religiis sociologia

saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademia

postindustriuli (axali) sazogadoebis kvlevis centri

kaxa qecbaia

religiis sociologia
(leqciebi)

gamomcemloba `universali~
Tbilisi 2013

kaxa qecbaia

wignSi avtor-Semdgenlis mier ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa fakultetze,
sociologiis mimarTulebaze `religiis sociologiaSi wakiTxuli leqciebia
Tavmoyrili.
saleqcio Tematikas Tan erTvis saxvadasxva saxis sakiTxavi masalebi, Teoriuli da praqtikuli xasiaTis kiTxvebi da davalebebi, masalebi gansjisaTvis,
religiis sociologiis aqtualuri Temebi prezentaciebisa da esseebisaTvis,
agreTve religiis sociologiis klasikuri da Tanamedrove calkeul terminTa
ganmartebani da a. S.
wigni socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa fakultetis bakalavriatis
programis studentebisa da, saerTod, religiis sociologiis Seswavlis damwyebTaTvisaa gankuTvnili. wignis saSualebiT dainteresebuli mkiTxveli gaecnoba religiis sociologiis klasikur da Tanamedrove Teoriebs; religiis sociologiis ZiriTad cnebebsa da problemebs; religiisadmi sociologiuri midgomis Taviseburebas, rligiisa da Tanamedrove sazogadoebis urTierTmimarTebis arss da sxva.
imedia dainteresebul da gemovnebian mkiTxvels mravali kiTxva da kritikuli mosazreba gauCndeba wignSi warmodgenili da ganxiluli sakiTxebis mimarT, rasac avtor-Semdgeneli keTilganwyobiT miiRebs, Tundac im ubralo mizezidan gamomdinare, rom igi kvlav agrZelebs leqciebis kurss `religiis sociologiaSi.

redaqtori: anzor bregaZe

filosofiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori
recenzentebi: Teimuraz fanjikiZe
filosofiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori
manana gagoSiZe
filosofiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifo
universitetis sociologiis profesori

garekanis I gverdze: rene magriti `mSvenieri samyaro.

II gverdze: rene magriti `teritoria.
k.qecbaia, 2013
gamomcemloba `universali~, 2013
Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, : 2 22 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30
Email: universal@internet.ge

ISBN 978-9941-22-134-7

religiis sociologia
sarCevi
Sesavali _ (ratom swavloben sociologebi religias) ............. 7
I leqcia: religiis sociologiis sagani - (ra aris da
ras Seiswavlis religiis sociologia?) ......................................... 10
es sayuradReboa: henrix zimoni _ religiis sociologia
ras Seiswavlis es mecniereba .............................................................. 21
masala gansjisaTvis: aris Tu ara cnebiTi azrovneba
religiuri rwmenis arsebobis piroba? ............................................ 24
sakiTxavi masala: k. qecbaia _ filosofiasa da religias
Soris dialogi u. jeimzis pragmatizmis farglebSi. .................. 25
IIleqcia: kvlevis meTodebi religiis sociologiSi
religiurobis dagena ............................................................................ 31
es sainteresoa: v. rozanovi ................................................................ 35
es sayuradReboa: Carlz gloki religiurobis tipebi............. 38
es sainteresoa: eTnografiuli kvlevebis mniSvneloba
religiis sociologiaSi ...................................................................... 42
III leqcia: religiis sociologiis mokle istoria .................. 43
es sayuradReboa: marsel mosi ............................................................ 62
Tvalsazrisi: k. qecbaia _ religiuri ganaTlebis
zogierTi aspeqti saqarTveloSi........................................................ 63
IV leqcia: religiis sociologiuri definicia ....................... 67
es sayuradReboa: religiuri ritualebis Sesaxeb
moweseoba .................................................................................................. 80
sakiTxavi masala: zigmund froidi religiis Sesaxeb .................. 81
sakiTxavi masala: s. avaliani, k. qecbaia _ filosofia
da religia ................................................................................................ 85
es sainteresoa: religiurobis Tanamedrove
sociologiuri kvlevis Sedegebi....................................................... 88
V leqcia: religiis struqtura da funqciebi............................ 89
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kaxa qecbaia

es sainteresoa: dakrZalvis egzotikuri ritualebi .................. 100

sakiTxavi masala: al. meni _ msoflio sulieri kulturis
saTaveebi (religiuri cnobierebis Tavdapirveli
formebis Casaxvisa da ganviTarebis problemebi) ........................ 107
VI leqcia: religiuri organizaciis formebi _
(religiuri institutebi) .................................................................... 122
sakiTxavi masala: mormonebi; unificirebuli eklesia ............... 134
VII leqcia: religiis ZiriTadi sociologiuri
Teoriebi _ adreuli klasika: konti da spenseri .................... 140
VIII leqcia: religiis klasikuri sociologiuri
Teoriebi _ emil diurkemis religiis sociologia
- funqcionalisturi paradigma ...................................................... 149
sakiTxavi masala: totemizmi ............................................................... 159
IX leqcia: religiis klasikuri sociologiuri Teoriebi
_ maqs veberis religiis sociologia - racionalisturi
paradigma ................................................................................................. 163
amonaridebi veberis naSromidan protestantuli eTika da
kapitalizmis suli ............................................................................... 169
es sainteresoa: verner zombarti: kapitalizmi da religia ...... 173
sakiTxavi masala: protestantobis Sesaxeb .................................... 176
X leqcia: religiis klasikuri sociologiuri Teoriebi
_ karl marqsis religiis sociologia
konfliqtologiuri paradigma ...................................................... 182
es sainteresoa: ganadgurebis rituali .......................................... 187
XI leqcia: religiis Tanamedrove sociologiuri
Teoriebi - pirveli nawili struqturulfunqcionalisturi da socialur-anTropologiuri
paradigma (b. malinovski da a. r. redklif-brauni) .................. 189
religiis Tanamedrove sociologiuri Teoriebi
nawili meore _ struqturul-funqcionalisturi
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religiis sociologia

paradigma (k. devisi da u. muri, t. parsonsi r. mertoni) ........ 193

es sayuradReboa: religiuri urTierTobebi. ............................... 203
es sainteresoa: n. rerixi _ kulti da kultura. ......................... 204
XII leqcia: religiis uaxlesi sociologiuri Teoriebi _
fenomenologiuri paradigma, neoevolucionizmi,
racionaluri arCevanis Teoria, religia da socialuri
gacvlis Teoria ..................................................................................... 205
es sayuradReboa: pier burdie _ religiis sociologiis
Sesaxeb ........................................................................................................ 214
masala gansjisaTvis: nugzar papuaSvili _ religia sabWoTa
da postsabWoTa saqarTveloSi .......................................................... 217
XIII leqcia: religia da sazogadoeba _ nawili I _
religia da politika, religia da ekonomika, religia
da socialuri stratifikacia, religia da socialuri
mobiloba, religia da ojaxi, religia da genderi ....................... 222
studentis TvaliT danaxuli islami (amonaridi
saprezentacio masalidan) _ qali, ojaxi da naTesauri
kavSirebi islamSi .................................................................................... 232
religia da sazogadoeba
nawili II _ religia transformirebad sazogadoebaSi ......... 240
neil smelzeri _ ekumenizmi .............................................................. 243
es sainteresoa: piter bergeri _ fragmentebi wignidan
`religia, rogorc socialuri realoba~ _ sekularizacia ..... 247
es sayuradReboa: sergi avaliani _ sruliad saqarTvelos
kaTolikos-patriarqis ilia meoris socialur-politikuri
ideebi ......................................................................................................... 251
es sayuradReboa: vaJa gogoberiSvili _ religiis
problema sekularizebul sazogadoebaSi ...................................... 270
masala gansjisaTvis: kaxa qecbaia _ kidev erTxel religiuri
tolerantobis Sesaxeb ......................................................................... 275
es sainteresoa: religia da sporti................................................... 280

kaxa qecbaia

XIV leqcia: globalizacia da msoflio religiebi ................. 283

sakiTxavi masala: kaxa qecbaia _ globalizacia da islami ....... 294
sakiTxavi masala: al. meni _ marTlmadideblobis
socialuri koncefcia .......................................................................... 299
XV leqcia: religiis momavlis sakiTxi klasikur da
Tanamedrove religiis sociologiaSi ......................................... 304
masala gansjisaTvis: kaxa qecbaia _ religiuri
pluralizmis Sesaxeb ............................................................................ 317
ZiriTadi religiebis mimdevarTa raodenoba (cxrili) .............. 325
saqarTveloSi arsebul religiebiSi, konfesiebsa da
denominaciebSi gaerTianebul morwmuneTa raodenoba .............. 326
sakiTxavi masala: neil smelzeri _ religia amerikaSi .............. 327
sakiTxavi masala: ioaxim vaxi _ religiis sociologia
(fragmenti), nawili I, meTodologiuri prolegomenebi _
Tavi I meTodi ........................................................................................ 331
ZiriTadi cnebebi .................................................................................. 338
danarTi: religiebi msoflios sxvadasxva qveynebSi ............... 340
msoflio religiuri ruka ................................................................ 376
pirTa saZiebeli .................................................................................... 377
.

vuZRvni Zvirafasi maswavleblis,

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religiis sociologia

saqarTveloSi religiis sociologiis fuZemdeblis,

profesor oTar gabiZaSvilis naTel xsovnas.
Sesavali
(ratom swavloben sociologebi religias)
advili SesaZlebelia, rom Rrmad morwmune, religiur adamianebs
religiis sociologiaze saubari araseriozulad miaCndeT, iqidan gamomdinare, rom religia rwmenis saufloa, romelic mecnieruli diskuris miRmaa, xolo sociologia sazogadoebis Semswavleli erT-erTi konkretuli da realuri mecnierebaa, romelic, erTi SexedviT, iq yofs
Tavs, sadac mas araferi esaqmeba.
sinamdvileSi es asec aris. saqme isaa, rom sociologias da arc erT
sxva mecnierebas ar ZaluZs, ar xelewifeba da arc evaleba religiur WeSmaritebaTa arc uaryofa da arc aRiareba. am logikiT sociologia religiur rwmenas aranair safrTxes ar uqmnis.
sociologebi ar akeTeben daskvnebs romelime religiis `avkargianobis~ Sesaxeb. sociologiuri kvleva-Ziebis sferoSi religia im garemoebis gamo Semodis, rom igi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs adamianis, ama
Tu im jgufisa da mTlianad sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi. amitom SeuZlebelia, rom sazogadoebis Semswavleli mecniereba sociologia Sors idges religiis analizisagan, radganac faqtia, rom ar arsebobs ureligio
sazogadoeba da ureligio adamiani. aseve ar arsebobs religia sazogadoebis, adamianTa gaerTianebis gareSe. Sesabamisad, am or fenomens Soris siRrmiseuli kavSiri arsebobs. sazogadoeba iseve Zvelia, rogorc
religia. ramdenadac religia CarTulia sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi, amdenad igi sociologiuri analizis sferoSi Semodis.
religia sazriss aZlevs calkeuli adamianis an adamianTa jgufis
cxovrebas, arsebobas. mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvravs maT qcevas, moqmedebas, msoflmxedvelobasa da RirebulebiT orientacias, riTac is amyarebs arsebul socialur wesrigs an xSirad Zveli, dromoWmuli socialuri sinamdvilis gardamqmnel erT-erT mZlavr faqtorad gvevlineba.
swored amaSi vlindeba religiis socialuri buneba, romelsac da romlis gamoc Seiswavlian religias sociologebi.
zogadad, religiis sociologiis amocana religiis socialuri da
ara zebunebrivi sazrisis ZiebaSi mdgomareobs. religiis socialuri
sazrisis Zieba ki im rolisa da daniSnulebis garkvevaa, romelsac religia asrulebs sazogadoebaSi.
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kaxa qecbaia

religia zebunebrivis (sakraluris) srwmenasTan da ritualebTan

asocirdeba yovelTvis. sociologia ki miwier cxovrebas, yoveldRiurobas Seiswavlis. yoveldRiuroba ki warmoudgenelia religiuri ritualebisa da rwmenis gareSe. sociologias swored is ainteresebs, Tu rogori iqneboda es yoveldRiuroba religiis gareSe da, Tavis mxriv, rogori iqneboda religia yoveldriuri socialuri cxovrebis gareSe.
religiis sociologia sxva sociologiuri disciplinebisagan ara
mxolod Tavisi sagniTaa gamorCeuli, aramed imiTac, rom masSi erTmaneTs xvdeba saero, samoqalaqo da zesaero, zesamoqalaqo da sakraluri
Rirebulebebi.
religiis sociologia miwieris da zeciuris, saeros, yoveldRiuris, profanulisa da sakraluris Sexvedris adgilia. sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor morigdebian es ori garegnulad dapirispirebuli fenomenebi sociologiuri diskursis farglebSi, kidev ufro amZafrebs interess religiis sociologiis mimarT.
frangi sociologis pier burdies sityvebiT Tu vityviT, religiis
sociologia aris veli sadac sakralurisa da profanulis Sexvedras
aqvs adgili. am SexvedraSi erT-erTi maTganis upiratesoba didwilad
gansazRvravs sazogadoebis ier-saxes. ase magaliTad, im sazogadoebebs
sadac sakraluria prioritetuli tradiciuls uwodeben, modernistul
sazogadoebaSi ki sakraluri meorexarisxovania. aqedan irkveva, rom sakralurisadmi, wmindasadmi, zebunebrivisadmi damokidebuleba gansazRvravs adamianTa erTobis tips da, piriqiT, zogjer adamianTa erToba gansazRvravs sakralurisadmi mimarTebaTa sxvadasxva tips. sakiTxis
am rakursiT analizi religiis sociologiis erT-erTi saintereso saqmianobaa.
religiis sociologiuri analizisas sociologi absoluturad ar
exeba rwmenas, rogorc aseTs. rwmenis, rogorc aseTis, sociologiuri,
mecnieruli analizi uazroba iqneboda. sociologs ainteresebs is, Tu
ra rols asrulebs religiuri rwmena sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi. amitom
ar unda SegvaSinos imis iluziam, rom SesaZlebelia religiisadmi sociologiurma midgomam rwmena dagvakarginos an im rwmenas rac gvaqvs raime
ziani miayenos. sociologia Sors dgas amgvari zraxvebisagan. amis magaliTia religiis sociologiis klasikosebis cxovreba, romlebic Zalian
kargad uTvasebdnen erTmaneTs TavianT religiur rwmenas da profesiul
sociologiur saqmianobas. maTTvis sociologobas xeli ar SeuSlia sakuTari rwmenis SenarCunebaSi da piriqiT, Tavis mxriv arc maT religiur
rwmenas SeuSlia xeli sociologobaSi.
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religiis sociologia

religiis sociologia empiriuli mecnierebaa, romelic Seiswavlis

religiur jgufebs da institutebs, adgens maTi warmoSobis, ganviTarebisa da funqcionierebis socialur Taviseburebebs. sociologebi arkveven imas, Tu ra gavlenas axdens religia ekonomikaze, politikaze,
kulturaze, genderze da socialuri cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferoze. magaliTad religiis gavlena sportze da a. S.
religiisadmi sociologiuri midgoma religiuri fenomenis iseTi
aspeqtebis Seswavlas gulisxmobs, romlebic sxva mecnierebis kompetenciaSi ar Sedis. sociologia religias gansakuTrebuli rakursiT ganixilavs, rac religiuris socialuriT axsnaSi gamoixateba. mas ainteresebs
is, Tu ramdenad asazrisianebs socialur realobas religia.
cnobilia, rom socialuri sinamdvile uferuli, erTferovani da
rutinulia. Znelia mis absurdul da xSirad idiotur yofaSi cxovrebis
sazisisis amokiTxva. aseT viTarebaSi adamiani ibneva da uWirs yofierebis orientirebis dagena. amitom religia evlineba mas mSvelelis rolSi.
SeiZleba iTqvas, religia aferadebs am uferul realobas. maradiulobis
gancda Seaqvs masSi da sicocxlisunarians xdis sazogadoebas, am sazogadoebaSi individebisa da jgufebis moqmedebas. am Tavisi roliT religia
misda uneburad socialuri bunebis matarebeli xdeba da Sesabamisad sociologebis yuradRebis centrSi eqceva.

laTinur enaze Sacred wmindas niSnavs.

kaxa qecbaia

`adamiani religiuri cxovelia~

a. kamiu

I leqcia
Tema: religiis sociologiis sagani
(ra aris da ras Seiswavlis religiis sociologia?)
sakvanZo sityvebi da gamoTqmebi
religia, sociologia, mecniereba, rwmena; religia, rogorc socialuri fenomeni, religiaTmcodneoba, religiis fsiqologia, religiis filosofia, religiuri anTropologia, Teologiuri religiis sociologia, qristianuli (marTlmadidebluri, kaTolikuri, protestantuli) religiis sociologia.
Sesavali
gansakuTrebulia religiisadmi sociologiuri midgoma. misi gansakuTrebuloba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom sociologia religias ganixilavs
sazogadoebasTan mimarTebaSi; aanalizebs mis kavSirs socialuri sinamdvilis organizaciasTan. Sesabamisad, religiis Semswavleli sxva disciplinebisagan gansxvavebiT (magaliTad religiaTmcodneoba an religiis fsiqologia) sociologia religiis SigniT mimdinare procesebsac socialuri kanonzomierebebiT xsnis.
sociologiuri analizis Sedegad Cvens winaSe religia warsdegba,
rogorc socialuri fenomeni. Tumca arc is unda vifiqroT, rom religiis is gansazRvreba, romelsac sociologia iZleva amomwuravi, yovlad
unaklo da srulyofilia, rom religiis kvleva misi socialuri aspeqtebis dadgeniTa da SeswavliT amoiwureba mxolod da a. S.
faqtia, rom religia aqturadaa CarTuli adamianebs Soris urTierTobaSi. igi saxes ucvlis, garkveul mimarTulebas aZlevs calkeuli adamianebisa da socialuri jgufebis, socialuri erTobebis qcevas, ufro
Sinaarsians da sazrisiians xdis maTs cxovrebas. yovelive es ki imis safuZvels iZleva, rom sociologebma religia ganixilon rogorc socialuri fenomeni. Tumca kidev erTxel unda gavimeoroT, rom amgvari midgoma sulac ar akninebs religias da religiur rwmenas. arc erT sociologs ar mouva TavSi azri imis Sesaxeb, rom religias mxolod socialuri
aspeqtebi da buneba gaaCnia. amasTan dakavSirebiT sociologiis klasiko10

religiis sociologia

sis Fferdinand Tionisis perifrazirebas Tu movaxdenT, aRmoCndeba, rom

`sociologia religiis ara materialuri an sulieri, aramed socialuri arsis Seswavlaa. materialuri da sulieri arsebobs imdenad,
ramdenadac is socialurs ganapirobebs~. aqedan gamomdinare, religiis sociologias ainteresebs is, Tu ramdenad ganapirobeben religiuri
(sulier-goniTi) fenomenebi socialur sinamdviles da, piriqiT, ramdenad ganapirobeben socialuri fenomenebi religias, religiur jgufebs,
religiur organizaciebs, religiur procsebs da a. S.

Sahsei-vahseis Siituri rituali

religia sakraluris Sesaxeb warmoadgenaze bazirebs. sakralurisadmi rwmena iwvevs Tayvaniscemas, rac mTel rig religiur ritualebSi da sakulto moqmedebebSi gamoixateba. am SemTxvevaSi adamianis
an jgufis moqmedeba religiuri rwmeniT aris gansazRvruli.

1. religia, rogorc socialuri fenomeni

religiis sociologia dargobrivi sociologiuri disciplinaa,
romelic religiis socialur arss, socialur sinamdvilesa da socialur moTxovnilebaze religiis zegavlenas, religiisa da sociumis urTierTobebis aqtualur sakiTxebs ikvlevs. igi religiis Sesaxeb codnis
ori sferos _ sociologiisa da religiaTmcodneobiTi mecnierebebis
_ religiis istoriisa da religiis fsiqologiis, _ Serwymis bazaze Seqmnili mecnierebaa, romelic sociologiuri codnis suverenul dargad
XIX saukunis bolosa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi Camoyalibda. misi fuZemdeblebi sociologiis klasikosebi maqs veberi da emil diurkemi arian.
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kaxa qecbaia

religia adamianis Sinagani samyaros siRrmiseuli fenomenia. religiuri rwmena yovelTvis mniSvnelovania adamianisa da adamianTa jgufebisaTvis. igi yvelaze Zvirfasi da wmindaTa wmindaa adamianisaTvis. amdenad religia sakraluri bunebis matarebelia, amitom religiur Temebze
diskusia yovelTvis mZafr kamaTs iwvevs. Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi
adamianebi TviTon irCeven imas, Tu ra unda iyos maTTvis sakraluri da
ra ara. religiuri warmoadgenebis eWvqveS dayeneba morwmuneebSi yovelTvis did aRSfoTebas iwvevs, radganac es maTi wminda grZnobebis Semlaxvelia. am SemTxvevaSi religiuri rwmena pirovnebis maidentificirebeli mZlavri faqtoria, ris gamoc religiuri Sexedulebeisadmi upativcemulobas adamianebi sakuTari Rirsebis Selaxvad aRiqvamen xolme.
sociologia religiur rwmenas arasodes ar ayenebs eWvs qveS. sociologisTvis ar arsebobs WeSmariti da mcdari religia. mas ainteresebs
religia, rogorc socialuri fenomeni, movlena, romlis safuZvelSi,
rogorc individualur aseve jgufis doneze, imTaviTve igulisxmeba
rwmenis, rogorc obieqturad arsebulis moTxovna, rac imas niSnavs, rom
zebunebrivze, sakralurze da idealurze moTxovnileba Tavidanve aqvs
mocemuli rogorc calkeul adamians aseve adamianTa jgufs.
religiis sociologia aris mecnieruli (sociologiuri) codnis
sistema religiisa da sazogadoebis urTierTmimarTebis kanonzimierebis Sesaxeb. igi Seiswavlis religiasa da adamianTa erTobebs Soris urTierTkavSirs da eZebs im socialur faqtorebs, romlebic calkeuli
adamianebisa da socialuri jgufebis religiur moqmedebas ganapirobebs. am azriT, sociologebi midian daskvnamde, rom rwmena socialuri,
erToblivi gamocdilebis Sedegia, rom religia sazogadoebrivi yofierebis produqtia, rac SesaZlebelia miuRebeli iyos religiisadmi wminda saRvTismetyvelo midgomisaTvis, magram sociologi ver iqneba
RvTismetyveli. misgan gansxvavebiT is yvelgan da yvelaferSi socialur
bunebas, sagnis Tu movlenis socialur Zirebs eZebs.
religiis sociologiuri analizi moiTxovs religiis, rogorc socialuri fenomenis ganxilvas, rac distancirebul midgomas gulisxmobs
sazogadoebaSi arsebuli dominanti religiis standartebisagan da Rirebulebebisagan. amitom sociologis insteresi sazogadoebaSi arsebuili yvela religiuri jgufis TaviseburebaTa gagebazea fokusirebuli,
riTac SesaZlebeli xdeba mocemul sazogadoebaSi religiis faqtobrivi
mdgomareobis identifikacia.
religiis, rogorc socialuri fenomenis erT-erTi Tavisebureba
imaSi mdgomareobs, rom igi sazogadoebis wevrebis jgufuri identobis
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religiis sociologia

gancdas ganapirobebs. religiuri warmodgenebi calkeuli socialuri

jgufis warmomadgenelTaTvis koleqtiuri cnobierebis fenomenebia.
xSir SemTxvevaSi religiuri Sexedulebebi socialuri mediaciis instrumentebadac gvevlinebian, romlebic individs uioleben masze sociumis mier Tavs moxveuli socialuri normebis, wesebis, Rirebulebebisa
da sxvadasxva socialuri konstruqciebis (enobrivi kategoriebi, sivrcis, drois, wesrigis da a. S.) miRebasa da gaTavisebas. am socialur normebsa da konstruqciebs adamiani socializaciis gziT iRebs, anu ubralod rom vTqvaT, swavlobs, iTvisebs. asea magaliTad drois cnebis SemTxvevaSi, romlis SinaarsSi cxovrebis ritmulobis principi devs, rac
Tavis mxriv religiuri ritualebis Sesrulebidan iRebs saTaves. drois
cikluri dayofa religiuri warmomavlobisaa. protestantulma religiam dro fulTan gaaigiva. gamoTqma `dro fulia~ protestantuli religiis eTikur Rirebulebas gamoxatavs da drois sakraluri mniSvnelobis
obieqtivacias niSnavs. drois, yvelaze Zvirfasi saunjis xarjva protestanobaSi fulis xarjvas utoldeba. dro sakraluri fenomenia, romelic
TiToeul adamians RmerTis samsaxurisaTvis eZleva. aqedan momdinareobs morwmune protestantis valdebuleba, rom emsaxuros RmerTs.
xSirad Cvens moqmedebebs eTikuri Rirebulebebi, kulturuli normebi, adaT-wesebi, sxvadasxva saxis religiuri ideebi da Sexedulebebi
gansazRvarven. magaliTad, skandinaviis qveynebSi giganturi kompaniis
mflobelisa da misi rigiTi TanamSromlis saSobao sufraze TiTqmis erTi da igive saWmel-sasmeli iqneba da miuxedavad imisa, rom maTi Semosavlebi gansxvavebulia, saSobao saCuqrebSic isini daaxloebiT erTnair
Tanxas daxarjaven, rac maTi religiuri mrwamsis, _ protestantizmis
moqmedebis principebiT aixsneba, romlis mixedviT, sakuTari Semosavlebis miuxedavad adamiani ubralod da ekonomiurad unda cxovrobdes, xolo danarCeni fuli saqmeSi unda Cados. ase rom, am qveynebSi mdidruli
cxovreba ara maRali socialuri statusis, aramed uRirsi qcevis maCvenebelia. rasac protestantuli religia udevs safuZvlad.
Aaseve xSiria SemTxveva, rodesac religia individs an socialur
jgufs gamorCeulobis socialur statuss aniWebs. amgvari socialuri
tatusis safuZveli analogiuri religiuri gancdaa, romlis meSveobiTac religiuri jgufi an calkeuli morwmune adamiani sakuTari Tavis
identificirebas axdens. magaliTad iudevelTa religiuri Temi RvTis
rCeulobis mesianisturi ideiT xasiaTdeba, rac maT sazogadoebis sxva
wevrebTan mimarTebaSi gansakuTrebul mdgomareobaSi ayenebs. Tanamedrove sociologiis enaze Tu viTyviT, am SemTxvevaSi religiuri niSniT
stigmatizaciasTan gvaqvs saqme.
13

kaxa qecbaia

religia socialuri fenomenia imdenad, ramdenadac is sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi iRebs monawileobas.

sociologebs ainteresebT, Tu rogor aris organizebuli religiuri Temebi, jgufebi; rogoria maTi struqturuli, funqcionaluri da institucionaluri arsebobis pirobebi; is normebi da Rirebulebebi, romlebsac aRiareben esa Tu is religiuri jgufebi, rogoria maTi roli individisa da mTlianad sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi.
religiis sociologiis mier dasmuli saWirboroto kiTxvebia: ratom arseboben religiebi, rogoria maTi arsebobisa da funqcionirebis
safuZvlebi, ris wyalobiT inarCuneben religiebi TavianT Tavs sazogadoebis istoriaSi? (e. gidensi).
sociologebi cdiloben gaigon, Tu ra gavlenas axdens religiuri
jgufisadmi kuTvnileba da religiuri identoba socialuri sinamdvilis sxva aspeqtebze: magaliTad socialur poziciebze, ojaxur cxovrebaze, profesiis arCevaze, ganaTlebaze, ekonomikur qcevaze, politikur
aqtivobebze, cxovrebis stilze da sxv. (n. smelzeri).

2. religiis sociologiis sagani

Y oveli dargobrivi sociologia Sesabamisi sferos socialur arss
y
da sazogadoebasTan mis mimarTebas adgens. am samoqmedo gegmis gaTvaliswinebiT religiis sociologia religiis raobas da im etapebs gansazRvravs, rac man Camoyalibebis dRidan gaira.
religiis sociologias ainteresebs religiuri kultisa da simboloebis socialuri Zirebi. igi Seiswavlis religiuri jgufebis organizebas da struqturas; ikvlevs religiuri normebisa da Rirebulebebis
socialur Taviseburebebs; religiis sociologiis gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis centrSi dgas sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb Tu ra rols asrulebs religia calkeuli adamianebisa da mTlianad sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi. erTi
sityviT, rom vTqvaT, religiis sociologiis sagania religiaze, sakralurze adamianisa da sazogadoebis moTxovnileba da sazogadoebasa da
adamianze religiis zegavlena, religiisa da sazogadoebis urTierTmimarTebis problema.
religiis sociologiis kvlevis sferoSi Semodis religiebis Tanaarsebobis formebis Seswavla. aq sakiTxi exeba imas, Tu ra mimarTebaSia
esa Tu is religia sxva konfesiebTan. religiebs Soris urTierTmimarTeba ki tolerantobis analizs moiTxovs. amitom tolerantoba religiis
sociologiis aqtualuri problemaa. ismis kiTxva: ramdenad arian religiebi erTmaneTis mimarT tolerantulni; tolerantobis xarisxi ki so14

religiis sociologia

ciologiuri gamokvlevebiT dgindeba. sociologebi arkveven gansxvavebuli religiuri rwmenis mqone adamianebsa da jgufebs Soris urTierTdamokidebulebas.
faqtia, rom sxvadasxva socialur erTobaTa warmomadgenlebs (klasebi, fenebi, elitebi da sxv.) religiis mimarT TavianTi poziciebi aqvT.
xSir SemTxvevaSi es poziciebi ar emTxveva am erTobaTa sxva wevrebis poziciebs, amitom empiriuli sociologiuri kvleva adgens Tu ra ganapirobebs erTobis wevrTa identur pozicias da ra iwvevs calkeuli individebis mxridan misgan gadaxras. am mimarTulebiT sociologiuri kvlevebis didi gamocdileba amerikel sociologebs aqvT.
religiis sociologia Seiswavlis religiisa da pirovnebis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxs, ramdenadac Tavisi bunebiT religia pirovnebazea
orientirebuli. am SemTxvevaSi religiis Tanamedrove sociologiur TeoriebSi aqcenti religiis individisadmi damokidebulebaze keTdeba da
kvlevis rakursi mTlianad iseT kiTxvebzea mimarTuli, rogoricaa: 1.
religiisadmi mimarTebiT ramdenad gansxvavdebian individebi erTmaneTisagan. 2. ra ganapirobebs individTa gansxvavebul religiur orientacias? 3. ra Sedegebs iwvevs individTa qcevaSi gansxvavebuli religiuri
orientaciebis qona?
religiis sociologia ikvlevs religiis gavlenas adamianTa qcevaze, iqneba es ojaxSi mis wevrTa mimarT, Tu ojaxis wevrebisa religiis mimarT. gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa tradiciuli religiuri Rirebulebebisa da Tanamedrove ojaxis urTierdamokidebulebis problema. am mimarTulebiT Catarebulma sociologiurma kvlevebma aCvenes, rom, rogorc wesi, uSvilo ojaxebi ufro morwmuneni arian da aqtiurad arian
CarTulni saeklesio cxovrebaSi vidre Svilianebi. sociologebi amtkiceben, rom es faqti imiT aixsneba, rom dauojaxebel da uSvilo individebSi ojaxisadmi sazrunavs eklesiisadmi zrunva cvlis, Tumca unda iTqvas, rom amgvari viTareba zogadi kanonzomiereba ar aris da umetes SemTxvevaSi piriqiT xdeba xolme. amgvari viTareba imaze metyvelebs, rom
religiis sociologiis kvlevis sfero mTeli rigi `moulodnelobebiT~
aris aRsavse, rac misadmi interess erTiorad amZafrebs.
sociologiisaTvis mniSvnelovania religiis sxvadsxva mxareebis,
elementebis, magaliTad religiuri cnobierebis, religiuri kultis,
eTosis, religiuri urTierTobebisa da sxvadasxva saxis religiuri gaerTianebebis, _ socialuri parametrebis kvleva.

15

kaxa qecbaia

religiis sociologia adgens religiis socialur arss.

religiis sociologia religias ganixilavs rogorc socialur fenomens.
religiis sociologiis sagania religiis adgilis, rolisa da
mniSvnelobis dadgena sazogadoebaSi.
emil diurkemis sityvebiT:
religiis sociologiis ZiriTadi sagania sakralurisa (wminda)
da profanulis (yoveldRiuri, saero) urTierTmimarTebis problema.
religiis sociologia religiur fenomenebs socialuri cnebebiTa da kategoriebiT xsnis.

3. religiis sociologia da religiis Semswavleli

sxva mecnieruli disciplinebi.
religiis sociologis adgili socialur
mecnierebaTa sistemaSi
religiis is gageba, romelic aqvs sociologs gansxavavebulia religiis im gagebisagan, romelic gaaCnia fsiqologs, filosofoss anda istorikoss.
es imis msgavsia, TiTqos erTi da imave adamianis portreti sxvadsaxva mimdinareobis warmomadgenel mxatvarT rom daexataT.
fsiqologi religias, rogorc fsiqikur fenomens ganixilavs, anu
mas ainteresebs ara is procesebi, rac sazogadoebaSi religiis gavleniT
xdeba (magaliTad is funqciebi rasac sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi religia asrulebs), aramed misi interesis sfero religiis subieqturi mxarea, rac religiis adamianuri fsiqikis konteqstSi ganxilvas warmoadgens. amitom misi kavSiri religiis sociologiasTan udavoa. religiis
fsiqologias morwmuneTa fsiqologia ainteresebs. religiuri emociebi,
religiuri SiSebi, religiuri siyvaruli, religiuri grZnobebi da a. S.
misi ZiriTadi cnebebi da kategoriebia. miuxedavad kvlevis sagnisa da
xedvis rakursebs Soris gansxvavebisa religiis fsiqologia da religiis
sociologia ki ar ewinaaRmdegebian erTmaneTs, aramed religiis Sesaxeb
codnas avseben da amdidreben.
sociologia religiis `socialur ganzomilebazea~ koncentrirebuli. igi arkvevs Tu ra gavlenas axdens religia socialur qcevaze, moq16

religiis sociologia

medebaze. am SemTxvevaSi sociologi istoriul monacemebs unda daeyrdnos. amitom religiis sociologias organuli kavSiri aqvs religiis
istoriasTan, magram sociologi istorikosi ver iqneba; istorikosisagan gansxvavebiT mas ainteresebs socialuri qcevis, moqmedebis, religiuri motivaciis zogadi wesebi da ara is, Tu rodis warmoiSva esa Tu is
religia da analogiuri istoriuli sakiTxebi. bunebrivia, Tavis kvlevaSi sociologi saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi istoriuli mecnierebis monacemebs mimarTavs, magram am monacemebs is socialur parametrebSi moaqcevs
xolme.
religiis sociologiasTan kavSirSia iseTi mecnieruli disciplina,
rogoric religiis geografiaa. igi religias geografiuli mecnierebis
kategoriebsa da paramatrebSi (gavrcelebis are, ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi da a. S.) aqcevs. Sesabamisad es mecnieruli disciplina religiis sociologiuri analizisaTvis saWiro Zalze sayuradRebo da saintereso monacemebs iZleva. sociologiaSi cnobilia geografiuli garemos gavlena sazogadoebaze. am rakursiT danaxuli religia da sazogadoeba udavod sainteresoa sociologiisaTvis.
religiis sociologia gverds ver auvlis Teologiur codnas. Teologia (`Teos~ - RmerTi, `logos moZRvreba. sityva sityviT RmerTis
Sesaxeb moZRvreba) religiisadmi mecnieruli midgomisagan gansxvavebiT,
RmerTis arsebobasa da `gamocxadebas~ emyareba. Tu mecniereba RmerTis
Sesaxeb codnidan amodis, Teologia RmerTis arsebobis rwmenas emyareba.
religiis sociologia religiur rwmenas ganixilavs, rogorc faqts da
mis socialur funqciebs eZebs. TeologiisaTvis religia zedroul ganzomilebas warmoadgens, maSin rodesac sociologi mas droiTi ganzomilebis mixedviT ganixilavs, magram es xels ar uSlis Teologiasa da religiis sociologias Soris urTierTkavSirs.
religiis mkvlevar sociologTa Soris arian rogor religiuri,
aseve arareligiuri adamianebi, magram es xels ar uSlis maT Sesabamisi
kvlevebis CatarebaSi. profesiuli eTika avaldebulebs maT, rom ar gacdnen sazRvrebs, romelic mecniersa da Teologs anda religiis aTeist
kritikoss erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs. sociologi religiis analizisas erTgvar profesionalur neitralobas inarCunebs, rasac religiis
sociologiaSi meTodologiur gnosticizms eZaxian. sociologiis klasikosi maqs veberi am problemis mogvarebas mkvlevris `inteleqtualur
samarTlianobaSi~ xedavda, rac sociologis mxridan garkveul ostatobas moiTxovs. sabolood unda aRiniSnos, rom Teologia religiis arsis
religiur, saRvTismetyvelo axsnas iZleva, rac religiis socialuri bunebis gasagebad udavod mniSvnelovania.
17

kaxa qecbaia

Teologiur codnasTan erTad religiis sociologiisaTvis Zalze

mniSvnelovania religiis Semswavleli iseTi mecnieruli disciplinis
monacemebi, rogoric religiaTmcodneobaa. igi Seiswavlis religiis gamovlenis Taviseburebebs sxvadasxva sazogadoebriv epoqaSi, religiisadmi damokidebulebis sakiTxebs sxvadasxva socialur da politikur
sistemaSi. igi Tavis ZiriTad problemebs saRvTismetyvelo dargebTan
akavSirebs da sakiTxebs saRvTo werilis obieqturi analizis safuZvelze ganixilavs. aCvenebs religiis gansakuTrebul rols kacobriobis
istoriaSi. SeiZleba iTqvas, religiaTmcodneoba religiis Semswavleli
ZiriTadi, sabaziso mecnierebaa, amitom religiis sociologiasa da religiaTmcodneobas Soris organuli kavSiri arsebobs. ufro metic, arsebobs mosazreba, romlis mixedviTac religiis sociologia religiaTmcodneobis nawilad aris gamocxadebuli, rac arasworia. ramdenadac
religiaTmcodneoba, globaluri TvalsazrisiT, garegadamwvdomia religiis Sesaxeb arsebuli mecnierebebisaTvis SeiZleba religiis sociologia religiaTmcodneobiT dargebs mivakuTvnoT. Tumca sakuTrivi mosazrebiT, sinamdvileSi religiis sociologia religiis Semswavleli
dargobrivi da empiriuli sociologiuri disciplinaa.
Tavis kvlevebSi religiis sociologia garkveulwilad religiis
filosofiis momacemebsac iTvaliswinebs. religiis filosofia religiis filosofiur arss Seiswavlis. misi kvlevis areSi iseTi sakiTxebis analizi Semodis, rogoricaa RmerTis arsebobis filosofiuri dasabuTeba,
RmerTisa da samyaros, RmerTisa da adamianis mimarTebis problema, racionalobisa da WeSmaritebis pirobebis dadgena da mravali sxva. arsebobs agreTve religiuri filosofiac, romlis amosavali principi RmerTis rogorc substanciad aRiarebaa. misi waromadgenlebi ara mxolod
religias aanalizeben, aramed im sakiTxebs ixilaven rac yofierebas (arsebobas) da Semecnebas Seexeba. mis SigniT gamoiyofa Teisturi da aTeisturi mimdinareobebi. religiis sociologia, bunebrivia, gulgrili ver
iqneba religiis filosofiisa da religiuri filosofiis mimarT, magram
is am yovelives iyenebs imdenad, ramdenadac isini gamosadegni arian isev
da isev religiis socialuri bunebis dasadgenad.
religiuri filosofiis kvalobaze SesaZlebelia agreTve saubari
religiur sociologiazec. am SemTxvevaSi erTmaneTSi ar unda agverios
religiis sociologia da religiuri sociologia. religiuri sociologia erT-erTi Teoriuli mimarTulebaa sociologiaSi, romelic socialuri fenomenebis religizebas axdens. igi yovel socialur movlenas
religiuri Tvalsazrisidan ganixilavs, rac religiis sociologiuri
analizisagan Sors imyofeba. Tumca Teoriuli sociologiis am mimarTu18

religiis sociologia

lebis calkeuli debulebebi religiis sociologiisTvisac angariSgasawevia.

religiis sociologia

religiis
fsiqologia

religiaTmcodneoba

religiis
istoria

religiis
geografia

Teologia

4. religiis sociologiis nairsaxeobani

religiisadmi sociologiuri midgoma araerTgvarovani SeiZleba
iyos, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tu rogoria amosavali principebi da konceptualuri xedvebi. amas ganapirobebs agreTve isic, rom religia mravalwaxnagovani socialuri fenomenia, rac religiis sociologiaSi mis
nairsaxeobebze saubris pirobaa. am nairsaxeobebs Soris gamoyofen religiis istoriul sociologias, Teologiur (marTlmadideblur, kaTolikur da protestantul) religiis sociologias, antiTeistur religiis sociologias, religiis fenomenologias da sxv.
religiis istoriuli sociologia socialur-religiur problemebs istoriul ganaserSi ganixilavs. Tu religiis sociologia aanalizebs religiisa da sazogadoebis mimarTebas ZiriTadad Tanamedrove
etapze, religiis istoriuli sociologia religiisa da socialuri
struqturebis, institutebisa da normebis mimarTebaTa sistemas istoriul (warsulis) ganzomilebaSi Seiswavlis. rac ar aris religiis isto-

19

kaxa qecbaia

ria, radganac religiisa da socimis mimarTebas Seexeba, rac sakuTriv

religiis sociologiaa.
Teologiuri religiuri sociologiisaTvis amosavali principi Teologiuria, anu is RmerTis arsebobas da gamocxadebas aRiarebs. mis SigniT gamoiyofa marTlmadidebluri (mama s. bulgakovi, al. meni, vl. soloviovi, n. berdiaevi da sxv.), kaTolikuri (fitCeri, xati, le-ple, fon
etieni da sxv. isini kaTolikur eklesias ganixilaven, rogorc mwyobr socialur sistemas) da protestantuli (trelCi) religiis sociologia.
religiis antiTeisturi sociologiisaTvis amosavali principi
aTeisturia (magaliTad marqsi).
religiuri fenomenologiis mixedviT, religiis arsi ar unda movaciloT religias, rogorc movlenas. igi religias arsisa da movlenis
filosofiuri kategoriebis WrilSi ganixilavs. magaliTad rodesac saubaria religiis arsze mxedvelobaSi aqvT eklesia, xolo rodesac saubaria religiaze, rogorc movlenaze maSin mis socialur bunebas, anu mis
sazogadoebriv daniSnulebas gulisxmoben.
dasasruls unda iTqvas, rom religiis sociologiis zemoxsenebuli
dayofa mainc pirobiTia. es yvelaferi religiis sociologiis SigniT
xdeba da igi kvlav rCeba religiis Semswavlel erT-erT mowinave sociologiur disciplinad.
kiTxvebi:

raSi gamoixateba religiis socialuri buneba?

ras Seiswavlis religiis sociologia?

ra adgili ukavia religiis sociologias socialur da

religiis Semswavlel mecnierebaTa sistemaSi?

ras niSnavs meTodologiuri gnosticizmi?

davalebebi:

moamzadeT prezentacia Temaze: sakraluri da profanuli

Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi.

1.
2.

3.
20

moamzadeT essei Temaze: risTvis religiis sociologia?

ZiriTadi literatura:
o. gabiZaSvili, religia, rogorc socialuri movlena, Tb., 1987.
n. smelzeri, sociologia, nawili III. Tavi 15. religia. m., 1994.
(rus. enaze). qarTuli Targmanis naxva SesaZlebelia www.socium.ge-ze.
e. gidensi, sociologia, Tavi 17. religia, m., 2005. (rus. enaze).

religiis sociologia

4.

1.
2.

ed. kodua. religiis sociologia, wignSi: sociologia, nakv. II.

Tb., 1998.
damatebiTi literatura:
q. kalhuni, d. laiTi, s. keleri, sociologia, Tavi XIII, religia.
Tb., 2008.
j. maisionisi, sociologia, Tavi 18. religia. sankt-peterburgi,

2004.
3.
4.
5.
6.

o. gabiZaSvili, religiis sociologiis sakiTxebi, Tb., 1984.

o. gabiZaSvili, religiaTmcodneoba, Tb., 2002.
z. kiknaZe. eklesia guSin, eklesia xval. Tb., 2002.
ed. kodua. religia, kultura, sazogadoeba. wignSi: kulturis
sociologia, Tb., 2001.

es sayuradReboa!
***
henrix zimoni
religiis sociologia ras Seiswavlis es mecniereba
religiis sociologia swavlobs imas Tu ra rols asrulebs da ra
adgili ukavia religias socialur urTierTobebSi, anu mas ainteresebs
religiasa da sazogadoebas Soris urTierTkavSiri. Emecnierebis es dargi iswafvis gansazRvros religiis sazogadoebrivi formebi da Camoyalibos religiuri moqmedebis zogadi Teoriia.
igi swavlobs ara uSualod religias, aramed religiurobas da mis
gamovlinebas yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. vladislav pivovarskis (19292001) gansazRvrebiT, `religiis sociologiis sagania specifikuri socialuri movlenebi, romlebic SeiniSneba konkretul religiebSi, konfesiebsa da seqtebSi, aseve religiisa da socialuri sinamdvilis sxva sferoebs Soris urTierTobaSi~. religiis sociologia, romelic erTdroulad klasificirdeba rogorc sociologiuri sub-disciplina da religiaTmcodneobiTi mecniereba, zogadi sociologiis mier SemuSavebul
cnebebs, Teoriebsa da meTodebs iyenebs.
sociologiuri mecnierebis winamorbedebad, iseve rogorc religiis sociologiisa miiCnevian monteskie, sen-simoni, konti, spenseri.
mecnierul xmarebaSi termini `religiis sociologia~ Semoitana georg zimelma. religiis sociologiis Semqnelebad emil diurkemi, maqs
21

kaxa qecbaia

veberi da ioaxim vaxi miiCneva. vaxs miaCnda, rom religiuri gamocdileba

vlindeba Teoriis sferoSi (doqtrina), praqtikis sferoSi (kulti) da
socialur cxovrebaSi (religiuri organizaciebi da jgufebi).
amerikeli sociologi Carlz iang gloki religiurobis 5 ZiriTad
faqtors gamoyofs:
ideologiuri (religiuri msoflmxedveloba).
inteleqtualuri (religiuri codna).
ritualuri (religiuri praqtikebi).
gancdiseuli (religiuri gamocdileba).
qceviTi (moraluri ganwyobebi).
religiis sociologiis klasikosebi (diurkemi, veberi, trelCi, malinovski, vaxi) dainteresebuli iyvnen damwrelobamdeli xalxebis religiiT, ramdenadac cdilobdnen epovaT kanonzomiereba, romelic saerTod religiis, da kerZod, Tanamedrove sociumebis religiebis arss gagavagebinebda. dReisaTvis religiis sociologia, pirvel rigSi, dakavebulia Tanamedrove dasavluri sazogadoebaSi arsebuli konkretuli
religiebisa da rwmenebis analiziT (igulisxmeba evropuli da CrdiloeT amerikuli sazogadoebebi). dResaTvis religiis sociologia yvelaze
metad mizanmimarTulad ganviTarebadi disciplinaa amerikis SeerTebul
Statebsa da evropaSi.
sxva danarCen sakiTxebTan erTad, religiis sociologia Seswavlis:
religiis zemoqmedebas socialuri sinamdvilis iseT sferoebze, rogorebicaa: ojaxi, eri da saxelmwifo; aseve socialur movlenaTa gavlenas religiaze, religiur cnebebze, religiur cxovrebasa da
praqtikaze.
religiuri organizaciis tipebs (eklesia, denominacia, seqta,
religiuri da para-religiuri moZraobebi). aanalizebs maTi warmoSobis, ganviTarebis, struqturisa da organizaciis sakiTxebs.
religiuri liderebis tipologias religiis formirebis sakiTxSi maT mier Sesrulebuli rolis mixedviT. religiur jgufSi
lideris socialur funqciebs.
religiis kavSirs kulturasTan, politikasTan, ekonomikasTan, moralTan da sxv.
religiis socialur funqciebs (magaliTad sazogadoebasTan
mimarTebaSi maintegrirebeli da madezinegrirebeli).
22

religiis sociologia
religiurobis Caqrobis mauwyebel fenomenebs (deqristianizacia, sekularizacia, laicizacia) da religiurobis aRorZinebas; religiis privatizacias da marginalizacias, religiuri aqtivobis axl
fenomenebs.
religiuri qcevis stabilur formebsa (religiurobis maCveneblebi) da socialur garemos Soris kavSirs (magaliTad qalaqi da
sofeli); religiis kavSirs socialur warmomavlobasa da profesiul
saqmianobasTan. industrializaciisa da urbanizaciis gavlenas religiur cxovrebaze.
religiis mimarTebas mediasTan (presa, kono, radio, televizia,
interneti).
mrevlis struqturasa da socialur cxovrebas.
wignidan - `mecniereba da religia sazogadoebis sulier aRorZinebaSi~, kievi, 2006.

***
`religiuroba adamianis bunebis Tvisebaa, romelic sxvadasxva
formiT vlindeba da romelic sxvadasxva socialur cvlilebaTa
gamomwvevi mizezia.
T. lukmani

23

kaxa qecbaia

masala gansjisaTvis
aris Tu ara cnebiTi azrovneba religiuri rwmenis arsebobis piroba?

religiis sociologiis mkvlevrebi, eTnosociologebi, socialuri

da lingvisturi anTropologiis warmomadgenlebi yovlismomcveli sakralurobis wminda formad da gamovlinebad amazonis junglebSi mcxovreb indielebs piraxanis tomis warmomadgenlebs miiCneven. junglebSi
Cakargul am adamianebs ar gaaCniaT miTebi da legendebi samyarosa da sakuTari warmomavlobis Sesaxeb da, saerTod, maT ar ician ra aris warsuli an momavali. maT enaSi ar arsebobs iseTi ricxviTi saxelic ki rogoric erTi an oria. protestanti misionerebis yovelgvari mcdeloba maTTvis aexsnaT qristianobis arsi yovelTvis marcxiT damTavrda, im mizeziT, rom maTs enasa da kulturaSi amisTvis saWiro cnebebi ar moipoveba.
miuxedavad am yvelafrisa, piraxanis tomis warmomadgenlebs cxoveli
urTierToba aqvT sulebTan. isini sulebs, rogorc cocxal adamianebs,
esaubrebian. Tumca maTTan mcxovrebma eTnologma da lingvistma msgavsi
ram versad ver aRmoaCina. xolo rodesac mas indielebi sulis gacnobas
dapirdnen, misken uzarmazari iaguari gamoemarTa, romelsac is Zlivs
gadaurCa cocxali. piraxanis indielTa tomi mTels msoflioSi yvelaze
uSfoTvel xalxad aris miCneuli. yovelive es kidev erTxel metyvelebs
imaze, rom religiuri rwmena abstraqtuli, cnebiTi azrovnebis gareSec
SeiZleba arsebobdes da, rom igi cnebiT azrovnebasTan mimarTebaSi maradiuli da pirveladia. am SemTxvevaSi sociologebi yuradRebas aqceven imas Tu, ra ufro aucilebelia religiis arsebobisaTvis abstraqtuli, cnebiTi azrovneba Tu adamianTa erTad yofna?
SeecadeT, rom Tqvenc gasceT pasuxi sociologebisaTvis saintereso kiTxvas:
ra ufro aucilebelia religiis arsebobisaTvis abstraqtuli,
cnebiTi azrovneba, Tu adamianTa erTad yofna? (pasuxi daasabuTeT).
24

religiis sociologia
sakiTxavi masala
kaxa qecbaia
filosofiasa da religias Soris dialogi
u. jeimzis pragmatizmis farglebSi
filosofiasa da religias Soris dialogi yovel epoqaSi iyo filosofiuri gansjis sagani. sakacobrio azrovnebis istoria adasturebs, rom
es dialogi xSir SemTxvevaSi ara Tu ver Sedga, aramed dilemad darCa. arc
erTi didi moazrovne gulgrili ar darCenila am sakiTxis mimarT. yoveli
maTgani sakuTari filosofiuri poziciebidan ganixilavda problemas.
maT Soris originaluri pragmatistuli poziciiT gamoirCeva u. jeimzi,
romelmac filosofiasa da religias Soris dialogis aucileblobaze da
mis praqtikul sargeblianobaze miuTiTa. vfiqrobT, aRniSnul sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT u. jeimzis mosazreba aqtualuria dResac.
u. jeimzis mier edinburgis universitetSi `bunebrivi religiebis~ kaTedraze
wakiTxulma leqciebis kursma SemdgomSi
Seadgina erTi didi wigni saxelwodebiT:
`religiuri gamocdilebis mravalgvaroba (1902 w.), romelic religiis fsiqologiaSi dResdReobiT erT-erT fundamentur gamokvlevad iTvleba. masSi adamianis
religiuri miswrafebis fsiqologiuri
analizia mocemuli. religiis sakiTxebs eZRvneba agreTve, am leqciebis kursis bazaze Seqmnili misi wigni: `popularuli filosofiis cdebi~, romelSic ganxilulia
rwmenisa da nebis urTierTmimarTebis
u. jeimzi
problema, religiuri rwmenis filosofi(1842-1910)
uri gamarTleba. religiuri da filosofiuri problemebis ganxilva mocemulia u. jeimzis naSromebSi: `adamianuri ukvdavebis Sesaxeb~ (1901); `SeiZleba Tu ara gardacvlilTan urTierToba~ (1911); igive problematikas exeba misi erT-erTi statia `cxovrebis sazrisi~ da sxva. am Sromebze Tvalis erTi gadavlebiTac Cans, rom
Zalze mravalferovania u. jeimzis religiur-filosofiuri Sexedulebani, romelTagan gamovyofT mxolod erT konkretul sakiTxs, u. jeimzis Tvalsazriss religiisa da filosofiis urTierTdamokidebulebis
Sesaxeb. yvela zemoaRniSnul SromaSi am sakiTxs erT-erTi mniSvnelovani
adgili uWiravs, magram amjerad Cven veyrdnobiT mis naSroms `religiu25

kaxa qecbaia

ri gamocdilebis mravalgvaroba~. am SemTxvevaSi avtori gamodis rogorc religiis damcveli da ganixilavs mas rogorc adamianis fsiqologiur funqcias, romlis safuZveli devs individis qvecnobier, iracionalur cdaSi, romlis mizezi aris RmerTi.
u. jeimzi, rogorc pragmatisti da empiristi, religiis pragmatistul dafuZnebas cdilobs da mas vrcel fsiqologiur analizs uZRvnis,
romlis amosavali debuleba is aris, rom `religiuri cda~ adamianuri
cdis erT-erTi moucilebeli komponentia, xolo religiuri Rirebulebebi aucilebel rgols qmnis RirebulebaTa saerTo sistemaSi.
religiuri cda, u. jeimzis mixedviT, iseve realuri da sasargebloa, rogorc nebismieri cxovrebiseuli an mecnieruli cda, amitom
religiuri dogmebi imdenadaa WeSmariti, ramdenadac sasargebloa.
`Tu daveyrdnobiT religiur moZRvrebebs da rwmenis faqts, _ ambobs jeimzi, _ unda vTqvaT, rom maT Sinaarss uxilavis arseboba warmoadgens. arsebobs raRac uxilavi wesrigi, romelic unda virwmunoT, rom
xilul sinamdviles azri mieces~.1 igi aris rwmenis Sinaarsis ganzogadeba, Tumca uxilavi raRacis moxmareba cdiseul sinamdvilesac axasiaTebs. magaliTad, ontologiuri unarisaTvis ucxo ar aris zogadi cnebebi da uzogadesi kategoriebi, isini realurad, xiluli saxiT ar arsebobs, magram gacilebiT met reaqcias iwvevs CvenSi, vidre xiluli sagnebi. oRond am SemTxvevaSi didi mniSvneloba aqvs im uxilav raRacas, rac
rwmenis sferoa. kantisaTvis, _ ambobs jeimzi, _ es `TavisTavadi nivTebis~ sferoa, magram kantis gamonaTqvamebi uxilavi samyaros Sesaxeb iseve
funqciobs, rogorc xilulis Sesaxeb.
u. jeimzis azriT, tradiciuli filosofiis nakli aris is, rom man
eWvis qveS daayena uxilavis realuroba. aq aucilebelia grZnobadi faqtebis minimaluri gancda, radganac logikuri daskvnebi da racionaluri
xerxebi zebunebrivis wvdomisTvis sakmarisi ar aris.
RmerTTan kontaqtiT azri unda mieces Cvens arsebobas, amitom jeimzs Semoaqvs hipoTeza RmerTis realobis gancdisa da masTan Cveni kontaqtis pirobebis Sesaxeb. am pirobebis Seswavla mecnierebis, kerZod,
fsiqologiis saqmed miaCnia mas. u. jeimzis mixedviT, grZnobadi monacemebi erTaderTi saimedo masalaa, radgan isini faqtobriv viTarebas exeba. Cveni cxovreba aris imis aRqma, rom arsebobs raRac sxva, mistikuri
(gancda) cda, sadac arsebobis ganmcdelis nebisyofa nulamdea dayvanili. amiT igi Tavs grZnobs RmerTze damokidebulad da ar ZaluZs masTan

XX saukunis burJuaziuli filosofia, Tb., 1966,gv. 125. redaqtori: TevzaZe g.

26

religiis sociologia

gaTiSva. adamianis sulieri samyaro imaze metia, rac Cven masze viciT.
Cveni me aris gagrZeleba ufro didi `me~-si da Cveni yofnis sazRvrebi
grZnobadi da intuiciuri wvdomis samyaros miRmaa, saidanac modis Cveni
idealuri, sulieri miswrafebebi. amitom Cven maTiT ufro vcxovrobT,
vidre xiluli sinamdviliT. aqedan gamomdinare, Cven am uxilavis da maradiuli samyaros moqalaqeebi ufro varT! yovelive es ki, jeimzis mixedviT, aris mistikuri samyaros realobis mtkiceba. RmerTis arsebobas
adasturebs misi arsebobis gancda, grZnoba. am SemTxvevaSi yvelaferi pirovnebaze da mis Tavisufal arCevanzea damokidebuli.2 amitom, _ ambobs
jeimzi, _ rwmena ar SeiZleba lokalizebul iqnes romelime seqtaSi,
fenaSi an rasaSi; is individualuri fenomenia. religia es aris piradi gancdis, SegrZnebis uSualo faqti, rac jeimzs aZlevs imis safuZvels, rom isaubros pirovnul religiaze. magram religiuri grZnoba ar
aris damokidebuli organul gansazRvrulobaze, radganac igi religiis
sulier Rirebulebas daakninebda. amitom jeimzi iziarebs religiis zebunebrivi, RvTaebrivi warmoSobis Teorias. religia aris pirovnuli,
uSualo gancda, SegrZneba, magram mizezi da piroba am SegrZnebisa aris
RmerTi. u. jeimzi akritikebs e. w. samedicino materializms, romlis mixedviT, mociqul pavles gamocxadeba damaskos gzaze gagebuli iyo rogorc epileptikuri movlena, xolo wm. francisk asizeli miCneuli iyo
Wkuanaklul adamianad. maT mixedviT, aseTi mdgomareobebi daavadebaa da
meti araferi. jeimzi fiziologic iyo da amdenad am Tvalsazriss TviT
fiziologiis miRwevebis gamoyenebiT araseriozuls uwodebda (igi akritikebda agreTve religiis warmoSobis e. w. seqsualur Teorias).
religiis sfero imdenad rTulia, _ ambobs jeimzi, _ rom saWiroa
misi kvlevisas raRac sferoTi SemovifargloT. es sfero aris pirovnuli religia. jeimzis mixedviT, religias arsebobis ori forma aqvs: Sinagani da garegani. maT Soris ufro mniSvnelovania Sinagani. religia arsebobs rogorc dawesebuleba, organizacia (instituti) da rogorc piradi, individualuri gancda, SegrZneba. pirveli gulisxmobs msaxurebas
(kults), Teologiur sistemas, saeklesio organizacias da a. S. rac religiisaTvis aucilebelia. aq religia mocemulia rogorc qmedeba, romlis mizania RvTis wyalobis mopoveba, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi gvaqvs pirovnuli, individualuri religia, romlis qveS igulisxmeba adamianis
Sinagani gancda, SegrZneba, misi sindisi da sruli martooba yofierebis
usasrulobis winaSe, romlis mizani siwmindis miRwevaa. amitom jeimzi ar

TevzaZe g., XX s-is filosofiis istoria, Tb., 2002, gv. 575.

27

kaxa qecbaia

saubrobs eklesiasa da Teoriul RvTismetyvelebaze. Tvlis, rom piradi

rwmena, pirovnuli religia aris religiis safuZveli. aqedan unda daiwyos religiuri cxovreba. TviT eklesiac pirad damoukideblobaze, avtonomiurobazea damokidebuli, amas mowmobs didi qristianuli saidumloebebis individualuri xasiaTi. ziarebis aqti pirovnuli, individualuria da ara koleqtiuri. religia aris cdiseuli adamianis, pirovnebis
grZnobebisa da gancdebis erToblioba, rasac jeimzi empiriuli gamokvlevebiT adasturebs. religiis wyaro aris grZnoba, amitom rwmena aris
cocxali grZnoba; rom gwamdes unda igrZno, ganicado da es niWi rwmenisa
imitom ki ar gveZleva RmerTis mier, rom adamianebi davyoT marTlmorwmuneebad da eretikosebad, aramed imitom, rom Cven ubralod
vicxovroT misi meSveobiT.3 arsi Cveni cxovrebisa is aris, rom vicxovroT ise, rom Cveni rwmena ar iyos gansazRvruli dogmebiT. yvelaze
saintereso adamiansa da erSi aris misi rwmena, religia. u. jeimzi morwmune qristiania. mis arc erT SromaSi marTlmadidebloba an sxva romelime religia arsad augad ar moixsenieba. piriqiT, igi pativiscemiTaa
ganmsWvaluli yoveli religiis mimarT. religiur cdasTan SedarebiT,
mecnieruli cda, jeimzis mixedviT, xelovnuria, Tumca ar ewinaaRmdegeba mas. marqsistebi u. jeimzs fideistad Tvlidnen, rac ar aris swori.
jeimzis mixedviT, religia da mecniereba ar ewinaaRmdegeba erTmaneTs.
religia adamianis xsnas emsaxureba, mecniereba ki mis keTildReobas. isini samyaros saidumlos or gasaRebs warmoadgens. maT Soris winaaRmdegoma maSin gvaqvs, roca mecnierebis qveS gulisxmoben mxolod imas, rac
fizikur sinamdviles Seexeba, xolo religiis qveS mxolod dogmebi esmiT, rac ara swori poziciaa. xeze misi nayofis mixedviT msjeloben (saxareba), aseve nayofi religiisa da mecnierebisa adamianis bednierebaa.
amitom maT Soris winaaRmdegoba ar arsebobs. Tu vinme laparakobs amis
Sesaxeb, es aris e. w. fsevdowinaaRmdegoba. religia grZnobadobaa, mecniereba ki gonebasTan aris dakavSirebuli.
religiuri cda mravalgvaria, ambobs jeimzi, ramdenadac mravalgvaria TviT individebi. religiaTa mravalferovnebis safuZveli swored aq aris saZebni. religia pirovnuli cxovrebaa pavle mociqulisaTvis, netari avgustinesaTvis da a. S. roca adamiani iTxovs gadarCenas, mas
eubnebian `Senma rwmenam gadagarCina Sen~. am SemTxvevaSi calkeul pirovnebaze, individzea yuradReba gamaxvilebuli, mis religiur grZnobasa

gogoberiSvili v., pragmatizmis filosofia, Tb., 1966, gv. 130.

28

religiis sociologia

da gancdaze. amitom jeimzis xatovani TqmiT, suli religiisa aris

grZnoba, xolo sxeuli _ dogmebi da eklesia.
u. jeimzi Tvlis, rom RmerTis arsebobis religiur gancdas filosofiam unda misces sanqcia, rac aqrobs imis molodins, rom rwmena mxolod religiis saqmea. ara, rwmena Tanabradaa religiisa da filosofiis
saqme. swored am konteqstSi ikveTeba filosofiasa da religias Soris
dialogis aucilebloba, romelsac maradiuli dialogi SeiZleba ewodos, imitom, rom religiuri SinaarsisaTvis (rwmenisaTvis) filosofiuri formis moZebna adamianuri gonebis Rrma SreebSia Cadebuli da mas
adamiani verasodes ver moicilebs. garda amisa, religia iSviaTad akeTebs (gonebis) filosofiis sawinaaRmdego daskvnebs. religia yovelTvis
saWiroebs sakuTari religiuri grZnobis filosofiur-msoflmxedvelobriv gadamuSavebas, radganac grZnoba SesaZlebelia gansazRvruli da
susti iyos. igi yovelTvis kmayofildeba imiT, rom misi miRwevebi saidumlo da gamoucnobia. amitom filosofiam religiur grZnobas unda gamostacos is, rac gaugebari da iracionaluria da gasagebi gaxados. u.
jeimzis mixedviT am amocanis Sesrulebaze `filosofia arc erT epoqaSi
ar ityvis uars~. am saqmis realizaciis erT-erT warmatebul mcdelobad
u. jeimzi Tavis leqciebis kurss miiCnevda.4 Tumca religiis logikuri
dafuZnebas SeuZlia moklas religia. gamodis, rom saboloo jamSi gansja
aris zedapiruli gza RmerTisaken. ismis kiTxva: aseT viTarebaSi ra unda
gaakeTos filosofiam? aq jeimzi kants mimarTavs. kantis transcendenturi apercefcia niSnavs imas, rom yovel azrobriv obieqts potenciurad an aqtualurad Tan axlavs imis codna, rom `Cemi me mas iazrebs~. kantamde es individualur pirovnebasTan iyo gaigivebuli. kantTan mas abstraqtuli xasiaTi aqvs, oRond ara Teologiuri. ganyenebul, upirovno
cnobierebas anu samyaros suls, romelTanac mimarTeba aqvs Cvens cnobierebas did yuradRebas aqcevdnen kantis mimdvrebic. u. jeimzi aRniSnaavs, rom hegelis skolis mixedviT, samyaro aris `arena~, sadac sagnebi
erTmaneTs gverdigverd mihyvebian, xolo azrovneba aris xidis gadeba
erTi sagnidan meoreze. kantis es Teoria jeimzs imisaTvis dasWirda, rom
igi yovelgvari WeSmaritebis SesaZleblobas daukavSiros da gaaigivos
cocxal _ pirovnul RmerTTan. filosofiis amocana am SemTxvevaSi
RmerTis Sesaxeb msjelobidan SemTxveviTisa da kerZos gamoricxvaSi
mdgomareobs. mas SeuZlia rwmenis ganTavisufleba istoriuli naSrevebisagan. amitom filosofia unda gaxdes Suamavali sxvadasxva religiebs

., , ., 1910, XVIII .

29

kaxa qecbaia

Soris, rac Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi filsofiis rols kidev ufro

damajerebels gaxdis. filosofiam unda Seajeros da SeaTanxmos sxvadasxva religuri Tvalsazrisebi, rasac igi dialogis gziT miaRwevs. am
saqmianobis warmateba garantirebuli iqneba maSin, rodesac gansja ar
gascdeba cocxal realobas, konkretul cxovrebas da ar gadava pragmatizmis farglebs gareT. realur cxovrebaSi yovelTvis aris raRac, rac
yovelTvis rCeba gonebisa da refleqsiis, Tundac religiuri grZnobis
miRma. aravin ise kargad ar icis es, rogorc filosofosma. amitom filosofosi unda Caswvdes sinamdvilis cocxal qsovils, es misi mowodebaa!
Tundac icodes, rom igi verasodes ver miaRwevs amas. filosofia yovelTvis miuTiTebs, gzas gaukvlevs religiur WeSmaritebas, magram rwmenis
swavleba mas ar SeuZlia da arc evaleba.
dRevandeli gadasaxedidan SesaZlebelia u. jeimzis mravali Sexeduleba paradoqsuladac ki mogveCvenos, magram erTi ram savsebiT cxadia, mravali mwvave zogadsakacobrio problemis racionaluri gadawyveta savsebiT SesaZlebelia filosofiasa da religias Soris dialogis
gziT; `dRes, ise rogorc arasdros, kacobrioba erTian mTels warmoadgens, magram ara imdenad sulierad, ramdenadac ekonomikurad da samarTlebrivad~5. vfiqrobT, rom am problemis gadawyvetaSi did rols Seasrulebs dialogi filosofiasa da religias Soris. filosofias SeuZlia
am globalur diskusiaSi monawileebs tolerantoba aswavlos.
u. jeimzis Tvalsazrisi filosofiisa da religiis Sesaxeb gaziarebulia bevri Tanamedrove mkvlevris mier.

TevzaZe g., XX s-is filosofiis istoria, Tb., 2002, gv. 575.

30

religiis sociologia

`rac ufro Rrmad veuflebi mecnierebas,

miT ufro morwmune vxdebi~
l. pasteri
II leqcia
Tema: kvlevis meTodebi religiis sociologiSi
religiurobis dagena
sakvanZo sityvebi da gamoTqmebi
religiurobis xarisxi, religiuri motivaciis done, religiuri qcevis Sesrulebis sixSire, religiuri qcevis empiriuli indikatorebi,
dakvirveba, piradi saubari, anketireba, interviu, kros-kulturuli
analizi, religiurobis ravalganzomilebiani modeli (Carlz gloki
da robert starki)
Sesavali
religiis sociologiaSi codnis sul mcire sami donis gamoyofa SeiZleba.
1. fundamentur debulebaTa sistema, romelic religiis arsis axsnas cdilobs da sxva socialur institutebTan religiis damokidebulebas arkvevs (magaliTad sazogadoebis ekonomikuri sistema da religia), eZebs religiis socialur Zirebs.
2. codnis sistema, romelic aanalizebs religiis struqturas,
religiuri cnobierebis doneebs, religiuri kultis xasiaTs, religiur
gaerTianebaTa specifikas da sxv.
3. codnis sistema, romelic xsnis iseT cnebebs, rogoricaa `religiuroba~, `religiurobis kriteriumebi~, `religiisadmi damokidebuleba~, `religiurobis mdgomareoba~ da sxv.
am SemTxvevaSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs religiis sociologiis codnis struqturis mesame dones, radganac masSi religiisa da
religiurobis empiriuli, konkretul-sociologiuri kvleva igulisxmeba. aq sakiTxi imas Seexeba, Tu ra gzebiTa da saSualebebiT ikvleven
sociologebi religias? rogoria religiis sociologiuri analizis meTodika da teqnika? ubralod rom vTqvaT, saqme religiis sociologis,
rogorc damoukidebeli mecnieruli disciplinis kvlevis meTodebs Seexeba.
Tuki mxedvelobaSi im faqts miviRebT, rom sociologia religias,
rogorc socialur fenomens ganixilavs, maSin, bunebrivia, rom religiis
31

kaxa qecbaia

kvleva yvela im meTodis gamoyenebas gulisxmobs, romelTac sociologebi sxva socialuri movlenebis kvlevisas iyeneben. religiis kvlevis
SemTxvevaSi ZiriTadad es meTodebia: gamokiTxva da statistikuri analizi, dakvirveba da eqsperimenti, kros-kulturuli SedarebiTi analizi,
dokumentebis analizi, kontent-analizi da sxv.

1. kvlevis meTodebi religiis sociologiSi

gamokiTxva: religiis sociologiuri analizis dros erT-erTi
mniSvnelovani meTodia gamokiTxva standartizirebuli intervius anda
sulac respondentebis mier anketis werilobiTi Sevsebis meSveobiT. am
SemTxvevaSi respondentebs eZlevaT kiTxvebi maTi religiuri identobis
Sesaxeb; imis Sesaxeb Tu ramdenad xSirad dadian eklesiaSi; ra doneze ician saRvTi sjuli da ra damokidebuleba aqvT mis calkeul momentebTan.
magaliTad sjeraT Tu ara sikvdilis Semdgomi sicocxlis, sjeraT Tu ara,
rom arsebobs eSmaki da a. S. anu gamokiTxvis meTodis saSualebiT sociologebi adgenen calkeuli individis an jgufis religiurobis intensivobasa da xasiaTs. gamokiTxvis meTodi Sedegiania maSin rodesac religiurobis sxvadasxva maxasiaTeblebs Soris korelaciis dadgenaa aucilebeli
(magaliTad religiurobis motivaciasa da religiuri ritualebis Sesrulebas Soris korelacia, morwmuneTa socialur ganwyobasa da religiurobas Soris damokidebuleba da sxv.); xolo ufro siRrmiseuli mizezobrivi kavSirebis dasadgenad damatebiTi monacemebia saWiro, romlebic
statistikuri analiziT, dakvirvebiTa da eqsperimentis meTodebiT miiReba. Zalze mniSvnelovania agreTve gamokiTxvis Sedegad miRebuli informaciis interpretacia. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom religiis sociologiur kvlevaSi udavod didia intervius meTodis gamoyenebiTi mniSvneloba. magaliTad standatrizirebuli interviu da sxv.
dakvirveba: religiis kvlevisas dakvirveba SeiZleba iyos standartizirebuli, rodesac sociologi kvlevis gansazRvruli, winaswargaTvlili programiT xelmZRvanelobs da ise akvirdeba religiur
procesebs, religiuri Temis socialur cxovrebas, urTierTobas reli-

imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom im studentebs, romelTac religiis sociologiis kursi

ekiTxebaT sociologiuri kvelvis meTodebze garkveuli warmodgena ukve aqvT,
amdenad aq religiisa da religiurobis, saerTod, religiuro cxovrebis kvlevis
ZiriTadi meTodebis mxolod zogadi mimoxilviT SemovifarglebiT.
amasTan aRsaniSnavia isic, rom sociologiis mTeli mTeli rigi dargebi im
meTodebiT sargebloben riTac saerTod sociologiuri mecniereba sargeblobs.

32

religiis sociologia

giuri Temis wevrebs Soris da a. S. am da msgavs SemTxvevaSi sociologebi

rogorc CarTuli (faruli) ise Ria dakvirvebis meTodebiT xelmZRvaneloben. religiis kvlevaSi CarTuli dakvirvebis meTodi bolo xanebSi gamoiyenes amerikelma sociologebma, rodesac isini axali religiuri moZraobebisa da novaciebis SeswavliT dainteresdnen. am SemTxvevaSi CarTuli dakvirvebis meTods is upiratesoba aqvs, rom igi saSualebas iZleva religiuri cxovrebis iseTi niuansebi iqnas gamovlenili da Sesawvlili, romlebic mxolod am procesebSi CarTvisas, uSualo monawileobisas
xdeba xolme xelSesaxebi. SeiZleba erTmaneTs ewinaaRmdegebodes is, rasac morwmuneebi gamokiTxvisas sociologs eubnebian da is, rasac sociologi uSualod, piradad xedavs. amdenad dakvirvebis meSveobiT Zalze
zusti da siRrmiseuli informaciis mopovebaa SesaZlebeli. Tumca kvlevis es meTodi sociologisagan kvalifikaciis maRal dones moiTxovs. am
SemTxvevaSi sociologi unda gamoirCeodes adamianebTan urTierTobebis mTeli rigi niuansebis codniT, obieqturobiT (unda SeeZlos miRebuli informaciis daxarisxeba, ZiriTadisa da umTavresis meorexarisxovanisagan gamorCeva da a. S.). amasTanave unda gavxsovdes, rom CarTuli dakvirvebis meTodi religiis mkvlevari sociologis mxridan gamoricxavs
kvlevis obieqtis kontrolirebas, ramdenadac msgavsi ram sociologis
funqciebSi ar Sedis.
eqsperimenti: rac Seexeba eqsperiments, rogorc sociologiuri
kvlevis meTods, igi socialuri realobis sxva sferoebis kvlevisas ufro metad gamoiyeneba, vidre religiis sferoSi. religiis sociologiuri analizis SemTxvevaSi igi iSviaTad gvxvdeba, im martivi mizezis gamo,
rom religia erTob pirovnuli fenomenia, romelic individis Sinagan
samyarosTan aris dakavSirebuli da Sesabamisad, araeTikuria nebismieri
miznebidan gamomdinare misiT manipulireba. aArc Tu xSirad, margam zogjer aris situaciebi, rodesac garkveuli mizezebidan gamomdinare individebi, eTikuri problematikis miuxedavad, Tanaxmani arian eqsperimentebSi monawileobis miRebaze (magaliTad uCveulo unarebis demonstrirebisas eqstrasensi, mkurnali, Samani da sxv.), anda religiuri ganaTlebis specialuri programis danergvisas misi efeqturobis Cvenebis
mizniT da a. S.
kros-kulturuli analizi: kvlevis es meTodi gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva kulturul da socialur pirobebSi mcxovrebi individebis an
jgufebis religiuri fenomenebis (religiuri cxovrebis wesi) Seadrebi-

33

kaxa qecbaia
sas. msgavsi kvlevis magaliTi mogvca religiis sociologiis klasikosma
maqvs veberma. mMan erT-erTma pirvelma xsnis ideis mixedviT erTmaneTs
Seadara qristianoba da aRmosavluri religiebi. Sedarebisas amosavali
iyo ara rwmenis dogmatebi, aramed qristianul da aRmosavlur kulturebSi arsebuli xsnis idea.
dokumentebis analizis meTodi: istoriuli monacemebis analizi, werilobiTi wyaroebis da dokumentebis analizis sociologiuri meTodi gamoiyeneba religiuri organizaciebis tipologiisas, religiisa
da sazogadoebis evoluciis etapebis analizissas (magaliTad protestantobis gavlena kapitalisturi ekonomikis ganviTarebaze da sxv.).
kontent-analizi: religiis sociologiaSi Zalze nayofierad gamoiyeneba sxavadsxva saxis religiuri teqstebis Sinaarsobrivi analizi
anu kontent analizi (ingl. Content Sinaarsi). magaliTad am meTods iyeneben qadagebaTa (romelic calkeul maqadagebelTaTvis an sxvadasxva
religiur organizaciaTaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli), teqstebis gasaanalizeblad. agreTve es SeiZleba iyos popularuli religiuri literaturis an oficialuri saeklesio dokumentebis analizi. am SemTxvevaSi
religiur teqstebSi calkeuli socialuri elementebis fiqsireba xdeba
(magaliTad socialuri uTanasworoba religiur teqstSi, ama Tu im religiis socialuri doqtrina da mravali sxva), oRond am SemTxvevaSi teqstis calkeuli elementebi ki ar fiqsirdeba, aramed yuradReba eqceva
maTi ganmeorebis sixSires (magaliTad saeklesio ierarqebis gavlenis
sixSire sazogadoebaze an mediaze da a. S.). cnobili rusi moazrovne vasili rozanovi amgvar kvlevebSi yuradRebis gamaxvilebas imaze iTxovda,
Tu ra mniSvneloba aqvs adamianis socialur cxovrebaSi `naTelisa~ da
`bnelis~ cnebis sxvadasxva religiur gagebas da a. S.
erTi sityviT, religiis sociologiuri analizi meTodikisa da teqnikis TvalsazrisiT SeiZleba mravaferovani iyos, magram am SemTxvevaSi
erTi ram aris umTavresi, TiToeuli maTgani saSualebas gvaZlevs da
gvexmareba religia gavigoT, rogorc socialuri fenomeni, rogorc socialuri realobis moucilebadi da maradiulad Tanamdevi erT-erTi ZiriTadi elementi.

religia TavisTavad cxovrebis wess gulisxmobs. erTmaneTisagan gansxavavdeba

religiur da arareligiur adamianTa cxovrebis wesi da moqmedeba.

34

religiis sociologia

es saintresoa
v. rozanovi rusuli religiuri filosofiis erT-erTi yvelaze saukeTeso warmomadgenelia. marTalia igi religiis sociologi ar yofila, magram misi rogorc religiuri mozarovnis (Seudarebeli stilistis,
genialuri essebis avtoris, romelic gamorCeulia orginaluri filosofiur-Teologiuri moZRvrebiT), Semoqmedeba saintersoa
sociologiuri kuTxiTac. gansakuTrebiT
mis Sexedulebebi qsesze da ojaxze.
rozanovma ramdenjerme Seicvala rev. rozanovi
ligiuri mrwamsi. Tanmimdevrulobis gan(1856-1919)
cda arc mis politikur Sexedulebebs axasiaTebda. 1906 wlamde igi marTlmadidebluri qrstianobis erTguli iyo, SemdgomSi ki mwvaved gailaSqra
qrstianobis winaaRmdeg. mas ar moswonda qristianuli asketizmi, amitom didad afasebda warmarTul religiebs, gansakuTrebiT nayofierebis (falosis) kults. msoflio religiebSi ki iudaizms. rogorc sicocxlis filosofiis warmomadgeneli, v. rozanovi maTSi xedavda sicocxlis religiebs, sadac gamefebulia ojaxis, patriarqaluri yofis
kulti, sadac RmerTi da sqesi erTmaneTisagan gaTiSuli da erTmaneTs
dapirispirebuli ar aris. sicocxlis religiebis didi cxovrebiseuli
mniSvneloba swored amaSi mdgomareobs. Tumca sicocxlis bolos v.
rozanivi qristianobas daubrunda da sikvdilis win qristianuli
mrwamsis WeSmariteba aRiara. `sikvdilis sunTqvam igi kvlav qristianobsken Semoabruna~.

2. religiurobis dadgena
religiis sociologiuri analizi mis empiriul kvlevas gulisxmobs, rac pirvel rigSi, religiis socialuri parametrebisa da maCveneblebis (morwmuneTa raodenoba sazogadoebaSi, religiurobis done da
mravali sxva) daaxloebiT swor dadgenaSi mdgomareobs. Tavisi funqciebidan gamomdinare religia garkveul socialur sistemaTa jgufs miekuTvneba, romelic garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, sazogadoebrivi urTier35

kaxa qecbaia

TobiTaa determinirebuli: aqvs rTuli struqtura, garkveuli adgili

ukavia sazogadoebaSi, asrulebs mTel rig naTlad gamokveTil funqciebs da a. S. yovelive amis naTlad warmosadgenad religiis sociologiaSi
religiurobis konkretul sociologiur kvlevebs mimarTaven (am kvlevebis SemTxvevaSi kvlevis zemoxsenebuli meTodebi gamoiyeneba). religiis sociologiaSi `religiurobis~ cnebiT individis, jgufis an mTlianad
sazogadoebis cnobierebasa da qcevaSi religiis konkretuli gamovlineba aRiniSneba. igi adamianis, jgufis cxovrebaSi religiis mniSvnelobas
gulisxmobs.

religiuroba calkeuli adamianis, socialuri jgufis an mTlianad sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi religiis mniSvnelobas niSnavs.

religiuroba kavSirSia `religiurobis xarisxTan~, rac individis,

jgufis an mTlianad sazogadoebis religiur TvisebaTa intensivobis
dones niSnavs. religiurobis dafiqsireba rigi kriteriumebis mixedviT
xdeba. magaliTad igi dgindeba individis cnobierebaSi religiuri ideebis arsebobiT, religiuri ritualebis Sesrulebis an religiuri Temis
wevrobis mixedviT, religiuri rwmenis xarisxiT. religiuri motivaciis
done, religiuri informirebulobis xarisxi da religiuri ritualebis
Sesrulebis sixSire religiurobis zomaze miuTiTebs. religiurobis
kriteriumi ar SeiZleba iyos mxolod `intensivoba~, `done~, `sixSire~,
`moculoba~ da sxva. yoveli maTgani mis xarisxze miuTiTebs mxolod. adreul etapze religiis sociologiaSi religiurobis tipologiis Semdegi sqema arsebobda:
mtkice morwmuneebi, romlebic TavianT Sexedulebebs aqtiurad
avrceleben.
mtkice morwmuneebi, romlebic TavianT Sexedulebebs ar avrceleben.
meryevi morwmuneebi.
indiferentulebi.
aTeistebi.
sadaoa agreTve am sqemasTan kavSirSi myofi religiuri adamianis
tipologiac:
morwmune, romlis cxovrebiseuli orientaciis ganmsazRvrelia
religia da religiuri rwmnena.
36

religiis sociologia
morwmune, romlis cxovrebiseul orientaciaSi religia mniSvnelovania, magram ara ganmsazRvreli.
morwmune, romlis religiuri orientacia arareligiurobazea
damyarebuli.
rwmenasa da urwmunoebas Soris meryevi adamianebi.
zogadad, unda iTqvas, rom religiurobis amgvari tipologia ar
aris universaluri da misi sxva versiebic arsebobs. garda amisa es yvelaferi, rasac sociologiuri gazomvebi da kvlevebi Seexeba religiis zedapiruli Sre SeiZleba iyos, misi garegani, socialuri garsi, romelic
misawvdomia mecnieruli analizisaTvis, sxva mxriv religiisa da religiuri rwmenis siRrmiseuli analizi, albaT, Znelad warmosadgenia. amitom
religiis mkvlevarma sociologma es garemoeba yovelTvis unda gaiTvaliswinos da mis daskvnebs am sferoSi `ukanaskneli rigis WeSmaritebis~
pretenzia ar unda hqondes.

3. religiurobis mravalganzomilebiani modeli

(Carlz gloki da robert starki)
Tanamedrove religiis sociologiaSi cnobilia Carlz glokisa da
robert starkis religiurobis mravalganzomilebiani modeli. am models amgvari saxelwodeba imitom hqvia, rom adrindeli tardiciisagan
gansxvavebiT religiurobis cnebis dasadgenad ara erT romelime amosaval principzea agebuli da damyarebuli, aramed mis pluralistur, mravalganzomilebian gagebas eyrdnoba.
Carlz glokis mixedviT, religiurobis gazomva 5 sxavdasxva ganzomilebiTaa SesaZlebeli da aucilebli. esenia:
religiuri gamocdileba;
religiuri rwmena;
religiuri kulti;
religiuri codna-informacia;
`religiurobis Sedegebi~ arareligiuri qcevis SemTxvevaSi.
glokis xelmZRvanelobiT mTeli rigi kvlevebi iqna Catarebuli
amerikuli sazogadoebis religiurobis dasadgenad. mMisi sayvareli terminia `empiriuli religiuroba~, rac romelime religiuri organizaciisadmi kuTvnilebis aRsanisnavad gamoiyeneba. es maCvenebli amerikis magaliTze regionebis mixedviT sxvadasxvagvaria.
37

kaxa qecbaia

Tanamedrove religiis sociologaiSi glokma religiurobis sxvadasxva tipebzec gaamaxvila yuradReba. MmagaliTad:
ritualuri religiuroba wirva-locvaSi monawileobasa da eklesiaSi siarulis sixSires aRniSnavs.
ideologiuri religiuroba ki individis mier religiuri doqtrinisadmi rwmenis sixSires aRniSnavs.
Tanmimdevruli religiuroba aCvenebs imas, Tu ramdenad vlindeba religiuri ideebisa da Sexedulebebis gavlena adamianTa yoveldRiur cxovrebaze.
inteleqtualuri religiuroba religiuri ganaTlebis (sakuTari religiis istoriisa da dogmatikis codna) dones gulisxmobs.
religiurobis gansazRvra arc ise ioli saqmea, radganac Cven SeiZleba erTi romelime parametris mixedviT Zalze religiuri adamiani viyoT, maSin rodesac sxva parametris mixedviT es ase ar iyos. rodesac
zrdasrul amerikelebs amis Sesaxeb pirdapir ekiTxebian, maTi 86% pasuxobs, rom RmerTis arseboba swams, magaram maTi procentuli maCvenebeli, romelTac sjeraT RmerTis arseboba da amaSi eWvi ar eparebaT mxolod 61% Seadgens. miuxedavad imisa, rom amerikelebis umravlesoba xazs
usvams sakuTar religiurobas, mTlianobaSi namdvil morwmuneTa maCvenebli 33% ar scdeba. G glokis kvlevebma aCvena, rom amerikaSi sxvadasxva
sqetebis warmoamdgenlebi arian ufro morwmuneebi, maT mosdeven kaTolikebi da protestantebi. rogorc wesi SedarebiT ufro morwmuneebi
moxucebi da qalebi arian, vidre axalgazrdebi da Sromisunariani mamakacebi. samwuxarod, CvenSi msgavsi klevebi ar tardeba. am mxriv momaval
soiologebs win saintereso saqmianoba elodeba.
E
es sayuradReboa!
Carlz gloki religiurobis tipebi
Carlz gloki (daibada 1919 w.) cnobili amerikeli sociologia. kaliforniis universitetis profesori. igi `religiisa da sazogadoebis
kvlevis centris~ xelmZRvanelia kaliforniis universitetSi. XX saukunis 50-iani wlebidan is intensiurad muSaobs religiurobis empiriul-sociologiuri kvlevis meTodologiisa da meTodikis problemebze. dRes igi religiis sociologiiis msoflioSi aRiarebuli mkvlevaria. gloki erT-erTi pirvelia amerikel sociologTa Soris, romelic
religiurobis empiriuli kvlevebiT dainteresda da ganaxorciela ki38

religiis sociologia

dec. kvlevis miseuli modeli axlosaa lenskisa da fukuiamas modelebTan, romlebic empiriul kvlevebSi mravalganzomilebin skalebs iyenebdnen. Tavis SromebSi: `religiuri orientaciis tipologiisaTvis~
(1954), religiis sociologia~ (1959), `religiuri rwmenis SeswavlisaTvis~ (1962) man religiurobis tipologia moaxdina. 1965 wels starkTan erTad gamocemul wignSi `religia da sazogadoeba daZabulobaSi~ man am tipologiis detalizeba moaxdina da religiurobis xuTganzomilebiani modeli SeimuSava, romlic Tanamedrove religiis sociologiaSi glokisa da starkis modelis saxliTaa cnobili da romelic gamosadegia nebismieri religiis analizisaTvis. glokisa da starkis mier Catarebulma kvlevebma aCvenes, rom religiuroba damokidebulia iseT socialur faqtorebze, rogorebicaa: ganaTleba, asaki, sqesi,
socialuri mdgomareoba da mTeli rigi socialur-demografiuli, politikuri da ekonomikuri faqtorebi. aqedan gamomdinare religiuroba
erTob kompleqsuri cnebaa.
wignSi `religia da sazogadoeba daZabulobaSi~ glokma religiuri gamocdileba or urTierTsapirispiro klasad dayo: RvTaebrivisa
da demonuris aRqmis gamocdilebad dayo. es klasebi TviTidentifikaciis meSveobiT yalibdebian anu, imis mixedviT, Tu rogor afaseben respondentebi TavianT religiur gamocdilebas: rogorc keTil ZalebTan
Sexvedras, Tu rogorc borot ZalebTan urTierTobas. ufro gavrcelebulia religiuri gamocdileba, romelic cnobilia saxelwodebiT
`damadasturebeli~, rac imas niSnavs, rom garkveuli situacia an obieqti siwmindis gancdas iwvevs. religiuri gamocdilebis msgavsi tipi waxalisebulia sociumisa da religiuri organizaciebis mxridan. saeklesio ritualuri moqmedebebis umravlesoba am gancdis gamowvevas isaxavs miznad, magram religiuri gamocdilebis es tipi yvelasaTvis rodia damaxasiaTebeli. arsebobs religiuri gamocdilebis `reaqtiuli~
tipi. am tipTan maSin gavqvs saqme, rodesac vinme aSkarad grZnobs `RvTaebrivTan Sexvedras~ da darwmunebulia, rom RmerTic xedavs mas. religiuri gamocdilebis es tipi sam safexurs moicavs: pirvel xsnis safexurze adamiani grZnobs sakuTar siaxloves RmerTTan, meore saswaulebriv - safexurze adamiani grZnobs im feriscvalebas rasac RmerTTan siaxloviT ganicdis misi sxeulebrivi mdgomareoba; mesame damadasturebel safexurze adamiani grZnobs RmerTis monawileobas mis
cxovrebaSi. religiuri gamocdilebis es tipi religiur institutebs
axasiaTebs da Sesabamisad maT mier aris waxalisebuli. Tuki es tipi demonur ZalebTan urTierTobis gamocdilebas Seexeba, maSin mis im qvetipzea saubari, romelic sam cdunebasTan aris dakavSirebuli: is vinc
39

kaxa qecbaia

izolaciaSi da codvis Cadenis cdunebis winaSe dgas; is vinc dawyevlilia da borotebisTvis jildos iRebs da is vinc dawyevlilia da borotebis klanWebidan ver gamodis. religiuri gamocdilebis es tipi dakavSirebulia Sav magiasTan, jadoqrobasTan da aTasgvar mCxibaobasTan.
religiurobis mesame tipi aris eqstatikuri (demonuris SemTxvevaSi sazareli). am SemTxvevaSi Zalze didia RvTaebrivTan pirovnuli kavSiris
SegrZneba. religiurobis es tipi naklebad aris gavrcelebuli da, Sesabamisad, naklebad aris waxalisebuli sazogadoebis mxridan. bolo tipi
romelzec saubrobs gloki Seexeba iseT adamianebs, romlebic gandobilni xdebain. isini TavianT Tavs keTili an boroti Zalebis piradpir,
uSualo warmomadgenlebad miiCneven. aseTi adamianebi RmerTis an demonebis saxeliT laparakoben da naklebad emorCilebian arsebul religiur institutebs.
Tavisi kvlevebiT gloki Seecada kidev ufro Rrmad SeeRwia morwmune adamianis an morwmuneTa jgufis religiur cxovrebaSi. rac ufro
siRrmeebisaken midioda kvleva, miT ufro rTuli xdeboda glokis konceptualuri sistema. glokma Tavisi kvlevebiT bevri iseTi ram aCvena,
rac mecnieruli, sociologiuri diskursisaTvis manamade dafaruli iyo

kiTxvebi:

ra igulisxmeba religiurobis cnebaSi?

kvlevis romeli meTodebi gamoiyeneba religiis sociologi-

aSi?

ra gansxavavebaa religiurobis mravaganzomilebian da religiis sociologiaSi arsebul religiurobis adrindel modelebs Soris?
davalebebi:

moamzadeT prezentacia Temaze: religiuroba Tnamedrove

qarTul sazogadoebaSi.

40

moamzadeT essei Temaze: rogor vikvlioT religiebi?

SeadgineT religiurobis kvlevis programa.

religiis sociologia

1.
2.

3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

1.
2.

ZiriTadi literatura:
o. gabiZaSvili, religia, rogorc socialuri movlena, Tb., 1987.
n. smelzeri, sociologia, nawili III. Tavi 15. religia. m., 1994.
(rus. enaze). qarTuli Targmanis naxva SesaZlebelia www.socium.ge-ze.
e. gidensi, sociologia, Tavi 17. religia, m., 2005. (rus. enaze).
ed. kodua. religiis sociologia, wignSi: sociologia, nakv. II.
Tb., 1998.
k. noniaSvili, kvlevis meTodebi empiriul da gamoyenebiT sociologiaSi, Tb., 2010.
l. wulaZe, raodenobrivi kvlevis meTodebi socialur mecnierebebSi. Tb., 2008.
T. zurabiSvili, Tvisebrivi meTodebi socialur kvlevaSi. Tb.,
2006.
damatebiTi literatura:
q. kalhuni, d. laiTi, s. keleri, sociologia, Tavi XIII, religia.
Tb., 2008.
j. maisionisi, sociologia, Tavi 18. religia. sankt-peterburgi,

2004.
3. o. gabiZaSvili, religiis sociologiis sakiTxebi, Tb., 1984.
4. o. gabiZaSvili, religiaTmcodneoba, Tb., 2002.
agreTve glokis Sromebis internet-versia:

1. Towards a Typology of Religious Orientation. N.Y.1954; Religion and

Society in Tension (with R.Stark).Chi.1965;
2. The New Denominationalism (with R.Stark) //Review of Religious
Research. 1965, 7;
3. Survey Research in Social Sciences. Hardcover.1967;
4. Christian beliefs and Anti-Semitism (with R. Stark). N.Y. 1966;
5. American Piety: The Nature of Religious Commitment (with R. Stark).
Berk.,1968;
6. Beyond the Classics? Essays in Scientific Study of Religion (ed.) N.Y.
1973;
7. Religion in Sociologoical Perspective: Essays in the Empirical Study of
Religion (ed.). Belmont.1973;
8. The New Religious consciousness (ed. with R. Bellah). 1985;
41

kaxa qecbaia

E es sainteresoa

b. malinovski axal gvineaSi trobrianis kunZulis aborigenTa Soris*

eTnografiuli kvlevebis mniSvneloba religiis sociologiaSi

religiis sociologiaSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs eTnografiul kvlevebs. amgvari kvlevis klasikur magaliTad miCneulia
cnobili sociologis, anTropologisa da eTnografis bronislav malinovskis mier Catarebuli kvlevebi CarTuli dakvirevbis meTodiT.
msgavsi kvleva-Ziebis saukeTeso magaliTia malinovskis wigni: `wynari
okeanis dasavleT nawilis argonavtebi~, romelic 1922 wels gamovida
da romelic savele gamokvlevebis safuZvelzea dawerili. malinovskim
eTnografiuli kvlevis miznebi calke gamoyo. Eesenia
aborigenTa tomis organizacia da misi kulturis anatomia mTeli sisruliT unda iyos ganxiluli. amasTanave statikuri dokumentirebis meTodi aris is saSualeba, romliTac dasaxuli amocana unda iqnes miRweuli.
tomis wevrTa qcevisa da moqmedebis iseTi formebze dakvirveba,
romelTac SemTxveviTi xasiaTi aqvT.
aborigenTa folkloruli elementebisa da magiuri moqmedebebis
amsaxveli masalebis Segroveba.
malinovskis kvlevebma naTeli gaxada traibalur sazogadoebaSi
socialuri moqmedebebis religiuri, magiuri ritualebiT ganpirobebulobis meqanizmebi da aCvena, Tu ra gavlenas axdens sakulto moqmedebebi tomis organizaciaze, mis funqcionirebaze.
* trobrianis, igive kirivinis, kunZulebi wynari okeanis samxreT-dasavleT nawilSi mdebareobs da papua-axali gvineis kuTvnilebaa.

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religiis sociologia

`mecniereba Semoqmedis azrebis adamianTa

enaze Targmnaa~
J.l. agasisi
III leqcia
Tema: religiis sociologiis mokle istoria
sakvanZo sityvebi da gamoTqmebi
religiis sociologia, sazogadoebis modernizacia, eklesia, saxelmwifo, gonebis primati, deizmi, sekularizacia, diurkemi, veberi, marqsi, bela, lukmani, gloki, starki, bergeri, grili, koqsi, le bra, vaxi.
Sesavali
samecniero disciplinis saxiT arsebobas religiis sociologia XIX
s-is Suaxanebidan iwyebs. bevri sxva dargobrivi sociologiis msgavsad
misi warmoSoba evropul sazogadoebaSi mimdinare mTelma rigma socialurma, politikurma da ekonomikurma procesebma ganapirobes. pirvel
rigSi evropuli sazogadoebis racionalizaciisa da gaRiavebis, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Camoyalibebis procesebma mZlavri biZgi misces religiis sociologiis warmoSobasa da ganviTarebas. Tumca codnis damoukidebel dargad misi Camoyalibeba cariel niadagze ar momxdara. xangrZlivi da mravalsaukunovani istoriis manZilze bevrma gamoCenilma
moazrovnem araerTi sayuradRebo mosazreba gamoTqva ara marto religiis raobaze, aramed misi socialuri daniSnulebis Sesaxebac. Ees mosazrebani Tavis mniSvnelobas dResac ar kargaven, rac, Tavis mxriv, saSualebas gvaZlevs religiis sociologiis, rogorc mecnierebis winaistoriul wanamZRvrebze gavamaxviloT yuradReba.

1. religiis sociologiis winaistoriuli wanamZRvrebi

Teoriuli wanamZRvrebi
religiis sociologiis erT-erT winaistoriul wanamZRvrad miCneulia tradiciuli sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli socialur urTierTobaTa sistemis (eklesia da sazogadoeba) kritika. am mxriv XVIII s-is
franguli filosofiis warmomadgnlebi gamoirCevian. Eevropuli sazoga43

kaxa qecbaia

doebis racionalizaciam dRis wesrigSi eklesiasa da sazogadoebas Soris arsebuli urTierTobebis axleburad mowesrigebis aucilebloba
daayena (Sua saukuneebidan moyolebuli es urTierTobebi Teologizebuli iyo). Sesabamisad, am drois moazrovnebi (magaliTad hobsi, loki,
hiumi da sxv.) religiis kritikiT gamoirCevian. isini kaTolicizms Zveli,
tradiciuli sazogadoebis dasayrden Zalad miiCnevdnen da amitom gamodiodnen mis winaaRmdeg. maT mixedviT, religiis adgili gonebas unda daekavebina; is unda gamxdariyo uzenaesi kanondebeli (frangi ganmanaTleblebi). Tumca maT Sorisac iyvnen zomieri poziciis mimdevrebi, romlebic religiis socialur srgeblianobaze akeTebdnen aqcents. am SemTxvevaSi isini gulisxmobdnen, rom sazogadoebas ara mxolod kargi kanonebi, aramed kanonmorCili adamianebi sWirdeba, rac Sesabamis normatiul sistemas gulisxmobs. am saqmeSi ki religiis roli ganuzomlad didia. P
problema imaSi mdgomareobda, rom axali drois gariJraJze evropaSi religia mTeli rigi konfliqtebis wyarod iyo miCneuli. adamianebs
egonaT, rom igi xels uSlida mSvidobasa da usafrTxoebas, amitom saWiro gaxda religiisaTvis iseTi funqcia moeZebnaT, romliTac igi safrTxes ar Seuqmnida socialur wesrigs (sinamdvileSi es yvelaferi evropuli sazogadoebis zneobrivi ukuRmarTobis brali ufro iyo, vidre religiis, Tumca religiuri faqtorebis uaryofac ar SeiZleba). amisaTvis
religiaze e. w. arareligiuri Sexedulebebi iqna SemuSavebuli. religias
mxolod saero funqciebi mieniWa anu, Tanamedrove terinologiiT rom
vTqvaT, misi racionalizaciis moTxovna dadga. Aamgvari Sexedulebebis
mTavari ideologi jon loki iyo. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis erT-erTma
Teoretikosma `religiis privatizeba~ moaxdina, anu saxelmwifosagan
mis gmoyofas dauWira mxari. religia morwmunis `pirad saqmed~ iqna miCneuli. amasTanave aRiarebul iqna misi roli socialuri stabilurobisa
da samoqalaqo mSvidobisa da wesrigis damyarebis saqmeSi.
problemis gadawyvetis sxva varianti rusos mier iqna warmodgenili. traqtatSi `sazogadoebivi xelSekrulebis Sesaxeb~ (1762) rusom religaias sazogadoebis maitegrirebeli roli mianiWa: `saxelmwifosaTvis
mniSvnelovania, rom mis yovel moqalaqes hqondes religia, romelic maT
TavianT movaleobaTa siyvaruls aiZulebs~. Tumca am SemTxvevaSi ruso
ara romelime istoriul religias ki ar gulisxmobda, aramed mas samoqalaqo religia hqonda mxedvelobaSi. samoqalaqo religiis dogmati ki
Zalze martivia. misi amosavali principi deisturi triadaa: RmerTis ar-

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religiis sociologia

sebobisa da ukvdavebis rwmena, romelic sazogadoebriv xelSekrulebasa

da kanonebs amyarebs. gaTanamedroveobis gzaze mdgar evropul sazogadoebaSi religiis rolisa da adgilis Ziebam yvela arsebuli religiuri
tradicia da samyarosa da sazogadoebis religiuri suraTi Tavdayira
daayena.
religia, rogorc gansakuTrebuli saxis fenomeni sakraluri instancia, romlis prerogativad sazogadoebaSi sulieri Zalauflebis
qona gamocxadda, - sxva socialuri institutebisagan iqna gamoyofili.
masTan mimarTebaSi socialuri realiebi miCneul iqna, rogorc samoqalaqo da profanuli. erT mxares aRmoCnda eklesia, xolo meore mxares
saxelmwifo. maTi arc Tu ise tolerantuli Tanaarsebobis istoriis
erT-erT damaxasiaTebel process sekularizacia (sazogadoebaze saero
kulturis, ganaTlebis, mecnierebisa da racionalobis gavlenis zrda)
warmoadgens, romelic Znelad, magram mainc jiqur miikvlevda gazas win.
msgavsma viTarebam religiis Sesaxeb iseTi arareligiuri warmodgenis
gaCenas Seuwyo xeli, romelic gonebis primatze iyo damyarebuli.

religiuri rwmena pozitiuri emociebis uzarmazari wyaroa.

XVII s-Si inglisSi Seiqmna religiur-filosofiuri moZRvreba, romelsac deizmi hqvia.

igi safrangeTSi revoluciis periodSi saxelmwifo religiis statusitac ki
sargeblobda (e. w. gonebis religia). deistebi iyvnen volteri, didro da sxva cnobili
ganmanaTleblebi. deizmis mixedviT, arsebobs dues, srulyofili arseba RmerTi,
romelmac Seqmna es samyaro. oRon Seqmnis Semdeg igi ar ereva mis cxovrebaSi. amieridan
igi mis gareT dgas da sruliad Seucnobelia adamianisaTvis. RmerTis mier Seqmnili
samyaro saaTis srulyofili meqanizms emsgavseba, romelic Tavis Tavs aris mindobili da
misi Semqmnelis Carevis gaeSe muSaobs. aseT RmerTTan adamiani veranair kotaqts ver
amyarebs da, amdenad, gamoiricxeba mTeli rigi religiebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli locva,
msxaureba da saidumloebaTa aRsruleba. aseT RmerTTan adamiani verasodes ver Seva
dialogSi, ver mimarTavs mas SenobiT. dues samyarosa da adamianis mimarT absoluturad
transcendenturia. deistisaTvis RmerTis umTavresi saCuqari adamianisaTvis aris ara
religia, aramed goneba da azrovnebis unari. deistebi religiaSi wmindas ver xedavdnen
da miaCndaT, rom eklesia saeklesio pirebis mier iyo korumpirebuli, romlebic mrevliT
manipulirebdnen.

45

kaxa qecbaia

sekularizacia aris procesi, rodesac religiuri azrovneba,

praqtika da organizaciebi TavianT socialur gavlenasa da mniSvnelobas kargaven. veberis mtkicebiT, mecnieruli codna da racionaluri
azrovneba Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi magiaze da mistikaze dafuZnebul religiur rwmenas enacvleba. sekularizaciis indikatorebad eklesiaSi, religiur ritualebSi monawileTa raodenobis Semcirebas miiCneven. agreTve yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi religiis, eklesiisa da religiuri liderebis Zalauflebis Sesustebasac. Tumca es maCvenebeli
mTlad sando ar aris, gamomdinare iqidan, rom bevri religiuri praqtika registrirebuli da statistikurad aRricxuli ar aris. es e. w. `uxilavi~ religiuri aqtebia. MmagaliTad adamianebis mier RvTismsaxurebis
Sesruleba saxlSi mowyobil `saeklesio kuTxeebSi~, religiuri xasiaTis satelevizio programebSi CarTuloba da sxva. `uxilavi religiurobis~ gamoxatulebaa faruli seqtebis arseboba. agreTve gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom bevr sazogadoebaSi eklesia kvlav rCeba ara mxolod religiur, aramed gavlenian politikur da ekonomikur Zalad, xolo rig
mowinave da ekonomikurad ganviTarebul qveynebSi religiuri jgufis
wevrTa ricxvi ki ar mcirdeba, aramed izrdeba. sekularizaciis procesis kritikosebi eWvis qveS ayeneben e. w. `religiis oqros xanis~ arsebobas da askvnian, rom dRes religiurma institutebma TavianTi gavlena
ki ar dakarges, armed ufro metad specializebulni gaxdnen da mniSvnelovani funqciebic SeinarCunes (parsonsi).
unda davimaxsovroT, rom sekularizacia sazogadoebaze saero
kulturis, ganaTlebis, mecnierebisa da racionalobis gavlenis
zrdas niSnavs.

magaliTad kants miaCnda, rom racionalurad mcxovreb adamians

`racionaluri religia~ sWirdeba. kantis mixedviT, mxolod racionaluri religia daexmareba adamians dogmatizmisagan, fanatizmisgagn da
rwmenis sakiTxebSi konfesionaluri diqtatisagan ganTavisuflebaSi.
namdvili racionaluri religia `moraluri religiaa~, romelic gonebazea damyarebuli. moraluri qcevis safuZveli aris goneba. misi meSveobiT acnobierebs adamiani `kategoriul imperativebs~. kanti adamianuri
gonebis TavisTavadobas amtkicebs da istoriulad arsebuli religiebis
formirebas axdens, aqcevs ra maT gonebis farglebSi. amiT kantma misda

ix. kantis naSromi: `religia mxolod gonebis sazRvrebSi~.

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religiis sociologia

uneburad religiis funqcionalur ganxilvas Cauyara safuZveli, miakuTvna ra mas sazogadoebis moraluri wesrigis SenarCunebis funqcia.
sociokulturuli wanamZRvrebi
religiis sociologiis sociokulturul wanamZRvrad is socialuri da kulturuli procesebi miiCneva rasac evropaSi modernistuli sazogadoebis formirebisas hqonda adgili. pirvel rigSi es aris socialuri institutebis diferenciacia da sazogadoebis segmentacia, pluralizmis zrda. am konteqstSi gaCnda sakiTxi religiis adgilisa da rolis Sesaxeb sazogadoebis iseT avtonomiur sferoebTan mimarTebaSi,
rogorebic ekonomika, politika, ganaTleba da ojaxia. xolo sazogadoebis institucionalizaciis procesma gaaqtiura sakiTxi sazogadoebaSi
mimdinare procesebisadmi religiis damokidebulebis Sesaxeb. mwvaved
dadga religiisa da mecnierebis mimarTebis problema. Ppozitivizmis epoqaSi, rodesac samyaros mecnierulma suraTma dasrulebuli saxe miiRo
(XIX s-is Suaxanebi) da darvinis evoluciuri ganviTarebis Teoria gaCnda
mecnierebasa da religias Soris urTierToba gamwvavebuli urTierToba
imiT dasrulda, rom e. w. `pozitiuri religiis~ cneba gaCnda (konti). yvelafer amas foierbaxisa da marqsis mier religiis mZafri kritika daemata, romelic religias progresis damamuxruWebel Zalad miiCnevda.

2. religiis sociologiis Zirebi

religiis sociologiis istoriaSi pirveli nabijebi adamianis religiuri qcevis, sazogadoebaSi religiis adgilisa da rolis sociologiuri kuTxiT Sesawavlis saqmeSi ogiust kontma da herbert spenserma
gadadges.
religiis sociologiis Semqmneli konti ar aris, magram man kargi
niadagi moamzada misTvis. kontis naazrevidan religiis sociologiis
kuTxiT sayuradReboa is, rom man religia ganixila, rogorc tradiciuli sazogadoebis socialuri struqturis nawili, romelsac sazogadoebaSi pozitiuri rolis Sesruleba SeuZlia. man aCvena, rom religiis gareSe irRveva socialuri kavSirebi.

kontis, spenseris, veberis, diurkemis da sxva sociologebis religiis

sociologiuri koncefciebi calke ganxilvis sagani iqneba. maT calke leqciebi
daeTmoba, sadac ukeT iqneba warmodgenili TiToeuli maTganis wvlili religiis
sociologiaSi. Amjerad maT Sesaxeb saubari religiis sociologiis warmoSobisa da
ganviTarebis zogad konteqstSia warmodgenili mxolod.

47

kaxa qecbaia

sociologTaTvis kargad nacnobi herbert spenseri saxelmwifosa

da eklesiis urTierTmimarTebis problemis SesawavliT iyo dainteresebuli. Tumca socialuri wesrigis garantad religiis aRiareba socialuri sistemis organuli erTianobis ideisaTvis maincdamainc mizmidevli
ar aRmoCnda. aq politikur moRvaweobasa da bazars eqceoda ufro meti
yuradReba, religia ki adamianis moRvaweobis erT-erT uwyinar sferod
iyo miCneuli. miuxedavad amisa spenserma gansazRvra religiis roli industrial sazogadoebaSi arsebul sabazro urTierTobebSi da religias
socialuri kontrolis funqcia mianiWa.
religiis sociologiis fuZemdeblebi
religiis sociologiis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli sociologiis klasikosi emil diurkemia. misi mTavari naSromi sociologiis am sferoSi
`religiuri cxovrebis elementaruli formebia~ (1912). diurkems ainteresebda sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ris gamo aris religia religia anu, ra
aqcevs religias religiad? am mizniT is religiis pirvelelementebs, im
myar struqturebs eZebda, romelic yvela religiaSia da droTa ganmavlobaSi ucvleli rCeba. religiis sociologiisaTvis ganuzomlad didi mniSvneloba aqvs imas, rom diurkemma religia ganixila da warmoadgina, rogorc socialuri fenomeni. Tavis cnobil wignSi man Catarebuli
kvlevis Sedegebi urTierTdakavSirebuli codnis sami donis saxiT warmoadgina: 1. sazogadoebis zogadi Teoria, romelSic religia warmodgenilia, rogorc sazogadoebis maintegrirebeli faqtori; igi uzrunvelyofs solidarobas. 2. religiis Teoria, romelic mas ise ganixilavs, rogorc socialur fenomens; mis safuZvlad sakralurisa da profanulis
diqotomia devs. 3. totemizmis Teoria, romlis mixedviT, yvela religiaSia saerTo da ucvleli pirvelelementebi, romlebic droTa ganmavlobaSi narCundeba. diurkemis mosazrebani sazogadoebaSi religiis funqciisa da struqturis Sesaxeb angariSgasawevia dResac.
religiis sociologiis erT-erTi klasikosia marqsi. igi religiisadmi konfliqtologiuri midgomis momxrea, rac imas niSnavs, rom religia iseT socialur institutad unda iqnas ganxiluli, romelsac adamianebis mimarT maiZulebeli gavlena aqvs. religia marqsis mixedviT, klasobriv sazogadoebaSi soialuri uTanasworobis gamyarebas uwyobs xels,
amitom igi religiis erT-erTi kritikosad gvevlineba. misi kritikis saboloo punqtia religiaze, rogorc iluziaze uaris Tqmis moTxovna,
Tumca im koncefciis konteqstidan gamomdinare, romliTac marqsi religiis socialur funqciaze amaxvilebda yuradRebas, religiis winaaRmdeg brZola da aTeisturi Sexedulebebi uazrobaa.
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religiis sociologia

F aqtobrivad, religiis sociologiis fuZemdebeli diurkemTan erf

Tad aris maqs veberi. Tavis SromebSi veberma gaanaliza Tu ra gavlenas
axdens religiuri rwmena adamianis moqmedebaze, qcevaze socialuri
cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferoSi da sxvadasxva kulturaSi. religiis sociologiaSi misi klasikuri, fundamenturi naSromebia: `protestntuli
eTika da kapitalimis suli~ (1905), `msoflio religiebis sameurneo eTika~ (1916-1919) da `rCeuli Txzulebebi religiis sociologiaSi~ (1920).
ganuzomlad didia veberis wvlili religiis sociologiaSi. Mmisi sayvareli Temebia: sazogadoebis racionalizacia, `ganjadoeba~ da `sekularizacia~, romlis drosac gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba aqtoris RirebulebiT orientacias da mizanracionalur socialur moqmedebas;
teqnologiebisa da biurokratiis gavlenas sazogadoebaze da religiuri da poeturi Zalebis qrobas; veberi ernst trelCTan erTad religiuri organizaciis tipologiis sakiTxebs amuSavebda. magaliTad diqotomias: eklesia-seqta; veberis mixedviT, religia socialuri garadqmnebis
mZlavri stimulatoria; unda iTqvas, rom im cnebiTi aparatis udidesi
nawili, romliTac amJamad religiis sociologia operirebs veberis mier
aris Seqmnili.
religiis sociologiaSi mniSvnelovani wlili aqvT Setanili inglisuri socialuri anTropologiis warmomadgenlebs bronislav malinovskis da alfred-rejinald redklif-brauns. malinovski religias ganixilavda rogorc kulturis instituts da mis umTavres daniSnulebad
krizisuli socialuri situaciebis mogvarebas miiCnevda.
religiis sociologiur analizSi metad sayuradReboa srtuqturul-funqcionalisturi sociologiuri skolis wamomadgenlebis, didi
sociologebis talkot parsonsisa da robert mertonis calkeuli sociologiuri ganazrebani religiis socialuri rolisa da mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb.
Tavisi warmoSobisa da ganviTarebis klasikuri periodidan moyolebuli dRemde religiis sociologia nayofierad viTardeba. Drom da sazogadoebaSi mimdinare cvlilebebma misi kvlevis sferoSi mravali axali sakiTxi da problema Semoitana. mis SigniT mTeli rigi mimarTulebebi
gaCnda, romlebic originalur pasuxs scemen religiis sociologiis
klasikur da Tanamedrove kardinalur kiTxvebs.

49

kaxa qecbaia
religiis sociologiis Tanamedrove warmomadgenlebi
religiis sociologiis msoflioSi cnobili Tanamedrove warmomadgenelia robert nil bela (daibada 1927 w.). igi religiisadmi evolucionisturi da funqcionalisturi midgomiTaa cnobili (kaliforniis
berklis universitetis sociologiis profesori). religiis sociologiis sferoSi misi mTavari Sromebia `religiuri evolucia~ (1964) da `samoqalaqo religia amerikaSi ~ (1967), xolo bolodrondeli Sromebi eZRvneba amerikul sazogadoebaze religiuri Temis gavlenis Seswavlas.
parsonsis gavlenis qveS myofi bela religiur cvlilebebs sazogadoebis struqturuli diferenciaciis procesebs ukavSirebda. man religiuri evoluciis Teoria SemuSava. am koncefciis Tanaxmad, socialuri evoluciis gzaze religia mTel rig cvlilebebs ganicdis, romelic socialur institutebs amyarebs da mTlianobaSi sazogadoebis ganviTarebas
uwyobs xels. robert nisbetis (amerikeli sociologi) darad belac religias ganixilavs sazogadoebisa da kulturis fuqcionalurad aucilebel Semadgenlad. belas mixedviT, `religia simboluri formebisa da
moqmedebebis erTobliobaa, romlebic adamians misi arsebobis zRvrul
pirobebs akuTvneben~. belam kacobriobis religiuri evoluciis tipologia SeimuSava.
Tanamedrove religiis sociologiis erT-erTi gamoCenili warmomadgenelia amerikeli sociologi piter bergeri (daibada 1929 w.). igi jer
kidev filadelfiis luTeranul seminariaSi swavlisas daeWvda qristianuli religiis luTeranuli interpretaciis WeSmaritebaSi. dRes igi
bostonis universitetSi ekonomikuri kulturis Semswavleli institutis direqtoria. man Tomas lukmanTan erTad SemuSava codnis fenomenologiuri sociologia, rogorc socialuri Semecnebis meTodologia. misi
sociologiuri naazrevi da Sexedulebebi ganpirobebulia Sutcis fenomenologiuri sociologiiT, midis insteraqcionizmiTa da veberisa da diurkemis sociologiuri tradiciebiT. mTels msoflioSi cnobilia misi
wigni `mowveva sociologiaSi~ (1963), romelSic am mecnierebis miznebi,
amocanebi, eTikuri principebi da ZiriTadi problemebia gadmocemuli.
man bolo oTxi aTeuli wlis manZilze didi wvlili Seitana religiis sociologiis ganviTarebaSi. bergerma SeZlo religiis ganviTarebis mniSvne-

religiis sociologiis Tanamedrove warmomadgenelTa Teoriebis ganxilvas calke

leqcia daeTmoba, amitom amjerad am Teoriebze da maT avtorebze zogadi saubriT
SemovifarglebiT mxolod, im miznidan gamomdinare, rom studentebs garkveuli
warmodgena hqondeT imaze, Tu vin arian religiis sociologiis Tnamedrove
warmomadgenlebi da ra Teoriebi Seqmnes maT, Tu rogor ganaviTares veberisa da
diurkemis mier Seqmnili sociologiis es dargi?

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religiis sociologia

lovani principebis analizi. siRrmiseulad Seiswavla sekularizaciis sakiTxebi da Taviseburi `uxilavi religiis~ warmoSoba Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi. misi religiis sociologiuri Teoria Camoyalibebulia wignSi
`wminda safari~ (1967), romelSic igi iswrafvis aCvenos religiasa da adamianis mier socialuri realobis konstruirebas Soris kavSiri.
piter bergeri yovelTvis moiazreba Tomas lukmanTan (daibada
1927 w.) erTad TavianTi erToblivi sociologiuri Teoriis gamo. igi
bergerTan erTad codnis fenomenologiuri sociologiis wamyvani warmomadgeneli da (konstancis universitetis profesori) Sutcis fenomenologiuri sociologiis Riresuli gamgrZelebelia.

Tomas lukmani
T. lukmanis ZiriTadi naSromi religiis sociologiaSi aris 1963
wels germanul enaze gamocemuli wigni `religiis problema Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi~, inglisurad es wigni 1967 wels gamoica saxelwodebiT `uxilavi religia~. misi amosavali principia imis mtkiceba, rom
religiis sociologia sociologiis umniSvnelovanesi nawilia da Tanamedrove samyaroSi adamianis adgilis Sesaxeb sakiTxi `simboluri universumis~ Sesaxeb sakiTxTan anu, religiasTanaa kavSirSi. lukmani ikvlevda sekularizaciis indikatorebis problemas. mis mixedviT, religia `simboluri universumebis institucionalizebaa. es simboluri universumebi mniSvnelobaTa socialurad obieqtivirebuli sistemebia,
romlebic, erTi mxriv, yoveldRiur cxovrebas miekuTvnebian, xolo meore mxriv, im samyaroze mianiSneben romlis gamocdilebis transcendirebas yoveldRiuri cxovreba axdens. religiis, rogorc simboluri uni-

51

kaxa qecbaia

versumis mniSvneloba transcendenturTan mimarTebaSi gamoixateba, romelic nebismieri yoveldRiuri gamocdilebis sazRvrebs gareT gadis.
religiurobis kvlevis saqmeSi Tanamedrove religiis sociologiaSi did rols asrulebs Carlz glokis (daibada 1919 w.) kvlevebi (cnobili amerikeli sociologi. kaliforniis universitetis profesori).
religiis sociologiis amerikel warmomadgenlebs Soris sayuradReboa endriu grilis (daibada 1928 w.) naSromebi. igi Cikagos universitetis sociologiis profesoria, amave dros aris `New York Taimes~-is
eqsperti saeklesio da religiur sakiTxebSi, romelic Tanamedrove amerikuli sazogadoebis religiur problemebs ganixilavs. misi Sromebia:
`religia da kariera: kolejebis kursdamTavrebulTa Sesawvla~ 1963);
`ra gvwams Cven? religia amerikaSi~ (1968); `religia 2000 wels~ (1969); `sasuliero pirebi aSS-Si~ (1971); `denominaciuri sazogadoeba~ (1972); `kaTolikuri eklesiis sasuliero pirebi aSS-Si: sociologiuri gamokvleva~ (1972) da mravali sxva. grils ainteresebs religiuri ganaTlebis sakiTxebi; mrevlisa da sauliero pirebis tipologia; sociokulturul da
religiur faqtorebs Soris kavSirebi. misi azriT, religiis sociologiaSi unda dominirebdes empiriuli da ara Teoriuli kvlevebi. grili gamudmebul polemikaSia religiis sociologiis sxva Tanamedrove avtorebTan sakuTari mosazrebiT imis Sesaxeb, rom dRes institucionaluri
religia krizisSia. mas miaCnia, rom es ase ar aris; rom dRes adamiani nakleb religiuria vidre adre. religia, grilis mixedviT, rogorc adamianis yoveldRiuri cxovrebis moucilebeli nawili, ufro metia vidre `saeklesio atributebi~. religia, rogorc simboluri sistema (`uzenaesi
siboloebisa da Rirebulebebis~ erToblioba) xangrZliv ganwyobebsa da
motivacias warmoSobs romlebic adamianis arsebobis principebia. am
principebs grili `adamianuri pirovnebis birTvs~ uwodebs. am SemTxvevaSi ki SesaZlebelia saubari `saero~ da `wminda~ religiebze. `wminda~
grils diurkemiseburad aqvs gagebuli. rac iseTi ramea, romelic yoveldRiuri gamocdilebis farglebs gareT gadis da romlis meSveobiT
adamiani uzenaes realobasTan amyarebs kavSirs, oRond diurkemisagan
gansxvavebiT wmindas is upirispirebs ara saeros, aramed saeklesios. `eklesia religiis rezultati ufroa, vidre misi mizezi~. es ar niSnavs imas,
rom grili eklesiis rols uaryofs. ara, igi miiCnevs, rom formaluri
religiuri institutebi aucilebelia, ramdenadac maTi meSveobiT yalibdeba is konteqsti, romelSic individualuri da ojaxuri religiuri
`istoriebi~ Cndeba. oRond, religiuri socializaciis saqmeSi eklesiaze
ufro metad ojaxia mniSvnelovani. religiis sociologiis amocana religiis definicia ki ar aris, aramed religiis sazrisuli struqturis
52

religiis sociologia

dadgena da gagebaa. es ki imas niSnavs, rom gagebul iqnas is simboluri

kodebi, romlebic individualur biografiebs asazrisianebs. am zriT,
grili gagebiTi religiis sociologiis warmomadgenelia. religias is
uyurebs ara rogorc istorias, naracias da zRapars, aramed rogorc
saswaulis, idumalebisa da zeciuri wyalobis gancdas, romlis gareSe
warmoudgenelia adamianis cxovreba. amasTan ar unda dagvaviwydes is,
rom grili sociologia, romelic verafers ver gvetyvis religiis metafizikuri bunebis Sesaxeb, amitom mas rogorc sociologs ainteresebs
sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra emarTebaT adamianebs religiuri rwmenis Sedegad anu, rogoria maTi yoveldRiuri moqmedeba maTze sakraluri fenomenebis gavleniT? grils ainteresebda pasuxi gaeca kiTxvaze, Tu rogoria religiis momavali aSS-Si? am kiTxvaze pasuxi man mogvca naSromSi
`religia 2000 wels~ (1969). aq man sxvadasxva saxis empiriuli da istoriul-sociologiuri masalebis safuZvelze detalurad gaanaliza Tanamedrove aSS-s religiuri situacia da yalbi uwoda im sociologebis
(bergeris, glokis, starkis da tomasis) daskvnebs romlis mixedviT, religiam Tavisi Tavi amowura. grilis azriT, XXI saukuneSi kidev ufro metad gaRrmavdeba sazogadoebis sakralizaciis procesi; religia ar dakargavs Tavis gavlenas sazogadoebaze, arc eklesias moakldeba mrevli
da sakralurs veranairad ver Caanacvlebs profanuli. grilis mosazrebebi denominaciebis Sesaxeb angariSgasawevia Tanamedrove religiis sociologiaSi. naSromSi `amerikeli xalxis uzenaesi Rirebulebebi~ grilma amerikelTa religiurobis interpretaciuli sqema SeimuSava, romelsac rikertis tipologia daudo safuZvlad (`borotebis simbolika~),
romlis mixedviT sikeTisa da borotebis fundamentalur kiTxvaze 4 ZiriTadi pasuxi arsebobs: 1. optimisturi (egvipturi religia); 2. pesimisturi (mesopotamuri religia); 3. fatalisturi (posthomerosiseuli
berZnuli religia); 4. manugeSebeli (ebrauli religia). grils qristianoba manugeSebel religiebSi Sehyavs.
religiis sociologiis Tanamedrove problemebis damuSavebaSi mniSvnelovani wvlili aqvs Setanili amerikel Teologs, `radikaluri Teologiisa~
da `postmodernis Teologiis~ warmomadgenel harvi
koqss (daibada 1929 w.). misi mecnieruli kvlevis sferoebia: modernizacia, urbanizacia, sekularizacia,
religia da adamiani Tanamedrove msoflioSi, religiuri cnobierebis cvlileba, saeklesio praqtikis
sakiTxebi da mravali sxva. misi azriT, Tanamedrove
harvi koqsi
sazogadoebaSi religia ukve ar aris adamianis yo53

kaxa qecbaia

veldRiuri cxovrebis moraluri winamZRoli. amieridan igi `esTetikuri

tkbobisa~ da `nacionaluri identobis~ formiT arsebobs. religiis amgvar transformacias igi zogadad sazogadoebis postmodrenul transformacias ukavSirebs. naSromSi `saero qalaqi~ is wers: `samyaros Seqmnis momentidan daiwyo bunebis ganjadoeba, egviptidan gamosvlis
droidan politikuri xelisuflebis desakralizacia, xolo sinas kavSiridan (gansakuTrebiT kerpebis Tayvaniscemis akrZalvidan) saero RirebulebaTa warmoSoba~. `saero qalaqs~ koqsi Tanamdrove `teqnopolisTan~ aigivebs, romlis socialur ier-saxes `anonimuroba~ da `gadaadgileba~ qmnis. Tanamedrove teqnopolisis am or niSan-Tvisebas adamianuri
arseboba bibliur rwmenasTan mohyavs SesabamisobaSi. qalaqSi adamianis
cxovreba anonimurobis niSans atarebs. is or nawilad: pirad da sajaro
sferoebadaa dayofili. mas am or frontze uwevs brZola da Tvis SenarCuneba. didi qalqis anonimuroba tradiciebisagan ganTavisuflebaSi gamoixateba. amas urbanuli cxovrebis wesi uwyobs xels. rac Seexeba gadaadgilebas, romelic Tanamedrove saqalaqo cxovrebis uaryofiT mxared
ganixileba, igi cvlilebebisadmi midrekilebas da axali ideebisa da SesaZleblobebisaken swarfvas uwyobs xels. geografiuli gadaadgileba
kavSirSia, rogorc socialur, ise profesiul mobilobasTan uromlisodac warmoudgenelia Tanamedrove qalaqi. aAmgvari ram srul TanxmobaSia
bibliur tradiciasTan, romlis mixedviT, RmerTi yvelganaa. koqsis mixedviT, gadaadgileba arc ise saSiSia, Tumca mas erTi negatiuri mxare
mainc aqvs. is SeiZleba upasuxismgeblobis mizezad iqces. `gadaadgilebis maRali tempi xsnis garantia rodia, magram arc winaaRmdegobaa rwmenisaTvis~. Tanamedrove saqalaqo cxovrebis tempebi Tavbrus uxvevs adamians da mis desakralizebas axdens. Sesabamisad yalibdeba saero qalaqis
kulturuli saxe, Sesabamisi RirebulebebiTa da sazrisebiT, romelTagan prioritetulia `pragmatizmi~ da `profanuloba~. pragmatizmSi koqsi Tanamedrove sekularizebuli adamianis saqmianobis nebismier sferoSi saboloo praqtikuli Sedegebis misaRwevad swarafvas gulisxmobs.
profanulobaSi ki mis miwier interesebs da maT Sesabamis RirebulebiT
orientacias gulisxmobs. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, profanuloba arareligiurobaa, xolo profanuli adamiani `ama soflis kacia~, romlisTvisac ucxoa zebunebrivis rwmena. amasTan ditrix bonxeferis
msgavsad (ditrix bonxeferi (1906-1945) luTerani pastori da Teologia,
romelic antinacisturi SeTqmulebis monawile iyo), koqsi miiCnevs, rom
Seqmnili situaciidan gamosavali mainc arsebobs. kerZod teqnopolisis
moqalaqeebs TavianTi pragmatizmis wyalobiT SeuZliaT dainaxon saxarebis WeSmariteba. saxareba, - ambobs koqsi, - sulac ar gvaswavlis warsuli
54

religiis sociologia

droebis gamo vaebas da miwieri problemebis mogavarebaze uaris Tqmas,

aramed mogviwodebs am problemebis simZime sakuTar Tavze aviRoT, rogorc RmerTis saCuqari da bolomde SevinarCunoT adamianoba. koqsi
mogviwodebs, rom teqnikuri civilizaciis araadamianuri samyaro yvelas namdvil saxlad vaqcioT.

F
D ditrix bonxeferis gamosaxuleba germanul safosto markaze
1969 wels rodesac dasavlur kulturaSi rwmenisa da religiis sakiTxebi mwvave polemikis sagani iyo gamovida harvi koqsis wigni `xumarebis dResaswauli~. wigni kargad miesadageba dasavleTis insteleqtualur wreebSi arsebul ganwobilebas. is kardinalurad gansxvavdeba koqsis pirveli wignisagan. `saero qalaqi~ apolonuri wignia, xolo `xumarebis dResaswauli~ dionisuri. misi mizania cxovrebisadmi mxiaruli, karnavaluri damokidebulebis gaqrobis mizezebis dadgena. amgvari ganwyobileba ki qreba maSin rodesac adamiani mowydeba RmerTs, rodesac mas
qriste ar uxmobs da sakuTari Tavis anabaraRa rCeba. Tavisi bunebiT adamiani - homo festivus-ia. Aamitom dResaswaulebi yvela kulturaSi arsebobda. fantazia da dResaswauli nebismier religiaSia. fantazia aq warmosaxvas ar niSnavs. koqsis azriT, fantazia socialuri yoveldRiurobidan gareT gasvlaa. misi wyalobiT SeuZlebeli SesaZlebeli xdeba. igi SesaZlebels xdis warmoqmnas xvalindeli dRis `cocxali liturgia~ ara
eklesiaSi, aramed saero dResaswaulebSi. koqsis mosazrebebi religiis

55

kaxa qecbaia

sociologiis ZiriTad kiTxvebze umeteswilad Zalze paradoqsulia, magram mkvlevris da maZiebeli adamianis poziciebidan sainteresoa dResac.
rodesac religiis sociologiis Tanamedrove warmomadgenlebzea
saubari gverds ver avuvliT im moazrovneebs, romelTa naazrevma didi
gavlena moaxdina religiis sociologiis Tanamedrove Teoriebis Camoyalibebaze. am moazrovneTa Soris mniSvnelovani adgili `religiuri sociologiis~ fuZemdebelsa da religiis sociologiis franguli skolis
warmomadgenel gabriel le bras (1891-1970 ww.) ukavia. man daafuZna Jurnali `socialur mecnierebaTa religiuri arqivi~. misi damsaxureba religiis sociologiaSi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom religiurobis empiriuli
Seswavla erT-erTma pirvelma man daiwyo evropaSi, riTac gadalaxa winaaRmdegoba, romlis mixedviT, rwmenis sociologiuri analizi dauSvebelia. 1955 wels gamovida misi wignis `religiuri sociologiis etiudebis~ pirveli tomi. wigni mTlianad empiriuli masalebis analizis mixedviTaa dawerili. es masalebi Seexeba religiurobas, mrevlis aqtiurobas
socialur cxovrebaSi, saeklesio aqtebsa da Canawerebs, qorwinebisa da
dakrZalvis religiuri ritualebis Sesrulebas da a. S. religiis sociologiuri analizisas le bra upiratesobas aniWebda `Signidan~ kvlevas. am
SemTxvevaSi kvlevis meTodia sociografia, CarTuli dakvirveba, dokumentebis analizi da sxva. yovelive amis Sesabamisad man safuZveli Cauyara `religiur sociologias~. le bra kvlevebma SemdgomSi religiis sociologiaSi aqtualuri gaxada `saeklesio aqtivobisa~ da `socialuri
stratifikaciis~ mimarTebis sakiTxi. garda amisa, man didi roli Sesarula religiis sociologiis kvlevis meTodikisa da teqnikis daxvewis saqmeSi.
XX s-is religiis sociologiis warmomadgenelTa Soris sayuradReboa germaneli protestanti religiaTmcodnis ioaxim vaxis Semoqmedeba.
vaxi amave dros cnobilia, rogorc religiis istorikosi, fenomenologi da sociologi. mis mixedviT, religiis istorias ori: istoriuli da sistemuri, ganzomileba aqvs. istoriuli ganzomileba religiis zogad istorias gulisxmobs, romelic religiis
gamovlinebis specifikur formebs swavlobs. magaliTad somboloebs, ritualebs, aseve totemizms, fetiSizms, animizms da msoflio religiebs; sistemuri
ganzomileba ki religiuri fenomenebis klasifikacias axdens da maTi warmoSobis socialur, istoriul
ioaxim vaxi
da fsiqologiur kanonzomierebaTa klasifikacias
(1898-1955)
axdens. religiis istoria kavSirSia religiur an56

religiis sociologia

TropologiasTan. imisaTvis, rom gavigoT adamianis bediswera, misi buneba, unda SeviswavloT misi tradiciebi, wes-Cveulebebi da ritualebi, rasac religiuri anTropologia akeTebs. religiuri anTropologia ki
mWirdodaa dakavSirebuli religiur erTobebTan da, masasadame, religiis sociologiasTan. vaxi ikvlevda religiuri Temisa da sazogadoebis
mimarTebis problemas. igi gemainSaftis or ganzomilebaze: urTierTobasa da erTobaze akeTebda qcents. religiur TemSi religiuri grZnobis
gamovlinebaa religiuri komunikacia. religiuri komunikaciis intensivoba religiuri iniciativebis ukuproporciulia religiur TemSi rac
ufro mWidroa komunikacia, miT ufro nakleb mniSvnelovania individualuri msaxureba da rac ufro sustia komunikacia religiur TemSi, individualuri masxureba miT ufro Zlieria. religiuri Temis safuZveli
uzenaes realobasTan, sakralurTan kavSiria, romelic Tavis gamoxatulebas religiur gamocdilebaSi poulobs. am SemTxvevaSi uzenaesi realoba gagebulia, rogorc transcendenturi Zala, romelzec adamianis
arsebobaa damokidebuli.
religiis sociologia, vaxis mixedviT, religiis Sesaxeb codnis
erT-erTi Semadgeneli nawilia. amitom vaxis SemoqmedebaSi didi yuradReba eTmoba am mecnierebis amocanebisa da kvlevis meTodebis gansazRvras. meTodebis SemTxvevaSi didad afasebda aRweriT meTodebs. misi azriT, religiis sociologiis sagania ara `wminda~ religia, aramed misi empiriuli formebi. religiis sociologiam religiebisadmi SefasebiT damokidebulebas unda moaridos Tavi. religiis sociologiis amocana ki religiasa da sazogadoebas Soris urTierTmimarTebis dadgenaSi
mdgomareobs. es gavlena Seswavlil unda iqnes jgufis, klanis, ojaxisa
da naciis doneze. aseve gamovlenili unda iyos sxavadsxva socialuri
organizaciebis kavSiri religiasTan da piriqiT. religiis sociologiis
ZiriTadi amocana unda iyos religiuri jgufebis, erTobebisa da gaerTianebebis individualuri, tipologiuri da SedarebiTi analizi. religiis sociologiuri analizi naTels unda fendes sakiTxs mis Sesaxeb, Tu
rogor vlindeba religiuri gamocdileba sazogadoebaSi. vaxi akritikebda religiis sociologiis amerikel warmomadgenlebs, romlebic miiCnevdnen, rom sociologia religiis analizSi Seudarebeli da universaluria. is religiisadmi sociologiuri midgomis universalizaciis
winaaRmdegi iyo da ambobda, rom sociologiam religiasTan mimarTebaSi
rac unda gaakeTos, aris is, rom gvaCvenos religiis sociokulturuli
mniSvneloba. religia vaxs esmoda, ara rogorc saeklesio dogmebi da
kulti, aramed rogorc is, rac adamians namdvilad swams da mTeli Tavisi
arsebiT uyvars, rac ganagebs mis beds, rac yvelaze da yvelaferze aRma57

kaxa qecbaia

tebulia~. vaxis religiis sociologiuri ideebi didad aris davalebuli

germanuli saazrovno tradiciebiT. mis koncefciaSi arc Tu iSviaTia
lainbicis, goeTes, Seleris, dilTais, veberis, Sleiermaxeris, humboldtis, rankes, rikertis da sxva moazrovneTa koncefciis siluetebi.
religiis sociologia saqarTveloSi
religiis sociologiis ganviTareba saqarTveloSi zogadad sociologiis warmoSobasa da ganviTarebas ukvSirdeba. amis Sesaxeb studentebma unda icodnen, rom saqarTveloSi sociologiuri azrovneba XX saukunis dasawyisidan iRebs dasabams. CvenSi sociologiuri azrovneba evropuli sociologiiT sazrdoobda mudam. unda iTqvas, rom msoflioSi
aRiarebuli sociologiuri Teoria saqarTveloSi ar Seqmnila da, Sesabamisad, veberis, Tionisis, mertonis an parsonsis msgavsi sociologebi
Cven ar gvyolia. rasac Tavisi obieqturi mizezebi gaaCnia. Tumca es yovelive srulebiT ar amcirebs imas, rac sociologiis sferoSi saqarTveloSia gakeTebuli da amJamad keTdeba.
sayovelTaod aRiarebuli faqtia, rom sociologia ver gaCndeba da
ganviTardeba iq sadac adamiani da sazogadoeba yovelmxriv SezRudulia; sadac sazogadoebis bunebriv ganviTarebas uamravi xelSemSleli
faqtorebi eRobeba win. saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi swored, rom msgavs viTarebasTan gvaqvs saqme. ruseTis mier saqarTvelos aneqsiam Ria, demokratiuli mecnierebis _ sociologiis ganviTareba sagrZnoblad Seaferxa. xolo sabWoTa diqtaturis wlebSi sazogadoebis Sesaxeb mecniereba
yalbi istoriul-materialisturi TeoriebiT iqna Canacvlebuli. Tumca
qarTveli mecnierebi sakuTari riskis fasad mainc axerxebdnen sociologiuri problemebis damuSavebas da safuZvels uyridnen sociologiis, rogorc sazogadoebis Semswavleli damoukidebeli mecnierebis saukeTeso tradiciebs saqarTveloSi.
sadavoa sakiTxi qarTuli sociologiis, rogorc suverenuli saazrovno fenomenis Sesaxeb, Tumca am SemTxvevaSi gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom
ubralod erTmaneTSi ar unda avurioT calkeul moazrovneTa socialuri Sexedulebebi da sakuTriv sociologiuri Teoriebi. socialuri Sexedulebis qona sociologobas ar niSnavs. es rom ase iyos, maSin adamianTa
umravlesoba sociologi iqneboda. erTia calkeuli Sexedulebebis qona
sazogadoebaze da meore mecnierulad dasabuTebuli Teoria mis Sesaxeb.
saqarTveloSi sociologia imTaviTve ori _ akademiuri da sauniversiteto mimarTulebiT viTardeboda.
1925 wels saqarTvelos kompartiis centraluri komitetis mier
ideologiur sakiTxebze miRebuli gadawyvetilebis Sedegad sociolo58

religiis sociologia

gias seriozuli winaaRmdegobebi Seeqmna. xolo 1930 wels sociologiis

sakiTxebze gamarTul diskusias sociologiis sruli ignorireba mohyva.
Sesabamisad Tbilisis universitetSi sociologia amoRebul iqna saswavlo disciplinebidan.
sociologiisaken xelaxali Semobruneba `xruSCovis droidan~ iwyeba. kerZod 1962 wlidan sabWoTa kavSiris masStabiT sociologiis reabiltacia moxda. im xanad leningradSi gaxsnili sociologiis institutisa da leningradis universitetis sociologiis laboratoriis saqmianobas specialurad gaecno cnobili qarTveli mecnieri venor qvaCaxia.
swored misi TaosnobiT sabWoTa kavSirSi pirvelad Tbilisis saxelmwifo iniversitetSi gamoyenebiTi sociologiis laboratoria Seiqmna,
romlis bazaze 1968 wels konkrteul-sociologiuri kvlevis kaTedra
Seiqmna. misi xelmZRvaneli profesori venor qvaCaxia iyo. igi nayofierad, Rrmad da safuZvlianad ikvlevda sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis
formebis interdisciplinaruli, sistemuri gaazrebis problemebs. 1982
wels venor qvaCaxias gardacvalebis Semdeg zemoTxsenebuli kaTerdis
gamge profesori eduard kodua gaxda, romlis TaosnobiT 1989 wels ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis filosofiis fakultetze sociologiis specialoba gaixsna, romelic mogvianebiT sociologiis ganyofilebad gadakeTda, xolo kaTedras sociologiis kaTerda, fakultets ki filosofiisa da sociologiis fakulteti
ewoda. saqarTveloSi sociologiis dargis ganviTarebas didi Rvawli da
amagi dasdo profesorma eduard koduam. sociologiuri mecniereba man
axal simaRleebamde aiyvana.
saqarTveloSi sociologiis ganviTarebis saqmeSi didi wvlili miuZRvis sociologiis akademiur skolas, romelsac adre saqarTvelos
mecnierebaTa akademiis sistemaSi Semavali demografiisa da sociologiis instituti warmoadgens (amJamad demografiisa da sociologiis instituti faqtobrivad aRar arsebobs). instituti socilogiuri kvlevis
mdidari tradicebis matarebelia saqarTveloSi.
sociologiis ganviTarebaSi erTgvari gardatexa erovnuli xelisuflebis droidan moxda, rodesac igi mTlianad ganTavisuflda yalbi
ideologiisa da stereotipebisagan da Tavisufali ganviTarebis asparezi mieca. am droidan moyolebeuli sociologiis swavlebisadmi SiSi da
undobloba gaqra. sazogadoebam Seigno misi aucilebloba Tumca sociologiuri codnis kulturas saqarTveloSi saTanado donemde jer kidev
ver miuRwevia.
rogorc zemoT iTqva, sabWoTa diqtaturis wlebSi sociologiis
qveS sazogadoebis Sesaxeb yalbi marqsistul-leninuri moZRvreba is59

kaxa qecbaia

toriuli materializmi moiazreboda, romlisgan Tavis daRwevas qarTveli mecnierebi sociumis Sesaxeb filosofiuri TeoriebiTa da doqtrinebiT cdilobdnen, anu sociologiuri problemebis analizi filosofiur
sibrtyeze gadahqondaT. ramac meore ukiduresobaSi gadavrdna gamoiwvia _ sociologiam filosofiuri Seferiloba miiRo. AdRes saqarTveloSi sociologia TavisTavadobas iZens da am mdgomareobidan gamodis. swored am istoriul da inteleqtualur velSi mouwia religiis sociologias saqarTveloSi Camoyalibeba da ganviTareba.
erT-erTi pirveli, romelmac saqarTveloSi, kerZod ivane javaxiSvilis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi sociologiis am dargSi leqciebis kiTxva daiwyo profesori oTar gabiZaSvilia, Sesabamisad CvenTan
am mecnierebis fuZemdeblad swored mas miviCnevT. am mxriv sayuradReboa misi wignebi: `religiis sociologiis sakiTxebi~ (1984) da `religia
rogorc socialuri movlena~ (1987). o. gabiZaSvilma moamzada pirveli
leqciebis kursi religiis sociologiaSi, romelic gamoucemeli darCa.

***
`[...]rwmena urTulesi da mravalmxrivi movlenaa. misi saTaveebi
racionalur ZiebebSi ki ar imaleba, aramed intuiciur gamocxadebebSi. swored cocxali intuiciis gziT xerxdeba rom religiuroba
damaxasiaTebelia rogorc ubralo, gaunaTlebeli adamianisaTvis,
aseve RrmadganaTlebuli mecnierisaTvis. elinisturi samyaros gamoCenili filosofosi platoni amasTan dakavSirebiT ambobda: `roca Cven RmerTs vxedavT, vxedavT mas ara gonebiT, aramed ufro umaRlesiT, vidre gonebaa~. religiuri gancda ar SeiZleba gavaigivoT
sulieri cxovrebis romelime sxva sferosTan, igi yvelaze metad SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT, rogorc gansakuTrebuli mowiweba uzenaesis
mimarT [...]~
O oTar gabiZaSvili

sayuradReboa agreTve profesor eduard koduas naSromi saxelwodebiT `religiis sociologia~, wignSi sociologia, (nakv. II. Tb., 1998),
romelSic am dargobrivi mecnierebis kardinaluri sakiTxebi
sumirebuli saxiTaa gadmocemuli.
sayuradReboa agreTve ilias universitetis sociologiis profesoris emzar jgerenaias leqciebis kursi religiis sociologiaSi (internet versia).
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religiis sociologia

dRes religiis sociologiis kursi saqarTvelos yvela im umaRles

saswavlebelSi ikiTxeba, romelsac sociologiis mimarTuleba gaaCnia.
CvenSi sociologiis am dargis warmateba didad aris damokidebuli sazogadoebis gaRiavebasa da demokratizaciaze, sociologiuri codnis
maRal kulturaze da a. S.
kiTxvebi:

vin arian religiis sociologiis FuZemdeblebi?

ra igulisxmeba religiis sociologiis sociokulturul wanamZRvrebSi?

ras niSnavs religiis privatizeba?

ra igulisxmeba religiis sociologiis Teoriul wanamZRvrebSi?

problematikis TvalsazrisiT, ra gansxvavebaa religiis sociologiis klasikur da Tanamedrove warmomadgenlebs Soris?
davalebebi:
moamzadeT prezentacia Temaze: religiis sociologiis klasikosebi.
moamzadeT essei Temaze: religiis sociologiis Tanamedrove
amerikeli warmomadgenlebi?

ZiriTadi literatura:
1. o. gabiZaSvili, religia, rogorc socialuri movlena, Tb., 1987.
2. n. smelzeri, sociologia, nawili III. Tavi 15. religia. m., 1994.
(rus. enaze). qarTuli Targmanis naxva SesaZlebelia www.soci-

um.ge-ze.
3. e. gidensi, sociologia, Tavi 17. religia, m., 2005. (rus. enaze).
4. ed. kodua. religiis sociologia, wignSi: sociologia, nakv. II.
Tb., 1998.
damatebiTi literatura:
1. j. maisionisi, sociologia, Tavi 18. religia. sankt-peterburgi,

2004.
2. o. gabiZaSvili, religiis sociologiis sakiTxebi, Tb., 1984.
3. religiis sociologia, wignSi amerikuli sociologia, (rus. enaze), m. 1972.
4. religiis sociologiis qrestomaTia, (rus. enaze), m. 1996.
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kaxa qecbaia

E es sayuradReboa!
religiis sociologiaSi diurkemTan erTad mis disSvils,
cnobil eTnograf da sociolog
marsel moss (1872-1950) moixsenieben xolme. pirvelyofili religiebis mimarT interesi man jer kidev
axalgardobaSi gamoavlina. mosma
traibalur sazogadoebaSi urTierTobis iseTi formis specifika
Seiswavla, rogoricaa gacvla (materilauri sagnebis gacvla sakvebi, Sromis iaraRebi, aseve qalebi
marsel
da sxv.). misma kvlevebma aCvena, rom
mosi
gcvlas taribalur sazogadoebaSi
moraluri sazrisi aqvs. man erT-erTma pirvelma aCvena, rom sxvadasxva
sociumebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia specifikuri fizikuri, fiziologiuri gamovlinenebi `sxeulis teqnikisa~. mosis ideebma religiis
kvlevis saqmeSi SesaZlebeli gaxada religiis rolisa da religiur
simboloTa gamoyenebis Sesaxeb arsebuli erTob sociologiuri gagebidan mTlianad adamianuri azrovnebis Seswavlaze gadasvla. misi mravalricxovani naSormebidan religiis sociologiis TvalsazrisiT
mniSvnelovania: `narkvevi msxverplSewirvis bunebisa da funqciis Sesaxeb~ (1899); `klasifikaciis pirvelyofili formebis Sesaxeb~ (1903) (diurkemis TanaavtorobiT); `narkvevi magiis zogadi Teoriis Sesaxeb~
(1904) (a. iuberis TanaavtorobiT); `narkvevi eskimosTa sazogadoebaSi
sezonuri cvlilebebis Sesaxeb~ (1906) (a. beSis monawileobiT); `gacvlis formebi da safuZvlebi arqaul sazogadoebaSi~ (1925); `sikvdilis Sesaxeb koleqtiurad STagonebuli azrebis fizikuri zemoqmedeba
individze~ (avstralia, axali zelandia) (1926); `sxeulis teqnikebi~
(1935);

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religiis sociologia

Tvalsazrisi
religiuri ganaTlebis zogierTi aspeqti saqarTveloSi
mozardi Taobis sworad aRzrdis saqmeSi sxva humanitarul mecnierebaTa Soris istoriul mecnierebas erT-erTi gansakuTrebuli
adgili uWiravs. amis Sesaxeb araerT gamoCenil moazrovnes Tu eklesiis mamas gamouTqvams sakuTari Sexeduleba. mag., hegelis azriT,
warsulis magaliTebs didi mniSvneloba aqvT bavSvis sulieri amaRlebisaTvis, Tumca, igi iqve istoriuli mecnierebis obieqturobaze
amaxvilebs gansakuTrebul yuradRebas _ istoria obieqtur viTarebas unda asaxavdes da yovlad dauSvebelia misi gayalbeba. swored, istoria unda iyos is safuZveli, romelzec ukeTesi momavali unda
aSendes. amitom, istoriis swavlebisas didi yuradReba da sifrTxilea saWiro. aq daSvebuli mciredi Secdomac ki sabediswero zianis
momtani iqneba momavalSi. istoriam unda aCvenos moswavles sazogadoebis warmoSobisa da ganviTarebis obieqturi kanonzomierebani. misi swavlebisas, bunebrivia, gverds ver avuvliT religiur sakiTxebs.
am SemTxvevaSi gamonakliss arc saqarTvelos istoria warmoadgens,
ramdenadac qarTveli eris istoria _ es qristianobisaTvis brZolis
istoria.
saqarTvelos istoriis gakveTilebi, pirvel rigSi, moswavleTa
sulieri aRzrdis funqcias unda asrulebdnen. maT erTgvari Terapiuli funqciac ki ekisrebaT. amdenad, gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas
iZens msoflio religiebisa da marTmadidebluri qristianuli religiis saTanado donaze Seswavla, imisaTvis rom Rrmad iqnes gacnobierebuli istoriis religiur-filosofiuri da istoriul movlenaTa
mistikuri arsi. yovelive es sasicocxlo mniSvnelobas iZens Tanamedroveobis fonze, radganac me-20 saukunu qarTveli eris istoriaSi
yvelaze tragikuli aRmoCnda. erma Tavis Tavze iwvnia aTeizmi da fizikuri ganadgurebis umZimesi safrTxe. amas zed daerTo fsevdoreligiui orientaciebis zrda; adamianTa gaxdoma xorciel vnebaTa monebad. yovelive aman didi gavlena moaxdina mozardi Taobis cnobierebaze.
dRes, rogorc arasdros, saWiroa gansakuTrebuli yuradReba
mieqces yovelive amas. aqve SeiZleba SevniSnoT, rom saqarTveloSi am
aspeqtiT mravali sasikeTo ram keTdeba... Tundac is, rom Sendeba taZrebi. magram arsebobs safrTxe, rom xvalindel Taobas es taZrebi, SeiZleba, arc dasWirdes, radgan maT sulSi asaSenebel taZars kargi sa63

kaxa qecbaia

fuZveli namdvilad ar eyreba.

imisaTvis, rom moswavleebma kargad iswavlon saqarTvelos istoria, kargi saxelmZRvaneloa saWiro. warmoudgenelia, rom ivane javaxiSvilis qveyanaSi am mxriv deficiti iyos, miTumetes, roca saqarTvelos istoriuli mecnierebis Zalze Zlieri da mdidari tradiciebi aqvs. miuxedavad amisa, saqarTvelos istoriis saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebi religiur sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT mravali uzustobis Semcvelia (Cveni amocana namdvilad ar aris vinmes kritika. aq im
problemebzea msjeloba, romlebic pedagogiurma praqtikam gamoavlina).
didi xnis manZilze istorias, rogorc sagans, qarTul skolebSi
Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT aswavlidnen: Zveli msoflios, ruseTis, saSualo saukuneebis da saqarTvelos istorias, romelic Seicavda
arafrismTqmel mSral informacias. dReisaTvis mdgomareoba am mxriv
TiTqos gamosworda: gamoica saqarTvelos istoriis `ganaxlebuli~
saxelmZRvanelo, romelic garegnulad Zalian kargia. mas taZris gamosaxuleba _ wina mxares, da ukana mxares _ wm. giorgis gamosaxuleba amSvenebs. wignSi uxvadaa xatebisa da freskebis reproduqciebi. garedan rom Sexadav gagixardeba, magram wakiTxvis Semdeg, namdvilad
cud gunebaze dadgebi kaci. wigni isev marqsistul yaidazea dawerili, oRond `marqss axla xelSi sanTeli uWiravs da xatis win daCoqili
isev `kapitals~ wers~. mxolod ieri Seucvlia da meti araferi (aq arafers vambobT wminda istoriuli da socialur-ekonomikuri xasiaTis
sakiTxebze, vexebiT mxolod religias). ismis kiTxva: rogor aris warmodgenili saqarTvelos istoriis saxelmZRvaneloSi da rogor aswavlian moswavleebs erTerT yvelaze mniSvnelovan sakiTxs, romelic
exeba religiis warmoSobas? aris ki am mxriv progresi?
jer erTi, sakiTxi ganxilulia erT-erT yvelaze mcire moculobis mqone paragrafSi da mitmasnilia pirvelyofili adamianis cxovrebasTan. sakiTxi religiis warmoSobis Sesaxeb warmodgenilia naturalistur-animisturi Teoriebis mixedviT, saidanac irkveva, rom religiis gaCena dakavSirebulia pirvelyofili adamianis warmodgenebTan mis garemomcvel samyaroze (msgavs Tvalsazriss saqarTvelos istoriis nebismier saxelmZRvaneloSi ipovis kaci). unda iTqvas isic,
rom am Teoriebis garda religiis warmoSobis Sesaxeb sxva, ufro sayuradRebo Teoriebic arsebobs, yoveli SemTxvevisaTvis araaTeisturi, xolo rac Seexeba religiis warmoSobis naturalistur da animistur Teorias, maTi aTeisturi bunebis Sesaxeb religiaTmcodneni
ar daoben. TvalsaCinoebisaTvis mokled SevexoT TiToeul maTgans:
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religiis sociologia

a) naturalisturi Teoria (laT. natura _ buneba) jer kidev (I

s-Si qrites Sobamde) romaeli poetisa da filosofosis lukreciusis
mier iyo gamoTqmuli (lukreciusi materialisturi filosofiis warmomadgenelia). mis mixedviT, RvTaebis idea da religia warmoSva bunebis movlenaTa winaSe aRZrulma SiSma, radgan adamianebma ar icodnen
bunebis kanonebi (am Sexedulebas eTanxmeba saxelmZRvaneloebSi gamoTqmuli azri). unda iTqvas, rom adamianebs marTlac eSinodaT mravali ramis magram, amis miuxedavad, Tayvaniscemis sagani iseTi ram
iyo, rac misTvis sruliad uvnebels warmoadgenda (mag.: qva an xe) ase,
rom maT mimarT religiuri damokidebulebis mizezi SiSi namdvilad
ar iZleba yofiliyo. bunebis mrisxane movlenebi religiurobis safuZvels aucileblad ar warmoadgendnen da arc adamiani yofila
odesme am movlenebiT mTlianad daTrgunuli da es daTrgunvac arasodes yofila absoluturi. aq arc e.w. pirvelyofili adamianis gonebrivi ganviTarebis dabali donis aRiareba gamodgeba religiis warmomSob Zlier argumentad, ramdenadac, `es adamiani~ uSualo kavSirSi
iyo bunebasTan da Tavis Semecnebas subieqturad ufro metad SeigrZnobda. garda amisa, es Teoria ver xsnis, Tu rogor SeZlo materialuri samyaros winaSe aRZrulma SiSma, principulad sxva _ uxilavi
samyaros yofierebis Sesaxeb ideis warmoSoba.
b) animisturi Teoria _ (laT. anima _ suli). (misi mimdevrebi
iyvnen: teilori, spenseri, liperti). RvTaebis ideis warmoSoba dakavSirebulia iseT subieqtur movlenebTan, rogoricaa sizmari, halucinaciebi, sikvdili da sxva. Tumca kritikas arc es Teoria uZlebs.
nuTu adamiani imdenad gonebasusti aRmoCnda, rom cxadi da sizmari
erTmaneTisagan ver gaarCia. Tanac Znelia imis dajereba, Tu rogor
`amaRlda~ aseTi dabali donis cnobiereba im doneze, rom zemoT aRniSnul movlenebze dayrdnobiT SeiZina Zala absolutis _ RmerTis
ideamde misuliyo. maSin, roca raimes arsebobis aRiarebidan mis mimarT religiur damokidebulebamde uzarmazari manZilia, rasac es
Teoria ar iTvaliswinebs. nakli am Teoriisa imdenad udaoa, rom man
TviT aTeistebs Sorisac ki dahkarga ndoba da maTi seriozuli kritikis sagani gaxda. revoluciamdeli droidan moyolebuli ruseTSi religiis warmoSobis Teoriebidan, swored es Teoria iyo gabatonebuli
da misi lideris, bogdanovis, azriT, religiis gaCenaSi gadamwyveti
roli Seasrula e.w. `velurma filosofosma~. Zalze sawyenia, rom es
Teoria (ufro sworad, naturalistur-animisturi Teoriebis Taviseburi narevi) TavSesafars saqarTvelos istoriis saxelmZRvaneloSi
poulobs. amitom, sasurvelia, rom moswavleebs miewodos religiis
65

kaxa qecbaia

warmoSobis Sesaxeb arsebuli Teoriebidan ufro damajerebeli da

religiuri poziciidan gamarTlebuli Teoria, romelic winaaRmdegobaSi ar iqneba saRmrTo werilTan da es unda gakeTdes dauyovnebliv, raTa mozardi Taoba daRupvas gadarCes, rameTu: `saRmrTo
werilis winaaRmdegni aravin gadarCenila RvTisagan dausjeli~ (sjulis kanoni, karTagenis krebis me-5 kanoni), saRmrTo kanonebi ki aris
`sameufo gza~, sasufevlisaken mimavali. aqedan gamomdinare, saxelmZRvanelos mixedviT, moswavles jer gonebas vuSxamavT da ZirSive
varRvevT mis rwmenas aTeisturi TeoriebiT da mxolod amis Semdgom
vexebiT qristianul religias.
Zalze ususuradaa warmodgenili qristianuli religiis warmoSobis sakiTxi. saxelmZRvanelos mixedviT: `qristianoba Tavidan CagrulTa religia iyo, romelic Tavis mimdevrebs uqadagebda moTminebas, amqveyniuri gaWirvebis udrtvinvelad atanas, rom ar gaewiaT winaaRmdegoba borotebisaTvis, Seguebodnen gasaWirs ...~ (kvietizmis
qadageba).
netav, ram gaaZlebina ase `sacodavad daxatul da CagrulTa ZonZebSi~ gaxveul qristianobas, romelic ager ukve ocdaerTi saukunea
arsebobs? anda, ra gauWirdaT romael didebulebs iseTi, rom TavianT warmarTobaze uari Tqves.
ase, rom aRniSnul wignSi uxvadaa RvarZlis Tesli, romelic
nelnela Rvivdeba mozardis gonebaSi da WeSmaritebisaTvis eklis
zRuded iqceva.
nuTu SeiZleba, eklesiis istoria da `qarTlis cxovreba~ legendebisa da zRaprebis krebulad warmovudginoT moswavleebs?
am sakiTxze dausrul;eblad SeiZleba msjeloba, magram imis imedi, rom amiT rame gamoswordeba, Zalze cotaa... aqve unda aRvniSnoT,
rom aseT savalalo mdgomareobaSia ara marto saqarTvelos istoriis
saxelmZRvanelo, aramed sxva saskolo wignebic.
TiTqmis yvela sabunebismetyvelo mecniereba materialisturad
da aTeisturad iswavleba, isisni jer kidev ar gamosulan aTeizmis
burusidan (biologia, fizika, qimia da sxv.).
aseT pirobebSi mozard Taobas uflis mimarT rwmena ekargeba.
igi sulierad gaorebulia. arada moswavleebma unda icodnen, rom religiis Zala _ rwmena da siyvarulia, iaraRi _ locva da simarTle,
fari _ jvari da wmindanebi, imedi _ ufali ieso qriste da deda eklesia.
k. qecbaias wignidan `ganaTlebis sociologia (problemebi),
Tb., 2002. gam. `ganTiadi~.
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religiis sociologia

`ufleba ar gvaqvs religiis adamianuri sazomiT gazomvisa, vinaidan is RvTiuri warmoSobisaa da Cven sulis gamocxadebiT gveZleva
is, risi wvdomac adamianis arsebas ar SeuZlia ...~
z. froidi
IV leqcia
Tema: religiis sociologiuri definicia
sakvanZo sityvebi da gamoTqmebi
religia, rwmena, magia, socialuri praqtika ritualebi; religiuri
Temi morwmuneTa gaerTianeba; religiis sociologiuri da arasociologiuri definicia, diurkemi, veberi, lenski, jonstouni, bergeri
da lukmani.
Sesavali
religiuri rwmenebisa da organizaciebis mravalferovneba religiis erTiani gansazRvrebis SemuSavebis sakiTxSi seriozul sirTuleebs
qmnis. xSirad religias monoTeistur sistemebTan: budizmi, iudaizmi,
qristianoba da islami, aigiveben, sadac erTi RmerTis idea figurirebs,
rac Secdomaa (religia mxolod monoTeizmi ar aris e. gidensi). amgvari
ram eTnocentristuli poziciaa. fridrix nicSes cnobili Tezisi RmerTis sikvdilis Sesaxeb (nicSes ekuTvnis gamoTqma `RmerTis mokvda~, rac
sociologiuri gagebiT, misi socialuri gavlenis Sesustebis procesis
sekularizaciis momaswaveblad SeiZleba miviCnioT) dasavleTis religiuri ideebis, rogorc prioritetuli religiuri sistemebis, eTnocentristul ganxilvasTanaa dakavSirebuli. bevr religiaSi DdResac mraval
RvTaebaTa panTeoni arsebobs (magaliTad induizmi). miuxedavad imisa,
figurirebs Tu ara masSi RmerTis idea, yvela religiaSi arsebobs iseTi
ram, rac mowiwebisa da Tayvaniscemis grZnobas iwvevs. aris religiebi, sadac saerTod ar figurirebs RmerTis cneba da sakraluri Tvisebebi, rogorc RvTaebrivi Tayvaniscemis obieqts, iseT personebs, romlebic TavisTavad RvTaebas ar warmoadgenen (magaliTad budizmSi buda), an abstaraqtul `RvTaebriv Zalebs~ an, eTikur Rirebulebebs miewereba. arc
erTi maTgani personificirebul RvTaebas ar gulisxmobs, amitom entoni gidenisis mixedviT, ar SeiZleba religia gavaigivoT monoTeizmTan an
eTikur RirebulebebTan. religiisadmi amgvari midgoma religiis sociologiuri definiciis amosavali principia (e. gidensi).
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kaxa qecbaia

saerTod religiis definicia Zalze rTuli saqmea, gamomdinare

iqidan rom misi uamravi ganmarteba arsebobs. imisaTvis, rom religiis
cnebis mravalgvar ganmartebaTa qselSi ar gavixlarToT (kulturis
cnebis msgavsad religiis cnebis 200-ze meti sxvadasxva ganmarteba arsebobs), mis sociologiur definiciaze unda gavanaxviloT yuradReba,
Tumca amasTan erTad misi sxva, arasociologiuri gansazRvrebebic ar
unda gamogvreCes mxedvelobidan.

1. religiis sociologiuri definicia

sxvadasxva mimarTulebis Tu mimdinareobis warmomadgeneli sociologebi sxvasxvanaiarad gansazRvraven religias. magaliTad sociokulturuli paradigmis warmomadgeneli gerhard lenski miiCnevs, rom
religia aris im ZlebTan dakavSirebuli rwmenebis sistema, romlebic
adamianis beds warmarTaven da am sistemis Sesabamisi ritualebi, romelsac garkveuli jgufis wevrebi asruleben. religiis amgvari ganmarteba
sakmaod farToa, radganac masSi rwmenis sxva sistemebic SeiZleba Sevides. magaliTad iseTi rogoricaa socializmi, komunizmi, saero humanizmi da sxva. SesaZlebelia TiToeuli maTgani adamianis cxovrebaSi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebdes, magram isini religiis Sesaxeb arsebul aRiarebul warmodgenebs ar Seesabamebian.
sityva `religia~ momdinareobs laTinuri zmnidan religare rac
kavSirs niSnavs. igulisxmeba adamianis kavSiri uzenaes realobasTan, RmerTTan. morwmune adamiani religiis meSveobiT ukavSirdeba
RmerTs. misi safuZvelia uzenaesi realobis rwmena. imis mixedviT,
Tu ra swamT da rogoria am realobasTan urTierTobis formebi religiis gargnuli maxare religiuri praqtika iqmneba.
A am azriT, ufro adekvaturad sociolog ronald jonstounis definicia gamoiyureba, romlis mixedviT, religia sakralurTan dakavSirebuli rwmenebis, somboluri formebisa da ritualebis (praqtikebis)
sistemaa, romlis meSveobiT jgufi (religiuri Temi) reagirebs imaze,
rasac wmindad da RvTaebrivad miiCnevs. jonstouni xuT ZiriTad komponents gamoyofs, romlis meSveobiTac SesaZlebelia rwmenebis sistemis,
rogorc religiis identifikacia movaxdinoT. esenia:
morwmuneTa jgufi,
sakraluri (wminda, RvTaebrivi),
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religiis sociologia
saswaulebrivi movlenebi (romlebic yoveldRiuri realobis
sagnebisagan gansxvavdebian) da maTTan dakavSirebuli simboloebis
sistema,
sakraluris Sesaxeb arsebuli rwmenebisa da warmodgenebis erToblioba,
ritualebis (gansakuTrebuli moqmedebebi) erToblioba da ritualur moqmedebaTa maregulirebeli normebis erToblioba, anu
marTali, swori cxovrebis Sesaxeb warmodgenebis qona.
Tuki es elementebi saxezea, maSin jonstounis mixedviT, SesaZlebelia vTqvaT, rom Cven saqme gvaqvs religiasTan. misi pirveli komponenti
socialuria, romelic jgufis saxiTaa warmodgenili. religia jgufis,
morwmuneTa erTobis arsebobas gulisxmobs. miuxedavad imisa, rom religiuri Rrmad individualuria, igi amasTanave socialuri bunebis matarebelia, im azriT, rom religiuri jgufis wevrobis gansakuTrebuli emociuri mdgomareobidan amoizrdeba da am mdgomareobis gaZlierebisaken
aris mimarTuli. ramdenadac religiuri rwmena sakralurs ukavSirdeba,
SeuZlebelia rom igi mxolod erTi adamianis kuTvnileba iyos. igi individualur gamocdilebaze maRla imyofeba da masTan mimarTebaSi ufro
globaluri, masStaburi da erToblivi gamocdilebis Sedegia. amitom
sociologebs miaCniaT, rom religia erTi pirovnebis gamocdilebis sazRvrebSi ar SeiZleba rom warmoqmniliyo, aramed igi warmoSva mxolod iq
sadac adamianTa jgufi ikribeba. amis gamo sociologias religiuri jgufebi da am jgufebis adamianTa sxva saxis gaerTianebebisagan ganmasxvavebeli niSan-Tvisebebi ainteresebs. religiis sociologiuri analizi konkretuli religiuri erTobebisa (magaliTad kaTolikebis, protestantebis, iudevelebis, induistebis, musulmanebis, budistebis da a. S.) da religiuri organizaciebis sxvadsxva formebis (seqtebi, kultebi, denominaciebi) Seswavlazea orientirebuli.

termini religia pirovnul-subieqtur (religia, rogorc individis rwmena) da zogad-obieqtur (religia, rogorc instituciuri
movlena _ konfesia, rjuli da misT.) sazriss gulisxmobs.

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kaxa qecbaia

rituali laTinuri sityva ritus -dan momdinareobs da wess, sazeimo ceremonias niSnavs. igi simboluri qcevebisa da moqmedebebis
sistemaa, romelic garkveuli saxis urTierTobebs gamoxatavs. religiuri ritualebi adamianis cnobierebaSi Sesabamisi religiuri
rwmenisa da warmodgenebis ganmtkicebas iasaxaven miznad. adamianis
mier statusis Secvla garkveuli ritualiT aRiniSneba. magaliTad
iniciacia, qorwineba, dakrZalva da sxva. erToblivi locva uricxvi
raodenobis adamianebisa aseve ritualiT gamoixateba. magaliTad
wirva, liturgia. calkeul religiebSi presonaluri ritualebic
arsebobs. magaliTad aRsareba.
religiuri ritualebi religiur ritualur simbolebTan aris
dakavSirebuli. ritualuri aqtis Semsrulebeli aris Suamavali zebunebriv Zalebsa da adamianebs Soris. religiis mkvlevari sociologebis azriT, religia magiisagan koleqtiuri ritualebis arsebobiT gansxvavdeba. religiuri ritualis saSualebiT adamiani
grZnobs, rom is marto ar aris, amiT mas umyardeba jgufuri identobis gancda. amitom igi religiis sociologebis sayvareli Temaa. maTi daskvnebiT, traibalur sazogadoebaSi rituals gansakuTrebuli
mniSvneloba aqvs. arqauli koleqtivebis cxovrebis mizans da arss
ritualebi warmoadgendnen. am tipis sociumis wevris moqmedebas
ritualebi aregulirebdnen.
rituali gansxvavdeba adaTisagan, romelic masTan SedarebiT
ufro faro mniSvnelobis cnebaa. adaTi memkvidreobiT miRebuli
qcevis formaa, romelic Taobidan TaobaSi meordeba. aqedan tradiciamde erTi nabijia.
cnobili religiaTmcodne mirCa eliades ganmartebiT, rituali maradiuli dabrunebis ideis anu, samyaros regularuli daSlis
da misi mowesrigebis axali aqtis gamoxatulebaa.

religiis definiciis meore komponenti sakraluris cnebaa. Usakralur-profanulis opozicia uklebliv yvela religiaSia mocemuli. sakraluris meSveobiT erTmaneTisagan gamijnulia yoveldRiuri cxovrebis sagnebi da araCveulebrivi movlenebi saswaulebi. magaliTad saswaulebrivis rigs miekuTvneba qristianobaSi macxovris mier kanas qorwilSi wylis Rvinod gadaqceva, brmisTvis locviT Tvalis axela, davrdomilis gankurneba da uamravi sxva qmedeba, romelsac Cveulebrivis
kategorias ver mivakuTvnebT. es movlenebi RvTaebrivis statuss imitom
iZenen, rom iseT ZalebTan, an arsTan arian dakavSirebuli romelTa Se70

religiis sociologia

saZleblobebic bunebrivi, an fizikuri samyaros kanonzomierebebiT ar

aris SezRuduli. sxvadasxva religiaSi sakralur saganTa da movlenaTa
erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli nakrebi arsebobs. indusisaTvis Zroxa
wminda saganTa kategorias miekuTvneba, radganac igi RvTaeba viSnus (induisturi samebis trimurti, erT-erTi RmerTi, oTxxeliani, borotebasTan mebrZoli da kanonierebis aRmdgeni (mfarveli _ viSnu, Semoqmedi
brahma, gamanadgurebli Siva), simbolos warmoadgens, amitom hari
kriSnas seqtis warmomadgenlebs tyavis fexsacmlis tareba ekrZalebaT.

induisti Tayvans scems Zroxas

religiuri rwmeniT sakraluris uSualod xilva SeuZlebelia. masTan kavSiri yovelTvis sakraluri simboleoebis meSveobiTaa gaSualebuli. sakraluri, wminda simbolo RvTaebrivis, zebunebrivis niSania, romelic mis reprezentirebas, obieqtivacias anu gasagnebas axdens, rac wminda realobis Tanafardi ki ar aris, aramed masze mianiSnebs, misi referentia. traibalur sazogadoebaSi, sadac adamianebi klanebad cxovroben
aseT simbolos totemi: _ mcenare an cxoveli, romelic am klanis pirvel winapars, mis fuZemdebels, damcvelsa da mfarvels, _ warmoadgens.
religia rwmenebis garkveul erTobliobas gulisxmobs. es rwmenebi
adamianur bunebas, garemomcvel samyaros da im uCveulo Zalebs exeba,
romlebic sakraluradaa aRiarebuli. magaliTad nihirenis seqtis mimdevar budistebs swamT, rom adamianis suls srulyofilebis miRweva mudmiv garadasaxvaTa mSveobiT SeuZlia, amitom samyaros mravalferovneba71

kaxa qecbaia

Si mwerebic aranakleb mniSvnelovani arsebebia, vidre adamianebi. religia gansakuTrebul moqmedebaTa anu ritualebis sistemas gulisxmobs. es
ritualebi sakralurTan dakavSirebuli qcevis nimuSebia.
e. diurkemi ritualebs ganixilavs, rogorc im Rirebulebebs, romlebic sakralur obieqtebTan mimarTebaSi adamianis qcevas aweseben. magaliTad eklesiaSi misvlisas qristiani pirjvars iwers da locvas iwyebs, musulmanebi locvis dros piriT iqiTken mibrundebian, saiTkenac
maTi wminda qalaqi meqa mdebareobs. meCeTSi Sesvlisas wminda adgilisadmi mowiwebis niSnad muslimi aucileblad fexsacmels ixdis; islamis mimdevar qalebs maTi seqsualuri mimzidvelobis dasafarad, romlis sajaro demonstrireba am religiiT mkacrad reglamentirebulia, Tavsaburavis tareba evalebaT. rituali Tavis Zalas da mniSvnelobas sakraluri
obieqtis gamoxatviT iZens. magaliTad erT SemTxvevaSi wyali SeiZleba
yoveldRiuri moxmarebis sagani iyos, sxva SemTxvevaSi ki sakraluri Sinaarsis matarebeli fenomeni. naTlisRebis dros, rodesac iniciaciis
qristianuli rituali sruldeba wyali sakralur, wminda mniSvnelobas
iZens da religiur erTobaSi axali wevris miRebisa da pirvelcodvisagan
ganwmendis simbolo xdeba. daaxloebiT igive iTqmis sxva sagnebzec. magaliTad sanTeli, kvercxi, puri da Rvino da a. S.
religia garkveuli saxis warmodgenebs gulisxmobs swori anu marTali cxovrebis Sesaxeb (swor cxovrebaSi zneobrivi, uflis dari cxovreba igulisxmeba). es warmodgenebi religiuri normebis saxiT aris Camoyalibebuli. Aase Seqmnili religiuri normebi adamianTa moqmedebebs aregulireben, gansazRvraven morwmuneebis qcevas sxvadasxva situaciaSi.
magaliTad aTi mcneba da sxva.
religiis definicia magiasTan mis Sedarebas moiTxovs. magiac rwmenebis sistemaa, Tumca misgan Tvisebrivad gansxvavebulia. religia adamianis arsebobas ontologiur, egzistencialur usafrTxoebas uqmnis da
sazriss aZlevs mas. misgan gansxvavebiT magias sxva miznebi aqvs. magia
sxvadasxva ritualebis meSveobiT individis an jgufis konkretuli amocanebis gadaWrazea orientirebuli. Amis mixedviT, arsebobs sayofacxovrebo, sameurneo da sxva saxis magiuri ritualebi. TiToeuli magiuri
rituali ama Tu im problemis gadaWrazea orientirebuli (uiRblo siyvaruli, ufuloba, siuxvisa da baraqis nakleboba da a. S.).
cnobilma sociologma da anTropologma bronislav malinovskim
Tavis gamokvlevaSi magia, mecniereba da religia wynari okeanis kunZul
trobrianis mcxovrebi tomebis magiuri ritualebi aRwera, romlebsac
isini sarisko saqmianobebis an mogzaurobis dros (saxifaTo adgilebSi
TevzWera, xangrZlivi mogzauroba okeaneSi, nadiroba saSiS mtaceblebze
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religiis sociologia

da a. S.) am saqmeSi warmatebis mizniT atarebdnen. koleqtiuri ritualebis arseboba ganasxvavebs religias magiisgan, Tumca maT Soris mkveTri
zRvaris gavleba yovelTvis mainc ar aris SesaZlebeli. magia moqmedebebis erTobliobaa, romelic bunebis movlenebze gavlenis moxdenis mizniT sxvadasxva saSualebebisa da xerxebis gamoyenebiT (Selocvebi, jadosnuri formulebi, Tu gansakuTrebuli ritualebi) sruldeba. xSiria
amgvari moqmedebebi iseT profesiebSi, sadac warmateba umeteswilad
SemTxveviTobis faqtorzea damokidebuli, aseve gazrdil riskTanaa dakavSirebuli (magaliTad Soubiznesis warmomadgenlebi, sportsmenebi,
meSaxteebi, meTevzeebi, da a.S), xSiria agreTve stresul situaciebSi
msgavsi ritualuri wesebis Sesruleba, an Tilismebis tareba. magaliTad,
CogburTeli an moTxilamure ucnauri rgolebiTa da samkaulebiT gamodian mniSvnelovan matCze, Tumca sportuli wesebis mixedviT, es akrZalulia, radgan damatebiT safrTxes uqmnis sportsmenis sicocxles.
b. malinovskim religiis funqciebi magiasTan misi Sedarebis safuZvelze gansazRvra. igi aRniSnavda, rom adamianebi magias maSin mimarTaven,
rodesac zebunebrivi movlenebis saTavisod gamoyenebas cdiloben. magaliTad aborigenebis magiuri ritualebi miT ufro rTuli da xangrZlivia, rac ufro metad sariskoa is saqme, romlis Sesrulebac maT uwevT.
magiisgan gansxvavebiT adamianebi religiur rwmenas ufro siRrmiseuli mizezis gamo mimarTaven, rac cxovrebis sazrisis Ziebasa da samyaroSi sakuTari bedis Sesaxeb SfoTvasTanaa dakavSirebuli.
malinovskis mixedviT, religia sxva adamianze zrunvidan, misadmi
siyvarulidan da sikvdilis Semdgomi cxovrebis gacnobierebidan Cndeba.
amitom TiTqmis yvela religiaSia warmodgenebi saiqio cxovrebaze, ukvdavebaze da sulis cxonebaze. qristianobis mixedviT, adamiani samoTxeSi an jojoxeTSi xvdeba da sxva. religias sazrisi Seaqvs adamianuri
cxovrebis sxvadasxva aspeqtSi. rodesac adamianebs ubedureba emarTebaT, isini svamen maradiul kiTxvas: ratom SememTxva es maincdamainc me?
adamianebs SeuZliaT dasvan es kiTxva xumrobiT, magaliTad, rodesac maT fexsacmels qusli moZvra, an seriozulad, rodesac cxovrebaSi
raRac katastrofa xdeba. gamoTqma, rom aTeizmi mwuxarebaSi ver gviSvelis naTlad asaxavs religiis mniSvnelobas adamianis cxovrebaSi. religia exmareba adamianebs ipovon pasuxi kiTxvaze, Tu ratom emarTebaT
maT esa Tu is SemTxveva. religia aZlevs sazriss situaciebs, romlebic
sazriss moklebulia da usamarTlod gveCveneba.
sociologebis azriT, religia adamianebs iseTi usamarTlobis gadatanaSi exmareba, rogoricaa siRaribe, avadmyofoba, uTanasworoba. religia adamianebs tanjvis dros imedis SesaZleblobas aZlevs, amitom mi73

kaxa qecbaia

si, rogorc socialuri institutis gaqroba SeuZlebelia. qristianebs

religia ukeTesi cxovrebis SesaZleblobisaTvis imeds aZlevs; cnobilia
bibliuri gamoTqma, rom netar arian morwmuneni, rameTu maT daimkvidron qveyana. aRmosavlur religiebSi fizikuri tanjvis gadalaxva
sulieri gasxivosnebiTaa SesaZlebeli.
didma fsiqolgma zigmund froidma religiis sxva socialuri funqciac gamoavlina. froidis azriT, religia adaminebs ususurobis SiSisgan icavs, romelic maT bavSvobaSi ganicades. rogorc bavSvia daculi
mSoblis xelSi, aseve mozrdilebic nugeSiscemas mosiyvarule RmerTis
saxiT pouloben. froids miaCnia, rom religiur warmodgenebs fesvebi
adamianis fsiqikaSi aqvT gadgmuli da WeSmaritebisa da mcdarobis kriteriumebis mixedviT maTi gazomva ar SeiZleba. froidi ambobs, rom religiuri warmodgenebi socialuri iluziebia. xolo socialur iluziebze moTxovna yvela sazogadoebaSi arsebobs. es iluziebi fsiqologiur
moTxovnilebebs efuZneba, romlebic Tavisi arsiT materialuri bunebis
sawinaaRmdegoa. religiis froidiseuli definicia misi sociologiuri
gansazRvrebisagan, ra Tqma unda, Sors imyofeba, magram aq imitom moviyvaneT, rom misi gaTvaliswineba aucilebelia.
religiis sociologiuri definiciis erT-erTi varianti maqs veberma mogvca. am definiciis amosavali principi socialuri moqmedebis
cnebaa. veberis mixedviT, religia socialuri moqmedebaa, romlis safuZvelze individi an jgufi sazrisis fundamentur problemas
wyvets.
religiis sociologiis didi klasikosis, emil diurkemis mixedviT,
religiis umTavresi niSani sakralurTan mimarTebaa. Tanamedrove religiis sociologebma _ bergermaa da lukmanma, religiis definicia socialuri wesrigis kosmizaciaze daamyares. Tumca erTi ram cxadia, religiis sociologiuri definicia mas ganixilavs rogorc socialur instituts. am mxriv arsebuli definiciebi sumirebuli saxiT warmoadgina
smelzerma Tavis wignSi sociologia. mis mixedviT, religiis mniSvnelovani elementebia:
adamianTa jgufi, morwmuneTa Temi;
wminda;
aRmsarebloba;
ritualebi qcevis saxe sakralurTan mimarTebaSi;
qcevis maregulirebeli normebis arseboba.

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religiis sociologia

miuxedavad amisa, religiis sociologiaSi angariSgasawev faqtorad

rCeba diurkemis mier mocemuli religiis klasikuri sociologiuri definicia. diurkemis mixedviT, religiasTan maSin gvaqvs saqme Tuki saxezea misi sul mcire sami elementi (religiurobis minimumi):
rwmena zubunebrivi, uxilavi Zalebisadmi;
religiuri ritualebi, ceremoniebi socialuri praqtika;
morwmuneTa Temi adamianTa gaerTianeba socialur jgufebsa
da struqturebSi.
religiis diurkemiseuli sociologiuri definicia dRemde ZalaSia.

pavle florenski
religiis arsi
[...] adamianis xsnis mxatvari religiaa. misi
saqmea xsna. risgan gvixnis Cven religia? is
gvixsnis Cven sakuTari Tavisagan; religia
Cvens Sinagan samyaros masSi dabudebuli
qaosisagan ixsnis. igi amarcxebs geenas,
romelic CvenSia da romlis enebi sulis
bzarebis
gavliT
Cvens
cnobierebaSi
aRweven.
religia
amarcxebs
Cvens
cnobierebaSi
dabudebul
gvels.
is
amSvidebs suls, riTac mas sulSi mSvidoba
Seaqvs. amiT ki mas mTlianad sazogadoebaSi
da bunebaSi Seqvs mSvidoba. aseTia religiis saqme.
Tumca garegani samyaro rodi aqvs mitovebuli religias, magarm misi
namdvili adgili sulSia. amitom Tuki ontologiurad religia aris
Cveni cxovreba RmerTSi da RmerTis cxovreba CvenSi, maSin
fenomenologiurad religia iseTi qmedebebisa da gancdebis sistemaa,
romelic sulis xsnas uzrunvelyofs. fsiqologiis enaze ki xsna
sulieri cxovrebis wonasworobas niSnavs [...]

75

kaxa qecbaia
2. religiis arasociologiuri definicia
religiis arasociologiur definiciaSi misi yvela is ganmarteba
igulisxmeba, romelic sociologiis mecnierebis gareT arsebobs. am SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovania religiis Teologiuri definicia. mis mixedviT,
religia RvTiuri niWia, RmerTis mier adamianisaTvis saxsnelad boZebuli jildoa, amitom igi adamianisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mudmivi unaria.
Sesabamisad, am definiciis amosavalia religiis RvTaebrivi warmoSoba,
xazgasma imisa, rom misi xelovnurad Seqmna adamianur Zalebs aRemateba.
Tumca ramdenadac adamiani socialur arsebaa, religiasac Rrma socialuri fesvebi gaaCnia, razec aqcentirebas akeTebs sociologia, xolo
religiisadmi Teologiuri midgomis SemTxvevaSi amgvari ram meorexarisxovania. aseTi amosavali principebi ganasxvaveben erTmaneTisagan religiis sociologiur da arasaociologiur definiciebs.
religiis arasociologiur definiciis erT-erTi magaliaTi Tanamedrove religiaTmcodnis n. smartis gansazRvrebaa. es gansazRvreba
Tanamedrove sazogadoebis suliskveTebas Seesabameba, radganac definiciis avtori moiTxovs, rom religiis gansazRvrebidan amoRebul iqnas
RmerTis arsebobis problema, radganac igi mxolod evropuli kulturisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. am ganmartebis mixedviT, religiis analizisas ZiriTadi yuradReba Semdeg komponentebze unda gamaxvildes. esenia:
ritaualebi (yvela saxis),
emociebi (piradi religiuroba),
sakraluri teqstebi,
religiuri dogmebi,
eTikur-samarTlebrivi aqtebi,
religiuri Temi (socialur-instituciuri struqturebi),
religiis materialuri gamovlineba (religiuri ritualebis
Sesasruleblad saWiro sagnebi).
religiis amgvar definicias SeiZleba sekularuli ewodos, radganac masSi ar figurirebs RmerTis arseboba. religiaTmcodneebi miiCneven, rom es TiTqos tolerantuli definiciaa religiisa. Tumca amis Sesaxeb unda iTqvas, rom religiis suli da guli RmerTis arsebobaa da mis
gareSe religia Zneli warmosadgenia.
religiis sxva definiciebs Soris sainteresoa erix fromis mier SemoTavazebuli ganmarteba. fromi religiebs or nawilad: avtoritaru76

religiis sociologia

lad da humanisturad yofs. avtoritarul religiebSi ZiriTadia is, rom

RmerTi akontrolebs adamianis moqmedebas. amitom am tipis religiebis
ZiriTadi ganwyoba aris sevda da danaSauli. humanisturi religia ki adamianis SesaZleblobebzea orientirebuli. aq mTavaria siyvaruli. am tipis religiebs miekuTvneba qristianoba, budizmi, daosizmi. Tumca religiebis amgvari dayofa pirobiTia, radganac erTi religiis SigniT SeiZleba saxeze iyos avtoritaruli da humanuri elementebi.

`religia sulis im procesebTan cocxali kavSiria, romlebic

gonebaze ki araa damokidebuli, aramed sadRac mis miRma, sulis bnel
kunWulebSi mimdinareobs. Tumca am procesebs Soris mravali saTaves gonebidan iRebs, magram ara misgan iZulebiT. igi TiTqos spontanurad iwyeba, anu gonebiT ganpirobebuli mizezebis gareSe~.
K karl gustav iungi

sabolood unda vTqvaT, rom religiis mravali definiciis moyvanaa

SesaZlebeli da am sakiTxze saubarma SeiZleba Zalian Sors wagviyvanos,
aseT SemTxvevaSi religiis zemoTmoyvanili sociologiur definicia ar
unda gamogvrCes mxedvelobidan.

3. religiis tipebi
religiis sociologiuri definicia kavSirSia mis tipologiasTan.
Yam mxriv yvelaze meti samuSao veberma Caatara (mis Sesaxeb Cven calke
gveqneba saubari). Tumca religiis tipologiis mravali variantia cnobili. am variantebidan Tanamedrove sociologebma robert nil belas Teoria aRiares. msoflio istoriaSi arsebuli yvela religia belam 5 kategoriad dayo. amosavali am SemTxvevaSi religiis erTi formidan meoreSi
gadasvlaa ise, rom romelime maTganis upiratesobis principi mxedvelobaSi ar miiReba. amave dros erTi formidan sxva formaSi gadsvla logikur Tanmimdevrobas ar gulisxmobs.

77

kaxa qecbaia

religiis tipebi r. n. belas mixedviT

kategoria

magaliTi

simboloebis sistema

religiuri
moqmedeba

religiuri organizacia

socialuri
mniSvneloba

primitiuli

avstraliuri

socialuri
solidarobis gamyareba

polineziuri
da afrikuli

identifikacia, gvarovnul gamosaxulebaTa

kvlavwarmoeba
Tayvaniscema da msxverplSewirva

religiisa
da Temis
erToba

arqauli

adamianebisa
da sagnebis
gvarovnul
miTosuri
gamosaxuleba
RmerTis dari miTosuri arsebebi

sxvadasxva
kultebi

socialuri
konformizmis moTxovna

istoriuli

ZvelberZnuli

bunebrivisa
da zebunebrivis dayofa

sulis xsna
keTil saqmeTa keTebiT

sazogadoebasa da religias Soris daZabuloba

Aadremodernuli

reformaciis
droindeli
protestantoba

rwmena Seesabameba
cxovrebas

modrenuli

Tanamedrove
religiebi

individsa
da zebunebriv Zalebs
Soris pirdapiri kavSiri
pirovneba
da misi movaleoba

religiuri organizaciebi
gamoyofilia sxva
socialuri institutebisaga
reliuri
Temis nebayoflobiTi wevroba
eklesiis
wevroba

kulturisa
da pirovnuli Rirebulebebis
srulyofa
sazogadoebaSi

78

pirovnuli
eTikuri
principebis
Zieba

socialuri
sisitemebis
cvlileba

religiis sociologia

kiTxvebi:
terminologiurad ra igulisxmeba religiis cnebaSi?
ra gansxvavebaa religiis sociologiur da arasociologiur
definiciebs Soris?
diurkemis mixedviT, ra elementebisagan Sedgeba religia? (3
ZiriTadi elementi).
eTanxmebiT Tu ara religiis smartiseul definicias (pasuxi
daasabuTeT).
davalebebi:
moamzadeT prezentacia Temaze: religiis sociologiuri definicia.
moamzadeT essei Temaze: ras amboben didi mecnierebi religiaze?

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
5.
6.

ZiriTadi literatura:
o. gabiZaSvili, religia, rogorc socialuri movlena, Tb., 1987.
n. smelzeri, sociologia, nawili III. Tavi 15. religia. m., 1994. (rus.
enaze). qarTuli Targmanis naxva SesaZlebelia www.socium.ge-ze.
e. gidensi, sociologia, Tavi 17. religia, m., 2005. (rus. enaze).
e. diurkemi, religiuri fenomenisa da religiis gansazRvreba, wignSi: `religiuri cxovrebis elementaruli formebi~, Tb., 2004.
e. jgerenaia, leqciebi religiis sociologiaSi (internet versia).
damatebiTi literatura:
q. kalhuni, d. laiTi, s. keleri, sociologia, Tavi XIII, religia. Tb.,
2008.
j. maisionisi, sociologia, Tavi 18. religia. sankt-peterburgi,

2004.
7. o. gabiZaSvili, religiis sociologiis sakiTxebi, Tb., 1984.
8. o. gabiZaSvili, religiaTmcodneoba, Tb., 2002.
9. n. papuaSvili, religiis karibWe, religiis istoriiis Sesavali, Tb.,
1996.
10. mama Teimurazi, religiebis istoria, Tb., 2011.

79

kaxa qecbaia

E
es sayuradReboa
religiuri ritualebis Sesaxeb
moweseoba
moweseoba religiuri cxovrebis iseTi formaa, romlis drosac
religiis garegnuli, ritualuri mxarea
TviTRirebuli da faseuli, xolo religiis Sinagani mxare, adamianis pirovnuli kaSiri RmerTTan meorexarisxovania. religiuri cxovrebis amgvar formas safuZvlad udevs Sexeduleba imis Sesaxeb, rom
xsnisTvis religiuri ritualebis ganuxreli dacvaa aucilebeli.
religiuri cxovrebis am formis Sesaxeb saubaria saxarebaSi. kerZod igavSi farisevlisa da mezveris Sesaxeb.
`ori kaci Sevida taZarSi salocavad: erTi fariseveli da erTi mebaJe. fariseveli dadga da ase loculobda gulSi: RmerTo gmadlob, radgan ar var, sxva
kacTa msgavsad, mtacebeli, usamarTlo
da memruSe, da arc am mebaJes vgavar. orfariseveli da
jer vmarxulob kviraSi, da vixdi meamezvere
Teds imisas, rasac vixveW.
xolo moSorebiT mdgari mebaJe imisac ki ver bedavda, rom zecad aRepyro Tvalni. aramed gulSi mjiRs
icemda da ambobda: RmerTo milxine me codvils~.
lukas saxareba. 18. 10-13.
religiis garegnuli, ritualuri mxare aucilebelia, magram is
sinTezirebuli unda iyos mis Sinagan maxaresTan.
SekiTxva:
rogor fiqrobT, ras Seiswavlis religiis sociologia: religiis
garegnul, ritualur mxares, Tu mis Sinagan mxares, Tu orives erTad?

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religiis sociologia

sakiTxavi masala
zigmund froidi
religiis Sesaxeb
`Tu gvinda gavacnobieroT religiis didebuli arsi, maSin unda
sakmarisi iyos imis Cveneba, Tu riT igebs is adamianebs. religia maT ganumartavs samyaros warmoaSobasa da aRmocenebas, cxovrebis cvalebadobis SemTxvevaSi is
arwmunebs maT mfarvelobaSi da saboloo bednierebaSi, warmarTavs maT Sexedulebebsa da
moqmedebebs miTiTebaTa gziT, romelic mTeli
avtoritetiT warudgeba maT. maS, religia asrulebs sam funqcias: pirveli funqciiT is akmayofilebs adamianuri codnis wyurvils,
imasve akeTebs, rasac sakuTari saSualebebiT
gaakeTebda mecniereba da aq amasTan metoqeobaSia; meore funqcias is umadlis im udides
zegavlenas, roca is cxovrebis saSiSroebaTa
da cvalebadobaTa SemTxvevebis winaSe adamianTa SiSs aSoSminebs, keTil dasasrulSi gvajerebs, ubedurebaSi nugeSs
gvcems; mecnierebas es ar SeuZlia. Tumca mecniereba gvaswavlis, Tu rogor aviridoT saSiSroebani, zogierT avadmyofobas SeiZleba Sedegianadac SevebrZoloT; amdenad, metad arasamarTliani iqneboda eWvis
qveS dagveyenebina, aris Tu ara mecniereba adamianis mZlavri damxmare,
magram mraval viTarebaSi mainc gadascdes unda adamiani avadmyofobas
da mxolod misadmi daqvemdebareba urCios; misi mesame funqciiT, roca
is miTiTebebs iZleva, akrZalvebsa da SezRudvebs gamoscems, yvelaze
ufro Sordeba mecnierebas, vinaidan ukanaskneli kmayofildeba imiT,
rom ikvlios da daadginos.
religiis am sami Sinaarsis TavmoyriT savsebiT cxadi araa, ra unda
esaqmebodes samyaros warmoSobis Sesaxeb axsna-ganmartebas gansazRvrul eTikur miTiTebaTa moTxovnebTan? dacvisa da sikeTis qmnis
garantia Sinaganadaa dakavSirebuli eTikur moTxovnebTan. isini jildoa am mcnebaTa ganxorcielebisaTvis; vinc maT eqvemdebareba, imedi
aqvs madlisa, xolo gaugonrebs sasjeli elodebaT.
religiaSi zneobrivi damoZRvris, nugeSiscemisa da moTxovnis saocari Tanaarseboba maSin gaigeba, Tuki mis genetur analizs miv81

kaxa qecbaia

marTavT, aRniSnuli unda amodiodes erTobliobis saocari momentidan, samyaros aRmocenebis moZRvrebidan, vinaidan ratom unda yofiliyo kosmogonia religiuri sistemis kanonzomieri Semadgeneli nawili?
maS, moZRvreba aseTia, rom samyaro adamianis msgavsia, magram yvela nawilSi ZalaSi, sibrZneSi, vnebis siZliereSi aRmatebuli arsebis, idealizirebuli zeadamianis mieraa Seqmnili. cxovelebi, rogorc samyaros Semqmnelni, miuTiTeben totemizmis gavlenaze, romelsac mogvianebiT, yovel SemTxvevaSi, SeniSvnis saxiT SevexebiT. sainteresoa, rom
samyaros Semqmneli yovelTvis erTia iqac ki, sadac mravali RmerTia
aRiarebuli. aseve, rom upiratesad is makacia. Tumca qali RmerTebis
miTiTebacaa. da sxva miTologiebi samyaros Seqmnas swored imiT iwyeben, rom mamakaci RmerTi qal RmerTs, romelic urCxulamdea dadablebuli, gzidan iSorebs... es Semqmneli RmerTi pirdapir mamad iwodeba. Fsiqoanalizi askvnis, rom es namdvilad mamaa ise didebuli, rogorc is erTxel patara bavSvs moeCvena. religiuri adamiani samyaros Seqmnas warmoidgens ise, rogoradac sakuTari Tavis warmoSobas.
maSin advilad aixsneba manugeSebeli darwmunebisa da mkacri eTikuri moTxovnebis erToblioba kosmogoniasTan. radganac igive piri,
romelsac bavSvi Tavis arsebobas umadlis mama icavs da patronobs
sust, umweo, gare samyarodan momlodine yvela saSiSroebaTa ganmcdel
bavSvs; misi mfarvelobis qveS Tavs saimedod grZnobs. mozrdilad qceulma adamianma icis, rom Tumca did Zalebs flobs, magram miseuli gageba saSiSroebisa ikveTeba da kanonierad askvnis, rom is samyarosTan
dapirispirebaSi mudam isev bavSvia. axlac ar SeuZlia uari Tqvas dacvaze, romelsac is bavSvobisas mouxmobda. man isic gaigo, rom mamamisi
aris ZalauflebaSi metad SemzRudveli, arayvela upiratesobiT aRWurvili arseba. amitom ubrundeba is mogonebis suraTs mis mier bavSvobis dros ase gadafasebuli mamisas, ahyavs RvTaebamde da awmyoSi da
realobaSi gadmohyavs. am mogonebis suraTis afeqturi siZliere da Tavis Tavis dacvis moTxovnis gagrZeleba erTmaneTTan kavSirSi atareben
rwmenas RmerTisadmi.
am religiuri programis mesame mTavari punqtic, eTikuri motxovna, bunebrivad CarTulia bavSvobis situaciaSi. mogagonebT i. kantis
cnobil gamonaTqvams, romelic varskvlavebiT moWedil casa da gulSi
zneobriv kanons asaxelebs erTi amosunTqviT. ra ucxodac ar unda
gveCvenebodes es dapirispireba ra esaqmeba ciur sxeuls sakiTxTan,
adamianis Svils sxva uyvars Tu mas klavs? is mainc exeba did fsiqologiur WeSmaritebas. igive mama (mSoblis instancia), romelic bavSvs
sicocxles aniWebs da cxovrebis saSiSroebaTagan icavs, aseve aswavlis
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religiis sociologia

mas, Tu risi keTebis ufleba aqvs da ra ar unda akeTos, miuTiTebs, rom

unda SezRudos Tavisi ltolviTi survilebi, icodes, rac elodeba
mSoblebisa da da-Zmebis pativiscemis samagierod, Tuki mas unda iyos
ojaxis wris momTmeneli da sasiamovno wevri da mogvianebiT wevri ufro didi kavSirebisa. siyvarulis jildosa da dasjis sistemis gziT bavSvi aRizrdeba socialuri movaleobis codniT, imoZRvreba, rom misi
cxovrebis saimedoba damokidebulia imaze, rom mSoblebsa da Semdeg
sxvebsac is ufro uyvarT da misi maTdami siyvaruli swamT. Semdeg yvela
es damokidebuleba adamians ucvlelad religiaSi gadaaqvs. mSoblebis
akrZalvebi da moTxovnebi mis gulSi arsebobas ganagrZoben zneobrivi
sindisis saxiT. jildosa da sasjelis igive sistemis daxmarebiT RmerTi marTavs adamianTa samyaros; eTikur moTxovnilebaTa Seasrulebazea
damokidebuli, Tu dacvisa da bednierebis dakmayofilebis romeli sazomi miesadageba erTeuls; RmerTis siyvaruls da imis cnobierebas,
rom RmerTsac uyvarxar efuZneba imedi, riTac SeiaraRebulni varT rogorc garesamyaros, ise adamianTa Tanagaremos saSiSroebaTa winaaRmdeg. Bbolos locvaSi vicavT pirdapir gavlenas RvTiur nebaze da amiT
RvTiur yovlisSemZleobaSi monawileobas.
me darwmunebuli var, rom religiuri msoflmxedveloba determinirebulia Cveni bavSvobis situaciiT. Uufro saocaria, rom mas, miuxedavad infantiluri bunebisa, mainc hyavs winamorbedi. ueWvelia, rom iyo
xana ureligiod, RmerTebis gareSe. mas animizms uwodeben. maSin samyaro
gadavsebuli iyo adamianis msgavsi sulieri arsebebiT demonebs rom vuwodebT. garesamyaros yvela obieqti iyo maTi adgilsamyofeli. animizmis demonebi adamianebisagan xSirad mtrulad moiazreboda, magram Cans,
rom adamians maSin mainc ufro meti ndoba hqonda misadmi, vidre mogvianebiT. marTlac, maradJams am boroti sulebis SiSis qveS iyo, magram
Tavs icavda maTgan garkveuli moqmedebebiT, romelTac miawerda misgan
maTi gandevnis Zalas. garda amisa, arc Tavs Tvlida umweod. Tuki bunebas mimarTavda TxovniT, mag., wvima undoda mosuliyo, maSin mimarTavda
locviT ara amindis RmerTs, ramed jadosnobas, romlisganac eloda
pirdapir zemoqmedebas bunebaze, raRac wvimis msgavss akeTebda. garemos Zalebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi misi pirveli iaraRi iyo magia, - pirveli winamorbedi Cveni dRevandeli teqnikisa. Cven vuSvebT, rom magiisadmi ndoba gamoiyvaneba sakuTari inteleqtualuri operaciebis gadafasebidan, `azrebis yovladZlierebis~ rwmenidan, rasac vxvdebiT iZulebis maCvenebel Cvens nevrotikebTan. SegveZlo warmogvedgina, rom imdroindeli adamianebi gansakuTrebiT amayobdnen enobrivi SenaZenebiT,
romelsac unda mohyoloda azrovnebis didi gaadvileba. isini sityvas
83

kaxa qecbaia

aniWebdnen jadosnur Zalas. es Tviseba mogvianebiT religiam gadaiRo.

Tqva RmerTma: `iyos naTeli da iqmna naTeli~. Tumca magiuri moqmedebis
faqti aCvenebs, rom animisturi adamiani ar tovebs sakuTar Tavs ubralod Tavisi survilis Zalis amara. is, piriqiT, Sedegs elis im aqtis ganxorcielebiT, romelsac buneba mibaZavda. Tuki mas surda wvima, TviTon
wyals gadaisxamda; Tuki mas nebavda niadagisTvis nayofiereba eboZebina, mindorSi awyobda sqesobrivi cxovrebis sanaxaobas.
... rac aiZulebs animizmidan religiaze gadasvlas, dastur Rirsia
Seswavlisa, magram SegiZliaT warmoidginoT. dResac kidev rogori sibneliTaa moculi adamianis sulis ganviTarebis istoriis pirvelyofili dro. vfiqrob, religiis pirveli gamovlenis forma sakvirveli totemizmi iyo, cxovelisadmi Tayvaniscema, romlis Sedegad aRmocenda
agreTve pirveli eTikuri akrZalvebi, tabuebi. Tavis droze wignSi `totemi da tabu~ varaudi gamovTqvi, romelsac es cvlileba dahyavs adamianis ojaxur damokidebulebaTa darRvevaze. mTavri miRweva religiisa
animizmTan SedarebiT Zevs demonuri SiSis fsiqikur dakavSirebaSi. mainc wina drois demonuri gadmonaSTis saxiT boroti suli adgils iWers
religiis sistemaSi.
... religia cdaa, SegrZnebaTa samyaroa, romelSic Casmuli varT
davZlioT survilis samyaros saSualebiT, is, rac CvenSi biologiuri
da fsiqologiuri aucileblobis Sedegadaa ganviTarebuli, magram SeiZleba religiam amas ver miaRwios. misi moZRvreba im drois daRs atarebs, romelSic TviT aRmocenda kacobriobis ucodinari bavSvobis
droisas ...
M... mecnierebis kompetenciaSi ar Sedis religiis Sefaseba. Tumca
mecniereba savsebiT vargisi da dafasebis Rirsi iqneboda, ramdenadac
Semoifargleboda Tavisi sferoTi. magram religia araa misi kvlevis sagani, vinaidan aq araferi aqvs saZiebeli. ufleba ar gvaqvs religiis
adamianuri sazomiT gazomvisa, vinaidan is RvTiuri warmoSobisaa da
Cven gveZleva sulis gamocxadebiT is, risi wvdomac ar SeuZlia adamianis arsebas ...
... azrovnebis akrZalva, romelic religias TviTSenaxvidan gamohyavs, saSiSia rogorc calkeuli, ise adamianis sazogadoebisTvisac ...

(nawyveti wignidan `fsiqoanalizi~, 35 e leqcia. v.kakabaZis

Targmani, Tb., 1995).

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religiis sociologia

kiTxvebi gansjisaTvis:
eTanxmebiT Tu ara froidis mosazrebebs religiis Sesaxeb?
(pasuxi daasabuTeT).
fsiqologebs miaCniaT, rom religiis Zirebi adamianis fsiqikaSia saZebni, sociologebi ki amboben, rom religis Zirebi sazogadoebaSi unda veZeboT. Tqveni azriT, romeli mosazrebaa swori da
ratom? (pasuxi daasabuTeT).

sakiTxavi masala
`zerele codnas adamiani uRmerTobisken mihyavs,
filosofiis siRrmeebi ki gonebas religiisken warmarTavs~.
F frensis bekoni
filosofia da religia
filosofiam ganuzomlad didi roli iTamaSa religiuri msoflmxedvelobis ganmtkicebaSi. religias imTaviTve filosofiuri Sinaarsi hqonda da aqvs. TviTon pirveli filosofosebic ki religiuri moazrovneebi iyvnen. Talesi amtkicebda, rom buneba sulebiT aris savse.
sxvagvarad mas fizikuri sxeulebis moZraoba ver warmoedgina, vinaidan
materiis inertulobis idea Rrmad iyo fesvgadgmuli pirvel filosofosTa azrovnebaSi. es imas niSnavda, rom fizikur moZraobas isini filosofiuri msoflmxedvelobis farglebSi xsnidnen. Zveli berZeni filosofosi qsenofane kolofoneli (VI-V ss. qristes win) cnobilia, rogorc poliTeizmis (mravalRmerTianobis) winaaRmdeg mebrZoli da monoTeizmis (erTRmerTianobis) ideis aqtiuri damcveli. am brZolaSi igi
filosofiur argumentebs mimarTavda, TviTon ki monisturi filosofiis poziciebze idga.
religiuri msoflmxedvelobis dasabuTebas emsaxureba platonisa
da aristoteles filosofia. maTi filosofiuri moZRvreba SeiZleba
gagebul iqnes rogorc Teologiuri filosofia anu filosofiuri Teologia. platonis ideebis Teoria arsebiTad aris moZRvreba imqveyniuri idealuri samyaros Sesaxeb, xolo mogonebis (Semecnebis) Teoria religiis enaze sulis ukvdavebis mtkicebas niSnavs.
aseve aristoteles Teorias `pirveli mamoZraveblis~ Sesaxeb
mTlianad religiuri da teleologiuri Sinaarsi aqvs. RmerTi aris bu85

kaxa qecbaia

nebaSi arsebuli moZraobis pirvelmizezi, romelic pirveli filosofiis anu metafizikis Seswavlis sagania.
aristotelesa da platonis filosofiuri ideebi safuZvlad daedo Sua saukuneebis erT-erTi mTavari filosofiuri mimdinareobis _
neoplatonizmis warmoSobas, romelic farTod iyo gavrcelebuli
qristianul samyaroSi, maT Soris saqarTveloSic. Cveni didi filosofosi ioane petriwi neoplatonikosi iyo.
aseve cnobilia meore didi filosofiuri mimdinareoba _ neoTomizmi, romelic XIII saukunis gamoCenili filosofosis Toma aqvinelis
ideebis gavleniT warmoiSva. neoTomizmi amJamadac erT-erTi sakmaod
gavrcelebuli filosofiuri mimarTulebaa. es filosofiuri mimarTulebani amJamad Cvens interess mxolod imdenad warmoadgens, ramdenadac isini TavianTi epoqis sazogadoebriv azrovnebas gansazRvravdnen da filosofiisa da religiuri azrovnebis Rrma, Sinagan kavSirs
gamoxatavdnen. isic cnobilia, rom filosofia da religia Zalian xSirad erTmaneTTan imdenad Serwymuli iyo, rom maTi cal-calke warmodgena SeuZlebeli Canda. sxvas rom Tavi davaneboT, amis sailustraciod hegelis filosofiac kmara. hegelis filosofiis `mTavari RerZi~
_ absoluturi idea _ sxva araferia, garda RmerTisa. nebismier filosofiur sistemaSi absoluturis cneba, Tu igi sworad aris gagebuli,
mxolod da mxolod RmerTis aRmniSvnelia. materialistebic mimarTaven absoluturis cnebas materiis bunebis aRsaniSnavad im azriT, rom
materias upirobod (`absolutus~ _ `upirobo~), ganusazRvrelad da
maradiulad Tvlidnen. magram absoluturis cnebis materialisturi
gageba bevr kiTxvas badebda, vinaidan absoluturi, rogorc substancia, moqmedi da aqtiuri unda iyos, xolo materiis erT-erT fundamentur niSans inertuloba warmoadgens.
hegeli Tavisi Txzulebis `logika~ SesavalSi wers: `filosofiasa
da religias sagnad aqvT WeSmariteba da mxolod WeSmariteba am sityvis
umaRlesi gagebiT, im azriT, rom RmerTi da mxolod igi erTaderTi
aris WeSmariteba. orive maTgans saqme aqvs sasrulis sferosTan, bunebasa da adamianis sulTan da maT urTierTobasTan erTmaneTTan da
RmerTTan, rogorc maT WeSmaritebasTan~. rogorc vxedavT, filosofiisa da religiis igiveobriv sagans hegelis filosofiaSi absoluturi
suli anu RmerTi warmoadgens, xolo sagnebis igiveoba maTi Sinaarsis
arsebiT igiveobas ganapirobebs. hegelis obieqtur idealizms aSkarad
religiuri Sinaarsi aqvs, rac erTxel kidev miuTiTebs filosofiisa da
religiis aucilebel kavSirze.
ontologia (arsebobis Sesaxeb moZRvreba), romelic filosofiur
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religiis sociologia

mecnierebaTa birTvs warmoadgens tradiciuli gagebiT, rasac Cvenc veTanxmebiT, aris moZRvreba absoluturi arsis anu mTeli sinamdvilis
substanciuri arsebis Sesaxeb. aseTi ram ki SeiZleba iyos da aris RmerTi. amgvarad gagebuli ontologia aris Teologia anu moZRvreba RvTaebaze; mTeli samyaro xom substanciuri arsebis anu RvTaebis Semoqmedebaa! magram es aris filosofiuri Teologia anu codnis dargi, filosofiuri mecniereba, romelic religiuri Teologiisgan, rogorc rwmenis sferosagan, imdenad gansxvavdeba, ramdenadac erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba codna da rwmena, mecniereba da religia. pirveli logikurad
dasabuTebuli codnis sistemaa, meore ki rwmenis sferoa, romlisTvis
ucxoa dasabuTeba. swored aq asrulebs filosofia udides rols religiuri msoflmxedvelobis dafuZnebaSi.
rwmena subieqturi fenomenia. martooden mis safuZvelze aTeisturi msoflmxedvelobis damarcxeba SeuZlebelia, vinaidan aTeizmic
rwmenaa, saxeldobr, RmerTis ararsebobis rwmena. magram rodesac filosofiuri Teologia religiur rwmenas mecnierulad (filosofiurad) daasabuTebs, maSin rwmena codnad gadaiqceva da aTeizmi uZluri
gaxdeba. filosofias kacobriobis winaSe sxva rom araferi damsaxureba
miuZRodes, marto esec ikmarebda misi arsebobis gasamarTleblad da
pativsacemad.
Tanamedrove kosmologiurma aRmoCenebma, ZiriTadad mxedvelobaSia `didi afeTqebis Teoria~, mecnierulad daadastures religiuri
kreacionizmis (araraobidan samyaros qmnadobis) idea. am ideis filosofiuri gaazreba da interpretacia agreTve filosofiis damsaxurebas warmoadgens. Camoyalibda bunebrivi Teologiis axali sazrisi, romelic Zvelisagan, romelsac spekulaciuri xasiaTi hqonda, principulad gansxvavdeba. saxeldobr, Tanamedrove gagebiT, bunebrivi Teologia niSnavs bunebismecnierebis aRmoCenebis safuZvelze RmerTis arsebobis dasabuTebas. bunebrivi Teologiis axali sazrisi mowodebulia
Secvalos RmerTis arsebobis ontologiuri argumenti, romelsac
RmerTis arseboba ideidan gamohyavda da ara bunebidan, rogorc RvTaebrivi Semoqmedebidan. aqac didia filosofiis roli religiuri msoflmxedvelobis ganmtkicebisa da Semdgomi dafuZnebis saqmeSi.
religia adamianis sulis ganuyreli Tvisebaa. TviTon aTeistebic
ki, didi mcdelobis miuxedavad, bolomde mas Tavs ver aRweven. filosofia adamianis sulierebis am fundamenturi sferos erTguli da saimedo Tanamgzavria; es aris misi erT-erTi didi damsaxureba, rac udavos
xdis adamianisaTvis mis saWiroebasa da aucileblobas. swored amitom,
rogorc germaneli filosofosi karl iaspersi (1883-1969) ambobs, `fi87

kaxa qecbaia

losofia manamde icocxlebs, vidre iarsebebs adamiani~, vinaidan filosofia, misi azriT, iseve esaWiroeba adamians, rogorc haeri. iasperis am
gamonaTqvamis mixedviT, igive unda iTqvas religiazec: religia haeriviT sWirdeba adamians.
Namonaridi s. avalianisa da k. qecbaias wignidan `filosofia
yvelasaTvis~, Tb., 2009. Gam. `universali~.

es sainteresoa!
religiurobis Tanamedrove sociologiuri kvlevis Sedegebi
sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, rom mecniereba da
religiuri rwmena erTmaneTs ar ewinaaRmdegebian empiriuli sociologiuri gamokvlevebiTac dgindeba. am mimarTulebiT Catarebulma
sociologiurma kvlevebma aCvenes, rom mecnierTa or mesameds swams RmerTis arseboba. amasTan sazogadoebrivi mecnierebis warmomadgenlebi ufro religiurebi arian, vidre bunebismecnierebis warmomadgenlebi. axlaxans raisis
elain hovard
universitetis sociologiis doqtorma elain
eklandi
hovard eklandma elitaruli amerikuli universitetebis 1646 warmomadgeneli gamokiTxa. gamokiTxva 36 kiTxvisagan
Sedgeboda. yvela kiTxva respondentTa religiur rwmenas da religiuri
cxovrebis praqtikas Seexeboda. gamokiTxulTa 38% _ fizikosi, qimikosi
da biologi _ ambobda, rom maT ar swamT RmerTi; gamokiTxul sociologTa Soris 31% aTeisti aRmoCnda; morwmuneTa didi raodenobiT gamoirCa
biologiis warmomadgenlebi _ 41%; xolo politologebs Soris 21% aRmoCnda morwmune.
mimdinare wlis ivnisis TveSi analogiuri kvleva Caatares Cikagos
universitetis sociologebma. kvlevis mixedviT, amerikis universitetis profesorTa 71% sakutar Tavs morwmuned miiCnevs. amasTan gamokiTxulTa 56%-is azriT sikvdilisSemdgomi cxovreba realuria.
qalbatoni eklandi da misi kolegebi amJamad am kvlevebs Soris gansxvavebaTa mizezebis dadgenis kvleviTa arian dakavebuli. eklandi imasac aRniSnavs, rom marTalia mecnierTa umravlesoba sakuTar Tavs morwmuned miiCnevs, magram amastanave romelime religiuri tradiciisa da
kulturisadmi kuTvnilebas uaryofs.
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`religia im rwmenaTa da wes-CveulebaTa saziaro sistemaa, romlebic sakralur, Cvengan gansxvavebul sagnebTan, tabuirebul nivTebTanaa dakavSirebuli. yovelive es erT zneobriv, anu eklesiad wodebul erTobad aerTianebs yvelas, vinc mas aRiarebs~.
e. diurkemi
V leqcia
Tema: religiis struqtura da funqciebi
sakvanZo sityvebi da gamoTqmebi
religiuri cnobiereba, religiuri saqmianoba, religiuri urTierTobebi, rituali, sakraluri, tabu, qarizma, msoflmxedvelobrivi
funqcia, kompensatoruli funqcia, komunikaciuri funqcia, regulatoruli funqcia, integraciuli funqcia, maavtomatizebeli konfromizmi; religia, rogorc fsiqikis damcavi meqanizmi.
Sesavali
religiis met-naklebad srulyofili sociologiuri analizisaTvis misi struqturisa da funqciebis codnaa aucilebeli anu, garkveva
imisa Tu rogoria religiis Sedgeniloba da is funqciebi, rasac is ara
marto sazogadoebaSi aramed, saerTod, zogadad asrulebs. am sakiTxis
analizis dros religiis sociologia religiaTmcodneobisa da religiis Semswavleli TiTqmis yvela mecnierebis monacemebs iyenebs.

1. religiis struqtura
im SemTxvevaSi Tuki religiis struqturis analizis yvela arsebul
Sedegebs gaviTvaliwinebT da yvela maT saerTo niSans movnaxavT, maSin
religiis struqturis sami ZiriTadi elementis gamoyofa iqneba SesaZlebeli. esenia: religiuri cnobiereba, religiuri kulti da religiuri organizaciebi.
religiuri cnobiereba igi ideebisa da SexedulebaTa garkveuli sistema da masTan dakavSirebuli grZnobebisa da Cveulebebis erTobliobaa, romlebic morwmuneTa jgufebisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli.
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amis gaTvaliswinebiT religiuri cnobiereba or nawilad: religiur

ideologiad da religiur fsiqologiad iyofa.
religiuri ideologia RmerTze, samyaroze, sazogadoebasa da
adamianze damuSavebuli ideebis sistemaa. mis CamoyalibebaSi did rols
asruleben Teologebi da kultis msaxurni. religiuri ideologiis ZiriTadi nawili Teologiaa (RmerTis Sesaxeb moZRvreba). igi Teoriuli
saxiT aris damuSavebuli da ZiriTadi Teologiuri disciplinebis momcvelia. yvela religias sakuTari Teologia (RvTismetyveleba) aqvs, romelic religiuri dogmebis rwmenas emyareba. RvTismetyveleba asabuTebs RmerTis arsebobas, adgens mis Tvisebebs, arkvevs mis mimarTebas sinamdvilesTan, amtkicebs religiuri dogmebis WeSmaritebas, religiuri
wignebis RvTaebriobas, zneobis gansakuTrebulobas, adgens samRvdeloebisa da morwmuneTa qcevis wesebs, aCvenebs eklesiis RvTiur bunebas da
a. S. Teologiis garda religiuri ideologia filosofiur, eTikur, ekonomikur da sxva saxis socialur moZRvrebebs gulisxmobs, romlebic eklesiis mier ar aris aRiarebuli, magram religiur dogmebs emyareba da
mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs mTlian religiur kompleqsSi. religiuri
ideologiis umTavresi funqcia religiis centraluri ideis zebunebrivis rwmenis dasabuTebaa.
religiuri cnobierebis mniSvnelovani elementia religiuri fsiqologia. igi aris morwmuneTa grZnobebis, warmodgenebis, Cvevebis, ganwyobilebebis erToblioba. Tavis mxriv religiuri fsiqologiis mniSvnelovani elementia religiuri grZnoba, rogorc RmerTisaken miswrafebis, misi wvdomis gansakuTrebuli unari, romelic mistikuri gasxivosnebis gziT xorcieldeba. religiuri fsiqologia imiT gansxvavdeba religiuri ideologiisagan, rom masSi mwyobrad Camoyalibebuli ideebis sistema ar gvxvdeba. igi saxeebiT operirebs, rac cxovrebis pirobebis uSualo gavleniT xorcieledeba da adamianis praqtikul saqmianobasTan aris
dakavSirebuli. amitom is sxvadsxvagvari SeiZleba iyos. morwmuneTaTvis
konkretulad damaxasiaTebeli religiuri grZnobebia: religiuri SiSi,
siyvaruli, emociebi, fantazia, mwuxareba, glova, martobaa da mravali
sxva. religiuri fsiqologiis mniSvnelovani elementia Cvevebi da tradiciebi, romlebic SedarebiTi mdgaradobiTa da stabilurobiT xasiaTdebian.
religiuri kulti religiis struqturaSi kulti erT-erTi
mTavari elementia. igi iseTi religiur moqmedebaTa erTobliobaa, romliTac morwmune zemoqmedebis moxdenas cdilobs ara mxolod zebunebriv Zalebze, aramed realurad arsebul sagnebsa da movlenebze. religiur kults miekuTvneba yvelaferi, rac zebunebrivTan adamianis mimarTe90

religiis sociologia

bas praqtikuli moqmedebiT gamoxatavs. aseTia: religiuri rtualebi,

wes-Cveulebani, saidumloebani, marxvebi, locvebi, msxverplSewirvebi,
misteriebi. kultis Semadgeneli nawialia, agreTve, iseTi materialuri
sagnebi, rogoricaa: taZrebi, samlocveloebi, xatebi, jvrebi, sanTlebi,
religiuri samoseli da mravali sxva. kultis gansakuTrebuli unaria
morwmuneebze emociuri zemoqmdeba, amitom igi religiis yvelaze aqtiuri elementia. mas Zalze saintereso da Zveli istoria aqvs. Tavdapirvelad igi magiuri moqmedebis saxiT iwyebs arsebobas da materilauri sagnebis zebunebriobis rwmenas emyareba. Semdgom SemuSavda Selocvebis, eqstazuri cekvebis, simRerebis rituali, romelTa meSveobiTac adamiani
sasurvel Sedegs aRwevda. mogvianebiT mas RmerTis gulis mogebis mizniT msxverplSewirva daemata. monoTeisturma religiebma gansakuTrebuli religiuri kulti SeimuSaves adamianTa religiuri grZnobebisa da
emociebis gasaZliereblad. masSi adamianis cxovrebis yvela mniSvnelovani momenti iqna gaTvaliwinebuli: dabadeba, gardacvaleba, mwuxareba,
nugeSi, avadmyofoba, ojaxis Seqmna da sxva. yvela am movlenasTan dakavSirebiT qcevis Sesaferisi wesi iqna SemuSavebuli, riTac morwmuneebSi
Zlieri emociebi aRiZvreba da maTSi simSvidisa da kmayofilebis gancda
ibadeba. religiuri kulti konservatiuli bunebis mqonea. igi mravalgzisi ganmeorebis meSveobiT mdgradobas iZens da saukuneebidan saukuneebSi gadadis. xSirad adamianTa garkveuli nawili religias kultis
meSveobiT ukavSirdeba. religiuri kultis centraluri elementi ritualia. rituali simboluri, araracionaluri moqmedebaa, romelic praqtikul daniSnulebas moklebulia (wminda trapezis nebismieri saxe Sors
dgas wyurvilis an SimSilis grZnobis dakmayofilebisagan). ritualis
meSvebiT adamianebi gamoxataven imas, rac maTTvis umTavresia am cxovrebaSi. religiur ritualebSi simbolurad warmodgenilia socialuri urTierTobebi da RirebulebiTi orientaciebi amitom religiuri ritualebis kvleva sazogadoebis kvlevasac niSnavs. is mniSvnelovan informacias iZleva imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor aris mowyobili sociumi. rituali
religiuri komunikaciis iseTi formaa, rodesac adamianis RvTaerbivTan Sexvedras aqvs adgili. amgvar adamianebs veberi religiur virtuozebs uwodebs. isini RmerTs Wvreten da Seicnoben im sagnebsa da movlebeSi, romelTac sxvebisaTvis Cveulebrivi daniSnuleba da mniSvneloba
aqvT. ritualTan erTad kultis elementia religiuri simbolo (saxe, xati, niSani, romelic romelime sagans an ideas ganasaxierebs). simboloebi
SeiZleba iyos calkeuli obieqtebi (jvari qriatianobis niSania), moqmedebebi (pirjvris gardasaxva, muxlis moyra da sxv.), gadmocemebi (bibli91

kaxa qecbaia

uri gadmocema samyaros Seqmis Sesaxeb da sxv.) adamianebi (lao-Zi, rogorc sibrZnis simbolo).
religiuri kultis aucilebeli nawilia sakraluri, wminda. sityva
sakraluri momdinareobs laTinuri sityvebidan: sacer (RmerTis gandobili) da sanktus (pativiscemis Rirsi). sakraluris sapirispiroa profanuli (profanes-aragandobili, diurkemis enaze yoveldRiuri). wminda
ki idumal Zalas gulisxmobs, romelic aRmatebulia adamianze. igi mis
gaocebas iwvevs da bednierebas aniWebs mas. sakralur ZalasTan urTierTobas aregulierbs tabu (megrulad vaSiners). tabuirebul saganTan
miaxloebis ufleba yvelas ar aqvs. amis ufleba qurumebs _ kultis msaxurebs aqvT. magaliTad Zvel aRTqmaSi aRTqmis kidobani tabuirebulia
anu, yvelas rodi SeuZlia masTan miaxloeba. tabuireba xdeba im mizniT,
rom tabiurebul nivTSi budobs mana sakraluri Zala, romelTanac
kavSiris damyareba yvelas ar ZaluZs. msgavsi sakraluri Zala SeiZleba
adamianSic iyos. amgvari adamianebi marTvis gansakuTrebuli unars floben. amgvar gansakuTrebul Zalas veberi qarizmas uwodebs.
sakralurze gansakuTrebuli mosazrebebi diurkems hqonda. sakraluris aRqmis erT-erT formad diurkems ritualis dros koleqtiuri
aRgzneba miaCnda. saerTod, mis mixedviT, sakraluri warmodgenilia,
rogorc koleqtiuri warmodgena. sakraluri aris is, rac ar icvleba.
religiuri warmodgena ara marto individualurad aRiqmeba jgufis yvela wevris mier, aramed is raRac iseTs warmoadgens, rac jgufis kuTvnilebaa. amgvarad sakraluri jgufis wevrTa integrirebas axdens. religiuri ritualis dros adamianebs aviwydebaT socialuri samyaro. sakraluri amoagdebs maT yoveldRiurobidan da axal cxovrebas aziarebs,
romelic siwmindis garantad gvevlineba. am yovelives mizezi sinamdvileSi, diurkemis azriT, socialuri jgufi, Tavad sazogadoebaa.
religiuri organizaciebi yoveli religia morwmuneTa organizebul gaerTianebas warmoadgens. es gaerTianebani religiuri rwmenisa
da kultis safuZvelze yalibdeba. religiuri organizaciebis saSualebiT regulirdeba sakulto saqmianoba da religiuri grZnobebis dakmayofileba xdeba.
zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT religiis sturqturul daxasiaTebas miviRebT, romlis mixedviT, religia aris gansakuTrebul SexedulebaTa sistema (religiuri cnobiereba), moqmedebaTa (religiuri kulti) da Sesabamis daswesebulebaTa (religiuri organizaciebi) erToblioba, romelic zebunebrivis rwmenasTana dakavSirebuli.

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2. religiis funqciebi
religiis funqciis garkveva religiis sociologiis erT-erTi umTavresi sakiTxia. sociologebs ainteresebT, Tu ra rols asrulebs religia sazogadoebaSi. rogori iqneboda sazogadoeba religiis gareSe da
a. S. am kiTxvaze pasuxis SemTxvevaSi Cven religiis mecnierebebis monacemebs viTvaliswinebT, romelTa mixedviT religias ramdenime ZiriTadi
funqcia gaaCnia. esenia:
msoflmxedvelobrivi funqcia religiis msoflmxedvelobrivi
funqcia imaSi vlindeba, rom igi ZvelTagan adamianis mier sinamdvilis
gacnobierebasTan da axsnasTan aris dakavSirebuli. adamiani mraval
msoflmxedvelobriv kiTxvas svams, romelTa Soris mniSvnelovania sicoxclis sazrisis maradiuli problema. am maradiluli msoflmxedvelobrivi sakiTxis gadawyvetaSi mas religia exmareba. Tavisi arsiT, religia sazriss aZlevs adamianis sicocxles da amaSi vlindeba misi msoflmxedvelobrivi daniSnuleba.
kompensatoruli funqcia Tavisi cxovrebis manZilze adamiani
xSirad acnobierebs, rom igi susti da uZluri, naklovani arsebaa. am naklovanebisa da uZlurebis Sevsebas is religiis meSveobiT axdens. amaSi
vlindeba religiis kompensatoruli daniSnuleba. es funqcia TiTqmis
yvela religias aqvs. rac ufro uZluria adamiani miT ufro wina planze
iwvs religiis es funqcia. religia adamianis winaSe mdgar mTel rig
problemebs agvarebs. magaliTad realur Cagvras Tavisufleba enacvleba; uZlurebas RmerTis yovladZliereba; adamianis uvicobas RmerTis
yovlismcodneoba; borotebas RvTiuri sikeTe, siZulvils siyvaruli da
a. S. adamianze amgvari zemoqmedebis unarebis saSualebiT religia kompensatoruli zemoqmedebis mdidari saSualebebis mqonea.
komunikaciuri funqcia religiis komunikaciuri funqcia adamianis RmerTTan da adamianebTan dakavSirebaSi vlindeba. aqdan pirveli
ufro maRali safexuria, vidre meore. religiis socialur bunebas yvelaze metad es funqcia avlens. religia adamianebs aerTianebs, akavSirebs Temebad. adamianTa gaerTianeba xdeba sakulto moqmedebaTa dros,
rac adamianebs Soris kavSirs da RmerTTan maT SeerTebas uwyobs xels.
amitom religiur cxovrebaSi mis am funqcias didi adgili ukavia.
regulatoruli funqcia religiuri ideebi, sakulto moqmdebebi da religiuri organizaciebi adamianTa qcevas aregulireben. amdenad religias regulatoruli funqcia gaaCnia. religia garkveul kontrols awesebs adamianis moqmedebaze, mis yoveldRiur saqmianobaze,
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krZalavs an nebas rTavs adamianis ama Tu im moqmedebas. samagierod awesebs sazRaurs: sikeTisaTvis jildo samoTxea, borotebisaTvis sasjeli
jojoxeTi. sociologiuri TvalsazrisiT, religiis regulatoruli
funqcia arsebuli wesrigis SenarCunebas emsaxureba.
integraciuli funqcia religia aerTianebs adamianebs, maTs azrebs, grZnobebsa da miswrafebebs da amiT xels uwyobs sazogadoebis integracias. swored amaSi vlindeba religiis integraciuli funqcia. mis
am maintegrirebel rolze gansakuTrebuli yuradReba Tavis gamokvlevebSi duirkemma gaamaxvila.
yovelive zemoaRniSnilis gaTvaliwinebiT religiis funqcionalur definicias miviRebT, romlis mixedviT religiis daniSnuleba zebunebrivis rwmenis ganmtkiceba, religiuri ideebis SenarCuneba, religiur wes-CveulebaTa aRsrulebaa. religiis am funqciebiT Rirebuli
xdeba adamianis, rogorc amqveyniuri, aseve imqveyniuri cxovreba.
religiis sociologias pirvel rigSi religiis socialuri funqcia
ainteresebs. am sakiTxs sociologiis araerTi klasikosi uTmobda gansakuTrebul yuradRebas. maT Soris mniSvnelovania froidis, marqsis, diurkemisa da veberis mosazrebebi.

3. religiis socialuri funqciis Sesaxeb

zigmund froidi religiis socialuri funqciis Sesaxeb
froidi religias ganixilavs rogorc iluzias. misi azriT, religia
Zalze mniSvnelovan socialur funqcias asrulebs. igi adamians egzistencialuri SfoTvis gadalaxvis SesaZleblobas aZlevs, romlis winaSec
adamiani yovelTvis marto dgas. religia SesaZlebels xdis adamianma gadalaxos sakuTari ususurobis gancda, romelic bavSvobis dros ganicada. religias igi adarebs mamas, mSobels, romlis qveSac bavSvi nugeSiscemasa da daculobas grZnobs. igive rols asrulebs misi azriT, sazogadoebac, romelSic adamiani ufro daculad grZnobs Tavs. Tavisufleba amZafrebs egzistencialur SfoTvas, romlis winaSec marto dgas adamiani.
adamiani TiTqos gadagdebulia am uzarmazar samyaroSi Tavisi TavisuflebiT da ganwirulia martoobisa da SfoTvisTvis. amitom xSirad adamiani gaurbis Tavisuflebas, romelic tvirTad gadaiqceva misTvis. religias SeuZlia adamians Tavisuflebisgan gaqcevis SesaZlebloba misces. am
fenomens maavtomatizebeli konformizmi ewodeba. adamiani egzisten94

religiis sociologia

cialuri SfoTvisgan gaTavisuflebas cdilobs religiur da socialur

kavSirebSi gaTqvefiT. socialur erTobaSi adamiani Tavisufldeba egzistencialuri ususurobis gancdisgan da ufro daculad da komfortulad grZnobs Tavs. amas garda, erToblivi koleqtiuri moqmedebis
Sesrulebas, iqneba es rituali Tu raime saxis wesi, siamovneba axlavs
Tan, romelsac froidi seqsualuri instinqtis gamovlenad miiCnevs (koleqtiuri libido). magaliTad egzistencialuri usafrToebis gancdas
uzrunvelyofs religiuri erTobis wevroba. religiuri warmodgenebi
iluziebia, romlebic adamianis fsiqikisTvis fundamenturi moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebas axdenen da maT materialuri moTxovnilebebis
sapirispiro buneba gaaCniaT. nebismier sazogadoebaSi arsebobs amgvari
iluziebis moTxovnileba, radgan isini adamianis fsiqikis dacvis meqanizmebs warmoadgenen.
karl marqsi religiis socialuri funqciis Sesaxeb
marqsi aRiarebs religiis mniSvnelobas sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi.
igi wers: religia ugulo samyaros gulia, TavSesafari sastiki realobisgan. marqsis TvalsazrisiT, religia ki ar gaqreba, aramed igi Tavisi
tradiciuli formiT Seicvleba. es SeiZleba moxdes ara imis gamo, rom es
Rirebulebebi da idealebi mcdaria, aramed isini SeiZleba gzamkvlevi
socialuri idealebi gaxdnen kacobriobis srulyofis procesSi da Caanacvlon maTi religiuri mniSvneloba. adamianebs aRar unda hqondeT SiSi RmerTebis winaSe, romlebic maTive qmnilebebs warmoadgenen da aRar
unda miaweron maT is Rirebulebebi, romelTa realizebis SesaZleblobebic Tavad gaaCniaT. marqsis cnobili gamoTqma, `religia xalxis opiumia,
xazs usvams imas, rom religia iluziaa. igi xalxs cxovrebis arsebuli pirobebisadmi moTminebasa da Seguebas aswavlis, romlis jildos miReba
SesaZlebelia saiqio cxovrebaSi. momavali bednierebis amgvari imedi, misi azriT, adamianis orientirebas ufro metad moTminebaze axdens, vidre
brZolaze uTanasworobisa da usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg, rasac qmnis arsebuli gansxvavebebi socialur mdgomareobaSi. konfliqtis Teoriis
momxreebi Tvlian, rom religia aris sazogadoebis kontrolis mZlavri
instrumenti, romelic amyarebs mmarTveli fenis mdgomareobas sociumSi arsebuli rwmenebis safuZvelze. magaliTad siRaribe ar aris samarcxvino. codvad iTvleba agresiulobisa da mrisxanebis gamovlena. qristianobaSi ganmsazRvrelia siyvarulis principi, romlis dacvac savaldebuloa mtrebis mimarT da a. S. k. marqsi Tvlis, rom swored amis gamo
religia iluziaa, miTi, romelsac nugeSiscema moaqvs adamianebisTvis.
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marqsis azriT, religia niRbavs ara mxolod SiSsa da SfoTvas, aramed

usamarTlobasac. religia daCagruli adamianis amosunTqvis saSualebaa, ugulo samyaros gulia da igia mravali usul - gulo socialuri wesrigis suli.
emil diurkemi - religiis integraciuli funqcia
individis fsiqologiuri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebasTan erTad religia mniSvnelovan socialur funqcias asrulebs, rac socialuri konsensusis miRwevaSi da sazogadoebis wevrTa integraciaSi gamoixateba. cnobili frangi sociologi emil diurkemi Tavis naSromSi religiuri cxovrebis elementaruli formebi (1912 w.) xazgasmiT aRniSnavs
erT mniSvnelovan Taviseburebas - adamianebs ufro uadvildebaT swamdeT religia da masTan dakavSirebuli RvTaebrivi (sakraluri) da masTan
asocirebuli gansakuTrebuli ritualebi, vidre aRiaron sazogadoebis
Zalaufleba maTs cxovrebaze. ramdenadac religia sazogadoebis mxardamWeria, igi asaxavs mis struqturebsa da normebs, romlebic ucxo da
individze maiZulebeli efeqtis mqonea. Cven vsaubrobT enaze, romelic
Cvens mier ar aris Seqmnili da viyenebT instrumentebs, romlebic Cven ar
gamogvigonia. civilizaciis am sikeTeebs Cven viRebT sazogadoebisgan,
ramdenadac yoveli momdevno Taoba am sikeTeebs mza saxiT iRebs da mas
ar qmnis xelaxla, amitom mas misda uneburad hgonia, rom arsebobs raRac
uzenaesi Zala da swored mas miewereba RvTaebrioba. SesaZloa adamiani
uneburad fiqrobs, rom misi nebisgan damoukideblad arseboben aqtiuri
Zalebi, romlebic mas aniWeben damaxasiaTebel bunebriv Taviseburebebs,
mfarveloben, icaven da aZleven bednieri cxovrebis garantias, uzrunvelyofen mis bednierebas da ra Tqma unda, adamiani cdilobs ganadidos
es Zalebi, ramdenadac misTvis Zalze mniSvneladia yvela sikeTe, rac am
Zalebis mier boZebulad miaCnia.
e.diurkemi Tavis daskvnebTan avstralieli Temebis totemuri religiebis kvlevisas mivida. totemi raime arsebis (mcenare, cxoveli, ciuri mnaTobi, bunebrivi movlena da a. S) simboloa, romelic RvTaebrivad,
sakralurad miiCneva magaliTad gveli an kenguru, mze, mTvare, ca, miwa

termini totemizmi warmosdgeba sityvidan ot-tem, rac Crdilo amerikel indielTa

erT-erTi tomis _ ojibves enaze mis gvars niSnavs. igi religiur warmodgenaTa
sistemaa, romlis mixedviT, adamianTa esa Tu is jgufi (magaliTad gvari) cxovelTa da
mcenareTa ama Tu im saxeobas enaTesaveba. ase rom, totemistur religias noes

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da a. S. yoveli totemi garkveuli gvaris an klanis simboloa. klanebi

traibalur sazogadoebaSi ZiriTadi socialuri gaerTianebebia, xolo
totemebi maTi erTianobis simbolo. klanisadmi Tayvaniscemis nacvlad
klanis wevrebi Tayvans scemen totems. maTi religia im sazogadoebis
struqturas asaxavs, romelSic isini cxovroben, amitom ar aris SemTxveviTi, rom traibalur sazogadoebaSi, sadac Zalze mniSvnelovani iyo bunebasTan kavSiri: TevzWera, nadiroba Tu Semgrovebloba, mis RvTaebebs
totemuri qmnilebebi warmoadgendnen. diurkemis azriT, religia ara
mxolod asaxavs sazogadoebis struqturas, aramed amyarebs kidec mas,
axdens ra adamianebis yuradRebisa da imedebis koncentrirebas saerTo
rwmenebsa da Tayvaniscemis obieqtebze. sazogadoebis wevrebis es gamaerTianebeli, makonsolidirebeli funqcia naTlad vlindeba religiuri
ritualebis Sesrulebisas. religiuri ritualebis dros xdeba mkveTri
gamijvna sakralursa da profanuls (yoveldRiuri realoba, romelsac
kavSiri aqvs materialurTan, amqveyniurTan) Soris. magaliTad im TemebSi, romlebic totemizms misdeven, totemad mcenareebi an cxovelebi miiCneva, romelTa Wamac mxolod specifikuri religiuri ritualebis
dros SeiZleba. religiuri Rirebulebebis SemotanasTan erTad yovelTvis xdeba masTan dakavSirebuli sanqciebis Semotanac. diurkemis religiis sociologia SeiZleba ganvixloT rogorc Caketili wre, romlis makavSirebel rgols socialuri organizacia warmoadgens. pirvel rigSi,
sazogadoeba adamianuri gamocdilebis organizebas axdens, xolo amis
Semdeg adamianebi cdiloben axsnan gare Zalebis gavlena, rac religiis
formirebas uwyobs xels, romelic sazogadoebis Sesabamis struqturas
asaxavs.
religiuri rwmenebis gamoxatvis mizniT iqmneba ritualebi. es ritualebi jgufis erTianobisa da saerTo religiuri rwmenebis ganmtkicebas, misi wevrebis moqmedebis regulirebasa da sazogadoebis struqturis gamyarebas axdenen. marqsisgan gansxvavebiT diurkemma Tavisi karieris mniSvnelovani nawili swored religiis sakiTxebis Seswavlas miuZRvna. man gansakuTrebul yuradReba dauTmo traibalur sazogadoebebs. misma naSromma gadamwyveti gavlena iqonia religiis sociologiis
ganviTarebaze.

kidobaniviT avsebs florisa da faunis mravalferovani samyaro (ix. b. bregvaZe,

religia da mecniereba, wignSi: b. bregvaZe, Txzulebani, t. 3. Tb., 2012. gv. 1213.).

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kaxa qecbaia

diurkemma mTavari yuradReba religiis institucionalur mxareze

gaamaxvila da ara mis ZalauflebasTan kavSirze an, rogorc usamarTlobis ganmtkicebis saSualebaze, rogorc amas marqsi akeTebda, aramed misma kvlevam is Sedegi miiRo, rom naCvenebi iqna socialuri institutebis
kavSiri religiasTan. religiis kvlevis safuZvelSi diurkemma elementaruli religiuri formebis (avstralieli Temebis religiuri Sexedulebebis totemizmis analizi) kvleva Cado, misi ZiriTadi naSromis saxelwodeba `religiis elementaluri formebi aqedan momdinarobs. totemi
sakraluri obieqtia, romelic saerTo Tayvaniscemas iwvevs. swored am
konteqstSi: sakralurisa da yoveldRiuris dispoziciis safuZvelze
gansazRvravs religias diurkemi. sakraluri obieqtebi da simboloebi
adamianTa arsebobis yoveldRiurobis sazRvrebs miRma imyofebian. yoveldRiuri realoba ki profanul, amqveyniur sinamdviles qmnis. totems
rogorc sakralur obieqts RvTaebrivi Tvisebebi da Taviseburebebi miewereba, ris gamoc igi mTlianad gansxvavdeba yoveldRiuri realobis
sxva sagnebisgan, aseve sxva cxovelebis an mcenareebisgan romelzec nadiroba, an romlis Segrovebac SeiZleba. ratom iTvleba totemi sakralurad? diurkemis TvalsazrisiT, igi jgufis, klanis simboloa, romelic TavisTavad umniSvnelovanesi Rirebulebaa jgufisTvis an erTobisTvis. sakraluri obieqtebis Tayvaniscema sinamdvileSi ZiriTadi socialuri Rirebulebebis anu, martivad rom vTqvaT, igive sazogadoebis Tayvaniscemaa. religiaSi sakraluri obieqti, romelsac yvela eTayvaneba
sazogadoebaa. diurkemi xazgasmiT aRniSnavs im garemoebas, rom religia
mxolod rwmenebis erToblioba rodia. nebismieri religiisTvis damaxasiaTebelia mudmivad ganmeorebadi ritualebi, romelSic morwmuneTa
jgufi iRebs monawileobas. erToblivi ritualebis meSveobiT jgufuri
solidarobis grZnoba mtkicdeba. religiuri ritualebi adamianebs amqveyniuri sazrunavisa da yoveldRiurobis tvirTisgan aTavisufleben
da isini im sferoSi gadahyavT, romelSic RvTaebrivTan kavSiriT gamowveul amaRlebul sulier mdgomareobas eqstazs _ grZnoben. totemebi
sinamdvileSi individze koleqtivis, erTobis, jgufis, sazogadoebis
gavlenas gamoxataven.

`...jgufi sul sxvagvarad fiqrobs, grZnobs da moqmedebs mis wevrebTan SedarebiT. amis gakeTeba calke aRebul jgufis arc erT wevrs
ar SuZlia~.
e. diurkemi
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religiis sociologia

diurkemi ritualebs sazogadoebis struqturis mTavar mainstitucionizebel Zalad miiCnevs. maTi meSveobiT myardeba solidaroba jgufis wevrebs Soris. amitom ritualebi ara marto regularuli RvTismsaxurebis standartul situaciebSi gvxvdeba, aramed maT yvela im umniSvnelovanesi movlenis dros aqvT adgili, romelic sociumSi individis
an jgufis cxovrebaSi socialuri poziciebis iseT cvlilebasTan aris
dakavSirebuli, rogoricaa dabadeba, qorwineba an gardacvaleba. am tipis ritualebi praqtikulad yvela sazogadoebaSi gvxvdeba. Aamis gaTvaliswinebiT diurkemi askvnis, rom ritualebi jgufur solidarobas amyareben. magaliTad dakrZalvis rituali TvalsaCinod aCvenebs, rom erTobasTan SedarebiT calkeuli individis cxovrebas gardamavali Rirebuleba aqvs. ritualis Sesrulebis aucilebloba maT umsubuqebs axloblebis dakargvasTan Seguebis mtanjvel process. maTTvis, visac piradad
exeba glova, es TviTneburi moqmedeba ki ar aris, aramed valdebulebaa,
romelsac jgufi erTobis wevrs akisrebs. gemainSafturi tipis kulturebSi cxovrebis TiTqmis yvela sfero religiiTaa gamsWvaluli. religiuri ritualebi erTi mxriv, axal ideebsa da saazrovno paradigmebs warmoSoben, meore mxriv, ki ukve arsebuli Rirebulebebis moqmedebas amyareben. faqtobrivad, religia gemaiSafturi (tradiciuli) kulturebis
cnobierebis wess warmoadgens. azrovnebis TviT yvelaze zogadi kategoriebi, maT Soris droisa da sivrcis cnebebi swored religiur cxovrebasTan mimarTebaSia Camoyalibebuli.

[...] ritualebi moZraobebsa da yvirilSi gamoixateba, riTac individebi im cxovelis sxvadasxva qcevas an damaxasiTebel Tvisebas baZaven, romlis gamravlebac surT. am tipis moqmedebebs, Cven mimetur
ritualebs vuwodebT [...]
e. diurkemi

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kaxa qecbaia

E s sainteresoa
e
dakrZalvis egzotikuri ritualebi
mecnierebi ver asaxeleben iseT periods, rodesac adamianTa cxovrebaSi rituali ar arsebobda. ras mizans emsaxurebian ritualebi? sociologiuri gagebiT ritualis Sesruleba winaswargansazRvruli mkacri
rolebis TamaSia, saidan gadaxveva dauSvebelia, gansakuTrebiT sakraluris sferoSi. ritualuri qmedebis dros adamiani Tavis azrs, Sexedulebas ar axmovanebs, is brmad, im dakanonebuli wesebis mixedviT moqmedebs,
rac konkretul rituals aqvs. ritualebSi koleqtiuri identoba, erToba, gunduroba Cans. religiuri ritualebic gansxvavebulia. ritualuri aqti Seicavs locvas, galobas, marxvas, simReras. isini religiur
simboloebzea orientirebuli da yoveldRiuri Cvevebisgan Zalian gansxvavdeba. magaliTad, sanTels RvTis sadideblad vanTebT, es qmedeba
Tavisi mniSvnelobiT absoluturad gansxvavdeba im situaciisgan, rodesac sanTels ganaTebis mizniT vanTebT. aRsaniSnavia, rom religiuri simboloebi ritualebi, xSirad, sazogadoebis materialur xelovnebasTan,
sulier kulturasTan, musikasTan, mxatvrobasTan, xis damuSavebasTan,
ambis Txrobasa da literaturasTan aris dakavSirebuli.
emil diurkemi miiCnevda, rom koleqtiuri ceremonia, maSin ganamtkicebs jgufis solidarobas, rodesac adamianebs mniSvnelovan cvlilebebTan uxdebaT Sexeba: magaliTad gardacvaleba, qorwineba da sxva. Aes
ritualebi sxvadasxva xalxTa religiasa da kulturaSi sxvadasxvanairia.
tibeturi dakrZalva

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ratom unda gamoikvebo gvamiT, roca SegiZlia, frinvelebi daanayro? (papua axali gvineisa da braziliel varis tomebSi endokanibalizmi
iyo gvrcelebuli) tibeteli budistebi gardacvlilis sxeuls ramdenime nawilad Wrian da gareul cxovelebs, ufro xSirad leSiWamia frinvelebs utoveben. zogjer sxeuli xeluxlebelia, magram es xarbi svavebisTvis problemas ar warmoadgens. miuxedavad imisa, rom es tradicia
Semzaravi Cans, is ar ewinaaRmdegeba budistur ideologias. tibetelTa
80% am formis momxrea. ufro metic, isini miiCneven, rom am xerxiT xels
uwyoben sicocxlis ganviTarebas, anayreben ra cocxal arsebebs, rac
erTgvari TanagrZnoba da mowyalebacaa.
dakiduli saflavebi

samxreT-dasavleT CineTSi aTaswleulis ganmavlobaSi bos tomis

xalxi cxovrobda. isini mingis dinastiam amowyvita 5 saukunis win.
dResdReobiT bos xalxi daviwyebas mieca da maT mosagonrad kldeze
dakiduli saflavebiRa darCa es xis zardaxSebi zogjer 100 metris simaRlezea ganlagebuli. 160 kubo kldeebis gaswvriv, bunebrivi gamoqvabulebis siaxloves ganalages da sayrdenad xis sarebi Seudges. kldeebze SemorCenilia inguriT (wiTeli saRebavi) Sesrulebuli naxatebic,
romlebic bos xalxis yoveldRiur cxovrebas asaxavs. adgilobrivebi
miviwyebul civilizacias moixsenieben, rogorc kldis Svilebsa da
cis morCilebs. Tumca dasaflavebis aseTi ritualis mizezi dRemde
idumalebiTaa moculi.
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kaxa qecbaia
m. veberi: religia da socialuri cvlilebebi
sazogadoebis gaTanamedroveobisa da racionalizaciis procesis
Sesabamisad sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferoze religiis
gavlena TandaTan sustdeba. sazogadoebaSi religiis adgils mecniereba
ikavebs. religiuri ritualebi da ceremoniebi nel-nela gamoidevnebian
adamianis cxovrebidan da saqmianobidan. am azrs diurkemic iziarebs. igi
wers, rom Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi `Zveli RmerTebi kvdebian. amave
dros amtkicebs, rom marTalia religia aRar asrulebs im rols rasac is
traibalur da primitiul sazogadoebebSi asrulebda da amiT sazogadoebis individualur da koleqtiur cnobierebas gansazRvravda, magram
individis yofierebaSi igi Secvlili formiT mainc inarCunebs Tavis
mniSvnelobas. ritualebis moTxovnileba modernistul sazogadoebasac
aqvs, romelic socialuri Rirebulebebis ganmtkicebasa da gamyarebazea
orientirebuli. Sesabamisad, axali religiuri ritualebisa da gamocdilebis warmoqmna anacvlebs Zvel formebs. diurkems mxedvelobaSi aqvs
iseTi ritualebi, romlebic iseT humanistur da politikur RirebulebebTan aris dakavSirebuli, rogoricaa: Tavisufleba, Tanasworoba, urTierTTanamSromloba, Semwynarebloba da sxva. SeiZleba wamovayenoT Tezisi imis Sesaxeb, rom ganviTarebuli industriuli qveynebi e.w. `samoqalaqo religiebis warmoqmnas xels uwyoben. did britaneTSi saxelwifo
simboloebi - `droSa, saxelmwifo himni _ da sxva oficialuri ritualebi, rogoricaa magaliTad inauguraciisa da koronizaciis ritualebi,
rac britaneTis samefo simboloebis (mefe, dedofali, samefo ojaxi, samefo kari da a. S) warmoCenas gulisxmobs, britanuli cxovrebis wesis
upiratesobis rwmenis ganmtkicebazea mimarTuli. es simboloebi iseT
tradiciul religiur instituts ukavSirdeba, rogoric anglikanuri
eklesiaa. am TvalsazrisiT, sruliad sapirispiro viTareba iyo sabWoTa
kavSirSi. igi warmoadgenda sazogadoebas, romelic mtrul ganwyobas religiis mimarT Riad gamoxatavda. Tumca revoluciis simboloebi: marqsi,
lenini, engelsi da a. S. Tavadve iqcnen samoqalaqo religiis gamomxatvel
simboloebad. uamravi dResaswauli da masTan dakavSirebuli rituali
uwyobda xels revoluciuri idealebis erTgulebis gamyarebas. dRes samoqalaqo Rirebulebebi da ritualebi mSvidobianad Tanaarseboben tradiciul religiebTan, miuxedavad amisa, Znelia imis uaryofa, rom maTi
warmomqmneli socialuri meqanizmebi identuria.
religiis socialur fuqciebTan dakavSirebiT originaluri mosazreba sociologiis klasikos maqs vebers aqvs. veberis mixedviT, religia
socialur cvlilebebs uwyobs xels. religiurma suliskveTebam SeiZleba kardinalurad Secvalos sazogadoeba. amas adasturebs protestantu102

religiis sociologia

li moZraoba qristianobis istoriaSi, agreTve, iranis axali revolucia,

rodesac aila Tola homeinis xelmZRvanelobiT musulmanma Siitebma
taxtidan iranis Sahi Camoagdes da iranis yoveldRiuri cxovrebis organizebas islamis religiuri wesebis safuZvelze Seecadnen. religiis Sesaxeb diurkemis ideam ganviTareba hpova maqs veberis konceptualur paradigmaSi, romelsac SeiZleba vuwodoT individualisturi. aq religia
ganixileba, rogorc individis subieqturad mniSvneladi sazrisi. rogorc viciT, religiis analizisas diurkemi yuradRebas aqcevda socialuri konsensusis SesaZleblobas, misgan gansxvavebiT m. vebers ZiriTadad sazogadoebis dinamikuri aspeqti ainteresebs anu, socialuri procesis mamoZravebeli faqtorebis analizi.
veberTan detaluradaa warmodgenili religiis kavSiri sociumis
dinamikasTan. igi socialur cvlilebebs religiur faqtors ukavSirebs,
rac diurkems naklebad ainteresebda. dDiurkemi ki aqcents sazogadoebis
stabilurobis sakiTxze akeTebs, rasac sociumSi religiis institucionaluri aspeqti uzrunvelyofs.
maqs veberi iyo pirveli sociologi, romelmac arsebuli msoflio
religiebis masStaburi kvleva ganaxorciela. Aarc erTi mecnieri aseT
rTul amocanas manamde ar SesWidebia. misi yuradReba `msoflio religiebis Seswavlazea mimarTuli. am religiebs TavianT mimdevarTa yvelaze
didi raodenoba hyavs da Tavis mxriv, msoflio istoriis ganviTarebaze
maT gadamwyveti gavlena moaxdines. veberma induizmis, budizmis, daosizmisa da adreuli iudaizmis detaluri gamokvleva moaxdina. misi Sroma `protestantuli eTika da kapitalizmis suli pirvelad 1904-1905
wlebSi gamoqveynda. aseve sxva SromebSic igi dawvrilebiT Cerdeba im
gavlenis analizze, rac qristianobam dasavluri kulturis istoriaze
moaxdina. samwuxarod, man ver moaxerxa Cafiqrebuli Sromis ganxorcieleba islamze.
veberi, rogorc sociologi, kapitalizmis ganviTarebaze kalvinizmis (kalvinizmi _ protestantizmis erT-erTi forma, romelic XVII
saukunis Teologis Jan kalvinis moZRvrebas emyareba) gavleniT dainteresda da aRmoaCina, rom protestantuli eTika srul SesabamisobaSia kapitalizmis suliskveTebasTan. kalvinizmi amtkicebs, rom adamianis bedi
winaswar gansazRvrulia. am Tezisis Tanaxmad, adamianis dabadebamde
RmerTi winaswar gadawyvets misi sulis xsnis sakiTxs. zogierTebs sulis
gadarCena moeliT, zogierTebs samudamo tanjva gansawmendelSi. visac
bedis winaswargansazRvrulobis rwmena aqvs, misTvis mniSvnelovania imis
codna, rom aRmoCndeba Tu ara is rCeulTa Soris. veberi wers, rom zeciuri mfarveloba SeiZleba imiT gaxdes sagrZnobi, rom adamianebs eZle103

kaxa qecbaia

vaT materialuri sikeTeebi, maTi saqmeebi Ceulebriv kargad midis dauRalavi Sromis, disciplinisa da mkacri TviTkontrolis pirobebSi. rodesac warmateba gonierebis, zomierebisa da maRal mizans daqvemdebarebuli qcevis mixedviT warmarTeba, miwieri sikeTeebis mopoveba protestantizmSi ganixileba, rogorc RvTisgan kurTxevis niSani. am puqnqtSi
diurkemisa da veberis Sromebi religiis Sesaxeb kardinalurad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan.
veberi religiuri da socialuri cvlilebebis urTierTkavSirs da
maT Soris korelaciis (urTierTkavSiri) mizezebs swavlobda, razec diurkemi SedarebiT naklebad iyo orientirebuli. veberi karl marqsisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic religiis represiul komponentze amaxvilebda yuradRebas da mas, rogorc socialuri kontrolis mTavar instruments ganixilavda, amtkicebs, aucilebeli ar aris rom religia konservatiuli Zala
iyos sazogadoebaSi; piriqiT, socialur moZraobebs, romelic religiuri
motivebiT moqmedebdnen, sazogadoebisaTvis radikaluri cvlilebebi xSirad moutaniaT. protestantizmi, gansakuTrebiT puritanizmi (laT. purious-wminda), dasavleTis kapitalisturi ganviTarebis qvakuTxedi gaxda. niSandoblivia, rom pirveli kapitalistebi kalvinistebi da puritanebi iyvnen, romlebsac wmindad religiuri motivebi amoZravebdaT. protestantebis Sinagani swrafva ekonomikuri warmatebisken gamyarebuli iyo maTi
RvTisadmi samsaxuris pirveladi surviliT. Mmaterialuri keTildReoba da
ekonomikuri warmateba maTTvis RmerTis wyalobis (RvTisgan rCeulobis)
niSani gaxda. protestantuli suliskveTeba ekonomikur qcevas asketizms,
disciplinasa da keTilsindisierebas uTanxmebs, rac konkretuli profesiuli saqmianobis sazRvrebSi yoveldRiur, meTodur moqmedebasa da rwmenis
Tanmimdevrul gatarebas gulisxmobs. qcevis aseTi tipi protestantuli
sameurneo (SromiTi) eTikis safuZveli gaxda. m. veberi Tvlis, rom swored
am tipis qcevam iqonia sakvanZo mniSvneloba kapitalizis ganviTarebaze.
kalvinistebis (puritanebis) mier aRiarebuli Rirebulebebi namdvilad waxalisebuli iyo kapitalizmis pirobebSi, rac Semosavlebis xarjvisgan, fufunebisa da arasaWiro moxmarebis sagnebisagan TavSekavebas gulisxmobda.
ufro mizanSewonilad xelaxali kapitaldabandeba da warmoebaSi reinvestireba iTvleboda.
ra Tqma unda, kapitalizmis triumfi mxolod protestantuli SromiTi eTikis moqmedebis nayofi ar gaxldaT, aramed igi unda ganvixiloT garkveuli faqtorebis urTierTgadakveTis konteqstSic. magaliTad samxedro biujetis roli da moxmarebis sagnebze mzardi moTxovnileba, rac Tavis
mxriv, warmoebis gazrdis xelSemwyobi da mamoZravebeli gaxda. veberi aRniSnavda, rom Tavis mxriv, sazogadoebasac SeuZlia religiaze gavlenis
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moxdena. ekonomikur da socialur cvlilebebs SeuZliaT religiuri rwmenebisa da Sexedulebebis cvlileba gamoiwvion. magaliTad protestantuli
reformaciis Sedegad gardaiqmna ara mxolod ekonomikuri struqtura,
aramed sazogadoebis mravali socialuri instituti mecnierebisa da ganaTlebis CaTvliT. amrigad, cvlilebebis kompleqsi, romelic kalvinizmis
(puritanelobis) gavleniT warmoiqmna, cvlis mTlianad sazogadoebis socialur wyobas. veberma Tavisi naSromebi msoflio religiebis analizis
sferoSi ganixila, rogorc erTiani kvleva. protestantizmis gavlena dasavleTis kulturis ganviTarebaze warmoadgens misi masStaburi mcdelobis mxolod erT komponents, kerZod, Seefasebina religiis gavlena socialur da ekonomikur cxovrebaze sxvadasxva kulturebSi. aRmosavluri religiebis analizis safuZvelze veberi im daskvnamde mivida, rom isini is barierebia romlebic dasavluri tipis samrewvelo kapitalizmis ganviTarebas aferxeben aRmosavleTSi. aq religia am tipis cvlilebebis gansaxorcielebis gzaze erTaderT gadaulaxav barierad iqca. es moxda ara imitom, rom
dasavlurTan SedarebiT sxva civilizaciebi CamorCenilobas avlendnen,
aramed ubralod maTi fumdamenturi Rirebulebebi Tvisebrivad gansxvavdebodnen evropaSi damkvidrebuli normatiuli orientaciebis sistemebisagan. miuxedavad imisa, rom tradiciul CineTsa da indoeTSi mniSvnelovani
gamococxleba SeiniSneboda vaWrobaSi, warmoebasa da qalaqmSeneblobaSi,
maT raime saxis sagrZnobi, radikaluri socialuri cvlileba ar gamouwveviaT, rac niSandoblivi da damaxasiaTebeli iyo mzardi dasavluri tipis
samrewvelo kapitalizmisTvis. veberis azriT, am tipis cvlilebebis gzaze
ZiriTad winaaRmdegobas religia qmnis. magaliTad religiuri grZnobebi da
motivebi, romelsac induizmi badebs ar aris mimarTuli materialuri samyaroSi Zalauflebis mopovebisken, rac Tavis mxriv, gamoiyeneba misi gardaqmnisTvis. induizmi materialur realobas ganixilavs, rogorc safarvels, moCvenebiT realobas, romlis qveS kacobriobis WeSmariti interesebi imaleba. konfucenelTa Zalisxmevac iqiTkena mimarTuli, rom dasavluri azriT ekonomikuri ganviTareba SeaCeros, ramdenadac aq samyarosTan
harmoniis miRwevis mniSvneloba da ara masSi aqtiuri Carevaa mTavari. Tumca aq vebers erTi ram gamorCa mxedvelobidan. kerZod is, rom Raribi adamianic SeiZleba iyos bednieri.
veberisTvis religia sulis xsnis rwmena da am rwmenis Sesabamisi
moqmedebaa, rac im morwmuneTa gadarCenis mcdelobas gulisxmobs, vinc
qristianobis erTgulia da mis mcnebebs icavs. qristianobisaTvis Zalze
mniSvnelovania codvis cneba da misi gadalaxva RmerTis wyalobis meSveobiT. es Sexedulebebi morwmuneTa Soris garkveul daZabulobas da emocionalur dinamikas iwvevs, romlis msgavsi aRmosavlur religiebSi ar
105

kaxa qecbaia

arsebobs. sulis xsnis religia revoluciur aspeqts gulisxmobs. aRmosavluri religiebisagan gansxvavebiT, romlebic saganTa arsebuli wesrigis mimarT, morwmeneTa mWvretelobiT, pasiur orientacias gulisxmoben, qristianoba, piriqiT, codvasTan gamudmebuli brZolis stimulirebas axdens, rac, Tavis mxriv, saganTa arsebuli wesrigis gardaqmnas gulisxmobs. amdenad religia, veberis mixedviT, socialur cvlilebaTa
mZlavr stimulatorad gvevlineba.
socialur cvlilebebTan religiis kavSiris erT-erTi gamoxatuleba religiuri omebia, rasac masobriv sisxlisRvramde miuyvania sazogadoeba. religiis am funqciis Seswavlas veberisagan gansxvavebiT, SedarebiT nakleb yuradRebas aqcevda diurkemi.

kiTxvebi:
mokled daaxasiaTeT religiis struqtura. Tqveni azriT, religiis romeli struqturuli elementia mniSvnelovani da ratom?
mokled daaxasiaTeT religiis funqciebi. Tqveni azriT, religiis romeli funqciaa socialurad mniSvnelovani da ratom?
marqsis mixedviT, religia socialuri usamarTlobis ganmtkicebis erT-erTi saSualebaa. eTanxmebiT Tu ara am mosazrebas?
(pasuxi daasabuTeT).
diurkemis mixedviT, raSi mdgomareobs religiis maintegrirebeli funqcia?
veberis mixedviT, ratom aris religia socialuri cvlilebebis wyaro? (pasuxi dasasbuTeT da moyvaneT konkretuli magaliTebi).
davalebebi:
moamzadeT prezentacia Temaze: dakrZalvis, an qorwinebis
ritualebi sxvadasxva kulturaSi.
moamzadeT essei Temaze: dakrZalvis qarTuli ritualebi da
maTi socialuri daniSnuleba?

1.
2.

106

ZiriTadi literatura:
o. gabiZaSvili, religia, rogorc socialuri movlena, Tb., 1987.
n. smelzeri, sociologia, nawili III. Tavi 15. religia. m., 1994.
(rus. enaze). qarTuli Targmanis naxva SesaZlebelia www.socium.ge-ze.

religiis sociologia

3.
4.
5.
1.
2.

3.
4.
5.

e. gidensi, sociologia, Tavi 17. religia, m., 2005. (rus. enaze).

e. diurkemi, religiuri fenomenisa da religiis gansazRvreba,
wignSi: `religiuri cxovrebis elementaruli formebi~, Tb., 2004.
e. jgerenaia, leqciebi religiis sociologiaSi (internet versia).
damatebiTi literatura:
q. kalhuni, d. laiTi, s. keleri, sociologia, Tavi XIII, religia.
Tb., 2008.
j. maisionisi, sociologia, Tavi 18. religia. sankt-peterburgi, 2004.
o. gabiZaSvili, religiis sociologiis sakiTxebi, Tb., 1984.
o. gabiZaSvili, religiaTmcodneoba, Tb., 2002.
n. papuaSvili, religiis karibWe, religiis istoriiis Sesavali,
Tb., 1996.

A sakiTxavi masala
msoflio sulieri kulturis saTaveebi
(religiuri cnobierebis Tavdapirveli formebis
Casaxvisa da ganviTarebis problemebi)
ramdenime wlis winaT Sua aziaSi mogzauroba da
amudariaze borniT gadasvla momixda. borani nela midioda. SiSveli, meCxeri buCqnariT mosili dabali napirebi da muq-mwvane wyali ucnaur garemos qmnida. sanam borani moZraobda, vfiqrobdi imaze, rom odesRac
am mdinaris msgavsi iyo Zveli evfrati da, saerTod,
yvela mdinare, romelTa napirebze iSvnen uZvelesi
civilizaciebi. maSin me momagonda, rom am adgilidan,
amudariidan odnav moSorebiT, cotaTi aRmosavleTiT, adamianuri modgmis sulier sawyisebTan dakavSialeqsandre
rebuli erTob saintereso movlena moxda.
meni
jer kidev omamde, roca bevri Cvengani dabadebulic ar iyo, xolo me bavSvi viyavi, iq, Sua aziaSi, xeobidan xeobaSi gadadioda mcirericxovani eqspedicia, romelsac cnobili arqeologi
aleqsei okladnikovi xelmZRvanelobda. is miuval xeobaSi miemarTeboda, romelic or did mdinares Soris mdebareobda. DZvelTaganve cnobili
iyo, rom am xeobaSi adamianebi ucnaur Zvlebs poulobdnen, rom iq iseTi
uCveulo qvebi gvxdeba, romlebic TiTqos viRacis mier sagangebodaa
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kaxa qecbaia

gamoTlili. okladnikovma, romelic savele arqeologis JiniT iyo Sepyrobili, 1938 wlis zafxulSi iq patara eqspediciis organizeba moaxerxa. arqeologebi kldeze iseT adgilebSi micocavdnen, sadac mxolod
gareul mTis TxebsRa SeeZloT gavla. didi wvalebis Semdeg, bolos da
bolos, rogorc iqna, gamoqvabuls miaRwies. am adgils `TeSik-TaSi~ ewodeboda, sxva enaze, ubralod, `gamoqvabuli~. rodesac okladnikovma
Tavis damxmareebTan erTad iqamde miaRwia, man iq adamianis kargad Semonaxuli neSti ipova. is maSinaTve mixvda, rom es bavSvis an,Uukidures SemTxvevaSi, mozardis sxeulis nawilebi iyo. arqeologi gansakuTrebiT
iman daainteresa, rom Tavis qala TiTqmis mTlianad iyo gadarCenili.
okladnikovma Tavi mouyara da erTmaneTs Seaweba Tavis qalis as ormocdaaTi gaqvavebuli nawili: Tavis qala mTliani saxiT iqna aRdgenili.
Ees iyo sruliad sxva rasis adamianis, vidre gonieri (moazrovne)
adamiani _ homo sapiens-ia, ufro sworad, biWunas Tavis qala. xolo
rodesac ybebsa da warbszeda rkalebze midga jeri, okladnikovma igi
gansazRvra, rogorc neandertaleli, homo neanderthalensis, anu homo
primigenius-i, rogorc mas, zogjer uwodeben. biologiuri nomenklaturis sistemaSi igi homo-d iTvleba mxolod Tavisi gvaris gamo; erTni
mas gonieri adamianis winamorbedad miiCneven, meoreni _ mis uSualo winaprad. sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, gvaris romel xarisxSi vimyofebiT Cven neandertalelTan mimarTebaSi, dRemde mwvave kamaTis sagania. Ees adamianebi, anu adamianis msgavsi arsebebi, uzarmazar sivrceze cxovrobdnen
samxreT evropidan CineTis aRmosavleT sazRvrebamde. daaxloebiT 40
aTasi wlis winaT maTi kvali qreba. isini ikargebian da maTi Zvlebi arsad ar gvxvdeba. maT sanacvlod istoriis arenaze gamovdivarT Cven _
gonieri adamianebi. mas Semdeg, rac okladnikovma daSala da erTxel kidev kvlav aRadgina es ConCxi, aRmoCnda, rom bavSvi damarxuli iyo da
ara ubralod gadagdebuli; amasTan erTad am 8-9 wlis bavSvis improvizebuli saflavi mTis veluri Txis rqebiT iyo Semoragvuli. sxvaTa Soris, Sua aziis am midamoebSi XX saukunemde SemorCenili iyo mTis veluri Txis kulti. okladnikovma Tavisi monapovari dasavleT evropaSi napovn sxva masalas Seadara. arqeologebs xSirad aRmouCeniaT neandertalelis tipis primitiul adamianTa Tavis qala, erTnairi zomisa da
formis qvebiT Semowyobili: Tavi devs SuaSi, rogorc sxivebiT garSemortymuli mze. es mwiri, magram TavisTavad STambeWdavi niSnebi imaze
miuTiTeben, rom jer kidev manam, sanam adamiani srulfasovani gaxda,
anu adamianad iqca am sityvis sruli gagebiT, im erTaderT saxeobad,
romelic amJamad dedamiwaze cxovrobs, masSi ukve garkveuli religiu108

religiis sociologia

ri warmodgenebi arsebobda.
mecnierebi bevrs davoben imis Sesaxeb, adamianur arsebaTa romel
xarisxs miakuTvnon neandertaleli, magram maT Soris romelimes odnavadac ar ZaluZs sakuTari mosazrebis dasabuTeba, radganac Cven ar
ZalgviZs adamianamdeli am arsebis cnobierebis siRrmeebSi SeRweva.
CvenTan SedarebiT igi mainc sxva saxeobaa, romelic biologiuri ganviTarebis dabal safexurze imyofeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom mis kulturaSi SesamCnevia qvis primitiuli iaraRebi, cecxli, romelsac didxans
inaxavdnen, aq ver vipoviT xelovnebas, romelic sakacobrio istoriis
ganviTarebis umniSvnelovanesi safexuria. uZveles adamianTa xelovneba ki yovelTvis sulier, religiur sawyisTanaa dakavSirebuli.
Tanamedrove socialuri sinamdvilis Zalze bevri elementi mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli adamianuri yofierebisa da istoriis saTaveebTan. socialuri, ojaxuri, seqsualuri, kulturuli, mxatvruli, tradiciuli problemebi, problemebi, dakavSirebuli teritoriebis flobasTan da qsenofobiasTan, _ yoveli maTgani uxilavi ZafebiT miemarTeba uZvelesi adamianis cxovrebisaken, romelic Cvenamde ramdenime
aTeuli aTasi wlis winaT arsebobda. Cvens qvecnobierebaSi jer kidev
cocxalia raRac motivebi, ucnauri xmebi, raRacnairi eqo, romelic im
uZvelesi drois gamoZaxilia. magram X1X saukunis amayi, me vityodi, sakuTari civilizaciiT aRtacebuli adamiani Tvlida, rom samyaro mxolod sworxazobrivad viTardeba, rom pirvelyofili adamiani yvela mimarTebiT udablesi da veluria. analogiur mosazrebas pirvelad romael poet lukreciusTan vxvdebiT, romlis mixedviT, kacobriobis istoria _ es aris sibnelidan, velurobidan da barbarosobidan sinaTlisa
da civilizaciisaken zeaRmavali procesi. marTalia, lukreciuss miaCnda, rom amis Semdgom iwyeba ngrevisa da degradirebis procesi, magram
es sul sxva sakiTxia. X1X saukuneSi fiqrobdnen, rom araviTari degradacia ar iqneba. daesesxnen ra qristianobas, RvTis sasufevlis, rogorc adamianuri yofierebis da mTlianad istoriis miznis ideas, X1X
saukuneSi mravali moazrovne, saerTod, sazogadoebis ganaTlebuli nawili ratomRac darwmunebuli iyo, rom msoflio raketis msgavsad maRla miiswrafvis da aravis da arafers SeuZlia misi progresuli moZraobis SeCereba. sityva `progresi~ raRac `wminda~ terminad iqca. progresuli avtomaturad `kargs~ niSnavda. egonaT, rom adamianis yovelgvari
miRweva, teqnikis garTulebis gzaze misi yoveli nabiji anda mecnierebis sferoSi axali aRmoCenebi progress Seuwyobda xels, xolo ukan
mxolod wyvdiadi da Suasaukunoebrivi sibnele iyo. ra Tqma unda, iyo
mciredi gamonaTeba _ antikurobis saxiT, romelsac aRmosavluri
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kaxa qecbaia

wyvdiadi mohyveba da es yvelaferi, bolos da bolos, pirvelyofili

cxovrebis uTavbolo wyvdiadiT mTavrdeba.
am azrs, ra Tqma unda, raRaciT xom esaWiroeboda gamarTleba da
misi Zieba didi geografiuli aRmoCenebis droidan daiwyes, rodesac evropelebi okeaneTisaken daiZrnen da amerika aRmoaCines, roca isini axlos gaecnen afrikis Savkanian binadarT, CineTis mkvidrT da, saerTod,
manamde arnaxul da gaugonar qveynebs. magram maSinaTve, rogorc ki Sexeba mouxdaT materialuri civilizaciis dabal safexurze myof adamianebTan, bevrma maTganma daaskvna, rom es aris swored is veluri, uZvelesi pirvelyofili adamiani. isini darwmunebuli iyvnen, rom es axalaRmoCenili arsebebi cxovelebisagan didad ar gansxvavdebodnen. XIX
s-Si darvinis mimdevari Eernst hekeli ambobda, rom velurebs ufro meti aqvT saerTo iseT ganviTarebul cxovelebTan, rogoricaa maimunebi
da ZaRlebi, vidre maRalganviTarebul evropel adamianTan. rodesac
darvini cecxlovan miwaze moxvda, maSin man aseTnairad aRwera iqauri
mkvidrni: `veluri adamianebi budidan amovardnili TvalebiT, saxis
Clungi gamometyvelebiT, pirze duJmoreulni, romelTac adamianobis
aranairi niSanwyali ar etyobaT.~ es mosazreba Zalian swrafad damkvidrda saerTod mTels mecnierebaSi da kerZod imdroisaTvis axalwarmoqmnil anTropologiaSi. gaCnda mosazreba, romlis mixedviT, yovelive
naTeli adamians mxolod win aqvs da rac ufro male ganTavisufldeba
igi imisagan, rac warsulSi iyo, miT umjobesia misTvis. xolo ramdenadac Zalze kargad uwyodnen, rom pirvelyofil adamianebs aqvT garkveuli tipis religia da rwmena, amdenadve eCqarebodaT am rwmenis damcireba, miaCndaT ra igi uxeS crurwmenad, velurobad da barbarosobad;
maTi mizani iyo imis Cveneba, rom religiis sawyisi, misi saTaveebi uvicobis wyvdiadSi, bunebis Zalebis mimarT adamianis SiSSi, umweobasa da
determinirebulobaSi devs, sxva sityvebiT, imgvar raRacaSi, rac progresis gziT daiZleva da unda daiZlios kidec.
aseTi iyo XVIII_XIX ss-is ideologia, Mmagram es miTi ganuviTarebeli veluri adamianis Sesaxeb TandaTan gaifanta. albaT bevr Tqvengans
smenia Tavis droze (daaxloebiT 100 wlis win) kargad cnobili eduard
teilorisa (is miTosisa da pirvelyofili religiebis erT-erTi didi
specialisti iyo) da jeimz jorj frezeris Sesaxeb (romlis wigni `oqros rto~ axlaxan xelaxla gamoica). Ee.w. velurebTan uSualo kontaqtis
gareSe maT Seqmnes TavianTi konstruqciebi velurobaze, sibneleze, gulubryvilobasa da im adamianTa primitiulobaze, romlebic civilizaciis ganviTarebis dabal safexurze imyofebian. Aamis Semdeg bevri mecnier-mkvlevari iZulebuli gaxda uari eTqva gabatonebul mosazrebaze.
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Mikluxo-maklai iyo erT-erTi pirveli, vinac Tundac cota xniT Seabija

am adamianTa samyaroSi da iciT ra naxa man? Mman naxa, rom isini iseTive
adamianebi arian, rogoric Cven _ msgavsi miswrafebebiT, gancdebiT,
codvebiT, SecdomebiT, fiqrebiTa da logikuri msjelobiT. Mikluxomaklai werda: `me vcdilobdi ar SemeRwia maT sulismiRmier cxovrebaSi,
rwmenaSi.~ is Zalze taqtiani adamiani iyo. mas miaCnda, rom is mcire dro,
rac man gvineis sanapiroze gaatara, sakmarisi rodia imisaTvis, rom pirvelyofili adamianis sulis siRrmeebs Caswvde. magram mikluxo-maklaisa da sxva pioner-mkvlevrebs mosdevda tyeebis, savanebisa da preriebis
idumalebiT mocul mcxovrebTa axali mkvlevrebis armiebi. ra aRmoaCines maT? aRmoCnda, rom amazonis tevrSi da avstraliis naxevarudabnoSi
Cvengan gansxvavebuli maRali sulieri kulturis mqone uZvelesi adamianebi cxovroben. maTi kultura Cvensas ar hgavs. magaliTad: aborigen
avstralielebs ritualebis urTierT- damokidebulebis urTulesi
sistema aqvT, kolosaluri odenobis miTebi da legendebi. maT garkveuli warmodgena aqvT adamianze, bunebasa da uzenaes sawyisze. swored am
warmodgenebis safuZvelze ageben isini sazogadoebriv urTierTobebsa
da qmnian kulturas. maTi kulturis analizis Sedegad gairkva, rom primitiuli adamiani primitiulia mxolod erT rameSi _ esaa teqnika, civilizacia, xolo sulieri TvalsazrisiT is srulebiT ar aris primitiuli.
erT-erTi mkvlevari ambobda: Tuki Tqven xedavT e.w. velurs, romelic xis Ziras zis da gaunZrevlad erT wertils misCerebia, maSin nu
iCqarebT fiqrs imaze, rom igi usaqmuria da, ubralod, umiznod damjdara xis qveS, am adamianisaTvis niSneuliaERrma Sinagani cxovreba. erTma mogzaurTaganma, romelic kongos uRran tyeebSi didxans cxovrobda, sadac jer kidev SemorCa im cxovelTa uZvelesi saxeobebi, romlebic sxvagan yvelgan ganadgurdnen, Sexvda ra pigmeebs, aRniSna, rom maT
aqvT suliereba, goniereba da mTeli rigi maRalganviTarebuli religiuri warmodgenebi. am velurTa zneobrivi srulyofilebis done ara marto evropelis doneze dabalia, aramed bevrad aWarbebs mas. es ar niSnavs, rom primitiuli adamiani aucileblad keTilia da mxolod zneobrivi principebiT cxovrobs, magram civilizaciis dabali done da primitiuli cxovrebis wesi xels ar uSlis Zalze faqizi sulieri struqturis Camoyalibebas.
Mmravali mecnieri, bolos da bolos, mivida sulieri elementis
mniSvnelobis aRiarebamde, romelic im kulturaTa safuZvlad devs,
romelTac Cvenamde moitanes imis monaxazi, Tumca xSir SemTxvevaSi arazusti, Tu rogor cxovrobdnen Cveni winaprebi mravali aTasi wlis wi111

kaxa qecbaia

naT, da Tuki es monaxazi nawilobriv mainc sandoa, maSin Cven unda vaRiaroT: diax, uzenaesi, sulier-goniTi, wminda, religiuri da zneobrivi
iyo maTi cxovrebis safuZvelTa safuZveli.
Aaq Cven Zalze mniSvnelovani sakiTxis ganxilvas mivadeqiT. aviRoT, magaliTad, saeklesio Tu saero arqiteqturisa Tu xelovnebis nebismieri nimuSi, iqneba es ucnauri induri taZari _ induisturi an budisturi, an musulmanuri meCeTi Tavisi mkacri formebiT, wm. petres anda macxovris taZari, egviptis piramidebi, Tundac sabWoebis darbazis
proeqti. yoveli maTgani adamianTa sulieri, Sinagani xedvis garegnuli
xorcSesxmaa; imis niSania, rom isini intuiturad yofierebis arss acnobiereben da es yovelive maTi rwmenis garegamovlenaa, gansxeulebaa am
sityvis farTo mniSvnelobiT. Tuki egvipteli sulis arsebobas, rogorc maradiulobas, ise SeigrZnobda, maSin egvipturi xelovnebis nawarmoebi am maradiulobis xorcSesxmad unda miviCnioT. rodesac Zveli
berZeni grZnobda, rom aq, mis gverdiT, sakuTar myudro garemoSi samyaros Semqmneli uxilavi cocxali Zalebi saxloben, maSin igi maT ise miamsgavsebda adamianebs, TiTqos nimfebi, satirebi da RmerTebi misi RviZli Zmebi da debi yofiliyvnen.
rodesac nebismieri kulturis sawyisze vsaubrobT, pirvel rigSi
unda davayenoT sakiTxi ara imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogoria misi materialuri
formebi, aramed imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogori suli devs maT safuZvelSi. da
Tuki civilizaciis istorias gonebis Tvals gadavavlebT, ar unda gagviWirdes imis dadgena, Tu rogori sulieri siRrmeebia mis miRma dafaruli. garda amisa, Cven viciT, rom, rodesac adamians sulier sferoSi
destabilizacia, krizisi, ganxeTqileba ewyeba, maSin es yovelive erTianad moicavs mTel kulturas. swored amitom dRes Cven gvinda TqvenTan
erTad CavixedoT sulierebis istoriaSi, Cveni qveynisa da mTeli msoflios civilizaciis warsulSi ara fuWi cnobismoyvareobiT (ara imis gamo, Tu `es rogor iyo winaT~), aramed imisaTvis, rom kulturisa da rwmenis SemaduRabebeli is urRvevi siRrmiseuli kavSirebi gavigoT, romelic Segnebulad iyo daviwyebuli, uaryofili da gadagdebuli. cxovrebam da praqtikam daadastura Zveli WeSmariteba: rodesac Ziri gamoeTxreba, xe xmeba da fesvebis gamosacocxleblad aucilebelia imis codna, Tu ra sWirdeba maT amisaTvis. maT ki macocxlebeli sinotive da niadagi sWirdeba. niadagi _ es aris sicocxle, miwieri arsebobisa da yofierebis simbolo; sinotive sulia, romelic mas kvebavs. ai, ratom aris
CvenTvis mniSvnelovani dafiqreba imaze, Tu saidan modis da sad midis
adamiani. sagulisxmoa, rom saxelmZRvaneloebSi, romelTa wakiTxva Cven
xSirad gviwevda, vawydebodiT azrs imis Sesaxeb, rom pirvelyofili
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adamiani aTeisti iyo anda, rogorc gvaswavlidnen, _ stiqiuri materialisti. am Tvalsazrisis miReba Zalze Znelia, Tundac imitom rom Tuki
warmarTisagan SeiZleba darCes kerpi, fetiSistisagan _ fetiSi, qristianisagan _ jvari an kidev sxva wminda niSani, maSin ra niSans datovebs
pirvelyofili adamianis stiqiuri materializmi? es raRac umavTulo
telegrafis msgavsia, rogorc es erT Zvel istoriaSia moTxrobili,
romlis mixedviT, aseTi ram hqondaT uZveles adamianebs, imitom rom
gaTxrebSi mavTuli ar iqna napovni.
mravali faqti mTlianad uaryofs am Tvalsazriss. me imiT daviwye,
rom adamianis winamorbeds, neandertalels ukve hqonda bundovani (nu
SevecdebiT mis zust gansazRvrebas) SegrZneba imisa, rom arsebobs raRac sxva yofiereba; xolo rogorc ki adamiani xdeba adamiani, is maSinaTve moipovebs maradiulTan kavSirs, anu mas uCndeba religia. faqtobrivad, xelovneba, religia da adamiani Tanatolebi arian, Tumca,
sxvadasxva saxelmZRvaneloebSi me Semxvedria imis mtkiceba, rom mravali milioni wlis ganmavlobaSi adamiani religiis gareSe arsebobda.
Cven gvyavda erTi istorikosi, romelmac ramdenime wigni dawera am Temaze. erT-erT maTgans aseTi saTauri hqonda: `religiamdeli epoqa,~
magram is ZiriTadad avstralopiTekebsa da piTekanTropebs ganixilavda, romelTa miCneva adamianad, am sityvis sruli mniSvnelobiT, SeuZlebelia. biologiurad isini SesaZlebelia mivakuTvnoT gvars_homo,
magram es sakmarisi ar aris imisaTvis, rom isini adamianad miviCnioT.
ra moZraoba SeiZleba Cven davinaxoT aq? adamiani yovelTvis idga
raRac garkveul sulier platformaze, magram aris ki es ganviTareba?
_ ara. da ai sabuTi: espaneTis gamoqvabulebSi napovnia saRebaviT Sesrulebuli naxatebi; paleoliTis epoqis pirvelyofilma mxatvarma kedelze mdgari da morbenali bizonebi, mamontebi da martorqebi daxata.
am naxatTaGgabeduli xazebi da SesaniSnavi ferebi kargad aCvenebs masze
gamosaxul arsebaTa saxes, ris gasakeTeblad uZluri iqneba bevri Tanamedrove mxatvris funji.
maSin sakiTxavia: viTardeba Tu ara xelovneba? ara. mSvenieri adamianuri kulturis yvela epoqaSi mSvenieri iyo. diax, mas hqonda istoria, anu iyo formaTa sxvadasxvaoba, sulierebisa da kulturis sxvadasxva formebi, magram ganviTareba im azriT, rom xelovneba Tavdapirvelad primitiuli iyo da mxolod amis Semdeg miiwevda maRla da maRla,
ar yofila. Tuki Tqven Zveli saberZneTis klasikur skulpturebs (romelic nebismier saxelmZRvaneloSia mocemuli) gaixsenebT, vfiqrob,
mixvdebiT imas, Tu ra aris saWiro amgvari simaRlisaTvis. DamasTan veravin ityvis imas, rom misi winamorbedi masze dabali rangisaa. nebismieri
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Tanamedrove mxatvari an xelovnebaTmcodne getyviT, rom arqaul berZnul xelovnebaSi Tavisi gansakuTrebuli silamazea.
XIX saukunis bolos mweralma da istorikosma petre gnediCma Tavis sqeltanian samtomeulSi `xelovnebis istoria uZvelesi droidan~
berZnul xatweras orad ori gverdi dauTmo mxolod, aRniSna ra, rom
Zvelebma, ubralod, ar icodnen xatva da amitomac isini ase primitiulad werdnen xatebs, xolo SemdgomSi Seiswavles anatomia da sworad
xatvasac Seudgnen. dRes Cven viciT, rom es gulubryvilo Tvalsazrisia. realistur xelovnebaze gadasvla srulebiT ar niSnavda progress.
es mxolod istoriis erTi fazaTagania. Tavad istoria adamianuri Semoqmedebis bedisweraa. ueWvelia, rom sulier samyaroSi aris aRmasvla,
oRond is sul sxva tipis kanonzomierebas eqvemdebareba da amis Sesaxeb
TqvenTan gveqneba saubari kacobriobis sulieri cxovrebis analizis
procesSi.
Tumca aqve unda aRvniSno Semdegi: Cven miveCvieT materialuri
movlenebisa da procesebis, rogorc erTaderTi da namdvili sinamdvilis saxiT ganxilvas, TiTqos is iyos erTaderTi realoba. magram saidan
iRebs saTaves materialuri realobis Sesaxeb Cveni codna? _ sakuTari
grZnobadi gamocdilebidan. magram igive grZnoba, rogoric Cven gvaqvs,
Simpanzesac da ZaRlsac aqvs, oRond adamianis aRqmisagan gansxvavebuli. aris raRac, rac Cven cxovelTa samyarosTan gvaaxloebs. adamiani
sulier-goniTi arsebaa, romelsac ufro didi niWi aqvs, vidre grZnobadi gamocdileba. es sulieri ZRveni, romelic adamians aqvs, aris yvelaze Zvirfasi da wmidaTawmida. es niWi ukvdavia da igi gansakuTrebul
mopyrobas saWiroebs, imitom rom igi marcvaliviTaa CaTesili adamianSi, romlisganac raRac gansakuTrebuli unda aRmocendes.
zemoT me visaubre adamianamdel arsebaTa primitiul formebze.
saqme isaa, rom Cven ara marto maT venaTesavebiT, aramed sisxliT naTesavi varT dedamiwis binadar nebismier arsebasTan, yvela maTganTan
varT kavSirSi. rogor aris agebuli adamianis ujredi? _ iseve, rogorc nebismieri mcenarisa da nebismieri cxovelis ujredi. amitomac
Cven ganuyofeli varT Cveni garemomcveli samyarosagan da am samyarodan Cveni gariyva SeuZlebelia _ yvelas gvWirdeba haeri, sakvebi, wyali, gravitacia da a.S. cota xnis win me kosmonavtTa qalaqSi viyavi da
kosmonavtebs vesaubre. iq maT maCvenes skafandri, romliTac isini kosmosSi gadian. es iseTive sruliad avtonomiuri warmonaqmnia, rogoric
kosmosuri xomaldi. magram iciT ratom? imitom rom adamiani mTeli rigi kvanZebiTaa gadanaskvuli garemomcvel samyarosTan. igi aris miwa. ai,
ras ambobs amis Sesaxeb biblia: adamiano, Sen miwa iyav da miwadve iqcevi.
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adamianis sxeuli, uflis sityviT miwis mtvrisagan, materiisagan, nivTierebisaganaa Seqmnili, igi dagvaqvs Cven da sabolood masve vubrunebT.
magram adamiani mxolod mtveri rodia. igi yofierebis sul sxva
ganzomilebasTanaa wilnayari, romlis danaxva SeuZlebelia da swored
es aris mniSvnelovani momenti. modiT, sruliad ubraloTi daviwyoT.
isini, visac surT samyaro mxolod xiluliT SemosazRvron, im axirebuli damkvirveblis msgavs mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndebian, romelmac rentgenis kabinaSi didi mxatvari Tu moazrovne Seityua da ambobs: masSi
araferi gansakuTrebuli ar aris, SexedeT, _ Cans xerxemali, Tavis qala, feTqavs guli, magaram sad aris misi genialuroba, sad aris misi azrebi anda grZnobebi? marTlac, yvelaferi naTlad Cans, magram umTavresi ar Cans da sinamdvileSi arc SeiZleba Candes. saqme is rodia, rom es
erTgvari fizikuri velia (CvenSi Zalian uyvarT am terminis borotad
gamoyeneba), romelsac Cveni xelsawyoebi ver aCveneben. ara, ubralod,
unda vaRiaroT, rom asea mowyobili realoba: mas ori aspeqti aqvs _ xiluli da uxilavi. amitomac aris naTqvami Cveni rwmenis simbolos _
mrwamsis _ pirvel wevrSi, rom RmerTi aris Semoqmedi xilulTa yovelTa da araxilulTa, anu yofierebis ori aspeqtisa. yvelaferi amazea
damyarebuli. yofierebis es ori aspeqti erTmaneTTan Zalze Taviseburad da paradoqsulad aris dakavSirebuli; maT Soris ukukavSiri arsebobs anu, ase vTqvaT, organizmis mZime fizikuri mdgomareoba gavlenas
axdens mis fsiqikaze da piriqiT: suls SeuZlia uCveulo rameebis moxdena. albaT bevr Tqvengans smenia cecxlze siarulis Sesaxeb, sakuTari
organoebis uneblie marTvaze, romelsac iogebi aRweven. vfiqrob, rom
bevri magaliTis motana aq srulebiT ar aris saWiro. roca uyureb hipnozTan dakavSirebul movlenebs (hipnozi TavisTavad gamocanaa, radganac calke aRebuli sityva arafers ar gveubneba da sinamdvileSi es rCeba gamocanad rogorc pacientisaTvis, aseve hipnotiziorisaTvis), fiqrob, Tu ra SeuZlia adamianis am uxilav nawils _ mis suls, Tu raoden
uzarmazari energia da SesaZleblobebia masSi Cadebuli.
adamiani bunebis Svilia, misi msgavsi. yvavilis ujredebi iseTivea,
rogoric Cveni, maT erTnairi struqtura aqvT; iq aris birTvi da protoplazma, magram ismis kiTxva: ras emsgavseba adamianis sulieri ganzomileba?
CvenTvis, qristianTaTvis, iseve rogorc yvela morwmunisaTvis
dedamiwaze, romelic yovelTvis umravlesobas warmoadgenda, adamiani
Tavis sulier ganzomilebaSi RvTis _ yovlis Semoqmedis msgavsi da xatia. amaSia misi tragikulobac, paradoqsulobac, sidiadeca da bednierebac. Cveni drois cnobilma eqimma da biologma aleqsi karelma ase da115

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arqva Tavis wigns: `adamiani _ es gamocanaa.~ jer kidev alfred rasel

uolesi, romelmac darvinTan erTdroulad bunebrivi gadarCevis Teoria Seqmna, aseTnairad ayenebda sakiTxs: kargi, adamians sWirdeba garkveuli Tvisebebi imisaTvis, rom gadarCes, rom ufro keTilmowyobili
ojaxuri garemo hqondes, sadac Zlieri imarjvebs da gadarCeba, magram
risTvis sWirdeba mas ganyenebuli azrovneba, ratom eswrafvis igi arsebobis, cxovrebis sazrisisa da WeSmaritebis dausrulebel Ziebas? ratomaa, rom adamianSi mTavaria zebunebrivi? uolesi pasuxobda: mizezi
aq SeiZleba iyos mxolod erTi _ es Tvisebebi gansakuTrebulia, isini
fesvgadgmulia zebunebriv sawyisSi da maTdami udieri mopyroba cxovlad daaCndeba adamianTa modgmas. kacobriobis istoriaSi skepticizmisa da urwmunoebis periodebi yovelTvis saSiSi iyo.
sulierebis sawyisebze saubari msurs davasrulo problemiT, romelic dRes yvelas aRelvebs, mxedvelobaSi maqvs zneobriobis sakiTxi.
Tqven albaT wakiTxuli geqnebaT iuri dombrovskis wigni `usargeblo
nivTTa fakulteti,~ magram Cems Tavs uflebas mivcem SegaxsenoT zogierTi ram am wignidan: saubroben mTavari gmiri da axalgazrda gamomZiebeli qali. roca kaci ekiTxeba, _ ratom gaqvT Tqven aseTi antihumanuri meTodebi da ase mkacrad ratom udgebiT admianebs? _ qali pasuxobs: kanoniereba, humanizmi, samarTali _ es yvelaferi, rasac Tqven
iq, fakultetze gaswavlidnen, usargeblo nivTTa fakultetia. TviTdajerebuli es axalgazrda qali sxvis sityvebs imeorebda; imeorebda
sityvebs, rasac mTeli Taobebi ambobdnen: es yovelive usargeblo nivTebia. SemdgomSi ki aRmoCndeba, rom swored es usargeblo nivTebi yofila yvelaze metad saWiro da aucilebeli, radganac rom maT gareSe
adamiani iRupeba. amas winaT henrix iagodas sikvdiliswina sityvebi wavikiTxe, romelic ambobs: `me imdeni adamiani movspe da vawame, rom awi
Cemi rigic dadga. Cemi momrevic aRmoCnda. es niSnavs, rom RmerTi arsebobs.~
Zalze vwuxvar, rom Cven msgavs daskvnebamde mxolod kritikul situaciebSi mivdivarT. magram sjobs gvian, vidre arasodes. sakiTxis arsi SemdegSi mdgomareobs: arsebobs Tu ara msoflio zneobrivi wesrigi,
aris Tu ara sikeTe obieqturi Tu is adamianebis mier mogonili pirobiTi kategoriaa? Tuki sikeTe pirobiTi kategoriaa, maSin advilia masze
uaris Tqma, misi gadagdeba da yvelasaTvis mxolod misi sakuTari kriteriumebis dadgena. msgavsi mosazreba egocentrikis modelidan momdinareobs: kerZod, sikeTe aris is, rac momwons me, boroteba ki _ rac
ar momwons; ise, rogorc es erT-erTi misioneris Sesaxeb gavrcelebul
istoriaSia moTxrobili, romelsac undoda warmarTisaTvis gaegebine116

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bina, Tu ra aris sikeTe da boroteba da am mizniT hkiTxa mas: ai, Tuki Sen
Zroxas mogparaven, es borotebaa? _ diax, es borotebaa. _ Tuki Sen moiparav Zroxas? _ maSin es sikeTea. Cven yvelani daaxloebiT am poziciaze vdgavarT, radganac egocentrizmi niSandoblivia adamianisaTvis.
Tqven ikiTxavT: saidan modis is? ratom aris adamiani egocentruli?
pirvel rigSi aRsaniSnavia is, rom Cven yvelani modgmiT bavSvobidan
movdivarT. adamiani bavSvobaSi yovelTvis raRacas iRebs, moixmars _
mas aWmeven, asmeven, aZineben, acmeven, Tavs evlebian da yovelive amis
Semdeg is fiqrobs, rom ase unda iyos yovelTvis. es erT- erTi mizezia.
arsebobs kidev meore mizezi, romelsac Cven kacobriobis pivelyofil
codvas vuwodebT. odesRac Jan-Jak ruso ambobda, rom RmerTma adamiani
Seqmna mSvenieri, magram civilizaciam, gareganma pirobebma igi gaafuWa,
garyvna da Cven yovellTvis amis rwmenisaken vixrebiT. lev tolstoi
jvris nacvlad mkerdiT Jan-Jak rusos suraTs daatarebda. sicocxlis
bolo wuTebamde mas mtkiced swamda, rom adamiani bunebiT keTilia.
magram, modiT, erTi wuTiT xeli gulze davidoT da vTqvaT: asea
Tu ara es sinamdvileSi? didad keTilSobilma da niWierma adamianma evgeni evtuSenkom, romelic Znelbedobis Jams gabedulad gamodioda, Tavis erT-erT leqsSi dawera: `me mjera adamianis.~ iqve igi anadgurebs
yvela tirans, diqtators, salazars, berias. magram isinic xom adamianebi iyvnen? vis unda davujeroT? ratom unda gvjerodes keTilis da borotis ki ara?
Mme SemiZlia ivane mrisxanis sindisis qenjnis gageba. is qristianuli mcnebebiT aRzrdili adamiani iyo da icoda, rom udanaSaulo sisxlis daRvra codvaa. is sisxls Rvrida. Semdeg nanobda da wuxda. Semdeg
isev sisxls Rvrida da isev itanjeboda. Mmas gamudmebiT hqonda satanjveli. rogori satanjveli unda hqonoda, vTqvaT, stalins? is miiCnevda, rom adamianebi, ubralod, naxiria da meti araferi, dRemokle arsebebi, romelTa mokvla araferi ar Rirs. codva, boroteba, rogorc aseTi, ar arsebobs. misTvis, im veluris msgavsad, romlis Sesaxebac zemoT
iyo saubari, borotebaa mxolod da mxolod is, rac adamianebze sakuTari Zalauflebis damyarebaSi xels SeuSlida, xolo sxva danarCeni sisulelea da amitomac aranairi dabrkoleba ar arsebobs.
sikeTe da boroteba obieqturi kategoriebia da sikeTis principis
erTguleba aris Semoqmedis mcneba da neba. swored imis gamo, rom igi
uflis mcnebaa, amitomac ar gveZleva igi martivad. Cven xom ar mogveca,
vTqvaT, or fexze siarulis mcneba, _ CvenTvis es bunebrivia. xolo rodesac saxareba ambobs imis Sesaxeb, rom unda mivutevoT erTmaneTs Secodebani Cvenni, _ es ukve mcnebaa da igi niSnavs, rom saWiroa brZola
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sakuTari Tavis gadasalaxavad, rac adamianisaTvis arc ise bunebrivia.

magram Tuki mcneba maRlidan gveZleva, maSin ratom arRvevs mas adamiani? adamianma mcneba Tavidanve daaarRvia. vfiqrob, Tqven yvelas gaxsovT bibliaSi aRwerili pirvel kacTa Secodebis istoria. am istorias
sakmaod dascines, gaamasxaraves, sakmao karikaturebi daxates, magram
mTavari gamorCaT, ris Sesaxebac Tavis droze brwyinvaled ambobda
mRvdelmTavari abakumi: `is, rac iyo maSin, xdeba axlac.~ Tavis erT-erT
qadagebaSi igi hyveboda adamisa da evas Sesaxeb da Semdeg es drama Tavis
Tanadroul movlenebze gadmohqonda.
biblia xatovnad gvaswavlis maradiulze. adamiani RvTis winaSe
dgas da mas yvelaferi gamoecxadeba, yofierebis uzarmazari horizontebi mis winaSe wigniviTaa gadaSlili, buneba mas eZleva imisaTvis, rom
man, rogorc es bibliaSia naTqvami, SeZlos `gaanayofieros da mouaros
mas.~ es niSnavs Sromas da bunebis, rogorc Zmuri sawyisis, gagebas; adamianic xom igive miwisganaa Seqmnili, romlisganac cxovelebi; isini misi
ucrosi da-Zmebi arian, xolo is maTi patronia da ara batoni, tirani. is
maT saxels arqmevs. da aris mxolod erTi xe samoTxis SuagulSi, edemis
centrSi, romelic adamianisTvis akrZalulia, _ es aris keTilisa da
borotis Secnobis xe. RmerTma uTxra adamians: `Sen mokvdebi, Tuki igemeb nayofs am xisgan.~ marTlac, Cven gvaocebs, ratom ar unda icodes
adamianma keTili da boroti, zneobrioba xom swored amaSi mdgomareobs?Kmagram saqme isaa, rom bibliis amgvari wakiTxva Zalze zedapirulia. biblias yuradRebiT unda wakiTxva, misi sxvadasxva adgilebis Sedareba. sikeTe da boroteba am konteqstSi ar niSnavs zneobriv kategoriebs, es cxovrebis, arsebobis polusebia: cudi da kargi, sasargeblo
da mavnebeli, rogorc Cinelebs aqvT, in da ian; esaa idiomaturi gamoTqma Tov va-ra (ebr.) _ sikeTe da boroteba, rac yvelafers moicavs.
xolo Semecneba? Zveli aRTqma, ise rogorc axali, Semecnebis ideas ar cnobs im ganyenebuli azriT, rogorc es antikur filosofiaSia
mocemuli. antikuri azrovnebisaTvis `Semecneba~ Sesamecnebelis inteleqtisaTvis gamWvirvaled gaxdomas niSnavs; bibliur azrovnebaSi `Semecneba~ dauflebas, Serwymas, sulis mTeli arsebiT SegrZnebas niSnavs.
`da Seicno adamma eva, coli Tvisi~ _ es Tqma kacisa da qalis intimuri
SeerTebis aRsaniSnavad ixmareba.
amitomac keTilisa da borotis Secnobis xe _ es aris bunebis, yofierebis sayovelTao simbolo, romelzec Zalaufleba ZaladobiTa da
urwmunoebiT ar unda aeRo adamians, radganac mas ampartavnoba mohyveboda. amitomac aris masze tabu dadebuli.
ase TamaSdeba maradiuli drama. midis eva am tabudadebul xesTan
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da yovelgvari simdablis, mzakvrobis, zvaobisa da ampartavnobis simbolo _ gveli eubneba mas: `ra, RmerTma Tqven agikrZalaT yvela xis nayofis Wama?~ am yvelaze did provokacias is pasuxobs: `ara, yvela Cvenia,
am erTi xis garda.~ `ratom gaqvT akrZaluli am xis nayofis Wama?~ `imitom rom RmerTma gviTxra, mokvdebiT, Tuki misgan nayofs igemebTo.~
`ar mokvdebiT, _ ambobs gveli, _ ar mokvdebiT, aramed iqnebiT, rogorc RmerTi, sikeTisa da borotebis mcodne, keTilisa da borotis
mflobeli~ (anu Tqven RvTis metoqeebi gaxdebiT, iqnebiT RmerTiviT da
marad icocxlebT). es sakmarisi iyo imisaTvis, rom Cvenma pirveldedam
evam aiRo nayofi, daxeda mas da igi moeCvena, rogorc sanukvari da saocnebo ram, mokbiCa da Semdeg nayofi igi adammac igema.
es aris adamianis TviTdamkvidrebis mcdeloba, rom RvTaebriv,
kosmiur nebas sakuTari neba daupirispiros; Seqmnas sakuTari normebi,
maT Soris zneobrivi, mianiWos sakuTar Tavs bunebasa da zneobaze gamgeblobis ufleba. yovelive es adamianis sayovelTao codvis siRrmidan
momdinareobs. ai, ratom ar iyo marTali ruso, roca ambobda, rom adamiani bunebiT keTilia. adamianSi erTmaneTs ebrZvian sikeTe da boroteba, rogorc dostoevski ambobda, satana ebrZvis RmerTs da brZolis veli adamianis gulia. Tuki am metad mniSvnelovan momentebs miviRebT
mxedvelobaSi, Cven advilad gavigebT adamianuri istoriis mTel sirTulesa da didebulebas. Cven am SemTxvevaSi siZneleTa gadalaxvis gziT
mivdivarT da srulebiT ar vgavarT im velurs, romelic civilizaciam
gaafuWa. amave dros adamiani sakuTar Tavsac emtereba. mas surs sakuTar Tavze amaRleba. kacobriobis istoria aris ara ganviTarebis, aramed im RvTaebrivis saxelisaTvis marcxiTa da gamarjvebebiT aRsavse
brZolis gza, romelic TiToeul CvenganSia Cadebuli. rac ufro axlos
vimyofebiT pirvelsaxesTan, miT ufro axlos varT Cveni amocanis ganxorcielebasTan. ifiqreT imaze, rom CvenSi cocxlobs es RvTaebrivi.
RmerTi ki, ra Tqma unda, CvenSi ar cxovrobs. amis mtkiceba kadniereba
da metafizikurad uazrobaa. Cven SezRuduli, `pirobiTi~, zRvardebuli arsebebi varT, magram amasTanave ganvasaxierebT maradiuls, `upirobos~ da es unda SevigrZnoT, Sinaganad ganvicadoT, radganac aq aris sulieri ganviTarebis wyaro, romelic gavlenas axdens adamianebTan,
Cvens ZmebTan da debTan damokidebulebaze, moqmedebs Cveni Sromis
procesze, yovelive imaze, rasac cxovrebaSi vakeTebT. adamiani xom yvela miwier qmnilebaTagan erTaderTia, romelic qmnis, is erTaderTi Semoqmedia. Cven vqmniT RvTis mibaZviT.
amgvarad, adamianis sulieri Camoyalibebis Zirebi zecisken, maradiulisken miswrafebaa, da es exeba ara mxolod did Semoqmeds, ara mxo119

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lod didi SemoqmedebiTi aRmafrenis epoqebs, aramed TiToeuli Cvenganis yoveldRiur cxovrebasac. ukvdavi arc ise Sorsaa, is CvenSia. is
CvenTvis bevrad ufro arsebiTia, vidre sxva ram. Cveni bedniereba, Cveni
Sinagani harmonia imaSi mdgomareobs, rom aRmovaCinoT igi CvenSi. adamianma im droidan dakarga RmerTi, rogorc ki RvTis nebas sakuTari neba
daupirispira. es araerTxel yofila kacobriobis istoriaSi da msgavsi
ram dResac grZeldeba. `Tqven iqnebiT viTarca RmerTebi, keTilisa da
borotis mcodneni...~es sityvebi saukuneebis manZilze meordeba. magram
ra mouvida adams maSin, rodesac man akrZaluli xis nayofi igema? man
dainaxa sakuTari siSiSvle _ ai mTeli misi RvTaebrioba. msgavs mdgomareobaSi varT Cven, XX saukunis adamianebi, dResac. XIX saukune aRsavse
iyo imis imidiT, rom XX saukune da momdevno epoqa RmerTebis epoqa iqneboda. `adamianebi, rogorc RmerTebi~ _ ase uwoda uelsma erT-erT
Tavis utopiur wigns. adamiani gamarjvebuli daeufleba mexsa da elvas,
is adis kosmosSi da eSveba okeanis fskerze, ufro da ufro iZireba materiis siRrmeebSi, is male gaxdeba sikeTisa da borotebis Semcnobi,
magram saukunis miwuruls Cven vxedavT, rom SiSvelni varT, rom aman
yvelaferma ar gviSvela. TavisTavad mecniereba kargi ramaa, magram igi
uZluria kacobrioba bednieri gaxados, radganac mecniereba Cveni yofierebis erT-erTi mxaris gamomxatvelia, xolo adamianuri yofierebis
birTvi aris is, rac maradiulTanaa kavSirSi. pirvelyofili adamiani,
romelic grZnobda yofierebis saidumlos, kosmiur majiscemas, Zveli
CineTisa da saberZneTis, Zveli romisa da Sua saukuneebis da, saerTod,
yvela epoqis adamiani miT ufro mSvenieri iyo, rac ufro metad uaxlovdeboda RmerTs.
adamianuri Ziebebis centrSi, rogorc mTeli yofierebis gzajvaredinze, dgas jvari. ratom? ra unda momxdariyo?
maradiuloba CvenTvis miuRwevelia. me xSirad vaxseneb esaia winaswarmetyvelis wigns. RmerTi winaswarmetyvelis piriT ambobs: `rogorc
ca aris daSorebuli miwas, ise Cemi azrebi Sors aris Tqveni azrebisagan.
Mme RmerTi da ara adamiani,~ (ebr: `ani elohim, ve-lo adam~). RmerTi, Semoqmedi _ es ar aris adamiani. is uzomod aRemateba yvelafer imas, rac
adamians SeuZlia moifiqros. mxolod TviTcnobierebas da azrTa gansazRvrulobas SeuZlia dagvrTos neba warmovidginoT, rom igi, `romelman Seqmna samyaro ZaliTa miT ZlieriTa, zegardmo arsni suliTa
yvna, zeciT monaberiTa, Cven, kacTa, mogvca qveyana, gvaqvs uTvalavi feriTa, misgan ars yovli xelmwife saxiTa mismieriTa~ (rogorc ambobda
SoTa rusTaveli), _ es aris adamiani. ara, mas ara aqvs saxeli. rasac
RmerTi sakuTar Tavze gvimJRavnebs, imaze metis Cawvdoma adamians ar
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ZaluZs. amitomac imisaTvis, rom CvenTan, vinc RvTiurobis naperwkals

misi anareklis saxiT vatarebT, kontaqtSi Semosuliyo, RmerTi unda
dakninebuliyo; `man daimcira Tavisi Tavi, miiRo ra msaxuris, monis xati,~ _ ai, asea naTqvami RmerTze, romelic qristeSi gamogvecxada Cven.
qristes movlineba _ axali moralis, axali doqtrinis an axali
filosofiis movlena ki ara aris, aramed maradiulobis gamocxadebaa im
sisruliT, romelic CvenTvis miRwevadia. amitom msoflmxedvelobaTa
istoria, romelsac Cvens Semdgom Sexvedrebze erTad mivadevnebT
Tvals, aris gza adamidan anu im punqtidan, saidanac adamiani daSorda
RmerTs, _ qristemde. xolo qristedan ori gzaa mxolod: masTan erTad
an misgan, mis gareSe. ai, amaSia msoflio istoriis mTeli arsi. qristes
mier Seqmnili eklesia Segvaxsenebs mis sityvebs: `SemomideqiT me, gamomyeviT me.~ eklesia qristes sityvebs imeorebs: `visac surs CemTan siaruli, uaryos Tavi Tvisi da gamomyves me~ (anu sakuTari ego, meoba). SesaZlebelia agreTve mis winaaRmdeg wasvlac, magram es niSnavs ukan dabrunebas, adamis codvis maradiul ganmeorebas, romelsac surda yofiliyo, rogorc RmerTi, magram SiSveli da ususuri aRmoCnda.
N
nawyveti al. menis wignidan `msoflio sulieri kultura~,
Tb., 2012, gam. Carpe diem, k. qecbaias Targmani.

religiis mniSvnelovani cnebebia: sikeTe da boroteba, zneobrioba, adamianis cxovrebis mizani da sazrisi.

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kaxa qecbaia

`mecniereba religiis gareSe koWlia,

religia mecnierebis gareSe _ brma~
a. ainStaini
VI leqcia
Tema: religiuri organizaciis formebi
(religiuri institutebi)
sakvanZo sityvebi da gamoTqmebi
religiuri organizacia, institucionaluri religia, eklesia, seqta,
denominacia, kulti, religiuri erToba (Temi), Tanamedrove araorganizebuli religia.
Sesavali
yoveli religia morwmuneTa organizebul gaerTianebas warmoadgens. es gaerTianebani religiuri rwmenisa da kultis safuZvelze yalibdeba. religiuri organizaciebis saSualebiT regulirdeba sakulto saqmianoba da religiuri grZnobebis dakmayofileba xdeba.
droTa ganmavlobaSi religiuri organizaciebi epoqis Sesabamis
formas Rebulobda. kacobrobis istoriis adreul safexurze religiuri wes-Cveulebebis Catarebas saero xasiaTi hqonda. SemdegSi gaCnda jadoqrebis, Samanebisa da qurumTa instituti, rodesac sakulto religiur saqamianobas gansakuTrebuli socialuri fena axorcielebda.
socialuri cxovrebis ganviTarebisa da srulyofis paralelurad
religiuri organizaciebis funqciebi TandaTan garTulda da gafrTovda. msoflio monoTeisturma religiebma kidev urfo daxvewes da srulyves religiuri organizaciebis struqtura. morwmuneTa Temis saTaveSi
mkacrad gansazRvruli ierarqiuli principebiT organizebuli samRvdeloeba moeqca. religiuri organizaciebis saqamianoba mowesrigda Teoriulad damuSavebuli saeklesio kanonebiT. istoriulad konkretul pirobebTan dakavSirebiT religiuri organizaciebi monarqiuli an demokratiuli xasiaTis mqoneni gaxdnen.

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religiis sociologia
1. religiuri organizaciebi
(religiuri institutebi)
religiuri organizaciebi TavianT saqmianobas Sesabamis dawesebulebebSi axorcieleben. religiur dawesebulebaTa gansakuTrebuli organizebuli sistemis saxiT warmoSoba monoTeisturi religiebis warmoSobasTanaa dakavSirebuli. swored am dros gaCnda centralizebuli religiuri instituti eklesiis saxiT, rasac Sedegad mohyva morwmuneTa
dayofa sasuliero da saero (mrevli) jgufebad. gaCndnen preofesionali kultis msaxurni, romlebic sasuliero saqmeebSi garkveuli privelegiebiT sargebloben. Sesabamisad, eklesiam morwmuneTaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba SeiZina da igi Tayvaniscemisa da mokrZalebis sagani
gaxda.
Tanamedrove sociologiis enaze rom vTqvaT, adamianTa religiuri
gaerTianebebi religiuri Temebi, umeteswilad religiur organizaciebad, religiur institutebad anu, rolebis, statusebis, jgufebisa
da Rirebulebebis SedarebiT myar sistemebad aris organizebuli. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sociumis wevrTa umravlesobis religiuri cxovreba
religiur institutebSi mimdinareobs da religiuri institutebis saxiT aris mowesrigebuli. am institutebis sxvadasxva formebis arseboba
damokidebulia mis wevrTa raodenobaze (zoma), wevrobaze, warmomavlobasa da sociumis sxva wevrebTan damokidebulebasa da urTierTobaze.
yvela am faqtorebis mixedviT sociologebi 4 ZiriTad religiur organizacias, instituts gamoyofen. esenia:
eklesia,
seqta,
denominacia,
kulti.
dixotomia: eklesia - seqta
eklesia erT-erTi uZvelesi religiuri organizaciaa, romelic
rwmenisa da kultis (ritualebis Sesasruleblad) erTianobaze damyarebuli ama Tu im religiis mimdevarTa gaerTianebas warmoadgens. misi umTavresi niSnebia: met-naklebad damuSavebuli dogmaturi da sakulto
sistema, organizaciis ierarqiuli xasiaTi da mmarTvelobis centralizacia, morwmuneTa dayofa kultis profesiul msxaurebad (samRvdeloeba) da rigiT wevrebad (mrevli).
germaneli RvTismetyveli da sociologi ernst trelCi eklesias
gansazRvravda, rogorc religiur organizacias, romelsac mWidro kav123

kaxa qecbaia
Siri aqvs sazogadoebis farTo fenebTan da mis SigniT moqmedebs. praqtikulad sazogadoebis yvela wevri eklesiisadmi kuTvnilebas avlens, romelic trelCis
mixedviT, saxelmwifosTan aris dakavSirebuli. ase magaliTad, inglisuri eklesia inglisSi saxelmwifebrivis statusiT sargeblobs. Sesabamisad inglisis mefe da dedofali rwmenis damcvelebad miiCneven TavianT
Tavs. istoriulad ise moxda, rom safrangeTsa da italiaSi kaTolicizmi saxelmwifo religias warmoadgenda, Tumca mogvianebiT
isini religiisagan gamoyofil saxelmwifoebad gadaiqcnen.
trelCis ganmartebiT seqta eklesiasernst trelCi
Tan SedarebiT mcire, eqskluziuri jgufia,
romlis wevrebi sazaogadoebis sxva wevrebis mier aRiarebul religiur
(da ara marto religiur) Rirebulebebs uaryofen. maT TavianTi ritua-

ernts trelCi (1865-1923) germaneli RvTismetyveli, sociologi, liberali. misi

Sromebi albret riClis Teologiuri moZRvrebisa da maqs veberis sociologiuri
koncefciis sinTezs warmoadgens. religiis sociologiisaTvis Zalze mniSvnelovania
trelCis naSromi: qristianuuli eklesiis socialuri moZRvreba. man daamuSava seqtis,
rogorc erT-erTi religiuri organizaciis cneba.
trelCis moZRvrebis SeswavliT saerTaSoriso organizacia Ernst-TroeltschGesellschaftia dakavebuli, romelSic TeologebTan erTad sociologebic Sedian.

seqta laTinurad - mokveTa, gayofas niSnavs; qarTulad iTargmenba rogorc cxovrebis

wesi, dajgufeba, religiuri gagebiT mwvalebloba. igi berZnuli eresis laTiunuri
sinomia. wminda werilSi sityva sqeta laTinur bibliaSi vulgataSia moxseniebuli.
pirveli saukuneebidan termini seqta, iseve rogorc eresi, ukve gamoiyeneba qveynis,
regionis istoriulad ZiriTadi religiuri mimdinarebobisgan sarwmunoebrivi
swavlebis mixedviT gamoyofili, axlad daarsebuli religiuri Temisa da misi
sarwmunoebrivi aRmsareblobis aRsaniSnavad. Tavdapirvelad termini seqta iseve
rogorc eresi, aRniSnavda rogorc (filosofiur-religiur) cru moZRvrebas, aseve
cru moZRvrebis mimdevar sakrebulos. magram reformaciis Semdeg (XVIIs.) TandaTanobiT
ufro viwrovdeba termin seqtis mniSvneloba, kerZod termin seqtas aRar uwodeben
cru sarwmunoebriv swavleba-moZRvrebas, aramed mxolod cru sarwmunoebrivi swavlamoZRvrebis mimdevar dajgufebas da termin eresisagan gansasxvaveblad eklesiaSi
mkvidrdeba termin seqtis Semdegi saRvTismetyvelo gansazRvreba: seqta aris
religiuri TvalsazrisiT erTmaneTTan erTobaSi myofi adamianebis organizebuli
erToba, romelic ar aris sarwmunoebriv kavSirSi marTlmadidebel eklesiasTan. misi
sarwmunoebrivi dogamtika ar emyareba saeklesio moZRvrebas da a. S. seqtanturi
moZraoba nebismieri msoflio religiisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. meoce saukunis
dasawyisSi safrangeTSi da italiaSi seqtis cnebis kanonmdeblobiTi gansazRvreba

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lebi aqvT, romlebic adamianTa sulieri ganwmedisaken aris mimarTuli.

trelCis azriT, seqtebi, rogorc wesi im SemTxvevaSi warmoiSoba rodesac tradiciuli religiuri ritualebiT ukmayofilo adamianebi eklesias ganudgebian da axal religiur gaerTianebas qmian, romelSic srulad kontroldeba maTi yoveli cxovrebiseuli nabiji. seqta asketizmiTac gamoirCeva im azriT, rom misi wevrebi mkacri cxovrebis stilis mimdevrebi arian. yovel seqtas sakuTari religiuri doqtrina aqvs. seqtis
wevrebs miaCniaT, rom isini rCeulebi arian. amis gamo seqtantebi Tavs
arideben seqtis gareTa cxovrebaSi monawileobas. maT miaCniaT, rom danarCeni samyaro codvili da korumpirebulia. magaliTad ieRovelTa
seqtis warmomadgenelebi uars amboben sisxlis gadasxmaze, jarSi msaxurebaze; qristianuli mecnierebis seqtis warmomadgenelTavis miuRebelia kibos da Tundac iseT daavadebaTa mkurnaloba, romelTa gankurnebac SesaZlebelia, im motiviT, rom yvela daavadebas RmerTis didi rwmena gankurnavs. amitom samkurnalo profilaqtikuri RonisZiebebi maTi
seqtis doqtriniT akrZalulia. arseboben agreTve iseTi seqtebi, romelTa warmomadgenelebi TavianT bavSvebs saxelmwifo skolaSi aRar uSveben im motiviT, rom saxelmwifo saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebi maT
rwmenas gadaagvarebs da sxv.
seqtasTan SedarebiT eklesia universaluri da konservatiuli religiuri dawesebulebaa. misi sidide im adamianTa raodenobazea damokidebuli, romlebic mis wevrebad ibadebian (Cveulebriv Semdeg moqceul-

daiwyo. eklesiisaTvis es cneba moklebulia saRvTismetyvelo Sinarss. dRes sityva

seqtas Seuracxmyofeli Sinaarsi ar gaaCnia.

eklesia - (berZn. viwvev, vkreb); aseTive mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneboda igi Zvel

aRTqmaSic. axal aRTqmaSi am saxeldebas Seudareblad ufro Rrma da saidumlo Sinaarsi
aqvs. eklesiis xasiaTis axsna yvelaze kargad bibliaSi moyvanili mimsgavsebebiT
SeiZleba. axali aRTqmis eklesia aris saRvTo axali nergi, baRi RvTisa, venaxi RvTisa.
ufalma ieso qristem Tavisi amqveyniuri cxovrebiT, jvarze sikvdiliTa da aRdgomiT
kacobriobas
axali,
madlmosili
Zalebi
SesZina
da
ganaxlebuli,
uxvad
nayofismomcemeli cxovreba Seuqmna. es Zalebi arsebobs wmida eklesiaSi - "qristes
sxeulSi". eklesia qristianTa sulieri saxlia. qristianis fiqrebi da qmedebebi mWidrod
ukavSirdeba mas, rogorc mSobliur saxls da ufro metsac ki. sanam amqveynad cxovrobs,
adamians marTebs eklesiaSi aRasrulos Tavisi cxonebis saqme, mis mierve boZebuli
madlmosili saSualebebi gamoiyenos ganwmedisaTvis. eklesia Tavis Svilebs zeciuri
samSoblosaTvis amzadebs. marTlmadidebluri sarwmunoebis simbolos mecxre wevri
gveubneba, rom eklesias gaaCnia oTxi ZiriTadi niSani: "mrwams ... erTi, wmida, kaTolike
da samociqulo eklesia". es eklesiis arsebiTi Tvisebebia.

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kaxa qecbaia

Ta ricxvi arc ise didia). seqtasTan SedarebiT eklesia tolerantobiT

gamoirCeva sxva religiuri jgufebis mimarT. istoriulad cnobili faqtia, rom xSir SemTxvevaSi eklesia garkveuli socialuri da politikuri
Zalauflebis mqone yofila.
eklesiisa da seqtis cnebis trelCiseul definicias zogierTi Tanamedrove sociologi im mizeziT ar eTanxmeba, rom arseboben eklesiebi,
romelTac seqtis Tvisebebi aqvT da piriqiT, arseboben setqebi, romelnic eklesiis niSnebiT xasiaTdebian. amitom jonsoni, starki da beinbriji religiuri institutebis erTi faqtoris mixedviT dayofas uWeren mxars. maT mixedviT, es faqtori religiuri institutis mier socialuri garemos miReba an uaryofaa. am SemTxvevaSi erT mxaresaa socialuri garemos Tanafardi eklesia da meore mxaresaa seqta, romelic uaryofs arsebul socialur garemos da sazogadoebasTan daZabuli urTierTobiT gamoirCeva. am sociologTa azriT, religiuri jgufebis umetesoba am or ukiduresobas Soris imyofeba. religiuri organizaciebis
amgvari modelis upiratesoba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom igi sociumTan mimarTebaSi religiuri organizaciis dinamiurobaze akeTebs aqcents (daZabulobis Semcireba an eqskalacia), xolo rodesac seqta SedarebiT
stabiluri gaxdeba is sociumTan harmoniaSi modis da garkveulwilad
eklesias emsgaseba.
eklesiis 7 ZiriTadi niSani ronald jonstounis mixedviT:
yovlismomcvelobisaken swrafva,
religiuri monopolia,
mWidri kavSiri saxelmwifosTan,
Sromis marTvisa da ganawilebis rTuli ierarqia,
hyavsP profesionali sasuliero pirebi,
Tavis wevrebs bunebrivi kvlavwarmoebisa da bavSvebis socializaciiT moipovebs,
Sinagani dayofa (TeTr da Sav samRvdeloebad) daSvebulia.
sociologebs hovard bekers da leopold fon vizes miaCndaT, rom
eklesia aris socialuri struqtura, romlis ZiriTadi niSani konservatulobaa.
denominacia
denominacia ufro metad tipuri amerikuli movlenaa, romelic
sxvadasxva religiuri swavlebebis mimdevarTa swrafvas gamoxatavs miimxron rac SeiZleba meti mimdevari (moaxdinon maTi gadabireba, rekrutireba). dRes amgvari swavlebebis an denominaciebis ricxvi 200ze metia.
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religiis sociologia

religiis zogierTi Tanamedrove mkvlevari denominacias ar miiCnevs religiur organizaciad da es SeiZleba sworic iyos, radganac denominacia religiuri organizaciis niSnebiT xasiaTdeba mxolod. is raRac gardamaval, saSualo mdgomareobas warmoadgens eklesiasa da seqtas Soris. amitom amerikeli sociologi neil smelzeri mas religiuri
organizaciis erT-erT saxed miiCnevs.
eklesiisagan gansxvavebiT denominacia Tavis axal wevrebs mudmivad eZebs. Tuki seqtas daZabuli urTierToba aqvs sazogadoebasTan, denominacia piriqiT, sociumTan normaluri da stabiluri urTierTobiT
gamoirCeva. tradiciuli religiis adgilis dakavebis pretenzia mas ar
aqvs. denominaciebi SeiZleba iyos kaTolikuri an protestantuli. smelzeris mixedviT, protestantul denominacias miekuTvnebian presviterianelebi, kongracionalistebi da mravali sxv.
zogjer xdeba ise, rom denominacia seqtis bazaze yalibdeba. cnobilia martin luTeris 95 Tezisi kaTolicizmis winaaRmdeg, romelic man
adgilobrivi eklesiis karebze gaakra 1517 wels. dRes luTeranoba oficialuri religiaa (saxelmwifos mier aRiarebuli) skandinaviis mTel
rig qveynebSi, magram is erT-erT protestantul denominacias warmoadgens aSSSi. msgavsi evolucia ramdenime mizeziT xdeba: droTa ganmavlobaSi jgufSi garkveuli ritualebi da wesebi yalibdeba. garda amisa liderTa Tanmimdevruli cvlis uzrunvelsayofad seqtam unda Seqmnas meqanizmebi sakuTari miznebisa da sulieri ier-saxis dasacavad, rac kidev
ufro daxvewil ritualebs moiTxovs. Tanac seqtis zomis zrdasTan erTad izrdeba misi finansuri problemebi (finansuri problemebis mosagvareblad aSSSi seqtantebi mTel rig TamaSobebs, bazrobebs da a. S. awyoben). yvela es faqtori calkeul seqtebs denominaciad gadaaqcevs, romelSic ufro metia biurokratiuli wesrigi da adamianebisa da jgufebis
kavSiri sazogadoebasTan SedarebiT myaria (aSSSi kvakerebis magaliTi).
Ddenominaciis ZiriTadi niSani ronald jonstounis mixedviT:
hgavs eklesias da kargi urTierToba aqvs saero xelisuflebasTan,
emxroba religiur pluralizms,
momxreebis mosapoveblad eweva evangelizacias,
Zalze frTxilia saRvTismetyvelo sakiTxebis gadaWraSi,
emocionalobis susti gamovlena,
Temis moTxovnebis Sesabamisad sasuliero pirTa saganmnaTleblo momzadebaze zrunva,
Temis cxovrebaSi mis wevrTa monawileobis waxaliseba,
araerTgvarovani socialuri struqtura.
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kaxa qecbaia

kultebi
sociologebma starkma da beinbrijma seqta ganmartes, rogorc
oficialuri eklesiisagn gandgomil institutad, romelic disidentebis mier aris Camoyalibebuli. isini miiCneven, rom rwmenas ar sWirdeba
organizaciuli forma, is ufro wminda da samarTliania. adamianebs, romelTac ar moswonT an ar akmayofilebT seqtanturi cxovreba qminian
kultebs. kulti seqtis ukiduresi formaa. mis midevarT ar akmayofilebT arsebuli religiuri ritualebi da radikaluri cvlilebebisaken
arian mimarTulni. maT aranairi kavSiri ar aqvT arsebul religiur organizaciebTan. starki da beinbriji amgvar axal religiur institutebs
kultebs uwodebebn. arsebobs mosazreba, rom Tavidan yvela religia
kultis saxiT arsebobda.
imis mixedviT Tu rogor da ramdenad mWidrod arian organizebuli
starkma da beinbrijma kultebi sam ZiriT kategoriad dayves:
auditoruli kultebi oficialur organizacias moklebulia.
misi wevrebi sakulto doqtrinas wignebisa da mediis saSualebiT iReben.
momxmarebelTa kultebi gamoirCeva liderebis mier SemoTavazebuli konkretuli servisebiT. magaliTad saientologebi, gamoirCevian organizebuli qseliT sadac klientebi garkveuli safasuris xarjze
sakulto doqtrinas swavloben.
sakulto moZraobebi momxmarebelTa zogierTi kulti SesaZlebelia sakulto moZraobad gadaiqces, rodesac misi wevrTa raodenoba izrdeba da igi organizebuli gaxdeba. amgvari moZraoba arastandartul
saxes iRebs da socumTan opoziciaSi aRmoCndeba. amis gamo kults sazogadoeba uaryofiT mniSvnelobas aniWebs (amis magaliTia munis unificirebuli eklesia). sakulto moZraobis warmomadgenelTa mxridan TavianTi doqtrinis aqtiuri gavrceleba da adamianTa gadmobirebis procesi,
rogorc wesi, sazogadoebis mxridan winaaRmdegobas awydeba. ris pasuxad
kultebi Sianurisa da gareulis mkcar gansxvavebas iwyeben da kidev
ufro amWidroeben organizaciul struqturebs.
socilogebis mixedviT, sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, aris Tu ara esa Tu is
religiuri jgufi eklesia, seqta, denominacia Tu kulti Zalauflebisa
da avtoritetis ganawilebazea damokidebuli. amasTan dakavSirebiT,
zogjer SeiZleba iyos ise, rom is rac kultia erTi adamianisaTvis, meorisaTvis religias warmoadgendes.

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religiis sociologia

religiuri organizaciebis klasifikacia n. smelzeris mixedviT

magaliTi

wevrobis
pirobebi

saxelmwifosTan da
sxva religiebTan urTierToba

xelmZRvane-

eklesia

denominacia

seqta

kulti

romauli
kaTolicizmi,
anglikanuri
eklesia

meTodistebi,
kongregacionalizmi

ieRovas
mowmeebi,
qristianuli mecnierebebi

zeciuri mamis kulti,

adamianTa taZari,
gaerTianebuli eklesia,
saentologia

sazogadoebis
didi nawili

Temis wevrTa
bavSvebis gadmobireba,
axal wevrTa
mopoveba

erTgul mimdevarTa
Zmoba, gadamobireba
darwmunebis
gziT

erTgul mimdevarTa Zmoba, gadmobireba emocionaluri krizisis safuZvelze

mWidrod aris
dakavSirebuli saxelmwifosTan
da
arareligiur
organizaciebTan

normaluri
urTierToba
aqvs saxelmwifosTan, magram saxelmwifo struqturebSi ar Sedis
da susti kavSiri aqvs arareligiur organizaciebTan

ewinaaRmdegeba sxva religiebs, ar

cnobs saxelmwifo
da sxva saero organizaciebs da
biurokratias

uaryofs sxva
religiebs,
ar cnobs saxelmwifo da
sxva saero
dawesebulebebs

profesionali
sasuliero pi-

profesionali
samRvdeloeba

araprofesionali lide-

qarizmatuli
liderebi

129

kaxa qecbaia

rebi, romelTac momzadeba sustia

lobis tipi

rebi,
romlebic
mTeli
dRis ganmavlobaSi muSaoben

rjulis moZRvrebis tipi

formaluri
Teologia

sxvadasxva saxis debatebisa

da Sexedulebebisadmi tolerantoba

sawyis, pirvelad principebze da

rjulis moZRvrebis siwmindeze dayrdnoba

axali principebi

Temis
wevrTa CarTuloba

minimumamdea
dayvanili da
yvelasaTvis
aucilebeli ar
aris

erTgulebis
gamZafrebuli grZnoba

sruli erTgulebis aucilebloba

religiur
moqmedebaTa
tipi

liturgia, ritualebis Sesruleba

umniSvnelo
CarTuloba, nebadarTulia
sxva movaleobebis Sesruleba
ritualebis
arseboba, susti emocionaluri gamoxatuleba

Rrma emocionaloba,
uneburi religiuri
moqmedebebis
waxaliseba

Rrma emocionaloba

cxrili #1.
religiis sociologiaSi religiuri jgufebi xSirad, rogorc idealuri tipebi klasificirdeba. msgavsi meTodi pirvelad maqs veberma gamoiyena 1905 wels Tavis cnobil naSromSi `protestantuli eTika da kapitalizmis suli~, romelSic tipologiis pirvelad kriteriumad religiur gaerTianebaTa wevrobis forma gamoacxada. amis mixedviT man ori ZiriTadi forma gamoyo:
gacnobierebuli religiuri Temis nebayoblobiTi wevroba, rodesac mTlianad gacnobierebulia yvela is valedbuleba, romelic Temis
wevrma unda Seasrulos.
gaucnobierebeli _ religiuri Temis wevroba memkvidreobiT
xdeba. Svilebi im religiuri Temis wevrebi xdebian, romlis wevrebic maTi mSoblebi arian.
130

religiis sociologia

mogvianebiT, 1910-1914, 1919-1920 wlebSi veberma trelCis gavleniT

es Tavisi tipologia kidev ufro gaafarTova. kerZod naSromSi `meurneoba da sazogadoeba~. amasTanave man didi yuradReba qarizmas dauTmo,
romelic eklesiasa da seqtas Soris gansxvavebis mTavari kriteriumi
gaxda misTvis. Mman qarizmis ori saxe gamoyo: esenia:
institucionaluri,
individualuri.
veberis azriT, religiebs Soris gansxvavebebis analizisas didi
mniSvneloba aqvs imas, Tu ramdenad eTanadebian isini TavianT idealur
tipebs, radganac maTi klasifikaciis sakiTxi amazea damokidebuli.

2. religiuri institucionalizaciis dilema

amerikeli sociologis odis azriT, religiur institucionalizacias garkveuli dilema axlavs Tan, rac imaSi gamoixateba, rom religiis institucionalizacia aucilebelia Tundac im mizeziT, rom igi xels
uwyobs mis stabilurobas da Taobidan TaobaSi gadacemasa da memkvidreobiTobis SenarCunebas. Tumca amave dros institucionalizaciis procesSi ikargeba SemoqmedebiToba da religiur gancdaTa intensivoba. am
mxriv erTmaneTs upirispirdeba eklesia da kulti: erT mxares aris mkacrad fiqsirebuli ritualebi da RvTismsaxureba, xolo meore mxares
rwmenis emociuri, spontanuri gamoxatuleba.

3. religiuri moZraobebi da religiuri inovaciebi

Tanamedrove dasavlur sazogadoebaSi mimdinare religiuri procesebi (religiuri inovaciebi da axali religiuri moZraobebis warmoSoba) aCveneben, rom religia kidev ufro profanuli yoveldRiuri
xdeba da TandaTanobiT desakralizacias ganicdis. iseTi yvelaze metad
konservatiuli da sakraluri fenomeni, rogoric religia aRmoCnda, rom
yovelTvis ar aris aseTi. igi inovaciuri gaxda. amgvar movlenasTan maSin
gvaqvs saqme rodesac calkeuli jgufebi axal religias qmnian an cvlian
arsebul religias imisTavis, rom is ukeT moergos adamianTa Tanamedrove saWiroebebs. amgvari saqmianoba religiuri TvalsazrisiT miuRebelia, magram socialur planSi SesaZlebelia am faqts piradpir SevxedoT.
amis magaliTebi dRes mravladaa. Tundac islamis liderTa mier morwmuneTaTvis xmis misawvdenad mediisa da Tanamedrove sakomunikacio saSualebebis gamoyeneba. Tanamedrove sakomunikacio saSualebebis gamoyenebam mniSvnelovanwilad Secvala religia.
131

kaxa qecbaia

religiurma inovaciebma SesaZlebelia axali religiuri moZraobebi gamoiwvion. amis magaliTebia aSSSi mormonebisa da unificirebuli
eklesiis warmoSoba. Sesabamisad Tanamedrove religiis sociologiaSi
aqtualuri gaxda axali religiuri moZraobebisa da religiuri inovaciebis analizi. sociologebma daiwyes maTi klasifikacia da tipologia. aAm
mxriv sainteresoa britaneli religiis sociologis roi uolisis klasifikacia.
Tavis naSromSi `axal religiaTa cxovrebis umartivesi formebi~
r. uolisma religiur moZraobaTa klasifikacias am moZraobebis mier
sazogadoebisadmi damokidebulebis principi daudo safuZvlad da Semdegi saxis konceptualuri sqema miiRo:
moZraobebi romlebic arsebul socialur wesrigs aRiareben _
maT SeiZleba ar hqondeT ritualebisa da wesebis mowesrigebuli sistema. isini adamianebSi arsebuli `faruli potencialis~ gamovlenaze arian
orientirebulni. amis magaliTad uoliss verner erhardis transcendentaluri meditaciebi da treningebi mohyavs.
arsebul socialur wesrigTan morgebuli moZraobebi isini
mkafio sazRvrebs avleben saero da sasulero cxovrebas Soris da ar miiswarfian aRiaron an uaryon arsebuli socialuri wesrigi.
moZraobebi romlebic uaryofen arsebul socialur wesrigs _
maT mixedviT, arsebuli socialuri wesrigi saRvTo kanonebis sawinaaRmdegoa da amdenad borotebas warmoadgens. amis magaliTad uoliss mohyavs `kriSnas cnobierebis saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba~, `gaerTianebis eklesia~ da sxva.

[...] yvelgan sadac ki religia arsebobs, mas substraqtad gansazRvruli jgufi hyavs. am pirobas kerZo, saojaxo an korporaciuli
gaerTianebebic ki romlebic erTad asruleben sazeimo ceremonias,
akmayofileben [...]
e. diurkemi

132

religiis sociologia

kiTxvebi:
ganmarteT religiuri organizaciis cneba. ra gansxvaveba religiur da arareligiur organizaciebs Soris?
CamoayalibeT religiuri organizaciebis saerTo da ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi.
SeadareT erTmaneTs religiuri organizaciebis sxvadasxva
sociologiuri klasifikaciebi.
moamzadeT argumentirebuli pasuxi kiTxvaze: ra iwvevs religiur iovaciebs da rogori momavali aqvT maT.
Ddavalebebi:
moamzadeT prezentacia Temaze: Tanamedrove religiuri
inovaciebi.
momazadeT essei Temaze: `religiuri organizaciebi saqarTveloSi~.

1.

2.
3.
4.

1.
2.

ZiriTadi literatura:
n. smelzeri, sociologia, nawili III. Tavi 15. religia. m., 1994.
(rus. enaze). qarTuli Targmanis naxva SesaZlebelia www.socium.ge-ze.
e. gidensi, sociologia, Tavi 17. religia, m., 2005. (rus. enaze).
v. garaja, religiis sociologia, Tavi IV, m., 2005. (rus. enaze).
e. jgerenaia, leqciebi religiis sociologiaSi (internet versia).
damatebiTi literatura:
q. kalhuni, d. laiTi, s. keleri, sociologia, Tavi XIII, religia.
Tb., 2008.
j. maisionisi, sociologia, Tavi 18. religia. sankt-peterburgi,

2004.
3.
4.
5.

o. gabiZaSvili, religiis sociologiis sakiTxebi, Tb.,1984.

o. gabiZaSvili, religiaTmcodneoba, Tb., 2002.
n. papuaSvili, religiis karibWe, religiis istoriiis Sesavali,
Tb., 1996.

6.

Ronald L. Johnstone. Religion in Society: A Sociology of Religion. Upper Sadle River,

New Jersey: Prentice Hall. 1997.

7.
8.

Leopold von Wiese, Becker H. Systematic Sociology. Wiley, 1932.

e. trelCi, eklesia da seqta, wignSi `religiis sociologiis

qrestomaTia~, m., 1996, (Semdgenni: v. garaja da e. rutkeviCi),
(rus. enaze).
133

kaxa qecbaia

E
sakiTxavi masala
mormonebi
mormonTa seqta XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi aSS-Si Camoyalibda. mas sxvagvarad
ukanaskneli dRis wmindanTa ieso qristes eklesias uwodeben. seqtis damaarsebel jozef
smits (1805-1844) mimdevrebi winaswarmetyvelad ixsenieben. igi axalgazrdobidanve
okultizmiT iyo gatacebuli - magiuri kristalebis saSualebiT ganuwyvetliv eZebda
ganZs. am gatacebam crumorwmune smits fsiqika imdenad Seuryia, rom realur da warmosaxviT samyaros erTmaneTSi urevda. 1826 wels
seqtis damaarsebeli
igi mkiTxaobisa da jadoqrobis gamo daapatimjozef smiti
res. mere yalbi fulis beWdvaSi amxiles, magram sasjels Tavi daaRwia. 1823 wels jozef simtma niu-iorkis StatSi
zeciuri miTiTebiT oqros firfitebi ipova, romlebzec TiTqos amerikis kontinentis uZvelesi civilizaciis sulieri istoria ewera, 4
wlis Semdeg ki ganacxada, rom uzenaesma neba darTo, teqsti axalegvipturidan inglisur enaze eTargmna. smitma Targmans wignis erT-erTi
personaJis mormonis saxeli daarqva. ase Seiqmna mormonis wigni da warmoiSva am seqtis saxelwodeba.
jozef smits male mimdevrebic gamouCndnen. misi TanaSemwe oliver
kuderi gaxda. Tanamoazreebma ganacxades, ioane naTlismcemli gamogvecxada da erTmaneTis monaTvla gvibrZanao. amis Semdeg megobrebi
mRvdlebad iqnen cxebulni. erTi wlis Semdeg, 1830 wels, mormonis
wigni, romelsac smitma RvTaebrivi gamocxadeba uwoda, 5000-iani tiraJiT gamoica. imave wlis 6 aprils faietSi (niu-iorki) daarsda mormonTa eklesia, romelSic Tavdapirvelad eqvsi kaci gaerTianda. seqtis
wevrebma ukanaskneli dReebis wmindanebi dairqves. mogvianebiT smiti
Tavis mimdevrebTan erTad niu-iorkidan ohaioSi gadabargda da ramdenime StatSi misionerebi dagzavna. mosaxleobis mtruli damokidebuleba
mormonebs aiZulebda, xSirad ecvalaT sacxovrebeli adgili - ukanasknel wmindanTa eklesia jer misuris, Semdeg ki iliniosis StatSi gadavida. isini daba komersSi damkvidrdnen da qalaq movod aqcies.

134

religiis sociologia

rogorc TviT jozef smiti ambobda, mas imdeni gamocxadeba hqonda, rom Zalian uWirda ganesxvavebina,
romeli iyo uflisgan da romeli borot sulTa STagonebiT. magaliTad,
1831-1844 wlebSi 135-jer gamoecxadnen angelozebi, raTa misTvis uflisgan, ieso qristesgan, petre da
iakob mociqulebisgan, ioane naTlismcemlisgan micemuli davalebebi
gadaecaT. gamocxadebaTa safuZvelOoqros firfitebi
ze Seiqmna mormonTa meore wigni doqtrinebi da aRTqmebi, romlebic mormonTa seqtis safuZvlebs gadmoscemda. 1842 wels smiti mimdevarTa oraskacian jgufTan erTad masonur
organizaciaSi gaerTianda. amis Semdeg mormonTa RvTismsaxurebaSi
bevri masonuri saritualo nivTi da rituali damkvidrda. am ritualebs
farTod aRasrulebdnen. RvTaebrivi gamocxadebiT seqtaSi dawesda
mravalcolianobac. qalaqSi mormonebis gavrcelebis kvaldakval gaizarda adgilobriv mkvidrTa arakeTilganwyobac smitis mimarT - jer erTi, mravalcolianobis dawesebis gamo (Tavad smits 27 coli hyavda), meorec - imitom, rom igi Tavis Sexedulebebs agresiuli meTodiT avrcelebda. xalxis aRSfoTebam piks maSin miaRwia, roca adgilobriv presaSi
smiti misive TanaSemwem jon benetma cru swavlebis qadagebasa da aRviraxsnilobaSi amxila. pasuxad smitma da misma mxardamWerebma gamomcemloba dawves. amis Semdeg konfliqtSi iliniosis Statis xelisufleba Caeria da jozef smiti da misi Zma daapatimra. aman vnebaTa Relva ver Caacxro - 1844 wels brbo cixeSi SeiWra. smitic da misi Zmac atexili srolis
dros daiRupnen.
smitis memkvidre, braim iangi, romelsac ocdaaTamde coli hyavda, namdvili diqtatori gaxldaT. iangma skandaluri reputaciis mqone seqta
iutas StatSi gadaiyvana. axal winamZRolsac, smitis msgavsad, gamocxadebebi hqonda, romelTa
safuZvelze man mormonTa swavleba gaamdidra
kidec. 1857 wels iangma Tavis episkoposs jon lis
seqtis arasasruveli wevrebisgan gasufTaveba
daavala. es saSineli danaSauli, romelmac 137
adamianis sicocxle Seiwira, istoriaSi mTiani
braim iangi
mdelos xocva-Jletis saxelwodebiT Sevida. 1877
135

kaxa qecbaia

wels am sisxliani kalos gamo jon li aSS-is mTavrobam gaasamarTla da

sikvdiliT dasaja, iangi ki, romemlic imave wels gardaicvala, sasjels
gadaurCa.

jon li

seqtis amJamindeli prezidenti

G gordon hinkli

seqtaSi saidumlod inaxaven im faqts, rom is mormonebi, romlebmac

gansakuTrebuli gandobis rituali gaiares, valdebulni arian ataron
qveda sacvlebi masonuri simboloebis gamosaxulebiT. yoveli seqtanti
valdebulia, Semosavlis 10% organizacias Seswiros. rigiTma mormonebma arc ki ician, rom maT seqtaSi arseboben e.w. sikvdilis angelozebi
anu jalaTebi, romlebic liderebis mier gamotanil sasikvdilo ganaCens
aRasruleben. Teokratiuli principiT moqmed organizacias saTaveSi
winaswarmetyveli anu momavlis mWvreteli udgas, romelic zeciur
gamocxadebebs iRebs da ganusazRvreli Zalaufleba aqvs. seqtis marTvaSi mas samkaciani uzenaesi sabWo exmareba. amJamad seqtis prezidenti
gordon hinklia. mormonizmis centri iutas StatSi, qalaq solt-leiksitiSi mdebareobs, sadac dReisaTvis mosaxleobis umravlesobas swored mormonebi Seadgenen.
M pirveli mormoni misionerebi sabWoTa sivrceSi - leningradSi, 1990
wels gamoCndnen, dReisaTvis ki ruseTSi ukve TerTmeti aTasi mormoni
cxovrobs. saqarTveloSi mormonebi 90-ian wlebSi Camovidnen. dReisaTvis Cvens qveyanaSi misionerTa mcire jgufi moqmedebs. Tbilisis erT-erTi cnobili sastumros mflobelebi swored mormonebi arian. sastumros
yvela nomerSi klientTa dainteresebis mizniT mormonuli literatura
devs, amavdroulad ki TanamSromelTa seqtaSi gadabirebasac cdiloben
(qarTveli mormonebic arian). ramdenime wlis win mormonebma TbilisSi
gaxsnes kompiuteruli programebisa da inglisuri enis ufaso centri.
mormonebis Sesaxeb qarTvelma mkiTxvelma jer kidev XIX saukuneSi ico136

religiis sociologia

da. ilias iveria (1890 wlis 5 maisis nomeri) wvril ambebSi CrdiloeT
amerikaSi mcxovrebi mormonebis Sesaxeb mogviTxrobda.

mormonTa taZari
unificirebuli eklesia
(munis religiuri imperia)
egreT wodebuli unifikaciis (gaerTianebis) eklesia 1954 wels
samxreT koreaSi Camoyalibda. misi damaarsebelia san miun muni, romlis
saxelis mixedviT am seqtis wevrebs munitebadac ixsenieben. Rirsi san
muni daibada 1920 wels, koreel presviterianelTa ojaxSi. ymawvilobisas igi spiritizmiT gaxldaT gatacebuli da irwmuneboda, rom udidesi
misia ekisra - iyo mesia, romelic daasrulebda kacobriobis gamoxsnas
da dedamiwaze RvTis sasufevels daamyarebda. mogvianebiT munma ganacxada, rom mas es misia mxolod iesom ki ara, budamac daakisra.
Tavisi sulieri gandidebis
niSnad 1946 wels munma saxeli Seicvala da san miun muni - manaTobeli
mze da mTvare - dairqva. 1954 wels
seulSi man sakuTari eklesia daaarsa da uwoda suliwmidis asociacia msoflio qristianobis gasaerTianeblad. eklesiis daarsebas
mohyva skandaluri istoriebis
mTeli wyeba. 1955 wels muni misi
doqtori san muni
religiuri Temis qalebTan intimuri urTierTobis gamo daapatimres (Tumca TviTon amas codvad ar miiCnevda da sisxlis ganwmendis wessac ki uwodebda). mravalcolianobisa
da sqesobrivi gaukuRmarTebis braldebiT muni orjer gaasamarTles.
mis winaaRmdeg sasamarTlo procesze aTobiT qali gamovida mowmed. 1957
137

kaxa qecbaia

wels gamoqveynda munis mTavari naSromi RvTaebrivi principi, romelic munitTaTvis axal bibliad iqca. es wigni gvarwmunebs, rom Tu adamianma munis mier gacxadebuli WeSmaritebani miiRo, biblia aRar sWirdeba.
am droisaTvis seqta samxreT koreis ukve 30 qalaqSi moqmedebda. 1958
wels maT pirveli misioneri gagzavnes iaponiaSi, xolo 1959 wels - aSS-Si.
1972 wels muni Tavad gaemgzavra amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, axali
mimdevrebi SeiZina da aqtiurad daiwyo Tavisi swavlebis propaganda.
1976 wlisaTvis munis daarsebulma organizaciam did finansur warmatebebs miaRwia. muni uzarmazar Tanxebs xarjavs iuristebis momsaxurebisa
da sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis damyarebisTvis. unifikaciis eklesia sxva organizaciebs (erTobis proeqti, gaerTianebuli msoflios
jvarosnuli laSqroba, axali ganaTlebis ganviTareba, daxmarebisa
da megobrobis saerTaSoriso fondi, principTa Seswavlis sauniversiteto asociacia) amofarebuli avrcelebs sakuTar moZRvrebas; aqtiurad monawileobs kulturuli da samecniero programebis ganxorcielebaSi. im sababiT, rom misi organizacia religiuri iyo, muni mudam Tavs
aridebda gadasaxadebis gadaxdas, ris gamoc 1983 wels mas 18 TviT Tavisuflebis aRkveTa miusajes. sicocxlis manZilze san miun muni sul Teqvsmetjer iyo dapatimrebuli. dapatimrebis yvela SemTxvevas igi sarwmunoebisTvis devnad asaRebda. 1992 wels munma sakuTar Tavs axali kacobriobis WeSmariti mama uwoda, xolo 1993 wels gamoacxada aRTqmis dasrulebis era, romelmac TiTqos axali aRTqmis era Secvala. misi azriT, msofliosaTvis munizmis epoqa dadga. is apirebs, Seqmnas adamianebis axali rasa. aSS-is qalaq beritaunSi (niu-iorkis Stati) muns ekuTvnis
850000 dolarad Rirebuli mamuli. seqtis gankargulebaSia samecnieroteqnikuri kvlevis instituti, gamomcemloba, korporaciebi da a.S. dasavleTis masmediaSi xSirad gaismis, rom munma Seqmna grandiozuli religiuri imperia, romelsac msoflios araerT qveyanaSi hyavs warmomadgenlebi. munisa da misi mimdevrebis mTvari mizania, Seqmnan msoflio religiuri imperia, gaaerTianon masSi yvela religia da kacobrioba sakuTari Zalauflebis qveS moaqcion. seqtis mraval wevrebTan pirveli kontaqtis dros munis mimdevrebi saubroben kacTa modgmis srulyofaze,
mSvidobaze mTels msoflioSi, ekologiur problemebsa da zneobriv
aRoriZinebaze, axalmosulebs Tbilad uRimian da mxrebze megobrulad
uTaTuneben xels; me var Tqveni goneba. Cemi survili unda iyos Tqveni
survili. me vfiqrob, rom RvTisagan gamogzavnil wmindanTa Soris me
yvelaze iRbliani var... mova dro, Cemi sityvebi kanonad iqceva. yovelive,
rasac movisurveb, Sesruldeba. yovelives rom wesrigSi moviyvanT, Cven
SevZlebT RvTiuri nebis aRsrulebas. yvelaferi, rac ki amas xels uS138

religiis sociologia

lis, unda ganadgurdes. Cven msoflioSi unda davamyaroT Teokratia...

mTeli msoflio Cems xelTaa, me davipyrob da ganvsji msoflios acxadebs muni. satanur msoflios biznesmenebi marTaven. maSasadame, RmerTma unda warmogzavnos Tavisi superbiznesmeni. mesia yvelaze mdidari
unda iyos. axali mesiis mimdevrebi studentebsa da skolis moswavleebs Tavis seminarebsa da kursebze iwvevs. am xerxiT cdiloben seqtantebi axalgazrdebis gadabirebas. seqtis wevrebs Soris xSiria fsiqikuri
aSlilobani da TviTmkvlelobis mcdelobebi. 70-ian wlebSi munitTa
TviTmkvlelobebis mTeli seria moxda. safrangeTSi erT-erTma seqtantma patrik esnom TviTmkvleloba Tavis dawviT aRasrula. saqarTveloSi
munitTa seqtis warmomadgenlebi 1999 wlis Semodgomaze gamoCndnen. koreeli misionerebi Tbilisis quCebSi arigebdnen propagandistul furclebs, avrcelebdnen rusulenovan broSurebs saxelwodebiT axla iseTi droa, rom ubiwoebis SenarCuneba aucilebelia. am anonimur furclebsa da broSurebs Tan axlda telefonebi da im saxlebis misamarTebi,
sadac msurvelebs leqciebze iwvevdnen.

[...] samxreT gvineis zangebs Zilis dros imdeni kavSiri aqvT gardacvlilTa sulebTan, ramdenic sifxizleSi cocxlebTan [...]
e. teilori

139

kaxa qecbaia

`adamianTa sami gvari: erTni emsaxurebian RmerTs, imitom rom

ukve ipoves, meoreni eZeben RmerTs, imitom rom ar upoviaT, mesameni
arc eZeben da arc upoviaT. pirvelni bednierni arian da keTilgonierni, meoreni ubedurni da keTilgonierni, mesameni _ ubedurni da
ukeTurni~
B blez paskali
VII leqcia
Tema: religiis ZiriTadi sociologiuri Teoriebi
adreuli klasika: konti da spenseri
sakvanZo sityvebi da gamoTqmebi:
pozitiuri religia, sakacobrio religia, sociolatria, Teologiuri azrovneba, fetiSizmi, poliTeizmi, monoTeizmi, religia da socialuri uwyvetoba, religiis regulatoruli funqcia, religia da socialuri sistema, bolovadi religiuri ideebi.
Sesavali
marTalia konti da spenseri religiis sociologiis klasikosebi ar
arian, magram ramdenadac sazogadoebaSi religiis rolisa da funqciebis
Sesaxeb saintereso koncefciebs ayalibeben da maTi naazrevi am sferoSi
droSi win uswrebs religiis sociologiis klasikosTa Semoqmedebas da
garkveulwilad biZgis mimcemia maTTvis, SeuZlebelia, rom maTi naazrevi religiis sociologiis adreul Teoriebs ar mivakuTvnoT. es argumenti gvaqvs mxedvelobaSi rodesac kontisa da spenseris religiur-sociologiur Teoriebzea vsaubrobT. Sesabamisad am koncefciebs religiis sociologiis adreul klasikas mivakuTvnebT. kontis SemTxvevaSi sayuradReboa sakiTxi religiis xelovnurad SeqmnasTan dakavSirebiT,
xolo spenseris naazrevidan mniSvnelovania religiis warmoSobisa da misi socialuri (regulatoruli) funqciis Sesaxeb sakiTxi.

1. o. konti: pozitiuri religia da sociolatria

religiis sociologiuri gaazreba sociologiisa da pozitivizmis
fuZemdebel o. konts mxedvelobidan ar gamorCenia. Tavis naSromSi pozitiuri politikis sistema anu, sociologiis Sesaxeb traqtatSi sakacobrio religiis Sesaxeb moZRvrebasTan erTad man religiis sociologiis calkeuli problemebic gaaanaliza.
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kontis socialuri statikis (sociologiis erT-erTi Semadgeneli

nawili) amocanaa sazogadoebis agebulebis Seswavla. mas ainteresebs sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb Tu ra kravs, ra aerTianebs adamianebs sazogadoebad,
rogoria sazogadoebis elementebi da maTs Soris kavSirebi? mis mixedviT, sazogadoeba socialur organizms warmoadgens romlis elementebi
konsesusis principiT arian erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli. am SemTxvevaSi sazogadoeba inarCunebs Tavis mTlianobasa da elementebis uwyvetobas. sazogadoebis pirveli elementia ojaxi. ojaxis, ojaxuri urTierTobebis saufuZvelze aigeba ZiriTadi socialuri kavSirebi. ojaxSi erTiandeba biologiuri da socialuri, masSi vlindeba altruistuli socialuri grZnobebi. ojaxSi umTavresi simapaTiis grZnobaa. ojaxidan igi
gvarze gadadis, gvaridan sazogadoebaze, sazogadoebidan kacobriobaze. altruistuli grZnobebis msgavsad socialuri konsesusis uzrunvelyofas emsaxureba socialuri institutebi, romelTagan erT-erTi
mniSvnelovani religiaa. religia altruizmisa da konsesusis unarebis
ganviTarebas uwyobs xels.
sazogadoebis dinamika kontma progresis ideis safuZvelze axsna. sakacobrio kulturisa da civilizaciis istoria gaigo, rogorc aRmavali
ganviTareba. aRmaval ganviTarebas gansxvavebuli sulieri Zalebi uzrunvelyofen. maTi meSveobiT narCundeba teleologiuri kavSiri warsuls, awmyosa da momavals Soris. sazogadoebis dinamika sami stadiis zogad istoriul kanons aris daqvemdebarebuli. dabali stadiidan maRal stadiaze
gadsvla, kontis mixedviT, exeba rogorc mTels sakacobrio cnobierebas,
aseve individualur cnobierebas. aseTi stadia sul samia: Teologiuri
anu fiqtiuri, metfizikuri anu ganyenebuli da mecnieruli anu pozitiuri. yovel stadiaze mocemulia adamianis mcdeloba Seicnos sinamdvile,
romelic misi azriT, cnobierebisagan damoukideblad arsebobs.
Teologiuri azrovneba anu Teologiuri stadia aucileblad gaivlis sam qve safexurs. esenia: fetiSizmi, poliTezimi da monoTeizmi.
fetiSizmSi kargad Cans Teologiuri azrovnebis ZiriTadi niSnebi.
fetiSisti ar ansxvavebs sakuTar Tavs garemocveli sinamdvilisagan, ise
rogorc es ar aqvs Segnebuli bavSvs. igi bavSvurad azrovnebs. mis azrovnebas TviTSegneba aklia. is mis gareT arsebul sagnebs sakuTari Tavisagan ver ansxvavebs da verc imas acnobierebs, rom TviTonac gansxvavdeba
maTgan. me-s cnobiereba ucxoa misTvis, amitom ver xmarobs am sityvas.
fetiSistisTvis mis irgvliv yvelaferi gasulierebulia, yoveli sagani
da amitom is am sagnebs cocxaliviT eloliaveba. Tu sagnisgan man ziani

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ganicada, is uwyreba mas, xolo Tu siamovneba miiRo misi madlieria. sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, fetiSisti anTropomorfulad azrovnebs. amgvar viTarebas Tanamedrove mecnierebis enaze panfsiqizmi ewodeba. is dResac
arsebobs: yoveli baSvi fetiSisturad azrovnebs. fetiSizmis ganviTarebiT poliTeizmi warmoiSoba.
poliTeizmis SemTxvevaSi fetiSisturi susti demonebi Zlieri
TeosiT icvleba. poliTeizmsa da fetiSizms Soris msgavseba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom orive SemTxvevaSi garemocveli sinamdvile cocxali da gasulierebulia. gansxvaveba imaSi
mdgomareobs, rom fetiSistis gagebiT yoveli sagans Tavisi suli aqvs
da TiToeuli maTganis moqmedeba individualuria, xolo poliTeizmis
SemTxvevaSi saganTa da movlenaTa
mTel jgufs erTi, yvelasaTvis saerTo da zogadi suli, am saganTa da
movlenaTa RmerTi yavs. samyaro am
SemTxvevaSic RmerTebiTaa savse. amis
klasikuri magaliTi Zveli berZnuli
poliTeizmia.

anTropomorfizmi (berZn.anTropos"adamiani, morfos saxeoba) aris adamianis

Tvisebebis gavrceleba bunebis movlenebsa da sagnebze, rom maT adamianuri Tvisebebi
axasiaTebT. buneba cocxalia da sulieria. anTropomorfizmi Zveli religiuri warmodgenebis damaxasiaTebeli niSania.

panfsiqizmi (berZ. pan yvelaferi, psych samSvinveli) koncefcia, romlis Tanaxmadac yvelafers bunebaSi adamianis msgavsi fsiqikuri aqtivoba, anu samSvinveli aqvs. am
filosofiur koncefcias iziarebdnen empedokle, heraklite da, umTavresad, aRorZinebis xanis naturalisti filosofosebi: b. telezio, j. bruno, t. kampanela da sxvani. j.
bruno gvTavazobs cnebas anima mundi, romelSic sxvadasxva saganTa Tu arsebaTa calkeuli samSvinvelebi gamoiyofa. panfsiqizmi idealisturi warmodgenaa, romlis mixedviTac
bunebaSi yvelaferi sulieria; igi miCneulia animizmis gadmonaSTad.

poliTeizmi (berZn. `poli~ bevri; `Teos~ RmerTi) religiuri moZRvrebaa, romelic mravali RmerTis arsebobas aRiarebs. religiuri terminologiiT mravalRmerTianoba. misi klasikuri magaliTi berZnuli poliTeizmia. berZnuli poliTeisturi panTeonis pirveli Taobis RmerTebia: hestia keriis qalRmerTi. demetra nayofierebis qalRmerTi. hera zecis qalRmerTi, zevsis coli; hadesi miwisqveSeTis mbrZanebeli. poseidoni wylis RmerTi. zevsi zecis mbrZanebeli. meore Taobis RmerTebia: afrodite
siyvarulis qalRmerTi. apoloni sinaTlis, winaswarmetyvelebis da musikis RmerTi. muzebis winamZRoli. aresi omis RmerTi. artemide nadirobis da bunebis qalRmerTi. aTe-

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kontis azriT, Teologiuri azrovnebis ganviTarebaSi axal nabijs

monoTeizmi warmoadgens. isic ganzogadebis Sedegia. poliTeizmma Seamcira fetiSizmis RmerTebis (demonebis) raodenoba, monoTeizmma ki poliTeizmis mravali RmerTi erTi RmerTSi gaaerTiana. Tu poliTeists
konkretuli RmerTebidan mxolod konkretuli jgufis sagnebi da movlenebi gamohyavda, monoTeists erTi RmerTidan gamohyavas yvela sagani
da movlena. Teologiurad moazrovnes konti fiqciebiT moazrovnes
uwodebs, radganac misi azriT, RmerTi warmodgenaSi arsebobs mxolod
da am warmodgenis gareSe Teologi azrs moklebeulia. konts miaCnia,
rom Teologiur azrovnebas samxedro-avtoritaruli reJimi Seesabameba
radganac RmerTebze warmodgena gmirebTan, beladebTan da mogvianebiT
aristokratiis wamomadgnlebTan asocirdeba. Tavis umaRles wertils es
stadia kaTolikuri da feodaluri reJimis warmoSobaSi aRwevs. Teologiuri sinTezis ukanaskneli faza monoTeizmi, socialur planSi instinqturi impulsebis (ZiriTadad samxedro) harmonizacias axdens, rac
kontis mixedviT, monoTeisturi religiis socialur funqciad SeiZleba
CavTvaloT. Tumca mrewvelobis sferosa da inteleqtis progresi saganTa Teologiur wesrigs arRvevs da rwmenis adgils goneba ikavebs rac,
Tavis mxriv, socialuri kavSirebis rRvevas iwvevs sazogadoebaSi. yovelive es Tavis apogeas revoluciuri krizisebis SemTxvevaSi aRwevs. Sesabamisad, Teologiuris momdevno stadiis metafizikuri azrovnebis abstraqciebi ar Seesabamebian istoriulad arsebul socialur wesrigs da
dgeba axali pozitiuri sinTezis, mecnieruli azrovnebis epoqa. am epoqis Svilia sociologia, rogorc sazogadoebis Semswavleli mecniereba.
naSromiT pozitiuri politikis sistema konti axali e. w. pozitiuri religiis Semqmnelad mogvevlina. religiis dafuZnebas konti
mecnierul principze Seecada. misi azriT, pozitiur religias unda Seecvala qristianoba da moexdina kacobriobis aRorZineba, misi sruli ganaxleba. Tu qristianuli religia rwmenas emyareba, kontma pozitiuri
religiis safuZvlad codna, mecniereba gamoacxada. religia mecnierul
codnaze unda iqnas damyarebuli da ara umecar rwmenazeo, ambobda is.
qristianuli RmerTis adgili kontis pozitiur religiaSi kacobriobam
daikava, romelsac igi diadi arsebis tituliT amkobda. kontis proeqti gulisxmobda sazogadoebis gardaqmnas sociolatriis safuZvelze.

na sibrZnis, mebrZolTa, warmoebis da gonierebis qalRmerTi. dionise lxinis, Rvinis,

vazis RmerTi. hebe olimpos meriqife; siymawvilis qalRmerTi. hefesto mWedloebis
RmerTi. hermesi zeciuri Sikriki; mZarcvelebis da matyuarebis RmerTi. persefone
gazafxulis da sikvdilis qalRmerTi.

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kaxa qecbaia

sociolatria kacobriobis kults niSnavs. am SemTxvevaSi religiuri

kultis sagani aris kacobrioba, rogorc sakraluri fenomeni. kontis mixedviT, TavisTavad adamiani zoologiur saxeobas warmoadgens. misi namdvili buneba mxolod kacobriobis wiaRSi, rogorc uzarmazar organizmSi, romelic gardacvlilebis, cocxlebisa da momavali Taoebebisagan
Sedgeba, vlindeba. amiT kontma uaryo gamocxadebis religiebi (iudaizmi, qristianoba, islami) da erTiani, sayovelTao, sakacobrio pozitiuri
religiis Seqmna ganizraxa.
kontis pozitiuri religia orgvaria: sazogadoebrivi da kerZo,
anu piraduli.
sazogadoebrivi religiis centraluri figura aris didi arseba
(Grand Etre), misi aRmatebuleba kacobrioba, adamianTa modgma. am SemTxevevaSi religiuri saqmianobis arsi kacobriobis sasikeTod moqmedebaa. aq
konti did mniSvnelobas aniWebs religiis socialur funqcias, kerZod
man xeli unda Seuwyos kacobriobis erT muStad Sekvras da socialuri
cxovrebis sistematizacias. misi meSveobiT unda morigdnen socialuri
da pirovnuli elementebi da miRweul iqnes altruistuli mdgomareoba
sazogadoebaSi. amgvari religiuri principiT aris ganpirobebuli adamianTa yovelgvari saqmianoba, siyvaruli; amgvari principiT xelmZRvanelobs politika, xelovneba, filosofia.
sazogadoebrivi religiis kultis Semadgeneli elementebia ceremoniebi, dResaswaulebi da ritualebi romlebic mniSvnelovan sakacobrio movlenebTan an gamoCenil istoriul pirovnebebTan, romelTac didi wvlili miuZRviT msoflio istoriaSi (aristotele, makedoneli, dante, dekarte da sxva) arian dakavSirebuli. kontma daamuSava am axali religiis kalendari, sadac miTiTebulia Tu romel dRes romeli istoriu

altruizmi: (laT.Altruismsxva) zneobrivi principi, romelic niSnavs sxva

adamianebisadmi uangaro samsaxurs, piradi interesebis nacvlad, sxvisi interesebis wina
planze wamowevas. adamianebs gaaCniaT altruizmis wminda adamianuri motivacia.
altruistuli qcevisas pirovnebis mTavari mizani da motivia gaWirvebuli
adamianisaTvis Semweobis gaweva. Sesabamisad, altruizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia is
mTavari garemoeba, romlis mixedviTac altruistuli qcevis ganmaxorcielebeli
moqmedebs piradi interesebisa Tu usafrTxoebis mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe.
altruistebi xSirad udides safrTxeSi igdeben Tavs da sxva adamianebis keTildReobas
msxverpladac ki ewirebian xolme.altruizmi gansakuTrebiT xSirad iCens Tavs naTesaur
urTierTobebSi, rasac aZlierebs adamianebis Zlieri survili TavianTi genetikuri
memkvidreobis gadarCenisa. socialur fsiqologiaSi aseve xSirad vxvdebiT
reciprokuli altruizmis cnebas, rac niSnavs imas, rom erTi adamiani exmareba meores,
radgan saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi misi mxridanac moelis altruistuli moqmedebis
ganxorcielebas.altruizms ganixilaven, rogorc erT-erT mniSvnelovan Zalas, romelic
adamians sazogadoebrivad sasikeTo qmedebebisaken ubiZgebs (t. rexviaSvili, v.
Wiaureli, filosofia, Tb., 2006).

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li moRvawis xsovna inda iqnes aRniSnuli. amasTanave manve Seadgina am religiis dogmatika da kultic.
kerZo anu piraduli religiis sagania ara kacobrioba, aramed misi
Rirseuli individualuri warmomadgenelebi: qalebidan deda, coli da
qaliSvili. kultis Sinaars qmnis locvebi, romlebSic grZnobebis gamoxatvaa mniSvnelovani. locvis teqsti individualuria da mas TviTon
mlocveli qmnis. kontma daagina 9 saidumlo, romelic adamianis cxovrebis umTavres momentebs Seexeba. esenia: dabadeba, iniciacia 14 wlis asakSi, msaxurebis nebis darTva 21 wlis asakSi, Tanamdebobaze daniSvna 28
wlis asakSi, mowifuloba miRwevebis mixedviT 42 wlis asakSi, gadadgoma
63 wlis asakSi, feriscvaleba gardacvalebis win, wmindanTa ricxvSi
Sesvla da did arsebaSi CarTva sikvdilis Semdeg.
kontis saqmianoba religiis Seqmnis mizniT, ra Tqma unda ver CaiTvleba mecnieruli kritikis Rirsad, radganac religiis xelovnurad Seqmna SeuZlebelia, amitomac mis am sistemas bevri mkvlevari araseriozul
saqmianobad miiCnevs. am yvelafers zogierTi mkvlevari kontis fsiqiur
avadmyofobas ukavSirebs. Tumca religiis sociologiaSi es aris erTerTi naTeli magaliTi imisa, rom religia ar iqmneba ise, rogorc es
konts warmoedgina, rom SeuZlebelia religiis xelovnurad konstruireba. kontis naazrevi am mxriv mravalTaTvis Wkuis saswavlebelia da amitomac aris is religiis sociologiaSi mkacri gansjisa da mudmivi debatebis sagani.

2. herbert spenseri: religia da socialuri sistema

religiis sociologiuri gaazrebis saqmeSi mniSvnelovani roli
aqvs Sesrulebuli herbert spensers. religia, mis mixedviT, zeorganuli
warmonaqmnia (spenseri evoluciis Semdeg saxeebs gamoyofda: araorganuli, organuli da zeorganuli), anu socialur fenomens warmoadgens, romelic gansakuTrebul rols asrulebs socialuri sistemis funqcionirebis saqmeSi.
socialuri sistemis formirebis kvaldakval formirebas ganicdis
religiac. am SemTxvevaSi sawyisi punqti winaparTa kultia. evoluciis

laT: initiation - saidumloebaTa Sesruleba. pirvelyofil sazogadoebaSi Wabukebis

gandobis, dalocvis ceremonia, ris Semdeg isini iTvlebodnen dasrulebul
mamakacebad; me-19 s.-Si jer kidev misdevdnen am wes-Cveulebas amerikeli indielebi,
afrikelebi da sxv.

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kaxa qecbaia
msvlelobaSi misgan mravalferovani religiuri warmodgenebi gaCnda. am
mxriv sainteresoa spenseris mosazrebebi religiis warmoSobasTan dakavSirebiT.
winaparTa kultTan erTad religiuri cnobierebis gaCenaSi spenseris azriT didi roli oreulis ideam Seasrula. pirvelyofili adamiani akvirdeboda sakuTar Tavs. am procesSi man Tavisi Tavi ixila sizmarSi, wyalSi anareklis saxiT da amis Semdeg mas gauCnda warmodgena oreulis Sesaxeb. TandaTan gamoumuSavda Sexeduleba, rom is erTi ki ar aris,
aramed oria, romelTagan erTi mokvdavia, meore ukvdavi. am faqtis Sedegad spensers gauCnda mosazreba, rom religiis wyaro TviTdakvirvebaa.
TviTdakvirvebamde ki adamiani praqtikulma socialurma yofam miiyvana.
spenseri religias gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs socialuri sistemis arsebobisa da funqcionirebis saqmeSi. kerZod, religia socialuri uwyvetobisa da sazogadoebis identobis gamamyarebeli principia. Sesabamisad spenserma religiis ramdenime ZriTad socialur funqcias gausva xazi. esenia:
religia aZlierebs ojaxur kavSirebs; karavs ojaxs, rogorc
socialur jgufs da amiT xels uwyobs socialuri identobis Camoyalibebas.
religia aris adamianebis moqmedebaTa marTvis erT-erTi forma. igi xels uwyobs moqmedebis tradiciuli formebis gamyarebas.
religia aZlierebs erovnuli identobis Segnebas, romelic
sawyis etapze moiazreba, rogorc religiuri identoba.
religia kerZo sakuTrebis legitimacias axdens, radganac sakraluri nivTebisa da adgilebis tabuireba analogiis principiT kerZo sakuTrebazec gadadis.
religias primitiuli (samxedro) sazogadoeba civilizebul
msofliomde mihyavs.
cnobilia, rom spenserma socialuri institutebis cneba SeimuSava
da maTi 6 jgufi gamoyo: ojaxuri, ritualuri, politikuri, saeklesio,
profesiuli da samrewvelo. ritualuri socialuri institutebis dasaxasiaTeblad man termini mTavroba gamoiyena. mis qveS igi adamianis qce-

winaparTa kulti gavrcelebuli iyo mTian saqarTveloSic.

ruseTis federaciaSi mcxovrebi Turqulenovani eris CuvaSebis warmomadgenlebs
qristianobis miRebamde (meSvidmete saukunis Sua xanebi) winaparTa kulti swamdaT.
winaparTa kulti gavrcelebulia aRdgomis kunZulebze da sxv.

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vaze kontolis yvela arsebul saxes gulisxmobda. aqedanaa warmoqmnili

politikuri da religiuri (saeklesio) institutebi. droTa ganmavlobaSi ritualuri institutebi ukana planze gadadis da adgils uTmobs saeklesio da sxva saxis institutebs. spenseri maT postritualur regulatorul sistemas uwodebs, romelic socialuri kontrolis funqcias
asrulebs. saboloo jamSi kontroli coxlebisa da gardacvlilebis winaSe SiSzea damyarebuli. pirvels amyarebs saxelmwifo, meores eklesia.
spenseris am naazrevidan ikveTeba, rom religia socialuri kontrolis
funqcias asrulebs sazogadoebaSi.
spenserma didi yuradReba dauTmo agreTve mecnierebisa da religiis urTierTmimarTebis problemas. mecniereba xilul sinamdviles Seexeba, religia uxilavs, amitom ar SeiZleba rom isini ewinaaRmdegebodnen
erTmaneTs. piriqiT, bolovadi religiuri da mecnieruli ideebi saboloo jamSi Tan xvdebian erTmaneTs. yvela religiis mier aRiarebuli saidumlo transcendenturia. absoluturi sruliad Seucnobelia.
spenserma religiaSi ori mTavari elementi gamoyo: religiuri da ireligiuri. religiuri elementi religiaSi yovelTvis, yovel epoqaSi kargi
iyo. es aris im arsebis rwmena, romelic Cveni gonebis miRma dgas. xolo ireligiuri momenti aris codna, romlisganac is TandaTanobiT iwmindeboda.
ganmwmendelis rols, spenseris mixedviT, asrulebda mecniereba.
dasarul unda aRiniSnos, rom spensers mwyobri religiis sociologiuri koncefcia ar Seuqmnia. spenseris religiis sociologiuri ganazrebani mis sinTezur filosofiaSia gabneuli, romlis labirinTebSi garkveva arc ise ioli saqmea. Tumca miuxedavad amisa, religiis sociologiis kuTxiT sayuradReboa misi mosazrebebi religiis socialuri funqciebisa da rolis Sesaxeb, romelsac dResac ar daukargavs sakuTari aqtualoba. wminda religiaTmcodnebiTi TvalsazrisiT ki mniSvnelovania
spenseris Sexedulebebi religiis warmoSobis Sesaxeb.

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kaxa qecbaia

kiTxvebi:
ras niSnavs adreuli sociologiuri klasika?
SesaZlebelia Tu ara religiis xelovnurad Seqmna? (pasuxi
daasabuTeT).
iziarebT Tu ara kontis sociolatriisa da pozitiuri religiis ideas? (pasuxi daasabuTeT).
spenseris mixedviT, ra rols asrulebs religia sazogadoebaSi?
D davalebebi:
moamzadeT prezentacia Temaze: SesaZlebelia Tu ara religiis xelovnurad konstruireba?.
momazadeT essei Temaze: `konti da spenseri religiis Sesaxeb ~.

ZiriTadi literatura:
1. v. garaja, religiis sociologia, m., 2005. (rus. enaze).
2. a. berZeniSvili, klasikuri sociologiuri Teoriebi, Tb., 2013.
3. e. jgerenaia, leqciebi religiis sociologiaSi (internet versia).
damatebiTi literatura:

1. o. gabiZaSvili, religiis sociologiis sakiTxebi, ., 1984.

2. religiis sociologiis qrestomaTia, m., 1996, (Semdgenni: v. garaja da e. rutkeviCi), (rus. enaze).

1848 wels kontma pozitivisturi sazogadoeba Seqmna. sicocxlis

bolo wlebSi man sakuTari Tavi sakacobrio religiis pirvelmRvdelmTavrad gamoacxada da misi dogmatikisa da kultis Seqmnas Seudga.

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`religias adamianebi ara mxolod TavianT codnas unda umadlodnen, aramed im saSualebebsac, romelTa meSveobiTac es codna Seiqmna~.
e. diurkemi
VIII leqcia
Tema: religiis klasikuri sociologiuri Teoriebi
emil diurkemis religiis sociologia
funqcionalisturi paradigma
sakvanZo sityvebi da gamoTqmebi:
sakraluri, profanuli, totemizmi, koleqtiuri mRelvareba, rituali, solidaroba ritualis safuZvelze, religia rogorc socialuri
fenomeni.
Sesavali
religiis sociologiis erT-erTi klasikosisagan marqsisagan gansxvavebiT emil diurkemma Tavisi mecnieruli saqmianobis mniSvnelovani
nawili religiis kvlevas miuZRvna. am SemTxvevaSi man mTavari yuradReba
gaamaxvila religiaze tradiciul mcire socialur gaerTianebebSi (sazogadoebebSi). misi wigni religiis elementaruli formebi (1912 w.)
religiis sociologiaSi klasikur naSromad aris miCneuli. marqsisagan
gansxvavebiT diurkemi religias ar akavSirebs socialur uTanasworobasTan an ZalauflebasTan, magram mas Tavisi bunebidan gamomdinare socialur institutebs mikauTvnebs. misi wignis safuZvels totemizmis gamokvleva warmoadgens, im saxiT ra saxiTac is arsebobs avstraliel aborigenebSi, amasTanave diurkemi miiCnevs, rom totemizmi religiis umartives, elementarul formas warmoadgens. aqedan momdinareobs misi wignis saxelwodebac. ismis kiTxva: ratom iwyebs diurkemi religiis sociologiur analizs religiurobis elementaruli formebiT da ara msoflio religiebiT? mas miaCnia, rom elementaruli formebi religiisa yvela religiaSia mocemuli. is warmoadgens religiis dvritas da Sesabamisad misi analizi religiurobis myari formebis analizis tolfasia.

1. religiuri fenomenis analizi

diurkemi aramaterialuri socialuri faqtebis materialur manifestaciebze (magaliTad, wesrigi `sazogadoebrivi Sromis danawilebaSi~
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kaxa qecbaia

da TviTmkvlelobis maCvenebli `TviTmkvlelobaSi~) axdenda fokusirebas. xolo naSromSi `religiuri cxovrebis elementaruli formebi~ man
aramaterialur socialur faqtebs mimarTa. konkretulad religias. religia aramaterialur socialur faqts ganekuTvneba da amitomac misma
Seswavlam mas saSualeba misca Tavisi Teoriuli sistemis mTliani aspeqtisaTvis naTeli moefina. religias `dinamogenuri Rirebuleba aqvs;
rac imas niSnavs, rom mas SeuZlia individTa amaRleba maT Cveulebriv SesaZleblobebze.
Ddiurkemma Tavisi gamokvleva religiis Sesaxeb arsebuli masaliT ganamtkica. misi monacemebis umetes nawils primitiuli avstraliuri Temis,
aruntas Seswavla warmoadgenda. man religiis Seswavla msgavsi primitiuli Temis safuZvelze ramdenime mizezis gamo gadawyvita. is miiCnevda, rom
religiis Seswavla gacilebiT advilia primitiul doneze, vidre Tanamedrove sazogadoebis safuZvelze. religiuri formebi primitiul sazogadoebaSi `gaSiSvlebulia da mxolod `mcireoden Zalisxmevas saWiroebs
maT gamosamJRavneblad. Tuki Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi religia sxvadasxva formas Rebulobs, primitiul sazogadoebaSi `moraluri da inteleqtualuri konformizmia da bolos, marTalia diurkemi primitiul religiur formebs swavlobda, magram es imas ar niSnavs, rom mas mxolod isini
ainteresebda. is maT swavlobda imisaTvis, rom `adamianis religiuri buneba, anu kacobriobis ganuyofeli nawili eCvenebina. ufro sworad rom
vTqvaT, diurkemi swavlobda primitiul religiebs imisaTvis, rom naTeli
gaexada Tanamedrove (da saerTod religiis) religiebis buneba.
religia primitiul sazogadoebaSi yovlismomcvel koleqtiur morals warmoadgens. magram, rac ufro viTardeba da metad specializirebuli xdeba sazogadoeba, miT ufro viwrovdeba religiis adgili sazogadoebaSi. Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi igi koleqtiur cnoebierebad yofnis sanacvlod erT-erT koleqtiur reprezentaciad iqceva. diurkemi
aRiarebda im faqts, rom Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi religia sul ufro
mcire adgils ikavebs, magram amave dros aRiarebda, rom modernistuli
sazogadoebis umetes, Tu yvela ara, koleqtiur reprezentacias primitiuli sazogadoebis yovlismomcveli religia udevs safuZvlad.
diurkemis mtkicebiT, religia ubralod rwmena rodia. rwmenasTan
erTad nebismieri religia ritualebs, sakulto wesebis Sesrulebas gulisxmobs, romelSic morwmune adamianTa jgufi religiuri Temi iRebs
monawileobas. msgavsi koleqtiuri ritualebiT Zlierdeba jgufis wverebs Soris solidaroba. ritualebis meSveobiT adamianebi distancirdebian yovedRiuri realobisagan, socialuri cxovrebisagan da uxilav, zebunebriv ZalebTan kavSirs ganicdian. Zalebi, romlebic totems miewere150

religiis sociologia

ba sinamdvileSi sxva araferia Tu ara individualurze koleqtiuris

gavlenis gamoxatuleba. diurkemis mixedviT, adamianTa gaerTianeba da
sociumad Camoyalibeba religiuri ritualebis erToblivi Sesrulebis
Sedegad xdeba.

2. totemizmis analizi
totemi, rogorc es adre iyo naxsenebi, Tavdapirvelad es aris
cxoveli an mcenare, romelsac mocemuli socialuri jgufisaTvis gansakuTrebuli simboluri mniSvneloba da datvirTva aqvs. am azriT, totemi
sakraluri obieqtia, romelic Tayvaniscemas iwvevs da, Sesabamisad, mis
mimarT mTeli rigi sakulto moqmedebebiT xasiaTdeba. am konteqsSi diurkemi religias sakralurisa da profanulis (yoveldRiuris) gansxvavebidan gamomdinare gansazRvravs. misi mtkicebiT, sakraluri sagnebi da
simboloebi ganixileba rogorc gansakuTrebuli saxis realoba, romelic yofierebis rutinuli, yoveldRiuri realobisagan gancalkavebulia. amdenad sakraluri, totemi gansakuTrebuli zebunebrivi Zalis
mqone realobaa, amitom totemuri cxoveli an mcenare tabuirebulia: akrZalulia masze nadiroba an misi Wama.
ratom aris totemi sakraluri? am kiTxvaze diurkemi Zalze originalur pasuxs scems. igi ambobs, rom totemi jgufs an mTlianad sazogadoebs ganasaxierebs, jgufis an sazogadoebis simbolos warmoadgens. igi
anacvlebs jgufis an sazogadoebis umTvares da umniSvnelovanes Rirebulebebs. wyaloba romelsac adamianebi totemisagan iReben sinamdvileSi im umTavresi socialuri Rirebulebidan momdinareobs romelsac isini aRiareben. am azris ukiduresobamde miyvaniT diurkemi Zalze ucnaur
magram sociologiurad saintereso daskvnas akeTebs: religiaSi Tayvaniscemis obieqti aris TviT sazogadoeba.
diurkemis mosazrebam, rom sazogadoeba religiis warmomqmnelia
avstraliur aruntaSi totemizmze misi dakvirveba ganapiroba. totemizmi aris religiuri sistema, sadac cxovelebi da mcenareebi wmindad da
klanis emblemad miiCneva. diurkemi totemizms religiis yvelze martiv
da primitiul formad miiCnevda. igi Tan axlavs socialuri organizaciis aseve primitiul formas, klans. Tuki diurkemi SesZlebda imis Cvenebas, rom klani totemizmis wyaroa, maSin SesZlebda sakuTari argumentis
demonstracias imis Sesaxeb, rom religiis fesvebi sazogadoebaSia. diurkemma Tavisi argumenti Semdegnairad Camoayaliba: `religia, romelic
ase axlo kavSirSia socialur sistemasTan, SegviZlia miviCnioT yvelaze
elemetarul religiad. Tuki movaxerxebT vipovoT am rwmenaTa sawyisebi,
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maSin Cven SevZlebT aRmovaCinoT kacobriobis religiuri mgrZnobelobis mizezic. miuxedavad imisa, rom SesaZloa klans ramdenime totemi
hyavdes, diurkemis interess ar warmoadgenda maTi damoukideblad, konkretuli cxovelebisa da mcenareebis fragmentuli rwmenebis Seswavla.
mas surda maTi ganxilva, rogorc urTierTdakavSirebuli ideebis, romlebic klans samyaros met-naklebad srul reprezentacias uqmnian. mcenare an cxoveli ar warmoadgens totemizmis sawyiss; is ubralod ganasaxierebs am sawyiss. es aramaterialuri sawyisi sxva araferia, Tu ara,
CvenTvis ukve nacnobi koleqtiuri cnobiereba: `totemizmi ar aris konkretuli cxovelebis an mcenareebis religia, es aris anonimuri Zala, romelic napovnia TviToeul am nivTSi, magram ar aris Sereuli maTTan. adamianebi kvdebian, Taobebi midian da icvlebian axliT, magram es Zala yovelTvis rCeba, cocxalia da marad erTi da igivea. is amxnevebs dRevandel
Taobas ise, rogorc amxnevebda guSindels, da rogorc gaamxnevebs xvalindels. totemizmi, ufro zogadad, religia, koleqtiuri moralidan warmoiSoba da upirobo Zala xdeba. is ar aris miTosuri cxovelebis, mcenareebis, personaJebis, sulebisa da RmerTebis ubralo nakrebi.
diurkemis mixedviT, ceremonia da rituali mniSvnelovan rols asruleben sazogadoebis wevrTa gaerTianebaSi. amitomaa rom msgavsi moqmedebebi ara mxolod RvTismsaxurebis regularul situaciebSi gvxvdeba, aramed sxvadsaxva saxis yoveldRiuri cxovrebiseuli problemebisa
da krizisebis dros, rodesac adamiani mTel rig socialur cvlilebebs
mZafrad ganicdis. magaliTad
dabadeba,
qorwineba an gardacvaleba. TiTqmis yvela
tipis sazogadoebaSi
zemoTxsenebul situaciebSi ritualebi da
sakulto wes-Cveulebebi gvxvdeba. diurkemma aCvena, rom koleqtiuri ritualebi
jgufur solidarobas
amyareben im momntebSi, rodesac adamianebi iZulebulni arian moergon im socialur cvlilebebs romelTac maTs
cxovrebaSi aqvs adgili. dakrZalvis ceremonia aCvenebs, rom mocemuli
jgufis Rirebulebebi ar kvdeba calkeul konkretul adamianTan erTad.
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glova mwuxarebis spontanuri gamoxatuleba ki ara valia, romelic jgufis mier aris Tavs moxveuli.

3. wminda da yoveldRiuri
diurkems Tanamedrove religiis Zirebis povna ainteresebda. raSic
specializirebuloba da ideologia uSlida xels da Tanamedrove religiis fesvebis pirdapir gamokvlevas arTulebda. diurkemi am sakiTxs
primitiuli sazogadoebebis konteqstidan miudga. ZiriTadi sakiTxi aseTia: saidan modian primitiuli (da Tanamedrove) religiis umTavresi
formebi? diurkemi Tavisi ZiriTadi meTodologiuri midgomiT xelmZRvanelobda, anu miaCnda, rom erTi socialuri faqtis gamowveva mxolod meore socialur faqts SeuZlia, ris safuZvelzec man daaskvna: religiis wyaro sazogadoebaa. sazogadoeba (individebis meSveobiT) qmnis
religias, radgan konkretul fenomens gansazRvravs rogorc wmindas da
sxvebs rogorc yoveldRiurs. socialuri realobis is aspeqtebi romlebic wmindad aris miCneuli anu, gamocalkevebulia da agreTve akrZaluli qmnian religiis raobas. sxva yvelaferi yoveldRiurad aris miCneuli es cxovrebis zogadi, utilitaruli da amqveyniuri aspeqtebia.
wmindas Tan axlavs pativiscema, krZalva, saidumloeba da SiSi. es pativiscema, romelic mimarTulia konkretuli fenomenis mimarT yoveldRiurs wmindad gardaqmnis.

[...] pirvelyofil adamians hgonia, rom sityvas raRac idumali,

misnuri gavlena aqvs movlenebze. zogierTi sityva an gamoTqma keTilismyofelia, zogierTi kidev ubedirebis momtani. polineziel SavkanianebSi zogierTi sityva mTeli wlobis ganmavlobaSi `tabuT~ iTvleba, e. i. misi xmareba sastikad akrZalulia [...]
Ggeronti qiqoZe

wmindasa da yoveldRiurs Soris gansxvaveba, aseve socialuri

cxovrebis zogierTi aspeqtis siwmindis donemde ayvana religiis SeqmnisaTvis saWiro, Tumca arasakmaris pirobebs warmoadgenen. kidev sami pirobaa saWiroa. pirvel rigSi, saWiroa religiur rwmenaTa Sekreba. es
rwmenebi warmoadgenen `wminda nivTebis bunebas da maT urTierTqmedebas
rogorc erTmaneTTan, ise yoveldRiur nivTebTan. meore religiur ritualTa nakrebia. es aris `wesebi imis Sesaxeb Tu rogor unda moiqces
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kaxa qecbaia

adamiani am wminda nivTebTan mimarTebaSi da mesame, religia saWiroebs

taZars, an Tundac erT TaRs qveS gaerTianebul sazogadoebas. wmindas,
rwmenebs, ritualebsa da taZars Soris urTierTdakavSirebam diurkemi
religiis Semdeg gansazRvrebamde miiyvana: `religia aris rwmenaTa da
ritualebis erTiani sistema, romelic erTiandeba erT konkretul moralur sazogadoebaSi anu taZarSi, romlis erTgulic rCeba yvela maTgani. skralurisa da profanulis cnebebis analiziT diurkemi religiis
sociologiur definiciamde mivida.

4. koleqtiuri mRelvarebis cneba

diurkemTan religiis wyaro koleqtiuri cnobierebaa. sainteresoa
sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu saidan iRebs saTaves Tavad koleqtiuri cnobiereba? diurkemis azriT, is mxolod erTi sawyisidan warmoiSoba da es sawyisi sazogadoebaa. traibalur sazogadoebaSi klani aris religiis sawyisi: `religiuri Zala sxva araferia Tu ara klanis koleqtiuri da anonimuri Zala. rogor qmnis klani totemizms? Aam kiTxvaze pasuxi diurkemis naazrevis centralur, magram mkvlevarTa mxridan naklebad sayuradRebo komponentSi koleqtiur mRelvarebaSi devs.

koleqtiuri cnobiereba diurkemis azriT, sazogadoebis sulieri erTobaa, romelic individualur cnobierebaTa ubralo jami
araa; igi individumebisgan damoukideblad arsebobs; socialuri
faqtebis (adaTebi, morali, samarTali, tradiciebi, codna da a.S.) saxiT uZlieres gavlenas axdens individis cnobierebaze. is qcevisa da
azrovnebis maiZulebel moralur-sazogadoebriv garemos qmnis am
sazogadoebaSi gavrcelebuli wesebis misaRebad. koleqtiuri cnobierebis formebia koleqtiuri warmodgenebi, koleqtiuri grZnobebi. isini individebisaTvis saerTo grZnobebis, rwmenebisa da Rirebulebebis safuZvelze yalibdeba da tradiciul sazogadoebebSi
socialuri wesrigis safuZvelia.

koleqtiuri mRelvareba naTlad ar aris warmodgenili diurkemis

naazrevSi. mkvlevarTa varaudiT, is istoriis im diad momentebs gulisxmobda, rodesac sazogadoeba koleqtiuri egzaltaciis iseT dones aRwevs, romelic sazogadoebis struqturaSi cvlilebebs iwvevs. reformacia da renesansi msgavsi istoriuli periodis magaliTia. diurkemi aseve
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werda rom religia am koleqtiuri mRelvarebis miRma warmoiSoba: `am

mRelvarebaSi, da am mRelvarebidan warmoiSoba religiis idea. koleqtiuri mRelvarebis periodSi klanis wevrebi warmoqmnian totemizms. faqtobrivad totemizmi koleqtiuri cnobierebis reprezentaciaa, koleqtiuri reprezentacia ki, Tavis mxriv, warmoiSoba sazogadoebidan, anu
sazogadoebaa koleqtiuri cnobierebis, religiis, RmerTis da yvelafris rac ki sakraluria (yoveldRiurisgan gansxvavebiT) sawyisi. amitom
SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom wminda (RmerTi) da sazogadoeba erTi da igivea.
marTalia, es primitiul sazogadoebas exeba, magram igive SegviZlia
vTqvaT Tanamedrove sazogadoebaze.

4.religiis momavlis Sesaxeb

diurkems miaCnda, rom sazogadoebis gaTanamedroveobasTan (modernizaciasTan) erTad religiis roli sustdeba. mecnieruli azrovneba nel-nela enacvleba religias, xolo progresTan erTad sakulto moqmedebebic TandaTan izRudeba da adamianis cxovrebaSi maTTvis adgili
ar rCeba. diurkemi eTanxmeba marqss imaSi, rom tradiciuli religia anu
religia, romelic zebunebrivis rwmenas warmoadgens gaqrobis zRvarze
imyofeba. zebunebrivis, sakraluris adgils Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi
ikavebs profanuli. am process sakraluris profanacias eZaxian. Zveli
RmerTebi mokvdnen wers diurkemi. Tumca amasTanave igi saubrobs, rom
miuxedavad aseTi pesimisturi perspeqtivisa religia Tavis ZiriTad
funqcias mainc SeinarCunebs da transformirebuli saxiT arsebobas
kvlav gaagrZelbs. Tanamedrove informaciul epoqaSic ki socialuri
erToba mTeli rigi ritualebis Sesrulebaze aris damokidebuli. entoni gidensis azriT, am ritualebis transfomaciaze diurkemi cota gaugebrad laparakobs, etyoba mas mxedvelobaSi iseTi humanisturi da politikuri Rirebulebebis zeoba aqvs, rogoricaa Tavisufleba, Tanasworoba da socialuri TanamSromloba.

5.diurkemis religiis sociologiis ZiriTadi momentebi

religiis socialuri xasiaTi diurkemis mixedviT
religia, rogorc socialurad ganpirobebuli movlena.
religia, rogorc koleqtiur cnobierebaSi socialuri sinamdvilis gansaxiereba.

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kaxa qecbaia
religia, rogorc sakuTari funqcionaluri Sedegebis mqone movlena.
religiurobis namdvili wyaro diukemis mixedviT
jgufis erTobis SenarCunebis aucilebloba da aqedan gamomdinare religiis wyaroa Tavad sasogadoeba.
diurkemis mixedviT, religiaSi mTavaria ara misi dogmaturi nawili, aramed religiuri moqmedeba ritualebis koleqtiuri Sesrulebis
saxiT, masSi vlindeba religiis pozitiuri socialuri funqcia.
religiis umTavresi socialuri funqciebi diurkemis mixedviT
disciplinaruli anu maiZulebeli da makontrolebeli funqcia.
ceremonialuri funqcia (socialuri erTobis gamaZlierebeli
funqcia).
reproduqciuli funqcia (socialuri memkvidreobis Taobidan
Taobebze gadacema).
eiforiuli funqcia (socialuri keTildReobis mxiaruli grZnobebis gamowveva).
E
es sayuradReboa
religiaze diurkemis ideebis ganviTarebaSi sami etapia mniSvnelovani
_ pirveli etapi saswavleblidan iwyeba da religiaze leqciebis
kursiT mTavrdeba, romelic man 1895 wels waikiTxa. amave periodSi masze didi gavlena moaxdina kontma, spenserma, kulanJma da vundtma.
vundts is germaniaSi staJirebis dros usmenda. amave periodSi igi eTnografiiT dainteresda.
_ meore etapi 18951906 wlebia, rodesac igi eTnologiaSi intensiuri muSaobiT aris dakavebuli. amaze metyvelebs am periodSi gamoqveynebuli statiebi da recenziebi, romlebic dabeWdilia Lanne
sociologique Si.
_ mesame etapi religiis elementaruli formebis gamoqveynebas
ukavSirdeba.

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diurkemi religiaSi xedavs ara iluzias, yalb cnobierebas aramed socialur instituts, romelic adamianisa da sazgadoebis arsebobis
safuZvlebTan (mis socialur aspeqtSi) samaradJamod aris dakavSirebuli. religiuri cxovrebis wyaro adamianTa arsebobis socialuri wesia.
diurkemis mixedviT, religia arsebobs ara imitom, rom arsebobs individi garkveuli msoflmxedvelobis mqone arseba, aramed imitom rom arsebobs gansakuTrebuli saxis realoba sazogadoeba.
Ddiurkemi akritikebda teiloris animizms da miuleris naturalizms, romlebic religiuri fenomenis warmoSobas warmosaxvis fenomens ukavSirebdnen. amis sapirispirod diurkemi amtkicebda, rom religia obieqturi socialuri faqtoria, romelic sazogadoebis mier aris
Seqmnili da romelic gamoxatavs rwmenas, aqvs am rwmenis Sesabamisi ritualebi da hyavs adamianTa gjufi, romelic am ritualebs asrulebs. religia koleqtiuri realobis, rogorc sui generis gamoxatulebaa, romelic qmnis Rirebulebas.
diurkemis religiis sociologia misi sociologizmis TiTqmis yvela
niSnebis matarebelia. amis gamo bevri mkvlevari miiCnevs, rom diurkemma
religiuri fenomenis Seswavlis nacvlad sociologiuri religiis cneba
mogvca. SeiZleba iTqvas, am SedegebiT sruldeba yvela is koncefcia, romelic religiis axsnisas mxolod socialur fenomens emyareba.
ar unda vifiqroT, rom diurkemis religiis sociologiuri Teoria
unakloa. am naklovanebebze jer kidev mis sicocxleSi iwreboda bevri
ram. Tundac is, rom is piradad ar yofila avstraliaSi, totemizmTan
uSualo Sexeba ar hqonia da mxolod im wyaroebs emyareba, romelic mis
xelT iyo. kritikis obieqti iyo agreTve misi kvlevis meTodologia (magaliTad istoriuli analizis meTodi, romelsac diurkemi iyenebda. diurkems miaCnda, rom adamianis azrovneba istoriis produqtia, romelic
TviTformirebad process warmoadgens. am procesis mTavari moqmedi piri ki koleqtiuri cnobierebaa) da a. S.
miuxedavad mTeli rigi kritikisa diurkemis religiis sociologiuri koncefcia sicocxlisunariani da angariSgasawevia dResac. misi mizani ar yofila sxva avtorebis eTnologiuri faqtebis interpretacia.
religiis sociologiaSi man Tavisi axli sityva Tqva, romelic ganpirobebuli iyo im winapirobebiT rac im droisaTvis safrangeTSi xdeboda:
saxelmwifosagan religiis gamoyofa (1905), religiis profanacia da sxva.
am yveleferma frangul sazogadoebaSi religiis rolis Sesusteba gamoiwvia. religiis krizisma ubiZga diurkems religiis analiziT, misi bunebis kvleviT dainteresebuliyo.
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kaxa qecbaia

kritikisa da qebis miuxedavad dRes diurkemis naSromi `religiis

elementaruli formebi~ aCvenebs imas, Tu ra Zneli gansaxorcielebelia rTuli movlenis martivad axsnis mcdeloba.

kiTxvebi:
daaxasiaTeT diurkemis religiis sociologiis ZiriTadi
principebi?
ratom mimarTavs diurkemi totemizmis analizs? (pasuxi daasabuTeT).
ras niSnavs koleqtiuri mRelvareba da ra rols akisrebs mas
diurkemi?
diurkemis mixedviT, ra funqciebs asrulebs religia sazogadoebaSi?
ras gulisxmobs diurkemi sakralurisa da profanulis cnebebSi?
D davalebebi:
moamzadeT prezentacia Temaze: religiis socialuri funqciebi diurkemis mixedviT.
momazadeT essei Temaze: `diurkemi da religiis momavlis
problema ~.
momazadeT essei Temaze: `diurkemis religiis sociologia
kritikiuli TvalsazrisiT~.

1.
2.

3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
158

ZiriTadi literatura:
o. gabiZaSvili, religia, rogorc socialuri movlena, Tb., 1987.
n. smelzeri, sociologia, nawili III. Tavi 15. religia. m., 1994.
(rus. enaze). qarTuli Targmanis naxva SesaZlebelia www.socium.ge-ze.
e. diurkemi, religiuri cxovrebis elementaruli formebi, Tb.,
2004. (calkeuli mniSvnelovani adgilebi).
e. gidensi, sociologia, Tavi 17. religia, m., 2005. (rus. enaze).
e. jgerenaia, leqciebi religiis sociologiaSi (internet versia).
v. garaja, religiis sociologia, m., 2005. (rus. enaze).
a. berZeniSvili, klasikuri sociologiuri Teoriebi, Tb., 2013.

religiis sociologia

1.
2.

damatebiTi literatura:
q. kalhuni, d. laiTi, s. keleri, sociologia, Tavi XIII, religia.
Tb., 2008.
j. maisionisi, sociologia, Tavi 18. religia. sankt-peterburgi,

2004.
3.
4.
5.

o. gabiZaSvili, religiis sociologiis sakiTxebi, ., 1984.

religiis sociologiis qrestomaTia, m., 1996, (Semdgenni: v. garaja da e. rutkeviCi), (rus. enaze).
patrik de lobe, religiuri fenomenis sociologia, m., 2000.
(rus. enaze).

sakiTxavi masala
totemizmi
totemizmi odesRac Zalze gavrcelebuli da
dRemde SemorCenili religiur-socialuri sistemaa, romlis safuZvelad totemis kulti devs. termini pirvelad mkvlevarma longma gamoiyena 1791
wels. totemi Crdilo-amerikel indielTa erT-erTi
tomis ojibves enaze Tavis gvars niSnavs. sociologiis enaze totemis qveS igulisxmeba jgufi, koleqtivi da ara individi. totemi es aris gvaris, klanis, jgufis mier wmindisa da sakraluris rangSi ayvanili sagani (mcenare an cxoveli) an adgili. totemi gvaris, klanis, jgufis winaprad aris miCneuli da
jgufis wevrebi mis saxels atareben. praqtikulad
ar arsebobs iseTi obieqti, romelic ar SeiZleba
rom totemi ar yofiliyos. Tumca yvelaze metad
gavrcelebuli totemebi cxovelebia.

totemis saxeebi
totemi SeiZleba iyos qari, mze, wvima, Weqa-quxili, wyali, rkina (afrika). totemi SeiZleba cxovelis an mcenaris calkeuli nawilic iyos. magaliTad
kus Tavi, goWis kuWi, foTlis boloebi da a. S. ufro
metad totemi cxovelTa an mcenareTa saxeebia. ase
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magaliTad Crdilo-amerikel indielTa ojibves tomi 23 gvarisagan Sedgeba, romelTagan TiToeuls sakuTari totemi yavs (mgeli, daTvi, gveli, Tevzi, ixvi da sxv.). avstraliaSi, romelic totemizmis erT-erTi
samSobloa, mTeli buneba totemebs Soris aris danawilebuli. magaliTad maunt-gambiris tomis avstralielTa yvavis totems ekuTvnis wvima,
Weqa-quxili, Rrublebi; gvelis totems Tevzebi, garkveuli saxis mcenareebi da a. S. port makais tomis kengurus totemis kuTvnilebaa mze, xolo niangis totems ekuTvnis mTvare.
totemis gamoyenebis sferoebi
totemisturi warmodgenebi damaxasiaTebelia pirvelyofili animistis msoflmxedvelobisaTvis. totemizmis ZiriTadi niSani imaSi
mdgomareobs, rom totemi mocemuli jgufis, klanis winaprad aris miCneuli, xolo totemuri klasis yoveli individi aRiarebulia, rogorc
sisxliT naTesavi. magaliTad Tuki totems warmoadgens yvavi, maSin iTvleba rom mocemuli gvaris namdvili mSobeli swored is aris, Sesabamisad, yoveli yvavi am gvaris naTesavia.
afrika
afrikaSi gvelis totemis gvaris warmomadgenlebi axaldabadebul
bavSvs gvels miugdeben. Tuki is mas xels ar axlebs bavSvi kanonierad
miiCneva, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi bavSvs klaven rogorc sxva gvaris warmomadgenelsa da ucxos.
afrikaSi imis gamosarkvevad Tu romel totems an gvars ekuTvnis
adamiani ekiTxebian ra saxis cekva icis. afrikuli cekvebis umravlesoba totemis tayvaniscemasTanaa dakavSirebuli. religiuri ritualebis
Sesrulebisas saxeze niRabs ikeTeben totemis gamosaxulebiT da totemuri cxovelis tyaviT imosebian. totemisturi ritualebis gadmonaSTebi dRemde SemorCenilia evropaSi. samxreT slavebSi arsebobs wesi
rodesac bavSvi ibadeba bebiaqali yviris: mgelma Sva lekvi, ris Semdeg
axalSobils mglis tyavSi axveven, xolo mglis Tvalis an gulis nawils
akereben bavSvis tansacmelSi.
CrdiloeT amerika
CrdiloeT amerikaSi bizonis totemis omaxas tomis warmomadgenlebi gardacvlils bizonis tyavSi axvevdnen. saxes totemis ferad uRebavdnen da Semdegi sityvebiT mimarTavdnen: Sen bizonTan midixar, Sen
midixar Sens winaprebTan! gamgrdi! zunis tomis indielebi rodesac
saxlSi totemuri cxoveli ku moyavT, mas Tvalcremliani xvdebian:
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o, ubeduro daRupulo Svilo, mamav, dao, Zmao, babuav! vin icis, vin xar
Sen? totemis Tayvaniscema imiTac aris gamorCeuli, rom totemi tabuirebulia. amitom masTan miaxloeba an misi yureba yvelasTvis ar SeiZleba. akrZalulia misi mokvla, mis xorcis Wama, misi tyavis gamoyeneba
da a. S. Tuki totemi xea, ikrZaleba misi moWra da gamoyeneba, anda mis nayofis Wama. sxva gvaris warmomadgenlis mier totemis mokvla SurisZiebis sagani xdeba. es naTesavis an winapris mkvlelobis tolfasia da amis
gamkeTebeli unda daisajos. totemis wyalobisa da gulis mogebis mizniT totemistebi mravalgvar saSualebebs mimarTaven. amis erT-erTi
gamovlinebaa sadResaswaulo da ritualuri cekvebi sadac klanis warmomadgenlebi TavianT totems baZaven.
avstralia
avstraliaSi sqesobrivi totemebic arsebobs. qalebi TavianT totems dad miiCneven, xolo kacebi Zmad. avstraliel aborigenebs sjeraT,
rom gardacvalebis Semdeg isini TavianT totems daubrundebian, amitom yoveli cxoveli maTTvis gardacvlil naTesavs warmoadgens.
tradiciuli warmodgenebis mixedviT, totemur cxovels gansakuTrebuli urTierToba aqvs eTnikur jgufTan. totemi klanis maidentificirebeli faqtoria.
Teofagia totemis Wamis tradicia
centarlur avstraliaSi mcxovrebi aborigenebi atareben Teofagiis totemis wamis rituals. am SemTxvevaSi Tu totemi cxovelia mas
ar klaven mZinares da aucileblad aZleven gaqcevis saSualebas. amas maunt-gambiris tomis warmomadgenlebi akeTeben SimSilobis dros. totemis gvamis povnis SemTxvevaSi mas sadResaswaulod marxaven. totemis Wamis rituali mTeli rigi wesebis dacvas moiTxovs. igi mTlianad, ZvlebTan da SigneulTan erTad unda SeiWamos.
totemizmis Teoriebi
frezeris Teoria
frezeris mixedviT, totemizmi ar aris religia, anu zebunebrivi
arsebebisadmi rwmenis moments ar Seicavs. is ufro magiis nairsaxeobaa,
anu totemists aqvs rwmena imisa, rom sxvadasxva jadoqruli moqmedebebiT SesaZlebelia zegavlenis moxdena gare samyaroze. totemizmi socialuri magiaa romlis mizania baraqianobis miRweva. frezeris Teoria
ver wyvets sakiTxs totemuri obieqtidan momdinare rwmenis Sesaxeb.
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piklerisa da smolos Teoria

swavlulma iuristebma piklerma da smolom axali Teoria wamoayenes, romlis mixedviT, totemizmis genezisi piqtografiaSia damaluli,
romlis Zirebi marTlac gvxvedba pirvelyofil tomebTan. amas adasturebs isic, rom im tomebSi sadac piqtografia ucxoa ar gvxvdeba totemizmi. es saintereso mosazrebaa, magram piqtografia SesaZlebelia ganviTarebuliyo iq sadac totemis gamosaxulebas akeTebdnen, Sesabamisad
piqtografia totemizmis Sedegia da ara misi mizezi. mTlianobaSi es Teoria plutarqes Zvel azrs imeorebs, romelic egviptelebis mier cxovelebis Tayvaniscemas am cxovelTa gamosaxulebebs ukavSirebda.
teiloris Teoria
teilori totemizms winaparTa kults da sulTa gadasaxlebas
ukavSirebda. totemizmis genezisis gasagebad mxedvelobaSi unda gvqondes Semdegi:
gvarovnuli organizacia, animizmi da bunebis kulti win uswerebdnen totemizms.
totemizmi ukavSirdeba animistur fsiqologias.
totemizmis geneziss mravali mizezi aqvs. isini momdinareoben
pirvelyofili adamianis cnobierebidan.
maT Soris umTavresia:
gvarovnuli kulti.
parTenogenezisi rwmena imisa, rom SesaZlebelia ganayofiereba
cxovelis, mcenaris, qvis an ciuri sxeulis meSveobiT momxdariyo. oroCeis tomSi romelsac Sternbergi akvirdeboda xSiri iyo fatqtebi rodesac qalma dabada niangi, gveli, maimuni da sxva.
totemisturi rwmena savsebiT axsnadia da pirvelyofili adamianis
azrovnebasa da msoflmxedvelobas ukavSirdeba. sociologiurad igi
sainteresoa imiT, rom masSi kargad Cans Tu rogor amTlianebs adamianTa erTobas rwmena da ritualebi.

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`usasrulod Zvirfasia dro, radganac yoveli dakarguli saaTi
RmerTis sadidebel saqmianobas akldeba~.
m. veberi
IX leqcia
Tema: religiis klasikuri sociologiuri Teoriebi
maqs veberis religiis sociologia
racionalisturi paradigma
sakvanZo sityvebi da gamoTqmebi:
religia, socialuri cvlilebebi, qarizma, protestantizmi, kapitalizmi, kapitalizmis suliskveTeba, ganjadoeba, religiuri cxovrebis racionalizacia, religia da socialuri moqmedeba, msoflio
religebis sameurneo eTika, xsnis religiebi.
Sesavali
jer kidev mecxaramete saukuneSi mecnierebaSi gabatonebuli iyo
mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom socialuri progresi es aris procesi, romelic gulisxmobs: religiurobis gadalaxvas da codnis primats (konti),
sawarmoo ZalTa ganviTarebas (marqsi), socialuri sinamdvilis sabunebismetyvelo kanonzomierebebiT ganpirobebulobas (evolucionistebi)
da sxva. am SemTxvevaSi religia moazrebuli iyo rogorc erT-erTi rigiTi socialuri stuqtura, romelic sxva socialuri struqturebis
msgavsad transformirebas ganicdis. socialuri cxovrebis transformirebis procesSi religias pasiuri roli ekava. igi ganixileboda, rogorc progresis gamomwvevi sxva faqtorTa moqmedebis Sedegi. religiisadmi amgvari midgomisagan kardinalurad gansxvavdeba sociologiis
klasikosis maqs veberis xedva. socialur gardaqmnebsa da procesebSi veberi religias aqtiur rols akisrebda da mas ganixilavda socialur
cvlilebaTa erT-erT mZlavr faqtorad.
diukemisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic Tavis religiis sociologiur
koncefcias totemizmis analizze (mcire socialuri erToba) agebda, veberis religiis sociologia masStaburobiT gamoirCeva, radganac misi
koncefcia mTels msoflioSi gavrcelebul religiebs Seexeba. msgavsi
masStabis analizi veberamde da veberis Semdeg TiTqmis arc erT mkvlevars ar Cautarebia.

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meore niSani riTac veberis religiis sociologia diurkemis analogiuri koncefciisagan gansxvavdeba aris is, rom veberma mTeli Tavisi
yuradReba religiasa da sazogadoebaSi mimdinare gardaqmnebsa da cvlilebebs Soris kavSirze gadaitana, rasac diurkemi nakleb yuradRebas aqcevda.
am SemTxvevaSi marqsisagan vebers is ganasxvavebs, rom religia arc
Tu iseTi konservatiuli Zalaa, rogorc es marqss warmoedgina. piriqiT,
veberis azriT, religia mravali socialuri cvlilebis sulisCamdgmelia. amis magaliTi protestantuli religiaa, romelmac kapitalizmis
ganviTarebas Seuwyo xeli. istoriulad cnobili faqtia, rom pirveli mewarmeebi kalvinistebi iyvnen. warmatebisaken maTi swrafva, romelmac dasavleTis qveynebs arnaxuli ekonomikuri miRwevebi moutana, RvTismsaxurebis surviliT iyo ganpirobebuli. materialur warmatebas isini
RvTis wyalobad miiCnevdnen.
imisaTvis, rom gavigoT veberis koncefcia religiis socialuri
rolis Sesaxeb aucilebelia mxedvelobaSi viqonioT is winapirobebi da
amosavali principebi, romliTac is adamianTa religiuri moqmedebebis
axsnisas xelmZRvanelobda. es saxelmZRvanelo principi veberis socialuri moqmedebis Teoriaa. vebers miaCnda, rom socialuri institutebi,
struqturebi da calkeuli aqtorebi im sazrisebis mixedviT fuqncionireben, romelTac masSi adamianebi deben. es sazrisebi ki maT mier winawar
gaazrebulia (racionalizebulia) da garkveuli miznebis miRwevazea
orientirebuli anda am moqmedebebs mTeli rigi Rirebulebebi ganapirobeben (RirebulebiTracionaluri moqmedeba). am gagebiT, socialuri
moqmedeba racionaluri xdeba. es niSnavs, rom socialuri moqmedebis gadamwyveti faqtorebi adamianTa mier racionalizebul qcevaze da RirebulebiT orientaciebzea damokidebuli.

1.religia, rogorc moqmedebis racionalizaciis piroba.

qarizmis cneba
veberis mixedviT, socialuri moqmedeba SeiZleba iyos mizanracionaluri an RirebulebiTracionaluri. maTgan gansxvavdeba afetquri
(moqmedeba emociebis safuZvelze) da tradiciuli (adaT-wesebiTa da
dadgenili normebis mixedviT moqmedeba).

protestantobis Sesaxeb am leqciis bolos ixileT sakiTxavi masala.

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pirvelyofili religiebis analizisas veberi tradiciuli socialuri moqmedebis cnebas emyareba. am SemTxvevaSi, veberis mixedviT, mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs tradicionalizmi. igi ritualur moqmedebebTan da arsebuli socialuri wesrigis sakralizaciasTan aris dakavSirebuli. Tumca am SemTxvevaSi raRac etapze miznis miRwevis racionaluri
elementic moqmedebs (mas malinovski pirvelyofil mecnierebas uwodebda). pirvelyofil TemSi socialuri wesrigi sakralurTan misi kavSiriTaa ganpirobebuli. socialuri wesrigis SenarCunebis meqanizmis asaxsnelad vebers qarizmis cneba Semoaqvs, romelic Tavisi Tavdapirveli
mniSvnelobiT magiasTan aris dakavSirebuli.
qarizmas SeiZleba nebismieri sagani, adamiani an moqmedeba flobdes. qarizmis matarebeli mravali sxvadasxva sagani SeiZleba iyos, romelic gonebisaTvis miuwdomeli Zalauflebis matarebelia. Sesabamisad,
qarizmatuloba moraluri Zalauflebis qonas niSnavs, romelsac ara
ZaldatanebiT, aramed Tavisufali nebiT aRiareben. veberis mixedviT, es
is Zalauflebaa romelzec tradiciuli sazogadoebis socialuri wesrigi, konsesusi da kanonierebaa damyarebuli. arsebuli wesrigis kanonierebis aRiarebis yovelgvari wyaro qarizmatulia. sociologiuri TvalsazrisiT pirvelyofil religiaSi qarizma realobis im sferos gamoyofs, romelic mowiwebasa da pativiscemas imsaxurebs. am tipis realobasTan kontaqts adamiani ritualis meSveobiT amyarebs. amgvarad, Tavdapirvelad socialur sinamdvileSi ori saxis realoba gamoiyofa: bunebrivi da zebunebrivi.
veberma moqmedebis is elementebi gaanaliza, romelic am zebunebriv realobasTan aris dakavSirebuli. qarizmatulobis arsi kargad Cans
magiur ritualebSi. aq ikveTeba, rom ukve adamianTa cxovrebaSi mniSvnelovan rols asruleben ara mxolod is sagnebi da movlenebi rac maT garSemo xdeba, aramed maT sul sxva realoba aRmoaCines, romelic mniSvnelobs imis gamo, rom maT am realobas qarizmis mniSvnelobamianiWes,
qarizmatuli gaxades. sabolo jamSi, magiuri moqmedeba simboluri xasiaTis matarebelia. amgvari moqmedebis wyalobiT adamianebi cdiloben realuri Sedegebi miiRon. magiuri da qarizmatuli xSirad erTmaneTis
identuri cnebebia veberTan. magiuri praqtika socialuri moqmedebis
stereotipizacias, standartizacias axdens. standartizaciis miuxedavad moqmedeba sazriss zebunebrivTan mimarTebaSi iRebs. Tumca amgvari
moqmedeba gansakuTrebuli unaris mqone adamians mags saWiroebs. veberma iranuli warmomavlobis sityva magi berZnuli qarizmiT Secvala,
romelic zebunebriv niWs niSnavs. magiuri teqnika, rogorc zebunebrivTan kontaqtis forma sulebis arsebobis rwmenasTan erTad Cndeba, rome165

kaxa qecbaia

lic uZvelesi mowodebis profesionali jadoqris aRiarebas niSnavs.

am SemTxvevaSi qarizma eqstazis saxiT vlindeba. socialuri forma romliTac amgvari mdgomareoba miiRweva aris orgia (musikis an narkotikebis daxmarebiT). magia zebunebriv Zalebze zemoqmedebis orgvar saSualebas iyenebs: erT SemTxvevaSi magiuri moqmedeba miznad isaxavs zebunebrivi Zalebis iZulebas imisaTvis, rom isini adamianTa samsaxurSi Cadgnen, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi misi mizania maTi gulis mogeba wyalobis,
xvavisa da baraqis miRebis mizniT. amdenad adgili aqvs ara RvTis msaxurebas, aramed RmerTis iZulebas. Tumca veberi magiur msxverplSewirvaSi
ufro mniSvnelovan moments aqcevs yuradRebas. es aris COMMUNIO-s
(laT. erToba, Temi) damyareba, formireba. magiurad motivirebuli normebi, romlebic aTasgvar akrZalvebsa da valdebulebebs Seicavs, eTikurad indiferentulia. aq moqmedebs principi Do ut des (gaZlev imitom, rom
momce).
magiidan religiaze gadasvlas veberi aRiqvams, rogorc racionalobis xarisxis zrdas anu, RmerTis iZulebas RvTis msaxureba enacvleba.
adamianTa cxovrebaSi nel-nela eTikur-aqsiologiuri cnobiereba Semodis. RmerTi socialuri wesrigis moraluri garanti xdeba, magram magia
mTlianad ar qreba. veberis mixedviT, is religiaSi integrirdeba, rac
religiuri ritualebis magiuri bunebiT dasturdeba.

2.socialuri moqmedebebis religiuri motivacia.

xsnis religiebi
veberma marqsTan polemikaSi aCvena, rom sazogadoebis ganviTarebis mniSvnelovan wyaros ideebi warmoadgenen, rom arsebobs kauzaluri
kavSiri eTikur, religiur normebsa da ekonomikas, politikasa da socialuri cxovrebis sxva sferoebs Soris. religiis specifikur funqciad
vebers misi masazrisianebeli funqcia miaCnda. religiis sociologiis
amocanad ki religiasa da socialur cvlilebebs Soris kavSirebis dadgenas Tvlida.
veberis saubari religiis sociologiur aspeqtebze ZiriTadad
msoflio religiebs Seexeba. mas miaCnda, rom yvelaze meti mimdevrebi
mTels msoflioSi am religiebs yavT, amitom maT mimarT zedmet yuradRebas am faqtiT xsnida. garda amisa, es is religiebia romelTac garkveulwilad gavlena moaxdines istoriis msvlelobaze. am mizniT ikvlia veberma qristianoba, budizmi, iudaizmi, islami, Cinuri religiebi, induizmi. am religiebis SedarebiTi analizis safuZvelze, samyarosadmi specifiuri midgomis TvalsazrisiT, veberma religiebis sami zogadi tipi ga166

religiis sociologia
moyo. yoveli tipi sakuTari ganwyobiTa da socialuri moqmedebis sakuTari veqtoriT xasiaTdeba.
pirvel tips religiebisa cxovrebisadmi Semguebloba axasiaTebs.
mas miekuTvnebian konfucianeloba da daosizmi, Cinuri religiebi. xolo
danarCeni ori tipi cxovrebisadmi SeurigeblobiT gamoirCeva.
induizmi da budizmi, induri religiebi cxovrebisagan gaqcevis religiebia.
iudaizmi da qristianoba ki cxovrebis dauflebaze arian orientirebulni.
msoflio religiebi eTikuri religiebia anu, xsnis religiebs warmoadgenen. yoveli maTgani Taviseburad aswavlis sikeTis keTebasa da borotebis uaryofas. yoveli maTgani racionalobis sakuTari xarisxiT
aris gamorCeuli. vebers miaCnia, rom, saerTod, uazrobaa religiis funqciaze saubari, radganac sxvadasxva religiis funqcionirebis socialuri Sedegebi sxvadasxva socialur konteqstSi gansxvavebulia. amitom
religiis funqciaze zogad saubars veberi calkeuli religiis socialur funaqciaze yuradRebis gamaxvilebas amjobinebs.
iudaur-qristianuli tradiciiT RmerTi moqmedi RmerTia, Semoqmedi. adamiani am SemTxvevaSi ganixileba rogorc samoqmedo iaraRi RmerTis xelSi. aqedan saTaves iRebs ara misgan gaqcevis aramed aqtiuri moqmedebis idea. qristianoba am gagebiT xsnis religiaa. igi gamomdinareobs
rwmenidan, romlis mixedviT, adamiani xsnas moipovebs Tuki religiur
dogmebs miiRebs da moralur principebiT icxovrebs. am SemTxvevaSi didi mniSvneloba aqvs codvis cnebas da misgan gamoxsnis ideas. samyarosadmi amgvari midgoma daZabulobasa da emocionalur dinamizms warmoSobs, romelic rogorc wesi, aRmosavlur religiebSi ar gvxvdeba. xsnis
religiebs revoluciuri aspeqti aqvT, rac codvisadmi Seurigeblobasa da brZolaSi vlindeba. amiT xsnis religiebi socialuri gardaqmnebis
stimulirebas axdenen da did socialur gardaqmnebs uwyoben xels.
indur religiebSi RmerTi samyaros imanenturia, amitom adamiani aq
ganixileba rogorc RmerTis, RvTaebrivi sawyisis samyofeli, sadgomi.
aqedan saTaves iRebs samyarosadmi mistikur-mWvretelobiTi midgoma.
cxovrebisadmi amgvari midgoma kapitalizmis ganviTarebas aferxebs, amitom aRmosavleTSi kapitalizmi Znelad ikidebs fexs. msgavsi daskvnebi veberma msoflio religiebis SedarebiTi analizis gziT miiRo. amgvari analizis klasikuri nimuSia misi naSromi msoflio religiebis sameurneo
eTika. aq man erTmaneTs sxvadasxva religiebi imis mixedviT Seadara, Tu
ra kavSirSia maTi religiur-eTikuri principebi ekonomikuri saqmianobis
formebTan. Tumca am SemTxvevaSic amosavali racionalobis xarisxia.
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3. ganjadoeba
veberis mier Catarebulma religiis SedarebiT-sociologiurma
analizma aCvena, rom racionalobis xarisxis zrdasTan erTad Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi religia kargavs Tavis pirvandel funqcias, rasac
veberi demagizacias anu ganjadoebas eZaxis. tradiciuli religiuri
Rirebulebebi ukana planze gadaiwevian da isini gzas warmatebaze orientirebul, racionalobaze da codnaze damyarebul moqmedebas uTmoben.
kulminacias es procesi asketur protestantizmSi, kalvinizmSi aRwevs.
ganjadoebis cnebis SemotaniT veberi sekularizaciis procesis dawyebas winaswarmetyevelebs.

4. `protestantuli eTika da kapitalizmis suli~.

sazogadoebis modernizacia da religia
naSomSi protestantuli eTika da kapitalizmis suli veberi asabuTebs, rom protestantulma reformebma Tanamedrove kapitalizms Cauyara safuZveli (samuSaosa da investirebisadmi axali damokidebuleba).
am naSromSi man aCvena, rom kapitalizmi qristianuli evropis pirmSoa da
igi aziasa da afrikaSi ar gvxvdeba. veberma daadginda, rom gamdidrebisaken miswrafeba protestantebs ufro metad aqvT, vidre kaTolikebs. Sesabamisad igi imis Sesaxeb sakiTxiT dainteresda, Tu riT SeiZleba es axsniliyo. amitom man siRrmiseulad Seiswavla protestantuli religia,
gansakuTrebiT kalvinisa da mis mimdevarTa religiuri doqtrina.
kalvinisturi religiuri doqtrina imis rwmenazea damyarebuli,
rom adamianis bed-iRbali anu, sikvdilis Semdgomi cxoneba, Tu warwymeda imTaviTve, dabadebidanvea gansazRvruli. saukuno cxovreba uflis
mowyalebazea damokidebuli da ara adamianis damsaxurebaze. uflis gegmis Secvla arc erT adamians ar SeuZlia. erTaderTi gamosavali uflis
mowyalebis misaRebad aris dauRalavi Sroma, sakuTari Tavis uaryofa
(veberis gagebiT, asketizmi) da momavali sargeblisaTvis investiciebis
kargad gaTvla. amas veberi protestantul, miwier asketizms eZaxis. kalvinistebis rwmena gamoixateba gamonaTqvamSi: dazogili peni gamomuSavebuli penia; zarmaci eSmakis kerZia. amaSi vlindeba protestantuli
eTika, romelmac kapitalizmis suliskveTeba gaaZliera, romelic aseve
iseTi ideebisagan da damokidebulebebisagan Sedgeba, romlebmac Tavis
mxriv waaxalises kerZo samewarmeo saqmianobis wamowyeba. mogebuli Tanxa fufunebis sagnebze ki ar unda gaeflangaT, aramed saqmeSi unda daebandebinaT. kalvinistebs amgvari piradi msxverplis gaRebisaken TavianTi religiuri eTika mouwodebda.
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religiis sociologia
veberma Tavisi TeoriiT imis Sesaxeb, rom protestantulma religiurma Rirebulebebma saTave daudes kapitalizms da ekonomikis modernizeba moaxdines, imTaviTve gamoiwvia azrTa sxvadasxvaoba. misi zogierTi
kritikosi amtkicebda, rom veberis azrebi ara mxolod protestantizmiT,
aramed kaTolicizmiTac iyo Semofargluli. sxvebi ki miiCnevdnen, rom
religiuri transformaciebi kapitalizmma ganapiroba da ara piriqiT
(verner zombarti). Tumca veberis mosazrebebi ZalaSia dResac. is aCvenebs, Tu rogor kveTen erTmaneTs religia da Tanamedrove racionalizebuli da sekularizebuli samyaro. veberma Tavisi religiis sociologiuri TeoriiT aCvena, rom religiuri reforma da sazogadoebis sekularuli sferoebis cvlilebebi erTmaneTis paralelurad mimdinareoben.

amonaridebi veberis naSromidan

protestantuli eTika da kapitalizmis suli
2. kapitalizmis suli
gaxsovdes, rom dro fulia; vsac Tavisi SromiT yoveldRiurad
aTi Silingis gamomuSaveba SeuZlia, is ki dRis naxevars seirnobaSi atarebs an oTaxSi seirnobiT iqcevs Tavs, man sakuTari siamovnebisaTvis
Tundac 6 pensi daxarjos, marto es danaxarji rodi unda igulisxmos,
aramed isic, rom amasTanave kidev 5 Silingi daxarja anu ubralod, gadayara.
gaxsovdes, rom krediti fulia. Tuki vinme Tavis fuls mas Semdegac damitovebs, rac gadaxdis vadas gadavacile, amgvarad is me procentebs anda imdens mCuqnis, ra raodenobis mogebac SeiZleba vnaxo am xnis
ganmavlobaSi. amgvarad karga mozrdili Tanxa SeiZleba dagrovdes, Tuki kacs rigiani da didi krediti aqvs da mas xeirianadc iyenebs.
gaxsovdes, rom fuli mogebis momtani da gamanayofierebeli bunebis mqonea. fuls SeuZlia fuli Svas, xolo naSierT ki ufro meti SeuZliaT Svan da ase Semdeg...
gaxsovdes, rom andazis mixedviT, kargi gadamxdeli nebismieri kacis qisis baton-patronia...
yvelaze umniSvnelo moqmedebebic ki, romelTac pirovnebis kreditze SeuZliaT gavlena iqonion, unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli. Seni CaquCis kakuni, romelic Sens kreditors dilis 5 an saRamos 8 saaTze Caesmis, eqvsi Tvis manZilze kmayofilebiT aRavsebs, magram Tuki is biliardis magidasTan gxedavs an Seni xma duqnidan samsaxurSi Seni yofnis Jams
esmis, valis gadaxdas meore dResve Segaxsenebs da fuls manamde mog169

kaxa qecbaia

Txovs, sanam mTel Tanxas ar miutan.

garda amisa es miuTiTebs imaze, rom Sen gaxsovs valebi; es warmogaCens rogorc mowesrigebul ise patiosan adamianad da Seni kreditic
gaizrdeba.
eride, rom rasac ki flob, Sens sakuTrebad miiCnio da amis Sesabamisad icxovro. amgvarad Semcdari aRmoCnda yvela, visac krediti hqonia. es rom Tavidan aicilo, awarmoe gasavlisa da Semosavlis zusti
xarjTaRricxva. Tuki Tavs Seiwuxeb da wvrilmanebsac yuradRebiT moekidebi, amas dadebiTi Sedegi mohyveba. aRmoaCen, Tu raoden did TanxaSi
gadizrdeba egzom umniSvnelo danaxarjebi da mixvdebi, Tu ramdenis
dazogva yofila SesaZlebeli da imasc, Tu ramdenis dazogva iqneboda
samomavlod SesaZlebeli...
[amas gviqadagebs] benJamin franklini [amonaridi franklinis qadagebidanaa], es ki igive frazebia, romelTa meSveobiT ferdinand kiurnbergi Tavis Sxamisa da iumoris mfrqvevel amerikuli kulturis saxeSi abuCad igdebs iankebis kredos. is, rom amaSi metad niSandoblivi
formiT kapitalizmis suliskveTebaa gaJRerebuli iseve araviTar eWvs
ar iwvevs, rogorc imis mtkiceba, rom frazebi yvelafers Seicaven, rac
am suliskveTebaSi moiazreba...
saqonlisgan qoni keTdeba, adamianebisagan fuli...[kiurnbergis
amerikamoyirWebuli].
kiTxvas Tu ratom akeTeben adamianisagan fuls, Tavis avtobiografiaSi franklini bibliuri gamonaTqvamiT pasuxobs, romelic mas mamisgan, Zveli kalvinistisagan smenia xSirad: Tu ginaxavs Tavis saqmis
ostati kaci? is mefeTa winaSe idgeba da ar dadgeba bneli xalxis winaSe
[igavni solomonisa. 22.29].
patiosneba sasrgebloa, radganac mas krediti moaqvs, asevea punqtualoba, muyaToba, zomiereba da amitomac warmoadgenen isini siqveleebs...
rogorc wesi, Tavze xelaRebulma da unamuso spekulantebma, ekonomikis avntiuristebma, ekonomikis istoriis yvela epoqaSi rom
gvxvdebian, an ubralod didi fulis patronebma ki ar moaxdines ekonomikur cxovrebaSi am axali suliskveTebis damkvidrebisaTvis garegnulad TiTqos SeumCneveli, magram mainc ase gadamwyveti Semobruneba,
aramed cxovrebis usastikes skolaSi gamozrdilma, erTdroulad windaxedulma da gabedulma, upirveles yovlisa fxizelma da Seudrekelma, sakuTari saqmisaTvis mtkiced da bolomde Tavgadadebulma, mkacri
burJuazriuli TvalTaxedvisa da principebis erTgulma xalxma...

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religiis sociologia
veberis naSromebi religiis sociologiaSi
protestantuli eTika da kapitalizmis suli.
asketuri protestantizmis profesiuli eTika.
msoflio religiebis sameurneo eTika.
amqveyniurobis uaryofis safexurebi da mimarTulebebi, (Sualeduri dakvirveba).

171

kaxa qecbaia

kiTxvebi:
daaxasiaTeT veberis religiis sociologiis ZiriTadi principebi?
ratom mimarTavs veberi msoflio religiebis analizs? (pasuxi daasabuTeT).
ras niSnavs qarizma da ra rols akisrebs mas veberi?
veberis mixedviT, ra funqciebs asrulebs religia sazogadoebaSi?
ras gulisxmobs veberi `ganjadoebis~ cnebaSi?
D davalebebi:
moamzadeT prezentacia Temaze: religiis socialuri funqciebi veberis mixedviT.
momazadeT essei Temaze: `veberi da religiis momavlis problema ~.
momazadeT essei Temaze: `veberis religiis sociologia kritikiuli TvalsazrisiT~.

1.
2.

3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

1.
2.

ZiriTadi literatura:
o. gabiZaSvili, religia, rogorc socialuri movlena, Tb., 1987.
n. smelzeri, sociologia, nawili III. Tavi 15. religia. m., 1994.
(rus. enaze). qarTuli Targmanis naxva SesaZlebelia www.socium.ge-ze.
m. veberi, rCeuli nawerebi religiis sociologiaSi Tb., 2004.
(calkeuli mniSvnelovani adgilebi).
e. gidensi, sociologia, Tavi 17. religia, m., 2005. (rus. enaze).
e. jgerenaia, leqciebi religiis sociologiaSi (internet versia).
v. garaja, religiis sociologia, m., 2005. (rus. enaze).
a. berZeniSvili, klasikuri sociologiuri Teoriebi, Tb., 2013.
damatebiTi literatura:
q. kalhuni, d. laiTi, s. keleri, sociologia, Tavi XIII, religia.
Tb., 2008.
j. maisionisi, sociologia, Tavi 18. religia. sankt-peterburgi,

2004.
172

religiis sociologia

3.
4.
5.

o. gabiZaSvili, religiis sociologiis sakiTxebi, Tb.,1984.

religiis sociologiis qrestomaTia, m., 1996, (Semdgenni: v. garaja da e. rutkeviCi), (rus. enaze).
patrik de lobe, religiuri fenomenis sociologia, m., 2000.
(rus. enaze).

es sainetersoa
verner zombarti: kapitalizmi da religia

germaneli ekonomistis, sociologisa da

filosofosis, germanuli klasikuri sociologiis erT-erTi fuZemdeblis verner zombartis mecnieruli kvlevis umTavres obieqts
warmoadgenda kapitalizmis fenomeni da masTan
dakavSirebuli ,,momijnave sakiTxebis analizi, romelsac man Semdegi naSromebi miuZRvna:
,,Tanamedrove kapitalizmi (1902w.), ,,ebraelebi da sameurneo yofa-cxovreba (1911w.), ,,siyvaruli, simdidre da kapitalizmi (1913w.),
,,omi da kapitalizmi (1913w.), ,,burJua (1913w.).
v.zombarti cdilobs k.marqsis mier Semoverner zombarti
Tavazebuli kapitalizmis analizi XX saukunis
realiebidan gaiazros. mecnierul sityvaTxma(1863-1956)
rebaSi amkvidrebs ,,marqsizmis cnebas da cdilobs am moZRvrebis susti mxareebis warmoCenas. kerZod is miiCnevs, rom
kultura warmoadgens ekonomikis safuZvels da ara piriqiT, amas mowmobs
dasavleT evropis siRrmiseuli socialuri cvlilebebi, romelic ganxorcielda ara proletarebis raodenobrivi zrdis, ara fizikuri SromiTi saqmianobis simZimisa Tu misi arealis meqanikuri gafarToebis gamo,
aramed Tavad sazogadoebis sulieri, fsiqologiuri da fsiqiuri moTxovnebis Sesabamisad. individi aris is substancia romelic gansazRvravs socialuri dinamikis mimarTulebas, xolo ekonomika esaa rTuli sazogadoebrivi procesebis magaliTad religiurisa da eTnikuris damakavSirebeli funqcia. ekonomikis msgavsi formiT gaazreba, wiTel zolad gasdevs v.zombartis socialur Sexedulebebs. misi azriT, yoveli istoriuli epoqa, yoveli istoriul-ekonomikuri wesrigi, garkveul kanonzomie173

kaxa qecbaia

rebas emorCileba, romlis ,,moqmedebis areali mocemuli epoqiTaa SemosazRvruli. Sesabamisad epoqis specifiurobis dadgena umniSvnelovanesi
sakiTxia rac e.w. ,,upiratesi motivis principis safuZvelze xorcieldeba. magaliTad XX saukunis dasavleT-evropuli sazogadoebis ,,upirates
motivad kapitalizmis suli unda miviCnioT, romelic gansxvavdeba winarekapitalisturi sazogadoebis ,,tradiciuli sulisagan.
marqsisagan gansxvavebiT v.zombarti armiiCnevs, rom kapitalizmis
ganviTareba determinirebuli procesia, aseve miuRebelia misTvis movlenebis dialeqtikur WrilSi ganxilva da komunizmis epoqis marqsistuli
interpretacia anu, rodesac ,,aucileblobis epoqas, Tavisuflebis epoqa
cvlis. msgavsi deterministuli midgomis sapirispirod is ekonomikas
gansazRvravs rogorc absoliturad Ria sistemas, romelic im niSan-Tvisebebis matarebelia romel sazogadoebaSicaa Casaxuli.
naSromSi ,,ebraelebi da sameurneo cxovreba v.zombrati saubrobs
ebraelebze, rogorc specifiuri niSan-Tvisebebis mqone eTnikur jgufze
da mis gavlenaze dasavleT-evropul sazogadoebaSi kapitalizmis formirebaze. xolo meore naSromSi ,,burJua is kapitalizmis erT-erT safuZvlad kaTolicizms asaxelebs. Tumca amavdroulad uaryofs protestantizmis analogiur rols, riTic upirispirdeba m.veberis pozicias. kidev
ufro meti, ,,protestantizmi, _ misi azriT, mniSvnelovan safrTxes uqmnis kapitalizms da gansakuTrebiT sameurneo cxovrebis kapitalistur wess. xolo rac Seexeba puritanizms, esaa ara wesi, aramed misgan gamonaklisi, rac absoluturad ar uaryofs im WeSmaritebas, rom kapitalizmi individualuri fenomenia da ar arsebobs misi winaswargansazRvruli, sayovelTaod warmatebuli forma. v.zombarti kapitalizms ar moiazrebs rogorc ekonomikuri ganviTarebis erT-erT safexurs, gardamaval
etaps romelsac mosdevs socialisturi wesrigi, amavdroulad ewinaaRmdegeba socializmis da kapitalizmis Serwymisa da am gziT sruliad axali
sazogadoebriv-ekonomikuri formaciis Camoyalibebis ideas.
m.veberma da v.zombartma pirvelebma SeimuSaves ekonomikuri mecnierebis axali koncefcias, sadac mniSvnelovnad iqna gaZlierebuli Teoriuli safuZvlebi. ekonomikurTan erTad, Teoriul-meTodologiuri da gnoseologiuri saSualebebiT aRWurves, rogorc sociologia, aseve zogadad
sazogadoebriv mecnierebebi. principulad axal aspeqtSi gaaanalizes adamianis kulturuli da ekonomikuri saqmianobis socialur safuZvlebi, riTic didwilad ganapirobes kidec sociologiis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi dargis ,,ekonomikis sociologias ZiriTadi principebis Camoyalibeba.
aSS-dan germaniaSi dabrunebilma zombartma Tqva: ,,me SemaZrwuna momavalma. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom v.zombarti erTmaneTs upirispirebs kapi174

religiis sociologia

talizms da Tanamedroveobas. magram tradiciuloba masTan antikapitalizmisa da antipozitivizmis sinonims warmoadgens. mecnieris mxridan
sinamdvilisadmi msgavsi damikidebuleba marTalia araa klasikuri, magram
arc novatorulia, ris magaliTad Tundac f.nicSes moyvana kmaria, visi
gavlenac v.zombartze udidesia. misi naSromebis stili swored nicSeanuria, sadac organuladaa Serwymuli mecnieruli abstraqcia da esTetizmi.
dasasruls aRvniSnavT, rom v.zombartis azriT, burJuaziuli sazogadoebis ganviTarebis procesi ganapirobebs kapitalizmis demokratizacias, socialuri dapirispirebis Sesustebas da sazogadoebis racionalizacias. sawarmoo sferos, bazris, informaciis rolis, Tu zogadad, sazogadoebrivi procesis garTuleba, mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs Seitans momavlis sociologiis, misi miznebisa da amocanebis gaazrebis procesSi,
rac Tvisobrivad Secvlis im meTodebs romliTac sociologia Tanamedrove gamowvevebis winaSe unda warsdges.
wignidan `sociologiis klasikosebi _
biografiuli leqsikoni~. d. zaqaraia,
k. qecbaia, Tb., 2012. gam. `universali~.

***
[...] fufunebam, romelic ukanono siyvarulis kanonieri Svili
iyo, Sva kapitalizmi [...]
v. zombarti, `siyvaruli,
fufuneba da kapitalizmi~

175

kaxa qecbaia

sakiTxavi masala
protestanobis Sesaxeb
protestantizmi (laT. protestans, naTesaobiTi brunva protestantis - is, vinc sajarod amtkicebs) qristianobis sami mTavari ganStoebidan erT-erTia da warmoadgens ramdenime msxvili mimdinareobis da
bevri damoukidebeli eklesiis erTobliobas, romlebic warmoSobiT dakavSirebulni arian antikaTolikur, Sua saukuneebiis eklesiis evropul
reformaciasTan, romlis ZiriTadi sulisCamdgmelebi ingliseli jon
uiklifi (1320-1384), Cexi ian husi (1369-1415) da germaneli beri martin
luTeri (1483-1546) iyvnen. dRes msoflioSi 600 milionamde protestantia, aqedan 350 milioni afrikaSi, 120 milioni evropaSi, 80 milioni laTinur amerikaSi, 65 milioni aziaSi da 10 milioni avstraliasa da mimdebare
kunZulebze.
XIV saukuneSi inglisSi didi popularuloba moixveWa jon uiklifis qadagebebma romelic romis papis, ber-monazvnobis da sasuliero pirebis uzneobis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli. manve inglisur enaze Targmna
biblia da gaavrcela xalxSi. misi swavleba gavrcelda holandiaSi, belgiaSi, germaniasa da CexeTSi. CexeTSi reformaciis qadageba da Cexur enaze naTargmni bibliis gavcreleba daiwyo ian husma, romelic 1415 wels
sikvdiliT dasajes papistebma, rasac Sedegad Cexi da bohemieli raindebis protesti e.w. protestatio Bohemorum da 15 wliani sisxlismRvreli
omi mohyva kaTolikebsa da Cex reformatorebs (ian JiJka, prokop didi,
sigizmund koributi) Soris. kaTolikebma saerTo jamSi 6 jvarosnuli
laSqroba moawyes CexeTze da SeZles reformaciis gavrcelebis SeCereba
rogorc CexeTSi, ise poloneTSi.
XVI saukunis dasawyisSi germaniaSi gavrcelda humanisturi ideologia (erazm roterdameli, iohan roixlini, ulrih fon huteni), romelic qristianobis pirvelsawyisebTan dabrunebas qadagebda. 1517 wels
germanelma berma martin luTerma gamoakra kaTolicizmis da induglenciebiT vaWirobis sawinaaRmdego 95 Tezisi vitenbergis eklesiis karebze, ramac saTave daudo axal moZraobas. germaniis paralelurad ulrih
cvinglis xelmZRvanelobiT reformacia daiwyo SveicariaSi. radikali
reformatorebisa (Tomas miunceri, hans bulgenbaxi) da kaTolikebis dapirispirebas germaniaSi mohyva orwliani glexTa omi (1524-1526). 1526
wels luTeris momxre germaneli Tavadebis Speeris raixstagma SeaCera
luTeris sawinaaRmdego vormsis ediqtis moqmedeba. Tumca 1529 wels me176

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ore raixstagma gaauqma es dadgenileba, rasac 5 saimperio Tavadis da

ramdenime germanuli qalaqis protesti mohyva, rac xmamaRla da ukompromisod ganacxades kaTolikebTan gamarTuli Teologiuri disputisas. aqedan warmosdga termini `protestanti.
axalma mimdinareobam swrafad moicva evropis CrdiloeT nawili da
safrangeTi. SeSfoTebulma kaTolikurma eklesiam safrangeTSi iaraRi
gamoiyena axali mimdinareobis winaaRmdeg, rasac Tan dinastiuri intrigebi daerTo, 1562-1598 wlebSi mimdinareobda omi romelic istoriaSi
`hugenotebis omis saxeliT Sevida. Sedegad hugenotebma miiRes samxreT
safrangeTSi cxovrebis ufleba, Tumca maTi gavlena safrangeTSi mkveTrad Semcirda.
romis eklesiam reformaciasTan sabrZolvelad Seqmna `kaTolikuri liga. rasac protestantebma `evangelisturi kavSiris SeqmniT upasuxes. SeiaraRebuli dapirispireba saerToevropul, e.w. `30 wlian
(1618-1648 wlebi) omSi gadaizarda, romelic dasrulda vestfaliis samSvidobo SeTanxmebiT. Sedegad kaTolikeebi, protestantebi da kalvinistebi uflebrivad gaTanabrdnen.
protestantuli moZRvrebis amosavali principebi
radganac protestantizmi ar aris erTi eklesia da Sedgeba bevri
mimdinareobisgan, aRsaniSnavia mxolod is Tezisebi, rac aerTianebs protestantul tradiciaze aRmocenebul eklesiaTa umetesobas. protestantebi iziareben zogadqristianul warmodgenas RmerTze, ieso qristesa da suliwmindaze, aRiareben samebas da nikeo-konstantinopolis aRsarebas, swamT sulis ukvdavebis, iesos meored mosvlis, saboloo gankiTxvis da caTa sasufevlis. amasTan erTad, protestantizmma wamoayena
3 ZiriTadi Tezisi: sulis xsna personaluri rwmeniT, morwmuneTa sayovelTao siwminde da wminda werilis gansakuTrebuli avtoriteti.
Sola scriptura (mxolod werili) - protestantebisTvis biblia warmoadgens saeklesio swavlebis erTaderT wyaros, amitom is iTargmna nacionalur enebze, misi Seswavla da principebis cxovrebaSi gatareba yvela
protestantis mTavari amocanaa. wminda gadmocemisadmi damokidebuleba
araerTgvarovania, erTis mxriv uaryofa da meores mxriv aRiareba, magram nebismier SemTxvevaSi erTi mniSvnelovani danamatiT: gadmocema (iseve rogorc nebismieri sxva Teologiuri naSromi) avtoritetulia imdenad, ramdenadac is dafuZnebulia bibliaze. swored es danamati (da ara
RvTismsaxurebis gamartivebis da gaiafebis mcdeloba) aris protestantuli mimdinareobebis mier ama Tu im swavlebis da praqtikis uaryofis
mizezi da swored amis gamo aris amdeni mimdinareoba protestantizmSi.
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radganac bibliis 34.000 muxlis erTnairad gageba SeuZlebelia, misi interpretacia iwvevs sxvadasxva azris gaCenas da es procesi xandaxan damoukidebeli eklesiebis warmoqmniT mTavrdeba. mimdinareobebis warmoSobas didwilad xeli Seuwyo evropis da aSS-s demokratiulma da tolerantulma garemom. miuxedavad bibliis zogierTi sakiTxis sxvadasxvanairi interpretaciisa, protestantul eklesiebs aerTianebT erTi tradicia da ZiriTadi swavleba didwilad identuria. protestantul samyaroSi ZiriTadad gavrcelebulia wminda werilis bizantiuri versia e.w.
Textus Receptus, romlis safuZvelzec gamoica pirveli evropuli bibliebi. Sola fide (mxolod rwmeniT) - protestantebi aswavlian rom codvam
Secvala adamianis buneba da miuxedavad imisa, rom adamians SeuZlia sikeTis keTeba da zneobrivi cxovreba, mas ar SeuZlia sulis xsna sakuTari
damsaxurebiT, zneobrivi cxovrebiT da sikeTis keTebiT. es SesaZlebelia mxolod ieso qristes gamomsyidveli msxverplisadmi rwmeniT. protestantebi ar aufasureben keTil saqmeebs, maT miaCniaT, rom zneobrivi
cxovreba aris rwmenis da codvebis patiebis gardauvlad Tanmdevi nayofi da ara is piroba, ris safuZvelzec RmerTi patiobs adamians codvebs
da aniWebs sulis xsnas. protestantebis swavlebaa: rwmenas moaqvs patieba, sulis xsna da Sedegad keTili saqmeebi. kaTolikuri swavleba Semdegia: rwmenas da keTil saqmeebs moaqvT Sedegad patieba da sulis xsna.
swored es Tezisi iyo martin luTeris da sxva reformatorebis centraluri Teologiuri sakiTxi. Sola gratia (mxolod madli) - sulis xsnas protestantebi iReben rogorc RmerTis madls, rogorc daumsaxurebel wyalobas da ara ise, TiTqos vinmem daimsaxura is. anu sulis xsna aris RmerTis mier moniWebuli daumsaxurebeli saCuqari, gadmocemuli adamianebisTvis ieso qristes damsaxurebiT. RmerTis yvela moqmedeba adamianis
mimarT mis madls da wyalobas efuZneba. Solus Christus (mxolod qriste) qriste aris erTaderTi Suamavali RmerTsa da adamianebs Soris. yvela
zecidan Sobili da monaTluli qristiani iRebs RmerTTan urTierTobis
SesaZleblobas da SeuZlia iqadagos saxareba. protestantobaSi ar arsebobs dogmaturi gansxvaveba mRvdelsa da saeros Soris, amitom
RvTismsaxurebs ara aqvT Tanamdeboba, maT aqvT movaleoba. amgvarad uqmdeba saeklesio ierarqia misi tradiciuli gagebiT. amave mizezis gamo
ar arsebobs aRsarebis saidumlo da codvebis patiebis ritualebi, romlebic mRvdelma unda Seasrulos, magram Zalian didi mniSvneloba eniWeba RmerTis winaSe gulwrfel monaniebas da codvis mitovebas, rogorc
Sinagani monaniebis garegan dadasturebas, protestantebis azriT am saSuamavlo msaxurebas atarebs ieso qriste da ara mRvdeli. Soli Deo gloria
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(dideba mxolod RmerTs) - adamiani Tayvans unda scemdes mxolod

RmerTs, radganac is aris Semoqmedi da sulis xsna miiReba mxolod misi
nebiT da moqmedebiT. radganac RmerTi aris `dasawyisi da dasasruli,
mTeli dideba ekuTvnis mas da ara mis qmnilebas.
protestantuli RvTismsaxureba
RvTismsaxurebis wesi efuZneba axal aRTqmas da amitom martivad
tardeba. liturgiis ZiriTadi nawili Sedgeba qadagebis, locvis da sagaloblebis Sesrulebisgan. sruldeba saidumloebebic, rogorebicaa magaliTad ziareba, wyliT naTloba, qorwineba. protestantebi ar loculoben gardacvlili adamianebisTvis, ar scemen Tayvans wmindanebs, maT
neStebs, xatebs da ar aRniSnaven maTdami miZRvnil dResaswaulebs. protestantuli samlocvelo saxlebi, rogorc wesi, sadaa, ar gaaCnia mdidruli atributika, xatebi da qandakebebi. radgan miaCniaT rom aseTi dekoraciebi saWiro ar aris. eklesiis Senobad SeiZleba gamoiyenebodes nebismieri Senoba, romelsac qiraoben, Tavad aSeneben, an yiduloben.
RvTismsaxureba orientirebulia qadagebaze, locvaze da sagaloblebis
Sesrulebaze. RvTismsaxurebis dauqorwinebloba, iseve rogorc daqorwineba aranairad ar reglamentirdeba da xucesebis (pastori, presviteri) piradi gadasawyvetia. protestantizmma uaryo romis papis avtoriteti da gaauqma ber-monazvnuri sistema, rogorc sulis xsnisTvis saWiro gansakuTrebuli Rvawli. amasTan arseboben monastris tipis dawesebulebebic mag.: narkomanTa reabilitaciis centrebi. sayovelTao siwmindis principma safuZveli daudo eklesiebis demokratiul mowyobas
(mrevlis da RvTsmsaxurTa Tanasworoba, arCeviToba, angariSvaldebuleba da a.S.) ierarqia, iqneba es formaluri Tu araformaluri, arsebobs
wesrigis SesanarCuneblad da mas gansakuTrebuli datvirTva ara aqvs.
mniSvnelovani istoriuli momentebi
reformaciuli eklesiebi (XVI s.): luTeranebi, kalvinistebi, anglikanebi, anabaptistebi.
postreformaciuli moZraobebi (XVII-XIX s.): baptistebi, kongregacionalistebi, adventistebi, pietistebi, puritanebi, meTodistebi, menonitebi, presviterianelebi, xsnis armia, kvakerebi.
didi gamoRviZeba (XIX s.): ormocdaaTianeloba, evangelizmi.
am mimdinareobebis umetesoba `sulieri aRorZinebis egidiT iqmneboda imisaTvis rom eklesia pirveli saukunis eklesiis idealebs da reformaciis arss dabruneboda. am mimdinareobebis ganmasxvavebeli niSani
Tavisufali qadageba da aqtiuri misioneruli moRvaweobaa.
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protestantobis gavrcelebis areali

dRes protestantizmi wamyvan poziciebzea skandinaviis qveynebSi
(SvedeTi, norvegia, fineTi), aSS-Si, germaniasa da didi britaneTSi, moicavs holandias, danias, islandias, kanads, Sveicarias, avstralias, axal
zelandias da zogadad okeaniis regions. protestantuli qveynebi gamoirCevian socialurad samarTliani sistemiT, Zlieri saxelmwifo wyobilebiT da cxovrebis maRali doniT.
dRes protestantizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia zrdis maRali tempebi: magaliTad: ukanaskneli 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi braziliis mosaxleobis 20%, Ciles mosaxleobis 25%, gvatemalis 30% da samxreT koreis 35%
gaxda protestanti. evraziis islamuri sabWos wevris sabri xazmeTlis
cnobiT ukanaskneli 15 wlis ganmavlobaSi protestantobaSi gadavida
Sua aziis 500.000 macxovrebeli. saqarTveloSi protestantebis saerTo
jamuri ricxvi daaxl. 15-20.000 adamiania.

M martin luTeri

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protestanobis damaarseblebi/cnobili protestanti moRvaweebi

jon uiklifi - ingliseli reformatori.
ian husi - Cexi RvTismsaxuri, pirveli msxvili reformatoruli
moZraobis lideri.
martin luTeri - protestantizmis damaarsebeli.
filipe melanxToni - adreuli protestantizmis lideri.
haldrih cvingli -adreuli Sveicaruli reformaciis lideri.
jon kalvini - kalvinizmis fuZemdebeli.
balTazar hubmaieri - anabaptisti Teologi.
meno simonsi - menonitebis eklesiis damaarsebeli.
jon smiTi - baptizmis fuZemdebeli.
jon vesli - meTodistebis xelmZRvaneli.
bili grehemi - baptisti maxarebeli da Teologi.
eduard irvingi - Sotlandieli mqadagebeli.
Carlz parhami - ormocdaaTianeli maxarebeli.
uiliam seimuri - ormocdaaTianelebis mqadagebeli.
oral roberTsi - amerikeli Teologi.
derek prinsi - evangelisti Teologi da moZRvari.
deivid vilkersoni - evangelisti maxarebeli da moZRvari.
rainhard bonke - afrikis mociquli da maxarebeli.
beni hini - amerikeli maxarebeli da teleevangelisti.
qeneT koplandi - amerikeli teleevangelisti.
andrei Sapovalovi - rusuli warmoSobis amerikeli reformatori.

[...] saxelmwifoebi da kanonebi sxva ar arian ra, Tu ara religiis

gamovlenadi mxare sinamdvilis viTarebaSi.
adamiani TavisTavis mieraa gansazRvruli, rom Tavisufali iyos.
aseTia reformaciis arsobrivi Sinaarsi [...]
hegeli

181

kaxa qecbaia

`pepelis Tvalebi da frTebic ki sakmarisia,

rom uRmerToba gaanadguro~.
D deni didro
X leqcia
Tema: religiis klasikuri sociologiuri Teoriebi
karl marqsis religiis sociologia
konfliqtologiuri paradigma
sakvanZo sityvebi da gamoTqmebi:
religia, gaucxoeba, iluzia, socialuri kontroli, socialuri uTanasworoba da religia, religia da politikuri konfliqti.
Sesavali
miuxedavad imisa, rom karl marqsis ideebma mniSvnelovani gavlena
iqonia religiis sociologiis Semdgom ganviTarebaze, Tavad igi arasodes SeCerebula am sakiTxis met-naklebad dawvrilebiT Seswavlaze. am
mxriv misi ideebis didi nawili me-19 saukunis filosofosebisa da Teologebis Sromebidanaa aRebuli. am ideebze gansakuTrebuli gavlena germanelma filosofosma ludvig foierbaxma moaxdina. igi avtoria cnobili wignisa `qristianobis arsi, romelic pirvelad 1841 wels gamoica.
l. foierbaxis TvalsazrisiT, religia Tavisi arsiT, Rirebulebebis erTobliobaa, romelsac adamianebi TavianTi kulturuli ganviTarebis procesSi qmnian, magram SecdomiT miaweren maT warmomavlobas RvTaebriv Zalebsa da RmerTebs, ramdenadac adamianebs ar SeuZliaT gaicnobieron srulad istoriuli ganviTarebis procesi, maT axasiaTebT, axsnan
sazogadoebaSi damkvidrebuli da aRiarebuli normebi da Rirebulebebi
RmerTebis moqmedebis Sedegad, romlebsac sinamdvileSi socialuri buneba gaaCniaT. magaliTad aTi mcnebis safuZvelSi, romelic iudaizmis
moralur standartebs gansazRvravs, devs Rirebulebebi, romlebic maTi kulturuli ganviTarebis Sedegia. Tundac sicocxlisa da sakuTrebis xelSeuxeblobis, simarTlis da sxva Rirebulebebi. foierbaxi wers:
`sanam adamianebi ar gaicnobiereben religiuri simboloebis arss, romlebic maT mier aris Seqmnili, Cven ganwiruli viqnebiT aRmovCndeT istoriis Zalebis mZevalni, romlebic Cvens nebaze ar aris damokidebuli.
foierbaxi iyenebs gaucxoebis cnebas imisaTvis, rom RvTaebrivi Zalebisa
da RmerTebis gansxvavebuli buneba miuTiTos. adamianebis mier Seqmnili
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ideebi da Rirebulebebi ganixileba gaucxoebuli damoukidebeli arsebebis - RvTaebrivi Zalebisa da RmerTebis moqmedebis Sedegi. imis gacnobiereba, rom religia adamianis sakuTari yoveldRiuri realobis gaucxoebis Sedegia, xsnis kacobriobis winaSe kolosalur perspeqtivebs. mas
Semdeg, rac adamianebi gaicnobiereben, rom Rirebulebebi, romlebsac
gansxvavebul warmoSobas miawerdnen, sinamdvileSi maT sakuTar qmnilebebs warmoadgenen, isini iReben am Rirebulebebis realizebis SesaZleblobas amqveyniur samyaroSi, ise, rom ar daelodon saiqio cxovrebas.
amiT Zalaufleba, romliTac aRbeWdilia religia da RmerTebi, SesaZlebelia adamianis xelSi aRmoCndes. qristianebs swamT yovlisSemZle RmerTi, romelic siyvaruls gulisxmobs yoveli adamianuri arsebis mimarT,
adamiani Tavisi bunebiT dabadebidanve mankieri da codvilia. Tumca foierbaxi miCnevs, rom adamianis mier Seqmnil socialur institutebs aqvT
unari, uzrunvelyon maTTvis TavianTi cxovrebis gankargvis, siyvarulisa da sikeTis qmnis SesaZlebloba. socialuri institutebis namdvili xasiaTis gacnobiereba adamianebs TavianTi potencialis bolomde realizebis Sanss miscemda.

1. marqsi religiis Sesaxeb

karl marqsi iziarebs foierbaxis Tvalsazriss religiis, rogorc
TviTgaucxoebis fenomenis Sesaxeb. xSirad gamoiTqmis mcdari mosazreba
marqsis mier religiis uaryofis Taobaze, magram es WeSmaritebas ar Seesabameba. igi aRiarebs religiis mniSvnelobas sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi.
marqsi religiis SefasebaSi negatiur pozicias ikavebs, magram sazogadoebaSi religiis aucileblobas ase Tu ise aRiarebs. igi wers: `religia
ugulo samyaros gulia, TavSesafari sastiki realobisgan. marqsis
TvalsazrisiT, religia ki ar gaqreba, aramed igi Tavisi tradiciuli
formiT Seicvleba. es SeiZleba moxdes ara imis gamo, rom es Rirebulebebi da idealebi mcdaria, aramed isini SeiZleba aRmoCndnen gzamkvlevi
socialuri idealebi kacobriobis srulyofis procesSi da Caanacvlon
maTi religiuri mniSvneloba. adamianebs aRar unda hqondeT SiSi RmerTebis winaSe, romlebic maTive qmnilebebs warmoadgenen da aRar unda miaweron maT is Rirebulebebi, romelTa realizebis SesaZleblobebic Tavad gaaCniaT. marqsis cnobili gamoTqma, `religia xalxis opiumia, xazs
usvams imas, rom religia iluziaa. igi xalxs cxovrebis arsebuli pirobebisadmi moTminebasa da Seguebas aswavlis, romlis jildos miReba saiqio
cxovrebaSia SesaZlebeli. momavali bednierebis amgvari imedi marqsis
azriT, adamianis orientirebas ufro metad moTminebaze axdens, vidre
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brZolaze uTanasworobisa da usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg, rasac realuri

socialuri uTanasworoba qmnis.
marqsis darad konfliqtis Teoriis momxreebs miaCniaT, rom religia sazogadoebis kontrolis mZlavri instrumentia, romelic amyarebs
mmarTveli fenis mdgomareobas sociumSi arsebuli rwmenebis safuZvelze. amis mixedviT, magaliTad siRaribe ar aris samarcxvino. codvad iTvleba agresiulobisa da mrisxanebis gamovlena. qristianobaSi ganmsazRvrelia siyvarulis principi, romlis dacvac savaldebuloa mtrebis
mimarT da a. S. k. marqss veberisgan gansxavavebiT ar sjera, rom religias,
romelsac nugeSiscema moaqvs adamianebisTvis SesaZlebelia socialuri
garadqmnebis wyaro iyos. marqsis azriT, religia niRbavs ara mxolod
SiSsa da SfoTvas, aramed usamarTlobasac. religia daCagruli adamianis amosunTqvis saSualebaa, ugulo samyaros gulia. igia mravali usulgulo socialuri wesrigis suli.

2. socialuri uTanasworoba da religia

socialuri konfliqtis Teoriis centrSi umTavresi kiTxva socialuri wesrigis SenarCunebaSi religiis rols Seexeba. marqsis mixedviT,
am SemTxvevaSi religia mmarTveli klasis ineresebis damcvelad gvevlineba. misi meSveobiT socialuri uTanasworobidan xalxis yuradRebis gadatana sxva mimarTulebiT xdeba.
magaliTad dRes britaneTis monarqi imavdroulad anglikanuri eklesiis formaluri meTauria, rac religiur da politikur elitebs soris mWidro kavSirs adsturebs. es niSnavs, rom politikuri gardaqmnebi
eklesiis opozicias gulisxmobs. marqss aseve miaCnia, rom religia adamianebs yoveldRiur socialur da politikur problemebis aSorebs da
ukeTes momavals pirdeba. am ukeTesi momavlis momlodine adamiani ki
arsebul socialur wesrigs da uTanasworobas egueba.
religiasa da socialur uTanasworobas akavSirebs genderi. praqtikulad yvela umTavresi religia patriarqaluria.
didi xnis manZilze evropis qristianuli qveynebi amarTlebdnen
Tavian kolonizatorul saqmianobas aziasa da afrikaSi warmarTTa moqcevis ideiT. amerikis samxreT StatebSi eklesia zangebis monobas imiT
amarTlebda, rom aseTia neba uflisa. afroamerikeli mwerali qalis maili anjelous TqmiT kviraobiT, dilis 11 saaTsa da 30 wuTze amerika uf-

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religiis sociologia
ro segregirebulia, vidre kviris sxva nebismieri dRis nebismier wuTze
da saaTze.

3. religia da politikuri konfliqti

marqsidan momdinare konfliqtologiuri Teoriis momxreebi religiur moZraobebs xSirad politikur konfliqtebs ukavSireben. amis
magaliTad kolonialuri xelisuflebis ganadgurebis kulti mohyavT
xolme.
meoce saukunis pirvel naxevarSi wynar okeaneSi, melaneziis kunZulebze kolonizatorebis gamoCenis Semdeg ucnauri religiuri ritualebi e. w. ganadgurebis ceremoniebi tardeboda. es kulti adgilobrivi
mcxovreblebis mier iyo organizebuli, romelTac samyaros dasasrulis
wamdaT. yvelaze dramatuli am ritualebSi is iyo, rom kultis warmomadgnlebi zRvis napirze an did mindorze iyridnen Tavs da anadgurebdnen
yvelafers rac ki ebadaT, yvelafer imas rac miwier cxovrebas ukavSirdeboda.
religiuri kultis warmomadgenelTa amgvar moqmedebas sociologebi kolonistebsa da adgilobriv mosaxleobas Soris konfliqtiT
xsnidnen. belSou aRniSnavda, rom msgavsi kultebi gaCndnen iq, sadac evropeli kolonizatorebi aborigenebis cxovrebas gaqrobiT emuqrebodnen, xolo iq, sadac dasavluri gavlena ar iyo, bunebrivia, msgavsi kultebic ar gaCenila.
aRsaniSnavia, rom ganadgurebis sakulto rituali qvecnobierad
kolinistebis fizikur ganadgurebasac gulisxmobda. giuarti (1959) da
uersli (1957) aRniSnavdnen, rom droTa ganmavlobaSi mravali kulti Riad gamoxatavda protests koloniuri batonobis winaaRmdeg, ris Sedegadac isini nel-nela politikur dajgufebebad gadaiqcnen.

segregacia diskriminaciis ukiduresi formaa. niSnavs kanonis an wes-Cveulebis

safuZvelze eTnikuri jgufebis gancalkevebas. evropaSi segregaciis oficialuri
formebi arsebobda. magaliTad, odesRac ebraelebi getoebSi iyvnen izolirebulni.
amJamad evropis ramdenime qveyanaSi bevr boSas mtruli mopyrobiT an ekonomikuri
segregaciiT aiZuleben calke Temebad icxovron da sxva.

sakvirao wirvaze daswreba igulisxmeba, rac morwmune amerikelebis didi nawilis

religiur cxovrebaSi monawileobis erT-erTi ZiriTadi formaa.

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kaxa qecbaia
3. kritikuli Sefaseba
sabolood unda iTqvas, rom konfliqtologiuri paradigmis amosavali principebi socialuri uTansworobis gamyarebaSi religiis rolis
Sesaxeb xSir SemTxvevaSi kiTxvis niSnis qveS SeiZleba dadges. mecxaramete saukuneSi, magaliTad, aSS-Si monobis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi morwmuneTa jgufi mowinaveTa rigebSi iyo. 1950 da 1960 wlebSi martin luTer
king-umcrosis xelmZRvanelobiT Seqmnili religiuri organizaciebi samoqalaqo uflebebis damcveli moZraobis birTvi gxda. 1960 da 1970
wlebSi araerTi religiuri moRvawe gamodioda vietnamis omis winaaRmdeg da a. S. es da msgavsi faqtebi adastureben, rom religiis Sesaxeb
marqsis koncefciis ukritikod miReba SeuZlebelia.

kiTxvebi:
daaxasiaTeT marqsis religiis sociologiis ZiriTadi principebi?
marqsis mixedviT ra kavSiria religiasa da socialur uTanasworobas Soris? (pasuxi daasabuTeT).
marqsis mixedviT, ra funqciebs asrulebs religia sazogadoebaSi?
D davalebebi:
moamzadeT prezentacia Temaze: marqsisa da veberis religiis
sociologiuri Teoriebis Sedareba.
momazadeT essei Temaze: `marqsis religiis sociologis kritika~.

1.
2.

3.
4.
5.
6.

186

ZiriTadi literatura:
o. gabiZaSvili, religia, rogorc socialuri movlena, Tb., 1987.
n. smelzeri, sociologia, nawili III. Tavi 15. religia. m., 1994.
(rus. enaze). qarTuli Targmanis naxva SesaZlebelia www.socium.ge-ze.
e. gidensi, sociologia, Tavi 17. religia, m., 2005. (rus. enaze).
e. jgerenaia, leqciebi religiis sociologiaSi (internet versia).
v. garaja, religiis sociologia, m., 2005. (rus. enaze).
a. berZeniSvili, klasikuri sociologiuri Teoriebi, Tb., 2013.

religiis sociologia

1.
2.

damatebiTi literatura:
q. kalhuni, d. laiTi, s. keleri, sociologia, Tavi XIII, religia.
Tb., 2008.
j. maisionisi, sociologia, Tavi 18. religia. sankt-peterburgi,

2004.
3.
4.

o. gabiZaSvili, religiis sociologiis sakiTxebi, Tb., 1984.

religiis sociologiis qrestomaTia, m., 1996, (Semdgenni: v. garaja da e. rutkeviCi), (rus. enaze).
E
es sainteresoa
ganadgurebis rituali

istoriisaTvis cnobil sazogadoebaTa umravlesobaSi adamianis socialuri mdgomareoba simdidriTa da keTildreobiT ganisazRvreboda,
magram daaxloebiT 100 wlis winaT kanadaSi arsebobda sazogadoeba, romelSic adamianis statusi simdidrisa da materialuri keTildReobis
uqonlobiT anu, imiT ganisazRvreboda Tu ramdenad efeqturad gaanadgurebda igi materialur dovlaTs. msgavsi sazogadoebebi arsebobdnen
kanadasa da amerikaSi TiTqmis meoce saukunis dasasrulamde. amerikelma
mogzaurma da swavlulma franc boasma erT-erTi aseTi ganadgurebis rituali aRwera. msgavsi faqtebis arseboba adaturebs imas, rom aucilebe187

kaxa qecbaia

li ar aris ganadgurebis religiuri rituali aborigenTa antikoloniur

ganwyobas daukavSiroT. SesaZlebelia amgvari ceremoniis safuZveli
wminda religiuri iyos. Tumca sociologebs surT, rom am ritualis socialuri Zirebi ipovon.

***
[...] simdidere didi safrTxea, usasruloa misi cdunebani; misken
swrafva ara marto uazrobaa RvTis sauflosTan SedarebiT. aramed zneobrivad saeWvocaa. am SemTxvevaSi askeza warmaval sikeTeTa mopovebisaken yovelgvari swrafvis winaaRmdeg gacilebiT ufro mwvavedaa mimarTuli, vidre kalvinTan, romelic sasuliero pirTa simdidreSi maTi
moRvaweobisaTvis dabrkolebas ki ara, maTi dafasebis metad sasurvel
zrdas xedavda da maT nebas aZlevda, usiamovnebis Tavidan acilebis erTaderTi pirobiT qoneba momgebianad daebandebinaT [...]
m.veberi

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` ar meguleba arc erTi saRi mecnieruli dasakvna,

romelic ewinaaRmdegeba qristianul religias~.
v. skoti
XI leqcia
Tema: religiis Tanamedrove sociologiuri Teoriebi
pirveli nawili
struqturul-funqcionalisturi
da socialur-anTropologiuri paradigma
b. malinovski da a. r. redklif-brauni
sakvanZo sityvebi da gamoTqmebi:
religia da sazogadoeba, magia, religiis socialuri funqcia, socialuri erToba da religia, socialur anTropologia, universaluri
funqcionalizmi.
Sesavali
diurkemis Semdeg religiis funqcionalisturi analizi axal simaRleze bronislav malinovskim da alfred rejinald redklif-braunma
aiyvanes. e. w. funqcionalizmis eris dawyeba maT saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli. igulisxmeba 1922 wels empiriul masalebze dayrdnobiT dawerili
maTi monografiebis erTdroulad gamocema. es wignebia: b. malinovskis
wynari okeanis dasavleT nawilis argonavtebi da a. r. redklif-braunis andamanis kunZulelebi. orive naSromi mdidar empiriul masalaze dayrdnobiT saintereso Teorias ayalibebs religiis adreuli formebisa da sazogadoebaSi maTi funqciebis Sesaxeb. amiT TiToulma maTganma mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana diurkemis TeoriaSi Riad datovebuli sakiTxebis analizisa da mTeli rigi detalebis dazustebis saqmeSi.

1. a. r. redklif-brauni: religia
gvarovnul sazogadoebaSi
redklif-braumna Tavidan iseTi problema Seiswavla, rogoricaa
religia gvarovnul sistemaSi andamanis kunZulebze, xolo 1910 wels,
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maSin rodesac diurkemi parizSi Tavis wigns (religiuri cxovrebis elementaruli formebi) werda redklif-brauni avstarliel aborigenTa
Sesaswavlad gaemarTa imisaTvis, rom savele eTnografiuli masalebis
gasaanalizeblad diukemis sociologiuri meTodi gamoeyenebina.
redklif-brauni yoveli xalxis kulturas ganixilavda, rogorc institutebis sitemas (normebi, adaT-wesebi, rwmenebi) romlebic
socialuri sistemisaTvis aucilebel funqciebs asruleben. amasTanave igi diurkemis elementarizms (movlenebis ganxilvas TavisTavad) movlenaTa socialuri sistemis konetqstSi ganxilvas upirispirebda. sazogadoebis
integraciis meTodologiuri sauZveli redklif-braunis mixedviT, sistemuri midgomaa.
man aRmoaCina, rom diurkemis koleqtiuri
a. r. redklifbrauni
cnobierebis koncefcia ver xsnis totemistu(18811955)
ri ritualebis mier socialuri integraciis
process. man aCvena, rom samyaros totemisturi modeli sazogadoebis
socialuri struqturis gamovlinebaa, romelic mcenareTa da cxovelTa
samyaros saxeebiTaa Semosili. Tuki andamelebsa da eskimosebs klanuri
organizacia ar gaaCnia, es ar aris im mtkicebis safuZveli, rom amis gamo
maTSi adgili ar aqvs totemizms.
diurkemis mTavri Tezisi, rom sazogadoeba, rogorc gansakuTrebuli saxis realoba religiis wyaroa, redklif-braunTan ufro daxvewil konkretizirebul formas iRebs. mis mixedviT, totemistur cnobierebaSi samyaro moraluri da socialuri sistemis saxes iRebs, radganac
bunebriv movlenebs Soris urTierTobebi normatiul socialur qcevebs
arian daqvemdebarebulni. religiuri rwmenis integraciul funqcias
redklif-brauni gansazRvravda, rogorc individualur cnobierebaze
religiis moraluri Zalis gavlenas, romlis Sedegad koleqtiuri
cnobiereba yalibdeba.
individis, religiisa da socialuri sistemis urTierTkavSiris Sinagani meqanizmebis analizisas redklif-brauni socialur sistemaSi religiis rolsa da mniSvnelobas imaSi xedavda, rom misi meSveobiT sayovelTao interesis sagans ritualuri mniSvneloba eniWeba. swored es ritualuri mniSvneloba aniWebs avstraliur totemizms moaxdinos aborigenTa integracia socialur erTobaSi.
redklif-braunma SeZlo sazogadoebis fuqncionaluri erTobis
winaaRmdegobrivi bunebis axsna, riTac soilidarobis cnebis dazusteba
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moaxdina. man urTierTobaTa ramdenime modeli daadgina, romlebSic

sxvadasxva saSualebebiT mxareebs Soris erToba miiRweva (konvenciuri
urTierTobebi). magaliTad qalsa da kacs Soris mkvaxe xumrobebi, romlebic pozituri urTierTobebis preludiaa. konvencionalur urTierTobebSi mxareebi saerTo interesebiTaa dakavSirebuli, rac integraciis pirobas warmoadgens.
redklif-braunis mixedviT religiis funqciebia:
ara is, rom misi meSveobiT adamiani fsiqologiur problemebs gaumklavdes, aramed man imgavrad unda moaxdinos adamianTa moqmedebis motivireba, rom isini sazogadoebis moTxovnebs adekvaturad pasuxobdnen.
individis qcevis regulacia. socialuri struqtura adamianebs TiSavs erTmaneTisagan. amitom sazogadoebas iseTi saSualebebi sWirdeba am
problemis mosagvareblad, rom SenarCunebul iqnas misi stabiluroba. am
miznis miRwevas moraluri absolutis avtoriteti sWirdeba, romliTac
saerTo interesi RmerTis mcnebebis saxiT iqneba warmodgenili.
religias aqvs socialuri kontrolis funqcia. amiT is devianturi qcevis prevencias axdens da socialuri inetegraciisa da stabilurobis gamyarebas axdens.

1. b. malinovskis `universaluri funqcionalizmi~

b. malinovskic redklif-braunis msgavsad iqidan amodioda, rom
kulturis nebismieri universaluri fenenomeni (maT Soris religiac),
romelic ama Tu im saxiT arsebobs sazogadoebaSi adamianTa im moTxovnebTan aris dakavSirebuli, romelic maT yvelgan da yovelTvis aqvT. Tanac unda gvaxsovdes, rom nebismieri socialuri urTierToba an instituti maSinaTve Sewyvets arsebobas, rogorc ki funqciis gareSe darCeba.
swored amgvari universaluri funqcionalizmis poziciidan aanalizebs religias b. malinovski.
malinovski im principiT xelmZRvanelobda, rom adamianTa bazisuri moTxovnilebebani da miswrafebebi imgvarad unda iqned dakmayofilebuli, rom SenarCunebul iqnes wonasworoba sazogadoebaSi da qaoss ar
unda hqondes adgili. sazogadoeba ayaalibebs garkveul wesebs, romelTa saSualebiTac maregulierebel isntitutebs qmnis. sociologiuri
kvlevis amocana am SemTxvevaSi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom daadginos, Tu
romeli socialuri instituti ra saxis moTxovnebis dakmayofilebas axdens.

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naSromSi magia, mecniereba da religia (1925 w.), romelic religiis sociologiaSi erT-erT klasikur naSromad aris miCneuli, malinovski
aCvenebs, rom nebismier sazogadoebaSi religiis funqciebia:
krizisul situacebSi jgufis, sociumis erTobis SenarCuneba da
ganviTarebis Semdomi perspeqtivebisaTvis garkveuli pirobebis Seqmna.
iniciaciis ritualis meSveobiT individis sazogadoebis sruluflebian wevrad gaxdoma (religia, rogorc socializaciis agenti).
amasTanave mas arsodes eWv qveS ar dauyenebia religiis analizis
diurkemiseuli meTodi. Tumca misi koncefciis calkeuli detalebi ukritikod mainc ar dautovebia. man yuradReba gaamaxvila imaze, rom koleqtiuri cnobierebiT sazogadoeba yovelTvis rodi qmnis religiur
rwmenebs. msgavsi warmodgenebi wminda sekularuli, saeroc SeiZleba
iyos. primitiul sazogadoebebSi qcevis miwerili wesebi da kulturuli
miRwevebi ara mxolod sakraluri avtoritetiTaa gansazRvruli, aramed
umeteswilad profanuli iZulebiT. es kargad vlindeba krizisul situaciebSi (sikvdili, daumsaxurebeli tanjva da sxva). msgavs viTarebaSi religia konformulobas uwyobs xels. primitul sazogadoebaSi am mizniT
iseTi elementi Semodis rogricaa jadoqroba da magia. isini xels uwyoben warumateblobasTan Serigebas. Tumca droTa ganmavlobaSi magiam da
wyevis ritualebma gavlena dakarges, magram problemebi mougvarebeli
darCa. amieridan am problemebis mogvarebaSi religia erTveba.
religia im SemTxvevaSi erTveba socialur sinamdvileSi, rodesac
adamiani Tavis yvela SesaZleblobas amowuravs. gansakuTrebiT is mniSvnelovani xdeba axlobeli adamianis gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi. sxvadasxva religiebi sxvadasxvanairad udgebian sikvdils, magram yoveli
maTgani mis axsnasTan erTad garkveul ritualebs gulisxmobs, romlis
mizani tragediasTan Seguebaa. amiT religia sazogadoebis wevrTa reintegracias uwyobs xels. exmareba maT SiSisa da usiamovnebebis daZlevaSi.
redklif-braunisa da malinovskis Teoriebis Sedarebis Sedegad
amerikelma sociologma jorj homansma daaskvna, rom isini erTmaneTs ki
ar ewinaaRmdegebian, aramed avseben erTmaneTs. namdvilad erTi da igive
rituali (magaliTad dakrZalvis) SesaZlebelia, rom orgvar funqcias
asrulebdes daamSvidos adamiani, romelmac axlobeli dakarga da amas192

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Tanave Seaxsenos mas, rom win RmerTis samsjavro elodeba. fsiqologiuri komforti da usafrTxoebis grZnoba da, maT sapirispirod, pasuxismgeblobis fenomeni (RmerTisa da sazogadoebis winaSe pasuxismgebloba)
sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi erTnairadaa CarTuli.

religiis Tanamedrove sociologiuri Teoriebi

meore nawili
struqturul-funqcionalisturi paradigma
k. devisi da u. muri,
t. parsonsi da r. mertoni
sakvanZo sityvebi da gamoTqmebi:
k. devisi, u. muri, sistemuri funqcionalizmi, integracia da stabiluroba, societaluri integracia, sistema, qvesistema, moraluri
sanqcia.

1. k. devisi da u. muri:
religiis universalur-maintegrirebeli funqcia
sanam religiisadmi parsonsis sistemur funqcionalistur midgomas ganvixilavdeT aucilebelia struqturalizmis iseT warmomadgenelTa mosazrebebs gavecnoT, rogorebic k. devisi da u. muri arian. maT mixedviT, religia adamianis qcevaze zemoqmedebis faqtoria, xolo maTi
integracia sistemis saxiT sazogadoebis fuqncionirebis saSualebaa. es
avtorebi realur socialur movlenaTa subieqtivaciis wesiT asabuTeben socialuri obieqtis adamianuri faqtorebis ararealobas, ufro
sworad, maT moCvenebiT realobas imisaTvis, rom ufro damajerebeli
gaxdes religiis universalur-maintegrirebeli funqcia.
k. devisisa da u. muris mixedviT, religiuri rwmenebisa da ritualebis roli imaSi mdgomareobs, rom mianiWos adamianur Rirebulebebsa da
miznebs moCvenebiTi realobis statusi da amiT kidev ufro gaaZlieros
igi: rwmenebisa da ritualebis meSveobiT es Rirebulebebi da miznebi
dakavSirebulia warmosaxul samyarosTan, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, gaazrebuladaa dakavSirebuli individis cxovrebiseul faqtebTan da gamocdilebasTan. maTi masimbolizirebeli wminda obieqtebisa da arsebaTa
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Tayvaniscemisa da qcevis kodeqsad miCneuli zebunebrivi winaswardasaxulobebis gaziarebiT dgindeba mZlavri kontroli adamianis qcevaze;
igi warmarTavs qcevis institucionalizebuli struqturis mxardaWeris amocanas misi umaRlesi Rirebulebebis Sesatyvisad.
k. devisis da u. muris da, saerTod, religiis struqturul-funqcionalisturi sociologiuri koncefcia religiis arss ki ar xsnis, aramed adasturebs imas, rom igi gamarTlebul iqnas startifikaciuli da
funqcionalisturi poziciebidan. aq erT ucnaurobasTan gvaqvs saqme:
religia warmodgenilia, rogorc erTob sociologiuri faqti; rogorc
sociologiuri religia: anarekli, romelSic miwieri Zalebi aramiwier
saxes iReben.
religiis instituirebis Tematikas struqturalizmi religiuri
organizaciebis analizamde mihyavs. am SemTxvevaSi devisi da muris yuradRebis centrSia sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ratom mimdinareobs yovelgvar sazogadoebaSi religiuri saqmianoba garkveuli pirebis meTvalyureobiT, romlebic amisaTvis ufro met anazRaurebas iReben, vidre sazogadoebis rigiTi wevrebi. am SemTxvevaSi saqme exeba maRali rangis
funqcionerebs, xolo msgavsi Sexedulebis mTlianad sasuliero pirebze
ganvrcobas isini sazogadoebrivi azris gazviadebul warmodgenad miiCnevn.
struqturalizmi cdilobs religiis msaxurTa valdebulebebsa da
gansakuTrebul privelegiebs Soris kavSirs obieqturi safuZveli gamouZebnos. Tu zebunebrivi samyaro adamianTa cxovrebas ufro metad warmarTavs, vidre realuri samyaro, misi miwieri warmomadgeneli, pirovneba, romlis meSveobiTac adamianebi zebunebrivs ukavSirdebian, uZlieresi pirovneba unda iyos: igi aris wminda tradiciebis mcveli, ritualebis
daxelovnebuli Semsrulebeli, moZRvrebaTa da dogmebis ganswavuli interpretatori; is iseT mWidro kavSirSia zebunebriv realobasTan, rom
morwmuneebs SeuZliaT qarizmatuli niSan-Tvisebebi miaweron. amgvarad,
sasuliero piri, garkveuli zomiT, TviTon xdeba amqveyniuri moTxovnilebebisagan Tavisufali wmindani.
sasuliero pirebisadmi msgavsi damokidebulebis safuZvelze xsnian struqturalistebi Teokratiuli sistemebis arss. Tumca sekularizaciisa da Tanamedrove kapitalizmis pirobebSi sauliero sazogadoeba
srulad ver axorcielebs kontrols mTeli sazogadoebis mimarT. Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi RvTismsaxurTa poziciebi dabalia. amis mizezad
struqturalistebi konservatorul Sexedulebebs da religiur moZRvrebaTa sirTules asaxeleben. amas emateba iseTi elementebi rogoricaa: uCveulo samosi, gansakuTrebuli qceva, gancalkevebuli sacxovre194

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beli, zog SemTxvevaSi ojaxis uqonloba da a. S. Tumca yvelaze did uxerxulobas mainc sekularizacia qmnis. is arRvevs religiisa da misi organizaciis simtkices. amitom struqturalistebi im sazogadoebebisaken
ixrebian romelSic religias maRali poziciebi ukavia. am mxriv maTi yuradRebis centrSi eqceva maias tomebis religiuri organizacia, evropuli kaTolicizmi, tibeturi budizmi, induri brahmanizmi da sxva. maTi
gansakuTrebuli msjelobis sagania saero, samoqalaqo aRzrda-ganaTlebis gavlena religiaze.
kidev erT-erTi faqtori romelzec struqturalistebi amaxvileben yuradRebas es mecnieruli aTeizmia, romelmac samRvdelobis prestiJis dacemaSi uaryofiTi roli Seasrula. am SemTxevaSi struqturalistebi aRniSnaven kapitalisturi qalaqisa da soflis mosaxleobis religiurobis faqts. Tumca religiis momavlis sakiTxs struqturalistebi dadebiTad wyveten, radganac arc erTi sazogadoeba ar SeiZleba imdenad iyos sekularizebuli, rom iq, saerTod, aRmoifxvras transcendenturi miznebisa da zebunebrivi arsebisadmi rwmena. TviT yvelaze metad
sekularizebul sazogadoebaSic ki, struqturalistebis TvalsazrisiT,
SeiZleba adgili hqondes sistemebs, romelTa amocanaa sayovelTao Rirebulebebisa da miznebis integracia, ritualuri gamosaxva, individis
emocionaluri Segueba sxvadasxva xasiaTis tragikul movlenebTan, magram ismis kiTxva: ratom aris aucilebeli amisaTvis zebunebrivi arsebis
rwmena? am kiTxvaze struqturalistebis pasuxi arerTgvarovania.

2. religia t. parsonsis sistemur funqcionalizmSi

religiis funqcinalisturma analizma Semdgomi ganviTareba parsonsis sitemur funqcionalistur koncefciaSi pova. misi amosavali
principia socialuri sistemebis integracia. yoveli socialuri sistema
oTx ZiriTad funqcias gulisxmobs: adaptacia, miznis miRweva, integracia da latenturoba (wonasworobis SenarCuneba) (agil).
imisaTvis, rom gavigoT Tu ra adgili ukavia religias sazogadoebaSi, mxedvelobaSi unda gvqondes imis pirobebi da meqanizmebi, rasac
parsonsi societalur integracias uwodebs. Tumca am cnebis analizi
zogadad pasonisis sociologiuri koncefciis ZiriTad momentebze aqcentebis gakeTebas saWiroebs.
t. parsonsis kvleviTi paTosi analizis iseTi zogadi sqemis SemuSavebazea mimarTuli, romelic moqmedebis nebismieri sistemisaTvis iqneba
gamosadegi. amosavali ZiriTadi debuleba aq ,,socialuri moqmedebis
cnebaa. socialuri moqmedebaa adamianis qceva, romelic motivirebulia
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da warmarTulia im mniSvnelobiT, romelsac aqtori an moqmedi piri aRmoaCens garemomcvel samyaroSi da romelzec igi reagirebs. socialuri
moqmedebis ZiriTadi damaxasiaTebelia is, rom moqmedi piri aRiqvems sulier da usulo saganTa mniSvnelobebs, acnobierebs maT da garkveulad
reagirebs maT mier mowodebul-gadmocemul ideebze.
parsonsis mixedviT, socialuri moqmedeba moicavs oTx elements:
1. ,,moqmedi piri anu ,,ego, romelic aucilebeli ar aris iyos individi; savsebiT dasaSvebia, iyos jgufi, organizacia da a.S.
2. ,,situacia, romelic Tavis mxriv moicavs im sagnebsa da obieqtebs, romelTanac ,,moqmedi piri amyarebs ama Tu im urTierTobas. aqtori anu ,,moqmedi piri esaa ,,adamiani situaciaSi, misi moqmedeba esaa pasuxi im signalTa erTobliobaze, romelTac igi iRebs misi garemomcveli
sinamdvilidan, iqneba es bunebrivi Tu socialuri obieqtebi. socialur
obieqtebTan anu sxva ,,moqmed pirebTan misi urTierToba ukve urTierTqmedebis sxva formas iZens;
3. swored am signalTa da simboloTa meSveobiT moqmedi piri amyarebs kavSirs situaciis sxvadasxva elementebTan da maT garkveul sazriss miawers;
4. Rirebulebebi, normebi da wesebi warmarTaven moqmedi piris qcevebs; amiT isini mizanmimarTuli xdeba.
socialuri moqmedebis cnebis gaanalizebis Semdeg, parsonsi akeTebs daskvnas imis Taobaze, rom adamianis moqmedeba yovelTvis sistemurobiT xasiaTdeba anu, sistemur Taviseburebebs flobs. igi sistemuri
analizisadmi swored im TaviseburebaTa gamoa xelSesaxebi, romelTa mixedviTac socialuri moqmedeba arasodes ar aris martivi da izolirebuli, igi rTulia da sul mcire, ori individis urTierTdamokidebulebas mainc gulisxmobs. nebismieri moqmedeba SeiZleba erTsa da imave
dros ganvixiloT, rogorc erTeul moqmedebaTa erToblioba ise, rogorc ufro farTo mTlianobis Semadgeneli nawili. parsonsis mixedviT,
moqmedebis sistema, upirveles yovlisa, esaa moqmedi pirisa da situaciis, romelSic igi imyofeba, urTierTqmedebis urTierTdamokidebulebis organizacia. aseT SemTxvevaSi, moqmedebis sistemis gageba ukve SeuZlebeli xdeba ,,funqciis cnebis Semotanis gareSe. imisaTvis, rom iarsebos, sistemam unda imoqmedos. sistemis funqciebi Seesatyviseba saqmianobis im saxeebs, romelTa daniSnulebaa daakmayofilos sistemis moTxovnileba an moTxovnilebebi sistemis saxiT. parsonsi fiqrobs, rom nebismieri sistema aucileblobiT moicavs an atarebs oTx funqcias, romlebic akmayofilebs mis elementarul moTxovnilebebs da amave dros
moqmedebis sistemis ,,funqciuri winamZRvrebia.
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agil
1. adaptacia, romelic mimarTulia moqmedebis sistemasa da mis garemos Soris urTierTobis dadgenaze. am funqciis arsi isaa, rom garemoSi arsebuli anu, garegani sistemebisagan amoiRos is resursebi, romlebic aucilebelia moqmedebis sistemisaTvis. swored Tavisi moTxovnilebisa da saWiroebis mixedviT gaukeTos maT organizacia da gardaqmnas,
xolo sanacvlod misces maT Tavisi sakuTari ,,produqti. amgvarad,
adaptaciis meSveobiT sistema egueba garemosa da mis SezRudvebs, uTanadebs ra maT Tavis moTxovnebs.
2. miznis miRweva mdgomareobs sistemis mizanTa gansazRvrasa da misi miRwevisaTvis aucilebeli energiisa da resursebis mobilizaciaSi.
3. integracia esaa sistemis mastabilirebeli parametri (ganzomileba). igi mimarTulia sistemis nawilTa Soris ,,solidarobaze, am sistemis mkveTri cvlilebebisa da Zlieri Zvrebisagan dacvaze.
4. moqmedebis nebismierma sistemam unda uzrunvelyos Tavisi moqmed wevrTa anu, aqtorTa aucilebeli motivacia. igi unda flobdes motivaciaTa maragsac, rogorc aucilebeli energiis wyaros da Semgrovebels. parsonsi am funqcias ,,latenturobas uwodebs. esaa ,,nimuSTa (wesTa) mxardaWeris SenarCunebis funqcia, romelic mimarTulia sistemis
normebisa da Rirebulebebis mimarT moqmed pirTa erTgulebis SenarCunebis uzrunvelobaze da imaze, rom aqtorebma kvlav gaagrZelon am RirebulebebiT orientireba TavianT saqmianobaSi.
parsonsi amiT ar kmayofildeba da moqmedebis zogad sistemas oTx
qvesistemad yofs: 1. biologiuri organizmi; 2. fsiqologiurad individualuri pirovneba; 3.socialuri sistema; 4. kultura.
amgvari dayofa moqmedebis sistemis oTx elementarul funqciad
dayofas Seesatyviseba. biologiuri organizmi Seesatyviseba adaptaciis
funqcias, rameTu swored SegrZnebebis saSualebiT dgindeba kontaqtebi
materialur samyarosTan an masTan Seguebis, an misiT manipulirebis an
misi gardaqmnis mizniT. fsiqologiurad individualur pirovnebas Seesatyviseba miznis miRwevis funqcia. swored fsiqologia gansazRvravs
miznebs, aaqtiurebs energias da mobilizebas ukeTebs resursebs maT misaRwevad. socialuri sistema Seesatyviseba integraciis funqciebs. igi
qmnis solidarobas, awesebs SezRudvebs, mxars uWers kavSirTa ganmtkicebas. dabolos, kulturas Seesatyviseba latenturobis funqcia igi
aqtorebs anu moqmed pirebs sTavazobs an Tavs axvevs maT ,,mamotivirebel idealebs, Rirebulebebs. amgvarad moqmedebis zogadi sistemis qvesistemaTa klasifikacia parsonsTan Semdegi saxiT warmogvidgeba:
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1. biologiuri organizmi (adaptacia);

2. pirovneba (miznebis miRweva);
3. socialuri sistema (integracia);
4. kultura (latenturoba).
saintereseoa parsonsis mosazreba am qvesistemaTa urTierTmimarTebis ierarqiulobis Taobaze. kibernetikis moSveliebiT, igi xazs usvams, rom moqmedebis sistemas energiisa da informaciis mudmivi cirkulacia axasiaTebs. rogorc cnobilia, kibernetikis erT-erTi ZiriTadi
principi adgens, rom informaciiT yvelaze mdidari nawilakebi marTavs
im nawilakebs, romelic yvelaze Raribia energiiT. Sesabamisad, moqmedebis sistemaSi ierarqiulad ganlagebul kumulatiur doneTa mTeli rigi
arsebobs. ierarqiis bazaa moqmedebis ganmapirobebeli energiiT yvelaze
mdidari faqtorebi. yvelaze maRla dgas makontrolebeli faqtorebi,
romelic sakmaod mdidaria informaciiT. Tu am principebs moqmedebis
sistemis oTx qvesistemas mivusadagebT, maSin aRmoCndeba, rom biologiuri organizmi esaa energiiT yvelaze mdidari da informaciiT yvelaze
Raribi qvesistema. meore safexurze iqneba pirovneba, Semdeg socialuri
sistema, dabolos kultura, romelic yvelaze mdidaria informaciiT
da yvelaze Raribia energiiT. amis Sesatyvisad oTx qvesistemas Soris
myardeba kontrolis ierarqiac. igive principi misaRebia oTxi funqciuri winamZRvrisaTvis. amgvarad, marTvis ierarqia dgindeba, iwyeba latenturobidan (is yvelaze mdidaria informaciiT), Semdeg gadadis integraciaze, miznis miRwevaze da sabolood adaptaciaze Cerdeba.
axla vnaxoT Tu rogor esaxeba parsons socialuri sistemisa da sazogadoebis, socialuri sistemisa da misi erT-erTi qvesistemis _ religiuri sistemis urTierTdamokidebuleba. mTavari, rac am SemTxvevaSi
sociologiam unda Seiswavlos, aris socialuri sistema, romelic Sedgeba moqmed pirTa (aqtorTa) urTierTmoqmedebebisagan. socialuri sistemisaTvis, iseve, rogorc moqmedebis yoveli qvesistemisaTvis, sami danarCeni ,,garemo anu garemomcveli sinamdvilea. amgvarad, urTierTdamokidebulebaTa qseli aerTianebs oTxive qvesistemas, yoveli qvesistema danarCenTa mimarT urTierTqmedebisa da urTierTgacvlis mdgomareobaSi imyofeba. Tu SevcvliT analizis dones da socialur sistemas ganvixilavT ukve ara rogorc qvesistemas, aramed rogorc moqmedebis sistemas, maSin igi TviT SeiZleba warmodgenil iqnes oTxi qvesistemis: adaptaciis, miznis miRwevis, integraciisa da latenturobis Sesatyvisi saxiT. aseTi ganxilvisas, parsonsi ufro xalisiT laparakobs ,,sazogadoebis, vidre ,,socialuri sistemis Sesaxeb. parsonsis am daxlarTuli Teoriuli konstruqciis Suqze religia integraciuli funqciis mqonea.
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is socialuri sistemis qvesistemaa, romelic moralur sanqciebs awesebs sazogadoebaSi. diurkemis kvalad parsonsi miiCnevs, rom religiuri ritualebi garda imisa, rom solidarobis SenarCunebas uwyobs xels,
amasTanave igi moraluri eqspeqtaciebis srul realizacias axdens.
parsonsis daskvnebi religiasTan mimarTebaSi Semdegnairad SeiZleba Camoyalibdes: zogadad moralur normebsa da maT Tanmxleb grZnobebs pirvelxarisxovani mniSvneloba aqvs. maTi SenarCunebis saukeTeso
saSualeba religiuri ritualebia. diurkemis msgavsad, parsonsic miiCnevs, rom religiuri ritualebi imdenad arsebiT rols asruleben sazogadoebis instituciuri integraciis saqmeSi, rom religiis socialuri
rolis `axali funqciuri perspeqtivis~ warmoSobas uwyoben xels. am perspeqtividan religia Tavisufldeba emocionaluri datvirTvisagan, racionalur saxes iRebs da instituciurad sazogadoebis samoqalaqo interesebis samsaxurSi dgeba.
sabolood unda iTqvas, rom pasonsi ar aris klasikuri gagebiT reliis sociologi, Tumca religiis Sesaxeb misi koncefcia sainteresoa
imdenad, ramdenadac man religia ganixila, rogorc socialuri instituti, sistema, romelic ufro rTuli sistemis elementia da mas mTavari
mainegrirebeli funqcia daakisra. religiis Sesaxeb parsonisa da, saerTod, sturqturul-funqcionalisturi analizis araerTi warmomadgenlis Teoriebi msoflios erT-erTma didma sociologma robert mertonma kritikulad ganixila. amitom mokled gavecnoT am kritikas.
]
3. r. mertoni: religiis maintegrirebeli
funqciis Teoretikosebis kritika
sociologiur samyaroSi kargad cnobili struqturul-funqcionalisturi skolis warmomadgenlebs Soris mertoni erT-erTi yvela metad TviTkritikulia. es Tvitkritika religiis Sesaxeb parsonsis koncefias Seexeba.
mertonis kritika religiis maintegrirebel funqcias Seexeba pirvel rigSi. arc Tu iSviaTad, _ ambobs mertoni, socialuri mecnierebebis warmomadgenlebi usityvod iziareben damwerlobamdel sazogadoebaTa analizis Sedegebs da Semdeg maT eqstrapolacias (gadmotana) axdenen Tanamedrove sazogadoebaze da am SemTxvevaSi religias integralur
funqcias miaweren.
religiis sakiTxs mertoni sociologiaSi mis mier Semotalili `disfunqciis~ cnebidan ganixilavs anu, am SemTxvevaSi sazogadoebis madezintegrirebel tendenciebzea saubari. am konteqstSi mertoni aRniSnavs,
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rom traibalur sazogadoebebSi religias marTlac aqvs mainegrirebeli

funqcia, magram Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi gasaTvaliswinebelia socialuri struqturis gansazRvrul tipebSi gamovlenili madezintegrirebeli Sedegebi. am mrxiv mertonis mier dasmuli uxerxuli kiTxvebia:
1) im SemTxevaSi rodesac erTsa da imave sazogadoebaSi gansxvavebuli religiebi arsebobs da religiur jgufebs Soris konfliqts aqvs
adgili, rac mertonis mtkicebiT religiuri konfliqtebis amsaxveli
uricxvi dokumenturi masaliT dasturdeba, ismis kiTxva: ra azriT Seaqvs
religias Tavisi wvlili am mravalricxovani jgufebis integraciaSi anu,
rogor aris SesaZlebeli integracia religiuri pluralizmis pirobebSi?
2) mertoni eTanxmeba mosazrebas, rom `sazogadoeba Tavis wevrTa
erTianobas aRwevs, pirvel rigSi, imis meSveobiT, rom ZiriTadi Rirebulebebi da miznebi misi wevrebisaTvis saerToa~, magram amasTanave svams
kiTxvas: riT dasturdeba, rom arareligiuri adamianebi, magaliTad amerikul sazogadoebaSi, naklebad iziareben am saerTo Rirebulebebsa da
miznebs, vidre religiuri doqtrinisadmi erTgulni?
3) ra mxriv Seaqvs religias Tavisi wvili didi sociumebis integraciaSi, Tu misi Rirebulebebis Sinaarsi sxva, arareligiuri Rirebulebebis Sinaarss upirispirdeba? magaliTad bavSvis Sromis sakanonmdeblo
reglamentaciis mowinaaRmdege kaTolikur eklesiasa da mozardTa Sromis eqsploataciis xelisSemSlel saerTo Rirebulebebs Soris arsebuli
winaaRmdegoba.
G garda amisa, religiis maintegrirebeli funqciis Sesaxeb Teoriis
avtorebs, mertonis mixedviT, mxedvelobidan religiuri omebi da inkvizicia gamorCaT. es imis bralia, rom isini mxolod traibalur sazogadoebaze iyvnen orientirebulni. amitom am Teoriis avtorebi religiis SesaZlo madezintegrirebeli (gamTiSveli) funqciis gagebaSi ar arian.
mertoni ar uaryofs mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom religia marTlac
axdens identuri religiuri mrwamsis mqone jgufis wevrTa integracias.
es marTlac asea, magram traibalur sazogadoebaSi, sadac erTi religiaa
mxolod. igives Tqma struqturulad diferencirebul sazogadoebaze
umarTebuloa.
Mmertonis am kritikis Sesaxeb unda iTqvas, rom mis kolegebTan SedarebiT igi ufro met sifxizles da moqnilobas avlens da Tanamedrove sazogadoebisaTvis niSandobliv calkeul winaaRmdegobebze amaxvilebs yuradRebas. magaliTad religiuri tolerantoba da sxva msgavsi. am winaaRmdegobebis gaTvaliswinebiT mertonma ZiriTadi aqcenti religiis makontrolebel funqciaze gadaitana. mis mier gakeTebuli daskvna aseTia: `religia socialuri kontrolis institucionalizebuli saSualebaa~.
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mertoni religiis ideologiur funqciasac ar uaryofs. am SemTxvevaSi ideologiis negatiurad gagebul cnebas marqsistuli koncefciis sawinaaRmdegod iyenebs. religiisadmi disfunqciuri midgomis nimuSs, mertonis mixedviT, religiis marqsistuli Teoria warmoadgens,
radganac masebisaTvis religiuri ritualebisa da rwmenis Sedegebs marqsi diferencirebulad ganixilavs, rasac funqcionalistebi nakleb yuradRebas uTmoben. am kuTxiT funqcionalizmisa da marqsizmis Sedarebisas mertoni Semdeg mosazrebamde mivida: funqcionalistebis aqcentireba religiaze, rogorc raRac gansakuTrebul socialur meqanizmze, romelic sazogadoebis instituciuri integraciisTvis arsebiTi mniSvnelobis grZnobebs ganamtkicebs, maTi konceptualuri aparatidan gamomdinare marqsizmisagan gansxvavebulia. marqsistebma gamonTqvami `religia xalxis opiumia~ socialuri faqtis neitralur konstataciad aqcies;
saboloo jamSi, mertonis azriT, marqsistebi da funqcionalistebi formalistebi arian. orive maTgani religiis formalistur gagebas
iZleva. mertonis mixedviT,Ffunqcionalistebis `integracia~ formaluri cnebaa. aseve marqsis gamonaTqvami, rom `religia masebs aZinebs~ realobas moklebulia. mertonis amgvarma mosazrebebema SemdgomSi e. w. modernizebuli funqcionalizmis warmoSobas Seuwyo xeli, romelmac religiuri sakiTxebis sociologiuri analizi politikur ganzomilebaSi
gadaitana (magaliTad xelmZRvanelis Zalauflebis aRiareba da rwmena
da sxva. s.Llipseti).
yovelive zemoaRniSulidan gamomdinare unda davaskvnaT, rom miuxedavad mTeli rigi winaaRmdegobebisa religiis struqturul-funqcionalisturma da socialur-anTropologiurma analizma (inglisuri anTropologiuri skola) didad Seuwyo xeli religiis uaxlesi sociologiuri Teoriebis ganviTarebas. aqedan religiis uaxles sociologiur
Teoriebamde erTi nabijia darCenili.

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kiTxvebi:
daaxasiaTeT malinovskisa da redklif-braunis religiis sociologiis ZiriTadi principebi?
ras niSnavs religiis universalur-mainntegrirebeli funqcia?
eTanxmebiT Tu ara religiis funqcionalisturi gagebis mertoniseul TviTkritikas? (pasuxi daasabuTeT).
D davalebebi:
moamzadeT prezentacia Temaze: religiis Sesaxeb funqcionalisturi da marqsistuli Teoriebis Sedareba.
moamzadeT essei Temaze: `parsonsi da mertoni religiis socialuri funqciis Sesaxeb~.

1.
2.

3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
1.
2.

ZiriTadi literatura:
o. gabiZaSvili, religia, rogorc socialuri movlena, Tb., 1987.
n. smelzeri, sociologia, nawili III. Tavi 15. religia. m., 1994.
(rus. enaze). qarTuli Targmanis naxva SesaZlebelia www.socium.ge-ze.
e. gidensi, sociologia, Tavi 17. religia, m., 2005. (rus. enaze).
e. jgerenaia, leqciebi religiis sociologiaSi (internet versia).
v. garaja, religiis sociologia, m., 2005. (rus. enaze).
b. malinovski, magia, mecniereba da religia, (internet versia
qarTul enaze), (calkeuli adgilebi).
g. asaTiani, struqturalizmi da religia, wignSi: aTeizmis filosofiuri problemebi, Tb., 1989.
i. kaWkaWiSvili, socialuri moqmedebis Teoriebi, Tb., 2001.
damatebiTi literatura:
q. kalhuni, d. laiTi, s. keleri, sociologia, Tavi XIII, religia.
Tb., 2008.
j. maisionisi, sociologia, Tavi 18. religia. sankt-peterburgi,

2004.
3. o. gabiZaSvili, religiis sociologiis sakiTxebi, Tb.,1984.
4. patrik de lobe, religiuri fenomenis sociologia, m., 2000. (rus.
enaze).
5. religiis sociologiis qrestomaTia, m., 1996, (Semdgenni: v. garaja da e. rutkeviCi), (rus. enaze).
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E
es sayuradReboa

religiuri urTierTobebi
religiuri urTierTobebi socialur urTierTobaTa erT-erTi
gansakuTrebuli saxeobaa. misi aqtorebi iseTi individebi da jgufebia,
romelTa moqmedeba religiuri rwmeniTaa ganpirobebuli da romlebic
relgiur cxvrebaSi socialuri poziciebiTa da rolebiT gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan.
religiur urTierTobaTa aqtorebs Soris kavSiri religiuri
rwmenis Sesabamisi moqmedebisas myardeba. religiur TemSi, jgufSi individis mdgomarebas religiuri statusi hqvia. religiur cxovrebaSi
gvxvdeba rogorc miwerili aseve miRwevadi satusebi. am statusebs Seesabameba religiuri rolebi _ religiuri statusis Sesatyvisi roli
im funqcias gulisxmobs, romlis Sesruleba jgufis wevrisaTvis religiuri rwmenidan gamomdinare savaldebuloa. rols didi mniSvneloba
aqvs religiur jgufisa da individis urTierTobaSi. amis mixedviT iqmneba pirovnebis religiuri habitusi.
sociologebi religiur TemSi rolebis normatiuli struqturis
mixedviT oTx konstruqciul elements gamoyofen: 1. rolis Sesabamisi
qceva; 2. qcevis Sesabamisi moTxovnebi; 3. am moTxovnebis Sesrulebis Sefaseba da 4. sanqcia _ rolis Sesabamisi moTxovnebis mixedviT moqmedebebaTa Sedegi.
religiur urTierTobebSi didi mniSvneloba agreTve religiur
normebs eniWeba. es normebi Tavis mxriv sxvadasxvagvaria. magaliTad
sakulto normebi religiuri ritualebis Sesrulebis wess da rigs
areguliereben. organizaciul-funqciuri normebi ki Sidajgufobriv, Sidasaeklesio, eklesiaTaSoris da konfesiaTaSoris urTierTobebs areguliereben.
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kaxa qecbaia

religiur urTierTobaTa saxeebi

religiuri urTierTobebi SeiZleba iyos:

Sidasaeklesio,

eklesiaTaSorisi,

arasaeklesio.
Sidasaeklesio urTierTobebi sakulto moqmedebebis dros yalibdeba.
eklesiaTaSorisi urTierTobebi sxvadasxva konfesiebsa da religiur organizaciebs Soris urTierTobebs gulisxmobs.
arasaeklesio urTierTobebTan maSin gvaqvs saqme rodesac socialuri cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferoSi individebis moqmedeba religiuri
normebiT aris ganpirobebuli.

E
es sainteresoa
K kulti da kulutura

nikoloz rerixi
(1874-1947)

204

kulturis cnebis warmomavlobis Sesaxeb

arsebul mosazrebaTagan sainteresoa misi dakavSireba siytva `kultTan~ _ msaxurebasTan.
am gagebiT sityva `kultura~ religiuri
warmomavlobis mqonea, riTac xazgasmulia sulier-goniT samyarosTan misi kavSiri. cnobili
rusi mxatvari, filosofosi da publicisti,
arqeologi da mogzauri nikoloz rerixi kulturas `sinaTlis, samyaros keTili sawyisis
TayvaniscemasTan~ akavSirebda da ambobda, rom
sityva `kultura~ warmodgeba ori sityvisagan:
`kulti~ _ yovelTvis msaxurebasTan asocirdeba, xolo `uri~ aRmosavlur swavlebebSi
cecxlisa da sinaTlis gamomxatveli sityvaa.

religiis sociologia

`marTlmadidebloba qristes WeSmariti moZRvrebaa. Cveni sindisisa da zneobis safuZvelia. amavdroulad is unda iyos sazogadoebrivi yofisa da mecnierebis safuZvelic~
Teodor dostoevski
XII leqcia
Tema: religiis uaxlesi sociologiuri Teoriebi
fenomenologiuri paradigma, neoevolucionizmi,
racionaluri arCevanis Teoria,
religia da socialuri gacvlis Teoria
sakvanZo sityvebi da gamoTqmebi:
inglisurenovani uaxlesi religiis sociologia, uxilavi religia,
simboluri universumebi, `transcendireba~, intersubieqturi aqtivoba, privatuli religia, `vertikaluri Teologia~, sazogadoeba
rogorc aramaterialuri kultura, primitiuli religiebi, arqauli
religiebi, istoriuli religiebi, adremodernuli religiebi, modernuli religiebi, `samoqalaqo religia~, religiis socialuri
funqcia, racionaluri arCevani, socialuri gacvla da religia.
Sesavali
M meore msoflio omis Semdeg dasavaluri sociologiuri azrovnebis centrma evropidan aSS-Si gadainacvla. Sesabamisad religiis uaxlesi
socioloiuri Teoriebis samSoblod aSS iqca. Tumca Tqma imisa, rom am
Teoriebma veberisa da diurkemis klasikas Tavi daaRwies da princiipulad axali koncefciebi Seqmnes, Zalian Znelia. religiis sociologiis
klasikosTa naazrevis siluetebi maTSiM kargad SeiniSneba. am Teoriebs
Soris gansxavaveba isaa, rom drom axal-axali gamowvevebis winaSe daayena
religiis Semswavleli sociologiuri disciplina da am gamowvevebma
axal xedvebsa da midgomebs daudes saTave. amasTanave misi klasikuri
problemebi dResac aqtualuria.
uaxlesi religiis sociologia iseTi sakiTxebis analiziTaa dakavebuli, rogorica religiurobis empiriuli kvlevis procedurebisa da
meTodikis SemuSaveba, religiis sociologiis Teoriuli problemebis,
sekularizaciis da sxva msgavsi sakiTxebis analizi.
amerikel sociologebTan erTad religiis uaxlesi Teoriebis Semqmnelebad britaneli sociologebic gvevlinebian. maTi naazrevi kavSirSia amerikel sociologTa naazrevTan. Amitomac maT Cven erT mTlianobad
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kaxa qecbaia

moviazrebT da ganvixilavT, rogorc inglisurenovan uaxles religiis

sociologias.
1. fenomenologiuri paradigma
Tomas lukmani: `uxilavi religia~.
religiis uaxles uaxles sociologiur Teoriebs Soris sainteresoa fenomenologiuri sociologiis SigniT Camoyalibebuli koncefcia,
romlis avtorebi amerikeli sociologi piter bergeri da Tomas lukmani arian. maTi naazrevi gadmocemulia wignSi `relobis socialuri
konstruireba~, romelic fenomenologiuri sociologiis klasikur nawarmoebad aris aRiarebuli. swored am naSromis safuZvelze ganixilaven
isini religiis sociologiis problemebs.
fenomenologiuri sociologia socialuri realobis Seswavlazea
orientirebuli. socialuri realoba ki enisa da sxva saxis simboloebis
gamoyenebiT adamianTa urTierTzemoqmedebis procesSi konstruirdeba.
am azriT, sazogadoeba da sxvadasxva saxis socialuri institutebi intersubieqturi cnobierebis produqtebad aris miCneuli.
fenomenologiuri sociologiaSi farTodaa gavrcelebuli e. huserlis mier formulirebuli cnobierebis instencionalobis principi,
romelic saSualebas iZleva daZleul iqnas subieqt-obieqtis gnoseologiuri dapirispireba. Sesamecnebeli sagnis realobis an iluzorulobis sakiTxi intencialobis principis safuZvelze moxsnilia. amgvari
xedva religiis sociologiaSi iqamde aRwevs, rom zebunebrivi Zalis realobis sakiTxi Riad rCeba. religiis fenomenologiuri sociologiis
amosavali principia is, rom grZnobad-aRqmadi realuri samyaros sazRvrebidan gasvla adamianis bunebaa.
religiaze lukmani saubrobs wignSi `uxilavi religia~. mis mixedviT, individebs Soris urTierTzemoqmedebis procesSi, maTi intersubieqturi aqtivobis Sedegad mniSvnelobaTa obieqtivirebuli sistemebi,
`simboluri universumebi~ iqmneba, romlebic yovedRiur gamocdilebas
realobis zebunebriv Sres miakuTvneben. yoveli adamiani socializaciis
procesSi sakuTari biologiuri bunebis `transcendirebas~ axdens.
`transcendirebis~ am process lukmanma religiis sayovelTao socialuri forma uwoda. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom religia da individis mier
socialuri unarebis SeTviseba (socializacia) erTi da igive yofila.
religiis amgvarma gagebam aTqmevina lukmans, rom Tavis safuZvelSi yoveli adamiani religiuria da sekularizacia religiurobis institucionalur, saeklesio formas Seexeba mxolod da ara lukmanis mier aRiarebul `uxilav religias~.
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religiis sociologia

rogorc Cans lukmani `transcendirebis~ cnebis Tavisufali gagebis momxrea. filosofiaSi am cnebiT grZnobad-empiriuli samyarodan
gasvla aRiniSneba. lukmani ki mas individis socalizaciasTan sazogadoebaSi damkvidrebuli normebisa da Rirebulebeis gaTavisebasTan, aigivebs.
lukmanis `uxilavi religiis~ Teoriis am pasaJma misi amerikeli kolega piter bergeric ki moiyvana gaocebaSi, romelmac Tavis wignSi `religiis socialuri realoba~ eWvi Seitana lukmanis mier religiisa da
adamianuri bunebis gaigivebis Sesaxeb mosazrebaSi, Tumca religiurobis
analizSi am principis mniSvnelobazec gaamaxvila yuraReba.
Uaucilebelia vikiTxoT, Tu gulisxmobs lukmani `uxilav relgiaSi~? am kiTxvaze is Semdegnairad pasuxobs: sazogadoebis racionalizaciasTan anu, imasTan erTad rasac veberi `ganjadoebas~ eZaxis eklesiaze
orientirebuli religiis roli sazogadoebaSi TandaTan daeca da namdvili religiurobis niSnebis matarebeli e. w. `uxilavi religia~ gaxda,
romelic araseklesio religiurobas niSnavs. am tipis religiis warmoSobas lukmani instituciuri religiebis kriziss ukavSirebs, romelic
sekularizaciis procesis Sedegia. es soflisa da qalaqis cxovrebaze
ubralo dakvirvebiTac SeiZleba dadgindes (igulisxmeba amerikuli sofeli da qalaqi). mis mixedviT, sofelSi ufro xSirad dadian eklesiaSi
vidre qalaqSi. eklesiaSi ki ZiriTadad qalebi dadian vidre mamakacebi,
aseve eklesiaSi mosiaruleTa Soris zrdasrulebi ufro metia vidre
axalgazrdebi. am faqts lukmani eklesiur cxovrebaze orientirebuli
religiurobis socialuri bunebiT xsnis. kerZod Sromis procesSi CarTulobiT. eklesiaze orientirebuli religiuroba tradiciuli sazogadoebebisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, rac aSS-s megapolisebis SemTxvevaSi
iSviaTobaa.
rac Seexeba religiis funqciebs, mis Sesaxeb lukmani ambobs, rom
isini sazogadoebis transformaciebis Sesabamisad icvlebian. amaze miuTiTebs is faqti, rom oficialuri religiuri swavlebebi TavianT funqciebs imis gamo ver asruleben, rom postTanamedrove sazogadoebis
moTxovnebs ar Seesabamebian.
Mreligiis funqciebis amgvari gagebis miuxedavad, faqtia rom superTanamedrove sazogadoebaSi religia funqciebis gareSe ar darCenila. faqtia agreTve isic, rom lukmanis simpaTiebi mecnierebisaken aris
mimarTuli, Tumca unda iTqvas, rom religiaze bevrad ukeTesi mainc ar
aris Tanamedrove mecniereba. rac Seexeba lukmanis `uxilav religias~,
romelic individs avtonomiurobas unarCunebs da Zalze privatulia ve207

kaxa qecbaia

ranairad ver uzrunvelyofs RmerTTan cocxal evqaristul kavSirs,

Tumca am tipis religiisaTvis amgvari ram mniSvnelovani ar aris.
lukmanis ideebi XX s-is 60-70-ian wlebSi `kontrkulturuli~ moZraobis dros iyo popularuli, xolo `neokonservatizmis~ epoqis dasawyisSi misi mTeli rigi principebis gadafaseba moxda.
piter bergeri: `vertikaluri Teologia~.
p. bergeris mier religiis sociologiis problemebisadmi miZRvnili umTavres gamokvlevas misi wigni `wminda farda~ warmoadgens. am naSromSi igi cdilobs religiis sakiTxebi codnis sociologidan dainaxos
da gaaanalizos. amasTan religiisa da sazogadoebis idealistur gagebaSi mas eWvi ar epareba. `sinamdvileSi sazogadoeba aramaterialuri kulturaa, romelic adamianis sxva adamianebTan qceviT urTierTobas akonstruirebs~. masala romlisganac sazogadoeba aigeba adamianis aqtiurobis Sedegad eqsternalizebuli adamianuri codnaa.
religia ki adamianuri aqtivobis sferoa (human enterprise), romlis
meSveobiTac sakraluri kosmosi yalibdeba. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, religia sakraluris formiT kosmizaciaa. sakraluri aq imas niSnavs, rac
idumali da zebunebrivia. religiis amgvari definicia axlos aris mis Teologiur gagebasTan, rac SemTxveviTi ar aris im viTarebidan gamomdinare, rom bergeri erTi periodi presaSi gamodioda rogorc Teologi. am
gagebis mixedviT, religia gvaqvs maSin rodesac saxezea:
adamianis aqtiurobis gansakuTrebuli forma da
rodesac saxezea idumal ZalebTan kavSiri.
bergeris zemoaRniSnuli wignis erT-erTi saintereso pasaJi religiis funqciebis analizia. mis mixedviT, religiis ZiriTadi funqciebia:
malegitimirebeli _ arsebuli socialuri wesrigis axsna da gamarTleba.
masakralizebeli _ yoveldRiuri realobis sakralizeba.
bergeris naazrevi gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa sekularizaciis
problemis analizaTvis (es sakiTxi lukmanis analogiur koncefciasTan
erTad momdevno leqciaze iqneba ganxiluli).
mTeli rigi problemebi, rac religiasTan da mis analizTan aris dakavSirebuli, bergeris mixedviT, ar iqneboda Tuki religiis (qristianobis) tradiciul gagebas anu, `vertikalur Teologias~ davubrundebiT,
romelic miRmuri RmerTis rwmenazea damyarebuli. es namdvili religiuri renesansi iqneba, magram amisaTvis aucilebelia, rom Teologebma da
religiurma moRvaweebma Sewyviton TavianTi doqtrinebis religiuri Sinaarsis Cadeba sxvadasxva saxis politikur, socialur da eTikur kon208

religiis sociologia

cefciebSi. religiuroba wminda saxiT unda iqnes SenarCunebuli. bergeris es moTxovna dReisaTvis, albaT, pozitiurad unda iqnes gagebuli.

N 2. r. n. bela: neoevolucionizmi
1960-iani wlebidan religiis sociologiaSi evouliciuri ideebis
aRorZineba iwyeba. amis mizezad masStaburi SedarebiTi kvlevebi miiCneva. neoevolucionizms religiis sociologiaSi parsonsic uWerda mxars.
misi yvelaze metad cnobili warmomadgeneli religiis uaxlesi amerikeli sociologi robet nil belaa. 1964 wels man gamoaqveyna naSromi saTauriT `religiuri evolucia~, romelmac ficxeli diskusiebi gamoiwvia. es naSromi mogvianebiT, 1970 wels gamocemul wignSi `rwmenis iqiTa
mxares~ Sevida. belas mixedviT, ar arsebobs `simbolur formaTa~ iseTi
erToblioba, romelic nebismieri adamianisaTvis religiis funqciebis
matarebeli SeiZleba iyos (belas mixedviT, religia arsebobis finaluri
pirobebis simbolur formaTa erTobliobaa). sakiTxis am konteqstSi dayenebam bela religiis formebis Sesaxeb evolucionistur koncefciamde
miiyvana. kerZod religiebis mravalferovnebis miuxedavad maTi klasifikacia unda momxdariyo da SemdgomSi garkveuliyo Tu ra socialur Sedegebs iZleva religiis esa Tu is forma. faqtobrivad, belas religiis
sociologiis ZiriTad Sinaarss am amocanebis realizacia warmoadgens.
religiebis klasifikacia belam evoluciur ganzomilebaSi warmoadgina. swored amitom moixsenieba misi koncefcia neoevolucionisturad. evolucia mas spenseriseburad aqvs warmodgenili. kerZod es aris
procesi, romelic socialuri sistemis diferenciacias da Semdgom garTulebas aRniSnavs. am gziT socialuri sistemis srulyofa xdeba (belas
mier wamodgenili religiebis klasifikaciaze Cven erT-erT wina leqciaze visaubreT, amitom amjerad mis Sesaxeb zogadi saubriT SemovifarglebiT mxolod).
religiuri simboloebis diferenciaciis xarisxis mixedviT belam 5
safexuriani klasifikacia moaxdina. Tumca man isic aRniSna, imisaTvis
rom srulyofilebas miaRwios ar aris aucilebeli religiis romelime
formam logikuri Tanamimdevrobis principiT xuTive etapi gaiaros. amave dros SesaZlebelia, rom ufro adrindeli etapebi gviandel etapebTan
erTad erT sazogadoebaSi Taarsebobdnen. am SemTxvevaSi klasifikaciis
avtors mxedvelobaSi aqvs religiis, rogorc simboloTa sistemis da ara
`religiuri adamianis~ evolucia. es etapebia: primitiuli, arqauli, istoriuli, adreTanamedrove da Tanamedrove.
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kaxa qecbaia
primitiuili etapi ori simboluri formiT: miTiT da ritualiT
amoiwureba. maTi meSveobiT myardeba socialuri solidaroba. jgufis
socialuri cxovreba mTlianad religiiTaa gansazRvruli. religiis am
formis sami variacia arsebobs: individualuri, Samanuri da Temuri. individualurSi is ritualebi igulisxmeba, romlebic calkeul individTaTvis warmatebebis momtania. Samanuris SemTxvevaSi ritualebs gansakuTrebuli socialuri statusis mqone individi _ Samani asrulebs. igi
qarizmatuli figuraa. Temuris SemTxvevaSi adgili aqvs ritualebis koleqtur Sesrulebas da is mTlianad moicavs primitiul sazogadoebas.
arqauli religia afrikis, polineziis da yvela maT msgavs neoliTur religiebs moicavs. primitiulidan arqaulisaken evolucia belas
azriT, sazogadoebis socialuri dafenianebiT iyo gamowveuli. es procesi qurumTa socialuri fenis warmoSobas gulisxmobs. am etapze zebunebrivsa da adamians Soris distancia cotaTi gaizarda.
istoriuli religiebi religiurobis nadvili formaa. masSi bela
xsnis religiebis warmoSobas gulisxmobs. am etapze erTmaneTisagan gamoyofilia socialuri sinamdvilis saero da sasuliero sferoebi. mas
axasiaTebs erTi RmerTis idea; universaluroba da yoveli maTgani xsniskenaa mowodebuli. religiuri organizaciebi diferencirebulia.
adreTanamedrove religiebSi bela reformaciis droindel da
mis msgavs yvela moZraobas gulisxmobs. mas mxedvelobaSi aqvs xsnis protestantuli gageba. am tipis religiuri organizaciis wevroba nebayoflobiTia. religiis roli sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi Zalian maRalia.
Tanamedrove religia saTaves ganmanaTleblobidan iRebs. igi
srul TanxmobaSia kantis principTan: `religia mxolod gonebis farglebSi~. misi umTavresi niSani religiuri cxovrebis racionalizaciaa.
religiis am formas sekularizacia da sxva msgavsi movlenebi axlavs Tan.
religiurobis mravalgvar formebTan erTad misi kidev erTi axali
forma arsebobs. es e. w. `samoqalaqo religiaa~. igi sekularuli sazogadoebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. am religiis Sinaarsi saero RirebulebebiT da maTdami pativiscemiT amoiwureba.
axla vnaxoT ras ambobs bela religiis funqciebis Sesaxeb. mis mixedviT religias araerTgvarovani funqciebi aqvs. am SemTxvevaSi is e. w.
univeraslur funqcionalizms (parsonsi) uaryofs. religias belas azriT, Semdegi umTavresi 4 fuqcia akisria:
mniSvnelobis funqcia _ igulisxmeba, rom religia sazriss aZlevs adamianis cxovrebas.
kuTvnilebis funqcia _ gulisxmobs identobas.
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religiis sociologia
socialuri integraciisa da stabilurobis funqcia _ igulisxmeba sociumis wevrebis erTad Tavmoyra da socialuri realobis gamyareba.
sakralizaciis funqcia _ igulisxmeba kulturul RirebulebaTa sakralizacia.
rogorc religiebis tipologiis SemTxvevaSi, aseve religiis funqciebis analizisas belam manamde arsebuli yvela sociologiuri Teoriis arsebiTi momentebi gaiTvaliswina da Tanamedrove sazogadoebas miusadaga da, amgvarad, religiis sociologiaSi met-naklebad yvelasaTvis
misaRebi Teoriuli modelebi Seqmna. Tumca raoden pozitiuric ar unda
iyos belas naazrevi misi ukritikod miReba mainc ar gvmarTebs.

3.religia da racionaluri arCevani

Tanamedrove religiis sociologiaSi religiur cxovrebas da religiur urTierTobebs xSirad racionaluri arCevanis Teoriis WrilSic
ganixilaven. tradiciuli gagebiT, morwmune adamianisaTvis amgvari ram
miuRebelia, magram am SemTxvevaSe saqme Seexeba sazogadoebas, romelic
bolomde racionalizebulia. aseT viTarebaSi religiur cxovrebaSi
adamianisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli egoizmi, pragmatizmi da merkantilizmi
iCens Tavs. rac TavisTavad religiis sawinaaRmdegoa. magram etyoba uRmerTo sociumebs amgvari ram axasiaTebT da amis Sesaxeb Tamamad weren
amerikeli sociologebi. zogierTi maTgani am faqts didi gulistkiviliT aanalizebs xolme.
racionaluri arCevanis Teoria religias rogorc socialur sistemas bazarTan aigivebs. Amis mixedviT xmaroben e. w. religiuri bazris
cnebas. religiuri organizaciebi am SemTxvevaSi religiur RirebulebaTa mwarmoebel firmebTana gaTanabrebuli. am Teoriis popularuli cnebaa religiuri kapitali da a. S. sociologiuri gagebiT racionaluri arCevanis Teoria kargad miesadageba postTanamedrove sazogadoebas da am
sazogadoebaSi mimdinare transformaciebs, Tundac religiurs. magram
yovelive es miuRebelia tardiciuli sazogadoebis warmomadgenelTaTvis. etyoba sazogadoeba yovelTvis dgas arCevanis winaSe: racionalizacia desakralizaciisa da sulierebis dakargvis fasad, Tu sakralizacia
da suliereba racionalizaciis fasad. ra gzas daadgeba sazogadoeba es
man Tavad unda airCios da, vfiqrobT, religiis sociologia aq arafer
SuaSia. A

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kaxa qecbaia
4. religia da socialuri gacvla
socialuri gacvlis Teoretikosebi amerikeli sociologebi
jorj homansi da piter blau arian. maTi azriT, socialuri interaqcia
gacvlis principzea damyarebuli. saubaria rolebis gacvlaze. gacvla
nacvalgebis principiT imarTeba. rodesac vinme CvenTvis gairjeba, yuradRebas mogvaqcevs an raimes gvaZlevs, nacvalgeba moiTxovs, rom Cvenc
Sesabamisad gadavixadoT da vawarmooT balansi e. w. socialuri aRricxvis wignSi. blau gacvlas ekonomikuri kuTxiT uyurebda, homansi ki _
biheviorizmis poziciidan anu, mas miaCnda, rom adamianebi ufro xSirad
im qcevas imeoreben, romelmac maT warsulSi raime jildo an warmateba
moutana. am Teoriis mixedviT, adamianebs Soris interaqcias swored gacvla warmarTavs, rac imas niSnavs, rom adamiani imis gadawyvetis dros, ra
moimoqmedos, afasebs potenciur sargebelsa da xarjebs da maT dabalansebas cdilobs. msgavsi ram teqnologiurad maRalganviTarebuli sazogadoebisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. gacvla angarebas gulisxmobs, rac
tradiciul sazogadoebaSi naklad miiCneva, Tumca amerikeli sociologebi fiqroben, rom gacvla yovelTvis ar aris civi da angarebiani (magaliTad, mSoblebis Tavganwirva SvilebisaTvis da sxv.).
ar vici religiisa da religiuri cxovrebis am sociologiuri paradigmis Suqze ganxilva eTikurad ramdenadaa gamarTlebuli, magram amerikel sociologebs miaCniaT, rom sekularizebul sazogadoebaSi religiur cxovrebas, individebsa da religiur institutebs Soris urTierTobas garkveulwilad nacvalgebis principi aregulirebs, rac tradiciul sazogadoebaSi warmoudgeneli ramea, ramdenadac religiuri urTierTobebi aris unagaro da gulwrfeli. Tanamedrove amerikuli sazogadoebis religiur cxovrebaSi arsebuli socialuri gacvlis faqtebi kidev erTxel adastureben imas, Tu sadamde SeiZleba mivides adamianis dacema.

religiis uaxles sociologiur koncefciebs Soris mniSvnelovani adgili

postmodernistul paradigmas uWiravs. mis Sesaxeb Cven bolo XV leqciaze gveqneba
saubari, rodesac religiuri cxovrebis virtualizaciis Temas da masTan dakavSirebul
problemebs SevexebiT.

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religiis sociologia

kiTxvebi:
daaxasiaTeT Tomas lukmanis religiis sociologiis ZiriTadi principebi?
eTanxmebiT Tu ara piter bergeris religiis sociologiur
mosazrebebs? (pasuxi daasabuTeT).
eTanxmebiT Tu ara religiis belaseul tipologias? (pasuxi
daasabuTeT).
gamodgebian Tu ara religiuri cxovrebis asaxsnelad racionaluri arCevanisa da socialuri gacvlis Teoriebi? (pasuxi daasabuTeT).
D davalebebi:
moamzadeT prezentacia Temaze: religia Tanamedrove amerikul sazogadoebaSi.
momazadeT essei Temaze: `religiis socialuri funqciebi uaxlesi sociologiuri Teoriebis mixedviT~.

1.

2.
3.
4.
5.

ZiriTadi literatura:
n. smelzeri, sociologia, nawili III. Tavi 15. religia. m., 1994.
(rus. enaze). qarTuli Targmanis naxva SesaZlebelia www.socium.ge-ze.
e. gidensi, sociologia, Tavi 17. religia, m., 2005. (rus. enaze).
e. jgerenaia, leqciebi religiis sociologiaSi (internet versia).
v. garja, religiis sociologia, m., 2005. (rus. enaze).
g. asaTiani, struqturalizmi da religia, wignSi: aTeizmis filosofiuri problemebi, Tb., 1989.

damatebiTi literatura:
1. q. kalhuni, d. laiTi, s. keleri, sociologia, Tavi XIII, religia.
Tb., 2008.
2. j. maisionisi, sociologia, Tavi 18. religia. sankt-peterburgi,

2004.
3. 4.patrik de lobe, religiuri fenomenis sociologia, m., 2000.
(rus. enaze).

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5. religiis sociologiis qrestomaTia, m., 1996, (Semdgenni: v. garaja

da e. rutkeviCi), (rus. enaze).
6. r. n. bela, religiis sociologia, wignSi `amerikuli sociologia:
perspeqtivebi, problemebi, meTodebi,~ m., 1972, (rus. enaze).
7. Luckmann T. The invisible religion: The problem of religion in modern society. N.-Y.:
Macmillan, 1967.
8. Berger P.L. The sacred canopy: Elements of a sociological theory of religion. Garden
City, NJ: Doubleday,1967.
9. Glock C.Y. The Religious Revival in America? // Religion and the face of

America: papers of the conference,presented at Asilomar, Pacific Grove,

California, November 28, 29, and 30, 1958 / edited by Jane C. Zahn. Berkeley:
University Extension, University of California, 1959.

E
es sayuradReboa
pier burdie religiis sociologiis Sesaxeb
marTalia burdie religiis sociologi ar
aris, magram Tanamedrove sociologiaSi erTerTi gavleniani Teoretikosia, romlis mosazrebebi religiaze da religiis sociologiuri
analizis SesaZleblobaze da im dilemebze, romelic amgvari analizis winaSe dgas misTvis ucxo ar aris. 1982 wlis dekemberSi burdiem parizSi religiis sociologTa franguli asociaciis
mier organizebul kongresze specialuri moxeseneba gaakeTa Temaze: rwmenis sociologia da
sociologTa rwmena, romelSic man im dilemaze
gaamaxvila yuradReba, romelic religiis socipier burdieP
ologiuri analizis dros iqmneba. burdies ter(1930-2002)
minologiiT religiis sociologia ori principulad gansaxvavebuli velis Serevis (sinTezirebis) Sedegia. esenia:
mecnierebis veli (sociologia) da rwmenis veli (religia). sociologi
romelic religiis analizs iwyebs riskze midis. es riski rwmenis kvleviT velSi CarTvas ukavSirdeba. aq sakiTxi exeba imas unda iyos Tu ara
sociologi (mkvlevari) morwmune, rogor SeaTavsebs is erTmaneTTan
Tavis rwmenas da mecnierul kvleva-Ziebas. xom ar ewinaaRmdegebian
rwmenis anu religiis sociologiuri analizi da sociologis rwmena
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religiis sociologia

erTmanTs? sabolood burdie im daskvnamde midis, rom rwmenaze verc

erTi profesiis adamiani ver ityvis uars. religiisadmi erTguleba,
Tundac is aradeklarirebuli iyos, adamianis sxeulze, mis nakvTebzea
gamoxatuli; misi gamoxatulebaa enac, metyvelebac. amitom misi azriT,
rwmena sxeulebrivi eskizia, romelic enobriv habitusTanaa gaerTianebuli. ramdenad moaxerxebs mkvlevari aqedan gamosvlas da obieqturi
analizis Catarebas religiis sociologiis, rogorc mecnierebis SesaZlebloba SeuZleblobis garanti iqneba.
M mcire amonaridi pier burdies moxsenebidan:
`rwmenis sociologia da sociologTa rwmena~
[..] arsebobs Tu ara rwmenis sociologia? me mimaCnia, rom am SemTxvevaSi sakiTxis preformulirebaa saWiro: religiis is sociologia,
romelic dRes imaTgan iqmneba, romlebic religiis velTan sxvadsxva
xarisxiT arian dakavSirebuli, SeiZleba Tu ara mecnieruli sociologia iyos? me vpasuxob: gaWirvebiT anu, mxolod im pirobiT, rom is religiis velis mecnieruli sociologiiT iqneba gajerebuli. msgavsi tipis
sociologia rTuli ramaa ara imitom, rom religiis veli analizisaTvis Znelad mosaxelTebelia, vidre sxva romelime veli, aramed imitom,
rom rodesac Sen ar imyofebi am velSi riskze midixar, rodesac rwmenas
kvelviT velSi rTav.
raSi mdgomareobs wrmena, romelsac religiis vels miakuTvneben?
saqme imaSi ki ar aris, rogorc amas xSirad aCveneben, gavigoT
swamT Tu ara im adamianebs romlebic religiis sociologiiT arian dakavebuli, arc imaSia saqme ekuTvnian Tu ara isini romelime eklesias,
aramed im rwmenazea saubari romelic religiis vels miekuTvneba da
romelsac me illusio-s anu, am velisaTvis damaxasiaTebel specifikur interesebsa da sargebels, misi TamaSis investirebas veZaxi. religiur
rwmenas, am sityvis Cveulebrivi gagebiT, araferi saerTo ar aqvs wminda
religiur inetresebTan im azriT, romelsac me masSi vgulisxmob. am
SemTxvevaSi me praqtikuli inetresebidan amovdivar _ es aris ineteresi im obieqtis mimarT, romlis arseboba da mdgradoba uSualod Tu gaSualebulad Cems arsebobas da Cems socialur mdgradobas, Cems identobas da socialur pozicias marTavs.
religiis SemTxvevaSi problema Zalze mwvavaded gdeba, radganac
religia rwmenis univresumia, magram swored es rwmenaa masSi problema.
rwmena romelsac institucia qmnis (magaliTad dogmebis rwmena da a. S.)
instituciis rwmenis dafarvisaken miiswarfvis da es miswarafeba miT
ufro Zlieria, rac ufro moSlilia religiis velis sazRvrebi (magali215

kaxa qecbaia

Tad SeiZleba SexvdeT sociolog sasulieri pirs), ase rom SeiZleba sakuTari Tavi am velis gareT gegulebodes, magram simandvileSi iqidan
ar gamoxvide.
religiis velSi invesitirebam SeiZleba rwmenis dakargva gamoiwvios. es mRvdlis gaparsvis paradigmaa, romelsac Tavisi angariSebi aqvs
instituciebTan (mecnieruli religia Tavidanve am tipis veragobazea
damyarebuli). ase iyo xSirad da saero piri ar tyuvdeba: risxva, gaRizieaneba da protesti misi inetresis niSnebia. Tavisi brZoliT gaparsuli
mRvdeli imaze metyvelebs, rom interesi isev arsebobs. am negatiur da
kritikul interess SeuZlia mTlianad warmarTos gamokvleva, rogorc
mecnieruli poziciebisa da religiuri velis mier gamyarebuli kritikuli poziciebis Sereva [..]

[... nu daiqiravebT mouqnel, flegmatur, dondlo, avxorc da

zant adamianebs. upiratesoba mianiWeT RvTismosav msaxurebs, ara
marto imitom, rom uRmerTo msaxurebi mxolod meTvalyureobis qveS
muSaoben, aramed imitom, rom WeSmaritad RvTismosavi msaxuri Tavis
valdebulebebs ise aRasrulebs, rogorc RvTisadmi morCilebis movaleobas, ise, TiTqos Tavad RmerTi iTxovdes misgan samuSaos Sesrulebas...]
baqsteri

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religiis sociologia

M
masala gansjisaTvis
nugzar papuaSvili
religia sabWoTa da postsabWoTa saqarTveloSi
***
[..] SegviZlia dokumenturadac davadasturoT, rom Cveni sazogadoeba da, pirvel yovlisa, studentoba perestroikamdel saqarTveloSi
cnobieredac da qvecnobieradac eklesiisagan imaze ufro Sors idga,
vidre amas Sesabamisi reJimisa da propagandis simZafre gulisxmobda. ar
vlaparakob im axalgazrdebze, 1972 wels sionSi Cem Tvalwin rom oxunjobdnen. isini specsamsaxuris msaxurebi iyvnen da am samsaxuris msaxurebi, kaTalikos-patriarq kalistrate cincaZis erTi Canaweris Tanaxmad,
Turme yovel aRdgomas, gansakuTrebiT 30-ian wlebSi, ase oxunjobdnen.
mxedvelobaSi myavs aRniSnuli periodis sazogadoeba, romelic eklesiasTan da sarwmunoebasTan damokidebulebaSi metwilad diaxac rom cinikuri, anda, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, gulgrili iyo. masas mxolod religiuri
Seferilobis xalxuri ritualebis daTmoba eZneleboda da, Tu vinme xandaxan eklesiis karsac SeaRebda, ufro tradiciis gavleniTa da magiuri
rwmena-warmodgenebis kvaldakval (sxvadasxva saxis aRTqmebi, bavSvebis
monaTvla, - avi araferi SegvemTxveso da ase Semdeg).
vinc im Taobisaa da visac religiis sakiTxebi maSinac ainteresebda,
dameTanxmeba, rom saqarTveloSi mrevlis TvalsazrisiT yvelaze Raribulad am qveynis marTlmadidebeli eklesia gamoiyureboda. sionSi, magaliTad, kaTalikos-patriarq daviT V-is (devdarianis) dros (1972-1977)
samRvdelmTavro liturgiaze, Cveulebriv, 20-25 mlocveli Tu grovdeboda. da es maSin, rodesac ruseTisa da somxeTis sapatriarqo taZrebi
xalxs lamis veRar itevda. Tbilisis mudmivi mrevlis did nawils im
dros rusi qalebi, matuSkebi, Seadgendnen. maxsovs mecnieruli aTeizmis erTi profesoris, saxarovis, sajaro leqcia imave 1972 wels sazogadoeba codnis auditoriaSi. man aseTi informacia mogvawoda: moskovSi,
sakavSiro mTavrobis centralur aparatSi, sabWoTa moqalaqeebis religiurobis Taobaze didi TaTbiri da sja-baasi gaimarTa. aRiniSna: saqme
yvelaze kargad saqarTveloSia; aTeistobis, e.i. RvTismgmobelobis,
TvalsazrisiT yvelaze kargi moqalaqeebi saqarTvelos hyavs; am respublikis, saqarTvelos, aTeisti agitatorebi da politxelebi yvelaze bejiTad muSaoben da Cvenc mzad varT saqarTvelo, da mxolod saqarTve217

kaxa qecbaia

lo, masobrivi aTeizmis respublikad gamovacxadoT, magram amas ver gavakeTebT, radgan am qveyanaSi Zlieri sinagogebi arsebobso! es marTlac
ase iyo. gaviTvaliswinoT, rom ebraelebis repatriacia jer dawyebuli
ar iyo. me isic maxsendeba, Tu ra siamayiT warmouTqvamT onel ebraelebs:
Cven vicavT da vinaxavT mama-papebis rjuls Tqvengan, qarTvelebisagan,
gansxvavebiT!. imave profesoris TqmiT, saqarTvelosaTvis aRniSnuli
titulis (masobrivi aTeizmis respublika) miniWebas xels uSlida agreTve Tbilisis sakmaod mravalricxovani baptisturi eklesia (misi definiciiT - seqta), romelSic qarTvelebi blomad arian, magram yvelaze
mdidari mainc rusuli Temiao. davazustebT, rom am Temis ZiriTad
birTvs yofili malaknebi, wyliT monaTlulebic da mSralad monaTlulebic (suxoi baptistebi), warmoadgendnen.
Sefasebas, rom saqarTvelo TiTqmis masobrivi aTeizmis respublikaa, komunistebis miTad da fantaziad ver movnaTlavT, radgan amasve
gvidasturebs maSindeli saqarTvelos sinamdvilec, romlis danaxva SeuiaraRebeli TvaliTac SeiZleboda. im dros batonobda azri da Teoria,
romlis Tanaxmad qarTvelebi bunebiTad araeklesiuri xalxia. ambobdnen
da sakmao rixiTac: Cven religiis mimarT yovelTvis gulgrilebi viyaviT; saeklesio ritualebi ar gviyvars da arc unda gviyvardes, radgan
Cven, qarTvelebi, aseTebad varT dabadebuli; Cven, rusebisagan gansxvavebiT, ara dogmaturebi da avtoritetebs mindobilebi varT, aramed laRebi, poeturebi da Tavisuflad moazrovneebi; saqarTvelos mTam da
barmac ki jvarcmuli RmerTi da misi mcnebebi ar miiRo; Cven bunebis Svilebi viyaviT da bunebis Svilebad davrCiT, rac Sorsaa qristianobisagan
da es Sorsyofna Cveni siamayea!
aseTi gaxldaT sabWoTa saqarTvelos stereotipebi da, Tu vinmes
ar sjera, gadaxedos imdroindel literaturul produqcias da darwmundeba, rom es asea. es paTosi da Tvalsazrisebi, cxadia, mosaxleobis
inteligentur fenebSi muSavdeboda da maTSive trialebda. marTalia,
alternatiuli poziciebic arsebobda, magram isini prestiJulad ar miiCneoda da popularobas ver ixveWda. mokled, sabWoTa saqarTvelos is
moqalaqeebi, romlebsac aseT Temebze fiqri ar ezarebodaT, erovnul
idealsa da identobas warmarTobasa da aTeistobaSi ufro xedavdnen,
vidre qristianobasa da eklesiurobaSi.
sabWoTa kavSirSi da, cxadia, saqarTveloSic sociologiur gamokvlevebs didi dro da resursi ar eTmoboda; iTvleboda, rom amis gareSec yvelaferi naTelia da garkveuli. postsabWoTa saqarTveloSi viTareba ramdenadme gaumjobesda, magram sociologebi da statistikosebi
religiuri TemebiTa da motivebiT gvian dainteresdnen. amis miuxedavad
218

religiis sociologia

Cven SesaZlebloba gvaqvs am qveynis moqalaqeebis religiasTan damokidebulebis cvalebadobis suraTi warmovaCinoT. Cven xelTaa Sesabamisi Sinaarsis rogorc perestroikamdeli, ise perestroikis Semdegdroindeli
dokumenturi monacemebi anu statistikis Sedegebi, romelTa gaTvaliswinebiT realuri viTarebis warmosaxva xerxdeba. am gziT SegviZlia gavarkvioT, Tu rogor, ra dinamikiT da ra mimarTulebiT Seicvala Cveni
Tanamoqalaqeebis religiisadmi damokidebuleba. yuradRebas iqcevs religiis istoriis profesoris Teimuraz fanjikiZis informaciebi, romlebic gvxvdeba mis qvemoT miTiTebul wignebsa da statiaSi da romlebic
axalgazrdebSi religiis adgilisa da rolis garkvevas isaxavs miznad
faqtobriv masalaze dayrdnobiT.
1978 wels Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi Catarda sociologiuri gamokiTxva-gamokvleva, romlis mizans RvTis rwmenasTan da eklesiasTan studentebis damokidebulebis garkveva warmoadgenda. gamokiTxvaSi monawileoba miiRo sxvadasxva fakultetis 360-ma studentma. morwmuned Tavi Turme gamokiTxulTa mxolod erTma procentma gamoacxada,
danarCenebi ki Camoyalibebuli aTeistebi (26%) anda RvTisa da sarwmunoebis mimarT indiferentulebi aRmoCndnen. aRsaniSnavia, rom ukanasknel kategoriaSi gamoikveTa jgufi (20%), romelic Tavs morwmuned ar
Tvlis, magram ambobs: adamiani, romelsac RmerTi swams, ar SeiZleba cudi saqmeebis Cadenaze da borotebaze fiqrobdes, e.i. religia da morali, am msjelobiT, faqtobrivad erTi da igivea. aranakleb sainteresoa
im respondentebis motivacia, romlebic im erT procents, e.i. sam-oTxkacian jgufs, miekuTvnebian. ai, erT-erTi maTganis sityvebi: me mwams
RmerTi. mwams ise, rom Cemi bedi misTvis mimindvia... RmerTs Cemi Txovna
Seusrulebia... diaR, me mjera RmerTis, me did imedebs vamyareb masze (T.
fanjikiZe, Tanamedrove axalgazrdoba da religia, Tb., 1978, gv. 8-11; misive - religia, aTeizmi, axalgazrdoba, Tb., 1979, gv. 10-15). imdroindeli
viTarebis zogadi Sefaseba, romelsac dasaxelebuli wignebi warmogvidgens, aseTia: saqarTvelo, sabWoTa xelisuflebis pirobebSi gaweuli giganturi muSaobis Sedegad, msoflioSi pirveli iqca masobrivi aTeizmis
qveynad (gv. 3). es daskvna namdvilad ar aris sinamdvilisagan Sors, raSic davrwmundebiT, Tuki ar davizarebT da mexsierebaSi 70-iani wlebis
(zogadad, sabWoTa saqarTvelos) realur suraTs aRvadgenT. ityvian,
devnileba iyo da xalxi sarwmunoebrivi grZnobebis gamomJRavnebas ver
bedavdao. ki, religiis safuZvelze raRac doziT devna aRniSnul wlebSic grZeldeboda (misi marwuxi, rac aRvniSne da rac aRsaniSni damrCa,
mec viwvnie), magram mas is masStabi da sisastike ar hqonia, rom amiT marTlmadidebeli eklesiisagan qarTveli mosaxleobis TiTqmis totalur
219

kaxa qecbaia

gandgomas axsna da gamarTleba moeZebnos (ebraelebs naklebad sdevnidnen, anda baptistebs?).

analogiuri RonisZieba, anu gamokiTxva, aRniSnuli universitetis
bakalavriatisa da magistraturis studentebs Soris 2000 welsac Catarda. imave profesoris ganmartebiT, gamokvlevis mizani imaSi mdgomareobda, rom gagverkvia, ra transformacia ganicada Cvenma rwmenam mas Semdeg, rac postsabWour sivrceSi religia akrZaluli xilidan nebadarTul fenomenad iqca; dagvedgina... ra rols asrulebs religia Cvens
cxovrebaSi, gvxdis ki igi ufro srulyofils da zneobrivs?!. es kiTxva,
romelic Zaxilis niSniT mTavrdeba da, amdenad, ritorikulia, erTgvarad siaxlis elfers atarebs, radgan am saganze, gansakuTrebiT maSin,
Zveli da axali aTaswleulebis gzagasayarze, kiTxvis niSans aravin svamda. gvrCeboda STabeWdileba, rom mecnieruli aTeizmis yofili kaTedris warmomadgenlebi papze meti kaTolikeebi gaxdnen da religias, rogorc aseTs, zneobisa da moralis wyarod usityvod da upirobod aRiarebdnen, miT ufro maSin, rodesac sityva qarTuli marTlmadideblobisa da qarTuli eklesiis erovnul rolsa da mniSvnelobas Seexeboda.
da, ai, 2001 wels qvemoT damowmebul publikaciaSi TiTqmis moulodnelad gaielva azrma da daSvebam, rom Turme SeiZleba, rom religiam da,
warmoidgineT, marTlmadideblobamac ki adamiani srulyofilebis gzaze
win ver waswios da zneobrivad ver gaaumjobesos; SeiZleba adamiani gaxdes morwmune marTlmadidebeli, magram zne da xasiaTi ar gamoukeTdes.
Tumca konkretul SemTxvevaSi Cven aranaklebad gvainteresebs statistikuri monacemebi. isini ki aseT suraTs gvaZleven: 2000 wels morwmuned
Tavi qarTveli studentebis 88,8%-ma gamoacxada, 6,2%-ma - aramorwmuned, 5%-s pasuxis gacema gauWirda. morwmuneTa umravlesoba - 97,5% marTlmadidebelia, danarCeni, e.i. 2,5% islamis, iudaizmis, kaTolicizmisa da baptizmis mimdevrebi arian (T. fanjikiZe, rogora gvaqvs saqme
RmerTTan. - gaerTianebuli samecniero konferenciis masalebi, Tb., 2001,
gv. 61-62). bolo periodis sxvadasxva statistika, sxvadasxva organizaciis mier sxvadasxva mizniT warmoebuli, cxadyofs, rom saqarTvelos mosaxleobaSi morwmuneTa ricxvi izrdeba da es procesi mxolod marTlmadidebeli eklesiis sasargeblod mimdinareobs. sxva konfesiebis mimdevarTa ricxvi, iqnebian isini qristianebi Tu araqristianebi, mcirdeba.
muslimebi, magaliTad, aWaraSic ki, 2002 wlis aRweriT, umciresobaSi aRmoCndnen. mkveTrad Semcirda kaTolikeebis ricxvi kaTolikuri tradiciis soflebSic (mesxeTSi) [..]
amonaridi n. papuaSvilis vrceli statiidan:
N `dro Seicvala. stereotipebi?~
220

religiis sociologia

kiTxvebi socialuri debatebisaTvis:

eTanxmebiT Tu ara avtoris mosazrebas? (pasuxi daasabuTeT).
Tqveni azriT, ra rols asrulebs religia Tanamedrove qarTul
sazogadoebaSi? (pasuxi daasabuTeT).
Tqveni azriT, ra kavSiri arsebobs eklesiasa da inteligencias
Soris da ra rols asrulebs inteligencia sazogadoebis religiur
cxovrebaSi?
SeadareT erTmaneTs sabWoTa aTeizmi da postsabWoTa imperiuli Teizmi.

`RmerTis gareSe SeuZlebelia namdvili kulturebi, romlebic

adamianuri yofierebis mTel sisavses moicavs... inteligenturi sazogadoebis sapirispirod eklesiam gaigo da miiREo mxolod pirveli
mcneba _ `Seiyvare ufali, RmerTi Seni mTeli Seni guliT da mTeli Seni suliT~, ar SeaTavsa ra meore _ moyvasis siyvarulis mcnebasTan; man
uaryo igi, miiyvana ra RvTisadmi sakuTari siyvaruli da misadmi msaxureba miwieri samyaros siZulvilamde da kulturis arad Cagdebamde.
XX s-mde istoriuli qristianoba mTel Tavis yuradRebas qristes moZRvrebis mxolod asketur mxares, mxolod RvTismsaxurebas uTmobda.
Tavisi calmxrivobiT arafrad miiCnevda im RvTaebriv samyaros, romlis nawilic moyvasis saxiT moRvawe misi axloblebi arian~.
d. filosofovi

221

kaxa qecbaia

`adamians daaviwyda RmerTi da gacofda.~

Kkonstantine gamsaxurdia
XIII leqcia
Tema: religia da sazogadoeba
N

nawili I
sakvanZo sityvebi da gamoTqmebi:
religia da politika, religia da ekonomika, religia da socialuri
startifikacia, religia da socialuri mobiloba, religia da ojaxi,
religia da genderi.
Sesavali
sazogadoebasa da religias Soris urTierTobas mravali ganzomileba aqvs. am ganzomilebaTa yoveli detalis analizi Zalze rTuli saqmea da bevrad scdeba erTi saleqcio kursis farglebs. amitom Cven amjerad am urTierTobis ZiriTadi problemebis ganxilviT SemovifarglebiT. Tumca is sakvanZo sakiTxebi, romlebic amjerad unda ganvixiloT
fragmentulad wina leqciebSic iyo warmodgenili. sakiTxi religiisa da
sazogadoebis urTierTobis Sesaxeb Cvens mier or nawiladaa gayofili.
pirvel nawilSi religiis sociologiaSi damkvidrebuli tradiciis mixedviT religiasa da socialuri sistemis qvesistemebs Soris urTierTobas ganvixilavT, xolo meore nawili Tanamedrove transformirebad
sazogadoebaSi reliigiis problematikas Seexeba.

1. religia da politika
religiasa da politikas Soris urTierTmimarTebis problema didi
xnis ganmavlobaSi saxelmwifo xelisuflebis magiuri da religiuri warmomavlobis konteqstSi ganixileboda. religiis cnobili mkvlevari j.
frezeri miiCnevda, rom samefo xelisuflebas magiuri wamomavloba aqvs.
am mosazrebas upirispirdeba Sexeduleba romlis mixedviT, politikuri
da religiuri institutebis da, Sesabamisad, religiisa da politikis
funqciebi erTmaneTisagan yovelTvis gamijnulia.
sakiTxis ganxilvisas xSirad aqceven yuradRebas im garemoebas religia gaCnda ufro adre Tu politika. am SemTxvevaSi upiratesoba religiis mxaresaa, radganac damwerlobamdel sazogadoebebSi, rodesac jer
kidev ar iyo Camoyalibebuli saxelmwifo xelisufleba adamianTa qcevas
222

religiis sociologia

religia akontrolebda. am SemTxvevaSi religiuri lideri, magaliTad

qurumi politikuri lideric aris da religiuri da politikuri struqturebis SerevasTan gvaqvs saqme.
sazogadoebis gaTanamedroveobasTan erTad TanadaTan religiisa
da politikis funqciebis gamijvnac moxda. Sedegad politikuri Zalauflebis matarebeli instituti _ saxelmwifo da sakraluri Zalauflebis matarebeli religia erTmaneTs gamoeyvnen. Tumca qarizmatuli lideris problema dRis wesrigSi mainc darCa. veberis TqmiT, qarizmatuli
lideri religiur-magiuri sawyisebis mqonea. Tumca aseTi liderebi politikaSi iSviaTia. amitom mis nacvlad Tanamedrove politikis sociologiaSi `gamoCenili istoriul pirovnebazea~ saubari, romelic SeiZleba sulac ar iyos religiuri suliskveTebis matarebeli. Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi avtoriteti da Zalaufleba racionalizebulia da institucionalizaciasTan da legitimaciasTan aris dakavSirebuli, rac bunebrivia sazogadoebis diferenciaciisa da integraciis procesis Sedegia.

[...] qarizmad unda miCneuliqnas pirovnebis uCveulo Tviseba,

romlis meSveobiTac igi fasdeba zebunebrivi, zeadamianuri, sxvebisTvis miuRweveli, gansakuTrebuli ZalebiTa da TaviseburebebiT dajilodoebulad. `qarizma~ ganixileba rogorc RmerTis mier boZebuli anda, nimuSi.
tradiciebiT SekavSirebul epoqaSi qarizma diadi revoluciuri Zalaa. Marevolucirebadi Zalis ratio-sgan gansxvavebiT, romelic an
garedan anda inteleqtualizaciis gziT moqmedebs, qarizma Signidan
ganaxlebaa, romelic gaWirvebiT anda aRfrTovanebiTaa warmoqmnili
da yoveli cxovrebiseuli formisa da zogadad `samyarosadmi~ yvela
mimarTebaTa orientaciis srul Secvlas niSnavs.
qarizmuli batonoba qarizmul pirad TvisebebTan da maT dadasturebasTan dakavSirebul uaRresad pirovnul socialur kavSirs
warmoadgens [...]
maqs veberi

sociologebs miaCniaT, rom religiisa da politikis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxis ZiriTad aspeqti religiisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobiT amoiwureba. am SemTxvevaSi am urTierTobaTa sxvadsxva modelebzea laparaki, romelTagan umTavresia Teokratiuli modeli; saxelmwi223

kaxa qecbaia

foebrivi eklesiis modeli; modeli romlis mixedviT saxelmwifo da religia ori damoukidebeli instanciaa. arsebobs agreTve totalitaruli
modeli, romlis mixedviT eklesia moklebulia damoukideblobas; Ria,
demokratiuli modeli ki aRiarebs religiur pluralizms da religias
aranairi saxelmwifoebrivi privilegia ar gaaCnia, xolo Tavis mxriv politikac ar iyenebs religias sakuTari miznebis misaRwevad.
yovelive zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
religiisa da politikis urTierToba gansxvavebulia gemainSaftur da
gezelSaftur sociumebSi. pPirvelis SemTxvevaSi religia upiratesia politikaze, meore SemTxvevaSi piriqiT, religia meorexarisxovania da adamianebs Soris urTierTobebi racionalizebulia. aq politikas Tavisi
adagili aqvs da religias Tavisi. Tumca imis Tqma, rom politika Tavisi
iZulebiTi xasiaTidan gamomdinare religiur legitimacias ar saWiroebs Zalze Zneli iqneba.
religiisa da politikis Zalze rTuli, mravalferovani da winaaRmdegobrivi urTierTobidan gamomdinare unda iTqvas erTi ram, Tuki religiis qveS garkveul moralur RirebulebaTa sistemas moviazrebT, romelic sikeTezea orientirebuli maSin politikas religiaze orientireba marTebs. am SemTxvevaSi politikis moralizebasTan gveqneba saqme. rac
albaT misaRebia, magram savavalo Sedegebs miviRebT maSin rodesac moralis an religiis politizeba moxdeba, rac dauSvebelia.

2. religia da ekonomika
zogadad religiisa da ekonomikis urTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb sociologiaSi ori urTierTsawinaaRmdego mosazrebaa cnobili. am mosazrebaTa avtorebi sociologiis klasikosebi marqsi da veberi arian. marqsis mixedviT, ekonomika gansazRvravs yovelives da maT Soris religiasac. ufro metic, misi azriT, religia zogjer amuxruWebs sazogadoebis
ekonomikur ganviTarebas. Tumca marqsis Sexeduleba religiasTan mimarTebaSi saqmis realurma viTarebam ar daadastura. marqsisagan gansxvavebiT veberma aCvena, rom ekonomikaze did gavlenas religia axdens. man SeamCnia, rom germaniaSi saukeTeso ekonomikuri miRwevebi protestantebs
aqvT. mewarmeTa da maRalkvalificiur teqnikur specialistTa birTvs
swored isini warmoadgenen. amasTan drom aCvena, rom ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT, sxva qveynebTan SedarebiT protestantuli qveynebi dinamiuri
ganviTarebiT gamoirCevian. veberis droidan moyolebuli dRemde uamravi sociologiuri gamokvleva dagrovda, romlis safuZvelzec SeiZleba
davaskvnaT, rom qveynebis ekonomikuri CamorCenilobis anda ganviTare224

religiis sociologia

bis mizezebi sazogadoebis kulturul da religiur gansxavavebaSia saZebni anu, im religiaSi romelsac am qveynis mosaxleobis umravlesoba
aRiarebs. amas adsturebs taftsis universitetis profesor lourens
harisonis mier Catarebuli gamokvlevac. harisonma 117 qveyana gamoikvlia romlebSic erT-erTi msoflio religiis mimdevari 1 milionze meti
adamiania. mogvyavs erT-erTi saintereso fragmenti harisonis mier Catarebuli gamokvlevidan:
religia*

protestantoba
iudaizmi

Mmosaxleoba**

saerTo Tavisufleba***

korufcia

2,3

erTiani Sida
produqti erT
sul mosaxleze
(aSS dolarebSi)
29784

530

19320

16

904

5,5

9358

45,6

262

8,6

7045

75,7

1122

9,7

3142

78,6

14,9

kaTolicizmi

marTlmadidebloba

islami

* mosaxleobis 50% mocemul religias aRiarebs.

** milioni adamiani, msoflio bankis 2002 wlis monacemebi.
*** 2 Tavisuflebis maRali xarisxis maCvenebelia, xolo 14 dabali (Freedom House 2001 wlis monacemebi).
rogorc ityvian, komentarebi zedmetia! rac ufro maRalia qveynaSi
Tavisuflebis xarisxi, miT ufro maRalia cxovrebis done da dabalia korufciis maCvenebeli. agreTve TvalSisacemia Tavisuflebis maCveneblis
kavSiri religiasTan. kvleva aCvenebs, rom protestantebi da iudevelebi
ekonomikis sferoSi ufro warmatebulni arian vidre sxva religiis mimdevrebi.

225

kaxa qecbaia

sxvadasxva istoriul epoqaSi religiuri jgufebi, romlebic gavlenas axdendnen TavianT mimdevarTa ekonomikuur Sexedulebebsa da qcevaze garkveuli dilemis winaSe aRmoCndebodnen xolme. es dilema simdidresTan da siRaribesTan damokidebulebas Seexeba. am ekonomikur fenomenebTan damokidebuleba sxvadasxva religiebs Soris gansxvavebulia.
religiuri jgufis organizaciuli struqturis garTulebasTan
erTad mis winaSe mTeli rigi ekonomikuri problemebi dgeba. Tundac arsebobisa da moqmedebisaTvis aucilebeli materilauri saxsrebis moZieba da sxva msgavsi ram. aseT viTarebaSi religia ekonomikur saqmianobaSi
monawileobis miRebas iwyebs, rac adasturebs imas, rom ara marto religia zemoqmedebs ekonomikaze, aramed piriqiT. religia ekonomikuri
cxovrebisaTvis iseT aucilebel unarebze akeTebs aqcentirebas, rogorebicaa patiosneba, movalebebisadmi pativiscema, muxlCauxreli Sroma.
Sesabamisad, religiuri msoflmxedveloba da RirebulebiTi orientaciebi arnaxul ekonomikur warmatebaTa sawindari xdeba. Tanamedrove dasavluri civilizacia Tavis keTildReobas da ekonomikis maRal dones
garkveulwilad dasavlur qristianobas unda umadlodes. am civilizaciaSi religiam Sromisa da meurneobis maRali kulturis formirebas Seuwyo xeli. amis Sesabamisad adamianebma ician, rom Sromaa udidesi mowodeba adamianisa, rom ar arsebobs damamcirebeli Sroma da a. S. kanadeli
mkvlevrebis ulrix blumisa da leonard dalis empiriulma gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom efeqturi SromiTi saqmianobis stimulirebiT religia ara
mxolod gavlenas axdens ekonomikaze, aramed sicruisa da motyuebis akrZalviT ekonomikuri saqmianobisaTvis aucilebel da mniSvnelovan
princips ayalibebs.
dRes bevri mkvlevari saubrobs imis Sesaxeb, rom sazogadoebis racionalizaciasTan erTad religiis gavlena socialuri realobis sxvadasxva sferoze nel-nela mcirdeba, Tumca saqmis realuri viTareba sul
sxva suraTs iZleva. kerZod socialuri sinamdvilis arc erTi sfero raoden sekularizebuli ar unda iyos uZluria religiis winaSe. am mxriv
religiis gavlena ki ar mcirdeba, piriqiT matulobs. samwuxarod veberi
ver moeswro iaponiis magaliTs ekonomikis sferoSi. `iaponuri saswaulis~ saidumloebac mis religiur ZirebSia saZebni. iaponia, albaT, erTerTi samagaliToa im qveynebs Soris sadac tradiciebs scemen pativs.
tradiciebi ki religiasTanaa kavSirSi. iaponelebi zedmiwevniT icaven
ufrosebisadmi pativiscemis wessa da rigs, romelic aq ritualis donezea ayvanili. SesaZlebelia iaponelTa 80%-ze mets ar smenia, rom arsebobs mcneba `pativi ec mamasa Sensa da dedasa Sensa, rameTu keTili geyos
Sen da dRegrZeli iyo qveyanasa zeda~. miuxedavad amisa dRes msoflioSi
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sicocxlis xangrZlivobiT iaponelebi gamoirCevian. ufrosebisadmi pativiscema iaponuri kulturis safuZvlebSi devs. erT-erT mcneba gvaswavlis `ara iparo~ da iaponelebi keTilsindisierad ixdian gadasaxadebs. aravis ar unda, rom mas uxarisxo saqonels awvdidnen. iaponelebi am
SemTxvevaSic gamoirCevian. isini maRalxarisxian saqonels awarmoeben.
maT kargad gamosdiT dacva principisa `da rogorc gindaT rom geqceodeT kacni, Tavadac ise moeqeciT maT~. swored amgvari principebis dacvaSia iaponuri ekonomikuri saswaulis saidumloeba, miuxdedavad imisa,
rom iqac igive ekonomikuri kanonebi moqmedebs rac sxva qveynebSi. ekonomikis ganviTarebis britaneTis nacionalurma sabWom gaanaliza im gamarjvebuli iaponuri firmebis saqmianoba, romelTac msoflio bazarze
TavianTi konkurentebis sworad gansazRvra SeZles. analizis Sedegad
ori ZiriTadi principi gamoyves, romelTac zedmiwevniT icavdnen gamarjvebuli firmebi. pirveli principi aseTia: izruneT saqonelze. meore
principi ki ase JRers: ifiqreT klientebze.
yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom religia aris mentalobisa da adamianuri kapitalis safuZveli.

[...] religia ara mxolod sazogadoebis sulier cxovrebaze axdens gavlenas, aramed ekonomikazec. maqs veberma daadgina, rom kapitalizmis warmoSobis pirobebi arsebobda jer kidev antikurobasa
da SuasaukuneebSi, aramed protestanizmis gaCenasTan erTad igi
swrafad ganviTarda. adreuli protestantuli literaturis gamokvlevisas veberma SeniSna, rom luTeranis msoflmxedvelobaSi is
ideologiuri impulsi (`profesiuli movaleobis~ idea) devs, romelmac warmoebis kapitalistri wesis damkvidrebas Seuwyo xeli.
statistikuri meTodis gamoyenebiT veberma SeZlo eCvenebina, rom
kapitalizmi yvavis iq sadac protestantuli sarwmunoebaa gavrcelebuli (inglisi, germania, amerika) [...]
A al. meni

3. religia da socialuri stratifikacia

religiis sociologebi mividnen daskvnamde, rom religiuroba
CvenTvis nacnob iseT socialur stratifikaciul formebTanaa kavSirSi
rogorebic klasobrivi, rasobrivi an eTnikuri kuTvnilebebia. faqtia,
rom socialuri uTanasworoba nebismier sazogadoebaSi arsebobs. sazo227

kaxa qecbaia

gadoeba dafenianebulia da calkeuli individis socialuri identoba

(romelime fenisadmi kuTvnileba) gansazRvravs mis mdgomareobas sazogadoebaSi. sociologebs miaCniaT, rom sazogadoebis mastratificirebel erT-erT faqtorad religia, ufro sworad religiuri identoba SeiZleba mogvevlinos. am SemTxvevaSi religia socialuri stratifikaciis
sanqcirebas axdens. amgvari ram gansakuTrebiT naTelia kasturi sazogadoebis SemTxvevaSi. amis tipuri magaliTi indoeTia, sadac kasturi socialuri stratifikacia induizmiT iyo sanqcirebuli. induizmis mixedviT, adamianis mdgomareoba RmerTis mier aris dadgenili da misi Secvla
dauSvebelia. Tu meomarTa kastis wevri xar, aseTad unda darCe samudamod.
Tumca religiurad homogenur da religiuri pluralizmis mqone
sazogadoebebSi religiis mastratificirebuli funqcia sxvadasxvagavria. Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi arc Tu iSviaTia SemTxveva, rodesac individis religiuri identoba mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvravs mis socialur statuss. magaliTad egvipteSi qristiani koptebis socialuri
prestiJi musulmanebTan SedarebiT dabalia. am sakiTxze Tavis droze veberic amaxvilebda yuradRebas amerikaSi arsebuli protestantuli seqtebis Sesaxeb statiaSi. igi ambobda, rom garkveuli saxis religiuri Temis wevroba respeqtabelobis (rom am adamianTan SesaZlebelia saqmis daWera) maCvenebeli SeiZleba iyos.
religiisa da socialuri stratifikaciis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxi marqsis sayvareli Tema iyo, romelsac igi uaryofiTad wyvetda.
mas miaCnda, rom religia sazogadoebaSi arsebuli socialuri stratifikaciuli struqturis SenarCunebazea orientirebuli, Tumca unda iTqvas, rom es yovelTvis rodia ase. socialur uTanasworobasa da mis religiur legitimacias Soris pirdapiri kavSiri epizoduri xasiaTis matarebelia. garda amisa aratradiciul, modernistul sazogadoebebSi
religias naklebi Sexeba aqvs socialur uTanasworobasTan. Tumca religiisa da socialuri stratifikaciis kavSiris problma gadawyvetilad
mainc ver CaiTvleba.

4. religia da socialuri mobiloba

Ggarkveuli doziT socialuri mobiloba TiTqmis yvela tipis sazogadoebaSi arsebobs. tradiciuli sazogadoebebisaTvis amgvari ram naklebadaa damaxasiaTebeli. socialuri mobilobis Teoretikosi pitirim
sorokini miiCnevda, rom religiuri rolebi SesaZlebelia mobilobis arxebs warmoadgendnen. garda amisa religiuri an saeklesio saswavlebele228

religiis sociologia

bi garkveul SesaZleblobas aZleven adamianebs warmatebas miaRwion sasuliero sferos warmomadgenlTa fenaSi. magaliTad diakoni gaxdes
mRvdeli. am SemTxvevaSi horizontalur mobilobasTan gveqneba saqme.
tradiciul sazogadoebebSi dominirebs norma, romelic vertikalur
socialur mobilobas ar amarTlebs. rac RvTaebrivi wesrigis Sesaxeb religiuri msoflmxedvelobidan momdinareobs. Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi amaze laparaki Znelia, magram erTi ram fatia, rom religia garkveulwilad gansazRvravs adamianis cxovrebis stils da Sesabamisad socialuri mobilobis agentad SeiZleba mogvevlinos.

5. religia da ojaxi
Oojaxi imdenad Zveli da tradiciuli socialuri institutia, rom
gaCnda warmodgena misi rogorc religiurobis matarebel erT-erT yvelaze mniSvnelovan fenomenze. msgavs mosazrebas saTave frangma istorikosma n. d. fiustel de kulanJma daudo Tavis naSromSi `antikuri qalaqi~ (1864). daaxloebiT igive mosazreba Zvel arabul sazogadoebasTan mimarTebaSi ingliselma aRmosavleTmcodnem v. robertsonmac gamoTqva.
Tavdapirveli socialuri erTobebis mkvlevrebic askvnian, rom ojaxi
sakraluri erTobaa adamianebisa. amis safuZvels is faqti iZleva, rom
mTel rig sazogadoebebSi religiuri ritualebi ijaxSi sruldeboda,
xolo keriis cecxli sakraluri mniSvnelobis matarebelad iyo miCneuli. es mdgomareoba garkveulwilad dRemdea SemorCenili, religiuri
ritualebis garkveuli nawili dResac saxlSi aResruleba, Tumca is rasac dRes ojaxs veZaxiT didad gansxvavdeba imisagan rasac Zvel droSi
erqva igive saxeli. sazogadoebis ganviTarebis kvalobaze ojaxma dakarga sazogadoebrivi daniSnuleba da kerZo socialur institutad Camoyalibda. Tumca religiis gavlena masze mainc darCa ZalaSi. religiis `privatizaciis~ procesma religia adamianis piradi, kerZo arCevanis sferos
kuTvnileba gaxada da religiis TavSesafari Tanamedrove desakralizebul sazogadoebaSi ojaxi gaxada. sociologebi aRniSnaven, amitomaa rom
dRes adamianTa umravlesobas is religiuri ritualebi izidaven, romlebic ojaxSi sruldeba. ojaxis rogorc pirveladi socialuri institutis gamyarebas qristianuli kulturis qveynebSi religia uwyobs
xels. kerZod qorwinebis saidumlos SesrulebiT, amitom ojaxsa da eklesias Soris mWidro kavSiri arsebobs.

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`[...] religia afasebs adaT-wesebs da Cveulebebs..

ojaxuri cxovrebis sakralizaciiT religia yvelgan da yovelTvis inarCunebs Tavis zemoqmedebas adamianTa Cveulebebsa da sindisze.
religiuri integraluri arseba xalxTa Tavdapirveli erTobisa
da Tanasworobis gamoxatulebis formaa. xalxi, rogorc ojaxi sakuTari naTesaobis Sesaxeb mexsierebas erToblivi kultisa da Tayvaniscemis meSveobiT inaxavs[...]]~
ferdinand Tionisi]]

iseTi ritualebis Sesruleba, rogoricaa bavSvis monaTvla, saxlis

kurTxeva, qorwili, dabadebis an angelozis dRis aRniSvna, gardacvlisaTvis wesis ageba, saflavis kurTxeva da mravali sxva naTlad aCvenebs
ojaxsa da religias Soris kavSirs. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom ojaxi religiur ganaTlebasac uwyobs xels. ojaxi rogorc socializaciis agenti did
rols asrulebs sazogadoebis momavali wevrebis mier religiuri normebisa da Rirebulebebis gaTavisebis saqmeSi. Tavis mxriv religiuri normebi mTeli rigi akrZalvebiTa da qcevis makontrolebeli meqanizmebiT
garkveul mimarTulebas aZleven ojaxis ganviTarebas, ojaxis wevrebs
Soris urTierTobis sxvadasxva formebs (magaliTad seqsulauri cxovrebis normalizacia da mravali sxva). moZRvreba qorwinebaze, ojaxis
wevrebs Soris urTierTobebze da sxva TiTqmis yvela religiaSia mocemuli. qristianobaSi am tipis swavlebas safuZvlad siyvaruli udevs, islamSi morCileba, budizmi maincdamainc ar aris amgvari ramis momxre da
a. S. sazogadoebis racionalizaciisa da sekularizaciis daCqarebulma
tempebma bevr mkvlevars afiqrebina, rom Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi religiis erTaderT TavSesafrad ojaxi iqca. es marTlac asea, magram jer
religias imdeni araferi gasWirvebia, rom romelime socialur instituts Seafaros Tavi. saqmis viTareba sul sxva rameze metyvelebs. kerZod socialuri institutebis posTanamedrove transformaciebis epoqaSi ojaxs imdeni problemebi daugrovda, rom religia iqca mis namdvil
TavSesafrad. bolo dros postmodernulma erTjeradma ojaxebmac ki gaacnobieres, Tu ra safrTxis winaSe dganan da saSvelad isev religias da
RmerTis rwmenas miubrundnen.

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6. religia da genderi
Cveulebriv genderi pirovnebis is niSnebi da socialuri poziciebia, romelic sazogadoebis wevrebis mxridan Sefasebulia rogorc mamakacuri an qaluri. igi socialuri organizaciis erT-erT ganzomilebas
warmoadgens da, Sesabamisad, ara biologiuri, aramed socialuri warmomavlobisaa.
arerTgvarovania genderTan religiis mimarTeba. masTan mimarTebaSi TiTqmis yvela religias sakuTari xedva da midgoma aqvs SemuSavebuli.
religiisa da genderis urTierTmimarTebis problema meinstrimul kulturebsa da religiebSi qalTa mdgomareobis ganxilvamde dahyavT xolme.
kerZod feministuri poziciebis mqone religiis sociologebs miaCniaT,
rom msoflio religiebis umravlesoba mamakacuria da maTSi qalis roli
mamakacTan SedarebiT dakninebulia. am sakiTxs vrceli gamokvleva miuZRvna elizabet keidi stentonma Tavis wignSi `qalebi bibliaSi~, Tumca
wminda werilSi imTaviTve naTqvamia, rom `adamiani RmerTis saxe da xatia~, amitom morwmune adamianebs msgavsi kiTxvebi naklebad uCndebaT,
magram rogorc ki saqme socialur realobas Seexeba problema im wuTasve
Cndeba da xSirad gaismis sayvedurebi.
is faqti, rom religiur organizaciebs umeteswilad, da rogorc
wesi, mamakacebi xelmZRvaneloben, rom religiuri ierarqiis warmomadgenlebi mamakacebi arian srulebiT ar akninebs qalTa mdgomareobas. rogorc wesi morwmune adamianebSi amgvari ram gaRizianebas ar iwvevs. Tumca aris iseTi konfesiebic sadac sasuliero ierarqiaSi qalebic arian
warmodgenili (magaliTad anglikanuri eklesia). tradiciulad religia
yovelTvis iyo gamsWvaluli qalisadmi pativiscemiTa da mokrZalebiT,
oRond erTia, yvela religiaSi qals Tavisi roli da funqciebi aqvs, romelic mamkacisas arafriT ar Camouvardeba. amis gamo davidarabis atexva
araseriozulia.
religiuri rwmena Tavisi arsiT arc mamakacuria da arc qaluri,
amitom Zalze Znelia imis Tqma, rom religia qalTa uflebebsa da mdgomareobas zians ayenebs. zianTan maSin gveqneba saqme rodesac religiuri,
genderuli da sxva saxis diskursebis aRreva moxdeba. amitomac amgvari
sakiTxebis analizisas didi sifrTxilea saWiro. Y

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studentebis TvaliT danaxuli islami

(amonaridi saprezentacio masalidan)
qali, ojaxi da naTesauri kavSirebi
islamur samyaroSi
qalebTan mimarTebaSi islamisaTvis ori gansxvavebuli Tvalsazrisia damaxasiaTebeli: I. qali mxolod
dedaa an, coli; II. qalis statusis
idealizeba.
aseT viTarebaSi qalis Sesaxeb
arsebuli mcdari mosazrebebisa da
Sexedulebebis kritikul analizs,
udavod didi mniSvneloba eniWeba.
adamianTa im uflebebze, romlebzec sul raRac ori-sami saukunis
win alaparakdnen, islami jer kidev didi xnis winaT saubrobda. islamma
qali ki ar daaknina, aramed kuTvnili adgili daubruna mas, genderuli
uTanasworoba aRmofxvra.
islamur sazogadoebaSi qalis statusis gansazRvra da sruli saxiT
warmoCena SeuZlebelia winaislamur xanaSi qalis adgilis, rolis da uflebriv-qonebrivi mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe, radganac adreuli islami mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli islamamdeli xanis kulturasTan, msoflmxedvelobasTan da tradiciebTan. winaislamur xanaSi qalis
arseboba sircxvilad iTvleboda - axalSobil gogonebs cocxlad marxavdnen; qalis mTavari funqcia dedoba iyo; ar arsebobda memkvidreobis
Sesaxeb kanoni - qals ar hqonda memkvidreobis ufleba, mas ar SeeZlo memkvidreobiT mieRo Tavisi qmris, mamis an naTesavebis qoneba. piriqiT, is
TviTon iyo memkvidreobis obieqti. ar hqondaT kanoni, romelic daaregulirebda saqorwino urTierTobebs. yovelive amis fonze SegviZlia
vTqvaT, rom islamma aamaRla qalis statusi: moxda gogonebis cocxlad
damarxvis warmarTuli Cveulebis gauqmeba, qalTa qonebrivi da saojaxosaqorwino urTierTobis reglamentacia, muslimTa wminda wignSi - yuranSi gamocxadda, rom alahis winaSe qali Tavisi uflebebiT da valdebulebebiT mamakacis Tanasworia.
muslim mamakacs ara aqvs ufleba qorwinebamde sacoles saxeSi Sexedos. samagierod SeuZlia advilad gaSordes mas, Tu ar moewona igi. islamuri qorwinebisaTvis mTavari da damaxasiaTebeli aris mahri - saqorwi232

religiis sociologia

no saCuqari. qorwineba swored mahrze molaparakebiT iwyeba. mahri aris

qoneba, romelic qmarma unda gamouyos cols Tanasworuflebiani qorwinebis Tanamxad. mahri kanonieri qorwinebis mTavari pirobaa da ganixileba, rogorc safasuri colisaTvis col-qmruli movaleobebis Sesrulebis gamo. islamis religiuri kanoni nebas rTavs muslim mamakacs hyavdes
oTxi coli da mona-mxevalTa ganusazRvreli raodenoba. yuranma ar misca qals igive uflebebi ganqorwinebis dros, rac misca mamakacebs. ganqorwinebis upiratesi ufleba aqvs mamakacs. islamma daakanona mamis ufleba bavSvebze. Tumca, gayris Semdeg ori wlis asakamde dedam unda gamokvebos bavSvebi. gayris Semdeg qali kargavs memkvidreobis uflebas
qmris qonebaze misi gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi. mamakacs ufleba aqvs
oTxi coli da ganusazRvreli raodenobis mxevali iyolios, maSin rodesac qali rigSi dgas da elodeba rodis dadgeba misi kuTvnili dRe. mamakacs ufleba aqvs nebismier dros Sewyvitos qorwineba, qali ki am mxrivac
SezRudulia, radgan gadawyvetileba misTvis mudam araxelsayreli pirobebiT mTavrdeba.
hijabi (zRude, tixari, farda) aris krebsiTi saxeli islamuri samosis xsvadasxva saxeobobisa, rogoricaa saburveli, Cadri, fanjara,
romliTac muslimi qali saxlidan gasvlisas saxesa da sxeuls ifaravs. es
samosi qals sxvisi mzerisagan icavs. arsebobs hijabis ramdenime saxeoba:
Savi an zogjer sxva feris mosasxamebi mTeli sxeulisaTvis da TavisTvis
(ximar) an saxisaTvis: Tvalebamde saxis qveda nawilis damfaravi pirbade;
specialuri bade TvalebisaTvis naxvretebiT; Savi, naxevrad gamWirvale
TavSalebi da sxva. yuransa da wminda wignebSi gansazRvrulia moTxovnebi
qalis samosTan dakavSirebiT: aucilebelia, rom sxeulis yvela nawili,
agreTve Tma, saxis da xelis mtevnebis garda daifaros.
rac Seexeba socialur uTanasworobas magaliTad iranis revoluciac sakmarisia. islami krZalavs, magram sainteresoa visTvis? Tu mkacri wesebis dacva Cveulebrivi mosaxleobisaTvis aucileblobas warmoadgens, ratom ar vrceldeba es yvelaferi socialurad maRal fenaze,
Cven xom radikalur suraTs davinaxavT, rodesac Tvalwin warmogvidgeba
prezidentTa Tu SeixTa cxovreba. qals mamakacis sazogadoebaSi kldemamosileba da Tavis daxra marTebs, es albaT ubralo miTi da tradiciaa
Tuki SevxedavT mehriban alievasa da iordaniis dedofal ranias.
zogierT islamur qveyanaSi kontrasti TvalsaCinoa ori gansxvavebuli fenis warmomadgenel qalebs Soris - esaa mdidrebi da Raribebi.
mdidrebi naklebad morwmuneebi arian, maTTan gelfrend-boifrendis instituti miRebulia, kargi ganaTlebac aqvT da dasavlur faseulobebsac etrfian. qalebi Cadrs arasdros atareben, evropul sasmelsac etanebian da kargad, gamomwvevadac acviaT. analogiurad mamakacebi. Tumca
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kaxa qecbaia

amas morwmuneTa dasanaxad arasodes akeTeben. quCaSi Tu iqnebian maTTan

erTad iloceben, saaTobiT daemxobian, maSin, roca saxlSi amas albaT
arasdros izamdnen.
yuranisa da islamis gaTvaliswinebiT, muslimi qalis
suli sixaruliT, kmayofilebiTa da siamayiT ivseba, misi
mdgomareoba da statusi rom
icvleba, magram ra uxaria mas,
cocxlad rom aRar marxaven?
sixaruli da bedniereba rom
sufevdes, maSin qalTa emansipaciis winaaRmdeg aRar ibrZolebdnen. rogorc cnobilia,
aRmosavleTSi qalTa feminizaciisTvis mniSvnelovani iyo mahaTma gandis moRvaweoba. is
muslim qalebs msxverplad Sewirulebs uwodebda. misi moRvaweobis dros qalebi masobrivad Caebnen
jandacvisa da ganaTlebis sferoebSi. islamuri aRorZinebis procesi
an-nahda qalTa emansipaciasac Seexo, Cadris tarebaze uaris Tqma gaxda
islamur qveynebSi demokratiisTvis brZolis erT-erTi lozungi.
saudis arabeTSi saxlis gareT myofi yvela qalisaTvis aucilebelia tradiciuli abaias tareba, romelic qals mTlianad faravs. qals aq
manqanis marTvis uflebas ar aZleven. 1979 wlamde Sahis sekularuli reJimi Trgunavda religias iranSi, amas islamuri revolucia mohyva da samiode aTeuli wlis win sakmaod emansipirebul Teiranel qalebs 21e saukuneSi uxdebaT TxemiT-terfamde Seburulebma iaron evloT quCaSi.
aseve sasamarTlo efuZneba VII-VIII saukuneebis SariaTis wesebs, romlis
ZaliTac qmris RalatisaTvis qali unda Caiqolos (saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis zewoliT, am barbarosuli wesis gamoyeneba 2003 wlis dasawyisidan SeaCeres). saudis arabeTi 2000 wlidan internetis informaciis
filtracias eweva, saxelmwifo kontrolqveS myofi samsaxurebi zogierT vebsaitebs blokaven, romlebsac xelisufleba islamuri kulturisTvis miReblad miiCnevs. momxmarebeli ver Seva iseT veb-saitebze, romelbic exeba qalebis uflebebs, religiebs da a.S. saudis arabeTSi qalebs amieridan Tvalebis dafarvac mouwevT. qveynis religiuri policiis gadawyvetilebiT, lamazi Tvalebis mqone qalbatonebi valdebulni iqnebian muqi feris mzis saTvale ataron. policiis gadawyvetileba ukve
ZalaSia. saudis arabeTis qalebi planetis yvelaze uuflebo moqalaqee234

religiis sociologia

bad miiCnevian.
isini
valdebulni arian daifaron mTeli sxeuli,
Tma, saxe da axla ukve Tvalebic. `isini
Tvalis sacxisa da
tuSis gamoyenebiT
mamakacebis interesis gaRviZebas axerxeben. xelis msubuqi
moZraobiT ki viTom
SemTxveviT, Cadrs
zeviT sweven", - werda arabuli presa.
saudel qalebs mxolod naTesav mamakacebTan saubris ufleba aqvT, gareT gasvlac mxolod naTesavi mamakacis TanxlebiT SeuZliaT. qalebis
qcevasTan dakavSirebiT yvela akrZalvas qveynis religiuri policia, xaia adevnebs Tvals. maRaziebSi, dawesebulebebsa Tu kinoTeatrebSi mudmivad amowmeben wyvilebis dokumentebs imis gasarkvevad, namdvilad naTesavia Tu ara qalis Tanmxlebi mamakaci. aseve, sqesebi mkacrad aris gayofli skolebsa da sajaro sivrceSi. qalebs ar aqvT arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba. fizikuri aRzrdis gakveTilebi akrZalulia qalTa saxelmwifo skolebSi. saudis mefe abdula cdilobs daZlios ultrakonservatiuli ideologia. swored man misca qalebs muSaobis ufleba. 1996
wlis seqtemberSi, roca qabulSi Talibanis mmarTveloba damyarda, radio `SariaTma yvela avRanelisaTvis savaldebulo ramdenime miTiTeba
gamoacxada. maT Soris: mZRolebs ar hqondaT ufleba Tavdauburav an gamomwvevad Semosili qalebisaTvis, romlebic Tanmxlebi naTesavi mamakacis gareSe iyvnen, transportSi asvlis nebarTva miecaT. yvelas vinc ase
moiqceoda, daapatimrebdnen. quCaSi SemCneuli Tavisuflad Cacmuli qalis qmari daisjeboda da maTi saxli gaiCxrikeboda. islamSi qals ar aqvs
ufleba, qmris TandaswrebiT xmas auwios. qmars aqvs colis cemis ufleba, magram ar unda daartyas saxis areSi. aseve, coli uars ver etyvis
qmars intimur siaxloveze, Tumca qmari colis sawolidan gagdebis uflebiT sargeblobs.
qalis roli kidev ufro dakninebulia avRaneTSi, sadac axalgazrda
gogonebi dResac yidva-gayidvis obieqtebi arian. amas qorwineba hqvia.
qorwineba ki or ojaxs Soris gaformebuli kontraqtia. qorwinebis bedi
kontraqtis avkargianobazea damokidebuli. tradiciulad ase iyo. avRa235

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neli qalebis istoriuli buneba zepirsityvierebam Semoinaxa. qalebi

protests TviTmkvlelobiT an simReriT gamoxataveno _ werda avRaneli
poeti, romelic adgilobrivma fundamentalistebma mokles.
muslimi qalebisadmi akrZalvebi amiT ar Semoifargleba. muslim qalebs mogrZo formis bostneulisa da xilis Wamac aukrZales. aseTi qceviT imami imedovnebs, rom qalebi daculebi iqnebian codvisgan, anu im
codvisgan, rasac hqvia seqsis survili _ wers erT-erTi egvipturi gamocema.
islamur samyaroSi aris qveynebi, sadac
qalebs
SedarebiTi
upiratesoba gaaCniaT
sxva islamuri qveynebisagan
gansxvavebiT.
pirvel rigSi aseTad
moiazreba TurqeTi _
aq qalebma Cadris winaaRmdeg gailaSqres da
arCevnebSi monawileobisa da ganaTlebis miRebis ufleba moipoves. Seiqmna ufaso dawyebiTi da fasiani saSualo da
umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistema. daarsda Teiranis universiteti. Seicvala
musulmani qalis stereotipebi. islamur saxelmwifoebs Soris, qalTa
uflebebisa da Tavisuflebis mxriv, erT-erTi yvelaze liberaluri qveyana aris maroko, romelic mxolod TurqeTs Camouvardeba. meSvide welia, marokoSi moqmedebs kanoni ojaxuri uflebebisa da personaluri
Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb, romlis Tanaxmadac: 1. coli da qmari Tanasworia
qveyanaSi da ojaxSi; 2. qalisa da kacis qorwineba SesaZlebelia mxolod
ormxrivi surviliT; 3. qmrebs aRar SeuZliaT umizezod miatovon colebi; 4. qalebisTvis gayra gamartivda; 5. minimalurma saqorwino asakma qalebisTvis 15-dan 18 wlamde aiwia. politikuri cxovrebis kuTxiT aRsaniSnavia, rom dRes marokos parlamentSi, qalebisTvis gamoyofili specialuri kvotebis wyalobiT, 35 qali deputatia _ mTeli Semadgenlobis
10%. Tumca, 10% _ iani kvota mxolod dasawyisia da ramdenime weliwadSi
marokos parlamentSi qalebisTvis 30%-iani kvota dawesdeba. reformebis srulfasovan implementacias xels uSlis mZime socialuri foni. marokoSi samuSao Zalis mesameds qalebi Seadgenen. yoveli xuTi ojaxidan
erTs qali marTavs, radgan igi an gayrilia, an qmris saxlidan gamogdebuli, an kidev meuRle sazRvargareT muSaobs. marokos qalebis 2/3-ma ar
icis wera-kiTxva. zogierT regionSi qaliSvilebis 90%-s arasdros uv236

religiis sociologia

lia skolaSi. marokos mosaxleobis daaxloebiT naxevari dReSi 1 evroTi

cxovobs, didi nawilisTvis ki samedicino daxmareba miuwvdomelia. miuxedavad problemebisa, muhamed VI-is reforma istoriulad umniSvnelovanesi nabijia. es mowmobs, rom islamuri identoba da adamianis universaluri uflebebi SeiZleba erTmaneTs SeuTavsdes. marokos reformebs
imediT uyureben regionSi da zogadad, islamur samyaroSi. marokoel qalebs ukve baZaven mezobeli qveynebis (alJiri, tunisi) feministebi. aseve
yatarsa da bahreinSi 2002 wlidan qalebs arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba miecaT da ufro metic, pasiuri saarCevno uflebac anu, maTi arCevac
SeiZleboda.
islamur samyaroSi, Tu ar CavTvliT TurqeTisa da marokos viTarebas, qalis roli Zalzed arasaxrbieloa. maTi mrwamsiT cxadia, rom qali
arafers unda akeTebdes. kanonTa krebulSi qalebisTvis specialuri damatebaa, romelic ase iwyeba: gekrZalebaT Sinidan gasvla...
islamuri feminizmi
zogadad, feministuri moZraoba, bunebrivia, genderuli Tanasworobis da qalTa uflebebis dascvisken aris mimarTuli, magram drodadro man, rogorc ideologiurma da sazogadoebrivma diskursma cxovrebis mravali sfero moicva: politika, jandacva, qorwineba, dasaqmeba, xelovneba, religia da sxv.
Tumca, muslulmani feministebis umTavres mizans ar warmoadgens
rom gadmoitanon, danergon dasavluri Rirebulebebi da cxovrebis wesi
islamur kulturaSi, dasavlur yaidaze gadaasxvaferon sakuTari kultura da tradiciebi. maTi TqmiT, islami, rogorc religia ar aviwroebs
qalebs, piriqiT icavs maT uflebebs, rom islamSi qali da mamakaci Tanasworia, qmari meuRles siyvaruliT unda moeqces. muhamedi qadagebs, rom
vaJiSvili da qaliSvili Tanasworia. Sesabamisad maT surT, rom qalebisadmi damokidebuleba tradiciuli islamuri religiuri teqstebis safuZvelze aRdges.
ojaxi da naTesauri kavSirebi
muslmanuri ojaxebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia maRali Sobadoba,
radgan islami ar uWers mxars ojaxis dagegmvas. aseve erT-erT socialur da kulturul Taviseburebas axlo naTesavebs Soris qorwineba
warmoadgens. biZaSvil-mamidaSvilebi saukeTeso dasaojaxebel wyvilad
iTvleba bevr arabul qveyanaSi. islami pozitiurad uyurebs axlonaTesaur qorwinebas: mociqulma muhamedma Tavisi qaliSvili fatima sakuTar
biZaSvil alis miaTxova. dRemde aqtualuria Turquli andaza: kargi gogo ojaxSi rCeba, cuds ucxos atanen.
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islamuri TvalTxedviT ojaxi sazogadoebis uaRresad mniSvnelovani saZirkveli da ZiriTadi masazrdovebeli ujredia. ase, rom jansaRi,
mxne da sicocxliT aRsavse ojaxis gareSe sazogadoebis progresi, gansakuTrebiT ki kulturuli winsvla SeuZlebeli aRmoCndeba da aseTi ojaxebi morwmune da gagebuli qalebis gareSe formirebas ver ganicdis da
gagrZelebas ver hpovebs.
yoveli muslimi valdebulia SeinarCunos naTesauri damokidebuleba da ar gawyvitos is suleluri uTanxmoebis mizeziT, ecados yovelTvis gaufrTxildes erTimeoris uflebebsa da movaleobebs TavianT naTesavebTan mimarTebaSi, yovelTvis moinaxulos isini dResaswaulebze,
mniSvnelovan zeimebze, maTgan avadmyofebs dauTmos gansakuTrebuli
yuradReba, aRmouCinos yovelgvari mxardaWera da daxmareba. im naTesavebs, romlebic cxovroben Sors, SeZlebisdagvarad, misweros werili an,
daukavSirdes telefoniT.
bavSvis dabadebis Semdeg yoveli mSoblis movaleobaa: misces
bavSvs Rirseuli saxeli, Seaswavlos religiuri movaleobebi, romelime
saqme an xeloba, droze daaqorwinos isini. Tavis mxriv, ki maT moeTxovebaT TavianT mSoblebs pativiscemiT mimarTon, mousminon ufrosebs da
daexmaron maT yvelaferSi, SesaZleblobis mixedviT, Seasrulon mSoblebis nebismieri survili, Tuki ra Tqma unda, es ar ewinaaRmdegeba islams.
islamSi dedebi gansakuTrebul pativsacemaSi arian. muhamedis TqmiT:
,,samoTxe dedebis fexT qveSaa, ese igi samoTxeSi is moxvdeba, vinc dedas
daafasebs da sikeTiT moepyroba. erTxel Suamavals SeekiTxnen; qveynad
rigis mixedviT jer pativi vis unda vceTo? ,,dedaso miugo man da samjer gaumeora. hadisSi Svilis kmayofaze myofi dedis uflebis Sesaxeb
ase vkiTxulobT `man Sen cxra Tve gatara, Tumca sxvisTvis is amas ar
izamda. man Tavisi sxeulis wveniT Sen gamogkveba, Tumca amas aravin
sxvisTvis ar izamda. is ar daTanxmdeboda imas, rom TviTon maZRari
iyos Sen ki mSieri. TviTon naxevrad SiSvelic rom iyos, Sen gacmevs,
TviTon uwylod rCeba, Sen gasmevs. roca is, Sewuxebuli iyo, Sen dovlaTiT da siamovnebiT cxovrobdi. dedis muceli Seni sxeulis zrdis
adgili, saxli ki, Seni Senaxvis adgili iyo. misi mkerdi Seni rZis wyaro, tkbili suli ki Seni saSiSroebis winaSe mdgari iyo.
1430 wlis winaT islamma qalis ekonomikuri damoukideblobis kanoniereba cno. sura `nisa-s 32-e aiaSi brZanebs: `kacebs TavianTi monagaridan sakuTari ulufa, qalebs TavianTi monagaridan sakuTari ulufa
gaaCniaT. me-7 aiaSi vkiTxulobT: `mamis, dedis Tu axloblebis danatovari qonebidan kacebsac da qalebsac wili ergebaT am qonebis raodenobis miuxedavad, ulufa gamoeyofaT. Tumca realobaa isaa, rom gogona
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ojaxisgan memkvidreobas iRebs, magram imaze naklebs, vidre biWi.

islamamdel xanaSi arebeTis naxevar kunZulze da zogadad yvelgan
qals ar gaaCnda sakuTari uflebebi. mas ar hqonda aranairi mniSvneloba
sazogadoebisaTvis. islamamde periodis arabeTSi arsebobda praqtika
cocxlad daemarxaT axldabadebuli gogonebi, radganac maT Tvlidnen
ojaxis sircxvilad. islamma ki Secvala qalis mdgomareoba, daubruna mas
saukuneebis manZilze fexqveS gaTelili uflebebi da ixsna (gadaarCina)
usamarTlo damcirebisgan. yuranSi naTqvamia: ...colebis qmrebisadmi
uflebamosilebani iseTivea, rogorc qmrebis colebisadmi, Tumca qmrebi safexurebriv TavianT colebis mdgomareobaze ufro maRla dganan...~.
allahis Suamavalma daamata Semdegi: `gamokvebeT qalebi da CaacviT maT
Tqvens xelT arsebuli sursaT-sanovagis maragiT da tansacmliT, ar scemoT, ar galanZRoT da ar dasajoT", Tumca am ukanasknelis dacva gansakuTrebiT uWirT muslim (da aramarto muslim) mamakacebs.

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Tema: religia da sazogadoeba
nawili II
religia transformirebad sazogadoebaSi
sakvanZo sityvebi da gamoTqmebi:
sekularizacia, ekumenizmi, religiuri pluralizmi, religiis Tavisufleba, religiuri cxovrebis virtualizacia, kibereklesia, Tanamedrove religiuri renesansi.
Sesavali
Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi droTa ganmavlobaSi TiTqmis yvela
socialurma institutma mniSvelovani transformacia ganicada. ramdenime bolo aTwleulis manZilze Seicvala ekonomika, politika da ojaxi.
maT msgavasad transformaciis procesi Seexeo religias da religiur
cxovrebas. Sesabamisad Tanamedrove religiis sociologiaSi aqtualuri
gaxda sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra rols asrulebs religia Tanamedrove
transformirebad sazogadoebaSi. religiis sociologiaSi drom iseTi
sakiTxebi moitana, rogoricaa sekularizacia, ekumenizmi, religiuri
pluralizmi, religiis Tavisufleba, religiuri cxovrebis virtualizacia da mravali sxva.

1. sekularizacia
(sekularizaciis sociologiuri Teoriebi)
sekularizacia Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi zebunebrivisa da sakraluris mniSvnelobis dacemaa. es aris procesi, romelic mTlianobaSi
Tanamedrove sazogadoebis yoveldRiur cxovrebaze religiis gavlenis
Sesustebas niSnavs. seklurizaciis dros religiuri organizaciebi nakleb yuradRebas uTmoben saiqio cxovrebis Sesaxeb sakiTxebs da wminda
cxovrebiseuli problemebis mogvarebaze arian orientirebulni. erTi
sityviT, es aris religiis gamoqalaqebis procesi. sekularizacia terminologiurad (gvianlaTinuri saccularis) saeros, samoqalaqos niSnavs.
Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi adamianebs urCevniaT imSobiaron, an tkiodeT, an mokvdnen eqimebis xelSi, romlebic mecnieruli codnis mflobelebi arian, vidre sasuliero pirTa TandaswrebiT. es faqti imaze metyvelebs, Tu ra rols asrulebs religia Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi. religiis amerikelma sociologma da Teologma harvi koqsma kidev ufro ganavrco am faqtis interpertacia. igi ambobs, rom Tanamedrove adamianebi
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naklebad mimarTaven religias da religiur ritualebs. raoden samwuxaroc ar unda iyos religia maTTvis hobad, an nacionaluri da eTnikuri
identobis niSnad gadaiqca. im adamianTa raodenoba, romelTaTvisac religias fundamenturi mniSvneloba aqvs maTs cxovrebaSi sul ufro da
ufro klebulobs. koqsis logikas Tu gavyvebiT erT mSvenier dRes religia unda gaqres. Tumca am mosazrebas, madloba RmerTs, bevri sociologi ar eTanxmeba (Tavis mxriv religiis yofna-aryofna sociologis an
sxva vinmes naTqvamze ar aris damokidebuli). amaze Tanamedrove religiuri renesansis faqti metyvelebs. mecnierebam da teqnikam ver Caanacvla
religia da es ase unda iyos.
Tanamedrove religiis sociologiaSi sekularizaciis problemis
met-naklebad srulyofili sociologiuri analizi p. bergerma da Tomas
lukmanma mogvca. maT sekularizaciis mizezad religiis naklovaneba ki
ar daasaxeles, aramed es procesi Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi midinare
urbanizaciis, pluralizaciis da msgavs socialur movlenebs daukavSires.
zogadad religiis sociologiaSi sekularizaciis Sesaxeb ramdenime ZiriTad koncefcias gamoyofen.
pirveli tipis koncefciebi sekularizacias religiuri institutebisa da organizaciebis, zogadad rolis dakninebasTan akavSireben (b.
vilsoni). msgavsi ram, vilsonis azriT, religiur cnobierebas exeba pirvel rigSi. dRes adamianebi cxovrebas pragmatulad uyureben. am Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, sekularizaciis mizezi sekularul cnobierebaSia
saZebni.
meore tipis koncefciebi (g. pfautci) yuradRebas religiuri jgufebisa da institutebis SigniT mimdinare procesebze amaxvileben, romlebSic miRmur samyaroze orientacias am samyaroze orientireba cvlis.
am tipis koncefcias safuZvlad veberis racionalizmi udevs.
sekularizaciis Sesaxeb arsebul koncefciaTa mesame tipi (parsonsi, bela) mas ganixilavs, rogorc sazogadoebis struqturis cvlilebaTa
Sedegs, romlis drosac sxva socialuri isntitutebidan religiis gamoyofa xdeba da igi adamianis pirad saqmed cxaddeba. bergeri da lukmanic
miiCnevdnen, rom sekularizacia religiis `individualizaciis~ Sedegia.
am SemTxvevaSi yvela rwmenis Tavisebur interpretacias akeTebs da TviTon qmnis sakuTar religias (religiis konstruireba).
meoTxe tipis koncefciebs sekularizacia esmiT, rogorc tradiciuli religiebis `funqcionaluri eqvivalentiT~, `religiuri surogatebiT~ _ magaliTad marqsizmi, aTeizmi, nacionalizmi da sxva, _ Canacvle241

kaxa qecbaia

bis procesi. am SemTxvevaSi sekularizaciaze da surogatul religiurobaze saubari erTi da igivea.

mexuTe tipis koncefciebi sekularizacias desakralizaciasTan aigiveben. am TvalsazrsiT aramarto sazogadoeba, aramed mTlianad samyaro ganicdis desakralizacias, rac imas niSnavs, rom yvelaferi rac ki
xdeba racionalurad aixsneba. am koncefcias veberis `ganjadoebis~ procesi bolomde mihyavs. Tumca veberi `ganjadoebaSi~ magiuri elementebis
SezRudvas gulisxmobda da ara religiurobis srul gaqrobas.
meqvse tipis koncefciebs miaCiaT, rom sekularizacia sakraluridan profanulisaken moZraobis procesia (h. bekeri). hovard bekeris azriT, es procesi mTlianad moicavs sazogadoebas. am koncefciis farglebSi sekularizacia sazogadoebis utilitaristul axsnasTanaa dakavSirebuli, rac socialur cvlilebaTa zogad TeoriasTan da racionalobis `Ria~ da `daxurul~ sistemebTanaa dakavSirebuli. sekularizaciis msgavsi gageba ufro metad evropeli sociologebis mier iqna aRiarebuli.
asea Tu Tu ise, erTi ram faqtia, rom sekularizacia sazogadoebis
racionalizaciis Tanamdevi procesia. amitom am gzaze Semdgarma sociumebma unda gaiTvaliswinon dasavluri gamocdileba imisaTvis, rom maTTvis mtkivneuli mTeli rigi procesebi Tavidan aicilon.

2. samoqalaqo religiis cneba

sekularizaciis procesTan dakavSirebulia religiis sociologiis kidev erTi axali cnebis _ samoqalaqo religiis gaCena. belas TqmiT,
is sekularizaciis erT-erT aspeqts warmoadgens. misi ganmartebiT samoqalaqo religia kvazireligiuri loialobaa, romelic individebs Tavisi
arsiT saero tipis sociumSi aerTianebs. ubralod rom vTqvaT, moqalaqeoba da saero cxovreba iZens religiurobis niSan-Tvisebebs. mas Seesabameba cxovrebis amerikuli wesi. am tipis religia garkveuli saxis ritualebis Sesrulebas gulisxmobs. magaliTad saxelmwifo himnis Sesruleba
sportul Sejibrebebze. mas raime tipis gansakuTrebuli dogmebi ar gaaCnia. Tumca is samoqalaqo sazogadoebis politikur sistemaSi tradiciuli religiis mTeli rigi elementebi Seaqvs. religiis am formisagan
tradiciuli sazogadoebebi Sors arian.

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3. postkonfesiuri sazogadoeba
im tipis sazogadoebebSi sadac eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris
formaluri kavSiri Zalian sustia religiuri organizaciebi denominaciebad gadaiqcevian xolme. Tumca postTanamedrove sazogadoebaSi adamianTa didi nawili sulieri srulyofilebis dakmayofilebas ara arsebuli religiuri organizaciebis wiaRSi, aramed maT gareT hpoveben. isini TiTqos garbian am organizaciebidan. aseT SemTxvevaSi saxezea postkonfesiuri sazogadoeba. romlis tipuri magaliTi amerikis SeerTebuli Statebia. am SemTxvevaSi religiuri eqspresiis adgils, romlis gareSe suliereba warmoudgenelia, racionaluri gansja ikavebs. postkonfesiuri religiuroba religiis fsiqologiur momentebze amaxvilebs yuradRebas da misi midevrebi sasuliero pirebTan urTierTobis nacvlad
aTasi juris treningebsa da meditaciebSi iReben monawileobas. tradiciuli religiis mimdevarTa mxridan amgvari ram aRiqmeba, rogorc religiisa da religiurobis gaukuRmarTebuli forma.A

ekumenizmi
`organizebuli religiis mxridan sekularizaciis sawinaaRmdego tendencias warmoadgens
ekumenizmi - gansxvavebuli konfesiebis swrafva
gaRrmavebuli TanamSromlobisa da urTierTgagebisaken. xSirad es xorcieldeba konfesiebsa da
denominaciebs Soris urTierTobis maregulirebeli organizaciebis _ magaliTad, msoflio saeklesio sabWosa da eklesiis erovnuli sabWos muSaobaSi monawileobiT. dReisaTvis aSS-Si adgili
aqvs protestantuli denominaciebis gaerTianebis mcdelobas, zustad aseve SeiniSneba kaTolikeTa da protestantTa konvergenciis tendencia.
Nneil smelzeri
garda sekularizaciisa, ekumenizmi aSS-Si ganpirobebulia sxva mizezebiTac. amerikelebis did nawilSi nacionalizmis
aRorZineba, rogorc Cans, xels uwyobs eklesiis moRvaweTa swrafvas zogierTi religiuri mimdinareobebis gaerTianebaSi. aAmas garda, ekumenizmis mizezad SeiZleba CaiTvalos TviTSenaxvis instinqti - komerciuli
dawesebulebebis msgavsad, religiur organizaciebsac gaerTianebis SemTxvevaSi gadarCenis meti Sansi eZlevaT. bolos, ekumenistur moZraobaze
gavlena aqvs klasobriv gansxvavebasa da politikur Sexedulebebs. liberaluri xasiaTis denominaciebi Cveulebriv avlenen midrekilebas gaer243

kaxa qecbaia

Tianebisaken, asevea konservatorebTanac. liberali presviterianeli,

albaT, ufro grZnobs Tavis kavSirs anglikanuri eklesiis liberalurad
ganwyobil warmomadgenlebTan, vidre sxva presviterianelTan, romelic
konservatizmisaken ixreba.~
Aamonaridi smelzeris wignidan `sociologia~.

4. Tanamedrove religiuri renesansi

sekularizaciisa da misi Tanamdevi mTeli rigi procesebis miuxedavad religiis roli Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi ki ar dakninda, piriqiT gaizarda. amaze Tanamedrove religiuri renesansis faqti metyvelebs. rac ufro metad ganviTarda mecniereba da teqnika miT ufro zneobrivad gamouval mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda adamiani da mSvelelad mas
isev religia moevlina. TanadaTan gaizarda morwmuneTa raodenoba
msoflioSi da religiurobis axalma eram iCina Tavi, romelsac religiis
sociologebi religiur renesanss uwodeben. maTi azriT, aseT pirobebSi
kidev ufro gaZlierda religiuri fundamentalizmi.
religiuri fundamentalizmi konservatiul religiur doqtrinebs
emyareba, romelic opozicionerobas uwevs racionalizmsa da religiis
gamoaqalaqebis process. is religiis tradiciuli gagebis aRorZinebazea mimarTuli. aSS-Si misi momxreebi protestantebi (baptistebi) arian.
msgavsi ram gamokveTili saxiT damaxasiaTebelia iseTi msoflio religiebisadmi, rogoric qristianoba da islamia. amerikelma sociologebma
fundamentalizmis 5 ZiriTadi niSani gamoyves:
wminda teqstebis sityva-sityviTi ganmarteba. wminda teqstebis
Tavisufali interpretacia maTTvis miuRebelia.
religiuri pluralizmis uaryofa. religiuri pluralizmi safrTxes uqmnis pirovnuli RmerTis rwmenas, amitom maTTvis mxolod TavianTi religiaa WeSmariti.
RmerTis pirovnuli gancda. religias saero saqmeebTan araferi
esaqmeba. misi miazania adamiani daakavSiros RmerTTan ise, rom man es kavSiri pirovnulad ganicados. am amocanas ki sekularizebis SemTxvevaSi
religia ver Seasrulebs.
`sekularuli humanizmisadmi~ winaaRmdegobis gaweva. es niSnavs
imas, rom egzistencialuri sakiTxebis gadawyvetaSi unda mivmarToT
RmerTs da ganswavlul mecnierebs.
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konservatiuli politikuri Sexedulebebis aRiareba. ZiriTadad fundamentalistebi orientirebulni arian imaze, rom ar miiRon aqtiuri monawileoba poltikur saqmianobaSi, magram xSirad zogierTi maTi warmomadgeneli konservatiuli politikuri Sexedulebebis damcvelad gvevlineba. magaliTad homoseqsualuri qorwinebebis akrZalva da
mis nacvald tradiciuli ojaxuri cxovrebis mxardaWera; liberalizmis
winaaRmdeg brZola da a. S.
fundamentalizms Tavisi kritikosebic hyavs, romelTac miaCniaT,
rom is aramyari da pirmoTnea, Tumca miuxedavad kritikisa igi mainc rCeba racionaluri da sekularuli sarwmuneobrivi meinstrimis alternativad, romelsac Tavisi uricxvi midevari hyavs.

5. eleqtronuli eklesia
Tanamedrove informaciulma teqnologiebma religiur cxovrebaSi
SeaRwies da iq myari poziciebi Seqmnes. Sesabamisad gaCnda e. w. eleqtronuli eklesiis cneba, rac ra Tqma unda eklesiasTan SedarebiT surogatuli warmonaqmnia, magram amerikul sazogadoebaSi mas Tavisi momxreebi
hyavs. religiurobis masgavsi forma mxolod amerikaSi arsebobs jer-jerobiT. am SemTxvevaSi saubaria Tanamedrove teqnologiebisa da media saSualebebis gamoyenebaze religiuri cxovrebis praqtikaSi. postmodernistebis enaze amas religiis simulacia da virtualizacia hqvia. aSS-Si
mas 10 milonze meti mimdevari hyavs. e. w. `kibereklesis~ cneba naTlad aCvenebs imas, Tu sadamde SeiZleba mivides religiuri cxovrebis gaukuRmarTebis procesi, radganac msgavs pirobebSi sruliad warmoudgenelia
ziarebis da mravali sxva saidumlos Sesruleba. am ambebze Cven amjerad
imitom gavamaxvileT yuradReba, rom socialuri sferos momavalma specialistma unda icodes es yvelaferi, imisaTvis rom sazogadoebis religiuri cxovrebis Sesaxeb swori daskvnebi da prognozebi gaakeTos.

245

kaxa qecbaia

kiTxvebi:
ra mimarTebaSia erTmaneTTan religia da politika, religia
da ekonomika, religia da socialuri uTanasworoba, religia da
ojaxi, religia da genderi? (pasuxi daasabuTeT).
ra aris sekularizacia?
daaxasiaTeT sekularizaciis Tanamedrove sociologiuri Teoriebi.
ra igulisxmeba samoqalaqo religiis cnebaSi?
ras niSnavs postkonfesiuri sazogadoeba?
ra igulisxmeba religiuri renesansis Tanamedrove gagebaSi?
D davalebebi:
moamzadeT prezentacia Temaze: qalebi sxvadasxva religiaSi~.
moamzadeT prezentacia Temaze: religia sekularizebul sazogadoebaSi~.
momazadeT essei Temaze: `religia da Ria, samoqalaqo sazogadeba ~.

4.

ZiriTadi literatura:
n. smelzeri, sociologia, nawili III. Tavi 15. religia. m., 1994.
(rus. enaze). qarTuli Targmanis naxva SesaZlebelia www.socium.ge-ze.
e. gidensi, sociologia, Tavi 17. religia, m., 2005. (rus. enaze).
e. jgerenaia, leqciebi religiis sociologiaSi (internet versia).
v. garaja, religiis sociologia, m., 2005. (rus. enaze).

5.
6.

o. klemani, sekularizaciis gamowvevebi, (internet-versia).

b. kobaxiZe, qristianoba da Ria sazogadoeba, (internet-ver-

1.

2.
3.

7.
8.
9.
10.

246

sia).
piter l. bergeri. qristianoba da demokratia. Jurnali `sazogadoeba da politika~. #5, 2005.
iurgen habermasi, sekularizacia, romelic ar iwvevs ganadgurebas. Jurnali `zRvari~ #1 (6) 2006.
miSel stavru, ra gamowvevas umzadebs eklesias mesame aTaswleulis gariJraJi. Jurnali `arCevani~. #1. 2007.
v. gogoberiSvili, religiis problemebi mecnierul-teqnikuri
revoluciis pirobebSi, Tb., 1989.

religiis sociologia

11.

1.
2.

z. kiknaZe. eklesia guSin, eklesia xval. Tb., 2002.

damatebiTi literatura:
q. kalhuni, d. laiTi, s. keleri, sociologia, Tavi XIII, religia.
Tb., 2008.
j. maisionisi, sociologia, Tavi 18. religia. sankt-peterburgi,

2004.
3. religiis sociologiis qrestomaTia, m., 1996, (Semdgenni: v. garaja da e. rutkeviCi), (rus. enaze).
6. r. n. bela, religiis sociologia, wignSi `amerikuli sociologia : perspeqtivebi, problemebi, meTodebi,~ m., 1972, (rus. enaze).
6. Luckmann T. The invisible religion: The problem of religion in modern society.
N.-Y.: Macmillan, 1967.
7.
Berger P.L. The sacred canopy: Elements of a sociological theory of religion.
Garden City, NJ: Doubleday,1967.
8. . . . 1994.
9. . . . . . 1994

Ees sainteresoa
fragmentebi wignidan `religia, rogorc socialuri realoba~
sekularizacia
[...] sekularizaciis erT-erTi yvelaze naTeli gamovlineba, romelic rigiT adamians Seexeba
religiaSi `simarTlis msgavsebis krizisia~. sxva
sityvebiT, sekularizaciam realobis tardiciuli religiuri gansazRvrebis damajereblobis
farTomasStabiani ngreva gamoiwvia. cnobierebis
doneze sekularizaciis am gamovlinebas (`subieqturi sekularizacia~, Tu gnebavT) socialuri
struqturis doneze gamovlineba Seesabameba
(`obieqturi sekularizacia~). rigiTi adamiani
subieqturad religiis safuZvlisadmi undoblobisaken ixreba. obieqturad igi religiur da
piter bergeri
msgavs ZalTa did mravalferovnebas exeba, romlebic realobis gansazRvrebas sTavazoben da konkurencias uweven er247

kaxa qecbaia

TmaneTs. sxva sityvebiT, `pluralizmis~ saxelwodebiT cnobili fenomeni

cnobierebis sekularizaciis korelatia socialuri struqturis doneze. es viTareba sociologiur anlizs iwvevs.
aseTi analizi mSvenier SesaZleblobas iZleva religiasa da mis infrastruqturas Soris dialeqtikuri urTierTobis inconcreto saCveneblad. sekularizacia SeiZleba imgvarad iqnas gaanalizebuli, rom igi Tanamedrove sazogadoebis infrastruqturis konkretuli procesis `asaxvad~ iqneba warmodgenili. es ufro damajerebelia, ramdenadac sekularizacia `uaryofiT~ fenomens warmoadgens, anu iseTi procesia, romelic SeuZlebelia TviTon iyos sxva ramis mizezi. is mudmivad sxva procesebzea damokidebuli. Tumca aseTi analizi mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeinarCunebs damajereblobas, Tuki Tanamedrove situacia Tavisi istoriuli fonisgan damoukideblad iqneba ganxiluli. sinamdvileSi sekularizaciis gavleniT religia SeiZleba damajereblad iqnas gaanalizebuli rogorc Tanamedrove situaciaze `damokidebuli cvladi~. amasTan
Rirs kiTxvis dasma sekularizaciis istoriuli Zirebis Sesaxeb, radganac problema sxavgvarad iqneba formulirebuli. am SemTxvevaSi religiis mkvlevars dasavluri kulturis religiuri tradiciis specifikuri
elementebis, rogorc istoriuli Zalebis, anu rogorc `damoukidebeli
cvaladebis~ ganxilva mouwevs.
amgvarad, religiasa da sazogadoebas Soris arsebuli dialeqtikuri urTierToba nebismier doqtrinalur midgomas ewinaaRmdegeba iqneba
es `materializmi~ an `idealizmi~. SesaZlebelia imis Cveneba, Tu rogor
mivyavarT TviT gagebisaTvis rTul religiur `ideebs~ socialuri
struqturis empiriulad dakvirvebad cvlilebebamde. sxva magaliTebiT
SeiZleba imis Cveneba, rom Tu rogor zemoqmedeben dakvirvebadi struqturuli cvlilebebi religiuri cnobierebis doneze. am urTierTobaTa
mxolod dialeqtikuri gageba iZleva imis saSualebas, rom Tavidan iqnas
acilebuli `idealisturi~ an `materialisturi~ gaukuRmarTebuli interpretaciebi.
sul sxva saqmea religiis mier garkveul istoriul situaciebSi
Tavis infrastruqturaze ukuzemoqmedebis moxdenis unari. aq SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom es unari sxvadasxva situaciebSi mniSvnelovnad varirebs.
amitom erT situaciaSi religia SeiZleba warmogvidges, rogorc SemakavSirebeli Zala, xolo sxva istoriul situaciaSi, rogorc damokidebuli
qmnileba.
sekularizaciis sawyisi `arena~ ekonomikis sfero iyo, ufro sworad, misi mxareebi, romlebic kapitalizmisa da industrializaciis gavleniT gaCndnen. Tanamedrove industriulma sazogadoebam warmoqmna
248

religiis sociologia

seqtori, romelsac centraluri adagili ukavia da romelic religiasTan mimarTebaSi erTgvar `Tavisufal adgils~ warmoadgens. sekularizaciam sxva sferoebSi gavrceleba am seqtoridan daiywo. am procesis erTerTi saintereso Sedegia religiis `polarizacia~ socialuri ganwyobebis SedarebiT sajaro da pirovnul sferoebad (kerZod saxlmwifoebriv
institutbsa da ojaxs Soris). maSinac ki rodesac yoveldRiuri cxovreba samsaxurTan da mis garSemo arsebul urTierTobebTanaa dakavSirebuli da sekularizaciis maRali doniT gamoirCeva, religiuri simboloebi
ar qrebian _ isini myarad arian dakavSirebuli saxelmwifoebriv institutebTan da ojaxTan. magaliTad, im stadiaze, rodesac yvela darwmunebulia, rom `religia fabrikis karebTan qreba~ adamianTa umravlesobas
miaCnia, rom arc omSi da arc qorwinebaSi Sesvla tradiciuli religiuri
simbolikis gareSe dauSvebelia.
am viTarebis sociologiis enaze gadaTargmniT, SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom erTi mxriv saxezea sekularizaciasa da ekonomikas Soris da meore
mxriv, sekularizaciasa da saxelmwifo institutebsa da ojaxs Soris
`kulturuli Seyovneba~. rac Seexeba saxelmwifos, es im aspeqtSi gamovlinda, rom zogierT qveynebSi tradiciul religiaze dafuZnebuli politikuri wyoba iqna SenarCunebuli, maSin rodesac am tipis qveynebma industrializaciis kuTxiT bevrad win waiwies. msgavs viTarebas adgili
hqonda inglisSi, romelic erT-erTi pirveli daadga am gzas. sxva mxriv
sekularizaciis ganmapirobebeli politikuri Zalebi kapitalistur-industriul ganviTarebas CamorCenil qveynebSi moqmedebdnen, ase iyo
safrangeTSi XVIII saukuneSi da asea dResac dabalganviTarebul qveynebSi. amgvarad sazogadoebis socialur ekonomikur modernizaciasa da politikur sekularizacias Soris urTierTkavSiri ueWvelia. amasTanave
SeiZleba vamtkicoT, rom industrializaciis Tanamedrove dones bunebrivad Tan sdevs politikuri wyobis sekularizaciis tendenciebi. kerZod, saxezea eklesiisa da saxlmwifos erTmaneTisagan damoukidebel institutebad Camoyalibebis tendencia. risi umniSvnelovanesi Sedegia is,
rom saxelmwifo ukve ar warmoadgens Zaladobriv aparats gabatonebuli
religiuri institutis samsaxurSi.
sekularizaciiT gamowveul religiis `polarizaciis~ process Tan
erTobis anu, realobis dakargva axlavs, romelic SeiZleba aRweriliqnas mtkicebiT, rom sekularizacia ipsofacto pluralizacias gulisxmobs.
Cveulebriv termini pluralizmi iseT viTarebas miesadageba, rodesac
saxelmwifos Semwynarebluri damokidebuleba aqvs sxvadasxva religiur
jgufebTan, romlebic Tavisufal konkurenciaSi imyofebian. Tu yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT ZiriTad socialur Zalebze, romlebic pluraliz249

kaxa qecbaia

mis am formas warmoSoben, maSin sekularizaciasa da pluralizms Soris

Rrma kavSirs davinaxavT. amitom unda vamtkicoT, rom sekularizacias
religiuri tradiciebis demonopolizaciamde da pluraluri situaciis

ipsofacto-mde mivyavarT.
religiur bazarze sxvadasxva religiebs Soris Sexmatkbilebuli
urTierTTanamSromloba, romelic ekumenizmis saxeliTaa cnobili pluralisturi situaciiTaa nakarnaxevi. rac imas niSnavs, rom religiaSi metoqeebi ganixilebian ara rogorc mtrebi, aramed kolegebi romlebic
erTnairi problemebis winaSe dganan. Tumca urTierTTanamSromlobis
moTxovnileba pluralizmis situaciaSi konkurenciis racionalizebiTaa gamowveuli. konkurentuli bazari im momentidan Cndeba, rodesac
politikuri aparati metoqeebis gasaCereblad uvargisi xdeba. am bazarze moqmedi Zalebi Tavisufali konkurenciis sistemisaken ixrebian, romelic Zalian hgavs kapitalizmis laissez-faire-s. oRond msgavsi sistema
Tavisi ganviTarebis kvalobaze Semdgom racionalizebas saWiroebs [...]~

`xelovnebis stili da manera qristianuli sulis gamovlenaa.

RvTisaken adamianis swrafvas gamosaxavs poezia, literatura, arqiteqtura da xelovnebis mravali dargi. Tu es ase ar aris, maSin namdvil xelovnebasTan ar gvqonia saqme. Tumca xelovnebisa da religiis erTianobaSi yovlismomcveli mainc grZnobaa. religiurobis ZiriTadi impulsic swored isaa...~
n. gogoli

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religiis sociologia

E es sayuradReboa!
sergi avaliani
sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis ilia meoris
socialur-politikuri ideebi
visac ara aqvs naTeli warmodgena marTlmadidebluri eklesiis
rolisa da funqciis Sesaxeb sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi, SeiZleba daebados kiTxva: ramdenad SesaZlebelia qarTuli {an nebismieri} marTlmadidebluri eklesiis saWeTmpyroblis socialur-politikur ideebze laparaki maSin, rodesac eklesia gamoyofilia saxelmwifosagan, xolo epoqis
socialur-politikuri ideebis kvleva saxelmwifos prerogativas Seadgens? aseTi kiTxvis SesaZlebloba gaTvaliswinebulia misi uwmindesobis
epistoleebSi da kidec gacemulia sruliad damajerebeli pasuxi. saxelmwifosagan eklesiis gamoyofa ar niSnavs marTlmadideblur eklesiaSi
umoqmedobis damkvidrebas, sazogadoebriv cxovrebaze uarisTqmas. igi
ar niSnavs imas, rom eklesia unda ganudges sazogadoebriv cxovrebas, xalxis socialursa da kulturul yofas... saxelmwifosa da eklesiis urTierToba msgavsia adamianis sulisa da xorcis erTobisa,
sadac orives Tavisi adgili aqvs da maT harmoniul yofas keTilganwyoba da goniereba warmarTavs. aleqsandriisa da sruliad afrikis papisa da patriarqis unetaresi nikoloz VI-is pativsacemad gamarTul
darbazobaze {1981} misma uwmindesobam ilia meorem brZana: me ar SemiZlia ar visargeblo Cveni SexvedriT da ar Sevexo Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso mdgomareobas. Cven yvelani vgrZnobT im saSiSroebas, rac
emuqreba adamianis sicocxlesa da civilizacias. Cven ar SegviZlia
gulgrilad vuyuroT im faqts, rom qveyanaze roca arsebobs SimSili
da sxvadasxva avadmyofoba, miliardebi ixarjeba SeiaraRebaze. kacobrioba unda gadarCes. amisaTvis Cven yvelam unda vifiqroT da
vizrunoT; unda gamovnaxoT axali gzebi, romliTac miRweuli iqneba
mSvidoba da samarTliani urTierToba. sxva adgilze misi uwmindesoba
kvlav ubrundeba am sakiTxs. marTalia _ wers igi _ marTlmadidebluri eklesiis yofa Sors aris saerTaSoriso politikisagan, magram
msoflioSi Seqmnili situacia bunebrivad moiTxovs, rom Cveni sityva am mimarTulebiTac vTqvaT. mdgomareoba imdenad feTqebadia, saSiSia, rom religiis liderebic valdebuli arian mxari dauWiron
msoflio usafrTxoebis meqanizmis Seqmnis inciativas. amrigad, udavoa, rom marTlmadidebluri eklesia ar SeiZleba gulgrilad uyureb251

kaxa qecbaia

des sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi mimdinare procesebs, ganudges mas da

mxolod imqveyniuri cxovrebiT iyos dainteresebuli, ar SeiZleba Tundac imitom, rom maradiul sasufevelSi damkvidreba SeuZlebelia sicocxleSi Cadenili codvebis monaniebisa da maTgan ganwmendis gareSe.
codva ki sxvadasxva met-naklebobiT yvela adamians aqvs. biblia gveubneba, rom adamiani ar SeiZleba cxovndes da ar scodos.
maSin, rodesac msoflio globaluri omis safrTxis winaSe dgas, misi uwmindesobis erT-erT mTavar problemas Semwynarebloba warmoadgens. am problemasTan dakavSirebiT igi aRniSnavs, rom saqarTvelo, rogorc udidesi kulturis qveyana, amave dros Tavisi tradiciebis aqtiuri damcveli, zogierTisaTvis Seuvali, naTlad acnobierebs, rom
kacobriobas ara aqvs sxva gza, Tu ara urTierTSemwynareblobisa ...
Tanamedrove msoflio sazogadoebam unda aRiaros aucilebloba imisa, rom Cveni gansxvavebulobisa da azrTa pluralizmis miuxedavad,
unda viswavloT urTierTpativiscema da mSvidobiani Tanacxovreba.
iqve misi uwmindesoba xazgasmiT aRniSnavs qarTveli eris Semwynareblur
bunebas. Cveni eri _ gveubneba misi uwmindesoba _ yovelTvis SemwynareblobiT gamoirCeoda. amasTanave igi iTvisebda da saukeTeso
prizmaSi gadatexda sxva qveynebis kulturul miRwevebsac, TviT imaTac, romlebic ZaliT imorCilebdnen da aviwroebdnen Cvens xalxs.
Semwynarebloba poziciebis gansxvavebas gulisxmobs; maTi igiveobis SemTxvevaSi Semwynareblobaze laparaki zedmeti iqneboda. SeiZleba
Seiwynaro Seni megobris azri an Tundac msoflmxedveloba, romelic Seni azrisa da msoflmxedvelobisagan principulad gansxvavdeba, Seiwynaro adamiani, romelmac Seuracxyofa mogayena, Seiwynaro sxvadasxva eris
religiuri, ideologiuri, politikuri Sexedulebani da a.S. Semwynareblobas azrovnebis, mecnierebis, kulturis progresi moaqvs. RmerTma nu
qnas, rom yvela adamiani erTnairad azrovnebdes an erovnul kulturebs
Soris gansxvaveba ar iyos; es xom pirovnebis dakargva, gansxvavebis waSla
iqneboda, rac ara marto xels ar Seuwyobda sazogadoebis ganviTarebas,
aramed, piriqiT, daabrkolebda. Semwynareblobis deficits anu Seuwynareblobas sazogadoebisaTvis mxolod ngreva da ubedureba moaqvs. aseTia, magaliTad, omebi saxelmwifoebs Soris an erTsa da imave saxelmwifoSi, romelsac samoqalaqo omi ewodeba. poziciebis Seuwynareblobam
gamoiwvia ZmaTamkvleli omi saqarTveloSi gasuli saukunis oTxmocdaaTian wlebSi.
erT-erT saaRdgomo epistoleSi {1995} misi uwmindesoba SeSfoTebas gamoTqvams im arastabiluri viTarebis gamo qveynebs Soris, romelmac SeiZleba globaluri omi gamoiwvios. iq naTqvamia, rom `roca vuyu252

religiis sociologia

rebT winaaRmdegobiT savse qveynis awmyos da vcdilobT davinaxoT

arc Tu ise didi imedis momcemi xvalindeli dRe, aSkarad igrZnoba,
rom Tu sulierebisa da inteleqtualuri azrovnebis adamianebi erTmaneTs ar dauaxlovdebian, msoflio dadgeba gauTvaliswinebeli,
sabediswero katastrofis winaSe. dRes Cven mowmeni varT saxelmwifoTa, partiaTa, xalxTa da pirovnebaTa Soris daundobeli, Seurigebeli dapirispirebisa. samoqalaqo omebi, separatistuli moZraoba
niadags umzadeben beladTa an ama Tu im partiaTa diqtaturas. kacobrioba vulkans emsgavseba, romelmac yovel wuTs SeiZleba amoxeTqos. amasTanave misi uwmindesoba aRniSnavs, rom dadgeba dro, roca
omebs aRar SeuZliaT gadawyviton is problemebi, romelnic xalxebsa
da saxelmwifoTa Soris arseboben. Tu yuradRebiT davakvirdebiT
msoflioSi warmoqmnil konfliqtebs da maT Soris arsebul mizezobriv kavSirebs, SeiZleba davinaxoT Tu rogor naTlad gamoxataven im
adamianTa xasiaTs, Tvisebebs, romelTa wiaRSic an romelTa nebiTac
es omebi aRmocendebian.
am SemTxvevaSi misi uwmindesoba gvTavazobs omis mizezebis sruliad axal axsnas, romelic komunisturi axsnisagan principulad gansxvavdeba. komunisturi ideologia amtkicebda, rom TiTqos omebs mxolod
obieqturi mizezebi aqvs, xolo pirovneba, kerZod, saxelmwifos meTauri, am saqmeSi arsebiT rols ar TamaSobs. misi uwmindesoba ki sruliad
marTebulad amtkicebs, rom omebi, umetes SemTxvevaSi, saxelmwifoTa meTaurebis interesebs emsaxureba da isini omebis dawyebasa da warmoebaSi
arsebiT rols TamaSoben. amitom omebs aqvT ara imdenad obieqturi, ramdenadac subieqturi mizezebi.
misi uwmindesoba aRniSnavs, rom dRes Zlierni ama soflisani
gavlenis sferoebisaTvis ibrZvian. maSasadame, maT RmerTi aviwydebaT, rogorc damamSvidebeli, uZlurTa mkurnali. mxolod masSi poebs adamianTa modgma dakargul mTlianobas.
misi uwmindesoba laparakobs birTvuli omis saSiSroebazec, romlis
Tavidan asacileblad yvelas aqtiuri moqmedebisaken mouwodebs. igi
wers: kacobriobis bed-iRbalsa da garemomcvel samyaroze zrunva
gvavalebs meti aqtiurobiT vimoqmedoT xalxTa, eklesiaTa da saxelmwifoTa Soris urTierTgagebisa da samarTliani damokidebulebis,
birTvuli saSiSroebisagan msoflios gadarCenisaTvis.
am globaluri safrTxis Tavidan asacileblad zrunavs marTlmadidebluri eklesiac. `saxelmwifoebrivi interesebidan gamomdinare,
eklesia dResac cdilobs Seasrulos e.w. saxalxo diplomatiis misia da iyos mSvidobis despani. 1981 wels igi ambobda: `dRes imdenad
253

kaxa qecbaia

gamwvavebulia saerTaSoriso mdgomareoba, rom msoflio mSvidobas

emuqreba ... aseT viTarebaSi saeklesio moRvaweebma da eklesiis gareSe mdgomma adamianebma TavianTi SesaZleblobebi unda gaaerTianos.
misi uwmindesoba Tvlis, rom mTavari roli mSvidobis damyarebis
saqmeSi saxelmwifos ekisreba, iseT saxelmwifos, romelic samarTlianobis principebzea agebuli. erT-erT saaRdgomo epistoleSi {1991} naTqvamia Semdegi: dRes TiToeuli Cvengani ocnebobs Tavisuflebasa da
mSvidobaze ...is ki gvaviwydeba, rom amasTan erTad saxelmwifo, upirveles yovlisa, unda iyos samarTliani. samarTlianobis gareSe, rwmenisa da siyvarulis gareSe mSvidoba ar damyardeba.
misi uwmindesoba gveubneba, rom Cven yvelaferi unda gavakeToT,
raTa arc erT saxelmwifosa da gansakuTrebiT mezobel erebTan ar
gvqondes mtruli damokidebuleba. mSvidobis mopoveba, misi azriT,
mxlod da mxolod Semwynareblobis pirobebSi SeiZleba.
mis uwmindesobas dauSveblad miaCnia, rom politikosebi grZnobebiTa da emociebiT xelmZRvanelobdnen. amgvar qmedebas xSirad omebi da
ubedureba moaqvs. politikosi brZeni unda iyos, mis saqmianobas, rogorc misi uwmindesoba brZanebs, goneba unda akontrolebdes. Semwynareblobasa da gonierebas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs erTsa
da imave saxelmwifoSi sxvadasxva partiebisa da sxvadasxva msoflmxedvelobebs Soris dapirispirebis SemTxvevaSi. Semwynareblobis deficitma
gamoiwvia is movlenebi, rasac adgili hqonda gasuli saukunis 90-ian
wlebSi saqarTveloSi. 1991 wlis 23 dekembers misi uwmindesoba ase mimarTavda qarTvel ers: vgrZnob ra momaval mZime Sedegebs, saqarTvelos
eklesiis samRvdeloebisa da morwmune eris saxeliT kidev erTxel
mogmarTavT TxovniT dapirispirebul mxareebs gamoiCineT sibrZne
da goniereba, igrZeniT pasuxismgebloba RvTisa da eris winaSe da yvelaferi gaakeTeT imisaTvis, rom mSvidobiani molaparakebis gziT gadawyvitoT sadavo sakiTxebi. momavali Taoba daafasebs Tqvens keTilgonierebas.
mis uwmindesobas SeuZleblad miaCnia demonstraciebisa da mitingebis saSualebiT normaluri saxelmwifoebriobis damyareba. igi wers:
politika namdvili politikosebis saqmea da ara masisa. mitingebisa
da demonstraciebis doneze warmoebuli politika politika araa da
arc pirovnebis oratoruli niWi niSnavs qveynis marTvis unars. dRes
aucilebelia mSvidi, frTxili diplomatia.
XX saukune, gveubneba misi uwmindesoba, erTi mxriv, didi progresiT xasiaTdeba mecnierul-teqnikuri progresis mimarTulebiT; Seiqmna
bevri ram iseTi, ramac gaaZliera da gaaumjobesa adamianTa materialuri
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cxovreba. magram, meore mxriv, man bevri ubedurebac mogvitana socialur-politikur sferoSi. es saukune, romelmac Sva ori msoflio da
mravali samoqalaqo omi, romlis drosac Camoyalibda manamde arnaxuli totaluri reJimi, istoriaSi Seva ara marto rogorc socialur-politikur da samecniero-teqnikur miRwevaTa xana, aramed ufro metad rogorc saSineli Zvrebis, araadamianobis, agresiulobis,
gulgrilobis, apaTiis, Suris, borotebis saukune.
gasuli saukunis uaryofiTi mxareebi ara marto socialur-politikur sferoSi gamovlinda, aramed adamianis sulier samyaroSic. samwuxarod, dRes Zalian uxeSi da agresiuli gaxda adamiani; siyvarulis magivrad masSi Suri, siZulvili, mouTmenloba, egoizmi budobs.
aseTi cxovrebiT igi, uwinares yovlisa, angrevs Tavis sulier taZars
da Semdeg ki siZulvils ganavrcobs garSemo myof adamianebzec. amgvari adamianis mizani mtrobisa da SuRlis Tesva xdeba. misi uwmindesoba, rasakvirvelia, ar uaryofs sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis gardaqmnis saWiroebas, magram Tvlis, rom gardaqmna, uwinares yovlisa, adamianis sulierebas sWirdeba, rac aranakleb mniSvnelovani da Rirebulia
mecnierul-teqnikur gardaqmnaTa mimarTebaSi. dRes _ ambobda misi uwmindesoba 1988 wels _ bevrs vlaparakobT gardaqmnaze... magram isic
ar unda daviviwyoT, rom gardaqmna, upirveles yovlisa, Cvens sulsa
da azrovnebas unda Seexos da mere unda gamovlindes garegnul yofaSi. adamiani mowodebulia, rom iyos wynari, keTili, maRali sulieri
TvisebebiT dajildoebuli. mas aqvs ara mxolod biologiuri moTxovnilebani, aramed sulieric, romelTa dakmayofilebis gareSe igi iqneba ara
adamiani, aramed mxolod biologiuri arseba, cxoveli. aqedan ki gamomdinareobs, rom adamianis sulieri samyaros gawmendasa da amaRlebaze
zrunva aranakleb mniSvnelovania, vidre misi materialuri cxovrebis pirobebis gaumjobesebaze zrunva. materialur-teqnikuri gardaqmnis epoqam swored sawinaaRmdego Sedegebi mogvca. miwier keTildReobaze
fiqrma yovelgvar zRvars gadaaWarba... Rirseba daikarga, guli gaqvavda, sicocxle gaufasurda. aqedan warmoiSva mudmivi daZabulobisa da SiSis atmosfero... xalxi sruliad daucvelad grZnobs Tavs; paradoqsia, magram faqtia, rom arc erT epoqaSi ar yofila adamiani erTdroulad ase Zlieri da ase susti.
gardaqmnis epoqam verc adamianTa umravlesobas moutana bedniereba; piriqiT, mosaxleobis farTo fenebis materialuri cxovreba kidev
ufro gauaresda. sazogadoeba or fenad daiyo: erTi, sakmaod mcire nawili, uzomod gamdidrda, meore, Tanac udidesi nawilis cxovreba siRaribis zRvars dabla darCa da ukiduresad damZimda; gaizarda umuSevroba.
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mosaxleobis dausaqmebeli nawili faqtobrivad ganwirul mdgomareobaSia. maT waerTvaT imedi momavlisa da mistirian warsuls _ sulieri, fizikuri, Tu inteleqtualuri uZraobis xanas da Tavisuflebac aRarafrad uRirT. es ki sxva araferia, garda mosaxleobis farTo
fenebis dabneulobisa. Svidi aTeuli wlis manZilze adamianebi totalitaruli reJimis pirobebSi cxovrobdnen. axla ki _ am reJimis damxobis
da demokratiuli wyobilebis mSeneblobis periodSi _ misTvis cxovreba gaugebari, ucxo aRmoCnda; amas is uaryofiTi Sedegebic daemata, rac
axalma drom moitana. Sedegad ki uimedobisa da uperspeqtivobis gancda
Camoyalibda. araferia imaze mZime, vidre umizno, uperspeqtivo cxovreba.
gardaqmnam adamianTa sulierebis sferoSi bevri uaryofiTi Sedegebi mogvitana. metad rTul droSi gviwevs cxovreba _wers misi uwmindesoba _ materialur siduxWires isic daemata, rom es aris xana
maradiuli Rirebulebebis ryevisa da msxvrevisa. xdeba gaufasureba
saukunovani tradiciebisa da cxovrebis wesisa, ingreva ierarqiuli
rigi da mis adgils ikavebs axali, samwuxarod, uaryofiTi tendenciebi, rac Tavisuflebas didi eWvis qveS ayenebs.
mecnierul-teqnikur progress adamianis mxolod materialuri
cxovrebis gardaqmna SeuZlia, magram ara sulieri cxovrebisa. aanalizebs ra mecnierul-teqnikuri progresis SesaZleblobebs, misi uwmindesoba gveubneba, rom `sazogadoebis nawili did imedebs amyarebs progresze da miaCnia, rom igi moutans kacs bednierebas. mecnierebasa da
teqnikas SeuZlia garkveulwilad Secvalos fizikuri samyaro, Secvalos Cveni planetis garegnuli saxe, misi flora da fauna, geografiuli zedapiri, magram adamianis gardaqmna, misi gakeTilSobileba da
sulieri amaRleba isev da isev adamianis xelTaa.
mecnierul-teqnikurma progresma bevr adamians iluzia Seuqmna,
rom igi ara marto materialur cxovrebas gardaqmnida, aramed suliersac. am iluzias Sedegad ki sulieri rwmenis dakargva mohyva. bevrs eCveneba, rom mecnierul-teqnikuri miRwevebi dadasturebaa adamianis
gonebis srulyofilebisa da hgonia, rom mecnierebas droTa viTarebaSi mTeli samyaros saidumloebis axsna SeuZlia. amitom zogs RmerTis arsebobis rwmena zedmetad miaCnia. swored amaSi gamovlinda mecnierul-teqnikuri progresis erT-erTi uaryofiTi mxare. man ara mxolod ar gaakeTilSobila adamianis sulieri samyaro, aramed, piriqiT, daukarga RvTis rwmena da aTeisturi msoflmxedvelobis aRorZinebas Seuwyo xeli. adamianma, romelmac RvTis rwmena dakarga, miT umetes dakargavs rwmenas da ase dacarieldeba misi sulieri samyaro. RvTisa da adami256

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anis rwmenadakarguls martoobis da uimedobis SiSi da Zrwola daeufleba. rodesac Tanamedrove egzistencialistebi _ haidegeri, iaspersi,
sartri da sxvebi - adamianTa martoobaze, SiSsa da Zrwolaze laparakoben, maSin swored amas gulisxmoben. am egzistencialuri uimedobis damkvidrebas didad Seuwyo xeli cnobili germaneli filosofosis fr. nicSes absurdulma Tezisma: RmerTi mokvda, rac imas niSnavs, rom TiTqos
gaufasurda tradiciuli Rirebulebani, xolo adamianis sulis carieli
adgili veraferma Seavso; Sedegad miviReT martoobis, SiSisa da Zrwolis gancdebi.
am uperspeqtivo viTarebis Camoyalibebas ki amJamad CvenSi xels uwyoben masobrivi informaciebis saSualebani, romelTa moqmedeba, mcire
gamonaklisis gareSe, mimarTulia RvTaebrivi rwmenis winaaRmdeg. mecnierul-teqnikuri revoluciis xanaSi mozRvavebuli informaciisa
da swrafcvalebadi movlenebis gavleniT _ brZanebs misi uwmindesoba
_ adamianma TiTqmis dakarga misi adgili, dakarga Segneba Tavisi Rirsebisa, rogorc RvTis xatebisa da dedamiwaze misi madlisa da WeSmaritebis mTavari matareblisa.
sulieri samyaros krizisis erT-erT mTavar mizezad misi uwmindesoba demokratiis cnebis araswor gagebas Tvlis. demokratiulma wyobilebam, misi azriT, adamianTa SesaZleblobani unda gamoavlinos, suliereba aamaRlos, daicvas eris tradiciebi, kultura, misi istoriuli monapovari. CvenSi ki zogierTi demokratiis saxeliT upirispirdeba
imas, rac ganapirobebs eris individualobasa da TviTmyofadobas,
upirispirdeba Cvens tradiciebs, kulturas da gacnobierebulad Tu
gaucnobiereblad, cdiloben qveyanas gadauWran is macocxlebeli
fesvebi, romelic asazrdoebs Cvens ersa da ganapirobebs mis winsvlas.
adamianTa erTi jgufi, romelTac qveynis sadaveebi xelT uWiravT,
erTob gaitaca dasavlurma kulturam, daiviwyes TavianTi erovnuli
tradiciebi da cdiloben ucxouri cxovrebis wesiT mis Secvlas. misi uwmindesoba, cxadia, Ria samyaros momxrea, Tvlis, rom ucxoeTidan SeiZleba bevri ram aviTvisoT, magram sxvisi kulturis meqanikurad gadmonergva ara marto SeuZlebelia, aramed sazianoc. evropisagan Zalian
bevri ram unda viswavloT, magram ar unda davkargoT is Cveni tradiciuli kultura, rac WeSmaritad Rirebulia da amasTan maTTvisac misabaZia da dasafasebeli. magaliTad, gveubneba igi, Cvens qveyanaSi fexs
ikidebs demokratiuli cxovrebis wesi, magram es wesi ucxo qveynebis
yofis brma mibaZvas ar niSnavs. yvela qveyanas Tavisi tradiciebi aqvs;
ar SeiZleba sakuTaris uaryofa, ucxo tradiciebis mouazreblad
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gadmotana.
isini, visac CvenSi demokratiuli cxovrebis wesis damkvidreba evaleba, xSirad laparakoben samarTalze, liberalizmze, rac TavisTavad
dadebiTi movlenebia. magram Tu liberalizmi erovnul ideologiasa da
religiur mrwamsTan kavSirSi ar aris, maSin miviRebT ugnur liberalizms, rac mtrebis sasargeblo aRmoCndeba da qveyanas daangrevs.
ugunuri liberalizmi, rogorc wesi, saTavea mravali negatiuri
movlenisa, maT Soris korufciis, danaSaulis gamravlebis, saerTo
miSvebulobis da ganukiTxaobisa. qveynis saSinao da sagareo politika, ekonomika, mrewveloba, soflis meurneoba, mecniereba, ganaTleba,
janmrTelobis dacva, kultura ... aucileblad unda eyrdnobodes da
gamomdinareobdes erovnuli da saxelmwifoebrivi interesebidan.
igive iTqmis samarTalze, samarTlianobaze. samarTlis cnebis Sinaarsi
Zalian cotas esmis. samarTlianoba _ gveubneba misi uwmindesoba _ ar
aris mxolod iuridiuli an ganyenebuli filosofiuri azrovnebis
gamovlineba, aramed Cveulebrivi cxovrebiseuli, zneobrivi grZnoba... WeSmariti samarTali SeiZleba iyos iq, sadac wonasworobaa Cemsa
da sxvas Soris; veqceviT Tu ara sxvas ise, rogorc sakuTar Tavs?.
amis gareSe arc samarTalze laparaki SeiZleba. marTalia, Tanamedrove
msoflioSi aseTs iSviaTad vxvdebiT, magram WeSmariti samarTali zneobasac gulisxmobs.
zneobisa da samarTlianobis deficitTan dakavSirebiT misi uwmindesoba laparakobs kulturis deficitzec, romelic agreTve mecnierul-teqnikuri progresis cudi gagebis Sedegia. kulturis deficits
igi fsevdokulturas uwodebs, romelmac CvenSi, WeSmariti kulturis
nacvlad, fexi moikida. pornografiuli kinofilmebi, romlebic Cvens
televiziaSi damkvidrda, fsevdokulturis aSkara gamovlenaa. WeSmariti kultura, misi uwmindesobis azriT, zneobas moicavs. saTnoebis gareSe kulturaze laparaki zedmetia. saTno ki SeiZleba iyos rogorc swavluli, ise uswavleli adamiani. saTnoebasa da codnas Soris aucilebeli
kavSiri ar aris. Cvens saukuneSi _ gveubneba igi _ roca Zalian bevria umaRlesdamTavrebuli, xolo danarCeni ki saSualo ganaTlebiT
arian, vrwundebiT, rom mxolod ganaTleba kulturas ar niSnavs.
es mosazreba zneobisa da kulturis urTierTobis Sesaxeb gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs. didma berZenma filosofosma sokratem gamoTqva azri codnisa da zneobis ganuyrelobis Sesaxeb. amodioda
ra Tavisi filosofiis centraluri principidan codnis obieqturobis
Sesaxeb, Tvlida, rom saTnoeba aris codna anu saTno aris is, vinc icis,
Tu ra aris saTnoeba. es niSnavs, rom SeuZlebelia adamianma icodes, Tu
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ra aris saTnoeba da ar iyos saTno. erTi sityviT, sokrates azriT, saTnoeba da codna erTmaneTisagan ganuyrelia. aseTi iyo sokrates eTikuri
moZRvreba, romelic momdevno saukuneebis eTikurma azrovnebam uaryo.
gairkva, rom codnasa da saTnoebas Soris aucilebeli kavSiri ar aris.
saTno SeiZleba iyos uswavleli kacic da, piriqiT, swavluli ar iyos
saTno. kacobriobis istoriaSi amis magaliTebi sakmaod bevria. magaliTad, faSisturi ideologiis, misi Teoriisa da praqtikis damcvelTa Soris iyvnen maRali klasis mecnierebic, Tumca mcire, magram mainc. misi
uwmindesoba iziarebs eTikur azrovnebaSi kargad dadgenil Teziss codnisa da saTnoebis, saerTod, zneobriobis erTmaneTisagan damoukideblobis Sesaxeb. misi azriT, ganaTleba ar niSnavs kulturas; sxva sityvebiT, rom vTqvaT, zneoba codnisagan ar gamomdinareobs.
marTalia, kulturasa da codnas Soris aucilebeli kavSiri ar
aris, magram avangarduli roli eris sulieri kulturis Camoyalibebisa
da ganmtkicebis saqmeSi, uwinares yovlisa, mainc inteligencias ekuTvnis. misi uwmindesobis azriT, dRes Cvens inteligencias imaze meti pasuxismgebloba ekisreba, vidre TviTon grZnobs. igi unda iqces erisaTvis WeSmariti gzis gamkvlevad, erovnuli mrwamsis, kulturisa da xelovnebis damcvelad da Semqmnelad. mxolod am gziT SeiZleba fsevdokulturis daZleva da WeSmariti kulturis damkvidreba.
adamianis sulierebis krizisi, wers misi uwmindesoba, Cvens droSi
sxvadasxva formiT vlindeba. erT-erT aseT formas warmoadgens kosmopolitizmis qadageba da misi dapirispireba erovnuli faseulobebisadmi. `am bolo dros _ naTqvamia erT-erT saSobao epistoleSi _ xdeba
kosmopolituri ideebis qadageba da erovnuli grZnobebisadmi zogierTTagan gulgrili, zogjer damcinavi damokidebuleba. demokratiis niRabs amofarebuli aseTi adamianebisTvis ratomRac erovnuloba
da patriotizmi karCaketilobas niSnavs da rogorc sazogadoebas,
ise eklesias misgan ganTavisuflebisaken mouwodeben. mowodeba
erovnuli tradiciebisagan ganTavisuflebisa da ucxouris gadmonergvis Sesaxeb marTlac xSirad ismis Cvens sazogadoebaSi. axalgazrda Taobis erTi nawili, romelsac bundovani da zerele warmodgenebi aqvs mowinave kapitalisturi qveynebis cxovrebis wesis Sesaxeb, cdilobs Tavi
gamoiCinos sakuTari erovnuli tradiciebis lanZRviT da yovelgvari
ucxouris mowonebiT. xSirad gaigonebT saukuneebis manZilze damkvidrebuli qarTuli sufris wesebis lanZRvas, sakuTari dedis ginebas, homoseqsualizmis legalizaciisaken mowodebas da a.S. bevri maTgani saswavlo da samecniero reformebis niRbiT angrevs umaRles saswavleblebsa da samecniero centrebs, xolo TviTon ukeTess verafers gvTava259

kaxa qecbaia

zobs. isini umaRles saswavleblebsa da samecniero centrebSi xSirad

iseTi sagnebis swavlebasa da axali problemebis kvlevas amkvidreben,
romelTac araferi saerTo ara aqvT arc moswavle axalgazrdobis swavlis kulturasTan da arc mecnierebasTan. aseTia Sedegi swavlebisa da
mecnieruli kvlevis tradiciuli wesebis ngrevisa da dasavluri kulturis zerele codnis safuZvelze axlis damkvidrebis mcdelobisa.
destruqcionisti axalgazrdebi karCaketilobasa da CamorCenaSi
sdeben brals yvelas, vinc damangrevel Zalebs ewinaaRmdegeba. aseT usafuZvlo braldebas TviT Cveni marTlmadidebluri eklesiac ver gadaurCa. amgvari Semotevebis momZlavrebis winaaRmdeg misi uwmindesoba aRniSnavs, rom `qristianoba da Tavis TavSi Caketiloba urTierTgamomricxavi cnebebia. qristianobisaTvis yvela adamiani - ra erovnebisa
da mrwamsis ar unda iyos igi _ moyvasia da RvTis winaSe valdebulia
uyvardes is.
kosmopolitizmiT gatacebuli adamianebi awarmoeben RirebulebaTa gadafasebas, rac faqtobrivad qarTuli tradiciuli Rirebulebebis
uaryofaSi gamoixateba. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT misi uwmindesoba ambobs: dRes erT-erTi problemaa RirebulebaTa gaufasurebac. adamianebs, gansakuTrebiT axalgazrdebs, arwmuneben TiTqos samSoblos
siyvaruli, ufrosisadmi pativiscema, patiosnad cxovreba {enisa da
sarwmunoebis dacva} da sxva Cveni erisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli tradiciebi moZvelda, ara da rogor SeiZleba moZveldes is, rac maradiul
Rirebulebebs warmoadgens?. amasTan dakavSirebiT unda iTqvas qarTuli enis gabinZurebisagan dacvis Sesaxeb. qarTul sinamdvileSi inglisuri enis SemoWra, rac TavisTavad dadebiTi movlenaa, bevrma axalgazrdam
gamoiyena rogorc qarTuli enis dabinZurebis saSualeba. rusuli reJimi
da ideologia TiTqmis orasi wlis manZilze cdilobda qarTuli enis aRmofxvras. am antierovnul pozicias win aRudga jer kidev XIX saukunis
meore naxevris mowinave qarTveli axalgazrdoba {e.w. Tergdaleulebi} i. WavWavaZis TaosnobiT. maT gawmindes da daicves qarTuli ena gadagvarebisagan. magram axla inglisuri enis gavleniT kvlav Tavi iCina
ucxo sityvebiT qarTuli enis dabinZurebis faqtebma. xSirad gaigonebT
inglisur sityvebs: `mesiji, slogani, fani, menejeri, Tineijerebi da a.S., maSin, roca qarTul enaze Sesabamisi sityvebi da terminebi arsebobs. es miT ufro samwuxaroa, rom qarTuli enis dabinZurebis saqmeSi
avangardul rols Cveni presa _ Jurnalistebi _ asruleben. ratomRac
Cveni enaTmecnierebi da filologebi xmas ar iReben ucxouri barbarizmebiT qarTuli enis dabinZurebis winaaRmdeg. xom mudam unda gvaxsovdes
brZnuli sityvebi: ra ena warxdes, eri daeces.
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misi uwmindesoba gvaCvenebs gzas, riTac SeiZleba Tavi davicvaT

ucxo kulturis Semotevisagan. igi gveubneba, rom qarTveli kaci unda
gaufrTxildes erovnul faseulobebs _ mamuls, enas, sarwmunoebas,
Cvens istorias, mwerlobas, musikas _ yovelive erovnuls. da kidev,
rac mniSvnelovania, es aris qristianuli mentaliteti, marTlmadidebluri azrovneba. ai, is ori Zala _ WeSmariti rwmena da Cveni didebuli kultura _ gadaarCens saqarTvelos.
Tanamedrove epoqaSi, gansakuTrebiT iseTi patara erisaTvis, rogoricaa saqarTvelo, erT-erT mTavar saSiSroebas globalizaciis gardauvali procesis araswori marTva warmoadgens. globalizacia, amtkicebs misi uwmindesoba, gardauvalia da misi Tavidan acileba arc SesaZlebelia da arc sasurveli. aucilebelia mxolod am procesis gonieri
marTva, raTa man erovnuli kulturebi ar STanTqas. Cven dRes vcxovrobT...metad rTul periodSi, romelsac globalizaciis periods
uwodeben. xSirad arasworad ganmartaven imas, Tu ras niSnavs globalizacia Cvens cxovrebaSi. upirveles yovlisa unda iTqvas, rom igi ...
gardauvali procesia. Cven mas ver SevaCerebT da arc aris saWiro.
zogierTebi globalizaciaSi erTsaxovani sazogadoebis Seqmnas gulisxmoben, rac mcdari Sexedulebaa. sakacobrio faseulobam ar unda daTrgunos da ar unda dafaros is erovnuli da sulieri faseulobani, romelic ama Tu im qveyanas da xalxs gaaCnia. sxvaTa azriT, es
aris hegemonia Zlieri qveynebisa. arc esaa swori. es rom moxdes {da me
vfiqrob, rom es arasodes ar moxdeba} kacobrioba dakargavs kulturaTa mravalsaxeobas, im did erovnulsa da sulier faseulobebs, romelic ama Tu im erma saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi Seqmna....Cven realurad unda SevxedoT am process da imis Sesaxeb unda vifiqroT, ra
wvlili SevitanoT masSi da rogor SevxvdeT am movlenebs.
globalizaciis procesi, rogorc zemoT vTqviT, gansakuTrebiT saSiSroebas patara qveynebisaTvis warmoadgens. mxedvelobaSi aqvs ra saqarTvelo, misi uwmindesoba ambobs: mravali mcire saxelmwifo unikaluri kulturis saganZuris mflobelia. amitom didma qveynebma maTi
ignorireba ki ar unda moaxdinon, aramed pativi unda scen maT da maTi TviTmyofobis SenarCunebas unda Seewion.
globalizaciis procesis uaryofiTi Sedegebis erT-erT gamovlenas seqtantebis momZlavreba warmoadgens. globalizaciis procesma da
ucxo qveynebTan daaxloebam seqtantebis saqmianoba kidev ufro gaaaqtiura. maT Soris yvelaze meti aqtiurobiT ieRovas mowmeebi gamoirCeva,
romlebic Zirs uTxrian ara marto marTlmadideblur eklesias, aramed
TviT saxelmwifoebriobasac. xelisufleba ki demokratiulobis sababiT
261

kaxa qecbaia

xels ar uSlis maT saqmianobas. droa yvelam gaacnobieros isic, Tu ra

safrTxes uqmnis Cvens qveyanas ucxo religiebisa da totalitaruli
seqtebis TareSi. am ramdenime wlis gamocdilebam naTlad gviCvena,
rom isini uaryofen da Seuracxyofen Cvens erovnul grZnobebs, Cvens
warsuls, Cvens istoriasa da siwmindes da aTasobiT adamians WeSmaritebis gzas aSoreben. marTalia, TiToel pirovnebas aqvs ufleba Tavisufali arCevanisa, magram saxelmwifo valdebulia daicvas Tavisi
moqalaqe sulieri agresiisagan, miT umetes, rom seqtebis moqmedeba
antierovnul, antisaxelmwifoebriv saxes iRebs.
isini, vinc religiebis Tanasworuflebianobas qadageben, Tvlian,
rom yvela religia, maT Soris Zireuli gansxvavebis miuxedavad, WeSmaritia. misi uwmindesoba amxels am Tvalsazrisis alogikurobas da wers:
sruliad gaugebaria zogierTi ideologis mcdeloba, rom nebismieri religia, seqta Tu sxva mimdinareoba erT sibrtyeze daayenos da
xalxs maTi Tavisufali arCevis SesaZlebloba SesTavazos. is, vinc
sxvadasxva religiuri mimdinareobebis Tanabaruflebianobasa da Tanabar Rirebulebas qadagebs, aTeistia. mas arc erTi religia ar swams. amgvari Tvalsazrisi ki miuRebeli da Seurcxmyofelia ara marto qristianuli religiisaTvis, aramed nebismieri religiuri mimdinareobisaTvis.
verc erTi religia ver Seegueba WeSmaritebis mixedviT sxva religiur
mimdinareobebTan gaTanabrebas. es xom faqtobrivad TiToeuli maTganis
uaryofas niSnavs.
misi uwmindesoba, rogorc zemoT vTqviT, ar uaryofs imas, rom nebismier adamians ufleba aqvs airCios is religia, romelic mas surs. magram zomierebis dacva saWiroa religiuri Tavisuflebis TvalsazrisiTac. mimaCnia, rom TavisuflebiT ar unda sargeblobdnen is seqtebi
da religiuri mimdinareobani, romelnic safrTxes uqmnian adamianis
janmrTelobas, sazogadoebasa da, saerTod, qveyanas {III.219}. misi uwmindesobis azriT, seqtebis ideologias is iziarebs, vinc mtkiced
ar dgas Tavis safuZvelze, ar icnobs Tavis fesvebs, Tavis kulturas.
seqtantoba _ daaskvnis misi uwmindesoba, _ ... udidesi codvaa; esaa
Ralati sjulisa, WeSmariti sarwmunoebisa.
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis mowesrigebis saqmeSi didi roli ekisreba informaciis saSualebebs. magram, samwuxarod, amJamad igi _ gazeTebi, televizia, radio _ xSir SemTxvevaSi ara marto ver asrulebs Tavis movaleobas, aramed piriqiT, xels uwyobs adamianis sulieri cxovrebis damaxijebas. televizia, presa filmebi ... propagandas erotikas,
mkvlelobasa da Zalmomreobas uweven, bolomde arRveven sazogadoebis jer kidev SemorCenil jebirs. da es yvelaferi dRes Tavisufle262

religiis sociologia

bisa da demokratiis saxeliT iniRbeba. masobrivi informaciis saSualebebs didi rolis Sesruleba SeuZliaT adamianis sulieri aRzrdis,
codvebisagan gawmendis saqmeSi. magram Tu igi Tavisi mowodebis simaRleze ar dgas, maSin igi TviTon xdeba adamianebis _ gansakuTrebiT axalgazrda Taobis _ sulierebis gabinZurebis wyaro. amJamad qarTuli masobrivi informaciis saSualebani am mimarTulebiT uaryofiT rols asrulebs. misi uwmindesoba gulistkiviliT aRniSnavs, rom samwuxaroa,
roca televizia da masobrivi informaciis gavrcelebis saSualebanic yovelgvari moridebis gareSe aCveneben sazogadoebas sulieri
dacemis gamaognebel scenebs, Zaladobasa da sazarel mkvlelobebs
da amiT angreven CvenSi RvTis mier dadgenil zRudeebs. zogierTebi
amas ukompleqsobis damkvidrebas uwodeben, rac, martivad rom
vTqvaT, ugunurebaa. aseTi saxiT SemoTavazebuli WuWyi qvecnobierad
ileqeba adamianis, gansakuTrebiT mozardisa da axalgazrdobis fsiqikaSi da Semdeg sakuTar cxovrebaSi, viTarebis Sesabamisad, Tavadac
eflobian masSi.
misi uwmindesoba Tvlis, rom sityvis Tavisufleba unda iyos yovelgvari diqtatis gareSe. magram Tavisuflebas garkveuli sazRvrebi
aqvs. igi adamianis sulieri samyaros kaTarziss unda emsaxurebodes. man
unda dagmos boroteba, znedacemuloba da yovelmxriv xeli Seuwyos sazogadoebaSi moraluri principebis damkvidrebas. presis Tavisufleba
mxolod am farglebSi SeiZleba. CvenSi ki amJamad damkvidrda e.w. Tavisufleba anu principi: yvelaferi nebadarTulia...am zRvardaudebeli Tavisuflebis saxeliT dRes urcxvad gvTavazoben garyvnilebis
legalzacias, bavSvebis gaxrwnas, uxams kinoproduqcias. SeuZlebelia ar gagaocos Zaladobis, yaCaRobis mkvlelobis propagandam, zogadsakacobrio, erovnuli, zneobrivi da sulieri faseulobebisadmi
upativcemlobam, rac Cvens dabal kulturasa da provincializmze
metyvelebs. amas ar SeiZleba ewodos Tavisufleba; es aris monoba
codvisa da mankierebisa, esaa gza TviTganadgurebisa da sulieri sikvdilisa. axla CvenSi, gulistkiviliT ambobs misi uwmindesoba, sulieri faseulobebis msxvreva warmoebs, namdvil Tavisuflebas TviTneboba da TavaSvebuloba cvlis, romelic ase urcxvad iCemebs Tavisuflebis saxels.
Tavisufali neba RmerTma adamians uboZa, vinaidan Tu adamiani determinirebuli iyos da Tavisufali neba saerTod ar gaaCndes, maSin igi
adamiani aRar iqneba. magram Tavisufleba usasrulo rodia. arian iseTi
adamianebi, romelTac ar esmiT, Tu risi Tavisuflebaa nebadarTuli da
ra aris akrZaluli. iseTebic arian, romlebic maT mier Cadenil borote263

kaxa qecbaia

bas RmerTs abraleben, mizezs mis RvTaebriv warmomavlobaSi xedaven,

Tvlian, rom TiTqos RmerTma aseTad {borotad} Seqmna, TviTon maT ki
amisaTvis TiTqos pasuxismgebloba ar ekisrebaT. es imis niSania, rom maT
ar esmiT Tavisuflebis cnebis Sinaarsi, ar esmiT, rom pasuxismgeblobis
gareSe sazogadoebis arseboba SeuZlebelia. absoluturi Tavisufleba
e.i Tavisufl;eba akrZalvebis gareSe, niSnavs socialuri kanonebis uaryofas. kanoni xom akrZalvaa! kanonebis gareSe ki, rogorc platoni ambobda, saxelmwifos arseboba SeuZlebelia. absoluturi Tavisufleba
{kidec rom SesaZlebeli iyos} TiToeli adamianis cxovrebas daupirispirdeboda da SeuZlebels gaxdida sazogadoebis arsebobas.
sibilwis, mkvlelobebisa da Zaladobis propagandas, rasac Zalian
xSirad Cveni masobrivi informaciebis saSualebani eweva, Tan sdevs Sesabamisi uaryofiTi qmedebani Cvens sazogadoebaSi. gaxSirda mkvlelobebi
gansakuTrebiT moswavle axalgazrdobis sferoSi, Zarcva, garyvnileba,
TviTmkvlelobebi da sxva aTasi uaryofiTi movlenebi. am viTarebaSi aSkarad Cans Cveni presis, radios, gansakuTrebiT televiziis uaryofiTi
gavlena axalgazrda Taobaze. misi uwmindesoba Tvlis, rom TviTmkvleloba mkvlelobis tolfasia. RmerTi mfarvelobs adamianis sicocxles
da aravis ara aqvs ufleba igi warstacos sxvas an Tundac Tavis Tavs.
TviTmkvleloba, gveubneba misi uwmindesoba, imdenad didi danaSaulia,
rom saeklesio kanonebis mixedviT, TviTmkvlelisaTvis locvac ki
akrZalulia. mkvlelobisa da TviTmkvlelobis tolfasia loToba,
narkomania, abortebi; codva am qveynad mudam arsebobda, magram mas
mankierebad Tvlidnen da Tavis daRwevas cdilobdnen. amJamad ki sajarod xdeba codvis propaganda da mas adamianebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel bunebriv movlenad Tvlian.
axalgazrda Taobis zneobrivad aRzrdis da, saerTod, sazogadoebis sulieri cxovrebis gajansaRebis saqme, uwinares yovlisa, saxelmwifos prerogativaa. Rirseuli adamianis aRzrdas saxelmwifom gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda miaqcios, ganaTlebis saministrom aucileblad unda SeimuSaos programa Cveni momavali Taobis sulieri,
fizikuri da inteleqtualuri ganviTarebisa. am saqmeSi didi rolis
Sesruleba SeuZlia ojaxis, skolisa da eklesiis SeTanxmebul moqmedebas. mis uwmindesobas aucileblad miaCnia, rom aikrZalos pornoproduqciis legalizacia da yaCaRobisa da Zaladobis siuJetebis mqone
filmebis Cveneba. amasTan ar unda davuSvaT seqsualuri aRzrdis Sesaxeb
calke sagnis swavleba. vfiqrob, saxelmwifosTvis ar unda iyos sulerTi Tu rogor pirovnebebad Camoyalibdebian momavali Taobis
warmomadgenlebi. sityvis Tavisufleba da demokratia ar niSnavs yve264

religiis sociologia

lafris uflebas. me mraval qveyanaSi vyofilvar da isedac vici, rom

ganviTarebul saxelmwifoebSi oficialuri da wamyvani televiziebi
TiTqmis arsad ar uCveneben Zaladobis, narkomaniis, aRviraxsnilobis amsaxvel filmebsa da gadacemebs. sxva adgilze misi uwmindesoba
aRniSnavs, rom televizia ukve gamovida yovelgvari kontrolidan da
aTasgvar gaxrwnilebasa da uzneobas aCvenebs, rac Cvens axalgazrdobaze damRupvel gavlenas axdens. samwuxaroa, rom misi uwmindesobis es
gafrTxileba Sesabamisma saxelmwifo organoebma uyuradRebod datoves. sxvagvadad es imas niSnavs, rom biznesis propagandas _ reklamebs _
ewireba adamianis suliereba.
am uaRresad rTuli zneobrivi problemebis arsebobis, saerTod,
mouwesrigebeli sazogadoebrivi urTierTobis Camoyalibebis mTavar mizezs misi uwmindesoba imaSi xedavs, rom socialuri kanonebi xSirad ewinaaRmdegeba RvTaebriv kanonebs. swored amitom igi sazogadoebrivi mankierebis daZlevis mTavar saSualebad socialuri da RvTaebrivi kanonebis SesabamisobaSi moyvanas Tvlis. xelisuflebam _ wers igi _ unda
gaiTvaliswinos is faqti, rom qveyanaSi arsebuli kanonebi ar unda
ewinaaRmdegebodes RvTisagan dadgenil kanonebs; sxva SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo, rogori ganviTarebulic ar unda iyos igi ekonomikurad,
aucileblad didi sulieri problemebis winaSe dadgeba, radgan
cxovrebis aseTi wesi nayofia Tavisi Tavis absolutizaciisaken mimarTuli, yvelafris legitimizaciis mosurne gonebisa, romlisTvisac aRaraferia wminda da romelic Tavis Tavs, SeiZleba gaucnobiereblad, magram Zirfesvianad TviTonve spobs. Tu gadarCena gvinda,
miwieri problemebis mogvarebis survilis garda, imazec unda vizrunoT, rom mosaxleobas ar davakargvinoT sasufevlisaken mimavali
gza da sxvaTa Secdomebi aRar gavimeoroT.
am SemTxvevaSi misi uwmindesoba gamoTqvams uaRresad saintereso
da Rrma Sinaarsis mqone azrs bunebrivi {RvTiuri} da sazogadoebrivi
kanonebis Sesabamisobis Sesaxeb, romelic jer kidev antikur epoqaSi
bunebiTi samarTlis saxelwodebiT iyo cnobili.
bunebiTi samarTlis idea pirvelad yvelaze naTlad sokratem gamoTqva. samoqalaqo samarTali, misi azriT, relatiuria. is, rac erT qveyanaSi samarTlad aris miCneuli, SeiZleba meore qveynisaTvis usamarTloba iyos. aseve esa Tu is qmedeba mtris mimarT SeiZleba samarTliani
iyos, magram megobris mimarT usamarTlo. sicrue, Zaladoba, qonebis dataceba da a.S. megobris mimarT usamarTlobaa, magram mtris mimarT samarTliani da dasaSvebi. sokrates ar akmayofilebs samarTlis relatiuroba da moiTxovs iseTi kanonebis SemoRebas, romelic yovelTvis da yve265

kaxa qecbaia

las mimarT samarTliani iqneba. aseTia bunebiTi anu RvTaebrivi samarTali. `es is kanonebia _ ambobs sokrate _ romelsac yvela qveyanaSi erTnairad aRiareben... es kanonebi RmerTebma daudgines kacTa ... RmerTebi
samarTlianobas akanoneben ... SeuZlebelia sxva vinmem daakanonos samarTlianoba, Tu ara RmerTma {qsenofonte, mogonebani sokrateze, wigni IV,
Tavi IV, 19-24}. bunebiTi samarTlis Teorias iziarebdnen ciceroni, Toma
akvineli da sxv. isini Tvlidnen, rom sazogadoebrivi samarTali bunebiTi samarTlis mixedviT unda Seadginon, mxolod maSin iqneba igi myari da
yvelasaTvis misaRebi. bunebiTi samarTali, romelic dadgenilia RvTis
mier, erTaderTi swori samarTalia, romliTac saxelmwifo kanonmdebeli organoebi unda xelmZRvanelobdnen. sainteresoa is garemoeba, rom
es koncefcia saqarTveloSic figurirebda, rasac adasturebs ruis-urbnisis krebis {1104} Zeglwera. amave Temas exeba daviT bagrationi wignSi samarTali batoniSvili daviTisa.
misi uwmindesobis zemoaRniSnul citatSi, sadac naTqvamia, rom
qveyanaSi arsebuli kanonebi ar unda ewinaaRmdegebodes RvTisagan
dadgenil kanonebs, ar SeiZleba bunebiTi samarTlis ideis gamoZaxili
ar davinaxoT, rac arsebiTad absoluturi samarTlis moTxovnas niSnavs.
sainteresoa misi uwmindesobis mosazreba xelisuflebis funqciis
Sesaxeb. xelisuflebam, amtkicebs igi, `umTaresi yuradReba calkeul
pirovnebebs, maT yoveldRiur satkivars unda dauTmos, Semdeg ki unda gaiTvaliswinos sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos interesebi. es iyo
da aris sociologiis erT-erTi urTulesi da sadavo problema. komunistebi saxelmwifos interesebs pirovnebis interesebze maRla ayenebdnen.
es antihumanuri pozicia uSualod gamomdinareobda marqsis moZRvrebidan, rac arsebiTad pirovnebis uaryofas niSnavda. es koncefcia mkacrad
gaakritika ingliselma {warmoSobiT avstrielma} filosofosma karl
poperma. man aCvena marqsis {agreTve platonisa da hegelis} Secdoma am
sakiTxSi da daasabuTa, rom pirvel rigSi sazogdoebivi interesebi ki ar
unda idges, aramed pirovnebisa. pirovnebis ganTavisuflebasa da winsvlas sazogadoebis ganTavisufleba da winsvlac mohyveba. misi uwmindesobis mosazreba pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis urTierTobis Sesaxeb emTxveva k. poperis Tvalsazriss, rac erTxel kidev adasturebs mis mecnierul xasiaTs.
qveyanaSi moqmedi samarTali, romelic RvTiuri samarTlis asli
unda iyos, saWiroa ojaxur wesrigSic aisaxos. ojaxi, misi uwmindesobis
azriT, unda emyarebodes siyvarulsa da urTierTpativiscemas. RvTismoSiSoba, Tavmdabloba, sibrZne, keTilzneoba ... is Tvisebebia, romelic
kargi ojaxis arsebobisaTvis aucilebel safuZvels qmnis. qorwineba,
266

religiis sociologia

gveubneba misi uwmindesoba, RvTiT kurTxeulia, romlis Semdeg rogorc

qali, aseve mamakaci sruliad icvleba da pirovnebad yalibdeba. qorwineba da Sviliereba RvTiT dadgenili misteriaa. esaa axali cxovreba.
qorwinebis Semdeg adamiani sruliad icvleba, ufro metad viTardeba, misi pirovneba axleburad Seicnobs cxovrebas. amasTanave aucilebelia, rom qorwineba eklesiis {anu RmerTis} mier iyos nakurTxi.
col-qmris kavSiri mtkice unda iyos. ojaxSi normaluri cxovrebis
damkvidrebisaTvis aucilebelia ufrosis pativiscema, ierarqiis
dacva, moTminebis unari. misi uwmindesoba Tvlis, rom `qali, upirveles yovlisa, mosiyvarule meuRle da mzrunveli dedaa, romelic
Svilebs eklesiurad da samSoblos uzomo siyvaruliT uzrdis... mamakaci unda grZnobdes gansakuTrebul pasuxismgeblobas RvTis, samSoblosa da ojaxis winaSe; man yovelgvar miwierze maRla, uflis Semdeg, samSoblo unda daayenos da misi dacvis moTxovnileba unda
hqondes; gaWirvebis SemTxvevaSi misTvis Tavdadeba unda SeeZlos.
namdvili mamakaci gansakuTrebuli TvisebebiT unda gamoirCeodes.
mtris da nebismieri problemis winaSe uSiSoba da keTilgoniereba,
ai mTavari da ZiriTadi Tviseba Rirseuli mamakacisa. namdvili mamakaci aris Zlieri, gambedavi, gonieri, nebisyofiani da samarTliani
pirovneba.
sxva adgilze misi uwmindesoba wers: erT-erTi didi sakiTxia...
ojaxis simtkice, mravalSvilianoba da bavSvebis aRzrda. ojaxi meore saxelmwifoa, sadac ar SeiZleba sufevdes anarqia... qmari aris Tavi
colisa. misi uwmindesoba gamoTqvams azrs ierarqiis aucileblobaze
ara marto ojaxSi, aramed sazogadoebaSic. igi gveubneba, rom aseTi ierarqia eklesiaSic arsebobs. yvelaaferi casa Sina da qveyanasa zeda
Seqmnilia ierarqiuli wyobiT. ierarqia aucilebelia. es aris miuwvdomeli da udidesi gangeba RvTisa.... arsebobs zeciuri ierarqia...
aseve ierarqiuli wyoba arsebobs qveyanasa zeda da arsebobs miwieri
ierarqia, rac, uwinares yovlisa, ufrosebsa da umcrosebs Soris urTierTobaSi unda vlindebodes... umcrosi pativs unda scemdes da
emorCilebodes ufross. ierarqiis gareSe anarqias Tavs ver davaRwevT. amitom gaugebaria laparaki ojaxSi qalisa da mamakacis Tanasworobis Sesaxeb. dRes mTel msoflioSi dgas sakiTxi qalisa da mamakacis
sruli gaTanasworebisa; magram es Secdomaa, radgan ar SeiZleba qali,
Tundac SromaSi, mamakacs gauTanabrdes; mas Tavisi didi movaleoba
aqvs _ Svilebis Soba da aRzrda, eris gamTlianeba ... ramdenadac ojaxi erTi sxeulia, amdenad dauSvebelia, rom mas ori Tavi hqondes. Tu
eqneba, maT Soris konfliqti gardauvali iqneba. mSvidobisa da wesri267

kaxa qecbaia

gis damyarebisaTvis aucilebelia ufros-umcrosobisa da ierarqiis

arseboba. amitom RvTis kanonebi imis Sesaxeb, rom mamakaci ojaxis Tavia, aucileblad miRebuli unda iqnas maSinac ki, roca igi fizikurad
an sulierad sustia. mtkice, harmoniulad mowyobili ojaxi bednierebaa. bevri bednierebas materialur keTildReobaSi eZebs. TavisTavad
simdidre codva ar aris, Tu igi gonivrulad iqneba gamoyenebuli da
Tanac arc mxolod piradi keTildReobisaTvis. amasTanave miwiersa
da yoveldRiurobaze zrunvam ar unda dagvakargvinos suli da sulieri kultura, radganac usulod nebismierma miRwevam SeiZleba dakargos fasi da TviTon adamianis sawinaaRmdegod miimarTos.
mSoblebis erT-erT mTavar movaleobad misi uwmindesoba Svilebis
eklesiurad aRzrdas Tvlis. bavSvs adreuli asakidan unda CavunergoT
RvTis siyvarulic da zneobrivi cxovrebac. mozards imTaviTve unda
gavuRvivoT wminda werilisadmi mowiweba da siyvaruli, eklesiuri cxovrebis survili; davanaxvoT simZime da damRupveloba codvisa da codvismidrekilebaTa monobisa, vaswavloT garCeva sikeTisa da borotebisa,
vaswavloT sinanuli, Serigeba, unari danaSaulis aRiarebisa, simarTlis
dacvisa. isini unda mivaCvioT siyvaruliT cxovrebas, sxvisi tkivilis
gaTavisebas, zrunvas gaWirvebulebisa da avadmyofisadmi da saerTodac
unda aRvzardoT maTSi survili icxovron da iRvawon RmerTTan, moyvasTan da bunebasTan Tanxmobasa da kavSirSi {fotoalbomi patriarqi,
gv.64}.
kargi ojaxi, kargi STamomavloba da janmrTeloba piradi bednierebis safuZvelia. magram imisaTvis, rom bednieri iyo, es ar kmara. bedniereba SeuZlebelia maSin, Tuki sazogadoebaSi anarqia sufevs. anarqiis
Tavidan asacileblad da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis mosawesrigeblad
saxelmwifom unda izrunos. xelsufalTa sibrZne, upirveles yovlisa,
imaSia, rom SeZlos SeinarCunos sazogadoebis sijansaRe, rac Rirebulebebis sworad Sefasebas, swor azrovnebasa da saxelmwifos ganviTarebis
swor orientacias gulisxmobs.
misi uwmindesoba gveubneba, rom erT-erTi didi madli, romelic
aucilebelia TiToeuli CvenganisaTvis, aris mSvidoba am sityvis
farTo gagebiT, mSvidoba RmerTTan, mSvidoba moyvasTan, mSvidoba bunebasTan, mSvidoba sakuTar TavTan. swori ar aris is azri, rom TiTqos
birTvuli katastrofis safrTxe Sedegia mecnierebisa da teqnikis
swrafi ganviTarebis, mecnierul-teqnikuri revoluciisa. es mcdari
gansjaa. mecnierebam adamians bevri sikeTe moutana, magram mecnierulteqnikur progress kacobrioba sulierad da moralurad moumzadebeli Sexvda da sikeTis nacvlad igi zogierTma borotebis saTaved aq268

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cia. mecnierul - teqnikuri progresi, misi uwmindesobis azriT, adamianis sakeTildReod unda warimarTos da ara mis winaaRmdeg. kacobriobis xsnis mTavari mizani aris adamianis gadarCena. adamianisa da qveynis xsna erTmaneTTan mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli; Tu adamiani gadarCeba, masTan erTad gadarCeba misi garemomcveli samyaroc, xolo
Tu igi daecema da sulierad daiRupeba, daiRupeba qveyanac. rwmena, ai
upirvelesi da aucilebeli piroba Cveni gamarTlebisa da xsnisa.
misi uwmindesobis socialur-politikuri ideebidan gansakuTrebul yuradRebas patriotizmi imsaxurebs. erT-erT qadagebaSi naTqvamia,
rom qarTuli suli gansakuTrebulia... gansakuTrebuli madliTaa
dajildoebuli qarTveli kaci, am madls ki, mogexsenebaT, gafrTxileba sWirdeba. Cveni xalxi mosiyvarulea; mas borotebis tareba guliT didxans ar SeuZlia. vinc Tavis gulSi borotebasa da RvarZls
atarebs, is uwinaresad sakuTar Tavs vnebs.
amasTan erTad misi uwmindesoba xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom patriotizmsa da nacionalizms araferi saerTo ara aqvT. qristianuli patriotizmi da erovnulobis grZnoba _ wers igi _ sruliad gansxvavdeba
Sovinizmisa da viwro nacionalizmisagan, romelTac safuZvlad nacionaluri ampartavnoba uZevT. qristianuli cnobierebisaTvis ampartavnoba momakvdinebel codvad iTvleba.
misi uwmindesobis uzomo humanizmi da kacTmoyvareoba Cans im werilSic, romelsac igi 1990 wels ugzavnis sabWoTa kavSiris prezidents
mixeil gorbaCovs da sTxovs, rom gaauqmos kanoni sikvdiliT dasjis Sesaxeb da Seiwyalos is axalgazrdebi, romelTac mZime danaSauli ar miuZRviT da Tanac gamosworebis gzaze dganan. iqve naTqvamia, rom cixe ar
asworebs adamians; iq myofni moralurad sul ufro da ufro ecemian. sabWoTa reJimi da ideologia ki Tvlida, rom TiTqos cixe erTgvar
skolas hgavs, saidanac patimari moralurad amaRlebuli gamodis.
dasasrul, aRvniSnavT, rom sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, mcxeTa Tbilisis mTavarepiskoposis, biWvinTisa da cxum-afxazeTis mitropolitis unetaresisa da uwmindesis ilia meoris socialurpolitikuri idebi gamorCeulia Tavisi humanurobiT, patriotizmiT, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis problemebis Rrma codniT, rac saqarTvelos
nebismieri xelisuflebis mier did mxardaWeras unda imsaxurebdes.
amonaridi sergi avalianis wignidan `sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis ilia meoris msoflmxedveloba~, Tavi III,
Tb., 2013, gam. `meridiani~.
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E es sayuradReboa!
vaJa gogoberiSvili
religiis problema sekularizebul sazogadoebaSi
[...] harvardis universitetSi sociologiis cnobili profesori
(postindustrializmis koncefciis avtori) deniel beli ase ayenebs sakiTxs: religiis uflebamosileba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom igi uswrebda
ra win yovelgvar ideologias Tu sekularul rwmenebs, warmoadgenda saSualebas imisaTvis, rom Tavi moeyara yovelive `wmindis sazrisis~ mqoneTaTvis erT adgilsamyofelSi. diurkemic im azrisa iyo, rom religia
swored aseTi `sazogadoebrivi cnobierebaa~. Cven droSi ki, TiTqmis yvela aRiarebs religiis avtoritetis dacemas, am garemoebis axsnas eZieben
adamianze zebunebrivis gavlenis dakargvaSi. namdvilad ki mizezi ufro
realuri da xelSesaxebia. religias Tavidanve axasiaTebda amqveyniuri
sinamdvilis orad gayofis tradicia. iyo yovel saganSi, yovel droSi
raRac wminda (sulieri) da raRac profanuli. religiis dacema unda aRiweros aseT terminebSi: moxda ise, rom ukiduresad SeizRuda sakraluri
sfero, modunda adamianTa Soris mgrZnobiare da afeqturi kavSirebi, e.
i. mokvda RmerTi, anu dairRva socialuri kavSirebi da mokvda TviT sazogadoebac. sekularizaciis wyalobiT religia TandaTan iqca pirovnul saqmed (Bell D. Toward the Great Instauration: Religion and Culture in a
Ppost-Industrial Age, London, 1976).
beli Semdeg ganagrZobs: dasavleTSi religias ori funqcia hqonda:
1. brZola demonurTan da 2. warsulTan kavSiri. kulturam, roca is Seerwya religias (igulisxmeba qristianuli kultura, yovel SemTxvevaSi sekularizaciamdeli), dagmo awmyo warsulis poziciidan da maT erTianobas uSvebda mxolod tradiciebis safuZvelze. amis safuZvelze religiam faqtiurad moicva mTeli dasavluri kultura. ganmanaTleblobam da
sekularizaciam orientaciaSi imgvari Zireuli cvlileba moaxdines XIX
saukunis Sua wlebSi, rom faqtiurad dasavlurma kulturam aqedan ibruna piri demonurisaken. axalma kvleva-Ziebebma (mecnierulma Tu esTetikurma) miakvlies demonuris sferoSi garkveuli saxis SemoqmedebiT
SesaZleblobebs, rac bolos modernizmis fenomeniT gamoixata. demonurTan kulturis am Sexvedram warmoSva Semdeg `esTetikis avtonomiis~
moTxovnac. yvelaferi SeiZleba iyos gamokvleuli, yovelive SeiZleba
mogveces gamocdilebaSi, aqedan ki uaris Tqma warsulze, Tanmimdevrobis gawyveta. modernizmma, rogorc kulturulma moZraobam, daamsxvria
270

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religiis uflebebi da gadaxara centri sakraluridan profanulisaken.

winaT religia, rogorc idea an instituti mTlianad gansazRvravda sazogadoebis cxovrebas, Tanamedrove pirobebSi ki igi ukiduresobamde
SeizRuda, xolo misi fundamenturi cneba _ `gamocxadeba~, moxsnilia
racionalizmiT, `demiTologizebulia~ istoriaSi. es procesi orgvarad
aRiwereba: 1. religiis dacema industrializaciis doneze niSnavs sekularizacias, e. i. adamianTa erTobisaTvis avtoritetis da rolis dacemas. 2. kulturis doneze ki es niSnavs uwmindesi sawyisebis mniSvnelobis
damcirebis xarjze kulturis profanizacias. adamianis gonebaSi sakraluri da profanuli yovelTvis gamoirCeoda, magram dRevandel modernistul kulturaSi aRaraferia wminda, sakraluri, ar arsebobs dRes tabu, romlis darRvevac ar SeiZleba. am mdgomareobaSi darCena ki kacobriobas didi xniT ar SeuZlia, an sayovelTao katastrofa, an axali reformaciis molodini. beli SesaZleblad miiCnevs aseT reformacias, anu
rogorc is ityvis `Zis mier mamasTan uSualo mimarTebis Ziebas~ eklesiis
Suamdgomlobis gareSe, rac axali religiis dabadebis mauwyebeli iqneba.
TviT beli ar iZleva raimegvari religiis rekomendacias, igi ubralod
adasturebs, rom Tu Zvelma ver `gauZlo~ industrializacias da moeqca
CixSi sekularizaciis Sedegad, gardauvlad unda iCinos Tavi axalma,
amas laparakobs sociologi kacobriobis interesebidan gamomdinare.
... da marTlac daiwyo axali religiuri meditaciebi, xdeba ukve arsebulis modernizacia, an iqmneba sruliad axali seqtebi, ufro xSirad
ki weren religiis axal daniSnulebaze.
dasavleT germaneli Teologi iurgen moltmani Tanamedrove kriziss ganixilavs specialur qristologiur krizisad da ukavSirebs mas
iseTi `ideologiebis msxvrevas, rogoricaa klasi, rasa da progresi~. am
krizisuli viTarebidan gamosasvlelad ar SeiZleba velodeT sxva raime
revolucias, Tu ara revolucias sakuTriv `RmerTis gagebaSi~. Tavisi
Teoriis saxelwodeba _ `imedis Teologia~ moltmanma isesxa ernst
bloxis wignidan (Atheizmus in Christentum), romelsac bevr rameSi daeTanxma. bloxis kvaldakval igi miiCnevs, rom calkeuli mesianuri da religiuri utopiebi ki ar unda daviyvanoT realur, saero-socialur
utopiebamde, aramed unda moxdes yvela calkeul utopiaTa integracia
erT totalur utopiad _ `imedis utopiad~. magram moltmansac ise gamoudis, rom sxvadasxva utopiebis integracia, faqtiurad, unda ganxorcieldes qristianobis safuZvelze. ras niSnavs es? es imas niSnavs, rom
yvela mesianistur wamowyebasTan SedarebiT qristianobaa iseTi, romelsac sworad esmis adamiani da misi adgili istoriaSi. iudaizmi ver iZleva
271

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namdvil imeds imitom, rom mas ar sjera gamoxsnis, gamosyidvis, ris gamoc ar swams mesiis, kerZod qristes istoriuloba. amgvar mesianizms mivyavarT totalur pesimizmamde da sakacobrio katastrofis aRiarebamde.
qristianuli mesianizmis upiratesoba masTan SedarebiT imaSia, rom
qristianma morwmunem faqtiurad istoriis dasasruli qristes mosvliT
daaTariRa. amitom qristianebi im imediT ki ar cxovroben, rom meored
mosvlis Semdeg daimkvidreben sasufevels, ara, isini pirveli mosvlis
Semdeg ukve cxovroben RvTiur sasufevelSi. qristianis movaleoba
RmerTis winaSe tolfasia misi movaleobisa momavlis winaSe, vinaidan
RmerTi arsebos mxolod `momavlis modusSi~. RmerTis mier dapirebuli
momavali esaa mosvla, romelic awmyosia Caqsovili anticipaciis saxiT.
teqnikuri civilzaciis dawolis sapirispirod eklesia unda warmodges
`noes kidobnad~ socialurad gaucxoebuli xalxisaTvis, adamianis `sulier meurneobaSi~ Careuli mecnierebisa da teqnikis destruqciuli Zalebis winaaRmdeg mis balansad.
moltmanis es koncefcia gaakritika henkem. mas miaCnia, rom drois
is gageba, romelic moltmansa aqvs mocemuli, sruliad gamoricxavs adamianis Tavisuflebas _ sekularuli sazogadoeba, sekularuli istoria,
romelTa namdvil subieqts warmoadgens adamiani, arseboben mxolod im
niSniT, rom isini RmerTisgan dacilebuli arian, rogorc codvis Sedegi.
sekularizaciaze saubrisas saqmis ori viTarebaa gasarCevi: 1. rodesac sekularizaciis procesi bunebrivi istoriuli gziT warimarTeboda, da 2. rodesac sekularizacia revouciuri dekretebiT ganxorcileda. oriode sityviT ar SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos isic, Tu rogor aisaxa
ruseTis imperiis sinamdvileSi `ganmanaTlebluri sekularizacia~ da ra
Sedegi iqna dafiqsirebuli. am mimarTulebiT saTqmeli yvelaze saRad
isev dostoevskim Tqva: rodesac RmerTis avtoriteti msobrivi masStabiT Seilaxa im zomamade, rom faqtiurad `RmerTi mokles~, istoriis romeliRac monakveTSi `yvelaferi nebadarTuli armoCnda~. am mdgomareobaSi kacobriobis datoveba aRiqmeba did tragikulobad. nuTu marTla
yvelaferi nebadarTulia? nuTu marTla RmerTisagan Tavis daxsna sazogadoebriv anarqias moaswavebs? es kiTxvebi awvalebdnen dostoevskis, am
kiTxvebma bevri daafiqra XIX saukuneSive, am kiTxvebs daubrundnen dRes
dasavleTis kulturis mesveurni. ecxovreba Tu ara kacobriobas uRmerTod _ aq iyris Tavs yvela kiTxva.
socialisturi gardaqmnebis da `kulturuli revoluciis~ droSiT
bevri istoriulad Rirebuli, kacobriulad mniSvnelovani movlena Seilaxa, `Seuracxyofil~ iqna. rodesac `saqmeni RvTisani~ arakompetenturi adamianebis xelSi aRmoCnda, amiT TviT sazogadoeba dazaralda. yove272

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live, rac RmerTis da religiis saxels ukavSirdeboda, ganadgurebis piras iqna miyvanili, arada xom cnobilia, rom Tu raime Rirebuli mainc
keTdeboda istoriaSi, igi RmerTisa da religiis sanqciis daRs atarebda. navaraudevi iyo, rom RirebulebaTa desakralizacias ar unda miveyvaneT kulturis profanaciamde. Tu raime Rirebuli RmerTis saxeliT
Seqmnila, igi ki ar unda ganadgurebuliyo, aramed xsniliyo rogorc
adamianuri da Camdgariyo adamianis samsaxurSi. cudad gagebulma sekularizaciam ki savalalo Sedegebamde migviyvana _ safrTxe Seeqmna sakacobrio kulturis iseT nimuSebs, romelic saukuneebis manZilze adamianTa namdvili geniis mier iyo Seqmnili.
rodesac mxatvrulad agviweren im adamianis sulier tragedias,
romelic midis Soreul gadasaxlebaSi da Tan miaqvs Tavisi qveynis miwa
sikvdilis dros ukanasknel imedad, es SeiZleba `amaRlebuli~ iyos, magram profanuli cnobiereba `saRi azris~ poziciebidan mainc dascinis am
viTarebas. aseTi profani albaT gverdiTac bevri edga im adamianebs,
vinc Soreuli gadasaxlebis simware gulis uRrmes kunWulebSi ganicades. `ra moxda, didi ambavi, viTom eg erTi muWa miwa uSvelis ganwiruls?~
_ase msjelobda maSinac profani da TiTqos, marTalic iyo. Eesaa mware
simarTle, romlis iqiTac Tu gaixede, SeiZleba dakargo samSoblos
grZnoba, romelsac bunebrivad mosdevs adamianur RirebulebaTa devalvaciac. marTlac, sul erTi araa sikvdilis Semdeg ra miwa dageyreba? Tu
sul erTia, maSin sul erTi aRmoCndeba isic, Tu sad xar da sad icxovreb;
amas bunerivad mosdevs _ `sad ukeT mecxovreba?~ da ... miviReT is, rac
ase arawmindad moCanda Cvens winaparTa TvalSi. Tavisi nebiT `megobarnaTesavT moklebuli~ adamiani ukve mzadaa imisaTvis, rom `dagmos~ axali
garemoc _ misTvis am mxriv myari da Rirebuli aravin da araferi ar yofila. rodesac aseTi cnobiereba masobrivi xdeba, esaa sazogadoebrivad
saSiSi simptomi adamianur RirsebaTa dakarvisa.
aAranakleb damafiqrebelia iseTi viTarebac, rodesac sekularizebuli xelovneba Tu filosofia TviTon daiWers iseT pozicias, rom sakmarisad miiCnevs `Rirebulebebisa da amaRlebulis~ saTavisod Tavisi
Tavis gamocxadebas: mTavaria saerTod ar daikargoso sakraluri. aseTi
pozicia aranakleb iluzorulad gamoiyureba religiasTan SedarebiT,
Tu `SenarCunebuli Rirebulebani~ an ukve arsebul korelats ar gulisxmoben, an sarealizacio daniSnuleba ar gaaCniaT [...]~
amonaridi vaJa gogoberiSvilis wignidan `religiis problemebi
mecnierul-teqnikuri revoluciis pirobebSi~, Tb., 1989.
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kaxa qecbaia

kiTxvebi gansjisaTvis:
uqmnis Tu ara safrTxes sekularizaciis procesi religiur
identobas?
ra emarTeba tradiciul religiur meinstrims sekularizaciis
dros?
eTanxmebiT Tu ara statiis avtoris mosazrebebs sekularizaciis procesis Sesaxeb (pasuxi daasabuTeT).

`profesia aris is, rac adamianma unda miiRos rogorc RvTiuri

ganCineba, romelsac igi unda Seeguos.
profesiuli saqmianoba RmerTis mier dasaxul amocanad unda CaiTvalos...~
m. luTeri

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Mmasala gansjisaTvis
Kkaxa qecbaia
kidev erTxel religiuri tolerantobis Sesaxeb
tolerantobaze saubari misadmi miZRvnil naSromTa `bumis~ SemTxvevaSi saintereso sadiskusio Temaa miT ufro maSin, rodesac saqme
religiur tolerantobas Seexeba. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mis Sesaxeb yvelaferi iTqva da daiwera magram, miuxedavad amisa igi kvlav aqtualur
problemad rCeba. avtorTa erTi nawili masze did, Sors mimaval imedebs amyarebs, miiCnevs ra mas Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi socialuri
qcevis ganmsazRvrel faqtorad. zogierTi mkvlevari am Temis aqtualizebas dasvluri msoflmxedvelobis mzard gavlenas miawers da masSi e.
w. gapiarebul movlenas xedavs. nawili ki problemis siRrmiseul analizs aZlevs upiratesobas da moTminebiT ikvlevs Tu ra fenomenia igi
da `rodis da rogor unda viyoT tolerantulni?~ (i. habermasi).
ama Tu im qveynis istoriuli gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT tolerantobis gageba sxvadasxva kulturebSi gansxvavebulia. ase magaliTad,
frangul kulturaSi igi ZiriTadad sityvis Tavisuflebas ukavSirdeba,
inglisurSi _ yovelgvari protestis gareSe nebismieri pirovnebis miRebis mzaobas, CinurSi _ sxvebisadmi sulgrZelobas, arabulSi _ patiebas, rusul kulturaSi es sakiTxi jer kidev bundovanebiTaa moculi.
qarTul kulturaSi moyvasis siyvarulia dominanti da a. S.
zogadad tolerantoba socialuri, kulturuli da religiuri
terminia. mas eTanadeba `Semwynareblobis~ cneba, rac upirvelesad
sxvaTa azrebisa da qcevis Sewynarebas niSnavs. tolerantoba yovelTvis
pirovnebis Sinagan TavisuflebasTanaa dakavSirebuli. igi Tavisufali
pirovnuli aqtia, romelic xSir SemTxvevaSi adamianis adamianurobis
ganmsazRvrel faqtoradac ki gvevlineba. igi rogorc adamianis pirovnuli Tviseba, unari sxvebis ara mxolod naklovanebaTa, aramed RirsebaTa miRebasac gulisxmobs.
tolerantoba, rogorc socialuri fenomeni did gavlenas axdens
sazogadoebriv cnobierebaze, mis formirebasa da ganviTarebaze. Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi igi socialuri politikis Semadgenel mniSvnelovan nawiladac ki gvevlineba. igi rogorc Tanamedrove socialuri
politikis strategiuli mimarTuleba demokratiuli sazogadoebis
mniSvnelovan monapovradaa miCneuli. tolerantobis gareSe Zneli warmosadgenia Tanamedrove Ria, demokratiuli sazogadoebis mSenebloba,
amitomac tolerantuli cnobierebis formirebas didi yuradReba eq275

kaxa qecbaia

ceva.
Cveulebriv, sazogadoebriv-politikuri aspeqtiT termin tolerantobas orgvari mniSvnelobiT moiazreben. erT SemTxvevaSi igi arasasurveli movlenebis mimarT moTminebis politikas niSnavs. tolerantobis amgvari gageba XIX saukunidan momdinareobs. arasasurvel movlenaSi iseTi ram igulisxmeba, romelic aucilebel akrZalvas ar saWiroebs, magram kontrolsa da koreqtirebas eqvemdebareba. saxelmwifo politikis rangSi tolerantobis es tipi XIX saukunis safrangeTSi Camoyalibda klasikuri franguli reglamentarizmis periodSi. maSin tolerantuli midgomis obieqti `prostitucia~ gaxda. is oicialurad aRiarebuli profesia ar iyo, magram kontrolisa da profilaqtikis mizniT
mis mimarT Semwynarebluri pozicia iqna gamovlenili. (am dros gaCnda
safrangeTSi e. w. `Sewynarebis saxlebi,~ romelic faqtobrivad legalizebuli saroskipoebi iyo).
tolerantobis meore gageba XX saukunis movlenaa. masSi sxvadasxva saxis umciresobaTa mimarT tolerantuli damokidebuleba igulisxmeba. aseT viTarebaSi tolerantoba ideologiis saxes iZens, romelic
umeteswilad sxvadasxva saxis umciresobebisa da umravlesobis urTierTobis maregulirebeli formaa.
tolerantobis Sesaxeb am mcire eqskursidan naTlad Cans, rom tolerantobis cneba mravali sxvadasxva plastebisagan Sesdgeba, rac misi
urTierTgansxvavebuli aspeqtiT ganxilvis SesaZleblobas iZleva. tolerantobis sxvadasxva plasebs Soris gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba religiur tolerantobas eniWeba.
sityva `tolerantoba~ XVI saukuneSi laTinur da frangulenovan
literaturaSi damkvidrda da Tavidanve religiur-konfesiur ganxeTqilebas daukavSirda. aqedan momdinare man upirvelesad sxva religiur
aRmsareblobaTa mimarT Semwynareblobis mniSvneloba SeiZina.
tolerantoba inglisur enaSi (toleranse) ganixileba rogorc
qcevis norma, rogorc sikeTe. laTinurSi ki (toleracione) samarTlebrivi aqtia. Tumca am enaSi mas ramdenime urTierTgadamfaravi mniSvneloba aqvs. kerZod igi niSnavs 1.amtanobas, 2.Semwynareblobas da 3.dasaSveb gadaxras normidan.
religiuri tolerantobis SemTxvevaSi sakiTxi aseTnairad dgas:
religiuri tolerantoba TavisTavadi mniSvnelobis mqone religiuri
cnebaa Tu samarTlebrivi. swored am punqtSia winaaRmdegoba. am azriT
moteskiem erTmaneTisaan ganasxvava Semwynarebloba (zneobrivi qceva)
da Sewyalebis aqti (samarTlebrivi kateoria). religiuri tolerantobis filosofiur dasabuTeba mocemulia spinozasTan (eTikur-ontolo276

religiis sociologia

giuri) da lokTan (samoqalaqo, politikuri).

axali drois evropis istoriaSi religiuri tolerantobis idea
Tavis mniSvnelobas pirvelad safrangeTis mefis henri IV-is nantis
ediqtis Semdeg iRebs, romlis mixedviT, aRiarebul iqna hugenotebis
religiuri aRmsarebloba maSin, rodesac oficialur religiad kaTolocizmi rCeboda. nantis ediqti xangrZlivi religiuri omebis Sedegi
iyo. am drodan moyolebuli religiur tolerantobas samarTlebrivi
saxe mieca da SeiZleba iTqvas masTan dakavSirebuli mTeli rigi gaugebrobebic aman gamoiwvia. am problemis aqtualizeba Tavis droze rusom
moaxdina. masTan mkacrad aris gamijnuli tolerantoba, rogorc adamianis bunebrivi mdgomareoba da tolerantoba, rogorc xelovnuri, samoqalaqo aqti. rusos Segoneba aseTia: ar aris saWiro tolerantobis
(rogorc bunebrivi religiis aucilebeli niSnis) dadeba politikur
matricaze! magram kacobrioba rusos gziT ar wavida da Sedegebic saxezea.
XVI da XVII saukuneebSi tolerantoba samarTlebriv cnebad iqca.
xolo dRes ki samoqalaqo sazogadoebis fundamentur Rirebulebas
warmoadgens. am droidan moyolebuli evropis mTavrobebma tolerantuli aqtebis gamocema daiwyes, romelic saxelmwifo moxeleebsa da
marTlmorwmune mosaxleobas reliiur umciresobebTan tolerantul
damokidebulebas avaldebulebs. amieridan gansxvavebuli rwmenis adamianebisa da maTi administraciuli praqtikis formiT Sewynarebis samarTlebrivi aqtebi dRemde gansazRvraven tolerantuli damokidebulebis moTxovnas e. w. Cagruli religiuri umciresobebis mimarT.
cnobilia, rom religia Tavisi arsiTa da bunebiT tolerantuli
fenomenia. aratolerantuli religia Zneli warmosadgenia. igi odiTganve tolerantobisaken mouwodebda adamians. yvela msoflio religias aqvs tolerantuli buneba. amitom tolerantobis sxva formebs Soris gansakuTrebiT gamorCeulia religiuri tolerantoba, romelic
tolerantobis universaluri formaa.
religiuri tolerantobis SemTxvevaSi sakiTxi Semdegi SemdegSi
mdgomareobs: rodis unda viyoT tolerantulni? religiuri tolerantoba, romelic tolerantobis prototipad iTvleba amave dros sxvagvarad moazrovneobisadmi tolerantobad zogaddeba, amitom aRniSnul
kiTxvaze pasuxi aseTi iqneba: tolerantulni viyoT argumentirebulad
uaryoili rwmenis mimarT. imgvarad tolerantulni, rom am kognitur
uaryofas Sedegad ar mohyves praqtikulad gadaulaxavi antipaTia. i.
habermasis azriT, Cven gvWirdeba tolerantoba maSin, rodesac ucxo Sexedulebebisa da Tvalsazrisebis mimarT indiferentulad varT gan277

kaxa qecbaia

wyobilni, an saerTod, uarvyofT sxvaTa Sexedulebebs. tolerantoba

Cvengan moiTxovs imas, rom kognitur doneze arsebuli SeuTanxmebloba, romelic dapirispirebis Sewyvetisaken miiswrafvis, SenarCundes socialuri interaqciis sibrtyeze im mosazrebiT, rom igi Tanamedrove
viTarebaSi misaRebi iyos. am SemTxvevaSi religiuri tolerantobis habermasiseuli analizi bolomde ar aris Tavisufali socialuri datvirTvisagan. tolerantobis aseTi interpretacia rusosaTvis kategoriulad miuRebelic SeiZleba yofiliyo. msgavs viTarebaSi tolerantoba socialuri funqciis, uro sworad samoqalaqo wesrigis maregulirebli xdeba mxolod da misi namdvili religiuri buneba ar Cans.
kidev ufro meti simwvaviT gamoirCeva religiur SexedulebaTa
Sexlis tolerantobis rkalSi moqcevis sakiTxi. rac garkveulwilad
movaleobacaa, romelic gulisxmobs, rom sxvas mousmino da geyos samarTlianoba, rom gadawyvito rodis gaakeTo gonivruli daTmoba sxvaTa Sexedulebebis mimarT. am SemTxvevaSi wina planze wamoiweva religiuri tolerantobis pirovnuli done. saerTod unda iTqvas, rom religiuri tolerantobis sul mcire ori done mainc arsebobs: pirovnuli
da arapirovnuli anu saxelmwifoebrivi. religiuri tolerantobis pirovnuli done pirovnebaTSoris religiur urTierTobebs Seexeba, xolo arapirovnuli donis SemTxvevaSi ki sakiTxi religiuri oranizaciebisa da sxvadasxva religiuri struqturebis urTierTobas exeba. am SemTxvevaSi pirovneba ukana planzea gadaweuli da konfliqtis mizezic
swored es aris. rac gansakuTrebiT TvalSisacemia Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi, romelSic gamudmebuli brZola mimdinareobs samoqalaqo da
calkeul pirovnul Rirebulebebs Soris. saxelmwifo da samoqalaqo
institutebi yovelTvis ecdebian didi leviaTanis WanWikebad aqcion
calkeuli pirovnebebi. adamiani didi mTelis raRac umniSvnelo nawili
xdeba. amis gamo Tu metaforulad vityviT `Tanamedrove sazogadoebis
politikur kulturaSi tolerantoba _ myife yvavils emsgavsea.~ Tanamedrove dasvluri cnobiereba religiur tolerantobas (da saerTod,
tolerantobis yvela formas) mxolod socialur da politikur WrilSi ganixilavs. misTvis religiur tolerantoba imdenad aris mniSvnelovani aqsiologiuri kategoria, ramdenadac igi samoqalaqo da saxelmwifo intersebis samsaxurSia Camdgari da sazogadoebis ganviTarebisa da
stabilurobis garantias iZleva. Tumca tolerantobis msgavsi gageba
winaaRmdegobaSia realur sinamdvilesTan, romelic mTeli rigi usamarTlobebiT xasiaTdeba (Tundac iseTi socialuri usamarTlobiT rogoric siRaribea). amasTanave gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoebac, rom
sazogadoebrivi azris mier tolerantobis prioritetul Rirebule278

religiis sociologia

bad aRiarebis gareSe TiTqmis SeuZebelia civilizebuli sazogadoebis

mSenebloba. religiuri tolerantobis buneba impliciturad Seicavs
ara marto religiuri speqtris mravalferovnebis, aramed zogadad samyaros mravalferovnebis cnobierebas. mis Sinaarss rjulTSemwynarebloba Seadgens, romelic sindisis, moyvasis siyvarulisa da Sinagani Tavisulfebis gareSe warmoudgenelia. religiur planSi yovelgvari aratolerantuli qcevis safuZveli ampartavnebaSia saZebni. es is aris rasac mecnierul literaturaSi egoizmi hqvia. Tumca mkvlevrebi aratolerantuli qcevis sxva safuZvlebzec saubroben. magaliTad 1.fsiqobiologiurze, romlis mixedviT adamianis struqturaSi aris garkveuli
Sre (fsiqikisa da biologiis doneze), romelic antihumanuri fenomenia;
2.mentalur-racionalurze romelic cnobierebis egocentristul
tips gulisxmobs. am tipis cnobierebisaTvis ucxoa `Sen-Tan~ dialogi.
mas garkveulwilad xels uwyobs mecnieruli azrovnebac. monologi da
ara dialogi, aseTia e. w. monologiuri racionalizmis amosavali pricipi. rac axali tipis uRmerTobaa. am SemTxvevaSi RmerTis adgils adamiani ikavebs. 3.religiuri pluralizmis cnebis gaukuRmarTebul gagebaze, romlis mixedviT WeSmariteba mravalia.
TavisTavad religiuri adamiani tolerantuli bunebis matarebelia. amitom Zalze gaugebaria religiuri tolerantobis problemad
qceva. am SemTxvevaSi mxedvelobaSi aqvT is faqti, rom yvela religias
universaluri WeSmaritebis pretenzia aqvs. es marTlac asea da amaSi
gasakviri araferi ar unda iyos, magram sul sxvaa cocxali religiuri
cxovreba. Tu msoflio religiebis istorias davakvirdebiT davinaxavT,
rom TiTqmis yvela religiaSia adamianis religiur uflebaTa pativiscema da Semwynarebloba. religiur tolerantobas problemad xdian e. w.
religiuri Tavisuflebis mqadageblebi, romelTaTvis sul erTia nebismieri religia Tu seqtanturi dajgufeba. sayovelTaod cnobili
faqtia, rom religiuri da Rrmad morwmune adamianebi ufro tolerantulni arian, vidre religiurobisagan Sors mdgarni. sakvirveli swored is aris, rom religiuri tolerantobis mqadageblebad da damcvelebad swored es uknasknelni gvevlinebian. rasac WeSmarit morwmuneobasTan da tolerantobasTan arviTari saqme ara aqvs, radganac fsevdotolerantobas warmoadgens. religiuri tolerantoba Sors dgas religiuri indiferentizmisagan da religiuri fanatizmisagan. igi maSin
aris Rirebuli, rodesac ama Tu im religiis warmomadgenelia aseTi
(tolerantuli). WeSmariti religiuri aRmsarebloba arasodes ar uSlis xels tolerantobis kulturas. piriqiT tolerantobis kultura
mis gareSe Zneli warmosadgenia. religiuri tolerantobis cnebis qveS
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kaxa qecbaia

CvenSi religiur indiferentizms an religiur pluralizms moiazreben.

rac morwmune adamianis piziciebidan arasworia.
sadiskusio kiTxvebi socialuri debatebisaTvis:
eTanxmebiT Tu ara statiis avtoris mosazrebebs? (pasuxi daasabuTeT).
eTanxmebiT Tu ara habermasis mosazrebas religiuri tolerantobis Sesaxeb? (pasuxi daasabuTeT).
rogoria Tqveni sakuTari mosazrebebi religiuri tolerantobis Sesaxeb.

E
es sainteresoa
religia da sporti

2008-2009 wlebSi safexburTo klub `miunxenis bavarias~ mTavar

mwvrTnelad legendaruli fexburTeli iurgen klinsmani dainiSna, romelic budizmis mimdevari gaxda. man Tavisi samwvrTnelo saqmianoba
imiT daiwyo, rom pirvelive varjiSze `baiernis~ sawvrTnel bazaze oTxive mxares budas qandakeba daadgmevina. igi imedovnebda, rom buda fexburTelebs daexmareboda sulis siwmindisa da srulyofilebis mopove280

religiis sociologia

baSi. amgvari ganwyobiT ki warmatebebi garantirebuli iqneboda. amgvari ram aq jer aravis gaukeTebia da klinsmanis moqmedebam bevri miTqmamoTqma gamoiwvia.
evangeluri eklesiis pastorma miqael vervainma amis Taobaze Ria
weriliT mimarTa iurgen klinsmans da klubis generalur direqtor
uli hioness. am weriliT pastori aprotestebda `baiernis~ sawvrTnel
bazaze budas qandakebebis dadgmas. igi moiTxovda, rom nacvlad budas
qandakebisa am adgilze qriatianuli jvari daedgaT.
werilSi pastori aRniSnavda, rom igi rogorc gulSematkivari
`gaognebuli da imedgacruebulia~, budas qandakebis dadgmis faqtiT,
maSin rodesac qristianuli simboleobi TiTqmis gandevnilia sajaro
sferos yoveldRiuri cxovrebidan.
pastori Seaxsenebda `bairenis~ mTavar mwvrTnels, rom qristian
fexburTelebs akrZaluli aqvT TavinT saTamaSo formaze qristes gamosaxulebis gamosaxva da am dros maTTvis budizmis Tavs moxveva, maTi
qrstianuli msoflmxedvelobis Seuracxyofaa da meti araferi. amasTan
fexburTelebs aqvT ufleba maTTvis mniSvnelovani religiuri simbolebis sajaro demonstrireba moaxdinon. miT ufro gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom `jvari exmareba qristianebs gamarjveba da damarcxeba iseTnairad aRiqvan, rom aman xeli Seuwyos maT suler ganviTarebas~. `baiernis~ sawvrTnel bazaze budas qandakebis dadgmas pastorma qristiani
fexburTelebisa da gulSematkivarTaTvis `silis gawvna~ uwoda. misi
azriT, amgvari ram gulSematkivarTa gaxleCvas gamoiwvevs, romelTa
Soris umavleoba qriatiania.
samwauxarod, `baiernSi~ klinsamanis samwvrTnelo saqmianoba uiRblo gamodga. Tumca Zneli saTqmelia iyo Tu ara ara amis mizezi budizmi?
kiTxvebi gansjisaTvis:
unda aterebdnen Tu ara saTamaSo moedanze sportsmenebi religiur simbolebs? (pasuxi daasabuTeT).
Tqveni azriT, sportsmenis warmateba an warumatebloba aris
Tu ara damokidebuli mis religiur rwmenaze? (pasuxi daasabuTeT).
Tqveni azriT, ra kavSirSia religia da sporti erTmaneTTan?
(pasuxi daasabuTeT).
moamzadeT prezentacia an essei Temaze: religia da sporti.

281

kaxa qecbaia

CogburTeli maria Sarapova kortebze jvriT gamodis

`nu geSiniaT Tavisuflad azrovnebis! Tu Tqven sakamaod kargad

iazrovnebT, mecniereba aucileblad RmerTTan migiyvanT, romelsac
religia efuZneba da maSin naxavT, rom mecniereba sulac ar aris religiis mteri, piriqiT, misi TanaSemwea~.
tomsoni

282

religiis sociologia

`globalizaciis procesi bunebrivad iwvevs im xalxebisa da

kulturebis asimilaciasa da zogjer srul gaqrobasac, romelnic
ver gamoimuSaveben saTanado imunitets, magram es ar aris axali movlena.
istoriulad cnobili yvela didi imperia cdilobda ganexorcielebina globalizaciis erTgvari procesi. dRes ki aman sayovelTao
xasiaTi miiRo. Cven ar unda SegveSindes integraciisa, radgan warsulis didi gamocdileba gvaqvs da viciT, rom saukuneTa manZilze qarTuli kultura araerTi uZlieresi imperiis gavlenas ganicdida, magram RvTis gangebiT da Cvens winaparTa ZalisxmeviT arasodes dagvikargavs TviTmyofadoba.
es dResac unda SevZloT~...
sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II
Tb., 2006 w.
`saaRdgomo epistole~

XIV leqcia
Tema: globalizacia da msoflio religiebi
sakvanZo sityvebi da gamoTqmebi:
globalizacia, vesternizacia, amerikanizacia, makdonaldizacia, adtaptacia, antiglobalizmi da kriticizmi, sakuTari alternativa, samoqalaqo religiebi.
Sesavali
globalizaciis procesi sazogadoebriv da adamianur urTierTobaTa TiTqmis yvela sferoSi aRwevs da xSir SemTxvevaSi srulad moicavs
socialuri realobis mTel speqtrs. amdenad globalizaciis cnebis Sinaarsi Zalian tevadia.
erT-erTi ZiriTadi faqtori, romelmac termin `globalizaciis~
warmoSoba ganapiroba kulturaTa urTierTzegavlenaa, romelic, Tavis
mxriv, mudmivad progresirebadi procesia. ukanaskneli saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi es procesi ufro gaZlierda da axal-axali siRrmeebi da aspeqtebi SeiZina, xolo bolo dros ganviTarebulma movlenebma am pro283

kaxa qecbaia

cess axali Zala Semata da globalizaciis faqtis winaSe daayena mTeli

kacobrioba.
kulturaTa urTierTzegavlenisa da dialogis am axali xasiaTis axsnisas bevri mkvlevari kacobriobis erTianobis zrdasa da informaciuli teqnologiebis progress eyrdnoba, rac Tavis gamoxatulebas erTiani msoflio bazris SeqmnaSi, servisis sferos zrdaSi da sxva materialur
faqtorebSi hpovebs. aseT viTarebaSi aucilebeli xdeba am procesebSi
sulieri faqtorebis rolis dadgena. aqedan gamomdinare religiis sociologiaSi aqtualobas iZens sakiTxi globalizaciisa da msoflio religiebis mimarTebis Sesaxeb. ismis kiTxva: ra rols asrulebs globalizaciis procesSi religia da, piriqiT, aris Tu ara religia damoukidebeli,
suverenuli faqtori, Tu damokidebulia sxva, materialur faqtorebze,
romelic garkveulwilad gansazRvravs globalizaciis process? rogoria globalizaciisadmi religiuri damokidebulebis xasiaTi da mravali msgavsi sakiTxi aucilebeli msjelobis sagania. garkveuli azriT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom globalizaciis procesi internacionaluri xasiaTisaa, Tumca sakuTari fundamenturi RirebulebiTi orientaciiT is aris
dasavluri movlena. magram es azri mTlad swori ver iqneba imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom msoflio masStabiT, istoriulad am saqmeSi evropis
wvlili ufro mokrZalebulia, vidre amerikuli. faqtia, rom garkveuli
azriT TviT evropa ganicdis amerikis gavlenas, e. w. vesternizacias. adamianis uflebaTa amerikuli gageba da pirovnebis Tavisufleba, amerikuli demokratiis principebi saganTa axal wesrigTan mimarTebaSi ufro
adekvaturia. igi ufro uaryofs Zvel, tradiciul avtoritetebsa da
privilegiebs, vidre evropuli paternalisturi da partikularuli warmodgenebi;
rTuli da winaaRmdegobrivi realobis garkveulwilad gauxeSebiT
bevri mkvlevari miiCnevs, rom globalizacia es aris amerikanizacia. RirebulebaTa amerikuli sistema da sazogadoebis mowyobis Sesaxeb amerikuli warmodgenebi dRevandeli `msoflio axali wesrigis~ adekvaturi
aRmoCnda. religiuri poziciebidan globalizaciis procesis kritikosebi mas brals sdeben sekularizaciasa da religiuri Rirebulebebis
ngrevaSi, rac safrTxes uqmnis religiur identurobas. amitomac globalizaciisadmi undobloba iCens Tavs, rac savsebiT kanonzomieri movlenaa. aqedan gamomdinare saxezea globalizaciis procesisadmi religiuri damokidebulebis sxvadasxvaoba.

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1. globalizacia da msoflio religiebi
(qristianoba, iuidaizmi, budizmi, islami,
sxavadasxva aRmosavluri religiebi)
globalizaciis procesisadmi yvela religias sakuTari pozicia gaaCnia, Tumca realuri mdgomareobis logikur-istoriuli analizi xSir
SemTxvevaSi mravali gavrcelebuli azris sapirispiros mtkicebis saSualebas iZleva. am SemTxvevaSi mxedvelobaSia is faqti, rom gasuli saukunis meore naxevarSi dasavleT evropis TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi yovelgvari globalizaciis gareSe damyarda sekularuli Rirebulebebi, rom araferi vTqvaT e. w. komunisturi samyaros qveynebze, romlebic ara marto
sekuralizebuli, aramed mebrZoli aTeisturi qveynebi iyvnen, rac verafriT ver daukavSirdeba globalizaciis process. aq sekularizaciis
procesi nacionaluri kulturebis ganviTarebis logikis kvaldakval
mimdinareobda. amitom am SemTxvevaSi arareligiurobas globalizacias
ver davabralebT, Tumca imasac ver vityviT, rom igi gavlenas ar axdens
masze.
Znelia Tqva, rom globalizaciis faqtorebi (garkveuli an mTeli
rigi) SeiZleba umeteswilad xels uwyobdes religiurobis zrdas, damkvidrebuli tradiciuli religiuri institutebis arsebobasa da funqcionirebas sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. globalizacia ar niSnavs ureligiobas (magaliTad, ojaxuri Rirebulebebis propaganda, evropaSi islamis gavrcelebisaTvis xelis SeSla da sxva). SeiZleba iTqvas, rom globalizaciis procesi sazogadoebriv urTierTobebSi sekularuli sistemis relativizebas axdens. amdenad, igi ki ar angrevs religiur cnobierebas, aramed cvlis mas, sazogadoebaSi misi mdgomareobis koreqtirebas
axdens. amitom am procesisadmi yvelaze mwvaved da adekvaturad reagirebas religia axdens.
Tavis mxriv, globalizaciasac aqvs sakuTari `sulieri~ safuZvlebi. aseTia religiuri RirebulebiTi sistema da amerikuli sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli religiis roli eris cxovrebaSi (igi Seqmnilia
protestantizmis, ZiriTadad kalvinizmis wiaRSi XVIII s-Si), romelsac
ramdenime ZiriTadi niSani aqvs: 1) amerikuli normis mniSvnelovani mxarea religiuri organizaciis realuri Tanasworoba saxelmwifos winaSe.
amitomac amerikaSi miuRebelia saxelmwifoebrivad privilegirebuli
denominaciis arseboba (saxelmwifo arc erT religiur organizacias ar
uwevs aranair politikursa da finansur daxmarebas da amave dros arc
xels uSlis maT sakuTari misiis ganxorcielebaSi). 2) religiuri cxovrebis nebayoflobiTi xasiaTi da sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos arsebobis
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demokratiuli formis pirveladoba. 3) amerikuli religiuri cxovrebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli religiuri principi, romelic sul ufro da ufro normis saxes iZens _ demokratiis principebisa da adamianis uflebebis ayvana (ufro sworad miaxloeba) religiuri principis doneze. religia demokratiuli da samoqalaqo Tavisuflebis sulieri matarebeli
xdeba. 4) ojaxuri Rirebulebebi naklebad eqvemdebareba gadafasebasa da
gadaazrebas. 5) wina planze wamoiweva socialuri tolerantobis, qvelmoqmedebis roli, rac ukana planze gadaswevs ritualebsa da asketizms.
6) perspeqtivaSi _ piradi pasuxismgeblobis kultivireba da morwmunis
Tavisufali arCevanis rolis zrda da misadmi pativiscema. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yovelive es globalizaciis sulier safuZvlebs warmoadgens,
anu religiur Seferilobas aZlevs mas, rac imas niSnavs, rom globalizacia mTlianad ar aris daclili religiurobisagan, Tumca es ar aris tradiciuli gagebiT religiuroba da religia. globalizacia, am azriT, Tavad warmoadgens raRac `axal religias~ da swored am punqtSi iwvevs igi
SeSfoTebas da misTvis winaaRmdegobis gawevis survils. Tumca faqtia,
rom yovelive amis paralelurad amerikaSi dResac arsebobs gavleniani
qristianuli konfesiebi, romlebic konservatiul saRvTismetyvelo Sexedulebas emyareba. ase rom, realoba metad rTuli da antinomiuria,
rogorc ityvian, `aq yvelaferi satanur grigalebSia gaxveuli~ da yovelives gaazreba da saTanado doneze Sefaseba xSir SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebelia.
globaluri Rirebulebebi TavianT gzas ufro advilad maSin ikvlevs, rodesac tradiciuli kulturebi kriziss ganicdis. amitom globalizaciaze aranakleb saSiSi unda iyos tradiciuli kulturebis krizisi da degradacia. garda amisa, globaluri Rirebulebebi angrevs iseT
politikur ideologiebs, romlebic religiasTan aris kavSirSi. amitom
am procesisadmi adekvaturi reaqcia iseT religiebs aqvT, romlebic naklebad aris politizirebuli. aseT viTarebaSi Cndeba globalizaciis
axali saxe _ globalizacia religiuri niSniT anu religiuri globalizacia. wesiT globalurobis pretenzia yvela religias unda hqondes,
magram am SemTxvevaSi `bunebriv religiebs~ enacvleba `xelovnuri religia~, romelsac globalurobis meti pretenzia aqvs. ase rom, axali cnebis _ `Tanamedrove globaluri religiurobis~ erTaderTi niSani, romelic aSkarad gamokveTilia, jerjerobiT aris religiis deteritorializacia. nebismieri religia sakuTar momxreebs poulobs iq, sadac is istoriulad arasodes ar yofila da xSir SemTxvevaSi tradiciul gavrcelebas kargavs regionebSi. religiur SexedulebaTa pluralizmi da ekleqtizmi vrceldeba ara marto sxvadasxva sazogadoebebis, aramed mor286

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wmuneTa individualuri cnobierebis donezec. yovelive amisadmi adamiani, miT umetes morwmune, SeuZlebelia gulgrili iyos. adamianebs ar SeuZliaT ar gamoTqvan TavianTi protesti, rodesac maTi interesebi iCagreba.
globalizacias moaqvs ara marto sikeTe, aramed Zalze mtkivneuli
cvlilebebi da axali problemebi. amitomac igi ar saWiroebs arc apologias da arc zedmet kritikas. es aris Cvengan damoukidebeli procesi,
romlis SeCereba Cven ar ZalgviZs. dRes es procesi aris ara marto faqti, aramed moqmedebis realuri programa, romelTanac mimarTebis mravali saxeoba arsebobs. garkveuli mecnierebebi aRwers mas, filosofia mis
gagebas cdilobs, xolo religia _ religiur aRqmas, SegrZnebas. amdenad, religia yvelaze metad kritikulia am procesisadmi.
globalizaciisa da religiis urTierTobis problema calke mecnieruli kvleva-Ziebis sagania. amjerad Cveni interesis obieqtia globalizaciaze reaqciis ZiriTadi tipebi religiur sferoSi. kerZod, ra mimarTebaSia am procesTan msoflio religiebi? rogoria maTi pozicia da
SesaZlebelia Tu ara am mxriv garkveuli kanonzomierebis dadgena? am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT arsebul mecnierul gamokvlevebze dayrdnobiTa
da faqtobrivi analizis safuZvelze ZiriTadad sami pozicia ikveTeba: 1)
globalizaciis procesisadmi sruli adaptacia; 2) antiglobalizmi da
kriticizmi; 3) sakuTari alternativa; sxvadasxva doziT TiToeuli maTgani TiTqmis yvela religiaSi SeimCneva. msoflioSi mravali magaliTi
arsebobs imisa, rom aSS-sgan daSorebuli sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebi
yovelgvari seriozuli winaaRmdegobebis gareSe axdenen adaptacias
globaluri Rirebulebebisadmi maT Soris religiis sferoSi. am mxriv
adaptaciis maRali xarisxiT gamoirCeva budizmi. amis mizezad religiis
socialuri rolis wina planze wamoweva saxeldeba. Tumca adaptacia am
SemTxvevaSi gulisxmobs tradiciuli religiis SenarCunebas da mis evolucias globaluri procesebis mimarTulebis gaTvaliswinebiT (samxreT korea, iaponia, indoeTi, tailandi). Tumca budizmis SigniTac aris
am procesisadmi totaluri winaaRmdegobebis niSnebi (magaliTad, zogierTi budisturi qveyana, romelic cdilobs tradiciuli Rirebulebebi
SeinarCunos izolaciis politikis gziT). globalizacias seriozul winaaRmdegobas uwevs islamuri qveynebis umravlesoba (gamonaklisia malaizia, indoeTi, romlebic ixrebian globalizaciisken. am mxriv bolomde
gaurkvevelia TurqeTis bedic). islamSi, rogorc religiaSi, Zevs is, rac
principulad SeuTavsebelia globalizaciasTan, demokratiaze globalistur warmodgenasTan. es aris islamis mimdevaris cxovrebis gansazRvruli wesi; rac Seexeba marTlmadideblobas, aq globalizaciis pro287

kaxa qecbaia

cesisadmi araerTgvarovani damokidebuleba SeiniSneba. Tumca mTlianobaSi igi mas ewinaaRmdegeba. magaliTad, ruseTi, romelic Sinagani bunebiT arareligiuri qveyanaa. amis mimaniSnebelia Tundac milionobiT
udedmamo bavSvis arseboba, rac tradiciuli qristianuli Rirebulebebisadmi ruseTis `erTgulebis~ niSania. am procesisaTvis ruseTis damokidebulebas axasiaTebs realobis ignorirebis tendencia, romelic winaaRmdegobaSia gadazrdili da romelsac seriozuli ideuri safuZveli,
garda bizantizmisa, ar gaaCnia. yovelive amis mizezi albaT ruseTis istoriuli gzis TaviseburebaSia saZebni. kerZod, saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi eklesia brmad emorCileboda saxelmwifos da masSi reformatoruli
moZraoba TiTqmis ar arsebobda. 80-iani wlebis bolomde globalizaciis
procesis mowinaaRmdege iyo komunisturi sistema da ideologia. mis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi dasavleTi mzad iyo daecva nebismieri religiuri
cnobiereba. amjerad am ideologiis kraxis pirobebSi am saqmes akeTebs
islami.
aRsaniSnavia is garemoebac, rom ara marto erTi religiis, aramed
erTi sazogadoebis SigniTac ar aris calsaxad SemuSavebuli pozicia
globalizaciis mimarT. aseT SemTxvevaSi araeTikuria, rom sazogadoebis erTi nawili (vesternizebuli segmenti) aswavlides sxvebs, Tu rogor
sworad irwmunos RmerTi. am SemTxvevaSi aucilebeli ar aris yvela gaxdes proamerikuli; ubralod sasurvelia da mniSvnelovani damoukidebeli arCevanis gakeTeba kulturaTa mozaikur simravleSi erTianobis sasargeblod. Tanamedrove mkvlevarebi Tvlian, rom religiaze globalizaciis gavlenis sakiTxi erT-erTi met-naklebad Seswavlili da prognozirebadi problemaa. igulisxmeba ucxouri gamokvlevebi. Tumca amasTan
dakavSirebiT Seqmnili situacia araerTgvarovania. ganicdis ra globalizaciis mzard gavlenas, sxvadasxva religiebi masTan Tanaarsebobis
TavianT variantebs (mSvidobiani an arc Tu ise mSvidobiani) gvTavazobs.
globalizacia erTiani, zogadsakacobrio RirebulebaTa sistemis
Seqmnas gulisxmobs, romlis safuZvelSi dgas individi, rac, Tavis mxriv,
ar emTxveva calke aRebuli religiebis ganwyobilebas, romlisTvisac
morwmuneTa interesebia prioritetuli. globalizacia ki amoglejs mas
am konteqstidan da axdens mis konsolidirebas zesazogadoebriv, globalur doneze. aseTi modelis pirobebSi individi aucileblad kargavs
interess sakuTari, ufro viwro religiuri identurobisadmi. Tumca
konfesiuri, eTnikuri da kulturuli identurobis saboloo gaTqvefis
an gaqrobis daSveba SeuZlebelia. raRac amis msgavsis varaudi ase Tu ise
SesaZlebelia, oRond globalizacia ar daiyvaneba mxolod individis
problemebze. garda amisa, sainteresoa sakiTxi globalizaciisa da rwme288

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nis urTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb. unda iTqvas, rom zogadad globalizacia ar ewinaaRmdegeba rwmenas, radgan rwmena TavisTavad ar aris aucileblad gansazRvruli romelime konkretuli religiuri kulturisadmi kuTvnilebiT. problemebi Cndeba maSin, rodesac religiur matricaze
globalizaciis dadeba xdeba. globalizacia ar SeiZleba morgebuli
iyos yoveli civilizaciis specifikas, Tumca misi mTlianad ignorireba
mas ar SeuZlia. miuxedavad amisa, igi aSkarad monawileobs adamianebs Soris normatiul urTierTibebSi da bunebrivia gavlenas axdens morwmune
adamianze gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac es ukanaskneli Tavisi religiuri organizaciis wiaRSi ver poulobs Tanamedroveobis mwvave problemebis racionalur gagebas. aseT viTarebaSi globalizacia avlens pretenzias erTgvari `saero religiisa~, romelic adamianebs Tanamedrove samyaroSi cxovrebis optimalur variants sTavazobs da stimuls aZlevs sazogadoebis Semdgom sekularizacias. is zesazogadoeba, romelic mis
ideologiaSia Cadebuli, religiur legitimacias, religias, rogorc
sistemis Semqmnel sawyiss, ar saWiroebs. religiis roli masSi dayvanilia iseTi sakiTxis daregulirebaze, rogoricaa ojaxis, moralisa da
samyaros Teosofiuri xedva. oRond es tendencia mkacr winaaRmdegobaSia im situaciasTan, rodesac xdeba religiis SeWra politikis sferoSi
(mag., islami) da, piriqiT, faqtia, rom islami politikisagan ganuyofelia da misTvis es tradiciulia. am viTarebiT xasiaTdeba qristianuli
konfesiebic, induizmi. garkveuli azriT, apolitikur xasiaTs avlens
budizmi. miuxedavad am faqtebisa, religias yovelTvis axasiaTebs saero
saqmeebiT met-naklebi angaJirebuloba. Tavis mxriv politikasTan ganuyofel kavSirSia globalizaciac da es kavSiri ukve politikuri niSnis
mqonea. globalizaciaze religiuri reaqcia, SeiZleba iTqvas, aris nawili urTierTdakavSirebuli saerTo pasuxebis paradigmisa mis gamowvevaze.
yoveli religia globalizaciis sakuTar xedvas gvTavazobs da TiToeul maTganSi ZiriTadad Cadebulia TviTgadarCenisa da TviTSenarCunebis ideebi da gzebi. erTi damajerebeli negatiuri an pozitiuri pozicia ar arsebobs. rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli, dominanturia sami ZiriTadi pozicia: adaptacia, brZola da sakuTari alternativa. globalizaciis ideisadmi met-naklebi adaptaciiT gamoirCeva protestantizmi.
protestantebi TavianT Tavs globalizaciis monawileebad Tvlian. am
tipis adaptaciisaTvis did Zalebs xarjavs kaTolicizmi, romelic misadmi frTxili damokidebulebiT xasiaTdeba. igi mas ramdenime moTxovnas uyenebs, romelTa Soris erT-erTi principuli moTxovnaa `globalizacia marginalobis gareSe~. globalizaciaze adaptaciis maRali xaris289

kaxa qecbaia

xiT budizmTan erTad induizmi gamoirCeva. misi mimdevrebi masSi veranair safrTxes ver xedaven. adaptacias aq aqvs asimilaciuri xasiaTi. aRmosavleTis religiebi advilad axdens globalizaciis ideis inkorporirebas sakuTar Teosofiur msoflmxedvelobaSi. daaxloebiT aseTi pozicia
aqvT maT iudaizmisa da qristianobis mimarTac; globalizacia maT ara
marto xels ar uSlis, aramed, piriqiT, zogjer is SeiZleba sakuTari simarTlis argumentadac gamodges. garkveuli azriT, analogiuri pozicia uWiravs evraziul warmarTobasac, romelSic TandaTan mkvidrdeba
gansxvavebuli msjelobebisa da dialogis mimarT moTmineba; aq ufro
tradiciulad SeiZleba miCneul iqnes arqauli religia.
globalizaciis aRqmasTan dakavSirebiT ufro meti sirTuleebi
axasiaTebs islamsa da marTlmadideblobas. islamTan mimarTebaSi amas
politikuri axsna aqvs. kerZod, igi ukavSirdeba gamwvavebul winaaRmdegomas dasavleTsa da islamur samyaros Soris. qristianobaSi ki es SeiZleba dakavSirebuli iyos ruseTis statusis dacemasTan; meore axsna am
winaaRmdegobisa dasavleTis mxridan religiuri eqspansiis motivaciaa.
islami globalizacias aRiqvams rogorc dasavleTis qristianobis mcdelobas moaxdinos musulmanuri samyaros transformacia da aqcios igi
sakuTar maginalur analogad. igi globalizaciaSi adreSuasaukuneobrivi dapirispirebuli urTierTobis analogs Wvrets. erTi ram savsebiT
cxadia, kerZod, adaptaciis ganmsazRvreli SeiZleba iyos globalizaciis procesis gardauvalobis gacnobiereba, ise rom igi, rogorc kanonzomieri procesi, ar gaauaresebs cxovrebis wessa da rwmenas. zogierTi religia sakuTar kontr-proeqts gvTavazobs, romelsac `alternatiuli
globalizacia~ SeiZleba ewodos. igi TiTqmis yvela religiaSia mocemuli da aq principulad axali araferi ar aris. yvela religia globaluri
triumfiskenaa mimarTuli. marTlmadideblobis pretenziebi globalur
alternativaze met-naklebad istoriazea damokidebuli. rac Seexeba
`religiur globalizacias~, igi SeiZleba ganxiluli iqnes rogorc didi
globalisturi procesis oponireba da masTan adaptaciisa da dialogis
Taviseburi varianti, rac axasiaTebs induizmsa da warmarTobas. evraziis religiuri ideologiebi ki globalizacias ganixilavs rogorc mocemulobas, faqts, romelTanac mimarTebaSi TviTizolacia damRupvelia.
erTi sityviT, globalizaciisa da religiis urTierToba mravalvariantulia; globalizacia ar niSnavs religiisa da religiurobis gaqrobas, magram, garkveuli azriT, maTi Sereva aucileblad igulisxmeba,
oRond ise, rom aman ar gamoiwvios raRac `saSualo religiis~ warmoSoba.
globalizaciisa da religiis urTierTobis Zalze rTul process SeuZlia sasikeTod gamoaRviZos religiebis SemoqmedebiTi potenciali da
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ubiZgos maT tradiciuli postulatebis ufro adekvaturi da Tanamedrove interpretaciebisaken, rac gardauvali iqneba yoveli religiisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tundac TviTSenaxvisa da TviTidenturobisaken bunebrivi miswrafebiT.
da, bolos, saqarTvelos marTlmadidebluri eklesiis pozicia
globalizaciisadmi naTlad aris gamoxatuli sruliad saqarTvelos kaTalikos patriarqis saaRdgomo epistoleSi (Tb., 2006 w.), romelic realobis ignorirebas ki ar axdens, aramed gvTavazobs misadmi gonivrul
midgomas da globalizaciis procesis imgvar gaazrebas, romelic xels
Seuwyobs kulturuli da religiuri identobis SenarCunebas. agreTve
yovelive zemoT aRniSnulTan mimarTebaSi angariSgasawevia is faqti, rom
sekularizacia ar niSnavs religiurobis gaqrobas. garda amisa, gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom postkonfesiuri sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia tendencia, romlis arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom adamianebi sulieri srulyofilebis miRwevis gza tradiciuli religiuri cxovrebis
wiaRSi RmerTisadmi pirovnuli (individualuri) erTianobisaken swrafvas aniWeben upiratesobas. aseT viTarebaSi globalizaciis procesi individis cxovrebaSi religiis mniSvnelobis aqtualizebas uwyobs xels
da kidev ufro metad daafiqrebs mas absolutze.
erTi ram savsebiT cxadia: globalizaciis procesis paralelurad
xdeba sazogadoebis axali tipis _ transformirebadi sazogadoebis Camoyalibeba, sadac yvela socialuri instituti cvlilebas ganicdis. magaliTad, bolo aswleulSi Seicvala ekonomika, politika, RirebulebaTa sistema da savaraudoa, rom yovelive amis msgavsad Seicvala sazogadoebis religiuri cxovreba. Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi, romelic maRal teqnologiebsa da samyaros mecnierul midgomas eyrdnoba, moxda
religiis rolis ukana planze gadaweva, ramac mkvlevrebi religiis gaqrobaze aalaparaka. robert belas TqmiT, globalizaciam gamoiwvia `samoqalaqo religiis~ gaCena. Tumca es aris kvazireligiuri loialuroba,
sadac moqalaqeoba religiur Seferilobas iRebs. yovelive es ki postkonfesiuri sazogadoebis cnebis warmoSobas uwyobs xels. sociologebis mixedviT, am tipis sazogadoebaSi wina planze wamoiweva eleqtronuli da kibereklesiis cneba, romelic saboloo jamSi e. w. `virtualuri
religiurobis~ sawyisad moiazreba. Tumca aRsaniSnavia da sanugeSo is,
rom sociologebi yovelive amis Sesaxeb uaryofiT daskvnebs akeTeben da
xazs usvamen im faqts, rom veraferi ver Secvlis RmerTTan adamianis pirovnul mimarTebas, romelic yvelaze kargad tradiciul religiur
cxovrebaSia mocemuli. amitom aseT viTarebaSi zogadi daskvna gansaxilvel sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT SeiZleba aseTi iyos: globalizaciis proce291

kaxa qecbaia

si faqtia, magram religiuri TvalsazrisiT arc iseTi faqti, romelic

msoflio religiebs did safrTxes Seuqmnis.

kiTxvebi:
Tqveni azriT, ra aris globalizacia?
daaxasiaTeT globalizaciis dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebi.
Tqveni azriT, globalizaciis pirobebSi Eemuqreba Tu ara safrTxe msoflio religiebs? (pasuxi daasabuTeT).
ra damokidebuleba aqvT msoflio religiebs globalizaciisadmi?
D davalebebi:
moamzadeT prezentacia Temaze: religia da globalizacia~.
momazadeT essei Temaze: `qristianoba da globalizacia ~.

1.

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

7.
8.

ZiriTadi literatura:
n. smelzeri, sociologia, nawili III. Tavi 15. religia. m., 1994.
(rus. enaze). qarTuli Targmanis naxva SesaZlebelia www.socium.ge-ze.
e. gidensi, sociologia, Tavi 17. religia, m., 2005. (rus. enaze).
e. jgerenaia, leqciebi religiis sociologiaSi (internet versia).
v. garaja, religiis sociologia, m., 2005. (rus. enaze).
z. kiknaZe. eklesia guSin, eklesia xval. Tb., 2002.
i.kalandia, globalizacia da civilizaciaTa urTierTobis
problema, kreb. `filosofiuri Zebani~, t. X, Tb., 2006, red. s.
avaliani.
b. lutiZe, globalizacia: arsi, problemebi, Tb., 2003.
sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II, `saaRdgomo epistole~, Tb., 2006.

damatebiTi literatura:
1. q. kalhuni, d. laiTi, s. keleri, sociologia, Tavi XIII, religia.
Tb., 2008.
2. j. maisionisi, sociologia, Tavi 18. religia. sankt-peterburgi,
2004.
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3. religiis sociologiis qrestomaTia, m., 1996, (Semdgenni: v. garaja da e. rutkeviCi), (rus. enaze).
4. f. fukuiama, istoriis dasasruli da ukanaskneli adamiani, Tb.,
1999.
5. s. hanTingtoni, civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba?, Tb., 1997.
6. . , ? -
, ., 2001.
7. -, : : 2000-2001, ., 2001.
8. XXI, 8, ., 2005, . . , . .

`oriveni _ religia da mecniereba _ TavianTi dasabuTebisaTvis

RmerTis rwmenas saWiroeben, magram pirvelisaTvis RmerTi dasawyisSia mocemuli, meorisaTvis _ mTeli azrovnebis boloSi. religiisaTvis is fundamentia, mecnierebisaTvis _ msoflmxedvelobis Camoyalibebis gvirgvini~.
m. planki

293

kaxa qecbaia

sakiTxavi masala
kaxa qecbaia
globalizacia da islami
im `siurprizebs~ Soris, romlebic Tanamedroveobam kacobriobas moumzada erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi globalizaciaa _ procesi, romelic erTferovani globaluri transsazogadoebis Camoyalibebas gulisxmobs. am tipis sazogadoebaSi Semavali adamianebi,
mcire da didi socialuri jgufebi gaerTianebuli iqnebian aramarto saerTo ekonomikiT, aramed e. w. transRirebulebebiT: `demokratiuli faseulebobiT,~azrovnebisa da cxovrebis Sesabamisi wesebiT.
erTgvarovani masobrivi cnobierebisa da cxovrebis erTferovani
wesebis damkvidrebisaTvis zrunva, bunebrivia, rom seriozul winaaRmdegobas awydeba tradiciuli da TviTmyofadi kulturebisa da religiebis mxridan. amerikeli mkvlevrebis mier Catarebuli gamokvlevebis Sedegad dadgenilia, rom globalizaciuri procesebis xelisSemSlel faqtorebs Soris religia erT-erTi umTavresia (sxva faqtorebad miCneulia: patriotizmi, erovnuli usafrTxoeba da tradiciuli morali). sakiTxis religiur sibrtyeze gadatanis SemTxvevaSi saqme tradiciuli
religiuri identobis ucxo, transreligiuri identobiT Canacvlebas
Seexeba, ris mimarT arcerTi tradiciuli relgia gulgrili ver iqneba.
maT Sorisaa islamic.
Seqmnil viTarebaSi yoveli religia globalizaciis sakuTar xedvas gvTavazobs. amiT TiToeuli maTgani TviTgadarCenisa da sakuTari
religiuri da kulturuli identobis SenarCunebisaTvis ibrZvis da Sesabamis gzebsa da saSualebebs eZebs. amitom tradiciul religiebs Soris Znelia erTi damajerebeli absoluturad negatiuri an pozitiuri
poziciis povna. am SemTxvevaSi, rogorc wesi, sami ZiriTadi poziciaa dominanturi: adaptacia, brZola da sakuTari alternativa.
globalizaciis aRqmasTan dakavSirebiT sxva religiebTan SedarebiT ufro meti sirTuleebi islams axasiaTebs. globalizacisadmi isalamis mimarTeba, SeiZleba iTqvas, sxva religiebTan SedarebiT gul294

religiis sociologia

wrfelobiTa da pirdapirobiT gamoirCeva. rac imaSi mdgomareobs, rom

islami yovelgvari politikuri, ekonomikuri da sxva saxis qveteqstebis
gareSe calsaxad afiqsierbs Tavis urayofiT damokidebulebas am procesisadmi da sakuTari kulturuli da religiuri identobis SesanarCuneblad aranair Zalebs ar iSurebs. zogierTi mkvlevari amas politikur
axsnas uZebnis. kerZod, igi ukavSirdeba gamwvavebul politikur winaaRmdegobas dasavleTsa da islamur samyaros Soris.
meore axsna am winaaRmdegobisa dasavleTis mxridan religiuri eqspansiis motivaciaa. islami globalizacias aRiqvams, rogorc dasavleTis qristianobis mcdelobas moaxdinos musulmanuri samyaros transformacia da aqcios igi sakuTar maginalur analogad. igi globalizaciaSi adreSuasaukuneobrivi dapirispirebuli urTierTobis analogs
Wvrets. Tumca im faqtis uaryofac ar SeiZleba, rom TiTqos islami globalizaciis procesis gardauvalobas ver aacnobierebdes. piriqiT, islamuri mwavae reaqcia globalizaciaze swored rom globalizaciis
procesis saTanado gacnobierebis Sedegia. sxva saqmea misadmi adaptacia.
islami ar ewinaaRmdegeba globalizaciur procesebs magaliTad
ekonomikis an ganaTlebis sferoSi (islamuri samyaros warmomadgenelebi ganaTlebas evropisa da amerikis umaRles saswavleblebsa da kolejebSi iReben; ekonomikur sferoSi globalizaciis modelad SeiZleba CaiTvalos magaliTad dubai Tavisi ultraTanamedrove urbanuli infrastruqturiT da a. S.). miuxedvad amisa, islami yvelaze metad principulia
maSin, rodesac saqme globalizaciis iseT Tanamdev process Seexeba, rogoricaa religiisa da religiuri rwmenis transformacia. islamSi aseTi
ram warmoudgenelia.
dasavlurma Tavisuflebam verafriT ver moxibla islami. dasavleTis kulturasTan da demokratiasTan ziarebam Tu Sexebam islamSi ukuprocesebi gamoiwvia: kerZod, masSi kidev ufro gaZlierda antidasavluri, antiamerikuli tendenciebi (hanTingtoni). aseT SemTxvevaSi ismis
kiTxva, ra aris is, rac islamuri kulturuli da religiuri meinstrimisTvis kategoriulad miuRebelia? isalmis mimdevrebs saerTod ar xiblavs globalizaciuri proeqtis is modeli, romelic iTvaliwinebs
`bednierebas yvelasaTvis.~ isalamSi es sakiTxi erTxel da samudamod
garkveulia da masze pasuxi yuranSia mocemuli;
islamisaTvis miuRebelia agreTve msoflio sazogadoebis `manqurTizaciis~ procesi da moralis komercializacia. transsazogadoebaSi
moraluri Rirebulebebis adgils ikavebs fuli, komforti, koncumirizmi da a. S. am SemTxvevaSi globaluri kulturuli meinstrimi namdvilad
arasaxarbielo mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndeba, radganac igi amoralurTan
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kaxa qecbaia

erTad antimoraluricaa (igulisxmeba pornografia, holivudis filmebi, nakotikebi, Zaladoba da mravali sxva).
islamis mTavari `samizne~ amerikuli Softtpower-ia: islamur RirebulebaTa sawinaaRmdegod ganixileba holivudi Tavisi Tavisufali
cxovrebis wesiT (emociuri licenziiT motivirebuli qceva _ `akeTe is
rac gsurs~ miuRebelia islamis mimdevrisaTvis, romelic mTlianad
RmerTis nebas aris mindobili). amasTanave islami ewinaaRmdegeba globalizaciis iseT gamovlinebas yofiT cxovrebaSi, rogoricaa makdonaldizacia. sakvebis miReba morwmunesaTvis religiuri ritualis tolfasia.
makdonaldizacia ki am ritualis gaufasurebasa da profanacias axdens.
igi ganaTlebis sferoSic aRwevs. rasac e. w. makuniversitetebis qselis
warmoSoba adasturebs. aqedan keTdeba daskvna, rom islamuri kultura
ufro seriozuli ram aris, vidre makdonaldizacia. amgvari faqtebis
fonze kidev ufro SeuZlebeli xdeba isalamis mxridan globalizaciisadmi adaptaciaze saubari, romlis ganmsazRvrelia rom igi, rogorc kanonzomieri procesi auaresebs islamis mimdevris cxovrebis wessa da
rwmenas. albaT, es ase iqneba manam, sanam islamuri samyaro ar darwmundeba imaSi, rom globalizaciuri procesebi religiur rwmenasa da cxovrebis Sesabamis wess xeluxleblad tovebs. risi niSnebi jer-jerobiT ar
Cans.
islamis antiglobalistur tendenciebs zogierTi Tanamedrove
mkvlevari mis religiur bunebaSi eZebs. magaliTad frensis fukuiamas
miaCnia, rom `islamis mowodeba principulad universaluria da yvelas
exeba.~ fukuiama xaz usuvams im faqts, rom yuranSi ar aris rCeulobis
ufleba. amiT islami Sors dgas koleqtiuri pasuxismgeblobis cnebisagan. xolo britaneli mkvlevari ernst gelneri (socialuri anTropologiis warmomadgeneli) Tvlis, rom `islami transeTikuri da transsocialuri fenomenia,~ romelic kidev sxva, axali tipis amgvari fenomenebisadmi absoluturad gulgrili iqneba. islamis transsocialuroba imaSi
vlindeba, rom igi dasavleTisagan gansxvavebiT, sxvadsxva socialur institutebTan SedarebiT upiratesobas aniWebs WeSmaritebas, anu imas,
rac yuranSia gamocxadebuli.
religiis istoriis erT-erTi Tanamedrove gavleniani specialistis karen amstrongis (kaTolikur monasterSi gazrdili) azriT, globalizaciasTan islamis uaryofiTi damokidebulebis mizezi dasavleTis
mxridan, saerTod aRmosavluri, da kerZod, isalamuri samyaros Sesaxeb
arasrulfasovani codnaa. rac dasavleTsa da isalams Soris dialogSi
marTlac mniSvnelovani faqtori SeiZleba iyos. al. menis azriT (XX s-is
cnobili rusi RvTismetyveli, bibliologi, religiaTmcodne, sauliero
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piri), vesternizaciis ideebi da dialogisaTvis mzadyofna adre Tu gvian

Tavs iCens islamuri kulturis SigniTac. rac izolacionizmis daZlevis
winapiroba iqneba. oRond Tavis mxriv dasvaleTmac uari unda Tqvas sakuTar evropocentrizmze. Tumca islamur samyarosa da dasavleTs Soris urTierToba `yruTa dialogs~ hgavs, radganac maT erTmaneTis naklebad esmiT. Zneli warmosadgenia Tu rogor unda gaugon erTmaneTs
iseTma mxareebma, romelTagan erT-erTi (islami) sakuTari religiuri
identobis SenarCunebas cdilobs, xolo meore (globalizacia) mTels
msoflioSi panreligiis damkvidrebaze zrunavs. erTi yovlismomcveli
panreligiis Seqmna mTeli rigi safrTxeebis Semcvelia. am dros xdeba sasicocxlo sulieri Rirebulebeis dakargva, nivelireba da amorfizacia,
rac religiuri cxovrebis sakuTari formebis SenarCunebisaTvis mebrZoli isalamisaTvis miuRebelia.
islamur antiglobalistur diskursSi sainteresoa Tanamedrove
feministuri debatebisadmi midgomis sakiTxi, romlis mimarT calkeul
islamur qveynebs gansxvavebuli poziciebi ukaviaT. am SemTxvevaSi poziciaTa gansxvavebis safuZveli Siituri da sunituri religiuri identoba da dasavleTis qveynebTan politikuri da ekonomikuri urTierTobis
donea. Tumca imis Tqma, rom islamuri samyarosaTvis femisturi debatebi daxuruli Temaa, SeuZlebelia (islami da Tanamedrove femisturi debatebi calke kvlevis sagania). islamis poziciebi am SemTxvevaSi originaluria da isev da isev sakuTari TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebazea orientirebuli.
globalizaciasTan islamis mimarTebis sakiTxis analizisas dasavleli mkvlevrebi yovelTvis xazgasmiT saubroben eqstremizmisa da islamuri fundametalizmis Sesaxeb. Tumca am movlenebTan islamis calsaxad gaigiveba usamarTlobaa da meti araferi. fundamentalizmis saSiSroebaze saubrisas unda gvaxsovdes, rom safrTxes warmoadgens ara mxolod islamuri, aramed nebismieri saxis fundamentalizmi (komunisturi,
dasavluri da a. S.). aseve arc terorizmi unda iyos mxolod islamuri
movlena. unda gvaxsovdes, rom informaciul da virtualur samyaroSi
romelime kulturasTan terorizmis identificireba safuZvels moklebulia, radganac igi amieridan globaluri fenomenia. XXI s-Si terorizmi transterorizmad gadaiqca (amis Sesaxeb ix. Jan bodriaris `borotebis gamWvirvaloba~).
am sakiTxTan uSualo kavSirSia mosazreba, romelic miiCnevs, rom
islami globalizaciis alternatiul variants warmoadgens, romlis aRsaniSnavad gaCnda terminebi: islamuri, aradasavluri globalizacia da
msoflios gaaziureba. rac Tavis mxriv dasavleTis SeSfoTebas iwvevs.
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kaxa qecbaia

amJamad igi ganixileba, rogorc islamuri kontr-proeqti. magram amasTan dakavSirebiT unda iTqvas, rom msgavsi ram TiTqmis yvela religiaSia
mocemuli da aq principulad axali da sagangaSo araferi ar aris. yvela
religia xom globaluri triumfisaken miemarTeba.
Tanamedrove mkvlevrebis pasuxi kiTxvaze _ warmoadgens Tu ara
isalamuri globalizacia msofliosaTvis safrTxes, _ uaryofiTia. miuxedavad amisa `isalmuri globalizaciis~ mimarT dasavleTis undobloba ZalaSi rCeba. problemis mogvarebis sxvadasxva variantebidan yvelaze metad mniSvnelovani dialogia. Tanamedroveobis udidesi moazrovnis iurgen habermasis mixedviT, gamosavali komunikaciuri eTikis
damkvidrebaSi unda veZeboT. xolo sociologebis _ piter bergerisa
da Tomas lukmanis azriT, Tanamedrove globaluri samyaros konstruireba garaduvali realobaa. amitom amgvari procesebidan ar unda amovardes islamuri samyaro. am SemTxvevaSi gadamwyveti sityva dasavleTis
keTil nebaze iqneba damokidebuli, romelmac uari unda Tqvas isalamuri samyarosadmi e. w. momxmarebul damokidebulebaze (msoflio energoresursebis daaxloebiT 70% islamur samyaroze modis). islamuri samyarosadmi momxmarblur damokidebulebazea damyarebuli socialuri usamarTlobis is faqti, romelic globalizaciur procesebs axasiaTebs da
romelic qveynebis ranJirebas, gamorCevas axdens. rac Tavis mxriv SeuTavsebelia demokratiulobis principebTan.
islamurma samyarom kargad uwyis, rom globalizacias moaqvs ara
marto sikeTe, aramed Zalze mtkivneuli cvlilebebi da axal-axali
problemebi. amitomac igi ar saWiroebs arc apologias da arc zedmet
kritikas. es Cvengan damoukidebeli procesia, romlis SeCereba islams
ar ZaluZs. dRes es procesi aris ara marto faqti, aramed moqmedebis realuri programa, romelTanac frTxili da gaazrebul midgomasTan erTad zogjer sakuTari radikaluri poziciebis dafiqsirebaa saWiro. rasac akeTebs kidevac islami.

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sakiTxavi masala
A
aleqsandre meni
marTlmadideblobis socialuri koncefcia
cnobilia, rom protestantizms, magaliTad, Tavisi socialuri
doqtrina aqvs da amJamad protestantma konservatorebma imis Sesaxeb
daayenes sakiTxi, rom qristiani unda Caerios politikaSi. isini miiCneven, rom saxelmwifosagan eklesiis gamoyofa yalbi ideaa da politikaSi
CarTva aucilebelia. maT mxars amerikeli milionerebic uWeren. Cemi azriT, sworia politikuri cxovrebis sulieri RirebulebebiT gansazRvra, magram es abstraqtuli ideaa. konkretul cxovrebaSi aRmoCndeba,
rom nebismieri politika, memarjvene Tu memarcxene, yalbia, siyalbis
niSnis matarebelia. tyuilubralod ar mboben, rom politika binZuri
saqmea. politika saSinlad pragmatulia. mas ar ainteresebs adamiani, misi sazrunavi mxolod interesebia. politika, rogorc wesi, amoraluria:
`gamarjvebulebs ar sjian~ da Semdeg `istorikosebi yvelafers gamarTlebas mouZebnian...~ amerikeli qristianebi, romlebic axla TavgamodebiT miiswrafvian politikaSi, aucileblad gaisvrebian, rac ukve dawyebulia, amitom cnobili mqadageblebi, iseTi, rogoric bili gremia, wvaloben. maT surT, rom gavlena hqondeT sazogadoebaze (rac kanonzomieri da marTebulia), magram, meore mxriv, rodesac maT politikuri intrigebis xorcsakepSi atareben, isini grZnoben, rom, ubarlod, eSmakis klanWebSi aRmoCndnen.
Tavidan protestantebi fiqrobdnen, rom yvelas bedi winaswar
dadgenilia. arian rCeulebi, xolo xarT Tu ara rCeuli, amas imis mixedviT gaigeb, Tu rogor gimarTlebs cxovrebaSi, amitom yvelam Tavisi vali muxlCauxreli SromiT unda moixados (am SemTxvevaSi me gaubraloebiT vsaubrob). amiT protestantizmma kapitalisturi sistema Seqmna, yoveli SemTxvevisaTvis, kapitalis ideis formirebaze iqonia gavlena.
kaTolikuri sistema miwyiv modificirebaSia, mudmiv ZiebaSia, materialuri resursebis samarTliani ganawilebis modelisa da socialuri
struqturis optimaluri variantis Seqmnas cdilobs. magram Tuki Cven
obieqturebi viqnebiT, SevniSnavT, rom politekonomiis, marqsizmisa da
socialuri politikis sferoSi kaTolike ber-monazonTa da RvTismetyvelTa fundamenturi naSromebis miuxedavad, saboloo koncefcia kaTolicizmSi SemuSavebuli ar aris. arsebobs dokumentebis nakrebi sa299

kaxa qecbaia

xelwodebiT `socialuri doqtrina.~

axla ki imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra xdeba am mxriv marTlamadideblobaSi.
CvenSi eklesia, rogorc adamianTa organizacia, gavlenian rols sazogadoebaSi mxolod petre pirvelamde asrulebda. mas mTavrul, didmTavrul da monarqiul struqturasTan hqonda saqme. maSin ZiriTadi idea
TaTrobis, anarqiisa da qaosisadmi RvTiv cxebuli erTiani, centralizebuli xelisuflebis dapirispirebaSi mdgomareobda. oqros urdos pirobebSi moskovis samefos Seqmna namdvilad aucilebeli iyo. magram, miaqcieT yuradReba, eklesias `madloba~ ar uTxres: fexze wamodgomisTanave mefis xelisuflebam eklesiis sityva ukuagdo. am SemTxvevaSi me istoriasac ar mivmarTav, ubralod, gagaxsenebT films `ivane mrisxane~. Tumca filmi mTlianad yalbia, magram iq aris aseTi momenti: ivane mrisxanes
mefed kurTxevisas mitropoliti makari cdilobs mas raRac uTxras, is
ki mas zedac ar uyurebs. iq kidev naCvenebia ivane mrisxanesa da mitropolit filipes Soris, romelic man sapyrobileSi Caamwyvdia da moaSTo,
arsebuli uTanxmoeba. mitropoliti filipe teroris winaaRmdeg gamodioda. is im pirobiT dasTanxmda mitropolitobas, rom `Txovnis ufleba~ eqneboda. `Txovna~ _ es Suamdgomlobaa patimarTaTvis. sargeblobda
ra mefis zepiri dapirebiT, filipem udanaSauloTa dacvas mihyo xeli.
cnobilia, Tu riTi damTavrda misi `Txovna.~ es, saerTod, monarqiis politika iyo. swored romanovebs Soris erT-erTi pirveli patriarqi nikoni iqna ganyenebuli, imitom rom mefes eCveneboda, TiTqos is Zalauflebas itacebda, _ masac xom didi mTavris saxeliT moixseniebdnen... ase
ingreoda eklesia, rogorc socialuri Zala, yoveli SemTxvevisaTvis,
igi moSorebuli iyo socialur saqmianobas. amitom, bunebrivia, is arc
cdilobda sakuTari socialuri doqtrinis SemuSavebas. mxolod rusi
religiuri filosofosebi, CaadaeviT dawyebuli, Semdeg soloviovi,
berdiaevi, franki da sxvebi cdilobdnen garkveuli gonieri modelis
warmodgenas, magram, mkacrad Tu vityviT, es ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis socialur doqtrinad.
ase rom, amJamad Cven socialuri doqtrinebi ar gvaqvs. Tuki rame
darCa tradiciidan, es monowesrigis SenarCunebis ideaa, imitom rom mefis reJimis damxobisTanave eklesia daibna (Tumca eklesia am reJims borotebasTan aigivebda). albaT, piradad mefeebs ar surdaT borotebis
eklesia (me mxedvelobaSi maqvs XIX saukunis mefeebi), magram sakmarisia
imis Tqma, rom nikoloz I-ma bibliis gamocema akrZala. arqimandriti makari gluxarevi, altaeli misioneri, iTxovda amis nebarTvas. is sakuTar
Targmanebs agzavnida dedaqalaqSi, imperatoris saxelze werda, rom ar
SeiZleba RvTis sityvis gareSe xalxis datoveba, rom slavur enas ukve
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ver igeben da a. S. mas ar pasuxobdnen. ai, maSin man dawera: `TqvenTvis cotaa 14 dekemberi, wyaldidoba peterburgSi~. arqimandriti dasajes. rusul eklesias taZrebi sWirdeboda, nikoloz II ki ar iZleoda maTi agebis
nebarTvas; taZris ageba mxolod Tebervlis revoluciis Semdeg moxerxda. jer kidev bizantiaSi saxelmwifo Zalze magrad ebRauWeboda socialur cxovrebas, riTac saeklesio cxovrebis paralizebas axdenda. eklesiis saukeTeso Zalebi tovebdnen sazogadoebas. poetebi, mwerlebi,
RvTismetyvelebi qalaqebidan monastris kedlebisaken mirbodnen, berebi xdebodnen. am berebs SemdgomSi hqondaT saxelmwifosTan Sexebis momentebi, magram es iSviaTad xdeboda, vTqvaT, xatmebrZoluri krizisebis
dros. ruseTSi mTliani kontroli iyo da amitomac aranairi aucilebeli socialuri doqtrina Cven ar gvaqvs, magram gvaqvs memkvidreoba, romelic dagvitoves Caadaevma, zenkovskim, loskim da, gansakuTrebiT, fedotovma _ cnobilma istorikosma, romelmac erT-erTi yvelaze naTeli
socialuri koncefcia Seqmna. U
monarqiul struqturas zoologiuri warmomavloba aqvs. mglis
xrovas, spiloebis jogs, irmebs da mraval sxva cocxal arsebas winamZRolebi marTaven. monarqia qcevis am meqanizmebis memkvidrea, demokratia ki specifikur-adamianuri da ufro gviandeli movlenaa. SesaZlebelia, rom Cven swored amgvari procesebis zRurblze vimyofebiT. XIX saukuneSi gveCveneboda, rom evropuli demokratia TavisTavad yvavis da
yvelgan progress nergavs, Tumca amJamad yvelaferi Seicvala. aviRoT,
vTqvaT, indoeTi. marTalia, ingliselebma, maTi mmarTvelobis arasrulyofilebis miuxedavad, mainc moaxerxes induri sazogadoebis demokratiul znesTan ziareba, magram iq sruliad gansxvavebuli wes-Cveulebani
mainc darCa. iq ukmayofilebaa. iq gandebis, neruidebis dinastiaa marTvis saTaveSi. iq Zvel tradiciebs ar daukargavT TavianTi mniSvneloba.
me amas imitom vambob, rom Cven Semwynareblebi unda viyoT da ar unda
vfiqrobdeT, TiTqos Cvens dros moxdeba raRac gansakuTrebuli saswaulebi da cvlilebebi. wylis wveTi qvas xvrets, procesebi nela mimdinareobs.
demokratiis arsi SerigebaSi mdgomareobs, rodesac adamians sxva
adamianis SexedulebaTa mosmena ZaluZs, rodesac sxva adamianis poziciis gageba SeuZlia, roca is Semwynarebelia sxva adamianTa gemovnebisa da
Tvalsazrisebisadmi. demokratia aqedan iwyeba. CvenSi demokratiuli
moZraobis wevrebad wodebuli adamianebi sinamdvileSi fsiqologiiT
diqtatorebi iyvnen. maTTan Sexebisas me davrwmundi, Tu ramdenad ucxoa
maTTvis demokratiis cneba. demokratia _ es fsiqologiaa. am yvavils
xangrZlivi movla sWirdeba. demokratia sulieri struqturis umaRlesi
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gamovlinebaa, romlis ganviTarebis SemTxvevaSi misgan sazogadoebisaTvis sasargeblo ram gamova, xolo sazogadoebis struqturis gardaqmnidan, misi gademokratiulebidan, maSin rodesac xalxi totalitaruli
fsiqologiis matarebelia, araferi gamova. Tuki adamiani sulierad izrdeba, totalitarizmisaken midrekileba klebulobs. Tu is primitiulia, maSin is totalitarizmisaken iqneba midrekili.
Cven Tavisufali sulis nayofi unda gamoviRoT da mis mimdevarT
unda gadavceT is. hiuigensis principiT: rodesac ecema wveTi, misgan
rgolebi cviva, yoveli rgolidan sxva rgolebi warmoiqmneba da a. S.
usasrulod. sinamdvileSi, did populaciaSi, rogorc biologiaSi ityvian, yvelaferia, Cven swored didi populacia varT, romelSic yvelaferia. yoveli mimarTulebis Canasaxi masSi ixarSeba.
bibliografia da SeniSvnebi
marTlmadideblobis socialur koncefciaze saubrisas al. mens,
pirvel rigSi, mxedvelobaSi rusuli marTlmadidebloba aqvs, romelTan
mimarTebaSi mas mTeli rigi seriozuli SeniSvnebi gaaCnia. al. menis azriT, eklesiurobis is tipi, romliTac misi Tanamedrove rusuli eklesiuroba gamoirCeva, Semdegi niSnebiT xasiaTdeba: a) `obriadoverie~ _ moweseoba; b) obskurantizmi; g) konformizmi; d) uunaroba xalxis moTxovnebis sapasuxod; e) TviTkmayofileba da Caketiloba, romelic yovelive
`saeros~ amreziT uyurebs da orientacias arqaul formebze akeTebs; v)
saxarebisa da wminda werilisagan mowyveta, romelic xSir SemTxvevaSi
eklesiaSi mosulTa imedgacruebas iwvevs, rac rwmenis surogatebisaken
(parafsiqologia, okultizmi, ioga da a. S) maT mibrunebas uwyobs xels;
z) gerontofilia. rusuli eklesiis amgvari daxasiaTeba al. mens SemdgomSi Zvirad (sicocxlis fasadac ki) daujda.
al. meni ewinaaRmdegeba mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom TiTqos protestanobasTan SedarebiT marTlmadidebloba moklebulia srulyofil
socialur koncefcias. misi azriT, amgvari Sexeduleba, erTi mxriv, marTlmadideblobis arsSi gaurkvevlobis Sedegia da, meore mxriv, am yvelaferSi arademokratiuli politikuri cxovrebaa damnaSave, risi gamocdileba ruseTs ar gaaCnia. al. menisTvis aqtiuri socialuri saqmianobisagan da politikuri cxovrebisagan eklesiis ganyeneba miuRebelia,
Tumca gulistkiviliT aRniSnavs, rom rusul sinamdvileSi aseTi ram istoriulad ar arsebobda. ruseTs ar aqvs demokratiuli cxovrebis tradiciebi da, Sesabamisad, naTlad Camoyalibebuli marTlmadideblobis
socialuri koncefciac.
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marTlmadideblobis socialuri koncefcia adamianis sulieri
struqturidan momdinareobs da misi umaRlesi qmnileba demokratiaa _
specifikuri adamianuri movlena, romelic Serigebas, araZaladobas,
mimteveblobas, sxvebis poziciebis gagebas, gansxvavebuli rwmenis adamianebisadmi Semwynareblobas gulixmobs. menis mixedviT, amgvarad gagebuli demokratia fsiqologia, ufroa vidre politikuri wyobis forma.
A amonaridi al. menis wignidan `sikvdil-sicocxlis saidumlo~
Tb., 20013. gam. `meridiani~, (k. qecbaias Targmani).

`ra mimarTulebiTac ar unda waviyvanoT gamokvlevebi, yvelgan

umaRlesi Semoqmedi gonis, RmerTis brZnuli Canafiqris moqmedebis
utyuar sabuTebs wavawydebiT...~
C. laieli

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kaxa qecbaia

`sazogadoebis mTavari SemakavSirebeli Zala religiaa.~

frensis bekoni

XV leqcia
Tema: religiis momavlis sakiTxi
klasikur da Tanamedrove religiis sociologiaSi
sakvanZo sityvebi da gamoTqmebi:
religiis momavali, religiuri cxovrebis virtualizacia, sazogadoebis desakralizacia, kvazireligiuroba, Teizmis krizisi, `adamianis sikvdili~, virtualuri religia.
Sesavali
religiis sociologiaSi misi fuZemdeblebis (diurkemisa da veberis) droidan moyolebeluli yovelTvis aqtualuri iyo sakiTxi religiis momavlis Sesaxeb. Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi mimdinare mTelma rigma
globalurma procesebma religiis momavlis Sesaxeb sakiTxs ufro meti
simwvave da aqtualoba SesZines da igi erT-erT yvelaze metad sakamaTo
sakiTxad iqca.
religiis sociologiis, rogorc religiis Semswavleli mecnieruli disciplinis, daniSnulebaSi impliciturad igulisxmeba misi Sesaswavli sagnis perspeqtivaSi danaxva da momavlis prognozireba. miT ufro
maSin, rodesac religiasTan dakavSirebiT dRes Seqmnili viTareba ramdenadme sagangaSoa.
dRes ukve yvelasagan aRiarebuli faqtia da siaxle amaSi araferia,
rom kacobrioba postklasikur epoqaSi imyofeba, rac klasikuri Rirebulebebis devalvacias niSnavs. Esakacobrio kulturaSi am procesis dawyebis mauwyebeli fridrix nicSe iyo. man erT-erTma pirvelma auwya kacobriobas `RmerTis sikvdilis~ Sesaxeb. `RmerTis sikvdili~ `adamianis sikvdilsac~ niSnavda, magram fufunebas, komfortsa da yoveldRiur cxovrebiseul wvrilmanebs gamodevnebul kacobriobas maSin amisaTvis saTanado yuradReba ar miuqcevia. sabolood ki yovelive imiT damTavrda,
rom `RmerTis mkvlelma~ kacobriobam `adamianic mokla.~ Tuki XX saukunes `RmerTis sikvdilis~ damRa azis Sublze, XXI saukunisaTvis aseTi ram
`adamianis sikvdili~ iqneba (arsebuli realoba imdenad pesimisturi da
Semzaravia, rom TviT yvelaze did pesimists _ Sopenhauersac ki SeSurdeboda aseT epoqaSi cxovreba). Seqmnili realobis yovelgvari dramati304

religiis sociologia

zebis gareSe SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yovelive es Zalze mtkivneulad aisaxeba religiis momavalze.

1.religiis sociologiis klasikosebisa da Tanamedrove

warmomadgenleTa prognozebi religiis momavlis Sesaxeb
amJamad aravin ar davobs imaze, rom globalizaciis procesis paralelurad sazogadoebis axali tipis _ transformirebadi sazogadoebis
Camoyalibeba xdeba, sadac yvela socialuri instituti cvlilebas ganicdis. magaliTad, bolo aswleulSi Seicvala kultura, ekonomika, politika, RirebulebaTa sistema da savaraudoa, rom yovelive amis msgavsad Seicvleba sazogadoebis religiuri cxovreba. Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi, romelic maRal teqnologiebsa da samyaros mecnierul midgomas eyrdnoba, religiis rolis ukana planze gadaweva moxda, ramac (klasikuri religiis sociologiis msgavsad) Tanamedrove religiis sociologia religiis gaqrobaze aalaparaka. robert belas TqmiT, globalizaciam gamoiwvia `samoqalaqo religiis~ gaCena. romelic kvazireligiuri loialurobaa, sadac moqalaqeoba religiur Seferilobas iRebs. yovelive es postkonfesiuri sazogadoebis warmoSobas uwyobs xels. sociologebis mixedviT, am tipis sazogadoebaSi wina planze wamoiweva eleqtronuli, e. w. kibereklesiis cneba, romelic saboloo jamSi `virtualuri religiurobis~ sawyisad moiazreba. am SemTxvevaSi sazogadoebis ganviTarebis magistralur xazs `sakraluridan saerosaken,~ `zesTasofluridan amsoflurisaken~ svla warmoadgens, romlis drosac sakraluri
sul ufro metad knindeba da saboloo jamSi desakralizebul sazogadoebas viRebT. am yovelives sekularizaciis procesi udevs safuZvlad,
romelsac Tanamedrove religiis sociologiaSi, arcTu usafuZvlod,
modernizaciis process ukavSireben. `virtualuri religiiis~ cnebasTan erTad religiis sociologiaSi kidev erTi axali termini _ `religiuri inovaciebi~ Semovida.
Tanamedrove religiis sociologiis mTavari, centraluri kiTxvebia: marTla aqvs Tu ara adgili religiis rolis dakninebas Tanamedrove
sazogadoebaSi? Tuki es asea da religia sazogadoebaze Tavis mniSvnelobasa da gavlenas marTlac kargavs, maSin rogori iqneba am procesis saboloo finali? xom ar mivdivarT ureligio sazogadoebisaken? perspeqtivaSi es yvelaferi e. w. axali religiebis warmoSobiT unda damTavrdes?
Tu piriqiT moxdeba, _ yovelive es sapirispiro reaqcias gamoiwvevs da
tradiciuli religiebi axal garemoSi axali energiiT Seivsebian da sisxlsavse cxovrebas daiwyeben. Ees kiTxvebi realuria, radaganac realuria
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sazogadoebis transformaciis daCqarebuli tempi. mTavari kiTxva ki

aseTia: Tuki kultura iqca maskulturad, igive xom ar emuqreba religiasac? miT ufro maSin, rodesac, bodriaris sityvebiT Tu vityviT, Tanamedrove kultura nagvis warmoebad, xolo adamiani lamisaa nagvad iqces.
am kiTxvebze pasuxi drois moTxovnaa. es aris is gamowveva, romlis
winaSec religiis sociologia aRmoCnda dRes. am kiTxvebs, romlis dasmac ki religiuri TvalsazrisiT mkrexelobaa, pasuxebi sWirdeba. tradiciul religiebs masze sakuTari pasuxi momzadebuli aqvT. sxva saqmea,
Tu ras amboben amis Sesaxeb im mecnieruli disciplinis warmomadgenlebi, romelTa uSualo profesiuli saqmianoba religiis Seswavlaa. am SemTxvevaSi gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoeba, rom religiis momavlis sakiTxis Teoriuli analizi sociologiaSi empiriul masalasa da faqtebzea damyarebuli.
religiaze pirdapir Tu arapirdapir mTeli rigi faqtorebi axdenen gavlenas. esenia: kultura, ganaTleba, mecniereba da teqnika, moralur-eTikuri normebi, politikuri cxovreba da ekonomika; am sferoebSi
mimdinare procesebi kidev ufro amwvaveben religiis momavlis sakiTxs,
amitom saboloo jamSi sakiTxi religiis momavlis Sesaxeb zogadad sazogadoebis momavlis Sesaxeb sakiTxis erT-erTi ZiriTadi segmentia. Tu
religias ara aqvs momavali, maSin sazogadoebasac ar hqonia momavali da
piriqiT.
istoriulad pirveli prognozi religiis momavlis Sesaxeb sociologiis mamas, konts ekuTvnis. kontis prognoziT, momavlis sazogadoebaSi religia mecnierebas unda Caenacvlebina. Ees azri azrovnebis istoriaSi karga xans batonobda, XIX saukunis bolodan moyolebuli XX saukunis Sua xanebis CaTvliT. misi sayovelTaod cnobili mimdevrebi sociologiaSi pozitivizmis sxva warmomadgenlebTan erTad ernst maxi da
bertran raseli iyvnen. maTi azriT, mecniereba kacobriobas bednierebas
moutanda. Tumca gulis siRrmeSi am debulebis sisworeSi Tavis droze
kontsac eWvi epareboda. miuxedavad amisa, man, rogorc sociologma,
icoda, rom sazogadoebas yovelTvis sWirdeba raRac ideali, romelic
mis wevrebSi altruizmsa da sulgrZelobas aRZravs. swored msgavsi keTilSobiluri paTosiT iyo motivirebuli misi pozitiuri religia. kontis prognozi ar gamarTlda. igi misi msgavsi sxva ideebis darad Tavidanve uperspeqtivo iyo, radganac religiis Seqmna xelovnurad SeuZlebelia. Cans, es Cveulebriv mokvdavTa Zalebs aRemateba. garda amisa, cxovrebam aCvena, rom mecnierebam araTu ver gaxada adamiani bednieri, piriqiT, mas mTeli rigi ubedurebebi da tragediebi moutana. axla ukve yvelasaTvis sanukvari mecniereba gaxda Tavsatexi. Kkontis idea mxolod
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erT punqtSi aRmoCnda warmatebuli; kerZod, man aCvena sazogadoebisaTvis religiis aucilebloba. kontis Secdomaze religiis sociologiis
ufro didma warmomadgenelma diurkemma miuTiTa. man aRniSna is, rac
konts mxedvelobidan gamorCa _ es aris is, rom religia adamianis gacnobierebuli, inteleqtualuri saqmianobis Sedegs arasodes ar warmoadgens, rom misi Semoqmedi Zalebi adamianisaTvis ucnobia. igi TavisTavad Cndeba, rogorc adamianis socialuri cxovrebis dasawyisi da garanti. religiis racionaluri proeqtirebis faqti istoriaSi yovelTvis
warumateblad mTavrdeboda, radganac masSi racionalurs iracionaluri sWarbobs yovelTvis.
religiis gaqrobaze marqsistuli socialuri Teoriac saubrobda.
marqsi religias gaucxoebis Sedegad da `yalbi cnobierebis~ formad miiCnevda, Tumca religiis sociologiuri analizi marqsTan calmxrivi
iyo. igi saTanadod ver afasebda religiis rols sazogadoebaSi. marqsistuli religiis sociologia utopiuri Teoria iyo, romlis mcdaroba da
utopiuroba kargad gamoCnda CvenSi marqsistuli ideologiis kraxis
epoqaSi. religiis gaqrobamde ufro adre religiis araTu marqsistuli
Teoria, saerTod, marqsizmi gaqra.
marqsis Semdeg veberma SemogvTavaza dafiqreba imaze, arsebobs Tu
ara iseTi socialuri funqcia, romelSic religia Seucvlelia. am sakiTxis sociologiuri analizis Sedegad man daaskvna, rom religiis gareSe
adamians gauZneldeba sakuTari cxovrebis kritikuli gaazreba; misTvis
religia yovelTis axal sazrisebs Sobs; veberis mixedviT, religia radikaluri socialuri cvlilebebis potencialis mqonea (igulisxmeba protestantizmi). sakraluris dakargvis Teoriis avtoric veberia. is miiCnevda, rom teqnologiisa da biurokratiis batonoba Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi adamianis cnobierebasa da miswrafebebs pragmatuli interesebiT gansazRvravs da komfortze zrunviT sazogadoebis iseT tips
qmnis, romelSic yovelive winaswar dadgenili da gansazRvrulia. am SemTxvevaSi religiurobasTan erTad maRali idealebisaken swrafva, mSvenierebis trfiali da heroikuli aRmafrena ikargeba. am procesis aRsaniSnavad man `ganjadoebis~ cneba Semoitana. amjerad igi religiasa da Tanamedrove cnobierebas Soris konfliqtis cnebidan amodioda da, kontis
msgavsad religiaze am ukanasknelis gamarjveba iwinaswarmetyvela. Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi religiis rolis dakninebas veberi samyaros racionaluri xedvis mier banaluri utilitarizmis damkvidrebaSi xedavs,
rac religiis mxridan racionalurobis hipertrofirebiT gamowveuli
sulieri avadmyofobis sindromad aRiqmeba.
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kaxa qecbaia

religiis momavlis Sesaxeb klasikuri sociologiuri Teoriebis

mxridan aseTi arasaxarbielo prognozebis miuxedavad religia Cveul
ritmSi agrZelebs Tavis arsebobas. is ki ara, piriqiT, XX saukuneSi mTeli rigi qveynebi (mag., saqarTvelo) religiuri renesansiTac gamoirCevian, rac imaze metyvelebs, rom sakraluris arseboba grZeldeba, rac sociologebs aZlevs imis Tqmis saSualebas, rom religia gansakuTrebuli
fenomenia, romelic ama Tu im formiT adamianTa cxovrebaSi yovelTvis
monawileobs. amaze mianiSnebda diurkemi, rodesac ambobda, rom religiaSi maradiulia davanebuli; rom religia iluzia da samyaros yalbi xedva ki ara aris, aramed sxva socialur institutebTan SedarebiT yvelaze
metad cocxali realobaa, romlis gaTanabreba mecnierebasTan an ideologiasTan ar SeiZleba miuxedavad imisa, rom ideologiur momentebs religia garkveulwilad Seicavs. religiisadmi diurkemis mimarTeba, miuxedavad misi pozitiuri Sinaarsisa, religiur adamians ar moewoneba,
radganac igi religiis sociologiur gagebas iZleva, rac imas niSnavs,
rom religia diurkemisaTvis sainteresoa imdenad, ramdenadac igi adamianebSi socialuri energiis aRmZvrelia; diurkems, rogorc sociologs,
religia ainteresebs imitom, rom igi masSi adamianis sociumis wevrad maformirebel mZlavr faqtors xedavs (saerTod, unda iqvas, rom mecnierebisa da religiis dapirispirebam religiis sociologiis SesaZleblobaze uaryofiTi gavlena iqonia, magram mas Semdeg, rac es dapirispireba
moixsna da codnisa da rwmenis tolpirveladoba aRiarebul iqna, SesaZlebeli gaxda ufro Tamami saubari religiis sociologiis Sesaxeb. dRes
igi dargobriv sociologiur disciplinebs Soris erT-erTi yvelaze metad saintereso da gamorCeulia ara marto Tavisi sagniT, aramed imiT,
rom masSi erTmaneTs xvdebian saero, samoqalaqo da zesaero, zesamoqalaqo Rirebulebebi. igi miwierisa da zeciuris Sexvedris adgilia).
veberis msgvsad, diurkemic amCnevda sazogadoebis mimarTulebis
gezs da amitomac miaCnda, rom tradiciuli religiebi ver pasuxoben an
ar Seesabamebian Tanamedrove adamianisa da sazogadoebis socialur gamocdilebas. amitom varaudobda, rom samomavlod maTi transformacia
gardauvali iqneba. axali tipis sazogadoebas, diurkemis azriT, axali
religia dasWirdeba. Tuki es asea, maSin religiis momavlis Sesaxeb sakiTxi, diurkemis mixedviT, sxva rakursiT unda iqnes dasmuli. kerZod, SesaZlebelia Tu ara sazogadoeba religiis gareSe? Tuki religias diurkemiseburad gavigebT, maSin am kiTxvaze pasuxi uaryofiTi iqneba, magram
sakraluris arseboba ZalaSi darCeba, radganac sazogadoebas wminda,
sakraluri sagnebis gareSe arseboba ar SeuZlia. sakraluris moTxovna
yovelTvis iqneba. oRond daZleuli aRmoCndeba is RmerTi, romelsac
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tradiciuli religia gvTavazobda (bonxeferi). religiis sociologiis

did warmomadgenels sociumis saidumloebaTa gasaRebis Ziebis procesSi mxedvelobidan gamorCa umTavresi ram _ is, rom WeSmariti religia da
religiuri rwmena yovelTvis axali da Tanamedrovea. vxedavT, rom tradiciuli religiebis arseboba faqtia. aqedan gamomdinare, Zneli ar aris
Tqma imisa, rom garkveuli azriT kontis, diurkemis, marqsisa da veberis
klasikuri Teoriebi religiis Sesaxeb araswori iyo da rom religia maradiulia.
miuxedavad amisa, mainc rCeba problemaTa rigi, romelic religiis
momavlis sakiTxs negatiur WrilSi warmoaCens. aseTia tilixis mosazreba Teizmis krizisis Sesaxeb. is, rasac tilixi Teizmis kriziss eZaxis, veberis mier miniSnebuli sulieri da socialuri cxovrebis racionalizaciis Sedegia. miuxedavad amisa, es procesebi religiis arsebobas realur
safrTxes ver uqmnian. am sakiTxze yuradRebas amaxvilebs p. Bbergeric
(amerikeli sociologi, socialur-konstruqtivistuli mimarTulebis
warmomadgeneli Tanamedrove sociologiaSi, bostonis universitetis
kulturis, religiisa da msoflio problemebis kvlevis institutis
xelmZRvaneli). misi azriT, religiam kargad auRo alRo Tanamedrove sazogadoebriv progress. masSi TviTgadarCenis instinqtma imZlavra da
igi kargad Seewyo Tanamedrove sazogadoebas (p. bergers am SemTxvevaSi
kaTolicizmi da protestantizmi aqvs mxedvelobaSi). bergeris sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, religia kargad mezoblobs Tanamedrove sazogadoebasTan. es niSnavs imas, rom igi am sazogadoebis wevrebis mxolod piradi
cxovrebiT Semoifargleba da uwindeli centraluri, `universumis makonstruirebeli~ institutis funqcia dakarguli aqvs. rac Seexeba saxelmwifos mxridan zewolas, es xdeba maSin, rodesac saxelmwifos religia sakuTari legitimurobis garantad dasWirdeba da a. S. anu religia
Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi mxolod formalurad arsebobs, rogorc samuzeumo eqsponati, radganac sazogadoebis ganviTarebis kvaldakval
eTnosi, kultura da saxelmwifo religiur sazriss TandaTan kargaven.
Tumca es religiis dasasruls ar niSnavs. Tanamedrove sociologebis
azriT, es religiis tradiciuli formebis finals moaswavebs mxolod.
rodesac sociologebi religiis momavalze saubroben, maT sxvadasxvanairad esmiT religiis cneba. klasikuri religiis sociologiis
warmomadgenlebs religiis tradiciuli gageba aqvT mxedvelobaSi. religiis sociologiis Tanamedrove mkvlevrebis gageba ki tradiciulisagan ramdenadme gansxvavebulia, radganac, raoden sakamaToc ar unda
iyos, isini miiCneven, rom Tanamedrove sekularizebul sazogadoebaSi
demokratiis, pluralizmis, Tavisuflebisa da msgavsi sabazo Rirebule309

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bebis zeobis pirobebSi RmerTi tiranis saxiT warmodgeba da adgili aqvs

religiurobis monopolizebas (magaliTad, g.zimeli). g. zimelis mixedviT, sakiTxi Semdegnairad dgas: droTa ganmavlobaSi tradiciuli religiebi ver SeZleben TavianTi Rirebulebebis konservacias, rac sazogadoebis desakralizacias ki ara, Teizmis kriziss moaswavebs. misi azrebi
am SemTxvevaSi tilixis azrebs emTxveva, romelic religiis momavals
`Teizmis miRma~ xedavs, es ki tradiciuli religiis e. w. samoqalaqo religiad gadaqcevas niSnavs. Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi religiuroba
maskulturis nawilad iqceva da aseTi Teizmi aTeizmze uaresi SeiZleba
iyos. tilixis prognoziT, sabolood, religiuri rwmena ganiZarcveba
religiuri samoselisagan da rCeba rwmena, romelsac sakuTari sxeuli _
eklesia, kulti, Teologia ara aqvs. aseTia religiis aratradiciuli,
Tanamedrove gageba, rac albaT Zneli wamosadgenia.
tilixis mier XX saukunis SuaxanebSi amgvarad warmodgenili religiuri rwmenis sociologiuri portreti aratradiciuli religiebis saxiT mogvca r. belam. Mmis wignSi `gulis Cvevebi. individualizmi da `komintmenti~ amerikul cxovrebaSi~ religia warmodgenilia, rogorc
aSS-is sajaro cxovrebis erT-erTi rigiTi struqturuli elementi,
romlis meSveobiTac amerikelebi sakuTari Temis cxovrebaSi arian CarTulni. religiis am Tanamedrove mkvlevris daskvna aseTia: Tanamedrove
amerikul sazogadoebaSi religiis roli sxva institutebis msgavsad arsebiTad Seicvala. aq saqme religiis rolis dakninebas ki ar Seexeba mxolod. religiuri doqtrinebis mniSvnelobis dakargva xom religiis aRsasrulis tolfasia! amerikuli sazogadoebis transformaciis paralelurad transformacias ganicdis religiac, rasac religiisaTvis socialuri sivrcis SezRudva mohyva Tan. morwmune amerikelis azriT, misi urTierToba RmerTTan religiuri identobis farglebs gareT gadis. amisaTvis igi saWirod ar miiCnevs romelime religiis aRmsarebeli iyos.
amerikeli sociologebis azriT, es religiisa da religiurobis ultraTanamedrove safexuria, rasac isini postTanamedrove safexurs uwodeben. Maqamde amerikulma sazogadoebam religiuri progresis `adreTanamedrove~ safexuri gaiara. amitom isini erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaveben maRalganviTarebuli da ganviTarebis gzaze Semdgari qveynebis religiebs.
postTanamedrove safexurze Tu ra saxes miiRebs religia, amerikeli sociologebis azriT, bevrad aris damokidebuli im sociokulturul
transformaciaze, romelsac Tanamedrove sazogadoeba ganicdis. am SemTxvevaSi tradiciul religiebs gauWirdebaT arseboba. Aamerikeli sociologis, fenomenologiuri sociologiis fuZemdeblis a. Siucis azriT
ki, am tipis sazogadoebaSi religias mxolod pirovnuli xasiaTi eqneba
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da meti araferi. sxva viTarebaa ganviTarebad qveynebSi. Aaq tradiciuli

religiebi, grZnoben ra mosalodnel safrTxes, SeZlebisdagvarad ibrZvian sakuTari identobis SesanarCuneblad, Tumca aqac dawyebulia istoriulidan `adreTanamedrove~ religiiisaken svlis procesebi, oRond
am qveynebSi Tanamedrove uaxlesi teqnologiebis sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi CarTvis done Zalze dabalia. aq mxolod msgavs tendenciebTan an
kidev sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis ganviTarebis donesTan Seusabamod
msgavsi teqnologiebis brma, gauazrebel eqsportTan gvaqvs saqme. miuxedavad amisa, am qveynebSi religia jer kidev ar Tmobs sakuTar poziciebs
da sakuTari Tavis gadarCenas Tanamedrove sazogadoebis moTxovnebTan
adaptaciis unaris gamomuSavebiT cdilobs. am SemTxevaSi pirveli rigis
amocanaa sekularizaciisa da modernizaciis procesis gadalaxva an masTan gamklaveba, misTvis saTanado alternativebis monaxva da a. S.
sainteresoa agreTve cnobili socialuri futurologis, skandaluri wignis _ `momavlis Sokis~ avtoris e. tofleris prognozi religiis momavalTan dakavSirebiT, romelic am tipis sxva mkvlevrebis prognozebisagan gansxvavaebiT optimisturi da damaimedebelia. tofleris azriT, Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi mimdinare procesebis siswrafe da Tavisuflebis maRali xarisxi adamianTaTvis Sokis momgvreli iqneba. amas
is `momavlis Soks~ uwodebs. mis wignSi detaluradaa gaanalizebuli warmoudgeneli masStabis is transformacia, romelic adamianisa da sazogadoebis TiTqmis arcerT kuTxe-kunWuls ar tovebs xeluxleblad. erTaderTi gamonaklisi am totalur da yovlismomcvel procesSi aris religia, romelic Tavis myofadobas kvlavac inarCunebs da, Sesabamisad, misi
momavalic naTliT mosilia.

2.religiuri cxovrebis virtualizaciis Sesaxeb

(Jan bodriari)
`virtualuri religiiis~ cneba `virtualuri sazogadoebisa~ da
`virtualuri adamianis~ cnebebTanaa kavSirSi. im mraval saWirboroto
sakiTxTagan, romelic religiis momavalTan aris dakavSirebuli, erTerTi axali teqnologiebia, romelic _ Tavis mxriv, postmodernuli realobis arsebiTi maxasiaTebelia imdenad, ramdenadac saubaria industriuli teqnologiis mniSvnelobis Canacvlebaze informaciul-sakomunikacio teqnologiebiT, rac, TavisTavad, arsebuli realobis gaqrobas
niSnavs. mis adgils axali realoba ikavebs, romelic adamians Tanamedrove teqnologiebiT _ televiziiT (ukve moZvelebuliT), socialuri qselebiTa da kolosalurad gazrdili Tanamedrove mediasaSualebebiT mi311

kaxa qecbaia

ewodeba. imisaTvis, rom adamianma SeigrZnos sakuTari arseboba, is unda

arsebobdes am virtualur sivrceSi _ sakomunikacio ekranze, feisbuqze, maisfeisze da a. S. postmodernist bodriaris mixedviT, Tanamedrove
sazogadoebaSi mediasaSualebebi, codnisa da garTobis industria batonobs, romelmac industriuli sazogadoeba da misi RirebulebiTi samyaro Caanacvla. qseluri sazogadoeba niSnebis mwarmoebeli sistemebiT manipulirebs, romelic sakuTari Tavis garda sxvas arafers aRniSnavs. iqmneba iseTi totaluri virtualuri realoba, romelic simulaciaze,
TvalTmaqcobasa da mimbaZvelobazea damyarebuli. Ees aris axali sinamdvile, e. w. virtualuri realoba _ arsebuli sinamdvilis xelovnuri
asli, romelic ukve imdenad mniSvnelobs, rom namdvil sinamdviles azri
aqvs dakarguli. sociologiis enaze amas socialuris sikvdils eZaxian
(bodriari). amieridan adamiani simulirebulia _ namdvili adamianis
nacvlad saxezea misi simulacia. virtualur realobaSi adamiani mxolod misi cifruli gamosaxulebis saxiT arsebobs, radganac erTaderTi
realoba zerealuri, virtualuri sivrcea, romelic sxva saxis realobas
gamoricxavs. faqtobrivad es is aris, rasac Cven `adamianis sikvdils~ vuwodebT.
Bbunebrivia, adamianisa da sazogadoebis virtualizacia religiasac Seexo. ris gamoc sociologebi SeSfoTdnen da religiis momavlis Sesaxeb alaparakdnen. daiwyo msjeloba da cxare kamaTi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra
bedi elis religias postklasikur, virtualur sazogadoebaSi.
religiis momavlis Sesaxeb pesimistur da nihilistur warmodgenebs religiaze Tanamedrove, uaxlesi sainformacio teqnologiebis sul
ufro mzardi gavlena udevs safuZvlad. am mxriv religiis sferoSi mimdinare procesebis aRsaniSnavad religiis sociologiaSi mravali axali
termini gaCnda. maT Soris erT-erTi aw ukve SedarebiT moZvelebuli
termini televangelizmia, rac saxarebiseuli Temebis saqadageblad satelevizio da mediateqnologiebis gamoyenebas niSnavs, rac faqtobrivad evangelisturi praqtikis amerikul-protestantuli versiaa.
televangelizmis ultraTanamedrove versias am sferoSi internetpraqtika warmoadgens. es yvelaze mtkivneul da sakamaTo sakiTxTa
rigs miekuTvneba dRes. mis Sesaxeb erTxel da samudamod Camoyalibebuli principuli pozicia araTu sociologebs, aramed tradiciuli religiebis warmomadgenlebs Sorisac Znelad Tu moiZebneba. azrTa sxvadasxvaobaSi ori ZiriTadi poziciaa gamokveTili: erTni masSi religiis arnaxul transformacias, tradiciuli religiebis finalsa da `axali religiis~ _ e. w. virtualuri religiis dasawyiss xedaven, meoreni ki am
procesebSi religias veranair transformacias ver atyoben da mimdina312

religiis sociologia

re procesebs ganixilaven, mxolod rogorc komunikaciis, informaciis

gadacemis Tanamedrove saSualebaTa efeqtur gamoyenebas religiur
praqtikaSi.
am Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, religiis momavlis Sesaxeb nihilisturi
sociologiuri Teoriebi saqmis viTarebas gangeb amuqeben anda, ubralod rom vTqvaT, es yvelaferi maTi religiuri umecrebis Sedegia, Tumca dRes ukve faqtia religiuri cxovrebis virtualizacia, rac, Tavis
mxriv, mis momavls erTob pesimisturs xdis. TiTqos araferi sagangaSo
ar unda iyos imaSi, rom kompiuteruli teqnologiebi gamoyenebul iqnes
Tundac qadagebebisaTvis, magram saqmes arTulebs misi gamoyenebis mcdeloba RvTaebrivi saidumloebebis Sesasruleblad. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs
aRsarebis saidumlo. misi virtualizacia, romelsac dRes aqvs adgili,
sruliad axali da gaugonari fenomenia. swored aqedan iRebs saTaves religiis finalobis problema. religiuri TvalsazrisiT rac ar unda miuRebeli iyos, am teqnologias dRes ukve Tavisi momxmarebeli hyavs (amis
damadasturebel faqtebs dRes dainteresebuli mkiTxveli sociologiis
nebismier saxelmZRvaneloSi ixilavs). mravali sxvadasxva programa arsebobs, romelTa meSveobiT Tundac binidan gausvlelad SesaZlebelia
virtualuri eqskursia msoflios nebismieri taZris dasaTvaliereblad.
daTvalierebas kidev ara uSavs ra, rom ara aqamde gaugonari iseTi faqti, rogoricaa virtualuri sanTlis danTeba. religiuri gagebiT, es umZimesi codvaa, radganac am SemTxvevaSi usisxlo msxverplSewirvis religiuri aqtis SebRalvasTan gvaqvs saqme. magram desakralizebul sazogadoebaSi, sadac `religia specefeqti gaxda,~ aseTi ram savsebiT realuria.
informaciuli sivrce adamianis sulieri cxovrebis mxolod da
mxolod zedapiruli garsia, amitom virtualuri da kibereklesia versaodes ver Secvlis namdvil taZars. is realuri taZris parodia da simulaciaa mxolod. erTxelac iqneba adamiani gamoaRwevs am simulaciisa da
virtualuri realobis tyveobidan da isev miubrundeba maradiul WeSmaritebasa da namdvil religiur rwmenas. fsevdoreligiisa da fsevdorwmenis iluziiT gaTanguls, etyoba, jer kidev didi gamocda elis win. didi mixvedra ar sWireba imas, rom xelovnurad Seqmnil, virtualur sivrceSi konstruirebul fsevdoreligias ara aqvs momavali da rom yovelgvari eqperimentebi am sferoSi imTaviTve dasaRupavad ganwirulia. religiuri cxovreba transcendentTan cocxali urTierTobaa, romelic
virtualizaciis SemTxvevaSi ikargeba. virtualuri eklesia verasodes
ver SeZlebs daexmaros Tundac im adamians, romelsac taZarSi siaruli
janmrTelobis mdgomareobis gamo uWirs. aseT adamians locvis gamZaf313

kaxa qecbaia

rebul survils virtualuri eklesia ver daukmayofilebs. rac Seexeba

aRsarebis internetiT miRebis novacias, SesaZlebelia es dasaSvebi iyos,
magram am SemTxvevaSi gasaTvaliswinebelia, Tu rogor unda moevlos aRsarebis anonimurobis sakiTxs. garda amisa, es saxifaToc SeiZleba iyos,
miT ufro maSin, roca saqme adamianis sulier cxovrebas exeba, radganac
yovelive es im eqimis moqmedebas hgavs, romelsac avadmyofi TvaliT ar
unaxavs da ise uniSnavs mkurnalobas. aRsarebis funqcia marto codvaTa
miteveba rodia, amasTan erTad misi mizania adamiani xelaxla gaxados eklesiis wevri. xolo iq, sadac eklesia ar aris, bunebrivia, masSi Sesvlis
survilic ar arsebobs. virtualuri eklesia, piriqiT, Trgunavs taZarSi
siarulis survils. is aukuRmarTebs namdvil religiur grZnobebs. eklesia qristes sxeulia. imisaTvis, rom am sxeulis nawili gaxde, masTan cocxali kontaqtia saWiro, rasac internetaRsareba xels uSlis. rac Seexeba
qadagebasa da RvTis sityvis gavrcelebas, amisaTvis interneti kargi saSualeba SeiZleba iyos, magram qadageba xom mxolod mp3 formatis audio
an videoCanaweri ar aris, is RvTis cocxali sityvaa, romelic ambionidan
unda warmoiTqvas. garda amisa, internets sakuTari metyvelebis wesi
aqvs, romelic RvTismsaxurebis enas ar Seesabameba. amasTan religiis
cifruli gamosaxuleba xom absurdia da meti araferi.
am sakiTxebis analizisas gasaTvaliswinebelia is sayveduri, romelsac Tanamedrove avtorebi klasikuri Teoriebis momxreTa misamarTiT gamoTqvamen. kerZod, postsekularul epoqaSi usafuZvloa sekularuli sazogadoebis eniT metyveleba. es sayveduri, ra Tqma unda, gasaTvaliswinebelia, magram ara religiis misamarTiT, radganac religia marad axali da marad cocxali fenomenia. igive sociologebis daskvnebiT,
veraferi ver Secvlis RmerTTan adamianis pirovnul mimarTebas, romelic yvelaze kargad tradiciul religiur cxovrebaSia mocemuli, amitom aseT viTarebaSi zogadi daskvna gansaxilvel sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT SeiZleba aseTi iyos: sazogadoebis transformaciis procesi faqtia,
magram religiuri TvalsazrisiT arc iseTi faqti, romelic msoflio
religiebis arsebobas kiTxvis niSnis qveS daayenebs.
Tanamedrove sazogadoebis racionalizacia, virtualizacia da inteleqtis safuZvelze marTvis (qseluri ekonomika) moTxovna, savaraudoa, rom tradiciul religiebSi bunebriv ukureaqcias gamoiwvevs da sazogadoeba isev dadgeba iracoinalizmisa da mistikis moTxovnis winaSe.
es ki desakralizebul sazogadoebas isev maradiul RirebulebebTan daabrunebs, xels Seuwyobs masobrivi cnobierebis diskreditacias da yovlisSemZle gonebis moralur uZlurebas kidev ufro gamoaaSkaravebs.
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religiis sociologia

Tanamedrove globalizaciuri procesebis paralelurad religias

sazogadoebasTan dialogis ufro meti saSualeba mieca. klasikuri Tu
araklasikuri sociologiuri Teoriebis mTeli rigi pesimisturi prognozebis miuxedavad, misi momavali bed-iRbali didad aris damokidebuli
im adamianis zneobriv mdgomareobaze, romelic globaluri problemebisa da gamowvevebis winaSe dgas. garda amisa sagulisxmoa is faqtic, rom
Rirebulebebi, romlis sadarajozec tradiciuli religia imyofeba:
siyvaruli, mSvidoba, sasoeba da tolerantoba is zogadsakacobrio Rirebulebebia, romelzec uaris Tqmis SemTxvevaSi TviT kacobriobis momavali dadgeba eWv qveS. am kuTxiT religiis momavali ufro optimisturia, vidre amas Tanamedrove sociologebi winaswarmetyveleben. optimizmis safuZvels iZleva agreTve Tanamedrove religiuri cnobierebis
Riaoba sazogadoebasTan da gansxvavebul kulturebTan mimarTebaSi. saerosa da sasulieros Soris dialogi kargad exmianeba `planetaruli
cnobierebis~ eTikasa da solidarobis zogadsakacobrio ideas. calkeuli arerTgvarovani religiuri reaqciebi, romelTac adagili aqvs Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi, im winaaRmdegobaze mianiSnebs, romelic globalizaciis manivelirebel procesebs sdevs Tan. Tuki met-naklebad mniSvnelovani faqtori, romelzec damokidebulia Tanamedrove sazogadoeba, aris adamianis Rirseba _ dedamiwaze dRes mcxovrebi adamianisa, maSin religiis momavali damokidebuli iqneba imaze, Tu ra zomis socialurad mniSvnelovan wvlils Seitans adamiani im samyaroSi, romelSic igi
cxovrobs. Amokled rom vTqvaT, es damokidebuli iqneba imaze, Tu ramdenad SeinarCunebs adamiani adamianobas.

kiTxvebi:
eTanxmebiT Tu ara religiis sociologiis klasikosTa da Tanamedrove warmomadgenlTa mosazrebebs religiis momavlis Sesaxeb?
(pasuxi daasabuTeT).
riT gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan religiis sociologiis
klasikosTa da Tanamedrove warmomadgenlTa mosazrebi religiis momavlis Sesaxeb?
Tqveni azriT, socialuri realobis virtualizaciis pirobebSiE emuqreba Tu ara safrTxe religias da religiur rwmenas? (pasuxi
daasabuTeT).
D

315

kaxa qecbaia

davalebebi:
moamzadeT prezentacia Temaze: religiuri cxovrebis virtualizacia~.
momazadeT essei Temaze: `sakraluris adgili da roli posmodernistul sazogadoebaSi~.

1.

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

8.

1.
2.

ZiriTadi literatura:
n. smelzeri, sociologia, nawili III. Tavi 15. religia. m., 1994.
(rus. enaze). qarTuli Targmanis naxva SesaZlebelia www.socium.ge-ze.
e. gidensi, sociologia, Tavi 17. religia, m., 2005. (rus. enaze).
e. jgerenaia, leqciebi religiis sociologiaSi (internet versia).
v. garaja, religiis sociologia, m., 2005. (rus. enaze).
J. bodriari. `simulirebulebi da simulaciebi~ JurnalSi `paraleluri teqstebi,~ Tb., 1997. (gigi TevzaZis Targmani).
Tanamedrove sazogadoebis gamowveva. iurgen habermasisa da iozef ratcingeris werilebi. (mTargmneli gia baramiZe). Tb., 2010.
k. qecbaia, leqciebi religiis sociologiaSi: postTanamedrove
sazogadoebaSi religiuri cxovrebis virtualizacii kritikuli gaazrebisaTvis, Jurn. religia, #3. 2011.
k. qecbaia, leqciebi religiis sociologiaSi: sazogadoebis
transformacia da religia, Jurn. religia, #4. 2010.

damatebiTi literatura:
q. kalhuni, d. laiTi, s. keleri, sociologia, Tavi XIII, religia.
Tb., 2008.
j. maisionisi, sociologia, Tavi 18. religia. sankt-peterburgi,

2004.

316

3.

religiis sociologiis qrestomaTia, m., 1996, (Semdgenni: v. garaja da e. rutkeviCi), (rus. enaze).

6.
7.
8.

. http:/www:ierei-karenev.ru/list/internet.html
. . . -. 2000.
. . . . 2002.

religiis sociologia

Mmasala gansjisaTvis
K

kaxa qecbaia
religiuri pluralizmis Sesaxeb
***
monizmisa da pluralizmis mravali forma arsebobs. esenia: ontologiuri, gnoseologiuri, politikuri, meTodologieri, moralureTikuri, religiuri da a.S. monizmi da pluralizmi, romelTac sxvadasxva mniSvneloba da sxvadasxva Rirebuleba aqvT. magaliTad: gnoseologiaSi, eTikaSi, religiasa da meToldologiaSi pluralizmi sruliad miuRebelia. amis dasamtkiceblad Tundac protagoras gnoseologiuri
pluralizmi da winaqristianuli poliTeisturi pluralizmic kmara.
Tanamedrove epoqaSi ki meTodologiurma pluralizmma cnobili avstro-amerikeli filosofosi pol feierabendi ukidures relativizmamde, anarqizmsa da nihilizmamde miiyvana. amaze Sors wasvla namdvilad ar
SeiZleba, rac naTlad asaxavs pluralizmis mavneblobas am sferoSi. sul
sxva viTarebaa politikuri monizmisa da pluralizmis SemTxvevaSi. kacobriobas politikuri monizmis mware gamocdileba axsovs; igi niSnavs
diqtaturas, tiranias, totalitarizms, SeuzRudav monarqias yvela Tavisi uaryofiTi SedegebiT. masTan SedarebiT demokratiuli wyobileba
pluralistulia da, maSasadame, politikuri pluralizmi ara marto misaRebia, aramed aucilebelicaa sazogadoebis progresisaTvis.
monizmisa da pluralizmis sxvadasxva formebis erTmaneTSi aRreva
didi Secdomaa, romelmac SeiZleba absurdul mdgomareobamde migviyvanos.
***
pluralizmis erT-erTi saxea religiuri pluralizmi. mis mixedviT,
calke aRebuli, erTi romelime religia ki ar aris WeSmariti, aramed
mravali. igi erT sibrtyeze ganalagebs yvela religias, da aRiarebs, rom
WeSmaritebis TvalsazrisiT yvela maTgani Tanasworia. aRsaniSnavia
isic, rom religiur pluralizms ZiriTadi, tradiciuli religiebis
rangSi ahyavs esa Tu is seqta da sqizmaturi dajgufeba, rac yovlad dauSvebeli da gaumarTlebelia. religiuri pluralizmis ideologebi (maTi ricxvi yovel epoqaSi sakmaod didia) adamianebs religiaTa da seqtaTa asimravlidan sTavazoben Tavisufal arCevans, aZleven imis SesaZleblobas, rom mravali religiebidan mxolod is amoarCion, rac maTTvis misaRebi da sasurvelia. yovelive es SemdgomSi Tanamedrove demokratiis
317

kaxa qecbaia

erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi principis sindisis Tavisuflebis safuZveli xdeba. amis gamo, religiuri pluralizmi (iseve rogorc pluralizmi
saerTod), Tanamedrove demokratiis didmniSvnelovan monapovrad da
Rirebulebad gvevlineba. sindisis Tavisuflebis qadagebaSi miuRebeli
araferia. piriqiT, yvela gonieri da WkuaTmyofeli adamiani aucileblad mxars unda uWerdes mas; magram am SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovania is, Tu
vin aris misi mqadagebeli da rogoria misi zneobrivi da religiuri
mrwamsi, Teistia Tu aTeisti? amitom aq sifrTxilecaa saWiro. Tumca, am
SemTxvevaSi, erTi SexedviT, garegnulad yvelaferi rigzea. yvelaferi
TiTqos ase unda iyos. magram Tuki sakiTxs ufro metad CavuRrmavdebiT,
gamoricxuli ar aris, rom sruliad sapirispiro daskvnebi gavakeToT.
kerZod: yovelive es xom ar aris e. w. fsevdopluralizmi, romelic sinamdvileSi antireligiuria da mimarTulia aTeizmisaken, rac religiuri
da moraluri TvalsazrisiT adamianisaTvis damRupvelia. vfiqrobT,
rom msgavsi daskvnis saSualebas iZleva religiuri pluralizmis erTerTi SesaZlo filosofiuri interpretacia.
religia aris absolutis sfero, absolutis sauflo. am sferoSi ki
WeSmaritebas absoluturi aqsiologiuri da realuri mniSvneloba aqvs
imitom, rom TviT absoluti RmerTia WeSmariteba. da, ramdenadac erTia RmerTi, WeSmaritebac erTia, xolo yovelgvari pluralizmi am sferoSi aris sicruis Sedegi. ai, ras ambobs amis (WeSmaritebis) Sesaxeb wminda werili: vinc me momavlina WeSmaritia... (ioane 8.26); SeicnobT WeSmaritebas da WeSmariteba gaganTavisuflebT Tqven... (ioane 8.32); me var
gza, WeSmariteba da sicocxle... (ioane 14. 6); me imitom davibade da imitom movedi wuTisofelSi, rom WeSmariteba damemowmebina... yvela vinc
WeSmaritebidanaa, ismens Cems xmas... (ioane 18. 32); WeSmaritad geubnebiT
Tqven (ioane 16. 17); roca mova igi suli WeSmaritebisa, SegiZRvebaT yovel WeSmaritebaSi... (ioane 16. 13) ... man (ioanem) daamowma WeSmariteba
(ioane 5. 33); sityva iqca xorcad da daemkvidra Cvens Soris madliTa da
WeSmaritebiT aRsavse (ioane 1. 14); moZRvaro, viciT rom WeSariti xar,
WeSmaritebiT aswavli RvTis gzas (maTe 22. 26); es sityvebi sarwmuno da
WeSmaritia (gamocx. 22.6); amitomac sworad SeniSnavs wm. mama svimon axali RvTismetyveli, rom am SemTxvevaSi WeSmaritebaSi arc Cveulebrivi
yofiTi WeSmaritebebi igulisxmeba da arc mecnieruli (logikur-analizuri), maT araferi aqvT saerTo sulis maradiul cxovrebasTan. aq igulisxmeba WeSmariteba, romelic gvicavs sicruisa da sikvdilisagan
(sicrueSi igulisxmeba boroteba, eSmaki, rameTu saxarebaSi eSmaks sicruis mama ewodeba). absoluturi WeSmaritebis Semecneba niSnavs asbolutTan miaxlebas. absoluti ki imitom aris aseTi (absoluti), rom igi
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erTia da ara mravali. radganac erTia RmerTi, maSasadame WeSmaritebac

erTia da es aris universaluri, uzenaesi WeSmariteba, romelic wminda
werilSia gadmocemuli da romelsac gaxelebiT eltvodnen cnobili
RvTismetyvelebi Tu kacnobriobis didi moazrovneebi. es WeSmariteba
aris erTaderTi, maradiuli da unikaluri. aseTi WeSmaritebis rwmena
aris safuZvelTa safuZveli WeSmariti (da ara fsevdo) religiisa da WeSmariti religiuri rwmenisa. misTvis miuRebelia WeSmaritebaTa da aqedan
gamomdinare, religiaTa pluralizmi. yvela wminda mama, msoflio da adgilobrivi saeklesio krebebi yovelTvis aswavlida, rom WeSmariteba erTia. WeSmaritebaTa pluralizmi (mravlobiToba) anda relativizmi (SefardebiToba) zneobis sferoSi ar arsebobs. arsad ar Tqmula, rom arsebobs ramdenime WeSmariteba da marTlmadideblobis garda cxonebis moniWeba sxva religiebsac SeuZliaT. imis gamo, rom ar darRveuliyo es
WeSmariteba, wminda mamebi xSirad ver Tanxmdebodnen wminda werilis erTi sityvis gamoc ki, da es keTdeboda orazrovnebis Tavidan acilebis
mizniT, rac ase miuRebelia WeSmaritebis erTaderTobis uzenaesi principisaTvis. garda amisa logikuradac, WeSmaritebis mravlobiTobis da
mis Sesabamisad religiaTa Tu konfesiaTa pluralizmis daSvebisas gamodis, rom arc erTi maTgani ar aris WeSmariti, xolo religiis enaze es
niSnavs, rom arc erTi maTgani ara gvwams. es ki uRmerTobaa. amitomac religiuri pluralizmi umetes SemTxvevaSi aTeizmiT sruldeba. didi sifrTxilea saWiro, roca saqme gvaqvs absolutur, universalur WeSmaritebasTan. amis magaliTs Tavad wm. mamebi iZleodnen, rodesac Zalze
frTxil da faqiz damokidebulebas iCendnen wminda werilis mimarT. isini didad eridebodnen wminda werilis an sxva saxis religiuri teqstebisadmi Tavisufal, zerele midgomas. am tipis teqstebisadmi aseTi zerele damokidebuleba gaxda mizezi mravali seqtis Tu sqizmaturi dajgufebis warmoSobisa. ai ras ambobs ioanes gamocxadebaSi Tavad ufali: ...
Tu vinme rames daumatebs amas, RmerTi gaumravlebs mas am wignSi Caweril
wylulebs. Tu vinme rames gamoaklebs am winaswarmetyvelebis wignis sityvebs, RmerTi waarTmevs mas wils sicocxlis xidan, wminda qalaqidan da
iqidan, rac am wignSia Cawerili (gamocx. 22. 18-19).
rodesac absolutur WeSmaritebasTan gvaqvs saqme, am SemTxvevaSi
SeuZlebelia misTvis raimes mimateba an mokleba. es aRemateba adamianur
SesaZleblobebs. absoluturi WeSmariteba religiuri-saeklesio dogmebis saxiT gveZleva da amitomac dogmatizmis sferoSi ar arsebobs evolucia. aqedan gamomdinare marTlmadidebluri qristianoba konservatoruli xasiaTis mqonea, rameTu masSi absoluturi WeSmaritebaa daunjebuli da mas yoveli morwmune icavs (laT. konservo Senaxva). xolo
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Tu ramdenad aris es absoluturi WeSmariteba SenarCunebuli sxva religiebSi, an rogor aris igi damaxinjebuli ama Tu im konfesiaSi, calke
kvlevis sagania. Tumca, es sakiTxi am SemTxvevaSi wminda qristianuli poziciebidan gamomdinare unda gadawydes, ara gankiTxvis gziT, aramed
maTTvis locviTa da WeSmaritebis swavlebiT, WeSmariti gzis CvenebiT,
rameTu gareSeebs RmerTi ganikiTxavs. moiSoreT boroti Tqvengan (I
kor. 5.13); Tavad uzenaesi gansjis yvelas. aseTia sakiTxisadmi religiuri midgoma, xolo rac Seexeba mecnierebas, man mecnieruli gziT unda aCvenos religiuri pluralizmis WeSmariti buneba.
adamianis zneoba da, Sesabamisad, sarwmunoeba RmerTis ukvdavebis
da aqedan gamomdinare sakuTari ukvdavebis ideas efuZneba. ra sargebeli maqvs, Tu mkvdrebi ar aRdgebian? vWamoT da vsvaT, radgan xval davixocebiT ambobs RvTaebrivi pavle mociquli (I kor. 15.32); amis TvalsaCino magaliTia genialuri platonis cxovreba, romelmac kalosaluri
energia da Zalisxmeva Sealia sulis ukvdavebis dasabuTebas (ix. dialogi
fedoni). adamiani yovelTvis mieltvoda da mieltvis absoluts, maradiuls da erTaderTs. am paTosiT da STagonebiT aris Seqmnili msoflios mxatvruli, musikaluri, Tu filosofiuri da mecnieruli Semoqmedebis klasikuri nimuSebi. yvela maTgans absolutis idea asazrdoebs. da ai,
roca adamiani gaSmagebiT, viTarca mijnuri Tavis satrfos, mieltvis absoluts, mas yovelive amis sruliad sapirispiros eubnebian. amis magaliTad Tanamedrove pozitivisturi filosofiac gamodgeba. mis mixedviT,
yovelive is, rac am qveynad xdeba, bunebis kanonebs eqvemdebareba, xolo
bunebaSi uzenaesi kanoni aris aucilebloba, romelic batonobs adamianzec, mis azrebze, grZnobebze, gancdebsa da miswrafebebze. am pozitivisturi logikis bolomde miyoliT codva (zneobrivi da religiuri kategoria) aucileblobis Sedegia. aseT SemTxvevaSi adamianisaTvis ar arsebobs saukuno RmerTi da arc ukvdavi suli, arc universaluri WeSmariteba. aseTi adamianisaTvis ar arsebobs absoluturi Rirebuleba, raime
yovladRirebuli. aqedan gamomdinare misTvis yvelaferi sul erTia,
yvelaferi nebadarTulia (dostoevski), yvelaferi SefardebiTia, mokvdavi, warmavali da xrwnadi. samyaroSi absolutis gareSe saSineleba da
jojoxeTi xdeba. ... da marTla evropul kulturaSi uaryofilia, ukugdebulia absoluturi faseulobani da gabatonebulia SefardebiTi faseulobani. ueWvelia, rom es SefardebiToba aris kidec humanizmis logika, buneba da suli. ainStainis fardobiTobis Teoria warmoadgens saboloo Sedegs humanizmisa da misi yvelanairi ganStoebisa filosofiurisa, mecnierulisa teqnikurisa Tu politikurisa... Sedegi amisa aris
nihilizmi. ainStainis fardobiTobis Teoria ar unda gadmovides reli320

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giisa da zneobis sferoSi, radganac fardobiToba da pluralizmi ar

aris religiuri da eTikuri principi. ar arsebobs SefardebiTi da pluraluri sikeTe. siyvaruli da sikeTe Tavisi arsiT absoluturi principebia. fardofiToba, relativizmi da pluralizmi xdeba mizezi fardobiTobisa da mravlobisa cxovrebaSi, rac aTasobiT gaubedurebul adamians niSnavs. amdenad nebismieri fardobiToba dedaa anarqizmisa da nihilizmisa. aseT viTarebaSi absurdulia rjulTSeuwynareblobaze laparaki, Tuki adamians Sinaganad ar swams absoluturi WeSmariteba, maSin
araeTikuria misgan rjulSemwynareblobaze saubari. aseTi adamianebi
advilad daabneven sxvebs. aseT SemTxvevaSi saxezea fsevdorjulTSemwynarebloba da fsevdopluralizmi. morwmune adamiani SeuZlebelia ar
iyos toleranti, rameTu man icis WeSmariti Tavisuflebis fasi da surs
rom sxvebsac hqondeT es codna. WeSmariti Tavisufleba ki RmerTisgan,
absolutisagan modis.
religiuri pluralizmi miuRebelia saxelmwifoebrivi TvalsazrisiTac. miuxedavad imisa, rom dauSvebelia religiuri niSniT adamianTa
devna, aseve dauSvebelia sindisis absoluturi Tavisufleba, riTac safrTxe emuqreba sazogadoebis normalur funqcionirebas, adamianTa fizikursa da sulier arsebobas, erovnul tradiciebsa da erovnul cnobierebas; Tuki safrTxe emuqreba mamuls, enas da sarwmunoebas, aseT SemTxvevaSi yovlad miuRebeli da usargebloa religiuri pluralizmi da
aqedan gamomdinare sindisis absoluturi Tavisuflebis aRiareba. amitomac am sakiTxisadmi metad gonivruli midgomaa saWiro.
istoriulad religiuri monizmi win uswrebs religiuri pluralizms. igi SedarebiT mogvianebiT warmoiSva. kacobriobis religiuri
ganviTarebis istoriaSi religiuri pluralizmis ori ZiriTadi saxe SeiniSneba: Zveli da axali. Zveli xasiaTdeba mravali RmerTis rwmenis aRiarebiT. klasikuri saxiT igi arsebobda Zvel saberZneTSi (poliTeizmi),
Tumca msoflios bevrma qveyanam gamoiara es sulieri sibnele. religiuri pluralizmis axali, Tanamedrove forma ki ara mxolod mravali RmerTis arsebobas aRiarebs, aramed mravali religiis WeSmaritebas. igi Zveli poliTeisturi da panTeisturi religiuri pluralizmis Tanamedrove modernizebuli formaa, rac, saboloo jamSi, miuRebelia, radganac
aTeizmis aRorZinebas warmoadgens.
SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom pluralizmi religiisa da zneobis sferoSi badebs relativizmsa da nihilizms, rac uRmerTobiT sruldeba da
damRupvelad moqmedebs rogorc calkeul adamianze, aseve sazogadoebasa da saxelmwifoze. istoria aris mowme imisa, rom RmerTis absolutis arseboba arc erT did moazrovnes seriozuli eWvis qveS ar dauye321

kaxa qecbaia

nebia... didi filosofiuri dava sruliad ar exeboda absolutis, usasrulos arsebobas, aseTi ramis arsebobas erTnairi darwmunebulobiT amtkicebdnen platoni, aristotele, plotini, dekarti, spinoza, laibnici,
kanti, hegeli da uaithedi. Cvens msjelobas religiuri pluralizmis
Sesaxeb davamTavrebT wm. egnates sityvebiT: mzesaviT brwyinavs marTlmadidebloba da vinc TviTon xuWavs Tvalebs, dae, sibrmave sakuTar
nebas daabralos da ara sinaTlis naklebobas. dabolos: WeSmaritebis
mSveneba da sidiade imiT rodi ganisazRvreboda, Tu ramdenad mravalni
igebdnen da afasebdnen mas. (z. gamsaxurdia).
zemoaRniSnul filosofiuri pozicias kidev ufro amyarebs da SeiZleba iTqvas, mis religiur safuZvels qmnis saqarTvelos kaTolikos
patriarqis, uwmindesisa da unetaresis ilia meores saaRdgomo epistole romelSic naTlad da gasagebad aris gadmocemuli religiuri pluralizmisa da religiuri tolerantobis namdvili buneba (ix. ilia meore.
sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi. saaRdgomo epistole.
Tb., 2000. w. 30 (17) aprili.)

bibliografia da SeniSvnebi:
1. aRsaniSnavia, rom qristianobaSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eTmoba monizmis princips. wm. mamaTa moZRvreba mas did mniSvnelobas aniWebs. monizmis principi aq gamocxadebiT aris ganmtkicebuli da morwmune qristians Rrmad swams is, rom RmerTi erTia. amas mowmobs Zveli da
axali aRTqmis wignebi... RmerTis erTaderTobis cneba axal aRTqmaSi Sinaarsobrivad ufro gamdidrebulia; amasve adasturebs mrwamsic; ix.
markozi 1.29; efeselTa 4.6; galat. 3.20. I korinT. 8.4-6.
wm. mama ioane damaskeli Tavisi epoqaluri mniSvnelobis ZeglSi
marTlmadidebluri sarwmunoebis zedmiwevniT gadmocema, RmerTis erTaderTobis dasabuTebas calke (me-5) TavSi ganixilavs da mas hqvia: dasabuTeba, rom RmerTi erTia da ara mravali. wm. mama ioane damaskeli
RmerTis erTaderTobis dasabuTebas Tavdapirvelad rwmenis faqtidan
gamomdinare iwyebs da miuTiTebs, rom es ueWvelia maTTvis, vinc erwmuneba wm. werils. amis Semdeg ki moaqvs saTanado adgilebi bibliidan. kerZod: gamosvla 20.21; II sj. 6.1; es. 43. 10; ioane 173; xolo maTTvis vinc ar
erwmuneba wminda werils, wm. mamas logikur-filosofiuri dasabuTebis
mTeli rigi mohyavs. es dasabuTeba imdenad saintereso da originaluria,
rom igi mTlianad, sityva-sityviT mogvaqvs: RvTaeba srulia da unikaluri sikeTis, sibrZnis, Zalis mxriv. dausabamoa igi, dausrulebelia, ma322

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radiulia, gareSeuwerelia anu martivi rom vTqvaT, yovliTurT srulia.

amitom, Tu mraval RmerTs vityviT, aucilebelia am mravalSi gansxvaveba
davinaxoT, radgan Tu araferi gansxvavebaa maTSi, umal erTi yofilan da
ara mravali, xolo Tu aris maTSi gansxvaveba, sadRaa sisrule? radgan
Tuki raime moklebulia sisrules sikeTis, Zalis, sibrZnis, Jamis Tu adgilis mixedviT, aRar yofila igi RmerTi. meore mxriv, yovelmxriv igiveoba umal erTs cxadyofs da ara mravals. amasTan, Tuki CavTvliT, rom
mravali RmerTi arsebobs, rogor SeunarCundebaT maT gareSeuwereloba,
radgan sadac erTi maTgani iqneba, ar iqneba iq meore? aseve rogor moxdeba, rom mravlisagan warimarTos samyaro ise, rom ar dairRves da gaixrwnas igi, radgan arsebuli gansxvaveba dapirispirebas moitans da warmmarTvelTa Soris winaaRmdegoba gamoavlnes Tavs. Tu ityvis vinme, rom
TiToeuli maTgani ama Tu im nawils uwinamZRvrebs, vin iqneba maTi ganmawesebeli da gamanawilebeli? RmerTi xom umal is iqneboda!
amitom, erTi ars RmerTi...
amasTan, bunebrivi aucileblobiTac erTeba aris orobis saTave.
Tu adamians arc rwmena aqvs da arc logikur dasabuTebas endoba,
maSin mas arc unda hqondes pretenzia imisa, rom asabuTebdes debulebas
RmerTis an religiaTa mravlobis Sesaxeb. aseTi ram ugunurobaa! amis Sesaxeb dRes aravin ar kamaTobs. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom Tu RmerTi
erTia, maSin WeSmaritebac erTia.. religiur azrovnebas monisturi xasiaTi aqvs. WeSmaritebaTa da amis Sesabamisad religiaTa mravlobas (sawyis
etapze poliTeizmi) religiis enaze adamianis codvilobis, misi codvaTdacemis Sedegia, radgan, Tvadapirvelad, mxolod erTi religia arsebobda.
wm. ioane damaskeli, marTlmadidebluri sarwmunoebis zedmiwevniTi gadmocema, Tb. 2000 (berZnulidan Targmna, Sesavali da SeniSvnebi daurTo ediSer WeliZem), gv. 33-34.
2. arqimandriti rafaeli, saubrebi marTlmadideblobaze, naw. II, Tb.
1997, gv. 59.
3. sulxan-saba Tavis leqsikonSi WeSmaritebis cnebis ganmartebisas wm. werils eyrdnoba. kerZod, II kor. 6,7; da aqedan gamomdinare Semdegnairad ganmartavs mas: `WeSmariti - swored marTali, nandvilve, namdvilve~ (sulxan-saba orbeliani, `leqsikoni qarTuli~ II, Tb. 1993, gv. 400)
sabas mixedviT, WeSmaritia is, rac namdvilia filosofiuri gagebiT,
namdvili ar SeiZleba warmavali, cvalebadi da mravali iyos. is aris maradiuli, ucvleli, ukvdavi da erTi (platoni). aseTi ram ki aris mxolod absoluti, igive RmerTi, aqedan gamomdinare, WeSmariteba mxolod
qristeSia, mis wm. saxarebasa da wm. eklesiaSi. xolo rac Seexeba RmerTis
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kaxa qecbaia

uaryofas, aseTi ram wminda werilis mixedviT ubralod ugunurebaa da

meti araferi (ix. fsalmunni, 13.1).
4. wm. mamebi da saeklesio moZRvreba aswavlis, rom WeSmaritebis
rwmenis uaryofa iwvevs iseT saSiS movlenas, rogoricaa fanatizmi. fanatizmi aris sulieri ampartavneba, sakuTar Tavze orientireba (arqimandriti rafaeli) da aqedan gamomdinare sakuTari azris rwmena, romlisTvisac miuRebelia universaluri WeSmariteba. es ki uaxlovdeba WeSmaritebis pragmatistul gagebas, romlis mixedviT, WeSmaritia is rac
sasargebloa. ara da namdvili sargeblianoba WeSmaritebaSi mdgomareobs, rameTu WeSmariteba sikeTea. aqedan gamomdinare cxadi unda iyos
is faqti, rom marTlmadideblobaSi religiuri fanatizmi ar arsebobs.
Tavisi arsiT, igi antireligiuri movlenaa!
5. arqimandriti iustine, marTlmadidebluri eklesia da ekumenizmi, Tb. 1995, gv. 116-117.
6. iqve, gv. 108.
7. boxenski, `absoluti~, J. `religia~, #9, Tb. 1992, gv. 60.

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ZiriTadi religiebis mimdevarTa raodenoba

wyaro: Britannika Book of the year, 1985.

325

kaxa qecbaia
saqarTveloSi arsebul religiebiSi, konfesiebsa da
denominaciebSi gaerTianebul morwmuneTa raodenoba
(2002 wlis miaxloebiTi monacemebis mixedviT)
saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 84%-ze meti marTlmadidebelia.
kaTolikebi _ 8-10 aTasamde.
iudaizmis mimdevrebi _ 20 aTasi.
evangelur-luTeranuli eklesiis warmomadgenlebi _ 10001500-mde.
islamis mimdevrebi _ naxevar milonze meti (400 aTasamde azebaijaneli da 200 aTasamde aWara).
somxuri samociqulo eklesiis mimdevrebi (monofizitebi) _
naxevar milonamde.
baptistebi _ 16-20 aTasamde.
ormocdaaTianelebi _ 10 aTasamde.
kriSnaistebi _ 1000-mde.
ieRovelebi _ 5-7-aTasamde.
xsnis armia _ 7 aTasamde.
duxoborebi _ 7-10 aTasamde.
malaknebi _ 7-10 aTasamde.
staroverebi _ 5 aTasamde.
sxva konfesiis mimdevrebi _ 1%-mde.

laTinurad Confessio _ rwmenis aRiarebas, sarwmunoebas, rjuls niSnavs.

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sakiTxavi masala

N
neil smelzeri
religia amerikaSi
[...] aSS erT-erTi im qveyanaTagania romelSic uamravi sarwmunoebebi da denominaciebia. amerikuli religiuri Tavisufleba kolonialuri periodis dasasruls Caisaxa, rodesac anglikanuri eklesiisadmi
mtrulma damokidebulebam da religiuri pluralizmis gacnobierebam
politikuri moRvaweebi iseT gadawyvetilebaTa misaRebad ganawyo, romelic sxva jgufebis mimarT erTi romelime religiuri jgufis priviligirebas gamoricxavda. amis Sedegad religiis saxelmwifosagan gamoyofis idea gaCnda, romelmac qveynis konstituciaSi pova asaxva. mogvianebiT igi yvela Statis konstituciaSi aisaxa. amgvari samarTlebrivi
dacva uzrunvelyofs ,,Tavisufal konkurencias sulier sferoSi, amave dros eklesiis saxelmwifosagan gamoyofa gaxda mizezi socialuri
da samarTlebrivi problemebisa, gansakuTrebiT iseT sferoebSi rogoricaa saxelmwifo ganaTleba da kultis axali wevrebiT Sevseba. miuxedavad am problemebisa, rwmenis Tavisufleba safuZvlad daedo religiur pluralizmsa da Semwynareblobas. mas adasturebs 200 denominacia,
romelic aSS-Si arsebobs [...]

327

kaxa qecbaia

religia da socialuri ganwyobebi

[...] ra gavlena aqvs religiur pluralizms aSS-Si socialur cxovrebaze? aqvT Tu ara sxvadasxva religiuri mimdinareobebis warmomadgenlebs gansxvavebuli politikuri da sxva Sexedulebebi?
gerhard lenskis mier 50-iani wlebis bolos detroitSi Catarebulma gamokvlevebma gamoavlina protestantebis, iudaistebisa da kaTolikebis gansxvavebuli Rirebulebebi. magaliTad, yoveli am religiis warmomadgenlebs dausves kiTxva - SeiZleba Tu ara sityvis Tavisuflebaze dayrdnobiT prezidentis kritika, gamosvla religiis winaaRmdeg da faSizmis mxardaWera? samive jgufis pasuxi gansxvavebuli iyo.
protestantebma SedarebiT liberaloba gamoamJRavnes, meore adgilze
iyvnen
iudaistebma da kaTolikebma Sualeduri pozicia daikaves. gansxvavebuli iyo pasuxebi iseT sakiTxebSic, rogorebicaa azartuli TamaSebi, alkoholuri sasmelebis miReba, kontroli Sobadobaze, ganqorwineba da savaWro dawesebulebebSi kviraobiT muSaoba. gamonaklisis miuxedavad, kritikulebi am sakiTxebSi sxvaze naklebad iudaistebi aRmoCndnen. protestantebi kicxavdnen azartul TamaSebsa da alkoholis miRebas, vidre kaTolikebi da iudaistebi. rogorc mosalodneli iyo kaTolikebi ufro mkacrad gamodian Sobadobis kontrolisa da ganqorwinebebis winaaRmdeg, vidre sxva religiis warmomadgenelebi. Tumca lenskis ganzogadebebi eWvs iwvevs ori faqtoris gamo. jer erTi, SerCeviTi
kvleva detroitis bazaze Catarda, ueWvelad sxva Sedegi iqneboda qveynis maStabiT Catarebuli SerCevis dros. meore, es informacia Zalze
Zvel monacemebs efuZneba. am xnis manZilze amerikul sazogadoebaSi
mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs qonda adgili. yvelaze gviandeli gamokvleva
religiis socialur aspeqtebze, ,,konvergenciis analizs, protestantebsa da kaTolikebs Soris socialur sakiTxebSi msgavsebis zrdas exeba. 1968 wels kaTolikeTa 74% amarTlebda Sobadobis kontrols, maSin
rodesac lenskis monacemebiT es maCvenebeli 37%-ia. (protestantebi
Cveulebriv amarTleben Sobadobis kontrols). 60-ian da 70-ian wlebSi
kaTolikebisa da protestantebis damokidebuleba abortis mimarT erTmaneTs dauaxlovda. magram maT Soris zogierT sadavo sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT sxvaoba darCa, magaliTad, dasaSvebia Tu ara religiuri
cenzura wignebze da yvelas unda qondes Tu ara Casaxvis sawinaaRmdego
saSualebebis gamoyenebis ufleba [...]

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religiis sociologia

religiis mniSvneloba amerikul sazogadoebaSi

[...] ra mniSvneloba aqvs religias amerikelebisaTvis? Znelia religiurobis an religiuri grZnobebis gazomva. Amitom ganvixiloT iseTi
faqtori, rogoricaa eklesiaSi siaruli. kvleveebi aCveneben, rom 50ian wlebSi eklesiaSi yoveldRiuri siarulis maCvenebeli Zalze dabalia, xolo, 1971 wels igi 40%-a aRwevs. magram, aris Tu ara eklesiaSi siaruli religiurobis saimedo maCvenebeli? albaT, zogierTi Rrmad
morwmune yoveldRe dadis eklesiaSi; zogs RvTismsaxurebis silamaze,
eklesiaSi damkvidrebuli simSvidis atmosferom musikiT tkboba da yvavilebi izidavs; amasTanave arsebobe nRrmad morwmune adamianebi, romlebic ar dadian eklesiaSi. SeiZleba religiuroba ganvixiloT sxva
TvalsazrisiTac - pirovnuli rwmenis gaTvaliswinebiT. am aspeqtiT
savsebiT sxva suraTi vlindeba. aSS-Si pirovnuli religiuri rwmenis
mqone moqalaqeTa ricxvi gacilebiT metia, vidre dasavleTis nebismier
industriul qveyanaSi. mTlianobaSi amerikelTa 94%-s swams RmerTi, da
71%-s sikvdilis Semdeg sicocxle. ratomaa aseTi didi sxvaoba religiuri wesebis formalur dacvasa (magaliTad, eklesiaSi siarulsa) da pirovnul religiur mrwamss Soris? Aai rogor xsnis amas everet ledi
(1979). ramdenadac respodentTa 81% aqvs erTnairi Tvalsazrisi: ,,Tavisi individualuri religiuri mrwamsi individma nebismieri eklesiisa
da sinagogisagan damoukideblad unda Camoayalibos, ledi aSS-s individualisturi rwmenis qveyanas uwodebs. pirovnuli religiurobis maRali donis meore mizezia, albaT, amerikelTa midrekileba imisaken, rasac belam samoqalaqo religia daarqva. samoqalaqo religia imis rwmenas gulisxmobs, rom aSS ,,aRTqmuli miwaa sadac RmerTma moiyvana Cagrulebi evropidan, msgavsad imisa Tu rogor daexmara is ebraelebs egviptidan gamosvlaSi. rogorc bela wers, bevr amerikels miaCnia, rom
RmerTi ,,aqtiurad interesdeba adamianebis istoriiT, monawileobasac
ki Rebulobs masSi, magram amerikelebis mimarT gansakuTrebul zrunvas
avlens. es amerikis istoriaSi - prezidentebis gamosvlebSi, saxelmwifoebriv ceremoniebsa da dResaswaulebSi aisaxa. amerikelebi ificeben
,,RmerTis rCeul erTian nacias, mravali ceremoniebi iwyeba locviT,
amerikul dolarebze arsebuli Canawerebic ki amtkiceben, rom ,,Cven
gvwams RmerTi. Tavisufali rwmenisaTvis mebrZolebi bolo xanebSi mouwodeben samoqalaqo religiis gavrcelebisaken isini cdiloben saxelmwifo skolebSi locvebis aRadgenas da a. S. [...]

329

kaxa qecbaia

kidev erTxel eklesiisa da saxelmwifos Sesaxeb

[...] eklesiis saxelmwifosagan gamoyofa aSS-saTvis religiur pluralizmTan da potenciur religiur konfliqtebTan dakavSirebuli
problemis gadaWris xerxia. am principSi religiuri organizaciebis
Tavisufali konkurencia igulisxmeba, magram amasTan arc-erTi eklesia
da denominacia ar unda iyos privilegirebuli saxelmwifos mxridan. am
principma aSS-s mravali problema aarida, rogoric dRes im saxelmwifoebs awuxebs sadac gabatonebuli eklesia arsebobs. aSS-Si religiuri
umciresobebi ar ganicdidnen devnas mTavrobis mxridan, Tumca religiuri kultebis Tavisuflebis garantiis sakiTxebze adgili aqvs azrTa
sxvadasxvaobas. sxva qveynebs Tu SevxedavT politikur da socialur viTarebaze religiuri organizaciebis zemoqmedebis dramatul magaliTebs aRmovaCenT. israelSi orTodoqsuri iudaizmis warmomadgenelTa
mcire jgufi did gavlenas axdens saxelmwifoebriv politikaze. ebraul saxelmwifoSi SabaTobiT ar muSaobs transporti, yvela saqorwino
ceremoniebs rabini xelmZRvanelobs. religiis politikaze gavlenis
gamaognebeli magaliTi iranis movlenebia, sadac religiurma Zalebma
gadatrialeba moaxdines, Camoagdes Sahi da qveynis xelmZRvaneloba musulmanurma Teokratiam ikisra. mTavrobis politika da religiuri kanoni erTi da igive gaxda. bevri socialuri reformebi, romelTac Sahi
anxorcielebda, magaliTad, qalebis ganTavisufleba Cadrebis tarebis
aucileblobisagan aiaTola homeinma akrZala; religiuri lideris statusiT is saxelmwifos lideri gaxda. Tanamedrove sazogadoebis cxovrebidan religiuri da politikuri cxovrebis urTierTgadaxlarTvis
mravali magaliTis moyvana SeiZleba. Tumca Secdomaa imis gafiqreba,
rom odesme eklesia saxelmwifos srulad gamoeyofa [...]

A amonaridi neils smelzeris wignidan `sociologia~,

(mTliani masalis naxava SesaZlebelia socium.ge-ze).

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religiis sociologia

sakiTxavi masala
ioaxim vaxi
religiis sociologia
(fragmenti)
Nnawili I
meTodologiuri prolegomenebi
Tavi I
meTodi
[...] sruliad naTelia, rom religiis analizis meTodologiis SemuSaveba, zogadi saxiTac ki, mocemuli wignis farglebs scdeba. amitom
Cven aq religiis Sesaxeb arsebul mecnierebebs Soris urTierTkavSiris
ganxilvas davjerdebiT mxolod. Teologias, rogorc normatiul disciplinas, erTi konkretuli rwmenis interpretaciasTan, analizTan da
axsnasTan aqvs saqme. religiis Sesaxeb zogadi mecniereba, romelic Tavis
TavSi moicavs fenomenologias, istorias, fsiqologias da religiis sociologias, principSi aRweriT mecnierebas warmoadgens. igi yvela religiis bunebis axsnisaken miiswrafvis. amgvarad am disciplinaTa midgomebs, meTodebsa da miznebs Soris raodenobrivi da Tvisebrivi gansxvaveba arsebobs, an erTi religia anda religiaTa simravlea kvlevis sagani,
amasTan meTodi normatiuli da aRweriTia. religiis filosofia Tavisi
normatiuli interesebidan gamomdinare Teologiis monaTesavea, magram
religiis Sesaxeb mecnierebebTan mas kvlevis sagani aqvs saerTo. religiis istoriisa da fsiqologiis sferoSi mravali Cinebuli gamokvleva
rasebobs, magram religiuri gamocdilebis sxvadasxva formebis sistemuri da SedarebiTi gamokvlevebi Zalian cotaa. mkvlevrebis umravlesoba
ZiriTad yuradRebas iseTi Teoriul formebs uTmoben rogorcaa miTi,
doqtrina anda dogma. amis Seswavla mniSvnelovania, magram amasTanave
aranakleb mniSvnelovania kultisa da Tayvaniscemis sxavadasxva pirobebis praqtikul gamoxatulebaTa formebis analizi. doqtrinisa da ritualebis gverdiT religiurobis gamovlenis mesame sferoc arsebobs, romelic axla ipyrobs im yuradRebas, romelsac is imsaxurebs: _ religiuri jgufebis warmoSoba, religiuri Tanamegobroba, asociacia, romelTa
individualuri, tipologiuri da SedarebiTi analizi, yvelaferi es religiis sociologiis sferoa.
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kaxa qecbaia

religiis istorikosis naSromebis gareSe religiis mkvlevar sociologs saSveli ar dadageba. amasTanave erTmaneTis Canacvleba arc erTs
ar SeuZlia. pPirveli maTgani religiis ganviTarebis horizontaluri xaziT interesdeba, xolo meore maTgani am xazebs Soris vertikaluri ganaseris gakeTebas mieswrafvis. sociologi imedovnebs, rom misi kategoriebi istoriuli masalis sarealizaciod iqneba sasargeblo.
pativi, rom religiis sociologiis sistemuri mkvlevari gamxdariyo pirvels maqs vebers xvda wilad. sainteresoa, rom veberis mier kalvinizmis kvlevam misadmi gadametebuli interesi gamoiwvia, xolo religiis sociologiaSi veberis mier Setanili wvlilis didi nawili ganze darCa. am SemTxvevaSi, pirvel rigSi, Cven vavlenT interess araqristianuli
religiuri samyaros Tematikasa da mis Sesaxeb arsebul gamokvlevebze.
veberi da misi kolegebi, gansakuTrebiT verner zombarti, pirveli
mkvlevrebi iyvnen ekonomikasa da religias Soris arsebuli kavSiris
kvlevis saqmeSi. religiasa da ekonomikas Soris kavSiris Seswavla socialuri realobis mxolod erT-erT formas moicavs da, Sesabamisad, religiis sociologiis erT-erT aspeqtad SeiZleba miviCnioT. rac `religiasa
da xelovnebas~ an `religiasa da samarTlebriv institutebs~ Soris kavSiris dadgenis analogia. amitom `religiisa da ekonomikis~ Seswavla religiis sociologiis igiveobrivi aranairad ar aris.
veberis Semdeg bevri rame darCa gasakeTebeli. religiis sakuTar sqemaSi man
e. w. `pirvelyofil religiaTa~ mTeli
jgufi, aseve islami da mravali mniSvnelovani religia ar CarTo. amasTanave religiis didi mecnieriseuli gageba garkveuli doziT araadekvaturi iyo, imdenad
ramdenadac igi religiisadmi kritikuli
damokidebulebiT xasiaTdeba. kategoriebi romelTa meSveobiTac igi religiuri
fenomenebis klasifikacias axdenda sruliad aradmakmayofilebelia imitom, rom
maT pirvandel sazriss igi arsaTanado
yuradRebas uTmobda.
M maqs veberi
veberis moRvaweoba mravali mimarTebiT iqna srulyofili misi megobris,
ernst trelCis amomwuravi gamokvlevebis wyalobiT, romlebic, samwuxarod, gansakuTrebiT qristianobiT iyo gansazRvruli. misma midgomam
amerikuli denominacionalizmis kvlevis saqmeSi h. r. niburis stimuli332

religiis sociologia

reba moaxdina, rac udidesi wvlilia kultebis sociologiuri analizis

saqmeSi. mis msgavsad, maqs veberisa da leopold fon vizes sociologiis
gavleniT gauCnda hovard bekers religiis sociologiuri aspeqtebisadmi interesi. savalalaoa, rom am ori germaneli swavlulis (romlebmac
socialur-religiuri analizis sakuTar, pirad metafizikur da sxva TeoriebTan Serevaze uari Tqves) saqeb magaliTs sxva mecnierebi yovelTvis ar misdeven.
mniSvnelovania im Secdomis Tavidan acileba, romelic ramdenime
aTeuli wlis ukan axali fsiqologiis warmomadgenlebma dauSves. axali
midgomiT gatacebulma mkvlevrebma warmoidgines, rom xelT religiis
gagebis univerasluri gasaRebi upyriaT. zogierTi Cvengani, romelic
religiis sociologiur implikaciebs swavlobs, aseve aRmoCndeba gaugebrobaSi Tuki miiCnevs, rom Cveni naSromi religiis bunebasa da arss
srulad gamoavlens. am gamonaTqvams, pirvel rigSi, is Teoretikosebi
yavs mxedvelobaSi, romlebic religiisa da sazogadoebis kvlevisas marqsisa da kontis filosofias iyeneben. diurkemma, magaliTad Tayvanismcemeli subieqtisa da religiis obieqtis gaumarTlebeli igiveobiT
primitiuli religiuri institutebis sakuTari analizis Rirebuleba
Seamcira.
Cveni mizani ufro mokrZalebulia. vimedovnebT religias da socialur movlenebs Soris mravalricxovani urTierTkavSiris analizis meSveobiT religiis erT-erTi funqciis, _ Tundac nakleb mniSvnelovani,
magram sakmaod arsebiTis, _ swor Sesafebas. amgvari midgomis daxmarebiT vimedovnebT, rom vaCvenoT religiis ara mxolod kulturuli mniSvneloba, aramed gamovimuSaoT axali Tvalsazrisi religiuri gamocdilebis gamoxatulebaTa mraval formebs Soris urTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb. amiT religiuri gamocdilebis sxvadasxva aspeqtebis ukeT gageba
gaxdeba SesaZlebeli.
erT-erTma wamyvanma Tanamedrove anTropologma ruT benediqtma
kulturuli saxeebis kvlevisas erTmaneTs ori midgoma daupirispira:
erT SemTxvevaSi `religia ganixileba, rogorc cocxali~, xolo meore
SemTxvevaSi `religia, rogorc obieqturi mocemuloba~. Cven ver daveTanxmebiT amas da mis msgavs mtkicebulebebs religiis `sikvdilis~ Sesaxeb, romlebic upirvels yovlisa religiuri gamocdilebis ama Tu im istoriul gamovlinebebTan yalb gaigivebaze arian damyarebulni. Tavis
droze istorikosebis mier gavrcelebuli survilis sawinaaRmdegod,
`WeSmariteba~ `siyalbis~ kategoriebis gareSe fons gasvla SeuZlebelia.
problema Sesafasebel movlenaTa swor interpretirebaSi mdgomareobs.
es 50 wlis winaT naTeli iyo uliam jeimzisaTvis. mravali mZime Secdomis
333

kaxa qecbaia

acileba SeiZleba, Tuki hermenevtikas, rogorc interpretaciis Teorias

davubrundebiT. swori definiciebi da srulfasovani ganxilvebia saWiro interpretaciis im meTodebisa da SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb, rodesac
saqme religiis Sesaxeb mecnierebisa da didi Teologiuri, filosofiuri da samarTlebrivi sistemebis Sedarebas Seexeba.
ganzogadebulad rom vTqvaT, religiis sociologias SeuZlia Seavsos, magram arasodes ar SeuZlia Secvalos religiis fenomenologia,
fsiqologia an istoria, Teologiaze rom araferi vTqvaT. am ukanasknels Cven im religiuri normebisa da Rirebulebebis formulirebas vutovebT, romlebic mimarTulebas aZleven Cvens cxovrebasa da moqmedebas. imis miuxedavad, rom Cveni meTodi aRweriTia Cvens mier miRebuli Sedegebi akademiurobis CarCoebs scdeba, oRond es imas ar niSnavs, rom
isini winaswar iqneba mocemuli. amiT miukerZoebel damkvirvebels saSualeba miecema ufro metad informirebuli iyos sazogadoebasa da religias Soris arsebuli rTuli da mravalferovani kaSiris Sesaxeb; religiis didi mastimulizebeli da maintegrirebeli Zala masze waruSlel STabeWdilebas moaxdens. Tavis STamagobenel leqciebSi saxelwodebiT
`msoflio-istoriuli ganazrebani~, romlebic Cvens TemasTan dakavSirebiT brwyinvale masalebs Seicaven da romlebic axlaxan iTargmna inglisur enaze, kulturis gamoCenili Sveicarieli mkvlevari iakob burkhardti bekonis cnobil gamonaTqvams gvaxsenebs `religia kacobriobis SemakavSirebeli umniSvnelovanesi fenomenia~.
siRaribis pirispir, romelmac Cveni civilizacia daamarcxa, religiis warsuli da Tanamedrove rolis marTebuli gageba gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas
iZens. warsuls Cabarda is dro rodesac religiis SedarebiTi analizis sferos specialistebs SeeZloT TavianTi miRwevebi neitraluri poziciebidan SemoeTavazebinaT. sasargeblo iqneboda XIX saukunis dasarulis
moazrovneTa dogmaturi mtkicebebis Tavmoyra, romlebic xSirad piradapir Tu iribad translirebdenen ganmanaTleblobis
(calmxrivi inteleqtualizmisa da skepticizmis saukunisaTvis) epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli argumentebiTa da azrovnebis tipebiT. upiratesobis grZnoba, romelsac mravaiakob burkhardti
li pozitivisti komentatoris mier umecari
(1818-1897)
gonebis `ucnaur~ da `saswaulebrv~ gamovle334

religiis sociologia

naTa dacinvas iwvevda TiTqmis mTlianad gaqra. xelovnebis istoriis Seswavlis msgavsad, romelic axal gagebas gvaZlevs Tanamedoveobisagan
gansxvavebuli xelovnebisa, religiis Tanamedrove istorikosi aseve
cdilobs Caswvdes religiaSi gamoyenebul miTosur simbolizms da is realuri sazrisi dainaxos romelic misi egzotikuri samosiTaa dafaruli.
bevri Cvengani gaocebuli iyo religiis dasaxasiaTeblad adre gulubryvilod gamoyenebuli terminis `primitiulis~ fardobiTobis gacnobierebiT. zogierTi mkvlevari upiratesobis Tanamedrove grZnobis uaryofiT da nostalgiurad, Tumca araproduqtulad, `warsul droebaze~
dardiT da im adamianebisadmi SuriT romlebic flobdnen imas rac `Tanamedrove~ samyarom dakarga, sxva ukiduresobaSi gadavarda. ufro realisturi midgoma religiurobis gamovlenaTa sazrisSi, romlebic drosa da sivrceSi Cvengan Sors imyofebian, TanagrZnobiT SeRwevaSi da Tanamedrove sinamdvilisadmi maTi Sesaferisobis kritikul gacnobierebaSi
mdgomareobs.
kidev erTi meTodologiuri problema ar unda gamogvrCes mxedvelobidan. aucilebelia socialuri filosofia (sazogadoebis normatiuli Teoria) da sociologia mkafiod ganvasxvaoT erTmaneTisagan. ar arsebobs qristianuli, ebrauli an musulmanuri sociologia. magram aSkarad Tu farulad arsebobs qristianuli, ebrauli an musulmanuri socialuri filosofia. socialuri filosofiisa da sociologiis absoluturad gaumarTlebeli Sereva naTlad Cans religiis normatiul koncefciaSi, romelsac xSirad `qristianul sociologias~ uwodeben da
romelic qrsitianobis socialuri Semadgenlis Sesaxeb gamokvlevebs
udevs safuZvlad da im doziT aris Rirebuli sadamdec es SesaZlebelia.
Secdomaa imaze fiqri, rogorc es xSirad `socialuri saxarebisadmi~
inetresis mozRvavebisas xdeboda, rom religiis sociologia socialuri reformebis konkretuli programebis igiveobrivi unda iyos. sociologiis amgvari gageba Seusabamo iqneba misi, rogorc aRweriTi mecnierebis namdvil bunebasTan. aucilebelia kidev erT ukanasknel `sakiTxs~ SevexoT. amgvari kvlevebisaTvis arsebobs Tu ara sakmarisi safuZvlebi im
SemTxvevaSi, rodesac TviT sociologiis bunebasTan da funqciebTan dakavSirebuli ufro funadmenturi sakiTxebi arasakmarisadaa gadawyvetili. amaze Cven unda vTqvaT, rom sociologiuri mecnierebis bunebisa da
funqcionirebis Sesaxeb saubari SesaZlebelia socialuri movlenebis
winaswari analizis safuZvelze, romelic Tavis mxriv religiurobis gamovlinebasac unda moicavdes.
religiis sociologiuri implikaciebis miukerZoebli da obieqturi midgomebis Seswavlisas aucilebelia msgavs midgomaTa ramdenime
335

kaxa qecbaia

principis xazgasma. pirveli moTxovna religiur gamocdilebaTa mravalferovnebisa da moculobis sifarTovis faqtis gaTvaliswinebaa. es imas
niSnavs, rom religiis yvela sociologiuri gamokvlevis safuZveli unda Seqmnan, pirvel rigSi, fenomenologiurma da fsiqologiurma tipebma,
romelTa arseboba jeimzis cnobili analizis Sedegad sayovelTaod aRiarebuli gaxda da meore, religiuri gamocdilebis mravaferovanma istoriulma tipebma. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, Cveni gamokvlevis erTi
religiiT (iqneba es Cveni Tu CvenTvis kargad cnobili religia) Semofrgvla ganuxrelad migviyvans arasakmaris da arswor daskvnebamde. rac
ufro masStaburia sxvadasxva saxis religiur gamocdilebaTa moculoba, romelzedac mkvlevars miuwvdeba xeli, miT ufro Rrmad SeaRwevs igi
Tavis kvlevis saganSi. religiis istoriis, anTropologiis da sociologiis sferos Tanamedrove mkvlevrebma masalis im simwiris daZleva SeZles, romelic jer kidev 25 wlis winaT iyo xelmisawvdomi. am gamokvlevaSi gamoyebenuli midgoma, romelic tipologiuri midgomis saxeliTaa
cnobili, gaurkvevel istorizmTan, romelic SerCevasa da gamoyofas
uaryofs da erTi rwmeniT, rogorc wesi, mkvlevris rwmeniT gansazRvrulobasTan SedarebiT, Sualeds warmoadgens. amgvari midgoma kargadaa
ilustrirebuli harnakis frazaSi imis Sesaxeb, rom vinc erTi religia
icis, amavdroulad man yvela religia icis.
meore moTxovna religiis samyaros warmatebuli kvlevisaTvis religiur movlenaTa bunebisa da mniSvnelobis didi Rirebulebis gagebaSi
mdgomareobs. mkvlevari Tavis sakvlev saganTan naTesaobas unda grZnobdes, aseve Tavisi masalebis SeZlebisdagvarad keTilsasurvel interpretacias unda ecados.
naTelia, rom religiuri fenomenebis, religiur pirovnebebsa da
jgufebs Soris urTierTobebis mkvlevrisaTvis ori midgoma arsebobs.
erTi midgoma emyareba rwmenas, rom gamokvleva exeba WeSmaritebas. am
`imanenturi~ midgomiT, romelic wyaroebis naxevarSi naklebi doziTaa
gamoyenebuli, religiis sociologi da istorikosi informacias iRebs.
sxva midgoma imis SesaZleblobas ar gamoricxavs, rom `WeSmaritebasTan
aqvs saqme~, romelic realobasTan SesabamisobaSia, magram cdilobs yvela masala religiis pozitiurad Tu negatiurad Semfaseblisagan damoukideblad gamoiyenos imisaTvis, rom isini gulmodgined da kritikulad
gaaanalizos, saTiTaod ganixilos isini socialur, istoriul, kulturul da fsiqologiur konteqstSi. moaxdinos movlenis interpretacia,
pirvel rigSi, misi (movlenis) sakuTari bunebidan gamomdinare da meore,
gaiTvaliswinos zemoxsenebuli konteqsti. es ori midgoma naivuri alternativis, kritikulis an `mecnierulis~ identuri rodia, rogorc es
336

religiis sociologia

zogierTebs goniaT. religiur moRvaweTa biografiebis an religiuri

jgufebisa da moZraobaTa SedarebiTi analizi amas kargad aCvenebs.
bolos, SeiZleba mkiTxon, sasargeblo xom ar iqneboda religiis
mkvlevrebis, filosofosebisa da socialur mecnierebaTa warmomadgenlebis drodadro Sexvedra rom momxdariyo maTi urTierTgamdidrebis
mizniT. isini TavianTi mecnierebis monacemebiT daexmarebodnen religiis sociologias winsvlasa da ganviTarebaSi. sociologebi, romlebic ikvleven politikur Teorias an mmarTvelobis formebs, sagnis erTi mxaris damuSaveba SeuZliaT, maSin rodesac religiis SedarebiTi mkvlevrebi filologiis, arqeologiis da Teologiis daxmarebiT sagnis sxva mares amuSaveben. yvelas erTad religiis sociologiis warmatebuli ganviTarebisaTvis SeeZlo xelis gamarTva [...]
Targmna k. qecbaiam

`visac momavali sicocxlis ar swams, am cxovrebaSic mkvdaria~.

goeTe

337

kaxa qecbaia
ZiriTadi cnebebi
animizmi _ warmodgena romlis mixedviT, bunebrivi samyaros elementebi sicocxlis gonieri formebia, romlebic zegavlenas axdenen adamianze, mis cxovrebasa da saqmianobaze.
ganTavisuflebis Teologia _ qristianuli da politikuri principebis Sereva.
globalizacia _ msoflioSi adamianebs, regionebsa da qveynebs Soris urTierTdamokidebulebis zrda.
denominacia _ saxelmwifosagan damoukidebeli religiuri gaerTianeba, romelic religiur pluralizms aRiarebs.
eklesia _ religiuri organizaciis tradiciuli forma.
ekumenizmi _ organizebuli religiis mxridan sekularizaciis sawinaaRmdego tendencia, romelic gulisxmobs gansxvavebuli konfesiebis swrafvas gaRrmavebuli TanamSromlobisa da urTierTgagebisaken.
konfliqtis Teoria _ sociologiuri perseqtiva, romelic orientirebulia sazogadoebaSi arsebul uTanxmoebebze, winaaRmdegobebsa da
konkurentul interesebze.
kulti _ religiuri organizacia, romelic sazogadoebaSi aRiarebuli religiuri da kulturuli tardiciebis miRma imyofeba.
laicizmi _ religiur RirebulebebTan mimarTebaSi miwier da saero RirebulebaTa sruli damoukidebloba.
magia _ ritualebi romelTa meSveobiTac adgili aqvs garkveuli
miznebis misaRwevad sulier Zalebze zemomqedebas. Tavisi `individualuri moqmedebiT~ igi ewinaaRmdegba religias.
milenarizmi _ garkveuli saxis religiuri moZraoba, romlis wevrebs sjeraT, rom uaxloes momavalSi globaluri katastrofebi moxdeba
da mas Sedegad axali eris dasawyisi mohyveba.
monoTeizmi _ erTRmerTianoba.
poliTeizmi _ mravalRmerTianoba.
religia _ socialuri instituti, romelic sakralurisa zebunebrivis realobaze damyarebul rwmenasa da ritualebs moicavs.
religiuroba _ religiis mniSvneloba individis cxovrebaSi.
religiuri grZnoba _ uzenaesi realobis gancda, romelic adamianSi sikvdilis saocar SiSs da ukvdavebis saocar gancadas iwvevs.
religiuri pluralizmi _ erTi sazogadoebis SigniT sxvadasxva
religiebis TanabarmniSvnelovnebis aRiareba.
rituali _ formaluri, ceremonialuri moqmedeba.
rwmena _ is, rac ar emyareba mecnierul faqtebs.
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religiis sociologia

sakraluri _ is, rasac adamianebi eqstraordinalurad miiCneven

da rac mowiwebasa da mokrZalebas iwvevs. wminda.
saero _ is, rasac adamianebi yoveldRiuri cxovrebis elenetad miiCneven. profanuli.
samoqalaqo religia _ kvazireligiuri loialoba, romelic saero
principebis safuZvelze aerTianebs adamianebs.
saxelmwifoebrivi eklesia _ eklesia, romelic oficialurad gaerTianebulia saxelmwifosTan.
sekularizacia _ sakralurs mniSvnelobis Sesusteba sazogadoebaSi.
seqta _ religiuri organizaciis forma, romelic sazogadoebisagan gancalkavebaT imyofeba.
sinkretuli religiebi _ (berZn. Serwyma) im kultebsa da rwmenebs
gulisxmoben, romlebic sxvadasxva religiebis an maTi elementebis Serwymis gziT arian warmoqmnilni.
socialuri moqmedebis Teoria _ sociologiuri perspeqtiva romelic adamianis moqmedebis miRma arsebuli mniSvnelobebisa da ganzraxvebzea fokusirebuli. misTvis mniSvnelovani ar aris garegani Zalebis
gavlena adamianis moqmedebaze.
totemi _ bunebis sagani an movlena, romelsac sakraluris mniSvneloba aqvs.
formaluri urTierTobebi _ urTierTobebis forma jgufebsa da
organizaciebSi, romelic dadgenili wesebisa normebis mixedviT warimarTeba.
fundamentalizmi _ konservatiuli religiuri doqtrina, romelic opozicionerobas uwevs religiuri cxovrebis racionalizacias.
funqcionalizmi _ Teoriuli mimdinareoba sociologiaSi, romelic imis Sesaxeb warmodgenas emyareba, rom socialuri movlenebi maTi
funqciis, anu sazogadoebriv procesebze maTi gavlenis mixedviT unda
aixsnas.
qarizma _ individis gansakuTrebulad gamorCeuli unari, zebunebrivi niWi, romlis ZaliTac mas TanmimdevarTa mTeli armiis gaCena SeuZlia.
Samani _ adamiani, romelic garSemomyofTa SexedulebiT magiuri
Zalebis mflobelia.

339

kaxa qecbaia

danarTi:
religiebi msoflios sxvadsxva qveynebSi
sakiTxi sxvadasxva religiis mimdevarTa zusti raodenobis Sesaxeb
Zalze rTulia. Tumca romel qveynaSi romel religias ra raodenobis mimdevari hyvas amis Tqma sxavadasxva monacemebis sauZvelze miaxloebiT mainc SeiZleba. marTalia religiis sociologia religiis geografiad ver
gadaiqceva, magram informacia imis Sesaxeb, Tu sad, romel qveyanaSi romeli religiaa gvrcelebuli religiis sociologiur codnas garkveulwilad avsebs. es yovelive sainteresoa imdenad, ramdenadac mocemuli statistikuri masala sociologiuri kvlevebis safuZvlezea miRebuli.
E
evropa-azia
fineTi
fineTSi qriatianobam XII saukuneSi SeaRwia. reformaciis dros am
qveyanaSi luTeranoba gavrcelda, romelsac mosaxleobis 92% aRiarebs.
finelebis umravlesoba finuri evangelur-luTeranuli eklesiis mimdevaria. arian agreTve Sveduri luTeranuli eklesiis mimdevrebi (2 aTasze
meti). damoukidebeli religiuri organizaciis saxiT arsebobs Tavisufali finuri eklesia (9 aTasamde). arian agreTve ormocdaaTianelebi (40
aTaze meti), xsnis armiis warmomadgenlebi (10 aTaze meti), ieRovelebi
(10 aTaze meti), meSvide dRis adventistebi (5 aTasamde), baptistebi (3
aTasze meti), meTodistebi (2 aTasamde).
Tavis mimdevarTa raodenobis mixedviT fineTSi meore adgilz finuri marTlmadidebluri eklesia imyofeba, romelic mTeli mosaxleobis 1,2%-s aerTianebs. kaTolikeTa raodenoba fineTSi 3 aTasze metia.
aseve arian iudaistebi da islamis mimdevrebic.
SvedeTi
SvedeTi IX saukuneSi gaqristianda. aq mosaxleobis 95% luTeranuli eklesiis warmomadgenelia, romelsac aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis
aRiarebis miuxedavad saxelmwifo religiis statusi aqvs miniWebuli.

warmodgenil masalaSi postsabWoTa qveynebis religiuri mdgomareoba asaxuli ar

aris. rac Seexeba aq naxseneb adgilobriv kultebs da rwmenebs, masSi igulisxmeba:
ojaxur-gvarovnuli kulti, zoolatria, agraruli kultebi, sxvadasxva saxis
magiuri ritualebi, totemizmi, animizmi, fetiSizmi, mcenareTa kulti, ciuri
sxeulebis Tayvaniscema, oTxi stiqiis Tayvaniscema, Samanizmi da mravali sxva,
romelic dedamiwis sxvadasxva adgilas dRemde SemorCenilia.

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religiis sociologia

sxva konfesiebidan da seqtebidan gvxvdebian: ormocdaaTianelebi (92

aTasi), xsnis armia (26 aTasi), Sveduri xsnis armia ( 2 aTasamde), baptistebi (26 aTasi), meTodistebi (9 aTasze meti), meSvide dRis adventistebi (3
aTasamde), Sveduri misioneruli kavSiri (86 aTasi), evangelisturi nacionaluri misioneruli sazogadoeba (27 aTasamde), misioneruli sazogadoeba (20 aTasi), Sveduri aliansis misioneruli sazogadoeba (14 aTasi),
siwmindis misia (4 aTasamde). kaTolicizms SvdedeTSi 55 aTasze meti adamiani aRiarebs, iudaizms 17 aTasi. sociologebi SeniSnaven, rom bolo xanebSi SevedeTSi religiuroba SesamCnevad ecema. protestantuli religiis sociologiis warmomadgenel gustavsonis mixedviT, SvdeTSi saxelmwifo luTeranul eklesiaSi regularulad mosaxleobis mxolod 3% dadis.
norvegia
norvegiaSi qristianoba IX saukuneSi gavrcelda. aq wamyvani mdgomareoba norvegiul luTeranul eklesias ukavia, romelic saxelmwifo
statusis mqonea. mas mTeli mosaxleobis 92% aRiarebs. 1877 wels saxelmwifo eklesias gamoeyo evangelistur-luTeranuli norvegiis Tavisufali eklesia, romelsac dRes 20 aTasze meti mimdevari hyavs. norvegiaSi
arian agreTve: ormocdaaTianelebi (37 aTasi), meTodistebi (17 aTasze meti), baptistebi (12 aTasi), meSvide dRis adventistebi (6 aTasamde), norvegiuli misioneruli kavSiri (4 aTasi). kaTolikeTa raodenoba 10 aTasze
metia. iudaistebi 1 aTasze naklebia.
D
dania
daniaSi qristianobam VII saukuneSi SeaRwia. reformaciis Semdeg
oficialuri sarwmunoeba daniaSi luTeranobaa, romelsac mosaxleobis
92% misdevs. luTeranebTan erTad arian ormocdaaTianelebi (9 aTasamde), meSvide dRis adventistebi (8 aTasi), baptistebi (7 aTasi), meTodistebi (4 aTasi), daniis misioneruli kavSiris mimdevrebi (4 aTasi), xsnis
armia da sxva. kaTolikeTa raodenoba 26 aTass aRwevs, xolo iudaizmis
mimdevrebi 7 aTass Seadgenen.
F
fareris kunZulebi
Ffareris kunZulis mcxovrebTa TiTqmis absoluturi umravlesoba
luTerania.

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kaxa qecbaia
islandia
qrsitianoba am qveyanaSi XI saukunidan arsebobs. isalndiis mosaxleobis 96% luTerania. kaTolikeTa raodenoba aq aTasze metia. sxva konfesiebis (xsnis armia, meSvide dRis adventistebi, islandiis bibliuri
gaerTianeba da sxva) warmomadgenelTa raodenoba umniSvneloa.
Ddidi britaneTi
britaneTSi qristianoba III saukinidan arsebobs. XVI saukuneSi inglisis eklesiam romisagan damoukidebloba gamoacxada, Tumca morwmuneTa garkveulma nawilma kaTolicizmi SeinarCuna. SotlandiaSi reformaciis Semdeg kalvinizmi damkvidrda, romelic momavalSi qveynis ZiriTadi religia gaxda. dReisaTvis did britaneTSi ori: saxelmwifo anglikanuri eklesia da Sotlandiis presviterianuli eklesia moqmedebs. anglikanur eklesias 27,6 milioni mimdevari yavs, xolo Sotlandiis eklesias 1,1 milioni. arseboben agreTve e. w. Tavisufali eklesiebi. yvelaze
metni _ 2 milioni _ meTodistebi arian. baptistebis raodenoba 507 aTasia. xolo daaxloebiT 84 aTasi Sotlandieli anglikanuri eklesiis warmomadgenelia. did britaneTSi moqmedi sxva konefsiebidan aRsaniSnavia
xsnis armia (350 aTasi), ormocadaaTianelebi (98 aTasi), ieRovelebi (80
aTasi), luTeranebi (33 aTasi), kvakerebi (21 aTasi), Tavisufali da unaitaruli qristianuli eklesiis warmomadgenlebi (15 aTasi), meSvide dRis
adventistebi (12 aTasi), inglisis Tavisufali eklesiis warmomadgenlebi
(8 aTasi), nazarevelebi (8 aTasi), axali eklesiis midevrebi (4 aTasi), qristianuli mecnierebis da mormonTa warmomadgenlebi (85 aTasi). britaneTis gaerTianebul samefoSi 5,8 milioni adamiania kaTolicizmis mimdevari. araqrisatianuli religiebidan aris iudaizmi (450 aTasi), isalami
(300 aTasi), induizmi da budizmi.
gaerTianebuli samefos avtonomiur nawil CrdiloeT irlandiaSi
498 aTasi adamiani kaTolikea, xolo 413 aTasi protestanti, arian agreTve
presviterianelebi (345 aTasi), meTodistebi, baptistebi (daaxloebiT 7-8
aTasi), kongregacionalstebi (3 aTasi), anglikanebi (72 aTasi).
didi britaneTis mflobelobaSi Semaval kulZul menze ZiriTadad
anglikanuri eklesiaa dominanti, Tumca arian baptistebi, kongregacionalistebi, meTodistebi, presviterianelebi, ieRovelebi da xsnis armiis
warmomadgenlebi.
normandiis kunZul jersize anglikanuri eklesia saxelmwifoebrivi satausis matarebelia. igive viTarebaa gernsis kunZulzec. Tumca
orivegan sxva konfesiis warmomadgenlebic arian.
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religiis sociologia
irlandia
irlandiam qristianoba V saukuneSi miiRo. igi yovelTvis kaTolicizmis erT-erTi bastioni iyo. ramdenadac mosaxleobis 93%-s kaTolikebi Seadgenen. arian agreTve anglikanebi (100 aTasamde), presviterianelebi (20 aTasi), meTodistebi (8 aTasi), iudaistebi (6 aTasi), marTlmadidebelTa raodenoba iralandiaSi umniSvneloa.
safrangeTi
safrangeTSi qristianoba axali eris dasawisSive gavrcelda. safrangeTis mosaxlebis didi nawili kaTolicizmis mimdevaria, daaxloebiT
82%. protestantebis raodenoba 800 aTasze metia. isini ori eklesiiT
arian warmodgenili: safrangeTis reformatoruli eklesia da elzasisa
da loTaringiis reformatoruli eklesia. luTeranebis raodenoba 42
aTsze metia. aris agreTve sxva konfesiebic: xsnis armia (6 aTasi), meSvide
dRis adventistebi (6 aTasi), baptistebi (5 aTasze meti), menonitebi (3
aTasi), somxuri protestantuli gaerTianeba (2 aTasi), meTodistebi (2
aTasi), kvakerebi, qristianuli mecnierebis momxreebi (umniSvnelo raodenoba), somxur grigorianuli eklesiis warmomadgenlebi (180 aTasi),
aseve mcirea marTlmadidebelTa raodenoba. iudaistebi 535 aTass Sedagenen, arian aseve isalamis midevrebic.
monako
monakos mosaxleobis 96 % kaTolicizmis midevaria.
niderlandebi
niderlandebSi qristianoba VII saukunis bolos gavrcelda. bolodroindeli monacemebis mixedviT, aqauri mosaxleobis erTi mexuTedi
aTestia. mosaxlebis 38% protesatnatia, xolo 39% kaTolike. protestantebs Soris didi gavlena niderlandebis reformatorul eklesia
aqvs (877 aTasi); arian luTeranebi (48 aTasi), menonitebi (65 aTasi), baptistebi (10 aTasi), ganaxlebuli samociqulo misioneruli eklesiis warmomadgenlebi (2 aTasi), Sveduri Tavisufali misiis warmomadgenlebi (1
aTasze meti), niderlandebis ZvelkaTolikuri eklesiis warmomadgenlebi (12 aTasi), liberalur-kaTolikuri eklesia (1 aTasze meti), iudaizmis
mimdevrebi (30 aTasi).
belgia
belgiaSi qristianoba VII saukunis bolos gavrcelda. morwmuneTa
umravlesoba belgiaSi kaTolicizmis mimdevaria. protestantebi 24 aTa343

kaxa qecbaia

samdea. maTi nawili gaerTianebulia belgiis evangelistur protestantul eklesiaSi. amasTan arian belgiis misioneruli eklesiis mimdevrebi
(10 aTasi), belgiis evangelisuri miisiis warmomadgenlebi (2 aTasi), meTodistebi (2 aTasi), RmerTis asambleis oromocdaaTianlebi (1 aTasze
meti), meSvide dRis adventistebi (1 aTasze meti), xsnis armiis warmomadgenelebi da sxv. belgiaSi 41 aTasze meti adamiani iudaizmis warmomadgenelia.
luqsemburgi
luqsemburgis mcxovrebTa umravlesoba kaTilicizmis mimdevaria.
mosaxleobis 1% luTerania. aTasze meti mimdevari yvas iudaizms. Arian
iseTebic romlebic ar amxelen TavianT aRmsareblobas (4%).
germania
germaniis teritoriaze qristianoba IV saukunidan gavrcelda. mosaxleobis umravlesoba germaniaSi protestantia. raodenobis mixedviT
yvelaze metni evangelisturi eklesiis mimdevrebi arian, romelic or
protestantul konfesias aerTianebs. esenia: germaniis evangelisturluTeranuli eklesia da evangelisturi eklesia. maT garda aris Tavisufal evangelistTa kavSiri (67 aTasi), ZveluTeranuli eklesia (37 aTasi),
damoukidebeli evangelistur-luTeranuli eklesia (5 aTasze meti), germaniis Zvelreformatoruli eklesia (5 aTasi), meTodistebi (266 aTasi),
baptistebi (133 aTasze meti), meSvide dRis adventistebi (90 aTasi), menonitebi (12 aTasi), ormocdaaTaianelTa sxvadasxva jgufebi (11 aTasi),
xsnis armia, iudaizmi (4-5 aTasi) da sxva. mosaxleobis 46% germaniaSi kaTolikea. danarCeni konfesiis mimdevarTa raodenoba umniSvneloa.
Sveicaria
SveicariaSi reformacias saTaveSi Jan kalvini edga, Sesabamisad aq
mosaxleobis 48% protestantia. kaTolikebi 49%-ia. garda amisa qveyanaSi 18 damoukidebeli reformatoruli eklesia funqcionirebs. aris agreTve meSvide dRis adventistebi (7 aTasi), luTeranebi (6 aTasi), Sveicariis Tavisufal evangelistTa kavSiri (4 aTasi), baptistebi (3 aTasi), menonitebi (2 aTasi), ormocdaaTianelTa samociqulo eklesia (2 aTasi),
xsnis aramia (mcire raodenobiT), iudaistebi (21 aTasi), musulmanebi (3
aTasi).
lixtenSteini
lixtenSteinis mosaxleobis umravlesoba kaTolicizmis midevaria.
protestantebi aq mosaxleobis 7% Seadgenen.
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avstria
avstriis teritoriaze qristianoba III saukunidan gavrcelda. aq
yvelaze meti mimdevari kaTolicizms hyavs _ mosaxleobis 89%. protestanatebi qveynis mosaxleobis 6% Seadgenen, romelTa umravlesoba luTerania. 18 aTasamde reformati evangelistur-reformatul eklesias
warmoadgens, arian aseve meSvide dRis adventistebi (4 aTasi), baptistebi
(3 aTasi), RmerTis asambleis ormocdaaTianelebi (1 aTasze meti), xsnis
armia (umniSvnelo raodenoba), 32 aTasi ZvelkaTolikuri eklesiis warmomadgenlebi da 8 aTasze meti iudaisti.
portugalia
portugalia IV saukunidan gaqristianda. mosaxleobis umravlesoba
_ 96% kaTolicizmis mimdevaria. arsebobs sxvadasxva protestantuli
eklesiac. magaliTad aRzrdisa da qadagebis eklesia (70 aTasi), Tavisufali Sveduri misia (10 aTasi), presviterianelebi (8 aTasi), baptistebi (6
aTasi), RmerTis asambleis ormocdaaTianelebi (4 aTasi), Zmebi (3 aTasi),
meSvide dRis adventistebi (2 aTasi), meTodistebi (2 aTasi), damoukidebeli Tanamedgobroba (2 aTasi) da sxv.
espaneTi
espaneTSi qristianoba axali epoqis pirveli saukuneebidan arsebobs, Tumca arabTa dapyrobebma misi poziciebi cotaTi Seasusta. dReisaTvis espaneTSi saxelmwifo religiis statusi romaul kaTolikur eklesias aqvs, Sesabamisad misi mimdevrebi mosaxleobis umravlesobas Seadgenen. Tumca arian protestantebic. magaliTad espanuri evangelisturi ekelsia (10 aTasi), Zmebi (8 aTasi), damoukidebeli evangelisturi
eklesia (3 aTasi), baptistebi (11 aTasi), meSvide dRis adventistebi (3
aTasi), espanuri reformirebuli episkopaluri eklesia (2 aTasi), espaneTis qristianuli misia (1 aTasze meti). arian agreTve anglikanebi, meTodistebi, luTeranebi. ieRovelTa seqta saxelmwifo devnaSia, magram mainc arsebobs; espaneTSi 7 aTasze meti iudaizmis mimdevaria. arian aseve
isalamis mimdevrebic.
andora
andoris mosaxleobis absoluturi umravlesoba kaTolicizmis
mimdevaria.

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kaxa qecbaia
gibraltari
gibraltaris mosaxleobis 78% kaTolicizmis mimdevaria. Aanglikanuri eklesiis mimdevrebi 8%-s Seadgenen, presiviterianelebi da meTodistebi 1%-s, musulmanebi 8%-s, iudaistebi 2%-s, induistebi 1%-s.
malta
maltaSi, romelimac damoukidebloba 1964 wels moipova mosaxleobis umravlesoba kaTolicizmis mimdevaria. aqve arian protestantebic,
romelTa raodenoba umniSvneloa.
italia
italia erT-erTi pirveli evropuli qveynaa sadac qristianoba
farTod iyo gavrcelebuli. am qveynis oficialuri sarwmunoeba kaTolicizmia, Sesabamisad mosaxleobis umravlesoba am religiis mimdevaria.
italiaSi aseve arian: berZnul-kaTolikuri eklesia, romelic italiaSi
mcxovreb albanelebs aerTianebs, marTlmadideblebi da protestantebi
(100 aTasze meti). protestantebs Soris arian RmerTis asambleis ormocdaaTianelebi (55 aTasi), meSvide dRis adventistebi (8 aTasi), luTeranebi (6 aTasi), baptistebi (5 aTasi), meTodistebi (4 aTasi). iudaizmis warmomadgenelebi italiaSi 30 aTasze metia.
san-marino
san-marinos mosaxleobis absoluturi umravlesoba kaTolicizmis
mimdevaria.
saberZneTi
italiis darad saberZneTSi adreve gavrcelda qristianoba. saberZneTSi saxelmwifo religiis statusi marTlmadideblur qristianobas
aqvs. mosaxleobis 97% marTlmadidebelia. kaTolikeTa raodenoba aq 46
aTass aRevs, romelic 3 aTasamde berZen da aTasamde somex kaTolikeebsac moicavs. saberZneTSi arian agreTve somxur-grigorianuli eklesiis
warmomadgenlebi (9 aTasi), berZnuli evangelistur eklesias 15 aTasi
adamiani yavs, ormocdaaTianelebi (2 aTasi), ieRovelebi (8 aTasi), iudaistebi (6 aTasi), islamis mimdevrebi (108 aTasi).
xorvatia
xorvatiis mosaxleobis umravlesoba kaTolicizmis mimdevaria _
82,28%. sxva sarwmunoebis mimdevarTa procentuli maCvenebeli daaxloebiT aseTia: marTlmadideblebi _ 4, 44%, protestantebi _ 0, 34%, islamis mimdevrebi _ 1, 47% da sxva konfesiis warmomadgenelebi 3,24%.
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serbeTi
serbeTis mosaxleobis didi nawili _ 85% marTlmadidebeli qristiania. sxva sarwmunoebis mimdevarTa procentuli maCvenebeli (kosovos
gareSe) daaxloebiT aseTia: kaTolikebi _ 5,5%, musulmanebi _ 3,2%,
protestantebi _ 1,1%, ieRovelebi _ 4 aTasamde.
M
makedonia
makedoniis mosaxleobis 67 % makedoniis marTlmadidebluri eklesiis warmomadgenelia. arian agreTve musulmanebi _ 30%, sxva konfesiis
warmomadgenelebi mosaxleobis 3%-ia.
bosnia
Zveli monacemebis mixedviT bosniis religiuri ruka daaxloebiT
aseTia: 43,49% _ marTlmadidebeli, 32,25% _ musulmani, 22,87% _ kaTolike. Tumca amJamad es viTareba transformierebas ganicdis.
slovenia
sloveniaSi mosaxleobis 57,8% kaTolicizmis mimdevaria, marTlmadidebelTa raodenoba 2,3%-ia, isalmis mimdevarTa 2,4%, protestantebi
0,8%. arian meSvide dRis adventistebi, baptistebi da sxv.
albaneTi
albaneTSi umTavresad qristianoba da isalmia gavrcelebuli.
qristianoba aq marTlmadideblobisa da kaTolicizmis saxiT aris warmodgenili: 20%-ze meti marTlmadidebelia, xolo 10% kaTolike. danarCeni mosaxleoba islamis mimdevaria, ZiriTadad sunizmis. Tumca arian
sxvadasxva Siituri seqtis warmomadgenelebi (magaliTad beqTaSistTa
seqtis msoflio centeri albaneTSi mdebareobs).
bulgareTi
qristianobam bulgareTSi IX saukuneSi SeaRwia. mosaxleobis didi
nawili bulgareTis marTlmadidebluri eklesiis warmomadgenelia. gavrcelebulia aseve islami. Aarian kaTolikebi (60 aTasi), baptistebi, meSvide dRis adventistebi, meTodistebi, ormocdaaTianelebi, kongregacionalistebi, somxur-grigorianuli eklesiis mimdevrebi da sxv. bulgareli sociologebis mixedviT, Rrmad morwmuneTa, romlebic regularulad dadaian eklesiaSi procentuli maCvenebli 6, 76%-ia.

347

kaxa qecbaia
rumineTi
qristianoba rumineTSi IV saukunidan arsebobs. mosaxleobis umravlesoba rumineTis marTlmadidebluri eklesiis warmomadgenelia. raodenobis mixedviT meore adgils kaTolikebi ikaveben. protestantebs Soris arian reformatebi (700 aTasi) da luTeranebi (180 aTasi); protestantuli seqtebidan arian baptistebi (90 aTasi), meSvide dRis adventistebi
(66 aTasi), ormocdaaTianelebi, unitarianelebi; rumineTSi 1000 aTasi
iudaistia. islamis mimdevarTa raodenoba arc Tu ise mniSvnelovania.
ungreTi
ungrelebi XI saukuneSi gaxdnen qristianebi. XVI saukuneSi mosaxleobis didma nawilma protestantoba miiRo, magram kontrrefomaciis
dros upiratesoba kaTolicizmma moipova da amJamad mosaxleobis 64%
kaTolikea, xolo 23% protestanti. protestantebis umravlesoba kalvinistia. Tumca arian luTeranebi, ormocdaaTianelebi (5 aTasi), baptistebi (35 aTasi), adventistebi (14 aTasi), meTodistebi (2 aTasi). marTlmadidebeli ungrelebi ungreTis marTlmadideblur eklesiaSi arian gaerTianebulni. ungreTSi cxovrobs 80 aTasi iudaisti.
CexeTi
CexeTis mosaxlobis 26,8% kaTolicizmis mimdevaria. protestantebis raodenoba 2,5%-ia. arian agreTve vatikanisagan gamoyofili Cexuri
reformatoruli eklesiis warmomadgenlebi. erT-erTi gamorCeulia husituri eklesia, romelic damoukidebeli konfesiis saxiT arsebobs. 2001
wlis aRweriT CexeTSi 23 053 marTlmadidebeli iyo, romlebic Cexuri da
slovakuri miwebis avtokefalur marTlmadideblur eklesiaSia gaerTianebuli. es eklesia 4 eparqiisagan Sedgeba. aArian ra Tqma unda sxva konfesiebis warmomadgenlebic.
slovakeTi
slovakeTis mosaxleobis 69% kaTolikea, 11% protestanti (ZiriTadad luTeranebi da reformatebi), 4% berZnul-kaTolikuri eklesiis
mimdevrebia, 1% marTlmadideblebi. 120 aTasi iudaizmis mimdevari.
poloneTi
qristianoba poloneTSi X saukuneSi gavrcelda. mosaxleobis 95%
romauli kaTolicizmis mimdevaria (poloneli iyo romis papi ioane pavle II (karl voitila). marTlmadideblur eklesias 527 aTasze meti mimdevari yavs. iudaizms 126 aTasze meti. arian protestantebic. magaliTad
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augsburgis evangelisturi eklesia (70 aTasi), gaerTianebuli evangelisturi eklesia (10 aTasi), meTodistebi (6 aTasi), adventistebi (6 aTasi),
reformatebi (5 aTasi), ormocdaaTianelebi (3 aTasi), baptistebi (2 aTasi). arian islamis mimdevrebic.
kviprosi
kviprosSi qristianobam warmoSobisTanave SeaRwia. qveynis mosaxleobis didi nawili marTlmadidebeli qristiania _ 73%, romelic kviprosis marTlmadideblur avtokefalur eklesiaSia gaerTianebuli. islams misdevs mosaxleobis 18% (sunizmis xanifituri saxeoba). aris somxur-grigorianuli eklesia (3 aTasi), maronitebi, romauli kaTolikuri
eklesiis mimdevrebi (7-7 aTasamde), anglikanebi da sxv.
TurqeTi
TurqeTis mosaxleobis 99% isalamis mimdevaria (sunizmi). TurqeTSi mcxovreb qurTebs Soris arian Siisturi seqtis _ al-ilahis warmomadgenelebi (80 aTasi) da iezidebi (43 aTasze meti). qristianebi 0,7%-ia.
esenia arian: marTlmadideblebi (74 aTasi _ berZnebi da bulgarelebi),
somexi grigorianelebi (70 aTasi), kaTolikebi (26 aTasi), protestantebi
(23 aTasi). iudaizmis mimdevarTa raodenoba 40 aTasamdea.
siriis arabuli respublika
siriis mosaxleobis 85% islamis mimdevaria. 14% ki qristiania. 173
aTasi marTlmadidebeli da 273 aTasi kaTolike. somxur-grigorianul eklesias 112 aTasi warmomadgeneli yavs. sxva religiebidan gvxvdeba iezidebi (3 aTasi) da iudaizmis mimdevrebi (4 aTasi).
libani
libanSi qristianoba I s-is bolosa da II s-is dasawyisSi gavrcelda.
mosaxleobis 52% qristiania, xolo 47% mulsulmani. qrsitianebs Soris
umetesoba maronitebi arian (424 aTasi). meore adgils marTlmadideblebi ikaveben (150 aTasi). arian agreTve berZnul-kaTolikuri eklesiis warmomadgenlebi (91 aTasi), somexi kaTolikebi (14 aTasi), sirieli-kaTolikebi (6 aTasi), laTino-kaTolikebi (4 aTasi), iakobinelebi (5 aTasi), nestorianelebi; protestantebi (14 aTasi). libanSi arian sunitebi da Siitebi. iudaizms aq 3 aTasi mimdevari hyavs.

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kaxa qecbaia
israeli
israelis saxelmwifo religia iudaizmia. arian iudaizmis iseTi
seqtebis warmomadgenlebi, rogorebic karaimebi (12 aTasi) da samaritelebia (160 aTasi). isarelSi cxovroben qrsitianebi da musulmanebic. kaTolikebi aq 44 aTasaze metia, xolo marTlmadideblebi 16 aTasi. sxva
konfesiebidan aris arabuli evangelisturi episkopaluri (rjulismoZRvrebiT anglikanuri) eklesia, somxur-grigorianuli eklesia, kopturi
da eTiopuri eklesiis warmomadgenlebi.
iordania
iordaniis saxelmwifo religia islamia. mas mosaxleobis 94% aRiarebs. qristianTa raodenoba 200 aTasia, romelTa Soris arian marTlmadideblebi, kaTolikebi, berZeni-kaTolikebi, anglikanebi, luTeranebi,
somexi grigorianelebi.
saudis arabeTi
saudis arabeTis mosaxleobis umravlesoba isalamis mimdevaria,
romelic qveynis sxvadasxva nawilSi sxvadasxva mimdinareobaTa saxiT
aris warmodgenili. qveynis centralur nawilSi vahabizmia wamyvani religia. dasavleT nawilSi sunituri islami. qveyanaSi arian Siitebi da iezidebi. samxreT nawilSi mosaxleobis absoluturi umravlesoba sunitia. arian agreTve iudaizmis mimdevrebi, marTlmadidebeli berZnebi da
protestantebi (amerikelebi da ingliselebi).
iemeni
iemenSi morwmuneTa did jgufs Siiti iezidebi qmnian _ 54%. sunitebis maCvenebeli 45%-ia. aramusulmanuri religiebidan warmodgenilia
iudaizmi (0,5 aTasi), qristianoba (ucxoelebi romlebic iemenSi cxovroben), indiuzmi da zoroastrizmi.
O
omani
omanis mosaxleobis TiTqmis umravlesoba islamis mimdevari. Sxva
religiebis (indiuzmi, qristianoba, iudaizmi) mimdevarTa raodenoba umniSvneloa.
arabeTis gaerTianebuli emiratebi
arabeTis gaerTianebuli emiratebis mosaxleobis 96% isalamis mimdevaria (ZiriTadad sunizmi). arian Siitebic (2 aTasze meti). sxva religi350

religiis sociologia

is (induizmi, iudaizmi) mimdevarTa raodenoba umniSvneloa. qristianTa

raodenoba mTeli mosaxleobis 2%-ia.
Y
yatari
yatarSi mosaxleobis absoluturi umravlesoba suniti musulmania. Siitebis raodenoba aTasze metia. mcire raodenobiT arian iudaistebi da induistebi.
bahreini
bahreinis mosaxleobis 96% musulmania. aqedan naxevarze meti sunitia, xolo danarCeni Siitia. qristianTa raodenobis maCvenebli 3%-ia.
mcire raodenobiT arian iudaistebi da induistebi.
kuveiti
kuveitic musulmanuri qveyanaa. islamis mimdevari aq mosaxleobis
95%-ia, romelTa Soris umravlesobas sunitebi Seadgenen. sxva religiis
warmomadgnenlebidan arian induistebi, qristianebi (marTlmadideblebi, kaTolikebi, protestantebi, koptebi) 5%, arian agreTve iudaizmis
mimdevrebic (umniSvnelo raodenobiT).
erayi
eraySi islamis mimdevaria mosaxleobis 96% (54% sunitia, 42% Siiti). 3%-s Seadgenen qristianebi. eraySi arian Zveli religiebis mimdevrebic. magaliTad iezidebi (70 aTasze meti, ZiriTadad qurTebi) da mandevelebi (14 aTasze meti).
irani
iranis mosaxleobis 99% musulmania, romelTa Soris umravlesobas
Siitebi warmoadgenen. arian agreTve ismailitebi da bahaistebi (60 aTasi). qriatianTa raodenoba 1%-ia. aseve arian iudaizmis mimdevrebic. Tavisi mimdevrebi yavs zoroastrizms.
avRaneTi
avRaneTi islamuri qveyanaa. mosaxleobis 90% sunitia. qveyanaSi
funqcionireben agreTve calkeuli sunituri ordenebi 0,5%. Aarian ismailitebi 3%, iudaistebi (800-mde), induistebi da sikxebi.
pakistani
pakistanis mosaxleobis 97% sunituri islamis mimdevaria, xolo
1,5% induistia, 1,4% qristiani. qristianoba kaTolicizmisa da protes351

kaxa qecbaia

tantobis saxiTaa warmodgenili. 10 aTasze meti adamiani zoroastrizmis

mimdevaria (isini yaraCSi arian Tavmoyrilini), xolo 2 aTasze meti budistia.
indoeTi
indoeTis mosaxleobis 83% induizmis mimdevaria, romelic qaSmirisa da jammus Statis garda yvelganaa gavrcelebuli. induizmi ori mimdinareobiTaa warmodgenili: viSnuizmi da Sivaizmi. Uufro meti mimdevari
viSnuizms yavs. mosaxleobis 11% islamis mimdevaria, romelTa Soris sunitebis raodenoba sagrZnobia. rogorc induizmi, aseve islami calkeuli seqtebis saxiTacaa warmodgenili. qristianebis raodenoba indoeTSi
14 milionze metia. eseni umTvaresad nestorianelebi da iakobinelebi
arian. ra Tqma unda, arian kaTolikebi (8 miloni) da protestantebi (2,7
milioni). baptistebi idoeTSi 2, 1 milioni arian. arian aseve menonitebi,
meTodistebi, xsnis armiis mimdevrebi. damoukidebeli induri religiis
statusiT sargeblobs sikxizmi. sikxebi 10 milonamde arian. 4 milioni
adamiani budistia. 3 milioni jainisti. 130 aTasi adamiani zoroastrizms
misdevs. iudaizmi 15 aTasi morwmuniTaa warmodgenili. arian agreTve budizmis adgilobrivi formis _ lamaizmis (wiTelqudianebi) da uZvelesi
adgilobrivi induri religiebis warmomadgenlebic.
butani
butanis mosaxleobis didi nawili lamaizmis (wiTelqudianebi) warmomadgenelia. qveynis samxreT nawilSi umetesni induistebi arian.
nepali
nepalis mosaxleobis 89% induistia. 9% budisti. 1% islamis mimdevari. qristianebi nepalSi cotani arian. arian adamianebi romlebic
gvarovnul religiebs misdeven.
tibeti
tibetis socialur cxovrebaSi niSvnelovani adgili religias ukavia. uZvelesi tibeturi religia aris boni. mas DdResac yavs Tavisi mimdevrebi. tibetSi budizmi padmasambhavam moitana. dRes tibetSi ZiriTadi religia tibeturi budizmia. Tavisi mimdevrebi yavs induizms, jainizms da islams. musulmanebi aq IX saukunidan arian. pirveli qristianebi
tibetSi nestorianelebi iyvnen. aq dRes qristianebs Soris arian kaTolikebi da protestantebi.
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bangladeSi
bangladeSis mosaxleobis 80% musulmania, xolo induistebi 18%.
arian budistebi (374 aTasi), qristianebi (149 aTasi). arian gvarovnuli
religiis mimdevrebic.
maldivi
maldivis mosaxleoba mTlianad sunituri islamis mimdevaria.
Sri-lanka
Sri-lankaSi saxelmwifo religiad budizmia aRiarebuli. mas mosaxleobis 66% misdevs. 19% induistia, 8% qristiania, romelTa Soris
uravlesobas kaTolikebi warmoadgenen (829 aTasi). protestantebi 89
aTasia: eseni arian meTodistebi (24 aTasi), anglikanebi (42 aTasi), xsnis
armiis mimdevrebi (5 aTasi), samxreT indoeTis eklesiis warmomadgenlebi
(5 aTasi), reformatebi (4 aTasi), baptistebi (3 aTasi), ormocdaaTianelebi (2 aTasi), adventistebi. qveyanaSi mcxovrebTa 7% musulmania. Sri-lankis uZvelesi mosaxleoba vedebis mimdevaria (3 aTasi), arian agreTve tradiciuli rwmenebis mimdevrebic.
birma
birmis mosaxleobis oTxi mexuTedi budistia. qristianobas 5% aRiarebs, romelTa umravlesoba protestantia (baptistebi, anglikanebi, meTodistebi, ormocdaaTianelebi, adventistebi), kaTolikebi 238 aTasamdea. mosaxleobis 4% islamis mimdevaria. 3% induisti. tradiciuli gvarovnuli religiis mimdevrebi 5%.
tailandi
ukanaskneli monacemebiT tailandis mosaxleobis 94% budistia. 4%
musulmani. 2% konfucianeli. arian kaTolikebi (140 aTasi) da protestantebi (34 aTasi). induizms 3 aTasamde adamiani misdevs. mTian raionebSi
tradiciuli gvarovnuli religiaa gavrcelebuli.
laosi
laosSi saxlmwifo religia budizmia. mTian regionebSi mcxovrebni
dRemde inarCuneben TavianT gvarovnul religias. qveyanaSi mcxovrebi
frangebi da vietnamelebi kaTolikebi an budistebi arian (32 aTasi). laosSi arian induisitebi, daosistebi, konfucianelebi.

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kaxa qecbaia
kamboja
kambojis oficialuri religia budizmia. qveyanaSi arian kaTolikebi (62 aTasi), protestantebi (qritianuli da misioneruli aliansi, adventistebi). mcirea isalamis mimdevarTa raodenoba.
vietnami
dRes vietnami religiurad Zalze mravalferovania. mosaxleobis
didi nawili 93% budistia, 6,7% kaTolike, 0,5% protestanati, arian sinkretuli seqtis xoa-xao-sa 1,5% da kaodais 1,1% warmomadgenlebi. 80
aTasze meti adamiani adgilobrivi animisturi kultebis mimdevaria.
malaizia
malaiziaSi mcxovrebi Cinelebi, romlebic mosaxleobis mesameds
warmoadgenen konfucianelebi da daosistebi arian. maT mosdeven isalamis mimdevrebi. arian budistebi da qristianebi 5% (ZiriTadad protestantebi da kaTolikebi). samxreT aziidan gamosul da amJamad malaiziaSi
mcxivrebTa 70% induistia.
singapuri
singapurSi mcxovrebi Cinelebi, romlebic aq ZiriTad eTnoss warmoadgenen budistebi, daiosistebi da konfucianelebi arian. sxva religiebidan aris islami, induizmi da qristianoba (kaTolicizmi da protestantoba).
brunei
bruneis oficialuri religia islamia, romelsac mosaxleobis 62%
aRiarebs. qveynis adgilobrivi mosaxleobis didi nawili tradiciul animistur kultebs inarCunebs. qristianebi aq 8% Seadgenen (kaTolicizmi,
protestantoba, calkeuli setqebi). budistebi 13%-ia. bruneelTa 0,4%
bahaistia.
indonezia
indoneziis mosaxleobis umravlesoba _ 94% _ islamis mimedvaria.
qristianebi aq 5%-ia mTeli mosaxleobis. protestantebi da kaTolikebi
1,7%-s Seadgenen. kunZul iavaze budizmia ZiriTadi religia. saerTod,
indoneziaSi 1 milioni budistia. aq mcxovrebi Cinelebi an konfucianelebi an daosistebi arian. qveynis calkeul regionebSi dRemde SemorCenilia gvarovnuli animisturi rwmenebi.
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religiis sociologia
timori
kunZul timorze adgilobrivi gvarovnuli animisturi rwmenebia
ZiriTadi religia. kunZuli portugaliis gamgeblobaSia da, Sesabamisad,
131 aTasze meti adamiani kaTolikea.
filipinebi
ZiriTadad filipinebi qrsitianuli qveyanaa. mosaxleobis didi nawili filipinebis kaTolikuri eklesiis warmomadgenelia, romelmac
1901 wels romisgan damoukidebloba moipova. protestantebis raodenoba 3 milionia. sxva religiebidan aris iudaizmi, budizmi. 500 aTasze meti
adamiani adgilobrivi animisturi kultebis mimdevaria.
CineTi
CineTSi ZiriTadad sami religiaa gavrcelebuli. esenia: konfucianeloba, budizmi da daosizmi. samive maTganis mimdevarTa zusti raodenoba daudgenelia. miaxloebiTi monacemebi ki aseTia: konfucianelebi _
350 milioni, budistebi _ 100 milioni da daosistebi _ 50 milioni. CineTis Crdilo-dasavleT nawilSi sunituri islamia gavrcelebuli (10 milioni). qristianoba aq VI saukuneSi Semovida. amJamad kaTolicizmis mimdevarTa raodenoba 2 milions aWarbebs, protestantebi ki 700 aTasze
metni arian. garda amisa CineTSi mTeli rigi tradiciuli rwmenebi da
kultebia SenarCunebuli. dRemde arsebobs Samanizmi.
honkongi
honkongis Cinuri mosaxleoba budizmis, konfucianelobisa da daosizmis mimdevaria. 5 aTasamde musulania, 3 aTasi iudaisti. 236 aTasi kaTolikea, xolo 26 aTasi protestanti. arian marTlmadideblebic romelTa raodenoba umniSvneloa.
makao
kunZul makaos mosaxleoba budizmis, konfucianelobisa da daosizmis mimdevaria. 36 aTasi adamiani kaTolikea.
monRoleTi
monRoleTSi ZiriTadi religia budizmis lamaisturi formaa. aq
mcxovrebi yazaxebi ki musulmanebi arian. dRemde SemorCenilia calkeuli gvarovnuli animisturi kultebic.

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kaxa qecbaia
korea
politikuri dayofis miuxedavad korea religiurad mravalferovania. IV saukuneSi koreaSi CineTidan mahaianisturi budizmi da konfucianeloba Semovida. dRes samxreT koreaSi 7 milioni budisti da 4 milioni
konfucianelia. SenarCunebulia agreTve tradiciuli Samanizmi. kaTolicizmi koreaSi XVIII s-Si Semovida (779 aTasi), xolo protestantoba XIX
s-Si. samxreT koreaSi 3,2 milioni adamiania amJamad protestanti. gavrcelebulia agreTve budisturi seqtebi Cxondoge (636 aTasi) da taCenge
(500 aTasi).
iaponia
iaponiaSi ori ZiriTadi religia arsebobs: sintoizmi da budizmi.
sintoizms 84,4 milioni mimdevari yavs, budizms 84,9 milioni. sintoizmi
or nawiladaa gayofili: orTodoqsuli da seqtanturi. sintoisturi
msxvili seqtebia: tenri (2571 aTasi), iZumo iasiro (1168 aTasi), sinri (678
aTasi), mitake (668 aTasi), kuroZumi (651 aTasi), konko (530 aTasi), sinsiu
(520 aTasi), ananai (215 aTasi), fuso (119 aTasi), Zikko (156 aTasi), otomo
(139 aTasi), misogi (114 aTasi), sinko (53 aTasi), sinto siuei (52 aTasi). iaponiaSi budisturi seqtebic arseboben, romelTa Soris mimdevarTa raodenobiT gamorCeulia Zedo sini (15 milioni), singoni (11 milioni), Zeni (9 milioni), tendai (4 milioni), Zedo (3,5 milioni), nitireni (2 milioni). bolo
dros iaponiaSi axali religiuri moZraobis saxiT neobudisturi seqtebi
_ reiukai (4 milioni) da rise kosei kai (3 milioni) gaCndnen. iaponiaSi arian qristianebic: protestantebi 873 aTasi, kaTolikebi 357 aTasi da seqtebi. 25 aTasamde adamiani marTlmadidebelia. iudaizmis mimdevarTa raodenoba umniSvneloa. iaponuri erovnuli umciresobis _ ainis warmomadgenlebi tradiciuli animisturi rwmenebis mimdevrebi arian.
afrika
egvipte
egviptis saxelmwifo religia islamia. mas mosaxleobis 90% misdevs. isini ZiriTadad sunitebi araian. egviptel musulmanebs Soris arian sufistur ordenTa warmomadgenlebi. mosaxleobis 10% qristiania. 4
milioni monofiziti or, koptur da somxur-grigorianul eklesiaSia gaerTianebuli. marTlmadidebelTa raodenoba 100 aTasamdea. isini aleqsandriis marTlmadideblur eklesias warmoadgenen. arian kaTolikebi
da protestantebi. aseve anglikanebi, ormocdaaTianelebi, adventistebi. egviptis ebrauli mosaxleoba iuadaizmis mimdevaria.

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religiis sociologia
libia
libiis saxelmwifo religia islamia. suniti musulmanebi qveynis
mosaxleobis 96% Seadgenen. qristianebi 50 aTasamde arian. kaTolikebi
36 aTasi, ramdenime aTasi protestanti da marTlmadidebelia. libieli
ebraelebi iudaistebi arian.
tunisi
tunisis saxelmwifo religia islamia. musulmanebi mosaxleobis
96% Seadgenen. qrsistianebi tunisSi 50 aTasamdea, ZiriTadad kaTolikebi. 60 aTasamde ebraeli iudaistia.
alJiri
alJiris mosaxleobis 98% musulmania. aq saxelmwifo religia islamia. qrsitianTa raodenoba 100 aTasamdea. maTi didi umravlesoba kaTolicizmis mimdevaria. protestantebi ramdenime aTasamdea. 20 aTasamde ebraeli iudaistia.
maroko
marokos saxelmwifo religia islamia. musulmanebi aq mosaxleobis
98% warmoadgenen. qristianebi 1,6%-ia, romelTa umravlesoba kaTolikea. mcire raodenobiT arian marTlmadideblebi da protestantebi.
seuta da melila
espaneTis kuTvnilebaSi myof seutasa da melilaSi mosaxleobis didi nawili kaTolizmis aRmsarebelia (135 aTasi). protestantebi aq 5 aTasamdea. suniti musulmanebi 15 aTasi. iudaisti ebraelebi 5 aTasamde.
dasavleT sahara
dasavleT saharis mosaxleobis didi nawili suniti musulmania. kaTolicizmis mimdevari 3 aTasze metia. iudaizmis aRmsarebeli aTasamdea.
mavritania
mavritaniis saxelmwifo religia islamia. mosaxleobis 99% musulmania. maTgan umravlesoba sunitia. qveyanaSiA arseboben mTeli rigi islamuri seqtebi. qristianoba aq warmodgenilia romaul-kaTolikuri eklesiis saxiT (5 aTasi).

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kaxa qecbaia
senegali
senegalis mosaxleobis umravlesoba suniti musulmania. 15-17% ki
gvarovnuli kultebis mimdevaria. qristianebi 4%-ia. kaTolikebi 165 aTasi,
protestantebi, baptistebi da adventistebi mTlianobaSi 7 aTasze metia.
G ambia
g
gambiis mosaxleobis 80% musulmania. 17% adgilobrivi gvarovnuli kultis mimdevrebi arian. qristianTa raodenoba 13 aTasze metia.
mwvane koncxis kunZulebi
mwvane koncxis kunZulebze TiTqmis mTeli mosaxleoba qristiania.
umravlesobas kaTolikebi qmnian. protestantebi, nazarevelTa eklesiis
warmomadgenlebi da adventistebi ramdenime aTasni arian.
gvinea-bisau
gvinea-bisaus mosaxleobis naxevarze meti adgilobrivi tradiciuli kultebis mimdevarni arian (55%). musulmanebi 40%-s Seadgenen. qristianebi 5%-ia, romelTa Soris umravlesoba kaTolikea. ramdenime aTasi
adamiani protestantia.
gvinea
gvineis mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 75% islamis mimdevaria. mosaxleobis 1% qristianebi arian. maTgan kaTolike 34 aTasia, protestanti 7
aTasamde. qveynis danarCeni mosaxleoba adgilobriv tradiciul kultebs misdevs.
mali
malis mosaxleobis 60% musulmania. mosaxleobis 1%-s qriatianebi
(kaTolikebi, protestantebi da qristianuli seqtebi) qmnian. danarCeni
mosaxleoba adgilobriv tradiciul kultebs misdevs.
siera-leone
siera-leones mosaxleobis 63% tradiciuli kultebisa da religiebis mimdevaria. sxva religiebidan aris islami da qristianoba (4%).
qristianTa umravlesoba aq protestantia (78 aTasi). moqmedeben anglikanuri, meTodisturi, evangelisturi da romaul-kaTolikuri eklesiebi
(33 aTasi).

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liberia
liberiis mosaxleobis 72% avtoqtonuri rwmenebis mimdevaria, romelTa umravlesoba saidumlo kavSirebis saxiT arsebobs. mosaxleobis
15%-s musulmanebi Seadgenen, xolo 12% qristiania, romelTa Soris umravlesobas protestantebi warmoadgenen (125 aTasi). afrikis qristianuli eklesiis mimdevarTa raodenoba 1%-ia.
spilos Zvlis sanapiro
am qveynis mosaxleobis umravlesoba tradiciuli kultebisa da religiebis mimdevaria. sxva religiebidan aris islami da qristianoba.
qristianebs Soris umetesoba romaul-kaTolikuri eklesiis warmomadgenelia. protestantebi 100 aTasamdea. afrikis qristianuli eklesiis
mimdevarTa raodenoba 5%-ia.
zemo volta
mosaxleobis sami meoTxedi aq tradiciuli kultebisa da religiebis mimdevaria. sxva religiebidan aris islami da qristianoba. qristianebi mosaxleobis 4% Seadgenen. maTgan umravlesoba kaTolicizmis midevaria (200 aTasi). protestantebi ufro naklebia. aq arian ieRovelebi,
adventistebi, ormocdaaTianelebi, plimuTis saZmos wevrebi.
gana
ganas mosaxleobis 63% avtoqtonuri rwmenebis mimdevaria. qristaianTa procentuli maCvenebeli 23%-ia. aqedan 13% protestanatia. 10% kaTolike. afrikis qristianuli eklesiis mimdevarTa raodenoba 4%-ia. mosaxleobis danarCeni nawili (daaxloebiT meaTedi) isalamis mimdevaria.
togo
mosaxleobis 71% tradiciuli kultebisa da religiebis mimdevaria. 480 aTasi mimdevari yavs qristianobas. aqedan 16% romaul-kaTolikur eklesias warmoadgens, xolo 8% protestantuls. islams 100 aTasi
adamiani aRiarebs. maTi umravlesoba sunitia. arian aseve sufisturi ordenis warmomadgenlebi.
dagomea
mosaxleobis 63% tradiciuli kultebisa da religiebis mimdevaria. qristianebi 11% Seadgenen. kaTolikebi 350 aTasi, protestantebi 50
aTasi. afrikis qristianul eklesias 300 aTasi mimdevari yavs. sunitur
islams mosaxleobis 14% aRiarebs.
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kaxa qecbaia
nigeria
nigeriis mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 40-45% islamis mimdevaria. sunizmis garda islami aq aTasgvari seqtebisa da ordenebis saxiTaa warmodgenili. nigerielTa 35-40% tradiciuli kultebisa da rwmenebis mimdevaria. qristianebi 15-18%-ia (daaxloebiT 10 milonze meti adamiani).
maTi umravlesoba protestantia. afrikis qristianuli eklesiis mimdevarTa raodenoba 2%-mdea, romelic aq sxvadasxva seqtebis saxiTaa warmodgenili.
nigeri
nigeris mosaxleobis 80% musulmania. darCenili 20%-dan umetesoba adgilobrivi avtoqtonuri kultebisa da rwmenebis mimdevaria. qristianebi aq 15 aTasze metia. maTi umravlesoba kaTolicizmis mimdevaria.
evangelisti protestantebi aTasamdea.
Cadi
Cadis mosaxleobis sami mexuTedi musulmania. tradiciul religiebs (gvarovnuli, tomobrivi da sxva saxis kultebi, animisturi rwmenebi
da sxva) mosaxleobis 35% warmoadgens. qristianebi 5%-Taa warmodgenili.
eseni ZiriTadad kaTolikebi (umravlesoba) da protestanatebi arian.
kameruni
kamerunis mosaxleobis naxevarze meti _ 52% tradiciuli religiebis (gvarovnuli, tomobrivi da sxva saxis kultebi, animisturi rwmenebi
da sxva) warmomadgenelia. qristianoba aq 30%-Taa warmodgenili. umravlesobas romaul-kaTolikuri eklesiis warmomadgenlebi Seadgenen (1,2 milioni), protestantebi 0,7 milionamde arian. afrikis qristianuli eklesiis sxvadasxva seqtebis warmomadgenelebi 60 aTass aWarbeben. kamerunis
mosaxleobis 17% musulmania (umetesoba sunitebia).
centraluri afrika
centraluri afrikis mosaxleobis naxevarze meti _ 80% tradiciuli religiebis (gvarovnuli, tomobrivi da sxva saxis kultebi, animisturi rwmenebi da sxva) warmomadgenelia. qristianebi am qveyanaSi misi
mosaxleobis 15%-iTaa warmodgenili. maTi umravlesoba romaul-kaTolikuri eklesiis warmomadgenelia (200 aTasi), protestantebi 50 aTasia.
5% islamis mimdevaria.

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gaboni
gabonis mosaxleobis 60% qristiania. umravlesobas romaul-kaTolikuri eklesiis mimdevrebi qmnian. maT mosdeven protestantebi. adgilobriv avotqtonur religiebs mosaxleobis 39% misdevs. 1% ki islamis
mimdevaria.
ekvatoruli gvinea
73% am qveyanaSi qristiania. maTi umravlesoba romaul-kaTolikuri eklesiis mimdevaria 72%. 1% meTodistebi arian. islams aTasze meti
adamiani misdevs. danarCeni mosaxleoba adgilobrivi rwmenebis mimdevrebia.
san-tomesa da prinsipis kunZulebi
portugaliis mflobelobaSi myof am adgilebSi mosaxleobis umravlesoba kaTolike qristiania (50 aTasai). Pprotestantebi ramdenime
aTasamdea.
kongo
kongos mosaxleobis 52% tradiciuli religiebis (gvarovnuli,
tomobrivi da sxva saxis kultebi, animisturi rwmenebi da sxva) warmomadgenelia. qristianebi mosaxleobis 43%-ia. maTgan umravlesobas romaulkaTolikuri eklesiis mimdevrebi qmnian. afrikis qristianuli eklesiis
warmomadgenelebi 4%-ia. suniti musulmanebi 1% Seadgenen.
zairi
zairis mosaxleobis 45% tradiciuli religiebis (gvarovnuli, tomobrivi da sxva saxis kultebi, animisturi rwmenebi da sxva) warmomadgenelia. qristianebi mosaxleobis 46%-ia. aqedan 36% romauli kaTolicizmis aRmsarebelia, 10% protestantobas aRiarebs. 3% musulmania. 2 aTasamde adamiani iudaistia.
angola
angolis mosaxleobis 62% avtoqtonuri kultebisa da religiebis
mimdevaria. qristianTa raodenoba 2,1 milions aWarbebs. Aqedan 1,6 milioni romauli kaTolicizmis aRmsarebelia. protestanatebi naxevar milonamde arian. afrikis qritianuli eklesiisa da seqtebis wamomadgenlebi
mosaxleobis 2%-s warmoadgenen.

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kaxa qecbaia
sudani
sudanis mosaxleobis 72% musulmania, romelTagan umravlesobas
sunitebi warmoadgenen. qristianoba romaul-kaTolikuri eklesiiTa
(500 aTasi) da protestantobiTaa (30 aTasi) warmodgenili. arian koptebic (mcire raodenobiT). xarTumSi cxovroben induistebi da iudaistebi.
eTiopia
eTiopia afrikis erTdaerTi qveyanaa sadac konstituciiT qristianoba saxelmwifo religiadaa aRiarebuli. mosaxleobis ori mesamedi
qristiania. raodenobrivad uravlesobas monofizitebi qmnian (eTiopiis
eklesia). danarCeni qristianebi mTeli mosaxleobis 2%-ia. maT Soris
arian eTipieli kaTolikebi (100 aTasi), kaTolikebi (65 aTasi), ramdenime
aTasi marTlmadidebelia. naxevari miloni adamiani aq protestantia.
sxva religiebidan gavrcelebulia islami, tradiciuli kultebi da
rwmenebi (7%) da iudaizmi.
somali
somalis mosaxleobis 98% musulmania. islami aq saxelmwifo religiaa. tradiciul kultebsa da rwmenebs mosaxleobis 1% misdevs. qristianebi daxloebiT 6 aTasamde adamiania (ZiriTadad kaTolikebi). somalSi
mcxovrebi indoelebi induistebi arian.
U
uganda
Uugandis mosaxleobis naxevarze meti _ 52% tradiciuli kultebisa
da rwmenebis mimdevaria. qristianoba mosaxleobis 42%-s qmnis. romaulkaTolikuri eklesiis mimdevrebi (2,5 milioni), protestantebi (1,3 milioni). anglikanur eklesias milioni aRmsarebeli yavs. ugandaSi 30 aTasi
afrikis marTlmadideblur eklesiis mimdevari cxovrobs. musulmanebi
mosaxleobis 5%-ia. isini ZiriTadad sunitebi arian. sxva religiebidan
gavrcelebulia induizmi, sikxizmi, zoroastrizmi da budizmi.
kenia
keniis mosaxleobis 65% tradiciuli kultebisa da rwmenebis mimdevaria. 18% ki qristiania. aqedan 10% romaul-kaTolikuri eklesiis
(1,2 milioni) mimdevaria. 8% ki protestanti. 10% musulmani. Mmusulmanebs Soris umetesni Siitebi arian. arian induistebi, sikxebi da iudaistebi.

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tanzania
tanzaniis mosaxleobis 45-48% islams aRiarebs. mosaxleobis 17%
qristiania. aqedan 10% romaul-kaTolikuri eklesiis mimdevrebia, 7%
protestantebi. afrikis marTlmadideblur eklesias 35 aTasamde aRmsarebeli yavs. induistebi 1%-ia. arian aseve jainistebi da sikxebi.
ruanda
ruandis mosaxleobis 70% tradiciuli adgilobrivi gvarovnuli
da tomobrivi kultebisa da rwmenebis mimdevaria. 30% ki qristiania. aqedan 5% protestantia, danarCeni romaul-kaTolikuri eklesiis mimdevari. musulmanTa raodenoba am qveyanaSi 10 aTasamdea. mcire raodenobiT
arian induistebic.
burundi
burundis mosaxleobis umravlesoba _ 66%-ze meti qristiania.
aqedan 57% kaTolicizmis mimdevaria. danarCeni ki protestantia. 32%
avtoqtonur adgilobriv kultebsa da religiebs misdevs. islamis mimdevrebi 10 aTasze metia. sxva religiebidan gavrcelebulia induizmi.
mozambiki
mozambikis mosaxleobis sami meoTxedi tradiciuli kultebisa da
rwmenebis mimdevaria. qristianebi 13%-s qmnian. aqedan 10% kaTolikea,
danarCeni ki protestanti. islami 10%-iTaa warmodgenili. sxva religiebidan gavrcelebulia induizmi.
malavi
malavis mosaxleobis naxevarze meti tradiciuli kultebisa da
rwmenebis mimdevaria. qristianebi 32%-ia. kaTolikeTa da protestantTa
raodenoba aq TiTqmis Tanabaria. afrikis qristianuli eklesiisa da sxvadasxva seqtebis warmomadgenlebi 2%-ia. mosaxleobis meaTedi sunituri
islamis mimdevaria. Siitebi aq mire raodenobiT arian. malavSi mcxovrebi idoelebi industebi arian.
zambia
zambiis mosaxleobis ori mesamedi tradiciuli kultebisa da rwmenebis mimdevaria. mosaxleobis 30% qristiania. aqedan 16% kaTolikea,
14% ki protestanti. afrikis qristianuli eklesiisa da sxvadasxva seqtebis warmomadgenlebi 3%-ia. sunitebisa da ismailitebis raodenoba 10
aTasze metia. arian induistebi (9 aTasi) da iudaistebi (1 aTasze meti).
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samxreT rodezia
samxreT rodeziis mosaxleobis ori mesamedi tradiciuli kultebisa da rwmenebis mimdevaria. mosaxleobis 22% qristiania. maTi umravlesoba protestantia. kaTolikebi am maCveneblis 8%-s warmoadgenen. afrikis qristianuli eklesiisa da sxvadasxva seqtebis warmomadgenlebi
11%-ia. islamis mimdevari 10 aTasze meti adamiania. 10 aTasamde arian iudaistebic.
bocvana
bocvanis mosaxleobis 63% gvarovnuli da tomobrivi adgilobrivi
tradiciuli animisturi kultebisa da rwmenebis mimdevaria. mosaxleobis 29% qristiania. Aaqedan 27% protestantebia, xolo 2% kaTolicizmis
mimdevaria. mosaxleobis 2% afrikis qristianuli eklesiisa da sxvadasxva seqtebis warmomadgenelia.
lesoto
lesotos mosaxleobis 55% qristiania. aqedan 40% kaTolikea, 15%
protestanti. mosaxleobis ori mesamedi gvarovnuli da tomobrivi adgilobrivi tradiciuli animisturi kultebisa da rwmenebis mimdevaria. 5%
afrikis qristianuli eklesiisa da sxvadasxva seqtebis warmomadgenelia.
aris ramdenime aTasi musulmani da induisti.
svazilendi
aqauri mosaxleobis ori mesamedi gvarovnuli da tomobrivi adgilobrivi tradiciuli animisturi kultebisa da rwmenebis mimdevaria.
32% qristiania. aqedan 14% protestantia, 8% kaTolike. mosaxleobis
11% afrikis qristianuli eklesiisa da sxvadasxva seqtebis warmomadgenelia. qveyanaSi aris musulmanTa da iudaistTa mcire Temebi.
namibia
namibiis mosaxleobis naxevarze meti _ 53% qristiania. aqedan protestantebi 40%. kaTolikebi 13%. mosaxleobis 4% afrikis qristianuli
eklesiisa da sxvadasxva seqtebis warmomadgenelia. gvarovnuli da tomobrivi adgilobrivi tradiciuli animisturi kultebisa da rwmenebis
mimdevari mosaxleobis 44%-s qmnis.
samxreT afrikis respublika
samxreT afrikis mosaxleobis 46% qristiania. aqedan 40% protestantia, 6% kaTolike. qveyanaSi arsebobs marTlmadidebluri Temic (10
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aTasi). mosaxleobis ori mesamedi gvarovnuli da tomobrivi adgilobrivi tradiciuli animisturi kultebisa da rwmenebis mimdevaria. 30% ki
afrikis qristianuli eklesiisa da sxvadasxva seqtebis warmomadgenelia.
islami 1,5%-iTaa warmodgenili. maT Soris arian, rogorc sunitebi ise
Siitebi. iudaistebi 0,6%-ia. am qveyanaSi aqtiur moqmedebebs ewevian
sxvasxva saxis amerikuli da evropuli misoneruli moZraobebi da organizaciebi.
malahais respublika
am qveynis mosaxleobis 45% gvarovnuli da tomobrivi adgilobrivi tradiciuli animisturi kultebisa da rwmenebis mimdevaria. qristianebi 42%-ia. aqedan 22% protestantia, danarCeneni kaTolike. sinkretuli religiebis mimdevarTa raodenoba mosaxleobis 2-3%-ia. islams mosaxleobis meaTedi misdevs. maTi nawili sunitia, an ismailiti. islami aq
mrvali seqtisa da ordenis saxiTaa warmodgenili. qveynis did qalaqebSi
arian induistebi.
mavrikia
am qveyanaSi romelic mavrikiis, rodrigesis da ramdenime patar-patara kunZuls moicavs mosaxleobis naxevarze meti _ 51% induistia.
Qqristianebi mosaxleobis 31%-ia. aqedan umetesni kaTolikebi arian (270
aTasi), protestantTa ricxovneba 15 aTass udris. mosaxleobis 15% musulmania. budistebi da konfucianelebi 1%-ia.
reiunonis kunZuli
reiunonis kunZulze mosaxleobis 95% kaTolike qristiania. protestantTa raodenoba ki mcirea. mosaxleobis 3% musulmania. 1% induisti. aris agreTve budisturi da konfucianuri Temebic.
komoris kunZulebi
komoris kunZulebis TiTqmis mTeli mosaxleoba sunituri islamis
aRmsarebelia. qristianebi aq aTasamde arian.
seiSelis kunZulebi
seiSelis kunZulebze mcxovrebTa umravlesoba _ 90% romauli kaTolicizmis aRmsarebelia. protestantebi ki 10%-ia. islamis mimdevari
aTasamde adamiania. aris agreTve induisturi da konfucianuri Temebic.

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kaxa qecbaia
amerika
grenlandia
grenlandiis yvela macxovrebeli luTerania.
kanada
bolodrindeli monacemebiT kanadis mosaxleobis 46% kaTolikuri
eklesiis mimdevaria, romelic aerTianebs: kanadis gaerTianebul eklesias, kongregacionalistebs, meTodistebs. mosaxleobis 1% marTlmadidebelia. protestantebs Soris arian: evangelistebi _ 20%; anglikanebi _
13%; presviterianelebi _ 4%; baptistebi _ 3%; menonitebi _ 152 aTasi;
ormocdaaTianelebi _ 114 aTasi; xsnis armia _ 92 aTasi, ieRovelebi _
68 aTasi: adventistebi _ 26 aTasi; qristianuli mecniereba _ 19 aTasi,
amerikis standatruli eklesia _ 5 aTasi; mormonebi _ 57 aTasi; kanadaSi
280 aTasamde iudaistia. arian aseve budistebi da konfucianelebi; kanadis adagilobrivi mosaxleoba _ indielebi _ formalurad qristianebad miiCnevian, Tumca bevri maTgani adgilobrivi animisturi rwmenebis
mimdevaria dResac. kanadeli irokezebis nawili sinkretuli seqtis _
sakandiarios mimdevrebi arian.
sen-pieri da mikeloni
sen-pierisa da mikelonis kunZulebis mosaxleobis umravlesoba _
95,5% kaTolicizmis mimdevaria.
bermudis kunZulebi
bermudis kunZulebze mcxovrebTa didi nawili protestantia. raodenobrivad pirvel adgilze anglikanebi arian (25 aTasi), maT mosdeven
presviterianelebi, meTodistebi, luTeranebi, baptistebi, adventistebi,
xsnis armiis warmomadgenlebi da sxv. kaTolikebi 8 aTasze metni arian.
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi
seqtebisa da sxvadasxva saxis damoukidebeli eklesiebis arsebobiT
aSS msoflioSi pirvel adgilzea. 1791 wlis 15 dekembridan aSS-Si eklesia saxelmwifosagan gamoyofilia. amerikis mTavroba oficialur statistikas religiasTan dakavSirebiT ar awarmoebs. bolodroindeli monacemebiT mosaxleobis 51,3% protestantia. 23,9% kaTolike. 12,1% arc
erT religias ar aRiarebs. 1,7% mormonia, 1,6% sxva qristianuli konfesiis wevri, 1,7% iudeveli, 0,7% budisti, 0,6% musulmani, 2,5% sxva religiis (induizmi, konfucianeloba, daosizmi, adgilobrivi religiebi) mimdevari, 4% aTeisti. aSS-Si moqmedebs marTlmadidebluri avtokefaluri
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eklesia. aseve TavianTi eklesiebi aqvT qarTvel, ukrainel, rus da sxva

marTlmadideblebs.
meqsika
meqsikis mosaxleobis 96% kaTolikea. protestantebi mosaxleobis
2%-ia. ZiriTadad esenia: adventistebi (53 aTasi), meTodistebi (40 aTasi),
ormocdaaTianelTa sxvadsxva jgufebi (34 aTasi) da sxv. sxva religiebidan gvxvdeba iudaizmi (49 aTasi). 2% aTeistia.
belizi
belzSi umravlesoba kaTolikebi arian _ 71 aTasi. arian aseve anglikanebi da meTodistebi (erTad 28 aTasi), menonitebi (4 aTasi), adventistebi (2 atasi). aq mcxovrebi indoelebi da pakistanelebi induizmisa
da islamis mimdevrebi arian. belizis mosaxleobis 10%-mde uZvelesi maias tomis STamomavlebi arian. maTi religia dRes qristianobisa da tradiciuli religiuri rwmenebis sinTezss warmoadgens.
gvatemala
mosaxleobis umravlesoba kaTolicizmis mimdevaria. protestantebs Soris umravlesobas qmnian baptistebi (76 aTasi). arian presviterianelebi, ormocdaaTianelebi, kvakerebi, adventistebi, meTodistebi,
luTeranebi, anglikanebi. iudaizmis mimedevari 2 aTasi adamiania. gvatemalis mosaxleobis 40% maias tomis STamaomavalia. maTi religia dRes
qristianobisa da tradiciuli religiuri rwmenebis sinTezss warmoadgens (belizSi, gvatemalasa da hondurasSi 6,1 milioni adamiani maias uZvelesi tomis STamomavalia).
hondurasi
mosaxleobis umrvalesoba kaTolikea. protestantebs Soris SedarebiT mravalricxovanni meTodistebi arian (15 aTasi). arian reformatebi, adventistebi, ormocdaaTianelebi, kvakerebi, klivlendis eklesiis
wevrebi da sxv.
salvadori
mosaxleobis ZiriTadi nawili kaTolicizmis mimdevaria. protestantebi 50 aTasze metni arian.

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kaxa qecbaia
nikaragua
mosaxleobis ZiriTadi nawili kaTolicizmis mimdevaria. protestantebi 54 aTasze metni arian.
kosta-rika
qveynis mosaxleobis umravlesobas kaTolikebi warmoadgenen. protestantebi 40 aTasze metni arian. arian aseve iudaizmis mimdevrebi.
panama
panamis mosaxleobis 93% kaTolikea. protestantebs Soris umetesni ormocdaaTianelebi arian (25 aTasi). arian aseve adventistebi, meTodistebi da sxv. iudaizmis mimdevrebi aq cotaa.
B
bahami kunZulebi
bahamis kunZulebze umravlesobas protestantebi warmoadgenen,
romelTa Soris 24 aTasi baptistia, 11 aTasi meTodisti, 11 aTasi ormocdaaTianeli, 2 aTasi adventisti. kaTolikeTa raodenoba 26 aTasia.
terkisa da kaikosis kunZulebi
am kunZulebze dominanti religia protestantobaa. arian aseve anglikanebic.
kaimanis kunZulebi
am kunZulebzec dominanti religia protestantobaa. gansakuTrebiT mravalricxovanni baptistebi arian. mcire raodenobiT arian kaTolikebic.
iamaika
iamakaze mcxovrebTa umravlesoba protestantia. kaTolikebi 115
aTasze metia. arian iudaistebi da induistebi (TiToeuli aTas-aTasamde). aTeistebi mosaxleobis 11% Seadgenen.
kuba
kubaSi umravlesoba romauli kaTolicizmis mimdevaria. maT mosdeven protestantebi. sxva religiebidan arian iudaistebi (aTasze meti).

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haiti
haitis mosaxleobis umetesoba oficialurad kaTolike qristiania,
Tumca, faqtobrivad, mosaxleobis ZiriTadi nawili sinkretuli afroqristianuli vudus kultis mimdevaria. protestantebi 350 aTasi arian.
dominikis respublika
dominikis respublikaSi mosaxleobis ZiriTadi nawili protestantia. arian evangelistebi, ormocdaaTianelebi, klivlendis eklesiis
warmomadgenlebi, adventistebi da sxv.
puerto-riko
kunZul puerto-rikos mcxovrebTa umravlesoba kaTolikea _ 85%.
protestantebi 175 aTasze metia.
virjiniis kunZulebi
virjiniis (orive virjiniis: aSS-s da didi britaneTis) mosaxleobis
umravlesoba protestantia. kaTolikebi aq mosaxleobis 21% Seadgenen.
sent-qristoferis kunZulebi
am kunZulebis mosaxleobis umravlesobas anglikanebi da meTodistebi qmnian. maTTan SedarebiT kaTolikeTa raodenoba mokrZalebulia.
montserati
montseratis kunZulze dominant religias anglikanoba warmoadgens. arian aseve meTodistebi, adventistebi da ormocdaaTianelebi. kaTolikeTa raodenoba Zalian mcirea.
antigua
antiguas kunZulze dominant religias protestantoba warmoadgens. aseve arian anglikanebi. mcirea kaTolikeTa raodenoba.
gvadalupa
kunZul gvadalupas yvela mcxovrebi kaTolikea.
dominika
kunZul dominikaze umravlesobas kaTolikebi warmoadgenen. Tumca
protestantebidan arian meTodistebi da anglikanebi.

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kaxa qecbaia
martinika
kunZul martinikaze mcxovrebTa umravlesoba kaTolikea. protestantebidan arian adventistebi.
sent-vinsenti
sent-vinsentis kunZulze umravlesobas protestantebi warmoadgenen. kaTolikeTa raodenoba umniSvneloa.
sent-lusia
kunZul sent-lusiaze umravlesoba kaTolikebi arian. protestantebs Soris arian baptistebi, adventistebi, meTodistebi da anglikanebi.
grenada
aq morwmuneTa umravlesobas kaTolikebi qmnian. protestantebs Soris arian anglikanebi, meTodistebi da presviterianelebi.
barbadosi
kunZul barbadosze mcxovrebTa umravlesoba anglikanebia. protestantebs Soris arian meTodistebi da ormocdaaTianelebi. 6 aTasze
meti adamiani kaTolikea.
trinidadi da tobago
trinidadisa da tobagos religiuri Sedgeniloba Semdegi saxisaa:
qristianebi _ 70% (kaTolikebi da protestantebi TiTqmis Tanabari raodenobiT arian), induistebi _ 23%, musulmanebi _ 6%. H
niderlandebis antilis kunZulebi
am kunZulebze mcxovrebTa umravlesoba kaTolikea. protestantebs
Soris arian meTodistebi, adventistebi, luTeranebi da anglikanebi. iudaizmis mimdevarTa raodenoba aTasze metia.
gaiana
mosaxleobis sami mexuTedi qristianebia. eseni umTavresad protestantebia: anglikanebi (130 aTasi), presviterianelebi (22 aTasi), kongregacionalistebi (19 aTasi), luTeranebi (9 aTasi), adventistebi (9 aTasi),
ormocdaaTianelebi (2 aTasi) da sxv. kaTolikeTa raodenoba 100 aTasia.
49 aTasi musulmania.

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surinami
surinamSi dominanturi mdgomareoba arc erTi religias ar gaaCnia.
aq arian induistebi, musulmanebi, kaTolikebi, protestantebi. aTeistebi 6%-ia.
gviana
gvianis mosaxleobis ZiriTadi nawili safrangeTis gavleniT kaTolikea. protestantebi aq cotani arian.
brazilia
braziliis mosaxleobis umravlesoba kaTolicizmis mimdevaria _
64%. protestantebi 7,9 milionia (22%). aqedan 2,1 milioni luTerania,
1,1 milioni baptisti, Tavisufali Sveduri misiis mimdevari 1 milioni,
ormocdaaTianeli 989 aTasi, presviterianeli 550 aTasi, adventisti 100
aTasi, meTodisti 500 aTasi, kongregacionalisti 549 aTasi, reformatebi 5 aTasi, menonitebi 2 aTasi, xsnis armiis warmomadgenlebi 1500, ieRovelebi 742 425, spiritualistebi 729 aTasi (1,3%). iudaisti 150 aTasi.
7,4% agnostikosi. arian afrikuli religiebis (kandomble da umbanda),
budizmis, islamis (27 aTasi) da sinkretuli kultis mimdevrebi.
venesuela
venesulaSi mosaxleobis umravlesoba kaTolikea. protestantebi
26 aTasia. maT Soris arian adventistebi (3 aTasi), luTeranebi (3 aTasi),
evangelisturi aliansis wevrebi (3 aTasi), baptistebi (aTsaze meti),
presviterianelebi da sxva. iudaizmis mimdevrebi 12 aTasia.
kolumbia
kolumbiis saxelmwifo religia romauli kaTolicizmia. protestantebi 100 aTasze metia. maT Soris arian adventistebi, presviterianelebi, evangelistebi, baptistebi, ormocdaaTianelebi da sxva. 10 aTasi
iudaizmis warmomadgenelia. sxva religiis warmomadgenelTa raodenoba
umniSvneloa.
ekvadori
ekvadorSi mosaxleobis umravlesoba kaTolicizmis warmomadgenelia. protestantebi 19 aTasze metni arian. 2 aTasi iudaistia. sxva religiis warmomadgenelTa raodenoba umniSvneloa.

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kaxa qecbaia
peru
perus mosaxleobis didi nawili _ 81% kaTolikea. protestantebi
15,8%-ia. aTeistebi 2,9%. iudaistebi 4 aTasamdea.
bolivia
boliviis religiuri suraTi aseTia: kaTolikebi 59%; protestantebi 11%; gnostikosebi12%; inkanizmi 15% (adgilobrivi religia); budizmi da sxva religiebi 3%.
Cile
religiuri suraTi CileSi aseTia: kaTolikebi 89%; protestantebi
11%. arian iudaizmisa da sxva religiis mimdevrebi.
argentina
argentinis religiuri suraTi aseTia: qristianebi 92%. aqedan: kaTolikebi 77%, protestantebi 9% (umetesoba ormocdaaTianelebia _ 3
milioni), iudaizmis warmomadgenlebi 300 aTasi, musulmanebi 500 aTasi.
paragvai
paragvais mosaxleobis 89,6% kaTolikea. 1,1% protestanti (RmerTis asamblea, baptisti, luTerani, menoniti), sxva religious mimdevrebi
1,9%, gnostikosebi1,1%.
urugvai
urugvais religiuri suraTi aseTia: kaTolikebi 47,1%. protestantebi 11,1%, gaukveveli religiuri orientaciis mimdevrebi 23,2%, iudaistebi 1,1%, gnostikosebi 17,2%.
folklendis kunZulebi
folklendis kunZulebze mcxovrebTa umetesoba anglikania. kaTolikebi mosaxleobis 11%-ia. aqve funqcionirebs gaerTianebuli Tavisufali eklesia.
A
avstaralia da okeania
avstralia
avstralia mravalkonfesiuri qveyanaa. qveynis konstitucia krZalavs romelime religiis saxelmwifo religiad aRiarebas. mosaxleobis
25,8% kaTolikea, 18,9% anglikani, 19,4% protestanti, 2,1% budisti,
1,7% musulmani, 0,7% induisti, 0,4% iudaisti, 2% sxva religiis mimdeva372

religiis sociologia

ri (sikxizmi da adgilobrivi warmarTuli rwmenebi), 18,7% arc erT religias ar aRiarebs. aborigeni mosaxleoba adgilobrivi rwmenebis mimdevaria (totemizmi, animizmi, Samanizmi da sxva misTana).
axali zelandia
axali zelandiis religiuri suraTi daaxloebiT aseTia: 14% anglikani, presviterianeli 10,6%, marTlmadidebeli 0,3%, induisti 1,7%,
budisti 1,4%, islamisti 1%. aTeisti 20%. danarCeni mosaxleoba adgilobrivi kultebis mimdevaria.
papua-axali gvinea
papua-axal gvineaSi Semdegi saxis religiuri suraTia mocemuli:
mosaxleobis 96% qristiania. aqedan: kaTolikebi 27%, gaerTianebuli eklesia 11,5%, luTeranuli eklesia 19,5%, adventistebi 10%, ormocdaaTianelebi 8,6%, evangelistebi 5,2%, anglikanebi 3,2%, baptistebi 0,5%,
ieRovelebi 0,3%, xsnis armia 0,2%, sxva qristianuli konfesiebi 8%. mosaxleobis 0,3% adgilobrivi kultebis (animisturi, totemisturi da
sxva) mimdevrebia.
solomonis kunZulebi
solomonis kunZulebze Semdegi religiebia gavrcelebuli: qristianoba (97%), maT Soris arian anglikanebi 32,8%, kaTolikebi 19,%, evangelistebi 17%, adventistebi 11,2%, gaerTianebuli eklesia 10,3%, sxva
qristianuli konfesiebi 4,4%. mosaxleobis 2,9% arc erT religias ar
aRiarebs. 350-ze meti adamiani musulmania. aris agreTve adgilobrivi
warmarTuli kultebi da rwmenebi.
wynari okeanis arqipelagi
aq mcxovrebTa 84% qristiania, romelTa Soris 40% protestantia,
16% kaTolike, 15% anglikani. araqristianuli religiebidan gavrcelebulia budizmi. mosaxleobis 15% tradiciuli adgilobrivi warmarTuli
religiebis mimdevaria.
axali kaledonia
axali kaledoniis mosaxleobis 63% kaTolikea. protestantebs Soris umetesobas kalvinistebi warmoadgenen. aseve arian islamisa da budizmis mimdevrebi.

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kaxa qecbaia
fiji
fijis mcxovrebTa 64,5% qristiania, romelTa Soris 9% kaTolikebia, 35% meTodistebi, 6% RmerTis sakrebulos wevrebi, 4% adventistebi, sxva qristianuli konfesiis warmomadgenlebi 11%. induistebi 27,9%,
musulmanebi 6,3%, sikxebi 0,3%, aTeistebi 1%.
norfolki
norfolkis kunZulze mcxovrebTa umetesoba anglikania. Aarian aseve adventistebi da kaTolikebi. mosaxleobis 1% agnostikosia.
wynari oekanis kunZulebi
am teritoriaze mcxovrebTa umravlesoba kaTolikea. arian protestantebi da sxva qristianuli seqtebi.
guami
guamis mosaxleobis 96% kaTolikea. Arian baptistebi, adventistebi,
ormocdaaTianelebi, anglikanebi, luTeranebi, presviterianelebi, ieRovelebi, mormonebi. aseve arsebobs bahaistTa religiuri dajgufeba.
nauru
naurus mosaxleobis 71% qristiania (kaTolikebi da protestantebi). aborigenTa ori mesamedi naurus kongregacionalisturi protestantuli eklesiis warmomadgenelia. aq mcxovrebi Cinelebi konfucianelebi
arian. aris agreTve adgilobrivi kultebi.
gilbertisa da elisis kunZulebi
am kunZulis mcxovrebTa umravlesoba protestanatia. raodenobrivad maT kaTolikebi CamorCebian. arian aseve bahaistebi da adgilobrivi kultebis warmomadgenlebi.
tokelau
mosaxleobis didi nawili aq kongregacionalistia. kaTolikebi ki
mTeli mosaxleobis erT mesameds qmnian. igive exeba uolisa da futunis
kunZulebs.
dasavleT samoa
damoukidebel polineziur saxelmwifo dasavleT samoaSi mosaxleobis 98% qristiania. kaTolikeebTan SedarebiT umetesobas aq protestantebi qmnian. arian adgilobrivi kultebis mimdevrebic.
374

religiis sociologia
aRmosavleT samoa
aRmosavleT, anu amerikul samoaSi umravlesobas protestantebi
warmoadgenen. kongregacionalistur eklesias mosaxleobis 63% miekuTvneba. aq kaTolikebi 19%-ia. mormonebi 9%.
tonga
aq mcxovrebTa umravlesoba protestanatia. romelTa SorisD didi
raodenobiT meTodistebi gamoirCevian. kaTolikebi 13 aTasamde arian.
niue
kunZul niues yvela mcxovrebi qristiania 99,9%. Uumravlesobas
protestantebi, kerZod kongregacionalistebi qmnian.
kukis kunZulebi
am kunZulze mcxovrebTa umravlesoba qristiania. ZiriTadad protestantebi da kaTolikebi. Aaris aseve bahaistTa mcire jgufi.
polinezia
franguli polineziis mosaxleobis umravlesoba qristiania: protestantebi da kaTolikebia. 6% agnostikosi.
pitkerni
kunZul pitkernze mcxovrebTa umravlesoba anglikania. Aarian kaTolikebi da protestantebi.
aRdgomis kunZulebi
aq mosaxleobis TiTqmis absoluturi umravlesoba kaTolikea.
havai
havais mosaxleobis didi nawili qristiania. gavrcelebulia ZiriTadad romauli kaTolicizmi da protestantoba. arian budistebi da
konfucianelebi.
Sobisa da qoqosis kunZulebi
qristianebi Sobis kunZulze mosaxleobis 11%-ia. yvelaze metad
gavrcelebuli religiebia: budizmi, konfucianeloba, daosizmi. arian
islamis mimdevrebic.
qoqosis kunZulebze mcxovrebTa umravlesoba musulmanebi arian.
qristianobas aq mcxovrebi evropelebi warmoadgenen (28%).
375

Mmsoflio religiuri ruka

kaxa qecbaia

376

religiis sociologia
pirTa saZiebeli

abakumi, mRvdelmTavari 118

abdula 235
adami 118
avaliani, s 88, 251, 269
ainStaini, a 122, 320
asaTiani, g 202, 213
asizeli, fr 27
agasisi, J 43
avgustine 28
aTena 143
anjelou, m 184
aresi 142
aristotele 85, 86, 322
artemide 142, 144
armstrongi, k 296
apoloni 142
afrodite 142
aqvineli, T 86, 266
bagrationi, d 266
baramiZe, g 316
baqsteri, f 216
bekoni, fr. 85, 304
bekeri, h 126, 242, 333
bela, r 43, 50, 77, 78, 209, 210, 213, 214, 241, 247, 305, 310
beli, d 270
beinbriji, u 126, 128
benediqti, r 333
beneti, j 135
bergeri, p 43, 50, 51, 67, 74, 206, 208, 213, 241, 246, 247, 298, 309
berdiaevi, n 20, 300
beSi, a 62
berZeniSvili, a 148, 158, 172, 186
blau, p 212
377

kaxa qecbaia

blumi, u 226
bloxi, e 271
boasi, fr. 187
bogdanovi, a 65
bodriari, J 311, 312, 316
bonke, r 181
bonxeferi, d 54, 55, 309
boxenski, i.m 324
brahma 71
bregvaZe, b 97
bruno, j 142
bulgakovi, s 20
bulgenbaxi, h 176
buda 67, 280, 281
burdie, p 214, 215
burkhardti, i 334
gamsaxurdia, z 322
gamsaxurdia, k 222
garaja, v 133, 148, 158, 172, 186, 202, 213, 246, 292, 316
gabiZaSvili, o 7, 20, 21, 41, 60, 61, 79, 106, 133, 148, 158, 172, 173, 186,
202
gidensi, e 14, 20, 41, 61, 67, 79, 107, 133, 158, 172, 186, 202, 213, 246,
292, 316
giorgi, wm 64
giuarti, u 185
gloki, C 22, 31, 37, 38, 40, 43, 52
gluxarevi, m 300
goeTe 58, 337
gogoberiSvili, v 28, 246, 270, 273
gogoli, n 250
gorbaCovi, m 269
gnediCi, p 114
grehemi, b 181
grili, e 43, 52, 53
378

religiis sociologia

dali, l 226
dante 144
devdariani, daviT V, kaTolikos-patriarqi 217
devisi, k 193, 194
dekarte 144, 322
de lobe, p 158, 173, 202, 213
demetra 142
dilTai, v 58, 79, 158
didro, d 45, 182
dionise 143
diurkemi, e 11, 21, 43, 47, 48, 50, 67, 72, 75, 79, 89, 92, 96, 97, 98, 99,
100, 102, 106, 107, 132, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 163,
190, 199, 270, 304, 308, 309, 333
dombrovski, i 116
dostoevski, T 205, 320
egnate, wm. 322
evtuSenko, e 117
eva 118, 119
eklandi, e.h. 88
eliade, m 70
empedokle 142
erazm, roterdameli 176
erhardi, v 132
esno, p 139
vaxi, i 22, 43, 56, 57, 58, 331
veberi, m 11, 22, 43, 47, 49, 50, 58, 67, 74, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 130,
131, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 171, 172, 174, 184, 186, 188, 207, 223,
224, 227, 228, 242, 304, 307, 308, 309, 332, 333
vervaini, m 281
vesli, j 181
vize, l 126, 333
vilkersoni, d 181
vilsoni, b 241
viSnu 71
volteri 45
379

kaxa qecbaia

zaqaraia, d 175
zevsi 142
zenkovski, v 301
zimeli, g 21, 310
zimoni, h 21
zombarti, v 173, 174, 175
zurabiSvili, T 41
Talesi 85
Tionisi, f 11, 58, 230
TevzaZe, g 26, 27, 30
iagoda, h 116
iakobi, mociquli 135
iangi, b 135, 136
iaspersi, k 87
ivane, mrisxane 300
ilia meore, kaTolikos-patriarqi 251, 269, 283, 292, 322
ioane, damaskeli 322, 323
ioane, naTlismcemeli 135, 318
irvingi, ed 181
iuberi, a 62
iungi, k.g 77
iustine, arqimandriti 324
kakabaZe, v 84
kalandia, i 291
kalvini, J 103, 181
kalhuni, q 21, 41, 79, 107, 133, 158, 172, 186, 202, 247, 292, 316
kamiu, a 10
kampanela, t 142
kanti, i 26, 29, 46, 322
kareli, a 115
kaWkaWiSvili, i 202
keleri, s 21, 41, 79, 107, 133, 158, 172, 186, 202, 247, 292, 316
kiknaZe, z 21, 247, 292
380

religiis sociologia

kiurnbergi 170
klemani, o 246
klinsmani, i 280, 282
kobaxiZe, b 246
kodua, ed. 21, 41, 59, 60, 61
konti, o 21, 47, 140, 141, 143, 144, 145, 306, 307, 309
koplandi, q 181
koributi, s 176
koqsi, h 43, 53, 54, 55, 240, 241
kriSna 132
kulanJi, f. 229
laibnici, v.f 58, 322
laieli, C 303
laiTi, d 21, 41, 79, 107, 133, 158, 172, 186, 202, 247, 292, 316
le-bra, g 43, 56
lenski, g 39, 67
le-ple, f 20
li, j 135, 136
liperti, e 65
lipseti, s 201
loki, j 44
longi, a 158
loski, n 301
luTer-kingi, m 186
luTeri, m 127, 176, 180, 274
luka, maxarebeli 80
lukmani, T 23, 43, 50, 51, 67, 74, 206, 207, 208, 213, 241, 298
lukreciusi 65, 109
lutiZe, b 292
maTe, maxarebeli 318
makedoneli, al. 144
malinovski, b 22, 42, 49, 72, 73, 165, 189, 191, 192, 202
markozi, maxarebeli 322
381

kaxa qecbaia

marqsi, k 20, 43, 48, 64, 95, 96, 98, 106, 149, 163, 166, 173, 174, 182, 183,
184, 186, 224, 266, 307, 309
masionisi, j 21, 41, 61, 79, 107, 133, 158, 172, 186, 213, 247, 292
maxi, e 306
melanxToni, f 181
meni, al 20, 107, 121, 227, 296, 299, 302, 303
mertoni, r 49, 58, 193, 199, 200, 201, 202
midi, j 50
mikluxo-maklai 111
miunceri, T 176
moltmani, i 271
monteskie 21
mormoni 134
mosi, m 62
muni, s 137, 138, 139
muri, u 193, 194
muhamed VI 237
niburi, h 332
nikoloz I 300
nikoloz II 301
nisbeti, r 50
nicSe, fr 67, 304
noniaSvili, k 41
o di 131
okladnikovi, a 107, 108
orbeliani, sulxan-saba 323
pavle, mociquli 27, 28, 320
papuaSvili, n 79, 107, 133, 217, 220
parhami, C 181
paskali, b 140
petre, mociquli 135
petre I 300
pivovarski, v 21
382

religiis sociologia

parsonsi, t 46, 49, 58, 193, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 202, 241
pasteri, l 31
persefone 143
petriwi, i 86
pikleri, k 162
planki, m 293
platoni 60, 86, 266, 320, 322, 333
plotini 322
poseidoni 142
poperi, k 266
prinsi, d 181
prokofi, didi 176
pfautci, g 241
JiJka, i 176
ranke, f 58
raseli, b 306
rafaeli, arqimandriti 323
redklif-brauni, a.r 49, 189, 190, 191, 202
rerixi, n 204
rexviaSvili, t 144
rikerti, h 58
rozanovi, v 34, 35
roixlini, i 176
roberTsi, o 181
robertsoni, v 229
rusTaveli, S 120
ruso, J.J 44, 117, 277
rutkeviCi, e 133, 148, 158, 173, 186, 202, 214, 247, 293, 316
seimuri, u 181
sen-simoni 21
simonsi, m 181
skoti, v 189
smarti, n 76, 79
383

kaxa qecbaia

smelzeri, n 14, 20, 41, 61, 79, 107, 127, 129, 133, 158, 172, 186, 202, 213,
243, 244, 246, 292, 316, 327, 330
smiTi, j 181
smiti, j 134, 135
smolo, a 162
sokrate 266
soloviovi, vl 20, 300
spenseri, h 21, 47, 48, 65, 140, 145, 146, 147
spinoza 322
stavru, m 246
stalini 117
starki, r 31, 37, 43, 126, 128
stentoni, e.k 231
teilori, e 65, 139, 157, 162
telezio, b 142
tilixi, p 310
tolstoi, l 117
tomsoni, u
tofleri, e 311
trelCi, e 20, 22, 49, 123, 124, 126, 131, 133, 332
uaithedi, a 322
uelsi, h 120
uersli, a 185
uiklifi, j 176
uolisi, r 132
fanjikiZe, T 219, 220
fedotovi, g 301
filipe, mitropoliti 300
filosofovi, d 221
fitCeri, r 20
florenski, p 75
foierbaxi, l 182
franki, s 300
384

religiis sociologia

franklini, b 170
frezeri, j 110, 161
froidi, z 67, 74, 81, 85, 94, 95
fromi, e 76
fukuiama, f 39, 293, 296
qecbaia, k 25, 66, 88, 121, 175, 275, 294, 303, 316, 317, 337
qvaCaxia, v 59
qiqoZe, g 153
qriste 55, 121, 125, 134, 135, 177, 178,
qsenofane, kolofoneli 85
qsenofonte 266
Sapovalovi, a 181
Sarapova, m 282
Seleri, m 58
Siva 71
Sleiermaxeri, fr. 58
Sopenhaueri, a 304
Sutci, a 50, 51
Caadaevi, a 300, 301
cvingli, h 181
cincaZe, kalistrate, kaTolikos-patriarqi 217
ciceroni 266
wulaZe, l 41
WavWavaZe, i 260
WeliZe, e 323
Wiaureli, v 144
xati, j 20
xruSCovi, n 59
javaxiSvili, iv. 59
jgerenaia, e 60, 79, 107, 133, 148, 158, 172, 186, 202, 213, 246, 292, 316
385

kaxa qecbaia

jeimzi, u 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 333

jonsoni, u 126
jonstouni, r 67, 69, 126
habermasi, i 246, 275, 280, 298, 316
hadesi 142
hanTingtoni, s 293, 295
harisoni, l 225
hebe 143
hegeli 86, 181, 266, 322
hekeli, er. 110
henke, e 271
henri IV 277
hera 142
heraklite 143
hermesi 143
hestia 142
hefesto 143
hini, b 181
hinkli, g 136
hionesi, u 281
hiumi, d 44
hobsi, T 44
homansi, j 192, 212
hubmaieri, b 181
humboldti, v 58
huserli, e 206
husi, i 176
huteni, u 176
Becker, H 133
Bellah, R. 41
Bell, D 270
Berger P.L 214, 247
Glock C.Y 214
Luckmann, T 214, 247
Stark, R 41
386

religiis sociologia

Johnstone, R 133
Wiese, L 133
, 293
, 316
, 247
, 29
, 293
, 247
, 316

387

kaxa qecbaia

KAH

KAKHA KETSBAIA
SOCIOLOGY OF RELIGION
(LEQTURES)
(IN GEORGIAN)

gamomcemloba `universali~
Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, : 2 22 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30
E-mail: universal@internet.ge

388