Why has 4-20 mA gained so much acceptance

and survived so long?

2 Votes

Last month, I presented a webinar for our customers. At the end of Control 101, when we opened the
session up for questions, a customer asked about making the choice between 4-20 mA and digital signal
outputs. It got me thinking about this list I put together a while back one that I pull out whenever
customers ask me Is 4-20 mA still valid?
The answer: Yes, it is. And here are the 18 reasons I came up with so far.
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4-20mA has an inherent live zero. Zero engineering units is 4.0mA, not 0.0mA. 0.0mA indicates an open
circuit, a failure or a fault mode like cut wires or a dead transmitter. 0.0mA is not a valid reading of zero
engineering units and a wake-up call that theres something seriously wrong in the loop. (electrical current level
below about 3.6mA is absolutely necessary because it is used to drive the electronics of loop powered devices).
Any electrical circuit needs two conductors. In 4-20 mAs two-wire, loop powered form, a field transmitter
gets its power over the same two wires as the signal, without a third or fourth wire for power. This is a major
plus when large numbers of field instruments or long wire runs are involved.
4-20 mA can be designed for Intrinsically Safe approval for use in hazardous areas, which allows
troubleshooting the circuit while its live and powered.
4-20 mA can carry HART digital data superimposed on its primary DC signal, without sacrificing any of the
properties above and without interfering with non-HART enabled analog inputs.
The 4-to-20 span and offset (with live zero at 20% of the span from zero) has the same 1:5 ratio as the
widely used 3-15 psi pneumatic control signal.
Values slightly above and below the nominal 4-20mA can be and are used to signal a major fault. (See
theNAMUR NE43 standard.)
A 4-20 mA current signal is less susceptible to noise pickup than a voltage circuit, so 4-20 mA is relatively
free from interference and cross-talk from other signals.
4-20 mA has little, if any, signal loss in its circuit; current regulation compensates for minor resistances in
terminal boxes, whereas voltage drop across resistances for voltage signals creates an error.
4-20 mA works at relatively long distances (>1km at a nominal 24 VDC). Boosting the power supply voltage
will drive the signal even farther.
Two wire 4-20mA commercial instruments are isolated and floating so ground loops and their associated
errors and faults are relatively rare.
4-20 mA is generally tolerant of copper cable length and type.
The response of 4-20mA is adequate for the vast majority of process sensing needs.
The original published standard for 4-20 mA, ISA SP50, was published in 1966, almost 50 years ago,
generating widespread acceptance and creating an installed base of millions of points.

14.

Electricians find it easy to wire and troubleshoot 4-20 mA. Its working principles are easily understood DC
electronics.
15.
When used with a nominal 24 VDC loop power supply, no one who touches the wire terminals gets shocked
or even feels a tingle.
16.
A cheap, $10 digital multimeter meter can be used to troubleshoot a 4-20 mA loop circuit.
17.
4-20 mA can easily be measured in multiple ways:
o
With a milliameter inserted into the circuit or across a diode in the circuit
o
With a voltmeter as a voltage drop across a dropping resistor
o
With a Fluke 77x clamp meter
18.

4-20 mA offers a wide choice of resistor values when converting to a IR voltage drop across the receiver
input. Lots of resistor values, from 1 ohm to 500 ohms, have been used (250 ohms is the most common).

In summary, 4-20mA is simple and rugged. It works well. As a contributor to a controls web forum once
stated, beat that.