeboda mas. am tipis daZabuloba or ers Soris TiTqmis mTeli
aTwleuli grZeldeboda da gamoixateboda iaponiaSi nacionalizmis erTgvari
zrdiT, xolo aSS-Si `antiiaponuri~, e.w. `SeiZine amerikuli~ [produqcia] sentimentebis gaZlierebiT.
iaponia aRmocenda rogorc aziis pirveli, xolo msoflioSi rigiT meore
umZlavresi ekonomika, magram axlo warsulis gamocdileba gvarwmunebs, rom
amgvari jansaRi da Zlieri ekonomikac ki ar aris dazRveuli recesiisagan. 1990iani wlebis dasawyisSi, iaponiaSi ekonomikuri zrdis tempi mkveTrad daeca, ramac stagnacia gamoiwvia. Tavis mxriv es ukavSirdeboda bolo 12 wlis ganmavlobaSi oTxi ekonomikuri recesiis gavlenas. 1996 wlidan iaponiis sabanko sistema
uzarmazari zewolis qveS aRmoCnda, radgan saxelmwifo Carevisa da daxmarebis
moTxovnam kritikul zRvars miaRwia da amasTanave, aziis mravali ekonomika daeca sabanko da kreditebis daudevari politikisa da finansuri institutebis
Zalze araadekvaturi regulirebis gamo. axali aTaswleulis dasawyisSi iaponiis ekonomika ganagrZobda ukusvlas, rasac Tan axlda qveynis sabanko sistemis
CixSi Sesvla, mTavrobisagan damoukidebelad gaformebuli msxvili biznes-garigebebis Sedegad ganviTarebul dargebSi gaCenili problemebis gamo. kerZod,

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imgvari industriebi, rogoricaa mSenebloba, uZravi qonebis biznesi da sacalo
vaWoba, iqcnen sabanko sistemidan miRebuli uzarmazari sesxebis nakleb gadaxdisunarian mevaleebad.

iaponuri gegma: magaliTi

xelisuflebis Tanmimdevrulobis aRdgena

1990-iani wlebSi iaponiis winaSe mdgari yvelaze mZime politikuri sakiTxi bunebiT institucionaluri iyo: liberal demokratiuli partiis (ldp) monopoliis mospobis Semdeg
SeZlebda Tu ara iaponia im politikuri stabilurobis aRdgenas, romelic ldp-s mmarTvelobisas hqonda da romlis gareSe meore msoflio omis Semdgomi `ekonomikuri saocreba~ iqneb
arc momxdariyo? isev iqneboda Tu ara iaponur demokratiaze gavlena xelisuflebis susti
koaliciis gamo memkvidrul meryeobas, farTo masebis mxardaWeris mopovebis uunarobas an
SeTanxmebis miRwevas im sazogadoebaSi, sadac mudam fasobda konsensusi gadawyvetilebis
miRebisas?

konkurentuli upiratesobis SenarCuneba

ukanasknel periodSi aziam aramdgradoba daadastura. Tumca didi drois ganmavlobaSi iaponiis upiratesi savaWro mdgomareoba aziaSi ramdenime mimarTulebiT awydeboda sirTuleebs. sirTuleTa erTi jgufi e.w. axal samrewvelo qveynebs _ samxreT oreas, taivans da singapurs, moicavs. (hong kongi am jgufis wevri iyo 1997 wels CineTis kontrolis qveS xelmeored
moqcevamde. misi bedi, rogorc msoflio ekonomikis damoukidebeli aqtorisa kvlav bundovania.) ganviTarebadi aziuri qveynebis meore talRa tailandisa da malaiziis winamZRolobiT
aseve ucvlis saxes aziis regional ekonomikur urTierTobebs. magram grZelvadian periodSi
iaponuri merkantilizmisaTvis gacilebiT did aziur safrTxes globalur ekonomikaSi CineTis swrafad mzardi dominanturi roli warmoadgens.

SeerTebul StatebTan mWidro urTierTobebis SenarCuneba

SeerTebuli Statebi iaponiis yvelaze mniSvnelovani mokavSire da savaWro partnioria.
SeerTebuli Statebi, rogorc udidesi bazari da investirebisaTvis upiratesi adgili iaponiisaTvis, sasicocxlod arsebiTia am ukanasknelis ekonomikuri keTildReobisaTvis (da
piriqiT). wynari okeanis dasavleT auzSi SeerTebuli Statebis samxedro bazebis arsebobam da
amerikulma birTvulma dacvam (romelic Teoriulad ara mxolod SeerTebul Statebs, aramed
amerikis uaxloes samxedro mokavSireebsac icavs birTvuli Tavdasxmisagan) saSualeba misca
iaponias samomxmareblo mrewvelobis maRali teqnologiebis ganviTarebasa da sagareo bazrebze gadarTuliyo da mTliani Sida produqtis 1%-ze naklebi daexarja Tavdacvaze. miuxedavad amisa, vaWrobis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT Zveli kamaTis gamo daZabulobam da CrdiloeT
koreis birTvuli iaraRis ganviTarebis programis safrTxis gamo azrTa sxvadasxvaobam urTierTobebSi mainc iCina Tavi. SeerTebuli Statebis xelisuflebis azriT, iaponiasTan mimarTebaSi xangrZlivi amerikuli savaWro deficitis mizezi iaponiis proteqcionisturi politika
da Caketili kulturaa, romelic xSirad iaponias potenciuri ucxoeli konkurentebisaTvis
TiTqmis miuwvdomels xdis.

cxovrebis maRali donis SenarCuneba

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1990-iani wlebis dasawyisidan moyolebuli xangrZlivi ekonomikuri recesiis miuxedavad,

iaponia mdidar sazogadoebad rCeba. is patara qveyanaa mravalricxovani mosaxleobiT; misi
miwis udidesi nawili mTiania da sacxovreblad gamousadegari. iaponiaSi WarbmosaxleobasTan
dakavSirebuli iseTi problemebia gavrcelebuli, rogoricaa haerisa da xmauriT dabinZureba, sacobebi gzebze, miwis maRali fasi. Tanamedrove teqnologiebi iaponiasa Tu romelime
sxva qveyanas ekonomikuri zeganviTarebis uaryofiT aspeqtebis mogvarebis gzebs jer ver
sTavazobs.

tradiciisa da Tanamedroveobis dabalanseba

iaponuri kultura dRemde did gavlenas axdens iaponuri sazogadoebis iersaxeze. SemTxveviTi damkvirveblisaTvis iaponia Tanamedroveobis gansaxierebaa. Tumca sinamdvileSi
iaponelTa umravlesobaSi tradiciuli faseulobebi da damokidebulebebia Zvalsa da rbilSi
gamjdari da jiutad ebRauWebian warsuls. amis gamo ucxosaTvis Zalze Znelia iaponiaSi saqmis dawyeba da warmatebis miRweva. gauTavebeli debatebis Temaa tradicia da Tanamedroveoba.
zogi amtkicebs, rom iaponiam kari unda gauRos sxva xalxebs, sxvebi ki SiSoben, isedac mravalgvari ucxouri gavlena dauSves, rac safrTxes uqmnis iaponur kulturas. iaponuri ekonomikis daRmavloba kidev ufro aRrmavebs am arguments da zogs afiqrebinebs, rom iaponiis
ekonomikas saswrafod sWirdeba modernizacia da safuZvliani struqturuli reforma.

im `ekonomikuri saswaulis~ Semdgom, romelic iaponiaSi demokratiis ganviTarebis sawyis aTwleulebs da 1980-iani wlebis ekonomikur bums daemTxva,
da rasac STambeWdavi pikidan swrafi vardna mohyva, sainteresoa, aRmoCnda Tu
ara safrTxis qveS iaponiis saparlamento demokratia? pasuxia ara. miuxedavad
1990-iani wlebis Seferxebebisa, sazogadoebrivi azri pozitiuria: iaponelTa 60
procenti kvlavac kmayofilia arsebuli cxovrebis doniT, rac imaze miuTiTebs
rom es maCvenebeli sruliadac ar Secvlila im `Zveli kargi drois~ Semdgom,
roca iaponia SesaSurad swrafad viTardeboda da aziisa da mTeli msoflios
mowinave qveynad iqca. amgvari optimizmis arseboba qveynisaTvis sakmaod rTul
etapze garkveulwilad iZleva im rwmenis safuZvels, rom iaponiaSi demokratia
myaria da mas mniSvnelovani safrTxe ar emuqreba. metic, warmateba TavisTavad
Sedegiania. SemTxveviTi sulac ar aris, rom ekonomikurma warmatebam ganapiroba imgvari politikuri sistemis Camoyalibeba, romelic samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebs yovelgvar avtoritarul mmarTvelobasa Tu samxedro eqspansionizmze maRla ayenebda.

saparlamento mmarTveloba `uCveulo adgilebSi~

Tuki saparlamento sistema muSaobs evropasa da iaponiaSi (sadac am sistemis danergva iaponiis meore msoflio omSi damarcxebis Semdgom `garedan~ moxda), sainteresoa, ramdenad unariania igi im regionebSi, sadac demokratias ar
gaaCnia adgilobrivi wanamZRvrebi an sulac im qveynebSi, romelebic mezoblebTan mudmivi omis mdgomareobaSi imyofebian? indoeTisa da israelis magaliTebi bevris mTqmelia, SeiZleba iTqvas, pasuxis Semcvelic: pasuxi ki namdvilad
sasiamovno moulodnelobas warmoadgens saparlamento demokratiis momxree-

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bisTvis.

indoeTi: saparlamento `saswauli~

indoeTi uZvelesi civilizaciebisa da didi imperiebis, maT Soris mogolebis (muslimi dampyroblebis) istoriuli samSobloa. igi me-19 saukuneSi
didi britaneTis koloniad gadaiqca, Tumca meore msoflio omis Semdgom damoukidebloba aRidgina. mosaxleoba or ZiriTad da gansxvavebul jgufad iyofa: eseni arian indusebi (yvelaze mravalricxovani) da muslimebi, romelebic
meore msoflio omamde cxovrobdnen indoeTis istoriul teritoriaze. muslimTa yvelaze mWidro dasaxlebebi indoeTis Crdilo-dasavleT da aRmosavleT
nawilebSia koncentrirebuli, maSin roca maT Soris mdebare farTo teritoria
(romelic britaneTis kolonialuri mmarTvelobis qveS imyofeboda) dasaxlebulia ZiriTadad indusTa TemebiT. am or religiurad gansxvavebul jgufs Soris
konfliqtis Tavidan asacileblad britanelebma koloniis datovebisas teritoria gayves da ori saxelmwifo: indoeTi da pakistani Camoayali-bes. pakistanis
dasavleT da aRmosavleT nawilebs erTmaneTisagan maT Soris mdebare indoeTis
teritoria aSoriSorebda.
es geografiuli anomalia, mxolod erT-erTia im mravalricxovan problemaTgan, romelic britanelebma gadauWreli datoves. garda amisa, arsebobda
aseve indusebisa da muslimebis dapirispireba Tavad indoeTSi. marTalia, am
ukanasknelTa umravlesoba pakistanSi iyo koncentrirebuli, magram sakmaod
didi muslimuri umciresoba darCa axlad Camoyalibebuli indoeTis damoukidebeli saxelmwifos teritoriazec. kidev ufro problematur Taviseburebas
indoeTisaTvis, rogorc demokratiisaTvis, warmoadgenda misi eTnikuri da
kulturuli siWrele. qveyanaSi Zalian bevri lingvisturi jgufia, romlebic
sxvadasxva da erTmaneTisaTvis sruliad gaugebar enebze saubroben, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT religiur mravalferovnebaze, siqizmis, jainizmis, qristianobis, induizmisa Tu islamis saxiT.
dabolos, aucilebelia imis aRniSvnac, rom Tanamedrove indoeTi xasiaTdeba siRaribis maRali maCvenebeliTa da mosaxleobis feTqebadi zrdis tempiT.
es ori problema e.w. ganviTarebadi msoflios bevr qveyanaSi erTmaneTTan kavSirSi da erTmaneTis paralelurad arsebobs. mosaxleobis raodenobis mixedviT indoeTi iyo da kvlavac rCema msoflioSi meore qveyanad (CineTis Semdgom).
dResdReobiT indoeTSi miliardze meti adamiani cxovrobs. aTobiT milioni
wera-kiTxvis ucodinaria, asobiT milioni soflis macxovrebeli ki (romlebic
mosaxleobis umravlesobas warmoadgnen) _ Zalian Raribi.
indoeTma araerTi politikuri areuloba da konfliqti gamoiara, maT Soris omebi mezoblebTan _ CineTsa da pakistanTan. gansakuTrebiT mwvavea konfliqti pakistanTan qaSmiris sadavo teritoriaze. amasTanave, indoeTsac da
pakistansac gaaCnia atomuri ganviTarebis programebi da, savaraudod, moqmedi
birTvuli iaraRic. or qveyanas Soris daZabulobam ramdenimejer SeiaraRebuli konfliqtic gamoiwvia, maT Soris uaxles warsulSi, 2002 wels. erT-erTi
yvelaze kritikuli epizodi Seiqmna 1970-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, roca aRmosavleT pakistani gamoeyo qveynis danarCen teritorias da damoukidebel saxelmwifod _ bangladeSad Camoyalibda. garda amisa, Temebis dapirispireba (in-

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dusebis, muslimebis, siqhebis) da eTnikuri Zaladoba mniSvnelovan safrTxes
uqmnida indoeTis saxelmwifoebriobasa da stabilurobas.
da mainc, saparlamento demokratia ager ukve naxevar saukuneze metia funqcionirebs im sazogadoebaSi, romelic sxvadasxva tipis uamravi da urTulesi
problebis winaSe dgas da sadac TavisTavad ukve erTiani saxelmwifos arseboba,
erTi xelisuflebis kontrolqveS _ ra formisac unda iyos es xelisufleba _ ukve
saocrebaa. erTi SemTxvevis garda (rodesac 1970-iani wlebis bolos premier-ministrma indira gandim gamoacxada sagangebo mdomareoba da SeiTavsa diqtatoruli Zalaufleba), indoeli liderebi (didi javaharlar nerudan moyolebuli)
britanuli stilis saparlamento demokratiis CarCoebSi moqmedebdnen.
indoeTi federaluri sistemaa arapirdapiri wesiT arCeuli prezidentiT,
romelsac xelisuflebaSi metwilad ceremonialuri datvirTva aqvs. realur
Zalauflebas flobs xalxis mier arCeuli parlamenti da premier-ministri, romelic arCevnebSi gamarjvebuli umravlesobis lideria (iseve rogorc sxva saparlamento sistemebSi). premier-ministri akompleqtebs kabinets da dasamtkiceblad
warudgens parlamentis qveda palatas, romelsac loq sabha ewodeba. parlamentis
zeda palata (raja sabha) arapirdapiri wesiT irCeva. igi erTgvarad qveda palatis
`meore xmas~ warmoadgens, Tumca ganixilavs da SeuZlia gaaWianuros kidec kanonis miReba, riTac Tavis wevrebs kanonSemoqmedebisa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis
procesze garkveuli gavlenis moxdenis saSualebas aZlevs.

israeli: omis respublika

indoeTis msgavsad, israeli meore msoflio omis Semdgom Seiqmna. Tumca
indoeTisagan gansxvavebiT, israeli ara adgilobriv macxovrebelTa, aramed
axalCasaxlebulTa saxelmwifod Camoyalibda. indoeTisagan ganmasxvavebeli
kidev erTi mkveTri niSani isic aris, rom israelis problema mosaxleobisa da
teritoris ukiduresi simcirea, maSin roca indoeTisaTvis problemaa am faqtorebis ukiduresi sidide. arsebobis dRidan israeli mtrulad ganwyobili arabuli saxelmwifoebiT garSemortymul dapirispirebebisa da winaaRmdegobebis
arealad iqca. metic, TviTon israelis Seqmnac ZaladobasTan iyo dakavSirebuli
_ xangrZliv da sastik brZolebTan, romelsac israeli adgilobriv palestinel
arabebTn awarmoebda.
israelis saxelmwifo sekularulia, magram sazogadoeba iudeuria. ebraelTa masobrivi migracia palestinaSi 1930-ian wlebSi germaniaSi hitleris
aRzevebasTan erTad daiwyo. Tumca, ebrauli saxemwifosaTvis brZola ufro
adre, 1890-ian wlebSi gaiSala. sionizmi (rogorc es moZraoba iwodeboda) gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda 1917 wels (pirveli msoflio omis dros) cnobili balfuris deklaraciis Sedegad, romelic britaneTis maSindeli sagareo saqme-Ta
ministris saxels ukavSirdeba, romelmac, Tavis mxriv, pirvelad oficialurad
gamoTqva ebrauli saxelmwifos Seqmnis idea (im dros, palestina faqtobrivad
didi britaneTis kolonias warmoadgenda). magram realurad israelis saxelmwifo nacisturi germaniis mier 1939-1945 wlebSi ganxorcielebuli holokostis
(ix. V Tavi) pirmSoa. am Semzaravi tragediis Semdgom masobrivi lozungebis `aRarasodes ganmeordes~ fonze da ori wamyvani qveynis mxardaWeriT, israelis saxelmwifos damaarseblebma 1947 wels gamarjveba izeimes.

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israeli omisa da cecxlis Sedegad Seiqmna, Tumca mis legitimurobas sami
wamyvani Zalis _ aSS-is, didi britaneTisa da gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis (erTa ligis `STamomavali~) _ erToblivi mxardaWera uzrunvelyofda. Tavdapirvelad iyo idea, rom Seqmniliyo ori saxelmwifo: israeli da palestina, xolo
ierusalimi, rogorc sami religiis wminda adgili, yofiliyo saerTaSoriso qalaqi gaeros egidis qveS. am ideis ganxorcielebis perspeqtiva CaiSala, maSin,
roca palestinelma arabebma uaryves amgvari winadadeba (ebraelebma miiRes).
amis Semdeg, palestinel arabTa umravlesoba gaaZeves teritoriidan. gaZevebulebma Tavi ltolvilTa banakebs Seafares Razas seqtorSi, mdinare iordanes
dasavleT sanapirosa da libanSi. nawili ltolvilebisa sxva arabul qveynebSi
gaiqca.
am movlenebma sasowarkveTiTa da SurisZiebiT aRsavse Zalian mZime memkvidreoba datova, ramac waruSleli daRi daasva axlo aRmosavleTis istorias. israelma sami omi awarmoa egviptesTan da samiveSi gamarjveba moipova: 1956 wlis
suecis omi, 1967 wlis eqvsdRiani omi, 1973 wlis iom kipuris omi. 1967 wlis omis
Sedegad israelma Tavisi kontrolis qveS moaqcia Razas seqtori da sinais udabno egvipteSi, mdinare iordanes dasavleT sanapiro (iordania), siriis golanis
maRlobebi. 1973 wlis omSi israelma moipova imgvari upiratesoba, roca SeeZlo
mTeli egviptis dapyroba, magram aSS-is mxridan seriozuli diplomatiuri zewolis Sedegad, gadaifiqra amis ganxorcieleba. 1978 wels aSS-is prezident jimi
karteris ZalisxmeviTa da SuamavlobiT gaformda kemp-devidis SeTanxmeba _ zavi
israelsa da egviptes Soris. es istoriuli garigeba aSS-is mxridan orive mxarisaTvis gamoyofil seriozul subsidiebs ukavSirdeboda. samagierod, am SeTanxmebam realurad imuSava: israelsa da egviptes 1973 wlis Semdgom anu ukve sam
aTeul weliwadze meti xania aRar hqoniaT SeiaraRebuli dapirispireba.
miuxedavad amisa, samwuxarod, axlo aRmosavleTisa da gansakuTrebiT israelis istoria 1978 wlidan arastabilurobisa da Zaladobis pirobebSi viTardeba. umetes SemTxvevebSi amgvari movlenebis epicentrSi swored israelia.
daZabulobisa da konfrontaciebis am dausrulebel jaWvSi libani, libia, siria, erayi da irani warmoadgenen israelis ZiriTad antagonistebs da dapirispirebul mxareebs. 1980-ian da 1990-ian wlebSi, okupirebul teritoriebze xangrZlivma palestinurma ajanyebam _ romelsac arabulad intifada ewodeba _
uamravi sicocxle Seiwira da aunazRaurebeli tanjva da danakargi gamoiwvia
orive mxares. xSirad or amgvar ajanyebas moixsenieben, Tumca realurad es erTi
xangrZlivi procesia, romelic 1990-ian wlebSi samSvidobo garigebis imedad
droebiT Sewyda. magram mSvidobis molodini ar gamarTlda. axlac, israeli okupirebul teritoriebis palestinelebTan SeiaraRebul konfliqtSi imyofeba,
xolo palestinelebi agrZeleben TviTmkvleli teroritebis mier ganxorcielebuli afeTqebebs serias israelSi.
yvela am winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad, israeli daarsebis dRidan Seferxebis gareSe funqcionirebda, rogorc saparlamento demokratia. didi britaneTis msgavsad, israels ara aqvs dawerili konstitucia. konstituciuri
principebis werilobiT gaformebas Tavi aari des im mize zis gamo, rac saparlamento mmarTvelobis SenarCunebisaTvisac mniSvnelovania: arsebobs imis
gancda, rom aucilebelia usafrTxoebis eqstremaluri zomebis gatareba, rac
iwvevs samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebis garkveul SezRudvas da faqtobrivad 600
000 palestineli arabis sistematiur diskreditacias (SedarebisaTvis, ebrau-

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li mosaxleoba daaxloebiT, 5,1 milionia). Tumca, israelis moqalaqeebs Tavisufal arCevnebSi regularuli monawileobis ufleba da SesaZlebloba aqvT.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom israeli zogierT SemTxvevaSi zedmetad demokratiulic ki aris: arCevnebi, romelic Ria sistemas eyrdnoba, Riaa yvelasaTvis da
saSualebas aZlevs Tundac axladCamoyalibebul patara partiebs mandatebis
garkveuli raodenoba moipovon qneseTSi (parlamenti), rac zogjer qaosur
siWrelesac ki qmnis. yalibdeba koaliciuri mTavrobebi, sadac xSirad SesaZlebelia erTad vixiloT memarjvene da memarcxene Zalebi, gamomdinare qveyanaSi
arsebuli viTarebidan, arab mezoblebTan urTierTobebis mdgomareobidan da
bunebrivia, arCevnebis Sedegebidan. krizisulma situaciebma da safrTxeebis ganeitralebis mudmivma aucileblobam erTgvarad gadaarCina kidec sazogadoeba
winaaRmdegobrivi politikuri kulturis aRzevebis, qaosuri partiuli sistemis Camoyalibebisa da Sedegad, xelisuflebis arastabilurobisagan.
Tumca, isreali rCeba erTgvarad saocar ekonomikur da politikur fenomenad, romelic viTardeba daarsebis dRidan misTvis araxelsayrel, xSirad
mtrul garemoSi. da Tuki israels ZaluZs qmediTi saparlamento demokratiis
SenarCuneba, Tundac aSS-is uzarmazari saxelmwifo Tu sazogadoebrivi mxardaWeriT, SesaZlebelia vivaraudoT, rom nebismier sazogadoebas Sesabamisi
kulturuli wanamZRvrebiT, SeuZlia igive.
dasavleTis (gansakuTrebiT didi britaneTis) gavlena garkveulwilad,
Tumca ara srulfasovnad, gvexmareba avxsnaT, ra aris demokratiis war matebis
mizezi indoeTSi. am ori qveynis magaliTi, sadac warmoudgenel pirobebSi muSaobs saparlamento demokratia, ar amtkicebs imas, rom saxalxo TviTmmarTveloba yvelgan iqneboda qmediTi, magram namdvilad cxadyofs, rom igi muSaobs zogjer sruliad warmoudgenel adgilebSic ki.

prezidentebi da parlamentebi: SedarebiTi daxasiaTeba

sainteresoa, rogor gamoiyureba saparlamento da saprezidento demokratiis sistemebi erTmaneTTan mimarTebaSi? SedarebiTi daxasiaTebis gamartivebisaTvis aSS-sa da didi britaneTis `modelebs~ gamoviyenebT.

sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba
sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis funqcia nebismier konstituciur demokratiaSi kanonSemoqmdebeba da kanonis amoqmedebaa. am ZiriTadi saerTo niSnis garda,
britanuli da amerikuli sakanonmdeblo Stoebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. britanuli tradiciis mixedviT parlamenti suverenuli organoa.
cnobili britaneli iuristis, ser uiliam bleqstounis (1723-1780 ww.) sityvebiT
parlaments SeuZlia `yvelafris keTeba, rac bunebrivad SeuZlebeli ar aris~.
kidev erTi cnobili avtoris Tanaxmad `saparlamento suverenitetis koncefcias
udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs da gamoarCevs britaneTs demokratiuli qveynebis umravlesobisagan. parlaments SeuZlia miiRos nebismieri kanoni, romelsac is miiCnevs mizanSewonilad da arc erT sxva organos ar ZaluZs am kanonis ugulebelyo-

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fa misi arakonstituciurad gamocxadebis an arasasurvelad miCnevis motiviT.~16
amerikuli sistema konstitucias kongresze maRlac ki ayenebs. 1803 wlis `marberi
medisonis winaaRmdeg~ saqmis Semdgom, aSS-is uzenaesma sasamarTlom warmatebiT
daamkvidra sakuTari ufleba da movaleoba kongresis mier damtkicebuli nebismier kanoni `daZiros,~ Tu mas arakonstituciurad miiCnevs.17
aRsaniSnavia, rom ori qveynis sakanonmdeblo Stos bevri msgavsi funqcia
aqvs. magaliTad, es arCeuli organo orive sistemaSi uflebamosilia miiRos
an `Caagdos~ esa Tu is kanoni, daamtkicos ministrebi da aseve, orives gaaCnia
ufleba moiTxovos an moikvlios informacia umaRlesi aRmasruleblis da aseve
kabinetis wevrebis Sesaxeb, maSin roca es ufleba ufro aSkarad da masStaburad
britanul sistemaSi gamoiyeneba, vidre amerikulSi. garda amisa, es organoebi
orive qveyanaSi warmoadgens forums qveynis yoveldRiurobaSi yvelaze aqtualuri sakiTxebis Ria ganxilvisaTvis.
Tumca, didi britaneTisagan gansxvavebiT, sxva saparlamento demokratiebs (garda israelisa) gaaCnia dawerili konstitucia. rogorc wesi, konstituciis mierve Seqmnili parlamenti ar aris uflebamosili daarRvios uzenaesi
kanoni an misiT manipulireba moaxdinos. Sesworebebis Setana, ra Tqma unda SesaZlebelia, magram es procesi, rogorc wesi, Zalian rTuli da winaaRmdegobrivia.
konstitucia iTvaliswinebs specialuri sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Seqmnis
SesaZleblobas, rogorc es, magaliTad, germaniaSi, safrangeTsa da espaneTSia,
mas miniWebuli aqvs ufleba gamoacxados esa Tu is kanoni an samTavrobo aqti
arakonstituciurad.
sakanonmdeblo Stos damoukidebloba. marTalia, kongresis Zalaufleba SezRudulia konstituciiT, magram aSS-is kanonmdeblebs damoukideblad
manevrirebisaTvis gacilebiT ufro farTo asparezi aqvT britanel kolegebTan
SedarebiT, radganac amerikeli warmomadgenelTa palatis wevrebisa da senatorebis arCevisas pirovnuli faqtori gacilebiT mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs,
vidre `partiuli bileTi.~ kongresi faqtobrivad 500-ze meti potenciuri popularuli lideris asambleas warmoadgens. politikur partiebs udavod aqvT
garkveuli gavlena, magram aSS-Si naklebad Zlevamosilni arian imisaTvis, rom
mtkice da mkacri kontroli ganaxorcielon. aseve, imis realuri SesaZlebloba,
rom kongresis erT palataSi erTi partia dominirebdes, xolo meoreSi ki sxva,
kompromiss aucileblobadac ki aqcevs, rac, Tavis mxriv, azrs ukargavs mkacri
partiuli disciplinisa Tu morCileba-erTgulebis raime saWiroebas. amave albaTobiT, SesaZlebelia kongress akontrolebdnen, magaliTad, demokratebi,
xolo TeTr saxls _ respublikelebi (rac sakmaod xSirad xdeba), rasac igive efeqti aqvs.18 dabolos, kongresmenebi ZiriTadad konkretul da lokalur interesebze ufro arian orientirebulni, vidre saqveyno masStabis saerTo sakiTxebze.
isini arCeulni arian swored konkretuli Statisa da saarCevno olqis mier imisaTvis, rom adgilobrivi interesebis lobireba moaxdinon, maT Soris, im gavleniani interes-jgufebisa, romelic TiTqmis yvela arCeul kandidats sWirdeba winasaarCevno kampaniis mxardaWerisa da dafinansebisaTvis da amitom gamarjvebis
Semdgom `valSi~ arian maTTan.

rogorc warmomadgenelTa palatis yofilis

spikeri tip onili xumrobiT aRniSnavda, `yvela politika adgilobrivia,~ rac

garkveulwilad simarTlis marcvalsac Seicavda erT dros. Tumca, dResdReobiT vaSingtonSi nebismieri politika, ramdenad `adgilobrivic~ unda iyos igi

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garegnulad, finansdeba politikuri aqtivobis komitetis (PAC) mier, naclad
nebismieri erTeuli Statis Sida resursisa. amitomac, xSirad swored finansebi yovelgvar partiul kuTvnilebaze metadac ki gansazRvravs kanonmdebelTa
gadawyvetilebebs sakiTxebis umetesobis irgvliv.
saparlamento sistemebis umravlesoba aSS-sTan SedarebiT gacilebiT
ufro mkacr partiul disciplinas da wesrigs emyareba, gansakuTrebiT im qveynebSi, sadac proporciuli saarCevno sistemaa. am SemTxvevaSi, sakanonmdeblo
organos deputatebi airCevian mravalmandatian saarCevno olqebSi partiuli
siis mixedviT. imisaTvis, rom esa Tu is kandidati arCeuli iqnas, saWiroa kargi
urTierTobebi hqondes partiasTan da mis gavlenian gundTan, romelic wyvets,
Casvas Tu ara kandidati saarCevno siaSi da ra nomrad (anu, siis dasawyisSi, bolos Tu Sua nawilSi). siis dasawyisSi myof kandidatebs yvelaze didi Sansi aqvT
iyvnen arCeulni.
struqturuli sirTule. gavlenisa da Zalauflebis dayofa kongresSi
mis struqturas britaneTis parlamentTan SedarebiT gacilebiT ufro kompleqsurs xdis. aRsaniSnavia, rom britaneTis TemTa palataSi mxolod eqvsi mudmivi komitetia, romelic 20-dan 50-mde deputats aerTianebs da ar gaaCnia specializacia, anu ganixilavs kanonproeqtebis mTel rigs Tematikis miuxedavad.
Sesabamisad, komitetebi ar arian uflebamosilni moiwvion specialuri mosmena
an moiTxovon saeqsperto ganxilva da aseve ar SeuZliaT Tavi aaridon ganxilvas.
yvelaze meti, maT SeuZliaT garkveuli teqnikuri da lingvisturi cvlilebebis
Setana proeqtSi. sakomiteto muSaoba amitom sakmaod mosawyeni da trivialuric
ki SeiZleba iyos, Tumca is limitirebul, magram mainc garkveul saSualebas iZleva lobizmisaTvis.
amdenad, britaneTis parlamentis sakomiteto sistema Zalian gansxvavdeba
aSS-is kongresisagan. warmomadgenelTa palataSi, iseve rogorc senatSi TxuTmetze meti specializebuli komitetia, romlebic qmnian politikur landSafts. am
komitetebs gaaCnia mravalricxovani qvekomitetebi kidev ufro viwro specializaciiT. aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis programebisa da saqmianobis gamoZiebis
SemTxvevaSi, komitetebsa da qvekomitetebs SeuZliaT specialuri mosmenis
mowveva da mowmeebis sasamarTloSi gamoZaxebis moTxovna. es kargad struqturirebuli sakomiteto sistema didwilad gansazRvravs sakanonmdeblo saqmianobas qveyanaSi. imdenad, ramdenadac deputatebi ver iqnebian erTdroulad
yvela sakiTxis eqspertebi, isini irCeven konkretul specializacias _ iqneba es
soflis murneoba, sagareo politika, SromiTi urTierTobebi da a.S. amasTanave,
amgvari specializacia sakmaod did dros moiTxovs. politologebi xSirad saubroben erTgvar sakvalifikacio sistemaze kongresis orive palataSi. zogadad,
yvelaze gavleniani da qmediTi kanonmdeblebi arian isini, vinc ukve garkveuli
periodis ganmavlobaSi floben mandats da Sesabamisad, kargad erkvevian ama Tu
im sakiTxSi. maT mosazrebas da pozicias gansakuTrebuli wona aqvs.
kongresis mxridan mudmivi monitoringisa da kontrolis funqcia sxvadasxva formiT gamoixateba. Secdomebs SesaZloa adgili hqondes kanonSemoqmedebiTi procesis ama Tu im etapze (magaliTad, sabiujeto procesis avtorizaciis da asignebis fazaSi, an sakiTxis mokvlevisa da sakomiteto mosmenis dros).
is kanonmdeblebi, romelTac sakmarisi raodenobis profesionali kadrebi hyavT, regularulad axorcieleben programis Sefasebasa da politikis revizias.

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es kadrebi ki xSirad gavleniani funqcionerebi arian `kulisebidan~, romelTa
rCevebsa da eqspertizas eyrdnobian.
britanuli saparlamento sistema mkveTrad gansxvavdeba am kuTxiT. angariSvaldebulebis gamoxatvis yvelaze mniSvnelovani meqanizmia kiTxvebis saaTi,
romelic kviris ramdenime dRes tardeba da sadac calkeuli ministrebi parlamentarTa mier miRebul SekiTxvebs pasuxoben. SekiTxvebi TavisTavad SeiZleba
iyos rogorc mwvave xasiaTis, ise sakmaod trivialuri, SesaZloa miznad isaxavdes mTavrobisaTvis misi pasuxismgeblobebis Sexsenebas, sajaro yuradRebis
miqcevas konkretul sakiTxze, da/an damatebiTi informaciis miRebas. SedarebisaTvis, amerikuli kongresisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli specializacia TiTqmis srulad ignorirebulia angariSvaldebulebis saparlamento sistemaSi.
sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebli funqciebis SekavSireba. kidev erTi
TvalSisacemi gansxvaveba or politikur sistemas Soris gaxlavT is, Tu ra doziT monawileobs sakanonmdeblo organo aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis dakompleqtebaSi. rogorc adre aRvniSneT, parlamenti gadamwyvet rols asrulebs
axali administraciis (kabinetis) CamoyalibebaSi. premier-ministri aris saparlamento umravlesobis partiis lideri da kabinetis danarCeni wevrebis SerCevac partiis liderTa rigebidan xdeba. radganac saparlamento sistemaSi `wyalgamyofi xazi~ aRmasrulebel da sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebas Soris arc ise
mkafioa, Znelia imis zustad Camoyalibeba, sad iwyeba erTis da mTavrdeba meoris
Zalaufleba.
ZalTa amgvar gaerTianebas adgili ara aqvs saprezidento sistemaSi. senatorebisa da warmomadgenlebisagan gansxvavebiT, prezidents gaaCnia nacionaluri saxalxo mandati da misi Zalaufleba gamomdinareobs konstituciis
calke segmentidan. TumcaRa, kongress mainc gaaCnia garkveuli gavlenis moxdenis berketi aRmasruleblis dakompleqtebaze, radgan misma orive palatam
unda daamtkicos warmodgenili Semadgenloba da aseve gadawyvitos sxva maRali
Tanamdebobis pirebis daniSvnis sakiTxi. Tu aRmasruleblis esa Tu is qmedeba
winaaRmdegobrivia an eWvs iwvevs, sakanonmdeblo organos Sesabamis komitets,
konstituciis mier miniWebuli makontroleblis funqciis gamoyenebiT, SeuZlia
moiTxovos aRmasrulebeli pirebis da/an sxva mowmeebis sasamarTlo dakiTxva.
amdenad, adgili aqvs mudmiv urTierTqmedebas sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebel
Stoebs Soris. Tumca, britaneTis parlamentisagan gansxvavebiT, aSS-is kongress
ar SeuZlia aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis daTxovna `undoblobis gamocxadebis~
uflebiT. im SemTxvevaSic, Tu kongresi ar miiRebs TeTri saxlis mier warmodgenil raime sakvanZo mniSvnelobis programas, prezidenti darCeba Tanamdebobaze
sruli oTxwliani vadiT (eqstraordinaruli SemTxvevebis _ impiCmenti, gardacvaleba, an gadadgoma _ gamoklebiT).

aRmasrulebeli

xelisufleba

xelisuflebis aRmasrulebeli Sto warmodgenilia mTavrobis meTauriT

da saxelmwifos meTauriT, kabinetiT da biurokratiuli aparatiT. Zalian bevr
msgavsebasTan erTad ori politikuri sistemis aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas
axasiaTebs zogierTi gansxvaveba, romlebsac Cven ganvixilavT. upirvelesad,
aSS prezidenti aris mTavrobis meTauri da saxelmwifos meTauri, maSin roca

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britaneTSi es funqciebi gayofilia premier-ministrsa da monarqs Soris. am ori
uflebamosilebis SeTavseba aSS-is prezidentis instituts ufro gavleniansa
da prestiJuls xdis britanuli premier-ministris institutTan SedarebiT.
prezidenti ara mxolod uZRveba mTavrobas da gamodis saxelmwifos saxeliT,
aramed, britaneTis premierisgan gansxvavebuiT, arCeulia personalurad saerTo erovnul arCevnebSi.
aSS-is prezidentis fiqsirebuli samoqmedo vadac sakmaod daculia.
bri taneTis premieris pozicia ki mniSvnelovnad damokidebulia imaze, Tu
ramdenad SeZlebs igi TemTa palataSi umravlesobis mxardaWerisa da ndobis
SenarCunebas. sakmaod xSirad yofila premier-ministris postidan daTxovnis
precedentebi, saxalxo ukmayofilebis an parlamentSi sakvanZo umravlesobis
dakargvis gamo.
mxolod amomrCevlebs SeuZliaT moqmedi prezidentis gadayeneba, Tu ar
CavTvliT aseve eqstraordinaruli garemoebebs. amerikis arc erTi prezidenti
ar yofila impiCmentis wesiT gadayenebuli (endriu jonsons da uiliam klintons
kongresis warmomadgenelTa palatam gamoucxada impiCmenti, magram arc erT SemTxvevaSi senats ar daudasturebia es gadawyvetileba). didi albaTobiT, riCard
niqsoni SesaZloa realurad gamxdariyo prezidenti, romelsac

impiCmentis

wesiT gadaayenebdnen, magram amgvari Sedegis dadgomamde igi Tavad gadadga.

saprezidento postis kidev erTi upiratesoba meti avtonomiurobaa gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi. aSS-is kabinetis wevrebs ZiriTadad administraciuli da sakonsultacio funqciebi aqvT da prezidents Sexedulebisamebr SeuZlia
gamoiyenos an ar gamoiyenos maTi rCeva ama Tu im gadawyvetilebis miRebisas. britaneTis premier-ministri ki kabinetSi moqmedebs, rogorc `pirveli TanasworTa
Soris~. TumcaRa am tradiciam didwilad dakarga Zala, premieri ZiriTadad mainc
kolegialur gadawyvetilebebs iRebs [kabinetis danarCen wevrebTan TanamSromlobiT]. imave logikiT moqmedebs koleqtiuri pasuxismgeblobis principic,
romelic faqtobrivad gamoricxavs kabinetis wevrebis mxridan xelisuflebis
politikis nebismieri aspeqtis kritikas, an saerTo pasuxismgeblobis aridebas.
dabolos, prezidenti qveynis mxedarTmTavaria, aseve mTavari kanonmdebeli (ara mxolod misi vetos uflebidan gamomdinare, aramed aseve mis mier wardgenili mravalricxovani sakanonmdeblo proeqtebis gamo) da mTavari diplomatic.
aSS-is prezidents uWiravs posti, romelsac demokratiulad arCeul mTavar aRmasruleblebs Soris faqtobrivad yvelaze meti Zalaufleba, uflebamosileba
da avtoriteti gaaCnia.
Tumca, erT aspeqtSi britaneTis premier-ministris uflebamosilebebi
mainc aWarbebs aSS-is prezidentisas. marTalia, prezidenti imavdroulad partiis lideric aris, magram es funqcia mniSvnelovanad SezRudulia partiebis
decentralizebuli, susti struqturis gamo. britaneTis premier-ministri ki
gacilebiT ufro metia, vidre mmarTveli partiis tituliani lideri. did britaneTSi partiis xelmZRvaneloba udides rols asrulebs partiuli programisa
da politikis warmatebis saqmeSi. premieri swored partiis meSveobiT axorcilebs marTvas. maSin roca, amerikul sistemaSi partiebs ZaluZT garkveuli gavlenis moxdena maT Tanapartiel konkretul pirebze warmomadgenelTa palataSi
an senatSi, britaneTis sistemaSi partiebi orientirebulni arian TemTa palataSi kenWisyrisas maTi deputatebis politikuri qcevis [xmis micemis] saerTo kontrolze. sxva demokratiuli sistemebis umravlesoba am TvalsazrisiT britanul

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sistemasTan ufro axlos dgas, vidre amerikulTan.

sasamarTlo xelisufleba
miuxedavad mniSvnelovani struqturuli gansxvavebebisa amerikul da britanul sasamarTlo sistemebs Soris, maT aerTianebT e.w. saerTo samarTlis (common law) tradicia. saerTo samarTali emyareba mosamarTleTa gadawyvetilebebs

nacvlad werilobiTi kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebul normebisa. es tradicia

XII saukunidan iRebs saTaves, kerZod mefe henri II-is mcdelobidan daemkvidrebina sistema, sadac mosamarTleebi valdebulni iqnebodnen aResrulebinaT mefis kanoni adgilobrivi Cveulebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. davebis gadawyvetisas,
TiToeuli mosamarTle amzadebda moxsenebas sasamarTlo procesis mimdinareobis Sesaxeb da agzavnida londonSi. wlebis ganmavlobaSi, msgavs saqmeTa Sesaxeb
moxsenebebidan gamomdinare, konkretuli midgomebi da iuridiuli principebi
Camoyalibda. ramdenadac precedentuli samarTali saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi
formulirdeboda, ramdenime cnobili da gaxmaurebuli sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis Sedegad moxda misi popularizacia. droTa ganmavlobaSi, iuridiulma komentatorebma (maT Soris yvelaze cnobili Carlz blakstouni gaxldaT)
moaxdines am gadawyvetilebebis precedentebis kodificireba. maTi meSveobiT
amgvari normebi farTod gavrcelda, maT Soris amerikul koloniebSic.
foto wignis 172-e gverdidan
warwera fotoze:
prezidenti, rogorc mTavrobisa da saxelmwifo meTauri yovelwliur moxsenebas amzadebs qveynis politikuri da ekonomikuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb kongresis
wevrebisa da amerikeli xalxisaTvis.
horizontalurad: AFP/ CORBIS

saerTo samarTlis wanamZRvrebs Soris msgavsebas Tu ar CavTvliT, britanuli da amerikuli sasamarTlo sistema bevri niSniT gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan: mosamarTleTa SerCevis wesiT, sasamarTlos organizaciiT, sasamarTlo
kontrolis ganxorcielebiT da sxva sakvanZo struqturuli aspeqtiT.
mosamarTleTa SerCeva. did birtaneTSi ori tipis samarTlis skola
arsebobs. qveda donis skolebSi xdeba studentis kvalificireba solisito-

rad, [iuriskonsulti], anu sasamarTlo moxeled, romelic amzadebs saqmeebs

sasamarTlo ganxilvisaTvis, konsultacias uwves klientebs, adgens kontraqtebs, anderZebs da sxva samarTlebriv dokumentebs. eqskluziuri skolebi
ki amzadeben baristerebs [umaRlesi donis advokati], romelTac SeuZliaT
solisitoris yvela funqciis ganxorcieleba da amavdroulad aqvT sasamarTloSi gamosvlisa da saqmis warmoebis ufleba. mosamarTleebad iniSnebian mxolod baristerTa rangis mqone pirebi. metic, imisaTvis, rom baristeri daniSnuli iqnes mosamarTled, (romelic aSS-is federaluri donis msgavsad mTeli

201
sicocxlis vadiTaa), mas unda hqondes umaRlesi kvalifikacia samarTlis skolidan da amasTanave gaaCndes warmatebuli iuridiuli praqtikis mravalwliani
gamocdileba.
amerikaSi sasamarTlos dakompleqtebis principi ufro politikuria.
aqac, mosamarTled SeiZleba daniSnuli iyos piri prestiJuli iuridiuli
skolis warCinebiT damTavrebis an gamorCeuli da xangrZlivi praqtikuli sasamarTlo gamocdilebiT, Tumca yovelTvis ara. ufro xSirad, federalur
doneze mosamarTleTa SerCeva aSkara politikuri gaTvlebiT aris ganpirobebuli _ iqneba es konkretuli pirisaTvis garkveuli damsaxurebebis gamo erTgvari jildo, gavleniani kongresmenis Tu adgilobrivi partiuli xelmZRvanelis interesis dakmayofileba, Tu garkveuli geografiuli balansis miRweva
mosamarTleTa wamomadgenlobaSi. Statisa da adgilobriv doneebze mosamarTlis posti xSirad arCeviTia.
federaluri sasamarTloebi unitarulTan mimarTebaSi. amerikuli sasamarTlo sistema federalur safuZvelzea agebuli, rac imas niSnavs, rom igi
moicavs 51 sasamarTlo sistemas. federaluri sasamarTlo ganixilavs im saqmeebs, sadac erT-erT mxares warmoadgens federaluri xelisufleba an miesadageba federaluri kanoni. federaluri sasamarTlo iyofa qvesistemad, romelic
warmodgenilia saolqo sasamarTloebiT _ sadac ZiriTadad iwyeba kidec saqmeTa ganxilva, saapelacio sasamarTloebiT _ romelic apelaciis safuZvelze
ganixilavs saolqo sasamarTloebis mier warmoebul saqmeebs da uzenaesi sa-

samarTloTi _ romelic faqtobrivad funqcionirebs rogorc umaRlesi instanciis sasamarTlo, iRebs ra gadawyvetilebebs im gansakuTrebul saqmeebze, sadac
winaaRmdegobriv iuridiul interpretacias an konstituciasTan Sesabamisobis
dadgenis saWiroebas vawydebiT.
federalur sasamarTlo erTeulTan erTad funqcionirebs kidev ormocdaaTi Statis sasamarTlo, romelTa umravlesobas msgavsi samsafexuriani
struqtura gaaCnia. Statis sasamarTloebi federaluri sasamarTlosagan srulad gancalkevebuli ar aris. aSS-s uzenaesi sasamarTlo xSirad ganixilavs Statis umaRlesi instanciis sasamarTlodan wamosul saqmes im SemTvevaSi, Tu iuridiul sakiTxebs konstituciuri Sinaarsi aqvs.
aSS-sgan gansxvavebiT, britanuli sasamarTlo sistema ufro sworxazovania, rac britaneTis unitaruli wyobis gamoZaxilia. Statis sasamarTloebis
analogis ararseboba britanul sistemas amerikuli sistemisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iurisdiqciuli da proceduruli sirTuleebisagan aTavisuflebs.
sasamarTlo kontroli. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yvelaze mkveTri politikuri
gansxvaveba or sasamarTlo sistemas Soris sasamarTlo kontrolis ganxorcielebas ukavSirdeba, anu sasamarTlos uflebas Tvalyuri adevnos da kanongareSed
gamoacxados aRmasrulebeli Tu sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis qmedeba/gadawyvetileba. aSS-Si orives, Statis da federalur sasamarTlos aqvs xelisuflebis
sxva Stoebis aqtebis ganxilvis ufleba, pirvels _ Statis konstituciasTan, xolo
meores _ federalur konstituciasTan mimarTebaSi.
sasamarTlo kontrolis mniSvnelobas kidev ufro zrdis dawerili konstituciis arseboba, radgan igi wamoadgens mkveTr sazoms, ris mixedviTac fasdeba
Cveulebrivi (statuturi) kanonebi. garkveulwilad, federalurma wyobam, rogorc aseTma, TavisTavad ganapiroba sasamarTlo kontrolis aucilebloba. Tu

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Statis sasamarTloebs eqnebodaT imis ufleba, moexdinaT federaluri kanonis
survilisamebr interpretireba, iurisprudenciis nacionaluri organos arseboba dakargavda yovelgvar mniSvnelobas.19 iuridiuli erTgvarovnebis saWiroebisa da im saerTo kanonieri principebis mniSvnelobis gaTaviseba, romelTac
nebismier doneze warmodgenili xelisuflebis qmedebebi unda daeqvemdebaros,
warmoadgens sasamarTlo kontrolis arsebobis safuZvels ara mxolod aSS-Si,
aramed konstituciuri demokratiebis umravlesobaSi.
rac Seexeba britanel mosamarTleebs, isini mxolod marginalurad monawileoben qveynis marTvaSi. maSin roca aSS-Si kanonmdeblisa da aRmasruleblis
nebismieri gadawyvetileba aqtiurad ganixileba konstituciasTan Sesabamisobis kuTxiT, did britaneTSi sasamarTlos ar ZaluZs parlamentis mier miRebuli
aqtebis gauqmeba. maT, amerikeli kolegebisagan gansxvavebiT, ar gaaCniaT samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebis `konstituciuri mcvelebis~ funqcia, maSin roca amerikeli mosamarTleebi ama Tu im sakanonmdeblo aqtze individis uzenaesi uflebebis
mtkicebisas, xSirad swored am ampluaSi gvevlinebian. iSviaT SemTxvevebSi, britaneli mosamarTleebi mxolod mianiSneben aRmasulebels Tu igi gascdeba moqmedebis kanonier CarCoebs. erT-erTi SefasebiT:
britaneTis mTavrobis Zalaufleba SezRudulia samarTlis formaluri institutebis miuxedavad da ara maT mier. ingliselebi ufro naklebad asaCivreben samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebis an kanonieri samarTlebrivi procesis ugulvebelyofas, vidre im qveynebis moqalaqeebi,
romelTac gaaCniaT dawerili konstitucia, adamianis uflebaTa bili an
mkveTrad gansazRvruli sasamarTlo kontrolis procedura.20

aSS-is uzenaesi sasamarTlo damoukidebeli organoa, romelic gamiznulad daculia politikuri cxovrebis gavlenisagan. britaneTis sasamarTlo
xelisuflebas ki saTaveSi udgas kabinetis wevri _ cnobili lordi kancleris
statusiT, romelic amavdroulad aris lordTa palatis Tavmjdomare da iZleva rekomendaciebs sasamarTlo daniSvnebTan dakavSirebiT. Teoriulad, britaneTis umaRles sasamarTlos lordTa palata warmoadgens. praqtikulad ki es
erToba warmodgenilia palatis mxolod ramdenime iuridiuli kvalifikaciis
mqone gamorCeuli wevriT. ZalauflebaTa gaerTianeba, romelic zogadad damaxasiaTebelia britaneTis saparlamento sistemisaTvis, am SemTxvevaSi gvxvdeba
parlamentis zeda palataSi sakanonmdeblo da sasamarTlo xelisuflebebis SeTavsebiT, iseve rogorc es xdeba, mis qveda palataSi sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebel funqciebs Soris.

ori sistemis upiratesobebi da naklo

naklovanebebi
vanebebi
erT-erTi amerikeli avtoris SefasebiT, `saparlamento sistema [avtomanqana]
`kadilakia~ saxelisuflo formebs Soris.~ igive avtori amerikul saprezidento
sistemas fordis `modeli T~-s adarebs.21 saparlamento sistemebi iTvaliswinebs
xelisuflebis pasuxismgeblobis maRal dones amomrCevlis winaSe. politikuri
partiebi saarCevno kampaniebs gansxvavebul da kargad Camoyalibebul politikur platformebze ageben. Tu arCevnebis Sedegebi Zlieri mandatiT aRWurvavs
erT romelime partias, maSin am ukanasknels parlamentis mxardaWeriT sakuTari
programis ganxorcielebis didi Sansi aqvs. Tu mTavrobis politika arapopu-

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laruli, arapraqtikuli an winaaRmdegobrivi aRmoCndeba, SesaZlebelia premier-ministris an mmarTveli partiis Secvla mTeli politikuri sistemis Sokis
gareSe. dabolos, zogierTi analitikosi miiCnevs, rom britaneTis partiebis
disciplinirebuloba ufro efeqtians xdis mis saparlamento sistemas aSS-is saprezidento sistemasTan SedarebiT.
rogorc kritikosebi aRniSnaven, aSS-is saprezidento wyoba xSirad awydeba
dilemebs, rac misi samganStoebiani stuqturis gawonasworebisa da dabalansebis
(checks and balances) principidan gamomdinareobs. Zalian xSirad, erTi partia warmoadgens saprezidento xelisuflebas, xolo meore akontrolebs kongress. metic, Zalian rTulia arakompetenturi da Tundac arapopularuli prezidentis
daTxovna. garda amisa, orpartiuli aramoqnili sistema bevr gansxvavebul interesTa jgufs kongresSi warmomadgenlobis saSualebas saSualebas ar aZlevs.
bolos, e.w. prezidentis saxalxo arCevnebi sakmaod iluzorulia: saqme isaa, rom
prezidents realurad irCevs aSS-is xmis micemis uflebis mqone mosaxleobis
mxolod daaxloebiT 25 procenti. kritikosTa mosazrebiT, maJoritarul principze (winner-takes-all) principze damyarebuli amomrCevelTa kolegiis arCevis
ukve dromoWmuli praqtika xSirad imgvar suraTs qmnis, rom realuri umravlesobis neba ar sruldeba _ magaliTisaTvis gamodgeba 2000 wlis saprezidento arCevnebi, sadac kandidatma al gorma miiRo xmebis realuri umravlesoba, magram
jorj buSi umcrosi gamocxadda gamarjvebulad.
saprezidento sistemis momxreebi ki aRniSnaven, rom namdvilad aris SemTxvevebi, roca saWiro da mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebebi swored vaSingtonSi
miiReba da ara sxvagan (SegviZlia gavixsenoT lindon jonsonisa da ronald reiganis sawyisi sakanonmdeblo warmatetebi). maTive azriT, legalurad fiqsirebuli saprezidento vada swored rom uparatesobaa. miuxedavad sirTuleebisa,
rasac xandaxan prezidentis impiCmentis uaRresad rTuli procesi qmnis (magaliTad, riCard niqsonis gadayenebis proceduruli sirTule, miuxedavad mis
mier Zalauflebis gadametebis faqtis TvalsaCinoobisa), prezidentisaTvis
garantirebuli vadis arseboba pozitiur maxasiaTebels warmoadgens. magaliTad, hari trumani, romelic dResdReobiT amerikis erT-erT udides prezidentad miiCneva, misi mmarTvelobis umetes periodSi sakmaod arapopularuli iyo.
aseve, prezidents gaaCnia krizisul viTarebaSi qveynis marTvis efeqtiani konstituciuri berketebi, maSinac ki, roca sazogadoebrivi interesi mas ubiZgebs
arapopularuli nabijebis gadadgmisaken. es SesaZloa ganxiluli iqnas, rogorc
saprezidento sistemis aSkara upiratesoba.

konstitucia da konteqsti
kont eqsti
saparlamento mmarTvelobebis Sedegianobis empiriuli Seswavla, maTi
gansxvavebulobidan gamomdinare, kidev erTxel adasturebs jer kidev aristoteles mier gamoTqmul mosazrebas, rom politikuri swavlebebi SesaZloa Zalian abstraqtuli gaxdes. aristoteles mixedviT, mTavaria ara is, Tu ra aris
umjobesi, aramed is, ra aris SesaZlebeli arsebul garemoebebSi. zogierT SemTxvevaSi saparlamento wyoba amarTlebs, zogan ki _ vera. amdenad, aristoteles
mosazrebani dResac aqtualuria.

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Cven ar unda vfiqrobdeT mxolod imaze, Tu rogori unda iyos idealuri konstitucia. Cven unda vifiqroT imazec, rac praqtikulia [anu,
saukeTeso mocemuli pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT] _ da amasTan erTad, advilad ganxorcielebadi da zogadad ufro Sesaferisic... konstituciuri sistemis imgvari forma unda iqnas SerCeuli, rac xalxs advilad
daarwmunebs ukve arsebuli sistemis naclad misi danergvis aucileblobaSi da SeaZlebinebs kidec amis ganxorcielebas.22

daskvna

britanul saparlamento models axasiaTebs ZalauflebaTa Serevisa da

gaerTianebis principi, mmarTvelobis ganusazRvreli vadebi, `disciplinirebuli~ partiebi, da ormagi aRmasrulebeli. konstituciuri demokratiis es
modeli ufro xSirad gamoiyeneba praqtikaSi (garda laTinuri amerikisa), vidre
amerikuli modeli. igi gansakuTrebiT dominanturia evropaSi, sadac britaneTis magaliTis mixedviT Camoyalibda amJamindeli konstituciuri demokratiebis umrvalesoba.
safrangeTi konstituciuri demokratiis hibridul formas warmoadgens,
romelic aerTianebs britanuli da amerikuli sistemebis maxasiaTeblebs. germania saparlamento demokratiaa, magram gansxvavdeba rogorc britanuli, ise
franguli sistemebisagan, imiT rom is ara unitaruli, aramed federaluri saxelmwifoa (da moicavs federalur miwebs). iaponiac saparlamento demokratiaa,
da evropisagan ara imdenad politikuri struqturiT, ramdenadac politikuri
kulturiT gansxvavdeba. iaponiis konsensusis principze aRmocenebul sazogadoebas, araformalur da didwilad pirovnul kavSirebze damyarebuli politikuri Zalauflebis mqone da patronaJul urTierTobebze agebuli politikuri
struqturebi gaaCnia, romlebic, zedapiruli ganxilvisas SesaZloa misi evropuli analogiebisTvis migvemsgavsebina (Tumca, es institutebi realurad amerikaSi Seiqmna, aSS-is mier meore msoflio omSi iaponiis damarcxebis Semdeg).
indoeTi da israeli is ori SemTxvevaa, sadac, erTi SexedviT, respublikuri
wyobis arseboba warmoudgenelic ki unda iyos, sinamdvileSi ki orive qveyanaSi
saparlamento demokratia ukve naxevari saukunea arsebobs. indoeTisa da israelis magaliTebi cxadyofs, rom britanuli modeli moqnili da adaptirebadia
imgvar adgilebSic ki, sadac arCevnebis Catareba da stabiluri xelisuflebis
SenarCuneba warmoudgenladac ki gveCveneba Zalze rTul pirobebSi.
amerikuli da britanuli sistemebis Sedarebisas ikveTeba msgavsebebic
da sakmaod provokaciuli gansxvavebebic sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli da
sasamarTlo xelisuflebis struqturirebisa da ganxorcielebis TvalsazrisiT. Tumca Znelia calsaxad imis Tqma, romeli sistemaa ukeTesi. amaze pasuxi
TiToeuli qveynis gansakuTrebuli konteqstisa da arsebuli garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT unda ganisazRvros.

sakvanZo sityvebi

saparlamento sistema

205
Sereuli reJimi
undoblobis gamocxadebis ufleba
disciplinebuli partiebi
loialuri opozicia
ormagi aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba
nacionaluri asamblea
gayofili aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba
`Tanaarseboba~
vaimaris respublika
civi omi
bundestagi
bundesrati
meiZis dinastiis aRorZineba
mogolebi
britaneTis kolonialuri mmarTveloba
qaSmiri
loq sabha (qveda palata)
raja sabha (zeda palata)
palestineli arabebi
palestina
sionizmi
balfuris deklaracia
kemp devidis SeTanxmeba
intifada
qneseTi
saparlamento suvereniteti
kiTxvebis saaTi
koleqtiuri pasuxismgebloba
saerTo kanoni
solisitori
baristeri
saolqo sasamarTlo
saapelacio sasamarTlo
uzenaesi sasamarTlo
sasamarTlo kontroli

kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis
1.

ratom ganixileba britanuli politikuri sistema xSirad saparlamento

demokratiis modelad?

2.

rogoria saparlamento sistemis ZiriTadi samuSao principebi?

3.

rogor cxovroben britanelebi dauwereli konstituciis gareSe?

4.

rogor da ra garemoebebSi warmoiSva Tanamedrove franguli respublika?

5.

ra msgavseba da gansxvavebaa safrangeTis, SeerTebuli Statebisa da didi

britaneTis demokratiebs Soris? (mimaniSnebeli SekiTxva: romeli qveyana
gamoiyena safrangeTma sakuTari politikuri sistemis modelad?)

6.

rodis da ra garemoebebSi SemoiRo iaponiam saparlamento sistema?

206
7.

SeadareT iaponiis demokratia safrangeTisa da didi britaneTis demokratiebs.

8.

rogoria Tqveni mosazrebebi saparlamento demokratiis mniSvnelobaze

indoeTsa da israelSi.

9.

SeadareT saparlamento da saprezidento xelisuflebis upiratesobebi da

naklovanebebi.

SeniSvnebi

1.

1958 wlis the Life Peerage Act (warCinebulTa titulis sasicocxlod miniWebis

aqti) mixedviT monarqi uflebamosilia premier-ministrTan konsultaciis

safuZvelze, mianiWos araaristokratiuli warmoSobis pirebs warCinebulis tituli mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi, Tumca is memkvidreobiT ar
gadaecema mis STamomavals. am iniciativis ZiriTad mizans warmoadgenda
partiebis balansis SenarCuneba da lordTa palatis qmediTi wevrebis raodenobis gazrda. lordTa daaxloebiT meoTxedi da lordTa palatis aqtiur wevrTa procentulad kidev ufro maRali Semadgenloba aris swored
am gziT flobs warCinebulis tituls.
2.

Sidney Bailey, British Parliamentary Democracy, me-3 gamocema (Westport, Conn.:Greenwood, 1978), 130.

3.

iqve, 131.

4.

Suzanne Berger, The French Political System, 3rd ed.

(New York, Random House, 1974), 368.

5.

Berger, French Political System, 368.

6.

Roy Macradis, red., Modern Political Systems: Europe, (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: PrenticeHall, 1986), 120.

7.

Karl Dietrich Bracher, The German Dictatorship, (New York: Holt, 1970), 75.

8.

Michael Roskin, Countries and Concepts: An Introduction to Comparative Politics, (Engle-

9.

Guido Goldman, The German Political System (New York: Random House, 1974), 56.

10.

ix. John W. Dower, Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II, (New York: Norton,
2000).

11.

ix. Herbert P. Bix, Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan

wood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1982), 190.

(New York: HarperCollins, 2000).

12.

Franz Michael and George Taylor, The Far East in the Modern World,
(New York: Holt, 1964), 263.

13.

iqve, 607.

14.

Nobutaki Ike, Japanese Politics: Patron-Client Democracy, me-2 gamocema (New York: Knopf,
1972),

15.

Michael and Taylor, Far East in the Modern World, 603.

16. iqve, 5.
17. Marbury v. Madison, 1 Cranch 137 (1803).
18. ronald reiganis prezidentobis periodi 1981-1987 ww. kongresis or palatis amgvari
gaxleCvis magaliTia, roca respublikelebi senats, xolo demokratebi warmomadgenelTa palatas akontrolebdnen; miuxedavad amisa, ufro gavrcelebulia aRmasrulebeli da sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebebis `gaxleCvis~ SemTxvevebi. rogorc
wesi, demokratebi sakanonmdeblo Stos akontrolebdnen maSinac ki, roca prezi-

207
denti respublikeli iyo, magram 1994 wlis Sualedur arCevnebSi respublikelebma
kongresis orive palataSi kontrolis ufleba demokrat bil klintonis prezidentad arCevidan ori wlis Semdeg moipoves.
19. ix. Martin v. Hunters Lessee, 14 U.S. 304 (1816).
20. Richard Rose, Politics in England, wignSi Comparative Politics Today: A World View, red.
Gabriel Almond (Boston: Little, Brown, 1974), 148.
21. Edward Courtier, Principles of Politics and Government (Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1981), 84.
22. Aristotle, The Politics, mTargm. da red. Ernest Barker (New York: Oxford University Press, 1962),
1288b-89a, 155-56.

208

209

T aavv i V I I

saxelmwifoebi
tranziciis
procesSi
axali demokratiebi da
aRmocenebadi bazrebi

komunizmis kraxi
ruseTi: areuloba da tranzicia
(Tu mxolod areuloba?)
gorbaCovis droindeli tranzicia
reformis marcxi: sistemis dezintegracia
Tanamedrove sirTuleebi
bolosdabolos, gamoCnda Tu ara lideri?
momavlis perspeqtivebi
aRmosavleT evropa: tranziciuli gzajvaredini (mokvdeba Tu ara odesme Zveli Cvevebi)
azia: ekonomikuri tranzicia
(da Tavisuflebac?)
samxreT korea

taivani

aziis vefxvebi

laTinuri amerika: politikuri tranzicia

(da keTildReobac?)
reformis anabana (argentina, brazilia, Cile)
meqsika

210

211

1991 wlis dekembris bolo dRes, sabWoTa kavSirma, erT-erTma im or supersaxelmwifoTagan, romlebic dominirebdnen msoflio politikaSi TiTqmis naxevari saukunis manZilze, arseboba Sewyvita. am komunisturi `monstris~ sikvdili
XX saukunis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovan politikuri movlenaa. miuxedavad
imisa, rom misi aRsasruli sakmaod moulodnelad dadga, es ar momxdara winapirobebis gareSe; piriqiT, 1985 wlidan moyolebuli, sabWoTa kavSirs mimzidveli,
Tumca mSfoTvare cvlilebebis periodi daudga, rodesac mixeil gorbaCovma,
qveynis axalma qarizmatulma liderma, reformebis mTeli seria wamoiwyo.
sabWoTa wyobilebis dezintegraciam saTave daudo axal epoqas msoflio
politikaSi. man aseve gamoiwvia yuradRebis gamaxvileba tranziciis problemebze, rac aRmosavleT evropaSi disfunqciuri politikur-ekonomikuri sistemebis winaSe idga. am qveynebSi tranziciis problemebi, nawilobriv, xelaxali
politikuri da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis aucileblobiTaa gamowveuli. tranzicia da ganviTareba (romelic momdevno TavSi iqneba ganxiluli) erTmaneTTan
mWidro kavSirSia; tranziciis sakiTxebs gadakveTis mravali wertili aqvs tranziciis procesSi myofi sazogadoebebis ganviTarebis sakiTxebTan. ufro metic,
rogorc Semdeg davinaxavT, cneba `saxelmwifoebi tranziciis procesSi~ dRes
bevr qveyanas miesadageba msoflios faqtobrivad yvela regionSi. yofili komunisturi qveynebis problemebis gacnobis Semdeg, Cven mokled SevexebiT aziisa
da laTinuri amerikis sxvadasxva saxelmwifoebs, romlebic sabazro liberaluri demokratiis mimarTulebiT tranziciis sxvadasxva etapze imyofebian.

komunizmis kraxi
is, rasac erT dros `komunistur samyaros~ uwodebdnen, ukve aRar arsebobs.
komunizmma, rogorc politikurma Zalam, rogorc erovnul, aseve saerTaSoriso
doneebze, mcire gamonaklisebis garda, msoflioSi arseboba Sewyvita. 1988 wels,
civi omis dasrulebamde, TxuTmeti saxelmwifo klasificirdeboda rogorc komunisturi. 2002 wlisTvis es raodenoba 5-6 saxelmwifomde Semcirda (CineTi,
kuba, laosi, CrdiloeT korea, vietnami da, savaraudod, kamboja); TiToeuli
maTgani damoukidebel politikas axorcielebs, Sesabamisad dRes `komunistur
banakze~ saubari yovelgvar azrs moklebulia. ra moxda? 1989 wels, sabWoTa kavSiris daSlamde ori wliT adre, aRmosavleT evropam moulodnelad uaryo komunisturi mmarTveloba. am droidan moyolebuli, demokratia da privatizacia
(saxelmwifos mier marTuli sawarmoebis gadasvlas kerZo seqtorSi) dawinaurda
poloneTSi, ungreTsa da CexeTis respublikaSi. es procesebi, gansakuTrebiT
poloneTsa da ungreTSi, garkveuli politikuri zigzagebiT xasiaTdeboda. am
amomrCevlebma xelisuflebaSi kvlav yofili komunistebi moiyvanes, Tumca amavdroulad uaryves centralizebuli, gegmiani ekonomika dasavluri, sabazro
ekonomikis mimarTulebiT orientirebuli politikuri kursis sasargeblod.
rumineTSi, slovakeTSi, bulgareTsa da albaneTSi demokratizaciis mimarTulebiT moZraoba bevrad neli iyo, Tumca mainc SeiniSneboda. gansakuTrebul SemTxvevas yofili aRmosavleT germania warmoadgens, romelic 1990 wels dasavleT
germaniasTan gaerTianda.
komunisturi reJimebi aziaSi ufro myari gamodga. 1976 wels, maos gardac-

212
valebis Semdeg, CineTis saxalxo respublikam Searbila totalitaruli reJimi
da ekonomikis garkveuli liberalizacia moaxdina, Tumca, igi mainc rCeba represiul saxelmwifod. is agrZelebs reformebs sabazro ekonomikis mimarTulebiT,
ramac xeli Seuwyo swraf ekonomikur zrdas, gansakuTrebiT mis samxreT sanapiro regionebSi. CrdiloeT korea, stalinisturi da marTvis meTodebis erTguli
qveyana, amJRavnebs nacnob tendencias qsenofobiis, yvelafris gasaidumloebisa
da TviTdawesebuli izolaciis mimarTulebiT. vietnami da laosi rCebian komunisturi mmarTvelobis qveS, magram CrdiloeT koreisagan gansxvavebiT, orive
maTgani msubuq saerTaSoriso gavlenas ganicdis da ufro miRebulia igi saerTaSoriso sazogadoebaSi. dabolos, kambojaSi gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis
xangrZlivi mcdeloba xeli Seewyo am saxelmwifoSi demokratiis ganviTarebisaTvis, uSedego aRmoCnda 1997 wels han senis mier organizebuli gadatrialebisa da
iq diqtatoruli mTavrobis Camoyalibebis gamo.
kubaSi fidel kastro ebRauWeba politikur Zalauflebas (2008 wlidan
qveyanas oficialurad fidelis Zma raul kastro marTavs _ mTargmnelis SeniSvna). igi cdilobda Caenacvlebina dakarguli sabWoTa daxmareba da amavdroulad, gamklaveboda amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mier dawesebuli ekonomikuri embargos Sedegebs. kubaSi, gansxvavebuli azrisadmi aratolerantuli
policiuri saxelmwifos pirobebSic ki, gaxSirda perio duli saxalxo demonstraciebi, ramac kastros mmarTvelobiT gamowveuli sa xalxo ukmayofilebis
Zlieri nakadi gamoamJRavna. 1998 wels romis papis, ioane pavle II-isa da 2002
wels amerikis yofili prezidentis, jimi karteris istoriuli vi zitebi _ orive
maTgani pirveli SemTxveva iyo kubis revoluciis Semdeg _ aRq muli iqna rogorc SesaZlo nabijebi religiuri da politikuri Tavisuflebis mimarTulebiT da rogorc niSani imisa, rom asakovani diqtatori rbildeboda. Tumca, sxva
eqspertebi eWvobdnen, rom am procesebs safuZvliani reformebi SeiZleboda
mohyoloda da miiCnevdnen, rom erTaderTi ram, rac kastros adardebda, dagrovili politikuri problemebis fonze, Zalauflebis SenarCuneba iyo.

ruseTi: areuloba da tranzicia

(Tu mxolod areuloba?)
1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi sabWoTa kavSiri msoflio imperiebs Soris
bolo imperias warmoadgenda. is batonobda dapyrobil xalxebsa da kulturebze, Tumca didi Sida daZabulobebis fonze. SeZleben Tu ara aseTi imperiebi arsebobas im msoflioSi, sadac izrdeba nacionalizmis, egalitarizmis gavlena da
TviTgamorkvevis rwmena? Tu yvela aseTi imperia samudamod ganwirulia?
stalinisturi saxelmwifo, romelic 1991 wlamde arsebobda, totalitaruli mmarTvelobis yvela Taviseburebas amJRavnebda, maT Soris: centralizebuli kontroli samxedro Zalebze, masmediasa da ekonomikaze; gabatonebuli
monopolisti partia; oficialuri ideologia; sistemuri terori saeWvo politikuri oponentebis winaaRmdeg da reJimisaTvis uvargisad an saSiSad miCneuli
udanaSaulo adamianebis masobrivi mkvlelobebi. sabWoTa kavSiris totalitaruli warmomavloba arsebiTi safuZvelia dRevandeli ruseTis politikis
bunebis gasagebad.
1991 wels, Zveli sabWouri reJimis marcxis Sedegad, axali Semcirebuli

213
rusuli saxelmwifo aRmocenda. postsabWoTa mTavrobam boris elcinis meTaurobiT gawyvita kavSiri warsulTan da Tavdapirvelad konstituciuri demokratiis dafuZnebas Seecada. Semdeg man Seqmna Zalian susti konfederacia,

damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobroba (dsT), romlis SemadgenlobaSi

Sevida ruseTi da yofili sabWoTa respublikebi, baltiispireTis qveynebis _
litvis, latviisa da estoneTis gamoklebiT (ix. sqema 7-1).

sqema 7-1 ruseTi da respublikebi

wyaro: Based on Milton F. Goodman, Global Studies: Russia, Eurasia, and Central/Eastern Europe, 5th ed. Copyright (c) 1994, the Dushkin Publishing Group, Inc., Guilford, Conn. yvela ufleba daculia. ibeWdeba nebarTviT.

gorbaGovis droindeli tranzicia

1985 wels sabWoTa kavSiris istoriaSi komunisturi partiis erT-erTi yvelaze axalgazrda generaluri mdivani gaxda 54 wlis mixeil gorbaCovi. mis winaSe bevri politikuri da ekonomikuri problema idga. gorbaCovs swamda, rom am
problemebis mogvareba mniSvnelovani politikuri da ekonomikuri reformebis
gareSe ver moxerxdeboda da radganac politikuri sistema sxva araferi iyo, Tu
ara komunisturi partiis Zalauflebisa da gavlenis anarekli, man miiRo sabediswero da amavdroulad mniSvnelovani gadawyvetileba: gardaeqmna komunizmi da
partia orive maTganis SenarCunebis mizniT. gorbaCovma am mizniT ganaxorciela
qmedebebi, rac dasavleTSi perestroikis, glasnostis da demokratizaciis
saxelebiT gaxda cnobili.
ratom gariska gorbaCovma. leninis mier 1917 wels Zalauflebis mopovebis Semdeg, ekonomika sabWoTa kavSirSi iyo gegmuri, an sxvanairad, mbrZanebluri, sadac yvela mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri gadawyvetileba (ra da ramdeni
unda ewarmoebinaT da a.S.) komunisturi partiis zeda eSelonebSi miiReboda.
konkurencia, sargeblisaken swrafva da kerZo sakuTrebis umravlesi formebi
akrZaluli iyo, rogorc SeuTavsebeli komunistur principebTan.

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centraluri dagegmvis am sistemam sabWoTa kavSiri pirveli xarisxis
samxedro Zalad aqcia, Tumca didi sabiujeto deficitebis fasad. garda amisa,
1980-iani wlebis Sua xanebSi aSkarad gamoCnda, rom centralurma dagegmvam ekonomikuri stagnacia gamoiwvia, ramac sabWoTa kavSiri konkurentunarianobis
TvalsazrisiT arasaxarbielo pirobebSi Caayena iseT industriul, demokratiul qveynebTan mimarTebaSi, rogoricaa amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, iaponia
da ramdenime evropuli saxelmwifo.1 1985 wlisTvis, qveynis ekonomikuri zrdis
tempi 2 procentamde daeca da Seadgina daaxloebiT naxevari imisa, rac aTi wlis
win iyo. cxra industriuli sawarmodan sul mcire erTi da saxelmwifo meurneobebis TiTqmis mesamedi kotrdeboda. sakvebi, sacxovrebeli saxlebis mSenebloba,
samkurnalo saSualebebi da transporti moTxovnebis sruliad araadekvaturi
iyo, rogorc xarisxobrivad, aseve raodenobrivad.
sabWoTa moqalaqeTa umetesobis cxovreba zogadad gausaZlisi iyo. rac
sabWoeTSi komfortad da xelsayrel pirobebad miiCneoda, dasavleTisTvis Cveulebrivi movlena iyo. maRaziebi xSirad uxeirod an saerTod ar maragdeboda.
garkveuli saxis saTadarigo nawilebis Sovna xSirad SeuZlebeli iyo. erT-erTi
Sefasebis Tanaxmad, miRebul normas warmoadgenda is faqti, rom qalebi, Cveulebriv, dReSi or saaTs, kviris Svidive dRis ganmavlobaSi rigebSi atarebdnen.2
1980 wlis bolosaTvis, sabWoTa kavSiris mosaxleobis 28 procenti oficialurad miCneul siRaribis zRvars qveviT cxovrobda.3
soflis meurneobis sferoSi sakvebis warmoeba Zlivs uwyobda fexs mosaxleobis zrdas da miuxedavad am sferoSi ganxorcielebuli uxvi investiciebisa, mTavroba bevrs xarjavda importirebul xorcsa da marcvleulSi. amasTanave, soflis meurneobaSi sabWoTa kavSiris sainvesticio prioritetebi
aSkarad asaxavda saSineli dagegmarebis arsebobas. produqciis meurneobebidan bazrisaken gadaadgileba, sacavebad gankuTvnili sawarmoebi, sakvebis
gadamuSaveba, dafasoeba da sacalo gayidva absoluturad ugulebelyofili
iyo. sabWoTa ekonomistebma daiangariSes, rom marcvleulis mTeli mosavlis
daaxloebiT erTi meoTxedi yovelwliurad bazarze moxvedramde ikargeboda
da imdroindelma prezidentma gorbaCovma ganacxada, rom 1988 wels danakargi
daaxloebiT 4 miliardi amerikuli dolaris Rirebulebis importirebuli marcvleulis raodenobas utoldeboda. amis Sedegad, Cveulebrivi sabWoTa moqalaqis mier xorcisa da rZis produqtebis moxmareba or aTwleulze ufro mcire
droSi 30 procentiT Semcirda.4
sabWoTa ekonomikis daqveiTebisa da mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis dacemis fonze, gauaresebulma socialurma problemebma, safrTxe sabWoTa sazogadoebis safuZvels Seuqmna. yvelaze did problemebs Soris iyo alkoholizmi da
korufcia. alkoholizmi didi xnis manZilze sabWoTa kavSiris yvelaze myar da
Zvir problemas warmoadgenda. alkoholis miReba mavne gavlenas axdenda adamianis janmrTelobasa da ojaxur cxovrebaze, amcirebda muSis produqtiulobas da Sromisunarianobas, zrdida Cvil bavSvTa sikvdilianobas (fexmZimobisas
alkoholis miRebis gamo), amcirebda cxovrebis xangrZlivobas da didwilad ganapirobebda axalgazrdebSi damnaSaveobis zrdas. amasTanave, korufciac yvaoda. samomxmareblo saqonlis qronikuli ararseboba da saxelmwifos mier fasebis
kontroli Savi bazris ayvavebas iwvevda. sabWoTa cxovrebis mniSvnelovani
nawili biurokratizirebuli iyo da nebismier sakiTxze oficialur saxelmwifo
Tanxmobas saWiroebda, ramac gavlenebis (blat) araoficialuri sistemis ganviTareba gamoiwvia. imisaTvis, rom daeCqarebinaT oficialuri dadastureba an sa-

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surveli mopyrobisaTvis mieRwiaT, sabWoTa moqalaqeebisaTvis nebismieri meTodis gamoyeneba Cveulebriv movlenas warmoadgenda.
sxva kritikul problemas 1970-1980-ian wlebSi gaRrmavebuli teqnologiuri CamorCeniloba warmoadgenda, _ kompiuteruli revolucia ascda sabWoTa
moqalaqeebs maSin, roca maTi ekonomikuri konkurentebi gardaqmna. fulis dabandeba menejerebisTvis araxelsayreli iyo da partiac SiSobda, rom misi farTo moxmareba politikur oponentebs gaaZlierebda. amgvari damokidebu lebis
Sedegad sabWoTa industriisa da infrastruqturis modernizacia SeuZlebeli
xdeboda.
am problemaTa umetesi nawilis safuZvels centraluri dagegmva warmoadgenda, romelic ar uwyobda xels axal iniciativebs, radganac qarxnebis
mmarTvelebi da saxelmwifos mier marTuli sawarmoebis direqtorebi centralur gegmaze rCebodnen mibmulni, romelic qarxnisa da meurneobebis warmoebaze mkacr kvotebs awesebda. gegmis Sesruleba sabWoTa ekonomikis yvela
administratoris umTavres prioritets warmoadgenda. stalinisturma sistemam
xarisxi Seswira raodenobas da garda amisa, zevidan wamosuli instruqciebiT
moqmedi menejmentisaTvis ar arsebobda sakmarisi iniciativa Tu SesaZlebloba
axali teqnologiebis dasanergad. arsebiTi masalebisa da aRWurvilobebis miwodebis winaswar ganuWvretavi SewyvetiT gamowveulma problemebma moulodnelad Seaferxa aRmSeneblobiTi proeqtebi da qarxnisa da meurneobebis warmoeba Seamcira. ambiciuri warmoebis kvotebis miRwevis mizniT, dausrulebeli
zewolebis Sedegad, direqtorebi arsebuli Cavardnebis dasafarad xSirad
sxvadasxva xrikebs iyenebdnen.
mmarTvelTa cinizmi erwymoda sabWoTa muSaxelis dabal morals, romelic
iyo arasaTanadod dasaqmebuli, uxalisod muSaobda, an romelsac, ubralod
samuSao motivacia ar gaaCnda. sayrdeni da efeqtiani muSaxelis ararsebobis
pirdapiri Sedegi iyo saSinlad dabali produqtiuloba. muSebis cinizmi kargad Canda iseT popularul sabWoTa gamonaTqvamebSi, rogoricaa, `partia Tavs
ikatunebs, TiTqos gvixdis da Cvenc Tavs vikatunebT, rom vmuSaobT~. es cinizmi
ikvebeboda partiuli muSakebis TvalTmaqcobiT, romlebic mxars uWerdnen egalitarul idealebs, magram cxovrobdnen simdidreSi, maSin roca proletariati,
romelsac isini adidebdnen, purisa da sxva pirveladi moTxovnilebis nivTebis
SesaZenad grZel rigebSi idga. moxda yvelaze uaresi: bevrma sabWoTa kavSirSi
sakuTari politikuri sistemis mimarT rwmena dakarga.5
reaqciuli Zalebi, nacionalistebi da nomenklatura. adamianebs, vinc
flobdnen Tanamdebobebs da gavlenas sabWoTa sistemaSi, nomenklaturas uwodebdnen da sabWoTa kavSirSi es adamianebi privilegirebul elitarul klass
Seadgendnen.6 maT SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen politikuri biurokratiis wevrebi
(e.w. aparatCikebi), ufrosi ekonomikuri mmarTvelebi da samecniero administratorebi, aseve konkretuli mwerlebi, msaxiobebi, kosmonavtebi, aTletebi da
generlebi, romlebic warmoadgendnen sabWoTa saxelmwifos da aZlierebdnen mis
reputacias.
nomenklaturis arseboba ori mizeziT iyo mniSvnelovani. pirveli: kargad ganviTarebuli, eqskluziuri da umeteswilad SeniRbuli keTilmowyobili
binebis infrastruqtura, specialuri maRaziebi, sanatoriumebi, saavadmyofoebi, klinikebi, kurortebi da skolebi, romelsac is iyenebda, am fenas ara marto
ganze ayenebda Cveulebrivi sabWoTa moqalaqisagan, aramed sruliad ewinaaRm-

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degeboda Tanasworobisa da samarTlianobis marqsistul da komunistur idealebs, romelsac komunistebi xSirad qadagebdnen. meore: Tundac ara yovelTvis gamousworeblad korumpirebuli, nomenklatura, mainc ara efeqtiani iyo
da ufro metad dainteresebuli iyo sakuTari Zalauflebis SenarCunebiT, vidre saxelmwifo politikis SesrulebiT. 1980-iani wlebis Sua periodisaTvis,
aravin iyo ise Sefiqrianebuli politikuri elitis mier ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Seferxebis SesaZleblobiT, rogorc sabWoTa kavSiris axali lideri, mixeil gorbaCovi.
reformis politika. gorbaCovis sami reformistuli programis _ perestroikis, glasnostis da demokratizaciis mizans warmoadgenda komunizmis gadarCena da ara misi dangreva. perestroikis mizani centraluri dagegmvis dogmaturi sistemis gamococxleba iyo. gorbaCovi am ambiciuri miznis miRwevas
qveynis ekonomikuri problemebis socialur da politikur saTaveebze ieriSis
mitaniT imedovnebda _ rac niSnavda nomenklaturisa da aparatCikebis gavlenis
Semcirebas da amavdrouled sabWoTa muSaxelis efeqtian zrdas. sabediswerod,
verc gorbaCovi xvdeboda, an kidev Tvals ar usworebda qveynis ekonomikur
struqturaSi radikaluri cvlilebebis gatarebis aucileblobas. Sesabamisad,
perestroikis idea ufro mimzidvel politikur slogans warmoadgenda, vidre
Tanmimdevrul ekonomikur politikas.

fotoze 1989 wels mixeil gorbaCovisa da misi meuRlis raisas fineTSi vizitia asaxuli. gorbaCovma mmarTvelobis periodSi 1985 wlis martidan 1991 wlis agvistomde komunizmisa da komunisturi partiis reformirebis radikaluri politikuri da ekonomikuri politika SeimuSava. saboloo jamSi am wamowyebebma stalinisturi saxelmwifos
erozia gaaRrmava da mTel aRmosavleT evropaSi komunizmis damxobas Seuwyo xeli.

gorbaCovis damsaxureba iyo nawilobrivi reformebis gatarebis mcdeloba, romelic miznad isaxavda individualuri iniciativis amaRlebas. xelfasebis
gamomuSavebis, ganawilebisa da faswarmoqmnis sistemis reformirebis, zeda eSelonis biurokratebis Zalauflebis Semcirebas, adgilobrivi menejeruli Tavisuflebis xelSewyobis, saxelmwifo sawarmoebisa da muSebis mflobelobaSi

217
arsebuli sawarmoebisa da kooperativebis waxalisebis gziT. gatarda aseve sxva
saxis sabazro orientaciis reformebic, magram verc erTma maTganma SeZlo fundamenturad Seecvala ekonomikuri sistema saxelmwifo mmarTvelobaSi arsebuli warmoebis saSualebebisa da centraluri dagegmvidan kerZo sakuTrebisa da
individualuri iniciativis mimarTulebiT.
1989 wlisTvis, sabWoTa ekonomika swraf dezintegracias ganicdida da
or weliwadSi igi srul depresiaSi aRmoCnda; 1991 wlisTvis, sabWoTa kavSiris
ekonomika yovelwliurad 10 procentiT mcirdeboda. daisva kiTxva, ra unda moemoqmedaT? mmarTveli elita or nawilad iyo dayofili. radikaluri reformis
momxreebi mxars uWerdnen centraluri da mbrZanebluri ekonomikidan mkveTr
tranzicias sabazro sistemis mimarTulebiT. Zveli kursis momxre konservatorebi (gansakuTrebiT isini, vinc samxedro da saidumlo policiasTan asocirdebodnen) ewinaaRmdegebodnen aseT revoluciur cvlilebebs. sabWoTa mmarTveli
elita cdilobda gamklaveboda mzard ekonomikur kriziss, Tumca, gansxvavebiT
den siaopinis droindeli CineTisagan, mas arasodes Camouyalibebia momavlis
zusti xedva da ar gaerTianebula kompleqsuri reformebis aucileblobiT.
am areulobis fonzec ki, gorbaCovis ekonomikuri Sexedulebebi gaurkveveli rCeboda. Tanamdebobaze yofnis bolo TveebSi aSkara gaxda, rom perestroikam
(romelic miznad isaxavda gamoecocxlebina centraluri dagegmva da komunizmi)
ar gaamarTla da revoluciuri ekonomikuri cvlileba (romelic sabediswerod
Tavad perestroikis mier iyo wamowyebuli) Cqardeboda. kerZo sakuTreba da
ekonomikuri winapirobebi TandaTanobiT viTardeboda maSin, roca ekonomikuri
areuloba da uimedoba matulobda.
glasnosti. gorbaCovis ufro metad gaxmaurebulma `glasnostis~ (sajarooba) politikam gaaZliera perestroika da sabWoTa istoriaSi mediasaSualebebze cenzura arnaxulad Seamcira. garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi, am politikam gamoiwvia gorbaCovis mimarT didi simpaTia da warumatebeli ekonomikuri
reformebisgan mosaxleobis yuradRebis gadatana.
glastnosts aseve didi gamoZaxili hqonda sabWoTa sazRvrebs miRma; man
gorbaCovi msoflio presisaTvis Zvirfas pirovnebad da dasavleTis bevr qveyanaSi popularul figurad aqcia.
miuxedavad misi sagareo politikuri warmatebebisa, glasnosti, pirvel
rigSi, Sida politikis instrumenti iyo. mis sawyis ganzraxvas oficialuri korufciisa da arakompetenturobis gamoaSkaraveba warmoadgenda, rasac gorbaCovi sabWoTa ekonomikis arasrulyofilebis erT-erT mizezad miiCnevda. mas
surda masiuri cvlilebis mowinaaRmdege sabWoTa biurokratiis Seryeva da muSaTa klasis gamococxleba. sabWoTa mSromelebs ar hqondaT, erTi mxriv, muSaobis stimuli da, meore mxriv, gaficvis ufleba, ris gamoc apaTiasa da alkoholizmSi Cafluliyvnen. realurad, es bolo, epidemiuri xasiaTis problema _
gaxrwnili sazogadoebis tragikul simptoms warmoadgenda.
glasnosti mWidro kavSirSi iyo perestroikasTan: is iyo im komunisturi
sazogadoebis gamococxlebis saSualeba, romelsac mamoZravebeli Zala gamoecala da romelmac arsebobis mizani dakarga. politikur liberalizacias unda
Seeqmna amaRlebuli ganwyoba, rac sazogadoebas energiuls gaxdida, miecemoda
ra mas Zveli, muSaobis araefeqtian maxasiaTeblebisa da mmarTvelobis kritikis uflebas. gansacvifrebeli formiT glasnostma swrafad SeiZina sakuTari
mimarTuleba, mas Semdeg, rac adre akrZaluli wignebi da filmebi bevrisTvis

218
xelmisawvdomi gaxda. Tumca, yvelaze gasaocar faqts sabWoTa mediis saxelmwifo politikis moqnili instrumentidan sazogadoebrivi kritikis meqanizmad
gardaqmna warmoadgenda. popularuli axali satelevizio arxebi sabWoTa oficialuri korufciisa da Zalauflebis uzurpaciis mxilebiT iyvnen dakavebulni, sabWoTa gazeTebi da Jurnalebi ki yavlgasuli politikuri principebisa
da wesebis Sesaxeb kritikul statiebs aqveynebdnen. sabWoTa kavSirma sakuTari
Tavi realurad erTi Ramis ganmavlobaSi gardaqmna. qveyna, romelic ar uSvebda aranair kritikas, im qveynad iqca, sadac kritika swrafad aclida legitimurobas komunistur partiasa da politikur sistemas, rac didi xnis manZilze
misi mmarTvelobis instrumentebs warmoadgenda.
demokratizacia. iseve rogorc perestroikis SemTxvevaSi, zustad arc
is iyo cnobili, Tu ras gulisxmobda gorbaCovi rusul enaze demokratizaciis
xsenebisas. demokratizacia, minimum, moiazreboda rogorc politikuri sistema,
sadac arCevnebi iqneboda nebadarTuli, Tumca ra doziT _ gaurkveveli rCeboda.
es xedva asaxuli iyo 1989 wels mTeli saxelmwifos masStabiT Catarebul sakanonmdeblo organos arCevnebSi, romelic amomrCevels uflebas aZlevda xma mieca
opoziciisaTvis komunisturi partiis wevrebis winaRmdeg, rac pirveli SemTxveva iyo sabWoTa istoriaSi. amavdroulad, gorbaCovi marTavda rogorc sabWoTa
prezidenti (arapirdapiri gziT arCeuli Tanamdeboba, romelic man gamoigona,
rogorc misi politikuri reformis nawili) da ara rogorc komunisturi partiis saxelmwifo mdivani. demokratizaciis Sedegad gamowveuli politikuri
cvlilebebi sakmaod gansacvifrebeli iyo da mianiSnebda ufro demokratiuli
momavlisaken. is moicavda:
opoziciuri partiebis, gavleniani arakomunisturi da antikomunisturi pirovnebebis da partiebis gaCenas, romelTaganac zogierTi
centralur sakanonmdeblo organoSi airCies;
komunisturi partiis Sida disciplinis mniSvnelovnad Sesusteba
(ra sac mis rigebSi urTierTqiSpisa da azrTa sxvadasxvaobis zrda
sdevda Tan) sabWoTa kavSiris masStabiT partiis wevrebis ricxvis
Semcirebis fonze;
centraluri mTavrobis Zalauflebisa da prestiJis xarjze respublikebis gavlenisa da Zalauflebis zrda;
reformebi mTavrobis SigniT, romelsac ara partiis generaluri mdivani, aramed arCeuli oficialuri pirebi da prezidenti marTavdnen
da romelic SeZlebda komunisturi partiisagan realuri, damoukidebeli Zalauflebis ganxorcielebas.

.
.
.
.

reformis marcxi: sistema iSleba

gorbaCovis mcdeloba _ moexdina sabWoTa kavSiris politikuri da ekonomikuri sistemebis cvlileba, marcxiT damTavrda. faqtobrivad, mis mier Zalauflebis mopovebis sawyis etapze arsebuli yvela socialuri, politikuri
da ekonomikuri problema gacilebiT gamwvavebuli iyo im droisaTvis, roca man,
daaxloebiT 6 wlis Semdeg, Tanamdeboba datova. mosaxleobis molodinis zrdis
paralelurad dramatulad mcirdeboda cxovrebis done, rac qmnida politikurad aramdgrad situacias. am yvelafers Tan daerTo axali problema _ swrafi in-

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flacia, ramac kidev ufro Seasusta mTavrobisadmi ndoba. saxalxo mRelvareba
dadasturda sabWoTa kavSirisaTvis iseTi axali fenomenis gaCeniT, rogoricaa
muSaTa gaficvebi. sazogadoebrivi mRelvarebis eskalaciasTan erTad, gorbaCovis popularuloba da misi gavlena partiuli da saxelmwifo biurokratiis
rigebSi Semcirda.
saukunovani erovnuli problema sabWoTa reJimis ukanasknel dReebSi Sida
aramdgradobis mTavari mizezi iyo. Cvidmeti ricxobrivad udidesi erovneba
sabWoTa kavSiris mosaxleobis 90%-ze mets Seadgenda maT Soris, rusebi 50%-ze
odnav meti, xolo ukrainelebi 16%-ze odnav naklebi wiliT 1991 wlis monacemebiT 294 milioniani mosaxleobis 2/3-s Seadgendnen. garda amisa, sabWoTa kavSirSi
daaxloebiT 20 eTnikuri jgufi cxovrobda, romelic cal-calke 1 mln adamianze mets iTvlida. am msxvil eTnikur jgufebs Soris iyo 15 erovneba, romelTa
saxelebi ewodeboda respublikebs da aseve TaTrebi, polonelebi, germanelebi,
ebraelebi, CuvaSebi, baSkirebi da mordovelebi (ix. cxrili 7.1). sul yofil ssrkSi 100-ze meti sxvadasxva erovneba cxovrobda da 130-mde enaze saubrobdnen.
cxrili 7.1

ZiriTadi erovnebebi sabWoTa kavSirSi misi daSlis dros (1989)

erovnebebi

procentuli
Semadgenlobaa

erovnebebi

procentuli
b
Semadgenloba

rusebi

50.78

moldovelebi

1.17

ukrainelebi

15.47

litvelebi

1.07

uzbekebi

5.84

Turqebi

0.95

belorusebi

3.50

yirgizebi

0.85

yazaxebi

2.84

germanelebi

0.71

azerbaijanelebi

2.38

CuvaSebi

0.64

TaTrebi

2.32

latvielebi

0.51

somxebi

1.62

ebraelebi b

0.50

tajikebi

1.48

baSkirebi

0.50

qarTvelebi

1.39

polonelebi

0.39

a. monacemebi aRebulia sabWoTa kavSiris bolo oficialuri saxalxo aRweridan.

b. yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi ebraelebs calke erad gamoyofda.
wyaro: Population Today, November 1991, Population Reference Bureau. ibeWdeba nebarTviT.

istoriulad sabWoTa mTavroba ararusi jgufebis asimilirebisaTvis Zalas iyenebda. amasTan erTad, saxelmwifo politikis erT-erT mTavar instruments ganaTlebis sistema warmoadgenda: sabWoTa kavSiris yvela skolis yvela
moswavle valdebuli iyo Seeswavla rusuli.
amis Sedegad, orenianoba Cveulebrivi movlena gaxda sabWoTa respublikebSi _ ararusi mosaxleobis umravlesobas SeeZlo gamarTuli rusuliT esaubra.
magram kvlav gavimeorebT, rom sabWoTa kavSiris ulmobeli mcdeloba, daenerga
kulturuli dominantoba, xSirad sastik winaaRmdegobas awydeboda. komunisturi partiis zeda eSelonebSi eTnikuri rusebi dominirebdnen, romlebic mmarTveli elitis daaxloebiT 70 procents Seadgendnen, rac, Tavismxriv, kidev ufro

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zrdida eTnikuri umciresobebis gaRizianebas. sabWoTa kavSiris warumatebelma
mcdelobam, moexdina eTnikuri umciresobebis sruli asimilireba, msoflios
erT-erT ukanasknel imperias safuZveli gamoacala.
moskovs sakmaod kargi safuZveli hqonda efiqra, rom `erovnuli sakiTxi~
adre Tu gvian sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis mizezi gaxdeboda. ironiulad, swored
gorbaCovis reformebma Seqmna iseTi situacia, rodesac ararusi erovnebis mosaxleobas SeeZlo gaebeda TviTgamorkvevisa da damoukideblobis moTxovniT
moZraobis dawyeba. glasnostma, garkveulwilad, centraluri mTavrobisa
da komunisturi partiis kritika waaxalisa. gorbaCovis sabediswero gadawyvetilebam _ neba daerTo yofili `sateliti saxelmwifoebisaTvis~ (poloneTi, aRmosavleT germania, Cexoslovakia, ungreTi, bulgareTi da rumineTi)
daetovebinaT sabWoTa gavlenis sfero, aseve gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa. pirvelad damoukideblobisaTvis moZraoba baltiispireTis saxelmwifoebSi daiwyo,
sadac litvam, latviam da estoneTma (romlebic damoukidebelni iyvnen 1939
wlamde, sanam stalinma maTi xelSi Cagdeba ar moaxerxa hitlerTan samarcxvino
paqtis dadebis Semdeg) reformebs sul sxva simZafre da mimarTuleba misca,
vidre gorbaCovs hqonda ganzraxuli. baltiis saxelmwifoebi litvis winamZRolobiT, pirvelebi gamoeyvnen sabWoTa kavSirs. erovnulma demonstraciebma
da amboxebebma gadauara sabWoTa imperias, rodesac respublikebi erTmaneTis
miyolebiT acxadebdnen damoukideblobas.
1991 wlis bolosTvis, sabWoTa kavSiri TavisiT daiSala. gorbaCovis yvela
mcdeloba, gadaeWra sabWoTa kavSiris fundamenturi politikuri da ekonomikuri problemebi, marcxiT dasrulda. 1991 wlis agvistoSi, gorbaCovi Camoagdo
komunisturi partiis 8 kacianma jgufma, romelsac samxedroebTan da e.w. sukTan (saxelmwifo uSiSroebis komiteti) hqonda kavSiri. magram gadatrialeba
marcxiT dasrulda: demokratiisa da sabazro reformebisaTvis mebrZolma boris elcinma, romelic moskovSi alyaSemortymuli ruseTis parlamentis SenobaSi imyofeboda da STaagonebda quCaSi gamosul uzarmazar brbos ebrZola demokratiisaTvis, winaaRmdegoba gauwia saxelmwifo gadatrialebis mcdelobas.
elcinis daJinebiT, gorbaCovma kvlav daikava Tavisi yofili Tanamdeboba, 1991
wlis bolos, sabWoTa kavSiris formalur daSlamde, Tumca ruseTs ukve axali
gmiri hyavda.

boris elcini: postsabWoTa ruseTis pirveli prezidenti

1991 wlis ivnisSi ruseTis respublikis saprezidento arCevnebSi gamarjvebis mopovebis

Sedegad boris elcini pirveli saxalxod arCeuli prezidenti gaxda ruseTis istoriaSi. ori
Tvis Semdeg, 1991 wlis agvistoSi, man CaaCuma reaqciuli Zalebi, romelTac saxelmwifo gadatrialebis gziT daamxes sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kavSiris prezidenti mixeil
gorbaCovi. dramatul momentSi, rodesac Sedegi jer kidev gaurkveveli rCeboda, elcini avida
tankze da waikiTxa axla kargad cnobili manifesti, romelic saxelmwifo gadatrialebas aralegitimurad acxadebda da moiTxovda konstituciuri wesrigis aRdgenas, maT Soris prezident gorbaCovis xelisuflebaSi dabrunebas.
es situacia sakmaod ironiuli iyo. boris elcini sabWoTa politikaSi Tavis grandiozul
aRmasvlas gorbaCovs umadloda.

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1980-iani wlebis Sua xanebSi elcini iyo ucnobi

partiuli muSaki sverdlovskSi, rodesac gorbaCovma igi moskovSi partiis adgilobrivi organizaciis xelmZRvanelad waiyvana. magram elcini maleve
daupirispirda mas; brals sdebda gorbaCovs imaSi,
rom igi realuri reformebis gatarebis saqmeSi
fexs iTrevda, TviTon ki ufro radikaluri liberalizaciis politikas uWerda mxars, vidre amas
gorbaCovi axorcielebda. elcinis mkacri da saxalxo kritikiT gaRizianebulma gorbaCovma es gansxvavebuli mosazrebebis mqone adamiani politbiuros 1987 wels CamoaSora.
magram elcini ar danebda. igi brZolas agrZelebda da bevri momxrec gaiCina mSobliur
ruseTSi. 1991 wlis arCevnebSi gamarjvebiT elcinma daCrdila gorbaCovi, romelic arasodes
yofila saxalxod arCeuli da Sesabamisad, aklda ndobis is mandati, romelic elcins gaaCnda,
gadamwyveti roli Seasrula gorbaCovis gaurkveveli, da, savaraudod, fataluri momavlisagan gadarCenaSi, ramac sabolood elcini upirates poziciaSi Caayena gorbaCovTan mimarTebaSi, romlis ndoba da prestiJi da, Sesabamisad, Zalauflebac gaqra saxelmwifo gadatrialebis
mcdelobis Semdeg. bolos, gorbaCovi ara mxolod mixvda, rom daetovebina komunisturi partiis Tavmjdomaris Tanamdeboba da ganecalkevebina partia mTavrobisagan, aramed aseve saWirod
CaTvala Segueboda sabWoTa kavSiris daSlas. gorbaCovma prezidentis Tanamdeboba 1991 wlis 25
dekembers datova.
elcini darCa ruseTis mTavrobis saTaveSi, magram gaRrmavebuli socialuri da ekonomikuri krizisis pirobebSi
mas uwevda saparlamento opoziciasTan gamklaveba. elcinis
Seusabamo da sastikma damokidebulebam ruseTis separatistuli regionis, CeCneTis omis mimarT ver gaaumjobesa misi
Selaxuli imiji, verc qveynis SigniT da verc mis gareT. misi
popularoba, ramac igi uZleveli gaxada 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, 1996 wlis ivnisSi, axali saprezidento arCevnebis
win Zalian dacemuli iyo. elcins mouxda Sejibreba prezidentobis komunist kandidat evgeni zuganovTan, Tumca meore
turSi mciredi upiratesobiT mainc gaimarjva. misi triumfi janmrTelobasTan dakavSirebulma problemebma gaafermkrTala. 1996 wlis bolos elcinma gulis operacia gaikeTa. 1997
wlisTvis is gamojanmrTelda, Tumca ar iyo iseTive efeqtiani, rogorc wina wlebSi. 2000 wels
vladimer putini airCies mis memkvidred. putinis winaSec seriozuli problemebi idga, maT Soris: dasneulebuli ekonomika, korufciuli sazogadoeba, sastiki damnaSaveoba da CeCneTSi
aalebuli omi.

Tanamedrove sirTuleebi
moicavs ra yofili sabWoTa kavSiris teritoriis 75, mosaxleobis 50 da
mTliani erovnuli produqtis daaxloebiT 60 procents, ruseTi rCeba evraziis
gabatonebul Zalad. ruseTis uzarmazari gavlena dsT-s sivrceze bevr fundamentur kiTxvas wamoWris: iqneba Tu ara dsT meqanizmi, romlis meSveobiTac axali damoukidebeli respublikebi ganimtkiceben TavianT damoukideblobas, Tu

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is iqneba struqtura, romliTac ruseTi daSlili imperiis aRdgenas Seecdeba?
1990-iani wlebis Sua periodSi aSkara niSnebi ikveTeboda meore scenaris sasargeblod, radgan ruseTi Zveli ruseTis imperiisa da slavuri evropis teritoriebze dakarguli gavlenis aRdgenas cdilobda.
rusuli jari ganlagebuli iyo bevr yofil sabWoTa respublikaSi, maT
Soris latviaSi, estoneTSi, moldovaSi, saqarTveloSi, azerbaijansa da tajikeTSi. konfliqtur saxelmwifoebSi _ azerbaijanSi, tajikeTsa da saqarTveloSi
moskovma samxedro intervencia `samSvidobo~ safuZvlebze gaamarTla, rodesac
axal damoukidebel respublikebSi, an maT Soris, rogorc Sida, aseve sagareo
uTanxmoebebi warmoiSva.
danarCeni msoflio gansakuTrebulad Sefiqrianebuli iyo im faqtiT, rom
ruseTi, ukraina, yazaxeTi da belorusia maT teritoriebze ganTavsebuli sabWoTa kavSiris birTvuli iaraRis memkvidreebs iyvnen. amis Sedegad msoflioSi
moulodnelad gaCnda ramdenime axali birTvuli saxelmwifo, da es maSin, roca
birTvuli iaraRi kidev ufro amwvavebda daZabulobas axal damoukidebel saxelmwifoebs Soris. politikuri motivebiT ruseTi yofili sabWoTa kavSiris
birTvuli iaraRis sakuTar arsenalSi moqcevas Seecada. ukrainamac da yazaxeTmac piroba dades gadaecaT es iaraRi ruseTisaTvis, Tumca amavdroulad, am nabijis gadadgmamde, moskovisagan ekonomikur da finansur koncesiebs moiTxovdnen,
xolo dasavleTisgan _ usafrTxoebis garantiebs. 1996 wlisTvis yvela birTvuli
iaraRi, maT Soris belorusiaSi arsebulic, ruseTSi iqna gadatanili. ruseTis
uzarmazari masobrivi ganadgurebis biologiuri da qimiuri iaraRis arsenalis
usafrTxoebac dasavleTis didi Sefiqrianebis sagans warmoadgenda. 2001 wlis
11 seqtembers amerikis SeerTebul Statebze ganxorcielebuli teroristuli
aqtebis Semdeg es problema kidev ufro gamwvavda, ramdenadac arsebobda saSiSroeba, rom zogierTi am momakvdinebel nivTierebaTagan (maT Soris antraqsi) SeiZleboda avRaneTSi da sxvagan dabinavebul saerTaSoriso teroristul
dajgufebebs CaegdoT xelSi.
ruseTis progresis pirobebSi arsebuli politikuri da ekonomikuri proeqtia. Tumca SeuZlebelia viwinaswarmetyveloT misi momavali perspeqtivebi.
is faqti, rom ruseTi rCeba mniSvnelovan da Zlevamosil saxelmwifod, eWvs ar
iwvevs. ruseTis warmateba damokidebuli iqneba mis unarze gaumklavdes sul mcire sam gamowvevas: ekonomikur vardnas, eTnikur fragmentacias da saxelmwifo
mSeneblobas.
ekonomikuri vardna. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg mudmivma ekonomikurma problemebma did gasaWirSi Caagdo dsT-s saxelmwifoebi. arc ruseTi warmoadgenda am mxriv gamonakliss: misi susti ekonomika ganapirobebs Cveulebrivi
moqalaqeebis yoveldRiur duxWir cxovrebas. 1991 wlis Semdeg dsT-is saxelmwifoTa umravlesobis msgavsad, ruseTma samrewvelo warmoebaSi, sacalo gayidvasa da erovnul SemosavalSi gansacvifrebeli vardna ganicada. gaizarda sabiujeto deficiti. Tavdapirvelad am ekonomikur Cavardnebs Tan axlda farTod
gavrcelebuli, mkacri inflacia.
am droidan moyolebuli ekonomikuri gamococxlebis niSnebi gamoCenas agvianebda. ekonomikurma vardnam, romelic asocirdeboda sabWoTa Zalauflebis kolafsTan da elcinis mTavrobis mier Tanmimdevruli da energiuli
ekonomikuri reformis gatarebis mcdelobisas gancdil marcxTan, warmoebis
masStabebi 1990-iani wlebis Sua periodSi erTi mesamediT Semcirda.7 magram aqve

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zogierTi dadebiTi simptomic SeimCneoda, maT Soris: fasebis gaTavisuflebiT
sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis mcdeloba, Tavdacvis biujetirebis Semcireba,
distribuciis Zveli centralizebuli sistemis uaryofa, vauCeruli privatizaciis farTomasStabiani programis gatareba, kerZo bankebis daarseba da sagareo
vaWrobis demonopolizacia.
1996 wlisTvis elcinma warmatebas inflaciis Semcirebisa da rublis stabilizirebis TvalsazrisiTac miaRwia. miuxedavad am nabijebisa, ekonomika kvlav
daRmavlobas ganagrZobda. mTliani Sida produqti da samrewvelo warmoebis moculoba 6 procentze metiT daeca.8 (Tumca, vardna ufro neli iyo vidre ori wlis
win, rodesac is 15 procents Seadgenda.) amaSi nawilobriv ruseTSi privatizaciis SedarebiT dabali done (CexeTis, poloneTisa da ungreTis ufro warmatebul
ekonomikebTan SedarebiT) SeiZleba davadanaSauloT, magram sabazro ekonomikis
xelSewyobisa da sagareo investiciebis waxalisebis mizniT myari samarTlebrivi
safuZvlebis ganviTarebac ver moxerxda, rac ekonomikuri vardnis aseve mniSvnelovani gamomwvevi faqtoria. sxva faqtorTa Soris aris aqcionerTa zustad
gansazRvruli uflebebis, miwis bazrebis ganviTarebis xelSemwyobi kanonebisa da
socialuri usafrTxoebis qselis ararseboba, rac sawarmoebs muSebisaTvis SeRavaTebis uzrunvelyofis tvirTisagan gaaTavisuflebda.
mniSvnelovan ekonomikur problemas mudmivad aqvs mniSvnelovani socialuri Sedegebi. dRes rusebis umravlesoba miiCnevs, rom maTi mdgomareoba wlebTan erTad uaresdeba. farTod gavrcelebuli jandacvis problemebi (nawilobriv gamowveuli mTavrobis uunarobiT, xeli Seewyo sazogadoebrivi jandacvis
programisaTvis), arsebuli xelfasebis Semcireba (inflaciis gamo), saxelfaso
davalianebisa da umuSevrobis swrafi zrda kvlav rCeba rusebis SeSfoTebis
mTavar mizezebad. 1990-iani wlebis Sua periodSi, daaxloebiT 36.6 milioni rusi,
anu mosaxleobis erTi meoTxedi, siRaribis zRvars qvemoT cxovrobda. erTaderT naTel wertils inflaciis tempis Semcireba warmoadgenda _ 1998 wlis dasawyisisaTvis 10.2 procentamde. 2001 wels, inflaciam kvlav imata (daaxloebiT
20 procenti), magram rusuli ekonomika, prezident vladimer putinis Zlieri
xelmZRvanelobis wyalobiT, aRorZinebis niSnebs amJRavnebda.9
eTnikuri fragmentacia. 1991 wels sabWoTa kavSiris daSlas Zveli imperiis bevr nawilSi Tan samoqalaqo omi, religiuri devna da eTnikuri amboxebebi axlda. ruseTi rCeba eTnikurad mravalferovan qveynad, romelic jer kidev
cdilobs gadalaxos konfliqturi eTnikuri jgufebis Zlieri centridanuli
Zala, miT umetes, rom zogierT maTgans suverenuli damoukidebloba surs. am
jgufebis rusul saxelmwifoSi warmatebuli integracia daumTavrebel saqmed
darCa axali aTaswleulis dasawyisSi.
1993 wlis konstituciiT eTnikuri jgufebi ruseTis federaciaSi 21 respublikis safuZvels qmnian. es federaluri erTobebi (msgavsi Statebis mmarTvelobisa amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi) warmodgenilia, rogorc respublikebi
ruseTis sakanonmdeblo organos zeda palataSi. Tumca, verc erTi konstitucia
ver SeZlebs gadaWras eTnikuri daZabuloba ruseTis SigniT _ dro, urTierTpativiscema da ekonomikuri warmateba dominantur rusul da periferiebze
mcxovreb erovnebebs Soris grZelvadiani stabiluri urTierTobis nebismieri
receptis aucilebeli ingredientebia (es exeba rogorc ruseTis sazRvrebs SigniT, aseve mis gareT arsebul viTarebas).
politikur saxelmwifoSi gansxvavebuli erovnebebis integraciis prob-

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lemis daZleva sxva sirTulesac ukavSirdeba. tradiciulad, sabWoTa kavSiri
biurokratiulad moskovidan regionaluri administraciuli erTobebis (oblasti) da eTnikuri (an erovnuli) respublikebis meSveobiT imarTeboda. ormagi iurisdiqciis es sistema ruseTSi sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg kvlav
agrZelebda funqcionirebas. magram centraluri mTavrobis Zalaufleba komunizmis marcxis Sedegad Semcirda, maSin roca regionebis Zalaufleba gaizarda. daTrgunulma eTnikurma siamayem da rusuli dominantobis mimarT protestis grZnobam respublikebSi gansxvavebul erovnul jgufebsa da centralur
xelisuflebas Soris dapirispirebis ali aanTo. amavdroulad, respublikebi
metoqeobas uwevdnen oblastebs ruseTis politikur sistemaSi Zalauflebisa
da gavlenis mopovebisaTvis.
ruseTis eTnikuri respublikebis mier gamowveulma politikurma problemebma wina planze 1994 wlis dekemberSi wamoiwia, rodesac ruseTma samxedro
Tavdasxma ganaxorciela mis SemadgenlobaSi arsebul, eTnikurad muslimur respublikaze, CeCneTze, romelic CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, Sav da kaspiis zRvebs Soris mdebareobs. adre CeCneTma ruseTisagan damoukidebloba gamoacxada. gadawyvita ra bolo moeRo CeCneTis daumorCileblobisaTvis, ruseTis prezidentma
elcinma amboxebis CasaxSobad iq rusuli jari gaagzavna. omis msvlelobisas ruseTis samxedro TviTmfrinavebma Zalian dabombes CeCneTis dedaqalaqi _ grozno.
CeCeni jariskacebi Zalian motivirebulebi iyvnen, maSin roca rusi jariskacebi,
asaxavdnen ra farTod gavrcelebul saxalxo skepticizms, naklebad mondomebulebi iyvnen brZolaSi Casabmelad (albaT, axsovdaT sastiki omi avRaneTSi 1980ian wlebSi) da did danakargebsac ganicdidnen.
gaWianurebuli `binZuri~ omis Sedegad dasjili ruseTi iswrafvoda mSvidobisaken. 1996 wlis bolos xelmowerilma zavma faqtobrivad separatistuli
meamboxeebis gamarjveba aRiara. man ruseTs misca saSualeba 2001 wlamde gadaewyvita, rogor mopyroboda CeCneTis mier damoukideblobis moTxovnas. amavdroulad ZalaSi rCeboda pasuxgaucemeli kiTxvebi:

..
.
.

SenarCundeba Tu ara cecxlis Sewyveta?

miscems Tu ara ruseTi CeCneTs gamoyofis uflebas?
mosalodnelia Tu ara, rom ruseTSi arsebulma ramdenma sxva eTnikurma
jgufma mibaZos CeCnebs da moiTxovos damoukidebloba?
Caefloba Tu ara uzarmazari birTvuli iaraRis mqone ruseTi
anarqiaSi?
eTnikurad mravalferovani ruseTis SenarCuneba da Sida administrireba

mxolod erTi problemaa; Tumca, sxvadasxva eTnikuri dapirispireba, romelic

gavlenas axdens sagareo politikur urTierTobebsa da politikur kavSirebze
ruseTsa da yofili sabWoTa kavSiris bevr axal damoukidebel respublikas Soris, gansxvavebuli saxis problemebs warmoSobs. magaliTad, miuxedavad imisa,
rom ukraina da ruseTi damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobis organizaciis wevrebi arian, maT Soris garkveulma uTanxmoebam mainc iCina Tavi. am
problemis erTi nawili istoriulia. ukraina (gansakuTrebiT kievi) ruseTis
istoriuli dabadebis adgilia (kievis ruseTi). is, 40 milioniani mosaxleobiT,
aRmosavleT evropis erT-erTi yvelaze didi qveyanaa (uxeSad rom vTqvaT, mezobeli poloneTis zomis). ukrainis kuTvnil strategiul naxevarkunZulze, romelic yirimis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili, aris Savi zRvis sanapiroze arsebuli

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uZravi qonebis mniSvnelovani nawili. yirimis dRevandel mosaxleobas didi

rusebi (ukrainelebs mcirerusebs uwodeben _ mTargmn. Sen.) warmoadgenen, romlebmac Caanacvles adgilobrivi mosaxleoba, yirimeli TaTrebi mas Semdeg, rac
stalinma isini cimbirSi gadaasaxla 1930-ian wlebSi. rodesac 1994 wlis ianvarSi prorusuli nacionalisti airCies yirimis prezidentad, igi imuqreboda,
rom ukrainisagan gamoyofisa da ruseTTan SeerTebis moTxovniT referendums
Caatarebda. miuxedavad imisa, rom referendumi ar Catarebula, ukrainis gayofis albaTobas dasavleT (ukrainul) da aRmosavleT (rusul) nawilebad, ver
gamovricxavT.
krizisi warmatebiT mowesrigda 1990-iani wlebis Sua periodSi. dawesda
ormagi kontroli yofil sabWoTa sazRvao sawarmoebsa da samxedro Zalebze
samxreT ukrainis saporto qalaq sevastopolSi (yirimis naxevarkunZulze),
rac kidev erTxel miuTiTebs momavali konfliqtis SesaZleblobaze ruseTsa
da ukrainas Soris. krizisi amoizarda am or yofil partniors Soris arsebuli
ambiciuri da konfliqturi interesebidan yofili sabWoTa kavSiris Savi zRvis
sazRvao teqnikis mflobelobis sakiTxis garSemo. miuxedavad imisa, rom uTanxmoeba mSvidobianad gadawyda 1997 wels (ruseTma miiRo flotis 80 procenti,
Tumca daTanxmda, rom Tavad porti ukrainas ekuTvnoda), es kidev erTxel gvaxsenebs, rom es ori didi slavuri saxelmwifo dRes ufro metoqeebi arian, vidre
Zmebi (miuxedavad imisa, rom istoriisa da eTnikurobis TvalsazrisiT isini SeiZleba aRviqvaT, rogorc erTi da imave ojaxuri xis ori ganStoeba).
aseTive aqtiuri an potenciuri konfliqtis mravali sxva magaliTi arsebobs. magaliTad, 1997 wels yazaxeTSi (romelic ruseTs esazRvreba) mosaxleobis 51 procenti iyo yazaxi da 32 procenti rusi. dapirispireba or jgufs Soris
yazaxeTis sazogadoebriv mSvidobas emuqreba imdenad, ramdenadac aseT SemTxvevaSi, ruseTis intervenciis SesaZlebloba izrdeba. eTnikuri da politikuri
dapirispireba moxda moldovaSi, saxelmwifoSi, romelic esazRvreba rumineTs
yofili sabWoTa kavSiris dasavleT sazRvarze. ruseTis mier moldovaSi eTnikuri rusebis mier wamoyenebuli teritoriuli moTxovnebis mxardaWeram (romlebic mTeli mosaxleobis 13 procents Seadgenen), gamoiwvia uTanxmoebebi, erTi
mxriv, moldovel rusebsa da adgilobriv moldovelebs, (romlebic mosaxleobis 65 procentia) da, meore mxriv, ruseTisa da moldoveTis mTavrobebs Soris.
saxelmwifos mSenebloba. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, diskreditirebuli komunisturi partiis Casanacvleblad axali samTavrobo struqturebi da mTavrobebi gaxda saWiro. axladSeqmnil saxelmwifoebs axali
samTavrobo struqturebi marto samarTavad sWirdebodaT, agreTve araxelsayreli saWiro iyo xelmZRvaneloba, raTa es xalxebi emarTaT, araxelsayreli
ekonomikuri garemosa da eTnikuri daZabulobis fonze.
ruseTma unda gadaWras saxelmwifo mSeneblobis seriozuli problemebi,
imisaTvis, rom momavali politikuri stabiluroba uzrunvelyos. miuxedavad
imisa, rom sakanonmdeblo arCevnebi Catarda 1993 da 1995 wlebSi, xolo saprezidento arCevnebi gaimarTa 1996 da 2000 wlebSi (saparlamento arCevnebi aseve
Catarda 1999, 2003, 2007 wlebSi,xolo saprezidento 2004 da 2008 ww. _ mTargmn.
Sen.), demokratia ruseTSi kvlav ganviTarebis sawyis etapze rCeba. saxelmwifos
mSeneblobis sirTuleebi, romelsac ruseTi politikuri stabilurobis miRwevis
mizniT unda gaumklavdes, Semdegia:

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.
.

myife konstitucia: 1993 wels miRebulma ruseTis konstituciam gaaZliera prezidenti parlamentTan mimarTebaSi, ramac elcins saparlamento
opoziciaze warmatebis mopovebis saSualeba misca. miuxedavad imisa, rom
igi sayovelTaod aRiarebuli politikuri dokumentia, jerjerobiT ar
warmoadgens sakadrisi pativiscemis obieqts, rasac, rogorc wesi, aseTi
samTavrobo dokumentebi imsaxureben.
danawevrebuli partiuli sistema: ruseTis partiuli sistema Zalian danawevrebulia. 1995 wlis dekemberSi dumis, ruseTis erovnul sakanonmdeblo organos federaluri yrilobis qveda palatis arCevnebSi 42 partia
dafiqsirda. es partiebi saucxood gamoxatavdnen profesiuli, ideologiuri da eTnikuri interesis mTel speqtrs; maT Soris zogierTi gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa: ekologiuri partia, ruseTis qalebi, muslimuri
moZraoba, ruseTis advokatTa asociacia da TviT ludis msmelTa partiac
ki. ruseTis wamyvani politikuri partiebi warmoadgens or politikur
speqtrs _ nacionalistebs, romlebic mxars uWeren Zveli ruseTis imperiis
aRorZinebas da komunistebs, romlebic ekonomikuri da demokratiuli reformebis tempis Semcirebis an saerTod gauqmebis momxreebad gvevlinebian. aseTma uTanxmoebam gamoiwvia politikur CixSi Sesvla da radikalizmi
_ rac, Tavis mxriv, politikuri SeSfoTebis mizezia.
gaurkveveli federalizmi. ruseTis oficialuri saxelwodeba _ ruseTis federacia, gamoxatavs Zalauflebis danawilebas centralur da adgilobriv mTavrobebs Soris. amasTan, konstitucia naTlad ver gamosaxavs
centrsa da federaciis wevrebs Soris arsebul uflebamosilebebs. zogierTi damkvirvebeli amtkicebs, rom ZalTa balansi centraluri xelisuflebidan adgilobrivi mTavrobebis sasargeblod inacvlebs. 1993 wlis
konstituciis miRebam da Sesabamisma kanonmdeblobam, romelic federaciis sabWoSi (federaluri yrilobis zeda palata) msxdomi adgilobrivi
liderebis arCevnebs awesebda, gavleniani liderebis xelmZRvanelobiT
regionuli Zalis centrebis Seqmnas Seuwyo xeli. moskovi veRar SeZlebs
gamodevnos daumorCilebeli adgilobrivi mTavrobebi; axla mas mouwevs
molaparakebebi gamarTos liderebTan qveda doneebze (putinis dros ganxorcielda reforma, romelmac centraluri xelisuflebis gaZlierebas
Seuwyo xeli _ mTargmn. Sen) .10
organizebuli danaSaulis zrda. saxelmwifos mSeneblobis aucileblobas kvazisamTavrobo funqciis Sesrulebis msurveli mopaeqre organizaciebis gavlenisa da raodenobis zrdac asaxavs, romlebic am miznis
miRwevas damoukideblad an arsebuli samTavrobo struqturebis meSveobiT cdiloben. erT-erTi Sefasebis Tanaxmad, organizebul damnaSaveobaSi dRes daaxloebiT 3 milioni adamiania CarTuli da man rogorc ruseTis,
aseve sxva respublikebis policiasa da biurokratiaSic ki SeaRwia. qurduli samyaros gavlena yvelganaa: `dasavleTs aSfoTebs misi SeWra yvela
sferoSi: warmoSobis stadiaSi myof Tavisufal bazarze, privatizaciaSi,
ganiaraRebaSi, samxedro sferoSi, sagareo humanitarul Semweobasa da finansur daxmarebaSi da TviT saxelmwifos savaluto da oqros rezervebSi.~12 1995 wlis martSi, mafiis mier cnobili Jurnalistis mkvlelobis
Semdeg, elcinma ganacxada, rom organizebuli damnaSaveoba seriozul

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safrTxes uqmnis ruseTis politikur stabilurobas. dasavleTis saxelmwifoebis mTavrobebma gamoxates SeSfoTeba, rom rusul mafias, agreTve
im mecnierebs, inJinrebs da teqnologebs, romlebic sakmaod dazaraldnen samsaxurebidan gaTavisuflebebiT da xelfasebis mkveTri SemcirebiT,
SeiZleba moparuli birTvuli, qimiuri da biologiuri iaraRi Sav bazarze teroristuli dajgufebebisa da urCi saxelmwifoebisaTvis mieyidaT
(iaraRiTa da narkotikebiT saerTaSoriso aralegaluri vaWroba did biz-

ness warmoadgens).

kanonis mimarT upativcemulobis zrda. organizebuli damnaSaveobis zrda, adgilobrivi politikuri bosebis gaCena, korufciis farTod
gavrceleba da iseTi sazogadoebrivi problemebi, rogoricaa Cveulebrivi damnaSaveoba, prostitucia da narkotikebis moxmareba, sazogadoebrivi struqturis xarjze ikvebeboda. farTod gavrcelebuli damnaSaveobac asaxavs mTavrobis uunarobas _ daicvas kanoniereba da wesrigi.
am problemebis erTi Sedegi aris zogadad kanonis ideis upativcemuloba,
romelsac `ruseTis yvelaze did gasaWirs~ uwodebdnen.13

bolosdabolos, gamoGnda Tu ara lideri?

1999 wlis agvistoSi, imdroindelma prezidentma boris elcinma vladimer
putini, yofili suk-is oficeri da politikurad ucnobi adamiani, axal premier-ministrad daasaxela. elcinis oTx wina premier-ministrTagan didi xniT
arc erTi darCenila am Tanamdebobaze, Sesabamisad putinis moulodneli dawinaureba SesaZloa didi garigeba sulac ar yofiliyo. realurad ki es marTla
didi garigeba aRmoCnda: rva Tvis Semdeg putini ruseTis axlad arCeuli prezidenti gaxda.
Tu elcini saprezidento Tanamdebobaze putinis memkvidreobas gegmavda, maSin 1999 wlis saparlamento arCevnebs gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqonda.
putinma, Tavis mxriv, ori ram gaakeTa, ramac gaamyara misi poziciebi amomrCevlebSi. pirvel rigSi, CeCneTis omTan mimarTebaSi mkacri kursis aRebis Sedegad,
man swrafad moipova bevri rusis mxardaWera maSin, roca misi winamorbedebi am
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT didi xnis ganmavlobaSi veranair gadawyvetilebas ver
iRebdnen (winamorbedebSi, ra Tqma unda, prezidenti elcinic igulisxmeba).
meore, man gabedulad dauWira mxari or moulodnelad gamoCenil partias _ er-

Tobas (mas aseve uwodebdnen medveds, rac daTvs niSnavs), romelic bolo wuTis
koalicias warmoadgenda da aravin icoda misi politikuri programa da memarjvene ZalTa kavSirs, liberal-reformatorTa partias. erToba TiTqmis pirvel
adgilze gavida da mcirediT CamorCeboda komunistebs, maSin roca memarjvene
ZalTa gaerTianeba meoTxe adgilze gavida. erTad am orive partiam amomrCevelTa xmebis mTeli raodenobis erTi mesamedi moagrova da komunistebTan SedarebiT odnav naklebi adgili miiRo dumaSi. ruseTis parlamentSi erTmaneTis
pirispir pirvelad aRmoCnda ori bloki warmodgenili _ erTi centridan marcxniv, xolo meore centridan marjvniv. xdeboda Tu ara ruseTis politikuri
partiuli sistema bolos da bolos naklebad qaosuri, SesaZloa, ufro normaluric?
mTlad asec ar iyo saqme. axlad arCeuli dumis pirvel Sekrebaze, komu-

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nistebma da erTobam (ZiriTadma pro-putiniseulma partiam) ucnauri aliansi
Sekres, erTmaneTSi inawilebdnen ra mTavari komitetebis Tavmjdomareebis
Tanamdebobebs. komunistebi ukeTes mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndnen: maT SeinarCunes dumis Tavmjdomaris Tanamdeboba da miiRes cxra komitetis Tavmjdomaris
posti. samagierod, maT mxardaWera aRuTqves putinis mier SeTavazebuli premier-ministris kandidaturas da axal mTavrobas, aseve reformis programas.
opoziciurma partiebma wesebis darRvevaze gamoTqves ukmayofileba (yofilma
premier-ministrma, evgeni primakovma, am garigebas `wabilwva~ uwoda). miuxedavad yvelafrisa, ruseTis axalgazrda demokratiisaTvis es pirveli garigeba
iyo: amave aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas arasdros hyolia gamokveTili umravlesoba parlamentSi.
retrospeqtulad, elcinis gadawyvetileba gaexada putini premier-ministri 1999 wels, warmoadgenda pirvel scenas dramis saboloo aqtSi, romelic
daaxloebiT aTi wlis win daiwyo. xelisuflebaSi mosvlis Semdeg putinma swrafad
scada ruseTis Sida da sagareo politikisaTvis Tavisi `xelwera~ daetyo. qveynis
SigniT man wamoiwyo moZraoba organizebuli damnaSaveobisa da ruseTis cnobili
`oligarqebis~ (mdidari finansuri magnatebi, romelTac elcinis dros moipoves
kontroli sabWoTa ekonomikis uzarmazar nawilze) winaaRmdeg; qveynis gareT,
man ruseTis sagareo politikas axali ieri misca, Seamcira ra daZabuloba yofil
sabWoTa respublikebTan, daxura ruseTis mosasmeni posti vietnamSi da sazRvao
baza kubaSi, ganaaxla msoflio savaWro organizaciaSi gawevrianebis moTxovna
da myarad dauWira mxari amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis kampanias terorizmis
winaaRmdeg 2001 wlis bolos.
putinma aseve jerovani yuradReba dauTmo ekonomikur reformebs, maT Soris cvlilebebs sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobaSi da fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg
sabrZolvelad finansuri dazvervis samsaxuris Seqmna. 1990-iani wlebis bolos
navTobze gazrdili fasebis wyalobiT amotivtivebuli ruseTis ekonomika gamococxlebis niSnebs amJRavnebda. amaSi mas 1998 wels rublis esoden saWiro gaufasurebac daexmara. magram ruseTis proteqcionistuli, karteluri ekonomikis struqtura ucvleli darCa, maT Soris misi mTavari seqtorebi: sawarmoebi,
bankebi da saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi arsebuli dawesebulebebi. arc politikuri
landSafti Secvlila fundamenturad: regionebSi kvlav gamefebulia intriga
da korufcia, biurokratia aris imperiuli da SeuRwevadi, damoukidebeli presa
saxelmwifosagan TiTqmis daucvelia (muqarebi Jurnalistebis misamarTiT romlebic Jurnalistur gamoZiebas awarmoeben, ar warmoadgens uCveulo movlenas
da ar SeiZleba amis araseriozulad miReba).
sabolood, komunisturi mmarTvelobis safarvelis mocilebidan aTi
wlis Semdegac, dasavleTisa da msofliosaTvis ruseTi kvlav gamocanas warmoadgens. putinis swrafi gaZliereba da myari mmarTveloba adasturebs or
rames: rogorc araprognozirebadobas, aseve ruseTis mier demokratiis sakuTari eqsperimentis dawyebas.

momavlis perspeqtivebi
dRs ismis kiTxva: ruseTi daqveiTebis, daqucmacebisa da anarqiis procesSi
myofi didi imperiis narCenia Tu igi moaxerxebs stabilizacia da msoflio mniSvnelobis saxelmwifod da imperiad xelmeored aRmocenebas? rogor daasrulebs

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ruseTi tranziciis process: rogorc demokratiuli Tu rogorc avtoritaruli
saxelmwifo? es ori kiTxva gansazRvravs nebismier varauds ruseTis momavlis
Sesaxeb.
ekonomikuri, eTnikuri da politikuri uwesrigobis pirobebSi, ruseTi
itanjeba identobis krizisiT. rwmenaTa romeli sistema miscems azrs mosaxleobis cxovrebas, gansakuTrebiT, arasaxarbielo politikur da ekonomikur pirobebSi? komunizmma, rogorc gavlenianma rwmenaTa sistemam, TandaTanobiT dakarga ndoba stalinis sikvdilis Semdeg da, sabolood, marcxi ganicada. rusuli
marTlmadidebluri eklesia bevrs sTavazobs nugeSiscemas, Tumca miuxedavad
komunizmis marcxisa, mainc ibrZvis farTod gavrcelebuli politikuri gavlenisagan damoukideblobisaTvis. rogorc vnaxeT, rusuli mafia zogierTs Zalauflebis sacdurs da gavlenis moxveWas sTavazobs. albaT, yvelaze sanukvari
xati aRdgenili, Zlieri, imperialisturi ruseTia, romelic farTod gavrcelebuli nostalgiiTa da ruseTis istoriaSi Rrmad fesvgadgmuli samSoblos siyvaruliT aris motivirebuli. rogorc Cans, putini swored patriotizmis am
Tandayolil grZnobasa da erovnul siamayes mimarTavs demagogiuri mowodebebisa Tu ukidures memarjveneTa gulis mogebis gareSe.
saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi despotizmisa da centralizebuli marTvis gamo
demokratia ruseTSi yovelTvis gaurkvevel perspeqtivas warmoadgenda. jer
kidev 1990-ian wlebSi optimistebs sjerodaT, rom ruseTi demokratiis da Tavisufali sabazro ekonomikis mimarTulebiT moZraobda. mogvianebiT imave aTwleulSi, waawyda ra uamrav kulturul, politikur da ekonomikur dabrkolebas, politikuri da ekonomikuri liberalizacia Soreul imedad iqca. Semdeg
movida putini da raRacis ukeTesobisaken Secvla daiwyo.
sanam ruseTis momavali uwonadobis mdgomareobaSia, demokratia kvlav myife rCeba sxvadasxva politikuri jgufebis arsebobis fonze, romelTaTvisac
eTnikuri aratolerantuloba da warsulis nostalgia saerTo maxasiaTeblebia.
ruseTis liberalur-demokratiuli konstitucia qaRaldze sakmaod damaimedeblad gamoiyureba. Tumca, mniSvnelovania ara is, Tu rogor gamoiyureba konstitucia qaRaldze, aramed is, Tu rogor muSaobs igi praqtikaSi. aSkaraa, rom
momaval wlebSi demokratias ruseTSi bevri mkacri gamocdis Cabareba mouwevs.
Tu ruseTs gadawyvetili aqvs daasrulos tranzicia Ria da liberaluri sazogadoebis SeqmniT, es, erTi mxriT, ganpirobebuli una iyos brZnuli da gabeduli
mmarTvelobiT da, meore mxriT, sazogadoebis uzarmazari SeupovrobiT.
Cven axla mokled gavecnobiT aRmosavleT evropas. es aris regioni tranziciis procesSi myofi saxelmwifoebiT. Tqven naxavT or qveyanas, romlebsac
gardaqmnis procesSi absoluturad msgavsi politikuri da ekonomikuri problemebi hqondes, Sesabamisad, yvelaze warmatebul da warumatebel saxelmwifoebs Soris Zalian didi zRvaria didi zRvaria.

aRmosavleT evropa: tranzitiuli gzajvaredinebi

(mokvdeba Tu ara odesme Zveli Cvevebi)
am regionis axali damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebi oTx aTwleulze met xans
komunisturi mmarTvelobis qveS imyofebodnen. sabWoTa `didi Zmis~ msgavsad maTac centralizebuli dagegmili ekonomikis uReli edgaT. centralurma dageg-

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mvam grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi ver gaamarTla rogorc sabWoTa kavSirSi, aseve
sxvaganac. rodesac komunizmi sabolood gaqra, aRmosavleT evropis didi xnis
manZilze natanj xalxs ukeTesi momavlis imedi gauCndaT. es ocnebebi TiTqmis
yvelgan maleve daingra da eiforia imedgacruebam Secvala. es fenomeni universaluri iyo regionSi, magram imedgacruebis masStabi da siRrme ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis pirdapirproporciulad icvleboda.
dReisaTvis aRmosavleT evropaSi yvelaze dinamikuri ekonomikebis mqone
saxelmwifoebi, sadac yvelaze mkacri reformebi gatarda, aris poloneTi, CexeTis respublika da ungreTi. poloneTi moulodnelad gadaeSva ekonomikur reformebSi 1989 wlis Semdeg, rodesac iq `Sokuri Terapiis~ saxelwodebiT cnobili ekonomikuri politikis mTeli seria wamoiwyes, romelic miznad isaxavda
moqmedi bazrebis Seqmnas da komunisturi mmarTvelobis danatovari araefeqtiani saxelmwifo sawarmoebis privatizirebas. marTalia poloneTs mcire kerZo
seqtori komunizmis pirobebSic ki hqonda, dRes iq or milionamde oficialurad
registrirebuli biznesia.
poloneTis mtkice midgomam reformisadmi 1990-ian wlebSi STambeWdavi
Sedegebi gamoiRo. regionis bevri aRmocenebadi bazrisagan gansxvavebiT (maT
Soris ungreTisa da CexeTis respublikis CaTvliT) poloneTma aicila vardnebi da savaluto krizisi. amavdroulad, poloneTis ekonomika ufro swrafad
viTardeboda, vidre misi yofili komunisturi mezoblebis: 1995 da 2000 wlebs
Soris ekonomikuri zrda yovelwliurad saSualod xuT procentze mets Seadgenda. poloneTma aseve moaxerxa daeZlia inflacia, romelic regionis masStabiT socialuri da ekonomikuri stabilurobis mTavar safrTxes warmoadgenda.
gasul wlebSi am ekonomikurma nabijebma poloneTSi didi raodenobiT sagareo
investiciebis Sedineba gamoiwvia.
meore mxriv, mniSvnelovan problemas gazrdili umuSevroba warmoadgenda,
gansakuTrebiT im qveynisaTvis, sadac komunisturi mmarTvelobis oTx aTwleulze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi samsaxuri yvela axalgazrdisaTvis garantirebuli
iyo. mzardi uTanasworoba mdidar da Rarib, qalaqisa da soflis mosaxleobas
Soris aseve seriozul sakiTxs warmoadgenda, radganac SedarebiT gaRaribebuli soflis mosaxleoba ufro da ufro CamorCeboda qalaqis saSualo fenis mosaxleobas. poloneTis bevri `gaRletili~ jer kidev cxovrobs da muSaobs soflis arsebuli ori milionidan erT-erT ojaxur meurneobaSi.14 mniSvnelovania
aqve aRvniSnoT, rom poloneTis soflis meurneobas koleqtivizaciis procesi
ar Sexebia.
poloneTSi, iseve rogorc yvelgan regionSi, aris SemaZrwunebeli urTierTdamokidebuleba, erTi mxriT, uTanasworobasa da siRaribes, xolo meore
mxriT, damnaSaveobas Soris. gamokvlevam aCvena, rom polonelTa umetesoba poloneTs sacxovreblad usafrTxo adgilad aRar miiCnevs. garda amisa, oficialurma korufciam mTavrobisadmi sazogadoebis ndobas Ziri gamouTxara. ar aris
gasaocari, rom oTxi poloneli amomrCevlidan da gadasaxadis gadamxdelidan
sami miiCnevs, rom qveyana araswori mimarTulebiT viTardeba.
CexeTis respublikaSi, premier-ministri vaclav klausi qebas asxamda
sabazro ekonomikis Rirsebebs da kuponis gamoTavisuflebis ambiciuri gegma
ganaxorciela, rac CexeTis yvela moqalaqes Teoriulad axlad privatizirebuli (adre saxelmwifos mflobelobaSi arsebuli) sawarmoebis wilebis miRebis
uflebas aZlevda. magram ganawileba ganxorcielda adekvaturi garantiebis ga-

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reSe da ver SeZlo uzrunveleyo misi erT-erTi mTavari mizani _ mieca CexebisaTvis fsoni axal sabazro ekonomikaSi. realurad, biurokratebma miisakuTres
ZiriTdi saaqcio kapitali (romelTa umetesoba arasodes yofila xelmisawvdomi
sazogadoebisaTvis) da gamoiyenes kavSirebi, rom xelSi CaegdoT yvelaze mniSvnelovani qoneba. sabediswerod, reformis gatarebis am areul-dareulma mcdelobam, nacvlad imisa, rom ganemtkicebina sazogadoebrivi mxardaWera, rogorc
es Tavidan iyo Cafiqrebuli, gamoiwvia Cexebis apaTia demokratiisa da kapitalizmis mimarT. inflaciam, samsaxuris dakargvis SiSma, korufciam maRal Tanamdebobebze, mzardma zRvarma mdidrebis jgufsa da umravlesobas Soris, imis mtkivneulma Segnebam, Tu rogor CamorCnen dasavleTs aRmosavleT evropelebi da,
kerZod, Cexebi, kidev ufro gaaRrmava imedgacrueba bneli mewarmeebisa da TviTgandidebuli politikosebis mimarT, vinc xalxis TvalSi `sistemis~ sinonimuri
gaxdnen.
miuxedavad farTod gavrcelebuli saxalxo ukmayofilebisa, `politikiTa~ da cxovrebis zogadi donis gaumjobesebis tempiT, CexeTi mainc namdvili respublikaa (Cexoslovakia Seiqmna I msoflio omis Semdeg, rogorc srulmasStabiani saparlamento demokratia _ saxalxo TviTmmarTvelobis erTaderTi
magaliTi aRmosavleT evropaSi 1989 wlamde). garda amisa, CexeTis ekonomikam,
romlis ganviTareba TiTqmis aTwleulis manZilze iyo Seferxebuli, 1997-1999
wlebis recesiis Semdeg aSkara ganaxleba moaxerxa. struqturulma reformebma
(magaliTad, sabanko seqtorSi) xeli Seuwyo am Sedegebis miRwevas.
Tumca, rac zemoT iTqva poloneTis SemTxvevaSi, aseve vrceldeba CexeTis
respublikis SemTxvevaSic: Cexebis umravlesoba ukmayofiloa im mimarTulebiT,
rac dRes aqvs qveyanas arCeuli. amavdroulad, aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom Tumca
ukmayofilebis done SemaSfoTebelia, is arc imdenad didia, rom mosaxleobis
umravlesobas komunizmis, centraluri dagegmvis da totalitaruli saxelmwifos nostalgia gauCndes.
ungreTi iyo pirveli qveyana aRmosavleT evropaSi, romelmac ekonomikuri
reformebi komunizmis marcxamde wamoiwyo. 1968 wels, CexoslovakiaSi praRis
xmauriani gazafxulis Tanadroulad, ungreTis komunisturma mTavrobam wamoiwyo axali ekonomikuri meqanizmi (NEM), romelic miznad isaxavda ekonomikis
SezRudul decentralizacias da sabazro mimarTulebis mqone sxva reformebis
gatarebas. axali ekonomikuri meqanizmis sawyis fazaSi zomieri warmatebis miRweva gaxda SesaZlebeli. samomxmareblo saqonlis warmoeba (rac, yovelTvis naklebad prioritetuli iyo sabWouri tipis ekonomikebSi) gaizarda da ungrelebis
cxovrebis done zogadad gaumjobesda. magram reaqcioneri komunistebi Sin da
gareT (kerZod sabWoTa kavSirSi) am reformebs winaaRmdegobas uwevdnen. 1980
ian wlebSi axali ekonomikuri meqanizmi gaauqmes. marTlia ekonomikis ganviTareba am drois ganmavlobaSi swrafad Semcirda, ungreTi maleve miubrunda dasavleTs savaWrod, daxmarebisa da investirebisaTvis. liberalizacia, romelic Tan
sdevda am politikas, uSvebda kerZo bizness da saerTaSoriso mravalerovnul
kompaniebTan TanamSromlobas. ase rom, ungreTis SezRudulma mcdelobam reformis mimarTulebiT, mas kargi sastarto mdgomareoba misca im droisaTvis,
rodesac komunizmma TviTon mouRo bolo sakuTar Tavs 1980-iani wlebis dasasrulisaTvis.
1989 wlis Semdeg, ungreTis axalma liberal-demokratiulma mTavrobam
daaCqara Tavisufali bazris reformebis tempi. kerZod, rogorc wamyvanma aR-

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mocenebadma bazarma regionSi, ungreTma aRmosavleT evropaSi ganxorcielebuli pirdapiri sagareo investiciebis naxevarze meti miizida, miuxedavad imisa,
rom ungreTis mosaxleoba (daaxloebiT 10 milioni) wamoadgenda poloneTis
mosaxleobis (40 milioni) mxolod 25 procents da ruseTis 147 milionian mosaxleobasTan SedarebiT mxolod umniSvnelo nawils. postkomunisturma ungreTma swrafad moaxdina saxelmwifos mflobelobaSi arsebuli sawarmoebis
privatizireba: 1993 wlisaTvis kerZo seqtoris wilma mTlian Sida produqtSi 50
procenti Seadgina. privatizaciis tempi TandaTan Semcirda, rodesac socialistebma moipoves umravlesoba parlamentSi 1994 wels, magram momdevno wels imave
parlamentma gamosca kanoni, romelsac unda daeCqarebina saxelmwifos mflobelobaSi arsebuli sawarmoebis privatizacia, agreTve moemzadebina gasayidad
sazogadoebrivi saqoneli da foladisa da eleqtroenergiis strategiuli
sawarmoebi. miuxedavad restruqturizaciis am seriozuli mcdelobebisa, ungreTi ganicdida inflaciisa da umuSevrobis iseT maRal dones, romelic komunizmis dros ar arsebobda.
dadebiTi kuTxiT Tu SevxedavT, dRes ungreTi myarad aris damkvidrebuli
evropuli saxelmwifoebis liberalur-demokratiul kategoriaSi. 1989 wlidan
sam Tavisufal arCevnebSi TiToeul SemTxvevaSi sxvadasxva partiam moipova kontroli mTavrobaze _ rac, Tavis mxriv, partiuli konkurenciisa da politikuri
pluralizmis arsebobis niSania. ufro metic, am cvlilebebs ar gamouwvevia
mkveTri gadaxrebi marcxniv an marjvniv da arc politikuri sistemis destabilizaciis wyaro gamxdara. sabolood, ungreTis ekonomika aCvenebs, rom igi stabiluri ganviTarebis gzaze dgas.
Tu am sam qveyanaSi tranziciis procesebi dausrulebelia, maSin sxva bevri
yofili komunisturi respublika, maT Soris ukraina, bulgareTi da rumineTi
ufro cud mdgomareobaSia. slovenia, adre yofili iugoslaviis federaciis
nawili, aris erTi mniSvnelovani gamonaklisi, romelic Crdilavs danarCen qveynebs (maT Soris poloneTs, ungreTs da CexeTis respublikas). zogadi keTildReobiT slovenia aRemateba evropis kavSiris or wevrs, saberZneTsa da portugalias
da mcirediT CamorCeba evrokavSiris kidev erT wevrs _ espaneTs. slovakeTi (adre
Cexoslovakiis nawili) da xorvatia(aseve iugoslaviis nawili mis daSlamde) axlos arian sam wamyvan qveyanasTan da sakmaod win zozina qveynebTan SedarebiT.
belorusia, moldova, makedonia da albaneTi am regionSi warumatebel qveynebs
Soris arian. rac Seexeba serbeTsa da montenegros, am saxelmwifoebs merve TavSi ganvixilavT.
am nawilSi aRmosavleT evropis ori subregioni imsaxurebs mokled aRniSvnas. baltiis saxelmwifoebi latvia, litva da estoneTi liderebsa da CamorCenilebs Soris Tavsdebian. samxreT kavkasiis sami saxelmwifo _ saqarTvelo,
somxeTi da azerbaijani _ slavur aRmosavleT evropasa da Turqul axlo aRmosavleTsa da centralur azias Soris bundovan geografiul da kulturul
zonaSi mdebareoben. tranziciis SejibrSi isini bolo rigebis siaxloves dganan,
magram mdidari navTobis sabadoebi kaspiis zRvaSi am regions strategiul Rirebulebas aniWebs, rac mas sxva SemTxvevaSi ar eqneboda. ra Tqma unda, baltiispireTisa da samxreT kavkasiis mosaxleoba ar ganekuTvneba slavur ojaxs (aseve
ungrelebi da bulgarelebic).
jamSi, komunizmi gauCinarda evropis rukidan, Tumca komunisturi partiebi (xSirad axali saxelebiT) kvlav arsebobs. Tavisufali da samarTliani

233
arCevnebi tardeba TiTqmis yvelgan da WeSmariti saparlamento demokratiebi
mTavrobis yvelaze gavrcelebul formas warmoadgens. magram yvela am qveyanam
aRmoaCina, rom bevrad martivia ganaxorcielo politikuri cvlilebebi institucionalur doneze, vidre Secvalo politikuri kultura. maT aseve iswavles,
rom arCevnebis Catareba ufro martivia, vidre inflaciisa da deficitis moTokva da rom politikuri struqturebis Secvla bevrad martivia, vidre ekonomikuris. iqac ki, sadac tranzicia politikuri pluralizmisa da sabazro ekonomikis mimarTulebiT yvelaze Sors wavida, xalxi gamoxatavs zogad ukmayofilebas
reformebis tempiTa da mimarTulebiT. ase rom, komunizmis marcxis ambavi savsea
moulodnelobebiT. dReisaTvis is kvlav sanaxevrod dawerilia, misi dasasruli
saidumloebiTaa moculi, manam, sanam gardamavali epoqa sabolood ar dasruldeba _ sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, komunizmi mxolod mravali wlis Semdeg dasruldeba.
aklia Tavi CineTis Sesaxeb. CineTis gareSe qvemoTmoyvanil cxrils azri ar aqvs!!!!!

azia: ekonomikuri tranzicia (da Tavisuflebac?)

miuxedavad imisa, rom CineTi aziis giganturi saxelmwifoa, yvelaze STambeWdavi ekonomikuri miRwevebi am regionSi mainc sxvagan dafiqsirda. iaponiis
Semdeg yvelaze warmatebuli, eqsportze orientirebuli ekonomikuri ganviTarebis strategiebi Semdegma saxelmwifoebma SeimuSaves: samxreT koream, taivanma,
hongkongma (CineTis naxevrad damoukidebeli nawili 1997 wlidan) da singapurma.
am oTxi saxelmwifos mier miRweulma warmatebebma, romelTac xSirad oTx patara
drakons an aziis vefxvebs uwodeben, dasabami misca saxelmwifoTa axali kategoriis _ axali industriuli qveynebis (NIC) _ warmoSobas. aziis sxva saxelmwifoebmac, maT Soris tailandma, malaiziam da indoneziam, kursi Tavisufali sabazro
ekonomikuri reformebisaken aiRes, im mizniT, rom sagareo investiciebi miezidaT da eqsportis ganviTarebisaTvis SeewyoT xeli. Cveni yuradRebis centrSi am
etapze samxreT korea da taivani moeqceva, radgan isini saeqsporto bazrebisaTvis konkurencias iaponias uweven da amavdroulad, politikuri liberalizaciis
mimarTulebiTac gadadges nabijebi. am mxriv, isini mkveTrad gansxvavdebian regionis uzarmazari saxelmwifosagan, CineTisagan, romelic yovelTvis ewinaaRmdegeboda fundamentur politikur cvlilebebs.
sabrZo-

samxedro

lo

gemi

tanki

mln ja-

atomuri

Tav-

riskaci

bombi

dacvis

TviT-

xarjebi

mfri-

rogorc

navi

mSp-s
procenti

CineTi
indoeTi

5,224

110

9,400

3,0

300+

5,7

700

39

3,500

1,1

25

2,5

234
CrdiloeT korea

730

26

4,200

1,1

monacemebi

25,2

ar arsebobs

ruseTi

4,500

299

17,000

1,5

6,000

7,4

SeerTebuli Statebi

4,971

237

12,500

1,5

6,000

3,8

cxrili 7-2 CineTis SeiaraReba

SeiaraRebuli Zalebis modernizacia dengis erT-erTi prioriteti iyo da imis safrTxes qmnida, rom
`mzard CineTs~ aziaSi samxedro balansis gadawona SeeZlo.
wyaro: Newsweek, March 3, 1997, vol. cxxxix, no. 9, 28. The research is attributed to the Heritage Foundation
and IMF, conducted by Anna Kuchment and Dante Chinni. 1997 Newsweek, Inc. yvela ufleba daculia.
ibeWdeba nebarTviT.
nax. 4

samxreT korea
samxreT koreis ekonomikuri transformacia Raribi, soflis meurneobaze damokidebuli qveynidan Zalamokrebil, teqnologiurad dawinaurebuli mewarmeobis seqtoris mqone Tanamedrove industriul saxelmwifod XX saukunis
miwurulisaTvis dasrulebul faqts warmoadgenda. samxreT koreis mTliani Sida
produqti (mSp) erT sul mosaxleze, uxeSad rom vTqvaT, mas imave doneze ayenebs,
ra donezec portugalia da saberZneTia, orive evrokavSiris wevri. ra Tqma unda,
es ukanasknelni evropis mdidar saxelmwifoebTan SedarebiT RaribTa ricxvSi Sedian. ukeTesad rom warmovaCinoT samxreT koreis miRwevebi, sakmarisia mxolod
aRvniSnoT, rom samxreT koreis mTliani Sida produqti erT sul mosaxleze metia
laTinuri amerikis yvelaze mdidari qveynis, argentinis Sesabamis maCvenebelze da
orjer meti braziliis, Ciles, meqsikis da venesuelis, regionis oTxi wamyvani saxelmwifos maCveneblebze, romlebic aseve tranziciis procesSi imyofebian.
1990-ian wlebSi, rodesac samxreT koreis ekonomikam stagnacia daiwyo,
mTavrobam prezident kim de iungis meTaurobiT gabeduli reformebis programa wamoiwyo. tradiciulad, samxreT koreis ekonomikaSi uzarmazari industriuli konglomeratebi da araregulirebuli didi bankebi dominirebdnen:
specifikuri interesebis gavlenis gazrdam Sedegad konkurenciis CaxSoba
moitana. 1990-iani wlebis bolos ` aziuri gripis~ saxelwodebiT cnobili
aziis finansuri krizisi marTalia samxreT koreaSi ar dawyebula, magram iqac
gamanadgurebeli gavlena hqonda. didma bankebma fuli didi biznesis warmomadgenlebs yovelgvari finansuri garantiebis gareSe asesxes. am situaciam da
qveynis ekonomikis gamococxlebis zogadma saWiroebam daarwmuna saxalxod
arCeuli

prezidenti, rom aucilebeli iyo agresiuli saxelmwifo Careva

ganexorcielebina _ SewinaaRmdegeboda mTavrobis mier ekonomikis kontrols

da amavdroulad, moqmedebis meti Tavisufleba sabazro ZalebisaTvis mieca.
Sedegad, gvian 1990-ian wlebSi samxreT koreis mTavrobam tranziciis meore
ZiriTadi procesi wamoiwyo, romelic moicavda sxvadasxva didi industriuli konglomeratebis restruqturizacias da sabanko reformebs, ramac Zalian
dadebiTi Sedegebi gamoiRo. 2000 wels samxreT koreis ekonomika Zlier aRmav-

235
lobas da dabal inflacias ganicdida.
ramdenad iyo es meore tranzicia politikuri da amavdroulad ekonomikuric? eWvgareSea, rom politikam mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa. aziis sxva sazogadoebaTa msgavsad, koreelebic mudam avtoritaruli saxelmwifos mier imarTebodnen. CrdiloeT korea meore msoflio omis periodidan iyo (da aris) komunisturi,
maSin roca samxreT korea, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis axlo mokavSire saxelmwifo, antikomunisturia. miuxedavad amisa, samxreTkoreuli `demokratia~ sxva
araferi iyo, Tu ara prodasavluri politikis mqone saxelmwifos fasadi. magram
1997 wels, gaprezidentebis wina ori warumatebeli mcdelobis Semdeg, kim de iungi gaxda samxreT koreaSi pirveli opozicioneri kandidati, romelic prezidentad airCies. (iseve rogorc, visente foqsi gaxda pirveli arCeuli opozicioneri
prezidenti meqsikaSi, sadac mis arCevamde sul raRac sami wliT adre erTpartiuli sistema iyo gabatonebuli). opozicioneri kandidatis prezidentad arCeva
garRvevaa nebismier qveyanaSi, romelic liberaluri demokratiuli mmarTvelobis mimarTulebiT, politikuri tranziciis procesSi imyofeba. rogorc vnaxavT,
2000 wels aseTi garRveva kidev sul mcire erT adgilas moxda.

taivani
taivani damoukidebeli II msoflio omis Semdeg gaxda, rodesac Cinelma
komunistebma, mao Zedunis meTaurobiT, daamarcxes Can kaiSis nacionalistebi.
1972 wlamde, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi aRiarebda taivans, rogorc CineTis
legitimur mTavrobas, Tumca isic aSkara iyo, rom qveynis kontinentur nawils
pekinis komunisturi reJimi akontrolebda. 1972 wlidan taivani gaxda damoukidebeli, Tumca mas mudmiv suverenul sa xelmwifod aRar aRiareben. amis
mizezi ki is gaxlavT, rom CineTis saxalxo respublikam miaRwia eRiarebinaT
misi moTxovna, rom taivani aris CineTis nawili, rom arsebobs mxolod erTi CineTi da rom pekini aris CineTis dedaqalaqi.
miuxedavad amisa, taivani inarCunebs mWidro ekonomikur kavSirebs aSSTan, kvlav sargeblobs misi samxedro ZlierebiTa da diplomatiuri keTili
nebiT. taivanis ekonomika erT-erTi yvelaze dinamikuria aziaSi, didi tempiT
uswrebs ra samxreT koreas. realurad, taivani evropaSi rom iyos, erT sulze
mosaxleze mTliani Sida produqtis mixedviT, ufro win iqneboda, vidre portugalia da saberZneTi, imave ligaSi, sadac aris espaneTi. am `ekonomikur saswaulSi~ araferia axali, magram taivanis bolodroindeli moZraoba liberaluri socialuri da politikuri wesrigisaken namdvilad axalia.
1988 wels, li ten-hui gaxda pirveli adgilobrivi taivaneli lideri,
romelmac moipova prezidentoba da amavdroulad iyo pirveli saxalxod arCeuli prezidenti taivanis istoriaSi. lim, misi Tormetwliani prezidentobis
dros, gaatara radikaluri politikuri reformebi, agrZelebda ra 1980-iani
wlebis SuaxanebSi Tavisi winamorbedis, Can Cin-kuos (Can kaiSis vaJi) mier wamowyebul procesebs. nacionalisturi partiis rkinis xelis CamoSorebis yvelaze
didi Sedegi iyo 2000 wlis arCevnebSi opoziciis kandidatis, Cen Sui-binis gamarjveba. esec erT-erTi pirveli SemTxveva iyo taivanis politikur istoriaSi.

aziis vefxvebi

236

samxreT koreasa da taivanSi dRes arsebuli politikuri liberalizacia mas

Semdeg daiwyo, rac ekonomikurma cvlilebebma am ori sazogadoebis transformacia moaxdina. ekonomikuri liberalizaciis aseTi forma, garkveuli mniSvnelovani
politikuri cvlilebis gareSe, damaxasiaTebelia mTeli aziisaTvis. realurad,
aziis yvelaze warmatebul ekonomikas qalaq-saxelmwifo singapuri warmoadgens,
romlis mmarTveloba mTlianad uaryofda dasavluri tipis liberalur-demokratiul institutebs. filipinebmac da tailandmac da SedarebiT naklebad malaiziam da indoneziam, liberalizaciis reformebi gansxvavebuli xarisxiT ganaxorcieles. magram iseTi qveynebi, rogoricaa CrdiloeT korea, vietnami, laosi da
mianma Caflulni rCebian im struqturebsa da sistemebSi, ramac fundamenturi
ekonomikuri da politikuri cvlilebebi SeuZlebeli gaxada.
maSin, roca tranziciis procesi aziis saxelmwifoebma ekonomikuri reformebiT daiwyes, laTinurma amerikam igive procesi politikuri cvlilebiT daiwyo.
1980-ian wlebSi laTinuri politikis demokratizaciis procesi iyo rbili da
Camoyalibebuli, magram laTinuri amerika kvlav rCeba ekonomikuri aRorZinebis
receptis Zebnis procesSi myof regionad.

laTinuri amerika: politikuri tranzicia

(da keTildReobac?)
me-19 saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi mopovebuli damoukideblobidan moyolebuli samxedro-biurokratiuli wesi saukuneebis manZilze laTinur amerikaSi
tradicias warmoadgenda. laTinuri amerikis saxelmwifoebi (adre portugaliis an espaneTis koloniebi) damoukidebelni gaxdnen didi xniT adre, manam sanam
msoflios sxva nawilebSi evropuli koloniuri imperiebi daiSlebodnen. samxedro diqtatura praqtikaSi da liberalur-demokratiul Rirebulebebi TeoriaSi didi xani Tanaarsebobdnen. saxalxod arCeuli samoqalaqo mTavroba 1980
wlamde mxolod ramdenime qveyanaSi iyo _ kolumbia, venesuela da kosta rika.
magram viTareba Seicvala _ sakmarisi cvlilebebi moxda imisaTvis, rom daiwyos axali epoqa laTinuri amerikis istoriaSi, axali gverdi laTinuri amerikis
politikaSi da savaraudod, axali etapi laTinuri amerikis ekonomikur ganviTarebaSi.

reformis anabana (argentina, brazilia, Gile)

1980-ian wlebSi, samxedro diqtaturebi erTi meoris miyolebiT tovebda
politikur arenas da adgils demokratiulad arCeul samoqalaqo mTavrobas
uTmobda. dRes, regionSi faqtobrivad yvela mTavroba liberalur demokratias warmoadgens. politikuri tranziciebi sxvadasxva qveynebSi erTmaneTs
daemTxva, rac gulisxmobda, rom laTinuri amerika momwifebuli iyo politikuri reformisaTvis. aRsaniSnavia, rom politikur cvlilebas Zala ekonomikuri reformebis saWiroebam SesZina, rasac am regionis mravali saxelmwifos
uzarmazari sagareo valic adasturebda. am valebis simZimem, gaerTianebulma
moZvelebul ekonomikur struqturebTan da arakonkurentunarian sawamoe-

237
bTan, maRal inflaciasTan, masobriv umuSevrobasTan, farTod gavrcelebul
siRaribesTan da Sokis momgvrel uTanasworobasTan mdidarsa da Rarib fenebs
Soris, regioni Tavdajerebulobis krizissa da moxmarebis dabal maCveneblebSi CaZira (milionobiT adamians, gansakuTrebiT kampesinoebs soflebSi, gadarCenisaTvis saarsebo donis minimumis pirobebSi uwevT brZola).
Cilem gezi sakuTari ekonomikis reformirebaze aiRo. faqtobrivad, Cile
gamonaklisia laTinur amerikaSi, radganac qveyanam sabazro reformebi sakuTari politikuri sistemis demokratizirebamde ganaxorciela. augusto pinoCetis mmarTvelobis pirobebSi (1974-1990), Cile erT-erT yvelaze mkveTrad
gamokveTil samxedro diqtaturas warmoadgenda, magram sabazro Zalebis mier
stimulirebuli Ciles ekonomika mainc gamococxlda. amis msgavsi warmateba sxvagan laTinur amerikaSi ar momxdara, rac, Tavis mxriv, gvexmareba avxsnaT 1980ian wlebSi samxedro mmarTvelobis dacemis mizezebi.
braziliaSi 1985 wels samxedro mmarTvelobam gza samoqalaqo mTavrobas
dauTmo da sami wlis Semdeg man axali konstitucia miiRo, romelmac prezidentis pirdapiri arCevenebis Catareba uzrunvelyo. braziliis mTvroba ekonomikis restruqturizaciasa da reformirebas, cdilobs. qveyanas mZime tvirTad
awevs didi sagareo valebi, qronikuli sabiujeto deficiti, eqstensiuri siRaribe soflad da aSkara uTanasworoba. brazilias saswrafod sWirdeba socialuri usafrTxoebis sistemis arsebiTi gadaxedva da sagadasaxado reforma, rom
gaawonasworos sazogadoebis mdgomareoba. magram es zomebi qveyanaSi, sadac
konstituciuri demokratia jer kidev misi siWabukis (Tu ara Cvilobis) asakSia,

politikurad urTules sakiTxs warmoadgens.

argentinis samxedro mmarTvelebi gaecalnen qveyanas mas Semdeg, rac
isini britaneTTan folklendis kunZulebisaTvis omSi samarcxvinod damarcxdnen (1982w). saprezidento demokratia-argentina erT sul mosaxleze mTliani
Sida produqtis maCveneblis mixedviT umdidres qveyanas warmoadgens samxreT
amerikaSi. Tumca, argentinis ekonomikuri qmedebebi aseve imed gasacruebeli
iyo. imisaTvis, rom SeekavebinaT inflacia da sabiujeto deficiti, argentinis
valebiT datvirTulma mTavrobam gadawyvita wasuliyo mkacr sabiujeto ekonomiaze (maRali gadasaxadebi da SezRudvebi xarjvaze). amis Sedegad, umuSevroba iyo daaxloebiT 15 procents Seadgenda gasul wlebSi, mag ram muxruWze
fexis aSvebis SemTxvevaSi, ase rom vTqvaT, mTavroba SiSobs, rom ucxoel investorebs daafrTxobs.
problemebi, romlis winaSec dganan brazilia da argentina mTeli danarCeni regionisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. laTinur amerikaSi politikuri reforma (demokratizacia) aRmoCnda ufro martivi, vidre ekonomikuri reforma
da aRorZineba. amis mizezi bevri da gansxvavebulia; yvelaze ufro gadauWreli problemebi arsebiTad socialuri da kulturuli problemebia. laTinur
amerikuli sazogadoeba didi xnis ganmavlobaSi iyo zedmetad elitisturi da
usamarTlo. uTanasworoba imdenad didia da simdidre imdenad aris koncentrirebuli, rom mosaxleobis umravlesobas ara aqvs sakmarisi msyidvelobiTi
SesaZlebloba imisaTvis, rom iyos momxmarebeli, am sityvis yvelanairi mniSvnelobiT. myarad mzardi ekonomika yovelTvis asocirdeba masobrivi moxmarebis
fenomenTan. laTinur amerikaSi masebs xSirad ar gaaCniaT kargi samsaxuri an
mdgradi Semosavali da Sesabamisad ver CaerTvebian im saxis moxmarebaSi, romelic, eqsportTan erTad, swraf ekonomikur ganviTarebas iwvevs. ase rom `sim-

238
didris ganawileba~ ara mxolod zneobrivi imperativia, aramed ekonomikuri imperativicaa _ simdidris mudmivi cirkulacis pirobebSi, rodesac am procesSi
mTeli sazogadoeba araa CarTuli, rTulia, Tu ara SeuZlebeli, daasrulo tranzicia sasoflo tipis, neli tempebiT mzardi, proteqcionistuli ekonomikidan
Tanamedrove, bazarze dafuZnebuli, saqalaqo-industriuli, eqsportze orientirebuli ekonomikis mimarTulebiT. Tumca, sabolood rogorc Cans, laTinuri
amerika mainc miaRwevs am mizans, magram regionis gaRaribebul masebs iq misasvlelad didi dro dasWirdebaT.

meqsika
bolos, Cven mivubrundebiT amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis samxreTel
`mezobels~ _ meqsikas. meqsika aris kargi magaliTi im istoriuli winaaRmdegobisa, romelic laTinuri amerikis Zalian bevr qveyanaSi SeimCneva _ romantikuli
mikuTvnebuloba demokratiuli idealebisadmi, romelic respublikis mantiaSi
gamowyobil avtoritarul reJimTan Tanaarsebobda. I msoflio omidan moyolebuli meqsika warmoadgenda liberalur demokratias, oRond qaRaldze. realobaSi ki, 2000 wlamde meqsikaSi konkurentuli arCevnebis msgavsi araferi yofila.
sabolood, institucionaluri _ revoluciuri partiis erTpartiuli mmarTvelobis aTwleulebis Semdeg, meqsikel amomrCevlebs realuri arCevani da realuri SesaZlebloba miecaT. arCevani iyo institucionaluri _ revoluciuri

partiis kandidatsa da opoziciis sxva kandidatebs Soris. es iyo pirveli SesaZlebloba meqsikaSi _ Tavisufali da samarTliani arCevnebi. Sedegi iyo gamaognebeli: opoziciis kandidatma visente foqsma, romelic erovnuli moqmedebis

partias warmoadgenda, gamarjveba moipova.

1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi meqsika amerikis SeerTebul StatebTan da kanadasTan erTad SeuerTda Crdilo amerikuli Tavisufali vaWrobis asociacias
(NAFTA), ramac biZgi misca meqsikis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis perspeqtivas. Tumca araefeqtiani saxelmwifo kompaniebis (magaliTad, sanavTobo monopolisti
PEMEX) myarad momagrebuli interesebis da korumpirebuli, sakuTari privilegiebis dakargvis SiSiT Sepyrobili biurokratiis pirobebSi Sida sabazro reformebis gatareba sakmaod rTulia. Crdilo amerikuli Tavisufali vaWrobis asociaciaSi wevroba meqsikas uxsnis gzas amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis
bazrebTan, Tumca is aseve aZlevs aSS-s meqsikis mTavrobaze zemoqmedebis meqanizmebs, imisaTvis, rom man ekonomikuri reformebi daaCqaros. roca prezident
foqsi xelisuflebaSi movida, igi pirobas debda, rom zustad amas gaakeTebda. es
ar iqneba ufro advili meqsikaSi, vidre iyo mTels danarCen laTinur amerikaSi,
magram meqsikas, sxva arCevani arc aqvs Tu mas surs konkurencia gauwios amerikis
SeerTebul Statebsa da kanadas, rogorc NAFTA-s Tanasworma wevrma.
regionis masStabiT, laTinurma amerikam politikuri pluralizmisa da
liberaluri demokratiis mimarTulebiT mkveTri Semobruneba moaxdina. magram
liberalizaciis ekonomikuri sargebeli jer kidev gansaxorcielebelia da elodeba sul mcire or rames: pirveli, gabedul reformebs umaRles xelisuflebasa
da fesvgadgmul biurokratias Soris arsebuli dapirispirebis da cvlilebis
momxreebsa da mdidar miwaTmflobel elitas Soris konfliqtis fonze; meore,
saarCevno uflebaminiWebuli da gaZlierebuli glexebis mobilizacia, visac

239
pirvelad mieca sistemaSi sakuTari sityvis Tqmis SesaZlebloba.

daskvna

komunisturma xelisuflebam TiTqmis mTels msoflioSi marcxi ganicada.

sabWoTa kavSiris daSla am fenomenis yvelaze naTeli magaliTia. miuxedavad
amisa, ramdenime saxelmwifom _ gansakuTrebiT CineTma _ gaagrZela komunisturi mmarTveloba. komunizmis marcxi yuradRebas miapyrobs yofili sabWoTa kavSiris blokis saxelmwifoebis tranziciis problemebze. sxva qveynebi, rogoricaa samxreT korea da taivani aziaSi da argentina, brazilia da Cile laTinur
amerikaSi aseve gadian politikuri da ekonomikuri tranziciis process.
tradiciulad, sabWoTa sistema iyo totalitaruli, stalinis imijis Sesaferisad Seqmnili. mixeil gorbaCovamde, mxolod nikita xruSCovma scada misi
Serbileba. sabWoTa sistemaSi marTavda komunisturi partia da Tanamdeboba partiaSi iyo saukeTeso indikatori pirovnebis politikuri Zalauflebis Sesafaseblad. rodesac gorbaCovi dawinaurda komunisturi partiis wamyvan Tanamdebobaze 1985 wels, mis winaSe idga rogorc rTuli ekonomikuri, aseve socialuri
problemebi, romelic centraluri dagegmvis marcxiT iyo gamowveuli. damatebiT, mas aseve unda daeZlia sabWoTa elitis, nomenklaturis TviTkmayofileba
da winaaRmdegoba. komunisturi sistemis reorganizaciis mcdelobisas, gorbaCovma gaatara ekonomikuri reformebi (perestroika), politikuri liberalizacia (glasnosti) da demokratiul politikuri reformebi (demokratizacia).
es zomebi arasakmarisi aRmoCnda yofili sabWoTa kavSiris gadasarCenad.
ruseTi (boris elcinis mmarTvelobis dros) da damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobroba, sabWoTa kavSiris memkvidreobas warmoadgenda. elcinic
saSiSi politikuri gamowvevebis winaSe idga, maT Soris: mudmivi ekonomikuri
uwesrigoba, eTnikuri fragmentacia da saxelmwifos mSeneblobis aucilebloba. Tu ramdenad warmatebulad Sexvdeba ruseTi am gamowvevebs, amazea
damokidebuli am qveynis momavali, ase, iqneba Tu ara igi demokratiuli.
samxreT korea da taivani tranziciis procesSi myofi aziuri sazogadoebis ori magaliTia. orive qveyanam tranzicia ganaxorciela jer sabazro (Tumca
naxevrad proteqcionistuli) ekonomikis mimarTulebiT da Semdeg miubrunda
politikur reformebs. samxreT koream axlaxan wamoiwyo reformis axali programa, romelic miznad isaxavda bolo moeRo ganviTarebis Semaferxebeli monopolisturi struqturebisa da saqmianobisaTvis. taivans aqvs erT-erTi yvelaze
dinamikuri ekonomika aziaSi, magram bolo dromde is nacionaluri partiis erTpartiul diqtaturas warmoadgenda. politikurma reformebma 2000 wels opoziciis kandidatis Cen Sui binis arCeva gamoiwvia.
tranziciis procesi laTinur amerikaSi warmoadgens aziis Sebrunebul
variants. argentina, brazilia, Cile da meqsika regionis oTxi ZiriTadi qveyanaa.
tranzicia liberaluri demokratiis mimarTulebiT am qveynebSi, garda meqsikisa, ekonomikuri reformebis gatarebamde ganxorcielda. laTinuri amerika
politikuri ekonomiis Teoriasa da praqtikaSi `tranziciasa~ da `ganviTarebas~
Soris waSlili zRvris ilustraciaa. sanam laTinuri amerikis qveynebi Zalian
mdidrebad (umciresoba) da Zalian Raribebad (umravlesoba) dayofili sazoga-

240
doebis tranzicias daasruleben, SesaZloa ekonomikuri ganviTareba Seferxdes.

sakvanZo sityvebi

damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobroba (dsT)

nomenklatura
perestroika (gardaqmna)
glasnosti (sajarooba)
liberalizacia
demokratizacia
federaluri asamblea (ruseTis federaciis sakanonmdeblo organo)
federaciis sabWo (ruseTis federaciis sakanonmdeblo organos zeda palata)
duma (saTaTbiro, ruseTis federaciis sakanonmdeblo organos qveda palata)
politbiuro (komunisturi partiis centraluri aRmasrulebeli oragno)
axali industriuli qveynebi
aziuri gripi
Crdilo amerikuli Tavisufali vaWrobis asociacia

kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis

1.
2.

ra problemebis winaSe idga sabWoTa kavSiri 1985 wels?

rogor daupirispirda prezidenti gorbaCovi sabWoTa kavSiris problemebs? ramdenad warmatebuli iyo igi? axseniT.

3.

erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani kiTxva, romelic dRes dgas ruseTis winaSe aris Semdegi: SeZlebs Tu ara igi stabilur demokratiad Camoyalibebas? gaakeTe komentari ruseTis tranziciis problemeze.

4.

aqamde romelma qveynebma moaxdines yvelaze warmatebuli tranzicia?

5.

Seadare tranziciis procesebi aRmosavleT evropasa da laTinur

amerikaSi.

6.

Seadare tranziciis procesebi aziasa da laTinur amerikaSi.

SeniSvnebi

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Thomas M. Magstadt, Nations and Governments: Comparative Politics in Regional

Perspective (New York: Bedford/St. Martins, 2002), 226-235.
Hedrick Smith, The Russians (New York: Time Books, 1978), 83.
ixileT, Susan Dentzer, Jeff Triamble, and Bruce Auster, `The Soviet Economy in
Shambles,~ US News&World Report, November 20, 1989, 25-29,32, 35-37, and 39.
iqve., 25 da 26 gv.
Walter Laquer, The Dream That Failed (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994),
71-73.

241
6.

7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.

ixileT, Milovan Djilas, The New Class ( New York,: Praeger, 1957); and Hedrick

Smith, The Russians (New York: Time Books, 1978), 30-67.

`Russia,~ World Factbook (electronic edition), Central Intelligence Agency, 1996, 6.
`Emerging Market Indicators,~ Economist, March 15, 1997, 108.
ix. `Emerging Market Indicators,~ Economist, April 13, 2002,104.
Vera Tolz, `Thorny Road toward Federalism in Russia,~ Radio Free Europe/Radio
Liberty Research Report 48 (December 1993): 1.
`Russias Regions: Fiefs and Chiefs,`Economist, January 25, 1997, 47.
Claire Sterling, `Redfellas: The Growing Power of Russias Mob,~ New Republic, 11
a prili, 1994, 19.
Xan Smiley, `Russias Wobbles Ahead,`The World in 1997 (an annual publication of
economist)., 39.
ix. Matthew Valencia, `Lipming Towards Normality: A Survey of Poland,~ The
Economist, October 27, 2001, 3-16

242

T aavv i V I I I

ganviTarebadi
qveynebi
demokratia Tu diqtatura
ganviTarebadi qveynebis klasifikacia
ganviTarebadi qveynebis Seswavla
kolonializmis memkvidreoba
politikuri ganviTareba: oTxi gamowveva
demokratia da ganviTarebadi qveynebi
demokratiis korelatebi
strategiebi

demokratiuli

demokratia ganviTarebad qvey-

nebSi: tendencia Tu iluzia?

ganviTarebis Tavsatexi
ganviTarebis motivebi

ganviTarebis winaSe

mdgari fsiqologiuri barierebi

dabrkole-

bebi ekonomikuri ganviTarebis winaSe

rode-

sac ganviTareba wydeba

disfunqciuri saxelmwifoebi:
somali

iugoslavia

siera leone

avRaneTi
ganviTarebis Teoria:
tendenciuli msjeloba?
zedmeti ganviTareba:
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, arc eri-saxelmwifod da arc superZalad
meoce saukunemde ar Camoyalibebula. geografiulma izolirebulobam, energiulma xalxma, uxvma bunebrivma resursebma da uzarmazarma teritoriebma xeli

243
Seuwyo mis ganviTarebas, brZenma damaarseblebma da iRbalma ki msoflio liderobisaken misi saboloo aRmasvla ganapiroba. ekonomikurad sakmaod mdidari, aSSs sazogadoeba industriuli da samecniero kuTxiT ganviTarebulia:amerikeli
xalxis mniSvnelovani procenti inawilebs qveynis simdidres, aris nakiTxi da
ganaTlebuli da sakuTar Tavs didi sazogadoebis wevrad miiCnevs. politikurad _ aSS-s mTavroba kargad Camoyalibebulia, igi efeqtianad qmnis politikuri
Zalauflebis gadacemis winapirobas da uzrunvelyofs sayofacxovrebo momsaxurebasa da individualur usafrTxoebas.
amis sapirispirod, ganviTarebadi qveynebi (romlebsac agreTve naklebad
ganviTarebul qveynebs, modernizirebad an mesame samyaros eri-saxelmwifoebs
uwodeben) ver akmayofileben erT an ramdenime CamoTvlil kriteriums. xSirad,
yovelive amas dramatuli xasiaTi aqvs. amgvari warumateblobis mtkivneuli
Sedegebia: siRaribe, eTnikuri, religiuri da traibaluri tomTaSorisi konfliqtebis maRali maCvenebeli, farTod gavrcelebuli gaunaTlebloba, politikuri areulobebi da mniSvnelovani klasobrivi dayofa. dRes mravali afrikuli, aziuri da laTinur-amerikuli eri miiswrafvis imgvari ayvavebulobisa da
stabilurobisaken, romelic aqvT evropisa da wynari okeanis sartyelis qveynebi
(avstralia, axali zelandia da iaponia), agreTve amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa
da kanadas. egreT wodebuli ganviTarebadi qveynebi sruli politikuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri ganviTarebisaken mimaval saxifaTo bilikze udides
dabrkolebebs awydebian. yvelaze cud SemTxvevebSi, ekonomika ganicdis mkveTr
vardnas, mTavroba uaRresad warumatebelia, sazogadoeba nawilebad ixliCeba
da mTeli mosaxleoba CaTreulia swored imgvar koSmarul samoqalaqo omSi,
romelsac cnobili ingliseli politikis filosofosi Tomas hobsi meCvidmete
saukuneSi moiazrebda rogorc `yvelas oms yvelas winaaRmdeg~. amgvari saSineli
winaswarmetyveleba realobad iqca iseT adgilebSi, rogoricaa yofili iugoslavia, avRaneTi, afrikis qveynebi (maT Soris somali, ruanda, kongo da siera
leone). imisaTvis, rom ukeTesad gavigoT is eqstremaluri sirTuleebi, romlebsac ganviTarebadi qveynebi awydebian, saWiroa ufro axlodan SevxedoT egreT
wodebuli `mesame samyaros~ (termini, romelic kvlav moxerxebulia, magram Sesaferisi aRaraa) politikur konteqsts.

ganviTarebadi qveynebis klasifikacia

adamianebi pirobiT aRniSvnebs an Jargonebs, rogorc semantikur instruments, yoveldRiur saubrebSi xSirad iyeneben. amasTan, es terminebi banalurobis elfers iZens, xSirad maTi gamoyeneba sasargeblo ar aris. swored amgvar SemTxvevasTan gvaqvs saqme ganviTarebadi qveynebis `mesame samyaros~ moxseniebisas.
es termini civi omis dros popularuli klasifikaciis sqemidan momdinareobs,
rodesac `pirveli samyaro~ Crdilo-amerikis, dasavleT evropis, iaponiis, avstraliis da axali zelandiis mowinave industriuli demokratiebisagan Sedgeboda, xolo `meore samyaro~ ki komunistur qveynebs aerTianebda da moicavda
yofil sabWoTa kavSirs, yofil satelitur qveynebs centralur da aRmosavleT
evropaSi, sxvadasxva komunistur saxelmwifoebs aziaSi, kubas da CineTs. yvela
sxva danarCeni qveyana, romelic arc ekonomikurad ganviTarebuli da arc komunisturi iyo, `mesame samyarod~ iwodeboda. asea Tu ise, komunizmis dacemisa da
yofil komunistur saxelmwifoebSi transformaciis dawyebis Sedegad (ix. Tavi

244
VII) `mesame samyaros~ cnebas azri daekarga _ Tuki meore samyaro gaqra, mesame
rogor iarsebebs (Tu mesame samyarom meoris adgili daikava maSin, roca meore
jer ar Serwymia pirvels?). termini kvlav gamoiyeneba, Tumca ukve iSviaTad.
ganviTarebad qveynebs `samxreTsac~ uwodebdnen, rac ekvatoris CrdiloeTiT mdebare ganviTarebul industriul qveynebsa da samxreTis naklebad ganviTarebul qveynebs Soris udides uTanasworobas asaxavs. zogierT damkvirvebels
miaCnia, rom CrdiloeTis mdidari erebi ekonomikur eqspluatacias uwevdnen
samxreTis Rarib erebs, rasac `CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis~ konfliqtsac ki uwodebdnen. magram erT kategoriaSi moqceuli swrafad ganviTarebadi qveynebi
gaurkvevlobas ki ar xsnis, kidev ufro aRrmavebs. `CrdiloeTad da samxreTad~
dayofis sityva-sityviT ganmarteba gulisxmobs ara marto samxreTis ekonomikurad Rarib qveynebs, aramed agreTve avstraliasa da axal zelandiasac _ or
qveyanas, romlebic aSkarad igive kategorias miekuTvnebian, rasac dasavleT
evropis mdidari liberaluri demokratiebi. erovnuli simdidris, politikuri
institutebis da saerTaSoriso statusis mixedviT, iseTi gansxvavebuli qveynebi, rogorebicaa saudis arabeTi, samxreT afrika da brazilia ar Seesabamebian
CrdiloeTis da samxreTis paradigmas. aseve, samxreT korea, taivani, hong-kongi
da singapuric.
Cven vuyurebT ganviTarebad samyaros da gviCndeba kiTxva `vin?~. romelia
im samyaros qveynebi, romelic ganviTarebis sirTuleebs gadis? sinamdvileSi,
yvela qveyana an viTardeba, an ingreva. is, rac zogadad termin `ganviTarebad
qveynebSi~ igulisxmeba, aris Semdegi: msoflios xalxTa (erTa) umetesobas ara
aqvs ganaTlebis, dasaqmebis, dasvenebis, mogzaurobis an Warbi moxmarebis saSualeba, rac dasavleT evropis qveynebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli (ara marto
dasavleTis, aramed iaponiis, avstraliis, axali zelandiisa da ramodenime sxva
qveynisTvisac). ufro metic, mravali qveyana ver daikvexnis kargi mTavrobiT,
anu pasuxismgeblobis mqone, stabiluri da sufTa (arakorumpirebuli) mTavrobiT. Sedegad, rodesac vambobT, rom qveyana viTardeba, vgulisxmobT, rom is jer
araa WeSmaritad modernizebuli (dasavleTis qveynebis analogiurad) da vvaraudobT, rom rodesac (Tu) es qveynebi ganviTardebian, isini ufro da ufro metad
daemsgavsebian SeerTebul Statebs (urbanizaciis, sekularizaciis, materializmisa da teqnologiebze damokidebulebis TvalsazrisiT).

ganviTarebadi qveynebis Seswavla

ganviTarebadi qveynebis martivad ganzogadeba SeuZlebeli Tu ara, Zalze
rTulia. ar arsebobs im qveynebis kategriebad dayofis advili gza, romlebic
dedamiwis zedapiris TiTqmis naxevars faraven da msoflios mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 60 procents Seadgenen1 (ix. cxrili 8-1). uxeSad rom vTqvaT, dedamiwaze
arsebuli 190 qveynidan 115-s SeiZleba ganviTarebadi ewodos; amaTgan mTeli 40%
saharis samxreTiT mdebare afrikaze modis; TiTqmis 25% laTinur amerikaze,
xolo danarCeni sruliad Tanabrad nawildeba aziis, wynari okeanis auzis da arabuli samyaros qveynebze (axlo aRmosavleTi da CrdiloeT afrika). sinamdvileSi, mravalferovneba ganviTarebadi qveynebis erT-erTi umTavresi damaxasiaTebeli niSania. zogierTi maTgani uzarmazaria _ braziliis teritoria sam milion
kvadratul kilometrs Seadgens (ufro didia, vidre kontinenturi SeerTebuli

245
Statebi), xolo mosaxleoba ki _ 160 milions; indoeTSi ki milion kvadratul kilometrze mcxovrebi mosaxleoba miliards aWarbebs.
es gigantebi kontrastulad gansxvavdebian iseTi Zalian patara kunZulisaxelmwifoebisagan, rogoricaa barbadosi (teritoria 166 kvadratuli kilometri; mosaxleoba 252.000) karibis zRvaSi; kiribati (teritoria 266 kvadratuli kilometri; mosaxleoba 61.000) wynar okeaneSi. wynari okeanis kunZuli
nauru albaT yvelaze `juja~ saxelmwifos prizs miiRebda. aq 8000 adamiani
cxovrobs aT kvadratul kilometrze. nauru SeiZleba pataraa, magram ara
Raribi: fosforis eqsportiT erT sul mosaxleze misi yovelwliuri Semosavali 20.000 dolars aWarbebs.
nauru ganviTarebad samyaroSi gamonaklisia _ aq siRaribe batonobs. ganviTarebadi ekonomikebis umetesoba jer kidev uSualod aris damokidebuli soflis meurneobaze. mxolod ramodenime maTganis ekonomika eyrdnoba mineralur
resursebs, ZiriTadad sparseTis yuris navTobiT mdidari qveynebi (bahreini, kuveiti, omani, saudis arabeTi da arabeTis gaerTianebuli saamiroebi).
mcire gamonaklisis garda, ganviTarebad qveynebze modis msoflios mosaxleobis zrdis udidesi tempi (msoflios mosaxleobis yovelwliuri zrdis
tempi daaxloebiT 1.48%-ia; am tempiT, igi ormocdarva weliwadSi gaormagdeba).
mosaxleobis mkveTri zrda ekonomikur, socialur da politikur struqturebs
SeiZleba uzarmazar tvirTad daawves da xeli SeuSalos maT ganviTarebas.
Sedarebebi xSirad siurprizebs gvTavazobs. magaliTisaTvis, meqsikis mosaxleoba daaxloebiT iseTive siswrafiT izrdeba, rogorc indoeTisa. aziaSi,
romelic msoflioSi yvelaze mWidrod dasaxlebuli regionia, msoflios mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 60 procenti cxovrobs, magram mxolod misi teritoriis
18 procentze. aziisa da egviptis garda, romlis mosaxleobac mdinare nilosis
irgvlivaa gansaxlebuli, mosaxleobis simWidrove ganviTarebad qveynebSi SedarebiT dabalia. afrikis mosaxleobis saSualo simWidrove mxolod 24 adamiania kvadratul kilometrze, gansxvavebiT indoeTisa (sadac es maCvenebeli 296ia) da singapurisagan (5571). israelSi mosaxleobis zustad iseTive simWidrovea,
rogorc indoeTSi, Tumca israeli jer kidev miesalmeba emigrantebs. amas garda,
amgvari cifrebi ar iTvaliswinebs im faqts, teritoriis ra nawilia sacxovreblad vargisi (magaliTad, urbanizaciis SemTxvevaSi). aRsaniSnavia, rom afrikas
SedarebiT meti saxnav-saTesi miwa aqvs erT sul mosaxleze, vidre nebismier sxva
ganviTarebad regions. amavdroulad, mosaxleobis zrdis tempi saharis mimdebare afrikis qveynebSi (maT Soris somali, uganda, kongo, nigeri, angola da
burkina-faso) erT-erTi yvelaze maRalia. msoflioSi yvelaze swrafad mzardi
mosaxleoba mdinare iordanes dasavleT sanapirosa da Razas seqtoris israelis mier okupirebul teritoriebzea; iemeni da avRaneTi, Sesabamisad, meore da
mesame adgilebzea. mTlianobaSi, islamuri da arabuli mosaxleoba demografiuli afeTqebis msgavss ganicdis. muslimTa raodenoba CrdiloeT afrikaSi, axlo
aRmosavleTsa da samxreT aziis qveregionSi, zogierTi gamoTvlis mixedviT, 1,5
miliards uaxlovdeba.
gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom ekonomikuri socialuri da politikuri ganviTareba mxolod ganviTarebad qveynebSi ar xdeba. marTlac, erTdrouli ganviTareba da daRmasvla mTeli msofliosTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli _ arcerTi maTgani
ar aris statikuri. magram ganviTareba araTanabrad xdeba; zogierTi eri, rogoricaa avRaneTi, bangladeSi, burundi, Cadi, kongo, eritraa, eTiopia, gvinea-

246
bisau, mali, malavi, mianma, ruanda, siera-leone, somali da sudani, uaRresad
Raribi da gaWirvebulia (yuradReba miaqcieT, am RaribTa Soris uRaribes qveyanaTa CamonaTvalSi ramdeni mdebareobs saharis samxreTiT mdebare afrikaSi). es
globaluri uTanasworoba konfliqtebisa da Zaladobis potenciuri wyaroa, iseve, rogorc ufro maRali kategoriis moraluri sakiTxi.
ratom arian Raribi qveynebi Raribebi? ganicdian Tu ara isini resursebis
naklebobas? iqneb es bunebis sastiki xumrobaa? iqneb, dasavleTia damnaSave (kolonializmi da neokolonializmi)? es kiTxvebi Semdeg TavebSia ganxiluli.

kolonializmis memkvidreoba
gaerTianebuli erebis orgnizaciis dRevandel wevrTagan 1800 wels mxolod
23 qveyana iyo damoukidebeli. am saxelmwifoTa naxevarze meti evropaSia; sias
avRaneTi, CineTi, eTiopia, iaponia, irani, nepali, omani, ruseTi, tailandi, TurqeTi da SeerTebuli Statebi agvirgvinebs2. mas Semdeg damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa
ricxvi rvajer (da ufro metadac) gaizarda. meore msoflio omi (1945-1949) warmoadgenda mijnas, vinaidan man evropuli koloniuri imperiebis swraf daSlamde
migviyvana. dRes arsebuli qveynebis naxevarze meti ukanaskneli sami aTwleulis
manZilze warmoiSva da maTi umravlesoba SeiZleba ganviTarebad qveynad CaiTvalos.

Sri-lankaSi dawyebuli eTnikuri omi indus Tamilebsa da singalel budistebs Soris, romelic 1983 wels daiwyo, roca Tamilelebi Sri-lankis Crdilo-aRmosavleTis damoukideblobisaTvis aRdgnen, garkveulwilad britaneTis kolonialuri xelisuflebis politikas asaxavs. eTnikuri brZola kolonializmis Zalze damaxasiaTebeli memkvidreobaa da
ganviTarebadi samyaros mravali qveynis problemad rCeba. is w

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlam uSualod gamoiwvia axali damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebis Seqmna aRmosavleT evropaSi, samxreT kavkasiasa da centralur aziaSi.
meore talRa zogierTi am damoukidebeli saxelmwifos dezintegraciis an dayofis Sedegad warmoiqmna (magaliTad Cexoslovakia da iugoslavia). 1994 wlisTvis

247
dezintegraciis procesis Sedegad daaxloebiT 25 axali damoukidebeli saxelmwifo Seiqmna3. saukuneebis manZilze evropis zesaxelmwifoebi msoflios uSores
kuTxeebSi ganlagebuli, susti da teqnologiurad naklebad ganviTarebuli
xalxebisa da teritoriebis koloniur mpyrobelobaSi, marTvasa da gamgeblobaSi ejibrebodnen erTmaneTs. es koloniuri samflobeloebi ara mxolod prestiJis, aramed (rac ufro mniSvnelovania) ekonomikuri upiratesobis wyarosac warmoadgenda. mizezTa da mizezTa gamo afrika kolonizaciisaTvis gansakuTrebiT
xelsayreli iyo da evropulma Zalebmac mecxramete saukunis bolomde faqtobrivad mTeli afrika dainawiles da miiTvises. meoce saukunis dasawyisisaTvis
britaneTi, safrangeTi, belgia, germania, portugalia, holandia, italia da
espaneTi (iseve, rogorc TurqeTi) kolonilizmis an imperializmis erTgulni
iyvnen. saxelis miuxedavad, es evrocentruli sistema adgilobrivi afrikeli,
azieli da laTinoamerikeli xalxis TvalSi `fermkrTali ucxoelebis~ mier
daqvemdebarebisa da eqsploataciisa sinonimad iqca.
arsebobs azrTa sxvadasxvaoba imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom kolonializmi
sxva araferi iyo, Tu ara evropelebis batonoba adgilobriv xalxze da rom igi
efuZneboda rasobrivi upiratesobisa da religiuri swrafvebis Ria da dafarul
warmodgenebs. asea Tu ise, kolonizatoruli Zalebis mier gamoyenebul meTodebsa da saSualebebs Soris udidesi gansxvaveba arsebobda. magaliTad, britanuli midgoma xazs usvamda kanonis uzenaesobas da bevrad ufro rbili iyo, vidre
espanuri koloniuri mmarTveloba, romelic sisastikiT gamoirCeoda. portugalielebi da frangebi cdilobdnen koloniuri xalxebis asimilirebas (magaliTad, frangebi alJirelebs erovnul sakanonmdeblo organoSi da nacionalur
kabinetSi adgilebiT ajildovebdnen), maSin roca holandielebi nebas rTavdnen adgilobriv mmarTvelebs Zalaufleba SeenarCunebinaT. britaneTi orive am
strategias misdevda, iTvaliswinebda ra adgilobrivi avtoritetebis Sexedulebebs, raTa maT SeenarCunebinaT samarTlianoba da wesrigi da, amave dros,
adgilobrivi mosaxleobis niWier warmomadgenlebs sajaro administraciaSi
karieris gakeTebis, britanul skolebsa da universitetebSi swavlis saSualebas
aZlevda.4
miuxedavad amisa, imis gaazreba, rom Soreuli qveynis mier xar marTuli,
koloniuri xalxebis umravlesobisaTvis Semzaravi iyo. maT sabolood, ZiriTadad, Zaladobis mravali formis gamoyenebiT moipoves damoukidebloba. indoeTSi mahaTma gandi waruZRva `araZaladobrivi winaaRmdegobis~ saerTo-erovnul
kampanias (Satyagraha) - es meTodi, romelsac agreTve `samoqalaqo daumorCile-

blobas~ uwodebdnen, mogvianebiT, 1960-ian wlebSi martin luTer king umcrosis, SeerTebul StatebSi adamianis uflebaTa moZraobis didi lideris mier iqna
gamoyenebuli (sainteresoa, rom orive, gandic da kingic, mokles).
kolonializmis saboloo memkvidreoba winaaRmdegobrivi rCeba. pozitiuri mniSvneloba aqvs evropelebis mier modernizaciis zogierTi elementis
gavrcelebas, rac jandacvis (saavadmyofoebi), ganaTlebis (skolebi) da transportis (gzebi) umniSvnelo gaumjobesebas gulisxmobs. miuxedavad amisa, am cvlilebaTa gavlena xSirad sakmaod SezRuduli iyo da ekonomikuri da politikuri TviTkmarobis, agreTve cxovrebis tradiciuli gzebis xarjze xdeboda.
amasTan, nebismieri mogeba danakargebTan mimarTebaSi izomeba. danakargebi ki
Zalian didia: Seuracxyofa, Cagvra, avadmyofobebi (evropelebis mier gavrcelebuli epidemiuri daavadebebi, romelsac adgilobrivi mosaxleoba ewireboda), _

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es yvelaferi koloniur mmarTvelobas ukavSirdeba.5
sadavo xdeba iseTi SemTxvevebic, rodesac ganviTarebadi qveynebi damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdegac mdidari dasavluri qveynebis eqsploataciis
qveS rCebian. magaliTisTvis, e.w. damokidebulebis Teoretikosebi amtkicebdnen,
rom ganuviTarebloba araa bunebrivi movlena, igi dasavluri eqsploataciis
Sedegia. isini askvnian, rom jer bunebrivi resursebis iafad miRebiT, Semdeg ki
samecniero da teqnologiuri miRwevebis gamoyenebiT am resursebis ZviradRirebul produqtebad gardaqmniT industriulma qveynebma ara marto eqsploatacia gauwies ganviTarebad qveynebs, aramed yvelaferi gaakeTes imisaTvis, rom
isini sustebad da Raribebad darCeniliyvnen. sxva mkvlevarebi uaryofen am mosazrebas da ganviTarebadi qveynebis mZime mdgomareobis mizezad iseT endemur
faqtorebs miiCneven, rogorebicaa klimati da bunebrivi resursebi, saxnav-saTesi miwa, mosaxleobis ricxovnoba da misi zrda, epidemiebi, eTnikuri winaaRmdegobebi da Rirebulebebi.
kolonializmis Sedegebi Tanamedrove msoflioSic gvxvdeba. koloniuri
imperiebi manamde arsebuli eTnikuri identobis, teritoriuli sazRvrebisa da
adgilobrivi mosaxleobis loialurobis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe Seiqmna. rodesac evropulma Zalebma ukan daixies, maT warmoSves uazro, axali, naglej-nagleji saxelmwifoebi, romelTa sazRvrebic sruliad gauazrebeli iyo, vinaidan isini tradiciul religiebs, eTnosebs da tomobriv-teritoriul xazebs kveTdnen.
mosalodnelma Sedegmac ar daayovna: qronikuli politikuri arastabiluroba,
gadatrialebebi, revoluciebi, samoqalaqo omebi da TviT genocidebic ki. kolonializmis am mware memkvidreobam gasul wlebSi mravali ganviTarebadi saxelmwifo daRupa. maT Soris angola, burundi, kamboja (yofili kampuCia), kongo
(yofili zairi), eTiopia, liberia, nigeria, ruanda, siera-leona da Sri-lanka.

politikuri ganviTareba: oTxi sirTule

qveynebi, romlebic modernizaciis strategiebs misdeven, cdiloben daafuZnon stabiluri mTavroba; uzrunvelyon sajaro momsaxureba (policia, saxanZro samsaxuri, ganaTleba, jandacva da sanitaruli pirobebi); daamkvidron
samarTlebrivi sistema (kanonebi da sasamarTloebi). es elementebi politikuri
ganviTarebis minimaluri da socialuri da ekonomikuri progresis winapirobaa. Tumca, am miznebis miRweva, farTod gavrcelebuli korufciis, siRaribis,
gaunaTleblobis da uTanxmoebis pirobebSi, imgvar sirTuled iqceva, romelsac
Zalian cota ganviTarebadi saxelmwifo Tu arTmevs Tavs.
vinaidan ganviTarebis procesi Taviseburad sagangaSoa, mravali ganviTarebadi saxelmwifos mTavroba xSirad qronikulad arastabiluria. es mTavrobebi TiTqmis yovelTvis avtoritarulia, midrekilia gadatrialebebisaken da
krizisebiTaa garemoculi. ganviTarebadi qveynebis winaSe, rogorc wesi, oTxi
fundamenturi sirTulea: eris Camoyalibeba, saxelmwifos mSenebloba, monawileoba (CarTuloba) da gadanawileba.6
am sirTuleTagan umTavresi eris Camoyaliebebaa, procesi, romlis Sedegadac mocemuli teritoriis yvela macxovrebeli, miuxedavad TiToeuli maTganis
eTnikuri, tomobrivi, religiuri an lingvisturi gansxavebebulobisa, sakuTari
Tavis identificirebas saxelmwifos simboloebTan da institutebTan axdens da

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saerTo bedis gancdas iziarebs. Teoriulad, erovnulobis axali gancda, rasac
axali eri hqvia, procesis bolos yalibdeba. magram, praqtikulad, ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli, udidesi mravalferovnebis gamo es mizani
uaRresad rTuli rCeba.
zogierTi ganviTarebadi qveyana ver gaumklavda am sirTules, rasac Sedegad mtanjveli samoqalaqo omebi da zogi qveynis daSlac ki mohyva. aseTi qveynis
magaliTebia pakistani (rasac dRes bangladeSi ewodeba 1971 wlamde aRmosavleT
pakistani iyo) da kongo (yofili zairi). samoqalaqo omebma gaaCanaga agreTve nigeriis, Cadis, angolis, ruandis da somalis sazogadoebebi _ da es mxolod mcire
CamonaTvalia.
xSirad politikuri liderebi, Sida dapirispirebebisaken am gamaognebel
midrekilebas kolonializmsa da imperializms abraleben. aseve, xSirad damoukideb-lobisaTvis brZola TavisTavad xdeba saerTo mizeziT axali eris gaerTianebis saSualeba. droSebi, aRlumebi da TviT erovnuli aviaxazebic ki (romelic SeiZleba mxolod erTi an ori samgzavro TviTmfrinavisagan Sedgebodes,
romelsac gverdebze qveynis saxeli da ferebi eqneba gamoxatuli) SeiZleba
erovnuli identobis grZnobis gaCenas exmarebodes. mezobeli saxelmwifoebisagan momdinare safrTxe _ realuri, moCvenebiTi Tu samrewvelo _ SeiZleba
agreTve sasargeblo aRmoCndes. dabolos, qarizmatuli erovnuli lideris arseboba erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi cvladia. sagulisxmo magaliTebia egvipteli
jamal abdel naseri (romelic qveyanas1954 wlidan 1970 wlamde marTavda), indonezieli axmed sukarno (1949-78) da libieli muamar kadafi, romelic kvlav
xelisuflebaSia.
politikuri ganviTarebis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani aspeqtia saxelmwifos

mSenebloba _ politikuri institutebis Seqmna, kerZod ki centraluri mTavrobisa, romelic mTel sazogadoebaze SeZlebs Zalauflebis ganxorcielebas.
`politikuri SeRwevis~ es tipi iseTi saSualebebiT, rogoricaa infrastruqturis Seqmna (gzebi, xidebi, satelefono xazebi) xels uwyobs integrirebuli
erovnuli ekonomikisaTvis aucilebel ekonomikur ganviTarebasa da socialur
erTobas. amgvari infrastruqturis Seqmnis dasafinanseblad mTavrobas, rogorc minimumi, gadasaxadebis daweseba da Segroveba unda SeeZlos (efeqtiani
mTavrobis maxasiaTebeli). magram ganviTarebadi qveynebis mTavrobebs xSirad ar
SeuZliaT gadasaxadebisagan adekvaturi Semosavlebis miReba im martivi mizezis gamo, rom dasabegri araferia (an arasakmarisadaa). esaa `mojadoebuli wre~,
romlisagan Tavis daRwevac mxolod ucxouri kapitalis SemodinebiT SeiZleba
(vaWroba, daxmareba da, rac mTavaria, investiciebi). magram ucxouri investiciebi (gare cvladi) damokidebulia kapitalis stabilurobaze (Sida cvladi). ganviTarebad qveynebSi `mojadoebul wreTa~ yvela saxeoba gvxvdeba.
kidev erTi sirTule, romlis winaSe ganviTarebadi qveynebi jer kidev
dganan, monawileobaa. imisaTvis, rom axali sazogadoebebi ekonomikurad gaizardos da ayvavdes, xalxi ganviTarebis procesSi aqtiurad unda iyos Cabmuli.
ganviTarebis nebismieri, kargad gaazrebuli strategiis aucilebeli Semadgeneli nawilia xalxis mobilizeba, sazogadoebis erTi konkretuli mimarTulebiT
wasayvanad. magram mobilizacia politikur dilemas aCens: vinaidan mobilizebuli xalxi ufro aqtiuradaa Cabmuli politikaSi da ganicdis mTavrobis (karg an
cud) zegavlenas, is mmarTvelis arCevasa da mmarTvelobis formis gansazRvraSi
ufro meti xmis uflebas iTxovs. Tuki monawileobis saxalxo moTxovna win us-

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wrebs institutebis ganviTarebasa da mTavrobis SesaZleblobas _ moaxdinos
pozitiuri reagireba, saxelmwifos epizoduri da qronikuli arastabilurobis
seriozuli safrTxe daemuqreba. aqedan gamomdinare, monawileobis gamowvevaa:
rogor iqnes gamoyenebuli saxalxo energia ise, rom ar amoZravdnen politikuri
dezintegraciisa da revoluciis Zalebi.
azriani monawileoba politikur organizacias saWiroebs. agrarul sazogadoebebSi saxalxo monawileobis manadme arsebuli modelebi xSirad naTesaur kavSirebsa da (gansakuTrebiT aziaSi) `patron-ymur~ (klientelur) urTierTobe-

bzea dafuZnebuli. am ukanasknelSi, `patronebi~ gavleniani figurebia, romlebic

TavianT statuss, simdidresa da politikur kavSirebs erovnul da provinciul
doneebze iyeneben, raTa uzrunvelyon materialuri sargebeli`ymebisaTvis~ (samsaxurebi, skolebi, gzebi da a.S). sapasuxod, `ymebi~ mxars uWeren `patronebs~, rac
am ukanasknelT politikuri saqmianobisaTvis esaWiroebaT. amgvar damokidebulebaSi igulisxmeba loialuri mxardaWera, fizikuri dacva, naturaluri gadaxda
(magaliTad, moxaliseTa Sroma), da saarCevno xmebi. vinaidan socialuri sistema
ierarqiulia, erT doneze `patronebi~ meore doneze `ymebi~ arian. ganviTarebas ki
iwvevs urTierTdakavSirebuli personaluri loialurobis CaxlarTuli qseli,
rac naTesaur, kulturul an geografiul kavSirebs efuZneba. amgvarad, iqmneba
eqskluziuri interesTa jgufebi, romelTa meSveobiTac politikuri moTxovnebi,
instruqciebi da gadawyvetilebebi SeiZleba gadaicemodes rogorc vertikalurad, aseve horizontaluradac. `patron-ymuri~ urTierTobebis eqskluziuri da
partikularuli xasiaTidan gamomdinare, viTardeba qselebis sistema, romelSic
TiToeuli qseli ayalibebs saxesxvaobaTa politikur `meqanizms~. am struqturaTagan Tanamedrove politikuri sistemis prototipi SeiZleba Seiqmnas (Tundac
erTi, romelic dasavleTis samarTlebrivi politikuri kulturis savsebiT sapirispiro principebze iqneba dafuZnebuli).
meoTxe miSvnelovani sirTule ganviTarebadi qveynebis mTavrobebisaTvis
aris gadanawileba _ imis uzrunvelyofa, rom ar moxdes simdidris, sakuTrebisa
da Zalauflebis zedmeti koncentrireba, rac xSirad axasiaTebs tradiciul da
gardamaval sazogadoebebs. resursebis amgvar zedmet koncentrirebas usamarTlobis gancdis gavrceleba da masiuri amboxebis gamowveva SeuZlia (ix. Tavi XIV).
usamarTlobis amgvari gancda xSirad dakavSirebulia grZnobasTan, rom sazogadoebrivi sikeTeebi usamarTlodaa ganawilebuli (mdidrebi eqspluatacias uweven Raribebs) da rom revolucia realuri cvlilebebis moxdenis erTaderTi
gzaa. marqsistuli Teoriisa da ideologiis gavlena xSirad igrZnoba ara mxolod
komunistur CineTsa da vietnamSi, aramed agreTve iseT Soreul da moulodnel adgilebSi, rogorebicaa iemeni, angola, eTiopia, kamboja, laosi, indonezia, filipinebi, Cile, kuba, nikaragua, el salvadori da kolumbia (es grZeli
CamonaTvalic ki arasrulia). mTavrobebi gadanawilebis gamowvevas zogjer miwis
reformis meSveobiT pasuxoben. amis Semdgom isini axdenen sagadasaxado tvirTis
koreqtirebas da SeiZleba TviT socialuri keTildReobis kanonmdeblobac ki
aamoqmedon. magram amgvari nabijebi damokidebulia ekonomikuri warmatebis
maCveneblebze, romlebic yofil koloniebs xSirad ar wyalobs.

demokratia da ganviTarebadi qveynebi

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rogorc vnaxeT, politikur ganviTarebas ufro farTo politikuri monawileobisken mivyavarT. magram moiTxovs ki igi xelisuflebis demokratiul formas? sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, ganviTareba da konstituciuri demokratia
aucileblad moiTxovs erTmaneTs Tu ara? aris Tu ara demokratiuli xelisufleba politikuri ganviTarebis TavisTavadi niSani? rogorc III TavSi aRvniSneT, pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba konstituciuri demokratiis Tvisebaa. Tumca
demokratiuli saxelmwifoebi mainc SezRudulebi arian zogierT uflebasTan,
wesTan, kanonTan da, rasakvirvelia, sazogadoebriv azrTan dakavSirebul qmedebaSi. ase rom, demokratiis da ganviTarebis Tanaarseboba xSirad advili ar aris.
ganviTarebadi qveynebis umravlesobaSi xelisufleba arc demokratiulad
aris arCeuli da arc samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebis Tavgadakluli damcvelia. Camoyalibebis procesSi myofi erebis umravlesobas samxedroebi marTaven an akontroleben. samoqalaqo xelisuflebebi ki, rogorc wesi, avtoritarulia da (damfuZnebeli) `mama-marCenalis~ iseTi figuris garSemoa Semokrebili, rogorebic
iyvnen iomo keniata (kenia), joSua (kvame), nkruma (gana), jamal abdel naseri (egvipte), javaharlal neru (indoeTi) da ahmed sukarno (indonezia).
dasavleli damkvirveblebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli tendenciis mixedviT
demokratia politikuri ganviTarebis niSnad aRiqmeba. demokratiul saxelmwifoTa umravlesoba ganviTarebuli eria, Tumca ara yvela; arc yvela ganviTarebuli eria aucileblad demokratiuli, Tumca umravlesoba aris. magram faqti
saxezea _ warmomadgenlobiTi demokratia erT-erTia im mraval maxasiaTebels
Soris, romlebic xSirad politikurad ganviTarebul qveynebSi gvxvdeba.

demokratiis kore
korelatebi
latebi *
stabiluri xelisuflebis Camoyalibeba, romelsac efeqturi marTva
SeeZleba, advili amocana ar aris. demokratiuli xelisuflebis Camoyalibeba
gansakuTrebiT garTulebulia im sazogadoebebSi, romlebic modernizaciis
gamowvevebs waawydnen. imisaTvis, rom sicocxlisunariani iyos, demokratia
garkveuli mniSvnelovani maxasiaTeblebis arsebobas moiTxovs. ganviTarebadi
eris mier demokratiis miRwevis potencialis gazomvis erT-erT gzas warmoadgens demokratiis korelatebze fokusireba. sadac es korelatebi yvelaze didi
ricxviTi mniSvnelobiTa da sididiT arsebobs, iq demokratiis albaToba yvelaze
didia; da piriqiT, sadac maTi seriozuli naklebobaa, iq demokratias warmatebis
yvelaze mcire Sansi aqvs.7
ekonomikuri korelatebi albaT yvelaze mniSvnelovania:

erovnuli simdidre. keTildReoba zogadad kavSirSia demokratiasTan.

siRaribe ki, piriqiT, demokratias xels ar uwyobs. magram Tu demokratia is
fufunebaa, romelic Raribi erebisTvis araa gankuTvnili, rogor avxsnaT
indoeTis SemTxveva, romelic damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg demokratiuli, zedmiwevniT mravalferovani da Zlier Raribi iyo?

korelatebi aris cvladebi, romlebic mizezobriv (ganpirobebulia erTi da imave mizeziT) an mizezSedegobriv (apirobebs erTi meores) kavSirSia erTmaneTTan (mTrgmn.Sen.)

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sabazro an Sereuli ekonomika. sabazro ekonomika iTvaliswinebs warmoebis da

ganawilebis faqtorebis rogorc kerZo, aseve saxelmwifo sakuTrebas. aseTi tipis ekonomikur sistemaSi mosaxerxebelia sabazro ekonomikis elementebis Serwyma sxvadasxva formis da xarisxis saxelmwifoebriv intervenciasTan. yvelaze
mTavari is aris, rom aseT sistemaSi ekonomikuri gadawyvetilebebi, romlebic
produqciis da momsaxurebis warmoebas da ganawilebas exeba, mTlianad kerZo mesakuTreebis da momxmareblebis mier miiReba. msgavs gadawyvetilebebSi farTo
masStabis centralizebuli saxelmwifoebrivi dagegmareba araviTar rols ar
TamaSobs.
saSualo fena. es korelati ufro sazogadoebaze simdidris gadanawilebas usvams xazs, vidre mis zogad uTanasworo ganawilebas. fenebs Soris mkveTri gansxvavebebi xels ar uwyobs demokratiis stabilurobas.
politikuri korelatebia:
komunikaciis Tavisufleba. vinaidan demokratia moiTxovs gamWvirvalobas da
(mxolod ukiduresad aucilebeli informacia unda iyos gasaidumloebuli), gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebis Tavisufali gaSuqeba, presis Tavisufleba da informaciis Tavisufali gacvla demokratiis mniSvnelovani korelatebia.amis sapirispirod, iq, sadac presaze cenzura xorcieldeba da Jurnalis-tebs emuqrebian
an apatimreben, demokratiis ganviTareba SeuZlebelia.
stabiluri partiuli sistema. es politikuri korelati xazs usvams politikuri
partiebis arsebobis saWiroebas, raTa moxdes sxvadasxva individTa da jgufebis
interesebis reprezentacia. sistemis efeqturobis-Tvis aucilebelia erTze
meti partiis arseboba; amavdroulad, TiToeul partias unda hqondes moqmedebis
Tavisufleba da ar unda ganicdides zewolas da muqaras saxelmwifos mxridan.
samoqalaqo kontroli samxedro seqtorze. vinaidan samxedro seqtori ganviTarebad saxelmwifoebSi xSirad miiswrafis Zalauflebisken, is samoqalaqo wesrigisTvis realur safrTxes warmoadgens.
Zlieri da damoukidebeli sasamarTlo xelisufleba. demokratiis efeqtianad
funqcionirebisTvis aucilebelia samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebis da umciresobebis uflebebis dacva, rac, Tavis mxriv, Zlieri da damoukidebeli sasamarTlo
sistemis arsebobazea damokidebuli.

politikuri da socialuri pluralizmi. miuxedavad imisa, rom qveynis SigniT

mkveTrma politikurma da socialurma dayofam SeiZleba safrTxe Seumnas demokratiis ganviTarebas, xSirad miiCneva, rom gansxvavebuli politikuri jgufebi da nebayoflobiTi gaerTianebebi (profkavSirebi, savaWro samrewvelo gaerTianebebi, inteleqtualuri, saganmanaTleblo da religiuri dawesebulebebi,
amxanagobebi, samoqalaqo gaerTianebebi, romelTa mizania samoqalaqo ganaTlebis
donis amaRleba da mTavrobis angariSvaldebulebis gazrda) warmomadgenlobiTi
demokratiuli politikuri kompromisisaTvis legitimur da aucilebel safuZv-

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els warmoadgens.8
ori yvelaze mniSvnelovani fsiqokulturuli korelati aris:

gansxvavebul individTa da jgufTa mimarT tolerantuloba. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom demokratia moiTxovs sxvaTa uflebebis aRiarebas, socialuri da
kulturuli gansxvavebebis pativiscema demokratiuli mTavrobis mniSnelovan
korelats warmoadgens. SeuZlebelia demokratiis ganviTareba gavrcelebuli
sazogadoebrivi undoblobis pirobebSi, romlis mizezi TvalSisacemi eTikuri,
religiuri da traibaluri gansxvavebebia.
demokratiis mtkice rwmena. es korelati axnas ar saWiroebs: xalxs ver aiZuleb,
rom Tavisufali iyos.
bolo wyvili istoriuli, anu garemoebiTi korelatebia:

demokratiis adrindeli gamocdileba. zogierT saxelmwifos, magaliTad, Ciles,

ekvadorsa da urugvais aqvT demokratiuli mmarTvelobis gamocdileba. aq demokratiul xelisuflebas periodulad cvlidnen avtoritaruli mTavrobebi. im
qveynebSi, sadac demokratiuli mmarTveloba sazogadoebis koleqtiur mexsierebaSi SemorCenilia, demokratiis ganviTarebis albaToba sagrZnoblad izrdeba.

demokratiuli saxelmwifoebis mezobloba. mezobeli warmatebuli qveynebis

mmarTvelobis formebs dadebiTi gavlenis moxdena SeuZliaT. espaneTis da portugaliis avtoritarul mTavrobebs xSirad asaxleben im erebis magaliTad,
romelTa politikur momavalze didi gavlena iqonia evropaSi warmatebuli demokratiuli saxelmwifoebis arsebobam.
erTma politologma demokratiis korelatTa yovlismomcvel Teorias

Zalauflebis resursebis ganawilebis Teoria uwoda.9 es indeqsi moicavs eqvs

specifikur korelats, romelTa mizania eris SigniT ekonomikuri da inteleqtualuri resursebis ganawilebis gazomva (am Teoriis mixedviT, rac ufro didia
gadanawileba, miT metia demokratiis ganviTarebis Sansi). erT-erTi aseTi sazomi damokidebulia urbanizaciis doneze. Teoriulad, rac ufro maRalia urbanizaciis done, miT ufro mravalferovania ekonomika, dasaqmebis SesaZleblobebi
da unar-Cvevebi, da, Sesabamisad, adgili aqvs Semosavlebis ufro mravalferovan
da farTo gadanawilebas. meore sazomi, romelic ekonomikuri resursebis sasurvel ganawilebasTan asocirdeba, damokidebulia saojaxo meurneobaTa procentze. ufro rTuli sazomebi zomaven araagraruli ekonomikis decentralizaciis dones. dabolos, inteleqtualuri resursebis ganawilebis gasazomad
xdeba mosaxleobis ganaTlebis donisa da saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebis
efeqtianoba raodenobrivi Sefaseba.

demokratiuli strategiebi
ganviTarebad qveynebSi demokratiuli mmarTvelobis danergva advil amo-

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canas ar warmoadgens. ra strategia unda gamoiyenos demokratiuli tradiciis armqone saxelmwifom? am SekiTxvis aqtualobas 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi
yofili komunisturi saxelmwifoebi awydebodnen. sakiTxavia, jer politikuri
reformebi unda ganxorcieldes da mere unda moxdes ekonomikis restruqturizacia sabazro ekonomikad (`glasnostis~ pirveladobis modeli) Tu jer
ekonomikuri reformebi unda ganxorcieldes (`perestroikis~ pirvelado-

bis modeli)?10 erTi mxriv, yofili sabWoTa qveynebis magaliTi, romlebmac

jer politikuri reformebi gaatares da ukidures socialur da ekonomikur
siZneleebs waawydnen, da, meore mxriv, meqsikis, Ciles, samxreT koreis, CineTis,
taivanis, singapuris, tailandis da malaiziis SedarebiTi warmateba, romelsac
am qveynebma Tavdapirvelad ekonomikuri reformebis ganxorcielebiT miaRwies,
amtkicebs, rom Tavdapirvelad ekonomikuri reformebis gatareba unda moxdes.
amis ori mTavari mizezi arsebobs: pirveli, ZiriTadi ekonomikuri moTxovnebis
dakmayofileba mTvarobis ufro fundamentur valdebulebas warmoadgens, vidre politikuri Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofa. Tu xalxi mSieri, avadmyofi da
usaxlkaroa, samoqalaqo uflebebi mas saerTod ar ainteresebs. meorec, ekonomikis ganviTareba ufro adre axdens pozitiur gavlenas cxovrebis doneze,
socialur momsaxurebaze, infrastruqturasa da ganaTlebis SesaZleblobebze,
vidre politikuri struqturebis reformireba.

demokratia ganviTarebad qveynebSi:

tendencia Tu iluzia?
1974-1990 wlebSi samxreT da aRmosavleT evropis, laTinuri amerikis da
aRmosavleT aziis ocdaaT saxelmwifoze meti avtoritarulidan demokratiul
mmarTvelobaze gadavida. erT-erTma cnobilma mecnierma am movlenas globaluri revolucia da meoce saukunis meore naxevris yvelaze mniSvnelovani movlena uwoda.11 yvelaze dramatuli cvlilebebi 1980-ian wlebSi laTinur amerikaSi
moxda, sadac samxedro diqtaturebi erTimeoris miyolebiT Seicvala sayovelTao arCevnebSi gamarjvebuli mTavrobebiTa da mravalpartiuli demokratiuli
mmarTvelobebiT. aseT cvlilebebs adgili hkonda braziliaSi, argentinaSi,
CileSi da sxva qveynebSi. nikaraguasa da panamaSic moxda diqtaturis Canacvleba
arCeuli mTavrobebiT. meqsikaSi, sadac mravali aTwleulis manZilze dominirebda institucionaluri revoluciuri partia, 2000 wels prezidentad arCeuli
iqna visente foqsi; prezidenti foqsi bolo samocdaaTi wlis manZilze pirveli
opozicioneri kandidati iyo, romelic qveyanas Caudga saTaveSi.
SesaZlebelia Tu ara momavalSi ganviTarebad qveynebSi demokratiuli procesebis paralelurad warimarTos saxelmwifos ganviTareba? laTinur amerikaSi demokratiis saboloo triumfze laparaki jer Zalian adrea, radgan zogierT
SemTxvevaSi samoqalaqo mTavrobebi mwvave winaaRmdegobas awydebian. regionSi
mTavrobebis umravlesobas xan erTi, xanac meore saxis destabilizaciasTan uwevs gamklaveba. didi sagareo valis garda saxelmwofoebs did dartymas ayenebs
umuSevroba, inflacia, savaluto krizisi da sxva uaryofiTi movlenebi. 1990ian wlebSi terorizmi did zians ayenebda perus da meqsikaSic destabilizacias
qmnida. kolumbia, romelsac ufro xangrZlivi demokratiuli tradiciebi aqvs,
vidre laTinuri amerikis qveynebis umravlesobas, ZiriTad siZneleebs narko-

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baronebis didi gavlenis da memarcxene partizanebis gamudmebuli Tavdasxmebis
`wyalobiT~ awydeboda.
istoriac gviCvenebs, rom laTinuri amerikis demokratiulobis Sesaxeb
Tamami gancxadebebis gakeTeba ar SeiZleba. regionSi bolo dromde mTavar rols
samxedro Zala TamaSobda. 1980-ian wlebamde laTinuri amerikis Zalian cota
qveyanaSi Tu iyo demokratiuli mmarTveloba. xSirad, sayovelTao arCevnebi
plebiscits emsgavseboda, riTac lideri avtoritaruli mmarTvelobisTvis mandats iRebda. sxva SemTxvevebSi, samxedro maRalCinosnebis xuntebi ubralod auqmebdnen arCevnebis Sedegebs da Zalauflebas ukanonod itacebdnen.
adreul 1990-ian wlebSi `defeqtiani~ demokratia gavrcelda saharis
samxreTiT mdebare afrikaSic.12 1990 da 1991 wlebSi am regionis sul cota cxra
qveyanaSi, maT Soris beninSi, kabo-verdesa da gabonSi gaimarTa Tavisufali arCevnebi, rac am qveynebis umetesobisaTvis pirveli SemTxveva iyo. 1991 wlis
martSi beninis prezidenti generali maTieu kerekou gaxda _ erT-erTi pirveli
afrikeli lideri, romelic mosaxleobam gadairCia. regionis sxva qveynebma,
maT Soris mozambikma da kongom, gaatares gamiznuli reformebi demokratiuli
mmarTvelobis gaZlierebisaTvis. 1990-ian wlebSi samxreT afrikis respublikam
gansacvifrebeli cvlilebebi ganicada. Savkaniani umravlesobis mmarTvelobam
Secvala burebis (holandielebis) TeTrkanianTa upiratesobaze dafuZnebuli
mmarTveloba. 1997 wlisaTvis benini, bocvana, gvinea-bisau, madagaskari, mali,
namibia da san tome, iseve rogorc samxreT afrikis respublika, namdvilad mravalpartiuli saxelmwifoebi iyvnen, sadac adamianis uflebaTa pativiscema da
kanonis uzenaesoba arsebobda.13
saharis mimdebare afrikis `demokratiuli romansi~ uaRresad mouxeSavi
da uwesrigo aRmoCnda. nigerielma samxedro mmarTvelebma 1993 wels gaauqmes
arCevnebis Sedegebi. kot-divuaris mTavrobamac igive gaakeTa (nigeriam swori
mimarTulebiT nabiji sabolood 1999 wels daiwyo, rodesac olusegun obasanjo
1983 wlis Semdeg qveynis pirveli demokratiulad arCeuli prezidenti gaxda).
1992 da 1993 wlis arCevnebs keniaSi, kamerunsa da gabonSi umarTaobam da korufciam miayena Crdili. ruanda 1994 wels genociduri Zaladobis asparezad iqca.
1996 wels samxedro mTavrobebi CadiSi, gambiasa da nigeriaSi nacionaluri arCevnebiT manipulirebdnen, raTa sasurveli SedegisaTvis mieRwiaT. arc sxva afrikuli saxelmwifoebis sazogadoebaa gansakuTrebulad stabiluri (da samxreTiT
mdebare demokratiisaTvis xelsayreli). liberiam da siera leonem sakmaod sisxliani samoqalaqo omebi gadaitanes, xolo kongos demokratiuli respublika
(yofili zairi) 1990 wlebis bolosaTvis anarqiam moicva. klanobrivi da tomobrivi dapirispirebebi safrTxes uqmnis Sida stabilurobas saharis samxreTiT
afrikis mraval saxelmwifoSi, sadac nebismieri tendencia demokratiisaken
mZlavr sawinaaRmdego tendencias awydeba.14

ganviTarebis Tavsatexi
politikuri ganviTareba, romelic demokratiuli xelisuflebis SenarCunebis Zalisxmevasac moicavs, modernizaciis jer kidev mtkivneuli da dausrulebeli procesis nawilia. xalxTa Soris tradiciul kavSirebs Ziri eTxreba,
xalxi sakuTar fesvebsaa mowyvetili, xolo kulturis saxecvlileba xSirad

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Seuqcevadi procesia. sakvebis ukmarisoba da socialuri ukmayofileba xSirad
industrializaciis Tanmdevi movlenebia. maS ratom surT ganviTarebadi qveynebis liderebs modernizaciasTan dakavSirebul riskebze wasvla?

ganviTarebis motivebi
ganviTarebad qveynebs xSirad modernizaciis garda sxva arCevani ar gaaCniaT. mxolod cotaa iseTi iRbliani, rogorc, magaliTad, yatari (arabeTis naxevarkunZulze), romelsac uxvad aqvs navTobi da mcire mosaxleobac yavs. venesuelac navTobis didi maragis mflobelia. magram imisaTvis, rom es bunebrivi
resursebi fulad eqciaT, TviT venesuelasa da yatarsac ki dasWirda WaburRilebis gaTxra, gzebis gayvana, navTobis specialistebis gamozrda, navTobgadamamuSavebeli da sawyobi infrastruqturebis ageba, navTobsadenebis gayvana,
sabanko sistemis dafuZneba, saeqsporto bazrebis ganviTareba, anu, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, modernizeba.
naklebad iRbliani ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvis ekonomikuri ganviTareba gabatonebuli siRaribisagan Tavis daRwevis erTaderTi imedia. am qveyanaTa umetesoba Raribia. RaribTa Soris uRaribes qveynebSi, romlebsac xandaxan
yvelaze ganuviTarebel qveynebs uwodeben, yovelwliuri Semosavali erT sul
mosaxleze 250 dolarze naklebia. TviT is erebic, romlebic SedarebiT ganviTarebulni arian, farTod gavrcelebuli siRaribiT itanjebian. aqedan gamomdinare, 1990-iani wlebis Sua periodSi erT sul mosaxleze wliuri Semosavali
afrikis da aziis mxolod ramodenime qveyanaSi aRemateboda 1000 dolars.
ganviTarebis kidev erTi stimuli Tanamedrove SeiaraRebis nebismier
fasad SeZenis survilia, rac erovnul siamayes ukavSirdeba. meore msoflio omis
Semdeg TiTqmis yvela omi mesame samyaroSi mimdinareobda.15 mesame samyaros qveynebis dapirispirebis yvelaze TvalsaCino magaliTebia iranisa da erayis, pakistanisa da indoeTis, vietnamisa da CineTis, libiisa da Cadis, eTiopiisa da somalis omebi, laTinuri amerikis mravali qveyana agreTve Cabmulia mezoblebTan
konfliqtSi. magaliTisaTvis, Cile Caeba samxedro SetakebebSi samive mezobel
saxelmwifosTan: argentinasTan, boliviasa da perusTan. amas garda, perus ekvadorTan sasazRvro dava hqonda. urTierTobebi kolumbiasa da venesuelas Soris
sazRvris sakiTxis mougvareblobis gamo drodadro mwvavdeboda. ra Tqma unda,
saomar moqmedebebs, izidavs ra xelisuflebis mTel yuradRebas, SeuZlia Seafrexos, an saerTod SeaCeros saxelmwifos ganviTareba da bolomde amouwuros
isedac SezRuduli resursebi.
Tavad ganviTarebadi qveynebis arseboba uzrunvelyofs ganviTarebis stimulis gaCenas. Tanamedrove globaluri komunikaciebi, satransporto sistema
da msoflio urTierTdamokidebulebis sul ufro metad gaRrmaveba calkeuli
erebis Zalasa da simdidres kidev ufro TvalSisacems xdis. aqedan gamomdinare, mravali industriuli saxelmwifos warmateba dasabams udebs (rogorc amas
Cveulebriv uwodeben) `mzardi molodinebis revolucias~, revolucias, romlis miznebis ganxorcielebac mxolod ganviTarebis meSveobiTaa SesaZlebeli.
ra konkretul problemebs unda gaumklavdnen ganviTarebadi qveynebi, rom
farTomasStabiani ganviTareba warmatebiT ganaxorcielon? adre ganxiluli
politikuri gamowvevebis garda, ganviTarebis gzaze xSiria agreTve socialuri,

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ekonomikuri da fsiqologiuri winaRobebi.

ganviTarebis socialuri barierebi

mravali ganviTarebadi saxelmwifo yofili koloniuri samflobeloebisagan warmoiSva da moklebulia mocemuli teritoriis geografiul Tu istoriul
Sinaarss, agreTve adgilobriv eTnikur, religiur, tomobriv Tu lingvistur modelebs. yovelive amis Sedegad, kulturuli mravalferovneba mesame samyaros mravali qveynisaTvis TvalSisacemi maxasiaTebelia. zogjer es mravalferovnebac axali
`erovnuli~ politikuri kulturis kategoriaSia gayvanili. es yvelaferi xSirad
eTnikur davebsa da samoqalaqo omebsac ki iwvevs.
yvela SemTxvevaSi, ganviTareba aCens damorCilebis problemebs. fragmentirebuli mosaxleobis pirobebSi, rac eri-saxelmwifos koncefciaSi ar jdeba,
esaa eris idea. warmatebuli ganviTarebis erT-erTi umTavresi elementia erTi
erovnuli identobis gamoWedva da saerTo politikuri bedisweris gancda. ufro
metic, zogierTi meomari jgufi an moZraoba SeiZleba socialuri integraciisa
da mSvidobiani modernizaciisadmi mtruladac ki iyos ganwyobili. magaliTisaTvis, islami Cveulebriv, modernizaciis dabrkolebad aris miCneuli, vinaidan mis
mier yuradRebis gamaxvileba RvTismosaobaze, erTgulebaze da alahze, agreTve
yoveldRiuri locvebi (xuTjer dReSi) iseve rogorc misi moraluri qcevis mkacri wesebi, religias Seuwynarebels xdis sekularizaciis, seqsualuri revoluciis, materializmisa da yovelgvari siamovnebis mimarT, rac evropaSi, CrdiloeT
amerikaSi da yvelgan Tan axlda socialur cvlilebebs. sabolood, aRniSnul eTnikur, religiur, tomobriv an lingvistur gansxvavebulobaTa gamo, arabunebrivia, rom mocemuli ganviTarebadi qveynis mosaxleobis mniSvnelovanma umravlesobam arsebuli mTavroba legitimurad aRiqvas.
specifikuri

magaliTebi

saukeTesod

aRwers

mosaxleobis

mraval-

ferovnebiT gamowveul praqtikul problemebs. nigeria da indoeTic ganviTarebadi qveynebia uaRresad mravalferovani mosaxleobiT.
nigeria. dasavleT afrikis es didi qveyana ramodenime, erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebul eTnikur jgufs moicavs, romelTa gavlena qveynis sxvadasxva nawilebSi vrceldeba.16 garda amisa, arsebobs mravali patara tomi. isini erTmaneTisgan
sruliad gansxvavebul enebze laparakoben (daaxloebiT 400 damoukidebeli ena).
gansakuTrebuli daZabulobaa qristianebsa da muslimebs Soris. religiuri, eTnikuri da enobrivi gansxvavebebiT ganpirobebulma mtrulma damokidebulebam
qveyana 1967 wlis samoqalaqo omamde miiyvana, rodesac nigerias aRmosavleT
nawili gamoeyo da biafras damoukidebel saxelmwifod gamocxadda. omma, romelic sami weli grZeldeboda da biafrelebis damarcxebiT dasrulda, 600000
adamianis sicocxle Seiwira.
1967 wlidan nigerias umetesad korumpirebuli samxedro reJimebi marTavda. miuxedavad saxelmwifos kuTvnili navTobis maragebisa, romlis eqsportsac
qveynisTvis sakmaod didi Semosavali mohqonda, nigeriis ekonomika sul ufro
da ufro metad efloboda WaobSi da nigeriis mosaxleobis udidesi umravlesoba (106 milioni 2000 wels) sakvebis fuls Zlivs Soulobda. nigeriaSi erT sul
mosaxleze Semosavali, romelic daaxloebiT 300 dolars Seadgenda, orjer naklebi iyo indoneziis maCvenebelze, miuxedavad imisa, rom indoneziis Semosavali

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mTeli misi mosaxleobis mixedviT iTvleboda. indoneziis mosaxleoba ki nigeriisas orjer aRemateba. aqedan gamomdinare, nigeria, yvela standartis mixedviT,
yovlad uunaro ekonomikis mqone qveynad unda CaiTvalos.
Cndeba kiTxva: ratom? pasuxi sakmaod naTelia. amis pirveli mizezi cudi
mTavrobaa. 1967 wlidan TiTqmis ganuwyvetliv qveyanas korumpirebuli samxedro reJimebi marTavda. moqmedi diqtatorebi xSirad iZleodnen sayovelTao
arCevnebis gamarTvis pirobas da ramodenime SemTxvevaSi Caatares kidec arCevnebi, magram, rogorc wesi, Sedegebs an winaswar adgendnen, an Tu samxedro generlebs ar moewonebodaT, saerTod auqmebdnen, rogorc es 1993 wels gaakeTes. nigerieli generlebis sisastikis da ulmoblobis wyalobiT qveyana 1990 wlisTvis
saerTaSoriso borotebis kerad gadaiqca, romelic odnav Tu CamorCeboda Sav
siaSi moxvedril saxelmwifoebs: irans, erays da CrdiloeT koreas. didi roli
iTamaSa saerTaSoriso zewolam, romlis gavleniTac bolos da bolos nigeriis
samxedro mmarTvelebi arCevnebis Catarebaze daTaxmdnen da aRiares misi Sedegebi. am arCevnebSi, pirvelad oci wlis manZilze prezidentobis popularulma
kandidatma gaimarjva.
indoeTi. es qveyanac bevri gansxvavebuli eTnikuri jgufebisagan Sedgeba,
romlebic gansxvavebul enebze laparakoben. indoeTi mosaxleobis mixedviT
msoflioSi meore adgilzea (1 miliardze meti adamiani). igi amave dros erTerTi yvelaze mravalferovani qveyanaa. indoeTis konstitucia Teqvsmet enas
aRiarebs, magram aRweris mixedviT indoeTSi, dialeqtebis CaTvliT, 1500-ze met
enaze laparakoben. sami yvelaze gavrcelebuli saxelmwifo enebia: inglisuri,
hindi, urdu. hindize indoeTis mosaxleobis erTi mesamedi laparakobs. inglisuri elitaruli mosaxleobis enas warmoadgens, masze ZiriTadad sauniversiteto ganaTlebis mqone adamianebi laparakoben. urdu ki indoeli muslimebis
enaa, romlebic qveynis yvelaze did umciresobas warmoadgenen.
eTnikuri da lingvisturi gansxvavebebis garda, indoeTi religiuri niSniTac mkveTrad dayofili qveyanaa. induizmi indoeTis mosaxlebis umravlesobis religiaa, magram musulimuri mosaxleobis ricxvic sakmaod didia (mTliani
mosaxleobis 11%). arian sxva mniSvnelovani religiuri umciresobebi (siqhebi,
jainebi, parsiebi, budistebi da qristianebi). indoeTis mier damoukideblobis
mopovebis Semdeg periodulad adgili hqonda mowinaaRmdege religiur sazogadoebebs Soris dapirispirebas. zogjer erT-erT religiuri jgufis warmomadgeneli meore jgufis wevrebs xocavda. aseTi SemTxvevebi indusebs da muslimebs
erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg ganawyobda. msgavsi dapirispirebebi xdeboda indusebsa
da siqhebs Sorisac. 1984 wels siqhma piradma mcvelma mokla indoeTis indusi
premier-ministri indira gandi. 1991 wels mokles indoeTis yofili premier
ministri, indira gandis vaJi rajiv gandi, romelic premier-ministris postis
xelaxla dasakaveblad saarCevno kampanias awarmoebda. ZaladobiT aRsavse warsuli amZafrebs uaryofiT damokidebulebas da xels uSlis Serigebas da kompromiss.
indoeTSi arsebuli tradiciuli kasturi sistema ganviTarebisTvis damatebiT bariers warmoadgens. am sistemaSi yvela ibadeba ama Tu im socio-ekonomikur kastaSi da mTeli cxovreba iq rCeba. cxadia, rom aseT sistemaSi SeuZlebelia
socialuri mobiloba _ mobiloba, romelic aucilebel safuZvels warmoadgens
tradiciulidan Tanamedrove sistemaze gadasasvlelad. tradiciul indoeTSi
yvelaze dabali klasis warmomadgenlebs _ miukareblebs _ araviTari uflebebi

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da SesaZleblobebi ar gaaCniaT. indoeTis mTavrobam axlaxan akrZala `miukarebloba~, magram Zveli Sexedulebebis gavlena indoeTis tradiciul soflis
sazogadoebebSi, Zalian nela sustdeba (mosaxleobis 75-80% patara soflebSi
cxovrobs).
indoeTis mravalferovani mosaxleobis minimum kidev erTi maxasiaTebeli
imsaxurebs yuradRebas: tendenciuri socialuri dayofebi Sesustebis nacvlad kidev ufro mZafrdeba. aqedan gamomdinare, indoeli muslimebi mxolod
TavianT gansxvavebul religias ki ar misdeven, aramed isini agreTve TavianT
Caketil teritoriebze cxovroben, aqvT gansxvavebuli eTnikuri memkvidreoba
da saubroben sakuTar enaze. TiTqmis igives Tqma SeiZleba siqhebze, ianebze da
sxva jgufebze. Sedegad, indoeTis socialuri jgufebis mier maTi saTemo dayofis mwared gacnobierebas uamravi faqtori ganapirobebs, amave dros igi Zirs
uTxris centraluri xelisuflebis mcdelobas, Seqmnas erovnuli erTobis gancda. xSirad es dayofebi separatizms iwvevs, risi magaliTic aris siqhebis mier
Crdilo-dasavleT indoeTSi damoukidebeli saxelmwifos gamocxadeba (sadac
isini koncentrirebulni arian).
Cven yuradReba gavamaxvileT nigeriasa da indoeTze. aseTive problemebi
maT mravali sxva ganviTarebadi qveynisTvisacaa damaxasiaTebeli. magaliTad,
Sri-lanka gaxleCilia sinhalesebis umravlesobasa (74%, romlebic umetesad
budistebi arian) da tamilebs Soris (18%, romelTa umetesobac induizmis mimdevaria da qveynis CrdiloeT da aRmosavleT nawilebSia dasaxlebuli). murebi,
evropelebi da vedas aborigenebi Seadgenen qveynis mosaxleobis darCenil 8
procents. tamilTa mebrZoli jgufebi gamoyofisaken iswrafvian teroristul
aqtebs awyoben da partizanul oms awarmoeben centraluri xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg (mas Semdeg rac 1983 wels adgilobriv TemSi momxdar areulobebs 2000
tamilis sicocxle Seewira).17 mas Semdeg Sri-lanka, indoeTis msgavsad, mkveTri
socialuri dayofis mqone kulturuli mravalferovnebis models warmoadgens.
afrikis saxelmwifoTa umravlesobas da mraval aziur Tu laTinur-amerikul saxelmwifos socialuri mravalferovnebis maRli done axasiaTebs. 132
qveynis kvlevam aCvena, rom 53 maTganis (anu 40 procentis) mosaxleoba xuTze met
msxvil jgufad iyofoda.18 ase rom, mesame samyaroSi `mozaikuri sazogadoebebi~
sakmaod farTodaa gavrcelebuli. es mravalferovneba xSirad mniSvelovan socialur barierebs uqmnis ganviTarebas.

ganviTarebis fsiqologiuri barierebi

individis identobis gansazRvrisas mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs rogorc
individis urTierToba socialur jgufTan, aseve am jgufis statusi sazogadoebaSi. es urTierTobebi aseve gvexmareba imis gagebaSi, Tu ramdenad aigivebs
xalxi Tavs erovnul xelisuflebasTan da aRiarebs misi mmarTvelobis uflebas
(mis legitimurobas). am kuTxiT, didi mniSvneloba aqvs mocemul kulturaSi
fesvgamdgar Cvevebsa da rwmenebsac. warmatebuli ganviTarebisaTvis saWiroa,
rom Seicvalos fsiqologiuri mdgomareoba da individTa moraluri Rirebulebebi ganviTarebad qveynebSi. vnaxoT, ratomaa ase.

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rogorc wesi, tradiciuli sazogadoebis wevrebi ucxoelebs ar endobian da xSirad maTi

cxovrebis wess ver igeben. miuxedavad imisa, rom amgvari reaqcia bunebrivia, mas modernizaciis Seferxeba SeuZlia.

amerikelebis umetesoba Tanamedroved azrovnebs. amis gamo, amerikelebs

xSirad uWirT gaugon sxva kulturis xalxebs, gansakuTrebiT, ganviTarebad
erebs. magaliTad, adamianebi amgvar tradiciul sazogadoebebSi, gansazRvrebidanve gamomdinare, Zlier damokidebulni arian yoveldRiuri cxovrebis Zvelebur wesze. amerikelebi (ufro metad, vidre dasavleTSi mcxovrebTa umetesoba)
arad agdeben tradiciebs.
is soflebi, romlebic tradiciuli cxovrebiT cxovroben, rogorc wesi,
Znelad eguebian cvlilebebs, Zvalsa da rbilSi gamjdari Cveulebebi maTTvis
usafrTxo da saimedoa, xolo axlisa da uCveulosi xSirad eSiniaT. gaurkvevlobis da siaxlis SiSisadmi Tavis aridebis tendencia gasagebia, rodesac garemo
xifaTiT aRsavse uamravi gaurkvevlobiTaa savse. tradiciulad ganwyobili adamianebi bunebas mokrZalebiT da mowiwebiT uyureben, isini bunebis keTilganwyobis mopovebas misi TayvaniscemiT cdiloben.
tradiciuli xalxebi naklebad endobian ucnobebs (anu yvelas, visac isini
ar icnoben). ra Tqma unda, maT iSviaTad aqvT urTierToba ucnobebTan; zogadad, maTi socialuri urTierTqmedeba izRudeba ojaxiT, klaniT Tu maTive
soflis macxovreblebiT. ucnobebis SiSis, bunebis stiqiebis Sesaxeb fatalisturi warmodgenebis da sakuTari Tavis rwmenis uqonlobis gamo tradiciuli
wesebiT mcxovrebi soflebis mosaxleobas ar uyvars gariskva. advili warmosadgenia, rogor aferxebs ganviTarebas msgavsi Cvevebi. frTxil da konservatiulad ganwyobil adamianebs naklebi midrekileba aqvT siaxleebisadmi, iqneba
es kulturuli, Tu agrokulturuli teqnologiuri siaxleebi. es adamianebi

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Znelad eguebian da xSirad ganicdian identobasTan dakavSirebul problemebs,
rodesac ganviTarebis procesi maT qalaqSi sacxovreblad gadasvlas da im soflebis datovebas aiZulebs, sadac maT da maTma winaprebma cxovrebis udidesi
nawili gaaatares.
ganviTarebis Semaferxebeli SeiZleba iyos sxva tradiciuli Cvevebic. tradiciul adamianebs naklebad aqvT drois gancda, iSviaTad gegmaven winaswar TavianT saqmianobas da ara aqvT sakuTari Tavis rwmena gansxvavebiT im adamianebisgan,
romlebic miCveulni arian Tanamedrove cxovrebas. individualuri miRwevebis,
socialur kibeze maRla moZraobis, piradi damsaxurebis da interesTa dakmayofilebis ideebi ucxoa maTTvis, vinc SezRudulia tradiciuli RirebulebebiT
da CveulebebiT. es yvelaferi gamomdinareobs tradiciuli sazogadoebebis
midrekilebidan `askriptuli sazogadoebebisaken~ (risi yvelaze mkafio magaliTicaa indoeTis kasturi sistema) _ rac gulisxmobs imas, rom pirovnebis statusi da mdgomareoba sazogadoebaSi ganisazRvreba misi religiis, asakis da a.
S. mixedviT. statusi da mdgomareoba aseve mniSvnelovanwilad damokidebulia
sqesze, mamakacebis socialuri da politikuri upiratesoba gacilebiT ufro
aSkarad gamokveTilia ganviTarebad qveynebSi, romelTac axasiaTebT dabali teqnologiuri done, dawyebuli mZime teqnikis uqonlobiT da damTavrebuli Sobadobis kontrolis meqanizmebis ararsebobiT, axalSobilTa sikvdilianobis
maRali maCveneblebiT da tradiciuli genderuli rolebiT da CveulebebiT. amrigad, ganviTarebad erebSi, piradi Tavisuflebis ideebi da individualuri miswrafebebi xSirad iTrguneba wes-CveulebebiT da tradiciuli sazogadoebebis
Temuri bunebiT.

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis winaaRmdegobebi

ganviTarebad erebs Soris ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da erovnuli simdidris ganawilebis doneebSi arsebuli mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebis miuxedavad,
maTi umetesoba Raribia. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, siRaribe, yvela sxva faqtorebze ufro metad, ubiZgebs am qveynebs ganviTarebisaken. siRaribes ganapirobebs
vaWrobis araxelsayreli pirobebi, didi ucxouri vali, mosaxleobis swrafi
zrda, miwis sakuTrebis problema, avadmyofobebi da cudi kveba, ganaTlebisa da
teqnologiebis dabali done da mZime bunebrivi pirobebi. miuxedavad optimisturi molodinebisa, es problemebi siRrmiseulia. isini gvevlinebian siRaribis
mizezad da amavdroulad aferxeben ekonomikur ganviTarebas, romlis saSualebiTac SesaZlebelia siRaribis daZleva.
ganviTarebadi qveynebis ekonomikebi umeteswilad efuZneba soflis meurneobas da nedleulis mopovebas _ Raribi mosaxleobis soflidan qalaqebSi migraciis maRali (da zrdadi) donis miuxedavad. Sedegad, cxovrebis standartebis
zrda ukeTes SemTxvevaSi Zalian nela xdeba, farTo ekonomikuri uTanasworoba
ki kvlav arsebobs (ix. cxrili 8-1).
gadaWarbebul damokidebulebas soflis meurneobasa da nedleulis mopovebaze rTuli problemebi sdevs. zogierT ganviTarebad qveyanas mohyavs mxolod erTi saxeobis mcenare (rasac monokultura ewodeba). bangladeSi, magaliTd, saeqsportod mxolod juTs awarmoebs. roca juTze fasi ecema, bangladeSs
_ erT-erTi uRaribes ganviTarebad saxelmwifos _ araferi

aqvs. samagierod

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eTiopiis ekonomika Zalianaa damokidebuli yavaze, kubas saeqsportod ZiriTadad sigarebi gaaqvs, hondurass _ bananebi da a. S. zogierTi ganviTarebadi qveyana ekonomikurad damokidebulia aralegaluri, magram momgebiani mcenareebis
moyvanaze: magaliTad, kolumbieli, ekvadoreli, perueli glexebi saeqsportod
kokains awarmoeben. avRaneTi msoflioSi heroinis (opiumis yayaCosgan damzadebuli) nomer pirveli wyaroa. miuxedavad imisa, rom ganviTarebadi qveynebis umravlesobas ramdenime saxeobis mcenare an mineraluri resursi gaaCnia, maTgan
cotas Tu aqvs imdenad diversificirebuli ekonomika, rom soflis meurneobisa
da mrewvelobis jansaRi Serwyma moaxerxos.
ganviTarebisaTvis ganviTarebadma qveynebma unda moaxdinon samrewvelo
produqciis importi; am produqciis fasis gadasaxdelad maT unda gaitanon
sakvebi, qsovilebi da madani, magram vaWrobis kanonebi maT sawinaRmdegod moqmedebs: samrewvelo produqciis fasi maRalia, im dros, rodesac sasoflo
produqciis da nedleulis fasi xSirad dabalia. ufro metic, msoflio bazarze
saqonlis fasebi Zalian meryeobs, rac gaurkvevlobas uqmnis am qveynebs da zrdis maT sagareo vals.
amasTan erTad, zogierTi ganviTarebadi qveyana awydeba seriozul demografiul problemas. industriul demokratiebSi mosaxleobis zrda erT procentze naklebia da 1990 wlisaTvis zogierTma dasavlurma evropulma qveyanam
miaRwia mosaxleobis nulovan, an uaryofiT zrdasac ki; maSin roca, ganviTarebadi qveynebis umravlesobaSi mosaxleobis zrdis yovelwliuri maCvenebeli
ori an sami procentia (ix. sqema 8-1 da 8-2). Tumca, zogierT qveyanaSi, magaliTad,
nigeriaSi, eTiopiasa da angolaSi, mosaxleoba gacilebiT ufro swrafi tempebiT
izrdeba.

sqema 8-1 da 8-2

rogorc wesi, mosaxleobis swrafi mateba yvelaze metad urbanul areebze

aisaxeba. soflebSi arsebuli siRaribe da xelisuflebis politika ganapirobebs
migracias qalaqebSi. swrafi urbanizacia problematuria, ramdenadac ganviTarebad qveynebs ar gaaCniaT saTanado resursebi saxelmwifo momsaxurebebiT
mosaxleobis uzrunvelsayofad da axali skolebis, saavadmyofoebis, sacxovrebeli kompleqsebis da rac yvelaze mTavaria, samuSao adgilebis Sesaqmnelad.
mosaxleobis matebis da migraciis pirobebSi, TviT optimaluri klimatisa da
ekonomikis arsebobis SemTxvevaSic ki, ganviTarebadi qveynebis fermerebisaTvis
sul ufro Zneli xdeba sakvebis warmoebis sakmarisad swrafad gazrda, rom fexi
auwyon mosaxleobis zrdis temps. miuxedavad rig ganviTarebad qveynebSi (maT
Soris indoeTSi, meqsikaSi, taivansa da filipinebSi) mwvane revoluciad wode-

buli warmoebis mkveTri zrdisa, rodesac xorblis da brinjis maRalmosavliani

jiSebis moyvana Seuxames Tanamedrove sairigacio sistemebsa da sinTetikur sasuqebs _ ganviTarebadi qveynebi kvlav siZneleebis winaSe dganan.
qeT, es naxe failSi, me rac SevZeli, gavaswore!

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cxrili 8-1
erT sul mosaxleze mTliani erovnuli produqti (mep) regionis mixedviT

regioni

mep-i erT sul mosaxleze

(aSS dolarebSi)

afrika
saharis samx. afrika
CrdiloeT afrika
aRmosavleT afrika
dasavleT afrika
Sua afrika
samxreT afrika

$1,790
1,370
3,070
1,000
850
_
8160

CrdiloeT amerika

31,260
6,460

laTinuri amerika da karibis

zRvis auzi
centraluri amerika
karibis zRvis kunZulebi
samxreT amerika

6,900
_
6,730

azia
azia, CineTis garda
dasavleT azia
centraluri aziis samxreTi
samxreT-aRmosavleT azia
aRmosavleT azia

3,930
4,130
4,810
2,250
3,210
5,750

evropa
CrdiloeT evropa
dasavleT evropa
aRmosavleT evropa
samxreT evropa

14,970
21,460
23,480
6,770
16,520

okeania

17,880

wyaro: 2001 wlis msoflio mosaxleobis monacemebi, cxrili 5, Population Reference Bureau, www.
prb.org, 16 maisi, 2002.
vaWrobis araxelsayreli pirobebis, mzardi sagareo valis da demografiuli afeTqebis garda, ganviTarebad qveynebs warmatebuli ganviTarebis gzaze sami
umniSvnelovanesi winaaRmdegoba eRobebaT: dabali teqnologiuri done, miwis sakuTrebis seriozuli problema da mZime garemo pirobebi. mwvane revolucia SesaZlebelia mxolod iq, sadac ganviTarebuli sasoflo-sameurneo teqnologiebi
arsebobs, gaumjobesebuli Teslis, pesticidebis, herbicidebis, xelovnuri sasuqis, irigaciis, mecxoveleobis, fermidan bazramde misasvleli gzisa da sawyobebis CaTvliT. es, Tavis mxriv, sainvesticio kapitalisa da ucxouri rezervebis
xelmisawvdomobas gulisxmobs.
mraval ganviTarebad qveyanaSi miwis sakuTrebac mniSvnelovan problemas
warmoadgens. miwis mflobelobis sqemebi sxvadasxva qveynebSi (da regionebSi)
sxvadasxvaa, magram ganviTarebadi qveynebidan efeqtianad mxolod erTeulebma
gaarTves Tavi am sferos problemebs. es imitom xdeba, rom tradicia yvelaze ufro
metad damabrkolebeli soflis garemoSia, sadac Camoyalibebuli wesebi da meTo-

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debi Zalian nela icvleba. umTavresi problema miwis nakveTebis usamarTlo an
ekonomikurad araswori ganawilebaa. qveynis zogierT nawilSi mflobeloba miwaze
(da adgilobrivi xelisufleba) metismetad koncentrirebulia, sxva adgilebSi ki
miwa mcire fragmentebadaa dayofili, rac mogebis saSualebas ar iZleva. laTinur
amerikaSi es ori problema gverdigverd arsebobs _ uzarmazari samflobeloebis
(e. w. latifundiebis) gverdiT gvxvdeba Zalzed patara nakveTebi (minifundiebi).
msgavsi problema arsebobs egvipteSic. ufro metic, bevr ganviTarebad qveyanaSi
Cveulebrivi ambavia, rodesac glexebi ijariT amuSaveben miwas da damokidebulni
arian didi miwaTmflobelebis neba-survilze.
afrikaSi gavrcelebulia sasoflo miwebis erToblivi sakuTreba. aq Cndeba sxva tipis problemebi. soflis macxovreblebs ekuTvniT miwis nakveTebi da
inawileben mosavals, romlis didi nawili maT mierve moixmareba da ar iyideba.
Tumca, bolo dros sul ufro vrceldeba komerciuli plantaciebi, momgebiani
naTesebi enacvleba naklebad momgebian tradiciul kulturebs. rac yvelaze
uaresia, umuSevrobis gamo axalgazrdebi iZulebulni arian datovon soflebi;
bevri maTgani samuSaod ewyoba fermaSi da kidev ufro metad efloba siRaribesa
da uimedobaSi. aziaSi mdgomareoba garkveulwilad gansxvavebulia, magram miwis
ganawilebis problemebi iqac xels uSlis xelisuflebas jer kidev soflis meurneobis wamyvan rolze dafuZnebuli ekonomikis gadaxalisebisa da modernizaciis gziT xeli Seuwyos saerTo ekonomikur zrdas.
bunebrivi pirobebi xSirad yvelaze ufro seriozul winaaRmdegobas uqmnis ekonomikur ganviTarebas. yvelaze saSineli is tragediebia, romlebic bunebriv katastrofebsa da adamianebis ugunurobas aerTianebs. magaliTad, 1980ian wlebSi saZovrebis zedmetad intensiurma gamoyenebam gaamwvava uwyloobis
problema afrikis Sua sartyelis udides nawilSi. msgavsad amisa, wyaldidobebi
zogierT ganviTarebad qveyanaSi nawilobriv mainc gamowveuli iyo xe-tyis masalis intensiuri gamoyenebis mizniT mdinareebis napirebze tyis gaCexviT. amgvari
bunebrivi katastrofebis yvelaze xSiri Sedegia farTomasStabiani da Zalagamomcleli SimSilianoba. Tumca, amgvari tragediebisa da xSirad maTi Tanmdevi
epidemiebis gareSec ki, sakvebis ukmarisobis problema kvlavac dgas asobiT
milioni adamianis winaSe ganviTarebad qveynebSi, gansakuTrebiT afrikaSi. adamianebs, romlebic ganicdian ukidures SimSils, ar gaaCniaT warmoebis energia,
rac bevr ganviTarebad qveyanas Caketil wreSi aqcevs: isini arian Raribebi imitom, rom ar arian sakmarisad produqtiulebi, da ar arian sakmarisad produqtiulebi imitom, rom arian Raribebi.

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rukebze warwerebic, failSia!

266

267

ganviTarebis marcxi
erebi viTardebian politikuri, fsiqologiuri, socialuri da ekonomikuri ganzomilebis mqone mravalmxrivi procesebis Sedegad. Secdoma iqneboda
gvevarauda, rom ganviTareba uwyveti, an Seuqcevadi procesia. ganviTarebis
nebismier safexurze myofi eri-saxelmwifoebi da sazogadoebebi SeiZleba iqcnen arastabilurobis da dakninebis gamomwvevi Zalebis msxverplad. arc erT mkvlevars, romelic Seiswavlis amerikis samoqalaqo oms, an iseTi qveynebis uaxles
istorias, rogorebicaa somali, yofili iugoslavia da Tanamedrove egvipte,
ar SeuZlia ignorireba gaukeTos daSlis safrTxeebs, romlebic SeiZleba daemuqros rogoc ganviTarebad, aseve ganviTarebul industriul qveynebs.
ra iwvevs daSlas? sainteresoa, rom politikuri daknineba xSirad gamomdinareobs eris uunarobidan gadawyvitos ganviTarebis Semaferxebeli siRrmiseuli problemebi. mTavrobebi, romelTac ar SeuZliaT daZlion religiur,
eTnikur, rasobriv an kulturul jgufebs Soris daZabulobaTa niadagze warmoSobili socialuri problemebi, xSirad amJRavneben dakninebis SesamCnev niSnebs.
XIX saukunis Sua periodSi amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi idga umniSvnelovanesi
sirTulis winaSe, rac momdinareobda monobis gadauwyveteli sakiTxidan. dRevandel msoflioSi uamravi msgavsi da gansxvavebuli problemaa. egviptis xelisufleba mniSvnelovnad aris Sesustebuli fundamentalisturi muslimuri
opoziciis arsebobiT. Sri-lanka (yofili ceiloni) dasustebulia perioduli
dapirispirebiT tamil umciresobasa da sinhalel umravlesobas Soris. ruandaSi hutus da tutsis tomebis Soris sisxliani konfliqtis Sedegad gamudmebuli
samoqalaqo omebi da Zaladoba mZvinvarebs.
ekonomikurma warumateblobebmac aseve SeiZleba gamoiwvios socialuri da
politikuri daknineba. ara marto qveynis Sida ekonomikuri mdgomareoba, aramed
msoflio masStabis makroekonomikuri cvlilebebic SesaZloa gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovani aRmoCndes. 1970-ian wlebSi adgili hqonda movlenas, romelic
zemoTqmulis arcTu damaxasiaTebel, magram istoriul magaliTad SeiZleba
gamodges: mcire resursebisa da saeqsporto Semosavlebis mqone mesame samyaros
bevr qveyanas udidesi problemebi Seuqmna navTobze fasebis mkveTma zrdam. am
qveynebis mTavrobebis mier gatarebul mkacr zomebs Tan mohyva politikuri sirTuleebi da socialuri areulobebi. Sedegad, afrikis, aziis da laTinuri amerikis qveynebis umravlesobaSi gaizarda sagareo vali da TiTqmis ori aTwleulis
manZilze adgili hqonda ekonomikur arastabilurobas.
sabolood, daSla SeiZleba gamowveul iqnas politikur sistemaSi arsebuli uTanasworobebiTac. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, rodesac xelisufleba ver
uzrunvelyofs gafantuli erovnuli grZnobebis erT identobad SekavSirebas, moqalaqeTa politikur monawileobas, an simdidris mTel sazogadoebaze
gadanawilebas, politikuri ganviTareba wydeba. amas garda, rogorc ukve didi
xania aRniSnaven politologebi, ganviTareba SeiZleba SeCerdes maSinac ki,
rodesac xelisuflebas SeuZlia am miznebis miRweva (magaliTad, ganaTlebis
xelSewyobiT, masobrivi komunikaciebis ganviTarebiT, saarCevno monawileobiT da urbanuli cxovrebiT), magram ar gaaCnia institutebi, gamocdileba an
SesaZlebloba, rom efeqtianad gaarTvas Tavi politikur cvlilebebs.19 amgvar
SemTxvevebSi, politikuri daknineba SeiZleba iqces ganviTarebis bnel mxared.

268
rogorc politologi semuel hantingtoni aRniSnavs, `modernizacia praqtikaSi yovelTvis gulisxmobs cvlilebebs da xSirad tradiciuli politikuri
sistemis daSlasac, magram igi yovelTvis ar gulisxmobs ganviTarebas Tanamedrove politikuri sistemis mimarTulebiT... magram xSirad varaudoben, rom
Tu mimdinareobs socialuri modernizacia, paralelurad mimdinareobs politikuri modernizaciac~.20

disfunqciuri saxelmwifoebi
bolo aTwleulebSi msoflio gaxda ramdenime sazogadoebis TviTganadgurebis mowme, ramac gamoiwvia destabilizacia mezobel qveynebSi da daemuqra mSvidobas mTlianad msoflioSi. disfunqciuri saxelmwifoebi is usixarulo adgilebia, sadac ukiduresobebi normadaa qceuli, sadac mTavrobebi an
metismetad represiulia, an metismetad susti, imdenad susti, rom ar SeuZliaT
uzrunvelyon elementaruli wesrigi da kanoniereba. qalaqis quCebSi kriminaluri da politikuri Zaladobaa gamefebuli, rac emuqreba policiisgan daucvel
soflebsa da Tavisufal presas. msoflio xSirad dReebis, kvirebis da zogjer
Tveebis manZilzec ki ver amCnevs am saSinelebebs. es SemaSfoTebeli suraTia,
Tumca metismetad realuria msoflios Zalian bevr adgilSi. am TavSi Cven ganvixilavT oTx magaliTs iseTi politikuri sistemebisa, romlebic arian (an iyvnen)
disfunqciuri _ samwuxarod, am magaliTebiT ar amoiwureba kandidatebis sruli
sia, romelSic yofili sabWoTa kavSiric Sedis (ix. Tavi VII).

somali
afrikaSi mdebareobs ramdenime uRaribesi qveyana, maT Soris sudani, somali, eritrea da eTiopia. 1980-ian da 1990-ian wlebSi am regionSi gvalva, SimSili,
saerTaSoriso konfliqtebi, samoqalaqo omebi, da yvelanairi saxis Zaladoba
mZvinvarebda. 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi sakvebis yvelaze katastrofuli ukmarisoba somaliSi iyo, sadac samoqalaqo omma da gvalvam adamianTa saSineli
tanjva gamoiwvia. 1992 wlis agvistoSi gaeros bavSvTa fondi (UNICEF) masiuri
saerTaSoriso daxmarebis mozidvas Seecada, rodesac ganacxada, rom ori milioni somaleli (qveynis mTliani mosaxleoba odnav aRemateba rva milions) eqvsi
Tvis ganmavlobaSi SimSilobda.
Zaladobisa da amgvari gausaZlisi mdgomareobis winaaRmdeg amboxebulebma,
1991 w. ianvarSi daamxes somalis diqtatori siad bare, romelic didi xnis ganmavlobaSi marTavda qveyanas. amas mohyva Setakebebi da SimSili, ramac Seiwira 300
aTasi adamianis sicocxle da milionobiT adamiani safrTxis winaSe daayena. kanonisa da wesrigis TiTqmis absoluturi ararsebobis pirobebSi qveyana anarqiam
moicva; qalebi da bavSvebi SeiaraRebuli banditebis mowyalebis imedad darCnen,
banditebis, romelTac CaSales saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mxridan mosaxleobisaTvis daxmarebis gawevis yvela mcdeloba, iparavdnen bavSvebisaTvis gankuTvnil sakvebs da xocavdnen humanitaruli daxmarebis TanamSromlebs. 1992 w. bolos, aSS-s prezidentma jorj buSma (jorj u. buSis mamam), Tavisi saprezidento
vadis miwuruls wamoiwyo samxedro intervencia, raTa uzrunveleyo humanitaru-

269
li daxmarebis usafrTxoeba. mdgomareoba imdenad qaoturi iyo, rom wesrigis da
kanonierebis aRdgena SeuZlebeli Canda. mas Semdeg, rac ZiriTadad amerikelebisgan Semdgarma gaeros Zalebma datova qveyana 1995 w. martSi (ramdenime amerikeli
jariskacis sastiki mkvlelobis Semdeg), somali darCa erovnuli xelisuflebis
gareSe _ rukebze aRniSnuli iyo romeli dajgufeba romel teritorias akontrolebda, rac ufro Tavsatex suraTs waagavda, vidre politikur gaerTianebas.
somali rCeba afrikis erT-erT uRaribes qveyanad, romlis mTliani Sida
produqti (mSp) erT sul mosaxleze 500 dolarze naklebia, xolo wera-kiTxvis
armcodne mosaxleobis wili 75 procents Seadgens. somali ganuviTarebelia
ara marto ekonomikurad, aramed aseve politikuradac. somalis sazogadoebis
struqtura efuZneba naTesaur kavSirebs, anu klanebs, xolo samoqalaqo omi,
faqtobrivad, klanebs Soris gaCaRebuli omi iyo. Tu somali ver ipovis politikuri stabilurobis formulas, igi ver aaRorZinebs ekonomikas. samarTliania
Sebrunebuli debulebac: stabiluroba damokidebulia ekonomikur da socialur
progresze. jer adrea saubari, ipovis Tu ara somali efeqtiani xelisuflebis
recepts. misi reputacia ki, rogorc disfunqciuri saxelmwifosi, ar Seicvleba,
sanam Tavad somali ar Seicvleba.

iugoslavia
am saxelmwifosagan mxolod saxeliRa arsebobs. civi omis periodis udides
nawilSi igi SedarebiT Tavisufali saxelmwifo iyo, magram daiSala mas Semdeg,
rac sabWoTa kavSiris daSlam Secvala evropis geopolitikuri ruka 1990-ian
wlebSi. yofili iugoslaviis daSlam wina planze wamowia is, rasac zogierTi
mkvlevari `koSmarul scenars~ uwodebs _ politikuri kolafsis perspeqtiva,
romelsac eTnikuri siZulvili kvebavs da rac, sxvadasxva albaTobiT, bevr yofil komunistur saxelmwifos emuqreba.

balkanuri krizisi istoriul perspeqtivaSi. iugoslaviis urTierToba

sabWoTa kavSirTan 1945 wlidan II msoflio omis Semdgom Seqmnili specifikuri
pirobebis safuZvelze Camoyalibda. aRmosavleT evropis sxva qveynebisgan gansxvavebiT, romlebic germanuli okupaciisgan sabWoTa armiam gaaTavisufla, iugoslavia gaaTavisufla marSal iozif broz titos partizanulma Zalebma. iugoslaviuri winaaRmdegobis moZraobaSi Setanili wvlilis gamo, tito erovnuli
gmiri gaxda da sabolood axali iugoslavuri nacionalizmis simbolod iqca.
omis Semdgom periodSi tito uars ambobda moskovidan miRebuli brZanebebis Sesrulebaze da stalinma iugoslavias samagiero komunisturi Tanamegobrobidan gaZevebiT gadauxada. cota xnis Semdeg, titom daiwyo gansazRvruli
nabijebis gadadgma sakuTari mmarTvelobis popularizaciisaTvis, pirvel
rigSi sasoflo-sameurneo koleqtivizaciis tempis SenelebiT, xolo SemdgomSi
misi srulebiT gauqmebiT. iugoslavurma komunizmma gamorCeuli kvali datova
samrewvelo urTierTobebSi. ukiduresi centralizacia, romelic axasiaTebda
sabWoTa kavSirs, uaryofil iqna da mis sanacvlod titom saTave daudo socialisturi ekonomikuri organizaciis axal formas, romelic TviTregulirebas
efuZneboda. man farTo regionuli avtonomia mianiWa iugoslaviis federaciaSi Semaval eqvs respublikas, yovel SemTxvevaSi, formalurad. rac ufro mniS-

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vnelovania, amas ekonomikur sawarmoebSi muSaTa sabWoebis Seqmna mohyva. qarxnis,
an sxva tipis sawarmos muSaTa mier mier arCeuli sabWoebi Tavis mxriv irCevdnen
mmarTvel komitetebs, xolo mmarTveli komitetebi ikribebodnen rogorc regionuli asociaciebi da irCevdnen sxvadasxva sawarmoTa direqtorebs partiis
TanxmobiT. 1950 wels mSromelebs mieniWaT gaficvis ufleba, profkavSirebi
gamocxadda damoukideblad, xolo pirdapiri gegmuri ekonomika Seicvala naklebad iZulebiTi `gegmuri xelmZRvanelobiT~. 1970-ian wlebSi moxda kontrolis zogadi gamkacreba iugoslaviis ekonomikasa da sazogadoebaze, rodesac
xelisufleba Seecada azrTa sxvadasxvaobisaTvis xelis SeSlas da miZinebuli
ekonomikis gamococxlebas.

sqema 8-3 yofili iugoslaviis dayofa

wyaro: adaptirebuli yofili iugoslaviis 728104, CIA 1993 da bosniisa da
hercegovinis (politikuri) 802474, CIA 1997 rukebidan.

miuxedavad amisa, iugoslavia unikaluri iyo sxva komunistur reJimebs Soris. erTma mkvlevarma Semdeg nawyvetSi asaxa qveynis cxovreba titos mmarTvelobis pirobebSi:
`xelovnebisa da literaturis umetesi nawili apolitikuria da mxatvrebs da mwerlebs SeuZliaT imoRvaweon Tavisuflad, Tu maTi Semoqmedeba xelisuflebis mkveTr kritikas ar Seicavs. ar arsebobs winaswari
cenzura, mxolod sasamarTlos SeuZlia saboloo jamSi akrZalos nawarmoebi; xolo kerZo gamomcemlebi TiTqmis imdenive wigns uSveben, ram-

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densac oficialuri gamomcemlobebi. gazeTebi TiTqmis erTsa da imaves
weren, magram isini gacilebiT ufro informatiuli arian, vidre sxva
aRmosavleT evropuli komunisturi qveynebis gazeTebi, rom aRaraferi
vTqvaT sabWoTa kavSirze. Tavisuflad iyideba ucxouri presa. partiis
oratorebi gmoben dasavleTis gavlenebs presaSi, magram Jurnalebi misdeven sensaciurobasa da siSiSvles, rac ucxoa komunisturi moralisTvis. savaraudod, yovelwliurad 15 milioni adamiani kveTs sazRvars.
arsebobs gaerTianebebis Tavisufleba, Tu es partiis winaaRmdeg ar aris
mimarTuli. titos arasdros dauxvretia da iSviaTad Tu daupatimrebia
oponentebi.~21

1980-iani wlebis ganmavlobaSi, iugoslaviis centraluri xelisuflebis

Zalaufleba da avtoriteti mkveTrad daeca. iugoslavia warmoadgenda xelovnur qveyanas, romelic Sedgeboda mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebuli eTnikuri
warmomavlobis, religiis da kulturuli fesvebis mqone adamianebisgan _ marTlmadidebeli serbebi da Cernogorielebi, kaTolike xorvatebi da slovenebi,
muslimi umciresobebi serbiaSi da Sereuli bosnielebi, hercegovinelebi da
dalmatebi. maT erTmaneTTan titos prestiJi da avtoriteti akavSirebdaT. 1980
wels, rodesac tito gardaicvala, bzarebi, romlebic didi xnis ganmavlobaSi
arsebobda, gadaizarda iugoslaviis erTiani struqturis aSkara gaxleCvaSi. aRmosavleT evropaSi komunizmis dacemam daaCqara daSlis procesi. 1990-ian wlebSi demokratiam da Tavisufalma arCevnebma Secvala komunizmi. es didxans ar
gagrZelebula. 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi ekonomikas amZimebda ucxouri vali
(16 miliardi dolari), 100 procentiani inflacia da umuSevrobis maRali done
(20 procenti). iugoslaviis sazogadoeba moicva didi xnis ganmavlobaSi dafarulma eTnikurma mtrobam da centraluri xelisufleba moiSala respublikebs
Soris konfliqtebis Sedegad. politikurad warmatebuli slovenia da xorvatia
eqiSpebodnen tradiciulad dominant serbebs eris bedis gansazRvraSi.
serbiis sworxazovan prezidents, slobodan miloSeviCs surda sicocxle SeenarCunebina iugoslaviis komunisturi centralizebuli federaluri
sistemisaTvis, xolo slovenias da xorvatias surdaT Tavisufali konfederacia da sabazro ekonomika. sabolood gaimarjves nacionalisturma Zalebma. 1991
wlis ivnisSi sloveniam da xorvatiam damoukidebloba gamoacxades da daiwyo
sisxliani samoqalaqo omi serbias da xorvatias Soris, romelmac daaxloebiT
10 aTasi adamianis sicocxle Seiwira. Tumca sloveniis da xorvatiis mcdeloba
warmatebuli gamodga da 1992 wlis ianvarSi orive maTgani sayovelTaod cnes,
rogorc damoukidebeli eri-saxelmwifoebi.

bosniuri tragedia. didi xani ar gasula serbiisa da xorvatiis konfliqtis

dasrulebidan, rodesac axalma konfliqtma ifeTqa, amjerad bosnia-hercegovinis respublikaSi. bosnia warmoadgens eTnikuri daZabulobiT gajerebul
sazogadoebas, romlis mosaxleobac Sedgeba sami ZiriTadi eTnikuri jgufisgan
_ serbebis, xorvatebis da bosnieli muslimebisgan. ukanaskneli jgufi yvelaze
mravalricxovania, Tumca isini yvelaze mcire teritoriaze arian koncentrirebulni. eTnikur gansxvavebebs aZlierebs religiuri faqtori (xorvatebi
kaTolikeebi arian, serbebi ki miekuTvnebian marTlmadideblur eklesias) da istoriuli mtrobac, romelsac ganapirobebs am jgufebis mier erTmaneTisaTvis
warsulSi miyenebuli wyena.

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bosniuri konfliqti iyo brZola teritoriisaTvis da Zveli angariSebis
gasworeba, romelsac samgvari Sinaarsi gaaCnda: serbebi xorvatebis winaaRmdeg,
muslimebi xorvatebis winaaRmdeg da yvelaze metad, serbebi muslimebis winaaRmdeg. serbebis da muslimebis brZola bosniaSi yvelaze sastiki da uTanasworo
iyo. serbebma daikaves teritoriis didi nawili. maT aseve ganaxorcieles masiuri eTnikuri wmenda _ gaupatiurebebi, Zarcva da masiuri mkvlelobebi, ramac
gamoiwvia yvela muslimis da araserbis gandevna im qalaqebidan da soflebidan,
romlebic serbebma daikaves da serbuli saxelmwifo serbskas SemadgenlobaSi
Seyvana scades. 1993-94 wlebSi bosnielma serbebma, romelTac zurgs serbia
umagrebda, alya Semoartyes saraevos, bosniis dedaqalaqs da ramdenime did
muslimur qalaqs. saraevos alya dasrulda mxolod maSin, rodesac moxda natos da gaeros intervencia, sxva SemTxvevaSi alya gagrZeldeboda, miuxedavad
gaeros araefeqtiani rezoluciebisa, romlebic safrTxis winaSe mdgom am qalaqebs `usafrTxo TavSesafrad~ acxadebdnen. gaerom daadanaSaula agreTve
xorvatia bosniasTan konfliqtis gaRvivebaSi Setanili wvlilisaTvis. igi aseve
daemuqra bosniel serbebs natos sahaero dartymebiT. intensiur saSuamavlo
mcdelobebTan (gansakuTrebiT ruseTis mxridan) Sejerebulma am RonisZiebebma Sedegi moitana.
qeT, aq unda foto wignis 245-e gverdidan!!!
es minaweria fotoze
1990 wlis ianvarSi iugoslaviis komunisturi partiis damxobam eTnikuri SuRli gaaRviva serbeTsa da sxva respublikebs Soris, rasac sisxliani samoqalaqo omi
mohyva. omi, miuxedavad evrokavSirisa da gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis Zalisxmevisa, 1996 wlamde gagrZelda. yvelaze samarcxvino genociduri `eTnikuri wmenda~ iyo, romelmac bosniaSi aTi aTasobiT sicocxle Seiwira.

1994 wlis TebervalSi serbebi daTanxmdnen mZime iaraRis gamotanaze

saraevodan da erTi kviris Tavze bosniis mTavrobam da bosnielma xorvatebma
xeli moaweres SeTanxmebas cecxlis Sewyvetis Taobaze. 1994 wlis martSi droebiT gaCnda mSvidobis perspeqtiva, rodesac xorvatulma xelisuflebam da adgilobrivma serbma mmarTvelebmac dades SeTanxmeba cecxlis Sewyvetis Taobaze,
romelsac bolo unda moeRo mtrobisTvis.
Tumca, mSvidoba mxolod iluzia aRmoCnda. rodesac gaeros Zalebi gaemarTnen bosniaSi humanitaruli daxmarebis aRmosaCenad, bosnielma serbebma
moulodnelad Seuties maT da ganagrZes brZolebi. natos sahaero dartymebi,
romlebic ganxorcielda 1994 wlis aprilsa da noemberSi da 1995 wlis maisSi,
miznad isaxavda daecva gaeros samSvidobo Zalebis usafrTxoeba. bosnia kidev
erTxel moicva sisxlianma anarqiam.
sabolood, gaeros ganaxlebuli samSvidobo gegma gaxda axali Tanacxovrebis safuZveli. yvela dapirispirebulma mxarem SeimuSava samSvidobo
gegma 1995 wlis noemberSi deitonSi, ohaios StatSi aSS da xeli moawera deitonis samSvidobo SeTanxmebas parizSi 14 dekembers. SeTanxmebis mixedviT, bosniis
49 procenti gadaeca bosniis serbul respublikas da 51 procenti muslim-xorvatul federacias. saraevo rCeba dedaqalaqad muslimur-xorvatuli federaciis teritoriaze. centraluri xelisufleba, romelic Sedgeba prezidentis
koleqtiuri postisa da parlamentisgan, warmarTavs sagareo politikas, eko-

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nomikas, finansebs da sxva saqmeebs. bosniis TiToeul naxevars sakuTari SeiaraRebuli Zalebi da policia gaaCnia.
bosniaSi samSvidobo procesis monitoringisaTvis natos meTaurobiT
gaigzavna 60 aTasi jariskacisgan Semdgari saerTaSoriso Zalebi. miuxedavad
sxvadasxva darRvevebisa, arCevnebi Catarda 1996 wlis seqtemberSi. magram cota
vinme Tu eloda deitonis SeTanxmebis SenarCunebas. ukve 1997 wlis SuaxanebSi nacionalistma serbebma da xorvatebma bosniaSi moindomes bosniis gayofa eTnikurad `wminda~ teritoriebad. 1998 wlis martSi regioni SeZra serbiis mier zurggamagrebulma Zaladobam albaneli umravlesobis winaaRmdeg kosovos avtonomiur
provinciaSi. amgvari teritoriuli ambiciebis da gauTavebeli eTnikuri emociebis fonze, SeuZlebeli Canda imis warmodgena, rom bosnia gaagrZelebda arsebobas erTiani mravaleTnikuri da mravalreligiuri saxelmwifos saxiT.
srulmasStabiani samoqalaqo omi kosovoSi 1990-iani wlebis bolos daiwyo.
omis mizezi avtonomiis sakiTxi iyo _ kosovoelebi iTxovdnen mas, xolo serbebi
uars acxadebdnen. serbulma Zalebma ar daindes mSvidobiani mosaxleoba, sistematurad aZevebdnen kosovarebs (albanel serbebs) qveynidan (kosovodan). im
droisTvis, rodesac natos intervenciam sabolood daaCoqa miloSeviCis mTavroba, milionze meti kosovari (daaxloebiT sami mexuTedi mTliani eTnikurad
albaneli mosaxleobisa) ltolvilad iyo qceuli. mSvidoba kosovos mxolod
kosovos gaTavisuflebis armiis gaafTrebuli brZolebis da gaeros da saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis intervenciis Semdeg daubrunda.
brZolebis tkivilian dasasruls Tan axlda Tavsmoxveuli `mSvidoba~.
gaerom moaxdina sakuTari `droebiTi administraciis~ formireba, natos Zalebi
ki garkveulwilad policiis funqcias asrulebdnen. deklarirebuli mizani iyo
`arsebiTi avtonomia da TviTmmarTveloba~ provinciisTvis. gaero-natos reJimma ganaiaraRa kosovos gaTavisuflebis armia da dado mcirericxovani (5 procentiani) serbuli umciresobis ganrisxebuli albanelebis SurisZiebisagan dacvis
piroba. es piroba srulad ar Sesrulda, ramdenadac xSiri iyo kosovoSi serbebze Tavdasxmisa da muqaris SemTxvevebi.
saboloo jamSi, gadawyvetilebis miReba ver moxerxda. miloSeviCis xelisuflebaSi yofnisas gaeros proteqtorats bolo ar uCanda. keTili survilebis
miuxedavad, gaerom kidev erTxel daamtkica, rom ar iyo mzad mmarTvelobis
gansaxorcieleblad. gaeros administracia ar icnobda adgilobriv Cveulebebs
da awydeboda Znelad gadasalax enobriv bariers. natos Zalebi, romlebmac axla
serbebis dacvis rTuli misia ikisres, uflebaSelaxuli kosovarebisgan mtrul
damokidebulebas waawydnen. amavdroulad, Seiqmna institucionaluri da samarTlebrivi vakuumi, sadac ar arsebobda arc kanoni, arc sasamarTloebi, arc adgilobrivi policia, raTa gamklavebodnen Cveulebriv (da arcTu mTlad Cveulebriv)
kriminals (2008 wlis TebervalSi kosovom damoukidebloba gamoacxada, rac ukve
aRiara ramdenime saxelmwifom _ mTargmn. Sen).
sisxliani diqtatori miloSeviCi sabolood daamxes saprezidento arCevnebSi 2000 wels (igi ecada arCevnebis gayalbebas, magram daamxo saxalxo opoziciis mZlavrma talRam). mxolod dro aCvenebs, SeZleben Tu ara miloSeviCis
memkvidre (an memkvidreebi) daubrunon politikuri wesrigi da saerTaSoriso
pativiscema dangreuli ekonomikis mqone am daqucmacebul ers.

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siera leone
rogorc ukve aRiniSna, demokratia sulac ar aris Cveuli ambavi saharis
samxreTiT mdebare afrikaSi. iqac ki, sadac igi TiTqos muSaobda, damarcxda _
zogierT SemTxvevaSi, sruliad unugeSod. arsad igi ise umowyalod ar damarcxebula, rogorc siera leoneSi.
1986 wels siera leoneSi sakanonmdeblo organos arCevnebi gaimarTa da partiam saxelwodebiT `mTeli xalxis partia~ (saxeli marjved iyo SerCeuli), SearCia 335 kandidati, raTa ebrZola 105 adgilisaTvis. partia Cveulebriv ayenebda
sam konkurents TiToeul adgilze, rac gavrcelebuli praqtikaa regionis erTpartiul qveynebSi. amrigad, amomrCevlebs siera leoneSi faqtobrivad hqondaT
meti arCevani _ sul mcire, pirovnebebTan mimarTebaSi _ vidre amomrCevlebs aSSis sakanonmdeblo organos arCevnebis umravles SemTxvevaSi.
miuxedavad amisa, siera leone 1990-ian wlebSi anarqiaSi gadaeSva. 1996 da
1998 wlebs Soris mTavroba oTxjer gamoicvala. Semdeg daiwyo sruli koSmari da
ajanyebulebma (e. w. erTiani revoluciuri frontis wevrebma) sisxliani areulobebi moawyves. isini itacebdnen patara biWebs da maT seqsualuri Zaladobis msxverplad da mkvlelebad aqcevdnen. SeuZlebelia, da arc aris saWiro, aRwero
siera leoneSi momxdari yvela saSineleba. am qveyanaSi ar Camoyalibebula arc
politikuri institutebi da arc samoqalaqo kultura, rac aucilebelia demokratiis mdgradi ganviTarebisaTvis. ramdenime aTwleulis manZilze, garegnuli demokratiis miRma iniRbeboda sazogadoeba, romelic nebismier momentSi
mzad iyo samoqalaqo Zaladobis vulkanisebri amofrqvevisaTvis.

avRaneTi
dabolos, yuradRebas SevaCerebT avRaneTze, sadac saerTaSoriso mxardaWeriT zurggamagrebulma aSS-m moaxdina samxedro intervencia msoflio
savaWro centrsa da pentagonze 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris teroristuli Tavdasxmebis Semdeg. erT dReSi avRaneTi amerikelebisTvis `rukaze ararsebul~
myofi qveynidan iqca qveynad, romelzec yvelaze mets saubroben msoflioSi.
amerikelebma uceb gaiges, rom sastiki banditebis xrova, romelic mokalaTebuli iyo Talibebis saxelwodebiT cnobil totalitarul reJimSi, daCagrul da
uaRresad gaRatakebul qveyanas gaukuRmarTebuli islamis saxeliT marTavda.
maT aseve gaiges, rom Taliburi reJimi warmoadgenda myudro TavSesafars osama
bin ladenisa da misi teroristuli qselis _ al-qaidasTvis. cotas Tu esmoda istoriuli foni: avRaneTi iyo msoflios erT-erTi yvelaze ufro disfunqciuri
saxelmwifo sami aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi im movlenebamde, romlebmac uSualod
gamoiwvia avRaneTis miwaze amerikis specialuri Zalebis Sesvla. 1970 wlamdec ki
avRaneTi msoflios erT-erTi uRatakesi qveyana iyo; mdgomareoba swrafad gauaresda monarqiis damxobis Semdgom ramdenime aTwleulSi. 2001 wels mTeli qveyana nangrevebSi iyo da milionobiT adamiani, gansakuTrebiT qalebi da bavSvebi,
daRupvis zRvarze cxovrobdnen.
avRaneTSi mravali eTnikuri jgufi cxovrobs, romlebic enaTesavebian
mezobeli qveynebis _ pakistanis, iranis, TurqmeneTis, tajikeTis, uzbekeTisa
da CineTis mosaxleobas. udidesi jgufi, puStunebi, mosaxleobis daaxloebiT
40 procents Seadgens (rac 2000 wels 26 milioni iyo). amrigad, qveyanaSi ar ar-

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sebobs umravlesobis jgufi, cxovroben mxolod sxvadasxva zomis umciresobebi. avRanelebis daaxloebiT 99 procenti muslimia, aqedan 15 procenti Siitia
(msgavsad iranelebis umravlesobisa).
avRaneTi 1747-1973 wlebSi monarqia iyo. rodesac qveyanam daSla daiwyo,
maSinve aSkara gaxda, rom am mravalferovan sazogadoebaSi bevri bzari arsebobda. sxvadasxva jgufebi ibrZodnen upiratesobis mosapoveblad 1973 wlidan,
sanam sabWoTa kavSirma ar gamoitana sabediswero gadawyvetileba SeWriliyo
avRaneTSi misi favoriti dajgufebis (komunistebis) saxeliT. sabWoTa kavSiris
avRaneTSi SeWras Sedegad mohyva sastiki da xangrZlivi omi, damarcxebulma sabWoTa kavSirma sakuTari Zalebi sabolood 1989 wels gaiyvana, aTi wlis damangreveli (da damamcirebeli) brZolebis Semdeg. 1992 wels oponentebma daamxes
komunisturi reJimi da xelSi Caigdes Zalaufleba. rodesac misi vada amoiwura,
xelisuflebam uari ganacxada Zalauflebis daTmobaze, magram Talibebma ieriSi
miitanes dedaqalaqze da daaamxes igi 1996 wels. axalma reJimma daamyara totalitaruli Zalaufleba, romelic islamis enasa da ideebs qadagebda, magram efuZneboda yuranis (wminda werilis) Tavnebur interpretirebas da SariaTis kanonebs
(muslimi sasuliero pirebis, anu molebis swavlebas). qalebi da gogonebi iZulebulni iyvnen sazogadoebaSi Cadri etarebinaT da maT aekrZalaT saxlis gareT
muSaoba, skolaSi siaruli da oficialurisagan gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebis
gamoxatva. aikrZala televizia, filmebi, musika, cekva da `garyvnili~ garTobis
sxva elementebi. SezRuduli iqna TviT bavSvTa TamaSebic ki (presis monacemebis
mixedviT, magaliTad, aikrZala qaRaldis franiT TamaSi).
avRaneTi yvelaze cnobili magaliTia disfunqciuri saxelmwifosi, magram
ara erTaderTi. rogorc misi istoriis bolo sami aTwleuli gviCvenebs, disfunqciuri saxelmwifoebi SeiZleba Zalian saxifaToni aRmoCndnen regionuli stabilurobisa da TviT msoflio wesrigisTvisac ki. am problemis gasaRebis povna
iseve advilia, rogorc Znelia misi ganxorcieleba: ekonomikuri da politikuri
ganviTareba ukeTes cxovrebas qmnis ZaladobiT, SimSiliT, avadmyofobiT da uimedobiT daCagruli sazogadoebebisaTvis.

ganviTarebis Teoria:
tendenciuri msjeloba?
dasavleTSi ganviTareba da demokratia xSirad sinonimebad ganixileba da
ganviTarebis yvela aspeqti sasurvelad miiCneva. politikuri mecnierebis ena da
ganviTarebis Sesaxeb literatura ufro bevr rames aaSkaravebs. aRniSnul enasa
da literaturaSi ZiriTadi faruli (radgan, rogorc wesi, aSkarad ar acxadeben
xolme) mosazreba arsebobs, rom ganuviTarebel qveyanas ganviTarebuli sjobia.
daukvirdiT am ukanaskneli terminis antonimebs: sustad ganviTarebeli, nak-

lebad ganviTarebuli, ganviTarebadi, tradiciuli an CamorCenilic ki. zogjer,

politikuri koreqtulobis mcdelobaSi, politologebi termin `premodernul-

sac~ ki iyeneben ganviTarebis adreul safexurebze myof sazogadoebaTa dasaxasiaTeblad.

amdenad, ganviTarebis Teoria gulisxmobs, rom ganviTareba kargia. amis
mizezi SesaZlebelia isic iyos, rom yvelaze nakleb ganviTarebuli da araTanamedrove sazogadoebebi imavdroulad, rogorc wesi, uRaribesebic arian. rogorc

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vnaxeT, ekonomikuri ganviTareba da socialuri modernizacia zogjer politikur demokratiasTanac asocirdeba.
Tuki asea, maSin ismis kiTxva: arian ki Tanamedrove moqalaqeebi industriulad ganviTarebul eri-saxelmwifoebSi ufro bednierni, vidre afrikuli tomis wevrebi, romlebic SedarebiT ioli cxovrebiT cxovroben, romelTa
moTxovnilebebi dakmayofilebulia tomis mier (im Temis mier, romelSic cxovroben) da romelTa religiur da metafizikur SekiTxvebs calsaxa pasuxebi gaaCnia Taobidan Taobaze gadacemuli rwmenebis safuZvelze? daxvewili medasavleTeebi amgvar cxovrebas primitiulad da CamorCenilad miiCneven. maTi azriT
crurwmenebi, miTebi da `warsulis mkvdari xeli~ aferxeben rogorc individebis,
aseve sazogadoebis ganviTarebas.
magram zogierTi kritikosi aRniSnavs, rom diskusiebi ganviTarebis Sesaxeb
xSirad ar scdeba dasavluri yaidis ganviTarebis qebas da adanaSaulebs dasavlel eqspertebs eTnocentrizmSi.22 sinamdvileSi, dasavleli filosofosebi
didi xnis ganmavlobaSi ebrZodnen am problemas. 1750 wels frangi filosofosi
Jan Jak ruso werda: `Cveni sulebi damaxinjebulia mecnierebisa da xelovnebis
srulyofisaken Cveni swrafvis Sesabamisad~.23 rusos politikuri filosofia
efuZneba ideas, rom Tanamedrove civilizaciam ufro gamofita, vidre gaamdidra Cveni adamianuri buneba. udavoa, rom ganviTarebad qveynebSi bevri adamiani,
romelic iZulebuli iqna mietovebina sofeli da SeCveoda qalaqis cxovrebis
cvalebadobas (xSirad WuWyian jurRmulebSi), daeTanxmeboda am ideas.

zeganviTareba: kapitalizmis patara

binZuri saidumlo
dasawyisSi Cven gamovTqviT varaudi, rom ganviTareba mxolod dasavleTsa
da mis farglebs myof erTeul qveynebSi ar xdeba. yvela sazogadoeba mudmivi
cvlilebebis procesSia, isini ganicdian an aRmavlobas, an dacemas, magram erTi
ram cxadia: isini arasdros iyinebian erT adgilze. sazogadoebebi sxvadasxva
gziT, tempiT da sxvadasaxva dros viTardebian. Tanamedrove epoqaSi, dasavlurma sazogadoebebma pirvelebma gaikvlies gza _ isini ganviTardnen ekonomikuri
da teqnologiuri ganviTarebis paralelurad, ganaviTares politikuri institutebi. am perspeqtivaSi, ganviTareba Tanamedrove gagebiT, warmoadgenda bunebriv process, romlis saTavec am sazogadoebebSia. ganviTarebadi qveynebisTvis
xSirad sapirispirod xdeba: ganviTareba ucxo procesia, romelic saTaves garedan iRebs (anu msoflios sabazro Zalebisgan, saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis
zewolisgan, ucxouri kapitalidan, romelic iaf samuSao Zalas eZebs da a. S.).
amdenad, ganviTareba dasavleTSi zogadad naklebad damangreveli iyo, vidre mesame samyaros bevr qveyanaSi. magram ganviTarebis istoria ar mTavrdeba
postindustriuli periodis mosvliT. dasavlurma sazogadoebebma gaiares ganviTarebis sasoflo-sameurneo da industriuli safexurebi da Seqmnes maRalteqnologiuri ekonomikebi, romlebic momxmarebels sTavazoben komerciuli da
finansuri servisebis farTo speqtrs (ra Tqma unda, es qveynebi kvlavac CarTulni
arian soflis meurneobaSi, madneulis mopovebasa da mrewvelobaSi, magram ekonomikis es seqtorebi daCrdila maRalteqnologiuri produqciis mniSvnelobam,
maT Soris kompiuterulma programebma, finansurma servisebma, mecnierebasa da

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kvlevaze dafuZnebulma produqciam, rogoricaa, magaliTad,

medikamentebis

warmoeba da sxva). es axali produqtebi cxovrebis axal xarisxs qmnis momxmareblebisaTvis, magram am yvelafers Tan sdevs gverdiTi efeqtebic: transportis
sacobebi, qalaqis gadaWedva, atmosferos dabinZureba da xmauri, stresuli
daavadebebi, ojaxebis dangrevis maRali maCveneblebi, narkomania, Zaladobrivi
kriminalis zrda, gadaWarbebuli moxmareba, qalaqebis uzomod zrda, energiis
ukmarisoba (mag. kaliforniaSi), narCenebis ganadgurebis problema, miwisqveSa
wylebis dabinZureba, toqsikuri wvimebi, globaluri daTbobis SesaZlebloba,
ozonis fenaSi xvrelebis gaCena, mcenareTa da cxovelTa uamravi saxeobis ganadgureba da bevri sxva boroteba, rac, Cveulebriv, ganviTarebis Tanmdevi movlenebia.
postindustriuli qveynebis winaSe mdgari am problemebidan mxolod zogierTis dasaxelebac ki gviCvenebs, rom ganviTarebis maRal safexurebs Tavisi
sirTuleebi gaaCnia. es sirTuleebi sxvadasxvagvaria, magram yvela Tavisebur
safrTxes Seicavs. kargi iqneboda, Tu zeganviTarebuli qveynebi _ is qveynebi, sadac ganviTarebam gaaswro sazogadoebis SesaZleblobebs gamklavebodnen aCqarebuli tempis teqnologiuri da socialuri cvlilebebis Tanmdev arasasurvel
gverdiT efeqtebs _ met yuradRebas dauTmobdnen maT winaSe mdgar problemebs,
da ara ganuviTarebeli qveynebis aRzrda-swavlebas _ ra da rogor gaakeTon.

daskvna

ganviTarebad qveynebs ase imitom uwodeben, rom isini ekonomikurad naklebad ganviTarebulni da naklebad modernizebulni arian, vidre dasavluri
liberaluri demokratiebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom SesaZlebelia ganviTarebadi
qveynebis damaxasiaTebeli saerTo niSnebis gamoyofa (magaliTad, siRaribe, Sobadobis maRali maCveneblebi, soflis meurneobis wamyvani roli), es qveyneba
uaRresad mravalferovania. ganviTarebadi qveynebis istoriuli memkvidreoba _ gansakuTrebiT evropuli kolonializmi Raribi samxreTis gaunelebeli
aRSfoTebis mizezia mdidari CrdiloeTis mimarT. am istoriuli memkvidreobis
nawilia arajansaRi politikuri ruka: sazRvrebi xSirad ar asaxavs adgilobriv
eTnikur, religiur da tomobriv danawilebas da amrigad, politikuri arastabilurobis, maT Soris ajanyebebis, samoqalaqo omebis da genocidis mizezic ki
xdeba.
politikuri ganviTareba qveynis liderebisgan moiTxovs mosaxleobis
warmatebul gaerTianebas (eris mSenebloba), xelisuflebis iseTi institutebis
Seqmnas, romlebic asaxaven xalxis nebas (saxelmwifos mSenebloba), moqalaqeTa monawileobis uzrunvelyofas da simdidris, Zalauflebisa da sakuTrebis
samarTliani ganawilebis xelSewyobas. konkretulad, politikuri ganviTareba
moiTxovs, rom mTavrobam marTos efeqtianad da moxdes xelisuflebebis umtkivneulo cvlilebebi. rogorc wesi, politikuri ganviTareba aseve gulisxmobs progress demokratiuli mmarTvelobis mimarTulebiTac. demokratia
ganviTarebad qveynebSi dakavSirebulia garkveuli ekonomikuri, politikuri,
socialuri da qceviTi pirobebis arsebobasTan. demokratiuli reformebis gasatareblad, erma an politikuri, an ekonomikuri reformebis ganxorcieleba

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unda daiwyos, magram ekonomikuri reformebis pirveladobis strategia ufro
metad savaraudo perspeqtivebs qmnis demokratiis warmatebisTvis. 1974-dan
1990 wlamde mravali ganviTarebadi eri gaxda demokratiuli, magram es tendencia Seqcevadia.
ganviTareba SesaZloa rTuli amocana iyos. ganviTarebisaken mimarTuli
programebis gatarebisas erebi motivirebulni arian ekonomikuri siZneleebiT, politikuri qiSpobiT da maRali molodinebiT, Tumca am procesSi maT
mniSvnelovani barierebi eRobebaT win. maTi mosaxleoba xSirad socialurad
fragmentirebulia, individebi fsiqologiurad Zlier damokidebulni arian
tradiciebze da xSirad ewinaaRmdegebian cvlilebebs. ekonomikaSi arsebuli
problema uamravia _ vaWrobis araxelsayreli pirobebi, didi ucxouri vali,
mosaxleobis swrafi zrda, teqnologiebis dabali done, miwis nakveTebis ganawileba, mkacri bunebrivi pirobebi da a.S. rodesac politikuri liderebi ver
axerxeben warmatebiT daakmayofilon ganviTarebis socialuri, ekonomikuri da
politikuri moTxovnebi (mraval mizezTa gamo), ganviTareba wydeba da erebSi
ganxeTqilebebi iwyeba.
zogierTi sazogadoeba ganviTarebis nacvlad dakninebisa da daSlis msxverpli xdeba. amis bolodroindeli magaliTebia somali, iugoslavia, siera leone da avRaneTi. sabWoTa kavSiri da bevri sxva qveyanac gamodgeba daSlis da
daqveiTebis magaliTad.
zeganviTareba (ganuviTareblobis sapirispirod) warmoadgens problemas,
romelic bevr dasavlur sazogadoebas awuxebs. Tanamedrove diskusiebi ganviTarebis Temaze upiratesad ganviTarebis qeba-didebas warmoadgens, Tumca misi
aserigad sasurveloba SeiZleba eWvqveS dadges.

sakvanZo sityvebi
ganviTarebadi qveynebi
pirveli samyaro
meore samyaro
mesame samyaro
kolonializmi
araZaladobrivi winaaRmdegoba
samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba
politikuri ganviTareba
eris Camoyalibeba
saxelmwifos mSenebloba
politikuri SeRweva
monawileoba
patron-ymuri urTierTobebi
demokratiis korelatebi
`glasnost~-is pirveladobis modeli
`perestroik~-is pirveladobis modeli
mzardi molodinebis revolucia
mozaikuri sazogadoebebi
tradiciuli sazogadoebebi

inglisuri Sesatyvisebi unda!

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askriptuli sazogadoebebi
mwvane revolucia
eTnikuri wmenda
deitonis SeTanxmeba

kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis

1.

ra aris e. w. mesame samyaros ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi? rogor ukavSirdeba

es maxasiaTeblebi ganviTarebis process?

2.

daasaxeleT demokratiis korelatebi. axseniT, ramdenad marTebulia analizis amgvari mimarTuleba.

3.

ra aris modernizaciis miznebi? ra uSlis xels mas?

4.

mivyavarT Tu ara ganviTarebas yovelTvis demokratiisken? Tu piriqiT?

moitaneT magaliTebi.

5.

ra dabrkolebebi eRobeba ganviTarebas? Tu ganviTareba ase Znelia, ratom

eswrafvian mas?

6.

rogor ukavSirdeba erTmaneTs ganviTareba da daknineba? Cerdebian Tu ara

saxelmwifoebi da sazogadoebebi odesme erT adgilze? axseniT.

7.

daasaxeleT oTxi disfunqciuri saxelmwifo da erT-erTi maTganis magaliTze aRwereT disfunqciuri saxelmwifos buneba.

SeniSvnebi

1. es monacemebi WeSmaritia klasifikaciis TiTqmis yvela sistemis mixedviT, Tumca CineTis

ganviTarebad qveynad CaTvla/arCaTvla mniSvnelovnad imoqmedebs zust maCveneblebze. Cvens
cxrilSi CineTi ganviTarebad qveynad aris miCneuli.
2. John Allen, Student Atlas of World Politics (Guilford, Conn.: Dushkin, 1994), 16. tailands maSin siami
ewodeboda, irans ki sparseTi.
3. iqve, 17. Tumca, Tanamedrove politikis, gansakuTrebiT ki yofili iugoslaviis, cvalebadobis
gamo es maCvenebeli Zalze aramyaria.
4. rogorc aRniSnavs Robert Clark, Power and Politics in the Third World, 4th ed. (New York: Macmullian,
1991), 26.
5. ix. Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fate of Human Societies: (New Yaork: Norton, 1997).
6. am sakiTxebs sazogadod esmeba xazi literaturaSi. ix. James A. Bill da Robert L. Hardgrave, Jr, Comparative Politics: The Quest fir Theory (Websterville, Ohio: Merrill, 1973), 70-71.
7. magaliTisaTvis ix. Seymour Lipset, Political man: The Social gases of Democracy (Garden City. N.Y. Dou-

bleday, 1983); Tatu Vanhamen, The Process of Democratization: A Comperative Study of 147 States, 1980-1988
(Bristol, Pa: Taylor & Francis, 1990); da Samuel P. Huntington, Will More countries Become Democratic?
Political Science Quarterly 99 (1984): 193-218. aseve sainteresoa Thomas Scanton, Democracys Fragile
Flower Spreads Its Roots, Time, July 13, 1987.10-11. amgvar korelatebze dafuZnebul, demokratiis
optimistur xedvas gvTavazobs Carl Garsman, Democracy as the Wave of the Future: World Revolution, Current, (May 1989): 18-23. aseve ix. Morton Kondracke, Freedom Bummer, New Republic,
November 26, 1990, 21-24.
8. Gershman Democracy as the Wave of the Future, 23.
9. Vanhamen, Process of Democratization, 51-65.
10. ix. Kondracke, Freedom Bummer,~ 23
11. Samuel Hantington `How Countries Democratize, Political Science Quarterly 106, (1991-1992): 579.

280
12. magaliTisaTvis ix. Robert M. Press Africas Strugle for for Democracy, Christian Science Monitor,
March 21, 1991, 7; da Kennet B. Noble, Despots Dwindle as Reform Alters Face of Africa, New York
Times, April 13, 1991, 1.
13. rogorc aRniSnavs Thomas R. Lansner Out of Africa, Wall Street Journal, December 10, 1996. A18.
14. Huntington, How Countries Democratize, 12.
15. Cveulebriv, mesame samyaros qveynebis mier. ukanaskneli periodis mniSvnelovani gamonaklisi
iyo 1991 wlis dasawyisSi SeerTebuli Statebis winamZRolobiT gaerTianebuli erebis jarebisa da erays Soris omi.
16. Jean Herskovits, Nigeria: Power and Democracy in Africa, Headline Series 527 (January-February 1982): 18.
17. Vyvyan Tenorio, Sri Lanka Process at Delicate point, Cristian Science Monitor, September 2, 1986,11.
18. Robert E. Gamer, Developing Nations: A Comparative Perspective, 2nd ed. (Dubuque, Lowa: William C Brown,
1982), 312-314.
19. Samuel Huntington, "Political Development and Political Decay," Worlds Politics 17 (April 1965): 386-430.
20. Samuel Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1968), 35.
21. Robert G. Wesson, Communism and Communist Systems (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1978), 172-173.
22. magaliTisaTvis ix. Bill and Hardgrave, Comparative Politics, 58-59.
23. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The First Discourse, wignSi The First and Second Discourses, red. Roger D. Masters
(New York: St. Martins Press, 1964), 39.

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1932 welia. sabWoTa kavSiri sakvebis saSinel naklebobas ganicdis, milionobiT adamiani SimSilobs. ioseb stalinma, komunisturi partiis liderma da sabWoTa xelisuflebis Tavkacma, wamoiwyo sabWoTa soflis meurneobis Zirfesviani reorganizacia, rac miwaTmflobelTa mTeli socialuri klasis (kulakebis)
mospobasa da mTliani miwebis koleqtivizacias gulisxmobda _ amieridan miwis
yoveli nakveTi da masze moweuli produqti saxelmwifos ekuTvnis. imisaTvis,
rom ar momxdariyo aw ukve saxelmwifos mflobelobaSi arsebuli qonebis qurdoba, sabWoTa xelisuflebam SemoiRo kanoni, romliTac TiToeul glexs aekrZala piradi moxmarebisaTvis marcvlelulis nebismieri raodenobis miTviseba. am
kanonis gavleniT, patara biWma mamamisi marcvleulis damalvisaTvis xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebTan daasmina. mama saxelmwifo qonebis qurdobis gamo daxvrites. amis Semdeg didi dro ar gasula da glexebis jgufma, romelsac am biWis
saqcieliT ganrisxebuli biZa winamZRolobda, igi sicocxles gamoasalma. xelisuflebam, romelic SemTxvevas sruliad gansxvavebuli kuTxiT ganixilavda,
biWi tanjul gmirad Seracxa.

kargi moqalaqe da kargi pirovneba

stalini am patara biWs samagaliTo moqalaqed, gmirad miiCnevda. is faqti, rom sakuTari mamis damsmeni bavSvi SeiZleba karg moqalaqed CaTvliliyo,
miuTiTebs gansxvavebaze romelic pirvelad aristotelem aRniSna: karg moqalaqes gansazRvravs kanonebi, reJimebi da wesebi, magram kargi pirovnebis zneobrivi saxe (da universaluri Tvisebebi) myaria da nebismieri politikuri reJimis
moTxovnebze maRla dgas.1 amrigad, kargi moqalaqeoba gulisxmobs saxelmwifoSi
da sazogadoebaSi arsebuli wesebis, normebisa da molodinis Tanaxmad moqcevas.
magram kargi moqalaqeobis arsebuli kriteriumebi, SesaZloa, Zlier gansxvavdebodes (da es asecaa) sxvadasxva erSi. 1930-iani wlebis sabWoTa ruseTSi kargi moqalaqe iyo is, vinc, upirveles yovlisa, komunisturi partiis erTguli iyo. kargi
moqalaqeobis sazomi totalitarul saxelmwifoSi aseTia: kargi moqalaqe mzad
unda iyos politikuri xelisuflebis nebas (brZanebas) dauqvemdebaros yovelgvari piradi Sexedulebebi da ojaxis erTgulebac ki, da mihyves diqtatoris
neba-survils, saiTac ar unda iyos igi mimarTuli. konstituciur demokratiebSi
arsebuli moqalaqeobis standartebi mkveTrad gansxvavebulia: waxalisebuli da
daculia pirovnebis samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebi, daemorCilon sakuTar
sindiss da gamoxaton Tavisi mosazrebebi.
maSin, rodesac abstraqtuli kargi moqalaqisadmi arsebuli moTxovnebi
(romlebsac yovelTvis saxelmwifo gansazRvravs) upirispirdeba realuri adamianebis (moqalaqeebis, rogorc keTili da TanamgrZnobi adamianebis)zneobriv
orientirebs da sadac saxelmwifo cdilobs mospos gansxvaveba am ors Soris,
warmoiSoba seriozuli Teoriuli da praqtikuli saxis problemebi. rodis
wyvets adamiani namdvil moqalaqed yofnas da iqceva ubralo, rigiT subieqtad,
SeiZleba monadac ki? adamiani saxelmwifos emorCileba Tu sakuTari sindisis
karnaxs?
istoriis ganmavlobaSi sxvadasxva zneobrivi mrwamsis adamianebi iCemebdnen
sazogadoebis karg moqalaqeobas. moqalaqis zneobriv saxes da mmarTvelobis sxvadasxva formas Soris arsebuli urTierTkavSiri xazs usvams (aZlierebs) aristoteles mosazrebas, rom politikuri sistemis WeSmariti sazomi is moqalaqea,

286
romelsac igi ayalibebs. am Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, kargi saxelmwifo isaa, romlis sanimuSo moqalaqe kargi pirovnebacaa; cudia saxelmwifo, romlis sanimuSo
moqalaqe ise emorCileba brZanebas, rom Tavs ar iwuxebs keTilisa da borotis
Sesaxeb kiTxvebze pasuxiT. raoden martivic ar unda iyos amgvari formulireba, igi mniSvnelovan mosazrebas gvTavazobs mmarTvelobasa da moqalaqes Soris urTierTobaze da magaliTad, imazec miuTiTebs, rom samoqalaqo saTnoeba
(sazogadoebrivi zneoba) ganuyofelia individualuri keTilsindisierebisagan
(piradi moraluri principebisagan).

gansxvavebuli ganmartebebi
gasakviri araa, rom sxvadasxva politikur sistemaSi moqalaqeobis gansxvavebuli definiciaa miRebuli. bevr avtoritarul saxelmwifoSi adamianebis
moqalaqeebad kvalificireba mxolod am sityvis Zalian viwro gagebiT SeiZleba,
anu isini cxovroben romeliRac konkretuli saxelmwifos teritoriaze da mis
kanonebs emorCilebian. aseTi saxelmwifos da moqalaqis urTierToba calmxrivi
moZraobis quCas hgavs: rogorc rigiTi moqalaqeebi, isini ar monawileoben imis
gadawyvetaSi, vin da rogor marTavs (maSinac ki, rodesac isini arCevnebSi monawileoben). zogadad, Tuki isini sistemis mimarT damTmobni arian, mTavroba maT
ar awuxebs.
gansxvavebiT amisagan, totalitarul saxelmwifoebSi, romlebSic xelisufleba cdilobs Secvalos sazogadoeba da axali tipis moqalaqe Camoayalibos,
adamianebi iZulebuli arian CaerTon politikur sistemaSi. Tumca, moqalaqis
poziciidan msgavs monawileobas azri ara aqvs, radgan es ar aris nebayoflobiTi
da gulisxmobs valdebulebebs Sesabamisi uflebebis gareSe. kargi moqalaqeobis
ganmsazRvrelia erTguleba da fanatizmi, ramac SeiZleba aiZulos isini maTTvis
moralurad miuRebeli brZanebebic ki Seasrulon.
demokratiul sazogadoebebSi, adamianebi moqalaqeobas sul sxvagvarad
ganmartaven. dawyebiT skolaSi karg moqalaqed iTvleba is mowafe, romelic karg
magaliTs iZleva, pativs scems sxvebs, wesierad iqceva da davalebebs droze asrulebs. mozrdilebi karg moqalaqeebad iTvlebian, Tuki seriozulad ekidebian
moqalaqeobriv valdebulebebs, icaven kanonebs, ixdian gadasaxadebs da regularulad monawileoben arCevnebSi. demokratiul saxelmwifoSi kargi moqalaqeobis definicia kanonebSia mocemuli, kanonebs ki kanonmdeblebi weren, romelTac xalxi irCevs _ sxva sityvebiT, WeSmariti respublika Slis, spobs (an amcirebs
mainc) daZabulobas moqalaqeobasa da sindiss Soris.
bevri adamiani, libertarianelebis CaTvliT, amtkicebs, rom moqalaqeobis
arsi individualur uflebebsa da pirad TavisuflebaSia. amerikis SeerTebul
StatebSi moqalaqeobisadmi formaluri moTxovnebi minimaluria, moqalaqeobis
uparatesobebi ki iseTi, rom msoflioSi nebismier adamians SeSurdeba (amitomac,
aSS-Si imigrantebis uwyveti nakadia aSS-dan sxva qveynebSi moqalaqeTa mcire gadinebis fonze). meToTxmete Sesworebis Tanaxmad, `yvela piri, romelic dabadebulia an naturalizebulia amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi da mis iurisdiqciaSi
imyofeba, aris moqalaqe amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa da im Statisa, romelSic
cxovrobs~. aRsaniSnavia, rom am qveyanaSi moqalaqeoba gansazRvrulia/ganmartebulia konstituciiT.

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aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis moqalaqeebi moqalaqeobis armqoneTagan imis mixedviT ki ar arian gamorCeuli, ras akeTeben an
adre ra aqvT gakeTebuli, aramed, ubralod, dabadebis adgilis mixedviT. amis
safuZveli ki isaa, rom Tu erTxel gaxdi moqalaqe, sul iqnebi moqalaqe, Tuki
raime gansakuTrebuli danaSauli ar Caidine (rogoricaa Ralati) an nebayoflobiT ar Tqvi uari moqalaqeobaze. mSvidobis dros amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis,
moqalaqeobis miRebaze arsebuli moTxovnebi, rogorc wesi, sakmaod sustia.

klasikuri xedva
SesaZloa moqalaqeobis minimalisturi xedva sakmarisia imisaTvis, rom erTmaneTisgan ganvasxvavoT `Sinaurebi da `ucxoebi~, magram is ar iTvaliswinebs erTi
koncefciis WeSmarit arss, romelsac dasavlur civilizaciaSi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi gansakuTrebul pativs scmdnen. Zveli berZnebisTvis moqalaqeoba mxolod
nawilobriv iyo dakavSirebuli dabadebis faqtsa da politikur geografiasTan;
moqalaqeobis umniSvnelovanes kriteriums warmoadgenda sazogadoebis sajaro
saqmeebSi seriozuli da uangaro monawileoba. aristoteles miaCnda, rom `moqalaqis cnebas yvelaze ukeT gansazRvravs sasamarTlosa da saxelmwifos marTvaSi monawileobis ufleba~.2 aristotelesdroindeli aTeni patara politikuri
sazogadoeba, qalaqi-saxelmwifo iyo, romelSic moqalaqeTa proporciulad did
nawils miniWebuli hqonda gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi monawileobis ufleba. moqalaqeoba iyo pativi, romlis saSualebiTac saTanado mondomebisa da ganaTlebis
mqone Tavisufali adamianebi marTavdnen sxva Tavisufal adamianebs, TviTon ki
imarTebodnen maT mier da amiT emsaxurebodnen winsvlas, sazogadoebriv wesrigsa
da keTildReobas.
meTvramete saukunis evropaSi berZnuli ideali modernizebuli formiT xelaxla gacocxlda. moqalaqe iqca terminad, romliTac axasiaTebdnen imaT, vinc
ibrZoda uflebisaTvis, TxovniT miemarTa an eCivla mTavrobisaTvis. moqalaqeebs ganasxvavebdnen monebisagan, romelTac qonebad Tvlidnen da moTxovnebi da
uflebebi ar SeiZleba hqonodaT. moqalaqeebi gansxvavdebodnen aseve qveSevrdomebisagan (vasali), romelTa pirveli da yvelaze mniSvnelovani valdebuleba
xelmwifis erTguleba da morCileba iyo. germaneli filosofosis imanuel kantis (1724-1804ww.) mixedviT, moqalaqeebs monebisa da qveSevrdomebisagan gansxvavebiT, hqondaT konstituciuri Tavisufleba anu ufleba, damorCilebodnen
mxolod kanonebs, romlebzec maT sakuTari Tanxmoba hqondaT micemuli. kanti
aseve amtkicebda, rom moqalaqeebs hqondaT samoqalaqo Tanasworoba da politikuri damoukidebloba. pirveli aTavisuflebda maT im kanonisa Tu wesisgan,
romelic avaldebulebda Tavis Soris ufrosi eRiarebinaT, meore ki imis aRmniSvneli iyo, rom pirovnebis politikuri statusi fundamenturi uflebebidan
gamomdinareobda da ara vinmes nebidan.3
moqalaqeobis cnebis aSkarad ganuyofeli nawili yovelTvis iyo pirovnuli Rirsebis idea. moqalaqes unda moqceodnen rogorc Tavisufal da Tanaswor
pirovnebas, romelsac unari Seswevs gansazRvros, ra Sedis mis interesebSi. moqalaqeebi sxvebs ar unda emarTaT TviTneburad (despoturad); rogorc gonieri
arsebebi, isini imsaxureben pativiscemiT mopyrobas. moqalaqeobis am idealTan
yvelaze axlos respublikuri mmarTveloba mivida. sabolood, rogorc kanti
da meTvramete saukunis sxva moazrovneebi aRiarebdnen, moqalaqeobisagan ganu-

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yofeli Tavisufleba da Rirseba mxolod respublikuri mmarTvelobisas ganmtkicdeboda da aseTi mmarTveloba ki funqcionirebas SeZlebda mxolod maSin,
Tuki misi rigiTi wevrebi gaiazrebdnen da gasaqans miscemdnen moqalaqeobis
valdebulebebs.
amJamad ukve gacilebiT meti adamiani kanonierad iwonebs Tavs `moqalaqeobiT~ ara marto msoflio masStabiT, aramed calkeul qveynebSic. magaliTad,
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, rasobriv umciresobebs, qalebs da qonebis armqone
pirebs mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi uxdebodaT brZola arCevnebSi monawileobis
uflebisa da sakuTari samoqalaqo uflebebis kanonis farglebSi dasacavad. es
procesi ar mimdinareobda Secdomebisa da Cavardnebis gareSe. gaizarda ra moqalaqeTa (da saerTod adamianebis) raodenoba, ufro rTuli gaxda efeqturi politikuri monawileobac: gaZlierda zemoqmedeba mTavrobazec, raTa man uzrunvelyos samoqalaqo ganaTleba da socialuri garemo, rac imisaTvisaa aucilebeli,
rom yvela moqalaqem SeZlos Tavisi uflebebis saTanadod dacva. Zvel aTenSi,
qalaqis SedarebiT mcire zomisa da moqalaqeTa mcire raodenobis gamo (monebi
da qalebi moqalaqeebad ar iTvlebodnen), nebismier moqalaqes SeeZlo daekavebina saxelmwifo Tanamdeboba da aqtiuri monawileoba mieRo kanonebisa da politikis CamoyalibebaSi. mzard erebSi, milionobiT moqalaqiT, sadac TiTqmis yvela srulwlovans moqalaqis statusi aqvs, Sinaarsiani da efeqtiani monawileoba
xSirad miuwvdomel idealad rCeba.

politikuri socializacia
miuxedavad imisa, rom moqalaqeobis zust ganmartebaze SeiZleba vikamaToT, zogadad yvela aRiarebs: karg moqalaqed ki ar ibadebian, aramed yalibdebian. bavSvebi xdebian pasuxismgeblobiT aRWurvili moqalaqeebi sxvadasxva
gavlenisa da institutis urTierTqmedebis Sedegad; esaa ojaxi, religia, skola,
Tanatolebi, masmedia da kanoni, romlebic uyalibeben moqalaqis valdebulebisa da sakuTari Tavis rwmenis SegrZnebas. socializacia ewodeba process, romliTac adamiani iZulebuli xdeba ifiqros da imoqmedos sazogadoebriad misaRebi
formiT.

politikuri socializacia aris procesi, romelSic moqalaqes uyalibdeba Rirebulebebi, Sexedulebebi da azrebi, romelTa saSualebiTac maT SeuZliaT
politikur sistemas daexmaron.4 yoveli TviTkmari sazogadoeba moqalaqeebs
Caunergavs garkveul ZiriTad Rirebulebebs. eWvgareSea, nebismieri saxelmwifosaTvis aucilebeli saSeni masala (aguri) saerTo Sexedulebebia. iseTi Seudrekeli individualistic ki, rogoric ingliseli filosofosi jon stiuart mili
iyo (1806-1873ww.), acnobierebda, rom loialobis da erTgulebis moqalaqeobrivi
grZnoba `SeiZleba sxvadasxva obieqts Seexebodes da mmarTvelobis romelime erT
formaze ar iyos mijaWvuli; magram demokratiasa Tu monarqiaSi misi arsi yovelTvis isaa, rom saxelwifos konstituciaSi aris raRac gansazRvruli, samudamo,
rac eWvs ar iwvevs, rasac sayovelTao SeTanxmebis safuZvelze, aqvs ufleba iyos
iq, sadac aris da rac ar unda Seicvalos, iyos daculi da xeluxlebeli~.5
aqedan gamomdinare, verc erTi xelisufleba, ra legitimuric ar unda iyos
igi, ver miscems Tavs uflebas ignorireba moaxdinos moqalaqeTa mier politikuri Sexedulebebis Camoyalibebis gzas. es procesi ojaxSi iwyeba.

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ojaxi
ojaxi axdens pirvelad da yvelaze mniSvnelovan gavlenas pirovnuli (individualuri) Rirebulebebis formirebaze. sxvadasxva politikuri reJimi
sxva-dasxvagvarad ganixilavs ojaxs. zogierTi mTavroba mxarSi udgas da mfarvelobs ojaxs; sxva reJimebi gulgrili arian mis mimarT; zogierTi cdilobs mas
niadagi gamoacalos, radganac ojaxuri kavSirebidan gamomdinare siyvarulsa
da erTgulebas saxelmwifosaTvis ZirgamomTxrelad miiCnevs. miuxedavad am gansxvavebuli damokidebulebebisa, yvela mTavroba aRiarebs ojaxis mniSvnelobas
socializaciis procesSi.
im erebmac ki, romlebic Riad aRiareben tradiciul ojaxur Rirebulebebs, SeiZleba ver moaxerxon sazogadoebaSi misi warmatebis uzrunvelyofa.
magaliTad, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi 1960-iani wlebis Semdeg martoxela
mSoblebTan mcxovrebi bavSvebis ricxvi, ganqorwinebebisa da martoxela qalebs Soris Sobadobis zrdis Sedegad, sagrZnoblad gaizarda (ix. sqema 9-1). Tu
1970 wels axalSobilTa daaxloebiT 12 procenti modioda martoxela (gauTxovar) qalebze, 1996 wlisaTvis igi 33%-s miuaxlovda. zogierT SemTxvevaSi bavSvis mamisagan mitovebuli deda iZulebulia marto itvirTos bavSvis movlisa
da ojaxis patronobis mZime tvirTi. orsuloba TineijerebSi (mozardebSi),
siRaribe da ganaTlebis dabali done pirdapir kavSirSia amgvar danawevrebul
ojaxebTan. problemis gamo izrdeba socialuri uzrunvelyofis xarjebi, magaliTad `gaWirvebuli ojaxebis droebiTi daxmarebis~ da sakvebze talonebis
programebis meSveobiT.
martoxela ganqorwinebul mSobelTan

mcxovrebi bavSvebis r-ba

mcxovrebi bavSvebis r-ba

mln

martoxela dauqorwinebel mSobelTan

sqema 9-1 martoxela ojaxebSi mcxovrebi amerikeli bavSvebi, 1960-95ww.

wyaro: Keeping Track, New York Times, 20 ivlisi, 1994, A7.

momavalSi mosalodnelia problemiT gamowveuli ekonomikuri da socialuri xarjebis sagrZnobi zrda. rogorc kvlevebi adasturebs, martoxela mSoblis mier gazrdil bavSvebs skolidan garicxvis, kriminalTa da narkotikebis
momxmarebelTa wreSi moxvedris, ara Tavisi specialobiT muSaobis da siRaribeSi
darCenis, mozrdilobaSi ki uiRblo piradi kavSirebis da uiRblo ojaxebis Seqm-

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nis ufro realuri riski emuqrebaT, vidre orive mSobelTan aRzrdil bavSvebs.6
ra Tqma unda, xSirad erTmSobliani ojaxebic warmatebuli arian xolme da maTi
aRzrdili bavSvebic mSvenivrad uReben alRos cxovrebas. im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki
erT-erTi mSobeli bavSvze negatiur fizikur an emociur gavlenas axdens, bavSvisTvis SeiZleba ukeTesic iyos calke im mSobelTan cxovreba, romelic aseT zemoqmedebas ar mimarTavs.
bavSvi Tavdapirvel socializacias sakuTar saxlSi, ojaxSi gadis da iRebs
ra Tavisi yoveldRiuri qcevisTvis jildos an sasjels, swavlobs, ra aris daSvebuli da ra ara. amgvarad, bavSvi erkveva, ra valdebulebebi aqvs ojaxis da sxvebis mimarT. nel-nela is xdeba ojaxis moqalaqe (wevri), rogorc wesi, mkafiod
gansazRvruli movaleobebiT, nawilobriv, uflebebiTa da privilegiebiT. gansakuTrebulad esmeva xazi mniSvnelovan moralur wesebs maSinac ki, Tu bavSvs ar
ganumartaven am wesebis mizezebs (`giTxari da gaakeTe~). ndoba, TanamSromloba,
Tavisi Tavis pativiscema, sxvebis pativiscema da TanagrZnoba fesvgadgmulia
ojaxur urTierTobebSi, maT efuZneba pirovnebis qceviTi da zneobrivi ganviTareba.7
ojaxi aseve gvexmareba gavarkvioT, sad migviyvans sabolood bavSvebis
politikuri socializacia da ramdenad warmatebuli iqneba igi. partiuli orientacia da kuTvnilebac ki xSirad ojaxidan modis, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac orive mSobeli erTi partiis wevria. amas garda, ojaxi mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens rwmenaze (religiur Sexedulebebze), rac mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli
rogorc partiul kuTvnilebasTan, aseve konkretul politikur SexedulebebTan (fundamentalisti protestanebi, rogorc wesi, abortis winaaRmdegi arian;
ebraelebi israels uWeren mxars da a. S.).8 SeerTebul StatebSi, im bavSvebis daaxloebiT 70 procenti, romelTa orive mSobelic erT partias uWers mxars, TviTonac imave partias aniWeben upiratesobas.9 Tumca, rogorc kvlevebma aCvena,
rodesac saqme midis ufro abstraqtul politikur sakiTxebamde, mSoblebis
gavlena sakmaod SezRuduli xdeba.10 dabolos, im faqts, rom ukve zrdasrulebi, xSirad ar veTanxmebiT Cveni mSoblebis Sexedulebebs politikaze (sxva raRacebTan erTad), miaweren xolme `TaobaTa Soris~ gansxvavebas.
socialuri klasi da umciresobis statusi. ramdenime kvlevam aCvena,
rom politikuri socializaciis struqtura (modeli) mSobelTa sxvadasxva
socialur klasSi umniSvnelod gansxvavdeba.11 saSualo da maRali fenis bavSvebis politikaSi aqtiuri Cabmis albaToba ufro maRalia, radgan iTvleba, rom
politikiT ojaxis daintereseba socialur statusTan erTad izrdeba. dabali
fenebis ojaxebidan gamosuli bavSvebs politikaze naklebi informacia aqvT da
ufro iSviaTadac monawileoben politikur RonisZiebebSi.12
ojaxis farglebSi, umciresobis statusma SeiZleba mniSvnelovani roli Seasrulos politikuri socializaciis procesSi. magaliTad, zogierTma mkvlevarma
daadgina, rom amerikis SeerTebuli StatebSi afro-amerikeli bavSvebi ufro naklebad endobian mTavrobas, vidre maTi TeTrkaniani Tanatolebi. es bavSvebi aseve
naklebad arian darwmunebuli mTavrobaze gavlenis moxdenis sakuTar SesaZleblobebSi.13 gasakviri araa, rom amdagvarive damokidebulebaa politikur SexedulebaTa mimarTac; amgvarad, Savkaniani amerikelebi (aRiareben ra klasebs Soris
arsebul gansxvavebebs mudmiv, ucvlel mocemulobad), ekonomikuri da sagareo
politikis umravles sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi (Tumca, es ganwyoba yvela politi-

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kur sakiTxze rodi vceldeba, risi magaliTicaa danaSaulis mimarT damokidebuleba) ufro politikurad liberalur ganwyobebs amJRavneben, vidre TeTrkaniani amerikelebi. amis msgavsad, aziuri warmoSobis amerikelebi, xelisuflebis da
tradiciuli ojaxis struqturisadmi maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli pativiscemidan
gamomdinare, TeTrkanian eTnikur jgufebTan ufro axlos dganan, vidre SavkanianTa jgufebTan, gansakuTrebiT sayofacxovrebo sakiTxebSi. espanurenovan
amerikelebs SeiZleba Savkanian da TeTrkanian amerikelebs Soris mivakuTvnoT
adgili, Tumca ojaxuri socializaciis da politikuri Sexedulebebis gadacemis
efeqtma gavlena iqonia kubel amerikelebze, romlebic, rogorc calke jgufi,
ufro mtkice konservatorebad Camoyalibdnen (gansakuTrebiT sagareo politikis sakiTxebSi), vidre sxva espanurenovani amerikelebi, meqsikelebisa da puertorikoelebis CaTvliT. amis erT-erTi mizezi isaa, rom rodesac revoluciis dros
kubelebis nawili amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi gaiqca, kubis liderma fidel kastrom maT qoneba CamoarTva da kubaSi darCenil maTi ojaxis wevrebs devna dauwyo.
genderi da politika. amerikul politikaSi mamakacebsa da qalebs xandaxan
mmarTvelobis da politikis gansxvavebuli xedva aqvT; klasebsa da rasebs Soris
gansxvavebis msgavsad, sqesTa Soris arsebuli gansxvavebac SeiZleba politikuri qcevis da Sexedulebebis mniSvnelovani damoukidebeli korelatebi iyos.
rogorc Cans, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, zogierT politikur sakiTxTan
mimarTebaSi SegviZlia visaubroT erTgvar genderul sxvadasxvaobaze (gender
gap), anu im gansxvavebebze, rasac fiqroben da mxars uWeren mTlianobaSi mamakacebi da qalebi. magaliTad, 1996 wlis sayovelTao arCevnebSi qalebis 54 procentma xma misca demokrat bil klintons, xolo 37 procentma _ konservator
bob douls; sruliad gansxvavebuli maCveneblebi hqondaT mamakacebs, romelTa
xmebi TiTqmis Tanabrad gaiyo klintonsa da douls Soris (TiToeulma 44 procenti miiRo). imave arCevnebSi, qveynis masStabiT, warmomadgenelTa palatis arCevnebSi qalebis 55 procentma xma demokratebs misca, xolo mamakacebis 54 procentma _ respublikelebs.
rogor SeiZleba aixsnas es fenomeni? zogierTi mkvlevari sqesTa Soris
arsebul gansxvavebas ojaxSi gancdil adrindel gamocdilebasa da molodinebs
ukavSirebs; sxvebi amtkiceben, rom arsebobs Tandayolili gansxvavebebi kacebisa da qalebis zneobrivi da politikuri Segnebis Camoyalibebis procesis mimdinareobaSi. erTi Teoriis mixedviT, socilizaciis da biologiis garkveuli kombinaciis Sedegad, qals, rogorc dedas da bavSvis ZiriTad momvlels, uviTardeba
moraluri da politikuri xedva, romelSic gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba TanagrZnobasa da adamianis sicocxlis dacvas.14 sxva, alternatiuli Teoriis
Tanaxmad, genderze dafuZnebuli politikuri gansxvavebebi safuZvels iRebs
zogierTi qalis gviandel cxovrebiseul gamocdilebebSi. xmis micemis kanonzomierebaTa erTma amaswindelma kvlevam aCvena, rom `gaTxovili qalebi, gansakuTrebiT isini, romelTac arasodes hyoliaT bavSvi, mamakacebis msgavs arCevans
akeTeben, martoxela da gaSorebuli qalebi ki lamis memarcxene frTis proletariats warmoadgenen~.15
rogoric unda iyos gansxvavebebis wyaro, isini ar warmoiqmneba mxolod
genderTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebidan _ magaliTad, sazogadoebrivi azris
gamokiTxvebma ver gamoavlina veraviTari gansxvaveba samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebis (civil liberties) an Tanasworuflebianobis sxva sakiTxebis Sesaxeb mamakacebisa

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da qalebis damokidebulebaSi. rogorc Cans, sqesTa Soris erTi mniSvnelovani
politikuri gansxvaveba ukavSirdeba mTavrobis mier Zalis gamoyenebis sakiTxs.
zogadad, qalebi naklebad arian ganwyobili omis mxardasaWerad, ufro ewinaaRmdegebian sikvdiliT dasjas da ixrebian iraRze kontrolis gamkacrebisaken.
aseve, qalebi ufro metad emxrobian ojaxebis, RaribTa da xelmokleTa dasaxmareblad gamiznuli socialuri uzrunvelyofis programebs. am gansxvavebaTa
meSveobiT, SesaZlebeli xdeba avxsnaT, ratom daexmara sqesTa Soris arsebuli
sxvadasxvaoba ukanasknel wlebSi demokratebs aSS-Si.
religia. eklesiac da saxelmwifoc SeiZleba sakuTar Tavs moraluri avtoritetis WeSmarit wyarod warmoadgendes, ris gamoc religias socializaciis procesSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba. iseve rogorc religias SeuZlia moaxdinos gavlena Camoyalibebis procesSi myofi axalgazrdis politikur
Sexedulebebze, aseve politikas SeuZlia gadamwyveti roli Seasrulos ojaxSi
religiis faqtoris damkvidrebaSi da gansazRvros is adgili, romelsac religia sabolood politikur wesrigSi daikavebs.
xandaxan religia arsebul Cveulebebs legitimurobas aniWebs da gardamaval periodSi myof sazogadoebas stabilurobas sZens. magaliTad, induizmi
indoeTSi cvalebadi politikuri institutebisaTvis misaRebi aRmoCnda. induizmi, romelic erTma eqspertma daaxasiaTa, rogorc `mravali Sris mqone
rTuli warmonaqmni, romelic aRiarebs mravali RmerTis, mravali inkarnaciis,
WeSmaritebis mravali Sris arsebobas,~16 istoriulad, arsebuli mdgomareobis
SenarCunebas uwyobda xolme xels. maSinac ki, rodesac arsebuli mdgomareoba
(status quo) ufro dabal safexurze mdgomis (`xelSeuxebelTa~ klasis) sistematur
diskriminacias gulisxmobda, induizmi qadagebda moTminebasa da gamZleobas momavali cxovrebis molodinSi. samyaros sxva mxareebSi, sxvadasxva religiurma
doqtrinam agresiul politikas mimarTa. magaliTad libiasa da iranSi, islamuri
fundamentalizmis daxmarebiT gaCaRda agresiuli sagareo da omis mxardaWeris
politika.
religia da politika xandaxan erTmaneTs upirispirdeba. magaliTad, nacisturi mTavroba geramaniaSi ebrZoda luTeranul da kaTolikur eklesiebs.
yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi, reJimi funqcionirebis saSaulebas aZlevda istoriulad damkvidrebul rusul marTlmadideblur eklesias, magram zRudavda da
Tvalyurs adevnebda mis saqmianobas, xSirad devnida morwmuneebs.17
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, religia da politika erTmaneTs ramdenime doneze aZlierebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom umaRlesi sasamarTlos ganmartebiT konstitucia krZalavs xelisuflebis mier religiis pirdapir mxardaWeras,
konstituciis pirveli damateba aseve krZalavs xelisuflebis mier pirovnebis
religiuri rwmenis Tavisuflad ganxorcilebaSi xelis SeSlas. amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi religiis absoluturi Tavisuflebaa. `amerikelTa 90 procentze
meti Tavs miakuTvnebs romelime religiur mimdinareobas da 40 procentze meti
kviraobiT dadis eklesiaSi~. ufro metic, `TiTqmis yvela maCvenebliT amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebi SeiZleba nebismier evropul saxelmwifoze ufro religiur
qveynad CaiTvalos, irlandiisa da poloneTis gamoklebiT.~18 miuxedavad imisa,
rom dRes religia bevri amerikelis cxovrebaSi ufro naklebad mniSvnelovania,
vidre winaT iyo, is mainc rCeba mniSvnelovan Zalad amerikul sazogadoebaSi,
kulturasa da politikaSi (ix. sqema 9-2).

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religiis pirovnuli mniSvneloba

adamianebi, romlebic kiTxvaze `rogor SeafasebdiT religiis mniSvnelobas
Tqvens cxovrebaSi _ Zalze mniSvnelovania, sakmaod mniSvnelovania, Tu arc ise
mniSvnelovania?~ pasuxoben, rom `Zalze
mniSvnelovania~.

weli1952-96ww.
sqema 9-2 amerikelebisaTvis religiis mniSvneloba,
wyaro: Influence, Relevance of Religion in Todays Society (28-30 marti, 1994; Survey GO 422041),
Gallup Poll Monthly, 2-4 aprili, 1994 da Importance of Religion, Gallup Poll (21-24 noemberi,
1996).
vertikalurad: amerikelebis %-li r-ba

amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi kvlavac dominirebs iudeur-qristianuli

tradicia, romelSic mniSvnelovani mravalferovneba SeiniSneba. mosaxleobis
daaxloebiT 30 procenti protestantia; 20 procenti _ kaTolike; 20 procenti
TeTri evangelistur-protestantuli eklesiebis mimdevaria; 8 procenti ki Savi
protestantuli eklesiisa; 3 procenti iudevelia. 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris teroristuli Tavdasxmis Semdeg sazogadoebam da masmediamac yuradReba gaamaxviles im faqtze, rom amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi mniSvnelovani muslimuri
umciresobac aris.
zogierTi mniSvnelovani politikuri gansxvaveba kavSirSia religiur gansxvavebebTan da SeiZleba religiuri doqtrinebidanac ki gamomdinareobdes. magaliTad, kvakerebi da menonitebi pacifistebi arian, fundamentalisti protestanebi,
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, abortis winaaRmdeg gamodian, xolo iudevelebi israelis
damcvelebi arian. aseve, protestantuli eklesiis Savkaniani mimdevrebi politikurad ufro liberalurad ganwyobilni arian, vidre ZiriTadi mimdinareobis protestantul eklesiaTa wevrebi, es ukanasknelni ki ufro liberalurad ganwyobilni,
vidre evangelistur-protestantuli eklesiis mimdevrebi. ufro zogadad, politikuri konservatizmis da liberalizmis Skalaze, protestantebi kaTolikeebze
cota ufro konservatorebad da iudevelebze gacilebiT konservatorebad warmogvidgebian. iudevelebi da kaTolikeebi istoriulad demokratiul partiasTan

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ufro aigivebdnen Tavs, maSin rodesac protestanebi respublikuri partiisken
ixrebodnen. Tumca, religiasa da partiul kuTvnilebas Soris arsebuli korelacia
sul ufro klebulobs.
SesaZlebelia amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi religias utilitaruli politikuri Rirebulebac aqvs. am TvalsazrisiT, religias sargebloba moaqvs sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisTvis, vinaidan, jorj vaSingtonis sityvebiT `aucilebeli
mxardaWeris~ aRmomCenia warmomadgenlobiTi xelisuflebisaTvis. qadagebs ra
RmerTis winaSe yvelas Tanasworobas, religia nergavs pirovnul/kerZo zneobriobas, romelic akeTilSobilebs sazogadoebriv cxovrebas.
xandaxan politikuri liderebi mimarTaven religiur ideebs (saxeebs) raTa
gaaerTianon moqalaqeebi Tanamedroveobis saerTo aRqmaSi an STaagonon maT
momavlis ufro Rirseuli xedva.19 magaliTad, cnobilma amerikelma sasuliero
pirma da samoqalaqo uflebaTa damcvelma martin luTer kingma sakuTari ocnebiT ers im dRis dadgoma STaunerga, `rodesac yvela RvTis Svili, TeTri da
Savkaniani, ebraeli da urwmuno, protestanti da kaTolike, xelixelCakidebuli
erTad imRerebda SavkanianTa Zvel saeklesio simReras `Free at last! Free at last! Thank
God Almighty, we are free at last~. kingis tragikulma sikvdilma (mkvlelobam), iseve
rogorc erTi saukuniT adre abraam linkolnis mkvlelobam, amerikeli xalxi rasobrivi uTanasworobis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad darazma.
osama bin ladenma da `al qaidas~ teroristulma qselma warmogvidgina religiis da politikis Serwymis bneli mxaris Tanamedrove magaliTi, rodesac isini 2001 wlis Semodgomaze Seecadnen msoflios 1.3 miliardi muslimi gaeerTianebinaT `jvarosnebis~ (qristianebisa da ebraelebis) winaaRmdeg jihadSi (saRvTo
omSi). es ganzraxva CaiSala, magram is faqti, rom bin ladeni Seecada religia
politikur ideologiad da Tavisi moZraobis dasavleTis (ZiriTadad aSS-s) winaaRmdeg mimarTuli sapropagando kampaniis safuZvlad gamoeyenebina, Wkuis saswavlebelia. es kidev erTxel gviCevenebs, rom religia SeiZleba yvelaze keTilSobili an yvelaze boroti miznebis samsaxurSi aRmoCndes.
skola. skola samoqalaqo ganaTlebaSi, anu axalgazrdebSi sazogadoebis
fundamentur RirebulebaTa da SexedulebaTa CanergvaSi umniSvnelovanes rols
asrulebs. sajaro ganaTlebis meSveobiT saxelmwifo cdilobs gavlena moaxdinos axalgazrdebze manam, sanam maTi zneobrivi saxe sabolood Camoyalibdeba.
yvela qveyana skolas politikuri socializaciis saSualebad iyenebs. zogierTi mTavroba ubralod samoqalaqo ganaTlebis an istoriis erT-or kurss
awesebs savaldebulod, moiTxovs, rom moswavleebi droSas miesalmon da skolis
kedlebze erovnuli gmirebis suraTebi ekidos. zogierTi mTavroba mTel saskolo programas karnaxobs, bavSvebs TavSi lozungebs uWedavs, mkacr cenzuras
awesebs saxelmZRvaneloebsa da sabiblioTeko Sesyidvebze da maswavleblebs
erTgulebis niSniT arCevs.
yvela saxelmwifo cdilobs samudamod `ukvdavyos~ zogierTi ZiriTadi Rirebuleba, magram am RirebulebaTa arsi, iseve rogorc maTi damkvidrebis meTodebi, SeiZleba Zalian mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebodes. gansxvavebuli reJimebi
gansxvavebul Rirebulebebs amkvidrebs. zogierTi reJimis dros (magaliTad,
1930-ian wlebis sabWoTa kavSirSi) xelisuflebis brma morCileba norma iyo. sxvagan xdeba patriotizmis waxaliseba, magram amave dros xels uwyoben kritikuli
da damoukidebeli azrovnebis unarsac.
socializaciis kvlevebma kargad gviCvena, rogor swavloben bavSvebi poli-

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tikur sakiTxebTan dakavSirebul Rirebulebebs amerikul sajaro skolebSi.20
dawyebiT skolaSi amerikel bavSvebs dadebiTi emociuri ganwyoba uyalibdebaT
iseTi ZiriTadi politikuri cnebebis mimarT, rogoricaa Tavisufleba, demokratia da erTmaneTis pativiscema. garda amisa, bavSvebi, rogorc wesi, xelisuflebas aRiqvamen avtoritetis mqone piris _ policielis, prezidentis da a.S. saxiT.
asakTan erTad, bavSvebi naklebemociurad da ufro SemecnebiT reagireben,
igeben iseTi abstraqtuli cnebis detalebs, rogoricaa demokratia. ymawvilobasa da adreul mowifulobaSi, maTi damokidebuleba xelisuflebisadmi xSirad
radikalurad icvleba. mSoblebis zedamxedvelobis Sesustebasa da damoukideblobis matebasTan erTad, bavSvebi aRar emorCilebian avtoritets usityvod
(SekiTxvebis, eWvis gareSe). isini sul ufro metad cdiloben damoukideblad miiRon gadawyvetilebebi. es damokidebuleba politikis sferoSic advilad gadadis.
miuxedavad imisa, rom zogierTi mkvlevari saSualo skolis samoqalaqo ganaTlebis tipur gakveTils kargi moqalaqeobisaTvis aucilebeli yvelaze mniSvnelovani formaluri treiningis (wvrTnis) asparezad ganixilavs, ramdenime
kvlevam aCvena, rom samoqalaqo ganaTlebis gakveTilebi naklebmniSvnelovania,
vidre swavlis gamocdilebis saerTo konteqsti.21 gavlenis mqone faqtorebSi Sedis maswavleblebis damokidebuleba demokratiisadmi; saxelmZRvaneloSi eris
istoriis, kulturis, ekonomikuri sistemisa da a.S. dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebis warmodgenis xasiaTi; mTlianad saswavlo programa; formaluri ritualebi, rogoricaa droSasTan ficis dadeba da patriotuli simRerebis Sesruleba;
klasgareSe RonisZiebebi, musika da sporti, naTlad gviCvenebs keTilsindisieri
monawileobisa da saerTo miznisaTvis muSaobis mniSvnelobas. saskolo gazeTze
muSaoba naTelyofs mediis rols sazogadoebriv saqmeebSi. debatebis klubebSi
moswavleebi ecnobian politikur, socialur da ekonomikur sakiTxebs da swavloben, rom yovel sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi sul cota ori azri SeiZleba arsebobdes. dabolos, moswavleTa TviTmmarTvelobaSi monawileoba maT politikuri
procesis fundamentur wesebs acnobs.
zogadad, rac ufro maRalia ganaTlebis done, moswavles politikaze informaciis miRebisa da masSi monawileobis miT meti interesi aqvs. ufro zustad, arsebobs pozitiuri kavSiri (urTierTdamokidebuleba) ganaTlebis donesa
(moswavlis codna imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra gavlena aqvs xelisuflebas individze, interesi axali ambebis mimarT, politikis Sesaxeb saerTo ganaTleba, SexedulebaTa horizonti) da politikaze msjelobis, gansakuTrebiT ki bevr gansxvavebul
adamianTan msjelobis survils Soris. dabolos, ganaTlebis maRali done dakavSirebulia imis SegnebasTan, rom adamians SeuZlia gavlena moaxdinos xelisuflebaze, aseve sakuTari SesaZleblobebis rwmenasa da sxvebis ndobasTan.22
umaRlesi ganaTlebis gavlena. Znelia gansazRvro, ramdenad didia umaRlesi ganaTlebis gavlena politikur socializaciaze. amerikis SeerTebul
StatebSi kolejis saswavlo programa xSirad profesiul-teqnikuri wvrTnis (treningis) da liberaluri ganaTlebis (liberal arts) nazavia; es ukanaskneli
moicavs literaturas, filosofias, mecnierebas, istorias da lingvistikas da
gansakuTrebul yuradRebas amaxvilebs kritikuli azrovnebis ganviTarebaze.23

liberaluri ganaTlebis momxreebi (aerTianebs literaturis, filosofiis,

istoriisa da sabunebismetyvelo sagnebis swavlebas) gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqceven imas, rom studentebi iZulebuli arian iazrovnon naTlad, zustad

296
weron da sworad imetyvelon. maT usvamen xelovnebisa da mecnierebis maradiul
SekiTxvebs da acnoben diad ideebs, Tanac agulianeben gadaxedon (kritikuli
TvaliT Sexedon) im zneobriv da materialur Rirebulebebs, romlebic mocemul
epoqaSi aRiarebul WeSmaritebas warmoadgenen. am TvalTaxedvis momxreebi amtkiceben, rom liberaluri ganaTlebis mqone studentebi SeiZenen im inteleqtualur saSualebebs, romelic dasWirdebaT imisaTvis, rom itvirTon demokratiuli moqalaqeobis valdebulebebi.
amerikuli umaRlesi ganaTlebis zogierTi konservatori kritikosi adanaSaulebs akademiur wreebs imaSi, rom isini metwilad memarcxene (memarcxeneobasTan axlomyof) politikur Sexedulebebs aniWeben upiratesobas, rac gavlenas
axdens swavlebisa da swavlis Sinaarsze. marTlac, arsebobs garkveuli mtkicebuleba, rom studentTa politikur Sexedulebebze gavlenas axdens kolejis
maRal inteleqtze gaTvlili wignebi, ideebi da maswavleblebi; Tumca, naTeli
araa, pirdapir mivyavarT Tu ara kolejis gamocdilebas ufro liberalur azrovnebasTan. is SesaZleblobis farglebSi axerxebs imas, rom zrdis adamianebs,
romelTac SeuZliaT kritikuli azrovneba. anu, amerikuli kolejis kursdamTavrebulebi ufro aqtiurad dauWeren mxars samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebs da saxelmwifo socialur programebs.24
liberaluri ganaTlebis ideali advilad jdeba konstituciuri demokratiis sqemaSi, sadac daculia xelisuflebaze eWvis mitanis ufleba. amave dros,
ganaTlebis maRali done ubiZgebs moqalaqeebs Sinaarsianad Caeban politikaSi.25
im qveynebSi, sadac xelisuflebas usityvod emorCilebian, moqalaqeebs ar gamoumuSavdebaT politikuri monawileobis unar-Cvevebi. liberaluri ganaTlebis
mizania moamzados msgavsi unarebis, gansakuTrebiT ki kritikul azrovnebaze
dafuZnebuli unarebis mqone moqalaqeebi. demokratiul sazogadoebaSi kargi
moqalaqe xotbas asxams mTavrobas, roca mTavroba amis Rirsia da akritikebs,
Tuki is kritikas imsaxurebs. amitom, mxolod demokratiul sazogadoebaSi ar
iTvleba damoukidebeli azrovneba da gansxvavebuli azri mavneblobad. gaixseneT, berZeni filosofosi sokrate mavneblad CaTvales da sikvdili miusajes
(sawamlavis miRebiT) ara imitom, rom Tavis mowafeebs aswavlida ra efiqraT, aramed imitom, rom aswavlida rogor eazrovnaT.

Tanatolebi
adamianTa umravleobas gacnobierebuli aqvs, rom Tanatolebi mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdenen Cvens politikur qmedebebsa da Sexedulebebze, magram ori
sakiTxSi mainc saWiroa garkveuli sicxadis Setana. jererTi, am termins Tandayolili orazrovneba axlavs. TanatolTa jgufi SeiZleba ewodos megobrebis
jgufs an erTi asakisa da damaxasiaTebeli niSnebis mqone adamianTa jgufs. orive
SemTxvevaSi, cneba yuradRebas amaxvilebs `pirovnebaTa midrekilebaze, Tavi
gaaigivon Tavis msgavss adamianTa jgufebTan~.26
meore, da ufro seriozuli sakiTxi _ sirTules is qmnis, rom am sferoSi
Zalze cota kvlevaa Catarebuli. magaliTad, 1930-ian wlebSi Catarebulma kvlevam, romelic beningtonis kolejis student gogonaTa politikur Sexedulebebze TanatolTa jgufis gavlenas Seiswavlida, aCvena rom jgufis gavleniT mis
wevrTa Sexedulebebi ufro liberaluri gaxda. 1965 wlis kvlevisas sxvadasxva
politikur sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT studentebze TanatolTa jgufebisa da

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mSoblebis gavlena Seadares da daadgines, rom zogierT politikur sakiTxTan
mimarTebaSi mSobelTa gavlena ufro mniSvnelovani iyo _ magaliTad, partiuli identifikaciis an saprezidento arCevnebze xmis micemis gadawyvetilebis
miRebisas. es kvlevebi bevr kiTxvas pasuxobs, magram amdenive kiTxva upasuxod
rCeba.27
genderi (sqesi) TanatolTa jgufebTan dakavSirebuli kidev erTi gamocanaa. Cven viciT, rom biWebi midrekilni arian Seqmnan jgufebi sxva biWebTan erTad
da gogonebi ki gogonebTan erTiandebian, da vvaraudobT, rom aseTi jgufebis
politikuri Sexedulebebi gansxvavebulia. magaliTad, miviCnevT, rom mesamedanmerve klasamde biWebs Tanatol gogonebze ufro Camoyalibebuli da naklebad
idealisturi warmodgena aqvT prezidentobaze, Tumca amis damadasturebeli
(an uarmyofi) kvlevis Sedegebi xelT ara gvaqvs.28
gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa mamrobiTi sqesis kanondamrRvev mozardTa
antisocialuri Sexedulebebis ganviTarebasa da TanamoazreTa jgufebSi (da
bandebSi) maT wevrobas Soris arsebuli kavSiri. igi miuTiTebs siZneleze, rac Tan
axlavs im gavlenis gansazRvras, rasac TanatolTa jgufebi axdenen pirovnebis
Sexedulebebze. am sferoSic SedarebiT naklebi kvlevaa Catarebuli.29 miuxedavad imasa, rom TanatolTa jgufebisa da bandebis cnebis gageba gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovania TineijerTa danaSaulis gasagebad, mainc bolomde cxadi araa
`kargi~ biWebi (da gogonebi) xdebian `cudi wris~ uaryofiTi gavlenis da TanatolTa antisocialuri Sexedulebebis msxverpli Tu axalgazrdebis dajgufebebi izidaven kriminaluri midrekilebebis, antisocialuri ganwyobebis mqone
pirebs. axlo urTierToba msgavs dajgufebasTan, gansakuTrebiT bandis wevroba zrdis saSualo statistikuri Tineijeris mier danaSaulis Cadenis sixSires.
Tanatolebi da bandebi `gavlenas axdenen pirovnebis mier danaSaulis CadenisaTvis miniWebuli jildos Rirebulebaze~ (amas emateba nadavlis Rirebulebis
an qmedebis pirdapiri jildos gamo kolegebis mier gamoTqmuli mowoneba).30
fsiqologiurad, TanatolTa jgufebi adastureben maTi wevrebis survilis
ganxorcielebis aucileblobas, rac gavlenas axdens politikuri Sexedulebis
da rwmenis Camoyalibebaze. zogadad, TanatolTa jgufebi iqmneba nebayoflobiT
da araformalurad. Tuki TanatolTa jgufebis cnebas ise gavafarTovebT, rom
man moicvas iseTi organizaciebi, rogoricaa gogona skautebi, axalgazrda demokratebi, studentTa Jurnalisturi klubi da sxva politikur konteqstSi moqmedi msgavsi organizaciebi _ saintereso aRmoCenas gavakeTebT. totalitarul
saxelmwifoebSi, sadac xelisufleba cdilobs Secvalos politikuri wesrigi
Sexedulebebisa da rwmenis radikaluri cvlilebis gziT, TanatolTa jgufebi
SeiZleba saxelmwifom Seqmnas rogorc axalgazrdebisaTvis, aseve zrdasrulebisaTvis. es aranebayoflobiTi gaerTianebebi reJimis gzavnilis gasavrceleblad
da moqalaqeebisTvis ganaTlebis an xelaxali ganaTlebis misacemad aris Seqmnili. es fonemeni aRwerilia sqemaze 9-3, sadac Cans, rogor axerxebda nacisturi
partiis ierarqia (aRniSnulia po-Ti partiuli organizacia) farTomasStabiani
saxalxo moZraobis marTvas, romlis saboloo mizani germanuli sazogadoebis
saxecvlileba iyo. nacional-socialisturi (aRniSnulia ns-Ti) partiis mmarTvelobisas germaniis cxovrebis organizeba xdeboda erTi centris mier marTuli `TanasworTa jgufebis~ kargad gaTvlili qselis saSualebiT, rasac unda
uzrunveleyo droTa ganmavlobaSi yvela germanelis mier `swori~ politikuri
Sexedulebebis SeTviseba da axal nacistur saxelmwifoSi saTanadod sociali-

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zeba. amis msgavsad, sabWoTa kavSiris komunisturma partiam Seqmna yovlismomcveli erTi centris mier marTuli sazogadoebrivi organizaciebi (klubebis da
samoqalaqo gaerTianebebis safarvelis qveS).

masobrivi sainformacio saSualebebi

masmediac mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs politikur socializaciasa da moqalaqeTa Semdgom aRzrdaSi. arademokratiul saxelmwifoebSi, masmedia (televizia, radio, gazeTebi da didtiraJiani Jurnalebi) TiTqmis yovelTvis saxelmwifos mflobelobaSia an mis mier kontroldeba. zogierTi demokratiuli
xelisuflebac axdens radio da telemauwyeblobis monopolizebas (rogorc es
daniaSia) an flobs da amuSavebs satelevizio qsels (rogorc es did britaneTSia). aseT SemTxvevebSi, ZiriTadi gansxvaveba demokratiul da arademokratiul
saxelmwifoebs Soris isaa, rom demokratiuli saxelmwifoebi iReben kanonebs an
SeimuSaveben procedurebs, romlebic uzrunvelyofen masmediis samarTlianobasa da obieqturobas. aSS-Si, sadac TiTqmis yvela satelevizio da radioqseli
da individualuri sadguri kerZo sakuTrebaSia, komunikaciebis federaluri
komisia, maregulirebeli saagento, romelic uflebamosilia gansazRvros radio da satelevizio sadgurebis erovnuli licenzirebis politika, drodadro
aqveynebs dadgenilebebs, romlebic uzrunvelyofen politikur mauwyeblobaSi
mxareTa Tanasworobas. dadgenilia wesebic, romlebic arasasurveli da saSiSi
qcevis Tavidan acilebas emsaxureba. swored am mizezebiT, aSS-Si satelevizio
sadgurebs ekrZalebaT sigaretis reklamis eTerSi gaSveba.
maRalganviTarebul qveynebSi ukanaskneli ramdenime aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi swrafad viTardeboda e.w. eleqtronuli media (radio da televizia).
aSS-Si bevrs kamaToben televiziis mzard gavlenaze. zogi amerikeli, kongresis
zogierTi wevris CaTvliT, wuxs televiziiT Zaladobis didi odenobiT Cvenebisa da im gavlenis gamo, rasac igi moqalaqeTa qcevaze axdens. sxvebi miuTiTeben,
rom televizia uazro, vulgaruli da zedmetad Tamamia.
SeSfoTebis sababs iZleva aseve masmediis politikur procesSi gamoyenebis sakiTxic. magaliTad, satelevizio politikuri reklama sul ufro mniSvnelovani xdeba, vinaidan amerikelebi gazeTebs sul ufro naklebad kiTxuloben da politikuri partiebis Sekrebebsac ufro iSviaTad eswrebian.31 aq
mniSvnelovania msgavsi reklamis maRali safasuri, misgan imedgacruebuli kandidatebis raodenoba, misi efeqtianoba, is Tu ramdenadaa misi Sinaarsi gansazRvruli mediakonsultantebis mier, radgan yvelaferi es SeiZleba Seexos (da es
asec xdeba xolme) ara mxolod kampaniis xarisxs, aramed kandidatsac.
aseve SemaSfoTebelia sareklamo rgolebis Sinaarsic. 1970-iani wlebidan,
amerikis politikur kampaniebSi dominirebda mokle, emociuri, ieriSis stilis
reklama (gansxvavebiT adre gavrcelebuli dokumenturi xasiaTis gancxadebebisagan), romelic TiTqmis yovelTvis martivi, simboluri da personificirebulia. xSirad amgvar reklamebSi Warbobs muqi ferebi, avismomaswavebeli musika,
dabali xma da simboloebi, romelTac negatiuri datvirTva aqvT. maTi samiznea
politikuri kandidatebis keTilsindisiereba, motivebi an maTi warsuli.

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germanel qalTa
kavSiri

ns
omis veteranTa
zrunvis liga

ns
mebrZolTa
liga

ns
teqnologiebis liga

ns
saaviacio
SenaerTebi
hirleris
axalgazrdoba
ns germanel
studentTa
liga

imperiis
sakvebi
fondi

germanel
sajaro moxeleTa
saimperio liga

ns
maswavlebelTa
liga

ns
qalTa
liga

po

ns motorizebuli
SenaerTebi

ns
iuristebis
liga

germanel
TemTa
asociacia

germanel
studentTa
asociacia

ss

SromiTi
servisi
ns universitetis
maswavleblebi
sa

germanuli
Sromis
fronti

ns
saxalxo
keTildReobis organizacia

ns
universitetis
kursdamTavrebulTa
asociacia

ns
eqimebis
liga

ns fizikuri
kulturis
imperiuli
liga

sqema 9-3 nacisturi moZraobis organizaciebi

wyaro: Mark N. Hagopian, Regimes, Movements, and Ideologies, me-2 gamocema (White Plains, N.Y.:
Longman, 1984). saavtoro ufleba 1984 Longman Inc. yvela ufleba daculia.

Zalze saeWvoa isic, rogor gvawvdian axal ambebs, gansakuTrebiT televiziiT. zogierTi konservatori kritikosi amtkicebs, rom satelevizio axali
ambebi (da zogadad media) asaxavs politikur dRis wesrigs an JurnalistTa da
diqtorTa Sexedulebebs, rac, Tavis mxriv, ZiriTadad liberaluri aris xolme.
garda amisa, radio da televizia xSirad zedmetad zedapiruli da sensaciebs
gamodevnebulia. isini cud ambebs ufro eZeben, vidre mniSvnelovan siaxleebs.
magaliTad, saarCevno kampaniebis teleasaxva yuradRebas amaxvilebs kandidatis
Zalisxmevaze, romelic mimarTulia startegiuli upiratesobis mosapoveblad,
imis magivrad, rom xazi gausvas im politikasa da ideebs, romlebsac isini qadageben da xSirad did dros uTmoben SeuTavseblobebs da Secdomebs _ rogor
waiborZika da Camovarda prezidenti vertmfrenis safexuridan an cudad gaxda
iaponiaSi yofnisas erT-erT oficialur vaxSamze. amasobaSi, nebismiers SeuZlia
isargeblos internet-teqnologiebiT, Seqmnas veb-gverdi, sadac asaxuli iqneba
saxelmwifo moRvaweTa piradi cxovreba da amgvarad gavceldeba Worebi. gasakviri araa, rom medias adanaSauleben ukanasknel oTx aTwleulSi sazogadoebaSi

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gavrcelebul mware cinizmSi. marTlac, rogorc erTi politologi amtkicebs
`aSS-Si saRi kampania manam ver iarsebebs, sanam is axal ambebze iqneba agebuli~.32
vinaidan qseluri da sakabelo satelevizio biznesis Semosavlebi damokidebulia mayurebelTa maRali reitingebis SenarCunebaze, satelevizio axali ambebi Sinaarsis nacvlad garTobasa da tragediaze akeTeben aqcents. magaliTad,
iSviaTi araa saRamos axal ambebSi ixiloT cxare kamaTi mowmesa da senatis romelime komitetis Tavmjdomares Soris maSin, rodesac micemuli Cvenebis Sinaarss
aranairi yuradReba ar eqceva. es Segnebuli korporaciuli gadawyvetilebaa.
televiziis xelmZRvanelebma ician, rom konfliqti da dapirispireba xalxs
arTobs da, rogorc wesi, cud ambebs kargi reitingi moaqvs xolme. amis gamoc,
televizia TiTqmis yovelTvis warmoaCens saprezidento arCevnebs rogorc
`doRs~, xazs usvams, vin aris win, vin moigo da vin waago raime Secdomis Tu samxilis gamo. telearxebi erTmaneTs ejibrebian, vin daaswrebs ramdenime wuTiT da
gamoacxadebs raime siaxles arCevnebis Sesaxeb. amitom bevri moqalaqisaTvis, saprezindento kampaniasa da arCevnebSi swored Sejibria yvelaze mniSvnelovani
mxare da ara Sedegebi.
ufro metic, axali ambebis saRamos gamoSvebebSi, telearxebi sul ufro nakleb dros uTmoben informacias amerikis politikuri liderebis Sesaxeb. axali
ambebis gaSuqebis kvlevam aCvena, rom 1968 da 1988 wlebSi prezidentis gamonaTqvamebis citirebis saSualo xangrZlivobam 45 wamidan 9 wamamde iklo.33 reportioris mokle Sesavali da prezidentis SedarebiT xangrZlivi sityva Seicvala
reportioris SesavaliT da komentarebiT, romlis fonze prezidentis komentarebi ukve mokrZalebulad gamoiyureba. imave sqemiT moqmedeben telearxebi adgilobriv doneze (regionebSi) _ isinic mniSvnelovnad, SeiZleba iTqvas zedmetad
arian damokidebuli imave faqtorebze razec didi telearxebi. kandidatebma da
saarCevno kampaniis menejerebmac kargad gaiTavises axali ambebis gaSuqebis es
Taviseburebani, amitom winaswar amzadeben Wkvianur gamonaTqvamebs, imisaTvis,
rom moxvdnen mediis zedapiruli da xSirad myvirala axali ambebis saTaurebSi.
rogorc kritikosebi amboben, Rrma analizi didi xania iqca manipulaciebis obieqtad mediakonsultantebis, piarspecialistebisa da politikis guruebis mxridan, romlebic amisTvis did gasamrjelos iReben.
kidev erTi aSkara tendencia, romelic SeSfoTebis mizezs iZleva, satelevizio axal ambebSi e.w. tabloiduri (bulvaruli, dabali donis) Jurnalistikis
mimarTulebiT gadaxraa. Worebsa da insinuaciebze (arapirdapir miniSnebebze)
aqcenti mediis mier xSirad gamoiyeneba, rogorc axali ambebis dafaruli mxareebis ganxilvis saSualeba; gaxmaurebuli sasamarTlo procesebis gaSuqebisas
aqcenti keTdeba ZiriTadad ambis uCveulo da gaukuRmarTebul mxareze. satelevizio Jurnalistikis amgvarma midrekilebam gaabundovana an saerTod waSala
gansxvaveba sensaciebs gamokidebul yovelkvireul gamocemebsa da seriozul
axal ambebs Soris. mayureblis yvelaze cxovelur instinqtebze gaTvlilma axali ambebis gaSuqebis stilma SeiZleba eTeridan gandevnos ufro seriozuli da
kompleqsuri axali ambebi.

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uaryofiTi reklama _ patiosani Tu upatiosno TamaSi?

masmedia sul ufro da ufro met uaryofiT politikur reklamas gvawvdis. es reklamebi
SesaZloa simarTles an Seesabamebodes an ara, magram xSirad Zalze efeqtiania. zogjer erTgvar politikur `Casafrebad~ warmodgenili, is politikuri oponentebis zedmiwevniT Seswavlis Sedegia da kampaniis periodSi strategiuli mniSvnelobis momentebSi gadaicema masmediis
saSualebiT.
ganvixiloT sandra Sulc niumenis (Sandra Schultz Newman) SemTxveva, romelic 1993 wlis
Semodgomaze pensilvaniis mosamarTleobaze iyrida kenWs. niumens, filadelfiis gareubnis
advokats, aranairi politikuri gamocdileba ar hqonda, magram man politikuri konsultantebis gundi daiqirava. mis oponents jozef mistiks (Joseph Mistick) ukeT icnobdnen _ pitsburgeli advokati meriaSi muSaobda da adgilobrivi zonebisa da dagegmarebis sabWos wevri
iyo.
niumenis konsultantTa gundma mistikis warsulis dasadgenad mkvlevarebi daiqirava.
maT pitsburgis Zveli gazeTidan eqvsi wlis winandeli ambavi amoqeqes. masSi naTqvami iyo,
rom pitsburgis zonebad dayofis komisiaSi muSaobisas mistikma sakuTari biznes-partniorebis sasargeblod, arc meti arc naklebi, 40-jer warmarTa saqme. niumenis gundma ocdaaTwamiani reklama moamzada, romelSic mistiks politikur arakoreqtulobaSi adanaSaulebdnen.
reklama kampaniis dasrulebamde ramdenime dRiT adre gauSves, ris gamoc mistiks TiTqmis ar
darCa dro pasuxis gasacemad. niumeni gamarjvebas zeimobda maSin, roca damarcxebuli mistiki
zonebad dayofis seqciaSi muSaobisas sakuTar patiosnebas amtkicebda.
wyaro: adaptirebulia James M. Perry-is Young Guns: A Second Generation of Political Han-

dlers Outduels Forebears, Wall Street Journal, ianvari 10, 1994, 6. ibeWdeba Wall Street Journal-is nebarTviT, saavtoro ufleba 1994, Dow Jones & Company, Inc. yvela ufleba daculia msoflios
masStabiT.

miuxedavad imisa, rom aseT kritikulobas garkveuli Sedegi moaqvs, mainc

saWiroa TavSekaveba. televizia aris Sejibrze damokidebuli industria,
romelzec gavlenas axdens momxmareblis gemovneba da survilebi. aqdan gamomdinare, axali ambebi gasarTobi xasiaTisaa, radgan mayurebels unda, rom is
aseTi iyos. metic, vinaidan saSualo mayurebeli yuradRebis koncentrirebas
mxolod mcire droiT axdens, televiziis xelmZRvanelebi upiratesobas aniWeben eqstravagantur videoteqnologiebs, myvirala kompiuterul grafikasa
da blic-interviuebs, swrafad cvlian ambebs, adgilebsa da kameris dayenebis
kuTxes. televiziis xelmZRvanelebs esmiT, rom mayurebels urCevnia axali ambebi winaswar damuSavebuli ulufebiT miiRos. damRleli samuSao dRis bolos,
mayurebelTa didi nawili sulac araa rTuli politikuri debatebis xasiaTze _
politikuri sakiTxebi xom, rogorc wesi, rTulia.
mediis tendencia, yuradReba gaamaxvilos negatiur ambebze, Segvaxsenebs,
rom sityvis Tavisufleba da xelisuflebis kritika liberalur demokratiebSi
daculi uflebebia. marTlac, gazeTebis Sinaarsi, radioTi da televiziiT gadmocemuli axali ambebi erT-erTi indikatoria imisa, rogoria Tavisuflebis
xarisxi am qveyanaSi. iq, sadac daSvebulia mTavrobis kritika, rogorc wesi, Tavisufleba daculia. sabolood, demokratiul saxelmwifoebSi masmedia pirovnu-

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li Tavisuflebis sazomicaa da garantic.

kanoni
zogierT sazogadoebaSi kanonSi ukve asaxulia moqalaqeTa Rirebulebebi
da Sexedulebebi, magram kanoni aseve exmareba am Rirebulebebisa da Sexedulebebis formirebasac. ra Tqma unda, zogierTi kanoni ubralod sazogadoebrivi
wesrigis dacvas emsaxureba (magaliTad, quCis marjvena mxares moZraobis ufleba). Tumca sxva kanonebi krZalavs iseT qmedebebs, romlebsac sazogadoeba Tavisi
arsiT borotebad miiCnevs, rogoricaa, magaliTad, mkvlelobasTan, pedofiliasTan, qurdobasa da rasobriv diskriminaciasTan dakavSirebuli kanonebi. msgavsi
kanonebis miReba da cxovrebaSi gatareba sazogadoebisaTvis gankuTvnili gzavnilebia (gansakuTrebiT ki sazogadoebis axalgazrda wevrebisaTvis, romelTa
moraluri Rirebulebebi msgavsi kanonebis saSualebiT yalibdeba), romelic iuwyeba, rom mkvleloba, yalbi Cvenebis micema, qurdoba da rasobrivi diskriminacia kanonis TvalSi danaSaulia da mas sasjeli mohyveba. moqalaqeTa politikur
socializaciaze am gzavnilis gavlena damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramdenad xdeba
misi miReba, gageba da cxovrebaSi ganxorcieleba.

ZiriTad politikur Rirebulebebs Soris balansi

eris politikur kulturas safuZvlad udevs is fundamenturi Rirebulebebi, romlebic Zvirfasia misi xalxisaTvis. araa aucilebeli es Rirebulebebi mTlianad Tanmimdevruli iyos, isini SeiZleba xandaxan konfliqturic
aRmoCndes. amas garda, araa aucilebeli, rom pirovnebaTa yoveldRiuri politikuri Sexedulebebi da qmedebebi yovelTvis standarts emTxveodes (xSirad
asec xdeba).34 Tumca, politikuri kulturis logika gulisxmobs politikuri
Rirebulebebis arsebobas, maT farTo aRiarebas da mTavrobis politikis Sesafaseblad am Rirebulebebis gamoyenebas. am erTobliv RirebulebaTa ubralo
arsebobac ki, momaval moqalaqeTa socializaciis procesSi samoqalaqo Rirsebebis Sesaxeb mocemuli sazogadoebis warmodgenis Camoyalibebis sulisCamdgmeli Zala xdeba. es procesi aseve gansazRvravs im temps, romliTac eris ZiriTadi
politikuri Rirebulebebi viTardeba mimdinare cvlilebaTa fonze (maT Soris
samecniero-teqnologiuri cvlilebebis). yvelaze mniSvnelovani isaa, rom farTod aRiarebuli Rirebulebebi saukeTeso dacvaa im problemebisgan, romelic
sazogadoebas SeiZleba Seeqmnas qronikuli (an Tundac epizoduri) arastabilurobis gamo.
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, piradi Rirebulebebi axlo kavSirSia ZiriTad sazogadoebriv (an samoqalaqo) RirebulebebTan.35 amerikelebs Zvalsa da
rbilSi aqvT gamjdari iseTi fundamenturi Rirebulebebis myari rwmena, rogoricaa pirovnuli Tavisufleba, politikuri Tanasworoba, kerZo sakuTreba
da religiuri Semwynarebloba. es ara marto asaxulia eris ZiriTad dokumentebSi, damoukideblobis deklaraciis, konstituciis da `federalistis~ CaTvliT,
isini amerikel axalgazrdebSi inergeba socialicaziis sxvadasxva strategiis
daxmarebiT.
sxva demokratiul sazogadoebebSi, socialicaziis procesi amis msgavsad

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mimdinareobs da imave miznebs emsaxureba rasac aSS-Si, magram iseTi ZiriTadi
Rirebulebebis gamoxatva rogoricaa Tavisufleba, Tanasworoba, usafrTxoeba,
keTildReoba da samarTlianoba (ix. Tavi XIII), iseve rogorc maTi zusti Sinaarsi
da maT Soris balansi sxvadasxva qveyanaSi sagrZnoblad gansxvavebulia. magaliTad, skandinaviis qveynebSi (da zogadad evropaSi), Tanasworobas gaaCnia rogorc
socialuri (klasobrivi), aseve politikuri ganzomileba (samoqalaqo uflebebi). Sesabamisad, saxelmwifo awarmoebs gacilebiT met socialur momsaxurebas
(magaliTad, yvelasaTvis garantirebuli jandacva), vidre amerikis SeerTebuli
Statebi. aseve, bevr evropul saxelmwifoSi Tavisufleba ar uSlis xels policias kriminaluri gamoZiebis dros ise, rogorc es aSS-Si xdeba xolme da aseve ar
zRudavs saxelmwifos mkacri antiteroristuli RonisZiebebis gatarebaSi (rogoricaa, magaliTad, ZiriTad saerTaSoriso aeroportebSi mZimed SeiraRebuli
samxedro piradi Semadgenlobisa da specialuri aparaturis gamoyeneba).

politikuri socializaciis warumatebloba

rodesac mravaleTnikuri eri ver axerxebs moaxdinos didi raodenobis moqalaqeTa erTi Temis (erTobis) wevrebad (axal erad) socializacia (politikuri
TvalsazrisiT), amas SeiZleba Sors mimavali Sedegebi mohyves. Tuki arsebobs
mravali Temi (erToba), iarsebebs mravali procesi da mravali politikuri kultura damkvidrdeba. ar moxdeba sxvadasxva erovnuli Temis wevrebis politikur
sistemaSi warmatebuli integrireba; maT ar eqnebaT saerTo normebi, wesebi da
kanonebi.
msgavsi warumatebloba SeiZleba daemuqros eri-saxelmwifod Camoyalibebis msurvel, mravaleTnikur an raime sxva mizeziT Sinaganad gaxleCili sazogadoebis arsebobasac. ukanasknel aTwleulebSi msoflio masStabiT gaxSirebuli
studenturi gamosvlebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom bevr sazogadoebaSi axalgazrdebis
politikuri socializacia aRaraa iseTi efeqtiani, rogoric odesRac iyo. magaliTad, 1987 wlis Semdeg samxreT koreaSi studentebma moawyves ramdenime masobrivi gamosvla, rac xSirad policiasTan fizikur dapirispirebaSi gadaizarda.
am studentTagan bevrma daufaravad gamoucxada undobloba mTlianad sistemas,
da ara mxolod romelime konkretul politikas. aSS-Si rasobrivi amboxebebi
los-anJelesSi 1992 wels, iseve rogorc ufro gviandeli msoflio bankis sawinaaRmdego demonstraciebi (magaliTad, 2000 wels sietlSi) iyo aSS-is xelisuflebis mimarT gaucxoebisa da undoblobis gamomxatveli gzavnili.
zogierTi moqalaqis sruli politikuri socializacia SeiZleba arc arasodes moxdes. politikuri reJimis uunaroba, moaxdinos moqalaqeTa socializacia SeiZleba moqalaqeTa mimarT xelisuflebis araerTgvarovani an usamarTlo mopyrobiT iyos gamowveuli. aseTma damokidebulebam SeiZleba gamoiwvios
moqalaqeTa gabrazeba, cinizmi, gamwareba an maTi danaSaulSi CarTva da revoluciac ki. ukiduresi usamarTlobis, tiranuli mmarTvelobis SemTxvevaSi SesaZloa moqalaqeTa `danaSaulebani~ gavamarTloT kidec. amgvarad, Tuki politikuri socializaciis warumatebloba xelisuflebaSi myofi ZalebisaTvis
yovelTvis zianis momtania, msgavsi warumateblobis zneobrivi da politikuri
Sedegebi yovelTvis advilad Sesafasebeli sulac araa.

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daskvna

moqalaqeobis koncefcias sxvadasxva xelisufleba sxvadasxvagvarad udgeba. ra Tqma unda, yvela saxelmwifo moiTxovs wesebis (kanonebis) dacvas da umravlesoba dabadebas an naturalizacias politikur sistemaSi moqalaqeobis sine qua
non (aucilebel pirobad) miiCnevs. demokratiul saxelmwifoebSi moqalaqeobis

koncefcia aseve dakavSirebulia Tanasworobisa da Tavisuflebis ideebTan, iseve rogorc politikaSi monawileobis ideasTan (magaliTad, perioduli arCevnebi). demokratiuli moqalaqeobis es ideali dasabams iRebs Zveli berZnuli
qalaq-saxelmwifoebidan, romlebic imdenad mcirericxovanni iyvnen, rom pirdapiri demokratiis saSualebas iZleodnen (xmis uflebis mqone moqalaqeebi piradad eswrebodnen sajaro Sekrebebsa da plebiscitebs).
rogor yalibdeba moqalaqe? politikuri socializacia aris procesi,
romelSic moqalaqes uyalibdeba Rirebulebebi, Sexedulebebi, rwmena da azrebi,
romelTa saSualebiT igi kavSirs amyarebs da moqmedebs politikur sistemaSi.
ganviTarebis procesSi myof moqalaqeze gansakuTrebuli gavlena aqvs ojaxs,
religias, sajaro ganaTlebas, masmedias, kanons, Tanatolebsa da ZiriTad politikur Rirebulebebs. politikuri socializacia udidesi mniSvnelobisaa; Tu
eri ver axerxebs moqalaqeTa didi nawilis socializacias, am eris politikuri
stabiluroba safrTxeSi aRmoCndeba.

sakvanZo sityvebi
moqalaqeoba
politikuri socializacia
azrTa genderuli sxvadasxvaoba politikur sakiTxebze
samoqalaqo ganaTleba
liberaluri ganaTleba
TanatolTa jgufebi
masmedia

kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis

1.

ratom iyo moqalaqeobis cneba aristotelesa da sxva politikuri moazrovneebisaTvis centraluri mniSvnelobis?

2.

rogoria sxvadasxva politikur sistemaSi moqalaqeobis ganmarteba? romeli maTgani aRwers saukeTesod moqalaqeobis Tqveneul gagebas? daasabuTeT sakuTari mosazreba.

3.

xandaxan amtkiceben, rom WeSmarit moqalaqeebs mxolod demokratiul

saxelmwifoSi SexvdebiT. ras gulisxmoben amiT?

4.

romeli faqtorebi axdens gavlenas moqalaqeTa politikur socializaci-

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aze?

SeniSvnebi
1. Aristotle, The Politics, Targm. da red. Ernest Barker (New York: Oxford University Press, 1962), 1276b,
101-102.
2. iqve, 1274b, 93.
3. Immanuel Kant, The Science of Right, tomi 42 (Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica, 1952), 436.
4. politikuri socializaciis Tanamedrove Seswavla mWidros aris dakavSirebuli xasiaTis Camoyalibebis
berZnul midgomasTan. maT Soris erT-erTi ZiriTadi gansxvaveba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom qceviTi
politikuri mecniereba ZiriTadad im proceszea koncentrirebuli, romlis Sedegad politikuri
Sexedulebebi yalibdeba, xolo berZnuli, yvela kargi moqalaqisaTvis aucilebeli xasiaTis
Taviseburebebs usvams xazs.
5. John Stuart Mill, A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Deductive, tomi 2 (London: Longmans, Green,
1879), 518.
6. damajerebeli samxili moaqvs Barbara Defoe Whitehead-s naSromSi Dan Quayle Was Right, Atlantic
(aprili 1993), 41. Tumca ojaxi martoxela mSobliT arSemdgari ojaxis mxolod erTi mizezia.
aRsaniSnavia, James Q. Wilson-is azri, erT-erTi mizezi `ojaxis dasustebisa, imaSia, rom sul ufro
meti bavSvi izrdeba martoxela mSoblis ojaxSi da xSirad es martoxela mSobeli Tineijeri
dedaa. meore mizezi im drois simcirea, romelsac martoxela an srulfasovani ojaxebi imeteben
sakuTari SvilebisaTvis da arasaxarbielo aRzrda. ormSobliani ojaxebis Sesaxeb akademiuri
msjelobisaTvis ix. James Q. Wilson-is The Family-Values Debate, Commentary (aprili 1993),
24-31. citata motanilia 24-e gverdidan.
7. ix. James Q. Wilson-is The Moral Sense (New York: Free Press, 1995), 141-163.
8. Harry Holloway da John George, Public Opinion, me-2 gamocema (New York: St. Martins Press, 1985),
73-77.
9. Herbert Winter da Thomas Bellows, People and Politics (New York: Wiley, 1977), 120.
10. Dean Jaros, Socialization to Politics (New York: Praeger, 1973), 87-88.
11. iqve, 83.
12. ix. M. Margaret Conway da Frank Fergert, Political Analysis: An Introduction (Boston: Allyn & Bacon,
1972), 106.
13. Holloway da George, Public Opinion, 79.
14. ix. M. Kent Jennings-is Preface; Henry Kenst-is The Gender Factor in a Changing Electorate;
da Arthur Miller-is Gender and the Vote, wignSi The Politics of the Gender Gap: The Social
Construction of Political Influence, red. Carol Mueller (Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage, 1987).
politikur literaturaSi mxars uWeren im mosazrebas, rom sqesTa Soris bunebrivi
gansxvaveba ganviTarebis fsiqologiaSi garkveul codnas moicavs; ix. Carol Gilligan-is In a
Different Voice (Camridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1982); da M. Belenky-is, B. Clinchy-is,
W. Goldberger-isa da J. Tarule-s Womens Ways of Knowing: The Development of Self, Voice, and
Mind (New York: Basic Books, 1986).
15. Michael Barone da Grant Ujifusa, The Almanac of American Politics, 1994 (Washington, D.C.: National
Journal, 1994), xxvii.
16. Ralph Buuljens, India: Religion, Political Legitimacy, and the Secular State, Annals of Political and
Social Sciences 483 (ianvari 1986): 107.
17. James Billington, The Case for Orthodoxy, New Republic, 30 maisi 1994, 26.
18. A. James Reichley, Religion in American Public Life (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1985),
2.

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19. amiT imas ar uarvyofT, rom religia uprincipo liderebis mier samarcxvino miznebiT
SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli.
20. msjeloba agebulia William Flanigan-isa da Nancy Zingale-is, Political Behavior of the American
Electorate (Boston: Allyn & Bacon, 1979), 184-187.
21. Kenneth Langton da M. Kent Jennings, Political Socialization and the High School Civics Curriculum,
American Political Science Review (seqtemberi 1968): 851.
22. Conway da Fergert, Political Analysis, 110. ix. aseve, Judith Torney-Purta, From Attitudes and
Knowledge to Schemata: Expanding the outcomes at political Socialization Research, wignSi Political
Socialization, Citizenship Education, and Democracy, red. Orit Ichilov (New York: Teachers College
Press, 1990), 99.
23. an ase gamoCndeba. mniSvnelovania ganvsazRvroT ara marto is, Tu ras vswavlobT, aramed
isic, Tu rogor vswavlobT. ix. Albert Speer-is komentarebi germanuli ganaTlebis Sesaxeb
wignSi Inside the Third Reich, R. Winston-isa da C. Winston-is Targm. (New York: Avon, 1971),
35.
24. Robert Erikson, Norman Luttbeg da Kent Tedin, American Public Opinion (New York: Macmillan,
1991), 113.
25. iqve, 7.
26. es sayovelTaod aRiarebulia. ix. James MacGregor Burns, J. W. Peltason, Thomas E. Cronin, da
David B. Magleby, Government by the People, me-17 gamoc. (Upper Saddle River, N. J.: Prentice Hall,
1998), 293.
27. iqve, 49-50.
28. Richard Dawson da sxvebi, Political Socialization, me-2 gamoc. (Boston: Little, Brown, 1977), 62-63.
29. James Q. Wilson da Richard Hernstein, Crime and Human Nature (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1985),
293.
30. iqve, 311.
31. es nawili agebulia Montague Kent-iseul analizze wignSi Thirty-Second Politics: Political
Advertising in the Eighties (New York: Praeger, 1989).
32. Thomas E. Patterson, Out of Order (New York: Vintage, 1994), 25.
33. Daniel Hallin-is kvleva citirebulia rogorc ufro vrceli diskusia am sakiTxze Samuel
Popkin-is wignSi The Reasoning Voter: Communication and Persuasion in Presidential Campaigns
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991), 228-229.
34. amitom daaskvna qcevis Semswavleli erT-erTi cnobili kvlevis avtorma `Tavisuflebisa
da demokratiis principebs naklebi enTuziazmiT uWeren mxars, roca isini maTeul
specifikur an praqtikul formebs ewinaaRmdegebian~. ix. Herbert McCloskey-is Consensus
and Ideology in American Democracy, American Political Science Review 58 (ivnisi 1964): 361384.
35. Donald Devine, The Political Culture of the United States (Boston: Little, Brown 1972), 187-230.
amerikuli kredos Semadgeneli faseulobebis Sesaxeb farTo msjelobisaTvis ix. aseve
Seymour Martin Lipset-is American Exceptionalism: A Double-Edged Sword (New York: Norton,
1996)

SeniSvnebi ar aris

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T aavv i X

politikuri
monawileoba
gav len is safasu
safasuri
ri
monawileobis formebi
samarTlebrivi formebi
formebi

arasamarTlebrivi

moqalaqeTa monawileobis gansazRvra

gamokiTxvebi
sazogadoebrivi azri
arCevnebi
saarCevno sistemebi
pirdapiri
demokratia
monawileobis Sefaseba: ratom mivceT xma?
xmis micema amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi
monawileobis modelebi
individualizmi da
politikuri
sazogadoebrivi monawileoba
apaTia: amerikuli daavadeba?
monawileobis Sefaseba: ra ician
amomrCevlebma?
monawileobis Sefaseba: Revolving Door (mbrunavi
kari)
elitisturi Teoriebi: rkinis kanonebi da
pluralistebi da
demokratiis ironia
elitistebi
politikuri monawileoba avtoritarul
saxelmwifoSi
politikuri partiebi
ZiriTadi miznebi
istoriuli safuZveli
erTpartiuli sistema
orpartiuli sistema
mravalpartiuli sistema
partiuli
perspeqtivebi: politikuri partiebis daknineba?
sistemebis ganmsazRvrelebi
interesTa jgufebi
zegavlenis wyaroebi da meTodebi
interesTa jgufebis
interesTa jgufebis tipebi
interesTa jgufebi demokrabumi PAC-i (politikur qmedebaTa komiteti) winaurdeba
klebulobs Tu ara sazogadoebrivi interesi?
interesTa jgufebi
tiul qveynebSi
avtoritarul qveynebSi

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me-9 TavSi vnaxeT, rom politikaSi mniSvnelovani monawileoba namdvili

moqalaqeobis Semadgeneli atributia. imisaTvis, rom iyos mniSvnelovani, monawileoba minimum nebayoflobiTi da Tanmimdevruli unda iyos. miuxedavad imisa,
rom politikuri monawileoba SeiZleba Zalian martiv da wesier saqmed gveCvenos, ufro axlos gacnobisas mis arasasurvel mxareebsac davinaxavT. magaliTad,
miuxedavad imisa, rom totalitarul sazogadoebebSi monawileoba TiTqos uzrunvelyofilia, mas aranairi azri ar gaaCnia, vinaidan saxelmwifo yvelas aiZulebs cru arCevnebSi monawileobas da mmarTveli partiis SerCeuli kadidatebisaTvis xmis micemas. amis sawinaaRmdegod, demokratiul qveynebSi politikuri
monawileoba nebayoflobiTia; moqalaqeebs aq miniWebuli aqvT sruli Tavisufleba, maT Soris armonawileobis.
bevr amerikels garkveuli dausabuTebeli varaudi aqvs demokratiasa da
politikur monawileobaze.

rac ufro meti moqalaqe monawileobs, miT ufro jansaRia demokratia;

monawileoba bunebrivia, anu moqalaqeebs undaT monawileoba;

saSualo amomrCeveli kargad informirebulia, anu monawileebma ician da esmiT is politikuri arCevani, romelsac akeTeben;

sazogadoebrivi azri mniSvnelovania.

am Sexedulebebs ufro axlos gavecnobiT politikur procesSi moqalaqeTa

monawileobis sxvadasxva formis ganxilvis Semdeg.

monawileobis formebi
moqalaqeebs, romlebsac surT politikaSi monawileoba, ori alternativa
aqvT _ isini SeiZleba CaerTon samarTlebriv an arasamarTlebriv saqmianobebSi.
moqalaqeTa umetesoba samarTlebriv monawileobas irCevs an saerTod ar monawileobs.

samarTlebrivi formebi
politikuri monawileobis yvelaze gavrcelebuli tipebi, arsebuli institutebis farglebSi, samarTlebriv saqmianobebs moicavs. moqalaqeTa umetesoba politikaSi metwilad simbolurad, pasiurad an ritualurad monawileobs
_ magaliTad, eswreba politikur mitingebs, monawileobs politikur gamokiTxvebSi, werils wers adgilobrivi gazeTis redaqtors an sakuTar manqanaze afiSas
akravs.
xmis micema tradiciuli monawileobis yvelaze TvalsaCino formaa. Tumca, xmis micemis efeqtianoba, rogorc aqtiuri moqalaqis monawileobis sazomi,
damokidebulia ramdenime faqtorze: ramdenad patiosnad aris daTvlili xmebi,
eleqtoratis sididesa (rac ufro metia amomrCeveli, miT ufro naklebi gavlena
aqvs TiToeul xmas) da realuri arCevanis arsebobaze. xmis micemas mniSvnelovani

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gzavnilis gadmocema SeuZlia; is SeiZleba Zlieri an komikuri elferis mSvidobiani protestis forma iyos. magaliTad, 1959 wels san-paulos (braziliis) ukmayofilo mosaxleobam qalaqis sabWoSi airCia martorqa adgilobrivi zooparkidan!1 analogiurad, gasuli sami aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi, SeerTebul StatebSi
Sedegze orientirebuli iniciativebisa da referendumebis raodenobis zrdis
mowmeni viyaviT; am periodis manZilze saxelmwifo amomrCeveli gansjida iseTi
gansxvavebuli sakiTxebis avkargianobas, rogoricaa sakuTrebis gadasaxadis
Semcireba an gayinva, homoseqsuali mamakacebisa da qalebisaTvis samarTlebrivi
dacvis donis gansazRvra da usafrTxoebis Rvedebisa da motociklistis Cafxutis gamoyenebis moTxovna.
SeerTebuli Statebis moqalaqeTa meoTxedi Tu iqneba met-naklebad aqtiurad CarTuli politikaSi.2 politikur aqtivistTa didi nawilis politikuri
partiebisaTvis xarjavs drosa da fuls, miekuTvneba sazogadoebriv interesTa
jgufs (rogorebic arian American Civil Liberties Union, Common Cause an Sierra Club) da
nebayoflobiT iRebs monawileobas Tavisi favoriti kandidatis kampaniaSi. bevri moqalaqe muSaobs samTavrobo organoebSic, gansakuTrebiT saxelmwifo da
adgilobriv doneze. xSirad es moqalaqeebi anazRaurebas ar iReben. realurad
SeerTebul StatebSi bevr adgilobriv mTavrobaSi saerTod aravin iRebs xelfass. adgilobriv doneze sajaro samsaxuri momavali profesionali politikosisaTvis garkveul skolas warmoadgens, romelic procedurebis, normebisa da
marTvis praqtikis sferoSi Rirebul pirvelad gamocdilebas uzrunvelyofs.
SeerTebul StatebSi politikuri aqtivistebi sakmaod iSviaTad gvxvdebian,
magram im adamianTa ricxvi, vinc politikur karieras umiznebs, kidev ufro mcirea. es im xalxis jgufia, romlebic warmoadgenen xelisuflebas anazRaurebad
politikur an arCeviT Tanamdebobaze (partiuli Tanamdebobebi, lobistebi, daniSvniTi Tanamdebobebi, saStato mosamsaxureebi, kanonmdeblebi da sxva). ra Tqma
unda, yvela Tanamdebobis piri ar iwyebs saqmianobas profesional politikosad.
marTlac, demokratiul sazogadoebebSi SedarebiT gamoucdeli kandidats iSviaTad irCeven maRal Tanamdebobaze.
politikuri saqmianobis yvela samarTlebrivi, Tumca moqalaqeTa
umravlesobisaTvis miuRebeli forma, aratradiciuli monawileobaa . bunebrivia, misaRebi politikuri qceva gavrcelebul politikur kulturazea
damokidebuli da mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba qveynebis mixedviT. SeerTebul
StatebSi, sadac moqalaqeTa umetesobisTvis kanoni da wesrigi didi Rirebulebaa,
umetesoba tradiciulad ar iwonebda protestebs da demonstraciebs. es principi garkveulwilad Seicvala boboqar 1960-ian wlebSi da 70-ianis da sawyisSi,
romelic rasobrivi TanasworuflebianobisaTvis brZolisa da viet namis omis
sawinaaRmdego sayovelTao studenturi gamosvlebis aRmasvliT gamoirCeoda.
Tumca, uotergeitis skandalis Semdegac ki, ramac prezidenti riCard niqsoni
1974 wels aiZula gadamdgariyo, sazogadoebis mxolod 8 procenti uWerda
mxars raime saxis demonstraciebs, rogoric aris mjdomare aqcia, masobrivi
gamosvla, mitingi an samTavrobo saqmianobis obstruqciis mcdeloba.3
imave wels gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom SeerTebuli Statebis mosaxleobis
umetesoba aratradiciuli politikuri qmedebis aTi formidan mxolod sams
afasebda dadebiTad: peticiebis xelmoweras, kanonier demonstraciebSi monawileobas da boikotis mxardaWeras (rogoric aris salaTis furclebis yidvisgan
Tavis Sekaveba dabalanazRaurebadi migranti muSebisadmi solidarobis niSnad)4
gamokiTxulTa mxolod 2 procenti amarTlebda politikuri miznebis misaRw-

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evad Zaladobis gamoyenebas. aratradiciuli monawileobis rbili formebis mxardaWera ufro maRalia im SemTxvevaSi, Tu amgvari qmedeba ar gadacdeba samarTlebriv zRvars.

arasamarTlebrivi formebi
politikuri reJimebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan imiT, ras
aniWeben isini arasamarTlebrivi monawileobis klasifikacias da ramdenad
mkacrad sjian aseT qcevas. rogorc wesi, avtoritaruli mTavrobebi politikur
saqmianobis ufro met formas acxadeben ukanonod, vidre demokratiuli mTavrobebi. magaliTad, demokratiuli mmarTvelobis pirobebSi sul ramdenime (an
saerTod arc erTi) politikuri partia cxaddeba aralegalurad da moqalaqeebs, rogorc wesi, SeuZliaT Sevidnen nebismier partiaSi sakuTari neba-surviliT, totalitaruli mmarTvelobis SemTxvevaSi ki, erTis garda yvela partia aralegaluria. metic, avtoritaruli mTavrobebi `politikur danaSauls~ metad
ganazogadeben da ufro mkacrad sjian politikur damnaSaveebs, vidre maTi demokratiuli analogebi.

amerikelTa umravlesobisaTvis misaRebia kanonieri demonstraciebi, rogorc

politikuri protestis forma. fotoze 1997 wels United Parcel Service-is winaaRmdeg mowyobili gaficvaa asaxuli.

zogierTi ukanono qmedeba _ gansakuTrebiT samoqalaqo daumorCile-

blobad wodebuli _ miznad isaxavs erovnuli Segnebis gaRvivebas (amitomac

zogierT qveyanaSi isini ufro efeqtiania, vidre sxvagan). samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba niSnavs konkretuli kanonebis darRvevas maTi usamarTlobis demonstrirebis mizniT. mahaTma gandim (1869-1948ww.) samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba
gamoiyena didi britaneTisgan indoeTis ganTavisuflebisaTvis brZolisas. martin luTer kingmac (1929-1968ww.) SeerTebul StatebSi rasobrivi Tanasworobis
miRwevis mizniT araZalismieri protestis mZlavri talRa aagora.

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samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba uars ambobs Zaladobaze da mouwodebs
monawileebs, sasjeli legitimurad aRiaron. speqtris meore mxares ki dgas:
politikuri terorizmi, romelic oponentTa demoralizebis, daSinebisa da
damorCilebisaTvis Zaladobas an Zaladobis muqaras mimarTavs; damxoba, mTavrobis damxobis mcdeloba, rac xSirad gareSe Zalebis daxmarebiT xorcieldeba;

ajanyeba, buntisa da antisamTavrobo qmedebebis provocireba. yoveli maTgani

revoluciuri qmedebaa. Tumca, imis mixedviT, ra reJimTan gvaqvs saqme, damxobad an ajanyebad SeiZleba miCneul iqnes aralegalur SexvedraSi monawileoba
an ukanono politikur partiaSi Sesvla, mTavrobis gamakritikebeli proklamaciebis dabeWdva an oficialuri politikisa da ideologiisagan gansxvavebuli
azris qona. bevr avtoritarul saxelmwifoSi mTavrobis nebismieri saxis oponireba, Tundac iseTi uwyinari ram, rogoricaa, vTqvaT, megobrisaTvis werilis miwera, romelic Seicavs saTaveSi myofi xelisuflebis farul kritikas, SeiZleba
CaiTvalos mTavrobis ZirgamomTxrel saqmianobad.
mTavrobis sawinaaRmdego, winaswar dagegmili teroristuli aqtebi yovelTvis revoluciuria. aseTi aqtebi ukanonoa TviTmarqvia qveynebSic ki, romelTac revoluciuri reJimebi marTavs (ix. Tavi XV).

moqalaqeTa monawileobis gansazRvra

demokratiul qveynebSi moqalaqeebi monawileoben politikaSi azris
gamoxatvisa da xmis micemis gziT. gamokiTxvebi yuradRebas amaxvilebs sazogadoebriv azrze da mkafiod gansazRvravs mas. pirvelad sazogadoebriv azrs ganvixilavT.

sazogadoebrivi azri
gamokiTxvebs, romlebic mkafiod gamokveTil sazogadoebriv azrs an mis
arsebiT cvlilebebs gviCveneben, SeuZliaT saxelmwifo Tanamdebobis pirTa
gadawyvetilebebze, qmedebebsa da politikaze iqonion gavlena. demokratiul
qveynebSi sazogadoebrivi azri imitomac aris legitimuri, rom mTavroba angariSvaldebulia amomrCevlebis winaSe. sazogadoebriv azrs imitom SeuZlia
gavlenis moxdena politikaze, rom politikosebs survili aqvT iyvnen arCeulni
da rac SeiZleba met xans darCnen Tanamdebobaze. magram rodesac sazogadoebrivi azri iyofa, rac iSviaTad ar xdeba, arCeul pirebs xSirad SeuZliaT misi
ignorireba moaxdinon.
sazogadoebrivi azrisa da misi gavlenis Sefaseba SeiZleba bundovani iyos.
misi gavlena maqsimaluria, rodesac: (1) moqalaqeTa mniSvnelovan raodenobas
konkretul sakiTxebze sakuTari Sexeduleba aqvs da maT mimarT ubralod indiferentuli ar aris; (2) is stabiluria xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi; (3) is
garkveuli mimarTulebiT araTanabradaa ganawilebuli; (4) is aSkarad sagrZnobia; da (5) sakiTxi, romelsac igi exeba, yvelasaTvis cnobilia anu amomrCevlebi
mas prioritetad miiCneven.
ramdenad seriozulad unda iTvaliswinebdnen liderebi moqalaqeTa azrs
mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebis miRebis dros? am sakiTxis ganxilvisas ar unda

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daviviwyoT, rom sazogadoebrivi azri xSirad naklebadaa racionaluri gaazrebis Sedegi da, rogorc wesi, narTauli gamonaTqvamebis, eWvebisa da varaudebis
nazavia, rac Tavis mxriv efuZneba crurwmenebs, winaTgrZnobebs da im adamianebis arasrul informacias, romlebic, Cveulebriv, politikas did yuradRebas
ar aqceven.

gamokiTxvebi
yvela mTavroba cdilobs sazogadoebrivi azris Sefasebasa da gaanalizebas. demokratiul saxelmwifoSi sazogadoebrivi azri sxvadasxva sakiTxze Tavisuflad fasdeba da ganixileba ara mxolod sazogadoebrivi dawesebulebebis,
aramed agreTve politikuri partiebisa da kandidatebis, mediis, sxvadasxva
kerZo organizaciis, kvleviTi institutebisa da mkvlevarebis mier. imis gansasazRvrad, ra damokidebuleba gaaCnia sazogadoebas mocemul sakiTxze, organizaciebi eyrdnobian sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxvas (moqalaqeTaTvis
maTi azris gamokiTxva), romelic yvelaze popularuli da sazogadoebrivi azris
cvlilebebis gansazRvrisa da grafikulad gamosaxvis zusti saSualeba gaxda.
sazogadoebrivi azris gazomvis pirveli mcdeloba iyo sazogadoebrivi az-

ris SerCeviTi gamokiTxva (straw polls), romelic mecxramete saukuneSi gazeTebma

ganaviTares. miuxedavad imisa, rom es gamokiTxvebi daumuSavebeli iyo, xSirad
swor prognozs akeTebda gamarjvebulis Taobaze. lokalur doneze gazeTebi,
radio da televizia dResac iyeneben am meTods. amgvari gamokiTxvebis mTavari
problema isaa, rom ar iZleva imis garkvevis saSualebas, ramdenad asaxavs aseTi
gamokiTxva mTliani mosaxleobis azrs.
Literary Digest-is gamokiTxva, romelmac iwinaswarmetyvela, rom alf lendoni
daamarcxebda franklin d. ruzvelts 1936 wels, aris yvelaze cnobili magaliTi
imisa, rogor SeiZleba aramecnieruli gamokiTxva damRupveli aRmoCndes _ am
SemTxvevaSi im JurnalisTvis, romelmac es gamokiTxva Caatara. ra iyo am konkretuli gamokiTxvis Secdoma? moqalaqeTa SerCevisas gamoiyenes satelefono
cnobari da manqanebis registraciis siebi _ ori Zalian arareprezentantuli
reestri, vinaidan 1930-ian wlebSi (didi depresiis periodi) mxolod mdidrebs
SeeZloT telefonisa da avtomobilis SeZena. Tumca, SerCevis imave meTodiT Literary Digest-ma zustad iwinaswarmetyvela wina sami saprezidento arCevnebis Sedegebi. miuxedavad amisa, 1936 wels gamokiTxva `Secda~ _ ruzveltma didi upiratesobiT moigo.
sxvaTa Soris, amiT dasrulda Literary Digestis gamokiTxvebi da, faqtobrivad
Tavad Literary Digest-is arsebobac. 1938 wlidan man arseboba Sewyvita.
ukanaskneli ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxvebis teqnologiebma ufro seriozuli saxe miiRo. gamokiTxvaTa umetesoba
adamianebs ekiTxeba eTanxmebian Tu ara isini ama Tu im gancxadebas an politikas.
zogierTi gamokiTxva moqalaqeebs sTxovs sxvadasxva politikur alternativas
Soris airCion erT-erTi (Tumca bevri Tvlis, rom es meTodi xelovnurad zrdis politikuri Sexedulebis mqone adamianTa raodenobas). aseTi gamokiTxvis
meTodebiT mkvlevarebi SedarebiT mcire raodenobis respondentTa pasuxebis
safuZvelze mosaxleobis didi nawilis poziciis prognozs akeTeben. yvelaze
xSirad mimarTaven SemTxveviT SerCevis meTods, rodesac xdeba mTeli mosaxle-

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obidan (`generaluri erToblioba~) SemTxveviT SerCeul moqalaqeTa gamokiTxva
(statistikosebma daadgines, rom 1500 respodentis SerCeva idealuria iseTi
gamokiTxvebisaTvis, romlebmac xalxis didi raodenoba unda moicvas). amgvari
SerCevisas asakobrivi, rasobrivi, religiuri, politikuri, ganaTlebis niSniT
SerCeuli da sxva jgufebi met-naklebad unda warmoadgendes mTel mosaxleobas.

gamokiTxvebis politikuri gamoyeneba (da borotad gamoyeneba)

tradiciulad, gamokiTxvebi afasebda sazogadoebriv azrs mas Semdeg, rac politikuri

liderebi ikavebdnen Tanamdebobas an amtkicebdnen kanons. Tumca, saarCevno kampaniaSi gamokiTxva ufro da ufro metad gaxda momavlis orientiri _ igi gamoiyeneba imis gansasazRvrad, ra
pozicia unda daikavon kandidatebma, rogor gavidnen mowinave poziciaze, an rogori politikuri gancxadebebi Seuqmnis maT pozitiur imijs. amas xandaxan strategiuli gamokiTxva (strategic polling) ewodeba.

imisaTvis, rom ganisazRvros, romeli politikuri gancxadeba an pozicia iqneba popularuli, gamoiyeneba fokus jgufebi ( focus groups)_ xalxis mcire raodenoba komunikaciebis
profesionali eqsperti xelmZRvanelobiT ganixilavs politikuri gzavnilis konkretul
sakiTxebs. ufro gvian ganviTarda eleqtronuli gamokiTxva, romelmac moicva satelefono
jgufebic (dial groups) , romelic saSualebas aZlevs moqalaqeebs darekviT daaregistriron
dadebiTi an uaryofiTi pasuxi.
strategiuli gamokiTxva jimi karteris prezidentobis Semdeg gaxda politikuri
cxovrebis wesi, maT Soris Tanamdebobis pirTaTvisac ki. prezidenti bil klintoni mniSvnelovnad eyrdnoboda gamokiTxvebs imis gansasazRvrad, romeli sakiTxebisaTvis mieqcia gansakuTrebuli yuradReba da rogor waredgina isini.

imis gamo, rom yovelTvis ar aris SesaZlebeli asobiT calkeuli intervius

Catareba, mkvlevarebi xandaxan winaswar irCeven respondentTa mcirericxovan
jgufebs, iseTi sakvanZo maxasiaTeblebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rogoricaa asaki,
religia, Semosavali da partiis wevroba. gamokiTxvis am meTods stratifici-

rebul SerCevas (strarified sampling) uwodeben. egzit-polebi, romlebic televiziebs saSualebas aZlevs saarCevno ubnebis daxurvis Semdeg iwinaswarmetyvelon politikuri gamarjvebulebi, warmoadgens stratificirebuli SerCevis
or dones. pirvel rigSi mkvlevarebi adgenen saarCevno ubans, romelic statistikurad uaxlovdeba ufro did politikur erTeuls (saarCevno ubans, Stats
an qveyanas). Semdeg isini, vinc atareben egzit-polis intervius, cdiloben ise
moaxdinon adamianTa SerCeva, rom is yvelaze kargad asaxavdes saarCevno ubnis
saerTo maxasiaTeblebs.

Tvalyuris devneba-gamokiTxvaSi, anu adamianTa erTi da imave jgufis

mravaljerad gamokiTxvebSi (tracking polls), rasac xSirad kandidatebi saxelwifo
organizaciebisaTvis, kampaniis mimdinareobisas atareben, erTi da igive amomrCevlebi monawileoben ganmeorebiT. aseTi gamokiTxvebiT cdiloben daadginon
cvlilebebi amomrCevlis damokidebulebaSi da daakavSiron is mediis strategiasTan, sakiTxebis cvlilebebTan, kandidatebis SecdomebTan da a.S. amgvari
gamokiTxvebis mizania kandidats miawodos informacia imis Sesaxeb, romeli

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strategia muSaobs (da romeli ara) mocemuli kampaniis dros. amgvari strategiuli gamokiTxvebi xSirad gamoiyeneba fokus-jgufebTan da kampaniis sxva saSualebebTan erTad.
gamokiTxvebi, Cveulebriv, sakmaod zustia, magram iSviaTad _ uSecdomo;
TviT umaRles doneze organizebul gamokiTxvebSic ki SeiZleba iyos cdomilebebi. rogorc wesi, 0.05 sarwmunoobis xarisxis SemTxvevaSi maT aqvT 3 procentiani cdomilebis zRvari, rac imas niSnavs, rom 100-dan 95 SemTxvevaSi nebismieri mimarTulebiT cdomileba araumetes 3 procentia. gamokiTxvis ama Tu im
meTodSi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania kiTxvis zusti da cxadi formulireba,
gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevebSi roca xalxs ar gaaCnia kargad Camoyalibebuli
mosazreba; ori alternatiuli politikis arCevanis SemTxvevaSi (magaliTad,
`federalurma mTavrobam unda aiRos sakuTar Tavze mosaxleobis sacxovrebliT
uzrunvelyofa, Tu adamianebma TviTon unda izrunon sakuTar saxlebze?~) zogierTi respondenti SeiZleba imdenad moeqces alternativaTa Tanmimdevrobis
gavlenis qveS, rom aman or kiTxvas Soris 30 procentiani gansxvaveba gamoiwvios.
es damokidebulia mxolod imaze, pirvelad romeli alternativaa mocemuli.5
ufro metic, imave kiTxvis imgvarad dasma, rom sakiTxis mxolod erTi mxare iyos
monaxsenebi (magaliTad, `federalurma mTavrobam unda aiRos Tu ara sakuTar
Tavze mosaxleobis adeqvaturi sacxovrebliT uzrunvelyofa?~) savaraudod,
gamoiwvevs ufro met dadebiT pasuxs im SemTxvevaSi, Tu am kiTxvis formulirebaSi Sevidoda mocemuli sakiTxis erTze meti alternativa.
qeT, es ewereba pirveli sami svetis Tavze!
`noemberSi saprezidento arCevnebTan dakavSirebiT ... prezidentis arCevnebi dRes rom Catarebuliyo da kandidatebi bil klintoni da bob douli yofiliyvnen.. vis miscemdiT xmas?~
es ewereba meore sami svetis Tavze!
`damdeg saprezidento arCevnebSi visTvis apirebT xmis micemas, Tu jer
ar gadagiwyvetiaT? danamdvilebiT iciT, rom xmas (saxeli) aZlevT, Tu jer ar
gadagiwyvetiaT?~
pirveli svetis qveS - klintoni
meoris _ douli
mesamis _ ar gadauwyvetia
kide qveS _ gamokiTxva Catarda 1996 wlis 8-11 ivliss
meoTxe svetis qveS - klintoni
mexuTis _ douli
meeqvsis _ ar gadauwyvetia

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kide qveS _ gamokiTxva Catarda 1996 wlis 29 ivnisi-2 ivlisi

sqema 10-1 ori erTi da igive gamokiTxva: gansxvavebuli Sedegebi

es ori gamokiTxva TiTqmis erTdroulad Catarda, magram Sedegebi radikalurad
gansxvavebulia. es faqti nawilobriv mainc gamowveulia kiTxvebis formulirebiT.
wyaro: The Polling Company National Survey, reprinted from John H. Fund, `The Perils
of Polling,~ Wall Street Journal, August 13, 1996, A12. ibeWdeba Wall Street Journal-is
nebarTviT. Copyright 1996 Dow Jones & Company, Inc. yvela ufleba daculia
msoflio masStabiT.

calkeuli gamokiTxvis Sedegebidan daskvnebis gamotanis arasaimedoba

naTlad Cans 10-1 sqemidan (`ori erTi da igive gamokiTxva, gansxvavebuli Sedegebi~). es magaliTi agreTve gviCvenebs, rogor SeuZlia gamokiTxvebs ara marto

gazomos sazogadoebrivi azri, aramed gavlenac iqonios masze. magaliTad, Tu

respondentebs usvamen kiTxvas Tambaqos mowevis zogad SeuzRudaobaze maTi piradi arCevanis gasarkvevad, ufro meti iqneba Tanaxma, vidre im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
igive kiTxvaSi moxseniebuli iqneba saSiSroeba, romelsac moweva uqmnis sxvebis
janmrTelobas. kandidatebi, korporaciebi da sxva organizebuli interesTa
jgufebi, visac surs aCvenos ama Tu im poziciis an produqtis popularoba, maTTvis sasurvel Sedegebs xSirad iReben kiTxvis frTxili formulirebis gziT.
samwuxarod, aseTi midgoma aprobirebuli meTodia rogorc saxelmwifo, ise kerZo seqtorSi.
samwuxarod Tu sabednierod, gamokiTxvebma saprezidento arCevnebis kampaniebSi did roli Seasrula. 1996 wlis arCevnebis ganmavlobaSi marto CNN-ma
daaxloebiT 200 gamokiTxva Caatara. SeadareT es 1992 wlis prezidentis saarCevno kampanias, rodesac yvela mediasaSualebam erTad Caatara 125-150 gamokiTxva.6 xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi gamokiTxvebis popularobam mniSvnelovnad
imata. erTma mkvlevarma aRniSna, rom 1968 wels Sromis dResa da arCevnebis dRes
Soris (maisidan noembramde _ mTrgm. Sen.) mxolod 10 erovnulma gamokiTxvam
mimarTa amomrCevlebs kiTxviT: `vis miscemdiT xmas, arCevnebi dRes rom tardebodes?~ 1996 wlis saprezidento arCevnebis dros ki 300 erovnulma gamokiTxvam
dasva igive kiTxva.7

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cxrili 10.1
1996 wlis saprezidento arCevnebis saboloo gamokiTxvis prognozi
gamokiTxvis
organizatori

klintoni

douli

pero

gamarjvebulis
zRvari

CBS/New York Times

53%

35%

9%

18

Pew Rsearch

49%

36%

8%

13

ABC News

51%

39%

7%

12

Harris

51%

39%

7%

12

NBC/Wall Street Journal

49%

37%

9%

12

USA Today/CNN/Gallup

52%

41%

7%

11

HOTLINE/Battleground

45%

36%

8%

Reuters/Zogby

49%

41%

8%

realuri Sedegebi

49%

41%

8%

wyaro: From Everett C. Ladds `The Pollsters Waterloo~ in the Wall Street Journal (November 19, 1995), p. A22. monacemebi mogvawoda koneqtikutis universitetis sazogadoebrivi kvlavis Roper Center-

ma. ibeWdeba avtoris nebarTviT.

bolo wlebSi sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxva ufro saimedo gaxda. magaliTad, jorj buSsa da el gors Soris 2000 wlis saprezidento maraTonis dros
CNN/USA Today/Gallup-sa da CNN/Time-is gamokiTxvebi saprezidento arCevnebis

wina dRes orive kandidatisTvis erTnair Sedegs winaswarmetyvelebdnen. sabolood buSma gamarjvebisaTvis sakmarisi amomrCevelTa kolegii xmebi daagrova floridis sakmaod saeWvo arCevnebis Semdeg, rac mogvianebiT uzenaesma sasamarTlomac daadastura. realurad gorma ufro meti xma miiRo, vidre buSma.
gamokiTxvis Sedegebma gaamarTla.
gamokiTxvebi mainc ar aris yovelTvis zusti an SedarebiT zusti, rogorc
es naCvenebia 10-1 cxrilSi. yvela politikuri gamokiTxva garkveul risks Seicavs. gamokiTxva, pirvel rigSi, drois mcire monakveTSi arsebuli sazogadoebrivi azris gamovlenis saSualebaa, xolo sazogadoebrivi azri Zalian xSirad
icvleba. meorec, gamokiTxvebi farTod gavrcelda da momabezrebeli gaxda,
ris gamoc moqalaqeebi naklebi enTuziazmiT iReben maTSi monawileobas. mesamec, sxvadasxva gamokiTxvas Soris mniSvnelovani meTodologiuri gansxvavebebi
arsebobs. arCevnebs Soris Catarebuli gamokiTxvebi Tavisi mniSvnelobiT SeiZleba ewinaaRmdegebodes saarCevno kampaniebis dros Catarebul gamokiTxvebs.
magaliTad, prezidentis popularoba, romelsac zomavs sazogadoebrivi azris
gamokiTxva, xels uwyobs imis gansazRvras, ra gavlena aqvs prezidents ama Tu
im politikur sakiTxze. imaves Tqma SeiZleba prezidentisa da kongresis urTierTobebze, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac mowinaaRmdege partias umravlesoba
hyavs erT-erT an orive palataSi.

arGevnebi
mniSvnelovani arCevnebi gamokiTxvebs yvelaze saWiro politikur gamar-

318
Tlebasa da gamoyenebas uZebnis. arCevnebis gareSe gamokiTxvebis politikuri
gamoyeneba mniSvnelovnad SezRuduli iqneboda.
arCevnebis funqciebi. raoden saocaric unda iyos, gansxvavebul politikur sistemebSi arCevnebs gansxvavebuli funqciebi aqvs. samxedro diqtaturebis
SemTxvevaSi, rogorc wesi, regularuli arCevnebi, ubralod, ar tardeba _ rac
aseT reJimebSi samoqalaqo monawileobis minimalur an srul ararsebobaze mianiSnebs. Tu arCevnebi totalitarul saxelmwifoSi mainc tardeba, maT ubralo
politikuri ritualis saxe aqvT, rac mmarTvelebs maTi xelisuflebis legitimaciis saSualebas aZlevs. maTgan gansxvavebiT konstituciuri demokratiebis
pirobebSi arCevnebi principuli saSualebaa moqalaqeTa mier mmarTvelis gansasazRvrad. arCevnebi iribad imasac gansazRvravs, ra politika iqneba gatarebuli momavalSi.
Tavisufali arCevnebi TavisTavad gulisxmobs warmomadgenlobis koncefcias. warmomadgenlebi, romlebic moqmedeben amomrCevelTa saxeliT, iReben
sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebel gadawyvetilebebs, romlebsac moqalaqeebi,
maTi didi raodenobis gaTvaliswinebiT, erToblivad ver miiRebdnen. Tanamedrove konstituciuri mmarTvelobis ZiriTadi idea ukve gulisxmobs, rom arCevnebi umniSvnelovanesia WeSmaritad warmomadgenlobiTi sistemis funqcionirebisaTvis.
arCevnebis SezRudvebi. idealur SemTxvevaSi arCevnebma demokratiul
sazogadoebas Tavisi moqalaqeebis survilebis kanonebsa da politikaSi asaxvis
saSualeba unda misces. Tumca, realurad arCevnebs yovelTvis ar mosdevs idealuri Sedegebi. arCevnebs, rogorc sazogadoebrivi arCevanis saSualebas, Semdegi Tanmdevi SezRudvebi gaaCnia:
1.

Tu umniSvnelovanes movlenaze sazogadoebrivi azri arasworad gansazRvruli an daqsaqsulia, axladarCeuli Tanamdebobis pirebi amomrCevelTagan ver miiReben mkafiod gansazRvrul mandats. Tu aseTi mandati mainc
iqneba micemuli, Tanamdebobis pirebma SeiZleba konkretul sakiTxze
sazogadoebrivi azri an arasworad gaigon, an ugulebelyon, an Secvalon.

2.

saxelmwifo Tanamdebobis dasakaveblad saWiro saarCevno kampanias Zalian

didi dro da uamravi fuli sWirdeba, ris gamoc bevri kvalificiuri kandidati ver iRebs arCevnebSi monawileobas, an zog SemTxvevaSi upiratesoba
usamarTlod eniWeba ama Tu im kandidats.

3.

rac SeiZleba meti amomrCevlisa da interesTa jgufis mozidvis mizniT sajaro moxeleobis kandidatma SeiZleba ama Tu im sakiTxze aramyari pozicia
daikavos. am winaswar ganzraxulma gaurkvevlobam SeiZleba patiosan amomrCevels gonivruli arCevanis gakeTeba gaurTulos.

4.

kandidatebi xSirad iZlevian dapirebebs, romelTa Sesrulebac maT ar SeuZliaT, vinaidan saTanadod ver afaseben mosalodnel sirTuleebs. SeerTebul StatebSi rTulia politikuri cvlilebebis gatareba, radgan xSirad
prezidentis da kongresis politika gansxvavdeba. winaaRmdegobas qmnis
isic, rom warmoudgenlad CaxlarTuli sabiujeto procesi mTel yuradRebas iqcevs da xSirad kongresis paralizebasac ki iwvevs.

5.

Tanamdebobaze arCevis Semdeg kandidatma SeiZleba ubralod Seicvalos

Sexeduleba konkretuli politikis sasurvelobasa da vargisianobaze.

319
specifikuri interesebis Zlierma zegavlenam, ufro meti da ukeTesi informaciis xelmisawvdomobam an gansxvavebuli saSinao da sagareo politikis CaxlarTuli urTierTdamokidebulebis gacnobierebam kongresis
axalarCeul wevrze SeiZleba arsebiTi gavlena iqonios.

Tanamedrove konstituciuri xelisuflebis idea gulisxmobs politikur warmomadgenlobas, xolo WeSmaritad warmomadgenlobiTi sistemis funqcionirebisaTvis arCevnebi arsebiTia. fotoze kenieli amomrCeveli biuletens agdebs.

miuxedavad SezRudvebisa, sxva meTodebTan SedarebiT, arCevnebi saukeTeso

saSualebaa moqalaqeTa azrebis saxelmwifo politikad realizaciisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT ki did da mravalferovan sazogadoebaSi. realurad arsebobs kargi
safuZveli vifiqroT, rom politikuri dapirebebi ufro xSirad sruldeba, vidre irRveva.8 xandaxan Tanamdebobis pirebi imedebs gvicrueben, Tumca siurprizebsac iSviaTad gviwyoben. amomrCevels sakmaod kargad aqvs warmodgenili, ras
unda elodos konkretuli kandidatisgan, romelsac igi irCevs. dabolos, xandaxan kandidatebs darRveuli piroba Zvirad ujdebaT.

saarGevno sistemebi
saarCevno sistemebi SeiZleba struqturulad sxvadasxvagvari iyos. mogebuli iRebs yvela mandats (Winner-take-all) (CvenTan uwodeben maJoritaruls)
da proporciuli warmomadgenlobiTi sistemebi arCeviTi warmomadgenlobis
yvelaze farTod gavrcelebuli meTodebia.
maJoritaruli sistema _ mogebuli iRebs yvela mandats (Winner-take-all).
SeerTebul StatebSi kongresis wevrs irCeven erTmandatiani saarCevno ubnidan
xmaTa martivi umravlesobiT; anu winner-take-all sistemaSi mxolod erTi warmomadgeneli airCeva TiToeuli saarCevno ubnidan da is kandidati, vinc yvelaze met

320
xmas daagrovebs, ikavebs Tanamdebobas. vinaidan Statis ori senatori irCeva sxvadasxva wlebSi, mTliani Stati warmoadgens erTmandatian saarCevno ubans. dabolos, saprezidento arCevnebis drosac, ormocdaaTive Stati erTmandatiani saarCevno ubania, vinaidan yvela saarCevno xma eniWeba prezidentobis im kandidats,
romelic iRebs xmaTa umravlesobas am Tu im konkretul StatSi.
aseTi sistemis praqtikuli politikuri Sedegebi mravalferovania. erTmandatian saarCevno ubanSi nebismieri arCevanis dros, rodesac mxolod ori
kandidatia, erT-erTi maTgani aucileblad miiRebs martiv umravlesobas, romelic amomrCevelTa yvelaze did gaerTianebad ganisazRvreba. Tu sami an meti
kandidati ibrZvis gamarjvebisaTvis, arCeulad iTvleba is, vinc miiRebs yvelaze
met xmas: xuTi kandidatis SemTxvevaSi SesaZloa gaimarjvos iman, vinc miiRebs
xmaTa 25 procents (an naklebs). rogorc vnaxavT, es meTodi xels uwyobs orpartiuli sistemis Camoyalibebas.
Winner-take-all Sedegebi _ aseve cnobili, rogorc first past the post saarCevno

sistemebi, aSS kongresis arCevnebis 10-2 hipoTetur cxrilSi aris grafikulad

asaxuli. gaiTvaliswineT, rom am sistemas hqonda minimum erTi upiratesoba
mainc: igi gansazRvravs sufTa gamarjvebulebs. ubralo umravlesoba wyvets, vin
iqneba saarCevno ubnis warmomadgeneli. cxrilSi moyvanil magaliTSi liberali
joni aris sufTa gamarjvebuli. magram am xelsayreli SedegisaTvis safasuri
unda iqnes gadaxdili _ umravlesobam (amomrCevelTa 57 procentma) ar misca xma
liberals. ubralod, maT SeeZloT darCeniliyvnen saxlSi. arc konservatori
jeinisa da upartio aimas politika da arc umravlesobis mier miniWebuli upiratesobebi am saarCevno ubnidan warmodgenili ar iqneba.
Winner-take-all saarCevno sistemas SeuZlia qveyanaSi arsebuli politikuri
naklovanebebi warmoaCinos. Cvens hipoTetur arCevnebSi liberalma gaimarjva
saarCevno ubnis xmaTa mxolod 43 procentiT, magram igi gaxda 100 procentiani
warmomadgeneli. ra Tqma unda, misi kandidatura dafinansebuli iyo Zlieri organizaciisaori wamyvani amerikuli politikuri partiidan erT-erTis mier. amas
garda, es ori partia inertulobis wyalobiT igebs _ xmas aZleven Cveulebis da
ara rwmenis gamo.
cxrili 10.2
hipoTeturi politikuri maraToni
partia

kandidati

miRebuli
xmebi

xmebis
procentuli
raodenoba

demokratiuli

liberali joni

25,800

43

respublikuri

konservatori jeini

24,600

41

damoukidebeli

upartio aima

9,600

16

aseTi sistemis dros ori mTavari partiidan erT-erTi yoveli arCevnebis Sedegad mudmivad iRebs warmomadgenlobis uflebas, romelic arCevnebSi
monawile meore partiisa da meorexarisxovani partiebis xarjze miRebuli saarCevno xmebis proporciuli ar aris. amgvarad, mTavarma partiam, romelic amomrCevlis 40-dan 45 procentamde xmas iRebs, SeiZleba mandatebis umravlesoba
miiRos, rogorc es ZiriTadad xdeba britanul arCevnebSi. arCevnebis suraTis
aseTi damaxinjeba imdenad gavrcelebulia did britaneTSi, rom mTavar partias,

321
romelic iRebs xmebis naxevarze naklebs, SeuZlia damajereblad gaimarjvos
(xmaTa umravlesobis miRebis Sedegad iRebs saparlamento umravlesobas).
amgvarad, winner-take-all saarCevno sistema xels uwyobs ori mTavari politikuri partiis Camoyalibebas da arTulebs mcire politikuri partiebis
zrdas. mravalpartiul sistemasTan SedarebiT upiratesoba gamoixateba ufro
met politikur stabilurobaSi. Tumca, zogierTi kritikosis azriT, amgvari
stabiluroba miiRweva warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiisTvis misi dedaazris
mospobiT _ anu aqcentis gakeTebiT mTavrobaze, romelic umravlesobis survils
(da preferenciebs) gamoxatavs. imis gamo, rom winner-take-all sistema ar warmoaCens
amomrCevlis mTeli speqtris azrebsa da interesebs, igi iswrafvis gazardos
mmarTveli partiis (an partiebis) sakanonmdeblo Zalaufleba da dabrkolebebi
Seuqmnas umciresobis partiaTa mcdelobas, Seiqmnan sakanonmdeblo niadagi.
proporciuli warmomadgenlobiTi sistemebi. winner-take-all-is alternativas warmoadgens proporciul warmomadgenlobaze dafuZnebuli saarCevno
sistema, romlis mizania uzrunvelyos sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebaSi partiebisaTvis eleqtoratis mxardaWeris TiTqmis Sesabamisi warmomadgenloba. rogorc
wesi, aseTi sistemis SemTxvevaSi qveyana dayofilia saarCevno ubnebad, saidanac
irCeven ramdenime deputats. maT Soris Tanamdebobebi nawildeba partiebis mier
TiToeul ubanSi miRebuli xmebis raodenobis Sesabamisad.
im mraval qveyanas Soris, romlebmac danerges es sistema, aris israeli,
italia, belgia, norvegia da irlandia. germaniac iyenebs proporciuli warmomadgenlobis sistemas bundestagis (parlamentis qveda palatis) wevrTa naxevris
asarCevad. rogorc wesi, kandidati ubanze igebs arCevnebs, Tu igi miiRebs xmaTa
garkveul raodenobas. xmaTa minimaluri raodenoba ganisazRvreba gamoyofil
Tanamdebobebze xmaTa raodenobis gayofiT. magaliTad, warmovidginoT, rom
10-2 cxrilis SemTxvevaSi proporciul warmomadgenlobasTan gvaqvs saqme. saarCevno ubanze gamoyofilia sami mandati da amomrCevelTa saerTo raodenoba 60
000-ia. aseTi viTarebaSi kandidati arCeuli iqneba partiis mier miRebuli yoveli 20 000 xmis SemTxvevaSi. am formulis mixedviT orive kandidati, liberalic da konservatoric arCeulad CaiTvleba, vinaidan TiToeulma 20 000-ze meti
xma miiRo. saarCevno ubnis mesame warmomadgeneli ganisazRvreba regionaluri
gadanawilebis principiT, romelic Semdegnairad moqmedebs: demokratebis 5
800, respublikelebis 4 600 da damoukidebeli kandidatebis 9 600 xma gadaecema
regions, sadac igi sxva saarCevno ubnebis xmebTan erTad daiTvleba da xelaxla
gadanawildeba. im SemTvevaSi, Tu regionaluri gadanawilebiT kandidati ver
airCeva, SeiZleba saWiro gaxdes qveynis masStabiT gadanawileba. amgvarad, proporciuli warmomadgenlobiTi sistema uzrunvelyofs, rom arc erTi sarCevno
xma ar ikargeba.
Tumca, zogierTma qveyanam patara, umniSvnelo partiebis momravlebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT proporciuli warmomadgenlobis sistemis modificireba moaxdina. aseT qveynebSi umciresobis partiebma unda miiRon gansazRvruli
minimaluri xmebis raodenoba (saarCevno barieri _ mTrgm. Sen.), raTa saarCevno
ubnidan hyavdeT TavianTi warmomadgeneli. germaniasa da ruseTSi es minimumi 5
procentia, sxva qveynebSi SeiZleba 15 procenti da metic ki iyos.

saarCevno siebi (list sistem) proporciuli warmomadgenlobis gamoyenebis

yvelaze gavrcelebuli meTodia. amgvari sistemis dros partias SeuZlia saarCevno ubanze ramdenic surs, imdeni kandidati waradginos. am SemTxvevaSi par-

322
tiam saarCevno biuletenSi unda moaxdinos maTi ranJireba _ Tu partia miiRebs
xmaTa raodenobas, romelic sakmarisia mxolod erTi mandatis mosapoveblad,
mandats miiRebs saarCevno siaSi miTiTebuli pirveli kandidati; Tu partia
daagrovebs ori mandatis mosapoveblad sakmaris xmaTa raodenobas, maSin siaSi
miTiTebuli meore kandidatic miiRebs mandats da a.S. saarCevno siebis sistema
mniSvnelovnad aZlierebs partiebs, vinaidan moqalaqeebi xmas aZleven partias
(da ara kandidats) da partia akontrolebs kandidatTa Tanmimdevrobas saarCevno biuletenebSi.
arsebobs saarCevno siebis alternatiuli sistemebi. erT-erTi maTgani
emyareba calkeul, gardamaval xmis micemas da ufro metad aqcents akeTebs individualur kandidatebsa da personebze, vidre partiebze. kandidatebi Tavisuflad ecilebian erTmaneTs dasakavebel Tanamdebobebs. kvota winaswar aris
gansazRvruli da yvela kandidati, vinc daagrovebs xmaTa saWiro raodenobas,
iTvleba arCeulad. magram es sistema ucnaur xriks Seicavs: yvela amomrCeveli
miuTiTebs pirvel da meore arCevans. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu pirveladi arCevanis
xmebis daTvlis Semdeg kidev rCeba auTvisebeli mandatebi, zedmeti xmebi, amomrCevlis meore arCevanis gaTvaliswinebiT, gadadis darCenil kandidatebze.
saarCevno sistemaTa Sedareba. proporciul warmomadgenlobiT sistemas
winner-take-all warmomadgenlobiT sistemasTan SedarebiT garkveuli upirateso-

bebi gaaCnia. ufro naklebi xma `ikargeba~, SexedulebaTa ufro farTo speqtri
da sakanonmdeblo organoSi ufro met partias SeuZlia hyavdes warmomadgeneli.
es sistema winner-take-all sistemasTan SedarebiT ufro samarTliani da miukerZoebelia, vinaidan Tanamdebobebi partiebs Soris nawildeba maT mier miRebuli
xmebis raodenobis Sesabamisad.
Tumca, proporciul warmomadgenlobas, gansakuTrebiT saarCevno siebis
SemTxvevaSi, ramdenime arasasurveli movlena axasiaTebs, maT Soris partiis
centralizaciis aSkara tendencia, erT sakiTxze koncentrirebuli partiebis
aRmoceneba, ufro intensiuri saparlamento fraqcionalizmi, qveynis masStabiT
konsensusis miRwevis garTuleba, politikuri partiebis, rogorc politikuri
arCevanis ZiriTadi saSualebebis sasargeblod individualuri kandidatebis
ugulebelyofa. zogierTi am movlenaTagani SeiZleba sasurvelic ki iyos. miuxedavad winner-take-all sistemis xarvezebisa, amerikelTa umetesoba ar emxroba axali, ucnobi sistemiT mis Canacvlebas. siaxlisadmi SiSi amerikuli politikis
mTavari mamoZravebeli Zalaa.

pirdapiri demokratia
pirdapiri demokratia niSnavs, rom politikur sakiTxebs amomrCeveli
TviTon wyvets. albaT amis sayovelTaod cnobili modelia qalaq niu inglendis
municipalitetis Sexvedra. konstitucia, arCeuli warmomadgenlebis uzrunve-

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lyofiT, warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis sasargeblod uaryofs pirdapiri demokratiis ideas.

pirveli oTxkuTxedi iniciativa, referendumi da impiCmenti

meore iniciativa da referendumi
mesame iniciativa
meoTxe impiCmenti
mexuTe referendumi
meeqvse arc erTi
sqema 10-2 moqalaqeTa mier safuZvelCayrili iniciativa, referendumi da
impiCmenti Statebis doneze
wyaro: ibeWdeba Thomas E. Cronin-is wignis Direct Democracy: The Politics of Initiative, Referen-

dum, and Recall-is gamomcemelTa nebarTviT (Cambride, Mass.: Harvard University Press). saavtoro
ufleba 1989, Twentieth Century Fund, Inc. ganaxlebulia Thomas Magstadt-is mier, 2002w.

dRes bevrgan pirdapiri demokratia Tanaarsebobs warmomadgenlobiT demokratiasTan. zogierT demokratiul qveynebSi, rogoricaa Sveicaria da avstralia, agreTve amerikis ramdenime Stati, moqalaqeebs SeuZliaT gverdi auaron
kanons an Caanacvlon igi sajaro politikis specifikur sakiTxebze pirdapiri kenWisyriT. rogorc wesi, aseT arCevnebs plebisciti ewodeba. SeerTebul StatebSi
arsebobs pirdapiri demokratiuli arCevnebis sami forma. referendumi tardeba maSin, rodesac kanonmdebloba an konstitucia sakiTxs an sajaro politikas
gansaxilvelad warudgens amomrCevlebs. zogierT SemTxvevaSi xmis micemas ufro
sarekomendacio xasiaTi aqvs (eleqtoratis preferenciebis maCvenebelia); sxva
SemTxvevebSi ki imisaTvis, rom kenWisyraze dayenebuli sakiTxi ZalaSi Sevides,

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amomrCevlis Tanxmobaa saWiro. sakanonmdeblo iniciativis SemTxvevaSi sakiTxi
amomrCevels TviTon gaaqvs gansaxilvelad xelmoweraTa winaswar dadgenili
raodenobis Segrovebis Semdeg. impiCmenti aris politikuri meqanizmi arCeuli
Tanamdebobis piris gadasayeneblad. igi iniciativis msgavsia da gansaxilvelad
gadis moqalaqeTa xelmowerebis winaswar gansazRvruli raodenobis Segrovebis
Semdeg.

iniciativa da referendumi
arsebobs ori saxis iniciativa _ pirdapiri da iribi; referendumic ori saxis arsebobs _ saxalxo da sakanonmdeblo. ocdasamma Statma Statis masStabiT daakanona iniciativa an saxalxo referendumi 1898-1959 wlebSi; oTxma Statma ki _ 1958 wlis Semdeg.

ocdaSvid Stats aqvs garkveuli saxis iniciativa an saxalxo referendumi.

ocdaoTx Stats aqvs iniciativis raRac forma.

ocdaoTx Stats aqvs saxalxo referendumi.

ormocdacxra Stats gaaCnia sakanonmdeblo referendumi.

pirveli Stati, romelmac 1778 wels Caatara sakanonmdeblo referendumi

konstituciis miRebis mizniT, iyo masaCusetsi.

pirveli Stati, romelmac 1898 wels daakanona iniciativa da saxalxo referendumi, iyo samxreT dakota.

pirveli Stati, sadac 1904 wels iniciativas eyara kenWi, iyo oregoni.

pirveli Stati, romelmac 1897 wels qalaqebs misca iniciativisa da saxalxo

referendumis Catarebis ufleba, iyo nebraska.

pirveli Stati, romelmac 1907 wels sakuTar konstituciaSi gaiTvaliswina

iniciativa da saxalxo referendumi, iyo oklahoma.

ukanaskneli Stati, romelmac 1992 wels daakanona iniciativa, iyo misisipi.

wyaro: adaptirebulia Initiative and Referendum Institute, http://www.iandrinstitute.org/factsheets/quick-

facts.htm, accessed May 15, 2002.

mravali demokratia politikur sakiTxTa pirdapiri xmis micemiT gadawyvetis cnobil magaliTebs gviCvenebs. 1962 wels safrangeTis prezidentma, Sarl
de golma prezidentis (TviT de golis) pirdapiri arCevnebis Casatareblad
referendumis gziT Sesworeba Seitana konstituciaSi. 1973 wels didma britaneTma, pirvelad mis istoriaSi, Caatara referendumi imis gansasazRvrad, gawevrianebuliyvo Tu ara saerTo bazarSi (evropis ekonomikuri Tanamegobrobis
araoficialuri saxelwodeba). (xmaTa mcire upiratesobiT sazogadoebam mxari
gawevrianebas dauWira). SeerTebul StatebSi pirdapiri demokratiis Tanamedrove periodi saTaves iRebs 1978 wlis kaliforniis cnobili Proposition 13-dan
(sakanonmdeblo cvlileba), romelmac ara marto minimum gaanaxevra gadasaxadi
kerZo sakuTrebaze, aramed safuZveli Cauyara sxvadasxva inicitivebisa da referendumebis saqveyno Catarebas.
pirdapiri demokratiis mravali RonisZieba eWvs iwvevs. magaliTad, 1996
wels miRebulma kaliforniis samoqalaqo uflebaTa iniciativam (CCRI) kaliforniis konstituciis Secvlis gziT SezRuda pozitiuri diskriminaciis gegmebi, romelTa mizani iyo StatSi diskriminaciis an upiratesi damokidebulebis

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akrZalva `sajaro samsaxurSi, sazogadoebriv ganaTlebaSi an saxelmwifo kontraqtebis dadebisas miuxedavad rasobrivi, sqesobrivi, kanis feris, eTnikuri
kuTvnilebis an erovnuli warmomavlobis mixedviT gansxvavebebisa~. CCRI-is damcvelebisa da mowinaaRmdegeebis brZola damTavrda misi miRebis Semdeg, rodesac
mowinaaRmdegeebma sasamarTloebSi CCRI-s arakonstituciurobis damtkicebis
gziT misi ganxorcielebis gadadebas miaRwies. samarTlebrivi Careva am SemTxvevaSi saqveyno asaxavs, vinaidan sasamarTloebi konstituciur safuZvlebs pouloben pirdapiri demokratiis gziT gatarebul bevr RonisZiebaSi, riTac aferxeben pirdapiri demokratiis realizacias.
sakiTxis amgvari ganxilva mniSvnelovania, radgan pirdapiri demokratiis
farglebSi ganxorcielebuli sxvadasxva qmedeba demokratiis gamaZlierebel
saSualebad aRiqmeboda. amgvar RonisZiebebSi igulisxmeboda mTavrobis reagirebisa da pasuxismgeblobis gazrda, amomrCevlis monawileobis gaaqtiureba
da arCeul korumpirebul, Seusabamo an upasuxismgeblo warmomadgenlebze adeqvaturi reagireba.9 pirdapiri demokratiis oponentebi amtkiceben, rom fulma
da sxvagvarma dainteresebam SeiZleba Seusabamod didi roli iTamaSos amgvar
specialur arCevnebSi, vidre Cveulebriv sakanonmdeblo procesSi. isini imasac amboben, rom iniciativebi da referendumebi xSirad teqnikurad imdenad
rTulia, rom saSualo amomrCeveli verc igebs gansaxilvel sakiTxebs. Tumc,a am
azrs ar iziarebs am procesis erT-erTi cnobili mkvlevari, romelic amtkicebs:
`Statebis gamocdileba aCvenebs, rom amomrCevlebs, rogorc wesi, kargad esmiT
im sakiTxis arsi, romelsac isini xmas aZleven da Sesabamisad kompetenturad
moqmedeben, gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu es sakiTxi farTod iyo gaSuqebuli.~10
amgvarad, pirdapiri demokratiis mier gatarebuli RonisZiebebis negatiuri Sefasebebi gadametebulia. ra Tqma unda, oponentebis mxridan imis mtkiceba,
rom fuli savaraudod daamaxinjebs plebiscitis Sedegebs, saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi TvalTmaqcobaa _ dRes fuli aris ZiriTadi (SesaZlebelia, umniSvnelovanesic) faqtori faqtobrivad yvela mniSvnelobis amerikul arCevnebSi. niSnavs
es imas, rom iniciativebisa da referendumebis gavrceleba absoluturi sikeTea? ara, es ar aris aucilebeli. Zalian gadaWarbebulma demokratiam SeiZleba
problema Seqmnas. problemis gadaWra moicavs mis sworad dabalansebas. aseTi
zomebi lokalur doneze TviTmmarTvelobas aZlierebs. magram Tu es zomebi
mravalricxvovania da sakiTxebic rTulia, specifikuri interesebi izrdeba da
kompetenturi amomrCevelis arsebobis albaToba klebulobs. dRes am mizezTa
gamo pirdapiri demokratia aRiqmeba, rogorc warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis
damateba da ara misi Semcvleli.

monawileobis Sefaseba: ratom mivceT xma?

pirdapiri demokratiis Sesaxeb msjelobisas varaudi efuZneba imas, rom
moqalaqeTa monawileoba bunebrivia _ maT undaT monawileoba miiRon demokratiul mmarTvelobaSi, magram zogjer isini procesSi ar daiSvebian. amgvari
Sexeduleba sakmaod damajerebelia. ubralo mamakacebi da qalebi mTel msoflioSi ibrZodnen arCevnebSi monawileobis uflebisaTvis, vinaidan isini didad
afaseben Tavisufal arCevnebs da xmis micemis uflebas. is uflebebi, romelTa
mopovebac adreuli TaobebisaTvis Zalian rTuli iyo, amJamad TavisTavad, cxad

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mocemulobad iTvleba. es gansakuTrebiT naTlad Cans SeerTebuli Statebis magaliTze. Cndeba kiTva: ratom?

xmis micema amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi

SeerTebul StatebSi arCevnebSi monawileobis gasagebad yvelaze mniSvnelovani faqtia is, rom arCevnebSi monawileTa procentuli maCvenebeli dabalia da droTa ganmavlobaSi sul ufro klebulobs. 1960 wels kenedi-niqsonis
arCevnebSi zrdasruli mosaxleobis TiTqmis 63 procentma miiRo monawileoba.
1996 wels raodenoba Semcirda 49 procentamde da odnav maRali iyo 2000 wels
(50.4 procenti). 2000 wlis arCevnebi respublikelma jorj buSma amomrCevelTa
kolegiaSi (romelic irCeva SeerTebul StatebSi prezidentisa da vice-prezidentis asarCevad) Zalian mcire upiratesobiT moigo mas Semdeg, rac qveynis
masStabiT faqtobrivad damarcxda. odnav met adamians rom mieRo monawileoba
arCevnebSi floridis (zrdasruli mosaxleobis mxolod naxevarze naklebi mivida arCevnebze) an ramdenime sxva StatSi, arCevnebs namdvilad demokrati al
gori moigebda.
arCevnebSi monawileobis sxva sazomi aris Sualeduri arCevnebi (rodesac
ar tardeba saprezidento arCevnebi). 1962 wels Sualedur arCevnebSi monawileoba miiRo amomrCevelTa 46,3 procentma, 1994 wels es ricxvi 38.7-mde Semcirda (ix. sqema 10-3); 1998 wels mxolod 36 procenti (mesamedze odnav meti) mivida
gamokiTxvaze. arCevnebSi monawileTa raodenobas meore msoflio omis Semdeg 45
procentisTvis ar gadauWarbebia. sxva demokratiebTan SedarebiT (magaliTad
italiaSi, belgiaSi, SvedeTSi, saberZneTSi, holandiaSi, avstraliaSi, daniasa
da norvegiaSi saSualod eleqtoratis 80 procenti iRebs monawileobas saprezidento an mis ekvivalentur arCevnebSi), amomrCevelTa aqtiuroba SeerTebul
StatebSi samarcxvinod dabalia.11
qeT, aq unda sqema wignis 295-e gverdidan!
sqema 10-3 SeerTebul StatebSi Sualedur arCevnebSi amomrCevelTa raodenoba, 1962-94ww. eyrdnoba warmomadgenelTa palatis arCevnebis monacemebs
(xmis micemis asakis mosaxleobis procentuli raodenoba)
wyaro: adaptirebulia Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, 23 Tebervali,
1991w., 484.
zed sqemaze: vertikalurad: xmis micemis asakis mosaxleobis procentuli
raodenoba
minaweri: Sualedur arCevnebze amomrCevelTa maCvenebeli kvlav dabalia. is mkveTrad
daeca mas Semdeg, rac 1971 wels xmis micemis asakma 18 wlamde daiwia da kvlav daRmavlobis tendenciiT xasiaTdeboda, Tu ar CavTvliT odnav matebas recesiis periodSi 1982 wels da mniSvnelovan matebas 1994 wels.
misisipis Statis qalaq tenessa da luizianaSi (sadac mxolod amomrCevelTa erTi olqi
dafiqsirda noemberSi) amomrCevelTa maCvenebelma 20%-sac ki ver miaRwia. mxolod oTx StatSi
miiRo monawileoba xmis micemis uflebis mqone mosaxleobis umravlesobam warmomadgenelTa
palatis arCevnebSi: meni (55.6 procenti), minesota (54.8 procenti), montana (54.6 procenti) da
alaska (52.5 procenti).

amomrCevlis dabali aqtiuroba aris gamocana (da sircxvili), vinaidan igi

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im cvlilebaTa safuZvelze warmoiSva, romlebsac sruliad sxva efeqti unda
hqonda. rogorc orma eqspertma aRniSna, amomrCevlis aqtiurobis klebis periodSi moxda bevri iseTi ram, rac Teoriulad amomrCevlis monawileobis mateba
unda gamoewvia. pirvel rigSi iyo grZelvadiani cvlilebebi kanonmdeblobaSi:
wesebi, dadgenilebebi, romlebic arTulebda kenWisyraSi amomrCevlis daSveba,
rogoric iyo saarCevno gadasaxadis daweseba, ganaTlebis cenzisa da qveyanaSi
xangrZlivi binadrobis moTxovnebi, TiTqmis srulad gauqmda. xmis micemis minimalurma asakma 18 wlamde daiwia. Sedegad qveyanam Seqmna (struqturulad da
iuridiulad) eleqtoratis didi masis arsebobis potenciali, romelSic mcire
gamonaklisis garda, faqtobrivad yvela zrdasruli adamiani Sevidoda.12
ufro metic, 1993 wels e.w. motor-voter law-s (mZRoli-amomrCevis kanoni)
miRebiT axal amomrCevels SeuZlia daregistrirdes marTvis mowmobis aRebis an
ganaxlebis dros. dabolos, dabali saarCevno maCvenebeli asve moulodnelia iqidan gamomdinare, rom `farTomasStabianma cvlilebebma mosaxleobaSi aamaRla
ganaTlebis, Semosavlisa da dasaqmebis done, rac dakavSirebulia arCevnebSi aqtiurobis maRal maCvelebelTan~.13 sinamdvileSi, albaT, upriania kiTxva ara `vin
aZlevs xmas?~ aramed `vin ar aZlevs xmas?~

monawileobis modelebi
aqsiomaa, rom politikaSi amerikis moqalaqeTa mxolod umciresoba iRebs
aqtiur monawileobas. erT-erTma pirvelma kvlevam, romelic Caatares julian
vudvordma da elmo ruperma 1950 wels, aCvena, rom zrdasruli mosaxleobis
daaxloebiT 70 procenti politikurad pasiuri iyo.14 mogvianebiT Catarebulma
kvlevebma cxadyo, rom amerikis mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 26 procenti SeiZleba
mivakuTvnoT aqtivistebs. mosaxleobis danarCeni nawilis monawileoba Semoifargleba mxolod xmis micemiT an saerTod politikisaTvis Tavis aridebiT.15
aqtiuri monawileebis dadgena iolad aris SesaZlebeli: ufro metad aqtiurebi
arian Suaxnis moqalaqeebi, vidre axalgazrdebi an xanSi Sesulebi; ufro metad
ofisSi momuSaveni, vidre warmoebaSi dakavebulni; ufro metad daqorwinebulni,
vidre martoxelebi; ufro metad TeTrkanianebi, vidre Savkanianebi da ufro metad Savkanianebi, vidre laTinoamerikelebi.
maT, vinc monawileobas iRebs politikaSi (xmis micemis gziT mainc), rogorc
wesi, gavlenis moxdenis ufro didi rwmena aqvT. ar aris gasakviri, rom politikuri efeqtianobis amgvari SegrZneba xSirad asaxavs bunebriv SesaZleblobaTa,
individualuri mdgomareobisa da socialur garemoebaTa nazavs. Tumca ZalaSi
rCeba kiTxva: ratom aris, rom amdeni amerikeli xmasac ki ar aZlevs da miuxedavad perioduli zrdisa, ukanasknel sam aTwleulSi maCvenebeli klebulobs?
zogierTi mkvlevari eyrdnoba 1971 wels saarCevno asakis Tvramet wlamde
dawevas da miuTiTebs, rom Tvrametidan ocdaerT wlamde moqalaqeTa arCevnebSi
monawileobis maCvenebeli SedarebiT dabalia. moqalaqeTa gazrdili mobiluroba, damokidebulebis faqtorebi, gansakuTrebiT ki partiasTan identifikaciis
kleba da mzardi SegrZneba imisa, rom individualuri qmedebebi araefeqtiania,
politika ki mosawyeni an xelovnuri gaxda, sruli pasuxis mxolod nawilebia.
arsebobs Zalian bevri mtkicebuleba mosaxleobis generalur erTobliobaSi
samoqalaqo valdebulebebis Semcirebisa. dabolos, xangrZlivi politikuri
kampaniebi (gansakuTrebiT saprezidento arCevnebis dros) da ugemovno satelevizio reklamebis arnaxuli Semoteva aRizianebs Zalian bevr amomrCevels.

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individualizmi da sazogadoebrivi monawileoba

am faqtorebma SeiZleba naTeli mofinos amomrCevlis monawileobis saerTo klebas. magram ras SeiZleba mivaweroT amomrCevlis aqtiurobis mudmivad
dabali done? zogierTi sociologi Tvlis, rom SeerTebul StatebSi politikuri monawileobis SedarebiT dabali done farTod gavrcelebuli gaucxoebis damamtkicebelia, rac raSic amerikelebis mxridan mTavrobis undoblobas
gulisxmoben. magram amerikelebis umetesoba sakuTar Tavs ar Tvlis gaucxoebulad an ukmayofilod miuxedavad imisa, rom ukanaskneli ormoci wlis ganmavlobaSi isini gacilebiT ufro cinikurebi gaxdnen (ix. sqema 10-4). mTavrobisadmi
undobloba mxolod nawilobriv xsnis amomrCevlis monawileobis klebas. ufro
srulyofili axsna sxvagan unda veZioT.
didi xnis win frangma mweralma aleqsis de tokvilma (1805-1859) dakvirvebis
Sedegad daadgina, rom Tu Tanasworobis rwmena farTodaa gavrcelebuli, individebi sakuTar TavSi moralurad darwmunebulni xdebian. aseT SemTxvevebSi socialur orientirTa sxva wyaroebs _ religias, ojaxs, monarqias, tradiciasa Tu
mTavrobas _ iseTi wona ara aqvs, rogoric bevr tradiciul sazogadoebaSi.

sqema 10-4. amerikuli cinizmis zrda

wyaro: Thomas D. Gallagher-is Wall Street Weighs the Election. 1Lehman Brothers. ibeWdeba
Americans Talk Issues Foundation-is nebarTviT.

zed sqemaze warwerebi: `endobiT Tu ara vaSingtonis xelisuflebis qmedebis marTebulobas?~

isrebze zevidan: ZiriTadad, ki

arasdros/zogjer
yovelTvis

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vertikalurad: procenti
horizontalurad: weli
tokvili am socialur Taviseburebas, romelsac individualizms uwodebda, ganixilavda, rogorc egoizmis moralur ekvivalents. is werda, rom
`individualizmi, aris momwifebuli da wynari grZnoba, romelic Temis TiToeul wevrs axlobeli adamianebisagan gasamijnad ganawyobs; CamoaSorebs ojaxs da megobrebs imisaTvis, rom sakuTari patara wris formirebis Semdeg man xalisiT
datovos sazogadoeba, romelsac igi Tavdapirvelad miekuTvneboda.16

tokvilis azriT, amerikelebi imdenad egocentristebi (da zogadad egoistebi) arian, rom saerTo sazogadoebriv sikeTeze zrunva gaqrobis safrTxis
winaSe dadga. misTvis warmatebisaken swrafva sazogadoebaSi, sadac warmateba
ganisazRvreboda, rogorc `keeping up with the Joneses~ (materialur keTildReobaSi
Sejibri mezoblebs Soris), ubiZgebda amerikelebs piradi ambiciebis kvaldakval mudmivi agitacia ewarmoebinaT. aqedan gamomdinare is askvnida, rom `amerikaSi fizikuri keTildReobisadmi swrafva... yvelaferSi igrZnoba~ da rom `kargi
nivTebis SeZenis survili amerikeli xalxis umTavresi vnebaa~.17
tokvilis azriT, individualizmis damRupvel efeqts garkveulwilad ewinaaRmdegeboda is, rom amerikelebi gawevrianebuli iyvnen Zalian mravalricxovan da mravalferovan samoqalaqo asociaciebSi. es asociaciebi afarToebdnen
saSualo amerikelis Tvalsawiers da amavdroulad socialuri TanamSromlobis
waxalisebiT, sxvaTa azris pativiscemis swavlebiT da kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli procedurebisa da umravlesobis ZalauflebisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis miniWebiT aZlierebdnen demokratiis safuZvels.
dRes zogierT eqsperts swams, rom yvela saxis jgufebSi monawileoba da
jgufuri aqtivoba SeerTebul StatebSi klebulobs. 1980-dan 1993 wlamde boulingis moTamaSeTa ricxvi 10 procentiT gaizarda maSin, rodesac amave periodSi
boulingis liga 40 procentiT Semcirda. es daskvna mocemulia robert patnemis
cnobil statiaSi, romlis mixedviTac boulingi amerikuli cxovrebis simbolod
iqca.18 amomrCevlis Semcirebuli aqtivoba am fenomenis politikuri analogiaa.
patnemma agreTve miuTiTa, rom religiur ritualebSi da jgufebSi, profkavSirebSi, PTA-Si (maswavleblebisa da mSoblebis asociacia), tradiciul qalTa
jgufebSi, rogoric aris League of Women Voters (amomrCevel qalTa liga) da sazogadoebriv klubebSi, vTqvaT, Srinerebsa da masonebSi, ukanaskneli ocdaaTi wlis
ganmavlobaSi monawileoba Semcirda. asevea moxaliseTa servis-organizaciebSi,
magaliTad, boi skautebSi.
dRes amerikelebi mezoblebTanac nakleb dros atareben, vidre ocdaaTi
wlis win. Sedegebi SemaSfoTebelia: Temis SegrZnebis Sesusteba da sxvebze zrunvis Semcireba _ rac samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ori umniSvnelovanesi komponentia.

politikuri apaTia: amerikuli daavadeba?

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rogorc vnaxeT, SeerTebuli Statebi politikuri ukmayofilebisgan Tavisufali ar aris. politikosebis misamarTiT amerikelebi sul ufro mzard ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamen. magram amomrCevlis apaTia ZiriTadad gamomdinareobs
ara rwmenidan, rom arCeul Tanamdebobis pirTa umetesi nawili korumpirebulia an politikuri sistema daingra da aRdgenas aRar eqvemdebareba; ufro metad politikis mimarT amerikelebis gulgrilobis mizezi aris is, rom maT ar
emuqrebaT safrTxe, zewola, ar ixdian uzarmazar gadasaxadebs, ar ganicdian sxvagvar zewolas mTavrobis mxridan (rodesac ase xdeba, amomrCevlis aqtiuroba
matulobs). Tu am kuTxiT SevxedavT, politikuri apaTia erTgvari fufunebaa.
mxolod mdidar da kmayofil sazogadoebaSi Tvlis xalxi xmis micemis uflebas
bunebrivad, an epyroba mas, rogorc trivialur nivTs.
metic, zogadi dakvirveba, rom farTod gavrcelebuli politikuri apaTia
politikis gadagvarebis niSania, SeiZleba mcdaric iyos. piriqiT, amerikuli demokratia funqcionirebda, rogorc stabiluri politikuri sistema da harmoniulad Tanaarsebobda mudmivad mzard ekonomikasTan, miuxedavad politikuri
monawileobis Zalian dabali donisa. rodesac Cveulebriv SemTxvevebSi apaTiuri adamianebi ucabedad politikiT gansakuTrebiT interesdebian, rogorc
wesi, es imis maCvenebelia, rom qveyanaSi yvelaferi kargad ar aris. magaliTad,
samoqalaqo omamde cota xniT adre politikuri apaTia TiTqmis gaqra monobasa
da Statebis uflebebze davis gamo, Tumca qveyana daSlis piras iyo. rodesac azrebi ise mkveTrad aris dayofili, rom kompromisis miRweva SeuZlebeli Cans da
sakiTxi iseTi mniSvnelovania, rom moqalaqeTa did wres exeba, monawileoba da
arastabiluroba erTdroulad izrdeba.
Tumca Secdoma iqneboda dagveskvna, rom radgan amerikul demokratias SeuZlia funqcionireba miuxedavad apaTiisa da arastabiluroba xSirad asocirdeba mzard monawileobasTan, apaTia kargia da monawileoba cudi. erTi mxriv, apaTia, romelic aRmocendeba gaucxoebis Rrma grZnobidan, seriozuli dafiqrebis
safuZvelia; meore mxriv, monawileobis maRali xarisxi, romelic sazogadoebrivi sikeTis WeSmarit erTgulebas efuZneba, zedmetad maRali xarisxis individualizmis sawinaaRmdego saukeTeso saSualebaa. dabolos, unda iTqvas, rom
miuxedavad imisa, rom monawileobis maRali xarisxi demokratiisaTvis ar aris
savaldebulo, warmomadgenlobiTi xelisuflebis efeqtiani muSaobisaTvis
amomrCevelTa minimaluri interesi mainc aucilebelia.

monawileobis Sefaseba: ra ician amomrCevlebma?

mravalma zrdasrulma amerikelma ar icis mTavrobis liderTa saxelebi, ar
icnobs saarCevno sakiTxebs da ar esmis politika. saxelmwifo samsaxurSi umaqnis
kandidatebs irCeven; damnaSaveebi, romlebic garTobis mizniT kenWs iyrian ama
Tu im saxelmwifo Tanamdebobaze, iReben aTasobiT xmas. politikurma konsultantebma miuTiTes, rom bevr saarCevno maraTonSi (gansakuTrebiT qalaqebsa da
soflebSi, sadac grZeli saarCevno biuletenia), asobiT an aTasobiT xma SeiZleba
miiRos iman, vinc saarCevno siaSi pirvelia.
ukanasknelma kvlevebma cxadyo, rom aTidan oTxma amerikelma ver SeZlo
sworad daesaxelebina vice-prezidenti, xolo orma mesamedma ver SeZlo daesaxelebina pirovneba, vinc warmoadgens maT saarCevno ubans warmomadgenelTa

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palataSi. amerikelebma amaze ukeT verc maTi mTavrobis funqcionirebis elementaruli faqtebis gansazRvra SeZles. TiTqmis naxevarma ar icoda, rom kanonis konstituciurobis dasadgenad saboloo instancia uzenaesi sasamarTloa,
xolo oTxidan samma ar icoda, rom senatorebs irCeven eqvsi wlis vadiT.19 rodesac aseT ucodinrobasTan gvaqvs saqme, rogor SeiZleba amerikelebma miiRon
gaazrebuli an gonivruli gadawyvetileba? saqmis amgvari viTareba problemuri
iqneboda, jansaRi demokratiisTvis mxolod informirebuli da Wkviani moqalaqeebis arseboba rom iyos sakmarisi.
magram mdgomareoba arc ise mZimea, rogorc amas zogierTi mkvlevari warmoaCens. pirvel rigSi iq, sadac xmis micemis asakis mqone mosaxleobis (votingage population, VAP ) umciresoba monawileobs arCevnebSi, es umciresoba, rogorc

wesi, ukeT aris informirebuli, vidre is, vinc ar monawileobs. meorec, vinaidan
moqalaqeebi Zalian cudad informirebuli arian, amerikelebma politikaze imdenive ician, ramdenic 1940-ian wlebSi (da qveyanam es monakveTi sakmaod kargad
gamoiara).20 mesame _ is, rom amerikelebma ar ician bevri, SesaZloa bunebrivic
iyos. amerikis mTavrobis gavleniani eqspertis, jeims vilsonis azriT problema
aris ara is, `rom amerikeli xalxi aris uvici, arastabiluri an mimndobi, aramed
is, rom amerikelebs ar miaCniaT saWirod politikaze fiqrSi im drois xarjva,
romelsac isini atareben samsaxurSi, ojaxSi da megobrebTan.~21
meoTxec, bevri amerikuli arCevnebi rTulia da moicavs mraval gaurkvevel saxelwifo da adgilobriv kandidats da sakiTxs (da amiT gansxvavdeba evropuli qveynebis arCevnebisagan, sadac moqalaqeebi mxolod partiebs aZleven
xmas). mexuTec, bevr kandidats ar gaaCnia naTeli politikuri pozicia, xolo visac gaaCnia, ganzrax abundovnebs mas.
dabolos, Tumca es gamokiTxvebi da kvlevebi aaSkaravebs farTod gavrcelebul politikur umecrebas, agreTve gviCvenebs, rom amerikelebma raRac mainc
ician mTavrobisa da politikis Sesaxeb. magaliTad, am nawilis SesavalSi ganxiluli kvlevisas aRmoCnda, rom respodentTa umetesobam icoda prezidentis arCevis vadis SezRudulobis Sesaxeb da rom riCard niqsoni uotergeitis skandalis
dros prezidenti iyo. aTidan TiTqmis cxram icoda, rom prezidenti klintoni
demokratiuli partiis wevri iyo da aTidan rvam icoda, rom kongresma miiRo
kanoni, romlis mixedviT kerZo struqturebs daevalaT TanamSromelTa SvebulebiT uzrunvelyofa bavSvis gaCenis an ojaxuri aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi.
realurad safuZveli gvaqvs vivaraudoT, rom amomrCevels SeuZlia kandidatebsa da sakiTxebze saRad msjeloba maSinac ki, Tu isini naklbad informirebulni
arian.22

mkvlelma 33.000 xma miiRo

zogierTma amomrCevelma ar icis an ar anaRvlebs, vis aZlevs xmas. magaliTisTvis moviyvanoT leonard riCardsi, vinc 1990 wels (Democratic Farm-Labour party) minesotas winaswar
arCevnebze 33 004 xma miiRo da mesame adgilze gavida. gamarjvebulma, maikl makgratma miiRo
148 617 xma. riCardss ar uwarmoebia saarCevno kampania, vinaidan henpinis cixeSi imyofeboda
da mis mier Cadenil mkvlelobaze saqmis ganmeorebiT ganxilvas elodeboda. 1987 wlidan riCardsi sasjels ixdida sagadasaxado agentis sasikvdilod daWrisaTvis. saqmis ganmeorebiT
ganxilvis ufleba mas misca minesotas uzenaesma sasamarTlom, radgan pirvel SemTxvevaSi mas

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ar mieca ufleba piradad yofiliyo sakuTari Tavis advokati. saqmis xelmeored ganxilvam riCards saSualeba misca wamoeyenebina Tavisi kandidatura arCevnebSi da amiT teqnikurad Seewyvita procesis warmoeba. kampaniis dros riCardsis suraTebi daibeWda gazeTSi. mis misamarTad miTiTebuli iyo cixe, sadac sasjels ixdida.
arCevnebis Sedegebze reaqcia sxvadasxvagvari iyo. `SeuZlebelia amomrCevelma Zalian
bevri icodes yvela kandidatis Sesaxeb~, _ SeniSna saxelmwifo mdivanma joan gruvma. `unda
gaxsovdeT, rom winaswari arCevnebi aris mxolod erTi safexuri. amitomac gvaqvs amdeni safexuri da imedia, aseTi ram aRar ganmeordeba. es ar aris srulyofili sistema, magram igi gasagebia. es aris realuri, Ria demokratiis buneba~. winaswari arCevnebis gamarjvebulma, makgratma
Tqva: `me ar maqvs aranairi axsna imisa, ratom unda mieca misTvis vinmes xma~ da daamata: `me
masze mxolod kargi vTqvi.~ arCevnebis Semdeg riCardsi isev gaasamarTles da sagadasaxado
agentis mkvlelobis gamo samudamo patimroba miusajes. 1994 wlis maisSi mas sakuTari naxevari
dis mkvlelobis bralic daemata.
wyaro: adaptirebulia Kevin Diaz, Blind Ballots? 33,004 Voted for Candidate Whos in Jail, Star
Tribune, September 13, 1990, 1A, 17A; and Margaret Zack, Richards Convicted of Killing Half Sister: Case

has been Long and Costly, Star Tribune, May 13, 1994, 1B, 4B.

politologi samuel popkinsi kargad xsnis, Tu informaciis uqonlobis

dros rogor axerxeben amomrCevlebi xmis micemas gaazrebulad. is amtkicebs,
rom amomrCevlebi iyeneben mwiri informaciis racionalobas (low-information rationality), aerTianeben `codnasa da informacias warsuli gamocdilebidan, yovel-

dRiuri cxovrebidan, mediidan da politikuri kampaniebidan~.23 amomrCevelma

SeiZleba ar icodes, romeli partia warmoadgens kongresSi umravlesobas da vin
aris maTi senatori, magram maT ician ekonomikis, maTi Svilebis skolebis, sapensio gegmebis, abortis Taobaze Sexedulebebisa da a.S. Sesaxeb. moqalaqeebi politikuri mjelobisas Semoklebebsa (shortcuts) (magaliTad, Tu kandidats amsgavseben) da `gamartivebul varaudebs~ (partiis identifikacia) iyeneben.
popkinsiseuli naklebi informaciis mqone amomrCeveli arc idealuri moqalaqea, vinc sruli informaciis safuZvelze Wkvianurad aZlevs xmas da arc
sruliad suleli. albaT samarTliania imis Tqma, rom bevri moqalaqe xmis micemas, uxeSad rom vTqvaT, imdenive dros da energias andomebs, ramdensac manqanis
yidvas. aSkarad arakeTilgonivrulma arCevanma da manqanis sulelurma SeZenam
SeiZleba Sedegebi gamoiRos, magram es ufro metad gamonaklisia, vidre wesi.
Tumca gadamwyveti gansxvaveba manqanis myidvelebsa da amomrCevlebs Soris aris
is, rom amomrCevlebs, rodesac midian saarCevno ubanze, gacilebiT mcire arCevani aqvT, vidre manqanis myidvelebs _ es aris problema da misi mogvareba mxolod
arCeul warmomadgenlebs SeuZliaT, romlebic, samwuxarod, misi armogvarebis
kanonieri ufleba aqvT.
dabolos, unda avxsnaT, ratom aZlevs amomrCeveli xmas TiTqmis yovelTvis kongresSi xelaxla arCeul individualur wevrs maSin, rodesac kongress,
rogorc instituts, ar endoba. xSirad es SeiZleba iyos amomrCevlis mcdeloba
ganamtkicos sakuTari ekonomikuri da politikuri interesi am interesis damcveli yvelaze Sesaferisi warmomadgenlis arCeviT, rasac SeiZleba safrTxe
Seuqmnan sxva Statebis warmomadgenlebma. miuxedavad imisa, rom Tanamdebobis
pirTa arCevisadmi amgvari midgoma mTlad kargad gasagebi ar aris, is racionaluria adgilobriv doneze. demokratiisaTvis dilemas ki qmnis is faqti, rom
amgvari `komfortul zonaSi~ xmis micema mTlianobaSi aucileblad raciona-

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luri ar aris _ racionaluria saxelmwifo doneze, umniSvnelovanesi gadawyvetilebebis, kanonebisa da politikis doneze.

monawileobis Sefaseba: REVOLVING DOOR (mbrunavi kari)

zogierTi gavleniani politikuri Teoretikosi amtkicebs, rom `Zalauflebis mqone elita~ (`power elite~) politikur process Tavidan bolomde akontrolebs. am Teoriis yvelaze popularuli versiis mixedviT rigiT moqalaqeebs
arCevnebisa da sazogadoebrivi azris kvlevebis Sedegebis miuxedavad didi gavlenis moxdena arasodes SeuZliaT. politikuri sistemiT manipulireba zemodan
ufro xdeba, vidre qvemodan. manipulatori ki aris Zalauflebis mqone elita,
individebis mcire jgufi, romelsac aqvs ra eris bedze zemoqmedebis uzarmazari Zalaufleba, Sedis da gadis `mbrunav karSi~ industriis mmarTvelebsa da
xelisuflebis daxvewil eSelonebs Soris. am mudmivi politikuri klasis statusi, simdidre da Zalaufleba uzrulvelyofs, rom mTavrobis yvela doneze
xelmisawvdomoba mxolod ramdenime individis mier iyos monopolizebuli. Zalauflebis mqone elita xelisuflebas iyenebs piradi da ara sazogado interesebisTvis.

elitisturi Teoriebi: rkinis kanonebi da demokratiis ironia

am Teoriebis mixedviT demokratias amomrCevlebi, an sazogadoebrivi azri
da sxvadasxva konkurentuli interesebi ki ar marTavs, aramed mdidar individTa
mcire jgufi. am Teoriam mniSvneloba da gavlena 1950-ian wlebSi moipova mas Semdeg, rac misiT sociologi rait milsi dainteresda.24 milsma Seiswavla SeerTebuli Statebis mmarTveli fena, romelic saTuTad inaxavs politikuri Tanasworobis princips. `Zalauflebis mqone elitisaTvis~ sayovelTao yuradRebis
mipyrobiT sadavo gaxada `xalxis mmarTvelobis~ idea da gaCnda seriozuli kiTxva _ arsebobs (an odesme arsebobda) Tu ara igi amerikaSi.
robert mixelsma aseve Seqmna elitizmis Teoria, magram misi mosazreba exeboda yvela Tanamedrove biurokratul organizacias. misi daskvnebi eyrdnoboda
germaniis socilur-demokratiuli partiis analizs, romelic pirveli msoflio
omis gaCaRebamde yvelaze didi socialisturi partia iyo msoflioSi. mixelsi
Tvlida, rom vinaidan partia mxars uWerda simdidrisa da statusis Tanasworobas, is demokratiuli principebis erTguli unda yofiliyo. amis magivrad man
aRmoaCina, rom partias marTavdnen elituri jgufebi, romlebic Zalauflebas
da xelisuflebas iRebdnen kargad ganviTarebuli organizaciuli unar-CvevebiT.
am aRmoCenam mixelsi miiyvana oligarqiis rkinis kanonis cnobil postulatamde, romlis mixedviT yvela msxvili organizacia, maT Soris mTavroba,
imarTeba erTnairad. mas sjeroda, rom rodesac demokratiuli organizaciebi
iwyeben saqmianobas, droTa ganmavlobaSi isini aucileblad ufro oligarqiuli,
biurokratuli da centralizebuli xdebian, vinaidan saTaveSi myofni iReben met
informacias, codnas, komunikaciebze kontrolis SesaZleblobasa da daxvewil
organizaciul unar-Cvevebs. xolo masa (an moqalaqeebi) rCeba apolitikuri, isini

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dakavebuli arian piradi saqmeebiT da abnevT mravalricxvovani sakiTxebis sirTule. am Sexedulebis mixedviT xalxi, vis sasargeblodac Seiqmna demokratiuli
institutebi, gardauvlad gamoidevneba politikuri da organizaciuli procesebidan, xolo korporaciul organizaciebSi mosamsaxureebi da biurokratebi
marTaven rigiTi aqcioneris an xalxis saxeliT.
elitistur TeoriebSi demokratia aRqmulia, rogorc mistifikacia an
miTi: ara aqvs mniSvneloba, ras fiqrobs, ambobs an akeTebs xalxi, vinaidan mas
ar gaaCnia realuri gavlena sazogadoebriv politikaze. Tu xalxis umetesobas
sjera, rom sazogadoebrivi azri mniSvnelovania, mxolod imitom, rom isini gulubryviloebi arian da ver xvdebian, rogor muSaobs `sistema~.
foto wignis 302-e gverdidan
warwera fotoze: ACT-UP-ma (energiis gamoTavisuflebis SeZenili imunodeficitis sindromis koaliciam - AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power) `die-in~ formiT (protestis forma, romlis drosac simbolurad ganasaxiereben sikvdils) moawyo saprotesto aqcia niu-iorkis safondo birJis win. sabolood, mwarmoebelma Burroughs

Wellcome-ma Seamcira wamlis Rirebuleba da xelmisawvdomi gaxada is imunodeficitis virusisa da SeZenili imunodeficitis sindromis mqone adamianebisaTvis.

umetesobas sjera, rom `demokratia ramdenimesTvis~ mTavrobis arss ewinaaRmdegeba, magram mxolod ramdenime Teoretikosi amtkicebda, rom amerikuli politikuri sistema marTulia ramdenime privilegirebulis mier da
yvelani mniSvnelovnad varT maTze damokidebuli, vinaidan xalxi, rogorc erTi
mTliani, ver marTavs sakuTar Tavs. am Sexedulebis mixedviT `masebi arian avtoritarulebi, aratolerantulebi, arainteleqtualurebi, atavistebi, gaucxoebulebi, zizRiT aRsavseni da moZaladeebi~.25 am kuTxiT `demokratiis ironia~ naTelia: xalxisaTvis realuri Zalauflebis micema _ marTvis ufleba, gamoiwvevs
mxolod antidemokratiuli upiratesobebisa da politikis ganxorcielebas.

pluralistebi da elitistebi
elitisturi azrovnebis skolis mTavari mowinaaRmdegeebi arian plura-

listebi. pluralistebic da elitistebic eTanxmebian mosazrebas, rom yvela

sazogadoebaSi arsebobs Zalauflebis gradacia da gansazRvruli jgufebi an individebi ama Tu im politikur sakiTxze araproporciul gavlenas axdenen. isini
ver Tanxmdebian politikuri sistemis arsze.
pluralistebis azriT, amerikuli politikuri sistema rTuli da decentralizebulia. isini aRiareben, rom interesTa sxvadasxva organizebuli jgufebi
mTeli TavianTi energiis, resursebis da yuradRebis koncentrirebas axdenen erT
sakiTxze (an sakiTxTa erT sferoze) da araproporciul gavlenas axdenen politikis am specifikur sferoze. isini agreTve aRniSnaven, rom drodadro uqoneli
an arapopularuli jgufebi SeiZleba araadekvaturad iyos warmodgenili. magram
arc erT individs an jgufs ar SeuZlia sazogadoebrivi politikis mTel speqtrze
moaxdinos totaluri gavlena. politikuri sistema zedmetad mravalferovani,
Tavisuflad moZravi da instituciurad danawevrebulia imisaTvis, rom Zalis
aseTi akumulireba dauSvas. erTi cnobili pluralistis azriT:

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SeerTebul StatebSi socialuri cvlilebis damabrkolebeli mniSvnelovani garemoebaa ara Zalauflebis koncentracia, aramed misi gabneva... Zalaufleba sakmarisad koncentrirebuli rom yofiliyo, cvlilebis
msurvels mxolod am Zalauflebis mqonesTan mouwevda molaparakeba da
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi masze zewolasac moaxdenda. magram Zalaufleba
imdenad gabneulia, rom bevr instanciaSi aravin aris, visTanac SeiZleba
molaparakeba an viszec ganxorcieldeboda zewola.26

ra Tqma unda, is faqti, rom milionobiT amerikelisTvis arsebobs saxelmwifo dawesebulebaTa mxolod mcire raodenoba, niSnavs imas, rom pirdapiri politikuri monawileoba SezRudulia. magram vinaidan Zalaufleba ase gabneulia
da politikuri zewolis ganxorcielebis mravali saSualeba arsebobs, pluralistebis mtkicebiT sazogadoebrivi interesi _ romelic ganimarteba, rogorc
kerZo interesebis erToblioba _ sxva sistemebTan SedarebiT ukeTesad muSaobs
konstituciuri demokratiis pirobebSi.
pluralistebi ar uaryofen, rom maT, visac maRali Tanamdebobebi ukaviaT
mTavrobasa da biznesSi, msgavsi warsuli da Tvisebebi axasiaTebT: eWvgareSea,
rom Ivy League (amerikis Crdilo-aRmosavleTSi mdebare 8 privilegiuri universitetis gaerTianeba) ganaTlebamiRebulTa umetesoba mdidari WASP (TeTri anglo-saqsuri protestanti) ojaxis mamakacebi arian. magram pluralistTa azriT,
mxolod is faqti, rom simdidre, statusi da ganaTleba axlo kavSirSia politikur monawileobasTan, ar amtkicebs, sistemis Seuvalobasa da sazogadoebrivi
politikis winaswar gansazRvrulobas; arc imas, rom demokratiuli moqalaqeoba simulaciaa. Znelia elitisturi Teoriebis uaryofa. Tumca, sazogadoebrivi
politika drodadro sazogadoebrivi azris gavlenis qveS iyo. magaliTad, vietnamis omis winaaRmdeg farTod gavrcelebuli da mudmivad mzardi sazogadoebrivi ganwyoba efeqtiani saSualeba iyo amerikis konfliqtidan gamosayvanad.
SeerTebul StatebSi sazogadoebrivi azri SeiZleba xSirad danawevrebuli iyos,
magram es ar niSnavs, rom igi ar arsebobs an ararelevanturia. arCevnebi mniSvnelovani, Tumca sruliad sxva sakiTxia (mogvianebiT ganixileba am TavSi).

politikuri monawileoba avtoritarul saxelmwifoSi

demokratiulisgan gansxvavebiT, politikaSi mniSvnelovani monawileoba
avtoritarul qveynebSi iSviaTad gvxvdeba. avtoritarul saxelmwifoebSi moqalaqeebi TiTqmis arasodes monawileoben TavianTi qveynis mmarTvelobaSi.
SedarebisTvis, totalitarul qveynebSi moqalaqeTa monawileoba xSirad waxalisebuli an savaldebuloa. masobrivi mitingebi da politikur an partiul
Sexvedrebze xSiri daswreba monawileobis imitaciaa da damkvirveblebi totalitaruli saxelmwifoebis yvelaze aqtiur safexurs masobrivi mobilizaciis

reJimad (mass-mobilization regime) moixsenieben. aseT saxelmwifoebSi moqalaqeebi

CarTuli arian politikaSi, magram mxolod maTze ideologiuri zemoqmedebisa
da kontrolis, da ara maTi Sexedulebis gagebis mizniT.
avtoritarul xelisuflebas ara aqvs kerZo gamokiTxvebis Catarebis
mizezi, agreTve gamokiTxvebis gamoyenebis saWiroeba (Tumca sabWoTa kavSiris

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arsebobis ukanasknel dReebSi mTavrobam daafinansa sazogadoebrivi gamokiTxvebi). zogierT avtoritarul saxelmwifoSi arCevnebi daSvebulia da zogjer moqalaqeebs moeTxovebaT kidec arCevnebSi monawileobis miReba, Tumca Sedegebi
TiTqmis yovelTvis gayalbebuli da amis gamo azrs moklebulia.
avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebSi moqalaqeTa mniSvnelovani monawileobis
formebis umetesoba ukanonoa. amis gamo moqalaqeTa monawileobis waxalisebas
(da demokratiis mxardaWeras) xelisufleba ZiriTadad afasebs, rogorc ukanonos da mkacrad sjis. zogjer mniSvnelovani monawileoba SeiZleba aixsnas mTavrobis winaaRmdeg mimarTul protestad da monawileobam boikotis formac ki
miiRos. erTi magaliTi SeiZleba iyos arCevnebSi monawileobisgan Tavis Sekaveba
maSin, rodesac monawileoba savaldebuloa, magram azrs moklebulia. moqalaqeTa mier monawileobis protestis ukiduresi formaa emigraciaSi wasvla an sakuTari qveynidan gaqceva. amgvari qveynebis udides ironiad SeiZleba CavTvaloT,
rom misi moqalaqeebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani protesti _ qveynis datovebaa.

politikuri partiebi
mraval Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi erTi individualuri xma Zalian sustia
imisTvis, rom is sazogadoebam gaigos. imisaTvis, rom moqalaqeTa xmebs sazogadoebam yuradReba miaqcios, maTi raodenoba bevrad unda gaizardos. amis gamo
moqalaqeTa monawileobis yvelaze efeqtiani forma individualuri interesebisa da Sexedulebebis gaerTianebaa. politikuri partiebi da interesTa jgufebi
aris ori struqturuli tipi, romelic gamodgeba gaerTianebis funqciis Sesasruleblad. ama Tu im sazogadoebaSi aseTi struqturebis xelmisawvdomoba an
efeqtianoba didadaa damokidebuli imaze, ra zomiT icavs xelisufleba politikur da samoqalaqo uflebebs da ramdenad yuradRebiania xalxis moTxovnebis
mimarT.
farTo speqtris politikuri partiebi sxvadasxva gansakuTrebul interess erTi qolgis qveS aerTianeben. ukanasknel wlebSi interesTa jgufebis gavlena SeerTebul StatebSica da evropaSic gaizarda; amave dros politikuri
partiebis roli Semcirda. axla ganvixilavT amgvari ganviTarebis mizezebsa da
mis Sedegebs demokratiuli mTavrobebisaTvis.

politikuri partiis mizania arCeviT Tanamdebobaze kandidatebis SerCeva, dasaxeleba da mxardaWera. politikuri partiebi yvela liberaluri demokratiis, maT Soris SeerTebuli Statebis ucvleli nawili gaxda. gasakviria,
rom politikuri partiebi ar Sedioda demokratiis damfuZnebelTa Tavdapirvel gegmaSi. orpartiuli sistemis gaCena aSS-is istoriaSi umniSvnelovanesi
movlena gaxda.

istoriuli

safuZveli
konstituciaSi politikuri partiebi ar aris naxsenebi; demokratiis dam-

fuZnebelTa umetesoba maT ver itanda. jorj vaSingtonma Seqmna kabineti, romlis SemadgenlobaSic Sediodnen im drois yvelaze niWieri adamianebi, magaliTad, Tomas jefersoni saxelmwifo mdivnisa da aleqsandre hamiltoni finansTa

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ministris Tanamdebobebze. amgvari kabinetis SeqmniT igi partiulobis Tavidan
acilebas cdilobda. am ori niWieri, magram filosofiurad urTierTdapirispirebuli pirovnebis daniSvna asaxavda vaSingtonis rwmenas, rom eris yvelaze
Wkviani da yvelaze sazogadoebrivad moazrovne moqalaqeebis TanamSromloba
sazogadoebisaTvis sikeTis momtani iqneboda.
samwuxarod, vaSingtonis keTilSobiluri mcdeloba partiuli politikis Tavidan acilebisa udavod Cavarda. jefersonsa da hamiltons Soris piradi
uTanxmoeba warmoiqmna metwilad xelisuflebisa da sazogadoebrivi politikis
urTierTsawinaaRmdego gagebis gamo, ris gamoc es ori adamiani erTmaneTis dauZinebeli mteri gaxda. 1790-iani wlebis bolos jefersonma da misma mimdevrebma
sakmaod sustad organizebuli respublikuri partia Camoayalibes. am partiis
mTavari mizani iyo federalistebis, romelTa warmomadgenlebi iyvnen, magaliTad, jon adamsi da aleqsandre hamiltoni, Zlieri antifranguli politikisaTvis
winaaRmdegobis gaweva. Tumca,1789 wels Tavad jefersonma dawera: `Tu CemTvis samoTxeSi wasvla mxolod Cems partiasTan erTad iqneboda SesaZlebeli, saerTod
uars vityodi samoTxeze~.27
ratom ucxadebda undoblobas politikur partiebs jefersonis Taobis
amdeni saxelmwifo moRvawe? jefersonis SemTxvevaSi partiebisadmi antipaTia
amerikisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli individualizmidan momdinareobda, romelic
dRemde arsebobs. `SemeZlo sakuTari azri mqonoda, Tavad mefiqra, Cemi religiuri, filosofiuri, politikuri an sxva romelime SexedulebaTa sistema arasodes damiqvemdebarebia aranairi partiis kredosTvis, rogori Semadgenlobisac ar unda yofiliyo igi,~ ambobda igi da askvnida, rom aseTi midrekileba
Tavisuflebisa da moralis warmoudgeneli degradaciaa.28 jefersonis Taobis
sxva amerikelebs da zogierT maT inglisel kolegas sjeroda, rom politikuri
partiebi zogadi an sazogadoebrivi interesebis xarjze viwro pirad interesebs
aRvivebda. am azriT politikur partiebs xSirad aRiqvamdnen, rogorc sazogadoebis doneze gavrcelebul pirad egoizms.
mxolod TandaTanobiT dakarga partiulobam es damRa. sxvadasxva politikuri filosofiis ganmasaxierebeli politikuri partiebisagan sargeblis
miRebis (magaliTad politikis alternativebis warmodgeniT) ideam inglisSi
meCvidmete saukunis bolos daiwyo gavrceleba. mowinave amerikeli saxelwifo
moxeleebis gamocdilebam saukuniT gvian amerikac analogiur daskvnamde miiyvana, rom politikuri partiebi demokratiuli procesisaTvis sasicocxlod
aucilebelia.

ZiriTadi miznebi
politikuri partiebi, rogorc wesi, politiuri Zalauflebis mopovebis
an SenarCunebisaken miiswrafvian, rac praqtikulad xelisuflebaze kontrolis mopovebas niSnavs. vinaidan konstituciur demokratiaSi marTvis uflebas
arCevnebi gansazRvravs, demokratiul saxelmwifoebSi politikuri partiebis
Zalisxmeva arCevnebis mogebazea koncentrirebuli. isini cdiloben mravlismomcveli konsensusis Seqmnas sakuTari partiis platformisaTvis, romelic
Camoyalibebulia sxva partiis an partiebis mimzidveli alternativis gaTvaliswinebiT.

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rogorc wesi, warmatebuli politikuri partia qmnis uTvalavi ekonomikuri, socialuri, eTnikuri da kulturuli interesebis saerTo saqveyno konsensuss. partia unda iTvaliswinebdes mravali amomrCevlis interesebs da amavdroulad SeZlos maTi gaerTianeba damyol umravlesobad. Tu partias ara aqvs
imedi umravlesobis xmebis mopovebisa, misi gavlena da sakanonmdeblo Zala,
rogorc wesi, damokidebulia miRebuli xmebis saerTo raodenobasa da ganawilebaze, romelic, Tavis mxriv, asaxavs mis warmatebas SedarebiT farTo speqtris
amomrCevlis mizidvaSi.
xmebis miRebis mizniT kandidatebi xSirad iZlevian dapirebas, rom amomrCevlis interesebis _ e.w. saarsebo saSualebebis mimarT iqnebian ufro metad
pasuxismgeblebi da energiulebi, vidre maTi oponentebi. Tumca xandaxan kandidatebi da partiebi aqcents akeTeben ideologiur sakiTxebze an saSinao da
sagareo politikis sadavo iniciativebze. am strategiebis gamoyenebiT partiebi xSirad qmnian politikur alternativebs memarcxene liberalur da memarjvene konservatiul politikas Soris. es gansakuTrebiT exeba did britaneTs
da kontinenturi evropis saparlamento da kvazi-saparlamento demokratiebs,
sadac xSirad ramdenime partia ibrZvis xmebis mosapoveblad da TiToeuls SeuZlia gansxvavebuli saSinao da sagareo politikis alternativebi Camoayalibos.
aseT sistemebSi umravlesobis partiebis politikuri platforma ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre calkeuli kandidatis piradi popularoba, vinaidan saparlamento sistemis dros partiebi cdiloben moipovon da SeinarCunon rac SeiZleba
meti adgili parlamentSi. amgvarad, partia, romelic akontrolebs parlaments,
mTavrobasac akontrolebs. Sedegad saparlamento sistemis dros politikuri
partiebi maTi amerikuli analogebisgan gansxvavebiT cdiloben iyvnen ara mxolod disciplinirebuli, ierarqiuli da centralizebuli, aramed ufro metad
politikaze orientirebuli da mkafio ideologiis matarebeli.
SeerTebul StatebSi, sadac sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba gamijnulia da kandidatebs Tanamdebobaze xSirad irCeven ufro pirovnuli,
vidre politikuri Tvisebebis gamo, partiebi iSviaTad mimarTaven mkveTr politikur alternativebs. rogorc wesi, prezidentobis kandidatebidan airCeva is,
vinc politikur centrTan ufro axlos aris.29 misi momxreebis Tanaxmad, amerikuli orpartiuli sistema, misi momxreebis azriT, qmnis stabilurobas, politikurad zomier kandidats da xels uSlis mZafr ideologiasa da politikur
polarizacias.
kritikosebi _ gansakuTrebiT isini, vinc aRfrTovanebulia imiT, rogor
funqcionireben partiebi britanul saparlamento sistemaSi an sxva mravalpartiuli sistemebi _ amerikis saprezidento arCevnebs ubralod popularobaSi gajibrebad aRiqvamen. miuxedavad amisa, konstituciur demokratiaSi yvela
partia cdilobs miaRwios konsensuss da sxvadasxva umniSvnelovanesi qmedebis
Sedegad, rogoricaa kandidatebis SerCeva an waxaliseba, finansuri saxsrebis
mozidva, mediakampaniebis warmarTva fasiani politikuri reklamebis CaTvliT
da sxv. Seqmnas alternativebi. partiis platformaSi SemoTavazebebi da politika imnairad aris formulirebuli, rom daakmayofilos mTavari interesTa
jgufebi, romlebic Tavis mxriv mxars dauWeren partiis kandidatebs fuliTa da
saarCevno xmebiT.
arCevnebs Soris partiebs sxva mniSvnelovani funqciebi akisriaT. britanuli stilis saparlamento sistemaSi gamarjvebuli partia an koalicia mTavrobis

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organizebas axdens; saprezidento sistemaSi, magaliTad, aSS-s SemTxvevaSi, sadac aRmasrulebeli da sakanonmdeblo sferoebi dayofilia, politikuri partiebi xels uwyoben am ori sferos moqmedebaTa koordinirebas, gansakuTrebiT
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu erTi da igive partia dominirebs orive sferoSi. ramdenadac
gamarjvebuli partia umniSvnelovanes rols TamaSobs qveynis politikuri dRis
wesrigis Camoyalibebisa da samTavrobo moqmedebebis fasilitaciaSi, imdenad
kisrulobs damarcxebuli partia arsebuli mTavrobis oponirebisa da kritikis
umniSvnelovanes funqcias da sazogadoebas sTavazobs alternativas momaval
arCevnebSi. mxolod iSviaTad SeiZleba xelisuflebaSi myofma partiam srulad
daakmayofilos eleqtorati (liberalur-demokratiuli partia iaponiaSi SeiZleba gamonaklisad ganvixiloT); rodesac inflacia gaizrdeba an umuSevroba
dauSvebel zRvars miaRwevs, amomrCevlebi axali liderisa da axali politikis
Ziebas iwyeben.

erTpartiuli sistema
aqamde ganvixilavdiT konstituciur demokratiebs, sadac partiebi arCevnebis mosagebad cdiloben miaRwion saqveyno konsensuss da moqalaqeebs SesTavazon politikuri alternativebi. Tumca politikuri partiebi SeiZleba Camoyalibdes iseT qveynebSic, sadac Tavisufali arCevnebi ar tardeba.
avtoritarul saxelmwifoebSi partia arsebobs mxolod imisTvis, rom CaaxSos politikuri alternativebi, iseve, rogorc saxalxo konsensusi. xSirad,
rogorc mmarTveli reJimis mTavari iaraRi, igi gamoiyeneba saxelmwifo Zalauflebis gansamtkiceblad da politikuri opoziciis aRsakveTad.
totalitarul saxelmwifoebSi partia mraval funqcias asrulebs, maT Soris politikuri rekrutirebis, indoqtrinaciis, mobilizaciisa da zedamxedvelobis. faSistur germaniaSi, iseve rogorc komunisturi qveynebis umetesobaSi,
partia mTavrobad iqca. ramdenadac viTardeboda es saxelmwifoebi, mTavrobis
yvela umniSvnelovanesi funqcia nel-nela srulad gadadioda an pirdapir partiis, an partiis liderebs daqvemdebarebuli biurokratiuli moxeleebis xelSi.
amgvarad, partiis koncefcia, rogorc saxalxo nebis gamoxatvis saSualeba, Tavdayira dadga da partiebi centralizebuli socialuri kontrolis meqanizmi
gaxda, romelsac srulad SeeZlo individualuri TviTgamoxatvis nebismieri
mcdelobis CaxSoba. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, amgvar garemoebebSi masobrivi
monawileoba reJimis antidemokratiuli bunebis miCqmalvis gamiznuli niRabia.

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2000 wels visente foqsi pirveli opozicioneri kandidati iyo, romelic daaxloebiT 70 wlis ganmavlobaSi meqsikis arCeuli prezidenti gaxda. foqsis istoriul
gamarjvebamde instituciur-revoluciur
partias (idp) monopolia hqonda prezidentobaze da mTlianad akontrolebda meqsikis xelisuflebas. foqsma daifica, rom
SeebrZoleboda korufcias da safuZvels
Cauyrida Sorsmimaval ekonomikur da politikur reformebs.

miuxedavad imisa, rom erTpartiuli sistema ZiriTadad avtoritarul saxelmwifoebSi arsebobs, zogierTi maTgani met-naklebad demokratiul politikaSic gvxvdeba. magaliTad, 2000-ian wlebamde meqsikis instituciur-revoluciuri
partia (PRI) dominirebda meqsikur politikaSi. indoeTSi damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdgom periodSi politikuri Zalaufleba TiTqmis eqskluziurad indoeTis kongress (saxelis miuxedavad, igi politikuri partiaa) ekuTvnoda. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, liberalur-demokratiuli partia dominirebda iaponiis
politikaSi 1950-iani wlebis Sua periodidan. SeerTebul StatebSic ki, romelic
ar aris erTpartiuli tendenciis mqone qveyana, samxreTSi samoqalaqo omis Semdeg demokratiuli partia TiTqmis erTi saukune dominirebda. meqsikis SemTxvevaSi PRI-m dominanturi roli SeinarCuna korufciis, daSinebisa da arCevnebis
gayalbebis kombinaciiT. indoeTSi, iaponiasa da samxreT amerikaSi es faqtorebi
mcire rols asrulebda, Tumca korufcia yvela am SemTxvevaSi arsebobda, xolo
daSineba da arCevnebis gayalbeba samxreT amerikaSi ZalaSi rCeboda1960-iani
wlebis samoqalaqo uflebebis moZraobis ganviTarebamde _ am regionis politikis transformaciamde.
demokratiuli erTpartiuli sistemebi SedarebiT iSviaTia. aseTi partiebi gansakuTrebiT amJRavneben korufciul midrekilebebs; politikuri Zalauflebis virtualuri monopolia biznes-liderebs, bankirebs, fesvgadgmul
biurokratebsa da umaRles saxelmwifo moxeleebs sarfiani garigebebisken ubiZgebs. amgvarad, ar aris moulodneli, rom ukanasknel wlebSi meqsikasa da iaponiaSi korufciaSi braldebebma erTi partiis dominirebis droebiT SeCerebaSi (da
ara dasrulebaSi), mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula.

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orpartiuli sistema
orpartiuli sistemis dros amomrCevelTa didi umralesoba mxars uWers
erT-erT ZiriTad partias. mxolod ZiriTadi partiis wevrebs aqvT Tanamdebobaze arCevis meti Sansi, xolo opoziciuri partia konstituciis mier daculia
xelisuflebis mxridan zewolis an daSinebisgan. orpartiuli sistemis mniSvnelovani upiratesoba aris SedarebiT stabiluri mTavroba, vinaidan umravlesoba iziarebs ZiriTad politikur Sexedulebebs, aris komfortul saSualo
fenaSi, kulturulad da eTnikurad homogenuri, rac iSviaTobaa ganviTarebad
qveynebSi. garkveulwilad mudmivoba uzrunvelyofilia Tavad sistemis mier, vinaidan ori ZiriTadi partia awonasworebs interesTa farTo speqtrs. amave dros
mudmivad arsebobs farTo masebisTvis misaRebi opoziciuri partia, romelic
mzad aris xelisuflebaSi mosasvlelad.
orpartiuli sistema iuridiulad da konstituciurad ar aris SezRuduli
mxolod ori partiiT. mcire partiebs SeuZliaT iarsebon da arseboben kidec,
Tumca SeerTebul StatebSi maTi warmateba erTob mokrZalebulia. ZiriTadad
mcire partiebi fuZndeba im calkeuli politikuri figuris Zalisxmevis Sedegad,
romelic gaemijneba erT an orive ZiriTad partias (magaliTad, tedi ruzveltis
Bull Moose partia 1912 wels an ros pero reformebis partia 1990-ian wlebSi). ger-

maniaSi, sadac II msoflio omis Semdeg ori ZiriTadi partia cvlida erTmaneTs
xelisuflebis saTaveSi, mcirericxovani Tavisufal-demokratiuli partia Tavis masStabTan SedarebiT Zalian didi ZalauflebiT da gavleniT sargeblobda
1990-iani wlebis bolomde, rodesac mwvaneTa partia social-demokratebTan
`mwvane-wiTel~ koaliciur mTavrobaSi umcros partniorad Sevida.

mravalpartiuli sistema
mravalpartiuli sistema Cndeba iq, sadac orze meti partia sakmaod Zlieria
imisTvis, rom xelisuflebaSi mosvlisaTvis konkurencia gauwios sxvebs. aseT
sistemaSi mudmivad arc erTi partia ar aris umravlesobaSi; ama Tu im arCevnebSi nebismier partias SeuZlia moipovos mandatebis didi umravlesoba, Tumca
xSirad imarjveben absolutur umravlesobaze naklebi xmebiT. mravalpartiuli

saparlamento sistemis dros individualuri partiebi arCevnebis dros gaurbian kompromisebs da specifikur sakiTxebsa da programebze laparaks. axali
mTavrobis formirebisaTvis mxolod xmebis daTvlis Semdeg xdeba saWiro kompromisebis daSveba. rogorc wesi, uZlieresi partia mmarTveli umravlesobis
Seqmnis mizniT cdilobs Camoayalibos koaliciuri mTavroba sxva partiasTan
an partiebTan erTad. koaliciis formirebis Semdeg igi marTavs momaval arCevnebamde, an koaliciis daSlamde. es procesi amerikelebisaTvis ucnaurad JRers,
magram evropelebisTvis, azielebisa da sxva saparlamento demokratiul qveynebSi mcxovrebTaTvis igi normaluria.~
mravalpartiuli sistemis mTavari upiratesoba aris is, rom amomrCevels
farTo arCevani aqvs. misi mTavari uaryofiTi Tviseba aris arastabiluri xelisufleba _ zogierT qveyanaSi es arastabiluroba SeiZleba qronikulic ki gaxdes. procesi SeiZleba TavisTavad ganviTardes: stress moaqvs fraqciaTaSorisi
dapirispirebebi mTavrobaSi, politikis centrSi saerTo areulobas _ `ndobis

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krizisi,~ xolo es krizisi Tavis mxriv ufro met stress iwvevs. II msoflio omis
Semdeg italia am fenomenis saukeTeso magaliTad rCeba evropaSi.

partiuli sistemis ganmsazRvrelebi

ra gansazRvravs politikuri partiebis raodenobas ama Tu im qveyanaSi?
pirvel rigSi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs mmarTvelobis formas _ mxolod
konstituciur demokratiebSi SeuZliaT politikur partiebs ibrZolon politikur sistemaze droebiTi (Semdgom arCevnebamde) kontrolis mopovebisTvis.
meore, demokratiul qveynebSi saarCevno sistemis saxeobam SeiZleba gavlena iqonios partiuli sistemis tipze. mcire partiebis warmatebas xels uSlis
iseTi sistema, romelic dafuZnebulia erTmandatian saarCevno ubanze, sadac
nebismieri kandidati igebs erTi xmis upiratesobiT (xmaTa ubralo umravlesobiT) erTaderT arsebul mandats. patara partiebs uWirT moizidon amomrCevlebi, vinaidan maT kandidatebs mogebis Zalian mcire Sansi aqvT. amis sawinaaRmdegod proporciuli warmomadgenlobiTi sistema, sadac ramdenime kandidati
irCeva TiToeuli saarCevno ubnidan, ufro mcire partiebs mogebis gacilebiT
did Sanss aZlevs. amgvarad, proporciuli warmomadgenlobiTi saarCevno sistemis SemTxvevaSi, gansxvavebiT im sistemisagan, sadac kandidati ubralo umravlesobiT igebs (first-past-the-post), mravalpartiuli politikuri sistemis arseboba
ufro savaraudoa.
mesame, politikuri partiuli sistema, iseve, rogorc xelisuflebis
ZiriTadi forma, xandaxan gansazRvrulia konstituciiT. konstituciebi gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan partiuli sistemebis mimarT damokidebulebiT. zogierTi, magaliTad, aSS-is konstitucia, saerTod ar exeba am sakiTxs, zogi ki
pirdapir an iribad asaxavs mas. rogorc ar unda iyos, yovelTvis arsebobs aSkara
gansxvaveba partias, romelic exmareba politikisa da mTavrobis organizebas da
biurokratias Soris, romelsac evaleba mTavrobis administrireba _ iq, sadac
am or sferos Soris gansxvaveba an Zalian mcirea, an saerTod ar arsebobs, demokratiac an Zalian mcirea, an saerTod ar arsebobs.
meoTxe, tradicia gavlenas axdens qveynis mTavrobis formasa da mis partiul sistemaze. vinaidan ganviTarebad qveyanaTa umetesobaSi avtoritaruli reJimebi arsebobs, romelTac TiTqmis ar gaaCniaT demokratiis tradicia, ar aris
gasakviri, rom mesame samyaroSi Zalian xSirad gvxvdeba erTpartiuli sistema.
am tendenciis ori yvelaze cnobili gamonaklisia laTinuri amerikis venesuela
da kolumbia. II msoflio omis Semdeg orive am qveyanaSi Zalian STambeWdavi demokratiuli tradiciebi ganviTarda. orive maTganis mTavroba Zalian stabiluria; kolumbiaSi ki xangrZlivma ajanyebebmac ver SeZles sistemisTvis seriozuli zianis miyeneba (Tumca venesuelaSi sistemam Sva arapopulisti ugo Cavesi,
romelmac demokratia farsad aqcia _ mTrgmn. Sen.).
mexuTe, sadac arsebobs Rrma socialuri, ekonomikuri, kulturuli an religiuri gansxvavebebi, rogorc wesi, politikuri cxovreba polarizebulia,
gajerebulia emociiTa da ideologiiT. amgvari garemoebebi upiratesad mravalpartiul sistemebs aviTarebs da ara orpartiuls.
partiebi erTmaneTisagan mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba gansxvavebul demokratiebSi. zogierT maTganSi Zalaufleba Zlier struqtuirebulia da mTli-

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anad saTaveSia koncentrirebuli. magaliTad, britanuli politikuri partiebi
ufro disciplinirebuli da centralizirebuli arian, vidre ori mTavari partia SeerTebul StatebSi. partiis centralizacia mniSvnelovania saparlamento
sistemaSi, radgan sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebebis Serevisas
kanonmdeblebi an unda `gahyvnen partiis xazs,~ an mudmivad hqondeT xelisuflebaSi opoziciis mosvlis SiSi. centralizebul partias yvelaze kargad SeuZlia
ganaxorcielos politikuri zewola partiuli disciplinis Camosayalibeblad.
metic, vinaidan saparlamento sistemaSi mniSvnelovania partiis programa da ara
individualuri kandidatis pirovneba. dagegmva, organizeba da finansuri kampaniebi qveynis doneze yvelaze kargad muSaobs.
aseve isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, Tavad politikuri sistema centralizebulia Tu decentralizebulia. federalur sistemaSi partiebi cdiloben federaluri struqturis mTavrobis analogiiT moaxdinon sakuTari partiebis struqtuireba. am sakiTxis praqtikuli warmoCenisTvis erT magaliTs ganvixilavT.
SeerTebul StatebSi winner-take-all (TiToeul StatSi gamarjvebuli mTlianad
Statis amomrCevlis xmas iRebs) sistemiT saprezidento arCevnebis dros xmaTa
mTliani raodenoba mTeli qveynis masStabiT ganisazRvreba, magram iTvleba (da
xdeba Sedareba) Statebis mixedviT. amgvarad, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, jorj
buSma gaimarjva 2000 wlis arCevnebSi miuxedavad imisa, rom misma oponentma al
gorma qveynis masStabiT ufro meti xma miiRo. gasamarjveblad politikurma partiebma unda gaimarjvon ara erT, aramed 50 arCevnebSi. aseT politikur garemoSi decentralizebuli struqtura mniSvnelovania. saxelmwifo doneze Zlieri
partiuli organizacia xels uwyobs senatorebis, warmomadgenlebisa da saxelmwifo da adgilobrivi Tanamdebobis pirebis arCevas. msgavsi sistema gvxvdeba
sxva federalur sistemebSic.
Tumca, amerikuli politikuri partiebi SedarebiT sustia. isini ar arian
ufro Zlierni nawilobrivi imis gamoc, rom es ar sWirdebaT. SeerTebuli Statebi
didwilad saSualo fenis sazogadoebaa, romlis wevrTa Soris politikis ZiriTad principebze konsensusi arsebobs. es niSnavs, rom arc umravlesobis partiaa
ideologiurad dogmaturi da moTxovnebSi SezRuduli; partia ufro metad gansxvavebuli jgufebisa da interesebis koaliciaa, vidre TanamoazreTa monoliTuri organizmi. SeerTebul StatebSi mTavrobis saqmianobis xelmZRvanelobasa
da koordinaciaSi prezidenti ufro mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs, vidre politikuri partiebi; saparlamento sistemebSi politikuri partia (an partiebis koalicia) axali mTavrobis ZiriTadi birTvia.
politikuri partiebi _ Tuki isini gamoiyeneben liberalur-demokratiul
konstituciur sistemas konstituciis gasanadgureblad _ SeiZleba totalitaruli moZraobis safuZvlad iqcnen (amis klasikuri magaliTia nacional-socialisturi anu nacisturi partia germaniaSi or msoflio oms Soris). xelisuflebaSi
mosvlis Semdeg totalitaruli partia ganicdis transformacias da yalibdeba
mTavrobad. SedarebiT avtoritaruli partiebis SesaZleblobebi ufro viwroa.
es partiebi axorcieleben mmarTvelis survilebsa da politikas, magram ara sayovelTao mobilizaciis kampaniebs, grandiozul samSeneblo proeqtebs an `revolucias zemodan,~ romlebic mimarTulia sazogadoebis transformaciis an ganwmendisaken. miuxedavad imisa, rom orive tipis partia _ totalitarulic da
avtoritarulic, rogoc wesi, centralizebulia da reJims eqvemdebareba, isini
yovelTvis araa efeqtiani. avtoritaruli partiebi sruliadac ar aris efeq-

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tiani mflangvelobisagan, degradaciisa da konfliqturi interesebisagan, romelic SeiZleba Segvxvdes yvela sxva biurokratiaSi.

perspeqtivebi: politikuri partiebis daknineba?

bevri eqsperti Tvlis, rom politikuri partiebis mniSvneloba SeerTebul
StatebSi nel-nela klebulobs. isini saubroben sazogadoebriv gamokiTxvebze,
romlebic avlenen sazogadoebaSi partiebis pativiscemis klebas: xalxis azriT,
partiebs ar gaaCniaT unari, aiZulon Tanamdebobis pirebi _ pasuximgeblobiT
moekidon amomrCevelTa moTxovnebs. amomrCeveli sul ufro iSviaTad aigivebs
sakuTar Tavs partiasTan da saarCevno biuleteni sxvadasxva partiis kandidatiT (ticket splitting) Cveulebrivi movlenaa. politologebi ixrebian sazogadoebriv azrisaken: politikuri partiebi araefeqtiania.
ram ganapiroba amgvari damokidebulebis Camoyalibeba? zogierTi mimomxilveli amtkicebs, rom bevri sponsori arCevs fuli misces pirdapir kandidats
da ara partias, vinaidan unda, rom momavali Tanamdebobis piri misgan iyos `davalebuli.~ sxvebi Tvlian, rom bevri amomrCeveli ararealur imeds amyarebs partiebze an partiebi Sromasa da bizness Soris klasobrivi brZolis Sedegi iyo,
ramac mniSvneloba dakarga.30 zogierTi ki maT warumatebeli politikuri procesis nawilad ganixilavs.
bolo aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi SeerTebul StatebSi partiuli politikis idea winaaRmdegobaSi movida demokratiis idealTan. rogorc adgilobriv,
aseve saxelmwifo doneze demokratebi da respublikelebi erTnairad cdilobdnen SeemcirebinaT partiuli profesionalebis gavlena kandidatis SerCevis procesze. demokratiis amerikul koncefcias ewinaaRdegeba gabolil oTaxSi
partiuli xelmZRvanelis usiamovno imiji, romelic wyvets romeli uwyeba vin
unda marTos. am imijma, realurma Tu warmosaxviTma, xeli Seuwyo arCevnebis reformebs (Tumca arCevnebis namdvili reforma dRemde Zalze efemerulia).
kandidatis wamoyenebis procesis demokratizaciis mcdeloba gansakuTrebiT popularulia. Statis doneze winaswari arCevnebi, erT dros gamonaklisi, wesad iqca. axla Statebi erTmaneTs winaswari arCevnebis ufro adre CatarebaSi ejibrebian. (Tavad arCevnebi zogierTi StatisTvis sarfian saqmed iqca,
vinaidan didi Semosavali da mediis yuradReba moaqvs, sxva Statebi atareben
Sidapartiul daxurul sxdomebs, sadac partiis rigiTi wevrebi irCeven delegatebs, romlebic Semdgom monawileobas iReben Statis yrilobaSi, sadac, Tavis
mxriv, irCeven delegatebs, romlebsac davalebuli aqvT ama Tu im konkretuli
kandidatis mxardaWera partiis nacionalur yrilobaze.
aseTi reformebi agrZnobinebs moqalaqeTa saSualo fenas, rom isini monawileoben partiis nominaciis procesSi da amcirebs Statisa da erovnuli partiis
erTgul mxardamWerTa Zalauflebas. Tumca, rac ufro meti Stati atarebs winaswar arCevnebs, amerikis saprezidento arCevnebi miT ufro daZabuli, Zvirad
Rirebuli da gaxangrZlivebulia; prezidentis nominaciisa da arCevnebis procesma SeiZleba erT welsac gastanos (masTan SedrebiT, britanuli saparlamento
arCevnebi xSirad erT Tveze naklebxans grZeldeba da gacilebiT iafi jdeba, vidre amerikuli arCevnebi.) ufro metic, finansebis mozidva udidesi mniSvnelobis faqtori gaxda ara marto prezidentobis msurvelTaTvis, aramed senatisa
da palatis seriozuli kandidatebisaTvisac, rac cinikosebs safuZvels aZlevs

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SeniSnon, rom SeerTebul StatebSi arCevnebi mudmiv RonisZiebad iqca.
es situacia unikaluria SeerTebul StatebSi. arc erTi liberaluri demokratia msoflioSi ar xarjavs imden drosa da finansebs Tanamdebobis pirebis
arCevaze, rogorc amerika. ramdenad SueZlia amgvar demokratias pasuxismgeblobiT moekidos amomrCevelTa survilebsa da moTxovnebs, upasuxo kiTxvad
rCeba.
partiebi jer kidev exmarebian kandidatebs arCevaSi, magram isini axlosac
ver mivlen SeerTebul StatebSi arCevnebisaTvis saWiro finansebTan. rogor
ivseba es deficiti? vis mimarTaven kandidatebi finansuri mxardaWerisaTvis?
rogorc vnaxavT, interesTa jgufebi iswrafvian Seavson deficiti, magram amis
sanacvlod wina planze iwevs kiTxvebi, romlebic eris demokratiis idealebs
exeba.

interesTa jgufebi
interesTa jgufebi ar cdiloben xelisuflebaSi mosvlas, ar monawileoben sajaro Tanamdebobis pirebis rekrutirebasa, wardgenasa da arCevaSi. samagierod, Zal-Rones ar iSureben, raTa zegavlena moaxdinon kanonmdeblobaze,
politikasa da programebze, maTi specialuri, gansakuTrebuli interesis sferoebis mixedviT (aqenad modis specialuri interesis cnebac) _ magaliTad, korporaciebis (mogebis) gadasaxadi da subsidiebi (didi biznesebi), sabanko regulaciebi, subsidiebi soflis meurneobisaTvis, federaluri daxmareba ganaTlebis
sferoSi, an garemos dacva. Cveni ganxilva interesTa jgufebis sxvadasxva tipis
SeswavliT daviwyoT.

interesTa jgufebis tipebi

interesTa jgufebis klasifikaciis yvelaze gavrcelebuli sqema ekuTvnis profesor gabriel almonds, romelic ganasxvavebda oTx ZiriTad tips.31
pirveli da yvelaze gavrcelebulia asociaciis tipis interesTa jgufebi, romlebsac, rogorc wesi, aqvT saxelwodeba, erovnuli Stabbina, hyavT profesionali Ta namSromlebi, da a.S. amis magaliTia mewarmeTa erovnuli asociacia,
iaraRis moyvarulTa asociacia da sxva.
meorea araasociaciuri tipis interesTa jufebi, romlebsac ara aqvT saxelwodeba da formaluri struqtura, magram gamoxataven socialur, eTnikur,
kulturul an religiur intresebs da SeuZliaT saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi Seerwyan Zlier politikur Zalebs. aseTi interesTa jgufebi yvelaze xSirad gvxvdeba ganviTarebadi aziis, arabuli samyaros, laTinuri amerikisa da saharis
samxreTiT mdebare afrikis qveynebSi.
mesamea instituciuri interesTa jgufebi, romlebic mTavrobis SigniT arseboben. samTavrobo departamentebsa da saagentoebs sakuTari interesi gaaCniaT sxvadasxva gadawyvetilebebisa da programebis mimarT, risTvisac isini
Signidan _ xSirad sazogadoebis TvalTaxedvis miRma, lobireben. magaliTad,
pentagoni urigdeba Tavdacvis sferos kontraqtorebs SeiaraRebis programebis
erToblivi ZaliT `gasatanad~; Sromis, soflis meurneobisa da ganaTlebis de-

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partamentebs xSirad sdeben brals, rom isini im interesTa jgufebis tyveebi
arian, romelTa interesebi am departamentebis mier marTul programebs emTxveva.
meoTxe, anomikuri (anomic) interesTa jgufebi spontanurad yalibdeba,
rodesac bevri adamiani ewinaaRmdegeba raime politikas. am fenomenis brwyinvale magaliTia studenturi demonstraciebi 1960-iani wlebis bolos da 1970-iani
wlebis dasawyisSi mTeli qveynis masStabiT. almondi ambobs, rom quCis areulobebi da zogierTi mkvlelobac ki amave kategoriaSi SeiZleba moeqces.
interesTa jgufebis kategorizaciis kidev erTi gzaa maTi dayofa viwro da
sazogadoebriv interesTa jgufebad. Common Cause (saerTo saqme) _ organizacia,
romelic daaarsa jandacvis, ganaTlebis da socuzrunvelyofis yofilma ministrma da romelic 300 000-ze met wevrs aerTianebs, aseTi tipis interesTa jgufis
magaliTia.
interesTa jgufebi marto imiT ar gansxvavdebian, ra sakiTxebze muSaoben,
aramed imiTac, rom isini gansxvavebul aqcentebs svamen. Zalze viwro aqcentebi
yvelaze xSirad damaxasiaTebelia eTnikuri (magaliTad, amerikel italielTa
fondi), religiuri (amerikel ebraelTa kongresi), profesiuli (universitetebis
profesorTa amerikuli asociacia), asakobrivi niSniT gansazRvruli (pensionerTa amerikuli asociacia) da sxva mravali jgufisaTvis, romelTaTvisac romelime kategoriaSi adgilis miCneva Zalze rTulia (magaliTad, xeibar amerikel
veteranTa organizacia). yovel aseT SemTxvevaSi es kerZo intersTa jgufebi,
pirvel rigSi, cdiloben Tavis wevrTa interesebis dacvas.

sazogadoebriv interesTa jgufebis interesTa sfero ufro farToa. isini ibrZvian im sakiTxebis mosagvareblad, romlebsac, maTi azriT, mTeli sazogadoebisaTvis SeuZliaT sargeblobis motana. aseTi organizaciis erTi magaliTia
siera klubi, romelic lobirebs mkacr da amomwurav garemosdacviT politikas.
miuxedavad imisa, rom yvela ar eTanxmeba siera klubis miznebs, veravin daadanaSaulebs mis wevrebs viwro piradi interesebisaTvis brZolaSi; marTlac, sufTa
haeri da wyali xom yvela moqalaqisTvis sasargebloa.
asociaciuri tipis interesTa jgufebi Zlier gansxvavdebian kapitaliTa
da TvisebebiT. ZiriTadi gansxvavebebi dakavSirebulia imasTan, ramdeni fulis Sekreba SeuZliaT maT, ramdeni da ramdenad araerTgvarovani tipis wevrebi hyavT, rogori kavSirebi aqvT kanonmdeblebTan da gadawyvetilebis mimReb
pirebTan, aqvT Tu ara kvalificirebuli TanamSromlebis daqiravebis saSualeba. garda amisa, interesTa jgufebi gansxvavdebian maT mier arCeuli moqmedebis
taqtikiTac, iqneba es xelisuflebis wevrebTan erTi erTze lobireba, politikuri Semowirulobebi, masobrivi safosto gzavnilebi, sasamarTlo sarCelebis
sponsoroba, demonstraciebis da gamosvlebis organizeba Tu mniSvnelovani
sakiTxebis Sesaxeb kvlevebis dafinanseba.

zegavlenis wyaroebi da meTodebi

interesTa jgufebi, rogorc wesi, cdiloben Secvalon sajaro politika
arCeul Tanamdebobis pirebs da sazogadoebriv azrze (saxelmwifo an regionul
doneze) zegavlenis moxdeniT. amas isini sami ZiriTadi gziT axerxeben: (1) arCevnebSi maTi ndobiT aRWurvili pirebis gamarjvebis miRweviT; (2) cdiloben arCeul Tanamdebobis pirebTan dakavSirebas da (3) masobrivi sainformacio saSu-

347
alebebiT kampaniebis gaCaRebiT. interesTa jgufebi eZeben pirdapir kavSirebs
gadawyvetilebis mimRebebTan. bevri interesTa jgufi qiraobs lobists, romelic sxvadasxva gziT cdilobs kanonmdebelTa ndobisa da maTze gavlenis mopovebas. lobisti eqspertebis specifikuri codnis safuZvelze isini gamodian
sakanonmdeblo komitetebis winaSe, Suamdgomloben axlo megobrebsa Tu amomrCevlebs maTi Sexedulebebis cxovrebaSi gasatareblad. lobistebi aseve organizebas ukeTeben da sargebloben piar-kampaniebiT, satelefono Tu internetkavSirebiT; saerTo sakanonmdeblo miznebis misaRwevad koordinirebas axdenen
da TanamSromloben Tanamoazre lobistebTan; cdiloben gaafarToon kanonmdeblebTan urTierTobis SesaZleblobebi (magaliTad, marTaven wveulebebs an afinanseben saqvelmoqmedo RonisZiebebs).32

AARP-s (pensionerTa amerikuli asociacia) wevrebi amerikel xandazmulTaTvis xelisuflebis mxardaWeris gasafarToeblad da SesanarCuneblad demonstracias awyoben, raTa
xazi gausvan sakuTar wuxilsa da politikur Sexedulebebs.

cxadia, zogierTi interesTa jgufi sxvebze ufro warmatebulia. gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs or faqtors fulsa da wevrobas. organizaciebs, romlebic warmoadgenen saerTo interesis mqone moqalaqeTa ufro did da gamorCeul nawils, aSkara upiratesoba gaaCniaT. es gansakuTrebiT aSkaraa, rodesac
saqme exeba specifikur sakiTxebs da rodesac ar arsebobs sxva, imave sakiTxiT
dainteresebuli konkurenti an dapirispirebuli interesTa jgufebi. didi raodenobis TanamoazreTa lobis saukeTeso magaliTia pensionerTa amerikuli
asociciacia (daaxloebiT 33 milioni wevriT), romelic xandazmul moqalaqeTa
samTavrobo daxmarebis gazrdis da SenarCunebis sakiTxSi namdvili monopolistia da masTan dapirispirebisas verc erTma organizaciam warmatebas ver
miaRwia. am organizaciis wevria 50 wels gadacilebul amerikelTa 48 procenti
(amomrCevelTa 20 procenti), ris gamoc igi qveyanaSi rigiT meore aramomgebiani
(non-profit) organizaciaa romaul-kaTolikuri eklesiis Semdeg. 18 registrirebuli lobistiT, 1700 daqiravebuli adamianiTa da TiTqmis 500 milioniani biu-

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jetiT es asociacia, romelic sakuTar Tavs amerikel xandazmulTa damcvelad
warmoaCens, aSS-is yvelaze gavleniani lobia.
iaraRis moyvarulTa erovnuli asociacia (The National Rifle Association) gavleniani interesTa jgufis magaliTia. igi erTi viwro interesis garSemoa Seqmnili,
Tumca bolo aTwleulebSi misi gavlena Semcirda. am asociaciis mxridan iaraRze nebismieri formis kontrolis dawesebaze medgari winaaRmdegoba kritikis
qarcecxlSi gaexva mas Semdeg, rac aSS-is sazogadoebrioba ufro da ufro met
kavSirs xedavs cecxlsasrol iaraRsa da gansakuTrebuli sisastikiT Cadenil
danaSaulebebs Soris. kidev ufro warumatebeli arian axla fermerebi; maT ramdenime organizacia warmoadgens, romelTac Camoayalibes soflis meurneobis
sakiTxebis Zalze daqucmacebuli lobi.
interesTa jgufebis warmatebasTan dakavSirebuli faqtorebia: 1) moqalaqeTa raodenoba, romelsac warmoadgens jgufi; 2) jgufis wevrTa Sesabamis
sakiTxTan (interesTan) gaigivebis (identifikaciis) xarisxi; 3) im konkurent
jgufTa arseboba an ararseboba, romlebmac SeiZleba Seasuston interesTa
jgufis mier xelisuflebaze mopovebuli gavlena. magram araferia amerikul

politikaSi fulze ufro mniSvnelovani. xandaxan SeZlebul moqalaqeTa SedarebiT mcirericxovanma jgufma SeiZleba politikur procesze uzarmazari gavlena moaxdinos, magaliTad, ZviradRirebuli mediakampaniasa Tu politikur
kampaniebisaTvis didi Tanxebis Sewirvis wyalobiT. amas garda, aseT jgufTa
wevrebs, rogorc wesi, gaaCniaT piradi kavSirebi da politikuri kontaqtebi,
rac SeiZleba gadamwyveti aRmoCndes, rodesac saqme Seexeba warmomadgenlis an
senatoris mier kenWisyraze dayenebul ama Tu im sakiTxis mxardaWeras.
interesTa jgufebi xSirad upiratesobas moipoveben, Tu kavSirebi aqvT
politikur partiasTan. dasavleT evropaSi udidesi profkavSirebi axlo kavSirSia mSromelTa klasis warmomadgenel politikur partiebTan (magaliTad,
did britaneTSi leiboristuli partia da profkavSirebis kongresi, romlebsac
mxars uWers didi britaneTis organizebul profkavSirTa wevrebis 85 procenti). amisgan gansxvavebiT, aSS-Si interesTa jgufebi politikur partiebs saerTod gverds uvlian da pirdapir im kandidatebs afinanseben, romlebsac TviTon
uWeren mxars. zogierT SemTxvevaSi, interesTa jgufebi Tavs izRveven da saarCevno kampaniaSi orive dapirispirebul kandidats afinanseben.
interesTa jgufis warmatebis mniSvnelovani gasaRebia kompiuterizebuli
pirdapiri gzavnilis (direct mail) saSualebiT moTxovnili fondebi, magram aseve
mniSvnelovania dinamikuri xelmZRvanelobac. interesTa jgufebis xelmZRvanelebi (liderebi) warmarTaven da xSirad TviTonve iCenen lobistur iniciativas, cdiloben konfidencialuri Sexvedrebisas daarwmunon kanonmdeblebi da
gadawyvetilebebis mimRebni, mxari dauWiron (an ar dauWiron) ama Tu im sakiTxs.
interesTa jgufis warmatebuloba xSirad damokidebulia lobistis pirovnul
Rirsebebsa da reputaciaze. amis gaTvaliswinebiT, interesTa jgufebi vaSingtonSi xSirad cdiloben prezidentebis yofili mrCevlebis `xelSi Cagdebas~
sakuTari interesebis damcvelebad (da amisTvis karg gasamrjelosac uxdian
xolme).

interesTa jgufebis bumi: PAC-i (politikur qmedebaTa

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komiteti) winaurdeba
miuxedavad imisa, rom arsebuli savaraudo monacemebi sakmaod gansxvavdeba, eqspertebi Tanxmdebian imaze, rom interesTa jgufebisa da maT mier daqiravebul lobistTa raodenoba aSS-Si bolo sami aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi sul
mcire 50 procentiT gaizarda. dRes es asociaciebi vaSingtonSi sididiT mesamea
xelisuflebisa da turizmis Semdeg. erT-erTi wyaros monacemebiT, 1991 wels
daaxloebiT 6 000 lobisti iyo registrirebuli da daaxloebiT 80 000 adamiani
muSaobda im asociaciebisTvis, romlebic kongresSi lobirebdnen.34 vaSingtonSi
lobis TiTqmis ori mesamedi biznesisa da savaWro wreebidan modis. 1994 wlis
erT-erTi gamokvleva kidev ufro SemaSfoTebel suraTs aaSkaravebs:
magaliTad aviRoT geilis kvlevaSi Encyclopedia of Associations mocemuli jgufebis raodenoba. Tu 1956 wels maTi ricxvi 5000 iyo, dReisaTvis 20 000-mde gaizarda. ra Tqma unda, isini amerikis interesTa jgufebis
samyaros mxolod mcire nawils warmoadgenen. mxolod garemos dacvis
organizaciebi iTvlian daaxloebiT 7 000 jgufs, Tuki maT adgilobriv
moxalise damsufTaveblebsac mivaTvliT; Washington Blade-is cnobarSi
Setanilia 400-ze meti gei-jgufi, maSin rodesac 1990 wels aseTi mxolod
300 iyo. 1961 da 1982 wlebs Soris vaSingtonSi korporaciuli ofisebis
raodenoba aTjer gaizarda. kidev ufro dramatulad imata sazogadoebrivi interesebis dasacavad Seqmnilma organizaciebma da farTo masebis
jgufebma (grassroots groups). 1960-ian wlebamde aseTi jgufebi TiTqmis ar
arsebobda; dRes aseTi organizacia aTiaTasobiTaa da politolog ronald Saikos TqmiT, 40 milioni moqalaqisagan 4 miliard dolarze metsac
agroveben. 35

interesTa jgufebis momravlebis mizezia saxelmwifo daxmarebebis mniSvnelovani zrda, politikuri partiebis gavlenis Sesusteba, amerikuli sazogadoebis mzardi mravalferovneba, axali socialur-ekonomikuri jgufebis Camoyalibeba, ramac xeli Seuwyo mravali viwro interesis garSemo Seqmnili jgufis
Camoyalibebas.36 amave dros, safosto da kompiuteruli teqnologiebi msgavsi
organizaciebis daarsebas SedarebiT aiolebs. ganaTlebis donis amaRlebam
gazarda moqalaqeTa interesi msgavsi asociaciebis mimarT, xolo SedarebiTma
keTildReobam saSualeba misca maT ixadon sawevro gadasaxadebi.
1970-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi popularuli gaxda axali tipis interesTa jgufebi, romlebic politikuri qmedebaTa

komitetebis (PAC) saxeliTaa cnobili. 1971 wels kongresma aukrZala korporaciebsa da SromiT kavSirebs politikuri kampaniebisaTvis fulis pirdapiri wesiT
gaReba, riTac arCevnebis dros darRvevebis aRkveTas Seecada. Tumca, kanonma, im
saxiT, rogoriTac kongresSi misi damtkiceba da sasamarTloebis mier interepretireba moxda, xeli ver SeuSala viwro interesTa jgufebs arapirdapiri gziT
_ specialurad am mizniT Seqmnili komitetebis meSveobiT _ fulis xarjvaSi.
1980-iani wlebis Sua periodamde politikur qmedebaTa komitetebis ricxvi mniSvnelovnad izrdeboda, rogorc es 10-5 sqemidan Cans. didi da gavleniani politikuri qmedebis komitetebi gaaCnia Semdeg interesTa jgufebs: amerikis medikosTa
asociacias, uZravi qonebiT movaWreTa erovnul asociacias, dilerebis erovnul
asociacias, fostalionTa erovnul asociacias, amerikis stomatologTa aso-

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ciacias, saxelmwifo, saolqo da municipalur doneze dasaqmebulTa amerikul
federacias.

sqema 10-5 politikur qmedebaTa komitetebis raodenobis zrda, 1972-96ww.

politikur qmedebaTa komitetebis raodenoba erTnairia 1984 wlidan.
wyaro:adaptirebulia Theodore L. Lowi-sa da Benjamin Ginsberg-is wignidan American Government: Freedom and Power, me-3 gamocema (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1994), 345, da
Midyear and Year-End PAC Counts, 1990-1996, Federal Election Commission Record, Tavi 27,
nomeri 9, seqtemberi 1996, 7.

politikuri qmedebaTa komitetebs gadamwyveti roli SeusrulebiaT

erovnul da saStato doneze kandidatebisa da sakiTxebis dafinansebaSi. amave
dros, arCevnebis fasi _ sul ufro damokidebuli satelevizio reklamaze _
gaizarda. daian fainstaini, demokrati senatori kaliforniidan, 1994 wlis arCevnebisas Svidi Tvis ganmavlobaSi yoveldRiurad 22 000 dolars agrovebda;
`fainstain Inc. biznesi rom yofiliyo, misi mosalodneli SemosavliT amerikis wamyvan korporaciaTa 5 procentSi moxvdeboda~.37 daujerebelia, magram fainstainze meti Tanxa daxarja misma respublikelma oponentma maikl hafingtonma, romelmac daaxloebiT 29 milioni dolari gaatana qars kampaniaSi, romelic
fainstainma mougo. arCevnebis mzardi fasis kidev erTi magaliTia 1996 wlis
virjiniis Statis sasenatoro arCevnebi, romelSic damarcxebulma demokratma
kandidatma mark uornerma 11 milioni dolari daxarja (TiToeul amomrCevelze 3.30 dolari, maSin rodesac hafingtonma 2.03 dolari daxarja). amgvarad,
miuxedavad imisa, rom politikuri qmedebis komitetebis SezRudva popularuli reformistuli winadadeba gamodga, dRevandeli saaarCevno kampaniebis xangrZlivoba da maRali xarjebi, romlis gaRebis aranairi survili sazogadoebas

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ara aqvs, iZleva imis garantias, rom politikosebi ver Seelevian politikuri
qmedebis komitetebis mier gaRebul fuls.
bevri damkvirvebeli gmobs amerikul politikaSi fulis mzard gavlenas.
fuli yovelTvis mniSvnelovani faqtori iyo politikaSi, magram ukanasknel aTwleulebSi igi iqca faqtorad, romlis gareSe gamarjveba ubralod warmoudgenelia. Tuki warmomadgenlobiT palataSi adgilis mopovebis saSualo xarji
1976 wels 73 000 dolars Seadgenda, 1996 wlisaTvis igi 80 000 dolaramde gaizarda; igive periodSi, senatSi adgilis mosapoveblad xarji 595 000 dolaridan
3,8 milion dolaramde gaizarda. Pew Charitable Trust is gancxadebiT,
martivad rom vTqvaT, fuli is sawvavia, romelic amoZravebs amJamindel sakampanio sistemas. interesTa jgufebi, kandidatebi da partiebi
agroveben fuls imisaTvis, rom daiqiravon konsultantebi da awarmoon
ZviradRirebuli satelevizio sareklamo kampaniebi.38

Tavis mxriv, aranakleb STambeWdavi iyo interesTa jgufebis aRmasvla

dasavleT evropis saparlamento demokratiebSic.39 zogierT evropul saxelmwifoSi interesTa jgufebi mTavrobam oficialurad aRiara da maT naxevrad oficialur statussac miaRwies. magaliTad, SvedeTsa da norvegiaSi saministro,
romelic administraciul qmedebas gegmavs, valdebulia SeuTanxmdes jgufebs,
romlebsac es qmedeba SesaZloa Seexos da pirdapir CarTos interesTa jgufebi
politikis SemuSavebis procesSi. safrangeTSi mTavrobasa da kerZo seqtors Soris konsultaciebis saxelmwifo sistema moicavs 500-mde sabWos, 200 komitetsa
da 300 komisias. TiToeuli aseTi samTavrobo organos wevrebi arian rogorc
mTavrobis, aseve interesTa jgufebis warmomadgenlebi.
amrigad, amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da dasavleT evropaSi interesTa
jgufebma aRmasvla ganicades. amerikelebi specialur (viwro) interesebs xSirad
kninobiT formaSi moixsenieben. es negatiuri imiji kidev ufro gaaZliera politikuri qmedebaTa komitetebis da didi fulis politikis gaZlierebam. interesTa jgufebi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs, magram raki ar arsebobs rbil fulze
(soft money) (fuli, romelsac aZleven politikur partiebs viTomda arasakampanio
miznebisaTvis da fuli, romelic damoukideblad ixarjeba kandidatebis an partiebisaTvis) raime efeqtiani SezRudva, isini sul ufro xSirad xdebian im sistemuri korufciis nawili, romlis legaluri an politikuri wamalic dResdReobiT ar moipoveba.
ori aTwleulis win interesTa jgufebi frTxilobdnen da Tavis qmedebebs
maRalfardovani argumentebiT niRbavdnen. dRes sul ufro gulaxdili politikuri saubrebi ismis. mravali kerZo interesTa jgufis lideri (es jgufebi warmoadgenen saSualo klasis gadamxdelebs, saxlebis mflobelebs, espanurenovan
amerikelebs, xandazmulebs da sxv.) mourideblad acxadebs protests imis gamo,
rom ver miiRo sazogadoebrivi saqonlis (public goods) kuTvnili wili. sul ufro
naklebad saubroben sazogadoebriv interesze; ufro da ufro xSirad, amerikul
politikas ganixilaven, rogorc Sejibrs, romlis gamarjvebulebi rogorc
wesi, gavleniani viwro interesebis mqone lobebi _ Tanamdebobis pirebisagan
jildos moelian arCevnebSi mopovebul gamarjvebaSi gaweuli daxmarebisaTvis.
rTulia gamoiTvalo sazogadoebrivi suliskveTebisa da sazogadoebrivi
zneobis fasi, magram udavoa, rom igi Zalze maRalia da Tavs mxolod nel-nela gamoaCans. erTi ram cxadia: interTa jgufebis gavlenis zrdasTan erTad, sazoga-

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doebac ufro advilad egueba amerikuli politikuri cxovrebis ganmsazRvrel
Zalad egoisturi interesis aRiarebas.

interesTa jgufebi demokratiul qveynebSi

rigiT moqalaqeebs miaCniaT xolme, rom politika pirad interesze maRla
unda idges da xSirad cneba _ specialuri interesi _ maTSi antipaTias iwvevs.
miuxedavad amisa, demokratia zewolis jgufebis gareSe Zneli warmosadgenia
sul mcire sami mizeziT.
pirveli da yvelaze mniSvnelovani isaa, rom konstituciuri mmarTveloba
icavs individualur Tavisuflebebs, maT Soris gamoxatvisa da Sekrebis Tavisuflebas. amrigad, interesTa jgufebi SeiZleba CaiTvalos Tavisufali sazogadoebis mniSvnelovan nawilad da, amasTanave, mis gardauval Sedegad. rogorc
jeims medisoni, damfuZnebel mamaTagan yvelaze gamoCenili politikis Teoretikosi federalistSi aRniSnavda, Tavisufleba fraqciebisaTvis (interesTa
jgufebisaTvis) igivea, rac haeri cecxlisaTvis. fraqciebi SeiZleba SezRudo,
magram amisaTvis unda moispos Tavisuflebac.40

interesTa jgufebi sakuTari azris gamoxatvisa da sazogadoebriv azrze gavlenis moxdenis mizniT yalibdeba. xSirad isini cnobil adamianebs iwveven sakuTari Zalisxmevis warmosaCenad. fotoze msaxiobi riCard giri protests gamoxatavs tibetSi Cinelebis represiis winaaRmdeg.

meore, demokratiuli sazogadoebebi politikuri da ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT avtoritarul sazogadoebebze ufro rTuladaa mowyobili. demokratiaSi, sadac pirovnebas aqvs SesaZlebloba gamoxatos da imoqmedos Tavisi
Sexedulebebisa da interesebis mixedviT, politikuri Tavisufleba iwvevs interesTa zrdas. amis gamo, demokratiisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia politikuri,
ekonomikuri da socialuri interesebis mravalferovneba. amas adasturebs
cxadi magaliTi ekonomikis sferodan. dasavluri ekonomika SeiZleba davyoT
iseT sxvadasxvagvar biznes-organizaciebad, rogoricaa giganturi korporaciebi, mcire biznesi, mZime industria, momsaxurebis sferos firmebi, profkavSirebis mqone da armqone mrewveloba, soflis meurneobis firmebi, multinacionaluri korporaciebi da nacionalizebuli an saxelmwifos mflobelobaSi

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arsebuli sawarmoebi _ yvela maTgans sakuTari politikuri moTxovnebi da interesebi gaaCnia~.41
mesame mizezi konstituciur demokratiebSi interesTa jgufebis warmatebisa aris is, rom mTavroba regularulad anawilebs mogebas (Semosavals). yovelwliur sabiujeto brZolaSi Semosavlebis ganawilebisaTvis namdvili taciaoba
imarTeba. dasavlur demokratiebSi keTildReobis saxelmwifos (Welfare State)
ganviTarebasTan erTad imata interesTa jgufebmac, romlebic Semosavlebidan ufro didi wilis xelSi Casagdebad erTmaneTs ejibrebian. aSS-Si axali interesTa jgufebis gaCenas xeli Seuwyo axalgazrdebsa da xandazmulebs Soris
Semosavlebis Tanabrad ganawilebisaken mimarTulma RonisZiebebma Medicare-is an
skolebSi Hot-lunch-is programebis farglebSi. da, raRa Tqma unda, msgavsi programebis ganxorcielebasa da sazogadoebisaTvis miwodebis saqmeSi Tavisi interesi aqvT saxelmwifo saagentoebsa da im monawile mxareebs (kompaniebs), romlebic
programebis momaragebiT arian dakavebuli.

klebulobs Tu ara sazogadoebrivi interesi?

xSirad, rodesac moqalaqeebi ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamen gavleniani viwro
interes-jgufebis gamo, isini gulisxmoben im lobitebs an zewolis jgufebs,
romlebic sxva adamianebis interesebs icaven; xolo rodesac isini Cvens interesebs icaven, Cven vamarTlebT da taSs vukravT maT. magaliTad, interesTa
jgufebs, romlebic studentebisaTvis sesxebis programebs eqomagebian, igive
xalxi asxams xotbas (ganaTlebis sferos muSakebi), romlebic zogadad msgavsi
jgufebis gadaWarbebul gavlenaze Civian.
ra problemebs uqmnis sinamdvileSi interesTa jgufebi sazogadoebriv
interess? zogierTi kritikosi amtkicebs, rom amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa
da dasavleT evropaSi interesTa jgufebis gamravlebam sazogadoebis yvelaze
ufro daucvel segments Seuqmna gansakuTrebuli siZneleebi. Raribebs Zalze
mcire gavlena aqvT interesTa jgufebis politikur arenaze, mdidrebs ki _ uaRresad didi. am TvalsazrisiT, demokratiebSi interesTa jgufebis aRmasvlam Camoayaliba sistema, romelic sustebisa da daCagrulebis xarjze yvelaze gavlenianTa interesebis xelisSemwyobia sazogadoebaSi.
kritikosebi aseve SeSfoTebas gamoxataven imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom sul
meti Tanamdebobis piri tovebs sajaro samsaxurs da samuSaod midis im kompaniebSi, romlebTanac maT saqmiani urTierToba hqondaT. magaliTad, pentagonis yofili Tanamdebobis pirebs xSirad Tavdacvis sferoSi samuSaod qiraoben, prezidentebis yofili mrCevlebi ki lobistebi an media-komentatorebi xdebian, an
sxva maRalanazRaurebad samsaxurebSi gadadian. 1978 wels kongresma aukrZala
yofil maRalCinosan moxeleebs sajaro samsaxuris datovebidan erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi yovelgvari kontaqti im saagentoebTan, romlebSic isini muSaobdnen
da aseve, aukrZala yovelgvari mcdeloba im sferos politikaze gavlenis moxdenisa, romelSic maT ori wlis ganmavlobaSi gaaCndaT oficialuri pasuxismgebloba.
arsebuli sistemis damcvelebi ki amtkiceben, rom moqalaqeTa umravlesoba saTanadodaa warmodgenili (hyavT warmomadgeneli). maTi azriT, interesTa
jgufebis simravle imis dadasturebaa, rom dapirispirebuli Zalebi am jgufebs

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TiTqmis mudmivad akontroleben.
magram, keTildRobis saxelmwifos zrda da misi Tanmdevi xarjebi zogierTi konservatoris seriozul SeSfoTebas iwvevs, maSin rodesac politikur
qmedebaTa komitetebis (PAC) gavlenis zrda erTnairad aSfoTebs liberalebsa
da reformebis momxre zomierebs. politikuri zewola (interesTa jgufebi
aseve cnobili arian, rogorc zewolis jgufebi) zustad asaxavs sazogadoebis sxvadasxva segmentis politikur upiratesobas; problemac swored esaa. rogor SeiZleba mTavrobam imoqmedos obieqturad, rodesac eqceva sazogadoebis
didi nawilis saerTo azris gamomxatveli, Zlieri interesTa jgufis zewolas
qveS? meore mxriv, rodesac erTi sakiTxis damcveli interesTa jgufi romelime Zalian specifikuri wesis an kanonisaTvis ibrZvis _ romelic moqalaqeTa
did nawils sul ar anaRvlebs an araviTar yuradRebas ar aqcevs _ ra SeiZleba
iyos stimuli kanonmdeblebis an biurokratebisaTvis, romelic daexmareba
maT, gauZlon zewolas viwro interesebis jgufebis mxridan? did qveyanaSi, sadac xelisuflebis ramodenime done arsebobs, gasakviri araa, rom bevri vergasuli kanoni an politika xdeba rutinuli ganxilvis sagani. rodesac zewolis
jgufebi mondomebiT lobireben raime sakiTxs, romelsac saerTod araviTari
an Zalze mcire kavSiri aqvs sazogadoebriv interesTan, da, aqedan gamomdinare,
sazogadoeba mas faqtobrivad mxars ar uWers, mosalodnelia, rom politikuri
procesi gaixrwnas (korumpirebuli gaxdes).

interesTa jgufebi avtoritarul qveynebSi

avtoritarul saxelmwifoebSi interesTa jgufebs arseboba uWirT,
radgan zogadad, opocizia idevneba. vinaidan avtoritarul saxelmwifoTagan
bevri ekonomikuri ganviTarebis adreul etapze imyofeba, individualuri interesebi xSirad naTesaur kavSirebze dafuZnebuli jgufebis meSveobiT paris gamoxatuli (tomebi an klanebi). rogorc wesi, mniSvnelovani gavlena aqvT
samxedroebs, maSinac ki, rodesac isini mmarTvelobis saTaveSi ar imyofebian,
radgan maTi mxardaWera xelisuflebisaTvis aucilebelia Zalauflebis SesanarCuneblad. ganviTarebad qveynebSi `profkavSirebi xSirad politikuri
par tiebis Semadgeneli nawili xdeba da maT daqvemdebarebaSi eqceva~.42 dasavleTSi, rogorc wesi, organizebuli profkavSiri politikuri partiebisagan
damoukidebelia.
yvelaze gavleniani lobistebi avtoritarul saxelmwifoebSi xSirad interesTa jgufebi ki ar aris, romlebic moqalaqeTa interesebs warmoadgenen,
aramed biurokratiuli jgufebi da partiaTaSorisi fraqciebi, romlebic SezRuduli sabiujeto saxsrebis centralizebuli ganawilebisas upiratesobis
mopovebisaTvis erTmaneTs ejibrebian.43 eseni, Cveulebrivi gagebiT, interesTa
jgufebi ar arian, magram mainc SemoaqvaT pluralizmis elementi iseT politikur reJimebSi, romlebic opoziciis mimarT tolerantobiT ar xasiaTdebian.

daskvna

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moqalaqeebs saSualeba aqvT sxvadasxva kanonieri gziT monawileoba miiRon politikur procesSi: pirobiTad, arCevnebSi xmis micemiT da sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxvebSi monawileobiT; organizaciuli TvalsazrisiT, SesaZlebelia politikur partiaSi an interesTa jgufSi gawevrianeba; profesiuli
TvalsazrisiT, moqalaqes SeuZlia aseT organizaciaSi muSaobis dawyeba. politikuri monawileobis zogierTi forma araa pirobiTi, magaliTad, protestebSi an ekonomikur boikotSi CarTva. monawileobis aralegaluri formebi amaze
ufro Sors midis _ ganzrax Cadenili araZaladobrivi qmedebebiT (samoqalaqo
daumorCilebloba) dawyebuli ukiduresad sastiki moqmedebebiT damTavrebuli (terorizmi).
xelisuflebaze gavlena is mosaxdenad, moqalaqeebma konstituciur
demokratiebSi individualuri Sexedulebebisa da interesebis koleqtiur
mosazrebebad da interesebad gadaqceva unda SeZlon. politologebi am process interesTa agregacias uwodeben. sazogadoebrivi azri SeiZleba gamoixatos sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxvisas, rasac politikur procesze didi
gavlena aqvs xolme. arCevnebi, miuxedavad Tandayolili SezRudvebisa, masobrivi Sexedulebebis sajaro politikad qcevis saukeTeso saSualebaa. arsebobs gansxvavebuli saarCevno sistemebi, magram umTavresi oria: first-past-thepost maJoritaruli sistema (amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da did britaneTSi)

da warmomadgenlobis proporciuli sistema (warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiebis umravlesobaSi). demokratiul respublikebSi amomrCevlebi irCeven
kanonmdeblebs, maRali Tanamdebobis pirebs aRmasrulebel xelisuflebaSi
da zogjer mosamarTleebsac. pirdapir demokratiis instrumentebia referendumi, iniciativa da Tanamdebobis pirebis gamowveva, rac saSualebas aZlevs
moqalaqeebs pirdapir miiRon monawileoba sajaro politikis formirebaSi.
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi arCevnebSi monawilobis (xmis micemis) dabali maCvenebelia da igi kidev ufro klebulobs. amomrCevlebi, rogorc wesi,
ar arian gaTviTcnobierebulni.
zogierTi mkvlevris azriT, masebis politikuri monawileoba ufro iluzorulia da Zalaufleba sinamdvileSi gavlenian pirTa mcirericxovani, elitaruli jgufebis xelSia moqceuli. am elitistur Teorias ar eTanxmebian
pluralizmis damcvelebi. isini amtkiceben, rom demokratiul sazogadoebaSi
Zalaufleba ufro ganawileblia, vidre koncentrirebuli da rom politikuri
movlenebi Zalze rTulia saimisod, rom isini elitisturi Teoriis martiv
gagebamde davakninoT.
avtoritarul saxelmwifoebSi srulfasovani monawileoba iSviaTia. Tuki
aseTi ram xdeba, igi emsaxureba ara moqalaqeTa monawileobis xelSewyobas, aramed mTavrobis mier kontrolis gamtkicebasa da ganxorcielebas.
demokratiul qveynebSi moqalaqeebi cdiloben gavlena moaxdinon sajaro politikaze politikuri partiebisa da interesTa jgufebis meSveobiT. avtoritarul qveynebSi partiebi mTavrobis iaraRia da ara xalxis nebis gamomxatveli instrumenti. interesTa jgufebi, Tuki aseT qveynebSi isini arseboben,
gacilebiT ufro SezRudul rols asruleben, vidre demokratiul qveynebSi.
Tavdapirvelad amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi partiebs uyurebdnen rogorc ganxeTqilebis Semomtanebs. dRes maT sayovelTaod aRiqvamen demokratiul saxelmwifoSi ZiriTadi funqciis ganmaxorcieleblad, ramdenadac isini

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aRweven erovnul Tanxmobas da gvTavazoben alternativebs, gansakuTrebiT arCevnebis procesSi, isini gvexmarebian xelisuflebis CamoyalibebaSi. politikuri partiebi moqmedeben erTpartiuli, orpartiuli an mravalpartiuli sistemebis konteqstSi.
partiebis siZlieresa da organizaciaze ama Tu im qveyanaSi ramdenime faqtori SeiZleba axdendes gavlenas, maT Soris, tradiciebi, konstitucia, qveynis
kulturuli da ekonomikuri mravalferovneba. bolo dros politikuri partiebis gavlena Semcirda.
interesTa jgufebis klasifikacia SeiZleba sxvadasxvanairad moxdes: erTi meTodiT SeiZleba kerZo interesTa jgufebis sazogadoebriv interesTa
jgufebisagan gansxvaveba. am jgufebis efeqtianobas ramdenime faqtori gansazRvravs, sididis, wevrebis politikur mosazrebaTa intensiurobis, dafinansebis
da liderebis CaTvliT. ukanasknel wlebSi am asociaciaTa ricxvi da Zalaufleba gaizarda. zogierTi mkvlevari SiSobs, rom isini zedmetad gavleniani gaxdnen, Tumca sxvebs miaCniaT, rom jgufebis mravalricxovnoba da mravalferovneba xels uwyobs politikuri stabilurobisa da damoukidebeli institutebis
SenarCunebas.

sakvanZo sityvebi
qeT, es or svetad unda!!!!
tradiciuli monawileoba
aratradiciuli monawileoba
arasamarTlebrivi monawileoba
samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba
terorizmi
damxoba
ajanyeba
warmomadgenlobiTi demokratia
sazogadoebriv azri
sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxva
sazogadoebrivi azris SerCeviTi gamokiTxva
SemTxveviT SerCeva
strategiuli gamokiTxva
fokus jgufebi
satelefono jgufebi
stratificirebul SerCeva
Tvalyuris devneba-gamokiTxva
mogebuli iRebs yvela mandats
martiv umravlesoba
maJoritaruli sistema (winner-takes-all)
proporciul warmomadgenloba
saarCevno siebi
pirdapiri demokratia
plebisciti
referendumi

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iniciativa
impiCmenti
mZRolo-amomrCevlis kanoni (motor-voter law)
politikuri efeqtianoba
gaucxoeba
individualizmi
politikuri apaTia
mwiri informaciis racionaloba
oligarqiis rkinis kanoni
pluralistebi
masobrivi mobilizaciis reJimi
politikuri partia
koaliciuri mTavroba
interesTa jgufebi
kerZo interesTa jgufebi
sazogadoebriv interesTa jgufebi
lobistebi
politikuri qmedebaTa komiteti (PAC)
rbili fuli (soft money)

kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis

1.

rogor SeuZliaT moqalaqeebs monawileoba miiRon politikur procesSi?

2.

saarCevno sistemebis ra formebi arsebobs? SeadareT maTi Zlieri da susti

mxareebi.

3.

aris Tu ara demokratiul saxelmwifoSi apaTia moqalaqis valis srulfasovnad Sesrulebis xelisSemSleli faqtori? pasuxi daasabuTeT.

4.

riTi gansxvadeba demokratiis elitisturi Teoriebi pluralistuli modelisagan?

5.

ras amboben, rogorc wesi, demokratiul saxlmwifoSi politikuri monawileobis Sesaxeb? marTalia Tu ara es? pasuxi daasabuTeT.

6.
7.

ra gansxvavebaa erT-, or-, da mravalpartiul sistemebs Soris?

ramdenad aris interesTa jgufebis qmediToba damokidebuli im politikur
sistemaze, romelSic isini moqmedeben?

8.

ratom gaizarda interesTa jgufebis gavlena politikuri partiebis gavlenis SesustebasTan erTad. aris Tu ara es ori movlena erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli?

9.

SeniSvnebi

ras niSnavs debuleba _ yvela interesTa jgufi araa Tanaswori?

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1. M. Margaret Conway, Political Participation in the United States (Washington, D.C.: C.Q. Press, 1987), 10.

2. mogvianebiT am TavSi ufro detalurad ganvixilavT SeerTebul StatebSi xmis micemis formebs.
3. Conway, Political Participation, 52-53.
4. iqve.
5. Howard Schuman and Stanley Presser, Questions and answers in Attitude Surveys (Orlando, Fla.: Academic Press,
1981), 70-71. es kvleva TvalsaCinod aris warmodgenili James Q. Wilson-is American Government, me-4
gamocema (Lexington, Mass.: Heath, 1989), 99.
6. John L. Fund, Itll Be Close, Wall Street Journal, 1 noemberi 1997w., 12.
7. Everett Carll Ladd, The Pollsters Waterloo, Wall Street Journal, 19 noemberi 1997w., 22.
8. erT-erTi kvleviT dadginda, rom wamyvani partiis platformis dapirebaTa ori mesamedi
sruldeba; ix. Gerald M. Pomper-isa da Susan Lederman-is Elections in America: Control and Influence in
Democratic Politics, me-2 gamocema (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1980), 161.
9. Thomas Cronin, Direct Democracy: The Politics of Initiative, Referendum, and Recall (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard
University Press, 1989).
10. iqve, 87.
11. is garemoeba, rom mraval demokratiul qveyanaSi amomrCevels daregistrireba ar sWirdeba,
xSirad maTi monawileobis maRali maCveneblis mizezad miiCneva. zogierT qveyanaSi (avstraliisa
da belgiis CaTvliT) is moqalaqeebi, romlebic xmas ar aZleven, jarimdebian.
12. Harry Holloway and John George, Public Opinion: Coalitions, Elites, and Masses, me-2 gamocema (New York: St.
Martins Press, 1986), 161.
13. iqve, 162-163.
14. ix. Julian L. Woodward and Elmo Roper, Political Activity of American Citizens, American Political Science
Review 44 (1950): 822-885.
15. Sidney Verba and Norman Nie, Participation in America (New York: Harper & Row, 1972), 79-80.
16. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, tomi 2 (New York: Schocken Books, 1961), 18.
17. iqve, 153, 159.
18. Robert D. Putnam, Bowling Alone: Americas Declining Social Capital, Journal of Democracy (ianvari 1995),
65-78.
19. Richard Morin, Whos In Control? Many Dont Know or Care, Washington Post, 29 ianvari 1996, 6.
20. iqve.
21. James Q. Wilson, American Government, 100.
22. Richard Niemi and Herbert Weisberg, Controversies in Voting Behavior, me-3 gamocema (Washington, D.C.: C.Q.
Press, 1992), 103.
23. Samuel Popkin, The Reasoning Voter and Persuasion in Presidential Campaigns (Chicago: University of Chicago
Press, 1991), 212-216.
24. C. Wright Mills, The Power Elite (New York: Oxford University Press, 1956).
25. Thomas Dye and L. Harmon Ziegler, The Irony of Democracy: An Uncommon Introduction to American
Government, me-4 gamocema (North Scituate, Mass.: Duxbury Press, 1978), 374.
26. Andrew Greeley, Power Is Diffused throughout Society, wignSi Taking Sides: Clashing Views on Controversial
Political Isuues, red. George McKenna da Stanley Feingad (Guilford, Conn.: Dushkin, 1983), 23. ix. aseve Arnold
Rose, The Power Structure: Political Process in American Society (London: Oxford University Press, 1967), 483-493.

27. Thomas Jefferson-isa da Francis Hopkinson-is mimowera, 13 marti 1789w. wignSi The Political Writings of
Thomas Jefferson, red. Edward Dumbauld (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1955), 46.
28. iqve.
29. Teoria warmodgenilia Harry Jaffa-s wignSi quality and Liberty: Theory and Practice in American Politics
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1965), 3-32.
30. Paul Best, Kul Rai and David Walsh, Politics in Three Worlds: An Introduction to Political Science (New York:
Wiley, 1986), 271-272.
31. Gabriel Almond and G. Bingham Powell, Comparative Politics: A Developmental Approach (Boston: Little, Brown,
1966), Tavi 4.

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32. am msjelobisaTvis unda vumadlodeT William Keefe-sa da Morris Ogul-s wignSi The American Legislation
Process: Congress and the States, me-8 gamocema (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1992), 334.
33. Thomas DiLorenzo, Who Really Speaks For the Elderly? Consumers Research 79 (seqtemberi 1996): 15 da
Charles Morris, The AARP: Americas Most Powerful Lobby and the Clash of Generations (New York: Times Books,
1996), 4, 10-11.
34. Jeffrey Birnbaum, Overhaul of Lobbying Laws Unlikely to Succeed Thanks to Opposition of Lobbyists Themselves,
Wall Street Journal, 30 maisi 1991, 20.
35. Jonathan Rauch, The Hyperpluralism Trap, New Republic, 6 ivnisi 1994w. 22.
36. iqve, 2-3.
37. John Harwood, Political Treadmill: For California Senator, Fundraising Becomes Overwhelming Burden, Wall
Street Journal, 2 marti 1994w. A1. Feinstein-iseul Tanxis mozidvis Zalisxmevas safuZvlad edo is faqti, rom
1992 wels man arCevnebSi mxolod orwliani vadiT gaimarjva. arwood-is SefasebiT 1992 wels brZola da
1990 wels gubernatoris arCevnebSi damarcxeba Feinstein-s daaxloebiT 30 mln dolari daujda.
38. ix. Campaign finance reform Pew Charitable Trusts veb-gverdze www.pewtrusts.com/ideas/.
39. es paragrafi eyrdnoba Best, Rai and Walsh, Politics in Three Worlds, 228-229.
40. Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay, The Federalist (New York: Modern Library, uTariRo),
nomeri 10, 55.
41. Best, Rai and Walsh, Politics in Three Worlds, 220.
42. iqve, 240.
43. Gordon Skilling-sa da Franklyn Griffiths-is redaqtorobiT Interest Groups in Soviet Politics (Printceton, N.J.:
Princeton University Press, 1971).

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361

T aavv i XI

politikuri
lideroba
Z alauflebis
alau fleb is
m rav
ravalsax
alsaxeo
eo b
ba
WeSmariti liderebi
saxelmwifos marTvis arsi
lideris oTxi tipi

didebis xibli

liderobis dasasruli?

demagogebi
politikosebi
kanonmdeblebi, rogorc delegatebi
kanonmdeblebi, rogorc meurveebi
politikanebi

damTmobebi

samoqalaqo liderebi

362

363
Tanamedrove cxovrebaSi politikosebi ufro erTian da stereotipebiT
moazrovne jgufad aRiqmebian, vidre gamoCenili sportsmenebi, eqimebi, biznesis liderebi an Tundac garTobis industriis moRvaweebi. miuxedavad amisa,
yovelTvis, rodesac wvlili Segvaqvs politikur kampaniebSi an xmas vaZlevT
arCevnebSi, upiratesobas vaniWebT erT kandidats meoresTan SedarebiT da, Sesabamisad, vaaSkaravebT im bazisur rwmenas, rom CvenTvis mniSvnelovania, romeli
kandidatia arCeuli. iseve, rogorc TviTmfrinavis mgzavrebs ar SeuZliaT indiferentulebi iyvnen ekipaJis gamocdilebisa da unaris mimarT, moqalaqeebsac
ar ZaluZT gulgrilni darCnen saxelmwifo liderebis xasiaTisa da gonierebis
mimarT.
erebis keTildReoba xSirad damokidebulia liderebis unarze, gaakeTon
brZnuli arCevani da imoqmedon keTilgonivrulad. prezident jorj buSis1
gadawyvetileba, daesaja borotmoqmedebi 2001 wlis 11 seqtembers amerikis
SeerTebul Statebze ganxorcielebuli teroristuli Tavdasxmis gamoaucilebel da Sesabamis nabijad iqna aRqmuli amerikeli xalxis umravlesobis mier. mamamisis2 mier 1990 wels miRebulma gadawyvetilebam, jarebi gaegzvana quveiTSi iq
SeWrili sadam huseinisTvis3 winaaRmdegobis gasawevad, saSualeba misca Statebs
daecva navTobis sabazro fasi msoflio bazarze, da amgvarad Tavidan aeridebina
navTobis mkacri deficiti (magram amave dros, erayis diqtatoris xelisuflebaSi datovebam or saxelmwifos Soris xangrZlivi saomari daZabuloba da urTierTobis gamwvaveba gamoiwvia); prezident riCard niqsonis votergeitis qmedebebma
amerikeli eri konstituciuri krizisis zRvarze miiyvana; perezident lindon b.
jonsonis gadawyvetilebiT vietnamSi 500 aTasi amerikeli jariskacis gagzavnam
da omis gamwvavebam mZime Sedegebi gamoiRo rogorc amerikisTvis, aseve mTeli
msofliosTvis.
cxadia, lideroba politikis mniSvnelovani faqtoria. II msoflio omis Semdeg perezidentma hari trumenma4 istoriuli gadawyvetilebebis mTeli seria miiRo: marSalis gegmis farglebSi evropis aRorZineba, axali samxedro aliansebis,
maT Soris CrdiloeT atlantikuri TanamSromlobis organizacia (nato)5 Seqmna,
agreTve Sekavebis mkacri politikis saSualebiT sabWoTa kavSiris sagrZnobi gafarToebisTvis winaaRmdegobis gaweva. savaraudoa, rom magaliTad, uoren hardingi6 aseT strategiebs ver SeimuSavebda.
erTerTi gamoCenili mkvlevaris azriT, `politika Tavisi arsiT lideroba
an nebismieri formis politikuri erTobis marTvis mcdelobaa~7. politikuri
liderobis Zala is faqtoria, romlis arsebiT gavlenas yovelTvis ganicdis
yvela saxis erToba da yvela qveyana. magaliTad, wlobiT cixeSi yofnis Semdeg
1994 wlis maisSi antiaparteiduli afrikis erovnuli kongresis yofili Tavmjdomare nelson mandela arCeul iqna rasobrivad mravalferovani samxreT afrikis respublikis prezidentad. TviTnaswavlma, sayovelTao ndobiT aRWurvilma,
da bevrisTvis sayvarelma samocdaTxuTmeti wlis nelson mandelam warmatebiT
SeZlo Zalauflebis mSvidobianad Secvla, riTac daasrula TeTrkanianTa xangrZlivi batonobis reJimi. SesaZloa, sxva veravin SeZlebda am amocanisTvis Tavis garTmevas. magram mainc, revoluciuri moZraobis moTaveoba da qveynis marTva ori sxvadasxva amocanaa. Tumca mandela didi lideris mravali Tvisebis mqone
pirovnebaa, jer kidev adrea daskvnebis gakeTeba imis Taobaze, rogor moaxerxa
man axali samxreT afrikis lideroba.

364
am TavSi ganvixilavT oTxi tipis liderebs: WeSmarit liderebs, demagogebs, Cveulebriv politikosebs da samoqalaqo liderebs. amgvari dayofa
umeteswilad xdeba maTi miRwevebis, Tvisebebis, meTodebisa da miznebis mixedviT. WeSmariti liderebi arian politikuri arqiteqtorebi, romlebic axal
saxelmwifoebs qmnian, mSvidobismyofelebi, romlebic konfliqtebs agvareben
da oratorebi, romlebsac erovnuli krizisis dros xalxis STagoneba SeuZliaT.
isini arian warsulis damfuZneblebi, awmyos gzamkvlevebi da momavlis legendebi. demagogebi atyueben xalxs da manipulireben misi ndobiT Tavisi kerZo miznis
misaRwevad. isini intriganebi, wamqezeblebi da omis gamCaReblebi arian. Cveu-

lebrivi politikosebi ar sCadian arc did borotebas da arc did sikeTes, maTi
qmedebebi koncentrirebulia arCevasa da gadarCevaze. samoqalaqo liderebs ara
aqvT oficialuri sajaro Tanamdebobebi, magram aqtiurad arian Cabmulni eris
politikaSi da mniSvnelovanwilad SeuZliaT misi gansazRvra.
xSirad aseTi gansxvaveba Teoriulad gacilebiT iolia, vidre misi praqtikaSi gadatana. magaliTad, SeiZleba vinmes franklin delano ruzvelti8 gansakuTrebul liderad miaCndes, sxva ki mas Cveulebriv politikosad, gzasacdenil
liderad, da iqneb demagogadac ki aRiqvamdes. SesaZloa sazogado cxovrebis,
karieris sxvadasxva etapze esa Tu is politikosi oTxive tips Seesabamebodes, da
mainc, sxvaobac naTelia _ sayovelTao azria, rom adolf hitleri demagogi iyo,
xolo uinston CerCili _ II msoflio omis yvelaze mZime dReebSi didi britaneTis
gmiruli dacvis arqiteqtori.

WeSmariti liderebi
WeSmariti liderebi qveynis marTvas axorcieleben, gonivrulad iyeneben saxelmwifo Zalauflebas. liderobis es ideali didi xnis win Camoyalibda.
platoni da aristotele ganixilavdnen mas TavianT naSromebSi. platoni aRwers
sokrates, romelic monawileobs dialogSi saxelmwifo moRvaweobis Sesaxeb _
am terminiT tradiciulad mimarTaven an moixseneben politikuri niWiT dajildoebul liders. XX saukunis ganmavlobaSi termini saxelmwifo moRvaweoba Tu

moRvawe (marTebulad Tu umarTebulod) bevri msoflio lideris mimarT gamoiyeneboda, iugoslaviis damaarsebel, iozif bros titodan (1945-1980ww.), viskonsinis Statis qalaq miluokis skolis maswavlebliT, golda meieriT (1969-1974ww.)
damTavrebuli, romelic israelis meoTxe premier-ministri gaxda 1969 wels.
liderebi, romlebic xangrZlivad qmnian gansxvavebul istorias, iSviaTi
Tvisebebis mqone adamianebi arian, mSvidobis, harmoniisa da sazogado sikeTis
ideis erTgulni da amJRavneben praqtikul Wkuas. amasTan, krizisis dros es
adamianebi ers winamZRolobas uweven gadarCenis gzaze. am tipis liderebs Soris gansakuTrebuli adgili ukaviaT axali erebis Semqmnelebs, romelTa xedvis, sibrZnisa da STamagonebeli liderobis gareSe konkretuli eri an mTavroba
saerTod ver iarsebebda. jorj vaSingtoni amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis erTerTi damfuZnebeli mamaa, bevr sxva ersac hyavs damfuZnebeli mamebi, romlebsac
xalxi eTayvaneba da gansakuTrebul dReebSi ixsenebs (magaliTad, erovnuli damoukideblobis dRes).

365
saxelmwifos marTvis arsi
idealuri lideris tipis gansazRvra ioli ar aris. kargi liderobis unars
safuZvlad udevs iseTi SeumCneveli Tvisebebi, rogoricaa intuicia, STagoneba, saRad azrovnebis unari; arsebiTia sxva Tvisebebic _ inteleqti da TavSekavebuloba. cnobili filosofosi da sagazeTo svetis avtori uolter lipmani
`zneobis winapirobaSi~ Seecada gamoeyo es Tvisebebi ganaTlebuli liderebis
ubralo liderebTan Sedarebis saSualebiT. lipmanis mixedviT, politikosebis
umetesoba `muSaobs mikerZoebuli (konkretuli) interesisTvis~. amis magaliTia politikosebi, romlebic sakuTar `budeebs~ iSeneben an monurad mihyvebian
partiul xazs. cnebaSi _ saxelmwifo moRvaweoba _ amis sapirispirod `moiazreba
adamiani, romlis azrovneba mokamaTe partiebis konfliqtze gacilebiT maRla
dgas da saSualebas aZlevs mas ganaxorcielos is qmedebebi, romlebic moicaven
da iTvaliswineben interesTa farTo speqtrs xangrZliv perspeqtivaSi~2
lipmani aRiarebda, rom wyalgamyofi Cveulebriv politikossa da namdvil
liders Soris xSirad bundovania. arcTu iSviaTad WeSmarit liderebsac ki ar
ZaluZT specifikuri interesis ugulebelyofa. demokratiul qveyanaSi yvela
lideri xandaxan unda iqceodes ise, rogorc politikosi. miuxedavad amisa,
politikosi liderad gadaiqceva, rogorc ki Seecdeba Sewyvitos mxolod Tavisi amomrCevlebis myisieri survilebis dakmayofileba. amisTvis ukeTesi gzaa
daarwmuno xalxi (amomrCevlebi), rom saerTo, sazogadoebrivi interesebisken
swrafva umTavresia da rom kerZo interesebi ar aris (arc unda iyos) politikis
upirvelesi sazrunavi.
sazogadoebrivi sikeTisaken swrafva. WeSmariti lideri motivirebulia
ara myife TviTinteresiT an viwro jgufuri kuTvnilebiT, aramed sayovelTao
sazogadoebrivi sikeTis gaazrebiT. ori ukiduresobis dapirispirebiT, `ras CaTvlis sabolood xalxi kargad, imis sapirispirod, ra surs xalxs mocemul momentSi~, lipmani askvnida, rom namdvilma liderebma Tavi unda aaridon swraf popularobas. maT uari unda Tqvan politikurad SeuZlebel dapirebebze, rac imas
niSnavs, rom iyvnen patiosani da gawonasworebuli liderebi da ara mliqvneli
politikosebi. aseTi gadawyvetileba liderisgan moiTxovs `simamaces, romelic
Sorsaa mocemuli momentis agitaciebisgan~ da aseve `codnas romelsac safuZvlad udevs faqtebis obieqturi da Rrma codna da `civi~ miukerZoebloba~.
marTalia, sazogadoebrivi sikeTisTvis zrunva SeiZleba aRweril iqnes
gawonasworebulobis, miukerZoeblobis, codnisa da patiosnebis farglebSi, is
mainc ar iZleva cxadi ganzogadebis saSualebas. magaliTad, patiosneba siqvelea,
magram politikur cxovrebaSi gamonaklisebic arsebobs. rodesac fsonebi maRalia, sruli patiosneba warmatebisTvis winaRobaa da eris sanukvari intresebi
SeiZleba ganxorcieldes mxolod eSmakobis an sicruis saSualebiT, amitom WeSmariti lideri xandaxan patiosnebis aseT `daTmobazec~ midis.
gansakuTrebuli garemoebebi politikosebisagan gansakuTrebul zomebs
moiTxovs. magaliTad, abraam linkolni,10 rogorc samoqalaqo omamde, ise omis
dros ganuxrelad akninebda monobis sakiTxs im motiviT, rom upiratesobas aniWebda Statebis kavSiris gadarCenas. linkolni xvdeboda, rom monobis sakiTxze
yuradRebis gamaxvileba mis sust koaliciaSi zogi wevris gaucxoebas gamoiwvev-

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da da am kavSirze damyarebul popularobas dakargavda, riTac avnebda rogorc
kavSirs, ise monebis gaTavisuflebis sakiTxs11.
praqtikuli Wkua. WeSmarit liderebs axasiaTebT is, rasac aristotele
keTilgonierebas, anu praqtikul Wkuas uwodebda. sazogadoebrivi sikeTis
yovlismomcveli xedva usargebloa, Tu ar ici, rogor miaRwio mas. liderebi
acnobiereben kavSirs dauyovnebliv qmedebasa da saboloo Sedegebs Soris da
SeuZliaT gaTvalon rogorc moyvasis, ise mtris reaqcia am qmedebebze. dabolos, maT SeuZliaT erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavon xangrZlivi da efemeruli, fundamenturi da umniSvnelo, SesaZlo da miuRweveli miznebi. mokled, saxelmwifo
moRvaweoba moiTxovs iSviaT codnas da rogorc problemis gamocnobis, ise misi
gadaWris gzebis moZiebis unars. am TvalsazrisiT, Wkviani liderebi gvagoneben
eqimebs, romelTa warmateba gamoixateba ara dolarebis odenobiT, aramed im erTobis janmrTelobiT, romelsac isini emsaxurebian.
politikuri unarebi. araa sakmarisi, rom, magaliTad, prezidents gulSi
hqondes CabeWdili erovnuli interesi, SemoTavazebuli programebis da politikis organizebuli mxardaWera arsebiTia. demokratiul qveyanaSi kanoni da politika (arCevnebis SemTxvevaSi Tavad liderebi) marTulTa Tanxmobas moiTxovs.
Wkuisa da Tanxmobis Tanafardoba swrafad cvalebad sajaro sivrceSi lideris
erT-erTi ZiriTadi amocanaa.
politikis yoveldRiur samyaroSi liderma aseve unda SeZlos uzarmazari
biurokratiis marTva da uSualod daqvemdebarebuli kadrebis xelmZRvaneloba;
imuSaos kanonmdeblebTan raTa uzrunvelyos administraciis programebis damtkiceba da gaaerTianos sazogadoebrivi azri administraciis politikis mxardasaWerad. warmatebulma aRmasrulebelma unda gamoamJRavnos organizatoruli
niWi, adamianTa darwmunebisa da sxva politikuri qmedebebis unari.
politikuri keTilgoniereba gulisxmobs, rom liderobis unari kargi
da saWiro saqmisTvis gamoiyeneba. politikuri alRo maSinaa saqebi, rodesac
lideris unari sazogadoebrivi sikeTiskenaa mimarTuli. Tuki es unari imisTvis gamoiyeneba, rom liderTa warmatebuli kariera an jibis gasqeleba uzrunvelyos, maSin lideris warmateba demokratiuli sistemis marcxs niSnavs. igive
SeiZleba iTqvas im SemTxvevaSic, Tu lideris miznebi mosawonia, magram maTi
miRwevis gzebi _ miuRebeli. politikuri liderebi, romlebic cdiloben saWiro
socialuri reformebis gatarebisas warmoqmnili winaRobebi ngreviT, dapatimrebebiT an oponentebis likvidaciiT gadalaxon, ver iqnebian misaRebi, ragind
sasargeblo iyos maT mier gatarebuli politika.
gansakuTrebuli SesaZleblobebi. xangrZlivi dakvirvebis safuZvelze
istorikosebi askvnian, rom didi dro did liderebs qmnis. imisTvis, rom gaxdes WeSmariti lideri, pirovnebam unda icxovros iseT dros, rodesac xelisuflebis qmedebebi da miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi arsebiT gansxvavebas qmnis
sazogadoebis, da SesaZloa, mTeli msoflios cxovrebaSic ki. aseTi lideri SesaZloa WeSmaritad zrunavdes sazogadoebriv sikeTeze, hqondes gansakuTrebuli
politikuri unar-Cvevebi da didi praqtikuli Wkua, magram movlenaTa ganviTarebaze mainc ver moaxdinos arsebiTi an xangrZlivi gavlena. yvelaze unarian liderebsac ki yovelTvis ara aqvT saSualeba, gamoscadon TavianTi gansakuTreb-

367
uli niWi.
maS, ra qmnis politikur didebas: pirovnebebi Tu dro? aq medicinasTan
analogia isev gamodgeba. sayovelTao aRiareba im eqims ki ara aqvs, romelic pacientebs yoveldRiur rCevebs aZlevs, aramed imas, romelic sicocxlisTvis saSiS daavadebebsa da travmebs umklavdeba. adamianTa msgavsad, erebic ganicdian
kriziss, rac maT arsebobas uqmnis safrTxes. aseT dros zneobrivi gamxneveba da
politikuri codna arsebiTia eris gadasarCenad; aseTi situacia saxelmwifo
moRvaweobis unarisa da codnis gamosacdelad xelsayrelia.
bedis wyaloba. gamorCeuli liderobis saboloo winapiroba gamarTlebaa. arc erTi politikuri lideri araa warmatebuli Tu bedi odnav mainc ar
swyalobs. SemTxveviTi manevri politikuri brZolis dros, gaazrebuli, magram
gaukeTebeli (an dagvianebiT gakeTebuli) gancxadeba, da araerTi TiTqosda
umniSvnelo SemTxveva da qmedeba SesaZloa wamgebiani aRmoCndes. warmateba, ra
Tqma unda, ar SeiZleba mTlianad bedis wyalobas mivaweroT, magram Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im rTul garemos, romelSic liderebi moRvaweoben, gamarTleba
xSirad qmnis warmatebisa da marcxis pirobas.

didebis xibli
politikuri liderebi xSirad Tavis Tavze iReben iseT sazogadoebriv pasuxismgeblobas, rac sakmaod Zvirad SeiZleba daujdeT. maT sakmaod didi xnis
ganmavlobaSi uxdebaT ojaxis wevrebTan daSoreba, maRalanazRaurebad samsaxurze uaris Tqma da sazogadoebrivi kritikis mudmiv obieqtad qceva. TavisTavad
Cndeba kiTxva: ratom uZRvnian gansakuTrebuli niWis mqone adamianebi Tavisi
nayofieri cxovrebis saukeTeso wlebs politikaSi Tavis gamoCenis survils?
ra ubiZgebs aseT adamianebs, iRvawon sazogadoebrivi sikeTisTvis xSirad ufro
aSkara da gamokveTili sakuTari interesebis xarjze?
istorikos duglas aderis azriT, amerikis damfuZnebeli mamebi, upirvels
yovlisa, motivirebuli iyvnen didebis ideiT. Jorj vaSingtonis, jeims medisonis, aleqsader hamiltonisa da benjamin franklinisaTvis viwro kerZo interesi,
rac SeiZleba pirad Zalauflebasa da simdidreSi gamoxatuliyo, ar iyo upirvelesi sazrunavi. amis ganmsazRvreli arc piradi Rirseba iyo, rac aderis gansazRvrebiT `qcevis iseTi tipia, romelic mimarTulia socialurad Tanaswori an
upiratesobis mqone Tanamedroveebisagan qeba-didebis miRebis survilze~.12 damfuZnebeli mamebis mamoZravebeli Zala didebis survili iyo, risi ideac, aderis
ganmartebiT, klasikuri periodidan moyolebuli Rrmad iyo gamjdari dasavlur filosofiur da literaturul tradiciaSi. iyenebs ra am interpretacias
amerikis damfuZnebeli mamebis mimarT, aderi wers:
ra Tqma unda, isini patriotebi iyvnen, ra Tqma unda, maT eamayebodaT Tavisi qveynis samsaxuri gasaWiris dros, magram vaSingtoni, adamsi,
jefersoni da medisoni ar iyvnen sruliad mowyvetili sakuTar interesebs. didebisken ltolva, rac maT ganaTlebiT hqondaT SeTvisebuli, iyo
saSualeba, riTac SeZles sakuTari egoisturi da gandidebis impulsebi
sazogadoebis samsaxurSi gadaetanaT. maT naswavli hqondaT, rom kerZo
interesebisagan Tavisufali kaTilSobiluri sazogadoebrivi moR-

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vaweoba saukeTeso gza iyo sakuTari saxelis ukvdavsayofi `maradi monumentebis~ asagebad da Semdgomi Taobebis mexsierebaSi sakuTari Rvawlis
dasatoveblad.13

iseve, rogorc yvela politikuri lideri (SasaZloa maTi umetesobac)

araa brZeni, yvela arabrZeni lideric rodia ganmsWvaluli didebis surviliT.
zogjer martivi survili, gaakeTo kargi saqme da moipovo xalxis mxardaWera,
aseve sakmarisi stimulia moRvaweobisTvis. magram, rogorc Cans, udidesi liderebi yovelTvis motivirebulni iyvnen mxolod didebis surviliT. marTlac,
rogorc aleqsander hamiltonma SeniSna, didebis siyvaruli `yvelaze keTilSobiluri gonebis mmarTveli vnebaa~,14 ukvdavebis survili ki _ Zlieri eleqsiri.

lideris oTxi tipi

istoriis ganmavlobaSi WeSmariti liderebi sxvadasxva dros da sxvadasxva adgilas gamoCenilan. msoflioSi cnobili oTxi lideris qvemoT motanili
politikuri biografiebi cxadyofs, rom liderobis umaRles safexurs miRweuli politikosebis codnaSi, Tvisebebsa da motivebSi bevr msgavsebasTan erTad
gansxvavebac bevria.
romulo betankuri (1908-1981ww.)
1830 wels venesuela damoukidebeli saxelmwifo gaxda. am periodidan 1959
wlamde, sanam romulo betankuri gaxdeboda qveynis arCeuli prezidenti, arc
erT demokrat liders ar gauZlia prezidentis Tanamdebobaze or welze metxans. betankurma araTu SeZlo gadaelaxa TiTqmis warmoudgeneli sirTuleebi da
SeenarCunebina Tanamdeboba, aramed moaxerxa Tavisi sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobis gaSlac da gamoacocxla Tavisi qveynis susti demokratia. marTalia, is Zlieri prezidentisTvis damaxasiaTebeli maneriT marTavda, magram SeZlo daecva
zRvari demokratiul mmarTvelobasa da Zalauflebis avtoritarulad, borotad gamoyenebas Soris. man xeli Seuwyo zomierebis, kompromisisa da tolerantobis politikis ganviTarebas. igi iTvaliswinebda xelisuflebis sxva Stoebis legitimur Zalauflebas, icavda konstitucias, pativs scemda moqalaqeTa
uflebebs da calsaxad aridebda Tavs materialuri upiratesobis mosapoveblad
Zalauflebis gamoyenebas (aseve sxvebs ar aZlevda amis Cadenis saSualebas).15
prezidentobis xuTwliani vadis amowurvis Semdeg betankurma gaakeTa is, rac
manamde venesuelis arc erT liders ar gaukeTebia _ rogorc misi mmarTvelobis periodSi dawerili konstitucia iTxovda, man Zalaufleba Tavis demokratiulad arCeul Semcvlels gadaabara.
am mizezebis gamo romulo betankuri SeiZleba samarTlianad CaiTvalos
venesuelaSi demokratiis fuZemdeblad. am TvalsazrisiT igi mniSvnelovnad
gansxvavdeba XX saukunis sxva damfuZnebeli liderebisagan, rogorebic arian
pol poti da fidel kastro. maT saguldagulod daafuZnes da bejiTad Seudgnen
SeuzRudavi piradi politikuri Zalauflebis ganxorcielebas ise, rom ugulebelyves individTa uflebebi. ufro metic, betankurma Zalaufleba gamoiyena ara
ZalauflebisTvis, aramed im sazogado sikeTis misaRwevad, risTvisac igi arsebobs. swored amis gamo mas iolad SeeZlo Zalauflebas nebayoflobiT Seleoda
da sworad gaego politikuri liderobis didi gakveTili: gamorCeuli liderebi

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gangeb axdenen TavianTi rolis dakninebas imisTvis, rom xalxma Tavad SeZlos sakuTari Tavis marTva maSin, rodesac lideri ar hyavs.16
betankuris politikuri kariera maSin daiwyo, rodesac is jer kidev studenti iyo da venesuelas samxedro diqtatori xuan visente gomesi (1908-1935ww.)
ganagebda. 1928 wels 20 wlis betankuri studentebis lideri gaxda revoluciaSi,
romelic damarcxda da igi cixeSi moxvda. cixidan gamosvlis Semdeg igi rva wlis
ganmavlobaSi cxovrobda devnilobaSi. kosta rikaSi da venesuelaSi diqtatoris
gardacvalebis Semdeg dabrunda. 1930-iani wlebidan igi gamoCenili politikuri
moRvawe gaxda da saqmianobas 1959 wlamde eweoda. politikuri moRvaweobis adreul wlebSi betankuris simpaTiebi komunistebis mxres iyo, magram raRac periodis Semdeg misi Sexedulebebi ufro zomieri gaxda da demokratiuli socializmisken gadaixara. am periodSi betankuris yvelaze mniSvnelovani miRweva iyo
is, rom saTave daudo SemdgomSi venesuelis wamyvan politikur partias Accion
Democratica-s (demokratiuli qmedebis partia). Tavisi opoziciuri moRvaweobis

TiTqmis mTeli periodis ganmavlobaSi betankuri da misi partia Tanmimdevrulad ibrZodnen yvela moqalaqis farTo demokratiuli monawileobisTvis, agraruli reformisaTvis, garantirebuli sayovelTao ganaTlebis uflebisaTvis,
erovnuli jandacvis sistemisaTvis, da ekonomikuri diversifikaciisaTvis
(venesuela mTlianad damokidebuli iyo navTobis eqsportze).
betankuri SeuerTda (da zogi versiiT xelmZRvanelobda kidec) samxedro
reformatorTa jgufs 1945 wlis oqtombris saxelmwifo gadatrialebaSi venesuelis samxedro xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg. betankuri am procesebis Sedegad
prezidenti gaxda da sagareo urTierTobebis erT-erT ZiriTad mimarTulebad
aqcia samxedro diqtaturebTan yovelgvar diplomatiur kavSirebze uaris Tqmis
politika. amavdroulad, misi mTavroba mouwodebda regionis sxva saxelmwifoebs igive midgoma gamoeCinaT. Sida politikis TvalsazrisiT ki siaxle iyo is, rom
betankurma daavaldebula didi navTobkompaniebi Semosavlebis naxevari saxelmwifosTvis gadaecaT, riTac mTavrobas saSualeba miecemoda ganexorcielebina
skolebis, saavadmyofoebis, sanitaruli samsaxurebis, sazogadoebrivi wyalmomaragebis sistemisa da iafi sacxovreblebis mSeneblobis xangrZlivvadiani programebi. misi iniciativiT 1947 wels daiwera axali konstitucia, manve gamoacxada arCevnebi da ganacxada, rom ar ibrZolebda prezidentobisTvis. kandidati,
romelmac romulo betankuri Secvala, postze mxolod cxra Tve darCa, sanam
samxedro gadatrialebam misi mTavroba ar daamxo. 1959 wlamde, sanam betankuri
prezidentad ar airCies, venesuela demokratiisken ar Semobrunebula.
prezidentobis xuTwliani vadis ganmavlobaSi betankurma im progresuli
politikis gatareba daiwyo, romliskenac yovelTvis miiswrafvoda. konkretulad, aRsaniSnavia misi mcdeloba, moezida ucxouri investiciebi da ganeviTarebina urbanuli mSenebloba. betankurma aseve miwis reformirebis inicireba moaxdina. misi ekonomikuri da politikuri miRwevebi gamorCeuli iyo, vinaidan misi
xelisuflebis saTaveSi mosvlis droisaTvis venesuela ekonomikur krizisSi iyo
Cafluli, samxedroebi mis reJims mxars ar uWerdnen da rogorc memarcxene, ise
memarjvene samxedro-politikuri jgufebis mxridan saxelmwifo gadatrialebis
mcdelobebi xels uSlida mis mmarTvelobas (betankuri mkvlelobis araerT mcdelobas gadaurCa).
sabolood betankurma gaimarjva da igi Seiyvara Tavisma xalxma. ram Seitana wvlili misi, rogorc demokratiuli politikuri lideris warmatebaSi

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im qveyanaSi, romelsac avtokratizmis xangrZlivi tradicia hqonda? rogorc
Cans, betankurs hqonda zebunebrivi unari, gamoecno sxvebis motivebi da xasiaTi; TiTqmis uSecdomod ganesaja, rodis mdgariyo jiutad Tavis poziciaze da
rodis wasuliyo daTmobaze; moesmina rCevebi, magram darCeniliyo Tavis azrze;
hqonda imis Zala, rom mieRo rTuli gadawyvetilebebi; SeeZlo sakuTari Tavis
kontroli da pirovnulad iyo gambedavi. man es Tvisebebi Seazava maRali donis
praqtikul idealizmTan, rac imaSi gamoixateboda, rom naTla icoda, ra surda
mas Tavisi qveynisTvis, da erTguli iyo im Rirebulebebisa, romlebic warmarTavdnen mis qmedebebs saxelmwifos politikaSi.17
romulo betankuri venesuelisTvis iyo sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani
lideri, romelmac rTul dartymebs gauZlo. erT-erTi misi biografTagani robert aleqsanderi SeniSnavs: `vercerTi misi Tanamedrove venesueleli lideri
ver gaimarjvebda im pirobebSi~18. istorikosi jon fagi werda: `Tu moraluri
avtoriteti da maRali zneobrivi principebi mniSvnelovania, maSin romulo betankuri venesuelis istoriaSi titanad gvevlineba.~19 gamorCeuli liderebi arsebobdnen bevrgan da sxvadasxva dros, magram isini WeSmaritad iSviaTad arseboben; venesuelas gaumarTla, rom erT-erTi maTgani hyavda.
uinston CerCili (1874-1965ww.) sanam 1940 wlis maisSi britaneTis premieri gaxdeboda, CerCils cvalebadi sajaro kariera hqonda. igi iyo gonebamaxvili, momxiblveli, Wkviani, kamaTis moyvaruli, saqmis mimarT skrupulozuri
da simamaciT gamorCeuli pirovneba. misi sazogadoebrivi moRvaweoba asaxavda
politikuri Tavisuflebis mimarT ganuxrel erTgulebas. ufro metic, yovelTvis, rodesac Tavisuflebas safrTxe eqmneboda, im dros saWiro adgilze Cndeboda. 1930-iani wlebis wamyvan politikur figurebs Soris is TiTqmis erTaderTi
iyo, romelic mudmivad miuTiTebda nacisturi germaniis safrTxeze. SeZlo ra am
safrTxeebis gamocnoba maT gamoaSkaravebamde, CerCilma sakuTari Tavi im epoqis yvelaze alRoian damkvirveblad warmoaCina.
uinston CerCili daibada warCinebul inglisur ojaxSi, romelic saTaves
jon CerCilidan, malbros pirveli hercogidan iRebda. mamamisi inglisis parlamentisa da ministrTa kabinetis gamorCeuli wevri iyo, dedamisi ki amerikeli
gaxldaT. Tavad is parlamentis wevrad airCies ocdaxuTi wlis asakSi da TiTqmis maSinve moipova enamWevri da gulwrfeli politikosis reputacia. 1911 wels
igi saadmiralos pirvel lordad dainiSna da es posti pirveli msoflio omis
pirvel wlamde ekava. 1915 wels CerCili aiZules gadamdgariyo TurqeTze dardanelis srutis gavliT sazRvao-saxmeleTo Setevis CaSlis gamo, romelsac igi
mxars uWerda. CerCilis politikuri prestiJi warmoudgenlad daeca, Tumca SeZlo ndobis imdenad aRdgena, rom 1917 wels samxedro uzrunvelyofis ministrad
dainiSna.

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sasowarkveTilebis epoqaSi uiston CerCilis mizandasaxulobam da Tavdajerebulobam

britaneli eri Semdegi sityvebiT

gaaerTiana: `ar unda movdundeT da arc

davmarcxdeT. Cven miznamde unda mivideT...
arasdros ar unda davnebdeT~.

1920-ian wlebSi CerCili konservatiuli partiis warmomadgeneli iyo parlamentSi da sakmaod didi xnis ganmavlobaSi didi britaneTis xazinis kancleris
sapatio Tanamdebobac ekava. miuxedavad sajaro samsaxurSi dagrovili soliduri gamocdilebisa, 1930-iani wlebis politikaSi mainc politikuri gandegilis saxiT Sevida _ igi gaucxovda Tavisi partiis liderebisgan. miuxedvad imisa,
rom Zalaufleba konservatorebs ekuTvnodaT, igi mTavrobidan garicxes, ris
gamoc parlamentSi izolirebul mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda. ormocdaTeqvsmeti
wlis asakSi CerCils Tavisi politikuri karieris udroo dasasruli eloda.
magram CerCils garkveuli saxis naTelmxilvelobis unari hqonda, rac ase
iSviaTia politikaSi. mas SeeZlo naTlad daenaxa movlenebi maSin, rodesac sxvebi
gzaabneulebi iyvnen. xelisuflebis saTaveSi hitleris aRzevebis droidan, CerCilma daiwyo dasavluri demokratiebis gafrTxileba mosalodneli safrTxis _
germaniis swrafi SeiaraRebis Sesaxeb, miuTiTebda aseve britaneTis Tavdacvisunarianobis SedarebiT sisusteze, gansakuTrebiT sahaero Zalebis TvalsazrisiT. politikuri amindis Semqmnelma bevrma politikosma da komentatorma
sasacilod aigdo CerCili da panikiori daarqva. misi biografis sityvebiT, CerCilis naTqvami rCeboda `xmad mRaRadeblisad udabnosa Sina~.20
1930-iani wlebis bolos, rogorc ki CerCilis gafrTxilebebma eris gamoRviZeba daiwyo, misTvis mainc ar moiZebna adgili Tavisi partiis kabinetSi. mxolod maSin, rodesac didi britaneTi II msoflio omSi Caeba, CerCils sTxoves
mTavrobaSi dabruneba, jer Tavis pirvel Tanamdebobaze (saadmiraloSi), Semdeg
premieris rangSi. misi STamagonebeli sityvebi da magaliTi damajerebeli iyo,
vinaidan britaneTi am droisTvis marto aRmoCnda `RerZis aliansis~21 pirispir,
CerCilis sityvebiT ~marto, magram kacobriobis yoveli keTilSobili gulis
ZgeriT zurggamagrebulma, Cven gamoviwvieT tirani Tavisi triumfis Jams~.22
CerCils liderobis iSviaTi Tvisebebi hqonda. man kargad icoda adamianuri bunebis bneli mxareebi da amgvarad gaTvala is safrTxe, rasac hitleri
civilizacias umzadebda. igi Tamamad icavda Tavis rwmenas da ar ufrTxoda
sazogadoebriv azrs, Tundac sakuTari partiidan gariyvis SiSiT. misi ritorika

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STamagonebeli iyo erisTvis sasikvdilo safrTxisa da umowyalo dabombvebis
dros. movlenebma daadastura misi mware simarTle moaxloebuli saSiSroebis,
hitleris avismomaswavebeli SeiaraRebisa da TavdacvisTvis saswrafo mzadebis
aucileblobis Sesaxeb. marTalia, misi gafrTxilebis (rom kidev erTi saSineli
omi axlovdeboda, Tu britaneTi ar Seecdeboda mis Tavidan acilebas) mosmena
mis Tanamemamuleebs ar surdaT, magram mas es ar aSinebda, ufro imaze zrunavda,
ra unda gaego mas. CerCilma uCvena liderobis Zala, ganesxvavebina samkvdro-sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis sakiTxebis ganWvretis unari kritikul dros.
abraam linkolni (1809-1865ww.) CerCilma Tavisi eri sagareo safrTxeebis
winaaRmdeg gaaerTiana, linkolnma ki eri erisganve ixsna.
linkolnis dros ZiriTadi sakiTxi monoba iyo. CerCilma SeZlo britaneTis
sazogadoebrivi azris Secvla II msoflio omamde, magram linkolns ar hqonda
aranairi SesaZlebloba, rom daerwmunebina samxreTelebis umravlesoba monobis
gauqmebis aucileblobaSi. samxreTis ekonomikuri damokidebuleba monobaze,
aseve CrdiloeTis rasobrivi stereotipebi imis winapirobas qmnida, rom monobis
dauyovneblad gauqmebis momxre verc erTi politikuri lideri ver imsaxurebda
WeSmaritad erTiani saxelmwifos umaRlesi xelmZRvanelis Tanamdebobaze. es
iyo is konteqsti, romelSic abraam linkolnma prezidentobisTvis brZola daiwyo, gadawyvetileba, romelmac kulminacias 1860 wels misi prezidentad arCeviT miaRwia.
linkolnis politika emyareboda ZiriTad zneobriv principebs da Rrma
praqtikul mosazrebebs. zneobrivi principi, romelsac igi gamudmebiT imeorebda 1858 wels senatis arCevnebSi Tavis oponent stiven daglasTan, imaSi mdgomareobda, rom monoba principulad mcdari iyo yvelgan da gamonaklisis gareSe.
monobis usamarTlo da uzneo movlenad gamocxadebiT linkolni ganzogadebul
filosofias ki ar efareboda, aramed pirdapir mianiSnebda damoukideblobis
deklaraciaze, romelSic weria: `yvela adamiani Tanasworia~. amgvarad, linkolnisTvis monoba amerikis politikuri wesrigis yvelaze fundamenturi principis
darRveva iyo.
linkolni iyenebda uCveulod praqtikul msjelobas im pirobebis Sefasebisas, romelSic monoba SesaZloa aRmofxvriliyo amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi.
upirveles yovlisa, mas swamda, rom kavSiri Statebs Soris unda SenarCunebuliyo geografiuli erTobis saxiT, iseve rogorc unda momxdariyo misi erTianobis dacva konstituciuri demokratiis farglebSi. mxolod CrdiloeTisa da
samxreTis erTi centralizebuli xelisuflebis pirobebSi iqneboda SesaZlebeli monobis dasruleba (Tumca yovelgvari mizezebis gareSe es gardauvali
iyo). Sesabamisad, kavSiris SesaZlo daSla niSnavda monobis gaurkveveli vadiT
gagrZelebas, yovel SemTxvevaSi, samxreTSi mainc.
politikuri Tanasworobis linkolniseuli rwmena da misi mosazrebebi
imis Sesaxeb, rom aseTi Tanasworoba mxolod kavSiris SenarCunebiT iqneboda
SesaZlebeli, xsnis im nabijebs, romlebic samoqalaqo omis win mis mier iqna gadadgmuli an Tavidan acilebuli. marTalia, mas swamda, rom monoba zneobrivad
gaumarTlebeli iyo, ar SemouTavazebia misi dauyovnebliv gauqmeba, radgan icoda, rom aseTi SeTavazeba samxreTs gamoyofisken ubiZgebda da am regionSi monobis SenarCunebas Seuwyobda xels. arc Crdiloeli abolicionistebisTvis dauWeria mxari, romlebic kavSirSi Tavis Tavs acalkevebdnen im mosazrebiT, rom

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igi gulgrilad ekideboda monobis sakiTxs. da kvlav, linkolni xvdeboda, rom
aseTi politika mxolod gaamyarebda monobas, romlis aRmofxvrac mas ase surda.
sabolood, igi upiripirdeboda daglasis `saxalxo suverenitetis~ formulas,
romlis mixedviT yvela axal Stats damoukideblad SeeZleboda gadaewyvita,
mxars uWerda monobas Tu ara. monobis sakiTxi, linkolnis rwmeniT, zedmetad
fundamenturi iyo imisTvis, rom misi gadawyveta politikuri bazris kaprizebisTvis miendo.
imis magivrad, rom romelime am politikas gahyoloda, linkolnma arCia
monobis gavrcelebisTvis bolo moeRo da mxolod is axali Statebi mieRo kavSirSi, sadac monoba ar iyo. linkolnis azriT, es monobis sawinaaRmdego erTaderTi politika iyo, romelic SeiZleboda mieRo sazogadoebas. misi strategiis
ZiriTadi elementebi moTmineba da udrekoba iyo. misi gegmis miReba aucileblad bolos mouRebda monobas mTel StatebSi, rogorc ki monaTmflobeluri
Statebis Sesabamisi wona da kanonmdeblobiTi Zala droTa ganmavlobaSi Semcirdeboda kavSirSi axali, Tavisufali Statebis miRebiT.
rodesac cxadi gaxda, rom linkolnis politika ver gaimarjvebda, man miiRo samoqalaqo omis albaToba, rogorc garduvaloba. da mainc, konfliqtis
ganmavlobaSi Seqmnili pirobebis kvalobaze misi pozicia monobis sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT icvleboda. rogorc zemoT ukve aRiniSna, rodesac brZolebi kavSirisTvis arasaxarbielod warimarTa da omis bedi kavSirSi darCenil monaTmflobelur Statebze iyo damokidebuli, linkolnma Searbila monobis sakiTxze
zewola. raki kavSiris gadarCena upirveles amocanad rCeboda, CrdiloeTs
samxedro gamarjvebebi esaWiroeboda da ara gancxadebebi. mas aseve swamda, rom
kavSiri ver gadarCeboda, Tuki igi `naxevrad Tavisufali da naxevrad monaTmflobeluri~ darCeboda. linkolnis mier samoqalaqo omis mxardaWeris mizezi
paradoqsuli iyo _ kavSiris im saxiT gadarCena, rogorc damfuZnebel mamebs
hqondaT Cafiqrebuli.
rogorc samoqalaqo omamde, ise mis Semdeg, linkolnis politika mimarTuli iyo maqsimaluri sazogadoebrivi sikeTis miRwevaze, sayovelTao Tanxmobis
pirobebSi. rogorc umaRlesma mTavarsardalma, man Tavisi legitimuri Zalauflebis maqsimumi gamoiyena (da garkveulwilad gadaaWarba kidec). magram rogorc ki dadga dro, roca mis uaRresad gabedul politikur miznebs safrTxe
aRar emuqreboda da maTi miRweva kompromisebis saSualebiTac iyo SesaZlebeli,
mas ar gamouyenebia omis periodSi gamarTlebuli diqtatoruli Zalaufleba da
mSvidobianobis dros kavSiris daTmobis gziT SenarCunebiT Tavisi zneobrivi
keTilsindisiereba gamoiCina. yvela am mizezis gamo linkolni sanimuSo lideria, romlis mkacri qmedebebi da gadawyvetilebebi mxolod saSualeba iyo omis
dros kavSiris gadarCenisTvis.
anvar el-sadaTi (1918-1981ww.) axlo aRmosavleTi didi xania msoflios
erT-erTi yvelaze arastabiluri da ZaladobiT aRsavse teritoriaa. 1993 wlis
bolos israelis premierma icxak rabinma da palestinis gaTavisuflebis organizaciis liderma iasir arafatma, erTmaneTis dauZinebelma mtrebma, xeli
moaweres SeTanxmebas, romlis Tanaxmadac palestinelebs SezRuduli avtonomia
miecaT israelis mier okupirebul dasavleTis sanapirosa da gazas seqtorSi. es
SeTanxmeba potenciurad mSvidobisken gadadgmuli udidesi nabiji iyo, magram
ara pirveli nabiji. mSvidobis damyarebis precedentis politikuri Semoqmedi
anvar el-sadaTi iyo.

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sadaTi egviptis prezidenti 1970 wels gaxda da es posti misi mkvlelobiT
aRsasrulamde, 1981 wlamde eWira. man egviptis xelmZRvanelis postze jamal abdel naseri Secvala, romelic arabuli samyaros da II msoflio omis Semdgomi antikoloniuri moZraobis aRiarebuli lideri iyo. naseri avtokrati mmarTveli
iyo, romelic rkinis xeliT marTavda egviptes da ewinaaRmdegeboda israelis
saxelmwifos arsebobas. egviptis konstituciis Tanaxmad naseris mkvlelobis
Semdeg sadaTs rogorc qveynis vice-prezidents, mTavrobisTvis droebiT, samoci dRiT unda exelmZRvanela, sanam erovnuli asamblea prezidentis mudmiv
Semcvlels ar airCevda. garkveuli ironiis Semcvelia is faqtori, rom egviptis
sakanonmdeblo organom sadaTi naseris kursis ganuxrel mimdevrad CaTvala da
prezidentis postze igi daamtkica.
ra Tqma unda, sadaTisgan sxva ramis molodinis safuZveli arc arsebobda,
vinaidan Tavisi adrindeli politikuri cxovreba man didi britaneTisgan egviptis damoukideblobis dacvas miuZRvna. II msoflio omis dros misi antibritanuli qmedebebi germanelebTan kavSirSi gamoixateboda. amis gamo sadaTma ori
weli sapatimro banakSic gaatara. mogvianebiT, mas kidev emuqreboda 3-wliani
patimrobis safrTxe (1946-1949ww.) im braldebiT, rom britaneli Cinosanis mokvlas cdilobda. im nacionalisturi strategiis CarCoebSi, romelic egvipteSi
arsebul antibritanul ganwyobebs efuZneboda, sadaTi da naseri Tanamoazreebi
iyvnen. swored sadaTma gamoacxada sajarod egvipturi monarqiis damxoba da naseris xelmZRvanelobiT axali damoukidebeli respublikis daarseba 1952 wlis
ivlisSi.
am istoriis gaTvaliswinebiT warmoudgeneli iyo, rom prezidenti sadaTi,
naseris politikas ar gahyoloda. rogorc movlenebis ganviTarebam cxadyo,
molodini ar gamarTlda. 1971 wels igi arabuli respublikebis federaciis erTerTi damaarsebeli iyo, romelSic egvipte, libia da siria erTiandeboda. es movlena arabuli samyaros gaerTianebis naseriseuli politikiT iyo motivirebuli. male aRmoCnda, rom federacia warumatebeli proeqtia, magram ara sadaTis
damsaxurebisa Tu survilis gamo.
1973 wels sadaTma egvipte israelTan omSi Caaba. marTalia, egvipte omSi
damarcxda, magram sadaTma yuradReba gaamaxvila misi armiis mier gadamwyveti
brZolis mogebaze _ misi azriT, am gamarjvebam aRadgina egviptis erovnuli
Rirseba.
omis Semdeg sadaTis mebrZoli arabi nacionalistis pozicia mSvidobiani
Tanaarsebobis politikis erTgulebiT Seicvala. es gardaqmna imiT dasrulda,
rom sadaTma gaugonari precedenti dauSva, igi saxelmwifo vizitiT ewvia israels, sadac man STambeWdavi sityva warmoTqva qneseTSi (israelis parlamenti)
1977 wlis 20 noembers. Tavad sityvaze ufro mniSvnelovani da simboluri iyo
misi oficialuri warmomadgenloba israelSi. amiT egvipte pirveli arabuli
qveyana gaxda, romelmac israeli, rogorc suverenuli saxelmwifo aRiara.
sadaTis mier ase dramatulad warmarTulma molaparakebebma Semdeg wels
gza gakvala kemp-devidis molaparakebebisken. egviptesa da israels Soris miRweulma SeTanxmebam kemp-devidSi (merilendis Stati), ramac ganapiroba israelis
gamodevna ganapiroba okupirebuli sinas naxevarkunZulidan, gaaoca ucxoeli
damkvirveblebi da arabuli samyaro. sadaTs mouxda sxva arabi liderebis mwvave
Setevebis mogerieba, romlebic mas palestinis saqmis RalatSi adanaSaulebdnen.
arabebisTvis, iseve rogorc bevri sxva gare damkvirveblisTvis, sadaTis Tamami

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nabijebi xangrZlivi israul-arabuli mSvidobisaken moulodneli iyo imdenad,
ramdenadac uprecedento.
ratom gadadga sadaTma es uCveulo nabiji? zogi eqsperti varaudobs, rom
sadaTi acnobierebda im garemobebs, rom misi gaRaribebuli, mWidrod dasaxlebuli qveyana ver gauZlebda israelTan mudmiv oms. sxvebi fiqroben, rom israelma
dazvervis informacia miawoda egviptes mis mimarT ufro da ufro mtrulad ganwyobili mezoblis _ libiis qmedebebis Sesaxeb. dabolos, gavrcelebuli azriT,
sadaTi pragmatikosi politikosi iyo, romelic xvdeboda, rom israelTan samSvidobo SeTanxmebis gareSe SeuZlebeli iqneboda jer kidev 1967 wels dakarguli
sinas naxevarkunZulis dabruneba.
miuxedavad imisa, rom aSkaraa _ yvela am faqtors albaT SeeZlo Camoeyalibebina sadaTis gaTvlebi, mainc araa cxadi samSvidobo politikis im RonisZiebebis intensiuroba da masStabebi, rac sadaTma ganaxorciela da risTvisac sakuTar Tavze uamravi piradi da politikuri pasuxismgebloba aiRo. man kargad
icoda, rom Tavisi qmedebebiT arabuli samyarosa da sakuTari moqalaqeebis
umetesobisgan gaucxoeba mouwevda. rogorc Cans, swored iseve, rogorc axalgazrda sadaTi Tavisufali da damoukdiebeli egviptis ideals mihyveboda (romlis xorcSesxmaSi uzarmazari wvlili swored mas miuZRoda), asakovan sadaTs
aSkarad ufro keTilSobiluri zraxvebi amoZravebda. rogorc Tavad ganacxada
kemp- devidis SeTanxmebebis xelmowerisas:
dae, aRar iyos omebi da sisxlisRvra arabebsa da ebraelebs Soris;
dae, aRar iyos Cagvra da uflebebis Selaxva; dae, aRar iyos sasowarkveTa
da rwmenis dakargva; dae, arc erT dedas ar mouwios Svilis dakargvis
gamo glova; dae, arc erT axalgazrda kacs ar mouwios Tavisi sicocxlis uazrod dakargva konfliqtSi, romelSic ar arian gamarjvebulebi.
modiT, erTad vimuSavoT, sanam ar mova dRe, rodesac xmlebs saxnavebad
da isrebs namglebad gadaakeTeben.23

regionSi siZulvilis, religiuri fanatizmisa da mudmivi omianobis Sewyveta, rac aqamde, didi xnis ganmavlobaSi cxovrebis wesi iyo, ra Tqma unda,
saxelmwifoebrivi Senebis diad aqtad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. SesaZloa, axlo aRmosavleTSi mSvidobis damkvidrebis mcdeloba ukvdavebaze sadaTis pirovnuli
ganacxadi iyo. aravin icis, icoda Tu ara man aleqsandre hamiltonis Sexedulebebi liderobis Sesaxeb, magram Tavisi qmedebebiT sadaTma gaamarTla hamiltonis dakvirveba, rom didebis siyvaruli istoriis yvelaze gamorCeuli liderebis
`mmarTveli grZnobaa~.
linkolnis msgavsad sadaTic erT-erTi misma Tanamemamulem mokla. ucnauria, magram xSirad aseTia istoriis udides mSvidobismyofelTa bedi (XX saukunis araZaladobrivi brZolis mqadagebeli mahaTma gandic mokles). marTalia,
xangrZlivi mSvidoba axlo aRmosavleTSi ver damyarda, magram egviptesa da israels Soris mSvidobiani Tanacxovreba or aTwleulze metxans gagrZelda, rac
anvar el-sadaTis pirad sibrZnesa da gambedaobaze dafuZnebulma samSvidobo
SeTanxmebam moitana.

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liderobis dasasruli?
SeiZleba ucnaurad mogveCvenos politikuri liderobis Sesaxeb TavSi
gamorCeul liderebze esoden didi yuradRebis gamaxvileba. yvelafers rom
Tavi davaneboT, amerikul politikaSi kargad cnobili gamonaTqvami amtkicebs,
rom saxelmwifo moRvawe sxva aravinaa, Tu ara didi xnis win gardacvlili politikosi. im winaswarmetyvelisa ar iyos, romelic Tavis qveyanaSi dafasebuli
ar iyo, WeSmarit liderebs xSirad ar afaseben Tanamedorveni. aseT mmarTvelebs, rogorc wesi, sakmarisi drois gasvlis Semdeg aRiareben, rodesac maTi
SorsmWvreteluri politikis praqtikuli Sedegebi yvelasaTvis TvalsaCino
xdeba.
da mainc, epoqaSi, rodesac politikuri liderebi skandalebiT arian
moculni da maTi winadadebebi da politika asaxavs mxolod fokusjgufebisa
da sagangebod dakveTili gamokiTxvebis Sedegebs, gamokveTili politikuri
lideroba TiTqos Soreul idealad rCeba. aq arsebobs uSualod TanamedroveobiT ganpirobebuli sxva mizezi, ris gamoc am tipis lideroba ase daufasebelia
amerikis politikur cxovrebaSi: misi arseboba, da SesaZleblobac ki, eWvs iwvevs.
radgan amerikis moqalaqe didi eWviT uyurebs nebismieri arCeuli sajaro moxelis sajaro gancxadebebs (xSir SemTxvevaSi cdilobs amoicnos Rrmad damaluli piradi interesebi da politikuri motivebi, rac marTlac zedapiris miRma
imaleba), amitom fiqrobs, rom gansakuTrebuli liderebi mxolod Zveli drois
Zalian Wkviani da warmatebuli politikosebi arian. aRsaniSnavia, rom Tuki 1934
wels gamocemuli socialur mecnierebaTa enciklopedia moicavda britaneli
mkvlevaris mokle, magram mwvave esses politikuri liderobis Sesaxeb, ufro Tanamedrove gamocema gulgrilad moixseniebs saxelmwifo moRvaweobis nebismier
aspeqts politikuri azrovnebis kategoriaSi.
amasTan, politikuri gonierebis ideis gadafaseba aseve asaxavs im damokidebulebas, ra mcire mniSvneloba aqvs gamorCeulobas egalitarul epoqaSi.23 raki
Tanamderove demokratiebi aTvalwunebiT uyureben yvela socialur da ekonomikur gansxvavebas, naklebad moduri xdeba imis aRiareba, rom vinme SeiZleba
gamoirCeodes. es tendencia gansakuTrebiT mkveTria iq, sadac politika profesiad moiazreba.
azrovnebis am CarCoebidan gamomdinareobs Tanamedroveobis swrafva
gaacamtveros sanimuSo da brZnuli liderobis idea. am midgomis momxreTaTvis
istoriis mamoZravebeli Zalebi gaurkveveli istoriuli determinantebi da viwro kerZo interesebia da ara Tavisufali neba. maTTvis gulubryvilobaa imis
dajereba, rom zogi lideri marTla zrunavs sazogado sikeTeze. aseTi cinikuri
midgoma msoflio istoriis gamorCeuli liderebis radikalurad SezRudul xedvas iZleva. aqedan gamomdinareoba, rom `Zveli istoriebi mefeebisa da mxedarTmTavrebis Sesaxeb, romlebsac Cveni winaprebi SecdomiT da sulelurad mcdarad gmirebad aRiqvamdnen... Wkviani manipulatorebis didebis panTeoniT unda
Seicvalos~.24
politikuri miRwevebis mimarT aseTi mzardi antipaTiis yvelaze seriozuli Sedegi isaa, rom igi politikur cxovrebas naklebad mimzidvels xdis unariani da patiosani pirovnebebisTvis, romlebsac SesaZloa, erCiaT sazogado da
ara kerZo interesebis samsaxurSi gamoeCinaT Tavi. demokratiul sazogadoebas
sakuTari TavisTvis zianis miyenebac SeuZlia imiT, rom sajaro moxeleebs je-

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rovan pativs ar miagebs. is yovlismomcveli rwmena, rom yvelgan mxolod korumpirebuli da saSualo unaris mqone politikosebi arian, SeiZleba TviTrealizebadi avi winaswarmetyveleba aRmoCndes da swored aseTma pirovnebebma daikavon
sajaro Tanamdebobebi.

demagogebi
gulwrfeli da maRali zneobrivi principebis mqone, magram SecdomaSi
Seyvanili nevil Cemberlenisgan25 gansxvavebiT, adolf hitleri oportunisti
lideri iyo da politikosebis yvelaze saSiS tips, demagogebs ganekuTvneboda.
Tavdapirveli gagebiT, Zvel saberZneTSi demagogi iyo lideri, romelic Cveulebrivi xalxis saqmisTvis iRvwoda. dReisTvis demagogs uwodeben iseTi liders, romelic politikuri Zalauflebis mopovebisTvis xalxis rwmenis eqspluatacias eweva, ayalbebs simarTles da cru dapirebebs iZleva. zogadad, demagogi
iTavsebs SeuzRudav pirad ambicias, mouzomav meTodebsa da farTo saxalxo mimzidvelobas.
Tuki WeSmariti liderebi ideals warmoadgenen, demagogebi ryvnian rogorc WeSmaritebis, ise liderobis arss. gamorCeuli liderebi cdiloban samarTlianobisa da sazogado sikeTis damkvidrebas, demagogebi ki aseTi RirebulebebisTvis mxolod imdenad iRvwian, ramdenadac es maT saSualebas miscems
moipovon sakuTari piradi ambiciebis dasakmayofileblad saWiro uzomo Zalaufleba, rac swored sazogadoebrivi interesebis xarjze xdeba.
demagogebi uwinaresad demokratiul sazogadoebaSi Cndebian, sadac xalxis mxardaWeris mopoveba aucilebelia umaRlesi Tanamdebobebis dasakaveblad.
didi demokrati liderebisgan gansxvavebiT, demagogebs sazogadoeba iSviaTad
Tu imaxsovrebs maTi xelisuflebidan wasvlis Semdeg. zog SemTxvevaSi isini waruSlel kvals toveben, rac maTi sidiadis ki ara, piriqiT, maTive samarcxvino
saqmianobis Sedegia.
amerikis politikur istoriaSi mravladaa demagogebis aRzevebisa da dacemis magaliTebi. zogi maTganis saqmianobas mxolod viwro lokaluri gavlena
hqonda, zogisa ki mTel ers Seexo. yoveli maTgani sazogadoebis mexsierebaSi
zizRis grZnobiTaa Semonaxuli.
Teodor bilbo (1877-1947ww.) bilbo misisipis politikaSi wamyvani figura
iyo 1920-1940-ian wlebSi, rogorc Statis gubernatori da Semdeg senatori. is
erTnairad sastiki iyo rogorc Savkanianebis, ise Tavisi politikuri oponentebis mimarT. misi ritorika mravalferovani da sastiki iyo. erT-erTi politikuri kampaniis dros man Tavis oponents `afTarisa da mawanwala ZaRlis najvari...
saflavSi SuaRamiT naSobi, Roris gamozrdili da sulelis mier aRzrdili~26
uwoda. marTalia, bilbos TeTrkanianTa upiratesobisa da enis politikam bevri
misisipelis guli moigo, Tumca yvelaSi erTnairi aRfrTovaneba ar gamouwvevia.
misi politikuri mokavSireebic ki bilbos sakuTari interesebis gamtarebel manipulatorad aRiqvamdnen.
erT-erTi gadmocemis mixedviT `Statis senatma 1911 wels, bilbo sakanonmdeblo organoSi wesier da patiosan adamianebTan erTad jdomisTvis Seuferebel pirovnebad gamoacxada, misma erT-erTma Tayvanismcemelma ufro mwvavedac

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daaxasiaTa: `patara moxerxebuli nabiWvari~27. Jackson Daily News-is redaqtoris
TvalSi bilbo iyo adamiani, romelic `ar iRwvoda arafrisTvis, rac amaRlebuli
an konstruqtiulia... arafrisTvis, rac vnebis, crurwmenisa da siZulvilisgan
gvicavs... arafrisTvis, rac Rirebulia.28
hiu longi (1893-1935ww.) Teodor bilbo iolad gaeqca amerikel istorikosTa umetesobis yuradRebas, hiu longi ki, misisipis mezobel Stat luizianaSi
moRvawe politikosi, vera. hiui longi, romelic Tavisi qajuneli29 amomrCevlebisTvis, cnobili iyo rogorc kingfiSi,30 gacilebiT ufro ambiciuri gaxldaT, vidre bilbo. igi mdabio warmomavlobis iyo, daasrula samwliani samarTlis kursi
Tuleinis universitetSi, Caabara specialuri gamocda luizianas umaRles sasamarTloSi da ocdaerTi wlis asakSi licenzirebuli advokati gaxda. misive sityvebiT, is `sasamarTlo darbazidan imisTvis gamovida, rom TanamdebobisTvis
ebrZola~31. sami wlis Semdeg longi Statis rkinigzis rwmunebulad airCies, 1928
wels ki luizianas gubernatoric gaxda.
hiu longi (1893-1935ww.) luizianas gaxmaurebuli gubernatori, xolo mogvianebiT
SeerTebuli Statebis senatori, Statis
mZlavri politikuri manqanis demagogiuri
kontrolis magaliTia. populistis niRbiT
longma Zalauflebis mopoveba amomrCevelTaTvis imedis SeTavazebiT SeZlo.

hiu longi gubernatorobis oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi (1928-1932ww.), aseve

senatorobis drosac luizianas rkinis xeliT marTavda, sanam ar mokles1935
wels. rogorc gubernatori, longi Statis politikuri cxovrebis yvela aspeqts
marTavda. mcvelebiTa da politikuri manqaniT garemoculi, Statis policias
da milicias32 is amomrCevlebis dasaSineblad iyenebda, sakadro politikaSi
xelmZRvanelobda patronaJisa da favoritizmis principebiT, Seqmna Statis sagamomcemlo organo, raTa xeli SeeSala damoukidebeli da mis mimarT opoziciuri presisTvis, adamianis gatacebis brZaneba gasca arCevnebis wina dRes, raTa
Tavidan aecilebina garTulebebi, da saerTod, igi ufro despoti mmarTveliviT
iqceoda, vidre Statis demokratiulad arCeuli gubernatoris sakadrisad. misi
avtoritaruli mmarTvelobis periodSi
`adamianebi SeiZleba yofiliyvnen da iyvnen kidec dapatimrebuli

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amoucnobi pirebis, misi saidumlo policiis wevrebis mier. maT ar hqondaT gare samyarosTan urTierTobis saSualeba, awamebdnen da SeTiTxnil
braldebebiT scnobdnen damnaSaveebad. Statis umaRlesi sasamarTlos
umetesoba urcxvad misi momxre gaxda... mkvlelma, romelmac winaswarganzraxuli mkvleloba Caidina _ Tavi gauxeTqa longis oponents _ sasamarTloSi jibidan Sewyalebis winaswar xelmowerili sabuTis amoReba
SeZlo~.33

am SemTxvevebisa da fufunebis mimarT swrafvis miuxedavad, longi yovelTvis cdilobda ezruna sakuTari Tavis `ubralo biWad~ warmoCenaze. misi azriT,
WeSmariti borotmoqmedebi mdidari korporaciebi iyvnen, magaliTad, `standard

oili~, romlebic ubralo adamianebs aRaribebdnen da mxolod kompaniis ramdenime moxeles amdidrebdnen.
didi biznesis mier xalxis savaraudo ZarcvisTvis xelSesaSlelad da 1936
wlis saprezidento arCevnebisTvis farTo saxalxo mxardaWeris mobilizebisaTvis longma SeimuSava utopiuri, magram popularuli programa `gaanawile
simdidre~. es programa didi depresiiT dazaralebuli adamianebis grZnobebsa
da gaWirvebaze iyo gaTvlili da morgebuli. longis programa gulisxmobda
simdidris zRvaris gansazRvras, sazRvravda minimalur da maqsimalur Semosavals, gulisxmobda grantebis saSualebiT daxmarebis gawevas yvela fermeris
ojaxisTvis, ufaso umaRles ganaTlebas, danamatebs veteranebisTvis da pensiebs
asakovani adamianebisTvis, aseve hpirdeboda amomrCevels radioebis, avtomobilebisa da sakvebis subsidirebas saxelmwifo Sesyidvebis xarjze. ramdenadac
ararealisturi da arapraqtikuli unda iyos es programebi, sagulisxmoa, rom
adamianebs, romlebsac hiu longi mimarTavda, am TvalsazrisiT eWvi da kiTxva ar
gasCeniaT. maT sWirdebodaT vinme, visi rwmenac eqnebodaT.
sxva demagogebis msgavsad, longma Zalaufleba uimedoTaTvis imedis micemiT moipova. demagogebi ZiriTadad amtkiceben, rom daamarcxeben borot Zalebs,
romelTa bralic aris xalxis gaWirvebul mdgomareobaSi yofna. ra Tqma unda,
es Zalebi, bilbos SemTxevaSi Savkanianebi da longis SemTxevvaSi korporaciebi, sinamdvileSi ar floben iseT Zalas, rom xalxis bedi gansazRvron. rogorc
ki warmoidgenen, rom ubralo xalxis mtrebs ebrZvian, isini Tavad ixiblebian
amiT. demagogebs xSirad hqoniaT imis SesaZlebloba, rom moulodneli farTo
mxardaWera da popularoba mieRoT sakuTari ukanono miznebis gansaxorcieleblad.
jozef makkarti (1908-1957ww.) 1950-iani wlebis ganmavlobaSi arafriT
gamorCeulma politikosma viskonsinidan, jozef makkartim, gamoaaSkarava demoni, amerikeli xalxis udidesi mteri da Semdeg gamudmebiT cdilobda am boroti
Zalis kvalis povnas sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi.
respublikelma senatorma makkartim, sayovelTao yuradReba imiT miipyro,
rom saxelmwifo departamentSi mokalaTebuli komunistebis Sokis momgvreli
`mxileba~ moaxdina. daaxloebiT oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi is Ralatis braldebiT
adanaSaulebda sajaro moxeleebis farTo speqtrs, kolejis profesorebsa da
holivudis varskvlavebs. iyenebda ra Tavis mdgomareobas, sagamoZiebo komitetis xelmZRvanelobas senatSi, makkarti aSantaJebda, aSinebda da Rirsebas
ulaxavda uamrav adamians mTavrobaSi da mis gareT. raki misi braldebebi SiSis
atmosferos qmnida, saxelmwifoSi misi Zalauflebac izrdeboda da vinc mas wi-

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naaRmdegobas uwevda, amas sakuTari mdgomareobis riskis fasad akeTebda.
1954 wels makkartim armiis mdivani34 ucxoeTis jaSuSuri qselis moqmedebis
Sesaxeb informaciis damalvaSi daadanaSaula. es braldebebi general jorj
marSalis, prezident duait eizenhaueris Semdeg SesaZloa amerikaSi yvelaze
pativsacemi sajaro piris winaaRmdeg wayenebul sxva insinuaciebTan erTad,
gardatexis wertilad iqca. makkartim Zalian Sors Setopa. ironiulia, rom misi
upasuxismgeblo braldebebi da mouxeSavi meTodebi senatis gamoZiebis sagani
gaxda. am sakiTxze senatSi gamarTuli mosmenebi gadaicemoda radioTi da Suqdeboda televiziiT, es Tema yvela mniSvnelovani gazeTebis pirvel gverdebze ibeWdeboda. sabolood, makkarti iseve swrafad mieca daviwyebas, rogor swrafadac
SemoiWra qveynis yuradRebis centrSi.

politikosebi
demokratiul saxelmwifoTa moqalaqeebi xSirad damamcireblad moixsenieben politikosebs ise, rom ar iTvaliswineben rogorebi arian isini sinamdvileSi. politikosebi arian adamianebi, romelTa upirvelesi (magram ara erTaderTi) mizani arCeviTi Tanamdebobis mopoveba da SenarCunebaa; isini TavianT
amomrCevlebs warmoadgenen, akeTeben imas, rasac saWirod an sworad Tvlian (an
akeTeben imas, rac iolad gauvaT) da swored amisTvis sWirdebaT politikuri Zalaufleba. politikosebs mniSvneloba aqvT imdenad, ramdenadac maTi arseboba
mxolod demokratiul qveynebSia SesaZlebeli.
politikosebs iseve, rogorc nebismieri Tanamdebobis mqone pirTa umetesobas, arc diadi xedvebi aqvT, arc gansakuTrebuli unarebi. dRidan dRemde
isini TavianTi SesaZlebloebis maqsimums akeTeben im SezRudvebis piorbebSi,
romlebSic maT moqmedeba uwevT. yovelTvis, rodesac maT kargi saqmis gakeTeba
surT, sirTules qmnis moraluri da eTikuri sakiTxebis calsaxad dacva. ufro
met sirTules ki is qmnis, rom Tavze politikuri riskis aReba uwevT. zogadad
isini korumpirebulni ar arian, magram xSirad korufciisadmi midrekilebas amJRavneben. isini adamianebis umetes nawilze arc ukeTesebi arian da arc uaresebi
_ isini Cveulebrivebi arian.
problema maSin warmoiSoba, rodesac moqalaqeebs gansakuTrebuli lideris
moTxovnileba uCndebaT. demokratiebSi politikosebs urTerTsawinaaRmdego
molodinebs Soris lavireba uwevT. maTgan moelian imas, rom iseTive Cveulebrivebi iyvnen, rogorc rigiTi moqalaqeebi; amavdroulad, maTgan TavianTi
movaleobebisa da qveynisadmi uCveulo Tavdadebis gamomJRavnebas moiTxoven.
demokratiul sazogadoebaSi savaraudo lideri maradiuli kiTxvis winaSe
dgas: imoqmedos, rogorc Tavisi amomrCevlebis delegatma da aRasrulos maTi
survilebi, Tu imoqmedos, rogorc ndobiT aRWurvilma pirma da damoukideblad
imsjelos xalxis saxeliT. Tavad politikuri sistema moiTxovs arCeuli warmomadgenlebisgan Tavad politikuri sistema moiTxovs, iyvnen gulisxmierni, Tuki
maT surT kvlavac airCion. magram WeSmariti liderebi ar mihyvebian masas, isini
mas win miuZRvian da swored amaSia politikosobis dilema.

kanonmdeblebi, rogorc delegatebi

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iseT did qveyanaSi, rogoric SeerTebuli Statebia, rom araferi vTqvaT
indoeTze, SeuZlebelia calke aRebulma individma Tavad uzrunvelyos sakuTari interesebis warmodgena da dacva. saxelmwifo sakanonmdeblo organo am
sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani funqciis ganxorcielebis ZiriTadi meqanizmia,
radgan isaa mTavrobis Stoebs Soris yvelaze warmomadgenlobiTi instituti.
warmomadgenlobis delegaturobis Teoriis mixedviT sakanonmdeblo organo
`warmomadgenlobiTia maSin, rodesac erTiani politikuri organizmis yvela elements Sesabamisi proporciiT moicavs. es CvenTvis Cveulebrivia: Cven yvelani
mikrokosmoss warmovadgenT masSi~.35
warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis am modelSi arCeuli warmomadgenlebi valdebulni arian imoqmedon rogorc instruqtirebulma delegatebma. am
Teoriis mixedviT warmomadgeneli sazogadoebrivi azris matarebelia, aqedan
gamomdinare, amomrCevlebi qiraoben mas, rogorc garkveuli saxis rwmunebuls
sakanonmdeblo organoSi. am TvalsazrisiT sazogadoebasTan kavSirisTvis sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxvebisa da fokusjgufebis saSualebiT SesaZlebeli
xdeba mocemuli momentisTvis sazogadoebrivad mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis SerCeva. arCeuli warmomadgenlisaTvis, romelmac Tavi gamoiCina rogorc yvelaze
gulisxmierma da pasuxismgeblobis grZnobis mqone delegatma, jildos saxiT
xelaxla arCevis SesaZlebloba arsebobs (Tumca SeerTebul StatebSi Zalauflebis mqone yvela pirisTvis es SesaZlebloba uzomod didia).
delegaturobis Teoriis safuZveli xalxis saRi azri da wesierebis rwmenaa. am Teoriis erT-erTi gamoCenili mqadagebeli, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom
`arsebobs SedarebiTi Tanasworoba warmomadgenlebisa da amomrCevlebis SesaZleblobebsa da Wkuas Soris~, amtkicebda, rom `TavkerZuli da gaumarTlebeli
iqneboda warmomadgenlebis mier xalxis azris da survilebis gauTvaliswinebloba~ da rom politikuri sakiTxebi xSirad `ufro iracionalur da pirad
mosazrebebze da ara saxalxo ganxilvasa da Tanxmobaze dafuZnebul xedvebs
moicavs... aucilebelia warmomadgenlebma rCeva hkiTxon xalxs da gaiTvaliswinon maTi arCevani~.36
es midgoma, misi mqadageblebis azriT, aseve xels uSlis korufcias. kanonmdeblebi, romlebic amomrCevlebis azris gaTvaliswinebiT moqmedeben, SezRudulni arian da maT saqmianobaSi ukanono garigebebisTvis mcire sivrce rCeba.

kanonmdeblebi, rogorc meurveebi

warmomadgenlobis delegaturobis Teoriis kritikosebi amboben, rom am
midgomis Tanaxmad, arCeuli pirebi pasiurebi arian, vinaidan isini moqmedeben
rogorc xalxis azris mimdevrebi da ara rogorc liderebi. am Teoriis gamorCeuli kritikosi iyo edmund berki (1729-1797ww.), XVIII saukunis cnobili ingliseli mwerali da kanonmdebeli.
berki amtkicebda, rom kanonmdeblebma fiqrisa da moqmedebis garkveuli
xarisxis Tavisufleba unda daitovon. ufro konkretulad berki am mosazrebas imiT amtkicebda, rom arCeul warmomadgenels sWirdeba yofiT sakiTxebze
mowuwune da TavSeukavebeli (SesaZloa iracionaluri) eleqtoratis garkveuli
problemebisagan izolireba. is amtkicebda, rom politikosma, rogorc kanonmdebelma, unda moisminos misi amomrCevlis mosazrebebi, magram yvela prob-

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lemas Tanabari mniSvneloba ar unda mianiWos: kompetentur kanonmdebels unda
hqondes unari, rom erTmaneTisgan ganasaxvavos adamianuri bunebis naklovanebidan gamomdinare saCivari Tu sawuxari (romlis dakmayofileba ver moxerxdeba)
im problemebisgan, romlebic `mocemuli momentis konkretuli satkivaris simptomebs moicavs~.37 am TvalsazrisiT, xalxis ganwyoba Rirebuli barometria imisTvis, rom konkretuli sakiTxis aqtualuroba gansazRvro.
politikur warmomadgenlobasa da sazogadoebriv azrs Soris am urTierTqmedebis gaTvaliswinebiT sainteresoa, ra adgils uCens berki kanonmdebels. pirdapir rom vTqvaT, mas swamda, rom mmarTveloba bunebrivi aristokratiis xvedria, romelic gamorCeuli da saukeTeso pirebisgan Sedgeba da arCeuli
mmarTvelebi unda moqmedebdnen ise, rogorc TavianTi amomrCevlebis meurveebi.
sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, kanonmdeblebi unda moqmedebdnen sazogadoebrivi
sikeTis sakuTari gagebis safuZvelze da ara rogorc amomrCevlebis marionetebi. rogorc Tavad berkma aRniSna amomrCevlebisadmi Tavis cnobil mimarTvaSi:
`Tqveni warmomadgeneli Tqven winaSe valdebulia aramarto Tavisi saqmianobiT,
aramed Tavisi azrovnebiT; da is gRalatobT, Tuki Tqven samsaxurs Tqven mosazrebebze dabla daayenebs da maT Seswiravs msxverplad~.38
berkiseuli warmomadgenlobis meurveobis Teoria mmarTvelobis miseul
farTo filosofiaSia mocemuli. misi azriT, kargi mmarTveloba unda moicavdes
ara marto keTil nebas, aramed `siqvelesa da gonebasac~. warmomadgenlobiTi
mmarTveloba qmediTi iyos, is unda emyarebodes pirdapir qcevas da frTxil gansjas imisaTvis, rom aRmoaCinos da ganaxorcielos WeSmariti sazogadoebrivi
sikeTe. berkma parlamenti ganmarta, rogorc `erTi interesis mqone erTi qveynis
saTaTbiro asamblea, sadac lokaluri miznebi da lokaluri xedvebi ki ar unda
uZRodes msjelobas, aramed sazogadoebrivi sikeTe, romelic erTi da ganuyofeli saerTo gonidan gamomdinareobs~.39
berks swamda, rom kanonmdeblebsa da Cveulebriv amomrCevlebs Soris didi
gansxvavebaa. misi azriT, Zlier respublikaSi warmomadgenlebi ufro gonierebi da ukeT informirebulni unda iyvnen, vidre amomrCevlebi da, Sesabamisad,
unda hqondeT imis unari, rom frTxili ganxilvis Semdeg qveynis winaSe mdgari
politikuri problemebi gadawyviton. sabolood igi amtkicebda, rom qveynis,
rogorc mTlianis keTildReoba (erovnuli Tu sazogadoebrivi interesi) misi
Semadgeneli nawilebis (lokaluri an raime konkretuli jgufis) keTildReobasa
da interesebze ufro maRla unda idges. amis gaTvaliswinebiT berki xazs usvamda kanonmdeblis, rogorc lideris mniSvnelobas da mas ufro maRla ayenebda,
vidre kanonmdebels, rogorc amomrCevlis azris gamomxatvelsa da sazogadoebrivi ganwyobis mimdevars.

politikanebi
zogierTi amerikeli politologi termin politikans iyenebs im politikosebis dasaxasiaTeblad, romlebic warmatebiT axerxeben kanonmdeblis, rogorc delegatisa da meurvis funqciebis SeTavsebas. Sesabamisad, politikanebi
arian is politikosebi, romlebic amomrCevlebis zedapiruli interesebiT mowonebuli `sayvelpuro~ kanonebis damtkicebisTvis ibrZvian da ar dgamen damoukidebel nabijebs im sakiTxebis gadasawyvetad, romlebic pirdapir ar exeba
maTi amomrCevlebis moTxovnebs. magaliTad, kanzasis meoTxe sakanonmdeblo re-

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gioni cnobilia, rogorc amerikis saaviacio centri (boingis korporaciis samxedro biznesis Tavmoyris adgili), amitom gasakviri araa, rom aqauri warmomadgeneli kongresSi amomrCevelTa interesebs erovnuli usafrTxoebis sakiTxebze
konservatiulad ganwyobilTa xmebis mopovebiT asaxavs. politikanebi zogadad
TavianTi olqis an Statis specifikuri ekonomikuri interesebisTvis ibrZvian,
poziciebi, romlebsac isini ikaveben, xSirad konkretul sakiTxebzea orientirebuli. ase rom, gasakviri araa vixiloT, Tu rogor ewinaaRmdegebian iaraRze
kontrolis Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobas sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobis mimdevari
Statebis liberali senatorebi, riTac xazs usvamen TavianTi amomrCevlebis
poziciebis erTgulebas.
arkanzaselma senatorma uiliam fulbraitma (1905-1995ww.) meore msoflio
omis dasrulebisTanave sityva warmoTqva Cikagos universitetSi, romelSic man
demokratiuli liderobisadmi politikanis midgoma gamoxata:
saSualo statistikuri kanonmdebeli Tavisi karieris dasawyisSive
aRmoaCens, rom arsebobs amomrCevelTa garkveuli interesebi an stereotipebi, romlebTanac araseriozuli damokidebuleba sakmaod saSiSia. am
stereotipebis nawili SeiZleba ar iyos eris keTildReobisTvis fundamenturi mniSvnelobisa, am SemTxvevaSi kanonmdebeli SeiZleba ar eTanxmebodes, magram waaxalisos es stereotipebi. ufro saSiSia SemTxveva,
rodesac stereotipi qveynis keTildReobis fundamentur politikas
exeba. am SemTxvevaSi kargi kanonmdeblis kvalifikacia imaSi gamoixateba,
Tu ramdenad Seswevs unari ganasxvavos fundamenturi saWiroeba zedapirulisgan da moaxerxos am ukanasknelis gamijvna. imis sailustraciod,
rasac vgulisxmob, modiT, moviyvanoT izolacionizmis da suladobrivi
saarCevno gadasaxadis40 magaliTi. miuxedavad imisa, raoden damajereblebic unda iyvnen Cemi kolegebi da erovnuli media suladobrivi saarCevno
gadasaxadis borotebis Sesaxeb saubrisas, me ver vxedav mis fundamentur
mniSvnelobas da vemxrobi Cemi Statis xalxis azrs. SesaZloa, mravalTaTvis samwuxaro pirobebi simboluri mogveCvenos, magram veWvob rom am
kanonis gauqmebam romelime Cveni ZiriTadi problema gadawyvitos. meore
mxriv, miuxedavad imisa, raoden Seupovradac unda ewinaaRmdegebodnen
Cemi amomrCevlebi gaerTianebuli erebis Zlieri organizaciis Seqmnas da
masSi monawileobas, me ver davuWer maT mxars manam, sanam ar davrwmundebi mis ganuxorcieleblobaSi.28

fulbraitis kariera senatSi (1945-1975ww.) SesaZloa politikanis moqmedebis gviCvenebdes magaliTad gamodges. xSirad igi iseTi kanonebis winaaRmdeg
aZlevda xmas, gansakuTrebiT samoqalaqo uflebebis sferoSi, romelTa mimarT,
SesaZloa piradi simpaTiac ki hqonda. is xvdeboda, rom Zalauflebis SesanarCuneblad winaaRmdegoba ar unda gaewia Tavisi arkanzaseli amomrCevlebis umravlesobis rasistuli stereotipebisTvis, maSin rodesac Tavad mas sruliad sawinaaRmdego Sexedulebebi hqonda. fulbraiti xSirad Tavs imarTlebda imiT, rom
samoqalaqo uflebis zogi sakiTxi fundamenturi mniSvnelobis ar iyo.
rasobriv sakiTxze sakuTari Statis umravlesobis azris mimarT pativiscemam fulbraits farTo asparezi misca sagareo politikaSi, romlis mimarT
arkanzasel amomrCevlebs naklebi interesi hqondaT. is senatis sagareo urTierTobaTa komitetis Tavmjdomare gaxda da miuxedavad imisa, rom ukiduresad
konservatiul Stats warmoadgenda, aRiareba moipova, rogorc sagareo politi-

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kaSi liberalizmis principebis gamJRerebelma.

damTmobebi
politikosebi, romlebsac ZluZT `saqmis keTeba~ da axerxeben imas, rom
cud saqmeebs win aRudgnen, Cveulebriv, pativiscemas da aRiarebas imaxureben.
damTmobebi Cveulebrivi politikosebis saintereso qvejgufia, vinc xedavs
farTo naprals sasurvel moqmedebebsa da SesaZlebel Sedegebs Soris. is, rac
maTi warmodgeniT SeiZleba iyos sazogado sikeTe da is, rac realurad aris kargi qveynisTvis, SeiZleba aRmoCndes, rom ori urTierTsawinaaRmdego ram aris.
ase rom, Tavad Tu gaimarjvebs, SeiZleba qveyanam waagos.
SesaZloa damTmobis saukeTeso (an yvelaze cudi) magaliTi iyos nevil
Cemberleni, romelic didi britaneTis premier-ministri iyo 1937-1940 wlebSi.
retrospeqtivas Tu gadavxedavT, meore msoflio omamde germania daCqarebul
gadaiaraRebas awarmoebda, magram Cemberlens patiosnad swamda, rom omi da SeiaraReba fuWi da zedapiruli saqmianoba iyo, da amis Tanabrad imisic swamda rom
molaparakebebi da daTmobebi yovelgvari politikis, maT Soris saerTaSoriso
politikis safuZveli unda gamxdariyo. 1938 wlis oqtomberSi Cemberleni TemTa
palataSi amtkicebda, rom `Cven winaSe ganiaraRebis sakiTxis mimarT axali SesaZleblobebi iSleba da me mwams, isini iseTive imedis momcemni arian dRes, rogorc winaT~. is agreTve ambobda:
aseT amocanebs zurgs umagrebs imis rwmena, rom qveynebs Soris mtroba etapobrivad daiZleva. TandaTanobiT, manam, sanam erebi ar
igrZnoben, rom maT uSiSrad SeuZliaT dauSvan iaraRi... me visurvebdi,
rom am Tanamdebobaze Cems xelT arsebuli dro, sanam axalgazrda Semcvlels gadavcemde mas da mTeli Cemi energia mimeZRvna am amocanisTvis.42

miuxedavad Cemberlenis rwmenisa, bevri britaneli axalgazrda brZolis

velze daeca hitleris ukompromiso militarizmis wyalobiT. saerTaSoriso
politikis uprecedentod civiluri Cemberleniseuli analizi, romelic safuZvlad edo veluri diqtatoris moTvinierebis mcdelobas, ar iyo moklebuli
principul xedvas Tu gulwrfelobas, magram is ubralod mcdari iyo.

samoqalaqo liderebi
vaclav haveli. 1960-iani wlebis Sua xanebSi ocdacxra wlis vaclav haveli (daibada1936 wels) ukve cnobili iyo msoflioSi Tavisi satiruli, absurduli piesebiT _ `wveuleba baRSi~ (1964w.), da `memorandumi~ (1965w.). 1968 wlis
zafxulSi havelma da CexeTis kulturis ocdaaTma sxva moRvawem xeli moaweres
ganacxads, romliTac isini komunistebis mier kontrolirebul CexeTSi kanongareSed gamocxadebuli social-demokratiuli partiis aRdgenas iTxovdnen.
CexoslovakiaSi 1963 wels dawyebuli liberalizaciis frTxili, magram mzardi
tendencia agvistoSi sabWoTa armiis SeWriT dasrulda, riTac qveyana mkacr sabWoTa kontrols daubrunda.
am konfliqtis periodSi havelma gadamwyveti roli Seasrula CexeTis Tavi-

385
sufali radios CamoyalibebaSi da am iatakqveSa radios, mis yoveldRiur translacias iyenebda dasavleli inteleqtualebisaTvis xmis misawvdenad _ daxmarebodnen CexeTs. Semdegi ori dekadis ganmavlobaSi haveli Cexoslovakiis yvelaze
cnobili dramaturgi gaxda. misi piesebi praRis mmarTveli komunistebis mwvave
satiras Seicavda. magram havelis mzardi popularobis safuZveli mxolod misi
piesebi rodi iyo. is Cexoslovakiis gamoCenili disidenti da adamianis uflebebisTvis mebrZoli lideri gaxda. haveli iyo Tanaavtori 1977 wels dawerili
samocdameCvidmete manifestisa, romelSic igi Cexoslovakiis komunistur mTavrobas helsinkis 1975 wlis SeTanxmebebisa43 da, Sesabamisad, qveyanaSi adamianis
uflebebis darRvevaSi amxelda. politikuri winaaRmdegobis am faqtebis gamo
haveli daapatimres da iseTi sasjeli dauweses, romelic mZime fizikuri samuSaos Sesrulebas iTvaliswinebda; Tumca misi gaCumeba mainc ver SeZles.
1989 wlis dekemberSi saxalxo protestis Sedegad Cexoslovakiis komunisturi mTavroba daeca da haveli saxalxo konsensusis Sedegad arCeuli prezidenti gaxda. Zalauflebisken aseT aRmasvlaSi yvelaze metad aRsaniSnavi is gaxldaT, rom jer kidev 1989 wlis dasawyisSi haveli cixeSi imyofeboda, magram isic
gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom CexoslovakiaSi arc erT sazogado moRvawes ar hqonda
iseTi moraluri avtoriteti, rogoric ocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi samoqalaqo
moRvaweobis Sedegad moipova havelma. haveli Tanamdebobaze sami weli darCa, sanam Cexoslovakia or eTnikur saxelmwifod _ CexeTad da slovakeTad ar gaiyo.
qveynis politikuri ganviTarebis am etapze igi gadadga.
magram havelma gaagrZela sazogadoebrivi moRvaweoba. 1993 wlis 26 ianvars, gadadgomidan sul raRac eqvsi Tvis Semdeg, CexeTis parlamentma igi respublikis prezidentad xuTwliani vadiT airCia. miuxedavad Tavisi gamorCeuli
poziciisa, haveli yovelTvis ar TamaSobda wamyvan rols qveynis marTvaSi, igi
eris mniSvnelovan figured rCeboda. marTalia, Cexebis umetesoba undoblad da
gulgrilad uyurebda Tavis politikosebs, magram havels pativs scemdnen, rogorc adamians, romelic ara marto werda da qadagebda `simarTliT cxovrebas~,
aramed Tavisi piradi magaliTiT uCvenebda amas.
martin luTer king umcrosi (1929-1968ww.). igi gamoCenili samoqalaqo
lideri iyo. 1957 wels martin luTer kingi axlad aRmocenebuli samxreTis
qristian liderTa konferenciis prezidenti gaxda da am momentidan misi mniSvnelovneba dinamikurad izrdeboda. is uZRveboda mjdomare aqciebs, marSebs,
demonstraciebs, romlebic rasobrivi segregaciisa da diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg rogorc SromiTi, ise sacxovrebelze uflebebis dasacavad iyo mimarTuli.
kingis mimdevrebi araZaladobrivi daumorCileblobis aqtebiT xSirad Riad arRvevdnen im kanonebs, romlebic iTvaliswinebdnen afroamerikelebis segregacias sasadiloebSi, transportSi, zRudavdnen msvlelobebis uflebas da ase
Semdeg, da iRebdnen Sesabamis sasjels.
kings ganzraxuli hqonda Seewuxebina kanonmdeblebis, mosamarTleebisa da
Sesabamisad, amerikeli xalxis sindisi. rogorc is 1963 wels birminhemis cixidan
(kingi wavida birminhemSi, alabamaSi, raTa eTava boikotis mowyoba sazogado adgilebis desegregaciis moTxovniT; man moawyo arasanqcirebuli msvleloba, ris
gamoc dapatimrebul iqna) Tavis cnobil werilSi aRniSnavda:

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me vacxadeb, rom adamiani, romelic arRvevs kanons, romelsac misi
sindisi usamarTlod miiCnevs da nebayoflobiT iRebs sasjels, rCeba
cixeSi da amiT sazogadoebas kanonis usamarTlobaze miuTiTebs, sinamdvileSi gamoxatavs udides pativiscemas kanonis mimarT.44

kingi imedovnebda: `Cven unda davinaxoT araZaladobrivi krazanebis

saWiroebis aucilebloba, unda SevqmnaT daZabuloba sazogadoebaSi, romelic
saSualebas miscems adamians stereotipebis da rasizmis bneli jurRmulebidan,
urTierTgagebisa da Zmobis brwyinvale simaRleebze gamoaRwios~.45
kingis da samoqalaqo uflebebisTvis mebrZoli sxva afroamerikeli liderebis roi uilkinsis, malkolm iqsis, uitni iangis, jes jeqsonis da vernon
jordanis gavlena udidesi iyo. maTi xSirad ukiduresad urTierTsawinaaRmdego qmedebebi safuZvlad daedo 1964 wels miRebul samoqalaqo uflebebis
aqts, romelmac gaauqma rasobrivi diskriminacia dasaqmebasa da sazogadoebrivi
TavSeyris adgilebSi. mogvianebiT miRebul iqna samoqlaqo uflebebis damcveli
sxva kanonebic. 1964 wels kings Tavisi saqmianobisTvis nobelis premia mieniWa
mSvidobis dargSi. oTxi wlis Semdeg, ocdacxrameti wlis asakSi, kingi mokles.
roza parksi (1913-2005ww.) roza parksma simamacis erTi gamovlinebiT eris
sindisi gamoacocxla. montgomeriSi, alabamas StatSi, 1955 wlis 1 dekembers samsaxuridan gamosuli roza parksi avtobusSi avida da Tavisufal adgilze dajda. cota xanSi fexze mdgomma TeTrkanianma mamakacma adgilis gaTavisufleba
mosTxova (montgomeris satransporto momsaxurebis regulaciaTa Tanaxmad, Tu
TeTrkanians ar SeeZlo sxva TeTrkanianis paralelurad adgilis povna, misTvis
oTx Savkanians unda daeTmo dasajdomi adgili, vinaidan Savkanians ufleba ar
hqonda TeTrkanianis paralelurad mjdariyo),46 razec roza parksma uari Tqva:
vfiqrobdi, rom erTaderTi gza maTTvis imis Cvenebisa, ras vgrZnobdi, rodesac usamarTlod meqceodnen, iyo is, rac gavakeTe _ winaaRmdegoba gavuwie kanons. amaze winaswar ar mifiqria, es TavisTavad moxda da
Semdeg ubralod gadavwyvite, rom ar avdgebodi. daRlili viyavi da Tavs
kargad ar vgrZnobdi, magram amas Semdeg bevri sxva dRe mohyva, rodesac
Tavs kargad ar vgrZnobdi.47

avtobusis mZRolma roza parksi daakava, ris Semdegac igi daapatimres. bevri istorikosi amerikis samoqalaqo uflebebisTvis moZraobis aTvlis wertilad
miiCnevs montgomeriSi roza parksis dapatimrebas, rasac avtobusebis boikoti
mohyva. misi daumorCileblobis erT simbolur qmedebas dRes aRviqvamT politikuri gmirobis aqtad, romelmac yuradReba miapyro rasobriv usamarTlobas da
gamoiwvia movlenebis mTeli jaWvi, ris Sedegadac qveyana samudamod Seicvala.
pati uoterlingi. sent-jozefeli (minesotas Stati) oTxi Svilis deda
pati uterlingi yvelafers gaiRebda, politikuri aqtivisti rom ar gamxdariyo. 1989 wlis 11 oqtombers niRbianma mamakacma misi TerTmeti wlis vaJi jeikobi
gaitaca. patis amis Semdeg Tavisi Svili aRar unaxavs. Tavdapirvelad erTaderTi ram, risi gakeTebac mas SeeZlo, Svilis Zieba da glova iyo. mogvianebiT man
jeikob uoterlingis fondi Camoayaliba, romlis erT-erTi mizani gatacebisa
da sqesobrivi Zaladobisgan bavSvebis damcveli kanonmdeblobis lobireba iyo

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Statisa da federalur sakanonmdeblo organoebSi. 1991 wels man warmatebiT
gaitana kanoni, romlis Tanaxmadac sqesobriv ZaladobaSi mxilebuli pirebi
valdebulni iyvnen gaevloT registracia mudmiv sacxovrebel adgilebSi Statis meTvalyureobis qveS. 1996 wels nawilobriv pati uoterlingis ZalisxmeviT minesotas kongresma miiRo sazogadoebis informirebis programa, romlis
mixedviTac Statis xelisufleba valdebuli iyo Seefasebina sqesobrivi ZaladobisTvis sasjelmoxdilTa uvnebloba sazogadoebisTvis da im SemTxvevaSi,
Tu konkretuli piri miCneuli iqnebda sazogadoebrivad saSiSad, Seetyobinebina
amis Sesaxeb sazogadoebisTvis. gamocdileba uCvenebs, rom aseTi moZaladeebi
Znelad gadian reabilitacias da Cadenili danaSaulis mimarT Semdgomi recidivebis maRali done axasiaTebT.
1994 wels pati uoterlingma SeZlo daerwmunebina kongresi, mieRo kanoni
(jeikob uoterlingis aqti) romelic axalisebs Statebs miiRon kanonmdebloba,
romlis Tanaxmad cixidan gamosuli moZaladeebi valdebulni arian daregistrirdnen samarTaldamcav organoebSi, da romelic saSualebas aZlevs am organoebs informacia (saxelebis, misamarTebis, fotoebis CaTvliT) gaavrcelon am
pirebis Sesaxeb.48
pati uoterlingis saqmianobas bevri mSobeli adidebs, magram bevri samoqalaqo uflebis damcveli miiCnevs, rom es kanonebi im damnaSaveebis piradi
cxovrebis uflebasa da Tavisuflebebs arRvevs, romlebmac Cadenili danaSaulisTvis sasjeli ukve moixades.49 miuxedavad amisa, pati uoterlingi samoqalaqo
lideris kargi magaliTia, romelmac miuxedavad eniT gamouTqmeli borotebisa
da autaneli tkivilisa, Seabija politikaSi da cvlilebebsac miaRwia.

daskvna

politikuri liderebi, romlebic samTavrobo Tanamdebobebze arian, SeiZleba davajgufoT WeSmarit liderebad, demagogebad an Cveulebriv politikosebad. samoqalaqo liderebs ara aqvT aranairi Tanamdeboba, magram SeiZleba seriozuli politikuri gavlena hqondeT.
WeSmariti liderebi, romlebic SedarebiT iSviaTni arian, sazogadoebriv
sikeTeze zrunaven, gamoirCevian lideris TvisebebiT, praqtikuli WkuiT eqstraordinarul situaciaSi, rodesac eris keTildReoba dgas dRis wesrigSi.
istoriulad isini motivirebulni iyvnen, rogorc minimum, didebis surviliT.
saxelmwifo moRvaweobis am gagebis mimarT Tanamedroveobis gulgriloba zog
damkvirvebels aiZulebs am tipis moRvaweoba momakvdav xelovnebad aRiaros.
warmomadgenlobiT demokratiebSi yvelaze metni Cveulebrivi politikosebi arian. yvela arCeul politikoss uwevs arCevanis gakeTeba _ pozitiuri
lideris roli itvirTos Tu ubralod Tavisi amomrCevlebis azri warmoaCinos.
demokratiuli warmomadgenlobis delegaturobis Teoriis mixedviT politikosebi unda iqceodnen ise, rogorc Tavisi eleqtoratis survilebis gamtareblebi. meurveobis Teoria, piriqiT, aqcents akeTebs politikaSi damoukidebeli
msjelobis aucileblobaze. politikosebs, romlebic cdiloben am ori midgomis gaerTianebas, politikanebs veZaxiT. zogi Cveulebrivi politikosi SeiZleba
mSvidobismyoflad, an damTmobad SevafasoT. isini xSirad SesaZloa keTilSo-

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biluri ganzraxvebiTac xelmZRvaneloben, magram arakompetenturobis Tu gulubryvilobis gamo maTi gadawyvetilebebi SeiZleba katastrofis safuZveli
gaxdes. politikaSi ufro avbediTebi demagogebi arian. isini aerTianeben usazRvro pirad ambicias, mouxeSav meTodebs da qarizmatulobis moTxovnilebas.
demagogebi Warbad arian demokratiul qveynebSi, sadac maTi dacema xSirad iseve
moulodnelia xolme, rogorc maTi aRzeveba.
samoqalaqo liderebi uCveneben Tavdadebas saqmisadmi, pirad SesaZleblobebs da garkveuli saxis magnetizms, agreTve samTavrobo politikis mimarT
winaaRmdegobas. isini STaagoneben adamianebs an izidaven mimdevrebs msoflios
masStabiT, avlenen moralur Zalauflebas, romelic maTi saqmianobidan gamomdinareobs.

sakvanZo sityvebi

WeSmariti liderebi
demagogebi
Cveulebrivi politikosebi
samoqalaqo liderebi
saxelmwifo moRvaweoba
saxelmwifo moRvawe
warmomadgenlobis delegaturobis Teoria
warmomadgenlobis meurveobis Teoria
politikani

kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis

1.

ra jgufebad SeiZleba davyoT politikosebi? ra gansxvavebaa sxvadasxva

kategoriebs Soris?

2.

ratom aris politikuri liderebis kvleva saerTod politikuri kvlevebis

mniSvnelovani aspeqti?

3.

ratom arian WeSmariti liderebi ase iSviaTni?

4.

aRwereT warmomadgenlobis ori urTierTsawinaaRmdego Teoria. romeli

maTgania TqvenTvis misaRebi da ratom?

5.

ra aris demagogi? daasaxeleT romelime demagogi. ra amoZravebT demagogebs? aqvs Tu ara demokratias raime bunebrivi dacviTi meqanizmi demagogiisgan? Tu asea, ra aris es meqanizmi?

6.

ra aris sanimuSo liderobis arsi? daasaxeleT oTxi sanimuSo lideri da

detalurad axseniT, ra xdis TiToeul maTgans sanimuSod.

SeniSvnebi

1. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis ormocdamesame prezidenti 2000 wlidan (meore vada 2008 wels gadis).

389
2. jorj herbert uoker buSi, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis ormocdameerTe prezidenti 1989-1993 ww.
3. erayis prezidenti 1979-2003 ww.
4. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis ocdamecamete prezidenti 1945-1953 ww.
5. Seiqmna 1949 wlis 4 aprils.
6. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis ocdamecxre prezidenti 1921-1923 wlebSi misi TaosnobiT Statebma gaaforma
xelSekrulebebi, romliTac xeli Seuwyves I msoflio omis dasrulebas. hardingis TaosnobiTve win wamoiwia
msoflio masStabiT samxedro flotebis ganiaraRebis moTxovnam. misi saarCevno lozungi `normalurobisken
dabruneba iyo~. oponentebi da Semdgomi Taobis kritikosebi uoren hardings izolacionizmsa da pasiur
saerTaSoriso politikaSi adanaSauleben.
7. Robert C. Tucker, Politics as Leadership (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1995), iii.
8. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis ocdameTormete prezidenti 1933-1945 ww. 1930-iani wlebis didi depresiis
dros axali kursis iniciatori da politikaSi gamtarebeli. axali kursi msxvil Semosavlebze gadasaxadebis
zrdasa da msxvil biznesze kontrolis meqanizmebis danergvas gulisxmobda, risi saSualebiTac saxelmwifom
socialuri dacvis, umuSevarTa daxmarebisa da dasaqmebis programebis ganxorcieleba SeZlo.
9. Walter Lippmann, A Preface to Morals (Boston: Beacon Press, 1960), 280.
10. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis meTeqvsmete prezidenti 1861-1865 ww.
11. ix. Harry Jaffa, The Emancipation Proclamation, wignSi 100 Years of Emancipation, red. Robert Goldwin
(Skokie, III.: Rand McNally, 1964), 1-24.

12. Douglas Adair, Fame and the Founding Fathers wignSi Fame and the Founding Fathers: Essays by Douglas
Adair (New York: Norton 1974), 10.
13. iqve, 8
14. Alexander Hamilton, John jay, and James Madison, The Federalist (New York: Modern Library, n.d.), 470.
15. Robert J. Alexander, Romulo Betancourt and the Transformation of Venezuela (New Brunswick, NJ.: Transaction
Books, 1982), 435.

16. Aaron Wildavsky, The Nursing Father: Moses as a Political Leader (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press,
1984).
17. Robert J. Alexander, Romulo Betancourt and the Transformation of Venezuela (New Brunswick, NJ.: Transaction
Books, 1982), 436.
18. iqve.
19. John Edwin Fagg, Latin America: A General History, me-2 gamocema (New York: McMillan, 1969), 627.
20. Martin Gilbert, Churchill (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1980), 100-126.
21. RerZis qveynebi, aseve cnobilia RerZis aliansis saxeliT, 1940 wlis seqtembris SeTanxmebis safuZvelze
meore msoflio omis dros moicavda nacistur germanias, faSistur italias da imperiul iaponias.
22.

iqve, 127.

23. Alexis de Toqueville, Democracy in America, vol. 2 (NY, Schoken Books, 1961), 102-106.
24. Morton Frisch and Richard Stevens, Introduction wignSi American Political Thought: The Philosophic
Dimension of American Statemanship, red. Morton Frisch da Richard Stevens (Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt, 1976),
5
25. britaneTis konservatiuli partiis lideri, premier-ministri 1937-1940ww. pirveli msoflio omis
SedegebiT SeSinebuli Cemberleni nebismier fasad cdilobda evropaSi mSvidobis SenarCunebas, ris gamoc
nacisturi germaniis mimarT gaumarTlebel daTmobebzec wavida. yvelaze aSkarad es politika miunhenis
SeTanxmebaSi gamoixata (1938 w. 30 seqtembris SeTanxmeba, ramac germanias saSualeba misca CexeT-slovakeTis
kuTvnili sudetis olqi daesakuTrebina). am qmedebis gamo Cemberlenis `damTmobi politika~ araerTxel
gaxda aseve konservatiuli partiis wevris uinston CerCilis kritikis sagani.
26. citirebulia Roman J. Zorn, Theodore G. Bilbo: Shibboleths for Statemanship, reprinted in A Treasury of
Southern Folklore: Stories, Ballads, Traditions, and Folkways of the People of South, red. B.A. Brotkin (New York:
Crown, 1949), 304.
27. James W. Silver, Mississippi: The Closed Society (Orlando, Fla.: Harcourt, 1964), 19.

390
28. iqve.
29. qajunebi luizianas samxreT-dasavleTSi mcxovrebi kanadis franguli kolonia aqadiidan
Camosaxlebuli frangi kolonistebis STamomavlebi arian.
30. Tevzis saxeoba, romelic Tavisi zomiT luizianaSi yvelaze cnobilia. es metsaxeli longs Tavisive
sityvebis safuZvelze Searqves: `vaSingtonSi patara Tevzi var, luizianelebisTvis ki

_ kingfiSi ~

31. Hodding Carter, Huey Long: American Dictator, wignSi The Aspirin Age: 1919-1949, red. Isabel Leighton (New
York: Simon &Schuster 1949), 347
32. wesrigis uzrunvelyofis nebayoflobiTi sazogadoebrivi jgufebi.
33. Hodding Carter, Huey Long: American Dictator, wignSi The Aspirin Age: 1919-1949, red. Isabel Leighton (New
York: Simon &Schuster 1949), 361.
34. Tavdacvis saministros qveiTi saxmeleTo jarebis departamentis (Department of the Army)
xelmZRvaneli.
35. Joseph Tussman, citirebulia Marie Collins Swaley, A Quantitative View, krebulSi Representation, red.
Hannah Pitkin (New York: Atherton Press, 1969), 83.
36. Hannah Pitkin, The Concept of Representation, krebulSi Representation, red. Pitkin, 21.
37. citirebulia Harvey Mansfield, Jr., Statesmanship and Party Government: A Study of Burke and Bolingbroke
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965), 23.
38. Edmund Burke, The English Constitutional System, wignSi Representation, red. Pitkin, 175.
39. iqve.
40. 1964 wels amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis konstituciis ocdameoTxe Sesworebis miRebamde, arsebobda
suladobrivi saarCevno gadasaxadi federalur da Statebis arCevnebSi monawileobisTvis. konstituciis
ocdameoTxe Sesworebam akrZala am gadasaxadis moqmedeba federaluri donis arCevnebSi. 1966 wels aSS
umaRlesma sasamarTlom es gadasaxadi Statebis arCevnebis SemTxvevaSic antikonstituciurad scno da
gaauqma.
41. citirebulia Malcolm Jewell and Samuel Patterson, The Legislative Process in the Unites States (NY. Random
House, 1966), 32.
42. Martin Gilbert, Churchill: A Life (NY.: Henry Holt 1996), 993.
43. 1975 wels fineTis dedaqalaq helsinkiSi ocdaTxuTmetma saxelmwifom xeli moawera SeTanxmebebs,
romliTac aRiarebul iqna meore msoflio omis Semdgomi sazRvrebi evropaSi (aseve aRiarebuli iqna
baltiispireTis qveynebis sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi yofna) da yvela xelismomwerma qveyanam
Tavis Tavze aiRo valdebuleba daecva adamianis uflebebi, upirveles yovlisa samoqalaqo da
politikuri uflebebi.
44. Martin Luther King, Jr., Letter from Birmingham City Jail wignSi Civil Disobedience: Theory and Practice (NY.:
Pegasus, 1969), 78-79.
45. iqve, 75.
46. David J. Garrow, Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference,
1955-1968 (NY.: Random House, 1988), 11.
47. iqve, 12.
48. sakanonmdeblo cvlileba, romelic Txovda Statebs miewodebinaT sazogadoebisTvis informacia
moZaladeebis Sesaxeb, romlebmac danaSauli sqesobriv niadagze Caidines, cnobilia rogorc meganis
kanoni. megan kanka Svidi wlis gogona iyo niu jersidan, romelic 1994 wels mezobelma gaaupatiura da
mokla. meganis mSoblebma, iseve rogorc pati uoterlingma, intensiuri kampaniebi awarmoes imisTvis,
rom Statisa da federalur sakanonmdeblo organoebs mieRoT kanonmdebloba sqesobrivi Zaladobis
winaaRmdeg.
49. magaliTisaTvis ix. Caroline Louise Lewis, The Jakob Wetterling Crimes Against Children and Sexually Violent
Offender Registration Act: An Unconstitutional Deprivation of the Right to Privacy and Substantive Due Process,
Harvard Civil Rights - Civil Liberties Law Review 31 (1996): 89-119. am argumentebis miuxedavad sasamarTloebma
mxari dauWires am kanonebs.

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T aavv i XI I

sajaro
keTildReobis
sakiTxebi
ideo
id
olo
lo gi
g i a da
d a iizm
z mee b i

politikuri miznebi da saSualebebi

ideologia da sajaro interesi
antisamTavrobo ideologia
ideologia

memarjvene

memarcxene ideologia

izmebi da amerikuli politika

iarliyebi amerikul politikaSi
Temebi

zogadi

konservatorebi: ekonomikuri

uflebebis primati

liberalebi: samoqalaqo

uflebebis primati

arsebiTi gansxvavebebi

konservatorebi, liberalebi da sajaro politika.

392

393
luis qerolis cnobili nawarmoebis, `alisa saocrebaTa qveyanaSi,~ erTerT epizodSi alisa ikargeba da xvdeba CeSirul katas. `Tu SegiZliaT, miTxariT, aqedan saiT unda wavide?~ _ ekiTxeba alisa mas. `es imazea damokidebuli,
sad gsurs misvla~, pasuxobs kata. `CemTvis sulerTia~, eubneba alisa. `maSin isic
sulerTia, saiT waxval~, _ miugebs kata.
tyeSi dakarguli alisas msgavsad, qveynebsa da maT xelisuflebs xSirad
warmodgena ara aqvT imaze, saiT surT wasvla da romel gzaze dadgoma urCevniaT.
politikuri mmarTveloba SeiZleba iyos arasrulyofili, magram rogorc alisasa da katis saubari gviCvenebs, politikisa da politikuri kursis gonivrulad
gaazreba xdeba mxolod mkafiod gansazRvruli miznebis aRsrulebiT. qveynebma,
individebis msgavsad, ar ician romel kurss misdion, Tu ar gaaCniaT winaswar
gansazRvruli mizani da saboloo daniSnulebis punqti.

politikuri miznebi da saSualebebi

politikaSi miznebi da saSualebebi erTmaneTisgan ganuyofelia. xSirad
kamaToben imis Sesaxeb, ra saxis politikuri kursia sasurveli da TiTqmis yovelTvis askvnian, rom raRac unda eTanxmebodes sajaro keTildReobas an unda
Sediodes sajaro interesebSi da garkveuli saerTo miznebi moutans mogebas
politikur erTobas, rogorc erT mTels. rogorc wesi, demokratiul politikur meqanizmebSi debatebi imarTeba saSualebebTan da ara miznebTan dakavSirebiT. magaliTad, politikosebs Soris SeiZleba arsebobdes azrTa sxvadasxvaoba imis Sesaxeb, xels Seuwyobs Tu ara qveynis ayvavebas ama Tu im periodSi
gadasaxadebis Semcireba (Senaxvisa da investirebis waxalisebiT, saxelmwifo
biujetis dabalansebiT, inflaciis maCvenebelTa SemcirebiTa da a.S.). magram,
rogorc vTqviT, am saxis kamaTi, ZiriTadad, gzebsa da saSualebebs exeba da ara
miznebs. isini, SeiZleba, ver Tanxmdebodnen saukeTeso monetarul Tu fiskalur
strategiebze, magram orive mxare erTsulovania imis mtkicebisas, rom mTavrobam yuradReba unda gaamaxvilos ekonomikur siZlieresa da stabilurobaze.
zog qveyanaSi mTavrobis miznebsa da saqmianobas cota aqvs saerTo sajaro
interesebTan da isini mimarTulia Zalauflebisadmi piradi ltolvisaken.1 bevr
demokratiul qveyanaSi sajaro keTildReoba, ZiriTadad, asocirebulia iseT
faseulobebTan, rogoricaa usafrTxoeba, ayvaveba, Tanasworoba, Tavisufleba
da samarTlianoba (ix. Tavi XIII). es miznebi warmoadgens politikuri `tivtivebia~,
romelTa daxmarebiTac saxelmwifos gemi kurss mihyveba. kamaTi imis Sesaxeb, ra
gziT unda wavides gemi, mocemuli politikuri dinebisa da zurgis qaris gaTvaliswinebiT, ZiriTadi sakiTxia sajaro politikaSi. sasurvel daniSnulebis
punqtTan mTavrobis miaxloeba mTavari gamocdaa.

ideologia da sajaro interesi

adamianebs xSirad bundovani warmodgena aqvT sajaro politikisa da imis
Sesaxeb, rogor muSaobs mTavroba an ras akeTebs ama Tu im momentSi,2 magram isini, ZiriTadad, konservatiuli an liberaluri Sexedulebebisken ixrebian. roca
adamianebi gadawyveten ubralod `gadaxras~ da emxrobian myar, daxurul poli-

394
tikur ideebs, am dros isini ideologias irCeven. ideologia filtris msgavsia,
romelsac `namdvili momxreebi~ iyeneben movlenaTa interpretirebisaTvis, adamianTa qcevis asaxsnelad da politikuri qmedebis gasamarTleblad. ideologia
sxvadasxvagvaria, kacobriobisa da socialuri organizaciis yovlismomcveli
TeoriebiT (mag. marqsiszmiT) dawyebuli ideaTa aramyari kavSirebiT (liberalizmi) damTavrebuli, romlebic icvleba droTa ganmavlobaSi.
politikur diskusiaSi ideologiaTa iarliyis gamoyeneba semantikuri
komfortia, romelic sxvadasxva saxis politikuri orientaciis ufro advilad
da lakonurad ganxilvis saSualebas iZleva. magaliTad, amerikeli konservatori, rogorc wesi, Zlieri Tavdacvis, federaluri mTavrobis mier miRebuli
socialuri keTildReobis programebis SezRudvis, biznesisa da industriul
saqmianobaSi mTavrobis Carevis Semcireba-deregulaciisa da msgavsi tipis programebis momxrea. amis sapirispirod, amerikeli liberali mxars uWers samTavrobo daxmarebis programebs, samxedro danaxarjebis Semcirebasa da mTavrobis
mier iseTi sakiTxebis mogvarebas, rogoricaa sakvebi da narkobiznesi, jandacva,
transporti da energetika.
amerikelTa umravlesoba arc doqtrinuli liberalia da arc doqtrinuli konservatori. metic, saerTod Zalian cota amerikeli SeiZleba CaiTvalos
romelime ideologiis mimdevrad. amisaTvis adamiani Zalian mkacrad da jiutad unda mihyvebodes ideologias an `partiis kurss~. individebs, romlebic
midrekilni arian damoukidebeli azrovnebisaken an politikurad apaTiurebi
arian (amerikelTa umravlesoba), cxadia, am gansazRvrebas ver mivusadagebT.
am TavSi ideologia dayofilia sam jgufad: antisamTavrobo ideologia,
memarjvene ideologia da memarcxene ideologia. terminebi memarjvene da memar-

cxene warmoiSva evropuli saparlamento tradiciis mixedviT, ganeTavsebinaT

socialuri da politikuri cvlilebis momxre partiebi marcxena mxares, xolo
cvlilebis mowinaaRmdegeni (an mmarTvelobis wina formis aRdgenis mxardamWeri)
partiebi _ marjvniv. cxadia, yvela politikuri Tvalsazrisi srulad ver Tavsdeba am or kategoriaSi. es gansakuTrebiT exeba eqstremistul ideologias.

antisamTavrobo ideologia
adamianebi, romlebic ewinaaRmdegebian mmarTvelobis nebismier formas,
rac ar unda SezRuduli iyos igi, anarqizmis momxreebi arian. anarqizmis ideologiis Camoyalibebas xSirad miaweren rus revolucioners mixeil bakunins
(1814-1876ww.), romelic erToboda `ganadgurebis siamovnebiT~ da sazogadoebis
uRaribes fenebsa da kriminalebs Zaladobrivi ajanyebebisken mouwodebda. anarqizmi axlos dgas nihilizmTan, romlis mixedviTac arsebuli politikuri da socialuri instituciebis sruli ganadgureba TavisTavad aris sasurveli mizani.
am eqstremalurad uaryofiT ideologias SedarebiT naklebi gavlena hqonda
revoluciamdeli ruseTis (da albaT, espaneTis) sazRvrebs gareT, Tumca zogi
amJamindeli teroristuli dajgufeba aSkarad anarqistuli da nihilisturia.
libertarianelebi naklebad mtrulad arian ganwyobilni formaluri
mTavrobis ideisadmi, Tumca maT miaCniaT, rom mTavrobis uflebamisileba maqsimalurad unda SeizRudos (amis gamo maT xSirad minimalistebsac eZaxian). lib-

ertarianizmi xazs usvams pirovnuli Tavisuflebis udides mniSvnelobas. misi

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mimdevrebi, rogorc wesi, ewinaaRmdegebian damoukidebeli ekonomikuri ganviTarebis da Tavisufali arCevanis SemzRudvel sajaro politikas _ maTac ki,
romlebic miznad isaxaven sajaro usafrTxoebas da saSemosavlo garantiebs
xanSi SesulTaTvis. libertarianelebi daJinebiT amtkiceben, rom bazris uCinar
xels ukeT SeuZlia moagvaros socialuri da ekonomikuri Zalebis urTierToba,
vidre mTavrobas; kerZo sakuTrebis uflebam ki unda moicvas mravali ekonomikuri da moraluri arCevani. magaliTad, libertarianelebi icaven moqalaqis
uflebas, dabeWdos da gaavrcelos pornografiuli masala, rac ar unda binZuri
da miuRebeli SeiZleba iyos is umravlesobisaTvis (maT Soris TviT libertarianelebisaTvis). isini ewinaaRmdegebian jarSi gawvevasac, radgan fiqroben, rom
es piradi arCevanis sakiTxi unda iyos.

islamis lideris luis faraxanis winaaRmdegobrivi SexedulebebSi SeerTebuli Statebis

mTavrobisa da misi politikis SeniRbuli kritikaa asaxuli.

memarjvene ideologia
anarqizmsa da libertarianizms upirispirdeba ideologia, romelic xazs
usvams centraluri xelisuflebisa da politikuri wesrigis uzenaes mniSvnelobas. SeiZleba ucnaurad mogveCvenos, magram monarqia xelisuflebis yvelaze
gavrcelebuli forma iyo msoflioSi sul raRac erTi saukunis win. mefeebi
Tu imperatorebi, xanebi Tu sulTnebi, Seixebi Tu Sahebi _ monarqebi mbrZaneblobdnen yvela droSi, yvela adgilas. maT momxreebs, vinc SeinarCuna gvirgvini revoluciuri gamowvevebisa da demokratiuli reformebis sayovelTao
moTxovnaTa miuxedavad, ewodebaT roialistebi, anu monarqistebi. monarqias,
ufro sworad, brZeni mefis mmarTvelobas aristotele mmarTvelobis saukeTeso

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formad miiCnevda (Tumca, is aseve aRniSnavda, rom brZeni mefeebi, tiranebisgan
gansxvavebiT, Zalian iSviaTad gvxvdebodnen). mniSvnelovania gvaxsovdes, rom
axlac monarqebi marTaven ramdenime mniSvnelovan qveyanas _ iordanias, monakos,
saudis arabeTs. navTobiT mdidari sparseTis yuris qveynebi mcire CamonaTvalia
am monarqiaTagan.
faSizmi. monarqia, rogorc eqstremaluri memarjvene frTis ideologia
meoce saukuneSi daTrguna faSizmma. es aris ideologia, sadac xazgasmulia
erTi rasis upiratesoba, da aseve, xelisuflebisadmi sruli morCileba. faSizmma didi gavlena moipova evropasa da samxreT amerikaSi 1920-ian_40-ian wlebSi.
upiratesad, cxadia, Seiswavleba `RerZi saxelmwifoebi~ (italia, germania, iaponia) meore msoflio omis dros. Tumca, arsebobs faSizmis sxva instanciebic _
magaliTad, espaneTSi, ungreTsa da argentinaSi.
Tavisi elituri xasiaTis miuxedavad, faSizmi sargeblobda udidesi masobrivi mxardaWeriT, ZiriTadad, Tavisi ultraerovnuli elferis gamo. eris koncefciis (hitleris SemTxvevaSi, rasis) xazgasmasTan erTad, faSizmi eyrdnoboda
ideologiur fesvebs, maT Sorisaa romantizmi, qsenofobia, populizmi da, rac
ar unda gasakviri iyos, socializmis ierarqiuli, araegalitaruli da viwro
formebi (germanuli nacizmi, praqtikaSi ganxorcielebuli memarjvene frTis
ideologia, ganxilulia V TavSi).
memarjvene frTis eqstremaluri ideologiebis erT-erTi ganmasxvavebeli
Strixia crurwmenebsa da siZulvilze dayrdnoba.3 es ideologia did mxardaWeras maSin povebs xolme, roca uamravi adamiani, rasistuli an eTnikuri umravlesoba, ganicdis individualur an koleqtiur ekonomikur siduxWires. aseT
situaciaSi adamianebi, gansakuTrebiT, Tu ara aqvT formaluri ganaTleba da
akliaT politikuri garCevis unari, midrekilni arian daujeron maTi savalalo
mdgomareobis demagogiur axsnas. amaSi dasadanaSauleblad ZiriTadad gamoZebnilni arian xolme `gantevebis vacebi~ _ rasistuli, eTnikuri an religiuri umciresoba, opoziciuri politikuri partia, ucxo qveyana da a.S.
evropaSi qsenofobiis zrdam da antiemigrantulma ganwyobilebebma 1990ian wlebSi demonstraciebi da Zaladobis aqtebi gamoiwvia, gansakuTrebiT safrangeTsa da germaniaSi (ultramemarjvene, pronacionalisturi erovnuli fronti da erovnul- demokratiuli partiebi drodadro sakmao Zalas ikrebdnen
ZalauflebisTvis brZolaSi). aSS-Si amerikuli nacisturi partiisa da kukluqs-klanis gavlena izrdeba, roca garkveuli jgufebi aqtiurad gamodian
TeTri rasis aRmatebulobis ideiT. es ideologia mosazrebebiT kvebavs mraval
eqstremistul politikur Sexedulebas, romlebic exeba imigrantebs (isini kategoriulad ewinaaRmdegebian qveyanaSi ucxoelTa SeSvebas), samoqalaqo uflebebs (afroamerikelebi, ebraelebi da sxva umciresobani, rogorc wesi, dabal
safexurze arian da ar imsaxureben TeTrebis darad konstituciur garantiebs),
sagareo politikas (amerikisaTvis safrTxis SemqmnelT unda gaumklavdnen
maqsimaluri ZaliT). es jgufebi militarizirebulebi arian da Zaladobas qadageben. imis miuxedavad, rom ku-kluqs-klani (misi simbolo iyo aalebuli jvrebi. dajgufebis wevrebi imosebodnen TeTri zewrebiT) Semcirda TiTqmis 10000
wevramde, afroamerikelebisadmi misi Zaladobisa da fanatikuri siZulvilis
xangrZlivma istoriam aqcia is iseT dajgufebad, romlis saqmianobasac mTavroba guldasmiT akvirdeba.

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religiuri memarjveneebi (axali memarjveneebi). religiur memarjveneTa moZraoba, mniSvnelovani politikuri Zala, warmoiSva 1980-ian wlebSi. konservatori respublikelis, ronald reiganis prezidentad arCevam daaCqara aSSSi axali memarjvene politikuri koaliciis Seqmna. tradiciul faseulobaTa
aRsadgenad is iyenebda masobrivi dagzavnis (mass mailing) Tanamedrove politikur meqanizmebs, eqstensiuri politikuri kapitalis mobilizebas da masmedias
(gansakuTrebiT televizias). am faseulobebSi Sedioda abortis akrZalva, sajaro skolebSi locvebis ganaxleba, kampania pornografiis winaaRmdeg, amerikuli cxovrebis safuZvlad ojaxis aRiareba da komunistebis winaaRmdeg brZola
yvela frontze.
es koalicia aerTianebda uamrav fundamentalistsa Tu evangelist protestants, romelTac axal religiur memarjveneebs da qristian-memarjveneebsac
uwodeben, radgan isini politikas centraluri religiuri faseulobebis nayofad miiCnevdnen. axali memarjveneebi yvelaze metad asocirdebodnen me-20 saukunis 80-iani wlebis satelevizio evangelist jeri falvelTan da misi moraluri
umravlesobis moZraobasTan. politikuri damkvirveblebi ver Tanxmdebodnen
axali memarjveneebis mimdevarTa raodenobaze da imis Sesaxeb, iyo Tu ara es
moZraoba amerikuli politikis ZiriTadi mimdinareoba. kritikosebma axal memarjveneebs miakres saSiSisa da eqstremistis iarliyebi. ufro simpaTiiT ganwyobili damkvirveblebi, Tavis mxriv, ambobdnen, rom ar arsebobda kanoni, romelic krZalavda politikisa da moralis an politikisa da religiis sinTezs.
memarjveneebma warumatebloba iwvnies, rodesac, 1988 wels, evangelisti
ministri pet robertsoni ver gaxda respublikuri partiis prezidentobis kandidati da 1992 wels, rodesac mecnier pet buCananis kampaniam sruli fiasko
ganicada. robertsonmac da buCananmac sajaro aRiareba sakabelo televiziis
wyalobiT moipoves. robertsoni qristianul satelevizio Toq-Sous The 700 Club-

s uZRveboda, xolo buCanani monawileobda programaSi Crossfire, romelic sajaro

saqmianobas Seexeboda. imis miuxedavad, rom axali memarjveneebidan da qristian-konservatorebidan yvela ar uWerda maT mxars, buCanani da robertsoni
centraluri konservatiuli faseulobebis momxreni iyvnen. axali memarjveneebi da maTi qristiani mxardamWerebi kvlavac cdiloben respublikur partiaSi
gavlenis mopovebas. qveynis masStabiT xuTidan erTi respublikeli amomrCeveli
SeiZleba CaiTvalos qristian-konservatorad.
qristianuli koaliciis kidev erTi konservatiuli jgufis fesvebi ormocdaaTianelTa (protestantizmis mimarTuleba) eklesiidan momdinareobs
(pet robertsonis RvTis asambleaTa eklesia ormocdaaTianeluria. jeri falvelis moraluri umravlesobis wevrebi ZiriTadad morwmune evangelistebi arian).
milioniani qristianuli koalicia amzadebs da farTod avrcelebs kandidatTa
Sefasebis baraTebs, riTac afasebs politikuri kandidatebis pozicias umniSvnelovanes sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT. misi wevrebi cdiloben, rom moxvdnen saSualo ganaTlebis sistemaSi, raTa am gziT gaavrcelon patriotizmi (multikulturizmis sapirispirod), agreTve moaxerxon ganaTlebis sferos safuZvlebTan
dabruneba, seqsis gakveTilebis Catarebisas zomierebis farglebis SenarCuneba
(an amgvari gakveTilebis gauqmeba) da skolebSi marTlwesrigis aRdgena.
qristianul koalicias garkveuli warmatebac xvda wilad, magram organizaciis strategia Tanamdebobis dakavebisas wamoWris or saintereso sakiTxs:

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pirveli, rogor SeiZleba gavigoT maTi saqmianoba _ rogorc politikurad aqtiuri moqalaqeebis legitimuri da Sesaqebi mcdeloba, monawileoba miiRon sajaro saqmeebSi, Tu rogorc saxelmwifosa da eklesias Soris arsebuli damoukideblobis SemaSfoTebeli Semcireba? meore, qristianuli koalicia interesTa
jgufia Tu politikuri partia?
kapitalizmi. dRes yvelaze gavleniani da Zlieri ideologia dasavleTSi
kapitalizmia. komunizmis dacema, kerZo sakuTrebis, mogebis stimulis da socialuri uTanasworobis miseul srul uaryofasTan erTad, triumfi iyo Tavisufali mewarmeobisa da sabazro ekonomikis yvela momxrisaTvis. `civi omi~
iyo ideologiuri dapirispireba aSS-sa da sabWoTa kavSirs Soris am sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT.
kapitalizmi aSS-sa da dasavleT evropaSi aris konservatorebis wamyvani
ideologia. es aris filosofiuri safuZveli iseTi Zlevamosili organizaciebisaTvis (da lobisTvisac), rogoricaa aSS-s savaWro palata da mewarmeTa erovnuli asociacia (NAM). aseve, mravalerovnuli korporaciebisaTvis, magaliTad,
General Motors, Microsoft, McDonalds-isaTvis.
ra aris kapitalizmi? es aris rogorc adam smitis Welath of Nations-Si mignebul
principebze dafuZnebuli ekonomikuri Teoria, ise ideologia, romelic mxars
uWers individualizmis Rirsebas, mZime da bejiT Sromas, damoukideblobasa da
pirad iniciativas. is ewinaaRmdegeba mTavrobis Carevas (Teoriulad) da mTavrobis regulacias (praqtikaSi). is miesalmeba prezident kelvin kulijis mier
gamoTqmul mosazrebas: `The Business of America is Business (amerikis saqme biznesia).
rogorc ideologia, kapitalizmi ewinaaRmdegeba `socialur keTildReobasa~ da `mTavrobis mier gaweul daxmarebas~. kelvinistebis4 msgavsad, konservatorebs sjeraT, rom qoneba warmatebis niSania da jildoa RirseulTaTvis.
mdidari adamianebi imsaxureben simdidres, siRaribe ki Tavad Raribebis bralia,
romlebic zarmacebi, umoqmedoebi da upasuxismgebloebi arian. siRaribis daZleva qvelmoqmedebisa da eklesiis saqmea. konservatorebs, aseve, sjeraT (an Tavs
aCveneben, rom sjeraT) `gaJonvis~ Teoriisa: Tu sazogadoebis yvelaze iniciativian da moxerxebul wevrebs miecemaT saSualeba, naxon mogeba da gadasaxadebis
amkrefTaTvis qonebis gadacemis magivrad, moaxerxeben mis reinvestirebas, maSin
ekonomika gaizrdeba, dabali fenebis cxovreba gaumjobesdeba da yvelani ukeT
iqnebian. marTalia, sajarod amas konservatorebi naklebad acxadeben, magram
bevri maTgani marTlac ase fiqrobs.

memarcxene ideologia
memarcxene ideologebi qadageben adamianebis koleqtiurad Tanacxovrebis
ideas, romlis Sesabamisadac Tavisufalni iqnebodnen damamcirebeli da mikerZoebuli socialuri dayofisagan. ekonomikis sferoSi es ideologia fesvgadgmulia koleqtivizmis ideaSi. mis mixedviT, sajaro keTidReobas yvelaze ukeT
emsaxureba saerTo sakuTreba da politikuri erTobis produqciiTa da distribuciiT administrireba. amrigad, koleqtivizmi fundamenturad ewinaaRmdegeba
kapitalizms. es ukanaskneli emxroba mosazrebas, rom pirad sakuTrebaSi warmoebis saSualebaTa floba da gankargva saukeTeso gzaa sazogadoebis, rogorc

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erTi mTelis, gamdidrebisaTvis. Tanamedrove epoqaSi koleqtivizmis principebi yvelaze xSirad gamoixateba socializmis formiT. socializmi SeiZleba
ganimartos, rogorc `ideologia, romelic uaryofs individualizms, kerZo sakuTrebas da pirad mogebas. amis magivrad is emxroba sistemas, damyarebuls ekonomikur koleqtivizmze, warmoebis saSualebaTa da saqonlis distribuciis saxelisuflebo, sazogado da industriul-jgufur mflobelobasa da socialur
pasuxismgeblobaze.~5
Tanamedrove socializmis mamad frangi revolucioneri fransua-nuel
babefi (Franois-Nol Babeuf; 1760-1797) iTvleba, romelic emxroboda ekonomikur
Tanasworobasa da miwis saerTo mflobelobas. babefis ideebi gaiziares da ganaaxles e.w. utopiurma socialistebma, maT Soris komte de sen-simonma (Comte
de Saint-Simon; 1760-1825)da Carlz furiem (Charles Fourier; 1772-1837). luis blanki
(Louis Blanc; 1811-1882) emxroboda ufro gonivrul socializms, rac gulisxmobda

muSebis mier kontrolirebadi sabWoebisa da sawarmoebis Seqmnas. blanki aqtiuri iyo 1848 wlis muSaTa amboxebisas. am mRelvarebidan warmoiSva Teoria da
meTodebi, romelTac emxroboda meoce saukunis memarcxene ideologiebi, revoluciuri komunizmiT dawyebuli, demokratiuli socializmiT damTavrebuli.
revoluciuri komunizmi. eqstremistuli memarcxene ideologiis, rev-

oluciuri komunizmis anu marqsizmis ideebi warmoiSva karl marqsis (18181883ww.) da misi Tanamoazris fridrix engelsis (1820-1895ww.) naSromebidan.
marqsi CamoSorda utopist socialistebs, radgan amtkicebda, rom koleqtiuri
idealis miRweva SesaZlebeli iyo mxolod Ria klasobrivi konfliqtis meSveobiT
da rom istoriis mecnieruli `kanonebi~ winaswar gansazRvravda am konfliqtis
Sedegs. proletariatis mier ganxorcielebuli revoluciis garduvalobasa da
aucileblobaze xazgasma ganasxvavebs marqsizms anu komunizms socializmis sxva
formebisagan.
marqsi da engelsi `komunistur manifests~ (The Communist Manifesto, 1848)
Tamami gancxadebiT iwyeben: `mTeli istoria aris istoria klasobrivi brZolisa~ _ es gancxadeba emyareba or mosazrebas: (1) adamianis nebismieri qmedebis ukan
dgas ekonomikuri an materialuri Zalebi da (2) istoriaSi cvlileba da progresi
warmoiSoba ekonomikuri Zalebis mudmiv SejaxebaTa, konfliqtis an, germaneli
filosofosis hegelis (1770-1831ww.) termins Tu gamoviyenebT, `dialeqtikuri
procesis~ safuZvelze. marqsi Tvlida, rom yvela sazogadoebam ganviTarebis
erTi da igive istoriuli safexurebi gaiara. TiToeuli am safexurTagani dominanturi ekonomikuri struqturaa (Tezisi), romelic Seicavs axali da konfliqturi struqturis (antiTezisis) elementebs. Tezissa da antiTeziss Soris
gardauvali Sejaxebis Sedegad Cndeba sinTezi anu axali ekonomikuri epoqa. marqsis azriT, is, rasac Cven axla industriul revolucias vuwodebT, iyo istoriis kapitalisturi safexuri. man daamarcxa feodaluri epoqa, roca burJuaziam
(qalaqelma xelosnebma da vaWrebma) feodal miwaTmflobelebs xelidan gamohglija politikuri da ekonomikuri Zalaufleba. dialeqtikuri materializmis
kanonma, rogorc marqsma uwoda istoriis Taviseul xedvas, kapitalizmis aRzeveba gardauvali gaxada. zustad amave kanonis mixedviT, aseve gaurdauvalia
konfliqti kapitalistebsa da proletariats Soris. es konfliqti marqsis azriT, dasruldeba muSaTa klasis gamarjvebiT da stabiluri, uklaso sazogadoebis gamocxadebiT (uklaso sazogadoebis utopiuri idea aRwerilia II TavSi).

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marqsistuli Teoriis Tanaxmad, Tanamedrove industriuli kapitalizmis
mTavari Strixia sazogadoebis dayofa or antagonistur klasad: kapitalistebad
_ isini floben warmoebis saSualebebs da proletarebad, romlebic iZulebulni
arian saaTobiT imuSaon saarsebo minimumisTvis. gansxvaveba am gasamrjelosa da
muSaTa Sromis Sedagad miRebuli produqtis fass Soris aris Warbi Rirebule-

ba (metismetad didi mogeba), romelsac kapitalistebi ijibaven. kapitalistebi

sistematurad axdenen proletarTa eqsploatacias da amiT gaucnobiereblad
proletarul revolucias uyrian safuZvels.
marqsi da misi Tanamoazreebi miiCneven, rom es revolucia Semdegnairad
ganviTardeba: e.w. kapitalisturi dagrovebis kanonis Tanaxmad, kapitalistebi
unda gafarTovdnen TavianTi konkurentebis xarjze an gandevnil iqnen bazridan. sanam kapitalistebi agrZeleben gafarToebas, isini Tavidan iSoreben sustebs da xelSi igdeben bazris sul ufro mzard wils. sabolood, yvelaze sastik
SejibrSi warmatebuli monawileebi gandevnian danarCenebs. amrigad, isini Sedian monopoliuri kapitalizmis epoqaSi, romelic dauyovnebliv iwvevs mTeli
kapitalisturi sistemis daSlas. ratom unda iqnas kapitalizmi daTrgunuli am
safexurze, roca Cans, rom kapitalisturma monopoliam xelT igdo upirobo Zalaufleba? _ imitom, rom zustad im dros, roca mdidrebi mdidrdebodnen, Raribebi Raribdebodnen. adamianuri Sroma manqanam Secvala. konkurenciis procesSi
izrdeboda umuSevroba, mcirdeboda msyidvelobiTi unari da saSinao bazari.
saqmiani aqtiurobis vardnis es Tandayolili tendencia da Tavis mxriv, depresiac, iwvevda ufro met umuSevrobas, dabal gasamrjelos da a.S. uTvalavi adamiani xdeba `Warbi muSa~ _ umuSevari, ufulo da uimedo. amas pauperizaciis kanoni
ewodeba da es gardauvalia. orTodoqsi marqsistebisaTvis `kapitalizmis krizisi~ da mis Sedegad dawyebuli proletaruli revoluciac gardauvali movlenebia. radganac kapitalistebi ar daTmoben TavianT Zalauflebas, privilegiebs
an qonebas ubrZolvelad, kapitalizmis damxoba mxolod sisxliani revoluciis
gziTaa SesaZlebeli.
rwmena, rom Zaladobrivi masobrivi qmedeba aucilebelia radikaluri cvlilebebis gansaxorcieleblad, umTavresi iyo marqsis mimdevris, leninis (18701924ww.) TeoriebSi. am ukanasknelma daaarsa ruseTis komunisturi partia da saTaveSi Caudga ruseTis 1917 wlis revolucias. marqsist-leninistebi, rogorc maT
zogjer uwodeben, fiqrobdnen, rom saparlamento demokratia da `burJuaziuli
legaluroba~ mxolod kapitalisturi eqsploataciis realobis SesaniRbad Seqmnili superstruqturebia (zednaSenia). revolucioneri komunistebi ar awarmoebdnen specialur Canawerebs im warmomadgenlobiTi institutebis Sesaxeb,
romlebic Warbobda aSS-sa da dasavleT evropaSi.
sabWoTa kavSirsa da aRmosavleT evropaSi komunizmis dacemasTan erTad,
marqsizmma dakarga Tavisi avtoriteti. Tumca, es doqtrina inarCunebs momxibvlelobas CagrulTa klasSi, garkveulwilad, Tavisi `jvarosnuli sulisa~ da
gaTavisuflebis dapirebis gamo. bevr aspeqtSi revoluciuri marqsizmi waagavs
militaristul-fundamentalistur religias, Tanamedrove islamisa da adreuli Sua saukuneebis qristianobis msgavsad. britanelma filosofosma bertrand
raselma Semdegnairad gamosaxa paralelebi qristianobasa da marqsizms Soris:6
marqsizmis fsiqologiis TvalsazrisiT gasagebad Semdegi leqsikoni unda
gamoviyenoT:

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ieRova (RmerTi) =

dialeqtikuri materializmi

mesia

= marqsi

rCeulni

= proletariati

eklesia

= komunituri partia

meored mosvla

= revolucia

jojoxeTi

= kapitalistebis sasjeli

mileniumi

= komunisturi Tanamegobroba

raselis azriT, marcxniv ganlagebuli terminebi emociur Sinaarss aZlevs

marjvniv ganlagebuls. es analogia gvexmareba gavigoT marqsizmis didi emociuri zemoqmedeba.
komunizmi da demokratia. aSS-Si komunisturi partia Zlieri arasdros
yofila da Zalian cota amerikeli Tu gamotydeba, rom simpaTiiTaa ganwyobili
komunisturi ideologiis mimarT. Tumca, msoflios bevr sxva qveyanaSi komunisturi partia bolo dromde `yvaoda~. yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi, aRmosavleT evropaSi, CineTSi, CrdiloeT koreaSi, vietnamSi, kubasa da mesame msoflios zog
qveyanaSi komunisturi partia dominirebda marqsizmis (upiratesad, marqsizmleninizmis) droSis qveS.
mesame msoflios qveynebSi meore msoflio omis Semdeg komunistebi an
marqsistebi saTaveSi edgnen `erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobebs~, romlebic miznad isaxavda arsebul mTavrobaTa damxobas. bevr sxva qveyanaSi, gansakuTrebiT dasavleT evropaSi, arammarTvelma komunisturma partiebma miaRwies
demokratiul respeqtabelurobas. safrangeTSi, italiasa da espaneTSi komunisturi partia kanonierad iyo aRiarebuli da monawileobda erovnul arCevnebSi
da zogjer koaliciur mTavrobaTa formirebaSic. umeteswilad, es partiebi
politikuri wesebis mixedviT TamaSobdnen da moipovebdnen sazogadoebriv ndobas, Tumca isini verasdros ver axerxebdnen xmaTa umravlesobis dagrovebas,
rac saWiro iyo Zalauflebis xelSi Casagdebad. 1970-ian wlebSi italiasa da espaneTSi komunisturi partia saTaveSi Caudga evrokomunizmis saxeliT cnobil
moZraobas. evrokomunistebi uars ambobdnen marqsizm-leninizmis bevr uZveles
dogmaze, maT Soris Zaladobrivi revoluciis wamowyebaze, proletariatis
diqtatis rwmenasa da demokratiuli centralizmisadmi dogmatur erTgulebaze, rac upirobo morCilebas moiTxovs partiuli kursisadmi da krZalavs urCobas.
marTalia, evropuli komunisturi partiebis gavlena SedarebiT Semcirda,
magram ar gamqrala. mas Semdeg, rac safrangeTis komunisturma partiam moipova
STambeWdavi saarCevno gamarjveba 1997 wlis maisSi, sami komunisti dainiSna samTavrobo postebze.
demokratiuli socializmi. revoluciuri komunizmisgan gansxvavebiT,
demokratiuli socializmi _ socialisturi ideologiis meore mniSvnelovani
ganStoeba, koleqtivistur miznebs misdevs (da amrigad, uaryofs kapitalizms),
magram erTgulia demokratiuli saSualebebisa. orTodoqsuli marqsizmisgan
gansxvavebiT, demokrat-socialistebs sjeraT gradualizmisa _ reformisa da
ara revoluciis.
demokratiuli socialistebi, igive social-demokratebi, mTavrobis ro-

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lis zrdisa da bazris rolis SezRudvis momxreni arian. socialistur partiaTa
umravlesoba mxars uWers ekonomikis ZiriTadi nawilebis _ transportis, komunikaciebis, komunaluri momsaxurebis, sabanko sistemis da finansebis, dazRvevisa da mrewvelobis iseTi dargebis, rogoricaa manqanaTmSenebloba, Savi da feradi metalurgia, samTo-mopovebiTi samuSaoebi da energetika _ nacionalizacias.
isini, aseve, momxreebi arian Tanamedrove `keTildReobis saxelmwifosi~, sadac
mTavrobas didi pasuxismgebloba akisria jandacvis, ganaTlebisa da mosaxleobis keTildReobis sakiTxebSi.
`keTildReobis saxelmwifos~ mizani aris siRaribisa da uTanasworobis daZleva Semosavlebis farTomasStabiani gadanawilebis gziT. mas xSirad aRweren
rogorc `akvnidan saflavamde~ sistemas. aseT saxelmwifos axasiaTebs ufaso
umaRlesi ganaTleba, ufaso (an didad subsidirebuli) samedicino momsaxureba,
xelgaSlili sajaro daxmarebebi (fuladi daxmareba mravalSvilian ojaxebs,
sapensio gegmebi, sxvadasxva saxis ufaso an subsidirebuli momsaxureba). am programebisa da momsaxurebis dasafinanseblad socialistebi mxars uWeren maRal
gadasaxadebs, maT Soris, mkveTrad mzard saSemosavlo da myar memkvidreobiT
gadasaxadebs, raTa amoivsos ufskruli mdidrebsa da Raribebs Soris. socialisturi ideologia moiTxovs amgvar politikas, radgan is socialur samarTlianobas ekonomikur TanasworobasTan aigivebs.
meore msoflio omis Semdeg demokratiul socializms udidesi gavlena
hqonda dasavleT evropaSi (da ramdenime ganviTarebad qveyanaSi). bevr evropul qveyanaSi arsebobs warCinebuli social-demokratiuli partia. germaniaSi,
magaliTad, centralur memarcxene partias formalurad ewodeba social-demokratiuli. `keTildReobis saxelmwifos~ klasikur magaliTs warmoadgenen
didi britaneTi da skandinaviis qveynebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom 1981 wels safrangeTis prezidenti gaxda socialisti fransua miterani da amis Semdeg erovnul arCevnebSi misma partiam moipova sakmarisi xmebi imisaTvis, rom Seedgina pirveli
memarcxene mTavroba mexuTe respublikis istoriaSi (romelic 1952 wlidan arsebobs). da mainc, ramdenime gamonaklisis garda, rogoricaa dania da SvedeTi,
social-demokratebis politikuri gavlena Semcirda 1990-ian wlebSi. politikuri partiebi, romlebic mxars uWerdnen socialistur principebs, an kargavdnen gavlenas, an ufro `umegobrdebodnen~ Tavisufal bazarsa da ekonomikuri
konkurenciis ideebs. britaneTis leiboristuli partia, romelic 1997 wels
movida mTavrobaSi `zomieri~ politikosis, toni bleris meTaurobiT, TvalsaCino magaliTia ukanasknel wlebSi evropis social-demokratiuli partiis poziciis Serbilebisa.
demokratiul socializms, rogorc organizebul politikur Zalas, mcire
gavlena hqonda meore msoflio omis Semdgom aSS-is politikaze, miuxedavad imisa, rom 1930-ian wlebSi prezidentobis kandidatis norman tomasis propaganda
socialisturi xasiaTisa iyo da amomrCevelTa didi mxardaWera da yuradReba
moipova. rogorc pirvel msoflio omamde, ise mis Semdeg, socialistebma miiRes
900000 xma arCevnebze. 1912 da 1920 wlis arCevnebma aSS-Si socializmis mimarT
didi interesi aCvena. raSi iyo saqme?
amerikelebi, rogorc wesi, individualistebi arian da eWviT uyureben
`did saxelmwifos~; xolo meore msoflio omis Semdeg isini socializms saerTod komunizmTan aigivebdnen da amitom uaryofdnen mas. amis miuxedavad, bevri
sajaro programa, romlebic axla sayovelTaodaa aRiarebuli, waagavs im programebs, romlebsac ukve didi xania mxars uWeren demokratiuli socialistebi.

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magaliTebis saxiT SegviZlia moviyvanoT sajaro usafrTxoeba, jandacva, mravalSvilian ojaxTa daxmareba, umuSevrobis kompensacia da federalurad subsidirebuli sacxovrebliT uzrunvelyofa. amrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom keTildReobis maCveneblebi ufro ukeTesad moqmedebs aSS-Si, vidre sociologiuri
ideologiis mixedviT iq, sadac isini Camoyalibda.
radikaluri egalitarianizmi. radikaluri egalitarianizmi ar aris
pirdapiri ideologia, im gagebiT, rom is ar umadlis Tavis arsebobas erTi individis naSromebs da ar Sedgeba erTi-ori yovlismomcveli principisgan. is
arc universaluradaa aRiarebuli. Tumca, yvelafris miuxedavad, radikaluri
egalitarianizmi aris cxadi da mkafiod gansazRvruli pozicia sajaro keTidlReobisadmi. igi sruliad Tanaswori msoflios momxrea. mis mimdevarTa azriT,
sazogadoebaSi miRebuli yvelaze farTod gavrcelebuli da yoveldRiuri gansxvavebebi (vin aris warmatebuli, ras vswavlobT da vkiTxulobT da a.S.) Tavdapirvelad warmoiSva mikerZoebis/midrekilebis an eTnocentrizmis safuZvelze.
radikaluri egalitarianistebi miiCneven, rom eTnikuri umciresobebi, qalebi, homoseqsualebi, fizikurad Tu gonebrivad unarSezRuduli adamianebi da
yvelani, vinc umravlesobis farglebs gareT xvdebian, ganicdian diskriminacias.
amitomac sazogadoebam yvelaferi unda gaakeTos maTi winwawevis, warmatebisa da
Tanasworobis uzrunvelsayofad. es jgufebi didi xnis manZilze idevnebodnen
(privilegirebuli TeTrkaniani mamakacebis sasargeblod), amitomac isini unda
gaxdnen kvlevebis obieqtebica da wyaroebic da maTTvis da maT Sesaxeb dawerili namuSevrebi unda Sediodes yoveli kolejis saswavlo gegmaSi. da bolos, es
jgufebi ar aris kargad Seswavlili gauTavebeli diskrimaniciisa da dasavluri
civilizaciis endemuri midrekilebebis gamo. problema aucileblad mosagvarebelia.
amerikuli saganmanaTleblo sistemis, sazogadebisa da civilizaciis radikaluri egalitarianistuli analizi Zalian sakamaToa. konservatori kritikosebi ewinaaRmdegebian amerikuli sazogadoebisa da dasavluri civilizaciis radikalur-egalitarianistul daxasiaTebas da brazdebian, rodesac maTi kritika
uaryofilia rogorc rasistuli, sqesobrivad diskriminaciuli, homofobiuri
(homoseqsualTa zizRi) an sxva mizeziT. es konservatori kritikosebi acxadeben,
rom radikali egalitarianistebi qmnian emociurad daZabul klimats, sadac mxolod `politikurad swor~ azrs scemen pativs. 1990-ian wlebSi politikuri koreqtulobis polemika daatyda Tavs amerikul kolejebs semantikuri pirobiTi
aRniSvnis saxiT debatebisaTvis radikaluri egalitarianistuli mosazrebebiT
marTuli msoflio Sexedulebis arsebobis sasurvelobis Sesaxeb.

izmebi da amerikuli politika

amerikuli politika, arsebiTad, aris mZafri konkurencia liberalebsa
da konservatorebs Soris. ramdenadac es ori mimarTuleba xSirad dabneulobas
iwvevs da radganac Znelia amerikuli politikis umTavresi sakiTxebis gageba
liberalizm-konservatizmisgan gancalkevebiT, sajaro keTildReobasTan erTad unda ganvixiloT es ori amerikuli mimdinareoba.

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iarliyebi amerikul politikaSi
Tanamedrove amerikul liberalizmsa da konservatizms dasavluri politikuri azris 300-wliani liberaluri tradicia udevs safuZvlad. yvelaze
fundamenturi principi am tradiciisa iyo is, rom mTavroba unda icavdes adamianis individualur uflebebs. amerikuli liberalizmi xazs usvams socialur,
politikur da ekonomikur Tanasworobas yvela samoqalaqo uflebis dacvisa da
gafarToebis saxeliT. amisgan gansxvavebiT, amerikuli konservatizmi momxrea
iseTi politikisa, romelic win wamoswevs ayvavebasa da Tanabar Sansebs individualuri sakuTrebisa da ekonomikuri uflebebis dacvis saxeliT. amrigad,
rogorc liberalebi, ise konservatorebi emxrobian indvidualuri uflebebis
dacvas, ubralod, isini gansxvavdebian imis mixedviT, romeli miaCniaT am uflebaTagan ufro mniSvnelovnad.
ramdenime faqtori aZnelebs imis zustad gansazRvras, ras gulisxmobs
liberalizmi da konservatizmi amerikuli politikis aspeqtSi. ra aris es faqtorebi?
upirveles yovlisa, aSS-Si ideologiis roli mkacrad SezRudulia politikuri kulturiT, sadac yoveldRiuri politika moicavs moqiSpe interesTa
dapirispirebas da ara Seurigebeli ideebisa da principebis konfliqts. rogorc
wesi, arCeuli moxeleebis dakavebuli sajaro tribuna isea Sedgenili, rom gamosaxos adgilobrivi ekonomikuri interesebi an daupirispirdes garkveul problemas. amrigad, miuxedavad imisa, rom amerikul politikaSi arian doqtrinuli
liberalebi da konservatorebi, praqtikaSi amerikeli politikosebi ufro pragmatulni arian, vidre dogmaturebi.
liberalebi da konservatorebi kamaTisas iSviaTad eqcevian erTsa da imave
mxares. magaliTad, zogadad konservatorebi emxrobian kanonebs pornografiis
winaaRmdeg, maSin, roca liberalebi ewinaaRmdegebian aseT statutebs (metic,
xandaxan xumrobiT amboben, rom liberalebi yiduloben im wignebs, romelTa
akrZalvac undaT konservatorebs, im dros, roca konservatorebi adgenen
sacenzuro komitetebs da jgufurad kiTxuloben am wignebs). amis miuxedavad,
e.w. minimalisti konservatorebi anu libertarianelebi ewinaaRmdegebian yvela
saxis SezRudvas nebismieri saxis sakiTxavi masalis gayidvaze, demonstrirebaze,
distribuciasa da flobaze. am dros qalTa uflebebis damcveli zogi liberali,
radikalic ki, uerTdeba konservatorebs amgvari wignebis akrZalvaSi, im motiviT, rom pornografia eqpluatacias uwevs da reputacias ulaxavs mdedrobiTi
sqesis yvela warmomadgenels gaukuRmarTebuli mamakacebis siamovnebisaTvis.
zogi sakiTxi, romelic liberalebsa da konservatorebs yofda or dapirispirebul banakad erT dros, sxva dros SeiZleba saerTod Seusabamo gaxdes. konservatorebi icavdnen aristokratiis Zalauflebasa da privilegiebs,
magram yvela saxis maRali warmomavlobis tituli gauqmda or saukuneze meti
xnis win. evropaSi, sadac memkvidreobiTi titulebi adre gasaRebi iyo qonebisa da ZalauflebisaTvis, dRes warsulisken anomaliur mibrunebad gveCveneba,
ucnauri Sexseneba maTi yofili upiratesobisa. imis miuxedavad, rom konservatorebi liberalebze metad midrekilni arian mdidarTa interesebis dacvisadmi,
verc erTi seriozuli politikuri figura ver gabedavda gamoeTqva azri aristokratiis upiratesobis aRdgenis Sesaxeb.

405

zogadi Temebi
erT dros cnebebi _ liberalizmi da konservatizmi, SeiZleba logikurad
Tanmimdevrul da zustad gansazRvrul alternativebs gamoxatavda. Tumca, Tanamedrove amerikul politikur cxovrebaSi iseni araa calkeuli da myarad Camoyalibebuli ideologiebi, rogoric, magaliTad, komunizmi an faSizmi aris.
aSS-Si rogorc liberalizmi, ise konservatizmi ganviTarda politikuri
principebis fundamenturi wyebidan da maT variaciebs warmoadgens.7 es politikuri kredo bevrs unda umadlodes jon lokis politikur nawerebs. rogorc
damoukideblobis deklaraciaSia Sejamebuli, yvela adamiani ibadeba Tanasworad; uzrunvelyofilia maTi arsebiTi uflebebi, maT Soris sicocxlis, Tavisuflebisa da bednierebisken swrafvis uflebebi (lokis `sakuTrebis uflebis~
jefersoniseuli variacia); mTavroba arsebobs am uflebis dasacavad da legitimuri xdeba marTulTa Tanxmobis safuZvelze. deklaracia aseve acxadebs, rom
rodesac mTavrobas aviwydeba misi xelisuflebaSi mosvlis mizani da mizezebi,
xalxs aqvs ufleba Secvalos an Camoagdos is.
damoukideblobis deklaraciaSi zogadadaa Camoyalibebuli is principebi,
romlebzec Tavis dasawyisSi visaubreT. Tavisufleba xazgasmiTaa naxsenebi, iseve rogorc individis ufleba sicocxlesa da usafrTxoebaze. ayvaveba gulixmobs mTavrobis movaleobas, daicvas adamianis ufleba, iltvodes bednierebisaken (bolos da bolos, bednierebisken swrafva ar gamoricxavs simdidrisken
swrafvas komerciul sazogadoebaSi). Tanasworoba miCneulia adamianis fundamentur mdgomareobad da amerikel xalxs, sxvasTan erTad, garantirebuli aqvs
Tanabari Tavisufleba.
da bolos, miCneulia, rom mTavroba, romelic adekvaturad ar icavs da
pativs ar scems adamianis sicocxlis, Tavisuflebisa da bednierebisken swrafvis uflebas, ar imsaxurebs keTil saxels. amgvari saxis mTavroba, deklaraciis
mixedviT, arRvevs samarTlianobis principebs da SeiZleba misi Secvla an gauqmeba. aSS-is konstituciaSi, romelsac aqvs sayovelTaod aRiarebuli mizani _
`gamoacxados samarTlianoba, uzrunvelyos mSvidoba qveynis SigniT, saerTo
usafrTxoeba, Tavisuflebis dacva da sazogadoebis keTildReobas Seuwyos
xeli~, mTavrobis es ZiriTadi miznebi CamoTvlilia kidev ufro cxadad.

konservatorebi: ekonomikuri uflebebis primati

aSS-Si konservatorebi ZiriTadad xazs usvamen ekonomikasa da ekonomikur
uflebebs. am saxis winadadebebiT pirvelad wardgnen XVII-XVIII saukunis politikuri filosofosebi da ekonomistebi.
jon loki (1632-1704). imis miuxedavad, rom jon loki, upirvelesad, miCneulia politikur filosofosad, man didi wvlili Seitana komerciuli respublikis ideis CamoyalibebaSi. es aris ekonomikuri koncefcia, romelic
gansazRvravs Tanamedrove konservatizmis birTvs. lokma naTlad ganacxada,
rom individebs aqvT sakuTrebis ufleba _ gansakuTrebiT Tavisi ZalisxmeviT

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mopovebul sakuTrebaze _ da mTavrobis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani mizani
kerZo sakuTrebis dacvaa. man aseve gonivruli axsna mouZebna sakuTrebis uflebebs, legalur fulad valebsa da saxelSekrulebo valdebulebebs, rac komerciuli saxelmwifos safuZvelia. amasTan erTad, sixarbis instinqts inteleqtur
diskursSi axladmopovebuli respeqtabeluroba mianiWa.
bevri Zveli filosofosi, aristoteledan Tomas aqvinelamde (1224-1274ww.),
gaurboda msoflio mflobelobiT zedmetad dainteresebas. amisgan gansxvavebiT, loks warmodgenili hqonda sazogadoeba, sadac individebi mudmivad iRvwian TavianTi xvedris gasaumjobeseblad, sadac warmoebisa da gamogonebis suli
yvavis da fuli aris gacvlis universaluri saSualeba. misi azriT, qonebis dagrovebis Semdgom, reinvestirebuli da gafarToebuli sazogadoeba ayvavdeba da
ayvavebuli sazogadoeba iqneba bednieri.
baron de monteskie (1689-1755). maSin, roca lokma ganaviTara komerciuli
respublikis zogadi Teoria, frangma politikurma filosofosma baron de monteskiem Tavis cnobil naSrom `kanonTa gonSi~ (1748w.) gansazRvra biznessa da komerciasTan asocirebuli sakiTxebis dadebiTi mxareebi. monteskies azriT, qveynebs, romlebic eqstensiur vaWrobas awarmoeben sxva saxelmwifoebTan, survili
eqnebaT mSvidobisa, radgan omi xels uSlis saerTaSoriso vaWrobas. man, aseve,
daaskvna, rom komercia xels uwyobs ufro samarTlebrivi politikuri wesrigis
Camoyalibebas, individualuri TviTgaumjobesebisaTvis axali gzebis gaxsniT.
sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, siRaribeSi dabadebulsac SeuZlia gaxdes mdidari
dauRalavi SromiTa da JiniT. amasTan, komerciaze gakeTebuli aqcenti ganawyobda sazogadoebas religiuri fanatizmis winaaRmdeg. miwier keTildReobaze
zrunva da `jonsebTan Sejibri~ (amerikuli gamoTqma _ mezoblebTan Sejibreba
materialur sakuTrebaSi) daikavebda religiuri dapirispirebis gamomwvevi
fanatikuri aRmafrenis adgils. komerciuli wesrigis saukeTeso mxarea misi
dadebiTi gavlena individualur moralurobaze. monteskies sjeroda, rom komerciuli demokratia warmoSobda burJuaziul Rirseul Tvisebebs, maT Soris
`yairaTianobas, ekonomiurobas, Sromas, SorsmWvretelobas, wesrigs.~8
adam smiti (1723-1790). mas Semdeg, rac lokma Camoayaliba komerciuli
saxelmwifos politikuri safuZvlebi da monteskiem CamoTvala amgvari saxelmwifos dadebiTi mxareebi, Sotlandielma ekonomistma adam smitma axsna misi
moqmedebis principebi. smiti darwmunebuli iyo, rom rogorc individualuri
bedniereba, ise socialuri harmonia mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli saqonlisa da
momsaxurebis warmoebis gzebTan. man Tavis cnobil naSromSi `xalxTa simdidris

bunebisa da mizezebis kvleva~ (Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations;
1776) (romelmac Semdeg didi gavlena moipova) sqemis saxiT Camoayaliba, rogor
SeuZlia komerciul sazogadoebas efeqturad iarsebos centraluri mTavrobis
mier ekonomikuri sferos regulirebisa da dagegmvis gareSe. es naSromi yvela
sxva wignze metad iqca Tanamedrove kapitalizmis logikur dasabuTebad.
lokis msgavsad, smitic aRiarebda adamianTa saqmianobaSi TviTdainteresebis umniSvnelovanes rols. ekonomikur bazarze TviTdaintereseba ara marto
ganawyobs individs muSaobisTvis, aramed karnaxobs mas iseTi saqmianobis arCevas, romelic miesadageba mis specifikur socialur saWiroebas:

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Cven rom sadils mivirTmevT, es ar aris yasabis, xabazis an ludis
mxarSvelis keTilganwyobis Sedegi, es sakuTari dainteresebis Sedegia.
Cven Cvens interesebis dakmayofilebas unda vumadlodeT ara maT humanurobas, aramed maT sakuTari Tavis siyvaruls. da Cven maT vesaubrebiT
ara Cveni saWirobidan, aramed maTi upiratesobidan gamomdinare.9

smitis cnobili Teoriaa bazris `uCinari xeli~, romelic gamoxatulia

miwodebisa da moTxovnis kanoniT. misi azriT, es kanoni gansazRvravs sabazro fass. sadac produqtis raodenoba didia da moTxovna _ dabali, saqonlis
sabazro fasi ecema im dromde, sanam yvelaze efeqturi mwarmoeblebi ar darCebian bazarze. sapirispirod, roca produqtis raodenoba mcirea da moTxovna _
maRali, saqonlis sabazro fasi matulobs. sabolood, Rirebuleba daiwevs, roca
konkurencia gaizrdeba. am gziT bazari avtomaturad amyarebs miwodeba-moTxovnis wonasworobas.
smits sjeroda, rom gamorCeniT daintereseba da sabazro Zalebi erTmaneTs
Seewyobodnen, raTa SeenarCunebinaT ekonomikuri Sejibri da konkurencia. es,
Tavis mxriv, ar miscemda fasebs saSualebas Zalian gascdenoda produqciis realur Rirebulebas (Tu es ase moxdeboda, mwarmoeblebs daTrgunavdnen konkurentebi). am TvalsazrisiT, sakuTari interesebis dakmayofileba da sabazro mdgomareoba xels uwyobs fasebis TviTregulacias: maRali fasebi qmnis maRali
konkurenciis iniciativas, dabali fasi iwvevs moTxovnis gazrdas da Sesabamisad, amas Sedegad produqciis gazrda mohyveba.
da bolos, smitis Tavisufali mewarmeobis Teoriis mixedviT, individebi
nebayoflobiT irCeven konkretulad im profesiasa da saqmianobas, romlebic
sazogadoebaSi yvelaze faseulad iTvleba, radgan fuladi gasamrjelo am SemTxvevaSi Zalian didi sacduria, maSinac ki, roca TviT saqmianoba ar aris Zalian
momxibvleli.10 es koncefciebi erTad gansazRvravs e.w. laissez-faire (mieciT saSualeba xalxs, gaakeTos, rac unda) kapitalizms. es aris idea, romlis Tanaxmadac
mTavrobis Carevisgan Tavisufali bazari ekonomikis saukeTeso regulatoria.
Tanamedrove konservatizmi. lokis, monteskiesa da smitis namuSevrebze
dayrdnobiT Tanamedrove konservatorebi did mniSvnelobas aniWeben adamianTa uflebas, iltvodnen bednierebisaken rogorc individebi (da ara rogorc
koleqtivis wevrebi). isini gansakuTrebul yuradRebas amaxvileben adamianis
uflebaze moipovos, daagrovos da gankargos sakuTreba. aseve, icaven biznesisa
da korporaciuli industriis interesebs. amiT eTanxmebian smitis mosazrebas,
rom individualuri keTildReobis mopoveba, rac gamoiwvevs saerTo ayvavebasa
da keTildReobas. da bolos, konservatorebi akritikeben bazris moqmedebaSi
saxelmwifos Carevas (iseve rogorc socialuri keTildReobis programebs) da
biznesis saqmeebSi biurokratiul `cxviris Cayofas~.

liberalebi: samoqalaqo uflebebis primati

konservatorebis msgavsad, liberalebic miiCneven, rom individebs miniWebuli aqvT garkveuli uflebebi. magram maTgan gansxvavebiT, uflebebi, romlebic liberalebs yvelaze mniSvnelovnad miaCniaT, aris samoqalaqo uflebebi. amrigad, isini gaafTrebiT icaven im individebsa da jgufebs, romelTa uflebebic

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irRveva da diskriminacias ganicdian (mag. rasistuli umciresobani, qalebi da
Raribebi). liberalebi eTanxmebian xelisuflebis mcdelobasa da qmedebebs, miaRwion Tanabar uflebebs. amavdroulad, isini zogadad ewinaaRmdegebian mTavrobis
mier gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis SezRudvas; agreTve, erTobis, standartebisa da
tradiciebis SenarCunebis mizniT `moralis dakanonebis~ mcdelobebs.
pirovnul Tavisuflebaze yuradRebis aseTi gamaxvileba fundamentur rwmenas aZlevs individualurobis Rirsebas. TiToeuli adamianis unikalurobisa
Tu Rirsebis dacva da pativiscema sazogadoebaSi mTavrobis umniSvnelovanesi
mizani unda iyos. individualizmis dasacavi argumentebi mkafiod aris Camoyalibebuli jon stiuart milis On Liberty-Si (1859w.):
mas, vinc uflebas aZlevs samyaros an samyaros misTvis gankuTvnil
nawils, mis magivrad dagegmos misi cxovreba, ar sWirdeba imitaciisaTvis
sxva aranairi niWi, garda maimunisebri adamianisa. is, vinc Tavis cxovrebas Tavad gegmavs, iyenebs yvela Tavis niWs. mas sWirdeba dakvirveba, raTa
dainaxos; logikuri azrovneba da gansjis unari, raTa pirdapir ganWvritos; saqmianoba, raTa moagrovos masala gadawyvetilebis misaRebad; gansxvavebis unari, raTa gadawyvitos da roca gadawyvets, simyare da TviTkontroli, raTa misdios saguldagulod miRebul gadawyvetilebebs. am
Tvisebebs is saWiroebs da iyenebs zustad, proporciulad, rogorc Tavisi qmedebis nawils, romelsac gansazRvravs sakuTari azrovnebisa da
grZnobebis mixedviT. SesaZlebelia isic, rom is daadges karg gzas da Tavi
aaridos zians yovelive amis gamoyenebis gareSec. magram am SemTxvevaSi
ra iqneboda SedarebiTi Rirebuleba misi, rogorc adamianisa? didi mniSvnelobisaa ara marto is, ras akeTebs adamiani, aramed is manerac, romliTac is rames akeTebs. adamianis namuSevarTa Soris, romlis gaumjobesebasa da galamazebaSia CarTuli misi cxovreba, upirvelesi mniSvnelobisa
Tavad adamiania. . . . adamianis buneba ar aris manqana, rom nimuSis mixedviT aago da daniSno misTvis gamowerili samuSaos zustad Sesasruleblad. adamianis buneba SegviZlia ufro xes SevadaroT, romelsac zrda
da ganviTareba sWirdeba Sinagani Zalebis tendenciebis mixedviT, rac mas
cocxal arsebad aqcevs.11

mili agreTve aRniSnavs, rom individualurobas mudmivi safrTxe emuqreba

sazogadoebrivi azris damxuTveli erTgvarovnebis mxridan. swored am mizeziT, liberalebis azriT, individebi saWiroeben dacvas umravlesobis mmarTvelobaze damyarebuli xelisuflebisgan. isini miiCneven, rom demokratiuli
sazogadoeba xSirad erTmaneTSi urevs azris raodenobasa da xarisxs da xSirad
utolebs ricxobriv aRmatebulebas politikur WeSmaritebas. am procesSi sxvagvarad moazrovneebs xSirad sxva TvaliT uyureben da zogjer devnian kidec.
milisa da misi inteleqtualuri memkvidreebis TvalSi individualizmi kargia sazogadoebisaTvis da individebisaTvis, radgan swored adamianis
kreatiulobis, dinamizmisa da gamomgoneblobis gamo viTardeba sazogadoeba.
liberalebi miiCneven, rom Tu individebs miecemaT saSualeba, srulyofilad ganaviTaron niWi da gaavrcelon TavianTi ideebi, mTavroba SeZlebs simbiozuri
urTierTobebis aSenebas, sadac individic da sazogadoebac gaizrdeba da ganviTardeba.

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arsebiTi gansxvavebebi
amerikel liberalebsa da konservatorebs Soris gansxvavebis safuZveli
dapirispirebuli mosazrebebia adamianis bunebis Sesaxeb. liberalebs sjeraT
adamianebis sikeTisa da kargi bunebisa. marTalia, isini ar uaryofen, rom zogi
adamiani sazogadoebisaTvis miuReblad iqceva, magram aseT adamianebs garemos
msxverplad miiCneven. magaliTad, Tanamedrove amerikelTa umravlesoba miiCnevs, rom danaSaulis Sesamcireblad sazogadoebam unda Seamsubuqos siRaribis,
sasowarkveTis mdgomareoba da rasizmi, romelic asazrdoebs antisazogadoebriv qmedebas. sxva sityvebiT, adamianebi Tanasworni arian Rirsebis mixedviT da
imsaxureben aseT mopyrobas mTavrobisa da Tanamoqaleqeebis mxridan.
konservatorebi adamianis bunebas ufro muq ferebSi xedaven. maT miaCniaT,
rom adamianebi dabadebidanve egoistebi da xSirad daumorCileblebi arian. individebi cdiloben TavianTi Tavi sxvebze maRla daayenon, isini gansxvavdebian
motivaciiT, SesaZleblobebiT, moraluri RirebulebebiTa da iRbliT. konservatorebi amboben, rom am gansxvavebaTa Semcireba arc erT mTavrobas ar xelewifeba. sabolood, TavianTi liberali oponentebisgan gansxvavebiT, maT naklebi
`Tavis tkivili~ aqvT araTanabari sazogadoebrivi mdgomareobisa da gansxvavebuli qonebrivi SesaZleblobebis gamo. amasTan, isini ar miaweren adamianis antisazogadoebriv qmedebas garemo faqtorebs. piriqiT, fiqroben, rom sazogadoebaSi yovelTvis iarsebeben `dampali vaSlebi~ (amerikuli gamoTqma _ cudi
gavlenis mqone adamiani).
kidev erTi faqtori, rac konservatorebsa da liberalebs ganasxvavebs,
isaa, rom es ukanasknelni Tavs istoriulad mimdinare procesis nawilad miiCneven, romlis farglebSic adamianis mdgomareoba gaumjobesda da TandaTan
ufro umjobesdeba. sxva sityvebiT, liberalebi istorias progresuli TvalsazrisiT uyureben. maT sjeraT, rom Cveulebrivi adamiani dRes ukeTes mdgomareobaSia, vidre ramdenime Taobis an ramdenime saukunis win. maTi azriT, momavlis socialuri mowyoba, rogorc sakuTar qveyanaSi, ise sazRvargareT, ise
iqneba konstruirebuli, rom yvela adamians saukeTeso misces. aqedan gamomdinare, liberalebi optimisturad uyureben momavalSi sazogadoebisa da mTeli
msoflios gakeTilSobilebis mcdelobas.
konservatorebi, maTgan gansxvavebiT, awmyos sirTuleebis daZlevisas
warsuls gzamkvlevad iyeneben. isini eWvqveS ayeneben mosazrebas, rom cvlileba
SeiZleba gautoldes progress. maTTvis politikuri erToba faqizi organizmia,
romelic gaerTianebulia saerTo faseulobebiTa da SexedulebebiT. Cveuleba
da tradiciebi, aRiarebuli sazogadoebrivi institutebi (magaliTad, ojaxi,
eklesia, mTavroba) da Rrmad fesvgadgmuli socialuri xatebi konservatorebisaTvis erTaderTi myari safuZvelia stabiluri socialuri wesrigis dasamyareblad. TviT sazogadoebis msgavsad tradiciebic arasdros unda Seicvalos
swrafad da erTi xelis mosmiT. konservatorTa umravlesoba savsebiT eTanxmeba edmund berkis mosazrebas _ rodesac cvlileba saWiro ar aris, arc unda
SevcvaloT.

konservatorebi, liberalebi da sajaro politika

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konservatorTa da liberalTa gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi cvlilebebis,
adamianis bunebisa da sazogadoebis Sesaxeb, gvexmareba am or jgufs Soris arsebuli daZabulobis axsnaSi. am daZabulobas zogi damkvirvebeli `kulturaTa
omsac~ uwodebda.12 sakamaTo sakiTxis xazgasma (iseTi socialuri instituciebis
mizani, Semadgenloba da mniSvneloba, rogoricaa ojaxi, ganaTleba, xelovneba,
kanoni da politika) moralur sakiTxebSi uTanxmoebas iwvevs. konservatorebis
aqcenti tradiciebsa da orTodoqsulobaze kulminacias aRwevs rwmenaSi, rom
keTili da boroti transcendentur filosofiasa da religiaSi Caqsovili universaluri faseulobebia. maTgan gansxvavebiT, liberalTa mravalferovnebisa da tolerantobisadmi erTguleba gamoxatulia rwmenaSi, rom moraluri da
politikuri gadawyvetilebebi piradi sakiTxebia. magaliTad, liberalTa umravlesoba ewinaaRmdegeba skolebSi locvas, moiTxovs farTo legalur da socialur uflebebs geebisa da lesboselebisaTvis, aseve, miiCneven, rom qalebs
aqvT abortis gakeTebis ufleba. amisagan gansxvavebiT, konservatorebi, rogorc
wesi, fiqroben, rom skolebSi locvis akrZalva, homoseqsualTa uflebebis aRiareba da abortis nebarTva, moralurad arasworia. liberalebis azriT ki, individualuri arCevanis uaryofiT irRveva is, rac moralurad sworia.13
liberalebi da konservatorebi, aseve, gansxvavdebian adamianuri bunebisa da uflebebis sakiTxebis mimarT TavianTi damokidebulebiTac. sakuTrebis
uflebisadmi erTguleba imis rwmenasTan erTad, rom warmateba da ayvaveba adamianis bednierebis arsia, konservatorebs dauregulirebeli komerciisa da industriis momxreebad aqcevs. amave mizeziT, isini ewinaaRmdegebian socialur
programebs, romlebic moicavs erovnuli Semosavlis msxvilmasStabian gadanawilebas, did an mzard gadasaxadebs, janmrTelobis dazRvevis saxelmwifo programebsa da sxv. amgvari damokidebulebis gamo Tanamedrove konservatorebi
`naklebi mTavrobis~ momxreebi arian. xolo iq, sadac saxelmwifo programebi
aucilebeli an gardauvalia, konservatorebis azriT, adgilobrivi xelisufleba ufro axlosaa xalxTan da amitom ufro sandoa, vidre federaluri xelisufleba. meores mxriv, adamianis bunebis Sesaxeb, cota ar iyos, uaryofiTi
Sexeduleba konservatorebs liberalebze ufro mkacrad ganawyobs piradi
usafrTxoebisa da sazogadoebrivi wesrigis (amitom isini momxreni arian kriminalebis mimarT ufro sastiki sadamsjelo RonisZiebebis gatarebisa), aseve
erovnuli usafrTxoebis sakiTxebis mimarT. da bolos, konservatorebs sjeraT,
rom ekonomikuri TanasworobiT zedmetad dainteresebas SeuZlia Ziri gamouTxaros sistemas, romelmac, maTi azriT, aSS esoden warmatebul qveynad aqcia.
magaliTad, saxelmwifo mcdeloba mieRwia ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisaTvis
iseTi meqanizmebis saSualebiT, rogoricaa makompensirebeli programa, axSobs
individualur iniciativas da amcirebs kavSirs pirad damsaxurebasa da fulad
jildos Soris.
vinaidan liberalebi samyaros karg da keTil adgilad da adamianis bunebas _ Tandayolilad keTilad miiCneven, isini ufro midrekilni arian dainaxon
TanamSromlobis, cxovrebisa da mankierebaTa gamosworebis SesaZleblobebi iq,
sadac konservatorebi gamowvevebsa da safrTxeebs xedaven. amrigad, sagareo saqmeebSi liberalebi Tavdacvaze naklebi xarjebis gawevis momxreni arian, konservatorebi ki eTanxmebian Zvel gamonaTqvams: `geSinodes RmerTisa da Seinaxe Seni
Tofis wamali mSralad.~ saSinao saqmeebTan dakavSirebiT liberalebi fiqroben,

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rom sazogadoeba, rogorc erTi mTliani organizmi, mogebulia xelisuflebis
absoluturi CareviT, raTa uzrunvelyos daCagruli an uiRblo adamianebi saxelmwifo sacxovrebliT, saxelmwifo dasaqmebiT, janmrTelobis universaluri
dazRveviTa da a.S. maTi azriT, rogoric ar unda iyos sazogadoebis keTildReobis done mTlianad, Semosavlis gadanawilebis didi uTanasworoba unda gamoswordes saxelmwifo politikis saSualebiT. yvela adamiani Tanaswori ibadeba,
amitom aravin unda itanjebodes siRaribiT gamowveuli damcirebiT, maSin, roca
zogi fufunebaSi cxovrobs. nebismieri amerikelis diskriminaciis Tavidan acileba SesaZlebeli gaxdeba Zlieri sakompensacio programebiTa da xelisuflebis CareviT. metic, maT sjeraT, rom danaSaulis Camdennic msxverplni arian (ekonomikuri da socialuri usamarTlobisa) da acnobiereben, rom Raribebi
ufro xSirad exvevian kriminalur danaSaulSi. liberalebi moiTxoven braldebulTa uflebebis maqsimalur dacvas. da bolos, amerikeli liberalisaTvis
individualizmis dacvis saukeTeso saSualeba iqneba aekrZalos xelisuflebas
konstituciiT miniWebuli sityvis, aRmsareblobis, Sekrebebis, gaerTianebebis
da pirovnebis TavisuflebaSi nebismieri saxiT Careva.

daskvna

saxelmwifo garkveuli socialuri an ekonomikuri miznebis miRwevas sajaro keTildReobis miseuli gansazRvrebis mixedviT cdilobs. am miznebis sisruleSi moyvana damokidebulia saxelmwifos ideologiaze _ sajaro keTildReobis Sesaxeb SexedulebaTa organizebul nakrebze.
ideologiebi SeiZleba Semdegnairad klasificirdes: antisaxelmwifoebrivi (anarqizmi, libertarianizmi), memarjvene (monarqizmi, faSizmi), an memarcxene
(revoluciuri komunizmi, demokratiuli socializmi, radikaluri egalitarianizmi). aSS-Si dominirebs ori sxva ideologiuri tendencia: liberalizmi da konservatizmi. gasakviria, magram saocrad Znelia am ori Tvalsazrisis gansxvaveba.
upirveles yovlisa imitom, rom aSS-Si liberalizmi da konservatizmi iziarebs
mraval fundamentur mosazrebas da faseulobas. Tumca, ra Tqma unda, maT Soris
garkveuli gansxvavebebic arsebobs. konservatorebi xazs usvamen ekonomikur
uflebebs, liberalebi aqcents samoqalaqo uflebebze akeTeben. liberalebs
sjeraT adamianis keTili bunebisa, konservatorebi adamianis bunebas ganixilaven, rogorc naklebad keTilganwyobils. liberalebi momavals optimisturad uyureben da sjeraT, rom is uzrunvelyofs ukeTes cxovrebas yvelasaTvis.
konservatorebi awmyos problemebTan gasamklaveblad warsuls gzamkvlevad miiCneven. es gansxvavebebi gamoxatulia gansxvavebul sajaro politikur miznebSi,
romlebsac TiToeuli es jgufi misdevs.

412
sakvanZo sityvebi
sajaro keTildReoba (public good

burJuazia

sazogadoebrivi dovlaTi ufroa)

dialeqtikuri materializmi

ideologia

kapitalisturi dagrovebis kanoni

anarqizmi

pauperizaciis kanoni

nihilizmi

evrokomunizmi

libertarianizmi

demokratiuli socializmi

monarqizmi

gradualizmi

faSizmi

keTildReobis saxelmwifo

kapitalizmi

liberaluri tradicia

Tavisufali mewarmeoba

amerikuli liberalizmi

Tavisufali sabazro ekonomika

amerikuli konservatizmi

koleqtivizmi

liberalizmi

socializmi

konservatizmi

utopist-socialistebi

moTxovna-miwodebis kanoni

revoluciuri komunizmi

laissez-faire kapitalizmi

proletariati

kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis
1.

ra miznebidan gamomdinare SeiZleba gansazRvros konstituciuri saxelmwifos xelisuflebam sajaro keTildReoba?

2.

ratom SeiZleba iTqvas, rom xelisuflebis warmatebuli moqmedeba

damokidebulia mis mier sajaro keTildReobis realizaciis SesaZleblobaze?

3.

ra aris ideologia? aris Tu ara es mecnieruli termini, romelic advilad

gamoiyeneba politikuri analizisas? ratom?

4.

riT hgavs revoluciuri komunizmi demokratiul socializms? romel

politikur sakiTxebze Tanxmdeba es ori mimdinareoba? romlebze ver
Tanxmdeba?

5.

rogor SegviZlia ganvasxvavoT erTmaneTisgan liberalizmi da konservatizmi aSS-Si?

SeniSvnebi:

1.

Aristotle, The Politics, red da mTargm. Ernest Braker (New York: Oxford University Press,
1962), 1279a, 112.

2.

es msjeloba efuZneba Andrew Haywood-is, Political Ideologies: An Introduction (New

York: St. Martins Press, 1992), 6-8. heivudis (da Cveni) msjeloba ki, Tavis mxriv,

emyareba gansazRvrebas, romelic SemogvTavaza May Salinger-ma, wignSi Politics

and Ideology (London: Allen & Unwin, 1976)
3.

The Anti-Defamation League ob Bnai Brith, Hate Groups in America: A Record of Bigotry

413
and Violence (New York, n.d.), 11.
4.

kelvinistebi arian protestantebi, romlebic mihyvebian jon kelvinis

(1509-1564ww.) swavlebas. mtkice kelvinistebs sjeraT `bedisweris~ (predestination), romlis Tanaxmadac zogi adamiani rCeulia RvTis mier xsnisaTvis,

xolo _ zogi samudamodaa dawyevlili.

5.

Jack C. Plano and Roy Olton, The International Relations Dictionary (Santa Barbara, Calif.:
ABS, 1982), 81.

6.
7.

Bertrand Russell, A History of Western Philosofhy. (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1965), 364.
Martin Diamond, Winston Fisk, and Herbert Garfinkel, The Democratic Republic: An Introduction to American Government (Skokie, III.: Rand McNally, 1971), 4-5.

8.

Baron de Montesquieu, The Spirit of Laws, mTargm. Thomas Nugent (New York: Hafner
Press, 1949), bk. 5, chap. 6, 46.

9.

Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (New York:
Modern Library, 1965), 14.

10.

rogorc aRniSnulia Robert Heilbroner-is mier naSromSi The Wordly Philosophers:

The Lives, Times and Ideas of Great Economic Thinkers (New York: Modern Library, 1965),
14.

11.
12.

John Stuart Mill, On Liberty (Lake Bluff, Ill.: Regnery/Gateway, 1955), 85.
James Devison Hunter, Culture Wars: The Struggle to Define America (New York: Basic Books,
1991). Cveni msjeloba ZiriTadad mihyveba, magram zustad ar imeorebs han-

terisas.
13.

iqve. rogorc hanteri aRniSnavs, es ar aris dapirispireba religiurobasa

da arareligiurobas Soris. ufro xSirad azrTa sxvadasxvaoba Tavs iCens
religiurebs Soris.

414

415

T aavv i XI I I

sajaro
politikis
sakiTxebi
principebi, prioritetebi
da praqtikuli gamocdileba
usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa
gare mtrebisgan dacva
dacva

Sida mtrebisgan

socialuri dacva

sakuTar qmedebaTa usafrTxoebis

uzrunvelyofa
keTildReobis uzrunvelyofa
sabiujeto deficiti da saxelmwifo vali
saganmanaTleblo krizisi

Semosavlebis

ganawileba
Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofa
rasobrivi diskriminacia

dadebiTi qmedeba

Tu pozitiuri diskriminacia

vis sWirdeba

dacva?
Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofa
Tavisuflebis fasi
li Sesworeba

Tavisufleba da pirve-

piradi cxovrebis xelSe-

uxebloba
samarTlianobis uzrunvelyofa
danaSauli da sasjeli

marTlmsajuleba _

miukerZoebeli procedura
samarTlebrivi dacvis sazRvrebi
mizanTa konfliqti

416
XII TavSi gamovyaviT xuTi mTavari Rirebuleba: usafrTxoeba, keTildReoba, Tanasworoba, Tavisufleba da samarTlianoba. es Rirebulebebi imavdroulad
sajaro politikis ZiriTad miznebs warmoadgenen, Tumca TiToeulis ganxorcielebisaTvis konkretuli strategiis gansazRvra sakmaod Znelia. ganviTarebul qveynebSi debatebi mudmivad cvalebadi sajaro politikis sakiTxebze
politikis ZiriTadi arsia.
radganac sajaro politikis sakiTxebis yovlismomcveli SedarebiTi analizi am saxelmZRvanelos maStabebs cildeba, ZiriTad aqcents SeerTebul Statebze gavakeTebT. bevri sakiTxi Tu problema, romelic qvemoT iqneba ganxiluli
sxva demokratiuli sistemebisTvisacaa damaxasiaTebeli. aseve TandaTanobiT
momivixilavT am problemebis gadawyvetis alternatiul gzebsac.

usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa
Cveulebisamebr, nebismieri damoukidebeli saxelmwifos upirvelesi mizani Tavisi moqalaqeebis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofaa. tiraniebis garda,
romelic eWvsa da SiSs TavianT moqalaqeebSi Segnebulad Tesavs, nebismieri xelisufleba pirovnebis usafrTxoebas ganixilavs, rogorc saxelmwifos arsebobis umTavres faqtors da aseve aucilebel winapirobas sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis sxva miznebis misaRwevad. gavleniani politikuri filosofosi tomas hobsi
(1588-1679) gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebda usafrTxoebas da mosalodneli safrTxeebisagan dacvas, rogorc xelisuflebis arsebobis gamamarTlebel
umTavres mizezs. am TvalsazrisiT hobsi marto ar yofila, TviT aristotelec
politikis sxva umTavres miznebs Soris yvelaze maRla xelyofisagan sicocxlis
dacvas ayenebda.1

gareSe mtrebisgan dacva

termins erovnuli usafrTxoeba _ meore msoflio omis Semdgom amerikul
politikaSi yvelaze xSirad iyenebdnen. SeerTebuli Statebis dacva gareSe Tu
Sinauri mtrebisgan umTavres saxelmwifo prioritetad iqca, rac Tavdacvis dafinansebis zrdasa da 80-iani wlebSi sabiujeto deficitis gaRrmavebaSi gamoixata, Tumca civi omis epoqis dasrulebasTan erTad gaCnda kiTxva: Seicvala Tu
ara msoflio ise Zireulad, rom amerikam Tavis prioritetebs seriozulad
gadaxedos da samxedro mzadyofnac mniSvnelovnad Seamciros?
1945 wlidan 1980-iani wlebis bolomde erovnul usafrTxoebaze debatebis
mTavari Tema sabWoTa safrTxe iyo. isini, vinc sabWoTa kavSirs Zlevamosil, magram mSvidobis mosurne subieqtad ganixilavda, SeiaraRebaze didi danaxarjebis
mizanSewonilobas eWvqveS ayenebda da or supersaxelmwifos Soris TanamSromlobis (upirveles yovlisa, ganiaraRebis daCqarebis) sakiTxis wina planze wamowevas cdilobda. sxvebi, vinc sabWoTa kavSirs saSiS eqspansiur Zalad miiCnevda,
romelic msoflio batonobas eswrafvoda, TavgamodebiT uWerda mxars Tavdacvis biujetis zrdasa da axali saomari (sabrZolo) teqnologiebis ganviTarebis
programebs. amerikis erovnuli usafrTxoebis mTvari sadavo sakiTxi yovelTvis
iyo azrTa sxvadasxvaoba sabWoTa liderebis motivebsa da sabWoTa sistemis xa-

417
siaTze.
1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg sul ufro
rTuli xdeboda amerikel gadasaxadis gadamxdelTaTvis Tavdacvaze gamoyofili
didi danaxarjebis aucileblobis dasabuTeba. Tumca skeptikosebi miiCnevdnen,
rom msoflio erTi xelis mosmiT ver gaxdeboda usafrTxo, Tanac mxolod imitom, rom amerikelebis umetesoba Tavs sruliad usafrTxod grZnobda. amerikis
interesebi yovelTvis idga ekonomikuri Tu strategiuli safrTxis winaSe (magaliTad, iranis mier kuveitis dapyroba 1990 wels), xolo mudmivi regionuli Tu
adgilobrivi konfliqtebi, masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis (balistikuri raketebi, atomuri, qimiuri da biologiuri iaraRi) raodenobis zrdasTan erTad,
horizontze axali safrTxeebis gamoCenaze mianiSnebda.
90-iani wlebi grZeldeboda da TiTqos meore msoflio omis maStabebis
safrTxe nel-nela gaqra. liberalebi da konservatorebi, mzardi sabiujeto
deficitisa da axali politikuri garemoebebis fonze, bolosdabolos SeTanxmdnen da mxari dauWires SeiraRebuli Zalebis Semcirebasa da SeiaraRebis programebis Sewyvetas (Tumca isini yovelTvis ver Tanxmdebodnen am Semcirebis
moculobasa da masStabebze). samxedro politikuri cvlilebebi Tavdacvis biujetebzec aisaxa (ix. sqema 13-1). 1986 welTan SedarebiT, rodesac civi omis epoqam piks miaRwia, pentagonma Tavisi TanamSromlebis (moqmedi, sarezervo da samoqalaqo) ricxvi 20 %-iT Seamcira. 20 %-iani Semcireba Seexo profesiul jarsac
(moqmed samxedreobsac) (4,4 mln-dan 3,5 mln-mde).

wliuri xarjebi (mlrd)

reiganis buSis klintonis buSis
prezidentoba

sqema 13-1 samxedro xarjebis zrda

1990-ian wlebSi moqmedi samxedro Zalebi meore msoflio omis Semdgom periodTan
SedarebiT (1950) kidev ufro daeca. samxedro xarjebi 1990-ian wlebSi arsebiTad Semcirda,
magram ukanasknel wlebSi isev civi omis wlebis dones gautolda.
wyaro: Defense Department. ibeWdeba Sioux Falls Argus Leader-dan, 18 maisi 1997w. 11C.

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2001 wlis 11 seqtembers ganxorcielebuli teroristuli aqtis Semdeg
qveynis ganwyoba erT dReSi Seicvala. miRebuli dartymisa da gancdili zaralis gamo pentagoni isev erovnuli politikuri arenis wina xazze aRmoCnda. kongresi da mTeli qveyana isev civi omis droindel rutinas daubrunda da mzad
iyo, yvelaferi gaeRo, raTa amerika kvlav usafrTxo demokratiul qveynad
qceuliyo, romelic mis SigniT teroristebisagan da im mtrebisaganac iqneboda
daculi, romlebic sazRvargareT teroristebs mfarveloben. dasrulda 1990iani wlebis eiforia, warsuls Cabarda xelSeuxeblobis iluzia, gaqra SegrZneba
imisa, rom amerika `gansakuTrebulia~ da katastrofebi mxolod sxvagan SeiZleba
xdebodes.

Sida mtrebisagan dacva

11 seqtemberma gansakuTrebiT win wamoswia xelisuflebis mier Tavis moqalaqeTa sicocxlisa da sakuTrebis dacvis sakiTxi, Sida mtrebisgan _ gansxvavebuli politikuri Sexedulebebis mqone moqalaqeebisagan, jaSuSebisa da
mtrulad ganwyobili ucxoelebisgan (rezidentebisgan). dReisaTvis erovnuli
usafrTxoebis es `axleburi~ xedva yvelaze ufro prioritetulia; mas gacilebiT didi yuradReba eTmoba, vidre Tavis droze Zvel midgomas (da met winaaRmdegobasac warmoSobs). debatebma am sakiTxze naTeli gaxada, ramdenad rTulia
zRvaris gavleba terorizmsa da danaSaulTan brZolas Soris. cxadia, rom teroristuli aqtebi _ uadanaSaulo adamianebis mimarT Cadenili yvela sxva saxis
Zaladobis aqtebis msgavsad _ danaSaulebriv aqtebs ganekuTvneba. magram, terorizmi politikuri miznebiT aris motivirebuli da mas xSirad `saxelmwifo
sponsorebi~ hyavs sazRvargareT (maT Sorisaa avRaneTi, erayi, irani, CrdiloeTi
korea). imsaxureben Tu ara amis gamo teroristebi ` Cveulebrivi~ damnaSaveebisgan gansxavebul mopyrobas? unda sargeblobdnen Tu ara isini imave konstituciuri garantiebiT, riTac mkvlelobaSi Tu ZaladobaSi braldebulebi? ra xdeba
maSin, Tuki teroristuli aqtis Camdeni amerikis moqalaqea? terorizmi ufro
dawvrilebiT Semdeg TavSi iqneba ganxiluli, amitom amjerad mxolod mZime danaSaulis mimoxilviT SemovifarglebiT da terorizms SevexebiT imdenad, ramdendac es danaSaulsa da sasjelze saubrisas iqneba saWiro.
dRemde ar arsebobs konsensusi imaze, ra iwvevs danaSauls, ra unda gaakeTos sazogadoebam misi Tavidan asacileblad da unda isjebodes Tu ara yvela
qmedeba, romelic danaSaulebrivad aris miCneuli (magaliTad, marixuanas moxmareba da Senaxva). miuxedavad imisa, rom bolo xanebSi odnav Semcirda, danaSaulis ricxvma SeerTebul StatebSi ukanaskneli 50 wlis ganmavlobaSi kritikul
zRvars miaRwia. ratom?
zogierTi eqspertis azriT, danaSauli, upirveles yovlisa, socialuri
fenomenia, adamianuri (pirovnuli) imedgacruebisa da gaucxoebis Sedegia, romelic siRaribiTa da ugulebelyofiT, rasobrivi diskriminaciiT, araTanabari
ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebiTaa ganpirobebuli. sxva riTi SeiZleba aixsnas is
faqti, rom danaSaulis maCvenebeli yvelaze maRalia qalaqis Rarib ubnebSi, sadac
yvelaze dabali Semosavali da cxovrebis yvelaze uaresi pirobebia. am TvalsazrisiT, danaSauli xelisuflebis uyuradRebobisa da sazogadoebis gulgrilobis Sedegia. zogierTi eqsperti ki sruliad gansxvavebul socialur fenomenze
miuTiTebs danaSaulis zrdis mizezebis asaxsnelad. isini aqcents tradiciuli

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amerikuli ojaxis nel-nela gaqrobasa da riskis zRvarze myofi bavSvebis raodenobis zrdaze akeTeben, aseve xazs usvamen Temisa da mezoblebis mniSvnelobis
dakninebas da maTgan gamowveul izolaciasa da individualizmze miuTiTeben,
romelic amJamad amerikul cxovrebaSi aris gabatonebuli. rodesac socialuri kavSirebi (da masTan dakavSirebuli emociebi, rogoricaa sircxvili) Sesustebulia, igive emarTeba im SezRudvebs, romlebic socialurad arasasurvel
Tu ukanono qmedebebs blokaven da bolos, eqspertebi popkulturasac adanaSauleben, romelic masmediis saSualebiT vrceldeba. Tanamedrove amerikuli
kultura, garda imisa, rom Zaladobas asxams xotbas (popularuli musikiT dawyebuli satelevizio sareklamo rgolebiT damTavrebuli), mudmivad eweva im Rirebulebebis popularizacias, romlebic danaSaulebrivia (sasurvelis advilad
miRweva da TviTgamoxatvis SeuzRudavoba).2
isini, vinc siRaribesa da Semosavlis araTanabar ganawilebas danaSaulis mTavar gamomwvev mizezad miiCneven, mxars uWeren saxelmwifo programebs,
romlebic maTi aRmofxvrisken iqneba mimarTuli. xolo isini, vinc ojaxisa da
kulturis degradaciaze saubroben, Tvlian, rom xelisuflebas bevri arafris
gakeTeba ZaluZs danaSaulis Sesamcireblad, garda imisa, rom damnaSaveTaTvis
Seqmnas `dauyovneblivi da gardauvali~ sasjelis garantiebi.
kidev erTi midgoma danaSaulis Semcirebis TvalsazrisiT aris e.w. umsxverplo danaSaulTa dekriminalizacia. aseTi midgoma gamarTlebulia aramxolod praqtikuli _ policiis, sagamoZiebo Tu sapatimro xarjebisa da drois
dazogvas, aramed filosofiuri mosazrebebiTac. iseT gansxvavebul qmedebebs,
rogoricaa prostitucia Tu maTxovroba, saerTo is aqvT, rom TiToeuli individis mier Tu individTa Soris damoukideblad aris Cadenili da amiT sazogadoebis sxva wevrebs ziani ar adgebaT.
debatebi

danaSaulis dekriminalizaciaze, upirveles yovlisa, nar-

kotikebis legalizacias Seexeba. yvelaferi marixuanaze saubriT daiwyo da am

bolo xanebSi kokainsac Seexo. dekriminalizaciis mimxreebi miiCneven, rom narkomaniis arasasurveli socialuri aspeqtebi ZiriTadad imiTaa ganpirobebuli,
rom xelisuflebis mier kanongareSed gamocxadebuli Zviri siamovnebis dasakmayofileblad narkomanebi iZulebulni arian xSirad Caidinon Zarcva da yaCaRoba. narkotikebis legalizeba ki maTi fasis davardnas da narkomaniasTan dakavSirebuli danaSaulis Semcirebas gamoiwvevs (im mogebasTan erTad, romelsac
organizebuli damnaSaveebi iReben).

danaSaulisadmi damokidebulebis cvlileba

ratom eguebian amerikelebi danaSaulis aseT maRal maCvenebels? am kiTxvaze saintereso

(da winaaRmdegobrivi) pasuxi SemogvTavaza niu-iorkelma senatorma specialobiT sociologma
daniel patrik moinahanma Tavis cnobil statiaSi `deviaciuri qcevis gadafaseba~ SemogvTavaza.3 moinahani amtkicebs, rom raki amerikelebi danaSaulis swrafi zrdis pirispir aRmoCndnen, , misi mniSvneloba ugulebelyves imis axleburi SefasebiT (anu gadafasebiT), ra SeiZleba
normad CaiTvalos. ramdenime wlis win danaSaulis aseTi maRali maCvenebeli mZime socialur
paTologiad miiCneoda, Tumca dRes sazogadoebis normalur mdgomareobad aRiqmeba, romlis
gamosworebac TiTqmis SeuZlebelia.
moinahans gamaognebeli magaliTic mohyavs. 1929 wlis 14 Tebervals oTxma gangsterma

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maTi 7 moqiSpe gangsteri wminda valentinis dRes cecxlsasroli iaraRiT amoxoca. moinahani
yuradRebas imaze amaxvilebs, rom am ambavma mTeli eri SokSi Caagdo, Tavad movlena legendad iqca da wminda valentis dRis xocva-Jletis saxeliT msoflio enciklopediaSic ki Sevida.
garda amisa, igi konstituciur cvlilebas daedo safuZvlad da bolo mouRo `mSral kanons~
(es ukanaskneli jgufuri Zaladobisa da danaSaulis gamomwvev mizezad aris miCneuli).
moinahani aRniSnavs, rom dReisaTvis narkotikebis vaWrobasTan erTad Zaladobis es saxeoba isev dabrunda, Tumca warsulTan SedarebiT `daujerebeli masStabebiT~. amerikelebisaTvis misaRebi gaxda Zaladoba, romelic erT dros maT aranormalur da miuRebel saqcielad
miaCndaT. `samwuxarod, los-anjelesi wminda valentinis xocva-Jletis mowme ukve yovelkvireulad xdeba~acxadebs moinahani statiis bolos.

legalizaciis oponentebi am moTxovnas ewinaaRmdegebian. isini aRiareben, rom legamizaciis Sedegad Semcirdeba zarali, romelsac sazogadoebas narkotikebis momaxmareblebi ayeneben, magram amavdroulad gaizrdeba am
ukanasknelTa ricxvi da sazogadoeba amjerad imiT dazaraldeba, rom umaqnis
da degradaciis gzaze mdgar moqalaqeebs miiRebs. naTelia, rom narkotikebis
legalizaciis sawinaaRmdego argumentebi igivea, rac umsxverplo danaSaulis
legalizaciisa _ sazogadoebas erTnairad Zviri ujdeba rogorc narkomani moqalaqeebi, aseve meZavebiTa da mawanwalebiT dasaxlebuli ubnebi, romlebic TavianTi arsebobiT gareSemo myofTa usafrTxoebasa da stabilurobas safrTxes
uqmnian.
narkotikebisa da prostituciis legalizeba SeerTebul StatebSi savaraudod uaxloes xanebSi ar ganxorcieldeba, Tumca holandiaSi, gansakuTrebiT mis
dedaqal amsterdamSi stumrobisas nebismier amerikels aucileblad gauCndeba
kiTxva _ gaamarTlebda Tu ara holandiuri modeli aSS-Si? amsterdamSi narkotikebis moxmareba da prostitucia mxolod garkveul ubnebSia daSvebuli
da policiis meTvalyureobisa da kontrolisgan Tavisufalia. meZavebi mudmiv
samedicino Semowmebas gadian, xolo narkotikebiT movaWreebis winaaRmdeg sakmaod mkacri kanonebi moqmedebs. dReisaTvis amdterdami erT-erTi yvelaze mimzidveli qalaqia dasavleT evropaSi.
danaSaulis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli sajaro politikis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani probelema iaraRis kontrolia. konservatorebis umravlesobas miaCnda, rom iaraRis gayidvisa da Senaxvis SezRudviT mZime danaSaulis ricxvi
ar Semcirdeboda, Tumca es mosazreba mxardaWeriT aRar sargeblobs. 1993 wels
kongresma miiRo e,w. ~bredi bili~, romelic 5-dRian sacdel vadas awesebda pistoletebis SeZenaze, 1994 wlidan ki es SezRudva sxva saxis cecxlsasrol iaraRzec gavrcelda.
iaraRis kontrolsa da antiterorizms Soris urTierTkavSiri 9-11 seqtembris Semdgom garemoSi bevr saintereso sakiTxs warmoSobs. SesaZloa, rom
amerikuli sazogadoebis gamZafrebulma SfoTvam usafrTxoebasa da dacvaze
xelisuflebis mcdelobasTan erTad, Tavidan aicilos mosalodneli teroristuli Tavdasxmebi da iaraRis tarebaze kidev ufro mkacri Sezrudvebis dawesebis safuZveli gaxdes; Tumca imavdroulad aRmoCndebian iseTebi, romlebic
am mosazrebas SeewinaaRmdegebian im motiviT, rom moqalaqis konstituciuri
ufleba ataros iaraRi, axla ise mniSvnelovania, rogorc arasdros, rodesac
isini ucxoeli mtrebis samizne gaxdnen.

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socialuri dacva
Tanamedrove xelisufalTa erT-erT mTavari mizani socialuri usafrTxoebaa. farTo gagebiT socialuri usafrTxoeba moicavs iseT problemebs rogoricaa, siRaribe, SimSili, avadmyofoba, xandazmuloba, aseve stiqiuri ubedurebebi
_ wyaldidoba, qariSxali, xanZari da sxva. ra roli ekisreba xelisuflebas Tavisi moqalaqeebis sicocxlisa da janmrTelobis am maradiuli safrTxeebisgan
dacvaSi? sasursaTo talonebi, subsidiebi fermerebisTvis, pensiebi, Semweobebi
janmrTelobaze da umuSevrobaze, daxmareba studentebisaTvis _ es yvelaferi
moqalaqeebisaTvis finansur uzrunvelyofas isaxavs mizanad saWiro drosa da
adgilze.
federaluri xelisuflebis valdebulebaTa moculoba 1990-iani wlebidan intensiuri ganxilvis sagani gaxda. socialuri uzrunvelyofis sistemis
kritikosebi amtkiceben, rom daxmarebis auracxeli programebiT xelisufleba
sinamdvileSi xalxs im saqcielisken ubiZgebs, romelsac igi ebrZvis (radgan amiT
umuSevrobas waaxaliseben). 1996 wels, socuzrunvelyofis sistemis reformis
Sedegad Statebs meti uflebamosileba mieniWaT (meti moqnilobac) socialuri
dacvis programebis ganxorcielebis sferoSi, xolo Semweobebi mniSvnelovnad
SeezRudaT im pirebs, romelTac muSaoba ar surT.
yvelaze ufro mwvave sabiujeto problemaa socialuri usafrTxoebis fondis gadaxdisunarianoba, romelic xandazmul moqalaqeebs pensiiTa da samedicino momsaxurebiT uzrunvelyofs. socialuri usafrTxoebis fondidan asakovan amerikelebs yovelTviurad ericxebaT Tanxa, xolo samedicino momsaxurebis
fondi (Medicare) maT eqimisa da saavadmyofos xarjebs ufaravs. bolo wlebSi
orive fondi mniSvnelovnad gaizarda. radganac amerikelebi valdebulni arian
socialuri usafrTxoebis fondSi ixadon garkveuli Tanxa sanam sapensio asaki
mouwevT (Cveulebriv 65 weli), Semweobebs samarTlianad ewodeba kuTvnili dax-

mareba (saxelisuflebo danaxarjebi, romelsac amerikelebi sruliad marTlzomierad miiCneven, yvelaze ufro ZviradRirebul socialuri usafrTxoebisa
da samedicino momsaxurebis xarjebTan erTad). aRniSnuli Semweobebi politikurad mgrZnobiare fenomenia, radganac sakmaod msxvili interesTa jgufebi
(rogoricaa, magaliTad, gadamdgar pirTa amerikuli asociacia) da amomrCevelTa didi nawili (gansakuTrebiT asakovani moqalaqeebi) mzad arian dasajon is
politikosebi, romlebic am programebis Semcirebas dauWeren mxars.
samedicino momsaxurebisa da socialuri usafrTxoebis fondebs saerTo problema aqvT: xarjebi bevrad ufro swrafad izrdeba, vidre samomavlod
dagegmili Semosavlebi. problema nawilobriv isic aris, rom amerikelebi didxans cocxloben, rac programebis fass kidev ufro zrdis. bevrad ufro problemuria (sajaro politikis TvalsazrisiT) demografiuli ganviTarebis tendenciebi, gansakuTrebiT sapensio asaks miRweuli ~beibi bumerebis~ (meore msoflio
omis Semdgom wlebSi dabadebuli adamianebi) didi raodenoba, romlebzec Tanxa
daixarjeba aRniSnuli programebidan. magaliTad, 1965 wels, rodesac samedicino momsaxurebis fondi Seiqmna aRniSnuli fondis TiTo beneficiarze Tanxas saSualod 5,5 adamiani ixdida. 2040 wlisaTvis es Sefardeba 2.2-dan 1.0-mde
Semcirdeba. samedicino uzrunvelyofis fonds seriozul dartymas ayenebs

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jandacvis swrafad mzardi xarjebi. 1980-dan 1990-iani wlebis Sua xanebamde am
programis xarjebi wliurad 11 %-iT gaizarda, ramac is yvelaze swrafad mzard
federalur programad aqcia (sqema 13-2).
garda amisa, socialuri usafrTxoebis fonds, sul cota, kidev erTi problema aqvs, romelze saubarsac politikosebi Tavs arideben. wlebis ganmavlobaSi
xelisufleba am fondidan Tanxas iyenebda saSemosavlo danaklisis (sabiujeto
deficitis) Sesavsebad. rodesac xelisufleba ver axerxebs saxelmwifo biujetis dabalansebas, man Tanxa an kerZo seqtoridan unda isesxos (upirveles yovlisa, fasiani qaRaldebis gayidviT), an sajaro danazogebidan aiRos - am SemTxvevaSi socialuri usafrTxoebis fonds mimarTos.
miuxedavad aRniSnuli fondidan Tanxebis mudmivi xarjvisa (flangvisa)
federaluri xelisuflebis vali 2001 wels 360 trilion dolars gautolda,
romelzec procenti 360 miliards Seadgenda. SedarebisTvis, NASA-s biujeti 14
mlrd iyo, maSin rodesac ganaTlebaze 32 mlrd, xolo gzebze 41 mlrd gamoiyo.
demografiuli zrdis tendenciebi bevr ganviTarebul qveyanaSi sapensio fonds
problemas uqmnis, samTavrobo qmedebebma da saeWvo (zogjer yalbma) aRricxvis
SemTxvevebma es problema aSS-Si kidev ufro gaamwvava.
amasobaSi, molodini izrdeba. amerikelebi, romlebic wlebis ganmavlobaSi
solidur Tanxas debdnen am sistemaSi samarTlianad elian (da moiTxoven) sruli
pensiis miRebas, rodesac samuSaos Tavs daanebeben.

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bekons mxolod zedapirulad aqvs aRwerili. miuxedavad imisa, rom kunZulis wargzavnilebma evropaSi saidumlo eqspedicia Caatares mecnierebis miRwevebis Sesaswavlad
rebulia socialuri dazRvevis programa.
wyaro: Steve Langdon-is With Compaign Dist Settling, Medicare Chances Brighter, Congressional

Quarterly (18 ianvari 1997w.): 179; Robert Pear-is Experts Say Cost of Medical Insurance Is Underestimated, New York Times, 30 noemberi 2000w., A1; Social Security Administration, Status of
the Social Security and Medicare Programs, www.ssa.gov/OACT/TRSUM/tsumary.html, 21 maisi,
2002w., sxva mxriv kunZuli mowyvetilia sazogadoebas. amgvari geografiuli izolaciis

gamo Tavdacvis saWiroeba ar arsebobs. kunZuli ekonomikuradac TviTkmaria. mdidari

bunebrivi resursebis xarjze bekoni qmnis y????????????
sqema 13-2. Medicare-is mzardi xarji
37 mln amerikelze meti iRebs medicare-s. es yvelaze mzardi da amave dros rigiT meore
ZviradRirebuli (biujetis daaxloebiT 12% xmardeba) federaluri programaa. masze ZviradRi

iseTi socialuri programebis maRali fasi, rogoricaa Medicare (samedicino

momsaxureba) da Medicaid (samedicino daxmareba) kidev erTxel gvaxsenebs, ramdenad didia industriul qveynebSi daavadebaTa mkurnalobis xarjebi. Tumca damatebiT safrTxes janmrTelobasa da sazogadoebis usafrTxoebas adamianebi Tavadac uqmnian. amdenad, xelisufleba axal medikamentebs cdis, sanam maT bazarze
gaitans da awesebs standartebs mosaxleobis transportirebisas safrTxis
maqsimalurad Sesamcireblad. calke unda aRiniSnos xelisuflebis mcdeloba,
daicvas garemo adamianebis damangreveli qmedebebisa da dabinZurebisagan, ar
daarRvios haeris dacvis savaldebulo standartebi, Seasrulos dadgenilebebi
garemoze zemoqmedebis Sesaxeb, daicvas narCenebis gadamuSavebis gamkacrebuli
moTxovnebi, konservaciis gziT ki gadaarCinos veluri bunebis gadaSenebis piras myofi saxeobebi _ es yvelaferi garemos dacvas isaxavs miznad. garemos dacvis tendenciebi, rogoricaa mJava wvimebis Semcireba da mdinareTa dabinZurebis
SezRudva, scildeba erTi saxelmwifos sazRvrebs da saerTaSoriso SeTanxme-

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bebis sagani xdeba (magaliTad, CrdiloeT amerikis Tavisufali vaWrobis SeTanxmeba, romelsac xels aweren SeerTebuli Statebi, kanada da meqsika).
ukanasknel wlebSi mniSvnelovnad gaizarda garemosdacviTi programebis
mimarT sazogadoebis mxardaWera, miuxedavad imisa, rom SeerTebul StatebSi
mwvaneTa partiam arCevnebSi warmatebas ver miaRwia sxva ganviTarebuli qveynebisgan gansxvavebiT (germania, safrangeTi). kritikosebi xSirad ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamen da acxadeben, rom xelisuflebis mcdeloba industriul ganviTarebasa da ekonomikur zrdas aferxebs, risi fasic (usargeblo dabrkolebebisa da
biurokratiuli rutinis TvalsazrisiT) Zalian maRalia.

sakuTar qmedebaTa usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa

xelisufleba moqalaqeebs sakuTari TavisaTvis safrTxis miyenebisaganac
icavs. magaliTad, zogierT StatSi moqmedebs kanoni, romelic motomrbolelebs
avaldebulebs ataron usafrTxoebis Cafxuti an janmrTelobisaTvis saSiSi
preparatebis gayidvas krZalavs. adamianebis cxovrebaSi xelisuflebis Careva
moralis sakiTxebs moicavs. meTvramete Sesworeba, romelmac mSrali kanoni
daawesa, erovnuli kanonmdeblobis mier Tavisi moqalaqeebis rogorc fizikuri,
aseve moraluri zianisgan dacvis yvelaze ufro TvalsaCino magaliTia. aseT
magaliTebs ganekuTvneba adgilobrivi, Statisa da federaluri kanonebi pornografiis gavrcelebisa da prostituciis akrZalvis Sesaxeb.
moralisturi kanonebis damcvelebi acxadeben, rom arc erT sazogadoebas
ar SeuZlia ugulebelyos moqalaqeTa moraluri Taviseburebebi, gansakuTrebiT
maSin, rodesac qcevis garkveuli normebis xelyofas arasasurveli socialuri
Sedegebi aqvs. oponentebi ki pasuxoben, rom amgvari sakanonmdeblo aqtebiT xelisufleba zRudavs pirovnul Tavisuflebas. isini aseve aRniSnaven, rom adamianebi akrZalul qmedebebs nebayoflobiT Cadian da TiToeuli pirovneba Tavad
unda wyvetdes, misTvis ra aris ukeTesi.

keTildReobis uzrunvelyofa
SeerTebul Statebs xSirad axasiaTeben, rogorc komerciul qveyanas, sadac
moqalaqeebi mudmivad finansuri usafrTxoebis ZiebaSi arian, xolo momxmarebeli mefea. saukunenaxevris win aleqsis de tokvili aRniSnavda, rom amerikelebi
mudmivad aJitirebul mdgomareobaSi imyofebian, rac pirovnuli fufunebis
dauRalavi ZiebiTaa ganpirobebuli. es mdgomareoba amerikuli sazogadoebisaTvis yvelaze damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa. damfuZnebeli mamebi swored muyaiTi
moqalaqeebisgan Semdgar sazogadoebaze fiqrobdnen, romelic sakuTar Tavze
damokidebulebis samewarmeo principebze, aRmasvlisa da mogebis miRebis motivze iqneboda dafuZnebuli.4
`komerciuli respublikis~ SeqmniT, damfuZnebelma mamebma sruliad Segnebulad daiwyes politikuri eqsperimentis ganxorcieleba, romlisTvisac
filosofosebi da ekonomistebi (maT Soris jon loki da monteskie) 100 welze
metxans ibrZodnen. maTi azriT, politikuri wesrigi, romelic komerciuli
saqmianobisa da vaWrobis zrdas uwyobda xels, yvelaze kargad uzrunvelyofda

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Zlieri erovnuli ekonomikis Seqmnas. aseT sazogadoebaSi, sadac warmateba mxolod Sromasa da bunebriv SesaZlenlobebze iyo damyarebuli, vidre warmomavlobaze, moqlaqeebs saSuleba miecemodaT, rom SeeZinaT simdidre im raodenobiT, rogorc surdaT an sWirdebodaT.
mecxramete saukuneSi, adam smitis Tavisufali bazris filosofiam, biznes-korporaciebis gaCenam da teqnologiurma ganviTarebam komerciuli saxelmwifo kapitalistur saxelmwifod gadaaqcia. gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad, kapitalizmi gulisxmobs kerZo (Cveulebisamebr, araregulirebad sakuTrebas)
manufaqturas da saqonlisa da momsaxurebis ganawilebas. meoce saukunis dasawyisSi federalurma xelisuflebam SeimuSava normebi monopoliebisgan, biznesis
borotad gamoyenebisa da ekonomikuri usamarTlobis sxva SemTxvevebisgan dasacavad. sajaro politikis es mimarTuleba gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda 1930-iani
wlebis didi depresiis pirobebSi, rodesac franklin ruzveltis iniciativiT,
daiwyo programebis ganxorcieleba, romelic rigiTi moqalaqeebis ekonomikuri
usafrTxoebis gamyarebisken iyo mimarTuli. 1960-ian da 1970-ian wlebSi samedicino momsaxurebis (Medicare), specialuri momzadebisa da dasaqmebis programebi, gazrdili SeRavaTebi socialuri usafrTxoebaze da sasursaTo talonebi,
umuSevrobis kompensaciasa da socialur usafrTxoebas uzrunvelyofda.
1980-iani wlebisaTvis federaluri xelisuflebis Careva ekonomikaSi iseTi
aSkara gaxda, rom ekonomistebma saubari daiwyes Sereul ekonomikaze, romelic
moicavda rogorc kerZo mewarmeobis, aseve socializmis niSnebs. Tumca xelisuflebis ~Carevis~ xarisxiT aSS bevrad CamorCeboda sxva dasavlur demokratiul
qveynebs, Tumca axlomxedveli politikosebi, romlebic axlomxedveli xalxiT
manipulirebdnen, amis SemCnevas ver axerxebdnen.
amerikis yofilma prezidentma ronald reiganma da aTwleulis Semdeg, nut
gingriCma da respublikelebma kongresSi gamoTqves azri, rom xelisufleba sakmaod Sors wavida pirovnuli ekonomikuri keTildReobisa da usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis saqmeSi (ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom reiganis prezidentobis periodSi federaluri biujetis deficiti mniSvnelovnad gaizarda). klintonis pirvel
saprezidento vadaSi konservatorebma kongresSi SeZles garkveuli jgufebis
interesebis dasacavad gaerTianebuliyvnen (maT Soris amerikuli samedicino
sazogadoeba, farmacevtuli kompaniebi da maRalanazRaurebadi saavadmyofoebis administratorebic iyvnen) da xeli SeeSalaT jandacvis erTiani erovnuli
sistemis SeqmnisaTvis, romelic yvela moqalaqes daicavda. dReisaTvis SeerTebul StatebSi 40 milionze met amerikels (maT Soris umetesoba bavSvia) ar aqvs
janmrTelobis dazRveva da Tavs licenzirebul eqimTan stumrobis uflebas ver
miscems, rom araferi vTqvaT saavadmyofoSi erTi dRe-Ramis gatarebaze.

sabiujeto deficiti da saxelmwifo vali

wliuri federaluri danaxarjebi aSS-Si gansacvifreblad didi _ 1.7 trilionia. rodesac xelisufleba xarjavs imaze mets, vidre agrovebs weliwadSi,
Cndeba sabiujeto deficiti, deficitis akumulireba ki saxelmwifo vals warmoSobs. ekonomistebi Tanxmdebian imaze, rom es vals, Tavisi zrdis tendenciiTa
da maStabebiT seriozul grZelvadian gavlenas moaxdens qveynis ekonomikur
janmrTelobasa da usafrTxoebaze. ekonomistebi aseve acxadeben, rom erTian

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erovnul produqtTan valis Sefardeba - erTi mesamedi (30 procenti) - TavisTavad gansakuTrebuli gangaSis safuZvels ar iZleva. sagangaSo, ekonomistTa azriT, valis zrdis tempebia.
dakarguli dividendebi: saxelmwifo vali. sabiujeto deficiti radikalurad gaizarda 1980-1990 wlebSi. 1981 wels, rodesac prezidenti ronald
reigani gaxda, vali 1 trilionze naklebi iyo. 1988 wels reiganis saprezidento
vadis dasasruls man 2.5 trilions gadaaWarba, 1997 wels ki 6 trilions miuaxlovda (am doneze rCeba dRemde). saxelmwifo valis aseT zrdas seriozuli garTulebebi SeiZleba mohyves. xelisuflebas mis dasafaravad uzarmazari sesxis
aReba da Sesabamisi procentis gadaxda mouwevs. 1990-iani wlebis bolos federaluri gadasaxadebis saxiT gadaxdili yoveli dolaridan 15 centi saSinao
valis dasafaravad wava (sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, moqalaqeebi mTavrobisTvis
gadaxdili erTi dolaris sanacvlod 85 centze naklebi Rirebulebis saqonelsa
da momsaxurebas miiReben).
1992-2000 wlebSi prezidentma bil klintonma da respublikelebis mier
kontrolirebadma kongresma swrafad mzardi saxelmwifo valis problemis
mogvareba scades da Sedegad sabiujeto deficiti 1990-ani wlebis bolosTvis mniSvnelovnad Semcirda. aseve mniSvnelovnad daeca sabiujeto deficitis
moculoba mTlian Sida produqtTan mimarTebaSi. mZlavri ekonomikis pirobebSi,
1997 wlis gazafxulze biujetis grZelvadian dagegmvaze SeTanxmdnen, rasac 2001
wlisaTvis biujeti unda daebalansebina. amasobaSi, sagadasaxado Semosavlebma
mosalodnelze swrafi mateba daiwyo, rac savaraudod bevrad ufro daaCqarebda
biujetis dabalansebas da gadaWarbebiT Sesrulebasac ki. amgvarad, problemam,
romelic ramdenime wlis win sruliad mougvarebeli Canda, droebiT mainc, ukana
planze gadainacvla.
es yvelaferi ucbad Seicvala 11 seqtembris Semdeg, rodesac kongresma
maxari dauWira niu-iork sitis rekonstruqciisTvis uzarmazari Tanxis gamoyofas, dazaralebuli aviaxazebis krizisidan gamosayvanad da qveynis SigniT
da gareT saerTaSoriso terorizmis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. biujetis
gadaWarbebiT Sesrulebis SesaZleblobac gaqra (Tuki aseTi ram odesme arsebobda).
Tavdasxmam msoflio savaWro centrze uaryofiTad imoqmeda vol stritzec
(romelic manhetenze ramdenime kvartalis moSorebiT mdebareobs), vinaidan
birJaze aqciebis fasi mkveTrad daeca. seriozuli dartyma miadga ekonomikis
mraval seqtors (magaliTad, aviaxazebsa da turizms) da tragediis Semdgom ramdenime kviris ganmavlobaSi mniSvnelovnad daeca momxmarebelTa ndoba. bevri
sawarmo gakotrebis piras mivida, xolos sxvebma TanamSromlebi daiTxoves. federalurma sarezervo bankma mniSvnelovnad Seamcira saprocento ganakveTebi (sanam ukanasknel oTxwleulSi yvelaze dabal maCvenebels ar miaRwies) im mizniT,
rom ekonomikuri vardna SeeCerebina.
sagadasaxado tvirTi: msubuqi Tu zusti? amerikelebs miaCniaT, rom gadasaxadebi Zalian maRalia, Tumca ganviTarebul qveynebs Soris aSS-Si yvelaze dabali sagadasaxado ganakveTebia. dasavleTis demokratiuli qveynebis umetesobaSi saxelmwifos mTliani Sida produqtis 40-50% saxelmwifos ekuTvnis; italiaSi,
did britaneTSi, germaniasa da kanadaSi es maCvenebeli 45%-s, xolo safrangeTSi

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50%-s utoldeba. SeerTebul StatebSi, ki, gadasaxadebi mTliani Sida produqtis
mxolod 30 procents Seadgens, xolo saSemosavlo gadasaxadebi mniSvnelovnad
Semcirda bolo wlebSi. 1999 wels saSualo amerikuli ojaxis Semosavlis 9 procenti federalur, Statis da adgilobriv gadasaxadebSi midioda. 1999 wels gadasaxadebis gadamxdelTa erTi mesamedi saSemosavlo gadasaxads ar ixdida. oTxi
pirisgan Semdgari ojaxi, romlis saSualo Semosavali 55 000 dolari iyo, 8 procentze naklebs, 1965 wlis Semdeg yvelaze dabals, da TviT yvelaze maRalSemosavliani (700 000 dolarze meti weliwadSi) erTi procentic _ mxolod 22,2 procents
ixdida.5
am SedarebiT dabal gadasaxadebs politikuri, kulturuli da ideologiuri mizezebi aqvs. amerikelebi zogadad ukmayofilebas sami ramis gamo ver malaven. esaa maRali gadasaxadebi da `didi mTavroba~; `socialuri uzrunvelyofa,
rac janmrTelobis dazRvevis saxelmwifo sistemis ararsebobaSi gamoixateba
(rac TiTqmis yvela postindustriul qveyanaSi gvxvdeba), da sawarmoTa saxelmwifo mflobeloba (komunaluri sistemis, rkinigzis, aviaxazebisa da portis
mowyobilobaTa CaTvliT).
prezidentma franklin delano ruzveltma erTxel Tqva, rom federaluri
sagadasaxado kodeqsi ~SesaZloa ucxo enazec yofiliyo dawerili~. marTlac, is
rom sxva qveyanaSi daeweraT, bevrad ufro azriani da gasagebi iqneboda. federaluri sagadasaxado kodeqsis Tavbrudamxvevi muxlebi - romelTa gageba an interpretireba SeuZlebelia - gadamxdelis Ramis koSmari da sabuRaltro kompaniebis
axdenili ocnebaa. ~gadasaxadebis gamartivebis~ mcdelobam marcxi ganicada.
1986 wels SeerTebuli Statebis kongresma miiRo kanoni, romliTac Sida Semosavlebis samsaxurs sagadasaxado sistemis gamosworeba daevala. ramdenime wlis
Semdeg ojaxis saSualo Semosavlisa da danaxarjebis ~hipoTezuri~ CamonaTvali
50 eqsperts daegzavna, raTa maT ojaxis sagadasaxado valdebulebebis es miTiuri sazRvrebi daedginaT. Sedegad warmodgenil iqna gadasaxadebis 50 sxvadasxva
~zRvruli odenoba~, romelic 12 500-dan 36 000 dolaramde meryeobda.6
SeerTebuli Statebis ~bizantiuri~ sagadasaxado sistema araCveulebrivad
aris morgebuli mdidar da Zlier saSualo klasze. dabali saSemosavlo gadasaxadebis gamo, SeerTebuli Statebi Tavis umdidres moqalaqeebs industriul qveynebs Soris yvelaze dabal sagadasaxado ganakveTs akisrebs. amave dros,
radganac gadasaxadebi moxmarebaze (gayidvebze) aseve dabalia, isini gacilebiT
nakleb tvirTad awveba gadamxdelebs, vidre maT miaCniaT. gadasaxadebis gamo
wuwuni Zveli amerikuli Cveulebaa. gaxsovT bostonuri Cais sma da amerikuli
revoluciis mowodeba: ~araviTari gadasaxadebi warmomadgenlobis gareSe?~
gadasaxadebi moxmarebaze mdidrebs mZime tvirTad ar awveba, radganac TavianTi Semosavlis sakmaod mcire wils xarjaven saWmelze, tansacmelze, transportsa da sxva ZiriTadi moxmarebis nivTebze. brunvis maRali gadasaxadebi
mZimed tvirTad saSualo fenas swored imave mizeziT awveba: isini TavianTi Semosavlis bevrad ufro did nawils xarjaven sasicocxlod aucilebel nivTebze. SedarebisaTvis sxva qveynebis magaliTebi ganvixiloT. evropul qveynebSi farTod
aris danergili damatebiTi Rirebulebis gadasaxadi (VAT) brunvis gadasaxadis
erT-erTi saxeoba, romlis dafiqsirebac (Sefasebac) produqciis warmoebisa da
Sesyidvis yvela etapze xdeba _ amgvarad gadasaxadebis mTliani ~nakrebi~ ukve mza
produqciis saboloo fasze aisaxeba da misi tvirTi momxmarebels awveba. sagadasaxado ganakveTebi evropis sxvadasxva qveyanaSi mkveTrad gansxvavdeba erTma-

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neTisgan - yvelaze dabali 19%-s, xolo yvelaze maRali 25%-s Seadgens. aSS-Si ki
piriqiT, gayidvis gadasaxadi iSviaTad aRemateba 6%-s, xolo minesotaSi sasursaTo maRaziebi am gadasaxads arc ki ixdian (es ar exeba sadils restoranSi).
SeerTebul StatebSi federaluri Semosavlebis 58 procenti individualuri da korporaciuli saSemosavlo gadasaxadebisgan Sedgeba, Tumca sagadasaxado tvirTi moqalaqeebs bevrad ufro mZimed awveba, vidre korporaciebs.
korporaculi gadasaxadi federaluri Semosavlebis mxolod 10%-s Seadgens,
igi radikalurad Semcirda 1950-1960 wlebis Semdeg (igi 25%-s Seadgenda). Tumca, amavdroulad, socialuri usafrTxoebis gadasaxadi (sul 34%) federaluri
Semosavlebis yvelaze swrafad mzardi wyaroa da 2000-01-Si (aseve, wina wlebSic)
biujetis gadaWarbebiT Sesrulebis mTavari piroba gaxda.

saganmanaTleblo krizisi
amerikelebi ganaTlebas misi praqtikuli sargeblianobidan gamomdinare
afaseben _ ras utoldeba dolarebsa da centebSi saSualo skolis diplomi an
kolejis xarisxi.7 moswavleebi saSualo skolis maRal klasebsa da kolejSi swavlas maRalanazRaurebadi samsaxuris Sovnis imediT agrZeleben.
ganaTlebas seriozuli ekonomikuri da socialuri datvirTvac aqvs mTeli
qveynisaTvis. kargad momzadebuli da unariani samuSao Zala aucilebelia, Tu
amerikas surs, rom konkurentunariani iyos globalur bazrebze.
Zalian xSirad saubroben imaze, rom amerikuli ganaTleba krizisSia. am
krizisis niSnebi ukve ramdenime welia saxezea. skolebSi iaraRi, narkotikebi da
bandebi studentebsa da maswavleblebs safrTxes erTnairad uqmnian. kolejSi misaRebi gamocdebis Sedegebis gauareseba, auracxeli kroskulturuli Sedarebebi,
romelic adasturebs rom, amerikel moswavleTa qulebi maTematikis testebSi evropel da aziel studentebTan SedarebiT dabalia, wera-kiTxvis elementaruli
unar-Cvevebis Semfasebeli testebis Zalze dabali maCvenebeli _ es yvelaferi
xSirad mohyavT amarikuli dawyebiTi da saSualo ganaTlebis marcxis magaliTebad
(ix. sqema13-3). ganaTlebis erovnuli Sefasebis monacemebis (1990) mixedviT, ~didi
nawili, Cveni dawyebiTi, sabazo da saSualo skolebis moswavleTa TiTqmis naxevarze meti inglisurSi, maTematikaSi, sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebSi, istoriasa da geografiaSi ZiriTadi sakiTxebis codnas ver avlens~, miuxedavad sajaro
skolebis kargi dafinansebisa.8 metic, amerikuli biznesi yovelwliurad 30-dan 35
miliard dolaramde xarjavs studentTa im unar-CvevebSi gadasamzadeblad, rac
maT skolaSi unda SeeZinaT. codnis Sefasebis inflacia ganaTlebis yvela safexurze yovlismomcvel da damangrevel movlenadaa aRiarebuli. maswavleblebi moswavleebs sul ufro da ufro anebivreben da maTgan sul ufro da ufro cotas
elian. ra unda gakeTdes standartebis aseTi gauaresebis fonze?

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singapuri

korea

iaponia hong kongi belgia saSualo aSS

sqema 13-3 moswavleTa codnis Sedareba

amerikel moswavleTa qulebi saerTaSoriso SedarebebSi Sua adgilzea. bolodroindeli
gamokvlevis mixedviT merveklasel amerikelTa qulebi maTematikaSi saSualoze odnav dabalia
(41 qveynis moswavleTa maCveneblebis Sedarebisas 28-e adgilze), xolo sabunebismetyvelo
mecnierebebSi saSualoze maRali (imave 41 qveynis Sedarebisas me-17 adgilze). SeniSvna: SecdomaTa
zRvari + 10 qulaa TiToeuli qveynisaTvis.

wyaro: IEA Third Internationl Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS, 1994-95).

ganaTlebis sistemis zogierTi reformatori mxars uWers skolebSi erovnu

li Sefasebebis Catarebas, rac sust da Zlier skolebs gamoavlens da situaciis
gamosworebis katalizatoris rols Seasrulebs. sxvebi aqcents moswavleebisa da
maswavleblebisaTvis Tavisufali arCevanis SesaZleblobaze akeTeben, im motiviT, rom konkurencia ganaTlebis sferoSi swavlebisa da swavlis procesis gaumjobesebas Seuwyobs xels. konservatorTa nawili, maT Soris prezidenti buSi,
mxars uWers vauCerul sistemas, romlis faglebSic saxelmwifo mxolod nawilobriv aanazRaurebs im kerZo da samrevlo skolebSi swavlas, romlebis akreditaciis pirobebs akmayofilebs.9 1993 wels kaliforniaSi gamarTul referendumze
amomrCevlebma vauCerul dafinansebas mxari ar dauWires. Tumca vauCerebis programaze aqtiuri saubari kvlav 2000 wels ganaxlda, rodesac saprezidento arCevnebSi respublikelebma gaimarjves. radganac reformatorTa umravlesoba miiCnevs, rom kerZo skolebi ukeTesad muSaoben (gansakuTrebiT romauli kaTolikuri
skolebi), isini darwmunebulni arian, rom mZafri konkurencia aiZulebs sajaro
skolebs an gaaumjobeson xarisxi, an daixuron.
amasobaSi saganmanaTleblo eqsperimenti win miiwevs. baltimorsa da miniapolisSi kerZo komerciuli korporaciebi sajaro skolebs afinanseben, xolo
niu-iorkis StatSi saxelmwifo exmareba kerZo skolebs. sxvadasxva saxis kerZo

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skolebi iqmneba mTeli qveynis masStabiT, Zlierdeba saojaxo skolebis arsebobis tendenciac.
sajaro skolis administratorebi da maswavleblebi zogadad fundamentur reformebs ewinaaRmdegebian. isini SiSoben, rom vauCeruli sistema sajaro
skolebs yvelaze naklebad sasurveli studentebis sarbielad gadaaqcevs. isini
aseve eWvs gamoTqvamen imis Taobaze, SeuZlia Tu ara standartul testebs zustad Seafasos moswavleTa codna. bolos, isini imasac aRniSnaven, rom yvelaze
ufro mwvave problemebi, romlebsac sajaro skolebi awydebian, iseTi seriozuli socialuri problemebis gamoZaxilia, rogoricaa danaSauli, ojaxebis
ngreva, narkotikebis gamoyeneba da ganaTlebis mimarT interesis dakargva; am
problemebis mogvareba ki skolebs ar ZaluZT. erTaderTi sakiTxi, razec yvela
Tanxmdeba, isaa rom ganaTlebuli moqalaqeebi ekonomikuri warmatebis aucilebeli pirobaa, rogorc individualurad, aseve koleqtiurad.

Semosavlebis ganawileba
keTildReoba damokidebulia aramarto sazogadoebaSi dagrovil simdidreze, aramed mis ganawilebazec. Semosavlis ganawileba warmoSobs aramxolod
ekonomikur, aramed zneobis sakiTxebsac. momxmareblebma sakmarisi fuli unda
gamoimuSavon imisTvis, rom warmoebuli produqciisa da momsaxurebis xarjebis
dafarva SeZlon. Tu amas ver SeZleben da verc produqciisa da momsaxurebis
eqsporti ver moxdeba ekonomika nel-nela vardnisken wava. moraluri TvalsazrisiT aSkara ekonomikuri uTanasworobis gamarTleba Znelia sazogadoebaSi,
romlis devizic xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi iyo: ~patiosnad imuSaveb, patiosnad gadagixdian.~
sul ufro mzardia gansxvaveba sazogadoebis umdidresi da uRaribesi
wevrebis Semosavals Soris. magaliTad, 1994 wels aSS-is mosaxleobis umdidresi
mexuTedis Semosavali 13,5-jer aRemateboda misi uRaribesi mexuTedis Semosavals (ix. sqema 13-4). metic, 2000 wels SeerTebul StatebSi siRaribis maCvenebeli 11,3%-s Seadgenda, xolo rasobriv WrilSi es maCvenebeli ase gamoiyureba:
9,4% TeTrkanianebi, 22,1% Savkanianebi, 21,2% laTinoamerikelebi da 10,8% _ aziuri warmoSobis amerikelebi.10

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sqema 13-4 ojaxis Semosavlebis uTanasworoba, 2000

wyaro: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Current Population Survey, 2000-2001, 12
maisi, 2002w. www.census.gov/hhes/www/img/incpov00/fig12.jpg

SemaSfoTebeli tendenciebi, romlebic 1980 wels gaxda aSkara da 1990-ian

wlebSic gagrZelda. rogorc erT-erTi eqsperti aRniSnavda, 1980-ian wlebSi
~Zlier, ganaTlebul, daojaxebul da uzrunvelyofil adamianTa raodenoba saSualo erovnul maCvenebelze maRali iyo, maSin roca ~qalebis, axalgazrdebis,
Savkanianebis da laTinoamerikelebis araproporciulad didi nawili am epoqis
danakargad iqca.~ gansakuTrebiT mZime mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndnen qalaqis Zveli
ubnebis mcxovrebni _ ~skolis gareT darCenili moswavleebi, martoxela dedebi, diasaxlisebi, umuSevari axalgazrda Savkaniani mamakacebi da yvela rasis
usaxlkaroni~, romelTa mzardi ricxvi `kiTxvebs badebda eris momavalze~.11
konservatorebi ekonomikuri uTanasworobis sakiTxs gansxvavebulad uyureben. imis magivrad, rom Semosavlebs Soris mkafio gansxvavebze gaakeTon
aqcenti, isini xazs usvamen, rom aSS-s yovelTvis hyavda Zlieri saSualo klasi
da wamgebiani iqneba sazogadoebis sxvadasxva fenebis gaTanabreba sakanonmdeblo gziT (aq igulisxmeba programebi, romelTa mizania Semosavlebis Tanabrad
gadanawileba). Tumca aRmoCnda, rom politika, romelic maTTvisaa Seqmnili,
vinc bevrs muSaobs, ekonomikur riskze midis, fuls gonivrulad abandebs da
xalxisaTvis saWiro produqciasa da momsaxurebas uzrunvelyofs, bevrad ufro
nayofieria.
konservatorebi imasac aRniSnaven, rom Semosavlis ganawilebis maCveneblebSi asaxuli ar aris samTavrobo transferebi, romelTa mizania sazogadoebis yvelaze ufro daucveli fenis daxmareba (kompensaciebi umuSevarTaTvis,
talonebi produqtebze, SeRavaTebi mravalSvilian ojaxebze da a.S.). detaluri
monitoringis pirobebSi aseTi programebi, garkveulwilad SezRuduli raodenobiT, exmareba Raribebs ise, rom sazogadoebis dasaqmebul moqalaqeTa did umravlesobas ar ukargavs motivacias kvlavac iSromon da qveynis uwyveti keTildReoba uzrunvelyon.
Tumca yvela kiTxvaze pasuxi arc liberalebs aqvT da arc konservatorebs.

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magaliTad, riT SeiZleba daexmaros sazogadoeba 16 wlis martoxela dedas,
romelmac axlaxan miatova skola, rom aramxolod gadarCes, aramed warmatebis
Sansic hqondes cxovrebaSi?

Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofa
Tanasworoba amerikuli politikuri cxovrebis amosavali principia. Tavisuflebis deklaraciis Tezisi ~yvela adamiani Tanaswori ibadeba~ niSnavs, rom
~sicocxle, Tavisufleba da bednierebisken swrafva yvela~ yvela amerikelis
Tandayolili uflebaa da ara privilegirebuli umciresobisa. Tavisuflebis
deklaraciis miRebamde erTi saukuniT adre ingliseli politikuri filosofosi jon loki amtkicebda, rom ~ sicocxle, Tavisufleba da sakuTreba~ yvela
adamianis bunebrivi uflebaa. amdenad Tanasworuflebianobis ideas _ maTi realurad xorcSesxmisagan gansxvavebiT _ Rrma fesvebi aqvs anglosaqsur politikur
tradiciaSi.

rasobrivi diskriminacia
sqesobrivi da rasobrivi diskriminaciis TvalsazrisiT amerikuli gamocdileba bevrad Camouvardeba Tansaworuflebianobis princips. afroamerikelebis diskriminacia SeerTebuli Statebis politikuri cxovrebis udavo faqtad
rCeba. monobis dakanonebam 1860-ian wlebamde amerikuli idealebi dacinvis sagnad aqcia. samoqalaqo omis zRurblze, dred skotis samarcxvinod cnobil SemTxvevaSi, uzenaesma sasamarTlom daadgina, rom Savkanianebi, ganurCevlad imisa,
monebi iyvnen Tu Tavisufalni, moqalaqeebad ar CaiTvlebodnen. mTavari mosamarTle rojerteni amtkicebda, rom Savkanianebi imdenad `uRirsni~ iyvnen, rom maT `ar
gaaCndaT uflebebi, romelTa dacvac TeTrkanianebs moeTxovebodaT~.
samoqalaqo omis Sedegad monobas bolo moeRo, magram es kanonis winaSe
Tanasworobas ar niSnavda. mdgomareoba, verc meToTxmete Sesworebam Secvala,
romelic sxva sakiTxebTan erTad iZleoda imis garantias,rom arcerT pirovnebas ar SeiZleba uari eTqvas `kanonis erTnairad dacvaze~. samwuxarod, swored
uzenaesi sasamarTlo, konstituciis dacvis garanti, yvelaze metad ugulebelyofda am Sesworebis ZiriTad arss.
gamorCeuli samarTlebrivi precedentebi: samoqalaqo uflebebis saqmis ganxilvis Sedegad (1883 wels), sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom kongresis mier
miRebuli aqtebi, romlebic sazogadoebrivi TavSeyris adgilebSi (restornebSi, skverebSi da a.S.) rasobriv diskriminacias krZalavda, arakonstituciuri
iyo.12 meToTxmete Sesworebis is muxli, romelic Tanabar dacvas gulisxmobda,
mosamarTlis daskvniT, miznad isaxavda diskriminaciis akrZalvas mxolod saxelmwifos da ara kerZo pirebis mxridan. calkeuli individebis mier Cadenil
diskriminaciul aqtebs sajaro xelisuflebasTan oficialuri kavSiri ar hqonia, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, federaluri xelisuflebis kompetenciis sferos scildeba da Sesabamisad, federaluri sasamarTloebisasac. magaliTad, Tu
restornebis mesakuTre uars etyoda Savkanian moqalaqeebs, am SemTxvevaSi is

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kerZo piris uflebebiT isargeblebda da kongresis aranairi gadawyvetileba am
SemTxvevaSi konstituciuri ar iqneboda.
cameti wlis Semdeg, plesi fergiusonis winaaRmdeg saqmis (1896) ganxilvisas, sasamarTlo kidev ufro Sors wavida.13 Statis im kanonebis gadaxedvisas,
romlebic akanonebda matareblis vagonebSi rasobriv segregacias, sasamarTlom
kanonierad cno doqtrina _ `gancalkevebuli, magram Tanaswori~.
homer plesim (sasamarTlos CanaweriT `Svidi mervedi kavkasiuri da erTi
mervedi afrikuli sisxliT~) mxolod da mxolod matarebelSi TeTrebis seqciaSi
arsebuli savarZliT isargebla da mas mosTxoves `feradkanianTa~ seqciaSi gadasuliyo. TiTqmis erTxmad sasamarTlom uaryo plesis sarCeli imis Taobaze, rom
kanoni segregeciis Sesaxeb arRvevda kanonis winaSe misi Tanasworobis uflebas.
maTi mtkicebiT, kanoni Tavisi arsiT neitraluri iyo. igi orive rasis warmomadgenlebs Tanabar pirobebSi ayenebda. sasamarTlo imdenad Sors wavida, rom daaskvna _ Tu `ori rasis dakanonebuli gancalkeveba feradkanian moqalaqeebs damamcirebel damRas asvams~, es `aqtSi ki ar aris Cadebuli, aramed aseT datvirTvas
feradkanini rasis warmoamdgenlebi Tavad aZleven mas.~
samoqalaqo uflebebisa da plesi fergiusonis winaaRmdeg saqmeebis ganxilvisas mxolod da mxolod mosamarTle jon m. harlani ar daeTanxma sasamarTlos
gadawyvetilebas. orive SemTxvevaSi, misi azriT sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba
ewinaaRmdegeboda meToTxmete Sesworebas, romelmac `saxelisuflebo sistema
rasobriobis damRisgan gaaTavisufla~. mas sjeroda, rom arc erT xelisuflebas, arc erT doneze gaaCnda konstituciuri ufleba, mieRo kanonebi, romlebic
rasobriv diskriminaciaze iqneboda dafuZnebuli. misi azriT, konstitucias
rasobrivi mikerZoeba axasiaTebda. harlanis gansxvavebul mosazrebebs 58 weli
dasWirda, sanam kanonis saxes miiRebda.
samoqalaqo uflbebisa da plesi fergiusonis winaarmdeg saqmeebis ganxilvisas sasamarTlom, garda imisa, rom aSkara rasobrivi segregaciis sanqcionireba moaxdina samxreTSi, aseve Seuwyo xeli socialuri sistemis samarTlebriv
CarCoebSi moqcevas, sadac Savkanianebi diskriminaciis, uxeSad mopyrobisa da
mkvlelobis msxverplnic ki xdebodnen.
rasobrivi Tanasworoba: bolos da bolos Tavisufali? samarTlebrivad
uzrunvelyofili Tu nakarnaxevi rasobrivi segregacia wesad iyo qceuli
samxreTSi (da CrdiloeTis umetes nawilSic) meoce saukuneSi. Tumca, 1940-iani
wlebis bolo xanebidan uzenaesma sasamarTlom Zveli samarTlebrivi formularebis interpretaciisas gezi nel-nela rasobrivi Tanasworobis dacvaze aiRo.
magaliTad, Seli krameris winaaRmdeg (1948) saqmeSi aRniSnuli iyo, rom kerZo
kontraqtebSi Cadebuli diskriminaciuli zomebis samarTlebrivi mxardaWera
ar iyo konstituciuri.14 sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom msgavsi xelSekrulebebis
legalurad gamocxadeba

~saxelmwifos mxridan diskriminaciul qmedebas~

utoldeboda, rac meToTxmete SesworebiT iyo akrZaluli. miuxedavad imisa,

rom am normis dauyovnebliv akrZalvaze sasamarTlom uari Tqva, man moiTxova,
rom gancalkevebuli sajaro dawesebulebebi WeSmaritad Tanaswori yofiliyo.
amgvarad, sviti peinteris winaaRmdeg saqmis ganxilvisas sasamarTlom daavaldebula texasis universitetis samarTlis skola mieRo Savkaniani studentebic,
radganac Stats ar SeeZlo SavkanianebisaTvis imave donisa da reputaciis calke
skola Seeqmna.15

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brauni topekas saganmanaTleblo sabWos winaaRmdeg cnobili saqmis ganxilvisas (1954) sasamarTlom erTxel da samudamod uaryo gancalkevebuli, magram Tanaswori (segregaciis) doqtrina.16 sasamarTlom segregirebuli skolebi
arakonstituciurad gamoacxada, ~radganac aseTi tipis saswavlo dawesebulebebi TavianTi arsiT uTanasworoa.~
braunis saqmeze gamotanilma ganaCenma sityva ~Tanasworobis~ mniSvnelobaze gacxovelebuli debatebi gamoiwvia aSS-Si. miuxedavad Tavdapirveli protestis simZafrisa, erovnuli konsensusi mxolod etapobrivad iqna miRweuli.
aTi wlis Semdeg kongresma miiRo 1964 wlis samoqalaqo uflebebis aqti,17 federaluri kanonebis pirveli seria, romelic miznad rasobrivi Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofas isaxavda. is faqti, rom 1964 wlis aqti akanonebda Tanaswori mopyrobisa da momsaxurebis princips dawesebulebebSi, romelic arakanonierad iqna
gamocxadebuli samoqalaqo uflebebis saqmis ganxilvisas, axal etapze gadasvlaze miuTiTebda.1960-iani wlebis bolos, intensiuri samoqalaqo moZraobisa
da samoqalaqo omidan moyolebuli yvelaze Zlieri samoqalaqo areulobis Semdeg mTavroba sabolood mzad iyo yvela moqalaqisaTvis Tanasworuflebianobis principi samarTlebrivad ganemtkicebina. politikurma orTabrZolam rasobrivi Tanasworobisa da TeTrkanianTa upiratesobis sakiTxebze, dasabami misca
rTul da gacxovelebul debatebs Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofis saSualebebze.
`saskolo avtobusebis saqme~. pasuxi kiTxvaze, ramdenad Sors SeuZlia
da valdebulia xelisufleba uzrunvelyos Tanabari uflebebi kargad gamoCnda
1970-1980-ian wlebSi saskolo avtobusebis saqmis magaliTze, romelic Sedegad
mohyva `brauni saganmanaTleblo sabWos winaaRmdeg~ bundovan saqmes. am SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi segregacia arakonstituciuri iyo. mas Semdeg, rac sasamarTlom aRiara, rom Savkaniani
bavSvebi integrirebul skolebSi ukeT iswavlidnen, Tumca sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba imasac gulisxmobda, rom mxolod sakanonmdeblo da de iure cvlilebebi sakmarisi ar iyo am miznis gansaxorcieleblad. de faqto segregacia isev
problemad rCeboda, _ rac siRaribis socialur-ekonomikuri gavlenis Sedegi
iyo _ igulisxmeba afroamerikuli mosaxleobis koncentracia Zvel ubnebSi.
magram rogor unda ganxorcielebuliyo mosaxleobis gadanawilebis arsebuli sqemis cvlileba integrirebuli skolebis Seqmnis mizniT? yvelaze realuri SesaZlebloba moswavleTa integraciisa, am ubnebidan maTi transportirebis
uzrunvelyofa iyo. moswavleTa transportireba garda imisa, rom maTi integraciis yvelaze sando saSualeba iyo, `Tanaswori SesaZleblobis~ uzrunvelyofisaTvis qveynis mkafio da udavo mzadyofnazec miuTiTebda. saskolo avtobusebis
SemoRebam _ rac garkveul SemTxvevebSi federaluri saolqo sasamarTloebis
mier iyo dadgenili da araerTxel ganxiluli federaluri mosamarTleebis mier,
qveynis yovel teritoriul erTeuls miawvdina xma imis Sesaxeb, rom amieridan
rasobrivad erTgvarovani skolebi `kanonebis Tanabari dacvis Sesaxeb~ konstituciur tests veRar Caabarebdnen.
kritikosebi saskolo avtobusebis SemoRebas sxvadasxva mizeziT ewinaaRmdegebodnen. maT Soris iyvnen is mSoblebic, romlebsac umciresobebis mimarT
ampartavnuli damokidebuleba hqondaT, magram kidev ufro Zlieri iyo winaaRmdegoba im mSoblebis mxridan, romlebic Tvlidnen, rom axlomdebare skola
saukeTeso iyo bavSvebisaTvis, miuxedavad imisa, sad cxovrobdnen isini. sxvebi

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acxadebdnen, rom skola ar unda gadaqceuliyo `socialur laboratoriad~.
skolis administracias eSinoda, rom mSoblebis interesi da monawileoba saxlsa
da skolas Soris manZilis zrdis paralelurad Semcirdeboda.
sabolood,

saskolo

avtobusebiT

gamowveuli

ukmayofileba

sajaro

18

skolebis mimarT `ndobis kriziss~ daemTxva. dabali sagamocdo Sefasebebi, saskolo disciplinasa da narkotikebTan dakavSirebuli problemebi, dabali akademiuri standartebi da skolis dafinansebasTan dakavSirebuli mosalodneli
siZneleebi naTlad miuTiTebda, rom sajaro skolebSi yvelaferi rigze ver iyo.
iyo Tu ara saskolo avtobusebis idea kargi? diax da ara! man aiZula adgilobrivi xelisufleba da skolis sabWoebi, gareubnebis skolebSi saswavlo garemo
da pirobebi gaeumjobesebina. man aseve daanaxa skeptikosebs, rom xelisufleba
seriozulad apirebda ganaTlebis Tanabari xelmisawvdomobis uzrunvelyofas.
meores mxriv, saskolo avtobusebis SemoRebas garkveul SemTxvevebSi qalaqis
erTi nawilidan meoreSi umciresobebis gadanawileba mohyva. adgilobrivi xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi cdilobdnen, rom saskolo avtobusebiT moswavleebi SavkanianebiT dasaxlebuli ubnebidan TeTrkanianTa ubnebSi gadaeyvanaT,
Tumca uzenaesma sasamarTlom gaauqma msgavsi gadawyvetilebebi, garda im SemTxvevebisa, rodesac xelisuflebis mier Tavsmoxveuli diskriminaciidan Tavis daRwevis yvelaze saTanado saSualeba swored saskolo avtobusebis gamoyeneba iyo.19

sakompensacio diskriminacia Tu pozitiuri diskriminacia

saskolo avtobusebis SemTxveva 1970 wels sakompensacio diskriminaciis
(upiratesi uflebebis miniWeba) Taobaze debatebma daCrdila. am SemTxvevaSi
saqme exeboda samTavrobo programebsa da aqtebs, romlebis umciresobebs samsaxurSi ayvanisa da dawinaurebis, kolejebsa da profesiul saswavleblebSi
miRebis dros da sxva analogiur SemTxvevebSi garkveul upiratesobas aniWebda.
maTi mizani warsulsa da awmyoSi umciresobis winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebuli diskriminaciis Sedegebis gamosworeba iyo. saskolo avtobusebis msgavsad, es programebi Tanasworobis saxeliT Seiqmna. Tumca bevr adamians uCndeboda SekiTxva,
iyo Tu ara es programebi marTlac samarTliani? isini, vinc sakompensacio diskriminacias ewinaaRmdegebodnen mas pozitiur diskriminaciad afasebdnen.
Tu konstituciiT daSvebulia umciresobebisTvis garkveuli upiratesobebis miniWeba, icavs Tu ara igi umravlesobas pozitiuri diskriminaciisagan?
am kiTxvas pasuxi nawilobriv 1978 wels gaeca, rodesac sasamarTlom ganaCeni
gamoitana TeTrkaniani studentis alan bakis sarCeliT aRZrul saqmeze, romelic devisSi, kaliforniis universitetis samarTlis skolaSi mowyobas amaod cdilobda.20 baki amtkicebda, rom samedicino skolis specialuri misaRebi
programa (programa gulisxmobda umciresobis warmomadgeneli studentebis
Caricxvas maTTvis gamoyofil adgilebze, miuxedavad imisa, rom zogierTs bakze
gacilebiT dabali saSualo Sefaseba da standartuli testis qula hqonda), mas
usamarTlod arTmevda swavlis Sanss mxolod da mxolod misi rasobrivi kuTvnilebis gamo. sasamarTlom ganaCeni maleve gamoitana (romelic sakmaod gaugebari iyo), igi eTanxmeboda baks, rom analogiuri kvotebi, romelic upiratesi
uflebis miniWebis magaliTia, arakonstituciuri iyo da skolas bakis dauyonebliv miReba mosTxova. sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebaSi aseve miTiTebuli iyo,

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rom upiratesoba umciresobebs mxolod garkveuli garemoebebis dadgomisas
unda eniWebodeT. uzenaesma sasamarTlom bakis saqmeze miRebuli gadawyvetileba Tavis Semdgom aqtebSi gaamyara.21
TumcaRa, uzenaesma sasamarTlom mxari dauWira samsaxurSi miRebis programebs, romlebic farTod efuZneboda upiratesi uflebis miniWebis princips (ZalaSi datova sqemebi, romlebic umciresobas samsaxuridan daTxovnisgan dacvis
upirates uflebas aniWebda).22 aseve mxari dauWira upiratesi uflebebis miniWebis doqtrinas qalebis samsaxurSi miRebisas, kerZod, upiratesoba mieniWebodaT maTze ufro maRali kvalifikaciis mamakacebTan SedarebiT dasaqmebulTa
Soris genderuli balansis uzrunvelsayofad.23
meore mxriv, bolo xanebSi sasamarTlom umciresobaTa kuTvnil biznesze upiratesoba SezRuda, riTac Secvala (an sulac gaauqma) Tavisi Zveli
gadawyvetilebebi.24 amdenad, gaurkvevelia sasamarTlos damokidebuleba, sad
mTavrdeba sakompensacio diskriminacia da sad iwyeba pozitiuri diskriminacia.
mxolod ori ganzogadebuli daskvnis gakeTebaa SesaZlebeli. pirveli, konstitucia kongress gacilebiT did Tavisuflebas aniWebs, vidre Statsa da adgilobriv xelisuflebas warsuli diskriminaciis Sedegebis aRmosafxvrelad. meore,
rasobrivi diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli upiratesi uflebebis miniWebis
programebi Statebisa da adgilobriv doneze bevrad ufro didi mxardaWeriT
sargebloben, rodesac saxezea umciresobis diskriminaciis konkretuli (da ara
zogadsocialuri) SemTxvevebi.25
msgavsi programebi winaaRmdegobrivia da xSirad xdeba sasamarTlo ganxilvis sagani. am procesebma 1996 wlis noemberSi gansakuTrebiT dramatuli xasiaTi
miiRo, rodesac amomrCevlebma mxari dauWires kaliforniis samoqalaqo uflebaTa iniciativas, romelic Statis xelisuflebas ukrZalavda diskriminacias an
upiratesobebis miniWebas rasis, sqesis, kanis feris, eTnikuri kuTvnilebis an
warmomavlobis safuZvelze. amomrCevelTa mcdeloba, SezRuduliyo sakompensacio diskriminaciis programebi, dauyovnebliv iqna gasaCivrebuli sasamarTloSi, ramac maTi ganxorcieleba ramdenime TviT SeaCera.
upirates uflebaTa miniWebis programebis mxardamWerebi amtkiceben, rom
miniWebuli privilegiebi gamarTlebulia (aucilebelic ki), radganac umciresobaTa mTeli Taobebi ganicdidnen diskriminacias. metic, maTi azriT, afroamerikelebi da sxva umciresobebi naklebad iyvnen warmodgenili sxvadasxva
profesiebSi. maSin, roca Savkanianebi mTeli mosaxleobis 12 procents Seadgenen, advokatebis, mosamarTleebis, eqimebis, inJinrebis, universitetebis da
kolejebis profesorTa mxolod 4 procents warmoadgenen. xolo upiratesi
uflebebis miniWebiT gamoswordeba mdgomareoba, romelic istoriuli usamarTlobiT (gansakuTrebiT monobiTa da rasobrivi segregaciiT) ganpirobebuli socialuri garemoebebiTaa gamowveuli.
upiratesi uflebebis miniWebis oponentebi aqcents ufro im moqalaqeebze
akeTeben, vinc am programis ganxorcielebiT zaraldeba, nacvlad im jgufebisa, visac es programebi exmareba. arsebuli TvalTaxedviT, instituciuri diskriminaciis nebismieri forma usamarTlod da daumsaxureblad sjis adamianebs.
samarTlianoba moiTxovs, rom gadawyvetilebebi saswavlebelsa da samsaxurSi
miRebis Sesaxeb saTanado kriteriumebis Sesabamisad Tanasworobis principze
dayrdnobiT iqnes miRebuli. oponentebi imasac acxadeben, rom sazogadoeba isjeba, rodesac yvelaze konkurentunarian moqalaqeebs gzas uRobaven warmatebi-

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sken. am mosazrebis Tanaxmad, WeSmariti samarTlianoba sulac ar gulisxmobs
sazogadoebas, sadac sxvadasva profesiaSi yvela rasa proporciulad iqneba
warmodgenili; is mxolod Tanabar SesaZleblobebs moiTxovs. rogorc mosamarTle harlanma Tqva, Tanasworobis misaRwevad saWiroa, konstitucia ~ferebs ar
arCevdes.~

vis sWirdeba dacva?

afroamerikelebis garda, arseboben Tu ara sxva jgufebi, romlebic upiratesi uflebebiT unda sargeblobdnen? gamxdaran Tu ara adgilobrivi amerikelebi diskriminaciis msxverpli? ra mdgomareobaSi arian laTinoamerikelebi?
aziuri warmoSobis amerikelebic dazaraldnen, magram miuxedavad amisa, isini
mravlad arian warmodgenili iseT dargebSi, rogoricaa maTematika da sainformacio teqnologiebi. nuTu aseTi warmatebis SemTxvevebi upiratesi uflebebis
miniWebis ideas azrs ukargavs?
sqesobrivi diskriminaciis problemas bevrad ufro mwvave sakiTxebis
wamoweva mohyva. 1970-ianidan 1980-ian wlebamde mimdinare debatebi sabediswero
~Tanabari uflebebis Sesaxeb Sesworebas Seexeboda~, romelic uzrunvelyofda,
rom ~Tanabari mopyrobis kanonieri ufleba ar SeiZleboda uaryofili an SezRuduli yofiliyo SeerTebuli Statebis federaluri an Statebis xelisuflebis mier sqesobrivi gansxvavebis safuZvelze~. saWiroeben Tu ara qalebi
dacvas, rogorc istoriulad daCagruli umciresoba? sWirdebaT Tu ara maT
upiratesobis miniWeba warsuli diskriminaciis Sedegebis aRmosafxvrelad? Tu
asea, Sedegad ras miviRebT? magaliTad, federaluri kanonis Tanaxmad, samxedro
samsaxurisaTvis mxolod mamakacebi unda daregistrirdnen?26 nuTu es kanoni
sqesTa Soris mxolod fizikur gansxvavebas iTvaliswinebs? ayenebs Tu ara is
mamakacebs upirates mdgomareobaSi, raki miiCnevs maT qalebze fizikurad da
emociurad aRmatebul arsebebad (qalebi susti, arakoordinirebuli, arastabiluri da panikisadmi midrekilni arian), romelTac ar SeswevT unari samxedro
samsaxuri gaiaron? Tu piriqiT, qalebs upirates mdgomareobaSi ayenebs arasasurveli valdebulebisagan gaTavisuflebiT? msgavs winaaRmdegobas sxvadasxva
normatiul aqtebSic vawydebiT; maT Sorisaa kanonmdebloba arasrulwlovanTa gaupatiurebis Sesaxeb, romelic mamakacebs ukrZalavs arasrulwlovan gogonebTan sqesobriv kavSirs, qalebs ki ara arasrulwlovan vaJebTan.27
Raribi da umweo mosaxleoba kidev erTi jgufia, romelic bevris azriT
upirates mopyrobas imsaxurebs. ra aris siRaribe _ roca adamianebi SimSilis
piras imyofebian, Tu roca cxovrebis Sesabamisi pirobebi ara aqvT? rogori
unda iyos cxovrebis Sesabamisi pirobebi? zogierTi eqsperti Raribs uwodebs
sazogadoebis garkveul procentul nawils, romlebic saerTo saSemosavlo
Skalis yvelaze dabal niSnulze imyofebian, Tumca es arafers gveubneba imaze,
rogor cxovroben aseTi adamianebi sinamdvileSi _ dasavleTis mdidar qveynebSi
yvelaze dabalSemosavliani 20 procenti gacilebiT ukeT cxovrobs, vidre mesame msoflios qveynebis mosaxleobis didi umravlesoba.
socuzrunvelyofis sistemis oponentebi ki amtkiceben, rom Raribebi
siduxWireSi TavianTi mavne Cvevebisa da mosazrebebis gamo cxovroben da maT
Secvlas arckneti cdiloben, xolo xelisuflebas amgvari pirovnuli marcxis Sedegebis gamosworeba naklebad ZaluZs. sxvebi amtkiceben, rom Raribebi

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gulgrili sazogadoebisa da ulmobeli konkurentuli ekonomikuri sistemis
msxverplni arian. xelisufleba valdebulia Tavisi Zala ekonomikuri da socialuri Tanasworobis xarisxis gasaZliereblad gamoiyenos.
bolos, ganvixiloT kidev erTi sakiTxi _ iyvnen Tu ara sxva jgufebi _ magaliTad, homoseqsualistebi warsulSi diskriminaciis obieqtebi da unda iyvnen
Tu ara isini kanoniT daculni diskriminaciisagan samsaxurSi an saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebaSi miRebisa Tu socialuri SeRavaTebis miniWebi sas. 1992 wels
koloradoSi amomrCevlebma xma misces saqsualuri umciresobebisaTvis samarTlebrivi dacvisa da calkeuli upiratesobebis akrZalvas. referendumis Sedegebi gauqmda 1996 wels, rodesac uzenaesma sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom aRniSnuli zomebi diskriminaciuli da arakonstituciuri iyo.28 es SemTxveva, sxva
analogiur SemTxvevebTan erTad, Semdeg kiTxvas badebs: romeli samarTlebrivi
normebi icavs uklebliv yvela amerikels?

Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofa
Tanasworobis msgavsad, Tavisuflebac Tanamedrove politikuri cxovrebis umTavresi mizania. gamonaTqvamebi, romlebic Tavisuflebis politikur Rirebulebas ganadidebs, Tan gasdevs amerikis respublikis istorias. `an Tavisufleba an sikvdili,~ patrik henris es sityvebi erovnul mowodebad iqca.

Tavisufleba, rogorc Rirebuleba

politikuri Tavisufleba dasavleTSi didxans gulisxmobda xelisuflebisgan dawesebuli SezRudvisgan gaTavisuflebas. amdenad, Tavisufleba mniSvnelovani politikuri kapitalia oTxi ZiriTadi mizezis gamo:
1.

sicocxle azrs kargavs, Tu individs misi Tavad gankargva ar SeuZlia.

radganac arCevanis amgvari Tavisufleba gamorCeuli adamianuri Tvisebaa, igi niSnavs SesaZleblobas, moiqce ise, rogorc mxolod adamianebi
iqcevian. aseve adamianuri Rirseba Tavisuflebis gareSe warmoudgenelia,
radganac mozrdil moqalaqeTa umetesobas unari Seswevs sakuTar qmedebebze pasuxismgebloba aiRos, Tvisuflebis ararseboba individs TviTrealizaciis saSualebas arTmevs da mis ganviTrebas aferxebs. sxva sityvebiT
rom vTqvaT, Tavisuflebis SezRudvas zrdasruli adamianebi bavSvis doneze dahyavs.

2.

Tavisufleba emyareba rwmenas, rom individebma ukeT ician, ra surT an

sWirdebaT bednierebisaTvis. am Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad misi ganxorcieleba, mxolod maSin aris SesaZlebeli, rodesac individi Tavad wyvets, rogor gamoiyenos Tavisi dro da fuli.

3.

Tavisufleba aucilebelia ideebis Sinaarsiani gacvlisaTvis, iseve, rogorc socialuri progresis misaRwevad. mxolod Tavisufal sazogadoebaSi aris SesaZlebeli ideebis gamoxatva, siaxleTa Seqmna da maTi sazogadoebis sasikeTod gamoyeneba. gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aseve xelisuflebis

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patiosnebis uzrunvelyofis umTavresi pirobaa.
4.

Tavisuflebis SezRudvas xSirad Zalauflebis borotad gamoyenebamde mivyavarT. Tu xelisuflebas xels aravin uSlis, miitanos ieriSi erTi adamianis Tavisuflebaze, sxva danarCenebis Tavisuflebac safrTxis winaSe
dadgeba. magaliTad, yvela vTanxmdebiT, rom garkveuli tipis qceva, rogoricaa regularuli dabana _ uaRresad sasurvelia. am uflebis Tavisuflad ganxorcielebisas SesaZloa maincdamainc sasurvel Sedegamde ver
mivideT (magaliTad, ras ityviT moqalaqis konstituciur uflebaze, ar
daicvas higienis normebi). magram Tu policias SeeZleba transportSi Cems
gverdiT mjdomi adamiani imis gamo daajarimos, rom mas Sxapi ar miuRia, ra
SeuSlis mas xels, damiWiros Tu Tmas saTanadod ar davivarcxni an wvers ar
gaviparsav?

Tavisufleba da pirveli Sesworeba

SeerTebul StatebSi, samarTlebrivi sakiTxebis ganxilvisas, romelic
pirovnebis Tavisuflebas exeba, pirvel Sesworebas moiSvelieben. masSi aRniSnulia:
kongresma ar SeiZleba miiRos kanoni, romelic mxars dauWers
romelime religias an mis Tavisufal ganxorcielebas, sityvis an presis
Tavisuflebas, adamianTa mSvidobiani Sekrebis da xelisuflebisgan miyenebuli zaralis anzRaurebis moTxovnis uflebas SezRudavs.

amgvarad, pirveli Sesworeba icavs samoqalaqo Tavisuflebis 4 ZiriTad

aspeqts: sityvis Tavisuflebas, presis Tavisuflebas, religiis Tavisuflebas,
mSvidobiani Sekrebis Tavisuflebas. radganac Sesworebis ena lakonuri da zogadia, pirveli sami ufleba xSirad saWiroebs interpretacias sazogadoebis mxridan.
sityvis Tavisufleba. xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi Tanxmdebian, rom
pirveli Sesworebis umTavresi mizani politikuri gamosvlebis Tavisuflebis
uzrunvelyofa iyo. respublikis pirobebSi, politikuri sistemis efeqturi
funqcionirebis umTavresi piroba politikur oponentebs Soris Ria debatebia.
sityvis Tavisufleba TiTqmis arasodes gamxdara sadavo, sityvis Sinaarsi ki _
araerTxel.
Tumca, sityvis Tavisufleba SesaZloa gaxdes cxare ganxilvis sagani, rodesac individebi, romlebic am TavisuflebiT sargebloben, arapopularulni arian an politikuri sistemis xelSeuxeblobasa da kanonierebas eWvqveS ayeneben.
eqstremistebi xSirad Zlieri vnebaTaRelvis provocirebas axdenen. magaliTad,
nacistTa gamosvlebi Cveulebisamebr mZafr reaqcias iwvevda ebraelTa Soris.
vietnamis omis sawyis etapze axalgazrda protestantebi xSirad iyvnen aRqmulni
arapatriot da araloialur pirebad. ramdenime wlis Semdeg, rodesac vietnamis omis mimarT damokidebuleba radikalurad Seicvala, SeerTebuli Statebis
poziciis damcvelebs stveniTa da yviriliT xvdebodnen universitetebis kampusebSi gamosvlisas. pirveli Sesworeba yvela moqalaqes icavs Tavisi politikuri Sexedulebebis gamoTqmisas, mniSvneloba ara aqvs, ramdenad miuRebeli an

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arapopularulia es Sexedulebebi. Tumca arsebobs mxolod mcire SezRudvebi
(gamosvla ar SeiZleba Seicavdes mowodebas ukanono qmedebebisken, ar unda axdendes areulobis provocirebas, ar ayenebdes vinmes pirovnul Seuracxyofas
da a.S.).
ra Tqma unda, dacva, romelsac sityvis Tavisuflebis muxli gulisxmobs,
mxolod politikuri xasiaTis gamosvliT ar Semoifargleba. uzenaesma sasamarTlom `sityvis~ sakmaod farTo interpretireba moaxdina da is ~gamoxatvis~ sinonimadac miiCnia. mxatvruli gamoxatva, simboluri Jestebi (Savi samajurebi)
da reklama aseve is sferoa, romelic, sasamarTlos azriT, pirveli SesworebiTaa daculi.
Tuki dadgindeba, rom qmedeba simbolurad sityvis Tavisuflebas gamoxatavs, mis Sinaarss an Setyobinebas mniSvneloba ara aqvs. magaliTad, aalebuli
droSa sityvis Tavisuflebis dacvis simboluri formaa.29 rac Seexeba realur
SemTxvevebs, sityvis Tavisuflebis simboluri gamoxatvis konteqsti konstituciis TvalsazrisiT yovelTvis ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre misi Sinaarsi. kukluks-klanis aalebuli jvari SesaZloa calke kamaTis sfero, Tumca simboluri
gamoxatvis konstituciiT daculi formaa.30 sul sxva sakiTxia viRacis gazonSi
aalebuli jvari.31
presis Tavisufleba. presis Tavisufleba uzrunvelyofs axali ambebisa
da onformaciis xelmisawvdomobas xalxisaTvis anu icavs gamomcemlebs yovelgvari oficaluri cenzurisagan. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, gazeTebsa da sxva
periodul gamocemebs ufleba aqvT dabeWdon yvelaferi, rac surT. maT Soris
kritika da braldebebi xelisuflebis mimarT. igive vrceldeba eleqtronul
mediaze. mravalferovani da SeuzRudavi media, sjerodaT damfuZneblebs, gadamwvetia TviTmmarTvelobisaTvis, radganac demokratiis pirobebSi, TiToeuli
moqalaqe iRebs gadawyvetilebas (saarCveno kabinaSi) da xalxis mier arCeul
Tanamdebobis pirebsac sWirdebaT vinme (an rame), rom patiosneba SeinarCunon.
uzenaesma sasamarTlomac daaskvna, rom konstituciis Tanaxmad, presas ar
SeuZlia winaswari SezRudvebis dauwesdes. es ki niSnavs, rom garda omisa an sagangebo mdgomareobis gamocxadebis sxva SemTxvevebisa, xelisuflebas ar SeuZlia gazeTs an sxva gamocemas raime saxis masalis beWdva aukrZalos - maT Soris
dokumentebisa, romlebsac xelisuflebam saidumlo grifi misca an informaciisa, romlis gamoqveynebac sasamarTlo procesamde dauSvebelia da mogvianebiT mosamarTlem SesaZloa zianis momtanadac miiCnios.32
religiis Tavisufleba. saxelmwifos mier religiis mxardaWeris akrZalviT pirveli Sesworeba xelisuflebisgan moiTxovs daicvas neitraliteti religiur sakiTxebSi _ arc Seuwyos xeli da arc Seafarxos romelime religiis
arseboba. es moTxovna avsebs im punqts, romelic moqalaqeebs religiis Tavisuflebi garantias aZlevs. orive punqti erTad uzrunvelyofs, rom moqalaqeebma
SeZlon gonivrul farglebSi maTTvis sasurvel religias emsaxuron maTTvis sasurveli formiT.
rodesac religiuri msaxureba safrTxes uqmnis sazogadoebas, xelisuflebas misi akrZalva SeuZlia. magaliTad, arc erTi sasamarTlo ar dauWers
mxars ritualur mkvlelobas im mizeziT, rom religiis Tavisufleba konstituciiTaa daculi. arc iseTi religiuri aqtebia konstituciiT daculi, romlebic

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raime aSkara safrTxes uqmnian sazogadoebas (magaliTad, poligamia).33 Tumca, sasamarTlo garkveul religiur Tavisuflebas mainc aniWebs moqalaqeebs, magaliTad, religiuri marwamsis safuZvelze uari Tqvan samxedro momzadebaze, aziel
bavSvebs aTavisuflebs ganaTlebis miRebis aucileblobisgan, aRiarebs ieRovas
mowmeTa uflebas, ar moiyaron muxli droSis winaSe (maTi rwmenis Tanaxmad aseTi
saqcieli kerpTayvanismcemlobad aris miCneuli).
bevrad ufro winaaRmdegobrivi saskolo locvis sakiTxia. Tavis mravalricxovan gadawyvetilebebSi uzenaesi sasamarTlo miuTiTebs, rom locva, Tundac arc erT religiur mimdinareobas ar gamoxatavdes da bibliis kiTxva sajaro
skolebSi ewinaaRmdegeba pirveli Sesworebis punqts religiis Sesaxeb.34 aseve,
sasuliero pirebs ara aqvT ufleba, gamosaSveb ceremoniaze locva warmoTqvan.35 uzenaesi sasamarTlo ufro Sorsac wavida da aukrZala maswavleblebs
gamoacxadon siCume, romelic Semdeg locvisaTvis iqneba gamoyenebuli.36 imis
gaTvaliswinebiT, rom sajaro skolebis, maswavleblebisa da saskolo sabWoebis
funqcionirebas saxelmwifo uzrunvelyofs da moswavleebi sajaro skolebSi
saxelmwifo savaldebulo ganaTlebis Sesaxeb kanonis safuZvelze xvdebian,
sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom saskolo locvis daSvebiT saxelmwifo arakonstituciurad axorcielebs religiis mxardaWeras.
kritikosebi miiCneven, rom sasamarTlos es gadawyvetilebebi unda Seicvalos. saskolo locva, maTi azriT, religiuri tradiciebis SenarCunebas uwyobs
xels, romelic am qveyanas kidev ufro ganadidebs da axalgazrdebis moralur
dacemas SeaCerebs. sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis momxreebi TavianTi poziciis
gasamarTleblad acxadeben, rom yoveldRiuri locva da bibliis kiTxva skolaSi
im moswavleTa uflebebs zRudavs, romlebic umciresobas warmoadgenen an arc
erT religiur aRmsareblobas ar aRiareben. religiis Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofis yvelaze saimedo gza rwmenis sakiTxebSi saxelmwifos Carevis minimumamde dayvanaa.
religiis Sesaxeb punqts xSirad moiSvelieben sajaro debatebis dros, romelic saxelmwifos mxridan im mSoblebis daxmarebas exeba, romelTa Svilebic
kerZo, gansakuTrebiT sasuliero da religiur skolebSi swavloben. am SemTxvevaSi yvelaze Zlieri argumenti is aris, rom mSoblebs arCevanis Tavisufleba
hqondeT, raTa gadawyviton, romel skolaSi waiyvanon Svilebi. yvela mSobeli,
yvela moqalaqe ixdis gadasaxadebs, saidanac sajaro skolebi finansdeba, Tumca
zogjer maT urCevniaT TavianTi Svilebi kerZo an religiur skolaSi gaagzavnon
religiuri, socialuri an saganmanaTleblo mosazrebebiT. radganac maT kerZo
skolaSi swavlebis gadasaxadic unda gadaixadon, eqspertebi kiTxvas svamen: unda
daexmaros Tu ara xelisufleba mSoblebs, romlebsac Svilebi msgavs skolebSi
SehyavT maTTvis sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis Tu sxva finansuri daxmarebis gawevis
gziT. rogorc adre aRvniSneT, swored am mizniT bolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi kongresSi vauCeruli dafinansebis sxvadasxva sqema iqna SemuSavebuli.

piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxebloba

pirveli Sesworeba adamianis ramdenime Tavisuflebas icavs. Tumca arsebobs adamianis sxva uflebebi, romlebic SesworebiT pirdapir ar aris daculi
(arc uflebaTa bilis romelime muxliT).

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am uflebaTa Soris umTavresia e.w. piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxebloba an arCevanis Tavisufleba, romelic zogadad gulisxmobs zrdasruli moqalaqeebis
uflebas, pirad cxovrebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi damoukideblad saxelmwifos Carevis gareSe gadawyviton. piradi cxovrebis xelSuexeblobis sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebSi aRniSnuli, rom qalebs
aqvT fundamenturi, Tumca ara SeuzRudavi ufleba, gaikeTon aborti. Tavdapirvelad uzenaesi sasamarTlo gansakuTrebiT zrunavda, rom am uflebis Seuferxebeli ganxorcieleba uzrunveleyo. Tumca cota mogvianebiT sasamarTlo (ufro
konservatiuli Sexedulebebis mqone)

naklebi enTuziazmiT uWerda mxars am

uflebis ganxorcielebas, raki Tvlida, rom abortis ufleba ar avaldebulebs

sajaro fondebs xelmokle qalebs abortis xarjebi daufaros. aseve, sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT, xelisufleba ar iyo valdebuli msgavs SemTxvevebSi saxelmwifo seqtorSi dasaqmebuli eqimebisaTvis an damxmare personalisTvis xelfasi gadaexada.37
uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tavdapirvel gadawyvetilebebze, romelic abortis uflebas exeboda, protesti sicocxlis uflebis damcveli jgufebisgan
modioda; isini acxadebdnen, rom adamianis sicocxle CasaxvasTan erTad iwyeba
da amitomac aborti mkvlelobis legalizaciis tolfasia. adamianis embrions,
maTi azriT, konstituciuri uflebebi aqvs, maT Soris sicocxlis ufleba, romelic iSviaTi SemTxvevebis garda (rodesac bavSvis dabadebam SeiZleba safrTxe
Seuqmnas dedis sicocxles), gadawonis dedis piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis
uflebas. sicocxlis uflebis mxardamWeri moZraoba Tavis pozicias saprotesto aqciebiTa da xSirad klinikebis blokirebiT gamoxatavda. protestis aseT
formebze 1994 wels samarTlebrivi SezRudvebi dawesda. kongresma miiRo kanoni, romelic qalebs saSualebas aZlevda, abortis gakeTebis mizniT yovelgvari
dabrkolebis gareSe miemarTaT Sesabamisi klinikebisaTvis, xolo saprotesto
aqciebis monawileebs maTTvis am uflebis ganxorcielebaSi xelis SeSla aukrZala. imave wels uzenaesma sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom Tu abortis mowinaaRmdege
aqtivistebis mier klinikebis blokirebis Sedegad ekonomikuri ziani miadgeboda, maT, vinc aborts akeTebda, sisxlis samarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba daekisrebodaT ~reketiorTa da danaSaulebrivi gaerTianebebis Sesaxeb~ kanonis
safuZvelze.38 Tumca, rogorc sasamarTlom 1997 wels daadgina, aRniSnuli SezRudvebis dawesebis Semdeg, abortiis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli aqciebis monawileTa sityvisa da gamoxatvis ufleba konstituciur dacvas saWiroebda.39
uzenaesi sasamarTlos ramdenime mosamarTlem mxari dauWira Tavisufali
arCevanis uflebas da SemogvTavaza piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis axali
koncefcia, romelic dafuZnebulia pirovnebis uflebaze _ ~Tavad gansazRvros,
raSi mdgomareobs misi arsebobisa da daniSnulebis, samyaros idea da adamianis
cxovrebis saidumlo~.40 aRniSnuli terminebi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda maTTvis, romlebic acxadeben, rom arsebobs sikvdilis ufleba da pacientebs, romlebic ukurnebeli seniT arian daavadebulni an autanel tkivils
ganicdian umda gaaCndeT kanonieri ufleba eqimebis daxmarebiT sicocxle daasrulon. Tumca, 1997 wels, uzenaesma sasamarTlom erTxmad ganacxada uari ecno
sikvdilis konstituciuri ufleba.41

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marTlmsajulebis uzrunvelyofa
winamdebare TavSi marTlmsajuleba ganxiluli iqneba, rogorc sajaro
politikis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi mizani, romelic sasamarTloebisa da
marTlmsajulebis sistemis funqcionirebis Sedegad miiRweva. am mosazrebis
Tanaxmad, samarTliani sazogadoeba am mosazrebis Tanaxmad isaa, sadac samoqalaqo da sisxlis samarTlis kanonebi samarTlianobis princips emsaxureba da
sasjeli danaSaulis Sesabamisia.

danaSauli da sasjeli
arc erT sazogadoebas ar SeuZlia Tavis Tavs misces ufleba, dausjeli
datovos sazogadoebisaTvis saSiSi an kriminaluri saqcieli. im adamianebis
dasjiT, romlebic wesebs arRveven, sazogadoeba mkafiod miuTiTebs, rom aseTi
saqciels ar Seegueba. sasjelis simkacre ki imaze metyvelebs, ramdenad arasasurvelia esa Tu is saqcieli. antisazogadoebrivi qmedebisaTvis gansazRvruli sasjeli oTx mizans emsaxureba. pirveli _ sazogadoeba metadaa daculi, Tu
damnaSave cixeSi imyofeba; meore _ erTi damnaSavis dasjam SesaZloa sxvebs imave
danaSaulis Cadena gadaafiqrebinos (danaSaulis prevencia); mesame _ sasjeli
kriminalebis gamosworebis umTavresi winapirobaa, rac maT sabolood saSualebas aZlevs normalur da nayofier cxovrebas daubrundnen (damnaSavis reabilitacia); bolos, meoTxe _ sasjeli erTgvari kompensaciaa udanaSaulo msxverplisaTvis, romelic imsaxurebs, ganicados kmayofileba dasjili damnaSavis
xilviT (samagieros gadaxdiT).

marTlmsajuleba, rogorc samarTliani procedura

arsebobs Zveli samarTlebrivi kliSe, romlis Tanaxmadac samrTlianobis
90 procenti samarTliani proceduris damsaxurebaa. proceduris dacvis meqanizmebi icavs udanaSaulo adamians daumsaxurebeli braldebisagan, xolo braldebuls _ daumsaxurebeli ganaCenisagan. aRniSnuli meqanizmebi, romlebic saTanado samarTlebrivi proceduris saxeliTaa cnobili, detaluradaa aRwerili
konstituciis uflebaTa bilSi, kerZod meoTxe, mexuTe da meeqvse SesworebebSi. konstituciis Tanaxmad, moqalaqes aqvT kanonieri ufleba, daculi iyos (1)
ukanono Cxrekisa da dakavebisgan; (2) aravis ar SeiZleba orjer daedos sasjeli
erTi da imave danaSaulisaTvis; (3) aravin aris valdebuli, misces Cveneba sakuTari Tavis winaaRmdeg; (4) yvela aqvs ufleba, moiTxovos dauyovnebeli, sajaro
da miukerZoebeli sasamarTlo procesi; (5) icodes informacia mis mimarT wayenebuli bralis Sesaxeb; (6) daupirispirdes mowmeebs, romlebic mis sawinaaRmdego Cvenebas aZleven; (7) moiTxovos Tavisi mowmeebis dakiTxva; (8) hyavdes advokati.
ra Tqma unda, TiToeuli es konstituciuri ufleba SeiZleba gaxdes sasamarTlos interpretaciis sagani. erTad isini amerikis sasamarTlo sistemis
safuZvels qmnis. ai, rogoria samarTlebrivi procedura erT-erTi moqalaqis
TvaliT:

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rodesac adamiani sasamarTloSi mihyavT da mas sazogadoebis winaSe
seriozuli danaSaulis Cadena edeba bralad, mTliani saxelmwifo manqana
moZraobaSi modis, raTa igi marTlmsajulebis winaSe warsdges. saxelmwifo bralmdebels an prokurors xelT mTeli armia hyavs, romlebic
srul mzadyofnaSi arian, raTa danaSaulTan dakavSirebiT yovelgvari
informacia moipovon. maT saxelmwifo imaSi uxdis, rom uamravi mowme
dakiTxon, nivTmtkicebebi Seiswavlon da iseTi saqme Seqmnan, romelic
braldebulis danaSauls daamtkicebs. am ukanasknels ki xelT gacilebiT naklebi resursi aqvs. mopasuxes Zalian umarTlebs, Tu mas sakmarisi
Semosavali aqvs advokatis xarjebis dasafarad. cota Tu SeZlebs kerZo
deteqtivis daqiravebas, romelic mTel Tavis dros, unarsa da resursebs
mxolod iqiT mimarTavs, rom nivTmtkicebebi moiZios da dacva aagos. arc
erT individs ar ZaluZs saTanadod pasuxi gasces Tanamedrove saxelmwifos, roca es ukanaskneli mTeli ZaliT erTveba saqmeSi mas Semdeg, rac
pirs kanondarRvevaSi wauyeneben braldebas.42

amdenad, proceduruli garantiebi aucilebelia, raTa mopasuxe daculi

iyos marTlmsajulebis Secdomebisgan.

samarTlebrvi dacvis xelmiuwvdomloba

zemoT moyvanili dacvis meqanizmebis miuxedavad, kriminalistikuri marTlmsajulebis sistema yovelTvis samarTliani ar aris. xelmokle moqalaqeebi,
yovelTvis gacilebiT dabali donis samarTlebriv daxmarebas iReben. istoriulad ki yvelaze didi usamarTlobani religiuri uTanasworobis Sedegi iyo.
aseTi SemTxvevebis sixSiriT gamoirCeoda samxreTi, sadac sasjelis dakisreba
da misi simkacre umTavresad rasobriv safuZvelze xdeboda. Savkanian mamakacebs, romelTac bralad TeTrkanian qalebze Zaladoba edeboda (ZiriTadad
usamarTlod), Cveulebisamebr, sikvdiliT sjidnen an mTel cxovrebas cixeSi
atarebdnen, TeTrkaniani mamakacebs ki Savkaniani qalebis mimarT Cadenili imave
danaSulisTvis pasuxs aravin sTxovda.
aseTi aSkara usamarTlobis SemTxvevaSi, samarTlebrivi procedura sruliad araefeqturia. Tumca sistemaSi aseTi xarvezebis aRmoCena gacilebiT
advilia, vidre maTi aRmofxvra. saTanado samarTlebrivi proceduriT gaTvaliswinebuli TiTqmis yvela garantia garkveul winaaRmdegobas warmoSobs.
magaliTad, konstituciaSi garkveviT weria, rom mopasuxe pirs aqvs ufleba, hyavdes advokati. erTi SexedviT yvelaferi naTelia.
magram Tu braldebuls advokatis daqiravebis saSuleba ara aqvs? valdebulia Tu ara saxelmwifo, rom mZime danaSulSi braldebuli umweo moqalaqe advokatiT uzrunvelyos? Tu adamians mxolod msubuqi gadacdoma aqvs Cadenili? ras
ityviT sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis gasaCivrebaze? unda uzrunvelyos Tu ara
saxelmwifom dacviT msjavrdadebuli adamiani, romelsac sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis gasaCivreba surs? da Tu unda uzrunvelyos, mxolod erTjeradad,
Tu imdenjer, ramdenjerac amas msjavrdebuli moiTxovs?43
braldebulis proceduruli dacvis sakiTxebi, rogorc Sinaarsobrivad,
aseve praqtikuli ganxorcielebis TvalsazrisiT, rTuli da winaaRmdegobriv-

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ia. TiTqmis yvela Tanxmdeba imaze, rom dacvis meqanizmebi aucilebelia raTa
samarTlis ganxorcieleba uzrunvelyofili iyos. magram aseve, bevrs saubroben
imazec, da sakmaod warmatebiTac, rom es uflebebi farTod iqnes gamoyenebuli,
raTa eWvmitanilTaTvis dacva xelmisawvdomi iyos. Tumca samarTlebrivi dacvis am meqanizmebisaTvis garkveuli SezRudvebic arsebobs. maTi gamoyeneba ise
farTod rom moxdes, rogorc es Teoriuladaa SesaZlebeli, maTi fuladi Rirebuleba warmoudgenlad gaizrdeba an SeuZlebeli gaxdeba vinmes dadanaSauleba,
an sasamarTlo procesi ise gaiweleba, rom marTlmsajulebis ganxorcieleba
Seferxdeba da sulac SeuZlebeli gaxdeba. amdenad, proceduruli dacvis meqanizmebi unda ganisazrvors eWvmitanilis uflebebis SejerebiT xelisuflebis
valdebulebasTan, dasajos isini, vinc kanons marTlac arRvevs.
omis pirobebSi konstituciuri garantiebi da saTanado samarTlebrivi
procedura izRudeba im saxiT, rogoriTac is sxva garemoebebSi miuRebeli iqneboda. magaliTad, samoqalaqo omis dros prezidentma abraam linkolnma e.w. ~habeas korpusis~ (Habeas Corpus) moqmedeba SeaCera. am mizeziT, garkveuli periodis
ganmavlobaSi uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare rojer teni dapirispirebuli
aRmoCnda SeerTebuli Statebis samxedro ZalebTan, magram iZulebuli gaxda
poziciebi daeTmo, rodesac cxadi gaxda, rom umaRlesi mTavarsardali generlebis mxares iyo.
davubrundeT 2001 wlis movlenebs. 11 seqtembris Sokismomgvreli movlenebis Semdeg, ganrisxebulma prezidentma jorj buSma, romelsac zurgs xalxis warmoudgenlad maRali mxardaWera umagrebda (9 - 1-is pirispir), TxovniT
mimarTa kongress, mieRo axali vrceli antiteroristuli kanoni (`patriotuli
aqtis~ saxelwodebiT cnobili), romelic iusticiis departaments gamoZiebis, dakiTxvis, Cxrekis, dapatimrebis, dakavebisa da Tvalyuris devnebis (satelefono
mosmenebisa da eleqtronuli fostis monitoringis) uprecedento uflebas aniWebda mxolod da mxolod im pirobiT, rom es qmedebebi terorizmis winaaRmdeg
sabrZolvelad iqneboda mimarTuli. 175-gverdianma kanonproeqtma daCqarebuli
wesiT gaiara warmomadgenelTa palata, romlis umravlesobasac respublikelebi
Seadgendnen, mcire cvlilebebi ganicada demokratebis mier kontolirebad senatSi, sadac mxolod erTma misca xma mis winaaRmdeg (senatori rasel fingoldi
viskosidan). patriotTa aqtis masStabebi, misi miRebis tempebi da masTan dakavSirebuli ~sainformacio kampania~ mkafiod miuTiTebs, rom sazogadoeba Tanaxmaa
(moiTxovs kidec), rom krizisis pirobebSi Tavisufleba SeizRudos da kanonmdeblebma ~samefos gasaRebi~ ufro popularul umaRles mTavarsardals gadascen.
aRsaniSnavia isic, rom evropis saparlamento demokratiis mqone qveynebSi umravlesoba policiasa da usafrTxoebis samsaxurs Cveulebriv pirobebSi gacilebiT
nakleb dabrkolebebs uqmnis, vidre es aSS-Si iqneboda misaRebi (ix. CanarTi).

terorizmi da samoqalaqo uflebebi: sadao balansi

sxva qveynebis gamocdileba

maSin, rodesac kongresi eZebs gzas, rogor miaRwios balanss usafrTxoebasa da Tavisuflebas Soris, gonivruli iqneba mimoxilva imisa, rogor iqcevian sxva qveynebi. geografiulad
rac ufro vSordebiT anglosaqsur models, usafrTxoebis zomebi kidev ufro mkacrdeba.

446
problemebma, romelic did britaneTs CrdiloeT irlandiaSi Seeqmna, mis xelisuflebas dapatimrebisa da dakavebis farTo uflebebi dautova, Tumca mas am qveyanaSi samoqalaqo
uflebebis arsebobis Zveli tradicia da piradobis mowmobis mimarT uaryofiTi damokidebuleba abalansebs. germania gansakuTrebiT mkacria politikuri eqstremistebis mimarT, misi
nacisturi warsulisa da 1970-ian wlebSi memarcxene frTis teroristebTan brZolis gamo,
Tumca igi tolerantobas amJRavnebs sxvadasxva religiuri gaerTianebebis mimarT, rogorebicaa islamisti fundamentalistebi (Tumca ara saintologebis mimarT). germanelebi valdebulni arian ataron piradobis mowmobebi, Tumca maTi kanonmdeblobiT saxelmwifo dawesebulebebs piradi informaciis gacema mkacrad aqvT akrZaluli.
safrangeTSi, espaneTsa da italiaSi xelisuflebas bevrad meti uflebamosileba aqvs.
Tu ver waradgineT piradobis mowmoba quCaSi Semowmebisas, SesaZloa adgilobrivi policiis
ganyofilebaSi aRmoCndeT, miT umetes, Tu ucxoels hgavxarT. Cveulebrivi damnaSaveebis devnis drosac ki mosamarTleebs policiasTan erTad sakmaod farTo _ satelefono mosmenebis,
Crekis, sabanko angariSebis Semowmebisa da ganaCenis gamotanamde eWvmitanilTa cixeSi Casmis _
uflebebi aqvs, maT Soris safrangeTSi oTx wlamdec ki. frangi Jurnalistebi, romlebic terorizmsa da korufciis sakiTxebze muSaoben, policias araerTxel daukavebia. espaneTis saidumlo samsaxuri ki politokosebisa da TviT mefis satelefono mosmenebsac ki axorcielebs.
iaponiaSi es balansi mniSvnelovnadaa darRveuli samoqalaqo uflebebis sazianod _
policias dakavebisa da dakiTxvis farTo uflebebi aqvs. SesaZloa swored amitomaa, rom sasamarTlos eWvmitanilTa mxolod 1%-isTvis gamoaqvs gamamarTlebeli ganaCeni. adamianebi
valdebulni arian adgilobriv saxelmwifo organoebSi daregistrirdnen (romlebic ukanasknel wlebamde qveyanaSi myofi yvela ucxoelisgan TiTis anabeWdebs iRebdnen). 1995 wlis aum
Sinrikios seqtis mier cremlsadeni gaziT Tavdasxmis Semdeg xelisuflebas gaezarda qonebis
CamorTmevis ufleba.
amerikis msgavsad sxva qveynebis xelisuflebasac meti Zalufleba surs. britaneTma adamianis uflebaTa aqts gadaxeda. germania savaraudod religiur jgufebs specialur statuss
gauuqmebs da piradi xelSeuxeblobis Sesaxeb kanonsac Searbilebs. espaneTi da safrangeTi
savaraudod am TvalsazrisiT ufro Sors wavlen. cvlilebebi naklebad Seexeba iaponias: am
qveyanaSi Sida usafrTxoebis umkacresi wesebi moqmedebs.
wyaro: adaptirebulia The Economist, October 20, 2001, 31.

nivTmtkicebaTa uaryofis wesi. saTanado samarTlebrivi proceduris

arc erTi punqti ar aRZravs samarTlianobis sakiTxs ise mkafiod, rogorc e.w.
nivTmtkicebaTa uaryofis wesi. aRniSnuli wesis arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom
ukanono gziT mopovebuli arc erTi nivTieri mtkicebuleba ar SeiZleba waredginos sasamarTlos. uzenaesma sasamarTlom, aRniSnuli wesis ZalaSi SesvlasTan
dakavSirebiT ganacxada, rom meoTxe Sesworebis Sesabamisad ukanono dakavebisa
da Cxrekis akrZalva azrs dakargavda, Tu policielebs ar ecodinebodaT, rom
maT mier aralegaluri qmedebiTa da konstituciis darRveviT mopovebuli nivTieri mtkicebulebebi sasamarTloSi gamoyenebuli ver iqneboda.44 nivTmtkicebaTa uaryofis wesi, sasamarTlos azriT, policiis mier Zalauflebis Segnebulad
borotad gamoyenebis Tavidan acilebis utyuari saSualebaa.
aRniSnuli wesis mowinaaRmdegeebi (maT Soris uzenaesi sasamarTlos
mosamarTleebic) TavinTi argumentebis warmodgenisas acxadeben, rom is seriozul problemebs Seuqmnis policiis oficrebs, romlebic valdebulni arian, rom
Cxreka da dakaveba sasamarTlos mier dadgenili rTuli miTiTebebis mixedviT
ganaxorcielon.45 mxolod iSviaT SemTxvevebSia SesaZlebeli saxelmZRvanelos

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principiT Cxreka an dakaveba; umeteswilad, policiis oficrebs SemTxvevis adgileze spontanuri gadawyvetilebebis miReba uwevT. policiis oficrebi, romlebic sazogadoebis usafrTxoebas icaven, xSirad TavianT sicocxles xifaTSi
agdeben; mosamarTleebisa da nafici msajulebisagan gansxvavebiT isini sakuTar
Tavs mSvid da usafrTxo garemoSi auCqareblad gadawyvetilebis miRebis uflebas ver miscemen.
nivTmtkicebaTa uaryofis Sesaxeb debatebs safuZvlad udevs azrTa mniSvnelovani sxvadasxvaoba. aRniSnuli wesis momxreebi samarTaldamcav oficrebs
moWarbebuli energiis mqone pirovnebebad miiCneven, xolo mowinaaRmdegeebi
maT bundovani da damabneveli kanonebis msxverplad Tvlian. garda amisa, am wesis momxreebi mas samarTlianobis utyuar garantad miiCneven, xolo mowinaaRmdegeebi _ marTlmsajulebis Semaferxebel garemoebad. uzenaesi sasamarTlo
Seecada or sawinaaRmdego mosazrebas Soris erTgvari balansisaTvis mieRwia
da dasaSvebad miiCnia aralegaluri gzit mopovebuli mtkicebulebebi im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac Secdoma policiis mier uneblieT ar iyo daSvebuli da maTi
mizani samarTlebrivi proceduris dacva iyo.46 aseTi gamonaklisebi braldebulis uflebebsa da sazogadoebis usafrTxoebas Soris balansis miRwevas isaxavs
miznad.
sasamarTlo diskrecia. bolo dromde samarTlis arsebuli Teoriis
Tanaxmad bralmdeblebs (romelTa funqciaa braldebis wayeneba, saproceso SeTanxmebis gaformeba, braldebis uaryofa), mosamarTleebsa (romelTac saeWvo
saqmeze ganaCenis gamotana SuZliaT) da sapyrobileTa sameTvalyureo sabWoebs
(romlebic iReben gadawyvetilebas, ra dro unda gaataros realurad braldebulma cixeSi) farTo diskreciuli uflebamosileba unda gaaCndeT. sasamarTlo
da administraciuli diskrecia am sferoSi, upirveles yovlisa, imiT aris gamarTlebuli, rom xSirad erTsa da imave danaSaulSi eWvmitanil da braldebul
pirebs gansxvavebuli warsuli, motivacia da danaSaulisadmi damokidebuleba,
aseve reabilitaciis gansxvavebuli perspeqtiva aqvT da a. S. diskreciuli Zalauflebis safuZvelze magistratebs da sxva oficialur pirebs amgvar garemoebaTa gaTvaliswineba SeuZliaT, rodesac saxdelis dawesebaze an sasjelis
simkacreze gadawyvetileba unda miiRon. diskrecia kidev ufro mniSvnelovani
xdeba maSin, rodesac danaSaulis ricxvi izrdeba, xolo cixis saknebis raodenoba igive rCeba; aseT pirobebSi mosamarTleebi ar Cqaroben, rom damnaSaveebi,
Tu, ra Tqma unda, gansakuTrebiT mZime danaSaulSi ar arian braldebulni, gaistumron gadavsebul cixeebSi, sadac personalis naklebobaa.
sasamarTlo sistemis es aspeqti xSirad gamxdara kritikis sagani im mizeziT, rom igi SesaZloa borotad iqnes gamoyenebuli. kritikosebis azriT, bralmdeblebi gadawyvetilebas maTi politikuri Sexedulebebisa da piradi nebasurvilis mixedviT miiReben, mosamarTleebi ganaCens samarTlis maTTvis sasurveli
Teoriebis safuZvelze gamoitanen, xolo sameTvalyureo sabWos wevrebs Wkviani damnaSaveebi advilad gaacureben. sasamarTlo sistemis msgavsi xarvezebi,
maTi azriT, sasjels zemoqmedebisa da iZulebis efeqts ukargavs. ufro metic,
acxadeben rom am SemTxvevaSi danaSaulSi braldebulTa sasjeli umeteswilad
iseT garemomebebzea damokidebuli, romelic cota uCveuloa samarTlebrivi
sistemisaTvis, magaliTad, romeli mosamarTle romel saqmes ganixilavs. msgavsi argumentebis Zalam zogierTi Stati aiZula iseTi samarTlebrivi reforme-

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bi gaetarebina, rogoricaa saeWvo saqmeebze ganaCenis gamotanis SezRudva an
akrZalva.
sikvdiliT dasja. sajaro debatebi sikvdiliT dasjis mizanSewonilobis
Taobaze ori sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT mimdinareobs. praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT,
eqspertebi bevrs kamaToben imaze axdens Tu ara sasjelis umaRlesi forma mkvlelobaTa prevencias. TiToeuli mxaris mier warmodgenili magaliTebi imdenad
fragmentulia da interpretaciebi imdenad mravalferovani, rom raime calsaxa
pasuxi ara arsebobs. meore mxriv, bevrad ufro cxared kamaToben imaze, moralurad ramdenad gamarTlebulia sikvdiliT dasja.
sainteresoa, rom orive mxare adamianis sicocxlis xelSeuxeblobaze saubrobs. sikvdiliT dasjis mimxreebi acxadeben, rom marTlmsajulebas sasikvdilo ganaCeni imitomac gamoaqvs, rom igi adamianis sicocxles umaRles mniSvnelobas aniWebs - sazogadoeba moralurad valdebulia, rom udanaSaulo adamianebis
mkvlelobas umkacresi pasuxi gasces.

mizanTa konfliqti
amerikelTa umetesobas politikis Sesaxeb mkafiod Camoyalibebuli azri
ar gaaCnia, mxolod da mxolod imitom, rom imis gansazRvra, rogor unda iyos
miRweuli saerTo saxalxo keTildReoba rTuli amocanaa. sakmaod rTulia am
TavSi ganxiluli saxelmwifo politikis xuTi ZiriTadi miznis - usafrTxoebis, materialuri keTildReobis, Tanasworobis, Tavisuflebisa da marTlmsajulebis - bolomde gaazreba. rogorc zemoT davinaxeT, winaaRmdegobriv da
kompleqsur sakiTxebs vawydebiT TiToeulis ganxilvisas da sajaro politikis
miznebis miRwevis gzebi yovelTvis naTlad gansazRvruli ar aris.
xSirad, Tavad es miznebi ewinaaRmdegeba erTmaneTs. magaliTad, saxelmwifo iRvwis Tavisuflebis uzrunvelsayofad. magram omis pirobebSi erovnuli
usafrTxoebis saxeliT Tavadve uzRudavs Tavis moqalaqeebs am Tavisuflebas
komendantis saaTis, Semosavlebis Semcirebis, muSakTa mobilobis SezRudvis,
saprotesto aqciebis akrZalvis da sxva analogiuri qmedebebis ganxorcielebis
gziT. buSis administraciis inicirebuli da kongresis mier daCqarebuli wesiT
miRebuli antiteroristuli kanoni, romelic 11 seqtembers msoflio savaWro
organizaciasa da pentagonze Tavdasxmis Sedegi iyo, yvelaze TvalsaCino magaliTia imisa, rogori konkurencia SeiZleba arsebobdes samoqalaqo Tavisuflebisa da erovnuli usafrTxoebis principebs Soris krizisis dros. zogjer
mosamarTle zRudavs presis Tavisuflebas, raTa gaxmaurebeli saqmis ganxilvisas eWvmitanilis uflebebi daicvas. samTavrobo normatiulma aqtebma, romlebic Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofas isaxavs miznad SesaZloa damqiravebeli
daavaldebulos, rom Tavis TanamSromlebs minimaluri xelfasi gadauxados an
usafrTxoebis mkacri standarti dauwesos, riTac materialuri keTildReobis
miRwevas gaarTulebs. rodesac sazogadoeba xuTi mTavar Rirebulebas (Tavisufleba, Tansaworoba, usafrTxoeba, materialuri keTildReoba da samarTlianoba) aRiarebs, igi maT Soris optimaluri balansis miRwevaze unda zrunavdes da
ar dauSvas romelime maTganis upiratesoba danarCenebze.
rogor unda SevafasoT, ramdenad warmatebulia xelisufleba sajaro

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politikis aRniSnuli xuTi miznis miRwevis TvalsazrisiT? aleqsis de tokvilma Tavis naSromSi ~demokratia amerikaSi~ gonivrulad daaskvna, rom rac ufro
Tanasworuflebiani arian adamianebi, miT ufro TvalSi sacemi xdeba am Tanasworobidan mcireodeni gadaxvevac ki. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, rac ufro uaxlovdeba politikuri sistema Tanasworobis sanukvar mizans, miT ufro aSkaraa
misi marcxi, rodesac is am mizans srulad ver aRwevs. igive SeiZleba iTqvas sajaro politikis sxva miznebzec. radganac interesTa da moTxovnaTa konfliqti
TiToeulis ganxorcielebas uSlis xels, demokratiis pirobebSi yovelTvis arsebobs safrTxe, rom moqalaqeebi da liderebi miopiiT daavaddebian an, krizisis
pirobebSi omis isteria an fsevdopatriotozmi SeipyrobT. patriotizmSi cudi
araferia, Tu is ar gvikargavs realobis SegrZnebas an ar arRvevs balanss
usafrTxoebasa da Tavisuflebas Soris, risic oponentebs 2001 wels eSinodaT.
zomiereba, rasac Zveli berZnebi oqros Sualeds uwodebdnen, demokratiul qveynebSi politikuri stabilurobis gasaRebia. zomiereba moqalaqeebs Seusabamo politikuri molodinisgan icavs. is aseve aRkveTs mcdelobas, rom erTi
mizani meore aranakleb mniSvnelovan mizanze uaris Tqmis xarjze iqnes miRweuli. im adamianebis fanatizmma, romlebic erTjerad da miuRwevel miznebs emsaxurebian, SesaZloa gaamZafros diskusia sajaro politikis sakiTxebze. mZafrma
yvirilma maTi mSvidi xma CaaxSos, visac sjera, rom moTminebisa da zomierebis
gareSe, demokratia ver SeZlebs im balansis miRwevas, romelic swori mmarTvelobis arsia.

daskvna
sajaro politikis sakiTxebi moicavs demokratiuli xelisuflebis xuT
universalur mizans: usafrTxoebas, materialur keTildReobas, Tanasworobas, Tavisuflebasa da samarTlianobas. maT Soris yvelaze fundamenturia
usafrTxoeba, radganac mis gareSe sxva Rirebulebebis dacva an SenarCuneba,
SeuZlebeli iqneboda. usafrTxoeba ki gulisxmobs dacvas gareSe mtrebisagan,
mtrulad ganwyobili moqalaqeebisagan da garkveul SemTxvevaSi _ moqalaqeebis
dacvas sakuTari Tavisganac.
SeerTebul StatebSi, materialuri keTildReobis cneba istoriulad dakavSirebulia Tavisufal samewarmeo principze dafuZnebul ekonomikasTan, romelic komerciuli respublikis ideas efuZneba. 21-e saukuneSi xelisufleba
Tavisi moqalaqeebis materialuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebas socialuri uzrunvelyofisa da sxva programebis ganxorcielebiT cdilobs. am programebma
cxare debatebi gamoiwvia xelisuflebis ekonomikur procesebSi monawileobis
sakiTxebSi, gansakuTrebiT mas Semdeg, rac sabiujeto deficiti gamwvavda. saganmanaTleblo sisitemis xarvezebi ki safrTxes uqmnis saerTaSoriso ekonomikaSi amerikis konkurentunarianobas. Semosavlis ganawileba amerikaSi saerTo
saxelmwifo debatebis kidev erTi Tema gaxda.
TanasworobisaTvis brZola SeerTebul StatebSi aRiniSna mcdelobiT,
bolo moReboda rasobriv diskriminacias. uzenaes sasamarTloSi ori gaxmaurebuli saqmis ganxilvam samoqalaqo omis Semdgom periodSi, xeli Seuwyo kanonebisa da sazogadoebrivi azris SenarCunebas, romelic rasobrivi uTanasworobis
arsebul stereotips pasuxobda. amJamad ki saqmem _ brauni saganmanaTleblo
sabWos winaaRmdeg (1954) _ safuZveli Cauyara moZraobas samoqalaqo uflebebi-

450
saTvis, rac sakanonmdeblo, sasamarTlo da administraciuli zomebis gatarebaSi gamoixata da rasobrivi Tanasworobis erTxel da samudamod damkvidrebas
isaxavda miznad. samoqalaqo uflebebis saqmes axali winaaRmdegoba mohyva moswavleebis saskolo avtobusebiT savaldebulo uzrunvelyofisa da upiratesi
uflebebi miniWebis sakiTxebze. Tanasworobis sakiTxi sajaro politikis TvalsazrisiT aseve moicavs qalTa, sxvadasxva eTnikuri jgufebisa da umweoTa uflebebs.
Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofa amerikuli sazogadoebis umTavresi Rirebulebaa. individualur uflebebs Soris, romlebic pirdapir aris daculi pirveli SesworebiT, aris sityvis, presis, religiis Tavisufleba. piradi cxovrebis
xelSeuxebloba, arCevanis Tavisufleba aseve pirovnebis Tavisuflebis umniSvnelovanesi aspeqtebia SeerTebul StatebSi.
samarTlianobis uzrunvelyofa, viwro gagebiT SeiZleba ganisazRvros,
rogorc sajaro xelisuflebis mizani da marTlmsajulebis sistemis Tanabari da efeqturi funqcionireba. samarTlianobis tests sasamarTloebi imis
mixedviT abareben, ramdenad miukerZoeblad asruleben kanons. sisxlissamarTlebrivi marTlmsajulebis sistema yvela sazogadoebaSi uzrunvelyofs antisazogadoebrivi da danaSaulebrivi saqcielis dasjas. SeerTebul StatebSi es
sistema saTanado procesis da samarTliani proceduris principebis erTgulia.
saTanado procesiT gaTvaliswinebuli meqanizmebi, romlebic konstituciaSia
mocemuli da sasamarTloebis mieraa interpretirebuli, Tanamedrove sazogadoebas garkveul problemebs uqmnis. winaaRmdegobrivi norma nivTmtkicebaTa
uaryofis Sesaxeb, miznad isaxavs balansis miRwevas danaSaulSi eWvmitanilisa
da sazogadoebis wevrebis uflebebs Soris, daculi iyos kriminalebisagan. amave
mizans emsaxureba sasamarTlo diskreciisa da umaRlesi sasjelis sakiTxebi.
konfliqti aRniSnul xuT mizans Soris xSirad aferxebs TiToeuli maTganis srulyofilad ganxorcielebas. swored amitom sajaro politikaSi TiToeuli miznis mniSvnelobis Sefasebisas, moqalaqeebma zomiereba da saRi azri unda
SeinarCunon.

sakvanZo sityvebi
erovnuli usafrTxoeba

pozitiur diskriminacia

~bredi bili~

winaswari SezRudva

kuTvnili daxmareba

samagieros gadaxda

Sereuli ekonomika

saTanado samarTlebrivi proce-

sabiujeto deficiti

dura

saxelmwifo vali

nivTmtkicebaTa uaryofis wesi

sakompensacio diskriminacia

kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis
1.

ra miznebidan gamomdinare SeiZleba gansazRvros konstituciuri saxelmwifos xelisuflebam sajaro keTildReoba?

2.

ratom SeiZleba iTqvas, rom xelisuflebis warmatebuli moqmedeba

damokidebulia mis mier sajaro keTildReobis realizaciis SesaZle-

451
blobaze?
3.

ra aris ideologia? aris Tu ara es mecnieruli termini, romelic advilad

gamoiyeneba politikuri analizisas? ratom?

4.

riT hgavs revoluciuri komunizmi demokratiul socializms? romel

politikur sakiTxebze Tanxmdeba es ori mimdinareoba? romlebze ver
Tanxmdeba?

5.

rogor SegviZlia ganvasxvavoT erTmaneTisgan liberalizmi da konservatizmi aSS-Si?

SeniSvnebi:

1.

Aristotle, The Politics, red da mTargm. Ernest Braker (New York: Oxford University Press,
1962), 1252b, 5.

2.

Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Defining Deviance Down, American Scholar 62 (zamTari, 1993),
1.

3. James Q. Wilson, Thinking About Crime (New York: Basic Books, 1983), 234-240.
4. Martin Diamond, piradi mimowera.
5. ix. Glenn Kessler-is The Lightened Federal Tax Load, Washington Post National Weekly Edition,
3 aprili 2000, 18.
6. Dont Feel Alone If Tax Confusing: 50 Experts Differ over Family Return, Lincoln Star (AP Report), 18 Tebervali 1989, 2.
7. rogorc tokvilma SeniSna; ix. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, red da mTargm. J.
P. Mayer (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1966), 302, 459-468.
8. Tumca skolebs Soris didi Seusabamobaa. ix. Jonathan Kozol-is Savage Inequalities: Children
in Americas Schools (New York: Crown, 1991).
9. ra Tqma unda, aseTi problemebi Cndeba pirveli Sesworebis muxlSic - debuleba saxelmwifo religiis akrZalvis Sesaxeb.
10. Poverty in the U.S.: 2000, U.S. Census Bureau seqtemberi 2001, 2.
11. Kevin Phillips, The Politics of Rich and Poor (New York: Random House, 1990), 2002.
12. Civil Rights Cases, 109 U.S. 3 (1883).
13. Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896).
14. Shelley v. Kraemer, 334 U.S. 1 (1948).
15. Sweatt v. Painter, 339 U.S. 629 (1950).
16. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U.S. 483 (1954).
17. mas mxari dauWires, rogorc kongresis kanonier uflebas daareguliros vaWroba
ucxour qveynebsa da amerikis SeerTebul Statebs Soris; ix. Heart of Atlanta Motel v.
United States, 379 U.S. 241 (1964), da Katzenbach v. McClung, 379 U.S. 294 (1964).
18. ix. Peter Schotten-is The Establishment Clause and Excessive Governmental - Religious Entanglement: The Constitutional Status of Aid to Non-Public and Secondary Schools, Wake
Forest Law Review 15 (1979): 240-244.
19. Milliken v. Bradley, 418 U.S. 717 (1974).
20. Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, 438 U.S. 265 (1978).
21. arsebiTad, uzenaesi sasamarTlo Bakke-s saqmeze Sors wasuliyo da mxari daeWira federaluri sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebisaTvis imis Taobaze, rom rasa ar SeiZleba
iyos saswavlebelSi (iuridiul fakultetze) miRebis faqtori.
22. Wygant v. Jackson Board of Education, 476 U.S. 267 (1986).
23. Johnson v. Transportation Agency, Santa Clara County, 480 U.S. 616 (1979).
24. Adarand Construction, Inc. v. Pena, 515 U.S. 200 (1995).

452
25. ix. magaliTad, United States v. Paradise, 480 U.S. 149 (1987); City of Richmond v. J. A. Croson
Co., 488 U.S. 469 (1989); da Metro Broadcasting, Inc. v. Federal Communications Commission,
497 U.S. 547 (1990).
26. Rostker v. Goldberg, 453 U.S. 57 (1981).
27. Michael M. v. Superior Court, 450 U.S. 464 (1981).
28. Romer v. Evans, 116 S. Ct. 1620 (1996).
29. Texas v. Johnson, 491 U.S. 397 (1989).
30. Brandenberg v. Ohio, 395 U.S. 444 (1969).
31. es sakiTxi gadawyda R.A.V. v. St. Paul, 505 U.S. 112 (1992). Tvrameti wlis TeTrkanianma biWma St. Paul-Si, minesota mezoblad mcxovrebi SavkanianTa erTaderTi ojaxis ezoSi
jvari dawva. nacvlad imisa, rom is sxvisi simSvidis darRvevisa da sxvisi sakuTrebisaTvis zianis miyenebis gamo daepatimrebinaT, is adgilobrivi sasamarTlos dadgenilebiT gaasamarTles, romlis mixedviTad arakanonierad iTvleboda `kerZo Tu
sazogadoebriv sakuTrebaSi arsebul miwaze simbolos, sagnis an naxatis moTavseba,
maT Soris, aalebuli jvris an nacisturi svastikis, romelic SesaZloa brazis, gangaSis an Seuracxyofis safuZveli gamxdariyo sxva rasis, kanis feris, msoflmedvelobis, religiisa Tu sqesis adamianebisaTvis~. 1992 wels uzenaes sasamarTloze
gadawyda, rom es dadgenileba aseTi saxiT arRvevda `pirvel damatebas~.
32. ix. New York Times, Co. v. United States, 403 U.S. 713 (1971); da Nabraska Press Association v.
Stuart, 427 U.S. 539 (1976).
33. Reynolds v. United States, 98 U.S. 145 (1879).
34. umniSvnelovanesia Abington School District v. Schempp, 374 U.S. 203 (1963) da Engle v. Vitale,
370 U.S. 421 (1963).
35. Lee v. Wiesman, 505 U.S. 577 (1992).
36. Wallace v. Jaffree, 472 U.S. 38 (1985).
37. Tavdapirveli saqme, romelic icavda qalTa uflebebs abortis Taobaze aris Roe v.
Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973). sxva mniSvnelovan saqmeTa Sorisaa aris Harris v. McRae, 448
U.S. 297 (1980); Webster v. Reproductive Health Services, 492 U.S. 490 (1989) da Rust v. Sullivan, 500 U.S. 173 (1991). ix. aseve Planned Parenthood of Southeast Pennsylvania v. Casey ,
505 U.S. 833 (1992).
38. Schenck v. Pro Choice Network of Western New York, 117 S. Ct. 855 (1997).
39. N.O.W. v. Scheidler, 510 U.S. 249 (1994).
40. Planned Parenthood of Southeast Pennsylvania v. Casey 505 U.S. at 851 (1992).
41. Washington v. Glucksberg, 117 S. Ct. 82258 (1997).
42. Burton Leiser, Liberty Justice, and Morals: Contemporary Value Conflicts (New York: Macmillan,
1973), 192.
43. uzenaesi sasamarTlos pasuxis mixedviT, saxelmwifom unda uzrunvelyos sabWos efeqtiani daxmareba saapelacio sasamarTlos saSualebiT. ix. Douglas v. California, 372
U.S. 353 (1963), da Ross v. Moffitt, 417 U.S. 600 (1974).
44. Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643 (1961).
45. ix. magaliTad, Chief Justice Burgers dissent in Bivens v. Six Unknown Agents of the Federal
Bureau of Narcotics, 403 U.S. 897 (1970).
46. United States v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897 (1984).
47. ix. magaliTad, The Battle in Congress, The Economist, 20 oqtomberi 2001, 31, 34.

453

454

n aawi
wil
lii I V

politika
Zaladobis
gziT
T aavv i XI V sa m ar
a r T li
liaa n o b is
is
sa x eel
lii T
T aavv i XV te r or
o r i zm i : ssus
us-te b iiss i a ra
r a Ri
Ri
T aavv i XV I ppo
o lit
li tii ka sxv
sx v a
m i zn
znee b iisa
sa T vis
vis

cota sityva Tu gamoiyeneba ise xSirad, rogorc sityvebi revolucia da

revoluciuri. televizorSi Zalian xSirad aris reklamebi axali `revoluciuri~ saparsi kremebis, saojaxo teqnikisa an avtomobilebis Sesaxeb, romlebic
`revolucias axdenen~. magram kerZod ra gamoarCevs revolucias an revoluciur
mTavrobas? Tavisi arsiT, sityva revoluciuri did cvlilebas aRniSnavs. amrigad, WeSmaritad revoluciuri saparsi kremi, saojaxo teqnika an avtomobili
unda iyos fundamenturad axali da ukeTesi produqcia, vidre aqamde arsebuli
saparsi kremebi, saojaxo teqnika an avtomobilebi. sityva revolucia xSirad ixmareba Semdegi mniSvnelobiT: magaliTad, niSnavs e. w. samrewvelo revolucias,
Zireul cvlilebas warmoebis stilSi, romelic cvlis erovnul ekonomikasa da
sazogadoebis struqturas.
politikur konteqstSi, revolucia aris fenomeni, romelsac moaqvs fundamentaluri cvlileba arsebul xelisuflebasa da sazogadoebaSi. Cveulebriv,
mas Tan sdevs Zaladoba da kulturuli Zvrebi. Tumca yvelanairi politikuri

455

T aavv i XI V

revolucia
sa m aarr T l
liiaa n o b is
i s ssaaxx eli
e liT
T

revoluciis Seupovroba
Tanamedrove revoluciebi:
ori tradicia
amerikuli revolucia
cia

franguli revolu-

ori revoluciis Sedareba

revoluciis sasurveloba:
burke, peini da loki
burkes pozicia

peinis uaryofa

loki-

seuli perspeqtiva
revoluciis mizezebi
traciciuli axsna
uri fsiqologia
Teoriebi

revoluciis social-

revoluciis Tanamedrove

456
cvlileba ar aris revolucia. Tu saxelmwifo gadatrialebis Sedegad xelisuflebaSi modis liderTa jgufi, romelTa politika imeorebs maTi winamorbedebis politikas da es cvlileba qveyanasa an sazogadoebaze naklebad aisaxeba,
maSin SeiZleba iTqvas, rom revolucia ar momxdara da mis Sedegad Seqmnili mTavrobas ar SeiZleba vuwodoT revoluciuri.

revoluciis Seupovroba
kacobriobis istoriaSi revoluciebi xdeboda gansakuTrebiT mosaxleobis
Zlieri matebisa da swrafi ekonomikuri cvlilebebis dros.1 Zv. w. VII da VI saukuneebSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi aRiniSneboda berZnul qalaq-saxelmwifoebSi,
Zv. w. pirvel saukuneSi _ romSi, islamur samyaroSi _ ax. w. merve saukuneSi da evropaSi, gansakuTrebiT 1500-1650 da 1750-1850 wlebSi.
meoce saukunis evropaSi revolucia ufro xSirad xdeboda, vidre adre.
garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, revolucia erovnuli Zaladobis talRis nawilia,
romelmac sakuTari kvali daaCnia saukunis udides nawils. cnobilma harvardelma sociologma pitirim sorokinma 1930-ian wlebSi Caatara `Sida areulobis~ STambeWdavi kvleva 11 politikur sazogadoebaSi. mxolod dasavleT evropaSi man
SeZlo aranakleb 1622 aseTi areulobis identificireba pirveli msoflio omis
Semdgom periodSi, romelTagan sruli 70 procenti `moicavda mniSvnelovani
masStabis Zaladobasa da sisxlis Rvras.~2 ufro metic, man aRmoaCina, rom yovel
Seswavlil qveyanaSi yovel xuT SedarebiT mSvidobian weliwadze modioda `mniSvnelovani socialuri areulobis~ erTi weliwadi. sabolood, sorokinma daaskvna, rom XX saukune iyo yvelaze sisxliani da mSfoTvare saukune istoriaSi _ da
es daskvna gaakeTa meore msoflio omamde.
Semdgomma movlenebma gaamyara es daskvna. magaliTad, 1945-dan 1962 wlamde
periodSi, 100-dan daaxloebiT 40 ganviTarebadi qveyana gaxda sul mcire erTi
samxedro gadatrialebis mowme mainc, xolo 1943 da 1962 wlebs Soris laTinuri
amerikis faqtobrivad yvela, aziis qveynebis or mesamedSi da afrikis damoukideblobamopovebuli qveynebis naxevarSi aRiniSna arsebuli mTavrobis damxobis
mcdeloba.3 niu iork Taimsma aRniSna, rom 1946 da 1959 wlebSi dafiqsirda `Sida
omis~, maT Soris `samoqalaqo omis, partizanuli omis, lokaluri ajanyebebis,
farTod gavrcelebuli SfoTis, organizebuli da savaraudod araorganizebuli terorizmis, areulobisa da saxelmwifo gadatrialebebis~ 1200 SemTxveva.4
axlandel droSi revoluciebi, ajanyebebi da samoqalaqo areulobebi ar Semcirebula. Tu organizebuli da araorganizebuli Zaladoba yovelTvis iyo politikuri cxovrebis ganuyofeli nawili, meoce saukuneSi is ukeT organizebuli
da ufro aSkara gaxda.
Tumca, yvela revolucia ar aris Zaladobrivi. magaliTad, aRmosavleT evropaSi, 1989 wels qveynebi erTi meores miyolebiT gamovidnen sabWoTa kavSiridan
da maTi umetesoba Sebrunda sabazro ekonomikisa da saparlamento demokratiisaken. ramdenimes magaliTad, rumineTis garda, es revoluciebi yvela qveyanaSi
moxda minimaluri ZaladobiT da sisxlisRvriT. CexoslovakiaSi mas xaverdovani
revoluciac ki uwodes, radganac komunisturi diqtaturidan konstituciur
xelisuflebaze gadasvla rbilad ganxorcielda. damoukidebeli baltiispire-

457
Tis qveynebSi _ estoneTSi, latviasa da litvaSi _ aseve sanimuSod ganxorcielda
mSvidobiani masobrivi revolucia. TiToeul am SemTxvevaSi, politikuri transformaciis procesi didi SfoTis, sakuTrebis ganadgurebisa da adamianTa msxverplis gareSe warimarTa.

Tanamedrove revoluciebi: ori tradicia

Tanamedrove revoluciis ideas _ rwmenas imisa, rom `ers SeTanxmebuli
politikuri brZolis saSualebiT SeuZlia Zireulad Secvalos politikuri
wesrigi, romelic marTavda maT cxovrebas da masTan erTad sazogadoebis socialur da ekonomikur struqturas~ _ SesaZloa Tvali gavadevnoT meTvramete
saukunis bolodan.5 miuxedavad imisa, rom revolucias zogadad xangrZlivi istoria aqvs da saTaves iRebs monaTa ajanyebebidan antikur xanaSi, Tanamedrove
revoluciis gamorCeuli niSania idea, rom dabali klasebis mrisxaneba ara
ubralod gaanadgurebs Tavsmoxveul socialur wesrigs, aramed `Seqmnis axal da
gansxavebul wesrigs, romelSic Cagvris tradiciuli formebi aRar iarsebebs.~6
am mizezis gamo, xSirad aRiareben, rom Tanamedrove revolucias, rogorc wesi,
`axasiaTebs emociebis mier warmarTuli utopiuri ideebi _ molodini imisa, rom
sazogadoeba win miiwevs rogorc Rirebulebebisa da struqturebis Rrma cvlilebebis, aseve piradi qcevebis cvlilebebisaken.~7
Tanamedrove revolucia, da misi Tanmxlebi survili, Camoyalibdes axali,
samarTliani socialuri wesrigi, Cveulebriv, saTaves iRebs 1789 wlis safr-

angeTis revoluciidan. magram amerikuli revolucia, dawyebuli 1776 wels,

gvTavazobs Tanamedrove revoluciis alternatiul, Tumca naklebad misaReb
models. amerikulma da frangulma revoluciebma, romlebic Tanamedrove epoqis umniSvnelovanesi politikuri movlenebia, gavlena moaxdines momavali Taobebis bedze. orive revolucia ibrZoda Rrmad mniSvnelovani politikuri cvlilebebisaTvis, romlebsac warmarTavda axali tipis politikuri wesrigis xedva.
Tumca es ori revolucia erTmaneTisgan dramatulad gansxvavdeboda bevr
aspeqtSi. rogorc erTi SorsmWvreteli mkvlevari amtkicebs:
`WeSmaritad udavoa, rom samyaro, rodesac is Tvals adevnebs
1776 wlis da Semdgom movlenebs, midrekilia dainaxos amerikuli revolucia safrangeTis revoluciad, romelsac warmateba ar hqonia,
imavdroulad, damfuZnebeli mamebi fiqrobdnen, rom maT hqondaT
sababi, SeefasebinaT safrangeTis revolucia amerikis revoluciad,
romelic damarcxda. WeSmaritad, am ori revoluciis gansxvavebuli
Sefasebebi damokidebulia calkeuli pirovnebebis politikur filosofiaze Tanamedrove msoflioSi: arsebobs politikis ori konfliqturi koncefcia adamianebis mdgomareobasTan mimarTebaSi,
romelic simbolizebulia am ori revoluciiT. udavoa, rom safrangeTis revolucia, sakvanZo mniSvnelobiT, ufro `Tanamedrovea~ am
ori revoluciis Soris. sxva sakiTxia, es kargia, Tu cudi.~ 8

458
amerikis revolucia
udavoa, rom damfuZneblebi amerikis damoukideblobisaTvis mefe jorj
III winaaRmdeg warmoebul oms legitimur revoluciad ganixilavdnen. daiwyes
ra brZola inglisis winaaRmdeg 1770-ian wlebSi, amerikeli kolonistebi gaxdnen Tanamedrove msoflioSi pirveli warmatebuli antikoloniuri revoluciis
wamomwyebni. kolonistTa urTierTobis gawyveta did britaneTTan droTa ganmavlobaSi sruli da Seuqcevadi gaxda. am mizezis gamo, marTebuli iqneba vTqvaT, rom amerikis revoluciurma omma Seqna modeli imisa, rac cnobili gaxda
rogorc erovnuli ganmaTavisuflebeli omebi. Tumca, amerikis revolucia mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeboda XX saukunis TiTqmis yvela revoluciuri ajanyebisgan.
istoriuli mniSvneloba. amerikis revoluciis istoriuli mniSvnelobis
gasagebad, pirvel rigSi unda gavecnoT misi liderebis politikur Sexedulebebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom amerikeli TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZolebi aRiqvamdnen
revoluciur oms, rogorc gansakuTrebul, unikalur gamocdilebas. erTi specialistis mixedviT:

`dasawyisidanve, atlantikis dasavleT sanapiroze mis monawileebs swamdaT, rom es iyo metad SesaniSnavi movlena, ara mxolod
imitom, rom es iyo maTi revolucia, aramed imitom, rom maT miaCndaT,
rom mas mosdevda axali faza kacobriobis politikur ganviTarebaSi
da amdenad universaluri mniSvneloba hqonda.~ 9
maT Tanamedrove politikur traqtatebTan erTad, damfuZneblebi kargad
icnobdnen msoflio istorias da didi politikuri filosofosebis, maT Soris
monteskies, lokis, rusos, iumisa da volteris Sromebs.10 icnobdnen ra klasikur
politikur azrs, maT ar hqondaT midrekileba gadaWarbebiT SeefasebinaT politikisadmi axal an eqsperimentul midgomaTa Rirebuleba.
1776 wlis revoluciis monawileebs swamdaT, rom gancalkevebas, romelsac
isini moiTxovdnen, hqonda universaluri mniSvneloba da damoukideblobis
deklaraciaSi daculi Tavisuflebis ena iyo am mniSvnelobis maradiuli
gamoxatuleba. sxva sityvebiT, damfuZneblebi moiazrebdnen mWidro kavSirs maT
naTqvam sityvebs (`WeSmaritebebs~) da qmedebebs Soris.11 amrigad, rom gavigoT,
ra iyo WeSmaritad revoluciuri amerikis revoluciaSi, aucilebelia pirvel
rigSi fokusireba movaxdinoT imaze, ras werdnen amerikeli revolucionerebi
xelisuflebaze, xolo Semdeg davakvirdeT maT moqmedebebs.
gamarTleba. amerikis revoluciuri kredos yvelaze aSkara gamoxatuleba SeiZleba vipovoT damoukideblobis deklaraciaSi. didi britaneTisgan gancalkevebis Sesaxeb gancxadebasTan erTad, deklaracia mis mizezebsac acxadebda.
deklaracia amtkicebda, rom britanulma xelisuflebam savalalod daarRvia kargi mmarTvelobis principebi. mihyveboda ra jon lokis gzas, Tomas jefersoni (mTavari avtori) amtkicebda, rom es principebi ormxrivi iyo: xelisufleba unda moqmedebdes umravlesobis nebis Sesabamisad (deklaraciis zusti

459
eniT rom vTqvaT, aseTi xelisufleba unda dafuZnebuli iyos `mmarTulTa Tanxmobaze~) da unda icavdes individis `sicocxlis, Tavisuflebisa da bednierebisaken swrafvis~ xelSeuxebel uflebebs. es principebi, jefersonis azriT, iyo is
kriteriumebi, romliTac unda Sefasebuliyo yvela epoqisa da qveynis mTavrobis
legitimurobis xarisxi. sxva sityvebiT, kargi (anu legitimuri) xelisuflebis
Zalaufleba gamomdinareobs marTulTa Tanxmobidan da aseTi xelisufleba moqmedebs TiToeuli moqalaqis xelSeuxebeli uflebebis dasacavad.
ganixilavda ra adamianis uflebebs kargi xelisuflebis filosofiur
safuZvlad, damoukideblobis deklaracia mniSvnelovnad ganudga warsul gamocdilebas da mis Tanamedrove praqtikas. uwin, xelisuflebebi arsebobdnen,
raTa uzrunveleyoT wesrigi, SeeqnaT imperiebi, daesajaT urwmunoebi da ZaliT
SeenarCunebinaT morCileba. axla, pirvelad istoriaSi, politikuri reJimi sakuTar Tavs Riad uZRvnida adamianebis uflebebis da Tavisuflebebis dacvis
principebis samsaxurs.
deklaraciis principebidan gamomdinareobda, rom xelisuflebam, romelic nacvlad dacvisa, Tanmimdevrulad laxavda am uflebebs, dakarga marTvis ufleba. kolonistebma deklaraciaSi Seitanes es daskvna, kolonistebma ganagrZes brZola damoukideblobisaTvis.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Tavidan maT surdaT mxolod britaneTis qveSevrdomTa Tanabari statusi, damoukideblobis deklaracis Seqmnis Semdeg isini
araferze iyvnen Tanaxma, garda sruli TviTmmarTvelobisa. maT surdaT SeeqmnaT
ara ubralod nebismieri saxis xelisufleba, aramed swored iseTi xelisufleba,
romelic SesabamisobaSi iqneboda deklaraciis principebTan. maT swamdaT, rom
es WeSmaritebebi gamosadegi iyo cameti koloniis farglebs gareTac. jefersonma ganmarta mis mier Seqmnili dokumentis maradiuli sityvebis universal-

uri mniSvneloba:
`dae es iyos, da me mjera rom iqneba (zogierTisTvis ufro adre,
zogisTvis ufro gvian, magram sabolood yvelasTvis) signali, rom
adamianebi aRdgnen da gawyviton jaWvi, romelTa qveSac cru berebiseulma umecrebam da crurwmenebma daarwmuna isini, rom Seikran xelfexi da gaacnobieron TviTmmarTvelobis madli da usafrTxoeba.~12
socialuri da politikuri cvlilebebi. jefersonis grZnobebi gadmocemuli iyo misi an nebismieri sxva drois saukeTeso revoluciuri ritorikis
msgavsad kerZod, igi uxmobda moqalaqeebs, ebrZolaT da Seswirvodnen diad
mizans. Tumca es asea, magram mainc Secdoma iqneboda gangvexila amerikis revolucia mxolod im brZolis konteqstSi, romelic mas mohyva. im dros, rodesac
mimdinareobda gaafTrebuli istoriuli brZolebi, xdeboda diadi socialuri, ekonomikuri da religiuri cvlilebebi. SemzRudveli memkvidreobiTi
kanonebi, rogoricaa ufrosi vaJis ufleba memkvidreobaze da maiorati, gauqmda, britanul did sakuTrebebs konfiskacia gaukeTda da gadanawilda ufro
mcire holdingebze, miwaze dasaxlebis samefo SezRudvebi gauqmda, gadaidga
mniSvnelovani nabijebi religiuri Tanasworobisa da saxelmwifosa da eklesiis
gancalkevebis dasacavad, Zvelma ojaxebma dakarges Zalaufleba, maT adgilebs
`ikavebdnen axali liderebi, ufro axalgazrdebidan, ubralo xalxidan da saSualo klasebidan~.13

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aseve moxda mniSvnelovani politikuri cvlilebebi, ramdenadac TiToeulma koloniam Seqmna konstitucia. omis cecxlSi Seqmnilma am konstituciam
SeinarCuna adre arsebuli adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis sistemebi (gansakuTrebiT aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis kuTxiT), amavdroulad isini icavdnen
individualur Tavisuflebebs. am dokumentebSi Sesuli cnebebi da principebi
SemdgomSi aisaxa konfederaciis muxlebSi da sabolood, SeerTebuli Statebis
konstituciaSi. kanonis uzenaesobis anu kanonierebisa da proceduruli koreqtulobis uzenaesobis mniSvneloba, ar SeiZleba gadafasebul iqnes.
is, rasac SesaZloa vuwodoT konstituciuri procesi, Tavis kulminacias
miaRwia xalxis mier arCeuli mTavrobis anu umravlesobis mTavrobis Seqmnisas, im dros, rodesac evropis xalxebi umeteswilad kvlav aristokratiuli
an monarqiuli batonobis qveS iyvnen. ufro metic, kolonistebis myari zrunva
konstituciurobaze gadamwyveti iyo im SeTqmulebebisa da intrigebis Tavidan
aridebisas, romelTac SeeZloT gaeTiSaT axali eri mraval mtrul politikur
qvedanayofad.
zomieri revolucia. retrospeqtivaSi, is zomiereba, romelic gamoCnda
amerikis revoluciur brZolebSi, WeSmaritad SesaniSnavi Cans (imdenad, rom zogierTi politologi ar axdens mis klasificirebas revoluciad). konfliqts axasiaTebda `sxva revoluciebTan SedarebiT Zaladobis iSviaTi ekonomia~.14
ufro gviandel revoluciur konfliqtebTan SedarebiT (rogoricaa safrangeTisa da ruseTis revoluciebi da espaneTis samoqalaqo omi), samoqalaqo
represiebi ajanyebulebsa da loialurad ganwyobilebs Soris mkacri ar iyo.
arc amerikuli revoluciis liderebi yofilan rodisme represirebulni an
sikvdiliT dasjilni, rasac ver ascda Semdgomi revoluciebis bevri wamomwyebi,
`mTavarsardali (vaSingtoni) gaxda respublikis pirveli prezidenti da datova
posti sakuTari nebiT; revoluciuri manifestis avtori (jefersoni) iyo misi
pirveli saxelmwifo mdivani.~15
ram ganapiroba revoluciis unikaluri wesrigi? yvelaze mniSvnelovani
isaa, rom koloniaTa liderebma lokiseuli midgoma revoluciis mimarT Seuxames
realistur, miRwevad politikur miznebs. `lokiseul midgomaSi~, romelsac
mogvianebiT mivubrundebiT, vgulisxmobT, rom mcireodeni gamonaklisis garda,
damfuZneblebs revolucia miaCndaT gardauval borotebad. is iyo gardauvali,
radganac maT ar icodnen didi britaneTisgan damoukideblobis mopovebis araviTari sxva gza, magram is iyo boroteba, ramdenadac iwvevda tanjvas, sisxlisRvrasa da gaukacrielebas. amerikuli revolucia rCeba unikalurad swored imitom,
rom mas saTaveSi ar edgnen fanatikosebi, romlebic aRiarebdnen xist ideologias, an isini, vinc fiqrobda, rom yvela gza gamarTlebulia maTi politikuri
miznebis misaRwevad. amis sapirispirod, misi liderebi iyvnen SorsmWvreteli
pirovnebebi, romlebic mudmivad ekiTxebodnen sakuTar Tavs (da erTmaneTs),
ramdenad marTebuli iyo is, rasac isini akeTebdnen. miuxedavad imisa, rom revoluciis liderTa mxridan enTuziazmis nakleboba ar yofila, `es enTuziazmi gawonasworebuli iyo eWviT, TviTanaliziT, zrunviTa da skepticizmiT~.16 mokled,
amerikuli revoluciis sikeTe TavisTavad ar mosula.
es gawonasworebuli revoluciuri Rirebulebebi emsaxureboda gonivrul
da naTel miznebs. arsebiTad is, rac koloniaTa liderebs surdaT revoluciisgan, iyo inglisisgan gancalkeveba da mmarTvelobis iseTi sistemis Camoyalibeba,

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romelic dafuZnebuli iqneboda Tanxmobasa da adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa pativiscemaze. mniSvnelovania is, rom es politikuri xedva adamianTa
SesaZleblobebis farglebSi jdeboda. revoluciuri omi TavisTavad Sors idga
auxdeneli ocnebisgan, rac sabolood sakmaod naTlad daadastura amerikulma
gamarjvebam. da revoluciuri konfliqtis ganviTarebasTan erTad, TviTmmarTvelobisa da moqalaqeTa uflebebis erTmaneTTan mWidrod dakavSirebuli principebi koloniebSi viTardeboda rogorc Statebis, aseve qalaqebis doneze. momdevno periodis revolucionerebisgan gansxvavebiT, koloniaTa liderebi ar
cdilobdnen dauyovnebliv daefuZnebinaT raime radikalurad axali da gansxvavebuli. raki acnobierebdnen safrTxeebs, romlebsac Seicavda don-kixoturi
da utopiuri idealizmi, maT icodnen, rom `auxdeneli ocnebebisken politikuri
swrafva iwvevs terors da tiranias SeuZleblis miRwevis ganwirul mcdelobaSi.~17
amerikul revolucias ar axasiaTebda ra amgvari terori da tirania,
radganac erT-erTi specialistis sityvebiT, is iyo `gonivruli molodinebis
revolucia~.18 sifxizle, zomiereba da sifrTxile iyo am revoluciis niSani da
SemdgomSi konstituciis mier kurTxeuli `kargad mowyobili kavSiris~ mTavari
maxasiaTebeli.

safrangeTis revolucia
safrangeTis revolucia sakmaod gansxvavebuli iyo. wlebis ganmavlobaSi
safrangeTi ganicdida mzard politikur arastabilurobas da xalxis ukmayofilebas. aristokratia eswrafoda SeenarCunebinaT mkveTri klasobrivi gansxvavebebi, romlebic axasiaTebda frangul sazogadoebas da amiT regularulad
uSlida xels ekonomikuri da socialuri reformebis mcdelobebs. ufro metic,
mTavroba amJRavnebda aSkara uunarobas, aRekveTa cvladi garemoebebi. TviT unarian da ganaTlebul monarqsac ki, rogoric namdvilad ar yofila lui XVI (17741792), gauWirdeboda gamklaveboda decentralizebuli da Znelad koordinirebadi saxelmwifo institutebis winaaRmdegobas. amas garda, 1780-ian wlebSi
mTavrobis winaSe wina omebis didi valebis gadaxdis mizniT gadasaxadebis gazrdis sirTuleebi idga. amasTanave, xelisuflebisaTvis Seuferebel dros xdeboda ekonomikuri cvlilebebic. miuxedavad imisa, rom ekonomika viTardeboda,
Sedegi Zalze araTanabrad iyo ganawilebuli. gansakuTrebiT mZime iyo qalaqis
Raribebisa da glexebis mdgomareoba, romelTagan mravali pirveladi saWiroebebis masalaTa ukmarisobas ufro xedavda, vidre mdgradi ekonomikuri zrdis
perspeqtivas.
1789 wlisTvis uTanxmoebis morevi ganxeTqilebis zRvad iqca. reformatorebi saSualo da maRali klasebisgan moiTxovdnen rogorc politikur, aseve
ekonomikur cvlilebebs. yvelaze ufro zomieri moTxovnebi Seicavda klasobrivi privilegiebis SezRudvas da sagadasaxado sistemis reformas. zogierT liders surda ufro radikaluri cvlilebebi, maT Soris saxalxo suverenitetze
dafuZnebuli politikuri wesrigis Seqmna.
yvela es moTxovna wamoayenes 1789 wlis maisis Estates-General-is _ arCeuli
giganturi parlamentis Sexvedraze, romelic saarCevno xmis mqone mamakacTa
mier iyo arCeuli da dayofili iyo sam estate-ad anu palatad da warmoadgenda

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sasuliero pirebs, aristokratiasa da ubralo xalxs. mniSvnelovani debatebis
Semdeg (rac kargi dasawyisia areulobisaTvis), delegatebis umravlesobam,
romelTac saTaveSi edga raodenobrivad meti mesame wodebis warmomadgeneli
(ubralo xalxi), Camoayaliba saxalxo erovnuli kreba. garda imisa, rom amtkicebda uflebas, daewesebina an gaeuqmebina nebismieri gadasaxadi, am organos
wevrebi iTxovdnen aristokratiuli privilegiebis gauqmebas.
es qmedebebi pirdapir utevda monarqias. lui XVI amas mosalodneli araadekvaturobiT upasuxa _ gamoiyena sakmarisi Zala, raTa ganerisxebina sakuTari oponentebi. rodesac man ubrZana sakuTar Zalebs, aekrZalaT Sekrebebi
erovnuli krebisTvis, delegatebma maleve SeakeTes axlomdebare CogburTis
darbazi da gadawyvites aq Sekrebiliyvnen sistematiurad, sanam ar miaRwevdnen
konstituciis miRebas. mefe erTgvarad orWofobda da ramdenime dRis Semdeg
daTmobebze wavida saadasaxado reformis sferoSi, magram uari Tqva gaeuqmebina
aristokratiis privilegiebi. imavdroulad, man ganalaga SeiaraRebuli Zalebi
strategiul poziciebze. Tumca arc erTi es RonisZieba adekvaturi ar aRmoCnda
da arc ZaliT damuqreba gamodga Tanmimdevruli. amas maleve mohyva Zaladobis
sporaduli afeTqebebi, romelTa Soris iyo bastiliis SturmiT aReba, da rodesac mefis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli Zaladobrivi qmedebebi safrangeTis politikuri cxovrebis mniSvnelovan Tvisebad iqca, lui XVI iZulebuli gaxda daTanxmeboda konstituciis moTxovnebs.
axali konstitucia. im or weliwadSi, romelic dasWirda 1791 wlis konstituciis miRebas, egalitarulma sulma gadauara qveyanas. gauqmda aristokratiuli privilegiebi da konfiskacia gaukeTda eklesiis miwebs. fundamenturi
mniSvnelobis politikurma dokumentma _ adamianis uflebaTa delaraciam, ganadida lozungi, romelmac ganasaxiera im drois egalitaluri suliskveTeba:
`Tavisufleba, Tanasworoba, Zmoba~. axalma konstituciam daafuZna konstituciuri monarqia. lui XVI-s aRar SeeZlo avtokratulad emarTa RvTiur uflebebze
dayrdnobiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom konstitucia mefes SeiaraRebuli Zalebis
mTavarsardlad aRiarebda da akisrebda pasuxismgeblobas sagareo sakiTxebSi,
aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis funqciaTa umetesobis Sesrulebas avalebda
erovnul krebas, romelsac biujetis marTvis, aseve omis gamocxadebis ufleba
hqonda. Seiqmna axali arCeviTi administracia da ganxorcielda saarCevno uflebebis liberalizacia.
amrigad, safrangeTSi miRweul iqna politikuri da sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis STambeWdavi demokratizacia saocrad mokle periodSi. mefis Zalauflebas, romelic aqamde TiTqmis SeuzRudavi iyo, Ziri gamoeTxara da ganxorcielda radikaluri socialuri reformebi.
politikuri arastabiluroba. konstituciis mier 1791 wels dafuZnebuli konstituciuri monarqiis arseboba erT weliwadze nakleb dros gagrZelda, romlis ganmavlobaSic qveyana iZireboda efeqturi politikuri lideris
ararsebobis pirobebSi. bunebrivia, mefes sZulda Tavsmoxveuli axali mTavroba
(erTxel lui XVI-m scada qveynidan gaqcevac, raTa SeerTeboda axali mTavrobis oponentebs, magram daiWires da parizSi daabrunes). konstitucia ukrZalavda damfuZnebeli yrilobis yofil wevrebs axal sakanonmdeblo organoSi
moRvaweobas, rac niSnavda imas, rom gamocdili kanonmdeblebi ganze rCebodnen.
damatebiTi problemebi warmoiSva, rodesac axlad arCeulma adgilobrivma ad-

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ministraciam ver SeZlo efeqturad moqmedeba da dainteresebulma mxareebma,
romelTac dakarges Zalaufleba axali reformebis Sedegad, gansakuTrebiT
kaTolikurma eklesiam da aristokratiam, daiwyes axali reJimisadmi winaaRmdegobis gaweva. avstriasTan da prusiasTan omma gaamwvava arsebuli siZneleebi da
arc navaraudevi ekonomikuri gaumjobeseba Canda. parizSi gamudmebiT trialebda Worebi mefisadmi absoluturi Zalauflebis moaxloebul dabrunebaze da
asazrdoebda kontrrevoluciis farTod gavrcelebul SiSs, rac Zirs uTxrida
reformebis motanil politikur optimizms.
radikalizmis zrda. 1790-iani wlebis qaosur politikur da socialur realobaSi movlenebi swrafad viTardeboda. lui XVI-s brali dasdes saxelmwifoebriv RalatSi, Camoagdes taxtidan da Tavi mohkveTes 1793 wlis ivnisSi. saxelmwifos marTvis sadaveebi xelSi aiRo politikuri radikalebis gundma, romelic
miznad isaxavda safrangeTis sazogadoebis Secvlas da ar erideboda amisTvis
Zaladobis gamoyenebas. axali lideris, maqsimilian robespieris (1758-1794) umTavresi prioriteti iyo moego omi avstriisa da prusiis winaaRmdeg. am miznis
misaRwevad aucilebeli iyo rogorc samxedro valdebuleba da mkacri disciplina brZolis velze, aseve erovnuli erTianoba qveynis SigniT. gare safrTxis
arsebobis atmosferoSi yvelanairi politikuri opozicia miiCneoda moRalated. es situacia, miuxedavad imisa, rom samwuxaro da mosalodneli iyo _ iseve,
rogorc axla, politikuri depresia maSinac omis dros gavrcelebuli fenomeni
gaxldaT. magram robespieri ar kmayofildeboda mxolod erovnuli erTianobis
uzrunvelyofiT. amas garda, mas surda Seeqmna saTnoebis reJimi _ Tavidan `aeSenebina~ franguli sazogadoeba, ase vTqvaT, Tavidan gamoeZerwa moralurad
srulyofili frangi moqalaqeebi. erT-erTi mkvlevaris SexedulebiT:

`robespiers surda safrangeTi, romelSic ar iqnebodnen

arc mdidrebi, arc Raribebi, adamianebi ar iTamaSebdnen azartul
TamaSebs, ar daTvrebodnen, ar uRalatebdnen, ar moiparavdnen da ar
moklavdnen _ mokled, sadac ar iqneboda arc mcire da arc didi mankierebebi _ safrangeTi, romelsac marTavdnen xalxis arCeuli znemaRali da ganaTlebuli adamianebi, romlebic sruliad Tavisufalni
iqnebodnen sixarbis an Zalauflebis siyvarulisgan da brZnulad
datovebdnen Tanamdebobas droTa ganmavlobaSi, raTa gza gaexsnaT
maTi memkvidreebisaTvis _ mSvidobiani safrangeTi, rogorc SigniT,
aseve mTel msofliosTan mimarTebaSi.~19
robespieris grandiozuli, magram utopiuri idealizmi ar yofila mxolod
gacxadeba imisa, ra unda yofiliyo, aramed igi manifesti iyo, romelic realobad unda qceuliyo mTeli gznebiTa da sisruliT. `axali moqalaqis~ Sesaqmnelad momzadebuli robespieri ver ganasaxierebda pirovnuli Tavisuflebis an
bednierebisaken swrafvis mizans, ise rogorc amerikeli revolucionerebi. rogor SeiZleboda yofiliyo msoflioSi, romelic iyofoda absolutur sikeTed
da borotebad, aseTi adgili pirovnuli arCevanisTvis? robespieri midrekili
iyo ara Tavisufali qveynis Seqmnisaken, aramed `Tavisuflebis despotizmis~
damkvidrebisaken. Tumca, saTnoebis institucionalizacia safrangeTis revoluciis mxolod erTi aspeqti iyo, kidev erTi aspeqti Raribebisadmi TanagrZnoba

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iyo. gaTavisufleba survilebisgan da TviT mudmivi siuxvis dapireba iqca robespieris revoluciis mniSvnelovan miznad, romelic wamowyebul iqna CagrulTa
saxeliT mCagvrelTa sixarbisa da siZunwis winaaRmdeg.20 robespiers swamda, rom
mxolod amgvari politikis saSualebiT iyo SesaZlebeli saTno da damakmayofilebeli moqalaqeobis uzrunvelyofa.
axali dRis wesrigi. saTnoebisaTvis xelSesawyobad da siRaribisTvis umokles droSi wertilis dasasmelad, robespieri varaudobda franguli
cxovrebis myiseul Secvlas. saxelmwifo institutebi, samarTlebrivi mowyoba,
socialuri realoba _ yvelaferi unda Secvliliyo. TviT axali kalendaric ki
iqna SemoRebuli, rogorc simbolo rwmenisa, rom dadga istoriis axali epoqa.
cvlilebis suli totaluri iyo, umTavresi mizani _ samoTxe miwaze. erTma mkvlevarma SeniSna, rom warmmarTveli suliskveTeba iyo `Sekruli, enTuziazmiT
savse, Tavisuflad motivtive mesianizmi... romelic arafriT kmayofildeboda,
garda adamianebis cxovrebis pirobebis radikaluri transformaciisa~.21
Tumca, mesianizmis problema isaa, rom mxolod RmerTs (an RmerTis mociquls) SeuZlia Seasrulos diadi dapirebebi. robespiers ar gaaCnda amgvari RvTaebrivi SesaZleblobebi. igi da misi TamaberZolebi maleve darwmundnen, rom
axali wesrigis SemoReba da misi SenarCuneba sxvadasxva iyo. rodesac iluziuri
rwmenis dakargva daejaxa SeuzRudav molodinsa da warmoSva mfeTqebadi narevi,
gaCnda politikuri disputebi. axali mmarTvelebis mimarT opoziciam farTod
gavrceleba daiwyo.
teroris mefoba. robespieris pasuxi mzard opoziciasa da savaraudod
gadaulaxav siZneleebze, romlebic yoveldRiur marTvaSi aRiniSneboda aseTi
iyo: saTnoebis reJimis ganmtkiceba masobrivi represiebiT, romelic teroris
mefobis saxeliT gaxda cnobili. sikvdiliT dasja giliotinis gamoyeneba, razec
brZanebas sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis komiteti gascemda, gaxda sayovelTao,
gansakuTrebiT parizSi. xelisuflebis Zaladoba, Tavdapirvelad reJimis aqtiuri oponentebis winaaRmdeg, maleve gagrZelda sakuTari inerciiT. is Seexo im
adamianebsac, vinc iziarebda robespieris xedvas, magram ar eTanxmeboda mis meTodebs. mogvianebiT isini, vinc mxolod eWvmitanilni iyvnen uTanxmoebaSi, giliotinis msxverplni gaxdnen. xelisuflebaSi myofT Rrma undobloba dauflebodaT, iseve, rogorc gadarCenilebs aRelvebdaT sakuTari usafrTxoebis sakiTxi.
sabolod, koleqtiurma SiSma robespieri miiyvana damxobamde da sikvdiliT dasjamde. misi erTwliani mmarTelobis ganmavlobaSi, mTlianad sikvdiliT dasjili
40000 aTasamde adamiani iqna _ saocari raodenoba meTvramete saukunisTvis.
revoluciis Sedegebi. safrangeTis revoluciis Sedegebis Sefaseba advili ar aris. man aSkarad ver miaRwia miznebs. robespieris damxobis Semdeg xelisufleba miiRo korufciulma da arakompetenturma mTavrobam, romelic cnobilia direqtoriis saxeliT. 1799 wels reJimma gza dauTmo napoleon bonapartis
diqtaturas (1804-1815), romelmac SeZlo wesrigisa da stabilurobis aRdgena.
napoleonis mmarTvelobisas, safrangeTma scada daemorCilebina mTeli evropa
ambiciuri omebis seriebis Sedegad, romlebmac sabolood qveyana damarcxebamde
da napoleonis damxobamde miiyvana.
amrigad, safrangeTis arc erT revolucias saxalxo mTavroba ar mohyolia.

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sinamdvileSi, napoleonis damxobis Sedegad, monarqia aRdga. Tumca, mravali
RirsSesaniSnavi da grZelvadiani cvlileba ganxorcielda. magaliTad, 1815 wels
aRdgenili monarqiis Semdeg mefis Zalaufleba mniSvnelovnad ufro SezRuduli iyo, vidre revoluciamde. ufro metic, revoluciuri epoqidan gamomdinare,
mniSvnelovani socialuri da politikuri reformebi SenarCunda da xelisufleba axla ufro centralizebuli da efeqturi iyo. Tumca, am cvlilebebis miuxedavad, aRdgenili monarqia mkveTr kontrastSi modioda axali sazogadoebis
egalitarul xedvasTan, rac STaagonebda robespiers da mis mimdevrebs.

ori revoluciis Sedareba

Tu amerikuli revolucia SeiZleba daxasiaTdes, rogorc zomieri miznebis
mqone, franguli revolucia SesaZloa aRvweroT, rogorc usazRvro molodinebis revolucia. dasawyisSi frang revolucionerebs wminda guliT sjerodaT, rom yvelaferi SesaZlebeli iyo. eqstremistebis miznebi utopiuri iyo.
dasaxuli ukiduresi miznebis realizaciisaTvis, isini iZulebulni iyvnen miemarTaT ukiduresi saSualebebisaTvis teroris CaTvliT. daujerebelia, rom
amerikaSi yvelaze cnobili radikali Tomas peini revoluciis dros safrangeTis cixeSi aRmoCnda imitom, rom misi politika ar iyo sakmarisad radikaluri.
camet koloniaSi revolucionerTa umetesoba politikurad zomieri iyo. safrangeTSi zomierebi an sikvdiliT dasajes an daapatimres.
amerikis revoluciam Tavisi ufro zomieri miznebiT SeZlo Seeqmna Tanamedrove epoqis respublikuri mTavrobis pirveli warmatebuli magaliTi. safrangeTs aseTi warmateba ar hqonia. amis miuxedavad, meoce saukunis mravali revoluciuri moZraoba gacilebiT ufro metad STagonebuli iyo safrangeTis, da
ara amerikis magaliTiT. 22
gasagebia, ratom STaagona safrangeTis revoluciam mTeli msoflios masStabiT revolucionerTa warmosaxva Tavisi surviliT aRmoefxvra siRaribe da eTanagrZno CagrulebisaTvis. magram konkretuli da mdgradi Sedegebis misaRwevad
politikuri miznebi realisturi unda iyos, sxvagvarad, auxdeneli ocnebebi
SesaZloa, gardauval koSmarebad iqces.

revoluciis sasurveloba: burke, peini da loki

ra ufro savaraudoa _ revolucia mraval rames gauumjobesebs adamianebs
Tu piriqiT? 200 wlis win britanel konservator edmund burkes da amerikel
revolucioner Tomas peins am sakiTxze diskusia hqondaT. debatebis umetesi nawili daemTxva safrangeTis revoluciis adreul fazas. sakvanZo sakiTxs
warmoadgenda, WeSmaritad iyo Tu ara revolucia frangi xalxis interesebSi,
romlis saxeliTac iqna wamowyebuli, ufro zogadad rom vTqvaT, revoluciebi
sazogadoebisTvis sasikeToa Tu saziano.

burkes pozicia

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safrangeTis revoluciam STaagona edmund burkes (1729-1797) daewera revoluciaTa erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili kritika, romelic odesme dawerila inglisur enaze _ refleqsia safrangeTis revoluciaze (1790). burkes ar sjeroda,
rom safrangeTis revolucia Rrmad fesvgadgmuli ekonomikuri da sazogadoebrivi Zalebis Sedegi iyo. misi azriT, WeSmariti revolucionerebi iyvnen filosofosebi, romlebmac Camoayalibes racionalizmis damangreveli doqtrina da mecniereba RmerTad aRiares. igi ambobda, imis mtkicebiT, rom mTavroba
calkeuli martivi miznebis misaRwevad arsebobs (magaliTad, icavs pirovnebis
uflebebs), revolucionerebma Seqmnes araswori warmodgenebi _ maTgan yvelaze
mniSvnelovani is, rom radikalur cvlilebebs yovelTvis gaumjobeseba moaqvs.
amgvari azrovneba anadgurebda or rames, rasac burke politikuri sazogadoebis safuZvlad miiCnevda _ religias da tradicias.
burke amtkicebda, rom safrangeTis revoluciis safuZvelSi ido safrTxis Semcveli politikuri ganzogadebebi. politikis metismetad gamartivebisa
da dauSvebeli molodinis warmoSobiT, romlebic ar Seesabameboda safrangeTis istorias da tradiciebs, gamartivebuli cnebebi, rogoricaa `Tavisufleba,
Tanasworoba, Zmoba~, emuqreboda sazogadoebriv wesrigs, romelzec, upirveles
yovlisa, dafuZnebuli iyo yvela sxva politikuri faseuloba da saTnoeba. kargi
wesrigi, misi azriT, ganapirobebda yvelaferi kargis dafuZnebas.
kargi xelisuflebis ostatoba _ rogor warvmarToT, SevinarCunoT igi an
movaxdinoT misi reformireba _ SeuZlebelia warimarTos filosofiuri gansjis
gareSe, amtkicebda burke. igi ganixilavda xelisuflebas `eqsperimentul mecnierebad~, romlis praqtikosebsac sWirdebodaT sibrZne da SorsmWvreteloba,
romelic gamocdilebas moaqvs. da gamocdileba, Tavisi bunebidan gamomdinare, SeuZlebelia erT dRe-RameSi gaCndes, igi grovdeba, izrdeba, iwvTneba da
amasTanave, gadaecema Taobidan Taobas, amtkicebda igi. burkes xedva Seicavda
warsulis Tayvaniscemas, iseve rogorc asakisa da miRwevebisadmi pativiscemas.
misi azriT, sazogadoeba iyo awewili qsovili xeliT naqargi institutebisa,
romelTac Sinagani logika aqvs da Cvevebis, tradiciebisa da SeTanxmebebis ZaliT grZeldeba.
xelisuflebisa da adamianuri SesaZleblobebisa da SezRudulobis am
gonivrulma xedvam burke miiyvana pragmatizmisa da sifrTxilis mniSvnelobis xazgasmamde. igi ambobda, rom sifrTxile `saTnoebaTagan upirvelesia~. rac Seexeba
pragmatizms, igi miiCnevda, rom kacobriobis da sazogadoebis sirTulidan gamomdinare, veranairi martivi, yvelafris momcveli politikuri formula ver moitanda imgvar Rrma cvlilebebs, rogorsac frangi Teoretikosebi hpirdebodnen.
sabolood, burke akritikebda maT ukidures mouTmenlobas, vinc ganadidebda revolucias. gamodioda ra TandaTanobiTi da gaazrebuli reformis
mxareze, igi iZleoda gafrTxilebas, rom Tu politikuri cvlilebebi ar moxdeboda nela da windaxedulad, mosaxleobis udidesi masa uares mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndeboda, vidre uwin: `saWiroa dro, raTa moxdes azrTa gamTlianeba,
romelsac TavisTavad ZaluZs warmoSos yvela is sikeTe, rasac miznad visaxavT.
Cveni moTmineba ufro mets miaRwevs, vidre Cveni Zala.~23
radgan iZleva ufro met dapirebas, vidre is, rac SeuZlia nebismier politikur wesrigs da zrdis garkveuli dauyovneblivi utopiuri garRvevebis ararealistur politikur molodins, revolucias SeuZlia daabrmavos masebi netari
(magram miuRweveli) momavlis xedviTa da aseve warsulis sibZnis mimarT. erTi si-

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tyviT, gonivruli politika SesaZlebelia miviCnioT `SesaZleblis xelovnebad~,
revoluciis mrude sarkeSi ki igi SeuZleblis mecnierebad iqceva.

peinis uaryofa
Tomas peinma (1737-1809) scada uareyo revoluciis burkeseuli xedva mis
adamianTa uflebebSi, romelic dawera or nawilad 1792 wlis TebervalSi da
mimarTuli iyo kerZod burkesadmi. gansazRvravda ra saxalxo revoluciis legitimurobas, peini xazs usvamda mraval usamarTlobas, romlebic Caidina britanulma monarqiam amerikeli kolonistebis mimarT. peinisTvis tirania da monarqia
erTi da igive iyo. monarqistebi, acxadebda igi, zeoben umecrebaze da principulad mcdarni arian:24

`yvelanairi memkvidreobiTi xelisufleba Tavisi bunebiT tiraniaa. samemkvidreo gvirgvins, taxts an nebismier sxva ucnaurobas,
rac SesaZlebelia vuwodoT amgvar rames, ar gaaCnia raime sxva axsna
garda imisa, rom kacobrioba samemkvidreo qonebaa. miiRo memkvidreobiT Zalaufleba, es igivea, rac miiRo memkvidreobiT xalxi, TiTqos
igi iyos naxiri an jogi~.25
sxva adgilas igi wers:

`rodesac xelisuflebis monarqiuli da memkvidruli sistemebis pirobebSi gasacodavebul adamianebs vakvirdebiT, romlebic
sakuTari saxlidan ama Tu im Zalam gamodevna da gadasaxadebma mterze
metad mouRo bolo, aSkara xdeba am sistemaTa siave da xelisuflebis
principebsa da mowyobaSi saerTo revoluciis aucilebloba~.26
am ganzogadebis mxardasaWerad, peins mohyavda mefis usamarTlobisa da
korufciis mravali magaliTi. mas sjeroda, rom yvelaze didi usamarTloba
iyo xalxisaTvis sakuTari xelisuflebis arCevis uflebaze uaris Tqma. mas miaCnda, rom xalxi aranairad ar unda iyos SezRuduli sakuTari winaprebis gadawyvetilebebiT. `yoveli epoqa da Taoba unda iyos Tavisufali sakuTar qmedebebSi,
yvela SemTxvevaSi, rogorc epoqebi da Taobebi, romlebic win uswrebdnen mas...
mmarTvelTa amaoeba da SesaZleblobebi saflavis miRma aris yvelaze sasacilo
da qedmaRluria yvela tiraniaSi.~ 27
peini aRiqvamda safrangeTis revolucias, rogorc xazgasmiT samarTlians.
igi amtkicebda, rom monarqiis damxobis mcdelobaSi frangi xalxi ubralod axorcielebda fundamentur uflebas (romelic gamomdinareobda maTi Tanabari,
bunebiTi uflebidan, yofiliyvnen Tavisufalni). peins TiTqmis religiuri rwmena hqonda xalxis bunebiT siqvelesa da sibrZneze. am rwmenam miiyvana igi daskvnamde, rom rodesac safrangeTis revolucias SevadarebdiT sxva qveynebis revolucias, cxadi gaxdeboda, rom `principebi da ara pirovnebebi iyvnen ganzraxuli
ganadgurebis obieqtebi.~ 28

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lokiseuli perspeqtiva
burkes sZulda saxalxo revolucia, peini ki adidebda mas.29 daaxloebiT erTi
saukuniT adre jon lokma (1632-1704) daikava garkveulad Sualeduri pozicia am
or ukiduresobas Soris sakuTar xelisuflebisadmi miZRvnil meore traqtatSi.
lokma daiwyo msjeloba im wanamZRvrebiT, rom anarqiuli bunebrivi mdgomareobidan TavdasaRwevad adamianebi Tanaxma iyvnen hyolodaT xelisufleba. lokis
azriT, SemdgomSi Tanxmoba iqmneboda rogorc samoqalaqo sazogadoebis, aseve
formaluri xelisuflebis safuZvelze, sadac es ukanaskneli arsebobda pirvel
rigSi imisaTvis, raTa daecva adamianis sicocxlisaTvis aucileblad miCneuli
uflebebi. Semdeg igi svamda kiTxvas: ra moxdeba, Tu xelisufleba, misi Sinagani
azris sapirispirod, daemuqreba sicocxles, Tavisuflebas da moqalaqeTa sakuTrebas? amgvar SemTxvevaSi, xelisufleba axorcielebda `Zalas uflebis gareSe~ da adamianebs gaaCndaT ufleba, winaaRmdegoba gaewiaT da daecvaT sakuTari
Tavi, _ askvnida igi. lokis sityvebiT:

`xelisuflebis bolo kacobriobis sikargea, da ra aris saukeTeso kacobriobisaTvis _ adamianebi yovelTvis gaxsnili iyvnen tiraniis SeuzRudavi nebisaTvis, Tu is, rom mmarTvelebi zogjer valdebulni unda iyvnen mowinaRmdegebis winaSe, rodesac isini uzomod
iyeneben sakuTar Zalauflebas da mimarTaven mas ganadgurebisaTvis
da ara sakuTari xalxis sakuTrebis SesanarCuneblad?~ 30
loki ar adidebda revolucias. igi irwmuneboda, rom saxalxo amboxi ar
SeiZleba daiwyos mxolod impulis Sedegad. adamianebi unda Seeguon pirovnul
Secdomebs da araswori mmarTvelobis magaliTebs, amtkicebda igi.. magram isini
ar unda Seeguon `Cagvris, gaurkvevlobisa da sicruis xangrZliv serias~.31 loki
imasac ki varaudobda, rom ajanyebis miseuli doqtrina revoluciebis Semakaveblad imuSavebda: igi miuTiTebda, rom xelisuflebis mier xalxis ajanyebis
uflebis codna mas represiuli qmedebebis wamowyebamde ormagad dakvirvebul
gansjas aiZulebs. sabolood, mCagvreli mTavrobis winaaRmdeg xalxis ajanyebis
uflebis gacnobiereba imaze ufro mets niSnavs, vidre gacnobiereba imisa, rom
sakmarisad damTrgunvel pirobebSi xalxi ajanydeba, aRniSnavda igi. amitom,
gaacnobierebs xelisufleba amgvar uflebas Tu ara, araarsebiTia:

`Tu adamianTa umravlesoba darwmunebulia sakuTar sindisTan

SesabamisobaSi, rom kanonebi, da maTTan erTad maTi sakuTreba, Tavisufleba da sicocxle, SesaZlebelia, maTi religiac, safrTxeSia,
rogor SeZleben Seakavon maT mimarT gamoyenebuli ukanono Zalauflebisadmi winaaRmdegoba, ar SemiZlia vTqva. es uxerxuloba yovel
xelisuflebas Seexeba~. 32
imis gancxadebisas, rac cnobilia, rogorc revoluciis ufleba, lokma
savaraudod ar gaakeTa imaze meti, vidre ubralod gamoTqva is, rasac miiCnevda politikuri cxovrebis faqtad. Tumca es faqti ar amcirebs lokis Teoriis
mniSvnelobas. ajanyebis miseuli doqtrina Tavad iyo revoluciuri meCvidmete
saukunis bolosTvis. TviT inglisSic ki, sadac ori saukunis win Tavi mohkveTes

469
Carlz II, sakiTxi hqondaT Tu ara dinastiur mmarTvelebs RvTiuri ufleba, xelT
hqonodaT kverTxi da emarTaT iaraRi, kvlav sakamaTo iyo. sxva evropuli erisaxelmwifoebis umravlesobaSi monarqebis RvTiuri uflebis sakiTxi ueWvelad
miaCndaT. araa gasakviri, rom es mefeebi arafers ise umniSvnelod ar Tvlidnen,
rogorc xalxis nebas, radganac swamdaT, rom maTi Zalaufleba RvTisgan momdinareobda.
revoluciis lokiseulma Teoriam daaCqara RvTiuri uflebis doqtrinisaTvis sikvdilis zaris gaJRereba. loki amtkicebda, rom revolucia aucilebeli xdeboda, rodesac xelisufleba moqmedebs misi arsebobis mizezis sapirispirod. uzrunvelyofs ki revolucia karg xelisuflebas? cxadia, ara _ man
SesaZloa migviyvanos mxolod anarqiamde an kidev ufro met tiraniamde. qmnis
revolucia ukeTesi mmarTvelobis SesaZleblobas? ueWvelad. loki acxadebda,
rom xalxs xSirad mxolod revoluciis saSualebiT SeuZlia Secvalos tirania
da moipovos axali da ukeTesi xelisuflebis Seqmnis SesaZlebloba, romelic daicavs maTi sicocxlis, Tavisuflebisa da sakuTrebis uflebebs.
amrigad, loks ar ekuTvnis revoluciasa da politikur gamococxlebas
Soris kavSiris Sesaxeb utopiuri mtkicebebi. miseuli xedviT, revolucia SesaZloa gamomdinareobdes ukeTesi xelisuflebis survilidan, magram ar iZleva
aseTi bednieri Sedegis garantias. axali xelisufleba sruliad axalia mxolod
im gagebiT, rom is cvlis winas, amtkicebda igi. rogorc adre aristotele, lokic aRiarebda xelisuflebis formebis sasruli raodenobis arsebobas. amrigad,
revolucia ar SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc mmarTvelobis axali formebis
Zieba, aramed unda gavigoT sityvasityviT _ revoluciad (gadasxvaferebad) _
mmarTvelobis erTi arsebuli formidan sxva formaze gadasvlad.33
amrigad, gansazRvuli revolucia, Znelad Tu hgavda romantikul mcdelobas. lokis azriT, igi gulisxmobda mmarTvelobis erTi arasrulyofili formis
meoreTi, SesaZloa kidev ufro naklebad srulyofili formiT Canacvlebas da
uciloblad _ masStabur cvlilebebs farTo sazogadoebaSi da Seicavda politikuri Zalisa da Zaladobis gamoyenebas TiTqmis yovel SemTxvevaSi. revoluciis amgvari midrekileba Zvrebisadmi, niSnavda, rom es procesi safrTxes Seicavda maSinac ki, rodesac mizani aSkarad sasurveli iyo. ajanyebis lokiseuli
gonivruli xedva ar SeiZleba gadafasdes, rogorc erT-erTi wamyvani Tanamedrove mecnieri aRniSnavs: `revoluciebis Sedegebia terorisa da Zaladobrivi
da agresiuli reJimebis Camoyalibebis periodi~.34

revoluciis mizezebi
loki miiCnevda, rom revolucia gardauvali da misaRebia, rodesac moqalaqeebs ubralod aRar ZaluZT gaZleba. magram, kerZod, rodis `aRar SeuZliaT
gaZleba~ maT? ra aiZulebT moqalaqeebs, ganudgnen fesvgadgmul politikur
Cvevebs da mxari dauWiron revolucias?

tradiciuli axsna
bevri mkvlevarisTvis, rogorc istoriuli gamocdileba, aseve saRi
azri cxadyofs, rom xelisuflebis mier Cadenili usamarTloba xels uwyobs

470
iseTi garemos warmoqmnas, romelSic SesaZlebelia revoluciis aRmoceneba.
revoluciis saTaveebis es tradiciuli axsna dasabams iRebs aristotelesTan, romelmac ax. w-mde meoTxe saukuneSi SeniSna, rom miuxedavad imisa, rom
ajanyebisadmi mowodeba SesaZloa aRmocendes umniSvnelo SemTxvevebisgan,
igi Cveulebriv, patara sakiTxebs ar exeba. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, naperwkali, romelic anTebs revolucias, ar unda agverios janyis safuZvelSi
mdebare mizezebSi. aristotele acxadebda, rom umetes SemTxvevebSi, revolucias iwvevs uTanasworo samarTliT marTva. yoveli politikuri wesrigis
pirobebSi pativisa da simdidrisaken swrafvam SesaZloa xalxSi warmoSvas rwmena, rom erT-erTi an orive es sikeTe ar aris samarTlianad ganawilebuli. amrigad, revolucia SesaZlebelia ganviTardes daZabulobidan, romelic arsebobs mravalricxovan Raribebsa (demokratebs), romelTac surT Tanasworoba
da mcirericxovan mdidrebs (oligarqebs) Soris, romelTac surT sakuTari
Zalauflebisa da simdidris SenarCuneba.
aristoteles SeSfoTebam politikur cxovrebaSi mdidrebsa da Raribebs
Soris arsebuli mravalwlovani daZabulobiT, saTave daudo am Temas dasavlur politikur azrSi, romlis mniSvneloba gaizarda garkveuli periodis
Semdeg. jeims medisonma, magaliTad, federalistSi ganacxada, rom `ganxeTqilebis yvelaze gavrcelebuli da mdgradi wyaro aris simdidris sxvadasxvagvari da araTanabari ganawileba~ da Camoayaliba iseTi xelisuflebis Teoria, romlis pirobebSic politikuri ganxeTqilebis amgvari farTo wyaro
unda Semcirebuliyo.
naxevari saukunis Semdeg, karl marqsma gamoacxada revoluciis umTavres mizezad qonebrivi uTanasworoba gamoacxada. misi azriT, revolucia
klasTa Soris brZolis sinonimia da ucvlelad gamomdinareobs gabatonebuli
usamarTlobidan. mdidar kapitalistebsa da gaRatakebul mSromelebs Soris
ekonomikuri ufskrulias zrdasTan erTad, revoluciis albaTobac izrdeba.

revoluciis socialuri fsiqologia

ra aiZulebs rigiT pirovnebas, ugulebelyos mZlavri socialuri zewola,
romelic mas konformizmisken ubiZgebs da monawiloba miiRos revoluciur moZraobaSi? marqsi Tvlida, rom siRaribiT da socialuri gaucxoebiT gamowveuli
sasowarkveTa aris revoluciuri moqmedebis ZiriTadi fsiqologiuri berketi
da misi amgvari axsna amJamad farTodaa miRebuli. ramdenime wliT adre marqsma
Camoayaliba es pozicia komunistur manifestSi (1848), Tumca, aleqsis de tokvili gvTavazobs alternatiul mosazrebas. ikvlevda ra safrangeTis revolucias,
man SeamCnia, rom `xalxis ukmayofilebam yvelaze maRal dones safrangeTis im
nawilSi miaRwia, sadac yvelaze metad SeiniSneboda gaumjobeseba _ ekonomikuri
da socialuri sasikeTo Zvrebi, politikuri zewolis Semcireba, Tumca mainc arsebobda didi ukmayofileba~.35
tokvili askvnida, rom ekonomikur gaumjobesebas revoluciamde mivyavarT, radganac, rodesac adamianebi dainaxaven garkveuli gaumjobesebebis
SesaZleblobas, maT gardauvalad metis survili gauCndebaT, aRar moisurveben
cudi pirobebisa da gaRizianebis atanas _ mxolod realuri, myisieri gaumjobeseba daakmayofilebT. amgvarad Cndeba revoluciis ganzraxva, _ amtkicebda igi.
marqsis da tokvilis poziciebi erTmaneTTan SeuTavsebeli Cans, magram

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1962 wels jeims s. devisma dawera aRiarebuli statia, romelSic igi gamoTqvamda
varauds, rom `orive ideas aqvs ganmartebiTi da SesaZlebelia, winaswarmetyveluri Rirebuleba, Tu isini Sepirispirebuli da ganlagebuli iqnebian saTanado
droiTi rigis mixedviT~.36 devisi am provokaciul daskvnamde 1842 wlis doris
ajanyebis, ruseTis 1917 wlis revoluciis da egviptis 1952 wlis revoluciis
guldasmiT Seswavlis Sedegad mivida. am movlenebSi revoluciuri ganviTarebis
msgavsi sqemis gamovleniT, man daaskvna, rom revolucia ufro maSin aris mosalodneli, rodesac pirobebi umjobesdeba xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi da
Semdgom mosdevs uecari gauareseba. devisis Tezisis ganxilvisas, ori mecnieri
Tanmimdevrulad amtkicebda, rom adreuli ekonomikuri zrdis (da ekonomikuri
daqveiTebis) tempi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani faqtorebia am kuTxiT. rac
ufro metia erT sulze mTliani erovnuli produqtis zrdis maCvenebeli revoluciuri Zvrebis wina periodSi da `rac ufro mkveTria ukan daxeva uSualod
revolucis win, miT ufro xangrZlivi da Zaladobrivia revolucia~, acxadebdnen
isini.37 sxva sityvebiT, revolucia ara imdenad saSineli tanjvis, aramed
gamanadgurebeli imedgacruebis Sedegia. saSineli ukmayofileba, romelsac
saqonlis SeZenisa da Rirseuli cxovrebisaTvis kanonieri uflebis mopovebis
uunaroba kidev ufro amZafrebs, adamianebs ajanyebisaken ubiZgebs.38

revoluciis Tanamedrove Teoriebi

imis aRniSvna, rom revoluciebi gamomdinareobs usamarTlobidan an
usamarTlobis aRqmidan, asaxavs revoluciis filosofiur aRqmas. amgvari
Sexeduleba xazs usvams usamarTlobis mniSvnelobas, rogorc moqmedebis mizezs
anu ideas, romlis mixedviT xelisuflebis ukeTuri an usamarTlo qmedeba ganixileba revoluciis principul mizezad. magram kerZod romel politikur, ekonomikur da socialur pirobebs mivyavarT revoluciur aRtkinebamde? Tanamedrove sociologebi xSirad eqstensiur kvlevebze dayrdnobiT cdiloben axsnan
revoluciuri procesi ufro zusti terminebiT, vidre amas Zveli politikuri
filosofosebi akeTebdnen.39
revoluciis axsna. sakvanZo sakiTxi, romelic dgas Tanamedrove sociologTa winaSe, Semdegnairad JRers: ganzogadebis ra doneze SeiZleba avxsnaT
msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeSi momxdar revoluciebs Soris mravali gansxvaveba,
aseve ganvmartoT revoluciis Sinagani bunebac. zogierTi damkvirvebeli xazs
usvavs, rom Tanamedrove revolucia (am SemTxevaSi igulisxmeba isini, romlebic
1970 da 1990 wlebs Soris moxda) gansxvavdeba rogorc pirveli revoluciebisgan, romlebmac STanTqa monarqiebi da imperiebi, aseve meoce saukunis dasawyisis komunisturi revoluciebisgan ruseTsa da CineTSi. 1970-1990 wlebSi revoluciebi umeteswilad xdeboda: 1) mcire, urbanizebul erebSi (gansakuTrebiT
mesame msoflioSi); 2) warimarTeboda ideologiebis mier, dasavluri koloniuri
batonobisadmi dapirispirebiT da eTnikuri da religiuri sarCelebiT; 3) ganpirobebuli an niSandasmuli iyo zogadad civi omis, kerZod, zesaxelmwifoebisa
da saerTaSoriso intervenciis mier.40 Tumca es niSnebi naTels hfenen 1970-1990
wlebSi momxdari revoluciebis mniSvnelovan faqtebs, isini ar ewinaaRmdegebian revoluciis Sinaarsobriv ganzogadebas.41 ufro metic, 1990 wlis Semdeg,

472
msoflio dramatulad Seicvala civi omis dasrulebis Sedegad. magaliTad, im
qveynebSi, romlebic yofili sabWoTa kavSiris nawili iyvnen, revolucia mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebul politikur garemoSi moxda, vidre aTi wlis win. antirusulma ganwyobam Canacvla antidasavluri ideologiebi da SeerTebul
Statebsa da sabWoTa kavSirs Soris Zalauflebis masStaburi konfliqti dasrulda. amgvari seriozuli politikuri cvlilebebis miuxedavad, Tanamedrove
sociologebis Sromebi Seicavs mniSvnelovan aRmoCenebs revoluciis zogadi
bunebis Sesaxeb.
politologebis ted gurisa da jek gladstonis azriT, revolucia yvelaze
ukeT gamoixateba, rogorc droSi gawelili interaqtiuli procesi.42 xelisuflebis manqana etapobrivad iwyebs rRvevas, rodesac iwyeba politikuri krizisi, iwyeba gavleniani moqalaqeebisa da xelisuflebis gaucxoeba.
xelisuflebis liderebi sul ufro metad aRiqmebian Seufereblebad: maT
ar SeuZliaT efeqturi Zalauflebis ganxorcieleba, ekonomikis stabilizacia,
ar gaaCniaT Zala, daamyaron Sinagani wesrigi, arian sustni da gaubedavni gare
safrTxeebis winaSe. amgvarad, arsebuli mTavroba aRiqmeba aralegitimurad
TiTqmis yvelas (maT Soris elitis) mier da kargavs marTvis uflebas.43 sworad
am mizezebis gamo warmatebuli revolucionerebi, rogorc wesi, pouloben mdidari (SesaZloa aristokratiulic) patronebis mxardaWeras da aseve SeuZliaT
mravali ukmayofilo adamianis mobilizeba. revoluciis, rogorc interaqtiuli procesis es axsna, Cans, revoluciis tradiciul TeoriasTan SeTavsebadia. is gvexmareba avxsnaT, rogor udevs usamarTloba an usamarTlobis aRqma
safuZvlad revolucias. Tanamedrove samecniero samyaro detalurad xsnis am
process. igi Seiswavlis krizisis tipebs, romelic revoluciis wina periodSi
dgas saxelmwifoTa winaSe, faqtorebs, romlebsac mivyavarT xelisuflebisadmi
ndobis mniSvnelovnad dakargvamde da ganwiruli xelisuflebebis xSirad umweo
reagirebamde.
prerevoluciuri problemebi. prerevoluciuri qveynebi, rogorc wesi,
dganan saSiSi sirTuleebis winaSe. seriozuli ekonomikuri sirTuleebi, magaliTad, ekonomikuri stagnacia da daknineba, uzomo vali da Sida omebTan dakavSirebuli maRali danaxarjebi SesaZloa gansakuTrebiT gamomfitveli iyos.
ekonomikuri SeWra (Economic Penetration) _ erTi an meti sxva qveynis gavlena prerevoluciuri qveynis ekonomikaze _ aseve SesaZloa iqces revoluciur faqtorad. ucxouri kapitalis modinebam naklebad ganviTarebul qveyanaSi SeiZleba
ubiZgos xelisuflebis iseTi axali politikis gatarebisken, romelic safrxes
uqmnis mis arsebobas (magaliTad, SesaZlebelia qveyanam xeli Seuwyos marcvleulis eqsportisaTvis warmoebas qveynisSida moxmarebis sanacvlod, raTa mrewvelobisa da ekonomikuri zrdisaTvis aucilebeli ucxouri valuta daagrovos).
ar aris gamoricxuli, rom demografiulma faqtorebma gaamwvavos ekonomikuri mdgomareoba. mosaxleobis swrafma matebam, rac mesame msoflios qveynebSi
aRiniSneba, SesaZloa Seanelos an ukanac daxios ekonomikuri zrda da xeli Seuwyos ekonomikur arastabilurobas, eTnikurma, rasobrivma an religiurma daZabulobebma ki gazardos arastabiluroba, gansakuTrebiT rodesac erTi jgufi
izrdeba maRali tempiT. ufro metic, swrafma urbanizaciam SesaZloa Seqmnas
araerTi seriozuli problema muSaTa klasis samezobloebSi. magaliTad, rodesac umiwo an mciremiwiani glexebi iZulebulni xdebian soflis tradiciuli sa-

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kuTari saxlebidan gadavidnen qalaqis ucnob garemoSi samuSaos saZebnad, iseTi
problemebi, rogoricaa socialuri rRveva, arasworad dagegmili urbanizacia,
araadekvaturi sacxovrebeli pirobebi, antisanitaria, da samedicino da saganmanaTleblo servisebis nakleboba, xSirad sdevs maT. rogorc wesi, amasTan erTad izrdeba kriminali, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac aris gaucxoebuli axalgazrda mamakacebis maRali procentuli maCvenebeli.44
xelisufleba, romlebsac ar SeuZlia daicvas sakuTari moqalaqeebi ucxo
qveynebisgan, revoluciis riskis winaSe dgas. is xelisufleba ki, romelic ageben
oms, kidev ufro didi riskis winaSea. am qveynebSi, romlebic rogorc wesi, ganicdian mkacr ekonomikur regress, wagebulma omma SesaZloa radikaluri cvlilebebis xelSemwyobi garemo Seqmnas.45 garda amisa, areuloba mezobeli qveynebis
sust xelisuflebasac SeiZleba gadaedos da gavlena moaxdinos maTze.
xelisuflebis reagireba. dagrovili ekonomikuri, demografiuli da
politikuri problemebi prerevoluciur qveynebSi xSirad moqalaqeTa ukmayofilebasmde (kritika, ukanonoba, buntebi da teroristuli aqtebi) iwvevs, romelic xelisuflebas sapasuxo moqmedebisken ubiZgebs. zogjer amas xels uSliT
mZlavri Sida interesebi, magaliTad, rodesac biurokratiis oficialur pirebs
Soris arian mdidari miwaTmflobelebi, maTi interesebi xSirad aferxebs reformebs, romlebic mimarTulia seriozuli da potenciurad revoluciuri Sida
krizisis Semcirebisaken.46 sxva SemTxvevaSi, xelisuflebis qmedebebs aferxebs
farTod gavrcelebuli Sida korufcia. rogori struqturuli an bihevioruli problemebic ar unda idges xelisuflebis winaSe, veravin ver moiTmens xangrZliv kritikas, ukanonobas an teroristul aqtebs. Tu xelisuflebis reagireba usamarTlo an mdgomareobisadmi Seuferebelia, an xelisufleba saerTod ver
axerxebs reagirebas, igi dgas riskis winaSe, dakargos misi mxardamWerebis ndoba
da Zlier savaraudoa, iqces revoluciuri moTxovnebis moqmedebis obieqtad.
gasakviria, magram xelisufleba, romelic akeTeben cotas an arafers, dgas
damxobis iseTive riskis winaSe, rogorc xelisufleba, romelic moqmedebs gadamwyvetad, represiuladac ki. safrangeTis revoluciis kvlevaSi aleqsis de
tokvilma aRniSna, rom monarqiis winaaRmdeg xelaxla swored maSin aiRes xelSi iaraRi, rodesac daiwyo reJimis Serbileba. tokvili askvnida: `zogadad rom
vTqvaT, yvelaze saSiSi momenti cudi xelisuflebisTvis aris is, rodesac igi
cdilobs misi mmarTvelobis maneris Secvlas~.47 tokvils sjeroda, rom am paradoqss (iseve, rogorc mis varauds, rom pirvel rigSi reforma da ara represia
iwvevs revolucias) safuZvlad udevs fsiqologiuri WeSmariteba:
`aqamde moTminebiT uZlebdnen imas, rac umowyalo Canda, wyena autaneli
xdeba, rogorc ki adamianebs gonebaSi gauelvebs misi moSorebis SesaZlebloba...
raganac Tavad is faqti, rom zogierTi tkivili SesaZlebelia ganikurnos, yuradRebas amaxvilebs sxva tkivilze da is ufro metad autaneli Cans; adamianebi
SesaZloa itanjebodnen ufro naklebad, magram maTi mgrZnobeloba axla ufro
gamwvavebulia~.48
sabolood, tiranebs ar SeuZliaT sakuTar Tavs reformebis ufleba miscen, radgan maTi amgvari qmedeba niSnavs warsulis usamarTlobebis aRiarebas da
`mosaxleobis boRmisa da sixarbis~ gaaqtiurebas.49

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Tanamedrove kvlevebi garkveulad adasturebs tokvilis dakvirvebas. revoluciur epizodebSi SeiaraRebuli Zalebis rolis farTo kvlevaSi, erT-erTi
mkvlevari amtkicebs, rom revolucia verasdros iqneba warmatebuli, sanam SeiaraRebuli Zalebi xelisuflebisadmi loialurad iqnebian ganwyobilni da SesaZlebelia maTi efeqturad dasaqmeba.50 rodesac Sida usafrTxoebis zomebi metismetad dagvianebuli da metismetad gauazrebelia an ganwiruli xelisuflebis
ukanaskneli imedia, arsebobs didi Sansi, rom represiis oficialur aqtebi mxolod gaauaresebs situacias. naTelia, rom xelisufleba, romelic Tavs ikavebs
fizikuri Zalis sistematuri gamoyenebisagan, revoluciur situaciaSi damxobis ufro meti riskis winaSe dgas.
warmatebuli revolucia. revolucia rom moxdes, unda arsebobdnen qarizmatuli liderebi, romelTac SeuZliaT Tvali gausworon reJimis (xSirad
represiuli) damxobasTan dakavSirebul sasikvdilo risks.51 imavdroulad, revoluciur liderebs sWirdebaT im adamianTa mxardaWera, romelTac aqvT maRali
mdgomareoba da teqnikuri SesaZlebloba. elitaze zegavlenis moxdenisaTvis
Sesabamisi momenti dgeba maSin, rodesac xelisufleba awyeninebs, emuqreba an
Zirs uTxris maT garkveuli gziT. prerevoluciur xelisuflebas did safrTxes
uqmnis elitis gaucxoeba SeiaraRebul ZalebSi.52 Tu generlebi (da sxva maRali
rangis oficrebi) Sewyveten xelisuflebis mxardaWeras (an mis winaaRmdeg Sebrundebian), es TiTqmis yovelTvis fataluria xelisuflebisaTvis.
revoluciuri cvlilebebi xSirad zevidan warimarTeba. Tumca, yvela
revoluciuri cvlileba damokidebulia axali xelisuflebis warmatebaze, rogor moipovebs an SeinarCunebs masobriv mxardaWeras, rac Tavis mxriv xSirad
damokidebulia moqalaqeTa uTanxmoebis doneze wina reJimisadmi. mosaxleobis
ukmayofilebis mizezebi SeiZleba moicavdes `farTod gavrcelebul ukmayofilebas ekonomikuri pirobebiT, gansakuTrebiT qalaqis mosaxleobas Soris;
imedgacruebas politikaSi realuri monawileobis SesaZleblobebis ararsebobiT, gansakuTrebiT studentebsa da saSualo klass Soris; gavrcelebul ukmayofilebas ucxouri investiciebisa da oficialur pirebis korumpirebulobis gamo; da soflis mtruli ganwyobiT urbanuli reJimis mtaceblurobisa da
represiuli politikis gamo~.53 sworia igi Tu araswori, es aris usamarTlobis
aRqma xalxis mier, , romelic kvebavs Tanamedrove epoqis yvelanairi revoluciis xanZars.
da bolos, revolucia naklebsavaraudoa, Tu yvela an zemoT ganxiluli
faqtorebis umetesoba, erTdroulad ar arsebobs. amgvarad, qveyana, romelsac
mwvave ekonomikuri da socialuri problemebi aqvs, savaraudod ar miiswrafis
revoluciisadmi, aseve ar gaCnda sxva prerevoluciuri elementebic, rogoricaa revoluciur liderTa arseboba, elitisa da moqalaqeTa mZlavri mxardaWera
radikaluri qmedebisadmi da mosaxleobis rwmenis dakargva arsebuli xelisuflebis marTvis unarSi. swored am faqtorTa Tanxvedris Sedegad xdeba revolucia.
masiur moZraobaTa safrTxeebi. espanelma filosofosma xose ortega i
gasetma (1883-1955) gamoaqveyna cnobili wigni masebis amboxi 1930 wels, mas Semdeg, rac faSistebma xelSi Caigdes Zalaufleba italiaSi, germaniaSi hitleris
ZalauflebaSi mosvlidan mcireodeni xnis Semdeg da swored maSin, rodesac

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stalini axdenda sabWoTa ruseTSi sakuTari Zalauflebis konsolidirebas.54 igi
SeZrwunebiT werda `socialuri Zalauflebis ganxorcielebaSi masebis CarTvis~
Sesaxeb da amtkicebda, rom `masebs, maTive ganmartebidan gamomdinare, arc SeuZliaT da arc unda marTavdnen sakuTar cxovrebas, da miT umetes, ar unda marTavdnen sazogadoebas zogadad, rac niSnavs imas, rom evropa sinamdvileSi itanjeba udidesi saerTo krizisisgan, romelic azianebs xalxebs, saxelmwifoebs da
civilizaciebs~.55
meoce saukune istoriaSi ramdenime yvelaze sisxliani masobrivi moZraobis mowme gaxda. ortega i gasetis sityvebi gansakuTrebiT moswrebulia Tanamedrove revoluciaTa damRupveli Sedegebis Suqze:

`rogorc SeerTebul StatebSi amboben: `iyo gansxvavebuli _

niSnavs iyo uxamsi~. masa amsxvrevs yvelafers, rac misgan gansxvavebuli, SesaniSnavi, individualuri, daxvewili da rCeulia. nebismieri,
romelic ar hgavs yvelas, vinc ar fiqrobs ise, rogorc yvela, dgas
ganadgurebis riskis winaSe.~ 56
da `ganadgureba~ aris swored is, rac daemarTa azvirTebuli revoluciebis samsxverploze Sewirul uricxv msxverpls.

daskvna
politikur terminologiaSi, revolucia niSnavs saxelmwifos mmarTvelobis formebis mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs. Tanamedrove epoqaSi amgvari cvlilebebi sul ufro xSirad xdeba msoflios mraval regionSi.
arsebobs revoluciis ori ZiriTadi tradicia: amerikuli da franguli.
amerikuli revolucia ufro SezRuduli iyo, vidre franguli da isaxavda ufro
zomier miznebs. frangi revoluciuri liderebi, ufro pragmatuli amerikeli
kolegebisgan gansxvavebiT, miznad isaxavdnen qveynis socialuri, politikuri
da moraluri suraTis radikalur da srul cvlilebebs.
meTvramete saukunis dasasrulidan mZafri kamaTi imarTeboda im sakiTxis Sesaxeb, iyo Tu ara revolucia sasurveli. mas Semdeg, rac edmund burkem
gamokveTa revoluciasTan asocirebuli mravali safrTxe, Tomas peinma xazi
gausva mis mraval dadebiT mxares. SedarebiT adre, jon lokma daikava ufro zomieri pozicia _ igi amtkicebda, rom revolucia gardauvali da gamarTlebulia
rodesac igi mimarTulia mCagvreli xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg.
revoluciis zusti mizezebis gamorCeva rTulia. aristoteles miaCnda,
rom usamarTloba aris saxalxo janyis saTave. magram ra ubiZgebs rigiT moqalaqes monawileoba miiRos revoluciaSi? karl marqsi Tvlida, rom degradirebad ekonomikur da socialur pirobebs mivyavarT revoluciaSi monawileobisaken. aleqsis de tokvili amtkicebda, rom brali unda davdoT gaumjobesebis
gzaze mdgar pirobebs, radganac isini cvlian socialuri realobis pirovnul
imedebs. Tanamedrove xedva Camoayaliba jeims s. deivisma, romelic axdens marqsis da tokvilis poziciebis kombinirebas imis mtkicebiT, rom revoluciam mosalodnelia ifeTqos maSin, rodesac mZafri ekonomikuri an socialuri ukusvla
mohyveba zrdadi molodinis da zomieri gaumjobesebis periods. revoluciis
mizezebis ufro axali kvlevebi xazs usvams, rom igi mimdinare procesia da asax-

476
avs legitimurobis kriziss.
rTuli ekonomikuri, politikuri an socialuri problemebis pirobebSi,
xelisufleba moqmedebs Seufereblad an usamarTlod. amiT igi kargavs sazogadoebaSi elitis ndobas da xdeba masebis mobilizeba, rodesac revoluciis liderebi gegmaven arsebuli xelisuflebis damxobasa da axali politikuri wesrigis damyarebas. sabolood yvela masobriv moZraobaze damyarebuli revolucia
damarcxda, magram aRsaniSnavia, rom am process mravali udanaSaulo adamiani
Seewira.

sakvanZo sityvebi
revolucia

bastilia

safrangeTis revolucia

adamianis uflebaTa deklaracia

amerikis revolucia

teroris mefoba

revoluciuri omi

revoluciis ufleba

generaluri Statebi

ekonomiuri SeWra

kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis

1.

ras niSnavs _ revolucia politikaSi? revolucia wina periodebTan SedarebiT ufro metad an naklebad miRebuli gaxda meoce saukuneSi?

2.

ra mniSvnelovani msgavseba iyo amerikul da frangul revolucias Soris?

ra mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba iyo maT Soris?

3.

revoluciis sasurvelobis Sesaxeb gamarTul kamaTSi ra poziciebi ekava

edmund burkesa da Tomas peins? ra iyo burkes ZiriTadi argumenti? riTi
pasuxobda peini?

4.

raSi mdgomareobda jon lokis pozicia revoluciis mimarT? ratom icavda

igi moqalaqeTa uflebas, daemxoT sakuTari xelisufleba? ra mosazrebiT
ikavebs loki adgils peinis da burkes Soris?

5.

aristoteles SexedulebiT, ra aris revoluciis principuli mizezi? rogor ganaviTara Tanamedrove socialurma mecnierebam aristoteles filosofiuri Sexedulebebi revoluciaze?

6.

mohfina Tu ara axali Suqi Tanamedrove kvlevebma revoluciis mizezebs?

Tu ki, aqvT maT wina kvlevebTan saerTo elementebi, Tu ewinaaRmdegebian
maT?

7.

ra Teoriebi Camoyalibda imis asaxsnelad, rogor da ratom xdebian individebi imedgacruebulni, raTa SeuerTdnen revolucias?

SeniSvnebi:
1. Jack A. Goldstone, `Revolutions in World History, wignSi: Theoretical, Comparative, and Historical Studies,
me-2 gamoc., red. Jack A. Goldstone (San Diego: Harcourt, 1993), 320.

477
2. citirebulia Thomas Greene, Comparative Revolutionary Movements (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: PrenticeHall, 1989), 5.
3. iqve, 5.
4. iqve. 6.
5. Ted Robert Gurr da Jack Goldstone, Comparisons and Policy Implications, wignSi: Revolutions of the Late
Twentieth Century, red. J. Goldstone, T. R. Gurr, and F. Moshiri (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1991), 324.
Tanamedrove da tradiciuli revoluciebs Soris sxvaoba lingvisturadac aisaxeba sityvebiT
`revolucia~ da `ajanyeba~. es gansxvaveba literaturaSi calsaxad jerac ar keTdeba da amitom am
TavSi mas ar SevxebivarT.
6. Barrington Moore, Jr., Reflections on the causes of Human Misery and upon Certain Proposals to Eliminate Them
(Boston: BeAacon Press, 1972), 170.

7. James Dougherty da Robert Pfaltzgraff, Jr., Contending Theories of International Relations, me-3 gamoc. (New York:
Harper & Row, 1990), 321. sxva naSromebTan erTad avtorebi imowmeben Hannah Arendt-is samecniero
naSromebs.
8. Irving Kristol, The American Revolution as a Successuful Revolution, wignSi Readings in American Democracy,
red. Paul Peterson (Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall Hunt, 1979), 52-53.

9. Cecilia Kenyon, Republicanism and Radicalism in the American Revolution: An Old-fashioned Interpretation,
wignSi The Reinpretation of the American Revolution, 1763-1789, red. J. Greene (New York: Harper & Row, 1968),
291.
10. magaliTisaTvis ix. Bernard Bailyn, Political Experience and Enlightenment in Eighteenth-Century America,

wignSi The Reinpretation of the American Revolution, red. Greene, 282-283.

11. Martin Diamond, The Revolution of Sober Expectations, wignSi Readings in American Democracy, red.
Peterson, 66.
12. Jefferson-isa da Roger C. Weightman-is mimowera, June 24, 1826, wignSi The Political Writings of Thomas
Jefferson: Representative Samples, red. Edward Dumbauld (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1965), 9.
13. Benjamin Wright, Consensus and Continuity, 1776-1787 (New York: Norton, 1967), 3. Wright-i eyrdnoba J.
Franklin Jameson-is naSroms.
14. iqve, 1.
15. iqve.
16. Kristol, The American Revolution, 53.
17. Diamond, The Revolution of Sober Expectations, 73.
18. iqve, 65.
19. Crane Brinton, The Anatomy of Revolution (New York: Random House, 1966), 122-123.
20. Hannah Arendt, On Revolution (New York: Penguin, 1976), 60.
21. Kristol, The American Revolution, 6.
22. iqve, 61.
23. Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France (Indianapolis: Library of Liberal Arts, 1955), 197.
24. Thomas Paine, The Rights of Man, wignSi Thomas Paine: Representative Selections, red. H. Clark (New York:
Hill & Wang, 1967), 159.
25. iqve, 184-185.
26. iqve, 162.
27. iqve, 61.
28. iqve, 70.
29. Tumca, amisda miuxedavad burke garkveulwilad amerikis momxre iyo revoluciur omSi,

arwmunebda ra sakuTar ers ecnoT amerikis ukmayofileba kanonierad.

30. John Locke, An Essay Concerning the True Original Extent and End of Civil Government, wignSi Two
Treatises on Government (New York: New American Library, 1963), 466.

31. iqve, 463.

32. iqve, 452-453.
33. ix. Joseph Cropsey-s Political Philosophy and the Issues of Politics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1977),

478
157-162.
34. Jack Goldstone, An Analytical Framework, wignSi Revolutions of the Late Twentieth Century, red. J. Goldstone,
T. R. Gurr, and F. Moshiri (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1991), 50.
35. Alexis de Tocqueville, The Old Regime and the French Revolution (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1955), 176.
36. James C. Davies, Toward a Theory of Revolution, American Sociological Review (February 1962): 6.
37. Raymond Tanter and Manus Midlarsky, A Theory of Revolution, Journal of Conflict Resolution 11 (1967): 272,
cxrili 6.
38. Ted Gurr, Why Men Rebel (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1970), 3-21.
39. rogorc Jack A. Goldstone-ma aRniSna wignSi Theories of Revolution: The Third Revolution, World Politics
(April 1980): 425-453.
40. bolo ori winadadeba warmoadgens J. Goldstone-is, T. R. Gurr-isa da F. Moshiri-s varauds wignSi Revolutions
of the Late Twentieth Century (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1991). es sami maxasiaTebeli gansazRvrulia
Goldstone-is wignSi An Analytical Framework, 325.
41. rogorc Goldstone-i aRiarebs 1970 wlidan dawyebuli mis mier revoluciaTa Seswavla Seesabameba
revoluciis miseul zogad gagebas. ix. Goldstone, An Analytical Framework, 37-38.
42. es msjeloba ZiriTadad eyrdnoba Gurr-isa da Goldstone-is Comparisons and Policy Implications, 324-352.
43. Barry Schult da Robert Slater, A Framework for Analysis, wignSi Revolution and Political Change in the Third
World, red. B. Schutz da R. Slater (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 1990), 7-9. ix. aseve Gurr-isa da Goldstone-is
Comparisons and Policy Implications, 331.
44. 1975 wels wignis Thinking about Crime gamoqveynebidan James Q. Wilson-i Tavis naSromebSi amerikaSi
danaSaulebaTa Sesaxeb xazs usvamda imas, rom axalgazrda mamakacebis socializacia didi sirTulea
kanonmorCil sazogadoebaSi; amJamad literaturaSi arsebobs mosazrebebi imis Taobaze, rom am
demografiul faqtsac aqvs gavlena revoluciaze. Seadare Gurr-isa da Goldstone-is Comparisons and Policy
Implications, 335 (romlebmac xazi gausves asaks da ara sqess) da James Q. Wilson-is Thinking about Crime (New
York: Basic Books, 1975).
45. Walter Lacqueur, Revolution wignSi International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences (New York: Macmillan/
Free Press, 1968), 501. ix. aseve, Robert Hunter-is Revolution: Why? How? When? (New York: Harper & Row, 1940),
126.
46. Theda Skocpol, States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1979), 249.
47. Tocqueville, The Old Regime, 176.
48. iqve.
49. iqve, 187.
50. D. E. H. Russell, Rebellion, Revolution and Armed Forces: A Comparative Study of Fifteen Countries with Special
Emphasis on Cuba and South Africa (Orlando, Fla.: Academic Press, 1974).
51. totalitaruli revoluciisaTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania qarizmatuli lideri. ix. me-3
Tavi.
52. Gurr da Goldstone, Comparisons and Policy Implications, 353-354.
53. iqve, 334.
54. Jose Ortega y Gasset, The Revolt of the Masses (New York: Norton, 1993). pirvelad daibeWda 1930 wels.
55. citirebulia veb-gverdidan The History Guide, www.history-guide.org/europe/gasset.html, 2002 wlis 13
maisi.
56. iqve.

479

480

481

T aavv i XV

terorizmi
sustebiiss iaraR i
susteb

ra aris terorizmi?
terorizmis warmoSoba
ka

terorizmis logi-

teroristuli meTodebi

teroristuli

aqtebis Sedareba saomar aqtebTan

teroris-

tuli dajgufebebis maxasiaTeblebi

teror-

izmi alJirSi: Tanamedrove magaliTi.

vin aris teroristi?
teroristebis klasifikacia: kriminalebi, partizanuli omis monawileebi Tu revolucionerebi?

teroristebis amocnoba.

sazogadoeba
1993 wlis TebervalSi, qalaqterorizmi
niu-iorkSi da
mdebare
msoflio savaWro centris
axalgazrda
rekrutebi
terorizmis
fsiqoSenobis miwisqveSa avtosadgomze afeTqda 1200-funtiani bombi,
romelic
naqilogia manqanaSi
terorizmi
da masmedia
raveb, raideris markis yviTel satvirTo
iyo damontaJebuli.
afeTqebis
terorizmis
brZola warmoSva 200
Sedegad msoflioSi simaRliT meore
Senobis winaaRmdeg
sardafSi wamierad
kanonmdebloba
qveynebs
Soris TanamSfuti radiusis krateri. daSavda Sida
aTasze
meti adamiani, Tumca
aRsaniSnavia,
rom
romloba
terorizmis
winaaRmdeg
daiRupa mxolod eqvsi. msoflioSi
erT-erTi yvelaze
cnobili
SenobisbrZolis
da aSSinternacionaluri
zomebi
piradi zomebi.
es ekonomikuri siZlieris simbolos
winaaRmdeg momxdarma
teroristulma
aqtma
SesaZlebelia
terorizmis
aRmofxvra?
amerikelebs Soki mohgvara. rva wlis
Semdeg, 2001
wlis 11 seqtembers,
msoflio
savaWro centrze axali teroristuli Tavdasxma ganxorcielda. amjerad Senobebs komerciuli reisis ori, advilad aalebadi sawvaviT datvirTuli TviTmfrinavi Seejaxa. caTambjenebi mcire xnis ganmavlobaSi iwvoda, Semdeg ki saocari siZlieriT Camoingra, ramac manhetenis centris didi nawili gaanadgura,
SenobebSi myofi aTasobiT adamiani imsxverpla, quCebi aTasobiT tona cexlmodebuli nangreviT aivso da kvamlis, mtvrisa da ferflis uzarmazari Rrubeli
warmoiqmna, romelic qalaqze ramdenime dRis ganmavlobaSi iyo Camowolili.

482
1993 wels mravalma amerikelma dasva kiTxva: msoflio savaWro centrze
ganxorcielebuli Tavdasxma erTaderTi SemTxveva iyo Tu momavalSic mosalodneli iyo msgavsi movlenebi? male am kiTxvaze pasuxi cxadi gaxda: amerikelebis
winaaRmdeg mimarTuli teroristuli Tavdasxmebi gaxSirda, rac uamravi adamianis sicocxles uqmnida safrTxes (ix. cxrili 15-1).
kadri quCis donidan _ nangrevebis grova iq, sadac 2001 wlis 11 seqtembramde amayad idga World Trade Center-is caTambjenebi.
cxrili 15.1

terorizmis samizne: amerikelebi

aprili, 1983

bombis suiciduri afeTqeba libanSi,

beiruTSi, SeerTebuli Statebis saelCoSi.
daiRupa 63 adamiani.

oqtomberi, 1983

beiruTSi amerikuli samxedro yazarmebis

dabombvam 229 adamiani imsxverpla.

dekemberi, 1988

niu-iorkSi msoflio savaWro centris

Senobis miwisqveSa avtosadgomSi afeTqda
avtomanqana. daiRupa 7 adamiani,
daSavda 1042.

Tebervali, 1993

federalurma gamomZieblebma droulad

gadaarCines SeerTebuli Statebi da
hadson riveris ori gvirabi musulmani
eqstremistebis mier dagegmili teroristuli aqtisgan.

ivnisi, 1993

manilaSi, filipinebSi, policiam daakava

islamis mimdevari teroristuli
dajgufebis wevrebi. isini cdidnen
bombebs, romlebiTac Semdeg apirebdnen
SeerTebuli Statebis sareiso TviTmfrinavebze Tavdasxmas wynar okeaneze gadafrenis dros. am SeTqmulebis lideri,
ramzi ahmed iusefi Semdgom daakaves
pakistanSi. mas bralad edeba msoflio
savaW ro centris dabombvis dagegmvaSi
monawileobac.

prili, 1995

oklahomas StatSi oklahoma sitiSi afeTqebulma satvirTo manqanam gaanadgura

fede raluri Senoba. daiRupa 168 adamiani,
daSavda 600-ze meti. brali dasdes amerikis
or moqalaqes (Semdgom isini damnaSaved
cnes).

noemberi, 1995

saudis arabeTSi qalaq riadSi mdebare samxedro wvrTnis amerikul banakTan afeTqda

483
manqana. daiRupa 5 amerikeli, daSavda 30.
prili, 1996

ef-bi-aim daakava Teodor j. kaZinski, gandevnili montanas Statidan, da brali dasdo mas dajgufeba `unabomberis~ mier
18 wlis ganmavlobaSi Cadenili teroristuli aqtebis dagegmvaSi (kaZinski damnaSaved cnes).

ivnisi, 1996

saudis arabeTSi, dharanSi, sacxovrebel

kompleqsTan afeTqda danaRmuli satvirTo manqana. daiRupa 19 amerikeli,
daSavda 280.

1 ivlisi, 1996

arizonas StatSi, feniqsSi, federalurma

agentebma daakaves `vaiper miliciis~
dajgufebis 12 wevri, romlebsac bralad
mTavrobis Senobebis afeTqebis dagegmva
edebodaT.

17 ivlisi, 1996

TviTmfrinavi niu-iorkidan afrenis Sem-

deg

maleve afeTqda da Camovarda, ramac 230-ve

mgzavri imsxverpla. afeTqebis mizezi dRemde ucnobia.

27 ivlisi, 1996

jorjiis StatSi, atlantaSi, zafxulis

olimpiuri TamaSebis dros mimdinare
koncertze afeTqda milis tipis bombi.
daiRupa erTi adamiani, daSavda 111.

agvisto, 1998

keniasa da tanzaniaSi daibomba SeerTebuli

Statebis saelCoebi. daiRupa 224 adamiani,
romelTa umravlesoba keniis dedaqalaqSi,
nairobiSi, gamvleli kenieli iyo.

oqtomberi, 2000

iemenSi, qalaq adenSi, SeerTebuli Statebis bazaze danaRmuli katarRis afeTqebis

Sedegad daiRupa 17 adamiani.

11 seqtemberi, 2001

SeerTebuli Statebis aRmosavleT sanapiros aeroportebidan gaitaces 4 TviTmfrinavi: ori maTgani msoflio savaWro
centris caTambjenebs Seejaxa da aTasobiT
adamiani imsxverpla, mesame pentagonis
teritoriaze Camovarda, meoTxe ki _ yana-

Si, pensilvaniis StatSi.

wyaro: `uol strit jorneli~, 29 ivnisi, 1996, 14; `ekonomisti~, 15 seqtemberi 2001, 18.

rogorc vxedavT, SeerTebuli Statebis winaaRmdeg mravali teroristuli

Tavdasxmas moxda, Tumca ukanaskneli aTwleulebis manZilze msoflios zogierT sxva kuTxeSi terorizmis problema kidev ufro mwvaved dgas. terorizmma
didi gasaqani pova mraval ganviTarebad qveyanaSi, gansakuTrebiT aziisa da afrikis kontinentebze (magaliTad, alJirSi, sadac mTavrobas yoveldRiurad uxdeba TavdasxmebTan gamklaveba, da israelSi, sadac suiciduri afeTqebebi mo-

484
qalaqeebs mudmiv safrTxes uqmnis). sparseTis yuris qveynebis mdgomareobac
msgavsia. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom CrdiloeT afrikidan sparseTis yuremde mdebare
yvela musulmanuri qveyana terorizmis xSiri msxverplia.
dRes msoflioSi terorizmisgan daculi arc erTi qveyana ar aris.
ukanaskneli wlebis manZilze teroristuli aqtebi xSiria mraval samxreT-amerikul qveyanaSi (gansakuTrebiT peruSi, kolumbiaSi da meqsikaSi). terorizmisgan
dazRveuli arc dasavleT evropis yvelaze ganviTarebuli industriis mqone
qveynebia. amis erT-erT naTeli magaliTia didi britaneTi, sadac irlandiuri
respublikuri armiis (IRA) ultranacionalistebi 1960-iani wlebidan marTaven
teroristul kampanias CrdiloeT irlandiaze (igive oulsterze) britanuli
kontrolis winaaRmdeg.
terorizmis problema imdenad aqtualuria, rom misi Sedegebis ignorireba
da maTTvis Tavis arideba SeuZlebelia. amaze metyvelebs mravali arc ise gaxmaurebuli da maleve miviwyebuli SemTxveva. magaliTad, 1994 wlis gazafxulze germaniis policiam aRmoaCina da SeaCera birTvuli masalebis gayidvis oTxi mcdeloba, romelTa Sedegadac SeiZleboda, atomuri bombi damzadebuliyo. 1994 wlis
agvistoSi aviakompania lufTansas moskovi-miunxenis reisze 350 grami atomuri
sawvavi aRmoaCines. ori dRis Semdeg daakaves germaniis moqalaqe, romelmac scada, policiis informatorisTvis sufTa plutoniumi mieyida.1 aseve did saSiSroebas qmnis biologiuri da qimiuri iaraRebis qurdoba Sav bazarze gayidvis
mizniT. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom teroristebis mier masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis gamoyenebis mcdeloba mxolod novelebsa da filmebSi aRar gvxvdeba. 2001
wlis 11 seqtembers amerikelebma aRmoaCines, rom aseTi SemTxvevebi axla ukve
savsebiT realur safrTxed iqca.

ra aris terorizmi?
miuxedavad misi aqtualurobisa, terorizmi bundovan cnebad rCeba. zogierTi ganmarteba xazs usvams terorizmis Zalismieri meTodebis gamoyenebas
politikaze gavlenis mosaxdenad. vebsteris leqsikonis mixedviT, terorizmi
aris `Zalis an muqaris gamoyeneba daSinebis, gavlenis moxdenis mizniT. xSirad
gamoiyeneba rogorc politikuri iaraRi.~ sxva wyaro terorizms ganmartavs,
rogorc `udanaSaulo moqalaqeebze politikuri miznebiT mizanmimarTul Tavdasxmas.~2 terorizmis ganmartebebi mravalricxovania, Tumca maTi umetesoba
ramdenime faqtors iTvaliswinebs, rogoricaa Zaladoba, survili imisa, rom
momxdari faqti gaxmaurdes, politikuri motivi da mosaxleobis gamiznuli
daSineba.3 rogorc am TavSi mogvianebiT vnaxavT, terorizmis Cveneuli ganmarteba mis strategiasa da meTodebsac moicavs.
terorizmis ramdenime forma arsebobs.4 zogi mecnieri teroristul moqmedebebs imis mixedviT gamoyofs, (1) romeli mTavrobis mieraa dafinansebuli an
ganxorcielebuli an (2) maTSi erTze meti qveyanaa CarTuli (ix. cxrili 15-2). anu

saxelmwifo terorizmi arsebobs maSin, roca xelisufleba misive qveynis moqalaqeebze axorcielebs teroristul aqtebs, rogorc es hitleris drois germaniaSi xdeboda. xolo saerTaSoriso terorizms uwodeben imas, roca romelime
qveynis xelisufleba Seifarebs saerTaSoriso teroristebs (rogorc avRaneTis
talibanebis mTavroba moiqca osama bin ladenTan da organizacia al qaidasTan

485
mimarTebaSi), afinansebs saerTaSoriso teroristul operaciebs an raime sxva
gziT uWers mxars internacionalur terorizms (anu terorizms, romelic mis
sazRvrebs gareT xorcieldeba). civi omis dros SeerTebuli Statebi xSirad
adanaSaulebda sabWoTa kavSirs msoflios sxvadasxva mxareebSi arsebuli antiamerikuli teroristuli dajgufebebis dafinansebasa da iaraRiT daxmarebaSi.
sabWoTa kavSiri am braldebas pasuxobda, rom SeerTebuli Statebis mTavrobac
mimarTavda msgavs meTodebs, roca es amerikis interesebSi Sedioda. irani, erayi,
libia, sudani, siria, CrdiloeTi korea da kuba ukve ramdenime welia, SeerTebuli Statebis winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebuli saerTaSoriso terorizmis eWvmitanilTa siaSi iricxebian. am siaSi, rasakvirvelia, avRaneTic iyo 2001 wlamde,
roca talibanebis reJimi gauqmda.

terorizmis ganmarteba Znelia. teroristuli aqtebi did emocias iwvevs rogorc mis msxverplSi (adamianebSi, vinc fizikurad daSavda an fsiqologiuri travma miiRo), aseve mis avtorSic. SeerTebuli Statebis mTavrobac ki ver Tanxmdeba erTian ganmartebaze. gamonaTqvami _
`is, vinc erTi adamianisTvis teroristia, sxvisTvis TavisuflebisTvis mebrZolia,~ dResac
aqtualuria. gTavazobT terorizmis ramdenime ganmartebas.
terorizmi aris Zaladobis an muqaris gamoyeneba politikuri cvlilebis gamowvevis mizniT.
_ braian jenkinsi
terorizmi aris politikuri miznebis misaRwevad Zaladobis ukanono gamoyeneba udanaSaulo
mosaxleobis mimarT.
_ uolter lakeri
terorizmi aris udanaSaulo adamianebis mizanmimarTuli da sistematuri mkvleloba, Cagvra
da muqara, risi saSualebiTac xdeba mosaxleobis daSineba mTavrobaze gavlenis moxdenisa da politikuri an taqtikuri upiratesobis mopovebis mizniT.
_ jeims m. polandi
4.

terorizmi aris politikuri an socialuri miznebiT Zaladobis an muqaris ukanono gamoyeneba adamianebisa Tu maTi sakuTrebis mimarT. igi, Cveulebriv, gamoiyeneba romelime
qveynis xelisuflebis, individebis an jgufis dasaSineblad da Sesaviwroveblad an maTi
qcevis, politikis Secvlis mizniT.
_ vice-prezidentis operatiuli
samsaxuri, 1986

5.

terorizmi aris adamianebis an maTi sakuTrebis mimarT ganxorcielebuli Zaladobrivi

aqti, romlis sababia romelime xelisuflebis, mSvidobiani mosaxleobis, an misi romelime nawilis daSineba an Seviwroveba raime politikuri an socialuri miznebis misaRwevad.
_ ef-bi-ais ganmarteba

wyaro: adaptirebulia veb gverdidan www.terrorism.com 2002 wlis 18 maiss.

486
cxrili 15.2

terorizmis klasifikacia

tipi

kontroldeba da imarTeba
xelisuflebis mier?

xelisuflebis terorizmi
saerTaSoriso terorizmi
saSinao terorizmi
transnacionaluri terorizmi

ki
ki
ara
ara

romelime masSi
erTze meti qveyanaa
CarTuli?
ara
ki
ara
ki

wyaroebi: adaptirebulia Charles W. Kegley, Jr., ed., International Terrorism: Characteristics,

Causes, Controls (New York: St. Martins Press, 1990), 5; and Edward Mickolus, Trends in International Terrorism, in International Terrorism in the Contemporary World, ed. Marius H. Livingston et
al. (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1978), 45.

Sida terorizmi erTi qveynis farglebSi xorcieldeba teroristebis

mier, romlebsac mTavrobasTan araviTari kavSiri ar aqvT. Cveulebriv, saSinao
terorizmis mizani mosaxleobaSi SiSisa da uTanxmoebis gamowveva da arsebuli
politikuri instituciebis diskreditaciaa. inglisis, espaneTisa da dasavleTis bevri sxva qveynisgan gansxvavebiT, SeerTebul StatebSi aseTi terorizmi sakmaod iSviaTi iyo, sanam 1995 wels ar moxda oklahoma siTis federaluri
ofisis Senobis afeTqeba, 1996 wlis zafxulSi atlantaSi olimpiuri TamaSebis
dros ganxorcielebuli dabombva da uamravi teroristuli aqti, romlebic
im klinikebis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli, sadac abortebs akeTeben. transna-

cionaluri terorizmi maSin Cndeba, roca sxvadasxva qveynis teroristuli

dajgufebebi, romlebsac arc erTi mTavroba ar afinansebs, erTmaneTTan iwyeben
TanamSromlobas, an aseTi dajgufebebis teroristuli operaciebi saxelmwifo
sazRvrebs scildeba.
Tanamedrove terorizmis globalurma xasiaTma terorizmis saSinao da
saerTaSoriso formebs Soris arsebuli zRvari ufro bundovani gaxada.5 SegviZlia, klasifikaciis sxva meTodi vcadoT da teroristuli aqtebi, romlebic ar
aris romelime mTavrobis mier dafinansebuli an ganxorcielebuli, antisaxelmwifoebriv terorizmSi gavaerTianoT. es ukanaskneli, Tavis mxriv, SeiZleba, or saxeobad davyoT: dajgufebebi, romlebic sakuTar samSobloze kontrolis dabrunebas cdiloben, rogorc baskebi espaneTSi, irlandieli kaTolikeebi
CrdiloeT irlandiaSi, Tamidebi Sri-lankaze, siqhebi indoeTSi da CeCnebi ruseTSi. isini nacionalistur-separatistul terorizms axorcieleben. am tipis
terorizmi, rogorc wesi, romelime erTi qveynis sazRvrebs ar scildeba, Tumca
xSirad xdeba ise, rom teroristebi sxva radikaluri dajgufebebisgan, ucxoeli
kerZo donorebisgan an sxva qveynebis mTavrobisganac ki iReben fuls, iaraRsa
da sxva saxis daxmarebas. xolo is dajgufebebi, romlebic sazogadoebis destabilizacias raime abstraqtuli rwmenis safuZvelze cdiloben, ideologiur
terorizms axorcieleben. ideologia SeiZleba marqsizmis an islamis romelime
ganStoebas warmoadgendes,6 an STagonebad faSizmi an anarqizmi edos. magali-

487
Tad SegviZlia moviyvanoT wiTeli armiis fraqcia germaniaSi, wiTeli brigadebi
italiaSi, naTeli biliki peruSi, islamuri jihadi egvipteSi, osama bin ladenis
al qaida da ramdenime ukiduresi memarjvene dajgufeba SeerTebul StatebSi.
xSirad aseT dajgufebebsac aqvT saerTaSoriso kavSirebi.
zogjer terorizmi SeiZleba erTdroulad nacionalistur-separatistulic iyos da ideologiuric. amis magaliTia hamasi (islamuri winaaRmdegobis
moZraoba), romelic daupirispirda mSvidobian molaparakebebs israelsa da
palestinis gaTavisuflebis organizacias Soris israelis mier okupirebuli
dasavleT napirisa da Razas seqtoris Sesaxeb. hamasi nacionalistur-separatistuli moZraobaa, romelic israelis ganadgurebasa da mis adgilas radikaluri
islamuri qveynis Seqmnas cdilobs. magram misi motivacia amavdroulad ideologiuricaa, kerZod ki islamuri fundamentalizmis erT-erT ganStoebas eyrdnoba, romelic mouwodebs eqstremizmisken da jihadisken (wminda omisaken). hamasis
magaliTi naTlad gviCvenebs, rom terorizmis ganmarteba ufro advilia, vidre
misi klasifikacia, radgan zogi teroristi erTdroulad ramdenime kategorias
miekuTvneba.

terorizmis warmoSoba
terorizmsa da religiur fundamentalizms Soris kavSiri namdvilad arsebobs _ islamuri eqstremizmi amis naTeli magaliTia. Tumca bevri teroristi
religiuri ar aris. teroristuli aqtebis ganxorcielebamdec religiuri fundamentalistebis Zalian mcire nawili midis. Tumca aRsaniSnavia isic, rom terorizmis warmoSoba SegviZlia religias davukavSiroT, ufro konkretulad ki
sam saidumloebiT mocul religiur seqtas (romelTa saxelebi Cvens dialeqtSi
Sevida).7

Tugebi erT-erTi induri seqtis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen. religiuri mosazrebis safuZvelze saukuneebis manZilze maT aTasobiT adamiani Seiwires. es
seqta sabolood mecxramete saukuneSi daiSala. zilotebi, ebraelTa eqstremistuli dajgufebis wevrebi, Zv.w. 66-73 wlebSi sxva religiis warmomadgenlebs xocavdnen da kerpTayvanismcemeli romis winaaRmdeg ajanyebis dawyebas uwyobdnen
xels. meTerTmete saukunis dasawyisSi asasinebma, Siituri musulmanuri seqtis
warmomadgenlebma, islamis `ganwmendis~ mizniT, sxva religiebis uamravi warmomadgenlis sicocxle Seiwires. gvian Sua saukuneebSi da Semdeg, reformaciis periodSi, warmoiSva mravali sisxlismRvreli qristianuli seqtac.8
Tanamedrove revoluciuri terorizmi xSirad naklebad ukavSirdeba religiur motivs, razec metyvelebs safrangeTis revoluciis liderebisa da
mecxramete saukunis rusi anarqistebis naSromebi da moRvaweoba.9 zogi eqsperti mimCnevs, rom Tanamedrove terorizms safuZveli 1960-iani wlebis bolos
Caeyara; zogi misi Casaxvis wlad konkretulad 1968 welsac ki asaxelebs. 60iani wlebis bolos moxda rasistuli dapirispirebebi SeerTebul StatebSi,
konfliqtis eskalacia vietnamSi da arabeTsa da israels Soris eqvsdRiani omi
(1967 weli). dRevandeli terorizmi nawilobriv ganapiroba 1968 wels momxdarma am movlenebma:
samma palestinelma teroristma israelis sareiso TviTmfrinavi gaitaca
da mis ekipaJs alJirSi Cafrena aiZula. es sahaero

mekobreobis erT-erTi

488
pirveli SemTxveva iyo.
dasavleT germaniaSi baader-mainhofis bandis wevrebma pirveli teroristuli aqti ganaxorcieles _ frankfurtSi dawves maRazia.
iasir arafati, israelis winaaRmdeg SeiaraRebuli brZolis mxardamWeri,
palestinis gaTavisuflebis organizaciis lideri gaxda.
martin luTer kingis mkvlelobam SeerTebul StatebSi ganapiroba iseTi
Sida teroristuli dajgufebebis warmoqmna, rogorebicaa `Savi panterebi~
da `uezermeni~.10
amas garda, terorizmisTvis xelsayrel garemos Seqmnas sul cota samma istoriulma faqtorma Seuwyo xeli. pirvel rigSi, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom atomuri
bombis Seqmnis Semdeg samxedro dapirispirebebisa da konfliqtebis saSiSroeba
uzomod gaizarda (Cveulebrivi konfliqti an omi, vTqvaT, pakistansa da indoeTs
Soris, dRes SeiZleba, msoflio omad gadaiqces). amitom qveynebi, romelTa interesebic garkveul teroristul miznebs emTxveva, zogjer am dajgufebebs
moraluri, finansuri an militaristuli mxardaWeriT uzrunvelyofen. amgvarad,
terorizmi garkveulwilad qveynebs Soris SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis damxmare
Zalad iqca. terorizmis xelSemwyob meore istoriul faqtorad davasaxelebT
evropuli kolonializmis dasrulebas, ramac mraval axladSeqmnil qveyanas mosagvareblad dautova uamravi teritoriuli, nacionaluri da religiuri konfliqti. Sedegad am qveynebsa da maT Soris gaCaRda teroristuli qmedebebiT
gajerebuli omebis seria. adamianis uflebebisa da maTi sicocxlis mimarT demokratiuli sazogadoebebis pativiscema mesame faqtorad SeiZleba CaiTvalos,
radgan aman gamoiwvia is, rom teroristulma incindentebma masmediisTvis prioritetuli mniSvneloba SeiZina. amitom 1960-iani wlebidan aseTi incindentebi
farTodaa gaxmaurebuli, rac teroristebisTvis xelsayreli reklamaa.

sqema 15-1 saerTaSoriso teroristuli incidentebi 1981-dan 2000 wlis CaTvliT

wyaro: aSS saxelmwifo departamenti, kontrterorizmis koordinaciis ofisi, `globaluri
terorizmis maxasiaTeblebi~, www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/pgtrpt/2000/2452.htm, 2002 wlis 14 maisi.

terorizmi da kontrterorizmi, anu terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZola

masStabur industriad XIX saukunis 70-ian wlebSi iqca. arsebobs monacemebi,
romelTa mixedviT teroristuli incidentebis ricxvi 1971-1985 wlebs Soris
aTjer gaizarda.11 teroristuli aqtebis raodenoba 1980-ian wlebSi da mis Semdegac sakmaod didia (nax. 15-1). Tumca, sxvadasxva monacemSi es raodenoba ganxsvavebulia, rasac, sxva mizezebTan erTad, terorizmis gansxvavebuli ganmartebebi ganapirobebs. `risks interneiSenalis~ monacemebiT, magaliTad, 1985 wels
momxdari teroristuli incidentebis raodenoba 3000-s aWarbebs, SeerTebuli
Statebis mTavrobis maCvenebeli ki _ oTxjer dabali.12
asea Tu ise, terorizmi samociani wlebis Semdeg Zlier ganviTarda da dRemde
realur safrTxes warmoadgens. 2001 wels SeerTebuli StatebisTvis is upirveles

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safrTxed iqca. manamde ki terorizmi bevrad aqtualur problema iyo dasavleT

evropis, samxreT amerikisa da aziis qveynebisTvis (nax. 15-2). (sakvirvelia, magram
1990-iani wlebis bolos terorizmi Sua aziaSi bevrad iSviaTi movlena iyo, vidre
msoflios sxva regionebSi, CrdiloeT amerikis garda).

terorizmis logika
ratom iqcevian teroristebi ase? xSirad teroristuli aqtebis mizani SiSis da gaurkvevlobis atmosferos Seqmnaa, ris Sedegadac mosaxleobas arsebuli
mTavrobis mimarT ndoba ekargeba da mas mxars aRar uWers. teroristebi Zaladobas fsiqologiur iaraRad iyeneben.
teroristebi kategoriulad ewinaaRmdegebian status kvos: isini cvlilebebis an qaosis, rogorc TviTmizanis an cvlilebis winapirobis gamowvevas
cdiloben. teroristebi arsebul viTarebas dauSveblad miiCneven da dakarguli aqvT imedi, rom maTTvis sasurveli cvlilebebi protestis gamoxatvis
mSvidobiani meTodebis an politikuri qmedebebis Sedegad moxdeba. xSirad teroristebis mizani imdenad revoluciis moxdena ar aris, ramdenadac mTavrobis
mxridan represiuli qmedebebis provocireba, ris Sedegadac mTavroba susti da
ususuri Cans. amgvarad safuZveli eyreba momaval revolucias.
saerTaSoriso Tavdasxmebis saerTo raodenoba
regionebis mixedviT, 1995-2000

490

terorizmi xSirad ara yvelaze usamarTlo, aramed yvelaze susti xelisuflebis mqone qveynebSi gvxvdeba. terorizmis erT-erTi eqsperti aRniSnavs:
`Cvens droSi terorizmisgan yvelaze daculi sazogadoebebi isinia, sadac politikaSi Carevis done dabalia da usamarTlobis done _ maRali~.13 SegviZlia davamatoT, rom teroristuli Tavdasxmebis yvelaze xSiri obieqtebi is sazogadoebebia, romlebSic politikaSi monawileobis done maRalia, usamarTlobisa ki _
dabali. SeerTebuli Statebi da gaerTianebuli samefo samxedro da ekonomikuri
standartebiT sustebi namdvilad ar arian, magram terorizmi orive am qveynisTvis aqtualuri problemaa.

teroristuli meTodebi
terorizms xSirad uwodeben sustebis iaraRs ZlierTa winaaRmdeg. teroristuli aqtebis ganxorcieleba im individebisTvis da patara dajgufebebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, romlebic resursebis naklebobas ganicdian. maTi
samizneebi, rogorc wesi, daucvelia. terorizms didi fuli ar sWirdeba, is
SeiZleba iseT qmedebebs efuZnebodes, romlebic Cveulebriv danaSaulTan asocirdeba (magaliTad, SeiaraRebul ZarcvasTan).
teroristTa iaraRi xSirad iaffasiani da TviTnakeTia (magaliTad, patara
zomis cecxlsasroli iaraRi da dinamiti), magram, rogorc viciT, isini zogjer

491
Zalian masStaburi da daxvewilicaa (magaliTad, sareiso TviTmfrinavebi, romlebsac samiznis gasanadgureblad iyeneben an cimbiruli wylulis sasikvdilo
formebi). teroristuli meTodebi ukve nacnobi gaxda. rkinigzis xalxmraval
sadgurebze bombis damontaJeba, mdidari biznesmenebis gataceba da sareiso
TviTmfrinavebis afeTqeba sakvirvel an Tundac uCveulo movlenebadac ki aRar
migvaCnia.
teraqtebis obieqti, Cveulebriv, mSvidobiani mosaxleobaa, magram zogjer
maTi samizne msoflio mmarTvelebic xdebian. teroristul dajgufebebs bralad
edebaT mravali adamianis mkvleloba, romelTa Sorisaa italiis yofili premier-ministri aldo moro (1978), dedofal elisabedis biZaSvili, erl mauntbateni (1979), egviptis prezidenti anvar sadari (1981), indoeTis premier-ministri indira gandi (1984) da misi Svili, yofili premier-ministri rajiv gandi
(1991). teroristebma aseve scades romis papis ioane pavle II-is (1981), britaneTis
yofili premier-ministris, margaret tetCerisa (1984) da misi Semcvlelis, jon
meijoris (1991) mokvlac. SesaZloa (Tumca dazustebuli ar aris) 11 seqtembris
teraqtis erT-erTi obieqti TeTri saxlic iyo. Tu asea, teroristebs, albaT,
SeerTebuli Statebis prezidentis mokvlis imedi hqondaT.
urTierTdamokidebuleba teroristul meTodebsa da maT obieqtebs Soris
kargad Cans brazilieli teroristis, karlos marigelas civ da saSiS nawarmoebSi ` saxelmZRvanelo urbanuli partizanuli omebisaTvis~, romelic 48 gverdSi
aswavlis moyvarul teroristebsa da revolucionerebs xidebis afeTqebis, gatacebisa da bankebis gaZarcvis saSualebiT fulis Sovnasa da mtrebis `fizikur
likvidacias~. wignSi uamravi `rCevaa~, magaliTad, manqanis, TviTmfrinavisa da
gemis marTvis swavla; meqanikuri da radiogadamcemi mowyobilobebis teqnikis
daufleba; fizikuri formis SenarCuneba; fotografiisa da qimiis Seswavla; `kaligrafiis srulyofili codnis~ SeZena; farmakologiis, pirveladi daxmarebisa
an medicinis Seswavla. is aseve xazs usvams imis saWiroebas, rom pirvelma unda
daartya da amasTan sworad daumizno.
ZiriTadaT, teroristebi politikuri aqtivobis yvela sxva formasTan SedarebiT upiratesobas Zaladobas aniWeben. metic, iseTi revolucionerebi, rogoric marigelaa, Zaladobas miiCneven ara aucilebel sisastiked, aramed gaTavisuflebisa da Semoqmedebis pozitiur formad.14 marigelas azriT, terorizmi
maSin aris warmatebuli, roca strategia da taqtika erTiandeba:
`mTavrobas represiis gaZlierebis garda sxva alternativa ar gaaCnia. policiis patrulireba, saxlebis gaCxreka, udanaSaulo adamianebis
dapatimreba qalaqSi cxovrebas autanels xdis. mTavroba warmoCndeba,
rogorc usamarTlo, problemis gadaWris unaris armqone... politikuri
situacia militarul situaciad gardaiqmneba, roca militaristebi sul
ufro xSirad uSveben Secdomebs da iyeneben Zaladobas... pacifistebi
da memarjvene oportunistebi... erTiandebian, da jalaTebs arCevnebs
sTxoven.~15

urbanuli partizanuli omebis momxreebi uaryofen egreT wodebul `politikur gamosavals~ da ufro metad emxrobian agresiasa da Zaladobas, mimarTaven
sabotaJs, terorizms, eqspropriacias, Tavdasxmebs, gatacebebsa da mkvlelobebs,
amZafreben problemur mdgomareobas, romelsac mTavroba unda gaumklavdes.16
urbanuli partizanuli jgufi, saxelad `tupamarosi,~ 1963-1972 wlebSi

492
urugvais aterorebda mTavrobis gadagdebis mizniT. `tupamarosi~ marigelas
revoluciuri principebis xorcSesxma iyo da STagonebis wyarod iqca mTeli
msoflios teroristebisa da eqtremistebistebisTvis. aRsaniSnavia, rom `tupamarosis~ safrTxes urugvaiSi mxolod mas Semdeg moeRo bolo, rac misi wevrebis
umravlesoba mTavrobis masStaburi operaciis Sedegad daixoca. dRes urugvai
mSvidobiani, demokratiuli qveyanaa.

teroristuli aqtebi saomari moqmedebebis winaaRmdeg

rodesac al qaidas moqmedma pirebma gaitaces oTxi komerciuli TviTmfrinavi 2001 wlis 11 seqtembers da sami maTgani warmatebiT Seajaxes maRal, did
Senobebs, romelTagan ori mTlianad savse iyo moqalaqeebiT, mesame ki SeuiaraRebeli samxedro da samoqalaqo personaliT, isini am dros axorcielebdnen
teroristul aqts da mxolod interpretaciiTa da qveteqstis mixedviT SeiZleba mas saomari moqmedeba ewodos. rodesac 1941 wlis 7 dekembers iaponelma
kamikaZe pilotebma saomari TviTmfrinavebi perl harborTan amerikul samxedro gemebs Seajaxes, es, upirveles yovlisa, saomari moqmedeba iyo da mxolod
SemTxveviT _ teroristuli aqti, Tu saerTod SeiZleba mas teroristuli aqti
ewodos. iaponelTa moulodneli Tavdasxma zustad iqna Sesrulebuli: erTi xelis mosmiT maT CaZires aSS-is wynari okeanis flotis saomar gemTa didi nawili.
omis JargoniT, es Tavdasxma winmswrebi dartymis klasikuri magaliTia. rac ar
unda saSineli da veraguli yofiliyo amerikelTaTvis im dros (es axlac asea)
es operacia, is Zalian warmatebuli iyo, rogorc strategiuli movlena (cxadia, mTliani omis perspeqtivaSi, is gansxvavebul aspeqts iZens: man gamoiwvia
amerikeli xalxi, ise, rogorc sxva veraferi SeZlebda amas da mwvane Suqi aunTo
prezident ruzvelts, raTa daesva sakiTxi kongresSi iaponiisa da germaniisaTvis omis gamocxadebis Taobaze).
am or movlenas _ 9-11 seqtembris Tavdasxmebsa da perl harbors _ xSirad
erTmaneTs adareben, magram isini, cxadia, gansxvavebul kategoriebs ganekuTvnebian. perl harbori iyo Sedegi im gadawyvetilebisa, romelic miiRes aSS-sTan
im dros diplomatiuri urTierTobebis mqone saxelmwifoTa mTavrobebma da
umaRlesma samxedro pirebma: amas, yovelgvar eWvs gareSe, SeiZleba saomari moqmedeba vuwodoT. metic, dartyma mimarTuli iyo samxedro samizneebze _ iaponel
pilotebs SeeZloT samoqalaqo samizneebisaTvisac daertyaT havais kunZulebze, magram isini ase ar moqceulan. da bolos, es Tavdasxmebi ar ganxorcielebula imisaTvis, rom destabilizacia gamoewvia da daemxo aSS-is an nebismieri
sxva qveynis xelisufleba. misi mizani iyo gaenadgurebina aSS-is sazRvao Zalebi
wynar okeaneSi da amiT Tavidan aecilebina amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis Careva
iaponiis gegmebSi _ aziis imperialisturi gadanawilebis Taobaze.
11 seqtembris Tavdasxma am sam arguments mwvaved upirispirdeba. is ar iyo
SemuSavebuli da ganxorcielebuli saxelmwifos mier (Tumca avRaneTma TavSesafari misca al qaidas qselis wamyvan liderebsa da mis bevr mebrZols). teraqti
ZiriTadad, mimarTuli iyo samoqalaqo pirebis winaaRmdeg. es Tavdasxma miznad
isaxavda aSS-is sisustis gamoaSkaravebas, misi mTavrobis Sercxvenas, amerikis ekonomikuri ZalisTvis Ziris gamoTxrasa da pentagonis imijis dakninebas
rogorc sakuTar qveyanaSi, ise sazRvargareT. amasTan, es Tavdasxmebi ganxor-

493
cielda osama bin ladenis eqstremaluri islamizmis mxardasaWerad, raTa maT
sabolood daemarcxebinaT e.w. `moRalate~ mTavrobebi arabul samyaroSi (maT
Soris bin ladenis samSobloSi _ saudis arabeTSi).

teroristul dajgufebaTa maxasiaTeblebi

msoflioSi 600-ze meti teroristuli dajgufeba arsebobs.17 rogorc wesi,
isini mcirericxovanni da mWidrod Sekrulni arian, maTi ricxvi 100-ze met wevrs
iSviaTad scildeba da ZiriTadad ramdenime aTeulze naklebs iTvlis. yvelaze
cnobil teroristul dajgufebaTagan bevri axlo aRmosavleTSi gvxvdeba da dakavSirebulia islamur fundamentalizmTan (abu nidalis organizacia, al qaida,
islamuri jihadi, hezbalahi (RvTis partia) da hamasi). radganac es dajgufebebi
eTnikurad da politikurad homogenuria _ zogjer isini erTmaneTis axlo megobrebi da naTesavebic ki arian _ uaRresad Znelia am teroristul qselebSi SeRweva da maTi monitoringi. xSirad amisaTvis dazvervis saukeTeso saagentoebi
erTad muSaoben.
2001 wlis dekemberSi bin ladenis videoCanaweris gavrcelebis Semdeg
msofliom Seityo, rom al qaida moqmedebs ,,icodes, rac saWiroas~ principiT,
mWidrod icavs da anawevrebs informacias organizaciis SigniT ierarqiebs
Sorisac ki. es Zalian waagavs oficialuri sadazvervo samsaxurebis praqtikas.
kontrdazvervasTan amgvari msgavseba arsebiTi mniSvnelobisaa teroristuli
jgufebisa da qselebis warmatebisa da gadarCenisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT im pirobebSi, rodesac aSS-Si, evropaSi, arabul samyarosa da danarCen msoflioSi
usafrTxoebis zomebi uaRresad gaZlierebulia.
amis gaTvaliswinebiTac teroristuli dajgufebebis arsebobis xangrZlivoba xuTidan aT wlamde meryeobs. maTi liderebic ver inarCuneben Zalauflebas ramdenime welze met xans (Tumca kvlavac arseboben gamonaklisebi.
abu nidali, bneli figura, samogzauro gemis `aCile lauros~ gatacebisa da 80ian wlebSi romisa da venis aeroportebis dabombvaTa iniciatori. aseve, osama
bin ladeni, al qaidas damfuZnebeli da pirveli mamoZravebeli Zala, romelic
dgas 11 seqtembris teraqtis ukan). teroristuli jgufebi iSviaTad moqmedeben
mudmivi adgilsamyofelidan. teroristebi SedarebiT mcire wvrTnas gadian, ar
iyeneben rTul iaraRs da euflebian `vaWrobis xelsawyoebs,~ zogierTi maTganis Sovna SeiZleba nebismier sabiTumo teqnikis maRaziaSi qurdobiT. cxadia, es
daxasiaTeba ar miesadageba 11 seqtembris Tavdasxmebis mommzadeblebs.

terorizmi alJirSi: Tanamedrove magaliTi

alJirSi 1990-ian wlebSi Zneli iyo gamyofi xazis danaxva islamur fundamentalizmsa da terorizms Soris an revoluciasa da samoqalaqo oms Soris.
alJiri yvelaze cxadad warmogvidgens im tendenciebs, romlebic arabul samyaroSi aRiniSneba, magaliTad egviptesa da saudis arabeTSi, sadac terorizmi
iqca eqstremistuli dajgufebebis erTgvar taqtikad (isini iRvwodnen regionSi
mSvidobiani xelisuflebis dasamxobad).
xangrZlivi revoluciuri brZolis Semdeg, 1962 wels, alJirma safrange-

494
Tisgan damoukidebloba miiRo da daaxloebiT 30 weli umetesad promarqsistuli samxedro pirebi marTavdnen, ris gamoc musulmanuri fundamentalizmis ukmayofileba saxifaTo gaxda. am mRelvarebisgan warmoiSva politikuri
organizacia islamis gadarCenis fronti (Islamic Salvation Front, ISF). mogvianebiT,
1991 wels, rodesac alJirSi pirveli mravalpartiuli arCevnebi Catarda, ISF-m
pirvelsave raundSi moipova gamarjveba. Tumca, 1992 wels samxedroebma gaauqmes
meore turis arCevnebi da daniSnes axali prezidenti. am cinikurma aqtma ISF-is
radikalizacia gamoiwvia da iatakqveSa organizaciis Seqmnisken ubiZga. metic,
man daSala alJirSi SeiaraRebuli islamisturi moZraoba da pirveloba yvelaze
eqstremalur jihadur elementebs _ totaluri terorizmis momxreebs dauTmo.
1992 wlis bolos warmoiSva SeiaraRebuli islamisturi dajgufeba (the Armed Islamic Group, GIA) rogorc mkvlelTa, sisxlismRvrelTa organizacia _ naklebad

Zaladobrivi da ukompromiso ISF-is alternativa.

GIA-s policiaze, usafrTxoebis Zalebsa da samTavrobo pirebze pirvel

TavdasxmebTan erTad, alJirSi teroristuli koSmari daiwyo. sul male teroristebma mizanSi sxva dajgufebebic amoiRes. 1993-94 wlebSi aTobiT Tavdasxma
ganxorcielda opoziciur dajgufebebze, ucxoelebze, inteligenciaze, Jurnalistebsa da sxva moqalaqeebze. 1995-dan 1998 wlamde teroristul aqtTa
mxolod 25% iyo mimarTuli usafrTxoebis ZalTa da xelisuflebis warmomadgenelTa winaaRmdeg, danarCeni ki, daaxloebiT 75%, moqalaqeebze (ix. cxrili 153). skolebi da skolis personali Tavdamsxmelebis `sayvarel~ samizneTa Soris
iyvnen.
roca strategia Seicvala (ZiriTadad moqalaqeTa mizanSi amoReba), Seicvala ajanyebulTa taqtikac. 1996 wels ufro meti afeTqeba iyo, vidre mkvleloba, sisxlismRvreli Setakebebi samarTaldamcavebTan da organizebuli
SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmebi (ix. cxrili 15-4). adre afeTqebdnen ZiriTadad samTavrobo Senobebsa da policiis ganyofilebebs. 1990-iani wlebis Sua ricxvebidan gaxSirda bazrebis, kinoTeatrebis, restornebisa da skolebis afeTqebebi.
alJiris islamuri moZraobis Sesaxeb axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebis xelisuflebaTa cnobebis Tanaxmad:
Zaladobam sisastikis ukidures dones miaRwia masobriv sasaklaoTa seriebSi, romelic dawyo 1996 wlis bolos. 1996 wlis noembridan 1999
wlis ivlisamde sul mcire 67 masobrivi mkvleloba moxda. maTi umetesoba 1997 wels (41 Setakeba) aRiniSna. am SetakebebSi monawileobdnen
avtomatebiT, yumbarebiT, danebiTa da najaxebiT SeiaraRebuli samxedro aqtivistebi. isini Tavs esxmodnen soflebs RamiT, raTa amoexocaT
macxovreblebi, xSirad maT Cexavdnen da yels Radravdnen. daucveli iyo
sakontrolo-gamtari punqtebi, samxedro aqtivistebi gegmavdnen specialuri samizneebis, magaliTad, saxelmwifo moxeleebis an maRali samxedro Cinis mqone pirebis _ likvidacias.18

alJiris mTavroba yovelive amas upirispirdeboda Zalismieri politikiT

_ teroristTa adgilze likvidaciiT. mogvianebiT man dado politikuri reformis piroba. 1996 wlis noemberSi umravlesobam aRiara mTavrobis mier mxadaWerili konstituciuri cvlilebebi, romlebic xalxSic popularobiT sargeblobda.
cvlilebebs alJirs SezRuduli demokratiisaken mihyavda. mTavrobam SeZlo
Seemcirebina islamisturi radikaluri dajgufebebi, SeinarCuna upiratesi Za-

495
laufleba aRmasrulebel xelisuflebaSi da akrZala religiaze dafuZnebuli
yvela saxis politikuri partia (amrigad, 1997 wlis ivlisis arCevnebis dros ISFs da mis msgavs dajgufebebs ufleba ar hqondaT TavianTi kandidaturebi wamoeyenebinaT, SeeZloT mxolod mosaxleobisaTvis arCevnebis boikotis mowodeba).

cxrili 15.3

alJireli islamisti aqtivistebis miznebi 1992-dan 1998 wlamde*

weli

policia da

samTavrobo

pozici-

ucxoe-

inteli-

moqala-

samarTal-

pirebi

uri dajgu-

lebi

gencia

qeebi

da Jurna-

febebi

damcavebi

sul

listebi

1992

28

38

1993

43

26

10

88

1994

25

18

12

19

15

14

103

1995

31

17

11

10

27

37

133

1996

18

49

87

1997

19

98

125

1998

60

67

sul

171

75

30

44

57

264

641

* dadgenilia TiToeul kategoriaSi calkeuli Tavdasxmebis ricxvTa da ara msxverplTa mTliani

raodenobis mixedviT.
wyaroebi: monacemebi Segrovilia Middle East Journal da Middle East International-is qronologiis seqciebidan. aq mocemulia mxolod iseTi Canawerebi, romlebSic dadgenilia epizodis TariRi da adgilmdebareoba.
bevri incidenti ar aris Setanili am cxrilSi, radgan isini ar uzrunvelyofen sakmaris informacias misi
sandoobis dasamtkiceblad. imis miuxedavad, rom es procedura saTanadod ver afasebs alJirSi Zaladorbriv incidentebs, is sakmaod sandod asaxavs Zaladobis tendenciebs.

ISF-m uaryo da gaakritika axali konstitucia da ganagrZo brZola reJimis

winaaRmdeg 1997 wlis seqtembramde, rodesac misma SeiaraRebulma frTam, islamis gadarCenis armiam (Islamic Salvation Army, AIS), cecxlis Sewyveta gamoacxada. magram yvelaze sisxlian masobriv mkvlelobebSi ara AIS, aramed GIA-is TavzexelaRebul banditTa da fanatikosTa jgufebi monawileobdnen. mTavrobis wevrebs
surdaT teroristTa moZebna da likvidacia da ara maTTan molaparakeba. arc GIA
iyo kompromisis momxre.
1999 wlis saprezidento arCevnebma yinuli gaalRo. mTavrobam gaaTavisufla ramdenime politpatimari da mxari dauWira samoqalaqo Serigebis/mSvidobis aRdgenis kanons. amiT amnistia vrceldeboda ajanyebulebze, romlebsac ar
miuRiaT monawileoba sisatikeSi, vandalur aqtebSi. AIS-mac isargebla amnistiiT 1997 wlis cecxlis Sewyvetis gamo da 1999 wels daiwyo Tavisi samxedro aqtivistebis demobilizacia saxelmwifos zedamxedvelobis qveS. aTasobiT AIS-is aqtivistma isargebla reJimis mier miniWebuli amnistiiT. 2000 wlis dasawyisidan
GIA-is aqtivistebmac daiwyes cecxlis Sewyvetis gamocxadeba. amis miuxedavad

alJirSi boniebi _ masobrivi Jletva _ mainc xdeba, Tumca ufro iSviaTad, vidre
1994 da 1998 sisxlian wlebSi.

496

cxrili 15.4

alJireli islamistebis meTodebi 1992-98 wlebis ajanyebis dros*

weli

mSvidobiani

Zaladobrivi

dabombva

mkvleloba da

demosnt-

Setakeba

da

SeiaraRebuli

sabotaJi

Setakeba

racia

sul

1992

15

10

14

44

1993

19

62

85

1994

16

10

73

99
119

1995

43

68

1996

42

25

76

1997

10

34

63

107

1998

11

22

46

79

sul

88

165

351

609

* monacemebi Segrovilia imave gziT, romliTac 15-3 cxrilis monacemebi

mTeli am drois ganmavlobaSi alJiri itanjeba seriozuli ekonomikuri da

socialuri problemebiT. gazisa da navTobis didi maragis miuxedavad, alJirSi
adamianebi ukidures siRaribeSi cxovroben. umuSevroba 25%-s aRwevs. 1997 wels
mosaxleobis naxevarze meti 20 welze axalgazrda iyo (es mniSvnelovania imdenad,
ramdenadac umuSevroba yvelaze mtkivneulad axalgazrdobas awveba tvirTad.
amas SeuZlia nawilobriv axsnas, ratom aris amdeni teroristi da revolucioneri axalgazrda). metic, saxezea mougvarebeli eTnikuri dayofa. gansakuTrebiT
aRsaniSnavia berberebi, romlebic umciresobas warmoadgenen da Tavs gaucxoebulad da daCagrulad grZnoben. es grZnoba ufro intensiuri gaxda, rodesac
alJirma arabuli oficialur enad gamoacxada, riTac gaaRiziana berberulad
da frangulad molaparakeebi. am problemebis ignorireba grZeldeba, radgan
reJimi yuradRebas amaxvilebs mxolod militaristi islamistebisgan Seqmnil
safrTxeze, romlebic cdiloben alJiri Teokratiul saxelmwifod gardaqmnan.

vin arian teroristebi?

normalur qveynebSi normalurad mcxovrebi adamianebisaTvis Znelia 1990ian wlebSi alJirSi ganviTarebul saSinelebaTa gageba. vin arian am teroristuli
aqtebis ganmaxorcieleblebi? saidan modian isini? riT gansxvavdebian teroristebi Cveulebrivi kriminalebisgan, partizanebisa an revolucionerebisgan?
ra aiZulebs adamianebs, mimarTon terors?

teroristebis klasifikacia: kriminalebi, partizanebi

da revolucionerebi?
ra aris terorizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli? terorizmi da fanatizmi erTmaneTTan mWidrodaa asocirebuli. magram rogor SeiZleba am saxis fanatizmis

497
gageba? aSS-is sagareo politika terorizms epyroba, rogorc politikur fenomens, teroristebs ki politikuri saqmianobisaTvis Ziris gamomTxrel adamianebad Tvlis. es midgoma xazs usvams mTlianad terorizmis aralegalurobas da
mxars uWers masTan brZolas swrafi dasjiTa da Sesaferisi sifrTxiliT. am midgomis kritikosebi (maT Soris evropisa da natos wevri ramdenime qveyana) terorizms, upirveles yovlisa, socialur problemad miiCneven. imis miuxedavad, rom
es qveynebi ar arian teroristTa dasjis winaaRmdegni (da maT es Tavadac aqvT
gakeTebuli), isini, rogorc wesi, TanaugrZnoben socialur fenebs da eTnikur
erTobebs, romelTa warmomadgenlobasac iCemeben teroristebi. maTi azriT,
terorizmi gaqreba mxolod maSin, roca usamarTlobis, sasowarkveTisa da uimedobis mizezebi aRmoifxvreba.
aSS da israeli filosofiuri wyalgamyofis erT mxares arian, evropa _
meore mxares. arabuli samyaro gayofilia: islamuri fundamentalizmi anaTemaa
egviptisaTvis, alJirisa da iordaniisaTvis, magram aRiarebulia sudanSi. saudis arabeTi ambivalenturia _ ormxrivia, is ufrTxis islamur fundamentalizms
da amavdroulad amayobs Tavisi roliT, rogorc islamis dabadebis adgiliT da
rwmenis damcveliT. iqac ki, sadac xelisufleba aviwroebs islamistur dajgufebebs, bevri

adamiani saidumlod keTilganwyobilia maT mimarT. palestinaSi

keTilganwyoba iseTi dajgufebebis mimarT, rogoricaa hamasi da hezbola, didia da lamis saidumloc aRar aris. bevri arabi aRiarebs, rom mTels arabul samyaroSi adamianebi aRtacebulni arian osama bin ladeniT. marTlac, monacemebis
Tanaxmad bevr qveyanaSi, osama yvelaze gavrcelebuli saxelia Cvil vaJebSi.
dasavleTi Tanxmdeba imaze, rom teroristebi kriminalebi arian, Tumca
araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar arian Cveulebrivi kriminalebi. mkvleloba, motaceba,
bankebis gaqurdva da TviTmfrinavebis gataceba sazizRari danaSaulebania, imis
miuxedavad, vin da ratom ganaxorcielebs mas. es teroristuli aqtebia, roca
maTi motivi politikuria. roca seriuli mkvlelebi TavianT `saqmeze~ midian,
udanaSaulo adamianebi iRupebian da mTeli sazogadoeba daterorebulia. magram am mkvlelobebis mizani ar aris erTobaTa dateroreba da cxadia, arc politikuri miznebis miRweva. isini, upirveles yovlisa, mkvlelebi arian da mxolod
SemTxveviT _ `teroristebi~. drodadro teroristebi TanamSromloben kriminalebTan an kriminalebi iyeeben maT taqtikas, magram aseTi SemTxvevebi SedarebiT
iSviaTia da, rogorc wesi, narkoteroristebis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli. SeiaraRebuli ajanyebebi iseT qveynebSi, rogoricaa kolumbia da peru, asocirebulia Zalauflebis mqone narkobaronebTan. orive maTgani cdilobs Ziri gamouTxaros legitimur politikur xelisuflebas da daamarcxos (an iTanamSromlos)
mTavrobis SeiaraRebuli Zalebi.
Tu teroristebi ar arian Cveulebrivi kriminalebi, maSin isini arc Cveulebrivi partizanebi an `TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZolebi~ arian, rogorc xSirad
irwmunebian xolme. partizanebi Seadgenen revoluciuri moZraobis an partiis
SeiaraRebul frTas. maos wiTeli armia, albaT, amis yvelaze cnobili magaliTia.
partizanuli Zalebi iTreven mTavrobas SeiaraRebul brZolaSi. aravis SeuZlia
imis mtkiceba, rom partizanebs arasdros CaudeniaT sisastike moqalaqeebis
mimarT (an is, rom uniformiani jariskacebi amas arasdros ar akeTeben), magram
yvelaze mwvave Zaladoba mimarTulia saxelisuflebo da usafrTxoebis Zalebisken. amisgan gansxvavebiT, teroristebi, pirvel rigSi, mizanSi iReben moqalaqeebsa da aramebrZolebs. es strategia dafuZnebulia SiSisa da eWvis daTesvaze,
raTa adamianebma ar iTanamSromlon policiasTan da samxedroebTan da daarwmu-

498
non isini, rom xelisuflebas maTi dacva ar SeuZlia.
yvela teroristi revolucioneria, Tumca ara Cveulebrivi gagebiT. cxadia, meoce saukunis bevri revolucineri mimarTavda terors _ Zalauflebis
xelSi Cagdebamdec da mis Semdegac. magram Cveulebrivi revolucionerebi koncentrirebulni arian xelisuflebis damxobaze da ara mcdelobaze, xelovnurad (masobrivi teroris saSualebiT) gamoiwvion politikuri da socialuri
krizisi, sxva sityvebiT _ isini radikalurad cvlian garemoebebs. miznebis misaRwevad revolucionerebi cdiloben Seqmnan ajanyebulTa partia, gafiltron
mTavroba, policia da SeiaraRebuli Zalebi; profkavSirebis meSveobiT gaswion
agitacia da propaganda axalgazrdaTa STagonebisTvis amboxebebis, ajanyebebisa
da quCis demonastraciTa wamosawyebad. amrigad, revolucionerTa xelSi terorizmi aris taqtika da ara strategia. teroristTa xelSi terori rogorc taqtika, ise strategiaa. xSirad teroristebi frangi emil henris azrs iziareben.
rodesac is kafeSi bombis SegdebisaTvis gaasamrTles 1894 wels, man Tqva: `Il ny a
pas dinnocents (`udanaSaulo aravinaa~).

teroristTa identifikacia
erTi mosazrebis Tanaxmad, terorizms urbanuli siRaribe asazrdoebs.
amrigad, Tanamedrove terorizmis Sesaxeb nebismierma Teoriam unda gaiTvaliswinos misi socialuri konteqsti, maT Soris urbanuli dacema, ojaxuri
struqturis rRveva, axalgazrdaTa umuSevroba da dehumanizaciis faqtebi
gadaWedil, aCqarebuli svliT moZrav da xSirad usaxur qalaqSi gadarCenisas
da, ra Tqma unda, dasavluri Careva _ jer kolonializmi da axla globalizacia.
adamianebi, romelTac ar SeuZliaT SeewinaaRmdegon amas da miiRon es stresi,
sxvadasxvagvarad reagireben. zogi danaSauls sCadis, sxvebi _ alkoholisa da
narkotikebis miRebas iwyeben, mcire nawili teroristi xdeba. aseTebi urbanuli
warmoSobis ar arian da arc siRaribe awuxebT. Tumca zogi teroristi izrdeba
urbanuli siRaribis centrSi, sxvebi ubralod, mis wiinaaRmdeg ibrZvian. osama
bin ladeni daibada saudis arabeTis Zalze SeZlebul ojaxSi. metic, bevri teroristi ganaTlebuli da privilegirebuli warmoSobisaa. isini, ubralod, akvirdebian sastik usamarTlobas, romelic Tavad ar ganucdiaT. teroristTa umravlesoba mamrobiTi sqesis, martoxela da axalgazrdaa.19

terorizmi da sazogadoeba
bevrgan mraval adamians aqvs namdvili, legitimuri da Rrma wyena, saCivari.
Tu es saCivrebi aRar iarsebebs SesaZloa terorizmic gaqres.20 magram arseboben
sazogadoebebi, sadac individebsa da dajgufebebs usamarTlod eqcevian, Tumca
amis miuxedavad, iq terorizmi ar gaCenili. ratom? dafiqrdiT amaze: totalitarul da avtoritarul saxelmwifoebs ara aqvT terorizmis problema.21
xSirad terorizmisaken midrekili ufro susti saxelmwifoebia _ anu maT
arastabiluri politikuri struqturebi (mTavroba, biurokratia, Tavdacvisa
da usafrTxoebis Zalebi, partiuli sistema da a.S) da danawevrebuli politi-

499
kuri kultura aqvT. sustma saxelmwifom SeiZleba miiRos arapopularuli da
aralegitimuri avtoritaruli saxelmwifos forma an susti da ganukiTxavi demokratiis saxe.22 Tuki yvela saxis susti xelisufleba garkveulwilad dakavSirebulia terorizmis SemTxvevebTan, isic unda aRiniSnos, rom demokratiuli
qveynebi Tavisi bunebiT metad mgrZnobiareni (mowyvladebi) arian terorizmis
mimarT da maTTvis miuRebelia mkacri kontrteroristuli programebi (ix. sqema
15-3). modiT, vnaxoT ratom.

axalgazrdaTa gawveva
Siiti TviTmkvleli qali, romelic bombebiT aRWurvili Tavisi peJoTi
israelis armiis patruls Seejaxa samxreT libanSi 1985 wels, Teqvsmeti wlis
iyo. iordaneli, romelmac 1984 wels romSi gaerTianebuli arabuli saamiroebis diplomatis mokvla scada, 22 wlisa iyo. ,,aCile lauros~ oTxi gamtaceblidan ufrosi 23, xolo umcrosi _ 19 wlisa iyo. gamokvlevebis Sedegebis Tanaxmad,
teroristebis saSualo asaki 22,5 welia.
regionis mixedviT

movlenis tipis
mixedviT

mizanSi amoRebuli
msxverplis tipis
mixedviT

sqema 15-3 antiamerikuli teroristuli Tavdasxmebi, 2000

wyaroebi: aSS saxelmwifo departamenti, kontrterorizmis sakoordinato ofisi, Pattern of
Global Terrorism, 2000. Online at www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/pgtrpt/2000/2461.html, accessed May 14,
2002.

qeT, am sqemaze warwerebi amonabeWdSi aris da aq ara!

CrdiloeT irlandiaSi daapatimres Tormeti da ToTxmeti wlis teroristebi. arabul da iranul dajgufebebSi iwveven ToTxmeti-TxuTmeti wlis
bavSvebs xSirad saxifaTo misiebisaTvisac.23 germanelma fsiqologma, romelic
gaesaubra sabWoTa armiis dajgufebis daWeril wevrebs, aRmoaCina `mozardTa
krizisis~ elementebi teroristebs Soris. irlandiis respublikis preliminaruli armiis (PIRA) moxele akvirdeboda `teroristul tradiciebs~ moqmedebaSi
zog qveynebSi, sadac `ojaxebi STaunergaven Svilebs, rom [terorizmi] aris maTi
uflebebisaTvis brZolis gza.~24
erik hoferi mimoixilavs zogierTi axalgazrdis fanatizmisadmi midrekilebas `The True Believe~-Si. is aTavsebs aseT axalgazrdebs e.w. `Seufereblebis~ kat-

500
egoriaSi, romelsac Semdeg yofs droebiTad da mudmivad. hoferi wers:
am kategoriaSi mozardebi, umuSevari kolejdamTavrebulebi,
veteranebi, axali imigrantebi da misTanani Sedian. isini ukmayofiloni
da aRelvebulebi arian SiSiT, rom maTi saukeTeso wlebi gaileva, sanam
mizans miaRweven.25

amavdroulad, hoferi mainc fiqrobda: miuxedavad imisa, rom isini `mgrZnobiareni arian gavlenis qveS momqcevi moZraobebisadmi, damoZRvrisadmi, yovelTvis ver xdebian Seuryeveli da myari adamianebi.~

terorizmis fsiqologia
terorizmis fsiqologiis erTi eqspertis azriT `mizezis mqone teroristebi~ sazogadoebisaTvis yvelaze saxifaToni arian.26 vin arian es meamboxeebi? vin axdens maT motivirebas? araa gasakviri, rom teroristul dajgufebaTa
wevrebis yvelaze xSiri damaxasiaTebeli Strixebi asocirebulia mozardobasTan. es Strixebia:27

sakiTxTa zedmetad gamartiveba. teroristebi xedaven kompleqsur sakiTxebs Sav-TeTr ferebSi. maT ar ainteresebT debatebi da xSirad cxovroben `fantaziis omis~ principiT, hgoniaT, rom adamianebi maT mizans mxars
uWeren.
imedgacrueba. teroristebi fiqroben, rom cxovreba usamarTloa, mets imsaxureben, sazogadoebam ki moatyua isini. maT ar surT daelodon an iRvawon ukeTesisaTvis da miaCniaT, rom raRacis misaRebad morideba ar aris
saWiro.
riskis gawevaze orientacia. bevri teroristi mowyenilobis gamo saTavgadasavlo situaciebs eZebs xolme.
TviTkmayofileba. teroristebi amJRavneben mtrul Tavdajerebulobas,
dogmatizmsa da Seuwynareblobas sawinaaRmdego mosazrebebis mimarT.
utopizmi. teroristebs aqvT erTi rwmena _ samoTxe dedamiwaze, ubralod,
horizonts miRmaa _ erTaderTi, rac mas eRobeba, aris arsebuli binZuri da
mCagvreli wesrigi.
socialuri izolacia. erTi eqspertis mixedviT, teroristebi Zalian martosulebi arian. zogierTisaTvis teroristuli qseli SeiZleba erTaderTi `ojaxi~ iyos.
saWiroeba. teroristebs aerTianebs saWiroeba _ Tavi mniSvnelovnad
igrZnon, survili _ Tavisi anabeWdi datovon gazeTebis pirvel furcelze.
sisxlis gemo. Sepyrobil teroristebTan interviuebSi, nacnobebisa da naTesavebis CvenebebSi, TviTmxilvelTa da yofil mZevalTa gancxadebebSi
xazgasmulia kidev erTi SemaSfoTebeli maxasiaTebeli: zogi teroristi
saerTod ar ganicdis sindisis qenjnas.
teroristebi xSirad zedmetad aioleben realobas. magaliTad, maT SeiZle-

ba dainaxon msxverpli, rogorc ubralo obieqti _ es Cveva aRmoCenilia nacist

501
mcvelebs Soris sakoncentracio banakebSi.28 msgavsi damokidebuleba aqvs pol
r. maqhius, jons hopkinsis samedicino skolis gamoCenil fsiqiatrs. igi Tvlis,
rom teroristebs `cxoveluri gatacebis~ mqone sxva msaxiobebis msgavsad aqvT
`gadafasebuli idea~. es idea aris `kulturis an sazogadoebis saziaro azri, magram is pacientSi aRviZebs dominantur qcevebs, raTa emsaxuros am ideas.~29 erTi
saxis klinikuri aSliloba, romelsac es idea iwvevs, aris nerviuli anoreqsia.
doqtor maqhius azriT, adolf hitlers (antisemiti), kari neiSensa (TavSekavebuloba) da jon brauns (abolicizmi) gadafasebuli ideebi hqondaT. ufro Tanamedrove magaliTebia unabomberi da jek kevorkiani (evTanazia).
maT, vinc gadafasebul ideebTan dakavSirebiT pirovnul aSlilobas ganicdian, xSirad fanatikosebs uwodeben. hoferis mimoxilvebi fanatikosTa Sesaxeb The True Believer-Si amaves amtkicebs. fanatizmi (usazRvro, brma Tavdadeba),
iqneba is politikuri, Tu religiuri, hoferis SexedulebiT, TiTqmis yovelTvis dafuZnebulia siZulvilze. misi TvalsazrisiT, fanatizmi siZulvils miznis samsaxurSi ayenebs. Tavis mxriv ki siZulvili, siyvarulisgan gansxvavebiT,
gamaerTianebeli Zalaa erTnairad moazrovne fanatikosebisaTvis. amrigad, siZulvili gansazRvravs maTi arsebobis azrs. is xSirad uCndeba maT, visac sakuTari Rirsebis dabali SegrZneba aqvs.
sayuradReboa fanatikuri gonebrivi mdgomareobis hoferiseuli daxasiaTeba:
fanatikosi mudam xifaTiani da arasrulfasovania. mas ar SeuZlia
Tavdajerebuli iyos mxolod sakuTar Sinagan Zalebze da resursebze,
sakuTar uaryofil `me~-ze dayrdnobiT. amitom is mTeli vnebiTa da TavdadebiT epotineba nebismieri saxis mxardaWeras, razec ki xeli miuwvdeba. misi dauokebeli erTguleba misi brma Tavdadebisa da religiurobis
arsia. is amas yvela saxis Zalisa da Rirsebis wyarod aRiqvams. Tumca misi
mizanmimarTuli Tavdadeba sococxleze moWidebis saSualebaa misTvis,
is advilad aRiqvams Tavs im miznis damcvelad da mxardamWerad, romelsac
Tavad eWideba. is mzad aris sakuTari sicocxle gaswiros, raTa sakuTar
Tavsac da sxvebsac aCvenos, rom swored es aris misi roli. is sakuTar
sicocxles sakuTari mniSvnelovnebis dasamtkiceblad swiravs.30

ar aris aucilebeli, rom fanatikosebi keTilSobiluri miznebiT iyvnen

motivirebulni. isini eWidebian mizans ara imitom, rom upirveles yovlisa is
samarTliani an wmindaa, aramed imitom, rom usazRvrod sWirdebaT raime xelCasaWidi. swored raime ideis erTgulebis es dauokebeli saWiroeba aqcevs mizans
TviTmiznad. aqedan ki mcire nabiji rCeba jihadamde an teroristul kampaniamde.31
imis miuxedavad, rom ar aris aucilebeli terorizmi socialuri uTanasworobisa da usamarTlobis anarekli iyos, mainc xSirad asea xolme. magaliTad, alJiris
SemTxvevaSi, romelsac saerTaSoriso amnistiam (AI - britaneTSi daarsebuli saerTaSoris organizacia) 1990-iani wlebis bolos axlo aRmosavleTSi yvelaze Zaladobrivi qveyana uwoda, terorizmi iyo sapasuxo reaqcia samxedroebis mier 1992 wlis
arCevnebis Sedegebis ukanono gauqmebaze. magram mainc, roca saqme saqmeze midgeba,
mainc did gamocanad rCeba, rogor SeuZlia adamians Caidinos iseTi barbarosuli
aqtebi, romlebic arRvevs moralurobis yvelaze elementarul standartebsac ki,

502
Tundac idealizmisa da religiurobis suliskveTebiT.

terorizmi da media
teroristebi saxelis moxveWisken iswrafvian, cdiloben yuradRebis mipyrobas. ratom? imitom, rom mediaSi gaSuqeba, gansakuTrebiT ki dramatuli
kadrebi, romlebsac televizia uCvenebs, msoflios yuradRebas miipyroben,
sazogadoebas gaacnoben teroristebisaTvis mniSvnelovan ideasa da mizans. es
aramarto politikuradaa momgebiani _ amiT ucnobi da uintereso individebi
Tavs mniSvnelovnad miiCneven. metic, CNN-sa da msoflios sxva wamyvan arxebze
`pikis saaTi~ (saukeTeso saeTero dro televiziaSi) eTmoba teroristebisa da
terorizmis problemis gaSuqebas. cxadia, yvelaze SemaZrwunebel, sensaciur
teroristul aqtebs gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceva mediaSi. eWvgareSia, rom
msoflio savaWro centrebis fataluri afeTqeba istoriaSi yvelaze farTod da
vrclad gaSuqebuli teroristuli aqtia.
bevri politikuri analitikosi, romelic Jurnalistikis sferos farglebs gareT moRvaweobs, terorizmis aseT mzard aRzevebas nawilobriv medias,
kerZod ki televizias abralebs. cud axal ambavSi metia sensaciaa da, Sesabamisad, nilsenis maRal reitings (anu Tavis mxriv maRal sareklamo Semosavals)
iZleva. am TvalsazrisiT, terorizmi televiziisTvisaa `zedgamoWrili~.
sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi mxolod siaxleTa Setyobineba ar aris sakmarisi. siaxleTa industriam unda gayidos informacia da mayurebelTa wili _
siaxleTa bazari, romelic irCevs uyuros satelevizio siaxleebs, gansazRvravs
imas, ramdens gadauxdian kompaniebi TavianT sareklamo prodiuserebs. amrigad,
axal ambebis prodiuserebs ar undaT xelidan gauSvan kargi istoria, maSinac ki,
Tu es teroristTa sasargeblod gadadgmuli nabiji iqneba.
mediis dasacavad SegviZlia vTqvaT: SeuZlia vinmes amtkicos, rom udanaSaulo adamianebiT savse TviTmfrinavis gataceba ar aris gasaSuqeblad mniSvnelovani? media xom, bolos da bolos, pasuxismgebelia, miawodos adamianebs
informacia da maSinac, Tu erTi telekompania gadawyvets ar gaaSuqos garkveuli teroristuli incidenti an mxolod mcire yuradReba miaqcios mas, sxvebic
gaakeTeben amas? sabolood saidumlo molaparakeba da cenzura erTaderTi
`gamosavalia~, magram am SemTxvevaSi gamojanmrTelebis saSualeba daavadebaze
uaresia. roca demokratiuli saxelmwifoebi ebmebian konstituciurad saeWvo
saqmianobaSi teroristuli aqtebis sapasuxod, terorizmis ganmaxorcieleblebi
imarjveben politikurad da moralurad. protestsa da demonstracias, romlebic SeiZleba cenzuram, satelefono saubrebis mosmenam da sxva msgavsma zomebma
gamoiwvios, SeiZleba zogjer sazogadoebis destabilizacia mohyves.
mediis TviTSekaveba mxolod mimzidveli gamosavalia. realurad Tu vimsjelebT, siaxleTa industria ar Seamcirebs terorizmis Sesaxeb informaciis
miwodebas, sanam sazogadoebrivi azri ar motrialdeba am gamoSvebaTa winaaRmdeg. rogorc momxmareblebi, xSirad viRebT imas, rasac viTxovT da am TvalsazrisiT vimsaxurebT imas, rasac viRebT.

terorizmTan dapirispireba

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kiTxva, romelsac demokratiuli saxelmwifoebi awydebian, mdgomareobs
ara imaSi, rogor SeiZleba terorizmis SeCereba, aramed rogor SeiZleba misi Sesusteba ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa SezRudvis gareSe. es kiTxva awuxebda aSS-sa da
mis evropel mokavSireebs gviani 60-iani wlebidan. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlasTan
da rusuli mafiis aRzevebasTan erTad (iseve, rogorc erayidan momavali mzardi
safrTxe, al qaidas qseli da sxvebi), birTvuli terorizmis safrTxe SesamCnevad
gaizarda. amiT xazi gaesva avtoritetuli xelisuflebis saWiroebas yvelgan
msoflo terorizmTan dapirispirebisa da misi damarcxebis mizniT.32

Sida kanonmdebloba
avtoritarul da totalitarul saxelmwifoebSi teroristebs swrafad da
sastikad uswordebian. Tumca, demokratiuli saxelmwifoebi mihyvebian kanons
yovelTvis, roca SesaZlebelia. bolo ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi bevrma demokratiulma qveyanam miiRo axali kanoni an Secvala Zveli, raTa ufro efeqturad gamklaveboda teroristebsa da terorizms.
demokratebis erT-erTi midgomaa axali kanonmdeblobis miReba. magaliTad, aSS-Si sahaero mekobreoba (TviTmfrinavebis gataceba) federalur danaSauladaa aRiarebuli, agreTve nebismieri Zaladobrivi aqtis Cadena TviTmfrinavis
mgzavris mimarT aSS-is farglebSi da nebismieri amerikeli mgzavris mimarT mis
farglebs gareT. pirveli savaWro centrisa da oklahoma sitis afeTqebis Semdeg
1996 wlis aprilSi kongresma miiRo antiteroristuli da efeqturi sasikvdilo
ganaCenis aqti (Antiterorism and Effective Death Penalty Act) . am aqtma aRWurva federaluri kanonaRmasrulebeli organoebi meti fuliTa da axali meqanizmebiT terorizmTan sabrZolvelad, SeboWa imigracia da gaamartiva terorizmSi eWvmitanil
ucxoelTa deportaciis procedura.
2001 wels, seqtembris im sabediswero dRes, msoflio savaWro centrze
meore dartymam gamoamJRavna yvela winaT miRebuli kontrteroristuli zomebis
sruli araadekvaturoba aSS-Si. prezidentma jorj buSma swrafad Seqmna, qveynis
usafrTxoebis axali kabineturi ofisi kontrterorizmis sferoSi momuSave yvela federaluri departamentisa da saagentos saqmianobis koordinaciisaTvis.
prezidentma aseve gamosca orazrovani direqtiva terorizmSi eWvmitanilTaTvis samxedro tribunalis Seqmnis Taobaze:
ganxiluli iyo SesaZlebloba sasamarTlo procesebis warmoebisa
gemebze zRvaSi an iseT aSS instalaciebze, rogoricaa baza guantanamos
yureSi, kuba. es procesebi unda yofiliyo swrafi da uaRresad gasaidumloebuli. . . .[da] informaciis gacema SeiZleba SezRuduli yofiliyo
ZiriTad faqtebamde, rogoricaa mopasuxis saxeli da ganaCeni. proceduraTa Canawerebi SeiZleba sajaro sazogadoebisgan damaluli yofiliyo wlobiT, SeiZleba saukuneebis ganmavlobaSic.33

yvelaze didi cvlilebebi, romlebic exeba mTavrobis Zalauflebas aSS-Si

legalurad myof ucxolebze, Sevida 11 seqtembris Semdeg kongresis mier miRebul kanonSi. am kanonis sruli saxeli aris: amerikis gaerTianeba da gaZliereba
imis Sesaferisi meqanizmebis saSualebiT, romelTac SeuZliaT Seaferxon da
dablokon 2001 wlis teroristuli aqti (Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing
Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001), aSS-Si mas patri-

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otuli aqtis saxeliT icnoben. masSi gafarToebulia cneba, vin unda moiazrebodes terorizmSi eWvmitanilad da aRWurvavs generalur prokurors uflebamosilebiT, daakavos arabebi da musulmanebi, iseve rogorc sxva ucxoelebi. es
kanoni aZlevs mTavrobas uflebas, aukrZalos aSS-Si Semosvla nebismier ucxoels,
romelic sajarod amarTlebs terorizms an miekuTvneba romelime teroristul
dajgufebas. kanoni afarToebs aseve `teroristuli saqmianobis~ gansazRvrebasac, masSi axla ukve nagulisxmebia nebismieri ucxoeli, romelic iyenebs `saSiS
xelsawyos~ an agrovebs fuls teroristuli dajgufebisaTvis gacnobierebulad
Tu gaucnobiereblad. da bolos, es saSualebas aZlevs xelisuflebas, daakavos
nebismieri ucxoeli, romelic generalur prokurors saxifaTod miaCnia.
prezidentis brZanebebidan gamomdinare, antiteroristuli zomebi da axali kanoni mSvidobis SenarCunebis mizniT federalur xelisuflebas moqalaqeebis Tvalyuris devnebis uflebas da infiltraciis saSualebas aZlevs amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebis sazRvrebSi. gamokiTxvebma daadgina, rom amerikelTa didi
umravlesoba am zomebs Sesaferisad miiCnevda da ar fiqrobda, rom isini riskis
qveS ayenebdnen samoqalaqo uflebebs. magram mainc arsebobda xmauriani umciresoba, rogorc memarcxene, ise memarjvene mxridan, romlebic kategoriulad
ar eTanxmebodnen amas. isini gamoxatavdnen SiSsa da SeSfoTebas imis mimarT, rac
maTi individualuri Tavisuflebebisa da konstituciuri garantiebis eroziad
miaCndaT (gansakuTrebiT, uflebebis Sesaxeb sakonstitucio Sesworebis I, IV, V
da VI muxlebis Taobaze).
kidev erTi midgoma dakanonda _ teroristuli organizaciebis wevrobis
ukanonod gamocxadeba. gaerTianebul samefoSi specifikuri teroristuli
dajgufebebi ukanonoa, maT Soris IRA da irlandiis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli armia. saberZneTSic miiRes kanonebi, romlebic krZalavs teroristul
dajgufebebs da maT wevrobas danaSaulad Tvlis. amasTan safrangeTma, britaneTma da SvedeTma SezRudes vizebis gacema ucxoeli nacionalistebis mier Cadenili teroristuli aqtebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT. italiasa da SvedeTSi
policiisaTvis ufro ioli gaxda telefonebis mosmena da safosto gzavnilebis
gaxsna ,,werili-bombebis~ dasadgenad. magram rodesac aseT zomebs mimarTaven,
demokratebi gardauvlad wamoWrian samoqalaqo TavisuflebaTa sakiTxebs.

TanamSromloba qveynebs Soris

saerTaSoriso Zalisxmeva terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi, romelsac
gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia axorcielebda, araefeqturi aRmoCnda. igive
SeiZleba iTqvas amerikul saxelmwifoTa organizaciisa (1971 welSi) da evrosabWos (1977 wels) ganxorcielebul regionul midgomebze.34 amisgan gansxvavebiT,
zogierTi ormxrivi molaparakeba mokavSire qveynebs Soris an msgavsi interesebis mqone moqiSpe qveynebs Soris ufro warmatebuli gamodga terorizmTan
brZolaSi. magaliTad, 1973 wlis molaparakebam aSS-sa da kubas Soris bolo mouRo amerikuli TviTmfrinavebis gatacebas havanaSi. kidev erTi magaliTia 1986
wlis molaparakeba aSS-sa da did britaneTs Soris, romlis mixedviTac maT gaafarToves eqstradiciis xelSekruleba da gamoricxes politikuri motiviT Cadenili seriozuli Zaladobrivi danaSaulis CamdenTa gamoSveba. 11 seqtembris
teraqtebis Semdeg aSS-m moipova bevri qveynis, maT Soris pakistanisa da ruseTis, mTavrobis mxardaWera da aqtiuri TanamSromloba msofliomasStabiT anti-

505
teroristuli kampaniis warmoebaSi. amas gansakuTrebiT uWerdnen mxars natos
wevri qveynebi, maTgan yvelaze aRsaniSnavia didi britaneTi premier-ministr
toni bleris meTaurobiT.
didi yuradReba daeTmo sadazvervo samsaxurebis TanamSromlobas da informaciis gacvlas, magram aman mxolod mcire warmateba moitana terorizmTan
brZolaSi. interpoli saerTaSoriso policiis saagentoa, romlis Stabbina safrangeTSia. aseve arsebobs organizacia, romelic drodadro krebs wevri qveynebis sagareo saqmeTa ministrebsa da policiis uwyebaTa meTaurebs terorizmis
Sesaxeb informaciis gasacvlelad da gamoZiebis koordinirebisaTvis dasavleT evropaSi. am organizaciebma sagrZnoblad gaaioles garkveul instanciebSi
teroristTa Sepyroba da zogjer xelic SeuSales teroristuli aqtebis ganxorcielebas. magaliTad, FBI-sa da CIA-s maRali rangis warmomadgenlebma iTanamSromles ruseTTan saerTaSoriso teroristul dajgufebebsa da birTvuli
iaraRis SesaZlo qurdebs Soris kavSiris gamosavlenad.
saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobas SeuZlia miaRwios swraf warmatebas, roca
misi mizania konkretul teroristul problemebTan brZola da mokavSire qveynebs Soris arsebobs urTierTgageba da koordinacia. misi dadebiTi Tu uaryofiTi mxareebi gamovlinda 1986 wlis aprilSi, roca prezidentma ronald reiganma
gasca libiis dabombvis brZaneba _ qveynisa, romelic iTvleboda saerTaSoriso
terorizmis Ria mxardamWerad. Tavdapirvelad britaneTi momxre iyo aSS-is mier
dartymis ganxorcielebisa. frangebs SeeSindaT teroristTa SuriZiebisa da
uari uTxres britaneTis bazebidan afrenil aSS-is samxedro TviTmfrinavebs gadaekveTaT safrangeTis sahaero sivrce libiis dasabombad.
magram aSS-is ganxorcielebuli sadamsjelo sahaero dartyma warmatebuli
gamodga da male gaCnda mravalmxrivi konsensusis niSnebic. 1986 wlis aprilSi
evropis erTobam xma misca libiaze ekonomikuri sanqciebis dawesebas da 1986
wlis zafxulSi libia gaZevebul iqna britaneTidan, safrangeTidan, dasavleT
germaniidan, italiidan, espaneTidan, daniidan, belgiidan, niderlandebidan
da luqsemburgidan. mogvianebiT, 1988 wels, loqerbis [Sotlandia] samgzavro
TviTmfrinavebis afeTqebaSi dadanaSaulebuli libielebi daapatimres. isini
haagis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos winaSe 2000 wels warsdgnen. imis miuxedavad,
rom es loqerbis tragediidan didi xnis Semdeg moxda, cxadi gaxda, rom mTavrobaTSoris TanamSromlobas SeuZlia teroristebis dasjas Seuwyos xeli.

calmxrivi antiteroristuli zomebi

zogi kontrteroristuli strategia elementaruli Cans, Tumca mxolod

erTi SexedviT. magaliTad, bevr aeroportSi gamZafrda usafrTxoebis zomebi
1985 wlis teroristuli sisxliani sasaklaoebis Semdeg, magram aSS-m es saTanadod ar gaakeTa 11 seqtembris teraqtamde. erT dResac oTxi komerciuli TviTmfrinavi TiTqmis erTdroulad gaitaces aRmosavleT sanapiros sami sxvadasxva
aeroportidan da, rogorc Cans, gamtaceblebma moaxeres TviTmfrinavebSi iaraRis Setana.
bevr xelisuflebas sjera, rom TavSekaveba da nacvalgeba terorizmTan
gamklavebis erTaderTi efeqturi saSualebaa. am TvalsazrisiT terorizmis
winaaRmdeg TavSekaveba rogorc minimum moiTxovs uaris Tqmas teroristebTan
molaparakebaze, gansakuTrebiT roca saqmeSi CarTuli arian mZevlebi an SeuCerebeli Tavdasxmebia samoqalaqo samizneebze (ix. perus `ganaTebuli gza~). sxvagvarad moqceva marcxisaTvis ganwiruli da borotebis dajildoebis tolfasi
iqneboda, rac momavalSic gamoiwvevda msgavs Tavdasxmebs.

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Sendero Luminoso _ `ganaTebuli gza~ 1980 wels perus demokratiul qveynad gadaqcev-

asTan erTad gaCnda. Tavdapirvelad agrarul safuZvelze Seqmnilma teroristulma

organizaciam, romelmac saarCevno yuTebi dawva da hung dogs, mogvianebiT yuradReba
farTod gavrcelebul Zaladobas miapyro. Zaladoba zogjer regionul omSi gadaizrdeboda xolme sazogadoebrivi adgilebis dabombvis, adgilobrivi xelisuflebis warmomadgenelTa da samoqalaqo mkvlelobebis CaTvliT. 1992 wlisaTvis am 5 aTas wevriani Zlieri organizaciis kiserze daaxloebiT 23 aTasi mkvleloba da 20 mlrd dolaris zarali
iyo. qarizmatuli abimal guzmanis, saSualo klasis warmomadgeneli yofili filosofiis
maswavleblis, xelmZRvanelobiT `ganaTebuli gza~ mxars uWers maoisturis msgavs ideologias. jgufis gamorCeuli niSania misi opozicia yvela sxva samTavrobo Tu arasamTavrobo, samoqalaqo, reformistuli Tu radikaluri organizaciis mimarT. mis mtrebs
Sorisaa ufro mcirericxovani, naklebad Zaladobrivi memarcxene teroristuli organizacia Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA), romelsac XIX saukunis 80-iani wlebis
mijnasa da 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi Zalze momgebian narkotikebis operaciebze kontrolis brZola mougo. MRTA gauCinarda politikuri scenidan, magram 1996 wlis dekemberSi
kvlav gamoCnda, roca diplomatiuri miRebis dros misma partizanebma alya Semoartyes
iaponiis elCis adgilsamyofels da mZevlad aiyvanes (bevri maTgani oTxi TviT) mravali
maRalCinosani (isini gaaTavisufles mas Semdeg, rac adgilsamyofeli SturmiT aiRes da
partizanebi mokles).
XIX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi guzmani da `ganaTebuli gza~ perus ramdenime susti demokratiuli xelisuflebis winaSe aRmoCndnen. verc erTma ver SeZlo hiperinflaciis,
maRali umuSevrobis, uzarmazari ucxouri valis, farTod gavrcelebuli siRaribis, narkobaronebisa da xelisuflebis korufciis (terorizmze rom araferi vTqvaT) daTrgunva. 1992 wlis 5 aprils peruSi movlenebi radikalurad Seicvala. gadawyvita ra mkacri da
mtkice moqmedebebis kursis aReba prezidentma alberto fujimorim sruli Zalaufleba
aiRo xelT. man SeaCera konstituciis moqmedeba, daSala arCeuli kongresi da purged much
of the judiciary. fujimoris akritikebdnen samxedro qmedebebis gamo. miuxedavad amisa, eqvsi

Tvis ganmavlobaSi guzmani cixeSi ijda. metic, 1993 wels politikur mkvlelobaTa raodenoba 50%-iT Semcirda da kleba momdevno welsac gagrZelda. warmatebuli iyo fujimoris ekonomikuri politikac: 7%-ianma zrdis tempma perus laTinuri amerikaSi Zlieri
ekonomikis saxeli moutana. mniSvnelovnad Semcirda inflaciis done.
guzmanis daWeris Semdeg `ganaTebul gzas~ daSlis safrTxe emuqreboda, radgan
misi aTasobiT wevri dapatimrebuli iyo. mogvianebiT organizacia kvlav aRdga. miuxedavad imisa, rom `ganaTebuli gzis~ wevrebis raodenoba sagrZnoblad Semcirda, xolo
ideologia bundovani gaxda, organizacia arsebobas ganagrZobda oskar ramires durandis (guzmanis Zveli megobris) xelmZRvanelobiT. is kvlav axorcielebda misTvis Cveul
Zaladobis aqtebs, Tumca ukve Semcirebuli masStabiT. organizacia kvlav Cafluli iyo
narkotikebis aralegalur vaWrobaSi.
rogori Canda momavali? garda perus ukiduresi ekonomikuri vardnisa, savaraudoa, rom `ganaTebuli gza~ an teroristul organizaciad darCeba, an sazogadoebisaTvis
sxvagvar safrTxed transformirdeba _ magaliTad, specializdeba organizebul danaSaulze (transpormacia, romelic ukve ganicada ramdenime teroristulma dajgufebam
kolumbiasa da braziliaSi).
iq, sadac kontrterorizmma gaamarTla, mTavrobebma gamoamJRavnes neba
da SesaZlebloba, mieRoT mtkice da prevenciuli (profilaqtikuri) samxedro

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kontrzomebi terorizmis winaaRmdeg. 1976 wels israelis komandosebis mamacurma reidma ugandis entebes aeroportSi daamtkica, rom teroristebi ar arian
daumarcxeblebi, maSinac ki, Tu mZevlebi hyavT. igive gaakeTes komandosebma,
rodesac Tavs daesxnen Tufaq amarus revoluciur moZraobas (MRTA) 1996 wlis
dekemberSi, roca maT limaSi (peru) mZevlad hyavdaT ayvanili adamianebi iaponiis saelCoSi. mZevalTa daxsnis operaciebSi warmatebisaTvis saWiroa kargad gawvrTnili, swrafad moqmed komandosTa erTeulebi, rogoricaa germaniis
GCG-9, romelmac gaaTavisufla lufthanzas aeroportidan gatacebul TviT-

mfrinavSi myofi mZevlebi mogadiSoSi, somaliSi, 1977 wels. aRsaniSnavia aseve

britanelTa SAS da aSS-s Delta Force. adgilobrivi policiis saagentoebi ar arian
teroristebTan gasamklavebad saTanadod aRWurvili da gawvrTnili:
roca SAS-Tan erTad muSaob iseT arealSi, rogoricaa armaghi
[CrdiloeT irlandia], sul male acnobiereb, rom omis monawile xar da
ara policiuri operaciisa. Ramidan Ramemde IRA aqtivistTa danayofebi
[mtris zurgSi aRweven] usafrTxo samxreTisaken da [gadaadgildebian]
Tavisuflad iseTi adgilebisaken, romlebic TavianTTvis usafrTxo
gaxades mkvlelobiT, wamebiT, motacebebiTa da sxva danaSaulebebiT. isini rTul iaraRs iyeneben [maT Soris], msxvilkalibrian tyviamfrqvevebs,
saraketo danadgarebs, fugasur naRmebsa da mravalnair asafeTqebel
nivTierebebs. audiomeTvalyureobis meSveobiT Sen usmen maT damgegmav
sesiebs, sadac gaicema sabotaJis mowyobis brZanebebi, romlebmac moqalaqeebi unda Seiwiron.
samoqalaqo sapolicio procedurebs ar SeuZlia gaumklavdes am
saxis safrTxes. Tu Sen daadgen jgufis adgilsamyofels, savaWro centrze organizebuli Tavdasxmis procesSi, sadac rZis bidonebi savsea
asafeTqeblebiTa da lursmnebiT, masTan gasamklaveblad sabrZolo patruls agzavni da ar iZaxeb adgilobriv policiels.35

XIX saukunis 70-ian wlebSi dasavleTSi italia teroris masStabebiT gamoirCeoda.

ukiduresi memarcxene wiTeli brigadebi kapitalizmisa da xelisuflebis simboloebs
asobiT mosamarTles, mewarmes da politikoss itacebdnen da klavdnen. 1969-dan 1983
wlamde teroristuli Zaladobis 14 aTasze meti aqti aRiricxa, 409 adamiani mokles,
xolo 1366 daWres.
1978 wels wiTelma brigadebma yofili premier-ministri da italiis erT-erTi wamyvani politikosi aldo moro gaitaces, romelic mokles, roca xelisuflebam uari Tqva
moros gamtaceblebTan molaparakebaze. sabolood teroristebi damarcxdnen. aRSfoTebuli sazogadoeba mkacr kontrteroristul programas iTxovda, ris Sedegadac wiTeli
brigadebi mkveTrad Semcirda.
rogor SeZlo es italiam? Tavdapirvelad policiam wiTeli brigades teroristul
dajgufebebSi SeaRwia da misi asobiT wevri daapatimra. Semdeg cixeSi yofnis Semcirebuli vada SesTavazes im monanie teroristebs, romlebic aqtivistebisa da sxva teroristebis adgilsamyofelis Sesaxeb informacias awvdidnen. Semdeg policiam Tavisi Zalebi iseT SezRudul da SedarebiT advilad samarTav teroristuli samizneebze mimarTa,
rogoricaa aeroportebi, portebi da sazRvrebi. sabolood, axalma kanonebma policias
Zalaufleba gaufarTova satelefono saubrebisa da sxva resursebis ufro efeqtianad
gamoyenebis mizniT.

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saqmianobis gamo TanagrZnobis gareSe darCenili italiis teroristebi izolaciaSi
moeqcnen da dRes qveynis stabilurobisaTvis umniSvnelo safrTxes warmoadgenen.

magram iseTi specialuri kontrteroristuli danayofebis arseboba, rogoric britaneTis SAS-ia, ar aris sakmarisi. xelisuflebas unda surdes maTi
gamoyeneba. rogorc erTi eqsperti aRniSnavs, kontrteroristuli policiis
mTavari mizani aris `gamoacxados uSecdomod warumateblobisa da nacvalgebisa
struqtura.~36 warumatebloba, rogoric iyo 1980 wlis aSS mcdeloba, gaeTavisuflebina tyveebi iranidan, 1985 wels egviptis mcdeloba, daekavebina maltaSi
gatacebuli TviTmfrinavi, xandaxan gardauvalia xolme _ zogjer tragikuli
SedegebiT. magram gadauwyvetaobis grZelvadiani Sedegebi SeiZleba kidev ufro
tragikuli aRmoCndes.
sxva nabijebi, romelTa gadadgmac mTavrobas SeuZlia, moicavs SeiaraRebisa da asafeTqeblebis kontrols da albaT yvelaze mniSvnelovani (marTalia,
yvelaze Zneli) aris ukeTesi Sida sadazvervo Zalebis ganviTareba. mxolod teroristTa samalavebis, gadaadgilebisa da gegmebis Sesaxeb informaciis mopovebiTaa SesaZlebeli maTi Tavdasxmebis Tavidan acileba. teroristTa samizneebis
dacva maSin iqneba SesaZlebeli, Tu winaswar gvecodineba rodis da sad apireben
teroristebi dartymis miyenebas.
cxadia, demokratiuli sazogadoeba da is konstituciuri normebi, romlebSic policia da sagamoZiebo saagentoebi moqmedeben, dabrkolebaa nebismieri xelisuflebisaTvis, romelic terorizmis safrTxis winaSe aRmoCndeba.
moqalaqeebi ar arian miCveulni megobrebis, ojaxis wevrebis, mezoblebisa da
TanamSromlebis TvalTvals. xolo sadazvervo agentebis mier informaciis mogrovebas ramdenime saagento axorcielebs, nawilobrv imitom, rom ar moxdes
erT-erTi maTganisTvis zedmeti Zalauflebis miniWeba. aSS-Si, magaliTad, dazverva da kontrdazverva erTmaneTisgan mkacrad gamijnulia, CIA pasuxismgebelia ucxoeTSi dazvervaze da ekrZaleba aSS-is moqalaqeebis an dajgufebaTa
winaaRmdeg Sida SpionaJis operaciebSi monawileobis miReba _ kontrdazverva
FBI-is funqciaa. am biurokratiuli ufskrulis likvidaciis saWiroebam ganapi-

roba 11 seqtembris teraqtis Semdeg prezident buSis gadawyvetileba, Seeqmna

qveynis usafrTxoebis axali ofisi.

piradi zomebi
moqalaqeebma da firmebma Tavad mimarTes usafrTxoebis zomebs sakuTari
Tavis dasacavad.37 iseve, rogorc bevri mTavroba aZlierebda Tavis saelCoebisa
da sxva sazRvargareTuli dawesebulebebis dacvas 1980-1990-ian wlebSi, kerZo
kompaniebic yovelwliurad milionobiT dolars xarjaven dacvis momsaxurebisaTvis aSS-Si da sxvagan.38 dacvis saWiroeba gansakuTrebiT gamoikveTa 2001 wlis
11 seqtembris Semdeg. bevr moqalaqes ara aqvs imis saSualeba, rom piradi dacva
daiqiraos. magram sazogadoebis sifrTxiles SeuZlia teroristebisaTvis saqmis
sakmaod garTuleba. magaliTad, israelSi, sadac terorizmis mudmivi safrTxea,
oficialuri informaciiT sazogadoebrivi TavSeyris adgilebSi moTavsebuli

509
bombebis 80% ganaRmulia, radgan saeWvo obieqtebs adamianebi cnoben da maT Sesaxeb droulad acnobeben saWiro instanciebs.39 aSS-Si usafrTxoebis eqspertTa
umravlesoba Tanxmdeba, rom momavalSi terorizmisaTvis winaaRmdegobis gaweva didwilad iqneba damokidebuli rogorc moqalaqeebis, ise xelisuflebissifrTxileze. aseve komerciuli TviTmfrinavebis pilotebi Tanxmdebian, rom Tu
TviTmfrinavis gataceba SeCerdeba, es moxdeba mgzavrTa mzadyofnis gamo, gauswordnen teroristebs da ara imitom, rom aviaciis usafrTxoebis inspeqtorebi
arian bortze.

SeiZleba Tu ara terorizmis SeCereba?

Tanamedrove terorizmi seriozul problemaa da rogorc Cans, misi aRmofxvra mokle xanSi ver moxerxdeba. safrTxe, piriqiT, ufro izrdeba: birTvuli terorizmi, rogorc adre aRvniSneT, ukve realuria.
cxadia, rom ar arsebobs erTi da sruliad efeqturi gamosavali terorizmis problemidan. Tumca rogorc vnaxeT, arsebobs teroristTa SezRudvis an
SeCerebis gzebi, agreTve dasjis, an ubralod, terorizmis aRmofxvris meTodebi
sanam is dramatul zRvars miaRwevdes (rogorc es moxda italiasa da ekvadorSi
1970-ian da 1980-ian wlebSi da alJirSi 1990-ian wlebSi).
warmatebis miuxedavad, mainc arsebobs mniSvnelovani problema: erTma
teroristmac ki SeiZleba uzarmazari ziani miayenos sazogadoebas. am arasrulyofil samyaroSi SeuZlebelia terorizmis srulad aRmofxvra, magram moTminebiT, uryeobiT, gambedaobiTa da sifrTxiliT SeiZleba misi SeCereba da Tavisuflebis SenarCuneba (xangamoSvebiT mainc) _ es aris uaxloesi warsulidan
miRebuli erT-erTi gakveTili.

daskvna

terorizmi, romelic SeiZleba gavigoT politikur Zalisxmevad status

kvos dasarRvevad Zaladobis gavrcelebis saSualebiT moqalaqeebis daSinebiT,
Tanamedrove samyaroSi yoveldRiuri movlenad iqca. misi uZvelesi fesvebi religiur konfliqtSia, Tanamedrove terorizmi ki 1960-iani wlebidan iRebs saTaves.
teroristebi iRvwian qaosisa da dabneulobis klimatis SeqmnisaTvis, im rwmeniT, rom politikuri arastabiluroba daaCqarebs xelisuflebis dacemas. isini qmnian mWidrod dakavSirebul, homogenur, mcire dajgufebebs. teroristebs
SeuZliaT didi safrTxis winaSe daayenon politikuri da ekonomikuri problemebis mqone qveynebi. amis magaliTia musulmanuri fundamentalizmi alJirSi.
imis miuxedavad, rom teroristebi arRveven kanons, isini ar arian damnaSaveebi am sityvis Cveulebrivi gagebiT. isini arc partizanebi da Cveulebrivi
revolucionerebi arian. yvela teroristi revolucioneria, magram yvela revolucioneri ar aris teroristi. teroristi iseTi saxis revolucioneria, romelic ar iRvwis politikuri Zalauflebis xelSi Casagdebad, misi upirvelesi
mizania protesti gamoTqvas da SeebrZolos arsebuli politikuri wesrigiT
gamowveul usamarTlobas Zaladobrivi aqtebis saSualebiT. teroristebi, rogorc wesi, axalgazrdebi, martoxela mamakacebi arian. maT aseve saerTo aqvT

510
bevri fsiqologiuri maxasiaTebelic, maT Soris fanatizmi da siZulvili.
sust, avtoritarul mTavrobas da demokratias teroristebi did safrTxes uqmnian. demokratia da terorizmi erTmaneTis umowyalo mtrebi arian. demokratia damokidebulia qveynis mosaxleobis kompromisis survilze da sxva
adamianebis mosazrebis pativiscemaze, teroristebi ki borotmoqmedebi arian,
romlebic nebismier qmedebaze midian miznis misaRwevad. metic, Tavisi bunebiT
demokratiuli qveynebi teroristuli TavdasxmebisaTvis Riaa.
problema, romlis winaSec demokratiuli qveynebi aRmoCndebian xolme
terorizmTan brZolaSi, garTulebulia imiT, rom erTdroulad SenarCunebul
unda iqnes individualuri Tavisufleba da daculi iyos erovnuli usafrTxoeba. magram, demokratiuli qveynebis mier miRebulma erTpirovnulma Tu TanamSromlobiTma zomebma dagvanaxa, rom SesaZlebelia terorizmis SeCereba da ara
misi srulad aRmofxvra.

sakvanZo sityvebi
terorizmi

antisaxelmwifoebrivi terorizmi

saxelmwifo terorizmi

nacionalur-separatistuli terorizmi

saerTaSoriso terorizmi

ideologiuri terorizmi

Sida terorizmi

kontrterorizmi

transnacionaluri terorizmi

kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis
1.

riT gansxvavdeba terorizmi Cveulebrivi danaSaulisgan? partizanuli

omisgan?

2.

tipobrivad rogoria teroristebis taqtika da rogor aris dakavSirebuli

maTi miznebi da saSualebebi?

3.

ra fsiqologiuri fesvebi aqvs terorizms da ra aris tipuri teroristis

damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi?

4.

ratom aris demokratia daucveli terorisgan? SeafaseT terorizmis

safrTxe demokratiuli qveynebis mimarT.

5.

ra dabrkolebebi xvdeba kontrteroristul politikas?

6.

ra nabiji gadadga konstituciurma demokratiam terorizmisgan Tavis dasacavad? kidev risi [Tu saerTod ramis] gakeTeba SeiZleba?

SeniSvnebi:

1.

Cindy Coombs. Terrorism in the Twenty-First Century (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall,
1997), 1-2.

2.

3.

`Nihilism and Terror , New Republic, September 29, 1986, 11.

aseve ix. Martha Crenshaw,

`The Causes of Terrorism,~ wignSi International Terrorism:

Characteristics, Causes, Controls, red. Charles W. Kegley, Jr. (New York: St. Martins Press,
1990), 113.

511
4.

ori klasifikaciis sqema aris TandaTanobiT ganxiluli. isini ar amowuraven

literaturaSi mocemul informacias. Tavdapirveli diskusia aq mohyveba
keglis, romelic eyrdnoba edvard miqolusis `Trends in International Terrorism,~
in International Terrorism in the Contemporary World, red. Marius H. Livingston da sxvebi
(Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 1978); ix. Charles W. Kegley, Jr., `Characteristics, Causes,
and Controls of International Terrorism: An Introduction,~ wignSi International Terrorism,
red. Kegley, 5.

5.
6.

iqve.
gansxvaveba religiasa da ideologias Soris sruliad qreba, roca momxreebi Riad misdeven politikur miznebs da religias TavianTi saSualebebis
gasamarTleblad iyeneben. magaliTad, islamisti eqstremistebi xSirad
mouwodeben xalxs jihadisken (wminda omisken) israelis winaaRmdeg da
`jvarosnuli omebisaken~ (Tu bin ladenis epiTets gamoviyenebT), magram
yvela musulmanma icis, rom yurani (islamis wminda wigni) mkacrad krZalavs udanaSaulo adamianisaTvis sicocxlis warTmevas da aranair gamonakliss ar uSvebs. terorizms aSkarad ufro metad krZalavs islami, vidre
qristianoba.

7.

ufro srulyofili ganxilvisaTvis ix. Devid Rapoport, `Religion and Terror: Thugs,
Assassins and Zealots,~ wignSi International Terrorism, ed. Kegley, 146-157. aseve ix. Leonard Weinberg and Paul Davis, Introduction to Political Terrorism (New York: McGraw-Hill,
1989), 19-23

8.

Weinberg and Devis, Political Terrorism, 22

9.

Compare Repoport, `Religion and Terror,~ 146, da iqve., 24-26

10.

Rushworth M. Kidder, `Unmasking Terrorism,~ Christian Science Monitor, May 13, 1986, 19.

11.

iqve, 20.

12.

iqve, ix. aseve sqema 15-1 am TavSi.

13.

Walter Laqueur, Terrorism (Boston: Little, Brown, 1977), 220.

14.

Paul Johnson, `The Seven Deadly Sins of Terrorism,~ wignSi International Terrorism, red.
Kegley, 65.

15.

Carlos Marighella, Mini-Manual for Urban Guerillas, mTargmn. Gene Hanrahan (Chapel Hill,
N.C.: Documentary Publications, 1984). (Tavdapirvelad gamoqveynda espanurad

1970 wels).
16.

Claire Marighella, The Terror Network: The Secret War of International Terrorism (New York:
Holt, 1981), 21-22.

17.

statistika eyrdnoba David E. Long, The Anatomy of Terrorism (New York: Free Press,
1990), 165.

18.

Mohhamad M. Hafez, Middle East Journal 4 (Semodgoma 2000): 584-585.

19.

Long, The Anatomy of Terrorism, 17.

20.

Walter Laqueur, `The Futility of Terrorism,~ wignSi International Terrorism, red. Kegley, 69.

avtori aRniSnavs am Sexedulebas, magram ar emxroba mas.

21.

rogorc adre aRvniSneT. ix. magaliTad, Henry Dietz, `Revolutionary Organization

in the Counterside: Peru,~ wignSi Revolution and Political Change in the Third World, red.
Barry Schutz and Robert Slater (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Reinner, 1990), 135.

22.

Laqueur, `Faculty of Terrorism,~ 70; and Walter Laqueur, `Reflections on the Eradication of
Terrorism,~ wignSi International Terrorism, red. Kegley, 207.

23.

Coombs, Terrorism in the Twenty-First Century, 68.

24.

Rushworth M. Kidder, `Unmasking Terrorism,~ Christian Science Monitor, May 15, 1986, 18.

25.

Eric Hoffer, The True Believer (New York: Harper & Row, 1951), 49.

26.

ix. Frederick J. Hacker, Crusaders, Criminals, Crazies: Terror and Terrorism in Our Time

512
(New York: Norton, 1977).
27.

Kidder, `Unmasking Terrorism,~ May 15, 1986, 19.

28.

sindisis qenjnis naklebobis Sesaxeb ix. Long, Anatomy of Terrorism, 19.

29.

Paul McHugh, The Weekly Standard, December 10, 2001.

30.

Hoffer, True Believer, 80.

31.

iqve, 81.

32.

am ganxilvis didi wili dafuZnebulia Weinberg-isa da Devis-s naSromze Political Terrorism, Tavi 8, 151-188.

33.

Mattew Purdy, `Bushs New Rules to Fight Terror Transform the Legal Landscape,~ New York
Times (online edition), December 16, 2001.

34.

Weinberg and Devis, Political Terrorism, 168-170.

35.

Gayle Rivers, The Specialist: Revelations of a Counterterrorist (New York: Charter Books,
1985), 40.

36.

Richard Clutterburck, Protest and the Urban Guerilla (New York: Abelard-Shuman, 1974),

37.

ix. generally Brian Jenkins, red., Terrorism and Personal Protection (Boston: Butter-worth,

287.
1985)
38.

Kidder, `Unmasking Terrorism,~ May 21, 1986, 16.

39.

iqve, 17.

513

T aavv i XV I

omi
po litika ssxv
xvaa
m izn
izneb
eb isaTv
isaT v is

omis gamomwvevi mizezebi

adamianuri buneba

sazogadoeba

garemo

totaluri omi:
omi, romelSic yvela ibrZvis
SemTxveviTi omi: omi, romelic aravis surs
birTvuli omi: mougebeli omi
aris Tu ara romelime omi moralurad gamaromi saerTaSoriso politikis
umTavresi problemaa. prusieli samxedro
Tlebuli?
Teoretikosi karl fon klauzevici
(1780-1831)omis
ambobs,
rom `omisamarTliani
politikis
samarTliani
doqtrina
gagrZelebaa, oRond sxva saSualebebiT~.
mTavroba
yovelTvis acnobierebs, rom
omis doqtrinis
Sefaseba
diplomatia SeiZleba uZluri aRmoCndes
da
Sesabamisad,
niurnbergis procesi nebismier dros atydes
omi mezobel saxelmwifosTan an saxelmwifos SigniT moqiSpe eTnikur an religiur jgufebs Soris. cxadia, nebismieri donis politikis yvelaze didi marcxi
gamoixateba mis uunarobaSi, Tavidan aicilos sxvadasxva formis SeiaraRebuli
konfliqti.
Cveulebriv, rodesac omze saubroben, gulisxmoben saxelmwifoTaSoris
oms _ oms, romelSic ori an meti eri-saxelmwifoa CarTuli. samoqalaqo omi
erTi saxelmwifos teritoriaze mimdinareobs. Tanamedrove samyaroSi am tipis
omebi ufro xSiria, vidre damoukidebel saxelwifoebs Soris. partizanuli omi
aris brZolis erT-erTi nairsaxeoba, romelsac ZiriTadad msubuqad SeiaraRebuli moZravi SenaerTebi awarmoeben soflebSi (xSirad mebrZolebs adgilobrivi
mosaxleoba sakvebiT da TavSesafriT exmareba). partizanebi, rogorc wesi, gamiznul Zaladobas mimarTaven armiis, policiisa da xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg,
rac miznad isaxavs xelisuflebis Sesustebas an damxobas. omis meoTxe katego-

514
ria _ dabalintensiuri konfliqtebi, iwyeba maSin, rodesac erTi saxelmwifo
afinansebs metoqe saxelmwifoSi Zaladobis periodul an xangrZliv gamovlinebas (magaliTad, daqiravebuli jariskacebis gamogzavniT an partizanebis daxmarebiT).
Tu gavixsenebT daRupulTa ricxvs, ganadgurebul qonebas, daxarjul
Tanxebs, cxadi gaxdeba, rom omi adamianis yvelaze damangreveli da fuWi qmedebaa. mxolod meoce saukuneSi omma 35 milioni adamiani _ maT Soris 25 mln samoqalaqo piri imsxverpla (es Sefaseba 1990 wels gakeTda, roca saukunis dasasrulamde kidev aTi weli iyo darCenili).1 generalma uiliam takumseh Sermanma
sakuTar Tavze gamoscada omis saSinelebebi (igi, rogorc meTauri, TavgamodebiT ibrZoda omebSi). amerikis samoqalaqo omis damTavrebdan 15 wlis Semdeg warmoTqmul sityvaSi man ganacxada: `bevri patara biWi fiqrobs, rom omi didebuli
ram aris, magram, biWebo, damijereT _ es namdvili jojoxeTia~!
saubedurod, yvelas ar esmis omis saSinelebebi ise, rogorc general Sermans esmoda. Some of historys most illustrious (or infamous) personalities have reveled in the
`glory~ of war. Others, while not condoning bloodshed, have acknowledged wars perverse attractions. Cvens welTaRricxvamde merve saukuneSi berZenma poetma homerosma aRniSna,

rom kaci Zilis, siyvarulisa da cekva-simRerisgan ufro iRleba, vidre omisgan.

homerosis Semoqmedeba miZRvnilia simamacisa da Tavganwirvisadmi, romelsac omi
moiTxovs. berZeni filosofosi aristotele, romelic homerosze 500 wliT adre
cxovrobda, simamaces adamianis upirveles Tvisebad miiCnevda. aristoteles azriT, brZolaSi gamoCenili simamace akeTilSobilebda adamians, radganac es iyo
moralurad swori nabiji sikvdilis SiSis sapasuxod, rac, Tavis mxriv, safrTxes
uqmnis politikur sazogadoebas.
aqcenti omis sargeblobaze ar axasiaTebs mxolod Zvel berZnebs an antikur mwerlebs, rogorc mTlian jgufs. albaT, ise aravis mouxdenia omis racionalizacia, rogorc es germanelma filosofosma g.v. hegelma SeZlo (1770-1831).
igi amtkicebda: `Tu saxelmwifoebi ver aRweven urTierTSeTanxmebas da ver xerxdeba maTi survilebis harmonizacia, maSin omi erTaderTi gamosavalia~. am winadadebaSi araferi ar aris Sokis momgvreli, Tumca sakmaod pesimisturad JRers. hegeli ufro Sorsac midis da amtkicebs, rom omi, faqtobrivad, erTaderTi
gamosavalia, radgan `gaWianurebuli, rom araferi vTqvaT mudmiv mSvidobaze,
qveynebSi korufcias uyris safuZvels~. mSvidobis dros, hegelis azriT, sazogadoeba dundeba da nawevrdeba. `omi aZlierebs saxelmwifoebs, xolo isini, vinc
monawileobs samoqalaqo daumorCileblobaSi, icavs mSvidobas Sin, risTvisac
ibrZvis sazRvargareT~.2
SeiZleba gvegonos, rom es ioli gamosaTvlelia, magram sinamdvileSi ase araa. magaliTisTvis ganvixiloT 1996 weli. centralurma sadazvervo saagentom ocdarva SeiaraRebuli konfliqti daiTvala mTeli msoflios masStabiT. imave wels, Tavdacvis informaciis centrma gamoavlina ocdaSvidi mimdinare da aTi Camcxrali SeiaraRebuli
konfliqti, xolo Tavdacvis erovnuli sabWos fondis monacemebiT es ricxvi gacilebiT
maRali _ samocdaoTxi iyo. romeli wyaroa sarwmuno?
es gansxvaveba ramdenime faqtoriT aixsneba. maT Soris upirvelesia sazogadoebrivi politikis mkvlevari organizaciebis politikuri orientacia. Tavdacvis erovnuli
sabWos fondi konservatiuli asociaciaa, romelic mxars uWers Tavdacvis xaziT biujetis zrdas. amitom, gasakviri araa, rom am organizaciisTvis garemomcveli samyaro gac-

515
ilebiT saSiSia, xolo mimdinare SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebis ricxvi _ ufro maRali, vidre liberalurad ganwyobili Tavdacvis informaciis centrisTvis, romelic xandaxan
ukmayofilebas gamoTqvams Tavdacvaze daxarjul TanxebTan dakavSirebiT. isic ar aris
gasakviri, rom Tavdacvis erovnuli sabWos fondi konfliqtebs ufro did mniSvnelobas
aniWebs, vidre Tavdacvis informaciis centri. erovnuli sabWo konfliqtebad miiCnevs
ara mxolod SeiaraRebul dapirispirebas, aramed narkotikebTan da organizebul danaSaulTan dakavSirebul incindentebsac.
amgvari gansxvavebebi rom ar arsebobdes, omebis daTvla mainc gaWirdeboda.
omis gansazRvra daRupulTa ricxvis mixedviT, imTaviTve SeuZlebelia, radganac omSi
monawile arc erTi mxare ar axmaurebs sarwmuno informacias, xolo miukerZoebeli damkvirveblebisTvis Sesabamisi informaciis xelmisawvdomoba an SezRudulia, an saerTod
SeuZlebelia. erovnuli sazRvrebis mixedviT omisa da brZolebis gansazRvra aseve warumatebelia. magaliTad, Tavdacvis erovnuli sabWo bosniisa da serbeTis konfliqtebs
erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad ganixilavs, xolo centraluri sadazvervo saagento maT
balkaneTis konfliqtad moixseniebs.
hegeli ambobda, rom `msoflios istoria aris msoflios sasamarTlo~. sxva
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, hegelisaTvis saimedoobis an gamZleobis yvelaze didi
gamocda aris ara raRac abstraqtuli moraluri standartebi, aramed konkretuli warmateba. da radganac msoflio politikaSi warmateba ZalauflebiT da
sididiT izomeba, gamodis, rom Zala da ufleba sinonimebi yofila.
germanelma filosofosma fridrix nicSem (1844-1900) meti radikalizmi
SesZina am ideas. nicSe zogadad uaryofda pirobiT zneobriobas, xolo qristianul eTikasa da humanurobas gansakuTrebiT ver itanda da sisusted miiCnevda.
nicSe eTayvaneboda Zalauflebis agresiul gamovlinebas, rogorc adamianebSi,
aseve qveynebSi. igi xotbas asxamda nebisyofas da omis, erTi SexedviT usiamovno,
magram sasikeTo gavlenas erebsa da civilizaciebze.3 daaxloebiT erTi saukunis Semdeg es Tema uCveulo ZaliT gacocxldeba omis mexotbe diqtator adolf
hitlerisa da misi aranakleb agresiuli mokavSiris benito musolinis mier, romelic, hegelis da nicSes msgavsad, abuCad igdebda pacifizms. italiuri faSizmis mamis _ musolonis mixedviT, `omi adamianis energiis mobilizacias axdens da
ganadidebs imaT, visac Zala Seswevs, mas Tvali gausworos~.4
idealur samyaroSi omi ar iqneboda, magram igi yovelTvis iyo da aris. omis
safrTxe imis imedTan erTad arsebobs, rom erT mSvenier dRes omi aRar iqneba.
saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi bevri moazrovne-politikosi (rom araferi vTqvaT
utopist meocnebeebze) imeorebda, rom goni, an RmerTi, an istoria msoflios
gaaTavisuflebda omis agoniisgan. magram es optimistebic ki TiTqmis verasdros
Tanxmebodnen iseT sakiTxze, rogoricaa omis gamomwvevi mizezebi. rasakvirvelia, Tu gvinda, rom aRar iyos omi, upirveles yovlisa, misi gamomwvevi mizezebi
unda aRmovfxvraT.

omis gamomwvevi mizezebi

ratom maincdamainc omi? am kiTxvaze martivi pasuxi ar arsebobs _ sxvadasxva omis SemTxvevaSi, pasuxic sxvadasxvaa. igi damokidebulia mraval faqtorze,

516
upirveles yovlisa ki _ droze.
cxadia, oms sxvadasxva epoqaSi gansxvavebuli faqtori iwvevda. magaliTad, meTormete saukunis evropaSi an Sua aRmosavleTSi mcxovrebi nebismieri
miukerZoebeli mklevari am periodis gansakuTrebulad xSir da sastik omebs
aucileblad religiur aRtkinebas miawerda. paradoqsulia, rom gansakuTrebuli sisastikiT gamorCeuli jvarosnuli omebi, romlebic meTerTmete saukunis
dasasruls daiwyo da TiTqmis 200 wels mimdinareobda, im rwmeniT iyo gamsWvaluli, rom `RmerTi CvenTanaa~.
religiam Zalze susti roli Seasrula meoce saukunis ZiriTadi omebis gaCaRebaSi (Tumca man xeli Seuwyo regionul da adgilobriv omebs). magaliTad,
religiuri fanatizmi araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar yofila pirveli msoflio omis
safuZveli. bevri damkvirvebeli am omis dawyebis mizezad nacionalizms miiCnevs, romlis Sesaxebac meoce saukuneSi araferi iyo cnobili. mkvlevarTa meore
nawili omis dawyebas evropuli qveynebis gamalebuli SeiaraRebas ukavSirebs
da amtkicebs, rom samxedro momzadebis tempma evropa sabolood omamde miiyvana. mkvlevarTa mesame jgufi imperializms adanaSaulebs: mecxramete saukunis
meore naxevarSi koloniebis dasapatroneblad dawyebuli brZola omSi gadaizarda maSin, rodesac daupatronebeli aRar darCa arc erTi kolonia aziasa da
afrikaSi.
religias arc meore msoflio omis dawyebaSi uTamaSia mTavari roli. misi
umTavresi da gadamwyveti mizezi iyo ideologia (nacionaluri socializmi
germaniaSi, faSizmi _ italiaSi, xolo komunizmi _ sabWoTa kavSirSi). da mainc,
umTavresi `izmi~, romelic germaniis, italiis da iaponiis agresiuli politikis ukan idga, iyo ultranacionalizmi an, rogorc saerTaSoriso politikis
gamoCenili mkvlevari hans j. morgantau uwodebda, nacionalisturi univer-

salizmi. koreis (1950-1953) da vietnamis (1963-1975) omebs geopolitikuri anu

saxelmwifoebrivi da ideologiuri mizezebi daedo safuZvlad. bevri mecnieri
miiCnevs, rom swored pragmatizmisa da idealizmis am naerTma ganapiroba orive
omis aradamakmayofilebeli (amerikelebis TvalsazrisiT) Sedegebi.
zedapirulad ise Cans, TiTqos orive msoflio omis gamomwvevi mizezebi radikalurad gansxvavdeboda im mizezebisgan, romlebmac ganapiroba jvarosnuli
omebis dawyeba. magram, miuxedavad savaraudo (an uSualo) mizezebisa (rogoricaa religiuri fanatizmi, nacionalizmi da ase Semdeg), nebismieri omi aris imave
Zveli `daavadebis~ gamovlineba, miuxedavad imisa, rom am `senis~ simptomebi da
simwvave droTa ganmavlobaSi Seicvala.
filosofosebi da Teologebi, romlebic imedovnebdnen, omis fenomenis
SeswavliT moeZebnaT axsna mSvidobisaTvis, 2000 welia cdiloben ipovon omis gamomwvevi ZiriTadi mizezebi. istoriis yvelaze damangreveli _ meore msoflio
omis Semdeg, mecnierebi maTematikuri da statistikuri modelebis gamoyenebiT
cdiloben problemis arsSi Cawvdomas. am tipis raodenobrivi kvleva aris mcdeloba, erTmaneTs SeuTavsos bunebismetyvelebis meTodologiuri Jini da sizuste. am midgomis erT-erTi yvelaze Tavgamodebuli damcveli jon vaske ambobs:
fizikuri samyaros filosofiuri analizi, maSinac ki, rodesac
is ekuTvnis iseT did moazrovnes, rogoricaa aristotele, ar iZleva

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mTlian codnas. Cveni Semecnebis areali gafarTovda mxolod mecnieruli
meTodis ganviTarebis Sedegad. mxolod kontrolirebuli dakvirvebis,
samxilebis Segrovebis, frTxili induqciisa da im rwmenis meSveobiT,
rom hipoTeza yovelTvis unda gamoicados miRebamde, SesaZlebeli gaxda
progresis miRweva. ara aqvs mniSvneloba, dadgeba Tu ara eWvqveS privilegirebuli Teoriebi, es procesi aucilebelia, sanam omisa da mSvidobis Sesaxeb utyuar cnobas moivipovebT. 5

ra nayofi gamoiRo omis Seswavlisadmi mecnierulma midgomam am dromde?

vakses mixedviT, man `daxvewa fiqrebi omze da dasva seriuziuli kiTxvebi misi
gagebis Sesaxeb arsebul axsnebTan dakavSirebiT~.6
politologebis erTi nawili aseTi darwmunebuli ar aris.7 magaliTad,
jeims doerti da robert palcgrafi askvian, rom `miuxedavad omis Sesaxeb
statistikuri swavlebis (rogorc induqciuri, aseve deduqciuri) poliferaciisa, verc erTi maTgani ver xsnis bolomde yvelaze saWirboroto problemas...
ramdenime aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi isini mxolod sqolioebSi Segvxvdeba da klasikad aravin CaTvlis~.8 greg qeSmens am debatebSi neitraluri pozicia ukavia:
miuxedavad imisa, rom ar arsebobs romelime konkretuli Teoria, romelic axlos mainc mividoda universalur RirebulebasTan, socialur mecnierul kvlevas fuWad ar Cauvlia. zogi Teoria moklebulia
faqtobriv safuZvels da maT mxolod miTologiis statusi aqvT miniWebuli. magram Teoriebis nawilis sandooba msoflio istoriis faqtebma
daadastura. aqedan gamomdinare, seleqciis procesi mimdinareobs omis
sakiTxebis SeswavlisaTvis stipendiebis gacemisas. gasuli oTxi aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi socialuri mecnierebis Catarebuli kvlevac ki ar dasrulebula erTi Teoriis SeqmniT, rac ueWvelad Seuwyobda xels omis
Sesaxeb Cveni codnis gaRrmavebas.9

omis gamomwvevi mizezebis gamokvleva im sami alternatiuli Teoriis ganxilviT daviwyeT, romlebic dasavleTis yvelaze TvalsaCino politikuri moazrovneebis naSromebSi gvxvdeba. erT-erTi interpretacia aqcents adamianis
bunebaze akeTebs. meore maTgani xazs usvams sazogadoebas (mTavrobis CaTvliT),
mesame yuradRebas amaxvilebs garemoSi arsebul Seusabamobebze (magaliTad,
sakvebis, wylis, miwis, bunebrivi resursebisa da a.S. naklebobas), rogorc socialuri da saerTaSoriso konfliqtis gagebis ZiriTad saSualebaze.10 am sami
interpretaciis detaluri analizis Semdeg ganvixilavT Tanamedrove swavlebis
ramdenime Sedegs, raTa davadasturoT an uarvyoT es interpretaciebi.

adamianis buneba
isini, vinc oms adamianis bunebis mankier mxared miiCneven, sxvadasxva axsnas
gvTavazoben `cudad moqcevis~ zogadsakacobrio tendenciis Sesaxeb. am mxriv
qristianobam umniSvnelovanesi kvali daaCnia dasavleTis politikur azrovnebas.
Zvel aRTqmaze dayrdnobiT, adreuli periodis qristiani moazrovneebi miiCnevdnen, rom mTeli kacobrioba daRdasmulia pirvelyofili codvis anu adamisa da

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evas mier saRvTo kanonis darRvevis gamo edemis baRSi. `dabadebaSi~ moTxrobili dacemis ambavi exeba moralur uZlurebasa da adamianis codviT gamoxatul
sisustes. yvela gagebiT, es aris universaluri mniSvnelobis mqone universaluri
ambavi, naWuWSi moqceuli msoflios istoria.
gavleniani Teologis, netari avgustines (354-430) SexedulebiT, omi aris
safasuri, rasac vixdiT Cveni codvili bunebis gamo. sxva filosofosebic amJRavneben msgavs pesimizms ise, rom ar asaxeleben pirvelyofil codvas, rogorc
yvela ubedurebis mizezs. berZeni filosofosi platoni omis gamomwvevad adamianis msoflio batonobisadmi daucxromel swrafvas miawers. meTeqvsemete
saukunis italielma moazrovnem nikolo makiavelim kidev ufro pirquS ferebSi aRwera adamianis bunebisa da politikis urTierTobis pesimisturi suraTi.
`mTavarSi~ makiaveli werda, rom politikuri warmateba da moraluri simarTle
xSirad erTmaneTTan ukuproporciul damokidebulebaSia: rac ufro binZur
politikur meTods mimarTavs mTavari sakuTari miznebis dasakmayofileblad,
miT ufro mdidrdeba da warmatebuli xdeba.
Tu mklevarTa erTi nawili religias, xolo meore nawili filosofias iyenebs agresiuli qmedebebis asaxsenlad, mkvlevarTa mesame nawili fsiqologias
iSveliebs. zigmund froids (1856-1939), fsiqoanalizis fuZemdebels, miaCnda,
rom adamianebi ibadebian `sikvdilis surviliT~ _ TviTganadgurebis Tandayolili tendenciiT, romlis mimarTulebis Secvlasac umeteswilad axerxeben.
rogorc froidi miiCnevda, konfliqtis pirobebSi adamianebi am gamanadgurebel tendencias erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdegod mimarTaven. aqedan gamomdinare, oms
fsiqoTerapiuli funqcia aqvs: es aris TviTdamangreveli impulsis gamodevna.
Tumca am Teoriis kritikosebi miiCneven, rom es mosazreba mxolod sanaxevrodaa
swori _ is jariskacebi, romlebic sCadian mkvlelobas, Tavad ar iReben gadawyvetilebas omis dawyebis Taobaze, xolo isini, vinc amis Sesaxeb iReben gadawyvetilebas (da vinc axerxebs mSvidad jdomasa da safrTxis Tavidan acilebas),
Tavad ar ibrZvis. jariskacebis umetesoba Tavis movaleobas asrulebs da garda
amisa, ar surT Tavad iqcnen msxverplebad da ara imitom, rom isini bunebiT moZaladeebad arian dabadebuli.
fsiqologTa erTi nawili miiCnevs, rom agresia adamianis Tandayolili
Tviseba da bunebrivi reaqciaa imedgacruebaze, zogjer ki adamianebi amJRavneben `teritoriuli mbrZaneblobis~ imave tips, romliTac xasiaTdebian cxovelTa
SedarebiT dabalganviTarebuli jiSebi. `teritoriuli mbrZaneblobis~ Teoriis mixedviT, farul agresias Rrmad aqvs fesvebi gadgmuli adamianis bunebaSi
da erTi piris an jgufis kuTvnili teritoriisadmi SesaZlo safrTxe stimuls
aZlevs agresiul qmedebas.
mklevarTa sxva nawili miiCnevs, rom omis umTavresi mizezi devs ara adamianis sulSi, aramed mis gonebaSi. adamianebi arc uzneoebi arian da arc SeSlilebi,
isini ufro Clungebi arian _ is ki ara, rom yuradRebis miRma toveben _ imdenad
briyvebi arian, rom ver xvdebian omis amaoebas. gamoCenili pacifisti, romelic
pirvel da meore msoflio omebs Soris werda, ambobda:
dabrkolebas Cvens gzaze qmnis ara moraluri, aramed inteleqtualuri sfero. es imitom ki ar xdeba, rom adamianebi winaswar arian ganwyobilni da amitom ver swvdebian samyaros socialur WeSmaritebas, aramed
maT, Tumca modiT, viyoT gulaxdilebi da vTqvaT `Cven~ _ konservatiuli

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temperamenti da SezRuduli goniereba gvaqvs~. 11

tomas hobsi (1588-1679) omis gansxvavebul, magram aseve aranakleb usiamovno axsnas gvTavazobs. is miiCnevs, rom adamianebi bunebiT sastikebi da ugunurebi arian (hobsi inglisSi puritanuli revoluciis dros cxovrobda da zaravda
imaze fiqri, rom erT mSvenier dRes dabrundeboda qaosi da `TiToeuli adamiani gaaCaRebda oms TiToeuli adamianis winaaRmdeg~). magram yvelafris miuxedavad, hobsi realisti iyo da cdilobda Caswvdomoda adamianis bunebas iseTs,
rogoric aris da ara iseTs, rogoric unda iyos. erTaderTi saSualeba adamianis
WeSmariti bunebis gasagebad aris codna imisa, rogor moiqcevian isini civiluri
sazogadoebis gareSe, bunebriv pirobebSi. dResac mniSvnelovania mis mier gakeTebuli daskvnebi.
hobsi omis Sesaxeb. hobsis Tanaxmad, bunebriv pirobebSi adamianebs marTavs TviTgadarCenis ZiriTadi instinqti. maT yvelaze ufro sikvdilis eSiniaT
da gansakuTrebiT ufrTxian uecar, moulodnel aRsasruls. Tumca sikvdilis
SiSi maT ki ar adunebT, aramed piriqiT, agresiulobasa da Zaladobas hmatebs,
rac am pirobebSi normad iTvleba:
amgvarad, adamianis bunebaSi devs davis sami mizezi. pirveli aris
konkurencia, meore _ gansxvaveba da mesame _ dideba. pirveli adamians
moxveWisken ubiZgebs, meore _ usafrTxoebisken, xolo mesame _ reputaciis mopovebisken. pirveli warmoSobs Zaladobas, radgan adamianebs surT
ibatonon sxva adamianebze, maT colebze, bavSvebze, daepatronon maT saqonels; meore adamianebs aiZulebs, daicvan sakuTari monapovari, xolo
mesame iwvevs Rimils gasxvavebuli azrisa da sxvebis Sefasebebis mimarT.
aqedan gamomdinare, naTelia, rom maSin, roca adamianebi Tavisuflad cxovroben da ar emorCilebian erT saerTo Zalas, amave dros,
cxovroben iseT pirobebSi, romlebsac SeiZleba omi vuwodoT da es aris
yvela adamianis omi yvela adamianis winaaRmdeg. 12

amdenad, hobsisTvis, bunebrivi mdgomareoba saomar mdgomareobasTan

igivdeba.
hobsma igive logika gamoiyena Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso politikis asaxsnelad, romelic gamudmebuli saomari mdgomareobiT xasiaTdeboda. misi azriT,
swored ise, rogorc bunebriv pirobebSi adamianebs marTavs ZiriTadi survilebi
da instinqtebi, amave instinqtebis mqone liderebi marTaven saxelmwifoebs. da
swored ise, rogorc bunebas ar hyavs mTavroba, raTa daicvas adamianebi erTmaneTisgan, aseve, saerTaSoriso sistemas ar hyavs xelisufleba, raTa daicvas saxelmwifoebi erTmaneTisgan.
hobsis azriT, arsebobs davis sami saxe, romlebic Seesabameba adamianis bunebis sam nakls. esenia: agresiuli omebi, romlebsac safuZvlad udevs
konkurenciis instinqti; TavdacviTi omebi, romlebic gamowveulia SiSiT da
mesame, agonisturi omebi _ gamowveuli siamayiT da pativmoyvareobiT. am kompaqturi TeoriiT, hobsi Seecada aexsna ara mxolod is, rogor moiqceodnen sazogadoebis da mTavrobis civiluri gavlenisgan Tavisufali adamianebi (romlebic
kisers gamoRadravdnen erTmaneTs, rom ara xelisuflebis mier SemoRebuli
kanoni da wesrigi), aramed isic, ratom iwyeben saxelmwifoebi oms erTmaneTis

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winaaRmdeg iseT sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT, romlebic gareSe mayureblisTvis
yovelad uazroa.
hobsis memkvidreoba:

hans morgentau, hobsis msgavsad, TavgamodebiT

amtkicebda, rom adamianebi mankierebi arian. morgentaus azriT, `adamianuri

buneba, romelSic politikis kanons Tavisi adgili aqvs, ar Secvlila im droidan
moyolebuli, rodesac Cineli, indoeli da berZeni filosofosebi cdilobdnen
aRmoeCinaT es kanonebi~ da `politika, sazogadoebis msgavsad, imarTeba obieqtur kanonTa wyebiT, romlebsac safuZveli adamianis bunebaSi udevs.~13 am kanonTa moqmedebis gageba SesaZlebelia `im interesebis meSveobiT, romlebic Zalauflebis~ saxeliTaa cnobili. am gziT politikis konceptualizacia niSnavs, rom
adamianebi motivirebulebi arian TviTdainteresebiT, romelic ZalauflebisTvis mudmivi brZolisaTvis ganawyobs. morgentaum gansakuTrebiT naTlad gamoxata sakuTari azri, rodesac ganacxada, rom `saerTaSoriso politika, yvela
politikis msgavsad, aris brZola ZalauflebisTvis~. rac ar unda iyos saerTaSoriso politikis saboloo mizani, uSualo mizani mainc Zalauflebaa. `iseve,
rogorc misma winamorbedma hobsma, morgentaumac uaryo mcdari (idealisturi)
mosazreba, romelic amtkicebs, rom `adamianuri sawyisi keTilia, xolo adamianis buneba _ iolad drekadi da Tvinieri~. nacvlad amisa, igi mxars uWers `realistur~ mosazrebas, rom `samyaro, romelic arasrulyofilia racionaluri mosazrebidan gamomdinare, aris im Zalebis moqmedebis Sedegi, romelic adamianis
sawyisSia~.14
morgentaus da mis naSromebze dafuZnebuli politikuri Teoriis realisturi skolis mixedviT, adamianis buneba da gandidebis instinqti erTaderTi Tu
ara, erT-erTi wamyvani mizezia, romelic konkurenciasa da konfliqts iwvevs.
amgvari analizi kacobriobas Zalian usiamovno kuTxiT warmoaCens. magram,
miuxedavad yvelafrisa, es mosazreba aris erTaderTi sarwmuno axsna imisa, Tu
ratom xdeba omebi.

sazogadoeba
yvela politikuri moazrovne omis mizezad adamianis fsiqikas an bunebas
ar miiCnevs. mecnierTa garkveuli nawili omis gaCaRebaSi zogadad Tanamedrove
sazogadoebas adanaSaulebs, romelic saxelmwifos saxiT aris formirebuli
(eqskluziuri politikuri an `mxolod wevrebis~ principze agebuli asociaciebi), xolo meore nawili _ politikuri saxelmwifoebis im konkretul kategorias,
romlebic safrTxes uqmnian mSvidobas. am TavSi ganvixilavT politikuri Teoriebisadmi sxvadasxva midgomas da agreTve im liderebs, romlebic sazogadoebas
an saxelmwifos (sazogadoebis politikuri CarCo) adanaSauleben omebis gaCaRebaSi.
ruso: damnaSavea qoneba. `adamiani Tavisufal qmnilebadaa dabadebuli,
magram mas mTeli cxovreba borkilebi adevs~. eri-saxelmwifoebze mitanili am
ieriSiT daiwyo frangma filosofosma Jan-Jak rusom (1712-1778) klasikad qceuli
naSromi socialuri kontraqti (1762), romelSic pirdapir gaakritika hobsis mosazreba adamianis muxTal da moZalade bunebasTan dakavSirebiT. rusom dasawy-

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isSive ganacxada, rom adamianebi `suleli, magram mSvidobiani~ arsebebi arian,
romlebsac SeuZliaT TanaugrZnon daCagrulebs (daakvirdiT, ramdenad ewinaaRmdegeba es gansazRvreba `suleli, magram moZalade~ adamianebis Sesaxeb Tezas,
romelic am TavSive ganvixileT). am kuTxidan Tu SevxedavT, hobsma ubralod Sescoda, rodesac iseTi Tandayolili Tvisebebi, rogoricaa ambicia, SiSi da siamaye, miawera bunebriv pirobebSi myof adamianebs. rusos sjeroda, rom es aris
socialuri adamianisa da ara pirvelyofili adamianis Tviseba. raoden paradoqsulic unda iyos, antisocialur saqciels socialuri safuZvlebi aqvs; es aris
adamianis mankierebis utyuari niSani. am SemTxvevaSi damnaSavea sazogadoeba da
ara adamianis buneba. ruso sakmaod mkveTrad gamoTqvams sakuTar mosazrebas am
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT: cxadia, rom sazogadoebas unda mieweros mkvlelobebi,
mowamvlis faqtebi, Saragzis yaCaRobebi da am danaSaulebaTa dasjac ki~.15
rusos swamda, rom sazogadoeba aris yvelanairi problemis mizezi, omis
CaTvliT. is gansakuTrebiT adanaSaulebda kerZo sakuTrebis instituts _ meoce
saukunis evropis ZiriTad sazrunavs _ im ubedurebebisaTvis, romlebmac mTeli
kacobrioba moicva mas Semdeg, rac adamianebma civilizaciis yalb siamovnebaze
gacvales pirvelyofili umankoeba. sakuTreba ganarCevs adamianebs imiT, rom qmnis usargeblo uTanasworobas janmrTelobis, statusisa da Zalauflebis mxriv
erTi saxelmwifos moqalaqeebsa da TandaTanobiT _ saxelmwifoebs Soris:
pirveli adamiani, romelmac SemoRoba miwis nakveTi, gonebaSi
CaibeWda, rom `es misia~ da ipova adamianebi, romlebic imdenad sulelebi
aRmoCndnen, rom es daijeres, iyo samoqalaqo sazogadoebis WeSmariti
fuZemdebeli. ramden danaSauls, oms, mkvlelobasa da saSinelebas ascdeboda kacobrioba, vinmes rom daeyvira: nu usmenT am matyuaras, inanebT,
Tu daiviwyebT, rom nayofi yvelasia, xolo miwa _ saerTo. 16

rusom Camoayaliba postulati, rom kerZo sakuTrebis Seqmnam safuZveli

Cauyara pirvel politikur sazogadoebas, xolo politikurma sazogadoebam,
Tavis mxriv _ damatebiTi eri-saxelmwifoebis Seqmnas. da gamomdinare iqidan,
rom TiToeuli eri-saxelmwifo meoris pirispir rCeboda, warmoiSva didi daZabuloba, romelic Semdgom `erTa Soris omebSi, brZolebSi, mkvelobebSi gadaizarda, ramac SeZra buneba da Searyia goneba~.17 rogorc ruso ambobs, `adamianuri
rasis dayofam sxvadasxva sazogadoebebad~ gamoiwvia is, rom
adamianebi yvelaze Rirseul saqcielad TanamoZmis mkvlelobas
miiCnevdnen. TandaTanobiT saqme iqamde mivida, rom adamianebi umiznod
xocavdnen erTmaneTs. brZolis erTi dRis ganmavlobaSi ufro meti mkvleloba xdeboda da erTi qalaqis dapyrobas ufro meti saSineleba mosdevda, vidre es bunebriv pirobebSi mTeli saukunis ganavlobaSi.18

rusos mosazrebam imis Sesaxeb, rom kerZo sakuTrebaa saTave yvela

borotebisa, Rrma kvali daaCnia Tanamedrove inteleqtualur istorias. im
politikur moazrovneebs Sorisac ki, romlebic uaryofen rusos Sexedulebas
eri-saxelmwifoebis mankierebis Sesaxeb, mravlad arian isinic, romlebic aRiareben mis zogad Teorias: `adamiani kargia, magram adamianebi _ cudebi~. am Temaze
ramdenime variacia warmoiSva meoce saukuneSi. rogorc davinaxavT, TiToeuli
Zireulad gansxvavdeba meorisgan, magram yvela maTgani iziarebs mosazrebas,

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rom is fataluri manki, romelsac omamde mivyavarT, unda veZeboT sazogadoebaSi da ara adamianis bunebaSi.
damnaSavea nacionalizmi: bevri Tanamedrove moazrovne amtkicebs, rom
omi imTaviTve arsebobs calkeul sazogadoebebSi damoukidebeli mTavrobebiT.
am potenciuri separatistuli tendenciis ZiriTadi gamoxatulebaa nacionalizmi (romelsac xSirad jingoizmis an Sovinizmis saxeliTac moixsenieben, gasakuTrebiT mis radikalur gamovlinebebs). nacionalizmi, Cveulebriv, gulisxmobs konkretuli qveynis moqalaqeebis mier patriotul grZnobas samSoblos
mimarT. erT-erTi cnobili avtori ambobs:
`yvela ers Tavisi vardisferi sarke aqvs. amgvari sarkis gansakuTrebuli Tvisebaa gamosaxulebis momxibvlelad warmoCena.: is aSorebs uxeS xazebs da xasiaTi da mSveneba pirdapir anaTebs! TiToeuli eri
sakuTar Tavs miiCnevs yvelaze marTlad... TiToeuli eri darwmunebulia
(aq sagulisxmoa temperamenti da midrekileba), rom is `RvTis rCeuli~
eria da `RviTsgan kurTxeul miwaze~ cxovrobs.19

gasakviri ar aris, rom nacionalizms kerpTayvanismcemlobas uwodeben.

miuxedavad imisa, rom is erTi sazogadoebis wevrebs Soris aZlierebs kavSirs,
erTobasa da TviTSewirvas, sazogadoebebs Soris, pirdapir Tu iribad, militarizmis, qsenofobiisa da ormxrivi undoblobis safuZveli xdeba.
SesaZlebelia nacionalizmiT manipulireba ise, rom man mxari dauWiros
agresiul politikas, xolo omi, Tavis mxriv, SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes nacionalizmis gasaZliereblad. urTierTkavSiri nacionalizmsa da oms Soris imdenad meryevi da cvalebadia, rom bevri internacionalisti (Teoretikosebis is
nawili, romlebic mxars uWeren qveynebs Soris mSvidobasa da TanamSromlobas
xelisuflebaTa aqtiuri TanamSromlobis gziT msoflio organizaciismagvar
struqturaSi) nacionalizms msoflios xalxebs Soris mSvidobis miRwevis mTavar dabrkolebad miiCnevs.
imdenad, ramdenadac nacionalizmi xelovnuri gatacebaa _ anu ufro socialurad aris ganpirobebuli, vidre Tandayolilia _ omebis gaCaRebaSi damnaSavea politikuri sazogadoeba. amgvarma msjelobam misca stimuli idealistTa
erT, meocnebe nawils da maT ukiduresad (kritikosebis azriT `briyvul~) martiv formulas miagnes: movspoT eri-saxelmwifoebi, maTTan erTad _ nacionalizmi, nacionalizmTan erTad ki omebic moispoba. meore nawili ufro praqtikul
gamosavals xedavs _ eri-saxelmwifoebis gauqmebis nacvlad, saWiroa maTi `koreqtireba~.
uilsoni da kanti _ damnaSavea tirania. bevri damkvirvebeli nacionalizms Tanamedrove konfliqtebis umTavres wyarod miiCnevs, xolo meore nawili
despotizms adanaSaulebs meoce saukunis ori damangreveli omis gaCaRebaSi.
prezidenti vudrou uilsoni iyo pirveli, romelmac win wamoswia es cneba da
faqtobrivad Seecada, aego samyaros axali modeli mis fundamentur pricnipebze. pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg uilsoni Seecada msoflioSi gaexangrZlivebina mSvidoba qartiis meSveobiT, romelic ToTxmeti principisgan Sedgeboda.
igi imedovnebda, rom am principebis dacva SesaZlebels gaxdida msoflios mSvidobiani gziT marTvas. mis mier SemoTavazebuli msoflios axali sistemis qva-

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kuTxedia erovnuli TviTgansazRvris ufleba anu adamianebis ufleba, airCion
sasurveli mTavroba. uilsonis azriT TviTgansazRvris ufleba gaxdeboda demokratiis safuZveli, romelic, bunebrivia, mSvidobis damkvidrebis ukeTesi saSualebaa, vidre diqtati.
magram ratom unda gauCndeT demokratiul saxlemwifoebs omis survili
diqtatorul saxelmwifoebze naklebad? meTvramete saukunis germanelma filosofosma emanuel kantma (1724-1804) pirvelma axsna es movlena, ramac didi
gavlena iqonia uilsonze (rogorc erT-erTma kompetenturma pirma aRniSna, is,
rac akavSirebs kantis naSromebs uilsonis ideebTan aris is, rom `uilsonma patiosnad gadmoitana kantis mudmivi mSvidobis ideebi Tavis ToTxmet principSi~20).
kantis naSromis mixedviT imisaTvis, raTa saxelmwifoebma SeinarCunon siZliere,
saWiroa ganaviTaron ganaTleba, komercia da samoqalaqo Tavisufleba. ganaTlebas, kantis azriT, moaqvs saerTo ganmanaTlebloba, xolo komercia saSualebas
aZlevs qveyanas moipovos ekonomikuri damoukidebloba, xolo es ori faqtori
safuZvels uyris mSvidobas. rac yvelaze mTavaria, farTo politikuri Tavisuflebis pirobebSi, moqalaqeebi ufro kompetenturebi gaxdebodnen sazogadoebriv sakiTxebSi. da radganac Tavisufleba yvelaze ufro respublikur mowyobaSi gamoixateba, amgvari xelisufleba bunebiT ufro mSvidobismoyvarea. mizezi
martivia: respublikaSi, gansxvavebiT monarqiisa da aristokratiuli saxelmwifoebisagan, gadawyvetilebas omis warmoebis Taobaze iReben is adamianebi, romlebmac unda ibrZolon. rogorc kanti ambobs:
`respublikis konstitucia ar iTvaliswinebs mSvidobismoyvare
saqcielis waxalisebas Semdegi mizeziT: Tu omis dawyebisTvis saWiroa
im adamianebis Tanxmoba, romlebmac sakuTar Tavze unda gamoscadon
omis mTeli saSineleba, Zalian Zneli dasajerebelia, rom isini xalisiT
daTanxmdebian am binZur TamaSSi monawileobaze. amgvari saxelmwifoebisagan gansxvavebiT qveynebi, romelTa mTavari sagani ar aris moqalaqe,
Zalze iolad iwyeben oms, rogorc gasarTobs da amisTvis maT seriozuli
mizezi ar sWirdebaT.~21

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amerikis prezidenti vudro uilsoni, romelsac pativi miages did britaneTSi

priveli msoflio omis dasrulebis Semdeg, imedovnebda, rom msoflios `demokratiisTvis usafrTxo adgilad~ aqcevda, magram misi erovnuli TviTgansazRvris Teoria warumatebeli aRmoCnda da ver SeZlo erebs Soris omis SeCereba.

kantma iwinaswarmetyvela msoflio sistemis ufro mSvidobiani modelis

damkvidrebis myari, Tumca SeumCneveli evoluciuri procesi, rodesac mTavrobebi gaiTvaliswineben adamianTa umravlesobis azrs. kanti fiqrobda, rom omi
TandaTanobiT istoriis kuTvnileba gaxdeboda.
kantis mier aRmoCenili kavSiri respublikanizmsa da mSvidobas Soris uilsonis politikuri kredo gaxda. orive, kanti da uilsoni, miiCnevda, rom eri-saxelmwifoebis aRdgena aris msoflioSi omebis Tavidan acilebis erTaderTi gza.
ufro konkretulad rom vTqvaT, orive miiswrafvoda demokratiis, ganaTlebisa
da Tavisufali vaWrobis globaluri gavrcelebisken mSvidobis miRwevisa da
SenarCunebis mizniT. uilsoni gansakuTrebiT did mniSnvnelobas aniWebda rigiTi moqalaqis zneobasa da saR azrs. igi darwmunda, rom erovnuli TviTgansazRvris ideali aris kacobriobis politikuri xsnis Tavi da Tavi. mas agreTve sjeroda, rom msoflios xalxebi liberalur demokratiasa da mSvidobas arCevdnen
alternatiuli mTavrobis arCevis saSualeba rom hqonodaT. da bolos, uilsoni
fiqrobda, rom demokratiuli institutebis arseboba yvela qveyanaSi, rogorc
calkeuli qveynis, aseve, zogadad, msoflio sazogadoebrivi azris zneobrivi
Zala xels SeuSlida SeiaraRebul agresias.
lenini _ damnaSavea kapitalizmi. im adamianebs Soris, romlebic ar eTanxmebodnen ideas, rom mSvidoba emyareboda ufro meti demokratiuli saxelmwifos Seqmnasa da diqtatis aRmofxvras, gaxldaT uilsonis aranakleb cnobili
Tanamedrove, rusuli revoluciis sulisCamdgmeli da yofili sabWoTa kavSiris
pirveli mmarTveli v.i. lenini (1870-1924). lenini gaafTrebiT ewinaaRmdegeboda
im burJuaziuli demokratiis ideas, romelsac TavgamodebiT icavda uilsoni.
miuxedavad imisa, rom orive maTgani iwonebda erovnuli TviTgansazRvris ideas,
maTi interpretaciebi am cnebis Sesaxeb gansxvavdeboda erTmaneTisgan. uilsoni
amtkicebda, rom nebismieri eri arCevda demokratias, Tuki arCevanis SesaZlebloba eqneboda demokratiasa da sxva romelime sistemas Soris. misgan gansxvavebiT, lenini amtkicebda, rom kapitalizmsa da komunizms Soris arCevanis SemTxvevaSi, is aucileblad komunizmis sasargeblod gadawydeboda. leninisaTvis
politikis primati cxadi iyo, leninis, rogorc karl marqsis mimdevaris, azriT,
omi mxolod da mxolod kapitalistebis interesebs emsaxureboda.
Tavis mniSvnelovan naSromSi `imperializmi: kapitalizmis umaRlesi safexuri~, leninma kidev ufro gaaRrmava marqsis mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom dasavluri imperializmi anu gviandeli mecxramete saukunis qiSpi koloniebisaTvis,
udavod miuTiTebda kapitalizmis gadaSenebaze. leninis azriT, imperializmi iyo
im daundobeli brZolebis logikuri gagrZeleba, rac axasiaTebs monopoliur
kapitalizms. misive mosazrebiT, kapitalistebi yovelTvis Seecdebodnen ucxo
qveynebis bazrebis dapyrobas, rac maT saSualebas miscemda, ganexorcielebinaT
sarfiani investiciebi an gaeyidaT saqoneli. amgvarad, monopolisti kapitalistebi sakuTari finansuri Zalauflebisa da misi Tanmdevi politikuri gavlenis
meSveobiT cdilobdnen omSi CaeTriaT sazogadoeba sakuTari finansuri sargeblis gazrdis mizniT. leninis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT:

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rodesac afrikaSi evropuli koloniebi, magaliTad teritoriis
mxolod erT meaTeds moicavda (rogorc es 1976 wels iyo), koloniurma
politikam, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, ganviTareba teritoriebis `Tavisufali mitacebis~ meTodiT SeZlo. magram rodesac afrikis cxra meaTedi
mitacebul iqna (daaxloebiT 1900 wlisTvis) da moxda mTeli msoflios
danawileba, amas mohyva koloniuri monopoliis periodi, ramac, Tavis
mxriv, gamoiwvia gansakuTrebiT mwvave brZola msoflios ganawilebis an
gadanawilebisaTvis.22

SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom leninis azriT, omi sarfiani saqmea kapitalistebisTvis da amitom cdiloben sakuTar saqmed aqcion omis xelSewyoba.
omis gamomwvevi mizezebis leniniseuli analizi Zalze Sors dgas uilsonis TeoriasTan imis Sesaxeb, rom tiranias aucileblad mivyavarT saerTaSoriso konfliqtebamde, da mainc, es ori mosazreba erTmaneTs ZiriTad sakiTxSi
emTxveva: orive _ uilsoni da leninic amtkicebdnen, rom eri-saxelmwifoebi,
ufro sworad konkretuli defeqtis mqone eri-saxelmwifoebi, iwveven omebs.
es ori lideri erTmaneTis Tanamedroveebi da amavdroulad mtrebic iyvnen.
isini ideologiuri wyalgamyofis mopirdapire mxares idgnen, magram, rusos msgavsad, orive fiqrobda, rom sazogadoebis mankierebis aRmofxvris SemTxvevaSi,
msoflioSi samudamo mSvidoba daisadgurebda. es manki uilsonisTvis mTavrobis
konkretuli tipi iyo, xolo leninisTvis _ ekonomikis tipi. gadamwyveti sakiTxia cvlileba: Secvale agresiuli eri-saxelmwifoebi da adamianebi simSvidesa da
harmoniaSi icxovreben.

garemo
TeoretikosTa erTi nawili miiCnevs, rom omebi gamowveulia deficitiTa
da daucvelobiT, rac dakavSirebulia iseT `bunebriv mtaceblebTan~, rogoricaa sicive, SimSili, daavadebebi, gvelebi, qariSxlebi da a.S. es mosazreba filosofos jon lokis (1632-1704) ideebs emTxveva.
lokis Sexeduleba. traqtatSi samoqalaqo mTavrobis Sesaxeb (1690) loki
amtkicebda, rom omebi aris gamoZaxili Tandayolili bunebisa da ara adamianis
bunebisa an sazogadoebis defeqtebisa. martivad rom vTqvaT, garemo pirobebi,
romelsac adamiani ver akontrolebs, xSirad ayenebs adamians sikvdil-sicocxlis sakiTxis pirispir da amitom konfliqtebic gardauvalia. misi winamorbedi
hobsis msgavsad, lokic ar xuWavda Tvals adamianis bunebis mankierebebze. adamianis bunebis Seswavlam loki im azramde miiyvana, rasac hobsic emxroboda _
anu TviTgadarCena adamianis ZiriTadi instinqtia. TumcaRa, am sakiTxze am ori
moazrovnis msjeloba erTmaneTs ar emTxveva. erT-erTi kompetenturi piris sityvebiT:
lokis mier danaxuli bunebrivi mdgomareoba ar aris iseTi sastiki,
rogoric es hobs warmoedgina. Tu Zalis gamoyeneba uflebis gareSe Cveulebrivi movlenaa lokiseul bunebriv mdgomareobaSi, es imitom ar xdeba, rom adamianebis umetesoba borotmoqmedi, veluri an sisxlismsmelia;
hobsisgan gansxvavebiT loki ar fiqrobs, rom TiToeuli adamiani erT-

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maneTis potenciuri mkvlelia. sicocxlisaTvis ZiriTadi safrTxe bunebriv mdgomareobaSi aris ara mkvlelis tendenciebi adamianebSi, aramed
is siRatake da gaWirveba, rac axasiaTebs bunebriv mdgomareobas.23

loks swamda, rom siRatake da gaWirveba aucileblad gadadis bunebriv mdgomareobaSi, radgan, misi azriT, didi Zalixmevaa saWiro yoveldRiuri sarCos
mosapoveblad. am pirobebSic ki, Cveni qoneba unda davicvaT im mezoblebisgan,
romlebic iswrafvian misi dapatronebisken da im adamianebisgan, romlebsac
SiaT da Raribebi arian. amgvarad, loki problemas ufro mwir resursebSi (sakvebi, miwa da a.S) xedavda, vidre Sinagan bunebriv dinebaze.
lokis Sexedulebebi adamianebze, sazogadoebasa da bunebaze mWidrod aris
dakavSirebuli omisa da mSvidobis sakiTxebTan. Tu omis warmoSobis mizezebi
unda veZeboT adamianebSi, rogorc es hobs sjeroda, maSin misi aRmofxvris erTaderTi saSualebaa Sinagani identobis Secvla. xolo, Tu problema unda veZeboT
sazogadoebaSi, rogorc ruso da lenini Tvlidnen, maSin gamosavali mdgomareobs
sazogadoebis (an saxelmwifos) imgvarad gadawyobaSi, rom aRmoifxvras agresiuli
qcevis gamomwvevi faqtorebi. magram, Tu problemaa ara adamiani an sazogadoeba,
aramed buneba, maSin erTaderT gamosavlad bunebis gardaqmna rCeba.
sainteresoa is faqti, rom bunebis transformacia iyo zustad is gza,
romelsac loki Sida sazogadoebaSi konfliqtis aRmofxvris instrumentad miiCnevda. misi azriT, samoqalaqo xelisuflebam unda izrunos iseTi pirobebis
damkvidrebaze, romlebic xels Seuwyobs ekonomikur ganviTarebas. ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis meSveobiT mniSvnelovnad Sesustdeba socialuri daZabulobis
ZiriTadi mizezi _ adamianis mdgomareobis bunebrivi `gaWirveba~. amave dros, Tu
bunebis cvalebadobas Caenacvleba organizebuli sazogadoebis oficia-luri
wesebi, mniSvnelovnad Semcirdeba imis saWiroeba, rom adamianebma mudmivad
akontrolon erTmaneTi. amgvarad, adamianebi SeZlebdnen sabolood gamosuliyvnen bunebrivi mdgomareobidan, mTeli Tavisi anarqiiTa da safrTxeebiT.
magram bunebrivi mdgomareobidan gamosvlis Semdeg, adamianebma aRmoaCines, rom bedis ironiiT Seabijes sxva _ saerTaSoriso politikis sastik samyaroSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom loks ar mourgia politikis Sesaxeb sakuTari
Teoria saerTaSoriso urTierTobebisaTvis, misi msjeloba srulad miesadageba
am sakiTxs. mTavrobis `gamogonebamde~ adamianebi cxovrobdnen Sida anarqiaSi;
amgvaradve, efeqturi msoflio xelisuflebis ararsebobis pirobebSi saxelmwifoebi arseboben saerTaSoriso anarqiaSi. am gagebiT eri-saxelmwifoebs Soris
arsebuli damokidebuleba mcirediT gansxvavdeba im damokidebulebisagan, romelic arsebobda adamianebs Soris samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Camoyalibebamde.
saerTaSoriso bunebrivi mdgomareoba, iseve, rogorc Tavdapirveli bunebrivi
mdgomaroba, mudmivad imyofeba potenciur saomar viTarebaSi. aqedan gamomdinare, TiToeuli eri-saxelmwifo sakuTari Tavis gadarCenis mizniT moqmedebs
mtrul garemoSi, swored ise, rogorc TiToeuli adamiani moiqceoda bunebriv
mdgomareobaSi.
omis yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli da Zvirfasi nadavli teritoriaa da istoriidan gamomdinare, swored axali teritoriebisa da miwebis _ lokis mixedviT ki qonebis _ dapatronebis gamo xdeba omebis umetesi nawili. gaixseneT,
mecxramete saukunis bolos evropis saxelmwifoebis brZolas axali koloniebisaTvis lenini axali bazrebis, iafi muSaxelisa da nedleulis dapatronebis sur-

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vils miawerda. mniSvnelovania leninis mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom kapitalis
(fuli da qoneba) dagrovebisadmi midrekileba, romelsac loki aRwerda, pirdapir ukavSirdeba imperializmis fenomens, rac, rogorc man iwinaswarmetyvela,
msoflios omamde miiyvanda. gindac lenini aWarbebdes kapitalizmis winaaRmdeg
sakuTari mosazrebis gamoTqmisas, erTi ram cxadia: teritoriuloba yovelTvis
ukavSirdeboda da kvlavac daukavSirdeba oms.
loki im dros moRvaweobda, rodesac jer kidev mravlad iyo evropelebis
mier daupatronebeli da auTvisebeli teritoria. igi aRniSnavda, rom adamianebi harmoniulad icxovobdnen, Tu romelime maTgani ar moindomebda sxvebis
daCagvras. am faqtebs mivyavarT im azramde, rom mosaxleobis zrdasTan erTad
gaZlierda zewola iolad mosapovebel resursebze, Tumca siRatakis zRvris
gavleba ufro da ufro mniSvnelovani xdeba. rogorc loki amtkicebs, Tu preistoriul adamians safrTxe eqmneboda bunebrivi resursebis amowurviT, warmoidgineT, ramdenad gaZlierda es zewola droTa ganmavlobaSi.
bunebrivi resursebis simwire: malTusis koSmari. bevrma Tanamedrove
mweralma ganavrco lokis mier wamoweuli bunebrivi resursebis simwiris Tema,
romelsac Tomas malTusic (1766-1834) Seexo Tavis cnobil naSromSi _ cda mosaxleobis principebze (1780). riCard folkma, magaliTad, gansazRvra `kosmiuri
saSiSroebis oTxi ganzomileba~ `omis sistemis~, `mosaxleobis zewolis~, `mwiri
resursebisa~ da `garemos gadatvirTvis~ CaTvliT.24 safrTxis es oTxi ganzomileba, folkis mixedviT, erTi problemis erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli aspeqtebia da aqedan gamomdinare, erTad unda ganixilos.
saerTaSoriso konfliqtis mizezebTan dakavSirebiT folkis mosazrebebi
Seesabameba politikis lokiseul gagebas:
...saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba, rasakvirvelia, aris omis sistemis
ukiduresi magaliTi. konfliqtebi erTmaneTTanaa dakavSirebu

swored ise, rogorc adamianebi daucveli arian sxvebis Zaladobisgan

bunebriv mdgomareobaSi, mtacebeli eri-saxelmwifoebi safrTxes uqmnian sxva
er-saxelmwifoebs. amitom, istoriis ganmavlobaSi, rogorc folki amtkicebs,
is garemoebebi, romlebic ar emorCilebian konkretuli eri-saxelmwifoebis
kontrols, aiZulebs maT, ganixilon sakuTari usafrTxoeba mezobeli saxelmwifoebis uZlurebis pirdapirpropociulad. aqedan gamomdinare, miuxedavad im
uprecendento ngrevisa, rac pirvel da meore msoflio omebs mohyva, `mravali
nabiji gadaidga, da xSirad warmatebiTac, omis barbarosobis xarisxis Sesamcireblad, magram faqtobrivad araferi gakeTebula omis warmomSobi faqtorebis
aRmosafxvrelad~.26 konkretulad romel faqtorebzea laparaki? profesori
folki amtkicebs, rom sakvebisa da wylis maragis xelmisawvdomoba pirdpir kavSirSia uZveles omebTan, rac kvlavac aqtualur sakiTxad rCeba Tanamedrove
omebTan mimarTebaSi.
dRevandeli masobrivi SimSilis situaciaSi unda gaviTvaliswinoT
uZvelesi kavSiri, rac arsebobs omebsa da sakvebis maragis kontrols Soris, iseve, rogorc saukuneobrivi gamocdileba, romelic gulisxmobs
samxedro ZaliT privilegirebuli politikuri da ekonomikuri mdgomareobis dacvas.27

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sakvebisa da wylis maragze ufro mniSvnelovani, folkis azriT, aris mosaxleobis afeTqebis kontrolis aucilebloba. bevr SemTxvevaSi mosaxleobis zewola ganapirobebs kosmiur organizebas. amgvari pirobebis arsebobidan,
gasagebia, rom msoflioSi arc erTi saxelmwifo, miuxedavad imisa, ramdenad
Zlevamosilia, ar grZnobs Tavs bolomde daculad Cvens droSi. 1973 wlis navTobis krizisi kidev erTxel gvaxsenebs, rom yvelaze mdidari da Zlevamosili
qveynebic ki SeiZleba daucvelebi gaxdnen. SezRudulia da araproporciulad
ganawilebuli ara mxolod navTobi, aramed iseTi nedleulic, rogoricaa alumini, spilenZi da TuTia. amave dros, msoflios yvelaze Raribi qveynebi yvelaze
mniSvnelovani nedleulis _ sakvebis _ deficits ganicdian.

omis Teoriebi _ kritika

winamdebare TavSi ganxiluli sami ZiriTadi mosazreba omis ZiriTadi mizezebis Sesaxeb, eyrdnoba dasavleTis politikuri filosofiis fundamentur
principebs _ humanurobis, sazogadoebisa da bunebis triadas. samive Teoria
garkveulwilad gamarTlebulia. erTad aRebuli es Teoriebi xsnis omis warmoSobis ZiriTad mizezebs. calke an erTad aRebuli es Teoriebi ki xsnis, ratom
daiwyo konkretuli omebi. maSinac ki, rodesac omi izolirebulad mimdinareobs,
omis gamomwvevi mizezebi kompleqsuria da Znelia maTi gamoyeneba sxva SemTxvevebis asaxsnelad. magaliTad, rodesac, savaraudod TviTdainteresebuli da
Zaladobisaken midrekili adamianuri buneba aris is faqtori, romelic ubiZgebs
saxelmwifoTa liderebs awarmoon omi, yvela lideri ar aris TviTdainteresebuli an moZalade. ufro metic, yvela lideri ar eqvemdebareba sakuTari xalxis
politikur da sakanonmdeblo SezRudvebs, an oponentebis samxedro SesaZleblobebs, isini erTnairad Tanabrad aRiqvamen saSiSroebebsa da riskebs. rac Seexeba
er-saxelmwifoebs, Cans rom, sxvadasxva maxasiaTeblebi warmoaCens maT omisken an
piriqiT _ mSvidobisken midrekil saxelmwifoebad. magram ar aris gansazRvruli,
konkretulad romeli maxasiaTeblebi aris dakavSirebuli omis warmoebis tendenciasTan. da bolos, maSin, rodesac, sakvebisa da sxva resursebis simcire zog
saxelmwifos konfliqtisaken ubiZgebs, es faqtori xSirad iwvevs sapirispiro
reaqcias: daxmarebisa da TanamSromlobis Zlier survils.
ar arsebos erTi konkretuli ganmarteba, romelic adekvaturad xsnis omis
gamomwvev mizezebs. problemis gamartiveba ufro abrkolebs pasuxis moZiebis
process. idealizmi da sxvadasxva religiuri mrwamsi imeds sTavazobs omisgan
gadaqancul msoflios, magram es imedi uadgiloa.

politikis miRma
mizanSewonilia vivaraudoT, rom Tu yvela admiani Tanasworia, is saxelmwifoebi, romlebic amJRavneben nacionalizms, ufro midrekilebi arian
omebisaken, vidre politikurad apaTiuri saxlmwifoebi, adamianebi iSviaTad
arian Tanasworni. rasakvirvelia, saxelmwiofebriobasTan dakavSirebuli axsna
`uZluria omis SemTxvevebis axsnaSi~.28

529
magram ra vuyoT uilsoniseul mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom demokratiuli
qveynebi bunebrivad mSvidobianebi arian, xolo tirania Tanamedrove samyaroSi
omis gaCaRebis uTavresi mizezia? mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi bevrma moazrovnem
gausva xazi damokidebulebas diqtatorul da omismosurne an agresul qmedebas
Soris. magaliTad, aristotele fiqrobda, rom `tiranebi omis mkeTeblebi arian~, romlebic sakuTar xalxs omisken ubiZgebdnen im ganzraxviT, rom `TavianTi
daqvemdebarebulebi mudam dakavebulebi yofiliyvnen da yovelTvis dasWirvebodaT lideri.~29 zogi Tanamedrove politikuri mwerali, rogoricaa hana ardeni, amtkicebs, rom totalitaruli xelisufleba imTaviTve agresiulia.30 meoce
saukunis ori ZiriTadi konfliqti (meore msoflio omi da koreis omi) wamoiwyes
totalitarma diqtatorebma. ufro metic, stalinma 1930-ian wlebSi, hitlerma _
1940-ian wlebSi, maom 1950-iani wlebis dasawyisSi da pol potma 1975-1979 wlebSi,
gaaCaRes omi sakuTar qveynebSi sisxlisRvrisa da masobrivi mkvlelobebis saxiT.
ukiduresad letaluri saxelmwifo qmedebis es ori epizodi naTlad mowmobs im
faqts, rom totalitari mmarTvelebi midrekilni arian zewolisa da iZulebisken.
arsebobs sxva mosazrebebi, romlebic erTmaneTTan akavSirebs diqtaturasa
da organizebul Zaladobas. diqtatorebi srulad akontroleben SeiaraRebul
Zalebs, policiasa da propagandis saSualebebs. xSirad isini omis gmirebi arian,
romlebmac samxedro gamarjvebebiT gaikafes gza Zalauflebisken. es warmatebuli jariskacebi, romlebmac xelSi Caigdes marTvis sadaveebi, iSviaTad amboben
uars Zalis gamoyenebaze. amgvari mmarTvelebisTvis omi popularuli gadaxvevaa
yveldRiuri cxovrebis rutinisgan da xSirad uxsnis gzas dagubebul Sida mtrobas, romelic, sxva SemTxvevaSi, diqtatorisken iqneboda mimarTuli. oms SeuZlia
xeli Seuwyos sazogadoebis gamTlianebas, disidentebze mitanil ieriSs da bolos, is SeiZleba diqtatorma gamoiyenos mier stagnaciis mdgomareobaSi myofi
ekonomikis gasaaxalgazrdaveblad an `miZinebuli~ moqalaqeebis gamosacocxleblad.
ramdenad misaRebic unda iyos es Sexedulebebi, isini mainc ar amtkiceben
sabolood, rom oms yovelTvis despotizmi an araproporciuloba iwvevs. erTerTi problema isaa, rom amgvari analizis yvela SemTxvevaze morgeba martivi
ar aris. gavixsenoT Tundac vietnamis omis magaliTi. kenedis, jonsonisa da niqsonis administracia omis gaCaRebis mizezad komunistebis agresias asaxelebda.
Tumca, samxreT-aRmosavleT aziaSi aSS-is sagareo politikiT ukmayofiloebi
brals SeerTebuli Statebis provokaciul an gzaamabnevel qmedebebs ukavSireben. amgvarad, gamomdinare iqidan, romeli mamxilebeli faqtori migvaCnia ufro
myarad, vietnamis omi SeiZleba ganvixiloT imis magaliTad, rom diqtatura
ufro midrekilia omisken, vidre demokratiuli reJimi an demokratiul qveynebs
diqtatorulze aranaklebad SeuZliaT gaavrcelon militarizmi.
saerTod, warmomadgenlobiTma demokratiulma qveynebma ver miaRwies
TvalsaCino warmatebas, Tavidan aecilebinaT omi. am saukuneSi, magaliTad, indoeTma, msoflios udidesma demokratiulma qveyanam, ramdenime sisxlismRvreli omi gadaitana pakistanis winaaRmdeg, arc SeerTebuli Statebis xelisufleba
mdgara ganze, rodesac misma samxedroebma 1991 wels erayis winaaRmdeg saomari
moqmedebebi wamoiwyes. demokratiuli saxelmwifoebi yovelTvis ar yofilan aramosurne monawileebi omSi. SeerTebuli Statebi arc ki cdila Tavidan aeridebina espanur-amerikuli omi 1898 wels. garda amisa, Znelia Tvali davxuWoT 1914

530
wlis meqsikis revoluciaSi amerikis Carevis faqtze, rodesac (arc meti, arc
naklebi) prezident uilsonis brZanebiT amerikelma sazRvao qveiTebma alya Semoartyes port verakuzs, xolo Semdeg sadamsjelo razmi gaemgzavra meqsikaSi
panCo vilas Zalebis winaaRmdeg.
garda amisa, saxelmwifoTa Soris konfliqtebis raodenobrivi analizi
ar adasturebs daskvnas imis Taobaze, rom viTomcda demokratiuli qveynebi
omisken naklebad midrekilni arian, vidre avtoritaruli an totalitaruli
saxelmwifoebi.31 faqtobrivad, demokratiuli saxelmwifoebi iseTive sixSiriT
ebmebian saomar moqmedebebSi, rogorc sxva tipis saxelmwifoebi. zogi mtkicebuleba xels uwyobs im mosazrebas, rom demokratiuli qveynebi SeiZleba ufro
iSviaTad iwyeben oms, magram ufro xSirad uerTdebian maT.32 Tumca, erTis mxriv,
kant-uilsoniseuli omis prodasavluri da antidiqtatoruli mosazrebebi marTalia: demokratiuli saxelmwifoebi Zalian iSviaTad (an arasodes eomebian
erTmaneTs (ix. cxrili 16-1).33 WeSmaritad demokratiul qveynebs Soris ukve saukune-naxevaria ar yofila omi.34
aRiareba imisa, rom demokratiuli qveynebi ufro xSirad eomebian sxva
saxelmwifoebs da ara erTimeores, aris demokratiuli mSvidobis paradoqsi.
erT-erTi mravalmxrivi axsnis Tanaxmad:
demokratiul qveynebSi omis molodini da masTan dakavSirebuli
saSiSroebebi umetes SemTxvevaSi Semcirebulia am qveynebis saerTo
politikuri kulturiT, ormxrivi identobiTa da simpaTiiT, zogadad
adamianebsa da elitarul wreebs Soris arsebuli mWidro kavSirebiT, am
qveynebis interesTa jgufebis unariT, romelic maT saSualebas aZlevs,
Camoayalibon transnacionaluri koaliciebi, ufro xSiri komunikaciebiTa da ufro pozitiuri ormxrivi aRqmiT.35

urTierTTanmxvedri saxelmwifoebrivi aRqmis sakiTxi SeiZleba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iyos. gaiTvaliswineT, rom demokratiul qveynebSi
mTavrobis Zalaufleba ufro danawevrebuli da SezRudulia, politikuri liderebi ufro midrekilebi arian kompromisisken, rodesac saqme konfrontacias
exeba da konstituciur demokratiul qveynebSi pativs scemen TiToeuli moqalaqis uflebas. yvela es faqtori xels uwyobs politikuri davis mSvidobiani
gziT mogvarebas demokratiul qveynebSi. demokratiuli qveynebi ar uqmnian
safrTxes erTmaneTs, rac mWidrod ukavSirdeba saerTo faseulobebisa da interesebis aRqmas, rac mniSvnelovnad amcirebs imis albaTobas, rom sxvadasxva
politikuri Zala monawileobs iseT krizisSi, romelic oms gamoiwvevs.
aqedan gamomdinare, rodesac demokratiuli saxelmwifoebi ebmebian omSi,
isini arademokratiuli saxelmwifoebis winaaRmdeg ibrZvian, rac imas niSnavs,
rom politikuri gansxvavebis (an daSorebis) xarisxi mTavrobebs Soris, iseve,
rogorc ekonomikuri da kulturuli gansxvavebebi, SesaZloa mniSvnelovani
iyos.36 amgvari monacemebi amyareben vudro uilsonis daskvnas imis Sesaxeb, rom
diqtatoruli reJimi demokratiuli wyobis dauZinebeli mteria, agreTve mxars
uWers leninis mosazrebas kapitalisturi da komunisturi reJimebis SeuTavseblobis Sesaxeb. laTinuri amerikis qveynebis politikis Sesaxeb Catarebulma
erT-erTma kvlevam cxadyo, rom `rac ufro msgavsia ori qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTareba, politikuri orientacia, kultura da sarwmunoeba, ufro Sewyobilia

531
maT mier micemuli xmebi gaeroSi kenWisyraze~ da naklebsavaraudoa maT Soris
konfliqtis gaCaReba. imave logikiT, `rac ufro gansxvavebulia ori qveyana ekonomikuri ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, miT ufro didia maT Soris konfliqtis
arsebobis albaToba.~37
cxrili 16.1

omebi, 1816-1991
omis tipebi

raodenoba*

demokrat. qveynebi demokrat. qveynebis winaaRmdeg

demokrat. qveynebi arademokrat. qveynebis winaaRmdeg

155

arademokrat. qveynebi arademokrat. qveynebis winaaRmdeg

198

sul

353

* ganisazRvreba im samxedro qmedebaTa safuZvelze, romlis drosac aranakleb 1000 adamiani

daiRupa.
wyaro: Haiku Institut of Peace Research, (October 20, 1991) Chapter 18, 473.

ekonomikis miRma
Tu politika mxolod nawilobriv da bundovnad xsnis konfliqtis arss,
leninis Teoria imis Sesaxeb, rom omi gamowveulia ekonomikuri faqtorebiT,
kerZod ki kapitalizmiT, kidev ufro bundovania. mniSvnelovania erTi faqti:
omi win uswrebda rogorc kapitalizms, aseve imperializms, rac imaze miuTiTebs,
rom kapitalizmi ar aris omis gamomwvevi erTaderTi mizezi.38 ufro metic, ar
arsebobs istoriuli mtkicebuleba, romelic mxars uWers leninis mosazrebas
imis Sesaxeb, rom kapitalisturi saxelmwifoebi gansakuTrebiT midrekilni
arian omisa da konfliqtisaken. miuxedavad imisa, rom zogi omis dakavSireba
SesaZlebelia saxelmwifos ekonomikur interesebTan, es axsna yvela SemTxvevaSi
ar gamodgeba39. garda amisa, damokidebuleba kapitalizmsa da imperializms Soris bolomde naTlad gansazRvruli araa. kapitalisturi qveynebis nawili misdevs imperialistur praqtikas da omSic miuRia monawileoba, magram arsebobs
gamonaklisebi, magaliTad, SvedeTi da Sveicaria. leninis ekonomikuri Teoria
Znelad Tu xsnis amgvar gansxvavebas an imas, ratom amJRavnebs socialisturi
qveynebis nawili midrekilebas SeiaraRebuli agresiisadmi. rogorc erT-erTi
damkvirvebeli ambobs:
saukunis meore naxevarSi sabWoTa kavSirma daipyro baltiispireTis qveynebi (1939), fineTi (1939), ungreTi (1956), Cexoslovakia (1968) da
avRaneTi (1979), CineTma Seteva miitana tibetze (1956), indoeTsa (1962) da
vietnamze (1979); vietnamma Seutia kambojas (1975), sabWoTa kavSirma da
CineTma brZola gaaCaRes ogadenis Taobaze (1977). 1945-1967 wlebSi mimdinare 69 saerTaSoriso konfliqtidan, socialisturma qveynebma monawileoba miiRes TxuTmet maTganSi, rac daaxloebiT 25 procents Seadgens.
es monacemebi unda SevadaroT imas, rom qvyenebis mxolod 15 procents
hqonda socialisturi ekonomika.40

532
yvelaferi zemoTqmuli ar niSnavs, rom ekonomikuri sistemebi ar aris dakavSirebuli omebTan. magaliTad, sparseTis yuris omi, romelSic monawileobda koalicia aSS-is meTaurobiT, gamowveuli iyo ekonomikuri motivebiT, kerZod, arabeTis uSvelebeli sanavTobe mindvrebisa da Sua aRmosavleTis, aziisa
da CrdiloeT amerikis evropasTan damakavSirebeli sasicocxlo arxebis sadam
huseinis kontrolisgan dasacavad. magram mxolod ekonomikuri motivebi araa
sakmarisi omis gasaCaReblad. imis dasadastureblad, rom ekonomikuri sistemis erTi konkretuli tipi, qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis romelime faza an
zogadad ekonomika gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs omis gaCaRebaSi, sabuTebi Zalian
mwiria. rodesac akademiuri kvlevebi ekonomikas erT-erT mizezad miiCnevs, isini
ZiriTadad mxolod omebisa da ekonomikis urTierTkavSiris statistikas eyrdnoba, romelic, rogorc yvela mecnierisTvis cnobilia, ar adasturebs mizezobriobas.
meore msoflio omidan moyolebuli, omebi ganviTarebadi qveynebis teritoriebze xdeba. xom ar migvaniSnebs es imaze, rom ekonomikurad naklebad ganviTarebuli qveynebi ufro midrekilni arian omisken? ara yovelTvis, radgan xSir
SemTxvevaSi es omebi provocirebulia ganviTarebuli mrewvelobis mqone qveynebis mier. meore msoflio omis Semdeg mimdinare konfliqtebi suecSi, alJirSi,
kongoSi, vietnamSi, avRaneTSi, foklendis kunZulebsa da eraySi, amis magaliTia.
miuxedavad imisa, rom ver davadasturebT myar urTierTkavSirs ekonomikis ganviTarebasa da SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebis sixSires Soris, arsebobs damamtkicebeli samxilebi, rom ekonomikurad ganviTarebuli qveynebi ufro midrekilebi
arian omisaken, vidre ekonomikurad naklebad ganviTarebuli qveynebi.41

zegamartivebis problema
omis Sesaxeb mravali martivi Teoria arsebobs. magaliTad, zogi raodenobrivi Teoretikosi SesaSuri sizustiT aRwers im ganmeorebiT paternebs, romlebsac xSirad mivyavarT samxedro aliansamde, muqaramde, krizisebis seriebamde
da a.S.42 garda amisa, amgvarma kvlevebma daadastura, rom politikuri liderebis
mier gadadgmuli iseTi nabijebi, rogoricaa aliansis Seqmna omis safrTxis
Sesamcireblad, xSir SemTxvevaSi xels uwyobs omis dawyebis albaTobis zrdas.43
Tumca, dRemde verc erTma kvlevam ver SeZlo daedasturebina, rom is moqmedebebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia omis gamomwvev paternebTan, aris omis uSualo
gamomwvevi. TiToeuli es fenomeni SesaZlebelia dakavSirebuli iyos meoresTan.
ufro metic, TviT `tipuri~ paternic TavisTavad SezRudulia, radgan mxolod
im konfliqtebs exeba, romlebic daaxloebiT Tanabari Zalis mqone mTavar saxelmwifoebs Soris xdeba.44
omis Teoretikosebis umetesoba didi xania amtkicebs, rom patara saxelmwifoebTan SedarebiT, Zlevamosili saxelmwifoebi ufro midrekilni arian
omisken.45 es albaToba amtkicebs, rom saxelmwifoebi, romlebsac aqvT sakuTari
gamarjvebis rwmena, ufro ixrebian omebisken.46 Tumca, romelime saxelmwifos
Zalauflebis gansazRvra rTuli saqmea, politikurma liderebma SesaZloa gaangariSebaSi Secdoma dauSvan da gadaWarbebiT Seafason sakuTari qveynis siZliere
an piriqiT _ saTanadod ver Seafason mowinaaRmdege (amis TvalsaCino magaliTia

533
vietnamis omi).47 is qveynebi, romlebic ganicdian Sida Zaladobas, ufro miiltvian omisken Semdegi mizezebis gamo: omma, SesaZlebelia, gaaerTianos eri an Sida
konfliqtebma iol samizned aqcios qveyana.48 is qveynebi, romlebsac saTaveSi
udganan riskiani liderebi, ufro xSirad ebmebian omSi.
kidev erTi Sesabamisi faqtoria saerTo sazRvrebis gaziareba, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac saqme exeba bevri sazRvris gaziarebas an es xdeba istoriuli mtrebis SemTxvevaSi.49 garemo faqtorebic udides rols TamaSobs,
radgan qveynebi, romlebic gamoirCevian mosaxleobis zrdis tendenciiT, saWiro
resursebis ukmarisobiTa da maRali teqnologiebiT, savaraudod ufro xSirad
axorcieleben eqspansiur sagareo politikas, maSin, rdesac mcirericxovani,
magram teqnologiurad ganviTarebuli qveynebi iSviaTad ebmebian omSi. magram,
Tu es saxelmwifoebi monawileoben omSi, isini ufro msxverpli arian, vidre
agresorebi.50 daskvnis saxiT rom vTqvaT, didi, Zlevamosili qveyana swrafi tempiT mzardi mosaxleobiTa da maRal doneze ganviTarebuli teqnologiiT, romelic esazRvreba istoriul mters da marTavs riskis moyvaruli lideri, iqneboda agresiuli omis pirveli kandidati, gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu es qveyana
imyofeba samoqalaqo mRelvarebis an SeiaraRebuli ajanyebis pirobebSi.
am TavSi ganxiluli faqtorebis didi nawili, adamianis bunebiT da mwiri
resursebiT dawyebuli da omisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebiT damTavrebuli
(rogoricaa mosaxleobis raodenoba, ekonomikuri ganviTareba da sazRvrebis
problemebi), Znelia an sulac SeuZlebeli, Seicvalos. amerikeli komikosi uil
rojeri ambobda, rom msoflioSi mSvidoba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi iqneboda SesaZlebeli, Tu qveynebi _ adamianebis msgavsad moZraobas SeZlebdnen; magram
qveynebs ar SeuZliaT moZraoba (Tumca mosaxleobas SeuZlia _ is migrirebs _
gadaadgildeba).
ufro metic, mcdar warmodgenas imis Sesaxeb, rom SesaZlebelia konfliqtebis aRmofxvra an maTi dayvana erT faqtoramde, SeuZlia faqtobrivad
gazardos omis albaToba. rogorc 1919-1939 wlebis evropis istoria adasturebs, mxolod saerTaSoriso sistemis gadawyobaze koncentrireba da adamianuri bunebis rolis uaryofa aqezebs umowyalo adamianebs miubrundnen oms da
winaRobisagan gaaTavisuflon TviTdainteresebuli da ambiciuri liderebi.51
amerikel, frang da britanel liderebs 1930-ian wlebSi realurad rom SeefasebinaT ultranacionalistebis ideologia an hitleris jojoxeTuri zraxvebi,
SesaZlebeli iqneboda meore msoflio omis Tavidan acileba.
omTan dakavSirebuli kompleqsuri mizezebisa da faqtorebis axsnam SesaZlebelia xeli Seuwyos konfliqtebis marTvis saerTaSoriso sistemis mokrZalebul gaumjobesebas mSvidobis dasadgurebis Sesaxeb iluziebis gaqarwylebis
meSveobiT. amgvar mniSvnelovan sakiTxebSi martivi gadawyvetilebis miRebam,
SesaZloa, ufro gaauaresos mdgomaroeba, vidre gadawyetilebis saerTod ar
miRebam, radgan adamianebi, romlebic yvelaze ufro cdilobdnen gaemartivebinaT omis sakiTxebi, istoriisaTvis cnobili arian, rogorc omis dawyebaSi
yvelaze didi wvlilis mqoneebi.

totaluri omi: omi, sadac yvela ibrZvis

totaluri omi pirwmindad axali fenomenia. is ramdenime arsebiTi niSniT

534
gansxvavdeba Soreuli warsulis SezRuduli omebisgan. pirvel rigSi, is ar
aris SezRuduli droSi, rac imas niSnavs, rom dRes omSi monawile saxelmwifo an
saxelmwifoebi cdiloben moipovon sruli gamarjveba mowinaaRmdegeze. maT ver
aCerebs veraferi, garda upirobo kapitulaciisa. meore, totalur omSi yvela
saSualeba gamoiyeneba. totalur omSi monawile saxelmwifoebi iyeneben ganviTarebul teqnologiebs SeiaraRebis sizustisa da Zalis gazrdis mizniT. mesame
_ totaluri omi arc monawileebiTa SezRuduli. masSi SeiZleba sazogadoebis
yvela fena iyos Cabmulebi.
napoleonis omebi totaluri omis prototipad iTvleba, radgan es aris
amgvari tipis omis pirveli SemTxveva. napoleonma sayovelTao hegemoniis mopovebis mizniT wamoiwyo es omi. igi ar cnobda araviTar limits drois an saSualebebis mxriv. napoleons surda gabatonebuliyo mTels evropaze da hqonda yvela
saSualeba, rac saWiro iyo erTiani, centralizebuli saxelmwifos SeqmnisaTvis im dros (cxadia, napoleonis epoqaSi ar arsebobda masobrivi ganadgurebis
iaraRi, Tu ar CavTvliT tradiciul jars, romelic SeiZleboda am miznisTvis
yofiliyo gamoyenebuli mowinaaRmdegis damarcxebis Semdeg. swored amgvarad,
napoleonis jarma miwasTan gaaswora moskovi, kremlis CaTvliT, ruseTis damarcxebis Semdeg). rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, napoleonma SemoiRo masobrivi gawvevis idea, rac imas niSnavs, rom man gaaerTiana uamravi axalgazrda kaci msoflios
pirvel saxalxo armiaSi. am dromde jari Sedgeboda mxolod da mxolod profesionali da daqiravebuli jariskacebisgan. napoleonma aseve warmatebiT gamoiyena nacionalizmis idea, propaganda da patriotuli simbolika mTeli sazogadoebis saomari mobilizaciisTvis. yvela es inovacia avismomaswavebeli niSani
iyo: meoce saukunis pirveli naxevris ori totaluri omi SeiZleba CaiTvalos,
rogorc erTi movlena, mcire SesvenebiT or ukiduresad mZime spazms Soris _
TiTqmis erTi saukunis win dawyebuli procesebis saSinel kulminaciad.
meore msoflio omis Semdeg totaluri omis cneba kidev ufro saSineli
gaxda, rac sabrZolo SesaZleblobebis ganviTarebasa da mecnierul da teqnologiur aRmoCenebs ukavSirdeba. birTvuli epoqis dadgomam mTlianad Secvala omis
strategia da taqtika, aseve samxedro Zalebis moqmedebis logika da brZolis
veli. omis axali saxis msgavsad, es transformaciac sruli iyo.

SemTxveviTi omi: omi, romelic aravis surs

mogvwons, roca vfiqrobT, rom Cvenma liderebma yovelTvis kargad ician,
rasac akeTeben _ gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac es omisa da mSvidobis sakiTxebs
exeba. magram gauTvaliswinebeli SemTxvevebic xdeba. ra moxdeboda pakistaneli
iaraRis kontrabandistebi indoeTis gavliT rom cdiliyvnen cimbiris wylulis
gamomwvevi tvirTis gatanas? da anTraqsis sasikvdilo sporebi indoeTis dedaqalaqis niu-delis centrSi gavrcelebuliyo, rodesac qaSmireli taqsis mZRoli
SuqniSnis wiTel Suqze gaivlida da satvirTo manqanas daejaxeboda gadatvirTul gzajvaredinze? da ra iqneboda, es yvelaferi pakistanTan krizisis dros
rom momxdariyo? xom SesaZlebelia indoeTs efiqra, rom pakistani globalur
oms iwyebda? pakistans araferi esaqmeboda am ambavTan, magram indoeTs SeiZleba
jer sapasuxo dartyma mieyenebina da Semdeg daesva kiTxvebi (dalodeba metismetad sarisko iqneboda amgvar SemTxvevaSi). am scenariT, sayovelTao birTvuli

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omi SeiZleboda yofiliyo SemTxveviTobis da araswori aRqmis da ara romelime
mxaris racionaluri gadawyevetilebisa da arCevanis Sedegi.

araswori aRqmiT gamowveuli omebi _ amgvar omebs iwvevs Seqmnili situaciis araswori interpretireba da yvelaze gavrcelebuli tipia im omebisa, romlebic aravis surs. SemTxveviTi omebi _ amgvari omebis kidev sxva variantia.
araswori Targmani, Setyobineba, romelic daniSnulebis adgilamde ver mivida,
yuradRebis miRma darCenili an arasworad interpretirebuli diplomatiuri
signali kosmosuri epoqis iaraRebis sistemis SemoRebamde karga xniT adre aCqarebda ganuzraxvel omebs. teqnologiur epoqaSi, sadac dominantobs birTvuli
iaraRi da balistikuri raketebi, SemTxveviT gamowveuli omebis saSiSroeba da
riski mniSvnelovnad gaizarda. eskalaciiT gamowveuli omi SesaZlebelia iyos
limitirebuli (da lokalizebuli) konfliqti or saxelmwifos Soris, rodesac arc erTi mxare Tavdapirvelad ar apirebda mis xelT arsebuli yvelaze
gamanadgurebeli iaraRis gamoyenebas. magram msxverplis ricxvis zrdasa da
brZolis velze situaciis cvlilebasTan erTad, erT-erTi mxare (savaraudod is,
romelic agebs) brZolis bedis sakuTar mxares Semobrunebis mizniT gamoiyenebs
ufro Zlier iaraRs da mowinaaRmdegesac sxva araferi darCeba, garda imisa, rom
imave siZlieris iaraRiT daupirispirdes. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu orive mxare flobs
birTvul iaraRs, amgvari situaciis dinamikam SesaZlebelia birTvul omamde
miiyvanos saqme. aqedan gamomdinare, is, rac daiwyo tradiciuli omiT, SeiZleba
nabij-nabij mivides sayovelTao samkvdro-sasicocxlo brZolamde.
katalitur omebsac SeuZlia Zaladobis warmoSoba da ganadgureba nebismieri saxelmwifos ganzraxvisgan damoukideblad. istoriulad, amgvari omebi
yvelaze metad aliansebis molaparakebaTa safuZvelze iwyeba _ Tu aliansis erT
wevrze ganxorcielda Seteva, sxvebi ebmebian mis dacvaSi da amgarad kidev ufro
farTo masStabiani xdeba omi. katalituri omi SeiZleba daiwyos, rogorc lokaluri konfliqti or ganviTarebad qveyanas Soris, romlebsac Zlieri mokavSireebi hyavs. adgilobrivi omi yovelTvis SeiZleba gadaizardos regionul da
globalur omSic ki (rogorc es moxda orive msoflio omis SemTxvevaSi).
SesaZlebelia, agreTve, sxva jojoxeTuri scenaric. magaliTad, fsiqikurad SeSlilma adamianma SeiZleba ramenairad moaxerxos birTvuli omis saSiSroebis gamowveva. gulisxmobs Tu ara yvela es scenari sabotaJs, araswor aRqmas,
SemTxveviTobas, eskalacias Tu batalur movlenebs, gviCvenebs, rogor SeiZleba
daiwyos omi winaswarganzraxuli agresiis gareSe.

birTvuli omi: mougebeli omi

masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRi (WMD) mxolod erTxel gamoigones. SeerTebulma Statebma ori atomuri bombi Camoagdo iaponiis qalaqebSi _ hirosimasa da
nagasakiSi, raTa daesrulebina meore msoflio omi. prezidenti trumeni daeloda iaponiis umaRlesi mTavarsardlis mier danebebis Sesaxeb gancxadebas, mas Semdeg, rac pirvelma bombma miwasTan gaaswora hirosima. sami dRis Semdeg man meore
bombis Camogdebis brZaneba gasca. amjerad am gadawyevetilebam gaamarTla _ iaponia danebda. es iyo omSi atomuri iaraRis gamoyenebis pirveli da ukanaskneli
SemTxveva. didi Secdoma iqneba am momgebiani strategiis xelaxali gamoyeneba.
mizezi martivia: rodesac amerikis prezidentma gadawyvita `gamxdariyo birT-

536
vuli~ 1945 wels, msoflioSi sul orad ori atomuri bombi arsebobda da isic
amerikelebis arsenalSi. prezident trumens ar gauriskavs, radgan mis gadawyvetilebas ar mohyveboda masirebuli sapasuxo dartyma iaponiis an sxva qveynis mxridan. im droisTvis SeerTebul Statebs hqonda (marTalia, mcirexniani)

birTvuli monopolia.
sabWoTa kavSirma swrafad ganaviTara birTvuli iaraRis programa da ukve
1950-iani wlebis bolosTvis masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRebis mTeli arsenali
hqonda, ICBM-s _ kontinentTaSoriso balistikuri raketebis CaTvliT. moskovma faqtobrivad daamarcxa SeerTebuli Statebi kosmosSi, rodesac 1957 wels
gauSva pirveli sateliti vostoki, romelic dedamiwas uvlida garss. 1960-ian
wlebSi SeerTebulma Statebma ara mxolod dakarga birTvuli monopolia, aramed
yvelaze Zlevamosili qveynis reputaciac. omis muqarisa da konfrontaciis epoqas (birTvuli iaraRis muqariT mowinaaRmdegeebis daSineba) mohyva ormxrivi
ueWveli ganadgurebis (MAD) an ormxrivi TavSekavebis epoqa anu situacia,
romelSic orive zesaxelmwifos aqvs unari, win aRudges pirvel dartymas da miayenos meore dartyma mowinaaRmdeges, rac gamoiwvevs agresorisTvis miuRebel
zians.
TiToeuli zesaxelmwifo Zal-Rones ar iSurebda birTvul SejibrSi gamarjvebulis poziciis mopovebisa da SenarCunebiaTvis. 1970-iani wlebis dasawyisisTvis, orive supersaxelmwifos uSvelebeli SesaZlebloba hqonda masobrivi
ganadgurebis iaraRiT gamanadgurebeli dartyma mieyenebina metoqisTvis. kidev
ufro SemaSfoTebeli is iyo, rom orive mxarem aago birTvuli wyalqveSa navebi,
romlebic moZravi platformis funqcias asrulebda birTvuli raketebis gaSvebisTvis da orive mxare amzadebda MIRV-ebad wodebul feTqebad raketebs
(Multiple Interdependently Targeted Reentry Vehicles) rogorc xmeleTze, ise zRvaze (teqnikurad cnobili rogorc SLBM _ wyalqveSa navidan gasaSvebi balistikuri raketa) gamoyenebisTvis. magram, Tu orive mxares undoda am Sejibris mogeba, arc
erT maTgans ar surda damarcxeba. garda amisa, orive maTganma icoda, rom am omSi
gamarjvebuli ar iqneboda, Tu isini ver SeinarCunebdnen am mdgomareobas. kubis
birTvul krizisSi (1963) es TiTqmis moxda. es iyo gamosafxizlebeli gangaSi.
orma dauZienebelma mterma saswrafod daamyara kavSiri _ axla ukve yvelasTvis
cnobili cxeli xazi _ pirdapiri sakomunikacio gza TeTr saxlsa da kremls Soris ubedurebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, rac TiTqmis moxda kidec.

aris Tu ara romelime omi moralurad gamarTlebuli?

jerjerobiT omi ganvixileT mxolod da mxolod agresiuli agentebis
TvalTaxedviT. magram ra SeiZleba iTqvas msxverplis Sesaxeb? Zalian cota
eqsperti Tu SeewinaaRmdegeba im mosazrebas, rom qveynebs aqvT ufleba, win
aRudgnen SeiaraRebul agresias. rodesac dgeba qveynis yofna-aryofnis sakiTxi,
Tavdacva moralurad gamarTlebulia. amitom, miuxedavad benjamin franklinis
mtkicebisa, rom `ar arsebobs kargi omi da cudi mSvidoba~, zogi omi SeiZleba
aucileblad da saWirod CavTvaloT. konkretulad romeli omebi miekuTvneba am
kategorias? vin unda gansazRvros da ramdenad darwmunebulebi SegviZlia viyoT gansazRvrisas?

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samarTliani omis doqtrina
samarTliani omis angariSgasawevi doqtrinis mixedviT arsebobs garemoebebi, romelTa fonze omi SeiZleba iyos `kargi~ _ ara `sasiamovnos~ an `bunebrivad
sasurvelis~ mniSvnelobiT, aramed qveynis keTildReobisa da samarTlianobis
dacvis principidan gamomdinare. es koncefcia Tavdapirvelad win wamoswies adreuli periodis qristianma Teologebma, kerZod ki wminda avgustinem, xolo Sua
saukuneebis filosofosebma kidev ufro daxvewes. Tanamedrove epoqaSi, hugo
grotiusma (1583-1645) da sxva bunebismetyvelebma moaxdines misi xelaxali formulireba.
is mecnierebi, romlebisTvisac misaRebia samarTliani omis cneba, erTsulovnad Tanxmdebian imis Taobaze, rom davdacviTi omebi gamarTlebulia. Tu
romelime qveyana gaxda moulodneli Tavdasxmis msxverpli, sapasuxo Seteva
moZaladeze mizanSewonilia. zogma Teoretikosma kidev ufro gaafarTova es
doqtrina da ufleba misca mesame mxare-saxelmwifoebs Caerion agresiis uZluri
msxverplebis dacvaSi. 1991 wlis sparseTis yuris omi, romelsac win uswrebda
erayis mier quveiTis dapyroba, amgvari SemTxvevis naTeli magaliTia.
Tanamedrove Teoretikosebi samarTliani omis doqtrinas mxolod TavdacviT omebs ukavSireben, magram adreuli mwerlebi yovelTvis ver aRiqvamdnen am
gansxvavebas. wminda avgustines, magaliTad, ezizReboda omi mTeli Tavisi ubedurebebiT, magram saWirod Tvlida agresiul omebsac ki, iseTi garemoebebisas,
rodesac `saxelmwifo uZluria gadaixados kompensacia im zianis gamo, romelic
misma moqalaqeebma gamoiwvies an daabrunos is, rac mitacebul iqna.~52 adreuli
epoqis sxva qristiani Teologebi, maT Soris wminda ambrosi (340?-397), amtkiceben, rom erebi araTu uflebamosilni, aramed valdebulnic ki arian, maRali
principebis dasacavad gaaCaRon agresiuli omebi. `kacs aqvs moraluri movaleoba, gamoiyenos Zala, aRudges win borotebas da SeaCeros igi~ _ werda wminda
ambrosi.53 ambrosi acnobierebda SezRudvebsac agresiuli omis SemTxvevaSi da
ambobda, rom omisTvis saWiroa samarTliani mizezi.
samarTliani omis doqtrina gacxadebulia xuT konkretul postulatSi.
pirveli _ omi unda iyos yvelaze bolo saSualeba legitimuri xelisuflebisTvis da mis garda aRar unda arsebobdes romelime politikurad efeqturi alternativa. meore _ konfliqtis mizezi unda iyos samarTliani; igi unda daiwyos
mxolod im mizniT, rom SeaCeros agresia da gamoasworos usamarTloba. mesame _
omi ar SeiZleba iyos fuWi; yovelTvis unda iyos imis albaToba, rom qvyanas, romelic iwyebs oms, aqvs warmatebis Sansi. meoTxe _ saWiroa iyos proporciuloba
rogorc drosTan, aseve saSualebebTan mimarTebaSi, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,
omis mizezma unda gaamarTlos daxarjuli fulisa da daRupulTa raodenoba,
xolo omSi gamoyenebuli saSualebebi unda amarTlebdes omis dawyebis mizezs.
dabolos, mexuTe _ samarTliani omi maqsimalurad unda amcirebdes samoqalaqo
pirebisadmi miyenebul zaralsa da sikvdilianobas. Tu daculia zemoT CamoTvlili yvela piroba, omi SeiZleba gamarTlebulad CaiTvalos.
samarTliani omis doqtrinas safuZvlad udevs samarTlianobis is cneba,
romelic scildeba uSualo saxelmwifo interesebs. gansxvavebiT martivi nacionalizmisa, rac gamoixateba iseTi lozungebiT, rogoricaa `avia Tu kargi, Cemi
qveyanaa~, samarTliani omis koncefcia Seicavs im moraluri pasuxismgeblobis

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Sefasebis standarts, romelic scildeba viwro saxelmwifo interesebs. adreuli periodis qristiani Teologebi samarTlianobis cnebas afuZnebdnen qristianul Teologiur doqtrinasa da sulier moZRvrebebze. samarTliani omis
Tanamedrove doqtrinebi efuZneba bunebrivi kanonzomierebis filosofias,
romlis misedviT arsebobs adamianis keTildReobasTan dakavSirebuli martivi
WeSmaritebebi _ anu WeSmaritebebi, romlebic naTelia yvela racionaluri adamianisaTvis erTad aRebuli qmnis `yvelasTvis samarTlianobis~ idealis WeSmarit mniSvnelobas.

samarTliani omis doqtrinis Sefaseba

im kritikuli SeniSvnebidan, romelic axlavs samarTliani omis doqtrinas
Tqvens yuradRebas sam ZiriTad maTganze gavamaxvilebT: doqtrina aris moraluri relativizmi, eTnocentrulad mikerZoebulia da politikurad ararealuri.
moraluri relativizmi. kritikosTa nawils miaCnia, rom samarTliani omis
koncefcia efuZneba Zalze subieqtur da, aqedan gamomdinare, daudasturebel
faseulobaTa gansjas, rac moraluri relativizmis saxeliTaa cnobili. gamomdinare iqidan, rom mosazrebebi gansxvavdeba imis Sesaxeb, vin aris damnaSave
konkretuli omis dawyebaSi, damtkicebulia, rom moraluri pasuxismgeblobis
dakisrebis nebismieri mcdeloba xSirad asaxavs ara dazustebel realur
faqtebs, aramed damkvirvebelTa mosazrebebs. moraluri relativizmis amgvari
tipis Tavidan acilebis erTaderTi saSualebaa mxolod omamdeli da omis Semdgomi situaciis akuratuli aRwera, rac mxolod sarwmuno faqtebs eyrdnoba.
eTnocentruloba da nacionalisturi mikerZoeba. msgavsad amisa, dadgenilia, rom samarTliani omis dasavleli Teoretikosebi exebian mxolod
sakuTar kulturas da cdiloben yuradReba ar miaqcion im omebis gamasamarTlebel faqtebs, romlebic sxva kulturis mqone erebma daiwyes. amas SeiZleba

eTnocentruli mikerZoeba ewodos. magaliTad, jihadis (`brZola~ an `saRvTo

omi~) islamuri koncefcia cdunebis, borotebis an `moRalateTa~ winaaRmdeg,
aris agresuli omis moraluri safuZveli, romelsac iSviaTad aRiareben samarTliani omis doqtrinis dasavleli damcvelebi.
politikuri naivizmi (gulubryviloba). samarTliani omis doqtrinis
oponentebis garkveuli nawili ayenebs praqtikuli winaaRmdegobis sakiTxs. maTi
mtkicebiT, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu SesaZlebeli iqneba SeTanxmeba samarTliani
an usamarTlo omebis mtkice, miukerZoebeli da sayovelTaod misaRebi gansazRvrebis Sesaxeb, mainc Zneli iqneba miRebuli doqtrinis marTebulad gamoyeneba.
iseve, rogorc adamianebi ver iqnebian sakuTari Tavis obieqturi mosamarTleebi,
saxelmwifoebi ver gamoiCenen miukerZoeblobasa da obieqturobas im sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT, romlebSic sakuTari interesebi aqvT. kritikosebi amtkiceben,
rom miukerZoebeli msajis gareSe, samarTliani omis doqtrina rCeba im butaforiad, romelsac agresori qveynebi iyeneben sakuTari keTildReobisken mimar-

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Tuli qmedebisa da samxedro Carevebis gasamarTleblad.
samarTliani omis doqtrinis mxardamWerebi ki Tvlian, rom moraluri
gansja omis Sesaxeb, didi xania iTvleba rogorc bunebrivad, aseve saWirod:
bunebrivad im gagebiT, rom `im droidan dawyebuli, rac kacebi da qalebi omze
laparakoben, yovelTvis exebian `sworsa~ da `araswors~54 da saWiro imitom, rom
maT gareSe yvela omi obieqturad (an saqebrad) CaiTvleba.
rogorc cnobilia, ar arsebobs mecnierulad dadasturebuli mtkicebuleba, rom agresiuli omi uaresia, vidre prevenciuli, magram ar aris saWiro
aseTi mtkicebuleba, radgan viciT, rom civsisxliani mkvleloba moralurad
ufro gaumarTlebelia, vidre mkvleloba Tavdacvis mizniT. am gansxvavebas mxars uWers ara mxolod sisxlis samarTali, aramed saRi azric.
xSirad amboben, rom samarTliani omis doqtrina im adamianebis sasargeblod
muSaobs, romlebic mxars uWeren mas. es mosazreba simarTlis marcvals Seicavs.
TavisTavad, samarTliani omis doqtrina ar Seicavs sayovelTaod misaReb standarts, romelic saWiroa eri-saxelmwifos qcevis SesazRudad. saxelmwifoTa liderebi xSirad monawileoben zneobriv saubrebSi da amave dros uzneod iqcevian.
samarTliani omis doqtrinis SenarCuneba Rirs ara qcevis gasakontroleblad,
aramed Sefasebis meTodis saxiT.

niurnbergis procesi
meore msoflio omis dasrulebis Semdeg moxda istoriisaTvis cnobili
pirveli SemTxveva, rodesac germaniaSi, qalaq niurnbergSi nacist liderebs
brali wauyenes. maT brali dasdes, upirveles yovlisa _ mSvidobis winaaRmdeg
moqmedebaSi, radgan omis dawyebiT daarRvies saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi da
SeTanxmebebi; saomari wesebis darRveva, rogoricaa tyveebis mimarT gamoCenili
sisastike, qalaqebis mTliani ganadgureba, dapyrobil qveynebSi samoqalaqo
pirebis mimarT gamoCenili sastiki mopyroba. mesame _ kacobriobis winaaRmdeg
Cadenil danaSaulebebSi, rac agreTve gulisxmobda mSvidobiani mosaxleobis
masobriv xocva-Jletas.
miuxedavad imisa, rom nacistebma ver SeZles ebraeli xalxis ganadgureba,
isini Zalian axlos iyvnen dasaxul mizanTan. evropeli ebraelebis masobrivi
Jletis gamo nacisti liderebis dasjis gadawyvetileba efuZneboda damsaxurebuli ganaCenis gamotanis survils. germanelTa moqmedeba ver gamarTldeboda
omis moTxovniT (omi, rasakvirvelia, hitlerma daiwyo). ufro metic, germaneli
nacistebis mier Cadenil sisastikes analogi ar aqvs Tanamedrove samyaroSi.
moraluri gulgriloba gansakuTrebiT Seusabamoa eqstraordinalur garemoebebSi.
kacobriobis winaaRmdeg Cadenil danaSaulebaTa koncefcia myarad uWers
mxars samarTliani omis doqtrinas. nacistebis mier ugulebelyofili moraluri principebi imis Sesaxeb, rom saWiroa udanaSaulo adamianebis wamebisa da
sikvdilis Tavidan acileba, imdenad aSkara iyo da maTi darRveva imdenad TvalSisacemi, rom umciresi eWvis gareSec ki, nacistebis mier Cadenil qmedebebs
aranairi moraluri gamarTleba ar hqonda, omis dros Cadenili danaSaulebebis
moraluroba/amoralurobis sakiTxi SeiZleba problemuri iyos. Tumca, ho-

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lokostis SemTxveva gamonaklisia. samarTliani omis doqtrinaSi miTiTebuli
gansazRvrebis Sesabamisad, es aris udavod kriminaluri saqcieli.
miuxedavad imisa, rom niurnbergis procesi gamarTlebuli iyo, zogadad,
amgvari procesebis gamarTvis tendencia seriozul SeSfoTebas iwvevs. ioli
ar aris mSvidobis winaaRmdeg mebrZolis iarliyis mikvra konkretul da xSirad
uprecedento SemTxvevebSi. sikvdilis banakebma daarRvies kanonis, samarTlis,
Rirsebis yvela standarti, magram ra vuyoT mokavSireTa mier drezdenis dabombvis faqts? an germaneli mSvidobiani moqalaqeebis mier Cadenil qmedebebs,
romlebzec, rbilad rom vTqvaT, Tvals xuWavda sabWoTa armia? an hirosimisa da
nagasakis mcxovrebTa sasowarkveTas? omSi zneobasTan da moralTan dakavSirebuli kiTxvebi xSirad bundovani da upasuxoa.
arsebobs genocidisa da moraluri wmendis ufro axali meTodebi politikurad motivirebuli masobrivi mkvlelobebis CaTvliT, romlis msgavsic
bosniaSi, ruandaSi, siera leonesa da sxva qveynebSi moxda 1990-ian wlebSi. unda
wardgnen Tu ara teroristebi marTlmsajulebis winaSe, rTuli iuridiuli da
zneobrivi sakiTxia, romlis ganxilvasac aq ar vapirebT. vTqvaT, rom prezidentma buSma 9/11 teraqti saomar moqmedebad Seafasa. am teraqtma fexqveS gaTela uzenaesi zneobrivi da religiuri principebi, kerZod is, rom arasodes ara
aqvs gamarTleba udanaSaulo adamianebis Jletas. wardgebian Tu ara al qaidas
liderebi an Semsruleblebi odesme marTlmsajulebis winaSe, damokidebulia
imaze, rodis, sad da rogor daakaveben maT (Tu, rasakvirvelia, moxerxda zogi
maTganis mainc cocxlad ayvana), agreTve imaze, moiyvans Tu ara sisruleSi prezidenti buSi sakuTar dapirebas, gaasamarTlos isini samxedro tribunalma da
ara saerTaSoriso sasamarTlom.

daskvna
omis Tavidan acileba yovelTvis ar aris saxelmwifo politikis mizani.
magaliTad, italiis faSisti lideri, benito musolini, yovelTvis xotbas asxamda oms.
bevri mcdeloba iqneba saWiro omis dawyebis mizezebis gamosavlenad. Sedegad, masTan dakavSirebuli Teoriebi SeiZleba sam kategoriad daiyos: mecnierTa
nawili mizezs adamianis bunebaSi xedavs, meore nawili sazogadoebas adanaSaulebs, xolo mesames sjera, rom yvelaferSi damnaSavea dedabuneba (Seubralebeli
garemo). Tomas hobsi fiqrobda, rom omi aris adamianis ukuRmarTobis produqti,
Jan-Jak rusos miaCnda, rom adamiani zogadad kargia, magram sazogadoeba xdis mas
mankiers; jon lokis azriT, adamianis agresia bunebrivi resursebis simciriT
aris gamowveuli (adamianis kontrolis gareT arsebuli garemoebebiT). bunebrivi
resursebis simwire ukavSirdeba Zalebisa da faqtorebis mravalferovnebas, SimSilis, daavadebebis, qariSxlebis, gvalvebisa da a.S. CaTvliT.
erT faqtorze dafuZnebuli Teoriebi ver xsnis omis gamomwvev mizezebs. oms ganapirobebs sxvadasxva _ socialuri, politikuri, ekonomikuri da
fsiqologiuri _ faqtori.

541
daZabulobis pirobebSi, omi SeiZleba daiwyos ise, rom es ewinaaRmdegebodes yvela mxaris survils. aseTi arasasurveli omebi xSirad iwyeba araswori interpretaciis, gaugebrobis, SemTxveviTobis, eskalaciis an katalituri
reaqciebis Sedegad. daugegmavi omis dawyebis albaToba kidev erTxel cxadyofs
im potenciur safrTxes, rac dakavSirebulia zneobrivi pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebasTan. xSirad, rodesac omi iwyeba, garkveuli ar aris, vin an ram gamoiwvia
misi dawyeba.
omis gamoyeneba saxelmwifo politikis instrumentad, saerTaSoriso
samarTlisa da zneobrivi normebis darRvevaa, Tumca ara yvela omis SemTxvevaSi.
samarTliani omis doqtrina amtkicebs, rom Tavdacva da universaluri principebis dacva aris brZolis legitimuri safuZveli, magram am doqtrinas xSirad
akritikeben zneobrivi relativizmis, kulturuli eTnocentrizmis da politikuri realizmis motiviT.
niurnbergis procesze moxda agresiuli omis dros Cadenili danaSaulebebis gamo bralis wayeneba. saerTaSoriso samarTlis specialistebma Camoayalibes saomar danaSaulebaTa axali kategoria _ danaSaulebani kacobriobis
winaaRmdeg. miuxedavad imisa, rom niurnbergis procesi gamarTlebuli iyo,
saWiroa amgvar procedurebs maqsimaluri sifrTxiliT movekidoT momavalSi.

sakvanZo sityvebi
omi saxelmwifoTa Soris

katalituri omi

samoqalaqo omebi

masirebuli sapasuxo dartyma

partizanuli omi

birTvuli monopolia

dabali intensivobis konfliqtebi

kontinentaSoriso balistikuri raketa

nacionalizmi

konfrontacia

gamalebuli SeiaraReba

ormxrivi ganadgureba

imperializmi

ormxrivi TavSekaveba

ultranacionalizmi

pirveli dartyma

nacionalisturi universalizmi

meore dartyma

saxelmwifos mizezebi

miuRebeli ziani

pirvelyofili codva

masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRi

bunebrivi mdgomareoba

MIRV

internacionalisti

SLBM

erovnuli TviTgansazRvra

cxeli xazi

demokratiuli mSvidobis paradoqsi

samarTliani omi

SezRuduli omi

moraluri relativizmi

upirobo danebeba

eTnocentruli mikerZoeba

araswori aRqmiT gamowveuli omi

danaSaulebani mSvidobis winaaRmdeg

SemTxveviTi omi

omis danaSaulebani

eskalaciiT gamowveuli omi

danaSaulebani kacobriobis winaaRmdeg

kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis
1.

ramden ZiriTad kategoriad iyofa ganmartebebi omis uSualo mizezebis Sesaxeb?

542
2.

Tomas hobsis mixedviT, ra aris yvla omis gamomwvevi ZiriTadi mizezi? ra

argumentebiT cdilobs hobsi sakuTari Tezisis dacvas?

3.

ra aris, rusos azriT, omis ZiriTadi mizezi? riT gansxvavdeba misi mosazreba hobsis mosazrebisgan? ra argumentebs iSveliebs ruso sakuTari mosazrebis dasacavad?

4.

im mecnierTa Soris, romlebic omis gamomwvev mTavar mizezad sazogadoebas miiCneven, arsebobs azrTa sxvadasxvaoba imis Sesaxeb, sazogadoebis
konkretulad romeli aspeqti ganapirobebs eri-saxelmwifoebis omisken
midrekilebas. daasaxeleT teqstSi warmodgenili oTxi alternatiuli
Teoria.

5.

rogor xsnida jon loki omis fenomens? riT gansxvavdeba es mosazreba hobsis mosazrebebisgan? romeli argumentebiT amyarebs is sakuTar mosazrebas?

6.

omis gamomwvevi mizezebis Sesaxeb romeli axsna migaCniaT yvelaze sarwmunod? pasuxi daasabuTeT.

7.

ratom aris Zneli ubralod daigmos damnaSave mxare an mxareebi, rodesac

omi iwyeba?

8.

saomari xelovnebis daxvewis epoqaSi, sul ufro da ufro SesaZlebeli xdeba omis dawyeba winaswar ganuzraxvelad. ra SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba es moxdes?

9.

aris Tu ara yvela omi gaumarTlebeli zneobrivi kuTxiT? pasuxi daasabuTeT.

10.

aris Tu ara samarTliani omis doqtrinis mxardamWeri da sawinaaRmdego

argumentebi dabalansebuli? pasuxi daasabuTeT.

11.

ra uZRoda win niurnbergis sasamarTlo process? ra aris kacobriobis winaaRmdeg Cadenili danaSaulebebi? rogor Seesabameba samarTliani omis
doqtrina am konteqsts?

12.

mizanSewonili da SesaZlebelia Tu ara niurnbergis tipis procesebis

gamarTva yoveli omis Semdeg?

SeniSvnebi:

1.

Paul Seabury da Angelo M. Codevilla, War: Ends and Means (New York: Basic Books, 1990),
6.

2.

G. W. F. Hegel, Philosophy of Rights, Targm. T. M. Knox, wignSi Great Books of the Western
World, tomi 46, red.: R. Hutchins (Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1952), 149.

3.

Friedrich Nietzsche, Human, All Too Human, Targm. Marion Farber (Lincoln: University of
Nebraska Press, 1984), 230-321), aforizmi 477.

4.

Benito Mussolini, The Doctrine of Fascism, Targm. M. Oakeshott, wignSi Great Political
Thinkers, red. William Ebenstein (New York: Holt, 1965), 621.

5.

John Vasquez, Introduction: Studying War Scientifically, wignSi The Scientific Study of
Peace and War: A Text Reader, red. John Vasquez da Marie Henehan (New York: Lexington,
1992), xix.

6.

iqve, xxii.

7.

Tu omis Tvisobriv analizTan dakavSirebuli statistikuri meTodologiis gacnoba gsurT, waikiTxeT Stuart Bremer-isa da sxvaTa avtorobiT (adaptirebuli Marie Henehan-is mier) The Scientific Study of War: A Learning Package,

543
iqve, 373-437.
8.

James Dougherty da Robert Pfaltzgraff, Jr., Contending Theories of International Relations: A

Comprehensive Study, me-3 gamocema (New York: HarperCollins, 1990), 356.

9.

Greg Cashman, What Causes War? An Introduction to Theories of International Conflict (New
York: Lexington, 1993), 279.

10.

es ganxilva aseve moicavs im klasifikaciebis variacias, romelic warmodgenilia Kenneth N. Waltz-is naSromSi Man, the State, and War: A Theoretical Analysis
(New York: Columbia Univesity Press, 1965). vaRiarebT, rom valSi varT am naSromis

winaSe.
11.

citata motanilia Sir Norman Angell-is naSromidan Neutrality and Collective Security, romelic, Tavis mxriv, gamoiyena Edward Hallett Carr-ma wignSi The Twenty
Years Crisis, 1919-1939 (New York: Harper & Row, 1964). 39.

12.

Thomas Hobbes, The Leviathan (London: Everymans Library, 1956). 64.

13.

Hans J. Morgenthau, Politics among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace, me-5 gamoc.
(New York: McGrow-Hill, 1992), 3-4.

14.
15.

iqve, 29.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, FFirst and Second Discourses, Targm. Roger da Judith Masters,

red. Roger Masters (New York: St. Martins Press, 1964), 197. citata aRebulia rusos
`meore saubris~ SeniSvnebidan.
16.

iqve, 195-196.

17.

iqve, `meore saubari~,141-142.

18.

iqve, 161.

19.

Frederick Hartmann, The Relations of Nations (New-York: Macmillan, 1978), 32.

20.

William Galston, Kant and the Problem of History (Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
1975), 26-27.

21.

Immanuel Kant, Eternal Peace, wignSi Immanuel Kants Moral and Political Writings, red.
Carl Friedrich (New York: Modern Library, 1949), 458.

22.

V. I. Lenin, Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism (New York: International Publishers,
1939), 124.

23.

Robert Goldwin, John Locke, wignSi History of Political Philosophy, red. L. Strauss da J.
Cropsey (Skokie, III.: Rand McNally, 1963), 442.

24.

Richard Falk, This Endangered Planet: Prospects and Proposals for Human Survival (New
York: Vintage Books, 1972), 106-107.

25.

iqve, 105.

26.

iqve, 113.

27.

iqve, 155.

28.

Cashman, What Causes War? 157.

29.

Aristotle, The Politics, mTargm. da red. Ernest Barker (New York: Oxford University Press,
1962), 1313b, 245.

30.

Hannah Arendt, Totalitarianism (New York: Harcourt, 1951), 113-114.

31.

William Dixon, Democracy and the Peaceful Settlement of International Conflict, American
Political Science Review 88 (March 1994): 14.

32.

demokratiuli qveynebis tendenciaze ix. Stuart Bremer-is, Are Democracies Less

Likely to Join Wars? (naSromi warmodgenili iyo Amercian Political Science Association-is yovelwliur Sexvedraze, Chicago, September 3-6, 1992).

33.

ufro vrclad ix. Brice Russett-is Grasping the Democratic Peace (Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press, 1993).

34.

rogorc miTiTebulia Cashman-is naSromSi What Causes War?, 129.

544
35.

iqve.

36.

iqve, 137-139.

37.

Rudolph Rummel, Some Empirical Findings, World Politics 21 (1969): 238-239.

38.

msjeloba SerCeviT mohyveba Cashman-is What Causes War?, 132-134.

39.

Morgenthau, Politics among Nations, 51-57.

40.

iqve, 133.

41.

Michael Haas, Scietal Approaches to the Study of War, wignSi The War System, red. Richard Falk da Samuel Kim (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1980), 355-356, 365.

42.

ix. John Vasquez, The Steps to War, wignSi The Scientific Study of Peace and War: A Text
Reader, red. John Vasquez da Marie Henehan (New York: Lexington, 1992), 343-370.

43.

Jack Lavy, Alliance Formation and War Behavior: An Analysis of the Great Powers, 495-1975,

wignSi The Scientific Study of Peace and War: A Text Reader, red. John Vasquez da Marie
Henehan (New York: Lexington, 1992), 3-36.
44.

Vasquez, The Steps to War, 370.

45.

Cashman, What Causes War? 137.

46.

iqve.

47.

Dougherty da Pfaltzgraff, Contending Theories, 354-355.

48.

iqve, 145-152; Tumca, rogorc qeSmeni aRniSnavs, mxilebuleba calsaxa ar

aris.

49.

iqve, 142-145, amave naSromSia mocemulia kvlevebis Sejameba. ix., aseve Paul
Diehl-is Arms Races to War: Testing Some Empirical Linkages, Sociological Quarterly 26

(Semodgoma 1985): 331-349; da misive Continuity and Military Escalation in Major

Power Rivalries, 1816-1980, Journal of Politics 47 (noemberi 1985): 1203-1211.

50.

Nazli Chourci da Robert North, Lateral Pressure in International Relations: Concept and
Theory, wignSi Handbook of War Studies, red. Manus Midlarsky (Boston: Unwin Hyman,
1989), 310-311.

51.

Waltz, Man, the State, and War, 233.

52.

citirebulia Lee McDonald-is naSromSi Western Political Theory: From Its Origins to
the Present (Orlando, Fla.: Harcourt, 1968), 127.

53.

citirebulia Dougherty da Pfaltzgraff, naSromSi Contending Theories of International

Relations, 151, n. 24.

54.

Michael Walzer, Just and Unjust Wars (New York: Basic Books, 1968), 1.

545

Cvens welTaRricxvamde 416 wels aTenelebma gemebi da jarebi spartis

neitraluri koloniis, milosis kunZulis dasapyrobad gagzavnes, romelsac
ar surda omis monawile yofiliyo.1 aTenelebi, romlebic molaparakebebs Zalis poziciidan awarmoebdnen, milosis mkvidrTagan upirobo kapitulacias
moiTxovdnen da eubnebodnen, rom `samarTlianobis sakiTxi mxolod Tanabar Zalebs Soris arsebul urTierTobebSi dgeba, maSin roca Zlierni akeTeben imas,
risi Zalac SeswevT da sustni urigdebian imas, rasac unda Seurigdnen.~ miloselebma kiTxvis dasmiT gasces pasuxi, `ratom SeiZleba iyos CvenTvis kargi
Tqveni mmarTvelobis qveS yofna?~ `imitom~ upasuxes aTenelebma `Tqven geqnebaT
arCevanis gakeTebis upiratesoba damorCilebisa da sakuTari Tavis ubedurebaSi Cagdebas Soris da Sesabamisad, raki ar gaganadgurebT, Cvenc movigebT~. miloselebi cdilobdnen daerwmunebinaT aTenelebi, rom am or saxelmwifos Soris
mSvidobiani urTierTobebi orive mxaris interesebSi Sedioda. Tumca aTenelebi
am logikas ar iziarebdnen. samarTlianobis sakiTxis uxeSi ugulebelyofiT,
isini Tvlidnen, rom Tu miloss miscemdnen damoukideblad darCenis saSualebas, maSin miloselebi da sxvebic amas aTenis sisustis niSnad miiCnevdnen. `Cveni
imperiis gafarToebiT~, ganagrZobdnen aTenelebi `movipovebT usafrTxoebas.
faqti, rom xarT kunZulovani da SedarebiT susti saxelmwifo, adasturebs, rom

546

n aawi
wil
lii V

politika
mTvrobis gareSe

T av i XV II saerT aS or
o riso
iso
ur Tier
urT
ierT
Tob
o b eb i:
b rZ o la
Z alaufleb
alau flebisTv
isT v is
T av i X
XV
VIII
III saerT aS or
o riso
iso
o rgan
rganizac
izac ia(eb i): b rZ o la
w esrigisT
esrig isT v is

547

T aavv i XV I I

saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebi
b rZ
rZola
o la Zalau
Z alaufleb
flebisT
isT vis
v is
makiaveli da morgenTau
klasikuri evropuli sistema
sistemuri winapirobebi

evropuli konsen-

susis marcxi
Tanamedrove globaluri sistema
evrocentrizmis dasasruli
bis epoqa

bipolarulo-

ideologiis upiratesoba

birTvuli omis safrTxe

ormxrivi Sekaveba
amerikis sagareo politika: guSin da dRes
ra aris erovnuli interesebi?

moqmedeba

erovnuli interesis Sesabamisad

didi debatebi: realizmi da idealizmi
axali sagareo politikis ZiebaSi

idea-

lizmi, rogorc egoizmi: zneobis Zala

msoflio, Zveli Cvevebi
li problemebi

axali

axali paternebi, Zve-

ra xdeba civi omis Semdeg?

globaluri ekonomika
eTnikuri Zaladoba

regionalizmis zrda
axali aRsasrulis sce-

nari: mdumare gazafxulis Tavidan acileba

Zveli aRsasrulis scenari: birTvuli iaraRis gavrcelebis Tavidan acileba

sainfor-

macio teqnologiebis revolucia

apokalifsuri xedvebi: kulturuli omebi da
anarqia?

548
ver SeaferxebT zRvis mbrZaneblebs.~ ase rom, milosis saxelmwifo Zalis politikis gaTvlebs Seewira.
aTenelebis Seurigeblobas miloselebi gabedulad da mtkiced dauxvdnen. miloselebi kvlav imeorebdnen, rom, miuxedavad yvelafrisa, maT mainc
neitralurad darCena surdaT. aTenelebma ganagrZes kunZulis alyaSi moqceva,
miloselebma sapasuxo winaaRmdegoba gauwies. spartelebi movidnen, magram ar
gaCerebulan. Semdeg ubedurebis zarmac Camohkra:
aTenidan demasis vaJis, pilokrates meTaurobiT damatebiTi Zalebi gaigzavna da alya ufro gaZlierda. Signidan gamcemlobis gamo
miloselebi Cabardnen aTenelebs, romlebmac yvela is mamakaci, vinc aiyvanes, daxoces, qalebi da bavSvebi monebad gayides, aseve daaxloebiT
xuTasamde kolonisti gaagzavnes da TviTonac dasaxldnen im teritoriaze.

es ambavi iseve ikiTxeba, rogorc erT-erTi sazareli epizodi hari poteris

cxovrebidan, swored is, rodesac eSmakeuli voldemorti ukan iseTi gaZlierebuli brundeba, rogoric arasodes yofila. hogvartisagan gansxvavebiT milosi
realurad arsebuli adgili iyo da Sesabamisad moTxrobaSi gadmocemuli tragedia realurad moxda. am yvelafris safuZveli peloponesis omi (Zv. welTaRricxvis 431-404) iyo da Cven ki miloselebis sazareli bedisweris Sesaxeb viciT imis
gamo, rom berZenma istorikosma Tukididem aRwera es ambavi.

makiaveli da morgenTau
italiuri renesansis epoqis udidesi politikuri moazrovne nikolo makiaveli (1469-1527) werda, rom Wkviani mmarTveli yovelTvis mogebisTvis unda
TamaSobdes. misive sityvebiT, `Cveni cxovrebis wesi Zalze Sorsaa imisagan, rogorc unda vcxovrobdeT, vinc sworad cxovrebas Seecdeba, gadarCenis nacvlad
safrTxeSi igdebs Tavs~.2 brZeni mmarTveli _ agrZelebda makiaveli _ acnobierebs,
ra unda gakeTdes misi gavlenis sferos SesanarCuneblad da gasafarToeblad da
ar aZlevs moralur eWvebs misi azrovnebis daCrdilvis uflebas. magaliTad,
mmarTvelma mxolod maSin unda daicvas micemuli piroba, roca es mis interesebSia:
keTilgonieri mmarTveli ar unda iyos sakuTari aRqmis erTguli,
Tuki SeiZleba, rom es erTguleba saziano aRmoCndes misTvis da aRar
arsebobs mizezebi, romelmac es aRTqma daadebina. . . yvela kaci kargi
da keTili rom iyos, aseTi qceva ukeTuri iqneboda, magram raki isini
borotni arian da gamudmebiT arRveven imas, rac aRgiTqves, Sen ratomRa
unda uerTgulo Sen aRTqmas maT mimarT?3

makiavelis mosazreba da miloselTa bedic im faqtis mkafio ilustrirebaa, rom zneoba naklebad mniSvnelovania saxelmwifoebs Soris urTierTobebSi,
vidre saxelmwifos SigniT. manam, sanam saerTaSoriso politika bunebiTi mdgomareobis msgavsia, saxelmwifoebs Soris daZabuloba SenarCundeba da erTaderTi
pasuxgasacemi SekiTxva iqneba, vin gadarCeba da vin mokvdeba. rodesac gadarCena

549
riskis qveSaa, saWiroeba xSirad umowyalo tirania.
makiavelis inteleqturi pirdapiroba da politikisadmi ulmoblad realisturi midgoma SesaZloa, yvelaze warmatebuli politikuri filosofiis
safuZvelia Tanamedrove msoflioSi _ im gagebiT, rom man gauZlo drois gamocdas, is kvlavac axdens gavlenas da moyolebuli makiavelis droidan, misi
validurobis damadasturebeli faqtebi mravlad dagrovda. Teoria, rom saxelmwifoebi moqmedeben sakuTari interesebisa da ara idealebis Sesabamisad,
cnobilia, rogorc politikuri realizmi. amJamad is yvelaze metad hans morgenTaus (1904-1980) nawerebTan asocirdeba. makiavelis msgavsad, politikuri realistebi nakleb yuradRebas aqceven, rogor unda iqceodnen qveynebi da akvirdebian, realurad rogor iqcevian qveynebi da cdiloben gaarkvion ratom iqcevian
ase. TviTgadarCena saxelmwifo politikis umTavresi amocanaa, xolo gadarCenis
uzrunvelyofis saukeTeso gza _ saxelmwifos Zlierebis zrdaa. saerTaSoriso
politikaSi, amtkicebs morgenTau, rac ar unda iyos saboloo mizani, uSualo
mizani yovelTvis Zlirebaa. ase rom, interesi gansazRvrulia rogorc Zliereba.
morgenTausaTvis es ori koncefcia erTiania _ nebismieri saxelmwifos umTavresi interesi, pirvel rigSi, Zlierebis miRwevaa, Semdeg ki sxva miznebisa, rogoricaa prestiJi da a.S., da isic mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini zrdis saxelmwifos
Zlierebas.
politikuri realistebi amtkiceben, rom warmateba saerTaSoriso politikaSi, maSinac ki, roca konfrontacia ar aris, sabolood mainc Zlierebazea
damokidebuli. morgenTaus Tanaxmad, `Zala, Zliereba SeiZleba gulisxmobdes
yvelafers, rac awesebs da inarCunebs erTi adamianis kontrols meoreze~.4 Zalis
yvelaze mniSvnelovani aspeqti saerTaSoriso politikaSi samxedro Zlierebaa.
Sesabamisad, politikuri realistebi civi gonebiT ganixilaven iseT sakiTxebs,
rogoricaa erovnuli usafrTxoebis sakiTxebi (meti yovelTvis ukeTesia, vidre
naklebi), birTvuli iaraRis kontroli da saerTaSoriso organizaciebSi monawileoba (SezRuduli sargeblobisa da momavlis imedis gareSe).
Tumca politikuri da samxedro Zliereba sinonimuri araa. sxva faqtorebic, maT Soris geopolitikuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri qmnian saxelmwifos
Zlierebas. TviT politikuri lideris pirovnuli qarizma da kompetenciac an
saxelmwifo institutebis efeqtianoba aZlevs mas upiratesobas konkurentul
da saSiS msoflioSi. morgenTaus Tanaxmad, aramaterialuri faqtorebis iseTisa
rogoricaa qarizma, ugulebelyofa `tolfasia prestiJis ugulebelyofisa, rogorc saerTaSoriso politikaSi damoukidebeli elementisa~.5
saxelmwifos mTavari interesebis optimizacia da gawonasworeba politikur sibrZnes saWiroebs. morgenTau wers: `realizmi sibrZnes ganixilavs, rogorc politikuri qmedebis Sedegebis winaswar gazomvas, rac uzenaesi Rirsebaa
politikaSi~.6 sworad interpretirebisa da gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi amgvari sibrZne sworad warmarTavs saxelmwifos saqmeebs. erovnuli interesebis realistur Sefasebaze dafuZnebuli sagareo politika aramarto riskian Tavgadasavlebs, aramed aseve dampyroblur sibrmavesac airidebs, rac anadgurebs erebsa
da civilizaciebs moraluri principebis, idealebis Tu RmerTis saxeliTac ki~.7
rogorc morgenTau aRniSnavda, erovnuli interesis koncefcia moralistebis
daSvebuli Secdomebis sapirispiroa. cxadia, erovnuli interesi gansxvavdeba
qveynidan qveynamde, icvleba wlidan wlamde, Tumca interesi SeiZleba iyos mudmivi an droebiTi, pirvelxarisxovani an meorexarisxovani, zogadi an specifi-

550
kuri.
politikuri realistisaTvis warmatebuli saxelmwifo moRvawe isaa, vinc
flobs erovnuli interesebisa da amocanebis erovnul SesaZleblobebTan dabalansebis xelovnebas. sibrZne moiTxovs, rom saxelmwifo moRvawem, msgavsad
myidvelisa supermarketSi, ganasxvavos erTmaneTisagan is, rac aucilebelia da
rac, ubralod, sasurvelia. saxelmwifos marTvis codna gulisxmobs eris molodinebisa da survilebis saxelmwifos SesaZleblobebTan SesabamisobSi moyvanasa
da sasicocxlo da meorexarisxovani interesebis zustad garCevas. politikuri
realizmi sagareo politikaSi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas moqnilobas, obieqturobasa da sentimentalizmis naklebobas aniWebs. ase rom, politikuri realisti ityvis, rom saerTaSoriso politikaSi arseboben ara mudmivi mokavSireebi,
aramed mxolod mudmivi interesebi. morgenTaus azriT, saxelmwifo moRvaweebs sxva principebiT saqmianoba ar epatiebaT, ara aqvs mniSvneloba, ramdenad
amoraluri SeiZleba iyos aseTi saqcieli Cveulebrivi adamianuri urTierTobebis poziciidan.
saerTaSoriso politikis riskian samyaroSi zneobas aqvs sxva saxe _ Cveni
Sida cxovrebis zneobisagan gansxvavebuli, rogorc piraduli, aseve politikuri. radganac sxva saxelmwifoebic moqmedeben interesebisa da ara idealebis
Sesabamisad, sakuTarma saxelmwifomac aseve unda imoqmedos. nebismieri saxelmwifo sxvis xarjze sargeblis miRebas cdilobs _ koleqtiuri saqcielis amgvari
forma advilad SesamCnevi da universaluria. aqedan gamomdinare, morgenTau
amtkicebda, rom politikuri realizmi ara marto xsnis, ratom iqcevian saxelmwifoebi ise, rogorc iqcevian, aramed, aseve SeuZlia gaakeTos prognozi, rogor
moiqcevian isini.

klasikuri evropuli sistema

makiaveli da morgenTau orive evropis istoriis xmauriani epoqis
produqtebi iyvnen, Tumca sxvadasxva dros. makiavelize zegavlena iqonia im
mZafrma metoqeobam, intrigebma da konfliqtma, rac axasiaTebda XV-XVI saukuneebis italiur qalaq-saxelmwifoebs Soris arsebul urTierTobebs. igi cxovrobda im dros, rodesac Tanamedrove eri-saxelmwifo jer kidev Camoyalibebis
procesSi iyo. klasikuri evropuli sistemis wamowyeba makiavelis gardacvalebidan erTi saukunis Semdeg moxda. morgenTau daibada germaniaSi I msoflio
omamde. omis erT-erTi Sedegi iyo evropuli sistemis Seqmna, romelsac monawile
saxelmwifoebs Soris wonasworobis SenarCuneba surda. koleqtiuri gawonasworobis es aqti interesze iyo dafuZnebuli, Tumca is kavSirSi iyo `interesis~
sayovelTaod miRebul definiciasTan, romelic gulisxmobda TviTgadarCenas,
romelic sistemis yvela danarCeni aqtoris gadarCenaze iyo damokidebuli. evropis cnobili ZalTa wonasworobis sistema TiTqmis sami saukunis ganmavlobaSi funqcionirebda (ix. sqema 17-1). is 1648 wels vestfaliis zavis dadebiT daiwyo
da dasrulda I msoflio omis dawyebasTan erTad. napoleonis safrangeTis mokle
periodis garda 266 wlis manZilze verc erTma saxelmwifom kontinentze hegemoniis damyareba ver SeZlo, rac TavisTavad aRsaniSnavi miRweva iyo nebismieri

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epoqisaTvis.

sqema 17-1 ZalTa wonasworobis regulireba

wonasworoba (A) irRveva axali monawilis damatebiT (B); wonasworoba kvlav aRdgeba (C) ama
Tu im saxelmwifos gadasvliT erTi aliansidan meoreSi.
wyaro: Edward V. Gulick, Europes Classical Ballance of Power (New York: Norton, 1967).

sistemuri winapirobebi
saerTaSoriso sistema funqcionirebda efeqturad, radgan erTi saxelmwifo, romelic wonasworobis SemnarCuneblis saxeliT iyo cnobili, krizisisa da konfliqtis viTarebaSi sakuTar samxedro Tu politikur SesaZleblobebs
ufro susti aliansis mxareze gadaisroda xolme. didi britaneTi amgvarad iqceoda, radganac amis saSualebas geografiuli mdebareoba da samxedro (gansakuTrebiT sazRvao) SesaZleblobebi aZlevda. kontinentis siaxloves mdebare
kunZulovan saxelmwifos, britaneTs SeeZlo SedarebiT mSvidad edevnebina Tvali metoqeobisa da konfliqtebisaTvis la manSis srutis Taobaze. istoriulad
britaneTis mTavari sazrunavi is sakiTxi iyo, vin marTavda e.w. dablobs (dRevandeli belgiisa da holandiis teritoria), zustad srutis gaswvriv, romlis sigane yvelaze viwro wertilSi mxolod 22 milia. zogadad, britaneTi miudgomel
cixe-simagres warmoadgenda, radganac verc erTma saxelmwifom ver SeZlo misi
dapyroba. da bolos, britaneTis sazRvao upiratesobam da ekonomikurma Zlierebam igi Zlieri mokavSire da sazareli mteri gaxada, Tumca saxmeleTo jaris simcirem mis mier evraziis kontinentze dominirebis safrTxe gamoricxa.
meore mniSvnelovani faqtori, romelic gansazRvravda tradiciul evropul sistemas, iyo ZiriTadi zneobrivi konsensusi _ yvela saxelmwifo erTsa da
imave civilizacias miekuTvneboda. istorikosebma eduard gibonma da arnold
toinbim, iseve rogorc filosofosebma emerix de vatelma da Jan Jak rusom,
aRniSnes is uzarmazari mniSvneloba, rac im kulturul da religiur tradiciebs
hqonda, romelic gavrcelda evropul sazogadoebaSi da gadalaxa saxelmwifo
sazRvrebi ZalTa balansis sistemis ayvavebis pirobebSic ki.8
am araordinalur pirobebSi, `saerTaSoriso politika gaxda aristokratiuli garToba, sporti mmarTvelebisaTvis, rodesac yvela TamaSis erTian wesebs
aRiarebs da yvela msgavsi SezRuduli miznebisaTvis ibrZvis~.9 SezRuduli miznebi niSnavs, rom maSinac ki, rodesac omi gaCaRdeboda, metoqeebi ar cdilobdnen
erTmaneTis ganadgurebas. umetes SemTxvevaSi, evropis mmarTvelebi, XVIII saukunis ganmanaTleblobis, racionalizmis ideebiT Sepyrobilni, mmarTvelobisas

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pragmatul midgomas irCevdnen da nebismieri saxis fanatizms absurdulad da
saxifaTod miiCnevdnen. aramarto miznebi, aramed samxedro da ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebic SezRuduli iyo: mxolod ramdenime qveyanas Tu SeeZlo qveynis simdidre maRali riskis Semcvel TavgadasavlebSi gaeflanga, amasTan Tanamedrove
teqnologiis ararsebobis gamo samxedro moqmedebebic SezRuduli iyo.
am panevropuli kulturis kidev erTi SemTxveviTi aspeqti ideologiis
ararseboba gaxldaT. mokavSireTa Secvla garemopirobebis SecvlasTan erTad
xdeboda. struqturul simtkices SeeZlo Seeferxebina gawonasworebis procesi
da ufro SesaZlebeli gaexada totaluri omi.

evropuli konsensusis marcxi

ram ganapiroba SedarebiT stabiluri saerTaSoriso wesrigis rRveva, romelic TiTqmis 250 wlis manZilze arsebobda? pirveli, XIX saukuneSi napoleonis mier evropis dapyrobis TiTqmis warmatebulma mcdelobam _ Seeqmna pirveli
saxalxo armia Tanamedrove istoriaSi _ im periodSi nacionalizmis zrdis Sesaxeb gvauwya. miuxedavad imisa, rom safrangeTis hegemoniis mcdeloba sabolood
uSedegod damTavrda, is iyo mravali movlenis mauwyebeli da erTiani mizezis
garSemo gaerTianebuli eris Zlierebis demonstrireba moaxdina. TviTon mizezis arsi dafuZnebuli iyo adamianTa Tanasworobis feTqebad ideaze, romelic
gvian XVIII saukunis safrangeTisa da amerikis revoluciebis Sedegad warmoiSva.
napoleonis omebsa da I msoflio oms Soris iseTma ideebma, rogorc iyo erTa
TviTgamorkveva da universaluri uflebebi, politikis Sesaxeb fundamenturi
Sexedulebebi Secvala da amiT safuZveli gamoacala Zvel aristokratiul wesrigs.
XIX saukuneSi industriulma revoluciam ekonomikur da teqnologiur
sferoebSi samxedro moqmedebebis arsi Secvala.magaliTad, prusia iyenebda rkinigzas samxedro Zalebis gadasayvanad avstriisa (1866) da safrangeTis (1870) winaaRmdeg. omSi axali instrumentebis _ magaliTad, samxedro daniSnulebis Sida
wvis Zravebis, moZravi savele artileriisa da ukve I msoflio omisaTvis, sabrZolo TviTmfrinavebis gamoyenebac ar iyo ucxo.
bolo faqtori, ramac safuZveli gamoacala evropul sistemas, samxedro
aliansebis simtkice iyo. XIX saukunis dasasrulisaTvis, koaliciebi fiqsirebuli da kargad gamokveTili xdeboda maSin, roca saxelmwifoebi TandaTanobiT
axdendnen samxedro Zalis akumulirebas. mSvidobianobis Jams uprecedento danaxarjebma samxedro kvlevebisa da ganviTarebisaTvis, SedarebiT didi, mudmivi
armiebis Seqmnam da samxedro Sejibrma kidev ufro gaamwvava evropis dayofa or
dapirispirebul aliansad. amgvarma viTarebam ganapiroba I msoflio omis dawyeba, ramac ZalTa wonasworobis klasikuri sistemis dasasrulis dasawyisi gvamcno.

Tanamedrove globaluri sistema

II msoflio omma ganapiroba axali konfiguraciis warmoqmna, romelic
dResac ganagrZobs msoflio politikis gansazRvras. evropuli sistema ori

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supersaxelmwifos mier dominirebulma globalurma sistemam Secvala. am axal

bipolarul sistemaSi orive mxarem uzarmazari saxsrebi totaluri omis sawarmoeblad saWiro resursebis Seqmnisaken mimarTa da TiToeuli mxare erTmaneTs
ideologiur mtrad aRiqvamda. civi omi amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da sabWoTa
kavSirs Soris 1945 wlidan daiwyo, TiTqmis naxevar saukunes gagrZelda da 1991
wels sabWoTa kavSiris daSliT dasrulda. Sesabamisad, mizanSewonilia ganvixiloT msoflio politikis struqturuli maxasiaTeblebi amerikisa da sabWoTa
kavSiris metoqeobis magaliTze, manam, sanam gadavalT Tanamedrove globaluri
sistemis ganxilvaze.

evrocentrizmis dasasruli
erT-erTi yvelaze aSkara cvlileba saerTaSoriso politikaSi II msoflio
omis dasrulebis Semdeg evropis saxelmwifoebis gavlenis Semcireba iyo, romlebic XVII saukunidan saerTaSoriso ZalTa wonasworobis brunvis centrs warmoadgendnen. realurad, evropis dacema ori araevropuli Zalis _ amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebisa da iaponiis gaZlierebam daCrdila, risi winapirobebic
ukve gvian XIX saukuneSi ikveTeboda. II msoflio omis Semdeg naTeli gaxda, rom
iseTi tradiciulad Zlieri saxelmwifoebi, rogoric iyo didi britaneTi, safrangeTi da germania, meorexarisxovani saxelmwifoebi gaxdnen. britaneTi iZulebuli gaxda, uari eTqva mis msoflio masStabis imperiaze, safrangeTi sakuTari
ekonomikis, sazogadoebisa da xelisuflebis rekonstruqciiT iyo dakavebuli,
germania damarcxebuli da danawevrebuli iyo zonebad, ris Sedegadac ori axali saxelmwifo _ germaniis federaciuli respublika (dasavleTi germania) da
germaniis demokratiul respublika (aRmosavleTi germania) warmoiSva. sabWoTa
kavSiri, romelmac omis Sedegad uzarmazari danakargebi ganicada, arnaxulad
gaZlierda.
II msoflio omis Semdeg britaneTis, safrangeTis, belgiisa da holandiis
koloniebi maleve daiSala. am yofil koloniur teritoriebze axali saxelmwifoebi aRmocendnen, romlebmac or industriul bloks mimarTes samxedro
da ekonomikuri daxmarebisaTvis.ase rom, mesame samyaro bipolaruli Zalebis
metoqeobis arenad gadaiqca. am brZolis niSa civi omi iyo.

bipolarulobis gamoGena
miuxedavad imisa, rom evropulidan globalur saerTaSoriso sistemad
tranzicia II msoflio omamde daiwyo, omma es procesi mniSvnelovnad daaCqara
_ nawilobriv msoflio politikis mTavari aqtorebis _ evropis saxelmwifoebis
_ gverdze dayenebiT. yofili didi saxelmwifoebis adgilze, romelTa raodenoba omis dawyebisas Svids Seadgenda, ori supersaxelmwifo iyo warmodgenili _
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi da sabWoTa kavSiri. amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma evropis dasavleT nawilze proteqtoratis msgavsi ram Seqmna, xolo sabWoTa
kavSirma _ `satelituri~ imperia evropis aRmosavleT nawilSi.
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, romelmac pirvelma Seqmna da gamoiyena birTvuli iaraRi, II msoflio omis Semdeg mcire periodis ganmavlobaSi birTvul monopolias flobda. sabWoTa kavSirma, dasavleli eqspertebis Tu politikosebis

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gasaocrad, warmatebiT gamoscada birTvuli iaraRi 1949 wels _ da amiT moaxdina
im faqtis ilustrireba, rom masac hqonda ufleba supersaxel-mwifo yofiliyo.
1950-ian wlebSi samxedro Zlierebisa da ekonomikuri resursebis TvalsazrisiT, amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma da sabWoTa kavSirma yvela danarCeni saxelmwifo daCrdiles. Tumca maT Soris arsebulma ideologiurma ufskrulma maT
Soris nebismieri saxis TanamSromloba Seaferxa.

ideologiis upiratesoba
saerTaSoriso scenaze ori supersaxelmwifos dominireba, maT bunebriv
metoqeebad ayalibebda. da radganac erTi iyo kapitalisturi da demokratiuli,
xolo meore _ komunisturi da diqtatoruli, metoqeobam gansakuTrebiT saSiSi
da mZafri xasiaTi miiRo. II msoflio omis dasasrulisaTvis aliansis wevrTa undobloba mniSvnelovnad gaizarda sabWoTa diqtatoris ioseb stalinis mimarT,
rac ganpirobebuli iyo sabWoTa armiis mier germanelebisagan gaTavisuflebuli
aRmosavleT evropis sabWoTa kavSiris mier dapyrobiTa da stalinis mcdelobiT, aeZulebina dasavleTis saxelmwifoebi, uari eTqvaT dasavleT berlinze.
amerikis SerTebuli Statebisa da misi mokavSireebisaTis aranakleb SemaSfoTebeli sabWoTa kavSiris mier 1949 wels sakuTari atomuri iaraRis gamocda gaxda.
amasobaSi sabWoTa kavSirma amerikis sagareo politikuri qmedebebi, maT
Soris didi sesxebis gacemaze uaris Tqma da marSalis gegmis wamowyeba, aRiqva,
rogorc imis mtkiceba, rom `amerikuli imperializmi~ `msoflio socialisturi sistemis~ dangrevas isaxavda miznad. stalinis mTavarma ideologma andrei
Jdanovma 1947 wels komunisturi partiis yrilobaze ganacxada, rom msoflio
or banakad iyo gayofili. am ori banakis doqtrinas oreuli hyavda dasavleTSi
`msoflio komunisturi SeTqmulebis~ saxiT, romelic emyareboda mosazrebas,
rom saidumlo komunisturi proeqtis mizans yvela demokratiuli sazogadoebis
damxoba warmoadgenda. retrospeqtiulad, amgvari rwmena SesaZloa gadaWarbebulic ki iyos, Tumca orive mxares arsebulma eqstremalurma ritorikam, romelic savse iyo ideologiuri dapirispirebebiT, amgvar intepretacias damajerebloba Semata.
amerikis Sekavebis politika dasavleT evropaSi gavleniani samxedro
aliansis _ Crdiloatlantikuri xelSekrulebis organizaciis (nato) SeqmniT
gaaqtiurda. sabWoTa kavSirma sakuTari samxedro aliansis _ varSavis xelSekrulebis organizaciis SeqmniT upasuxa (Cveulebriv varSavis paqtis saxelwodebiT cnobili), romelic moskovsa da aRmosavleT evropas akavSirebda erTmaneTTan. or bloks Soris arsebuli konfrontaciuli atmosfero kompromisisa
da SeTanxmebisaTvis mcire SesaZleblobas tovebda. Tavidanve civi omi wamoiwyo
orma eqstraordinarulad Zlierma saxlemwifom, romelTa miznebi, interesebi
da Rirebulebebi SeuTavsebeli Canda. ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, TiToeuli cdilobda
SewinaaRmdegeboda meoris ambiciebs, uares SemTxvevaSi ki, orive miznad erTmaneTis ganadgurebas isaxavda. am TvalsazrisiT, postomiseuli sistema mkveTrad
gansxvavdeboda im tradiciuli evropuli sistemisagan, romelic man Caanacvla:
omisa da diplomatiis mizani ukve mxolod teritoriebisa da samflobeloebis
gansazRvra aRar iyo.

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birTvuli omis safrTxe
rodesac evropuli ZalTa wonaswroba dairRva, saxelmwifoebma omis warmoebis saSualebebis SezRudvis mizniT konkretuli wesebi daadgines. XX saukunis orma tqnologiurma garRvevam didad gazarda samxedro Zalis destruqciuli potenciali. pirvelad Seiqmna sahaero Tavdasxmis, xolo Semdeg _ gadazidvis
sistemebi, romelTa SesaZleblobebi omis warmoebis Sesaxeb erTi saukuniT adre
arsebul warmodgenebs albaT Secvlida. meore, birTvuli fizikis miRwevebma ganapiroba atomuri da hidrogenuli bombebis Seqmna, romelTac mTeli qalaqebis
ganadgureba SeeZlo. am samecniero da teqnologiuri miRwevebis Sedegad
amerikisa da sabWoTa kavSiris arsenali saxmeleTo da sazRvao raketebiT gaivso. am or saxelmwifos hqonda uzarmazari SesaZleblobebi: orive mxares gaaCnda
sakmarisi raodenobis birTvuli iaraRi, rom gaenadgurebinaT erTmaneTi. aseT
viTarebaSi farTomasStabiani omi suicidis tolfasi gaxda. Seqmnili viTarebis
aRqmam, rogorc Semdeg vnaxavT, mniSvnelovani da gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa
usafrTxoebis axali sqemis warmoqmnaSi, romelic miznad isaxavda kacobriobis
gadarCenas msoflioSi, romelic ganadgurebis realuri safrTxis winaSe idga.

ormxrivi Sekaveba
II msoflio omis Semdgomi ZalTa wonasworobis sistema Sekavebis princips
efuZneboda. birTvuli iaraRis uprecedento gamanadgurebelma efeqtma ganapiroba Sekavebis principis arseboba, rac konfliqtis prevencias niSnavs, im TvalsazrisiT, rom erovnuli Tavdacva moiTxovda, iseT saxelmwifoebs, rogoricaa
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi da sabWoTa kavSiri, agresoris TavdasxmisaTvis
yovelgvari SezRudvis gareSe epasuxaT. Sekaveba amoqmedda ara rogorc abstraqtuli idea, aramed rogorc istoriuli aucilebloba. amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma misi birTvuli monopolia II msoflio omis Semdeg maleve dakarga,
Tumca 1970-iani wlebis Sua periodamde mainc upirates poziciaSi imyofeboda.
1957 wels sabWoTa kavSirma pirveli sateliti (Tanamgzavri) gauSva orbitaze.
sabWoTa kavSiris mier ganxorcielebulma kosmosurma gasrolam daanaxa mTels
msoflios, rom igi ukve Sorsmoqmedi raketebis Seqmnis teqnologiasac flobda,
anu sabWoTa kavSirs SeeZlo gaesrola iaraRi sakuTari teritoriidan, romelic
pirdapir amerikuli samizneebisaken iqneboda mimarTuli.
1960-iani wlebis bolos, amerikisaTvis misi uZlevelobis era dasrulda:
sabWoTa kavSirma Seqmna saxmeleTo saraketo sistema, romlis sawinaaRmdegod
adekvaturi Tavdacvis sistema ar gaaCnda. axla ukve orive mxare aRmoCnda birTvuli ufskrulis winaSe. Sekaveba gaxda axali lozungi samxedro strategiis
Sesaxeb debatebSi da II msoflio omis Semdgomi ZalTa wonasworobis Semadgeneli
nawili. Sekavebis Teoriis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifoebi moipoveben birTvul iaraRs
ara misi gamoyenebis, aramed sxva saxelmwifoebis mier maTi gamoyenebis Sekavebis
mizniT. aqedan gamomdinare am saxis iaraRis Sesaqmnelad saWiro xarjebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba skolebis, biblioTekebisa da skverebis mSeneblobasTan
dakavSirebuli proeqtebis finansuri saxsrebisagan. aseTi saxis mowyobilobebis
gamouyenebloba seriozuli Sida politikuri marcxi iqneboda. amis sapirispi-

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rod, birTvuli iaraRis odesme gamoyeneba gamoiwvevda bevrad ufro seriozul
sagareo politikur marcxs, romelsac SeeZlo safrTxeSi Caegdo TviT kacobriobis arseboba.
ase rom, Sekaveba fundamenturad fsiqologiuri fenomenia. rogorc aseTi, is sakuTar TavSi maRali riskis mqone pokeris TamaSis elementebs Seicavs.
pokeris msgavsad, Sekaveba moicavs garkveul realobaze dafuZnebul interesTa
Sejibrs _ radganac gadarCenas safrTxe emuqreba, moTamaSeebma minimumamde unda
Seamciron riski. blefi am procesis nawilia. amrigad, Tu A qveyana warmatebiT
iyenebs samxedro Zalas, rom B qveyanas sasurveli sagareo politikur mizanze
uari aTqmevinos, B qveynis prestiJi ilaxeba, xolo A qveyana fsiqologiur upiratesobas zeimobs. birTvuli Sekaveba efuZneba ara marto realur Zlierebas,
aramed udidesi saSiSroebis pirobebSi orive mxaris motivebsa da aRqmas.
ramdenime sakvanZo mosazreba udevs safuZvlad birTvuli Sekavebis Teorias. pirveli, saxelmwifoebi potenciur agresorebTan urTierTobaSi amJRavneben
naTlad gamokveTil pozicias Tavdasxmis SemTxvevaSi gamoiyenon birTvuli iaraRi. meore, miuxedavad ormxrivi undoblobisa, orive mxareze gadawyvetilebis
mimRebni racionalurni arian, Sesabamisad arcerTi mxare ar wamoiwyebs birTvul
moqmedebebs, garda im SemTxvevisa, Tu igi sakuTar Tavs sapirispiro dartymisagan icavs. mesame, TiToeul mxares aqvs meore dartymis ganxorcielebis SesaZlebloba, rac gulisxmobs, rom saxelmwifos birTvuli SesaZleblobebi gauZlebs
pirveli dartymis upiratesobas da SeZlebs sapasuxo dartymis ganxorcielebas,
romelic Tavdamsxmels Sesabamis zians miayenebs.
imisaTvis rom uzrunveleyo misi birTvuli Zalebis sicocxlisunarianoba,
amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma II msoflio omis Semdeg gancalkevebuli gadazidvis sistemebi Seqmna.es e.w. sameuli (triada) Sedgeboda saxmeleTo interkontinenturi balistikuri raketebis (ICBM), navidan gasaSvebi balistikuri
raketebisa (SLBM) da adamianis mier marTvadi bombebisagan, (cnobili, rogorc
strategiuli saaviacio brZaneba). sabWoTa kavSirsac hqonda sameulisagan Sedgenili Sekavebis sistema. igi mTlianad efuZneboda saxmeleTo saraketo sistemebs, romelic ufro didi raodenobiT hqonda, vidre amerikis SeerTebul
Statebs. Tumca amerikis sazRvao Sekavebis sistema bevrad ufro Zlieri iyo, vidre sabWoTa kavSirisa.
Sekaveba da samxedro SeiraRebaSi upiratesoba II msoflio omis Semdeg xan
erT mxares hqonda xan meores. ramdenime faqtori ganapirobebda SeiaraRebis
mimarTulebasa da tempebs. TiToeul saxelmwifos hqonda specifikuri miznebi
da prioritetebi, rac garkveul SezRudvebs awesebda samxedro xarjebze. meore,
TiToeuli supersaxelmwifo eWvis TvaliT uyurebda erTmaneTis qmedebebs. ase
rom, sabWoTa kavSiris mier 1970-ian wlebSi gamalebuli SeiaraRebis wamowyebam
aiZula amerika, TviTonac igive gaekeTebina. am mcdelobis erT-erTi Sedegi iyo
is, rom stabiluri wonasworobis miRweva ver xerxdeboda im pirobebSi, rodesac
erT saxelmwifos, kerZod, saxelmwifos eqspansiuri sagareo politikiT, hqonda
aSkara upiratesoba birTvuli iaraRis raodenobasa da ZlierebaSi. da bolos,
teqnologiam Tavisi uaryofiTi gavlenac iqonia. erTi mxriv, radganac teqnologiebis codna ar SeiZleba ar gavrceldes, orive saxelmwifo zedmetad frTxilobda ganiaraRebis SeTavazebebis dros, meore mxriv, SesaZlebloba imisa, rom
erT saxelmwifos SeiZleba mieRwia teqnologiuri garRvevisaTvis, sakmaod mniSvnelovan winapiroba iyo maRali donis samxedro kvlevebisa da ganviTarebis

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gagrZelebisaTvis.
birTvulma Sekavebam ramdenime aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi imuSava, Tumca
igi savse iyo daZabulobiTa da safrTxeebiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom orive supersaxelmwifo mudmivad arwmunebda danarCen msoflios, rom maT birTvuli iaraRi
mxolod TavdacviTi miznebisaTvis sWirdebodaT, TviTon birTvuli iaraRis arsenalebis arsebobis faqti xSirad amwvavebda SiSsa da undoblobas.

amerikis sagareo politika: guSin da dRes

miznebsa da saSualebebs Soris gansxvaveba sakvanZoa saerTaSoriso politikisa da aseve sagareo politikis formulirebisaTvis. sagareo politikur
mizanSi Cven vgulisxmobT im amocanebis erTobliobas, rac ganapirobebs saxelmwifoTa qmedebebs, sagareo politikis saSualebebSi ki im strategiebs, romelsac
saxelmwifoebi mimarTaven sakuTari amocanebis realizebis mizniT. amocanebi
(miznebi) Tavisi arsiT aris farTo, mtkiced dafuZnebuli da rTulad (nela)
cvalebadi. strategiebi ki SeiZleba iyos pragmatuli da taqtikuri, mTlianad
nakarnaxevi im miznebiT, romelic saxelmwifoebs aqvT. strategia SeiZleba icvlebodes droTa ganmavlobaSi da iyos globaluri, an regionuli. nebismieri saxelmwifos msgavsad, amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma or ZiriTad mimarTulebas
Soris arCevani unda gaakeTos. man, albaT ufro metad, vidre nebismierma sxva
saxelmwifom msoflioSi, sagareo politikuri miznebisa da erovnuli interesebis gansazRvra Secvala XX saukunis Sua periodSi.

ra aris erovnuli interesi?

saerTaSoriso politikaSi ori mniSvnelovani da gameorebadi strategia
aris cnobili _ TavdacviTi anu status-kvos strategia da TavdasxmiTi _ eqs-

pansionisturi strategia. saxelmwifoTa umetesi nawili ambobs, rom isini

mimarTaven pirvels, im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca meore strategias atareben. es
TvalTmaqcoba garkveulwilad winaswar ganzraxuli da sakuTari Tavis motyuebaa, yvelafers rom Tavi davaneboT, es swored adamianis bunebaSia, movaxdinoT
sakuTari qmedebebis racionalurad warmosaxva, rodesac maT dadasturebas ver
vaxerxebT.
damkvirveblisaTvis SesaZloa gamoCndes, rom xandaxan TavdacviT, statuskvos momxre saxelmwifosa da agresiul saxelmwifos qmedebebs Soris arsebiTi
gansxvaveba ar aris, Tumca motivacia da miznebi maT sakmaod gansxvavebuli aqvT.
saxelmwifoebi, romlebic cdiloben gafarToebas da arsebuli Zalauflebrivi
urTierTobebis Secvlas, amas xSirad swored im saxelmwifoebis xarjze akeTeben, visac ukve arsebuli urTierTobebis SenarCuneba surs. rogorc wesi, eqspansiuri saxelmwifoebi ukmayofiloni arian arsebuli status-kvoTi. am mizeziT,
isini cdiloben moaxdinon omis provocireba, wamoiwyon gamalebuli SeiaraReba,
xeli Seuwyon revoluciis wamowyebas, da zogadad, eswrafvian saerTaSoriso

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sistemis destabilizacias. aseTi qmedebebi warmoSobs sakmaod did zneobriv zewolas am saxelmwifoebze, Tumca TiToeuli SemTxvevis mainc individulaurad
Sefaseba unda moxdes.
gansxvaveba agresorsa da TavdacviT saxelmwifos Soris sakmaod naTelia
Teoriulad, Tumca praqtikulad sakmaod bundovania. ase rom, Tu mowinaaRmdege
saxelmwifo ar erTveba gamalebul SeiraRebaSi, status-kvo saxelmwifo mzadaa
darCes arsebuli samxedro momzadebis etapze. magram Tu ukmayofilo metoqe saxelmwifo mis xelT arsebul samxedro arsenals kidev zrdis, maSin unda vivaraudoT, rom Tundac yvelaze kmayofili status-kvo saxelmwifoc ki iZulebuli
gaxdeba igive gaakeTos _ oRond, ra Tqma unda, gansxvavebuli motivaciiT. pirvel
SemTxvevaSi motivacia eqspansiaa, meore SemTxvevaSi _ sakuTari Tavis dacva.

bedis manifesti
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi yovelTvis acxadebda pretenzias, rom igi axorcielebda
status-kvos politikas, im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca is farTovdeboda. istoria imisa, rogor
gaizarda amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi 13 Statidan da gadaiWima mTels kontinentze okeanidan
okenamde, nebismierma skolis moswavlem icis, Tumca maswavleblebi iSviaTad warmoaCenen amas
amerikuli imperializmis an eqspansionizmis Sesaxeb ambad, garda im SemTxvevisa, Tu moswavleebi da maswavleblebi aborigeni amerikelebi arian. espanelebsa da meqsikelebs am sakiTxis
gamo davis safuZvelic aqvT, aseve xalxs, vinc cxovrobs texasSi, kaliforniasa an floridaSi
(sxva StatebTan erTad). TviT rusebic ki SeiZleba SeewinaRmdegon (isini dasaxldnen alaskazemanam, sanam amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi Seiqmneboda) amas. eqspansionistebi aSS-is kongresSi
amas `bedis manifests~ uwodebdnen, magram rogorc Seqspirma Tqva, vardi, Tundac sxva saxeliT, mainc vardia.

zogierTi saxelmwifo uyuradRebod tovebs am tipis saerTaSoriso sistemaSi warmoqmnil safrTxeebs da cdilobs Tavi daaRwios saerTaSoriso Zalis
politikis TamaSebs. es saxelmwifoebi mimarTaven neitralitetis an miumxrob-

lobis politikas. neitraluroba gulisxmobs nebismier situaciaSi ganze yofnas, maSin roca miumxrobloba _ zogadad aravis mxareze yofnas, Tumca ara yvela
SemTxveavSi neitralurad darCenas.
status-kvo strategiebi arsiT konservatiulia. saxelmwifoebi, romlebic mimarTaven amgvar strategiebs, miznad arsebuli wonasworobis SenarCunebas isaxaven, isini eTayvanebian stabilurobas, saxelmwifoebs Soris mSvidobian
urTierTobas da yvelaferTan erTad, legitimurobas. status-kvo saxelmwifoebi zogadad cdiloben mimarTon iseT instrumentebs, rogoricaa saerTaSoriso
samarTali, mravalmxrivi SeTanxmebebi da globaluri mniSvnelobis organoebi
(magaliTad, erTa liga da gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia), raTa msoflioSi SenarCunebul iqnes Zalauflebis danawilebis arsebuli forma da prestiJi.
Cveulebriv, isini uars amboben revoluciis gziT mosuli xelisuflebis aRiarebaze, radgan miaCniaT, rom maT Zalaufleba xelSi arakanonieri gziT Caigdes, an
safrTxes uqmnian regionuli an globaluri wonasworobis stabilurobas, anda
im motiviT, rom Zaladobisa da ukanonobis saerTaSoriso aRiareba safuZvels
aclis samarTlisa da wesrigis principebs mTels msoflioSi. amerikis sagareo
politika II msoflio omis Semdeg am politikis yvelaze naTeli ilustraciaa _

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amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi CineTis xelisuflebis aRiarebaze TiTqmis mTeli
ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi ambobda uars, komunistebis mier 1949 wels Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdebis gamo.
da mainc, ramdenime saxelmwifo Tanmimdevrulad misdevs status-kvos
strategias TiTqmis yvela frontze. xandaxan politikuri mdgomareoba romelime konkretul saxelmwifoSi meryeobs eqspansionizmsa da status-kvo strategiebs Soris. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis diplomatiuri istoria am tendenciis ilustrirebis naTeli magaliTia. Tumca sxvadasxva dros igi atarebda
kontinenturi da eqstrakontinenturi eqspansiis politikas, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi misi arsebobis umetes nawilSi regionuli da saerTaSoriso status-kvos SenarCunebis princips eyrdnoboda. amgvari politikis ori magaliTia
monros doqtrina da II msoflio omis Semdgomi mcdeloba, Seekavebina sabWoTa
agresia. orive maTgani wignis momdevno nawilSia ganxiluli.

erovnuli interesebis Sesabamisad moqmedeba

saxelmwifos grZelvadian miznebsa da moklevadian politikur qmedebebs
Soris sakmaod mniSvnelovani gansxvavebaa. zRvari miznebsa da politikas Soris sam mniSvnelovan sakiTxs warmoSobs. pirveli, miuxedavad imisa, Tu romel
strategias irCevs saxelmwifo _ eqspansionistursa Tu status-kvos, is erTdroulad SesaZloa iyenebdes sxvadasxva meTods gansxvavebul problemebTan
mimarTebaSi. magaliTad, saxelmwifo SeiZleba cdilobdes status-kvos SenarCunebas sazavo xelSekrulebis xelmoweriT erT saxelmwifosTan da amavdroulad mimarTavdes eqspansiur politikas meoresTan mimarTebaSi: magaliTad, 1939
wlis agvistoSi faSisturma germaniam _ eqspansiurma saxelmwifom, xeli moawera
Tavdausxmelobis paqts sabWoTa kavSirTan, romelic man aRmosavleT evropis
dasapyrobad gamoiyena.
saxelmwifom SesaZloa airCios eqspansionizmis strategia, roca mas sjera,
rom pirveli dartymis ganxorcieleba da potenciuri mtris teritoriis dakaveba aucilebelia misi TviTgadarCenisaTvis. es magaliTebi sxva mxareze amaxvilebs yuradRebas: rom Zaluflebrivi strategiebi aris moqnili, isini icvleba
pirobebis Secvlis Tanmimdevrulad da SeiZleba misadagebul an Secvlil iqnes,
roca saxelmwifos mmarTveli elita amas saWirod miiCnevs. amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma araerTxel ganaxorciela laTinuri amerikis saxelmwifoebis dapyroba an samxedro intervencia _ mizezad yovelTvis an status-kvos SenarCuneba
an CagrulTa tiraniisagan gaTavisufleba saxeldeboda.
monros doqtrina: status-kvos dacva. 1823 wlis 2 dekembers prezidentma jeims monrom kongresisadmi mis yovelwliur mimarTvaSi gamoacxada monros

doqtrina. am mimarTvaSi man ganacxada, rom amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi pativs

scemda arsebul politikur konfiguracias dasavleT naxevarsferoSi. `evropuli saxelmwifoebis ukve arsebul koloniebSi Cven ar CavreulvarT da arc CavereviT~ ganacxada monrom. magram ramdenadac,
im qveynebis mimarT, romlebmac gamoacxades damoukidebloba da
inarCuneben mas . . . ver SeveguebiT nebismieri evropuli saxelmwifos

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mier maTi Seviwroebis an kontrolis nebismier formas da amas aRviqvamT,
rogorc amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mimarT aramegobruli damokidebulebis gamomJRavnebas.10

am deklaraciiT amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma faqtobrivad ganacxada,

rom am droidan vaSingtoni sagareo aqtoris mxridan wonasworobis darRvevis nebismier mcdelobas SeewinaRmdegeboda. amiT, monros doqtrinam daamtkica amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis ufleba, SeenarCunebina upiratesi pozicia
msoflios TiTqmis naxevarSi _ im naxevarSi, romelsac igi sakuTari saxelmwifo
interesebis mniSvnelovan nawilad Tvlida.

istoria, konfliqti da sagareo politika:

axlo aRmosavleTis magaliTi
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi sagareo politikuri miznebis kompleqsurobisa da orazrovnebis ilustrirebisaTvis, israelsa da arabul samyaros Soris xangrZlivi konfliqtis
gaxsenebac ki sakmarisia.
II msoflio omis Semdeg ebraelma nacionalistebma, igive sionistebma, britanelebisa
da arabebis winaaRmdeg palestinaSi sakuTari saxelmwifos Seqmnis moTxovniT omi wamoiwyes.
TavianTi qmedebebis gasamarTleblad maT moqondaT istoriuli, bibliuri da samarTlebrivi argumentebi da amtkicebdnen, rom holokostis (meore msoflio omis periodSi germaniis
nacisturi xelisuflebisa da misi mokavSireebis mier ebraelebis winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebuli
masobrivi genocidi. mTargm. SeniSvna) Semdeg ebraelebs usafrTxod mxolod sakuTar samSobloSi SeiZleboda ecxovraT. oms, romelic maT wamoiwyes, bevri udanaSaulo emsxverpla. palestinelma arabma devnilebma ebraelebi imperialistebad miiCnies. arabma nacionalistebma es
sababad gamoiyenes da sionizmisa da axlad Seqmnili ebrauli saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg saRvTo
omi gamoacxades. regionSi arsebulma arabulma qveynebma uaryves israelis suvereniteti, rac
maincdamainc moulodneli ar yofila.
Semdeg radikalma palestinurma dajgufebebma teroristuli aqtebis ganxorcieleba
daiwyes israelis moqalaqeebisa da ramdenime arabuli qveynis, gansakuTrebiT egviptis winaaRmdeg. 1956 wels egviptem suecis arxi gamostaca safrangeTsa da did britaneTs, romlebic
aqtiurad uWerdnen mxars israels egviptis winaaRmdeg omSi, im sakiTxze vin gaakontrolebda
arxs. am epizodma kidev ufro gaaZliera arabTa rwmena, rom sionizmi da dasavluri imperializmi arabul samyaroze gabatonebas isaxavda miznad.
mtrobis gaRvivebis aTwleulis Semdeg, meore omi daiwyo. 1967 wels israelma, romelic
reagirebda egviptidan wamosul safrTxesa da aseve dazvervis samsaxurebis mier mowodebul im
informaciaze, rom egvipte emzadeboda TavdasxmisaTvis, winaswari samxedro moqmedebebi ganaxorciela egviptis winaaRmdeg, rac eqvsdRiani omis saxeliT gaxda cnobili. daaxloebiT erTkviriani samxedro Setakebebis Sedegad israelma daikava arabTa teritoriebis mniSvnelovani
nawili, maT Soris, sinis naxevarkunZuli da Razas olqi egvipteSi, golanis simaRleebi siriasa
da mdinare iordanes dasavleT sanapiro iordaniaSi. ierusalimi, manam danawevrebuli qalaqi,
mTlianad israelis kontrolos qveS aRmoCnda. am damarcxebiT damcirebulma egviptem da siriam momdevno brZolebisaTvis daiwyes mzadeba. 1973 wels israelis teritoriebze TavdasxmiT
maT 1967 wlis Semdeg Seqmnili status-kvos gadasinjva scades. israeli am SemTxvevaSic Tanabar Zalebs flobda, Tumca man marcxi ganicada. im pirobebSi, rodesac amerikis SeerTebuli
Statebi mediatoris funqcias asrulebda, egviptelebma 1979 wels israelTan sazavo xelSekrulebis (kemp-devidis SeTanxmeba) dadebis safuZvelze daibrunes sinis udabno, magram sxva

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arabulma saxelmwifoebma egvipte sionizmsa da dasavlur imperializmTan garigebaSi daadanaSaules.
konfliqti palestinelebsa da ebraelebs Soris 1980-ian wlebSi gamwvavda, rodesac israelma daipyro libani 1982 wels, im mizniT, rom sapasuxo qmedebebi ganexorcielebina palestinis gamaTavisuflebeli organizaciisa da sxva dajgufebaTa Tavdasxmebze. mogvianebiT
palestinelebma wamoiwyes pirveli intifada (ajanyeba) israelis mier iordaniis dasavleT
sanapirosa da Razas olqis dakavebis gamo. 1990ian wlebSi droebiTi simSvide aRiniSna da
pirveli nabijebi gadaidga palestinis saxelmwifos Seqmnisaken. ebraelebsa da palestinel
arabebs Soris mSvidoba dairRva 2000 wels, rodesac palestinis gamaTavisuflebelma organizaciam uaryo konfliqtis mogvarebis Taobaze israelis gegma, romelic, marTalia, bevrad
ufro guluxvi iyo, vidre israelis mier adre gakeTebuli nebismieri daTmoba, mainc ver daakmayofila palestinis gamaTavisuflebeli organizaciis lideri iasir arafati. daiwyo meore
intifada, bevrad ufro sastiki, vidre pirveli. sainteresoa, rom orive mxare mudmivad cdilobda sakuTari qmedebebis gamarTlebas, oRond, ra Tqma unda, sxvadasxva safuZvlebze. arabebi acxadebdnen, rom isini icavdnen palestinelTa TviTgamorkvevis uflebas, xolo ebraelebi
apelirebdnen holokostsa da israelis uflebaze, hqonoda suverenuli saxelmwifo.
msgavsi movlenebi xSirad warmoiSoba saerTaSoriso politikaSi. sabednierod, sapirispiro gancxadebebi ar gamoricxavs qveynebis sagareo politikur miznebze saubars Tu ganxilvas; isini ubralod amgvar daskvnebs rTulad misaRwevs xdis.

Sekaveba: status-kvos gafarToeba.

amerikis status-qvos politikis

meore mniSvnelovani magaliTi _ Sekaveba, 1940-iani wlebis bolos daiwyo da

1991 wlamde, kerZod ki sabWoTa kavSiris daSlamde arsebobda. II msoflio omma
mniSvnelovnad Secvala ZalTa wonasworoba evropaSi da omis Semdeg, amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebi pirvelad aRmoCnda pirvelxarisxovani msoflio lideris
rolSi, romlis SesrulebaSic mas metoqe gamouCnda. sabWoTa kavSiri, ioseb
stalinis mrisxane liderobiT, axal sastik safrTxes uqmnida amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis usafrTxoebas. im droisaTvis ise Canda, TiTqos aleqsi de tokvilis saukunovani winaswarmetyveleba, rom amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi da ruseTi, TiToeuli `gangebis mier iyvnen xeldadebulni, rom ebatonaT msoflios
naxevarze~,11 sruldeboda.
amerikuli politikis ganmsazRvrelebma moulodnelad gadawyvites, rom
aRqmuli sabWoTa safrTxisaTvis Sekavebis politikiT epasuxaT, romlis ZiriTadi safuZvlebi 1947 wlis ivlisSi prestiJul Jurnal Foreign Affairs Si dabeWdil
statiaSi iyo asaxuli. ucnobi avtori Mr. X im periodSi saxelmwifo departamentis politikis dagegmvis Stabis gavleniani direqtori da mogvianebiT amerikis elCi sabWoTa kavSirSi, jorj qenani gamodga. qenani werda:
naTelia amerikis SerTebuli Statebis nebismieri politikis mTavari elementi sabWoTa kavSiris mimarT unda iyos grZelvadiani, momTmeni, magram myari da fxizeli Sekaveba ruseTis eqspansiuri tendenciebis
mimarT . . . sabWouri zewola dasavleTis samyaros Tavisufali institutebisadmi aris is, rac SeiZleba Sekavdes sapirispiro Zalis sxvadasxva geografiul da politikur wertilebSi gamoyenebiT.12

qenanma iwinaswarmetyvela, rom Tu Sekavebis politika Tanmimdevrulad

iqneboda gamoyenebuli aTwleulis manZilze, maSin sabWoTa gamowveva mniS-

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vnelovnad Semcirdeboda. man aseve gamoTqva varaudi, rom Sekavebis gamarTlebis
SemTxvevaSi totalitaruli sabWoTa saxelmwifo sakuTari Sida politikuri zewolis msxverpli gaxdeboda.
Sekavebis es `axali~ doqtrina sxva araferi iyo, Tu ara aprobirebuli status-qvos politika evropasTan mimarTebaSi. misi SesamCnevi siaxle im statuskvos iniciativebis specifikur misadagebaSi gamoixateboda, romelic evropaSi
II msoflio omis Semdeg Seiqmna.
Sekavebis pirveli mTavari gamocda moxda 1947 wels, rodesac saberZneTi
lamis komunisturi amboxebis msxverpli gaxda. mas Semdeg, rac didma britaneTma,
romelic aRmosavleT xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi tradiciulad status-kvos garantoris rols TamaSobda, ganacxada, rom mas aRar SeeZlo daemxo saberZneTis
legitimuri mTavroba, maSin aSS Sevida saberZneTSi. hari trumenma kongresisadmi gagzavnil daJinebul mimarTvaSi moiTxova daxmareba gaewiaT TurqeTisa da
saberZneTis mTavrobebisaTvis, trumenma Sekavebis principebis reformulireba
moaxdina, rac Semdeg trumenis doqtrinis saxeliT gaxda cnobili: me mjera,
rom amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis politika Tavisufali xalxebis mxardaWera
unda iyos, im xalxebisa, romlebic ewinaRmdegebian dapyrobis mcdelobas, rogorc mcire SeiaraRebuli jgufis, aseve gare Zalis mxridan.~13 mas Semdeg, rac
kongresma daamtkica prezidentis moTxovna, Sekaveba amerikis SeerTebuli
Statebis oficialuri poltika gaxda.
1948 wels CexoslovakiaSi komunisturi mTavrobis mier Zalauflebis mopovebas, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi `evropis aRdgenis programiT~, e.w. marSa-

lis gegmiT gamoexmaura. programiT gaTvaliswinebuli16,5 miliardi amerikuli

dolari omisagan dangreuli evropis qveynebis ekonimikis rekonstruciisaTvis
iyo gamiznuli. es programa Sedgenili iqna evropis ara mato ekonomikuri, aramed
sulieri da politikuri aRdgenisaTvis. im droisaTvis SiSobdnen, rom komunizmi SeiZleboda mosuliyo `ukana karidan~ anu safrangeTisa da italiis gavlenian
komunistur partiebs SesaZloa esagreblaT mosaxleobis saerTo demoralizaciiT da moskovis faruli mxardaWeris gamoyenebiT moepovebinaT Zalaufleba
parizsa da romSi, iseve, rogorc es praRaSi gaakeTes. ase rom, marSalis gegma
aSS-is mier II msoflio omis Semdeg status-kvos SenarCunebis mniSvnelovani
Semadgeneli nawili iyo.
1949 wels amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma daarRvia is tradicia, romelic
saTaves jer kidev misi Seqmnidan iRebda. man mSvidobian dros daafinansa samxedro aliansi _ nato (Crdiloatlantikuri xelSekrulebis organizacia), romelic dasavleT evropis TiTqmis yvela saxelmwifos, aSS-sa da kanadas moicavda. nato iyo Sekavebis strategiis ekonomikuridan samxedro sferoze gadatanis
logikuri mcdeloba.
1949 wels komunistebis mier CineTis kontinentur nawilze Zalauflebis
mopovebam, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi mRelvarebis axali talRa warmoSva.
1950 wels, roca koreaSi samxedro Setakebebi daiwyo CrdileoTis komunistur
reJimsa da samxreTis arakomunisturs Soris, amerikis SeeTebulma Statebma gadawyvita iseve energiulad aemoqmedebina Sekavebis politika aziur perimetrze,
rogorc amas igi evropaSi akeTebda. miuxedavad imisa, rom teqnikurad omi gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis egidiT mimdinareobda, koreis omi, realurad,
aSS-is wamowyebuli iyo misi erovnuli interesebis gansaxorcieleblad, rac mdgomareobda status-kvos SenarCunebaSi, oRond amjerad aziaSi.

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1960-ian wlebSi politikam, romelic pirvel rigSi evropasa da Semdeg aziaSi komunizmis gavrcelebis SeCerebas isaxavda miznad, mesame samyaros saxelmwifoebSi antikomunisturi intervenciis forma miiRo. samxedro aRWurviloba,
ekonomikuri daxmareba, diplomatiuri mxardaWera da amerikis birTvuli qolga
mimarTuli iyo yvela im saxelmwifosaken, romelic miiCneoda, rom komunisturi
amboxebis an saxelmwifo gadatrialebis safrTxis winaSe idga. samxedro intervencia iTvleboda Sesabamis sapasuxo politikad konkretuli pirobebis SemTxvevaSi. samxedro Sekavebis am strategiam umaRles mwvervals 1964-1972 wlebSi,
samxreT koreaSi asiaTasobiT amerikeli jariskacis gagzavnis Semdeg miaRwia,
rac miznad isaxavda daxmarebodnen saxelmwifos komunisturi meamboxeebisa da
CrdiloeT vietnamis Zalebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. vietnamis omis Semdeg amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi naklebad eyrdnoboda farTomasStabiani samxedro
intevenciis strategias saerTaSoriso status-kvos SesanarCuneblad, Tumca
amerikis sagareo politikis safuZvlebi mainc ucvleli darCa.
adreul 1990-ian wlebSi, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis Sekavebis politikam misi mTavari mizani dakarga. sabWoTa kavSiris gadawyvetilebam damoukidebloba mieca aRmosavleT evropis yofili sateliti saxelmwifoebisaTvis, aseve
1991 wels erayis winaaRmdeg amerikis mier marTuli koaliciis mxardaWeram da
misma dezintegraciam (sabWoTa kavSiris) imave wels, daadastura, rom amerikis
Sekavebis politikam mizans miaRwia. 1991 wlis bolos sabWoTa kavSiris daSlam
sabolood gamoavlina, rom sabWoTa safrTxe veRar Seasrulebda amerikis
sagareo politikis qvakuTxedis funqcias. es ki amerikis Sekavebis politikas
moZvelebulsa da dromoWmuls xdida.

didi debatebi: realizmi da idealizmi

arsebobs tendencia, moxdes politikuri realizmis erovnuli interesebis
agresiul gatarebasTan asocireba _ ara savaldebulod eqspansiuri, magram intervenciuli. politikuri realistebi iSviaTad Tu arian zomierni krizisul
situaciebSi. magaliTad, 2001 wlis 11 seqtembers amerikis SeerTebul Statebze ganxorcielebuli teroristuli aqtebis Semdeg, prezidentma jorj buSma
da misma konservatiulma respublikurma administraciam mouwodes agresiuli
qmedebebisaken damnaSaveebisa da nebismieri im saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg, vinc
saerTaSoriso teroristebs mfarvelobda. amerikis mier gamoyenebuli meTodebi iyo Zaladobrivi _ dabombva da specialuri sabrZolo danayofebis gadasma im
mizniT, rom (1) daemxoT Talibanis mTavroba, (2) moeklaT an daekavebinaT osama
bin ladeni da gaeneitralebinaT al qaidas teroristuli qseli.
realurad, Zaladobrivi meTodebi yovelTvis eqspansiur strategias rodi
gamoxatavs. amerika ar cdilobda avRaneTis koloniad gadaqcevas. sakmaod ucnauria, rom status-kvos damcvelebi (gansakuTrebiT konservatorebi) Zaladobis agresiasTan, xolo agresiis eqspansionizmTan asocirebas axdenen. Tumca,
status-kvos damcvelebi (kvlav, gansakuTrebiT konservatorebi) mimarTaven
Zaladobas an afinanseben amboxebebs, rogorc revoluciuri moZraobebis damarcxebisaken mimarTuli strategiis nawils. sapirispiro strategiis momxreebi

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pretenzias gamoTqvamen, rom idealistebi arian, magram msoflios danarCeni
nawili, mcire gamonaklisis garda, gare Zalis mxridan samxedro intervenciis
nebismier mcdelobas imperializmad afasebs. magaliTad, reiganis administracia (1980-1988ww) xels uwyobda sxvadasxva antikomunistur meamboxeebs msoflioSi 1980-ian wlebSi, maT Soris jgufebs centralur amerikaSi (Contras nikaraguaSi) aziaSi (mujahidebs avRaneTSi) da afrikaSi (UNITA-s partizanebs angolaSi).
Tavad faqti, rom prezidenti reigani im meamboxe Zalebs, romlebic mas moswonda da `TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZolebs~ uwodebda, veravis gaabriyvebda (albaT
amerikis garda). es magaliTebi sagareo politikis analizSi moraluri obieqturobis sirTulisa da mniSvnelobis ilustrirebas axdens. arsebul ZalTa da
simdidris ganawilebis Secvlisaken gamiznuli strategia aucileblad imperializmis an idealizmis niSani rodia; ufro metad, is damamtkicebeli sabuTia,
rom realizmma gavlena moaxdina politikis Semqmnelebze, kargad Tu cudad, rom
maT TavianTi qmedebebisaTvis garkveuli mimarTuleba miecaT.
imis gasagebad, ra aris eqspansionizmi, amavdroulad unda gavigoT isic,
ras ar wamoadgens igi. magaliTad, yvela is saxelmwifo, romelsac aqvs Tundac
teritoriuli pretenziebi sxva saxelmwifosTan mimarTebaSi an ZalTa da simdidris globaluri danawilebis Secvla surs, rodi aris agresiuli da eqspansiuri. sasazRvro dava TavisTavad ar gulisxmobs, rom modave saxelmwifos imperiuli zraxvebi aqvs. arc bevri ganviTarebadi saxelmwifos `axali saerTaSoriso
ekonomikuri wesrigis~ damyarebis moTxovna gulisxmobs amas (rac globaluri
simdidris xelaxla danawilebis moTxovnaSi gamoixateba). status-kvos Secvla
amgvari gziT naklebad agresiulia, radganac miznebi da meTodebi SezRuduli
da zomieria da isini pirwmindad politikuri da diplomatiuria (zewola an darwmuneba) da ara samxedro an ekonomikuri (daSineba da iZuleba).
civi omis dros politikuri realizmi umniSvnelovanesi Teoria iyo saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Sesafaseblad. Zalis eqspansiis an Zalis SenarCunebisa da regionuli sabrZolo strategiebi kargad gaazrebuli da kritikulad
Seswavlili gaxldaT im pirobebSi, rodesac amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi da
sabWoTa kavSiri mimarTavdnen gadarCenisa da Zalauflebis mopovebis strategiebs, razedac sxva saxelmwifoebic xSirad reagirebdnen. im periodSi, pirad
interess gamodevnebul qveynebs Soris ZaluflebisaTvis brZolis realisturi
Sexeduleba bevri (Tumca ara yvela) politologisaTvis saxelmwifoTa qmedebebis srulyofil axsnas uzrunvelyofda. Tumca, sabWoTa kavSiris daSlisa da
civi omis damTavrebis Semdeg, debatebi politikuri realizmisa da erovnuli
interesis cnebis relevanturobis Taobaze ufro mwvave gaxda.

gamoZaxili
civi omis dasrulebidan moyolebuli gamoZaxilis (Blowback _ igulisxmeba
e.w. bumerangis efeqti. targmn. SeniSvna) koncefcia akademiur wreebSi amerikis sagareo politikis Sesaxeb debatebis umTavresi Tema iyo (Tumca debatebi
sazogadoebis didi nawilisaTvis umetesad SeumCneveli darCa). am terminis popularizacia moaxdina Calmers jonsonma _ eqspertma aziis sakiTxebSi, romelmac
amave saxelwodebis bestseleri dawera.14 centraluri sadazvervo saagentos
(CIA) analitikosebma realurad es termini TavisTvis gamoigones, Tumca igi Sem-

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deg saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis specialobis studentebma gamoiyenes. jonsonis azriT:
es termini gulisxmobs im politikuri qmedebebis arasasurvel
Sedegebs, romelic amerikuli sazogadoebisaTvis metwilad gasaidumloebuli iyo. is, rasac yoveldRiuri presa aqveynebs _ `teroristTa~
saSineli qmedebebi, `urCi saxelmwifoebi~ an `iaraRis ukanono movaWreebi~, xSir SemTxvevaSi adrindeli qmedebebis gamoZaxilia.15

magaliTebad jonsons moaqvs 1988 wels Pan American World Airways-is reisi
103-is dabombva lokerbis Tavze, SotlandiaSi, romelic misi mtkicebiT, `iyo
samagieros gadaxda reiganis administraciis mier libiaze ganxorcielebuli sahaero TavdasxmisaTvis, romlis drosac prezident muamar kadafis geri
mokles.~16 is aseve ambobs, rom narkotikebiT vaWroba amerikaSi, garkveulwilad
warsulSi Statebis mier laTinur amerikaSi diqtatorebisa da antikomunisturi moZraobis xelSewyobis Sedegia da teroristuli aqtebi amerikis samizneebze
amis ukugamoZaxilia. amave dros igi axdens pentagonis teqnologiis departamentis xelmZRvanelisaTvis 1997 wels gagzavnili moxsenebis citirebas: istoriuli
monacemebi aCvenebs korelacias amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mier saerTaSoriso situaciebSi Carevasa da amerikis winaaRmdeg teroristuli Tavdasxmebis raodenobis zrdas Soris.~17
suraTi, romelsac jonsoni aRwers, sakmaod SemaSfoTebelia:
gamoZaxilis yvelaze pirdapiri da naTeli forma xSirad maSin
iCens Tavs, rodesac msxverpli amerikis saidumlo dabombvebis sapasuxo
qmedebebs mimarTavs, an amerikis mier dafinansebuli kampania saxelmwifo
terorizmis winaaRmdegaa mimarTuli, an centraluri sadazvervo saagentos mier dagegmilia sagareo politikuri lideris damxoba. dRes mTels
msoflioSi ukve sakmarisi safuZvelia Seqmnili momavali gamoZaxilisaTvis.18

1999 wels gamoTqmuli es mosazreba winaswarmetyveluri Canda gansakuTrebiT im dReebSi, rodesac teroristebma msoflio savaWro centrsa da
pentagonze gatacebuli samgzavro TviTmfrinavebis gamoyenebiT Tavdasxmebi
ganaxorcieles. amave kuTxiT, jonsonma 1990-1991 wlebis sparseTis yuris omisa
da mis Semdeg periodze gansakuTrebiT ki im xangrZliv gaWirvebaze dawera, rac
erayma gamoiara amerikis mier ekonomikuri blokadis dawesebis Semdeg. jonsoni
werda `blokadam daavadebebis, cudi kvebisa da araadekvaturi samedicino momsaxurebis gamo daaxloebiT naxevari milioni erayeli moqalaqis daRupva gamoiwvia.~ osama bin ladenma da al-qaedam 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris teraqtebi Semdeg
safuZvlebze `gaamarTles~ (1) amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma maT qveyanaSi
amerikeli jariskacebis ganTavsebiT saudis arabeTis wmida miwa-wyali wabilwa,
(2) amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma xeli Seuwyo israels palestinelTa uflebebis darRvevaSi da (3) amerikam wamoiwyo ekonomikuri omi erayis moqalaqeebis
winaaRmedg.
prezidentma bil klintonma bin ladeni amerikis or saelCoze TavdasxmaSi
daadanaSaula 1998 wels, nairobiSi (keniis dedaqalaqi) da dar es salamSi (tanzaniis dedaqalaqi). sapasuxod man xarTumSi (sudanis dedaqalaqi) farmacevtuli
qarxana da avRaneTSi al qaidas sawvrTneli bazebi dabomba. verc erTi am sahaero

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dartymis Sedegad ver moxerxda mTavari miznis miRweva, magram sudanze Tavdasxmam sakmaod didi dabneuloba gamoiwvia, rodesac gairkva, rom farmacevtuli
qarxana ar awarmoebda masobrivi ganadgurebis birTvul iaraRs, raSic adanaSaulebda amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi. Tumca,
mTavrobis warmomadgenlebma ganagrZes am Tavdasxmebis gamarTleba
terorizmis `Sekavebis~ motiviT, im SemTxvevaSic ki Tu msxverplni aranair kavSirSi ar iyvnen amerikis sawarmoebis dazianebasTan. msoflioSi
am gziT inergeba momavali gamoZaxili. xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi
ugulebelyofen im faqts, rom saelCoebis dabombvaSi dadanaSaulebuli
bin ladeni amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis yofili proteJea. rodesac
amerika organizebas uwevda avRanel meamboxeebs sabWoTa kavSiris winaaRmdeg 1980-ian wlebSi, man (bin ladenma) mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa
sabWoTa kavSiris avRaneTidan gandevnaSi da mxolod 1991 wels Semoutrialda amerikas, radganac man sparseTis yuris omisa da misi dasrulebis
Semdeg mSobliur saudis arabeTSi amerikis jaris ganTavseba sakuTari
religiuri rwmenis SebRavlad miiCnia.19

jonsonis analizi da braldeba gansakuTrebiT damajereblad 2001 wlis 11

seqtembris teroristuli aqtebis fonzec Cans. jonsoni bevri msgavsi magaliTis
citirebas axdens, romelic misi SefasebiT, sruliad sakmarisia imisaTvis, rom
gamoiwvio momavali gamoZaxili amerikis urTierTobebSi iaponiasTan (okinava),
saamxreT koreasTan (1980 wlis kvanjus Jleta), CineTTan, indoneziasTan da sxvebTan. miuxedavad imisa, rom jonsonis kritikis zogi adgili sakmaod mkveTria
da isic ueWvelia, rom wignSi bevri simarTlea naTqvami, misi Sexedulebebi sakamaToa da xSirad ar aris gaziarebuli akademiuri wrisa da samTavrobo eqspertebis
mier. marTlac, 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris teroristuli aqtebis periodSi bevri
amerikeli eWvis TvaliT uyurebda amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis sagareo politikis nebismier kritikas da amavdroulad bevri politologic am Sexedulebas
iziarebda.

axali sagareo politikis ZiebaSi

kamaTis pirobebSi, saerTaSoriso urTierToebebis zogierTi Teoretikosi kvlav daJinebiT amtkicebda, rom civi omis Semdgom periodSi bevri araferi
Secvlila. isini agrZeleben erovnuli interesebis cnebis tradiciul misadagebas msoflio politikasTvis. Tumca, Secvlilma garemoebebma (sabWoTa kavSiris daSlam) amerikis SeerTebul Statebs ubiZga metwilad izolacionisturi
an qveynis Sida procesebze orientirebuli sagareo politikis gatarebisaken.
am civi omis Semdgomi realistebis Tanaxmad, amerikis SeerTebul Statebs aRar
hqonda imis fufuneba, rom msoflio policielis roli eTamaSa da arc misi
usafrTxoeba Tu keTildReoba saWiroebda amas. nacvlad amisa, amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma, `unda ganamtkicos sakuTari usafrTxoeba da keTildReoba ara
utopiur miznebze dayrdnobiT da ara mTeli msoflios keTildReobaze zrunviT, aramed . . . bolomde misi erovnuli interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT.20
raki anarqiul saerTaSoriso sistemas obieqtur mocemulobad miiCneven

neoizolacionistebi rCevebs msoflios Secvlis mcdelobis sawinaaRmdegod

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iZlevian. nacvlad amisa, isini amboben, rom amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma minimumamde unda Seamciros sagareo konfliqtebSi misi monawileoba. saerTaSoriso ganxeTqilebebi da konfliqtebi saerTaSoriso sistemis damaxasiaTebeli
nawilia, romlis wevrebic erTmaneTisagan sagrZnoblad gansxvavdebian zomiT,
bunebrivi resursebiT, ekonomikuri ganviTarebiT, istoriuli gamocdilebiTa
da a.S.
erovnuli interesebis Sida politikaze orientirtebuli interpretaciis
miReba gamoricxavs im tipis saerTaSoriso ekonomikur iniciativebs, romelic
amerikas pirdapir ar asargeblebs. amavdroulad is kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebs
amerikis rols arsebul aliansebSi (gansakuTrebiT natoSi) da saerTaSoriso
organizaciebSi (magaliTad, gaeroSi) da sxva mravalerovnul institutebSi (rogoricaa msoflio banki da msoflio savaWro organizacia). da bolos, aman SeiZleba msoflio saWis (anu efeqturi xelmZRvanelobis) gareSe datovos.
politologebi maqs singeri da aaron vildavski sxva kuTxiT uyureben
civi omis Semdgom saerTaSoriso politikas. isini amtkiceben, rom miuxedavad
`axali msoflio wesrigis~ Taobaze saubrebisa bevri Tanamedrove kritikosi
ver axerxebs gaacnobieros is realuri msoflio, romelic civi omis Semdeg
Camoyalibda.21 gansxvavebiT im meocnebeTagan, romlebic acxadeben erTi politikuri msoflios arsebobis Sesaxeb, da civi omis realistebisagan, vinc axdens
sami politikuri samyaros identificirebas, vildavski da singeri amtkiceben,
rom arsebobs ori amgvari msoflio _ erTi, romelic Sedgeba ganviTarebuli
demokratiuli saxelmwifoebisagan da meore, romelic Sedgeba gaRatakebuli,
arademokratiuli saxelmwifoebisagan. ufro metic, warmatebul demokratiul
qveynebs, rac daaxloebiT msoflio mosaxleobis 15 procents moicavs, `mSvidobis zonebs~ uwodeben, maSin roca ganuviTarebel diqtatorul saxelmwifoebs
- `konfliqtis zonebs.~ ori zona Tu ori msoflio danaxulia, rogorc erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli da gancalkevebuli. singeri da vildavski midian im daskvnamde, rom Zalauflebrivi dapirispirebebi da konfliqtebi kvlav normaa konfliqtur zonaSi. amasTan erTad, mSvidobianma konkurenciam da ekonomikurma
TanamSromlobam Caanacvla omi mSvidobis zonaSi.
am analizis politikuri datvirTva bevris mTqmelia. magaliTad, Tu amgvari
gansxvavebuli da gancalkevebuli zonebi arsebobs, maSin saxelmwifoebs mSvidobis zonaSi SeuZliaT ganze gadgnen im Zaladobisa da sisxlisRvrisagan, rac
konfliqtis zonaSi xdeba. aqedan gamomdinare, samxedro intervencia regionul
konfliqtebSi didi sifrTxiliT unda ganxorcieldes. singerisa da vildavskis
Tanaxmad:
Cveni saerTo mizani stabiluri demokratiuli qveynebis ricxvis
zrda unda iyos anu mSvidobis zona gafarTovdes rac SeiZleba male.
vvaraudobT, rom amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma es politika xuTi
mimarTulebiT unda warmarTos: pirveli, mkafiod unda gavmijnoT Cveni politika demokratiul da arademokratiul qveynebTan mimarTebaSi;
meore, savaWro barierebis SemcirebiT; mesame, ekonomikuri daxmarebis
gaweviTa da rekomendaciebiT; meoTxe, magaliTis micemiTa da sabazro
ekonomikis xelSewyobiT; sxva demokratiul qveynebTan dauRalavi muSaobiT mSvidobis SenarCunebisa da saerTaSoriso wesrigis gaumjobesebis
mizniT, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu samxedro intervencia gaxdeba aucilebeli. magram ar unda gavataroT iZulebis politika avtoritarul reJime-

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bze demokratiis Tavsmoxvevis mizniT.22

amgvari analizi optimisturia imdenad, ramdenadac igi gviCvenebs `magaliTis micemisa da Cveni bazrebis gaxsnilobis SesaZleblobebs,~ yvelaze efeqtiani gza, zemoqmedeba movaxdinoT avtoritarul saxelmwifoebze. maSasadame,
miuxedavad imisa, rom es Sexeduleba avtoritarul saxelmwifoTa Soris urTierTobebs tradiciuli realisturi TvalTaxedviT ganixilavs, igi politikas
demokratiul saxelmwifoebs Soris sxvagvarad afasebs.

idealizmi, rogorc piradi interesi: zneobis Zala

politikuri realizmi, misi aqcentirebiT Zalaze, pirad interessa da
erovnul interesze, sakamod gavleniani gamodga. jer kidev civi omis damTavrebamde politikuri realizmis indiferentuloba zneobis sakiTxebis mimarT
farTod iyo gakritikebuli. rogorc zeviT vnaxeT, politikuri realizmi naklebad iyenebs zneobis ideas, nacvlad amisa, igi keTilganwyobilia iseTi cnebebis mimarT, rogoricaa faqtebi, interesi da Zala. miiCneven ra moralurobis
amgvar uaryofas aRmaSfoTeblad, zogierTi politologi mxars saerTaSoriso
politikis alternatiul Sefasebas uWers, rasac idealizms uwodeben, romelic
Rirebulebebs, idealebsa da zneobriv principebs miiCnevs mTavar komponentad
saxelmwifoTa qmedebebis asaxsnelad, gasagebad da Sesacvleladac ki. idealebiT daintereseba ara marto gvexmareba, avxsnaT, ratom iqcevian saxelmwifoebi,
ise rogorc iqcevian, aramed aseve aZlevs mimarTulebas saxelmwifoebs, rogor
unda moiqcnen. idealistebi xSirad miiCneven, rom saxelmwifoebs, msgavsad adamianebisa, surT mSvidoba da keTildReoba, magram rodesac politikuri liderebi SecdomaSi Sedian iracionaluri Zalebis zemoqmedebis Sedegad _ magaliTad,
ideologiisa da mxurvale nacionalzmis _ omebsa da saerTaSoriso daZabulobebs
vRebulobT sanacvlod. imisaTvis, rom Semcirdes msoflio daZabuloba, rom aRdges racionaluroba da sabolood Seewyos xeli mSvidobis ganmtkicebas, idealistebi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas saerTaSoriso samarTals da iseT globalur organizaciebs aniWeben, rogoric gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciaa.
idealistebi realistebs xSirad cinikosebad aRiqvamen, sapasuxod realistebi idealistebs gulubryviloebs uwodeben. vin aris marTali? albaT
oriveni. TviT realizmis arqiteqtori, hans morgenTau, ar uaryofs, rom zneobrivi faqtorebi garkveul rols TamaSobs saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi. zneobis sakiTxis gauTvaliswineblad realistisaTvis Tu nebismieri sxva Teoriuli skolis warmomadgenlisaTvis, Zalian rTulia eri-saxelmwifoTa calkeuli
qmedebebis gageba. singeri da vildavski aRniSnaven realizmis siRrmiseul gavlenas sabWour-amerikuli metoqeobis zenitisas: `praqtikulad yvelas sjeroda, rom Tu saxelmwifo bevrad ufro Zlieri iyo, vidre misi mezoblebi, igi
sakuTar Zlierebas maT dasapyrobad an gasakontroleblad gamoiyenebda.~23 magram, ra Tqma unda, es arasdros momxdara, arc civi omis dros da arc mis Semdeg,
rodesac amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi sayovelTaod iyo aRiarebuli, rogorc
msoflios erTaderTi supersaxelmwifo. ase rom, SesaZloa TviT Sekavebac ki
zneobrivi principebis gavleniT avxsnaT, iseve, rogorc Zalis politikis urTierTqmedebiT.

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zogierTi saxelmwifo lideri sagareo politikis formulirebisas aSkarad
zneobriv principebs aniWebs upiratesobas, vidre sxvebi. magaliTad, amerikis
SeerTebul StatebSi prezidenti vudro vilsoni gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas
erTa TviTgamorkvevis princips da koleqtiur usafrTxoebas aniWebda, xolo
prezidenti jimi karteri aqtiurad uwyobda xels adamianTa uflebebis globalur gavrcelebas _ orive prezidenti garkveul zneobriv principebs iziarebda. saxelmwifoebi xandaxan altruistulad iqcevian, magaliTad, im devnilTaTvis TavSesafris micemiT, vinc politikur devnas, ekonomikur katastrofas,
Tu samoqalaqo oms ganicdian. or msoflio oms Soris periodSi britaneTis liderebma scades versalis sazavo xelSekrulebis Sedegad germaniaze dakisrebuli mkacri pirobebis Semsubuqeba, amgvari midgoma Sefasda `keTilSobilur
idead, romelic fesvgadgmuli aris qristianobaSi, mamacobasa da saerTo gonierebaSi.~24
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis samxedro moqmedebebi somaliSi 1992-1994
wlebSi masobrivi SimSilobis aRmofxvris mizniT ganxorcielda. am intervencias, romelsac bevri amerikelis sicocxle Seewira da aranairi ekonomikuri Tu
samxedro upiratesoba ar moutania amerikisaTvis, mxolod erovnuli interesis safuZvelze ver avxsniT.25 ufro metic, am intervenciam islamisti eqstremistebis (osama bin ladenis CaTvliT) gaucxoebis garda sxva araferi gamoiwvia da
maTi SefasebiT es amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis kidev erTi morigi intervencia
iyo islamuri sazogadoebis Sida saqmeebSi.
umetes SemTxvevaSi, saxelmwifos sagareo politika moicavs rogorc
idealebs, aseve sakuTar interesebsac. magaliTad, marSalis gegma nebismier
SemTxvevaSi didsulovani iyo. ufro metic, TviT uinston CerCili, romelic
Tavis naTqvam nebismier sityvas kargad zomavda, mas `istoriaSi yvelaze uangaro qmedebas~ uwodebda.26 magram marSalis gegma aseve miesadageboda amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebis II msoflio omis Semdgom status-kvos strategiul politikas da miznad isaxavda stabiluri dasavleTevropuli sazogadoebis Seqmnas,
romelic SeZlebda win aRdgomoda samxedro agresiasa da Signidan gadatrialebas. msgavsad, germaniam didi daxmareba gauwia ruseTs 1991-92 wlebSi, nawilobriv humanitaruli motivebiT da nawilobriv imis SiSiT, rom dasustebul ruseTSi mimdinare procesebi gamoiwvevda dasavleT evropis destabilizacias, es
ki, Tavis mxriv, gamoiwvevda didi raodenobiT devnilebis gadaadgilebas germaniis mimarTulebiT.
marTalia, rom saxelmwifoebi yvelaze ufro TanamgrZnobni maSin arian,
roca maT garkveuli fsoni aqvT dadebuli, magram bevri saxelmwifo xvdeba, rom
SesaZloa kargi saqmeebic iyos kargi sagareo politika da maRali idealebis mxardaWeramac Seuwyos xeli saxelmwifos interesebis gatarebas. keTilSobilebas
xSirad keTili neba mosdevs da keTil nebas `gacvliTi Rirebuleba~ aqvs saerTaSoriso politikaSi (iseve, rogorc nebismier politikaSi).
saxelmwifoebs xandaxan konkretuli erovnuli interesebi dauTmiaT
moraluri principebis gamo. II msoflio omis dros swored dania iyo am mosazrebis naTeli ilustrireba. miuxedavad imisa, rom igi okupirebuli qveyana iyo,
faSisturma mTavrobam mas sakmaod farTo politikuri damoukidebloba mianiWa.
ebrauli warmoSobis moqalaqeebisa da sxva devnilebis dacvis motiviT, daniis
mTavrobam da mosaxleobam Riad ganacxada uari germanelTa im brZanebebis Sesrulebaze, romelic miznad ebraelTa danarCeni mosaxleobisagan izolacias

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isaxavda da Sesabamisad amgvari qmedebiT sakuTari Tavi Caigdo safrTxeSi. aseTi uCveulo zneobrivi gambedaobis Sedegad, danielebma `eqstraordinaluri
dabrkoleba Seuqmnes germanul gamanadgurebel manqanas: daniis xelisufalTa
mier TanamSromlobaze uaris Tqma da adgilobrivi mosaxleobis erTsulovneba ebraelebis gadasarCenad.~27 danielTa qmedebebis Sedegebi da TviT amgvari
qmedebebic sakmaod iSviaTi iyo. Tumca, `patara daniam, zedmetad sustma imisaTvis, rom Tavdacvaze Zalaze dayrdnobiT ezruna, sagareo politika humanitarul
motivebamde daiyvana . . . da Sedegad hitleris mier dapyrobasac gadaurCa.~28
aRiareba imisa, rom zneobasac da Zalasac SeuZlia garkveuli rolis Sesruleba saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi, amtkicebs, rom erovnuli interesebis
farTo gageba orive komponents unda moicavdes. ufro metic, iseTi zneobrivi
principebis msoflios masStabiT gavrceleba, rogoricaa Tavisufleba, demokratia da adamianTa uflebebi, warmodgenilia, rogorc demokratiul saxelmwifoTa erovnuli interesebis Semadgeneli umniSvnelovanesi komponenti.
es idea dafuZnebulia varaudze, rom sagareo politika, romelic indiferentulia zneobis mimarT, ar SeiZleba moralurad gamarTlebuli iyos, iseve, rogorc
utilitaruli Sexeduleba, rom demokratiuli saxelmwifoebisagan Semdgari
msoflio, romelic pativs scems Tavisuflebasa da adamianis uflebebs, ufro
usafrTxoc iqneba. demokratiuli saxelmwifos erovnuli interesebi xSirad
idealizmisa da realizmis elementebsac Seicavs. es mniSvnelovan WeSmaritebaze
miuTiTebs: Zala samarTlianobis gareSe ubralo mizanSewonilobaa, maSin roca
zneoba Zalis gareSe mxolod kargi ganzraxvaa.29

axali msoflio, Zveli Gvevebi

politikur realizmis TeoriaSi erovnuli interesis cnebis ideaSi mTavari daSveba aseTia: im interesebis gansazRvras, romlebic msoflioSi suverenuli qveynebis qmedebebs warmarTavs es ukanasknelni qveynis SigniT cdiloben.
zogierTi Tanamedrove kritikosi miiCnevs, rom mxolod sakuTar Tavze orientirebuli erovnuli interesis cneba moZvelebulia. isini amtkiceben, rom `axali diplomatiis, institutebisa da maregulirebeli reJimebis arsebobaa saWiro
imisaTvis, rom saxelmwifoebma Tavi gaarTvan msoflioSi saxelmwifoTa Soris
gazrdil urTierTdamokidebulebas,~ radganac ` erovnuli suverenitetis Cveneuli sayovelTaod miRebuli Tanxvedra saxelmwifo sazRvrebTan, ukve dromoWmulia.~30
aSkarad gamokveTili ekologiuri gamowvevebi (rogoricaa globaluri
daTboba, mJavuri wvimebi, haeris dabinZureba), iseve, rogorc araganaxlebadi
bunebrivi resursebis swrafi amowurva, Warbmosaxleoba da msoflio siRaribe
globaluria Tavisi mniSvnelobiT da Sesabamisad globaluri midgomebis SemuSavebas saWiroebs. `ifiqre lokalurad, imoqmede globalurad~, aseTia Tanamedroveobis devizi. misi arsia is, rom saxelmwifoebs aqvT garkveuli moraluri valdebuleba, rom maT mxolod viwro egoisturi interesebis farglebSi
ar imoqmedon. gadarCenis interesebidan gamomdinare, adrindelma msoflio
wesrigma gza axal msoflio wesrigs unda dauTmos, romelSic globaluri interesebi Caanacvlebs erovnul interesebs. ase rom, sul ufro da ufro mzardi
urTierTdamokidebulebis msoflioSi, nebismieri saxelmwifosaTvis sakuTari

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keTildReobisa da usafrTxoebis ganmtkicebis saukeTeso gza ara SigniT, aramed gareT yureba, saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobisaTvis karis gaReba da nebismieri saxis nacionalisturi tendenciebis (iseTis, rogoricaa gadametebuli
patriotizmi, proteqcionizmi da izolacionizmi) uaryofaa axali globaluri
TviTSegnebis damkvidrebisaTvis.
amgvari midgoma adamianebis azrovnebisa da qmedebebis mkafio cvlilebas
moiTxovs. is aseve saWiroebs sakuTari interesis imisagan gansxvavebiT bevrad
ufro farTo da gaTviTcnobierebul definicias, rac iyo praqtikaSi saerTaSoriso politikaSi warsulSi. zogierTi axal msoflio wesrigsa da globalur
Tanamegobrobas kargad SeniRbul idealizmad aRiqvams. Tumca am midgomis
momxreebi uaryofen amgvar braldebas da amtkiceben, rom politika, romelsac
isini mxars uWeren, Rrmad devs adamianis interesSi da globaluri usafrTxoeba,
albaT, TviTgadarCenac ki, msoflio politikis radikalurad sxva kuTxiT Sefasebazea damokidebuli. dRevandel msoflioSi, askvnian isini, guSindeli realizmi araTu dromoWmuli, aramed saSiSicaa.
Tqven ras fiqrobT? yvelaferTan erTad, dRevandeli axalgazrdoba is
Taobaa, vinc gadawyvets xvalindeli msoflios beds.

axali paternebi, Zveli problemebi

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlam II msoflio omis Semdgomi ZalTa wonasworobis sistemis dasasrulis Sesaxeb gvamcno. saxelmwifoebs moulodnelad erTmaneTTan urTierTobaTa xelaxla gansazRvra mouxdaT. aqedan gamomdinare,
xSirad amtkiceben, rom axali msoflio wesrigi aRmocenebis procesSia. am axali msoflio politikis dinamikis gageba arsebiTia Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso
politikis nebismieri Tanmimdevruli xedvisaTvis.
saerTaSoriso politika dRes ar asaxavs ZalTa wonasworobis mkafio
konfiguracias, sadac monawileebi dausrulebeli miznebiT, konfliqturi interesebiTa da daaxloebiT Tanabari SesaZleblobebiT urTierTqmedeben stabilurobisa da mSvidobis SesanarCuneblad, ise, rogorc es xdeboda evropaSi
1648-1914 wlebSi. aRmocenebadi saerTaSoriso wesrigisaTvis sapirispiro tendenciebia damaxasiaTebeli, magaliTad, evropuli integraciisaken mimarTuli
moZraoba, romelic scdeba tradiciul saxelmwifo sazRvrebs, religiuri da
eTnikuri partikularizmis Tanadrouli zrda ukve arsebuli saxelmwifoebis
SigniT, ramac gamoiwvia sami mravaleTnikuri saxelmwifos _ sabWoTa kavSiris,
iugoslaviisa da Cexoslovakis daSla evropaSi. saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis
dRevandeli mdgomareoba ufro droebiTi da gardamavalia da garkveuli drois
Semdeg mudmiv xasiaTs miiRebs.31

ra xdeba civi omis Semdeg?

Cven vcxovrobT gauwonasworebel (daubalansebel) msoflioSi. sabWoTa
imperiis daSlam da adreul 1990-ian wlebSi erayis winaaRmdeg omSi amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebis samxedro Zlierebis demonstrirebam aSkara gaxada, rom
amerika msoflioSi erTaderTi supersaxelmwifoa. es daskvna kidev ufro ga-

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namtkica amerikis stabilur ekonomikasa da yofil sabWoTa ekonomikas Soris
arsebulma aSkara gansxvavebam, aseve amerikis Sida stabilurobisa da sabWoTa
kavSiris sxvadasxva regionSi warmoqmnili arastabilurobis Sedarebam da dasavluri aliansis SenarCunebam TviT mas Semdeg, rac varSavis paqtis organizaciam
arseboba Sewyvita.
miuxedavad imisa, rom supersaxelmwifos universaluri definicia ar arsebobs, analitikosTa umetesi nawili amtkicebs, rom supersaxelmwifo sam kriteriums unda akmayofilebdes: pirveli, mas unda hqondes sruli Zliereba anu ara
mxolod samxedro Zliereba, aramed ekonomkuri, politikuri, diplomatiuri
da TviT zneobrivic ki; meore, hqondes globaluri xedva, rac msoflios yvela
regionSi sakuTari Zlierebis gadatanis SesaZleblobas gulisxmobs; mesame _
hqondes saerTaSoriso arenaze liderobis damtkicebis survili. am kriteriumebis mixedviT, mxolod amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi aris supersaxelmwifo.
iaponia da germania ekonomikurad Zlieri qveynebi arian. britaneTsa da safrangeTs aqvs TvalsaCino diplomatiuri Zliereba da mniSvnelovani samxedro
SesaZleblobebi, Tumca ar miiCnevian ekonomikurad Zlier saxelmwifoebad. ruseTis respublikas aqvs uzarmazari strategiuli birTvuli SesaZleblobebi da
garkveuli diplomatiuri Zliereba, Tumca am etapze sakuTari Sida ekonomikuri
problemebiT aris dakavebuli. CineTs, regionul Zalas, aklia globaluri SesaZleblobebi da mowinave mrewveloba.
unipolaruli msoflios erTi Tanamdevi efeqti globaluri daZabulobis
Semcirebaa (rasac ver vityviT regionuli konfliqtebis SemTxvevaSi). birTvuli
Cixi, romelic civ oms gansazRvravda, ukve aRar aris msoflio politikis mamoZravebeli Zala. Camcxrali ideologiuri konfliqti (kapitalizmi da demokratia socializmisa da komunizmis winaaRmdeg), romelic II msoflio omis Semdgom
msoflios gansazRvravda, Tan axlda am daZabulobis Semcirebas. es `deideologizacia~ ar gulisxmobs, rom Tanamedrove msoflio bolomde gaTavisuflda
gansxvavebuli interesebisa da Rirebulebebisagan. es mxolod imas niSnavs, rom
is xedva, romelze dayrdnobiTac amerikelebi afasebdnen msoflio politikas TiTqmis oTxi aTwleulis manZilze, gadasinjvas saWiroebs. realizmi iseve
saWiroa erovnuli TviTgadarCenisaTvis, rogorc adre, magram zustad ra aris
realisturi sagareo politika Tanamedrove msoflios Secvlili garemoebebis
pirobebSi, naklebad aSkara da cxadia.
unipolaruli msoflios kidev erTi Sedegi aris is, rom msoflios erTaderTi supersaxelmwifo _ amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi sagareo faqtorebis
gavlenis Sedegad naklebadaa SezRuduli. Tumca arc erTi saxelmwifo ar aris
srulad Tavisufali sakuTar qmedebebSi, (gansakuTrebiT imis gamo, rom bevri
saxelmwifo flobs birTvul iaraRs), bevri SezRudva, romelsac dRes amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebi ganicdis, TviTdawesebulia. es SeiZleba iyos ekonomikuri,
politikuri da moraluric ki.

globaluri ekonomika
msoflios yvelaze gavlenian saxelmwifoebs Soris politikuri konfliqtebis Semcirebis pararelurad saerTaSoriso ekonomikis mniSvneloba izrdeba. msoflios saxelmwifoebis dedaqalaqebSi gavrcelebuli sityva global-

573
izaciaa. bunebrivia, rom omisa da mSvidobis problematikis Semcirebis Sedegad,
saxelmwifoebi da maTi liderebi biznessa da keTildReobis uzrunvelyofis
sakiTxebs miubrundnen. eWvgareSea, rom dRes saxelmwifoebi ekonomikurad bevrad ufro urTierTdamokidebulni arian, vidre odesme kacobriobis istoriaSi,
Tumca ras niSnavs es yvelaferi? mokled rom vTqvaT, ekonomikuri urTierTdamokidebuleba, erTi mxriv, ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis, xolo, meore mxriv,
ekonomikuri konkurenciis zrdas iwvevs.
msoflio ekonomikis es transformacia umeteswilad didi mravalerovnuli korporaciebisa da axali sainformacio teqnologiebis arsebobiTaa ganpirobebuli, romelsac saxelmwifo sazRvrebi ver abrkolebs. garda amisa, zogierTi problema, magaliTad, regionuli da garemosdacviTi problemebi, iaraRis
kontrolis SezRuduli formebi, saerTaSoriso valis gadaxda da ekonomikuri
politikis SeTavseba krizisis dros, ubralod saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobas
saWiroebs, maT Soris. msoflio mniSvnelobis mqone ekonomikur sakiTxs pasuxi
gaeca 1997-98 wlebSi, rodesac bevrma aziurma saxelmwifom moulodneli mkveTri ekonomikuri vardna ganicada.
globaluri ekonomikuri safrTxeebis sapasuxod SemuSavebul iqna daxmarebis programa, romelmac pirdapiri sargebeli moutana bevr saxelmwifos,
maT Soris samxreT koreasa da indonezias. am programas xelmZRvanelobda saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi _ organizacia, romelSic mravali saxelmwifo Sedioda da miznad msoflioSi ekonomikuri stabilurobis ganmtkicebas isaxavda.
saerTaSoriso savaluto fondma koordinacia gauwia didi ekonomikuri sesxebis
gacemas da moiTxova, rom saxelmwifoebs, romelsac is exmareboda, sesxi mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri reformebis gatarebisTvis gamoeyenebina.
amgvari TanamSromlobiTi mcdelobebis fonzec ki, ekonomikuri konkurencia saxelmwifoebs Soris mainc izrdeba. xSirad mTavrobebi cdiloben asargeblon sakuTari moqalaqeebi Sida sawarmoebis an soflis meurneobis subsidirebiT, importul saqonelze tarifis dawesebiT, an sxva saxis savaWro barierebis
SeqmniT. amgvari proteqcionistuli qmedebebi xels uSlis Tavisufal saerTaSoriso vaWrobas da SesaZloa, saerTaSoriso daZabulobac gamoiwvios TviT
mokavSireebs Sorisac ki. amgvari daZabulobis naTeli magaliTi amerikasa da
iaponias Soris arsebuli savaWro molaparakebebia. amerikuli da iaponuri urTierTobebi moulodnelad garTulda iaponiis xelisuflebis proteqcionistuli politikis gamo. msoflios sxva regionSi savaWro molaparakebebi amerikis
SeerTebul Statebsa da mis evropul mokavSireebs Soris 1993-94 wlebSi daiZaba
soflis meurneobisaTvis samTavrobo subsidiebis gacemis gamo. es magaliTebi
kidev erTxel Segvaxsenebs, rom udidesi mniSvnelobis mqone saerTaSoriso
vaWrobisa da ekonomikis samyaroSi konkurencia, iseve, rogorc TanamSromloba,
kvlavac arsebobs.

regionalizmis zrda
msoflios umdidresi saxelmwifoebi geografiul ekonomikur blokebs ayalibeben. xSirad es blokebi scdeba saxelmwifoTa viwro ekonomikur interesebs
da did finansur jildos hpirdeba maT. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia dasavleT
evropis saxelmwifoebs Soris arsebuli TanamSromloba ekonomikisa da vaWro-

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bis sferoebSi. ase rom, evropis kavSirs aqvs erTiani ekonomika erTiani valutiT
da mis sazRvrebSi WeSmaritad Tavisufali vaWrobiT (ix. sqema 17-2).
aq unda sqema 17-2 wignis 529-e gverdidan. warwerebi sqemaze:
evropis kavSiri warmoadgens bazars sazRvrebis gareSe, sadac 340 mln adamiani monawileobs da 5 trilion dolarze meti brunavs. sqemaze warmodgenili evrokavSiris wevri saxelmwifoebi da maT Soris simdidrisa da mosaxleobis ganawileba.
SvedeTi

fineTi

8.9 mln

5.1 mln

niderlandebi

dania

15.5 mln

5.2 mln

didi britaneTi

germania

58.4 mln

83.5 mln

holandia

belgia

3.5 mln

10.1 mln

safrangeTi

avstria

58.3 mln

8 mln

espaneTi

luqsemburgi

39.1 mln

415 aTasi

portugalia

italia

9.8 mln

57.4 mln
saberZneTi
10.5 mln
(1996 wlis monacemebiT)

germania umdidresi wevria

aq warmodgenilia evrokavSiris wevrebis mier yovelwliurad warmoebuli 5.53 trilioni
dolaris saqoneli da momsaxureba qveynebis mixedviT (1990-iani wlebis Sua xanebSi mlrd dolarebSi):
wris erT nawilSi:

danarCen nawilebSi:

luqsemburgi $10

germania

irlandia $54.6

$1,452

fineTi $92.4

safrangeTi

saberZneTi $101.7

$1,173

dania $112.8

didi britaneTi

portugalia $116.2

$1,138

avstria $152

italia

SvedeTi $177.3

$1,089

belgia $197

espaneTi

niderlandebi $301.9

$565

(1995 wlis monacemebiT)

SeerTebuli Statebisa da evrokavSiris Sedareba 1990-iani wlebis Sua xanebSi

mosaxleoba
367.8 mln

266.4 mln

evrokavSiri

aSS

mwarmoebluroba

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wliurad warmoebuli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Rirebuleba
$6.43 trilioni

$7.24 trilioni

evrokavSiri

aSS

sqema 17-2 ekonomikuri liderobis mopoveba: evropis kavSiri 1990-iani wlebis Sua xanebSi
mTliani Sida produqtis monacemebi efuZneba msyidvelobiTi unaris paritetis cvlilebas.
wyaro: The World Factbook, 1996 copyright 1996 by Claitors Publishing. ibeWdeba nebarTviT; CIA publications, 1996.

evropul saxelmwifoebs Soris arsebuli es ekonomikuri TanamSromloba

evoluciuri xasiaTisa iyo da wlebis manZilze viTardeba ekonomikuri (erTiani
bazari) da samxedro (nato) TanamSromlobis safuZvelze. yvelaze ufro STambeWdavi is faqti iyo, rom am TanamSromlobiTi urTierTobebis Sedegad safrangeTsa
da germanias Soris arsebuli saukuneobrivi metoqeoba da undobloba daZleul
iqna. 1994 wels evropis kavSiris wevri 12 saxelmwifos meTaurebma SeimuSaves
gegma, romelic XXI saukunis dasawyisisaTvis evrokavSiris SemadgenlobaSi 20ze meti axali wevris miRebas isaxavda miznad, maT Soris yofili socialisturi
qveynebis: bulgareTis, CexeTis, ungreTis, poloneTis, rumineTisa da slovakeTisa. amasobaSi, 1994 wels amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma, meqsikam da kanadam
gaaformes savaWro SeTanxmeba Crdiloamerikuli Tavisufali vaWrobis asociacia (NAFTA - North American Free Trade Association). mogvianebiT, imave wels gadawyda,
rom NAFTA-Si Cilec CaerToT. 1994 wlis dekemberSi, dasavleT naxevarsferos 34
saxelmwifos warmomadgenlebma xeli moaweres SeTanxmebas Tavisufali savaWro
zonis Taobaze (SeTanxmebas oficialurad amerikis Tavisufali zona ewoda), romelic gadaWimuli iqneboda kanadidan argentinis teritoriis CaTvliT. amgvar
ekonomikur gegmas unda moecva bazari daaxloebiT 850 milioni momxmarebliT,
romelic 13 miliardi amerikuli dolaris Rirebulebis saqonelsa da momsaxurebas moixmarda. da bolos, iaponiam ganamtkica kavSirebi wynari okeanis auzis
sxva saxelmwifoebTan da ikveTeba niSnebi, rom `1990-ian wlebSi iaponias da aziis
axlad industrirebul saxelmwifoebs (samxreTi korea, singapuri, hongkongi da
taivani) ZaluZT axali Zlieri blokis Seqmna, romelic mis wevr saxelmwifoebs
vaWrobiT, investirebiTa da daxmarebebiT daakavSirebs erTmaneTTan.~32 es potenciuri regionuli bloki yvelaze naklebad gamokveTilia am sam alianss Soris da amavdroulad, aRmocenebadi ekonomikuri manqana CineTis saxiT, sakmaod
arTulebs mis realizacias.
ra aRmocendeba ekonomikuri Zlierebis amgvari `samTaviani~ koncentraciisagan? ra Tqma unda, TanamSromloba am ekonomikur blokebs SigniT gaizrdeba. TanamSromloba aseve urTierTdamokidebulebas niSnavs, kargad an cudad,
rogorc es amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma aRmoaCina adreul 1950-ian wlebSi,
rodesac meqsikis pesos gaufasurebam safrTxe amerikis finansur bazrebsac
Seuqmna. ufro metic, am TanamSromlobidan gamomdinare, bevri momavali politikuri integraciis imgvar formebs winaswarmetyvelebs, romelic saxelmwifo
sazRvrebs gadafaravs.
ufro rTuli kiTxva, romelic ismis, Semdegia: rogor moaxerxebs Tanaarsebobas es sami geoekonomikuri bloki? konkurencia maT Soris gardauvalia,

576
Tumca, amave dros, ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis potencialic didia. bolos,
savaraudoa, rom saxelmwifoebi samive blokSi regionul savaWro asociaciebSi
wevrobiT isargeblen da advili mosalodnelia, rom maTsa da bevr ganviTarebad
saxelmwifos Soris gazrdian ekonomikur zRvars. aseT SemTxvevaSi, regionuli
jgufebis arseboba SesaZloa ufro damabrkolebeli, vidre xelisSemwyobi faqtori gaxdes globaluri ekonomikis aRmocenebisaTvis.

eTnikuri Zaladoba
maSin, roca mWidro regionulma ekonomikurma TanamSromlobam SesaZloa
xeli Seuwyos iseT saxis politikuri organizaciebis aRmocenebas, romelic
scdeba egoistur eri-saxelmwifoebis farglebs, eTnikuri daZabulobebi
msoflios sxvadasxva nawilSi TviT eri-saxelmwifos arsebobas uqmnis safrTxes.
miuxedavad imisa, rom es sakiTxi me-8 TavSia ganxiluli, ramdenime im mniSvnelovan moments unda SevexoT, romelic aRmocenebad saerTaSoriso wesrigTan aris
kavSirSi.
ori ukanaskneli aTwleulis manZilze msoflioSi eTnikuri konfliqtebis
raodenoba sagrZnoblad gaizarda. uTanxmoebebi sxvadasxva eTnikur, religiur
da rasobriv jgufebs Soris eri-saxelmwifoebis SigniT da amgvar jgufebsa da
mTavrobebs Soris, miuTiTebs mniSvnelovan faqtze: intensiuri eTnikuri dapirispirebebi msoflios mxolod erTi romelime regioniT ki ar Semoifargleba,
aramed TiTqmis yvelgan arsebobs.
eTnikuri mtrobis magaliTebi TiTqmis SeuzRudavia. yvelaze cnobil dapirispirebul eTnikur jgufebs waroadgenen siqhebi da musulmanebi indoeTSi,
volgispireTis TaTrebi ruseTis respublikaSi, samxreTeli osebi saqarTveloSi, frangulad mosaubre kvebekelebi kanadaSi, qurTebi eraysa da TurqeTSi,
Tamilebi Sri-lankaSi da timorelebi indoneziaSi. ufro metic, intensiuri
eTnikuri daZabuloba dapirispirebul xalxebs Soris TiTqmis yovelTvis asocirdeba qveynis SigniT politikur brZolasa da ZaladobasTan. eTnikur daZabulobebs xSirad gamouwvevia amboxi, samoqalaqo omi, teroristuli aqti da drogamoSvebiT qveynebis dezintegraciac ki.
erTi konkretuli problema, romelic asocirdeba eTnikur brZolasTan,
dakavSirebulia devnilebTan da sxva iZulebiT gadaadgilebul adamianebTan.
1994 wlis zafxulSi samoqalaqo omma ruandaSi gamoiwvia 200000 dan 500000-mde
adamianis sikvdili, daaxloebiT 3 milionma devnilma (qveynis mosaxleobis 40
procenti) scada zairSi gadasvla (axla zairs kongos demokratiuli respublika
qvia). saerTaSoriso daxmarebis saagentoebisa da zairis mTavrobis winaSe masobrivi SimSilobisa da epidemiuri daavadebebis problema dadga. omma bosniaSi
aseve milionobiT devnili, oboli da TavSesafris maZiebeli warmoSva 1990-iani
wlebis Sua periodSi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom eTnikuri daZabulobebis efeqti Cveulebriv ufro
adgilobrivi mniSvnelobisaa, TviT mosaxleobis aRweris rutinuli samTavrobo
valdebuleba, romelsac amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis konstitucia yovel aT
weliwadSi savaldebulod miiCnevs, SeiZleba safrTxis Semcveli iyos msoflios
sxva regionebSi. eraySi, libanSi, keniasa da pakistanSi, sxva qveynebTan erTad,
eTnikurma uTanxmoebebma daabrkola aRweris Catareba, radgan `sakanonmdeblo

577
adgilebis, Semosavlebis da sxva sazogadoebrivi saqonlis gadanawileba sxvadasxva eTnikur jgufebs Soris damokidebulia imaze, ra Sedegebs aCvenebs aRwera.~33 aRweris Catarebam TviT omic ki gamoiwvia:
asamSi, Crdilo-aRmosavleT indoeTSi mdebare StatSi, aRweris
Sedegebma, romlis Tanaxmadac umniSvnelo cvlileba iyo dafiqsirebuli
bengalelebsa da asamelebs Soris arsebul proporciaSi, 1970-ian wlebSi
gza gaukafa Zaladobriv reaqcias saarCevno siebSi bengaluri saxelebis
zrdis faqtis gamo. aTasobiT adamiani daiRupa amis Sedegad. aRwera SesaZloa sikvdil-sicocxlis sakiTxi gaxdes eTnikurad dayofil sazogadoebaSi.34

bolos, mniSvnelovania imis gacnobiereba, rom eTnikuri konfliqtebi

ufro kompleqsuri xasiaTisaa, vidre es erTi SexedviT Cans. bevr saxelmwifoSi,
rogoricaa bevri axlad damoukideblobamopovebuli saxelmwifo yofili sabWoTa kavSiridan, sxvadasxva xalxia warmodgenili, romlebic gansxvavebul eTnikur
jgufebs miekuTvnebian da umetesoba erTmaneTisagan damoukideblobis survils
gamoTqvams an moTxovnas ayenebs. TviT kanadaSic ki, bevri frangulad mosaubre
kvebekeli, romelTa raodenoba kanadis 27 milioniani mosaxleobis meoTxeds
Seadgens, damoukideblobis moTxovnas mxars sakuTari enisa da kulturis SenarCunebis motiviT uWers. kvebekSi daaxloebiT 800000 indiels argumentad sakuTari 10000 wliani istoria mohyavs da kvebekelma eskimosebma ganacxades, rom
isini Seecdebian Seqmnan TavianTi damoukidebeli saxelmwifo kvebekisave farglebSi, im SemTxvevaSi Tu es ukanaskneli moipovebs damoukideblobas. amgvari
moTxovnebi aqcents akeTebs im faqtze, rom gazrdili eTnikuri grZnobebi _ rac
politikis, ekonomikis, enis, diskriminaciisa da kulturis sakiTxebze paeqrobaSi gamoixateba _ SesaZloa, gadamwyveti mamoZravebeli Zala iyos dRevandel
msoflioSi, rac xSirad politikuri erTobis mis yvelaze mcire nawilebad fragmentacias iwvevs.

axali aRsasrulis scenari:

mdumare gazafxulis Tavidan acileba
amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da TiTqmis mTels msoflioSi garemosdacviTi sakiTxebis umetesi nawili uyuradRebod darCa 1960-ian wlebamde. mas Semdeg
daintereseba garemosdacviTi sakiTxebiT didad gaizarda, iseve, rogorc gaizarda garemosdacviTi jgufebis raodenoba da maTi SesaZlebloba msoflios
masStabiT gavlena moexdinaT mTavrobebze globaluri ekologiuri sakiTxebis
mosagvareblad. es e.w. mwvane partiebi, TiTqmis yvela wamyvan industriul saxelmwifoSi arsebobs, garda amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa. SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom am qveyanaSi garemosdacviTi interesTa jgufebi ayvavda. iseT kargad cnobil da finansurad Zlier jgufebs, rogoricaa sieras klubi, audubonis sazoga-

doeba, gadaarCineT delfinebi da erovnuli bunebis federacia, sakmaod didi

politikuri gavlena aqvs. ufro metic, kvleviTi institutebi monitorings uweven garemos mdgomareobas da moiTxoven imgvari sajaro politikuri qmedebebis
gatarebas, romelic ekologiur faqtorebs gaiTvaliswinebs.
arcTu ise gasaocaria, rom gasulma aTwleulebma aseTi gazrdili dain-

578
tereseba gamoiwvia garemosdacviTi sakiTxebiT _ mJavurma wvimebma, globalurma daTbobam, wylis resursebis dakonservebis saWiroebam, tyeebisa da Tevzis
mrewvelobis problemebma iseTi araganaxlebadi bunebrivi resursebis gamoyenebam, rogoricaa navTobi, gazi da mineralebi, ubiZga saxelmwifoTa meTaurebs eTanamSromlaT garemosdacviTi SeTanxmebebis dasadebad. miuxedavad im
faqtisa, rom amgvari SeTanxmebebis umetesi nawilis gavlena sakmaod SezRudulia, varaudoben, rom momavalSi maTi raodenoba da mniSvneloba TandaTan ufro
gaizrdeba.

Zveli aRsasrulis scenari:

birTvuli iaraRis gavrcelebis Tavidan acileba
ganadgurebisa da sikvdilis uzarmazari masStabiT gamowvevis SesaZleblobis gamo, atomuri, biologiuri da qimiuri iaraRi - zogjer maT ABC iaraRs
(inglisuri Atomic, Biological and Chemical Weapons-is _ atomuri, biologiuri da qimiuri iaraRi, abreviatura. mTargmn. SeniSvna) uwodeben - TavisTavad gansxvavebul
kategoriebad klasificirdeba. (atomuri iaraRi aseve birTvuli iaraRis saxelwodebiT aris cnobili _ es ori saxelwodeba urTierTSemcvlelia). garda imisa,
rom am iaraRs SeuZlia gamoiwvios sicocxlis ganadgureba, infrastruqturis dazianeba da farTomasStaburi ekologiuri dabinZureba, maTi gamoyenebis Sedegad
aseve moxdeba genetikuri mutaciebi, rasac didi gavlena eqneba momaval Taobebze.
realurad maT mier gamowveuli efeqtebis prognozireba an gakontroleba sakmaod rTulia. saxelmwifoebs, romlebsac aqvs es iaraRi, surT, rom sxva saxelmwifoebs ar hqondes igi. erayi da CrdiloeTi korea is ori saxelmwifoa, romelmac
scada masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis Seqmna, rasac amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi
da misi mokavSireebi mtkiced upirispirdebodnen.
Tumca ABC iaraRis gauvrceleblobis SeTanxmebebi arsebobs (ix. VIII Tavi),
TviT bevri is saxelmwifoc ki, romelsac aqvs masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRi,
uars acxadebs am SeTanxmebebis xelmoweraze. arcTu gasakvirad, saxelmwifoebrivi arastabiluroba da regionuli konfliqtebi ufro saSiSi gaxda masobrivi
ganadgurebis iaraRis sistemebis gavrcelebis albaTobis gamo. cxeli wertilebi, maT Soris erayi axlo aRmosavleTSi da CrdiloeT korea CrdiloeT aziaSi,
safrTxes uqmnian msoflio stabilurobas. rogorc 17-1 cxrili gviCvenebs,
birTvuli iaraRis mqone saxelmwifoTa raodenoba jer kidev sakmaod mcirea,
Tumca Tu 1960-ian wlebSi birTvuli iaraRis mflobelTa raodenoba xuTs Seadgenda, dRes es ricxvi cxramde gaizarda.
aranakleb aRmaSfoTebelia is faqti, rom zogierT ganviTarebad saxelmwifos, romelsac aqvs Rirebuli bunebrivi resursebi - magaliTad, navTobiT mdidari libia, irani da erayi _ miiCneva, rom surs birTvuli iaraRis Seqmna. ufro
metic, es faqtebi kidev erTxel miuTiTebs birTvuli iaraRis gavrcelebis
safrTxeebis realurobaze. dResdReobiT, birTvuli iaraRis dasamzadebeli
teqnologia farTodaa cnobili da mis dasamzadeblad saWiro aucilebeli nivTierebebi (mag, gamdidrebuli urani) gacilebiT advilad moipoveba. erT-erTi
Sefasebis Tanaxmad, 2000 wlisaTvis daaxloebiT 40 saxelmwifos eqneba birTvuli
iaraRis sawarmoeblad saWiro saSualebebi.35 am iaraRis politikuri, samxedro
da simboluri mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare, ararealuria velodoT, rom qvey-

579
nebi (gansakuTrebiT agresiuli miznebis mqone qveynebi), romelTac ar gaaCniaT
aseTi iaraRi, ar Seecdebian mis Seqmnas.
rac ufro metia im saxelmwifo Tu arasaxelmwifo aqtorebis (magaliTad,
teroristebis) raodenoba, vinc flobs birTvul, biologiur Tu qimiur iaraRs,
miT ufro didia albaToba, rom es iaraRi gamiznulad Tu umiznod iqneba gamoyenebuli. gavrcelebis safrTxeebma uTvalavi forma SeiZleba miiRos. magaliTad, ramdenime saxis gavrceleba moxda, rodesac sabWoTa kavSiri daiSala, ris
Sedegadac ramdenime postsabWoTa saxelmwifos memkvidreobiT ergo birTvuli
arsenali. dasavleTis qveynebis diplomatiuri zewolebis Sedegad ukrainasa da
yazaxeTSi arsebuli birTvuli iaraRi, moqmedebis didi radiusis raketebis CaTvliT, savaraudod ruseTs gadaeca.
cxrili 17.1

birTvuli iaraRis gavrceleba

aqvs birT-

savaru-

piroba dado,

uari Tqva birT-

miCneulia, rom

vuli iaraRi

dod aqvs

rom ar Seqmnis

vul iaraRze

cdilobs birT-

birTvuli

birTvul iaraRs

iaraRi

CineTi

israeli

vuli iraRis
mopovebas

alJiri

belorusia

irani

safrangeTi

argentina

yazaxeTi

erayi

didi
britaneTi

brazilia

ukraina

libia

indoeTi

germania

CrdiloeT korea

pakistani

iaponia

siria

ruseTi

samxreTi afrika

SeerTebuli
Statebi

erTi saSineli scenari realobad iqca amerikis SeerTebul Statebze 2001

wlis 11 seqtembris teroristuli aqtebis Semdeg, rom teroristebs SeiZleba
xelSi CavardnodaT birTvuli iaraRi. kidev ufro didi safrTxe iyo is, rom teroristul qselebs SeiZleba gamoeyenebinaT atomuri iaraRi dasaxlebul adgilebSi haeris dabinZurebis mizniT.

sainformacio teqnologiebis revolucia

maSin, roca axal saerTaSoriso wesrigSi zogierTi procesi miuTiTebs
SezRudul, magram mniSvnelovan tendenciaze, romelic gardaqmnis Tanamedrove
er-saxelmwifoebs (magaliTad, globaluri ekonomikisa da TanamSromlobiTi organizaciebis zrda, rogoricaa vTqvaT evropis kavSiri), aseve zogierTi procesi
eri-saxelmwifos dezintegraciaze mianiSnebs (magaliTad, rogorc eTnikuri
daZabulobebis Sedegi). Tanamedrove realobis kuriozuli faqti is gaxlavT,
rom orive es urTierTsapirispiro tendencia erTdroulad aRiniSneba.
sainteresoa, rogor jdeba sainformacio teqnologiebis revolucia am
modelSi? eWvgareSea, rom sainformacio revolucia realurad mimdinareobs.
globaluri komunikaciebis SesaZleblobebi gasaocrad gaizarda ori ukanaskneli aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi. muris kanonis Tanaxmad (gordon muri, intelis

580
TanadamfuZnebeli) gamoTvliTi simZlavre erT dolarze yovel 18 TveSi ormagdeba. dRes 2000 dolariani nouTbuqi bevrad ufro Zlieria, vidre 10 miliondolariani kompiuteri 1970-ian wlebSi. amas emateba isic, rom 1970-ian wlebSi
mxolod daaxloebiT 50000 kompiuteri iyo msoflioSi; dRes maTi raodenoba
daaxloebiT 140 milionamde gaizarda. roca transatlantikur satelefono xazs
erTdroulad mxolod 138 satelefono saubris gadacema SeeZlo, dRes es ricxvi
1,5 milions Seadgens. internets msoflios masStabiT daaxloebiT 50 milionamde
momxmarebeli hyavs da maTi raodenoba kvlav izrdeba.
sainformacio revoluciis yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovani politikuri
efeqti xelisuflebis mier sakuTar moqalaqeebze kontrolis dawesebis SesaZleblobis Sesustebaa. moqalaqeebs msoflios masStabiT ukve xeli miuwvdebaT
informaciis damoukidebel wyaroebze. yvelaferi, dawyebuli mTavrobis kritikiT da damTavrebuli pornografiiT an kriminal-teroristis sakuTari vebgverdiT `Seqmeni Seni sakuTari birTvuli iaraRi~, xelmisawvdomia nebismieri
qveynisaTvis, rogorc wesi, xelisuflebis Zalisxmevis gareSe. sainformacio
revolucia TviT im tradiciul kulturebsa da civilizaciebs uqmnis safrTxes,
romlebic ar iziareben dasavlur Rirebulebebs.
ra Tqma unda, sainformacio revolucias mniSvnelovani politikuri Sedegebic aqvs, romelTagan zogierTi mxolod nawilobriv SeiZleba iqnes aRqmuli.
magaliTad, zogadad miCneuli iyo, rom teqnologia tiran mmarTvelebs sakuTari Zalauflebis gaxangrZlivebis kuTxiT SeeZloT gamoeyenebinaT (gavixsenoT
jorj orvelis mier mis klasikur novelaSi 1984 teleekranebisa da sxva teqnologiebis aRwera, romelsac totalitari mmarTvelebi iyenebdnen), magram sapirispiroc SesaZloa simarTle iyos: sainformacio revolucia garkveulwilad
xels uwyobs msoflioSi Tavisuflebas imiT, rom igi urTulebs arademokratiul liderebs sakuTari moqalaqeebis kontrols. ufro metic, Tu teqnologia xels uwyobs Tavisufali mTavrobebis raodenobis zrdas da demokratiuli
qveynebi erTmaneTTan omisagan Tavs ikaveben, SeiZleba Tu ara vivaraudoT, rom
teqnologiurma revoluciam ufro mSvidobiani msoflios Seqmnas SeiZleba Seuwyos xeli?

apokalipsuri xedvebi: kulturuli omebi da anarqia?

axali aRmocenebadi saerTaSoriso wesrigi ufro mSvidobian epoqaSi rom
gadaizardos, igi mSvidobas bolomde mainc ver uzrunvelyofs. kacobriobis
istoriaze Tvalis gadavlebac ki Segvaxsenebs, rom konfliqtis arseboba saukuneebs iTvlis. ase rom, dRevandel civi omis Semdgom epoqaSi, mecnierebi daoben ara imaze, iqneba Tu ara momavalSi konfliqtebi, aramed imaze, riTi iqneba
gansxvavebuli warsulSi arsebuli konfliqtebisagan. politikuri mecnieri
semuel hantingtoni momavali konfliqtis erT-erT yvelaze damaintrigebel da
amaRelvebel xedvas gvTavazobs. is amtkicebs, rom civi omis ideologiur dapirispirebebs `civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba~ Secvlis:
konfliqtebis fundamenturi wyaro am axal msoflioSi ukve arc
ideologia da arc ekonomika ar iqneba. kacobriobis gamyofi umniSvnelovanesi sazRvrebi da konfliqtis upiratesi wyaroebi kulturiT

581
ganisazRvreba. eri-saxelmwifo mTavar moqmed pirad darCeba saerTaSoriso asparezze, magram globaluri politikis yvelaze mniSvnelovani
konfliqtebi gaiSleba erebsa da jgufebs Soris, romlebic sxvadasxva
civilizacias ekuTvnian. civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba msoflio politikis
dominirebadi faqtori gaxdeba. momavalSi civilizaciaTa Soris frontis xazi swored texili iqneba.36

hantingtonis ganmartebiT civilizacia aris `adamianTa umaRlesi kulturuli dajgufeba da maTi kulturuli identobis umaRlesi done, romelic
adamianebs sxva cocxali arsebebisagan ganasxvavebs~.37 amas garda, didi Tu patara da bevrisa Tu mxolod erTis momcveli civilizacia, ori ZiriTadi TaviseburebiT xasiaTdeba. pirvelSi Sedis obieqtur faqtorebi, rogoricaa ena, istoria, Cveulebebi, institutebi da, rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, religia.38 ideebi
miekuTvneba meore mniSvnelovan Taviseburebebs. ase rom, maSin, roca ideebi
individualizmis, liberalizmis, konstitucionalizmis, adamianis uflebebis,
Tanasworobis, Tavisuflebis, kanonis uzenaesobis, demokratiis, Tavisufali
sabazro ekonomikisa da eklesiis saxelmwifosagan damoukideblobis Taobaze
dasavluri kulturis fundamenturi aspeqtebia, hantingtoni Tvlis, rom `es Rirebulebebi mcired Tu aisaxeba islamur, konfuciur, iaponur, induistur, budistur an marTlmadideblur kulturebSi.~39 hantingtons miaCnia, rom momavali
konfliqtebi mWidrod iqneba dakavSirebuli kulturul identobebTan da adamianebis survilTan, ibrZolon da mokvdnen im tradiciebisa da Rirebulebebis
dacvisaTvis, romelTac safrTxes amerikanizacia, vesternizacia da globalizacia uqmnis (rac ganviTarebad samyaroSi bevri adamianis gonebaSi erTmaneTisagan ganuyofeli cnebebia).
rogorc zeviT aRvniSneT, civi omis Semdgomi msoflios ganmsazRvrel Taviseburebas eTnikuri daZabulobebi da konfliqtebi Seadgens. hantingtonma Tanamedrove eTnikuri konfliqtebis buneba da geografia Seiswavla. magaliTad,
maT Soris, dapirispireba qristianobaze dafuZnebul dasavlur evropasa da
islamur civilizaciaze dafuZnebul arabul axlo aRmosavleTsa da CrdiloeT
afrikas Soris. aq eTnikurma daZabulobam Zaladobrivi forma miiRo, magaliTad,
dasavleTis saxelmwifoebis mier wamowyebuli samxedro intervenciebi (rogoric iyo sparseTis yuris omi 1991 wels) da antidasavluri aqtebi teroriristebis
mier islamur arabul saxelmwifoebSi (gansakuTrebiT, iranSi, eraySi, libiaSi,
egviptesa da siriaSi) kulturaTa da civilizaciaTa Sejaxebis sxva magaliTebi
arsebobs balkaneTSi (yvelaze SesamCnevad _ bosniaSi), sadac marTlmadidebeli
qristianebi da musulmanebi mtroben erTmaneTs, iseve, rogorc Zveli ruseTis
imperiis periferiebSi. ruseTSi, marTlamdideblur-musulmanurma dapirispirebam erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg ganawyo osebi da inguSebi, somxebi azerbaijanelebis winaaRmdeg - kavkasiaSi. centralur aziaSi, marTlamdidebeli rusebi
adgilobriv musulmanebTan aseve sakmaod daZabul pirobebSi cxovroben, maT
Soris yazaxebTan, uzbekebTan, TurqebTan, yirgizebTan da avRanelebTan.
hantingtonis xedviT, civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba moicavs ara mxolod
msoflios regionebs Soris konfliqtebs, aramed aseve kulturul konfliqtebs
im arealSi, sadac ori civilizacia Tanaarsebobs. magaliTad, aziaSi Cinuri da
iaponuri civilizaciebi upirispirdeba erTmaneTs, iseve, rogorc Cinelebi da
tibetelebi (budistebi), Cinelebi da indoelebi (induistebi) da Cinelebi da

582
musulmanebi (centralur da samxreT aziaSi). indoeTis subkontinentze, induisturi umravlesoba indoeTSi ebrZvis sakuTar mravalricxovan musulmanur
umciresobas, iseve, rogorc mezobel pakistans.
evropaSi kulturuli dayofa (e.w. xaverdis farda) dasavlur, anu im saxelmwifoebs, romlebic iziareben kaTolikur, renesansis, reformaciis, ganmanaTleblobisa da industriuli revoluciis ideebs, da aRmosavleTis saxelmwifoebs Soris, romlebic ZiriTadad slavuri da marTlmadidebluria da rCebian
dasavleTis ZiriTadi religiuri da inteleqtualuri miRwevebisagan ganze _
gamoiwvia didi dapirispireba mas Semdeg, rac rkinis farda Camoixsna. da bolos,
dasavleTi naxevarsfero ori gansxvavebuli kulturuli memkvidreobis samSobloa. CrdiloeTi amerika (amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi da kanada) anglofonuria
da mkveTrad ganicdis britanuli da CrdiloeT evropuli kulturis, maT Soris
protestantizmis, gavlenas. meqsika, centraluri da samxreTi amerika ZiriTadad espanurenovani da kaTolikuria da adgilobrivi da iberiuli kulturebis
(magaliTad, sxvebTan erTad inkanis, maiasa da actekebis) sinTezs warmoadgens.
hantingtoni aqcents akeTebs, rom monaTesave qveynis sindromi _ romlis Sesabamisadac sxvadasxva qveynis adamianebi da liderebi kulturulad arian erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulni _ Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi
aSkarad iCens Tavs. magaliTad, 1991 wels sparseTis yuris omSi, arabi elitac da
mosaxleobac erays farglebs gareT dasavleTis sawinaaRmdegod ganewyo. Tumca
arabTa mxardaWera Tundac sxva arabul-islamuri qveynisa, romelsac iseTi sastiki diqtatori marTavda, rogorc sadam huseinia, naTesauri sindromis gamomJRavnebis mxolod erTi magaliTia. sxva magaliTebia Turqebis mier azerbaijanis
(musulmanuri) mxardaWera misi didi xnis mtris _ somxeTis winaaRmdeg (marTlmadidebluri) an dasavleTis mier marTlmadidebeli serbebis dasja, aseve bosnieli musulmanebis winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebuli sisastike. arabTa samyarosa da
samxreT aziaSi bevri musulmani mkvlevarisaTvis, gansxvaveba dasavleTis mier
erayis winaaRmdeg quveiTze Tavdasxmis gamo Zaladobrivi qmedeba da amave dasavleTis mier serbeTze SedarebiT susti zewola bosniel musulmanebze agresiis
ganxorcielebis gamo, aseve monaTesave qveynis sindromis gamovlinebaa.
ufro metic, hantingtoni axdens `gaxleCili qveynebis~ identificirebas, romlebic Sedgeba sxvadasxva civilizaciasa da kulturas mikuTvnebuli
xalxebisagan da dezintegraciis pirveli kandidatebi arian. amis naTeli magaliTebi sabWoTa kavSiri, iugoslavia da meqsikaa. konfliqtebi gaxleCil qveynebSi advilad SeiZleba gadaizardos sxvadasxva civilizaciis mqone saxelmwifoebs an jgufebs Soris omSi.
yvelaze ufro avismomaswavebeli elementi hantingtonis civilizaciaTa Sejaxebis TeoriaSi aris globaluri konfliqtis SesaZlebloba dasavlur da aradasavlur civilizaciebs Soris (hantingtonis sityvebiT `dasavleTi _ danarCenis winaaRmdeg~). arabul saxelmwifoebsa da CineTs Soris politikuri kavSirebis
ganviTareba islamur-konfuciuri aliansis Seqmnas moaswavebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom
osama bin ladenis al-qaedas moZraobis warmoSoba antidasavluri, antiiudevelqristianuli ganwyobebiT amagrebs hantingtonis mTavar Teziss, miuxedavad imisa, rom mas (hantingtons) ar uwinaswarmetyvelebia, ra formas miiRebda civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba axal saukuneSi. TviT faqti, rom osama bin ladenma formalurad
gamoacxada jihadi `dampyroblebis~ winaaRmdeg da musulmanebis movaleobad aqcia `amerikelebis yvelgan ganadgureba~40 miuTiTebs, rom amerikelebis mier mar-

583
Tuli kampania saerTaSoriso terorizmis winaaRmdeg bevrad ufro metia, vidre
ubralod konfrontacia urC arasaxelmwifoebriv aqtorsa da msoflios yvelaze
Zlier saxelmwifos Soris. ras niSnavs es zustad, jer kidev dasadgenia. dagmoben
ki arabuli qveynebi ara mxolod bin ladens, aramed terorizmsac? SeZlebs amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, gamonaxos gza arabTa interesebis dasakmayofileblad
(gansakuTrebiT palestinelTa miswrafebebis) ise, rom aman israelTan misi gansakuTrebuli urTierTobebis gawyveta ar gamoiwvios?
hantingtonis Tezisi gamoCenisTanave farTod iqna ganxiluli da azrTa
sxvadasxvaoba gamoiwvia. rogorc yvela idea msoflioSi, is maleve mieca daviwyebas _ yovel SemTxvevaSi 2001 wlis 11 seqtembramde mainc. 9-11 seqtembris
teroristuli aqtebiT gamowveulma Sokma da SiSma ganapiroba, rom amerikelebs
eZebnaT pasuxebi iseT kiTxvaze, rogoricaa: ratom vZulvarT ase Zalian? pasuxis
Ziebam kvlav gamoiwvia daintereseba am Temaze dawerili wignebiT. aseve mecnierTa daintereseba (hantingtonisa da Calmers jonsonis) da Jurnalist robert
kaplanis naSromebiT, romelmac 1994 wels - im wels, rodesac pirvelad daibomba
msoflio savaWro centri, Jurnal Atlantic Monthly-Si dabeWda statia `momavali anarqia~.41
kaplani amtkicebs, rom `msoflio rukis danawevreba da gadakeTeba mxolod axla iwyeba.~ eri-saxelmwifo im formiT, ra formiTac igi CvenTvis aris
cnobili ,ukve moZvelebulia da misi Canacvleba moxdeba, ara ufro didi regionuli dajgufebebiT an msoflio saxelmwifoTi (ise, rogorc amas idealistebi
sulelurad winaswarmetyvelebdnen II msoflio omis Semdeg) aramed, kaplanis
SexedulebiT, politikuri qarborbalebis uformo ZaliT, romelic isazrdoebs
uzarmazari da sakmaod arastabiluri urbanuli koncentraciiT, rogoric aris
momavlis gadatvirTuli, qaosuri, kriminaluri qalaqebi. suraTi, romelsac kaplani gvixatavs SemaSfoTebelia:
warmoidgineT hologramis msgavsi kartografia sam ganzomilebaSi.
am hologramaSi iqneba jgufebisa da sxva erTeulebis urTeirTgadamkveTi
dakiduli Sreebi, qalaqi-saxelmwifoebisa da sxva erebis organzomilebiani feradi niSnulebis zemoT, romelic aRniSnavs narkokartelebis,
mafiebis da kerZo usafrTxoebis saagentoTa Zalauflebas. sazRvrebis
magivrad iqneba Zalauflebis moZravi centrebi, Sua saukuneebis msgavsad. am SreTagan bevri iqneba moZravi. swor adgilze fiqsirebuli
da uxeSad gavlebuli xazebis magivrad iqneba buferuli erTeulebis
cvalebadi naxazi, qurTuli da azerbaijanuli buferuli erTeulebis
msgavsad TurqeTsa da irans Soris. am proteanul kartografiul hologramas aseve unda davumatoT sxva faqtorebic, rogoricaa, mosaxleobis
migracia, daavadebebis gavrceleba. ase rom amgvari msoflios ruka arasodes iqneba statikuri. es momavali ruka, savaraudod bolo rukac ki,
qaosis mutaciis anarekli iqneba.42

dasavleTi afrika amgvari ulmobeli momavlis magaliTia, sadac sazRvrebi

realurad qreba, sazogadoeba xdeba eTnikuri konfliqtis mosaxarSi qvabi, policia da politikuri Zalaufleba TandaTanobiT qreba am suraTidan, kriminalebi,
yaCaRebi da korumpirebuli saxelmwifo moxeleebi akontroleben vaWrobas, Zaladoba xSiri da gazrdilia, avadmyofoba isea modebuli qalaqgareT, rogorc
mkvleli, romelsac gadawyvetili aqvs, daxocos yvela cocxlad darCenili.

584
ra formas miiRebs momavali konfliqtebi, iqneba es eri-saxelmwifoebis dezintegracia Tu civilizaciaTa globaluri masStabis Sejaxeba, jerac
gaurkveveli rCeba. Tumca, eWvgareSea, rom omis Rrublebi gaagrZelebs politikis saTamaSo moednebis wyvdiadSi moqcevas yvela doneze _ lokalurzec, regionulzec da saerTaSorisozec. isic eWvgareSea, rom lokaluri konfliqtebi
zogierTi saxelmwifos arsebobasa da xelisuflebis stabilurobas safrTxes
Seuqmnis da isic, rom erT qveyanaSi Seqmnili arastabilurobis mezobel saxelmwifoebSi gadadinebac moxdeba. konfliqtis SeCerebisa da omis Semcirebis
warmateba nawilobriv damokidebuli iqneba amave miznebisaTvis II msoflio omis
Semdeg Seqmnili saerTaSoriso institutebis efeqtianobaze. es institutebi,
maT Soris, gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia, Cveni yuradRebis centrSi am wignis daskvniT TavSi moeqceva.

anarqia afrikaSi

siera leonesa Tu dasavleT afrikis danarCen nawilSi tirania ucxo xils namdvilad
ar gaxlavT. is ukve gazrdili ukanonobis Semadgeneli nawilia, rac, sakuTari mniSvnelobiT,
bevrad ufro seriozulia, vidre nebismieri saxis saxelmwifo gadatrialeba, amboxeba Tu demokratiis damkvidrebis epizoduri eqsperimentebi. danaSaulebrivi iyo is Tema, razedac Cems
megobars _ maRali Tanamdebobis afrikel saxelmwifo moxeles (romlis sicocxles safrTxe
daemuqreba, Tu davasaxeleb) _ namdvilad surda saubari. danaSaulis arseboba warmoadgens
imas rac, dasavleT afrikas Cemi mosazrebebis amosaval wertilad aqcevs, imis Taobaze, rogori politikuri xasiaTi eqneba Cvens planetas XXI saukuneSi. dasavleT afrikis qalaqebi, gansakuTrebiT RamiT, yvelaze saSiS adgilebia dRevandel msoflioSi. Cabnelebuli quCebi; policias xSirad ara aqvs sawvavi satransporto saSualebebisaTvis; SeiaraRebuli Ramis qurdebi da
manqanebis mZarcvelebi mravlad arian. ` mTavroba siera leoneSi daRamebis Semdeg yovelgvari
gavlenis gareSe rCeba,~ ambobs erT-erTi ucxoeli. 2000 wlis seqtemberSi, rodesac dedaqalaqSi viyavi, friTaunSi, AK -47iT SeiaraRebuli 8 piri SeiWra amerikelis sacxovrebel saxlSi. maT
is SeboWes da gaZarcves. daiviwyeT maiami: pirdapiri frenebi amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da
muhamed murtalas aeroports Soris mezoblad mdebare nigeriis yvelaze did qalaqSi, lagosSi, Sewyvetil iqna amerikis transportis departamentis mdivnis gadawyvetilebiT terminalsa
da mis mimdebare teritoriaze usafrTxoebis adekvaturi zomebis ararsebobis gamo. es erTerTia, im arcTu mravalricxovan SemTxvevebs Soris, rodesac amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis
mTavrobam ucxo qveynis aeroports danaSaulebrivi kavSirebisTvis embargo daado. abijanSi,
spilos Zvlis sanapiros dedaqalaqSi, restornebSi Sens manqanasa da Sesasvlels Soris TxuTmetiode nabijis moSorebiT moZraoben SeiaraRebuli dacvis samsaxuris warmomadgenlebi da
geqmneba Semzaravi warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogori SeiZleba iyos amerikis qalaqebi momavalSi. italieli elCi daiRupa, roca mZarcvelebi Tavs daesxnen abijanis erT-erT restorans.
nigerieli elCis ojaxis wevrebi Tavis sacxovrebelSive SeboWes da gaZarcves. mas Semdeg, rac
universitetis studentebma spilos Zvlis sanapiroSi daiWires yaCaRebi, romlebic Zarcvavdnen maT sacxovreblebs, studentebma isini SeboWes da cecxlze dasves. amas yvelafers spilos
Zvlis sanapiros erT-erTi policieli uyurebda da SiSiT Carevas ver bedavda. roca abijanis
avtobusis sadgurze mivdiodi, axalgazrda adamianebis jgufi mousvenari TvalebiT uyurebda
Cems taqss, xels urtyamdnen manqanis minebs da moiTxovdnen qiras Cemi bargis waRebisaTvis,
miuxedavad imisa, rom mxolod erTi mcire xelCanTa mqonda. eqvsi dasavleT afrikuli qveynis
sxvadasxva qalaqSi yvelgan vxedavdi axalgazrda adamianebs aseTsave brboebs. isini hgavdnen

585
gaTavisuflebul molekulebs Zalian arastabilur sazogadoebriv garemoSi, romelic aalebis
piras iyo misuli. `rogorc xedav afrikis soflebSi bunebriv movlenad aris miCneuli, ikvebo nebismier magidaze da Tavi Seafaro nebismier qoxs. magram qalaqebSi amgvari komunaluri
pirobebi ukve aRar arsebobs _ unda gadaixado Ramis gasaTevad da unda migiwvion saWmelad.
rodesac axalgazrda adamianebi aRmoaCenen, rom naTesavebi veRar Seifareben, isini gamouval mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndebian, uerTdebian sxva emigrantebs da TandaTanobiT kriminalur
saqmianobaSic erTvebian~, miTxra Cemma megobarma ministrma.
`arabuli CrdiloeT afrikis gaRaribebul nawilebSi,~ _ gaagrZela man, _ `naklebi danaSaulia, imitom, rom islami uzrunvelyofs socialur simtkices: ganaTlebisa da indoqtrinaciis.
aq, dasavleT afrikaSi, zedapirulad islamic da qristianobacaa warmodgenili. dasavluri
religia ZirgamoTxrilia iseTi mtruli rwmenebiT, romelic SeuTavsebelia moralur sazogadoebasTan, radganac is dafuZnebulia iracionalur sulier Zalauflebaze. aq suliereba gamoyenebulia, raTa nebaze miuSvan SurisZieba erTi pirovnebis mier meoris sawinaaRmdegod an
erTi jgufisa meoris winaaRmdeg.~ liberiis samoqalaqo omis dros Cadenili bevri Zaladoba

jujus sulier rwmenas ukavSirdeboda da BBC-im Tavis Jurnal Focus on Africa-Si gaaSuqa, rom
samoqalaqo omSi siera leoneSi, amboxebulebs `ukusvliT win miuZRoda axalgazrda sruliad
SiSveli qali, romelic gzas sarkeSi xedavda. siSiSvle mas armiis poziciebis gadakveTas uadvilebda da iq marxavda Tavis silamazes ...raTa ajanyebulTa warmatebis Sansi gaezarda.~
nawyveti Robert D. Kaplan-is wignidan The Coming Anarchy, New York: Vintage Books, 2001, 4-6.

daskvna

dominanturi `mbrZaneblis~ ararsebobis gamo saerTaSoriso politika moqmedeba mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba saxelmwifo Tu Sida politikasagan. melosis
bediswera saerTaSoriso arenaze samxedro Zlierebis upiratesi rolis ilustrirebas axdens. ZalauflebisaTvis brZola saerTaSoriso sistemis bunebis
Semadgeneli nawilia. yoveli suverenuli saxelmwifo status-kvos Secvlis
msurvel sxva saxelmwifosTan konkurenciis pirobebSi sakuTari erovnuli interesebis dacvas cdilobs. erovnuli interesis koncefcia orazrovania, Tumca
moicavs yvelafers, rasac saxelmwifo liderebi sakuTari qveynis grZelvadiani
usafrTxoebisa Tu keTildReobis xelSemwyobad miiCneven.
saerTaSoriso politikis specilobis studentebma unda ganasxvavon
sagareo politikuri miznebi da am miznebis miRwevis saSualebebi. saxelmwifoebi gansxvavebul saSualebebs irCeven, Tumca es arCevani yovelTvis erTi
umTavresi mizniT _ saxelmwifoebis mier gaZlierebis mcdelobiT aris daCrdiluli. zogierTi saxelmwifo kmayofilia arsebuli Zalauflebrivi urTierTobebiT da mxolod arsebuli status-kvos SenarCunebas cdilobs, sxvebi ukmayofiloni arian da Sesabamisad misi Secvlisaken iswrafvian. yvela saxelmwifo,
romelsac surs konkurentunariani iyos saerTaSoriso arenaze, mudmivadaa

586
CarTuli sakuTari Zlierebis gazrdis procesSi. mxolod ramdenime saxelmwifo Tu axerxebs, Tavi aaridos Zlierebis SenarCunebasa da Zlierebis gazrdas
Soris arCevanis gakeTebas; isini, yvelaferTan erTad, Zalis politikis uaryofas cdiloben.
monros doqtrina miznad isaxavda gaexangrZlivebina regionuli statuskvo dasavleT naxevarsferoSi; aseve sabWoTa kavSiridan momavali safrTxis Sekaveba SesaZlebeli iyo globaluri status-kvos strategiiT, romelic amerikis
SeerTebulma Statebma SeimuSava II msoflio omis Semdeg. civi omis Semdeg periodSi, zogierTma politologma politikuri realizmis Teoriaze daydnobiT
daiwyo mtkiceba, rom amerikis SeerTebul Statebs unda miemarTa izolacionizmis strategiisaTvis. sxvebis azriT ki saerTaSoriso politikuri sistemis
mTavari maxasiaTeblebi mniSvnelovani meqanizmi iyo Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso politikis gasagebad da amerikis sagareo politikis gansasazRvrad. Tumca
politikuri realizmi warsulSi saerTaSoriso politikis axsnas gvTavazobda,
dRes mas akritikeben zneobis sakiTxis mimarT misi indiferentuli damokidebulebisa da erovnuli interesis koncefciaze aqcentirebis gamo globaluri
problemebis arsebobis fonze.
tradiciuli ZalTa wonasworobis sistema, romelic formalurad 1648
wlidan arsebobda SezRuduli iyo masStabiT. evropuli sistemis erTi upiratesoba is iyo, rom misi yvela wevri iziarebda saerTo Rirebulebebsa da rwmenebs.
didi britaneTic iseve moqmedebda, rogorc wonasworobis damcveli. evropuli
sistema muSaobda, radgan miznebi da saSualebebi SezRuduli, xolo aliansebi
moqnili iyo. XIX saukuneSi am pirobebis Secvlam ZalTa wonasworobis sistemis
daSlas daudo saTave.
II msoflio omis Semdeg Zveli evropuli multipolaruli sistemis adgilze bipolaruli sistema Camoyalibda. geografiulad ufro farTo, vidre misi
winamorbedi, am bipolaruli sistemis mTavari maxasiaTebeli iyo sastiki dapirispireba or supersaxelmwifos _ amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da sabWoTa kavSirs Soris. siRrmiseuli ideologiuri gansxvavebebi da birTvuli holokostis
safrTxe am metoqeobis Tavisebureba iyo. 1960-iani wlebis bolosTvis, strategiuli Cixis viTarebam, romelic efuZneboda ormxriv Sekavebas, am or titans Soris omi iracionaluri gaxada.
sabWoTa kavSiris daSlasa da civi omis damTavrebasTan erTad, axali saerTaSoriso wesrigi iwyebs aRmocenebas. sayuradReboa, rom es ZalTa wonasworobis sistema ki ar aris, aramed igi sxvadasxva saxis tendenciebs amJRavnebs. ufro
metic, sakmarisi safuZvelia imisaTvis, rom virwmunoT, es sistema droebiTi da
gardamavali iqneba.
aRmocenebadi saerTaSoriso wesrigi unipolarulia, romlis saTaveSi
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebia. TanamSromloba da konkurencia ekonomikuri
sakiTxebis garSemo gaizarda. ufro metic, ekonomikuri Zliereba koncentrirebuli xdeba sam regionSi: dasavleT evropaSi, amerikasa da iaponiaSi. damafiqrebelia msoflio masStabiT eTnikuri konfliqtebis raodenobis zrda. gaumjobesebeli saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis Sedegad globaluri garemosdacviTi
problemebi ufro met yuradRebas iqcevs. Tumca ganviTarebad qveynebSi masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis gavrceleba msoflio stabilurobas sakmaod did
safrTxes uqmnis. da bolos, miuxedavad imisa, rom momavali konfliqtebis wyaro
ucnobia, erTi gavleniani mecnieris mtkicebiT, is kulturuli gansxvavebulo-

587
bidan amoizrdeba da mas civilizaciaTa Sejaxebis forma eqneba.

sakvanZo sityvebi
politikuri realizmi

eqspansionisturi strategia

wonasworoba

neitraliteti

ZalTa wonasworobis sistema

miumxrobloba

wonasworobis damcveli

monros doqtrina

bipolaruli sistema

Sekaveba

marSalis gegma

trumenis doqtrina

Crdiloatlantikuri xelSekrulebis

neoizolacionistebi

organizacia (nato)

idealizmi

varSavis paqti

globalizacia

sameuli

saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi

erovnuli interesi

monaTesave qveynis sindromi

status-kvos strategia

kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis

1.

ras gveubneba Tukidides damokidebuleba aTenelTa da meloselTa dapirispirebis Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso politikis bunebis Taobaze?

2.

ra moiazreba politikisadmi makiavelur damokidebulebaSi? ra saxis msoflmxedvelobas gulisxmobs amgvari midgoma?

3.

ras gulisxmobs cneba `erovnuli interesi~? rogor iyeneben politikuri

realistebi am termins?

4.

romeli ori ZiriTadi sagareo politikuri strategia aris xelmisawvdomi

saxelmwifoebisaTvis?

5.

ra igulisxmeba ZalTa wonasworobaSi? rogor muSaobda tradiciuli evropuli ZalTa wonasworobis sistema? ra iyo misi mTavari maxasiaTeblebi? ratom SeZlo man met-naklebad warmatebulad funqcionireba 260 wlis ganmavlobaSi?

6.

ram gamoiwvia klasikuri evropuli ZalTa wonasworobis sistemis rRveva?

7.

riTi gansxvavdeboda II msoflio omis Semdgomi saerTaSoriso sistema misi

winamorbedebisagan?

8.

aris Tu ara dRes ZalTa wonasworoba?

9.

dRevandel msoflioSi ra qmnis mSvidobis mTavar safrTxes?

SeniSvnebi

1. citirebebi am diskusiidan aris Tukidides The Melian Conference, in Readings in World Politics, me-2

588
gamoc., red., Robert Goldwin and Tony Pearce (new York: Oxford University Press, 1970),472-478.

2. Niccolo Machiaveli, The Prince, in The Prince and Discourses (New York: Modern Library, 1952), 56.
3. iqve, 64
4. Hans J. Morgenthau, Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace, me-5 gamoc., (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1992), 11.
5. iqve, 22-23.
6. iqve, 11.
7. iqve, 11.
8. iqve, 221-223.
9. iqve, 27.
10. citirebulia, Alexander De Conde, A History of American Foreign Policy: Growth to World Power, tomi 1,
me-3 gamoc., (New York: Scribners, 1978), 130.

11. Alexis De Tocqueville, Democracy in America, tomi 1 (New York: Schocken Books, 1961), 522.
12. George F. Kennan, ``Sources of Soviet Conduct,`` in Caging the Bear: Containment and the Cold War, red.
Charles Gati (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1974), 18.
13. Congressional Record, 80 Cong., 1st sess. (March 1947), 1981.
14. ix. Chalmers Johnson, Blowback: The Costs and Consequences of American Empire (New York: Holt, 2000).
15. iqve, 8.
16. iqve.
17. iqve, 9.
18. iqve.
19. iqve, 11.
20. magaliTisaTvis ix. Alan Tonelson, ``What is the National Interest?`` in Americas National Interest in a Post
Cold War World, red. Alvin Z. Rubinstein (New York:McGraw-Hill, 1994), 56. aseve, Barbara Conry, U.S. ``Global
Leadership``: A Euphemism for World Policeman, Policy Analysis No. 267 (CATO Institute, February 8, 1997).
21. Max Singer and Aaron Wildavsky, The Real World Order: Zones of Peace/Zones of Turmoil (Chatham House,
1996), 5-6.
22. iqve, 199.
23. iqve, 5.
24. Martin Gilbert, The Roots of Appeasement (New York: New American Library, 1996).
25. miuxedavad ramdenime eqspertis gancxadebisa, rom prezident klintonma amgvari politikis gatarebiT ganimtkica politikuri kavSirebi eTnikurad afrikel kongresmenebTan, mainc unda davuSvaT, rom es mis mTavar mizans ar warmoadgenda. altruizmis saintereso SemTxveva moxda 1920-1921
wlebSi, rodesac sazareli SimSili sufevda sabWoTa kavSiris teritoriaze. miuxedavad sabWoTa
xelisuflebis mier antikapitalisturi revoluciebis aqtiuri mxardaWerisa, amerikis mTavrobam
daxmarebis organizacia (huveris komisia) Seqmna. am organizaciis xelmZRvanelobiT milionobiT
dolaris Rirebulebis sakvebi iqna gagzavnili da milionobiT adamiani gadarCa volgis regionSi.
im periodis oficialurma sabWoTa gazeTma aRniSna kidevac, rom `yvela kapitalistur saxelmwifos Soris, mxolod amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma aRmogviCina drouli da realuri daxmareba.~
cit. Adam Ulam, Expansion and Coexistence: Soviet Foreign Policy, 1917-1973, me-2 gamoc., (New York: Praeger,
1974) 148.
26. cit. Marvin Jones, The Fifteen Weeks ( New York: Harbinger, 1955 ), 256.
27. Raul Hilberg, The destruction of the European Jews (New York: Harper&Row, 1961), 358-359.
28. Arnold Wolfers, Discord and Collaboration: Essays on International Politics (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1965), 93.
29. mosazreba, rom idealizmsa da realizms Soris gansxvaveba igivea, rac gansxvaveba princi psa da
gonivrulobas Soris naTan tarkovs ekuTvnis. Nathan Tarcov, Principle and Prudence in Foreign Policy: The
Founders Perspective, The Puiblic Interest 76 (Summer 1984) 45-60.
30. Jessica Tuchman Mathews, ``The Environment and International Security,`` in World Security: Challenges for a
New Century, me-2 gamoc., red. Michael Klare and Daniel Thomas (New York: St. Martin Press, 1994), 286.

589
31. gansakuTrebiT gamosadegia Charles Krauthammer, ``The Lonely Superpower,`` New Republic, July 29, 1991.
23-27. Cveni msjeloba ramswnime mniSvnelovan aspeqtSi Krauthammer-isas emTxveva.
32. Joan Edelman Spero, The Politics of International Economic Relations, me-4 gamoc., (New York:St. Martins Press,
1990), 229.
33. Donald Horowitz, Ethical and National Conflict, in World Security Challenges for a New Century, red. Klare
and Thomas, 175.
34. iqve, 176.
35. Charles Kegley, Jr., and Eugene Wittkopf, World Poitics: Trend and Transformation, me-6 gamoc., (New York: St.
Martins Press, 1997), 395-396.
36. Samuel Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations? Foreign Affairs 72 (Summer 1993): 22-43; and Samuel Huntington, If Not Civilizations, What? Paradigms of the Post-Cold War Era, Foreign Affairs 72 (December 1993): 24-39;
amis Semdeg hantingtonma am sakiTxis Sesaxeb sakuTari TvalTaxedva gamoaqveyna wignSi The Clash of
Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996).
37. Huntington, Clash of Civilizations, 24.
38. iqve, 25, 26.
39. iqve, 40.
40. Judith Miller, A Child of Privilege Who Champions Terror, New York Times, September 14, 2001, veb-gverdi.
41. Robert D. Kaplan, The Coming Anarchy (New York: Vintage Books, 2001). es bestseleri arsebiTad gamoqveynebul naSromTa krebulia.
42. iqve, 50-51.

Tu mSvidoba gsurs, emzade omisaTvis _ uxsovari droidan es gamonaTqvami

politikur realistTa kredo iyo. istoria gvaswavlis, rom konfliqti adamianuri mdgomareobis nawilia da omis Tavidan acileba an SeCereba, saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, sifxizlisa da samxedro mzadyofnis politikiTaa SesaZlebeli. Tumca
am Sexedulebas yovelTvis hyavda oponentebi. samyaroSi, sadac
sawvavis fasi amerikis benzingasamarT sadgurebze dgindeba ucxo qveynebis
dedaqalaqebSi Sekrebili xalxis mier... amerikeli momxmareblisaTvis feradi televizorebis xelmisawvdomobas gansazRvravs ara mxolod Sida bazris Zalebi, aramed
SeTanxmebebi, erTi mxriv, vaSingtonsa da meore mxriv, tokios, taipeisa da seuls Soris... kremlSi miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi gavlenas axdens amerikelTa dabegvrasa
da imaze, raSi daixarjeba amoRebuli Tanxebi... maragi gansazRvravs keTildReobas
yvelgan _ sadac yvelaferi erTmaneTTanaa dakavSirebuli, saWiroa axleburi azrovneba da axali konceptualuri meTodebi.1

saxelmwifoTa erovnuli ekonomika sul ufro erwymis msoflio ekonomikas. am SesaZleblobas meocnebeni winaswarmetyvelebdnen da miesalmebodnen
didi xniT adre, vidre es realobad iqceoda. egreT wodebuli funqcionali-

stebi amtkicebdnen, rom efeqturi saerTaSoriso organizaciebi xels Seuwy-

590

T aavv i XV I I I

saerTaSoriso
organizacia(ebi)
b rZ
rZola
o la wesrigisTv
w esrigisT v is

arasaxelmwifo aqtorebi msoflio

asparezze
mravalerovani korporaciebi

saerTaSoriso

arasamTavrobo organizaciebi (INGOs) da saerTaSoriso samTavrobo oranizaciebi (IGOs)

gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia (gaero)
istoriuli foni: erTa liga
erebis organizaciis daarseba
omis periodSi

gaerTianebuli
gaero civi

gaero civi omis Semdeg

problemebi, romlis winaSec dganan didi saerTaSoriso organizaciebi.

saerTaSoriso samarTali
sargeblianoba

Tanxmoba da iZuleba

saer-

TaSoriso samarTali Tanamedrove epoqaSi

saerTaSoriso samarTlis SezRudvebi
TaSoriso samarTlis Sefaseba
mSvidobisaken swrafva

saer-

591
obdnen TanamSromlobas msoflio masStabiT da es TanamSromloba, Tavis mxriv,
warmoSobda saerTo ekonomikur interesebs, xels Seuwyobda saerTaSoriso
urTierTgagebas da Seamcirebda msoflio daZabulobasa da saomar moqmedebebs.
azrovnebis am skolam, funqcionalizmi ewodeba, meore msoflio omis Semdeg akademiuri sazogadoebis didi yuradReba miiqcia. mis momxreebs swamdaT, rom sazRvrebs gacilebuli mSvidobis, komerciisa da TanamSromlobis upiratesobebi
sazogadoebas sabolood viwro erovnuli interesebis uaryofamde miiyvanda.
guSindeli funqcionalizmi igivea, rac dRevandeli urTierTdamokideb-

ulebaa. es specialuri termini aRniSnavs erebs Soris arsebuli axlo kavSirebis

rTul qsels, romelic, zogierTis TqmiT, TviT saerTaSoriso wesrigis safuZvels cvlis. kerZod, msoflio ekonomikis mudmivma ganviTarebam da zrdam gamoiwvia zeerovnuli struqturebis warmoqmna, raTa uzrunvelyofili iqnes Sesabamisi kanonmdebloba da moixsnas xelovnuri dabrkolebebi (rogoricaa tarifebi
da savaWro kvotebi).
regionuli savaWro kavSirebis zrda da ekonomikuri integraciisken svla
naTlad aisaxa evrokavSiris 1992 wlis gadawyvetilebaSi, Seeqmna erTiani ekonomikuri zona. iseTi zeerovnuli struqturebis warmoqmna, rogorebicaa amerikis erTiani bazari karibis zRvis auzSi, merkosuri _ samxreT amerikis samxreT
konusze, aziisa da wynari okeanis auzis ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis forumi
da samxreT aziis regionuli TanamSromlobis asociacia (SAARS), asaxavs regionuli integraciis mimarT im did interess, romelic evropis farglebs gareTac
arsebobda. am kuTxiT, saboloo Sedegi iqneba gazrdili TanamSromloba da erTa
Soris arsebuli samxedro konfliqtebis ekonomikuri konkurenciiT Canacvleba. sabolood, racionaluri TviTinteresi ubiZgebs yvela saxelmwifos aRiaros, rom daubrkolebeli vaWroba da investiciebi okeaneebsa da sazRvrebs miRma
sargeblis momtania yvela erisaTvis.
magram gamoiwvia Tu ara aseTi ekonomikuri faqtebis zrdam, romlis Tavdapirveli mizani keTildReobis xelSewyoba iyo, msoflio mSvidobis sakiTxis win
wamoweva? da namdvilad Seuwyo Tu ara xeli aseT TanamSromlobas globaluri
da regionuli organizaciebis, maT Soris ramdenime universaluri organizaciis
(rogoricaa gaero) Seqmnam an saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebis SemuSavebam da
gatarebam? am kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad jer msoflioSi arsebuli sxvadasxva
saxis zeerovnuli struqturis ganxilvaa saWiro.

arasaxelmwifo aqtorebi msoflio asparezze

saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobas, saxelmwifoebis garda, xels uwyoben agreTve arasaxelmwifo organizaciebic. aseT organizaciebs, Cveulebriv,
arasaxelmwifo aqtorebs uwodeben. mravalerovani korporaciebi, arasamTavrobo organizaciebi (NGO) da saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo organizaciebi _
es aris legitimuri arasaxelmwifo erTeulis sami ZiriTadi tipia, romlebmac
mniSvnelovani roli Seasrules msoflio politikaSi.

multinacionaluri korporaciebi

592
kompaniebs, `ucxouri filialebiT, romlebsac firmis produqcia da marketingi qveynis farglebs gareT gaaqvT,~ Cveulebriv, multinacionalur ko-

rporaciebs (MNC) uwodeben. da marTlac, `Tanamedrove multinacionaluri

korporacia aris Svilobil kompaniaTa globaluri qseli.~2 Zlier, aSS-Si dafuZnebul multinacionalur korporaciaTa magaliTs warmoadgens jeneral motorsi, maikrosofti, eqsoni, koka-kola, makdonaldsi da inteli. meore msoflio
omis bolodan multinacionalur korporaciaTa aRmavloba, romlebic moicavdnen rogorc amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, ise sxva qveynebSi arsebul bizness,
gasaocari iyo. 1990-iani wlebSi multinacionalur korporaciebSi dasaqmebuli iyo 73 milioni adamiani, rac msoflios anazRaurebadi arasasoflosameurneo samsaxurebis 10 da samrewvelo qveynebSi dasaqmebulTa daaxloebiT 20%-s
Seadgenda. multinacionalur korporaciebSi pirdapiri Tu arapirdapiri gziT
dasaqmebuli, sul mcire, 150 milioni adamiani iyo, rac mTlianad anazRaurebadi, arasasoflo-sameurneo samuSao adgilebis 20%-s Seadgenda.3 amasTan, 1990ian wlebSi msoflios 350 umsxvilesi multinacionaluri korporacia msoflio
saqonelbrunvis TiTqmis 40%-s moicavda, maSin, roca amJamad zogi umdidresi
multinacionaluri kompaniis gayidvebi bevri qveynis mTlian Sida produqts
aWarbebs.4 msoflio masStabiT multinacionaluri korporaciebis gayidvebi
yovelwliurad mraval trilion dolars Seadgens.5 ukve gasagebi xdeba, ratom
miaCnia zogierTs, rom axali msoflio wyoba fundamenturad gansxvavdeba winamorbedisagan:
axla Zalauflebis balansze fiqris dro ar aris. iseTma zesaxelmwifomac ki, rogoricaa SeerTebuli Statebi, sakuTar Tavze gamoscada,
rom mcdeloba, Seaferxo vaWrobisa da investirebis nakadi iseT qveynebTan, rogoricaa irani da kuba, ara marto araefeqturi, aramed finansurad wamgebianicaa. multinacionaluri korporaciebi _ romelTac
erT dros qonebas arTmevdnen an fondebs uyadaRebdnen, ukrZalavdnen
vaWrobas mtrul qveynebTan da uaxlesi maRali teqnologiebisa da deficituri saqonlis Tavisufal yidva-gayidvas _ axla ki ar emorCilebian,
aramed Tavad gansazRvraven sagareo politikas.6

gaumjobesebulma teqnologiam da ekonomikuri mdgomareobis cvlam xeli

Seuwyo multinacionaluri korporaciebis zrdas. Tanamedrove kompiuterebma,
komunikaciebma da satransporto teqnologiebma Seqmnis korporatiuli gafarToebis, integraciisa da pirovnuli mobilurobis saSualeba. globaluri ekonomikis zrdam, aseve xeli Seuwyo am process (1950 wlidan moyolebuli msoflio
vaWroba 10-jer da metad gaizarda), romelic swrafad ganviTarda _ sul ufro
bevrma korporaciam gaxsna filiali sazRvargareT, raTa upiratesobisaTvis mieRwia bazrebsa da Semcirebuli muSaxelis RirebulebasTan mimarTebaSi.7
CrdiloeT amerikis, dasavleT evropisa da (bolo dromde) iaponiis ZiriTadi bankebi warmoadgendnen fuladi saxsrebis koleqtiur wyaros multinacionalur korporaciaTa gafarToebisaTvis mTels msoflioSi. Tavad es giganturi
bankebic multinacionaluria da trilionobiT dolaris aqciebs flobs. 1990iani wlebis dasawyisSi (iaponiis ekonomikis daRmasvlamde da safinanso sistemis
TiTqmis srul ganadgurebamde) udidesi multinacionaluri bankebis naxevarze
meti iaponuri iyo, danarCenebi ki umetesad SeerTebul Statebsa da dasavleT
evropaSia ganlagebuli. msoflio bankTan da saerTaSoriso savaluto fond-

593
Tan erTad, romlebic gaeros specializebul saagentoebia, multinacionaluri bankebi gadamwyvet rols asruleben investirebisa da ekonomikuri zrdis
xelSewyobaSi.
arastabilur wlebSi komerciuli bankebic cdilobdnen msoflios finansuri sistemis dabalansebas. 1973-74 wlebis zamTarSi, rodesac navTobis fasi
gaoTxmagda da 1979-80 wlebSi kvlav orjer da metad gaizarda, erovnul simdidreebs Soris uceb didi uTanasworoba gaCnda, gansakuTrebiT ganviTarebad
qveynebSi. am wlebSi saerTaSoriso sabanko sistema uzrunvelyofda stabilurobas navTobiT mdidari qveynebidan amoRebuli fulis gasesxebiT im qveynebze,
romlebic naRdi fulis naklebobas ganicdidnen an navTobze maRali fasebis
gamo xeli ar miuwvdebodaT kvebis produqtebze.
multinacionaluri korporaciebi kvlavac iarsebebs. zogierTi miesalmeba
maT arsebobas da amtkicebs, rom isini zrdian msoflio konkurencias, aumjobeseben ekonomikur efeqturobas da xels uwyoben teqnologiur ganviTarebas. da
mainc, multinacionaluri korporaciis warmoqmnam SeSfoTeba gamoiwvia mraval
qveyanaSi. kritikosebi amtkiceben, rom aseTi korporaciebi Zalze xSirad orientirebulni arian mogebaze da yuradRebas ar aqceven im zians, rasac am procesSi
maspinZel qveynebs ayeneben da isini ukanonod erevian am qveynebis Sida saqmeebSi
(magaliTad, CileSi 1970-ian wlebSi). am mxriv, vinaidan isini erTi romelime saxelmwifos legaluri kontrolis farglebs gareT moqmedeben, seriozul problemas uqmnian tradiciuli teritoriuli saxelmwifos suverenitetsa da saerTaSoriso sistemis erTianobas.
rogori safuZvlianic ar unda iyos es kritika, udavoa, rom multinacionaluri korporaciebi koleqtiurad Tu individualurad mZlavri
Zalaa Tanamedrove msoflio politikaSi. erTi cnobili politikosis sityvebiT: multinacionaluri firmebi, romlebic koordinirebas uweven
warmoebas globaluri masStabiT da sakuTar nawarms mTels msoflioSi
anawileben, globaluri urTierTdamokidebulebis Zalze STambeWdavi
manifestaciaa. isini eWvqveS ayeneben msoflio politikis im modelebis
Rirebulebas, romlebic xelmZRvaneloben erovnuli TviTdajerebulobis mosazrebiT da sazRvrebs miRma urTierTobebs gamonaklis SemTxvevad ganixilaven. erT-erTi mosazrebis Tanaxmad, isini XIX saukunis industriuli revoluciis saerTaSoriso ekvivalentia; meore mosazrebis
Tanaxmad ki, SesaZloa isini momavalSi msoflio ekonomikis safuZvlad
iqces.8

saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo organizaciebi da saerTaSoriso

samTavrobo organizaciebi
arsebobs saerTaSoriso organizaciebis ori ZiriTadi tipi: organizacias,
romelic Sedgeba kerZo pirebisa da Svilobili kompaniebisagan, ewodeba saerTa-

Soriso arasamTavrobo organizacia (INGO), xolo saerTaSoriso organizacias,

romlis wevrebsac mTavrobebi warmoadgenen, saerTaSoriso samTavrobo orga-

nizacia (IGO) ewodeba. orive maTgani mravali saxis asociacias moicavs (ix. cxrili 18-1 da 18-2). am TavSi yuradRebas vamaxvilebT saerTaSoriso samTavrobo
organizaciebze, radgan isini ufro pirdapiri gziT axdenen gavlenas msoflio

594
politikasa da saerTaSoriso mSvidobis gzebis Ziebaze.
cxrili 18.1

zogierTi tipuri saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo organizacia (INGO)

afro-aziel xalxTa solidarobis organizacia

AmnesTi interneSenali (saerTaSoriso amnistia)

arab iuristTa kavSiri

evropuli samauwyeblo kavSiri
aziel qalTa asociaciebis federacia
sahaero transportis saerTaSoriso federacia
qalTa saerTaSoriso aliansi
saerTaSoriso savaWro palata
wiTeli jvris saerTaSoriso komiteti
akordionistTa saerTaSoriso konfederacia
arabul profkavSirTa saerTaSoriso konfederacia
Tavisufal profkavSirTa saerTaSoriso konfederacia
koridis mowinaaRmdegeTa saerTaSoriso sabWo
samecniero kavSirTa saerTaSoriso sabWo
kriminaluro policiis saerTaSoriso organizacia
aviakompaniebis pilotTa asociaciebis saerTaSoriso federacia
xelburTis saerTaSoriso federacia
saerTaSoriso olimpiuri komiteti
politikuri mecnierebis saerTaSoriso asociacia
venerul daavadebebTan da treponematozTan brZolis saerTaSoriso kavSiri
adgilobriv xelisuflebaTa saerTaSoriso kavSiri
laTinoamerikel gemTmflobelTa asociacia
sareklamo saagentoTa skandinaviuri asociacia
Rotari InterneSenali

xsnis armia
gadavarCinoT bavSvebi
eklesiaTa msoflio kavSiri
ebrael JurnalistTa msoflio federacia
ostat mkeravTa msoflio federacia
gaerTianebuli erebis asociaciaTa msoflio federacia

Tanamedrove epoqis pirveli TvalsaCino arasamTavrobo saerTaSoriso organizacia iyo wminda aliansi. igi 1815 wels Seiqmna ruseTis, avstriisa da prusiis mier evropaSi revoluciuri demokratiuli moZraobis CasaxSobad. saerTod,
arasamTavrobo saerTaSoriso organizaciebi mniSvnelovani gaxda or msoflio
oms Soris periodSi (1919-1939 wlebSi). farTod gavrcelda erTa ligasTan _ istoriaSi marTlac pirvel universalur saerTaSoriso samTavrobo organizaciasTan dakavSirebuli saerTaSoriso organizaciebi. 1940 wlisaTvis ukve 80-ze
meti saerTaSoriso samTavrobo organizacia da 500-mde saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo organizacia iyo; meore msoflio omis Semdgom periodSi orive tipis

595
organizaciaTa ricxvi gamudmebiT izrdeboda (ix. cxrili 18-1).
Cveulebriv, saerTaSoriso samTavrobo organizaciebis wevroba SezRudulia teritoriul-funqciuri mosazrebebiT. isini erT konkretul mizans emsaxurebian.9 Tumca, arsebobs gamonaklisebic. magaliTad, jandacvis msoflio
organizacia, romelsac aqvs erTi mizani _ avadmyofobis damarcxeba, Riaa sayovelTao wevrobisaTvis. meore mxriv, afrikis erTianobis organizaciis wevroba
SezRudulia regionuli CarCoebiT, magram emsaxureba ramdenime saerTo mizans
ekonomikuri, socialuri da politikuri xaziT. gaero msoflios gamorCeul
saerTaSoriso organizaciad iTvleba im mizezebis gamo, romlebic momdevno
TavSia axsnili.
zeerovnul, transnacionalur da saerTaSoriso struqturaTa mravalferovneba qmnis imas, rasac erTi mwerali `erTmaneTze damokidebulebis qsels~
uwodebs.10 Cven saerTaSoriso samTavrobo organizaciaTa or gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovan tips vikvlevT: ekonomikur paqtebsa (kerZod, evrokavSirs) da
samxedro aliansebs (kerZod, natos, romelic amJamad cvlilebebs ganicdis civi
omis dasrulebis gamo).

cxrili 18.2

zogierTi tipuri saerTaSoriso samTavrobo organizacia (IGO)

afrikis ganviTarebis fondi
afrikis miwis Txilis sabWo
arabeTis safosto kavSiri
aziis ganviTarebis banki
aziisa da wynari okeanis auzis qveynebis ekonomikuri sabWo
samxreT-aRmosavleT aziis saxelmwifoTa asociacia
centraluri amerikis erTiani bazari
evropis usafrTxoebisa da TanamSromlobis konferencia
sayovelTao ekonomikuri daxmarebis sabWo
evropis ekonomikuri sazogadoeba
evropis kosmosuri saagento
sursaTisa da soflis meurneobis organizacia
yureTa TanamSromlobis sabWo
tropikuli Tinusis interamerikuli komisia
ganviTarebisa da rekonstruqciis saerTaSoriso banki
samoqalaqo aviaciis saerTaSoriso organizacia
yavis saerTaSoriso organizacia
Sromis saerTaSoriso organizacia
zeiTunis zeTis saerTaSoriso sabWo
wiTeli kaliebis (akaciis) kontrolis saerTaSoriso organizacia centraluri da
samxreT afrikisaTvis
telekomunikaciebis satelitis saerTaSoriso organizacia
veSapTWeris saerTaSoriso komisia
laTinuri amerikis Tavisufali savaWro asociacia
Crdilo-atlantikuri xelSekrulebis organizacia (NATO)

596
afrikis erTianobis organizacia
amerikis saxelmwifoTa organizacia
navTobis eqsportior qveyanaTa organizacia (OPEC)
bananis eqsportior qveyanaTa kavSiri
gaeros saganmanaTleblo, samecniero da kulturis organizacia (UNESCO)
gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia (gaero)
universaluri (sayovelTao) safosto kavSiri
jandacvis msoflio organizacia

ekonomikuri paqtebi. savaWro xelSekrulebebi meore msoflio omis Semdgomi periodis yvelaze mniSvnelovani saerTSoriso xelSekrulebebis did
nawils Seadgens. maTi did umravlesoba mxolod ormxrivi iyo (moicavda mxolod
or qveyanas). arsebobs mravalmxrivi ekonomikuri paqtebis sul mcire, 5 gamorCeuli forma, maT Soris:

gamorCeviTi savaWro SeTanxmebebi. am paqtebiT ramdenime saxelmwifo Tanxmdeba mianiWos erTmaneTs eqskluziuri savaWro uflebebi, tarifis dawevis
CaTvliT. erT-erTi TvalsaCino magaliTia britaneTis Tanamegobroba, romelic didi britaneTisa da misi yofili mravali koloniisagan Sedgeba.
aradiskriminaciuli savaWro organizaciebi. es paqtebi ideba, raTa xeli
Seuwyos ufro mWidro savaWro urTierTobebis damyarebas globaluri an
regionuli masStabiT. msoflio savaWro organizacia (WTO), romelsac
adre erqva sayovelTao SeTanxmeba vaWrobasa da tarifze (GATT), yvelaze
mniSvnelovani Tanamedrove magaliTia; kidev erTi aseTi organizaciaa evropis Tavisufali vaWrobis organizacia (EFTA), romlis moculoba da gavlena
evrokavSiris Seqmnis Semdeg Semcirda (ix. CanarTi `evrokavSiri: Camoyalibebis istoria~).
Tavisufali savaWro zonebi. aseTi SeTanxmebebi scildeba gamorCeviT
sistemebs imiT, rom maTSi srulad aris aRmofxvrili savaWro barierebi wevr
qveynebs Soris. wevr saxelmwifoTa mTavrobebi Tmoben savaWro politikis
gansazRvris suverenul uflebas sxva wevr qveynebTan, Tumca inarCuneben
srul Tavisuflebas, gansazRvron sakuTari saxelmwifo savaWro politika
arawevr qveynebTan. amis TvalsaCino magaliTia CrdiloeT amerikis
Tavisufali savaWro SeTanxmeba (NAFTA), romelic warmatebiT Sedga 1993
wels aSS-s, kanadasa da meqsikas Soris da momdevno wlebSi igegmeba misi
gafarToeba centralur da samxreT amerikaSic.
sabaJo kavSiri. aseTi ekonomikuri paqtebi erTi safexuriT maRla dgas
Tavisufal savaWro zonebze da efuZneba Tavisufal vaWrobas wevrTa
Soris da erTian gare tarifs arawevr qveynebTan nebismieri saxis
vaWrobaze. magaliTad, merkosuris savaWro SeTanxmeba, romelic moicavs
4 sruluflebian wevrs (argentina, paragvai, brazilia da urugvai) da or
asocirebul wevrs (Cile da bolivia), xels uwyobs Tavisufal vaWrobas
wevr qveynebs Soris, Tumca 14%-ian saerTo gare tarifs awesebs warmoebis
saSualebebze.
ekonomikuri kavSirebi. aseTi SeTanxmebebi uzrunvelyofs erTa
Soris ekonomikuri integraciis mniSvnelovan dones, aseve gulisxmobs

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suverenitetis nawilobriv daTmobas. aseTi zesaxelmwifoebrivi
organizaciis yvelaze TvalsaCino magaliTia ganviTarebadi evrokavSiri (EU),
romelsac CanarTSi ufro dawvrilebiT ganvixilavT.
samxedro aliansebi. samxedro alianss iSviaTad ganixilaven, rogorc
saerTaSoriso samTavrobo organizacia, Tumca faqtobrivad, isini warmoadgenen
mTavrobaTSorisi organizaciis pirvel umTavres formas, romelic Tanamedrove
saxelmwifo sistemisgan warmoiqmna. me-17 saukuneSi am sistemis Camoyalibebidan dawyebuli, aseTi aliansebi saerTaSoriso politikis ZiriTadi atributia.
samxedro aliansis mizani potenciur Tu ukve arsebul mterTan brZola an misi
SeCerebaa. gasakviria araa, rom aliansi, Tavis mxriv, sxva alianss warmoqmnis.
ase rom, samxedro aliansi xSirad gamalebuli SeiaraRebis nawilia, rac, Cveulebriv, omebs uZRoda win. am faqtma zogierTi politologi da msoflio lideri
im daskvnamde miiyvana, rom es aliansi iyo saerTaSoriso organizaciis iseTi
forma, romelic, raoden paradoqsulic unda iyos, winaaRmdegobaSi modioda
msoflio mSvidobasa da wesrigTan. magaliTad, prezident vodvord uilsons miaCnda, rom pirveli msoflio omis erT-erT mTavari mizezi samxedro aliansebi
iyo; rogorc Semdeg davinaxavT, man scada daearsebina `Ria garigebis~ principze
dafuZnebuli axali saerTaSoriso organizacia (erTa liga). mas swamda, rom aseTi aliansi aRmofxvrida samxedro aliansebis saWiroebas (romlebic saukuneebis manZilze saidumlod iqmneboda da zogjer saidumlodac rCeboda).
aliansebi ar gamqrala. meore msoflio omis Sedeg SeerTebuli Statebi
Seecada sabWoTa kavSiris mxridan dasavleT evropisadmi momdinare safrTxe
Crdilo atlantikuri xelSekrulebis organizaciis (nato) SeqmniT aecilebina.
SeerTebuli StatebisaTvis es iyo mSvidobianobis perodSi miRebuli pirveli
samxedro paqti, mas Semdeg, rac jorj vaSingtonma Tavis cnobil `gamosamSvidobebel mimarTvaSi~ axalgazrda amerikeli eri gaafrTxila, arasodes Cabmuliyo
`SemboWvel aliansSi~. sabWoTa kavSirma natos 1995 wels varSavis xelSekrulebis
organizaciis (cnobilia aseve, rogorc varSavis paqti) SeqmniT upasuxa.
varSavis paqti daiSala 1989 wels, rodesac aRmosavleT evropaSi komunisturi reJimi daemxo (sabWoTa kavSiris daSlamde ori wliT adre). ase rom, natom
Seasrula Tavisi Tavdapirveli misia, magram imis magier, rom daSliliyo, man,
romelsac SeerTebuli Statebi edga saTaveSi, axali mizezi moZebna arsebobis
gasagrZeleblad da axali tipis aliansad iqca. vinaidan misi yuradReba aRar iyo
mimarTuli mtris damarcxebisaken, nato Seecada rogorc mSvidobismyofels, evropaSi axali roli Seesrulebina. natos axladCamoyalibebuli misiis pirveli
gamocda iyo mcdeloba, Seemcirebina bosniis omis diametri da xangrZlivoba sahaero dartymebiTa da jarebis SeyvaniT. nato amJamadac gafarToebis procesSia. misi 12 ZiriTadi wevridan oris garda (aSS da kanada) yvela evropuli saxelmwifo iyo. 1997 wlisTvis natos ukve 16 wevri hyavda; varSavis paqtis 3 saxelmwifo
_ poloneTi, ungreTi da CexeTis respublika _ 1999 wels natos sruluflebiani
wevri gaxda da wevrTa raodenoba 19-mde gaizarda. amave dros, 2002 wels natosa
da ruseTs Soris molaparakeba Sedga potenciurad istoriul SeTanxmebaze. natos gafarToebas xels uwyobda 2 mizezi: erTi is, rom natos arsebobis samxedro
mizani politikuriT Seicvala, meore ki is, rom aRmosavleT evropis qveynebis
gamoricxva wevrTa siidan iqneboda civi omis dasrulebis Semdeg aRmosavleTad
da dasavleTad evropis dayofis gagrZeleba.

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natos axali roli, rogorc evropis `Serifisa,~ azrTa sxvadasxvaobas
iwvevs. zogierTi kritikosi eWvqveS ayenebs misi arsebobis saWiroebas civi omis
dasrulebis Semdgom. amas garda, rusi nacionalistebi amtkiceben, rom aliansSi
moskovis yofili mokavSireebis miReba aRmosavleT evropidan, aris agresiuli
politika, romlis mizania ruseTis federaciis izolacia evropisgan da evropis xelaxali dayofa ruseTis sazianod. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeodnen
eqstremali (radikali) nacionalistebi. natos gafarToebis mowinaaRmdegeebi
SeerTebul StatebSi amtkiceben, rom es kvlav gamoiwvevs evropis dayofas (meore
mxares darCebian iseTi mniSvnelovani qveynebi, rogoricaa estoneTi, latvia,
litva da ukraina) da ufro gaamwvavebs urTierTobas SeerTebul Statebsa da
ruseTs Soris, rac, Tavis mxriv, safrTxes Seuqmnis evropis stabilurobas.
azrTa aseTi sxvadasxvaobis miuxedavad, nato kvlavac gaagrZelebs arsebobas. ruseTis dasavleTTan megobruli urTierTobis aRsadgenad popularulma
prezidentma vladimir putinma mravali nabiji gadadga. mas dRemde ar ucdia
SeeCerebina natos gafarToeba da am brZnuli nabijiT miaRwia imas, rom sanacvlod dasavleTi Tavad midis garkveul daTmobebze. Tumca kiTxvebi kvlav rCeba.
gaamarTlebs Tu ara nato, rogorc samSvidobo aliansi? ra Sedegebs miaRwevs igi
sabolood? da rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, namdvilad Seuwyobs Tu ara igi xels
evropaSi mSvidobisa da wesrigis damyarebas?

evrokavSiri: Camoyalibebis istoria

evrokavSiri adre cnobili iyo, rogorc evropis Tanamegobroba (an saerTo bazari). misi
fesvebi, SesaZloa, davukavSiroT 1952 wels, rodesac belgiam, safrangeTma, dasavleTma germaniam, italiam, luqsemburgma da niderlandebma daaarses evropis qvanaxSirisa da foladis
sazogadoeba (ECSC). 1957 eqvsma saxelmwifom dado ori xelSekruleba romSi, romelic momdevno wels gaxda legaluri safuZveli evropis ekonomikuri sazogadoebisa (EEC) da evropis
atomuri energiis sazogadoebis (Euratom) SeqmnisaTvis. 1967 wels ECSC-s, EEC-s da EURATOMis institutebi gaerTianda. Sesabamisad, sazogadoebas Seemata kidev 9 wevri qveyana: dania, irlandia da gaerTianebuli samefo (1973 wels); saberZneTi (1981 wels); portugalia da espaneTi
(1986 wels); avstria, fineTi da SvedeTi (1995 wels). im qveynebis siaSi, romelTa gawevrianeba
ganxilvis procesSia, aRmosavleT evropis bevri yofili komunisturi qveyanaa, maT Soris bulgareTi, CexeTis respublika, estoneTi, ungreTi, latvia, litva, poloneTi, slovakeTi da slovenia.
1987 wels miRebuli erTiani evropuli aqti uzrunvelyofda erTiani evropuli bazris
Seqmnas da moicavda SeTanxmebas sabWoSi sakiTxebis umravlesobis kenWisyriT gatanis Taobaze
(sabWo aris politikuri gadawyvetilebis mimRebi organo, romelic wevri qveynebis sagareo
saqmeTa ministrebisagan Sedgeba). erTiani evropuli bazari qmnis konceptualur CarCoebs
evrokavSiris amJamindeli swrafvisaTvis yvela qveynis ekonomikis sruli gaerTianebisaken,
evropis savaluto kavSiris (EMU) daarsebis CaTvliT _ evro 1999 wlidan. es zomebi ukve gaTvaliswinebuli iyo maastrixtis xelSekrulebiT, romelmac evropis ekonomikuri sazogadoeba
evrokavSirad gardaqmna.
dReisaTvis evrokavSiri sakuTar gafarToebul sazRvrebSi uzrunvelyofs saqonlisa da
momsaxurebis, muSaxelisa da kapitalis, teqnologiis, turistebis Tavisufal gadaadgilebas.
amas garda, igi awesebs erTian gare tarifebs da aregulirebs gadasaxadebsa da subsidiebs,
romlebic gavlenas axdens sazogadoebis SigniT vaWrobaze. misi erTerTi mizania agreTve erTiani sagareo, fiskaluri da savaluto politikis gatareba wevr qveynebs Soris da ufro didi
ekonomikuri specializaciisa da Sida kooperaciuli sawarmoebis xelSewyoba.

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ufro metic, aRsaniSnavia, rom evrokavSirma Seqmna iseTi politikuri institutebi, romlebic asruleben zesaxelmwifoebrivi mTavrobis mraval funqcias. es institutebia: ministrTa
sabWo, komisia, evroparlamenti, sasamarTlo. ministrTa sabWo da komisia, orive aRmasrulebel funqcias asrulebs, amaTgan pirveli pirdapir gamoxatavs wevr mTavrobaTa Sexedulebebs,
meore ki _ mTlianad evrokavSiris interesebs. mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebebis misaRebad
sabWoSi saWiroa erTsulovani mxardaWera. evroparlamenti aris saTaTbiro organo, romelic
iZleva recomendaciebs da Tvalyurs adevnebs maT Sesrulebas, magram ar iRebs kanonebs. 1979
wlidan mis wevrebs pirdapiri sayovelTao arCevnebis safuZvelze irCeven. sasamarTlo amtkicebs da aRasrulebs evrokavSiris xelSekrulebebs da ganixilavs davebs evrokavSiris wevr
qveynebsa da evrokavSiris organoebs Soris.

gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia (gaero)

gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia aris istoriaSi yvelaze ambiciuri mcdeloba, Seiqmnas universaluri saerTaSoriso organizacia, romelsac Seswevs
Zala, Seqmnas CarCoebi msoflio mSvidobisaTvis da moaxdinos samxedro zegavlena kanonis uzenaesobis dasacavad mTels msoflioSi. magram gaeros daarseba
meore msoflio omis Semdeg ar iyo pirveli aseTi mcdeloba.

istoriuli foni: erTa liga

gaeros arsis gasagebad saWiroa misi ganxilva istoriul konteqstSi. mecxramete saukunidan dawyebuli ramdenime saerTaSoriso samSvidobo federacia
daarsda da Cveulebriv, es damangreveli omebis Semdgom moxda. wminda aliansi,
romelic 1815 wels, napoleonis omebis dasawyisSi Seiqmna, mizani iyo evropis uZlieres saxelmwifoTa mcdelobas, Sexvedrebisa da konferenciebis gziT
gaekontrolebinaT saerTaSoriso situacia. ufro daxvewili organizacia iyo

erTa liga, romelic pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg, 1919 wels Camoyalibda.
1919 wels, rodesac erTa ligis SeTanxmeba oficialurad gaformda, mis
daarsebas uilsonelebi ise miesalmnen, rogorc msoflio istoriaSi axali epoqis dawyebas. erTa ligis faqtobrivi meqanizmebi iyo asamblea, sabWo da mudmivi
samdivno. asamblea gaxldaT mrCeveli organo, romelic Sedgeboda wevri qveynebis warmomadgenlebisagan. TiToeul wevrs hqonda Tanabari Zalis xma. raime
gadawyvetilebis misaRebad saWiro iyo erTsulovani mxardaWeris mopoveba, rac
imas niSnavda, rom yvela saxelmwifo, raoden patarac unda yofiliyo igi, sargeblobda vetos uflebiT TiTqmis nebismier gadawyvetilebaze. ufro mcire sabWo
oTxi mudmivi da oTxi aramudmivi wevrisagan Sedgeboda. sabWos movaleobaSi
Sedioda safrTxis arsebobis gamoZieba da moxseneba asambleisaTvis, agreTve
rekomendaciis micema saTanado zomebis misaRebad. am orive organos zedamxedvelobda mudmivi samdivno, erTa ligis administraciuli ganStoeba.
sxva miznebTan erTad erTa ligis upirvelesi ambiciuri mizani iyo saerTaSoriso mSvidobis SenarCuneba da amave dros agresori qveynebisaTvis samagieros gadaxda _ mSvidoba da sasjeli, es iyo `erTi medlis~ ori mxare. omi
(iseve rogorc danaSauli) ar gaamarTlebda, radgan Tavdasxma erT romelime
wevrze niSnavda Tavdasxmas yvela maTganze. am kuTxiT liga iqca instituciur
ganxorcielebad prezident vudro uilsonis survilisa, Caenacvlebina ZalTa
tradiciuli balansi `qveyanaTa erTiani, yovlismomcveli, Zlieri jgufiT, ro-

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melic gaxdeboda msoflioSi mSvidobis garanti~.11 mTavari iyo iseTi STambeWdavi koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis sistemis Seqmna, rom arc erT saxelmwifos _ arc
erTs, visac arsebuli mdgomareobis darRveva moundeboda _ ar hqonoda raime
Sansi mis winaaRmdeg. nebismier saxelmwifos, romelic saerTaSoriso mSvidobas
daarRvevda, daupirispirdeboda kanonmorCili qveynebis gaerTianebuli samxedro Zalebi. erTa ligis damaarsebelTa azriT, mxolod aseTi Zalis arsebobac
ki SeaCerebda potenciur agresorebs _ isini ver gabedavdnen mis gamocdas.
miuxedavad prezident uilsonis lobirebisa, SeerTebuli Statebi Tavdapirvelad gverdze gadga (radgan senatSi myofi respublikelebi henri qebot
lodjis meTaurobiT am xelSekrulebis damtkicebas ewinaaRmdegebodnen). es
nabiji erTa ligis momavali warumateblobebisa da saboloo daSlis momaswavebeli iyo. 1930-iani wlebis dasawyisSi Tavi iCina mwvave metoqeobam da erovnuli
interesebis konfliqtma.
ukan Tu movixedavT, mivxvdebiT, rom liga marcxisaTvis iyo ganwiruli.
pirvel rigSi, igi msoflio organizaciad miiCneoda, magram ar yofila sayovelTaod aRiarebuli (rogorc SeerTebuli Statebi, ise axalwarmoqmnili sabWoTa kavSiri ligis gareT rCebodnen, Tumca sruliad sxvadasxva mizezis gamo).
meore, mas hqonda proceduruli xarvezebi: nebismieri samxedro Tu sapolicio
qmedebisaTvis saWiro iyo erTsulovani mxardaWera _ faqtobrivad garantia imisa, rom krizisis SemTxvevaSi liga paralizebuli iqneboda, radgan yvelas, didsa
Tu mcire saxelmwifos, vetos ufleba hqonda. mesame, koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis
zomebs qartiaSi gansazRvravda agresiis aqtebi, Tumca qartia ar ganmartavda,
ra iTvleboda agresiad. wevri qveynebi mis gansazRvraze verc abstraqtulad
SeTanxmdnen da verc Semdgom _ krizisul situaciebSi, rodesac hitlerma germaniis rainis olqis remilitarizacia moaxdina an italia eTiopiaSi SeiWra, germania daemuqra (da sabolood SeiWra kidec) poloneTsa da Cexoslovakias maSin,
rodesac iaponiam aziis dapyroba daiwyo.
da bolos, erTa ligis warmateba yvelaze metad damokidebuli iyo SeerTebul Statebze _ pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg ZalTa balansma dasavleT evropidan ufro globaluri saxelmwifos xelSi gadainacvla. am omma SeerTebuli Statebi win wamowia msoflio asarezze. ramdenime weliwadSi daimsxvra
miTi evrocentruli msoflios Sesaxeb. aqedan gamomdinare, ZalTa gadanawileba
moicavda msoflios yvela saxelmwifosa da regions da udidesi saxelmwifoebi
an saerTod aRmoifxvrebodnen (avstria-ungreTis imperia da mefis ruseTi), an
daiCrdilebodnen iseTi saxelmwifoebis gverdiT, rogorebicaa SeerTebuli
Statebi, sabWoTa kavSiri, iaponia da (sabolood) CineTi.

gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis daarseba

uzarmazarma ngrevam, gamaognebeli raodenobis msxverplma da meore
msoflio omis saSinelma axalma iaraRma kvlav wamoWra mZlavri saerTaSoriso
organizaciis daarsebiT msoflio mSvidobis uzrunvelyofis aucilebloba.
gaeros damaarseblebi acnobierebdnen, rom organizaciis warmatebisaTvis is
erTa ligaze maRla unda mdgariyo. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, erTa ligas sul mcire, ori fataluri nakli hqonda: pirveli _ misi yvela wevri Tanabari uflebebiT
sargeblobda saxelmwifos Zalis miuxedavad. asambleaSi yvela wevr saxelmwifos

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erTi vetos ufleba hqonda; meore _ sabWoSic ki, sadac Zlieri saxelmwifoebi
mudmivi wevrebi iyvnen, aramudmiv wevrebsac hqondaT vetos ufleba. amis Sedegad, sust saxelmwifoebs zedmeti gavlena gaaCndaT, xolo Zlierebs piriqiT _
mcire. ligis kidev erTi didi sisuste misi arasruloba gaxldaT. SesaZloa, ligis samSvidobo miznebi msoflio masStabis iyo, magram misi wevroba SezRuduli iyo. ramdenime Zlieri saxelmwifos aryofna _ gansakuTrebiT SeerTebuli
Statebisa _ niSnavda, rom ligis mandati mxolod Teoriulad iyo sayovelTao,
praqtikulad ki _ SezRuduli.
1945 wels gaeros damaarseblebi miznad isaxavdnen ligis koleqtiuri
usafrTxoebis sistemis xarvezebis gamosworebas. didi Zalisxmeva daWirda imas,
rom arc erTi potenciuri wevri ar darCeniliyo axali organizaciis miRma (ix.
cxrili 18-2). generaluri asamblea Camoyalibda mrCevel organod, sadac yvela
wevr qveyanas Tanabari warmomadgeneli hyavs da xmis ufleba aqvs. da rac ufro
mniSvnelovania, gaeros qartiis Tanaxmad Seiqmna uSiSroebis sabWo, romlis
`ZiriTadi pasuxismgeblobaa saerTaSoriso mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis SenarCuneba~. qartia azustebs, rom es organo Sedgeba xuTi ZiriTadi wevrisa (aSS,
sabWoTa kavSiri [romelic ukve ruseTma Secvala], gaerTianebuli samefo, safrangeTi da CineTi) da aTi araZiriTadi wevrisagan. erTa ligisagan gansxvavebiT,
mxolod am, egreT wodebul did xuTeuls mieca vetos ufleba zogierT mniSvnelovan sakiTxze, magaliTad, rogoricaa generaluri mdivnis arCeva da aseve
SemoTavazebuli samSvidobo zomebi. am gziT gaeros qartia Seecada gamoesworebina legaluri (iuridiuli) Tanasworobis anomalia politikuri uTanasworobis pirobebSi. gaeroSi TiToeul wevr qveyanas ekisreba pasuxismgeblobebi, romlebic Seesabameba TiToeuli maTganis SesaZleblobebs.
zustad rogor unda momxdariyo am movaleobebis ganxorcieleba, gawerili
iyo gaeros qartiis me-7 TavSi _ `qmedebebi mSvidobis darRvevis safrTxesTan,
mSvidobis darRvevasTan da agresiis aqtebTan dakavSirebiT~. 39-e muxlSi dazustebulia, rom `uSiSroebis sabWo wyvets, arsebobs Tu ara safrTxe da dairRva Tu ara mSvidoba an ganxorcielda agresiis aqti. amis Sesabamisad igi gascems
rekomendaciebs an wyvets, ra zomebi unda iqnes miRebuli me-40 da 42-e muxlebis
Ssesabamisad saerTaSoriso mSvidobis SesanarCuneblad an aRsadgenad.~ Sesabamis muxlebSi gawerilia, rogor unda aRasrulos uSiSroebis sabWom sakuTari
movaleobebi. 41-e muxli exeba ekonomikur sanqciebs `ekonomikuri urTierTobebis, sarkinigzo, sazRvao, sahaero, safosto, satelegrafo, radio da komunikaciis sxva saSualebebis nawilobrivi an sruli gawyvetis CaTvliT.~ 42-e muxli
aregulirebs iseT situaciebs, sadac ekonomikuri sanqciebi arasakmarisia; aseT
SemTxvevebSi uSiSroebis sabWom, SesaZloa, ganaxorcielos sahaero, sazRvao an
saxmeleTo operaciebi, romlebic aucilebelia saerTaSoriso mSvidobis SesanarCuneblad an aRsadgenad. SesaZloa, es gulisxmobdes demonstraciebs, blokadebs
an sxva operaciebs wevri qveynebis sahaero, sazRvao an saxmeleTo Zalebis mier.~
me-7 Tavis danarCeni muxlebi eTmoba koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis sistemis samxedro komponentebis mowyobas, samxedro Stabis komitetis daarsebis CaTvliT
(muxli 47).
am muxlebiT gansazRvrulma saerTaSoriso samSvidobo meqanizmebma bevrad gadaaWarba erTa ligis Sesabamis meqanizmebs. ufro metic, rogorc misi,
egreT wodebuli specializebuli saagentoebis daarsebam cxadyo, gaero bevrad
gascda mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis dacvis funqciebs. am saagentoebis wyalo-

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biT gaero did rols asrulebs mTels msoflioSi katastrofebTan brZolis,
ltolvilTa gansaxlebis, sursaTisa da soflis meurneobis sferoSi teqnikuri
daxmarebis, jandacvasTan dakavSirebuli problemebis mogvarebisa da mravali
sxva TvalsazrisiT. igi aseve xels uwyobs cxovrebis standartis amaRlebas iseTi saagentoebis saSualebiT, rogoricaa ekonomikuri da socialuri sabWo (ECOSOC) da gaeros bavSvTa saerTaSoriso fondi (UNICEF). da bolos, msoflio bankis,

saerTaSoriso savaluto fondisa (IMF) da gaeros vaWrobisa da ganviTarebis

konferenciis (UNCTAD) saSualebiT gaero exmareba ekonomiurad gaWirvebul
saxelmwifoebs. specializebuli saagentoebis simravle cxadyofs, rom gaeros
mizani Tavidanve ara mxolod msoflio omis Tavidan acileba, aramed msoflioSi
keTildReobis xelSewyobac iyo.
Tumca gaeros qartia namdvilad ar iyo gamiznuli, rogorc msoflio mTavrobis modeli. qartiis meore abzacis meSvide muxlSi naTlad aris naTqvami, rom
`nebismieri qveynis Sida iurisdiqcia~ gaeros kompetencias scildeba. garda
amisa, meore muxlSi calsaxad aris naTqvami, rom gaero `efuZneba mis wevrTa suverenuli Tanasworobis princips.~
amis miuxedavad, gaeros wevrTa Tanasworobas zRudavs qartiis sxva muxlebi, romlebic organizaciis SigniT met Zalauflebas aniWebs yvelaze Zlier saxelmwifoebs. aseTi muxlebis miRebis ZiriTadi mizezi iyo Zlieri saxelmwifoebis mizidva gaeroSi. magram arsebobda kidev erTi, ufro sapatio mizezi: gaeros
Seqmnis Tavdapirvel momxreTa nawili am axal saerTaSoriso organizacias ganixilavda ara mxolod rogorc suverenul saxelmwifoTa asociacias, aramed
rogorc msoflio mTavrobis winamorbeds. Tuki es odesme realobad iqceoda,
Zlier saxelmwifoebs sust qveynebTan SedarebiT didi roli daekisrebodaT. ase
rom, qartiaSi arsebuli winaaRmdegobebi im idealizmisa da realizmis anareklia,
romelic gaeros Seqmnisas arsebobda; xolo im idealistTaTvis, romlebic `erTiani msoflios~ Seqmnaze ocnebobdnen, es gaxldaT garkveuli daTmoba warsulisadmi, rac aucilebeli iyo momavlisaTvis gzis gasakvalavad.

sqema 18-2 gaerTianebuli erebis sistema

gaerTianebulma erebma msoflios umniSvnelovanesma saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo
organizaciam mraval Svilobil, SedarebiT patara arasamTavrobo organizacias Cauyara
safuZveli.
wyaro: adaptirebulia The World Factbook 1996, Central Intelligence Agency, 1997, and Current Peacekeeping
Operations, UN Department of Public Information, 1997.

pirveli sveti
mTavari komiteti
mudmivmoqmedi da saproceduro komiteti
sxva daqvemdebarebuli organoebi

IAEA _ saerTaSoriso atomuri energiis saagento

sameurveo sabWo
saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo
gaeros specialuri fondi

UNCTAD _ vaWrobisa da ganviTarebis gaeros konferencia

UNDP _ gaeros ganviTarebis programa
UNEP _ gaeros garemos dacvis programa

603
UNFPA _ gaeros mosaxleobis fondi
UNHCR _ gaeros ltolvilTa umaRlesi komisari
UNICEF _ gaeros bavSvTa fondi
UNITAR _ gaeros kvlevisa da treiningis instituti
UNRISD _ gaeros socialuri ganviTarebis kvleviTi instituti
UNU _ gaeros universiteti
WFP _ msoflio sasursaTo programa
meore sveti

UNRWA _ palestinel ltolvilTa daxmarebis da samuSaoTa organizebis gaeros

axlo aRmosavleTis saagento
generaluri asamblea
ekonomikuri da socialuri sabWo
regionuli komisiebi
funqciuri komisiebi
mudmivmoqmedi komiteti
saeqsperto organoebi
mesame sveti

UNSCOM _ gaeros specialuri komisia

gaeros sakompensacio komisia
gaeros eray-iranis sazRvris damdgeni komisia
uSiSroebis sabWo
samdivno

FAO _ gaeros sursaTisa da soflis meurneobis organizacia

ICAO _ samoqalaqo aviaciis saerTaSoriso organizacia
IBRD _ rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso banki
IDA _ ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso asociacia
IFC _ saerTaSoriso safinanso korporacia
IFAD _ soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso fondi
ILO _ Sromis saerTaSoriso organizacia
IMF _ saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi
IMO _ saerTaSoriso sazRvao organizacia
ITU _ telekomunikaciebis saerTaSoriso gaerTianeba
UNESCO _ gaeros ganaTlebis, mecnierebisa da kulturis organizacia
UNIDO _ gaeros samrewvelo ganviTarebis organizacia
UPU _ sayovelTao safosto kavSiri
WHO _ jandacvis msoflio organizacia
WIPO _ inteleqturi sakuTrebis dacvis msoflio organizacia
WMO _ msoflio meteorologiuri organizacia
WTO _ msoflio savaWro organizacia
meoTxe sveti
samxedro Stabis komiteti

MINURSO _ gaeros misia dasavleT saharaSi referendumisaTvis (1991 w. seqtembridan

- dRemde)

MONUC _ gaeros misia kongos demokratiul respublikaSi (1999 w. dekemberi)

UNDOF _ gaeros teritoriuli dayofis sadamkvirveblo Zalebi (golanis zegani)
(1974 w. ivnisidan - dRemde)

UNFICYP _ gaeros samSvidobo Zalebi kviprosSi (1964 w. martidan - dRemde)

604
UNIFIL _ gaeros droebiTi Zalebi libanSi (1978 w. martidan - dRemde)
UNIKOM _ gaeros erayisa da quveiTis sadamkvirveblo misia (1991 w. seqtembridan dRemde)

UNMIBH _ gaeros misia bosniasa da hercogovinaSi (1995 w. dekembridan - dRemde)

UNIMOGIP _ gaeros samxedro sadamkvrveblo jgufi indoeTsa da pakistanSi (1949 w.
ianvridan - dRemde)

UNMOP _ gaeros damkvirvebelTa misia prevlakaSi (xorvatia) (1996 w. ianvridan dRemde)

UNMIK _ gaeros droebiTi administraciuli misia kosovoSi (1999 w. ivnisidan dRemde)

UNOMIG _ gaeros sadamkvirveblo misia saqarTveloSi (1993 w. agvistodan - dRemde)

UNMEE _ gaeros misia eTiopiasa da eritreaSi (2000 w. ivlisidan - dRemde)
UNAMSIL _ gaeros misia siera leoneSi (1999 w. oqtombridan - dRemde)
UNMISET _ gaeros daxmarebis misia aRmosavleT timorSi (2002 w. maisidan - dRemde)
UNTSO _ gaeros zavis sameTvalyureo organizacia (axlo aRmosavleTi) (1948 w.
ivnisidan - dRemde)

gaeros ZiriTadi organoebi

gaeros sxva organoebi

specializebuli saagentoebi da sxva avtonomiuri organizaciebi sistemis

SigniT

gaero civi omis periodSi

samwuxarod, gaerom Tavi ver aarida zogierT im problemas, romelmac erTa
liga gaanadgura. calkeuli saxelmwifoebi, ubralod, mzad ar iyvnen im doziT
SeetanaT wvlili gaeroSi, rasac misi normaluri funqcionireba moiTxovda. maT
arc sakuTari suverenitetis daTmoba surdaT.
erTi mxriv, qartia ramdenime sakiTxSi avaldebulebs wevr qveynebs, imoqmedon kanonis uzenaesobis dacviT da uSiSroebis sabWos aniWebs uflebas, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi dasajos isini. meore mxriv, masSi aris ramdenime punqti,
romelic mis wevrebs saSualebas aZlevs gverdi auaron sakuTar movaleobebs.
magaliTad, 51-e muxlSi naTqvamia, rom `arsebul qartiaSi veraferi SezRudavs
saxelmwifoTa udavo uflebas individualuri da koleqtiuri Tavdacvis Sesaxeb~. vinaidan `Tavdacva~ Zalis gamoyenebis legaluri gamarTlebaa da calkeul
saxelmwifoebs ufleba aqvT Tavdacvis motiviT faqtobrivad gaamarTlon
yvelanairi qmedeba sakuTari saxelmwifo interesebidan gamomdinare, aseTi qartia agresiis saSualebas iZleva. dilema saxezea: iseTi punqtebis gareSe, rogoricaa 51-e muxli, gaeros qartia miuRebeli iqneboda; aseTi muxlebiT ki misi
Sesruleba eWvqveS dgeba.
kidev erTi problema, romelic gaeros bolo dromde sdevda Tan, iyo mudmivi daZabuloba SeerTebul Statebsa da sabWoTa kavSirs Soris, rac civi omis
periodSi gaeros muSaobas aferxebda. vinaidan asambleaSi umravlesoba mudam
erT-erT am zesaxelmwifos ekuTvnoda, gaeros ganzraxvaTa umetesoba CixSi eqceoda. umetes SemTxvevaSi ver xerxdeboda im konsensusis miRweva, rac saWiro
iyo uSiSroebis sabWoSi koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis mis-

605
aRebad. Tu sabWoTa kavSiri ar gamoiyenebda vetos uflebas raime sadavo gadawyvetilebaze, maSin amas SeerTebuli Statebi akeTebda.
amis miuxedavad, konfliqtis marTvaSi gaeros SezRuduli funqciebi yovelTvis uSedego ar iyo. sxvadasxva dros gaerom didi wvlili Seitana mSvidobis
damyarebaSi specialuri Suamavlebis, zavis zedamxedvelobis gundebis, naxevrad
gasamxedroebuli Zalebis gagzavniT msoflios mraval kuTxeSi, kviprosis, axlo
aRmosavleTisa da kongos CaTvliT. Tumca es mcdelobebi SezRuduli iyo masStabebisa da warmatebis TvalsazrisiT, mainc Zalze mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda.

sqema 18-3 gaeros dasrulebuli da mimdinare samSvidobo operaciebi

wyaro: United Nations, Peacekeeping, www.un.org/peace, accessed May 22, 2002. ibeWdeba
gaerTianebuli erebis nebarTviT.

DOMREP _ generaluri mdivnis warmomadgenlis misia dominikis respublikaSi (1965 w. maisi

- 1966 w. oqtomberi)

UNMIH _ gaeros misia haitiSi (1983 w.seqtemberi - 1996 w.ivnisi)

UNSMIH _ gaeros mxardamWeri misia haitiSi (1996 w. ivlisi - 1997 w. ivlisi)
UNTMIH _ gaeros gardamavali misia haitiSi (1997 w. agvisto - 1997 w. noemberi)
MIPONUH _ gaeros samoqalaqo policiis misia haitiSi (1997 w. dekemberi - 2000 w. marti)
MINGUA _ gaeros adamianis uflebaTa kontrolis misia gvatemalaSi (1997 w. ianvridan dRemde)

ONUCA _ gaeros sadamkvirveblo jgufi centralur amerikaSi (1989 w. noemberi - 1992 w.

ianvari)

ONUSAL _ gaeros sadamkvirveblo misia el-salvadorSi (1991 w. ivlisi - 1995 w. aprili)

UNAMSIL _ gaeros misia siera-leoneSi (1999 w. oqtomberi - dRemde)
UNOMSIL _ gaeros sadamkvirveblo misia siera-leoneSi (1998 w. ivlisi - 1999 w. oqtomberi)
UNOMIL _ gaeros sadamkvirveblo misia liberiaSi (1997 w. seqtembridan - dRemde)
UNMIK _ gaeros droebiTi misia kosovoSi (1999 w. ivnisidan - dRemde)
UNIPROFOR _ gaeros TavdacviTi Zalebi (1995 w. marti - 1996 w. ianvari)
UNCRO _ gaeros ndobis aRdgenis operacia xorvatiaSi (1995 w. marti - 1996 w. ianvari)
UNPSG _ gaeros samoqalaqo policiis damxmare jgufi (1998 w. ianvari - 1998 w. oqtomberi)
UNPREDEP _ gaeros prevenciuli Zalebi (1995 w. marti - 1999 w. Tebervali)
UNTAES _ gaeros gardamavali administracia aRmosavleT sloveniis, baranjis, da dasavleT
sirmiumisaTvis (1996 w. ianvari - 1998 w. ianvari)

UNMOP _ gaeros damkvirvebelTa misia prevlakaSi (1996 w. ianvridan - dRemde)

UNMIBH _ gaeros misia bosniasa da hercogovinaSi (1995 w. dekembridan - dRemde)
MINURSO _ gaeros misia referendumisaTvis dasavleT saharaSi (1991 w. seqtembridan dRemde)

UNEF I _ gaeros pirveli sagangebo Zalebi (1956 w. noemberi - 1967 w. ivnisi)

UNEF II _ gaeros meore sagangebo Zalebi (1973 w. oqtomberi - 1979 w. ivlisi)
UNFICYP _ gaeros samSvidobo Zalebi kviprosze (1964 w. martidan - dRemde)
UNAVEM I _ gaeros angolis kontrolis misia I (1989 w. ianvari - 1991 w. ivnisi)
UNAVEM II _ gaeros angolis kontrolis misia II (1991 w. ivnisi - 1995 w. Tebervali)
UNAVEM III _ gaeros angolis kontrolis misia III (1997 w. ivnisi - 1999 w. Tebervali)
MONUA _ gaeros sadamkvirveblo misia angolaSi (1997 w. ivnisi - 1999 w. Tebervali)

606
UNTSO _ gaeros zavis sameTvalyureo organizacia (1948 w. ivnisidan - dRemde)
UNIFIL _ gaeros droebiTi Zalebi libanSi (1978 w. martidan - dRemde)
UNOGIL _ gaeros damkvirvebelTa jgufi libanSi (1958 w. ivnisi - 1958 w. dekemberi)
UNDOF _ gaeros gamaTavisuflebeli sadamkvirveblo Zalebi (1974 w. ivnisidan - dRemde)
UNOMIG _ gaeros sadamkvirveblo misia saqarTveloSi (1993 w. agvistodan - dRemde)
MONUC _ gaeros organizaciis misia kongos demokratiul respublikaSi (1999 w.

dekembridan - dRemde)
ONUC _ gaeros operacia kongoSi (1960 w. ivlisi - 1964 w. ivlisi)
UNTAG _ gaeros gardamavali periodis damxmare jgufi (1989 w. aprili - 1990 w. marti)
MINURCA _ gaeros misia centraluri afrikis respublikaSi (1998 w. aprili - 2000 w.

Tebervali)
ONUMOZ _ gaeros operacia mozambikSi (1992 w. dekemberi - 1994 w. dekemberi)
UNIMOG _ gaeros iran-erayis samxedro sadamkvirvebli jgufi (1988 w. agvisto - 1991 w.

Tebervali)
UNMOT _ gaeros damkvirvebelTa misia tajikeTSi (1994 w. dekemberi - 2000 w. maisi)
UNMEE _ gaeros misia eTiopiasa da eritreaSi (2000 w. ivlisidan - dRemde)
UNOMUR _ gaeros sadamkvirveblo misia ugandasa da ruandaSi (1993 w. ivnisi - 1996 w.

marti)
UNAMIR _ gaeros daxmarebis misia ruandaSi (1993 w. oqtomberi - 1996 w. marti)
UNIKOM _ gaeros erayisa da quvetis sadamkvirveblo misia (1991 w. seqtembridan - dRemde)
UNIPOM _ gaeros indoeTi-pakistanis sadamkvirveblo misia (1965 w. seqtemberi - 1966 w.

marti)
UNYOM _ gaeros iemenis sadamkvirveblo misia (1963 w. ivlisi - 1964 w. seqtemberi)
UNOSOM I _ gaeros operacia somaliSi I (1992 w. aprili - 1993 w. marti)
UNOSOM II _ gaeros operacia somaliSi II (1993 w. marti - 1995 w. marti)
UNIMOGIP _ gaeros samxedro sadamkvirveblo jgufi indoeTsa da pakistanSi (1949 w.

ianvridan - dRemde)
UNGOMAP _ gaeros saSuamavlo misia avRaneTsa da pakistanSi (1998 w. aprili - 1990 w.

marti)
UNASOG _ gaeros aouzus zolis sadamkvirveblo jgufi (1994 w. maisi - 1994 w. ivnisi)
UNSF _ gaeros uSiSroebis Zalebi dasavleT axal gvineaSi (dasavleT iranSi) (1962 w.

oqtomberi - 1963 w. aprili)

UNMISET _ gaeros daxmarebis misia aRmosavleT timorSi (2002 w. maisidan - dRemde)
UNTAET _ gaeros gardamavali periodis administracia aRmosavleT timorSi (1999 w.

oqtomberi - 2002 w. maisi)

UNAMIC _ gaeros winsvlis misia kambojaSi (1991 w. oqtomberi - 1992 w. marti)
UNTAC _ gaeros gardamavali xelisufleba kambojaSi (1992 w. marti - 1993 w. seqtemberi)

qeT, Tu Tveebi ar daetia, SeiZleba Seicvalos ase (1992/III - 1993/IX)

gaero civi omisSemdgom periodSi

1980-iani wlebis Sua da bolo periodi uprecedento iyo gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos xuTi mudmivi wevris, gansakuTrebiT ki SeerTebuli Statebisa da sabWoTa kavSiris TanamSromlobis TvalsazrisiT. am mxriv katalizatoris roli
Seasrula sabWoTa kavSiris axalma Semrigeblurma sagareo politikam mixeil

607
gorbaCovis iniciativiT. 1991 wels, sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, SeerTebuli Statebi ukonkurentod darCa gaeroSi. pirvelad misi arsebobis istoriaSi gaerosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli gaxda erTsulovneba miznis misaRwevad da ara
mwvave konfliqti mis or uZlieres wevrs Soris. amas ori mniSvnelovani Sedegi
mohyva: pirveli, gaeros midgoma saerTaSoriso mSvidobis dacvis mimarT ufro
mkacri gaxda da zogjer mSvidobis dacvis farglebsac ki scildeboda (ix. cxrili 18-3).12 meore, man gasca sanqcia koleqtiuri samxedro qmedebis Sesaxeb erayis
winaaRmdeg, rodesac es ukanaskneli quveiTSi SeiWra.
samSvidobo qmedebebis gaZliereba.

is faqti, rom axali aTaswleu-

lis dasawyisSi gaeros samSvidobo Zalebi mTels msoflioSi iyo ganlagebuli,

miuTiTebda gaeros rolis zrdaze civi omis Semdeg saerTaSoriso asparezze. 88
qveynidan sul mcire 47 aTasi mSvidobismyofeli msaxurobda gaeros 15 misiaSi.
civi omis dasrulebis Semdeg (1989-91) ufro meti samSvidobo misia ganxorcielda, vidre mTeli civi omis epoqaSi (romelic daaxloebiT ramdenime aTwleuls
gagrZelda). mTlianad 1948-2001 wlebSi sul ormocdaToTxmeti samSvidobo misia Sesrulda.
gaeros bolodroindeli samSvidobo qmedebebi moicavda mravali saxis misias, romelTagan bevri am organizaciisaTvis uprecedento iyo. Tavis mxriv, es
qmedebebi masStabebiTac gansxvavdeboda. mxolod ormocdaaTi damkvirvebeli
uwyobda xels sabWoTa kavSiris gamosvlas avRaneTidan 1988 wels. 1989 wels ki
gaeros 109 qveynis samxedro personali dasWirda namibiaSi mSvidobisa da damoukideblobis uzrunvelsayofad. gaeros mSvidobismyofelebs aseve mouwiaT
iseTi sakiTxebis gadaWra, rogoricaa arCevnebisaTvis saTanado pirobebis Seqmna, diskriminaciuli kanonmdeblobis gauqmeba, patimarTa gaTavisufleba da
samSoblodan gandevnilTa dabruneba.
1991 wlidan gaeros 400-mde mSvidobismyofelma ikisra axali rolis Sesruleba el-salvadorSi: samoqalaqo omis dasasruls maT Tvalyuri unda edevnebinaT da daefiqsirebinaT samoqalaqo uflebaTa darRvevis faqtebi da gaewiaT
rekomendaciebi maTi saboloo aRmofxvrisaTvis. aseve, 1991 wlis oqtombridan
gaeros mSvidobismyofelebs daevalaT kambojaSi samSvidobo SeTanxmebis Sesrulebis monitoringi oTx mxares Soris, romlebic manamde omSi iyvnen CarTulebi. SeTanxmeba moicavda sxvadasxva SeiaraRebuli Zalebis ganiaraRebas, 350 aTasi
ltolvilis samSobloSi dabrunebas (repatriacias) da arCevnebis Catarebis uzrunvelyofas. erTi eqspertis TqmiT, aman gaeros daakisra `faqtobrivi pasuxismgebloba, emarTa qveyana 18-Tvian gardamaval periodSi~.13 1993 wels 40 aTasi
mSvidobismyofeli gaigzavna yofil iugoslaviaSi molaparakebebis xelSesawyobad, ramac qveyana sabolood 1995 wlis noemberSi SeerTebuli Statebis mier
lobirebul samSvidobo SeTanxmebamde miiyvana. am Zalebma, natos samxedro mxardaWerasa da gaeros mier dawesebul sanqciebTan erTad, aiZula serbi diqtatori, slobodan miloSeviCi, keTilsindisierad ewarmoebina molaparakebebi.
mogvianebiT, rodesac miloSeviCs saxelmwifo sadaveebi waarTves, arCevnebSi
damarcxebis Semdeg (da saxalxo mRelvarebis Semdeg, rodesac man scada arCevnebis Sedegebis gauqmeba), gaerom didi roli Seasrula yofili diqtatori
prezidentisa da samxedro danaSaulSi braldebuli sxva pirebis iugoslaviaSi
gasamarTlebis saqmeSi.

608
civi omis Semdeg gaeros samSvidobo misia ufro xSiri da ambiciuri gaxda,
vidre odesme yofila. am bolo periodSi, mxolod erTi wlis manZilze (1999 wlis
ivnisi-2000 wlis ivlisi) gaerom ganaxorciela samSvidobo misia kosovoSi (iugoslavia), siera-leoneSi (dasavleTi afrika), aRmosavleT timorSi (indoneziis
yofili nawili), kongosa (centraluri afrika) da horn of afrikaSi (eTiopia da
eriTrea). magram es wamowyebebi risks Seicavs da warmateba garantirebuli ar
aris. magaliTad, 1992 wels gaerom mSvidobismyofelebi gagzavna somaliSi, raTa
xeli Seewyo SimSilis zRvarze myof mosaxleobaSi sursaTis usafrTxo darigebisaTvis, magram maT Tavs daesxnen amboxebulebi, romlebic gaeros dasavleTis
(kerZod ki SeerTebuli Statebis) marionetad moiazrebdnen. gaeros mSvidobismyofelebi, Cveulebriv, cdiloben Tavi aaridon msxverplis gamomwvevi Zalis
gamoyenebas, rac yovelTvis araa SesaZlebeli, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, ra cxel
wertilebSi uwevT maT moqmedeba. gaeros samSvidobo Zalebma am wlebis ganmavlobaSi didi danaklisi ganicada 1948 wlidan dRemde daRupuli 1600 adamianis
CaTvliT. samSvidobo misia libansa (244 msxverpli) da kviprosSi (170 msxverpli)
gansakuTrebiT sarisko iyo. arc erT SemTxvevaSi konfliqti ar dasrulebula
(meomari mxareebisaTvis misaRebi gadawyvetileba ar moiZebna) da amitom gaeros
samSvidobo Zalebi iq mudmivad imyofebian. 1990-ian wlebSi ganxorcielebuli 10
samSvidobo operaciidan umetesoba 15 adamianze naklebi msxverpliT dasrulda,
rasac ver vityviT siera-leoneze _ aq misiis 46 wevri daiRupa.
gaeros mSvidobismyofelebi yovelTvis verc saWiro politikuri cvlilebebis gatarebas axerxeben momavalSi ubedurebis _ magaliTad, sayovelTao SimSilis _ asacileblad. kambojaSi mSvidobianoba gaeros jarebis gasvlis Semdeg
didxans ar gagrZelebula: 1997 wlis ivnisSi gaeros ambiciurma mcdelobam, xeli
Seewyo qveyanaSi demokratiis ganviTarebisaTvis, marcxi ganicada antidemokratiuli saxelmwifo gadatrialebis Sedegad. yofil iugoslaviaSi gaeros mSvidobismyofelTa Tavdapirvelma mcdelobam, mieRwia cecxlis SewyvetisaTvis,
Sedegi mxolod mas Semdeg gamoiRo, rac natos jarebma sahaero da saxmeleTo mxardaWera aRmouCina. sabolood serbeTis armia damarcxda da prezidenti miloSeviCi iZulebuli gaxda, molaparakebebi daewyo. erT-erTi daskvna, rac gaerom
bosniisa da kosovos omebidan gaakeTa, aris is, rom samSvidobo misia regionul
konfliqtebs ver SeaCerebs wevr qveyanaTa samxedro daxmarebisa da regionuli
samxedro aliansis (magaliTad, natos) mxardaWeris gareSe. faqtobrivad iugoslaviasa da sxvagan miRebuli gamocdileba mtkice argumentia axali regionuli samxedro jgufebis SeqmnisaTvis, romlebic imoqmedeben rogorc gaeros
samarTaldamcavi organoebi.
manamde gaeros samSvidobo misia zog regionSi mudmiv realobad iqca konfliqtis saboloo daregulirebis gareSe (qaSmiri, kviprosi, libani da zemoT
dasaxelebuli sami magaliTi). es misia gaeros biujetis gadinebis mudmivi mizezi
gaxda. 1990-iani wlebis SuaSi gaeros samSvidobo misiaze weliwadSi 3.2 miliardi
aSS dolari ixarjeboda da am Tanxis erTi mesamedic ar anazRaurebula. 2001 wlis
ivlisidan 2002 wlis ivnisamde gegmis mixedviT gawerili iyo 3-3,5 miliardi aSS
dolaris xarji. mTlianobaSi 1948 wlidan 2001 wlamde samSvidobo operaciebis
saerTo danaxarjma daaxloebiT 23 miliardi aSS dolari Seadgina.
magram saWiroa am cifrebis perspeqtivaSi ganxilva, rasac gaeros mowi-

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naaRmdegeebi iSviaTad akeTeben. SedarebisTvis, SeerTebuli Statebis biujeti
mxolod 2001 wels 300 miliardi aSS dolari iyo. pentagonisTvis uaxloes momavalSi 48 miliardi aSS dolari gaTvaliswinebulia axali vertmfrenebis, 67 miliardi aSS dolari TviTmfrinavebis (F-22) SesaZenad da 223 miliardi aSS dolari
axali erToblivi Tavdasxmis samxedro kontingentze (JSF) _ am cifrebTan SedarebiT yvela samSvidobo misiis saerTo xarji Zalian cotaa. rac unda mokrZalebuli iyos am misiebis warmateba, mainc warmoudgenelia ukeTesi kapitaldabandeba
msoflios gadasaxadebis gadamxdelTaTvis.

gaero da amerikis sazogadoebrivi azri

gaero kvlavac sazogadoebis undoblobas ganicdis. bevrisaTvis gaugebaria, sinamdvileSi ra funqciebs asrulebs igi. paradoqsia, magram gaeros imijis problema yovelTvis gansakuTrebulad mwvaved idga SeerTebul StatebSi, qveyanaSi, sadac mdebareobs da romelmac
yvelaze didi roli Seasrula mis CamoyalibebaSi. sazogadoebis undobloba gaeros mimarT
metwilad gaurkvevlobiTaa gamowveuli. gaeros miCneva Camoyalibebis procesSi myof msoflio
mTavrobad, igivea, rac Zveli zRapris dajereba.
gaero msoflio organizaciidan, romlis Tavdapirveli mizani omis Tavidan acileba iyo,
gadaiqca organizaciad ufro nakleb ambiciuri mizniT, rogoricaa mSvidobis xelSewyoba (magaliTad, droebiTi zavis (cecxlis Sewyvetis) monitoringi, samSvidobo procesis dakvirveba
da naxevrad gasamxedroebuli Zalebis ganlageba). is aseve Zalian mosaxerxebeli adgilia wevri
qveynebisaTvis dialogisa da, amave dros, umTavres globalur sakiTxebze molaparakebebisTvis. gaero aseve arapirdapir uwyobs xels mSvidobis SenarCunebas, risTvisac ekonomikur da
teqnikur daxmarebas uwevs uRaribes qveynebs.
arc is Seesabameba simarTles, rom gaero mxolod da mxolod SeerTebuli Statebis nebis
Semsrulebelia. marTalia, iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac zogierTma wevrma qveyanam maT Soris
SeerTebulma Statebmac, uari Tqves sawevros gadaxdaze, rodesac ukmayofilo darCnen ama
Tu im gadawyvetilebiT (1998 wlis martSi SeerTebul Statebs sawevros 1.3 miliardi dolari
davalianeba hqonda). mTlianobaSi gaerosadmi sxvadasxva qveynis davalianebam 2.5 miliardi aSS
dolari Seadgina, rac TiTqmis orjer metia mis wliur biujetze.
amerikis sazogadoebis nawili miiCnevs, rom amerikam sakuTar Tavze didi tvirTi aiRo.
aRsaniSnavia, rom gaeros daaxloebiT 1300 mSvidobismyofelidan, romlebic 1945 wlidan sxvadasxva misiisas daiRupnen, mxolod 3 procenti iyo amerikeli. kidev erTi naklebad cnobili
faqtia gaeros mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri wvlili SeerTebuli Statebis ekonomikaSi. yofili
meris, rudolf julianis gancxadebiT, gaeros wyalobiT niu-iork siTis ekonomika 1990iani wlebis bolos yovelwliurad 3.2 miliardi aSS dolaris mogebas naxulobda; niu-iorkSi
gaeros Stabbinis arsebobam 30600 samuSao adgili Seqmna, rac 1.2 miliardi dolaris wliur gamomuSavebas Seadgens.

koleqtiuri samxedro qmedeba. 1990 wlis agvistoSi, rodesac erayi

quveiTSi SeiWra, SeerTebuli Statebis winamZRolobiT, gaerom samxedro operaciiT upasuxa. es koleqtiuri saomari qmedeba iyo gamoZaxili vodro uilsonis
auxdeneli ocnebisa koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis Sesaxeb, roca erTa liga samxedro Zalas msoflioSi mSvidobisa da moralis dasacavad iyenebda. gaeros qmedebebi eraySi iseTive iyo, rogorc adrindeli mcdeloba koleqtiuri qmedebisa,

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rodesac isev SeerTebuli Statebis winamZRolobiT gaerom 1950 wels samxedro
Zala daupirispira CrdiloeT koreas, romelic samxreT koreaSi SeiWra. am qmedebam maSinac problemebi wamoWra. sabWoTa kavSiri ar monawileobda am operaciaSi.
moskovi mtkiced ewinaaRmdegeboda amerikis mier gaeros gamoyenebas omSi Tavisi
sateliti (damokidebuli) saxelmwifos _ samxreT koreis dasacavad. Tumca samxedro misia gaeros droSis qveS mimdinareobda, es, egreT wodebuli koreis konfliqti, sinamdvileSi iyo omi, romelsac SeerTebuli Statebi awarmoebda jer
CrdiloeT koreis da Semdeg CineTis winaaRmdeg.
kidev oTxi aTwleuli gavida, vidre gaero isev CaerTveboda saerTaSoriso
koaliciaSi agresoris winaaRmdeg. civi omis dros yvela aseTi mcdeloba uSedegod sruldeboda _ orive zesaxelmwifo vetos uflebas iyenebda meoris mier
SemoTavazebuli Zalismieri qmedebebis SesazRudad.
1990-91 wlebSi, rodesac SeerTebulma Statebma (britaneTis mxardaWeriT)
eraySi wamoiwyo samxedro operacia `udabnos Stormi~, gaeros uSiSroebis sabWoSi ikribebodnen msoflios wamyvani saxelmwifoebi, raTa gadaewyvitaT, rogor epasuxaT erayis agresiisaTvis. es iyo pirveli didi gamocda gaerosaTvis
civi omisSemdgom periodSi. SeerTebulma Statebma moipova uSiSroebis sabWos
mxardaWera erayis winaaRmdeg rezoluciis misaRebad, mkacri ekonomikuri sanqciebis dasaweseblad da sabolood miiRo Tanxmoba Zalis gamoyenebaze quveiTidan erayis armiis gansadevnad. erayis yuris omis dasrulebis Semdeg gaeros
inspeqtorebs eraySi im adgilebis inspeqtirebis saSualeba miecaT, sadac, savaraudod, biologiuri, qimiuri an birTvuli iaraRi iyo gadamaluli. mogvianebiT erayma gaaprotesta inspeqtirebis pirobebi da SeerTebul Statebs dabombviT daemuqra (Tumca gaeros generalurma mdivanma kofi ananma warmatebuli
diplomatiuri ZalisxmeviT droebiT moaxerxa am qmedebebis Tavidan acileba).
erayis winaaRmdeg omi amerikis qmedebebis Sedegi iyo. gaeros sakuTari
Zalebi eraySi ar gaugzavnia. generaluri mdivani ver akontrolebda verc koaliciuri Zalebis ganlagebas da verc maT qmedebas. iq ar imyofeboda gaeros generaluri Stabi da Sesabamisad ver xelmZRvanelobda koaliciis wevrTa (ZiriTadad SeerTebuli Statebisa da britaneTis) mier ganxorcielebul samxedro Tu
diplomatiur operaciebs. igi arc operaciis dafinansebaSi monawileobda. saomar qmedebebs umTavresad amerikis umdidresi mokavSireebi: iaponia, germania,
quveiTi da saudis arabeTi afinansebda. amitom ar SeiZleba erayis winaaRmdeg
oms gaeros operacia vuwodoT. igi arc koleqtiur qmedebad SieZleba CaiTvalos.
ufro zustad rom vTqvaT, es iyo SeerTebuli Statebis mier Seqmnili da gaeros
mier sanqcirebuli farTomasStabiani koalicia.

problemebi, romelTa winaSec didi saerTaSoriso

organizaciebi daganan
warmatebebis miuxedavad, gaerom ver gaamarTla mis SemqmnelTa yvela imedi. misi damaarseblebi Seecadnen gadaeWraT is proceduruli problemebi, romlis winaSec idga erTa liga. magaliTad, sakiTxis gasatanad saWiro erTsulovani
mxardaWera, romelic ligas xSirad xels uSlida adekvaturi zomebis miRebaSi,
gaeroc imave problemebis winaSe aRmoCnda. proceduruli problemebi xSirad
politikuri azrTa sxvadasxvaobis Sedegia.

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universalurobis problema. pirvel rigSi, saWiroa yvela metnaklebad
mniSvnelovani sididisa da gavlenis mqone qveynis darwmuneba, raTa SeuerTdnen did saerTaSoriso organizaciebs da darCnen mis nawilad. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, adre Tu gvian, krizisul situaciaSi gamomJRavndeba aseTi organizaciis araadekvaturoba da igi daiSleba. rogorc erTa ligis magaliTiT gaxda
TvalsaCino, saWiroa, rom am organizacias SeuerTdes yvela Zlieri saxelmwifo
anu yvela, visac Seswevs Zala, daarRvios sayovelTao mSvidoba. amis TvalsaCino
magaliTia absurduli gadawyvetileba, CineTis saxalxo respublikis gawevrianebaze uaris Tqmis Sesaxeb, ris gamoc es qveyana ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi
gaeros miRma rCeboda. dRes gaero universalur organizaciaa. 2000 wlisTvis
misi sruluflebiani wevri iqneba aranakleb 189 qveynisa, im juja saxelmwifoebis CaTvliT, romlebic rukaze wertilebad moCanan.
uTanasworobis problema. patara saxelmwifoebi did saxelmwifoebTan
Tanasworobas moiTxoven saerTaSoriso organizaciebSi, sxvagvari damokidebuleba Seuracxmyofeli iqneba da aman SesaZloa sxva saxelmwifos suverenuli
qveynis Sida saqmeebSi Carevis saSualeba misces. imave principiT Zlieri saxelmwifoebi moiTxoven, rom maTi upiratesoba gamoCndes specialur procedurul
sakiTxebSi, rogoricaa vetos ufleba, romliTac gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos mudmivi wevrebi sargebloben. sxva SemTxvevaSi isini amas sakuTari mniSvnelobis damcirebad miiCneven. ufro metic, vinaidan wevr saxelmwifoTa SefardebiTi Zala
meryeobs, Tavdapirveli formula, romelic aseT sakiTxebs agvarebs, gadaxedvas
saWiroebs. zogierT qveyanas, romelsac adre didi Zala hqonda, unda CamoerTvas
uwindeli uflebebi, raTa adgili gaTavisufldes aRmavlobis fazaSi myofi saxelmwifoebisaTvis. es bevrad metia, vidre ubralod `teqnikuri~ problema. verc
erTi saerTaSoriso organizacia ver SeinarCunebs sicocxlisunarianobas, Tuki
ar gadaWris uTanasworobis problemas da amave dros ar iqneba imdenad moqnili,
rom Seicvalos mdgomareobis cvlilebasTan erTad.
kompetenciis problema. xSirad saerTaSoriso organizaciebs Zala ar
SeswevT, ganaxorcielon esa Tu is qmedeba yvelaze naklebad keTilganwyobili
saxelmwifos survilis winaaRmdeg, maSin, roca calkeul aseT saxelmwifoebs vetos ufleba ar gaaCniaT. Tuki ganviTarebadi qveynebi gaerTiandebian, maT SeuZliaT dablokon generaluri asambleis funqcionireba, SesaZloa uSiSroebis
sabWos romelime mudmivi wevri daiyolion, veto daados ama Tu im sakiTxs (an
Teoriulad maT SeuZliaT umravlesobis mopovebiT dablokon esa Tu is sakiTxi
uSiSroebis sabWoSi). Sedegad saerTaSoriso organizaciebs akliaT is Zalaufleba sxvadasxva sakiTxis gadasaWrelad, rac mTavrobis kompetenciaSi Sedis.
erTaderTi, risi gakeTebac maT SeuZliaT, aris zogadi mniSvnelobis sakiTxebis
gadaWra (magaliTad, samSvidobo qmedebebi).
erTianobis problema. warsulSi yvelaze warmatebuli saerTaSoriso
organizaciebi iyo aliansebi, romlebic saerTo mtris winaaRmdeg iqmneboda.
amis magaliTia wminda aliansi, romelic safrangeTis aRorZinebis SiSiT Seiqmna. kidev erTi magaliTia Tanamedrove `arabuli liga~: rom ara saerTo mtris
(israelis) winaaRmdeg gaerTianebis aucilebloba, arabuli qveynebi, albaT, am
bolo 50 wlis manZilze ufro sisxlismRvrel brZolaSi CaerTvebodnen. aseve,
rom ara komunisturi eqspansiis safrTxe, 1940-iani wlebis bolosa da 1950-iani

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wlebis dasawyisSi, CrdiloeT atlantikuri xelSekrulebis organizacia arasodes daarsdeboda. gaerom erTianobis piks 1990-91 wlebSi miaRwia, rodesac
mas msoflios saxelmwifoTa umetesoba SeuerTda saerTo mterTan _ erayTan sabrZolvelad. rogorc ki realuri safrTxe qreba, aliansis kavSiri sustdeba.
suverenitetis problema. suverenitetis problema _ saxelmwifos uzenaesi Zalaufleba teritoriul farglebs SigniT _ safuZvlad udevs oTxive zemoxsenebul problemas. qveyanas suvereniteti an aqvs, an ara, an Tavad wyvets
sakuTar Sida saqmeebs, an ara. rogorc mecxramete saukunis politikurma liderma jon kolhaunma erTxel aRniSna, qveyana iseve ar SeiZleba nawilobriv suverenuli iyos, rogorc qali nawilobriv fexmZime. ase rom, efeqturi msoflio
mTavrobis Seqmna mxolod im SemTxvevaSia SesaZlebeli, Tu arsebuli mTavrobebi
daTanxmdebian daTmon suvereniteti ufro zemdgomi xelisuflebis sasargeblod. am perspeqtivas ki saxelmwifoTa (da politikosTa) umetesoba Zalze sariskod miiCnevs dRevandeli SiSiT, crurwmenebiTa da undoblobiT gamsWvaluli msoflios pirobebSi.

saerTaSoriso samarTali
mSvidobisa da harmoniulobis ganviTareba SesaZlebelia mxolod dRevandeli eri-saxelmwifoebis sistemis pirobebSi. am konteqstSi saerTaSoriso
kanonebs SeuZlia gaamyaros saerTaSoriso organizaciebi, raTa am ukanasknelebma ufro mSvidobiani da usafrTxo msoflios ganviTarebas Seuwyon xeli.
350 wlis ganmavlobaSi saerTaSoriso sistema regulirdeba saerTaSoriso

samarTliT. es ukanaskneli gansazRvravs saxelmwifoTa uflebebsa da movaleobebs erTmaneTis mimarT. `TamaSis wesebi~, romlebic suverenulma saxelmwifoebma aRiares, ZiriTadad xelSekrulebebiT gamoixateba. saerTaSoriso kanonebis
sxva, aseve farTod aRiarebuli wyaroebia Cveuleba da konvencia, samarTalze,
samarTlianobasa da moralze darTuli zogadi kanonieri principebi, agreTve
sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebi da uzenaesi iuridiuli avtoritetebis swavlebani.
saerTaSoriso samarTlis yvelaze cnobil kodifikaciad rCeba hugo grotiusis `On the Law of War and Peace (omisa da mSvidobis kanonis Sesaxeb), romelic
gamoqveynda 1625 wels, ocdasami wliT adre, sanam vestfaliis zaviT eri-saxelmwifoTa sistemis arseboba oficialurad gamocxaddesboda. SemTxveviTi ar aris,
rom Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso sistemis aRzeveba daemTxva wesebis warmoSobas,
romelTa mixedviTac awesrigebdnen saerTaSoriso urTierTobebs. vestfaliis
zavis Semdeg saerTaSoriso samarTali yoveldRiuri msoflio politikis ganuyofeli nawili gaxda.

sargeblianoba
erTi wuTiT warmoidgineT uamravi praqtikuli SekiTxva, romlebzec sarwmuno pasuxis gacema SeuZlebelia saerTaSoriso kanonebisa da konvenciebis
gareSe. rogor SeiZleba ganisazRvros sazRvrebi xmeleTsa da zRvaze? davuSvaT, or saxelmwifos Soris sazRvarze mdinarea, vin gadawyvetda: (1) sad unda

613
gaevlo sazRvars: mdinaris napirebs Soris, mis kalapotze, Tu mdinaris zustad
centrSi; (2) mdinare unda yofiliyo Tu ara Ria navigaciis zona erTi saxelmwifosaTvis, orive saxelmwifosaTvis, Tu arc erTisaTvis; (3) aqvT Tu ara mdinaris saTaveSi mdebare saxelmwifoebs dambebis, hidroeleqtrosadgurebisa da
rezervuarebis aSenebis ufleba mdinareebze, romlebic dinebis boloSi mdebare
saxelmwifoebis teritoriazec miedineba? am saxis kiTxvebi Tavs iCendnen saerTaSoriso urTierTobis bevr sxva SemTxvevasa da sferoSi. ras SeuZlia ama Tu
im ucxo qveyanaSi akreditebuli diplomatiuri warmomadgenlebis usafrTxoebis garantireba? rogor daregulirdeba moZraoba Ria zRvaSi? vin wyvets, unda
hqondes Tu ara neitralur saxelmwifos ufleba, gaagrZelos normaluri komerciuli urTierToba orive dapirispirebul mxaresTan omis dros? esaa ramdenime
im arsebiTi mniSvnelobis sakiTxTagan, romelTa gadawyvetac uaRresad rTuli
iqneboda saerTaSoriso samarTlis arsebobis gareSe.

Tanxmoba da iZuleba
gasaocaria, magram saerTaSoriso samarTals adgenen da axorcieleben
is saxelmwifoebi, romelTa SesazRudavadac iqmneba igi. rogorc erTi avtori
aRniSnavs:
Tavisi arsebobis oTxasi wlis manZilze saerTaSoriso kanons skrupulozurad akvirdebodnen. roca misi erT-erTi kanoni irRveoda, amas
yovelTvis ar mohyveboda saTanado reagireba. xolo roca sadamsjelo
qmedebas mimarTavdnen, is ar iyo yovelTvis efeqturi. da mainc, imis
uaryofa, rom saerTaSoriso samarTali arsebobs, rogorc savaldebulo
wesebis sistema, ar iqneba swori.14

saerTaSoriso samarTlis ganxorcieleba yovelTvis did siZneleebs ukavSirdeboda. damnaSaves saxelmwifo sjis kanonis ZaliT. magram saerTaSoriso
sferoSi arc erTi saxelmwifo ar aris mmarTveli (cxadia, es arc gaero aris),
cxadia isic, rom SeuZlebelia saxelmwifoTa dapatimreba, gasamarTleba an cixeSi Casma. Tumca maTi dasja mainc SesaZlebelia. mTavrobaTa funqciuri ekvivalenti saerTaSoriso sferoSi Zalauflebis damabalansebelia. sxva sityvebiT,
`kanondamrRvevebad miCneuli~ saxelmwifoebi gaxdnen sxva saxelmwifoebisgan
diplomatiuri cenzuris, ekonomikuri embargos an blokadis msxverplni. eqstremalur situaciaSi SesaZlebelia maT sazRvrebSi SeWra da dapyroba.
cxadia, ar aris marTali is mosazreba, rom saerTaSoriso samarTals ar
gaaCnia aranairi mamoZravebeli Zala da didi eri-saxelmwifoebi verasdros
iqnebian iZulebulni, daemorCilon mis diqtats. sinamdvileSi ki gansxvaveba saerTaSoriso da saxelmwifos samarTals Soris mudmivobaze, simyarezea
damokidebuli: im dros, roca rigiTi moqalaqeebi, rogorc wesi, elian sasjels
kanonis darRvevisas, mTavrobebs ufro xSirad SeuZliaT daarRvion kanoni da
darCnen dausjelni. amis gaTvaliswinebiT politikuri zewola saerTaSoriso
samarTlis moTxovnaTa Sesasruleblad realuri da azriania. amis Tanamedrove
magaliTi iyo serbeTis xelisuflebis mier didi xalisis gareSe miRebuli gadawyvetileba eqs-prezident miloSeviCis gaeros saomar danaSaulebaTa tribunalisaTvis gadacemis Sesaxeb.
politikuri sapasuxo reaqciis SiSi ar aris erTaderTi mizezi imisa, rom

614
umeteswilad mTavrobaTa umravlesoba mihyveba am `saerTaSoriso TamaSis~ wesebs. rogorc ukve vnaxeT, yovel qveyanas bevris mopoveba SeuZlia saerTaSoriso wesebisa da regulaciebis am unificirebuli sistemidan. am wesebis gareSe
saerTaSoriso vaWroba, mogzauroba da turizmi Zalian garTuldeboda, xolo
saerTaSoriso finansuri transaqciebi, ucxouri investiciebi, teqnologiuri transferi, safosto da telekomunikaciebi lamis SeuZlebeli iqneboda.
diplomatiuri imunitetis saguldagulod damuSavebuli da farTod aRiarebuli wesebis gareSe Zalian cota mTavroba gagzavnida Tavis warmomadgenels
ucxo qveynis dedaqalaqSi. arsebul garemoebebSi saeWvoa, SeuZlia Tu ara nebismier mTavrobas, qedmaRlurad Sexedos saerTaSoriso samarTals. diplomatiuri izolaciis, ekonomikuri ngrevisa da samxedro SurisZiebis safrTxis winaSe
mTavrobebi, rogorc wesi, arRvevdnen xelSkrulebebs, konvenciebsa da zogad
wesebs mxolod yvelaze eqstremalur, gamonaklis situaciebSi.
am SemTxvevaSic Zalaufleba aris yvela saxis politikis safuZveli da
misi aRsrulebis uzrunvelmyofi Zalebis gareSe kanoni farsia. saerTaSoriso
scenaze moTamaSeebi policiis rols individualurad an koleqtiurad TamaSoben. amrigad, ZalTa balansi `aucilebeli mdgomareobaa TviT saerTaSoriso
samarTlis arsebobisaTvis.~15

saerTaSoriso samarTali Tanamedrove epoqaSi

meore msoflio omamde Jenevisa da haagis konvenciebi saerTaSoriso samarTlis yvelaze mniSvnelovani nawili gaxldaT, sadac Camoayalibes omis wesebi.
1945 wlidan saerTaSoriso samarTali gansakuTrebiT ganviTarda ramdenime
mniSvnelovan sferoSi, maT Soris, SeiaraRebis kontrolis sakiTxebSi. samomavlod mosalodnelia, rom saerTaSoriso samarTali dainteresdeba ekologiuri
problemebiT.
Jenevisa da haagis konvenciebi.

mecxramete saukunis Sua wlebamde omis

wesebi gansazRvruli ar iyo. 1856 wels ramdenime Zlierma saxelmwifom mxari

dauWira mravalmxriv saerTaSoriso konvenciaTa seriebs _ parizis deklaracia, romelic zRudavda oms zRvaSi, ukanonod acxadebda mekobreobasa da
akanonebda sazRvao blokadas. ufro mniSvnelovani iyo 1864 wlis Jenevis kon-

vencia (gadaxedil iqna 1906 wels), romelic exeboda brZolis velze daWrilTa
mkurnalobas. kidev ufro didi mniSvnelobis iyo 1899 wlis haagis konvencia,
romelmac pirvelad amdeni xnis ganmavlobaSi yuradReba gamaxvilda saxmeleTo
omis wesebze. 1907 wels haagis meore konvenciaze gadaixeda 1899 wlis kanonebi
meomar da neitralur saxelmwifoTa da adamianTa uflebebisa da movaleobebis
Sesaxeb. aseve, wamoWril iqna sakiTxebi axali saxis iaraRis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb,
rogoricaa ,,dum-dum~ tyviebi, Sxamiani gazi da gaziT savse balonebi, romlebic
dabombvisas gamoiyeneboda.
cxrili 18-3
ZiriTadi ormxrivi SeTanxmebebi SeiaraRebis kontrolze aSS-sa da yofil
sabWoTa kavSirs/ruseTs Soris
TariRi

SeTanxmeba

ZiriTadi miznebi

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qeT, amonabeWdSi es cxrili aris da amitom ar gadavTargmne!
wyaro: Charles W. Kegley, Jr. & Eugene Wittkopf, World Politics: Trend and Transformation, 8th
ed., Bedford/St. Martins (2001), 580-581.

SeiaraRebaze kontrolis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebebi. arc erTi sakiTxi ar Canda

imdenad mniSvnelovani, rogorc SeiaraRebaze ormxrivi kontrolis Sesaxeb molaparakebebi aSS-sa da sabWoTa kavSirs Soris civi omis dros (ix. cxrili 18-3).
imis miuxedavad, rom es molaparakebebi iyo mravalricxovani da sapirispiro,
maT birTvul Sekavebaze gavlena moaxdines.
sabWoTa kavSiris daSlam, gaumjobesebulma urTierTobam aSS-sa da ruseTs
Soris da birTvuli iaraRis arsebobam belorusiaSi, ukrainasa da yazaxeTSi, ubiZga aSS-sa da ruseTs SeiaraRebis SezRudvis sakiTxebze molaparakeba gaemarTaT.
yvelaze mniSvnelovania 1993 wlis xelSekruleba START II (Strategic Arms Reduction
Treaty II- SeTanxmeba II strategiuli SeiaraRebis Semcirebis Sesaxeb), romlis

safuZvelzec birTvuli qobinebis raodenoba 60 procentiT mcirdeba ori wlis

win ukve SemcirebulTan SedarebiT. metic, START II-ma akrZala mravalqobiniani
saxmeleTo raketebi da Seamcira wyalqveSa gemebis atomuri qobinebic. aSS-sa da
ruseTs imedi hqondaT, rom `SeZlebda gamanadgurebeli omis safrTxis Semcirebas iseTi saxis birTvuli iaraRis akrZalviT, romelsac orive zesaxelmwifo
gamoiyenebda prevenciuli dartymisas.~16
bolo ormoci wlis ganmavlobaSi SeiaraRebis kontrolis mizniT miRebuli
xelSekrulebebi mravalerovnuli gaxda da mas miuerTda msoflios bevri qveyana. molaparakebaTagan gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia:

1959 wlis antarqtidis SeTanxmebam akrZala yvela saxis samxedro saqmianoba

antarqtidis kontinentze da yovel xelmomwer mxares misca sahaero meTvalyureobis ufleba. aseve akrZala birTvuli mrewvelobis narCenebiT garemos
dabinZureba da waaxalisa TanamSromloba samecniero gamoZiebebisas.

1967 wlis kosmosuri sivrcis SeTanxmebam akrZala kosmosidan birTvuli

iaraRi, samxedro bazebs mTvaresa da sxva planetebze da gamoricxa saxelmwifo suverenitetis gancxadebebi kosmosur sivrceze.

1968 wlis gauvrceleblobis SeTanxmebam SezRuda xelmomweri qveynebi

birTvuli iaraRisa da masalebis gacemasa da miRebaSi. im dros, roca qveyanaTa umravlesobam xeli moawera am molaparakebas, ramdenime xelmomweri
ar emorCileboda am wess. irans, erays, libias, pakistansa da indoeTs xeli
ar mouweriaT am molaparakebaze.

1971 wlis zRvis fskeris SeTanxmebam akrZala birTvuli iaraRis gamocda

1972 wlis biologiur iaraRis konvenciam savaldebulo gaxada biologi-

wyalqveS TiToeuli qyvynis 12-miliani sasazRvro radiusis gareTac.

uri rezervebis ganadgureba da ukanonod gamoacxada am saxis iaraRis Senaxva da warmoeba.

1993 wlis qimiuri iaraRis konvencia miznad isaxavs aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi
qimiuri iaraRis ganadgurebas. aSS-is senatma am molaparakebis ratifikacia
1997 wels moaxdina.
arsebobs sazRvrebi, ras SeiZleba moelode am molaparakebaTagan. mTavro-

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bebi, rogorc wesi, xels ar aweren xelSekrulebebs, romlebic moiTxoven maTgan
iseT moqmedebas, romelsac ar Seasrulebdnen am molaparakebis ararsebobis pirobebSi. magaliTad, aSS-m gamoacxada, rom mas ar ganuzraxavs qimiuri iaraRis ganviTareba (erovnuli usafrTxoebisaTvisac ar eyrdnoboda is am saxis iaraRs), im
dros, roca man xeli moawera qimiuri iaraRis konvencias. iq, sadac qcevis wesebis
Sesaxeb molaparakeba qveynebisagan moiTxovda maTTvis mniSvnelovanze uaris Tqmas, saerTaSoriso samarTali ar iyo sakmarisad efeqturi.
saerTaSoriso samarTali da garemo.

mosalodnelia, rom momavalSi

saerTaSoriso samarTlis is nawili, romelic garemosa da ekologias Seexeba,

sagrZnoblad gaizrdeba da gafarTovdeba. zog mecniers miaCnia, rom iaraRis
SezRudvis molaparakebebi gaxdeba transnacionaluri ekologiuri molaparakebebis axali epoqis dasawyisis precedenti.
ramdenime gamonaklisis garda, rogoricaa monrealis protokoli, romelic krZalavs ozonis garsisaTvis saSiS nivTierebaTa gamoyenebas (ix. CanarTi
`saerTaSoriso samarTali da garemo: monrealis protokoli~), SeizRuda saerTaSoriso ekologiur molaparakebaTa raodenoba da farglebi. SeiaraRebis
msgavsad, ekologiuri sakiTxebic, rogorc wesi, erovnuli suverenitetis rubrikaSi Tavsdeboda. Tumca resursebis amowurva, gadaSenebis zRvarze myofi
saxeobebi da adamianis mier gamowveuli cvlilebebi biosferoSi, is sakiTxebia,
romlebic, birTvuli omis SesaZleblobis msgavsad, yvela qveyanaze axdens gavlenas.
monrealis protokoli, formalurad cnobili, rogorc protokoli nivTierebebze,
romlebic cveTen ozonis safars, aRiarebulia yvelaze mniSvnelovan ekologiur paqtad istoriaSi da saerTaSoriso samarTlis axali epoqis momaswavebel modelad. kibos gamomwvevi
ultraiisferi radiaciisgan planetis damcavi ozonis sferos eroziam SeaSfoTa msoflio
sazogadoeba. 1986 wels ocdasamma saxelmwifom SeimuSava 1999 wlisaTvis florofluorokarbonebis (cnobilia CFC saxeliT da farTod gamoiyeneba avtomobilebis kondicionerebSi) 50
procentiT Semcirebis gegma. 1990 wels londonSi ganaxlda molaparakeba, romlis mixedviTac
2000 wlisaTvis CFC srulad unda aRmofxvriliyo. ori wlis Semdeg kopenhagenSi 80-ze meti
qveynis warmomadgenlebi SeTanxmdnen, es vada 1996 wlamde gadmoewiaT da aekrZalaT ramdenime
saziano nivTiereba. 1992 wels aSS-m erTpirovnulad gamoacxada Tanxmoba da morCileba monrealis protokolis modifikaciaze.
monrealis protokolis cvlilebaTa uprecedento masStabebma daamSvida garemos
cvilebebiT SeSinebuli bevri adamiani. saWiro gaxda saerTaSoriso TanamSromloba. da mainc,
molaparakebis Sedegebis ganxorcieleba rTuli aRmoCnda. ganviTarebadi qveynebisa saerTaSoriso subsidireba, raTa SeeZinaT iseTi teqnologiebi, romelic ar daazianebda ozons,
Zalian neli tempebiT mimdinareobda. xelSekrulebis uzrunvelyofis kritika sxvadasxva
mxridan gaismoda. zogs xelSekruleba usargeblod miaCnda, sxvebs sjerodaT, rom is arafer
mniSvnelovans ar akeTebda.
da mainc, arsebobda adrindeli samxilebi, rom es mniSvnelovani saerTaSoriso molaparakeba SeiZleba moqmedebdes. 1997 wels gamoqveynebuli holandiuri kvlevisas erTmaneTs
adarebdnen sam mosalodnel scenars: pirveli: ar arsebobda araviTari SezRudvebi ozonis
fenis gamanadgurebel qimiur nivTierebebze; meore: xorcieldeboda monrealis 1987 wlis protokolis SeTanxmebebi da mesame: xorcieldeboda ufro mkacri kopenhagenis malaparakebis
SeTanxmebebi. Sedegebi STambeWdavi aRmoCnda. `Tu SeadarebT mas imas, ra SeiZleba momxdariyo
sxva SemTxvevaSi, dainaxavT warmatebis saocar istorias,~ aRniSna erT-erTma mkvlevarma (kv-

617
levis Sedegebi ilustrirebulia qvemoT).17
grafikebi:
marcxniv
grafikze zeviT: aSS
vertikalurad: kanis simsivniT daavadebis wliur SemTxvevaTa r-ba mln adamianze
marjvniv
grafikze zeviT: CrdiloeTi evropa
vertikalurad: kanis simsivniT daavadebis wliur SemTxvevaTa r-ba mln adamianze
warwera grafikebis gverdiT:
ozonis safaris damcavi qmedebebis gatarebis gareSe
1987 w. monrealis protokolis pirobebSi
1992 w. kopenhagenis gamkacrebuli damatebebis pirobebSi
ozoni da simsivne
1992 wlis saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebma ozonis fenis gamanadgurebeli qimiuri nivTierebebis
gamoyenebis Semcirebis Sesaxeb Tavidan unda agvacilos milionobiT adamianis daavadeba kanis
simsivniT. mecnierTa prognozi kanis simsivniT daavadebulTa raodenobis Sesaxeb: kanis simsivniT daavadebis wliur SemTxvevaTa r-ba mln adamianze

globaluri daTbobis Sesaxeb molaparakeba (ganxiluli msoflio liderebis mier kiotoSi, iaponiaSi, 1997 wlis dekemberSi) kargi magaliTia imisa,
raoden Znelia saerTaSoriso ekologiuri samarTlis Camoyalibeba. bevri mecnieri, maT Soris geofizikosebi da meteorologebi, winaswarmetyveleben dedamiwaze globalur daTbobas momaval saukuneSi. msoflio masStabis globaluri
daTbobis efeqti SeiZleba damRupveli iyos, uaryofiTad imoqmedos msoflio
klimatze, gamofitos niadagi da gamoiwvios zRvis donis mateba, romelic daemuqreba bevr sanapiro qveyanas.
globaluri daTbobis umTavresi mizezia naxSirorJangi, romelic warmoiqmneba navTobis, naxSirisa da sxv.wvis Sedegad Sida wvis ZravaSi. magram aSS-Si arsebobs politikuri opozicia nebismier molaparakebaze, romelic xels SeuSlida,
SeaCerebda an SezRudavda sawvavis moxmarebas. profkavSirebs, rogoricaa AFLCIO (cnobili profkavSiri aSS-Si) afiqrebs samuSao adgilebis dakargva. mrewv-

elobis umsxvilesi dargebis warmomadgenlebi damatebiTi samarTlebrivi SeRavaTebis dawesebas iTxoven. skeptikosebi kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayeneben samanqano
modelebs da eeWvebaT, rom globaluri daTboba saerTod moxdeba. fiqroben,
rom SesaZlebelia misi efeqturad da advilad gadatana.
msoflioSi arsebobs mravali gansxvavebuli mosazreba. evropis qveynebi im
proekologiuri standartebis momxreni arian, romlebic ver gadis aSS kongresSi.
karibis zRvisa da wynari okeanis samxreTiT mdebare qveynebis mcire raodenoba
sakuTar Tavs globaluri daTbobisas yvelaze maRali riskis qveS miiCnevs (magaliTad, zRvis donis mxolod ori futis matebasac ki SeuZlia safrTxeSi Caagdos maTi sanapiro biznesi da daabinZuros wyali). es qveynebi kidev ufro mkacr
standartebs lobireben, vidre evropa. am dros ganviTarebadma qveynebma, maT
Soris CineTma, indoeTma da braziliam, uari Tqves nebismieri saxis molaparakebaze. navTobmompovebeli qveynebi, rogoricaa saudis arabeTi, nebismieri saxis
momaval molaparakebas miiCneven ekonomikurad sazianod da agrZeleben maT kategoriul oponirebas.

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erT-erTi pirveli umniSvnelovanesi sagareo politikuri gadawyvetileba,
romelic jorj buSma miiRo, iyo is, rom xels ar moawerda kiotos xelSekrulebas. am gadawyvetilebam farTo kritika daimsaxura sazRvargareT, qveynis SigniT
ki sapirispiro reaqcia gamoiwvia. globaluri daTbobis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis
gaurkveveli Sinaarsi kidev erTi mxarea, raSic is SeiaraRebis SezRudvis xelSekrulebebs waagavs: maTze mosalaparakeblad mravali welia saWiro, kidev ufro
meti _ maT gansaxorcieleblad da yovelTvis politikosebisa da politikis gavlenis qveS aris.

saerTaSoriso samarTlis SezRudvebi

xelSekrulebebi, romelTa mizania omis ukanonod cnoba (1928 wlis briankelogis paqti, romlis ratifikaciac sabolood samocdaoTxma qveyanam moaxdina) da molaparakebebi, romlebic imarTeba mSvidobisa da saerTaSoriso urTierTgagebis ganviTarebisaTvis (magaliTad gaeros qartia), iSviaTad uZleben
drois gamocdas an saxelmwifoTa ambiciebis zewolas. mezobeli qveynebis mier
xelmowerili yvelaze Tavmdabali `megobrobis~ paqtebic ki saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi irRveoda.
Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso sistemas aklia sami praqtikuli winapiroba
msoflio samarTlebrivi normebis misaRebad. pirveli, dResdReobiT ar arsebobs gaeros generalur asambleis zemdgomi erTi saerTaSoriso sakanonmdeblo
avtoriteti, romlis Zalauflebac umniSvneloa. meore, arc erT saerTaSoriso
aRmasrulebel organos ar aqvs ufleba, daadginos kursi da ganaxorcielos
saerTaSoriso samarTali (simbolurad, gaeros generalur mdivans akisria
es movaleoba, magram am SemTxvevaSic am organos brZanebebs ar aqvs realuri
Zala). mesame, ar arsebobs saSualeba, aiZulo suverenuli mTavrobebi, uTanxmoebebi gansaxilvelad warudginon msoflio sasamarTlos an daemorCilon mis
verdiqts.
gadawyvetilebebis ganxorcieleba unda iyos im eri-saxelmwifoebis prerogativa, romlebic xSirad am gadawyvetilebebs arasaimedod an saerTod ar
axorcieleben. manam, sanam saerTaSoriso samarTals aklia winaswar ganuWvretatoba da Tanmimdevruloba, romelic kanonis uzenaesobas unikalurobas aniWebs,
is mTavrobebisTvis mosaxerxebeli ufro iqneba, vidre iZulebiTi.
msoflio sasamarTlo. saerTaSoriso samarTlis moqmedebis araefeqturoba naTlad Cans msoflio sasamarTlos muSaobaSi. msoflio sasamarTlo,
Tavis mxriv, mainc gaurkveveli institutia, romelic ikribeba haagaSi (holandiis Zvel dedaqalaqSi). zogadad cnobilia, rogorc saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo
(ICJ) da gaeros qartiaSi Camoyalibebuli eqvsi umTavresi organodan erT-erTi.
igi aris sruliad kanonierad dafuZnebuli sasamarTlo organo mosamarTleebiT, proceduruli kanonebiTa da damsaxurebuli tribunaliT. magram yvelaze
mniSvnelovania is, rom mas aklia cxadad dadgenili iurisdiqcia.
msoflio sasamarTlo erT-erTia im sasamarTloTagan dasavleTis samyaroSi, romelsac gansaxilveli saqme iSviaTad aqvs. samuSaos nakleboba warmoSobilia ara saerTaSoriso uTanxmoebaTa ararsebobiT, aramed sasamarTlos
saerTaSoriso uTanxmoebaTa Sesaxeb gaurkveveli iurisdiqciiT. monawile sax-

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elmwifoebma unda imoqmedon saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos 36 muxlis mixedviT,
romelic ambobs:
mocemuli wesdebis qveynebs nebismier dros SeuZliaT gamoacxadon, rom im qveyanasTan mimarTebaSi, romelic aRiarebs am valdebulebas, isinic aRiareben savaldebulod sasamarTlos iurisdiqcias yvela
legalur uTanxmoebaSi, romelic exeba: (1) xelSekrulebis interpretacias, (2) nebismier kiTxvas saerTaSoriso samarTalTan dakavSirebiT, (3)
nebismieri faqtis arsebobas, romelic gamocxadebis SemTxvevaSi arRvevs
saerTaSoriso movaleobas.

sxva sityvebiT, mTavrobebi kanoniT movaleni arian daemorCilon sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebas mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu maT micemuli aqvT Tanxmoba sasamarTlos mier saqmis ganxilvaze. maT SeuZliaT winaswar gaakeTon deklaracia
sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis miRebis Sesaxeb, rogorc maT 36 muxli mouwodebs
an daemorCilon mas garkveuli pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
msoflio sasamarTlos arsebobis pirveli oci wlis ganmavlobaSi 42-ma
mTavrobam gamoTqva survili, damorCileboda sasamarTlos savaldebulo

iurisdiqcias. es Canda kanonze dafuZnebuli msoflio wesrigis mimarTulebiT

win gadadgmul nabijad. Tumca saerTaSoriso saqmeebSi, iseve, rogorc zogadad
cxovrebaSi, yvelaferi ise araa, rogorc Cans. amerikis Tanxmoba 36 muxlze aris
gansaxilveli sakiTxi. Tavisi materialuri keTildReobiTa da misi sasamarTlo procedurebisadmi mxardaWeriT, aSS-sgan, albaT, moelodnen, rom is ufro
medgrad ibrZolebda saerTaSoriso samarTlis pativiscemaze dafuZnebuli
ufro stabiluri da mowesrigebuli samyarosaTvis. magram aSS-m 1946 wlis 14
agvistos gaakeTa deklaracia, romlis mixedviTac amerika Tanxmobas acxadebda
saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos savaldebulo iurisdiqciaze, sinamdvileSi diplomatiuri triuki iyo. is acxadebda:
deklaracia ar gamoiyeneba, roca saqme exeba: a) uTanxmoebebs, romlTa gadaWrasac mxareebi andoben sxva tribunals ukve arsebuli molaparakebebis safuZvelze an romelTa gadaWrac SesaZlebelia momavalSi; b) im
uTanxmoebebs, romlebic exeba arsebiTad aSS-is saSinao iurisdiqciaSi
arsebul sakiTxebs, amas Tavad amerika gadawyvets; g) uTanxmoebebs, romlebic Tavs iCenen mravalmxrivi xelSekrulebebidan im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
(1) SeTanxmebis yvela monawile mxare, romlebzec gavlenas axdens gadawyvetileba, aris saerTaSoriso sasamarTloSi ganxilvis sagani an (2) aSS-i
eTanxmeba iurisdiqcias.

es niSnavs, rom aSS daTanxmdeba savaldebulo iurisdiqcias mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu amgvari molaparakeba ar aiZulebda mas, mieRo sasamarTlos iurisdiqcia. magram aSS-is Tanxmoba savaldebulo iurisdiqciaze ar iyo unikaluri.
Tanamedrove samyaros arc erTi mTavroba ar daTanxmebula upirobod damorCileboda msoflio sasamarTlos brZanebebs.
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi da msoflio sasamarTlo. zogma SeiZleba ifiqros, rom Tu aSS an sxva romelime saxelmwifo itvirTavda liderobas
msoflio sasamarTlosTan gonieri urTierTobis damyarebis saqmeSi, SesaZloa,
sxva qveynebic mihyolodnen maT kvals. ras SeeZlo xeli SeeSala amerikisaTvis
da vTqvaT, didi britaneTisaTvis kargi magaliTis micemaSi da pirobis dade-

620
baSi, rom momavalSi maT Soris uTanxmoebaTa gadawyvetas msoflio sasamarTlos andobdnen? yovel SemTxvevaSi, garegnulad mainc arafers SeeZlo daebrkolebina qveynebs Soris aseTi xelSekrulebis dadeba. es SesaZlebelic rom
yofiliyo, ratom iqneboda saWiro? erTi saukunis ganmavlobaSi aSS-sa da britaneTs Zalian mcire uTanxmoeba hqoniaT, romelic xangrZliv molaparakebas
saWiroebda da nebismieri uTanxmoeba momavalSic mcire da umniSvnelo iqneba _
axlo mokavSireebi iSviaTad xvdebian iseT azrTa sxvadasxvaobas, romelTac sasamarTlo garCeva dasWirdeba. cxadia, savaldebulo iurisdiqciis efeqturoba
ver gaizomeba, roca ori mTavrobas esoden megobrul urTierToba aqvs erTmaneTTan. nebismieri uTanxmoeba, romlis gamosworebac SeuZlebelia Cveulebrivi
diplomatiis gziT, isedac gadaecema gasarCevad saerTaSoriso tribunals.
msoflio sasamarTlos sikeTe gamoicada 1980-ian wlebSi, nikaraguis yofil marqsistul reJimsa da reiganis administracias Soris warmoSobili dapirispirebisas. adre 1985 wels aRiZra saqme msoflio sasamarTloSi aSS-is winaaRmdeg. is daadanaSaules korinTosTan sazRvris danaRmvasa da ajanyebulTa
mxardaWeraSi. saxelmwifo departamentma gamoacxada, rom aSS-is mTavroba process boikots ucxadebda da uars ambobda nikaraguis mTavrobasTan molaparakebebze. prezidentma reiganma es qmedeba imiT gaamarTla, rom nikaragua sasamarTlos politikuri da propagandistuli miznebisaTvis iyenebda.
1986 wlis ivnisSi msoflio sasamarTlom aSS-is gamamtyunebeli ganaCeni
gamoitana. nikaraguis iniciativiT gaeros usafrTxoebis sabWom kenWi uyara
sakiTxs imis Taobaze, unda daeWira Tu ara mxari sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebisaTvis. kenWisyra aSS-is sawinaaRmdegod dasrulda: 11 xma 1-is winaaRmdeg (didma
britaneTma, safrangeTma da tailandma Tavi Seikaves, aSS-m vetos ufleba gamoiyena). samwuxarod, rogorc es winaaRmdegobebiT savse saqme gviCvenebs, savaldebulo iuirisdiqciasTan dakavSirebuli problema, iseve, rogorc zogadad
saerTaSoriso samarTali, yvelaze naklebefeqturia iq, sadac yvelaze metad
saWiroa.
1998 wlis TebervalSi msoflio sasamarTlom mniSvnelovan saqmeSi kidev
erTxel gamoitana ganaCeni aSS-is winaaRmdeg. amjerad saqme exeboda uTanxmoebas, romelmac Tavi iCina 1988 wels ~pan amerikan~ aviaxazebis 103-e reisis TviTmfrinavis teroristul afeTqebasTan dakavSirebiT lokberis (Sotlandia) Tavze.
am dros 259 adamiani daiRupa (plus 11 adamiani miwaze). aSS da didi britaneTi
intensiurad ibrZodnen libiisaTvis gaeros sanqciebis dasaweseblad, roca libiis mTavrobam uari Tqva teroristul aqtSi eWvmitanili ori libieli nacionalistis eqstradiciaze. sanqciebi dawesda 1992 wels da agrZelebda moqmedebas.
libiis mTavrobam saqme gansaxilvelad msoflio sasamarTlos warudgina, magram
aSS irwmuneboda, rom sasamarTlos aklda iurisdiqcia. es proceduruli sakiTxi
mosamarTleebma sabolood gadawyvites 1998 wels.
magram am saqmeSi politikuri da legaluri manevrireba erTad mimdinareobda. aSS zewolas axdenda libiaze, raTa mas Caebarebina eWvmitanilebi da Sotlandiuri samarTlis Sesabamisad gadaeca is niderlandebis sasamarTlosaTvis da
ara saerTaSoriso sasamarTlosTvis. 1998 wlis bolos libia daTanxmda aSS-is
SemoTavazebas da 1999 wels gadasca eWvmitanilebi gaeros. sajaro sasamarTlo
procesi gaimarTa 2000 wels, xolo 2001 wlis ianvarSi erT-erTi libieli (libiis
yofili dazvervis agenti), romelsac brali edeboda lokberis masobriv mkvl-

621
elobebSi, damnaSaved cnes Sotlandielma mosamarTleebma da 20 wliani patimroba miusajes. meore gaamarTles da libiaSi dabrunebis ufleba misces.
am ganaCeniT saqme ar daxurula da arc aSS daTanxmebula libiisaTvis
gaeros sanqciebis Sewyvetas. Tumca man mainc moaxerxa am saSineli saerTaSoriso
teroristuli aqtis Sesaxeb saqmis daxurva. amgvarad, man Seamzada niadagi libiisa da dasavleTis (kerZod, aSS-is) xelaxali daaxloebisaTvis. 11 seqtembris
teraqtebidan raRac rva TveSi man sruliad axali mniSvneloba SeiZina _ SesaZlebeli gaxda momavalSi msgavsi saqmeebis ganxilva.

saerTaSoriso samarTlis Sefaseba

suverenuli saxelmwifoebi saerTaSoriso samarTlis brma aRiarebaze
maRla arsebiTi mniSvnelobis saxelmwifo interesebs ayeneben. ra Tqma unda,
am TvalsazrisiT erebi gansxvavdebian _ zogi saerTaSoriso samarTlis wesebs
iSviaTad arRvevs, sxvebs, SeiZleba, saerTod ar anaRvlebdeT es wesebi da maT
mxolod mizanSewonilobis, mogebis TvalsazrisiT emorCilebodnen. nebismier
SemTxvevaSi, faqti, rom qveynebs SeuZliaT uari Tqvan iZulebaze, niSnavs, saerTaSoriso samarTals daemorCilebian mxolod maSin, roca amgvari qceva qveynis
interesebSi Sedis. sxva sityvebiT, saerTaSoriso samarTlis morCileba da pativiscema, sabolood, damokidebulia saxelmwifo interesze.
aris Tu ara samarTlis principebi, aqedan gamomdinare, umniSvnelo saerTaSoriso politikaSi? arc mTlad asea saqme: maT didi mniSvneloba aqvs mTavrobebisa da mmarTvelebis qmedebaTa gagebisa da SefasebisaTvis. xandaxan SesaZlebelia mTavrobaTa dasja (magaliTad, sanqciebis gziT, rogorc erayis, iranis,
CrdiloeT koreisa da bevri sxva damoukidebeli saxelmwifos SemTxvevaSi). TaRliTi mmarTvelebi, aseve, SesaZlebelia daisajon, magaliTad, yofili iugoslaviis prezidenti slobodan miloSeviCi saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos mier 2002
wels.
saerTaSoriso politikuri cxovrebis pirveli principia erovnuli TviTgadarCena. saerTaSoriso samarTali sasargebloa maSin, roca is emsaxureba gansakuTrebiT Zlevamosili saxelmwifoebis mTavrobaTa erovnul interesebs. aseT
dros saerTaSoriso samarTlis meqanizmi (rogorc wesi, msoflio sasamarTlo)
iwyebs moqmedebas. metic, is ufro metad axla moqmedebs, vidre civi omis dros.
Tumca umsxviles Zalebs mainc urCevniaT gamosavlis miRwevis tradiciuli da
samxedro saSualebebi (sadac metad akontroleben Sedegs), vidre sasamarTlo
saSualebebi (sadac Sedegze kontrols gadascemen im mosamarTleebs, romelTa
erTguleba Seucnobelia). albaT, movida imis dro, rom saerTaSoriso samarTlis roli da msoflio sasamarTlos prestiJi gaizardos.

mSvidobis gzebis Ziebis gagrZeleba

2001 wels gaerom da misma generalurma mdivanma kofi ananma miiRes nobelis
mSvidobis premia, radgan isini iRvwodnen mSvidobiani msoflios Sesaqmnelad. es
iyo xarki msoflio istoriaSi yvelaze warmatebuli saerTaSoriso organizaciisaTvis. SesaZlebelia, gaeros amgvari sityvebiT daxasiaTeba bevris mTqmelia

622
samyaroze (da msoflios istoriaze). sinamdvileSi gaeros miRwevebi iyo mcire,
Tumca arc sul mTlad umniSvnelo.
marTalia, ZalTa balansis politika da birTvuli Sekaveba amyarebda SedarebiT stabiluri wesrigis sistemas 1945 wlis Semdeg, civi omis dasasrulma
warmoSva ara mxolod wesrigis damyarebis axali gzebi, aramed axali safrTxeebi
da arastabilurobis wyaroebic. axali saerTaSoriso organizaciebis gavrceleba da Zvelebis momwifeba _ SeZlebs Tu ara wesrigis arsebuli Zalebis dabalansebas, jer kidev ucnobia.
saerTaSoriso samarTali da saerTaSoriso organizaciebi ver Secvlis
diplomatiasa da oms (an mis safrTxes), rogorc saSualebebs, romelTa meSveobiTac eri-saxelmwiofoebi agvareben uTanxmoebaTa umravlesobas. ar unda velodeT rom saerTaSoriso samarTlis pativiscema an xelSekrulebaTa xelSeuxebloba gaizrdeba imdenad, rom sakompensacio Zalebi aRar iyos omis SeCerebis an
SezRudvis mTavari saSualeba.
saerTaSoriso organizaciebs SeuZliaT dagvexmaron konfliqtis menejmentis uzarmazari davalebis SesrulebaSi, Tumca isini ver gadaWrian yvela
konfliqts yvelgan. mowesrigebuli msoflio naklebad iqneboda ganwyobili
omisaTvis. SesaZloa, is yvela gagebiT ukeTesi samyaro yofiliyo. asec rom iyos,
imis Tqma, rom vinaidan omi wesrigis ararsebobaa, amitom wesrigis arseboba avtomaturad niSnavs omis ararsebobas, logikuri Secdoma iqneboda.
faqtobrivad, ar arsebobs swrafi warmateba. arc erT calkeul faqts an
movlenas, misi mniSvnelobis miuxedavad, ar SeuZlia gaxdes iseTi msoflios winapiroba, sadac aRar iqneba omi. ideologiuri mtrobis dasruleba msoflios
umsxviles da uZlieres saxelmwifoebs Soris mniSvnelovani win gadadgmuli
nabijia ufro usafrTxo da janmrTeli msofliosaken. magram es, samwuxarod, ar
aris usasrulo mSvidobis garantia.
amrigad, Zieba grZeldeba. imis miuxedavad, rom mSvidoba rCeba miuRweveli,
omis Tavidan acilebis saWiroeba _ gansakuTrebiT umsxvilesi omebisa masobrivi
ganadgurebis iaraRis gamoyenebiT _ imdenad aucilebelia, rom adamianebi gamudmebiT eZeben konfliqtebis mogvarebis gzebs. aris Tu ara konfliqtis menejmenti sakmarisad kargi? unda vecadoT Tu ara konfliqtis srulad aRmofxvras?
naTqvamia, rom politika aris SesaZleblobebis xelovneba. Tumca dResdReisobiT msofliosaTvis konfliqtebTan ufro warmatebiT gamklavebis gzebis monaxva Zalian saWiroa.

daskvna

ra wvlili miuZRvis saerTaSoriso organizaciebsa da saerTaSoriso samarTals mSvidobiani samyaros SenebaSi? vaWrobaze, mogzaurobasa da yvela saxis mimosvlaze saxelmwifo barierebis moxsna aisaxa Tanamedrove msoflioSi arasamTavrobo faqtorebis zrdaze, maT Sorisaa mravalerovnuli korporaciebi,
saerTaSoriso samTavrobo organizaciebi da saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo organizaciebi. mravalerovnulma ekonomikurma paqtebma da samxedro kavSirebma
aseve gaaZlieres regionuli da saerTaSoriso urTierTdamokidebuleba.
miuxedavad amisa, saerTaSoriso organizaciebisa da saerTaSoriso

623
paqtebis es STambeWdavi qseli Tavisufali ar aris saxelmwifo SuRlisagan. mravalmxrivma internacionalurma organizaciebma daamtkices TavianTi dadebiTi
roli saerTaSoriso arenaze xangrZlivi mSvidobisa da stabilurobis uzrunvelyofaSi. meoce saukuneSi erTa liga daiSala dapirispirebuli erovnuli interesebis gamo. civi omis ganmavlobaSi gaero mraval dabrkolebas gadaawyda,
Tumca warmatebasac miaRwia, rogorc mSvidobis SenarCunebis institutma.muSaoba mSvidobis SenarCunebis sferoSi gafarTovda civi omisSemdgom samyaroSi.
am periodSi Catarda gaeros egidiT koleqtiuri samxedro moqmedeba erayis winaaRmdeg.
saerTaSoriso samarTali aregulirebs da aiolebs urTierTobebs damoukidebel saxelmwifoebs Soris, romelTa urTierToba sxva mxriv SeiZleba
qaosuri iyos. rogorc gaeros, saerTaSoriso samarTalsac zogadad araTanmimdevruli istoria aqvs. saerTaSorso samarTlis Tanamedrove magaliTebia
Jenevisa da haagis konvenciebi, romlebmac gansazRvres omis wesebi da dades
mravalerovnuli SeiaraRebis SemzRudveli xelSekrulebebi. saerTaSoriso
ekologiuri molaparakebebi saerTaSoriso samarTlis sul ufro metad mniSvnelovani nawili xdeba. saerTaSoriso samarTlis SezRudvebi aSkara xdeba im
siZneleebis ganxilvisas, romlebsac msoflio sasamarTlo awydeba. gaerosa da
saerTaSoriso samarTlis sisustes ganapirobebs is, rom maT unari ar SeswevT
gadawonon erovnuli interesebi.

sakvanZo sityvebi

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funqcionalistebi (funqcionalizmi)

Sida iurisdiqcia

urTierTdamokidebuleba

saerTaSoriso samarTali

arasamTavrobo aqtorebi

Jenevis konvencia

mravalerovnuli korporaciebi (MNC)

haagis konvencia

saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo orga-

strategiuli SeiaraRebis Semcirebis

nizaciebi (INGO)

xelSekruleba II (START II)

saerTaSoriso samTavrobo orga-

antarqtidis SeTanxmeba

nizaciebi (IGO)

kosmosuri sivrcis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba

britanuli Tanamegobroba

gauvrceleblobis (birTvuli iara-

msoflio savaWro organizacia (WTO)

Ris) Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba

luto fondi

zRvis fskeris Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba

CrdiloeT amerikis Tavisufali

konvencia biologiuri iaraRis Ses-

vaWrobis SeTanxmeba (NAFTA)

axeb

evrokavSiri (EU)

konvencia qimiuri iaraRis Sesaxeb

erTa liga

msoflio sasamarTlo

koleqtiuri usafrTxoeba

savaldebulo iurisdiqcia

kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis

1.

gansazRvreT arasamTavrobo faqtorebi saerTaSoriso politikaSi. ra gavlena aqvs maT saerTaSoriso sistemaze?

2.

ram ganapiroba gaeros daarseba? riT gansxvavdeba igi erTa ligisagan?

3.

ras akeTebs gaeros uSiSroebis sabWo da rogor iRebs is gadawyvetilebebs?

4.

sad gamoiyenes gaeros samSvidobo operaciebi yvelaze metad 1990-ian wlebamde? rogor Seicvala saerTaSoriso mSvidobis SenarCunebis konteqsti
civi omis dasrulebis Semdeg? CamoTvaleT adgilmdebareoba sami an oTxi
yvelaze ambiciuri samSvidobo misiisa bolo wlebSi.

5.

asrulebs Tu ara saerTaSoriso samarTali pozitiur rols Tanamedrove

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi? pasuxi daasabuTeT.

6.

ra SezRudvebi aqvs saerTaSoriso samarTals?

7.

ramdenad efeqturad funqcionirebs msoflio sasamarTlo?

8.

risi gakeTeba aris SesaZlebeli msoflio politikaSi saerTaSoriso samarTlis rolis gazrdisaTvis?

9.

aniWebs Tu ara msoflio politikis tendenciebi upiratesobas saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos? ufro farTo rols aniWebs mas, Tu ufro mcires?

SeniSvnebi:

1.

Charles W. Kegley, Jr., and Eugene Wittkopf, American Foreign Policy: Pattern and Process,
me-2 gamoc., (New York: St. Martins Press, 1987), 149-150.

2.

pirveli citata aris Joan Edelman Spero-s naSromSi The Politics of Economic Relations, me-4 gamoc., (New York: St. Martins Press, 1991), 104. meore ki Bruce Kogut-is For-

625
eign Policy (Spring 1998): 7; online at www.findarticles.com/cf_dls/m1181/n110/20492572/.

3.

rogorc gaeros World Investment Report-Si aris naTqvami. reziumesaTvis ix.

Francis Williams, `Global Business: A Fact of Life _ UNCTADs World Investment Report Assesses the Role of Multinationals, Financial Times, August 31, 1994, 4.

4.

Lester Brown, et al., Vital Signs: The Trends That Are Shaping Our Future (New York: Norton,
1993), 74.

5.

Charles W. Kegley, Jr., and Eugene Wittkoph, World Politics: Trend and Transformation, me-6
gamoc., (New York: St. Martins Press, 1997), 129.

6.

Kogut, Foreign Policy, 1; online reprint at findarticles.com

7.

Joan Edelman Spero, The Politics of Economic Relations, 112-113.

8.

George Modelski, ed., Transnational Corporations and World Order (New York: Freeman,
1979),3.

9.

Kegley and Wittkopf axdenen IGO-ebis klasifikacias wevrobis moculobisa da

miznebis raodenobis mixedviT. aq mocemulia maTze miTiTeba. ix. Kegley and

Wittkopf, World Politics, 144-148.
10.

Harold K. Jacobson, Networks of Interdependence: International Organization and the Global

Political System (New York: Knopf, 1979).

11.

citirebuli Inis L. Claude, Jr., Power and International Relations-Si (New York: Random
House, 1962), 97.

12.

Margaret Karns, `Maintaining International Peace and Security: UN Peacekeeping and Peacemaking, in World Security: Challenges for a New Century, me-4 gamoc., red. Michael Klare
da Daniel Thomas (New York: St. Martins Press, 1994), 199. Cveni msjeloba gaeros ro-

lis Sesaxeb civi omis Semdeg eTanxmeba karnesas da Cven valSi varT misi naSromis winaSe.
13.
14.

Karns, Maintaining International Peace, 206.

Hans J. Morgenthau, Politics among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace, me-5 gamoc.,
(New York, Knopf, 1978), 281.

15.

Lassa Francis Oppenheim, International Law: A Treatise, nawili 1, me-2 gamoc., (London:
Longman, 1912), 281.

16.

Kegley, Jr., and Wittkopf, World Politics, 472.

17.

es citata gadmotanilia Associated Press-dan, Semdegi statiis mixedviT Henry

Slapper, Guus J. M. Velders, John S. Daniel, Frank R. de Gruijl, and Jan C. van der Leun,
`Estimates of Ozone Deplation and Skin Cancer Incidence to Examine the Vienna Convention
Achievements, Nature 384 (November 1996): 256-258.

sityvari:

SemTxveviTi omi _ Tanamedrove epoqaSi winaswari ganzraxvis gareSe birTvuli

Tavdasxmis dawyeba Secdomis an araswori gaTvlis gamo.
administraciuli decentralizacia _ samTavrobo Zalauflebis gadasvla centraluridan adgilobriv biurokratiaze.
sakompensacio diskriminacia _ prioritetuli mopyrobiTa da momsaxureobiT
uzrunvelyofa socialurad an ekonomikurad cud mdgomareobaSi myofi
jgufisa, warsulSi diskriminaciis gamo dakarguli SesaZleblobebis kompensaciis saxiT.
gaucxoeba ubralo amomrCevlis gancda, rom misi monawileoba politikaSi ara-

626
nair Sedegs ar iZleva.
amerikuli konservatizmi _ politikuri mimdinareoba aSS-Si, romelis prioritetebia ekonomikuri zrda, usafrTxoeba da sxva tradiciiseuli faseulobebi.
amerikuli liberalizmi _ politikuri mimdinareoba aSS-Si, romelic sxva faseulobebTan SedarebiT upiratesobas aniWebs individualizms, Tanasworobasa da samoqalaqo uflebebs.
amerikis revolucia _ (1775-1783) brZola damoukideblobisaTvis da revoluciuri omi. am epoqalurma movlenam gamoiwvia britanuli mmarTvelobis
dasasruli amerikis camet koloniaSi da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis
formireba 1787-1789 wlebSi. ZiriTadad TariRdeba damoukideblobis
deklaraciis gamocxadebiT (1776).
anarqizmi _ sistema, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba mTavrobis nebismieri formiT arsebobas, xSirad Zaladobisa da ukanonobis gziT.
antarqtidis xelSekruleba _ saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba, romelic krZalavs
yvela saxis samxedro saqmianobas antarqtidis kontinentze da uSvebs iq
yvela eris dawesebulebaTa arsebobas. is, aseve, krZalavs am miwaze vinmes
mier teritoriis miTvisebas da aRmoCenebisa da kvlevebis SemTxvevaSi xelis momwerT avaldebulebs awarmoon mSvidobiani molaparakebebi.
antisaxelmwifoebrivi terorizmi _ terorizmi, romelic mimarTulia mTavrobis an iseTi institutebis winaaRmdeg, romlebic warmoadgens saxelmwifos.
saapelacio sasamarTlo _ sasamarTlo, romelic gadaxedavs saolqo sasamarTloSi ganxilul gasaCivrebul saqmeebs.
gamalebuli SeiaraReba _ moqiSpe qveynebis Sejibri SeiaraRebaSi. xels uwyobs
mecnierebisa da teqnologiis ganviTarebas. SeiZleba omis mizezic gaxdes.
askriptiuri sazogadoeba _ sazogadoeba, romelSic individis statusi da
pozicia religiis, sqesis, asakis an sxva romelime maxasiaTeblis mixedviT
ganisazRvreba.
aziuri (frinvelis) gripi _ termini, romelic ixmareba aziur safondo birJebze, finansur institutebsa da ekonomikaSi gavrcelebuli uwesrigobis
aRsawerad.
avtoritarizmi _ saxelmwifos legitimuri Zalauflebis koncentrireba erTi
adamianis (diqtatoris) an adamianTa mcire jgufis (oligarqiis) xelSi.
individTa uflebebi damorCilebulia saxelmwifos survilebs da Zalauflebis SesanarCuneblad yvela SesaZlo saSualeba gamoiyeneba.
avtokratia _ erTi mmarTvelis SeuzRudavi politikuri Zalaufleba.
ZalTa balansis sistema _ saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis klasikuri Teoriis
ZiriTadi principi, romlis Tanaxmadac daaxloebiT Tanabari Zalis mqone
erebi ecdebian status kvos SenarCunebas im gziT, rom xels SeuSlian
romelime nebismier ers sxvebze upiratesobis mopovebaSi. ZalTa balansis
sistemaSi monawile saxelmwifoebi qmnian aliansebs da ibrZvian SezRudul
omebSi. am dros erTi qveyana moqmedebs rogorc `balansis SemnarCunebeli~
da alternatiulad uWers mxars moqiSpe mxareebs balansis darRvevis Tavidan asacileblad.
balfuris deklaracia _ ase ewoda britaneli sagareo saqmeTa ministris pativsacemad, romelmac 1947 wels gamoacxada, rom britaneTi mxars uWer-

627
da `palestinaSi ebraeli xalxisaTvis erovnuli saxlis gamocxadebas~ da
mouwodebda `am miznis miRwevisaken.~ es ki Semdegnairad aRiqves: araferi
unda gakeTebuliyo iseTi, rasac SeeZlo ziani mieyenebina palestinaSi arsebul araebraul erTobaTa samoqalaqo da religiuri uflebebisTvis an
sxva qveynebSi ebraelTa politikuri statusisTvis.
baristeri (advokati) _ advokati did britaneTSi, romelsac SeuZlia ganixilos saqmeebi sasamarTloSi da SeiZleba dainiSnos mosamarTlis postzec.
bastilia _ safrangeTis revoluciis dros (1789 weli) Zalian cudi reputaciis mqone samefo cixe parizSi. bastiliaze masobrivi Sturmi da patimarTa
gaTavisufleba 1789 wlis 14 ivliss pirdapiri dartyma iyo monarqiaze da
safrangeTSi erTi epoqis dasrulebis simbolo gaxda. revolucionerebma Semdeg giliotina burbonTa dinastiis mefe lui XVI-is winaaRmdeg da
misi eqstravagantuli meuRlis dedofal maria antuanetas winaaaRmdegac
gamoiyenes.
ZiriTadi kanoni _ dasavleT germaniis konstitucia, romelic 1949 wels miiRes.
bihevioristebi _ Teoretikosebi, romelTa mier politikis Seswavlac xazs usvams qmedebis faqtebze dafuZnebul Sefasebas.
bihevioristuli fsiqologia _ fsiqologiis skola, romelic amtkicebs, rom
adamianiTa da cxovelTa qcevas gansazRvravs garemodan an sxva adamianebidan miRebuli stimuli. am skolis Tanaxmad, adamianisa da cxovelis qcevis
manipulireba SesaZlebelia garemos frTxili konstruirebiT, romelic
uzrunvelyofs pozitiuri stumulis warmoSobas sasurveli qcevisa da
negatiuri stimulis warmoSobas _ arasasurveli qcevisaTvis.
orpalatiani sistema _ sakanonmdeblo organos dayofa or palatad.
bili Serisxulebze _ sakanonmdeblo dekreti, romelic cnobs adamians damnaSaved da miusjis sasjels sasamarTlo ganaCenis gareSe.
konvencia biologiuri iaraRis Sesaxeb _ saerTaSoriso SeiaraRebis kontrolis Sesaxeb 1972 wlis xelSekruleba, romelic mouwodebda biologiuri
iaraRis maragis ganadgurebisaken da maT warmoebasa da Senaxvas ukanonod
acxadebda.
bipolaruli sistema _ tradiciuli evropis ZalTa balansis sistemis moSla
da gardaqmna or mtrul banakad gayofil samyarod, romelTac saTaveSi
edgnen aSS da yofili sabWoTa kavSiri. orive maTgans hqonda STambeWdavi
ekonomikuri da samxedro Zliereba da TiToeuli sastikad ewinaaRmdegeboda meoris politikasa da ideologias.
burJuazia _ marqsistul ideologiaSi ase ewodeboda kapitalistur klass.
brendis bili _ ase ewoda aSS-is yofili prezidentis ronald reiganis pirveli
pres-mdivnis jeims brendis saxelis mixedviT. es bili (kanonad iqca 1994
wels) moiTxovs xuTdRian lodins mcire zomis cecxlsasroli iaraRis
SeZenisas. am droSi aRmasrulebel organoebs unda gaerkviaT, rom myidveli aris Tu ara saSiSi (brendi mZimed daiWra 1981 wels prezident reiganis
mkvlelobis mcdelobisas).
balansireba omisa da mSvidobis sazRvarze (konfrontacia) _ diplomatiaSi
samxedro muqaris ganzrax gamoyeneba krizisuli atmosferos Sesaqmnelad;
gaangariSebuli Zalisxmeva, gadaiyvano daZabuli ormxrivi urTierToba
omis gaCaRebis sazRvarze politikuri miznis misaRwevad (magaliTad, saerTo mtris Sekaveba, raTa man ar ganaxorcielos agresiis aqti mokavSiris

628
winaaRmdeg).
britanuli Tanamegobroba _ TvalsaCino magaliTi preferenciuli savaWro SeTanxmebisa, sadac ramdenime saxelmwifo Tanxmdeba, mianiWon erTmaneTs
eqskluziuri savaWro upiratesoba. masSi Sedian didi britaneTi da bevri
misi yofili kolonia.
britaneli raji _ britanuli koloniuri mmarTveloba aziis subkontinentze
meTvramete saukunidan 1947 wlamde indoeTisa da pakistanis damoukideblobamde.
biujetis deficiti _ federaluri mTavrobis mier imaze meti fulis daxarjva,
vidre agrovebs mogebis saxiT weliwadSi. droTa ganmavlobaSi es deficiti gadaizrda saxelmwifo valSi da mniSvnelovani xangrZlivi gavlena aqvs
qveynis ekonomikur mdgomareobasa da keTildReobaze (ix. aseve erovnuli

vali.)
bundesrati _ germaniis federaluri sistemis zeda palata. misi wevrebi, romlebic pirdapir iniSneban Lnder-ebis (miwebis) mier, axorcieleben yvelaze
araformalur gavlenas sakanonmdeblo procesze.
bundestagi _ germaniis federaciuli sistemis qveda palata. sakanonmdeblo
saqmianobis didi nawili swored am palataSi xorcieldeba.
kemp-devidis SeTanxmeba _ 1979 wlis SeTanxmeba, romlis Tanaxmadac israelma
daubruna sina egviptes egviptis mier israelis aRiarebis sanacvlod. orma
yofilma mterma gamoacxada sruli diplomatiuri urTierToba da ganacxada, rom mSvidobas SeinarCunebda.
kapitalizmi _ sabazro ekonomikis sistema, romelic sabWoTa kavSiris centralurad dagegmili ekonomikuri sistemisgan gansxvavebiT eyrdnoba kerZo
warmoebas da motivirebulia piradi mogebiT.
kaTalitikuri omi _ konfliqti, romelic iwyeba, rogorc lokalizebuli da
SezRuduli dapirispireba da Semdeg gadaizrdeba sayovelTao omSi, roca
sxva mxareebic CarTulni arian konfliqtSi samxedro aliansTa gaaqtiurebis gziT.
qselebi _ mcire, mWidrod dakavSirebuli organizebuli erTeulebi.
centraluri komiteti _ jgufi, romelic marTavda sabWoTa kavSiris komunistur partias partiul yrilobebs Soris. mis wevrebs irCevdnen partiis liderebi.
qarizmatuli lideri _ politikuri lideri, romelic moipovebs legitimurobas mosaxleobis aRiarebisa da Tayvaniscemis gziT. amgvari Tayvaniscema
SeiZleba gaaCndes warsuli (realuri an mogonili) gmirobis an pirovnuli
oratoruli niWisa da politikuri nawerebis gavleniT.
SezRudvebi da sapirwoneebi _ konstituciuri instrumentebi, romlebic aZleven saSualebas samTavrobo Stoebs, ar dauSvan romelime Stos Zalauflebis zrda.
konvencia qimiuri iaraRis Sesaxeb _ saerTaSoriso SeiaraRebis kontrolis 1993
wlis xelSekruleba, romlis Tanaxmadac 10 weliwadSi unda ganadgurebuliyo qimiuri iaraRi. is mouwodebda qimiuri iaraRis maragis ganadgurebisa da im kompaniebze dakvirvebisaken, romelTa produqti SeiZleba gamoyenebuli yofiliyo nervuli-paralizebis gamomwvevi gazis dasamzadeblad,
agreTve aseTi saxis produqciis gamoSvebis Sewyvetisken.
samoqalaqo liderebi _ individebi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen mTavrobaze, ma-

629
Sinac ki, Tu maT ar uWiravT oficialuri Tanamdeboba.
samoqalaqo ganaTleba _ moqalaqeebSi gamocxadebuli wesrigis, fundamenturi
faseulobebisa da rwmenis STanergvis procesi.
samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba _ kanonis darRveva araZaladobrivad da Riad,
sakononmdeblo, politikuri an socialuri samarTlis yuradRebis misaqcevad.
samoqalaqo omi _ qveynis Sida omi geografiul seqciebs an politikur
fraqciebs Soris.
koaliciuri mTavroba _ mravalpartiul saparlamento sistemaSi politikuri
situacia, romlis drosac arc erT partias ar aqvs umravlesoba da umsxvilesi partia erTiandeba romeliRac sxvasTan sakanonmdeblo organos
adgilTa umravlesobis gasakontroleblad.
Tanaarseboba _ safrangeTSi gayofili aRmasruleblobis Seuwynarebloba.
civi omi _ umaRlesi donis daZabuloba aSS-sa da yofil sabWoTa kavSirs Soris,
sadac diplomatiuri manevrireba, mtruli propaganda, ekonomikuri sanqciebi da samxedro Zlierebis zrda gamoiyeneboda, rogorc iaraRi dominantobisaTvis brZolaSi.
ministrTa koleqtiuri pasuxismgebloba _ britanul sistemaSi arsebuli principi, romelic kabinetis wevrebs aerTianebs da yvelas Tanabrad akisrebs
pasuxismgeblobas mTavrobis qmedebebsa da gadawyvetilebebze. ministrebi
sajarod an Riad ar ewinaaRmdegebian premier-ministrs nebismier sakiTxSi
imis miuxedavad, Tumca SeiZleba (cxadia, es asec aris) kamaToben kidec am
sakiTxebze da gamoxataven sawinaaRmdego mosazrebebs calke.
koleqtiuri usafrTxoeba _ qveynebs Soris dadebuli xelSekruleba Zlieri
blokis Sesaqmnelad, romelic daupirispirdeba nebismier agresors.
koleqtivizmi _ rwmena, rom sajaro keTildReobas yvelaze ukeT emsaxureba
warmoebisa da distribuciis saerTo mflobeloba.
koleqtivizacia _ saxelmwifos mier yvela miwisa da produqciis saSualebaTa
miTviseba.
kolonializmi _ politika, romelic iRvwis nakleb ganviTarebuli adgilebis an
susti qveynebis ekonomikur da politikur sferoebSi dominirebisaTvis.
mas aseve imperializmsac uwodeben.
saerTo samarTali (common law) _ kanonebi britaneTSi, romlebic iqmneba
mosamarTleTa gadawyvetilebebisa da ganaCenebis precedentebisagan.
damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobroba (dsT) _ Tavisufali federacia
axlad suverenuli saxelmwifoebisa, romelic Seiqmna sabWoTa kavSiris
daSlis Semdeg. is Sedgeboda TiTqmis sabWoTa kavSiris yvela yofili respublikisgan.
savaldebulo iurisdiqcia _ samarTlebrivi valdebuleba, daemorCilo sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebas. saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos arsebobis pirveli oci wlis ganmavlobaSi 42-ma mTavrobam gamoacxada survili, mieRo misi
savaldebulo iurisdiqcia.
konkurenti Zalebi _ erTiani federaluri da saxelmwifo kontroli.
konservatizmi _ politikuri filosofiis mimdinareoba, romelic yvela sxva
faseulobaze maRla ayenebs ayvavebas, usafrTxoebasa da tradicias (ix.
aseve liberalizmi).
konstitucia _ xelisuflebis mowyobisa da saqmianobis ZiriTadi wesebi.

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konstituciuri demokratia _ SezRuduli saxelisuflebo sistema, romelic
dafuZnebulia umravlesobis mmarTvelobaze, sadac politikuri Zalaufleba gabneulia mraval fraqciasa da interesTa jgufebs Soris. mTavrobis qmedebebi da institutebi unda emorCilebodnen konstituciis wesebs.
konstitucionalizmi _ ix. kanonis mmarTvelobis principi.
Sekaveba _ amerikis mier globaluri status-kvo politika, romelic mohyva
meore msoflio oms. termini warmoiSva aSS politikidan, romelsac is atarebda sabWoTa kavSiris mimarT, cdilobda ra SeeCerebina misi gavlenis
sferos gavrceleba sxva qveynebSi, rogorc es gaakeTa aRmosavleT evropaSi. nato, marSalis gegma da koreisa da vietnamis omebi yvelaferi am politikis Sedegia.
kontrterorizmi _ meTodebi, romlebic terorizmis winaaRmdeg gamoiyeneba.
qveyana _ rogorc politikuri termini, gulisxmobs suverenul saxelmwifos da
igivea, rac eri an eri-saxelmwifo. sityva `qveyana~ xSirad gamoiyeneba siTbos gamosavlenad. `qveyanas~ emociuri datvirTva aqvs. amgvari emocia ar
axlavs sityvas `saxelmwifo~.
coup detat _ Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdebis mcdeloba. xSirad smxedro gziT.
mmarTvelobis sistemis fundamenturi Secvlis gareSe.
danaSauli kacobriobis winaaRmdeg _ danaSaulis kategoria. termini, romelic
pirvelad gamoiyenes niurnbergis procesze.
danaSauli mSvidobis winaaRmdeg _ danaSaulis kategoria, romelic gulisxmobs
saerTaSoriso mSvidobis darRvevas agresiuli omis warmoebis gziT.
deitonis SeTanxmeba _ samSvidobo xelSkruleba, romelsac xeli moewera safrangeTSi, parizSi, 1995 wels da miznad isaxavda bosniaSi omis dasrulebas.
am molaparakebiT bosniis teritoriis 49% unda gadacemoda serbeTs, 51%
musulmanebs da xorvatebs, saraevo ki dedaqalaqi unda yofiliyo. amasTan,
unda Seqmniliyo mTavroba saerTo prezidentiTa da parlamentiT.
adamianis uflebaTa deklaracia _ dadgenili safrangeTis erovnuli asambleis
mier 1789 wlis agvistos. es mokle manifesti gamiznuli iyo liberalurdemokratiuli konstituciis preambulad. is acxadebda eris suverenul
avtoritets, magram zRudavda mas individualuri uflebebis aRiarebiT.
rac gulisxmobda sicocxlis, sakuTrebisa da usafrTxoebis uflebas.
delegatTa warmomadgenlobis Teoria _ Teoria, romlis Tanaxmadac arCeulma
moxeleebma unda asaxon amomrCevelTa Sexedulebebi.
demagogi _ is, vinc iyenebs liderobis unars sajaro Tanamdebobis mosapoveblad, xolo Semdeg Tanamdebobas iyenebs piradi miznebis misaRwevad.
demokratiis kedeli _ kedeli pekinis centrSi, romelzedac xalxi reJimis
mimarT ukmayofilebas gamoxatavda.
demokratiuli korelatebi _ iseTi mdgomareoba da situacia, romelic miCneulia, rom dadebiT kavSirSia eris SigniT demokratiis mSeneblobasa da
SenarCunebasTan.
demokratiuli socializmi _ xelisuflebis forma, romelic gulisxmobs arCevnebs, sajaro mflobelobas, ekonomikis marTvas, keTildReobis programeb
jandacvisa da ganaTlebis sferoSi moqalaqeTa sasargeblod.
demokratizacia _ mixeil gorbaCovis politika sabWoTa kavSirSi demokratiis
waxalisebis Taobaze, maT Soris mzardi saarCevno kampania komunisturi

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partiis farglebSi.
damokidebulebis Teoria _ am Teoriis mixedviT ganviTarebadi qveynebi rCebian
Raribebi da damokidebulebi mdidar erebze imis Semdegac ki, rac kolonializmi oficialurad dasrulda. es xdeba imitom, rom ganviTarebuli
qveynebi iyeneben yvela saSualebas (politikur, ekonomikur, samxedro da
kulturul), raTa xeli SeuSalon konkurencias nakleb ganviTarebuli
qveynebisgan, sadac muSaxeli iafia. aman samudamod unda SeunarCunos dabali fasebi nedleuls da soflis meurneobis produqtebs.
ganviTarebadi qveynebi _ qveynebi, romlebsac ar aqvT saSualeba uzrunvelyon politikuri Zalaufleba, sajaro momsaxureba da individualuri
usafrTxoeba.
uflebis gadacema _ aSS federalizmis konteqstSi es gulisxmobs misce Statebs
da raionebs meti ufleba miiRon kanonebi, gadawyvetilebebi da gaataron
politika vaSingtonidan Carevis gareSe.
dialeqtikuri materializmi _ karl marqsis Teoria istoriuli progresis
Sesaxeb, romlis Tanaxmadac ekonomikuri klasebi ebrZvian erTmaneTs. saboloo jamSi es brZola migviyvans uklaso sazogadoebamde
proletariatis diqtatura _ marqsistul TeoriaSi politikuri ganviTarebis
gza, romelic mohyveba muSaTa revolucias. komunisturi partia akontrolebs saxelmwifos da icavs mas kontrrevoluciisgan. proletariatis
diqtaturas mivyavarT komunizmamde da uklaso sazogadoebamde.
pirdapiri demokratia _ mmarTvelobis forma, sadac gadawyvetilebebi miiReba
uSualod moqalaqeebis da ara maTi warmomadgenlebis mier.
Sida iurisdiqcia _ sakiTxebi, romlebic arsebiTad suverenuli saxelmwifos
farglebSia.
Sida terorizmi _ terorizmis forma, romelic xorcieldeba qveyanaSi im adamianebis mier, romelTac aranairi kavSiri ar aqvT arc erT mTavrobasTan.
doqtor bonemis saqme _ inglisis sasamarTlos saqme (1610), sadac iuristma
edvard qouqma Camoayaliba principi, romlis mixedviTac samarTlebrivi
normebi upiratesia sakanonmdeblo aqtebTan SedarebiT.
ormagi (dualuri) aRmasrulebeli _ saparlamento sistemaSi saxelmwifos
meTauris da centraluri aRmasruleblis funqciebis gayofa or adamians
Soris. premier-ministri centraluri aRmasruleblis rols asrulebs da
sxva arCeuli (an samefo) figura qveynis formaluri meTauria.
saWiro sasamarTlo procedura _ samarTliani proceduris garantia, romelic
moipoveba aSS konstituciis mexuTe da meToTxmete SesworebebSi.
duma _ oficialurad saxelmwifo duma. federaluri asambleis qveda palata
ruseTis erovnul sakanonmdeblo organoSi. igi xelaxla gamocxadda 1993
wels, mas Semdeg, rac gaauqmes 1917-Si. is Sedgeba 450 wevrisgan, romlis
naxevaric airCeva qveynis masStabiT partiuli siebiT, meore naxevari ki _
erTmandatiani saamomrCevlo olqebidan.
distopia _ sazogadoeba, romlis Semqmnelebi iwyeben idealuri politikuri wesrigis Senebas, magram bolos aRmoaCenen, rom ver SeZleben xelisuflebis
SenarCunebas iZulebis da komunikaciaTa saSualebebze kontrolis damyarebis gareSe.
ekonomikuri SeRweva _ gavlena, romelsac erTi an ramdenime qveyana axorcielebs postrevoluciuri qveynis ekonomikur cxovrebaze.

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eTnikuri wmenda _ bosniaSi qalaqebisa da soflebis musulmanTagan gawmenda Zaladobrivi gziT.
eTnocentruli midrekileba _ erebis uunaroba, iyvnen obieqturebi sakuTari
qmedebebis gansjisas ideologiis an nacionalizmis gamo.
evgenika _ saxeobaTa STamomavlobiTi Strixebis kontrolirebis mecniereba,
xSirad seleqciuri Sejvarebis gziT. im mizniT, rom gaumjobesdes saxeoba.
evrokomunizmi _ dasavleT evropaSi sabWoTa komunisturi Teoriis modifikacia, romelic uars ambobda Zaladobriv revoluciasa da diqtaturaze, arsebuli mTavrobis arCevnebis saSualebiT kontrolirebis sasargeblod.
evrokavSiri (EU) _ evropuli qveynebis ekonomikuri asociacia. adre ewodeboda saerTo bazari an evropis ekonomikuri erToba.
gamoricxvis wesi (exclusionary rule) _ sasamarTlo norma, romlis mixedviTac
konstituciuri farglebis darRveviT mopovebuli samxilis gamoyeneba ar
SeiZleba sasamarTloSi mopasuxis winaaRmdeg.
eqspansionizmi _ strategia, romlis mixedviTac eri iRvwis gaafarTovos Tavisi
teritoria da gavlena.
kanoni ukugebis ZaliT _ kanoni, romelic retroaqciulad (ukugebis ZaliT) danaSaulad cnobs aqtebs, romlebic kanonieri iyo maTi Cadenis dros.
faSizmi _ totalitaruli politikuri sistema, romelsac marTavs erTi politikuri lideri da misi partia. faSizmi gansxvavdeba imiT komunizmisgan,
rom ekonomikuri struqtura saxelmwifos mier imarTeba, magram kerZo sakuTrebaa.
federaluri asamblea _ ruseTis erovnuli sakanonmdeblo organo, orpalatiani parlamenti, romelic gamocxadda 1993 wlis konstituciiT da Sedgeba qveda (duma) da zeda palatisgan (federaciis sabWo).
federaciis sabWo _ federaluri asambleis zeda palata, ruseTis sakanonmdeblo organo, gamocxadebuli 1993 wlis konstituciiT. Sedgeba 178 wevrisgan, 89 terotoriuli erTeulis or-ori warmomadgenlisgan.
federalizmi _ SezRuduli mmarTvelobis sistema, romelic dafuZnebulia centralur mTavrobasa da ufro mcire regionalur mTavrobebs Soris xelisuflebis ganawilebaze.
first past the post (pirveli posts iqiT) _ saarCevno sistema, romelic gamoiyeneba
did britaneTsa da amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi. sadac sakanonmdeblo
kandidatebi kenWs iyrian erTwevrian olqebSi. es sistema exmareba did
politikur partiebs da midrekilia orpartiuli konfiguraciisken. misi
kritikosebi Tvlian, rom es aris arademokratiuli, radgan is did bariers aRmarTavs mcire an axali partiebis winaSe da xmis mimcemT aiZulebs
airCion umsxvilesi partiis kandidati an uazrod daxarjon TavianTi xma
im kandidatis mxardaWeriT, romelsac ar SeuZlia gamarjveba.
komunizmis pirveli etapi _ marqsistul TeoriaSi es aris periodi, romelic
maSinve mohyveba kapitalizmis Camogdebas. am etapze proletariati gamoacxadebs muSaTa diqtaturas, raTa Tavidan aicilos kontrrevolucia
da Seqmnas socialisturi ekonomikuri sistema.
pirveli dartma _ moulodneli dartyma birTvuli iaraRis gamoyenebiT.
pirveli msoflio _ industrializebuli demokratiuli qveynebi
fokus jgufi _ komunikaciaTa eqspertis mier marTuli adamianTa mcire-

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ricxovani jgufi, romelic axdens reagirebas da ganixilavs konkretuli
dRis wesrigis Temebs.
Tavisufali mewarmeoba _ kidev erTi termini kerZo warmoebis aRsawerad, romelic ar aris zedmetad Seviwroebuli saxelmwifo regulaciebiT an SezRudvebiT. is upirispirdeba saxelmwifos mier kontrolirebad warmoebas
an biznesisa da industriis saxelmwifo mflobelobas.
Tavisufali sabazro ekonomika _ decentralizebuli ekonomika, sadac fasebi, gadasaxadebi da procentuli ganakveTebi, iseve rogorc warmoebuli
saqoneli da momsaxureba, ganisazRvreba miwodeba-moTxovnis ZaliT da ara
saxelmwifos mier.
safrangeTis revolucia _ (1789) Camoagdo burbonTa monarqia safrangTSi `libert, egalit and fratenit-s~ (Tavisufleba, Tanasworoba da Zmoba) saxeliT. amiT

man gaacno liberalizmis gadamdebi daavadeba evropas, sadac jer kidev

mbrZaneblobda konservatizmi, aristokratia da roialisturi institutebi. am revoluciam moitana napoleon bonapartis mmarTveloba, safrangeTSi pirveli respublikis da napoleonis omebis preludia.
funqcionalizmi/funqcionalisti _ am Teoriis mixedviT, roca ekonomikuri
da socialuri funqciebi TandaTanobiT gadadis saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobiTi saagentoebis xelSi (magaliTad gaeros specializebuli organoebi, rogoricaa iunesko), sabolood migviyvans realuri xelisuflebis
transferamde da politikur saqmianobaTa integraciamde saerTaSoriso
doneze.
Zalauflebis Serwyma _ termini, romelic gamoiyeneba xmis micemisas qalsa da
mamakacs Soris arsebuli gansxvavebis aRsaniSnavad aSS-Si. es uTanasworoba yvelaze TvalsaCinoa politikur sakiTxebsa da arCevnebze, rac wamoWris kiTxvas samTavrobo Zalauflebis marTebulobis Sesaxeb.
Jenevis konvencia _ saerTaSoriso samarTlis organo, romelic exeba omis dros
daWrilebs, tyveebsa da saomar zonaSi myof moqalaqeebs.
gestapo _ saxelmwifo saidumlo policia nacistur germaniaSi.
`glasnosti~ _ sityva-sityviT, `sajarooba~. termini aRniSnavs mixeil gorbaCovis mier cenzuris Semcirebas da politikuri diskusiisa da azrTa sxvadasxvaobis waxalisebas
glasnostis pirveli modeli _ ganviTarebis Teoria, romelic Tvlis, rom
politikuri reformebis liberalizacias unda mohyves ekonomikuri reformebi.
Gleichschaltung _ hitleris meTodi gamoeyenebina nacistebis mier kontrolirebadi asociaciebi, klubebi da organizaciebi Tavisi revoluciuri saqmianobis koordinirebisaTvis.
globalizacia _ faseulobebisa da maRalganviTaruli demokratiuli qveynebis
produqciis gavrceleba mTel dedamiwaze masmediisa da vaWrobis saSualebiT.
mTavroba _ adamianebi da institutebi, romlebic qmnian wesebsa da kanonebs da
zrunaven maT Sesrulebaze.
gradualizmi _ rwmena, rom umniSvnelovanesi cvlilebebi sazogadoebaSi unda
ganxorcieldes etapobrivad, reformis saxiT da ara moulodnelad da
revoluciis gziT.
didi naxtomi (Great Leap Foreward) _ mao Zedunis mcdeloba 1950-1960-ian wlebSi

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CineTis ekonomikuri struqturis transformirebisa da modernizebisaTvis. amis miRwevas is gegmavda mTeli mosaxleobis masobrivi mobilizebiT
damoukidebel komunebSi, sadac yvelaferi jgufurad keTdeboda.
didi proletaruli kulturuli revolucia _ qaoturi periodi 1966 wlidan
dawyebuli, roca CineTis axalgazrdoba (wiTeli gvardia) Zedongis xelmZRvanelobiT Tavs esxmoda biurokratiul da samxedro moxeleebs im qveteqstiT, rom adgili hqonda kapitalistur da materialistur tendenciebs.
es moxeleebi igzavnebodnen SromiT banakebSi, raTa gamoesworebinaT isini.
mwvane revolucia _ dramatuli zrda soflis meurneobis nawarmisa, romelic
iyo Tanamedrove irigaciis sistemis da qimiuri sasuqebis Sedegi. axasiaTebs indoeTs, meqsikas, taivans da filipinebs.
partizanuli omi _ organizebul samxedro dajgufebaTa taqtika. es dajgufeba organizebulia mcire, mobilur razmebad, romlebic axorcieleben teroristul da sabotaJis aqtebs, Semdeg ki ifantebodnen mosaxleobaSi.
arqipelagi gulagi _ metaforuli saxeli muSaTa SromiTi banakebis qselisa,
romelic yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi ioseb stalinma gamoacxada da mas saidumlo policia inarCunebda. iq agzavnidnen arakonformistebs da politikurad arasaimedo adamianebs.
habeas korpusi _ kanoni, romelic inglisis parlamentma 1679 wels miiRo.
aZlierebs da icavs inglisis moqalaqeTa uflebebs.
haagis konvencia _ farTod aRiarebuli wesebis wyeba, romelic akontrolebs
rogorc meomari, ise neitraluri mxareebis saomar moqmedebas xmeleTze,
axali iaraRis gamoyenebas, uflebebsa da movaleobebs.
cxeli xazi _ usafrTxo pirdapiri komunikaciis xazi vaSingtonsa da moskovs Soris 1963 wels civi omis pikze SemTxveviTi birTvuli armagedonis Tavidan
asacileblad.
adamianis buneba _ adamianTa jgufs saerTo maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic gavlenas
axdenen imaze, Tu rogor reagireben isini garemosa da sxva adamianebze.
asi yvavilis kampania _ xanmokle periodi CineTSi (1956), rodesac mao Ze dunma
neba darTo azris gamoxatvasa da individualizms. es periodi Sewyda, roca
gaaqtiurda kritika reJimis winaaRmdeg.
ICBM _ sakontinentsaSoriso balistikuri raketa.
idealizmi _ politikuri filosofia, romelic saxelmwifoTa qcevis gasagebad
da Sesacvlelad faseulobebs, idealebsa da moralur principebs gadamwyvet elementebad Tvlis.
ideologiuri terorizmi _ terorizmis forma, garegnulad marqsistuli, romelic miznad isaxavs mTavrobis gadagdebas.
ideologia _ nebismieri wyeba myari, ganWvretadi ideebisa gatarebuli politikosebis da moqalaqeebis mier imis Sesaxeb Tu rogor emsaxuron sajaro
keTildReobas.
aralegaluri saqmianoba _ qveynis kanonebis winaaRmdeg politikuri saqmianoba.
imperializmi _ teritoriuli eqspansiis politika (imperiis mSenebloba), xSirad samxedro dapyrobis saSualebiT, warmoSobili sityvidan imperia.
individualizmi _ aleqs de tokvilis Tanaxmad, es aris adamianis grZnobebis
mimarTva sakuTari Tavisa da imdroindeli situaciis mimarT, sakuTari Ta-

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vis gamoyofa sazogadoebis, rogorc erTi mTelis, ufro farTo interesebisgan.
iniciativa _ moqalaqeebis aqtivoba ama Tu im kanonis moqmedebis Sewyvetis
mizniT.
urTierTdamokidebuleba _ am Teoriis mixedviT, rom arc erT ers ar aqvs imis
saSualeba da saxsrebi, rom gaxdes sruliad izolirebuli sxva erebis
politikuri, ekonomikuri da kulturuli saqmianobebisgan. amis Sedegad
ki warmoiSva saerTaSoriso organizaciebi, romlTa interesebic cdeba
erovnul iteresebs.
saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi _ gaeros mier daarsebuli saerTaSoriso organizacia. igi Sedgeba bevri qveynis mTavrobisgan, Seqmnilia msoflio
savaluto TanamSromlobis, saerTaSoriso vaWrobis da ekonomikuri stabilurobis dawinaurebisaTvis. is, aseve, iZleva valis aRebis saSualebas
wevri qveynebis mier.
interesTa jgufebi _ SezRudul areSi specifikuri interesis individTa asociacia, romelic cdilobs gavlena moaxdinos politikasa da kanonmdeblobaze.
saerTaSoriso samTavrobo organizaciebi _ saerTaSoriso organizaciebi,
romelTa wevrebic mTavrobebi arian.
internacionalisti _ Teoretikosi, romelic mxars uWers qveynebs Soris mSvidobasa da TanamSromlobas yvela qveynis mTavrobis aqtiuri monawileobis
gziT.
saerTaSoriso samarTali _ CveulebaTa, molaparakebaTa da zogadad aRiarebuli wesebis organo, romelic aregulirebs erebis uflebebsa da movaleobebs.
saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo organizaciebi _ kerZo individebis an jgufebisgan Semdgeg saerTaSoriso organizacieb.
saerTaSoriso revoluciuri partia _ dominanturi politikuri partia meqsikaSi 1929 wlidan dRemde. am partias arasdros waugia arCevnebi 2000 wlamde,
roca prezidenti gaxda nacionaluri moqmedebis partiis warmomadgeneli
vinsente foqsi
saerTaSoriso terorizmi _ terorizmis forma, romelsac iyenebs qveyana meore
qveynis mTavrobis winaaRmdeg; xSirad saxelmwifos mier dafinansebul
terorizmsac uwodeben.
intifada _ arabulad niSnavs `ajanyebas~. es saxeli ewoda xangrZliv palestinur
ajanyebas israelis mier dasavleT sanapirosa da Razas dakavebis winaaRmdeg 1987-93 wlebSi da mere 2001-02 wlebSi. meore intifada gansakuTrebiT
Zaladobrivi iyo, am dros xSirad iyenebdnen TviTmkvlel bombebs eqstremistuli palestinuri dajgufebebi da xdeboda sastiki zewola israelze
mis mier okupirebul teritoriebSi.
saxelmwifoTaSorisi omebi _ konfliqtebi suverenul saxelmwifoebs Soris.
oligarqiis rkinis kanoni _ elitisturi Teoria, romelic gulisxmobs, rom
msxvili organizaciebis menejmentSi CarTuli informaciis xelmisawvdomoba da kontroli administraciuli saWiroebebis gamo koncentrirebuli
gaxda mcire biurokratebis xelSi, romlebic Semdeg floben namdvil Zalauflebas am organizaciaSi.
gancalkevebis kunZulebi _ ojaxi, eklesia an sxva socialuri organizacia, rom-

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lis saSualebiTac SeiZleba SenarCundes Sinagani winaaRmdegoba mbrZanebluri totaluri reJimis winaaRmdeg.
xunta _ mmarTveli oligarqia, gansakuTrebiT, Tu is samxedro pirebisgan Sedgeba.
samarTali _ samarTlianoba, sazogadoebaSi jildosa da tvirTis gadanawileba
damsaxurebis mixedviT.
samarTliani omi _ Tavdacvis mizniT warmoebuli omi, an imitom, rom es aris
erTaderTi gza, romlis meSveobiTac ers SeuZlia gaakeTos is, rac sworia.
qaSmiri _ sakamaTo teritoria indoeTsa da pakistans Soris. qaSmiris udides,
teritorias akontrolebs indoeTi, sadac mosaxleobis umravlesoba musulmani indusia. inodeTma da pakistanma sami umsxvilesi omi awarmoes qaSmiris gulisaTvis 1947 wlis damoukideblobis miRebidan. daZabulobam
xelaxla iCina Tavi 2000-01 wlebSi. indoeTs aqvs birTvuli iaraRi da SesaZloa, pakistansac hqondes SezRuduli raodenobis atomuri bobmebi Tavis
samxedro arsenalSi.
balansis SemnarCunebeli _ eri ZalTa balansis sitemaSi, romelic asrulebs
uTanxmoebaTa arbitris funqcias da cdilobs SeinarCunos balansi.
naTesauri qveynis sindromi _ fenomeni, romlis drosac qveynebi, romlis xalxica da liderebic kulturulad dakavSirebulni arian erTmaneTTan da ikaveben erT pozicias.
kneseti _ erTpalatiani parlamenti israelSi.
kulakebi _ mdidari miwaTmflobelebis klasi ruseTSi, romelic gaanadgura
ioseb stalinma, radgan is ewinaaRmdegeboda mis survils gamoecxadebina
saxelmwifo kontrolis qveS myofi koleqtiuri fermebi.
kuomintangi (gomindani) _ CineTis nacionaluri partia, romlis lideric iyo
Ciang kaiSi da romelic 1949 wels mao Zedunma daamarcxa.
laissez-faire kapitalizmi _ im ideiT moqmedi kapitalizmi, rom saxelmwifos dageg-

mvebisgan gaTavisuflebuli bazari sazogadoebis ekonomikuri cxovrebis

saukeTeso regulatoria
pauperizaciis kanoni _ karl marqsis SexedulebiT, kapitalizms aqvs Tandayolili tendencia umuSevrobisa da regresisaken. amrigad, muSebi garduvalad
gaxdebian zedmeti samuSao Zala.
miwodeba-moTxovnis kanoni _ es principi, romelic aris kapitalizmisa da sabazro ekonomikis safuZveli, gulisxmobs, rom ekonomikis saukeTeso regulatori aris bazris `uCinari xeli~. produqciis, distribuciis, investiciebisa da SeZenis nimuSebi Tavisufali individebis racionalur arCevans
warmoadgens.
legitimuroba _ erTobaSi politikuri Zalauflebis ganxorcieleba, roca misi
wevrebi amas nebayoflobiT aRiareben.
legitimuri xelisufleba _ mTavrobis legaluri da moraluri ufleba, marTos qveynis mosaxleoba da akontrolos qveynis teritoria. termini legitimuri, rogorc wesi, gulisxmobs samTavrobo xelisuflebis farTod
aRiarebas da nebayoflobiT Tanxmobas mosaxleobis mxridan.
humanitaruli ganaTleba _ ganaTleba, romelic xazs usvams kritikuli azrovnebis unarTa ganviTarebas literaturis, filosofiis, istoriisa da
mecnierebis Seswavlis gziT.
liberaluri tradicia _ 300 wliani tradiciis mqone dasavluri politikuri

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skola, romlis Tanaxmadac, mTavrobis mizania individualuri uflebebis
dacva da maTTvis brZola. Tumca arsebobs azrTa sxvadasxvaoba amerikel
liberalebsa da amerikel konservatorebs Soris imis Taobaze, Tu ra saxis
uflebebi aris ufro mniSvnelovani.
liberalizmi _ politikuri filosofia, romelic xazs usvams individualizms,
Tanasworobas da samoqalaqo uflebebs, sxva faseulobebze maRla ayenebs
maT (ix. aseve konservatizmi).
liberalizacia _ sabWoTa kavSirSi represiuli Sida politikis moduneba. liberalizaciisa da represiebis periodebi erTmaneTs cvlida sabWoTa kavSirs arsebobis manZilze.
libertarianizmi _ sistema, dafuZnebuli rwmenaze, TiTqos mTavroba aris
saWiro boroteba, romelic individis Tavisuflebasa da pirad cxovrebaSi
rac SeiZleba naklebad unda Caerios. aseve eZaxian minimalizms.
SezRuduli mTavroba _ koncefcia, rom mTavrobas ar SeuZlia ganaxorcielos
qmedeba, rac ar unda bevr adamians undodes, Tu es qmedeba ewinaaRmdegeba
konstituciaSi mocemul umniSvnelovanes princips.
SezRuduli omebi _ totaluri omis, kerZod totaluri birTvuli omis, antonimi.
siaTa sistema _ proporciuli warmomadgenlobis sistema, sadac kandidatebi
arian rangirebulni balotirebaSi maTi partiis mier da airCevian rangis
mixedviT.
lobistebi _ adamianebi, romlebic cdiloben gavlena moaxdinon samTavrobo
politikaze specialuri interesebis sasargeblod.
lok sabha _ indoeTis federaluri parlamentis qveda palata, romelic pirdapir
airCeva xalxis mier. indoeTSi, rogorc did britaneTsa da sxva saparlamento saxelmwifoebSi, mTavroba iniSneba umravlesobaSi mosuli partiis
mier.
dabali informaciis racionaluroba _ idea, rom amomrCevlebs SeuZliaT gaakeTon gonivruli arCevani maSinac ki, roca maT ar aqvT saTanado codna sajaro politikis, kandidatebisa an mimdinare movlenebis Sesaxeb.
dabali intensivobis konfliqti _ Tavs iCens, roca erTi saxelmwifo afinansebs.
an SigadaSig xels uwyobs gaxangrZlivebuli Zaladobis gamoyenebas moqiSpe qveyanaSi.
loialuri opozicia _ rwmena, romelic daibada inglisSi, rom ara saxelisuflebo partias pasuxismgebloba aqvs, Camoayalibos alternatiuli programebi
da politika. am saxis partias xandaxan loialur opozicias uwodeben.
Tavisuflebis didi qartia _ CamonaTvali politikuri koncesiebisa, romelic
1215 wels mefe jonma dauriga Tavis baronebs, rac gaxda inglisSi kanonis
uzenaesobis safuZveli.
umravlesobis mmarTveloba _ principi, romlis Tanaxmadac nebismieri kandidati an programa, romelic miiRebs sul mcire xmebis naxevars plus erTs,
imarjvebs.
marSalis gegma _ meore msoflio omis Semdgom periodSi dasavleT evropisaTvis
masiuri ekonomikuri mxardaWerisa programa. STagonebul iqna imis SiSiT,
rom qveynebi momwifebuli iyvnen komunisturi revoluciebisaTvis.
marqsistebi karl marqsis (1818-1883) politikuri filosofiis mimdevrebi,
romlis mixedviTac momavali ekuTvnoda industriul qveda fenas (prole-

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tariats) da saboloo jamSi `uklaso sazogadoeba~ gamocvlida klasobriv
gansxvavebaze damyarebul sazogadoebas. civi omis ganmavlobaSi (1947-91)
am termins xSirad SecdomiT iyenebdnen nebismieri adamianis aRsawerad,
romelic eTanxmeboda, an misdevda sabWoTa kavSiris, an CineTis respublikis dasavleTis winaaRmdeg mimarTul politikas.
masirebuli kontrdartyma _ samxedro-strategiuli doqtrina, dafuZnebuli
realuri birTvuli kontrdartymis safrTxeze, romelic SeimuSava aSS-m
1950-ian wlebSi amerikuli birTvuli monopoliis xanmokle periodSi. am
doqtrinis mixedviT, Tu sabWoTa kavSiri Tavs daesxmeboda aSS-s, mokavSireebis kontrdartymas aSS birTvuli iaraRiT ganaxorcielebda.
masobrivi xazi _ mao Ze dunis rwmena, rom SesaZlebeli iyo nebismieri problemis
gadaWra, Tu individs ideologiur rwmenas Caunergavdi. amiT moxdeboda
masebis mobilizeba da gaaqtiureba.
masmedia _ masobrivi komunikaciebis meqanizmi, rogoricaa televizia, radio,
filmi, wignebi, Jurnalebi da gazeTebi.
masobriv mobilizaciaTa reJimebi _ totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi TavianT
yvelaze aqtiur fazaSi, rodesac mouwodeben da waaxaliseben mosaxleobas
monawileoba miiRon Sekrebebsa da politikur yrilobebSi.
masobrivi moZraoba _ nebismier mimdevarTa didi jgufi, romlebic erTgulni
arian lideris an/da ideologiis da mzad arian gaiRon nebismieri msxverpli moZraobis sakeTildReod.
meijis aRdgena _ iaponiis feodaluri eris dasasruli 1868 wels, roca Zalauflebiani individebis mcire jgufma simbolurad akurTxa axali imperatori, ganaxorciela ekonomikuri modernizaciis programa da gamoacxada
axali samTavrobi biurokratia.
Sereuli ekonomika _ ekonomikuri sistema, romelSic kombinirebulia, rogorc
kerZo, ise sajaro mflobelobis sawarmoebi.
Sereuli reJimi _ eri, sadac mTavrobis sxvadasxva Sto warmoadgens socialur
klass.
mogolebi _ musulmani dampyroblebi, romlebmac Seqmnes dinastiuri imperia
aziis subkontinentze. mogoli mmarTvelebi iyvnen baburi (1483-1530), arkbari (1556-1605) da aurangzebi (1658-1707). Sah jahani iyo taj mahalis arqiteqtori.
monarqistebi _ im sistemis momxreebi, romelic emyareba rwmenas, rom politikuri Zalaufleba erTi adamianis (magaliTad, mefis) xelSi unda iyos.
monros doqtrina _ status kvo saerTaSoriso politikaSi, romelic Camoayaliba aSS-s prezidentma jeims monrom, igi mouwodebda amerikis SeerTebul
Statebs xeli SeeSala da ar daeSva nebismieri garegani Zalis mcdeloba
SeecvalaT amerikis naxevarsferoze arsebuli ZalTa balansi.
moraluri relativizmi _ idea, rom yvela moraluri gansja Tandayolilad subieqturia da amitom ar aris faseuli aravisaTvis, garda misi gamomxatvelisa. rwmena, rom arc erTi mosazreba moralurobis Sesaxeb ar aris meoreze
ukeTesi.
mozaikuri sazogadoeba _ sazogadoeba, romelsac axasiaTebs maRali donis socio-kulturuli mravalferovneba (xSirad gvxvdeba afrikasa da laTinur
amerikaSi), romelmac SeiZleba seriozuli dabrkolebebi Seuqmnas qveynis
ganviTarebas.

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mravalerovnuli korporaciebi _ kompania, romelic awarmoebs bizness ramdenime saxelmwifoSi.
mravalerovnuli

saxelmwifoebi _ suverenuli

saxelmwifoebi,

romlebic

moicaven or an met (zogjer kidev ufro met) msxvil eTnikur jgufebs (an
erebs) TavianT kontrolirebad teritoriaze. aRsaniSnavi magaliTebia indoeTi, nigeria, ruseTi, CineTi iseve, rogorc yofili iugoslavia.
ormxrivi Sekavebis politika _ Teoria, romlis mixedviTac, agresiuli omi SeiZleba SeCerdes, Tu potenciuri msxverpli SeinarCunebs sakmaris samxedro
Zalas, rom zarali miayenos SesaZlo agresors.
Crdilo amerikis Tavisufali savaWro molaparakeba _ molaparakebas xeli
moawera 1994 wels aSS-m, meqsikam da kanadam. am molaparakebiT gamocxadda
Tavisufali vaWroba, an vaWroba dabali tarifebiT am sam saxelmwifos Soris.
nacia/eri _ xSirad saxelmwifos an qveynis Semcvleli termini. igi sinamdvileSi
aRniSnavs xalxs gansxvavebuli eniTa da kulturiT, an umsxviles eTnikur
jgufs _ magaliTad frangi, holandielii, Cineli da iaponeli xalxebi,
yvelani Seadgenen ers, iseve rogorc saxelmwifos, aqedan gamomdinareobs
termini eri-saxelmwifo. yvela eri ar aris imdenad iRbliani, rom sakuTari saxelmwifo hqondes. Tanamedrove magaliTebi gulisxmoben qurTebs
(TurqeTi, erayi da irani), palestinelebs (dasavleT sanapiro, Razas seqtori, libani, iordania), puStunebi (avRaneTi) da a.S.
erovnuli moqmedebis partia _ mTavari opoziciuri partia meqsikaSi. misi kandidati vinsente foqsi 2000 wels gaxda prezidenti.
erovnuli asamblea _ fokaluri wertili safrangeTis orpalatian sakanonmdeblo StoSi, romelmac unda gaamarTlos yvela kanoni.
erovnuli vali _ wliuri biujetis deficiti, roca mTavroba xarjavs imaze mets,
vidre iRebs. es aiZulebs mTavrobas isesxos fuli xarjebis dasafarad.
erovnuli interesi _ politikis mizani, romelic exmareba ers SeinarCunos an
gazardos Tavisi Zalaufleba da prestiJi.
erovnuli usafrTxoeba _ qveynis dacva gareSe da Sinauri mtrebisgan.
eris mSenebloba _ procesi, romlis drosac mocemul teritoriaze mcxovrebi
adamianebi, miuxedavad maTi eTnikuri, religiuri an enobrivi gansxvavebebisa, asocirdebian TavianTi eri-saxelmwifos simboloebsa da institutebTan.
nato (Crdiloatlantikuri aliansi) _ samxedro aliansi (daarsebuli 1949 wels),
romelSic Sedian: aSS, didi britaneTi, kanada, germania, safrangeTi, italia, saberZneTi, TurqeTi, portugalia, norvegia, belgia, dania, niderlandebi, islandia da luqsemburgi. adre misi umTavresi mizani iyo sabWoTa kavSiris agresiis SeCereba evropaSi.
neo-izolacionistebi _ iarliyi, romelic xandaxan ekvris sagareo politikis kritikosebs, vinc fiqrobs, rom aSS-s aqvs zedmetad bevri valdebuleba sazRvargareT da ukeTesi iqneboda misTvis, Tu is sakuTar saSinao
sakiTxebs dauTmobda met yuradRebas.
neitraliteti _ politika, romlis drosac prioriteti eniWeba omisgan Tavis Sekavebas. es xdeba ara muqaris poziaze dgomiT mezobeli qveynebis
mimarT, aramed TavdacviTi samxedro SesaZleblobis ganviTarebiTa da

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konfliqtebSi raime poziciis dakavebaze uaris TqmiT. fineTi, SvedeTi da
Sveicaria im qveyanaTa Soris arian, romlebic neitralitetis politikas
yvelaze warmatebulad awarmoeben.
axali federalizmi _ niqsonis prezidentobis dros federalurma mTavrobam
uzrunvelyo Statebi da raionebi SeuzRudavi (an naklebad SezRuduli)
fondebiT am programis mixedviT. mogvianebiT, prezident ronald reiganis mmarTvelobis dros is xelaxla gardaiqmna politikad, romelic miznad
isaxavda StatebSi mimavali federaluri fondebis Semcirebas.
axali industrializebuli qveynebi _ qveynebi, ayvavebuli ekonomikiT, saeqsporto industriiTa da Zlieri saSualo klasiT. misi magaliTebia samxreT
korea, taivani, singapuri da tailandi.
axali politikuri mecniereba _ meTvramete saukunis koncefcia, romlis mixedviTac, SesaZlebelia politikuri institutebis ise mowyoba, rom maT Seqmnan kompetenturi mTavroba da xeli SeuSalon Zalauflebis koncentrirebasa da tiraniis Camoyalibebas.
nihilizmi _ filosofia, romelic miiCnevs, rom yvela arsebuli socialuri da
politikuri institutis sruli ganadgureba bunebaSi sasurveli dasasrulia.
undoblobis votumi - saparlamento mTavrobebSi, sakanonmdeblo votumi, rom
arsebulma mTavrobam unda gaimarjvos, raTa darCes xelisuflebaSi.
nomenklatura _ mniSvnelovan Tanamdebobebze xalxis daniSvnis kontrolis partiuli sistema sabWoTa kavSirSi.
miumxrobloba _ civi omisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli politika, sadac bevr ganviTarebad qveyanas _ formalurad mesame msoflios saxeliT cnobils _ erCivna
ar gamxdariyo aSS-sa da misi dasavleli partniorebis mokavSire. miumxrobloba gansxvavdeba neitralitetisgan imiT, rom is ar gulisxmobs qveynis
araagresiulobas an adgilobriv konfliqtebSi Caurevlobas. neitralitetisgan gansxvavebiT, is ar gaxda saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis mniSvnelovani koncefcia meore msoflio omamde.
molaparakeba birTvuli iaraRis gauvrceleblobis Sesaxeb _ saerTaSoriso molaparakeba 1968 wels. SemuSavda, raTa ar daxmareboda arabirTvul qveynebs maT dauflebaSi. mas xeli ar moawera safrangeTma, CineTma da sxva
qveynebma, romlebic aqtiurad iRvwodnen birTvuli iaraRis Sesaqmnelad.
arasamTavrobo aqtorebi _ organizaciebi, maT Soris, mravalerovnuli korporaciebi da arasamTavrobo organizaciebi, romlebic mniSvnelovan rols
asruleben saerTaSoriso politikaSi.
araZaladobrivi winaaRmdegoba _ konfrontaciisa da protestis pasiuri forma,
mas xandaxan samoqalaqo daumorCileblobac ewodeba.
birTvuli monopolia _ roca mxolod erTi mxare Sejibrebis urTierTobaSi
flobs realur birTvul SesaZleblobas. aSS flobda birTvul monopolias daaxloebiT dekadis ganmavlobaSi meore msoflio omis Semdeg.
oligarqia _ avtoritaruli mTavrobis forma, sadac Zalauflebiani individebisgan Semdgar mcire jgufs xelSi aqvs absoluturi Zalaufleba.
Cveulebrivi politikosebi _ is, vinc koncetrirebulia imaze, rom xelaxla airCion.
kosmosis xelSekruleba _ saerTaSoriso molaparakeba, romelsac xeli moewera
aSS-sa da yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi. is krZalavda samxedro iaraRisa gamoy-

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enebasa da erovnuli suverenitetis gafarToebas kosmosSi. waaxalisebda
TanamSormlobasa da informaciis gaziarebas kosmosuri gamokvlevebis
Taobaze.
gadacdoma _ imaze meti birTvuli arsenalis qona, vidre es saWiroa mtris sruli
ganadgurebisaTvis.
palestina _ teritoria libanisa da siriis samxreTiT da iordaniis dasavleTiT,
romelic bibliur droSi iudeisa da samariis saxeliT iyo cnobili. dRes
teritoriis did nawils Seadgens eri-saxelmwifo israeli, romelic gamocxadda 1947 wels aSS-sa da britaneTis daxmarebiT.
demokratiuli mSvidobis paradoqsi _ demokratiuli qveynebi xSirad arian didi
samxedro Zalis mflobelni, eomebian sxva qveynebs, ebmebian SeiaraRebul
intervenciaSi da xandaxan axorcieleben agresiis aqtebsac, magram isini
ar eomebian erTmaneTs.
parlamenturi suvereniteti dauwereli konstituciis principi did britaneTSi, romelic britanul parlaments aqcevs uzenaes kanonSemoqmed organod.
parlamentis mier miRebuli kanonebi ar aris sasamarTlo kontrolis sagani da monarqs ar aqvs misi uaryofis ufleba.
saparlamento sistema _ demokratiuli mTavrobis sistema, sadac xelisufleba
koncentrirebulia sakanonmdeblo 11StoSi, romelic irCevs premier-ministrs da ministrTa kabinets, romlebic Tanamdebobaze arian manam, sanam
parlamentSi umravlesoba hyavT.
monawileoba _ aqtiuro CarTuloba politikaSi, moicavs speqtrs xmis micemidan
masobriv protestebamde da SeiaraRebul ajanyebasa da terorizmsac ki.
mTavrisa da klientis urTierToba _ politikuri urTierTobis forma, romelic
yvelaze xSirad gvxvdeba ganviTarebad qveynebSi da romelSic ierarqiuli
sistemis farglebSi gavleniani adamianebi iReben xmaTa sargebels qrTamis
sanacvlod.
TanatolTa jgufi _ erTi asakisa da saerTo interesebis mqone adamianebis jgufi.
perestroika _ termini, romliTac aRiniSneba mravalmxrivi mcdeloba sabWoTa
ekonomikis gardaqmnisa da, amavdroulad, socialisturi xasiaTis SenarCunebis mcdeloba, romlis iniciatori mixail gorbaCovi iyo.
kanonis peticia _ inglisis parlamentis aqti (1628), romelmac monarqs gadasaxadebis dawesebis ufleba CamoarTva da mTavrobas gadasca.
filosofosi mefeebi _ brZeni filosofosebi, romlebic platonis idealur qalaqs marTaven mis `respublikaSi~.
plebisciti _ mTliani sazogadoebis xmis micema sajaro politikis specifikur
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.
pluralistebi _ Teoretikosebi, romlebsac sjeraT, rom nebismier demokratiul qveyanaSi politikuri sistema decentralizebuli da institucionalurad fragmentirebulia da, aqedan gamomdinare, Zalauflebis struqturis kontroli SesaZlebelia mxolod erTeulsakiTxiani koaliciebiT
konkretuli interesebis viwro sferoSi.
policiis Zala _ saxelmwifoTa Zala SeinarCunon saSinao mSvidoba da wesrigi,
uzrunvelyon ganaTleba da daicvan adamianebis janmrTeloba, usafrTxoeba da keTildReoba.
politbiuro _ mcire klani, romlebic Seadgendnen gadawyvetilebebis mimReb

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uzenaes organos sabWoTa kavSirSi. misi wevrebi ekuTvnodnen sekretariats da iyvnen wamyvani samTavrobo saministroebis xelmZRvanelebi.
politikuri apaTia _ politikisadmi interesis arqona.
politikuri ganviTareba _ mTavrobis unari, efeqturad ganaviTaros Zalaufleba, daamyaros sajaro wesrigi da gauZlos konkurencias opoziciuri organizaciebis mxridan.
politikuri efeqturoba _ politikur saqmianobaSi gonivrulad monawileobis
SesaZlebloba, rogorc wesi imitom, rom adamians ganaTleba, socialuri
warmomavloba da sakuTari Tavis Rirseba aqvs.
politikuri SeRweva _ ekonomikuri ganviTarebis xelSewyoba xidebis agebiT,
gzebisa da satelefono xazebis gayvaniT, raTa Seqmnas ufro integrirebuli erovnuli ekonomika.
politikuri realizmi _ Tvalsazrisi, romlis mixedviTac, Zalaufleba mniSvnelovani faqtoria yvela saxis politikur urTierTobaSi da unda iyos
gamoyenebuli pragmatulad da gonivrulad erovnuli interesebisaTvis.
politika kargia an cudi imis mixedviT, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba erovnul
interesebs.
politikuri socializacia _ procesi, romlis drosac erTobis wevrebs aswavlian maTi sazogadoebis ZiriTad faseulobebs da amzadeben moqalaqeobis
movaleobebisaTvis.
politika _ procesi, romlis drosac sazogadoeba irCevs mmarTvelebs da aniWebs maT uflebamosilebas miiRon gadawyvetilebebi, imoqmedon garkveuli miznebis misaRwevad da moagvaron konfliqtebi qveynis SigniT.
Zalaufleba _ adamianebsa da institutebze gavlenis moxdenisa da maTi marTvis
SesaZlebloba.
prefeqtebi _ safrangeTSi umsvilesi samTavrobo saagentoebis meTaurebi.
saprezidento sistema _ mmarTvelobis demokratiuli forma, sadac uzenaesi aRmasrulebeli airCeva calkeuli arCevnebiT, msaxurobs gansazRvruli vadiT da aqvs sxva samTavrobo Stoebisgan mkacrad gamijnuli Zalaufleba.
warmomadgenlobiTi akrZalva _ samarTlebrivi doqtrina, romlis mixedviT,
mTavrobas ara aqvs ufleba, SezRudos masmedia, garda sagangaSo situaciebisa.
kerZo interesTa jgufebi _ sakuTari interesebiT gaerTianebuli adamianebis
jgufebi.
proletariati _ marqsistul TeoriaSi es aris muSaTa klasi.
propaganda _ masmediis gamoyeneba iseTi STabeWdilebis Sesaqmnelad, rac surs
zogadad sazogadoebas, raTa gavlena moaxdinos sasurveli samizneebis azrovnebasa da saqmianobaze.
proporciuli warmomadgenloba _ politikuri struqtura, romlis drosac adgilebi sakanonmdeblo organoSi ganawilebulia TiToeul partias Soris im
xmaTa procentuli maCveneblis mixedviT, romelic TiToeulma miiRo.
sajaro keTildReoba _ politikuri sazogadoebis saziaro rwmena imis mixedviT,
Tu ra miznebi unda daisaxos mTavrobam (magaliTad, miaRwios usafrTxoebis, ayvavebis, Tanasworobis, Tavisuflebis an samarTlianobis umaRles
dones yvela moqalaqisaTvis).
sazogadoebriv interesTa jgufebi _ jgufebi, romlebis wevrebic xels uwyoben
imas, rac, maTi azriT, momgebiania mTlianad sazogadoebisaTvis.

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sajaro azri _ mosaxleobis Sexeduleba, romelic gavlenas axdens samTavrobo
moxeleTa gadawyvetilebebsa da politikaze.
sajaro azris gamokiTxva _ moqalaqeebis azris gageba.
wmenda _ xelisuflebisadmi nebismieri saxis winaaRmdegobis aRmofxvra masobrivi dapatimrebebis, gadasaxlebebisa da mkvlelobebis saSualebiT. es
procesi xSirad mimarTulia xelisuflebis yofili wevrebisa da maTi mimdevrebis winaaRmdeg, romlebic safrTxes warmoadgenen mmarTveli elitisaTvis.
kiTxvebis saaTi _ gaerTianebul samefoSi es aris dro, romelic gamoyofilia
orSabaTidan xuTSabaTamde yovel kviras misi udidebulesobis samefo
opoziciisaTvis (uZalauflebo partia). kviraSi orjer premier-ministrma
unda upasuxos mtrul kiTxvebs, nasrols mis mimarT opozociis mxridan.
raja sabha _ indoeTis federaluri parlamentis zeda palata, romelic arapirdapir airCeva Statebis sabWoebis mier.
SemTxveviTi SerCeva _ gamokiTxvis meTodi, romelic moicavs adamianebis gamokiTxvas mosaxleobidan SemTxveviT arCevis gziT.
gawveva _ pirdapiri xmis micema, raTa gadadges arCeuli moxele postidan.
reqtifikacia _ maoistur CineTSi yvela saxis kapitalisturi Strixis mocileba,
rogoricaa materializmi da individualizmi.
referendumi _ kenWisyra, romlis saSualebiTac moqalaqeebs SeuZliaT pirdapir uaryon sakanonmdeblo organos mier miRebuli gadawyvetileba.
teroris gamefeba _ safrangeTis revoluciaSi masobrivi egzekucia, romelic
sruldeboda maqsimilian robespieris da misi sajaro usafrTxoebis
komitetis brZanebiT. igi mimarTuli iyo yvela adamianis mimarT, romelTa
politikuri Sexedulebebic gansxvavdeboda maTi utopiuri idealisgan.
warmomadgenlobiTi demokratia _ moqalaqeTa monawileoba, romlis drosac arCevnebis gziT airCeva xalxis warmomadgeneli mTavrobaSi.
respublika _ mmarTvelobis forma, sadac suvereniteti am qveynis moqalaqeebis
xelSia da ara mmarTvelebis. respublikaTa didi umravlesoba dRes demokratiulia. rac niSnavs, rom suverenul Zalauflebas axorcielebs arCeuli warmomadgeneli, romelic pasuxismgebelia moqalaqeebze.
nacvalgeba _ damnaSaveTa dasja im mizeziT, rom isini cudad moiqcnen da imsaxureben tanjvas.
pozitiuri diskriminacia _ roca dadebiTi qmedeba, romelic miznad isaxavs istoriulad diskriminaciuli jgufis samsaxuriT, saxliT da ganaTlebis
SesaZleblobebiT uzrunvelyofas, iqceva dabrkolebad umravlesobis
wevrebisadmi. umciresobebisa da sqesobivi diskriminaciis msxverplTaTvis upiratesobis miniWebis uneburi Sedegi.
revolucia _ fundamenturi cvlileba sazogadoebis politikur da socialur
instituciebSi. xSirad amas Tan axlavs Zaladoba, kulturuli bunti da
samoqalaqo omi.
mzardi molodinis revolucia _ revolucia, romelic moxda mesame samyaros
qveynebis ganviTarebiT, roca isini cdilobdnen gadaeWarbebinaT meore da
pirveli msoflios warmatebisaTvis.
revoluciuri komunizmi _ ideologia, romlis mixedviTac kapitalisturi
sistema unda ganadgurdes Zaladobrivi gziT muSaTa klasis mier da unda
Seicvalos sajaro sakuTrebiT da mTavrobis mier kontrolirebadi eko-

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nomikuri sistemiT.
revoluciuri omi _ amerikis brZola damoukideblobisaTvis (1775-83) (ix. amerikis revolucia).
revoluciis ufleba _ jon lokis Teoria, romlis mixedviT mTavrobis qmedebebi
Zirs uTxris sicocxlis, Tavisuflebisa da sakuTrebis ZiriTad uflebebs,
moqalaqeebs aqvT ufleba, ajanydnen da Secvalon mTavroba iseTiT, romelic marTavs sworad.
saliamis taqtika _ v.i. leninis mier gamoyenebuli taqtika oponentebis mcire
jgufebebad dayofisa, romlebsac Semdeg erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg ganawyobda da advilad daamarcxebda.
zRvis fskeris xelSekruleba _ saerTaSoriso molaparakeba, romelic krZalavs
birTvuli iaraRis gamoyenebas okeanis fskerze Tormetmiliani sazRvris
gareT.
komunizmis meore faza _ marqsistul TeoriaSi utopiuri uklaso sazogadoeba,
sadac miRweulia individualuri aRsruleba, socialuri TanamSromloba
da harmonia da sadac omi sabolood aRmofxvrilia.
meore dartyma _ sapasuxo dartyma birTvuli Tavdamsxmelis winaaRmdeg. es
`meore dartymis unarianoba~ paradoqsulad amcirebs imis albaTobas, rom
birTvuli konfrontacia, marTlac, gamoiwvevs birTvul gacvla-gamocvlas.
meore samyari _ komunisturi saxelmwifoebi.
ajanyebisaken mowodeba _ waqezeba revoluciisaken
Zalauflebis dayofa _ mTavrobis organizeba sxvadasxva Stoebad, rogoricaa
sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli da sasamarTlo funqciebi. TiToeuli maTgani pasuxismgebelia sxvadasxva sferoze da flobs sakuTar Zalasa da valdebulebas.
martivi umravlesoba _ xmis mimcemTa umsxvilesi bloki arCevnebze.
SLBM - wyalqveSa balistikuri raketa.

socializmi _ ideologia, romelic momxrea koleqtiuri da saxelmwifo sakuTrebisa.

qaRaldis fuli _ erovnuli partiis komitetisaTvis Senatanebi kampaniaSi,
romelTa Setyobinebac ar aris aucilebeli federaluri saarCevno komisiisaTvis manam, sanam es fondi ar gamoiyeneba romelime kandidatis sasargeblod. erovnuli komitetebi avseben saxelmwifo partiaTa fondebs,
romlebic, rogorc wesi, moqmedeben naklebad zusti moxsenebis saWiroebiT. kritikosebi amboben, rom ,,sofT mani~ aris masiuri sicariele/xvreli
kampaniis finansuri regulirebis arsebul sistemaSi da aseve fiqroben,
rom is igivea, rac legalizebuli korufcia.
solisitori _ advokati did britaneTSi, romelsac SeuZlia moamzados sasamarTlo saqmeebi, Seadginos kontraqtebi da sxva legaluri dokumentebi, magram
ar SeuZlia ganixilos saqme mosamarTlis winaSe.
suvereniteti _ mTavrobis SesaZlebloba ganaxorcielos uzenaesi Zalaufleba
warmatebulad politikur saxelmwifoSi.
varskvlavTa palata _ britanuli sasamarTlo romlis iurisdiqcia iqamde gafarTovda, rom mefes neba darTo daesaja nebismieri, vinc ar daemorCileboda samefo dekrets.
saxelmwifo _ aris damoukidebeli politikur-administraciuli erTeuli, ro-

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melic mosaxleobisgan iTxovs loilobas, axorcielebs monopolias Zalis
gamoyenebis saSualebebze da akontrolebs Tavisi moqalaqeebiT dasaxlebul teritorias.
saxelmwifos mSenebloba _ politikuri institutebis Seqmna, romlebsac SeswevT
unari, efeqturad marTon qveyana da efeqturad gaanawilon misi resursebi.
saxelmwifos marTvis xelovneba _ saxelmwifos saqmeTa brZnuli menejmenti.
usaxelmwifo erebi _ adamianebi (an erebi), romlebic gafantulebi arian ramdenime saxelmwifos teritoriaze da ara aqvT avtonomiuri, damoukidebeli an
suverenuli samTavrobo organo. usaxelmwifo eris magaliTebia qurTebi,
palestinelebi da tibetelebi. (ix. eri)
bunebrivi mdgomareoba adamianuri arsebebis mdgomareoba, sanam Seiqmneboda
qcevis samoqalaqo kodeqsi da normaluri adamianuri impulsebis kontrolirebis koleqtiuri teqnika.
saxelmwifo moRvawe _ politikosi, romelic flobs politikur unars, praqtikul sibrZnes da romlis liderobasac mniSvnelovani dadebiT gavlena aqvs
sazogadoebaze.
saxelmwifo terorizmi _ rogorc wesi, Zaladobrivi meTodebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba mTavrobis TavdacviTi Zalebis mier sakuTari xalxis Seviwroebisa
da iZulebis gziT.
status kvos strategia _ erovnuli politika arsebul ZalTa balansis SenarCunebisa koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis SeTanxmebebis, diplomatiis da molaparakebaTa meSveobiT. agreTve, iseTi `instrumentebis legitimaciiT~,
rogoricaa saerTaSoriso samarTali da saerTaSoriso organizaciebi.
strategiuli SeiaraRebis Semcirebis xelSekruleba II (START II) _ xelSekruleba
aSS-sa da sabWoTa kavSirs Soris strategiuli birTvuli iaraRis Semcirebis Sesaxeb.
stratificirebuli SerCeva _ gamokiTxvis manera, romelSic monawileebi airCevian maTi asakis, Semosavlis, socialur-ekonomikuri warmomavlobis da msgavsi kriteriumebis mixedviT. SemTxveviTi SerCevis antonimi.
`Calis gamokiTxva~ _ aramecnieruli kvlevebi. ubralo, iafi gamokiTxva, romelic Riaa yvela saxis manipulaciebisaTvis.
Camogdeba _ mTavrobisaTvis Ziris gamoTxris mcdeloba, xSirad garegani daxmarebis gamoyenebiT.
uzenaesi sasamarTlo _ ukanaskneli saSualebis federaluri sasamarTlo, romelic agvarebs saqmeebs, roca warmoiSoba garkveuli saxis problemuri
kiTxvebi samarTlebriv interpretaciaSi an konstituciur principebSi.
vaWrobis pirobebi _ saerTaSoriso ekonomikaSi, saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Rirebuleba (an fasi) msoflio bazarze.
terorizmi _ politikuri saqmianoba, romelic eyrdnoba Zaladobas an Zaladobis muqaras miznebis misaRwevad.
Teokratia _ mTavroba, romelic damyarebulia religiaze da sadac dominireben
sasuliero pirebi.
mesame samyaro _ aziis, afrikisa da laTinuri amerikis ganviTarebadi qveynebi,
romelTa umravlesoba evropuli kolonia iyo. mesame samyaros qveynebi,
rogorc wesi Raribi da Warbmosaxleobiania.
`tiananmenis~ moednis sasaklao _ 1989 wels SeuiaraRebeli moqalaqeebi, muSebi

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da studentebi gamovidnen tiananmenis moedanze pekinSi demokratiisa da
samTavrobo reformebis moTxovniT. samxedro razmebma Zalis gamoyenebiT
upasuxes, mokles 1500 demonstranti da daWres 10000.
totalitarizmi _ politikuri sistema, sadac sazogadoebis, ekonomikis da mTavrobis yoveli aspeqti farTod kontroldeba mmarTveli elitis mier. saidumlo policiuri terorizmi da radikaluri ideologia danergilia masobrivi mobilizaciisa da propagandis gziT.
tradicionalistebi _ Teoretikosebi, romelTa politikis Seswavlac damokidebulia fundamenturi da mudmivi kiTxvebis gansjaze.
tradicionalisturi sazogadoeba _ aseTi sazogadoebebi xSiri iyo warsulSi,
gauZlo cvlilebebs da dRes xSirad Zalian Raribi da CamorCenilia, maRali SobadobiT da ganaTlebis dabali doniT.
transnacionaluri terorizmi _ sxvadasxva qveynebis teroristuli dajgufebebis TanamSromloba an erTi qveynis teroristuli dajgufebis moqmedebis
gavrceleba qveynis sazRvebs gareT.
namdvili lideri _ is, vinc iSviaTi sibrZniTa da unariT miuZRvis Tavis qveyanas
krizisis dros.
trumenis doqtrina _ prezident hari trumenis mowodeba aSS-sadmi nebismieri
Tavisufali xalxis dasaxmareblad, romlebic revoluciuri safrTxis winaSe arian Sinagani SeiaraRebuli umciresobis an gareSe agresiis gamo.
meurveoba - centraluri biurokratiuli zedamxedvelobis sistema, romelic
mTavrobis unitarul sistemebSi gvxvdeba (magaliTad safrangeTi).
umravlesobis tirania _ politikuri situacia, sadac dominanti jgufi iyenebs
Tavisi mTavrobis kontrols umciresobaTa uflebebis dasarRvevad.
ultranacionalizmi _ eqstremaluri nacionalizmi, xSirad faSizmTan asocirebuli samxedro memarjvene orientacia. tipiurad axasiaTebdaT militarizmi, rasistuli mtroba da qsenofobia.
arasasurveli zarali _ omis dros gancdili zarali, romelic potenciur
agresors omis dawyebas gadaafiqrebinebs.
unitaruli sistema _ sistema, sadac mTavrobas SeuZlia airCios da gadasces
saqmeTa mmarTveloba adgilobriv mTavrobas.
utopia _ nebismieri meocnebe sistema, sadac xorcSesxmulia idealuri politikuri da socialuri wesrigi.
utopiuri socialistebi _ individebi, romlebsac sjeraT, rom sajaro sakuTreba SeiZleba efeqturad iqnas Camoyalibebuli da mas SeuZlia gadaWras
mniSvnelovani politikuri problemebi.
omi araswori gaazrebiT _ SeiaraRebuli konfliqti, romelic iwyeba, roca ori
eri SecdomiT aRiqvams erTmaneTis namdvil ganzraxvebs.
saomari danaSaulebi _ danaSaulebi, Cadenili omis dros, roca zogadad aRiarebuli wesebi sastikad irRveva.
omis eskalacia _ SeiaraRebul konfliqtisas gadasvla adgilobrivi da SezRuduli brZolis masStabidan totalur omSi. ZiriTadad iwyeba maSin, roca momentis autsaideri gadawyvets gazardos Tavisi samxedro Zalebi.
varSavis paqti _ samxedro aliansi yofil sabWoTa kavSirs da mis satelit qveynebs Soris, Seqmnili 1955 wels. am dros gamocxadda saerTo samxedro
mmarTveloba da ufleba mieca sabWoTa armias SeenarCunebina didi garnizonebi satelit qveynebSi, raTa Tavi daecva gareSe Tavdasxmisgan.

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vaimaris respublika _ konstituciuri demokratia, romelic daarsda germaniaSi
pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg konstituciur krebaze 1919 wels vaimarSi,
asocirebulia politikuri da socialuri uwesrigobis periodTan. dasrulda, roca hitleri movida xelisfulebaSi 1933 wels.
keTildReobis saxelmwifo _ saxelmwifo, romlis mTavroba dakavebulia Tavisi
mosaxleobisaTvis socialuri keTildReobis uzrunvelyofiT da akeTebs
amas, rogorc wesi, specifikuri sajaro politikis meSveobiT, rogoricaa
janmrTelobis dazRveva, minimaluri gadasaxadebi da a.S.
sistema `gamarjvebuls rCeba yvelaferi~ _ saarCevno sistema, sadac imarjvebs
kandidati, romelic xmaTa umravlesobas miiRebs.
msoflio sasamarTlo _ aseve cnobilia, rogorc saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo. es
aris gaeros umniSvnelovanesi sasamarTlo organo. sasamarTloze ismineba
nebismieri saqme im mxareebis Sesaxeb, vinc nebayoflobiT ambobs Tanxmobas
misi iurisdiqciis aRiarebaze.
msoflio savaWro organizacia _ aradiskriminaciuli organizacia, romelic
xels uwyobs vaWrobas globalur doneze.
sionizmi _ moZraoba, romlis genezisi iyo ebrauli erovnuli saxelmwifos, israelis, xelaxali gamocxadeba da Semdeg ukve mxardaWera.

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