324

qorwineba da ojaxi 20

Tavebis Sinaarsi

 qorwineba

 ratom aris qorwineba

universaluri movlena

 rogor qorwindebian
adamianebi

 qorwinebis SezRudva:
incestis tabu

 visze unda
davqorwindeT?

 ramden qorwinebaSi unda

iyos adamiani?

 ojaxi

rogoric unda iyos sazogadoebis damokide-
buleba qalisa da mamakacis urTierTobisadmi, am
urTierTobis erT-erTi saxe, qorwineba, yvela kul-
turaSi arsebobs. ratom aris qorwineba damaxasiaTe-
beli yvela sazogadoebisaTvis, es Zveli da rTuli
kiTxvaaA. am TavSi SevecdebiT, pasuxi gavceT mas.
qorwinebis universaluroba ar niSnavs imas,
rom yvela sazogadoebis yvela wevri aucileblad
daqorwindebaA. es niSnavs, rom adamianebis umetesoba
cxovrebaSi erTxel mainc qorwindebAa. amasTan erTad,
rodesac vambobT, rom qorwineba universaluria, ar
vgulisxmobT imas, rom qorwinebisa da ojaxis wesebi
yvela sazogadoebisTvis erTnairiaA. piriqiT, sazoga-
doebebs Soris arsebos mravali da mniSvnelovani
gansxvaveba imis mixedviT, Tu rogor qorwindebian,
visze qorwindebian da erTdroulad ramden qor-
winebaSi SeuZliaT yofna adamianebs. erTaderTi say-
ovelTaod gavrcelebuli wesi qorwinebaSi is aris,
rom ar SeiZleba daqorwineba ojaxis wevrebze, mSo-
blebsa da da-Zmaze.
sxvadasxva sazogadoebaSi gansxvavdebian ojaxe-
bic. yvela kulturaSi arseboben mSoblebisa da
Svilebis socialuri jgufebi, miuxedavad ojaxis
zomisaA. zog sazogadoebas hyavs didi ojaxebi, sadac
ori an meti naTesauri jgufia gaerTianebuli, sxvagan
ki mcire, damoukidebeli ojaxebia gavrcelebuli.
dRes qorwineba aRar aris ojaxis arsebobis safuZve-
li. ojaxebi, sadac mxolod erTi mSobelia, Cvensa da
Cvens msgavs sazogadoebebSi Zalian gavrcelebuliaA.
Tumca es ar niSnavs imas, rom qorwineba gaqra, piriq-
iT, igi kvlavac rCeba urTierTobis gabatonebul
formad, magram sul ufro meti pirovneba arCevs
bavSvis gazrdas daqorwinebis gareSe.
qorwineba
qorwinebaze saubrisas anTropologebi ar gu-
lisxmoben, rom wyvilebma raRac mowmoba unda aiRon
TavianTi Tanacxovrebis gasaformeblad da saamisod
garkveuli ceremoniebi Caataron. qorwinebaSi igu-
lisxmeba sazogadoebis mier mxardaWerili sqeso-
brivi da ekonomikuri kavSiri, damyarebuli, qalsa
da mamakacs Soris. igulisxmeba, rom es kavSiri ram-
denadme permanentulia da mis monawileebs ormxrivi
uflebebi da movaleobebi akisriaT rogorc erTam-
neTis, aseve TavianTi Svilebis mimarTac.
didgvarovanTa qorwili kambojis dedaqalaq pnom penSi. wyvili
miabijebs xaliCaze, romelzec fulia dayrili.
325
qorwineba socialurad mxardaWerili seqsobrivi
kavSiria, romlis monawileebsac ar eridebaT Tavian-
Ti kavSiris saxalxod demonstrirebaA. qals uSiSrad
SeuZlia Tqvas: `gaicaniT, es Cemi qmaria~ maSin, rode-
sac sazogadoebebis umetesobaSi mas cudi TvaliT
Sexedavdnen, Tu igi ityoda `gaicaniT, es Cemi sayva-
relia~. miuxedavad imisa, rom droTa gamnmavlobaSi
es kavSiri sxvadasxva mizeziT SeiZleba daiSalos
kidec, dasawyisSi orive mxare mas mudmivad moiaz-
rebs. TavisTavad igulisxmeba ormxrivi ufleba-mov-
aleobebi, romlebic meuRleebs gaaCniaT erTmaneTis
mimarT. es ufleba-movaleobebi SeiZleba iyos qone-
brivi, finansuri, bavSvis aRzrdasTan dakavSirebu-
li, da sxvaA.
qorwineba moicavs rogorc sqesobriv, aseve eko-
nomikur urTierTobebs. profesori piter merdoki
werda: `sqesobrivi urTierTobebi SeiZleba ekonomi-
kuri safuZvlis gareSe warmoiqmnas. aseve SesaZle-
belia TanamSromloba seqsis gareSe. qorwineba ki
moicavs orives, rogorc sqesobriv, ise ekonomikur
urTierTobebs~.
rogorc qveviT vnaxavT, qorwinebis dawyebis aRm-
niSvneli movlenebi sxvadasxva sazogadoebaSi gansx-
vavebuliaA. vinebagos indielTa tomSi, magaliTad, pa-
tarZali ubralod midis Tavisi saqmros mSoblebTan,
ixdis `saqorwino~ samoss da mas dedamTils aZlevs,
misgan ki sanacvlod Cveulebriv tansacmels iRebs.
es aris da es.
naiarebi `gamonaklisi~
msoflioSi arsebuli sazogadoebebidan aris
erTi, romelsac anTropologebis dakvirvebiT, ar
gaaCnia qorwinebis instituti im saxiT, rogorc Cven
warmogvidgeniaA. es aris samxreT indoeTSi mcxovrebi
naiarTa kastaA. mecxramete saukuneSi, rodesac aR-
weres isini, sqesobriv da ekonomikur urTierTo-
bebs qorwinebisgan damoukideblad ganixilavdnen.
momwifebis asakSi naiari gogonebi ritualur qmrebs
iZendnen. kavSiri saxalxod ikvreboda da ceremoniis
dros saqmro Tavis sacoles kiserze oqros yelsabams
hkidebdaA. Tumca maTi urTierToba qorwiliT Semoi-
fargleboda. col-qmars erTmaneTis mimarT aranairi
ufleba-movaleobebi ar gaaCnda da xSirad qorwilis
Semdeg aRarasodes naxulobdnen erTmaneTs.
patarZali naTesavebTan erTad did saxlSi
agrZelebda cxovrebas, sadac Semdgomi wlebis man-
Zilze SeeZlo stumrad mieRo nebismieri mamakaci,
romelic ar iyo misi naTesavi da kastur moTxovnebs
akmayofilebdaA. isini mis `qmrebad~ iTvlebodnen. es
SeiZleba yofiliyo rogorc SemTxveviTi gamvleli,
ise regularuli stumaric. isini modiodnen saRamos
da meore diliT kvlav midiodnen. Tu mamakaci regu-
larulad stumrobda qalTan, misgan saCuqrebsac
moelodnen. xolo Tu bavSvis mama an savaraudo mame-
bidan erT-erTi gaxldaT, sameano xarjebsac swored
igi faravdaA. Tumca bavSvis aRzrdaSi ar monawileob-
da da arc aranairi pasuxismgebloba ar gaaCnda mis
winaSe. rogorc wesi, qals am mxriv Tavisi naTesavebi
exmarebodnen.
pasuxi imaze, hqondaT Tu ara naiarebs qorwinebis
wesi, damokidebulia Tavad qorwinebis gansazRvre-
baze. qorwineba im gagebiT, rogorc Cven gvesmis, reg-
ularuli sqesobrivi da ekonomikuri Tanacxovrebi-
sa da urTierTvaldebulebebisa da uflebebis
arsebobis mxriv, naiarebs ar gaaCndaT. magram isini
calke sazogadoebad ar iTvlebian. es iyo indoe-
Tis erT-erTi kasta, romlis mamakacebic meomrebi
iyvnen. naTelia, rom xangrZlivi samxedro samsaxuri
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amcirebda mamakacebis raodenobas, romlebic qmris
rols Seasrulebdnen. Tumca amJamad mdgomareoba
SeicvalaA. meomroba aRar aris naiari mamakacebis
mTavari saqmianoba, isini damkvidrebul cxovrebaze
gadavidnen da amJamad maT Soris normad stabiluri
da mudmivi urTierTobebi iTvlebaA. imis gamo, rom na-
iarebi ar iyvnen calke sazogadoeba, isini verc namd-
vil gamonaklisebad CaiTvlebian. amrigad, SegviZlia
gavimeoroT, rom qorwineba saerTo damaxasiaTebeli
niSania yvela sazogadoebisaTvis.
qorwinebis iSviaTi saxeebi
qalisa da mamakacis Cveulebrivi kavSiris garda,
zog sazogadoebaSi arsebobda da arsebobs erTsqe-
siani qorwinebebic. Tumca amgvari qorwinebebi arc
erT sazogadoebaSi ar aris myari, arc Cveulebrivi
qorwinebis msgavsiaA. miuxedavad amisa, isini arse-
bobs Cveulebrivi qorwinebebis gverdiT. erTsqe-
siani qorwinebac gulisxmobs urTierTvaldebule-
bebsa da movaleobebs. urTierTobebSi xSirad xdeba
gansazRvra imisa, Tu vin aris `kaci~ da vin `qali~.
magaliTad, Ceienis indielTa Soris miRebuli iyo ma-
makacis mier meore colad berdaCes anu transvesti-
ti mamakacis yola (amJamad berdaCes nacvlad ufro
xSirad termini ori suli gamoiyeneba).
Tu ramdenad moicavda berdaCesTan urTierTo-
ba sqesobriv kavSirs, naTeli ar aris, magram gvaqvs
sxva magaliTebic, kerZod sudaneli azandes tomi.
ingliselebis mier sudanis dapyrobamde, azandes
meomrebs, romlebsac colis SerTvis saSualeba ar
hqondaT, SeeZloT `biWi colis~ moyvana sqesobrivi
moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad. rogorc Cveu-
lebrivi qorwinebis dros, `qmari~ `colis~ mSoblebs
saCuqrebs gadascemda, Tumca arc imdenad Zvirs,
rogorc es qalTan qorwinebis SemTxvevaSi xdebodaA.
`qmari~ Cveulebrivad emsaxureboda `colis~ mSob-
lebs da partnioris mier sayvarlis gaCenis SemTx-
vevaSi, Ralatis gamo, sasamarTloSi Civili SeeZlo.
biWi colebi, sqesobrivis garda, colisTvis dakis-
rebul sxva saqmeebsac asrulebdnen `qmrebisaTvis~.
qalebis qorwinebebi mraval afrikul sazogadoe-
baSia dafiqsirebuli, magram `meuRleebs~ Soris sqe-
sobrivi kavSiris damadasturebeli mtkicebulebebi
ar gagvaCniAa. aseTi qorwinebebi sazogadoebis mier
miRebuli da gamarTlebuli gaxldaT da qals saSu-
alebas aZlevda, qmrisa da mamis oficialuri statu-
si mieRo. amis magaliTia kenieli nandis tomi, sadac
qalebis qorwineba Cveulebrivi qorwinebis Sedegad
vaJiSvilis aryolis problemis mosagvarebel saSu-
alebad iTvlebodaA. qali, romelsac vaJi ar uCndebo-
da maSinac ki, Tu misi qmari cocxali iyo, Txoulob-
da umcrosi asakis qals `colad~ da iTvleboda mis
mier gaCenili vaJebis mamad. qorwineba sruldeboda
yvela arsebuli wesis dacviT da `qmari~ qali val-
debuli iyo `colisaTvis~ qmroba gaewiaA. miuxedavad
imisa, rom am `meuRleebs~ Soris sqesobrivi kavSiri
ar iyo (iseve, rogorc `qmarsa~ da mis namdvil qmars
Soris), qali-qmari iTvleboda im bavSvebis mamad,
romlebsac axali coli gaaCendaA. es bavSvebic Tavi-
anT mamad swored qal-qmars Tvlidnen.
ratom aris qorwineba
universaluri movlena
iqidan gamomdinare, rom qorwineba yvela sazoga-
doebaSi arsebobs, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom igi
adaptaciuriaA. imis axsnas, Tu ratom aris qorwineba
adaptaciuri, ramdenime Teoria cdilobs. TiToeuli
maTgani Tvlis, rom qorwineba wyvets im problemebs,
romlebic yvela sazogadoebis winaSe dgas: Sromis
genderuli danawilebis problemas, bavSvebis aRzr-
dis problemas, romlebic didi xnis manZilze arian
mSoblebze damokidebulebi da sqesobrivi konkuren-
ciis problemas. am interpretaciebis Sesafase-
blad saWiroa, davadginoT, ramdenad optimaluri
an erTaderTia qorwineba TiToeuli am problemis
mosagvareblad. Cven xom universaluri Cveulebis
axsnas vcdilobT. garkveuli daxmareba SeiZleba
gagviwios im cxovelebis SedarebiTma analizma, rom-
lebsac qorwinebis magvari ram axasiaTebT.
Sromis genderuli danawileba
wina TavSi aRvniSneT, rom yvela sazogadoebaSi
arsebobs Sromis genderuli danawilebaA. qalebi da
mamakacebi gansxvavebuli saqmianobiT arian dakave-
bulebi. amgvari dayofa xSirad miiCneva qorwinebis
mizezad. argumentad mohyavT is, rom sazogadoebas
qorwinebis saxiT uCndeba Sromis produqtebis ga-
nawilebisa da gaziarebis efeqturi meTodi. magram
qorwineba ar gaxlavT erTaderTi gza am problemis
mosagvareblad.
bavSvebis xangrZlivi
damokidebuleba mSoblebze
adamianebi Cvilobis asakSi primatebs Soris
yvelaze didxans arian damokidebulebi mSoblebze.
bavSvis xangrZlivi damokidebuleba dedas umZimes
tvirTad awevs. es mas mraval saqmianobaSi uSlis
xels. amrigad, qals, SesaZloa, mamakacis daxmareba
dasWirveboda saimisod, rom gadarCeniliyo. mamakaci
asrulebs iseT samuSaos, rac SeuTavsebelia bavSvis
movlasTan. amrigad, bavSvis xangrZlivi damokide-
bulebis gamo, SesaZloa, dadga sakiTxi qalisa da
mamakacis stabiluri kavSiris Sesaxeb. magram am mo-
sazrebis sawinaaRmdegod sakmaod mniSvnelovani ar-
gumentebi arsebobs. sazogadoebas, magaliTad mona-
dire-Semgroveblebis jgufs, araferi uSlida xels
imaSi, rom qorwinebis gareSe eTanamSromlaT erTma-
neTSi da Svilian dedas daxmarebodnen iseve, rogorc
zogadad exmarebian jgufis nebismier wevrs.
sqesobrivi konkurencia
sxva mdedri primatebisagan gansxvavebiT, qals
mTeli wlis manZilze SeuZlia sqesobrivi kavSiris
damyareba da daorsulebaA. zogi mkvlevari Tvlis,
rom es faqtori ganapirobebda gamZafrebuli sqeso-
brivi konkurenciis warmoqmnas mamakacebs Soris da
Sesabamisad, sazogadoebam qorwinebis saxiT ipovna
gamosavali am situaciidan. am mosazrebis Tanaxmad,
qorwineba dawesda imisTvis, rom erTmaneTi ar dae-
xocaT qalebis gulisTvis da amiT sazogadoebis re-
produqcia safrTxis qveS ar daeyenebinaT.
am mosazrebasac aqvs Tavisi susti mxareebi. jer
erTi, sakmaod rTuli asaxsnelia Tu ratom unda
gamZafrebuliyo konkurencia mamakacebs Soris. arse-
bobs sxva mosazrebebic, romelTa mixedviT, im SemTx-
vevaSi, Tu qalebi naklebad dainteresebuli iqnebod-
nen seqsiT, gamZafrdeboda konkurencia SezRudul
resursebze; meorec, cnobilia, rom cxovelebis
mravali saxeobis mamrebi, TviT im saxeobebisac ki,
romelTa mdedri individebi momatebuli seqsualo-
biT gamoirCevian (rogorc maimunebis mravali saxe-

oba), am ukanasknelTa mimarT agresiulebi ar arian.
mesame, ratom ar SeiZleboda konkureniciis arsebo-
bis SemTxvevaSi misi qorwinebisagan gansxvavebuli
kulturuli regulireba? magaliTad, SesaZlebeli
iyo raRac Tanmimdevrobis dadgena, romlis mixed-
viTac, Seicvlebodnen partniorebi. amgvari sistema
gadawyvetda sqesobrivi konkurenciis problemas,
Tumca, meore mxriv, SesaZloa, gaCeniliyo probleme-
bi calkeuli pirovnebebis SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini ar
moisurvebdnen dadgenili wesis mixedviT SeecvalaT
partniori. eWvianobas kidev ufro meti konkurencia
SeiZleboda mohyolodaA.
sxva ZuZumwovrebi da frinvelebi: da bavSvic gamokvebon. meore SesaZlo gadawyveta
mSobiarobis Semdgomi moTxovnebi
zeviT CamoTvlili Teoriebidan, arc erTi ar xs-
nis bolomde imas, Tu ratom aris qorwineba saukeTe-
so gamosavali konkretuli problemis mogvarebi-
sTvis. amasTan erTad, Cven gvaqvs ZuZumwovrebsa
da frinvelebze dakvirvebis Sedegebi, romlebic
eWvqveS ayeneben CamoTvlil Teoriebs. saqme isaa, rom
cxovelebis mraval saxeobaSi SeiniSneba xangrZlivi
da myari megobroba sapirispiro sqesis individebs
Soris. maTze dakvirvebiT SegviZlia, garkveuli
daskvnebis gamotana imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra faqtorebi ga-
napirobeben amgvar urTierTobebs. frinvelTa saxe-
obebis umetesobas da ZuZumwovarTa zog saxeobas,
magaliTad, mglebsa da Taxvebs, `qorwinebis~ msgavsi
urTierToba aqvT. gamokvleuli cxovelebisa da fr-
invelebis 40-mde saxeobaSi sqesTaSoris kavSirs arc
erTi CamoTvlili faqtori ar ganapirobebdaA. cxove-
lebSi ar SeiniSneba Sromis genderuli danawileba,
xolo rac metia naSieris dedaze damokidebulebis
dro da rac ufro meti seqsualobiT xasiaTdebi-
an mdedrebi, miT xSiria partniorebis cvlac. ma-
gram miuxedavad Sromis danawilebis ararsebobisa,
naSieris dedaze damokidebulebis xanmokleobisa da
mdedrTa arcTu maRali seqsualobis pirobebSic ki
cxovelebsa da frinvelebSi adgili aqvs individebs
Soris sakmaod myar da xangrZliv kavSirs, romelic
adamianebis qorwinebas hgavs.
faqtori, romelic xsnis cxovelebs Soris arse-
bul urTierTobebs da SesaZloa, adamianebis qor-
winebis universalobasac, gaxlavT mSobiarobis
Semdgomi periodis moTxovnilebebi. cxovelebis im
saxeobebSi, sadac mdedri Svilis gaCenidan maleve
axerxebs sakvebis mopovebas, mdedri da mamri indi-
videbis xangrZlivi megobroba iSviaTiAa. xolo saxe-
obebSi, sadac dedas naSieris gaCenidan garkveuli
drois manZilze ar SeuZlia sakvebis mopoveba, ro-
gorc wesi, stabiluri sqesTaSorisi urTierTobebi
aRiniSnebAa. magaliTad, frinvelebSi dedisaTvis
sakvebis saSovnelad wasvla da bartyebis budeSi mar-
to mitoveba maT safrTxeSi Cagdebas niSnavs. magram
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mas hyavs megobari mamri, romelic
sakvebs moitans an saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi Tavad dar-
Ceba budeSi, mdgomareoba umjobesdeba da bartyebis
gadarCenis SesaZleblobac izrdebaA. im cxovelebSi,
romelTa naSiers dabadebidan ramdenime wuTSi Ta-
visuflad SeuZlia dedasTan erTad gadaadgileba
(magaliTad, antilopebi da cxenebi) an romlebSic
dedebs Tavad gadahyavT Silebi (magaliTad, kengu-
ru da babuini), ar SeiniSneba myari urTierTobebi.
vfiqrobT, rom adamianebSic swored mSobiarobis
Semdgomi periodis faqtorma iCina Tavi. qals ar See-
Zlo bavSvis tareba, radgan sxeulis balniani safa-
rvelis ZiriTadi nawili dakarguli hqonda da bavSvi
mas veRar moeWidebodaA. xolo imis gamo, rom adamian-
327
ebi damokidebuli iyvnen sakvebis mopovebis xSirad
sakmaod saxifaTo meTodebze, dedebs naklebad See-
ZloT am periodSi sakvebis mopovebaA.
im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu davuSvebT, rom qalebs
Cvilisa da sakuTari Tavis gamokvebis problema
hqondaT, jer kidev kiTxvis niSnis qveS dgas, rom is
saukeTeso gamosavaliaA. Cven vTvliT, rom es asea,
radgan sxva SesaZlo variantebi naklebad efeqtu-
riaA. magaliTad, Tu deda sxva qalTan SeTanxmdeboda
urTierTdaxmarebis Sesaxeb, verc erTi ver SeZlebda
sakmarisi sakvebis mopovebas TavisTvis, amxanagisT-
vis da orives SvilebisaTvis. dedas da mamas ki Seu-
ZliaT gauziaron erTmaneTs mopovebuli produqti
SeiZleba yofiliyo adamianebis jgufi, sadac mamak-
acebi da qalebi erTmaneTs daexmarebodnen. magram
am SemTxvevaSi dedas, SesaZloa, yovelTvis ver ep-
ovna mamakaci, romelic mis Svils mixedavda im drois
ganmavlobaSi, roca sakvebis mosapoveblad iqneboda
wasuli an Tavad moutanda sakvebs deda-Svils. am-
rigad, rogorc Cans, swored mSobiarobis Semdgomi
periodis faqtori aris is, rac ganapirobebs cxove-
lebsa da adamianebSi SedarebiT myari sqesTaSorisi
kavSirebis arsebobas. bevrs SeiZleba saeWvod moeCve-
nos cxovelebze dakvirvebis Sedegebis adamianebze
ganzogadeba, magram Cven vTvliT, rom am SemTxvevaSi
es swori gadawyvetilebAaa.
rogor qorwindebian adamianebi
rodesac vambobT, rom qorwineba socialurad
miRebuli da mxardaWerili sqesobrivi da ekonomi-
kuri kavSiria, vgulisxmobT, rom yvela sazoga-
doebas qorwinebis gza aqvs, Tumca es gzebic erT-
maneTisagan Zalian gansxvavebuliaA. mizezebis gamo,
romlebic CvenTvis jerjerobiT bolomde naTeli
ar aris, zog kulturaSi qorwineba detalurad dax-
vewili ritualebiTa da ceremoniebiTa aRiniSneba,
zogSi ki es ambavi bevrad ufro araformalur sax-
es atarebs. sazogadoebebis umetesobaSi qorwine-
bas axlavs garkveuli ekonomikuri tranzaqciebic,
zogjer qorwinebamde, zogjer qorwinebis dros,
xolo zogjer _ qorwinebis Semdeg.
niSnoba
,,me Sen miyvarxar. M magram bolomde patiosani rom viyo,
Seviyvarebdi neibismier sayvarel frinvels, romelic
gamoCndeboda.”
328
daniSvnis ceremonia mraval sazogadoebaSi aRin-
iSnebaA. Tumca arian iseTebic, magaliTad, taram-
iutis tomis inuitebi, trobriandis kunZulelebi
da axlagvineeli kvomas sazogadoeba, romlebic
gansxvavebul socialur signalebs iyeneben imis man-
iSneblad, rom qorwineba SedgaA. inuit taramiutebs
Soris daniSvna Zalian mniSvnelovan ramed iTvle-
baA. amis Sesaxeb momavali col-qmris mSoblebi Tanx-
mdebian Svilebis sqesobrivi momwifebis an ufro
adreul periodSi. rodesac axalgazrdebi Sesabam-
is asaks miaRweven, vaJi YTavisi daniSnulis ojaxSi
midis da gamosacdeli vadiT cxovrobs maTTan. Tu
yvelaferi kargad warimarTa anu gogona daor-
sulda daaxloebiT erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi, maSin
wyvili daqorwinebulad iTvlebaA. amis Semdeg, coli
da qmari vaJis banakSi brundebian sacxovreblad.
trobriandis kunZulebis mcxovreblebi, maTTvis
damaxasiaTebeli seqsualuri Tavisuflebis Sesabam-
isad, wyvilis urTierTobasa da qorwinebis survils
erTad cxovrebiT gamoxataven. maT erTad sZinavT,
sazogadoebaSi erTad Cndebian da saerTod did
dros uTmoben erTmaneTs. rodesac qali vaJisagan
saCuqris miRebas Tanxmdeba, es misi mSoblebis das-
turis niSanic aris. amis Semdeg, wyvili vaJis saxlSi
gadadis, sadac qali sakvebs iRebs da mTeli dRis man-
Zilze dahyveba qmars. Sedegad vrceldeba xma, rom es
ori adamiani col-qmariaA.
axalgvineel kvomas sazogadoebaSi miRebulia
qorwinebis sacdeli vadaA. garkveuli drois ganma-
vlobaSi sacole saqmros saxlSi cxovrobs da am pe-
riodSi sakvebs mxolod TavisTvis amzadebs. saqmro
Zveleburad ded-mamisa da naTesavi qalebis momza-
debul sakvebs miirTmevs. da ai, dgeba dRe, rode-
sac sadedamTilo daaskvnis, rom es gogona misTvis
sasurveli sarZloa da SvilisaTvis ki sasurveli
sacole, ris Semdegac sadedamTilo sarZlos ufle-
bas aZlevs, mis Svils sadili moumzados. es xdeba
maSin, rodesac Svili saxlSi ar imyofebaA. rodesac
igi saxlSi brundeba, mas sacolis mier gakeTebul
sadils miarTmeven. Wamis dros deda Svils amcnobs,
rom es saWmeli misi colis gakeTebuliaA. saqmro ga-
dis ezoSi, ifurTxeba da xmamaRla gamoxatavs uk-
mayofilebas saWmlis ugemurobis gamo. amis Semdeg,
qal-vaJi daqorwinebulad iTvlebaA.
im sazogadoebebSi, sadac daniSvna ceremoniebis
TanxlebiT xdeba, lxinis mowyoba am ceremoniebis
erT-erTi Semadgeneli nawilia xolme. amiT ori ojax-
is kavSiri sayovelTaod cxaddebaA. cimbirel tun-
gusTa tomebSi qorwilis dRes xangrZlivi molapara-
kebebis Semdeg niSnaven. am dRes mTeli sanaTesao
ikribebaA. ori ojaxis warmomadgenlebi cal-calke
Slian TavianT karavs. mefis mier patarZlis ojaxi-
saTvis saCuqrebis gadacemis Semdeg mziTvebiT irems
tvirTaven da saqmros karvisaken miaqvT. aq ceremo-
niis mTavari nawili iwyeba: patarZali ikavebs Tavis
adgils saqmros marjvniv da masTan erTad Camouv-
lis stumrebs, romlebic karavSi did wreze sxedan.
esalmebian TiToeul stumars, stumari patarZals
pirze da xelebze kocniT pasuxobs. sabolood, is
adamianebi, romlebic qorwilis dRis daniSvnis mo-
laparakebaSi monawileobdnen, patarZals samjer
afurTxeben xelze, wyvili col-qmrad cxaddeba da
lxini grZeldebaA.
mraval sazogadoebaSi qorwineba mtrobis ritu-
alur gamoxatvas Seicavs. amgvari ceremoniis erT-
erTi saxea ojaxebs Soris Seuracxmyofeli SeZax-
ilebis gacvlaA. amis magaliTs polineziis kunZul
pakapukaze vxvdebiT. amgvari damcinavi Sairoba bevr
sazogadoebaSi xdeba xolme. aris SemTxvevebi, rode-
sac mtruli ganwyoba sruliad gulaxdilad gamoix-
atebaA. magaliTad, kenieli gusiiebis tomSi.
`siZis xuTi axalgazrda Tanmxlebi piri midis
patarZlis saxlSi mis wasayvanad. ori maTgani dauy-
ovnebliv poulobs qals da mis gverdiT dgeba sada-
rajod. danarCeni sami ki, mSoblebTan molaparake-
bebs awarmoeben. SeTanxmebis Semdeg, sacole saxlis
boZebs eWideba da uars acxadebs wasvlaze. igi ZaliT
gahyavT saxlidan da mihyavT saqmros saxlSi. gzaze
patarZali xmamaRla tiris da mwuxarebis niSnad Tav-
Si xelebs icems~.
magram brZola amiT ar mTavrdebaA. ormxrivi an-
tagonizmi saqorwino sarecelzec grZeldeba, TviT
koitusis drosac ki. nefe valdebulia, Tavisi mamak-
acuroba da vaJkacoba gamoavlinos, patarZalma ki
misi es Tvisebebi unda gamoscados. rogorc robert
da barbara levinebi aRniSnavdnen, `patarZlisaT-
vis umjobesad iTvleba, rac met xans SeunarCunebs
vnebas Tavis mamakacs. am ukanasknels aqvs stimuli.
Tu qalma meore dRes siaruli ver SeZlo, mas `namd-
vili mamakacis~ saxeli gauvardeba~ mtrobis amgvari
gamoxatulebebi, rogorc wesi, im sazogadoebebSi
Cndeba, sadac qal-vaJis naTesavebi an potenciuri
mtrebi arian an ukve mtroben erTmaneTs. `mtruli~
soflebis wevrebze daqorwineba bevr sazogadoeba-
Sia gavrcelebuli.
rogorc es magaliTi miuTiTebs, saqorwino cer-
emoniebSi xSirad aris simbolizebuli kulturis
mniSvnelovani elementebi. Tu gusiiebis ceremonia
or ojaxs Soris arsebuli mtrobis amsaxveli Sei-
Zleba iyos, sxva sazogadoebaSi piriqiT, ceremonia,
SesaZloa, ojaxebs Soris harmoniis gamomxatveli da
wamaxalisebeli iyos. magaliTad, polineziur kun-
Zul rotumaze saqorwino ceremoniis mniSvnelovani
nawilia qali klounebi. maT Yceremoniis gamxiarule-
ba da sasiamovno atmosferos Seqmna evalebaT, rac
aadvilebs or mxares Soris urTierTobas.
qorwinebis ekonomikuri aspeqtebi
`qali da kaci ki ar qorwindebian, aramed yanebi,
venaxebi da pirutyvi~. ai, ase miwierad gamoxatavd-
nen germaneli glexebi im faqts, rom mraval sazoga-
doebaSi qorwineba mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri Si-
naarsis movlenaaA. Cvens sazogadoebaSi amgvari ram
SeiZleba gamovlindes an ar gamovlindes. cnobili
kulturebis 75%-Si qorwinebasTan dakavSirebiT
erTi an ramdenime ekonomikuri gacvla xdeba, ro-
melic an qorwinebamdea an qorwinebisas an mis Semdeg.
es gacvlebi sxvadasxva formis SeiZleba iyos: saco-
lis fasi, sacolis samsaxuri, saCuqrebis gacvla, mz-
iTevi da arapirdapiri mziTevi. kulturaTa Soris am
formebis gavrceleba ixilieT naxazze 20-1.
sacolis fasi sacolis fasi, anu sacolis qone-
baA. aris gadasaxadi an saCuqari, romelsac mamakaci
uxdis sacolis ojaxs qalze uflebis mosapoveblad.
transaqciis es forma yvelaze metad aris gavrcele-
buli. igi ekonomikuri transaqciebis mqone sazoga-
doebebis 44%-Si aris miRebuli. TiTqmis yvela am
sazogadoebaSi sacolis fasi sakmaod mniSvnelova-
nia, magram gansakuTrebiT xSirad afrikisa da okeane-
Tis sazogadoebebSi gvxvdebaA. gadaxdis sxvadasxva
gza SeiZleba iyos. pirutyvi da sakvebi yvelaze
ufro gavrcelebuliaA. komerciuli gacvlis mniSvn-
elobis zrdasTan erTad, gaizarda fulis rolic.
nandis tomSi patarZlis fasi 5-7 suli pirutyvis, 1-
2 cxvaris an Txis, kauris niJarebisa da erTi Zroxis
safasur fulad Tanxas Seadgens. TviT qalis qalTan
qorwinebis SemTxvevaSic ki, qali qmari valdebulia

gadaixados es gadasaxadi.
filipinebze mcxovrebi subanunebi sacolis `siZ-
viriT~ gamoirCevian. igi saqmros ramdenime wlis Se-
mosavals udris, rasac 3-5 wlis manZilze sacolis
samsaxuri (am saxes Semdeg qveTavSi aRvwerT) ematebaA.
saadmiralos kunZulebze mcxovrebi manus sazoga-
doebaSi mamakacs ekonomikuri mxardamWeri (rogorc
wesi, ufrosi Zma an biZa) sWirdeba, romelic daex-
mareba mas valebis gastumrebaSi. es SeiZleba moxdes
qorwilis dResve an wlebis ganmavlobaSi gaiwelos,
gaaCnia fasis raodenobas.
im qveteqstebis miuxedavad, rasac Cveni xedviT
SeiZleba atarebdes sacolis fasi, igi sulac ar gana-
pirobebs qalis maRal statuss. piriqiT, Cven vnaxavT,
rom es movlena qalis SedarebiT dabal statusTan
aris dakavSirebuli. sacolis fasi, SesaZloa, mniS-
vnelovani iyos qalisa da misi ojaxisaTvis, radgan
igi garkveul SemTxvevaSi dazRvevis rols TamaSobs.
Tu qorwineba dairRva da amaSi qals brali ar miuZR-
vis, mis ojaxs ufleba aqvs, ar daabrunos miRebuli
safasuri. meore mxriv, qalis mxare SeiZleba miRe-
buli safasuris gamo zewolis qveS moeqces da daaZa-
los qals arasasurvel qmarTan darCena, raTa Tanxis
dabruneba ar mouwios. rac metia sacolis fasi, miT
rTulia SemdgomSi daSorebaA.
sacolis fasi ufro metad im sazogadoebebSia
gavrcelebuli, romlebic mebaReobas misdeven da
socialuri dayofa ar gaaCniaT. sacolis fasi ar-
sebobs iq, sadac qalis roli meurneobaSi metad
mniSvnelovania da igi aqtiurad minawileobs pirve-
lad saarsebo saqmianobebSi. miuxedavad amisa, ze-
moTqmuli ar niSnavs imas, rom am sazogadoebebSi
qals maRali sazogadoebrivi mdgomareoba uWiravs.
am sazogadoebebSi ojaxSi gadawyvetilebebis umete-
sobas mamakaci iRebs. es ki qalebis dabali statusis
erT-erTi mniSvnelovani indikatoriaA.
sacolis samsaxuri Semdegi qorwinebasTan da-
kavSirebuli ekonomikuri transaqciebis yvelaze
gavrcelebuli forma sacolis samsaxuri gaxlavT.
igi aRniSnuli transaqciebis mqone sazogadoebebis
daaxloebiT 19%-Sia gavrcelebuli. sacolis sam-
saxuri saqmros mier qalis ojaxisaTvis muSaobas
gulisxmobs. xandaxan qorwinebamde, xandaxan qor-
winebis dros da xandaxan qorwinebis Semdeg. misi
xangrZlivoba sxvadasxva SeiZleba iyos. zog sazoga-
doebaSi igi ramdenime Tves grZeldeba, sxvebSi ki
ramdenime weliwads. Crdilo aliaskeli eskimosebSi
qmari colis ojaxSi qorwinebis dagegmvis Semdeg
midis. Tavisi valdebulebebis Sesasruleblad mas
ubralod SeuZlia selapi moklas da igi sacolis
ojaxSi miitanos. qorwineba aRsrulebulad SeiZleba
CaiTvalos samsaxuris nebismier momentSi. xandaxan
isec xdeba, rom sacolis samsaxuri sacolis fasis
Semamcirebeli faqtoris rolSi gamodis. Crdilo da
samxreT amerikel indielTa mraval sazogadoebaSi,
ZiriTadad swored sacolis samsaxuri iyo gavrcele-
buli.
qalebis gacvla gansaxilveli sazogadoebebis
daaxloebiT 6%-Si gavrcelebulia ekonomikuri
transaqciis Taviseburi saxe, qalebis gacvlAa. igi
gulisxmobs imas, rom colis moyvanis SemTxvevaSi, ma-
makaci valdebulia, Tavisi da an naTesavi qali gauS-
vas im sazogadoebaSi, saidanac misi meuRle wamovidaA.
amgvar sazogadoebaTa Soris arian dasavleT afri-
kaSi tivis, brazialiasa da venesuelaSi ianomamos
tomebi. isini mebaReebi arian, egalitaruli wyobiT
cxovroben da qalebi maT pirvelad saarsebo saqmi-
anobaSi Zalian mniSvnelovan rols asruleben.
saCuqrebis gacvla sazogadoebebis daaxloebiT
329
patarZlis
patarZlis
momsaxureba 19%
momsaxureba 44%
qalebis
gacvla 6%
saCuqrebis
gacvla 11%
mziTvebi arapirdapiri
8% mziTvebi 12%
suraTi 20-1 qorwinebis ekonomikuri trans-
aqciis formebis gavrceleba amgvari trans-
aqciebis mqone sazogadoebebs Soris.
aRsaniSnavia, rom eTnografiul CanawerebSi arian sazogadoebebi
(25%), sadac qorwinebas araviTari ekonomikuri transaqciebi ar
ukavSirdebaA.
11%-Si gavrcelebulia qorwinebis dros saCuqrebis
gacvlaA. saCuqrebi Tanabari Rirebulebis unda iyos.
magaliTad, andamanis kunZulebis mcxovreblebs
Soris mas Semdeg, rac qal-vaJi daqorwinebis sur-
vils gamoTqvams, maTi ojaxebi wyveten erTmaneTTan
urTierTobas da iwyeben sakvebisa da sxva nivTebis
saCuqrad gagzavnas erTmaneTisaTvis mesame piris
meSveobiT. es gacvla grZeldeba manamde, vidre qor-
wineba aRsrulebulad ar miiCneva da ori ojaxi naTe-
sauri kavSiriT ar SeikvrebaA.
mziTvebi es aris garkveuli Rirebulebis qoneba,
romelsac patarZals ojaxi aZlevs. mziTvs sazoga-
doebebis 8%-Sia gavrcelebuli. aqamde ganxiluli
transaqciebisagan gansxvavebiT, mziTvebi ar icvle-
ba ojaxebs Soris. qalis ojaxi mziTevs Svils aZlevs
da sanacvlod arafers iRebs. es tradicia gavrcele-
buli iyo Sua saukuneebisa da renesansis evropaSi, aq
mziTvis RirebulebiT irCevdnen sasurvel sapatar-
Zlos. es Cveuleba dResac SemorCenilia aRmosavleT
evropis nawilSi, safrangeTisa da italiis samxreT-
Si, sadac mziTvis rolSi xSirad miwa gamodis; aseve
indoeTis rig mxareebSi.
aseT sazogadoebebSi qalebi iSviaTad monawil-
eobdnen pirvelad saarsebo saqmianobaSi. aq Sein-
iSneba socialuri diferenciaciis maRali xarisxi
da mamakacs erTdroulad erTze meti colis yolis
ufleba ar aqvs. rogor warmoiSva amgvar sazogadoe-
bebSi mziTvebis tradicia? erTi Teoriis Tanaxmad,
mziTvi qalisa da misi Svilebis samomavlo uzrun-
velyofis garantiaa, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu qali
pirvelad saarsebo saqmianobaSi mniSvnelovan rols
ar Seasrulebs. meore Teoriis mixedviT, mziTevi
saukeTeso sasiZos mosazidad aris saWiro iseT mo-
nogamiur sazogadoebaSi, sadac socialuri dife-
renciaciis maRali xarisxiaA. iTvleba, rom ukeTesi
330

anTropologiuri uCveulobebi
qorwineba yvelgan erT-
nairi ar gaxlavT. ori adamians
`daqorwinebulad~ sxvadasxva
kulturaSi gansxvavebulad
aRiqvamen. gansxvavebebia TviT
kulturebis SigniTac. rac
Seexeba CrdiloeT amerikas,
aq qorwinebis Sesaxeb SeiZle-
ba darwmunebiT iTqvas erTi
ram: sazogadoebaSi arsebobs
codna imis Sesaxeb, rom ori
adamiani daqorwinebuliaA. mra-
val sazogadoebaSi qorwineba
yovelgvari formaluri cer-
emoniebisa da sxvebis Carevis
gareSe xdebaA. daaxloebiT is-
eve, rogorc CvenSi sakmaod
gavrcelebuli `Tanacxovrebis~
dros. amis magaliTia mikrone-
mikronezieli iapebi
ziaSi mcxovrebi iapebis tomi.
`ufrosi asakis iapebi yvebian,
rom maT ramdenime gataceba hqon-
daT, sanam iseT qals ipovnidnen,
romelic maTTvis sasurveli aR-
moCndebodAa. rodesac grZnoba
civdeboda, orive axali part-
nioris Zebnas iwyebdaA. Zalian sa-
siamovno iyo urTierTobis daw-
yebis procesi, adamianebi 25-30
wlamde naklebad qorwindebod-
nen.
qorwineba ori mTavari mizez-
iT xdeboda: erTad yofnis sur-
viliT gamowveuli xangrZlivi da
mtkice urTierTobebis aucile-
blobis grZnobiTa da bavSvis yo-
lis surviliT. rodesac wyvilis
urTierToba stabiluri xde-
boda, isini qorwinebaze saubars
iwyebdnen. qalebi xSirad ufro
winaaRmdegebi iynvnen qorwiebi-
sa, vidre mamakacebi, radgan
colis mZime movaleobebi na-
klebad exalisebodaT. Tumca
bolos mainc Tanxmdebodnen.
mamakacs Tavisi qali saxlSi mi-
hyavda da mamas ucxadebda, rom
maT qorwineba surdaT. mamebi,
rogorc wesi, winaaRmdegobas
ar uwevdnen. saqmro da mama-
misi midiodnen qalis ojaxSi
da sacolis mamas niJaris fuls
sTavazobdnen, raTa misgan qor-
winebis nebarTva mieRoT. qalis
mamis mier niJarebis miRebis
Semdeg qorwineba aRsrulebu-
lad iTvleboda da wyvili vaJis
saxlSi idebda binas.

mziTvis mqone qals ufro maRali statusis mqone
mamakacze daqorwinebis SesaZlebloba aqvs. igulisx-
meba, rom mziTvi zrdis qalisa da misi Svilebis re-
produqtiuli warmatebis SesaZleblobebs. orive
Teoria dadasturebulia kroskulturuli kvleve-
biT. iTvleba, rom meore Teoria ukeT xsnis mziTvis
warmoSobas. mraval diferencirebul sazogadoeba-
Si (maT Soris CvenSic), sadac qalsa da mamakacs erTi
meuRle hyavT, es tradicia aRar aris. ratom xdeba
ase, jer kidev gamosakvleviAa.
arapirdapiri mziTvi zogierT sazogadoebaSi
patarZlis mziTvi siZis ojaxidan modis. saqmros mama
saCuqrebs patarZlis mamas gadascems, es ukanaskneli
ki maT Tavis Svils aZlevs. amas arapirdapiri mziTvi
ewodebaA. igi saqorwino transaqciebis mqone sazoga-
doebaTa daaxloebiT 12%-s axasiaTebs. maT Soris
arian iraneli baserebi, sadac sasiZos mama wyvilisaT-
vis axal sacxovrebels aSenebs. igi fuls patarZlis
mamas gadascems, es ukanaskneli ki am fuliT, an misi
nawiliT mainc, Svilis sacxovreblisaTvis saWiro
WurWlebs, sabnebsa da xaliCebs yidulobs.
qorwinebis SezRudva: incestis tabu
holivuduri filmebis sawinaaRmdegod, qorwine-
ba mxolod ormxrivi da Tavisufali nebiT gamoxatu-
li siyvarulis Sedegi ar aris. igi ar aris dafuZneb-
uli arc mxolod qonebasa da seqsze, TviT maSinac ki,
rodesac siyvaruli, seqsi da ekonomikuri faqtore-
bi xels uwyobs qorwinebas, SesaZlebelia, arsebob-
des Semaferxebeli faqtorebic. erT-erTi, romelic
msoflios yvela kulturaSi arsebobs, aris incestis
tabu. igi krZalavs sqesobriv kavSirsa da qorwinebas
axlo naTesavebs Soris.
incestis tabus universaluri aspeqtebia sqeso-
brivi urTierTobebisa da qorwinebis akrZalva mSo-
blebsa da Svilebs, aseve da-Zmas Soris. axlo warsu-
lis arc erT sazogadoebaSi ar aris nebadarTuli
amgvari kavSirebi. Tumca ufro axlo periodSi in-
cesti nebadarTuli iyo samefo da aristokratuli
ojaxebis wevrebs Soris. xolo mosaxleobis danarCe-
ni nawilisaTvis ki akrZaluli gaxldaT. magaliTad,
inkebisa da havais samefo ojaxebSi ojaxis SigniT
xdeboda qorwinebebi. msoflio istoriaSi incestis
erT-erTi yvelaze ufro cnobili magaliTi egviptis
dedofali kleopatra gaxlavT.
naTelia, Tu ratom iyo Zveli egviptis faraonTa
ojaxSi nebadarTuli mamisa da qaliSvilis an da-
Zmis qorwinebaA. kleopatra sxvadasxva dros Tavisi
ori sxvadasxva Zmis coli iyo. mizezi, nawilobriv
religiuri da nawilobriv ekonomikuri gaxldaT.
religiuri im mxriv, rom faraoni RmerTad iTvle-
boda da Cveulebriv adamianTan daqorwineba misTvis
miuRebeli iyo. ekonomikuri ki im mxriv, rom samefo
ojaxis qoneba ojaxis gareT ar gasuliyo. egviptis
SemTxvevaSi unda aRiniSnos isic, rom Zv. w. 30 wli-
dan ax.w. 324 wlamde incesti nebadarTuli iyo ara
mxolod samefo ojaxSi. qorwinebaTa daaxloebiT
8%-s Cveulebriv xalxSic ki Zmisa da dis qorwineba
warmoadgendaA.
dRes arc erT kulturaSi ar arsebobs nebarTva
incestze. ra aris amis mizezi. ratom gaxda incestis
tabu universaluri faqtori? arsebobs ramdenime
Teoria, romelic cdilobs, axsnas es movlenaA.
bavSvobis megobrobis Teoria
es Teoria 1920-ian wlebSi eduard vestermarkma
gaavrcelaA. mis mixedviT, adreuli bavSvobidan er-
Tad gazrdili adamianebi, magaliTad, da-Zmebi, ar
arian erTmaneTiT sqesobrivad dainteresebulni da
arc qorwindebian. es Teoria SemdgomSi uaryves imis
gamo, rom kvlevebis Sedegad, zog bavSvSi SeamCnies
sqesobrivi interesi mSoblebis an da-Zmebis mimarT.
Tumca, mecnierTa azriT, vestermarkis Teoria bo-
lomde mcdari ar iyo.
ionina talmonma gamoikvlia sami kibucis (dabis
tipis dasaxleba israelSi) mosaxleobis meore Tao-
baA. kibucebSi bavSvebi mSoblebisagan gancalkeve-
biT, Tanatolebis did jgufebSi izrdebian. kvlevis
Sedegad gairkva, rom 125 wyvilidan arc erTi ar iyo
iseTi, romelic erTi jgufis wevrebma Seqmnes. miuxe-
davad imisa, rom mSoblebi cdilobdnen, maT Svilebs

maTive jgufis wevrebTan hqonodaT urTierTobaA.
erTad gazrdili bavSvebi ara mxolod ar qorwind-
ebodnen erTmaneTze, maT aranairi sqesobrivi urT-
ierToba ar hqondaT.
talmonma daadgina, rom erTad gazrda da mud-
mivi siaxlove erTmaneTisadmi interess aqrobs. erT-
erTma axalgazrdam talmons uTxra: `Cven erTmaneTi-
saTvis gadaSlili wignebiviT varT. Cven wakiTxuli
gvaqvs mTeli wigni da yvelaferi viciT erTmaneTze~.
talmonis mer miRebuli Sedegebi cxadhyofdnen, rom
Tu erTi tomis axalgazrdebSi ar iyo interesi, sa-
magierod es iyo ucxoTa mimarT, risi mizezic maTi
`idumaleba~ gaxldaT.
artur volfis mier CrdiloeT taivanSi Catare-
buli kvlevis Sedegebi adasturebs mosazrebas, rom
erTad gazrda adamianebs Soris sqesobrivi intere-
sis gaqrobas iwvevs. taivanSi jer kidev arsebobs Zve-
li Cinuri tradicia tung-iang-hsi anu `bavSvobidan
aRzrdili rZali~.
`rodesac Rarib ojaxSi gogona ibadeba . . . mas
or wlis asakSi xSirad yidian an aSvileben megobris
an naTesavis ojaxSi, sadac igi ojaxis vaJis momaval
colad moiazrebA. gogonas `patara Cits~ eZaxian da
Tavis momaval qmarTan erTad zrdian~.
volfis kvlevam aCvena, rom amgvari dagegmva mniS-
vnelovan sirTuleebs iwvevda qorwinebis Semdeg.
col-qmars Soris naklebi ltolva da interesi iyo.
Sedegad maT cota Svili uCndebodaT, vidre im wyvi-
lebs, romlebic erTmaneTisagan moSorebiT gaiz-
ardnen. amgvarad dagegmili qorwinebebi SedarebiT
xSirad irRveodaA.
amrigad, talmonisa da volfis Sromebma daadas-
tura, rom erTad gazrdil bavSvebs erTmaneTisadmi
sqesobrivi ltolva naklebad hqondaT. es daskvna
damajereblobas matebs vestermarkis mosazrebas
imis Sesaxeb, rom incestis tabu axlonaTesauri ka-
vSiris Tavidan acilebis meqanizmi ufroa, vidre
akrZalvis. hilda da seimur parkerebma gamoikvlies
fsiqiatriuli saavadmyofoebis is pacienti mamak-
acebi, romelTac TavianT qaliSvilebTan sqesobrivi
kavSiri hqondaT. aRmoCnda, rom amgvari mamebi Tavi-
anTi qaliSvilebis aRzrdaSi faqtobrivad ar monaw-
ileobdnen da iSviaTad xedavdnen maT, radgan drois
ZiriTad nawilis ojaxidan Sors atarebdnen. xolo im
mamebs, romlebic monawileobdnen Svilis aRzrdaSi,
maT mimarT sqesobrivi ltolviT ar axasiaTebT. es
erayi, baRdadi. patarZlis Zma
siZes mziTvebs aCvenebs.
331
kvlevac, rogorc vxedavT, eTanxmeba vestermarkis
Teorias.
vestermarki msjelobda adreuli bavSvobidan
Camoyalibebul urTierTobebze, romlebic sqeso-
brivi ltolvis gaqrobas iwveven. sxva mecnierebma
dasves kiTxva, Tu ratom ar zRudavs incestis tabu
biZaSvilebis qorwinebas. Zalian xSirad biZaSvilebi
erTmaneTis siaxloves izrdebian da tabu maTzec
unda vrceldebodes, radgan maT erTmaneTisadmi sqe-
sobrivi ltolva ar unda gauCndeT. magram es ase ar
xdebaA. biZaSvilebs Soris qorwineba mraval sazoga-
doebaSia miRebuli.
im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu bavSvobis megobroba marT-
lac iwvevs sqesobrivi interesis gaqrobas, kiTxva,
Tu ratom ikrZaleba is, rac TavisTavad ar moxdeba,
pasuxgaucemeli rCebaA. gaurkvevelia agreTve isic,
rogor xdeba, rom mravali wyvili inarCunebs erTma-
neTisadmi interess qorwinebis mravali wlis Semde-
gac.
froidis fsiqoanalizis Teoria
froidi Tvlida, rom incestis tabu aris adamianis
fsiqikis reaqcia miuRebel, qvecnobier survilebze.
misi azriT, vaJebi dedisaken iltvian (iseve, rogorc
qalebi mamisaken) da mamisadmi mtrobasa da eWviano-
bas grZnoben. magram vaJma icis, rom am grZnobebis
ayola ar SeiZleba, radgan amas mamis sapasuxo reaq-
cia mohyvebaA. amitom, es grZnobebi unda daiTrgu-
nos. maTi gandevna qvecnobierSi xdebaA. magram dedis
dauflebis survili kvlavac agrZelebs arsebobas
da froidis azriT, incestis SiSi swored miuRebeli
qvecnobieri survilebis winaaRmdeg gamomuSavebuli
meqanizmiaA.
froidis Teoria, SesaZloa, xsnides incesti-
sadmi zizRs, an misi im nawilisadmi mainc, romelic
mSoblebisa da Svilebis urTierTobebs exebaA. magram
igi ar xsnis dasa da Zmas Soris incestis akrZalvas.
am Teorias ewinaaRmdegeba vestermarikis hipoTezis
damadasturebeli kvlevebic.
ojaxis ngrevis Teoria
es Teoria xSirad bronislav malinovskis sax-
elTan aris dakavSirebuli. igi Semdegnairad SeiZle-
332
ba CamovayaliboT: ojaxis wevrebs Soris arsebuli
sqesobrivi konkurencia imdenad Zabavda situacias,
rom ojaxi ver iarsebebda, rogorc efeqturi er-
Teuli. imis gamo, rom ojaxi sazogadoebis simyares
ganapirobebs, sazogadoebam TviTon akrZala ojaxis
SigniT daZabulobisa da mtrobis gamomwvevi mizezi.
amrigad, am Teoriis mixedviT, incestis tabu ojaxis
simtkicis mcvelad gamocxaddaA.
Tumca arsebobs eWvis safuZvelic. sazogadoe-
bas SeeZlo, sxva gzebic gamoenaxa am SesaZlo daZ-
abulobis aRmosafxvrelad, magaliTad, garkveuli
wesebis SemuSavebiT, romelic daaregulirebda sqe-
sobriv urTierTobas Tanmimdevrobas da mospobda
konkurencias. sakiTxavia isic, Tu ratom udna yo-
filiyo da-Zmas Soris kavSiri esoden damangreveli?
rogorc viciT, Zvel egvipteSi arsebobda msgavsi
praqtikaA. da-Zmas Soris incesti ar daarRvevda mSo-
belebis Zalauflebas, Tuki Svilebi zrdasrul asak-
Si erTmaneTze daqorwindebodnen. amrigad, incestis
tabus axsnas verc ojaxis ngrevis Teoria axerxebs.
TanamSromlobis Teoria
es Teoria wamoayena adreuli periodis anTro-
plogma eduard tailorma da SemdgomSi daamuSaves
lesli uaiTma da klod levi strosmAa. igi emyareba
mosazrebas, rom incestis tabu xels uwyobs sx-
vadasxva ojaxs Soris qorwinebas, amiT zrdis Tanam-
Sromlobas da saboloo jamSi gadarCenis xarisxs.
tailoris azriT, sazogadoebis keTildReobisaTvis
aucilebeli rigi samuSaoebi mxolod mravali ada-
mianis TanamSromlobiT SeiZleba Catardes. ojaxebs
Soris mtrobisa da daZabulobis Sesamcireblad ada-
mianebma miiRes incestis akrZalva, raTa maqsimalu-
rad gaezardaT ojaxebs Soris kavSiri da TanamSrom-
lobaA. amrigad, tailori incestis tabus ganixilavda
rogorc arCevans `qorwinebasa da sikvdils~ Soris.
es mosazreba erTi SexedviT sakmaod mimzidveli
Cans, magram arsebobs Tu ara mtkicebulebebi mis sa-
sargeblod? gavixsenoT Tundac gusiiebis magaliTi,
sadac mtrulad ganwyobili jgufebis warmomadgen-
lebi qorwindebian. aumjobesebs Tu ara qorwineba
TanamSromlobis xarisxs ojaxebsa da jgufebs Soris?
imis gamo, rom Tanamedrove adamianebi ojaxs gareT
qorwindebian, rTulia imis Tqma, Tu rogori situacia
iqneboda gansxvavebul pirobebSi. samagierod, Segvi-
Zlia, gamovikvlioT, Tu ramdenad moqmedebs jgufebs
Soris TanamSromlobis xarisxze maT wevrebs Soris
qorwinebebi. am sakiTxis garSemo dagrovili codna
cxadhyofs, rom es mosazreba ar dasturdebaA. sazoga-
doebebs Soris maTi wevrebis qorwinebebis SemTxveva-
Si TanamSromloba da ganwyoba didad ar gansxvaveba
im SemTxvevebisagan, rodesac sazogadoebis wevrebi
mxolod erTmaneTSi qorwindebian.
magram maSinac ki, Tu gare qorwinebebi sxva
jgufebTan TanamSromlobas uzrunvelyofdnen, ra
saWiro iyo ojaxis SigniT ganxorcielebuli qor-
winebebis akrZalva? ojaxebs SeeZloT, TavianTi
wevri ojaxis gareT daeqorwinebinaT, Tuki es saWiro
iqneboda gadarCenisaTvis da Tu amis saWiroeba ar
iyo, neba daerToT incestur qorwinebaze. miuxeda-
vad imisa, rom incestis tabus SeuZlia gaaZlieros
kavSirebi ojaxebs Soris, TanamSromlobis saWiroeba
bolomde ver xsnis mis arsebobas. am sakiTxis mogva-
reba sxvagvaradac iqneboda SesaZlebeli; ufro
metic, es Teoria ar xsnis tabus sqesobriv mxares.
sazogadoebebs SeeZloT daeSvaT incesturi seqsic
da ojaxis gare qorwinebebic.
inbridingis Teoria
incestis tabus erT-erTi uZvelesi axsna inbrid-
ingis Teoria gaxlavT, romelic yuradRebas inces-
tis damangrevel genetikur Sedegebze amaxvilebs.
erTi ojaxis wevrebi erTi da imave mavnebeli recesi-
uli genis matarebelebi arian. rodesac adgili aqvs
inbridings anu axlonaTesaur kavSirs, imis albaTo-
ba, rom bavSvi genetikuri darRvevebis gamo Cvilo-
baSive gardaicvleba, izrdebaA. es Teoria didi xnis
manZilze uaryofili iyo, radgan ZaRlebis gadar-
Cevasa da jiSebis gamoyvanis praqtikaze dayrdno-
B bavSvebi israelis kibutcSi erTad iseve kar-
gad cxovroben, rogorc dadian skolaSi.

biT, inbridingi zianis momtani ar iyo. Tumca amisT-
vis im argumentis moyvana, rom inbridingiT Cempioni
ZaRlebi hyavdaT gamoyvanili, arasworiaA. ZaRlebTan
momuSaveebi ar iTvaliswinebdnen im lekvebs, rome-
lebsac isini uvargisebad Tvlidnen da xocavdnen.
amJamad ukve sakmao informacia gvaqvs (rogorc
cxovelTa, ise adamianTa Sesaxeb) saimisod, rom vTq-
vaT, rac ufro axlonaTesauria kavSiri, miT maRalia
saxifaTo genetikuri darRvevebis albaToba am kav-
Siris Sedegad dabadebul bavSvebSi.
genetikuri mutaciebi xSirad iCens Tavs. miuxeda-
vad imisa, rom erTi recesiuli genis matareblebs es
geni safrTxes ar uqmnis, Tuki misi meuRlec am genis
matarebeli aRmoCnda, maT bavSvs xSirad aqvs genTa
saxifaTo an sasikvdilo kombinaciaA. sisxliT naTe-
savebi ufro xSirad arian xolme erTi da imave saxi-
faTo genis matareblebi, amitom maTi kavSiris Sede-
gad dabadebuli bavSvi ufro xSirad iRupebaA.
erT-erTi kvlevis Sedegad dadginda, rom inces-
tis Sedegad bavSvebis 40% seriozuli darRveve-
biT daibada maSin, rodesac Cveulebrivi kavSirebis
Sedegad dabadebul bavSvebSi es maCvenebeli 5%-s
SeadgendaA. sxva naTesavebTan kavSiric saxifaToa, ma-
gram ara imdenad, rogorc ojaxis wevrebs Soris. es
mtkicebulebebi adastureben inbridingis Teoriis
samarTlianobas. am Teorias adasturebs is faqtic,
rom biZasa da Zmiswuls an diswuls Soris kavSiris
Sedegad dabadebuli bavSvi orjer ufro didi
safrTxis winaSe dgas genetikuri TvalsazrisiT,
vidre biZaSvil-mamidaSvilebis kavSiris Sedegad
dabadebuli.
miuxedavad imisa, rom mecnierebis umetesoba
cnobs inbridingis damangrevel efeqts, mainc Cndeba
kiTxva, icodnen ki Zvelma adamianebma imis Sesaxeb,
rom axlonaTesauri kavSiri saxifaTo iyo. uiliam
durhamis kulturaTaSorisma gamokvlevam daadas-
tura, rom maT es icodnen. eTnografebi yovelTvis
ver axerxebdnen informaciis miRebas, magram durha-
mis mier Catarebul gamokiTxvaSi mopasuxeTa 50%-ma
STamomavlobaze mavne gavlena axsenaA. reimond fir-
ti mogviTxrobs wynari okeanis samxreTSi mcxovrebi
tikopias xalxis Sesaxeb:
`iTvleba, rom axlo naTesavebTan kavSiris
msurvelebi Tavad iaxloveben sakuTar daRupvas
anu maras . . . `maras~ zogadad unayofobas gulisx-
mobs . . . incesturi wyvilebis unayofoba uSvilobiT
ki ara, Svilebis sisustiTa da sikvdilianobiT aris
gamowveuli. . . . iTvleba, rom axlo naTesavebis qor-
winebis Sedegad gaCenili bavSvi susti iqneba da adre
mokvdebaA. am azrs myarad aqvs xalxSi fesvi gadgmuli
da misi damadasturebeli sabuTebic moipoveba~.
amrigad, SesaZloa, adamianebma SeniSnes inbrid-
ingidan wamosuli safrTxe da mis sawinaaRmdegod
incestis tabu SeimuSaves. magram miuxedavad imisa,
adamianebs gaazrebuli hqondaT Tu ara inbridingis
mavnebloba, demografiuli Sedegebi uzrunvelyof-
da tabus sayovelTaoobas, radgan reproduqci-
uli da Sesabamisad adaptaciuri upiratesoba im
jgufebis mxareze iqneboda, romlebic tabus icavd-
nen. amrigad, Tu incestis tabu ojaxis simtkicis
SenarCunebasa da TanamSromlobaSi gadamwyvet rols
TamaSobs, inbridingis problemis gadasawyvetad in-
cestis tabu erTaderTi gza aRmoCndaA.
rogorc Semdeg qveTavebSi vixilavT, sazogadoeba-
Si SeiZleba arsebobdes an ar arsebobdes tabu pirve-
li rigis biZaSvil-mamidaSvilebs Soris sqesobriv
da saqorwino urTierTobaze. es gansxvavebac sru-
lad jdeba inbridingis TeoriaSi, rac kidev erTxel
adasturebs imas, rom incestis tabu SemoiRes an sxva
333
sazogadoebebidan gadmoitanes swored inbridingis
damangreveli gavlenisagan Tavis dasacavad.
visze udna davqorwindeT?
albaT, Cveni sazogadoebis yvela bavSvma icis
zRapari konkias Sesaxeb, sadac Raribi gogona xvdeba
ufliswuls, maT erTmaneTi uyvardebaT da qorwind-
ebian. es lamazi zRapari realur cxovrebaSi arse-
buli mdgomareobis amsaxvelad ar gamodgebaA. adami-
anTa sazogadoebaSi incestis tabus garda, arsebobs
kidev sxva SezRudvebi, rac qorwinebas am zRapari-
viT iolsa da Tavisufals ar xdis. sazogadoebebSi
arsebobs mkveTrad gamoxatuli tendenciebi da upi-
ratesobebi, romelTa mixedviTac irCeven saukeTeso
partniors.
TviT Cveni sazogadoebis msgavs Tanamedrove ur-
banizebul sazogadoebaSic ki, sadac meuRlis arCeva
TiTqosda Tavisufalia, adamianebi ufro metad saku-
Tari klasisa da geografiuli aris SigniT amjobine-
ben daqorwinebas. aSS-Si dadgenilia, rom adamianebi
ufro metad imaTze qorwindebian, vinc SedarebiT
axlos cxovrobs. samezobloSi, rogorc wesi, erTi
klasis warmomadgenlebi cxovroben, ase rom, qor-
winebaTa umetesoba naklebad hgavs konkias zRapars.
dagegmili qorwinebebi
msoflioSi arsebobs sakmaod bevri sazogadoeba,
sadac qorwinebas gegmaven. arseboben Suamavlebi an
uSualod ojaxebs Soris xdeba molaparakebaA. xSir-
ad SeTanxmebis dadebis momentisaTvis momavali
meuRleebi jer kidev bavSvebi arian. es damaxasiaTe-
beli iyo hindis indoeTis didi nawilis, CineTis,
iaponiis, samxreT da aRmosavleT evropisaTvis.
qorwinebebi igegmeboda, radganac ori ojaxis gaer-
Tianeba da axali socialuri erTeulis gaCena metad
mniSvnelovan saqmed iTvleboda saimisod, rom igi
iseTi SemTxveviTi da umarTavi ramisTvis miendoT,
rogoric siyvaruliaA.
dagegmili qorwinebis magaliTad klelan fordis
mier britaneTis kolumbiaSi, kvakiutlis tomis war-
momadgenlis naambobic gamodgebaA. ai, ra moyva man:
`rodesac 25 wlis gavxdi da Cemi daojaxebis dro
movida, Cemma Zmebma moZebnes gogo, romelsac igive
socialuri mdgomareoba ekava sazogadoebaSi, rac
Cven. CemTvis Tanxmobac ar ukiTxavT, ise amirCies
sacoled lagiusis qaliSvili. me sxva gogo momwon-
da, romelic ufro lamazi iyo, magram Cvenze ufro
dabali socialuri mdgomareobis ojaxidan iyo da
Cemi Zmebi ar momcemdnen masze daqorwinebis ufle-
bas~.
dagegmili qorwinebebi nel-nela qreba da wyvi-
lebs meti Tavisufleba eZlevaT partnioris ar-
CevaSi. 1960-ian wlebamde wynari okeanis kunZul
rotumaze qorwinebebi dagegmviT xdeboda da siZe-
patarZali xSirad erTmaneTs pirvelad saqorwilo
ceremonialze xedavda. miuxedavd imisa, rom amJamad
mdgomareoba didad ar Secvlila, axalgazrdebs `ga-
reT gasvlisa~ da momavali meuRlis vinaobis Sesaxeb
sakuTari azris gamoTqmis ufleba aqvT. marokos
mcire qalaqebSi dagegmili qorwineba kvlavac Cveu-
lebrivi ambavia da miuxedavad imisa, rom vaJs Seu-
Zlia dedas sTxovos sasurveli qalis ojaxisaTvis
qorwinebis SeTavazeba, momaval meuRleebs Sexve-
dris ufleba ar gaaCniaT, ase rom, qorwinebamde gac-
noba kvlavac TiTqmis SeuZlebeliaA.
egzogamia da endogamia
334

mimdinare kvlevebi da sakiTxebi

colqmruli urTierTobebi: gansxvavebebi siyvarulSi,
intimurobasa da sqesobriv eWvianobaSi
amerikelebi Tvlian, rom
qorwineba siyvarulze unda
iyos damyarebuli. aris Tu
ara amgvari ideali yvela sxva
sazogadoebaSi? pasuxi cnobi-
lia – araA. mraval kulturaSi
romantikuli siyvaruli ar
iTvleba sakmarisad qorwinebi-
saTvis da xSirad mas arasa-
surveladac ki miiCneven.
miuxedavad amisa, siyvaruli
yvela sazogadoebaSi SeiZleba
gaCndes. axlo warsulis kul-
turaTaSoris kvlevebis Tanax-
mad, msoflios sazogadoebebs
88%-Si arsebobs romantikuli
siyvarulis niSnebi pirovnu-
li mizidulobis gamoxatvis,
sasiyvarulo simRerebisa da
grZnobebis folklorSi asaxvis
saxiT. eTnografebma Caiweres valentinis dResaswauli, rogorc es me-19 saukunis britanuli baraTi, romantiku-
mravali monaTxrobi vnebisa da li siyvarulis simboloa
siyvarulis Sesaxeb. amrigad, rodesac qals mamakacze naklebi konkurentebisagan Tavis dac-
Tu siyvaruli TiTqmis univer- seqsualuri uflebebi aqvs. vas. Cndeba kiTxva: rogor unda
saluri grZnobaa, ratom ugul- intimuroba romantikuli si- aixsnas eWvianobis sxvadasxva
vebelyofen mas xSirad rogorc yvarulisgan gansxvavebuli ram xarisxi, romelic sxvadasxva
qorwinebis safuZvels? gaxlavT. igi asaxavs, Tu ramdenad sazogadoebaSia? irkveva, rom,
amgvar ugulebelyofas, axlos aris daojaxebuli wyvili rac ufro didi mniSvneloba
ZiriTadad, sami piroba war- erTmaneTTan. Wamen Tu ara erTad, eniWeba sazogadoebaSi qorwine-
moSobs. pirveli aris is, rom erTad sZinavT Tu ara, Tavisufal bas, miT metad aris sqesobrivi
col-qmari SeiZleba did ojax- dros erTad atareben Tu ara da urTierTobebi SemosazRvruli
Si cxovrobdes, am situaciaSi ramdenad xSirad aqvT seqsi. zog qorwinebiT, metad asaxavs qone-
ufro mniSvnelovania, ramdenad sazogadoebaSi wyvilebi erTad briv interesebs da mamakacebic
egueba axali wevri ucxo ojaxis did dros atareben. sxva sazoga- metad eWvianebi arian.
danarCen wevrebs. xolo is, Tu doebebSi meuRleebi erTad cota ra kavSirSi arian es aspeqte-
ramdenad uyvarT erTmaneTi xans arian. mompovebel sazoga- bi erTmaneTTan? axdens Tu
meuRleebs, meorexarisxovani doebebSi wyvilebs Soris meti ara gavlenas romantikuli si-
xdebAa. meore piroba isaa, rom vnebaa, vidre sxva sazogadoebeb- yvaruli, rogorc qorwinebis
xSirad pirveladi saarsebo Si, magram amis mizezi bolomde na- safuZveli, eWvianobaze? gana-
saqmianobis ZiriTad nawils Teli ar aris. sazogadoebis mili- pirobebs Tu ara romantikuli
erTi romelime meuRle asru- tarizaciac xels uSlis wyvilebs siyvaruli intimurobas, Tu igi
lebs. da mesame romantikuli Soris siaxloves. naklebad xSiri kontaqtebis
siyvaruli naklebad mosalod- rodesac saqme sqesobriv eW- Tanmxlebi movlenaa? Cven jer
nelia, rodesac mamakacs qalze vianobas exeba, mamakacebi ufro kidev Sors varT dazustebuli
meti seqsualuri Tavisufleba agresiulebi arian, vidre qalebi. pasuxebisgan. viciT, mxolod
aqvsA. zogadad rom vTqvaT, ro- biologiuri orientaciis mqone is, rom siyvaruli da intimu-
mantikuli siyvaruli ugul- anTropologebi aRniSnaven, rom roba ar gamoricxavs ojaxur
vebelyofilia uTanasworobis mamebi yovelTvis fiqroben imaze, Zaladobasa da ojaxur uTanx-
pirobebSi, rodesac erT-erTi, sad arian maTi Svilebi, am mizezis moebas.
meuRle mniSvnelovnad aris gamo, mamakacebi metad cdiloben,
damokidebuli meoreze, an

gamoTxovili 266 qali cxovrobs. es soflebi rani xe-

xSirad qorwinebis erT-erT moTxovnad meuR-
lis naTesauri wris an sazogadoebis gareT arCeva
gvevlinebaA. amas egzogamiis wesi hqviaA. mas mravali
forma SeiZleba hqondes. igi SeiZleva gulisxmobdes
an sanaTesaos gareT an soflis an soflebis jgufis
gareT qorwinebas. meuRleebi xSirad erTmaneTisagan
sakmaod daSorebuli adgilebidan arian. magaliTi-
ad, indoeTis sofel rani xeraSi 200 sxva soflidan
ras irgvliv 12-24 milis daSorebiT arian ganlageb-
uli. xolo am soflidan 220 qali ki irgvliv mdebare
200 sofelSia gaTxovili. egsogamiuri qorwinebebis
Sedegad rani xara, romelic 150 ojaxisagan Sedgeba,
irgvliv mdebare 400 sofelTan aris dakavSirebuli.
egzogamiuri wesebis momqedebis dros Zaladoba sa-
zianod iTvlebaA. mikroneziaSi, iapis kunZulebze, is
adamianebi, romlebic qalis xaziT arian dakavSireb-

ulebi, `erTi muclis xalxad~ iwodebian. uxucesebi
amboben, rom Tu erTi sanaTesao jgufis ori warmo-
madgeneli daqorwindeba, maT gogoebi ar gauCndebaT
da jgufi amowydebaA.
im sazogadoebebSi, sadac mosaxleoba mWidrod ar
aris dasaxlebuli, adamianebs meuRlis sapovnelad
xSirad sakmao manZilis gavla uwevT. mompoveblebisa
da mebaReebis Seswavlis Sedegad dadginda, rom mo-
saxleobis simWidrove da col-qmris sazogadoebebs
Soris manZili erTmaneTTan aris dakavSirebuli. rac
naklebia mosaxleobis simWidrove, miT metia manZi-
li. imis gamo, rom mompoveblebi naklebad mWidrod
cxovroben, vidre mebaReebi, maT meuRlis mosaZebnad
ufro Sors siaruli uwevT. kungebs Soris momavali
col-qmris jgufebi erTmaneTisagan, saSualod, 65
kilometriT arian daSorebulebi.
endogamia ki piriqiT, adamianebs avaldebulebs,
rom Tavisi sazogadoebis an jgufis SigniT ipovnon
meuRle. endogamiis magaliTebia indoeTis kastebi.
maRal klasebs miaCndaT, rom dabal kastebTan kav-
Siri maTTvis `wambilwvelia~ da Sesabamisad akrZal-
uli iyo. kasturi endogamia aRiniSneba afrikis zog
nawilSic. magaliTad, aRmosavleT afrikaSi mcxovre-
bi masaebis tomSi meomari mWedlis qaliSvils colad
ar moiyvans. ruandaSi, tutsis mmarTveli kastis war-
moamdgeneli arasodes daqorwindeba tvas monadire
kastis warmomadgenelze da Aa. S.
biZaSvil-mamidaSvilebis qorwineba
aSS-Si gavrcelebuli naTesaobis aRmniSvneli
terminologia ar ganasxvavebs biZaSvilebs, mami-
daSvilebsa da deidaSvilebs. zogierT sxva sazoga-
doebaSi ki es gansxvavebebi Zalian mniSvnelovaniAa.
sazogadoebebis umetesoba krZalavs pirveli Tao-
bis biZaSvil-mamidaSvilebis qorwinebas, Tumca zog
sazogadoebaSi es daSvebuli da xSirad sasurvelic
ki aris.
inglisurSi dedis mxridan biZaSvilebi da mami-
daSvilebi aRiniSnebian terminiT `kros-kuzeni~
(cross-cousins), xolo paraleluri kuzenebi (parallel
cousins) ewodebaT deidaSvilebsa da mamis mxridan
biZaSvilebs. simartivisaTvis inglisuri termino-
logia gamoviyenoT. Cipevas indielebSi daSvebuli
iyo rogorc qorwineba, ise Tamami xumrobebi kros-
kuzenebs Soris, samagierod, paralelur kuzenTan
335
mimarTebaSi gansakuTrebuli seriozuloba da pati-
viscema iyo saWiro. Sesabamisad, am sazogadoebis ma-
makacebi Tamamad iyvnen kros-kuzeni qalebis mimarT,
samagierod, mokrZalebuli da Tavazianebi iyvnen
paraleluri kuzeni qalebisadmi. aSkaraa, rom Sex-
umrebuli urTierTobebi qorwinebis SesaZleblobis
maniSnebelia maSin, roca pativiscema incestis tabus
arsebobas migvaniSnebs.
rogorc wesi, pirveli Taobis kuzenebis qor-
wineba kros-kuzenebs Soris xdebaA. paraleluri
kuzenebis qorwineba sakmaod iSviaTia, Tumca musul-
manebSi igi sasurveladac ki iTvlebaA. qurTebi, rom-
lebis umetesoba suniti musulmania, amjobineben,
rom axalgazrda mamakacma colad Tavis mamis Zmis qa-
liSvili moiyvanos (axalgazrda qalisTvis, Sesabam-
isad, sasurvel saqmrod mamis Zmis vaJi CaiTvleba).
mama da misi Zma, rogorc wesi, axlos cxovroben da
qali gaTxovebis Semdeg Tavis Zvel ojaxTan axlos
icxovrebs. mefe-patarZali erTi naTesauri jgufis
warmomadgenlebi arian, amitom qorwineba endogam-
uriaA.
ra tipis sazogadoebebSia daSvebuli an sasurve-
li pirveli Taobis kuzenebis qorwineba? kultura-
TaSoris kvlevebis Sedegad dgindeba, rom ZiriTa-
dad es iseTi sazogadoebebia, sadac mosaxleobis
simWidrove maRaliaA. Sesabamisad, inbridingis riskic
minimumadea dasuli. Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom xSirad
igive mdgomareobaa mraval mcire, meCxerad dasaxle-
bul sazogadoebaSic. aqedan gamomdinare, eWvqveS
dgeba is mosazreba, rom pirveli Taobis kuzenebis
qorwineba miRebulia mWidrod dasaxlebul sazoga-
doebebSi, sadac axlo naTesavebis genebi ufro mra-
valferovania da inbridingis safrTxec naklebiAa.
kvlevebis Sedegad dadginda, rom meCxerad dasaxle-
bulma sazogadoebebma, sadac daSvebulia pirveli
Taobis kuzenebs Soris qorwineba, mosaxleobis mniS-
vnelovani nawili epidemiebis Sedegad dakarges. ep-
idemiebi msoflios mraval mxareSi evropelebma Sei-
tanes. adgilobrivebs ki imuniteti ar aRmoaCndaT.
Semdeg sazogadoebebma dauSves kuzenebs Soris qor-
wineba, raTa reproduqcia uzrunveleyoT.
levirati da sororati
mraval kulturaSi arsebobs wesi, romelic
pirovnebas gardacvlili naTesavis meuRlesTan
indoeTis Stat madia pradeSSi zogierT dagegmil
qorwinebaSi nefe-dedofali jer kidev bavSvebi arian
336
qorwinebas avaldebulebs. levirati ewodeba wess,
romlis mixedviTac, mamakaci valdebulia colad
SeirTos gardacvlili Zmis qvrivi. sororati ki ewo-
deba wess, rodesac qali valdebulia colad gahyves
gardacvlili dis qmars. orive wesi gavrcelebulia
msoflioSi da sazogadoebebis umetesobaSi meore
qorwinebis erT-erT mTavar safuZvels warmoadgens.
cimbirel CuqCebs Soris leviratis mixedviT,
gardacvlili Zmis qvrivi colad gardacvlilis um-
crosma Zmam unda SeirTos. igi xdeba gardacvlili
Zmis Svilebsa da qvrivze mzrunveli da Zmis jogs
Tavis jogTan aerTianebs. Tu gardacvlils Zma ar
hyavda, maSin qvrivi qmris kuzenma unda SeirTos. anu
_ gardacvlilis colze, Svilebsa da jogze mzrun-
veloba gardacvlilis uaxloesma naTesavma unda ai-
Ros Tavis Tavze. CuqCebis es wesi movaleoba ufroa,
vidre uflebaA.
ramden qorwinebaSi unda
iyos adamiani?
Cven miCveulebi varT, rom erTi mamakaci erT qal-
Tan unda iyos daqorwinebuli. Cveni sazogadoeba mo-
nogamuriAa. magram mecnierebisTvis cnobili sazoga-
doebebis umetesobaSi mamakacebs ufleba aqvT,
erTdroulad ramdenime coli hyavdeT. amas poligi-
nia hqviaA. Tumca poliginiuri sazogadoebebis umete-
sobaSi mamakacebis didi nawili monogamiur qorwine-
baSi imyofeba, radganac qalebi ubralod ar arian
imdeni, rom yvela mamakacs erTze meti coli hyavdes.
poliginiis sawinaaRmdego movlenaa, poliandria,
is gulisxmobs, rom qals SeuZlia erTdroulad er-
Tze meti qmari hyavdes. poliandriuli sazogadoe-
bebi cotaaA. poliginia da poliandria mravlobiTi
qorwinebis anu poligamiis saxeebiaA. jgufuri qor-
wineba, romlis drosac ramdenime mamakaci ramdenime
qalzea daqorwinebuli, iSviaTia da arc erT cnobil
sazogadoebaSi ar aris gavrcelebuli. qorwinebis
oTxi SesaZlo saxe naCvenebia cxrilSi 20-1.
poliginia
Zvel aRTqmaSi mravalcolianoba Cveulebri mov-
lenaaA. magaliTad, mefeebi daviTisa da solomonis
msgavsad, Zvel aRTqmaSi aRwerili sazogadoebis,
mraval sxva poliginiur sazogadoebaSic, mravalco-
lianoba mamakacis simdidrisa da maRali statusis
maniSnebeliaA. amgvar sazogadoebaSi mxolod zogi-
erTs Tu SeuZlia da moeTxoveba erTze meti colis
uzrunvelyofaA. zogierTi musulmanuri sazogadoe-
ba, gansakuTrebiT arabul enaze molaparakeni, pol-
qorwinebis oTxi forma
qorwinebis saxe mamakacebi qalebi
monogamia m q
poligamia: Zlia qmars uCivlos da anazRaurebis saxiT qmris
poliginia m q+q+
poliandria m+m+ q
jgufuri qorwineba m+m+ q+q+
m –_mamakaci q _ qali
iginias dResac am damokidebulebiT ganixilaven. ma-
gram mamakacs yovelTvis ar sWirdeba simdidre, rom
mravalcoliani iyos. zog sazogadoebaSi qali mniS-
vnelovan rols TamaSobs ekonomikaSi. aseT SemTx-
vevaSi, mamakaci cdilobs, erTze meti coli hyavdes,
radgan Sedegad simdidris zrdas elian.
samxreT wynari okeanis regionSi mcxovrebi sivais
sazogadoebaSi pirovnebebis statusi lxinebis mowy-
obiT ganisazRvrebaA. mTavari sakvebi Roris xorciAa.
ase rom, Rorebis moSeneba prestiJuli saqmianobaaA.
es saqme colebiT dainteresebas iwvevs, radgan Ror-
ebis sakvebi mcenareebi qalebs mohyavT. amrigad, siv-
ais sazogadoebaSi mamakacis statuss ganapirobebs
ara colebis raodenoba, aramed Rorebisa, romlebis
raodenoba colebis raodenobazea damokidebuli.
mravalcoliani sivai mamakacebi didi pativiT
sargebloben, magram isini xSirad Civian, rom ramden-
ime colis movla rTuliaA. ai, ras hyveba vinme sinu,
sivais tomis erT-erTi warmomadgeneli.
`mravalcolian ojaxSi simSvide didxans ver iqne-
baA. Tu qmars erTi Rame erT colTan eZina, meore coli
mTeli Semdegi dRis ganmavlobaSi dabRverili da-
dis. Tu kaci imdenad sulelia, rom zedized ori Rame
gaatara erT colTan, meore coli mas sakvebs aRar
moumzadebs da etyvis: `Seni coli xom isaa, saWmel-
ic man gaWamos. radgan CemTan dawola ar gekadreba,
arc Cemi gakeTebuli saWmeli iqneba Seni sakadrisi~.
xSirad colebi erTmaneTs eCxubebian. biZaCems adre
xuTi coli hyavda da yvelaze axalgazrda gamudme-
biT eCxubeboda danarCenebs. erTxelac man ise Zli-
erad daartya ufros cols, rom goneba daakargvinaA.
Semdeg igi gaiqca da misi ZaliT dabruneba mogviwiaA.~
eWvianoba xSirad SeiniSneba poliginiur sazoga-
doebebSi, magram ara yvelaSi. margaret midis TqmiT,
axalgvineeli arapeSebis qalebi, romlebic poligi-
niur qorwinebaSi imyofebodnen, iseTi mSvidebi da
kmayofilebi iyvnen, TiTqos es ambavi maT srulebiT-
ac ar exebodaT. eWvianobis ararseboba, SesaZloa, so-
roruli poliginiiT iyos ganpirobebuli, rac imas
niSnavs, rom mamakacma colad debi SeirTo. rogorc
Cans, erTad aRzrdili debi qorwinebaSic agrZele-
ben TanamSromlobas. eWvianobis Semcireba SesaZloa
sxva Cveulebebmac ganapirobos, kerZod ki:
1. colebis cal-calke cxovrebaA. sororul pol-
iginiaSi colebi, rogorc wesi, erTad cxovroben.
afrikaSi, tongas sazogadoebaSi, sadac araso-
roruli poliginiaa gavrcelebuli, qmari Tavis
pirad qonebasa da yuradRebas anawilebs colebs
Soris, romlebic sxvadasxva saxlSi cxovroben,
Tanasworobis principis dacviT. qrous tomis in-
dielebSi sororuli poliginiaa gavrcelebuli
da colebi erTad cxovrobdnen.
2. colebTan mkacrad aris daculi Tanasworoba
rogorc sqesobriv, ise ekonomikur da pirovnul
sakiTxebSi. magaliTad, madagaskarel tanalaebs
Soris qmari valdebulia, Tavis yovel colTan
TiTo dRiT darCes. am wesis darRveva col-qm-
rul Ralatad iTvlebaA. ukmayofilo qals Seu-
qonebis mesamedi moiTxovos. colebs Soris aseve
Tanabrad nawildeba miwac da qmari valdebulia,
daamuSavos Tavisi colebis nakveTebi.
3. ufros colebs xSirad gansakuTrebuli mdgo-
mareoba ukaviaT. polineziaSi mcxovreb tongas
sazogadoebaSi pirvel cols `mTavari coli~
ewodebaA. misi saxli qmris saxlis marjvniv dgas
da `mamis saxlad~ iwodebaA. sxva colebs `patara
colebi~ hqviaT da maTi saxlebi qmris saxlis mar-
cxnivaaA. qmari rCevas, pirvel rigSi, swored ufros

cols ekiTxebAa. gamgzavrebis win da mogzauro-
bidan dabrunebis Semdeg swored masTan erTad
sZinavs. miuxedavad imisa, rom am Cvevas TiTqosda
umcrosi colebis eWvianoba unda gamoewvia, isini
kmayofilebi arian, radgan maT sxva upiratesoba
aqvT: axalgazrdebi da mimzidvelebi arian. am
wesis Sedegad ufrosi coli, romelmac dakarga
garegnuli eSxi, kompensaciis saxiT prestiJs
iRebs.
unda gvaxsovdes, rom miuxedavad eWvianobis six-
Sirisa, poliginiur sazogadoebebSi, adamianebi Tv-
lian, rom mravalcolianobas sagrZnobi upirateso-
bebi aqvsA. filip da jenet kilbraidebis mier keniaSi
Catarebulma kvlevebma aCvena, rom mamakacebic da
qalebic, romlebic poliginiur qorwinebaSi imyofe-
bodnen, ekonomikur da politikur upiratesobebs
flobdnen. imis gamo, rom poliginiuri ojaxebi sak-
maod didia, maT samuSao Zalis didi raodenoba aqvT
da SeuZliaT meti saqoneli awarmoon bazrisTvis. am
ojaxebs meti gavlena aqvT sazogadoebebSi da poli-
tikaSic monawileben. koni andersonma aRmoaCina, rom
samxreT afrikaSi qalebi poliginiur qorwinebas im
mosazrebiT arCevdnen, rom sxva colebi maT bavSvisa
da sacxovreblis movlaSi daexmarebodnen. zogier-
Ti qalis TqmiT ki, poliginiuri qorwinebis mizezi
mamakacebis nakleboba iyo.
riT SeiZleba aixsnas is faqti, rom sazogadoe-
bebis umetesobaSi poliginia daSvebuli da xSirad
sasurvelic ki aris. ralf lintonis azriT, poligi-
niis mizezi gaxlavT mamakacebis survili, hyavdeT
meti qali. magram maSin ratom ar aris gavrcelebuli
igi yvela sazogadoebaSi? sxva axsnebidan gamovyofT
im ramdenimes, romlebic mniSvnelovnad ganapirobe-
ben poliginias.
erT-erTi Teoriis Tanaxmad, poliginia mSobiar-
obis Semdgom periodSi seqsis akrZalvis SedegiaA.
amgvar sazogadoebebSi wyvilma qalis mSobiarobis
Semdeg garkveuli vadiT (erTi wliT mainc) sqesobri-
vi kavSirisagan Tavi unda Seikavos. jon uaiTings mi-
aCnia, rom kavSiris Sewyveta bavSvis janmrTelobaze
zrunviT aris ganpirobebuli. ai, ras gvamcnobs hasas
tomis qali:
`qali qmarTan ar unda iwves, sanam bavSvs ZuZus
aWmevs. Tu igi ase moiqceva, bavSvi susti da gamxdari
gaizrdebaA. mas Semdeg, rac bavSvi ori wlis gaxdeba,
igi ukve moRonierebuli iqneba da col-qmars isev
SeuZlia erTad yofnaA. ori wlis Semdeg bavSvis gaCena
sirTules aRar warmoadgens~.
qalebis mier aRwerili simptomebi e.w. kvSai-
orkoris avadmyofobis saxeliT aris cnobili da
ZiriTadad tropikul mxareebSi gvxdebaA. igi orga-
nizmis cilisgan gamofitvas iwvevs. es avadmyofoba
gansakuTrebiT xSirad im bavSvebSi viTardeba, rom-
lebsac diareac aReniSnebaT. seqsisagan TavSekavebis
dros deda mTel yuradRebas bavSvs uTmobs. bavSvis
mier dedis rZiT miRebuli cila mniSvnelovnad amci-
rebs kvaSiorkoris simptomebs. rogor moqmedebs sqe-
sobrivi kavSirisgan Tavis Sekaveba poliginiurobaze,
vnaxoT iorubas tomis qalis monaTxrobidan:
`rodesac Cven mSobiarobis Semdeg qmarTan kav-
Sirze uars vacxadebT, amas bavSvebis janmrTelobis
gamo vakeTebT. amasobaSi ki qmari aucileblad ipov-
nis sxva qals. jobs es qalic ojaxis kontrolqveS
iyos, vidre qmari Tavis fuls ucxosTan xarjavdes~.
Tumca poliginia fexmZimobis dros seqsis akrZal-
viT ver aixsnebaA.
meore axsnis mixedviT, poliginia qalebisa da
mamakacebis raodenobis SedegiaA. sqesTaSorisi dis-
balansi, SesaZloa, omebis gamo gaCndes, radgan omSi
337
swored mamakacebi monawileoben da ufro xSiradac
iRupebian. Tu cnobilia, rom arakomerciul sazoga-
doebebSi TiTqmis yvela adamiani daqorwinebulia,
poliginia, SesaZloa, qalebis `zedmeti~ nawilisaT-
vis meuRlis moZebnis erT-erTi gza iyos. marTlac,
cnobilia, rom sazogadoebebi, sadac mamakacebi co-
taa, xSiradac omoben da poligamiiTac xasiaTdebian.
sazogadoebebi, sadac qalebi da mamakacebi Tanabari
raodenobiTaa, SedarebiT naklebs omoben da mono-
gamias misdeven.
mesame axsna isaa, rom poliginia kacs saSualebas
aZlevs, SedarebiT gvian daqorwindes. es axsna ra-
odenobrivi Teoriis msgavsiaA. mamakacis qorwinebis
dagvianeba meuRlis povnas garkveulwilad arTu-
lebs, radgan gasaTxovari qalebis raodenoba mc-
irdebaA. rTuli saTqmelia, ratom gviandeba mamakacis
qorwineba, magram es dagvianeba poliginias uwyobs
xels?
am Teoriebidan samive _ mSobiarobis Semdgom
periodSi seqsisasgan Tavis Sekaveba, qalebisa da ma-
makacebis daubalansebeli raodenoba sazogadoe-
baSi da mamakacis qorwinebis dagvianeba _ Tanabarm-
niSvnelovania poliginiis kvlevaSi, Tu romelime
maTgani sxvebze ukeTesia? alternatiul gadaw-
yvetilebebs Soris optimaluris asarCevad SeiZleba
gamoviyenoT statistikuri kontrolis analizi. misi
meSveobiT SeiZleba davadginoT, Tu romeli faqto-
ri gulisxmobs movlenas sxva faqtorebis mocilebis
Semdeg. am SemTxvevaSi mSobiarobis Semdgomi peri-
odis seqsis akrZalva sqesTaSorisi balansis efeqtis
mocilebis Semdeg aRar varaudobs poliginias da
amitom, SesaZloa arc aris poliginiis mizezi. magram
rac Seexeba qalebis siWarbesa da mamakacebis qor-
winebis asaks, poliginiis warmoSobis ganmapirobeb-
el faqtorebad orive maTgani SeiZleba miviCnioT.
Tu orive faqtori erTad arsebobs sazogadoebaSi,
poliginiis arseboba kidev ufro mosalodneliaA.
poliandria
jorj piter merdokis `msoflios eTnografiul
magaliTebSi~ CamoTvlili kulturebidan polian-
dria mxolod oTxSi (anu kulturebis raodenobis
1%-ze naklebSi) aRiniSnebaA. poliandrias ori saxe
aqvs, fraternaluri, romlis drosac qmrebi erT-
maneTis Zmebi arian da arafraternaluri. frater-
naluri poliandria arsebobs tibetSi, indoeTSi
mcxovreb todas xalxsa da Srilankeli sinhalebis
sazogadoebaSi. tibetelebs Soris, romlebic fra-
ternalur poliandrias misdeven, bavSvis biologi-
uri mSoblis vinaobas aravin adgens. mamebad yvela
qmari moiazreba, rogorc mozrdilebis ise bavSvebis
TvalSic.
poliandriis SesaZlo mizezad SeiZleba dasax-
eldes qalebis simcire. todas xalxi mdedrobiTi
sqesis axalSobilebs xocavdaA. sinhalebSic igive
adaTi arsebobda, magram qalebis Semcirebis Semdeg
maT am wesze uari Tqves. qalebis raodenobis simci-
resa da poliandrias Soris kavSiri gasagebs xdis am
ukanasknelis iSviaTobas: iSviaTia sazogadoebebi,
sadac qalebi ufro cotani arian, vidre kacebi.
meore SesaZlo axsna Zlier SezRuduli
resursebis pirobebSi poliandriis adaptaciuroba
SeiZleba iyos. melvin goldsteinma Seiswavla tibe-
telebis sazogadoeba, romelic zRvis donidan 4000
metris simaRleze cxovrobs. dasamuSavebeli miwis
raodenoba aq Zalian mcirea da TiTo ojaxze akrze na-
klebi farTobis nakveTi modis. tibetelebis TqmiT,
fraternaluri poliandria maT saSualebas aZlevs,
338
poligiania praqtikaSia ramdenime qveyanaSi, sanam
igi aikrZaleba kanoniT.
ojaxis miwa da saqoneli ojaxSive darCes. miuxeda-
vad imisa, rom tibetelebi amaze ar fiqroben, poli-
andria mosaxleobis zrdasac amcirebs. mamakacebisa
da qalebis raodenoba daaxloebiT Tanabaria, magram
am ukanasknelTa daaxloebiT 30% gaTxovili ar aris.
marTalia, maT SeiZleba hyavdeT Svilebi, magram bev-
rad naklebi, vidre gaTxovilebs. tibetelebi rom
monogamurebi yofiliyvnen, Sobadoba ufro maRali
iqneboda da SezRuduli resursebis pirobebSi gamo-
sakvebi pirebis ricxvi moimatebdaA.
ojaxi
ojaxebi yvela sazogadoebaSi arsebobs. Tumca
sxvadasxva sazogadoebaSi ojaxebi sxvadaxvanairiaA.
ojaxi aris sazogadoebrivi da ekonomikuri erTeu-
li, romelic minimum erTi mSoblisa da Svilisagan an
col-qmrisagan SedgebaA. ojaxis wevrebs erTmaneTis
mimarT yovelTvis aqvT garkveuli ufleba-mova-
leobebi, gansakuTrebiT _ ekonomikuri kuTxiT.
ojaxis wevrebi erT saxlSi cxovroben, magram saer-
To sacxovrebeli ganmsazRvreli faqtori sulac ar
gaxlavT. magaliTad, Cvens sazogadoebaSi swavlis
periodSi bavSvebma SeiZleba mSoblebisagan moSore-
biTac icxovron. zogi wevri ki SeiZleba iZulebuli
gaxdes, calke icxovros.
ojaxi bavSvisaTvis saswavlo garemoaA. ZuZum-
wovrebis zogierT saxeobas gaCenisTanave SeuZlia
damoukideblad cxovreba, magram ara yvelas. adamia-
nis naSiers didxans sWirdeba movlaA. bavSvebs TiTqmis
ar gaaCniaT Tandayolili Cvevebi, rac aucilebelia
gadarCenisaTvis. maT es yvelaferi unda iswavlon. is
Cvevebi da qcevebi, romlebic bavSvma unda Seiswav-
los, ZiriTadad kulturuliaA. ojaxi zrunavs bavSvze
da icavs mas, sanam igi im kulturul qcevebs, rwmenasa
da Rirebulebebs aiTvisebs, romlebic aucilebelia
misi da misi sazogadoebis gadarCenisaTvis.
ojaxis saxeebi
sazogadoebebis umetesobaSi ojaxSi mxolod
erTi mSobeliaA. (aseT ojaxs matrifokaluri ojaxi
ewodeba) aseTi ojaxebi SeiZleba iyon monogamurni
(e.w. birTvuli ojaxi) da poligamurni (ZiriTadad
poliginiuri). anTropologiaSi cnobili sazoga-
doebebis naxevarze metSi ojaxis gabatonebuli
formaa gafarToebuli (didi) ojaxi. igi SeiZleba
moicavdes or an met erTmSoblian, monogamur an po-
ligamur ojaxs, romlebic sisxliT naTesaobiT arian
dakavSirebuli. gafarToebuli ojaxi Sedgeba mSo-
blebisa da maTi daojaxebuli Svilebisagan, romle-
bic erT WerqveS cxovroben. birTvuli ojaxebi mSo-
blebisa da Svilebis Soris kavSiriT arian Sekruli.
Tumca gafarToebuli ojaxi zogjer dedmamiSvilebs
Soris kavSiriTac aris gamagrebuli. amgvari ojaxi
SeiZleba Sedgebodes ori Zmisagan, romlebsac Tavi-
anTi ojaxebi hyavT. gafarToebuli ojaxi SeiZleba
Zalian didi iyos da sami-oTxi Taobis naTesavebisgan
Sedgebodes.
gafarToebuli (didi)
ojaxebis sacxovrebeli
amgvari ojaxebisagan Semdgar sazogadoebaSi qor-
wineba ar iwvevs mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs cxovrebis
wesSi. ise, rogorc CvenTan, sadac wyvili calke gada-
dis sacxovreblad da faqtobrivad axal ojaxs qmnis.
did ojaxebSi axlad daqorwinebulebi ukve arsebul
ojaxur erTeulSi Sedian. margaret midi Semdegnai-
rad aRwers samoaze arsebul situacias:
`qorwinebis Semdeg axali sacxovreblis aSeneba
aucilebeli sulac ar aris. icvleba ojaxebs So-
ris damokidebuleba da coli sacxovreblad qmris
saxlSi gadadis, esaa da es. axali wyvili imave saxl-
Si agrZelebs cxovrebas, ubralod bambukis sarebs,
koRoebis badesa da loginisaTvis saWiro masalebs
iReben. coli saxlis sxva qalebTan erTad muSaobs
da sxvebTan erTad elodeba kacebis mosvlas. qmari
ojaxis sxva mamakacebTan erTad Sromobs. am wyvils
aravin aRiqvams calke ojaxad”.
samoaze, iseve rogorc gafarToebuli ojaxis
mqone sxva sazogadoebebSi, wyvili nakleb gavle-
nas flobs saojaxo meurneobis marTvaze. xSirad es
saqme ufros mamakacs akisriaA. axal ojaxs arc saku-
Tari qonebis Segroveba da damoukideblobis mop-
oveba SeuZlia, igi didi korporatiuli struqturis
nawiliaA.
`ase midis axalgazrda xalxis cxovrebaA. bolos
da bolos, rodesac ufrosebi gardaicvlebian, sax-
lis patronebi es col-qmari gaxdeba da axla isini
iqnebian ufrosebi. Semdeg maTi Svili moiyvans cols,
icxovrebs maTTan erTad, imuSavebs maTi erTiani
ojaxis sakeTildReod da maT sikvdils daelodeba,
raTa Tavad aiRos xelSi marTvis sadaveebi”.
didi ojaxi birTvul ojaxze ufro myariaA. da-
moukidebeli birTvuli ojaxisagan gansxvavebiT,
romelic iSleba ufrosi wevrebis (mSoblebis)
sikvdilTan erTad, didi ojaxi mudmivad imatebs um-
cros wevrebs, romlebic ufrosebis sikvdilis Semd-
gom Tavad xdebian ufrosebi.
didi ojaxis arsebobis
SesaZlo mizezebi
didi ojaxebi ZiriTadad arseboben iseT sazoga-
doebebSi, sadac ganviTarebulia dafuZnebuli mi-
waTmoqmeduri ekonomikAa. amrigad, ganmapirobebeli
roli SeiZleba ekonomikur faqtorebs eniWebodeT.
m.f. nimkofma da rasel midltonma wamoayenes mo-
sazreba imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor SeiZleba waaxalisos
miwaTmoqmedebam didi ojaxis Seqmna da arsebobaA.
ojaxis qoneba anu miwa ar unda danawildes, radgan
es zaralis momtani iqneba ojaxis wevrebisaTvis. sa-
pirispiro mdgomareobaa monadire-Semgrovebelbis
mobilur sazogadoebebSi. maTTvis gafarToebuli
ojaxis Seqmna mosaxerxebeli ar aris; piriqiT, um-
jobesia, rom sazogadoeba birTvul ojaxebad iyos
dayofili, raTa ukeT SeZlon gadaadgilebaA.

mimdinare kvlevebi da sakiTxebi
ratom imata bolo wlebSi erTmSobliani ojaxebis ricxvma?
qorwinebis Cveva ara mxolod
yvela kulturaSia gavrcele-
buli, aramed adamianebis
umetesobaSic. im SemTxvevaSic
ki, rodesac daqorwinebulebi
Sordebian, Semdeg sxva adamian-
ebTan qorwindebian. es niSnavs,
rom erTmSobliani ojaxebi
gavrcelebuli ar unda iyos
sazogadoebebis umetesobaSi.
miuxedavad amisa, dasavle-
Tis sazogadoebaSi bolo xanebSi
am mxriv mniSvnelovnad Seicvala
situaciaA. imata erTmSobliani
ojaxebis ricxvma, romlebis
90% martoxela dedebi arian.
Tu 1960-iani wlebisaTvis aSS-Si
aseTi ojaxebi saerTo raode-
nobis 9%-s Seadgenda, 1980-ian
wlebSi maTi raodenoba 24%-mde
gaizardAa. manamde dasavleTis
qveynebs Soris yvelaze maRali
maCvenebeli am mxriv SvedeTs
hqonda (13% 1970-ian wlebSi),
axla ki mas aSS-m gauswro.
sanam mizezebis garCevaze
gadavidodeT, unda gaviTval-
iswinoT, ra gzebiT SeiZleba
warmoiqmnas msgavsi ojaxi.
pirveli mizezi aris meuRlee-
bis daSorebaA. meore mizezi _
bavSvis qorwinebis gareSe gaCe-
naA. amas garda, mizezi SeiZleba
iyos erT-erTi meuRlis sikvdi-
li da meore mier sxva qorwine-
baze uaris TqmaA.
mravali mkvlevaris azriT,
mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa
daSorebis gaadvilebam. erTi
SexedviT es axsna damajerebe-
lia, magram ufro guldasmiT
Seswavla gviCvenebs, rom mo-
sazreba mcdariaA. 1960-1970-ian
wlebSi mraval qveyanaSi momx-
darma sakanonmdeblo cvlile-
bebma daSoreba gaaadvila da
erTmSobliani ojaxebis ricx-
vmac mas Semdeg imata, magram
ratom moxda ise, rom erTbaSad
amdenma qveyanam miiRo msgavsi
cvlilebebi kanonmdeblobaSi?
iqneb manamde qorwinebisadmi
midgoma Seicvala? daSorebis
gamartiveba erTmSobliani
ojaxebis raodenobis zrdas
Tumca miwaTmoqmedeba gafarToebuli ojaxis
arsebobis yvela SemTxvevas ar xsnis, vinaidan mra-
val miwaTmoqmed sazogadoebaSi amgvari ojaxebi
ar SeiniSnebaA. samagierod, maTi naxva SeiZleba ar-
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi ganapiro-
bebs, Tu Semdeg adamianebi male
ar daqorwindebian. aSS-Si 1960-
iani wlebis mere daSorebis Sem-
dgomma qorwinebebma mkveTrad
iklo. SesaZloa, rom swored
es mizezi ganapirobebda erTm-
Sobliani ojaxebis raodenobis
zrdas. Tumca unda iTqvas, rom
daSorebis maCvenebelma zrda
1980-ian wlebSi Sewyvita, magram
erTmSobliani ojaxebis raode-
noba kvlavac izrdebaA. amrigad,
daSorebis gaadvileba bolomde
ar xsnis erTmSobliani ojaxebis
raodenobis zrdas.
miuxedavad imisa, rom zogi
mSobeli amjobinebs marto gazar-
dos bavSvi, Sesaferisi meuRlis
gamoCenis SemTxvevaSi, maTi um-
ravlesoba Tanaxmaa qorwinebaze.
zog qveyanasa da zog eTnikur
jgufSi qalebis raodenoba mniS-
vnelovnad Warbobs mamakacebisas,
zogan am ukanasknelTa umetesobis
ekonomikuri mdgomareoba arcTu
saxarbieloaA. magaliTad, yofili
sabWoTa kavSiris qveynebSi, sadac
mamakacebis riaodenobaze omebma,
alkoholizmma da ubedurma Sem-
Txvevebma imoqmedaA. aSS-Si amgvari
disbalansi naklebia, Tumca
zog Rarib raionSi mamakacebis
sikvdilianoba maRaliaA. Tanac maT
umetesobas samuSao ar gaaCniaA. de-
niel liCteris gamokvlevis Sede-
gad gairkva, rom 21-28 wlis asakSi
yovel 100 afroamerikel qalze
80 afroamerikeli mamakaci modis.
xolo Tu davTvliT mxolod im ma-
makacebs, vinc dasaqmebulia, maTi
ricxvi 50-mde CamovaA. amrigad,
SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom erT-
mSobliani ojaxebi xSiria maSin,
rodesac meuRlis povna rTuliaA.
meore popularuli axsna isaa,
rom warsulisagan gasnxvavebiT,
qals SeuZlia meuRlis gareSe
icxovros, mouaros Svils, radgan
mas axla saxelmwifo exmarebaA.
magaliTad mohyavT SvedeTi, sa-
dac saxelmwifos mxridan mar-
toxela dedas mravali SeRavaTi
da daxmareba ekuTvnis, finansuri
Tu socialuri. magram islandiis
amiwaTmoqmed sazogadoebebSi. amitom gaCnda meore
Teoria, romelsac `SeuTavsebel sazogadoebaTa
Teoria~ hqviaA. am Teoriis Tanaxmad, didi ojaxebi
warmoiqmneba im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac sazogadoebaSi
339
magaliTs Tu aviRebT, sadac
skandinaviis qveynebs Soris
qorwinebis gareSe mSobiaro-
bis yvelaze maRali procen-
tuli maCvenebelia, vnaxavT,
rom am qveyanaSi saxelmwifo
sulac ar gamoirCeva martox-
ela dedebze zrunviT. erTm-
Sobliani ojaxebis raodenobis
zrda ver mtkicdeba aSS-s mag-
aliTis moSveliebiTac, sadac
martoxela dedebs saxelmwifo
exmarebaA. Tu aRniSnuli Teo-
ria samarTliania, maSin amgvari
daxmarebis zrda erTmSobliani
ojaxebis zrdis raodenobas
iwvevdes. 1980-ian wlebSi es
daxmareba Semcirda, miuxedavad
amisa martoxela dedebis ra-
odenoba kidev ufro gaizardaA.
SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom kar-
gi ganaTlebisa da maRalanaz-
Raurebadi samuSaos SemTxveva-
Si, qalebi SeZleben gauZRvnen
ojaxs da Sesabamisad, rac meti
qali Seva Sromis bazarze, miT
ufro gaizrdeba martoxela
dedebis ricxvi. sinamdvileSi
ki irkveva, rom amgvari qalebis
umetesoba sulac ar irCevs mar-
to cxovrebas da TxovdebaA.
Tumca ekonomikis gavlena
erTmSobliani ojaxebis arse-
bobaze aSkaraaA. aris Tu ara si-
marTle is, rom saarsebo eko-
nomika axalisebs ojaxis Seqmnas
da komerciuli ekonomika ki
piriqiT, naklebad mimzidevls
xdis mas? miuxedavad imisa, rom
qorwineba yovelTvis siyvar-
ulsa da TanamSromlobaze ar
aris damyarebuli, igi arako-
merciul ekonomikaSi mravali
saxis urTierTdamokidebule-
bas iwvevs. sabazro ekonomika
ki sxva SesaZleblobebs iZlevaA.
aq saqoneli da momsaxureoba
yidva-gayidvis sagania, saxelm-
wifos SeuZlia im funqciebis
aReba, rasac naTesaoba da
ojaxi asrulebs. amrigad, erT-
mSobliani ojaxi aseTi ekonomi-
kis pirobebSi bevri adamianis
arCevaniaA.
340
Cineli amerikelebis ojaxis sami Taoba zeimobs
SviliSvilis pirvel dabadebis dRes
SeuTavsebeli saqmianobebi arseboben. sxva sityve-
biT rom vTqvaT, rodesac dedas ar SeuZlia saxlis
mixedva, radgan yanaSi aqvs samuSao an rodesac mama
salaSqrod, savaWrod aris wasuli da ojaxi umamaka-
cod rCebaA. kroskulturuli kvlevebi cxadyofen,
rom swored amgvari sazogadoebebi xasiaTdebian
gafarToebuli ojaxebis arsebobiT. zogi maTgani
miwaTmoqmedia, zogi ki _ araA. komerciul sazoga-
doebaSi, romelsac SeuTavsebeli saqmianobebi axa-
siaTebs, didi ojaxi SeiZleba arc ki arsebobdes. am
SemTxvevaSi, ojaxs SeuZlia SeiZinos momsaxureba,
romelic gadaWris mis problemebs.
Tumca momsaxurebis SeZena yvelas ar SeuZliaA.
komerciul sazogadoebebSic bevri dgeba ojaxis
gafarToebis aucileblobis winaSe, miT umetes, Tu
ekonomika rTul periods gadis. rogorc erT-erTma
popularulma Jurnalma aRniSna:
“ra unda mosvloda amerikul ojaxs, myudro
saxlSi mcxovreb mamas, dedas, or Svilsa da sulel
ZaRls? ra da _ ekonomikuri wnexi: samuSaodan gaTa-
visuflebebi, axalgazrda xalxisaTvis naklebi sa-
muSao, meti momuSave deda, sacxovreblis nakleboba
da cxovrebis fasis zrdaA. am faqtorebma, daSore-
baTa ricxvis zrdasTan da qorwinebis dagvianebis
tendeciasTan erTad, aTasobiT amerikeli aiZula,
ecxovra mravalTaobian ojaxebSi.
mraval sazogadoebaSi arseboben naTesauri
jgufebi, romlebic did ojaxebze didebi arian. Sem-
deg TavSi Cven swored maTze visaubrebT.
Sejameba
1. amJamad cnobil yvela sazogadoebaSi arsebobs
qorwinebis CveulebaA. qorwineba aris sazogadoe-
brivad miRebuli sqesobrivi da ekonomikuri ka-
vSiri qalsa da mamakacs Soris, moicavs ormxriv
ufleba-movaleobebs meuRlebsa da maT Svilebs
Soris.
2. qorwinebis gamocxadeba sxvadasxva sazogadoebaSi
sxvadasxvanairad xdebaA. zogan es rTuli ceremo-
niaa, zogan ki ceremonia saerTod ar arsebobs. va-
riaciebi SeiZleba moicavdes bavSvebis daniSvnas,
sacdel saqorwino periods, lxinis mowyobasa da
bavSvis dabadebas.
3. saqorwino SeTanxmebebi SeiZleba ekonomikur
elementebsac Seicavdnen. amgvari SeTanxmebis
yvelaze gavrcelebuli saxe aris sacolis fasi
_ saqmros mier sacolis ojaxisaTvis gadaxdili
fuli an saqoneli. sacolis samsaxurSi igulisx-
meba saqmros mier sacolis ojaxisaTvis garkveu-
li periodis manZilze gaweuli samsaxuri. zog
sazogadoebaSi, sacolis sanacvlod, ojaxs qals
saqmros ojaxidan aZlevdnen. sxva sazogadoe-
bebSi ojaxebi erTmaneTs saCuqrebs uZRvnian. mz-
iTvi aris sacolis ojaxis mier gaRebuli Tanxa
an saqoneli. arsebobs arapirdapiri mziTvic, ro-
melic saqmros ojaxis mier gadaecema sacoles,
Cveulebriv sacolis mamis xeliT.
4. arc erT sazogadoebaSi ar iyo da ar aris miRe-
buli sqesobrivi kavSiri an qorwineba da-Zmas, de-
dasa da vaJs, mamasa da qaliSvils Soris.
5. yvela sazogadoebaSi arsebobs wesebi, romlebic
karnaxoben adamians, Tu visze ar SeuZliaT daqor-
wineba, visze SeuZliaT da xandaxan, Tu visze unda
daqorwindnen. zog sazogadoebaSi saqorwino
SeTanxmebas wyvilis naTesavebi deben. bevrgan
Tvlian, rom ori ojaxis gaerTianeba metad mniS-
vnelovani ram aris imisTvis, rom igi romantikul
siyvaruls miandon. zog sazogadoebaSi arsebobs
egzogamiis wesi, rac sazogadoebis gareT daqor-
winebas uSvebs. zogan ki arasebobs endogamiis
wesi, romelic sazogadoebis SigniT daqorwine-
bas moiTxovs. miuxedavad imisa, rom sazogadoe-
bebis umetesobaSi daSvebulia pirveli Taobis
biZaSvilebis, mamidaSvilebisa da deidaSvilebis
SeuRleba, zogan SeiZleba daSvebuli an akrZalu-
li iyos rogorc kros-kuzenebis, ise paraleluri
kuzenebis qorwinebaA. mraval sazogadoebaSi arse-
bobs leviratisa da sororatis wesebi. levirati
gulisxmobs gardacvlili kacis qvrivis moyva-
nas gardacvlilis Zmis mier, xolo sororati ki
gulisxmobs gardacvlili qalis dis qorwinebas
gardacvlilis qmarTan.
6. Cven qorwinebas erTi mamakacisa da erTi qalis
kavSirad miviCnevT. amas monogamia hqvia, magram
sazogadoebebis umetesobaSi nebadarTulia ma-
makacis mier ramdenime colis yola (poliginia).
poliandria ewodeba qorwinebas, romlis drosac
erT qalze ori an meti mamakacia daqorwinebuli.
es sakmaod iSviaTi movlenAaa.
7. sazogadoebebis umetesobaSi ojaxis gabatonebu-
li saxea gafarToebuli ojaxi. igi Sedgeba ori an
meti erTmSobliani, monogamuri, poliginiuri an
 341

poliandriuli ojaxisagan, romlebsac erTmaneT- 3. ratom aris poliandria ase iSviaTi poliginias-
Tan sisxliT naTesaoba akavSirebT. Tan SedarebiT?

sakontrolo kiTxvebi
1. darCeba Tu ara Cvens sazogadoebaSi qorwinebis
Cveva? pasuxi axseniT.
2. fiqrobT Tu ara, rom gafarToebuli ojaxebi
ufro momravldeba Cvens sazogadoebaSi? ratom?